bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient characteristics of a tapped‐winding capacitor motor
Authors: Tozune Akira , Takeuchi Toru , Saito Masahiro
Published: October 2002

Tapped‐winding capacitor motors are widely used for fans in air conditioners as speed adjusting motors. In tapped‐winding capacitor motors, the burnout accidents of phase‐shifting capacitors have been seen on occasion. The cause of such accidents is considered to be the transient capacitor current. In this paper, equations for calculating transient characteristics are derived for three types of tapped‐winding capacitor motors. Based on these equations, transient characteristics are clarified in high‐ and low‐speed winding connections. Further, from the design viewpoint, the effects of the turn ratio and capacitance of the capacitor on the transient characteristics are examined and a procedure for choosing the winding ratio and capacitance of the capacitor is suggested. Using this method, the transient current is shown to decrease by about 40%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 69–77, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10063
A current sensorless drive system of a synchronous motor with a low‐resolution position sensor
Authors: Morimoto Shigeo , Kinoshita Kenji , Takeda Yoji
Published: October 2002

High‐performance drive of synchronous motors such as a permanent magnet synchronous motor and a synchronous reluctance motor can be achieved by current vector control. In such drive systems, the armature current is controlled as a sinusoidal waveform based on rotor position information from a high‐resolution position sensor, and the current vector (d‐ and q‐axis currents) is suitably controlled by current feedback control.

This paper proposes a current sensorless drive system with a low‐resolution position sensor in order to simplify the SM drive system. High‐performance current control is achieved in the proposed drive system, where the current sensors are eliminated and the simulated currents are used for current control. The low‐resolution position sensor is used instead of a conventional high‐resolution position sensor, and the higher position information is estimated. The steady‐state and transient characteristics are examined in several experiments with respect to the synchronous reluctance motor and the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. It is confirmed that sinusoidal current drive, high‐performance current vector control, and speed control can be achieved by the proposed drive system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10072
Usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control for a sensorless induction motor drive
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: October 2002

This paper examines and demonstrates the usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control scheme for sensorless induction motor drive through actual‐machine‐based performance evaluation tests. The new approach utilizes a new indirect orientation scheme and a stable‐filter‐embedded direct orientation scheme, and exploits their advantages. It is confirmed through extensive tests with small and large standard motors such as 0.3, 3.7, 30 kW and special low‐voltage motors dedicated to electric vehicles that the sensorless vector control scheme has the following potential usefulness: (1) it can make machines that produce more than 200% rated torque at standstill, (2) in both motoring and regenerating modes, the rated torque can be produced even in the very slow speed range, including zero speed and zero frequency, (3) for constant speed, good linearity of torque response is attained, (4) it has the ability to track variable speed acceleration commands up to ±5000 rad/s2in the mechanical frequency sense, (5) it can accept a zero‐speed command and settles the machines to a stable standstill with no vibration, (6) it accepts instant injection of rated load even for zero‐speed control, and (7) it accommodates a load with huge inertia. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 44–58, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10073
Thermodynamic and transport properties of argon‐alumina mixture
Authors: Amakawa Tadashi , Iwata Mikimasa , Adachi Kazuo
Published: October 2002

The thermodynamic and transport properties of an argon‐alumina mixture were calculated assuming local thermal equilibrium for a temperature range of 4000 to 20,000 K with a pressure of 105 Pa. The main effects of alumina injection into argon are summarized below. Specific enthalpy and specific heat increase due to dissociation of AlO molecules and ionization of Al and O atoms. Electrical conductivity dramatically increases below 15,000 K due to low ionization energy of Al atoms. Thermal conductivity increases below 11,000 K due to dissociation of AlO molecules and of ionization of Al atoms. Viscosity decreases below 14,000 K due to relatively large cross section of Al+ ions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 1–8, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10115
Apoptosis in the thymus after intraperitoneal injection of rats with Trp‐P‐1
Authors: Hashimoto Takashi , Furuyashiki Takashi , Sano Takashi , Kihara Kaori , Fukuda Itsuko , Ito Wakana , Park Pyoyun , Kanazawa Kazuki , Danno Gen‐ichi , Ashida Hitoshi
Published: October 2002

