bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Ozone Exposure on the Biochemical Composition of Wheat, Broccoli, Alfalfa, and Radish Seeds During Germination
Authors: Bernate Ilze , Kince Tatjana , Radenkovs Vitalijs , Juhnevica-Radenkova Karina , Cinkmanis Ingmars , Bruveris Juris , Sabovics Martins
Published: November 2024

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of gaseous ozone (O3) to promote the germination of edible seeds. While its ability to improve seedling vigor and stimulate germination is acknowledged, there has been limited research on the impact of gaseous O3 on the biochemical profile, including phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity, of cereals, seeds, and their sprouts. The lack of information has led to the initiation of this study, which aims to assess the impact of ozone treatment duration at a concentration of 50 ppm 1 L min−1, ranging from 1 to 5 h, on the biochemical attributes of broccoli (Brassica oleracea), radish (Raphanus sativus), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seeds, and sprouts, as well as wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains and sprouts. By optimizing O3 exposure parameters, including duration, this approach has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for enhancing the microbiological and nutritional quality of seeds and cereals. The findings revealed that O3 treatment generally had an adverse impact on TPC in seeds, cereals, and sprouts, resulting in a significant reduction in TPC post O3 treatment. Wheat grains, in particular, displayed the lowest TPC following ozone exposure, with an average decrease of 39.4% compared to the untreated sample. However, it is noteworthy that alfalfa seeds exhibited a positive response to 4 and 5 h O3 treatment, manifesting an average increase in TPC of 13.0% and 27.7%, respectively. In turn, broccoli, radish, and wheat sprouts displayed the lowest TPC, with values of 47.7%, 20.2%, and 18.0% lower than the control samples, respectively. This study revealed that plant responses to O3 exposure varied, and the effects of O3 treatment on TPC levels depended on O3 exposure time. Furthermore, the effect of O3 on the sugar content of the seeds, cereals, and sprouts varied among different plant types, with some showing an increase in content and others showing no substantial changes. This suggests that, depending on the type of seed, O3 may have both positive and neutral effects.
Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach
Authors: Hernandez Alexander , Bushman Shaun , Johnson Paul , Robbins Matthew D. , Patten Kaden
Published: November 2024

Protocols to evaluate turfgrass quality rely on visual ratings that, depending on the rater’s expertise, can be subjective and susceptible to positive and negative drifts. We developed seasonal (spring, summer and fall) as well as inter-seasonal machine learning predictive models of turfgrass quality using multispectral and thermal imagery collected using unmanned aerial vehicles for two years as a proof-of-concept. We chose ordinal regression to develop the models instead of conventional classification to account for the ranked nature of the turfgrass quality assessments. We implemented a fuzzy correction of the resulting confusion matrices to ameliorate the probable drift of the field-based visual ratings. The best seasonal predictions were rendered by the fall (multi-class AUC: 0.774, original kappa 0.139, corrected kappa: 0.707) model. However, the best overall predictions were obtained when observation across seasons and years were used for model fitting (multi-class AUC: 0.872, original kappa 0.365, corrected kappa: 0.872), clearly highlighting the need to integrate inter-seasonal variability to enhance models’ accuracies. Vegetation indices such as the NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, CGI and the thermal band can render as much information as a full array of predictors. Our protocol for modeling turfgrass quality can be followed to develop a library of predictive models that can be used in different settings where turfgrass quality ratings are needed.
Supervised Reinforcement Learning-Based Collaborative Master–Slave Harvest Control Study in Wheat
Authors: Ma Zhikai , Zhang Chao , Wang Wei , Wang Hao , Yu Helong , Zhao Chunjiang
Published: November 2024

