bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Supported Copper Polyphthalocyanine for Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO
Authors: Karapinar Dilan , Zitolo Andrea , Huan Tran Ngoc , Zanna Sandrine , Taverna Dario , Galvão Tizei Luiz Henrique , Giaume Domitille , Marcus Philippe , Mougel Victor , Fontecave Marc
Published: October 2019

Electroreduction of CO2 to CO is one of the simplest ways to valorise CO2 as a source of carbon. Herein, a cheap, robust, Cu‐based hybrid catalyst consisting of a polymer of Cu phthalocyanine coated on carbon nanotubes, which proved to be selective for CO production (80 % faradaic yield) at relatively low overpotentials, was developed. Polymerisation of Cu phthalocyanine was shown to have a drastic effect on the selectivity of the reaction because molecular Cu phthalocyanine was instead selective for proton reduction under the same conditions. Although the material only showed isolated Cu sites in phthalocyanine‐like CuN4 coordination, in situ and operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy showed that, under operating conditions, the Cu atoms were fully converted to Cu nanoparticles, which were likely the catalytically active species. Interestingly, this restructuring of the metal sites was reversible.
An interdisciplinary approach to investigate collective cell migration in neural crest
Authors: Giniūnaitė Rasa , McLennan Rebecca , McKinney Mary C , Baker Ruth E , Kulesa Paul M , Maini Philip K
Published: October 2019

The neural crest serves as a powerful and tractable model paradigm for understanding collective cell migration. The neural crest cell populations are well‐known for their long‐distance collective migration and contribution to diverse cell lineages during vertebrate development. If neural crest cells fail to reach a target or populate an incorrect location, then improper cell differentiation or uncontrolled cell proliferation can result. A wide range of interdisciplinary studies has been carried out to understand the response of neural crest cells to different stimuli and their ability to migrate to distant targets. In this critical commentary, we illustrate how an interdisciplinary collaboration involving experimental and mathematical modeling has led to a deeper understanding of cranial neural crest cell migration. We identify open questions and propose possible ways to start answering some of the challenges arising.
A comprehensive approach to analyzing community dynamics using rank abundance curves
Authors: Avolio Meghan L. , Carroll Ian T. , Collins Scott L. , Houseman Gregory R. , Hallett Lauren M. , Isbell Forest , Koerner Sally E. , Komatsu Kimberly J. , Smith Melinda D. , Wilcox Kevin R.
Published: October 2019

Univariate and multivariate methods are commonly used to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecological communities, but each has limitations, including oversimplification or abstraction of communities. Rank abundance curves (RACs) potentially integrate these existing methodologies by detailing species‐level community changes. Here, we had three goals: first, to simplify analysis of community dynamics by developing a coordinated set of R functions, and second, to demystify the relationships among univariate, multivariate, and RACs measures, and examine how each is influenced by the community parameters as well as data collection methods. We developed new functions for studying temporal changes and spatial differences in RACs in an update to the R package library(“codyn”), alongside other new functions to calculate univariate and multivariate measures of community dynamics. We also developed a new approach to studying changes in the shape of RAC curves. The R package update presented here increases the accessibility of univariate and multivariate measures of community change over time and difference over space. Next, we use simulated and real data to assess the RAC and multivariate measures that are output from our new functions, studying (1) if they are influenced by species richness and evenness, temporal turnover, and spatial variability and (2) how the measures are related to each other. Lastly, we explore the use of the measures with an example from a long‐term nutrient addition experiment. We find that the RAC and multivariate measures are not sensitive to species richness and evenness and that all the measures detail unique aspects of temporal change or spatial differences. We also find that species reordering is the strongest correlate of a multivariate measure of compositional change and explains most community change observed in long‐term nutrient addition experiment. Overall, we show that species reordering is potentially an understudied determinant of community changes over time or differences between treatments. The functions developed here should enhance the use of RACs to further explore the dynamics of ecological communities.
Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 is crucial for interleukin‐7 receptor re‐expression after T‐cell activation and interleukin‐7 dependent proliferation
Authors: Güler Alptekin , Lopez Venegas Miguel , Adankwah Ernest , Mayatepek Ertan , Nausch Norman , Jacobsen Marc
Published: October 2019

SOCS3 is a crucial feedback inhibitor of several cytokine pathways with potential regulatory functions during T cell receptor activation. A role of SOCS3 in IL‐7‐dependent homeostatic mechanisms has been assumed but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of SOCS3 in IL‐7 receptor α‐chain (IL‐7Rα) expression and IL‐7 effects on activated human CD4+ T cells. SOCS3 expression modulation by lentiviral transduction combined with T cell phenotyping, receptor signalling analysis, and a novel competitive in vitro assay were applied. Time course analyses following T‐cell activation showed IL‐7Rα re‐expression after initial down‐regulation that was accompanied by increased SOCS3 expression starting on day 2. T cells with low SOCS3 expression (SOCS3kd) had decreased IL‐7Rα levels due to impaired re‐expression. SOCS3 mediated effects on IL‐7Rα were not affected by recombinant IL‐7 or blocking of IL‐2. We found no evidence for SOCS3 effects on IL7RA transcriptional regulation. Functionally, SOCS3kd T cells showed decreased IL‐7‐dependent proliferation as compared to vector control T cells under competitive in vitro conditions. This impaired IL‐7 response of SOCS3kd T cells was accompanied by decreased STAT5 phosphorylation late during IL‐7 signalling. We identified a novel SOCS3 function in IL‐7Rα regulation during T‐cell activation with crucial implications for IL‐7‐dependent mechanisms.
Surfactant‐Free Sol–Gel Synthesis Method for the Preparation of Mesoporous High Surface Area NiO–Al2O3 Nanopowder and Its Application in Catalytic CO2 Methanation
Authors: Moghaddam Shima Valinejad , Rezaei Mehran , Meshkani Fereshteh
Published: October 2019

