bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and FTIR characterization of some dextran sulphates
Authors: Cakic Milorad , Nikolic Goran , Ilic Ljubomir , Stankovic Slobodan
Published: March 2009

The result of the synthesis and investigation of FTIR spectra of some dextran sulphates and their sodium (Na) salts are presented. A synthesis was conducted (under different reaction parameters) of esters with various degrees of esterification (from 1.0 to 2.3). FTIR investigations were performed on sulphates of low and high molecular hydrogenated dextrans of various molecular masses (Mw of 5000, 7000, 8000, 40000 and 500000). Particular care was taken to determine the degree of linearity of the synthesized dextran sulphates, the conformation of glucopyranosyl units and the way the sulpho groups and the water were bonded in their structures.
Microencapsulation in the textile industry
Authors: Siler-Marinkovic Slavica , Bezbradica Dejan , Skundric Petar
Published: March 2009

The application of microencapsulation techniques offers the possibility of producing novel products with many advantages compared to traditional textile products. The microcapsules can introduce important new qualities to garments and fabrics, such as enhanced stability and the controlled release of active compound(s). Although microencapsulation has found application in other business sectors during the last few decades (food, cosmetics Pharmaceuticals), a significant number of microcapsule-based commercial products appeared in the textile industry during the 1990s, while many potential new products are still in the research and development stage. The most attractive examples are fabrics with durable fragrances, T-shirts with UV-ray absorbing microcapsules, T-shirts with thermo-changeable dyes military uniforms with microencapsulated insecticide, thermo-regulation vehicle seats, ski suits, and gloves. In spite of important success in developing new products, there is a lot of space for further research especially in order to improve the mechanical strength of the obtained microcapsules and the kinetics and the mechanism of the release of active compound(s). Therefore, numerous research has focused on the development of new methods of applying of microcapsules on textile, new immobilization techniques and materials, are underway.
Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils: Results of joint research
Authors: Sovová Н. , Aleksovski S.A. , Bocevska M. , Stateva R.P.
Published: March 2009

Peppermint, creeping thyme, and sage herbs, as well as yarrow flowers were extracted with supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide at 9-13 MPa and 25-60?C. Two extraction periods were distinguished except in the case of thyme extraction. Almost pure essential oil was extracted in the first, fast period. The extraction was retarded in the second period controlled by essential oil-matrix interaction, and waxes and water prevailed over the essential oil in the extract. To estimate the effect of essential oil-vegetable oil interaction during the extraction of essential oils from seeds, the limonene + vegetable oil + CO2 equilibrium was investigated using thermodynamic modeling. Changes in the composition of the essential oil in the extracts are demonstrated on the example of sage oil. Compared to hydro distillation, the extracts contained less monoterpenes, the most volatile components, because the separation of the extract from gaseous ??2 in the cold trap was incomplete. The yield of sesqui- and di-terpenes in the extracts, however, was higher than their yield by hydrodistillation. The extraction of sage essential oil was most efficient at 13 MPa and 50?C, when the yield of diterpene manool was more than two times higher than its yield by hydrodistillation.
The extraction of oil from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seeds
Authors: Stanisavljevic Ivana , Lakicevic Svetlana , Velickovic Dragan , Lazic Miodrag , Veljkovic Vlada
Published: March 2009

The classical extraction (maceration) of oil from the seeds of a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plant strain, type Otlja, was carried out using n-hexane and petroleum ether as extracting solvents at different temperatures (25 ?C, 40 ?C and the boiling temperature) and seeds-to-solvent ratios (1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 w/v). The effects of the process factors on the kinetic parameters and the oil yield were assessed using the full factorial experiments 24. The oil yield was increased if the seeds were grounded before the extraction and by increasing the extraction temperature and by decreasing the seeds-to-solvent ratio. n-Hexane was somewhat more efficient than petroleum ether in the tobacco seed oil (TSO) extraction. The oil yield of 23.5 g/100 g of seeds (based on dry weight) was achieved using n-hexane at the seeds-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 w/v and the boiling temperature for the time of 60 minutes. The maceration was found to be less efficient in recovering the TSO than the Soxhlet extraction where the maximum oil yield of 31.1 g/100 of dry seeds was obtained. The kinetics of the oil extraction was described using the model of unsteady diffusion through plant material. The major fatty acid (FA) of oil recovered from the TSO was linoleic acid. The high acid value (37 mg KOH/g) indicated that the content of the free FA in the oil was quite high.
Anion effect on antimicrobial activity of metal complexes with benzimidazole derivative
Authors: Podunavac-Kuzmanovic Sanja , Cvetkovic Dragoljub
Published: March 2009

