bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Markets as a system of social contracts
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: July 2002

Examines critically traditional economic paradigms as well as those given by Hayek and Buchanan on markets with constitutional contracts in order to contrast them with yet another view of market ‐ that endogeneity of various political and economic processes creates a global system of interlinkages among and between policy variables and socio‐economic variables. By invoking the methodology and epistemology of such a system develops a theory of globally interactive market processes. In such a globally interactive system, markets are seen to be induced by and to regenerate circularly endogenous preferences. Knowledge induction becomes epistemologically critical in such an evolutionary and interactive order. Hence, these globally knowledge‐induced interlinkages generated by policy‐market interactions are made to establish and explain what is termed here as a system of social contracts.
Stabilization in post‐socialist countries
Authors: Schweickert Rainer
Published: July 2002

Notes that macro‐economic policy faces the same challenges in both developing and post‐socialist economies: to reduce inflation while achieving or maintaining stable economic growth. Moreover, there are developing countries like Argentina which succeeded in overcoming a type of institutional chaos which comes quite close to what is to be observed in post‐socialist countries. By looking at the theoretical concept and by its implementation in Argentina, examines the main advantages and flaws of an exchange rate anchor. Shows that this is a high risk strategy for post‐socialist countries which needs radical complementary reforms in order to be effective and to minimize risks. Suggests that credibility cannot be imported.
Globalization of capitalism, agriculture and the negation of nation states
Authors: Maitra Priyatosh
Published: July 2002

Attempts to trace the process of internationalization of production since the late nineteenth century, which has laid down the path and pattern of modern economic growth in the Third World. Industrial capitalism emerged historically in the UK with the Industrial Revolution, and was subsequently transplanted first to western Europe, North America, Australasia and Japan and then to the rest of the world. In this process, capitalism has released and developed the world’s productive forces. Today, it has achieved an unlimited capacity to produce, diversify, improve and exploit both human and natural resources. As a consequence, the world is becoming richer in capital accumulation and material goods but, paradoxically, poorer, with increasing human miseries and environmental deterioration. In a capitalist system of production, the latter is an inevitable consequence of the success achieved in the former.
The epistemologies of Ghazzali, Kant and the alternative
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: July 2002

Studies Ghazzali’s and Kant’s metaphysical epistemologies in comparative perspectives to bring out their consequences on the central issue of unification of knowledge. Addresses the problem posed by either of these epistemologies towards unifying knowledge. Shows the central issue of reality as a universal is to be premissed in unification, which is in turn explained to be the direct function of interaction and creative evolution from lower to higher levels of certainty. Shows the unification epistemology to be uniquely premissed in theQur’anicroots of Oneness of God. Explains this concept substantively in analytical terms. Thus the concept of unification of knowledge means the circular continuity by evolution of the interactions and integration that occur by linkages between the purely a priori and the purely a posteriori domains. This is also meant to convey the phenomenon of epistemic‐ontic continuity of the process towards comprehension and the resulting materiality of forms that subsequently reinforce newer levels of comprehensions. Unification takes place in the plane of such interlinkages, complementarity and convergence or integration. Invokes the problem of unification of knowledge in the contrasting modes of all the three cases, namely Ghazzali, Kant and the unification epistemology, to address the issues of moral market transformation taken up in the midst of human sustainability. Discusses some contemporary issues relating to globalization, economic interlinkages and evolution for world development, in light of the topic of moral market transformation and sustainability. Studies both of these analytically in the unification epistemology paradigm in contrast to the consequences implicative of Ghazzali’s and Kant’s epistemologies.
China’s floating population and its implications
Authors: Chai Joseph C.H. , Karin Chai B.
Published: July 2002

The rate of urbanization and its implications in post‐Mao China have been underestimated in most recent studies on China’s urbanization as they have excluded the rising urban floating population. Making use of recently available floating population survey data assesses the significance of China’s urban floating population and its socio‐economic consequences and suggests remedial measures to control its flow. Finds that the floating population caused China to experience one of the highest urban population growths among the developing countries. The floating population has increased rural‐urban labour mobility and helped to eliminate the dualistic nature of Chinese society. But it has also caused oveer‐urbanization and environmental pollution and created certain social problems. To control the flow of the urban floating population, argues that the government should increasingly rely on indirect market‐based control mechanisms.
Development ethics: a new discipline
Authors: Goulet Denis
Published: July 2002

