bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The validation of a technique for measuring delinquent association by means of vocabulary
Authors: GIBSON H. B.
Published: July 2011

In studies reported previously, use was made of a technique which compares boys' general vocabulary knowledge with their knowledge of words associated with delinquency. Delinquent boys were shown to be significantly different in the composition of their vocabulary. In the present study, delinquency in the families of boys aged between 10 and 12, was used as a criterion of delinquent association. Boys having such delinquent association were shown to have a knowledge of delinquent words relatively greater in relation to their general vocabulary level. Among a minority consisting of the dullest boys, the technique did not discriminate.
Personality and Social Status
Authors: CHILD DENNIS
Published: July 2011

Children of parents from all social classes represented in four schools were given the Junior Maudsley Personality Inventory (JMPI). The social class was determined using the Registrar‐General's Classification of Occupations (1960). The samples were tested for (a) distribution of extraversion scores between the social classes, (b) the comparison of status for promoted and demoted children (one school only), (c) irregular JMPI response frequencies of introverts in class I and class V.

The children of parents from both class I and class V proved to be significantly introvert when compared with class III manual. Promoted children were significantly introvert and of higher social status (generally) when compared with the sample means. Response analysis did not reveal any significant trends.
Social Correlates of Hostility in a College Sample
Authors: HAAS KURT
Published: July 2011

It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether socio‐economic class position and minority group status, in the United States, is related to hostility. Subjects were 327 female students in a medium‐sized state college in the eastern U.S.A. All participants were administered the Siegel Manifest Hostility Scale, the Buss‐Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Bendig Covert‐Overt Factored Hostility Test. In addition all subjects were rated by the Hollingshead and Redlich questionnaire to determine their social class status and religious and other ethnic information ascertained.

The results showed that first generation middle‐class students (i.e. from lower class parents) were significantly more hostile on most measures than second generation middle‐class students (i.e. from middle‐class parents). The first generation was, however, less covertly hostile than the second. The second general finding suggested that religious affiliation was related to hostility. Jewish students, regardless of class affiliation, were overall more hostile than Catholic or Protestant subjects. Here too, however, there was some difference found in the direction of hostility; while Jewish participants were high on overt hostility, Protestants were high on covert hostility measures. In this sample Negro subjects were revealed high in covert hostility but this racial difference was probably due to the fact that these subjects were nearly entirely middle‐class Protestants. Rural or urban residence did not seem related to attitudes or expression of hostility.
The Relationship Between Achievement Motivation and Sex, Age, Social Class, School Stream and Intelligence
Authors: BRUCKMAN IDEL R.
Published: July 2011

Factors associated with achievement motivation (nAch) were investigated in a sample of 383 children, aged 9 to 11. McClelland's system of scoring imaginative stories in response to stimulus pictures was used. Boys and girls were found to be equally achievement oriented. Younger children manifested significantly less nAch than older children. Significant positive correlations were found between nAch and both social class membership and school stream assignment; however, these associations were influenced by the interaction with intelligence, which proved to be the dominant variable. With the effects of I.Q. removed (by an analysis of co‐variance technique), social class and stream differences became insignificant. The suggestion is made that previous nAch findings based on studies in which I.Q. was not controlled might be re‐evaluated.
Acquiescent Response Set, the Jesness Inventory, and Implications for the use of ‘Foreign’ Psychological Tests
Authors: FISHER ROBERT M.
Published: July 2011

The performances on the Jesness Inventory of 203 English borstal boys are compared with those of American institutionalized boys of the same age. The English sample tends to be described by test scores as more socially maladjusted but at the same time more inhibited against acting out in socially unacceptable manners than the American sample. The result is an apparent similarity between the two groups as to the likelihood of anti‐social acting‐out behaviour. Alternative explanations are discussed for the differences between the test results of the two samples and it is argued that the most viable explanation is in terms of artifact rather than essence, that the tests reflect not the personality differences indicated but differences in test‐taking techniques related to a relatively pronounced acquiescent response set among the English boys. The crucial problem of the international exchangeability of psychological tests is raised.
A Critical Study of the Literature Concerning Rigidity
Authors: LEACH PENELOPE JANE
Published: July 2011

The literature concerning the concept ‘rigidity’ is reviewed. Three main stages in its development are explored: rigidity as a neurologically determined peculiarity of individual perception, leading to perseveration and premature closure: rigidity as a mechanism of defence against ego‐involving stimuli; the present view of rigidity as a manifestation of basic personality variables, observable in the cognitive and social fields, as well as in perception. Some possible lines for future research are discussed.
Religious Belief and Co‐education in a Sample of Sixth‐Form Boys and Girls
Authors: WRIGHT DEREK , COX EDWIN
Published: July 2011

