bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MANURE AYAM PETELUR TERFERMENTASI DALAM PAKAN YANG DITAMBAH ORGANIC DEODORANT TERHADAP PERFORMA ITIK JANTAN UMUR 7-12 MINGGU
Authors: (Djuriono) Djuriono
Published: April 2016

The research was conducted to analyze the effect of organic deodorant supplemented fermented laying hens manure feeding on the performance of 7-12 weeks male ducks. One hundred 7 weeks old male ducks were used to study the effetct MODF supplementation on performance of male ducks. The ducks were divided into five groups with four replications consisting of five birds each. The treatment were PO = commercial feed without MODF supplementation (control), P15= commercial feed + 15% MODF, P30= commercial feed + 30% MODF, P45= commercial feed + 45% MODF, P60= commercial feed + 60% MODF. Data were analyzed with One-Way Classification of Completely Randomized Design and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for significant results. Results showed that supplementation of fermented MOD gave negative effect (P<0.05) on male ducks performance. The highest consumption was in P0 (5203.50 g), followed by P45% (5130.00 g), P30% (5002.75 g), P15% (4967.75 g), P0% (4856.75 g). The highest weight gain showed in P0 (649.80 g), followed by P15 (622.10 g), P30 (579.45 g), P45 (497.50 g), P60 (409.60 g). The higest feed convertion was in P60 (12.71), followed by P45 (10.31), P30 (8.64), P15 (7.99), P0 (7.48). It could be concluded that it is useless to supplement commercial diet of with MODF even though supplementation of 30% income over feed cost (IOFC) showed better IOFC of 7-12 weeks male ducks.

(Key words: Fermentated organic deodorant, Laying hens manure, Males ducks, Performance)
PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN KALIANDRA (Calliandra calothyrsus) SEBAGAI HIJAUAN PAKAN PADA UMUR PEMOTONGAN YANG BERBEDA
Authors: (Abqoriyah) Abqoriyah , Utomo Ristanto , Suwignyo Bambang
Published: April 2016

This research aimed to determine the production and nutrient content of calliandra (Caliandra calothyrsus) as a forage for ruminant in the different defoliation time. This research was conducted for 48 weeks (June 2012–June 2013) at Kaligesing forage feed area, Animal Science Department, Purworejo, Central Java. Design of the research was Completely Randomized Block Design. Soil slope was used as block. The research treatments were 6 (P1), 8 (P2), 12 (P3) and 16 (P4) weeks of cutting age. The grass of all treatment groups were cut together at the same day prior to experiment. Caliandra calothyrsus was cut at edible portion. Parameters measured were fresh forage, dry matter, organic matter and crude protein production and also nutrient content namely dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, extract ether, crude fiber, BETN and TDN. The result showed that the highest dry matter content was found in P3 (31.25%) and was different from P1 (26.51%) and P4 (28.12%). The highest crude protein content was found in P2 (21.10%) and was not different with P1 (21.09%) and P3 (19.20%), and the lowest crude protein was found inP4 (18.04%). The highest extract ether was at P3 (2.84%) and different from P1 (1.51%). The highest crude fiber was at P4 (22.56%) different with P1 (15.80%) and P2 (18.46%). Organic matter, BETN and TDN were not different among the different defoliation time. The highest fresh forage, dry matter, organic matter and crude protein production were at P4 and different (P<0.05) from P1, P2 and P3. The lowest dry matter was at P2. It is concluded that the best quality of grass was found in P3 group and the highest harvesting quantity was found in P4 group.

(Key words: Calliandra calothyrsus, Cutting age, Nutrient content, Production)
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KARAGINAN DENGAN LEVEL YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP KOMPOSISI KIMIA, KUALITAS FISIK, SENSORIS DAN MIKROSTRUKTUR SOSIS AYAM
Authors: Ismanto Arif , Sumarna Deny
Published: April 2016

Various microfloras residing in the human colon are significantly affected by dietary fiber. Shortage of dietary fiber in the human daily consumption contributes to gastrointestinal metabolic and cardiovascular disease. One source of dietary fiber is a type of various seaweeds. This research was conducted to determine the effect of carrageenan addition on restructured meat products quality (chemical, physical, sensory and microstructure). There were four treatments in this experiment, (1) chicken sausages without carrageenan addition, (2) chicken sausage with 3% carrageenan addition , (3) chicken sausage with 6% carrageenan addition, and (4) chicken sausage with 9% carrageenan addition. The parameters observed were chemical composition (collagen, fat, water, protein), physical quality (pH, tenderness, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss), sensory properties (colour, textures, taste, flavor, acceptability) and microstructure. Chemical composition and physical qualities data were analyzed using Anova. The differences between means were analyzed using Least Significant Different (LSD). Sensory properties data were tested using Method of Successive Interval (MSI). The results showed that the addition of carrageenan at different levels significantly (P<0,05) affected water content and pH value. The addition of carrageenan at different levels also affected taste of chicken sausages. The addition of carrageenan at different levels had no effect on color, aroma, texture, tenderness, and acceptability. Microstructure analysis showed that addition of carragenan lead to the appearence of gel network.

