bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medium cut‐off dialyzers in a large population of hemodialysis patients in Colombia: COREXH registry
Authors: Bunch Alfonso , Sanchez Ricardo , Nilsson Lars‐Göran , Bernardo Angelito A. , Vesga Jasmin I. , Ardila Fredy , Guerrero Ivan M. , Sanabria Rafael M. , Rivera Angela S. ,   the Colombian Registry of Expanded Hemodialysis investigators
Published: April 2020

Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) provides increased clearance of conventional and large middle molecules through innovative medium cutoff (MCO) membranes. However, there is a paucity of real‐world data regarding the benefits and safety of HDx. This large observational study evaluated outcomes among patients in Colombia undergoing HDx at a extended dialysis clinical services provider. This was a prospective single cohort study of prevalent patients who were treated with HDx; baseline information was collected from the most recent data before patients were started on HDx. Patients were followed prospectively for 1 year for changes in serum albumin and other laboratory parameters compared with the baseline. Survival, hospitalization and safety were assessed from the start of HDx. A total of 1000 patients were invited to enroll; 992 patients met the inclusion criteria for data analysis and 638 patients completed the year of follow‐up. Seventy‐four (8%) patients died during 866 patient‐years (PY) of follow‐up; the mortality rate was 8.54 deaths/100 PY (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8‐10.7). There were 673 hospitalization events with a rate of 0.79 events/PY (95% CI, 0.73‐0.85) with 6.91 hospital days/PY (95% CI, 6.74‐7.09). The observed variability from baseline and maximum average change in mean serum albumin levels were −1.8% and −3.5%, respectively. No adverse events were related to the MCO membrane. HDx using an MCO membrane maintains stable serum albumin levels and is safe in terms of nonoccurrence of dialyzer related adverse events.
Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 alleviates DSS‐induced colitis by modulating immunological profiles, the gut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid levels in a mouse model
Authors: Bian Xiaoyuan , Yang Liya , Wu Wenrui , Lv Longxian , Jiang Xianwan , Wang Qing , Wu Jingjing , Li Yating , Ye Jianzhong , Fang Daiqiong , Shi Ding , Wang Kaicen , Wang Qiangqiang , Lu Yanmeng , Xie Jiaojiao , Xia Jiafeng , Li Lanjuan
Published: May 2020

The gut microbiota is considered a key factor in pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The bacterium Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 alleviated host inflammation by maintaining the gut epithelial integrity, modulating the host immunity, gut microbiota and metabolism, but its effect on IBD remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role and mechanisms of P. pentosaceus LI05. Mice were administered P. pentosaceus LI05 or phosphate‐buffered saline once daily by oral gavage for 14 days, and colitis was induced by providing mice 2% DSS‐containing drinking water for 7 days. P. pentosaceus LI05 ameliorated colitis in mice and reduced the body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length shortening, intestinal permeability and the proinflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, a significantly altered gut microbiota composition with increased diversity and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was observed in mice treated with P. pentosaceus LI05. Several genera, including Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium, were differentially enriched in the P. pentosaceus LI05‐treated mice and were negatively correlated with colitis indices and positively correlated with gut barrier markers and SCFA levels. The P. pentosaceus LI05 treatment alleviated intestinal inflammation by maintaining the intestinal epithelial integrity and modulating the immunological profiles, gut microbiome and metabolite composition. Based on our findings, P. pentosaceus LI05 might be applied as potential preparation to ameliorate colitis.
PML2‐mediated thread‐like nuclear bodies mark late senescence in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
Authors: Wang Ming , Wang Lulu , Qian Minxian , Tang Xiaolong , Liu Zuojun , Lai Yiwei , Ao Ying , Huang Yinghua , Meng Yuan , Shi Lei , Peng Linyuan , Cao Xinyue , Wang Zimei , Qin Baoming , Liu Baohua
Published: April 2020

Progerin accumulation disrupts nuclear lamina integrity and causes nuclear structure abnormalities, leading to premature aging, that is, Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). The roles of nuclear subcompartments, such as PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs), in HGPS pathogenesis, are unclear. Here, we show that classical dot‐like PML NBs are reorganized into thread‐like structures in HGPS patient fibroblasts and their presence is associated with late stage of senescence. By co‐immunoprecipitation analysis, we show that farnesylated Progerin interacts with human PML2, which accounts for the formation of thread‐like PML NBs. Specifically, human PML2 but not PML1 overexpression in HGPS cells promotes PML thread development and accelerates senescence. Further immunofluorescence microscopy, immuno‐TRAP, and deep sequencing data suggest that these irregular PML NBs might promote senescence by perturbing NB‐associated DNA repair and gene expression in HGPS cells. These data identify irregular structures of PML NBs in senescent HGPS cells and support that the thread‐like PML NBs might be a novel, morphological, and functional biomarker of late senescence.
If They Endorse It, I Can't Trust It: How Outgroup Leader Endorsements Undercut Public Support for Civil War Peace Settlements
Authors: Haas Nicholas , Khadka Prabin B.
Published: April 2020