3‐Amino‐1,4‐dimethyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐1), a contaminant in our daily diet, induces apoptosis in cultured immunocytes. In this study, Trp‐P‐1 (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into male Wistar rats to investigate whether Trp‐P‐1 induces apoptosis in immune tissues in vivo. In the thymus, Trp‐P‐1 induced DNA fragmentation and morphological changes. Trp‐P‐1 also activated the initiator and executioner caspases, caspase‐8 and ‐3, respectively, and activated caspase‐3 in turn cleaved its intracellular substrate poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 hr after injection. On the other hand, Trp‐P‐1 upregulated anti‐apoptotic factors Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL and downregulated pro‐apoptotic factor Bax in mitochondria 1 hr after injection, indicating that Trp‐P‐1 also stimulated anti‐apoptotic signals. Trp‐P‐1 activated the serine‐threonine protein kinase Akt, which is known to be an anti‐apoptotic protein, and increased the DNA binding activities of apoptosis‐associated transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1. In addition to the thymus, increases in the activities of these transcription factors were also observed in the spleen and in mononuclear cells from the blood. Therefore, Trp‐P‐1 activates both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic signals in vivo in the immune system, particularly in the thymus, and the former signal overcomes the latter. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:175–183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of two indices of benthic community condition in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Ananda Ranasinghe J. , Frithsen Jeffrey B. , Kutz Frederick W. , Paul John F. , Russell David E. , Batiuk Richard A. , Hyland Jeffrey L. , Scott John , Dauer Daniel M.
Published: October 2002

The Chesapeake Bay Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B‐IBI) and the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's Virginian Province Benthic Index (EMAP‐VP BI) were applied to 294 sampling events in Chesapeake Bay and the results were compared. These estuarine benthic indices are intended to identify benthic invertebrate assemblages that have been degraded by low dissolved oxygen concentrations or high concentrations of chemical contaminants. The B‐IBI includes several community measures and weights them equally using a simple scoring system that compares them against values expected for undegraded sites. It includes 11 measures of species diversity, productivity, indicator species and trophic composition. The EMAP‐VP BI uses discriminant function coefficients to weight contributions of species diversity and the abundances of two indicator families. The two indices agreed on degraded or undegraded classifications for benthos at 81.3% of the sites. This level of agreement is within the level of accuracy achieved during index development and, therefore, may approach the limits that can be achieved. The indices were strongly associated (Pearson's r = 0.75). The B‐IBI was more conservative than the EMAP‐VP BI, classifying 72.7% of the disagreements as degraded. The 55 sites where the indices disagreed were distributed in different habitats throughout the Bay except polyhaline sand. Many of the classification disagreements were at sites with index values close to, but on opposite sides of, the degraded–undegraded thresholds, with 49.1% of the B‐IBI values within 0.5 units and 81.8% within 1.0 units; the corresponding values for sites where both indices agreed were only 23.4% and 62.7%, respectively. The pattern for the EMAP‐VP BI was similar, with 61.8% and 74.6% of disagreements and only 18.8% and 38.9% of agreements within 0.5 and 1.0 units of the threshold. Although the close agreement suggests that either index is suitable for evaluating the benthic condition, the B‐IBI offers some additional advantages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data
Authors: Helsel Dennis R. , Ryker Sarah J.
Published: October 2002

Skewness of environmental data is often caused by more than simply a handful of outliers in an otherwise normal distribution. Statistical procedures for such datasets must be sufficiently robust to deal with distributions that are strongly non‐normal, containing both a large proportion of outliers and a skewed main body of data. In the field of water quality, skewness is commonly associated with large variation over short distances. Spatial analysis of such data generally requires either considerable effort at modeling or the use of robust procedures not strongly affected by skewness and local variability.

Using a skewed dataset of 675 nitrate measurements in ground water, commonly used methods for defining a surface (least‐squares regression and kriging) are compared to a more robust method (loess). Three choices are critical in defining a surface: (i) is the surface to be a central mean or median surface? (ii) is either a well‐fitting transformation or a robust and scale‐independent measure of center used? (iii) does local spatial autocorrelation assist in or detract from addressing objectives? Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting pesticide volatilization from soils
Authors: Yates S. R. , Wang D. , Papiernik S. K. , Gan J.
Published: October 2002

Due to concerns about public health and environmental contamination, there has been great interest in improving our understanding of the processes and mechanisms that affect pesticide emissions from fields. For many situations, predicting pesticide volatilization has been limited to simple situations that often neglect important environmental conditions such as changes in ambient temperature and/or the effect of micrometeorological conditions. Recent research has shown that changes in ambient temperature can strongly affect methyl bromide (MeBr) volatilization under field conditions. Little research has been conducted that couples atmospheric processes to the volatilization of pesticides from soils. A field study was conducted to measure the volatilization of methyl bromide from a 3.5 ha field. Four methods were used to obtain the volatilization rate as a function of time. A one‐dimensional numerical model was developed and used to simulate the fate and transport of methyl bromide from the fumigated field. The numerical simulation simultaneously solves water, heat, and solute transport equations including chemical transport in the vapor phase. Three volatilization boundary conditions were used to assess their accuracy in predicting the volatilization rates. The first two boundary conditions follow stagnant boundary layer theory and use no atmospheric information. For these boundary conditions, one assumes isothermal conditions and the other assumes temperature‐dependent conditions. The third boundary condition couples soil and atmospheric processes and was found to provide an accurate and credible simulation of the instantaneous volatilization rates compared to a stagnant boundary layer condition. For some information such as cumulative emissions, the simulations for each boundary condition provided similar results. This indicates that simplified methods may be appropriate for obtaining certain information. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic shear behaviour of steel box girders: experiment and analysis
Authors: Chusilp Praween , Usami Tsutomu , Ge Hanbin , Maeno Hirofumi , Aoki Tetsuhiko
Published: October 2002

