bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE GUINEA PIG DURING INFECTION WITH
COXIELLA BURNETII
Authors: Paretsky D. , Downs C. M. , Salmon C. W.
Published: January 2020

Paretsky
, D. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), C. M.
Downs, and C. W. Salmon
. Some biochemical changes in the guinea pig during infection with
Coxiella burnetii
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
137–142. 1964.—Guinea pigs infected with
Coxiella burnetii
, the rickettsial agent of Q fever, were studied for 11 days postinfection. Maximal changes in liver lipids, liver phosphorylase, and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG)-glycogen glucosyl-transferase activities occurred 3 to 4 days post-infection. In this period, total liver lipids increased from 1.26 to 5.46 mg/mg of N, with the largest increment in the glyceride fraction. Liver glycogen virtually disappeared by the second day, with no chemically detectable restoration until the eleventh day. A pattern of altered phosphorylase and UDPG-glycogen transglucosylase activities was observed, with maximal phosphorylase and minimal glucosyltransferase activities at the third and fourth days. Histochemical observations confirmed chemical analyses for lipids and glycogen.
CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR GROWTH OF
STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Mickelson M. N.
Published: January 2020

Mickelson
, M. N. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa). Chemically defined medium for growth of
Streptococcus pyogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
158–164. 1964.—Three strains of group A hemolytic streptococci representing three serological types were serially subcultured for an extended period (100 or more transfers) in a peptide-free and protein-free culture medium. An amino acid assay medium, modified by addition of small amounts of glutamine, ammonium acetate, and 0.1
m
phosphate (pH 7), was used. In this medium, high concentrations of glutamic acid or glutamine were required, and biotin was stimulatory to growth. Biotin could be partially replaced with NaHCO
3
. Maximal growth was obtained with NaHCO
3
when biotin was present, and aspartic acid and asparagine were omitted from the medium. In 24 to 48 hr of incubation at 37 C, luxuriant growth was obtained with complete removal and quantitative fermentation of 1% glucose to lactic acid. Optical densities of cultures were equivalent to those obtained with the best infusion media.
HOST RANGE OF CERTAIN VIRULENT AND TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGES ATTACKING GROUP D STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Brock Thomas D.
Published: January 2020

Brock, Thomas
D. (Indiana University, Bloomington). Host range of certain virulent and temperate bacteriophages attacking group D streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
88:
165–171. 1964.—Host range studies with five bacteriophages isolated from sewage showed that a high degree of strain specificity occurred among the species
Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
, and
S. faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
. Certain phages were able to attack various members of these subgroups but not other members. A high degree of strain specificity was also found with respect to eight phages attacking strains of
S. faecium
. Many strains of this latter group were resistant to all the phages available. The only firm conclusion was that no phage attacked both
S. faecium
and
S. faecalis
strains. In several selected strains of the
S. faecalis-liquefaciens-zymogenes
group, resistance to several virulent phages seemed to be related to the presence of certain prophages in these strains. A search for transduction with the temperate phages was unsuccessful. Mutants of
S. faecium
8043 resistant to certain growth-factor analogues showed unpredictable changes in resistance and sensitivity to two virulent phages.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF CORRINOIDS I.VitaminB12
Authors: Scott W. M. , Burgus R. C. , Hufham J. B. , Pfiffner J. J.
Published: January 2020

Scott, W. M. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.), R. C.Burgus, J. B. Hufham, and J. J. Pfiffner. Microbial degradation of corrinoids. I. Vitamin B12. J. Bacteriol.88:581–585. 1964.—Microorganisms isolated from a variety of soil, sewage, and mud samples, and stock cultures, were examined for the ability to degrade vitamin B12. More than 200 isolates which attack the vitamin were examined, and they all demonstrated reversible fading of the red vitamin. The color was restored by aeration. Very few microorganisms were able to degrade the vitamin to permanently colorless products, although many were able to degrade it partially, to produce new pigments. Some of these pigments appeared similar, if not identical, although they were produced by different bacteria. Radiotracer and electrophoretic mobility data are presented to show that the transformation products are derived from the vitamin. All the degradative microorganisms isolated were bacteria, and the most active wasPseudomonas rubescens.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROGENICITY OFCANDIDA ALBICANS, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ANDCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
Authors: Kobayashi George S. , Friedman Lorraine
Published: January 2020

Kobayashi, GeorgeS. (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.),and Lorraine Friedman. Characterization of the pyrogenicity ofCandida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, andCryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol.88:660–666. 1964.—The intravenous injection into rabbits of 109yeast cells ofCandida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, orCryptococcus neoformans(both slightly and heavily encapsulated forms) induced a febrile response indistinguishable from that elicited by gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. There was a brisk rise in body temperature which began as early as 30 min after injection, peaked once or twice, and then returned to normal after about 10 hr. With viableC. albicans, the febrile response did not return to normal but remained elevated for several days and terminated at death of the animal. Of three extraction procedures employed in attempts to isolate the endotoxin-like pyrogenically active substances fromC. albicans, only one, the phenol extraction method, was successful. Pyrogenic substances were more easily extractable fromS. cerevisiae, but extracted cells of both species were still highly pyrogenic. It was concluded that the particulate nature of the yeast cell did not contribute to the induction of fever, for latex particles of a similar size were nonpyrogenic. Viable or heat-killedC. albicans, phenol extract ofC. albicans, zymosan, and polystyrene latex particles all failed to induce in rabbits increased dermal reactivity to epinephrine.
IMMUNE DIFFUSION ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF TWO STRAINS OFRHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
Authors: Dudman W. F.
Published: January 2020