A sample of 2,276 boys and girls in the sixth forms of English grammar‐schools completed a questionnaire which included items on religious belief and practice. Results indicate that the incidence of belief is lower than in the adult population, though reported frequency of church‐going is higher. Grounds are offered for thinking that the several indices of belief and practice may not be functionally equivalent. Boys are less religious than girls, and have a less benevolent conception of God. Girls in co‐educational schools are significantly less religious than girls in single‐sex schools. Boys in co‐educational schools are less religious only if they are studying science. Reasons are given for thinking that the effects of co‐education cannot be explained in the same way for the two sexes.
Response Consistency and Testing Levels*
Authors: CAINE T. M.
Published: July 2011

A sentence building test was administered to samples of normals and psychotics under two administrative conditions. One administration maximized the opportunity for response suppression. A questionnaire whose content paralleled the sentence building test material was also administered to the subjects. As predicted, consistency of response between the sentence building test and the questionnaire pertained only when the material presented was of psychopathological significance for the subjects and where, administratively, the opportunity for response suppression was similar at both testing levels.
Some Differences between Neurotics and Character Disorders
Authors: FOULDS G. A.
Published: July 2011

A short scale from the S.S.I. (Symptom—Sign Inventory—Foulds, 1965) differentiated efficiently between Character Disordered women and all other groups of the Personally Ill available in this study as well as a Normal sample. The same scale (with some items weighted) was almost equally efficient in distinguishing between the same classes among men. The efficiency of the differentiation implies that the psychiatrists who diagnosed individuals in the present samples as Psychopaths (here called Character Disorders) did in fact select a rather homogeneous group.

Eighty‐two women in the Psychiatric and forty‐six women in Medical and Surgical Wards of a General Hospital, classified by means of the Symptom‐Sign Inventory into Normals, Character Disorders, Neurotics and Psychotics, were shown to differ on other measures.
The Relation of Two Flash and Two Click Thresholds to Withdrawal in Paranoid and Non‐Paranoid Schizophrenics
Authors: VENABLES P. H.
Published: July 2011

Two flash and two click thresholds were measured in a group of chronic schizophrenic patients. The relation between these thresholds and a measure of withdrawal indicated that in non‐paranoid patients the more withdrawn the patient the more he gave evidence of cortical arousal; on the other hand in paranoid patients the relation was in the reverse direction.
Diagnoses of Psychotic Patients with the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: KIPPER DAVID A.
Published: July 2011

Previous studies with the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) have been reported to differentiate successfully between a number of psychiatric categories and normals. Most of them, however, were carried out on American populations.

In the present study, an attempt to follow up the diagnostic accuracy of the KTSA was made by applying the Dictionary of Scores compiled in the U.S.A. (Hill & Latham, 1965) on a group of British psychotic patients.
Traditional versus Western Attitudes in West Africa: The Construction, Validation, and Application of a Measuring Device*
Authors: DAWSON J. L. M.
Published: July 2011

The construction, validation, and application of a device constructed in terms of indigenous Sierra Leone culture to measure Traditional versus Western attitudes and value change, is described. The theoretical framework is outlined in some detail, together with the application of the device in controlling for exposure to Western influences, in two different research studies.
The Use of the Cattell 16 P.F. Test and Eysenck's E.P.I. with a Literate Population in Ghana
Authors: KLINE PAUL
Published: July 2011

The Cattell 16 P.F. personality questionnaire was administered to a sample of Ghanaian students together with the E.P.I. (Eysenck Personality Inventory—Eysenck, 1964). The validity of both tests within this population was demonstrated by examination of their inter‐correlations and factor loadings which were similar to those found in other investigations. The E.P.I. was also item‐analyzed and the Neuroticism (N) scale was found to be efficient and thus suitable for comparative purposes whereas the Extraversion scale, though valid within the population, was vitiated by the low discrimination of certain items. The hypothesized aetiology of the 16 P.F. factors was examined with regard to the Ghanaian culture pattern and the scores obtained from this sample and other comparable groups.
Conceptual Thinking in Non‐organic Clinical Groups
Authors: LLOYD WYNNE
Published: July 2011

Groups of twenty Depressives, twenty Mixed Neurotics and twenty Controls matched for I.Q., educational background and verbal sophistication were compared on two tests of conceptual usage.

Test I (Trist‐Hargreaves) assessed their performance level of conceptualizing, and significant differences occurred between scores of patients and controls.

Test II assessed the certainty with which subjects held their inferences made from standard verbal material. On this test Depressives, in spite of being older than Controls, were significantly less certain of their inferences than the other groups, and the controls were the most certain. It is suggested that this score measures one aspect of the ‘over‐flexibility’ or ‘over‐rigidity’ of their conceptualizing ability, and may be directly or indirectly related to their interpretation of other types of verbal material.
Effect of Training on the Performance of the W.I.S.C. ‘Block Design’ Subtest
Authors: SCHUBERT JOSEF
Published: July 2011

Two groups of normal school children aged 7–8 and 10–11 (N = 91) were trained and retested on the Block Design subtest of the W.I.S.C. Results were not related to sex or age. Significant increase occurred upon retesting, but with large individual differences in reaction to training. Retest scores correlated more highly with intelligence than initial scores. Gain after training correlated positively with intelligence.

