bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new HLA‐A antigen, called LN, closely related to A25, A26 and Aw34
Authors: Mesman B. , Lange G. de , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: July 2010

A new HLA‐A antigen, called LN, is described in this report. It was defined by a panel of antisera against the antigens that make up the HLA‐A10 cross‐reacting group of antigens. Population and family studies confirm that the antigen is a product of an allele at the HLA‐A locus. An unusual CYNAP phenomenon is described, i.e. CYNAP was obtained with one or more of the antigens making up the HLA‐A10 cross‐reacting group.
Detection of two distinct public specificities on HLA‐A28 bearing lymphocytes
Authors: OLDFATHER JOHN W , GEBEL HOWARD M , HOLMES DON J , RODEY GLENN E
Published: July 2010

We have used the antiglobulin augmented cytotoxicity assay and platelet absorption‐elution techniques to investigate crossreactivity among certain antigens coded by the HLA‐A locus. These serologic and absorption studies demonstrated two supertypic determinants, distinct from private determinants, associated with HLA‐A locus gene products. One determinant was present on HLA‐A2, Aw23, Aw24, and A28 bearing lymphocytes; the other was found on HLA‐A28, Aw33, Aw34, and A26 bearing lymphocytes. The second determinant was not associated with HLA‐A25. Both supertypic determinants are associated with HLA‐A28.
Estimating genotype relative risks
Authors: LATHROP G. MARK
Published: July 2010

When a disease is rare in the general population, genotype relative risks can be estimated from case‐control data by adjusting the genotype frequencies in controls to the expected Hardy‐Weinberg proportions. The resulting risk estimates are shown to have a smaller variance than those obtained from the observed genotype frequencies, and test statistics are given for adjusted estimates. The tests are shown to have a larger power for detecting genotype association, and heterogeneity in the genotypic relative risks, than those based on the observed frequencies. An application is given to data on rheumatoid arthritis and HLA‐DR antigens.
Bf F1 and C22 gene frequencies in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) from three South African populations
Authors: Orren Ann , Prescott Ruth A.
Published: July 2010

African (59), Coloured (140) and White (71) IDDM patients were allotyped for Bf and C2. In Africans and Coloureds, unlike Whites, no strong associations with Bf F1 and C22 were observed.
HLA‐A, B and DR in Caucasians with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Saunders Paula H. , Anderson Stephanie A. , Stogdill Valerie D. , Lamm Donald L.
Published: July 2010

When HLA‐A, B and DR antigens in Caucasian patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were compared with controls, no significant alterations in antigen frequencies were found.
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and HLA antigens in a Mestizo population
Authors: PÉREZ‐ROJAS GLORIA E. , PAUL‐MOYA HERNÁNDO , BIANCO NICOLÁS E. , ABADÍ ISAAC
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A and ‐B antigens incidence were investigated in 100 cases of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies and in 303 control individuals of a Venezuelan Mestizo population. Significative increased incidence of B27 was found among 69% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 68% with Reiter syndrome being the incidence in the control group of 2.9%. The B27 negative patients showed 40.4% positivity for Bw35, with spondylitic lesion in 12 out of 17 cases. Our results question the applicability of B27 as diagnostic criteria in the Mestizo patients bearers of a Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy and suggest the need to investigate further the role of antigens of the B locus in the pathophysiology of these clinical entities.
Post transfusion purpura and anti‐Zwb (‐Pla2)
Authors: Taaning E. , Morling N. , Ovesen H. , Svejgaard A.
Published: July 2010

The first two cases of post transfusion purpura (PTP) due to recognized antibodies against the platelet specific antigen Zwb (P1A1) are described. In both cases, the antibodies were detectable in the platelet enzyme immuno‐assay (ELISA), while the platelet specific alloantibodies could be ascertained neither in the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) nor in the platelet fixation test (CFT) due to coexisting potent multispecific HLA‐antibodies. The two sera reacted in parallel (coefficient of correlation, r = 0.87; P < 10−5) and the reactions of the two sera were negatively associated with the Zwa‐antigen (P = 0.0002 and 0.003, respectively). Thus, PTP may be caused not only by anti‐Zwa (‐P1A1) but also by anti‐Zwb.
Analysis of negative and multiple HLA antigen disease associations
Authors: Thomson Glenys , Nicholas Frank W. , Bodmer Walter F. , O'Neill Michael E. , Hedrick Philip W. , Hudes Esther
Published: July 2010

The nature and extent of negative and multiple HLA antigen disease associations are investigated theoretically under two models. The first model assumes that an HLA antigen is involved directly in predisposing individuals to disease. The second model assumes that the association of a particular HLA antigen(s) with a disease is the result of linkage disequilibrium between the allele determining the antigen and alleles at a nearby locus which confers susceptibility to disease. We determined whether observed decreases in antigen frequencies among a patient group are simply the inevitable result of the fact that if one or more alleles at a locus is increased in frequency, then others must be decreased. Under the antigen predisposing model exact predictions concerning allele and antigen class frequencies at the predisposing locus, and the non‐predisposing loci, are given. The predictions are examined using HLA‐DR data for multiple sclerosis.
HLA‐A, B, C and DR antigen associations in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in South African Negro (Black) and Cape Coloured people
Authors: Orren Ann , Taljaard Derek , Toit Ernette du
Published: July 2010