Civil wars are a greater source of violence than any other type of conflict, yet little is known about one of the key determinants of civil war peace settlement success: civilian support. We evaluate how a core component of nearly all peace settlements, leader endorsements, affects public support. We predict that individuals in conflict settings will view settlements endorsed by outgroup leaders as less trustworthy and that they will become less supportive. We conduct an endorsement experiment with nearly 1,000 respondents in South Sudan in 2016, taking advantage of a brief cessation in a devastating civil war. Public support for a tentative settlement drops precipitously when it is endorsed by an outgroup leader but does not increase when it is endorsed by an ingroup leader. We find suggestive evidence that effects are strongest for individuals with the greatest reason to fear outgroup leaders: those whose communities were targeted most violently by that outgroup.
Quality of life of children aged 8‐12 years undergoing food allergy oral immunotherapy: Child and parent perspective
Authors: Epstein‐Rigbi Na'ama , Goldberg Michael R. , Levy Michael B. , Nachshon Liat , Elizur Arnon
Published: April 2020

Background

Oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy improves the quality of life (QOL) of children from parental perspective but little is known about the child perception.

Methods

The Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire—Child Form (FAQLQ‐CF) was administered to children aged 8‐12 years, and the FAQLQ—Parent Form (FAQLQ‐PF) was administered to their parents at the start of OIT for milk, egg, peanut, sesame, or tree nuts, at the end of up‐dosing, and after 6 months of follow‐up. Food‐allergic children not undergoing OIT served as controls. Children QOL scores were compared to their parents.

Results

The total FAQLQ‐CF score of 103 children undergoing OIT improved significantly from start of OIT (median (IQR); 4.8, 3.8‐5.7) to end of up‐dosing (3.9, 3‐5.2) (P < .001). A greater improvement was noted in the 56 children who reached a follow‐up visit, from 5.0 (3.7‐5.8) at OIT start to 3.1 (1.8‐5.0) on follow‐up, (P < .001). In contrast, FAQLQ‐CF scores of control patients improved mildly and nonsignificantly between the two time points from 5.3 (4.3‐5.7) to 4.8 (3.6‐6.0), (P = .13). The improvement in the total FAQLQ‐CF scores from OIT start to follow‐up was significantly greater compared to the change in control patients during observation (P = .015). Parents reported better QOL scores compared to their children at all stages of OIT (start 4.0, 3.2‐5, P = .004; end of up‐dosing 2.9, 1.9‐4.7, P = .04; follow‐up 2.2, 1.6‐3.6, P = .003).

Conclusions

QOL of food‐allergic children undergoing OIT improves significantly compared to controls. Parents perceive QOL to be better than the perception of the children.
Ocular findings and growth in 5‐year‐old preterm children born to mothers with preeclampsia
Authors: Lind Alexandra , Dahlgren Jovanna , Morán Amanda , Allvin Kerstin , Raffa Lina , Nilsson Josefin , Aring Eva , Andersson Grönlund Marita
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To evaluate growth, blood pressure and ophthalmological status in preschool children born preterm to mothers with preeclampsia.

Methods

In a prospective cohort study, 78 children (34 girls) born preterm without retinopathy of prematurity were examined regarding length/height, weight, head circumference and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) at birth and at 5 years of age. At 5 years, IGF‐binding protein 3 and blood pressure were also measured. A detailed ophthalmological examination including ocular dimensions, fundus morphology, visual fields, visual evoked potentials and perceptual visual dysfunction was performed. Children born to preeclamptic mothers (n = 24) were compared to children with non‐preeclamptic mothers (n = 54).

Results

Children exposed to preeclampsia had lower weight (p = 0.0002, mean difference −1.46, 95% CI −2.09; −0.83), length (p = 0.013, −1.10, 95% CI −1.92; −0.23) and IGF‐I levels (p = 0.0002, −26.0, 95% CI −36.0; −16.1) at birth compared to non‐exposed children. At 5 years of age, the preeclamptic group had larger optic cup areas (p = 0.0006, 0.32, 95% CI 0.15; 0.46, in right eye, p = 0.049, 0.18, 95% CI 0.001; 0.35, in left eye). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding other ophthalmological findings or blood pressure. Children with reduced eye motility had lower neonatal IGF‐I levels (p = 0.033, 15.5, 95% CI 1.1; 30.3).

Conclusion

Preeclampsia was shown to affect growth and IGF‐I levels, confirming previous studies. Children exposed to preeclampsia were shown to have larger optic cup areas. Furthermore, lower neonatal IGF‐I levels were seen in preterm children with reduced eye motility at 5 years of age.
Editorial: low population mortality from COVID‐19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North—supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Authors' reply
Authors: Garg Mayur , Al‐Ani Aysha , Mitchell Hannah , Hendy Philip , Christensen Britt
Published: April 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Rhodes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777.
Amoxicillin‐induced crystal nephropathy: A nationwide French pharmacovigilance databases study
Authors: Thomas Laure , Le Beller Christine , Trenque Thierry , Michot Joëlle , Zenut Marie , Letavernier Emmanuel , Mongardon Nicolas , Vodovar Dominique
Published: April 2020

Aims

Amoxicillin (AMX)‐induced crystal nephropathy (AICN) is a rarely reported adverse drug reaction (ADR) but its increase has been recently reported in the Paris area. Our aim was to investigate the incidence, characteristics and outcome of AICN in France.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of all AICN cases reported to the French National Pharmacovigilance Database and the Marketing Authorization Holders Pharmacovigilance Database. AICN notification rate was compared to intravenous AMX and AMX–clavulanate sales.

