bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feedback linearization of nonlinear differential‐algebraic control systems
Authors: Chen Yahao
Published: December 2021

In this article, we study feedback linearization problems for nonlinear differential‐algebraic control systems (DACSs). We consider two kinds of feedback equivalences, namely, external feedback equivalence, which is defined (locally) on the whole generalized state space, and internal feedback equivalence, which is defined on the locally maximal controlled invariant submanifold (i.e., on the set where solutions exist). We define a notion called explicitation with driving variables, which is a class of ordinary differential equation control systems (ODECSs) attaching to a given DACS. Then we give necessary and sufficient conditions for both internal and external feedback linearization problems of the DACS. We show that the feedback linearizability of the DACS is closely related to the involutivity of the linearizability distributions of the explicitation systems. Finally, we illustrate the results of the by an academic example and a constrained mechanical system.
Physical modelling of pipe culverts to assist upstream fish passage
Authors: Li Zhenglong , Harley Jason , Chanson Hubert
Published: December 2021

Road crossings and culverts may adversely impact the stream network connectivity and fish habitats of the catchment. Research into the passage of small‐body‐mass fish in pipe culverts has been relatively limited, compared to the literature for box culverts. For small‐bodied and juvenile fish species, the excessive barrel velocities are often a major hindrance, because of their weak swimming capabilities. In the present study, some physical testing of low‐velocity‐zones was undertaken in standard pipe culvert. The physical modelling was conducted under controlled flow conditions to test comparatively three designs, aiming to minimise the change in energy losses and to maximise low‐velocity zones and secondary circulation conducive to small‐body‐mass fish passage. In the whole pipe culvert experiment (Model 1), both baffle and longitudinal rail boundary treatments provided low‐velocity zones. The baffles however induced a strongly turbulent flow, associated with substantially larger energy dissipation than the reference smooth boundary pipe culvert. The longitudinal rail boundary treatment produced energy losses comparable to the smooth boundary reference configuration. Both boundary treatments were tested comparatively at near‐full‐scale (Model 2) to quantify the low‐velocity‐zone (LVZ) characteristics. The small longitudinal rail (0.06 m × 0.02 m), installed at 30° from the centreline, induced some flow asymmetry, as well as some low‐velocity‐zones on both sides of the rail. Some strong secondary motion was further observed as the combined effect of the flow asymmetry and singularities of the rail corners. The secondary motion structure was markedly different, and the distributions of the normal turbulent stresses (vz′2 − vy′2) showed key differences between the two boundary treatments, with the sharp corners of the rail contributing to the generation of secondary motion and in turn slow‐velocity regions facilitating the upstream passage of small‐body‐mass fish species and juveniles of larger fish.
Oxygen Vacancy Modulated TiP2O7‐y with Enhanced High‐rate Capabilities and Long‐term Cyclability used as Anode Material for Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Ning , Cai Yanjun , Yao Xiang , Tian Hualing , Su Zhi
Published: December 2021

Oxygen‐deficient TiP2O7‐y is synthesized by solvothermal and high‐temperature solid‐phase methods. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) test data analyses reveal that the solvothermal reaction time can affect the density of oxygen defects in the TiP2O7‐y. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR) shows that there is a blue shift in the P−O bond because of the presence of oxygen vacancies. It is strongly demonstrated that oxygen vacancies exist in TiP2O7‐y because electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) shows sharp peaks at g=2.003. Oxygen vacancy modulated TiP2O7‐y with exposed (541) face shows long cycling stability and super high‐rate capabilities. The initial discharge capacity of TiP2O7‐y, which was prepared after solvothermal reaction for 18 h, reached 828.4 mAh g−1. It can still maintain 246.9 mAh g−1, at 0.5 A g−1, after 500 cycles. Even cycled at 5 A g−1, the reversible rate capacity was maintained at 209.7 mAh g−1. Oxygen vacancies can not only improve the electronic conductivity of TiP2O7‐y but also increase the lithium‐ion diffusion rate.
Metal‐Doped Titanium Dioxide for Environmental Remediation, Hydrogen Evolution and Sensing: A Review
Authors: Mathew Sneha , John Bony K. , Abraham Thomas , Mathew Beena
Published: December 2021

Titanium dioxide is an essential photocatalyst for the purification of water and air and energy generation. Titanium dioxide shows relatively high chemical stability and reactivity under ultraviolet light (λ< 387 nm), the energy of which exceeds the 3.3 eV bandgap in the crystalline anatase phase. TiO2 is active under UV light, and its practical applicability is limited under visible light. Modification techniques like metal doping can enhance its activity under visible light. Metal doping is employed for introducing additional states in the TiO2 bandgap. Fewer energy transitions are required to cause visible light absorption by these impurities. This review focuses on the effects of metal‐doping and applications of metal‐doped TiO2 in the fields of environmental remediation, hydrogen evolution, and sensing.
Simultaneous Formation of Interphases on both Positive and Negative Electrodes in High‐Voltage Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hou Xu , Pollard Travis P. , Zhao Wenguang , He Xin , Ju Xiaokang , Wang Jun , Du Leilei , Paillard Elie , Lin Hai , Xu Kang , Borodin Oleg , Winter Martin , Li Jie
Published: December 2021

