bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel membrane-cavity-grating (MCG) meta-structure for enhancing low-frequency sound absorption
Authors: Wang Li Bo , Wu Jiu Hui , Lei Yun Zhong , Niu Jia Min , Huang Yao , Liu Chong Rui
Published: July 2022

For resonant-type absorbers with a back cavity, the improvement of low-frequency sound absorption always depends on increasing the back cavity depth, which hinders its practical application. To realize satisfactory sound absorption performance in low-frequency range (<500 Hz) while keeping the depth of the back cavity unchanged, a membrane-cavity-grate (MCG) meta-structure is proposed. The specific physical mechanisms for sound absorption are analyzed from acoustic impedance and energy dissipate perspectives. Furthermore, some key parameters of the MCG unit cell are investigated to optimize the sound absorption performance. On this basis, a meta-structure with six-unit-cell is proposed. Compared with the structure without the grating, the meta-structure can realize 20% improvement of the average sound absorption coefficient in the range from 300 Hz to 700 Hz with the back cavity depth and the structure size unchanged, which is verified by the high consistency between finite element simulation and acoustic impedance tube experiment results. This work provides a potential avenue for low-frequency noise reduction structure design.
Acoustic Gaussian-Airy beams
Authors: Chen Xizhou , Ding Suyu , Wei Qinran , Tu Juan , Guo Xiasheng , Zhang Dong
Published: July 2022

Acoustic Airy beams as non-diffractive beams possess self-bending, self-healing, and non-diffraction virtues and are expected to have great potential in applications like ultrasonic imaging. Here an analytical theory is provided for Gaussian modulated Airy (gAiry) acoustic beams. It is revealed through numerical calculations and finite element simulations that gAiry beams inherit the merits mentioned above of standard Airy beams. In theoretically predicted and more practical cases where sources of limited apertures generate beams, reduction of side lobes is found in gAiry fields, while bilateral focusing using a pair of beams shows improved field features when compared with focused Airy fields. The theories and observations here can help deploy gAiry beams in applications.
Charge transfer and metal–insulator transition in (CrO2)
m
/(TaO2)
n
superlattices
Authors: Shan Wanfei , Luo Weidong
Published: July 2022

Various interfacial emergent phenomena have been discovered in tunable nanoscale materials, especially in artificially designed epitaxial superlattices. In conjunction, the atomically fabricated superlattices have exhibited a plethora of exceptional properties compared to either bulk materials separately. Here, the (CrO2)
m
/(TaO2)
n
superlattices composed of two lattice-matched metallic metal oxides are constructed. With the help of first-principle density-functional theory calculations, a computational and theoretical study of (CrO2)
m
/(TaO2)
n
superlattices manifests the interfacial electronic properties in detail. The results suggest that emergent properties result from the charge transfer from the TaO2 to CrO2 layers. At two special ratios of

1
:
1

and

1
:
2

between m and n, the superlattices undergo metal-to-insulator transition. Additionally, the bands below the Fermi level become narrower with the increasing thickness of the CrO2 and TaO2 layers. The study reveals that the electronic reconstruction at the interface of two metallic materials can generate interesting physics, which points the direction for the manipulation of functionalities in artificial superlattices or heterostructures within a few atomic layers.
Coordination compound-derived Fe4N/Fe3N/Fe/CNT for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution: a facile one-step synthesis in the absence of extra nitrogen source
Authors: Cui Lei Lei , Leng Wan Cong , Liu Xing , Gong Yun
Published: July 2022

By annealing an Fe(III)–coordination compound (Fe–CC), [FeCl3(Hbta)2] (Hbta = benzotriazole) in the presence of a carbon nanotube precursor (PCNT) template, an Fe4N/Fe3N/Fe/CNT heterostructure was successfully synthesized without an extra nitrogen source. The decomposition of the Hbta in Fe–CC under high-temperature annealing can produce carbon sheets and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and the presence of CNTs can alleviate the stacking of the in situ-generated carbon materials. Meanwhile, iron nitride nanoparticles (NPs) can be anchored on the carbon sheets, and the anchoring effect efficiently prevents the agglomeration of NPs and increases the amount of active catalytic sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Fe4N/Fe3N/Fe/CNT shows an excellent OER activity with a Tafel slope of 63 mV dec−1 as well as overpotentials of 121 (η
10) and 275 mV (η
100) at 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively — far exceeding commercial RuO2 and other catalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that the excellent OER performance of Fe4N/Fe3N/Fe/CNT is associated with the Fe4N/Fe3N heterojunction, which can improve the electron conductivity and boost the electron transfer from N to Fe. The Fe4N/Fe3N/Fe/CNT catalyst exhibits long-term OER activity during 100 h of electrolysis at 20 mA cm−2. This is related to the dual coatings of the in situ-generated thin carbon shell and few-layered rGO on the surface of the iron nitride NPs, which can protect the fast leaching of iron nitride during the OER process. Furthermore, the effects of the annealing temperature, the PCNT template and the heating rate on the calcined products were investigated.
Inverse metal-assisted chemical etching of germanium with gold and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Lidsky D , Cain J M , Hutchins-Delgado T , Lu T M
Published: July 2022

