bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
تدليس ابن جريج بين النظرية والتطبيق: دراسة تطبيقية على صحيح ابن حبان
Authors: Abdoh Majed Muhammad
Published: October 2021

This study discusses the accusation pointed to “Ibn Juraij” theoretically and practically; Some of these accusations were spread by many Imams of hadith but upon investigation and following the statements of the senior critics it shows that they either did not declare these accusations, or they meant the fraud. The significance of this research lies in rejecting the suspicion that Ibn Hibban was described with leniency in documenting the narrator’s accusation of changing the wording of the transmission of the hadith from someone who spoke to us or told us into a formula that blurred others or delusional information so that it was heard while he actually did not hear it. One of the most important objectives of this research is to find a scientific and specialized study of the narrators accused of this change in Sahih Ibn Hibban, and to clarify their status. This results in the correction of their hadiths in his Sahih and the discussion of those accused of discussing, such as Ibn Juri. The researcher followed historical “retrospective” approach in understanding the terminology of the hadith in which the imams contested with Ibn Hibban, such as the definition of Deception, its applications; and the critical analytical approach to discuss the sayings and rules that Ibn Hibban and the most scholars said in matters of al-Jarh and al-Tadeel, and to discuss the validity of the offender’s claim and accuse Ibn Hibban of insufficiency in his method of correctness and its degree, in accepting the narrators accused of deception. As for the most distinguished results, it was found that Ibn Juraij used to mislead the deception of the Sheikhs, only this has been proven from his sheikh Ibrahim bin Abi Yahya. However, he was not overbearing of deception.
Lost in Translation: an Experiment with Memes for Research Translation in Australian Early Childhood Education and Care (ecec) Contexts
Authors: Westbrook Fiona , Hunkin Elise , White Jayne
Published: October 2021

Early transitions are on the rise across global and national contexts. However, resources informing teachers and families about best practices concerning infants, especially infant transitions from home to early childhood settings, are almost non-existent. In this article, the authors share the outcomes of an experiment that translated research from an International Study of the Social and Emotional Experiences of Early Transitions (isseet) project into a range of visual resources for this audience. They created a suite of video, infographic and meme visual resources that outlined ‘what works’ for quality early transitions and sought end-user feedback around their utility. While the feedback was positive overall concerning infographics and videos, end-users expressed strong negative responses to the use of memes. In the article that follows, the authors explore why it might be so. They draw on the Bakhtinian concept of genre. With its form, content and strategic orientation, they translate and interpret the meaning ascribed to the memes. They argue that the complex humour and cultural memory that sit behind memes grants them unique translation status. Reflecting on the responses, the authors consider pathways for memes as impactful research translation for end-users – in this case, early years teachers.
Weighing the Sources of International Law
Authors: Hong Nong
Published: October 2021

There is a long-standing debate on the weight or preference given to different sources of international law in jurisprudence. This article aims to discuss the interplay of three pairs of sources of international law; namely between old treaties and new treaties, treaties and customs, and existing treaties and emerging treaties in the context of three regions which are featured with typical maritime related issues. In the Arctic region, the 1925 Svalbard Treaty and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) become the sources of conflicts or different legal positions between Norway and some other States who are parties to both treaties. In the South China Sea, the major legal issue, among many other important ones such as island regime, is the relationship between unclos as a treaty law and historic rights as a customary international law. The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) may be influenced by the new instrumental arrangements made by Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (bbnj) negotiation, reflecting the importance of ensuring the emerging treaty will not interrupt the jurisdiction of established treaties.
Afghanistan, the Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties
Authors: Kamil Ikramuddin
Published: October 2021

The Amu Darya Basin is included in various bilateral and regional treaties negotiated between Afghanistan and Russia/the former USSR, and among the Central Asian Republics. The former are boundary treaties, and do not cover the use of the Amu Darya. The latter are, inter alia, water-sharing agreements that govern the use of water. This article examines the current legal regime governing the Amu Darya. It addresses one specific question: What are the legal implications for Afghanistan of its exclusion from the regional legal framework governing the apportionment and utilization of the Amu Darya? The article argues that sustainable water resource management is dependent on the participation of all riparian states in the management of a shared watercourse and without Afghanistan’s inclusion in the regional water agreements or organizations governing the Amu Darya, no Central Asian regional water agreement or organization is complete. The article makes two further arguments. First, the equitable and reasonable utilization principle gives all riparian states the right to an equitable share in shared watercourses, therefore the downstream Central Asian Republics cannot prevent upstream Afghanistan from developing its freshwater resources. Second, even though Afghanistan is not a party to the agreements governing the use of the Amu Darya waters, the country can still be affected or harmed by downstream uses of these waters, as Afghanistan’s future use of the Amu Darya can be foreclosed or limited.
Improving the Edition of 4Q14 (4QExodc)
Authors: Tigchelaar Eibert
Published: October 2021