States that “development” has long been equated with modernization and western‐ization and studied as a straightforward economic issue. Reports that the discipline of economics has been the main source of policy prescription for development decision makers and that this view is now widely criticized as ethnocentric and as economically reductionist. Reveals that change is occurring: economics itself is reintegrating ethics in its conceptualization, methodology, and analysis; a new paradigm of development is in gestation; and a new discipline, development ethics, has come into being. Explains that development ethics centres its study of development on the value questions posed: what is the relation of having goods and being good in the pursuit of the good life, what are the foundations of a just society, and what stance should societies adopt towards nature? Thinks that the new discipline emerges from two sources, which are now converging: from engagement in development action to the formulation of ethical theory, and from a critique of mainstream ethical theory to the crafting of normative strategies to guide development practice. Concludes that development ethics has a dual mission: to render the economy more human and to keep hope alive in the face of the seeming impossibility of achieving human development for all.
Feminist consciousness and community development
Authors: Wein Sheldon
Published: July 2002

Explores the prospects for constructing a feminist contractarian moral theory. Argues that the social contractarianism championed by John Rawls and feminized by Susan Okin is unlikely to succeed in offering feminists an alternative theory of justice which can compete with utilitarianism. However, an appropriately modified economic contractarianism, such as that championed by David Gauthier, offers more promise for producing a successful liberal feminist theory of justice. Holds that a feminist ethic of care based on an economic contractarian model must move from an exclusive concern with game‐theoretic bargaining to solve prisoners’ dilemma problems to a bargaining game which also deals with the assurance problem. Offers speculation of how such a theory could be rigorously developed.
Partnership financing of microenterprises
Authors: Ramzan Akhtar Muhammad
Published: July 2002

Reviews the progress of the institutions relating to financing of the microenterprises. Proposes a participatory financing scheme as an alternative to the interest‐based lending scheme. Highlights the theoretical framework of the scheme and examines its practical performance. Opines that if the details of the scheme are properly disseminated, then it is likely that its efficiency and equity features will attract the commercial banks worldwide.
Economics and ethics in an Indian society: a reflective analysis
Authors: Biswas N.B.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the ethics and law of Indian business tradition and economics. Highlights many current business practices that it finds highly unethical.
The implications of economic inequality for social welfare and social conflict
Authors: Podder Nripesh
Published: July 2002

In this article, first, we show how equity considerations, in the guise of inequality of income, enters into a social welfare function. In this connection the important properties of a social welfare function are also discussed. Second, contrary to the popular belief, we contend that the degree of inequality is not an appropriate indicator of the degree of social discontent. Third, the appropriate indicator of social discontent is shown to be the level of social envy which is a non‐monotonic function of inequality. It is also demonstrated that the sociological term “relative deprivation” is equivalent to the economic definition of envy.
Transitions into and out of poverty
Authors: O’Boyle Edward J.
Published: July 2002

This article raises five questions: What kinds of persons and families are poor? How do they become poor? How long do they remain poor? How do they cope with being poor? How do they escape from being poor? These questions are significant for one central and obvious reason: answering them improves our understanding of the nature of poverty or unmet human physical need, thereby contributing to the development of forms of aid to remedy that need. To the extent that we are successful in helping the needy, our social economics is enhanced, and any economic order based on that social economics should function more effectively. Two main sources of information on poverty from the Census Bureau are used to address those questions: the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Both use the same absolute standard of poverty but each source produces a different estimate of poverty because they are fundamentally different in design and coverage. The data presented herein cover the period 1985 through 1993.
Dualism, duality and the complexity of economic institutions
Authors: Jackson William A.
Published: July 2002

Dualism ‐ the division of an object of study into separate, paired elements ‐ is widespread in economic and social theorising: key examples are the divisions between agency and structure, the individual and society, mind and body, values and facts, and knowledge and practice. In recent years, dualism has been criticised as exaggerating conceptual divisions and promoting an oversimplified, reductive outlook. A possible alternative to dualism is the notion of duality, derived from Giddens’s structuration theory, whereby the two elements are interdependent and no longer separate or opposed, although they remain conceptually distinct. This paper argues that duality, if handled carefully, can provide a superior framework to dualism for dealing with the complexity of economic and social institutions. Its main attraction is not its twofold character, which might profitably be relaxed where appropriate, but its ability to envisage a thoroughgoing interdependence of conceptually distinct elements.
Are patients really consumers?
Authors: Keaney Michael
Published: July 2002