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a flexible technique for texturing the surface of semiconductors. In this work, we study the spatial variation of the etch profile, the effect of angular orientation relative to the crystallographic planes, and the effect of doping type. We employ gold in direct contact with germanium as the metal catalyst, and dilute hydrogen peroxide solution as the chemical etchant. With this catalyst-etchant combination, we observe inverse-MACE, where the area directly under gold is not etched, but the neighboring, exposed germanium experiences enhanced etching. This enhancement in etching decays exponentially with the lateral distance from the gold structure. An empirical formula for the gold-enhanced etching depth as a function of lateral distance from the edge of the gold film is extracted from the experimentally measured etch profiles. The lateral range of enhanced etching is approximately 10–20 μm and is independent of etchant concentration. At length scales beyond a few microns, the etching enhancement is independent of the orientation with respect to the germanium crystallographic planes. The etch rate as a function of etchant concentration follows a power law with exponent smaller than 1. The observed etch rates and profiles are independent of whether the germanium substrate is n-type, p-type, or nearly intrinsic.
Bouncing up and down an incline
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: July 2022

Experimental results are presented concerning the motion of a ball that bounces up an incline a few times then bounces back down again. The number of bounces up the incline is typically small since the speed of the ball in a direction parallel to the incline decreases rapidly, not only during each bounce but also while the ball is in the air. The ball heads back down the incline when it is incident at right angles to the incline.
Experimental Didactic Kit for teaching resistors, capacitors and RC timing circuits
Authors: Schiavon G J , Santos O R , Batista M C , Braga W S , Bratti V M
Published: July 2022

In this work, an alternative Experimental Didactic Kit for teaching resistors, capacitors andRCtiming circuits was developed, using the Arduino platform technology, which is composed of a microcontroller and peripherals, due to the easy access to available teaching materials, enabling the reproduction of the prototype in the future by people with little knowledge in the area, and because it is an open-source platform. In addition, it allows visually impaired students to participate in the activity. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones. Moreover, it can be used as a great option to study resistors and capacitors in general. It also allows for a more detailed work, presenting an advantage in the teaching-learning process when compared to the traditional method, awakening in the student the interest in the study of Physics. We believe that this material is very useful in physics classes, being a great option for other teachers, aiming to improve students’ knowledge and skills.
Development of homogeneous and high-performance REBCO bulks with various shapes by the single-direction melt growth (SDMG) method
Authors: Motoki Takanori , Sasada Rempei , Tomihisa Takuma , Miwa Masaya , Nakamura Shin-ichi , Shimoyama Jun-ichi
Published: July 2022

We have developed a single-direction melt growth method in which REBCO melt-textured bulks grow only vertically from a seed plate utilizing the difference in peritectic temperatures of REBCO. Entirely c-grown YBCO, DyBCO and GdBCO bulks with various sizes and shapes were successfully fabricated with high reproducibility. Disk-shaped bulks showed high trapped fields with almost concentric field distributions, reflecting homogeneous and boundaryless bulk structures. In particular, a YBCO bulk with a 32 mm diameter trapped a high field more than 1 T at 77 K. Furthermore, rectangular and joined hexagonal REBCO bulks were successfully fabricated, showing designed field-trapping distributions reflecting their shapes through well-connected superconducting joints among bulks.
Welding analysis and optimization of ultra- sonic welding in HDPE-5%PBI composite by CODAS decision-making approach
Authors: Ramesh M , Panneerselvam K
Published: July 2022

Engineering plastics are increasingly being used in structural and non-structural applications. As the need for plastics grows, so do the joining requirements. Ultrasonic welding is one of the favoured processes for polymer composites among numerous approaches, especially for bonding plates, automotive panel boards and couplings due to its joint quality and low cost. The High-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix was reinforced with 5 wt% of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibre by twin screw extrusion process and welding samples were prepared using injection moulding. In this study, Ultrasonic welding was used to connect 4 mm-thick lapped HDPE-5wt% PBI composites. Taguchi-based L27 orthogonal array was employed for experiments to study the lateral shear strength (LSS) and Shore-D-Hardness for the input parameters (i) weld duration (30,45 and 60 ms), (ii) frequency (19,20 and 21 Hz) and (iii) horn pressure (1.5, 2 and 2.5 MPa). The relevance of the parameters affecting shear strength and hardness of weld was studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA results shows the frequency (Hz) and weld time (ms) had contributed 32.4% and 31.6% in determining shear strength and weld time (ms) contributes 45% for shore D hardness. The ultrasonic welding process was carried out, and the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach was used to optimise the process parameters. From CODAS assessment the relative evaluation score of 2.444 was achieved by the twenty fifth experiment having the input parameters (IP) at 60 ms welding time, frequency of 21 Hz and pressure at 2.5 MPa considering each output factor with an entropy of 0.5. Fractography and weld morphology of welded joints were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Anisotropy of exchange and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions effects on the stabilization of Néel-type skyrmions
Authors: Li W C , Liu Z Q , Chen J Y , Xie D , Yao X W , Deng Z X
Published: July 2022