There were significant differences in reaction to training when the subjects were grouped according to social background. It was found that the initial score of subjects coming from adverse home conditions was a poor measure of their intelligence, whereas in children with favourable social backgrounds, it affords a more valid measure.
Cognitive and Emotional Determinants of the Occurrence of Imitative Behaviour*
Authors: WALTERS RICHARD H. , AMOROSO DONALD M.
Published: July 2011

Eighty subjects participated in an investigation of cognitive and emotional determinants of imitative behaviour. Subjects' eye movements were recorded as they looked at a series of slides that included sexually significant stimuli both before and after witnessing the eye movements of a model as he looked at a similar series of slides. A 2 times 2 × 2 factorial design was employed with half the subjects being exposed to a model who avoided sexually significant stimuli and the remainder being exposed to a model who looked at these stimuli. Before exposure to the model half the subjects under each type‐of‐model condition were given the impression that their previous behaviour had been nonconforming; the rest of the subjects were given the impression that their behaviour had been conforming. The third independent variable was the level of a physical stimulus (white noise) capable of producing physiological arousal. Subjects' heart records were recorded throughout the experimental session.

The results indicate that the nonconformity‐conformity manipulation was an important determinant of the occurrence of imitative behaviour but that physiological arousal per se was relatively unimportant. A generalization test showed that the influence of the type of model persisted in a new situation, but that other manipulations had no generalization effects. It is suggested that the importance of perceptual‐cognitive factors has not been sufficiently emphasized in most previous discussions of determinants of imitative behaviour.
Masculinity‐Femininity as a Possible Factor underlying the Personality Responses of Male and Female Art Students
Authors: STRINGER PETER
Published: July 2011

This study was undertaken to test four hypotheses regarding masculinity‐femininity as a factor underlying the personality characteristics of male and female art students. The Dynamic Personality Inventory was administered to 74 male and 115 female art students in four major English art colleges.

All four hypotheses were confirmed. It was found that (1) mean DPI scores for both sexes tended to depart significantly and markedly from student norms over a wide variety of measures; (2) male art students showed sex‐role deviation with high scores for tactile interests' and ‘creative interests’, and with low scores on ‘authoritarianism’, ‘exhibitionism’, ‘masculinity’, and ‘initiative’; (3) female art students showed sex‐role deviation with high scores on ‘verbal aggression’, ‘drive for achievement (active)’, ‘interest in exploration and adventure’, and ‘sexuality’, and with low scores for ‘emotional dependence’, ‘femininity’, ‘social roles’, and ‘interest in children’; (4) female art students showed sex‐role deviation over a wider range of scales than the males, and assumed a greater number of opposite‐sex characteristics. Hypotheses (2) and (3) were confirmed to a limited extent only, in that sex‐role intensification was found to occur on some scales.

Certain differences between the sexes in personality structure and on pattern of sex‐role deviation and intensification were noted. It was suggested that masculinity‐femininity in mature female artists would be worth investigating.
Linguistic Rules and the Perception and Recall of Speech by Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: GERVER DAVID
Published: July 2011

The effect of linguistic rules on the perception of speech was studied in normals, non‐schizophrenic hospital patients and chronic schizophrenics. Ss heard recorded sentences and word strings in which syntactic and semantic rules were systematically varied. In an immediate recall task it was found that, though the schizophrenic group performed at a significantly lower level than the control groups in terms of the number of words correctly recalled, syntactic and semantic rules aided correct perception, retention, and recall of speech by the schizophrenic group as for the control groups. It was concluded that variability in linguistic behaviour in schizophrenic patients may be due to variability in the use of the rules of language rather than to lack of knowledge of these rules.
A Comparison of Two Grid Forms
Authors: MAIR J. M. M. , BOYD P. R.
Published: July 2011

In recent years a number of modifications of Kelly's (1955) repertory grid have appeared. Although these variations in grid form seem to be used interchangeably, no evidence has been presented to justify this procedure. In this study twenty‐four delinquent boys completed a similar grid in both a rank order and split half format, and were retested after two weeks. The results suggested that (1) these two forms need not provide equivalent estimates of construct relations; (2) no marked differences in stability of construct relationship scores need appear in the two forms; and (3) although the rank order form provides a greater range of scores then the split half form, this difference may be simply numerical rather than functional or useful.
Age and the Memory‐for‐Designs Test
Authors: DAVIES ANN D. M.
Published: July 2011

Whilst there is much standardization data on the use of the MFD test with young subjects, there is little information on test performance in the old. This study investigates the effect of age on MFD performance through adult life and also examines the test's effectiveness in discriminating brain damage in the young.

