bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheseanwendungen der oxidativen aromatischen Kupplung – von Biphenolen zu Nanographenen
Authors: Grzybowski Marek , Sadowski Bartłomiej , Butenschön Holger , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: July 2019

Die oxidative aromatische Kupplung nimmt einen grundlegenden Platz in der modernen Arenchemie ein. Sie ist das Mittel der Wahl für den Aufbau großer, komplizierter Molekülarchitekturen. Auch die Scholl‐Reaktion und ihre Anwendungen in der Synthese chiraler Biphenole und Naturstoffe sind stark beforscht. Die Möglichkeit, Biarylverknüpfungen ohne Vorfunktionalisierung herzustellen, bietet einen effizienten Weg zu vielen komplexen Strukturen. Obwohl die Chemie hinter diesem Prozess erst jetzt nach und nach voll verstanden wird, ist er weiterhin eine Quelle der Inspiration. Dies trifft besonders auf Heterokupplungen zu, d. h. oxidative, aromatische Kupplungen unter chemoselektiver C‐C‐Bindungsbildung zwischen zwei verschiedenen Arenen. Eine Analyse der Fortschritte in diesem Feld seit 2013 zeigt, dass zahlreiche Gruppen hierzu beigetragen haben – durch die Entdeckung neuer struktureller Möglichkeiten, die Erweiterung zu oberflächengestützten (Cyclo)dehydrierungen und die Entwicklung neuer Reagenzien.
Chromophore Multiplication To Enable Exciton Delocalization and Triplet Diffusion Following Singlet Fission in Tetrameric Pentacene
Authors: Hetzer Constantin , Basel Bettina S. , Kopp Sebastian M. , Hampel Frank , White Fraser J. , Clark Timothy , Guldi Dirk M. , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: July 2019

A tetrameric pentacene, PT, has been used to explore the effects of exciton delocalization on singlet fission (SF). For the first time, triplet decorrelation through intramolecular triplet diffusion was observed following SF. Transient absorption spectroscopy was used to examine different decorrelation mechanisms (triplet diffusion versus structural changes) for PT and its dimeric equivalent PD on the basis of the rate and activation barrier of the decorrelation step. Charge‐separation experiments using tetracyano‐p‐quinodimethane (TCNQ) to quench triplet excitons formed through SF demonstrate that enhanced intersystem crossing, that is, spin catalysis, is a widely underestimated obstacle to quantitative harvesting of the SF products. The importance of spatial separation of the decorrelated triplet states is emphasized, and independent proof that the decorrelated triplet pair state consists of two (T1) states per molecule is provided.
Stable J‐Aggregation of an aza‐BODIPY‐Lipid in a Liposome for Optical Cancer Imaging
Authors: Cheng Miffy H. Y. , Harmatys Kara M. , Charron Danielle M. , Chen Juan , Zheng Gang
Published: July 2019

Organic building blocks are the centerpieces of “one‐for‐all” nanoparticle development. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel aza‐BODIPY‐lipid building block and its self‐assembly into a liposomal nanoparticle (BODIPYsome). We observed optically stable NIR J‐aggregation within the BODIPYsome that is likely attributed to J‐dimerization. BODIPYsomes with cholesterol showed enhanced colloidal stability while maintaining a high extinction coefficient (128 mm−1 cm−1) and high fluorescence quenching (99.70±0.09 %), which enables photoacoustic (PA) properties from its intact structure and recovered NIR fluorescence properties when it is disrupted in cancer cells. Finally, its capabilities for optical imaging (PA/fluorescence) were observed in an orthotopic prostate tumor mouse model 24 h after intravenous administration. Overall, the BODIPYsome opens the door for engineering new building blocks in the design of optically stable biophotonic imaging agents.
Stereoelectronic Effects in Ligand Design: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Cyclic Tetrasubstituted Enamides and Concise Synthesis of (R)‐Tofacitinib
Authors: Li Chengxi , Wan Feng , Chen Yuan , Peng Henian , Tang Wenjun , Yu Shu , McWilliams J. Christopher , Mustakis Jason , Samp Lacey , Maguire Robert J.
Published: July 2019

We herein report the development of a conformationally defined, electron‐rich, C2‐symmetric, P‐chiral bisphosphorus ligand, ArcPhos, by taking advantage of stereoelectronic effects in ligand design. With the Rh‐ArcPhos catalyst, excellent enantioselectivities and unprecedentedly high turnovers (TON up to 10 000) were achieved in the asymmetric hydrogenation of aliphatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic tetrasubstituted enamides, to generate a series of chiral cis‐2‐alkyl‐substituted carbocyclic and heterocyclic amine derivatives in excellent enantiomeric ratios. This method also enabled an efficient and practical synthesis of the Janus kinase inhibitor (R)‐tofacitinib.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Multiblock Ln‐MOF Microrods for Photonic Barcodes
Authors: Yao Yinan , Gao Zhenhua , Lv Yuanchao , Lin Xianqing , Liu Yingying , Du Yuxiang , Hu Fengqin , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: July 2019

