bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The climatic drivers of normalized difference vegetation index and tree‐ring‐based estimates of forest productivity are spatially coherent but temporally decoupled in Northern Hemispheric forests
Authors: Seftigen Kristina , Frank David C. , Björklund Jesper , Babst Flurin , Poulter Benjamin
Published: October 2018

Aim

Radial growth and foliage dynamics of trees both play a significant role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Yet, crucial knowledge gaps exist in how these two growth components are linked. Our goal is to help bridge these gaps by providing a Northern Hemispheric survey of the connections between, and drivers of, inter‐annual wood and canopy–landscape dynamics and phenology.

Location

Northern (>30° N) forest ecosystems.

Methods

We compared a multispecies network of ca. 700 annually resolved radial tree‐growth records with the global inventory modelling and mapping studies‐normalized difference vegetation index (GIMMS‐NDVI) estimates of foliage greenness between 1982 and 2012. Tree‐ring data were assimilated into the simple process‐based Vaganov–Shashkin Lite model to derive xylem phenology on a monthly basis and were contrasted against NDVI estimates of canopy phenology. We additionally determined the response of all these vegetation measures to temperature and precipitation.

Results

We found broad‐scale agreement in the phenology and growing season climate response between radial tree growth and seasonally integrated canopy–landscape dynamics. On a monthly basis, however, a temporal asynchrony in the climate signals at mid‐ and high latitudes was observed, where the strongest climate response of the NDVI record occurred around leaf flush, whereas an early‐ to mid‐growing season signal dominated the tree‐ring growth.

Main conclusions

Our comprehensive study helps to elucidate the unique contributions of foliar and radial growth to terrestrial carbon cycling and the time‐scales at which they operate. Although we observed that both measures have similar overall climate constraints, these two growth components are sensitive to distinct seasonal windows. Our study suggests that joint assessment of both leaf and stem growth is required to address productivity of forests and demonstrates that these seasonal sensitivities must be considered before combining and interpreting these two metrics.
Where Does the Good Shepherd Go? Civic Virtue and Sorting into Public Sector Employment
Authors: Ayaita Adam , Yang Philip , Gülal Filiz
Published: October 2018

Several studies have analyzed motives to work in the public versus private sector. However, research on prosocial motivation in the context of public sector employment has largely neglected civic virtue, the motive to contribute to society. This study considers civic virtue in addition to other possible motives, using a representative, longitudinal dataset of employees in Germany including 63,180 observations of 13,683 different individuals. We find that civic virtue relates positively to public sector employment beyond altruism, risk aversion, laziness and (low) financial motivation. The result holds within different branches and is explained by sorting into the sector.
Rehabilitation to live better with dementia
Authors: Maki Yohko , Sakurai Takashi , Okochi Jiro , Yamaguchi Haruyasu , Toba Kenji
Published: October 2018

The goal of dementia treatment is to improve the quality of life for both people with dementia and their families. Rehabilitation as a non‐pharmacological approach, coordinated with pharmacological treatment, aims to allow patients to live better by slowing the progression, and relieving the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. In dementia, the manifestation of symptoms caused by neurological impairment is modified by various factors; thus, multidimensional assessment and approaches are effective based on the concept of the International Classification of Functioning, which emphasizes the healthy components of every person's functioning. Regarding the process of rehabilitation, every person with dementia should take initiative throughout the course of rehabilitation, and shared decision‐making is a fundamental requirement at every phase of intervention. The needs of rehabilitation differ depending on the stage of dementia. In the early stages, cognitive rehabilitation is needed, and interventions are carried out using preserved functions and compensatory strategies. As the disease progresses, capacities of instrumental and then basic activities of daily living deteriorate, and interventions need to be tailor‐made and carried out in the context of actual living situations. In the early‐to‐moderate stages, prevention and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are required. In the interventions to alleviate behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, it is critical to consider the individual and the meaning behind his/her behaviors from a holistic perspective. Family carers also need support, and education to learn coping strategies can be beneficial for both people with dementia and their carers. Rehabilitation can empower people with dementia and their families to live better with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1529–1536.
Coexisting different types of zoned garnet in kyanite‐quartz eclogites from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt: Evidence of deformation‐induced lithological mixing during prograde metamorphism
Authors: Enami Masaki , Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Tsuboi Motohiro , Kouketsu Yui , Nagaya Takayoshi , Huang Shuaimin
Published: October 2018