A group of nickel‐based catalysts with different weight percentages of Ni are synthesized using a novel surfactant‐free sol–gel method, and the prepared catalysts are used in the methanation of carbon dioxide. The results indicate that the surfactant‐free sol–gel method is highly effective to prepare nickel‐based catalysts with high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) area in the range of 269.2–297.3 m2 g−1. The increment in nickel content from 15 to 30 wt% increases the size of the Ni crystals from 3.7 to 4.2 nm, weakens the interaction between nickel oxide and alumina, and improves the reducibility of the catalysts. The catalyst with 30 wt% Ni possesses the best catalytic performance in CO2 methanation reaction with 73.98% CO2 conversion and 99% CH4 selectivity at 350 °C. High catalytic stability is also observed for these catalysts.
Implications of genetic diagnostics in epilepsy surgery candidates: A single‐center cohort study
Authors: Sanders Maurits W. C. B. , Lemmens Cynthia M. C. , Jansen Floor E. , Brilstra Eva H. , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Braun Kees P. J. ,   the Dutch Collaborative Epilepsy Surgery Program (LWEC)
Published: October 2019

Objective

Genetic causes are increasingly identified in patients with focal epilepsy. These genetic causes may be related to the effectiveness of epilepsy surgery. We aimed to assess the use and yield of genetic testing in a large cohort of patients who were evaluated for epilepsy surgery.

Methods

We performed a retrospective single‐center consecutive cohort study of patients who were evaluated for surgery between 1990 and 2016. Within this cohort, we assessed the use of genetic testing—either before or after presurgical decision‐making. We evaluated genetic results as well as the outcome of presurgical decision‐making and surgery, and compared these end points for different subgroups—especially MRI‐positive vs MRI‐negative patients. Patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC) and KRIT1 mutations were excluded from analysis.

Results

Of the 2385 epilepsy patients who were evaluated for surgery, 1280 (54%) received surgical treatment in our center. Of the entire cohort, 325 (14%) underwent genetic testing, comprising 156 of 450 MRI‐negative patients (35%) vs 169 of 1935 MRI‐positive patients (9%). A genetic cause of epilepsy was found in 40 of the 325 patients (12%, 2% of the entire cohort), mainly consisting of mutations in ion channel function and synaptic transmission genes, and mTOR pathway gene mutations. Three of the seven patients with mTOR pathway gene mutations underwent surgery; two achieved complete seizure freedom. One of the 17 patients with germline mutations in ion channel function and synaptic transmission genes received resective surgery but was not rendered seizure‐free; two other patients underwent invasive intracranial EEG‐monitoring before being rejected.

Significance

This study shows that genetic testing is increasingly applied in focal epilepsy patients who are considered for epilepsy surgery. The diagnostic yield of genetic testing is highest in next generation sequencing techniques, and the outcome of genetic testing assists selecting eligible patients for invasive intracranial monitoring and resective surgery.
Der vergessene Mann
Authors: Gromoll Jörg , Schiffer Christian , Tüttelmann Frank
Published: October 2019

Die Ursachen für Unfruchtbarkeit und ungewollte Kinderlosigkeit von Paaren können bei Frau und Mann liegen. Doch die „reproduktive Gesundheit“ des männlichen Geschlechts wurde lange vernachlässigt. Nun setzt die Forschung auf einen Blickwechsel.
Challenges and Solutions to Managing the Electricity‐Gas Interface
Authors: Ericson Sean , Logan Jeffrey , Kaffine Daniel , Coburn Tim
Published: October 2019

Natural gas generators are now the largest producers of electricity in the United States and the largest single end‐use consumer of natural gas. Natural gas markets, first developed to meet commercial and residential heating demands during winter months, are now entwined with electricity markets, developed when natural gas provided a much lower fraction of total fuel supply for electricity markets. More coordination in both daily operations and long‐term planning is required to ensure the continued supply of reliable electricity and natural gas. The discussion throughout this article provides an overview of the evolution and current state of electricity and natural gas markets in the United States and summarizes the ways in which the two industries interact. The article discusses areas warranting greater coordination between the natural gas and electricity industries. We also discuss the current state of natural gas and electricity models and the need for integrated models that include dynamic simulations of pipeline operations, especially when large amounts of variable generation exist within the electrical system. Further, the article outlines current modeling work being conducted to better simulate operations and planning of both systems.
Underpressure characteristics and origins in the deep strata of rift basins: A case study of the Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Wang Qiaochu , Chen Dongxia , Wang Fuwei , Li Jinheng , Liao Wenhao , Wang Ziyi , Xie Guangjie , Shi Xuebin
Published: October 2019