An experimental investigation of the cyclic shear behaviour of steel box girders was conducted on one‐quarter scale models, comprising of two specimens with longitudinally unstiffened webs and one specimen with longitudinally stiffened webs. All the specimens exhibited ductile behaviour. The tests evidenced significant increases in the shear strength and energy dissipation capacity regarding the use of thicker webs and the provision of longitudinal web stiffeners. The web stiffeners also enhanced the stable hysteresis behaviour without substantial degradation in the energy dissipation due to pinching. The test results are compared with the shear behaviour simulated by inelastic large deformation analysis incorporated with a sophisticated constitutive model. The hysteresis behaviour, peak cyclic shear stresses, energy dissipation, and deformation shapes of the three specimens are satisfactorily predicted by the analysis. It is verified that the presented analytical method can be used precisely for further investigations of box girders in shear. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic‐induced variability in dynamic properties of cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Zhang Q. W. , Fan L. C. , Yuan W. C.
Published: October 2002

The traffic‐induced variability in the dynamic properties of a cable‐stayed bridge is investigated using ambient vibration measurements. Under a relatively steady wind and temperature environment, the ambient vibration test was conducted on the bridge with normal traffic conditions and totally 24 h acceleration response time histories were recorded. These data are divided into 12 sections with each data section containing 2 h measurements. Thereby the modal variability due to changing traffic loading is investigated through post‐processing of the data in each section in both amplitude and frequency domains. The result indicates that the natural frequencies of the global modes can exhibit as much as 1% variation within a day. The modal amplitudes of each mode as well as the modal deflection at each measurement position vary insignificantly. The damping ratios however are sensitive to the vibration intensity, especially when the deck vibration exceeds a certain level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local adaptive methods for convection dominated problems
Authors: Klöfkorn Robert , Kröner Dietmar , Ohlberger Mario
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we consider rigorous a posteriori error estimates for convection dominated initial value problems including recent results for those with degenerating diffusion. These estimates are important to control the adaptive local mesh refinement for numerical computations, in particular for the simulation of the biodegradation process. Several results obtained by numerical experiments will be shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
hp‐Discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for hyperbolic problems: error analysis and adaptivity
Authors: Houston Paul , Senior Bill , Süli Endre
Published: October 2002

In this paper we develop the a posteriori error analysis of the hp‐version of the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for linear and non‐linear hyperbolic problems. By employing a duality argument, sharp a posteriori error bounds are derived for certain output functionals of practical interest. These bounds exhibit an exponential rate of convergence under hp‐refinement if either the primal or the dual solution is an analytic function over the computational domain. Based on our a posteriori error bounds, we design and implement the corresponding hp‐adaptive finite element algorithm to ensure the reliable and efficient control on the error in the prescribed functional to within a user‐defined tolerance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The numerical simulation of unsteady heat conduction in a premature infant
Authors: Breuß M. , Fischer B. , Meister A.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a mathematical model for time‐dependent heat transfer processes in a premature infant as well as a finite volume scheme for the numerical solution of the underlying equations. The modelling of important physiological processes leads to a bio‐heat equation. The main property of this formulation is the time‐dependent heat distribution by blood flow. The employed finite volume scheme relies on the use of unstructured grids. Numerical simulations are presented which show the development of physical states due to a change in boundary values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A viscoelastic fluid model for brain injuries
Authors: Cotter C. S. , Smolarkiewicz P. K. , Szczyrba I. N.
Published: October 2002

Due to its elasticity, the human brain material can support shear (equivoluminal) waves. Earlier attempts to explain certain brain injuries via arguments of the classical theory of viscoelasticity exploited the Voigt model—a linear system of differential equations where the motion of the brain tissue depends merely on the balance between viscous and elastic forces. Although Voigt model solutions illustrate the role of the viscoelastic mechanics in brain injuries, they have limited use for modelling realistic cases which, for example, evince strongly localized displacements of the brain tissue. We have extended the Voigt model to a non‐linear viscoelastic fluid model, thereby dispensing with simplifying assumptions of vanishing advective transport. The resulting non‐Newtonian fluid model admits non‐linear phenomena such as steepening of the wave fronts as well as wave overturning and their subsequent turbulent breaking. The posed equations are solved numerically, and the solution procedure are validated against small‐perturbation linear theory and closed‐form Voigt‐model solutions available in the literature. Our non‐linear numerical results suggest existence of a ‘brain turbulence’ phenomenon. They are in qualitative agreement with the results of medical research, especially, with regard to the diffuse axonal injuries which are observed to occur in a highly localized manner near the border between the gray and the white matter. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new reconstruction scheme for the computation of inviscid compressible flows on 3D unstructured grids
Authors: Catalano L. A.
Published: October 2002