Garnet grains in Sanbagawa quartz eclogites from the Besshi region, central Shikoku commonly show a zoning pattern consisting of core and mantle/rim that formed during two prograde stages of eclogite and subsequent epidote–amphibolite facies metamorphism, respectively. Garnet grains in the quartz eclogites are grouped into four types (I, II, III, and IV) according to the compositional trends of their cores. Type I garnet is most common and sometimes coexists with other types of garnet in a thin section. Type I core formed with epidote and kyanite during the prograde eclogite facies stage. The inner cores of types II and III crystallized within different whole‐rock compositions of epidote‐free and kyanite‐bearing eclogite and epidote‐ and kyanite‐free eclogite at the earlier prograde stage, respectively. The inner core of type IV probably formed during the pre‐eclogite facies stage. The inner cores of types II, III, and IV, which formed under different P–T conditions of prograde metamorphism and/or whole‐rock compositions, were juxtaposed with the core of type I, probably due to tectonic mixing of rocks at various points during the prograde eclogite facies stage. After these processes, they have shared the following same growth history: (i) successive crystal growth during the later stage of prograde eclogite facies metamorphism that formed the margin of the type I core and the outer cores of types II, III, and IV; (ii) partial resorption of the core during exhumation and hydration stage; and (iii) subsequent formation of mantle zones during prograde metamorphism of the epidote–amphibolite facies. The prograde metamorphic reactions may not have progressed under an isochemical condition in some Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks, at least at the hand specimen scale. This interpretation suggests that, in some cases, material interaction promoted by mechanical mixing and fluid‐assisted diffusive mass transfer probably influences mineral reactions and paragenesis of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks.
Factors affecting spontaneous vocal activity of Tawny Owls Strix aluco and implications for surveying large areas
Authors: Zuberogoitia Iñigo , Burgos Gorka , González‐Oreja José Antonio , Morant Jon , Martínez José Enrique , Zabala Albizua Jabi
Published: October 2018

To use vocalizations properly for the estimation of owl population size, it is important to identify how environmental factors affect owl calling behaviour. Here, we analyse how intrinsic and extrinsic factors modify the vocal activity of Tawny Owls Strix aluco in two areas of northern Spain. From March 2013 to May 2015, we radiotracked 20 Tawny Owls and also undertook a systematic survey in which we collected data on spontaneous vocal activity (hoot/call) of the tagged owls, plus their mates and neighbours (36 untagged owls). After 223 nights in Valle de Mena and 224 in Duranguesado we obtained a total of 8791 records of vocal activity. The annual proportion of surveys on which an owl called was 6.3% and did not differ between the study areas. Vocal activity of Tawny Owls varied with sex, annual cycle stage and weather. Male owls were significantly more vocal than females year‐round, and vocal activity peaked during the incubation and post‐breeding periods. Wind and rain adversely affected vocal activity of both sexes throughout the year. Tagged owls were detected more often than untagged owls, which we interpret as an observer effect because the systematic survey ensured that short distances to tagged owls increased the probability of detecting vocal activity. In fact, 2.8% of variation in vocal activity was due to detectability differences between tagged and untagged owls. We conclude that if fieldwork is carried out during the optimum period of the year for vocal detection (i.e. incubation, which in our case was around mid‐April), and under good weather conditions (dry and calm nights), censuses based on spontaneous vocal activity would detect only approximately 12% of the true Tawny Owl population.
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation—A histopathological study
Authors: Scarim Cauê B. , de Andrade Cleverton R. , da Rosa João A. , dos Santos Jean L. , Chin Chung M.
Published: October 2018

Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short‐ and long‐term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti‐T. cruzi agent.
Frailty in Chinese older adults with hypertension: Prevalence, associated factors, and prediction for long‐term mortality
Authors: Ma Lina , Zhang Li , Sun Fei , Li Yun , Tang Zhe
Published: October 2018

Hypertension and frailty are associated and often coexist in older adults. Few studies have examined the association between hypertension and frailty in Chinese population. We explored the prevalence of and the factors associated with frailty as well as whether frailty could identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes among older adults with hypertension. Data were from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. A total of 1111 hypertensive participants aged ≥60 years old who completed the comprehensive geriatrics assessment were included. All participants were followed up for 8 years. The total number of deaths was 604. Frailty was assessed by the 68‐item frailty index. Stepwise forward logistic regression was used to explore the association between the associated factors and frailty in hypertensive participants. The prediction for mortality was assessed using the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Two hundred and eighteen older adults were determined as frail (prevalence rate: 19.6%). Frail older adults with hypertension had worse physical performance, worse psychological, and social function, as well as worse lifestyle habits, compared to nonfrail older adults with hypertension. Chair stand test failure, balance test failure, fracture, disability, depression, and physical frailty measured with modified frailty phenotype were independently associated with frailty. Frailty was associated with a higher 8‐year mortality, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.40, adjusted for age and sex, HR = 2.61. Frailty is associated with poorer physical function and higher mortality in community‐dwelling hypertensive older adults in China. These findings emphasize the importance and need for frailty intervention and prevention in older adults with hypertension.
Relationship of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms with Falls in Alzheimer's Disease – Does Exercise Modify the Risk?
Authors: Roitto Hanna‐Maria , Kautiainen Hannu , Öhman Hannareeta , Savikko Niina , Strandberg Timo E. , Raivio Minna , Laakkonen Marja‐Liisa , Pitkälä Kaisu H.
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVES

To explore how neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are associated with number of falls and how exercise modifies the risk of falling in community‐dwelling people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NPS.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Community.

