bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing Treatment Efficiency through Effective Intake Interviews
Authors: Gallagher Patricia , Rollins Joan
Published: May 2005

Male patients in an alcohol detoxification unit were measured to determine whether the method of acquiring symptoms and sex of the experimenter affected the number and severity of symptoms elicited. A male or female experimenter administered a checklist of symptoms and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale to 100 patients. A MANCOVA indicated there was a significant difference between method 1 (nondirective) and method 2 (leading). Subsequent univariate analyses yielded significant differences between the methods and both dependent measures, number of symptoms acquired and their severity. The leading method was more effective for acquiring symptoms, and more moderate symptoms, which were typically overlooked by the patients during the nondirective phase, were obtained.
Analysis of Individual Variability among Older Adults on the Stroop Color Word Interference Test
Authors: Rush Michael C. , Panek Paul E. , Russell Joyce E. A.
Published: May 2005

The present study examines systematic variation in the pattern of response to the Stroop test among a sample of older adults ( N = 41), as well as the extent to which various configural patterns of response are related to other individual difference factors. Pattern analysis identified four reasonably prototypic patterns of performance. Three significant discriminant functions, capable of differentiating the four response patterns, were significantly and uniquely related to age, level of cautiousness, and verbal intelligence, respectively. The analyses suggest that performance on the Stroop test is multidimensional with significant variation among older adults, and that different components of performance are differentially related to unique individual difference variables. The findings reinforce the importance of recognizing and understanding the nature of individual variation among elderly individuals in aging research.
A Comparison of the Drug Habits and Attitudes of Alcohol and Marijuana Users
Authors: Vincent Murray L.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this analysis was to contrast the attitudes and patterns of drug use among marijuana and alcohol users and non-users at the University of South Carolina. More specifically, the incidence of drug use, the time of initial drug use, and the motivations for various types of use have been analyzed in this study.
Socio-Cognitive Constructs and Characteristics of Classroom Communities: An Exploration of Relationships
Authors: Gallini Joan K. , Zhang Yu-Li
Published: May 2005

In our Cultures Connect project, students engaged in interactions with local and remote audiences in a telecommunication, constructivist-based learning environment with an emphasis on writing about real-world science. The sample consisted of fourth and fifth grade students from a predominantly Hispanic school. They were part of a larger learning community with six other school sites connected through telecommunications. Participants at our site worked in cooperative groups toward the development of a research writing project on real-world science topics. Interactions with their distant peers about their research and other topics consistently occurred over the project's course.

Data collected for the current study targeted the status of relationships among socio-cognitive factors with selected group dynamic features of task structure preference and audience awareness. The task structure preference variable divided the students into two groups: (1a) preference to work in teams or (1b) preference to work independently. For another analysis, students were divided into two groups on the basis of expressing an (2a) audience awareness or (2b) lack of an audience awareness in their written communications. Sociocognitive factors included confidence in writing, metacognition, academic motivation, and self-efficacy measures. A group-comparison design was used to compare the mean scores on these constructs for each group factor.

The group reporting an audience awareness demonstrated a higher orientation to engaging in group interactions and in using metacognitive strategies in writing. A lack of confidence in writing was more prevalent among the students expressing less awareness to different audiences in their writing.

Students with a preference to work by themselves showed statistically significant higher ratings in self-efficacy and a marginal significance on the use of metacognitive skills. Those with a group work preference enjoyed interacting with and receiving input from their peers. Other questions assessed students' perceptions of the benefits accrued as a Cultures Connect participant.

The study and discussion of results are situated in the constructivist principles of instruction and learning. In addition, the research addresses related concepts of communities of learners, with implications for designing student-directed environments.
Relational Databases in Assessment: An Application to Online Scoring
Authors: Whalen Sean J. , Bejar Isaac I.
Published: May 2005

The Web has made it possible for interested participants to assemble themselves into virtual educational communities. In this article we discuss the design of online scoring systems that might be used in computer-based educational contexts. The focus is on the design of the software that supports high psychometric and fairness standards. We first describe the system from the point of view of different participants and then discuss the design of the underlying database, which is at the heart of the system. We close with conclusions regarding the advantages of sound database design and online grading.
Course Structure Effects on Students' Computer Anxiety, Confidence and Attitudes
Authors: Bohlin Roy M. , Hunt Nancy P.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the effects of course structure variables on the computer anxiety, confidence, and attitudes of pre- and in-service teachers. These course structure variables included the number of weeks the course met (course length) and the number of meetings per week (course frequency). Differences in course structure had significant effects on changes in the students' computer anxiety, confidence, liking, and perceptions of usefulness. With equivalent number of course hours, students in courses that met more times per week and that met over a longer time period had significantly greater changes in their computer anxiety, confidence, and attitudes. Implications of these findings include reconsideration of computer class configurations for teachers.
A Comparative Study of Nonopiate and Clinical Patients: Implications for Education and Prevention
Authors: Kinsey Barry A. , Nash Jeff , Dodson Nancy
Published: May 2005

