bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal path finding with space‐ and time‐variant metric weights via multi‐layer CNN
Authors: Kim Hyongsuk , Son Hongrak , Roska Tamás , Chua Leon O.
Published: August 2002

Analogic CNN‐based optimal path‐finding algorithm is proposed to solve the problem with space‐ and time‐variant metric weights. The algorithm is based on the analog version of modified dynamic programming which is associated with non‐linear templates and multi‐layer CNN employing the distance computing (DC), the intermediate (I), and the path‐finding (PF) layers. The cell outputs of I layer are jointly utilized among the cells on the DC layer and the PF layers, which allows the network structure to be compact. The arbitrary levels of metric weights can be provided externally and the real‐time processing of the optimal path finding is achieved on the space with the time‐variant metric weight. Parallel‐processing capability for the multiple optimal path finding is the additional property of the proposed algorithm. The proposed multi‐layer CNN structure and its non‐linear templates are introduced. The proper operation of the proposed structure is verified through theoretical analysis and simulations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Karyotyping of comparative genomic hybridization human metaphases by using support vector machines
Authors: Kou Zhenzhen , Ji Liang , Zhang Xuegong
Published: August 2002

Background

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a relatively new molecular cytogenetic method for detecting chromosomal imbalance. Karyotyping of human metaphases is an important step to assign each chromosome to one of 23 or 24 classes (22 autosomes and two sex chromosomes). Automatic karyotyping in CGH analysis is needed. However, conventional karyotyping approaches based on DAPI images require complex image enhancement procedures.

Methods

This paper proposes a simple feature extraction method, one that generates density profiles from original true color CGH images and uses normalized profiles as feature vectors without quantization. A classifier is developed by using support vector machine (SVM). It has good generalization ability and needs only limited training samples.

Results

Experiment results show that the feature extraction method of using color information in CGH images can improve greatly the classification success rate. The SVM classifier is able to acquire knowledge about human chromosomes from relatively few samples and has good generalization ability. A success rate of moe than 90% has been achieved and the time for training and testing is very short.

Conclusions

The feature extraction method proposed here and the SVM‐based classifier offer a promising computerized intelligent system for automatic karyotyping of CGH human chromosomes. Cytometry 47:17–23, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrated video and voice transmission using packet reservation multiple access
Authors: Yeh Sheng‐Cheng , Wu Jung‐Shyr , Liang Yuan‐Cheng
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a new protocol for the integration of voice and video transmission over the packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) system that is a modification of reservation‐ALOHA protocol. We focus on low bit‐rate video applications like video conferencing and visual telephony for wireless communications. The ITU–T H.263 standard provides a solution to the need for low bit‐rate video compression under 64 kbytes/s. The proposed protocol assumes that each voice terminal follows a traffic pattern of talk spurts and silent gaps with fixed permission probability (p=0.3), and each video terminal has the higher permission probability (p=1) to access the available slot based on ITU–T H.263 standard. Again, we present a ‘pseudo‐reservation’ scheme to release slots reserved by video terminals according to the contents of each video transmission buffer, and the active voice terminals can temporarily access the additional slots to improve the performance without sacrificing the video capacity of the system. The packet dropping probability of the active voice terminals and bandwidth utilization of the system are superior to the original PRMA, as indicated in simulation results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ATM‐based wireless broadband access in the local loop
Authors: Eichinger Josef , Möhrmann Karl Heinz , Sommer Jörg , Zirwas Wolfgang , Plattner Alfred , Willke Stefan
Published: August 2002

Broadband networks using wireless transmission techniques are a quick and flexible means of implementing subscriber access. Unoccupied frequency bands with sufficient bandwidth to allow the transmission of digital signals at very high bit rates are found only in the microwave bands. Because the path loss is fairly high at these frequencies, the diameter of radio cells is limited to a maximum of a few kilometres. This results in a microcellular system, which is best implemented in the form of a point‐to‐multipoint system, where one radio‐base station serves all subscribers registered in that radio cell. An interactive, broadband, ATM‐based radio local loop has undergone successful trials in Munich. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A WDM control architecture and destination conflicts analysis
Authors: Pountourakis Ioannis E. , Stavdas A.
Published: August 2002

The well‐known Single‐hop Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks using passive star topology, provide direct connection between the source and the destination of a data packet but require some pretransmission coordination between the stations over a control channel. Since the electronic processing bottleneck that the single control channel architecture introduces is high, we propose a new WDM control architecture to overcome this problem. Also, we develop and analyse a queueing model of the network in order to obtain the queue length distribution and loss probabilities at the receiving sides of the stations. A rigourous method is developed to examine the receiver collision phenomenon and to evaluate the performance reduction due to the finite number of tuneable receivers at each station and finite population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibre‐optic network architectures for on‐board digital avionics signal distribution
Authors: Alam Mohammad F. , Atiquzzaman Mohammed , Duncan Bradley D. , Nguyen Hung , Kunath Richard
Published: August 2002

