bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De novo assembly of Auricularia polytricha transcriptome and discovery of genes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose
Authors: Jiang Shiyu , Zheng Xueling , Li Li
Published: August 2020

Auricularia polytricha belonging to Basidiomycota has the ability to degrade lignocellulose. However, there has been no resource in public databases examining the transcriptome of A. polytricha. In this study, high‐throughput sequencing platform BGISEQ‐500 was used to generate large amount of transcript sequences from A. polytricha for gene discovery and molecular marker development. A total of 28,102 unigenes were discovered from the assembly of clean reads. In addition, functional categorization of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways revealed several important biological processes. GO annotation analysis presented 47 categories, with the major subcategories being catalytic activity, binding, cellular process, metabolic process, and cell. Among the five functional categories and 21 subcategories of processes discovered from KEGG, global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and catabolism are the main subcategories. Furthermore, among the unigenes related to lignocellulosic degradation discovered by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 2, 5, and 16 unigenes in de novo assembly of A. polytricha transcriptome were found to relate to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, respectively. The study provided valuable information on the degradation of lignocellulose to facilitate research on the degradation mechanism, molecular marker, functional research, gene mapping, and other multigenomic studies of species containing lignocellulose.
Statistischer Maßstabseffekt und seine Bedeutung für die Zuverlässigkeit im Stahlbau
Authors: Li Zheng , Loebjinski Maria , Pasternak Hartmut
Published: August 2020

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt – als zweiter von zwei Teilen – Forschungsergebnisse über den statistischen Maßstabseffekt und die entsprechende Zuverlässigkeit im Stahlbau. In diesem Beitrag wird der Einfluss der maßstabsabhängigen Festigkeitsverteilung auf die Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse und die Bemessung von Stahlbauteilen unter der Berücksichtigung eines linearen Versagensgrenzzustands diskutiert. Mithilfe der vereinfachten Annahme einer normalverteilten Last werden Berechnungsbeispiele für den 3‐Punkte‐ und 4‐Punkte‐Biegeversuch durchgeführt, um die Änderung des Zuverlässigkeitsindex zu demonstrieren. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigen, dass der statistische Maßstabseffekt direkt zu einem maßstabsabhängigen Zuverlässigkeitsindex führt, der in den meisten Fällen eine vernünftige Abschätzung des Versagensrisikos liefern kann.
Cytoprotective Coating of HeLa Cells with Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Lee Juno , Choi Jinsu , Yang Sung Ho
Published: August 2020

Cytoprotective coating of mammalian cells with inorganic materials has been intensively studied with aims of functionalization and bioapplication of the cells. It is more difficult to coat mammalian cells with abiotic materials than biogenic ones because of incompatibility of abiotic ones as well as the fragility of mammalian cells. In this work, it was demonstrated that HeLa cells were coated with abiotic inorganic materials, titanium dioxide, by rigorously optimizing layer‐by‐layer process that ensures cytocompatibility. As a result, the adherent nature of the cells changed to the floating because of mechanical robustness of the coating. In addition, titanium dioxide coat protected the cells from UV‐C irradiation, which implied that the photo‐screening function of titanium dioxide was implanted to mammalian cells.
Nine absorbed components pharmacokinetic of raw and processed Moutan Cortex in normal and blood‐heat and hemorrhage syndrome model rats
Authors: Ye Qiuli , Cheng Pei , Yan Donghui , Sun Yue , Zhang Ying , Cao Hui , Wang Shumei , Meng Jiang
Published: August 2020

Raw Moutan Cortex (RMC) and Processed Moutan Cortex (PMC) have a long history of use in China and other Asian countries. In this study, a rapid and accurate ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (UHPLC–DAD) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of nine absorbed compounds of RMC/PMC. After extraction by protein precipitation with methanol from plasma, the analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC® BEH Shield RP18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm, Waters, USA). Acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water (B) were selected as the mobile phase to perform gradient elution. The linearity of nine analytes was >0.9915. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision (RSD) values were within 11.18%, and accuracy ranged from 91.32 to 101.29%. Suitable stability, matrix effect and extraction recoveries were also obtained. The validated method was applied to compare the pharmacokinetics of RMC and PMC in Blood‐Heat and Hemorrhage Syndrome Model and normal rats. The results revealed that processing and the pathological state could influence the pharmacokinetic characteristics of compounds in RMC/PMC. The study willbe useful for further studies on pharmacokinetics and clinical application of raw and processed Moutan Cortex.
Mental development is associated with cortical connectivity of the ventral and nonspecific thalamus of preterm newborns
Authors: Jakab Andras , Natalucci Giancarlo , Koller Brigitte , Tuura Ruth , Rüegger Christoph , Hagmann Cornelia
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The thalamus is a key hub for regulating cortical connectivity. Dysmaturation of thalamocortical networks that accompany white matter injury has been hypothesized as neuroanatomical correlate of late life neurocognitive impairment following preterm birth. Our objective was to find a link between thalamocortical connectivity measures at term equivalent age and two‐year neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants.