Micro/nanoscale multicolor barcodes with unique identifiability and a small footprint play significant roles in applications such as multiplexed labeling and tracking systems. Now, a strategy is reported to design multicolor photonic barcodes based on 1D Ln‐MOF multiblock heterostructures, where the domain‐controlled emissive colors and different block lengths constitute the fingerprint of a corresponding heterostructure. The excellent heteroepitaxial growth characteristics of MOFs enable the effective modulation of the coding structures, thereby remarkably increasing the encoding capacity. The as‐prepared multicolor barcodes enable an efficient authentication and exhibit great potential in fulfilling the functions of anti‐counterfeiting, information security, and so on. The results will pave an avenue to novel hybrid MOFs for optical data recording and security labels.
Insight into D6h Symmetry: Targeting Strong Axiality in Stable Dysprosium(III) Hexagonal Bipyramidal Single‐Ion Magnets
Authors: Canaj Angelos B. , Dey Sourav , Martí Emma Regincós , Wilson Claire , Rajaraman Gopalan , Murrie Mark
Published: July 2019

Following a novel synthetic strategy where the strong uniaxial ligand field generated by the Ph3SiO− (Ph3SiO−=anion of triphenylsilanol) and the 2,4‐di‐tBu‐PhO− (2,4‐di‐tBu‐PhO−=anion of 2,4‐di‐tertbutylphenol) ligands combined with the weak equatorial field of the ligand LN6, leads to [DyIII(LN6)(2,4‐di‐tBu‐PhO)2](PF6) (1), [DyIII(LN6)(Ph3SiO)2](PF6) (2) and [DyIII(LN6)(Ph3SiO)2](BPh4) (3) hexagonal bipyramidal dysprosium(III) single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) with high anisotropy barriers of Ueff=973 K for 1, Ueff=1080 K for 2 and Ueff=1124 K for 3 under zero applied dc field. Ab initio calculations predict that the dominant magnetization reversal barrier of these complexes expands up to the 3rd Kramers doublet, thus revealing for the first time the exceptional uniaxial magnetic anisotropy that even the six equatorial donor atoms fail to negate, opening up the possibility to other higher‐order symmetry SMMs.
Channel‐Rich RuCu Nanosheets for pH‐Universal Overall Water Splitting Electrocatalysis
Authors: Yao Qing , Huang Bolong , Zhang Nan , Sun Mingzi , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: July 2019

Channel‐rich RuCu snowflake‐like nanosheets (NSs) composed of crystallized Ru and amorphous Cu were used as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and overall water splitting in pH‐universal electrolytes. The optimized RuCu NSs/C‐350 °C and RuCu NSs/C‐250 °C show attractive activities of OER and HER with low overpotentials and small Tafel slopes, respectively. When applied to overall water splitting, the optimized RuCu NSs/C can reach 10 mA cm−2 at cell voltages of only 1.49, 1.55, 1.49 and 1.50 V in 1 m KOH, 0.1 m KOH, 0.5 m H2SO4 and 0.05 m H2SO4, respectively, much lower than those of commercial Ir/C∥Pt/C. The optimized electrolyzer exhibits superior durability with small potential change after up to 45 h in 1 m KOH, showing a class of efficient functional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study of Solidification Behavior of Monoacylglycerols to Investigate the Cold‐Flow Properties of Biodiesel
Authors: Seniorita Latifa , Minami Eiji , Yazawa Yoshiteru , Hayashi Hitoshi , Saka Shiro
Published: July 2019

Monoacylglycerols (MAG) are impurities present in biodiesel as a result of incomplete reactions. MAG often solidify in biodiesel even at room temperature because of their high melting points. This worsens the cold‐flow properties such as the cloud point and pour point. We hypothesized that several types of MAG solidify simultaneously; therefore, we performed differential scanning calorimetry of binary mixtures of MAG to elucidate their interactions during solidification. Three thermodynamic formulas were then applied to the experimental results: (1) non‐solid‐solution, (2) solid‐solution, and (3) compound formation models. Binary mixtures of MAG showed complicated liquidus curves with multiple upward convex shapes, with which only the compound formation model fitted well. This model was applied to multicomponent mixtures that consisted of MAG and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as surrogate biodiesel fuels. We confirmed that the model still worked well. The results show that the compound formation model has good potential for predicting the cold‐flow properties of biodiesel.
Thermo‐ and CO2‐triggered swelling polymer microgels for reducing water‐cut during CO2 flooding
Authors: Tian Qirui , Han Peihui , Li Bo , Feng Yujun
Published: July 2019

CO2 has been widely used in the process of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) over decades. However, the heterogeneity of oil reservoirs renders CO2 to flow preferentially into highly permeable zones, leaving tight areas unswept with oil unrecovered in these areas. While conventional water‐swelling gels were used for blocking the “channeling” path, most of them experience the risks of shrinkage under high temperature and CO2‐induced acidic environment. Here, we developed double swelling smart polymer microgels (SPMs) triggered by both heat and CO2. Such SPMs were prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) in combination with N,N‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and [2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl]dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA), and with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. These SPMs swell when temperature is higher than 65 °C or in the presence of CO2, with an ameliorative salinity tolerance ability. Artificial sand pack flooding carried by SMPs at 65 °C showed an elevated plugging efficiency at around 97% under a simulated pressurization at 5 MPa, proposing a valid candidate for future EOR applications during CO2 flooding. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48305.
Financing female entrepreneurs in cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises: Evidence from the financial sector in Bangladesh 2010–2018
Authors: Shoma Chowdhury Dilruba
Published: July 2019

This article examines the challenges and obstacles faced by female entrepreneurs in the cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprise (CMSME) sector in Bangladesh and shows that a combination of legislatory and regulatory reform can mitigate many of the issues that prevent women gaining from, and contributing to, this vital economic sector. Access to finance is found to be the greatest challenge faced by women in starting and operating CMSMEs in Bangladesh. This article explores the significant gender gap in access to formal credit, a gap that impacts negatively on the sector's growth and development. The article uses liberal feminist theory as a framework for analysis of the reforms. Analysis of data collected from banks and financial institutions on CMSME loans (2010–2018) shows that female entrepreneurs are treated significantly differently from men by financial institutions in Bangladesh.
Development of 20 chloroplast microsatellite primers in wuyao (Lindera aggregata, Lauraceae)
Authors: Ye Jun‐Wei , Li De‐Zhu
Published: July 2019

Premise of the Study

To investigate the population genetics and evolutionary history of wuyao (Lindera aggregata, Lauraceae) and other Lindera species, polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) primers were developed.