Results

In total, 101 AICN cases were included. Intravenous AMX/AMX–clavulanate was prescribed as surgical prophylaxis (32 surgical patients) or to treat infection (69 medical patients). AKI KDIGO stage 3 was observed in 70 patients and 24/70 patients required renal replacement therapy and/or intensive care unit admission. The annual notification rate of AICN was increased by a factor of 13 since 2010 (6 [0;7] and 77 [24;111] cases per 100 000 patient‐years of exposure, before and after 2010 respectively; P < .001). In surgical patients, the increase in AICN has been reported since 2010 and was mainly related to inadequate AMX administration. In medical patients, the increase in AICN was observed since 2014. After 2014, medical patients were older (67 [42;77] vs 74 years [64;84] respectively; P < .05) and were treated more frequently for endocarditis (0/20 vs 15/49 respectively; P < .01). A contributing factor was observed or suspected in 62 patients.

Conclusion

AICN is a severe ADR that dramatically increased in France since 2010. Assessment of AICN contributing factors and AMX drug monitoring in patients receiving high dose of AMX could reduce the risk of AICN.
How we treat older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Frisch Avraham , Rowe Jacob M. , Ofran Yishai
Published: April 2020

After decades when intensive chemotherapy remained the only effective anti‐acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) treatment, a torrent of novel, less toxic agents are about to revolutionise AML therapy. Prolonged remissions with good quality of life become achievable for many patients previously considered only for palliative care because they could not tolerate intensive therapy. As treatment options multiply, the importance of genetic profile is recognised, even for advanced‐age patients for whom cure is unlikely. With lack of randomised comparative trials for most treatment regimens, one can only extrapolate data from existing studies to make evidence‐based decisions. We herein present seven common clinical scenarios illustrating the complexity of treating older AML patients and describe our approach to their management. In each case, up‐to‐date data on relevant agents to be offered to a particular patient are discussed. The current review is limited to the drugs, available and approved in the Western world and many promising agents, still under investigation, are not discussed.
Inflammation induces developmentally regulated sumatriptan inhibition of spinal synaptic transmission
Authors: Winters Bryony L. , Jeong Hyo‐Jin , Vaughan Christopher W.
Published: April 2020

Background and Purpose

While triptans are used to treat migraine, there is evidence that they also reduce inflammation‐induced pain at the spinal level. The cellular mechanisms underlying this spinal enhancement are unknown. We examined whether inflammation alters sumatriptan modulation of synaptic transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn.

Experimental Approach

Three to four days following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or saline, whole cell recordings of evoked glutamatergic EPSCs were made from lumbar lamina I–II dorsal horn neurons in rat spinal slices

Key Results

In 2‐ to 3‐week‐old animals, sumatriptan reduced the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and this was greater in slices from CFA, compared to saline‐injected rats. In CFA‐injected animals, sumatriptan increased the paired pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs and reduced the rate of spontaneous miniature EPSCs. The 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1D agonists CP9 3129 and PNU109291 both inhibited evoked EPSCs in CFA but not saline‐injected rats. By contrast, the 5‐HT1A agonist R(+)‐8‐OH‐DPAT inhibited evoked EPSCs in saline but not CFA‐injected rats. In CFA‐injected rats, the sumatriptan‐induced inhibition of evoked EPSCs was reduced by the 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1D antagonists NAS181 and BRL‐15572. Intriguingly, the difference in sumatriptan inhibition between CFA and saline‐injected animals was only observed in animals less than 4 weeks old.

Conclusion and Implications

These findings indicate that inflammation induces a developmentally regulated 5‐HT1B/1D presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission into the rat superficial dorsal horn. Thus, triptans could potentially act as spinal analgesic agents for inflammatory pain in the juvenile setting.
Plastin 1 drives metastasis of colorectal cancer through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway
Authors: Zhang Tongtong , Wang Zheng , Liu Yanjun , Huo Yongxu , Liu Hongtao , Xu Chenxin , Mao Rui , Zhu Yifang , Liu Lei , Wei Danfeng , Liu Guanzhi , Pan Biran , Tang Yan , Zhou Zheng , Yang Chunlei , Guo Yuanbiao
Published: April 2020