Methods

Diffusion tensor MRI data of 58 preterm infants (postmenstrual age at birth, mean (SD), 29.71 (1.47) weeks) were used in the study. We utilized probabilistic diffusion tractography to trace connections between the cortex and thalami. Possible associations between connectivity strength, the length of the probabilistic fiber pathways, and developmental scores (Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition) were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models.

Results

We found strong correlation between mental developmental index and two complementary measures of thalamocortical networks: Connectivity strength projected to a cortical skeleton and pathway length emerging from thalamic voxels (partial correlation, R = .552 and R = .535, respectively, threshold‐free cluster enhancement, corrected p‐value < .05), while psychomotor development was not associated with thalamocortical connectivity. Post hoc stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that parental socioeconomic scale, postmenstrual age, and the duration of mechanical ventilation at the intensive care unit contribute to the variability of outcome.

Conclusions

Our findings independently validated previous observations in preterm infants, providing additional evidence injury or dysmaturation of tracts emerging from ventral‐specific and various nonspecific thalamus projecting to late‐maturing cortical regions are predictive of mental, but not psychomotor developmental outcomes.
Identification of prognostic biomarkers associated with stromal cell infiltration in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer by bioinformatics analyses
Authors: Li Pan , Cao Jinlong , Li Jianpeng , Yao Zhiqiang , Han Dali , Ying Lijun , Wang Zhiping , Tian Junqiang
Published: August 2020

Muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is one of the common malignant tumors. Patients with MIBC still have high tumor recurrence and progression rates after surgery. Bioinformatics analysis of stromal infiltration‐related genes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of MIBC patients was performed in this study to determine the major stromal cells types and biomarkers for their progression and poor prognosis. The ESTIMATE algorithm was applied to evaluate the stromal score and immune score of samples from MIBC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found that stromal score was closely related to the clinical characteristics of the patients. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) further revealed that stromal cells were involved in biological processes such as activation of leukocytes and positive regulation of cell migration during MIBC progression, as well as PI3K‐Akt, MAPK, and Rap1 signaling pathways. Five hub genes related to prognosis, including ACTA2, COL5A1, DCN, LUM, and PRRX1 were identified by the Weighted Gene Co‐Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Protein‐Protein Interaction (PPI), survival analysis, and Oncomine, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database validation. Besides, we identified five stromal cell types associated with overall survival time, among which chondrocytes and fibroblasts were identified as the major stromal cell types through correlation analysis. Finally, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the diagnostic value and expression of hub genes in different invasive tumors. In summary, we investigated the biological behavior of stromal cells in the TME of MIBC to promote tumor progression obtained hub genes associated with progression and poor prognosis and identified the main stromal cells types in the TME.
Insights into Protein Stability in Cell Lysate by 19F NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Welte Hannah , Kovermann Michael
Published: August 2020

In living organisms, protein folding and function take place in an inhomogeneous, highly crowded environment possessing a concentration of diverse macromolecules of up to 400 g/L. It has been shown that the intracellular environment has a pronounced effect on the stability, dynamics and function of the protein under study, and has for this reason to be considered. However, most protein studies neglect the presence of these macromolecules. Consequently, we probe here the overall thermodynamic stability of cold shock protein B from Bacillus subtilis (BsCspB) in cell lysate. We found that an increase in cell lysate concentration causes a monotonic increase in the thermodynamic stability of BsCspB. This result strongly underlines the importance of considering the biological environment when inherent protein parameters are quantitatively determined. Moreover, we demonstrate that targeted application of 19F NMR spectroscopy operates as an ideal tool for protein studies performed in complex cellular surroundings.
Volatiles from the Psychrotolerant Bacterium Chryseobacterium polytrichastri
Authors: Lauterbach Lukas , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: August 2020

The flavobacterium Chryseobacterium polytrichastri was investigated for its volatile profile by use of a closed‐loop stripping apparatus (CLSA) and subsequent GC‐MS analysis. The analyses revealed a rich headspace extract with 71 identified compounds. Compound identification was based on a comparison to library mass spectra for known compounds and on a synthesis of authentic standards for unknowns. Important classes were phenylethyl amides and a series of corresponding imines and pyrroles.
Snuffbox approach for balloon aortic valvuloplasty: A case series
Authors: Di Cesare Annamaria , Tonet Elisabetta , Campo Gianluca , Tumscitz Carlo
Published: August 2020

In the era of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), the spectrum of indications for balloon aortic valvuloplasty is growing, especially in old and frail patients. Mini‐invasive approaches via radial access reduce vascular complications and length of hospital stay. The snuffbox approach has never been described for Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV). We performed a review of patients who underwent BAV using distal radial access between January 2019 and December 2019 in a single Italian Centre. All patients received a 30‐day follow‐up. The procedure was successfully conducted by anatomical snuffbox in all reported cases. All patients were mobilized within 10 h from the procedure without vascular access‐related complications. Thirty‐day color Doppler ultrasound showed distal radial artery patency in 89% of cases. In our case series, the snuffbox approach for balloon aortic valvuloplasty appeared to be safe and feasible. This approach could be a valid alternative especially in old and frail adults waiting for TAVR.
One‐pot synthesis of multifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction
Authors: Xu Zejun , Zhang Quan , Li Min , Luo Fang , Liu Yanan , Wang Ruitong , Ma Xu , Yang Zehui , Zhang Daohong
Published: August 2020