A finite‐volume method for the solution of three‐dimensional inviscid compressible flows on cell‐vertex tetrahedral meshes is proposed. A higher‐order‐accurate upwind discretization is obtained by using a new linear reconstruction and a standard flux‐difference‐splitting scheme. The method is validated by computing the subsonic flow in a 90° rectangular elbow with a total pressure gradient imposed at inlet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic subgrid modelling for time dependent convection–diffusion–reaction equations with fractal solutions
Authors: Hoffman Johan
Published: October 2002

A dynamic scale similarity model is proposed. The subgrid model is tested for model problems related to time dependent non‐linear convection–diffusion–reaction systems with fractal solutions. The error of an approximate solution with subgrid model on a scale h is typically smaller than that of a solution without subgrid model on the scale h/2. We also consider the problem of a posteriori error estimation for fractal solutions, splitting the total computational error into a numerical error, related to the discretization of the continuous equations, and a modelling error, taking into account the quality of the subgrid model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for hyperbolic systems with stiff relaxation
Authors: Lowrie R. B. , Morel J. E.
Published: October 2002

Three methods are analysed for solving a linear hyperbolic system that contains stiff relaxation. We show that the semi‐discrete discontinuous Galerkin method, with a linear basis, is accurate when the relaxation time is unresolved (asymptotic preserving—AP). The two other methods are shown to be non‐AP. To discriminate between AP and non‐AP methods, we argue that in the limit of small relaxation time, one should fix the dimensionless parameters that characterize the near‐equilibrium limit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations and molecular variants of the NBS1 gene in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Cerosaletti Karen M. , Morrison V. Anne , Sabath Daniel E. , Willerford Dennis M. , Concannon Patrick
Published: October 2002

Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are characterized by chromosomal translocations that juxtapose loci encoding lymphoid antigen receptors with cellular proto‐oncogenes. These translocations are thought to arise from inaccurate processing of DNA breaks created during physiologic recombination of the antigen receptor genes in lymphocytes. The inherited disorders ataxia‐telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome are caused by mutations in the ATM and NBS1 genes, respectively, and are characterized by generalized genomic instability and a high incidence of lymphoid cancers. Lymphoid cells from patients with either disorder frequently have chromosomal translocations involving T‐cell‐receptor or immunoglobulin loci. To investigate the potential role of the NBS1 gene in the pathogenesis of NHL, we screened tumor DNA samples from 91 sporadic cases of NHL and genomic DNA from 154 control individuals for mutations in all 16 exons of the NBS1 gene and in flanking intronic sequences. One NHL case with a truncating mutation in NBS1 and a second NHL case with a putative missense mutation were detected. Neither mutation was observed among controls. Three additional putative missense mutations were observed only in the normal control samples. A panel of six common polymorphisms spanning the NBS1 gene was genotyped and provided no evidence for loss of heterozygosity in the NHL cases with mutations or in the NHL population overall. These results suggest that mutations in NBS1 do not play a major role in the development of NHL in the United States. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetics of the acute promyelocytic leukemia‐derived cell line NB4 and of four all‐trans retinoic acid–resistant subclones
Authors: Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle , Rosenauer Angelika , Restouin Audrey , Fanelli Mirco , Shao Wenlin , Fernandez Francisca , Toiron Yves , Viscardi Jeanine , Gambacorti‐Passerini Carlo , Miller Wilson H. , Lafage‐Pochitaloff Marina
Published: October 2002

The retinoic acid (RA)–sensitive NB4 cell line was the first established acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) permanent cell line. It harbors the (15;17) translocation, which fuses the PML and RARA genes. Given the low frequency of APLs, their generally low white blood cell count, and the difficulty to work on APL patient cells, this cell line represents a remarkable tool for biomolecular studies. To investigate possible mechanisms of retinoid resistance, subclones of NB4 resistant to all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were established. To characterize better the parental NB4 cell line and four ATRA‐resistant subclones (NB4‐R4, NB4‐A1, NB4‐B1, and NB4‐007/6), we have performed both conventional and 24‐color FISH karyotyping. Thus, we could identify all chromosomal abnormalities including marker chromosomes that were unclassified with R banding. Moreover, we have performed dual‐color FISH by use of specific PML and RARA probes, to evaluate the number of copies for each gene and fusion gene. Interestingly, the number of copies of PML, RARA, and fusion genes was different for each cell line. Finally, we assessed the presence of the PML, RARA, PML/RARA, and RARA/PML transcripts by RT‐PCR and of the PML/RARA and RARA proteins by Western blotting in all the cell lines. These data could focus further research for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying response or resistance to differentiating and/or apoptotic reagents. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sources of sandstone artifacts and pottery from Lost Dune, a late prehistoric site in Harney County, southeastern Oregon, U.S.A.
Authors: Lyons William H. , Cummings Michael L.
Published: October 2002