Dudman, W. F. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia). Immune diffusion analysis of the extracellular soluble antigens of two strains ofRhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol.88:782–794. 1964.—Immune diffusion techniques applied to cultures of two strains ofRhizobium melilotigrown in liquid defined medium showed the presence of multiple antigens. Improved resolution of precipitin patterns was obtained with concentrated antigens separated from the cultures as the extracellular soluble fraction or as suspensions of washed cells. The extracellular fraction contained the same diffusible antigens as the washed cells, but additional antigens were found in the cells after ultrasonic disruption. The extracellular soluble antigens were shown by analysis to contain polysaccharide and protein components. In immune diffusion systems, they gave rise to three groups of precipitin bands, two of which were characterized as polysaccharides by their susceptibility to periodate oxidation, and the third as protein by its lability to heat. All the extracellular antigens of both strains were shared except a fast-diffusing polysaccharide, which was specific for each strain. Despite the sharing of all but one of their antigens, cells of these strains showed only a low degree of cross-agglutination, suggesting that their surfaces are dominated by the specific polysaccharide. No differences could be found in the composition of the polysaccharides in the unfractionated extracellular antigens of the two strains, the main components of which were glucose (66%) and galactose (12%) in the presence of several other unidentified sugars in smaller amounts. The pattern of precipitin bands produced in immune diffusion systems by the extracellular soluble fraction could be changed by altering the cultural conditions.
MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
METHANOMONAS METHANOOXIDANS
Authors: Stocks Peter K. , McCleskey C. S.
Published: January 2020

Stocks, Peter K.
(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
and C. S. McCleskey
. Morphology and physiology of
Methanomonas methanooxidans
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1071–1077. 1964.—Pure cultures of methane-oxidizing bacteria isolated from soil, from the rumen of a fistulated cow, and from coalmine water were found to be identical in morphological, cultural, and physiological characteristics with
Methanomonas methanooxidans
of Brown and Strawinski. Two of the isolates were serologically related to the organism of Brown and Strawinski. All the strains required methane for good growth, but a delayed moderate growth occurred on methanol. No other substances were utilized as carbon and energy source. Nitrogen requirements were satisfied by nitrates, ammonium salts, peptone, or certain amino acids. The taxonomic position of the species is discussed.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OLEATE-REQUIRING, HEMOLYTIC
PEDIOCOCCUS
Authors: Deibel R. H. , Silliker J. H. , Fagan P. T.
Published: January 2020

Deibel, R. H.
(St. James Hospital, Chicago Heights, Ill.),
J. H. Silliker, and P. T. Fagan
. Some characteristics of an oleate-requiring, hemolytic
Pediococcus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1078–1083. 1964.—A gram-positive, catalase-negative, tetradforming coccus, isolated from a bronchial aspirate, is described. The organism was classified as a member of the genus
Pediococcus
on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics. It differed from previously described members of this genus in that it evidenced a requirement for oleic acid, even in complex culture media. This isolate produced hemolysis on blood-agar formulated with certain specimens of human blood and not with others. It was demonstrated that hemolysis required oleate supplementation and that the level of this fatty acid required for hemolysis is greater than that necessary for growth of the organism. A cell-free hemolysin could not be demonstrated in the culture supernatant fluid of oleate-grown cultures. The organism was isolated from a patient suffering from tuberculosis; however, attempts to isolate similar organisms from other tuberculous patients as well as from routine throat and sputum specimens were negative. No pathogenicity was manifested when laboratory animals were inoculated with the hemolytic
Pediococcus
.
PATTERN OF SHEATH SYNTHESIS IN
SPHAEROTILUS NATANS
Authors: Romano Antonio H. , Geason Dorothy J.
Published: January 2020

Romano, Antonio
H. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Dorothy J. Geason
. Pattern of sheath synthesis in
Sphaerotilus natans
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1145–1150. 1964.—Formation of the characteristic sheath of
Sphaerotilus natans
was followed by immunofluorescence. Fluorescent antisheath antibody was obtained by injecting rabbits with purified sheath material from
S. natans
, fractionating the serum with ammonium sulfate, and conjugating the globulin fraction with fluorescein isothiocyanate. To follow sheath formation,
S. natans
was grown on slides immersed in Stokes' medium at 28 C for 9 hr, and was reacted with labeled antibody. The slide cultures were then washed to remove unbound antibody, and were incubated further in fresh medium. Samples were removed at intervals and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Old portions of the sheath remained discretely labeled with no diminution in intensity of fluorescence, whereas non-fluorescent new sheath material appeared at the ends of the filaments. These results indicate that sheath synthesis does not take place by intussusception or diffuse intercalation, but by linear extension of pre-existing sheath. This interpretation was confirmed by a reverse procedure, whereby old sheath was reacted with unlabeled antibody, and new sheath was identified by addition of labeled antibody after further incubation. In this procedure, fluorescence was most intense at the growing tips of the filaments.
DENSITY-GRADIENT PATTERNS OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
CELLS AND CELL WALLS DURING GROWTH AND MECHANICAL DISRUPTION
Authors: Huff Eskin , Oxley Harriet , Silverman Carol S.
Published: January 2020