Tumor metastasis is the dominant cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and it often involves dysregulation of various cytoskeletal proteins. Plastin 1 (PLS1) is an actin‐bundling protein that has been implicated in the structure of intestinal epithelial microvilli; however, its role in CRC metastasis has not yet been determined. In this study, we demonstrated that PLS1 is highly expressed in 33.3% (45/135) of CRC patients and is correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, PLS1 induced the migration and invasion of CRC cells and the metastases to the liver and lung in mice. Moreover, the expressions of key factors for CRC metastases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and 2, were enhanced by PLS1, which was dependent on phosphorylating ERK1/2 activated by IQGAP1/Rac1 signaling. The connection between these signals and PLS1 was further confirmed in CRC tissues of patients and the metastatic nodules from a mouse model. These findings suggest that PLS1 promotes CRC metastasis through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway. Targeting PLS1 may provide a potential approach to inhibit the metastasis of CRC cells.
A novel TRAF3IP2 variant causing familial scarring alopecia with mixed features of discoid lupus erythematosus and folliculitis decalvans
Authors: Nemer Georges , El‐Hachem Nehme , Eid Edward , Hamie Lamiaa , Bardawil Tara , Khalil Samar , El‐Rassy Inaam , Safi Remi , Khalil Athar , Abbas Ossama , Shimomura Yutaka , Kurban Mazen
Published: April 2020

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an autoimmune disorder with a poorly defined etiology. Despite epidemiologic gender and ethnic biases, a clear genetic basis for DLE remains elusive. In this study, we used exome and RNA sequencing technologies to characterize a consanguineous Lebanese family with four affected individuals who presented with classical scalp DLE and generalized folliculitis. Our results unraveled a novel biallelic variant c.1313C > A leading to a missense substitution p.(Thr438Asn) in TRAF3IP2(NM_147200.3). Expression studies in cultured cells revealed mis‐localization of the mutated protein. Functional characterization of the mutated protein showed significant reduction in the physical interaction with the interleukin 17‐A receptor (IL17RA), while interaction with TRAF6 was unaffected. By conducting a differential genome‐wide transcriptomics analysis between affected and non‐affected individuals, we showed that the hair follicle differentiation pathway is drastically suppressed, whereas cytokine and inflammation responses are significantly upregulated. Furthermore, our results were highly concordant with molecular signatures in patients with DLE from a public dataset. In conclusion, this is the first report on a new putative role for TRAF3IP2 in the etiology of DLE. The identified molecular features associated with this gene could pave the way for better DLE‐targeted treatment.
Expiratory airflow obstruction due to tracheostomy tube: A spirometric study in 50 patients
Authors: Sanchez‐Guerrero Jose Antonio , Guerlain Joanne , Cebrià i Iranzo Maria Àngels , Baujat Bertrand , Lacau St Guily Jean , Périé Sophie
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Tracheostomy is commonly used in intensive care units and in head and neck departments. Airway obstruction due to occluded cuffless tracheostomy tubes themselves remains unknown, although capping trials are commonly used before decannulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which airway obstruction can be caused by occluded cuffless tubes in patients who underwent head and neck surgery.

Design

Prospective Research Outcome.

Settings

University teaching hospital.

Participants

Fifty patients requiring transient tracheostomy after head and neck surgery.

Main outcome measures

A flow‐volume loop (FVL) through the mouth using a portable spirometer, with the occluded fenestrated cuffless tube, was measured before and immediately after decannulation, by obstructing the orifice of tracheostomy tube. The measurement of FVL recorded the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC, peak inspiratory flow (PIF) and forced inspiratory flow at 50% of FVC.

Results

A statistically significant difference between all spirometric parameters was found. Mean PEF and PIF, respectively, increased from 2.8 to 4.5 L/s (P < .0001) and 2.3 to 2.7 L/s (P < .01) before and after decannulation, with a strong positive correlation (r = 0.7; P < .05). A mean expiratory (34%) and inspiratory (9%) airflow reduction was observed due to cannula.

Conclusions

Occluded cuffless tracheostomy tubes cause a dramatic airflow obstruction, mainly in the expiratory phase of FVL. This should be taken into account during capping trials.
Comparison of gene disruption induced by cytosine base editing‐mediated iSTOP with CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated frameshift
Authors: Dang Lu , Li Guanglei , Wang Xinjie , Huang Shisheng , Zhang Yu , Miao Yuanxin , Zeng Lisi , Cui Shuzhong , Huang Xingxu
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Recently developed CRISPR‐dependent cytosine base editor (CBE), converting four codons (CAA, CAG, CGA and TGG) into stop codons without DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB), serves as an efficient gene disruption strategy besides uncontrollable CRISPR‐mediated frameshift. However, the detailed difference of gene knockout between the two systems has not been clarified.

Materials and methods

Here, we selected some sgRNAs with different position background, then HEK293T cells were transfected with CBE/Cas9 plasmids together with sgRNAs. GFP‐positive cells were harvested by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) 48 hours after transfection. Genomic DNA was collected for deep sequencing to analyse editing efficiency and genotype. RNA and protein were extracted to analyse gene mRNA level using qPCR analysis and Western blot.

Results

Here, we compared the gene disruption by CBE‐mediated iSTOP with CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated frameshift. We found BE‐mediated gene knockout yielded fewer genotypes. BE‐mediated gene editing precisely achieved silencing of two neighbouring genes, while CRISPR/Cas9 may delete the large fragment between two target sites. All of three stop codons could efficiently disrupt the target genes. It is worth notifying, Cas9‐mediated gene knockout showed a more impact on neighbouring genes mRNA level than the BE editor.

