bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architectural Environmental Compatibility as an Approach to Conserve the Identity of Heritage Cities in Egypt Case Study: Rosetta City
Authors: Madkour Mai Wahba Mohamed
Published: March 2019

Heritage is considered to be cultural wealth representing people’s values, ideas, beliefs, customs, and traditions, and since heritage represents the nation's identity, it has its originality and maintains it. Egypt is one of the richest countries with the cities of cultural value. This abundance has created the problem of conservation that wealth and highlighting the artistic and historical aspects of the cities that face a lot of neglecting and abusing. At the same time of reforming and conservation, this wealth requires very high significant potential.
The Egyptian heritage suffers from many problems such as economic, political, cultural, and social reality, including the associated concepts of conservation operations.
This research aims to study the effect of environmental compatibility on conservation of the identity and the sustainability of the heritage cities through: Monitoring the value and importance of heritage cities in Egypt.Reviewing the environmental directions and various approaches to dealing with architectural heritage and emphasizing the importance of improving the environmental effect in order to conserve the identity and sustainability of heritage cities.This research focuses on studying the identity of Rosetta city, its urban and architectural development through history. It also focuses on studying the strategies in the process of rehabilitation and reuse of its buildings, taking into consideration the environmental influence of the buildings of heritage value.Studying the environmental compliance of the rehabilitated buildings of heritage value in terms of the efficiency of internal environment and the efficiency of environmental suitability.The conclusion drawn from this research suggests an important relationship between Heritage cities identity and sustainability behavior which is suggested for future research.
Date Palm Rachis as a Local and Renewable Structural Material for Rural Communities in Egypt
Authors: Darwish Eman A. , Mansour Yasser M. , Elmously Hamed
Published: March 2019

Date Palm Rachis has been widely used in sheathing of houses in the rural communities in Egypt and the Middle East, as a local and cheap material that naturally resists direct solar radiation and humidity. Lately, researchers around the world began to build complete structures using Date Palm Rachis to take advantage of its abundance and natural resistance. However, due to the lack of the required mechanical properties for structural analytical modeling, mock ups are used to assess the structural properties of Date Palm Rachis. This tool of assessment is insufficient in the consideration of wind or temporary and unforeseen loads. This paper introduces the closest estimations of the complicated mechanical properties required for structural analytical modeling, according to the available equipment and the variable nature of Date Palm Rachis. The results showed that Date Palm Rachis is a promising structural material with structural properties that are competitive to that of imported timbers in Egypt. This paper invites researches and builders to exploit the potentials of Palm Rachis as a structural material for rural communities.
Smallholder Organic Farming: An Entrepreneurial Strategy in Harmony with Nature
Authors: Magnaye Dina Cartagena
Published: March 2019

The paper examines the relationship between smallholder organic farming and entrepreneurship taking into account the environmental conservation approach of organic farming and the economic enhancement features of entrepreneurship. Further, it intends to determine through qualitative analysis using case studies how smallholder organic farming can be planned and the competencies needed by an organic farmer when venturing into an organic farm enterprise.
Drinking Water Quality from Water Vending Machines in Selected Public Schools in Cebu City, Philippines
Authors: Picardal Marchee Tabotabo , Rapirap Emily May Gacusan , Micame Leonora Imperial , Tura Mary Jane Bacalan , Barrientos Ofelia Navarro , Kimilat Rey Artienda , Sarnillo Arnulfo Cabardo , Porol Adelaida Limbaga
Published: March 2019

Drinking water from Water Vending Machines (WVM) may pose health risks to consumers especially to students who are primary end-users in the public school setting. A one-shot survey of WVM water samples from 8 public schools in Cebu City Philippines was analyzed for microbial test and 3 schools were further investigated for physicochemical analysis. Results revealed that 8 water samples registered a total coliform count of 2.6 CFU/mL while specific E.coli testing posted (
The Influence of Building’s Orientation on the Overall Thermal Performance
Authors: Albatayneh Aiman , Mohaidat Sulaiman , Alkhazali Atif , Dalalah Zakariya , Bdour Mathhar
Published: March 2019

Containing and then reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions require designing energy efficient buildings which save energy and emit less GHG. Orientation has an impact on the building’s overall thermal performance and designing heating and cooling to reach occupants’ thermal comfort.

Correct orientation is a low cost option to improve occupant's thermal comfort and decrease cooling and heating energy. An appropriate building orientation will allow the desirable winter sun to enter the building and allow ventilation in the summer by facing the summer wind stream. In this paper, a building module in Jordan will be assessed using Design Builder Simulation packages to find the effect of the building orientation on the overall thermal performance.

