bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SERAI (Cymbopogon citratus L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Streptococcus mutans SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Juariah Siti
Published: April 2022

Daun serai (Cymbopogon citratus L) mengandung bahan kimia seperti alkaloid, saponin, tanin, polifenol dan flavonoid. Kandungan ini menunjukkan bahwa serai memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang cukup. Salah satu kasus kesehatan gigi yang banyak ditemui pada masyarakat yaitu karies gigi, untuk mengurangi masalah tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan daun serai karena serai juga mudah dibudidayakan dan diakses oleh banyak orang sehingga muda dicari untuk dijadikan obat. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengetahui daya hambat Streptococcus mutans menggunakan ekstrak daun serai. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Eksperimental Laboraturium dengan rancangan penelitian “Post Test Only Control Group Design”. Hasil penelitian dengan metode dilusi cair pada konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50% dan 25% tidak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans karena pada tabung terjadi kekeruhan. Sedangkan pada uji metode dilusi padat pada konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50% dan 25% bakteri didalam petri tetap tumbuh, artinya ekstrak daun serai tidak dapat membunuh bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun serai hanya mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada konsentrasi 100% dan tidak mampu membunuh bakteri Streptococcus mutans.
HUBUNGAN BEBAN KERJA DENGAN STRES KERJA PERAWAT DI KLINIK TERATAI MEDICAL CENTRE
Authors: Sembiring Efrata , Marbun Viktor Edward , Ginting Rian Fedriko , Manurung Evalina
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the relationship between workload and work stress of nurses at the Teratai Medical Center Clinic. Work load is the ability possessed by individuals to complete a work demand that must be completed at a certain time. Job stress is a reaction to a person's inability to adapt and cope with stressors due to changes experienced.
The research design used in this study was an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 38 respondents with a sample of 38 respondents with the sampling technique using total sampling. Data collection was carried out by using a workload and work stress questionnaire. Based on the results of the data analysis conducted, it was found that there was a significant relationship between workload and work stress. This can be seen from the results of statistical tests carried out with the Chi-Square test, namely the p value (sig) 0.026 <a = 0.05, this means that the proposed hypothesis has a relationship between workload and work stress. There is a relationship between workload and work stress on nurses at the Teratai Medical Center Clinic.
KEY CHALLENGES FACED BY ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN SRI LANKA IN OFFERING SHARIAH COMPLIANT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Authors: Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Nairoos
Published: April 2022

Islamic banking and finance industry is a speedily and widely-ranging growing sector globally since its structured business initiation in the late 20th century AD. It is actual fact that Islamic and non Islamic nations are seriously concerning their curiosity to implement this potential banking and finance system in their countries and states presently as a result of negative impacts of burdensome interest system on their economics. At the same time, Islamic banking industry started its functions few decades ago among the influence of well established conventional banking and finance sector in Sri Lanka and it is developing gradually among the Muslims and other community people. However, it is notable that in Sri Lanka where Muslims are living minority level, the Islamic banking and financial institutions have to confront a number of challenges in their daily functions and the development as well. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to clarify the major Challenges faced by Islamic financial institutions in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, the study is designed as qualitative method and personal direct interview with semi structured questionnaire is used in data collection. The questionnaire for interview is dealt with selected important matters relating to the particular study. Furthermore, the secondary data required is also collected and utilized from related literatures and sources. Descriptive statistic analytical techniques are used in data analyzing to carry out the study effectively. In this context, the findings reveal that there are many negative impacts faced by Islamic banking and financial institutions in Sri Lanka in the operations of offering Shariah compliant products and services by means of the major challenges. Consequently, it is much important to find proper solutions to overcome these challenges and in the development of the sector.
KEY WORDS: Islamic Financial Institutions, Challenges, Shariah compliant, Sri Lanka, Finance Products and Financial Services
STUDI TENTANG LOYALITAS KONSUMEN KOPI KAPAL API DI KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO
Authors: Praja Yudha
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine directly or indirectly the effect of experiential marketing and brand image on consumer loyalty through consumer satisfaction of Kapal Api coffee in Bondowoso Regency. The number of samples in this study was 354. The analytical technique used was the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using WarpPLS 5.0. The results of data analysis show that (1) Experiential marketing variables have a significant effect on consumer satisfaction. (2) Brand image has a significant effect on consumer satisfaction. (3) Experiential marketing has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. (4) Brand image has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. (5) Consumer satisfaction has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. (6) Indirectly Experiential marketing has a significant effect on consumer loyalty through customer satisfaction. (7) Indirectly brand image has a significant effect on consumer consumer loyalty through consumer satisfaction.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA GUNUNG MULIA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ANALISIS SWOT DI DESA GRENDEN KECAMATAN PUGER
Authors: Wulandari Ega Afri , Sari Maheni Ika , Hafidzi Achmad Hasan
Published: April 2022