Conclusions

Our results reveal the differences between the two gene knockout strategies and provide useful information for choosing the appropriate gene disruption strategy.
Sulphur doped carbon dots enhance photodynamic therapy via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Authors: Li Yanjing , Wu Shihong , Zhang Junjiang , Zhou Ronghui , Cai Xiaoxiao
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment, and the underlying signalling pathway changes has been carried out for studying the PDT mechanisms, but is majorly limited to organic photosensitizers (PSs). For the emerging nano‐PSs typically possessing higher 1O2 quantum yield, few mechanistic studies were carried out, which limited their further applications in clinical therapeutics. PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, a most frequently activated signalling network in cancers, could promote cancer cell survival, but was seldom reported in previous PDT studies mediated by nano‐PSs.

Materials and Methods

Sulphur doped carbon dots (S‐CDs) was prepared via a hydrothermal synthetic route and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and so on. CCK‐8 assay and Annexin V/PI staining were performed to demonstrate the death of cancer cells, Western blot, RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence were employed to explore the underlying mechanism, and variation of PI3K/Akt and other signalling pathways was detected by Western blot.

Results

S‐CDs was successfully synthesized, and it was much more efficient compared with classic organic PSs. S‐CDs could induce cancer cell death through mitochondria mediated cell apoptosis with the imbalance of Bcl‐2 family proteins and caspase cascade via several signalling pathways. Low concentration of S‐CDs could effectively inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway and promote p38/JNK pathway, on one way inhibiting cancer cell survival and on the other way promoting cell apoptosis.

Conclusions

Herein, we found that S‐CDs acted as an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway for efficient cancer cell killing, thus yielding in a higher PDT performance over the existing photosensitizers.
Financial Factors, Openness and the Natural Interest Rate in China
Authors: Li Hongjin , Su Naifang
Published: May 2020

China's financial market has undergone significant changes since financial deleveraging commenced and regulatory supervision was tightened in 2017. Intensifying China–US trade tensions have further increased the uncertainties of external environments. In this article, we use a Bayesian approach instead of the standard maximum likelihood estimation in the Laubach–Williams model to estimate the natural interest rate by considering financial factors and open conditions, and analyze the relationships among the natural interest rate, economic activities and monetary policies. We find that technological and demographic factors are the main drivers of natural interest rates, while financial factors and open conditions also play important roles. In particular, shocks in the financial markets and the external economic environment in recent years are important reasons for the decline of China's natural interest rate. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen research on the estimation of the natural interest rate to ensure China's transformation into more price‐based monetary policy and high‐quality development.
Understanding the terrible twos: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of early executive function and parent–child interactions
Authors: Hughes Claire , Devine Rory T. , Mesman Judi , Blair Clancy
Published: April 2020

Impairments in both executive function and parent–child interactions are associated with child externalizing behavior, but few studies have tested the uniqueness of these associations in the first years of life. Addressing these gaps, the current study involved an international sample (N = 438; 218 boys) who, at 14 and 24 months, completed an innovative battery of executive function tasks and were filmed at home in dyadic interaction with their mothers, enabling detailed observational ratings of maternal support. In addition, parents rated infant temperament at 4 months and externalizing behavior at 14 and 24 months. Cross‐lagged longitudinal analysis showed a unidirectional developmental association between executive function at 14 months and externalizing behavior at 24 months. In addition, infant negative affect moderated the inverse association between maternal support at 14 months and externalizing behavior at 24 months. The benefits of maternal support were only evident for children with low levels of negative affect in infancy. We discuss this finding in relation to theoretical models that highlight child effects (e.g. models of vantage sensitivity).
Exploring the Roles of Social Presence and Gender Difference in Online Learning
Authors: Park ChongWoo , Kim Dong‐gook
Published: April 2020

Online learning has become more popular in higher education with its advantages of flexibility and accessibility. However, there have been challenges to students’ learning experience in online learning. One critical challenge would be providing interactions between students and instructors as good or effective as in the face‐to‐face environment. However, providing face‐to‐face interactions in online learning is not feasible because students and instructors are not physically present together. In this study, we introduce and empirically investigate social presence as student learning experience in online learning in which physical presence does not exist. Drawing upon the social presence and online learning literature, we propose a research model to explore how the interactivity of communication tools can drive social presence and student satisfaction in online learning. Furthermore, this study examines gender difference as a moderator in the model. Data were collected from undergraduate students who were taking online business statistics courses where an interactive communication tool was required to use for class communication and collaboration. The results showed that social presence driven by tool interactivity had a significant impact on student satisfaction in online learning. We also found that gender difference moderated the relationship between tool interactivity and social presence in online learning.
Soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2r) level is a limited test for the diagnosis of adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Naymagon Leonard , Tremblay Douglas , Troy Kevin , Mascarenhas John
Published: April 2020

Background

Soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2r) level is used as a diagnostic tool in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). However, evidence supporting its use among adults is inadequate.

Objective and Methods

We conducted a retrospective study to assess the performance characteristics of sIL‐2r for the diagnosis of adult HLH.

