bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly[styrene(iodosodiacetate)]‐Promoted Ring Expansion Reaction of 1‐Alkynylcycloalkanols: A Novel Synthesis of (Z)‐2‐(1‐Iodo‐1‐organyl)methylenecycloalkanones.
Authors: Chen Jiang‐Min , Huang Xian
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Barium Dichromate [BaCr2O7], a Mild Reagent for Oxidation of Alcohols to Their Corresponding Carbonyls in Non‐Aqueous Polar Aprotic Media.
Authors: Mottaghinejad Enayatollah , Shaafi E. , Ghasemzadeh Z.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Diethyl Dibromomalonate and Ethyl 2,2‐Dichloroacetoacetate with Water and Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehydes and Ketones) in the Presence of Pentacarbonyliron.
Authors: Terent'ev A. B. , Vasil'eva T. T. , Mysova N. E. , Chakhovskaya O. V.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Controlling Selectivity: From Markovnikov to anti‐Markovnikov Hydroamination of Alkynes.
Authors: Tillack Annegret , Khedkar Vivek , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2005

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An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Triamides and Amidodiesters.
Authors: Shaabani A. , Teimouri M. B. , Bijanzadeh H. R.
Published: February 2005

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Reformatsky Reaction of Methyl 1‐Bromocycloalkanecarboxylates with α‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Kirillov N. F. , Shchepin V. V. , Vedernikova L. A.
Published: February 2005

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New Access to 1,3‐Diketones from Aldehydes.
Authors: Fargeas Valerie , Baalouch Myriam , Metay Estelle , Baffreau Jerome , Menard Delphine , Gosselin Pascal , Berge Jean‐Pascal , Barthomeuf Chantal , Lebreton Jacques
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Reactions. Part 49. Hydroxynitrile Lyase‐Catalyzed Addition of HCN to 2‐ and 3‐Substituted Cyclohexanones.
Authors: Kobler Christoph , Bohrer Anja , Effenberger Franz
Published: February 2005

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Diels—Alder Reaction of Polychlorocyclopentadienes with Vinyl‐ and Allylacetylene Dienophiles.
Authors: Veliev M. G. , Chalabieva A. Z. , Shatirova M. I. , Mamedov I. M. , Mamedov E. Sh.
Published: February 2005

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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 1,2‐Diols Employing Immobilized Lipase in the Ionic Liquid [bmim]PF6.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Chouhan Gagan
Published: February 2005

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Zinc‐Catalyzed Williamson Ether Synthesis in the Absence of Base.
Authors: Paul Satya , Gupta Monika
Published: February 2005

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Enantioselective Formal Hydration of α,β‐Unsaturated Imides by Al‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Oxime Nucleophiles.
Authors: Vanderwal Christopher D. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: February 2005

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Chiral Vanadyl Salen Complex Anchored on Supports as Recoverable Catalysts for the Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes. Comparison Among Silica, Single Wall Carbon Nanotube, Activated Carbon and Imidazolium Ion as Support.
Authors: Baleizao Carlos , Gigante Barbara , Garcia Hermenegildo , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2005

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A Highly Enantioselective Strecker Reaction Catalyzed by Titanium‐N‐salicyl‐β‐aminoalcohol Complexes.
Authors: Banphavichit Vorawit , Mansawat Woraluk , Bhanthumnavin Worawan , Vilaivan Tirayut
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Functionalized Cyclohexanes Using Chemoselective Conjugate Addition of Phenyllithium to Linear ω‐Nitro‐α,β,ψ,ω‐Unsaturated Ester and Subsequent Stereoselective Intramolecular Nitro‐Michael Cyclization.
Authors: Yasuhara Tomohisa , Nishimura Katsumi , Osafune Emi , Muraoka Osamu , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of Photochromic 2,3‐Bis(2,5‐dimethyl‐3‐thienyl)‐3‐cyanoacrylates by the Beckmann Rearrangement of a Cyclobutenedione Derivative.
Authors: Shirinian Valerii Z. , Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Barachevskii Valerii A. , Belen'kii Leonid I. , Shimkin Aleksei A. , Strokach Yuri P.
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of meso‐Substituted Porphyrins Bearing 2,3‐Dicyanopyrazines.
Authors: Lee Bum‐Hoon , Park Jong‐Ho , Jaung Jae‐yun
Published: February 2005

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Esters of 4,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide‐carboximidic Acid.
Authors: Tretyakov E. V. , Romanenko G. V. , Shvedenkov Yu. G. , Ovcharenko V. I. , Sagdeev R. Z.
Published: February 2005

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Reaction of 3,5‐Disubstituted 4,5‐Dihydroisoxazoles with Hexacarbonylmolybdenum.
Authors: Koroleva E. V. , Katok Ya. M. , Lakhvich F. A.
Published: February 2005

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A Reliable Multi‐Kilogram Preparation of 4‐Phenylurazole.
Authors: Chandrasekhar B. , Kumar G. B. , Mallela S. , Bhirud S. B.
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis and Properties 1‐Nitro‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one.
Authors: Zbarskii V. L. , Kuz'min V. V. , Yudin N. V.
Published: February 2005