This study aims to formulate a development strategy for the Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) of Gunung Mulia Grenden, Puger and determine the priority development strategies that can be implemented by BUMDes. Analysis of the data used is a SWOT matrix (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threath). This study uses a descriptive type of research with a qualitative approach, which is a research method used to examine the condition of natural objects. The results showed that the IFAS matrix analysis had a total score of 3,312. The total value of the EFAS matrix is ​​3,273. On the IE Matrix (Internal Eksternal) BUMDes Gunung Mulia Grenden, Puger is in quadrant I, which means that it is in a position to grow and be built. From the results of the research on alternative organizational strategies that have been obtained and practical researchers to determine the development of strategies for the Gunung Mulia BUMDes that are in accordance with the situation and conditions as well as the objectives of the Gunung Mulia BUMDes. The priority of the development strategy is to develop business units based on the potential of Grenden Village, increase BUMDes promotion and business activities online through social media (WA, FB, IG, Youtube) and marketplace, increase BUMDes capital through the development of cooperation with third parties or companies (CSR). ), socializing the BUMDes program by the management to increase public knowledge about BUMDes so that it has an impact on community participation in BU management and innovating and modifying businesses that can be done in times such as the establishment of agro-tourism villages.
Learning to Be Freed
Authors: Tibet Eda Elif , Deeq Abdi
Published: April 2022

This paper delves into the life stories of three unaccompanied asylum seeking youth residing at a state care shelter in Istanbul in 2015 and 2016. Through its intervention, the research follows an engaged anthropological approach to reveal the hidden aspects of the youth's emotional and intellectual worlds. The in-depth life stories shared here illuminate Homi Bhabha's Third Space Theory (1994) and are amplified by a methodological approach we call affective multimodalities. As we seek to understand the various ways the youths navigate survival and learning to be freed from institutional categories, we explore a few concepts of Third Space Theory: extraterrestrial territories, paradoxical worlds, afterlife-rebirth, and a displaced angle of vision. Through the practice of a collaborative radio show and photography elicitations, the youth were asked to share their dreams as they were encouraged to realize their potentials. During this co-creative approach, one of the youth even became a co-author of this paper. The ethnographic insights produced through this approach allows us to explore the third space theory with a poetical reflection through words and images.
Implications of Farmer's Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Agricultural Sector of Gujarat: Experience from Farm Level Data
Authors: Singh Ajay Kumar , Kumar Sanjeev , Ashraf Shah Nawaz , Jyoti Bhim
Published: April 2022

This study examined the farmer's perception of climate change and adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. It used farm level information from 400 farmers who were purposely selected from 8 districts. Thereupon, linear, non-linear and log-linear production function models were used to examine the impact of climate change, farmers' adaptation strategies and technological change on agricultural production in Gujarat. The descriptive and empirical results specify that adaptation strategies (i.e., change in showing the time of crops, mixed cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, application of green and organic fertilizer, hybrid varieties of seeds, dampening of seed before planting, climate tolerate crops, organic farming and technology) have a positive impact on agricultural production. Thus, farmers' adaptation strategies are useful to mitigate the negative impact of climate change in the agricultural sector. Maximum temperature and minimum temperature, precipitation and rainfall have a negative impact on agricultural production. However, the impact of these factors seemed positive in the agricultural sector when farmers applied the aforementioned adaptation strategies in cultivation. Family size, education level of farmers, annual income of farmers, arable land, irrigated area, cost of technology, appropriate technology and financial support from the government have a positive contribution to increasing agricultural production in Gujarat.
AGRARIAN REFORMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS FORMS IN AZERBAIJAN
Authors: Ayaz Tagiyev Ayaz Tagiyev
Published: April 2022

Legal support for the implementation of agrarian reform in our country is the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, laws adopted on the implementation of agrarian reforms, decrees to ensure their implementation, decisions adopted by the state on the development of the agrarian sector. Theoretical and practical instructions and decisions arising from these laws, decrees and decisions determine the methodological basis for the establishment of private farms, the formation and development of entrepreneurship. The main purpose of the implementation of agrarian reforms in our country is to achieve the organization of special forms of economy in accordance with the law of market economy and to develop entrepreneurship in all areas of the agrarian sector by all means. It should be noted that the State Agrarian Reform Commission, local and regional agrarian reform commissions have been established to carry out agrarian reforms in the country.
Keywords: agrarian, reform, industry, economy.
COMPREHENSIVE PROCESSING OF DRILL SLUDGE AND AGRO-ORE RAW MATERIALS OF AZERBAIJAN INTO MINERAL FERTILIZERS
Authors: Samira Garaybayli Samira Garaybayli
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of processing drill cuttings into mineral fertilizers using clay from the Khizi field of Azerbaijan. The processing of the raw materials under study was carried out with spent nitric acid, a waste product of the electrochemical polishing of steel and alloys with an electrolyte. To dilute the acid to a concentration in the studied interval, we used mine waters from the copper mines of the Gadabay region of Azerbaijan, containing microelements. The influ¬ence of the process temperature, concentration of nitric acid and the duration of decom¬position of raw materials on the degree of extraction of elements useful for plants included in the composition of raw minerals. It was found that the use of 25% HNO3 at a process temperature of 90°C for 60 minutes can be taken as the optimal parameters for the decomposition of the selected raw material in the ranges under consideration. The advantage of the influence of the concentration of nitric acid over the consumption norm on the degree of extraction of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 has been revealed. The results obtained can be used to provide the agricultural sector of the country with mineral fertilizers through the use of local resources.
Keywords: industrial waste, agro-ore raw materials, processing, mineral fertilizers
Review on prevention of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Avinash Avinash , C Kiran kumar , P Venkatesh
Published: April 2022