The formation of solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) in “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte (WiSE) expands the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes beyond 3.0 V. However, the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction that drives anode corrosion, cracking, and the subsequent reformation of SEI still occurs, compromising long‐term cycling performance of the batteries. To improve cycling stability, an unsaturated monomer acrylamide (AM) is introduced as an electrolyte additive, whose presence in WiSE reduces its viscosity and improves ionic conductivity. Upon charging, AM electropolymerizes into polyacrylamide, as confirmed both experimentally and computationally. The in situ polymer constitutes effective protection layers at both anode and cathode surfaces, and enables LiMn2O4||L‐TiO2 full cells with high specific capacity (157 mAh g−1 at 1 C), long‐term cycling stability (80% capacity retention within 200 cycles at 1 C), and high rate capability (79 mAh g−1 at 30 C). The in situ electropolymerization found in this work provides an alternative and highly effective strategy to design protective interphases at the negative and positive electrodes for high‐voltage aqueous batteries of lithium‐ion or beyond.
High Surface Area N‐Doped Carbon Fibers with Accessible Reaction Sites for All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Sun Xiao , Li Qiang , Cao Daxian , Wang Ying , Anderson Alexander , Zhu Hongli
Published: December 2021

Porous carbon plays a significant role in all‐solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) to enhance the electronic conductivity of sulfur. However, the conventional porous carbon used in cell with liquid electrolyte exhibits low efficiency in ASSLSBs because the immobile solid electrolyte (SE) cannot reach sulfur confined in the deep pores. The structure and distribution of pores in carbon highly impact the electrochemical performance of ASSLSBs. Herein, a N‐doped carbon fiber with micropores located only at the surface with an ultrahigh surface area of 1519 m2 g–1 is designed. As the porous layer is only on the surface, the sulfur hosted in the pores can effectively contact SE; meanwhile the dense core provides excellent electrical conductivity. Therefore, this structurally designed carbon fiber enhances both electron and ion accessibilities, promotes charge transfer, and thus dramatically improves the reaction kinetic in the ASSLSBs and boosts sulfur utilization. Compared to the vapor grown carbon fibers, the ASSLSBs using PAN‐derived porous carbon fibers exhibit three times enhancement in the initial capacity of 1166 mAh g–1 at C/20. An exceedingly cycling stability of 710 mAh g–1 is maintained after 220 cycles at C/10, and satisfactory rate capability of 889 mAh g–1 at C/2 is achieved.
Re: Absent ‘superimposed‐line’ sign: novel marker in early diagnosis of cleft of fetal secondary palate
Authors: Lachmann R. , Brückmann A.
Published: December 2021

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Lakshmy et al. Click here to view the article.
The transition of Riemann solutions of the modified Chaplygin gas equations with friction to the solutions of the Chaplygin gas equations
Authors: Guo Lihui , Li Tong , Yin Gan
Published: December 2021

We are concerned with the transition of Riemann solutions of the modified Chaplygin gas equations with a source term to the corresponding solutions of the inhomogeneous Chaplygin gas system. Different from the homogeneous equations, the Riemann solutions of the inhomogeneous system are non self‐similar. As the parameter in the modified Chaplygin gas tends to zero, the behavior of the Riemann solutions is considered. The phenomenon of concentration and the formation of the delta shock wave are identified and analyzed systematically.
Comments on the paper “Thermodynamic modeling of a laser pulse heating in a rotating microelongated nonlocal thermoelastic solid due to G‐N theory, Mohamed I. M. Hilal, ZAMM, 2021, zamm.202100285, zamm.202100285.R1, https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202100285”
Authors: Othman Mohamed I. A.
Published: December 2021

Some errors exist in the above paper.
Back to the Drawing Board: Creative Mapping Methods for Inclusion and Connection
Authors: Reitz Talitta
Published: December 2021