Chloride and nitrate of copper(II) and zinc(II) react with 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole (L) to give complexes of the type ML2A2-nH2O (M=Cu or Zn; A=Cl- or NO3-; n=0, 1 or 2). Ligand and its complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against three Gram-positive bacterial strains: Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Sarcina lutea, one Gram-negative isolate: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The compounds were more active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. None of the compounds were significantly effective against the yeast S. cerevisiae, except copper(II) complex with chloride anion, which moderately inhibited the yeast growth. Zinc(II) complex with chloride was found to be slightly active against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The anion effect on antimicrobial activity of tested compounds was discussed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the ligand and its complexes. The most active compound was copper(II) complex with chloride anion. The MIC value of this complex was 60 ?g/ml against Bacillus sp. and 125 ?g/ml against S. aureus and S. lutea.
Ex situ bioprocess monitoring techniques
Authors: Vojinovic Vojislav , Cabral J.M.S. , Fonseca L.R.
Published: March 2009

Rapid development of biotechnology resulted in increasing need for bioprocess monitoring and control. Efficient process control allows optimization of process efficiency and productivity, reduction of costs and pollution, and quality control. In situ sensors for real-time bioprocess monitoring have been recently reviewed. In this paper the use of ex situ techniques for real time (or quasi real time) monitoring methods is reviewed. These include mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, methods based on semiconductor gas sensors and electronic noses for the analysis of dissolved gas and bioreactor head-space, and on-line liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, spectroscopy and biosensors for monitoring of the bulk process media. Flow techniques allow for the analysis to be carried out ex situ, out of the reactor reintroducing various detection methods that are impossible to implement in an in situ set-up. Because of their versatility flow analysis techniques (continuous and segmented flow analysis, flow injection analysis, sequential injection analysis and bead injection analysis) are broadly used for sample handling and analysis of the bulk media, and their applications in bioprocess monitoring are discussed.
Photocatalytic degradation of textile dye C.I. reactive orange 16 in TiO2 water suspension by simulated solar light
Authors: Mijin Dusan , Radulovic Marina , Zlatic Dragana , Jovancic Petar
Published: March 2009

The photodegradation of C.I. Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), commonly used as a textile dye, was investigated using TiO2 as a catalyst and the sun lamp. The experiments showed that TiO2 and simulated solar light are necessary for the effective photodegradation, although a low degradation/adsorption was observed when only the simulated solar light or TiO2 was used. The effect of some parameters such as the initial concentration of the catalyst, the initial dye concentration, the initial Na2CO2 and NaCl concentrations, pH, and the presence of H2O2 on photodegradation of RO16 was examined. The photodegradation efficiency was highest at the catalyst concentration of 2.0 g/l. The degradation was faster in the acidic than in alkaline pH range. High adsorption of the dye was observed at low pH, while at high pH almost no adsorption was detected. A lower concentration of Na2CO2 decreased the photodegradation of RO16, while a higher concentration increased the photodegradation. The presence of NaCI led to the inhibition of the photodegradation process. The low concentration of H2P2 increased the RO16 photodegradation efficiency, while at higher concentration of H2O2 inhibition was observed.
Hydrogen energy: Terceira island demonstration facility
Authors: Alves Mario
Published: March 2009

The present paper gives a general perspective of the efforts going on at Terceira Island in Azores, Portugal, concerning the implementation of an Hydrogen Economy demonstration campus. The major motivation for such a geographical location choice was the abundance of renewable resources like wind, sea waves and geothermal enthalpy, which are of fundamental importance for the demonstration of renewable hydrogen economy sustainability. Three main campus will be implemented: one at Cume Hill, where the majority of renewable hydrogen production will take place using the wind as the primary energy source, a second one at Angra do Heroismo Industrial park, where a cogen electrical heat power station will be installed, mainly to feed a Municipal Solid Waste processing plant and a third one, the Praia da Vitoria Hydrogenopolis, where several final consumer demonstrators will be installed both for public awareness and intensive study of economic sustainability and optimization. Some of these units are already under construction, particularly the renewable hydrogen generation facilities.
Viscosity of binary non-electrolyte liquid mixtures: Prediction and correlation
Authors: Kijevcanin Mirjana , Kostic Vladimir , Radovic Ivona , Djordjevic Bojan , Serbanovic Slobodan
Published: March 2009

The viscosity of 31 binary liquid mixtures containing diverse groups of organic compounds, determined at atmospheric pressure: alcohols, alkanes (cyclo and aliphatic), esters, aromatics, ketones etc., were calculated using two different approaches, correlative (with Teja-Rice and McAllister models) and predictive by group contribution models (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO and Grunberg-Nissan). The obtained results were analysed in terms of the applied approach and model, the structure of the investigated mixtures, the nature of components of the mixtures and the influence of alkyl chain length of the alcohol molecule.
A mass transfer heterogeneous in systems by the adsorption method
Authors: Boskovic-Vragolovic Nevenka , Garic-Grulovic Radmila , Grbavcic Zeljko , Pjanovic Rada
Published: March 2009