Continued progress in both civil and military radio‐frequency (RF) digital avionics applications is overstressing the capabilities and reliability of existing RF communication networks based on coaxial cables on board modern aircrafts. Future avionics systems will require high‐bandwidth on‐board communication links that are lightweight, immune to electromagnetic interference, and highly reliable. Fibre‐optic networks can meet all these challenges in a cost‐effective manner. Recently, on‐board fibre‐optic communication systems, where a fibre‐optic network acts like a local area network (LAN) for digital data communications, have become a topic of extensive research and development. However, modern digital avionics systems require a system capable of transporting microwave and millimeter‐wave RF signals that carry digital data on board an aircraft.Such optical networks transporting RF signals are completely different from the digital fibre‐optic communication systems.

Recent advances in optoelectronics technology, including linear optoelectronic devices and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), have opened a number of possibilities for designing on‐board fibre‐optic networks, including all‐optical networks for digital avionics RF signal communication. Theobjectiveof this paper is to present a number of optical network architectures for transmitting RF signals carrying digital data in an aircraft.

In this paper,we investigate a number of different approaches, including all optical architectures, for building an optical network using fibre‐optic transmission of on‐board VHF and UHF RF signals. The relative merits and demerits of the network architectures are discussed, and the suitability of the architectures for particular applications is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a multiple priority reservation MAC to support differentiated services over HFC systems
Authors: Angelopoulos J. D. , Leligou N. , Orphanoudakis Th. , Pikrammenos G.
Published: August 2002

The successful commercial deployment of Hybrid Fibre/Coaxial (HFC) access networks in the residential market has so far been driven by demand for faster Internet access and the prospects of a host of new services based on real‐time voice and video. To sustain their growth rates and compete with alternative approaches, such as ADSL, they must be enhanced with the capability to efficiently handle quality‐intensive real‐time services. The new multi‐service paradigm mandates isolation of traffic classes, conditioning of entering traffic and preventive control in addition to traditional closed‐loop control. The differentiated services (DiffServ) architecture with its relevant traffic control tools and the bundling of behaviour aggregates is particularly suited to the H/W‐based MAC of HFC systems. It constitutes a suitable framework enabling the support of proliferating real‐time voice‐ and video‐based services while aligning the system to the emerging Internet strategy of scalable service differentiation. The implementation of such a solution in the ACTS 327AROMA research project is presented in this paper. The performance of the system is evaluated using computer simulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in women at low risk for cervical cancer
Authors: Becker Eduardo , Edelweiss Maria Isabel , Nonnenmacher Bernadete , Bozzetti Mary Clarisse
Published: August 2002

Our aim was to determine the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in a population at low risk for cervical cancer in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Sociodemographic data and gynecological and obstetrical history from 977 women screened at an outpatient clinic were recorded. Specimens were collected for Papanicolaou cervical cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy (if indicated). Sixty‐two (6.3%) patients presented ASCUS, 21 (2.1%) presented low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 6 (0.6%) presented high‐grade lesions. Presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cervical cells (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57; confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.11–2.23), history of HPV infection (OR = 3.12; CI 95% = 1.22–7.96), and becoming sexually active at 18 yr or younger (OR = 1.70; CI 95% = 1.15–2.51) were independently associated with ASCUS. ASCUS patients reported HPV infections and presented HPV DNA in cervical cells more often than did patients with normal cytology; therefore, they should be carefully monitored to ensure early detection of cancer precursor lesions and prevention of cervical cancer. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:276–282, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of antibodies to HBME‐1 and calretinin for the detection of mesothelial cells in effusion cytology
Authors: Fetsch Patricia A. , Simsir Aylin , Abati Andrea
Published: August 2002

The distinction of mesothelial cells in cytologic samples is often a diagnostic challenge. This is particularly true in potentially malignant effusions in which reactive mesothelial cells may simulate adenocarcinoma (ACA) cells, and in the differentiation of ACA vs. mesothelioma. We sought to determine the superior antibody for the positive identification of mesothelial cells in these circumstances.

Cell block sections of 25 reactive and 8 malignant mesothelioma effusions were immunostained with an avidin‐biotin procedure, using antibodies to HBME‐1 and calretinin. No pretreatment of samples was necessary for the HBME‐1‐stained slides; microwave antigen retrieval was performed on all slides stained for calretinin. A negative control was performed on each sample. The staining intensity of tumor cells was scored on a scale of 0–3+, with the proportion of immunoreactive cells categorized as <25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, and >75%.

