bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some treatments which render Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) attractive to the wood wasp Sirex noctilio F.
Authors: Madden J. L.
Published: July 2009

Characteristic temporal patterns of attack by Sirex noctilio F. in Tasmania were obtained when Pinus radiata trees were either felled, completely lopped or high trimmed and girdled. Felling resulted in immediate attack whereas lopped and girdled trees were not attacked until some 9–12 days later. Felled trees were susceptible to attack for about 14 days, but lopped and girdled trees were attacked for longer periods. In some instances girdled trees remained susceptible for more than one season. Oviposition by caged S. noctilio females on healthy trees was followed by attack from wild females about 9 days later. It is shown that the timing and duration of attack by S. noctilio are correlated with the degree of stress undergone by the host tree.
Revision of the genus Nephotettix Matsumura (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea Euscelidae) based on the type material
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K.
Published: July 2009

The seven previously known species and one subspecies of Nephotettix are redefined, namely, N. virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål), N. cincticeps (Uhler), N. modulatus Melichar, N. malayanus Ishihara & Kawase, N. afer Ghauri and N. nigropictus yapicola Linnavuori. N. sympatricus is described as new. Nephotettix spp. fall into two groups, African (two species) and Asian (six species, one subspecies) which can be separated on genitalic characters. Distribution maps are given for each species. A key to the species based on external characters is given, but determinations should be confirmed by the genitalic characters.
Parasites of the Moth-Borers of Sugar-cane in Mauritius
Authors: Moutia L. Andre , Courtois Claude. M.
Published: July 2009

There are three moth-borers of sugar-cane in Mauritius, Proceras sacchariphagus Boj. (Crambid.), Sesamia vuteria (Stoll) (Agrotid.) and Olethreutes schistaceana (Snell.) (Olethreutid.).

The eggs of all three are parasitised by Trichogramma sp. ? australicum Gir., while a second undetermined species of Trichogramma parasitises the eggs of Sesamia and Olethreutes. Sesamia eggs are also parasitised by a Scelionid, Platytelenomus sp. ? hylas Nixon.
The Ecology of Epidemic Sleeping Sickness II.—The Effects of an Epidemic.
Authors: Morris K. R. S.
Published: July 2009

The most obvious effect of sleeping sickness is depopulation, which can be occasioned directly, through mortality from the disease, and indirectly, through a lowering of the reproductive rate of a community because of induced sterility and increased infant mortality.

The problem was studied in the north of the Gold Coast and the neighbouring French Upper Volta Territory, where severe epidemics have occurred, in localised form since at least the middle of last century, and in widespread form during the past 30 years. The vectors have been the riverine tsetse Glossina palpalis and G.tachinoides.

A close correlation was found to exist between the incidence of sleeping sickness
and the population trend with a marked depopulating effect coming in at infection
rates above 3 per cent. It was also found that both the rates of trypanosomiasis infection and the extent of depopulation showed closely similar relationships to the proximity of affected villages to the nearest flybelt.
On a new predatory Mite of economic Importance
Authors: Owen Evans G.
Published: July 2009

The biology and systematics of the predatory mites of the family Laelaptidae have received increased attention since they have been shown to be of importance in the control of phytophagous mites, especially Tetranychidae, resistant to modern insecticides. The predatory mites of economic importance are almost entirely confined to the sub–family Phytoseiinae Berl., 1910.
On the Control by Insecticides Of Heteronychus consimilis Kolbe (Dynastidae), A serious Pest Of Wheat in Kenya
Authors: LePelley R. H. , Goddard W. H.
Published: July 2009

Insecticidal treatments against Heteronychus consimilis Kolbe, a serious pest of wheat in Kenya, killed large numbers of adults and markedly reduced the damagedone by them. Subsequent damage by larvae was prevented.

The most effective of the treatments tested were aldrin at 7.2 oz. per acre applied with the fertiliser, BHC in the form of Mergamma A applied as a seed dressing at 3¼ oz. per acre, and BHC in the form of Agrocide 7 applied as a seed dressing at 3¼ lb. per acre. The best treatments resulted in considerable increases in yield and gave promise of effective practical control on a large scale.
Notes on the Biology of three Tenthredinid (Hym.) Pests of the Guava
Authors: Pyenson Louis
Published: July 2009

The adults of the Gregarious Guava Sawfly are relatively sluggish insects and can be readily captured on foliage (Pyenson 1938 b). They lay their eggs in single rows embedded in the tissue of the tips of young green twigs or along the midribs on the underside of the younger leaves.
Bionomics of a Grape Boring Plume Moth (Oxyptilus regulus, Meyr.) in South India
Authors: Subramaniam T. V.
Published: July 2009