In this work, we report a facile method to prepare P, N co‐doped porous carbon (PNPC) by the carbonization of covalent organic polymer (COP) used as efficient metal‐free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Overpotential is only 150 mV for the PNPC electrocatalyst to reach 10 mA cm−2 in the acidic medium due to the heteroatom dopants in the carbon matrix; meanwhile, stable HER activity is recorded during 5000 potential cycles. Additionally, overpotential is 343 mV for PNPC electrocatalyst to drive OER catalysis with 10 mA cm−2, which is comparable to the benchmarked IrO2 (320 mV). Similarly, PNPC electrocatalyst can achieve a Pt‐like ORR catalytic activity. The power density of the assembled rechargeable zinc‐air battery (ZAB) is 1.8 times higher than that of the commercial system (Pt/C−IrO2) and charge‐discharge voltage gap is well maintained during 20 h test, implying the high stability of the formed PNPC electrocatalyst.
Grafted metallo‐carbynes as bifunctional pre‐catalysts for ROMP of cyclo‐octene and cyclic alkane metathesis
Authors: Wackerow Wiebke , Samantaray Manoja K. , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2020

Abstract: Metallo‐carbynes grafted on mesoporous fibrous silica are active towards alkane metathesis. We are comparing the activity of well‐defined grafted pre‐catalysts (≡Si−O−)W(≡CCMe3)(i−CH2CMe3)2, (≡Sii−Oi−)W(≡CH)(i−CH3)2 and (≡Sii−Oi−)Mo(≡CCMe3)(i−CH2CMe3)2 for Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of cyclo‐octene and metathesis of cyclo‐octane. This comparison is because olefins are assumed to be intermediate products in alkane metathesis. The three pre‐catalysts are active in cyclo‐octane metathesis, and give the higher, and lower cyclic homologues. However, with cyclo‐octene the three catalysts give polyoctenamer by classical ROMP. It is assumed that the metallo‐carbynes react differently towards cyclo‐alkanes and cyclo‐olefins. In one case, with cyclo‐alkanes they give a metallo‐carbene alkyl and in the other case with cyclo‐olefins they give a bis‐carbene.
Lewis Base Catalysis Enables the Activation of Alcohols by means of Chloroformates as Phosgene Substitutes
Authors: Zoller Ben , Stach Tanja , Huy Peter H.
Published: August 2020

Nucleophilic substitutions (SN) are typically promoted by acid chlorides as sacrificial reagents to improve the thermodynamic driving force and lower kinetic barriers. However, the cheapest acid chloride phosgene (COCl2) is a highly toxic gas. Against this background, phenyl chloroformate (PCF) was discovered as inherently safer phosgene substitute for the SN‐type formation of C−Cl and C−Br bonds using alcohols. Thereby, application of the Lewis bases 1‐formylpyrroldine (FPyr) and diethylcyclopropenone (DEC) as catalysts turned out to be pivotal to shift the chemoselectivity in favor of halo alkane generation. Primary, secondary and tertiary, benzylic, allylic and aliphatic alcohols are appropriate starting materials. A variety of functional groups are tolerated, which includes even acid labile moieties such astert‐butyl esters and acetals. Since the by‐product phenol can be isolated, a recycling to PCF with inexpensive phosgene would be feasible on a technical scale. Eventually, a thorough competitive study demonstrated that PCF is indeed superior to phosgene and other substitutes.
Color reproduction in virtual lip makeup using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Kim Meereh Candice , Lee Ji‐Hyun
Published: August 2020

Recently, it has become possible to examine the suitability of cosmetic products by virtual makeup techniques so that shoppers can buy products online. The virtual makeup can also be utilized at offline stores to prevent possible sanitation problems associated with swatching. Faithful color reproduction is one of the most important factors in virtual makeup applications. Thus, the color difference between the virtual and real makeup results needs to be minimized. However, most previous studies on virtual makeup focus on the recommendation of makeup style rather than on the accuracy of color reproduction. This article proposes an accurate lipstick color reproduction method based on convolutional neural network. This study indicates that the proposed method using a convolutional neural network results in the minimum value of color difference compared with linear regression and multilayer perceptron algorithms.
Guiding fall fertilization of cool‐season turfgrass lawns with NDVI sufficiency index
Authors: Guillard Karl , Miele Kevin M. , Sürer Irfan , Morris Thomas F.
Published: August 2020