Results

One hundred thirty‐two adults with sIL‐2r levels sent for evaluation of HLH over a ten‐year period were included. Sixty‐five (49%) met criteria for HLH. Mean sIL‐2r was significantly higher among patients with HLH relative to all patients without HLH (12942U/ml vs. 6308 U/mL, P = .00311). However, when comparing mean sIL‐2r in the HLH group to those in the non‐HLH group with primary diagnoses of hematologic malignancy (8911 U/mL), sepsis (7127 U/mL), and rheumatologic disease (4624 U/mL), no significant differences were found (P = .241, P = .178, and P = .0607, respectively). There was only weak correlation between sIL‐2r and diagnosis of HLH (r = .253). The standard cutoff sIL‐2r > 2400 U/ml yielded a sensitivity of 89.2% and specificity of 38.8%. The area under the curve for the corresponding receiver‐operator curve was 0.691, consistent with a poor discriminating ability for the diagnosis of HLH.

Conclusions

sIL‐2r is a limited test for the diagnosis of adult secondary HLH, and its role in this setting should be reevaluated.
Effects of burning and mowing on the soil microbiome of restored tallgrass prairie
Authors: Zhu Lifeng , Dickson Timothy L. , Zhang Zheng , Dere Ashlee , Xu Jiawu , Bragg Thomas , Tapprich William , Lu Guoqing
Published: April 2020

Understanding soil microbiome responses to different land‐management strategies provides insights into tallgrass prairie restoration. However, few studies have examined these interactions. We addressed this issue by surveying samples from the University of Nebraska at Omaha's Glacier Creek Preserve, where a long‐term burn experiment was established in 1982, with the mow treatments incorporated in 2002. In 2015, we collected 89 soil samples and obtained ~2.3 million bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA sequence reads and ~2.4 million fungal ITS reads. Analysis of the sequences showed that dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (~30.0%) and Acidobacteria (~22.8%) in bacteria and Ascomycota (~66.2%) in fungi. We found that burning and mowing had a distinct effect on soil bacterial and fungal diversity: soils exposed to the burn treatments possessed a relatively high bacterial diversity but a relatively low fungal diversity. We also observed that burning and mowing had different effects on different microbial groups within bacteria and fungi. The burn treatments led to a relatively high abundance of bacterial groups such as Gemmatimonadetes and Armatimonadetes that prefer dry or warmer soils and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, whereas the mow treatments resulted in increased abundances of Nitrospirae bacteria. Moreover, functional prediction revealed that soil samples from the burn treatments were enriched with AM and plant saprotrophic fungi, and fungal plant pathogens were enriched in the mow samples. Considering soil functional differences between burn and mow treatments and an increased plant production after burning treatments, we speculate that burning could be a better strategy in the tallgrass land restoration, with certain fungal groups as an imperative indicator.

Highlights

Understanding soil microbiome responses to different land‐management strategies provides insights into tallgrass prairie restoration

We showed differences in the soil bacterial and fungal communities between burn and mow treatments.

Soil fungi were enriched in AM fungi and plant saprotroph functions after burning, but fungi with putative plant pathogens after mowing.

The burn treatment is a better strategy for tallgrass prairie land restoration in this study region.
An alternative arthroscopic approach to the caudal pouches of the equine lateral femorotibial joint
Authors: O’Neill Henry D. , Bladon Bruce M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Current arthroscopic approaches to the caudal pouches of the lateral femorotibial joint are challenging and risk iatrogenic nerve and cartilage injury.

Objective

Describe an alternative arthroscopic approach to the caudal pouches of the lateral femorotibial joint in the horse and report intra‐articular abnormalities observed during diagnostic stifle arthroscopy of these pouches.

Study design

Descriptive cadaver anatomical and clinical study.

Methods

An approach to the caudal pouches of the lateral femorotibial joint was developed during clinical surgery using an arthroscopic portal in the popliteal tunnel of the femorotibial joint. Relevant anatomy of the lateral femorotibial joint was reviewed and the arthroscopic landmarks validated on 19 cadaver limbs. The procedure was then incorporated as part of routine inspection of 38 joints in 33 horses.

Results

Entry and examination of both pouches of the caudal lateral femorotibial joint was consistently achieved using an arthroscopic portal immediately cranial to the lateral collateral ligament in both cadaver and clinical limbs, with no adverse effects noted in the latter. Contrary to published descriptions, the division of the pouches was principally formed by a meniscopopliteal septum derived from the joint capsule in all cases, rather than the popliteus muscle and tendon as previously described. Abnormalities were detected in five cases. The finding of bilateral tearing within the popliteus muscle may represent a previously unrecognised arthroscopic condition.

Main limitation

Limited case numbers.