Cardiovascular disease is a significant and ever-growing problem in the united kingdom, accounting for nearly one third of particular and pressing interest as developed countries    experienced a change in life style. With an ageing population and increasing cost of chronic medication care, primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is an important target for healthcare provides. The new international guidelines have been produced regarding hypertension and lipid lowering therapies. Firstly it discusses common types of cardiovascular diseases common types of cardiovascular around the global and their causes. Secondly, it analyses different risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases and then discusses incoming technological trends in cardiovascular disease prediction and finally provides an insight into the importance of prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Reliability and feasibility of centralized monitoring approach in source data verification during clinical trials
Authors: G Mary Supriya , M Abhishekar , B Bhargavi , Ch Meghana , P Rashmitha , B Sukanya
Published: April 2022

As per ICH GCP, monitoring can be defined as “The act of overseeing the progress of a clinical trial, and of ensuring that it is conducted, recorded, and reported in accordance with the protocol, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and the applicable regulatory requirement(s).” Clinical experiments are important for deeper understanding of how interventions work in humans. The aim of the monitoring of the clinical trial is to avoid errors that may compromise patient safety and results of the trial and enables more frequent monitoring of the integrity of the trial and could improve safety concerns by detecting errors earlier than expected. Risk-based monitoring in clinical trials is the process of identification, assessment, monitoring and mitigation of risks that could affect the quality or safety of a study. Centralized monitoring has a direct impact on the clinical trials. One of the most basic and fundamental need of centralized monitoring is to avoid the repetition in clinical trials, saving both time and Money. Central monitoring greatly influences the Patient safety, data integrity and monitoring costs in a clinical trial. This helps in increasing the effectiveness of the monitoring process reducing the burden on the sponsor. The basic and fundamental priority of a clinical trial is to ensure the safety and well-being of the subject. In this article, we will be focusing on how Centralized monitoring can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the monitoring process and source data verification (SDV) in clinical trials with a special emphasis on Risk based monitoring (RBM).
How typology shapes the constructional network: Denominal verb constructions in English, Dutch and German
Authors: Van Goethem Kristel , Koutsoukos Nikos
Published: April 2022

This study proposes a cross-linguistic, corpus-based, and constructionist analysis of denominal verbs (DNVs) in English, Dutch and German. DNV constructions include various morphological construction types, such as conversion (e.g. English bottle > to bottle), prefixation (e.g. Dutch arm 'arm' > omarmen 'to embrace') and suffixation (e.g. German Katapult 'catapult' > katapultieren 'to catapult'). We investigate the correlation between the distribution of DNV constructions and the typological properties of the languages, focusing on boundary permeability, inflectional complexity, syntactic configurationality and word-class assignment. The study shows that, although the three languages have the same repertoire of DNV constructions at their disposal, a Germanic cline can be detected in their preferences for non-overt vs overt marking of the word-class change. As such, the study highlights the impact of typological factors on the shape of language-specific constructional networks.
 
Dieser Beitrag ist ursprünglich im Peter-Lang-Verlag erschienen (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/plg/jwf/2022/00000006/00000001/art00001)
Online Learning Review of English Language Teaching in SMK N 8 Purworejo
Authors: Indi Indiana Surya Pratiwi , Sukarni Semi , Ngafif Abdul
Published: April 2022

This research aims to find out students’ perception on online learning of English subject during Covid-19 pandemic at SMK N 8 Purworejo. The researchers collected the data through a questionnaire and interviews. There were 72 students of 12th grade at SMK N 8 Purworejo participated in this research. This research used mixed method approach combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze data from questionnaire and thematic analysis was used to analyze data from interview.  The result of this research shows that 12th grade students of SMK N 8 Purworejo have “medium” perception toward the implementation of online learning during Covid-19 pandemic. The mean score of the questionnaire was 3.21 that lays on the range between 2.60 – 3.39 which can be interpreted in the “Medium” category. Besides, there were several difficulties faced by students and teachers. This difficulties, such as the bad signal or internet connection, the lack of variation on online learning methods and media platform in online learning, and the lack of interaction that occurs during online learning between students and teachers, and students with students. These difficulties make online learning becomes less effective.
Conocimientos y actitudes ambientales de estudiantes universitarios, Chachapoyas, Amazonas 2021
Authors: Tuesta Nahomy , Vasquez Marycarmen , García Jorge
Published: April 2022