The grape vine (Vitis vinifera), which is a common fruit crop grown extensively in Mysore, has not been noticed till now to be subject to any very serious insect pests, though one occasionally comes across a Chrysomelid beetle (Scelodonta strigicoUis, Mot.), stray leaf-eating cockchafers (Adoretus spp.), twig-girdling Longicorn beetles (Sthenias grisator, F.), and stray scale-insects, which, however, have not done any very serious damage so far ; but recently substantial damage has been caused to the grape vine crop by an insect which appears to be quite a new record—at any rate for S. India. The insect concerned is a species of plume moth (Oxyptilus regulus, Meyr.), the larva of which bores into the ripening berries of the grape bunches and causes substantial injury. The grapes grown in the Mysore State belong to a local black variety, the fruits of which have a sub-acid taste and do not therefore fetch good prices at present because of the very large imports of sweet varieties from North India and elsewhere. The serious nature of the damage done by this new pest and the consequent menace to the grape crop, which is one of the oldest of the fruit plants to be raised in the State, and the likelihood of the insect extending its activities to the different varieties of this crop cultivated outside the State, prompted the author to attempt a fairly thorough study of the insect with a view to adopting control measures.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa. XIX. A comparison of two sampling techniques for assessing the effectiveness of pyrethrum applications on Glossina pallidipes Aust.
Authors: Tarimo C. S. , Lee C. W. , Parker J. D. , Matechi H. T.
Published: July 2009

An experiment was carried out in 1968 in the Lossitete Forest area of northern Tanzania to compare the fly-round and the Langridge-trap as sampling techniques for assessing the effectiveness of 0·4% pyrethrum applications on Glossina pallidipes Aust. when applied from the air. From fly-rounds, population reductions of 64%, 36% and 29% after the first, second and third applications, respectively, were estimated, whereas from Langridge traps the reductions were 11%, 7% and nil, respectively. Taking into consideration the efficiency of the Langridge-trap and the limitations of the fly-round in sampling G. pallidipes populations, it is concluded that the fly-round may give a false assessment of reduction of G. pallidipes after insecticide application.
Studies on water movement and dispersion of mosquito larvae, with special reference to control in rice fields
Authors: Surtees Gordon
Published: July 2009

The effect of water currents on the dispersion of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi List, were examined in the laboratory. The larvae represent two distinct respiratory positions, and on the basis of their amount of movement were termed active and inactive, respectively. While active larvae resist water currents, and tend to disperse evenly in a field system, inactive larvae tend to be washed away but also to accumulate in loci of minimal water movement. These findings could be applied to detection of larval populations, control by irrigation and spot chemical treatments in rice fields.
Effects of parasites and predators on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) (Hem., Aphididae)
Authors: Dean G. J.
Published: July 2009

In a study of aphids and their parasites, hyperparasites and predators in a field of cereals at Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1970–71, samples were taken by counting specimens in 0·3-m lengths of row and by means of a suction trap set 12·2 m above ground and 0·5 km away from the field. Migrant aphids (Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.)) and Braconid parasites (Aphidius spp., Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) and Praon volucre (Hal.)) were caught from April–May to August–September, with most from mid-June to August, whereas hyperparasites (Phaenoglyphis sp., Lygocerus aphidivorus Kieff., Asaphes vulgaris Wlk., Coruna clavata Wlk. and Alloxysta sp.) occurred for more of the year. Of the six parasite species attacking aphids on cereals in 1970–71, three Aphidius spp. were more common than E. plagiator and Praon volucre. Parasitism was higher and aphids were fewer in 1971 than in 1970. In the field, more than 80% of the mummies were of old nymphs; parasitism of live old nymphs and apterae was similar, larger than for alatae, and larger for Metopolophium dirhodum than for Macrosiphum avenae. Hyperparasitism by five species affected parasitism, especially in 1970. Migrant Coccinellids were trapped at the start and end of aphid infestations on cereals, Syrphids mainly in July and August, and other predators for longer. The commonest predators were Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L. in 1970 and Syrphus balteatus (Deg.) in 1971; the others were scarce. July populations of aphids were primarily reduced by the Syrphids.
The Pattern of spontaneous activity in the tsetse flyGlossina morsitansWestw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) at low temperatures
Authors: Brady John
Published: July 2009

The pattern of spontaneous activity of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitansWestw. was measured in LD 12:12 at constant low temperature. At 22°C the typical V-shaped pattern was unchanged; at 19°C, when activity was reduced to five flights per day, the morning arm of the V was retained but the evening one suppressed. Cold therefore changes the shape of the endogenous rhythm only slightly, and its effects in the field must concern activity level rather than pattern. Examination of the published data shows that the correlation of field activity with temperature is not as good as is generally supposed.
Descriptions of the larvae of some rhinoceros beetles (Col., Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) associated with coconut palms in New Guinea
Authors: Bedford G. O.
Published: July 2009

Third-stage larvae of the following species of Dynastidae associated with coconut palms are described:Xylotrupes gideon(L.) (including four subspecies,X. g. ulysses(Guérin),X. g. szekessyiEndrődi,X. g. beckeriSchaufuss andX. g. asperulusMinck), Scapanes australis (Boisduval) (including three subspecies,S. a. grossepunctatusSternberg,S. a. salomonensisSternberg andS. a. australis(Boisduval)),Trichogomphus fairmaireiArrow,Oryctes rhinoceros(L.),O. centaurusSternberg,Oryctoderus latitarsisBoisduval andOryctoderussp. (eitherO. coronatusBates orO. godeffroyi(Fairmaire). A key to species, based on larval characters, is included. Some small differences, particularly in setation, were found among the four subspecies ofX. gideonexamined, and differences in setation of the abdominal segments were found betweenS. a. grossepunctatusandS. a. salomonesison the one hand, andS. a. australison the other.
The dietary effect of windbreak pollens on longevity and fecundity of a predacious mite Euseius addoensis addoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) found in citrus orchards in South Africa
Authors: Grout T.G. , Richards R.I.
Published: July 2009