(Key words: Carrageenan, Chicken sausages, Chemical composition, Physical quality, Sensory quality, Miacrostructure)
KUALITAS SOSIS DAGING SAPI YANG DIFORTIFIKASI DENGAN MINYAK IKAN KOD DAN MINYAK JAGUNG DAN DIPROSES MENGGUNAKAN METODE PEMASAKAN YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Sujarwanta Rio Olympias
Published: April 2016

This study was conducted to find out quality of beef sausages fortified with cod and corn oil and processed with different cooking methods. The sausages were made of beef, cod oil, corn oil, tapioca flour, skimmed milk, salt, pepper, garlic, angkak, and ice, with the ratio of cod oil and corn oil of 2.9 : 7.1; 2.4 : 7.6; and 1.9 : 8.1. All sausages ingredients were mixed and then filled in the casing. The raw sausages were cooked using steaming and vacuum steaming for 30 minutes. The sausages were then analyzed for chemical composition (moisture, protein, and fat contents), physical quality (pH, water holding capacity, and tenderness), and fatty acids profile (omega 3 and omega 6 ratio). The data of chemical composition and physical quality were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (factorial pattern = 3 factors of oil ratio x 2 factors of cooking method) and the differences between means were tested by Duncan’s new Multiple Ranges Test. The data of fatty acids profile were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the different ratio of cod and corn oils affected the moisture content, protein content, pH, and water holding capacity of sausages (P<0.05). Vacuum steaming increased significantly the moisture content, protein content, fat content, pH, and water holding capacity of sausages (P<0.05). The sausages cooked with vacuum steaming contained higher omega 3 and omega 6 than that of steaming sausages. There were interactions between oil ratio and cooking methods on the moisture content, protein content, pH, and tenderness of sausages (P<0.05). In conclusion, fortification of sausages with cod and corn oil at 2.4 : 7.6 ratio and cooked with vacuum steaming resulting the best quality of sausages.

(Key words: Chemical composition, Cod oil, Corn oil, Physical quality, Sausages, Vacuum steaming)
Link Between Clinical Predictors of Heterotopic Ossification and Histological Analysis in Combat-Injured Service Members
Authors: Isaacson B.M. , Potter B.K. , Bloebaum R.D. , Epperson R.T. , Kawaguchi B.S. , Swanson T.M. , Pasquina P.F.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating condition that occurs following traumatic injury and may restrict range of motion and delay rehabilitation. The timing and efficacy of surgical resection have varied widely, and there is a gap in knowledge between clinical predictors of HO recurrence and histological analysis.

Methods:

Thirty-three service members seen at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for symptomatic HO were enrolled in an institutional review board-approved study. Participants took oxytetracycline on four scheduled days prior to HO resection to determine the mineral apposition rate (bone growth rate).

Results:

Detailed histological analyses included scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imaging and light microscopy. Data indicated that the mineral apposition rate of trauma-induced HO was approximately 1.7 μm/day at the time of operative intervention, which was 1.7 times higher than the rate in non-pathological human bone. The mineral apposition rate and postoperative alkaline phosphatase values were demonstrated to be positively and significantly related (ρ = 0.509, p = 0.026, n = 19). When the analysis was limited to patients with no more than a two-year period from injury to excision (thereby removing outliers who had a longer time period than their counterparts) and traumatic brain injury and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (known correlates with HO development) were controlled for in the statistical analysis, the mineral apposition rate and recurrence severity were significantly related (ρ = −0.572, p = 0.041, n = 11).

Conclusions:

Data demonstrated a link between benchtop research and bedside care, with the mineral apposition rate elevated in patients with HO and correlated with recurrence severity; however, a larger sample size and more clinical factors are needed to refine this model.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Guidelines for Breaker Selection in High Viscosity HEC Based Gel Plugs
Authors: Songire S. , Uppuluri R.
Published: April 2016

Operators can face multiple challenges during various completion and workover operations, one of which is fluid loss into the formation. Ensuring minimal fluid loss is of the utmost importance, particularly in highly permeable zones as expensive completion fluids are pushed into the porosity of the formations, usually resulting in perm damage.

Available techniques for controlling fluid loss primarily include mechanical or chemical options. Mechanical techniques, although widely used successfully, have drawbacks, such as plug failure at high-pressure/high-temperature HP/HT conditions, requiring an additional trip. With industry needs for lower costs and better fluid-loss control (FLC) systems, many chemical systems have been developed to help overcome such problems associated with mechanical systems. These chemical systems include linear polymers, CaCO3 + polymer gel, sized salt + polymer gel, and oil soluble resins. Although effective, these are either expensive or can leave residue behind as a result of incomplete break, causing formation damage. Crosslinked hydroxyethyl cellulose (CLHEC) based gel plugs can provide effective FLC and are used post-perforating in addition to before and after gravel pack operations. They consist of highly viscous, solids-free crosslinked gel, prepared in medium and low density brines. CLHEC based gel plugs form a filter cake, which can be removed by internal and/or external breakers as a means for cleanup.

