bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Ads During the Covid-19 Pandemic from the Point of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: ŞIKER Perihan
Published: December 2020

In today's competitive atmosphere, the number of businesses that make corporate social
responsibility (CSR) an essential part of their activities increases with each passing day. CSR serves as a useful
marketing tool in developing brand image by creating a competitive advantage for businesses. With the
solutions they bring to social problems, businesses are noticeable among their competitors and become a more
preferred brand by the consumer. Particularly unexpected situations that profoundly influence the society also
affect the communication strategies of brands. In such periods, consumers' expectations from brands regarding
voluntary responsibilities rise. The Covid-19 outbreak, which has hit the whole world, has also been one of the
periodic crises worldwide. Social responsibility efforts to build an emotional bond with the consumer before
Covid-19 have become much more critical with the epidemic process. In the process of the Covid-19 epidemic,
brands play an active role in fighting the epidemic with the social messages they give in advertisements while
supporting the fight against the epidemic by providing medical supplies or donating money directly. In this
study, the most-watched ads on YouTube, which covered the fight against the epidemic in March when
quarantine measures began to be taken in Turkey, were evaluated. In the study, a general evaluation of CSR
reflections in advertisements has been done. These advertisements have been analyzed by applying the semiotic
method. While the seven commercials considered within the study's scope generally emphasize the necessity
for people to stay at home during the epidemic period, it was determined that visuals and sounds were employed
for concepts such as unity and solidarity, struggle together, and gratitude. In all seven commercials that were
analyzed, brands acted with the awareness of social responsibility. They gave messages reminding their target
audience of the measures to be taken during the epidemic period rather than product promotion. The fact that
these ads are among the most-watched ads on YouTube in March reveals consumers' expectations about CSR
from brands have increased during such periods. Consequently, the brand images of businesses participating
in such efforts are encouraged, and these businesses are regarded more positively by consumers and the public
The Cross Ignorance Approach Can End the Conflict Between Scientists and Journalists and Contribute to the Public Understanding of Science Efforts
Authors: Murat YEŞİL M. , BULDUKLU Yasin
Published: December 2020

In the early 1960s, first in the USA and Britain and then in many countries, the debates initiated by scientists that the public's interest in scientific developments is gradually decreasing, the sense of trust in scientists is also
weakening, which will endanger the future of the countries, has started to be influential in the world of science and politics. When the surveys conducted at that time began to confirm these concerns, it raised the question of
how to find a solution to this problem. This issue has attracted the attention of almost every segment of society from academics to politicians. The concerns that the public is less and less interested in the developments in science
and technology, that their trust in scientists is decreasing, and that this endangers the future of the countries, was expressed by scientists for the first time, and this problem started to be discussed in the context of science
and politics. In the 1980s, some social scientists developed the "deficit model", in other words the "knowledge deficit" model, to help to solve this problem. The Knowledge Deficit model is based on the assumptions that the public
is unaware of the basic scientific facts, therefore exhibits negative attitudes towards science and some scientific applications, they distrust scientists, and if the basic scientific facts are taught to the public, they will develop
attitudes that support science and scientific practices, and will start to trust scientists. In this study, the Cross Ignorance approach, which examines the assumptions on which the Knowledge Deficit model is based, in terms of
different variables is proposed. The Knowledge Deficit model, which asserts that there is an information gap in the public and that if this gap is filled, attitudes will develop in the public to support scientific developments
and scientists, has not considered the possibility that there may be an information gap in scientists and journalists who are are expected to play an important role in filling the supposed information gap in the public. This paper
proposes the Cross Ignorance approach, which claims to contribute to developing attitudes in the public to support science and to build trust in scientists. The Cross Ignorance approach looks at this issue from a different perspective
than the Knowledge Deficit model does. The Cross Ignorance approach is important in terms of proposing a different perspective to researchers, which can contribute to the elimination of the scientist-journalist conflict, and ultimately
to Public Understanding of Science efforts.
Supreme Council of Judical Ordinances as the Mediator Reform Institution at Tanzimat Bureaucracy in the Pursuits of New Administrative Structure (1861-1868)
Authors: KILIÇ Halim
Published: December 2020