The article identifies the text and location of two unidentified 4Q14 fragments (frags. 37 and 41) in the 4Q14 manuscript. It adds to 4Q14 two fragments from PAM 43.677 that previously had not been identified as belonging to 4Q14 and calls attention to three lost sections of 4Q14 fragments that can be found on the earliest photographs. The new photographs also enable the reading of a few variants that were not recognized by the editor.
Native-Like Performance of Pragmatic Features: Speech Acts in Spanish
Authors: Vacas Matos Marta , Cohen Andrew D.
Published: October 2021

This study had as its goal to investigate how nonnative speakers (NNSs) of Spanish were able to perform pragmatics which in various ways resembled that of native speakers (NSs). The study focused on three advanced NNSs of Spanish who had contributed data six years earlier to a corpus of NS and NNS speech acts of complimenting, apologizing and refusing. The purpose was to do a contrastive analysis comparing the pragmatic performance of NNSs and NSs in order to capture both similarities and areas where highly competent NNSs displayed knowledge gaps, however subtle.

The subjects responded to a language background questionnaire regarding their learning of Spanish and also completed a learning style preference survey. They were then asked to revisit their earlier performance in pragmatics from the corpus data and to describe the strategies that they used to produce their highly-rated performance in Spanish pragmatics at that time. The findings revealed ways in which the three subjects differentially imitated NS behavior, and provided insights as to how they arrived at native-like behavior in their facial expressions, use of clicks, physical contact practices, colloquial language, and cursing. The subjects’ reported learning style preferences appeared to be generally consistent with the strategies that they reported using for dealing with the pragmatic features of interest, such as the way that they dealt with cursing.
Regional Networks in Chinese Mathematics and Astronomy, 311–618 ce
Authors: Morgan Daniel Patrick
Published: October 2021

This article offers a social and geographical network analysis of all attested works, authors, and practitioners in the mathematical sciences in China over the period of disunion and reunification from 311 to 618 ce. Inspired by Karine Chemla’s (2009) efforts to distinguish “different mathematical cultures” within the extant corpus of suan 筭/算 procedure texts, the goal is to explore a viable framework within which to break down the history of Chinese mathematics along different, pluralistic lines. What I find is that this period is home to distinct regional networks working in isolation from one another, and that situating authors within these networks helps explain continuities and discontinuities in their technical writing. This is evidence of plurality, but one that is incommensurable with Chemla’s “mathematical cultures,” so I offer it as an alternative means to the same historiographical ends. In examining what our historical subjects said and did about this plurality of traditions, however, we realize that it was as aberrant to them as the political disunion of which it was a product ‒ something to be rectified by “unification” (tongyi 統一), “integration” (tong 通), and, where necessary, force.
The Dissemination and Practice of Primary Care Medicine by the Scholar-Gentry: A Study of Prescriptions of Local Botanicals for Emergency Use, a Medical Text of Koryŏ from the Thirteenth-Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Chaekun Oh , Jongwook Jeon , Sanghyun Kim , Kiebok Yi , Dong-won Shin
Published: October 2021

Prescriptions of Local Botanicals for Emergency Use (K. Hyang’yak Kugŭppang 鄕藥救急方) is the oldest medical text extant on the Korean Peninsula and known to have been compiled during the latter half of the Koryŏ 高麗 dynasty (918–1392 ce). The key value of this work lies in the dissemination and praxis of medical knowledge. First, the author used annotations in order to record Koryŏ people’s pronunciations of the names of medicinal ingredients and symptoms introduced in the main body of the text. In addition, he made use of actual empirical cases to enhance the persuasiveness of treatment methods and integrated medicine newly introduced from Song 宋 China (960–1279) into medicine familiarly used from before. Finally, he edited this text with a focus on important and simple yet efficacious treatment methods. The book continued to be used steadily following publication. It was additionally printed no fewer than twice by the government of the Chosŏn 朝鮮 dynasty (1392–1910), which ousted Koryŏ, with its clinical usefulness heightened through the supplementation of explanations on medicinal ingredients use in these processes. In particular, the quotation of sentences from Prescriptions for Emergency Use in medical texts published by the Chosŏn government implies that the utility of the medical knowledge in this work was amply acknowledged. The intended readership of the medical information in Prescriptions for Emergency Use was the not the general populace who lived in the Korean Peninsula in the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries. They not only lacked the financial means to pay physicians but also were illiterate, so that they could not even read medical texts. In order for this work to be effective, it was necessary for it to address those who could read medical texts and put their contents into practice. In the end, the author of this book assumed scholar-gentry equipped with academic knowledge as its readers and sought to provide medical information tailored to their level and to realize medical service through them. Through this work, it is possible to see in a very concrete and vivid manner how medical knowledge was disseminated and, furthermore, how medical knowledge thus disseminated was put to use in an era when medical resources were insufficient.
Between the Nile and the Red Sea
Authors: Cooper Julien
Published: October 2021