Abnormal pressure is considered significant for the migration and accumulation of oil and gas. The purpose of this study is to present the lateral and vertical distribution of underpressure conditions in the Huimin Depression determined using the drill stem tests (DSTs) and the well log data. This paper also provides the origins of the underpressure both qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as the effects of the underpressure on the distribution of hydrocarbons. The results show two vertical underpressure units at depths of 1,500–2,500 m and 3,000–4,000 m with a pressure coefficient of 0.8–0.95. Laterally, the underpressure is mainly distributed in the Northern Tectonic Uplift Belt (NTUB) and Southern Slope Belt (SSB). The rock dilation and temperature reduction caused the pressure reductions of 3–4 and 1–3 MPa, respectively. The diffusion of natural gas plays a limited role on the underpressure. An analysis of the lateral seals of faults indicates that the underpressured regions developed in areas with faults with shale gouge ratio (SGR) values larger than 0.6. We propose that the widely distributed underpressure in the Huimin Depression is related to rock dilation, temperature reduction, and fault sealing. An analysis of hydrocarbon migration and reservoirs showed the pumping effect provided by the deficient pressure could make underpressured regions the primary targets for hydrocarbon accumulation, and in the Huimin Depression, underpressure might be more important than overpressure.
Reliability of wavefront shaping based on coherent optical adaptive technique in deep tissue focusing
Authors: Hu Lejia , Hu Shuwen , Li Younong , Gong Wei , Si Ke
Published: October 2019

Wavefront shaping can compensate the wavefront distortions in deep tissue focusing, leading to an improved penetration depth. However, when using the backscattered signals as the feedback, unexpected compensation bias may be introduced, resulting in focusing position deviations or even no focus in the illumination focal plane. Here we investigated the reliability of wavefront shaping based on coherent optical adaptive technique in deep tissue focusing by measuring the position deviations between the foci in the illumination focal plane and the epi‐detection plane. The experimental results show that when the penetration depth reaches 150 μm in mouse brain tissue (with scattering coefficient ~22.42 mm−1) using a 488 nm laser and an objective lens with 0.75 numerical aperture, the center of the real focus will deviate out of one radius range of the Airy disk while the optimized focus in the epi‐detection plane maintained basically at the center. With the penetration depth increases, the peak to background ratio of the focus in the illumination focal plane decreases faster than that in the epi‐detection plane. The results indicate that when the penetration depth reaches 150 μm, feedback based on backscattered signals will make wavefront shaping lose its reliability, which may provide a guidance for applications of non‐invasive precise optogenetics or deep tissue optical stimulation using wavefront shaping methods. A, Intensity distribution in the epi‐detection plane and the illumination focal plane before and after correction, corresponding to brain sections with 250 and 300 μm thickness, respectively. Scale bar is 2 μm. B, Averaged focusing deviations in the epi‐detection plane (optimized) and the illumination focal plane (monitored) after compensation. The unit of the ordinate is one Airy disk diameter. Black dashed line represents one Airy disk radius. Bars represent the SE of each measurement set.
Reflective Self‐Control in Self‐Control Scholarship: A Peircean Analysis
Authors: Lamberton Cait
Published: October 2019

Vosgerau, Scopelliti, and Huh (this issue) present an important critique of much self‐control research, highlighting some of the ways that our customary operationalizations and methods may have created more confusion than clarity. Their insights, rooted in past literature and new data, offer recommendations that will undoubtedly help us improve our research in consumption self‐control. In this commentary, I frame their work using the thought of Charles Sanders Peirce, a philosopher, mathematician, and logician whose frustration with the management of the self‐control construct and subsequent revision parallels Vosgerau et al's in many ways. Further, his thought proposes that their thought traces the boundary of another type of self‐control problem, which I'll refer to as “reflective self‐control.” Taking together consumption self‐control and reflective self‐control, we're able to address a wide range of human experiences and connect self‐control to ethics, consistent with a long tradition bridging the two. Perhaps most importantly, though, a Peircean analysis suggests that Vosgerau et al's paper—whether we agree or disagree with its conclusions—exemplifies the kind of scholarly self‐control we need to display to make scientific progress, regardless of our specific domain of study.
The Importance of Construct Validity in Consumer Research
Authors: Mochon Daniel , Schwartz Janet
Published: October 2019

Vosgerau, Scopelliti, and Huh (2020) question the construct validity of the most commonly used measures of self‐control and argue that many studies that claim to be examining self‐control may in fact be examining something else. In this comment, we generalize this argument and propose that this criticism could be leveraged against many other areas of consumer research. Indeed, many studies fail to properly establish the construct validity of their measures. Consequently, they may not be examining the construct they purport to be studying, which can lead to unreliable and conflicting findings.
Preparation and oil–water separation of 3D kapok fiber‐reduced graphene oxide aerogel
Authors: Luo Zirong , Li Dandan , Tan Shaozao , Huang Langhuan
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Oil spills from oil tankers and ships or industrial accidents have serious impacts on the ecological environment. There is an urgent need for finding effective ways to resolve these problems. The use of low‐cost and efficient adsorbents is considered to be one of the most effective ways.