A mass transfer coefficient between: A liquid and single sphere and a liquid And a column wall in packed and fluidized beds of a spherical inert Particle have been studied experimentally using the adsorption method. The experiments were conducted in a column 40 mm in diameter for packed and fluidized beds, and in a two-dimensional column 140 mm?10 mm for the flow past single sphere. In all runs, the mass transfer rates were determined in the presence of spherical glass particles, 3 mm in diameter, for packed and fluidized beds. The mass transfer data were obtained by studying transfer for flow past single sphere, 20 mm in diameter. This paper discusses the possibilities of application of the adsorption method for fluid flow visualization. Local and average mass transfer coefficients were determined from the color intensity of the surface of the foils of silica gel. Correlations, Sh = f(Re) and jD = f(Re), were derived using the mass transfer coefficient data.
Principal components analysis of employment in Eastern Europe
Authors: Savic Mirko
Published: March 2009

For the last decade, the employment structure is one of the fastest changing areas of Eastern Europe. This paper explores the best methodology to compare the employment situations in the countries of this region. Multivariate statistical analyses are very reliable in portraying the full picture of the problem. Principal components analysis is one of the simplest multivariate methods. It can produce very useful information about Eastern European employment in a very easy and understandable way.
Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings as Proxies for Winter Precipitation Changes in the Russian Arctic over the Past 150 Years
Authors: Holzkämper Steffen , Kuhry Peter , Kultti Seija , Gunnarson Björn , Sonninen Eloni
Published: March 2009

We present results from an analysis of tree ring width and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree ring cellulose of Siberian Spruce collected from remote forest islands in the northwestern Russian tundra. Ring width is often considered a proxy for summer temperatures. The aim of this pilot study was to test whether stable isotopes can provide additional information about climate during the growth of trees in this extreme environment. Comparison of δ13C and δ18O with observed meteorological data shows that there is a link between stable isotopes and winter precipitation. This may be explained by the strong influence that snow exerts on the isotopic composition of soil moisture during spring and early summer, when the new cellulose is formed. Our results show that winter precipitation in the study area was increasing from 1865-1900, and thereafter decreasing until ~ 1930. The 1960-1980 period was again rather humid, followed by a drying trend until 1990. The study highlights the potential of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree rings as proxies for winter precipitation.
The clasts of Cretaceous marls in the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Pöchlau quarry, Gresten Klippen Zone, Austria)
Authors: Ślączka Andrzej , Gasiñski M. , Bąk Marta , Wessely Godfrid
Published: March 2009

The clasts of Cretaceous marls in the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Pöchlau quarry, Gresten Klippen Zone, Austria)

Investigations were carried out on foraminiferids and radiolaria from redeposited clasts within the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Gresten Klippen Zone) in the area of the Pöchlau hill, east of Maria Neustift. These shales and marls are of Middle to Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age. In the latter clasts, foraminiferal assemblages withTritaxiaex gr.gaultinaas well as radiolaria speciesAngulobracchia portmanniBaumgartner,Dictyomitra communis(Squinabol),Hiscocapsa asseni(Tan),Pseudodictyomitra lodogaensisPessagno,Pseudoeucyrtis hanni(Tan),Rhopalosyringium fossile(Squinabol) were found. In one block from the uppermost part of the sequence there is an assemblage withCaudammina(H)gigantea, Rotalipora appenninicaandGlobotruncana bulloides.However, the brecciated character of this block and occurrence near a fault suggest that it was probably wedged into the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation during tectonic movements. In pelitic siliceous limestones below the Konradsheim Limestone radiolarian assemblages of Middle Callovian to Early Tithonian age were found. They enable correlation with the Scheibbsbach Formation. In a marly sequence, above the conglomeratic limestone, the foraminiferal assemblages contain taxa from mid-Cretaceous up to Paleocene. The present biostratigraphic investigation confirmed the previous stratigraphic assignments and imply clearly that the sedimentation of deposits similar to the Konradsheim Formation also occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous and deposition of conglomeratic limestones within the Gresten Klippen Zone, and especially within the Konradsheim Formation, was repeated several times during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
The effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagen matrix and gene expression in normal tendons and ligaments
Authors: BOSCH G. , de MOS M. , van BINSBERGEN R. , van SCHIE H. T. M. , van de LEST C. H. A. , van WEEREN P. R.
Published: March 2009

Reasons for performing study: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is frequently used in equine practice, but little is known about its biological action.

Objectives: To study the effects of ESWT on matrix structure and gene expression levels in normal, physiologically loaded tendinous structures in ponies.

Methods: Six Shetland ponies, free of lameness and with ultrasonographically normal flexor and extensor tendons and suspensory ligaments (SL), were used. ESWT was applied at the origin of the suspensory ligament and the mid‐metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 6 weeks prior to sample taking, and at the mid‐metacarpal region (ET) and the insertion on the extensor process of the distal phalanx (EP) of the common digital extensor tendon 3 h prior to tendon sampling. In all animals one forelimb was treated and the other limb was used as control. After euthanasia, tendon tissue was harvested for real‐time PCR to determine gene expression levels and additional samples were taken for histological evaluation and biochemical analyses

Results: Histologically a disorganisation of the normal collagen structure was observed 3 h after ESWT, remnants of which were still visible after 6 weeks. While degraded collagen levels showed an increase at 3 h post treatment (P = 0.012) they were reduced at 6 weeks post ESWT (P = 0.039). Gene expression for both COL1 (P = 0.004) and MMP14 (P = 0.020) was upregulated at 6 weeks after treatment.