Conclusion

An arthroscopic portal immediately cranial to the lateral collateral ligament permitted consistent entry into the popliteal tunnel and both pouches of the caudal lateral femorotibial joint.
Sumoylation of CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein α inhibits lung differentiation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia model rats
Authors: Zhu Yue , Chen Xiaoqing , Mi Lanlan , Wang Qiuxia , Zhu Haitao , Ju Huimin , Lu Hongyan
Published: May 2020

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, characterized by alveolar simplification, surfactant deficiency, and respiratory distress. In the present study, we have investigated the functional roles of sumoylated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) in the BPD rat model. A significant increase in small ubiquitin‐like modifier 1 (SUMO1) and sumoylated C/EBPα protein levels were observed in BPD rats, and the levels of the sumoylated C/EBPα were associated with the pulmonary surfactant proteins (SPs). In order to confirm the role of sumoylated C/EBPα in BPD rats, SUMO1 was knocked down by lentiviral transfection of neonatal rat lungs with SUMO1‐RNAi‐LV. We found that the expression of C/EBPα and surfactant proteins increased following SUMO1 knockdown. Furthermore, the relatively low decrease in the levels of C/EBPα sumoylation was correlated with reduced glycogen consumption. Besides, co‐immunoprecipitation assays revealed that sumoylation is involved in the regulation of the interaction between C/EBPα and TGFβ2 in the lung. In conclusion, our findings indicate that sumoylation may act as a negative regulator of the C/EBPα‐mediated transactivation in BPD rats.
Time‐lasting ceramic stains and glaze: A toothbrush simulation study
Authors: Sulaiman Taiseer A. , Camino Renata N. , Cook Ryan , Delgado Alex J. , Roulet Jean‐Francois , Clark Wendy A.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate and compare color stability and gloss retention of ceramic stains and glaze under simulated toothbrushing using dentifrices with different relative dentin abrasion (RDA).

Materials and Methods

Feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate, 3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia, and 5 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia were evaluated. Ceramics were externally stained, glazed and mounted in the toothbrush simulator. A toothbrush with 300 g force was applied. Regular toothpaste (72 RDA) and charcoal toothpaste (RDA <200) were used. Linear brushing motion with cycle intervals: 5 k, 10 k, 30 k, and 50 k was achieved. Change in color (CIEΔE2000) and gloss measurements were collected using a reflection spectrophotometer (Ci 7600, X‐rite) at baseline and cycle intervals. Repeated measures analysis of variance within specimen factors (ceramic type, toothpaste and cycles) was performed.

Results

ΔE00 was significantly different at 50 k cycles and with zirconia ceramics (P < .0001). Charcoal toothpaste was significantly different in ΔE00 compared to regular toothpaste (P > .0001). Loss of gloss was observed at 5 k and 30 k (charcoal and regular toothpaste respectively) regardless type of ceramic (P > .0001).

Conclusion

Glass‐phase ceramics retain stains longer than zirconia ceramics. Charcoal toothpaste affect color and gloss stability. Ceramic glaze maybe lost within the first 6 months in patients' mouth.

Clinical Significance

Long‐term color and gloss stability of externally stained and glazed ceramics maybe a clinical concern. Charcoal toothpastes enhance loss of color and gloss of ceramic restorations.
Durability and outcome of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticoduodenostomy using a fully covered metal stent for segregated right intrahepatic duct dilatation
Authors: Ma Ka Wing , So Hoonsub , Cho Dong Hui , Oh Jin Sun , Cheung Tan To , Park Do Hyun
Published: May 2020

Background and Aims

Segregated right intrahepatic duct dilatation (IHD) results from complete obstruction of the biliary tract proximal to the hilar level. We aimed to evaluate long‐term efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) hepaticoduodenostomy (HDS) in segregated right IHD.

Methods

Consecutive patients who had undergone EUS‐guided HDS with a fully covered self‐expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) in an academic tertiary center were recruited. All patients had segregated right hepatic duct and failed drainage by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Demographic data, endoscopic findings, procedure details, and outcome data were extracted from a prospectively maintained database.

Results

From 2013 to 2017, there were 35 patients who had undergone EUS‐guided HDS with a median follow‐up duration of 169 (3–2091) days. Malignancy accounted for 71.4% of the ductal segregation, followed by surgical complication (17.1%). Technical and clinical success rate was 97.1% and 80%, respectively. Early adverse event (AE) happened in seven patients (20%), two of them required endoscopic reintervention, and no percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) or surgery was performed because of AE. The median stent patency duration was 331 (3–1202) days. The median duration of fistula tract keeping was 1280 (3–1280) days. There was no significant difference in terms of patency rate with respect to whether the underlying pathology was benign or malignant (P = 0.776). EUS‐guided HDS for right posterior sectional duct segregation was associated with higher 3‐month stent patency rate when compared with right anterior sectional duct (79.1% vs 38.1%, P = 0.012).

Conclusion

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided HDS with an FCSEMS appears to be a safe and effective treatment as a viable alternative option to PTBD after failed ERCP. It creates a durable and reliable fistula tract for permanent access to an isolated ductal system, and this application deserves more attention.
Lower Blood Pressure, Small‐Vessel Disease, and Apathy in Older Persons With Mild Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Bertens Anne Suzanne , Foster‐Dingley Jessica C. , van der Grond Jeroen , Moonen Justine E.F. , van der Mast Roos C. , Rius Ottenheim Nathaly
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

In older persons, both high and low blood pressure (BP) levels are associated with symptoms of apathy. Population characteristics, such as burden of cerebral small‐vessel disease (CSVD), may underlie these apparently contradictory findings. We aimed to explore, in older persons, whether the burden of CSVD affects the association between BP and apathy.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional study.

