bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emprego da submucosa de intestino delgado na correção de estenose esofágica em cães
Authors: Souza Filho Zacarias Alves de , Greca Fernando Hintz , Duda João Ricardo , Cravo Guilherme Zicarelli , Ioshii Sérgio Ossamu
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a eficácia da Submucosa de lntestino Delgado (SID) porcina na correção de estenoses esofágicas cervicais em cães. MÉTODOS: Para produzir estenose, 12 animais foram submetidos a ressecções de porção elíptica de 3,5X2,0 cm, na parede anterior do esôfago cervical, suturado por pontos de fio de algodão. O processo evolui por 90 dias, atingindo a estenose desejada e comprovada por esofagograma. Na seqüência, a lesão cicatricial produzida foi ressecada e substituída por enxerto de SID. Transcorridos 2 meses os animais foram submetidos a novo esofagograma. Aferiu-se então a largura esofágica (nas porções proximal e média do esôfago cervical) após a realização da estenose e pós-correção. Os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia, ao 60º dia de pós-correção, e à necropsia os esôfagos foram retirados e enviados ao laboratório de Anatomia Patológica. RESULTADOS: Não houve fístula ou infecção. Ocorreram reepitelização completa da mucosa, discreta reação infamatória e neovascularização moderada. A luz esofágica foi ampliada em 70% dos animais (43% ± 13% em média) (p = 0,2135). A medida da porção proximal, passou de 0,76cm para 0,95cm em média (p=0,02). Não houve alteração significativa em relação a porção medial. CONCLUSÃO: A SID demonstrou ser, no cão, enxerto eficaz para correção de estenoses esofágicas, integrando-se nitidamente à sua parede e substituindo-a de forma adequada.
A influência do azul de metileno na prevenção da lesão pulmonar após isquemia-reperfusão intestinal
Authors: Greca Fernando Hintz , Gonçalves Neuza Maria Ferraz de Mello , Souza Filho Zacarias Alves de , Silva Antônio Pádua Gomes da , Mima Wilson Hiroshi , Mima Humberto Hideki
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Estudar a ação do azul de metileno como supressor da produção de radicais livres de oxigênio, atuando como receptor alternativo de elétrons na enzima xantina oxidase. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia mammalia) divididos em 2 grupos de 16 animais, os quais foram denominados grupos: experimento e controle. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a laparotomia mediana e oclusão da artéria mesentérica cranial por 60 minutos. A reperfusão foi confirmada por meio da verificação do reaparecimento da pulsação na arcada mesentérica. Foi então administrado no grupo experimento 2 ml de azul de metileno 1 % estéril intraperitonealmente, enquanto que no grupo controle foi administrado solução salina isotônica estéril em mesmo volume e pela mesma via de administração. Após 4 horas de reperfusão, os animais foram sacrificados. Amostras dos pulmões foram obtidas para: análise histopatológica, avaliação do edema e para determinação da atividade da xantina oxidase. RESULTADOS: O dano pulmonar encontrado no grupo controle foi superior ao encontrado no grupo experimento. Observou-se uma maior formação de edema nos pulmões do grupo controle. A atividade da xantina oxidase foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O azul de metileno diminui a lesão pulmonar após isquemia-reperfusão intestinal.
Uso de animais em cirurgia experimental
Authors: Schanaider Alberto , Silva Paulo Cesar
Published: November 2006