Fall N fertilizers are applied to turfgrass at predetermined rates instead of being based on plant‐N status. Normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and the sufficiency index (SI) concept are used to assess plant‐N status in some agronomic crops but has not been evaluated for turfgrass. This study was conducted across 3 yr in Connecticut to determine fall and spring NDVI SI values in a mixed species, cool‐season lawn. Field experiments were set out with varying fall N rates with NDVI measured weekly in October and November, and in late April. Quadratic and Linear‐Response and Plateau (LRP) models were significant (P < .0001) for all fall and spring SI values in response to fall N rates. Fall SI was maximized between 140 and 155 kg N ha−1 for the quadratic model and plateaued between 79 and 102 kg N ha−1 for the LRP model. Spring SI was maximized at 189 and plateaued at ≥116 kg N ha−1 for quadratic and LRP models, respectively. In relation to commonly recommended fall N rates of 24.5, 49, and 98 kg N ha−1, the models suggest that no supplemental N is needed when SI is ≥92, ≥95, and ≥99% of the N‐rich reference in the fall, respectively. Late April SI >89% of spring N‐rich reference would indicate that excess fertilizer was applied the previous fall at rates >49 kg N h−1. The NDVI SI can provide site‐specific fall N fertilization guidance of cool‐season turfgrass lawns.
Gut microbial clues to bipolar disorder: State‐of‐the‐art review of current findings and future directions
Authors: Lai Jianbo , Jiang Jiajun , Zhang Peifen , Xi Caixi , Wu Lingling , Gao Xingle , Zhang Danhua , Du Yanli , Li Qunxiao , Diao Xiangyuan , Lu Shaojia , Wang Zheng , Song Xueqin , Hu Shaohua
Published: August 2020

Trillions of microorganisms inhabiting in the human gut play an essential role in maintaining physical and mental health. The connections between gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric diseases have been recently identified. The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, a spectrum of diseases manifesting with mood and energy fluctuations, also seems to be involved in the bidirectional modulation of the microbiome‐gut‐brain (MGB) axis. In this review, we briefly introduce the concept of MGB axis, and then focus on the previous findings in human studies associated with bipolar disorder. These studies provided preliminary evidences on the gut microbial alterations in bipolar disorder. Limitations in these studies and future directions in this research field, such as fecal microbiome transplantation and microbiome‐targeted therapy, were discussed. A research framework linking gut microbiome to determinants and health‐related outcomes in BD was also proposed. Better characterizing and understanding of gut microbial biosignatures in bipolar patients contribute to clarify the etiology of this intractable disease and pave the new way for treatment innovation.
Differences in prey personality mediate trophic cascades
Authors: Sommer Nathalie R. , Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: August 2020

Functional trait approaches in ecology chiefly assume the mean trait value of a population adequately predicts the outcome of species interactions. Yet this assumption ignores substantial trait variation among individuals within a population, which can have a profound effect on community structure and function. We explored individual trait variation through the lens of animal personality to test whether among‐individual variation in prey behavior mediates trophic interactions. We quantified the structure of personalities within a population of generalist grasshoppers and examined, through a number of field and laboratory‐based experiments, how personality types could impact tri‐trophic interactions in a food chain. Unlike other studies of this nature, we used spatial habitat domains to evaluate how personality types mechanistically map to behaviors relevant in predator–prey dynamics and found shy and bold individuals differed in both their habitat use and foraging strategy under predation risk by a sit‐and‐wait spider predator. In the field‐based mesocosm portion of our study, we found experimental populations of personality types differed in their trophic impact, demonstrating that prey personality can mediate trophic cascades. We found no differences in respiration rates or body size between personality types used in the mesocosm experiment, indicating relative differences in trophic impact were not due to variation in prey physiology but rather variation in behavioral strategies. Our work demonstrates how embracing the complexity of individual trait variation can offer mechanistically richer understanding of the processes underlying trophic interactions.
Differences in clinical characteristics and reported quality of life of men and women undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Wilkoff Bruce L. , Birnie David , Gold Michael R. , Hersi Ahmad S. , Jacobs Sandra , Gerritse Bart , Kusano Kengo , Leclercq Christophe , Mullens Wilfried , Filippatos Gerasimos
Published: August 2020

Aims

Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is known to be associated with a number of clinical characteristics, including QRS duration and morphology, gender, height, and the aetiology of heart failure (HF). We assessed the relation of gender and baseline characteristics with QRS duration and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.

Methods and results

AdaptResponse is a global randomized trial. The trial enrolled CRT‐indicated patients with New York Heart Association classes II–IV HF, left bundle branch block (QRS ≥ 140 ms in men, ≥130 ms in women), and baseline PR interval ≤200 ms. In total, 3620 patients were randomized, including 1569 women (43.3%) approaching the actual proportion of women in the HF population. Women were older and more often New York Heart Association class III or IV than men (55.6% vs. 48.7%), had less frequent ischaemic cardiomyopathy (21.2% vs. 39.5%), and had a 5.1 ms shorter QRS duration than men. Women were more often depressed (18.5% vs. 9.7%), had a significantly lower Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, and had differences in medication prescriptions.