To obtain a desired break time, understanding the behavior of the breaker under bottomhole temperature (BHT) conditions is vital. This study focuses on investigating various internal and external breaker actions at temperatures ranging between 120 and 270°F. The laboratory data provided in this paper demonstrates the performance of various breakers, such as oxidizers, delayed-release acids, and self-degrading particulate systems in low and medium density brines. The information provided in this study offers a guideline for an appropriate breaker selection in hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) based gel plugs.
Wettability Alteration by Asphaltene Deposition: A Field Example
Authors: Uetani Takaaki
Published: April 2016

Description

Identifying and understanding wettability alteration caused by asphaltene deposition, and its implications for field development optimization is growing in interest. In this paper, we present a field case study on the cause of an unexpected decline in reservoir productivity and simultaneous rapid increase in water production. We concluded that the decline in productivity and water cut increase were caused by asphaltene precipitation in the formation with a subsequent increase in the water relative permeability. This was caused by alteration of rock wettability from water-wet to oil-wet by asphaltene deposition.

Applications

This work's findings can improve understanding of reservoir performance and help optimize reservoir management strategies for oil reservoirs with potential asphaltene precipitation problems.

Results and Conclusions

All possible parameters in the reservoir simulation model was thoroughly examined and discussed. Switching the relative permeability type from water-wet toward oil-wet at the asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) yielded an excellent history match with the observed rapid water production increase. The reservoir had been depleted following primary production; the laboratory PVT data indicated that the AOP was a little below the initial reservoir pressure and hence asphaltene precipitation had been predicted.

Technical Contributions

This work contributes to (1) providing a field case bridging asphaltene deposition and wettability alteration, (2) understanding phenomena such as rapid increase in water production associated with asphaltene deposition, and (3) optimizing reservoir management and field development for oil reservoirs with potential asphaltene precipitation problems.
Sustainability in Re-cycling Drilling Fluids Between Rigs
Authors: Al Maskary Shamsa , Halim Adam Abdul , Dahche Ali , Hammam Mohamad , Abu Ali Ithad
Published: April 2016

ADCO is drilling a highly deviated holes through long section of unstable shale formations which require a drilling fluid system to inhibit such shale and stabilize the wellbore as experienced hole problems such as sloughing, hole packed off and hole collapsed. This will result in rig lost time due to stuck pipe, plugging back and sidetrack.

Water Base Mud system was used to drill such deviated section but due to swelling and hydration of the shale within short period resulted in hole collapsing and excessive non productive time. The directional drilling through the shale could reach to 70 degree at the bottom of the shale formation with high build up rate. The hole cleaning is critical and requires drilling technology such as sing Rotary Steerable system and drilling practices to ensure good hole cleaning.

Oil Base mud are expensive but are worth the cost when drilling through troublesome shales that would otherwise swell and disperse in water base mud. Thus, ADCO is drill these shally sections using the oil base mud on large scale across all ADCO fields successfully due to wellbore stability and resulted in running & cementing liners at bottom without any problems. Once the drilling operations completed, the solids content must be minimized and the mud has to be run through the centrifuge for de-bariting. Thereafter can be loaded into haulage trucks whereby sent to mud plant for treatment and stored in storage tanks for re-use. The oil base mud (1500-2000 bbls) should be transferred to mud plant for treatment.

Accordingly, a re-cyclying and re-conditioning mud plant was built to be used for the storage and treatment of oil base mud and brine services respectively require to be used for drilling and rigless operations.

In addition, the formation pressures of wells are high which require heavy brine to be used in order to have sufficient hydrostatic head to control the well. Non damaging fluid is used to drll all reservoirs which is mainly consists of brine (CaCl2, CaBr2 or NaBR) with the addition of viscosifiers and water loss reducers. After completing the deviated section then the non damaging fluid is centrifuged to get rid off the solids and transferred to other rigs for use otherwise will be sent to mud plant for storage and reuse. Moreover, the inhibited filtered brine is prepared to be used as completion fluid and to be left in the hole as packer fliuid. The excess of fluid has to be collocted and transported by dedicated haulage tankers to othe rigs for re-use. Moreover, ADCO rigless operation requirement is to use brine of different mud weight which varies from 75 pcf up to 106 pcf based on the formation pressures. We are preparing in the plant the required brine and send to these rigless operations for killing purposes to secure the wells and also for production testing packages for displacing the fluid inside the production testing string.
Fast Hydrating Fracturing Fluid for Ultrahigh Temperature Reservoirs
Authors: Lee W. , Makarychev-Mikhailov S. M. , Buelvas M. J. , Abad C. , Christiawan A. B. , Narayan S. , Singh M. , Sengupta S.
Published: April 2016