The test was found to have two limitations. There are large numbers of false positives if the present norms are applied to a healthy elderly group of volunteer subjects, whilst there are too many false negatives if the test is used with a young brain damaged group.
Self‐concepts before and after Survival Training*
Authors: CLIFFORD EDWARD , CLIFFORD MIRIAM
Published: July 2011

A group of adolescent boys enrolled in an Outward Bound School summer camp served as subjects. The stated purpose of the camp is to build physical stamina and to push each individual to his physical limit. Self‐concept measures and a semantic differential were administered before training began and again, one month later, at the conclusion of the experience.

The hypothesis of this study stated in effect that changes in feelings about self‐worth and competence would take place as a function of a rather vigorous experience. For the most part, the hypothesis has been upheld. Overall changes in the self‐concept did take place in the appropriate direction and discrepancies between the self and the ideal‐self were reduced. Changes were general rather than specific and were related to the initial level of self‐evaluation.
Relative Stability of Scales Formed in Individual, Togetherness and Group Situations*
Authors: POLLIS NICHOLAS P.
Published: July 2011

To demonstrate the need for employing a definition of group that differentiates between group stimulus situations and the coming together of strangers, the relative stability of auditory reference scales formed under alone (A), together (T), and group (G) conditions was investigated. One‐hundred and forty‐four subjects participated in the experiment. Session II (a collective interaction situation) tested the stability of scales established during Session I. Scale stability was found to be greater in the order G > T > A, and the ability of subjects to influence the judgment of others in the order G > T > A. Variability of estimates was predicted to be of the order A > T > G. Results substantiated A > T and A > G. T > G was not statistically significant.
A British Ethnocentrism Scale
Authors: WARR PETER B. , FAUST JUDITH , HARRISON GODFREY J.
Published: July 2011

Several contemporary disadvantages of the original E‐scales are pointed out, and an up‐to‐date scale is presented. This is standardized on a broadly representative sample and has been constructed by orthodox statistical procedures. The final scale comprises twenty‐four items, half of which are positively‐ and half of which are negatively‐worded. Evidence is presented that the scale is a reliable one, and a factor analysis of responses from the standardization group is presented and interpreted. Validation data are reported and it is shown that scale scores are significantly related to age, socio‐economic status, political affiliation, and F‐scale responses.
A Psychological Study of the Effects of Surgery on Eighty‐six Elderly Patients
Authors: BLUNDELL ELIZABETH
Published: July 2011

Eighty‐six surgical patients of 70 years and over were studied by means of psychologist's daily ratings on progress and personality traits during their hospital stay. In addition fifty‐one patients among them and two control groups were assessed by means of a battery of tests before and after surgery. The results were studied to determine whether there was evidence of deterioration among the surgical patients, and to elucidate the cause of this. The evidence indicates that after surgery there is, in many elderly people, some degree of transient postoperative mental disturbance, mainly affecting memory and intellectual abilities which require organization of thought. The evidence suggests that the cause of these changes lies in the effects of the anaesthetic upon the cerebral cortex, which is in some cases aggravated by the presence of complications or fever, and the drugs given to combat them. In addition a few patients appear to have an abreactive experience similar to the effects of LSD.25, mescaline or similar drugs.
The Brook Reaction as a Test of Temperament
Authors: HEIM A. W. , WATTS K. P. , SIMMONDS V.
Published: July 2011

The Brook Reaction has previously been validated as a test of personal interests. In this paper it is shown that the Brook has possibilities also as a directly clinical, diagnostic test. Using such indices as unclassifiable, sexual and questionable responses, multiple themes and omissions, statistically significant differences have been established between a control group and subgroups which are (a) emotionally disturbed, (b) shy and reserved, (c) highly sexed. These results are based on 101 grammar‐school boys in the fifth and sixth forms.
The Scores of Eysenck's Criterion Groups on some MMPI Scales Related to Emotionality and Extraversion
Authors: BLACKBURN R.
Published: July 2011

A comparison was made of the scores of dysthymics, hysterics and psychopaths on seven MMPI scales (A, Pt, R, Ex, Si, Ma and R‐S) selected on the basis of their relations to emotionality or neuroticism (N) and introversion‐extraversion (I‐E). Byrne's R‐S (Repression‐Sensitization) scale was included since it was proposed that the concepts underlying it might be related to hysteria‐dysthymia, but on the basis of emotionality rather than I‐E. Hysterics were found to score significantly lower on all N scales than dysthymics, psychopaths scoring between the two groups. Hysterics did not differ from dysthymics on R and Ma, psychopaths being more extraverted than both. This was not so for Ex and Si, hysterics and psychopaths being similar, and both significantly more extraverted than dysthymics. Intercorrelations supported a suggestion of two clusters, tentatively identified as ‘impulsivity’ (R and Ma) and ‘sociability’ (Ex and Si). However, the latter scales were not independent of the N scales. ‘Sociability’ might thus be influenced by emotionality levels, interpreted here as ‘anxiety’. The results suggest that hysteria‐dysthymia may be related to emotionality, while the relationship to I‐E is ambiguous.
Perceptual Abnormality in Schizophrenia
Authors: ORME J. E. , SMITH M. R. , BERRY C.
Published: July 2011