The most well-known representation of the globe, the Mercator Projection, often provokes surprise for its considerable distortions: despite appearances, Greenland is almost five times smaller than Canada, and Russia is, in fact, approximately half the size it appears. Since the oldest civilizations, maps have relied on shifting knowledges to become more accurate and efficient, a process accelerated with science and technological development. But the unrealistic proportions of the Mercator map point to a critical reflection: maps show no absolute truths, nor are they neutral. Maps tell stories; they represent ideas as much as spaces, and exactitude is no synonym for neutrality. On the contrary, mapping is a cultural and political act. In the 1990s, geographers started to defy the power relationships of mapmaking with critical cartography. This critique, strongly supported by activists, opened new debates and representational possibilities in which scientific principles started to matter less than social and environmental justice, political participation, and storytelling. Within this framework, this chapter reflects on two alternative mapping methods used in the humanities and social sciences: social cartography and deep mapping. Each section introduces origins, theoretical frameworks, reception, and applications. Because these methods aim to rectify the abuse of power often enabled by scientific mapping, they use non-prescriptive mapmaking to legitimize neglected perspectives. Social Cartography is intrinsically participatory and uses mapping as a collaborative and critical practice. It challenges the role of traditional cartography in socio-political spheres, creating opportunities for new narratives and communities to be heard and understood. Deep maps represent abstract characteristics of a place. They can transcend the boundaries of bi-dimensional and pictorial representation, and consequently, reach different publics. The method is flexible, combining literature and immersive experiences to convey personal or subjective qualities of a place. Other expressions of deep mapping include audio and performative documentations. Social cartography and deep mapping operate against traditional mapmaking by reinforcing the notion that non-institutionalized maps are just as valid in guiding public actions and projects. As participatory practices within communities, these methods promote dialogue, empowerment, and transformation. Therefore, they are indispensable in ensuring democratic research and decision-making.
‘Getting Deep into Things’: Deep Mapping in a ‘Vacant’ Landscape
Authors: Humphris Imogen , Horlings Lummina G. , Biggs Iain
Published: December 2021

Areas in cities typically denoted as ‘Vacant and Derelict Land’ are frequently presented in policy documents as absent of meaning and awaiting development. However, visits to many of these sites offer evidence of abundant citizen activity occurring outside of planning policy. Dog walkers, DIY skatepark builders, pigeon fanciers and reminiscing former factory workers, for example, can all be found inscribing their own narratives, in palimpsest like fashion, upon these landscapes. This spatio-temporally bound and layered mix of contested meanings extend beyond representational capacity offered by traditional cartographic methods as employed in policy decision-making. Such a failure to represent these ecologies of citizen-led practices often results in their erasure at the point of formal redevelopment. In this chapter, we explore how one alternative approach may respond to these challenges of representation through a case study project in Glasgow, Scotland. Deep mapping is an ethnographically informed, arts research practice, drawing Cifford Geertz’s notion of ‘thick description’ into a visual-performative realm and seeking to extend beyond the thin map by creating multifaceted and open-ended descriptions of place. As such, deep maps are not only investigations into place but of equal concern are theprocessesby which representations of place are generated. Implicit in this are questions about the role of the researcher as initiator, gatherer, archivist or artist and the intertwining between the place and the self. As a methodological approach that embraces multiplicity and favours the ‘politicized, passionate, and partisan’ over the totalizing objectivity of traditional maps, deep mapping offers a potential to give voice to marginalized, micro-narratives existing in tension with one another and within dominant meta-narratives but also triggers new questions over inclusivity. This methodologically focused chapter explores the ways in which an ethnographically informed, arts research practice may offer alternative insight into spaces of non-aligned narratives. The results from this investigation will offer new framings of spaces within the urban landscape conventionally represented as vacant or empty and generate perspectives on how art research methods may provide valuable investigative tools for decision-makers working in such contexts. The deep mapping work is available to view athttp://www.govandeepmap.com.
Living Labs: A Creative and Collaborative Planning Approach
Authors: Rădulescu Maria Alina , Leendertse Wim , Arts Jos
Published: December 2021

Communities around the world are facing an increasing number of ‘wicked problems’, many of which are spatial issues. Therefore, high expectations are placed on the role of planning in addressing them. However, such complex challenges cannot be easily solved with the traditional, sectoral planning approaches, or by planners and decision-makers alone; they require a cross-sectoral and societal-inclusive understanding and collaboration of various kinds of stakeholders. Consequently, in the search for new approaches and tools that favour experimentation, flexibility, and collaboration, planners and decision-makers are turning their attention towards the private sector, where Living Labs have been extensively used in open and user-oriented innovation. Despite the growing number of studies that picture them as a ‘magic recipe’ for experimentation and development of creative solutions for ‘wicked problems’, Living Labs have only recently started gaining attention in the spatial domain. In this chapter, we position Living Labs as a creative and collaborative planning approach. Based on a literature review on Living Labs, and on empirical research carried out in three spatial planning and water infrastructure projects from the Netherlands, we propose a five-phased ‘living lab way of working’ and reflect on the role of Living Labs as a planning method. We end by outlining several recommendations that could be useful when considering the use of Living Labs as a planning method. The conclusion of this chapter shows that despite the challenges they pose, Living Labs represent a relevant and growing practice in spatial planning, especially because they provide a conducive way of connecting local-scale and larger-scale planning issues and solutions.
Supporting Institutional Transformations: Experimenting with Reflexive and Embodied Cross-Boundary Research
Authors: Giambartolomei Gloria , Franklin Alex , Fried Jana
Published: December 2021