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Reactions of 5‐Dialkylamino‐1,2,3‐thiadiazole‐4‐carbaldehydes with Amines as a Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐4‐carbothioamides.
Authors: Glukhareva T. V. , Morzherin Yu. Yu. , Dyudya L. V. , Malysheva K. V. , Tkachev A. V. , Padva A. , Bakulev V. A.
Published: February 2005

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Domino Ring‐Closing Metathesis/Intramolecular Transfer of an Alkenyl Subunit: A Direct Formation of Functionalized Butenolides and Pyrones from α,β‐ and β,γ‐Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Virolleaud Marie‐Alice , Piva Olivier
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 1H‐Furo[3,4‐b]chromenes.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Djahaniani Hoorieh , Nasiri Farough
Published: February 2005

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A New and Efficient Method for Conjugate Addition of Trialkylphosphites to 3‐Acylsubstituted Coumarins.
Authors: Nikolova Rositca D. , Bojilova Anka G. , Rodios Nestor A.
Published: February 2005

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6‐(3,4‐Difluorobenzoyl)‐3‐ [2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethyl]‐1,3‐benzothiazol‐2(3H)‐one
Authors: Oezbey Sueheyla , Goekhan Nesrin
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of 1,3,3‐Trimethyl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines with Polyhaloalkanonitriles.
Authors: Sosnovskikh V. Ya. , Usachev B. I. , Shklyaev Yu. V.
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of 4,6‐Disubstituted Dimethyl Pyridazine‐3,5‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Yakovlev M. E. , Razin V. V.
Published: February 2005

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Efficient Synthesis of Tricyclic Quinazolines by One‐Pot Cyclizations of 2‐(Dichloroisocyanido)benzonitrile.
Authors: Bodtke Anja , Langer Peter
Published: February 2005

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Mono‐ and Diadducts and Bicyclic Adducts in Reactions of 2,3‐Dicyano‐1‐ethylpyrazinium Cation with C‐ and O‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Slepukhin P. A. , Rusinov G. L. , Charushin V. N. , Filyakova V. I. , Karpenko N. S. , Krivolapov D. B. , Litvinov I. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic Resolution of Heterocyclic Amines by Reaction with Optically Active Acid Chlorides. The Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Diastereoselectivity of Acylation of (.+‐.)‐3‐Methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐1,4‐benzoxazine.
Authors: Krasnov V. P. , Levit G. L. , Korolyova M. A. , Bukrina I. M. , Sadretdinova L. Sh. , Andreeva I. N. , Charushin V. N. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: February 2005

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2‐[6‐(3‐Chlorophenyl)‐2,4‐dioxoperhydropyrimidin‐3‐yl]ethyl Morpholine‐4‐carbodithioate
Authors: Koeysal Yavuz , Isik Samil , Septioglu Ebubekir , Calis Uensal
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New Benzothiadiazine Dioxide Derivatives.
Authors: Tait Annalisa , Luppi Amedeo , Cermelli Claudio
Published: February 2005

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5,6,7,8‐Tetrafluoro‐4‐hydroxycoumarin Derivatives in Reactions with o‐Phenylenediamine.
Authors: Burgart Ya. V. , Shcherbakov K. V. , Saloutin V. I. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorescent Sodium Ion Indicators Based on the 1,7‐Diaza‐15‐crown‐5 System.
Authors: Martin Vladimir V. , Rothe Anca , Diwu Zhenjun , Gee Kyle R.
Published: February 2005

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Reaction of 2‐Acetyl‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,3‐diazaphosphole with Butane‐2,3‐diol.
Authors: Khusainova Narkis G. , Mostovaya Olga A. , Azancheev Nail M. , Litvinov Igor A. , Krivolapov Dmitry B. , Cherkasov Rafael A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Inhibition of the Fungus Botrytis cinerea by an Eremophilane Phytoalexin Analogue.
Authors: Collado Isidro G. , Deligeorgopoulou Anthina , Hanson James R. , Hitchcock Peter B. , Macias‐Sanchez Antonio J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sesquiterpene Esters from the Fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus
Authors: Guo Yuan Qiang , Li Xian , Xu Jing , Li Ning , Meng Da Li , Wang Jin Hui
Published: February 2005

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An Efficient Large Scale Synthesis of Nateglinide.
Authors: Chandrasekhar Batchu , Sawanth Mangesh S. , Naik Sameer J. , Gaikwad Nandakumar B. , Kulkarni Pramila V. , Bhirud Shekar B.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Optically Pure Peptide‐Like Derivatives of 4‐(1‐Adamantyl)benzoic Acid.
Authors: Krasnikov S. V. , Remizova I. V. , Obukhova T. A. , Danilova A. S.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Flavonoid Glycoside and Long Chain Ester from the Roots of Vitex negundo
Authors: Azhar‐ul‐Haq Azhar‐ul‐Haq , Malik A. , Khan S. B.
Published: February 2005