La investigación se realizó en la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas con el objetivo de determinar la relación entre los conocimientos y las actitudes ambientales en estudiantes de la Salud. El estudio fue de diseño transversal correlacional, realizado con 52 estudiantes entre Enfermería y Estomatología seleccionados por el muestreo de afijación proporcional. Se aplicó los instrumentos de conocimientos ambientales y actitudes ambientales, de forma virtual. Estos instrumentos constaron de 20 ítems cada uno. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de confianza de 95%. Los resultados indican que el 75% de estudiantes presentan conocimiento bueno y el 98.1% actitud positiva respecto al medio ambiente. Se concluye que el conocimiento no se relaciona con la actitud ambiental en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, por lo que las variables no dependen una de la otra.
Articulación del Programa Juntos y Beca 18 para capitalizar el recurso humano awajun de Santa María de Nieva - Amazonas
Authors: Navarro Luis , Pérez Roberto , Zegarra Walter
Published: April 2022

El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar la propuesta de un modelo articulado de los programas Juntos y Beca 18, para contribuir a la capitalización del recurso humano awajun de Santa María de Nieva – Amazonas. Para el recojo de información sobre la variable capitalización del recurso humano, se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 148 estudiantes, seleccionados a través de la técnica no probabilística intencionada. Para el análisis se aplicó el método cuantitativo y el Programa SPSS V. 26. Los resultados muestran que el 62.2% de egresados del Programa Juntos alcanzaron el nivel inicio y el 37.8% en proceso, en el nivel de desarrollo de sus capacidades; a partir del cual se concluye que, las capacidades del capital humano awajun que el año 2020 egresó del Programa Juntos, en su mayoría se ubica en el nivel inicio, debido a que, en las dimensiones: formación 52%, aptitudes 50%, motivación 62.2%, resolución de problemas 58.1% y vocación 81.8%, se ubican en este nivel, siendo necesaria la articulación del Programa Juntos con Beca 18.
Software Geogebra para el aprendizaje de ecuación de la recta en estudiantes de secundaria
Authors: Aldazabal Melgar Liliana , Aldazabal Melgar Omar , Vergara Causo Esther , Cárdenas Solis Helen , Vértiz Osores Ricardo  Iván
Published: April 2022

El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar que la aplicación del software Geogebra influye en el aprendizaje de las ecuaciones de la línea recta en estudiantes del nivel secundario, en una muestra de 140 estudiantes distribuidos en dos grupos (control – experimental), evaluándose en dos momentos: un antes (pre test) y un después (post test). Asimismo, se empleó las pruebas paramétricas al comparar los grupos relacionados e independientes y no paramétricas al comparar los niveles de clasificación. Los resultados evidencian que el grupo experimental del post test demostró tener mejor rendimiento para realizar la ecuación recta con el uso del software Geogebra, además de ofrecer estrategias en la resolución de problemas matemáticos. El estudio concluyó, que el uso del software Geogebra es una opción para el aprendizaje de la ecuación recta en los estudiantes del nivel secundario, una alternativa para familiarizarse con la práctica y desempeño de las nuevas tecnologías en la educación básica regular. Se sugiere que desde temprana edad debe enseñarse, comenzando en los grados de primaria, puesto que es una herramienta clave en la combinación de nuevas aplicaciones que facilitarán la calidad de la educación primaria.
PENGARUH INDEKS GLOBAL DAN VARIABEL MAKRO EKONOMI TERHADAP INDEKS LQ45 DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Pahlevi Mochamad Rizal
Published: April 2022

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh secara simultan dan parsial Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite (SSEC), Inflasi dan Nilai Tukar USD/IDR terhadap Indeks LQ45. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah data time series yang berjumlah 67 bulan selama periode Januari 2016 sampai Juli 2021. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jenuh. Analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linier berganda dengan aplikasi SPSS. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji F dan uji t. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite (SSEC), Inflasi dan Kurs USD/IDR berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Secara parsial DJIA dan Inflasi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Indeks LQ45. Indeks SSEC memiliki pengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap Indeks LQ45. Sedangkan Kurs USD/IDR memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Indeks LQ45.Kata kunci: Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite (SSEC), Inflasi dan Kurs USD/IDR, Indeks LQ45.
Review on the clinical pharmacist's role in reducing medication errors
Authors: Mujeeb  , P Narayana swamy , P Venkatesh
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Dispensing errors are believed to be the most prevalent type of medical error and are a significant cause of preventable adverse events. Aim and  Objective: The aim of this study are to discuss the underlying factors in dispensing errors, health care uncertainty and therapeutic outcomes, and to identify the extent of human- and system-based sources of errors by exploring hospital pharmacists’ attitudes and dispositions to die and uncertainties; and the implications for patient safety in a tertiary hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey of clinical pharmacists in secondary care hospital in Guntur was conducted over a period of 6 months from July 2021 to Dec 2021. A stratified random sample of 64 patient’s data was collected. These study was conducted in our patients department. Results: Out of 64 patients 34(54%) patients were male and 30(46%)patients were female. 41% patients were comes in the age range of 41-60 years .most of the errors(32) were observed in general medicine only. these errors  are  gradually  decreased  from July to Dec.  Conclusion:  In conclusion, majority of hospital pharmacists indicated that the risk of dispensing errors was increasing and most of them were aware of dispensing errors. the profession needs  to  be  proactive  and  standards  must  be  set  appropriately  high (i.e. zero error tolerance)  clinical  pharmacist  must  communicate  with  physicians  , nursing staff and other hospital pharmacist thereby we can minimize the errors.
Phases of clinical trials: a review
Authors: Samala Venkata Reddy , C Kiran kumar , P Venkatesh
Published: April 2022