Diversos aspectos da cirurgia experimental são ignorados pelos pesquisadores. Este artigo enfatiza padrões éticos, detalhes anatômicos e procedimentos anestésicos com o objetivo de auxiliar na escolha adequada de animais utilizados em laboratório para pesquisas em cirurgia e na educação médica.
Transplante de bexiga: estudo piloto
Authors: Brandt Frederico Teixeira , Lorenzato Felipe Rinald , Albuquerque Carla Daisy Costa
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo biológico que seja viável para o estudo sistemático do transplante de bexiga. MÉTODOS: Cães mestiços vivos são usados como doadores e receptores do segmento supra-trigonal da bexiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tansplantados só fizeram uso de imunossupressão por 15 dias, estão vivos e sadios com 18 meses de transplante. Desde o primeiro mês de transplante os cães apresentam controle funcional da micção, inclusive sem urina residual importante. CONCLUSÃO: Transplante de bexiga em cães é um modelo viável, fisiológico e simples.
Submucosa de intestino delgado no reparo de defeito em parede abdominal de ratos
Authors: Greca Fernando Hintz , Souza Filho Zacarias Alves de , Rocha Sergio Luiz , Borsato Karin Soldatelli , Fernandes Heitor Augusto Dalarossa , Niiside Marco Aurelio
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Comparar a biocompatibilidade da tela de polipropileno e do enxerto de submucosa intestinal de suínos, quando usados para o reparo de defeito criado na parede anterior de abdomen de ratos, que envolveu toda a sua espessura e extensão. MÉTODO: Vinte ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos de 10 animais. Um defeito quadrangular, com 3,5cm de lado foi criado cirurgicamente na parede abdominal anterior dos 20 ratos. No primeiro grupo(grupo 1) este defeito foi reparado com submucosa de intestino delgado (SID), e no segundo grupo(grupo 2) com tela de polipropileno. Após 30 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Além da avaliação macroscópica dos enxertos, realizou-se um estudo tensiométrico e microscópico. RESULTADOS: Os animais de ambos os grupos apresentaram aderências entre o implante e as estruturas intra-abdominais, todavia no grupo com a tela de polipropileno observou-se maior número de aderências entre a tela e as alças intestinais. A força máxima de ruptura foi significantemente maior no grupo de animais com a tela de polipropileno, todavia se corrigida pela espessura do enxerto, a tensão máxima foi maior no enxerto de submucosa porcina que na tela de polipropileno. A mesotelisação foi significativamente mais intensa no grupo da submucosa, assim como a deposição de colágeno. As reações granulomatosas de corpo estranho e inflamação crônica também foram mais intensas no grupo 1. CONCLUSÃO: A SID monstrou ser uma alternativa ao enxerto sintético no reparo de grandes defeitos da parede abdominal em ratos, com melhor mesotelisação e deposição de colágeno, sem aumento no número de complicações. A submucosa apresentou maior resistência por mm², apesar de ter se mostrado menos resistente quando considerada a força maneira absoluta.
Atrofia mucosa/translocação bacteriana na sepse experimental em ratos Wistar
Authors: d'Acampora Armando José , Ortellado Daniel Knabben , Carvalho Roberta O. M. , Serafim João Daniel May , Farias Débora Cadore de , Tramonte Ricardo
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Avalizar a relação entre lesão mucosa e translocação bacteriana. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se 50 ratos distribuídos em 5 grupos: 1.Controle: injeção de inóculo padrão de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2.Dreno: injeção do inóculo padrão e drenagem da cavidade abdominal, após 6 horas, 3.Lavado: injeção do inóculo padrão e lavagem da cavidade abdominal, após 6 horas, 4.Lavado + dreno: injeção do inóculo padrão e após 6 horas, drenagem e lavagem da cavidade, 5.Normal: avaliação histológica da parede intestinal normal. Após o óbito, realizou-se hemocultura e cultura peritoneal. Realizou-se medida da espessura total da parede do jejuno e da camada mucosa em vilosidades seccionadas de forma longitudinal. RESULTADOS: Na hemocultura, houve crescimento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli em 90% e 52,5% dos animais. Na cultura peritoneal, houve crescimento de P. aeruginosa, E. coli e Klebsiella sp em 87,5%, 85% e 5% dos animais. Quanto a altura da camada mucosa e da parede intestinal, não houve alteração estatisticamente significativa entre os 5 grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A sepse aguda não causou alteração na camada mucosa do intestino delgado e a translocação ocorrida não pode ser considerada como decorrente de uma lesão da mucosa intestinal.
Efeitos da irradiação com raios-X em anastomoses colônicas: estudo estereológico experimental em ratos
Authors: Lopes-Paulo Francisco
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi realizado para quantificar possíveis alterações na tensão de ruptura e na concentração de colágeno em anastomoses realizadas em cólon irradiado. MÉTODOS: Doze ratos Wistar foram submetidos a secção e anastomose do cólon, constituindo dois grupos: An (controle, n=7) e I+An (irradiado, n=5). O grupo An foi submetido apenas à cirurgia enquanto o grupo I+An recebeu dose única de irradiação (1096 cGy) 7 dias antes da operação. Todos foram sacrificados no sétimo dia pós-operatório, para verificação da tensão de ruptura da anastomose e quantificação do colágeno. A quantificação do colágeno foi feita por estereologia de cortes verticais. RESULTADOS: O grupo An apresentou valores superiores ao grupo I+An quando comparados a pressão de ruptura da anastomose (172 mm Hg X 60 mm Hg, p = 0,004) e o índice de colágeno (14,24 X 1,62, p = 0,004). No grupo An o local de ruptura do cólon ocorreu com maior freqüência na área perianastomótica, enquanto que no grupo I+An a ruptura ocorreu com maior freqüência na linha anastomótica (p = 0,007). CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação prejudicou a cicatrização anastomótica, conforme evidenciado pela diminuição da pressão de ruptura da anastomose e do índice de colágeno no grupo de animais irradiados.
Estudo da fração inspirada de oxigênio na isquemia-reperfusão pulmonar em ratos
Authors: Silveira Rafael José , Silva Fábio May da , Wilhelm Filho Danilo , Cardoso José de Deus , Leão Luiz Eduardo Villaça
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito das frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO2) a 0,21, 0,40 e 1,00 na isquemia-reperfusão pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. O grupo I foi o controle e, nos grupos II, III e IV, os animais foram ventilados durante a isquemia-reperfusão com FiO2 a 0,21, 0,40 e 1,00 respectivamente. O modelo utilizado foi de isquemia-reperfusão normotérmica, in situ. O tempo de isquemia foi de 30 minutos e o de reperfusão, de 10 minutos. Como parâmetros de avaliação, utilizou-se a pressão arterial média sistêmica (PAM), a relação entre a pressão parcial de oxigênio e a fração inspirada de oxigênio (PO2/FiO2), a dosagem da glutationa reduzida (GSH) e das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) no tecido pulmonar e a relação entre o peso pulmonar úmido e o peso pulmonar seco. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que a ventilação com FiO2 a 0,21, quando comparada à ventilação com FiO2 a 0,40 e 1,00, durante o período de isquemia-reperfusão, apresentou menor diminuição da PAM, melhor relação PO2/FiO2, maior valor na medida da GSH, menor produção das TBARS e menor formação de edema pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: A ventilação com baixa FiO2 (0,21) mostrou melhores resultados quando comparada àquelas realizadas com FiO2 mais elevadas (0,40 e 1,00) na isquemia-reperfusão pulmonar.
Avaliação manométrica do esfíncter inferior do esôfago de coelhos submetidos a fundoplicatura total e parcial
Authors: Oliveira Walmar Kerche de , Henry Maria Aparecida Coelho de Arruda , Lerco Mauro Masson
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito das fundoplicaturas total e parcial sobre a pressão e comprimento do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 coelhos machos da raça Norfolk. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de 10, na dependência da operação[cirurgia] realizada. Grupo 1 (controle)-laparotomia mediana (LM) e dissecção da transição gastroesofágica; grupo 2- LM e fundoplicatura total, e grupo 3-LM e fundoplicatura parcial. Todos os animais foram submetidos à manometria esofágica (ME) segundo a técnica de tração intermitente da sonda e infusão contínua dos cateteres com água destilada. A ME foi realizada em dois momentos: M1 (pré-operatório) e M2 (pós-operatório), e permitiu a análise da pressão (mmHg) e comprimento (cm) do EIE. RESULTADOS: Nos animais do grupo 1 não foi observada alteração da pressão e comprimento do EIE. Naqueles do grupo 2 (fundoplicatura total) foi observado aumento da pressão (69,7%) e do comprimento (81,8%) do EIE. Nos coelhos do grupo 3 (fundoplicatura parcial) houve aumento da pressão (58%) e do comprimento (100%) do EIE. CONCLUSÕES: As fundoplicaturas total e parcial acarretam aumento da pressão e comprimento de EIE. O incremento da pressão e comprimento de EIE independe do tipo de fundoplicatura utilizada.
Estimation of Transpalatal Nasalance during Production of Voiced Stop Consonants by Noncleft Speakers Using an Oral-Nasal Mask
Authors: Bundy Emily L. , Zajac David J.
Published: November 2006