Aiming at the difficulty of controlling the longitudinal relative position of agricultural machines during the agricultural master–slave navigation cooperative operation and the weak adaptability of the unitary traditional control method in the face of the working conditions of complex farmland environments, this paper proposes a supervised reinforcement learning (SRL)-based longitudinal stable and safe control method applicable to master–slave navigation harvesting and unloading operations. Firstly, to improve the algorithm training success rate, a supervisor trained on actual driving data is introduced into the actor–critic reinforcement learning method. Secondly, in order to improve the effect of agricultural machine operation, considering the actual grain unloading operation scene and combining the smoothness of operation and the safety of unloading, a new reward function in the supervised reinforcement learning algorithm is designed. Finally, the performance of the proposed SRL control strategy is verified by simulation and agricultural machines following grain unloading tests. The results of field operation show that, when the harvester speed is 1.2 m/s, the average absolute deviation of the actual distance between the two trucks is 0.048 m, and the maximum deviation of the steady state is 0.26 m. In the variable speed test, when the harvester speed is 0.4 m/s and 1.2 m/s, the average absolute deviation of the actual distance between the two trucks is 0.079 m and 0.091 m, and the maximum deviation of the steady state is 0.20 m and 0.21 m, and the cooperative accuracy can fulfill the operational demands of harvesting cooperative unloading. The study’s results can serve as a technological reference for autonomous harvesting operations in the field.
Appropriate Planting Density Can Improve the Storage Root Yield and Commercial Features of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) by Optimizing the Photosynthetic Performance
Authors: Liang Qinggan , Chen Hongrong , Chen Yanli , Kumar Sunjeet , Chang Hailong , Wu Jiantao , Chen Yue , Liu Yonghua , Wang Qinnan , Zhu Guopeng
Published: November 2024

Planting density is a crucial factor in sweet potato output. However, the relationship among photosynthetic performance, yield, and storage root commercial features that respond to planting density is not well understood. We conducted a three-year field experiment with four planting densities (83,280 plants hm−2, plant spacing 15 cm, D15; 62,520 plants hm−2, plant spacing 20 cm, D20; 50,025 plants hm−2, panting spacing 25 cm, D25; and 41,640 plants hm−2, 30 cm, D30; 80 cm row space for all) to investigate the dynamic of photosynthetic performance, dry matter, yield, carbohydrate metabolism, and commercial features of storage root. The result showed that the highest yield was observed in the D20 treatment, and the yield increment was by 8.47–24.92% when compared to the D25 control treatment during the three growth periods. The observation can be attributed to the fact that appropriate planting density D20 can shape a good canopy structure to improve photosynthetic performance by significantly increasing IPAR, TPAR, light transmission, and extinction coefficient through different canopy levels. Hence, the Pn, Tr, Ci, Gs and WUE, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly improved. Eventually, promoting root sink development by up-regulating starch, fructose, glucose, and sucrose in storage roots, resulting in vigorous carbon flux from the source toward the root sink. Therefore, the optimal planting density D20 treatment increased individual plant yield and commercial features by increasing the number of storage roots, particularly medium-sized ones. Herein, we claim that optimizing the plant population density of sweet potatoes can be a good way to increase the yield and commercial features, and our results are great and important for improving the market value and profits of sweet potatoes.
Effects of Straw Returning on Drought Tolerance and Growth Status of Maize Under Drought Stress in the Cold and Arid Regions of Northern China
Authors: Li Yan , Sun Jiying , Liu Jian , Yuan Zhiqiang , Hu Shuping , Sun Chen , Du Jiang , Ji Wenhui , Cao Guohui , Wang Zhaoran
Published: November 2024

Crop yield losses have escalated worldwide due to extreme and/or prolonged drought periods as well as insufficient irrigation. In the cold and arid regions of northern China, the difficulty of straw decomposition is a regional problem, which is undoubtedly aggravated by the increasingly serious drought. Thus, the combination of a reasonable grain feed rotation mode and tillage mode of straw returning is an effective measure to solve this problem. This study set up a grain forage rotation (in the first year, it is used for grain production, and the straw is returned to the field after the grains are harvested; when the entire plant is harvested in the second year, it is used as feed) and two treatments for straw returning and no straw returning to the land characterized by two different water degresses (include drought stress and normal irrigation). To clarify the impact of returning straw to the field on the soil improvement and drought tolerance of various maize varieties, the effects of straw returning on the agronomic traits, hormones, osmotic adjustment substance content, whole plant fresh weight, and dry weight of six different maize varieties (MC703, A2636, DK 159, ZQ 1, 303 × 178, and ZJ 330) under drought stress were analyzed. The data showed the following: (1) After straw returning, the soil moisture content increased by 3.55–14.70% and the soil bulk density decreased by 0.73–5.23% under the drought stress treatment, and the soil physical condition became closer to the ideal value. (2) After straw returning, the plant height, ear height, stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of the maize whole plant under the drought stress treatment increased by 0.95–7.70%, 4.70–15.71%, 0.31–9.33%, 2.67–36.23%, and 3.72–38.60%, respectively. (3) After straw returning, the abscisic acid, ethylene, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in the leaves under the drought stress treatment decreased by 7.92–21.42%, 8.03–3.37%, 0.63–22.98%, and 2.37–9.17%, respectively. Straw returning significantly alleviated the damage caused by drought stress to the growth and development of maize, and promoted the growth and development of maize under the drought treatment. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for a high and stable yield of grain crops in arid areas.
Historic Grain Sorghum Production, Value, Yield Gap, and Weather Relation Trends
Authors: Assefa Yared , Holman Johnathan D. , Obour Augustine K. , O’Brien Daniel , Prasad P. V. V.
Published: November 2024