A Clinical trial is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Carefully conducted clinical trials are fastest and safest way to find treatment that work in people and way to improve health. Investigational trials determine whether experimental treatment or new ways of using known therapies are safe and effective under controlled environment. Observational trails address health issues in large groups of people or population in natural settings. Clinical trials aim to measure therapeutic effectiveness and constitute an important and highly specialized form of biological assay. In phase I pharmacokinetic, safety, gross effects are studied on human volunteers, by clinical pharmacologists. If the drug passes the test, it enters phase II testing , where pharmacokinetics, safety ,therapeutic efficiency are studied on selected patients by clinical pharmacologist, if passes hundreds of selected patients are now studied, primarily for safety and therapeutic effectiveness by clinical investigators in phase III. If this is passed the drug is now approved and marketed. Even after marketing, physicians from various hospitals and clinics send their opinion about the drug, regarding ADR, efficacy in phase IV.
Attitude And Intention On Oline Shop: Trust And Risk Perception Relationship
Authors: UTAMI Budi , HANDAYATI Puji
Published: April 2022

The concept of e-commerce makes consumers change the way they shop through the internet, which is known as online shopping. This online shopping behavior requires consumers to have trust or trust in the seller. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of trust on perceived risk, attitudes towards online shopping, and online shopping intentions on MS Glow products in Mojokerto. There are 100 respondents with the criteria that they have never made an online purchase. Testing using SEM-PLS. There are six hypotheses of the relationship in this study. Of the six relationships that were hypothesized and tested in this study, four of them showed a significant relationship that was accepted, and the other two showed an insignificant relationship that was rejected. The online shopping intention variable is strongly influenced by attitudes towards online shopping. Attitudes towards online shopping are directly influenced by consumer trust. Attitudes towards online shopping are influenced indirectly by trust. Intention to shop online is not directly affected by perceived risk. Attitudes towards online shopping are directly influenced by consumer trust. Attitudes towards online shopping are influenced indirectly by trust. Intention to shop online is not directly affected by perceived risk. Attitudes towards online shopping are directly influenced by consumer trust. Attitudes towards online shopping are influenced indirectly by trust. Intention to shop online is not directly affected by perceived risk.
Hydrogels Made up of Natural Gums Based on Polysaccharides for Applications in Biomedicine: Brief Review
Authors: Gutierrez-Reyes Jazmín E. , Caldera-Villalobos Martín , Becerra-Rodriguez Juan J. , Cabrera-Munguía Denis A. , A. Claudio-Rizo Jesús
Published: April 2022

Natural gums based on polysaccharides such as guar gum, gum arabic and xanthan gum possess structure and properties that have been used for various applications in pharmaceutical, food and biomedicine. Due to their high presence of hydroxyl and/or carboxylate groups in their glycosidic skeletons, they can retain water molecules, forming matrices in the hydrogel state. These hydrogels have high biocompatibility that has been exploited in the biomedical field in strategies as controlled release of therapeutic agents, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and modulation of cell growth. The objective of this review is to detail the chemical characteristics of natural gums and their use for the design of different hydrogel systems for applications in biomedicine.
Revisiting WASP-47 with ESPRESSO and TESS
Authors: Bryant Edward M. , Bayliss Daniel
Published: April 2022