Conclusions: Exposure of normal tendinous tissue to ESWT is not uneventful; it leads to a disorganisation of matrix structure and changes in degraded collagen levels. The upregulation of COL1 expression 6 weeks after ESWT may be indicative for repair.

Potential relevance: The observed disorganisation of the collagen network warrants caution when using ESWT. Exposing noninjured tissue to ESWT should be avoided and it may be advisable to restrict exercise in recently treated patients. However, the induced tissue disorganisation might also be a trigger for repair in chronic tendinopathies.
Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training
Authors: ELY E. R. , AVELLA C. S. , PRICE J. S. , SMITH R. K. W. , WOOD J. L. N. , VERHEYEN K. L. P.
Published: March 2009

Reasons for performing study: While fractures and tendon injuries are known to be important diseases in National Hunt (NH) racehorses during racing, there are no accurate estimates of their incidence in NH training yards.

Objectives: To estimate the incidence of fractures and tendon and suspensory ligament injuries (TLIs) in NH racehorses in training; to describe the injuries incurred and to compare injury incidence rates by horse age, trainer, gender and background (ex‐flat vs. ex‐store horses).

Methods: Cohort data were collected from 14 UK NH training yards for 2 racing seasons. Daily exercise regimens and details of fractures and TLIs occurring in study horses were recorded.

Results: Data were gathered from 1223 horses that spent 9466 months at risk of injury. The fracture incidence rate was 1.1/100 horse months and varied significantly by trainer (P<0.001) but not by gender, age or background. The pelvis and third metacarpal bone (MCIII) were the most common fracture sites, although this varied between racing and training. The TLI incidence rate was 1.9/100 horse months and varied significantly by trainer (P = 0.05) and age (P<0.001) but not by gender or background. However, exstore horses were significantly more likely to have a TLI on the racecourse than ex‐flat horses (P = 0.01). Superficial digital flexor injuries accounted for 89% of all TLIs, the remainder being suspensory ligament injuries.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Fractures and TLIs are important causes of morbidity and mortality in NH racehorses in training in England. This study provides accurate estimates of their incidence in this population and provides a baseline against which to monitor the effect of future interventions.
Dynamic respiratory endoscopy in 67 Thoroughbred racehorses training under normal ridden exercise conditions
Authors: POLLOCK P. J. , REARDON R. J. M. , PARKIN T. D. H. , JOHNSTON M. S. , TATE J. , LOVE S.
Published: March 2009

Reasons for performing study: There are potential advantages to imaging the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT) of horses during ridden exercise. With the advent of a wireless endoscope, this is now possible. However, there has been no detailed validation of the technique and findings have not been compared to ridden speed. Objectives: To assess the combined use of a Dynamic Respiratory Scope (DRS) and global positioning system (GPS) receiver for examining the URT of a group of Thoroughbred racehorses randomly selected from a single flat racehorse training establishment.

Methods: Horses were selected randomly from a population of Thoroughbred horses in training at the same training yard. Endoscopic images of the URT were recorded during a ridden exercise test on an ‘all‐weather‐gallop’ and were reviewed post testing. Speed was measured using a wrist mounted GPS receiver.

Results: A total of 67 (34%) of the 195 horses in training were examined. Endoscopic findings included: normal URT function (44 cases); dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) (13 cases); laryngeal asymmetry (4 cases); and axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (3 cases). Maximum speed obtained by individual horses ranged from 41.8–56.3 km/h. Ridden speed was variably affected by DDSP.

Conclusions: The DRS provides a safe effective system for imaging the equine URT during ridden exercise at speed. The abnormalities of the URT identified were similar to those observed during treadmill endoscopy studies reported in the literature. The effect of URT abnormalities on ridden speed requires further investigation.

Potential relevance: This technique can be used to diagnose common causes of URT associated with poor performance in horses during normal training. This has substantial implications for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of URT pathology.
Current controversies in equine antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Hollis A. R. , Wilkins P. A.
Published: March 2009

Controversies exist regarding the use, misuse and potential overuse of antimicrobial treatments in foals and adults. When antimicrobials are required for treatment of infectious diseases, veterinarians should follow a logical approach and not simply reach for the newest drug. Targeted, single drug therapy is probably best, and culture and sensitivity testing should be undertaken. The most likely infectious agent, potential drug toxicities, and age‐appropriate dose and route should be considered. The development of an increasing number of different multiple drug resistant pathogens requires that veterinarians use antimicrobial drugs responsibly to protect veterinary patients and the public at large.
“Biting the Sour Apple”: The Nietzschean Undertow inLittle Eyolf
Authors: Reid John
Published: March 2009

