bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gallbladder Cancer in the Twentieth Century: Single Institution’s Experience
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Lieberman Michael D. , Daly John M.
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand trends in the presentation, management, and outcome of patients of patients with gallbladder cancer treated over a period of 85 years at a single institution. We analyzed patients with gallbladder carcinoma treated at our institution between 1990 and 2000 (n = 66). Data from this series were analyzed in the context of previously reported series from our institution (beginning in 1915) to understand trends in the presentation, management, and outcome of patients with gallbladder carcinoma. The mean age of patients has increased from 53.6 years (1915–1932) to 65.0 years (1990–2000). The gender (73% female) distribution of patients and most the common presenting symptoms (abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, nausea, abdominal mass) have not changed over the 85 years. More extensive surgery is being performed on patients with gallbladder carcinoma. The mean survival of patients with gallbladder cancer has increased from 3.6 months (1915–1932) to 10.0 months (1990–2000). The presentation of patients with gallbladder cancer has not changed over the 85 years. Most patients still present with advanced disease. The overall survival of patients with gallbladder cancer is poor, but it has improved since 1915.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Septic Surgical Patient
Authors: Balibrea Jose L. , Arias‐Díaz Javier
Published: July 2004

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a process of acute inflammatory lung injury that affects a diverse array of surgical and medical patients. The syndrome is mediated by a complex and interacting system of chemical mediators produced by several types of pulmonary cells. Regardless of the predisposing causes, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B seems to be, at the molecular level, a signature event of ARDS, leading to the rapid activation of intracellular signaling pathways, which coordinate the induction of multiple genes encoding inflammatory mediators. There are at least two compelling reasons for promoting an understanding of these interactions and their molecular mediators and second messengers: new therapies intended to modulate these factors continue to be developed, and the levels of some of these molecules, most notably cytokines, may serve as early indicators of the onset of ARDS.
Embolization of a Giant Splenic Artery Aneurysm with Only Proximal Coil Embolization: A Case Report
Authors: Herskowitz Michael , Safriel Yair , Gillego Virgilio
Published: July 2004

Traditionally giant splenic artery aneurysms have been treated by surgery. We present the first case report of a patient with a giant splenic artery aneurysm that was successfully treated exclusively by transcatheter technique with only proximal embolization. Potentially, this technique makes more patients eligible for endovascular therapy and reduces operative time.
Presence and localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐ and EGF‐receptor‐like immunoreactivity in Tetrahymena
Authors: Csaba G. , Kovács P. , Pállinger Éva
Published: July 2004

The presence of EGF‐ and EGF‐receptor‐like immunoreactivity in Tetrahymena was studied with the help of FITC‐labelled monoclonal antibodies, using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Tetrahymena has endogeneous EGF and treatment with it significantly increases the hormone content of the cells. The hormone is diffusely localized, particularly in the cytopharynx, where it forms a structure larger than 10 μm. EGF‐receptors are also demonstrable, particularly in the cortical region in connection with cilia, and EGF treatment significantly enhances cortical fluorescence. The relationships between these observations and literary data on the effects of EGF in Tetrahymena are discussed.
Cell division induced by mechanical stimulation in starved Tetrahymena thermophila: cell cycle without synthesis of macronuclear DNA
Authors: Iwamoto Masaaki , Sugai Toshiro , Nakaoka Yasuo
Published: July 2004

Starved Tetrahymena thermophila cells underwent synchronous cell division 2 h after a mechanical stimulation. The macronucleus showed no obvious increase in DNA content before the cell division in the starvation medium, and the DNA content was decreased after the cell division. On the other hand, when the starved cells were given nutrient‐supplied medium immediately after the mechanical stimulation, cell division was delayed for 3 h. This period was almost the same as that for G1 cells in the stationary culture to first division after transfer to fresh nutrient medium. These results suggest that the mechanical stimulation induces an early division of starved cells, skipping the macronuclear S‐phase with the starved cells probably becoming trapped in G1. Starved cells that had finished division soon formed mating pairs with cells of the opposite type. These observations lead us to propose that cell division in starvation conditions may be necessary to reduce macronuclear DNA content prior to the mating of T. thermophila.
Effect of stress‐induced lipid peroxidation on functions of rat peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Nimet İzgüt‐Uysal V. , Tan Ruken , Bülbül Mehmet , Derin Narin
Published: July 2004

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of stress‐induced lipid peroxidation on macrophages' functions. Animals were subjected to 4 h immobilization at 4 °C in restraining devices. The peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats exposed to cold and restraint stress exhibited an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decline of chemotaxis and phagocytosis compared with control rats. After supplementation with vitamin E, the increment in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content as the oxidative stress marker and the decline of chemotaxis and phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages observed during cold‐restraint stress was significantly removed. No significant change in catalase activity of peritoneal macrophages was observed in groups exposed to cold‐restraint stress and treated with vitamin E. These findings indicate that phagocytic and chemotactic capacities of peritoneal macrophages are decreased by cold‐restraint stress and this effect of stress may be related to lipid peroxidation.
Enrichment and characterization of mouse putative epidermal stem cells
Authors: Zhou Jia‐xi , Jia Li‐wei , Yang Yong‐jun , Peng Sha , Cao Yu‐jing , Duan En‐kui
Published: July 2004