WASP-47 hosts a remarkable planetary system containing a hot Jupiter (WASP-47 b; P = 4.159 days) with an inner super-Earth (WASP-47 e; P = 0.7896 days), a close-orbiting outer Neptune (WASP-47 d; P = 9.031 days), and a long-period giant planet (WASP-47 c; P = 588.4 days). We use the new Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry to refine the orbital ephemerides of the transiting planets in the system, particularly the hot Jupiter WASP-47 b, for which we find an update equating to a 17.4 minute shift in the transit time. We report new radial-velocity measurements from the Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) spectrograph for WASP-47, which we use to refine the masses of WASP-47 d and WASP-47 e, with a high-cadence observing strategy aimed to focus on the super-Earth WASP-47 e. We detect a periodic modulation in the K2 photometry that corresponds to a 32.5 ± 3.9 day stellar rotation, and find further stellar activity signals in our ESPRESSO data consistent with this rotation period. For WASP-47 e we measure a mass of 6.77 ± 0.57 M
⊕ and a bulk density of 6.29 ± 0.60 g cm−3, giving WASP-47 e the second most precisely measured density to date of any super-Earth. The mass and radius of WASP-47 e, combined with the exotic configuration of the planetary system, suggest the WASP-47 system formed through a mechanism different to systems with multiple small planets or more typical isolated hot Jupiters.
Is A2261 a Fossil Galaxy Cluster in a Transitional Dynamical State?
Authors: Kim Hyowon , Ko Jongwan , Smith Rory , Kim Jae-Woo , Hwang Ho Seong , Song Hyunmi , Shin Jihye , Yoo Jaewon
Published: April 2022

Fossil cluster A2261 is well studied, but previous studies give contradictory results on its dynamical states, such as its X-ray central entropy and magnitude gap. To improve our understanding of its dynamical state, we conduct multiobject spectroscopic observations with Hectospec on the MMT, covering an area out to 5 virial radii from the cluster center, and get improved completeness and membership. Using these new data, we calculate multiple dynamical indicators, including Gaussianity, distance offset, and velocity offset. These indicators suggest that A2261 is moderately relaxed. However, a Dressler–Shectman test reveals a group candidate to the south at a projected distance that is near the virial radius and overlaps with an X-ray tail-like feature. One of the galaxies associated with that group would be sufficiently bright to reduce the fossil magnitude gap. This raises the possibility that A2261 could have recently transited in fossil status, if the group had previously crossed the cluster and is only now found outside. In the cluster outskirts, we see an extended feature of galaxies located on the opposite side of the cluster from the group candidate. On even larger scales, we find that this feature connects, both on the sky and in velocity space, with a long (4.4 Mpc) filamentary structure in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. This could support the idea that a group was fed into the cluster through the filament, temporarily breaking the fossil status and resulting in a minor merger that weakly disturbed the intracluster medium of the cluster.
Extreme Variation in Star Formation Efficiency across a Compact, Starburst Disk Galaxy
Authors: Fisher D. B. , Bolatto A. D. , Glazebrook K. , Obreschkow D. , Abraham R. G. , Kacprzak G. G. , Nielsen N. M.
Published: April 2022

We report on the internal distribution of star formation efficiency in IRAS 08339+6517 (hereafter IRAS08), using ∼200 pc resolution CO(2 − 1) observations from NOEMA. The molecular gas depletion time changes by 2 orders-of-magnitude from disk-like values in the outer parts to less than 108 yr inside the half-light radius. This translates to a star formation efficiency per freefall time that also changes by 2 orders-of-magnitude, reaching 50%–100%, different than local spiral galaxies and the typical assumption of constant, low star formation efficiencies. Our target is a compact, massive disk galaxy that has a star formation rate 10× above the z = 0 main sequence; Toomre Q ≈ 0.5−0.7 and high gas velocity dispersion (σ
mol ≈ 25 km s−1). We find that IRAS08 is similar to other rotating, starburst galaxies from the literature in the resolved

Σ

SFR

∝

Σ

mol

N

relation. By combining resolved literature studies we find that the distance from the main sequence is a strong indicator of the Kennicutt-Schmidt power-law slope, with slopes of N ≈ 1.6 for starbursts from 100 to 104
M
⊙ pc−2. Our target is consistent with a scenario in which violent disk instabilities drive rapid inflows of gas. It has low values of Toomre-Q, and also at all radii, the inflow timescale of the gas is less than the depletion time, which is consistent with the flat metallicity gradients in IRAS08. We consider these results in light of popular star formation theories; in general observations of IRAS08 find the most tension with theories in which star formation efficiency is a constant. Our results argue for the need of high-spatial-resolution CO observations for a larger number of similar targets.
The Origin of the Unfocused XMM-Newton Background, Its Variability, and Lessons Learned for ATHENA
Authors: Gastaldello Fabio , Marelli Martino , Molendi Silvano , Bartalucci Iacopo , Kühl Patrick , Grant Catherine E. , Ghizzardi Simona , Rossetti Mariachiara , De Luca Andrea , Tiengo Andrea
Published: April 2022