Granitic constituents suggest distant plutonic sources for sherds representing four of six low‐fired brown ware pots and for eight of ten sandstone artifacts from Lost Dune (35HA792), a Late Prehistoric bison processing camp in Harney Basin of southeastern Oregon, a Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary region. Eight sandstone artifacts match granite‐derived sandstone near Oregon's Owyhee River, and three former pots match altered granite and rhyolite in Idaho's Owyhee Mountains. A fourth corresponds to mixed hydrovolcanic basalts near the sandstone abrader source. The sources delineate a 30 × 70 km area > 100 km from Lost Dune. Two other pots and two milling stones match deposits near this area and elsewhere. The determined sources suggest people who used Shoshoni pots and knives at Lost Dune resided in southeastern Oregon. Pots with temper from elevations above 1500 m or recovered as sherds above 1500 m might be made in summer root‐digging camps. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thinking preventively about dementia: a review
Authors: Cooper Brian
Published: October 2002

Background

The dementias of late life now constitute a major public health challenge to our society.

Objective

To examine the contributions of neuroscience, clinical treatment and health‐care policy to the building of a national programme for preventive approaches to dementia.

Method

Critical review of the literature, making use of international databases (Medline, Embase, Psychlit) and British official publications.

Results

Recent developments in a number of research fields afford prospects for advances in primary and secondary prevention. These include findings from case‐control and cohort studies of associations with earlier head injury and vascular disease, possibilities of pharmacological protection for persons at high risk for Alzheimer's disease, and the use of more effective anti‐dementia drugs in the mild to moderate stages of severity. Research aimed at tertiary prevention is lagging behind, but there are some indications that the worst features of late‐stage decline could already be mitigated by improvements in community support services and nursing‐home care.

Conclusions

Containment of the growing social and economic burdens of dementia calls for a national policy to ensure that new research findings can be translated into practice and applied to the benefit of all old people who stand in need. For this purpose the most appropriate conceptual framework is supplied by a preventive model, broadly similar to those already developed for some other forms of chronic degenerative disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domiciliary clinics II: a cost minimisation analysis
Authors: Aquilina Carmelo , Anderson David
Published: October 2002

Objectives

We compare the cost of assessing new referrals to an old age psychiatry service at the patient's home or a hospital‐based clinic.

Method

An old age psychiatry service in Liverpool where routine referrals were assessed at home (domiciliary clinic) was compared to an adjacent service which assessed people in an outpatient clinic. Activity levels for four years of the service were collected and analysed. A cost–minimization analysis was done using an algorithm which allowed all direct costs to the service to be taken into account. A sensitivity analysis changed key values of the algorithm allowing their relative contribution to be considered.

Result

The domiciliary clinic was marginally cheaper than outpatient assessment (£48 compared to £50 per successful assessment). The most important variables in determining the cost effectiveness of the service were non‐attendance rates, the grade of doctor seeing the patient and the time spent traveling for the home assessment.

Conclusions

Domiciliary initial assessments were comparable in cost to clinic assessments in this study but in other situations the cost will vary, depending on the key local variables. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing brain activation associated with isolated upper and lower limb movement across corresponding joints
Authors: Luft Andreas R. , Smith Gerald V. , Forrester Larry , Whitall Jill , Macko Richard F. , Hauser Till‐Karsten , Goldberg Andrew P. , Hanley Daniel F.
Published: October 2002

It was shown recently that functional activation across brain motor areas during locomotion and foot movements are similar but differ substantially from activation related to upper extremity movement (Miyai [2001]: Neuroimage 14:1186–1192). The activation pattern may be a function of the behavioral context of the movement rather than of its mechanical properties. We compare motor system activation patterns associated with isolated single‐joint movement of corresponding joints in arm and leg carried out in equal frequency and range. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent BOLD‐weighted fMRI while performing repetitive elbow or knee extension/flexion. To relate elbow and knee activation to the well‐described patterns of finger movement, serial finger‐to‐thumb opposition was assessed in addition. After identifying task‐related voxels using statistical parametric mapping, activation was measured in five regions of interest (ROI; primary motor [M1] and somatosensory cortex [S1], premotor cortex, supplementary motor area [SMA] divided into preSMA and SMA‐proper, and cerebellum). Differences in the degree of activation across ROIs were found between elbow and knee movement. SMA‐proper activation was prominent for knee, but almost absent for elbow movement (P < 0.05); finger movement produced small but constant SMA‐proper activation. Ipsilateral M1 activation was detected during knee and finger movement, but was absent for the elbow task (P < 0.05). Knee movement showed less lateralization in M1 and S1 than other tasks (P < 0.05). The data demonstrate that central motor structures contribute differently to isolated elbow and knee movement. Activation during knee movement shows similarities to gait‐related activation patterns. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:131–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of consensus and nonconsensus approaches to modeling contraceptive choice behavior
Authors: Chao Li‐Wei
Published: October 2002