There is a growing emphasis upon the preventive mental health model as the most effective approach to drug abuse education and prevention. This study provides data on the appropriateness of this model by comparing a sample of non-opiate drug abusers (n = 100) with a sample of psychiatric patients (n = 100), matched for age, from a community mental health center. Data indicate that non-opiate drug abusers and psychiatric patients are similar, although the drug abuse sample shows small, but consistent evidence of greater psychosocial adjustment problems. The results clearly support greater emphasis upon the preventive mental health approach.
Drug Misuse among the Elderly: An Educational Challenge for Health Professionals
Authors: Levy Marvin R. , Glanz Karen
Published: May 2005

This paper reviews current knowledge about the extent of the misuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs by the elderly; and discusses factors contributing to the problem, particularly the role of information and non-medical individuals who may influence medication behavior. It also addresses the role of health professionals in the problem and its amelioration; and reviews the success of attempts to reduce the misuse of drugs. Finally, this article suggests fruitful directions for the health care community to pursue for educating and counseling elderly patients about drug use and misuse.
Characteristics of Heroin Users in Cheyenne, Wyoming
Authors: Forslund Morris A. , Rose Ellen S. , Brown Barry S. , Stephens Richard C.
Published: May 2005

Through the use of the snowball technique an attempt was made to identify and then locate and interview as many as possible of the residents of Cheyenne, Wyoming who had used or were using heroin. The interview dealt with the social and demographic characteristics of users and their heroin use and treatment histories. Black, white and Chicano interviewers who were known to and trusted by some segment of the heroin using community of Cheyenne were used. Of 282 potential interviewees identified, 146 were located and interviewed — of whom 144 had been or were using heroin.
Voluntary Association Participation and Life Satisfaction: Replication, Revision, and Extension
Authors: Cutler Neal E.
Published: May 2005

A secondary analysis of a national sample of American adults is used to examine the correlation between membership in voluntary associations and life satisfaction. It is hypothesized that the influence of membership on overall life satisfaction is indirect: Membership influences organizational satisfaction; in turn, organizational satisfaction influences satisfaction with life as a whole. The findings suggest that the hypothesized pattern of relationships is not ubiquitously present for all four of the older age categories studied. Such differences suggest the critical importance of utilizing age-appropriate rather than generic indicators when studying these issues.
Public Awareness about Depression: The Effectiveness of a Patient Guideline
Authors: Patel Vimla L. , Branch Timothy , Mottur-Pilson Christel , Pinard Gilbert
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a patient guideline for educating the public in the recognition and treatment of depression.

Method:

Lay subjects were interviewed regarding their knowledge and beliefs about depression through the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. They were asked to “think aloud” while evaluating two clinical scenarios about depression, both with and without the use of a patient guideline. All interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and analyzed for subjects' thought processes and accuracy of responses in the presence and absence of the guideline.

Results:

Subjects with no prior history of depression identified fewer symptoms of depression listed in the patient guideline than did subjects with a history of depression. In the absence of the guideline, only 50% and 38% of subjects provided accurate diagnosis of depression for the simple and complex problems respectively. In the presence of the guideline, 92% and 83% of subjects provided an accurate diagnosis of depression for the simple and complex problems respectively.

Conclusions:

Lay people have a limited knowledge of depression and its treatment, and are less able to recognize symptoms of depression without the help of patient guideline. The guideline primes lay people to better recognize these symptoms and their relationship to diagnosis. This level of understanding about depression by lay people will facilitate improved communication between physicians and their patients.
Depression, Dementia, and Social Supports
Authors: Esser Sally R. , Vitaliano Peter P.
Published: May 2005

Recent literature on the relationships among dementia, depression, and social support was reviewed, with particular emphasis on the diagnostic differentiation of dementia and depression, and the role of these three entities in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment. Dementia-like symptoms arising in depression and the coexistence of dementia and depression are discussed. Research is necessary to determine more objective criteria for depression and dementia, to provide cognitive and psychiatric testing for elderly individuals, to clarify the diagnostic or prognostic value of the term pseudodementia, and to further elucidate relationships between depression, dementia, and social support.
Exploring Factors of Perceived Social Performance, Health and Personal Control among Retired Seniors and Seniors Owning Home-Based Businesses in Non-Metropolitan Counties
Authors: Kean Rita C. , Van Zandt Sally , Miller Nancy J.
Published: May 2005

Persons ( n = 77) over age fifty-five and living within nine non-metropolitan counties participated in this study to determine if the factors of social performance, health, and personal control were perceived differently by those operating a home-based business than those individuals fully retired from any employment. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of health or desire for self-control, though the home-based business owners were found to desire more social contact than non home-based business owners. In addition, those home-based business owners who desired high degrees of self-control, found operation of a business from the home to be highly satisfactory.
Inside Front Cover: Self‐Organization of Semiconducting Polysiloxane‐Phthalocyanine on a Graphite Surface (Adv. Mater. 10/2005)
Authors: Samorí P. , Engelkamp H. , de Witte P. A. J. , Rowan A. E. , Nolte R. J. M. , Rabe J. P.
Published: May 2005