In this essay, Little Eyolf is treated as a play that offers compelling internal evidence of Ibsen's critical, intertextual engagement with Nietzche. Not only does the play invoke the Nietzschean imagery associated with lower chthonic powers and transfiguration rites, but its complex mess of dysfunctional relations articulates a starkly Nietzschean critique of the existential limitations of bourgeois consciousness. While Ibsen may appropriate the dialectical interplay of Dionysian and Apollonian principles as the shaping forces at work in the gender and identity problems of the play, his assimilation of the key metaphors of Nietzsche's philosophical poetics does not prevent him from developing a daring, proto-feminist critique of aristocratic radicalism and the übermensch fantasy of self-overcoming. The argument is designed to celebrate the rhetorical possibility that Ibsen's playful, improvisational thinking with these key Nietzschean metaphors reveals a rat-catcher of human consciousness unmatched by anything in “that old maid,” Nietzsche.
Postoperative nonconvulsive encephalopathic status: identification of a syndrome responsible for delayed progressive deterioration of neurological status after skull base surgery
Authors: Al-Mefty Ossama , Wrubel David , Haddad Naim
Published: March 2009

Object

Over a 10-year period, the authors have observed a rare but recurring syndrome manifested by a delayed, postoperative, progressive decline in the level of consciousness to deep coma that is time-limited to several days with abrupt awakening. Extensive evaluation and workup demonstrated an abnormality on continuous electroencephalographic monitoring that implied nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the exclusion of structural, perfusion, infectious, or metabolic causes. This state has been very refractory to treatment with antiepileptic medication. In this article, the authors raise the awareness of this syndrome and its diagnosis, management, and outcome.

Methods

The authors reviewed the medical records of a cohort of 7 patients who exemplified this syndrome who were treated during the last 5 years.

Results

All 7 patients were women with a mean (± SD) age of 55 ± 15 years. The mean duration of surgery was 8.9 ± 1.8 hours. All patients had a stereotypical course of delayed progressive decline in their level of consciousness after surgery (average 3.3 ± 4.3 days) leading to deep coma. The unconscious state was time-limited, lasting on average 17.3 ± 13.7 days. Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring demonstrated a generalized abnormality with periodic discharges and abundant slow delta activity. A rather abrupt awakening occurred a few days after cessation of electrographic seizure activity. Structural, vascular, infectious, or metabolic causes were excluded based on an extensive workup.

Conclusions

In this study, the authors delineate and raise the awareness of an unusual syndrome. Recognition of this syndrome is important as a cause for delayed coma after surgery. The authors stress the need for respiratory, hemodynamic, and nutritional support for these patients until recovery. The origin of this syndrome remains enigmatic and is likely to be multifactorial with a prominent pharmacological role related to anesthetic agent or medication in a setting of craniotomy that is associated with alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
Application of electromagnetic technology to neuronavigation: a revolution in image-guided neurosurgery
Authors: Hayhurst Caroline , Byrne Patricia , Eldridge Paul R. , Mallucci Conor L.
Published: March 2009

Object

The authors investigated the practicality of electromagnetic neuronavigation in routine clinical use, and determined the applications for which it is at the advantage compared with other systems.

Methods

A magnetic field is generated encompassing the surgical volume. Devices containing miniaturized coils can be located within the field. The authors report on their experience in 150 cases performed with this technology.

Results

Electromagnetic neuronavigation was performed in 44 endoscopies, 42 ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertions for slit ventricles, 21 routine shunt insertions, 6 complex shunt insertions, 14 external ventricular drain placements for traumatic brain injury, 5 awake craniotomies, 5 Ommaya reservoir placements, and for 13 other indications. Satisfactory positioning of ventricular catheters was achieved in all cases. No particular changes to the operating theater set-up were required, and no significant interference from ferromagnetic instruments was experienced. Neurophysiological monitoring was not affected, nor did it affect electromagnetic guidance.

Conclusions

Neuronavigation enables safe, accurate surgery, and may ultimately reduce complications and improve outcome. Electromagnetic technology allows frameless, pinless, image-guided surgery, and can be used in all procedures for which neuronavigation is appropriate. This technology was found to be particularly advantageous compared with other technologies in cases in which freedom of head movement was helpful. Electromagnetic neuronavigation was therefore well suited to CSF diversion procedures, awake craniotomies, and cases in which rigid head fixation was undesirable, such as in neonates. This technology extends the application of neuronavigation to routine shunt placement and ventricular catheter placement in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Regional snow-depth estimates for avalanche calculations using a two-dimensional model with snow entrainment
Authors: Bianchi Janetti Emanuela , Gorni Elisa , Sovilla Betty , Bocchiola Daniele
Published: March 2009