In this work, the effect of uniaxial stress on the stability of magnetic skyrmion is studied by use of Monte Carlo simulations. The classical Heisenberg model with anisotropic exchanges and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions is applied to correlate the stress behavior. We calculate magnetization M and skyrmion number Q to estimate the phase transition points, use the spin configurations and their Fourier transform to determine the region of skyrmion state. The h − T phase diagram show the area of skyrmion state is larger with stress than without stress. These results are interpreted qualitatively by the energy competitions between Zeeman, exchanges and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. The simulated results suggest that anisotropy induced by uniaxial stress can stabilize the skyrmion phase.
Porous cage-like microfiber of fly ash magnetic powder (CMS)/polyaniline (PANI) composites with absorption properties
Authors: Li Dawei , Tao* Yulun , Li Shuo , Wu Yuannan , Wang Chaoran , Lv Yinru , Zhu Guisheng , Qiu Haifang , Liu Xin , Chen Chen
Published: July 2022

In order to recycling adsorbent of wastewater, magnetic adsorbents with recycling properties were prepared by fly ash magnetic powder (CMS)-doped polyaniline microfiber composites (CMS/PANI microfiber). The cheap fly ash magnetic powder is obtained from industrial solid waste fly ash. XRD patterns of CMS/PANI microfiber shows that the peaks at 30° are corresponding to the magnetite in CMS. SEM images shows that CMS/PANI fibrous winding structures forming a porous cage, where microfiber have the diameter of 60 nm and the length of 2–3 um. EDS spectra indicated that the magnetic dots monodispersed on the surface of every root of microfiber. BET surface areas of PANI microfiber and CMS/PANI microfiber are 36.42 m2 g−1 and 25.75 m2 g−1, respectively. The different wastewater samples has been used including congo red(CR), methyl orange(MO) and halogenated element ions solutions. The maximum adsorption amounts of CR and MO were 324.68 mg g−1 and 212.3 mg g−1, respectively. Interestingly, the CMS/PANI nanofibre material still adsorbs very well to other ionic wastewaters. The magnetic adsorbent achieves a sorption rate of 70% for Ca2+ containing wastewater under certain conditions. The magnetic adsorbent exhibited 48% adsorption of Cl− and over 90% adsorption of F−, Br− and I−. After six cycles of magnetic separation, the adsorption rate was still above 96%. The adsorption curves and equation fits show that the adsorption process is consistent with the langmuir isotherm model and the quasi-secondary kinetic model.
Development of complexity induced frameworks for charged cylindrical polytropes
Authors: Khan Shiraz , Mardan S.A. , Rehman M.A.
Published: July 2022

The main theme of this work is the development of complexity induced generalized
frameworks for static cylindrical polytropes. We consider two different definitions of generalized
polytopes with charged anisotropic inner fluid distribution. A new methodology based on complexity
factor for the generation of consistent sets of differential equations will be presented. We
conclude our work by carrying out graphical analysis of developed frameworks.
Brane inflation driven by an arctan potential: CMB constraints and reheating
Authors: Neves R.M.P. , Santos da Costa S. , Brito F.A. , Alcaniz J.S.
Published: July 2022

We investigate the early universe evolution in the context of brane inflation driven by a supergravity-inspired arctan potential. We performed a slow-roll and a semi-analytical reheating analyses and obtained constraints on the inflationary parameters in agreement with Planck 2018 data. We also employed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis to perform a parameter estimation of the cosmological parameters, obtaining results in good agreement with the currently available cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillation data. This work establishes the general theoretical predictions of the arctan model, with the results of the statistical analysis corroborating its observational viability.
Influence of injected signal polarization on SBS, SRS, spectral broadening, and self-pulsing properties in high-power fiber amplifier
Authors: Wang Yanshan , Peng Wanjing , Feng Yujun , Wang Jue , Wang Yao , Yang Xiaobo , Ke Weiwei , Sun Yinhong , Ma Yi , Gao Qingsong , Zhu Rihong , Tang Chun
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we construct a narrow-linewidth amplifier based on polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber, which can be injected by a fiber oscillator seed or white noise signal phase-modulated seed. The stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), SRS, spectral broadening, self-pulsing properties of the fiber amplifier when its’ injected signal is 0° or 45° relative to the slow axes of the PM fiber are studied. It is indicated that when the injected signal is launched at 45° relative to the slow axes, the nonlinear effects are significantly suppressed compared with the case of the injected signal is launched parallel to the slow axis. The spectral broadening rate is reduced from 0.14 pm W−1 to 0.0747 pm W−1, the ratio of Raman to laser peak intensity is increased from 20 dB to 30 dB, the SBS threshold is increased by >24%, and the self-pulsing threshold is increased by 28.7%. It is worth noting that the nonlinear properties corresponding to the injected polarization state in our experiment are quite different from some earlier works.
Roles of tensor and isoscalar pairing interactions in β-decay calculations for possible r-process waiting point nuclei with N ~ 82 and 126*
Authors: Bai C. L. , Fang D. L. , Zhang H. Q.
Published: July 2022