Methods and Results

The complete chloroplast genome of L. glauca was used to design 74 primers for L. aggregata. Agarose gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing were used to select 20 polymorphic primers. These primers were then tested in 70 individuals from three populations of L. aggregata. The number of alleles ranged from two to four, and the unbiased haploid diversity index ranged from 0.457 to 0.685. Up to 17 primers successfully amplified in four other Lindera species: L. prattii, L. chunii, L. lungshengensis, and L. pulcherrima var. hemsleyana.

Conclusions

The 20 primers reported here can potentially be used for future genetic studies of L. aggregata and other Lindera species.
Rib Cage Morphogenesis in the Human Embryo: A Detailed Three‐Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Okuno Kasumi , Ishizu Koichi , Matsubayashi Jun , Fujii Sena , Sakamoto Rino , Ishikawa Aoi , Yamada Shigehito , Yoneyama Akio , Takakuwa Tetsuya
Published: July 2019

Formation of the skeletal structure in the human embryo has important consequences in terms of support, protection, and function of organs and other systems. We aimed to describe the formation of the rib cage during the embryonic period, in order to detect prominent features and identify the possible factors affecting rib cage morphology. We employed high‐resolution digitized imaging data (n = 34) obtained in human embryos with Carnegie stage (CS) between 17 and 23. The rib cage became detectable as cartilage formation at CS17, expanding outward from the dorsal side of the chest‐abdominal region. Ribs elongated progressively to surround the chest, differentiating into the upper and lower rib cage regions by CS20. The ends of corresponding ribs in the upper region elongated toward each other, leading to their joining and sternum formation between CS21 and CS23, while the lower region of the rib cage remained widely open. The rib cage area with the largest width shifted from the 5th rib pair at CS17 to the 9th pair at CS23. The depth of the rib cage was similar across the upper region at CS17, with the major portion remaining in the middle part after CS20. The heart was located beneath the rib pairs providing the largest depth, while the liver was located beneath the rib pairs providing the largest width. Formation of the sternum, development of spinal kyphosis, and organization of larger internal organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavity are possible factors affecting rib cage morphology. Anat Rec, 302:2211–2223, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Kreuzfahrthafen mit Landstromanlage
Authors: Günzl Tobias
Published: July 2019

Der Boom der Kreuzschifffahrt im Ostseeraum ist ungebrochen. Rostock‐Warnemünde ist einer der bedeutendsten Standorte für die Kreuzschifffahrt in Deutschland und wird perspektivisch durch den Bau eines neuen Mehrzweckhafens auf einer Industriebrache in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Warnemünder Cruise Center nachhaltig entwickelt. Als erster Bestandteil der weiteren Entwicklungen des maritimen Tourismus wird unter Berücksichtigung der örtlichen Gegebenheiten am Standort Warnemünde eine Landstromanlage für Kreuzfahrtschiffe mit dem Ziel errichtet, die Kreuzschifffahrt in Rostock umweltfreundlicher auszurichten. Durch die Nutzung von Landstrom können Schiffe während ihrer Liegezeit im Hafen ihren CO2‐Ausstoß sowie ihre Schallemission deutlich verringern. Im Auftrag der Hanse‐ und Universitätsstadt Rostock werden die Planungs‐ und Ingenieurleistungen sowie das Genehmigungsmanagement und die Bauoberleitung durch die Inros Lackner SE als Generalplaner durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag wird auf die Planung und die Realisierung der Landstromanlage näher eingegangen.
Modellvorstellung zum Durchstanzen von Stahlbetonplatten ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Marti Peter , Heinzmann Daniel
Published: July 2019

Eine mechanisch begründete Modellvorstellung zum Durchstanzen von Stahlbetonplatten ohne Querkraftbewehrung wird dargestellt. Ausgehend von der klassischen Modellvorstellung von Kinnunen und Nylander wird ein Spannungsfeld entwickelt, das den Kraftfluss in der Platte vollständig beschreibt. Weiter wird ein neues Bruchkriterium für das Stauchen der Beton‐Druckkegelschale am Übergang vom Stützenkopf zur Platte eingeführt. Die Neigung dieser Schale wird mittels einer Dimensionsanalyse bestimmt. Vier Modellparameter werden aufgrund eines Vergleichs mit den Ergebnissen von 54 Durchstanzversuchen festgelegt. Im Hinblick auf die baupraktische Umsetzung werden Näherungsformeln für den Durchstanzwiderstand entwickelt und deren Anwendung in Verbindung mit einer linear elastischen Tragwerksanalyse wird illustriert.
An examination of factors influencing the application of mechanisms of organizations' resilience to weather extremes
Authors: Karman Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