RESULTS

In this study, an ultra‐light 3D kapok fiber‐reduced graphene oxide (TKF‐rGO) aerogel was prepared by a simple and green one‐step hydrothermal method. The kapok fiber used as skeleton was embedded in a graphene network to successfully form a 3D aerogel structure. The as‐prepared TKF‐rGO aerogel featured low density, excellent mechanical strength, high thermal stability, and high hydrophobic lipophilicity. Furthermore, continuous oil–water separation could be achieved by the aerogel when connected to a vacuum system. The adsorption capacity of TKF‐rGO aerogel for various common oil products and organic solvents was 1.5‐fold greater than that of pure rGO aerogel and six‐fold greater than that of polypropylene melt spray, respectively. In addition, the initial adsorption capacity of the as‐prepared TKF‐rGO aerogel was maintained at 94% after eight cycles.

CONCLUSION

The TKF‐rGO aerogel could be synthesized by a low‐cost and green method, which was suitable for commercial production, and showed competitive adsorption capacities for oil removal. Thus, the TKF‐rGO aerogel is expected to be employed as a promising adsorbent in the removal of oil spill or hazardous organic solvents from water. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvent Effect on the Relative Quantum Yield and Preferential Solvation of Biologically Active Coumarin Derivative
Authors: Koppal Varsha V. , Patil P. G. , Melavanki Raveendra , Kusanur Raviraj , Patil N. R.
Published: October 2019

This paper aims at studying the relative quantum yield and preferential solvation of biologically active coumarin derivative ethyl 8‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylate (8EMOHCC) in different solvents and solvent mixture acetonitrile and dioxane (ACN + DXN). It is observed that the quantum yield of the title molecule increases with decrease in the solvent polarity that may be due to bathochromic effect and intermolecular charge transfer. Further, the ground state preferential solvation index (i.e., δs2) showed negative values in different binary solvent mixtures.
Analysis of Pure Collisional Quenching of 2‐Isopropylphenyl Boronic Acid Using Linear S–V Plots
Authors: Patil Sanmati S. , Sharma Kalpana , Melavanki Raveendra , Muttannavar Venktesh T. , Patil N. R.
Published: October 2019

The steady state studies of fluorescence quenching of excitation energy of heterocyclic compound namely 2‐isopropylphenyl boronic acid (2IPBA) by aniline quencher was carried out in 1,4‐dioxane (DX), toluene (TL), methanol (ML), heptane (HP), nonane (NN), butanol (BL), and propanol (PL) solvents with a view to understand the role of diffusion in the quenching mechanism. The quenching process is studied in the selected solvents using steady state method by linear S‐V plots.
Study of Rayleigh to Compton Scattering Ratio and Effective Atomic Number as a Function of Photon Energy and Scattering Angle
Authors: Manjunath A. , Mahalesh D. , Biradar Balaji , Kerur B. R. , Pushpanjali G. M.
Published: October 2019

For photon energies below 1 MeV the predominant phenomenon involved is photoelectric absorption, coherent scattering (Rayleigh), and incoherent scattering (Compton). Biological samples with small thickness attenuate the transmitted beam very little and the application of transmission technique is not possible, when atomic number variations are more significant. Indeed, the Rayleigh to Compton scattering ratio enables the material to be characterized only by its atomic number, independent of the material density or of the attenuation inside the tested object. Hence, evaluation of the parameter “effective atomic number” is still necessary to characterize the measurement sensibility and to establish a correlation with the estimated Rayleigh to Compton scattering ratio.
Omics‐based Identification of Glycan Structures as Biomarkers for a Variety of Diseases
Authors: Akiyoshi Sayaka , Iwata Michio , Berenger Francois , Yamanishi Yoshihiro
Published: October 2019

Glycans play important roles in cell communication, protein interaction, and immunity, and structural changes in glycans are associated with the regulation of a range of biological pathways involved in disease. However, our understanding of the detailed relationships between specific diseases and glycans is very limited. In this study, we proposed an omics‐based method to investigate the correlations between glycans and a wide range of human diseases. We analyzed the gene expression patterns of glycogenes (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) for 79 different diseases. A biological pathway‐based glycogene signature was constructed to identify the alteration in glycan biosynthesis and the associated glycan structures for each disease state. The degradation of N‐glycan and keratan sulfate, for example, may promote the growth or metastasis of multiple types of cancer, including endometrial, gastric, and nasopharyngeal. Our results also revealed that commonalities between diseases can be interpreted using glycogene expression patterns, as well as the associated glycan structure patterns at the level of the affected pathway. The proposed method is expected to be useful for understanding the relationships between glycans, glycogenes, and disease and identifying disease‐specific glycan biomarkers.
Cohomology theory for biological time series
Authors: Pinčák Richard , Kanjamapornkul Kabin , Bartoš Erik
Published: October 2019