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling individuals with AD (N=210) who completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) (N = 179).

INTERVENTION

Participants were randomized into 3 groups: group‐based exercise (4‐hour sessions with approximately 1 hour of training) and tailored home‐based exercise (1 hour of training) twice a week for 1 year and a control group receiving usual community care. In this secondary analysis, we merged the home‐based and group‐based exercise groups and compared this group with the control group.

MEASUREMENTS

NPS were measured using the NPI at baseline, and spousal caregivers recorded falls in daily fall diaries during 1 year of follow‐up.

RESULTS

The number of falls increased linearly with NPI score in the control group. Fall rates were 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26–1.73) per person‐year in the intervention group and 2.87 (95% CI=2.43–3.35) in the control group. Adjusted for age, sex, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.48 (95% Cl=0.39–0.60, p < .001). Main effects for fall rate were significant for group (p < .001) and NPI total (p < .02); the interaction effect was also significant (p = .009) (adjusted for sex, age, MMSE score, SPPB score, and psychotropic medication use).

CONCLUSION

Exercise may decrease the risk of falling in community‐dwelling individuals with AD and NPS. Future exercise trials should confirm this finding in participants with significant NPS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ACTRN12608000037303. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2377–2381, 2018.
Weight improvement with the use of protein and energy enriched nutritional formula in infants with a prolonged PICU stay
Authors: Eveleens R. D. , Dungen D. K. , Verbruggen S. C. A. T. , Hulst J. M. , Joosten K. F. M.
Published: October 2018

Background

Reaching an optimal nutritional intake is challenging in critically ill infants. One possible way to minimise nutritional deficits is the use of protein and energy‐enriched (PE)‐formulas. We aimed to describe weight achievement and gastrointestinal symptoms in infants admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) while receiving PE‐formula for a prolonged period.

Methods

Records from infants admitted to a multidisciplinary PICU and using PE‐formula were analysed retrospectively. Infants were eligible if they received PE‐formula daily for at least 2 weeks. Weight achievement was determined as the difference between weight‐for‐age (WFA) Z‐scores at the start and end of PE‐formula use. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including gastric residual volume, constipation and vomiting, were evaluated as tolerance parameters.

Results

Seventy infants with a median [interquartile range (IQR)] age of 76 (30–182) days were eligible. The PICU duration was 50 (35–83) days during which they received PE‐formula for 30 (21–54) days. Predominant admission diagnoses were post‐cardiac surgery, respiratory and cardiac diagnosis. A significant mean (SD) WFA Z‐score increase of 0.48 (1.10) (P < 0.001) and a median (IQR) weight gain of 5.80 (3.28–9.04) g kg−1 day−1 was observed. Multivariate regression showed that a lower WFA Z‐score at start was associated with a higher WFA Z‐score increase during PE‐formula use (β −0.35 (95% confidence interval =  −0.50 to −0.19); P < 0.001). The maximum 24‐h gastric residual volume was 8.1 mL (IQR = 2.2–14.3) for each 1 kg in bodyweight. Three (4%) infants were treated for diarrhoea and three infants were treated for vomiting.

Conclusions

The majority of infants with a prolonged PICU stay showed weight improvement when using PE‐formula. PE‐formula was well tolerated because gastrointestinal symptoms only occurred in few infants.
Classification of intellectual disability according to domains of adaptive functioning and between‐domains discrepancy in adults with epilepsy
Authors: van Ool J. S. , Snoeijen‐Schouwenaars F. M. , Tan I. Y. , Schelhaas H. J. , Aldenkamp A. P. , Hendriksen J. G. M.
Published: October 2018

Background

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth edition (DSM‐5), the diagnostic criteria of intellectual disability (ID) include three domains of adaptive deficits: the conceptual, social and practical. Substantial intra‐individual differences between domains can be considered an ID domain discrepancy.

Method

We explored the associations between ID domains, discrepancies and epilepsy in 189 adults (mean age = 47.9; SD = 15.6). Each DSM‐5 ID domain was assessed separately, using subscales of the Vineland II for the social and practical domains, and psychological instruments, including intelligence tests, for the conceptual domain. A set of standardised criteria is proposed to identify an ID domain discrepancy.

Results

An ID domain discrepancy seemed to be present in about one‐third of subjects and was particularly present in subjects with moderate ID (53.4%). Impairment in the social domain was most often the reason for the discrepancy. The presence of a discrepancy was significantly related to a focal (localised) epilepsy type (OR = 2.3, P = .028) and a mixed seizure type (OR = 1.4, P = .009). Epilepsy characteristics that are indicative of a more severe and refractory epilepsy, including various seizure types, a high seizure frequency, a combined epilepsy type (both focal and generalised epilepsy) and an early age at onset, were significantly related to more severe impairments in conceptual, social and practical adaptive behaviour (all P values <.01).