The Medjay were a group of desert nomads inhabiting the region between the Nile and the Red Sea contemporaneous to the Bronze Age of Ancient Egypt (c. 3100-1050 bce). Well-known from textual sources from Pharaonic Egypt and Kushite Nubia, it has proven difficult to produce basic societal descriptions of the Medjay and their political status, especially in their desert heartland. Most studies dedicated to the Medjay evaluate their presence as a nomadic diaspora and emigres on the Nile or focus on their interaction with the Ancient Egyptian state. These approaches place little emphasis on their indigenous geography and nomadic heritage in the Red Sea Hills. This study takes a very different tact and attempts to reconstruct some basic information on their political geography in their indigenous homeland. Although the sources, both textual and archaeological, are currently scarce regarding a Second Millennium bce desert occupation, they do demonstrate complex arrangements between Medjay political actors and nearby states. Particularly notable was the ability of individual tribes to enact varying policies of entente, détente, and aggression towards their Nile neighbours as well as exercise de facto sovereignty over a wealthy desert consistently threatened by Egyptian and Kushite imperialism.
Novelties in central Amazonian microcaddisflies: Three new species of Ochrotrichia Mosely (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae)
Authors: MORENO LUCAS , DESIDÉRIO GLEISON ROBSON , PES ANA MARIA , HAMADA NEUSA
Published: October 2021

Ochrotrichia Mosely is the most species-rich group of microcaddisflies in the Neotropical Region. However, knowledge about this genus in Brazil is still limited; only 11 species are known, distributed in the Atlantic Forest (9), Caatinga (3), and Amazon (1) biomes. In this paper, three new species of Ochrotrichia are described and illustrated based on adult males collected in the Ducke Forest Reserve, a protected area administered by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), located in central Amazonia, Brazil. Ochrotrichia belodes sp. nov., O. buenosoria sp. nov. and O. ducke sp. nov. can be recognized mainly by the morphology of tergum X and the inferior appendages. Based on their simple, elongate tergum X, all new species are assigned to the Ochrotrichia xena Group.
Synergistic Effect of the Photothermal Performance and Osteogenic Properties of MXene and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Composite Nanofibers for Osteogenic Application
Authors: Li Chengcheng , Chu Dandan , Jin Lin , Tan Guanxuan , Li Zhanrong
Published: October 2021

MXene has attracted tremendous attention due to its outstanding photothermal properties and biocompatibility. Hydroxyapatite (HA) contains Ca, Mg and P elements, which play important roles in promoting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this study, a class
of composite nanofibers consisting of MXene nanosheets and HA nanoparticles (M-@HA NFs) are developed based on the synergistic effect of photothermal performance and osteogenic properties. The obtained composite nanofibers demonstrated excellent photothermal properties, and the temperature
reached 44 °C under NIR exposure (808 nm). In addition, the composite nanofibers also displayed good biocompatibility and promote the growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). More importantly, under NIR exposure, BMSCs on the composite nanofibers achieved
much better osteogenic differentiation than those without NIR exposure due to the accelerated release of Ca, Mg and P elements. Therefore, we considered the unique photothermal and osteogenic differentiation to indicate that this new class of MXene composite nanofibers has tremendous application
potential in bone tissue engineering.
Defining Homogeneous Drought Zones Based on Soil Moisture across Japan and Teleconnections with Large-Scale Climate Signals
Authors: Shi Ke , Touge Yoshiya , Kazama So
Published: October 2021

Droughts are widespread disasters worldwide and are concurrently influenced by multiple large-scale climate signals. This is particularly true over Japan, where drought has strong heterogeneity due to multiple factors such as monsoon, topography, and ocean circulations. Regional heterogeneity poses challenges for drought prediction and management. To overcome this difficulty, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of teleconnection between climate signals and homogeneous drought zones over Japan. First, droughts are characterized by simulated soil moisture from a land surface model during 1958–2012. The Mclust toolkit, distinct empirical orthogonal function, and wavelet coherence analysis are used, respectively, to investigate the homogeneous drought zone, principal component of each homogeneous zone, and teleconnection between climate signals and drought. Results indicate that nine homogeneous drought zones with different characteristics are defined and quantified. Among these nine zones, zone 1 is dominated by extreme drought events. Zones 2 and 6 are typical representatives of spring droughts, whereas zone 7 is wet for most of the period. The Hokkaido region is divided into wetter zone 4 and drier zone 9. Zones 3, 5, and 8 are distinguished by the topography. The analyses also reveal almost all nine zones have a high level of homogeneity, with more than 60% explained variance. Also, these nine zones are dominated by different large-scale climate signals: the Arctic Oscillation has the strongest impact on zones 1, 7, and 8; the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on zones 3, 4, and 6 is significant; zones 2 and 9 are both dominated by the Pacific decadal oscillation; and El Niño–Southern Oscillation dominates zone 5. The results will be valuable for drought management and drought prevention.
Between consumption, accumulation and precarity: The psychic and affective practices of the female neoliberal spiritual subject
Authors: Carr Melissa , Kelan Elisabeth K
Published: October 2021