Epidermis, a continuously renewing tissue, is maintained by stem cells that proliferate and replenish worn out or damaged cells in the tissue during life. Cultured epidermal stem cells have great potential in scientific research and clinical application. However, isolating a pure and viable population of epidermal stem cells and culturing them has been challenging. In this study, putative epidermal stem cells of mouse were isolated by combining Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining with fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Molecular markers expression pattern analysis showed that cytokeratin 14, integrin β1 and p63 are expressed in the sorted putative stem cells, but not active β‐catenin, nestin and involucrin. Our results provide further supporting data that mouse putative epidermal stem cells could be successfully isolated by combining Hoechst dye staining with fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and cultured in vitro. The cultured mouse putative epidermal stem cells could be used as a potent tool for studying stem cell biology and testing stem cell therapy.
An in vitro model to evaluate cell adhesion to metals used in implantation shows significant differences between palladium and gold or platinum
Authors: Turner Neill , Armitage Michelle , Butler Ronald , Ireland Grenham
Published: July 2004

Adhesion of tissue cells to metallic implants is a major factor that is important for proper tissue integration. Adhesion of Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts to gold, platinum and palladium surfaces was investigated. Immunofluorescence staining for the integrin subunits αv and β1 and the focal contact protein vinculin revealed that cells growing on gold and platinum expressed many focal contacts. In contrast, cells on palladium surfaces had reduced numbers of focal contacts shown by vinculin staining and failed to demonstrate expression of αv and β1 in focal contacts. Spread cell area was also significantly reduced on palladium than on other surfaces suggesting that cells on palladium were more weakly attached. This may be due to either a different molecular composition of focal contacts in cells grown on palladium surfaces or unusual microstructural properties of the palladium surface. This model is useful to evaluate adhesion of cells to different metal surfaces.
2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5‐TCP induce oxidative damage in human erythrocytes: the role of glutathione
Authors: Bukowska Bożena
Published: July 2004

The molecular basis of the toxic properties of phenoxy herbicides in humans and animals has been insufficiently studied. In this study, damage parameters [levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione; activity of glutathione reductase (GR); activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); levels of adenine nucleotides and adenine energy charge (AEC)] were measured in human erythrocytes exposed in vitro to 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) and its metabolite 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol (2,4,5‐TCP).

Both 2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5‐TCP decreased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in erythrocytes in comparison to the control, but did not significantly change the total glutathione (2GSH+GSSG). This suggests that GSH concentration decreases concomitantly with an increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG). 2,4,5‐TCP at 100 ppm significantly decreased catalase and SOD activities. 2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5‐TCP did not significantly change the activity of glutathione reductase. 2,4,5‐TCP decreased the level of ATP and increased the content of ADP and AMP, indicating a fall in AEC. 2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5‐TCP significantly changed the erythrocyte morphology. All these data are evidence of oxidative stress in erythrocytes incubated with 2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5‐TCP; the stress appears to be more intense in the case of 2,4,5‐TCP.
Isolation and characterization of Psalmopeotoxin I and II: two novel antimalarial peptides from the venom of the tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei
Authors: Choi Soo-Jin , Parent Romain , Guillaume Carole , Deregnaucourt Christiane , Delarbre Christiane , Ojcius David M , Montagne Jean-Jacques , Célérier Marie-Louise , Phelipot Aude , Amiche Mohamed , Molgo Jordi , Camadro Jean-Michel , Guette Catherine
Published: July 2004

Two novel peptides that inhibit the intra‐erythrocyte stage of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro were identified in the venom of the Trinidad chevron tarantula, Psalmopoeus cambridgei. Psalmopeotoxin I (PcFK1) is a 33‐residue peptide and Psalmopeotoxin II (PcFK2) has 28‐amino acid residues; both have three disulfide bridges and belong to the Inhibitor Cystine Knot superfamily. The cDNAs encoding both peptides were cloned, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the peptides are synthesized with typical signal peptides and pro‐sequences that are cleaved at a basic doublet before secretion of the mature peptides. The IC5O of PcFK1 for inhibiting P. falciparum growth was 1.59 ± 1.15 μM and that of PcFK2 was 1.15 ± 0.95 μM. PcFK1 was adsorbed strongly to uninfected erythrocytes, but PcFK2 was not. Neither peptide has significant hemolytic activity at 10 μM. Electrophysiological recordings in isolated frog and mouse neuromuscular preparations revealed that the peptides (at up to 9.3 μM) do not affect neuromuscular transmission or quantal transmitter release. PcFK1 and PcFK2 do not affect the growth or viability of human epithelial cells, nor do they have any antifungal or antibacterial activity at 20 μM. Thus, PcFK1 and PcFK2 seem to interact specifically with infected erythrocytes. They could therefore be promising tools for antimalaria research and be the basis for the rational development of antimalarial drugs.
Chronic treatment with growth hormone stimulates adiponectin gene expression in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Xu Aimin , Wong Lai Ching , Wang Yu , Xu Jian Yu , Cooper Garth J.S , Lam Karen S.L
Published: July 2004

Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of adiposity and systemic energy metabolism. Here, we have investigated the effects of GH on production of adiponectin, an anti‐diabetic and anti‐atherogenic hormone secreted exclusively from adipocytes. Analysis using real time quantitative PCR revealed that GH significantly increased adiponectin gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Time course study showed that the expression of adiponectin gene started to increase only after 30 h of GH treatment (10−8 M), suggesting it to be a chronic effect. GH‐mediated induction of adiponectin gene expression was completely blocked by treatment with the Janus kinase2 (JAK2) inhibitor AG490 and the P38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580, while the specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (LY294002) and p70S6 kinase (rapamycin) moderately enhanced GHs effect. Co‐incubation of adipocytes with GH and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone produced additive effects on induction of adiponectin gene expression. These results collectively suggest that GH increases adiponectin gene expression through the JAK2‐P38 MAP kinase pathway, and that elevation of adiponectin production might represent a novel mechanism by which GH regulates systemic energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
Authors: Wayland Sarah
Published: July 2004

This article presents an empirical case study of a type of nonstate actor largely overlooked in the IR literature on transnationalism: the diaspora or transnational ethnic actor. Building upon findings from contentious politics or social movements scholarship, I highlight the nexus of domestic and transnational politics by demonstrating how actors form ethnic networks and utilise transnational opportunities to pursue political goals in various states. Specifically, I argue that the formation of ethnic networks in the Tamil diaspora has enabled the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) or ‘Tigers’ to engage in protracted insurgency against the Sri Lankan government army. Whereas traditional contentious politics scholarship is unable to explain the longevity and intensity of that conflict, a consideration of the transnational dimension provides new insight into how ethnic conflicts may be sustained. The combination of greater political freedom, community organising and access to advanced communications and financial resources in receiving states has allowed Tamil separatists in the diaspora to maintain ‘transnational ethnic networks’ which are in turn used to mobilise funds that have prolonged the secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka.
Patient Satisfaction with Cancer Genetic Counseling: A Psychometric Analysis of the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale
Authors: DeMarco Tiffani A. , Peshkin Beth N. , Mars Bryn D. , Tercyak Kenneth P.
Published: July 2004

Satisfaction is an important patient reported outcome of genetic counseling, as it is one of the elements used by professional organizations and healthcare accrediting bodies to determine the quality of professional work. However, empirical research on patient satisfaction with genetic counseling has been limited, partly due to the lack of standardized measures available to assess this construct. The purpose of this study was to conduct a psychometric analysis of a new satisfaction measure, the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale (GCSS), within a sample of women participating in a no‐cost cancer genetic counseling and testing program. The sample consisted of 61 women undergoing counseling and testing for hereditary breast‐ovarian cancer risk (BRCA1/2 testing) who completed the GCSS following pretest counseling. The results suggest that the GCSS was reliable (Cronbach's coefficient alpha = 0.90) and that participants were highly satisfied with the care they received. In addition, there were no differences in satisfaction between cancer genetic counseling and prenatal counseling participants (based on preexisting norms), and satisfaction did not vary by sociodemographic characteristics. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Kontextfaktoren der Schulleistung im Grundschulalter
Authors: Tiedemann Joachim , Billmann-Mahecha Elfriede
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen der Hannoverschen Grundschulstudie wurde die Bedeutung von Kontextfaktoren der Schultestleistung in den Fächern Deutsch und Mathematik an 710 Drittklässlern ermittelt. Als Kontextfaktoren wurden auf der Klassenebene u.a. das aggregierte kognitive Fähigkeitsniveau, das Alter der Schüler und das Klassenklima erhoben. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte über Mehrebenenanalysen. Die Ergebnisse untermauern die doppelte Funktion kognitiver Fähigkeiten im Rahmen der Schulleistungsgenese: Kognitive Fähigkeiten steuern einerseits direkt die individuelle Mathematikleistung, andererseits aber zusätzlich indirekt den Erfolg über Effekte auf der aggregierten Ebene. Des Weiteren erwiesen sich das Klassenklima und das Alter als signifikant. Auf Schulebene zeigte sich, dass die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Klassen aus Schulen mit hoher und geringer Migrationsquote schon in der Mitte der Grundschulzeit in sprachsaturierten Domänen in eine Größenordnung reichen, die der Dauer einer mehr als einjährigen Beschulung entspricht.
Schüler wollen für die Schule lernen, aber auch anderes tun
Authors: Hofer Manfred
Published: July 2004