There is limited information regarding the grain sorghum production trends from early in the millennium towards the 2020s. The main objective of this study was to quantify the grain sorghum production area, economic value, productivity, annual production variation, relationship with changing weather patterns, and yield gap and to identify future areas of intervention and research. The results indicated that the grain sorghum production area in Kansas has increased in the most recent decade (2010–2022) at an average rate of 8 thousand ha year−1. With the current 1.2 million ha harvest area, Kansas continues to allocate more land area for sorghum than any other state in the USA. The average current annual economic value of sorghum in Kansas is USD 0.5 billion. The average sorghum grain productivity for recent years (2000–2022) was 4.3 Mg ha−1 in Kansas. The year-to-year yield variation in the grain sorghum average for Kansas in the years 1929–1956 was ±0.5 Mg ha−1 but increased to ±2 Mg ha−1 for the years 1957–2022. The results also showed a 66 to 96% yield gap between the actual yield (USDA data) and potential non-irrigated yield (Kansas State Grain Sorghum Hybrid Performance Trial data). There was a significant positive correlation between the July–August precipitation and a significant negative correlation between air temperatures and sorghum yield. We conclude that there was an increasing sorghum harvest area trend in Kansas for the years 2010 to 2022. Further research that identifies more unique and important agronomic and economic advantages of sorghum, increasing productivity per unit area across different environments, communicating existing benefits, and developing crop production management best practices are essential to sustain gains in the production area.
Responses of Local and Non-Local Tropical Plant Seedling Functional Traits to Simulated Drought
Authors: Deng Danting , Yang Meiqiu , Lai Zongrui , Sun Yanfei
Published: November 2024

The increasing frequency and severity of drought, driven by global climate change, has emerged as a critical factor constraining the growth of landscaping trees in urban ecosystems. The local or non-local status of tree species is an important driver of plant function traits, which regulate plant performance. However, the differential impact of varying drought intensities on the functional traits of both non-local and local trees remains poorly understood. This study investigated the responses of leaf and root traits of seven typical tropical landscaping tree seedlings (three local species and four non-local species) to simulated drought conditions in a year-long greenhouse experiment. The results showed that drought significantly increased the specific leaf area, leaf thickness, and root exudate rate, while reducing root nitrogen content and leaf dry matter content, with differences observed between local and non-local species. The non-local species exhibited pronounced fluctuations in leaf and root traits between control and drought conditions. Local species tended to enhance the relationship between leaves and roots under drought, while non-local species showed a weakening of this relationship. Principal component analysis revealed that local species adopted a more conservative strategy under control conditions and a more acquisitive strategy under drought, while root strategies remained stable across conditions. The subordination function method in fuzzy mathematics identified Terminalia neotaliala (non-local) as the most drought-resistant species and Artocarpus heterophyllus (non-local) as the least drought-resistant species. Non-local species demonstrated greater drought resistance in leaf traits compared to local species, but the opposite was observed for root traits. These results underscore the importance of understanding the species-specific responses of local and non-local trees to drought stress. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing effective screening and management protocols for drought-resistant landscaping tree species.
The Mechanical Properties and the Threshing Damage and Its Effects on Nutritional Quality of Buckwheat Grains
Authors: Liu Yun , Zhang Yang , Yang Lufei , Feng Shuai , Yan Haoran , Zheng Decong
Published: November 2024