It was found that the larger windows should be in the southern walls in the northern hemisphere to provide the most heat to the building through the window which allows the sun in winter to enter the building and heat it up. This will reduce the amount required for heating by approximately 35% per annum.
Nature as a Healer for Autistic Children
Authors: Barakat Hadeer , Bakr Ali Foaad , El-sayad Zeyad
Published: March 2019

According to estimates from the Center for Disease Control (CDC's) in 2008 and the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network in 2010, about 1 in 88 children had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in 2008 and about 1 in 68 children had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in (2010). The eighth Scientific Conference for Autism held by the College of Education in conjunction with the Egyptian Society for Hydration Capacities of Children with Special Needs revealed that 1 out of every 80 children in Egypt are suffering from autism and this number in Egypt was expected to rise from 2.3 million in 2001 to 2.9 million in 2017.

The reason for many of autistic children’s symptoms is sensory integration; it is the power to understand, organize, and feel sensory data from the environment and body. The issues surrounding sensory integration are presented in hyposensitive and hypersensitive reactions by children with autism to the vestibular, proprioception, tactile, audio, visual, and olfactory senses.

A great deal of research has been conducted on gardens and their effect on health outcomes and how a garden may provide benefit:
1. Relief from physical symptoms or awareness of those symptoms.
2. Stress reduction.
3. Improvement in overall sense of well-being.

The aim of this paper is to establish a group of guidelines for designing a therapeutic garden for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to treat the sensory integration problems of children with ASD by designing a sensory garden which should focus on therapeutic interference. By using the elements and principles of design, the guidelines for this garden are focused on producing calming effects for hyper reactive children with ASD and stimulating effects for hypo reactions.
Nanotechnology: Towards Sustainable Solar Cells
Authors: Morsy Haitham E. , Qasem Magdy M. , Moustafa Wael S.
Published: March 2019

In recent years, the technology of constructions witnessed such a development in building materials that assures the sustainability of buildings. Due to the negative effects on the environmental zone, the sustainability of buildings may not be achieved. Nano-technology is not a technology with certain specifications but it is the unification of different fields of ultra-fine units which is measured by a nano-meter.
The applications of this technology will appear in the near future in different fields such as: bio-medicine, computers, and energy and building materials. This research focuses here on the ways, materials, and techniques through which nanotechnology is used to have perfect buildings and to save energy. These cells produce 108.261 m.w.h compared to normal cells, which produce 96.174 m.w.h. Nanotechnology will also make these solar cells more efficient, longer, and even environmentally preferable. They will maintain their production of electrical energy over the long term compared to normal cells that produce less than 10% annually. Moreover, the research paper aims to encourage the utilization of solar cells through which the solar energy can produce clean electrical energy. This electrical energy is produced from the materials made by nanotechnology, which results in the cells to live longer and become more sufficient.
Rebuilding Cultural Identity
Authors: Amer Mourad S.
Published: March 2019

Ever since the completion of the High Dam in 1964, Nubians have lost their culture and heritage as a result of sacrificing their land to flooding. Eventually, they became dispersed all over Sudan and Egypt with some ending up in different parts of the world and struggling to return to the shores of Lake Nasser. With short-lived success, Nubians managed to make a resurrection of Wade Half and re-locate in Sudanese towns. This paper aims to conserve the Nubian identity, which has been abandoned throughout the people’s emigration process. This paper presents a proposal of rehabilitation to the Nubians and their homeland along the shore of Lake Nasser. This paper provides recommendations for methods to repairing the damage caused to the Nubian population following their relocation and construction of the Aswan dam. The main idea behind this proposal is to re- link the Nubians to a life they loved and violated in terms of their association with the Nile River. It is an attempt to restore their favorite urban spaces and architectural elements. Without a doubt, the proposal encompasses recommendations to producing new designs to the Nubian house conforming to their identity, cultural heritage, and modern-day civilization as a way of rehabilitation.
Using System Dynamics Modelling and Communication Strategies for a Resilient and Smart City in Vietnam
Authors: Ha Tuan M. , Duong Viet H.
Published: March 2019

This study reports on a case study using a systems thinking approach, system dynamics modeling tools, and communication strategies in dealing with a complex disaster management issue in Haiphong, a vulnerable coastal city in northern Vietnam. Desktop studies together with a number of interactive workshops were organized to provide inputs for developing a big picture of the current situation using Vensim software. Bayesian network modeling was then used to identify systemic interventions aiming at achieving the final goal of a disaster ready, resilient, and smart city. A number of communication strategies have been formulated and implemented. Initial evident successes of the interventions are discussed in this article.
Resiliency and Regeneration in the Pannonian Region of Hungary: Towards a Circular Economy
Authors: Brown Hillary
Published: March 2019