Reduced perceptual constancy is often reported in schizophrenia (e.g. Hamilton, 1963), though it is more typical in non‐paranoids than paranoids (e.g. Price & Eriksen, 1966). Orme (1966) has suggested the paranoid non‐paranoid distinction reflects extraversion‐introversion in schizophrenia and there are a number of studies of non‐schizophrenics indicating that reduced constancy is common with introverts (e.g. Ardis & Fraser, 1957). The literature with regard to the Muller‐Lyer illusion is similar in respect of individual variations in susceptibility and one report (Weckowitz & Witney, 1960) considers the increased susceptibility in schizophrenia to be a peculiarity of the illness.
The Constancy of Structure of a Hostility Questionnaire
Authors: PHILIP ALISTAIR E.
Published: July 2011

An attempt has been made to test the constancy of the component structure of a hostility battery. It has been shown that in normal and neurotic samples two dimensions emerge, one of General Punitiveness and one of Direction of Hostility. These dimensions are related to prior theoretical formulations by other authors. Differences between groups are briefly discussed.
The Measurement of Memory in Clinical Practice
Authors: WILLIAMS MOYRA
Published: July 2011

A battery of tests for the measurement of memory is presented in three parallel forms. It allows for the quantitative assessment of four different memory functions, and their comparison by means of decile scores. These are: Digit Span, Non‐Verbal Learning (Rey‐Davis test), Word Learning and Delayed Recall.

Differences in I.Q. cause differences in scores on all tests (especially Digit Span), but do not affect the test profile. Age affects performance on the tests of both Non‐Verbal Learning and Delayed Recall. Organic cerebral pathology affects performance on the test of Delayed Recall out of all proportion to the other tests. For a diagnosis of organic cerebral pathology a comparison can be made between a S's weighted score on the Digit Span and Delayed Recall subtests. Differences of three points (or a raw score on Delayed Recall of more than ten) strongly suggests an organic memory disorder.
The Effects of Experimentally Administered Stimulation on Developmental Quotients of Infants
Authors: SCHAFFER H. R. , EMERSON PEGGY E.
Published: July 2011

In order to clarify further the relationship between environmental stimulation and developmental status in infancy, an experiment was carried out to examine the proposition that scores on developmental tests may vary according to the level of current stimulus input. Two groups of infants were tested on three successive days under identical conditions, except that one group was tested after a brief no‐stimulation period on all three days, while the other group received the no‐stimulation treatment only on the first day and a stimulation period on the second and third days. Results indicate a highly significant rise in DQ as a result of stimulation, and are interpreted in terms of changes in arousal level.
A Critique and Possible Reinterpretation of the Observed Low Neuroticism Scores of Male Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: HUGGAN R. R.
Published: July 2011

The author questions Kissen's acceptance of low Neuroticism scores on the MPI as a finding confirming the hypothesis that lung cancer males have diminished outlets for emotional discharge. Not only is Kissen's interpretation of Neuroticism not the most logical but it involves the assumption, in the absence of any check on this, that the subject's self‐rating behaviour accurately reflects his position on the Neuroticism dimension. The other findings seem more simply interpreted—and without going so far beyond the data—as manifestations of a tendency to distort response in the direction of positive evaluation. The writer has applied the expression ‘faking good’ to this tendency. A restructuring of the conceptual model applied to the interpretation of these findings is suggested in the light of additional data. Testable predictions are made on the basis of the revised model and test devices which might be applied to their verification are also indicated.
A Survey of Ethnic Attitudes of Some British* Secondary School Pupils
Authors: KAWWA TAYSIR
Published: July 2011

A survey of ethnic attitudes among British adolescents showed that those children who were living in an area which had a high percentage of immigrants (black people and Cypriots) showed more negative attitudes than children who lived in an area where few, if any, immigrants lived. Though negatively prejudiced, British children did not believe that immigrants were inferior to themselves. Attitudes were surveyed by means of an open‐ended questionnaire and a Likert‐type attitude scale.
Participation and Opinion‐Change in Two Person Groups as Related to Amount of Peer Group Support*
Authors: NORRISON W. F. , CARMENT D. W.
Published: July 2011