We use Khovanov cohomology in biological time series data to model the curvature in the docking system of the co‐receptor CCR5 with Δ32 and V3 loop time series data. We use modified Dirac operator to measure the transition state in the gene expression. We provide the proof of the existence of genetic code as knot and link between the interaction of behavior field in the genetic code. We define 20 transition states in 20 types of amino acids as new types of Yang‐Mills field in the passive layer of DNA‐RNA transcription.
Naringenin Exerts Cardiovascular Protective Effect in a Palmitate‐Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Injury Model via Autophagy Flux Improvement
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Yang Hongyan , Liu Fen , Luo Junyi , Zhao Qian , Li Xiaomei , Yang Yining
Published: October 2019

Scope

Palmitic acid (PA) contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease by promoting endothelial dysfunction, while naringenin, most abundant in oranges, has been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on the human cardiovascular system. This study explores whether naringenin prevents PA‐induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods and Results

Treatment of PA for at least 24 h causes observable decrease in levels of cell viability, oxidative stress, disorder of autophagy flux, and apoptosis in HUVECs. Naringenin enhances the viability of the PA‐treated HUVECs and, additionally, effectively decreases oxidative stress by scavenging ROS, and increasing the SOD2 level and GPx activity. Autophagy flux is protected by naringenin, as evidenced by the decreases in the ratio of LC3B‐II/I, expression level of p62 and number of autophagosomes, and the increase in the number of autolysosomes in the PA‐induced HUVECs. These effects are confirmed by the oxidative stress inhibitor N‐acetyl‐cysteine and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. The molecular data indicate that the protective effects of naringenin on autophagy flux may also be regulated via the JNK pathway, as verified via the application of JNK inhibitor SP600125.

Conclusion

These findings provide a possible mechanism by which naringenin prevents endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
A compact and high‐selectivity tri‐band bandpass filter based on symmetrical stub‐loaded square ring resonator
Authors: Liu Liang , Liang Xianling , Jin Ronghong , Bai Xudong , Fan Haijun , Geng Junping
Published: October 2019

A compact tri‐band bandpass filter is presented in this article, whose three passbands are realized by the lowest three resonant modes of a new structure of symmetrical stub‐loaded square ring resonator. The filter features a compact size of 0.049
λ
g2 (
λ
g is the guided wavelength) as well as a high selectivity with nine transmission zeros. In addition, by using the odd‐ and even‐mode analysis, its center frequencies can be easily tuned to the desired frequencies by the identical‐number parameters, namely, the lengths of short‐, open‐, and square ring‐stubs. To validate the proposed design, a tri‐band bandpass filter with center frequencies of 2.4, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz was designed, simulated, and measured. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results.
Feasibility of two‐dimensional dose distribution deconvolution using convolution neural networks
Authors: Cheon Wonjoong , Kim Sung Jin , Kim Kyuseok , Lee Moonhee , Lee Jinhyeop , Jo Kwanghyun , Cho Sungkoo , Cho Hyosung , Han Youngyih
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of two‐dimensional (2D) dose distribution deconvolution using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) instead of an analytical approach for an in‐house scintillation detector that has a detector‐interface artifact in the penumbra region.

Methods

Datasets of 2D dose distributions were acquired from a medical linear accelerator of Novalis Tx. The datasets comprise two different sizes of square radiation fields and 13 clinical intensity‐modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) plans. These datasets were divided into two datasets (training and test) to train and validate the developed network, called PenumbraNet, which is a shallow linear CNN. The PenumbraNet was trained to transform the measured dose distribution [M(x, y)] to calculated distribution [D(x, y)] by the treatment planning system. After training of the PenumbraNet was completed, the performance was evaluated using test data, which were 10 × 10 cm2 open field and ten clinical IMRT cases. The corrected dose distribution [C(x, y)] was evaluated against D(x, y) with 2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm criteria of the gamma index for each field. The M(x, y) and deconvolved dose distribution with the analytically obtained kernel using Wiener filtering [A(x, y)] were also evaluated for comparison. In addition, we compared the performance of the shallow depth of linear PenumbraNet with that of nonlinear PenumbraNet and a deep nonlinear PenumbraNet within the same training epoch.

Results

The mean gamma passing rates were 84.77% and 95.81% with 3%/3 mm gamma criteria for A(x, y) and C(x, y) of the PenumbraNet, respectively. The mean gamma pass rates of nonlinear PenumbraNet and the deep depth of nonlinear PenumbraNet were 96.62%, 93.42% with 3%/3 mm gamma criteria, respectively.

Conclusions

We demonstrated the feasibility of the PenumbraNets for 2D dose distribution deconvolution. The nonlinear PenumbraNet which has the best performance improved the gamma passing rate by 11.85% from the M(x, y) at 3%/3 mm gamma criteria.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in a fast pulse line ion accelerator
Authors: Behbahani Reza A. , Diot Quentin , Kavanagh Brian , Serkova Natalie J. , Miften Moyed , Westerly David C.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The pulse line ion accelerator (PLIA) is a low‐cost accelerator concept originally designed to accelerate heavy ions. Our group has been investigating the use of PLIA to accelerate light ions and believe a multi‐stage PLIA could be useful for short half‐life PET isotope production. The goal of this work was to develop a single prototype fast PLIA structure and demonstrate electromagnetic wave propagation using a high‐voltage pulser.