The predominant staining pattern for HBME‐1 was surface, with rare samples also exhibiting cytoplasmic staining as well. The calretinin‐staining pattern was cytoplasmic, with peripheral condensation/prominence and accompanying nuclear staining. All samples were immunoreactive with both antibodies. Fifty‐five percent (18/33) of samples showed significantly stronger immunoreactivity with calretinin than with HBME‐1; 45% (15/33) of samples showed equivalent staining with the two markers. None of the samples in this study showed stronger immunoreactivity with HBME‐1 than with calretinin. Sixty‐one percent (20/33) of samples stained with HBME‐1 at a moderate (2+) intensity. Fifty‐five percent (18/33) of samples stained with calretinin at a strong (3+) intensity. While only 12% of samples showed >75% immunoreactivity for HBME‐1, 58% of samples showed >75% of cells immunoreactive for calretinin.

Calretinin is the preferred marker in identifying mesothelial cells in cytologic samples, showing the highest sensitivity for mesothelial cells, as evidenced by a more intense staining reaction in a higher percentage of cells than with HBME‐1. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:158–161. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solitary fibrous tumor: A study of cytologic features of six cases diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Clayton Amy C. , Salomão Diva R. , Keeney Gary L. , Nascimento Antonio G.
Published: August 2002

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a spindle‐cell neoplasm most often presenting as a pleural‐based tumor but increasingly recognized in other locations. Few reports have described the cytologic features of SFTs. Six cases of SFT diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (3 pleura, 2 retroperitoneum, and 1 orbit) were identified in the Mayo Clinic files. The smears (Papanicolaou‐stained) and corresponding histologic specimens were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for CD34 was performed in all cases. The cytologic findings were similar in all cases. The tumor cells were oval to polygonal, with cellularity ranging from scant to moderate. The background contained irregular ropy fragments of collagen and a few inflammatory cells. Most cells were dispersed singly, but all cases contained irregular, loose aggregates of cells enmeshed in a collagenous matrix. The nuclei were uniformly bland, with evenly distributed, finely granular chromatin. All cases were immunoreactive for CD34. SFT has distinctive cytologic features that allow diagnosis in cytologic specimens with the help of appropriate immunocytochemical stains on accompanying tissue biopsy specimens. Distinctive cytologic findings predictive of clinical behavior were not identified. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:172–176, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dapsone analogs as potential polyamine binding site modulators of theN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor complex
Authors: Bence Aimee K. , Rogers Dennis T. , Worthen David R. , Fu May , Littleton John M. , Crooks Peter A.
Published: August 2002

A high‐throughput radioligand binding assay was used to screen a series of dapsone analogs for their capacity to displace [3H]‐spermidine and [3H]‐MK‐801 from their respective binding sites on theN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex in rat brain homogenates. Dapsone did not alter [3H]‐spermidine or [3H]‐MK‐801 binding, suggesting that the neuroprotective properties that have been attributed to this compound may not be due to modulation of the NMDA receptor complex at the polyamine binding site. In contrast, structural analogs of dapsone, includingN‐phenyl‐1,4‐phenyldiamine and 4,4′diaminoazobenzene, effectively displaced [3H]‐SPD and [3H]‐MK‐801. These active dapsone analogs may represent a new class of polyamine binding site ligands that may provide opportunities for the rational design of novel NMDA receptor modulators. Drug Dev. Res. 51:268–272, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of coupled fluctuations in movement and visual attention in infants
Authors: Bacher L. F. , Robertson S. S.
Published: August 2002

Fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection were measured over minutes in 3‐month‐old infants to look for evidence of coupling. In Experiment 1, infants (n = 12) looked ad libitum at two identical pictures for an average of 7.3 min. Analysis of the spontaneous fluctuations in movement and inspection revealed that they were inversely coupled: Moment‐to‐moment changes in movement and inspection occurred in opposite directions. In Experiment 2, after 4 min of free looking, infants (n = 33) were presented with a new pair of stimuli, a temporary change in the stimuli, or no change in stimuli. The inverse coupling between the fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection found in Experiment 1 was present before and after the stimulus changes, even in infants whose body movement decreased transiently in response to the stimulus changes. The reappearance of inversely coupled fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection following the stimulus changes was led by increases in movement. The results demonstrate the stability of the inverse coupling between spontaneous fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection, and suggest that changes in movement may lead changes in inspection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 99–106, 2001
Lack of association of insulin resistance and carotid intimal medial thickness in non‐diabetic Asian Indian subjects
Authors: Snehalatha C. , Vijay V. , Suresh Mohan R. , Satyavani K. , Sivasankari S. , Megha T. , Radhika S. , Ramachandran A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Atherosclerosis is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidaemia. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is characterised by IR and is associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis. The objective of the present study was to test whether early atherosclerosis indicated by intimal medial thickness (IMT) of common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) is higher in IGT than in normoglycaemic subjects (NGT) and to look foran association of IMT with IR and dyslipidaemia.