Using systems thinking and ecologically-reflexive planning, this study examines conceptual opportunities for resilience and regeneration of the historic northwestern Hungarian municipality of Kőszeg and its surrounding bio-region. It will explain how the town and bio-region's socio-cultural and socio-technical systems —its historic heritage coupled with existing and new industrial, commercial, and infrastructural services (energy, water, sanitation, and waste)—can be placed into a regional development scheme that optimizes the vitality and resiliency of these collective systems, following the principles of a circular economy. This study assessed opportunities for Kőszeg, as one example in the region; to revitalize its economy and its local environment based upon attaining a high level of integration among its multi-dimensional resources. Conceptual strategies for practical solutions to town and bio-regional revitalization and resiliency are discussed.
A Study on Risk Assessment and Analysis Method of Buildings for the Development of Korean Integrated Disaster Evaluation Simulator (K-IDES) in High-Rise Buildings
Authors: Kim Tae-Young , Lee Kyung-Hoon
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop a platform tentatively named the Korean Integrated Disaster Evaluation Simulator (K-IDES) to assess building risk during disasters. In this study, the first step includes an analysis of FEMA’s risk management series in the USA for precedent research. Among them, FEMA IRVS is selected as the case study for the development of the K-IDES framework and through the comparative analysis of domestic building design guides, codes, and special acts related to disasters. The next step is to develop a risk assessment methodology to yield quantitative results. This methodology consists of classification systems, calculation methods, and grade ratings. Based on it, K-IDES will establish a management system that can systematically integrate the collected information by using assessment techniques for elements except legal standards to measure risks in response to various disasters and present a classification system of evaluation factors, criteria for evaluation items, and risk assessment methods. In the next study, and through the simulation of the selected buildings by using this risk assessment, a check-list will be verified. The final goal of this study is to build a platform to be used as an integrated risk management method against a complex disaster by the expansion to other types of buildings through continuous data scaling and management systematization.
Smart Grids for the City of Praia: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Mendes Claudino F. Pereira , Bernal-Agustín José L. , Elgueta-Ruiz Álvaro , Dufo-López Rodolfo
Published: March 2019

The current state of the electrical sector in Praia (Cape Verde capital city) is characterized by the high cost of electricity and high levels of technical and commercial losses which is caused by the lack of resources of fossil origin. It is also aggravated by an inadequate investment policy forcing a deep restructuring of the entire sector. In order to take advantage of the existing local natural resources and to have a more efficient, robust, and a fair electric system, it seems inevitable to bet on innovative, intelligent, and secure technology which allows tight integration of renewable energy –mainly wind and photo-voltaic energy. In this regard, the present article discusses the economic, social, and environmental impacts of a smart grid for Praia city. Based on a proposed SG architecture that integrates the existing endogenous resources and technologies, it was possible to identify the main advantages and challenges that the implementation of SG technologies would have for the city.
Assessment of Green Infrastructure for Conservation Planning using Cadastral Data in Seoul, South Korea
Authors: Park Gon
Published: March 2019

Green infrastructure has been used for environmental conservation and management with many similar concepts such as green-space network, green-link network, and green-ways network based on the objectives of the cities for greening. Seoul established the 2030 Seoul City Master Plan that contains green-link network projects to connect critical green areas within the city. However, the plan does not have detailed analysis for the green infrastructure to incorporate land-cover information to many structural classes. This study maps green infrastructure networks of Seoul for complementing their green plans with identifying and ranking green areas. Hubs and links that are the main elements of green infrastructure have been identified through incorporating cadastral data of 967,502 parcels to 135 of land use maps using Geographic Information System. The study extracted 1,365 of green areas that represent an area of 24,530 ha within the city and buffered these areas to identify districts as critical green areas that have hubs and links. At a city scale, the study used 103,553 of parcel data for ranking extracted 20 districts, and 17,860 of parcel data for ranking extracted 42 links connecting the districts. At a district scale, this study used 87,826 of parcel data for analyzing the status of potential links within the districts and ranking these districts for green infrastructure. This assessment analyzes the main elements of green infrastructure and suggests site prioritization for green infrastructure under variable scenarios of green and developed areas in a metropolitan city.
Synergistic Urban Improvement: Case Study of Hikifune Neighbourhood in Tokyo
Authors: Vankova Kalina , Nakamura Hitoshi , Witthöft Gesa
Published: March 2019

This paper proposes the synergistic method as an alternative approach that embraces urban complexity and reverses it to a set of mutually reinforcing improvement strategies. After illustrating the general idea of synergistic improvement by examining the correlation among a number of urban issues, this paper uses the case study to explore this inter-connectivity in further details. Hikifune in Tokyo was selected as a case study because of its distinct atmosphere, historical background, and fragility in terms of demographics, natural hazards, and economics. Relevant literature, along with the empirical and statistical data, is the primary method used in this research. Relying on the discovered findings, the conclusion returns the discussion to the necessity for a synergistic improvement.
Parametric Thinking in Form-Based Code Evaluation
Authors: Zhang Yingyi , Schnabel Marc Aurel
Published: March 2019