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New Products from the Reaction of Acetyllycoctonine with N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS).
Authors: Shen Xiang‐Li , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effects of Hypoxanthine on Adenosine Transport in Human Lymphocytes. Implications in the Phatogenesis of Lesch—Nyhan Syndrome
Authors: Torres R. J. , DeAntonio I. , Prior C. , Puig J. G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleotide Degradation Products in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in Inherited and Acquired Pathologies
Authors: Fairbanks L. D. , Harris J. C. , Duley J. A. , Simmonds H. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Adenosine Transport in HPRT Deficient Lymphocytes from Lesch—Nyhan Disease Patients
Authors: Torres R. J. , DeAntonio I. , Prior C. , Puig J. G.
Published: February 2005

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The Pathophysiology of Hyperuricemia in Essential Hypertension: A Pilot Study
Authors: Puig Juan G. , Torres Rosa J. , Ruilope Luis M. , Campo C. , Grande Cristina , Sancho Teresa , Bernardino Jose I.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
In vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities of the Tricyclic Ketolide TE‐802 and Its Analogues.
Authors: Ono Takeo , Kashimura Masato , Suzuki Keiko , Oyauchi Rika , Miyachi Junko , Ikuta Hiroshi , Kawauchi Hiroyuki , Akashi Toshi , Asaka Toshifumi , Morimoto Shigeo
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibition of PTP1B by Metabolites from Micromucor ramannianus var. angulisporus CRM000232.
Authors: Oh Hyuncheol , Kim Beom Seok , Bae Eun Young , Kim Min Soo , Kim Bo Yeon , Lee Hyang Burm , Kim Chang‐Jin , Ahn Jong Seog
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three New Compounds from the Plant Lippia alva as Inhibitors of Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5).
Authors: Hegde Vinod R. , Pu Haiyan , Patel Mahesh , Das Pradip R. , Strizki Julie , Gullo Vincent P. , Chou Chuan‐Chu , Buevich Alexei V. , Chan Tze‐Ming
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclopeptide Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Joullie Madeleine M. , Richard David J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Extraordinary Reactions of Phenyldimethylsilyllithium with N,N‐Disubstituted Amides
Authors: Buswell Marina , Fleming Ian , Ghosh Usha , Mack Stephen , Russell Matthew , Clark Barry P.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Rearrangements of 1‐Oxa‐2‐azoles as an Expedient Route to Fluorinated Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Pace Andrea , Pibiri Ivana , Buscemi Silvestre , Vivona Nicolo
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkane Complexes as Intermediates in C—H Bond Activation Reactions
Authors: Jones William D. , Vetter Andrew J. , Wick Douglas D. , Northcutt Todd O.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diazaphospholes and Diazarsoles
Authors: Bansal R. K. , Gupta Neelima
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
SNH Methodology and New Approaches to Condensed Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Charushin Valery N. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,2‐Dioxins and Benzo‐ and Dibenzo‐fused Derivatives
Authors: Matsumoto M.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4‐Nitroisoxazolin‐5(2H)‐one: Diverse Synthetic Intermediate for Polyfunctionalized Systems
Authors: Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Ariga Masahiro
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Linear and Cyclic Polyamines
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. , Averin Alexey D.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Organic Molecules with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Heterometallic Complexes
Authors: Shapley Patricia A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles
Authors: Weaver G. W.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of Protonated Species in Gaseous Environments
Authors: Chiavarino Barbara , Crestoni Maria E. , Fornarini Simonetta
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Principle of Nonperfect Synchronization: How Does It Apply to Aromatic Systems?
Authors: Bernasconi C. F.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Steroidal Lipopolyamine Conjugates for Monitoring Gene Delivery
Authors: Blagbrough I. S. , Neal A. P.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Immunopathogenesis of Acute Graft‐versus‐Host Disease: Implications for Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Zeiser Robert , Marks Reinhard , Bertz Hartmut , Finke Juergen
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Methods for Electronic Structure Calculations: Overview from a Reduced‐Density‐Matrix Point of View
Authors: Ziesche P. , Tasnadi F.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Selected Examples
Authors: Marshall Peter S. , Leavens Bill , Heudi Olivier , Ramirez‐Molina Cesar
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Spectra of Cyclophanes
Authors: Ernst Ludger , Ibrom Kerstin
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic Circular Dichroism of Cyclophanes
Authors: Grimme Stefan , Bahlmann Arnold
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Cyclophanes
Authors: Muchall Heidi M.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Survival rates in patients with low‐grade glioma after intraoperative magnetic resonance image guidance
Authors: Claus Elizabeth B. , Horlacher Andres , Hsu Liangge , Schwartz Richard B. , Dello‐Iacono Donna , Talos Florian , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Black Peter M.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

No age‐adjusted or histologic‐adjusted assessments of the association between extent of resection and risk of either recurrence or death exist for neurosurgical patients who undergo resection of low‐grade glioma using intraoperative magnetic resonance image (MRI) guidance.

METHODS

The current data included 156 patients who underwent surgical resection of a unifocal, supratentorial, low‐grade glioma in the MRI suite at Brigham and Women's Hospital between January 1, 1997, and January 31, 2003. Estimates of disease‐free and overall survival probabilities were calculated using Kaplan–Meier methodology. The association between extent of resection and these probabilities was measured using a Cox proportional hazards model. Observed death rates were compared with the expected death rate using age‐specific and histologic‐specific survival rates obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry.