The British National Health Service (NHS) has experienced various phases of reform and reorganisation during the last 15 years. During this time it has been suggested that the role of the patient is analogous to that of the consumer. Meanwhile there has been increasing application of the techniques of health economics. This paper examines the rationale for these developments, placing them in wide historial context, and arguing that far from being a passive consumer of pre‐packed healthcare, patients ought to be considered as partners in a continuing process of inquiry, in accordance with John Dewey’s philosophy of instrumentalism. As a result it is argued that the present commodification of healthcare in the UK should be halted, in order to preserve and build on the achievements of the NHS.
Genetic testing and therapy
Authors: Rizzo Robert F.
Published: July 2002

Examines the impact of genetic testing and therapy on health care in light of the development of the system in the USA since the turn of the twentieth century. Genetic testing and therapy have the potential to create a great advance in health care but also to become a business of multi‐billion dollar proportions. If present trends of investment and long‐range plans mature, health care will be adversely affected in terms of its distribution, access and economy. Developed and sold as commodities in a free‐market economy, genetic advances will economically stress health care and fail to meet the ethical and legal standards demanded by voluntary informed consent and counseling. Without abandonment of the marketplace approach to health care and thorough reform, many will find themselves excluded from the benefits and vulnerable to discrimination.
A socio‐economic theory of regulatory compliance
Authors: Sutinen Jon G. , Kuperan K.
Published: July 2002

An enriched theoretical model of regulatory compliance is developed in this paper. The body of empirical evidence demonstrates that the pure deterrence model of regulatory compliance, which focuses primarily on the certainty and severity of sanctions as key determinants of compliance, provides only a partial explanation of compliance behavior. To offer a more complete explanation, the model developed herein integrates economic theory with theories from psychology and sociology to account for both tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals’ decisions whether to comply with a given set of regulations. Specifically, the model accounts for moral obligation and social influence in addition to the conventional costs and revenues associated with illegal behavior. While cast in a natural resource management context, the theory developed here is applicable to a variety of institutional conditions. The resulting framework enables the design and implementation of more efficient compliance and regulatory programs than was heretofore possible.
The public library as street corner university: back to the future?
Authors: Broady‐Preston Judith , Cox Andrew
Published: July 2002

Examines the concept of the street corner university, and assesses the political, social and marketing implications of such a concept being adopted as a vision for the UK public library service. Current views regarding the provision of public library services are explored from the perspectives of Government and the profession. Issues regarding equity of provision and the role of the library service promoting policies of social inclusion are discussed and evaluated. Concludes that, unless the public library service can meet the challenges facing it, it will become increasingly marginalized within society. The dominant paradigms of the profession must be viewed as complementary rather than contradictory, and the successes of the present reconciled with visions of the future, if the true potential of both the street corner university concept and the public library service is to be achieved.
Not an age thing! “Greynetters” in the newsroom defy the stereotype
Authors: Williams Peter , Nicholas Dave
Published: July 2002

The meteoric rise of the Internet has left information science researchers struggling to keep pace, so that much discussion about the phenomenon has been based on assumption, anecdote and sheer hype. This paper reports on a major British Library funded project seeking hard evidence as to what is really happening in the information landscape, with the media being a case study. Discussed here are results pertaining to user characteristics, with particular reference to age. Contrary to received wisdom, it is the old, more experienced journalist pioneering Internet use, rather than the stereotypical young computer whiz kids. Several factors are emerging, including information needs characteristics, job security, Internet access, experience with online systems and, for senior managers, economic implications. The wider context is considered, such as early adoption generally of technological innovations, and evidence suggests that the newsroom environment may be characteristic of a general pattern of end‐user Internet adoption.
Cultural impacts on electronic publishing: experience in Serbia
Authors: ko Vitas Du , Krstev Cvetana
Published: July 2002

Discusses the linguistic influences on an electronic publishing infrastructure in an environment with unstable linguistic standardization from the computational point of view. Essentially, in Serbia in the last half of the century (at least) publishing is based on the following facts: two alphabetic systems are regularly in use with the possibility to mix both alphabets in the same document; the various dialects are accepted as a part of a linguistic norm; orthography is unstable ‐ presently, several linguistic attitudes that have different views of the orthographic norm are under discussion; and, in Serbia, many minority languages are in use, which makes it difficult to provide efficient contact between different communities through electronic publishing. In this context, a systematic solution that responds to this complex situation has not been developed in the frame of traditional Serbian linguistics and lexicography in a way that enables the adequate incorporation of the new publishing technologies. Owing to these constraints, the direct application of electronic publishing tools frequently causes the degradation of the linguistic message. In such an environment, the promotion of electronic publishing therefore needs specific solutions. The paper discusses the general frame based on the specifically encoded system of electronic dictionaries that makes electronic texts independent of some of the mentioned constraints. The objective of such a frame is to enable the linguistic normalization of texts at the level of their internal representation, and to establish bridges for communicating with other language societies. Some aspects of electronic text representation that ensures its correct interpretation in different graphical systems and in different dialects are described. This also allows text indexing and retrieval using the same techniques that are available for languages not burdened with these problems.
Children and indexes
Authors: Williams Paula L. , Bakewell K.G.B.
Published: July 2002