Huff, Eskin
(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),
Harriet Oxley, and Carol S. Silverman
. Density-gradient patterns of
Staphylococcus aureus
cells and cell walls during growth and mechanical disruption. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1155–1162. 1964.—Procedures capable of rapid disruption of
Staphylococcus aureus
cells with optimal release of intact cell walls were investigated. This search was implemented by observation of the flotation patterns of cells and subcellular particulate matter after centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient. A quantitative evaluation of the light-scatter throughtout the gradient was achieved by transfer of the entire density gradient into an optical cell with wedge-shaped cross section. When this cell was photographed under indirect illumination, each band of light-scattering material appeared on the negative as a shaded curve, with an area proportional to amount of that material present. A series of photographs of known amounts of cells and cell walls was used to estimate the amounts of these materials in mixtures of the two occurring during mechanical disruption. With the methods employed, time studies established the optimal time for release of cell walls as 5 min in a Braun shaker. The use of sucrose gradients in the further purification of cell walls, and chemical analysis of the isolated walls, are described.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENTEROCOCCI FROM THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE RAT
Authors: Rogers C. G. , Sarles W. B.
Published: January 2020

Rogers, C. G.
(Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada),
and W. B. Sarles
. Isolation and identification of enterococci from the intestinal tract of the rat. J. Bacteriol.
88:
965–973. 1964.—Surface inoculation was employed in a comparison of three selective media, M-enterococcus (M) agar, thallium acetate-glucose (TITG) agar, and KF-streptococcus (KF) agar, for enumeration and isolation of enterococci from contents of the digestive tract of the rat. Similar yields of enterococcus colonies were obtained with M, TITG, and KF agar. When cecal contents were examined, species identification of 120 isolates, 40 from each medium, revealed only minor differences in selective activity.
Streptococcus faecalis
and its variety
zymogenes
represented 55 to 63% of the isolates from each medium; the remaining strains resembled
S. durans
or
S. faecium
. More than 99% of the isolates failed to survive the heat-tellurite tolerance test. Periodic analyses of intestinal contents from young rats indicated that enterococci became established in the gut from 10 to 14 days after birth. The species isolated most frequently on M agar was
S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
. When rats were fed a purified diet with casein as the source of nitrogen,
S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
predominated among isolates from contents of the small intestine plated on M agar. This species was largely replaced by others resembling
S. durans
or
S. faecium
when mixtures of
l
-amino acids provided the dietary nitrogen. Nineteen enterococcus isolates, representing all that met the Sherman criteria, required arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, and valine; of these, two strains required in addition threonine, glycine, and lysine; four required threonine and glycine; two, threonine and lysine; and one, threonine.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION BY TRYPTOPHAN ANALOGUES OF MURINE TOXIN SYNTHESIS IN
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Montie Thomas C. , Ajl Samuel J.
Published: January 2020

Montie, Thomas
C. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and Samuel J. Ajl
. Selective inhibition by tryptophan analogues of murine toxin synthesis in
Pasteurella pestis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1467–1475. 1964.—Washed-cell suspensions of
Pasteurella pestis
, avirulent strain “Tjiwidej,” exhibited a preferential inhibition of toxin synthesis relative to total protein formation, when grown in the presence of various tryptophan analogues. Growth was partially inhibited in the presence of methyl analogues. High concentrations of 5-fluorotryptophan induced slight growth-inhibitory effects. However, toxin production was more sensitive to these levels of the analogue. Growth inhibition appeared not to relate to toxin inhibition. Inhibition of toxin synthesis by analogues was reversed by
l
-tryptophan and indole. Shikimic acid but not anthranilic acid antagonized the action of 4-methyltryptophan on selective toxin synthesis. The formation of tryptophanless protein accounted for continued protein synthesis in tryptophan-depleted cells. Protein resolved by acrylamide gel electrophoresis from crude cell extracts exhibited two toxic protein bands. The synthesis of one toxin-protein band, the less-mobile of the two, appeared to be associated with the membrane fraction of the cell, and was selectively blocked in cells grown in the presence of tryptophan analogues. Cellular tryptophan levels may determine the quantity and quality of proteins made.
FINE STRUCTURE OF BASIDIOSPORES OF
SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Voelz Herbert , Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: January 2020

Voelz, Herbert
(University of West Virginia, Morgantown),
and Donald J. Niederpruem
. Fine structure of basidiospores of
Schizophyllum commune
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1497–1502. 1964.—The fine structure of basidiospores of the wood-rotting mushroom
Schizophyllum commune
was elucidated. Ungerminated spores were characterized by a fibrous cell wall, a cytoplasmic membrane, electron-dense granules, nuclei surrounded by nuclear envelopes with pores, and poorly defined mitochondria. Young germlings were still binucleate, whereas mitochondria appeared highly organized. Vacuolization appeared with germination, and elaborate pore structures were associated with septa.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLICINOGENIC FACTORS E
1
AND V AND AN F FACTOR IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Kahn Phyllis , Helinski D. R.
Published: January 2020