Helical phthalocyaninato–polysiloxanes (PSPcs) can self‐organize at surfaces into highly ordered, rod‐like structures with a molecular cross‐section, as is shown schematically on the inside cover and reported by Samori and co‐workers on p. 1265. The inset is a scanning force microscopy image depicting experimentally obtained molecular cylinders with lengths in the range of hundreds of nanometers. The micrometers‐long cylinders so formed have high apparent stiffness and are good candidates for nanoscale photophysics and electronics applications.
Der Weg zu Fludelon: ein Tumortherapeutikum mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften
Authors: Rivkin Alexey , Chou Ting‐Chao , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

Ein Prinzip der Biosynthese von niedermolekularen Naturstoffen ist die Optimierung ihrer Fähigkeit, an bestimmte Proteine oder andere Zielmoleküle zu binden. Die Rahmenbedingungen, innerhalb derer ein zu synthetisierender Wirkstoff funktionieren muss, mögen letztlich ganz anders aussehen – dennoch kann der Einsatz solcher Naturstoffe als Leitsubstanzen zu einem signifikanten Vorsprung bei der Suche nach neuen, klinisch relevanten Wirkstoffen führen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir, wie die chemische Synthese zu wirksameren Epothilonderivaten führte und wie dies wiederum die Entwicklung neuer Synthesewege inspirierte. Dies demonstriert den Nutzen von zielgerichteten Totalsynthesen bei der Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen.
Cover Picture: On the Remarkable Antitumor Properties of Fludelone: How We Got There (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 19/2005)
Authors: Rivkin Alexey , Chou Ting‐Chao , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

Synthetic and biological studies of epothilone B (isolated from a myxobacterium) led to the discovery of a 26‐trifluoro analogue that is remarkably active in treating xenograft tumors in nude mice. These findings underscore the potential of using natural products as leads, in conjunction with directed total synthesis, in the quest for new drugs. S. J. Danishefsky and co‐workers present their synthetic strategy along with biological data in their Minireview on page 2838 ff.
Kreislaufführung von Prozesswässern und Wertstofffraktionen
Authors: Reinhardt E. , Nurminen P.
Published: May 2005

Sowohl die Klarfiltration von Prozesswässern zur direkten Wiederverwendung oder als Vorbehandlung für nachfolgende Aufbereitungsschritte als auch die Konzentrierung und/oder Entsalzung von Dispersionen, Suspensionen usw. sind Einsatzgebiete für die Cross‐Rotation‐Filtration.
Produktionsintegrierter Umweltschutz mit innovativer Membrantechnik
Authors: Brickwedde F. , Schwake M.
Published: May 2005

Membranverfahren haben sich in den letzten Jahren zu einer Querschnittstechnologie entwickelt, die eine effiziente Gestaltung von Prozessen gestattet. Laufend werden neue erfolgreiche industrielle Anwendungen für diese Trenntechnik präsentiert.
Membranen für Brennstoffzellen
Authors: Ruffmann B. , Rohland B.
Published: May 2005

In der Brennstoffzelle wird die chemische Energie eines Brennstoffs direkt in elektrische Energie umwandelt. Sie besteht aus zwei durch einen Elektrolyten gasdicht getrennten Halbzellen. An der Anode wird der Brennstoff oxidiert, an der Kathode der Sauerstoff reduziert. Die fünf Typen von Brennstoffzellen unterscheiden sich neben der Betriebstemperatur hauptsächlich durch die unterschiedlichen elektrolytisch leitenden Membranen. Alle Membranen müssen dabei neben ihrer unipolaren Ionenleitfähigkteit die Fähigkeit besitzen, Brenngase und Luft gasdicht voneinander zu trennen. Vor‐ und Nachteile der verschiedenen Membran‐Typen werden vorgestellt sowie Entwicklungstrends diskutiert.
Prozesssimulation druckgetriebener Membranprozesse
Authors: Schipolowski T. , Wozny G.
Published: May 2005

Zur Intensivierung industrieller Prozesse werden Membranverfahren verschiedener Art und konventionelle Trennverfahren zunehmend in derselben Anlage integriert. Die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit der Komponenten erfordert jedoch die Berücksichtigung der Gesamtanlage bei allen Entscheidungen im Rahmen von Prozesssynthese, Detail Engineering und Anlagenbetrieb. Daher besteht ein Bedarf zur Integration von Membranmodellen in die Simulationsumgebungen für chemische Prozesse. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Anforderungen an Simulationsmodelle, häufig gewählte Ansätze und aktuelle Entwicklungen. Die Auswahl geeigneter Modelle ist außerhalb der typischen Anwendungsbereiche ein individueller Vorgang auf der Basis experimenteller Untersuchungen. Die Kriterien der Modellentwicklung werden anhand eines Fallbeispiels für die Simulation eines Gasreinigungsprozesses erläutert.
Fouling in Membranbelebungsreaktoren: Erfahrungen beim Betrieb mit diskontinuierlichem Schlammabzug
Authors: Drews A. , Iversen V. , Vocks M. , Kraume M. , Lesjean B.
Published: May 2005