Discusses some of the findings of a British Library sponsored investigation of indexes to children’s information books with particular reference to the importance of book indexes, the impact of the National Curriculum on teaching index use, the benefits of book indexes, the impact of indexes on book selection and the usability of indexes. It is considered that the standards of many indexes to children’s books need to be improved and that, although the National Curriculum has had some impact on the use of book indexes by children at Key Stage 2 (children aged 7‐11, school years 3‐6), through making the teaching of index use a curriculum requirement, there is room for improvement in this area. It is recommended that all children’s information books should have indexes and that these indexes should be compiled by a professional indexer.
Antecedents to satisfaction with service recovery
Authors: Wallin Andreassen Tor
Published: July 2002

Building on disconfirmation theory, equity theory and affect‐balance theory, considers antecedents to satisfaction with service recovery. A theoretical model is proposed and tested empirically based on a cross‐sectional national sample of 201 dissatisfied customers complaining of services. The results suggest that perceived performance of service recovery has an impact on equity. Second, disconfirmation of expectations of service recovery and perceived fairness of outcome of service recovery have an impact on satisfaction with service recovery. Finally, negative affect caused by the initial service failure does not have an impact on satisfaction with service recovery.
The responses of front‐line employees to market‐oriented culture change
Authors: Harris Lloyd C. , Ogbonna Emmanuel
Published: July 2002

A theme emerging from research into the determinants, content and consequences of market orientation is that developing a market‐oriented culture exerts a profound influence on the organizational culture of a company. Explores and describes the manner and forms of front‐line employees’ responses to market‐oriented culture change initiatives. The paper begins with a brief overview of existing literature discussing the definition and components of a market orientation. Thereafter, extant research into the consequences of developing a market‐oriented culture is reviewed critically. After detailing the research design and methodology adopted in this study, the summary findings of two in‐depth case studies are presented. The findings indicate that front‐line employees respond differentially to market‐oriented culture change programmes. Concludes with a series of implications for both marketing and culture theorists and practitioners.
From recipient to contributor: examining customer roles and experienced outcomes
Authors: Lengnick‐Hall Cynthia A. , Claycomb Vincentia (Cindy) , Inks Lawrence W.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, both management and marketing fields have emphasized the importance of a customer orientation. In this project, a different set of lenses is adopted to examine customer orientation from the customer’s point of view. Customers can enact four specific roles that enable them to create a partnership with human services firms. Customers can be important resources for the firm. They can actively participate in the firm’s activities as co‐producers of the service. As buyers, customers can develop a relationship with a service organization, and as recipients they register evaluations of their encounter. Analysis of an extensive survey of customer perceptions and investments in a firm’s activities provided an outside‐in look at customer orientation. The results present clear evidence that customers can influence the outcomes they experience. Avenues for future research and practical opportunities for managers to capitalize on their relationships with customers are discussed.
Computer‐based support for marketing strategy development
Authors: Li Shuliang , Kinman Russell , Duan Yanqing , Edwards John S.
Published: July 2002

Reports on an investigation of computer‐based support for developing marketing strategy. First, on the basis of a literature study, the nature of marketing strategy development is clarified. The needs for computer‐based support are identified. The status and underlying problems of existing computer‐based information systems for developing marketing strategy are then examined. Finally, a mail questionnaire survey on computer‐based support for developing marketing strategy is discussed. The major issues addressed in the survey were: managers’ needs for computer‐based support in developing marketing strategy; the current provision of computer‐based information systems; and the gaps between the identified needs and current provision. It is believed that this was the first study to use a large‐scale questionnaire survey to explore these issues. The findings provide important evidence and implications for both researchers and designers of computer‐based support for marketing strategy development.
Repercussions of consumer confusion for late introduced differentiated products
Authors: Chryssochoidis George
Published: July 2002

Late introduced differentiated products are at a disadvantage compared to existing products in the marketplace as they suffer from consumer confusion regarding such differentiation. This confusion has several important repercussions ultimately resulting into a slow diffusion and limited success of the late introduced differentiated products in the marketplace. This study attempts to explain the problem using data regarding organic food products. The repercussions of the problem are also assessed.
Communication flows during financial service innovation
Authors: Lievens A. , Moenaert R.K.
Published: July 2002