Conclusions

AdaptResponse is the largest randomized CRT trial and enrolled more women than any other landmark CRT trial. Women differed from men with regard to baseline characteristics and quality of life. Whether these differences translate into clinical outcome differences will be examined further in the AdaptResponse trial.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Quinolines in Aqueous Medium and Its Application for the Synthesis of Azalignans
Authors: Kumar Amrendra , Prajapati Ramanand , Kant Ruchir , Narender Tadigoppula
Published: August 2020

A new one‐pot method has been developed for the synthesis of highly substituted quinoline derivatives from α‐amino ketone derivatives/glycine esters/glycine amide and aromatic/aliphatic alkynes/alkenyl esters using molecular I2, K2CO3, and tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant combination in water at room temperature within 30–50 min. in moderate to good yields. This protocol has advantages like oxidant free, aqueous medium, simple operation, tolerance of various substrates, and useful for the synthesis of bioactive aza‐lignans.
Mean Species Abundance as a Measure of Ecotoxicological Risk
Authors: Hoeks Selwyn , Huijbregts Mark A.J. , Douziech Mélanie , Hendriks A. Jan , Oldenkamp Rik
Published: August 2020

Chemical pollution of surface waters is considered an important driver for recent declines in biodiversity. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are commonly used to evaluate the ecological risks of chemical exposure, accounting for variation in interspecies sensitivity. However, SSDs do not reflect the effects of chemical exposure on species abundance, considered an important endpoint in biological conservation. Although complex population modeling approaches lack practical applicability when it comes to the routine practice of lower tier chemical risk assessment, in the present study we show how information from widely available laboratory toxicity tests can be used to derive the change in mean species abundance (MSA) as a function of chemical exposure. These exposure–response MSA relationships combine insights into intraspecies exposure–response relationships and population growth theory. We showcase the practical applicability of our method for cadmium, copper, and zinc, and include a quantification of the associated statistical uncertainty. For all 3 metals, we found that concentrations hazardous for 5% of the species (HC5s) based on MSA relationships are systematically higher than SSD-based HC5 values. Our proposed framework can be useful to derive abundance-based ecological protective criteria for chemical exposure, and creates the opportunity to assess abundance impacts of chemical exposure in the context of various other anthropogenic stressors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2304–2313. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Abstract

Workflow for computing the Mean Species Abundance (MSA) relationship using exposure-response data. Species-specific exposure-response curves for survival and reproduction endpoints are combined into a single exposure-abundance curve. Multiple species-specific exposure-abundance curves are then aggregated into one MSA relationship.
Analysis of energy efficient and network traffic delay in wireless networks using channel aware routing
Authors: Manivannan R. , Chinnadurai M.
Published: August 2020

This article studies different analysis metrics of wireless networks using channel aware routing protocol. During communication the following characteristics are important performance metrics like network traffic delays and energy efficient. Energy Efficient is an important solution with limited buffer capacity and life time of battery in wireless environment. The status of each node can be identified by using co‐channel forwarding mechanism. The traffic delays can be measured by using Q‐Learning random early method and routing can be optimized by channel aware routing. The transmission changes in one node to another can be monitored by router database and energy level can be verified by additional changes in wireless network nodes. The network reliability is improved by reducing the communication delay, which uses various traditional routing protocols. Based on the demand of communication protocols, the router is designed to optimize the best network model. Based on the problem formation of open vehicle routing technique, it proves inherently NP‐hard. If it has reduced computation overhead, it will not perform well with the large scale framework. Therefore, the channel aware routing technique improves the performance by increasing the reliability of the network. The previous results are shown that efficient energy utilization and network traffic delays encountered the major and accuracy results are in below 60% In this article, we formulate to achieve analysis the energy performance and reduced traffic delay using co‐channels stochastic optimization procedure. The co‐channel method used to check various analytical bounds and check all the nodes are uniformly shares the energy level. The mathematical analysis report provides uniform distribution energy values and traffic delays. The simulation results are shows that efficient energy utilization and network traffic delays in wireless networks 75% achieved.
Preventive effect of insect tea primary leaf (Malus sieboldii (Regal) Rehd.) extract on D‐galactose‐induced oxidative damage in mice
Authors: Yi Ruokun , Chen Xi , Li Wenfeng , Mu Jianfei , Tan Fang , Zhao Xin
Published: August 2020

Insect tea is consumed as a health beverage in China. The insect tea primary leaf (ITPL) is rich in bioactive substances, which are also used as traditional Chinese medicine. This study investigated the role of ITPL in reducing the oxidative response induced by D‐galactose in mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with D‐galactose to induce oxidative damage. The effect of ITPL was tested by pathological observation, serum detection with kits, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. The experimental results show that ITPL increased the thymus, brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney indices of oxidized mice. ITPL increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione levels and reduced nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in the serum, liver, and spleen in oxidative damaged mice. The pathological observations show that ITPL reduced the oxidative damage of the liver and spleen in mice induced with D‐galactose. Simultaneously, ITPL upregulated mRNA expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cuprozinc‐superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme oxygenase‐1, nuclear factor‐erythroid 2 related factor 2, γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1, and downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver and spleen of oxidized mice. ITPL had beneficial preventive effects on the oxidative damage caused by D‐galactose in mice and was more effective as an antioxidant than vitamin C. The component analysis test by high‐performance liquid chromatography indicated that ITPL contained the following seven compounds: neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, and hesperidin. ITPL is a plant with excellent antioxidant activities derived from its bioactive substances.
Detrital zircon U–Pb LA‐ICPMS ages from the Kolhan Group, Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: Implications for terminal Mesoproterozoic palaeogeography between Columbia and Rodinia along the Central Indian Tectonic Zone
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Joydip , Crowley Quentin , Ghosh Bhaskar , Ghosh Gautam , Heron Kyle
Published: August 2020