Study design and methods

Ninety‐nine randomly selected non‐diabetic subjects aged ≥35 years (48 NGT and 51 IGT) were studied. Measurements of body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, cholesterol‐total, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein‐A1 (Apo A1) and apolipoprotein‐B (Apo B) and ratio of Apo A1/Apo B were estimated. Insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was calculated using the fasting plasma insulin and glucose values. IMT of CCA and ICA were measured using high‐resolution β‐mode ultrasonography.

Results

Subjects with IGT and NGT were matched for BMI and WHR; HOMA‐IR was higher in IGT vs NGT (7.92±4.2 vs 6.07±3.76, p
=0.028). Age‐adjusted IMT values were similar in NGT and IGT (CCA 0.59±0.17 and 0.63±0.22 mm and ICA 0.44±0.10 and 0.45±0.10 mm, respectively). Further analyses were done in the total group. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that CCA‐IMT was significantly associated with age and negatively associated with Apo A1/Apo B ratio. ICA‐IMT was associated withage only. IMT was significantly correlated with cholesterol‐total and LDL‐cholesterol and apolipoproteins. It was not associated with IR.

Conclusion

In southern Indians, IGT did not influence the IMT. Although insulin resistance was higher in IGT, it was not associated with higher IMT. Conventional risk factors such as cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol and apolipoproteins showed association with IMT in the insulin‐resistant population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity and vascular relaxation of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve in ZDF‐obese diabetic rats
Authors: Coppey Lawrence J. , Gellett Jill S. , Davidson Eric P. , Dunlap Joyce A. , Yorek Mark A.
Published: August 2002

Background

We have previously reported that in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, reduction in endoneurial blood flow (EBF) and impairment of acetylcholine‐mediated vascular relaxation of arterioles that provide circulation to the sciatic nerve precedes slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). However, in animal models of type 2 diabetes it is unknown whether slowing of MNCV is accompanied by vascular dysfunction.

Methods

Using ZDF‐lean and ZDF‐obese diabetic rats we examined whether diabetes‐induced slowing in MNCV was associated with a reduction in EBF and impaired vascular relaxation in epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. We measured MNCV in the sciatic nerve using a non‐invasive procedure, and sciatic nerve nutritive blood flow using microelectrode polarography. In vitro videomicroscopy was employed to quantify arteriolar diameter responses to acetylcholine in arterioles overlying the sciatic nerve.

Results

MNCV and EBF in hyperglycemic (4‐week duration) ZDF‐obese diabetic rats were significantly decreased by 30% and 63%, respectively, compared to age‐matched ZDF‐lean rats. Acetylcholine elicited a dose‐dependent dilation of epineurial vessels from ZDF‐lean and ZDF‐obese diabetic rats, although acetylcholine‐induced dilation was significantly reduced in ZDF‐obese diabetic rats. Determination of markers of oxidative stress provided ambiguous results. Superoxide levels were increased in epineurial vessels from ZDF‐obese diabetic rats. Lens glutathione levels were decreased and serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased in ZDF‐obese diabetic rats but sciatic nerve conjugated diene and glutathione levels were not significantly different compared to ZDF‐lean rats.

Conclusions

Diabetes causes a reduction in EBF and impairment in vascular relaxation in epineurial vessels in ZDF‐obese diabetic rats. This impaired vascular response is associated with neural dysfunction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role for α6 integrin during lens development: Evidence for signaling through IGF‐1R and ERK
Authors: Walker Janice L. , Zhang Liping , Zhou Jian , Woolkalis Marilyn J. , Menko A. Sue
Published: August 2002

We show that α6 integrin function was required for normal lens cell differentiation by using an antisense construct to suppress α6 integrin expression. To elucidate the mechanism by which this integrin functions in the regulation of the lens cell differentiation process, we determined the molecular composition of α6 integrin signaling complexes at distinct stages of differentiation in vivo. Because both α6 integrin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) have been implicated in signaling lens cell differentiation, we examined the possibility that they formed a signaling complex in the embryonic lens. Coprecipitation analysis revealed that α6 integrin/IGF‐1 receptor complexes were present and that their association was greatest in the equatorial zone, the region of the embryonic lens in which lens cells proliferate and then initiate their differentiation. These results provide in vivo support for the formation of integrin/growth factor receptor signaling complexes. We also found that extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), a downstream effector of both integrin and growth factor receptor signaling pathways, was associated with the α6 integrin signaling complexes in the embryonic lens. This result was supported by our findings that activated ERK, in addition to its nuclear location, localized to lens cell membranes in specific regions of cell‐matrix and cell–cell contact. A connection between integrin ligand engagement and ERK activation was shown in vitro after lens cell attachment to laminin. These results demonstrate that α6 integrin function is required for the early stages of lens cell differentiation most likely through its association with the IGF‐1 receptor and the activation of ERK. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Receptor‐regulated and inhibitory Smads are critical in regulating transforming growth factorβ–mediated Meckel's cartilage development
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Bringas Pablo , Mogharei Ali , Zhao Jingsong , Deng Chuxia , Chai Yang
Published: August 2002