Tanzimat Dönemi, esasen Osmanlı Devleti’nin yönetim anlayışında bütün veçheleriyle yeni bir dönemi ifade eder. Yöneten-yönetilen münasebetlerinin değişmeye başladığı bu dönemde Osmanlı merkez ve taşra idari sistemi de kökten dönüşümlere
uğramıştır. Tanzimat Dönemi resmen 1839 Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu’ndan itibaren başlatılmakla birlikte reformun kökenleri dikkate alındığında bu ferman, II. Mahmud devrinde başlayan yönetimin reorganizasyon sürecinin resmîleştirilmiş
formülasyonundan ibarettir. II. Mahmud’un kabine sistemini baştan aşağı değiştirerek nezaretler ihdası ve Avrupaî tipte kabine anlayışını benimsemesi, merkezi yönetim organı Bab-ı Âli’ye reform sürecinde teknik katkı ve uzmanlık
desteği vermesi için uzman danışma kurulu statüsünde meclisler kurması Tanzimat’ın zeminini hazırlayan sürecin en önemli adımlarıdır. Tanzimat Dönemi’nin resmen başlamasının ardından II. Mahmud’un ihdas ettiği Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı
Ahkam-ı Adliye, Tanzimat reformlarının hukukî altyapısını hazırlamakla görevlendirilmiştir. Modern vergi sistemi, mali yapı ve idarî düzen, hukuk sistemi inşasında yasal zemini hazırlamakla mükellef kılınan bu meclis, Tanzimat
reformlarının kontrol merkezi olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı coğrafyası çapında, çok yönlü bir reorganizasyon sürecini yürütmek mevcut yapısıyla Meclis-i Vâlâ’nın işlevsizleşmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Bunun üzerine 1854 yılında
reform sürecinin ivme kaybetmesi nedeniyle üst bir yasama organı olarak Meclis-i Âli Tanzimat kurulmuştur. İkili meclis döneminde yasama görevini ağırlıklı olarak Meclis-i Tanzimat üstlenirken Meclis-i Vâlâ, adlî konularla ilgilenmiştir.
Meclislerin görev tanımlarının açık olmaması, işleyişte yetki karmaşasının meydana gelmesi, Tanzimat bürokrasisinde güç dengelerinin zamanla değişmesi nedeniyle ikili meclis anlayışından vazgeçilmiş ve iki meclis Meclis-i Ahkâm-ı
Adliye adı altında 1861’de birleştirilmiştir. Yeni meclisin reform çalışmalarını ivmelendirebilmesi için işleyişi, uzmanlık kurulları ve bürokratik yapısı yeniden belirlenmiştir. Bu süreçte Meclis-i Vâlâ deneyimi göz önünde tutularak
Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye’nin çalışma sürecini hızlandıracak, etkin ve verimli faaliyet göstermesini sağlayacak önlemler alınmıştır. Bu açıdan yeni meclis, Meclis-i Vâlâ’nın güncellemeye tabi tutulmuş versiyonu olarak değerlendirilebilir.
Fakat taşra meclislerinde ve mahkemelerinde işlevler ayrılırken, yetki paylaşılırken merkezde adli ve idari bütün yetkinin tek bir çatı altında temerküzü tabii sürece aykırı bir gelişmeydi. Nitekim merkez bürokrasisi yetki temerküzünün
reform sürecini ivmelendirmek yerine yavaşlattığını fark ederek işlevsel ayrışma beklentileri karşısında durmamış ve bu meclis, idari ve adli yetkilerin ayrıştığı ikili bir yapıya evrilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Tanzimat’ın getirdiği
merkezi reform meclisi geleneğinin bir halkası olarak Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye’nin reform sürecinin ivmelenmesine katkıları ele alınacaktır.
Attitude Towards Early Marriage Scale (Atems): Validity and Reliability Study
Authors: ÇAKMAK Aygen , ÖZHAVZALI Müzeyyen , ŞAHİN Hande , ERDEM Yurdagül
Published: December 2020

Early marriage or child marriage generally refers to the case of being married before the age of 18. Early marriages are described as a woman or man being forced to marry before the age of 18 when they do not feel physiologically or
psychologically ready to take on marital or parental responsibilities. The aim of the study is to develop a reliable and valid instrument assessing university students’ attitudes towards early marriage and investigate the instrument’s
validity and reliability. The study was conducted with the data collected from 883 students studying at the Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Kırıkkale University. KMO and Bartlett’s Test, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses
were conducted to examine the scale’s validity and the results of the exploratory factor analysis used for construct validity indicated a construct that explained 55.599% of the total variance with factor load values ranging between
.356 and .633. The fit indices from the results of the confirmatory factor analysis were calculated as; RMSEA= 0,069; GFI= 0.889; AGFI= 0.869. The scale consists of 23 items collected under 4 factors. These factors are Social Structure,
Subjective Judgement, General Judgements and Effects on the Person. Cronbach coefficient for the total of the 23-item scale under four factors was calculated as Cronbach ⍺ = 0.871. In light of the findings, it can be said that
the Attitude towards Early Marriage Scale (ATEMS) has high validity and reliability, adequately strong in terms of measuring the items and is a sufficient scale to determine the level of the construct it is expected to measure.
Analysis of Epicurean Justice and Contract Concepts in Terms of Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: GÜNÖR Recep Batu
Published: December 2020