Buckwheat grains will suffer varying degrees of damage during the threshing process. Damaged grains are prone to changes in nutritional quality during storage. To explore the relationship between the threshing damage mechanism and nutritional quality, the mechanical properties of buckwheat with different moisture contents were determined through compression and friction tests, obtaining some conventional mechanical property indicators. On this basis, a 3D collision model of buckwheat–nail tooth was established, and the dynamic process of collision was simulated with LS-DYNA. During collision, the changes in energy, von Mises stress, and critical damage velocity of grains with different moisture contents were analyzed. After the threshing test, the grains were observed and classified according to the degree of damage. The differences in nutritional components of different types of grains were analyzed through physicochemical experiments. The experimental results showed that the failure force, elastic modulus, and ultimate strength of buckwheat grains were negatively correlated with moisture content, while the deformation and friction coefficient were positively correlated with moisture content. During collision, the von Mises stress of the grains showed a pattern of increase and then decrease. The maximum stress value occurred at the contact area center, spreading along the periphery and gradually decreasing. The maximum von Mises stress decreased with increasing moisture content and increased with increasing collision velocity. The critical damage velocities of grains at moisture contents of 11.98%, 15.77%, 18.04%, 20.82%, and 25.22% were 13.07, 11.72, 10.94, 10.55, and 10.15 m/s, respectively. After threshing, grains were divided into three types: undamaged, surface cracked, and shell damaged. The nutritional quality of the last two damaged grains decreased during the storage process. These results are of great significance for optimizing buckwheat threshing parameters, reducing buckwheat damage, and improving the economic performance of the buckwheat industry.
Microbiological Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Jersey and Holstein Cows
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Kai , Hu Lirong , Luo Hanpeng , Huang Shangzhen , Zhang Hailiang , Chang Yao , Liu Dengke , Guo Gang , Huang Xixia , Xu Qing , Wang Yachun
Published: November 2024

The gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota is essential for maintaining the health of dairy cows and ensuring their production potential, and it may also help explain the breed-related phenotypic differences. Therefore, investigating the differences in gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota between breeds is critical for deciphering the mechanisms behind these differences and exploring the potential for improving milk production by regulating the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota. This study holistically examined the differences between rumen and hindgut bacterial microbiota in a large cohort of two breeds of dairy cows, comprising 184 Jersey cows and 165 Holstein cows. Significant distinctions were identified between the rumen and hindgut bacterial microbiota of dairy cows, with these differences being consistent across breeds. A total of 20 breed-differentiated microorganisms, comprising 14 rumen microorganisms and 6 hindgut microorganisms, were screened, which may be the primary drivers of the observed differences in lactation performance between Jersey and Holstein cows. The present study revealed the spatial heterogeneity of the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of Jersey and Holstein cows and identified microbial biomarkers of different breeds. These findings enhance our understanding of the differences in the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota between Jersey and Holstein cows and may provide useful information for optimizing the composition of the intestinal bacterial microbiota of the two breeds of dairy cows.
Nutritive Value of Some Concentrate Feedstuffs for Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Alagón Gilbert , Tupayachi Gardenia , Villacorta Wagner , Taco Carla , Jancco Moises , Zuniga Eloy , López-Luján María del Carmen , Ródenas Luis , Moya Vicente Javier , Martínez-Paredes Eugenio , Blas Enrique , Pascual Juan José
Published: November 2024