The proper development of Meckel's cartilage is critical for craniofacial skeletogenesis, because it serves as the primordium for the formation of mandible, malleus, incus, and sphenomandibular ligament. Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells contribute significantly to the formation of Meckel's cartilage. Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family control the proliferation and differentiation of CNC cells during craniofacial skeletogenesis. TGF‐β signaling is transduced from the cell membrane to the nucleus by means of specific type I and type II receptors and phosphorylated Smad proteins. Here we demonstrate that application of TGF‐β promotes chondrogenesis by specifically increasing proliferation of CNC‐derived chondrocytes and production of extracellular matrix. To understand the molecular regulation of TGF‐β signaling, we have examined the biological function of both TGF‐β receptor‐regulated and inhibitory Smads during Meckel's cartilage development. The expression patterns of Smad2, 3, and 7 are identical to the ones of endogenous TGF‐β and its cognate receptors during Meckel's cartilage development, establishing the potential that these intracellular signaling Smads may regulate TGF‐β‐mediated chondrogenesis. Functional haploinsufficiency of Smad2 delays TGF‐β–mediated Meckel's cartilage development. Overproduction of Smad7 severely inhibits Meckel's cartilage formation, indicating a negative feedback on TGF‐β signaling by inhibitory Smad is critical in orchestrating TGF‐β–mediated gene regulation during embryonic chondrogenesis. The effectiveness of TGF‐β signaling is highly sensitive to the level of Smad gene expression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posttranscriptional silencing of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development
Authors: Mattingly Carolyn J. , Toscano William A.
Published: August 2002

Induction patterns of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), an early biochemical marker of exposure to the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD, or dioxin) were investigated during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. A zebrafish CYP1A1 cDNA fragment was cloned and used to detect CYP1A1 mRNA in embryos exposed to TCDD (1 or 10 nM). Induction of CYP1A1 activity was dependent on age and state of hatch. CYP1A1 mRNA was observed by 15 hr postfertilization. CYP1A1 protein and monooxygenase activity were not detected until 3 days postfertilization and after hatch, as determined by Western immunoblot analysis and ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, respectively. In contrast to embryos, concomitant induction of mRNA and activity was detected in juvenile zebrafish (3 days posthatch) after 6 hr of TCDD exposure. Asynchronous induction of CYP1A1 mRNA and activity during development may be a general regulatory mechanism, as similar ontogenetic expression of this gene was demonstrated in mouse embryos. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CYP1A1 posttranscriptional silencing during embryogenesis. Our data suggest that TCDD‐mediated induction of CYP1A1 activity is regulated differentially in developing and mature systems. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ hybridization screen in zebrafish for the selection of genes encoding secreted proteins
Authors: Crosier Philip S. , Bardsley Anne , Horsfield Julia A. , Krassowska Anna K. , Lavallie Edward R. , Collins‐Racie Lisa A. , Postlethwait John H. , Yan Yi‐Lin , Mccoy John M. , Crosier Kathryn E.
Published: August 2002

An in situ hybridization expression screen using a signal sequence trap system has been conducted in zebrafish to isolate cDNAs that encode secreted proteins. Random clones (secreted expressed sequence tags; sESTs) were sequenced from zebrafish embryonic (18–24 hr postfertilization) and adult kidney libraries. From the two RNA sources, 627 random sEST cDNAs were identified as being homologous or identical to known genes and 166 clones encode currently unidentified genes. The sESTs represent a broad range of enzymes and other regulatory molecules. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization analysis was carried out by using antisense probes generated from 244 selected sESTs, and a range of expression patterns was obtained. Genetic mapping undertaken with sEST sequences demonstrated that assignment of map position was attainable by using 5′ primers. The signal sequence trap system used in this work has yielded a range of cDNAs that encode secreted proteins and, together with analysis of patterns of expression and genetic mapping, has the potential to facilitate analysis of signaling pathways central to development and physiology. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ikaros expression as a marker for lymphoid progenitors during zebrafish development
Authors: Willett Catherine E. , Kawasaki Hirohide , Amemiya Chris T. , Lin Shuo , Steiner Lisa A.
Published: August 2002