Objective:

Our objective was to estimate nasalance due to transpalatal transfer of acoustic energy during production of voiced stop consonants by noncleft speakers. We also determined the relationship between the transpalatal nasalance and fundamental frequency (F0) of the speakers.

Method:

Participants were 8 men and 10 women (mean age = 21.9 years, SD = 4.0) without cleft palate who produced voiced stop (/b d g/) and nasal (/m n η/) consonants in syllables embedded in a carrier phrase. Participants also read the Zoo Passage. A divided OroNasal Nasality System mask was used to simultaneously obtain acoustic nasalance and airflow during production of the consonants. Both F0-derived and first formant (F1)–derived nasalance were computed.

Results:

F0-derived and F1-derived peak nasalance across all speakers ranged from a low of 20% to a high of 80% during production of stop consonants. An estimate of error from the combined sources of transoral transfer of energy (5%) and acoustic crossover between microphones (15%) was no greater than 20%. Analysis of variance revealed no significant effects of the sex of the speakers for either F0-derived or F1-derived nasalance of stops. There was a significant effect of the place of stop production for F0-derived nasalance (p;th< .05). Nonsignificant but positive correlations were found between the F0 of the speakers and F0-derived (r = .25) and F1-derived (r = .45) nasalance.

Conclusions:

Transpalatal transfer of oral acoustic energy accounts for most nasalance obtained during production of voiced stop consonants by noncleft speakers. F1-derived nasalance appears to better reflect transpalatal effects. Clinical implications are discussed.
Inferring natural selection in a fossil threespine stickleback
Authors: Bell Michael A. , Travis Matthew P. , Blouw D. Max
Published: November 2006

Inferring the causes for change in the fossil record has been a persistent problem in evolutionary biology. Three independent lines of evidence indicate that a lineage of the fossil stickleback fishGasterosteus doryssusexperienced directional natural selection for reduction of armor. Nonetheless, application to this lineage of three methods to infer natural selection in the fossil record could not exclude random process as the cause for armor change. Excluding stabilizing selection and genetic drift as the mechanisms for biostratigraphic patterns in the fossil record when directional natural selection was the actual cause is very difficult. Biostratigraphic sequences with extremely fine temporal resolution among samples and other favorable properties must be used to infer directional selection in the fossil record.
Fitting and comparing models of phyletic evolution: random walks and beyond
Authors: Hunt Gene
Published: November 2006

For almost 30 years, paleontologists have analyzed evolutionary sequences in terms of simple null models, most commonly random walks. Despite this long history, there has been little discussion of how model parameters may be estimated from real paleontological data. In this paper, I outline a likelihood-based framework for fitting and comparing models of phyletic evolution. Because of its usefulness and historical importance, I focus on a general form of the random walk model. The long-term dynamics of this model depend on just two parameters: the mean (μstep) and variance (σ2step) of the distribution of evolutionary transitions (or “steps”). The value of μstepdetermines the directionality of a sequence, and σ2stepgoverns its volatility. Simulations show that these two parameters can be inferred reliably from paleontological data regardless of how completely the evolving lineage is sampled.

In addition to random walk models, suitable modification of the likelihood function permits consideration of a wide range of alternative evolutionary models. Candidate evolutionary models may be compared on equal footing using information statistics such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Two extensions to this method are developed: modeling stasis as an evolutionary mode, and assessing the homogeneity of dynamics across multiple evolutionary sequences. Within this framework, I reanalyze two well-known published data sets: tooth measurements from the Eocene mammalCantius, and shell shape in the planktonic foraminiferaContusotruncana. These analyses support previous interpretations about evolutionary mode in size and shape variables inCantius, and confirm the significantly directional nature of shell shape evolution inContusotruncana. In addition, this model-fitting approach leads to a further insight about the geographic structure of evolutionary change in this foraminiferan lineage.
Gigantism in tadpoles of the Neogene frogPalaeobatrachus
Authors: Roček Zbyněk , Böttcher Ronald , Wassersug Richard
Published: November 2006