Antik dönemin önemli düşünürlerinden olan Epiküros, felsefe tarihinde genellikle hedonizm düşüncesi le birlikte anılmasına rağmen, toplum ve siyaset felsefesi açısından önemli düşüncelere sahiptir. Bunun nedeni, Antik dönemdeki Platon
ve Aristoteles gibi önemli düşünürlerin görüşlerine zıt olarak kendi siyaset felsefesini şekillendirmesidir. Epiküros, Antik dönem felsefesinde bir erdem olarak görülen adalet kavramına şüphe ile yaklaşarak adaletin kendi başına
bir erdem olmadığını, insanların faydalarına hizmet eden bir araç olduğunu iddia etmiştir. Aynı zamanda da yine fayda temelli bir toplum sözleşmesini savunan düşünür, insanın toplumsallaşması ile ilgili sorular sormuş ve bu soruların
cevaplarını aramıştır. Felsefe tarihinde özellikle Thomas Hobbes, John Locke ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau ile birlikte anılan toplum sözleşmesi düşüncesi, genel anlamda devletin doğal bir kurum olmadığı fikrinden hareketle bireylerin
neden bir araya gelip bir toplum ve devlet aygıtı oluşturduğu sorusuna verilen bir cevaptır. Epiküros, aslında mümkün olduğu kadar toplumdan uzak durmayı salık verse de, uzun vadede elde edilecek faydalardan ötürü toplum halinde
yaşamanın zorunluluğuna vurgu yapmıştır. Fakat burada önemli bir soru ortaya çıkmaktadır: “insanların kendi faydaları ile toplum sözleşmesinin kuralları çatıştığı zaman, onları sözleşmenin kurallarına uymaktan vazgeçirecek güç
nedir?” Düşünürün bu soruya cevap verebilmesi için mahkûm ikilemi teorisi kullanılabilir. Matematik alanında ortaya çıkmasına rağmen son zamanlarda özellikle sosyal bilimler alanında da kullanılan mahkûm ikilemi teorisi, insanlarla
işbirliği yapmanın avantajlarını ortaya koyan bir oyun teorisidir. Epiküros’un pratik felsefesinde insanların toplum sözleşmesi kurallarına uymasını sağlayacak unsur, Epikürosçu bilge insan anlayışında yatmaktadır.
The Role of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer-Based Brand Equity Dimensions
Authors: AYDIN Gülnil , ÇELİK Sabahattin
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı işletmelerin yürüttüğü sosyal amaca yönelik pazarlama faaliyetlerinin, tüketicilerin marka değeri algısı üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Marka değeri, tüketicilerin ürün tercihlerinde büyük önem taşımaktadır. Marka
değerinin ölçümlenmesi için çok farklı yöntemler geliştirilmiş ve önerilmiştir. Finansal yaklaşımlardan ayrı olarak tüketici temelli marka değerinde, marka maliyetleri veya marka satış miktarlarına bakmak yerine tüketici algılarıyla
ilgilenilmiştir. Marka özvarlığını şekillendiren en önemli boyutlar; marka farkındalığı, marka sadakati, algılanan kalite ve marka çağrışımlarıdır. Amaca yönelik pazarlama faaliyetleri, işletmelerin toplumsal sosyal sorunlara ilişkin
çalışmalarının marka ve pazarlama faaliyetleri ile bütünleştirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu bütünleşmenin tüketiciler tarafından algılanışı ve marka değeri boyutları üzerinde bir yordayıcı etkisinin olup olmadığı ve varsa bu etkinin
nasıl bir rol oynadığı önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada araştırılan uluslararası markanın Türkiye ayağında, 2005 yılından bu yana “Sağlığa Yolculuk Projesi" adı altında Meme Kanseri Mücadele Çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. Sağlık alanındaki
kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olan söz konusu proje çerçevesinde Meme Kanseri ile Mücadele Ürünleri’nin satışından elde edilen gelirin bir kısmı (Örn: Cep Telefonu Süsü, Gümüş Rozet, Pembe Ajanda, Çok İşlevli Kumaş Çanta vb.) kanserle
mücadele için harcanmaktadır. Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda (keşfedici faktör analizi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri) sosyal amaca yönelik pazarlama faaliyetlerine ilişkin sahip olunan negatif ve pozitif tutum
boyutlarının marka değeri bileşenleri (marka çağrışımları, marka farkındalığı, marka bağlılığı ve algılanan kalite) üzerinde yordayıcı rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Negatif tutumun en fazla olumsuz etkiyi, marka bağlılığı ve marka çağrışımları
üzerinde göstermesine karşın; pozitif tutum ise algılanan kalite ve marka farkındalığını etkilemektedir.
A Comprehensive In-Silico Analysis of Deleterious Missense SNPs in Human Trehalase Gene: Gaining an Interactome Insights into Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lisa Asura Khanam , Hakim Al
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Trehalase (TREH), a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the conversion of trehalose to glucose in sugar metabolism. In spite of severe health threats caused by diabetes worldwide, no systematic and programmed study on human TREH Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) and its functional role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been performed. Aim: This study aimed to identify pathogenic missense SNPs in the human TREH gene. Materials and Methods: A series of different bioinformatic tools including Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT), Polyphen, I-mutant, Variant Effect Predictor, Project Hope and GeneMANNIA were used for this study. At all stages, a p-value of 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: This study demonstrated 10 potential mutations out of 241 missense human TREH SNPs from the SNP Database (dbSNP) database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), three of which confirmed to have damaging effects on protein function. Out of these three, rs535722007 had the most deleterious effect that altered secondary properties and tertiary structure of the experimental TREH protein and decreased the stability. Further analysis showed a strong connection among TREH, Insulin (INS) and other genes of carbohydrate metabolism associated with T2DM. Gene expression studies found the down-regulation of TREH in all of the experimental studies linked toT2DM. Conclusion: As the probability of the disease predisposition increases with SNPs in primary or co-expressed gene(s), therefore, characterisation of TREH SNPs from human and its gene networking analysis can aid in better understanding of genetic variations and signalling pathways as well as to elucidate the effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Neuronal intermediate filament IgGs in CSF: Autoimmune Axonopathy Biomarkers
Authors: McKeon Andrew , Shelly Shahar , Zivelonghi Cecilia , Basal Eati , Dubey Divyanshu , Flanagan Eoin , Madhavan Ajay A. , Mariotto Sara , Toledano Michel , Tracy Jennifer A. , Zekeridou Anastasia , Pittock Sean J.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To describe CSF‐defined neuronal intermediate filament (NIF) autoimmunity.

Methods

NIF‐IgG CSF‐positive patients (41, 0.03% of 118599 tested, 1996–2019) were included (serum was neither sensitive nor specific). Criteria‐based patient NIF‐IgG staining of brain and myenteric NIFs was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA); NIF‐specificity was confirmed by cell‐based assays (CBAs, alpha internexin, neurofilament light [NF‐L]), heavy‐[NF‐H] chain).