Why do gig workers perceive work practices as aspirational in spite of their precarity? Selling beauty products through their networks appeals to many women as a convenient way to earn an income. Drawing on interviews and observations with women distributors of beauty products in a network marketing company, this article shows how aspirational messaging that appears spiritual is used to encourage these women to think and feel that they are in charge of their own destiny while making it difficult for those women to articulate the precarious conditions that are associated with such work. Practices that encourage those women to think in specific ways include internalising the right spiritual dispositions, developing as an entrepreneurial spiritual subject and selling the self. Women are also encouraged to feel in specific ways by monitoring how they feel about themselves and others. The article shows how ‘thinking rules’ and ‘feeling rules’ are used to construct an ideal female neoliberal spiritual subject in new forms of organising who is selling and consuming beauty products while aspirational-spiritual messaging makes it difficult to articulate precarity.
Diaspora Networks and Investments in Nigeria
Authors: Akanle Olayinka , Ola-Lawson Damilola Olayinka
Published: October 2021

Networks are important systems that impact multiple aspects of economic activities such as investments, businesses, innovation, and entrepreneurship skills. However, there is scant literature examining the crucial networks needed to inform diasporas’ decisions and oversee businesses/investments in their countries of origin. Using social network theory, the primary data for this article were gathered using in-depth interviews from 2019 to 2020. This is in addition to the authors’ primary insights over more than three decades into migration trajectories, diaspora existentialities, and investment domains in Nigeria. Findings suggest that some diasporas involve their networks such as family members and friends in their investment decision-making processes and eventual investments, while others have mistrust for their networks with implications for real investment choices and eventual outcomes. This article clearly shows that the diaspora networks within their investments’ thresholds, the roles of significant others, and the challenges of the diaspora are highly dynamic and ambivalent, as demonstrated through the Nigerian experience.
Improved separation performance of SS fiber nonwoven felt by the coating of a non-isotropic porous SS membrane layer
Authors: Li Hongbin , Shi Wenying , Li Tengfei , Du Qiyun , Zhang Haixia , Qin Xiaohong
Published: October 2021

With excellent mechanical properties, large porosity, and permeability, stainless steel (SS) fiber nonwoven felt has outstanding application advantages in high-temperature filtration and purification. However, the pore size of the SS nonwoven felt, which is directly determined by the diameter of the produced fiber stacked inside, usually varies from tens of microns to several microns. Low filtration accuracy greatly limits its application in the fields of fine separation and purification. In this study, the separation performance of SS fiber nonwoven felt was improved by the coating of a non-isotropic porous SS membrane layer via the immersion precipitation phase inversion-sintering method. The effects of sintering temperature on pore structure, surface wettability, separation performance, and mechanical properties of the coated SS nonwoven felt were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), water permeability, and tensile test, respectively. The results suggest that with the increase of sintering temperature from 1000°C to 1200°C, both porosity and pore size reduce gradually. The WCA value shows an increase from 31.4 to 62.3° and pure water flux shows a corresponding decrease from 2562 to 889 L . m−2 . h−1. The sintering temperature has a negative effect on the mechanical strength of the coated SS fiber nonwoven felt, which is mainly determined by the mechanical properties of the sintered SS fiber nonwoven felt substrate. The coated SS fiber nonwoven felt exhibits a long-term durable separation performance even after frequent combined physical washing and chemical cleaning when applied in the treatment of potato starch wastewater.
A Time to Adapt, Not “Return to Normal”: Lessons in Compassion and Accessibility from Teaching During COVID-19
Authors: Bartholomay Daniel J.
Published: October 2021