We describe three giant palaeobatrachid fossil tadpoles of the genusPalaeobatrachus(Nieuwkoop-Faber [NF] stages 60–64) from the Miocene of Randecker Maar, Germany. The largest was 150 mm at the beginning of metamorphosis (stage 60), whereas the smallest was 100 mm and approaching the end of metamorphosis (stage 64). In contrast, normal palaeobatrachid tadpoles and their pipid relatives, both extinct and extant, rarely exceed 60 mm in length. We review here both ecological and pathological conditions that are conducive to the development of gigantism in tadpoles. Tadpoles that lack a thyroid gland become exceptionally large and arrest development at early hindlimb stages (NF stages 53–56). However, the advanced metamorphic stages of the giantPalaeobatrachustadpoles indicate that they were able to metamorphose, and thus were not athyroid. Environmental factors—pond size and permanence, predators, duration of the growing season—may all contribute to tadpole gigantism in certain extant anuran species. We identify suites of ecological features that distinguish extant anurans with large tadpoles from high-latitude and high-altitude permanent lakes in temperate regions (e.g., certainRanaandTelmatobius) from tropical species, such asPseudis paradoxa, whose tadpoles normally achieve large size in temporary seasonal ponds. The paleoecology of Randecker Maar suggests thatPalaeobatrachustadpoles lived in a permanent semitropical lake, but one with few predators.
The ark was full! Constant to declining Cenozoic shallow marine biodiversity on an isolated midlatitude continent
Authors: Crampton James S. , Beu Alan G. , Cooper Roger A. , Jones Craig M. , Matcham Iain , Foote Michael , Marshall Bruce A. , Maxwell Phillip A.
Published: November 2006

In recent years several authors have questioned the reality of a widely accepted and apparently large increase in marine biodiversity through the Cenozoic. Here we use collection-level occurrence data from the rich and uniquely well documented New Zealand (NZ) shelfal marine mollusc fauna to test this question at a regional scale. Because the NZ data were generated by a small number of workers and have been databased over many decades, we have been able to either avoid or quantify many of the biases inherent in analyses of past biodiversity. In particular, our major conclusions are robust to several potential taphonomic and systematic biases and methodological uncertainties, namely non-uniform loss of aragonitic faunas, biostratigraphic range errors, taxonomic errors, choice of time bins, choice of analytical protocols, and taxonomic rank of analysis.

The number of taxa sampled increases through the Cenozoic. Once diversity estimates are standardized for sampling biases, however, we see no evidence for an increase in marine mollusc diversity in the NZ region through the middle and late Cenozoic. Instead, diversity has been approximately constant for much of the past 40 Myr and, at the species and genus levels, has declined over the past ~5 Myr. Assuming that the result for NZ shelfal molluscs is representative of other taxonomic groups and other temperate faunal provinces, then this suggests that the postulated global increase in diversity is either an artifact of sampling bias or analytical methods, resulted from increasing provinciality, or was driven by large increases in diversity in tropical regions. We see no evidence for a species-area effect on diversity. Likewise, we are unable to demonstrate a relationship between marine temperature and diversity, although this question should be re-examined once refined shallow marine temperature estimates become available.
The ontogeny of trilobite segmentation: a comparative approach
Authors: Hughes Nigel C. , Minelli Alessandro , Fusco Giuseppe
Published: November 2006

Ontogenetic stages of trilobites have traditionally been recognized on the basis of the development of exoskeletal segmentation. The established protaspid, meraspid, and holaspid phases relate specifically to the development of articulated joints between exoskeletal elements. Transitions between these phases were marked by the first and last appearances of new trunk segment articulations. Here we propose an additional and complementary ontogenetic scheme based on the generation of new trunk segments. It includes an anamorphic phase during which new trunk segments appeared, and an epimorphic phase during which the number of segments in the trunk remained constant. In some trilobites an ontogenetic boundary can also be recognized at the first appearance of morphologically distinct posterior trunk segments. Comparison of the phase boundaries of these different aspects of segment ontogeny highlights rich variation in the segmentation process among Trilobita. Cases in which the onset of the holaspid phase preceded onset of the epimorphic phase are here termedprotarthrous, synchronous onset of both phases is termedsynarthromeric, and onset of the epimorphic phase before onset of the holaspid phase is termedprotomeric. Although these conditions varied among close relatives and perhaps even intraspecifically in some cases, particular conditions may have been prevalent within some clades.

Trilobites displayed hemianamorphic development that was accomplished over an extended series of juvenile and mature free-living instars. Although developmental schedules varied markedly among species, morphological transitions during trilobite development were generally regular, limited in scope, and extended over a large number of instars when compared with those of many living arthropods. Hemianamorphic, direct development with modest change between instars is also seen among basal members of the Crustacea, basal myriapods, pycnogonids, and in some fossil chelicerates. This mode may represent the ancestral condition of euarthropod development.
Prioritising railway projects for investment
Authors: Ahern A. , Tapley N. , Anandarajah G.
Published: November 2006