The Kolhan Group in the Singhbhum Craton of eastern India is a passive margin siliciclastic shelf to deep‐water carbonate ramp platform succession. It occupies a unique position in respect of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ), widely considered as the suture joining the northern and southern Indian cratonic blocks at the time of amalgamation of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. The Kolhan succession is closely comparable to other Late Proterozoic ‘Purana’ successions of India including the siliciclastic‐carbonate Suasar Group from the central part of the CITZ. We report here the first U–Pb detrital zircon ages from the Kolhan Group. The youngest age population obtained from basal siliciclastics suggests it is not older than ca. 1,158 Ma. The absence of any concordant detrital zircon <1,000 Ma which is well represented in the adjoining Singhbhum Shear Zone and CITZ extensions, suggests that the sedimentation took place prior to ca. 1,000 Ma. The Kolhan Group, therefore, records an extensional event between two major episodes of supercontinent assembly (i.e., Columbia and Rodinia). A similar motif of extension and passive margin sedimentation across Mesoproterozoic Peninsular India together with the widespread Mesoproterozoic lamproite and kimberlite emplacement event suggests an episode of extension and major basin development across the Indian Shield in between the two supercontinent amalgamation cycles of Columbia and Rodinia.
Capão do Leão Granite: Highly differentiated garnet‐bearing magmatism in the southeastern Dom Feliciano Belt, Brazil
Authors: Silva Rafael F. , Dal Olmo‐Barbosa Laércio , Koester Edinei , Vieira Daniel T.
Published: August 2020

The Capão do Leão Granite (CLG; 583 ± 3 Ma) occurs as two NE‐oriented bodies, near the namesake city and Pedro Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The CLG is linked to the voluminous Ediacaran magmatism in the SE Dom Feliciano Belt (Pelotas Batholith), intruded in post‐collisional settings in the set of the non‐deformed younger plutons in the area. This work presents field characterization, petrography, mineral chemistry and whole‐rock geochemical affinities for the CLG. This granite exhibits miarolitic cavities, suggesting an epizonal emplacement, as well as mafic enclaves, which may represent source material, while mylonitic and S–C foliations are localized and post‐magmatic. The analysed samples are massive, leucocratic, coarse‐ to medium‐grained hypidiomorphic alkali‐feldspar granites composed of quartz, orthoclase (Or89–98), albite (An1–10), oligoclase (An11–16), garnet (Sps31–64 and Alm24–56), siderophyllite/annite, muscovite and Fe‐chlorite (secondary), apatite, epidote/zoisite, zircon, and opaques. The dispersion in mineral compositions in each occurrence and between them suggest different magmatic evolutionary trends. The diverse textures, zoning patterns and chemistry in garnet indicate both equilibrium with highly evolved Al2O3‐rich liquids, as well as a xenocrystic/restitic origin. The geochemistry shows subalkaline, high‐K, and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous fingerprints. Samples are commonly enriched in Rb, Th, U, Pb, Nd, and Sm, and depleted in Ba, Sr, Eu, Nb, P, Zr and Ti, due to advanced fractional crystallization. The classification of the CLG into some traditional chemical patterns is difficult, due to the high differentiation and the overlap of petrologic processes, although its derivation from I‐type liquids is proposed. The dispersion both in mineral and whole‐rock chemistry indicates different evolutionary trends for the CLG, where fractionation coupled with crustal recycling by assimilation/contamination processes were responsible for the granite differentiation.
Mafic volcanic rocks of western Iron Ore Group, Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: Geochemical evidence for ocean–continent convergence
Authors: Paul Madhuparna , Ray Jyotisankar , Manikyamba C. , Ganguly Sohini , Singh M. Rajanikanta , Pachal Saraswati , Sarkar Debaleena
Published: August 2020