The concept of Form-Based Code is of central importance in American New Urbanism. There is an increasing concern on Form-Based Code’s components and adoptions in cities and countries in the USA. This paper aims to extend Form-Based Code’s study to high-density cities of Asia. It explores the methodology of embedding parametric thinking into the multi-scenario evaluation of Form-Based Code. The methodology framework is developed by taking advantage of parametric modelling instruments which visualizes the coding procedure on software interfaces. Using Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong as the experimental site, the paper concludes with a parametric evaluation system towards a walkable and accessible environment in the volumetric urban morphology of high-density cities.
Foreword
Authors: Amer Mourad
Published: March 2019

The concept of sustainable development has been a snowballing concern that spread to people all over the world. In these circumstances, engineering is considered a major tool that fuels that conscious need to make a difference in the world. By utilizing its branches of instance, construction, marine, mechanical, chemical, electrical, etc. It enables researchers to get in touch with reality and spread awareness worldwide.

Engineering provides a scientifically monitored process that enables missions related to manufacturing, mining, design, operating, transporting, and all other purposes to get in touch with sectors that could be rescued and later design a sustainable model that benefits both nature and urbanism. It aims to change people’s way of thinking by reckoning solutions for constrains and barriers that detach people from nature and socio-economic situation. Education is a topic that is brought to the table as a fundamental principle to involve as a continuously parallel concept to sustainable engineering in all aspects of life.

Green infrastructure for conservation planning is presented as a topic of discussion in this issue that operates as the offspring of engineering that functions upon the supply of energy sources that avoids compromising the environment in any shape or form. The role of practitioners is also profound in the sense that it needs to be fueled by the power of literature and facts that illustrate the consequences of reckless behavior.

Urban improvement is a case that will always be adopted by spokesmen. Therefore, by activating the role of engineering as the achievable dream, many countries will attain sustainable development, while executing their futuristic plans.

This issue discusses disputes of sustainable engineering and provides solutions to them. It explores different engineering issues such as urban, environmental, and sustainability topics.
In order to have a more sustainable environment, recommendations provided in this issue will tackle these problems using innovative approaches.
Adaptive Strategies for Mud Shell Robotic Fabrication
Authors: Stephanie Chaltiel , Maite Bravo , Abdullah Ibrahim
Published: March 2019

The digital fabrication of monolithic shell structures is presenting some challenges related to the interface between computational design, materialist, and fabrication techniques. This research proposes a singular method for the sequential robotic spray deposition in layers of diverse clay mixes over a temporary fabric form-work pulled in between peripheral and cross section arches. This process relies mainly on the continuity of the construction phases for stability and durability but has encountered some challenges in physical tests related to sagging, displacement, and deformations during the robotic deposition of the material. Adaptive strategies during the digital fabrication stages are proposed for a sequential exploration of the geometry, structural analysis, and construction techniques. Alternative adjustments of protocols for the robotic material deposition include both predictable and unsuspected behaviors preventing the structure to reach non-viable geometric thresholds. Two case studies of physical tests describe, analyze, and simulate some of these strategies and identify specific parameters inquiring the sequential adjustments of the robotic material deposition. These strategies will drive future full-scale tests within a sustainable use of materials and adaptive construction methods, seeking an optimized structural performance that could open a new chapter for the digital fabrication of earthen shells.
Land Use - Nutrient Level Relationships on Two Southern Ontario Watersheds
Authors: Terry R. D. , Salbach S. E.
Published: March 2019

It is often considered that modern agricultural usage of land and the extensive use of fertilizers contributes significantly to nutrient levels in surface runoff. Catfish Creek and Duffin Creek are two predominantly rural watersheds of similar size located in southern Ontario. Three times as much nitrogen and phosphorus is applied per acre to the Catfish Creek basin as is applied to the Duffin Creek basin.