Conclusions

With a substantial proportion of the subjects who had both ID and epilepsy with an ID discrepancy, professionals should be aware of this and take all domains of ID into account when studying or working with this vulnerable population.
Exploring the potential of neutron imaging for life sciences on IMAT
Authors: BURCA G. , NAGELLA S. , CLARK T. , TASEV D. , RAHMAN I.A. , GARWOOD R.J. , SPENCER A.R.T. , TURNER M.J. , KELLEHER J.F.
Published: October 2018

Neutron imaging has been employed in life sciences in recent years and has proven to be a viable technique for studying internal features without compromising integrity and internal structure of samples in addition to being complementary to other methods such as X‐ray or magnetic resonance imaging. Within the last decade, a neutron imaging beamline, IMAT, was designed and built at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, UK, to meet the increasing demand for neutron imaging applications in various fields spanning from materials engineering to biology. In this paper, we present the first neutron imaging experiments on different biological samples during the scientific commissioning of the IMAT beamline mainly intended to explore the beamline's capabilities and its potential as a noninvasive investigation tool in fields such as agriculture (soil‐plants systems), palaeontology and dentistry.

Lay Description

Neutrons form a highly penetrating radiation passing through matter without damaging or structurally modifying it, a property that makes them the ideal tool for many kinds of complementary material investigations. Moreover, the strong interaction of neutrons with hydrogen and their ability to distinguish between hydrogen and deuterium with no radiation damage make neutrons a good probe for imaging biological specimens. The recent technological developments of sources and detectors improved the capabilities of neutron imaging instruments and also have facilitated the use of neutron imaging on a much wider scale than before. Neutron imaging is proving its advantages as being complementary to other known methods of investigation such as X‐ray imaging or magnetic resonance imaging and it is no surprise that it is not only employed in engineering or archaeology, but also in life sciences. This definitely opens new perspectives for a more interdisciplinary approach in contemporary science. Within the last decade a neutron imaging beamline, IMAT, was designed and built at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, UK, to meet the increasing demands of researchers from different fields, spanning from materials engineering to biology. The results presented here, acquired from first measurements on different biological samples during the scientific commissioning of IMAT beamline show the instrument capability and its suitability to palaeontology, agriculture (soil–plants systems) or dentistry applications.
Serving Time: Volunteer Work, Liminality and the Uses of Meaningfulness at Music Festivals
Authors: Laura Toraldo Maria , Islam Gazi , Mangia Gianluigi
Published: October 2018

Drawing from a participant‐observer study of volunteering in the context of UK music festivals, we examine how the sense of meaningfulness and community relate to instrumental goals of consumption and efficiency. We argue that the liminal nature of the festival setting supports an ambivalence in which meaningfulness is established through constructions of community, while the commodification of community feelings leads to heterogeneous understandings of the work setting. Our findings reveal heterogeneous ways in which work was rendered meaningful by festival volunteers, ranging from (1) A commodity frame, characterizing work as drudgery seeking ‘fun’ through consumption (2) A ‘communitas’ frame, emphasizing a transcendental sense of collective immediacy and (3) A cynical frame, where communitas discourse is used instrumentally by both managers and workers. We discuss meaningful work as caught between creative community and ideological mystification, and how alternative workspaces vacillate between emancipatory principles of solidarity and neo‐normative forms of ideological control.
Evaluation of Radiopacity of Luting Cements Submitted to Different Aging Procedures
Authors: Junqueira Rafael B. , Carvalho Rodrigo F. , Yamamoto Felipe A.G.F. , Almeida Solange M. , Verner Francielle S.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the radiopacity of luting cements submitted to different aging procedures.

Materials and Methods

Twenty discs (1 × 4 mm) of each of the following cements were prepared: zinc phosphate, RelyX Luting 2, Variolink 2, AllCem, RelyX U200, Multilink, Panavia F2.0, and RelyX ARC. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10/group), according to the aging procedure: thermal cycling group and water storage group. Before and after aging procedures, specimens were x‐rayed with an aluminum step‐wedge (11 steps, 1 mm thick each) and three dental slices (1 mm thick). The radiopacity was evaluated by means of optical density, which was measured using ImageJ software. The values were converted into millimeters of aluminum with a logistic regression calibration curve. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

In the thermal cycling group, RelyX Luting 2, RelyX U200, and Panavia F2.0 showed a statistically significant reduction in radiopacity (p < 0.05). In the water storage group, all cements showed a significant reduction in radiopacity (p < 0.05), and RelyX Luting 2 and Panavia F2.0 performed below the desired ISO 4049 standard.