The sustainable management of natural resources (SMNR) is concerned with socially and environmentally just decision-making processes around the access to, and the control over, natural resources. However, SMNR is imbued of multiple (and conflictual) intersecting knowledges, practice, expertise and value systems, as well as unequal power relations. This makes achieving meaningful and inclusive collaborative practices far from straightforward, and by no means easy to guarantee. This chapter discusses some evidence from Wales, drawing from a wider cross-boundary doctoral research project (led by the first author) on collaborative forms of SMNR, co-developed by a small transdisciplinary team of academics (the two co-authors) and (cross-divisional) civil servants within Welsh Government. Specifically, this chapter discusses the first author’s experience of transdisciplinary collaboration through the methodological lens provided by blending the Formative Accompanying Research (Freeth, R. (2019). Formative Accompanying Research with Collaborative Interdisciplinary Teams. Doctoral Thesis.) and the Embodied Researcher approach (Horlings et al., 2020). We offer a critical reflection on the first-hand experience of co-experimenting alongside policy actors with alternative and more creative ways of working in the spaces in between the written publication and implementation of SMNR legislation and policy.

We explore the role of creative methods such as Theory U (Scharmer, 2018) in further promoting collaborative processes of meaning-making in transdisciplinary research settings, highlighting their contribution towards enabling emotional and embodied ways of working to be forefronted. In so doing, the chapter illustrates the role of emotional labour, vulnerability and energy in such co-experimental work by emphasizing the need for the practicing of care in building relationships of trust and collaboration, especially within the context of just sustainability transformations. We conclude by stressing the importance of dedicating sufficient time and resources to enable a culture of care (Bellacasa, 2017; Tronto, 2013) such that embodied and collaborative ways of working can be more fully supported and understood within governmental institutions.
An Ethos and Practice of Appreciation for Transformative Research: Appreciative Inquiry, Care Ethics, and Creative Methods
Authors: Moriggi Angela
Published: December 2021

This chapter departs from the need to pursue transformative research, understood as the co-production of knowledge with and for societal stakeholders aimed at supporting and enabling sustainable change. It explores how Appreciative Inquiry (AI) and its underlying ‘ethos of appreciation’ (after Zandee & Cooperrider, 2008) can complement and enrich care-full and resourceful approaches to transformative research. It presents the five dimensions of an ‘ethos of appreciation’, and lays out their philosophical meaning, their resonance with the care ethics literature, as well as their practical application. It gives a detailed account of how five different creative methods were employed during a participatory action-oriented Ph.D. study in Finland, and in so doing, showcases how an ‘ethos of appreciation’ can be embodied and applied in practice. Finally, it discusses the methodological potentials and limitations of using creative methods, as well as the challenges and outcomes they yield to support transformative research that aims to enable care-full and resourceful participatory engagement processes.
Standard Model EFTs via on-shell methods
Authors: Huber Manuel Accettulli , De Angelis Stefano
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We present the Standard Model Effective Field Theories (SMEFT) from purely on-shell arguments. Starting from few basics assumptions such as Poincaré invariance and locality, we classify all the renormalisable and non-renormalisable interactions at lowest order in the couplings. From these building blocks, we review how locality and unitarity enforce Lie algebra structures to appear in the S-matrix elements together with relations among couplings (and hypercharges). Furthermore, we give a fully on-shell algorithm to compute any higher-point tree-level amplitude (or form factor) in generic EFTs, bypassing BCFW-like recursion relations which are known to be problematic when non-renormalisable interactions are involved. Finally, using known amplitudes techniques we compute the mixing matrix of SMEFT marginal interactions up to mass dimension 8, to linear order in the effective interactions.
Dijet impact factor in DIS at next-to-leading order in the Color Glass Condensate
Authors: Caucal Paul , Salazar Farid , Venugopalan Raju
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We compute the next-to-leading order impact factor for inclusive dijet production in deeply inelastic electron-nucleus scattering at smallxBj. Our computation, performed in the framework of the Color Glass Condensate effective field theory, includes all real and virtual contributions in the gluon shock wave background of all-twist lightlike Wilson line correlators. We demonstrate explicitly that the rapidity evolution of these correlators, to leading logarithmic accuracy, is described by the JIMWLK Hamiltonian. When combined with the next-to-leading order JIMWLK Hamiltonian, our results for the impact factor improve the accuracy of the inclusive dijet cross-section to$$ \mathcal{O} $$O($$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$αs2ln(xf/xBj)), wherexfis a rapidity factorization scale. These results are an essential ingredient in assessing the discovery potential of inclusive dijets to uncover the physics of gluon saturation at the Electron-Ion Collider.
Brown-York charges with mixed boundary conditions
Authors: Odak Gloria , Speziale Simone
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We compute the Hamiltonian surface charges of gravity for a family of conservative boundary conditions, that include Dirichlet, Neumann, and York’s mixed boundary conditions defined by holding fixed the conformal induced metric and the trace of the extrinsic curvature. We show that for all boundary conditions considered, canonical methods give the same answer as covariant phase space methods improved by a boundary Lagrangian, a prescription recently developed in the literature and thus supported by our results. The procedure also suggests a new integrable charge for the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian, different from the Komar charge for non-Killing and non-tangential diffeomorphisms. We study how the energy depends on the choice of boundary conditions, showing that both the quasi-local and the asymptotic expressions are affected. Finally, we generalize the analysis to non-orthogonal corners, confirm the matching between covariant and canonical results without any change in the prescription, and discuss the subtleties associated with this case.
Radiated momentum in the post-Minkowskian worldline approach via reverse unitarity
Authors: Riva Massimiliano Maria , Vernizzi Filippo
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We compute the four-momentum radiated during the scattering of two spinless bodies, at leading order in the Newton’s contantGand at all orders in the velocities, using the Effective Field Theory worldline approach. Following [1], we derive the conserved stress-energy tensor linearly coupled to gravity generated by localized sources, at leading and next-to-leading order inG, and from that the classical probability amplitude of graviton emission. The total emitted momentum is obtained by phase-space integration of the graviton momentum weighted by the modulo squared of the radiation amplitude. We recast this as a two-loop integral that we solve using techniques borrowed from particle physics, such as reverse unitarity, reduction to master integrals by integration-by-parts identities and canonical differential equations. The emitted momentum agrees with recent results obtained by other methods. Our approach provides an alternative way of directly computing radiated observables in the post-Minkowskian expansion without going through the classical limit of scattering amplitudes.
Technology-based approaches toward a better understanding of neuro-coagulation in brain homeostasis
Authors: Maoz Ben M. , Asplund Maria , Maggio Nicola , Vlachos Andreas
Published: December 2021