Reports on research concerning the role and nature of communication during the innovation process of new financial services. A causal framework has been developed on the antecedent role of communication in financial service innovation and its impact on success. Project team communication is conceptualized by: intra‐project communication (communication between project team members); and extra‐project communication (boundary‐spanning communication). Examines the effectiveness of these communication flows from an information processing perspective and assesses the amount of uncertainty reduced about customers, competitors, technologies and resources. Also assesses the impact of the reduction of uncertainty on new financial service performance. In view of the context, i.e. financial service innovations, we included the specific characteristics of services (intangibility, inseparability of production and consumption, heterogeneity and perishability) into our theory and research design. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
The relevance of Horkheimer’s view of the customer
Authors: Schipper Frits
Published: July 2002

Horkheimer’s critical view of the customer in Western society concentrates on the threatening influence of instrumental reason, a particular field he mentions being marketing. According to him the real autonomy of the customer, the customer as king, has evaporated. Discusses the relevance of this view today, particularly in connection with such recent developments as customization and relationship marketing. In order to come to a better understanding of the subject, some milestones of the history and philosophy of trade are explored, as well as some aspects of the history of marketing. The main conclusion is that, at the moment, Horkheimer’s approach can function as a critical heuristic, but not as a fully adequate diagnosis.
Suppliers’ international strategies
Authors: Andersson Svante
Published: July 2002

A longitudinal study of the international behaviour of Swedish suppliers is presented. Three different types of supplier are identified: simple suppliers, advanced suppliers, and own product suppliers. Factors influencing the internationalisation of these suppliers are discussed. It is concluded that the firms’ offer and the customers’ buying strategies influence the firms’ international behaviour. However, these factors do not determine the international strategies completely. Various entrepreneurs will choose various strategies. Three different types of entrepreneurs are identified: the marketing, technical, and structural entrepreneurs. The type of entrepreneur influences the firms’ international strategies in different directions.
A functional approach to instrumental and terminal values and the value‐attitude‐behaviour system of consumer choice
Authors: Allen Michael W. , Hung Ng Sik , Wilson Marc
Published: July 2002

The present studies provide support for a functional approach to instrumental and terminal values and the value‐attitude‐behaviour system. Study 1 surveyed individuals’ human values, the type of meaning to which they prefer to attend in products (i.e. utilitarian or symbolic), and how they choose to evaluate the products (i.e. a piecemeal or affective judgement). The study found that individuals who favoured instrumental to terminal human values showed a predisposition to attend to the utilitarian meanings of products and make piecemeal judgements. In contrast, individuals who favoured terminal over instrumental values preferred symbolic meanings, affective judgements, and human values in general. Study 2 found that individuals who favoured instrumental to terminal values had stronger instrumental attitudes towards cars and sun‐glasses. The results suggest that: psychological functions are not limited to attitudes or human values but span the breadth of the value‐attitude‐behaviour system; that two such psychological functions are instrumental and expressive; and that instrumental and terminal values serve instrumental and expressive functions, respectively.
Revisiting the marketing domain
Authors: Levy Sidney J.
Published: July 2002

The two debates about the domain of marketing and the division between theory and practice are old, recurring and endless. Nevertheless, it is indubitable that marketing pervades society whether or not the critics like the idea of it or the troubling forms it sometimes takes. Similarly, the differences between theoreticians and practitioners are – like parts of a tree – also inevitable as they think differently, have different roles to play, have different languages and feel superior to each other. Those who are blind to these facts create the debates instead of realizing that is the way it is and making the best of it. Reasonable people bridge the gaps by understanding the situation and working cooperatively with their diverse colleagues.
Relationship marketing
Authors: Veloutsou Cleopatra , Saren Michael , Tzokas Nikolaos
Published: July 2002

Academics and market professionals appreciate the importance of relationship marketing for contemporary firms. Yet, relationship marketing strategies and tactics are context specific. Based on opinions expressed in an academic “think tank” held at Lake Menteith in Scotland and the use of an expert system, this paper reports how business relationships may develop in the future and the practices that should be used under certain scenarios. It concludes with recommendations of areas where further research activity in relationship marketing is required.
Determining marketing strategy
Authors: Morgan Robert E. , Hunt Shelby D.
Published: July 2002