Conclusions

The radiopacity of luting cements can decrease after aging, especially after 1‐year water storage.
Misperceiving grandiose narcissism as self‐esteem: Why narcissists are well liked at zero acquaintance
Authors: Giacomin Miranda , Jordan Christian H.
Published: October 2018

Objective

We examine why people form positive first impressions of grandiose narcissists, even though they can identify others’ narcissism. We test whether this occurs because narcissists are perceived to have especially high self‐esteem, which is socially valued.

Method

Across four studies, undergraduate perceivers viewed photographs of targets (for whom narcissism and self‐esteem were known) and rated perceptions of their narcissism and self‐esteem, as well as how much they liked them.

Results

Perceivers rated more narcissistic targets to be higher in self‐esteem (even compared to targets with equally high self‐esteem) and liked them more. Perceptions of self‐esteem, moreover, mediated the effect of target narcissism on liking (Study 1). This effect disappeared when targets’ narcissism was made salient, suggesting that trait narcissism is not inherently attractive (Study 2). Finally, path models revealed a negative effect of perceptions of narcissism on liking that was suppressed by a positive effect of perceptions of self‐esteem on liking (Study 3a), even for ratings of people’s online dating profiles (Study 3b).

Conclusions

Positive initial impressions of narcissists may be driven by inflated perceptions that they have high self‐esteem.
‘I don't come off as timid anymore’: Real‐time change in early adulthood against the backdrop of the community
Authors: Brook Marisa , Jankowski Bridget L. , Konnelly Lex , Tagliamonte Sali A.
Published: October 2018

The period from ages 18 to 25 is sometimes called ‘emerging adulthood’ (Arnett , ) since it has come to be characterized by major life transitions. Linguistically, this means that lifespan change in the individual (Sankoff , ) might be particularly likely during these years (Labov : 447; Bigham : 533; Kohn : 20). Addressing a need for more real‐time sociolinguistic research on early adulthood, we employ data from a panel study of a single speaker, ‘Clara’ (b. 1986), interviewed every 12 to 18 months between the ages of 16 and 30 (Tagliamonte , : 274–276). We examine four linguistic variables that differ according to level of the grammar and social salience in Clara's community (Toronto, Canada). For each variable, Clara's rates of the variants shift to match those of subsequent age cohorts in the community around her as she gets older and joins the workforce. These findings attest to emerging adulthood as a sociolinguistically formative period. More generally, they emphasize the inseparability of individuals and their linguistic surroundings.
The stages of mass mobilization: separate phenomena and distinct causal mechanisms
Authors: Shultziner Doron , Goldberg Sarah
Published: October 2018

The notion that mass mobilization has analytically important stages is underappreciated in the literature. This paper proposes an approach that decomposes mass mobilization into three main phenomena: origins, protest and outcome. Each stage is characterized by unique factors and mechanisms. Accordingly, the research questions pertaining to each stage are dealt with by multiple levels of analysis and alternative explanations, allowing theory testing and theory development. The paper highlights separate causal mechanisms that operate in the emergence of grievances and protest motivation during the origins stage; mechanisms involving different forms of pressure, organization, psychological processes, and external forces during the protest stage; and mechanisms pertaining to key players and strategies that determine outcomes of mass mobilization. We illustrate that certain factors and mechanisms which are key in one stage have little or no causal relevance in the other stages. Other factors and mechanisms may also dramatically change in content, meaning or configuration between the stages. This theoretical approach facilitates the integration of a large and diverse body of scholarship into a structured analysis of mass mobilization that allows for both a detailed case study as well as comparison of stages across mass protests. The analysis of stages and causal mechanisms is illustrated across cases of democratization, revolution, and protest within democracy.
Congenital tufted angioma: A multicenter retrospective study of 30 cases
Authors: Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Sánchez‐Orta Alba , De Lucas Raúl , López‐Gutiérrez Juan Carlos , Ruiz‐Bravo Elena , Baselga Eulalia , Victoria Ana M. , Hernández‐Martín Angela , Campos‐Domínguez Minia , Berenguer Fröhner Beatriz , Garnacho‐Saucedo Gloria , Vera Casaño Angel , Vicente Villa Asunción , Bernabeu‐Wittel José , Kutzner Heinz , Requena Luis
Published: October 2018

Background

Recent reports indicate that tufted angioma is a rare vascular neoplasm that manifests more frequently at birth than previously thought. Few studies specifically address congenital presentation.

Objectives

We analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics, clinical course, and treatment of congenital tufted angioma (cTA) and evaluated variables that were indicative of problematic lesions.

Methods

We performed an observational retrospective study of 30 patients with cTA in 9 Spanish hospitals over a 14‐year period. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies were performed.