An increase in the number of explorations of deeper and hotter formations has prompted the need for an ultrahigh- temperature fracturing fluid. Conventional fracturing fluids are typically based on polysaccharides or their derivatives, which can provide enough viscosity to carry proppant deep into the formation at temperatures only up to 177 °C (350 °F). Beyond this temperature, these biopolymers hydrolyze too rapidly to be an effective and cost-efficient carry fluid; therefore, a new fluid was needed. We developed a new fluid system that can deliver the required rheological properties for successful fracturing operations up to bottom hole static temperature of 232 °C (450 °F) without the need for cool-down. This fluid is composed of a fast-hydrating synthetic copolymer and a metal crosslinker. This system has been engineered to provide a controllable crosslink mechanism and viscosity reduction profile to accommodate varying well conditions and job designs. Numerous proppant-pack conductivity tests have shown that this resilient fluid system can be broken and easily cleaned up at temperatures above 149 °C (300 °F). The rheological performance of the fluid, along with its high proppant pack regained permeability, makes the new fluid ideal in ultrahigh-temperature explorations. The fluid has already been successfully applied in the field. Preliminary lab and field implementation results are discussed.
New Developed Acid Soluble Cement and Sodium Silicate Gel to Cure Lost Circulation Zones
Authors: Al-Yami Abdullah S. , Al-Ateeq Abdullah , Vikrant B , AlAbdullatif Ziad , Al-Qahtani Mohammad
Published: April 2016

Moderate to severe loss of circulation problem encountered while drilling in Aramco field is a major economic burden that increases the total well construction cost dramatically in some cases. Complete or even partial control of the moderate to massive loss circulation problem may save thousands of dollars/per well and thus can make the drilling economics more economical.

Saudi ARAMCO has developed a LCM formulation that can be used to cure lost circulation in the Middle East. The formulation consists of acid soluble cement and a sodium silicate gel that has a high potential to control moderate to severe loss circulation problem.

Experimental data indicate that the control of loss of circulation using the silicate gel and soluble cement can be achieved as follows: 1) injection of the gel first into the fracture to penetrate the near fracture rock matrix, 2) pumping a small volume of spacer after the gel to delay the contact between the sodium silicate gel and the soluble cement, and finally 3) injection of soluble cement into the fracture to plug the fracture zone.

Silicates have been used with cement to cure lost circulation and for water shut off treatment over the past 50 years. The major limitation of such technicue is rapid reaction and acid insoubility, Bauer et al. (2005). The objective of this paper is to introduce the use of acid soluble cement and sodium silicate gel as a possible solution to cure lost circulation zones in Saudi Arabia fields.
Implementation of a Lightning Protection System on LNG Facility - Risks and Challenges
Authors: Devkaran Naveen
Published: April 2016

ADGAS Plant facilities at Das Island were not provided with lightning protection system with a view that UAE experiences very few rainy days every year. Traditionally, lightning strikes were not a major concern for LNG facilities on Das Island. With the ageing plant and the changing environmental conditions, the LNG Plant has been experiencing fire situations near Boilers, fuel gas, lube oil and other process vent points during thunderstorm days.

A study was conducted to identify the potential risk areas and propose the most appropriate solution based on the latest IEC standard and industry practices.

A risk assessment process was carried out for all the existing plant facilities to identify which specific structures/equipment were at risk and hence were required to be provided with lightning protection system, the steps taken to mitigate and eliminate these risks identified, and the challenges in completing and implementing these installations in a running LNG plant evaluated.

A novel technology was implemented for the Paraffinic Naphtha Tanks to eliminate the risk of fire from lightning, where an RGA protection system was implemented in place of the more traditionally used catenary lightning protection system.

For most of the structures use of existing structures as down conductors for lightning protection was explored and implemented which lowered the implementation cost and significantly reduced the installation time.
Stochastic Optimization of Gas Cycling in Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammed A. , Al-Nuaim Sami , Khan Rizwan Ahmed
Published: April 2016

A major challenge in gas condensate reservoirs is to minimize the condensate drop-out which is mostly heavier fractions representing the rich part of the gas accounting for most of its heat capacity and consequently its price. Most widely used technique to improve gas condensate reservoir performance is gas cycling. In this study, gas cycling in the form of produced lean gas re-injection was considered. Parameters which impact the effectiveness of gas cycling processes are often evaluated by performing limited sensitivity studies on all or some parameters.

A more efficient technique that uses a stochastic optimization algorithm to automatically optimize the parameters governing the gas cycling process is proposed in this paper. Stochastic optimization of well placement and gas cycling operational parameters has not been reported previously in the literature. Global optimization techniques such as Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) and Differential Evolution (DE), both of which are evolutionary algorithms, were used to optimize the producer and injector well locations, fraction of produced gas to be re-injected, and production and injection rates. A modified reservoir model from the Third SPE Comparative Solution Project was used in this study. The optimization was done on several realizations and utilizing a numerical compositional simulator. Net Present Value (NPV) of the gas cycling project and field average oil saturation (FOSAT) were used as the objective functions separately. The optimum parameters and well placement would maximize NPV and minimize FOSAT.