Precambrian mafic magmatism is an important global episode which played a significant role in the crustal evolution. In India, Singhbhum Craton being the oldest craton, witnessed significant occurrences of Precambrian geological activity, marked by several episodes of volcanism, plutonism, sedimentation spanning from Palaeoarchean to Mesoproterozoic age. Here we present petrological and geochemical characteristics of Precambrian mafic volcanic rocks (occurring in western Iron Ore Group (IOG), Singhbhum Craton, eastern India) to evaluate their petrogenetic aspects, tectonic setting, and magma generation. The mafic volcanic rocks are porphyritic in nature with the phenocrysts of plagioclase and groundmass composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, and volcanic glass. These rocks are mostly tholeiitic, sometimes with a transitional behaviour towards calc‐alkaline nature and display basalt‐basaltic andesite affinity. These mafic volcanic rocks also preserve geochemical signatures (high Nb/U, Nb/La, [Nb/Th]pm ratios) in support of Nb‐enriched basalts and are classified as Nb‐enriched basalts (NEB; Nb > 7 ppm) and high‐Nb basalts (HNB; Nb > 20 ppm) on the basis of Nb concentrations and mantle normalized Nb/La ratios (>0.5). The NEBs and HNBs are marked by lesser magnitude of negative Nb anomalies with high (Nb/Th)pm, (Nb/La)pm, and Nb/U ratios as compared to normal arc basalts. Several major element oxides, trace elements, and selected element ratios (like SiO2, CaO/Al2O3, Y, V/Cr, Zr/Nb, and ∑REE) show systematic variations with MgO which suggests role of magmatic fractionation. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns for NEB and HNB rocks exhibit uniform LREE enrichment with distinct Eu negative anomalies while primitive mantle‐normalized incompatible trace element patterns reflect enrichment in LILE and LREE with prominent Nb‐Ta anomalies. Different HFSE ratios corroborate a subduction related setting for magma generation formed by ∼10%–20% melting in the domain of garnet lherzolite. Relative enrichment of LILE and LREE with depleted HFSE characteristics attest a garnet‐bearing mantle source and melt extraction with garnet in the residue. Geochemical signatures suggest that the genesis of NEB and HNB is attributable to slab‐melting and wedge hybridization processes during matured stages of subduction. Selected incompatible trace element ratios for the studied mafic volcanic rocks invoke an enriched (EM1‐EM2 type) mantle source and unequivocally suggest effects of continental crustal assimilation of the parent magma. Liquid immiscibility has played an important role as a differentiation mechanism leading to presence of high and low FeO types. The IOG mafic volcanic rocks preserve distinct geochemical signatures of matured stage of subduction, slab melting, crustal contamination and magma generation at an Archean ocean–continent convergent margin setting.
Effects of transient and chronic loneliness on major depression in older adults: A longitudinal study
Authors: Martín‐María Natalia , Caballero Francisco F. , Lara Elvira , Domènech‐Abella Joan , Haro Josep M. , Olaya Beatriz , Ayuso‐Mateos José L. , Miret Marta
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The number of older adults is rapidly rising globally. Loneliness is a common problem that can deteriorate health. The aims of this work were to identify different types of loneliness (transient and chronic) and to assess their association with depression over time.

Methods

A nationally representative sample from the Spanish population comprising 1190 individuals aged 50+ years was interviewed on three evaluations over a 7‐year period. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was used to measure loneliness. While chronic loneliness was defined as the presence of loneliness across all three waves, transient loneliness expressed the presence of loneliness in one wave only. A 12‐month major depressive episode was assessed at each interview. After confirming the cross‐sectional relationship, a multilevel mixed‐effects model was used to examine the association between loneliness and depression.

Results

Almost a quarter of individuals felt lonely and one out of 10 presented depression at baseline. Of the sample, 22.78% showed transient loneliness, while 6.72% presented the chronic type. People experiencing chronic loneliness were at a higher risk of presenting major depression (OR = 6.11; 95% CI = 2.62, 14.22) than those presenting transient loneliness (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.19, 4.14). This association varied over time and was stronger at the first follow‐up than at the second one.

Conclusions

Focusing on loneliness prevention could reduce the risk of depression. Chronic loneliness is a public health problem that should be addressed through the full participation of the political, social, and medical sectors.
How well do doctors know their patients? Evidence from a mandatory access prescription drug monitoring program
Authors: Buchmueller Thomas C. , Carey Colleen M. , Meille Giacomo
Published: August 2020

Many opioid control policies target the prescribing behavior of health care providers. In this paper, we study the first comprehensive state‐level policy requiring providers to access patients' opioid history before making prescribing decisions. We compare prescribers in Kentucky, which implemented this policy in 2012, to those in a control state, Indiana. Our main difference‐in‐differences analysis uses the universe of prescriptions filled in the two states to assess how the information provided affected prescribing behavior. We find that a significant share of low‐volume providers stopped prescribing opioids altogether after the policy was implemented, though this change accounted for a small share of the reduction in total volume. The most important margin of response was to prescribe opioids to fewer patients. Although providers disproportionately discontinued treating patients whose opioid histories showed the use of multiple providers, there were also economically meaningful reductions for patients without multiple providers and single‐use acute patients.
Evaluating post‐wildfire logging‐slash cover treatment to reduce hillslope erosion after salvage logging using ground measurements and remote sensing
Authors: Robichaud Peter R. , Lewis Sarah A. , Brown Robert E. , Bone Edwin D. , Brooks Erin S.
Published: August 2020