Results

Sixty‐one percent of 41 patients were men, median age, 61 years (range, 21–88). Syndromes were encephalopathy predominant (23), cerebellar ataxia predominant (11), or myeloradiculoneuropathies (7). MRI abnormalities (T2 hyperintensities of brain, spinal cord white matter tracts. and peripheral nerve axons) and neurophysiologic testing (EEG, EMG, evoked potentials) co‐localized with clinical neurological phenotypes (multifocal in 29%). Thirty patients (73%) had ≥ 1 immunological perturbation: cancer (paraneoplastic), 22; systemic infection (parainfectious [including ehrlichosis, 3] or HIV), 7; checkpoint‐inhibitor cancer immunotherapy, 4; other, 5. Cancers were as follows: neuroendocrine‐lineage carcinomas, 12 (small cell, 6; Merkel cell, 5; pancreatic, 1 [11/12 had NF‐L‐IgG detected, versus 8/29 others, P = 0.0005]) and other, 11. Onset was predominantly subacute (92%) and accompanied by inflammatory CSF (75%), and immunotherapy response (77%). In contrast, CSF controls (15684 total) demonstrated NIF‐IgG negativity (100% of test validation controls), and low frequencies of autoimmune diagnoses (20% of consecutively referred clinical specimens) and neuroendocrine‐lineage carcinoma diagnosis (3.1% vs. 30% of NIF cases), P < 0.0001. Median NF‐L protein concentration was higher in 8 NF‐L‐IgG‐positive patients (median, 6718 ng/L) than 16 controls.

Interpretation

Neurological autoimmunity, defined by CSF‐detected NIF‐IgGs, represents a continuum of treatable axonopathies, sometimes paraneoplastic or parainfectious.
Stacked Dual‐Wavelength Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Yazhong , Siegmund Bernhard , Tang Zheng , Ma Zaifei , Kublitski Jonas , Xing Shen , Nikolis Vasileios C. , Ullbrich Sascha , Li Yungui , Benduhn Johannes , Spoltore Donato , Vandewal Koen , Leo Karl
Published: December 2020

Organic near‐infrared (NIR) detectors have potential applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and manufacturing industries to identify and quantify materials contactless, in real time and at a low cost. Recently, tunable narrow‐band NIR sensors based on charge‐transfer state absorption of bulk‐heterojunctions embedded into Fabry‐Pérot micro‐cavities have been demonstrated. In this work, this type of sensor is further miniaturized by stacking two sub‐cavities on top of each other. The resulting three‐terminal device detects and distinguishes photons at two specific wavelengths. By varying the thickness of each sub‐cavity, the detection ranges of the two sub‐sensors are tuned independently between 790 and 1180, and 1020 and 1435 nm, respectively, with full‐width‐at‐half‐maxima ranging between 35 and 61 nm. Transfer matrix modeling is employed to select and optimize device architectures with a suppressed cross‐talk in the coupled resonator system formed by the sub‐cavities, and thus to allow for two distinct resonances. These stacked photodetectors pave the way for highly integrated, bi‐signal spectroscopy tunable over a broad NIR range. To demonstrate the application potential, the stacked dual sensor is used to determine the ethanol concentration in a water solution.
Design Guidelines for Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption of Triple Glazed Fluidic Windows on Building Level
Authors: Su Lingqi , Fraaß Mathias , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: December 2020

There has been a growing trend for buildings with large glazing size. As a trade‐off, this comes with enhanced solar heat input and/or reduced thermal insulation. Several approaches are being followed to reduce the energy consumption in these buildings, including the prolific field of smart windows. In a previous report, a fluidic window device for thermal harvesting and air‐conditioning was introduced. Using this example, the impact of a building's window‐to‐wall ratio on the triple glazed fluidic window's energy consumption and user thermal comfort is evaluated, providing design guidelines for large‐scale implementation of such smart windows with real‐world buildings. The analysis shows that the proposed window design reduces the primary energy demand as compared to using a conventional air‐conditioning system. Building simulation results indicate that the system enables satisfying thermal comfort for buildings with different window‐to‐wall ratios. Although a higher window‐to‐wall ratio improves the heat pump efficiency, it requires more heating and cooling energy. On‐device photovoltaic modules may be used for changing this relationship. In this case, the proposed device may become self‐sufficient once the transfer efficiency is high enough. It is argued that similar considerations should be applied to other types of smart window technologies.
Toward Printed Molecular Electronics: Direct Printing of Liquid Metal Microelectrode on Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Byeon Seo Eun , Kang Hungu , Yoon Hyo Jae
Published: December 2020

Direct printing of conductive material on ultrathin organic films such as molecular monolayers in a non‐invasive and high‐yielding manner can potentially offer a route to unprecedented merging of molecular electronics with printed electronics. This paper reports on an approach to fabricate arrays of molecular tunnel junctions via automated direct printing of liquid‐metal microelectrode comprising eutectic gallium‐indium onto self‐assembled monolayers of n‐alkanethiolates, as a proof‐of‐concept. The printing design enables production of 350 molecular tunneling junctions per chip of 2 cm × 2 cm template‐stripped substrate and 2800 molecular tunneling junctions per batch of 4 in. diameter Si wafer, which exhibit high yields of working junctions (>80%). Printed molecular junctions have uniform geometrical contact area of ≈4.7 × 103 µm2 and guarantees reproducibility in tunneling performance. The junctions exhibit exponential decay of current density (J, A cm−2) as a function of molecular length, obeying the simplified Simmons model, and single, narrow log‐normal distributions of current density (σlog|J| = ≈0.2–0.5). Importantly, there are no significant differences in tunneling decay coefficient and charge injection current density not only between collections of junctions per printed electrode, but also between batches. Results reported herein promise high‐throughput fabrication of molecular‐scale devices via printed molecular electronics.
Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition of Conducting Polymer Films on Nanostructured Surfaces for Piezoresistive Sensor Applications
Authors: Muralter Fabian , Coclite Anna Maria , Lau Kenneth K.S.
Published: December 2020