In this study, we adopt the self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory with the proton-neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation (pnQRPA) based on the Skyrme force for calculation of the β
− decay half-lives for nuclei with N ~ 82 and 126 on possible r-process paths. In the calculations, the Skyrme interaction (e.g., SKO') is adopted, and the tensor interaction is added self-consistently in both HFB and QRPA calculations. We systematically study how the half-life is changed by varying the strength of the triplet-even (TE) and triplet-odd (TO) components as well as the IS pairing. We find that a variation in strength of the IS pairing of approximately 20% does not produce a substantial effect on β-decay rates with or without the tensor force, while a strength variation of the TO tensor force considerably affects the change in the β-decay half-lives for the very neutron rich N ~ 82 and 126 isotonic chains. In addition, with the inclusion of the tensor force, the GT decay becomes dominant for very neutron-rich nuclei.
A-09 Challenges in Measuring Repetitive Head Impacts, Cognition, and Eye Movements in High School Football Players
Authors: Christianson K , Owusu V , Taylor M , Hopfe D , Pavilionis P , Murray N G
Published: July 2022

Purpose: Assess the feasibility of measuring Repetitive Head Impacts (RHI), cognition, and eye movements across a single season of high school football. Methods: Twelve players were provided an instrumented mouthguard (3200 Hz; Prevent Biometrics, Edina, MA) to evaluate RHI. Mouthguard use was assessed by total impacts and number of games/practices. Seven players also agreed to complete cognitive (ImPACT) and custom eye-tracking (500 Hz; EyeLink II) assessments pre-, mid-, and post-season. Multiple repeated measure ANOVA’s were completed using standard composite scores for ImPACT and oculomotor metrics. Results: Fifty percent of players ever used their mouthguard, and substantial variability in total impacts (M = 86.5, SD = 98.0, Range = 7–277) and number of games/practices (M = 9.8, SD = 7.6, Range = 2–23) were observed among players who did use their mouthguard. Specific completion rates for the 3 cognitive and 3 eye-tracking assessments were 71% each, and 57% of players completed all 6 scheduled assessments. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated Visual Motor Speed (VMS) improved between assessments (p = 0.015). Post hoc analysis showed both VMS and Verbal Memory increased from pre- to mid-season (−5.30(95%CI, −10.47 to −0.12), p = 0.046), (−0.20(95%CI, −13.00 to −1.41), p = 0.024). Conclusions: Variability in mouthguard use and missing assessment rates represent practical challenges in prospectively measuring RHI and utilizing multiple longitudinal assessment methods in high school football players. Although ImPACT results should be interpreted cautiously, future research should consider the potential role of practice effects and/or intentionally poor pre-season effort to explain the increase in performance during the season. A larger sample size will increase the possibility of measuring the effect of RHI on assessment outcomes.
A-10 Influence of Different Normative Reference Standards among Cognitively Normal Former NFL Players
Authors: Conley M , Schaffert J , Cullum C M , Hart J , Didehbani N
Published: July 2022

Purpose: Demographic adjustments (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity) to neuropsychological tests can assist clinical interpretation and avoid false-positive diagnoses of cognitive impairment. The issue of “race” as a criterion for normative adjustment has been highlighted in recent cases among former NFL players. We examined the impact of different normative reference comparisons on neuropsychological scores among cognitively normal Black and White NFL retirees. Methods: Cognitively normal Black (n = 20) and White (n = 20) retirees were age- and education-matched. Measures of attention (Digit Span), processing speed (Coding, TMTA), memory (ROCFT, CVLT), language (FAS, Animals, BNT), and executive function (TMTB) were examined. Independent samples t-tests (using p < 0.01) were conducted between raw and normative scores of Black and White retirees that adjusted for 1) age/education (Mitrushina); 2) age/education/sex (NACC); and 3) age/education/sex/race (Heaton, MOANS/MOAANS). An additional ANCOVA evaluated group differences controlling for baseline estimated IQ. Results: Raw scores differed between groups on TMTB, Coding, and BNT. Mitrushina normative data showed differences on TMTB (p = 0.007) and BNT (p < 0.001). NACC normative data showed differences on the BNT (p < 0.001). ANCOVA (controlling for IQ) of raw scores between groups differed on the BNT (p = 0.002). Heaton and MOANS/MOAANS normative scores did not reveal differences between groups on any test. Conclusions: As expected, the use of different neuropsychological norms influences findings across different sociodemographic groups to various degrees, depending on the test. The underlying contributors to group differences using “race” as a proxy need to be disentangled and understood. Cautious use of demographically-adjusted norms as interpretive guidelines is warranted until these factors are identified.
A-12 Mental Health Outcomes for CFL Athletes with ADHD
Authors: David C V , Varkovetski M , Wagner R , Ree-Fedun Q , Hansen J , Arends T , Naidu D , Mrazik M
Published: July 2022