Blood coagulation factors can enter the brain under pathological conditions that affect the blood–brain interface. Besides their contribution to pathological brain states, such as neural hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, and scar formation, coagulation factors have been linked to several physiological brain functions. It is for example well established that the coagulation factor thrombin modulates synaptic plasticity; it affects neural excitability and induces epileptic seizures via activation of protease-activated receptors in the brain. However, major limitations of current experimental and clinical approaches have prevented us from obtaining a profound mechanistic understanding of “neuro-coagulation” in health and disease. Here, we present how novel human relevant models, i.e., Organ-on-Chips equipped with advanced sensors, can help overcoming some of the limitations in the field, thus providing a perspective toward a better understanding of neuro-coagulation in brain homeostasis.
Challenges and opportunities of area-based conservation in reaching biodiversity and sustainability goals
Authors: Hoffmann Samuel
Published: December 2021

Area-based conservation is essential to safeguard nature’s diversity. In view of expanding human land use, increasing climate change and unmet conservation targets, area-based conservation requires efficiency and effectiveness more than ever. In this review, I identify and relate pressing challenges to promising opportunities for effective and efficient protected area governance and management, to enhance research, decision-making and capacity building in area-based conservation under uncertain future developments. I reveal that protected area management is particularly challenged by human land use, climate change, invasive species, and social, political and economic limitations. Protected area management often lacks the continuous availability of data on current states and trends of nature and threats. Biocultural conservation, climate-smart management and biosecurity approaches help to overcome challenges induced by human needs, climate change and invasive species, respectively. Economic valuation and shifts in funding priorities can boost protected area effectiveness and efficiency. In-situ monitoring techniques, remote sensing and open data infrastructures can fill data and information gaps for protected area planning and management. Moreover, adaptive management is an auspicious concept in the framework of systematic conservation planning to ensure the enduring effectiveness of protected areas despite unpredictable future developments. Post-2020 international biodiversity and sustainable development goals could be met earlier if protected areas were more effective. I consequently conclude with the need for a global information system that is to support area-based conservation by synthesizing challenges and opportunities for protected area management effectiveness and efficiency at the local to global level.
Type 2 Diabetes and all-cause mortality among Spanish women with breast cancer
Authors: Fernández-Arce L. , Robles-Rodríguez N. , Fernández-Feito A. , Llaneza-Folgueras A. , Encinas-Muñiz A. I. , Lana A.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To explore the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the risk of death among women with breast cancer (BC).

Methods

A survival analysis was conducted among a cohort of women diagnosed with BC between 2006 and 2012 in Spain (n = 4,493). Biopsy or surgery confirmed BC cases were identified through the state population-based cancer registry with information on patients’ characteristics and vital status. Physician-diagnosed T2DM was confirmed based on primary health care clinical history. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause death. Analyses were adjusted for age, hospital size, several clinical characteristics (including BC stage and histology, among others) and treatment modalities.

Results

Among the 4,493 BC women, 388 (8.6%) had coexisting T2DM. Overall, 1,299 (28.9%) BC women died during the completion of the follow-up and 785 (17.5%) did so during the first five years after BC diagnosis, resulting in a five-year survival rate of 82.5%. The death rate was higher in women with T2DM (43.8% died during whole period and 26.0% during the first five years) when compared with women without T2DM (27.5% and 16.7%, respectively). Accordingly, all-cause mortality was higher in women with T2DM (aHR: 1.22; 95% CI 1.03–1.44), especially if T2DM was diagnosed before BC (aHR:1.24; 95% CI 1.03–1.50) and in women with BC diagnosed before 50 years (aHR: 2.38; 95% CI 1.04–5.48).