Nutrient data from 21 sampling points on the two river basins were analyzed using a multiple regression technique to relate nutrient concentrations to land use. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to verify the existence of a significant difference in nutrient levels between the two basins. A comparison between the contributions of nutrients from municipal-industrial sources and rural land drainage revealed that 95 per cent of the total nitrogen load and over 75 per cent of the total phosphorus load from the Catfish Creek watershed appeared to have rural origin. By comparison, in the Duffin Creek basin about 8 9 per cent of the nitrogen and 5 0 per cent of the phosphorus load was contained in the rural land drainage.
Wastewater Treatment With Activated Carbon
Authors: Benedek A.
Published: March 2019

Recent developments in the application of activated carbon to wastewater treatment are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the physico-chemical treatment of municipal waste. Technological development, adsorptive behaviour, and research needs serve as the three primary discussion topics.
Factors that Influence Variations in the Composition of Urban Surface Runoff
Authors: Waller D.H.
Published: March 2019

Most of the attention that has been devoted to urban runoff quality has been concerned with establishing the nature and magnitude of pollution from this source. This paper examines variations in composition in terms of their relationships to causative factors: rate of flow, time from start of storm, dry period lengths, season, land use, leaves and litter, sediment, dustfall, city works practices, and roof runoff composition. Effects of catch basins on storm water composition are considered. The variation revealed by this work indicate that mean concentrations of urban runoff constituents do not provide an adequate description of runoff composition. Future work should be directed toward determining quantitative relationships between variations in composition and their causative factors.
Model for Selection of Stormwater Control Alternatives
Authors: Bedrosyan R. , Ganczarczyk J.
Published: March 2019

In urban centres, the degree of pollution from combined sewer overflows and stormwater runoff is becoming ever more noticeable and critical. Among the many stormwater management alternatives for combined sewer overflow abatement, remote monitoring/real-time control is emerging as a cost-effective method in large urban centres. Its advantage is that it does not require additional facilities, but uses the existing system more effectively.

A general computer model is needed in the planning stage, which can estimate the overall performance of real-time control and other stormwater management alternatives, without employing expensive, single-event models like WREM. The well-established and most widely used initial planning model STORM is unable to provide an overall system description. Therefore, a new programme, named RAFFI, was devised which can be combined with STORM. The RAFFI is a simple model which provides hourly information on flows and pollutants (BOD and SS) diverted into receiving waters from various overflow points and treatment and by-pass operations at the plant.

The model can simulate the overall behaviour of existing and proposed systems in multi-basin urban areas for single storms, or for many storms over a long period, such as one year. In-system storage can be simulated by assuming that the interceptor acts as a common reservoir which can store flows from all watersheds, while each trunk can store flows only from the watershed that it serves. Dynamic regulators can be simulated according to a built-in control strategy, which changes the flow capacity of diversion pipes and outfalls, based on plant, trunk and interceptor flow and storage values at each hour. Capacities for primary, secondary or by-pass operations at the plant can be varied during storms. Treatment of overflows at each outfall can also be simulated. The model is equally applicable to separate storm sewer systems.

The objective was not to produce yet another new model, but to integrate programme RAFFI with STORM, in order to increase its capabilities in the initial planning stage. By using STORM-RAFFI, a decision-maker can estimate the overall performance of an existing system during wet
The Numerical Analysis of Contaminant Migration from Sanitary Landfill Sites
Authors: Sykes J.F. , Crutcher A.J.
Published: March 2019

A two-dimensional Galerkin finite element model for flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated porous media is used to analyze the transport of chlorides from a sanitary landfill located in Southern Ontario. A representative cross-section is selected for the analysis. Predicted chloride concentrations are presented for the cross section at various horizon years.
Sedimentation of Pb-210 in Laurentian Shield Lakes
Authors: Cornett R.J. , Chant L. , Link D.
Published: March 2019

The average annual flux of Pb-210 from the atmosphere to lake surfaces and to the bottom sediments was measured in seven small lakes located on the Laurentian Shield. Direct atmospheric fallout of Pb-210 was 136 ± 16 Bq m-2 a-1 Streams from the lakes' catchments input an additional 5 to 473 Bq m-2 a-1. Only 16 to 80 percent of the total input was found in the lake sediments. The fractional rate constant for Pb-210 sedimentation from the water column ranged from 0.25 to 5.3 per annum.
Chemistry of Bulk Precipitation in Halifax and its Effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes
Authors: Thirumurthi Ramalingaigh Dhandapani , Hart William C.
Published: March 2019

Fifty-nine weekly bulk deposition samples and about 1100 lake water samples from the study area were analyzed for water quality parameters to document the bulk deposition chemistry and its effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes. The composition of bulk deposition in Halifax (on chemical equivalent basis) was: chloride, 28 % of total ions; sodium, 25% sulfate, 15%; hydrogen, 14%; calcium, 6%; total nitrogen, 6%; magnesium, 4%; nitrate(N), 2%; ammonia(N), 1%; total phosphorus, 0.06%; and orthophosphorus, 0.03%. Marine sources contributed almost all of chloride and magnesium, 97% of sodium, 17% of sulfate, and 13% of calcium. Bulk deposition was not the major source of sodium, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the study lakes. However, it was the principal source of hydrogen, nitrogen, and total phosphorus to the forested watersheds of Chain Lakes, and of hydrogen, orthophosphorus and total phosphorus to the urbanized watershed of Chocolate Lake. The effects of these ions were not reflected in the lakes' water quality, probably because of the excess alkalinity produced in the watersheds of Chain Lakes, and also because of high flushing rates of the lakes.
The Effectiveness of the Electrochemical Recovery of Cadmium from Metal Plating Rinsewater
Authors: Vachon D.T. , Bissett W. , Calver B.A. , Dickson G.C.
Published: March 2019