Erfahrungen aus dem Betrieb einer Membranbelebung mit diskontinuierlichem Schlammabzug werden vorgestellt. Das Ziel ist, den Einfluss der Betriebsbedingungen auf Fouling und den Abbau extrazellulärer polymerer Substanzen zu bestimmen sowie mit bekannten Zusammenhängen aus Anlagen mit kontinuierlichem Abzug zu vergleichen.
Filtration mit Keramikmembranen – Anwendungsbeispiele aus der chemischen und der Lebensmittelindustrie
Authors: Bolduan P. , Latz M.
Published: May 2005

Das klassische Anwendungsgebiet der Keramikmembranen ist die Abwassertechnik, darüber hinaus werden sie mittlerweile in allen Bereichen eingesetzt, in denen Medien filtriert werden, z. B. bei Recyclingprozessen in der chemischen Industrie, zur Zellabtrennung in der Biotechnologie oder zur Fruchtsaftfiltration in der Lebensmittelindustrie.
Membranen als Katalysatorträger
Authors: Schomäcker R. , Schmidt A. , Frank B. , Haidar R. , Seidel‐Morgenstern A.
Published: May 2005

Durch den Einsatz von Membranen und Membranreaktoren in der Katalyse bieten sich verschiedene Möglichkeiten, den Umsatz, die Selektivität und die Raum‐Zeit‐Ausbeute von katalytischen Prozessen zu steigern. Am Beispiel von porösen Polymermembranen, in die Palladium‐Nanopartikel eingebettet sind, wird das Konzept der Anwendung von katalytisch aktiven Membranen für Hydrierreaktionen vorgestellt.
A novel atomic force microscope operating in liquid for in situ investigation of electrochemical preparation of porous alumina
Authors: Zhang Haijun , Zhang Dongxian , He Yulin
Published: May 2005

A novel atomic force microscope (AFM) operating in liquid is described in this article. The specially designed AFM probe involves a tip attached to a cantilever, a tip holder, and a circular Plexiglas window. When the probe dives into the fluid, a circular meniscus is established around the Plexiglas window, preventing the tip from being affected or destroyed by surface tension of the liquid. In this setup, the whole scanning probe and the sample can completely dive into fluid. Meanwhile, the probe tip scans over the sample surface when the instrument works. These advantages enable the instrument to scan comparatively large or heavy samples with a high speed. The highest scan rate is about 30 lines/s or 14 s for a 400 × 400‐pixel, 3 × 3 μm image. Using the new AFM, we carry out in‐situ investigation of the formation processes of porous alumina during electrochemical anodic oxidation. A lead ring and an aluminum foil serve as cathode and anode, respectively. They are entirely immersed in the bath electrolyte, which is oxalic acid solution. During anodic oxidation, the AFM images of the sample surface are successively acquired without elevating the sample out of the solution. Experiments reveal that electrochemical reactions take place soon after the power supply is switched on, and with the progression of anodization, nanostructures of porous alumina gradually occur on the aluminum substrate, finally yielding ordered arrays of nanopores. As a typical example of applications, the results of this work show that the new AFM is an ideal and powerful tool for in‐situ observation and study of materials or samples in aqueous solutions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:126–131, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microscopy analysis of bone marrow–derived osteoprogenitor cells cultured on hydrogel 3‐D scaffold
Authors: Srouji S. , Maurice S. , Livne E.
Published: May 2005

Bone marrow contains progenitor cells that are able to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages, including bone. These cells may also provide a potential therapy for bone repair. The purpose of this study was to select the osteoprogenitor cell subpopulation from bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and to test the ability of a hydrogel scaffold to support growth and osteogenic differentiation. MSCs isolated from rat femur bone marrow were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with antibiotics, FCS, and L‐glutamine. Osteogenic supplements (dexamethasone, sodium β‐glycerophosphate, and ascorbic acid) were added for one, two or three weeks. A selective subpopulation of osteoprogenitor cells was identified by immunohistochemistry, general morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Committed osteogenic cells were transferred to a 3‐D hydrogel scaffold and cultured for an additional week. In standard culture, the osteoprogenitor cells formed cell clusters identified by Alizarin red S staining and by positive osteocalcin immunostaining. The number of osteoprogenitor cells, matrix synthesis, and mineralization increased gradually up to three weeks in culture. Mineral deposition in the matrix analyzed by EDS revealed the presence of calcium and phosphate ions at a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.73 in both the osteogenic cultures and the scaffold osteoprogenitor culture. Histological preparations revealed cell clusters within the hydrogel scaffold and SEM analysis revealed cell clusters attached to the scaffold surface. It is concluded that the hydrogel scaffold can support growth and differentiation of osteogenic cultures including mineralization and can potentially serve as a bone graft substitute containing committed osteoprogenitor cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:132–138, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in atomic‐scale spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Smith Arthur R. , Yang Rong , Yang Haiqiang , Dick Alexey , Neugebauer Joerg , Lambrecht Walter R.L.
Published: May 2005