The Ikaros gene encodes a transcription factor that, in mice, has been shown to be essential for the correct differentiation of B and T lymphocytes and is expressed in all cells of the lymphoid lineage, including pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. During development in zebrafish, Ikaros expression begins in lateral mesoderm, and continues in the intermediate cell mass (ICM), which is derived from lateral mesoderm and has been shown to generate primitive hematopoietic precursors. Cells expressing Ikaros were then seen on the ventral side of the dorsal aorta, known to be a location of definitive hematopoietic precursors in birds and mammals. Ikaros‐expressing cells were also found in the pharyngeal region, near the forming thymus. Later, such cells were seen in the pronephros, the site of hematopoiesis in adult fish. The timing of appearance of Ikaros‐expressing cells suggests that, similar to other vertebrates, lymphocytes in the thymus arise from hematopoietic tissue located near the dorsal aorta or in the ICM. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nasogastric feeding in children and adolescents with eating disorders: Toward good practice
Authors: Neiderman Marc , Farley Alexandra , Richardson Johanna , Lask Bryan
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study aimed to provide an insight into the subjective experiences of nasogastric feeding from the perspective of patients with eating disorders and their parents.

Method

A semistructured self‐report questionnaire was completed by patients from two specialist eating disorders units who had received nasogastric feeding. Parents' views were also assessed via a similar self‐report questionnaire.

Results

Diverse views were expressed by both patients and parents. Some regarded the experience of nasogastric feeding as wholly negative, but acknowledged the lack of suitable alternatives. Others had a more positive view and identified several helpful aspects.

Conclusion

Reactions were generally more positive than had been anticipated. A number of useful suggestions were made regarding how to improve the procedure. These have informed the development of guidelines for good practice. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 441–448, 2001.
Norms, normality, and clinical significant change: Implications for the evaluation of treatment outcomes for eating disorders
Authors: Kordy Hans , Percevic Robert , Martinovich Zoran
Published: August 2002

Objective

The implications of the use of national norms of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) are investigated.

Method

A German version of the EDI was administered to a representative national sample (n = 650), a repeatedly measured community sample (n = 207), and a national inpatient sample with primary diagnoses of anorexia or bulimia nervosa (n = 959). Resulting scale distributions were compared with those of North American samples of the handbook.

Results

Normal ranges on several scales markedly differed when German community norms were used. When estimates of rates of clinical significant changes were based on German norms instead of on North American norms, rates were markedly lower for scales measuring core diagnostic features (e.g., binging/purging, Drive for Thinness) and higher for those measuring correlates (e.g., Maturity Fears, Interpersonal Distrust).

Discussion

Neglecting differences in national norms can lead to substantial misinterpretation of empirical findings in the diagnosis of eating disorders and the evaluation of treatment outcome. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 176–186, 2001.
An adult with Prader‐Willi syndrome and anorexia nervosa: A case report
Authors: Counts Debra
Published: August 2002

A 39‐year‐old man with Prader‐Willi syndrome presents for evaluation of uncontrolled weight loss. Past history was significant for gastric bypass and prior episodes of intentional dieting. Family history was significant for an alcoholic father and two siblings with anorexia nervosa. The patient was unconcerned about his weight loss despite cachexia and did not want to stop dieting. This presentation of a restrictive eating pattern in a man with a syndrome usually associated with compulsive hyperphagia is the first known report © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 231–233, 2001.
OFDM‐based adaptive modulation systems with a multilevel transmit power control for high‐bit‐rate transmission
Authors: Yoshiki Tomoaki , Sampei Seiichi , Morinaga Norihiko
Published: August 2002

In the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) adaptive modulation system, the method of modulation of each subcarrier is adaptively controlled. It is a useful system for wide‐band transmission, since a high transmission rate can be realized in a limited bandwidth. There is also a method that suppresses the transmit power by control, in order to handle increasing transmit power in a wide‐band system. A problem arises, however, in a frequency‐selective fading environment, in which the received power of each subcarrier varies with time, which results in unnecessary transmit power consumption. This paper proposes to apply multilevel transmit power control in which the transmit power is independently controlled for each subcarrier, so that each modulation method satisfies the BER requirement for the number of modulation levels selected for each subcarrier. In the proposed system, the transmit power which remains after achieving the required quality is effectively assigned to other subcarriers. Then, by selecting a larger number of modulation levels, a higher transmission rate is realized in a limited band. The transmission performance of the proposed system is evaluated by computer simulation, and it is verified that the transmission rate is greatly improved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10000
Method for transmission under pulsewise noise environments using wavelet packet modulation
Authors: Okamoto Eiji , Li Huan‐Bang , Wakana Hiromitsu , Tanaka Masato , Ogawa Hiroyo
Published: August 2002