Students' Goals in Different Life Domains: Theories of Learning Motivation in Educational Psychology
Der Implizite Assoziationstest als Maß automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen: Reichweite und Grenzen
Authors: Gawronski Bertram , Conrey Frederica R.
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Der Implizite Assoziationstest (IAT) ist wahrscheinlich das bekannteste und am weitesten verbreitete Verfahren zur Messung automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen. Trotz der vorliegenden Evidenz für dessen Validität gibt es allerdings nach wie vor Kritik am IAT, die vor allem auf der ungeklärten Frage nach den zugrundeliegenden psychologischen Prozessen beruht. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die vorhandene Forschung zum IAT, um auf diese Weise sowohl die Reichweite als auch die Grenzen des Verfahrens aufzuzeigen. Thematisiert werden dabei Zusammenhänge zu expliziten Fragebogenmaßen, Ergebnisse zur Vorhersagekraft des IAT, Studien zu Kontext- und Materialeffekten, sowie die Rolle systematischer Fehlervarianz. Als Resultat dieses Überblicks stehen eine Reihe von allgemeinen Schlussfolgerungen zur konvergenten, diskriminanten, prädiktiven, inkrementellen und internen Validität des IAT, sowie einige kritische Anmerkungen zu weit verbreiteten Interpretationen in der IAT-Forschung.
Die Gesellschaft für experimentelle Psychologie, später Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie und ihre Kongresse 1904 bis 1932
Authors: Gundlach Horst , Stöwer Ralph
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Die Entwicklung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie zwischen Gründung 1904 und Beginn der NS-Herrschaft wird dargestellt. Nach Gründung als Gesellschaft für experimentelle Psychologie war sie eine multidisziplinäre, internationale wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. Durch den Ersten Weltkrieg und seine politischen und wirtschaftlichen Folgen reduzierte sich ihre Internationalität erheblich, ihre Multidisziplinarität verringerte sich zusehends. Dem Experiment gegenüber ablehnend eingestellte, philosophische und hermeneutische Ansätze wurden gebräuchlich, und Angewandte Psychologie gewann zusehends größeres Gewicht, während das Interesse an reiner Wissenschaft sich verringerte, was die allmähliche Verwandlung der Gesellschaft zu einer Berufsinteressenvertretung während der NS-Herrschaft vorbereitete. Die Gründe der Umbenennung lassen sich noch nicht eindeutig bestimmen, verschiedene Interpretationen werden dargelegt.
Die Lage der Psychologie um 1900
Authors: Gundlach Horst
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Die Lage der Psychologie um 1900 kennzeichnet sich durch die außergewöhnliche Diskrepanz zwischen der Wissenschaft Psychologie und der Disziplin Psychologie, wobei der Begriff “Disziplin“ über seine Verankerung in Ausbildungswege definiert wird. Während die Wissenschaft Psychologie multidisziplinär und international arbeitet, fristet die Disziplin ein universitäres Nischendasein. Die Gründung der Gesellschaft für experimentelle Psychologie 1904 orientiert sich an der Wissenschaft Psychologie, grenzt einige Vertreter der Disziplin aus und zieht eine Trennlinie zwischen Experten und Laien.
Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie im so genannten Dritten Reich
Authors: Traxel Werner
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Die Akten der DGPs und ihrer Vorgängerin von 1904 bis zum Ende des 2. Weltkriegs sind verschollen. Verfügbar sind die Kongressberichte, einiges an Archivalien, Nachrichten, Erinnerungen. Das Jahr 1933 brachte für die Psychologie in Deutschland wie für das ganze Land eine enorme Umwälzung. Die DGPs ordnete sich mit wenigen Ausnahmen sofort der neuen Herrschaft unter, beteiligte sich an der politischen “Gleichschaltung“ und verstieß, noch bevor ihr das von oben befohlen wurde, ihre jüdischen Mitglieder, die sich nur durch rechtzeitige Emigration retten konnten. Felix Krueger, Vorsitzender der DGPs, bemühte sich, die Psychologie in ein nationales Weltanschauungsfach umzuwandeln, was ihm teilweise gelang, bis er 1937 kaltgestellt wurde. Unentwegt versuchten die Protagonisten der DGPs sich bei den Herrschenden anzubiedern, wobei die empirische Forschung zurücktrat und das wissenschaftliche Niveau deutlich sank. Die Wiederaufrüstung Deutschlands bot die Chance, die Professionalisierung voranzutreiben. Aber die Wehrmachtpsychologie konnte die Anforderungen nicht befriedigend lösen und wurde 1942 aufgelöst. Noch lange Jahre nach dem Krieg hörten die deutschen Studenten, dass die Psychologie bei uns auf einer noch nie erreichten Höhe angekommen sei. Bei völliger Isolierung vom Ausland dominierte die geisteswissenschaftliche “Ganzheitspsychologie“ der 30er Jahre bis es seit 1959 zu einem großen Umschwung kam und sich die Forschung in Deutschland dem Beispiel Amerikas näherte.
Die Wiederbegründung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Lück Helmut E.
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Historische Umstände der Wiederbegründung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie nach der Kapitulation werden dargestellt. Hierbei wird auf die besondere Rolle einzelner Persönlichkeiten, wie Johannes von Allesch, eingegangen, vor allem aber auf den zeitgeschichtlichen Kontext, die Lage der Universitätsinstitute und der praktisch tätigen Psychologinnen und Psychologen. Besondere Beachtung finden das Verhältnis von Deutscher Gesellschaft für Psychologie und Berufsverband Deutscher Psychologen sowie die ersten Nachkriegskongresse. Der Beitrag endet mit einer knappen Darstellung der Auseinandersetzung um die Nazi-Vergangenheit einzelner Hochschullehrer im Vorfeld des XVI. Internationalen Kongresses für Psychologie, Bonn 1960.
Die DGPs im Kontext psychologischer Strömungen
Authors: Herrmann Theo
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Es erscheint nicht möglich, “psychologische Strömungen“ hinreichend stringent zu bestimmen. So kann man sie auch nicht als Kontext der historischen Entwicklung der DGPs verstehen. Deshalb habe ich die Fragestellung des Titels wie folgt geändert: Was könnten “psychologische Strömungen“ im Kontext der Berichte über die Kongresse der DGPs (und einiger weiterer Literaturquellen) bedeuten? Eine zufriedenstellende Antwort habe ich nicht gefunden. Bestenfalls kann man “psychologische Strömungen“ als Änderungen der Häufigkeitsverteilung der Thematik von Kongressbeiträgen bestimmen.
Das Verhältnis zwischen der Gesellschaft für Psychologie der DDR und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie als Abgrenzung und Annäherung
Authors: Eckardt Georg , Dumont Kitty
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Die Gründung einer eigenständigen “Gesellschaft für Psychologie“ (GP) in der DDR 1962 erfolgte aus (wissenschafts)politischen Motiven. Das Verhältnis zwischen der DGPs und der GP hing im Wesentlichen von den jeweiligen politischen Beziehungen zwischen der BRD und der DDR ab. Vor dem Hintergrund der Hallstein-Doktrin gab es bis in die 1970er Jahre hinein auf offizieller Ebene keine Beziehungen zwischen beiden Fachgesellschaften. Die gegen Ende der 1980er Jahre erkennbaren Reformbeziehungen innerhalb der GP bildeten eine günstige Voraussetzung für die Verhandlungen zwischen DGPs und GP vor und nach dem Fall der Mauer. Nach der Wiedervereinigung unterstützte die DGPs maßgeblich die Sicherung bzw. Schaffung angemessener personeller, institutioneller und materieller Ressourcen der Psychologie in den neuen Bundesländern.
Frauen in der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie
Authors: Billmann-Mahecha Elfriede
Published: July 2004