This paper describes the level of service offered by intercity rail in Ireland and analyses the importance of attributes in prioritising railway projects for investment. The study also quantifies the number of additional passengers who would use rail if ticket prices were subsidised. A stated preference study conducted in 2004 shows that current levels of satisfaction with the intercity rail service are low. The study shows that passengers are willing to pay higher ticket prices in order to improve service quality. The average values are: €13·6/h of saved journey time, €0·38 to reduce the gap between actual arrival time and scheduled arrival time by 1 min, and €0·16 per additional train to increase service frequency. The analysis finds that user benefits are the most important attributes in investment decision-making, followed by safety/accident benefits and total economic benefits of the project. The estimated values show that reducing the ticket price by 5% would increase the revenue by 0·12% under the Department of Transport forecast; similarly, the revenue would increase by 1·1% if the ticket price were decreased by 10%.
Estimation of Breeding Values of Inbred Lines using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) and Genetic Similarities
Authors: Bauer Andrea M. , Reetz Tobias C. , Léon Jens
Published: November 2006

Effective selection of parental material is an essential requirement for breeding success. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) allows integration of all available information including pedigree information. However, for breeding self‐pollinating crops the widely used coefficient of coancestry has disadvantages especially when pedigree information is not complete. This study was conducted to determine if, in the prediction of BLUP values, coefficient of coancestry can be replaced by genetic similarities which were calculated from DNA marker data. Three selection strategies based on BLUP (BLUP[E] = including environmental effects, BLUP[E+A] = including environmental effects and pedigree data, BLUP[E+GS] = including environmental effects and genetic similarities) were compared to the commonly used selection among adjusted line means. We generated a “virtual” parental population where heritability and amount of missing data in the data were varied. A tight association between coefficient of coancestry and genetic similarities under roughly unbiased conditions indicates that genetic similarities could be used in BLUP of self‐pollinating crops.
Transformation of organic matter in a gravity sewer
Authors: Raunkjær Kamma , Hvitved‐Jacobsen Thorkild , Nielsen Per Halkjær
Published: November 2006

Transformation of wastewater organic matter during 3 hours of transportation in an intercepting gravity sewer was measured. Dissolved and particulate fractions in terms of the specific organic pools: carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and volatile fatty acids were measured as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The fate of dissolved organics in bulk water was the focus. Sampling was performed during dry weather periods, taking the residence time into account. The bulk‐water dissolved oxygen concentration was between 0.1 and 5 mg/L but relatively constant during each sampling period. Considerable removal of dissolved organics took place, with dissolved carbohydrate and acetate as the primary compounds removed. In COD units, the maximum measured value of the total changes in carbohydrate, protein, and acetate was 20 mg/L·h at 15°C. The DOC removal rates were slightly higher than what could be explained by the total changes of the dissolved specific pools. The removal of dissolved carbohydrate was dependent on concentration level and temperature. Described as a first‐order reaction, the removal rate (k) for dissolved carbohydrate was 0.58 h−1 and 0.27 h−1 at 15°C and 8°C, respectively. No net removal of particulate matter during transportation was found. There was evidence to conclude that growth of microorganisms took place because of a net removal of dissolved organics. From simple calculations, it was concluded that the possible removal of particles because of sedimentation during dry weather was in the same range as the growth. The observed change in wastewater composition during transportation in a gravity sewer affected the quality and the quantity of the organic matter and may be of importance for the biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment because a considerable part of the easy degradable fraction was removed.
The Preposition A < AB and Its Use in La Divina Commedia
Authors: Mezzacappa Antonio L.
Published: November 2006

Scholars are now fairly well agreed that the Latin preposition ab, far from dying out, has remained extremely active in France and that the French à, when denoting separation, origin, causation, manner, means, agent, and accompaniment, is its direct descendant. And yet the theory still persists that in Italy this same preposition disappeared completely in the eighth century after the emergence of da and that the Italian a, regardless of its meaning, always corresponds to Latin ad. E. Richter believed that the use of a in stereotyped phrases like a destra, a malizia, a causa, a bello studio, etc., was borrowed from French or Provençal and that modal a (stare a testa china) and instrumental a (pregare a mani giunte) descended from Latin ad. As Muller says nothing about a, I take it that he, too, sees in it only a representative of ad. Likewise Graur, after stating that apud and ab have not survived in Italian, declares that it is a<ad which, besides denoting locality, introduces the instrument and agent.
The Judgment of Paris in the Seege of Troye
Authors: Atwood E. Bagby
Published: November 2006

The present essay embodies a continuation of some previously published studies of the Middle English Seege (or Batayle) of Troye; it is therefore hardly necessary or advisable to present here a full summary of the large body of scholarly comment which this poem has aroused. Briefly, it has been established that the Seege of Troye is dependent on two principal sources: De Excidio Troiae of Dares Phrygius and the Roman de Troie of Benoit de Sainte-Maure; and that details from these two accounts are pretty thoroughly blended together in the English poem. There have been noted, however, a number of episodes—mostly concerned with the early lives of Paris and Achilles—which are not traceable either to Dares or to Benoit. At least one other source of some kind has therefore been regarded as a necessary postulate in order to account for the presence of these episodes in the Seege of Troye.
Sources for Poe's Arthur Gordon Pym, “Hans Pfaal,” and Other Pieces
Authors: Bailey J. O.
Published: November 2006

It is probable that much yet remains to be understood about Poe's interest in science, in the South Pole, and in stories of the cosmic-voyage type, an interest manifested as early as “Hans Pfaal” and as late as Eureka. The sources proposed in this article throw light on this interest.
Proverbs in the Works of Gil Vicente
Authors: Joiner Virginia , Gates Eunice Joiner
Published: November 2006