The currently adopted approach for avalanche-hazard mapping in Switzerland includes avalanche-dynamics modelling coupled with estimation of the greatest annual 3 day snowfall depth,H72, for high-return periods, used as the release depth. New advances in avalanche dynamics show that this approach can be improved using models with mass entrainment, requiring in turn a statistical definition of the erodible snow cover. We propose a regional approach, based on index value, to evaluate release depth and erodible snow cover for large-return periods. The territory of Switzerland is divided into seven climatologically homogeneous regions. Generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions for the growth factors coupled with index-value estimation based on altitude provide an accurate estimate of snow depths, also for large-return periods. RAMMS, a two-dimensional avalanche-dynamics model including snow entrainment, is used for hazard mapping for a site used as an example of the Swiss procedure. The regional approach allows the boundary conditions for hazard mapping to be set using an entrainment model, and also provides statistical uncertainty of the design release and erosion depth, thus aiding in applying uncertainty analysis to hazard-mapping procedure.
Mortality pattern of the Alpine chamois: the influence of snow–meteorological factors
Authors: Jonas Tobias , Geiger Flavia , Jenny Hannes
Published: March 2009

Especially for animals inhabiting alpine areas, winter environmental conditions can be limiting. Cold temperatures, hampered food availability and natural perils are just three of many potential threats that mountain ungulates face in winter. Understanding their sensitivity to climate variability is essential for game management. Here we focus on analyzing the influence of snow and weather conditions on the mortality pattern of Alpine chamois. Our mortality data are derived from a systematic assessment of 6500 chamois that died of natural causes over the course of 13 years. We use population- and habitat-specific data on snow, climate and avalanche danger to identify the key environmental factors that essentially determine the spatio-temporal variations in chamois mortality. Initially, we show that most fatalities occurred in winter, with a peak around March, when typically snow depths were highest. Death causes related to poor general conditions were the major component of seasonal variations. As for the interannual variations in mortality, snow depth and avalanche risk best explained the occurrence of winters with increased numbers of fatalities. Finally, analyzing differences in mortality rates between populations, we identified sun-exposed winter habitats with little snow accumulation as favourable for alpine chamois.
Applying machine learning methods to avalanche forecasting
Authors: Pozdnoukhov A. , Purves R.S. , Kanevski M.
Published: March 2009

Avalanche forecasting is a complex process involving the assimilation of multiple data sources to make predictions over varying spatial and temporal resolutions. Numerically assisted forecasting often uses nearest-neighbour methods (NN), which are known to have limitations when dealing with high-dimensional data. We apply support vector machines (SVMs) to a dataset from Lochaber, Scotland, UK, to assess their applicability in avalanche forecasting. SVMs belong to a family of theoretically based techniques from machine learning and are designed to deal with high-dimensional data. Initial experiments showed that SVMs gave results that were comparable with NN for categorical and probabilistic forecasts. Experiments utilizing the ability of SVMs to deal with high dimensionality in producing a spatial forecast show promise, but require further work.
New algorithm to retrieve the effective snow grain size and pollution amount from satellite data
Authors: Zege E. , Katsev I. , Malinka A. , Prikhach A. , Polonsky I.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new simple and efficient algorithm to retrieve the effective snow grain size and soot concentration from spectral reflectance on snow measured by optical instrument on a satellite. This algorithm was recently developed and will be used for integrated ice–atmosphere–ocean monitoring in the framework of the DAMOCLES program. The algorithm is based on an analytical approach to snow optics. In this approach snow is considered as a close-packed medium with irregularly shaped grains rather than with independent spherical particles. Unlike the known conventional algorithms, the developed algorithm uses no a priori snow optical model. The analytical nature of this algorithm provides a very fast inversion of the reflection data. The developed algorithm was realized and validated for the GLI and MODIS instruments. The algorithm can be generalized for other satellite instruments with appropriate spectral channels. Finally, the results of verifications using a computer simulation are discussed.
Chemical and Antimicrobial Studies on the Skin of Aloe indica Leaves at Different Ages of Plants
Authors: Jahan Ismet Ara , Tarek Fakir Shahidullah , Islam M Shahidul , Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Begum Fawzia , Sattar M Abdus
Published: March 2009

A comparative study on mineral profile, water content, solid content and ash contents were done on the skin of the leaves at three different ages of Aloe indica plants. Fatty acid analysis and screening of antibacterial sensitivity against two bacteria were also carried out. Mineral profile was evaluated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and Flame photometer. Whereas the esterified fatty extract analysis was done by GC/MS spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium were found to be present as major minerals whereas zinc, copper, silver, phosphorous, chromium were found as trace elements. No arsenic was found to be present in any of the samples. The amount of different mineral contents exists in the order of 1 year < 2 years> 3 years. A comparative study of the mineral contents of the skin with the fillet was also done. Percent compositions of the fatty acid contents were found to be very different in different maturity skin extracts. Skin comprises higher proportion of solid and ash content and lower proportion of water content than the fillet. Leaves of 2 year ages plants contained higher proportion of solid content than both of the 3 year and 1 year ages plants leaves. The 80% ethanol extract of the skin showed antimicrobial sensitivity in the order of 3 years > 2 year l> 1year ages of plants. Keywords: Aloe indica, Mineral contents, Fatty acid analysis, Antimicrobial sensitivity. Â Â Â  doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2237 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 467-482, 2008
The Micro-Pillar Shear-Stress Sensor MPS3 for Turbulent Flow
Authors: Große Sebastian , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