Conclusions

T2DM was associated with higher all-cause mortality among Spanish women with BC, particularly when the T2DM diagnosis was prior to the BC.
Enceladus and Titan: emerging worlds of the Solar System
Authors: Sulaiman Ali H. , Achilleos Nicholas , Bertucci Cesar , Coates Andrew , Dougherty Michele , Hadid Lina , Holmberg Mika , Hsu Hsiang-Wen , Kimura Tomoki , Kurth William , Gall Alice Le , McKevitt James , Morooka Michiko , Murakami Go , Regoli Leonardo , Roussos Elias , Saur Joachim , Shebanits Oleg , Solomonidou Anezina , Wahlund Jan-Erik , Waite J. Hunter
Published: December 2021

Some of the major discoveries of the recent Cassini-Huygens mission have put Titan and Enceladus firmly on the Solar System map. The mission has revolutionised our view of Solar System satellites, arguably matching their scientific importance with that of their host planet. While Cassini-Huygens has made big surprises in revealing Titan’s organically rich environment and Enceladus’ cryovolcanism, the mission’s success naturally leads us to further probe these findings. We advocate the acknowledgement of Titan and Enceladus science as highly relevant to ESA’s long-term roadmap, as logical follow-on to Cassini-Huygens. In this White Paper, we will outline important science questions regarding these satellites and identify the science themes we recommend ESA cover during the Voyage 2050 planning cycle. Addressing these science themes would make major advancements to the present knowledge we have about the Solar System, its formation, evolution, and likelihood that other habitable environments exist outside the Earth’s biosphere.
Need satisfaction and achievement goals of university faculty: an international study of their interplay and relevance
Authors: Daumiller Martin , Janke Stefan , Rinas Raven , Dickhäuser Oliver , Dresel Markus
Published: December 2021

Previous research has successfully used basic psychological need satisfaction and achievement goal approaches for describing the motivations of university faculty for teaching and for explaining differences in faculty experiences, success, and learning. However, the interplay between these motivational constructs has been largely ignored, with only faculty from specific educational contexts being studied—neglecting those from other higher education systems and institution types that potentially differ in the configurations, levels, and effects of their motivations. As combining both approaches and examining multiple educational contexts is essential for a comprehensive theoretical understanding of faculty motivation and generalizable results, we conducted an international study including 1410 university faculty members from German, Indian, and US-American teaching and research universities. Aside from need satisfaction and achievement goals, we measured their positive affect, teaching quality, and professional learning. Results demonstrated measurement invariance of basic need and achievement goal scales regarding language, higher education context, and institution type. We found small differences in motivations between the three higher education contexts and negligible differences between institution types. Task, learning, and relational goals were positively and work avoidance goals were negatively linked to the outcome variables. Need satisfaction sensibly explained differences in pursuit of these goals, and—directly and indirectly through the goals—also the outcome variables. Taken together, these results provide international evidence for the importance of faculty motivation for teaching and illuminate how need satisfaction is relevant for goal pursuit, while both motivation approaches uniquely matter for faculty experiences, success, and learning.
Stability and periodicity in a mosquito population suppression model composed of two sub-models
Authors: Zhu Zhongcai , Zheng Bo , Shi Yantao , Yan Rong , Yu Jianshe
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we propose a mosquito population suppression model which is composed of two sub-models switching each other. We assume that the releases of sterile mosquitoes are periodic and impulsive, only sexually active sterile mosquitoes play a role in the mosquito population suppression process, and the survival probability is density-dependent. For the release waiting period T and the release amount c, we find three thresholds denoted by $$T^*$$

T
∗

, $$g^*$$

g
∗

, and $$c^*$$

c
∗

with $$c^*>g^*$$

c
∗

>

g
∗

. We show that the origin is a globally or locally asymptotically stable equilibrium when $$c\ge c^*$$

c
≥

c
∗

and $$T\le T^*$$

T
≤

T
∗

, or $$c\in (g^*, c^*)$$

c
∈
(

g
∗

,

c
∗

)

and $$T<T^*$$

T
<

T
∗

. We prove that the model generates a unique globally asymptotically stable T-periodic solution when either $$c\in (g^*, c^*)$$

c
∈
(

g
∗

,

c
∗

)

and $$T=T^*$$

T
=

T
∗

, or $$c>g^*$$

c
>

g
∗

and $$T>T^*$$

T
>

T
∗

. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate our theoretical results.
Probing Upflowing Regions in the Quiet Sun and Coronal Holes
Authors: Schwanitz Conrad , Harra Louise , Raouafi Nour E. , Sterling Alphonse C. , Moreno Vacas Alejandro , del Toro Iniesta Jose Carlos , Orozco Suárez David , Hara Hirohisa
Published: December 2021