Zusammenfassung. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die gegenwärtige Lage von Frauen in den Wissenschaften in Deutschland erfolgt ein historischer Rückblick auf Frauen in der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie primär unter quantitativen Aspekten. Dabei wird deutlich, dass der Frauenanteil zwar zunimmt, aber noch nicht zufriedenstellend ist. Heute sind Frauen z.B. bereits mit über 50% bei den Promotionen vertreten, aber nur mit 20% bei den Professuren. Um den inhaltlichen Beitrag von Frauen zur Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie zu würdigen, wird im Weiteren für jede Fachgruppe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie eine herausragende weibliche Persönlichkeit aus dem In- oder Ausland kurz vorgestellt. Die Auswahl dieser Frauen erfolgte auf der Basis einer Umfrage bei den Sprecherinnen und Sprechern der 15 Fachgruppen. Abschließend wird noch auf den unterschätzten Beitrag von Frauen in Forschungskooperationen aufmerksam gemacht.
Geology of the East Siberian Sea, Russian Arctic, from seismic images: Structures, evolution, and implications for the evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin
Authors: Franke Dieter , Hinz Karl , Reichert Christian
Published: July 2004

The kinematics and history of the opening of the Amerasia Basin are closely linked to the geology of the wide shelves surrounding the Arctic Ocean. In this context, multichannel seismic reflection data from the virtually unexplored shelf of the East Siberian Sea, Russian Arctic, are discussed in combination with potential field data. Three seismic marker horizons were defined and mapped. Their ages were linked to main tectonic and regional events and to onshore findings. The data reveal that there is no continuation of the large rift basins from the Laptev Shelf onto the East Siberian Shelf and there are no indications for the previously defined several hundred kilometers wide Blagoveshchensk Basin. The East Siberian Shelf is best described as an epicontinental platform that synsedimentarily subsided continuously since Late Cretaceous times with stronger subsidence to the northeast, resulting in the formation of a large depocenter. Some form of extensional/transtensional stresses affected the area and created relatively small ESE–WNW striking basins within this depocenter. These basins are filled with >6 km thick Late Cretaceous to Tertiary sediments. The general dip of the platform of the East Siberian Shelf toward the northeast may be explained by dip‐slip movements along a major transform fault that is proposed by the rotation model for the opening of the Amerasia Basin. For the evolution of small sag‐shaped basins within the East Siberian Depocenter we suggest a link to the opening of the Eurasia Basin instead of to the opening of the Makarov Basin.
Volcanic eruptions observed with infrasound
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Aster Richard C. , Kyle Philip R.
Published: July 2004

Infrasonic airwaves produced by active volcanoes provide valuable insight into the eruption dynamics. Because the infrasonic pressure field may be directly associated with the flux rate of gas released at a volcanic vent, infrasound also enhances the efficacy of volcanic hazard monitoring and continuous studies of conduit processes. Here we present new results from Erebus, Fuego, and Villarrica volcanoes highlighting uses of infrasound for constraining quantitative eruption parameters, such as eruption duration, source mechanism, and explosive gas flux.
Mixed phase cloud water/ice structure from high spatial resolution satellite data
Authors: Chylek Petr , Borel Christoph
Published: July 2004

The ratio of satellite level radiances around 0.87 μm to radiances at 1.6 μm is sensitive to the material (water or ice) of cloud particles. Using the DOE MTI (Multispectral Thermal Imager) satellite based instrument we retrieve the cloud top structure of a mixed phase cloud over the Point Barrow, Alaska, with spatial resolution of about 20 m. We find a high variability on a scale of tens of meters consisting of pockets of pure water, mixed water and ice, and pockets of pure ice.
Stater NV: E-Servicing Strategies
Authors: Schneberger Scott L
Published: July 2004

After 2 years of on-line experiments, Tom van Vianen, CEO, felt certain it was time to fully implement STATER NV's new ‘e-servicing’ concept with a cohesive strategy. Established in 1997 in The Netherlands and headquartered in Amersfoort, STATER had 27 business clients and serviced over 80 different mortgage portfolios of more than 450,000 mainly residential loans in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Their mortgage service operations and information systems were considered state-of-the-art in 2002, but they were moving business on-line while simultaneously increasing the types of services provided and expanding operations into Spain, France, and Italy — within the next five years. In a land known for taming the forces of the sea, Tom faced what seemed like a sea of ‘e-uncertainty.’ What exact roles should STATER play in an on-line loan market? How should they position themselves to lead in those roles? The E-Servicing Steering Committee looked to Tom to direct them, and he knew he needed a clear vision for the next Steering Committee meeting in 2 months, in May 2002.
Infrared Spectrum of CF3SF5
Authors: Eggers D. F. , Wright H. E. , Robinson D. W.
Published: July 2004