RESULTS

Patients who underwent subtotal resection were at 1.4 times the risk of disease recurrence (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.7–3.1) and at 4.9 times the risk of death (95% CI, 0.61–40.0) relative to patients who underwent gross total resection. The 1‐year, 2‐year, and 5‐year age‐adjusted and histologic‐adjusted death rates for patients who underwent surgical resection using intraoperative MRI guidance were 1.9% (95% CI, 0.3–4.2%), 3.6% (95% CI, 0.4–6.7%), and 17.6% (95% CI, 5.9–29.3%), respectively: significantly lower than the rates reported using national data bases.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the current study suggested a possible association between surgical resection and survival for neurosurgical patients who underwent surgery for low‐grade glioma under intraoperative MRI guidance. Further study within the context of a large, prospective, population‐based project will be needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Bortezomib in recurrent and/or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Jagannath Sundar , Barlogie Bart , Berenson James R. , Singhal Seema , Alexanian Raymond , Srkalovic Gordan , Orlowski Robert Z. , Richardson Paul G. , Anderson Jessica , Nix Darrell , Esseltine Dixie L. , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Bortezomib is a potent, reversible proteasome inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of recurrent and/or refractory multiple myeloma, but its activity in patients with renal impairment has not been studied to date.

METHODS

Response rates, safety, and 20S proteasome activity were assessed in relation to baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) among patients with recurrent and/or refractory myeloma (n = 256 patients) who were treated with bortezomib in 2 Phase II trials. Bortezomib was administered by intravenous bolus on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21‐day cycle at 2 doses, 1.0 mg/m2 (n = 28 patients) and 1.3 mg/m2 (n = 228 patients).

RESULTS

Of 10 patients with CrCl ≤ 30 mL/minute, 7 patients completed the protocol‐specified 8 cycles of treatment; 4 patients received the 1.3 mg/m2 bortezomib dose, and 3 patients received the 1.0 mg/m2 bortezomib dose. Using the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation criteria, responses were assigned by an independent committee to 3 of the 10 patients (2 partial responses and 1 minimal response), a response rate similar to that of the overall treated population. Patients with CrCl > 80 mL/minute (n = 105 patients), 51–80 mL/minute (n = 99 patients), and ≤ 50 mL/minute (n = 52 patients) had similar rates of discontinuation and similar adverse event profiles. Renal function did not appear to affect the 1‐hour postdose proteasome inhibition or its recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical experience in a limited number of patients with impaired renal function suggests that bortezomib provides clinical benefit with manageable toxicities in this high‐risk population. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Cerebrospinal fluid‐disseminated meningioma
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C. , Glantz Michael J.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Intracranial meningiomas are common and comprise 20% of all primary brain tumors. Meningiomas infrequently metastasize; however, to the authors' knowledge there are limited data regarding the spread of disease through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

METHODS

Eight of 200 consecutive patients (4%) with meningiomas manifested CSF dissemination. CSF cytology was positive in all patients, and neuroradiographic studies were consistent with CSF dissemination in eight patients. The patients (6 women and 2 men) ranged in age from 24–87 years (mean age, 52 years). All patients had undergone prior surgery (range, one to five surgeries; median, two surgeries), radiotherapy (involved‐field radiotherapy in seven patients and stereotactic radiotherapy in six patients), and chemotherapy (hydroxyurea in eight patients). Multiple sites of metastases were seen in all patients and were both within the nervous system (subarachnoid or ventricular tumor: intracranial in eight patients, spinal cord in four patients) and extraneural (subcutaneous, cervical lymph nodes, orbit, or pulmonary in five patients). Treatment utilized both systemic chemotherapy (temozolomide in four patients, irinotecan in three patients, hydroxyurea in three patients, interferon‐α in two patients, and doxorubicin plus ifosfamide in one patient) and intraventricular chemotherapy (liposomal cytosine arabinoside in seven patients, thiotepa in one patient, and busulfan in one patient).

RESULTS

Treatment‐related toxicity was seen in eight patients, including chemical meningitis in eight patients (Grade 2), neutropenia in five patients (Grade 2 in four patients and Grade 3 in one patient), fatigue in one patient (Grade 2), and gastrointestinal toxicity in one patient (Grade 2). The best response was stable disease in seven patients and progressive disease in one patient. The response duration ranged from 2–31 months (median, 3.5 months). The median survival was 5.5 months, and 3 patients were alive with disease at the time of last follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of CSF‐disseminated meningioma, although feasible and comparatively nontoxic, was associated with modest outcomes despite combined systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
On hydrodynamics of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Lin Fang‐Hua , Liu Chun , Zhang Ping
Published: February 2005

In this paper, we study a hydrodynamic system describing fluids with viscoelastic properties. After a brief examination of the relations between several models, we shall concentrate on a few analytical issues concerning them. In particular, we establish local existence and global existence (with small initial data) of classical solutions for an Oldroyd system without an artificially postulated damping mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phytoplankton monitoring by high performance flow cytometry: A successful approach?
Authors: Rutten Thomas P. A. , Sandee Ben , Hofman Angelo R. T.
Published: February 2005

Background

Regular phytoplankton monitoring in Dutch coastal waters is performed as an indicator of the ecological state of these waters. The monitoring program is focused on temporal and spatial changes of species composition and abundance. Flow cytometry has been introduced to provide additional information, to improve ecosystem understanding, and to increase the efficiency of analysis and reportage.