Kahn, Phyllis
L. (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.),
and Donald R. Helinski
. Relationship between colicinogenic factors E
1
and V and an F factor in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1573–1579. 1964.—Colicinogenic factors are the genetic determinants for colicin production in enteric bacteria. An examination of the relationship of two colicinogenic factors,
colE
1
and
colV
, to the F factor of fertility in
Escherichia coli
revealed that the
colE
1
factor does not have the properties of a fertility factor, whereas the
colV
factor appears to possess a genetic determinant of fertility (F
v
). Cells containing
colE
1
alone do not recombine with F
−
strains, whereas V
+
F
v
+
strains can recombine, but at a lower frequency for certain markers than cells containing the F factor from
E. coli
. Strains possessing the
colV
factor can transfer the V
+
and F
v
+
properties to an F
−
recipient, whereas strains harboring
colE
1
alone are not able to transfer this factor. When a V
+
F
v
+
E
1
+
strain is used as a donor, recipients show F
v
+
sexuality characteristics only if they also acquire the ability to produce colicin V. The
colV
factor is transferred at lower efficiency to F
+
than to F
−
strains, whereas the transfer of
colE
1
is equally efficient to both. In addition, the V
+
F
v
+
F
+
colonies isolated segregate V
+
F
v
+
F
−
and V
−
F
v
−
F
+
cells at high frequency, indicating an incompatibility between the
colV
and F factors. Finally, under the conditions employed, acridine orange does not remove the
colE
1
factor, but will remove the
colV
factor from colicinogenic cells. In every case tested, the V
+
and F
v
+
characteristics are removed simultaneously by the acridine orange treatment.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AND THE INHIBITION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY PHENETHYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Treick R. W. , Konetzka W. A.
Published: January 2020

Treick
, R. W. (Indiana University, Bloomington),
and W. A. Konetzka
. Physiological state of
Escherichia coli
and the inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by phenethyl alcohol. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1580–1584. 1964.—The effects of concentration of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) and the physiological state of the cells on inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in
Escherichia coli
were investigated. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by cells of
E. coli
from the maximum stationary phase is completely inhibited by 0.32% (v/v) PEA immediately upon addition of the inhibitor, although there is a net increase in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. However, DNA synthesis in cells from the exponential phase is inhibited only after an increase which corresponds to 1.4 to 1.6 times the amount of DNA present at the time of PEA addition. In a randomly dividing culture, this increment of DNA synthesis presumably represents completion of the DNA replication cycle initiated at the time of PEA addition. By programming the addition and removal of PEA, DNA synthesis can be made to proceed in stepwise increments corresponding to doublings of the DNA. The data indicate that the DNA being replicated at the time of PEA addition completes the replication cycle and, although there is net synthesis of RNA and protein, no initiation of a second cycle of DNA replication occurs until the removal of the inhibitor.
UTILIZATION OF AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS BY
HYDROGENOMONAS FACILIS
Authors: DeCicco B. T. , Umbreit W. W.
Published: January 2020

DeCicco
, B. T. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and W. W. Umbreit
. Utilization of aromatic amino acids by
Hydrogenomonas facilis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1590–1594. 1964.—An auxotrophic mutant of
Hydrogenomonas facilis
was isolated which requires tryptophan, phenylalanine, and
p
-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for growth. With glucose as the main carbon and energy source, the quantitative requirements for tryptophan and PABA were at normal microgram levels, but the requirement for phenylalanine was very large and approached substrate concentrations. The large phenylalanine requirement is due to a rapid oxidation and degradation of phenylalanine by the mutant. The utilization of both phenylalanine and glucose is adaptive, and the presence of phenylalanine partially inhibits the induction of the glucose-utilizing system. Wild-type
H. facilis
can utilize either phenylalanine or tyrosine for growth. Tracer studies indicated that during growth on phenylalanine, the aromatic ring is opened and degraded. Wild-type cells grown on either phenylalanine or tyrosine can oxidize phenylalanine, tyrosine, or phenylpyruvate without a lag. Another inducible pathway enables
H. facilis
to utilize either quinate or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate for growth, and sequential adaptation studies revealed that quinate is converted to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate during its degradation. Mutants may be obtained which can also utilize 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate for growth.
TRANSFER OF EPISOMIC ELEMENTS TO
PROTEUS
II.

Nature of
lac
+
Proteus
Strains Isolated From Clinical Specimens
Authors: Falkow Stanley , Wohlhieter J. A. , Citarella R. V. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Falkow, Stanley
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), J. A.
Wohlhieter, R. V. Citarella, and L. S. Baron
. Transfer of episomic elements to
Proteus
. II. Nature of
lac
+
Proteus
strains isolated from clinical specimens. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1598–1601. 1964.—Strains of
Proteus mirabilis
exhibiting the unusual property of utilizing lactose (
lac
+
) have been reported in clinical material. A genetic examination discloses that the
lac
+
determinants in these
Proteus
strains are associated with an infectious element, P, which is distinct from the sex factor of
Escherichia coli
K-12. The composite genetic element, P-
lac
, is readily transmissible to other enteric species and possesses properties which conform to those of an episomic element of the transfer variety. CsCl density-gradient studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from
lac
+
P. mirabilis
indicate that the P-
lac
+
element did not arise in this species, but was acquired from an organism possessing a markedly different DNA base composition.
Molybdenum as a Micronutrient for
Nitrobacter
Authors: Finstein M. S. , Delwiche C. C.
Published: January 2020