Results

Congenital tufted angioma mainly affected the limbs (56.67%), followed by the face and/or neck (23.33%). Almost three‐quarters of facial cTA were located over the mandibular area. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cells expressed markers of endothelial cells, with some clusters of cells, especially at the periphery of the aggregates, showing positivity for podoplanin. As no associated complications were observed in 66.67% of cases, no treatment was started.

Limitations

Data were collected retrospectively.

Conclusions

Our findings emphasize the clinical features and course of cTA. The possibility of cTA should be considered when a poorly defined congenital infiltrative vascular tumor with(out) overlying hirsutism appears over the mandibular area. Location on the face and/or neck requires a more comprehensive workup, since potentially severe complications often appear early.
Recalcitrant alopecia areata responsive to leflunomide and anthralin—Potentially undiscovered JAK/STAT inhibitors?
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Gupta Aastha , Gautam Ram K.
Published: October 2018

Several treatment modalities are available for the management of alopecia areata (AA); however, no therapy is universally effective and treatment can be frustrating in severe cases, with low response and high recurrence rates. Recent studies show that the JAK/STAT pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease by determining the crosstalk between the infiltrating CD8+ T cells and the hair follicles, suggesting a role of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of AA. However, reports on the off‐label use of these more expensive targeted agents have shown variable results. We present a case of a child with recalcitrant ophiasis‐pattern AA who had failed steroid therapy and was treated successfully with leflunomide and anthralin, possibly by the synergistic effect on the JAK/STAT pathway inhibition, and we propose this combination could be a cost‐effective therapeutic option for recalcitrant AA.
Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence From the November 13, 2015 Paris Terror Attacks
Authors: Vasilopoulos Pavlos , Marcus George E. , Valentino Nicholas A. , Foucault Martial
Published: October 2018

The conjecture that negative emotions underpin support for far‐right politics is common among pundits and scholars. The conventional account holds that authoritarian populists catalyze public anxiety about the changing social order and/or deteriorating national economic conditions, and this anxiety subsequently drives up support for the far right. We propose that while emotions do indeed play an independent causal role in support for far‐right parties and policies, that support is more likely built upon the public’s anger rather than fear. This article explores the relative impact of fear and anger in reaction to the 2015 Paris terror attacks on the propensity to vote for the French far‐right party, the Front National, in the 2015 regional elections. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that anger is associated with voting for the Front National, while fear is associated with voting against the Front National. Moreover, anger boosts the Front National vote most powerfully among far‐right and authoritarian voters. On the other hand, fear reduces support for the far right among those same groups.
An Agent‐Based Model for Pathogen Persistence and Cross‐Contamination Dynamics in a Food Facility
Authors: Mokhtari Amir , Van Doren Jane M.
Published: October 2018

We used an agent‐based modeling (ABM) framework and developed a mathematical model to explain the complex dynamics of microbial persistence and spread within a food facility and to aid risk managers in identifying effective mitigation options. The model explicitly considered personal hygiene practices by food handlers as well as their activities and simulated a spatially explicit dynamic system representing complex interaction patterns among food handlers, facility environment, and foods. To demonstrate the utility of the model in a decision‐making context, we created a hypothetical case study and used it to compare different risk mitigation strategies for reducing contamination and spread of Listeria monocytogenes in a food facility. Model results indicated that areas with no direct contact with foods (e.g., loading dock and restroom) can serve as contamination niches and recontaminate areas that have direct contact with food products. Furthermore, food handlers’ behaviors, including, for example, hygiene and sanitation practices, can impact the persistence of microbial contamination in the facility environment and the spread of contamination to prepared foods. Using this case study, we also demonstrated benefits of an ABM framework for addressing food safety in a complex system in which emergent system‐level responses are predicted using a bottom‐up approach that observes individual agents (e.g., food handlers) and their behaviors. Our model can be applied to a wide variety of pathogens, food commodities, and activity patterns to evaluate efficacy of food‐safety management practices and quantify contamination reductions associated with proposed mitigation strategies in food facilities.
Toward a better assessment of perceived social influence: The relative role of significant others on young athletes
Authors: Chan Derwin K. C. , Keegan Richard J. , Lee Alfred S. Y. , Yang Sophie X. , Zhang Lei , Rhodes Ryan E. , Lonsdale Chris
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this three‐study paper was to develop and validate the Perceived Social Influence in Sport Scale‐2 (PSISS‐2) that aimed to resolve the limitations of PSISS‐1 in assessing the relative social influence of significant others in youth sport. In Study 1, a pool of 60 items generated from revisiting a qualitative dataset about significant others of young athletes were examined by two expert panel reviews in terms of content validity, clarity, coverage, and age‐appropriateness, leading to the development of 16 items of the PSISS‐2. In Study 2, multi‐group exploratory structural equation model for PSISS‐2 was conducted among 904 young athletes, and the results supported a model comprising positive influence (ie, conditional and unconditional positive influence combined), punishment (ie, conditional negative influence), and dysfunction (ie, unconditional negative influence) as three factors. The goodness of fit of the three‐factor model was acceptable and invariant across the coach‐, father‐, mother‐, and teammates‐versions of PSISS‐2. In support of the criterion validity of PSISS‐2, the three factors explained substantial variance of young athletes’ perceived competence, effort, enjoyment, and trait anxiety in sport. Study 3 examined the relationship between PSISS‐2 factors, psychological need support, and controlling behaviors in a subsample of 452 young athletes, and the findings supported the concurrent validity and discriminant validity of the scale. In conclusion, the data are supportive of PSISS‐2. The three factors of the scale (ie, positive influence, punishment, and dysfunction) may form a new framework for understanding and comparing the relative role of significant others in youth sport.
Middle‐Range Theories of Institutional Change
Authors: Nee Victor
Published: October 2018