Materials and methods

A 1.6 m fast PLIA structure (wave speed > 107 m/s) was constructed along with a high‐voltage, sinusoidal pulse generator. The latter uses capacitive voltage doubling and spark gap switching. A step‐up transformer couples voltage from the pulser to the PLIA coil. Voltage measurements on the coil were made in air using a high‐voltage resistive probe, while capacitive probes placed along the length of the PLIA were used to measure wave propagation with the PLIA structure filled with transformer oil.

Results

Voltage measurements acquired on the primary and secondary coils of the transformer coupler in air demonstrated a peak‐to‐peak voltage step‐up of 4.2 relative to the pulser DC charging voltage. The maximum voltage time‐rate‐of‐change on the PLIA coil was 0.76 × 1013 V/s. Capacitive probe measurements indicated voltage oscillations on the PLIA coil with half‐period equal to 43 ± 0.9 ns and wave speed (with oil) of 1.2 × 107 m/s. Average and peak accelerating gradients were conservatively estimated to be 0.44 and 0.60 MV/m, respectively, with a charging voltage of 55 kV. Wave propagation was demonstrated at these gradients without flashover at a vacuum pressure of 9 × 10−6 Torr. Submerging the pulser in oil would allow for charging voltages up to 150 kV and produce accelerating gradients >1.2 MV/m.

Conclusions

Use of a multi‐stage, fast PLIA for light ion acceleration could provide a low‐cost complement to cyclotrons for the production of short half‐life isotopes used for PET imaging, including carbon‐11, nitrogen‐13, oxygen‐15, and fluorine‐18.
Influence of initiator on the curing of unsaturated polyester resin at 100 °C
Authors: Delaite Christelle , Bistac Sophie , Dreyer Elodie , Schuller Anne‐Sophie
Published: October 2019

Sheet molding compound (SMC) parts are fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) composites molded at 140–170 °C under a pressure of 60–100 bar. For economic and ecological reasons, the aim of this research project is to develop new SMC formulations to modify the molding conditions. For this, SMC formulations were modified and optimized to decrease the molding temperature to 100 °C. The strategy was to change the catalytic system (peroxides) in order to obtain highly reactive formulations at 100 °C. First, the temperatures of initiation of the reaction were determined by rheological and DSC measurements for each peroxide. Second, the UP resin crosslinking kinetics were measured for the various peroxides during an isothermal curing at 100 °C. The results obtained with the three experimental methods are compared and discussed. Finally, the laboratory analyses were validated by SMC molding trials. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
In Situ Generation of Fullerene from a Poly(fullerene)
Authors: Silva Hugo Santos , Ramanitra Hasina H. , Bregadiolli Bruna A. , Tournebize Aurélien , Bégué Didier , Dowland Simon A. , Lartigau‐Dagron Christine , Graeff Carlos F. O. , Distler Andreas , Peisert Heiko , Chassé Thomas , Hiorns Roger C.
Published: October 2019

This article appraises the thermal, photo‐ and photo‐oxidative stability of poly(fullerene)‐alt‐[bismethylbenzene)]s (PFBMBs) prepared by the atom transfer radical addition polymerization (ATRAP) with particular attention paid to their use as additives in organic photovoltaic devices. PFBMBs are of interest due to their well‐defined structures based on alternating, main‐chain, fullerene‐methylene links. This work shows by way of a wide range of characterization techniques and a small library of PFBMBs with varying side chains, however, that PFBMBs are relatively unstable. Given that prior work has shown that other main‐chain fullerene polymers, such as poly(pyrrolidinofullerene)s, are inherently stable, we suggest a degradation mechanism specific to the fullerene‐methylene links of PFBMBs, which explains their unusual behavior. This work suggests that polymers based on fullerene each have their own specific stabilities and qualities and that PFBMBs might be of more use in purposes other than OPVs where in situ delivery of fullerene is required, for example, in medical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1434–1452
Integration of remote‐weed mapping and an autonomous spraying unmanned aerial vehicle for site‐specific weed management
Authors: Hunter Joseph E , Gannon Travis W , Richardson Robert J , Yelverton Fred H , Leon Ramon G
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used in agriculture to collect imagery for crop and pest monitoring, and for decision‐making purposes. Spraying‐capable UAVs are now commercially available worldwide for agricultural applications. Combining UAV weed mapping and UAV sprayers into an UAV integrated system (UAV‐IS) can offer a new alternative to implement site‐specific pest management.

RESULTS

The UAV‐IS was 0.3‐ to 3‐fold more efficient at identifying and treating target weedy areas, while minimizing treatment on non‐weedy areas, than ground‐based broadcast applications. The UAV‐IS treated 20–60% less area than ground‐based broadcast applications, but also missed up to 26% of the target weedy area, while broadcast applications covered almost the entire experimental area and only missed 2–3% of the target weeds. The efficiency of UAV‐IS management practices increased as weed spatial aggregation increased (patchiness).