We analyzed the unexposed to the sky (outFOV) region of the MOS2 detector on board XMM-Newton covering 15 yr of data amounting to 255 Ms. We show convincing evidence that the origin of the unfocused background in XMM-Newton is due to energetic protons, electrons, and hard X-ray photons. Galactic cosmic rays are the main contributors as shown by the tight correlation (2.6% of total scatter) with the 1 GeV proton data of the SOHO EPHIN detector. Tight correlations are found with a proxy of the Chandra background rate, revealing the common source of background for detectors in similar orbits, and with the data of the EPIC Radiation Monitor, only when excluding Solar energetic particle events. The entrance to the outer electron belts is associated with a sudden increase in the outFOV MOS2 rate and a spectral change. These facts support the fact that MeV electrons can generate an unfocused background signal. The correlation between MOS2 outFOV data and the SOHO EPHIN data reveals a term constant in time and isotropic, similar to the one found in the study of the pn data. The most plausible origin of this component is hard unfocused X-ray photons of the cosmic X-ray background Compton scattering in the detector as supported by the strength of the signal in the two detectors with different thicknesses. Based on this physical understanding, a particle radiation monitor on board the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics has been proposed and it is currently under study. It will be able to track different species with the necessary accuracy and precision to guarantee the challenging requirement of 2% reproducibility of the background.
Population Properties of Gravitational-wave Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers
Authors: Zhu Jin-Ping , Wu Shichao , Qin Ying , Zhang Bing , Gao He , Cao Zhoujian
Published: April 2022

Over the course of the third observing run of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration, several gravitational-wave (GW) neutron star–black hole (NSBH) candidates have been announced. By assuming that these candidates are real signals with astrophysical origins, we analyze the population properties of the mass and spin distributions for GW NSBH mergers. We find that the primary BH mass distribution of NSBH systems, whose shape is consistent with that inferred from the GW binary BH (BBH) primaries, can be well described as a power law with an index of

α
=

4.8

−
2.8

+
4.5

plus a high-mass Gaussian component peaking at

∼

33

−
9

+
14

M

⊙

. The NS mass spectrum could be shaped as a nearly flat distribution between ∼1.0 and 2.1 M
⊙. The constrained NS maximum mass agrees with that inferred from NSs in our Galaxy. If GW190814 and GW200210 are NSBH mergers, the posterior results of the NS maximum mass would be always larger than ∼2.5 M
⊙ and significantly deviate from that inferred in Galactic NSs. The effective inspiral spin and effective precession spin of GW NSBH mergers are measured to potentially have near-zero distributions. The negligible spins for GW NSBH mergers imply that most events in the universe should be plunging events, which support the standard isolated formation channel of NSBH binaries. More NSBH mergers to be discovered in the fourth observing run would help to more precisely model the population properties of cosmological NSBH mergers.
Exploring the Hubble Tension and Spatial Curvature from the Ages of Old Astrophysical Objects
Authors: Wei Jun-Jie , Melia Fulvio
Published: April 2022

We use the age measurements of 114 old astrophysical objects (OAO) in the redshift range 0 ≲ z ≲ 8 to explore the Hubble tension. The age of the universe at any z is inversely proportional to the Hubble constant, H
0, so requiring the universe to be older than the OAO it contains at any z will lead to an upper limit on H
0. Assuming flat ΛCDM and setting a Gaussian prior on the matter density parameter Ωm = 0.315 ± 0.007 informed by Planck, we obtain a 95% confidence level upper limit of H
0 < 70.6 km s−1 Mpc−1, representing a 2σ tension with the measurement using the local distance ladder. We find, however, that the inferred upper limit on H
0 depends quite sensitively on the prior for Ωm, and the Hubble tension between early-time and local measurements of H
0 may be due in part to the inference of both Ωm and H
0 in Planck, while the local measurement uses only H
0. The age-redshift data may also be used for cosmological model comparisons. We find that the R
h = ct universe accounts well for the data, with a reasonable upper limit on H
0, while Einstein–de Sitter fails to pass the cosmic-age test. Finally, we present a model-independent estimate of the spatial curvature using the ages of 61 galaxies and the luminosity distances of 1048 Pantheon Type Ia supernovae. This analysis suggests that the geometry of the universe is marginally consistent with spatial flatness at a confidence level of 1.6σ, characterized as

Ω

k

=

0.43

−
0.27

+
0.27

.
Prospects for kSZ2–Galaxy Cross-correlations during Reionization
Authors: La Plante Paul , Sipple Jackson , Lidz Adam
Published: April 2022