The Mn3N2 (010) surface has been studied using spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy at the atomic scale. The principle objective of this work is to elucidate the properties and potential of this technique to measure atomic‐scale magnetic structures. The experimental approach involves the use of a combined molecular beam epitaxy/scanning tunneling microscopy system that allows the study of atomically clean magnetic surfaces. Several key findings have been obtained. First, both magnetic and non‐magnetic atomic‐scale information has been obtained in a single spin‐polarized image. Magnetic modulation of the height profile having an antiferromagnetic super‐period of c = 12.14 Å (6 atomic rows) together with a non‐magnetic superstructure having a period of c/2 = 6.07 Å (3 atomic rows) was observed. Methods of separation of magnetic and non‐magnetic profiles are presented. Second, bias voltage‐dependent spin‐polarized images show a reversal of the magnetic modulation at a particular voltage. This reversal is clearly due to a change in the sign of the magnetic term in the tunnel current. Since this term depends on both the tip's as well as the sample's magnetic local density of states, the reversal can be caused by either the sample or the tip. Third, the shape of the line profile was found to vary with the bias voltage, which is related to the energy‐dependent spin contribution from the 2 chemically inequivalent Mn sites on the surface. Overall, the results shown here expand the application of the method of spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy to measure atomic‐scale magnetic structures. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:72–84, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanically engraved mica surface using the atomic force microscope tip facilitates return to a specific sample location
Authors: Liu Zhiguo , Li Zhuang , Zhou Hualan , Wei Gang , Song Yonghai , Wang Li
Published: May 2005

By controlling the interaction between the atomic force microscope tip and mica, patterns of different sizes and shape have been produced on the surface of mica. Using these operator‐constructed patterns as a reliable marker, the original scanned sample location can be re‐located and imaged again on the same mica surface by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This location technique can be used to find the same object again even if the sample was removed from the AFM instrument or the sample was imaged in a different mode. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:156–162, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in pregnancy
Authors: Cordero D. R. , Baker J. , Dorinzi D. , Toffle R.
Published: May 2005

Women heterozygous for mutations at the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus may be at risk for hyperammonaemia and its untoward effects including coma and death in the postpartum period. We present the case of a pregnant woman heterozygous for OTC deficiency (McKusick 311250) whose past medical history was significant for two prior pregnancies complicated by postpartum hyperammonaemic coma. In the index pregnancy, increased levels of serum ammonium were noted during labour. Postpartum hyperammonaemia was averted by administration of oral sodium benzoate. Our experience demonstrates that in women at risk, perilous hyperammonaemia can be prevented through appropriate medical management.
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency. Phenotype variability with prevalence of intermediate phenotype in a series of twenty‐five Czech and Slovak patients. A multi‐approach study
Authors: Pavlů‐Pereira H. , Asfaw B. , Poupčtová H. , Ledvinová J. , Sikora J. , Vanier M. T. , Sandhoff K. , Zeman J. , Novotná Z. , Chudoba D. , Elleder M.
Published: May 2005

A multi‐approach study in a series of 25 Czech and Slovak patients with acid sphingomyelinase deficiency revealed a broad phenotypic variability within Niemann–Pick disease types A and B. The clinical manifestation of only 9 patients fulfilled the historical classification: 5 with the rapidly progressive neurovisceral infantile type A and 4 with a slowly progressive visceral type B. Sixteen patients (64%) represented a hitherto scarcely documented ‘intermediate type’ (IT). Twelve patients showed a protracted neurovisceral course with overt or mild neurological symptoms, three a rapidly progressing fatal visceral affection with rudimentary neurological lesion. One patient died early from a severe visceral disease. The genotype in our patients was represented by 4 frameshift and 14 missense mutations. Six were novel (G166R, R228H, A241V, D251E, D278A, A595fsX601). The Q292K mutation (homoallelic, heteroallelic) was strongly associated with a protracted neurovisceral phenotype (10 of 12 cases). The sphingomyelin loading test in living fibroblasts resulted in total degradation from less than 2% in classical type A to 70–80% in classical type B. In the IT group it ranged from 5% to 49% in a 24 h chase. The liver storage showed three patterns: diffuse, zonal (centrolobular), and discrete submicroscopic. Our series showed a notable variability in both the neurological and visceral lesions as well as in their proportionality and synchrony, and demonstrates a continuum between the historical ‘A’ and ‘B’ phenotypes of ASM deficiency. This points to a broad phenotypic potential of ASM deficiency, suggesting the existence of still unknown factors independently controlling the storage level in the visceral and neuronal compartments. This report highlights the important position of the IT in the ASM deficiency phenotype classification. We define IT as a cluster of variants combining clinical features of both the classical types. The protracted neuronopathic variant with overt, borderline or subclinical neurology prevails and is important in view of future enzyme replacement therapy. It appears more common in central Europe. The visceral, rapidly progressing early fatal type has been recognized rarely so far.
Hyperchylomicronaemia due to lipoprotein lipase deficiency as a cause of false‐positive newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency
Authors: Santer R. , Gokçay G. , Demirkol M. , Gal A. , Lukacs Z.
Published: May 2005

Two cases of molecular genetically proven lipoprotein lipase deficiency are reported. Both patients were detected owing to a false‐positive neonatal screening test for biotinidase deficiency. We conclude that both the fluorimetric and the colorimetric screening tests for biotinidase deficiency used with dried blood samples are affected by severe hyperchylomicronaemia and that, most probably, severe plasma turbidity interferes with the assay.
PERFORMANCE OF DIVERSE MAIZE GENOTYPES UNDER NITROGEN DEFICIENCY IN THE NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA OF NIGERIA
Authors: KAMARA A. Y. , MENKIR A. , AJALA S. O. , KUREH I.
Published: May 2005