Finstein
, M. S. (University of California, Davis),
and C. C. Delwiche
. Molybdenum as a micronutrient for
Nitrobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
123–128. 1965.—The requirement of
Nitrobacter
for molybdenum was investigated by use of a medium purified by chemical means, as well as by depletion by the prior growth of this autotrophic bacterium. During 5 days of growth, added molybdenum induced an approximately 11-fold increase in both nitrite utilization and cell-mass development. In short-term studies, maximal response was obtained with concentrations as low as 10
−9
m
. No other metal tested substituted for molybdenum. It is estimated that a minimum of 2,000 atoms of molybdenum is required for the synthesis of one
Nitrobacter
cell. Molybdenum did not directly influence the thermodynamic efficiency of
Nitrobacter
. The efficiency of molybdenum-deficient cultures and of cultures supplied with the micronutrient declined equally during the early stage of development, despite large differences in the amount of nitrite consumed. After the utilization of about 100 μmoles of nitrite per ml, cultures supplied with molybdenum became relatively less efficient. A procedure is described whereby large masses of
Nitrobacter
cells can be obtained with relative ease.
Induction of Partial Specific Heterotypic Immunity in Mice by a Single Infection with Influenza A Virus
Authors: Schulman Jerome L. , Kilbourne Edwin D.
Published: January 2020

Schulman, JeromeL. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.),and Edwin D. Kilbourne. Induction of partial specific heterotypic immunity in mice by a single infection with influenza A virus. J. Bacteriol.89:170–174. 1965.—Mice infected 4 weeks previously with influenza A virus were found to be partially immune when challenged with influenza A2 virus. This partial immunity was demonstrated by reduced titers of pulmonary virus, decreased mortality, and less extensive lung lesions. A specific immunological basis for this protection was suggested by the absence of any protection in animals previously infected with influenza B virus when challenged with A2 virus, or in animals previously infected with influenza A virus when challenged with influenza B virus. Parenteral inoculation with inactivated influenza A virus did not induce partial immunity to A2 virus challenge. An accelerated rise of hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody after A2 virus challenge was demonstrated in animals previously infected with influenza A virus.
Clinical Application of Immunofluorescence I. Grouping β-Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Smith Thomas B.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Thomas
B. (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.). Clinical application of immunofluorescence. I. Grouping β-hemolytic streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
89:
198–204. 1965.—Procedures are described for the production of antistreptococcal serum in rabbits and for the preparation of group-specific conjugates for Lancefield groups A, C, and G. A modification of the conventional technique of absorption and inhibition to prevent cross-reactions with common antigens was used with excellent results. In addition, a promising new approach to eliminating cross-reactions of group A conjugate with antigens of groups C and G by dilution with group A-variant antiserum was tested. A complete method is introduced that enables the clinical laboratory to report whether group A streptococci are present in a given throat culture well within 24 hr after the physician collects the sample.
Characterization of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Extracted from Different Bacteria
Authors: Lundgren D. G. , Alper R. , Schnaitman C. , Marchessault R. H.
Published: January 2020

Lundgren
, D. G. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), R.
Alper, C. Schnaitman and R. H. Marchessault
. Characterization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate extracted from different bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
89:
245–251. 1965.—Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from different bacterial genera was studied with regard to its crystal structure, infrared absorption, intrinsic viscosity, and electron microscopy. All PHB samples precipitated from dilute chloroform solution gave identical X-ray diffractograms confirming uniformity of crystal structure, and uniformity of molecular structure, based on the similarity of the recorded infrared spectra, was also established. Crystal morphology was also similar, showing the reported “lath” shape structure for purified polymer from
Bacillus cereus
. Intrinsic viscosity ranged from 0.04 to 11.5 depending upon the polymer treatment; polymer molecular weights, based upon viscometry, could be estimated to range from 1,000 to 250,000. It is concluded that the same basic molecule is involved in all PHB present in the bacterial kindgom.
Mannitol and Mannitol Dehydrogenases in Conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Horikoshi Koki , Iida Shigeji , Ikeda Yonosuke
Published: January 2020

Horikoshi, Koki
(The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tokyo, Japan),
Shigeji Iida, and Yonosuke Ikeda
. Mannitol and mannitol dehydrogenases in conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
326–330. 1965.—A sugar alcohol was isolated from the conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
and identified as
d
-mannitol. Two types of
d
-mannitol dehydrogenases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked, were found in the conidia. Substrate specificities,
p
H optima, Michaelis-Menton constants, and the effects of inhibitors were studied.
d
-Mannitol was converted to fructose by the dehydrogenases. Synthesis of
d
-mannitol dehydrogenases was not observed during germination; the content of
d
-mannitol decreased at an early stage of germination. It was assumed, therefore, that
d
-mannitol might be used as the source of endogenous respiration and provide energy for the germination.
Effect of Amino Acids on Steady-State Growth of a Group A Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Davies Helen C. , Karush Fred , Rudd Joanne H.
Published: January 2020