In this study, a novel, fully polymeric setup for piezoresistive sensing is prepared and tested. Monolayers of polystyrene (PS) nanospheres are assembled on flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrates. Subsequently, thin layers (≈50–100 nm) of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are deposited conformally around the spheres by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). Voltage−current characteristics and direct resistance measurements are performed to test the electrical properties of the samples in their unstrained state and their piezoresistive response during bending. Substrate deposition temperature (Tsub) and film thickness (tPEDOT) are used as parameters to alter properties of the PEDOT thin films; increased Tsub and tPEDOT lead to samples exhibiting lower intrinsic resistance. The electrical conductivity of the samples is estimated to range as high as tens of S cm−1. Dopant exchange of the oCVD‐PEDOT layer (intrinsically, chlorine‐doped) is performed by putting the samples in 0.5 m sulfuric acid, which decreases their resistance by ≈1/3. Regarding the piezoresistive properties of the devices, acid treatment, higher Tsub and tPEDOT (thus, lower intrinsic resistance) yield samples with increased response. As a result, gauge factors as high as 11.4 are achieved. Due to their flexibility and low‐cost, the proposed structures can be readily employed as skin‐inspired or wearable electronic devices.
Multi‐Level Switching and Reversible Current Driven Domain‐Wall Motion in Single CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB‐Based Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Lv Hua , Fidalgo Joao , Silva Ana V. , Leitao Diana C. , Kampfe Thomas , Langer Juergen , Wrona Jerzy , Ocker Berthold , Freitas Paulo P. , Cardoso Susana
Published: December 2020

One of the critical issues in spintronics‐based technologies is to increase the data storage density. Current strategy is based on shrinking the devices size down to tens of nanometers, or several nanometers, which is reaching its limit. A new proposal is to use multi‐level cells (MLCs) to store more than two bits in each cell. In this work, the multi‐level switching is realized in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB based nano‐scale single perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p‐MTJs) with three or four stable resistance states. A large range of writing currents for each state is obtained, accompanying with a good repeatability of set‐reset operations between different states. The developed multi‐domain model perfectly matches the experimental results, reflecting the magnetic behaviors during multi‐level switching. Furthermore, current‐driven domain wall (DW) motion is revealed in the circular p‐MTJs, where the DW position can be reversibly manipulated by applied current. To design high‐performance multi‐level p‐MTJs, the parameter diagrams are calculated, suggesting various feasible strategies to improve the multi‐level switching through materials optimization and devices geometry. In summary, the demonstration of multi‐level switching in single p‐MTJ shows the high potential of realizing the new generation of p‐MTJ‐based multi‐level spintronic devices, such as multi‐level memories and spin‐neuron devices.
Anion Selection Criteria for Water‐in‐Salt Electrolytes
Authors: Reber David , Grissa Rabeb , Becker Maximilian , Kühnel Ruben‐Simon , Battaglia Corsin
Published: December 2020

Water‐in‐salt electrolytes have enabled the development of novel high‐voltage aqueous lithium‐ion batteries. This study explores the reasons why analogous sodium electrolytes have struggled to reach the same level of electrochemical stability. Solution structure and electrochemical stability are compared for 11 sodium salts, selected among the major classes of salts proposed for highly concentrated electrolytes. The water environment established for each anion is related to its position in the Hofmeister series and a surprisingly strong correlation between the chaotropicity of the anion and the resulting electrochemical stability of the electrolyte is found. The search for suitable sodium salts is complicated by the fact that higher salt concentrations are needed than for their lithium equivalents. Reaching such a high concentration of >25 mol kg−1 with one or a combination of multiple sodium salts that have the desired properties remains a major challenge. Hence, alternative approaches such as multisolvent systems should be explored. The water solubility of NaTFSI can be increased from 8 to 30 mol kg−1 in the presence of ionic liquids. Such a ternary electrolyte enables stable cycling of a 2 V class sodium‐ion battery based on the NaTi2(PO4)3/Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6] electrode couple for 300 cycles at 1C with a Coulombic efficiency of >99.5%.
Organic Dye Passivation for High‐Performance All‐Inorganic CsPbI1.5Br1.5 Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency over 14%
Authors: Zhang Weihai , Xiong Juan , Li Jinhua , Daoud Walid A.
Published: December 2020

All‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently received growing attention as a promising template to solve the thermal instability of organic–inorganic PSCs. However, the thermodynamic phase instability and relatively low device efficiency pose challenges. Herein, highly efficient and stable CsPbI1.5Br1.5 compositional perovskite‐based inorganic PSCs are fabricated using an organic dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), as a passivator. The carboxyl and thiocyanate groups of FITC not only minimize the trap states by forming interactions with the under‐coordinated Pb2+ ions but also significantly increase the grain size and improve the crystallinity of the perovskite films during annealing. Consequently, perovskite films with superior optoelectronic properties, prolonged carrier lifetime, reduced trap density, and improved stability are obtained. The resulting device yields a champion efficiency of 14.05% with negligible hysteresis, which presents the highest reported efficiency for inorganic CsPbI1.5Br1.5 solar cells reported thus far. In addition, FITC can be generally adopted as attractive passivator to improve the performance of CsPbI2Br‐ and CsPbIBr2‐based PSCs. Furthermore, with a comprehensive comparison of mixed‐halide inorganic perovskites, it is demonstrated that CsPbI1.5Br1.5 compositional perovskite is a promising candidate with the optimal halide composition for high‐performance inorganic PSCs.
Superior Sodium Metal Anodes Enabled by Sodiophilic Carbonized Coconut Framework with 3D Tubular Structure
Authors: Li Tianjiao , Sun Jianchao , Gao Shizhe , Xiao Bo , Cheng Jianbo , Zhou Yanli , Sun Xueqin , Jiang Fuyi , Yan Zhenhua , Xiong Shenglin
Published: December 2020

Although extensive efforts have been made to stabilize metal sodium anodes and prevent dendrite formation, it is still difficult to achieve long‐term stability at large area capacity and high current density due to a series of complex failure modes, including uneven Na nucleation and subsequent dendrite formation. Herein, an oxygen‐containing carbonized coconut framework (O‐CCF) with a 3D tubular structure is designed to inhibit dendrite growth. The 3D tubular structure can regulate the uniform distribution of electric field, making Na+ diffuse evenly on the electrode surface. The oxygen functional groups with sodiophilicity contribute to the adsorption of Na+ and reduce the Na nucleation energy on the surface of O‐CCF. The interaction of 3D tubular structure and oxygen functional groups enable Na stripping/plating over 10 000 cycles at 50 mA cm−2, as well as cycling stably for 1000 cycles with coulombic efficiency of 99.6% at 5 mA cm−2 and high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. As a proof of concept, full cells of O‐CCF//Na‐Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) and Na‐O‐CCF//Fe7S8 are assembled and exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance. This work presents a promising strategy for fabrication of safe Na metal anodes.
Effects of COVID‐19 on U.S. Aquaculture Farms
Authors: van Senten Jonathan , Engle Carole R. , Smith Matthew A.
Published: December 2020

The U.S. aquaculture industry has experienced disruptions due to the global COVID‐19 pandemic. Responses from 537 U.S. aquaculture farms and businesses, collected through an online survey, revealed that the primary impact has been the disruption of traditional marketing channels. This has resulted in a cascade of effects, including the loss of revenue, consequences for farm labor, difficulty securing production inputs and services, and management challenges from on‐farm inventory of unsold fish/shellfish. Results from the Quarter 1 survey confirm that COVID‐19 has, and will continue to, negatively affect U.S. aquaculture for the duration of 2020, and possibly longer.
Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer
Authors: Liu Jie , Guðmundsson Arnar , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: December 2020

This Minireview presents recent important homogenous aerobic oxidative reactions which are assisted by electron transfer mediators (ETMs). Compared with direct oxidation by molecular oxygen (O2), the use of a coupled catalyst system with ETMs leads to a lower overall energy barrier via stepwise electron transfer. This cooperative catalytic process significantly facilitates the transport of electrons from the reduced form of the substrate‐selective redox catalyst (SSRCred) to O2, thereby increasing the efficiency of the aerobic oxidation. In this Minireview, we have summarized the advances accomplished in recent years in transition‐metal‐catalyzed as well as metal‐free aerobic oxidations of organic molecules in the presence of ETMs. In addition, the recent progress of photochemical and electrochemical oxidative functionalization using ETMs and O2 as the terminal oxidant is also highlighted. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these transformations are showcased.
Catalytic Enantioselective Aminopalladation–Heck Cascade
Authors: He Yu‐Ping , Cao Jian , Wu Hua , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: December 2020

Domino processes initiated by intramolecular nucleopalladation of alkynes have been developed into powerful synthetic tools for the synthesis of functionalized heterocycles. However, a catalytic enantioselective version of this class of reactions remains scarce. We report herein that reaction of 2‐alkynylanilines with prochiral cyclopentenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)2, a chiral bidentate pyrox ligand and O2 as terminal oxidant affords the structurally diverse indole‐cyclopentene conjugates bearing two stereocenters in a highly diastereo‐ and enantio‐selective manner. One of the products is converted to a heavily functionalized tetracyclic indolinone derivative.
Rossby wave packets in the upper troposphere and their associations with climatological summertime daily precipitation in MLRYR of China
Authors: Sun Siyuan , Guan Zhaoyong
Published: December 2020

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and station observations in China during 1979–2018, features of propagation of baroclinic wave packets in the upper troposphere and their relationships with precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in daily climatology are investigated after having components with periods longer than 9 days filtered out. It is demonstrated that in the filtered daily climatology, the baroclinic wave packets still exist. The wave packet migrates eastward on the northern sides of the westerly jet stream axis whereas it does not move explicitly in the southern side of the axis in the upper troposphere. The filtered daily precipitation over MLRYR is mainly affected by the wave packets in the region south of the westerly jet axis. These results are very meaningful for better understanding behaviors of Rossby waves in daily climatology and the causes of daily precipitation variations in MLRYR.
Electroreductive Nickel‐Catalyzed Thiolation: Efficient Cross‐Electrophile Coupling for C−S Formation
Authors: Ang Nate W. J. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: December 2020