Purpose: Current research suggests that athletes with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at risk for poorer outcomes arising from sport related concussions (SRC). There is limited research related evaluating mental health outcomes in athletes diagnosed with ADHD. The purpose of the study is to evaluate mental health outcomes among Canadian Football League (CFL) athletes with (ADHD) and to measure outcomes based upon a history of concussion. Methods: Professional football players from the CFL (n = 784) were administered a baseline mental health measure, the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL), as a component of pre-season evaluations as part of a larger cohort study (Active Rehabilitation). Diagnosis of ADHD was the independent variable and HRQL index scores measuring physical functioning, depression, cognitive functioning, were dependent variables. A second analysis compared ADHD athletes with no history of concussion to those with a history of concussion on the HRQL indexes. Results: Participants diagnosed with ADHD (n = 80) had statistically significant differences on the Physical Functioning (t(782) = −3.359, p < 0.001), Depression ((t(782) = −2.820, p = 0.002) and Cognitive (t(782) = −3.570, p < 0.001) domains of the HRQL, compared to athletes without ADHD. Among the athletes who are diagnosed with ADHD, no mental health differences were found between those who have at least one concussion and those who do not. Conclusions: This study did not find a significant effect of concussion on mental health outcomes in participants with ADHD. However, athletes with ADHD present with higher mental health symptoms which may merit closer monitoring.
A-13 A Description of Patient Characteristics and Predictors for Vestibular Therapy Referral Following Concussion
Authors: Fedor S , Womble M , Elbin R J
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To describe patient characteristics and predictors for vestibular therapy referral among concussion patients with vestibular and ocular motor dysfunction. Methods: Medical records from 1083 patients (12-50 yrs) seeking care for concussion within 30 days of injury were extracted. Demographics and clinical outcomes (symptoms, vestibular/oculomotor change scores, and state anxiety) were described and associations between referral and these variables were explored with chi-square analyses and a logistic regression. Results: Twenty-one percent (229/1083, Mage = 22.34, SD = 10.26 yrs, 64% female) of patients received vestibular therapy referral. The most frequent risk factors included symptom burden (94%), vestibular/ocular motor symptom provocation (88%), convergence insufficiency (73%), state anxiety (66%), and post-traumatic migraine (PTM) (52%). The LR (χ2(13, 1083) = 142.24, p < 0.001) revealed vestibular/ocular motor provocation (adjusted OR = 3.88, p < 0.001) showed the greatest likelihood for referral followed by symptom burden (adjusted OR = 2.78, p < 0.001), convergence insufficiency (adjusted OR = 2.77, p < 0.001), first clinical visit longer than one week (adjusted OR = 1.90, p < 0.001), and on-field dizziness (adjusted OR = 1.51, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Approximately 25% of concussed patients receive vestibular therapy. These patients have more vestibular/ocular motor impairment, dizziness, and overall symptom burden.
A-18 MRI-based Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS) Index: No Differences between Athletes and Non-Athletes
Authors: González P , Rosella P , Totterman S , Schreyer E , Venkataraman A , Meyers S , Tamez-Peña J
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To evaluate for differences in patients with post-concussive syndrome from sports-related versus non-sports related mTBI using a machine-learning algorithm of MRI data. Methods: For this retrospective study, we explored the MRI records of 28 Athletes (17 M, 11F) and 16 non-Athletes (6 M, 10F) with a history of concussion and clinical PCS, and 73 no concussed reference controls (26 M,47F). All subjects were between 19 and 35-years in age. The MRI studies were done in a clinical 3 T MRI scanner. MPRAGE, DTI-FA and DTI-ADC images were used to extract radiomics features from automatically segmented MRI structures of the brain. After that, the radiomic features were processed to extract the MRI-PCS Index (Qmetrics Technologies, Rochester, NY). MRI-PCS Index is an Artificial-Intelligence (AI) derived holistic evaluation of brain health that ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The index indicates the degree of signal/structural abnormalities found in the brain tissue of a concussed subject when compared to a non-concussed subject; hence it provides an objective measurement of PCS. Results: The sports played by the athletes were mainly football, hockey, lacrosse, and soccer while non-Athletes were mainly concussed in motor vehicle accidents. Athletes MRI-PCS Index was similar to non-Athletes (0.78 vs 0.78, p = 0.89) and both indexes were very different to the reference control (MRI-PCS Index = 0.23, IQR = 0.10–0.38, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The MRI-PCS Index, an objective measurement of structural brain health, indicated that subjects that suffer from PCS present similar MRI abnormality burden regardless of whether the mTBI was related to sports injuries or other trauma.
A-23 Neurorehabilitation of Equestrians with Post-Concussive Syndrome Decreases Symptom Severity
Authors: Kalambaheti E , Kornfeld S
Published: July 2022