Methods

Phytoplankton community abundance and composition were routinely determined by flow cytometry and microscopy at six locations in the North Sea over three annual cycles between 2000 and 2003. Supplementary measurements were also made for fluorescence (chlorophyll‐a and other pigments) and, in combination with flow cytometric and microscopic data, were used to determine phytoplankton abundance and composition as a function of their size distribution. Real‐time imaging of species was also used to identify species on the basis of their flow cytometric optical characteristics.

Results

Flow cytometric analysis took 15 min on average. Analysis including data processing, and Web site reportage took less than 1 h. Phytoplankton concentrations (cells/ml), biomass (fluorescence/ml), and concentration of phycoerythrin‐ or phycocyanin‐containing cells (cells/ml) as a function of their algal size were produced every 2 weeks on average. The phytoplankton integrated annual concentration and biomass were used as ecological indicators for overall phytoplankton status. Real‐time imaging of cells in flow enabled the identification of dominant species and was applied as an early warning system for Phaeocystis spp.

Conclusions

The reproducibility and count precision due to the large number of observations of the flow cytometric technique provided reliable data for monitoring long‐term trends. Flow cytometrically based analyses extended the lower detection limit (<0.5 μm) of analysis beyond the capabilities of other techniques such as the relation between small and larger phytoplankton, the relation between cell counts and biomass as a function of cell size, but also the ability to monitor and report on blooms of harmful algae. A good correlation was found between concentrations (cells/ml) measured by flow cytometry and microscopy. In practice, flow cytometric analysis of a single marine sample took 15 min on average. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphocyte‐expressed BILL‐cadherin/cadherin‐17 contributes to the development of B cells at two stages
Authors: Ohnishi Kazuo , Melchers Fritz , Shimizu Takeyuki
Published: February 2005

The gene encoding BILL‐cadherin/cadherin‐17, a nonclassical cadherin expressed on B lymphocytes in a stage‐and‐site‐specific manner, was inactivated by targeted disruption of its transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion‐encoding parts. BILL‐cadherin deficiency caused a threefold proB cell accumulation, as well as a reduction to half of the numbers of immature B cells in bone marrow. In spleen, CD21hiCD23lo marginal zone B cells were found reduced and the structure of the marginal zone was impaired. In addition, the size and number of germinal center as well as the number of PNA+ cells were significantly reduced in BILL‐cadherin‐deficient mice. In the peritoneal cavity of mutant mice IgM+Mac‐1+CD5+ B1a cell, that express high BILL‐cadherin in wild‐type mice, was also reduced in number. The IgG1 and IgG3 antibody response to the T‐independent antigen, TNP‐Ficoll, was impaired in the mutant mice. These results indicate that BILL‐cadherin participates in B lymphocyte development at least at two stages, first at the transition of pro/preB‐I cells to preB‐II cells possibly in association with surrogate light chain in bone marrow, and later at the point of development, accumulation and reactiveness of immature B cells in spleen.
Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces the matrix metalloproteinase‐1 promoter via an Ets binding site formed by a single nucleotide polymorphism: Enhanced susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Kondo Satoru , Wakisaka Naohiro , Schell Michael J. , Horikawa Toshiyuki , Sheen Tzung‐Shiahn , Sato Hiroshi , Furukawa Mitsuru , Pagano Joseph S. , Yoshizaki Tomokazu
Published: February 2005

The Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has a significant role in several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). LMP1 is the principal oncoprotein, and we have shown that it also induces a set of factors that mediates invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP1) is also involved in several malignancies. A single guanine insertion polymorphism (2G) in the MMP1 promoter creates an Ets binding site that causes high levels of transcription and correlates with risk for some malignancies. Here, we evaluate the impact of this2Ginsertion type on NPC. We genotyped 44 Japanese and 39 Taiwanese NPC patients, as well as 58 Japanese and 23 Taiwanese healthy controls. The proportion of2Ghomozygotes was higher in the NPC groups than in controls (Japanese:p= 0.02, odds ratio (OR) = 2.49; Taiwanese:p= 0.02, OR = 3.66). An analysis of overall survival rates in the patients with NPC, and the1G/1Ggenotype disclosed a favorable prognosis (5‐year survival rate = 100%,p= 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that1G/1Ghas independent prognostic significance. We also examined whether LMP1 enhances MMP1 expression in epithelial cells in culture. LMP1‐transfected cells with2G/2Ggenotype expressed MMP1, which was abolished by activator protein‐1 (AP1) dominant‐negative (DN) and Ets‐DN. LMP1 also induced active MMP3, which can cleave latent MMP1, and AP1‐DN and Ets‐DN suppressed the MMP3 expression. These results suggest that LMP1‐induced MMP1 and MMP3 are closely linked and show that LMP1 activates MMP1 via an Ets binding site formed by2G, which is a candidate marker for both risk and prognosis of NPC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast cancer risk associated with genotypic polymorphism of the mitosis‐regulating gene Aurora‐A/STK15/BTAK
Authors: Lo Yen‐Li , Yu Jyh‐Cherng , Chen Shou‐Tung , Yang Hsin‐Chou , Fann Cathy S.J. , Mau Yi‐Chien , Shen Chen‐Yang
Published: February 2005

Aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes, is relatively common and occurs early in breast cancer development. This observation supports a breast tumorigenic contribution of mechanisms responsible for maintaining chromosome number stability in which centrosomes play an essential role. We therefore speculated that the Aurora‐A/STK15/BTAK gene, implicated in the regulation of centrosome duplication, may be associated with breast tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a case‐control study of 709 primary breast cancer patients and 1,972 healthy controls, examining single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including a suggested functional Phe31Ile SNP, in Aurora‐A. We were also interested in knowing whether any association between Aurora‐A and breast cancer was modified by reproductive risk factors reflecting susceptibility to estrogen exposure. Our hypothesis is that, since estrogen is known to promote breast cancer development via its mitogenic effect leading to malignant proliferation on breast epithelium and since Aurora‐A is involved in regulating mitosis, the discovery of a joint effect between the Aurora‐A genotype and reproductive risk factors on cancer risk might yield valuable clues to the association of breast tumorigenesis with estrogen. Support for this hypothesis came from the following observations. (i) Two SNPs in Aurora‐A were significantly associated with breast cancer risk (p < 0.05). (ii) Haplotype analyses, based on different combinations of multiple SNPs in Aurora‐A, revealed a strong association with breast cancer risk; interestingly, the genotypic distribution of the suggested functional Phe31Ile SNP was not significantly different between breast cancer patients and controls, but the specific haplotype containing the putative at‐risk Ile allele was more common in patients. (iii) This association between risk and putative high‐risk genotypes was stronger and more significant in women thought to be more susceptible to estrogen, i.e., those with a longer interval between menarche and first full‐term pregnancy. (iv) The protective effect conferred by a history of full‐term pregnancy was significant only in women with a putative low‐risk genotype of Aurora‐A. Our study provides new findings supporting the mutator role of Aurora‐A in breast cancer development, suggesting that breast cancer could be driven by genomic instability associated with variant Aurora‐A, the tumorigenic contribution of which could be enhanced as a result of increased mitosis due to estrogen exposure. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HPV in situ hybridization: Impact of different protocols on the detection of integrated HPV
Authors: Hopman Anton H.N. , Kamps Miriam A. , Smedts Frank , Speel Ernst‐Jan M. , Herrington C. Simon , Ramaekers Frans C.S.
Published: February 2005

Although there is consensus that HPV integration is common in invasive cervical carcinomas and uncommon or absent in low‐grade uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I), estimates for HPV integration in CIN II/III range from 5 to 100% using different PCR‐based and in situ hybridization (ISH) approaches. It has been suggested that HPV integration can be identified using ISH by scoring of punctate signals. The increased sensitivity of fluorescence ISH (FISH) methods, allowing the detection of single copies of HPV, complicates the distinction between integrated and episomal HPV. Recently it has been suggested that, in such assays, the signals originating from integrated virus can be hidden in a background of episomal HPV. We therefore compared 2 different FISH protocols for the detection of integrated HPV in a series of CIN II/III lesions: 1) a mild protocol in which episomal HPV and RNA is retained and 2) a harsh protocol that extensively extracts proteins and RNA, and which promotes the partial loss of episomal HPV but not integrated HPV. A series of 28 HPV 16/18 positive CIN II/III lesions (17 solitary lesions and 11 lesions adjacent to microinvasive carcinoma) were studied. A punctate signal pattern was identified in 7 of these lesions with both protocols. Punctate signal was also present in control samples from lesions that are known to be associated with HPV integration (invasive squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3), adenocarcinoma in situ (n = 3), and invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 1). HPV RNA contributed significantly to the intensity of punctate FISH signal, especially when applying the mild protocol, as shown by omitting DNA denaturation, including RNase pretreatment steps and measuring the fluorescence signal intensity. Also, HPV RNA was frequently detected in addition to episomal/integrated HPV DNA in the majority of the other 21 CIN II/III lesions; this resulted in intense granular/diffuse FISH signals throughout the epithelium. However, in 7 of these lesions, the harsh protocol gave a more consistent punctate pattern in cells throughout the full thickness of the epithelium. This supports the hypothesis that the harsh protocol unmasks integrated HPV more efficiently by extracting RNA and episomal HPV. Overall, with this harsh protocol, a clonally expanded population of cells containing punctate HPV signals was found in 5 of 17 (29%) solitary CIN II/III lesions and in 9 of 11 (88%) CIN II/III lesions associated with microinvasive carcinoma. Combining these data with the results from our previous study, with the harsh protocol in 7 of 40 (18%) solitary CIN II/III lesions and 19/21 (90%) CIN II/III lesions associated with microinvasive carcinoma (p < 0.001), this pattern was found. This indicates that, when robustly defined, a punctate HPV pattern in CIN II/III lesions is associated with the presence of an invasive carcinoma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐6 induces transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astrocytes in vivo and regulates VEGF promoter activity in glioblastoma cells via direct interaction between STAT3 and Sp1
Authors: Loeffler Sébastien , Fayard Bérengère , Weis Joachim , Weissenberger Jakob
Published: February 2005