COVID-19 drastically altered teaching and learning. The unprecedented public health crisis forced educators to transition courses online, to learn new technologies, and to embrace adaptability and flexibility. These pedagogical changes brought with them new challenges and stressors, causing many educators to long for a “return to normal” in education. In this conversation, I reflect on the transformative lessons we as educators can learn from teaching during the pandemic. I argue that teaching during COVID-19 has presented opportunities for educators to become more compassionate toward students. Some of the ways we restructured our courses may also make education more accessible to vulnerable groups. Examining the lessons I have learned in compassion and accessibility through teaching sociology during COVID-19, I suggest that now is a time to adapt, not return to normal.
Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Prisons: A Review of Extant Empirical Literature
Authors: Ryan Cathal , Bergin Michael
Published: October 2021

Significant in the management of a safe and secure custodial environment is the compliance of incarcerated persons with the prison rules and the directives of prison officers. In recent years, there has been increased research focus on the role of normative compliance in the prison environment, which is postulated to derive from the perceptions of legitimacy and procedural justice of those who are incarcerated. This article presents the findings of a scoping review of the empirical literature as it relates to procedural justice and legitimacy in prison settings. This literature is charted and then analyzed across two primary themes, namely “Shaping Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy” and “Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Compliance.” The presence of normative compliance in prisons and the contribution of procedurally just treatment to perceptions of legitimacy held by persons who are incarcerated are discussed.
Event-triggered control of networked switched systems under network attacks
Authors: Han Yuchen , Lian Jie
Published: October 2021

This paper is concerned with the event-triggered control (ETC) problem for switched systems in networked environments, which are suffered from denial-of-service (DoS) attack and deception attack. Considering that the packet in networked switched systems contains the sampled state and switching signal, DoS attack prevents the packet transmission to cause the zero input, while deception attack falsifies the packet to cause the asynchronous control input with nonlinear disturbance. First, the probabilistic characterization of invalid packet transmissions caused by two different attack models is constructed, namely the ratio of the number of packet transmissions suffering from network attacks to the total number of packet transmissions. Second, a suitable ETC scheme is designed to determine the next triggering instant, which guarantees that the value of Lyapunov function cannot exceed a given restriction and updates the control input at switching instant. After that, the average dwell time and control gains are designed to guarantee the almost sure asymptotic stability of such systems. Finally, a numerical simulation is given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Stressors and psychological distress: Music listening as a coping strategy for pre-service kindergarten teachers
Authors: Kong Siu-hang , Wong Wik-ki
Published: October 2021

Against the backdrop of the worldwide spread of COVID-19, this study aims to validate a model for coping with psychological distress and examine the effect of music listening, as a coping strategy, in moderating and lessening the effects of stressors on psychological distress. Based on 198 returned questionnaires from preservice kindergarten teachers, this study suggests students experienced such common mental health issues as stress, anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Time pressures, general social mistreatment, academic alienation and developmental challenges were significant stressors predicting students’ anxiety. Music listening played a prominent moderating role on the relationship between stressors and psychological wellbeing mental health/psychological distress. However, music with lyrics with a positive meaning may lessen the moderating effect of musical elements. This study suggests that music listening has a prominent moderating effect on health/psychological distress, while the implicit or explicit musical meaning of the music perceived by the audience determines its moderating effect.
Importance of organisational learning management systems: A design case in a corrective service-based social organisation
Authors: Sabharwal Renu , Miah Shah J , Houghton Luke
Published: October 2021

The study focuses on usability provisions of learning management systems (LMS) in a corrective service organization. Under the influence of goal-directed interaction design principles in design science, the study outlines a new innovative artifact as a conceptual LMS solution that addresses the employee-centric learning model. The collective artifact represents relevant design knowledge assistive to meeting stakeholders’ contextual learning needs, for instance, demonstrating the potential significance of the developed mobile-based approach to support correctional officers in improving their learning on safety professional development. The paper concludes with a practical model that could be applied to assist correctional officers in their in-house training purposes.
The development of breast radiology: the Acta Radiologica perspective
Authors: Zackrisson Sophia , Andersson Ingvar
Published: October 2021

The encouraging results of modern breast cancer care builds on tremendous improvements in diagnostics and therapy during the 20th century. Scandinavian countries have made important footprints in the development of breast diagnostics regarding technical development of imaging, cell and tissue sampling methods and, not least, population screening with mammography. The multimodality approach in combination with multidisciplinary clinical work in breast cancer serve as a role model for the management of many cancer types worldwide. The development of breast radiology is well represented in the research published in this journal and this historical review will describe the most important steps.
Mindset Theory and School Psychology
Authors: Kapasi Aamena , Pei Jacqueline
Published: October 2021