One of the digital modulation methods is wavelet packet modulation (WPM). This modulation method is a multiplex transmission method in which the time and frequency division regions in the transmission frame can be rather flexibly modified. In this paper, a digital communication system is studied that can adaptively carry out transmission by using WPM. Because WPM has a time–frequency resolution, an effective decoding/coding method is proposed for a communication channel in which pulse and tone noise exist in addition to Gaussian noise. Specifically, when a part of the receiving signal sequence is lost due to pulse interference noise, the lost signal is estimated and decoded by repeatedly computing the squared Euclidean distance sum between several degraded signals and decoded signals while spreading of the signal into the time–frequency region by WPM is used. Adaptive decoding is discussed in which the transmission characteristic not influenced by the interference is well maintained in a tone interference noise environment. For each method, the characteristics are evaluated and the effectiveness is confirmed in the fundamental interference noise environment by computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 20–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10002
Formation of a circularly polarized tilted beam using radiation cells of a crank‐line antenna
Authors: Hirose Kazuhide , Orihara Katsuaki , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: August 2002

The radiation cell of a crank‐line antenna is analyzed by using the method of moments. The maximum beam direction, axial ratio, and half‐power beamwidth (HPBW) are calculated as a function of the side lengths of the radiation cell. Calculations show that, when the side lengths are properly chosen, the radiation cell can radiate a tilted wide beam of circular polarization. An array consisting of four radiation cells is also analyzed. The effect of mutual coupling on the radiation characteristics is examined. It is found that the array antenna forms a fan beam with an HPBW of 65° in the elevation plane with a tilt angle of 46°. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(8): 23–30, 2001
Frequency‐invariant adaptive receiving and transmitting null beamforming*
Authors: Sekiguchi Takashi , Karasawa Yoshio
Published: August 2002

For mobile communication antennas, it is important to form nulls in the radiation pattern so that the antenna does not interfere with other communication systems in transmission. In cases where the frequencies for transmission and reception are different, as in FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) systems, if the weighting in the reception mode is used directly for transmission when forming the radiation pattern adaptively during transmission, the null directions are deviated so that the transmission characteristics are degraded. In this paper, a receiving and transmitting adaptive null beamforming algorithm is proposed in which a digital multibeam forming network for propagating signals with wide fractional bandwidths, having radiation patterns not dependent on the frequency, is used for weight calculation. Since the radiation patterns of multibeams are almost identical at the transmission and reception frequencies, almost identical null depth can be obtained for both transmission and reception after convergence. By means of computer simulation, it is confirmed that the nulls are formed in the incident directions of the interference signals in both transmission and reception and that the null depths are almost identical. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(11): 26–34, 2001
Backup VP reservation method using multiagents and its experimental evaluation
Authors: Inoue Shinji , Kakuda Yoshiaki , Terabe Masahiro
Published: August 2002

High reliability schemes of switching from a primary VP to a backup VP by establishing two virtual paths (VPs), a primary VP and a backup VP, between a source (S) node and a destination (D) node in an ATM network when a failure of the node or the link occurs on the primary VP are known. The schemes performing the switching of the VPs without using multiagents have a problem associated with the incapability of switching rapidly from a primary VP to a backup VP, with the increase in the scale of the networks and the number of primary VPs (and backup VPs). In Ref. 2, a scheme of establishing backup VPs using multiagents such that such switching is performed rapidly is proposed. In this scheme, under the assumption that a candidate backup VP is given for each pair of an S node and a D node (SD pair), link‐sharing backup VPs are obtained among candidate VPs by information exchanges between the agents. In this scheme, the competition for a link between backup VPs is detected by the reception of messages passing the link, the function of collecting this detection information by an S node by information exchanges between agents is incorporated by each agent and the changes in the competition for the link can be followed. As an effect, it has a characteristic of high adaptability to the changes in the network resources (link capacity, topology) and resource requirements (primary VPs, backup VPs). In this paper, the results of performing simulation experiments to verify this characteristic are shown. The results of the experiments demonstrate that optimal backup VPs are obtained with good efficiency even when the number of backup VP candidates increases with the increase in SD pairs. In addition, the methods for obtaining the parameters of the agents required for obtaining optimal backup VPs are shown. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(3): 30–39, 2002
A New EMI Test Method for Electronic Medical Devices Exposed to Mobile Radio Wave
Authors: Nojima Toshio , Tarusawa Yoshiaki
Published: August 2002