The Guinea savannas of Nigeria have a high potential for the production of maize because of favourable environmental conditions. Despite this high potential, the yields obtained in farmers' fields are still very low. This is due to soil degradation and nutrient depletion arising from intensification of land use. Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting maize production in the Guinea savannas where the use of inorganic fertilizers is low. One strategy for improving the productivity of maize is to select varieties that perform well under suboptimal soil N conditions. This study assessed the performance of diverse maize germplasm under a range of N levels. Growth and grain yields differed significantly between the genotypes at all N levels. These variations were more pronounced at zero and 30 kg N ha−1 than at 90 kg N ha−1. Grain yield under N-deficient conditions was correlated with an increased number of ears per plant, stay-green rating, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index, reduced anthesis–silking interval and reduced days to silking suggesting that these traits are linked to tolerance to N deficiency. One hybrid (Oba Super 2), the drought-tolerant genotypes and four maize genotypes previously selected for tolerance to N-deficient conditions performed better than the widely grown adapted controls under zero and 30 kg N ha−1. At zero N, the grain yield of maize decreased with advances in cycles of selection for tolerance to suboptimal N conditions suggesting that N deficiency in the selection environment was not sufficient to discriminate between genotypes. The good performance of drought-tolerant varieties under suboptimal N conditions suggests that selection for drought tolerance may confer tolerance to N-deficient conditions.
ENHANCING THE CAPACITY OF NATIONAL SCIENTISTS TO GENERATE AND TRANSFER MAIZE TECHNOLOGY IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA: RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Authors: BADU-APRAKU B. , FAKOREDE M. A. B. , MENKIR A. , MARFO K. A. , AKANVOU L.
Published: May 2005

The West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) was established in 1987 to strengthen the capacity and capability of national programmes of West and Central Africa (WCA) to tackle regional constraints to maize production. The Network created several mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and evaluating maize research and development activities, including research project development and implementation, attendance and quality of paper presentation at technical conferences organized by the Network, scientific monitoring tours, consultation visits, mid-term reviews, and end-of-project reviews and impact assessment. WECAMAN's approach to the system of allocating research responsibilities and competitive grants resulted in increased research efficiency and the generation of sustainable technologies that have catalysed increased maize production in the region.
CHANGES IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF LEAF SCORCH DECLINE (LSD) AFFECTED COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA) PALMS
Authors: RANASINGHE C. S.
Published: May 2005

Leaf scorch decline (LSD) is a disorder of coconut (Cocos nucifera) palms in Sri Lanka. The etiology of the disorder is not yet known. This study aimed to compare and quantify physiological and biochemical characters of LSD-affected palms with healthy palms. Thirty-year-old apparently healthy and LSD-affected (mild, moderate and severe) palms (variety typica) were compared at Bandirippuwa Estate, Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka. In LSD-affected coconut palms, the functional leaf area of the canopy, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, leaf water potential, leaf chlorophyll and Zn contents were appreciably reduced with the development of the disorder, whereas stomatal diffusive resistances and abscisic acid concentrations in the xylem sap increased. The volume of inflorescence sap collected from LSD-affected palms was reduced compared to healthy palms, but the composition of the sap remained unaltered. Since altered stomatal behaviour might affect gas exchange and related processes, such as water movement, photosynthesis and the assimilate partitioning pattern, these results support the hypothesis that stomatal closure in LSD-affected palms may influence LSD symptoms. However, more research is needed to come up with conclusive evidence of its cause.
The effects of identification training on the identification and production of American English vowels by native speakers of Japanese
Authors: LAMBACHER STEPHEN G. , MARTENS WILLIAM L. , KAKEHI KAZUHIKO , MARASINGHE CHANDRAJITH A. , MOLHOLT GARRY
Published: May 2005

The effectiveness of a high variability identification training procedure to improve native Japanese identification and production of the American English (AE) mid and low vowels /æ/, //, //, //, // was investigated. Vowel identification and production performance for two groups of Japanese participants was measured before and after a 6-week identification training period. Recordings were made of both group's pre-/posttraining vowel productions of the five vowels, which were evaluated by a group of native AE listeners using a five-alternative, forced-choice identification task and by an acoustic analysis of the vowel productions. The overall results confirmed that the identification performance of the experimental (trained) participants improved after identification training with feedback and that the training also had a positive effect on their production of the target AE vowels.
Susan L. Einbinder. Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. x, 219 pp.
Authors: Shepkaru Shmuel
Published: May 2005

Can medieval Jewish poetry teach us history? Asked differently, can scholars draw on medieval poetry (piyyutim) to reconstruct historical events? In Beautiful Death, Einbinder narrows down this matter to the case of Ashkenazic martyrological poetry. To answer this question, Einbinder has analyzed over seventy Hebrew poems from northern France, England, and Germany; they span the period following the First Crusade (1096), ending with the Rindfleisch massacres of 1298 in Germany and King Philip IV's expulsion of the French Jews in 1306.
Esther Schely-Newman. Our Lives are but Stories: Narratives of Tunisian-Israeli Women. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2002. 232 pp.
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: May 2005