The predacious mite Euseius addoensis addoensis (McMurtry) is an important predator of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure, and Tetranychid mites on citrus in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It can also survive and reproduce on certain pollens. In this study, pollen collected from windbreaks commonly used around citrus orchards, was compared with that from Carpobrotus muirii (Mesembryanthemaceae) as a food source for predacious mites. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory using a leaf-disk technique and both mite mortality and fecundity were recorded through one generation. Casuarina cunninghamiana (Casuarinaceae) was the only windbreak tested that produced pollen capable of sustaining E. a. addoensis for a generation with fecundity similar to that obtained with Carpobrotus muirii. Pollens collected from Pinus radiata (Pinaceae), Cupressus arizonica, C. goveniana and C. torulosa (Cupressaceae) were unsuitable. Casuarina spp. windbreaks may therefore help to maintain predacious mite populations during autumn when natural sources of prey are diminishing.
The ability of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae) stocks in Kenya to become infected with Theileria parva
Authors: Kubasu S.S.
Published: July 2009

Eight steers of European breed, Bos taurus type which were shown to be negative for antibodies against Theileria parva, were divided into two groups of four animals each. Animals in one group were inoculated with 0.5 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Muguga strain and animals in the other group were inoculated with 1 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Kilae strain to infect them. The two infected groups of cattle were simultaneously infested with uninfected nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann in separate cloth patches. Ticks were from five populations, i.e., four from different geographical zones in Kenya and one laboratory population, in separate cloth patches. After moulting, the adult ticks were fed on rabbits for three days and their salivary glands were examined by microscopy for infective stages of the parasite. This revealed significant differences in the five populations as regards to their susceptibility to Theileria parva parasites.
Oviposition, larval arrest and establishment of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on maize genotypes during anthesis
Authors: Kumar Harish
Published: July 2009

The oviposition, larval arrest and establishment by the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) were measured on different maize genotypes during anthesis. The maize genotypes tested were: Inbred A (Susceptible), Mp 704, MBR-8637, MBR-8650, MBR-8668, Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, Katumani Composite B, MMV 400, Bulk CG 4141, and ICZ2-CM. The moths oviposited on the middle leaves of the plant and the neonate larvae moved to leaf sheaths and ear husks to feed (arrest). As they grew older, the larvae invaded the stem, ear shanks and tassel to complete feeding (establishment) and to pupate. The response of the stem borer differed with resistant and susceptible maize genotypes at anthesis. More eggs were laid and larval arrest was higher on the susceptible than on resistant genotypes. Genotypes also differed in the resistance of feeding sites to larval establishment; the genotype Poza Rica 7832 showed resistance to larval establishment in the stems and ears, but the shank was heavily infested. By contrast, MBR 8637 showed greater resistance to larval establishment in the shank than the other genotypes. These resistance sources could be utilized effectively in a maize breeding programme to develop varieties with moderate to high levels of resistance at all potential feeding sites.
Biology and climatic requirements of Perapion antiquum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) in southern Africa: implications for the biological control of Emexspp. in Australia
Authors: Scott John K.
Published: July 2009

The potential distribution of the South African weevil, Perapion antiquum (Gyllenhal), a biological control agent for the weeds Emex spp., was deter mined by the computer program CLIMEX, using its native distribution, phenology and abundance together with development parameters. The predicted distribution included parts of Hawaii where the weevil successfully controlled Emex australis and E. spinosa. In Australia, sites of past unsuccessful releases have climates that this analysis indicates are unsuitable for the insect. The most favourable regions for establishment of the weevil are near the coast in the southern half of Australia, but most of these do not overlap with regions where Emex spp. are a problem. In western Cape Province, South Africa, E. australis plants are abundant and the weevil attacks the plant after seeds have formed. In Hawaii, a fortuitous combination of climatic conditions favours the weevil during the period after seed germination, and this may be the key to its control of the weed. Sites with climatic conditions similar to successful control sites in Hawaii are not found in Australia. It was concluded that P. antiquum will be of limited use as a biological control agent in Australia even in areas suitable for its establishment.
Studies on egg predation by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) especially on the eucalyptus borer Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Portugal
Authors: Way M.J. , Cammell M.E. , Paiva M.R.
Published: July 2009

Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) and some other ants, through preference, efficient foraging and recruitment, quickly removed artificially exposed batches of insect eggs including those of the serious pest of eucalyptus, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius). This supports evidence of the importance of some ants as predators of the many insects that lay freely exposed eggs. However, P. semipunctata normally lays eggs in peeling bark crevices where the approximately 60% laid within gaps less than ca. 0.65 mm wide could not be reached even by small ants such as I. humilis and Pheidole pallidula (Nyland-er). In tree trunks, which can become heavily infested after felling, egg predation by ants seems unimportant compared with the later large mortality of competing larvae, so, egg predation cannot account for the observed striking positive correlation between presence of I. humilis and lack of Phoracantha semipunctata damage to standing trees. Egg predation and other effects of I. humilis may be more important on living trees which are attacked initially by relatively few P. semipunctata. This needs more detailed investigation as do the overall egg predatory roles of ant species in biological control.
Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: Mutualism betweenDolichoderus thoracicus(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) andCataenococcus hispidus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Ho C.T. , Khoo K.C.
Published: July 2009

The observed mutualistic relationship between the black cocoa antDolichoderus thoracicus(Smith) and the mealybugCataenococcus hispidus(Morrison) was examined. The importance ofC. hispidustoD. thoracicusas a food source was investigated by givingD. thoracicusaccess toC. hispidusonly, toC. hispidusand other food sources, and denying access to any obvious food sources.Dolichoderus thoracicuswas seen to depend onC. hispidusalone as a source of food over an eight-week period of observation without showing ill effects. The role ofD. thoracicusin spreadingC. hispiduswas studied in an experiment consisting of combinations ofD. thoracicusandC. hispidusexclusion. It was shown thatD. thoracicuswas responsible for carryingC. hispidusacross a ‘mealybug excluder’. Data on the frequency and duration of transport ofC. hispidusbyD. thoracicuswere obtained by direct observation for a total of 90 h over 17 days. Both adults and nymphs ofC. hispiduswere carried byD. thoracicuswith its mandibles in a brief and erratic manner, in the general direction of the trail. Such transportation is nevertheless considered to be important in view of the large number of individuals ofD. thoracicusmoving along a trail. The close mutualistic relationship betweenD. thoracicusandC. hispidusreiterates the necessity to manipulate both organisms for control of cocoa pests.
Low temperature mortality and overwintering of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: McDonald J.R. , Bale J.S. , Walters K.F.A.
Published: July 2009

The UK glasshouses in which the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is prevalent offer protection from adverse winter conditions. As such, F. occidentalis may not have been exposed to selection for cold tolerance that would allow successful overwintering in the field. In this study, the cold tolerance of larval and adult F. occidentalis has been assessed in the laboratory. Both age groups show pre-freeze mortality in chronic and acute cold exposures though adults are more cold hardy. Larvae and adults are both able to increase their cold tolerance in response to a combination of lower temperatures and decreased photoperiod. Field experimentation confirmed that F. occidentalis is unlikely to survive for the duration of a harsh UK winter, but a level of cold tolerance that would be adequate for survival in mild winters or for short exposures at sub-zero temperatures was observed.
Photoperiodic termination of diapause in field-collected adults of the Bombay locust, Nomadacris succincta (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Japan
Authors: Tanaka S. , Sadoyama Y.
Published: July 2009

The role of photoperiod in controlling the termination of adult diapause in the Bombay locust, Nomadacris succincta Linnaeus (formerly Patanga succincta) was examined by exposing pairs of field-collected adults to different photoperiods at 30°C. Adults of this species appear in June and remain in diapause until March in the following spring. Female adults collected in November started laying eggs earlier at a 14 h photoperiod (L:D 14:10) than at a 12 h photoperiod (L:D 12:12), although the mean pre-ovipositional periods at the two photoperiods were not significantly different from each other. All first egg-pods produced by long-day females contained fertilized eggs while only some short-day pairs produced fertilized eggs in their first pod, indicating that mating was suppressed at a short photoperiod. In adults collected in January and exposed to a 10 h photoperiod (L:D 10:14), the mean time of first oviposition was significantly delayed compared to those exposed to a 14 h photoperiod. These results demonstrate that N. succincta uses daylength as a cue to control the time of diapause termination in the field. The time interval between the first and second egg-pod depositions was influenced not only by the physiological state of the females but also by the environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod, and it was positively correlated with the length of pre-ovipositional period. The occurrence of a change in host preference by diapause adults and its ecological significance were also pointed out.
Pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) life history and population dynamics in sugar maple in Pennsylvania
Authors: Teulon D. A. J. , Leskey T. C. , Cameron E. A.
Published: July 2009

The pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Uzel) was sampled for four years in a small sugar mapleAcer saccharumplantation in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The life cycle ofT. inconsequenswas univoltine with the main period of emergence and flight from late March to mid May. Adults, eggs, and first and second instar larvae were associated with sugar maple budburst and early leaf development from late April to late May. Larval drop occurred from mid to late May. Mature second instar larvae, propupae, pupae and adults spent from June to March in the ground; development from larva to adult occurred between September and November. From March to May most (usually >90%) thrips adults and larvae sampled wereT. inconsequens.NoT. inconsequensmales were found. In soil samples taken in spring, summer and autumnT. inconsequenswere found to a depth of 50 cm but over 87% were in the top 20 cm. Almost noT. inconsequenswere found in the litter layer. Large variations inT. inconsequensadult emergence and larval drop were recorded. The most important contributing factors in fluctuations ofT. inconsequenspopulations were the length of sugar maple budburst, the degree of synchrony between thrips emergence and sugar maple budburst, and the occurence of sugar maple flowering.
Organophosphorus insecticide resistance in a new strain ofCulex quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae) from Tanga, Tanzania
Authors: Khayrandish A. , Wood R.J.
Published: July 2009