The results show that NPV can be significantly increased if the parameters are optimized simultaneously rather than sequentially suggesting the importance of optimizing well placement alongside the operational parameters. The results also show that optimization of well placement, sales volume and production rates remarkably reduces the condensate saturation in the reservoir. Furthermore, DE was seen to be more robust and performed better than CMA-ES. The presented technique provides a base for oil companies to consider stochastic optimization in designing field development plans for gas condensate reservoirs.
Effects of FeCl3 addition on the operation of a staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR)
Authors: Lee Eunseok , McCarty Perry L. , Kim Jeonghwan , Bae Jaeho
Published: April 2016

The effects on sulfur removal and membrane fouling resulting from FeCl3 addition to an anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) in a staged AFMBR (SAF-MBR) was investigated. Total sulfur removal in the SAF-MBR was 42–59% without FeCl3 addition, but increased to 87–95% with FeCl3 addition. Sulfide removal in the AFMBR increased to 90% with addition of FeCl3 at a molar Fe3+/S ratio of 0.54 and to 95% when the ratio was increased to 0.95. Effluent sulfide concentration then decreased to 0.3–0.6 mg/L. Phosphate removals were only 19 and 37% with the above added FeCl3 ratios, indicating that iron removed sulfide more readily than phosphate. Neither chemical oxygen demand nor biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies were affected by the addition of FeCl3. When the AFMBR permeate became exposed to air, light brown particles were formed from effluent Fe2+ oxidation to Fe3+. FeCl3 addition, while beneficial for sulfide removal, did increase the membrane fouling rate due to the deposition of inorganic precipitates in the membrane pores.
Redox and Temperature Dependent Attenuation of Twenty Organic Micropollutants – A Systematic Column Study
Authors: Burke Victoria , Greskowiak Janek , Grünenbaum Nele , Massmann Gudrun
Published: April 2016

Owing to advanced analytical procedures an increasing number of organic micropollutants have been identified within the aquatic environment. Results from field investigations evidenced the attenuation of various organic micropollutants to be impacted by the predominant hydrochemical conditions. In the course of this study, column experiments were performed to examine the influence of redox conditions and temperature on the attenuation of 20 wastewater derived organic micropollutants. For this purpose, the degradation behavior of these compounds were investigated under oxic, nitrate reducing, iron/manganese reducing and sulfidic conditions at 21 °C in sandy aquifer sediments. Redox dependent degradation was observed for the pharmaceutically active compounds atenolol, metoprolol, sotalol, iopromide, phenazone, propyphenazone, acesulfame and trimethoprim as well as for two phenazone type metabolites. In order to identify temperature dependencies, oxic columns were in addition operated at 6 °C, indicating the removal of several compounds to be influenced by the prevalent temperature.
Treatment of Tannery Effluent Using a Rotating Disc Electrochemical Reactor
Authors: Palani R. , AbdulGani A. , Balasubramanian N.
Published: April 2016

A novel rotating disc electrochemical (RDE) reactor has been developed to treat tannery effluent. Experiments were carried out in batch, batch recirculation, and once—through modes in the reactor covering wide range of operating conditions. The effect of current density (i), cathode rotation speed (R), electrolysis time (t), influent pH, and electrolyte flow rate (Q) on the pollutant removal efficiency and specific energy consumption was critically evaluated. The response of the process parameters were measured in terms of percentage total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The reaction mechanism of electro‐oxidation was modeled using first‐order kinetics. GC‐MS and FT‐IR analysis of the raw and treated effluent show that the tannery effluent can be effectively treated using the RDE reactor.
Quantification of Groundwater ‐ Saline Surface Water Interaction in a Small Coastal Plain in North‐East Tunisia using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Geophysical Method
Authors: Chekirbane Anis , Tsujimura Maki , Lachaal Fethi , Khadhar Samia , Mlayah Ammar , Kawachi Atsushi , Isoda Hiroko , Tarhouni Jamila , Benalaya Abdallah
Published: April 2016

Amultivariate statistical analysis used with geophysical investigation enabled the assessment of interaction between saline surface water and groundwater in the coastal plain of Wadi Al Ayn and Daroufa in CapBon peninsula, north‐east Tunisia. The application of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified the end members which contribute to groundwater recharge: the wastewater infiltrated from Wadi Al Ayn, the oilfield brine infiltrated to the aquifer through the sandy bed of Wadi Al Ayn, the intruded seawater near Wadi Daroufa in the downstream region and the fresh groundwater flowing from the upstream region. The contribution of wastewater in groundwater recharge varies from 1.4% in the upstream region of Wadi Al Ayn to 77% near its downstream part. The fraction of oilfield brine mixed with groundwater in the alluvial aquifer under Wadi Al Ayn varies from 1% to 13%; whereas the fraction of intruded seawater into the coastal part of the aquifer near Daroufa region varies from 2% to 21%.
Preeclampsia: Updates in Pathogenesis, Definitions, and Guidelines
Authors: Phipps Elizabeth , Prasanna Devika , Brima Wunnie , Jim Belinda
Published: April 2016