Our Lives are but Stories is a welcome and appealing addition to the small but valuable corpus of studies of Jewish women whose ethnic heritages, as much as their Judaism, shape their life experiences and their narratives telling of those experiences. Joining books such as Lisa Gilad's Ginger and Salt: Yemeni Jewish Women in an Israeli Town (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989); Jael Silliman's Jewish Portraits, Indian Frames: Women's Narratives from a Diaspora of Hope (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2001); Joelle Bahloul's Le Culte de la Table Dressée: Rites et Traditions de la Table Juive Algérienne (Paris: A. M. Métailié: Diffusion, Presses universitaires de France, 1983); Rachel Simon's Change Within Tradition Among Jewish Women in Libya (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992); and my own Women As Ritual Experts: The Religious Lives of Elderly Jewish Women in Jerusalem (New York: Oxford University Press 1992), Schely-Newman's Our Lives are but Stories makes a substantial contribution to the study of Jewish women of Asia and North Africa.
Itzik N. Gottesman. Defining the Yiddish Nation: The Jewish Folklorists of Poland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003. xxiii, 247 pp.
Authors: Frieden Ken
Published: May 2005

Itzik Gottesman's Defining the Yiddish Nation will be indispensable to anyone interested in the collection of Jewish ethnographic materials. Focusing on the early twentieth century in Poland, Gottesman discusses the underlying ideology, the methodology, and the practice of folklore study.
Japan's Interventionist State: Bringing Agriculture Back In
Authors: MULGAN AURELIA GEORGE
Published: May 2005

One of the perennial controversies in the study of Japanese political economy has centred on the role of the government in the economy and in Japan's economic growth. The best-known model of Japanese political economy is the ‘capitalist developmental state’, which offers both a descriptive model of Japanese political economy and an explanation for Japan's postwar economic miracle in terms of bureaucracy-led intervention. As a descriptive model, the ‘capitalist developmental state’ both over-generalises and under-generalises key features of Japan's political economy. It over-generalises because it builds a model of Japanese political economy based on government-business relations in a number of large-scale, export-oriented manufacturing industries ignoring inefficient or ‘laggard’ sectors or admitting them only as system supports. The model under-generalises Japanese political economy because types and modes of bureaucratic intervention are consistent across different sectors of the economy, and in fact are more prevalent in weaker sectors, such as agriculture.
Minocycline Confers Early but Transient Protection in the Immature Brain following Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Reperfusion
Authors: Fox Christine , Dingman Andra , Derugin Nikita , Wendland Michael F , Manabat Catherine , Ji Shaoquan , Ferriero Donna M , Vexler Zinaida S
Published: May 2005

The incidence of neonatal stroke is high and currently there are no strategies to protect the neonatal brain from stroke or reduce the sequelae. Agents capable of modifying inflammatory processes hold promise. We set out to determine whether delayed administration of one such agent, minocycline, protects the immature brain in a model of transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in 7-day-old rat pups. Injury volume in minocycline (45 mg/kg/dose, beginning at 2 h after MCA occlusion) and vehicle-treated pups was determined 24 h and 7 days after onset of reperfusion. Accumulation of activated microglia/macrophages, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 in the brain, and concentrations of inflammatory mediators in plasma and brain were determined at 24 h. Minocycline significantly reduced the volume of injury at 24 h but not 7 days after transient MCA occlusion. The beneficial effect of minocycline acutely after reperfusion was not associated with changed ED1 phenotype, nor was the pattern of MAPK p38 phosphorylation altered. Minocycline reduced accumulation of IL-1β and CINC-1 in the systemic circulation but failed to affect the increased levels of IL-1β, IL-18, MCP-1 or CINC-1 in the injured brain tissue. Therefore, minocycline provides early but transient protection, which is largely independent of microglial activation or activation of the MAPK p38 pathway.
Growth of Beryl Single Crystals for Microwave Applications
Authors: Linares R. C. , Ballman A. A. , Uitert L. G. Van
Published: May 2005

Beryl crystals containing transition metal ions can he grown from a number of mineralizing fluxes. Of these V2O5 appears to be particularly advantageous for growing beryl by transfer methods. The Cr3+ containing crystals grown by this method are particularly suitable for microwave device applications as indicated by a resonance linewidth of 100 Mc at the X band.
Fracture of Brittle Solids. III. Experimental Results on the Distribution of Fragment Size in Single Fracture
Authors: Gilvarry J. J. , Bergstrom B. H.
Published: May 2005