HLAA, B, C and DR antigen frequencies were determined in South African Negro (Black) (50) and Cape Coloured (57) patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in appropriate controls. The Black patients failed to show associations commonly reported for American Black patients with IDDM but did show a weakly significant increase in the DRw9 frequency. However, this antigen was rare even in the patient group and HLA associated genes do not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IDDM in these people. The Cape Coloureds have a high proportion of Caucasoid genes. Coloured IDDM patients had the expected low DR2 and high DR4 frequencies. Unexpectedly the Cape Coloureds failed to show significant associations of IDDM with B8 or DR3.
Simplification of two‐dimensional gel patterns of HLA class II antigens
Authors: Rust Nigel A. , McMichael Andrew J.
Published: July 2010

Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of material immunoprecipitated from radiolabeled cells by anti‐HLA class II monoclonal antibodies has been a useful technique but the patterns observed have varied considerably between laboratories. In this study we investigated the parameters that vary between different laboratories. We found that heterogeneity due to post synthetic modification of β and α chains of DR and DQ can be avoided by labeling cells for 30 min with 35S‐methionine. A mixture of ampholytes pH range 3.5–10: 5–7 of 1:4 run for 3000 V/h gave the best resolution of β and α chains. With this technique we could clearly reveal differences in the DR β–2 chains of those DR2 haplotypes, Dw2, Dw12 and LD'tb24′. The DR β1 position varied between different DR types.
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by HLA‐class II specific monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Koning Frits , Kardol Marrie , Bruning Hans
Published: July 2010

The ability of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against HLA‐class II molecules to mediate in Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated. The results indicate that both MoAbs to monomorphic and polymorphic HLA‐DR and DQ determinants are able to mediate ADCC in an antigen specific manner. However, not all antibodies mediate ADCC to a similar extent. Furthermore, antibodies were identified that appeared to mediate ADCC in an HLA‐DR haplotype dependent fashion. These results indicate that the inhibition of HLA‐class II specific proliferative responses by anti‐class II MoAbs may be influenced by ADCC directed against class II positive stimulator cells.
HLA‐DQ heterogeneity among HLA‐DRw11(5) haplotypes
Authors: Amar Avraham , Mickelson Eric , Hansen John A. , Nepom Gerald T.
Published: July 2010

Class II molecular variation among a panel of ten HLA‐DRw11(5) homozygous cell lines (HCL) was investigated by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genomic DNA. Hybridization of Bgl II, Hind III, and Taq I digested cellular DNA with DQ α and DQ β cDNA probes identified a clustering of characteristic polymorphisms. Considerable diversity was observed between the HLA‐DRw‐11(5), DQw3 positive haplotypes studied, as well as compared to a DRw11(5), DQw1 positive haplotype. In contrast to the observed DQ genomic variability, hybridization with a DR β probe revealed relatively limited diversity. The molecular heterogeneity seen by genomic restriction fragment analysis illustrates the presence of genomic polymorphisms, particularly within HLA‐DQ‐related genes among a family of DRw11(5)‐related haplotypes.
An alloantibody against a class II antigen subtypic to HLA‐DR4 and strongly associated with the cellularly defined Dw14 determinant
Authors: Jakobsen Bodil K. , Platz Per , Ryder Lars P. , Svejgaard Arne
Published: July 2010

A pregnancy‐induced alloantibody has allowed definition of a class II HLA antigen, AE, which has a frequency of about 10% in Danes, is completely included in DR4, and highly significantly (p = 10‐9) associated with the cellularly defined Dw14 determinant which is completely included in AE. AE is absent on Dw4 and Dw13 cells, but was also found on one Dw15 HTC and in two of four Dw10‐positive cells. It is in positive linkage disequilibrium with B40 but not with B15 or B44. It is hypothesized that the AE specificity is due to the co‐occurrence of an arginine in position 71 and an alanine in position 86 of the first domain of the DRB1 chain. However, it cannot be excluded that this antigen belongs to another class II series.
HLA, blood groups and secretor status in patients with established rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Jhinghan B. , Mehra N. K. , Reddy K. S. , Taneja V. , Vaidya M. C. , Bhatia M. L.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DR antigens as well as blood groups and secretor status was studied in sporadic, North Indian patients of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. While HLA‐Aw33 occurred with an increased frequency in the patient group (X2=4.01), no statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of B‐locus antigens. In the DR locus, HLA‐DR3 was found to be significantly increased (50% vs 26.1%, X2=13.8) and DR2 significantly reduced (21.8% vs 47.0%, X2=15.6). Also, there was a preponderance of non‐‘O’ blood group individuals in the patient group as compared to controls. The DR3 association was significant only in those patients of RHD who did not have any previous history of rheumatic fever. These results indicate that susceptibility to rheumatic heart disease is HLA‐class II mediated, with HLA‐DR3 influencing susceptibility and DR2 conferring protection.
Evidence for existence of ST‐16 specificity in Chinese
Authors: Zhao T. M. , Lee T. D.
Published: July 2010

The two new HLA‐B specificities ST‐16 and SH6 were defined for the first time with the local sera in Mexican‐Americans and Chinese, respectively. Using the 9th Worskshop sera, it was confirmed that SH6, Bw6‐associated split of B16, was serologically identical to ST‐16.
HLA and leprosy in Koreans
Authors: Kim S. J. , Choi I. H. , Dahlberg S. , Nisperos B. , Kim J. D. , Hansen J. A.
Published: July 2010