CONCLUSION

Integrating UAV imagery for pest mapping and UAV sprayers can provide a new strategy for integrated pest management programs to improve efficiency and efficacy while reducing the amount of pesticide being applied. The UAV‐IS has the potential to improve the detection and control of weed escapes to reduce/delay herbicide resistance evolution. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The Role of Pedagogical Mentoring in Virtual Exchange
Authors: O'Dowd Robert , Sauro Shannon , Spector‐Cohen Elana
Published: October 2019

Virtual exchange, or telecollaboration, is a well‐known pedagogical approach in foreign language education that involves engaging classes in online intercultural collaboration projects with international partners as an integrated part of their educational programmes. This article focuses on the role of the teacher as pedagogical mentor in virtual exchange and examines the impact of the strategies and techniques that teachers use in their classes to support students’ learning during their online intercultural projects. The article begins with a proposed categorization of pedagogical mentoring reported in the literature to date. It then reports on the outcomes of a virtual exchange project carried out by three classes of initial English teacher education in Israel, Spain, and Sweden that involved two types of pedagogical mentoring. Qualitative content analysis enabled the identification of the impact of mentoring that took place before the exchange and also revealed insights into what students learned when their own online interactions were integrated into class work. The article concludes by discussing the limitations and challenges of different types of pedagogical mentoring in virtual exchange and by outlining a list of recommendations for carrying out pedagogical mentoring in such projects.
The mouse fetal‐placental arterial connection: A paradigm involving the primitive streak and visceral endoderm with implications for human development
Authors: Downs Karen M. , Rodriguez Adriana M.
Published: October 2019

In Placentalia, the fetus depends upon an organized vascular connection with its mother for survival and development. Yet, this connection was, until recently, obscure. Here, we summarize how two unrelated tissues, the primitive streak, or body axis, and extraembryonic visceral endoderm collaborate to create and organize the fetal‐placental arterial connection in the mouse gastrula. The primitive streak reaches into the extraembryonic space, where it marks the site of arterial union and creates a progenitor cell pool. Through contact with the streak, associated visceral endoderm undergoes an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, contributing extraembryonic mesoderm to the placental arterial vasculature, and to the allantois, or pre‐umbilical tissue. In addition, visceral endoderm bifurcates into the allantois where, with the primitive streak, it organizes the nascent umbilical artery and promotes allantoic elongation to the chorion, the site of fetal‐maternal exchange. Brachyury mediates streak extension and vascular patterning, while Hedgehog is involved in visceral endoderm's conversion to mesoderm. A unique CASPASE‐3‐positive cell separates streak‐ and non‐streak‐associated domains in visceral endoderm. Based on these new insights at the posterior embryonic‐extraembryonic interface, we conclude by asking whether so‐called primordial germ cells are truly antecedents to the germ line that segregate within the allantois, or whether they are placental progenitor cells. Incorporating these new working hypotheses into mutational analyses in which the placentae are affected will aid understanding a spectrum of disorders, including orphan diseases, which often include abnormalities of the umbilical cord, yolk sac, and hindgut, whose developmental relationship to each other has, until now, been poorly understood.

This article is categorized under:

Birth Defects > Associated with Preimplantation and Gastrulation

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation
Transverse momentum dependent distributions in e+e− and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering using jets
Authors: Gutierrez-Reyes Daniel , Scimemi Ignazio , Waalewijn Wouter J. , Zoppi Lorenzo
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The extraction of transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs) in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) is complicated by the presence of both initial- and final-state nonperturbative physics. We recently proposed measuring jets (in- stead of hadrons) as a solution, showing that for the Winner-Take-All jet axis the same factorization formulae valid for hadrons applied to jets of arbitrary size. This amounts to simply replacing TMD fragmentation functions by our TMD jet functions. In this paper we present the calculation of these jet functions at one loop. We obtain phenomenological results for e
+
e

−

→ dijet (Belle II, LEP) and SIDIS (HERA, EIC) with a jet, building on the arTeMiDe code. Surprisingly, we find that the limit of large jet radius describes the full R results extremely well, and we extract the two-loop jet function in this limit using Event2, allowing us to achieve N3LL accuracy. We demonstrate the perturbative convergence of our predictions and explore the kinematic dependence of the cross section. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity to nonperturbative physics, demonstrating that jets are a promising probe of proton structure.
Adolescent Females with Limited Delinquency: A Follow-Up on Educational Attainment and Recidivism
Authors: Azad Azade , Ginner Hau Hanna
Published: October 2019

Background

Research has established a strong relationship between education and later life outcomes, where the connection between different school problems and delinquency have been widely acknowledged. These studies have often sampled male juvenile offenders exhibiting extensive and/or persistent delinquency. Less is known about the educational attainment of female juvenile offenders, especially those who display limited delinquency. In a previous study (Azad and Ginner Hau in Child Youth Serv Rev 95:384–396, 2018), the characteristics of this particular group of offenders were explored where the results showed limited self-reported delinquency but elevated school problems.

Objective

The present aim was to conduct a follow-up study of the same sample of female adolescents, in order to study their educational attainment during adolescence and the rate of recidivism within 24 months after being sentenced through registry data.