Purpose: The literature shows the risk of concussion for equestrians is equivalent to or greater than athletes in contact sports with approximately half of all equestrians reporting one or more concussions in their career. Despite this, the majority of equestrians do not receive care for their concussion which can lead to chronic neuropsychological symptoms and post-concussion syndrome. Methods: A neurorehabilitation clinic treated 6 equestrians, 100% female with an average age of 40.5 years (+/−9.5), with post-concussion syndrome following head injuries received while riding. A 5-day, multi-modal neurorehabilitation program was administered in 10 one-hour treatment sessions. Each session consisted of a patient-specific combination of photobiomodulation, repetitive peripheral somatosensory stimuli, neuromuscular reeducation, vestibular rehabilitation, orthoptic exercises, cognitive exercises, and/or off-vertical axis rotation utilizing a multi-axis rotational chair. Results: On intake, average overall symptom severity score of the SCAT5 graded symptom checklist was 44.17 (+/−23.90), and average severity of emotional domain symptoms (Nervousness/Anxiety, Irritability, Sadness, More Emotional) was 6.67 (+/−4.80). On exit, the average emotional domain symptom severity score decreased by 67.50% (2.17 +/−2.14) while the average total symptom severity score decreased by 57.74% (18.67 +/−14.60). Conclusions: The results show that neurorehabilitation was beneficial at decreasing overall symptom severity in equestrians with post-concussion syndrome, especially symptoms within the emotional domain. The authors suggest further research be performed with a more diverse and larger population and further concussion education be provided to equestrians to promote seeking care following a head injury.
A-31 Examining Interactions between Concussion Population and Biological Sex on Post-Concussive Symptom Reporting in FITBIR
Authors: Merritt V C , Thomas M L , Witten C , Jak A J
Published: July 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine interactions between population (sport/civilian vs. military) and biological sex (females vs. males) on post-concussive symptom reporting using Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research (FITBIR) data. Methods: Data were obtained from the national FITBIR informatics system. Studies released as of 04/07/21 that included both males and females with a history of concussion were included. In total, 6 studies with 9957 participants (8918 sport/civilian, 1039 military; 3209 females, 6748 males) were evaluated. Symptom measures included the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-3rd Edition, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, and Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. These measures were harmonized to generate an overall composite score and three symptom domains (somatic, affective, and cognitive). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Symptom scores were regressed onto population, sex, and the population-by-sex interaction. Results: We found significant main effects of population (military>sport/civilian; beta(β) = 0.30, p = 0.003) and sex (females>males; β = 0.06, p < 0.001) on the overall composite, as well as a significant population-by-sex interaction such that female service members/veterans endorsed the highest rates of symptoms (β = 0.27, p < 0.001). Similar patterns of significance and effect sizes were observed for the somatic and affective composites. Cognitive symptom composites showed a similar pattern, but with smaller effect sizes overall. Conclusions: Findings increase our understanding of population and sex-specific experiences following concussion, suggesting a need for individually-tailored treatments and interventions for these groups. Future studies are planned using FITBIR data to further explore the population-by-sex interaction on post-injury outcomes.
A-38 Sport-related Concussion as a Stressor: Differential Memory for Emotion and Neutral Words
Authors: Riegler K E , Thomas G A , Bradson M L , Arnett P A
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To explore if the acute stress associated with sport-related concussion (SRC) leads to differential memory for neutral versus emotion words. Based on a Roozendaal and colleagues’ (2002) model of stress and memory, we hypothesized: Following SRC, athletes will demonstrate better recall for neutral compared to emotion words at immediate recall but demonstrate the reverse pattern on delayed recall, with better recall for emotion compared to neutral words. Methods: 80 (73 Males,7 Females) collegiate athletes completed a neuropsychological evaluation within 14 days of SRC. Two verbal learning and memory tasks were administered: neutral words [Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)] and emotion words [Affective Word List (AWL)]. Both tasks had three learning trials and a delayed (20–25 minutes) recall. Paired samples t-tests were conducted to compare memory for emotion words (AWL) and neutral words (HVLT-R): AWL Total Immediate Recall vs. HVLT-R Total Immediate Recall and AWL Delayed Recall vs. HVLT-R Delayed Recall. Results: Following concussion, athletes’ memory for neutral words (M = 94.92, SD = 16.17) did not significantly differ from memory for emotion words (M = 96.83, SD = 18.28) on immediate recall trials, (t(79) = −0.91, p = 0.37, d = 0.11). However, memory for emotion words (M = 96.83, SD = 16.98) was significantly better than memory for neutral words (M = 90.84, SD = 20.58) after a delay, (t(79) = 2.97, p = 0.004, d = −0.33). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the stress associated with SRC differentially impacts delayed retrieval of neutral compared to emotion words. Because memory is often impaired following SRC, a more nuanced examination of learning and memory can help clinicians understand neuropsychological deficits associated with SRC, and possibly have implications for addressing memory difficulties.
A-48 The Relationship Between Concussion History and Emotional and Behavioral Dyscontrol Domains of Health-Related Quality of Life in College-Aged Individuals
Authors: Tracey A J , Zynda A J , Valovich McLeod T C , Covassin T
Published: July 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between concussion history and emotional and behavioral dyscontrol domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in college-aged individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study of individuals ages 18–25 years was conducted. Participants completed demographics, medical history, and the Neuro-QOL Emotional and Behavioral Dyscontrol Short Form (Neuro-QOL). A t-score > 50 on the Neuro-QOL indicated better outcomes for emotional and behavioral dyscontrol. A Mann–Whitney U Test compared scores on the Neuro-QOL between individuals with and without self-reported concussion history. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between concussion history on the probability of higher or lower Neuro-QOL scores. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Two hundred fifty-two participants (155 female; age = 19.95 years; SD = 1.53 years) were included, 76 (30.2%) with concussion history and 176 (69.8%) without concussion history. No significant difference in Neuro-QOL t-scores was noted between groups (concussion history: t = 49.4, SE = 2.4; no concussion history; t = 49.4, SE = 2.4; p = 0.47). Individuals with reported concussion history were 1.16 times more likely to score higher on the Neuro-QOL than those without concussion history when controlling for gender (95% CI [0.66, 2.04]); however, this was not significant (p = 0.61). Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest that emotional and behavioral dyscontrol domains are not influenced by prior concussion history. Future research should continue to explore HRQoL domains (e.g., physical health, psychological health, social relationships, environment) most impacted by concussion, as well as the influence of prior mental health conditions or behavioral dysfunction following a subsequent injury.
Choices by organisms: on the role of freedom in behaviour and evolution
Authors: Kull Kalevi
Published: July 2022