Though Gil Vicente was court dramatist for Manuel the Fortunate and for John III of Portugal and wrote his short dramatic pieces primarily for performance at court festivals, he recognized the worth of reproducing in his dialogue the rich and racy speech of the common people, and whenever possible he availed himself of all sorts of folk-lore material. Thus, we find him weaving ballads into his dialogue, ornamenting his plays with lyrical passages inspired by traditional songs and dances, and making use of games, superstitions, incantations, terms of abuse, and other popular elements. Gil Vicente, then, antedates Juan de la Cueva in his employment of ballad verses in the dialogue, and so becomes the first to essay a practice which later, under the genius of Lope de Vega, made popular poetry an integral part of the Spanish comedia.
Sources of John Rastell's the Nature of the Four Elements
Authors: Nugent Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2006

What “connyng Laten bokys” provided the scientific data for John Rastell's The Nature of the Four Elements? There were many books to choose from, in fact, so many Rastell claims, that if translators would busy themselves turning them into English, “All subtell sciens in Englysche myght be lernyd.”
The Animadversions of Bishop Bossuet upon the Quakers and Quietists
Authors: Gilbert Dorothy Lloyd , Pope Russell
Published: November 2006

The power of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet's intellect is not yet spent; few theologians—Catholic or Protestant—have wielded a major premise so cogently; that premise for him, hors de l'église, point de salut; and of this premise, the most impressive conclusion is still, after two hundred and fifty years, the work entitled Histoire des Variations des Eglises Protestantes. It is quite true that his adversaries, for the moment dismayed by the appalling results of the Reformation, as therein portrayed, rallied and returned to the attack, asking whether, indeed, variation was necessarily so great an evil, whether in fact it was not the very genius of Protestantism; to which there is but one answer, and that pragmatic rather than metaphysical. But here, too, the Bishop of Meaux was singularly equipped, for the penchant of his thought is assuredly towards the Visible; the Six Avertissements aux Protestans sur les Lettres du Ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des Variations were in the nature of a brilliant counter-attack; they were to be the Bishop's last word on this question. What, asks Bossuet, is the result of disobedience to the Church Universal? He concludes, “que faute de se soumettre à une autorité si inviolable, on se contredit sans cesse, on renverse tous les principes qu'on a établis, on renverse la Réforme même et tout ce que jusqu'ici on y avoit trouvé de plus certain; et qu'enfin on se jette dans le fanatisme et dans les erreurs des Quakers.” His Ultima Thule, then, of nonsense, was the doctrine of the Society of Friends.
Zwei Goethestudien (Pater Brey—sesenheimer Lieder)
Authors: Feise Ernst
Published: November 2006

Rosts Sendschreiben “Der Teufel, An den Kunstrichter der Leipziger Schaubühne (Altenau 1753,)” erschienen in Leipzig und Dresden vor der Herbstmesse, muβ, seiner Popularität halber, in vielen Nachdrucken verbreitet worden sein und fand dann später eine Wiederbelebung, allerdings mit Auslassung von acht besonders anzüglichen Versen und mit Entstellungen in Wort und Zeichensetzung, in Christian Heinrich Schmids Anthologie der Deutschen, Frankfurt und Leipzig 1770. Es ist wohl kaum zweifelhaft, daβ Goethe und Merck diese Anthologie, in der Lessing, Wieland, Herder, Mendelssohn und viele andere Gröβen der Zeit vertreten waren, kannten, denn Herr Schmid bemühte sich sehr bald, unter die Mitarbeiter der Frankfurter gelehrten Anzeigen aufgenommen zu werden, was ihm allerdings miβlang. Wir dürfen indessen sogar als wahrscheinlich annehmen, daβ der Leipziger Student Goethe, der Gottsched einen Bock schilt, Rosts Gedicht schon in der Originalfassung zu Gesicht bekommen hat, denn es ist ja nicht nur von literarischer Bedeutung, sondern zugleich witzig und treffend, und hat als eines der ersten und kräftigsten Pasquille in Knittelversen (zumal da Gottsched selber diesem Versmaβe für den Gebrauch in Satiren seinen priesterlichen Segen gab), in seiner urwüchsigen Hans-Sachsischen Art einen auβerordentlichen Eindruck gemacht. Um so verwunderlicher scheint es, daβ seine Wirkung auf Goethe, die wir hier als höchst wahrscheinlich und von unbeachteten Folgen zu erweisen suchen, übersehen worden ist, obwohl Flohr in seiner Geschichte des Knittelverses vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zurJugend Goethes (Berlin 1893) den ausgesprochenen Knittelverscharakter der Epistel erkannt und gewertet hat.
A Historical Background for Chrétien's Perceval
Authors: Adolf Helen
Published: November 2006

In Speculum, xvi (1941), pp. 149–166, A.C. Krey devoted to William, archbishop of Tyre, an article most welcome to students of French medieval romance. Rousing our interest in the work of this great chronicler of the crusades, he makes us read it, and reading it we find what we least expected: a historical background for Chrétien's Conte del Graal.
Balzac and the Marquis de Custine
Authors: Crowley Francis J.
Published: November 2006

Among Balzac's many devoted admirers and literary friends must be listed a third or fourth-rate novelist, playwright, and poet, de Custine. As is well known, the writer of Le Père Goriot had a weakness for aristocrats and the Marquis could well take his place in the galaxy that included a Princesse de Belgiojoso, a Duc de Fitz-James, and a Comtesse Serafina San Severino, not to mention his future son-in-law, Count Mniszech. The friendship no doubt had firmer foundations since it lasted from the early thirties until Balzac's death.
Voltaire, Rousseau, and the “Lettre sur la Providence“
Authors: Havens George R.
Published: November 2006