Continuing long and extensive wildfire seasons in the Western US emphasize the need for better understanding of wildfire impacts including post‐fire management scenarios. Advancements in our understanding of post‐fire hillslope erosion and watershed response such as flooding, sediment yield, and debris flows have recently received considerable attention. The potential impacts of removing dead trees, called salvage logging, has been studied, however the use of remotely sensed imagery after salvage logging to evaluate spatial patterns and recovery is novel. The 2015 North Star Fire provided an opportunity to evaluate hillslope erosion reduction using two field experiments and coincidental remotely sensed imagery over 3 years. Simulated rill experiments with four flow rates were used to quantify hillslope erosion on skidder trails with and without added logging slash compared with a burned‐only control. Seven replicated hillslope silt fence plots with the same treatments were also evaluated for natural rainfall events. WorldView‐2 satellite imagery was used to relate ground cover and erodible bare soil between the two experiments using multi‐temporal Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. Results indicate that the skid trails produced significantly more sediment (0.70 g s−1) than either the slash treated skid trail (0.34 g s−1) or controls (0.04 g s−1) with the simulated rill experiment. Similarly, under natural rainfall conditions sediment yield from hillslope silt fence plots was significantly greater for the skid trail (3.42 Mg ha−1) than either the slash treated skid trail (0.18 Mg ha−1) or controls (0 Mg ha−1). An NDVI value of 0.32 on all plots over all years corresponded to a ground cover of about 60% which is an established threshold for erosion reduction. Significant relationships between NDVI, ground cover, and sediment values suggest that NDVI may help managers evaluate ground cover and erosion potential remotely after disturbances such as a wildfire or salvage logging.
Novel insights into the function of CD24: A driving force in cancer
Authors: Altevogt Peter , Sammar Marei , Hüser Laura , Kristiansen Glen
Published: August 2020

CD24 is a highly glycosylated protein with a small protein core that is linked to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol anchor. CD24 is primarily expressed by immune cells but is often overexpressed in human tumors. In cancer, CD24 is a regulator of cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Its expression is associated with poor prognosis and it is used as cancer stemness marker. Recently, CD24 on tumor cells was identified as a phagocytic inhibitor (“do not eat me” signal) having a suppressive role in tumor immunity via binding to Siglec‐10 on macrophages. This finding is reminiscent of the demonstration that soluble CD24‐Fc can dampen the immune system in autoimmune disease. In the present review, we summarize recent progress on the role of the CD24‐Siglec‐10 binding axis at the interface between tumor cells and the immune system, and the role of CD24 genetic polymorphisms in cancer. We describe the specific function of cytoplasmic CD24 and discuss the presence of CD24 on tumor‐released extracellular vesicles. Finally, we evaluate the potential of CD24‐based immunotherapy.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes inflammation‐induced dedifferentiation and systemic metastatic spread of melanoma cells
Authors: Mengoni Miriam , Braun Andreas Dominik , Gaffal Evelyn , Tüting Thomas
Published: August 2020

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand binding‐transcription factor of the basic helix‐loop‐helix family regulating multiple cellular functions such as differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammatory reactions. In neoplastic diseases, the AHR has been described to modulate proliferation and differentiation in dichotomous ways, either inhibiting or augmenting the growth of tumors. The precise role of AHR in melanoma is mostly unknown. Here, we report a functional effect of AHR activation on inflammation‐induced melanoma cell dedifferentiation and the development of lung metastases in a mouse model. Via in silico analyses of “The Cancer Genome Atlas” human melanoma cohort, we detected a correlation between AHR expression levels and a dedifferentiated melanoma cell phenotype with an invasive gene signature, which we were able to functionally recapitulate in a panel of human melanoma cell lines. Both human and mouse melanoma cell lines upregulated AHR expression after inflammatory stimulation with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Activation of AHR in human and mouse melanoma cell lines with the endogenous ligand formylindolo(3,2‐b)carbazole (FICZ) promoted inflammation‐induced dedifferentiation in vitro. Importantly, mouse melanoma cells with CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated disruption of the AHR gene showed impaired in vivo tumor growth after transplantation in the skin as well as decreased numbers of spontaneous lung metastases. Taken together, our results demonstrate a functional role for AHR expression in melanoma development and metastatic progression. This provides a scientific basis for future experiments that further dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms and assess the potential for AHR inhibition as part of multimodal melanoma treatment strategies.
Does corporate social responsibility influence firm probability of default?
Authors: Badayi Suleiman A. , Matemilola Bolaji T. , A.N Bany‐Ariffin , Wei Theng Lau
Published: August 2020

This study extends the literature on the capital structure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) firms by examining the effect of CSR on the firm probability of default using a sample of 496 firms from 17 developing countries for the period 2010–2017. This paper employs the two‐step system generalized method of moments (GMM) technique that mitigates the endogeneity problem. Our findings for the full sample show that high CSR participation reduces the firm probability of default in developing countries. Our results are robust after separating the sample into four regions. Precisely, CSR participation reduces the probability of default in Asian, Latin American, and European regions (except the African and Middle Eastern region). Overall, our findings suggest that as firms in developing countries increase their investments in CSR activities, the probability to default their obligations decreases.