The ability to resist and respond to an external shock and recover once it has occurred is called resilience. The present paper discusses mechanisms of organizations' resilience to weather extremes. The objective of the study was to determine factors influencing the application of resilience mechanisms by European organizations. The paper presents the frequency particular mechanisms are applied in and determinants of their employment. We tested a model in which individual, organizational, community‐specific, and extreme‐related factors influence application of resilience mechanisms, which in turn influence adaptive resilience. The present study revealed that some of the selected resilience mechanisms are applied more frequently than others. The mechanisms include disposition and administration of resources, self‐organization, intraorganizational communication, damage assessment, review of previous events, and the acquisition of external information. The significance of 10 factors impacting the using of resilience mechanisms was verified in the course of the study. Findings are intended to facilitate a better understanding of resilience to weather extremes in organizations.
A better prediction of progression‐free survival in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma by a prognostic model consisting of baseline TLG and %ΔSUVmax
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Yang , Song Le , Zhao Mei‐Xin , Hu Kai
Published: July 2019

In the era of rituximab, the International Prognostic Index (IPI) has been inefficient in initial risk stratification for patients with R‐CHOP‐treated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To estimate the predictive values of PET/CT quantitative parameters and three prognostic models consisting of baseline and interim parameters for three‐year progression‐free survival (PFS), we conducted an analysis of 85 patients in China with DLBCL underwent baseline and interim PET/CT scans and treated at the Department of Hematology of Peking University Third Hospital from November 2012 to November 2017. The PET/CT parameters, viz. the baseline and interim values of standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and their rates of change, were analyzed by a receiver operating characteristics curve, Kaplan‐Meier analysis, and log‐rank test. Besides, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (NCCN‐IPI) was also included in the multivariate Cox hazards model. Owing to the strong correlation between TMTV and TLG at baseline and interim (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.823, P‐value = 0.000, and 0.988, P‐value = 0.000, respectively), only TLG was included in the multivariate Cox hazards model, where TLG0 > 1036.61 g and %ΔSUVmax < 86.02% showed predictive value independently (HR = 10.42, 95% CI 2.35‐46.30, P = 0.002, and HR = 4.86, 95% CI 1.27‐18.54, P = 0.021, respectively). Replacing TLG in the equation, TMTV0 and TMTV1 both showed significantly predictive abilities like TLG (HR = 8.22, 95% CI 1.86‐32.24, P = 0.005, and HR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.16‐7.54, P = 0.023, respectively). After dichotomy, NCCN‐IPI also gave a significant performance (P = 0.035 and P = 0.010, respectively, in TLG and TMTV models). The baseline variables, that is, TMTV0, TLG0 and dichotomized NCCN‐IPI, and the interim variables TMTV1 and %ΔSUVmax, presented independent prognostic value for PFS. In prognostic model 2 (TLG0 + %ΔSUVmax), the group with TLG0 > 1036.61 g and %ΔSUVmax < 86.02% recognized 19 (82.6%) of the relapse or progression events, which showed the best screening ability among three models consisting of baseline and interim PET/CT parameters.
Reconstitution and Coupling of DNA Replication and Segregation in a Biomimetic System
Authors: Hürtgen Daniel , Mascarenhas Judita , Heymann Michael , Murray Seán M. , Schwille Petra , Sourjik Victor
Published: July 2019

A biomimetic system capable of replication and segregation of genetic material constitutes an essential component for the future design of a minimal synthetic cell. Here we have used the simple T7 bacteriophage system and the plasmid‐derived ParMRC system to establish in vitro DNA replication and DNA segregation, respectively. These processes were incorporated into biomimetic compartments providing an enclosed reaction space. The functional lifetime of the encapsulated segregation system could be prolonged by equipping it with ATP‐regenerating and oxygen‐scavenging systems. Finally, we showed that DNA replication and segregation processes could be coupled in vitro by using condensed DNA nanoparticles resulting from DNA replication. ParM spindles extended over tens of micrometers and could thus be used for segregation in compartments that are significantly longer than bacterial cell size. Overall, this work demonstrates the successful bottom‐up assembly and coupling of molecular machines that mediate replication and segregation, thus providing an important step towards the development of a fully functional minimal cell.
Insulin secretion impairment induced by rosuvastatin partly though autophagy in INS‐1E cells
Authors: Qian Linglin , Zhu Kongbo , Lin Yanshan , An Li , Huang Feiyang , Yao Yuyu , Ren Liqun
Published: July 2019

Statins are used extensively for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies suggest that statins increase the risk of new‐onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). However, the mechanisms of statin‐induced NODM remain unclear. The present study investigated the effects of autophagy on insulin secretion impairment induced by rosuvastatin (RS) in rat insulinoma cells (INS‐1E) cells. INS‐1E cells were cultured and treated with RS at different concentrations (0.2–20 μM) for 24 h. Insulin secretion in INS‐1E cells was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the co‐localization of microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and lysosome‐associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP‐2) was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting was used to assess the conversion of LC3 and p62. The results showed that the insulin secretion and cell viability decrease induced by RS treatment for 24 h occurred in a dose‐dependent manner in INS‐1E cells. RS significantly inhibited the expression of LC3‐II but increased the protein expression of p62. Simultaneously, RS diminished the co‐localization of LC3‐II and LAMP‐2 fluorescence signals. These results suggested that RS‐inhibited autophagy in INS‐1E cells. Rapamycin, an autophagy agonist, reversed the insulin secretion and cell viability suppression induced by RS in INS‐1E cells. RS also decreased the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The results indicated that RS impairs insulin secretion in INS‐1E cells, which may be partly due to the inhibition of autophagy via an mTOR‐dependent pathway.
Single‐step Conversion of Methyl Ethyl Ketone to Olefins over ZnxZryOz Catalysts in Water
Authors: Dagle Vanessa L. , Dagle Robert A. , Kovarik Libor , Baddour Frederick , Habas Susan E. , Elander Richard
Published: July 2019