Wall-shear stress results from the relative motion of a fluid over a body surface as a consequence of the no-slip condition of the fluid in the vicinity of the wall. To determine the two-dimensional wall-shear stress distribution is of utter importance in theoretical and applied turbulence research. In this article, characteristics of the Micro-Pillar Shear-Stress Sensor MPS3, which has been shown to offer the potential to measure the two-directional dynamic wall-shear stress distribution in turbulent flows, will be summarized. After a brief general description of the sensor concept, material characteristics, possible sensor-structure related error sources, various sensitivity and distinct sensor performance aspects will be addressed. Especially, pressure-sensitivity related aspects will be discussed. This discussion will serve as ‘design rules’ for possible new fields of applications of the sensor technology.
The coexistence of bicellular and tricellular pollen inAnnona cherimola(Annonaceae): Implications for pollen evolution
Authors: Lora Jorge , Herrero María , Hormaza José I.
Published: March 2009

Most angiosperms release bicellular pollen. However, in about one‐third of extant angiosperms, the second pollen mitosis occurs before anthesis such that pollen is tricellular upon release. The shift from bicellular to tricellular development has occurred several times independently, but its causes are largely unknown. In this work, we observed the coexistence of both kinds of pollen at anther dehiscence inAnnona cherimola, a species that belongs to the basal angiosperm family Annonaceae. Examination of pollen cell number during anther development showed that this coexistence was due to a late mitosis starting shortly before pollen shedding. Both types of pollen germinated equally well over the course of development. Because variable proportions of bicellular and tricellular pollen were observed at different sampling times, we tested the role of temperature by performing field and growth chamber experiments, which showed that higher temperatures near anthesis advanced the time of pollen mitosis II. The results show that selection could favor the production of tricellular pollen under certain environmental circumstances that prime rapid pollen germination and provide evidence of a system in which developmental variation persists, but that can be modified by external factors such as temperature.
DEVELOPING CO‐OPERATIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND ROUTE PLANNING
Authors: Szűcs Gábor
Published: March 2009

This paper consists of two parts: planning Co‐operative Transport Systems (CTS) with general rules (communication is a new idea in this system) and an investigation into route planning as a part of services provided in CTS. Part one reveals developing new systems for cooperative sensing and predicting flow, infrastructure and environmental conditions surrounding traffic, with a view to improve the safety and efficiency of road transport operations. Part two introduces the enhancement of the performance of the route planning algorithms. The key issues of these parts are communication and co‐operation between the elements of the whole Co‐operative Transport System.
THE IMPACT OF ROAD PARAMETERS AND THE SURROUNDING AREA ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
Authors: Šliupas Tomas
Published: March 2009

The article analyses the data on road traffic accidents in Lithuanian main and interurban road networks in the years 2002–2006. The road network is divided into 341 road sections. The surrounding area and road parameters of each of the sections are measured. Then, the dependence of traffic accident rate on the parameters is studied and described using linear and multiple regressions. The equations are built using 90% of the available data and tested forecasting traffic accident rate for the rest of 10% of the data comparing the obtained results with the real data.
Quality of Life and Disability in Patients with Treatment-Failure Gout
Authors: BECKER MICHAEL A. , SCHUMACHER H. RALPH , BENJAMIN KATY L. , GOREVIC PETER , GREENWALD MARIA , FESSEL JEFFREY , EDWARDS LAWRENCE , KAWATA ARIANE K. , FRANK LORI , WALTRIP ROYCE , MAROLI ALLAN , HUANG BILL ,   The Gout Natural History Study Group, SUNDY JOHN S.
Published: March 2009

Objective.

The relationship between self-reported quality of life and disability and disease severity was evaluated in subjects with treatment-failure gout (n = 110) in a prospective, 52-week, observational study.

Methods.

Subjects had symptomatic crystal-proven gout of at least 2 years’ duration and intolerance or refractoriness to conventional urate-lowering therapy. Serum uric acid (sUA) concentration, swollen and tender joint counts, frequency and severity of gout flares, tophus assessments, comorbidities, and patient-reported outcomes data [Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), Health Assessment Questionnaire-Damage Index] were collected. Analyses included correlations of patient-reported outcomes with clinical variables and changes in clinical status.

Results.

Mean age of study subjects was 59 years. Mean scores on SF-36 physical functioning subscales were 34.2–46.8, analogous to persons aged ≥ 75 years in the general population. Subjects with more severe gout at baseline had worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in all areas (p < 0.02 for all measures), compared to patients with mild-moderate disease. Number of flares reported in past year, number of tender joints, swollen joints, and tophi correlated significantly with some or all HRQOL and disability measures. sUA was not significantly correlated with any HRQOL or disability measure. Subjects with comorbidities experienced worse physical, but not mental, functioning.

Conclusion.