Davies, Helen
C. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),
Fred Karush, and Joanne H. Rudd
. Effect of amino acids on steady-state growth of a group A hemolytic streptococcus. J. Bacteriol.
89:
421–427. 1965.—A study has been made of amino acid utilization by a strain of type 4, group A streptococcus growing under steady-state conditions in a continuous-culture device and supplied with a completely synthetic medium. At a fixed growth rate, corresponding to a generation of time of 84 min, and with the
p
H maintained constant at 7.4, the bacterial turbidity was made dependent on the concentration of one of the amino acids of the defined medium. Under these conditions, the extracellular concentration of the limiting amino acid is fixed by the preset growth rate. The steady-state concentration of each of 14 essential
l
-amino acids was measured by means of C
14
-labeled amino acids in such limited cultures. At approximately equal turbidities, these concentrations ranged from 1.6 × 10
−6
m
for methionine to 4.3 × 10
−4
m
for glutamic acid. The rates of utilization of the amino acids ranged from 26 mμmoles per mg (dry weight) of bacteria per hr for histidine to 310 mμmoles per mg (dry weight) of bacteria per hr for glutamic acid. The percentage of the limiting amino acid used varied from 95% for threonine and methionine to 43% for gluamic acid. The rate of utilization of the limiting amino acid at unit concentration (tmoles per gram per hour per
m
) differed by a factor of 27 between extremes. These observations reflect the variation in the capacity of this streptococcal cell to take up and use different amino acids.
Cofactor-Dependent Aldose Dehydrogenase of
Rhodopseudomonas spheroides
Authors: Niederpruem Donald J. , Doudoroff Michael
Published: January 2020

Niederpruem, Donald
J. (University of California, Berkeley),
and Michael Doudoroff
. Cofactor-dependent aldose dehydrogenase of
Rhodopseudomonas spheroides
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
697–705. 1965.—Particulate enzyme preparations of cell extracts of
Rhodopseudomonas spheroides
possess constitutive dehydrogenase and oxidase activities for aldose sugars, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH
2
), and succinate. The dehydrogenation of aldoses requires an unidentified cofactor which is not required for the oxidation of succinate nor of NADH
2
. The cofactor is present in the particulate fraction of aerobic cells, but is unavailable to the enzyme system. It can be liberated by boiling or by treatment with salts at high concentration. The cofactor also appears in the soluble fraction of aerobic cells, but only after exponential growth has ceased. Extracts of cells grown anaerobically in the light possess the apoenzyme, but not the cofactor, for aldose oxidation. Cofactor activity was found in extracts of
Bacterium anitratum
(=
Moraxella
sp.) but not in
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens
, yeast, or mouse liver. In 0.075
m
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-phosphoric acid buffer (
p
H 7.3), the oxidation of NADH
2
was stimulated and succinoxidase was inhibited by high salt concentrations.
Taxonomy ofPseudomonas piscicida(Bein) Buck, Meyers, and Leifson
Authors: Hansen A. J. , Weeks O. B. , Colwell R. R.
Published: January 2020

Hansen, A. J. (University of Idaho, Moscow), O. B.Weeks, and R. R. Colwell. Taxonomy ofPseudomonas piscicida(Bein) Buck, Meyers, and Leifson. J. Bacteriol.89:752–761. 1965.—Twenty strains of marine bacteria showing the properties of pigmentation and icthyotoxicity were studied for selected physiological features. A quantitative taxonomic analysis with an electronic computer was performed. Eighteen species ofPseudomonaswere included in the computer analysis as reference strains. The marine collection formed a homogeneous cluster, 80% similarity, and showed a 67 to 70% similarity to certain of thePseudomonasspecies:P. atlantica, P. geniculata, P. synxantha, andP. taetrolens. The marine strains are treated as a phenon describing the speciesP. piscicida. The species was characterized by the hypothetical Median Organism concept;P. piscicida14 corresponded most closely to the Median Organism.
Incorporation of C
14
From Carbon Dioxide into Sugar Phosphates, Carboxylic Acids, and Amino Acids by
Clostridium thermoaceticum
Authors: Ljungdahl Lars , Wood Harland G.
Published: January 2020

Ljungdahl, Lars
(Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
and Harland G. Wood
. Incorporation of C
14
from carbon dioxide into sugar phosphates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids by
Clostridium thermoaceticum
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1055–1064. 1965.—The mechanism of synthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide by
Clostridium thermoaceticum
was investigated by incubating cells with glucose or xylose in the presence of C
14
O
2
. Sugar phosphates, amino acids, and carboxylic acids were isolated and the specific radioactivities were determined; the distributions of C
14
were also determined in some of the compounds. Only fructose-1,6-diphosphate, formate, and lactate had higher specific activities than the acetate. The specific activities and distribution of C
14
in the fructose-6-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate were such that we conclude that the synthesis of acetate does not occur via a pathway involving the sugar phosphates as direct intermediates. Likewise, it is shown that pathways including lactate, aspartate, serine, glycine, malate, and succinate are not of importance in the synthesis of acetate from CO
2
. The methyl group of free methionine was unlabeled and is not a precursor of the methyl group of acetate.
Lipid Inclusions in L Cells Associated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection
Authors: Hardy Frank M. , Arbiter David
Published: January 2020