This paper develops a more general model of contraceptive choice, taking into account a fundamental difference between the condom and the contraceptive pill, the two most commonly used reversible contraceptives in the US. The pill produces a single output of pregnancy prevention, but the condom is an input into a joint production for both pregnancy prevention and disease protection. Since the condom is ultimately used by the male, and the pill by the female, noncooperative game theory is used to model the separate male and female utility functions. Using both Stackelberg and Nash as solution concepts, econometric specifications are derived and the models are compared with the specifications derived from a consensus model of the household. Simultaneous‐move Nash best describes the behavior of unmarried and noncohabiting sexual partners, and female‐leader Stackelberg outperforms the other models for married or cohabiting couples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A measurement‐communication‐recognition framework of corporate culture change: An empirical study
Authors: Chin Kwai‐Sang , Pun Kit‐Fai , Ho Andrew S. K. , Lau Henry
Published: October 2002

Company culture, consisting of a shared pattern of basic values, beliefs, and organizational assumptions, is widely accepted as a powerful force to drive performance‐enhancing behavior in an organization. Changing a well‐established culture is, however, a highly complex issue. It is thus very challenging to implement a new organizational culture. This article presents the measurement‐communication‐recognition (MCR) framework to manage culture changes in an organization. Ten cultural elements are strategically identified, whereas a four‐stage approach of implementation methodology is proposed in the framework. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of job aid to promote systematic search under different levels of task complexity
Authors: Koenig Scott , Gramopadhye Anand K. , Melloy Brian J.
Published: October 2002

Job aids of various kinds have improved visual‐inspection performance. In particular, these job aids include a dynamic pointer that traces a systematic scan path across a search field. The efficacy of this specific job aid, however, has only been verified under a limited set of conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of this job aid is a function of the speed of the pointer. Thus, it remains to be determined what pointer speeds will yield the best performances under a wide range of conditions. These conditions are defined here by four of the following task‐complexity factors: background density, fault rate, target conspicuity, and fault mix; the performance measure used is search accuracy. In general, increasing either the speed of the cursor or task complexity degraded accuracy, and the optimal pointer speed was specific to the conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐scale organizational change and performance: An empirical examination
Authors: Waclawski Janine
Published: October 2002

Current theories of large‐scale organizational change (LSOC) were examined to develop an

integrated framework for investigating the effects of LSOC on organizational performance. This framework was tested

using survey data, financial measures, and customer service ratings collected in twenty‐six different

business units in the same organization. Results showed that organizations experiencing LSOC (1)

performed better financially than organizations that experienced incremental change or no change/negative

change, and (2) demonstrated significantly greater improvement in managerial competence. The implications

of these results are discussed.
Simulating the hydraulic characteristics of the lower Yellow River by the finite‐volume technique
Authors: Wan Qing , Wan Hongtao , Zhou Chenghu , Wu Yingxiang
Published: October 2002

The finite‐volume technique is used to solve the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations on unstructured mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. In this paper the algorithm of the finite‐volume method is discussed in detail and particular attention is paid to accurately representing the complex irregular computational domain. The lower Yellow River reach from Huayuankou to Jiahetan is a typical meandering river. The generation of the computational mesh, which is used to simulate the flood, is affected by the distribution of water works in the river channel. The spatial information about the two Yellow River levee, the protecting dykes, and those roads that are obviously higher than the ground, need to be used to generate the computational mesh. As a result these dykes and roads locate the element interfaces of the computational mesh. In the model the finite‐volume method is used to solve the shallow‐wave equations, and the Osher scheme of the empirical function is used to calculate the flux through the interface between the neighbouring elements. The finite‐volume method has the advantage of using computational domain with complex geometry, and the Osher scheme is a method based on characteristic theory and is a monotone upwind numerical scheme with high resolution. The flood event with peak discharge of 15 300 m3/s, occurring in the period from 30 July to 10 August 1982, is simulated. The estimated result indicates that the simulation method is good for routing the flood in a region with complex geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of snow ablation under a dust layer covering a wide range of albedo
Authors: Adhikary Sunil , Yamaguchi Yasushi , Ogawa Katsuro
Published: October 2002