Pairs of subjects were required to debate a topic on which they disagreed after they each had been told the percentage of their classmates who ostensibly held the same points of view. Three sets of equal numbers of male and female pairs were studied. In one set, one member of each pair was led to believe he had very little support and the other that he had considerable support for their opinions (low‐high). In a second set, both members of each pair were informed they had a medium amount of support (medium), and in a third set both pair members were informed they had very little support (low‐low). It was found that the subjects in the low‐high pairs spoke the most and that the low support subjects from these pairs were most active in supporting their initial opinion. Subjects in the equal support conditions, especially the medium pairs, were most likely to digress from the topic. Either low or high members in low‐high pairs might show evidence of persuasion, whereas the typical outcome in the other pairs was no change or compromise. At the conclusion of the debate the low support subjects in the low‐high pairs rejected their opponents. The treatments did not affect males and females differently, except that high support males tended to initiate the interaction.
Schizophrenic Performance on a Reaction‐Time Task with increasing Levels of Complexity
Authors: COURT J. H. , GARWOLI E.
Published: July 2011

An experiment was conducted involving varying complexities of reaction‐time (RT) task. A group of twenty‐four thought‐disordered schizophrenics was carefully matched with normals for age and sex. It was found that with increasing task‐complexity the level of schizophrenic performance deteriorated linearly rather than exponentially. Attention was paid to the paranoid/non‐paranoid dichotomy and the influence of medication. Interpretation is in accord with Yates' theory that complexity of information input does not produce a greater deficit among schizophrenics, unless presented under conditions where there is continuous pressure to respond.
A Note on Differences Between Cooperative and Non‐Cooperative Volunteer Subjects
Authors: TUNE G. S.
Published: July 2011

In a review and discussion of the literature on the characteristics of Ss who volunteer for psychological studies (Bell, 1962) it has been suggested that those who volunteer tend to be of a higher intelligence than those who do not and have a tendency to be ‘less socially extraverted than non‐volunteers’ (Bell, 1962, p. 86). The present report, which is incidental to a larger study (Tune, 1967), offers further evidence in relation to this. A pool of over 600 nominally cooperative volunteer adults was used, but some of them subsequently did not cooperate. It was thus possible to compare the two groups: cooperative and non‐cooperative volunteers.

Six hundred and six Ss from the Medical Research Council panel in Liverpool were asked to participate in a fifty‐six‐day study of sleep patterns. Ss were sent, by post, sleep‐charts on which they were to record their hours of sleep, day by day, for the duration of the study.
Congruence between the Indicative and Communicative Functions of Eye Contact in Interpersonal Relations*
Authors: KLECK ROBERT E. , NUESSLE WILLIAM
Published: July 2011

An experiment is reported which was designed to test, with posed stimulus materials, the degree of congruence between certain indicative functions of eye contact and the communicative value of this nonverbal cue. The hypothesized congruence in regard to the variables of attraction and interpersonal tension was strongly confirmed. The expectation that inferences drawn by female judges would differ from those drawn by male judges tended not to receive support. The results do suggest, however, that females are more accurate in judging the amount of eye contact present in the stimulus materials.
Response Sets and the Semantic Differential
Authors: GIBBINS K.
Published: July 2011

Two independent response styles were predicted as operating in the Semantic Differential. These were (1) a tendency to use the neutral category with consistent frequency, and (2) a tendency to make evaluations in a given direction. The predictions were confirmed on a population of women students at a college of education. The use of a battery of measuring instruments produced evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the former style was affected by Rundquist's ‘extreme response style’. On the question of whether it was also partly a function of a response set of ‘generalization’ the data are somewhat equivocal. They are consistent with the suggestion that ‘generalization’ is not one but many response sets, depending upon the stimulus material, and that at least one of these is operative in this situation. The hypothesis that the evaluative response style is related to the respondent's optimism in general outlook was supported by its relation to scores on a test developed to measure this. Incidental findings indicate that Pettigrew's Category Width measure is not an effective measure of ‘generalization’ and that scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory are importantly affected by the response set of Acquiescence.
The Eysenck Personality Inventory in Male and Female Subnormal Psychopaths in a Special Security Hospital
Authors: McKERRACHER D. W. , WATSON R. A.
Published: July 2011

The EPI was administered to a sample of 264 male and female subnormal psychopaths at a special security hospital. The males were not significantly different from the general population norms in Neuroticism and Extraversion. The females were significantly more neurotic than the males and the general population. Both sexes were higher than the normal range in the Lie scale, and male patients lied more than female patients about their behaviour. The majority of female patients described themselves as neurotic extraverts, as hypothesized by Eysenck (1964). No similar trend was observed in the males. Lying was found to be correlated with intelligence in both sexes, and with age in males. ‘Liars’ congregated mainly in the non‐neurotic introvert quadrant and ‘truth‐tellers’ in the neurotic extravert. The ‘absolute’ meaning of these personality categories was considered to be obscured by (a) misinterpretation of the wording in some items, and (b) motivational distortion due to the circumstances of obtaining test results from a criminal population interviewed for clinical rather than for research purposes.
Does Construing People as Similar Involve Similar Behaviour Towards Them?*
Authors: BENDER M. P.
Published: July 2011