Recent observations from Parker Solar Probe have revealed that the solar wind has a highly variable structure. How this complex behaviour is formed in the solar corona is not yet known, since it requires omnipresent fluctuations, which constantly emit material to feed the wind. In this article we analyse 14 upflow regions in the solar corona to find potential sources for plasma flow. The upflow regions are derived from spectroscopic data from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on board Hinode determining their Doppler velocity and defining regions which have blueshifts stronger than $-6~\mbox{km}\,\mbox{s}^{-1}$
−
6

km

s

−
1

. To identify the sources of these blueshift data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and the X-ray Telescope (XRT), on board Hinode, are used. The analysis reveals that only 5 out of 14 upflows are associated with frequent transients, like obvious jets or bright points. In contrast to that, seven events are associated with small-scale features, which show a large variety of dynamics. Some resemble small bright points, while others show an eruptive nature, all of which are faint and only live for a few minutes; we cannot rule out that several of these sources may be fainter and, hence, less obvious jets. Since the complex structure of the solar wind is known, this suggests that new sources have to be considered or better methods used to analyse the known sources. This work shows that small and frequent features, which were previously neglected, can cause strong upflows in the solar corona. These results emphasise the importance of the first observations from the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter, which revealed complex small-scale coronal structures.
Evaluation of historical CMIP6 model simulations and future projections of temperature over the Pan-Third Pole region
Authors: Fan Xuewei , Duan Qingyun , Shen Chenwei , Wu Yi , Xing Chang
Published: December 2021

The Pan-Third Pole (PTP) region, which encompasses the Eurasian highlands and their surroundings, has experienced unprecedented, accelerated warming during the past decades. This study evaluates the performance of historical simulation runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in capturing spatial patterns and temporal variations observed over the PTP region for mean and extreme temperatures. In addition, projected changes in temperatures under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) are also reported. Four indices were used to characterize changes in temperature extremes: the annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx), the annual minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn), and indices for the percentage of warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p). Results indicate that most CMIP6 models generally capture the characteristics of the observed mean and extreme temperatures over the PTP region, but there still are slight cold biases in the Tibetan Plateau. Future changes of mean and extreme temperatures demonstrate that a strong increase will occur for the entire PTP region during the twenty-first century under all four SSP scenarios. Between 2015 and 2099, ensemble area-averaged annual mean temperatures are projected to increase by 1.24 °C/100 year, 3.28 °C/100 year, 5.57 °C/100 year, and 7.40 °C/100 year for the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. For TXx and TNn, the most intense warming is projected in Central Asia. The greatest number of projected TX90p and TN90p will occur in the Southeast Asia and Tibetan Plateau, respectively.
Learning about the nature of science through the critical and reflective reading of news on the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: García-Carmona Antonio
Published: December 2021

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a plethora of information published in the media. Conceived as a socioscientific issue of great relevance currently, this article highlight the educational potential of some media news about the pandemic to reflect and learn about the nature of science (NOS). To this end, a theoretical foundation is first presented regarding the reading of science news published in the media as an educational resource to learn about NOS. Secondly, a proposal is presented on how this might be addressed in the science classroom. The proposal is illustrated by four news items, intentionally selected as examples, which have been published in the Spanish digital press. The aspects of NOS that are discussed in the context of the news items selected are: tentativeness of scientific knowledge, role of error in scientific research, role of debate in the development of science, importance of models and modelling in scientific research, and ethics in science.
Automated SEM/EDS Analysis for Assessment of Trace Cross-Contamination in 316L Stainless Steel Powders
Authors: Balart MarÍa J. , Hao Xinjiang , Davis Claire L.
Published: December 2021

Following observations of microcracking in two, out of three, Additive manufactured (AM) 316L steel samples, an investigation was undertaken to ascertain the root cause. Welding diagrams, taking into account composition and process parameters, could not generally account for the experimental observations of non-cracked versus cracked AM 316L samples. EBSD phase maps in all three AM samples exhibited a fully austenitic microstructure not only in the bulk sample but also near-surface. Analysis of microcracked regions in the AM samples showed the presence of local enrichment of Ni, Cu and P. Automated SEM/EDS analysis on feedstock powder samples prepared for cross-section examination revealed a fine, foreign particulate contaminant, expected to arise from NiCrCuP alloy cross-contamination during atomization, to be completely embedded in a 316L powder particle. This type of contamination would not have been revealed on examination of powder mounted onto a SEM stub, a common approach to assess powder quality. Based on this analysis, it is recommended to consider including automated SEM/EDS analysis on powder cross-sections in any standardization protocol for quality control of powders, to increase the chances of detection and identification of fine cross-contaminants. It is also recommended that atomization of NiCrCuP alloy should no longer precede atomization of 316L alloy.
Controlling the Electrical Properties of Reactively Sputtered High Entropy Alloy CrFeNiCoCu Films
Authors: Mayandi J. , Finstad T. G. , Stange M. , Vásque G. C. , Sunding M. F. , Løvvik O. M. , Diplas S. , Carvalho P. A.
Published: December 2021