We explore a new approach for extracting reionization-era contributions to the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect. Our method utilizes the cross-power spectrum between filtered and squared maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and photometric galaxy surveys during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). This kSZ2–galaxy cross-power spectrum statistic has been successfully detected at lower redshifts (z ≲ 1.5). Here we extend this method to z ≳ 6 as a potential means to extract signatures of patchy reionization. We model the expected signal across multiple photometric redshift bins using seminumeric simulations of the reionization process. In principle, the cross-correlation statistic robustly extracts reionization-era contributions to the kSZ signal, while its redshift evolution yields valuable information regarding the timing of reionization. Specifically, the model cross-correlation signal near ℓ ∼ 1000 peaks during the early stages of the EoR, when about 20% of the volume of the universe is ionized. Detectable ℓ modes mainly reflect squeezed-triangle configurations of the related bispectrum, quantifying correlations between the galaxy overdensity field on large scales and the smaller-scale kSZ power. We forecast the prospects for detecting this signal using future wide-field samples of Lyman-break galaxies from the Roman Space Telescope and next-generation CMB surveys including the Simons Observatory, CMB-S4, and CMB-HD. We find that a roughly 13σ detection is possible for CMB-HD and Roman after summing over all ℓ modes. We discuss the possibilities for improving this approach and related statistics, with the aim of moving beyond simple detections to measure the scale and redshift dependence of the cross-correlation signals.
Mechanism of the Failed Eruption of an Intermediate Solar Filament
Authors: Peng Zou , Chaowei Jiang , Juntao Wang , Xinkai Bian
Published: April 2022

Solar filament eruptions can generate coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are huge threats to space weather. Thus, we need to understand their underlying mechanisms. Although many authors have studied the mechanisms for several decades, we still do not fully understand in what conditions a filament can erupt to become a CME or not. Previous studies have discussed extensively why a highly twisted and already erupted filament will be interrupted and considered that a strong overlying constraint field seems to be the key factor. However, few of them study filaments in the weak field, namely, quiescent filaments, as it is too hard to reconstruct the magnetic configuration there. Here we show a case study, in which we can fully reconstruct the configuration of an intermediate filament with the MHD-relaxation extrapolation model and discuss its initial eruption and eventual failure. By analyzing the magnetic configuration, we suggest that the reconnection between the erupting magnetic flux rope (MFR) and the overlying field are the key factors that constrained the eruption of the filament. There is observational evidence that MFRs will reconnect with peripheral field lines. Usually, the reconnection between an MFR and peripheral fields will weaken the overlying constraint and promote further eruption, but in some cases in which the magnetic configuration of an MFR is far different from peripheral fields, the reconnection will play a negative role in MFR eruption.
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Luminous Extragalactic Infrared Transients and Variables from the Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transients Survey*
Authors: Bond Howard E. , Jencson Jacob E. , Whitelock Patricia A. , Adams Scott M. , Bally John , Cody Ann Marie , Gehrz Robert D. , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Masci Frank J.
Published: April 2022

The SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) searched for luminous infrared (IR) transients and variables in nearly 200 nearby galaxies from 2014 to 2019, using the warm Spitzer telescope at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. Among the SPIRITS variables are IR-bright objects that are undetected in ground-based optical surveys. We classify them as (1) transients, (2) periodic variables, and (3) irregular variables. The transients include eSPecially Red Intermediate-luminosity Transient Events (SPRITEs), having maximum luminosities fainter than supernovae, red IR colors, and a wide range of outburst durations (days to years). Here we report deep optical and near-IR imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of 21 SPIRITS variables. They were initially considered SPRITE transients, but many eventually proved instead to be periodic or irregular variables as more data were collected. HST images show most of these cool and dusty variables are associated with star-forming regions in late-type galaxies, implying an origin in massive stars. Two SPRITEs lacked optical progenitors in deep preoutburst HST images; however, one was detected during eruption at J and H, indicating a dusty object with an effective temperature of ∼1050 K. One faint SPRITE turned out to be a dusty classical nova. About half the HST targets proved to be periodic variables, with pulsation periods of 670–2160 days; they are likely dusty asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) stars with masses of ∼5–10 M
⊙. A few of them were warm enough to be detected in deep HST frames, but most are too cool. Out of six irregular variables, two were red supergiants with optical counterparts in HST images; four were too enshrouded for HST detection.
Variation in Cosmic-Ray Intensity Lags Sunspot Number: Implications of Late Opening of Solar Magnetic Field
Authors: Wang Yuming , Guo Jingnan , Li Gang , Roussos Elias , Zhao Junwei
Published: April 2022

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), the highly energetic particles that may raise critical health issues for astronauts in space, are modulated by solar activity, with their intensity lagging behind the variation in sunspot number (SSN) by about one year. Previously, this lag has been attributed to the combined effect of outward convecting solar wind and inward propagating GCRs. However, the lag’s amplitude and its solar-cycle dependence are still not fully understood. By investigating the solar surface magnetic field, we find that the source of heliospheric magnetic field—the open magnetic flux on the Sun—already lags behind SSN before it convects into the heliosphere along with the solar wind. The delay during odd cycles is longer than that during sequential even cycles. Thus, we propose that the GCR lag is primarily due to the very late opening of the solar magnetic field with respect to SSN, though solar wind convection and particle transport in the heliosphere also matter. We further investigate the origin of the open flux from different latitudes of the Sun and find that the total open flux is significantly contributed by that from low latitudes, where coronal mass ejections frequently occur and also show an odd–even cyclic pattern. Our findings challenge existing theories, and may serve as the physical basis of long-term forecasts of radiation dose estimates for manned deep-space exploration missions.