A new testing method that can evaluate with high reliability the electromagnetic interference of cellular phones with electronic medical devices is proposed. In this test method, a standard dipole antenna or an actual cellular phone is used. Radio wave signals similar to those used in real communications are applied continuously or intermittently to electronic medical devices. In this way, the influence of both the far field and the near field can be evaluated in the worst case. The fundamental configuration, the test procedure, and the electromagnetic interference experienced by actual electronic medical devices are described. Evaluation tests of typical electronic medical devices including the implantable cardiac pacemakers are presented. In comparison with the existing test method of the IEC, highly reliable and accurate results are obtained. The present test method has been used for electromagnetic interference tests of various electronic medical devices, including pacemakers. The results provide a basis for the guidelines regarding the electromagnetic effects of cellular phones on electronic medical devices developed by the Electromagnetic Compatibility Conference (EMCC) Japan. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(4): 1–9, 2002
Peak‐power‐reduction scheme with adaptive transmit power control for multicarrier transmission
Authors: Muta Osamu , Akaiwa Yoshihiko
Published: August 2002

We propose a peak‐power‐reduction (PPR) scheme that never sacrifices spectrum efficiency for a multicarrier transmission (MCT) system where subchannels are band‐limited by filtering before the multiplexing. In this scheme, the transmit pulse power before filtering is decreased whenever the envelope peak amplitude is above a given threshold level. A reduction of 75% in peak power is achieved with a slight degradation in BER performance by applying the PPR scheme to an MCT system with eight subchannels under flat fading conditions. The proposed scheme is also investigated with an adaptive transmit power control, and the average transmit power and peak‐to‐mean power ratio (PMPR) are reduced. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(5): 71–78, 2002
A multimedia wireless transmission system using complex‐coefficient multirate filter banks
Authors: Matsuda Takahiro , Hara Shinsuke , Morinaga Norihiko
Published: August 2002

A method of multimedia transmission in wireless communication is to apply the frequency‐division multiplex scheme, in which the bandwidth is assigned flexibly according to the signal transmission rate. The purpose of this paper is to develop a system in which multimedia wireless transmission is handled efficiently in the downlink, and to propose a method based on the complex‐coefficient multirate filter bank. The complex‐coefficient multirate filter bank is a technique which is suited to signal processing in the equivalent low‐pass signal system in wireless communication. In the proposed method, bandwidth can be assigned flexibly to multiple signals with various transmission rates, according to their rates. An analysis of the proposed scheme shows that the proposed system is suited to multimedia wireless transmission. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 58–67, 2002
Performance analysis of knockout ATM switch with batcher network for multiple priority classes
Authors: Nishino Yoshiyuki , Sasase Iwao
Published: August 2002

Recently, there has been a need for a network architecture with a variety of traffic. In order to meet the requirements, a conventional knockout switch for two priority classes has been proposed and evaluated by numerical calculations. However, the switch is analyzed for multiple priority classes even though there are many kinds of traffic in the network. In this paper, a knockout packet switch with a batcher network for multiple classes is proposed in order to satisfy different requirements for loss probability of packets with multiple classes. The proposed model involves sorting packets according to the small identification number of a priority class by a batcher network. Hence, it is possible to handle packets with multiple classes. The proposed switch consists ofNmodules structured with filters, batcher network, and output buffers. As a result, we show that the proposed model is useful in satisfying different requirements for packet loss probability with multiple classes. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(7): 10–18, 2001
Design of a microwave variable delay line using liquid crystal, and a study of its insertion loss
Authors: Kuki Takao , Fujikake Hideo , Nomoto Toshihiro , Utsumi Yozo
Published: August 2002

A microwave variable delay line was designed and fabricated using a nematic liquid crystal for the dielectric substrate of the microstrip line, and the phase characteristics and insertion losses of the device were evaluated. The phase shift characteristics were found to be in close agreement with the design value, indicating the ability to implement wide‐band variable delay lines over a microwave frequency range. The insertion losses of the fabricated variable delay line were found to be too high for practical applications, and it was revealed that the losses were dominated by conductor losses. It was found that one effective way to reduce losses was to increase the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, but this had the negative effect of making the response time of the liquid crystal alignment slow. It is thus critically important in designing liquid crystal variable delay lines that careful consideration be given to the trade‐off between insertion losses and response time depending on the application. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 36–42, 2002
Vehicular speed response PLL using square‐law circuits
Authors: Kitabata Go , Hamamura Masanori , Tachikawa Shin'ichi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we propose using a square‐law loop circuit that does not require a pilot signal in a vehicular speed response phase‐locked loop (PLL) and study its performance. In the PLL performance in the fading transmission path in mobile communications, a vehicular speed response PLL improves the PLL performance by using a directional antenna to lengthen the fading period and by providing frequency offset information generated in response to the vehicular speed to the PLL. Compared with a PLL using a conventional square‐law circuit, the proposed scheme effectively uses the cancellation effect of the frequency offset and the loop gain adaptation based on the vehicular speed response to obtain substantial improvement in the bit error rate. A substantial improvement is exhibited, particularly in an environment having a highfDT. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(8): 22–29, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1109