The front cover artwork for Issue 15/2019 is collaboration between Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL, USA), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, USA) and ChemCatBio (USA). The image shows how Methyl Ethyl Ketone diluted in water can be converted into C4‐C5 olefins fuel precursors into one single‐step over ZnxZryOz catalysts. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201900292.
Highly selective recognition of L‐phenylalanine with molecularly imprinted polymers based on imidazolyl amino acid chiral ionic liquid
Authors: Chen Shiyu , Huang Xiaoxia , Yao Shun , Huang Wencai , Xin Yin , Zhu Minghui , Song Hang
Published: July 2019

Several amino acid chiral ionic liquids were introduced as functional monomers to prepare molecularly imprinted polymers for specific recognition of L‐phenylalanine. Among them, the imprinted polymers L‐Phe@MIPs based on [ViImC3][L‐Pro] showed the best selective recognition ability for L‐phenylalanine. A series of experiments such as dynamic adsorption, static adsorption, and competitive adsorption were conducted to investigate the specific recognition ability and adsorption capacity of the L‐Phe@MIPs. It is found that the adsorption efficiency to L‐phenylalanine on L‐Phe@MIPs was 3.11 times higher than that to D‐phenylalanine. All the results demonstrated that the L‐Phe@MIPs possessed good recognition and relatively high adsorption efficiency for L‐phenylalanine. Besides, the recovery of L‐phenylalanine was above 98%, and the L‐Phe@MIPs exhibited good reusability.
Membrantechnik – Eine noch immer unterschätzte Technologie
Authors: Scharnagl Nico , Schmidt Winfried
Published: July 2019

No abstract.
Chemical Protein Synthesis by Native Chemical Ligation and Variations Thereof
Authors: Wang Siyao , Thopate Yogesh Abaso , Zhou Qingqing , Wang Ping
Published: July 2019

For a long time, the total synthesis of proteins was considered as a “mission impossible” because of the tedious and complex synthetic steps and demanding purification processes. However, with the development of modern synthetic methodologies, many protein syntheses have now been reported. More importantly, through chemical synthesis, desired modifications can be installed to target proteins precisely, which is a major advantage over traditional bio‐synthesis approaches. This review summarizes the techniques developed for protein assembly, including native chemical ligation, Se‐mediated ligation, and a range of other ligation methods. A few synthetic examples, whereby synthetic proteins with desired modifications have been utilized for related biological research, are also included. We believe that chemical synthesis can provide alternative pathways to solve problems that have hitherto proved insurmountable by traditional biological approaches.
Quantum Chemistry at SEK  II. How does this work?
Authors: Baars Günter
Published: July 2019

Charakteristisch für die Wissenschaft Chemie ist u. a. das Denken in Modellen. Ihre Verwendung muss deshalb ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Chemieunterrichts an der Sekundarstufe SEK  II sein. Ausgelöst durch die kontroverse Diskussion um die Frage nach der Berechtigung der Quantenchemie im gymnasialen Unterricht, wurden an der ETH Zürich und der Universität Bern über viele Jahre Unterrichtseinheiten zu den Themen „Quantenchemie und chemische Bindung“, „Quantenchemie und organische farbige Stoffe“ sowie „Quantenchemie und Pigmente“ entwickelt. Eine breit angelegte Feldstudie bestätigte die gute Qualität dieser in der Schweiz und in Deutschland vielfach bewährten Unterrichtseinheiten. Die überarbeiteten Texte liegen in Form von vier miteinander kombinierbaren Modulen, zwei Leitprogrammen sowie PowerPoint‐Präsentationen und zusätzlichen Übungen mit Lösungen vor. Die Materialien stehen im Rahmen eines E‐Dossiers des Instituts für Weiterbildung und Medienbildung (PHBern) seit 2010 einem größeren Benutzerkreis kostenlos im Internet zur Verfügung. In diesem Artikel wird, nach einer kurzen Einleitung, die Bedeutung der Quantenchemie für die SEK  II skizziert und die einzelnen Module/Leitprogramme/Begleitmaterialien werden vorgestellt.
Emerging Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Guo Zilei , Ouyang Jiang , Kim Na Yoon , Shi Jinjun , Ji Xiaoyuan
Published: July 2019

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have drawn tremendous attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and promising applications in the fields of electronics, energy storage, and catalysis. Recently, the biomedicine community has gradually started to recognize the great potential of these nanostructured materials for biomedical applications – in particular those related to cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of a few representative 2D nanomaterials, discuss their preparation strategies and physicochemical properties, and highlight their applications in cancer nanomedicine. We expect that this review will shed some light on the new opportunities associated with 2D nanomaterials for biomedical research.
Production and Thermal Exchange of Conditional Peptide‐MHC I Multimers
Authors: Luimstra Jolien J. , Franken Kees L. M. C. , Garstka Malgorzata A. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Neefjes Jacques , Ovaa Huib
Published: July 2019

Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells mediate cellular immunity through recognition of specific antigens presented by MHC class I on all nucleated cells. Studying T cell interactions and responses provides invaluable information on infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Fluorescently labeled multimers of MHC I can be used to quantify, characterize, and isolate specific CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. Here we describe the production and use of conditional MHC I multimers that can be loaded with peptides of choice by incubating them at a defined temperature. Multimers are folded with a template peptide that forms a stable complex at low temperature, but dissociates at a defined elevated temperature. Using this technology multiple MHC I multimers can be generated in parallel, to allow staining and isolation of large sets of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells, especially when combined with barcoding technologies. © 2019 The Authors.
Oral‐bacterial‐induced arterial and venous thrombus in rats: Pathological and immunological studies
Authors: Iwai Takehisa , Matsui Yoshiki , Homma Kaori , Takemura Tamiko , Fujiwara Mutsunori , Aoyama Norio , Sato Hiroki , Izumi Yuichi
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Our study investigated the pathological outcome of experimental thrombi that incorporate oral bacteria.

Material and methods

A small artery and vein in the rats' groins were injected with a solution containing periodontal bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and followed up for 28 days. In all, 18 limbs of nine male rats (500–650 g) were used for the arterial study, and eight limbs of four rats were used for the veins. Two densities of the bacterial solution and two arterial thicknesses sizes were used in the arterial study. Both proximal and distal arteries and veins were ligated loosely using a monofilament nylon suture before bacterial suspensions or control solutions were injected into the ligated vessels.

Results

After 7, 14–18, and 28 days, the rats were sacrificed. Pathology and immunohistochemistry were performed. All specimens exhibited thrombus formation and an acute inflammation reaction with granulocytes at 7 days and then settled down to chronic fibrous change with plasma cells or macrophages at 28 days in the arterial thrombus. CD3 (Pan T‐cells), CD79a (Pan B cells in the rats), and IgG were observed in the process of the healing of the arterial thrombus. Venous changes showed relatively clear recanalization that appeared at 7 days, which is slightly different from the artery. Granulocytes were present from 7 to 28 days.

Conclusions

Periodontal bacteria act as an inflammatory core in the vessels, but not as an infectious agent, in our experiments, because of their low ability to invade tissues.
Relationship between corporate governance and social responsibility: Evidenced in mining companies
Authors: Saenz Cesar , Romero Lyla
Published: July 2019

The objectives of this research are to determine the topics that corporate governance (CG) and social responsibility (SR) have in common, to find which of the topics in common are found only in CG reports, and to find which of the topics in common are found in both CG and SR reports. To meet the objectives, a content analysis was prepared based on a literature review, from which a CG and SR Model Questionnaire table of topics and subtopics in common was compiled. From there, the annual reports, CG reports, and SR reports of 26 main mining companies, all members of the International Council on Mining and Metals, were analyzed. The results showed that 21.52% of topics in common were mentioned in both CG and SR reports, 19.51% were disclosed in CG reports but not in SR reports, and 28.20% were found exclusively in SR reports.
The six dimensions of CSR as a driver of key results in the shipbuilding industry
Authors: Para‐González Lorena , Mascaraque‐Ramírez Carlos
Published: July 2019

Recent contributions to corporate social responsibility (CSR) treat the concept of CSR from a global point of view or adapted to a specific company. However, few studies analyze each of the dimensions of CSR and, in the case of the naval sector, there are no articles in this respect. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the degree of implementation of the six dimensions CSR in companies in the naval sector on different continents of the world and the relationship between this degree and the results obtained. Regarding the analysis of each dimension, the dimensions of ″human rights,” ″fair operated practices,” and ″environmental management” are more relevant when it comes to improving the results of new orders. Moreover, the efforts made in CSR by companies in the shipbuilding sector are positive for shipyards, being an added value to the organizations, improving their key results.
Analysis of malware propagation behavior in Social Internet of Things
Authors: Al Kindi Asma , Al Abri Dawood , Al Maashri Ahmed , Bait‐Shiginah Fahad
Published: July 2019

Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is an evolution of the Internet of Things, where objects interact socially with each other in the sense that they can independently establish new relationships, offer, or discover services, in order to accomplish their tasks with minimum involvement of the user. This additional convenience comes at the expense of higher risk of speeding up malware propagation through the dynamically created relationships. Because of the undesirable effects of malware (eg, disruption of device operation), it is essential to understand their spreading behavior in order to minimize their negative impacts. In this paper, we analyze malware propagation behavior in SIoT and investigate different parameters that influence spreading of malware. Toward that end, a simulator has been developed to simulate the spreading process of malware in SIoT. Many propagation scenarios were analyzed using the proposed simulator. Simulation results show that adding more relationships in the SIoT or increasing the number of owned objects per user has increased malware spreading rate. For example, the time to infect all objects is faster by 45% when objects communicate through four relationships compared with the case when objects communicate through only two relationships in SIoT. We also investigated ways to restrict the malware spreading. Results show that preventing objects from establishing dynamic social relationship slows down the infection by 40% compared with the next best scenario (ie, blocking co‐location relationships), which means more time for vendors to patch up their products.
Optimization of pyrrolo[3,4‐f]indole‐5,7‐dione and indole‐5,6‐dicarbonitrile derivatives as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase
Authors: Chirkova Zhanna V. , Kabanova Mariya V. , Filimonov Sergey I. , Abramov Igor G. , Petzer Anél , Hitge Rialette , Petzer Jacobus P. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu.
Published: July 2019