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expression is strongly correlated with the degree of human glioma malignancy and necessary for tumor formation in a mouse model of spontaneous astrocytomas. Yet, exactly how IL‐6 contributes to malignant progression of these brain tumors is still unclear. We have scrutinized the mechanism of transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by IL‐6 in the mouse brain and in glioblastoma cells. We demonstrate here that IL‐6 drives transcriptional upregulation of VEGF in astrocytes in vivo using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐IL‐6/VEGF‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) double transgenic mice. We further show that IL‐6‐induced VEGF transcription and VEGF secretion by human glioblastoma cells is dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). By progressive 5′‐deletion analysis we defined the minimal VEGF promoter region for IL‐6‐responsiveness to nucleotides −88/−50. Surprisingly, this promoter region is rich in GC‐boxes and does not contain STAT3 binding elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays revealed binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to the −88/−50 element upon IL‐6 stimulation. Interestingly, preincubation with STAT3 antibody prevented the binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to the −88/−50 element, indicating that STAT3 is involved in IL‐6‐driven Sp1/Sp3 protein‐DNA complex formation. Physical interaction of STAT3 and Sp1 was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation. The functional relevance of the STAT3/Sp1 association was corroborated by transient transfection experiments, which showed that overexpression of constitutively active STAT3 increased the minimal VEGF promoter activity. Taken together, our study suggests that IL‐6 promotes tumor angiogenesis in gliomas and describes a novel transcriptional activation mechanism for STAT3 in the context of a STAT3 binding element (SBE)‐free promoter. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High ID2 protein expression correlates with a favourable prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer and reduces cellular invasiveness of breast cancer cells
Authors: Stighall Maria , Manetopoulos Christina , Axelson Håkan , Landberg Göran
Published: February 2005

ID proteins have been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in various cell types during normal development as well as in the formation of cancer. Our aim was to delineate the expression of ID2 by immunohistochemistry in primary breast cancer in order to detect potential associations with cell cycle regulatory proteins and/or clinicopathologic parameters. We further overexpressed ID2 in a breast cancer cell line to elaborate potential effects on proliferation and invasiveness. We observed large variations in ID2 expression in primary breast cancer, and the protein was localised to both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Interestingly, a high cytoplasmic ID2 protein level correlated with a favourable prognosis. Overexpressing ID2 in the MDA‐MB‐468 breast cancer cell line generated a marked cytoplasmic localisation of the protein and reduced the invasive capacity of cells. Modest enhancement of cell proliferation was further detected in ID2‐overexpressing cells. In conclusion, ID2 protein expression varies substantially within primary breast tumours and high cytoplasmic levels of ID2 might reflect a less aggressive breast tumour phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protection of platinum–DNA adduct formation and reversal of cisplatin resistance by anti‐MRP2 hammerhead ribozymes in human cancer cells
Authors: Materna Verena , Liedert Bernd , Thomale Jürgen , Lage Hermann
Published: February 2005

Resistance to platinum‐containing antineoplastic drugs is the major limitation in their clinical use. To elucidate the role of the ABC transporter MRP2 in platinum drug resistance, its expression was analyzed in human cisplatin‐resistant cell lines: the ovarian carcinoma line A2780RCIS, the adrenocortical carcinoma line D43/86RCIS and the melanoma line MeWoCIS1. All these cells showed overexpression of MRP2. For reversal of platinum resistance, 2 anti‐MRP2 hammerhead ribozymes were introduced into A2780RCIS cells. Both ribozymes showed gene‐silencing activities and reversed the drug‐resistant phenotype. Moreover, formation of platinum‐induced intrastrand cross‐links was measured in DNA. The level of DNA platination corresponded inversely to the level of MRP2 expression and was accompanied by increased caspase‐3‐dependent apoptosis. Kinetics of formation and elimination of platinum–DNA adducts suggest that the DNA repair capacity was not altered; the decrease in platinum–DNA adduct formation was rather a reflection of the protecting activity of MRP2. In conclusion, functional inhibition of MRP2 might be a promising strategy in the reversal of resistance to platinum‐based anticancer drugs. This was reflected by the specific inhibition of MRP2 by ribozyme technology, indicating that this gene therapeutic approach may be applicable as a specific means to overcome platinum resistance in human neoplasms. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A randomised public‐health trial on automation‐assisted screening for cervical cancer in Finland: Performance with 470,000 invitations
Authors: Nieminen Pekka , Kotaniemi Laura , Hakama Matti , Tarkkanen Jussi , Martikainen Jorma , Toivonen Terttu , Ikkala Jorma , Luostarinen Tapio , Anttila Ahti
Published: February 2005