Oxide-containing films were made by reactively sputtering a high-entropy alloy target of CrFeCoNiCu. We report on a wide range of changes to the electrical properties made by different heat treatments in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, respectively. We combine temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements down to 10 K to study the transport mechanisms and correlate that with structural measurements by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The measured/effective resistivity could be varied between 1.3 × 10−4 Ω cm and 1.2 × 10−3 Ω cm by post-deposition processing. The temperature coefficient of resistivity could be varied between − 1.2 × 10−3 K−1 through 0 and to + 0.7 × 10−3 K−1. The key to the variation is controlling the morphology and topology of the film. The conduction of charge carriers is dominated by the relative contribution of weak localization and alloy scattering by varying the degree of disorder in the metallic high-entropy alloy and its topology.
Validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II in the general Spanish population
Authors: Menéndez-Aller Álvaro , Cuesta Marcelino , Postigo Álvaro , González-Nuevo Covadonga , García-Fernández Jaime , García-Cueto Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy states that Experiential Avoidance contributes to the development of psychological issues. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II measures Experiential Avoidance. The objective of the current study is to perform a validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II in the general Spanish population. A sample of 964 participants from all over Spain was used (M = 43.43 years; SD = 15.27). The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were examined according to Classical Test Theory. In addition, assessments were made of participants’ personality, Emotional Intelligence, Anxiety, and Depression, and the influence of sex and age on Experiential Avoidance was examined. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II is a unidimensional instrument, with excellent reliability (α = .93) and adequate evidence of validity. Differences were observed based on sex, with women scoring higher, and based on age, with lower scores in the older age groups. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II is a valid, reliable instrument for use in the general Spanish population.
Evaluation of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Antioxidant Capacity in Spanish Tomato Paste: Usefulness of Front-Face Total Fluorescence Signal Combined with Parafac
Authors: Pardo-Botello Rosario , Chamizo-Calero Fátima , Monago-Maraña Olga , Rodríguez-Corchado Raquel , de la Torre-Carreras Rosa , Galeano-Díaz Teresa
Published: December 2021

The hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities due to the main bioactive components present in Spanish tomato paste samples were studied, using standardized and fluorescent methods. After extraction, phenolic antioxidants (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and total antioxidant activity (TEAC assay) were evaluated, examining differences between hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts corresponding to different samples. Total fluorescence spectra of extracts (excitation-emission matrices, EEMs) were recorded in the front-face mode at two different ranges: 210–300 nm/310–390 nm, and 295–350 nm/380–480 nm, for excitation and emission, respectively, in the hydrophilic extracts. In the lipophilic extracts, the first range was 230–283 nm/290–340 nm, while the second range was 315–383 nm/390–500 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. EEMs from a set of 22 samples were analyzed by the second-order multivariate technique Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC). Tentative assignation of the different components to the various fluorophores of tomato was tried, based on literature. Correlation between the antioxidant activity and score values retrieved for different components in PARAFAC model was obtained. The possibility of using EEMs-PARAFAC to evaluate antioxidant activity of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in these samples was examined, obtaining good results in accordance with the Folin-Ciocalteu and TEAC assays.
Reducing Missed Appointments for Probation and Parole Supervision: a Randomized Experiment with Text Message Reminders
Authors: Hastings Charise , Thomas Chris , Ostermann Michael , Hyatt Jordan M. , Payne Steve
Published: December 2021

Research Question

Can text message reminders reduce missed appointments with probation or parole officers by clients under community supervision?

Data

In collaboration with Arkansas Community Corrections (ACC), 4,000 clients under community supervision were selected and tracked for attendance at scheduled supervision meetings from October 1, 2018, through April 15, 2019, with a test sample of 3,470 clients scheduled to attend 14,135 appointments assigned at random to different conditions of appointment reminders.

Methods

Marquis Software, under contract to ACC, randomly assigned the test sample to one of four conditions of text messages generated by company software: control (no text messages before appointments), early text (2 days before the appointment), late text (1 day before the appointment), and two texts (both 1 day and 4 days before the appointment). Marquis then abstracted the records of appointment attendance by treatment group, for analysis by the academic co-authors.

Findings

During the 6-month experiment, the best attendance was found in the treatment group assigned to late text reminders 1 day before the appointment. That group had 29% fewer no-shows and 21% fewer cancelled appointments than the control group during the experiment. In a subsequent rollout of the late text treatment to all of the clients still under supervision, the entire remaining group had 30% fewer missed appointments compared to the control group during the experiment.

Conclusions

Text messages reminding clients to attend parole and probation officer meetings can reduce missed appointments, with potentially substantial reductions in imprisonment due to technical violations of community supervision conditions.