Despite the vast proliferation of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical studies in adaptation‐selection research, debate continues to surround a key question: how do firms strategically coevolve with their environments? This paper attempts to address part of this question by drawing on advances in strategic choice theory and resource‐advantage theory. A scenario‐based group methodology based around the “think tank” described in the first paper of this special issue is presented whereby marketing analyses of environmental contexts are described which lead to a series of recommended marketing strategies for response (selection), which fit the changing environments (adaptation). Various conclusions are derived from this marketing strategy determination process and finally, consideration is given to issues of complexity and chaos in environmental assessment terms.
Consumption Situation and Product Knowledge in the Adoption
of a New Product
Authors: Wenben Lai Albert
Published: July 2002

It is maintained that consumption situation is a determinant of the
intention to adopt a new product and that its potential for affecting
the adopting intention depends on people′s attitude to that product
category and the latitude allowed in adopting it. Product knowledge was
also stipulated as a mediating factor in the process of adopting a new
product, as the fitness between the needs of situation and the product
attribute are a main concern in the process of adoption. Utilising
product information, the test hypothesis is twofold in this study. One
is the repeated measure method, dealing with the general definition of
situation. The other is the quasi‐experimental factorial design,
elaborating on the specifically described situations.
Marketing‐orientation Revisited: The Crucial Role of the
Part‐time Marketer
Authors: Gummesson Evert
Published: July 2002

Most of a company′s marketing is not carried out by the
professional full‐time marketer but by the amateur part‐time marketer
(PTM), who is omnipotent both inside and outside a company. The PTM
influences customer relations and revenue without belonging to the
marketing or sales department. Unless the PTM is recognised, marketing
can never be efficient. Although this is in essence a matter of
marketing‐orientation, which of course is not new, it has been found to
be a much more profound and difficult issue to implant in organisations
than is suggested by marketing textbooks. The purpose here is to
identify current approaches to marketing‐orientation and organise them
around one central concept, the PTM. In order to do so theory from three
areas will be used: services marketing, the network/interaction theory
of industrial marketing, and total quality management.
Mapping Consumers′ Cognitive Structures: A Comparison of
Similarity Trees with Multidimensional Scaling and Cluster Analysis
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Padmore Jo , Tomes Anne E.
Published: July 2002

Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis techniques are
commonly employed for the analysis of consumer perceptions of products.
However, within the past 10‐15 years, a growing volume of research has
shown that the processes underlying similarities judgements of stimuli
are incompatible with the fundamental underlying axioms of these
techniques. A series of papers in the psychometrics and cognitive
psychology literatures by Tversky and his associates have demonstrated
the inability of these procedures to handle similarities data from many
domains by virtue of the restrictive assumptions they impose on the
data. Recently, several procedures have been proposed that overcome the
limitations of traditional multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis
techniques. The potential benefits are illustrated of applying two of
these newer techniques, additive similarity trees (ADDTREE) and extended
similarity trees (EXTREE) in the context of marketing research.
Consumers′ similarity judgements data are presented from three disparate
product domains (newspapers, shops and breakfast cereals). In each case,
non‐metric multidimensional scaling and average linkage cluster analysis
yield less interpretable solutions than ADDTREE. In the case of the
newspapers data, much richer insights are obtained with reference to
EXTREE. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for
market research studies and the development of consumer behaviour
theory.
Marketing Principles and Practice in the Accounting
Profession: A Review
Authors: O′Donohoe S. , Diamantopoulos A. , Petersen N.
Published: July 2002

The marketing advice published in professional accounting journals
is compared with empirical research on client priorities and
accountants′ marketing practices to date. The advice and client
literature are found to be consistent in that both emphasise referrals,
personal communications, practice specialisations and good working
relationships. Accountants themselves also emphasised personal
communication methods and referrals, although large firms tended to be
more systematic and sophisticated in the practice of advertising and
public relations. There is less empirical evidence on accountants′
marketing practices beyond their promotional activities. There seems to
be little use of formal market research and limited authority given to
those with marketing responsibility. It is concluded that both
accountants and researchers should focus their attention on the ways in
which the whole services marketing mix is used within the profession.
Brand Pricing in a Recession
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie , Knox Simon , Chedgey Mark
Published: July 2002

A study, by in‐home interviews using a fully structured
questionnaire with 80 consumers of mineral waters and 86 consumers of
fruit juice – grocery products where advertising had either been
continuously increased or decreased: results suggests that consumer
awareness of price for either brands or competing own‐label products is
very limited. However, with reference pricing, price recall improved.
Discusses these findings in the context of a literature review on price
and perceived quality and then evaluates them for the grocery products
in question. Uncovers evidence of underpricing where advertising
investment had been consistently increased to support the added‐value
perceptions of brands. In conclusion, discusses the pricing relationship
between brands and own‐labels, and urges manufacturers to reassess the
consumer value of their brands in tests before competing on lower
prices.
Stereotyping in Country Advertising: An Experimental Study
Authors: Grønhaug Kjell , Heide Morten
Published: July 2002