A prototype electrochemical reactor system was installed in late 1980 at X-Pert Metal Finishing to recover cadmium and destroy cyanide from plating rinsewater. Ninety-eight percent recovery of expected cadmium losses and 93 percent cyanide destruction were achieved. Payback was not realized in terms of metal recovery alone, but the system was economical when compared to upgrading the existing conventional waste treatment facility. The quality of the effluent discharged to the municipal sewer improved significantly. Monitoring identified the need for improved rinsing procedures and additional cyanide destruction capacity.
The Limnological Units of the Lower Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Corridor and Their Role in the Source and Aquatic Fate of Toxic Contaminants
Authors: Allan R.J.
Published: March 2019

The waterways of the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, between Sarnia and the Saguenay Fiord, are made up of four limnological units. The first comprises the high discharge, rapid flow rivers, namely the St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara and St. Lawrence. Second are the four shallow, short residence time, riverine lakes, namely St. Clair, St. Francois, St. Louis and St. Pierre. Third are the two, relatively deep, long residence time, lower Great Lakes Erie and Ontario. Lastly, there is the freshwater-salt water mixing zone of the upper St. Lawrence Estuary. The rivers are essentially sources and transport systems of toxic contaminants on a grand scale. The riverine lakes provide only temporary storage or sinks even for contaminants associated with sediments because these are eventually resuspended and moved on downstream. The major sinks, where long-term effects are most evident are the two lower Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Estuary. These sites are also where sediment associated contaminants can be permanently removed by deep burial in bottom sediments. However, even here, a proportion of the contaminant load passes on downstream and eventually out to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The distinctive characteristics of the four limnological units are discussed in relation to sources and fate of toxic contaminants. Understanding the role of the units is critical to development of toxic chemicals control strategies and reduction in aquatic ecosystem contamination.
Description of Two Treatment Methods for Detoxifying Oil Sands Tailings Pond Water
Authors: MacKinnon M.D. , Boerger Hans
Published: March 2019

Large quantities of toxic wastewater are produced in the processing of oil sands. The toxicity appears to be due primarily to polar organic carboxylic acids (naphthenic acids). These surfactants occur naturally in oil sands and are released during the caustic hot-water extraction process. Relatively high concentrations of suspended particulate matter, bitumen, and dissolved solids, as well as low dissolved oxygen levels, may also contribute to the toxicity of the water. Tailings pond water can be detoxified by rapid chemical treatments which involve coagulation at a pH between 4.5 - 5.0, followed by flocculation with an anionic polyelectrolyte. This method has been successfully scaled up to large batch and flowthrough systems under field conditions. A second treatment method involves the storage of tailings pond water in shallow, well aerated pits for 1 - 2 years, during which period natural processes result in a significant improvement in water quality. Bioassays with bacteria (Beckman Microtox), trout and Daphnia indicate that both treatment met hods result in removal of acute toxicity ( EC50 and LC50 greater than 100%). Ten-week tests with multi-species, simulated pond “ecosystems” in 10 m3 outdoor pooIs indicate some chronic effects remain after treatment. However, these effects are not considered to be limiting to the environmental acceptability of the treated waters.
Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Contaminated Groundwater by Oxidation and Stripping
Authors: Simovic L. , Jones J.P.
Published: March 2019

In 1984, Environment Canada carried out a bench scale study on the removal of organic micropollutants from contaminated groundwater. The groundwater samples were obtained from the Special Waste Compound at Gloucester Landfill Site, near Ottawa, Ontario. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation to destroy the organic micropollutants present in this groundwater. Comparison was made between the results of ozonation and the air stripping effects.

The oxidants evaluated were ozone (O3), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with hydrated iron sulphate FeSO4 7H2O (Fenton’s reagent). The organics present in the contaminated groundwater included the following, predominantly volatile, compounds: bromodichloro-methane, bromoform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. The process variables investigated were pH and oxidant dosage. The significance of low and high values of these variables was examined by using a full 22 factorial design.

From the results, it appeared that the best removal efficiency was achieved by using ozone as an oxidant. However, during the experiments, it was observed that the ozonation process was being confounded with the air stripping process.

Chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, in that order, were determined to be less effective oxidants. Sodium hypochlorite was found to be the least effective oxidant in this study.