Fourth instar larvae of a new strain ofCulex quinquefasciatusSay from Tanzania (TANGA) were tested for insecticide resistance. Initially, the resistance ratio (RR) to chlorpyrifos was 41.8, to temephos 30.8, to propoxur 3.7. After 2–3 years of laboratory culture, resistance to chlorpyrifos and propoxur had declined (chlorpyrifos 5.7, 3.8; propoxur 1.9, permethrin 1.9). Significant synergism was found between s, s, s-tributyl trithiophosphate (DEF) and chlorphyrifos, reducing the RR from 8.0 to 2.5. Synergism between piperonyl butoxide and permethrin was less than in a susceptible control strain. Twelve esterase isozymes of different relative mobilities (Rm) on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identified, ten of which remained when the strain was reinvestigated two years (approximately 32 generations) later. Null activity for all but one of these bands was observed in some larvae. Four esterase bands (Rm 0.25, 0.27, 0.31, 0.34, designated A2, A3, B2, B3) showed polymorphism in activity, with very intense bands in some larvae. The mean frequency of bands with activity greater than standard, declined as organophosphorus (OP) resistance declined, but resistance was unconnected with the frequency of nulls at these positions. In mass larval assays ofin vitrosensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to propoxur, the I50exceeded 10x10−4M, compared with 0.1x10−4M in a reverted resistant strain (RANGOON). Single larvel assays revealed heterogeneity, which was interpreted on the basis of an AChE resistance allele (AceR) with a frequency of 0.23.
A review of the species resemblingChilocorus nigrita(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): potential agents for biological control
Authors: Booth R.G.
Published: July 2009

Chilocorus nigrita(Fabricius) is a well-known predator of scale insects. It has been widely used for biological control and has spread naturally beyond its previous native range over the last three decades or so. Three other Oriental species closely resemblingC. nigritacan now be separated.Chilocorus melasWeise is redescribed and a lectotype designated. Chilocorus gressitti Miyatake is a junior synonym ofC. melas.Chilocorus subindicusfrom the southern parts of the Indian subcontinent andC. graciliorfrom eastern Indonesia are described as new.
The bionomics ofListronotus bonariensis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Goidson S.L. , Proffitt J.R. , Baird D.B.
Published: July 2009

A study was conducted in 1990–1995 in Canterbury, New Zealand to describe the phenology and seasonal abundance of all stages of the Argentine stem weevilListronotus bonariensis(Kuschel), a New Zealand pest of Gramineae. Of note were major fluctuations in the densities of all stages from one season to the next which were not explained directly in terms of the availability ofNeotyphodium lolii-free ryegrass tillers. The overwintering mortality rates ofL. bonariensiswere found to be linear and remarkably similar between seasons and locations in the absence of pathogens. This study also showed that care must be taken in the use of existing data to analyse the impact of the recently introduced South American parasitoid waspMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan as a biological control agent ofL. bonariensis; errors may exist because of earlier sampling biases. In spite of the confounding effects of seasonal variation in theL. bonariensispopulation, reduction in the size of theL. bonariensisfirst summer generation egg and larval peaks coincided with a build up ofM. hyperodae.
Comparative toxicity of foliar and systemic applications of acetamiprid and imidacloprid against the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Horowitz A.R. , Mendelson Z. , Weintraub P.G. , Ishaaya I.
Published: July 2009

Comparative bioassays of two chloronicotinyl insecticides, acetamiprid and imidacloprid, against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), using foliar and systemic applications, were conducted under laboratory conditions and in field trials. Under controlled conditions, the ovicidal activity of foliar applications of acetamiprid on cotton seedlings was much higher than that of imidacloprid. According to LC50 and LC90 values, acetamiprid was 10- and 18-fold more potent than imidacloprid. Both compounds were effective when applied to soil against whitefly adults; however, the potency of imidacloprid was somewhat higher than that of acetamiprid 2, 7 and 14 days after application; resulting (with the concentration of 25 ml a.i./l) in adult mortality of 90, 93, and 96% and 76, 84, and 76% respectively. In an experimental cotton field, the efficacy of foliar applications of 60 g a.i./ha acetamiprid and 210 g a.i./ha imidacloprid was compared. Field residual activity of acetamiprid to whitefly adults lasted for approximately ten days, compared with three days for imidacloprid.
Survival and mortality of grasshopper egg pods in semi-arid cereal cropping areas of northern Benin
Authors: Shah P.A. , Godonou I. , Gbongboui C. , Hossou A. , Lomer C.J.
Published: July 2009