Preeclampsia is becoming an increasingly common diagnosis in the developed world and remains a high cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Delay in childbearing in the developed world feeds into the risk factors associated with preeclampsia, which include older maternal age, obesity, and/or vascular diseases. Inadequate prenatal care partially explains the persistent high prevalence in the developing world. In this review, we begin by presenting the most recent concepts in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Upstream triggers of the well described angiogenic pathways, such as the heme oxygenase and hydrogen sulfide pathways, as well as the roles of autoantibodies, misfolded proteins, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress will be described. We also detail updated definitions, classification schema, and treatment targets of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy put forth by obstetric and hypertensive societies throughout the world. The shift has been made to view preeclampsia as a systemic disease with widespread endothelial damage and the potential to affect future cardiovascular diseases rather than a self-limited occurrence. At the very least, we now know that preeclampsia does not end with delivery of the placenta. We conclude by summarizing the latest strategies for prevention and treatment of preeclampsia. A better understanding of this entity will help in the care of at-risk women before delivery and for decades after.
Central retinal vein occlusion: A patient with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Karadzic Jelena , Radosavljevic Aleksandra , Kovacevic Igor
Published: April 2016

Introduction. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) is a severe chronic connective tissue disease, which results in involvement of numerous internal organs. Changes in the eye are the consequences of organ-specific manifestations of scleroderma or adverse effects of immunosuppressive treatment applied. Case report. We reported a 42-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis and acute deterioration of vision in the left eye, with visual acuity 0.9. After thorough clinical examination, including fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography, the diagnosis of nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion was made. Further biochemical, rheumatological and immunological investigation, apart from inactive systemic sclerosis, showed normal findings. Therefore, the cause of central retinal vein occlusion could only be attributed to the microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis. After three months, visual acuity deteriorated to 0.6 due to the development of cystoid macular edema. The patient received intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and after a single dose visual acuity improved to 0.9. After a 6- month follow-up, macular edema resolved and visual acuity stabilized. Conclusion. According to our knowledge and current data from the literature, central retinal vein occlusion is a rare vision threatening manifestation of scleroderma. There are only few published case reports on central vein occlusion in scleroderma patients. Examination of the ocular fundus is recommended for evaluation of vascular disease in patients with systemic sclerosis.
Variants in Genes Controlling Oxidative Metabolism Contribute to Lower Hepatic ATP Independent of Liver Fat Content in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gancheva Sofiya , Bierwagen Alessandra , Kaul Kirti , Herder Christian , Nowotny Peter , Kahl Sabine , Giani Guido , Klueppelholz Birgit , Knebel Birgit , Begovatz Paul , Strassburger Klaus , Al-Hasani Hadi , Lundbom Jesper , Szendroedi Julia , Roden Michael ,   for the German Diabetes Study (GDS) Group
Published: April 2016

Type 1 diabetes has been recently linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is known to associate with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. However, the role of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia for hepatic energy metabolism is yet unclear. To analyze early abnormalities in hepatic energy metabolism, we examined 55 patients with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes. They underwent hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamps with [6,6-2H2]glucose to assess whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Hepatic γATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and triglyceride concentrations (hepatocellular lipid content [HCL]) were measured with multinuclei magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P/1H-MRS). Glucose-tolerant humans served as control (CON) (n = 57). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was 44% lower in patients than in age- and BMI-matched CON. Hepatic γATP was 15% reduced (2.3 ± 0.6 vs. 2.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P < 0.001), whereas hepatic Pi and HCL were similar in patients when compared with CON. Across all participants, hepatic γATP correlated negatively with glycemia and oxidized LDL. Carriers of the PPARG G allele (rs1801282) and noncarriers of PPARGC1A A allele (rs8192678) had 21 and 13% lower hepatic ATP concentrations. Variations in genes controlling oxidative metabolism contribute to a reduction in hepatic ATP in the absence of NAFLD, suggesting that alterations in hepatic mitochondrial function may precede diabetes-related liver diseases.
Are We Helping All the Children That We Are Supposed to Be Helping?
Authors: Morgan Paul L. , Farkas George
Published: April 2016

We reply to three critiques regarding our reporting that White, English-speaking children are much more likely than otherwise similar racial, ethnic, and language minority children to receive special education services in the United States. We show how each critique is unsound. We present further evidence of the robustness of our findings.
KIT multi-physics tools for the analysis of design and beyond design basis accidents of light water reactors
Authors: Sanchez V. , Miassoedov A. , Steinbrück M. , Tromm W.
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the KIT numerical simulation tools under extension and validation for the analysis of design and beyond design basis accidents (DBA) of Light Water Reactors (LWR). The description of the complex thermal hydraulic, neutron kinetics and chemo-physical phenomena going on during off-normal conditions requires the development of multi-physics and multi-scale simulations tools which are fostered by the rapid increase in computer power nowadays. The KIT numerical tools for DBA and beyond DBA are validated using experimental data of KIT or from abroad. The developments, extensions, coupling approaches and validation work performed at KIT are shortly outlined and discussed in this paper.
Safety and security aspects in design of digital safety I&C in nuclear power plants
Authors: Ding Y. , Waedt K.
Published: April 2016