Ablation processes of snow under a thin dust cover are complicated compared with those under a thick cover, mainly owing to the effects of aggregation (redistribution) of dust particles on the conditions of surface melting. Aggregation of dust particles causes the snow surface to brighten after the initial dust configuration, thus affecting the relationship between initial dust concentration and surface albedo. In order to estimate snow ablation rate under a thin dust cover, we used a composite energy balance model in which the surface albedo is taken as a measured input variable. The estimated results of snow ablation agreed reasonably well with the observation, considering the measurement errors inherited in the snow depressions. Comparison of the two cases, that is, one considering the aggregation of dust particles (observation: albedo variable) and the other without aggregation (assumption: albedo constant), showed that the ablation rates were noticeably lower on the former case. This suggests that the aggregation of dust particles induces a reduction of snow ablation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐frequency microsatellite instability predicts better chemosensitivity to high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy for stage IV sporadic colorectal cancer after palliative bowel resection
Authors: Liang Jin‐Tung , Huang Kuo‐Chin , Lai Hong‐Shiee , Lee Po‐Huang , Cheng Yung‐Ming , Hsu Hey‐Chi , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Hsu Chih‐Hung , Yeh Kun‐Huei , Wang Shih‐Ming , Tang Chi , Chang King‐Jen
Published: October 2002

The influence of MSI on treatment outcome of colorectal cancers remains unclear and deserves further investigation. We recruited 244 patients with stage IV sporadic colorectal cancers for our study, based on appropriate eligibility criteria. Patients were nonrandomly allocated to 2 treatment groups of either with or without high‐dose 5‐FU plus leucovorin chemotherapy (HDFL, 5‐FU 2,600 mg/m2 leucovorin 300 mg/m2 maximum 500 mg). Each treatment group was further divided into 2 subgroups according to high‐frequency MSI (MSI‐H) status. MSI‐H was defined as the appearance of MSI in at least 2 of the 5 examined chromosomal loci (BAT‐25, BAT‐26, D5S346, D2S123, D17S250). We compared clinicopathologic parameters, p53 overexpression and overall survival between the groups. In addition, 4 subgroups were identified as follows: MSI‐H+HDFL+, n = 35; MSI‐H−HDFL+, n = 134; MSI‐H+HDFL−, n = 17; MSI‐H−HDFL−, n = 58. There was no significant difference of background clinicopathologic data between the HDFL+ and HDFL− treatment groups (p > 0.05). Survival analyses indicated that the patients of subgroup MSI‐H+HDFL+ survived significantly longer than those of subgroup MSI‐H−HDFL+, with median survival times of 24 (95% CI 20.2–27.9) and 13 (95% CI 11.6–14.4) months, respectively (p = 0.0001, log‐rank test). In contrast, in patients without chemotherapy, the prognosis was poor irrespective of MSI status, with median survival times of 7.0 (95% CI 4.6–9.4) and 7.0 (95% CI 6.1–7.9) months in the MSI‐H+HDFL− and MSI‐H−HDFL− subgroups, respectively (p = 0.8205, log‐rank test). MSI‐H cancers responded significantly better to HDFL (p = 0.001), with a mean response rate of 65.71% (95% CI 49.98–81.44%) in subgroup MSI‐H+HDFL+ compared to 35.07% (95% CI 26.99–43.15%) in subgroup MSI‐H−HDFL+. There appeared to be no preferential metastatic site where response to HDFL can be predicted based on the MSI status of the primary tumor. Toxicity to HDFL was similarly minimal between MSI‐H+ and MSI‐H− patients (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis of all patients further indicated that MSI‐H and chemotherapy were independent favorable prognostic parameters (p < 0.05). Thus, the better prognosis of stage IV sporadic colorectal cancers with MSI‐H may be associated with better chemosensitivity, rather than lower aggressiveness in biologic behavior. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐palpable breast carcinomas: Correlation of mammographically detected malignant‐appearing microcalcifications and molecular prognostic factors
Authors: Karamouzis Michalis V. , Likaki‐Karatza Eleni , Ravazoula Panagiota , Badra Filitsa A. , Koukouras Dimitrios , Tzorakoleftherakis Evagelos , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. , Kalofonos Haralambos P.
Published: October 2002