Sulfur‐containing molecules are of utmost topical importance towards the effective development of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Herein, we present an efficient and mild electrochemical thiolation by cross‐electrophile coupling of alkyl bromides with functionalized bench‐stable thiosulfonates to access alkyl sulfides with excellent efficacy and broad functional group tolerance. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic analysis were performed to elucidate mechanistic insights into this electrocatalytic thiolation reaction.
Homogeneous Reforming of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid and Pure Hydrogen Catalyzed by Pincer‐Ruthenium Complexes Capable of Metal–Ligand Cooperation
Authors: Zou You‐Quan , von Wolff Niklas , Rauch Michael , Feller Moran , Zhou Quan‐Quan , Anaby Aviel , Diskin‐Posner Yael , Shimon Linda J. W. , Avram Liat , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Milstein David
Published: December 2020

Glycolic acid is a useful and important α‐hydroxy acid that has broad applications. Herein, the homogeneous ruthenium catalyzed reforming of aqueous ethylene glycol to generate glycolic acid as well as pure hydrogen gas, without concomitant CO2 emission, is reported. This approach provides a clean and sustainable direction to glycolic acid and hydrogen, based on inexpensive, readily available, and renewable ethylene glycol using 0.5 mol % of catalyst. In‐depth mechanistic experimental and computational studies highlight key aspects of the PNNH‐ligand framework involved in this transformation.
Geospatial access predicts cancer stage at presentation and outcomes for patients with breast cancer in southwest Nigeria: A population‐based study
Authors: Knapp Gregory C. , Tansley Gavin , Olasehinde Olalekan , Wuraola Funmilola , Adisa Adewale , Arowolo Olukayode , Olawole M. O. , Romanoff Anya M. , Quan May Lynn , Bouchard‐Fortier Antoine , Alatise Olusegun I. , Kingham T. Peter
Published: December 2020

Background

The majority of women in Nigeria present with advanced‐stage breast cancer. To address the role of geospatial access, we constructed a geographic information‐system–based model to evaluate the relationship between modeled travel time, stage at presentation, and overall survival among patients with breast cancer in Nigeria.

Methods

Consecutive patients were identified from a single‐institution, prospective breast cancer database (May 2009‐January 2019). Patients were geographically located, and travel time to the hospital was generated using a cost‐distance model that utilized open‐source data. The relationships between travel time, stage at presentation, and overall survival were evaluated with logistic regression and survival analyses. Models were adjusted for age, level of education, and socioeconomic status.

Results

From 635 patients, 609 were successfully geographically located. The median age of the cohort was 49 years (interquartile range [IQR], 40‐58 years); 84% presented with ≥stage III disease. Overall, 46.5% underwent surgery; 70.8% received systemic chemotherapy. The median estimated travel time for the cohort was 45 minutes (IQR, 7.9‐79.3 minutes). Patients in the highest travel‐time quintile had a 2.8‐fold increase in the odds of presenting with stage III or IV disease relative to patients in the lowest travel‐time quintile (P = .006). Travel time ≥30 minutes was associated with an increased risk of death (HR, 1.65; P = .004).

Conclusions

Geospatial access to a tertiary care facility is independently associated with stage at presentation and overall survival among patients with breast cancer in Nigeria. Addressing disparities in access will be essential to ensure the development of an equitable health policy.
SARC‐F for screening of sarcopenia among older adults with cancer
Authors: Williams Grant R. , Al‐Obaidi Mustafa , Dai Chen , Bhatia Smita , Giri Smith
Published: December 2020

Background

Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes among older adults with cancer; however, no easily applied sarcopenia measure exists for use in clinical practice. The use of SARC‐F, a 5‐item self‐reported sarcopenia screening questionnaire, among older adults with cancer remains to be investigated.

Methods

Older adults (aged ≥60 years) with cancer enrolled in the University of Alabama Cancer and Aging Resilience Evaluation Registry were identified. Patients completed the SARC‐F questionnaire (with scores ≥4 considered positive for sarcopenia). The authors assessed for differences in geriatric assessment domain impairments, health‐related quality of life, and health care utilization between those with and without sarcopenia using multivariate regression, then assessed the association of sarcopenia with survival using Kaplan‐Meier methods and a Cox regression model, adjusting for covariates.

Results

In total, 256 older adults were identified. The median age was 69 years, 59% of participants were men, and 75% were White. The median SARC‐F score was 2 (interquartile range, 0‐4), and 33% of participants screened positive. Those with sarcopenia had higher odds of having multiple impairments, including impaired instrumental activities of daily living (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 18.1; 95% CI, 7.5‐43.8) and frailty (aOR, 43.5; 95% CI, 17.7‐106.8) as well as reduced physical and mental health‐related quality of life (β coefficient, −13.6 and −11.5, respectively) and increased emergency room visits (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3‐4.7). Furthermore, sarcopenia was independently associated with inferior overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.1‐8.3; P = .04).