Surveys of egg pods of agriculturally important grasshoppers were carried out in northern Benin between 1992 and 1995. Searches were made of oviposition sites under shrubs of the perennial legumePiliostigma thonningialong field margins. In 1993 and 1995, surveys were extended to include sorghum,Sorghum bicolor, and the perennial thatch grassVetiveria nigritana. The four principal grasshopper species found at these oviposition sites wereHieroglyphus daganensisKrauss,Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipesSjöstedt,Kraussaria angulifera(Krauss) andTylotropidius gracilipesBrancsik comprising 86% of 4545 identified egg pods while 651 egg pods could not be identified to species level. Predation by meloid beetles (Epicauta, MylabrisandPsalydolyttaspp.) varied between 0 and 50% for the four dominant grasshopper species. From 1993 and 1994 data, nymphal eclosion from egg pods damaged by meloids was significantly lower than emergence from undamaged egg pods. The hymenopterous parasitoidsScelio africanusRisbec andS. mauriticanusRisbec were reared from the four dominant grasshopper species and parasitism levels of 0.0–3.3% were recorded from these hosts. There were significant differences in nymphal emergences between parasitized and unparasitized egg pods ofH. daganensis.
The feeding apparatus of thrips
Authors: Mound L. A.
Published: July 2009

Standard text-books on entomology (Imms, 1957; Ross, 1956) state that the insects of the order Thysanoptera feed by macerating leaf tissue with pointed stylets, and then suck the juices thus released by applying their mouth cone to the leaf surface.The drawings accompanying these statements indicate that the maxillary stylets and the single mandible are all simple acute needle-like structures. However, sections of the mouth cone including the stylets show that the mandible is a closed tubular structure, and that the maxillary stylets are grooved, i.e., C-shaped in section (Reyne,1927; Mickoleit, 1963). Moreover, Grasse (1951) states that although the maxillary stylets do not show the mutual adaptations found in the Hemiptera they do form a tube when fitted together, and Grinfel'd (1959) suggests that thrips may suck food through the tube formed by the stylets in addition to applying the mouth cone directly onto the food.
The spectral sensitivity of Aedes aegypti (L.) at oviposition
Authors: Snow W. F.
Published: July 2009

The spectral sensitivity of gravid female Aedes aegypti (L.) was investigated in the laboratory using their responses to oviposition sites illuminated by light of defined intensity and spectral composition. An inverse relationship between the illumination of an oviposition site and its selection for egg-deposition enabled the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to narrow wavelength bands to be assessed. This species showed low sensitivity to long (red) wavelengths; a peak of maximum spectral sensitivity near 550 mμ (yellow-green) with a range of significant sensitivity about this maximum between 450 (violet) and 630 mμ (orange); and positive sensitivity at 366 mμ (ultraviolet) which, from the different order of effectiveness in deterring oviposition, may represent a second, independently functioning, light receptor system. This pattern of sensitivity is sufficient to explain all published observations on the responses of mosquitoes, in physiological conditions other than gravidity, to coloured stimuli. It may, therefore, represent the spectral sensitivity of mosquitoes in general.
Volatile substances evoking orientation in the predatory flowerbugAnthocoris nemorum(Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Dwumfour Edward F.
Published: July 2009

Chemical signals produced by leaves of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), goat willow (Salix caprea) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) attractedAnthocoris nemorumLinnaeus in a Y-tube plexiglass-walled olfactometer.A. nemorumreacted to odours of chloroform extracts of tomato foliage but not to water or methanol extracts. On the other hand, methanol or water extract ofU. dioicaattractedA. nemorum, but it was not attracted to chloroform soluble fractions of this plant. AdultA. nemorumcould not distinguish between odour released by the aphidsMyzus persicae(Sulzer) orBrevicoryne brassicaeLinnaeus (Homoptera: Aphididae) and leaf odours emitted by Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea). However,A. nemorumreacted to and distinguished between odours coming from eitherTetranychus urticaeKoch orT. cinnabarinusBoisduval (Acari: Tetranychidae) and from clean French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves.
The influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on losses due to Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae), black pod disease, and mammalian pests in cocoa in Malaysia
Authors: Khoo K.C. , Ho C.T.
Published: July 2009

The influence of the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) on losses due to the mirid Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Peronosporales)) and mammalian pests (rats, squirrels and civet cats) was studied over a two-year period in two separate fields of cocoa. Both fields initially had high D. thoracicus activity. In each field, ant-scarce plots were created by treating these plots with insecticides; ant-abundant plots existed where the plots were left untreated. An abundance of D. thoracicus clearly had a negative effect on numbers of mirids, with respectively 380 and 2222% more nymphs and adults being recorded in the ant-scarce than in the ant-abundant plots over the two-year period. An abundance of D. thoracicus did not increase black pod incidence: on the contrary it reduced incidence of the disease in both fields. The number of rat-damaged pods in ant-scarce plots was significantly higher than in ant-abundant plots in one of the fields but no significant difference was detected in the other. Regarding number of pods lost to squirrels and civet cats, no significant difference between ant-scarce and ant-abundant plots was obtained for both fields; the losses to either of these mammalian pests were extremely low. The number of healthy ripe pods in ant-abundant plots was 40.4 and 32.1% higher than in ant-scarce plots in the two fields, these increases being ascribed to protection from H. theivora damage by D. thoracicus.
Evaluation of the toxicity and sublethal effects of lambda-cyhalothrin against horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) via bioassays and exposure to treated hosts
Authors: Leprince D.J. , Hribar L.J. , Foil L.D.
Published: July 2009