Within the axiomatic framework of Kelly's Personal Construct Theory (PCT) (Kelly, 1955), it is nearly tautological that the way a subject behaves towards person X will be determined by the way he construes X. It follows then that if the S construes X and Y as similar, he will behave similarly towards them. It would seem worth while to demonstrate empirically the principle that to the extent that two people are construed similarly by the S, his behaviour towards them, in a dyadic situation, will be similar (Hypothesis One). To test the validity of this hypothesis, we can ask the S to state towards which two of three people (X, Y and Z) he behaves most similarly. In considering his behaviour in relation to X, Y and Z, he is likely to see it as a function of their personalities, since we may assume that the S perceives his personality as fairly constant across interactions. If X and Y have a much higher matching score on the Role Construct Repertory Test (REP) (Kelly, 1955)—i.e. are construed as much more similar—than X and Z or Y and Z, then it is very likely that the S perceives that he behaves most similarly towards X and Y. If, however, X, Y and Z are all construed similarly, or if X and Y are construed as similar on certain dimensions while X and Z are construed as similar on an approximately equal number of other dimensions, the S might well name the pair with the slightly lower matching score as the two people towards whom he behaves most similarly (Hypothesis Two), since, in the first instance he would find difficulty making such fine discriminations and in the second instance he will find difficulty comparing his different behaviours. The two hypotheses are operationalized below.
The Influences of Birth Order, Family Size and Sex Differences on Risk‐taking Behaviour
Authors: JAMIESON B. D.
Published: July 2011

The effects of birth order, family size and sex differences on risk‐taking behaviour were examined. The subjects were 84 10–12‐year‐old children of both sexes. The risk‐taking task was derived from Slovic (1966). Three hypotheses were tested. First‐born, youngest and intermediate siblings did not differ in the amount of risk they accepted. Subjects from smaller families accepted less risk than subjects from larger families (P0<05). Male and female subjects did not differ significantly in the amount of risk they accepted. The major finding from the study suggests the importance of family size as a factor in psychological research dealing with ecological variables.
The EPI and Scales of Rigidity and Dogmatism
Authors: DRAKEFORD G. C.
Published: July 2011

The relations between the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a questionnaire measure of dogmatism and a questionnaire measure of rigidity were explored. No significant differences were observed when four groups isolated on the basis of EPI were compared on the rigidity scale, but comparison on the dogmatism scale showed a significant interactional effect. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in the light of predictions by Rokeach and by Eysenck.
Self‐rating Validation of the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: HARRISON NOBLE W. , McLAUGHLIN ROBERT J.
Published: July 2011

To further establish the validity of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, 243 general psychology students were administered this test and were then read descriptions of the ‘typical’ introvert, extravert and the ‘typical’ high‐ and low‐anxious person and asked to make a self‐rating on these two dimensions. The self‐ratings and EPI means and standard deviations were found to be equivalent. The subjects dichotomized into introverts and extraverts on the basis of the EPI scores were found to be significantly different on the self‐rating scores. Subjects dichotomized on the basis of self‐ratings into introverts and extraverts also yielded significantly different EPI scores. The same analyses of the Neuroticism dimension resulted in significant differences. The correlations between self‐ratings of Extraversion and this scale on the EPI was 0.72, for the self‐ratings and Neuroticism, 0.56.
The Maudsley Personality Inventory: Extraversion and Neuroticism in the Middle East
Authors: CHOUNGOURIAN A.
Published: July 2011

The Maudsley Personality Inventory as a valid instrument for Extraversion and Neuroticism measurement has already received recognition in countries other than England and the United States. Thus it has been administered to Chilean (Bolardos, 1964), Canadian (Gutman, 1966), Indian (Jalota, 1964; Rao, 1966), and Lebanese (Abi Rafi, 1965) samples. Abi Rafi (1965), like some of the other authors, administered a translated form of the MPI to 160 Lebanese students. But these translated forms of the MPI may not convey the original linguistic information to the respondent subjects.
Motives Aroused Simultaneously: Effects of Dissonance Motive and Motive to Avoid Failure on Behaviour
Authors: LITTIG LAWRENCE W.
Published: July 2011

An experimental test, using theoretically distinct motives, of a multiple‐motive model is reported. Two or more unrelated, non‐conflicting motives, when activated by a common stimulus, summate forming a multiple‐motive system that results in behaviour related to (a) the additivity and (b) the directionality of the component single‐motive systems. Cognitive and affective motives were aroused simultaneously and individually followed by assessment of the number of judgemental changes in a serial decision task. The number of changes was in proportion to the number of aroused motives and the model was supported.
Modes of Interpersonal Behaviour
Authors: LORR MAURICE , SUZIEDELIS ANTANAS
Published: July 2011