In papers I and II of this series, it was concluded on the basis of theory and a limited number of experimental samples that the over-all differential probability p′ of single fracture, as a function of the mean fragment dimension x, should show the presence of three peaks. These correspond to the effect of internal flaws of facial and volume type, and of surficial flaws. This result is verified experimentally with good statistics from the mean of data for 36 specimens fractured in gelatin by Bergstrom, Sollenberger, and Mitchell. The effect in this over-all distribution of the exoclastic fragments produced by surficial flaws was subtracted out. The resulting endoclastic differential probability p for the 36 specimens, corresponding to the effect of internal flaws only, shows with good statistics the presence of two peaks arising from facial and volume flaws. The result of I that the number of fragments cumulated over fragment volumes down to a lower limit vshould vary as v−23 for small fragment size is confirmed by measurements for specimens that underwent single rather than plural fracture.
Dynamic Yield Behavior of Explosively Loaded Metals Determined by a Quartz Transducer Technique
Authors: Jones O. E. , Neilson F. W. , Benedick W. B.
Published: May 2005

Explosively generated plane waves were passed through plates of duraluminum, iron, and steels of various compositions and heat treatments. X-cut quartz disks of large diameter-to-thickness ratios (≥5) were used to obtain continuous stress-time profiles of elastic-plastic wave structures associated with yielding. For times less than wave transit time through the disk, the short-circuit current output is directly proportional to the specimen-to-quartz interface stress up to 21 kbar. The incident wave profile in the specimen is then determined from the interface stress-time profile on the basis of an assumed model. Advantages of the technique are excellent time resolution, high sensitivity, and relative simplicity of use. The profiles for duraluminum,normalized SAE 1018 steel, and normalized Armco iron exhibit a relatively slow rise to the yield stress,subsequent stress relaxation, except in duraluminum, and then a gradual rising transition into the plastic wave. In comparison, SAE 4340 and other tool steel profiles exhibit a faster initial rise, no stress relaxation,and a steeper transition into the plastic wave. The dynamic yield stress in the tool steels increases with Rockwell hardness, and the separation between the elastic and plastic wavefronts decreases. In general, as the specimen thickness is increased, the dynamic yield stress decreases and the initial rise time increases.
Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy in the 13- to 44-Å Region
Authors: Holliday J. E.
Published: May 2005

With an improved grating and instrumentation it has been possible to reinvestigate the 13- to 44 Å region of the spectrum and obtain cosiderably improved intensities and peak-to-backgroud ratio (P/B). The Kαemission bands of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon were obtained with extremely good intensities and P/B. The peak intensity for the carbon K band was 24 000 counts/sec with a P/B of 150 for a 1-mA beam current and a potential of 3500 V. The investigation of the L emission spectra of Cr through Cu has revealed that the transition probability for a (d-p) transition is not always greater than that of a (s-p) transition, when these transitions involve energy band electrons. It was also found that the LIII/LII ratio is much closer to the predicted value of 2 than Skinner found. The MIIMIII emission bands, and the MINII, III, MIINI lines of Nb and Mo have been observed for the first time.
Pyrolytic Graphites: Their Description as Semimetallic Molecular Solids
Authors: Klein Claude A.
Published: May 2005

This paper is concerned with an investigation of the electrical,the galvanomagnetic, and the thermoelectric properties of pyrolytic graphites whose morphological features are conditioned by the deposition temperature, the heat treatment, and the doping level.

(1) Basal-plane magnetoresistance and c-direction specific resistance of deposits prepared at temperatures ranging from 1900°to 2500°C point to a remarkable improvement of the crystallites'alignment with rising deposition temperature. In both crystallographic directions the Seebeck coefficient closely follows semi-empirical predictions based on the two-dimensional model of theπ-electron bands. The Fermi level of a standard deposit (2100°C)is at 0.025 eV below the valence-band edge and thus indicates that crystal defects trap about 7.5×1018 electrons/cm3 at room temperature;this figure is in accord with a Hall coefficient of 0.33 cm3/C. The average in-plane mobility (930 cm2/V-sec) corresponds to a mean free path of the order of the crystallite diameter (250 Å).

(2) Post-deposition treatment at temperatures above 2500°C results in (a) a rapid drop of the room-temperature basal-plane resistivity down to 50 μΩ-cm or less, (b) a Hall effect conversion from p to n type in the early stages of graphitization, and (c) a trend toward negative Seebeck coefficients in the layer planes. In conjunction with low-field magnetoresistance measurements these results can be described in terms of semimetallic concepts, the simultaneous presence of holes and electrons with equal concentrations(6×1018 cm−3 at room temperature) stemming from a slight band overlap. Average mobilities imply that the carrier behavior approaches single-crystal characteristics ( ≈ 104 cm2/V-secat room temperature) after heat treatment above 3000°C. Normal to the layers, the specific resistance always exceeds 0.1 Ω-cm, which points to a molecular conduction process in this direction.

(3) An incorporation of boron into the carbon-hexagon networks lowers the electrical resistance of graphite particularly in the c direction (twenty-fold decrease at a composition of 0.6 at.%B); concurrently the two temperature coefficients become approximately equal to zero. In the rigid-lattice approximation band-population figures derived from the resistivity temperature dependence reflect the Hall coefficient behavior, the peak occurring at an equivalent boron content of 0.04%. The ionization efficiency is of the order of 50% with a Fermi level depressed by more than 0.1 eV. Thermoelectric power measurements in the c direction accord with the view that charge transport across the layer planes involves most of the excess holes, and reveal that boron enhances the Seebeck anisotropy of graphite.