SETTING

Primary care setting, the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling older persons (mean age = 80.7 years; SD = 4.1 years) with mild cognitive deficits and using antihypertensive treatment, participating in the baseline measurement of the magnetic resonance imaging substudy (n = 210) of the Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in the Elderly Study Leiden.

MEASUREMENTS

During home visits, BP was measured in a standardized way and apathy was assessed with the Apathy Scale (range = 0‐42). Stratified linear regression analyses were performed according to the burden of CSVD. A higher burden of CSVD was defined as 2 or more points on a compound CSVD score (range = 0‐3 points), defined as presence of white matter hyperintensities (greater than median), any lacunar infarct, and/or two or more microbleeds.

RESULTS

In the entire population, those with a lower systolic and those with a lower diastolic BP had more symptoms of apathy (β = −.35 [P = .01] and β = −.66 [P = .02], respectively). In older persons with a higher burden of CSVD (n = 50 [24%]), both lower systolic BP (β = −.64, P = .02) and lower diastolic BP (β = −1.6, P = .01) were associated with more symptoms of apathy, whereas no significant association was found between BP and symptoms of apathy in older persons with a lower burden of CSVD (n = 160).

CONCLUSIONS

Particularly in older persons with a higher burden of CSVD, lower BP was associated with more symptoms of apathy. Adequate BP levels for optimal psychological functioning may vary across older populations with a different burden of CSVD. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1811‐1817, 2020.
Mineral equilibrium constraints on the feasibility of diffusive H2O‐fluxed melting in the continental crust
Authors: Tafur Lorena A. , Diener Johann F. A.
Published: April 2020

Generation of granitic melt is believed to occur predominantly by melting through the breakdown of hydrous minerals. However, melting due to the influx of H2O has been recognized in anatectic amphibolite facies tonalitic grey gneisses, metagreywackes and low‐P metapelites, and has consequently been proposed as an alternative mechanism for the generation of granitic melt. Melting induced by H2O addition is recognized from voluminous melt production at relatively low temperature, where hydrous minerals are stable and anhydrous minerals are preferentially consumed during melting. Mineral equilibrium modelling to determine the P–T conditions, melt volumes, melting reactions and viable H2O sources reveals that the process is not restricted to specific compositions or P–T conditions, although lower pressure and lithologies with a low hydrous mineral content are more favourable. Melting reactions in all lithologies primarily consume quartz and feldspars to yield 5–6 mol.% melt for each mol.% of H2O added.

remains constant at ~0.70 to 0.77 during progressive melting as long as alkali feldspar is present. Once alkali feldspar is exhausted, plagioclase becomes the main reactant, producing more tonalitic melt compositions with gradually higher

. Our results demonstrate that, at the site of melting, melting is driven by diffusion of H2O into the target rock along chemical potential gradients, rather than the advective flow of a mechanically distinct water‐rich fluid phase. Melting will initiate and proceed as long as a

gradient exists between the H2O source and target lithology. Our calculations show that an ordinary magma, such as an I‐type magma with typical H2O content, has a

high enough to be a viable H2O source, allowing diffusive H2O‐fluxed melting to produce melt proportions and fertility comparable to that of dehydration melting. However, high degrees of partial melting require a considerable amount of H2O, which necessitates a continuously advecting H2O source such as a magma conduit or melt‐bearing shear zone. A magmatic H2O source at emplacement level will undergo a similar amount of crystallization as the melt fraction produced in the target rock such that there will be no net melt production. Considering that shear‐zone hosted magma conduits are localized features, diffusive H2O‐fluxed melting is likely to only be viable in a small fraction of the anatectic orogenic crust. Although it may play an important role in locally raising melt volumes and modifying magma chemistry through mingling and hybridization, it does not appear to, of itself, be able to generate significant volumes of granitic melt.
Women's Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Vaginal Birth After Cesarean in the United States: An Integrative Review
Authors: Basile Ibrahim Bridget , Kennedy Holly Powell , Whittemore Robin
Published: April 2020

Introduction

The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize the literature on women's perceived barriers and facilitators to achieving a vaginal birth after cesarean.

Methods

A search of Scopus and PubMed databases and relevant citations from 2000 to 2018 was conducted to identify resources meeting inclusion criteria. Conclusion drawing and verification were completed using data displays, data analysis, and comparison.

Results

Sixteen resources met inclusion criteria. Factors identified by women with a history of cesarean that act as facilitators or barriers to achieving a vaginal birth after cesarean included (1) individual factors (knowledge, body, and psychological), (2) social factors (culture and social support), and (3) systemic factors (perinatal care provider, health system, and financial). Some factors related to barriers and facilitators reflected opposing aspects of the same phenomenon on a continuum.

Discussion

Enhancing facilitators identified by women, while addressing perceived barriers, may increase access to labor after cesarean for women in the United States. Increasing access to labor after cesarean may subsequently improve women's experiences of care and decrease the US cesarean rate, positively affecting individual health outcomes and overall health of childbearing women in the United States.