This article is based on my presidential address delivered in Baltimore at the 2018 annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society. In it, I explore the ways in which theories of the middle‐range help us advance sociology as a social science at a time when many express concern about the fragmentation of the discipline.
Antimicrobial peptides activity in the skin
Authors: Herman Anna , Herman Andrzej P.
Published: October 2018

This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding multifunctional role of human skin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including (a) protection from microbial infection, (b) improvement of skin barrier homoeostasis, (c) modulation of inflammation responses, and (d) promotion of wound healing. In addition, association of AMPs with skin diseases as well as challenges and future prospects for AMP therapeutics has also been discussed.
Impact of hepatitis E virus testing on the safety of blood components in Germany – results of a simulation study
Authors: Kamp Christel , Blümel Johannes , Baylis Sally A. , Bekeredjian‐Ding Isabelle , Chudy Michael , Heiden Margarethe , Henseler Olaf , Keller‐Stanislawski Brigitte , de Vos Anneke S. , Funk Markus B.
Published: October 2018

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections may be acquired through transfusion of blood components. As transfusion‐transmitted infections mostly affect vulnerable individuals, measures to ensure the supply of safe blood components are under discussion. On the basis of the epidemiological situation in Germany, different testing strategy scenarios were investigated through simulation studies. Testing for HEV RNA by nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) assays with a pool size of 96, and a 95% LoD of 20 IU/ml will result in an 80% reduction in expected HEV transmissions as well as of consequent chronic infections with subsequent severe complications.
Establishing performance management objectives and measurements of red blood cell inventory planning in a large tertiary care hospital in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Pi David , Shih Andrew W. , Sham Lawrence , Zamar David , Roland Kristine , Hudoba Monika
Published: October 2018

Background

Traditional key performance indicators (KPIs) for red blood cell (RBC) inventory management such as blood shortage rate (BSR) and outdate rate (ODR) alone are observed to be insensitive for large hospitals, often due to fluctuating demands and rapid turnover. We hypothesized that improvement in complementary KPIs for RBC supply chains, including age of blood as a surrogate for the pre‐hospital and in‐hospital supply chains, may further improve efficiency.

Methods

Red blood cell supply, inventory and disposition data from a large tertiary care hospital blood bank were retrospectively assessed from June 2014 to 2015 as the baseline period. From June 2015 to 2016, (1) collaboration with the blood supplier to improve logistics and (2) a ‘demand‐driven inventory planning policy’ (DDIP) to determine better inventory levels aided by discrete‐event simulation modelling were instituted. Age of blood transfused (ABT) was chosen as the main KPI for the efficiency of the entire RBC supply chain.

Results

Improvements in age of blood received (ABR) led to the greatest efficiency gains. Reduction in ABT (28.7 ± 8.8 days vs. 22.1 ± 9.5 days, P < 0.01), ABR (19.4 ± 8.8 days vs. 13.4 ± 7.0 days, P < 0.01), inventory‐to‐transfusion ratio (P < 0.01), O‐negative RBC utilization (7.4 vs. 6.4 units/day, P < 0.01) and ODR (P < 0.01) compared to the baseline period was observed without a significant increase in BSR.

Conclusion

Collaboration with the blood supplier to improve logistics, implementation of DDIP to determine better inventory levels and use of KPIs other than BSR and ODR led to inventory efficiency gains in a large tertiary care hospital blood bank.
Thoracoscopic‐assisted lung lobectomy in cat cadavers using a resorbable self‐locking ligation device
Authors: Nylund Adam M. , Höglund Odd V. , Fransson Boel A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To compare the maximum pressure sustained by airways sealed with a resorbable ligation device (LigaTie) and with thoracoabdominal (TA) staples during thoracoscopic‐assisted hilar lung lobectomies.

Study design

In situ cadaveric study.

Animals

Ten feline cadavers.

Methods

Twenty lung lobectomies were performed with either a LigaTie or a TA stapler (n = 10 per group) by using a thoracoscopic‐assisted technique. Procedures were randomly performed on the cranial lung lobes only. The distance between the ligation and the hilus was measured on each specimen. Airway pressures were tested to a maximum pressure of 40 cmH2O.