HLA antigens in 157 unrelated Koreans with leprosy have been identified and compared with 162 healthy Korean controls. The patient group consisted of 124 with lepromatous leprosy and 33 with tuberculoid leprosy. Although no significant differences were detected between the two patient groups, several antigens were found to be increased in the combined patient group compared to healthy controls. Two Class I antigens were increased: HLA‐A11 (22% vs 12%) and Aw33 (27% vs 14%). Four Class II antigens were increased: HLA‐DR1 (16% vs 7%), DR2 (39% vs 21%), DRw9 (14% vs 6%) and DQw1 (74% vs 55%). HLA‐DR4 (28% vs 48%), DRw53 (46% vs 69%) and DQw3 (50% vs 75%) in contrast were significantly decreased in patients. Interaction of DR1, DR2, DRw9 and DQw1 as risk factors was analyzed. HLA‐DR2 appeared to be the strongest risk factor. No evidence for synergy between DR1. DR2 and DRw9 was detected. DQw1 was not significantly increased in patients in the absence of DR1 and DR2, and thus it was not apparent in this study that DQw1 was an independent risk factor.
HLA and non‐HLA phenotyping and genotyping in Austral and Gambier Polynesian Archipelagos
Authors: Dehay C. , Gentile B. , Jeannet M. , Thorsby E. , Marcelli‐Barge A. , Dausset J.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐one individuals from Rurutu Island (Austral Archipelagos) and 41 individuals from the Gambier Archipelagos have been typed for HLA; for blood groups ABO, Rh, MNSs, P, Kell, Kp, Lewis, Lutheran, Kidd; for the electrophoretic systems G6PD, 6‐PGD, PGM1, PGM2, AcP, ADA, GPT, Est‐D, GLO I, and for the immunoglobulin allotypes Gm and Km. There is a high degree of homogeneity among these Polynesian populations and among other Polynesian populations previously typed. However, small differences exist between the populations of the two archipelagos, possibly due to endogamy or to the smallness of the samples studied. A variant of HLA‐Bw22 (called Bw22x) is described.
Staphylococcus enterotoxin A modulates interleukin 15‐induced signaling and mitogenesis in human T cells
Authors: Gerwien J. , Kaltott K. , Nielsen M. , Nielsen M.‐B. , Svejgaard A. , Geisler C. , Ropke C. , ødum N.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: T cells expressing the appropriate T‐cell receptor Vβ chain proliferate in response to Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) pulsed antigen‐presenting cells (APQ, whereas other T cells do not (SEA “non‐re‐sponders”). Activated human T cells express MHC class II molecules that are high affinity receptors for SEA. Here we show that, in the absence of APC, SEA induces a profound inhibition of IL‐15‐driven proliferation in MHC class II+, human SEA‐“responder” T‐cell lines. In contrast, proliferation induced by phorbol esther (PMA) was enhanced by SEA. The inhibitory effect on cytokine‐mediated mitogenesis correlates with an inhibition of EL‐2Rβ expression and ligand‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IL.‐2R. Cyclo‐sporin A (CyA), an inhibitor of the protein phosphatase (PP2B) calcineurin, strongly inhibits the SEA‐induced modulations of cytokine receptor expression. Moreover, CyA inhibits both the anti‐mitogenic effect of SEA on cyto‐kine‐induced proliferation and the pro‐mitogenic effect of PMA. In contrast, inhibitors of PP1, PP2A, protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidyl‐inositol‐3‐kinase (PI‐3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are unable to inhibit the effects of SEA. In a SEA “non‐responder” T‐cell clone obtained from the affected skin of a patient with psoriasis vulgaris, SEA does not inhibit IL‐2Rβ expression and IL‐15‐driven proliferation. On the contrary, SEA enhances IL‐15‐ and IL‐2‐induced proliferation via a CyA‐sensitive pathway in this T‐cell clone. In conclusion, the present data show that (i) SEA selectively inhibits IL‐15‐ (but not PMA‐) mediated proliferation in SEA “re‐sponder” T cells, (ii) SEA enhances cytokine‐driven growth in psoriasis T cells with a “non‐responder” phenotype, and (iii) crosstalk between SEA receptors and the LL‐15R (and IL‐2R) pathway is mediated via a PP2B‐de‐pendent and PP1/PP2A‐, PKC‐, PI‐3 kinase‐ and mTOR‐independent pathway in human T‐cell lines.
Sequence of an HLA‐B56 variant (B*5604) identified in the Korean Population
Authors: Lee Kyung Wha , Steiner Noriko , Hurley Carolyn Katovich
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Three alleles encoding molecules with the B56 serologic specificity have been reported thus far. This study characterized an additional allele encoding a B56 molecule from two unrelated Korean individuals. The novel allele, B*5604, differs from B*5602 by a single nucleotide substitution at codon 103 (CTG→GTG) resulting in an amino acid change from leucine to valine. The putative haplotype associated with the novel allele was A2‐B*5604‐Bw6‐Cw7‐DRB1*15‐DRB5*02‐DQAl*01‐DQB1*05.
Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondyiitis
Authors: Fraile A. , Nieto A. , Beraún Y. , Vlnasco J. , Matarán L. , Martín J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Despite the strength of the association of ankylosing spondyiitis (AS) with HLA‐B27, other genetic elements could play a possible role in the pathophysiology of AS. In view of its gene location, in the proximity of the HLA‐B locus, and biological effects, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes are potential candidates for additive susceptibility factors to AS. TNFα and TNFβ genotypes were analyzed by PCR‐RFLP in 57 patients with AS, 102 random controls and 30 HLA‐B*27‐positive controls. No significant differences of TNFα promoter variations at position ‐308 and ‐238 were found in AS patients in comparison with controls. The ‐244 polymorphism was not detected in our population. The TNFβ genotype frequency was significantly different between AS patients and random controls. However, when the distribution of the TNFβ genotype was compared in B*27‐positive AS patients and controls, these differences disappeared. In addition, we demonstrated that the TNFβ*l was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the B*27 allele, which may explain the differences observed for the TNFβ genotype among AS patients and random controls. Our data suggest that the polymorphisms of TNFα and TNFβ genes do not have an independent effect on AS susceptibility.
Heterogeneity of CD44 expression among human B‐cell subpopulations
Authors: Kremmidiotis G. , Ridings J. , Hicks M. , Beckman I.G.R. , Bryson G. , Collins R. , Zola H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: CD44 is a widely distributed cell surface glycoprotein that participates in a number of cellular adhesion and signal transduction processes. Germinal center B cells express very low levels of CD44, whereas their precursors and differentiation products express much higher levels. In immunofluorescence studies comparing 20 antibodies classified as being against the hematopoietic isoform of CD44, one antibody, AIG3, was unreactive with germinal center B cells, whereas the other antibodies showed low intensity but definite reactivity. Western blotting and sequential immunoprecipitation studies of lysates from density‐separated lymphocyte fractions showed two bands that were differentially expressed and reacted differently with AIG3 compared with the other CD44 antibodies. These results suggest that germinal center B cells and non‐germinal center B cells express different forms of CD44.Of 21 malignant B‐cell populations examined, 5 showed reactivity with a “standard” CD44 reagent and significantly reduced reactivity with AIG3, while one sample showed the opposite pattern and the remainder were positive for both reagents. Of 10 cell lines studied, 5 were differentially stained by AIG3 and a standard CD44 antibody. PCR amplification of reverse transcribed mRNA from sorted human tonsil B‐cell subpopulations and Southern blotting showed that B cells express a number of splice isoforms of CD44. These results demonstrate that B cells express multiple forms of CD44; both splice insert isoforms and variants distinguished by AIG3; the form of CD44 expressed depends on B‐cell differentiation state.
A new HLA‐A*24 variant, A*2475, identified by sequence‐based typing in the Korean population
Authors: Kwon O. J. , Oh Y. , Oh J. W. , Seo K. H. , Park C.
Published: July 2010

A novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A*24 allele was identified in the Korean population and designated HLA‐A*2475. The HLA‐A*2475 allele shows one nucleotide difference from A*24020101 in exon 3 at nucleotide position 575 (T→C), resulting in an amino acid change, Leu168Arg.
DRB1*1613N: a novel DRB1 allele with a premature termination codon
Authors: Zhao W. , Guerrero E. , Kerman R. H. , Cano P. , Fernández‐Viña M. A.
Published: July 2010

DRB1 null alleles are extremely rare and always sporadic, suggesting their biological selective disadvantage.
Effects of Cations on Brown Adipose Tissue in Relation to Possible Metabolic Consequences of Membrane Depolarisation
Authors: NEDERGAARD Jan
Published: July 2010

Norepinephrine‐stimulated respiration of isolated hamster brown fat cells is only slightly dependent upon the extracellular concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+, but very dependent upon K+ and Na+.

The inhibition of respiration in the absence of K+ is caused by diminished norepinephrine‐stimulated fatty acid release. However, in the absence of Na+. norepinephrine‐stimulated fatty acid release proceeds virtually unaffected.

Na+‐stimulated Ca2+ release from isolated brown fat mitochondria is higher in preparations from cold‐adapted rats than from control rats.

The extramitochondrial (‘cytosolic’) Ca2+, level is regulated by Na+ in the range 5–25 mM.

K+ in the range 0–20 mM decreases mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and thus promotes the effect of Na+ on the extramitochondrial steady‐state level of Ca2+.

Energy dissipating Na+‐induced Ca2+‐cycling is only of minor thermogenic importance.

Mitochondrial glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase is indirectly regulated by Na+ through an increase in extramitochondrial Ca2+.

Lack of Na+ in the incubation medium for brown fat cells abolishes the inhibitory effect of norepinephrine addition on triacylglycerol synthesis.

It is suggested that the norepinephrine‐induced plasma membrane depolarisation in brown fat cells leads, through the increased Na+ entry, to elevated cytosolic levels of Na+, and that this Na+ has metabolic consequences: it increases the cytosolic Ca+ level, and this Ca+ may regulate enzyme systems, including glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. Lowered levels of glycerol 3‐phosphate within brown fat cells may reduce the rate of fatty acid esterification and, in consequence, acyl‐CoA may be directed towards oxidation.
Studies on Transport of Amino Acids from Peptides by Rat Small Intestine in vitro
Authors: SÉMÉKIVA Michel , VARESI Laurent , GRATECOS Dirnielle
Published: July 2010

By comparison with what is known of disaccharides transport, it has been suggested that intestinal amino‐ peptidase N could, hydrolyze, on the surface of the microvillus membrane, oligopeptides longer than tripeptides and itself subserve the translocation function for the amino acids released from these peptides. This article describes the synthesis of the tritiated azido‐tetrapeptides p‐azido[3H]phenylalanyl‐alanyl‐glycyl‐glycine containing L or D‐alanine. The synthesized products possess a function which displays a11 the characteristics of an aryl‐azide. The photosensitive tetrapeptide formed with LAla‐Gly‐Gly is as good a substrate for porcine and rat aminopeptidases N as unmodified peptides while the tetrapeptide formed with LAla‐Gly‐Gly is not hydrolyzed at all. In addition a pattern of stepwise hydrolysis could be demonstrated and aminopeptidase N is the only exopeptidase present in the mucosal cells capable of utilizing the modified tetrapeptide as substrate.