The study sought (1) to determine the higher‐level factors measured by an inventory of interpersonal behaviour, and (2) to compare the structure found with conceptualizations proposed by Carter, Leary, Schutz, Bass and others. The analysis revealed five equivalent modes or factors for two patient samples and four similar modes for a normal sample. The interpersonal modes were hypothesized to represent Control, Nurturance, Sociability v. Detachment, Dependence and Hostility. Of particular interest was the demonstrated separateness of Dependence from Control. The interpersonal modes are compared with prior findings.
Williams Scale for the Measurement of Memory: Test Reliability and Validity in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: WHITE J. GRAHAM , MERRICK MÁIRE , HARBISON J. J. M.
Published: July 2011

Four of the subtests of the Williams Scale for the Measurement of Memory were examined with the object of establishing the equivalence of the three forms of the scale, the reliability of each subtest, the effects of age and intelligence on three of them, their independence of each other, and their validity in relation to (a) EEG tracings, and (b) two other psychological tests of memory disorder. The results suggest that the test of delayed recall and the word‐learning test would be worth developing further in the clinical examination of dementia. A verdict on the value of the Rey‐Davis test of non‐verbal learning in the investigation of cerebral pathology must await the outcome of further research experience with this test.
The Validity of the 16 PF in the Discrimination of the Hysteroid and Obsessoid Personality
Authors: FORBES A. R.
Published: July 2011

This paper reports a study in which certain hypotheses about the relation of Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16 PF) scores to hysteroidness or obsessoidness of personality, as measured by the Hysteroid‐Obsessoid Questionnaire (HOQ) in a group of patients in the acute phase of functional psychiatric illness, were tested. Only five of these eight hypotheses were supported by the data, the scales on the 16 PF which did differentiate between the criterion groups being the five which contribute to the second‐order factor of extraversion. The expected differentiation of the criterion groups on 16 PF factors G, I and O did not appear. It is argued from these results that the 16 PF is not a valid test for identifying obsessoid and hysteroid personalities in the clinical setting, since the scales which did differentiate the groups provided only a partial description of their distinguishing personality characteristics.
The Gibson Spiral Maze as a Possible Screening Device for Minimal Brain Damage
Authors: WHITING H. T. A. , JOHNSON G. F. , PAGE M.
Published: July 2011

A study on two criterion groups (n = 50 each group) of normal and ESN children in which the Gibson Spiral Maze was used in conjunction with a number of tests of motor impairment is elaborated in terms of the relative screening efficiency of such tests for minimal brain damage. The possible use of the Gibson maze as a preliminary screening device in this area of work is discussed.
Evaluating Newly‐Married Couples
Authors: HOOPER DOUGLAS , SHELDON ALAN
Published: July 2011

Early marriage represents an important point of personal and social reorganization. The study reports an intensive analysis of 26 newly‐married student couples drawn from a random sample of couples with known characteristics. Interview and test data indicate that emancipation from parental relationships and personal autonomy are important issues for the wives and related to judged adequacy of the marriage. Problems for the husbands are more apparent in the sphere of the work and student status, and less adequate sexual relationships. The complexity of the situation and the interrelatedness of the areas of experience are discussed, especially with respect to more simple views of adjustment in marriage.
The Anal Character: A Cross‐cultural Study in Ghana
Authors: KLINE PAUL
Published: July 2011

The construction and validation of a test of anal characteristics (Ai3) are described. This test was used in a cross‐cultural study in Ghana. Ghanaian students scored significantly higher on this test than did their British counterparts, a result that was interpreted in the light of the educational system in Ghana. Some problems in the use of personality inventories in alien cultures are discussed.
Cognitive Complexity and Sociality
Authors: ADAMS‐WEBBER J. R.
Published: July 2011

A discussion of Bieri's definition of ‘cognitive complexity’ within the general framework of Personal Construct Theory, and specifically in terms of the theoretical implications of Kelly's Sociality Corollary, led to the hypothesis that relatively cognitively complex persons infer the personal constructs of others in social situations more efficiently than do relatively cognitively simple persons. The results of an experiment were consistent with this hypothesis.
Birth Order and Affiliation
Authors: MURDOCH PETER H. J. , SMITH GENE F.
Published: July 2011

Five studies are reported on the generality and consistency of the relation of birth order to affiliation. Questionnaires asking for information about affiliation were submitted to each of five samples of both males and females. From the first study it was concluded that, compared with later borns, female first borns belong to more organizations (P < 0.01), obtain dates more easily (P < 0.06), and make friends more easily (P < 0.05). However, for 10 other items for females there were no statistically significant birth order‐affiliation relations. From 14 items there were two birth‐order trends for men; compared with later borns, first borns were more likely to be fraternity members (P < 0.05), and more likely to prefer the company of others when shopping (P < 0.05). From the remaining studies it was concluded that male first borns marry earlier than later borns (P < 0.03 in one sample), but unmarried males did not significantly prefer to marry earlier than later borns. Also, female first borns did not marry significantly earlier than later borns but unmarried females preferred to marry earlier than later borns (P < 0.05 in one sample). There is some discussion of the limited consistencies of the relations of birth order to social behaviour.