Mindset theory is an achievement motivation theory that centers on the concept of the malleability of abilities. According to mindset theory, students tend to have either a growth mindset or a fixed mindset about their intelligence; students with a growth mindset tend to believe that intelligence is malleable, whereas students with fixed mindsets tend to believe that intelligence is unchangeable. As described in many empirical and theoretical papers, the mindset a student holds can influence important psychological and behavioral factors, including reaction to failure, persistence and level of effort, and expectations of success, which ultimately impact academic achievement. Importantly, mindsets can be changed, and interventions have been developed to promote a more growth mindset. A growth mindset allows students to view challenges as an opportunity for improvement, is linked to enjoyment of learning, and increases motivation in school. School psychologists are often working with students with learning differences and/or mental health concerns who are particularly at-risk for poor academic achievement, and researchers have demonstrated the important impact a growth mindset can have for these vulnerable students. School psychologists are well-positioned to incorporate mindset theory into the school environment in order to best support the students they serve. In this paper we provide a theoretical overview of mindset theory and mindset interventions, and specifically review the literature on mindset theory for individuals with learning disabilities and mental health challenges. We discuss how school psychologists can incorporate mindset theory into their practice to support the shift from a fixed to a growth mindset for all students.
Development of poly(ethyleneimine) grafted amphiphilic copolymers: Evaluation of their cytotoxicity and ability to complex DNA
Authors: Diaz Ivonne L , Jérôme Valérie , Freitag Ruth , Perez León D
Published: October 2021

Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is one of the most widely used cationic polymers for gene delivery. The high molecular weight polymer, which is commercially available, is highly efficient but also very cytotoxic. The reduction in charge density by using nonlinear architectures based on low molecular weight (LMW) PEI is a promising approach to produce safer DNA-vectors. Herein, a group of cationic graft copolymers with different composition containing a hydrophobic biocompatible backbone and LMW linear PEI (lPEI) grafts obtained by ring opening polymerization and click chemistry was studied. The self-assembly and DNA complexation behavior of these materials was analyzed by the gel retardation assay, zeta potential measurements, and dynamic light scattering. The copolymers formed positively charged particles in water with average sizes between 270 and 377 nm. After they were added to DNA in serum-free medium, these particles acquired negative/near-neutral charges and increased in size depending on the N/P ratio. All copolymers showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to the 25 kDa lPEI used as reference, but the transfection efficiency was reduced. This result suggested that the cationic segments were too small to fully condense the DNA and promote cellular uptake, even with the use of several grafts and the introduction of hydrophobic domains. The trends found in this research showed that a higher degree of hydrophobicity and a higher grafting density can enhance the interaction between the copolymers and DNA. These trends could direct further structural modifications in the search for effective and safe vectors based on this polycation.
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: A Review of the Past and Emerging Therapies
Authors: Sagardia Lisa M. , Taylor Bethany E. , Mehta Ishan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This article is an in-depth review of the complex classification, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP), as well as emergence of new treatment options. Summary: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias consist of various subgroup classifications that require expert analysis of imaging and histology to accurately diagnose this broad group of patients. Timely and accurate assessment of these patients is key in developing an appropriate pharmacological plan. The pathophysiology of IIP is not well understood but has been linked to an immune response resulting in inflammation, fibrosis, or proliferation of lung tissue which reduces lung function. Lung transplantation is currently the only curative option for treatment, but many new antiproliferative and immunosuppressive agents are being used to effectively slow the progression of lung dysfunction. Conclusion: An often mixed radiological and histological pattern along with the invasive nature of biopsy for gold standard diagnosis create a challenge for the accurate identification of IIP. Further understanding of these idiopathic interstitial pneumonias will pave the way forward to the emergence of new treatment options and updates to standards of care.
Geometric design and analysis of scroll compressors with a novel circular involute modified wrap
Authors: Wang Jun , Han Yi , Xi Zhoujin , Wang Zengli , Cui Dong
Published: October 2021

The scroll geometry in the central region of the scroll wrap plays a crucial role in determining the working performance of scroll compressors. In order to improve the comprehensive performance of scroll wraps, in this study, a novel circular involute modified wrap was put forward, in which the central and peripheral wrap profiles were connected by a circular involute in the central regions, so that a pair of fully smooth and correct meshing scroll wraps were generated. A geometric model of the involute modified wrap were proposed, and then equations of the wrap profiles and relations between geometric parameters were derived. Effects of geometric parameters on the shape and performance of the involute modified wrap were discussed in detail. Furthermore, the compression ratio of the involute modified wrap was studied by numerical simulation, and the deformation of the involute modified wrap produced by temperature load and pressure load was calculated, compared with the conventional circular arc modified wrap under the same geometric shape of scroll compressors. Study results demonstrate that the proposed involute modified wrap may simultaneously improve the compression ratio and the strength of wrap head for scroll compressors; in addition, the involute modified wrap is good for design flexibility, and therefore is superior to the circular arc modified wrap.
Numerical research on the performance of solid fuel rocket scramjet combustor
Authors: Huang Hao , Feng Zhiwei , Ma Likun , Yang Tao , Li Chaolong
Published: October 2021