The results of this study demonstrated that air stripping was the most appropriate technology for the removal of the organic compounds from this groundwater.
Use of Fingernail Clams (Pisidiidae) and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Monitoring Metal Pollution in Contwoyto Lake, N.W.T.
Authors: Duncan William F.A. , Tevesz Michael J.S. , Towns Robert L.R.
Published: March 2019

The suitability of freshwater molluscs, particularly fingernail clams, (Family Pisidiidae) as biological monitors of metal pollution in northern Canada is briefly examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of mollusc samples by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry were performed on samples collected just prior to exposure and after approximately three months of exposure to effluent from a newly opened gold mine located near Contwoyto Lake, N.W.T. The resulting contamination factors (post-exposure meta 1 levels in samples divided by pre-exposure levels) indicated an increase of iron, lead and zinc in the clam shells while copper decreased and arsenic remained constant, Contamination factors for clam shells were generally higher than corresponding factors for sampled sediments and fish, suggesting that, as an early warning system, clams may be superior monitors.

Preliminary results also indicate that X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is valuable as an analytical technique for shells and soft tissues of freshwater molluscs. The non-destructive nature of XRF allows qualitative analyses to be followed by quantitative analyses and subsequent archiving of samples.
Sources of Chlorophenolic Compounds to the Fraser River Estuary
Authors: Carey J. H. , Hart J. H.
Published: March 2019

The identity and concentrations of chlorophenolic compounds in the Fraser River estuary were determined under conditions of high and low river flow at three sites: a site upstream from the trifurcation and at downstream sites for each main river arm. Major chlorophenolics present under both flow regimes were 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG) and a compound tentatively identified as 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (3,4,5-TCG). Under high flow conditions, concentrations of the guaiacols were higher than any of the Chlorophenols and concentrations of all five chlorophenolics appeared to correlate. Under low flow conditions, concentrations of chloroguaiacols were higher than Chlorophenols at the upstream site and at the downstream site on the Main Arm, whereas at the downstream site on the North Arm, concentrations of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP were higher than the chloroguaiacols in some samples. Overall, the results indicate that pulp mills upstream from the estuary are important sources of chlorophenolics to the estuary under all flow conditions. Additional episodic inputs of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP from lumber mills occur along the North Arm. When these inputs occur, they can cause the concentrations of Chlorophenols in the North Arm to exceed provisional objectives. If chloroguaiacols are included as part of the objective, concentrations of total chlorophenolics in water entering the estuary can approach and exceed these objectives, especially under low flow conditions.
Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Early Life Stages of Fraser River Pink and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. tshawytscha)
Authors: Servizi James A. , Gordon Robert W. , Carey John H.
Published: March 2019

Chlorophenol content of emergent pink salmon fry from five natal spawning grounds and fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River was determined. Major Chlorophenols identified were pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Sources of these compounds appear to be lumber mills using chlorophenol based fungicides and pulp and paper mill effluents. Chlorophenol content was greatest in pink salmon fry from the Thompson River (58.4 ng/g total Chlorophenols). Fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River contained 3 7.7 ng/g total Chlorophenols.

The 96-hr LC50 of Woodbrite 24, a chlorophenol based fungicide to pink salmon during the egg-to-fry stage was determined to be in the 100 to 150 ug/L range. This range is about 100 times higher than average levels reported for Fraser River water.
60CO and 137CS Activity of Nearshore Lake Ontario Sediments in the Vicinity of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Complex
Authors: Rodgers D. W. , McKinley R. S.
Published: March 2019

Detectable 137Cs activity (<1 - 27 Bq/kg dry wt.) was widely distributed in sediments from a series of nearshore transects along Lake Ontario near Pickering Nuclear Generating Station (NGS) ‘A’. In contrast, detectable 60Co activity (<1 - 14 Bq/Kg dry wt.) was largely restricted to transects located near the discharge of Pickering ‘A’ NGS. The widespread distribution of 137Cs is consistent with diffuse input of the radionuclide through fallout, while the restricted distribution of 60Co indicates a localized input of this radionuclide. Adsorption distribution coefficients (Kd’s) of 60Co and 137Cs varied by more than an order of magnitude among representative sediments. Although Kd’s of both radionuclides were correlated with cation exchange capacity and particle size, neither the observed gamma activity nor the corresponding Kd were important in describing 60Co or 137Cs Kd’s. Thus factors other than adsorption affinity alone may be required to account for the distribution of these radionuclides in nearshore Lake Ontario sediments.
Evaluation of a Large-Volume Extractor for Determining Trace Organic Contaminant Levels in the Great Lakes
Authors: Neilson M. , Stevens R.
Published: March 2019