Examines whether advertising creates stereotyping effects, focusing
on effects created in the target group, and not on the content of the
advertising message as primarily emphasized in prior research on
stereotyping in advertising. Conducts an experimental study using a
rather unfamiliar travel destination – Norway – as the
target object. The findings reveal that advertising may create changes
in the target group′s evaluations of the target object, and result in
more coherent and stereotyped knowledge structures.
Europe 1992: Implications for New Zealand Business
Authors: Akoorie Michele , Barber Karen , Enderwick Peter
Published: July 2002

The EC is one of the most important overseas markets for New
Zealand companies. Many New Zealand companies, while claiming to be
niche marketers, are actually competing in open segments on the basis of
cost and price. These firms appear to place little importance on
marketing variables such as advertising and promotion, market research
and distribution. Post‐1992, New Zealand exporters will face growing
competition and all the disadvantages of a small, outside supplier
nation.
Cognitive Style and Personal Involvement as Explicators of
Innovative Purchasing of ″Healthy″ Food Brands
Authors: Foxall Gordon R. , Bhate Seema
Published: July 2002

In an earlier study, concerned with the innovative purchasing of
“healthy” food products, the largest volume of innovations
were purchased unexpectedly by adaptors. It was subsequently argued that
adaptors who were highly involved personally with the product field
would exhibit such behaviour. The empirical investigation of female
consumers′ (n = 151) self‐reported innovative purchasing
described here tests that hypothesis, examining the interactive
relationship between two independent variables, scores on the Kirton
Adaption Innovation Inventory and on Zaichkowsky′s Personal Involvement
Inventory, and the volume of purchases of innovative brands of
“healthy” food brands. Results indicate that the market for
new food brands comprises three psychographically‐defined segments, and
have far‐reaching implications for adoption decision models and for
marketing strategies for innovations.
Who Does the Marketing in Retailing? A Case Study of
Organizational Selling Behaviour in a Large Complex Organization
Authors: Hogarth‐Scott Sandra , Parkinson Stephen T.
Published: July 2002

Explores the marketing process of a large food retailer, based on
in‐depth interviews with 106 senior managers. Finds that attitudes
towards marketing are conflicting, that the role is diffused into
different functional areas within the organization, and that buyers are
highly influential within the organization and play a key role. There
are two parallel strands in the development of marketing within the
organization. One is the growth of a corporate marketing department with
responsibility for advertising, the purchase of market research, and
corporate image in the marketplace. The lack of current influence of
corporate marketing is reflected in the absence of a chief marketing
executive (CME) on the main board. The other element is the role of the
buyer and the trading departments. The trading department is found to be
highly influential. Buying teams are the marketers in the company
dealing with product selection, pricing, merchandising and promotion.
Effective marketing depends on an integrated organizational effort. This
is clearly not the case here. The study methodology sheds new light on
the nature of strategic marketing planning in a large, complex
organization.
Service Organization Selection: A Cross‐cultural Analysis
of the Role of Involvement
Authors: Edgett Scott J. , Cullen Carman W.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the selection by students of their preferred
universities as an example of a high involvement consumer decision
process in a service organization setting. Provides a cross‐cultural
comparison between undergraduates in two medium‐sized Canadian and
Scottish universities, describing the affective and cognitive
involvement of the two groups of students and the information searches
they have conducted. Findings suggest that differences do exist between
Scottish and Canadian respondents.
Satisfaction and Loyalty to Suppliers within the Grocery
Trade
Authors: Biong Harald
Published: July 2002

Increased concentration within the retail trade may have great,
negative consequences for a supplier if its relationship to a chain
dissolves. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of
the way in which the supplier′s use of the marketing mix components
(salesforce, product, profitability and marketing support) affects the
satisfaction and loyalty of the retailers. Assesses this relationship by
drawing on relationship formation within a channel of distribution
theory, an empirical testing, using multiple regression analysis, on a
sample of Norwegian supermarkets. The results indicate that satisfaction
and loyalty are influenced differently by the marketing mix components.
Satisfaction is found to be associated mainly with factors representing
co‐operativeness and interpersonal contact, while loyalty is associated
with elements expressing dependency, sources of power and stakes in the
relationship.
A Control View of the Behaviour of Consumers: Turning the
Triangle
Authors: Pieters Rik
Published: July 2002