The infrared spectrum of CF3SF5 has been measured and analyzed between 30 and 4000 cm−1. A band found at 218.5 cm−1 is believed responsible for satellite lines observed previously in the microwave spectrum; the barrier to internal rotation might then be much lower than obtained previously by assuming these satellites were due to torsional oscillation. Twelve of the seventeen fundamentals were assigned in the infrared spectrum and estimates are given for the others. A plausible assignment is given for the overtone and combination bands also observed; this gives no evidence for any of the inactive fundamentals.
Normal Vibrations of the Polymer Molecules of Helical Configuration. II. A Simple Method of Factoring of the Secular Equation
Authors: Tadokoro Hiroyuki
Published: July 2004

A simple method of the factoring of the secular equation useful for helical polymer molecules under the factor group D (2mπ/n) was derived. This method is also applicable to the molecules under the point groups Dn, Cnv and the groups which contain the subgroup Dn or Cnv. As an example the secular equation of the skeletal vibrations of the polyoxymethylene molecule was factored by this method.
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonstoichiometric Urania-Zirconia Solid Solutions
Authors: Aronson S. , Clayton J. C.
Published: July 2004

Thermodynamic information has been obtained, at temperatures in the neighborhood of 1000°C, on nonstoichiometric urania-zirconia solid solutions, UyZr1−yO2+x, with y values of 0.90, 0.80, and 0.70 and x values between 0.04 and 0.17. A solid-state electrochemical technique was used. Partial molar free energies, entropies, and enthalpies of solution of oxygen in the solid were calculated. The results are compared with results previously obtained on nonstoichiometric urania and urania-thoria solid solutions.
Infrared Spectra of Sodium and Potassium Cyanide
Authors: Leroi George E. , Klemperer William
Published: July 2004

The infrared absorption spectra of sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide vapors have been measured in the region 3500 to 200 cm-1. Two absorptions assigned as fundamental frequencies of the monomeric species were found in each system. The absorption frequencies and their present assignments are: NaCN ν2=238, ν3=2176 cm-1; KCN ν2=207, ν3=2158 cm-1. A third absorption at 2076 cm-1 in sodium cyanide vapor is assigned to the dimer of NaCN.

The bond-stretching force constant of the CN group in XCN molecules is sensibly independent of the electronegativity of X. The angle-bending force constant varies directly with the electronegativity of X.
Structure of the Band Spectrum of CuCl Molecule. I. Additional Knowledge in the Coarse Structure
Authors: Rao P. Ramakoteswara , Brody J. K.
Published: July 2004

A number of new bands in the A, B, C, D, and E systems of CuCl, recorded in the spectrum of the molecule excited in an electrodeless discharge tube by a microwave oscillator, are reported. Because of the employment of high dispersion and the use of a single isotopic species of CuCl (Cu63Cl35), it has been possible to investigate the phenomenon of formation of head of heads in the Δv=−4 sequence of the E system. This phenomenon has also been detected in the Δv=−3 sequence of the A system.

The weak F system has been photographed for the first time under suitable dispersion so that a satisfactory vibrational analysis of the same could be made. The R heads of this system of the Cu63Cl35 molecule are represented by the formula ν63,35F=25287.0+386.8(v′+12)−1.64(v′+12)2−417.1(v′′+12)2+1.50(v′′+12)2.It has been shown that the lower state of the F system is the same as the common lower state of all the other known band systems, which is also the ground state of the molecule. Data on the A and F systems of the Cu65Cl35 molecule also are given.
Atomic Wave Functions for the Ground States of Na+, Ne, and F-
Authors: Donath Wilm E.
Published: July 2004

Calculations of wave functions for the ′S ground states of Na5, Ne, and F- which essentially correlate the outer shell are presented here. The ``root'' function in each case is an analytic Hartree-Fock function. The improved 13-configuration function yields an improvement in energy of about 50% of the estimated correlation energy.
Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Low-Velocity H+ and H2+ in Hydrogen
Authors: Cramer W. H.
Published: July 2004

Cross sections have been measured in the energy range 4 to 400 ev for elastic scattering and charge exchange of H+ and H2+ ions in hydrogen. The results are compared with similar measurements for deuterium ions in deuterium. Charge exchange was observed over the entire energy range for H2+, but was detected only above 50 ev for H+. Constants for empirical potential functions have been evaluated and are tabulated.
General Theory of Monolayer Physical Adsorption on Solids
Authors: Steele William A. , Ross Marvin
Published: July 2004

By suitable modifications of the general equations given previously [W. A. Steele and M. Ross, J. Chem. Phys. 33, 464 (1960)], a theoretical monolayer adsorption isotherm is given which is written as a power series. The terms in the series involve integrals over the interaction energies of the adsorbed atoms with each other and with the solid. This treatment is based on a virial expansion of the density of the film in powers of the activity of the film, but differs from previous two-dimensional virial expansions in that it explicitly includes the effect of periodic variation of the solid-gas atom potential energy as the atom moves over the surface of the solid. It is shown that this general equation reduces to a sitewise model for large parallel variations in the solid-gas atom energy, and to a perfectly mobile film for small variations. However, when the potential energy for a gas atom over a simple solid is calculated as a function of the relative sizes of the gas and solid atoms, it appears that many adsorption systems may obey neither of the two limiting models. Some possible methods of dealing with adsorption systems which are neither completely localized or completely mobile are outlined and it is shown that some information about the nature of the solid-gas atom potential function may be obtained from an analysis of the experimental data for suitable systems.
Vapor Pressures of the Inert Gases
Authors: Hamrin Charles E. , Thodos George
Published: July 2004