Mortality ofTabanus fuscicostatusHine females, engorged to repletion on bullocks treated with lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated ear tags, or placed on treated bullocks for periods of 15, 30, 45 or 60 s but not allowed to feed, was equal to or greater than 96%, while from 0% to 8% mortality was observed for controls. Average feeding time was significantly lower inT. fuscicostatusfed on treated bullocks (33%) than in flies fed on control bullocks, but average engorged weight was not significantly different between treatments. Mortality ofT. americanusForster females, placed on the backs of treated bullocks but not allowed to feed for periods of 15, 30, 45 or 60 s, was 16%, 44%, 76% and 100%, respectively. Results of bioassays in which flies were exposed to treated filter paper (LC50) or were topically treated (LD50) are presented per fly and per weight forT. fuscicostatusandT. lineolacomplex.
A model to predict the incubation and nymphal development periods of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Reus J.A.W.A. , Symmons P.M.
Published: July 2009

A model has been developed which estimates the egg and nymphal development periods of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). The model uses long-term monthly mean temperatures from a number of weather stations in the desert locust area. The computer program calculates the daily mean temperature and the daily related amount of development. It then accumulates the percentage of development estimated on successive days until the total reaches or exceeds 100. The model can be started on any day of the year at any given development stage and it can calculate development backwards in time as well as forwards. The model should be a useful aid in forecasting desert locust population developments and for the planning of surveys.
Improved persistence of insecticide deposits on targets for controlling Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Torr S.J. , Holloway M.T.P. , Vale G.A.
Published: July 2009

Deposits of deltamethrin suspension concentrate (s.c.) on Terylene net and cotton cloth were bioassayed in Zimbabwe by exposing them to fed, female Glossina pallidipes Austen, using a 45 s contact with cloth and a brief collision with net. On textured yarn net, the effective life of deposits produced from immersion in 0.1% deltamethrin was longer than on flat yarn net, apparently because the textured net held more insecticide and the insecticide was lost more slowly. The addition of an absorber for ultra-violet light (0.1% 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid) did not significantly extend the effective life of deltamethrin deposits on cloth or net. Applying deltamethrin s.c. as a 0.6% suspension to cotton cloth produced mortalities of <90% for 300 days. Applications of 0.8% deltamethrin on cotton cloth and textured net produced mortalities of <70% for 12–16 months and 9 months, respectively, compared to 4–10 months and 5–7 months, respectively for applications of 0.1% deltamethrin. Chemical analyses indicated that the longer effective life of the 0.6–0.8% was due to a higher initial amount of insecticide and a lower rate of loss. It is suggested that for controlling tsetse in southern Africa, all-cloth targets sprayed with 0.6% deltamethrin s.c. will have an effective life of ca. one year.
On West African Trypetidæ (Fruit flies)
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: July 2009

The family of the Trypetidæ is of great economic importance, for among its numerous genera are to be found many pests of the orchard and farm. The flies of this family are rarely brought to the notice of Europeans in West Africa, for there farming operations are entirely in the hands of the native population and the amount of damage done by these insects is perhaps insufficiently appreciated by Europeans; but from observations made in my own gardens, during a long West African experience, I believe the loss caused by their attacks must be considerable. The flies which are responsible for the damage observed belong to two genera—Ceratitis, MacLeay, and Dacus, Fabricius.
Notes on the movements of Glossina morsitans in the Lundazi District, North Eastern Rhodesia
Authors: Hall P. E.
Published: July 2009

At the suggestion of Mr. S. A. Neave, I have prepared the following brief notes of my observations on the changes in the distribution of Glossina morsitans within the Lundazi District.
Some observations on the bionomics of Tabanus par, Walker, and Tabanus tæniola, Pal. de Beauv
Authors: King Harold H.
Published: July 2009

Notwithstanding the work which has been conducted during the last few years on blood-sucking flies, and particularly on those which occur in Tropical Africa, owing to their connection, whether proved or merely suspected, with the spread of various diseases of man and animals, nothing has hitherto been published on the life-history of any African species of the large family Tabanidæ, except in the case of Tabanus biguttatus, Wied.* It is hoped, therefore, that the following notes on the bionomics of two of the more common Tabanids, though incomplete, may nevertheless be of some interest.
Entomological research in British West Africa. IV. Sierra Leone
Authors: Simpson Jas. J.
Published: July 2009