Method

The sample consisted of adolescent females (N = 144) who were convicted of a crime and sentenced to youth service between 2007 and 2012 in Stockholm, Sweden.

Results

The results showed that the majority of the females did not reoffend within 2 years after being sentenced. They did, however, display high educational deficits. Their grade point average at the end of both compulsory education and upper secondary school was much lower than that of young females in general, and the majority had either dropped out, never begun or received zero in all subjects at the end of upper secondary school.

Conclusions

The low school results indicate a need to support young delinquent females’ educational attainment in order to improve their overall life chances.
The effects of fall fertilization on the growth of Chinese pine and Prince Rupprecht’s larch seedlings
Authors: Zhu Yan , Li Shan , Wang Caiyun , Dumroese R. Kasten , Li Guolei , Li Qingmei
Published: October 2019

Nutrient loading in the fall is a practical way to improve seedling quality and has been proven to increase nutrient accumulation, translocation and utilization. Few studies have reported on the variation in free amino acids as a result of fall fertilization, especially for different seasonal needle habits (evergreen, deciduous). Therefore, a balanced two-factor factorial design with one fall fertilization treatment (10 mg N/seedling) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.) and Prince Rupprecht’s larch (Larix principis-rupprechtiiMayr.) seedlings was used to examine growth response over one nursery season. Associated changes between fall fertilization, N storage and free amino acids were analyzed. Results showed that: (1) stem height, diameter and biomass for both species were similar between controls and fall fertilization treatments; (2) compared to controls, fall fertilization increased Chinese pine needle and root N by 17.7% and 36.9%, respectively. For Prince Rupprecht’s larch, fall fertilization resulted in 26.3% and 34.54% more N in stem and roots, respectively, than controls; (3) the three main amino acids in control and fertilization treatments in Prince Rupprecht’s larch seedlings were glutamine, arginine and proline, and in Chinese pine seedlings were glutamine, arginine and γ-amino butyric acid; (4) total amino acid contents were not significantly increased by fall fertilization, but glutamine in Chinese pine and Prince Rupprecht’s larch increased by 64.2% and 35.2%, respectively. Aboveground biomass of Prince Rupprecht’s larch had higher proline contents than Chinese pine, which suggests that the stress resistance of the aboveground tissue may be higher for Prince Rupprecht’s larch. The results indicate that different plant organs with various response are well adapted to nitrogen loading for nutrient storage in evergreen and deciduous conifer seedlings.
Deirdre’s Smile: Names, Faces, and ‘the Simple Actuality’ of Another
Authors: Cockburn David
Published: October 2019

The paper explores what it could mean to speak of love as involving a delight in ‘the simple actuality’ of another, or, as Buber does, of the ‘touchable’ human being as ‘unique and devoid of qualities’. Developing strands in Merleau-Ponty’s treatment of perception, it is argued that the relation between recognising this as a particular individual and recognising particular qualities in her may be close to the reverse of what might be supposed: a recognition of this distinctive smile being dependent on a recognition of who this is. The fundamental place of particulars, as opposed to kinds (transferable properties), in our thought about those we know and care for is developed in part through a phenomenological treatment of our perception of faces. That treatment is set in a context of the justification of our judgements about who someone is, and is linked with a critique of treatments of proper names of individuals in the spirit of Frege. It is in our speaking to (rather than ‘about’) those we know (rather than ‘know about’) that we find a relation to a particular that is direct—not mediated by a description of its properties—that Russell sought in ‘knowledge by acquaintance’.
Ego-zones: non-symmetric dependencies reveal network groups with large and dense overlaps
Authors: Kudelka Milos , Ochodkova Eliska , Zehnalova Sarka , Plesnik Jakub
Published: October 2019

The existence of groups of nodes with common characteristics and the relationships between these groups are important factors influencing the structures of social, technological, biological, and other networks. Uncovering such groups and the relationships between them is, therefore, necessary for understanding these structures. Groups can either be found by detection algorithms based solely on structural analysis or identified on the basis of more in-depth knowledge of the processes taking place in networks. In the first case, these are mainly algorithms detecting non-overlapping communities or communities with small overlaps. The latter case is about identifying ground-truth communities, also on the basis of characteristics other than only network structure. Recent research into ground-truth communities shows that in real-world networks, there are nested communities or communities with large and dense overlaps which we are not yet able to detect satisfactorily only on the basis of structural network properties.In our approach, we present a new perspective on the problem of group detection using only the structural properties of networks. Its main contribution is pointing out the existence of large and dense overlaps of detected groups. We use the non-symmetric structural similarity between pairs of nodes, which we refer to as dependency, to detect groups that we call zones. Unlike other approaches, we are able, thanks to non-symmetry, accurately to describe the prominent nodes in the zones which are responsible for large zone overlaps and the reasons why overlaps occur. The individual zones that are detected provide new information associated in particular with the non-symmetric relationships within the group and the roles that individual nodes play in the zone. From the perspective of global network structure, because of the non-symmetric node-to-node relationships, we explore new properties of real-world networks that describe the differences between various types of networks.