Neo-Darwinian biology has demonstrated that it is possible to construct a theory of life that excludes the role of organisms’ free choice. In a richer theory, the latter as a possibility needs to be taken into account. For that purpose, it is necessary to introduce the biological concept of choice, analyse its structure and roles, and consider some implications for biological theory. It is argued here that the conditions for free choice emerge together with umwelt—the space of synchronous options. Basically, choice does not require purpose. This leads to the conclusion that freedom is an attribute of life.
Multiple cortical visual streams in humans
Authors: Rolls Edmund T , Deco Gustavo , Huang Chu-Chung , Feng Jianfeng
Published: July 2022

The effective connectivity between 55 visual cortical regions and 360 cortical regions was measured in 171 HCP participants using the HCP-MMP atlas, and complemented with functional connectivity and diffusion tractography. A Ventrolateral Visual “What” Stream for object and face recognition projects hierarchically to the inferior temporal visual cortex, which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex for reward value and emotion, and to the hippocampal memory system. A Ventromedial Visual “Where” Stream for scene representations connects to the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus. An Inferior STS (superior temporal sulcus) cortex Semantic Stream receives from the Ventrolateral Visual Stream, from visual inferior parietal PGi, and from the ventromedial-prefrontal reward system and connects to language systems. A Dorsal Visual Stream connects via V2 and V3A to MT+ Complex regions (including MT and MST), which connect to intraparietal regions (including LIP, VIP and MIP) involved in visual motion and actions in space. It performs coordinate transforms for idiothetic update of Ventromedial Stream scene representations. A Superior STS cortex Semantic Stream receives visual inputs from the Inferior STS Visual Stream, PGi, and STV, and auditory inputs from A5, is activated by face expression, motion and vocalization, and is important in social behaviour, and connects to language systems.
Evolution of novel strains ofEnsifernodulating the invasive legumeLeucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit in different climatic regions of India through lateral gene transfer
Authors: Chouhan Bhawana , Tak Nisha , Bissa Garima , Adhikari Dibyendu , Barik Saroj K , Sprent Janet I , James Euan K , Jha Shweta , Gehlot Hukam S
Published: July 2022

More than 200 root-nodule bacterial strains were isolated from Leucaena leucocephala growing at 42 sampling sites across 12 states and three union territories of India. Genetic diversity was observed among 114 strains from various climatic zones; based on recA, these were identified as strains of Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. In multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) strains clustered into several novel clades and lineages. Ensifer were predominant nodulating genotype isolated from majority of alkaline soils, while Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium strains were isolated from a limited sampling in North-Eastern states with acidic soils. Positive nodulation assays of selected Ensifer representing different genetic combinations of housekeeping and sym genes suggested their broad host range within the closely related mimosoid genera Vachellia, Senegalia, Mimosa, and Prosopis. Leucaena selected diverse strains of Ensifer and Mesorhizobium as symbionts depending on available soil pH, climatic, and other edaphic conditions in India. Lateral gene transfer seems to play a major role in genetic diversification of Ensifer exhibited in terms of Old World vs. Neotropical genetic make-up and mixed populations at several sites. Although Neotropical Ensifer strains were most symbiotically effective on Leucaena, the native Ensifer are promiscuous and particularly well-adapted to a wide range of sampling sites with varied climates and edaphic factors.
Modelling alternating current effects in a submerged arc furnace
Authors: Luckins Ellen K , Oliver James M , Please Colin P , Sloman Benjamin M , Valderhaug Aasgeir M , Van Gorder Robert A
Published: July 2022

Modelling the production of silicon in a submerged arc furnace (SAF) requires accounting for the wide range of timescales of the different physical and chemical processes: the electric current which is used to heat the furnace varies over a timescale of around $10^{-2}\,$ s, whereas the flow and chemical consumption of the raw materials in the furnace occurs over several hours. Models for the silicon furnace generally either include only the fast-timescale, or only the slow-timescale processes. In a prior work, we developed a model incorporating effects on both the fast and slow timescales, and used a multiple-timescales analysis to homogenise the fast variations, deriving an averaged model for the slow evolution of the raw materials. For simplicity, in the previous work we focussed on the electrical behaviour around the base of a single electrode, and prescribed the current in this electrode to be sinusoidal, with given amplitude. In this paper, we extend our previous analysis to include the full electrical system, modelled using an equivalent circuit system. In this way, we demonstrate how the two furnace-modelling approaches (on the fast and slow timescales) may be combined in a computationally efficient way. Our previously derived model for the arc resistance is based on the assumption that the dominant heat loss from the arc is by radiation (we will refer to this as the radiation model). Alternative arc models include the empirical Cassie and Mayr models, which are commonly used in the SAF literature. We compare these various arc models, explore the dependence of the solution of our model on the model parameters and compare our solutions with measurements from an operational silicon furnace. In particular, we show that only the radiation arc model has a rising current-voltage characteristic at high currents. Simulations of the model show that there is an upper limit on the length of the furnace arc, above which all the current bypasses the arc and flows through the surrounding material.
What is mathematical logic? An Australian odyssey
Authors: Newsome Crossley John
Published: July 2022