Severe gout is associated with poor HRQOL and disability, especially for patients who experience more gout flares and have a greater number of involved joints. Subject perceptions of gout-related functioning and pain severity appear to be highly sensitive indicators of HRQOL and disability.
Aproximación fenomenológica a la experiencia poética en Paul Celan
Authors: Ferrer Ortega Jesús Guillermo
Published: March 2009

El propósito del autor consiste en aproximarse, desde una perspectiva fenomenológica, a una comprensión de la experiencia poética tal como la entiende Paul Celan. El rasgo característico de este modo de experiencia es la búsqueda del encuentro con un “tú”, mediante un ejercicio peculiar de la atención. Ésta no consiste originariamente en una técnica de observación, sino en la sensibilidad de un “yo”, al cual concierne la sensibilidad de un “tú”, de donde nace una exigencia esencialmente ética. La atención al otro así concebida se vale de un lenguaje pleno de imágenes poéticas que, es importante subrayarlo, no desempeñan una función meramente metafórica, sino fenomenológica: situar frente a frente dos sensibilidades, dando así margen a la posibilidad de su encuentro o desencuentro. En el artículo se enfatiza la pertinencia de la fenomenología para interpretar la obra de Celan, que constituye, sin duda, uno de los momentos cumbre del diálogo entre poesía y filosofía.
La fenomenología como atavismo
Authors: Galán Iván
Published: March 2009

El artículo pretende mostrar la vigencia de la fenomenología como expresión de la libertad fenomenológica, como posibilidad siempre abierta de acceder al fenómeno en cuanto fenómeno puro, registro arquitectónico en el que, saltando por sobre los sistemas simbólicos instituidos, nos es permitido plantear en toda su radicalidad la pregunta por la existencia de un sentido siempre prematuro, no saturado y jamás clausurable.
Materiales para una investigación fenomenológica sobre el dinero
Authors: González Joan
Published: March 2009

En nuestra exposición pretendemos hacer una aportación a la fundamentación de una fenomenología del dinero. Se parte del hecho de la comprensión preteórica del dinero como un “ente para”, es decir, como un útil. En esta comprensión preteórica, el dinero es entendido siempre desde su teleología: el dinero es [algo que es] para comprar. Difícilmente se define el dinero desde la actitud preteórica como “algo para vender” o como “el resultado del esfuerzo de mi trabajo”. El ser del dinero deviene, desde su vivencia cotidiana, inseparable del acto de compra, remarcando la naturaleza profundamente proyectiva de su esencia. Para captar esta naturaleza proyectiva del dinero, será necesario llevar a cabo una fenomenología del acto de compra. “Comprar” es obtener algo con dinero. Pero, ¿cómo es la cosa adquirida? No es una cosa cualquiera: es una mercancía. En descripciones fenomenológicas sucesivas se intentará mostrar cómo la descripción de la espacialidad y la temporalidad de la mercancía es esencial para comprender aquello que el dinero lleva a cabo con la espacialidad y temporalidad del mundo circundante.
Estructura de la empatía: autoextrañamiento e intencionalidad instintiva
Authors: Petrillo Natalia
Published: March 2009

A diferencia de las otras presentificaciones, lo característico del acto de la empatía consiste en poner al yo extraño en el modo de un “copresente”. De este modo, el tratamiento de la estructura de la empatía está estrechamente ligado con la constitución tanto de la temporalidad propia como de la vida extraña. De allí que sea problemático determinar cómo es posible que, si cada sujeto tiene su propia temporalidad, no obstante surja un tiempo común.
La humildad de la fenomenología
Authors: Ruiz Fernández José
Published: March 2009

Con la mirada orientada al presente y al futuro en este ensayo se trata de pensar cuál sea la posible vigencia de la fenomenología. Se defiende que hay una efectiva necesidad práctica de la fenomenología que emana de la humildad que le es propia en tanto que quehacer racional particular.
La lectura como actividad ideológica: apropiación y enseñanza de la literatura (qué leer y para qué leer)
Authors: Escalera Cordero Matías
Published: March 2009

Leer es un acto ideológico, mucho más complejo de lo que los medios de comunicación y la Academia pretenden hacernos pensar; y los textos, resultado de múltiples “apropiaciones”. Ser conscientes de ambos hechos: de cuántas de esas decisiones que nos han llevado a leer lo que leemos, son –realmente– nuestras; y de cuál ha sido exactamente la secuencia de “apropiaciones” que ha articulado –finalmente– “aquello que leemos”, nos es capital, especialmente si deseamos ser protagonistas de la experiencia y del acto mismo de leer, y no nos resignamos a ser arrastrados, acaso adonde nunca querríamos llegar, o que, en el mejor de los casos, a que la experiencia de leer resulte irrelevante o frustrada. Leer por leer, mirar un cuadro por mirarlo o escuchar a Wagner por escucharlo, no sólo no nos hace mejores, sino que pueden incluso hacernos peores de lo que somos. Leer no tiene propiedades intrínsecamente maravillosas, es cómo leemos y por qué leemos lo que hace al acto de leer productivo o pernicioso.