A single vapor-pressure relationship applicable from the triple point to the critical point has been found to exist for the inert gases argon, krypton, and xenon when the reduced vapor pressure PR is related to TR the reduced temperature. This vapor-pressure function resulted from the Frost-Kalkwarf Eq. (12) and can be expressed as logPR=α+(β/TR)+γ logTR+0.1832 (PR/TR2),where 0.1832 is a universal constant. For these inert gases β=−2.2936 and γ=−2.6786 while α can be calculated from the boundary condition, α+β+0.1832=0.

The vapor-pressure data for helium and neon produced similar reduced-vapor-pressure relationships having different constants. These results are not unexpected in view of the significant quantum effects associated with helium and to a lesser degree with neon. Values calculated with this reduced-vapor-pressure equation have been found to be in excellent agreement with experimental values reported for argon, krypton, and xenon. The average deviation for these gases was 0.63%, for neon 1.51%, and for helium 0.79%.
Infrared and Raman Spectra, Force Constants, and the Structures of Some Polyhalide Ions: ICl2−, ICl4−, BrCl2−, and Br3−
Authors: Person Willis B. , Anderson George R. , Fordemwalt James N. , Stammreich H. , Forneris Roberto
Published: July 2004

The infrared and Raman spectra for the polyhalide ions (ICl2−, ICl4−, BrCl2−, and Br3−) are presented. From these data, the X—Y stretching force constant fr, the interaction force constants frr between bond stretching coordinates at 180° to each other, and the interaction force constant frr′ for bond stretching coordinates at an angle of 90° (for ICl4−) have been calculated. The values of fr for the trihalide ions are roughly one-half the values for the free halogens, and the values of the interaction force constants frr are very large (approximately 35% the value of the stretching constant fr). These rather unusual force constants have been interpreted in terms of the description of the bonding in these ions using p orbitals, which was first suggested by Pimentel. In fact, these results offer rather strong support for the recent evidence from nuclear quadrupole coupling constant measurements of Cornwell and Yamasaki favoring this structure. Attention is drawn to the qualitative similarity between these force constants and those for the HF2− ion.
The OH Yield in the Co60 γ Radiolysis of HNO3
Authors: Mahlman H. A.
Published: July 2004

The Co60 γ-ray radiolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions has been investigated and interpreted as the composite of two mechanisms, a molecular process              HNO3→HNO3*→HNO2+12O2and a radical process              HNO3→HNO3*→OH+NO2.Designation of these mechanisms as molecular and radical is a consequence of the products detected. The existence of these two decomposition mechanisms was gleaned from the determination of the G(H2), G(O2), GOH, G(Ce+3)No Tl+, and G(Ce+3)Tl+ and a comparison of these yields with those determined in comparable aqueous NaNO3 solutions. The GOH observed in HNO3 solutions was found to be directly proportional to the HNO3 concentration rather than a constant as was observed in comparable NaNO3 solutions. The radical process is appreciable, increasing from 0 at zero HNO3 concentration to 1.89 at 7 M HNO3. The data present for the first time evidence of a direct effect upon concentrated aqueous nitrate solutions that is directly proportional to nitrate concentration.
Excited States of Molecules and the Scattering of Fast Electrons
Authors: Karle J.
Published: July 2004

When fast electrons are scattered by molecules which undergo excitation in the course of the scattering process, the patterns associated with discrete energy losses show the characteristic molecular-diffraction features associated with interatomic distances. A theory is developed here in agreement with experimental results thus far obtained which describes the possible forms for these diffraction features, and shows that the molecular scattering does not necessarily disappear on averaging over all states of excitation, as has been generally assumed for the ``incoherent'' scattering. In developing the theory, the wave function for the molecule is formed from a linear combination of atomic orbitals assumed to be S functions. By means of group theoretical methods the proper linear combinations of S functions may be composed for the possible types of excited electronic states of the molecule. The theoretical analysis also employs the Franck-Condon principle and the Born scattering theory.

From the theory developed here it is possible to predict and interpret gross features of the molecular scattering from molecules in the process of excitation. The accurate prediction of energy changes and atomic background scattering are interesting problems for future consideration. This new electron-diffraction technique should be a valuable adjunct to the field of photon spectroscopy.
Photo- and Semiconduction in Crystalline Chlorophylls a and b
Authors: Rosenberg Barnett , Camiscoli James F.
Published: July 2004

Measurements are reported on some characteristics of photo-conduction and semiconduction in pure crystalline chlorophylls a and b. The semiconduction activation energy is 1.12 ev in chlorophyll a and 1.44 ev in chlorophyll b (E/2kT). The latter value is in excellent agreement with the triplet state energy of 1.43 ev measured by the phosphorescence method in chlorophyll b. The former value suggests that a possible cause of the lack of detectable phosphorescence in chlorophyll a is that it occurs in the infrared at about 11 000 A. The evidence indicates that the mobility of the predominant charge carriers (positive holes) is the same in both crystals. Photoconduction is easily measured in chlorophyll b and less easily in chlorophyll a, because of the much larger dark current. The photoconduction activation energy in chlorophyll b is 0.36 ev. This supports Rabinowitch's view that photoconduction in chlorophyll is not involved in the primary act of photosynthesis.