Uptake assays performed on everted rings of rat jejunum with the azido‐tetrapeptide as substrate have shown that: (a) the azido‐tetrapeptide is not transported intact but must be hydrolyzed first; (b) p‐azido‐ phenylalanine is not released in the external medium and therefore its observed uptake is not from the bulk medium and (c) the azido‐D‐tetrapeptide is only accumulated by passive diffusion. These observations suggest the presence on the brush border membrane of an aminopeptidase‐related transport system.
Regulation of Formation of Threonyl‐tRNA Synthetase, Phenylalanyl‐tRNA Synthetase and Protein Synthesis Initiation Factor 3 from Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro
Authors: ELHARDT Dieter , WIRTH Reinhard , BÖK August
Published: July 2010

The expression of the structural genes for the protein synthesis initiation factor 3 (IF‐3), threonyl‐tRNA synthetase and phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase carried by the transducing phage λp2 was studied in a DNA‐dependent transcription‐translation system in vitro and the results were compared to the regulatory pattern in vivo. In vitro, the DNA of the phage λp2 gives rise to the formation of the two forms of IF‐3 (IF‐31 and IF‐3,) which are known to be present in vivo. The kinetics of synthesis indicate an interconversion of IF‐31 into IF‐3,. Addition of excess purified IF‐3, does not significantly repress IF‐3 synthesis but does stimulate the rate of conversion of IF‐3, into IF‐3,. This apparent lack of autoregulation in vitro is in accordance with gene‐dosage‐ dependent synthesis in vivo. The fact that strains with more than one copy of the IF‐3 structural gene contain a higher relative amount of IF‐3, than do haploid ones suggests that the proteolytic conversion of IF‐3, into IF‐3, may occur predominantly in the free (non‐ribosome‐bound) state.

In vivo, the amount of IF‐3 varies with the growth rate much like elongation factor Tu or aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases. As with the aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases, IF‐3 synthesis is not significantly subject to a stringent control system. This coordinated regulatory response in vivo, however, is not paralleled by the susceptibility of synthesis in vitro to guanosine 3′‐diphosphate 5′‐diphosphate (ppGpp), since IF‐3 formation is inhibited by ppGpp whereas that of threonyl‐tRNA synthetase and phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase is stimulated.
Decreased Candida albicans Killing Activity of Granulocytes from Patients with Diabetes mellitus/Verminderte Candida‐albicans‐Abtötungsaktivität der Granulozyten von Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Raith L. , Csató M. , Dobozy A.
Published: July 2010

Summary: In 18 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and in 15 healthy volunteers the Candida killing activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was tested. Granulocytes from diabetes patients exhibited a significantly depressed Candida killing activity as compared with that of healthy volunteers. Sera from 8 patients with diabetes mellitus failed to influence the Candida killing activity of granulocytes from healthy persons. Further in diabetes mellitus proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes capable of forming rosettes with complement‐coated zymosan beads (C 3 rosette‐forming cells) did not differ from that in the healthy group. The depressed intracellular yeast killing, which seems to be independent of serum factors, may obviously play a significant role in the higher susceptibility of diabetics to Candida infections.

Zusammenfassung: Wir untersuchten bei 18 Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus und bei 15 gesunden Vergleichspersonen die Candida‐abtötende Aktivität von polymorphkernigen Leukozyten. Die Granulozyten von diabetischen Patienten zeigten eine signifikant verminderte Abtötungs‐Aktivität im Vergleich zu der von gesunden Kontrollpersonen. Ein gepooltes Serum von 8 Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Candida‐abtötende Aktivität von Granulozyten gesunder Personen. Bei Diabetikern und Gesunden gibt es keinen Unterschied hinsichtlich des Anteils der Granulozyten, die in der Lage sind, Rosetten mit komplement‐beladenen Zymosanpartikeln (C 3 Rosetten‐bildende Zellen) zu bilden. Die verminderte intra‐zelluläre Hefezell‐Abtötung, die vermutlich unabhängig von Serumfaktoren ist, spielt eine bedeutsame Rolle bei der höheren Empfänglichkeit von Diabetikern für Candida‐Infektionen.
Immunity in cattle vaccinated against ringworm
Authors: Rybnikář A. , Chumela J. , Vrzal V. , Krupka V.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Protective properties of a live, freeze‐dried vaccine against ringworm, produced by Bioveta, Ivanovice na Hané, Czechoslovakia, were tested in a group of 422 calves. Vaccinated and control calves were challenged by epicutane‐ous inoculation of a virulent culture ofTrichophy‐ton verrucosum. Between 4.4 and 9.5% of calves challenged between days 14 and 25 after re‐vaccination showed only mild clinical signs of ringworm and 99–100% were fully protected from day 28, the immunity persisting for at least one year. All control calves showed signs of ringworm after challenge. In most cases, extensive mycotic lesions, also penetrating into deep skin layers, were observed. Protective properties of the Czechoslovak vaccine and a USSR vaccine were high and comparable.