Combustion efficiency is the main factor affecting the performance of solid fuel rocket scramjet. To reveal the influence of combustor configuration on performance and further improve combustion efficiency, the influence of the width-height ratio of the rectangle-section combustor on the performance of solid fuel rocket scramjet is investigated numerically in this article. Three-dimensional compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with shear stress transport k– ω turbulence model are employed to simulate the aerodynamics. The Euler–Lagrange approach is used to calculate the multiphase flow. Combustion of carbon particles is modeled by the improved Moving Flame Front model. Accuracy of the present numerical model is validated by the experimental data of a rectangle-section combustor from literature. Results show that as the width-height ratio increases, the combustion efficiency increases first and then decreases. The influence of cavity and its position on the performance are also investigated. Results show that cavity can significantly improve combustion efficiency. The effect of cavity position on performance is related to the distribution of particles.
On the subsonic and low transonic aerodynamic performance of the land speed record car, Bloodhound LSR
Authors: Evans Ben , Townsend Jack , Hassan Oubay , Morgan Kenneth , Ayers Ron , Chapman Mark , Green Andy
Published: October 2021

The land speed record vehicle, Bloodhound, undertook testing at subsonic and low transonic speeds (up to Mach 0.8) at Hakskeen Pan, South Africa, during October and November of 2019. A decade of CFD-led aerodynamic design had been undertaken to produce a vehicle with the aim of minimised Mach number aerodynamic dependencies and minimised overall drag. This paper sets out and explains the measured pressure distributions with a focus on the highest speed run of Bloodhound up to a peak speed of 628 mile/h. It compares the measured aerodynamic performance with the various CFD model predictions used throughout the design process showing that, whilst localised discrepancies between CFD model and real behaviour exist, overall the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based CFD tools used to design the car did result in sufficiently accurate aerodynamic data to predict the overall vehicle performance to a high degree of accuracy. The work outlined in this paper, and the conclusions and recommendations drawn, form the basis for a future record attempt and the understanding of what will be required in principle to extend the World Land Speed Record to 1000 mile/h. It also provides guidance on how to effectively make use of RANS-based CFD modelling predictions for other complex, ground-interacting high-speed applications.
Applications of cybernetics to psychological theory: Historical and conceptual explorations
Authors: Tilak Shantanu , Glassman Michael , Kuznetcova Irina , Pelfrey G. Logan
Published: October 2021

This article outlines links between cybernetics and psychology through the black box metaphor using a tripartite narrative. The first part explores first-order cybernetic approaches to opening the black box. These developments run parallel to the decline of radical behaviorism and advancements in information processing theory and neuropsychology. We then describe how cybernetics migrates towards a second-order approach (expanding and questioning features of first-order inquiry), understanding applications of rule-based tools to sociocultural phenomena and dynamic mental models, inspiring radical constructivism, and also accepting social constructivism. Psychology, however, enters the cognitive revolution, adhering to the computer metaphor of first-order cyberneticians to streamline human consciousness. The article concludes by outlining how second-order cybernetic approaches emerging in the 1990s may provide cues to psychologists to adopt mixed methods, and bioecological models in the information age, uniting understandings of observable human activity, inner perceptions, and physiological processes across contexts to understand consciousness.
Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive ionic crosslinked microparticles of mercaptopurine to target ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hameed Huma , Rehman Khurram , Hameed Anam , Qayuum Abdul
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was the preparation of ionically crosslinked 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) monohydrate microparticles through preparing polyelectrolyte complexes of drug and polymers. Polymers such as chitosan, casein, and carrageenan were used to prepare crosslinked microparticles, and sodium tripolyphosphate was used as crosslinker. Microparticles were characterized for their flow behavior, compressibility, percentage yield, micromeritic, and entrapment efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to understand the surface morphology of the microparticles, and the result was correlated with the swelling index and percentage drug release. Mathematical modeling of drug release in order to determine the drug release kinetics was also determined to understand the mechanism involving the release of 6-mercaptopurine from the microparticles. The ionic crosslinked microparticles were in the range of 664 μm–798 μm particle size having good flow and compressibility properties with percentage yield were found to be from 77.5% to 87.5% in range. The entrapment efficiency for the formulations were found to be from 63.5% to 83.5%, with MCP-5 gave maximum entrapment efficiency of 83.5%. In vitro swelling and drug release studies were in accordance with the polymer properties following zero-order model with super-case transport II.
Familism and Parenting Stress in Latinx Caregivers of Young Children with Developmental Delays
Authors: Martin Ann Marie , Marin Diane G. , McIntyre Laura Lee , Neece Cameron
Published: October 2021