Hardy, Frank
M. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
and David Arbiter
. Lipid inclusions in L cells associated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1101–1103. 1965.—Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been shown to induce changes of lipid components within the L cell. Lipid inclusions in the form of dark granular bodies were observed in the L cell after aqueous osmium tetroxide fixation and Sudan black staining. Microscopic examination of cells as early as 8 hr after infection with VEE virus showed an increase in the concentration of these inclusions within the cytoplasm. According to various lipid solubility criteria, the inclusions were considered a combination of heterogeneous phospholipids.
Differences in Cystine Dependence and Chromatographic Behavior Between Two Type 4 Echovirus Strains
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),and Joseph L. Melnick. Differences in cystine dependence and chromatographic behavior between two type 4 echovirus strains. J. Bacteriol.89:1310–1313. 1965.—Type 4 strains of echovirus, which are known to differ in the ease in which they can be neutralized, have been found to differ in other properties also. The prototype strain (Pesascek) differed from a readily neutralizable strain (DuToit) in that the Pesascek strain could be stabilized by cystine to thermal inactivation. Furthermore, the prototype virus required cyst(e)ine for growth under agar, whereas the DuToit strain was not affected. The viruses also reacted differently on anion-exchange resins. Pesascek virus had surface groups capable of exchanging for phosphate ions and, thus, was readily adsorbed, whereas DuToit virus was not bound by the resins under the same conditions. Only a small fraction of Pesascek virus was found to pass through the resin column. This fraction bred true, in that it yielded progeny that behaved like DuToit in not exchanging for phosphate. However, in neutralization tests, the progeny of this fraction retained the immunological property of the parent Pesascek virus.
Unstable Linkage Between Genetic Markers in Transformation
Authors: Kelly M. S. , Pritchard R. H.
Published: January 2020

Kelly
, M. (Hammersmith Hospital, London, England),
and R. H. Pritchard
. Unstable linkage between genetic markers in transformation. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1314–1321. 1965.—A new type of association of genetic markers in a transformation system has been discovered. Linkage between certain markers is detectable only under particular conditions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and is sensitive to dilution of the DNA. The data suggest that this unstable association occurs between markers which are on the same molecule but separated by a molecular distance sufficiently great for linkage to be preserved only by mild DNA extraction procedures and at high concentrations of DNA. Linkage can be stabilized by dilution in the presence of a carrier DNA. By use of these unstable linkages, the genetic map of
Bacillus subtilis
has been extended in both directions from the aromatic gene cluster.
Phenethyl Alcohol II. Effect on Thymine-Requiring
Escherichia coli
Authors: Rosenkranz Herbert S. , Carr Howard S. , Rose Harry M.
Published: January 2020

Rosenkranz, Herbert
S. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.),
Howard S. Carr, and Harry M. Rose
. Phenethyl alcohol. II. Effect on thymine-requiring
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1370–1373. 1965.—Phenethyl alcohol (PEA) at levels (0.05%) presumed to interfere with messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis also inhibits thymineless death, when the agent is added prior to the exponential killing phase. The addition of more concentrated solutions of PEA (0.5%) during this initial starvation leads to an immediate killing. Identical results were obtained when 0.5% PEA was added to cells growing in the presence of thymine. The addition of this high level (0.5%) of PEA to bacteria undergoing thymineless death results in the rescue of the survivors.
Metabolic Properties of Some L Forms Derived From Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Weibull Claes , Gyllang Hans
Published: January 2020

Weibull Claes
(Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Stockholm City, Stockholm, Sweden),
and Hans Gyllang
. Metabolic properties of some L forms derived from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1443–1447. 1965.—L forms of two gram-positive bacteria, a staphylococcus and a diphtheroid, were found to be devoid of catalase and cytochromes, whereas the normal bacteria from which these L forms were derived contained large amounts of these enzymes. On the other hand, L forms of a gram-negative bacterium,
Proteus mirabilis
, contained the same cytochromes as normal
Proteus
bacteria. (Previous investigations showed that normal cells and L forms of
P. mirabilis
contain approximately the same amounts of catalase.) The respiratory quotients (Q

O
2

) of all L forms studied were much lower than those of the corresponding normal bacteria. The conversion of the normal organisms into L forms did not markedly affect their growth rate, measured as the time required for doubling the bacterial mass during the exponential-growth phase.
Amino Acid Utilization by
Alcaligenes viscolactis
for Growth and Slime Production
Authors: Punch J. D. , Olson J. C. , Scaletti J. V.
Published: January 2020

Punch
, J. D. (University of Minnesota, St. Paul), J. C.
Olson, Jr., and J. V. Scaletti
. Amino acid utilization by
Alcaligenes viscolactis
for growth and slime production. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1521–1525. 1965.—The ability of
Alcaligenes viscolactis
to utilize amino acids in a basal salts solution (K
2
HPO
4
, KH
2
PO
4
, MgSO
4
, MnSO
4
, FeSO
4
, NaCl) was studied. Of 27 amino acids, only
l
-asparagine,
l
-glutamic acid,
l
-aspartic acid,
l
-glutamine,
l
-proline, and
l
-tyrosine supported growth sufficient to give a viscous supernatant solution.
l
-Proline and
l
-tyrosine, singly or combined, fulfilled the carbon, nitrogen, and energy requirements for growth and slime production. None of eight inorganic nitrogenous compounds supported growth with lactose as the carbon source. The addition of
l
-asparagine,
l
-aspartic acid, or
l
-glutamine to
l
-tyrosine or
l
-proline, singly or combined, did not increase growth or slime production, indicating no nutritional interactions among these amino acids. Neither lactose nor glucose was found to be required or utilized by
A. viscolactis
in a medium containing basal salts,
l
-proline,
l
-tyrosine, and lactose or glucose. This was established by the fact that total carbohydrate and total reducing activity remained constant during growth and slime production.
Electron Microscopic Radioautography of HeLa Cells Infected with Adenovirus
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Hamlin Alice
Published: January 2020