According to the emission view of behaviour, consumers emit overt
responses as a result of a more or less complicated prior process which
started in the environment. Explores the consequences of an alternative
view – the control perspective of consumer behaviour. Argues that
consumer behaviour is a latent, unobservable construct which is
hierarchical in nature. The three aspects of behaviour, operation,
identification and motivation, form an interrelated behaviour structure.
Forumulates implications for research and application.
Personality and Consumer Behaviour: An Operational Approach
Authors: Albanese Paul J.
Published: July 2002

Presents a report on the promising preliminary results of the Q
project at Kent State University to operationalize the personality
organization from psychoanalytic object relations theory for empirical
research on consumer behaviour using the California Q Sort. The
validation process is well under way. As a future extension of this
research, presents the template matching technique for relating the
personality to a general pattern of behaviour by relating these patterns
of behaviour to variations in the level of personality development,
thereby paving the way for an application to the critical social issues
of addictive and compulsive behaviour.
An Examination of the Effect of Product Performance on Brand Reputation, Satisfaction and Loyalty
Authors: Selnes Fred
Published: July 2002

Customer loyalty is a major strategic objective and focus in
marketing. It has been suggested that brand reputation is a major driver
of customer loyalty, and hence companies seek to increase the equity of
their brands. Quality affects not only customer satisfaction, but also
the reputation of the brand. Thus, both brand reputation and customer
satisfaction are important determinants of customer loyalty. The
interaction between these two drivers of customer loyalty has, however,
been neglected in the literature. Presents a theoretical model which
integrates quality, brand reputation, customer satisfaction and loyalty.
The model is tested in four industries, covering both
business‐to‐business markets and private customer markets. The findings
suggest that companies should monitor and improve both customers
satisfaction and brand reputation. In situations where the intrinsic
cues of the product or service are ambiguous, brand reputation is the
strongest driver of customer loyalty compared with customer
satisfaction. In fact, when the intrinsic cues are ambiguous, it is
found that customer satisfaction is not driving customer loyalty.
A Comparative Study of Product Launch and Elimination Decisions in UK
and US Companies
Authors: Greenley Gordon E. , Bayus Barry L.
Published: July 2002

Investigates approaches to product launch and elimination decisions in
samples of UK and US companies, which is a gap which was identified in
the literature. Identifies different approaches to tackling each of the
decisions, and different approaches within each sample. There are also
differences between the countries. These results provide new insights,
as well as support for some previous empirical results. Discusses
directions for further research.
On Rethinking Marketing: Our Discipline, Our Practice, Our Methods
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: July 2002

Rethinking marketing should start with answers to three questions: Why
has our discipline made so few original contributions to the strategy
dialogue? Why have we focused on dysfunctional, rather than functional,
relationships, i.e. on unsuccessful marketing practice rather than
successful practice? Why do qualitative studies lack acceptance in
marketing? I suggest that the fact that marketing has viewed itself as
an “applied discipline” has significantly contributed to our making so few
original contributions to the strategy dialogue. Furthermore, the
“applied discipline” view has contributed to our focusing on dysfunctional
and unsuccessful, rather than functional and successful, relationships.
Finally, the lack of acceptance in marketing for qualitative methods has
resulted from advocates of those methods embracing relativism,
constructionism and subjectivism. In general, the time for obfuscation
and obscurantism masquerading as profundity has passed; the time for
reasoned rethinking is just beginning.
Hunt versus Anderson: Round 16
Authors: Kavanagh Donncha
Published: July 2002

Argues that the philosophical debate in marketing, led by Shelby Hunt
and Paul Anderson, is no longer providing new insights and is
symptomatic of the anthropocentrism of the social sciences. This
anthropocentrism has had consequent implications for meta‐theoretical
frameworks that describe the field and has limited the breadth of
philosophical discussion in marketing. Also argues that this discussion
should now move beyond the subject‐object debate and identifies writers
who have variously tried to transcend the paradigm. Argues that the
debate should move from epistemological to ontological and metaphysical
issues and that marketing′s philosophical discussion should also be
broadened to include debate on aesthetics, theology and technology.
Marketing and Public Sector Management
Authors: Walsh Kieron
Published: July 2002

Examines the development of marketing in the public service and presents a short discussion of the growth of marketing in public service organizations over the last 20 years. A critical analysis of marketing as applied to the public service, argues that, if it is applicable, it needs to be adapted to the particular character of the public realm. Gives an analysis of how an approach to marketing that is appropriate to the public service might be developed. This implies not so much the application of marketing as it exists, but the development of a new form of marketing. The management of the public sector is political management, and marketing, if it is to be effective, will need to be politically informed.