John Crossley settled in Australia in 1968 having been a graduate student and later University Lecturer at Oxford. This is a brief account of his logical career. It is a revised version of a webcast talk for World Logic Day on 14 January 2022.
Passive learning and incidental exposure to news
Authors: Stroud Natalie Jomini , Scacco Joshua M , Kim Yujin
Published: July 2022

Three criteria for political learning are opportunity, ability, and motivation. Models of passive learning call into question whether motivation is a necessary condition for learning about politics. Passive learning contends that incidental, or unintended, exposure to political content can produce learning among those unmotivated to view the content. To date, researchers have not found a way to conclusively test the idea of passive learning. By designing an experiment that gives individuals a choice in media content, we propose one strategy for testing passive learning among the unmotivated. Across four studies, the results illustrate limitations on the circumstances under which passive learning occurs and suggest that learning results from situations where incidental exposure sparks motivation.
On the psychophysiological and defensive nature of psychological reactance theory
Authors: Clayton Russell B
Published: July 2022

This study incorporated the dual-motivational theory with psychological reactance theory to investigate the cognitive and emotional responses that unfold when audience members encounter a freedom-threatening message and experience psychological reactance. A total of 100 college-aged, daily e-cigarette users were purposively recruited and randomly assigned to view four, 30-second anti-vaping public service announcements (PSAs) in random presentation featuring either dogmatic or suggestive language. As expected, daily e-cigarette users in the dogmatic anti-vaping PSA condition self-reported greater unpleasantness, freedom threat, psychological reactance, and behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes than daily e-cigarette users in the suggestive anti-vaping PSA condition. Daily e-cigarette users in the dogmatic anti-vaping PSA condition also had greater defensive motivational reactivity during message exposure as indicated by greater corrugator muscle activation, skin conductivity levels, and less heart rate deceleration than daily e-cigarette users in the suggestive anti-vaping PSA condition. Taken together, this study provides substantial evidence of the psychophysiological and defensive nature of psychological reactance theory.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dyslipidemia: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies
Authors: Bahadorpour Sedigheh , Hajhashemy Zahra , Saneei Parvane
Published: July 2022

Context

Findings of previous observational studies that examined the association between circulating vitamin D levels and lipid profiles have been inconsistent.

Objective

A dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies was conducted to investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dyslipidemia in adults.

Data Sources

Electronic databases were searched systematically for articles published up to June 2021.

Data Extraction

Fifty-seven observational studies and 2 cohort studies that reported odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) with 95%CIs for dyslipidemia in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adults were included.

Data Analysis

A high level, vs a low level, of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was related to a significant 19% decrease in the odds of hypertriglyceridemia (OR 0.81; 95%CI, 0.74–0.89), an 18% reduction in low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR 0.82; 95%CI, 0.76–0.89), and an 18% reduction in dyslipidemia (OR 0.82; 95%CI, 0.75–0.91). No significant association was found between a high vs a low level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (OR 0.86; 95%CI, 0.62–1.19) or hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.03; 95%CI, 0.93–1.15). Dose-response analyses demonstrated that each 10 ng/mL increase in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was linked, respectively, to a 7% (OR 0.93;95%CI, 0.85–1.02), a 3% (OR 0.97; 95%CI, 0.90–1.05), and a 4% (OR 0.96; 95%CI, 0.92–1.00) marginally significant decrease in the odds of hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and dyslipidemia.

Conclusion

Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with significant reductions in the odds of hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and dyslipidemia in a dose-response trend.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021219484.
Unequal but just? Experimental evidence on (gendered) distributive justice principles in parental financial gifts
Authors: Tisch Daria , Gutfleisch Tamara
Published: July 2022

Research has documented gender inequalities in parental financial gifts, but it is unclear under which conditions these inequalities are socially accepted. We combine distributive justice theory with sociological and economic perspectives on intergenerational transfers to examine perceptions of fair allocations of parental gifts. By manipulating children’s characteristics in a multifactorial vignette experiment, we conducted in Germany in 2020 (N = 4284 observations of 714 respondents), we test the prevalence and gendered application of four justice principles (equality, need, entitlement and equity). While the equality principle was widespread, unequal gifts were legitimized both by children’s financial needs (unemployment) and exchange services (helping in parents’ household). These results indicate that the family is perceived as an agency for economic redistribution, potentially affecting society’s socio-economic structure. Moreover, exchange services weighed more for sons while needs weighed more for daughters, suggesting that gendered fairness perceptions are one possible mechanism explaining gender inequalities in financial gifts.