The paper describes a safety objective oriented systematic design approach of digital (computerized) safety I&C in modern nuclear power plants which considers the plant safety requirements as well as cybersecurity needs. The defence in depth philosophy is applied by using different defence lines in the I&C architecture and protection zones in the plant IT environment.
The reactor dynamics code DYN3D
Authors: Kliem S. , Bilodid Y. , Fridman E. , Baier S. , Grahn A. , Gommlich A. , Nikitin E. , Rohde U.
Published: April 2016

The article provides an overview on the code DYN3D which is a three-dimensional core model for steady-state, dynamic and depletion calculations in reactor cores with quadratic or hexagonal fuel assembly geometry being developed by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf for more than 20 years. The current paper gives an overview on the basic DYN3D models and the available code couplings. The verification and validation status is shortly outlined. The paper concludes with the current developments of the DYN3D code. For more detailed information the reader is referred to the publications cited in the corresponding chapters.
Scientific codes developed and used at GRS – Nuclear simulation chain
Authors: Schaffrath A. , Sonnenkalb M. , Sievers J. , Luther W. , Velkov K.
Published: April 2016

Over 60 technical experts of the reactor safety research division of the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH are developing and validating reliable methods and computer codes – summarized under the term nuclear simulation chain – for the safety-related assessment for all types of nuclear power plants (NPP) and other nuclear facilities considering the current state of science and technology. This nuclear simulation chain has to be able to simulate and assess all relevant physical processes and phenomena for all operating states and (severe) accidents. In the present contribution, the nuclear simulation chain developed and applied by GRS as well as selected examples of its application are presented. The latter demonstrate impressively the width of its scope and its performance. The GRS codes can be passed on request to other (national as well as international) organizations. This contributes to a worldwide increase of the nuclear safety standards. The code transfer is especially important for developing and emerging countries lacking the financial means and/or the necessary know-how for this purpose. At the end of this contribution, the respective course of action is described.
THAI experimental programme for containment safety assessment under severe accident conditions
Authors: Gupta S. , Freitag M. , Poss G.
Published: April 2016

The THAI (THAI = Thermal hydraulics, Hydrogen, Aerosols, Iodine) experimental programme aims to address open questions concerning the behavior of hydrogen, iodine and aerosols in the containment of water cooled reactors. Since its construction in 2000, THAI programme is being performed in the frame of various national projects (sponsored by German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, BMWi) and two international joint projects (under auspices of OECD/NEA). THAI experimental data have been widely used for the validation and further development of Lumped Parameter (LP) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes with 3D capabilities. Selected examples of code benchmark exercises performed based on the THAI data include; hydrogen distribution experiment (ISP-47 and OECD/NEA THAI code benchmark), hydrogen combustion behaviour (ISP-49), hydrogen mitigation by PARs (OECD/NEA THAI-2 code benchmark), iodine/surface interactions, iodine mass transfer, and iodine transport and multi-compartment behaviour (EU-SARNET and EU-SARNET2), thermal-hydraulic tests (German CFD-network). In the present paper, a brief overview on the THAI experiments and their role in the containment safety assessment is discussed.
Progress of Experimental Research on Nuclear Safety in NPIC
Authors: Gong H. , Zan Y. , Peng C. , Xi Z. , Zhang Z. , Wang Y. , He Y. , Huang Y.
Published: April 2016

Two kinds of Generation III commercial nuclear power plants have been developed in CNNC (China National Nuclear Corporation), one is a small modular reactor ACP100 having an equivalent electric power 100 MW, and the other is HPR1000 (once named ACP1000) having an equivalent electric power 1 000 MW. Both NPPs widely adopted the design philosophy of advanced passive safety systems and considered the lessons from Fukushima Daichi nuclear accident. As the backbone of the R&D of ACP100 and HPR1000, NPIC (Nuclear power Institute of China) has finished the engineering verification test of main safety systems, including passive residual heat removal experiments, reactor cavity injection experiments, hydrogen combustion experiments, and passive autocatalytic recombiner experiments. Above experimental work conducted in NPIC and further research plan of nuclear safety are introduced in this paper.
Challenges on innovations of newly-developed safety analysis codes
Authors: Yang Y. , Zhang H.
Published: April 2016

With the development of safety analysis method, the safety analysis codes meet more challenges. Three challenges are presented in this paper, which are mathematic model, code design and user interface. Combined with the self-reliance safety analysis code named COSINE, the ways of meeting these requirements are suggested, that is to develop multi-phases, multi-fields and multi-dimension models, to adopt object-oriented code design ideal and to improve the way of modeling, calculation control and data post-processing in the user interface.
Synthesis of Analogues of Citranaxanthin and Their Activity in Free Radical Scavenging
Authors: Zhang Shaofeng , Liu Yuan , Luo Juan
Published: April 2016