Harford, Carl
G. (Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.),
and Alice Hamlin
. Electron microscopic radioautography of HeLa cells infected with adenovirus. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1540–1547. 1965.—Because intracellular particles of adenovirus are not seen by light microscopy, radioautography with tritiated thymidine was carried out with an electron microscope. Reacted grains were present over many nuclei containing viral aggregates, but only 16% of these grains were over the aggregates. Control observations with tritium-labeled bacteria indicated that this low incidence of labeling of viral aggregates could not be attributed to errors of the method. We think that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) labeled with tritiated thymidine in these experiments was mainly the excess viral DNA that is known to accumulate in adenovirus-infected cells. We did not exclude the possibility that some cellular DNA was labeled.
Nature of Particles Involved in Lipid Synthesis in Yeast
Authors: Klein Harold P.
Published: January 2020

Klein, HaroldP. (Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.). Nature of particles involved in lipid synthesis in yeast. J. Bacteriol.90:227–234. 1965.—Mitochondria-free homogenates ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeyielded several particulate layers upon centrifugation at 100,000 ×g. Electron microscopy revealed that membranes are present only in the uppermost (“fluffy”) layer, which is inactive in lipid synthesis. The membrane-free material of the middle (“red”) layer stimulated the synthesis of fatty acids and of nonsaponifiable lipids. In addition, this fraction appeared to be rich in the enzyme systems responsible for desaturating fatty acids and for converting squalene to sterols. The purified particles contained protein and ribonucleic acid (approximately 65:35), and further resembled ribosomal material in that they sedimented almost entirely as an 80Sparticle in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-magnesium buffer. Various treatments that dissociated the 80Smaterial did not affect the lipogenic capabilities of this particle fraction.
Correlation of Carbohydrate Catabolism and Synthesis of Macromolecules During Enzyme Synthesis in
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Kirkland Jerry J. , Durham Norman N.
Published: January 2020

Kirkland, Jerry
J. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater),
and Norman N. Durham
. Correlation of carbohydrate catabolism and synthesis of macromolecules during enzyme synthesis in
Pseudomonas fluorescens
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
23–28. 1965.—Glucose, ribose, and fructose shorten the lag period required for synthesis of protocatechuate oxygenase. Radioactivity from uracil-
2-C
14
is incorporated into the hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction after a lag period of approximately 20 min after addition of protocatechuic acid. Addition of glucose or ribose simultaneously with the inducer shortens the lag period to approximately 5 min and increases the rate of uracil incorporation. The inducer must be present to initiate incorporation of radioactivity, and the exogenous carbon source accelerates incorporation but is not sufficient to initiate synthesis by itself. The addition of protocatechuic acid increases the rate and total incorporation of radioactivity from uniformly labeled glucose or ribose-
1-C
14
into the hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction. Ribose decreases the incorporation of radioactivity from uniformly labeled glucose into the hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction, and glucose shows a similar effect on incorporation of radioactivity from ribose-
1-C
14
, indicating the two sugars are serving in the same capacity to enhance enzyme synthesis. Radioactivity from glucose-
1-C
14
is not incorporated into the hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction. The results suggest that glucose and ribose shorten the lag period for inducible enzyme formation by serving as a “specific” carbon source for synthesis of macromolecules such as ribonucleic acid.
Effects of
m
-Tyrosine on Growth and Sporulation of
Bacillus
Species
Authors: Aronson John N. , Wermus Gerald R.
Published: January 2020

Aronson, John
N. (Arizona State University, Tempe),
and Gerald R. Wermus
. Effects of
m
-tyrosine on growth and sporulation of
Bacillus
species. J. Bacteriol.
90:
38–46. 1965.—The aromatic amino acid analogue,
dl
-β-(3-hydroxyphenyl)alanine (
m
-tyrosine), reduced sporulation of a strain of
Bacillus subtilis
to less than 5% of that of control cultures in a glucose-salts minimal medium. The mass-doubling time increased twofold, but maximal growth equivalent to that of control cultures was eventually attained. A decreased growth rate could be maintained in the presence of the analogue for more than 10 doublings, despite incorporation of
m
-tyrosine-
2-C
14
in place of some of the protein phenylalanine. The organism proliferated to chain lengths of 10 to 15 cells. These cells persisted for many hours after maximal growth had been reached, in contrast to normal cultures which had begun to autolyze and sporulate. The response to
m
-tyrosine of strains of
B. cereus, B. thuringiensis
, and
B. megaterium
was like that of
B. subtilis
. In addition,
B. thuringiensis
and
B. cereus
converted
m
-tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine, which was further oxidized to a melaninlike substance. Growth of a strain of
B. stearothermophilus
was not slowed by
m
-tyrosine, but a strain of
Escherichia coli
grew at a reduced rate.