Results

All LigaTie sites reached a maximum airway pressure without leaking and were easily placed at the hilus. Four of 10 TA stapled sites leaked at a mean pressure of 22 cmH2O (P = .010). All leaks occurred when the TA staple line was >5 mm from the hilus; no leaks occurred when the TA staple line was ≤5 mm from the hilus (P < .001). No difference was found between fresh and frozen cadavers (P = .483) or right vs left lung lobe (P = .284).

Conclusion

Lung lobectomies were consistently performed at the hilus only when the LigaTie was used. Lung lobectomies were less likely to leak when performed with the LigaTie rather compared with TA staples.

Clinical significance

The LigaTie may be an effective alternative for lung lobectomies at the pulmonary hilus in cats and small breed dogs. Our findings provide justification for additional clinical testing.
Electrical stimulation disrupts biofilms in a human wound model and reveals the potential for monitoring treatment response with volatile biomarkers
Authors: Ashrafi Mohammed , Novak‐Frazer Lilyann , Morris Julie , Baguneid Mohamed , Rautemaa‐Richardson Riina , Bayat Ardeshir
Published: October 2018

Management of biofilm infections relies on time‐consuming laboratory techniques and monitoring treatment by subjective clinical evaluations. Due to these limitations, there is a need to explore alternative strategies. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of using volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers to monitor treatment response and measure anti‐biofilm efficacy of electrical stimulation (ES) in vitro and in human cutaneous wound biofilm models. Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilms were exposed to ES, ciprofloxacin, or both, with efficacy assessed and quantified by fluorescence staining, enumeration, metabolic assays, and biomass quantification; VOCs were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In vitro MSSA and PA and ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES showed significantly reduced bacterial viability, metabolic activity, and biomass compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was significant variation in the relative abundance of VOCs in in vitro MSSA and PA and in ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES and antibiotic (p < 0.05). 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol was associated with MSSA viability (R = 0.93, p < 0.05), biomass (R = 0.97, p < 0.05), and metabolic activity (R = 0.93, p < 0.05) and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol was associated with PA biomass (R = 0.93, p < 0.05). We showed that ES and VOC biomarkers are possible options for alternative nonpharmacological antimicrobial management of biofilms and noninvasive monitoring of wound infection treatment responses, respectively.
Intercellular Ca2+ signalling in the adult mouse cochlea
Authors: Sirko Piotr , Gale Jonathan E , Ashmore Jonathan F
Published: October 2018

Key points

Intercellular Ca2+ waves are increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels that propagate between cells.

Periodic Ca2+ waves have been linked to gene regulation and are thought to play a crucial role in the development of our hearing epithelium, the organ of Corti and the acquisition of hearing.

We observed regular periodic intercellular Ca2+ waves in supporting cells of an ex vivo preparation of the adult mouse organ of Corti, and these waves were found to propagate independently of extracellular ATP and were inhibited by the gap junction blockers 1‐octanol and carbenoxolone.

Our results establish that the existence of periodic Ca2+ waves in the organ of Corti is not restricted to the prehearing period.

We have investigated wave‐like cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) signalling in an ex vivo preparation of the adult mouse organ of Corti. Two types of intercellular Ca2+ waves that differ in propagation distance and speed were observed. One type was observed to travel up to 100 μm with an average velocity of 7 μm/s. Such waves were initiated by local tissue damage in the outer hair cell region. The propagation distance was decreased when the purinergic receptor antagonists pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid (PPADS; 50 μm) or suramin (150 μm) were added to the extracellular buffer. Immunocytochemical analysis and experiments with calcium indicator dyes showed that both P2X and P2Y receptors were present in supporting cells. A second class of waves identified to travel longitudinally along the organ of Corti propagated at a lower velocity of 1–3 μm/s. These ‘slow’ Ca2+ waves were particularly evident in the inner sulcus and Deiters’ cells. They travelled for distances of up to 500 μm. The slow Ca2+ signalling varied periodically (approximately one wave every 10 min) and was maintained for more than 3 h. The slow waves were not affected by apyrase, or by the P2 receptor agonists suramin (150 μm) or PPADS (50 μm) but were blocked by the connexin channel blockers octanol (1 mm) and carbenoxolone (100 μm). It is proposed that the observed Ca2+ waves might be a physiological response to a change in extracellular environment and may be involved in critical gene regulation activities in the supporting cells of the cochlea.
Activation of 2,4-Diaminoquinazoline in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by Rv3161c, a Putative Dioxygenase
Authors: Melief Eduard , Bonnett Shilah A. , Zuniga Edison S. , Parish Tanya
Published: October 2018

The diaminoquinazoline series has good potency against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Resistant isolates have mutations in Rv3161c, a putative dioxygenase.