Citranaxanthin and its analogues were synthesised via a C5 unit elongation to substituted conjugated polyenes. Their free radical scavenging activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazinyl spectrophotometric methods. Results indicated that the new compounds exhibited antioxidant activities. Three new analogues had stronger antioxidant activity than citranaxanthin.
Three-Component Reaction between Pyridine and Activated Acetylenes in the Presence of N’-Arylidenebenzohydrazide as NH-Acids
Authors: Hosseini Fatemeh , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: April 2016

The one-pot, three-component reaction between pyridine and activated acetylenes in the presence of N’-arylidenebenzohydrazide as NH-acids affords dialkyl 2-[2-( N-benzoyl- N’-arylidenehydrazino)pyridin-1(2 H)-yl]but-2-endioate derivatives which has advantages such as simple work-up, and affording yield.
Synthesis of Thiazolo[5,4-d][1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]Pyrimidines as a New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Moradi Hassanali , Eshghi Hossein , Bakavoli Mehdi
Published: April 2016

A new series of 2-aminothia zolo[5,4- d]pyrimidines has been synthesised by treating various amines with the new intermediate, 2,5-dichloro-7-methylthiazolo[5,4- d]pyrimidine. Sequential treatment of the amino derivatives with hydrazine hydrate and triethyl orthoesters gave thiazolo[5,4- d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- a]pyrimidines as derivatives of a novel heterocyclic system.
Jonson and Shakespeare: Oedipal Revenge
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: April 2016

Jonson's attacks on Shakespeare's popular stagecraft, in the Induction to Bartholomew Fair and the Prologue to the folio version of Every Man In His Humour, are both well known. This essay argues that the focus of these attacks extends to an area of the dramatists' rivalry that has not hitherto been explored, in the presentation of their plays at court. While it is known that Shakespeare's plays were frequently performed at court the evidence for the presentation of Jonson's plays there is more patchy. But the essay marshals it to suggest that the sequence of plays collected in the 1616 Works is in part a proud record of their performance at court, where he was now poet laureate in all but title, while the Prologue to Every Man In implicitly questions the fitness of Shakespeare's plays for presentation there. Such questioning extends into Bartholomew Fair itself, whose presentation at court on the first day of the 1614/15 Revels season has all the appearance of a command performance. Winwife's choice of the word “Palemon” (“out of the play”), in the lottery to win Grace Wellborn, inevitably evokes The Two Noble Kinsmen and its reworking of Chaucer's “The Knight's Tale,” as does the puppet-show's depiction of feuding former friends (though Littlewit has ludicrously confused Palemon and Arcite with Damon and Pythias). That confusion, however, redirects us to the early Elizabethan court plays by Richard Edwardes on these two pairs of friends, models of courtly tragicomedy with which Shakespeare and Fletcher's latest offering compares poorly.
Jonson and Shakespeare in an Age of Lying
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: April 2016

Jonson and Shakespeare were both writers whose works were intimately concerned with the question of lying, its impact on individuals and the society in which they lived. In this essay I will explore works written immediately before and after the Gunpowder Plot and the subsequent Oath of Allegiance to show how both writers responded to the obsessive fear of lying that characterized the first years of James' reign. Lying was clearly undesirable: whether it could ever be eliminated was another question. In an analysis of Othello, Volpone and ‘On Inviting a Friend to Supper’ I will show how, for Jonson and Shakespeare, lying was a central concern and that their works are characterized by a fear that lying may have reached endemic proportions, engulfing any hope that the truth might prevail. Iago is an obvious liar but it can be argued that he simply pushes an accepted practice to its logical limit; Volpone's actions tell a similar story, and are perhaps a recognition of Jonson's own deviousness and evasiveness in the 1590s and early 160s. Since the Jesuit missions of the 1580s the theory and practice of equivocation had started to dominate public discourse. While ambiguity and subtle thinking were necessary for religion, literature, legal practice and rhetorical performance, the ways in which equivocation could undermine truthfulness threatened to negate their value. Jonson and Shakespeare respond to this problem with fables of lying for an age of paranoia.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Leptospirosis among Lakeshore Communities of Calamba and Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Authors: Arbiol Joseph , Orencio Pedcris , Romena November , Nomura Hisako , Takahashi Yoshifumi , Yabe Mitsuyasu
Published: April 2016

Leptospirosis is a serious and potentially fatal zoonotic disease, but often neglected owing to lack of awareness. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning leptospirosis among agricultural (n = 152) and non-agricultural (n = 115) workers in the lakeshore communities of Calamba and Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The findings showed no significant differences for the knowledge and attitude scores between agricultural and non-agricultural workers. However, agricultural workers had significantly lower prevention practice scores than non-agricultural workers. The ordinary least squares regression model identified gender, use of broadcast media as a source of health information, and knowledge and attitudes about leptospirosis as significant predictors of prevention practices common to both workers. Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with prevention practices among agricultural workers, while higher age and income level were significantly associated with prevention practices among non-agricultural workers. Public health interventions to improve leptospirosis knowledge and prevention practices should include health education and promotion programs, along with the strengthening of occupational health and safety programs in the agricultural sector.