The oxygen adsorbed on the surface of the crystals forms an oxygen-chlorophyll complex. This leads to an increase in both the dark current and the photocurrent probably by increasing the mobility of the surface charge carriers. There is no detectable effect of oxygen upon the semiconduction activation energy, since the increase of the magnitude of the current is small (a factor of 4 to 10). The binding energy of the oxygen-chlorophyll a complex is about 1.4 ev; that of the oxygen-chlorophyll b complex 0.63 ev. There is no detectable activation energy for the formation of the complex. It is not a photo-oxidation process. Some evidence suggests that a more tightly bound oxygen complex exists which has no effect on electronic conductivity. This more stable complex is converted by light into the weakly bound complex described above (probably by photoreduction of chlorophyll in the complex). These results are similar to those of Arnold and Sherwood's work on dried chloroplasts. They favor their alternative explanation—that of an oxygen compound being responsible for thermoluminescence and a thermal spike in conductivity—rather than their first assumption, that of electron trapping and recombination in chlorophyll itself.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of B11 in Crystalline Borates
Authors: Bray P. J. , Edwards J. O. , O'Keefe J. G. , Ross V. F. , Tatsuzaki I.
Published: July 2004

The coordination state of the boron atom in boron compounds may be correlated with the properties of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals arising from the boron nuclei. Characteristic resonance line shapes occur when the NMR transitions are perturbed by interactions between the B11 nuclear electrical quadrupole moment and the electric field gradient at the boron site. In polycrystalline borates, boron in trigonal and tetrahedral coordination may be resolved by analysis of first and second-order quadrupolar effects on the NMR transitions. The B11 quadrupole coupling constants have been measured for the simple trigonal BO3 and tetrahedral BO4 groups. The analysis has been extended to include polyborate structures having both trigonal and tetrahedral boron atoms. Results of the NMR study of simple, known bonding configurations are discussed and correlated with measurements of alkali-borate glasses and of miscellaneous borate and mineral compounds.
Vaporization of Aluminum Arsenide
Authors: Hoch Michael , Hinge Kamalakar S.
Published: July 2004

Vaporization of aluminum arsenide was studied, using the Knudsen effusion method. Aluminum arsenide decomposes according to the reaction AlAs(s)→Al(g)+12As2(g).For the reaction Al(s)+As(s)→AlAs(s),ΔH298 is found to be —35.4±3.1 kcal.
Tait Coefficients and λ Transition of Helium I and II
Authors: Ginell Robert
Published: July 2004

Helium I and helium II are both found to obey Tait's law. The constant J is constant, within experimental error, with temperature for He I making this substance a fluid of the first kind. Helium II is a fluid of the second kind inasmuch as J is constant along an isotherm, but J varies with the temperature. The isotherms which cross the λ transition can be fitted with two straight lines, one for the He I region and one for the He II region. Plots of J, L, and J/L vs temperature are given. While the behavior of the J and L curves is abnormal, apparently the abnormalities are parallel in both constants, since the J/L curve is much more regular. The number average degree of association, the number of particles, and the volume of holes is calculated along the 2.00°K isotherm. There is a sudden jump of these quantities at the λ point. In going from He I to He II the degree of association increases; the number of particles and the volume of holes decreases. Apparently the structural change that occurs is an inversion. In He I the structure is that of a normal liquid like water, where it consists of larger particles joined by defects consisting of holes and smaller particles. At the λ point due to the lowering of the pressure the defect ``continuum'' becomes tenuous due to the increase in the volume of holes, and the bonds suddenly break. The skeleton of the structure of He II then becomes one of the large particles forming a loose network with the remains of the small particles which formerly formed the ``continuum'' occupying the free space in the network. These small particles are then the superfluid component of He II.
Microwave Spectrum, Dipole Moment, Structure, and Internal Rotation of Dimethyl Sulfide
Authors: Pierce Louis , Hayashi Michiro
Published: July 2004

The microwave spectra of five isotopic species of dimethyl sulfide are reported. Changes in rotational constants with isotopic substitution yield the following structural parameters: CS 1.802 A; CSC=98°52′; CH 1.901 A; HCH=109°34′; 2θ=104°22′, where 2θ is the angle between the symmetry axes of the methyl groups. The equilibrium conformation of both methyl groups is the staggered one, i.e., staggered with respect to the adjacent CS bond axis. From Stark effect measurements the dipole moment of dimethyl sulfide is found to be 1.50±0.01 debye.

Fine structure in the ground-state rotational spectrum of (CH3)2S and an excited torsional state of CH3SCD3 has been resolved and analyzed. This fine structure results from coupling of internal and over-all rotation and is affected by top-top coupling terms in the kinetic and potential energy portions of the Hamiltonian. Neglecting only the potential energy coupling terms, the (CH3)2S and CH3SCD3 splittings yield as the barrier to internal rotation 2132±6 and 2118±3 cal/mole, respectively. Estimates of the potential energy coupling parameters are made. They are found to be an order of magnitude smaller than the main term of ∼2100 cal/mole in the Fourier expansion of the potential energy.