Several studies have documented the difficult experience of raising a child with a developmental delay (DD; DeGrace et al., 2014) but the majority of research has focused on non-Latinx White families and their experiences in childrearing and interacting with service providers (Hayes & Watson, 2013; Blanche et al., 2015). Additionally, stigma associated with mental illness and DD disproportionally affects Latinx communities (Burke et al., 2019). Familism plays a unique role among families of Latinx backgrounds (Moore, 1970; Coohey, 2001) and may act as a buffer to caregiver mental health. The current study aims to (1) determine the association between affiliate stigma and parenting stress among Latinx parents of young children with DD and (2) test whether familism moderates the relationship between affiliate stigma and parenting stress. Results revealed that the relationship between affiliate stigma and parenting stress was strongest in caregivers who reported low levels of familism, suggesting that familism may act as a buffer. More research is needed to further unpack the protective factors of familism on caregiver mental health.
Analyzing College Students’ Perceptions About How Parents Should Interpersonally Communicate Divorce to Their Children
Authors: Punyanunt-Carter Narissra Maria , Norman Mary S. , LaFreniere Jenna R.
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate college students’ perceptions about how parents should interpersonally communicate divorce to their children. One hundred and nine college students provided their personal responses regarding the topic. Themes were created based on the responses. It is evident that college students have strong perceptions regarding the ways in which parents need to communicate divorce to their children. There were three main themes: 1) message-focused, 2) the verbal and nonverbal approach, and 3) other/exempt. The results of the study are important for creating future interventions and/or plans to discuss divorce with children.
The Evolution of Social Media and the Impact on Modern Therapeutic Relationships
Authors: Méndez-Diaz Nina , Akabr Ginneh , Parker-Barnes Lucy
Published: October 2021

Combining the most popular social networking sites (SNS), Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linkedin, and Pinterest, the number of social networking users has exceeded two billion ( Jain, 2013 ). The average American spends on average 37 min to 2 h and 16 min on SNS each day, which surpasses any other internet activity, including email ( Adler, 2014 ; Batastini & Vitacco, 2020 ; Kemp, 2019 ). The high number of users and the amount of time people spend social networking has given rise to an increased interest of research on social medical and mental health. For example, several studies have shown that extended social media use increases depression ( Coyne et al., 2020 ; Veretilo & Billick, 2012 ), symptoms of bipolar mania, narcissism, and histrionic personality disorder in adults 18–35 ( Rosen et al., 2013 ) and decreases self-esteem among adolescents ( Coyne et al., 2020 ; Shapiro & Margolin, 2014 ).
Degradation and inactivation efficacy of ozone water for antineoplastic drugs in hospital settings
Authors: Kato Ginjiro , Mitome Hidemichi , Shigematsu Saki , Utsunomiya Aya , Shimasaki Miho , Sasaki Yuta , Maki Tsuneo , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Tanabe Tomotaka , Funahashi Tatsuya , Hatae Noriyuki , Hidaka Noriaki , Tanaka Mamoru , Akira Kazuki
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in hospital settings is recognized to be hazardous, and as such environmental decontamination including degradation and inactivation of such drugs is recommended. To data, although various agents such as oxidants have been reported to be useful for decontamination, simpler, safer, and more convenient methods are required. In this study, the degradation and inactivation efficacy of ozone water, which has newly been introduced for decontamination of antineoplastic drugs in spills, was investigated for formulations of gemcitabine, irinotecan, and paclitaxel.

Methods

Antineoplastic formulations (medicinal ingredient: ∼1.5 μmol) were mixed with 50 mL of ozone water (>4 mg/L). The reactions were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the degradation mixtures were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to obtain the structural information of the degradation products. The formulations of gemcitabine and irinotecan and those degradation mixtures were evaluated for their mutagenicity using the Ames test and cytotoxicity against human cancer cells.

Results

Gemcitabine and irinotecan were found to be readily degraded by the ozone treatment, and their active sites were suggested to be degraded. In contrast, paclitaxel was hard to be decomposed, possibly owing to the consumption of ozone by the polyoxyethylene castor oil added as a pharmaceutical additive of the formulation. No significant mutagenic changes of Salmonella typhimurium strains used for the Ames test were observed for the samples within the concentration ranges examined. The ozone treatment showed obvious increases in cell viability for gemcitabine formulation, and mild increases for irinotecan formulation.

Conclusions

Ozone water was shown to be effective as a decomposition agent for the antineoplastic drug formulations examined, although the efficacy depends on the chemical structures of the drugs and the pharmaceutical additives. It was also suggested that ozone treatment has a tendency to decrease the toxicity of the antineoplastic drug formulations. As such, further studies are required in order to clarify the effects and application limitations of ozone water.