Conclusions

One‐third of older adults with cancer in this cohort screened positive for sarcopenia using the SARC‐F screening questionnaire, and these positive scores are associated with geriatric assessment domain impairments, reduced health‐related quality of life, increased emergency room visits, and inferior overall survival.
Conditional Density Estimation, Latent Variable Discovery, and Optimal Transport
Authors: Yang Hongkang , Tabak Esteban G.
Published: December 2020

A framework is proposed that addresses both conditional density estimation and latent variable discovery. The objective function maximizes explanation of variability in the data, achieved through the optimal transport barycenter generalized to a collection of conditional distributions indexed by a covariate—either given or latent—in any suitable space. Theoretical results establish the existence of barycenters, a minimax formulation of optimal transport maps, and a general characterization of variability via the optimal transport cost. This framework leads to a family of nonparametric neural network‐based algorithms, the BaryNet, with a supervised version that estimates conditional distributions and an unsupervised version that assigns latent variables. The efficacy of BaryNets is demonstrated by tests on both artificial and real‐world data sets. A parallel drawn between autoencoders and the barycenter framework leads to the Barycentric autoencoder algorithm (BAE). © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Exfoliated Ultrathin ZnIn2S4 Nanosheets with Abundant Zinc Vacancies for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Wang Zhitong , Qi Ruijuan , Liu Dongyu , Zhao Xiaodie , Huang Lei , Chen Shenghua , Chen Zhiquan , Li Mingtao , You Bo , Pang Yuanjie , Yu Xia Bao
Published: December 2020

Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) is promising for balancing carbon cycles while producing value‐added feedstocks. Herein, ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets with abundant Zn vacancies are demonstrated for electrochemically reducing CO2 to formate. Specifically, a partial current density of 245 mA cm−2 with a near‐unity faradaic efficiency of 94 % for formate generation was achieved over the ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets in a flow cell configuration. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that abundant Zn vacancies in the ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets with a high electrochemically active surface area synergistically optimized the intermediate binding energy and contributed to the boosted selectivity and activity. This work may provide useful understandings in designing efficient catalysts for selective CO2 electroreduction.
Unexpected Ring Opening During the Imination of Camphor‐Type Bicyclic Ketones
Authors: Chernyshov Vladimir V. , Yarovaya Olga I. , Vatsadze Sergey Z. , Borisevich Sophia S. , Trukhan Sergey N. , Gatilov Yuri V. , Peshkov Roman Yu. , Eltsov Ilia V. , Martyanov Oleg N. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: December 2020

A new ring opening reaction was found while attempting to isolate the imines from ortho‐heteroatom substituted anilines and camphor‐like bicyclic ketones. The benzoazoles containing a cyclopentanemethyl group at position 2 of the heterocycle were isolated instead of the expected imines. The detailed study of the transformation, including EPR experiments, revealed the most probable radical mechanism. The proposed reaction pathways were confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The dichotomy of 1–2 and 2–3 bonds cleavage is discussed together with the evaluation of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions. The benzoazoles obtained via the new reaction are of particular interest for the medicinal chemistry.
Oxidative Transformation of Biomass into Formic Acid
Authors: Sahoo Prakash Kumar , Zhang Tong , Das Shoubhik
Published: December 2020

Formic acid (FA) is well‐known as a promising hydrogen source as well as a valuable chemical for the industries of textiles, pharmaceuticals etc. In fact, 1.137 million metric tons of FA is required worldwide per year to meet the current demand. Therefore, there is a strong interest for the generation of FA in a sustainable way to meet the future demand. Inspired by this information, several strategies have been considered for the sustainable synthesis of FA. Herein, we summarise the recent articles for the oxidative transformation of biomass into FA.
Influence of ore grade and mineral medium on chalcopyrite bioleaching with mixed microbial consortia
Authors: Benzal Eva , Solé Montse , Lao Conxita , Morral Eloi , Gamisans Xavier , Dorado Antonio D.
Published: December 2020

In the present work, key parameters in copper bioleaching from chalcopyrite have been investigated at long‐term operation. In detail, the type of mixed microbial consortium (origin and adaptation); the composition of two mineral media (the growth medium and the modified 9K medium); its buffer capacity by the buffers HCl/KCl and Na2HPO4/KH2PO4; and the influence of different ore grades in relation with the potential alkalinity associated have been investigated. For the first time, a mixed microbial consortium, obtained from a gas‐phase biotrickling filter treating high loads of H2S, was employed revealing significant copper extraction by biological leaching. Results reveal that a single adaptation step of this biomass improved both kinetics and process efficiency, nearly doubling the amount of copper obtained compared with the non‐adapted consortium. Nevertheless, the growth medium also influences the efficiency of the bioleaching process, enhancing copper extraction at higher sulfate concentration. The ore containing the metal is also a determining factor, obtaining same copper extraction for biotic and abiotic in one case, and enhancing up to 50 times from the abiotic in the other. Thus, this becomes a relevant limitation for the applicability of bioleaching for some ores, mainly due to the composition of the matrix.
Effect of simulated transport vibration on the quality of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) during storage
Authors: Tao Fei , Chen Wenwei , Jia Zhenbao
Published: December 2020

The quality and shelf life of mushrooms are critical to their commercial viability. In this study, the effects of simulated transport vibration on postharvest quality of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) were assessed over 12 days of storage. Furthermore, the protective performance of foam cushion material used in packaging during simulated transport was evaluated. Changes in respiration rate, weight loss, browning index, firmness, and malondialdehyde content were measured following vibration treatment. The results revealed that simulated transport vibration contributed to the deterioration of quality of shiitake mushrooms during storage, and the foam cushion material had a protective influence on the maintenance of shiitake mushroom quality. Taken together, our findings suggest that the foam cushion material used in packaging has the potential to improve the quality of shiitake mushrooms and extend their shelf life.