The following report is the fourth of a series dealing with the blood-sucking insects which are or may be implicated in the transmission of disease in man and other animals. The previous reports have appeared in different issues of this Bulletin* and should be consulted in conjunction with this, as many aspects of a general character, which are equally applicable to all West African Colonies, have been discussed there and need not therefore be reiterated here.
On the British species of Simulium.—I. the Adults
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The theories at present widely accepted regarding the connection between the SIMOLIIDAE and pellagra have brought this family of blood-sucking flies very much to the front in recent years, and have rendered it highly desirable that accurate information should be available concerning the different species, their distribution and habits. It is in the hope that the facts brought forward may be of use at some future time, and that the way may be cleared for further research, that the present investigation has been undertaken. The writer has examined over 1,000 pinned specimens, including the material in the British Museum, the Cambridge Museum and the Edinburgh Museum, together with a large number of additional specimens kindly lent by various private correspondents. The result of this examination will, it is believed, go some way towards an elucidation of the European species of this family.
New species of Coccidae from Australia
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

Ovisac white, strongly convex, broadly oval, narrower behind; very closely felted and tough. Length, 3·0 to 3·50 mm. Breadth, 2·25 to 2·50. mm.
On a widely distributed Gamasid mite (Leiognathus morsitans, sp. n.), parasitic on the domestic fowl
Authors: Hirst Stanley
Published: July 2009

The species of Leiognathus described below apparently has a very wide distribution in Africa and is also found in Mauritius, China, India and South America. It seems indeed to be the common blood-sucking Gamasid mite of poultry in these countries. As it is highly probable that this parasite transmits spirochaetosis, and perhaps other diseases of the fowl, it is desirable that further information about its distribution and life-history should be obtained. Two instances of this mite attacking man are recorded below in the list of localities.
La limite occidentale de la Glossina morsitans dans le Katanga du Nord
Authors: Par le Docteur Schwetz
Published: July 2009

Je n'aurais pas voulu répéter ici ce que j'avais déjà écrit concernant la G. morsitans dans mes rapports précédents, mais, d'autre part, les renseignements que j'y avais donnés sont nécessaires à la clarté et à la compréhension de ce que je vais dire ici.
Ticks of the Belgian Congo and the diseases they convey.
Authors: Nuttal George H. F.
Published: July 2009

The subject of ticks and the diseases they convey is one of great practical importance to agriculturists and pathologists in such a country as the Congo. Of the species recorded from the Congo, one conveys relapsing fever to man and eight have been shown to convey diseases to domesticated animals in various parts of Africa.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea—IV
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

♀ The entire integument of the head and body metallic and shagreened, or highly raised reticulate; the abdominal tergites being a little smoother. Head in profile triangular, from above somewhat thin, shallowly concave across the frons, rounded behind the eyes from vertex to genae; but medianly, behind the raised ocellar traingle, there is an inconspicuous ridge before the occiput; from in front, exceedingly wide, the scrobes set close together in the middle of the face, well above the base line of the bare eyes. Labrum long, spade-shaped, conspicuous; mandibles similar, bidentate, a little asymmetrical. Antenna thirteen-jointed, with simple cylindrical joints; the divisions of the club indistinct. Thorax much swollen; pronotum almost concealed behind the head; nearly separated into two tergites; prosternum posteriorly truncated, triangular; mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows fine and hardly traceable. Axillae quadrate, touching, or only separated narrowly (?). Scutellum with a transverse suture before the unarmed, rounded apex; mesopleural femoral furrow well-marked, and the prepectus rather large. Wings: forewings with the post-marginal almost obsolete; radius very short, with a terminal group of clear cells instead of the usual linear arrangement. Hind wings with the submarginal cell long and wide. Legs: fore coxae long; hind tibiae bicalcarate without apical comb. Abdomen sessile or practically so; broad, depressed and broadly concave above; very shortly carinate (basal one-third) below. The first tergite (which with ii. and iii. is posteriorly, medianly notched), covers threefourths of the surface; tergite ii. reaches the edge; the third is on the edge; while tergites iv., v., vi., vii. are all ventral in position. The ovipositor is broad, stout, with strong teeth on the needles and central piece.
A new Lygaeid Bug found among Stored Rice in Java
Authors: Distant W. L.
Published: July 2009

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, has requested me to indentify four specimens of a Lygaeid sent to him by Dr. C. J. J. Van Hall from Java, where it was found among stored rice. It is a very distinct species and represents a new genus of which I here give figure and description.
On some African Delphacidae (Homoptera)
Authors: Muir F.
Published: July 2009

Very little is known about the African DELPHACIDAE, especially the tropical forms. For this reason it is worth recording the few species represented in a small collection made by Mr. J. C. Bridwell at Oloke-Meji, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1914. All the specimens were swept from grasses and reeds. It isto be hoped that larger collections will soon be available and that those who work at them will examine and give figures or adequate descriptions of the genitalia, especially of the aedeagus. Owing to the wide distribution ofsome species and the great difference in colour of other species, and the paucity of good specific distinctions in the chroötic characters, it isalmost impossible to identify many species of the Delphacides group without making use of the phallic characters.
Observations on Scale-Insects (Coccidae).—VI
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

Female. Dorsum nude and densely chitinised. Marsupium occupying practically the whole of the interior. Venter (sternites) remaining attached to the food-plant. Legs and antennae present. Cephalic margin with a strongly developed clypeus, lying prone over the mentum. Abdominal stigmata present.