The design, shipboard operation and performance of a large-volume extractor is described. A total of 224 water samples were extracted at up to 1 L.min−1 with dichloromethane during monitoring cruises on lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior in the spring of 1986. To evaluate the performance of the extractor, a spiking solution containing surrogate standards was added during the course of the extraction. Five surrogate spikes were added in the field: endrinketone, 1,3-dibromobenzene, 1,3,5-tribromobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Extractor performance was evaluated for both ambient and centrifuged water samples using recovery and reproducibility as criteria. Analytical results could then be excluded on the basis of surrogate recoveries exceeding two standard deviations from the mean. Recoveries ranged from 89–130% and coefficients of variation were generally ≤25%.
Automation of a Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Plant:A Case Study
Authors: Shantz Robert J. , Erickson Virginia B.
Published: March 2019

Historically, automation was not considered for wastewater treatment plants because it did not significantly affect operating costs, and manual plant operation was considered acceptable. Despite past practices, the BP Oil Refinery at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania set a new standard when they began upgrading their wastewater facility in 1985. By automating the plant, they ensured safe, reliable operation with minimum labor requirements, process optimization, and long-term reductions in operating costs. Major design features included: a distributed computer control system with monitoring and supervisory capabilities; high-quality control system instruments; control system components; and redundancy and backup to support operation if a component or power failure occurs. In addition, design control philosophies remained consistent from predesign to startup. This advanced wastewater treatment plant can serve as a model for automation of future industrial treatment facilities.
L’abattement des bactéries coliformes dans les étangs aérés facultatifs — 1. Cinétique, modélisation et variables biotiques
Authors: Leduc Roland , Nguyen Van-Thanh-Van
Published: March 2019

Cet article présente une revue de la cinétique, des modèles de conception et de l’influence des variables du type biotique qui concernent l’abattement des indicateurs de pollution d’origine fécale — en particulier les bactéries coliformes — dans les étangs aérés servant à l’épuration des eaux résiduaires d’origine municipale. L’article synthétise les modèles qui ont été proposés pour la cinétique de disparition des indicateurs fécaux dans les étangs, ainsi que les modèles de prédiction, à l’état permanent, des concentrations d’indicateurs dans l’effluent d’étangs, tant en régime hydraulique des types piston, mélange complet ou mélange intermédiaire. Aussi, les modèles statistiques sont discutés brièvement. L’article identifie les divers rôles que jouent les variables biotiques dans le phénomène d’abattement et dans les propriétés des indicateurs de pollution fécale. Plus spécifiquement, les effets qu’exercent les algues, les prédateurs, les coliphages, les oiseaux, les animaux et autres sur le procédé d’inactivation des entérobactéries, ainsi que le facteur R, sont passés en revue. Globalement, cet article fait l’état des progrès réalisés au niveau de la compréhension du phénomène de disparition naturelle des indicateurs fécaux, et identifie les directions de recherche qui semblent les plus nécessaires en vue d’améliorer les techniques d’analyse et les méthodes de conception des systèmes d’étangs.
Suivi d’une contamination pétrolière accidentelle dans l’estuaire moyen du Saint-Laurent: Le cas de l’Ile-aux-Grues
Authors: Siron R. , Pelletier E. , Brochu C.
Published: March 2019

Le sédiment superficiel (0-3cm), l’eau interstitielle, les particules en suspension et l’eau de surface autour de l’Ile-aux-Grues (Québec, Canada) ont été échantillonnés en mai 1988 (11 jours après le déversement du pétrolier Czantoria) et en juin 1990. Les concentrations en hydrocarbures totaux mesurées par spectrofluorescence révèlent l’enrichissement des particules en suspension relativement à la fraction dissoute et au sédiment. Les analyses en chromatographie en phase gazeuse montrent que la contamination pétrolière du sédiment a été très ponctuelle. En mai 88, seulement deux stations montraient les indices d’une forte contamination pétrolière du sédiment, qui n’était plus décelée significativement deux ans après. A l’une de ces stations, la biodégradation des hydrocarbures semblait très avancée dans le sédiment, alors que l’eau interstitielle était enrichie en dérivés naphtaléniques. Des résidus de type émulsions “d’eau-dans-1’huile” non altérés étaient retrouvés adsorbés sur des rochers aux deux extrémités de l’ile, 11 jours après l’accident. Dans le sédiment prélevé en mai 88, l’origine fossile des hydrocarbures se superpose à un “bruit de fond” dans lequel on peut distinguer une importante contribution biogénique (n-alcanes à chaînes impaires, rétène, pérylène). Durant les deux séries d’échantillonnage, tous les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dérivés de combustion ont été retrouvés à des niveaux relativement faibles dans le sédiment, confirmant la légère contamination pyrogénique à laquelle le site étudié est soumis.