Zusammenfassung.An 422 Kälbern wurde der protektive Wert einer lyophilisierten Lebend‐vakzine gegen Rinder‐Trichophytie geprüft (Hersteller: Bioveta, Ivanovice na Hané, Tsche‐choslowakei). Sowohl die vakzinierten Kälber wie auch die Kontrollgruppe wurden danach mit einem virulentenTrichophyton verrucosum‐Stammepikutan inokuliert. Sämtliche Kontrollkälber erkrankten an Kälberflechte; in den meisten Fällen wurden dabei deutliche mykotische Läsionen beobachtet, die auch bis in tiefere Hautschichten reichten. In der geimpften Gruppe zeigten 4.4–9.5% der Kälber bei Infektion 14 und 25 d nach Revakzination nur milde klinische Kälber‐flechten‐Symptome; bei Infektion 28 d nach Revakzination waren 99–100% der Tiere voll‐kommen geschützt. Der durch die tschechoslowa‐kische Vakzine bedingte Immunschutz war hochgradig, hielt mindestens ein Jahr vor und erwies sich als dem mit einer USSR‐Vakzine erreichbaren vergleichbar.
Drought tolerance of barley varieties in relation to their root system size
Authors: Chloupek O. , Dostál V. , Středa T. , Psota V. , Dvořáčková O.
Published: July 2010

With 2 figures and 4 tables

This study introduces the evaluation of root system size (RSS) for the breeding of barley, in particular for drought tolerance. In 2005–2008, 10–22 varieties of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated at two locations (only one in 2007) for RSS by its electric capacity. The RSS was compared with the yield and the quality of the varieties in state registration trials at 7–19 stations each year. Varieties with a greater RSS than the others varieties had a significantly higher yield in the dry year of 2007. Similar relationships between RSS and yield in the other years were found in only some of the environments. Malting varieties with a greater RSS had significantly higher contents of starch, saccharide extracts and malt extracts, as well as higher yields of protein and starch in 2007. It can be concluded that a small RSS is related to a low grain yield and malt quality in dry environments, even in genetically diverse varieties.
The glucocorticoid receptor is required for experimental adrenocorticotrophic hormone‐induced hypertension in mice
Authors: Zhang Yi , Schyvens Christopher G , Cole Timothy J , McKenzie Katja US , Vickers Janine J , Whitworth Judith A
Published: July 2010

1. In the present study, we have (i) measured basal blood pressure by telemetry in wild‐type (WT) and glucocorticoid receptor knockout (GRKO) mice; (ii) investigated whether or not adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can induce hypertension in GRKO mice; and (iii) investigated the effect of mineralocortocoid receptor blockade on the cardiovascular physiology of GRKO mice.

2. Male WT and GRKO mice were treated with ACTH (2 mg/kg per day s.c.) or spironolactone (100 mg/kg per day s.c.) for 1–2 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a radiotelemetry system. Urinary Na : K, blood glucose concentrations and haematocrit were also measured during the treatment period.

3. Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in GRKO mice (126 ± 4 mmHg, mean ± SEM, n = 11) than WT mice (114 ± 2 mmHg, n = 10; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in baseline haematocrit, blood glucose and urine Na : K ratio in WT and GRKO mice. ACTH raised SBP in WT (135 ± 8 mmHg, n = 8; P < 0.05), but not in GRKO mice (113 ± 9 mmHg, n = 6). Spironolactone treatment did not alter SBP.

4. Basal SBP was higher in GRKO than WT mice; ACTH raised blood pressure in WT, but not GRKO mice; and spironolactone did not alter BP in GRKO or WT mice. These data, together with a previous study showing both ACTH and corticosterone are increased in GRKO mice, show that the GR is required for the development of ACTH‐induced hypertension in mice. Increased endogenous ACTH levels in this model might contribute to the increased basal SBP in GRKO mice, possibly through residual fragments of GR. Mineralocorticoid receptors do not appear to play a critical role in maintaining BP in glucocorticoid receptor deficient mice.
Nitric oxide induced sinusoidal relaxation after a propranolol priming dose in the perfused rat liver reduces propranolol availability on subsequent dosing
Authors: Liu Xin , Zou Yuhong , Khlentzos Alexander M , Yang Yan , Nikolovski Julijana , Weiss Michael , Roberts Michael S
Published: July 2010

1. The present study sought to explain the mechanism leading to reduced availability of propranolol when given after a priming dose in the single‐pass perfused rat liver.

2. Extracellular sucrose space (as a measure of sinusoidal relaxation) in perfused rat liver before and after propranolol or propranolol andNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor) treatment were examined. The results showed that propranolol induces sinusoidal relaxation in the perfused liver and this effect could be abolished by NO synthase inhibitorl‐NAME.