On August 18, 1756, acting prudently through an intermediary, Dr. Théodore Tronchin of Geneva, Rousseau sent to Voltaire a long letter in refutation of the latter's pessimistic Poème sur le Désastre de Lisbonne, which, provoked by the terrible earthquake at Lisbon on November 1, 1755, had been the cause of heated discussion among orthodox and unorthodox at Paris and Geneva during the preceding six months. Rousseau's letter has come to be known as his Lettre sur la Providence.
Goethe's Gedicht Auf Schiller's Schädel
Authors: Viëtor Karl
Published: November 2006

Es ist bekannt, wie es dazu gekommen war, daß Schiller's Leiche nicht in einem besonderen Grab, sondern in einer “standesgemäßen” Massengruft, dem Kassengewölbe auf dem Friedhof vor der Weimarer Jakobskirche beigesetzt wurde. 1826 wollte die Stadtverwaltung diesen Friedhof, der seit einiger Zeit nicht mehr benutzt worden war, räumen lassen. Dabei wäre dann jede Spur von Schiller's Begräbnisort auf immer verschwunden. Der damalige Bürgermeister, Carl Leberecht Schwabe, empfand, was für eine Schande das sein würde. Er erbot sich, die Reliquien ausfindig zu machen und dafür zu sorgen, daß sie auf dem Neuen Friedhof auf eine Art beigesetzt würden, die des großen Toten würdig war. Aber als man daran ging, den Sarg zu bergen, stellte es sich heraus, daß in dem kleinen Gewölbe ein chaotisches Durcheinander von morschen Brettern und modernden Gebeinen herrschte. Keine Inschrift, kein Merkmal wies den Weg zu Schiller's Ueberresten. Der wackere Schwabe mußte sich schliesslich damit begnügen, 23 Schädel zu sammeln und zu versuchen, nach dem Bild des Verstorbenen, wie die Erinnerung es heraufzurufen vermochte, den Schädel des Dichters zu ermitteln. Ein bestimmter Schädel fiel ihm gleich auf, der “durch edle, regelmäßige Gestaltung” ausgezeichnet war. Dies, so war Schwabe überzeugt, müße Schiller's Schädel sein. Er verglich die Maße von Schiller's Totenmaske, von Ludwig Klauer hergestellt. Sie schienen für diesen Schädel genau zu stimmen, und nur für ihn. Die untere Kinnlade fehlte; auch sie wurde noch in der Gruft gefunden. Nun wurden die drei bekanntesten unter den Aerzten Weimars gebeten, die Messungen zu kontrollieren. Sie bestätigten Schwabes Feststellung. Endlich wurden alle Bewohner Weimars und der Umgegend, die Schiller näher gekannt hatten, aufgefordert, den ausgesuchten Schädel zu besichtigen. Sie fanden “ohne eine einzige Ausnahme,” dies müße der echte Schädel sein. Eine Rolle spielte dabei auch der Umstand, “daß Schiller seine trefflichen, vollständig erhaltenen Zähne mit ins Grab genommen hatte.” Bei allen andern Schädeln fehlten die Zähne. Nun war Schwabe seiner Sache gewiß. Er unterrichtete den Großherzog und Goethe über den kostbaren Fund. Schwabe dachte daran, die Reliquien an einer ausgewählten, weithin sichtbaren Stelle des neuen Friedhofs begraben zu lassen und auf öffentliche Kosten ein Denkmal zu errichten. Die Angehörigen Schiller's waren damit einverstanden. Der Großherzog und Goethe entschieden sich schließlich für eine andere Lösung. Die nach Schiller's Tod von Dannecker hergestellte Marmorbüste, die er den Hinterbliebenen geschenkt hatte, sollte erworben und im Saale der Bibliothek aufgestellt werden. In dem Sockel der Büste wollte man den Schädel niederlegen. Das geschah denn auch durch einen feierlichen Akt am 17. September 1826. Die Familie war durch Schiller's Sohn Ernst vertreten. Es erschien als selbstverständlich, daß Goethe teilnehmen würde; war er doch als Freund des Toten und als Aufseher der Bibliothek gleicherweise verpflichtet.
A Druidic Prophecy, the First Irish Satire, and a Poem to Raise Blisters
Authors: Travis James
Published: November 2006

Certain writings of antiquity, certain documents of early Celtic ecclesiastical history, and certain of the oldest Irish sagas reveal that the composition of poetry was practiced by the Irish pagans. The stylistic character of the pagan poetry has been rather generally ignored. Not that there is an abundance of specimens incontestably pagan in provenance; nevertheless, a number of poems have survived from Irish paganism, and though few are sufficient to establish the character of at least one style of pagan Irish verse.
Archbishop Wulfstan's Commonplace Book
Authors: Bethurum Dorothy
Published: November 2006

MSS CCCC 190 and 265, Bodley 718 (2632), Junius 121 (5232), Nero A 1, and Bibl. Paris MS Fonds Latin 3182, all from the end of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh century, contain a great many common entries relating to the affairs of a bishop and have been studied with some care by several scholars. Miss Mary Bateson nearly fifty years ago made it clear that the theological and legal material in these MSS really constituted a sort of bishop's commonplace book, and she identified a number of the random excerpts found here in such bewildering confusion. It is my purpose to present some evidence that Archbishop Wulfstan early in his episcopacy at Worcester made extensive use of the material collected here and perhaps directed its assembling as a part of his attempt to regulate the practices of both bishops and lesser clergy under his supervision. To the list given above must be added two other MSS which contain the same excerpts in somewhat the same order—Copenhagen Royal Library Gl. Kgl. 1595, and Bodleian Barlow 37. It is extremely difficult, if not now impossible, to fix the relationship among these MSS, but it is generally agreed that they represent a collection made at Worcester early in the eleventh century, and in the following discussion I shall deal with what must have been the original collection rather than with the contents of any particular MS.
Some Continuing Traditions in English Devotional Literature
Authors: White Helen C.
Published: November 2006