Our objective was to evaluate automation‐assisted screening, in comparison to the conventional method, in a routine population‐based cervical cancer‐screening programme. Our study is based on an individually randomised design involving approximately 160,000 invitees and 110,000 attendees every year. From 1999 to 2001, 471,297 women were invited to attend and 330,445 smears were screened (attendance rate 70.1%), of which 220,254 were tested conventionally and 110,191 were tested using the automation‐assisted method. Cytologic Papanicolaou group II findings were reported slightly more often (RR = 1.04) in the automation‐assisted method than in the conventional screening arm. There were 1,291 cases of histologically confirmed dysplasia or carcinoma (0.4% of the screened), one‐third of which were severe dysplasia or a more severe finding (CIN3+). The detection rates of histologically verified findings were similar between the 2 screening arms. In Finland, the screening programme has been effective. As the detection rates, particularly of CIN3+, were similar between the screening arms, we will continue the automation‐assisted method in the routine screening programme. Further follow‐up for interval cancer incidence is required, however, to measure if the effect of screening is the same between the arms. A similar evaluation design is feasible to any other major or competing modification of the screening test or other element in the programme. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a new HLA‐A*0201‐restricted cryptic epitope from CYP1B1
Authors: Maecker Britta , von Bergwelt‐Baildon Michael S. , Sherr David H. , Nadler Lee M. , Schultze Joachim L.
Published: February 2005

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) was recently shown to be a candidate tumor antigen broadly expressed in solid and hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, use of such self‐antigens as targets for immune intervention can be limited because of loss of high‐avidity T cells during negative selection in the thymus. Recent data suggest that targeting of cryptic epitopes may represent a way to circumvent such self‐tolerance and induce efficient antitumor CTL responses. Here, we present the identification and characterization of a novel, cryptic HLA‐A*0201‐binding peptide from CYP1B1. The nanomer CYP246 was identified by epitope deduction using algorithms to predict HLA‐A*0201‐binding peptides. CYP246 is characterized by strong initial HLA‐A*0201 binding but a short MHC/peptide binding half‐life. Expansion of high‐avidity CTL was readily possible using autologous CD40‐activated B cells from normal donors and cancer patients as antigen‐presenting cells, suggesting that an intact T‐cell repertoire can be expanded for this epitope. Lysis of CYP1B1‐expressing, HLA‐A*0201+ tumor cell lines and primary tumor cells confirmed that sufficient levels of CYP246 are presented by tumor cells for effector CTL killing. These findings indicate that CYP246 is a candidate cryptic epitope for immune interventions in which tumor CYP1B1 is targeted. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The human polyomavirus BK: Potential role in cancer
Authors: Fioriti D. , Videtta M. , Mischitelli M. , Degener A.M. , Russo G. , Giordano A. , Pietropaolo V.
Published: February 2005

In human cancer, a role has been suggested for the human polyomavirus BK, primarily associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis and ureteric stenosis in renal transplant recipients, and with hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. After the initial infection, primarily unapparent and without clinical signs, the virus disseminates and establishes a persistent infection in the urinary tract and lymphocytes. There is correlative evidence regarding potential role of polyomavirus BK in cancer. In fact, the BK virus (BKV) DNA (complete genome and/or subgenomic fragments containing the early region) is able to transform embryonic fibroblasts and cells cultured from kidney and brain of hamster, mouse, rat, rabbit, and monkey. Nevertheless, transformation of human cells by BKV is inefficient and often abortive. Evidence supporting a possible role for BKV in human cancer has accumulated slowly in recent years, after the advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). BKV is known to commonly establish persistent infections in people and to be excreted in the urine by individuals who are asymptomatic, complicating the evaluation of its potential role in development of human cancer. Therefore, there is no certain proof that human polyomavirus BK directly causes the cancer in humans or acts as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of some types of human cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smad pathway‐specific transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1
Authors: Pardali Katerina , Kowanetz Marcin , Heldin Carl‐Henrik , Moustakas Aristidis
Published: February 2005

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) inhibits epithelial cell growth, in part via transcriptional induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 (p21). We show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐7 induces higher p21 expression than TGF‐β1 in various epithelial cells. Despite this, BMP‐7 only weakly suppresses epithelial cell proliferation, as Id2, a cell cycle‐promoting factor, becomes concomitantly induced by BMP‐7. Signaling studies with all type I receptors of the TGF‐β superfamily show that BMP receptors induce higher p21 expression than TGF‐β/activin receptors. Smad4 is essential for p21 regulation by all receptor pathways. Based on the previously known ability of c‐Myc to block p21 expression and epithelial growth arrest in response to TGF‐β1, we demonstrate that ectopic c‐Myc expression can abrogate Smad‐mediated p21 induction by all TGF‐β and BMP receptors. Furthermore, p21 induction by all receptor pathways can be blocked by the natural inhibitors of the TGF‐β superfamily. Smad7 inhibits all pathways whereas Smad6 selectively inhibits the BMP pathways. The observed pathway specificity reflects the efficiency by which BMP Smads, compared to TGF‐β Smads, transactivate the p21 promoter. In addition, BMP‐specific Smads, Smad1, Smad5, and especially Smad8, induce endogenous p21 mRNA and protein levels, while they fail to induce epithelial growth inhibition when compared to TGF‐β receptor‐phosphorylated Smads (R‐Smads), Smad2 and Smad3. Thus, p21 is a common target of all TGF‐β superfamily pathways. However, the ability of TGF‐β superfamily members to induce cell growth arrest depends on the regulation of additional gene targets. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.