3. Two bolus injections of propranolol were given to the isolated perfused rat liver and outflow concentration‐time profiles of intact propranolol were determined. A two‐phase physiologically based organ pharmacokinetic model was applied to estimate hepatocellular influx, efflux, binding, ion‐trapping and metabolic elimination pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol. The recovery of propranolol in the second injection was approximately 54% of that in the first injection. The permeability‐surface area product, the binding and the intrinsic clearance all increased significantly after prior exposure of the rat liver to the first bolus of propranolol (P < 0.05).

4. Based on the findings of the present study, we propose that the most likely explanation for the reduced availability of a second propranolol dose (after administration of a priming dose) in the perfused liver is a consequence of the NO‐mediated sinusoidal relaxation effect of propranolol, arising from the priming dose. This observation supports the view that the pharmacokinetics of some drugs might be altered by the pharmacodynamic effects of the same drug given earlier in the perfused liver.
Fatigue after myocardial infarction: Relationships with indices of emotional distress, and sociodemographic and clinical variables
Authors: Alsén Pia , Brink Eva , Brändström Yvonne , Karlson Björn W , Persson Lars‐Olof
Published: July 2010

Alsén P, Brink E, Brändström Y, Karlson BW, Persson L‐O. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 326–334 Fatigue after myocardial infarction: Relationships with indices of emotional distress, and sociodemographic and clinical variables

Fatigue and depressive symptoms are relatively common among patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI). The symptoms of depression and fatigue overlap. The present study aimed at identifying patient fatigue and at examining the incidence of fatigue, particularly without coexisting depression, after MI. The sample comprised 204 consecutive patients who had completed the questionnaires Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 after MI (1 week and 4 months). The results showed that fatigue had decreased after 4 months compared with the time of MI onset. Compared with the general population, patients reported significantly higher levels of fatigue. Furthermore, fatigue was associated with depression, but 33% of the sample reported fatigue without coexisting depression after 4 months. In order to prevent or treat patients' symptoms of fatigue after MI, the concepts of fatigue and depression should be assessed separately so as to exclude overlapping effects.
What do consumers want to know in the emergency department?
Authors: Kington Michelle , Short Alison E
Published: July 2010

Kington M, Short AE. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 406–411 What do consumers want to know in the emergency department?

Consumers unexpectedly accessing the complex and confusing context of the emergency department (ED) need appropriately communicated information to minimize unrealistic expectations leading to stressed and frustrated behaviour. This pilot project sought consumer opinions to develop an ED informational brochure to improve communication strategies. Thirty‐two ED consumers attending a large tertiary hospital completed an anonymous one‐page questionnaire comprising 22 topic areas. Descriptive data analysis indicated consumers' interest in information about waiting times, how the ED works, the triage system, identifying staff and parking. Most interest was shown by 31‐ to 50‐year‐old consumers. Pragmatically grouped results suggested the need for three information brochures to enhance health communication in the ED, in turn leading to a safer and more congenial health‐care context.
Reproductive phenology, seed germination and ex situ conservation of Pseudananas sagenarius in a semi‐deciduous tropical forest fragment
Authors: VIEIRA B.C. , SILVEIRA F. A. O.
Published: July 2010

Understanding the life history and ecophysiology of native species is crucial for the restoration of fragmented landscapes, such as the Atlantic Forest. In the present study, we examined the reproductive phenology and specific germination requirements of Pseudananas sagenarius (Bromeliaceae), an understory perennial herb from semi‐deciduous tropical forests. The reproductive phenology was followed for 24 months and the effects of light and temperature on germination were evaluated under constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C for both light and dark conditions. Seeds were also stored for 24 and 36 months before being allowed to germinate at optimum conditions. The reproduction of P. sagenarius was supra‐annual, extended, irregular and non‐synchronic, with seed dispersal occurring at the onset of the rainy season. Seeds are small, orthodox and photoblastic, and the optimum temperature for germination was 25°C, which is consistent with the soil surface temperature at dispersal. Stored seeds showed a minor decrease in germinability, but maintained their viability after 36 months. Recruitment from seed is likely to occur at the onset of the rainy season or after gap formation. Our results suggest that P. sagenarius has the potential to form seedling banks and that seeds retain their germinative potential after storage.
Role of immune molecules in the establishment and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses
Authors: Fourgeaud Lawrence , Boulanger Lisa M.
Published: July 2010

An increasing number of studies support an unexpected role for immune molecules in regulating healthy brain functions during development and in adulthood. Here we review the roles of specific immune molecules (including cytokines, components of the complement cascade, and members of the major histocompatibility complex class I family and their receptors) in the formation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of neural–immune interactions, and suggest novel molecular mechanisms that may underlie the modification of glutamatergic synapses in both normal and pathological states.
Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences
Authors: REHM JÜRGEN , KANTERES FOTIS , LACHENMEIER DIRK W.
Published: July 2010