In recent studies, we have investigated the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition properties of pyrrolo[3,4‐f]indole‐5,7‐dione and indole‐5,6‐dicarbonitrile derivatives. Since numerous high potency MAO inhibitors are present among these chemical classes, the present study synthesizes 44 additional derivatives in an attempt to further derive structure‐activity relationships (SARs) and to establish optimal substitution patterns for MAO inhibition. The results show that, with the exception of one compound, all indole‐5,6‐dicarbonitrile derivatives (10) exhibit submicromolar IC50 values for the inhibition of MAO, with the most potent MAO‐A inhibitor exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.006 μM while the most potent MAO‐B inhibitor exhibits an IC50 value of 0.058 μM. Interestingly, an N‐oxide derivative (4c) also proved to be a potent and nonspecific MAO inhibitor. With the exception of one compound, all of the pyrrolo[3,4‐f]indole‐5,7‐diones (28) also exhibit submicromolar IC50 values for the inhibition of an MAO isoform. The most potent inhibitor exhibit an IC50 value of 0.011 μM for MAO‐A. This study proposes that high potency MAO inhibitors such as those investigated here, may act as lead compounds for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression.
Echocardiographic assessment of functional mitral regurgitation: opening Pandora's box?
Authors: Hagendorff Andreas , Doenst Torsten , Falk Volkmar
Published: July 2019

Two recent trials of transcatheter mitral‐valve repair in patients with functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) presented opposing results for the MitraClip® compared to medical therapy alone. The conflicting results gave rise to intensive discussions about assessment of mitral valve regurgitation (MR). A recent editorial viewpoint provided a potential explanation presenting a new pathophysiologic concept. However, the echocardiographic characterization of both trials' patients is inconsistent and the discussed concepts appear to suffer from plausibility weaknesses. It is well conceivable that limitations in the echocardiographic assessment of the trial patients introduced a bias regarding the selection of patients with severe (or less severe) MR that may be a more plausible explanation for the differences in outcome. We here illustrate our viewpoint regarding the two MitraClip trials and also illustrate the difficulties in assessing functional MR properly. It may indeed be “opening Pandora's box”, but we will also make an attempt to provide a solution.
Self‐medication in pain management: The state of the art of pharmacists’ role for optimal Over‐The‐Counter analgesic use
Authors: Perrot Serge , Cittée Jacques , Louis Pascal , Quentin Bertrand , Robert Carole , Milon Jean‐Yves , Bismut Hervé , Baumelou Alain
Published: July 2019

Background and Objective

Self‐medication is associated with an important utilization of Over‐The‐Counter (OTC) analgesics. The medical outcome resulting from therapeutic options bypassing the physician prescription is a major issue. In that context, pharmacists are expected to play a crucial role. The main objective of this review was to analyse the state‐of‐the art of pharmacists' role in pain management self‐medication.

Databases and Data Treatment

An expert multidisciplinary group dedicated to self‐medication in pain was established. Selection of publications was performed from PubMedand EMBASE databases which was based on the use of “pain” and/or “self‐medication” and/or “self‐care” and/or “analgesics” and/or “painkillers” keywords, restricted to the past 10 years.

Results

A total of 480 papers were identified, 49 of which papers were considered relevant and finally kept for final discussion, on OTC pain management and pharmacist's role. Literature analysis demonstrates that OTC analgesics are generally safe when appropriately used. Risks associated with misuse or inappropriateness depend on patients’ vulnerability (elderly, pregnancy) or behaviour. Social cognitive theory‐based intervention and multimedia applications improve self‐medication but do not replace health care professional advice Pharmacists’ interventions may improve the benefits and safety of OTC analgesic medication, with a better management of pain.

Conclusions

Considering the heterogeneity of patients’ knowledge and behaviour reported worldwide, inappropriate use of OTC pain medication should not be underestimated. Community pharmacists are ideally placed to guide self‐medication or recommend a medical advice when needed. Embedding pharmacists in primary care pain management is essential and pharmacist‐led medication coupled with an appropriate training of pharmacy staffs should be encouraged.

Significance

Analgesics are widely used without prescription, all over the world. They represent the largest market of OTC drugs, with an overall benefit/risk ratio favourable when appropriately used. Because of potential individual risks associated to the ailment or to the patient's behaviour, pharmacists’ interventions have proven to optimize analgesic self‐medication, provided that pharmacy staffs are both available and more specifically trained. In the future, in pain management, especially self‐medication, pharmacists should play an increasing role and should be included in educational programmes and pain management guidelines.
Performance analysis of the new design of photovoltaic/storage solar collector
Authors: Abdullah Amani H. , Ahmed Omer K. , Ali Zaid H.
Published: July 2019

This study intends to develop a low cost, dependable, and efficient storage solar collector for household uses. This design is based on integrating solar cell technology and the solar storage collector into one system to achieve three objectives: water storage, electricity generation, and water heating. In this design, a solar cell was fixed on the inclined metal surface of a rectangular storage collector and acted as a black absorber surface. Two experimental models were constructed to study the performance of the new design. In the first design, which referred to as photovoltaic (PV)/storage solar collector, the solar cell was fixed on the inclined metal surface and worked as a black absorber surface in the conventional collector. The second model was the rectangular storage collector, similar to the first model with most attributes. The results showed that the outlet water temperature reaches the maximum value of 42°C at 2 pm for the PV/storage collector at spring day, and the temperature differences between the outlet and inlet temperature are 14.6°C and 30°C at 2 pm for the PV/storage collector and the conventional storage collector, respectively. The overall efficiency increases as a result of removing hot water from the collector to cool the solar cell and increases the electrical energy produced. Generally, under load conditions, the overall efficiency of the PV/storage collector is higher than the second design. In the summer, the highest value for the overall efficiency of the PV/storage collector was 63.02% under load condition, whereas the higher value for the overall efficiency was 40.88% without load condition.
Numerische Simulation des Erdwiderstands für Sand und Vergleich mit Messergebnissen aus Modellversuchen
Authors: Hegert Harriet , Hettler Achim
Published: July 2019