Screening mammography has greatly increased the number of non‐palpable breast carcinomas diagnosed in asymptomatic women. Malignant‐appearing microcalcifications represent one of the earliest mammographic findings of non‐palpable breast carcinomas. Many studies have attempted to correlate radiological and histological features of malignant‐appearing microcalcifications. In the present study, we evaluated the association between mammographically detected malignant‐appearing microcalcifications and the expression profile of selected biological markers in non‐palpable breast carcinomas. Two hundred and eighty patients with non‐palpable suspicious breast lesions that were detected during screening mammography were studied. All patients underwent mammographically‐guided needle localization‐excision breast biopsy. Histological examination showed 74 (26.4%) carcinomas of various subtypes. Immunohistochemistry was carried out in 58/74 carcinomas by using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER‐2/neu, Bcl‐2, Bax, Fas and DNA fragmentation factor (DFF). Malignant‐appearing microcalcifications was the major mammographic finding in 45/58 (77%) patients. Nuclear ER positivity (65.5%) and PR positivity (46.5%) of non‐palpable breast carcinomas were statistically correlated with malignant‐appearing microcalcifications (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Statistically significant associations were also found between malignant‐appearing microcalcifications and HER‐2/neu positivity (p < 0.01), Bax positivity (p < 0.01), Fas positivity (p < 0.05) and DFF positivity (p < 0.01), whereas no statistical correlation was found with Bcl‐2 positivity (p > 0.05). Malignant‐appearing microcalcifications detected during screening mammography represent a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic challenge. The mammographic/biological associations and their potential implications in the management of women with non‐palpable breast carcinomas are thoroughly discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population growth and intensification of land use in India
Authors: Mishra Vinod
Published: October 2002

Linkages between population growth, socioeconomic development and agricultural intensification are examined using district‐level data for India for 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991. Both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses are carried out using multivariate methods. Results from the cross‐sectional analysis indicate that population pressure has positive and significant effects on each dimension of agricultural intensification (cropping frequency, artificial irrigation and chemical fertiliser use) for each census year between 1951 and 1991. Results from the longitudinal analysis for 1961–91 indicate that population growth has a positive effect on changes in each of the three intensification dimensions. The results hold even after controlling for the effects of regional differences in agroclimatic conditions and levels of social and economic development. The effects of socioeconomic variables are generally insignificant and do not alter the effects of population growth. The findings provide strong support for Boserup's land‐intensification hypothesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukins 5 and 13 characterize immune responses to respiratory sensitizing acid anhydrides
Authors: Dearman Rebecca J. , Filby Andrew , Humphreys Ian R. , Kimber Ian
Published: October 2002

There is some debate regarding whether occupational asthma induced by respiratory sensitizing acid anhydrides is mediated by the induction of T helper (Th) 2‐type responses and the production of IgE, with failure to detect specific IgE antibody in some symptomatic patients. In the current investigations, cytokine secretion profiles induced in draining lymph node cells (LNC) by topical application to BALB/c strain mice of trimellitic anhydride (TMA), phthalic anhydride (PA) and maleic anhydride (MA) have been examined. Responses were compared with those induced by exposure to 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a contact allergen that lacks respiratory sensitizing potential. Exposure to all three acid anhydrides stimulated vigorous expression of interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐10 and IL‐13 but relatively low levels of the type 1 cytokines interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐12. In addition, TMA‐activated LNC expressed high levels of mitogen‐inducible IL‐4 whereas MA and PA displayed a lesser potential to elaborate this cytokine. The DNCB‐stimulated LNC exhibited the converse type 1 phenotype of cytokine expression. The CD4+ Th2 cells were the primary source of type 2 cytokines. Respiratory sensitizing acid anhydrides induce a predominantly Th2 cytokine phenotype, including the expression of IL‐5 and IL‐13, cytokines which in the presence of only very low levels of IL‐4 may provide for an IgE‐independent mechanism for the development of chemical respiratory allergy. These data provide additional support for the use of cytokine secretion profiling for the prospective identification of chemical respiratory allergens. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of vitamin E on reactive oxygen species‐mediated 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodi‐benzo‐p‐dioxin toxicity in rat testis
Authors: Latchoumycandane C. , Mathur P. P.
Published: October 2002

This study was undertaken to investigate whether treatment with vitamin E protects rat testis from oxidative stress induced by 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Male rats of Wistar strain were administered TCDD at doses of 1, 10 and 100 ng kg−1 body wt. day−1 for 45 days. Other groups of animals were co‐administered TCDD (1, 10 and 100 ng kg−1 body wt. day−1) and vitamin E (20 mg kg−1 body wt. day−1) for 45 days. Animals administered TCDD and those co‐administered TCDD and vitamin E did not show any significant change in body weight. Administration of TCDD decreased the weights of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. The daily sperm production decreased in the animals administered TCDD from the control values of 22.19 ± 2.67 to 13.10 ± 3.16 × 106. There was a significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase with concomitant increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Co‐administration of TCDD and vitamin E did not show any significant changes in the weights of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. The daily sperm production remained unchanged in the animals co‐administered TCDD and vitamin E. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation did not change in the animals co‐administered TCDD and vitamin E. The results suggested that administration of TCDD induces oxidative stress in testis, and vitamin E could impart a protective effect against TCDD‐induced oxidative stress. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.