Issues. This contribution aims to examine systematically the evidence on the impact of the quality of unrecorded alcohol products on health consequences. Approach. Systematic computer assisted review of the literature. Key Findings. There are a number of pathways related to alcohol quality that may lead to acute or chronic health problems. The following constituents and contaminants of alcoholic beverages were identified as likely contributors to these problems: (i) toxic metals (e.g. lead) from contaminated water sources or unsuitable distillation equipment; (ii) volatile constituents, such as acetaldehyde or higher alcohols, which may be produced in significant amounts due to faults in production technology or microbiological spoilage; (iii) ethyl carbamate (urethane), a carcinogenic contaminant with major occurrence in certain fruit and sugarcane spirits; (iv) biologically active flavour compounds (e.g. coumarin in cosmetics used as non‐beverage alcohol); (v) toxic compounds used to denature alcohol (e.g. methanol or diethyl phthalate). In addition, the often higher ethanol content may have detrimental health effects. These pathways should not be assumed as present for all subcategories of unrecorded alcohol, but are more relevant to certain types and geographic regions. Implications. A health impact of unrecorded alcohol over and above the effect of ethanol cannot be excluded. More research is urgently needed, especially with respect to liver disease and alcohol poisoning as endpoints. Conclusion. A feasible approach for new research on the effects of unrecorded alcohol could be based on a representative sample from low socioeconomic regions with high prevalence of unrecorded consumption.[Rehm J, Kanteres F, Lachenmeier DW. Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Three and Four Year Courses In Political Science
Authors: CRISP L. F.
Published: July 2010

The purposes of this paper are in general two. Officially, it is to open a discussion on what the contents and sequence of three‐ and four‐year political science courses should be. Incidentally, however, I wish to argue for some measure of broad uniformity—though by no means for identity of content or treatment—in the Australian universities in the fields and in the sequence of fields to be covered in at any rate the first two years' political science courses.
The Place of Finance Committees in Non‐Labor Politics, 1910–1930
Authors: GRAHAM B. D.
Published: July 2010

[The] enumeration of the different 'external organizations which may bring about the creation of a political party would not be complete without mention of the action of industrial and commercial groups: banks, big companies, industrial combines, employers federations, and so on. Unfortunately here it is extremely difficult to pass beyond the bounds of generalizations and hypotheses, for such action is always cloaked in great discretion. In the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, E. H. Underhill demonstrates the part played in the birth of the Canadian Conservative party in 1864 by the Bank of Montreal, the Grand Trunk Railway, and by Montreal 'big business generally. Similar influences could no doubt be discovered at work in the formation of almost all right‐wing parties; but on this point we have for the most part at our disposal only presumptions (well‐founded, it is true) but not evidence: very tactful investigations would be required to make clear the forms and degrees of influence exerted by capitalist groups on the genesis of political parties.
Leaders, the Economy or Iraq? Explaining Voting in the 2004 Australian Election*
Authors: McAllister Ian , Bean Clive
Published: July 2010

Following the 2001 “border security” election, it was assumed that the 2004 federal election would revert to the traditional campaign battleground of socio‐economic issues. This prediction proved to be only partly true, and while economic and social issues did figure in the election campaign, much more important were popular perceptions of the leaders. Indirectly, the Iraq War also had some impact, mediated through evaluations of John Howard. Analysis of leader effects suggests that Mark Latham was not the electoral liability for Labor that many have subsequently claimed. Ultimately, the Coalition won the election because they had a highly popular leader who had presided over a period of sustained economic growth. The election emphasizes the central role that the party leaders play in modern election campaigns.
“De‐skilling” the 1891 Censuses in New South Wales and Tasmania
Authors: Maddison Ben
Published: July 2010

The 1891 censuses taken in New South Wales and Tasmania abandoned the long‐established practice of grouping working‐class occupations into “skilled” and “unskilled” categories. Instead, they were grouped into “Industrial” categories that did not differentiate between grades or degrees of skill. In this paper the sudden disruption to the preceding practice is explained as an effect of the intersection of two histories: the changing meaning of skill, and the history of scientific method. The paper traces the transformations in meanings of skill from an “artisanal” to an “industrial” form and examines how the two central figures in the construction of the 1891 census — the statisticians T.A Coghlan and R.M Johnston — were enmeshed in that history. Coghlan is usually given the more prominent role in accounts of late nineteenth‐century statistics, but in this case Johnston's expertise in using scientific method was instrumental in the “deskilling” of the census.
“Cocksparrow Diplomacy”: Percy Spender, The Colombo Plan And Commonwealth Relations
Authors: Adeleke Ademola
Published: July 2010

Percy Spender, the Australian Foreign Minister in 1950, played a critical role in the establishment of the Colombo Plan. The programme was proposed by Commonwealth ministers in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in January 1950. In May, Spender hosted the first meeting of the Consultative Committee to work out the modalities for the aid programme. Using Canadian and British sources, the article re‐examines Spender's diplomacy at the Sydney conference. It demonstrates why his conduct elicited such strong condemnation from his fellow ministers and almost precipitated a crisis in Commonwealth relations. It argues that Spender antagonised Commonwealth ministers unnecessarily with his tactics without achieving the objectives he had set for himself. His diplomacy did not advance his vision of the aid programme; instead, the British vision of the Colombo Plan prevailed in Sydney.
Australian Reporting of the Indonesian Killings of 1965–66: The Media as the “First Rough Draft of History”
Authors: Tapsell Ross
Published: July 2010

This article examines Australian press coverage of the Indonesian killings of 1965–66, and considers its legacy for the historical consciousness of events in Indonesia. The Indonesian killings of 1965–66 occurred on Australia's doorstep, at a time when the Cold War dominated the front pages of Australian newspapers. By examining articles from one of Australia's leading newspapers, The Sydney Morning Herald, we show that press coverage of the killings was both limited and distorted. Comments made by correspondents reporting from Indonesia at the time suggest reasons why this was the case. In the rush to write a “first rough draft of history”, the killings in Indonesia were treated as background to the story of leadership change in Jakarta and the defeat of Communism.