One of the things that most surprises the student of the sixteenth century is the place held by religious literature even in the realm of vernacular publication. The product of the early English presses is religious to an extent that the modern reader finds quite outside his experience. It has been estimated that more than forty per cent of all English books published between the beginning of printing in England and 1640 belong to the various types of religious literature. That preponderance is easy to explain in the light of the ecclesiastical traditions of learning, and there is no doubt that certain aspects of the earlier body of publication as compared with that of more recent times are to be explained in terms of those origins, but the fact is that even when the machinery of religious life had been gravely disturbed, the relative predominance of the genre persisted.
Did Malherbe Correct Montchrestien?
Authors: Seiver George Otto
Published: November 2006

In 1934 Professor Lebègue devoted a series of three articles to the changes made by Montchrestien in the language of his play Sophonisbe as evident in the 1596, 1601, and (to a lesser degree) in the 1604 editions. In these articles Lebègue further attempted to show that the changes made by Montchrestien were the result of the latter's conversations with his compatriot Malherbe. It must be admitted at the outset that Lebègue establishes a very convincing argument for Sophonisbe and especially in so far as concerns the changes made between the 1596 and 1601 editions upon which he has concentrated his main effort. But at the same time one cannot escape the conclusion that if Montchrestien had been a willing pupil of Malherbe before 1601 and had retained some of the latter's teachings, he, nevertheless, reasserted his linguistic independence shortly thereafter. For the 1604 edition of his plays teems with forms, uses, and expressions which, no doubt, would have suffered the ignominy of being crossed out by the irritable pen of the “Docteur en négative.”
Tieck's Russian Friends
Authors: Matenko Percy
Published: November 2006

During his Dresden days Tieck had reached the height of his fame. Not only was he the acknowledged head of the German Romantic movement but he was sought far and wide on account of his very talented dramatic readings. Foreign writers—such as H. C. Robinson, Coleridge, and Carlyle from England; Ticknor, Irving, and Cooper from America; Ampère, Marmier, and Montalembert from France—came to visit and pay homage to the famous German poet. Tieck also maintained cordial relations with Scandinavians, particularly with the Swedish poet Bernhard von Beskow, the Swedish diplomat Brinkman, and the Danish poet Oehlenschläger. It is not surprising then that such an attractive personality should receive his share of respect and attention from Germany's most important neighbor to the East, namely, Russia.
Le Symbolisme Bergsonien du Temps Dans l'Œuvre de Proust
Authors: Vial Fernand
Published: November 2006

De nombreux critiques ont déjà noté des analogies évidentes d'idées et de formes entre Bergson et Proust. M. Léon Pierre-Quint a révélé l'existence de relations personnelles entre le philosophe et le romancier: Marcel Proust fut l'élève de Bergson en Sorbonne et M. Bergson devint parent éloigné de Proust en épousant Mlle Neuburger. De plus, M. Pierre-Quint a indiqué, dans leurs grandes lignes, les thèmes proustiens qui auraient pu être dérivés des propositions contenues dans L'Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience, Matière et Mémoire et L'Évolution créatrice. M. Étienne Burnet a conseillé d'éclairer plus vivement les procédés d'analyse que Proust doit à Bergson: “qu'il y ait du Bergson dans Proust, on l'a dit, mais on ne l'a pas assez dit” Le Dr. Robert Proust, dans la NRF de janvier 1923, numéro consacré à la mémoire de Marcel Proust mort deux mois avant, répète que l'influence de Bergson sur Marcel, après celle de Darlu, son professeur de philosophie à Condorcet, fut considérable. En Allemagne, M. Jackel Kurt a publié dans Sprache und Kultur der Germanischen-Romanischen Volker, un article intitulé “Bergson und Proust.”
XLVI Otfrid's Ad Liutbertum1
Authors: Magoun Francis P.
Published: November 2006

The present paper reprints the text of Dümmler's expert edition of the important and much studied Latin prose text by Otfrid of Weissenburg i. El., medieval Germany's Martin Opitz namely, a petition for episcopal approbation of his Liber Evangeliorum, addressed to his diocesan Liutbert, archbishop of Mainz (863–889). To this is joined an essay at a translation into English and a commentary. This document, commonly known as Ad Liutbertum—though it is without manuscript title—is one of five pieces closely connected with Otfrid's poem. These may be briefly described: there is an explanatory preface, like the poem itself, written in German verse and forming Bk. i, i, 1–126, of that work; it is commonly cited as Cur Scriptor from the MS heading “Cur Scriptor hunc librum Theotisce dictaverit.” The three remaining, all written in the verse of the poem, are dedicatory epistles in acrostichs and telestichs: “Ludovvico Orientalium Regnorum regi sit salus aeternal,” addressed to Ludwig the German (regn. 843–876) as king of the East-Frankish domains (Francia Orientalis), and “Salomoni episcopo Otfridus,” to Salomo, bishop of Constance (839–871). Similar in language and style is a less formal letter “Otfridus Uuizanburgensis monachus Hartmuate et Uuerinberto Sancti Galli monasterii monachis,” addressed to the St. Gall monks Hartmut (later abbot, 872–884) and Werinbert; this comes at the very end of the work, i.e., after Bk. v, xxv(“Conclusio voluminis totius”).