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein von Hegert [1] auf den Modellversuchskasten von Bartl [2] abgestimmtes Finite‐Elemente‐Modell (FE‐Modell) vorgestellt und durch Vergleich der Beiwerte für den mobilisierten Erdwiderstand, der Grenz‐ und Oberflächenverschiebungen, der lokalen Erddruckbeiwerte und der Angriffshöhe der Erddruckresultierenden ausführlich überprüft. Die Messergebnisse können unter Berücksichtigung der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Stoffmodells gut simuliert werden. Mit dem validierten FE‐Modell wird gezeigt, dass die üblichen Ansätze der DIN 4085 [3], z. B. für Erddruckbeiwerte und ‐resultierende, und die bekannten Mobilisierungsfunktionen von Bartl, Besler und Vogt in weiten Bereichen sehr gute Näherungen darstellen. Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass die Erdwiderstandsbeiwerte von Pregl [4] und Sokolowski [5] gut geeignet sind für eine Parallelbewegung der Wand und die in DIN 4085 vorgeschlagene Abminderung bei Drehung um den Kopf‐ oder Fußpunkt wirklichkeitsnahe Ergebnisse liefert.
Erosion thickness estimate and hydrocarbon accumulation period of relic basins: A case study of the Wulan‐Hua Sag in southern Erlian Basin, NE China
Authors: Fu Sheng , Liu Zhen , Zhang Yi‐ming , Jiang Shuan‐qi , Wang Xin , Wang Hui‐lai , Tian Ning , Yang Hui‐li
Published: July 2019

We conducted a study in the Wulan‐Hua Sag, a Mesozoic relic sag in the Erlian Basin to analyse and determine the period of its hydrocarbon accumulation. Estimation of erosional thickness is carried out from sonic well logs and seismic velocity data, followed by defining burial history of the Wulan‐Hua Sag together with thermal history through basin modelling. Fluid inclusions and pore fluid microthermometric data of 37 samples from clastic reservoir in the Wulan‐Hua Sag are available for detailed correlation and analysis. The reconstructed erosion thickness indicates that first of all, differential uplift that is characterized by seesaw uplift‐erosion initiated at the north sub‐sag. Secondly, largest erosion degree appears in Tumu'er and Saiwusu tectonic belts. Thirdly, the thickness of sedimentary rocks removed by erosion in the south sub‐sag progressively increases from its subsiding centre outwardly. Burial history of the Wulan‐Hua Sag belongs to type of late‐period intensive uplift‐erosion. Two types of fluid inclusion are recognized in the Wulan‐Hua Sag indicating two hydrocarbon accumulation periods for reservoirs in LK1bt1 (lower interval in first member of Tengge'er Formation), which is middle depositing period of K1bt1 (first member of Tengge'er Formation) to early depositing period of K1bt2 (second member of Tengge'er Formation) and early K1bt2 to middle K1bs (Saihantala Formation) depositing period, respectively. Reservoir in the K1ba and upper interval of K1bt1 appears to have experienced one hydrocarbon accumulation period, which is early K1bt1 to early K1bt2 depositing period. And reservoir in the UK1bt1 (upper interval in first member of Tengge'er Formation) also has one hydrocarbon accumulation period, which is late K1bt2 depositing period to the Late Cretaceous (K2). Hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Wulan‐Hua Sag consists of two oil‐reservoir types including “upward‐charging” and “self‐sourced.” Reservoir in lower interval of K1bt1 and reservoir in the upper interval of K1bt1 are considered to have more hydrocarbon exploration potential.
Neural correlates of proprioceptive upper limb position matching
Authors: Marini Francesca , Zenzeri Jacopo , Pippo Valentina , Morasso Pietro , Campus Claudio
Published: July 2019

Proprioceptive information allows humans to perform smooth coordinated movements by constantly updating one's mind with knowledge of the position of one's limbs in space. How this information is combined with other sensory modalities and centrally processed to form conscious perceptions of limb position remains relatively unknown. What has proven even more elusive is pinpointing the contribution of proprioception in cortical activity related to motion. This study addresses these gaps by examining electrocortical dynamics while participants performed an upper limb position matching task in two conditions, namely with proprioceptive feedback or with both visual and proprioceptive feedback. Specifically, we evaluated the reduction of the electroencephalographic power (desynchronization) in the μ frequency band (8–12 Hz), which is known to characterize the neural activation associated with motor control and behavior. We observed a stronger desynchronization in the left motor and somatosensory areas, contralateral to the moving limb while, parietal and occipital regions, identifying association and visual areas, respectively, exhibited a similar activation level in the two hemispheres. Pertaining to the influence of the two experimental conditions it affected only movement's offset, and precisely we found that when matching movements are performed relying only on proprioceptive information, a lower cortical activity is entailed. This effect was strongest in the visual and association areas, while there was a minor effect in the hand motor and somatosensory areas.