The objective of this work was to ascertain the nutritive value of six concentrate feedstuffs commonly used in guinea pig feed manufacturing through the substitution method. Six test diets were obtained by replacing the corresponding basal mixture with 40% corn, 50% barley, 45% wheat bran, 35% soybean meal, 30% pigeon pea, or 30% Leucaena leaf meal. Sixty-three guinea pigs were randomly assigned to one of the nine experimental diets (three basal diets and six test diets, with seven animals per diet). The animals were housed in individual cages and provided with feed and water ad libitum. Following a ten-day adaptation period, the feed intake and faeces excretion were monitored for a further five days. The digestible energy content, expressed as kcal/kg dry matter (±standard error), was 3857 ± 83 for corn, 3454 ± 68 for barley, 2911 ± 110 for wheat bran, 3855 ± 81 for soybean meal, 3105 ± 79 for pigeon pea, and 2972 ± 72 for Leucaena leaf meal. The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, expressed as % (±standard error) was 73.8 ± 4.9 for corn, 69.5 ± 4.6 for barley, 76.4 ± 3.6 for wheat bran, 88.4 ± 1.0 for soybean meal, 62.1 ± 1.9 for pigeon pea, and 68.0 ± 1.8 for Leucaena leaf meal. Further research is required to increase knowledge about these and other feedstuffs for guinea pigs.
The Multi-Loci Genotypes of the Myostatin Gene Associated with Growth Indicators of Intensively Fattened Lambs of Latvian Sheep
Authors: Trapina Ilva , Kairisa Daina , Plavina Samanta , Krasnevska Nikole , Paramonovs Jegors , Senfelde Liga , Paramonova Natalia
Published: November 2024

Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGFβ superfamily, negatively affects skeletal muscle growth and controls muscle development at stages of pre-natal muscle growth. Marker-assisted selection with molecular markers of the MSTN gene can be used in animal husbandry for higher-quality and more economically profitable lambs. The study aims to identify multi-locus genotypes within the MSTN gene regions as molecular markers for fattening, feed efficiency, and carcass traits in Latvian sheep. This analysis was conducted on 76 intensively fattened male lambs representing six breeds in Latvia. Nine genotypes were identified based on four SNPs in the promoter and exon 1 regions, while six and four SNPs in introns 1 and 2 led to the formation of 14 and 10 genotypes, respectively. Six genotypes identified in the 3′UTR were significantly linked to traits such as birth weight, slaughter yield, muscle development, fat depth, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency. Genotypes of intron 1 were associated with slaughter yield, while genotypes of intron 2 were linked to fat depth, dry matter intake, and residual weight gain. The study concludes that MSTN gene SNPs can be used in selection to enhance sheep breeds in Latvia and improve economic outcomes for breeders.
An Update on Recent Clinical Trial Data in Bloodstream Infection
Authors: Stewart Adam G. , Simos Peter , Sivabalan Pirathaban , Escolà-Vergé Laura , Garnham Katherine , Isler Burcu
Published: November 2024

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality globally, exacerbated by an ageing population and rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review offers an updated evaluation of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in BSI management from 2018 onwards, focusing on the evolving landscape of diagnostics and treatment. New rapid diagnostic technologies and shorter antimicrobial courses have transformed clinical practice, reducing the time to appropriate therapy and hospital stays. Several RCTs demonstrated that rapid phenotypic and genotypic tests shorten the time to optimal therapy, especially when paired with antimicrobial stewardship. Ongoing trials are investigating novel antimicrobial regimens and the safety of early oral switch strategies, particularly for Gram-positive and Gram-negative BSIs. Recent RCTs on Staphylococcus aureus BSI (SAB) and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria highlight advances in treatment but emphasize the need for further study into the efficacy of combination therapies and the utility of rapid diagnostics in different healthcare settings. The review also explores challenges in trail design, with adaptive and pragmatic appropriates improving the efficacy of clinical trials. Finally, this paper identifies gaps in the research, including the need for further investigation into oral step-down therapy, optimal durations, and the role of rapid diagnostics in resource-limited settings.
Characterization of the Peroxisomal Proteome and Redox Balance in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Hussein Mohamed A. F. , Lismont Celien , Costa Cláudio F. , Li Hongli , Claessens Frank , Fransen Marc
Published: November 2024

Prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with disruptions in cellular redox balance. Given the intricate role of peroxisomes in redox metabolism, we conducted comprehensive proteomics analyses to compare peroxisomal and redox protein profiles between benign (RWPE-1) and malignant (22Rv1, LNCaP, and PC3) prostate cell lines. Our analyses revealed significant enrichment of the “peroxisome” pathway among proteins notably upregulated in androgen receptor (AR)-positive cell lines. In addition, catalase (CAT) activity was consistently higher in these malignant cell lines compared to RWPE-1, which contrasts with previous studies reporting lower CAT levels and increased H2O2 levels in PCa tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. To mimic this clinical scenario, we used RNA interference to knock down CAT expression. Our results show that reduced CAT levels enhanced 22Rv1 and LNCaP cell proliferation. R1881-induced activation of AR, a key driver of PCa, increased expression of the H2O2-producing peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and 3, reduced CAT expression and activity, and elevated peroxisomal H2O2 levels. Considering these changes and other antioxidant enzyme profile alterations, we propose that enhanced AR activity in PCa reduces CAT function, leading to increased peroxisomal H2O2 levels that trigger adaptive stress responses to promote cell survival, growth, and proliferation.
Mitochondrial Quality Control in Alzheimer’s Disease: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans Models
Authors: Ganguly Upasana , Carroll Trae , Nehrke Keith , Johnson Gail V. W.
Published: November 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is classically defined by the extracellular deposition of senile plaques rich in amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein and the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that are rich in aberrantly modified tau protein. In addition to aggregative and proteostatic abnormalities, neurons affected by AD also frequently possess dysfunctional mitochondria and disrupted mitochondrial maintenance, such as the inability to eliminate damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Decades have been spent interrogating the etiopathogenesis of AD, and contributions from model organism research have aided in developing a more fundamental understanding of molecular dysfunction caused by Aβ and toxic tau aggregates. The soil nematode C. elegans is a genetic model organism that has been widely used for interrogating neurodegenerative mechanisms including AD. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the many C. elegans AD models, with a special focus and discussion on how mitochondrial quality control pathways (namely mitophagy) may contribute to AD development. We also summarize evidence on how targeting mitophagy has been therapeutically beneficial in AD. Lastly, we delineate possible mechanisms that can work alone or in concert to ultimately lead to mitophagy impairment in neurons and may contribute to AD etiopathology.
Far-Ultraviolet C Disinfection Reduces Oxidative Damage to the Cornea Compared to Povidone-Iodine Disinfection
Authors: Chen Tu-Wen , Tsai Rong-Kung , Zou Cheng-En , Huang Chin-Te , Ali Maisam , Hsu Tzu-Chao , Lin Keh-Liang , Wen Yao-Tseng
Published: November 2024

Far-ultraviolet C (far-UVC) light shows promise for pathogen control but its safety and efficacy for corneal disinfection remain unclear. In this study, safe far-UVC dosages were investigated for corneal disinfection and its germicidal performance and oxidative damage potential to 5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) were compared. Rat corneas were exposed to varying 222 nm far-UVC doses (3–60 mJ/cm2) and assessed for ocular damage, apoptosis, and oxidative stress to determine the safe dose of far-UVC. Far-UVC at 30 mJ/cm2 induced corneal apoptosis and oxidative damage, but 15 mJ/cm2 caused no apoptosis or oxidative damage. At this optimized dose (9 mJ/cm2), far-UVC achieved 90.5% sterilization, exceeding 5% PVP-I (80.8%), with significantly less oxidative damage and cell death in the cornea. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the use of 5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection results in significant oxidative damage to the corneal tissue. However, a safe dosage of far-UVC light exhibited a promising disinfection effect without causing oxidative damage to the corneal tissue. Far-UVC offers a promising alternative for corneal disinfection but requires careful dosage control (≤30 mJ/cm2) to avoid ocular surface harm.
First Report on Cationic Triphenylphosphonium Compounds as Mitochondriotropic H3R Ligands with Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Werner Tobias , Añazco Tito , Osses-Mendoza Paula , Castro-Álvarez Alejandro , Salas Cristian O. , Bridi Raquel , Stark Holger , Espinosa-Bustos Christian
Published: November 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health problem due to the aging population and multifaceted pathology; therefore, the search for new therapeutic alternatives is of the utmost importance. In this sense, a series of six 1-(3-phenoxypropyl)piperidines alkyl-linked to a triphenylphosphonium cation derivative were synthesized as H3R ligands with antioxidant properties to regulate excessive mitochondrial oxidative stress and contribute to potential new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Radioligand displacement studies revealed high affinity for H3R with Ki values in the low to moderate two-digit nanomolar range for all compounds. Compound 6e showed the highest affinity (Ki H3R = 14.1 nM), comparable to that of pitolisant. Antioxidative effects were evaluated as radical-scavenging properties using the ORAC assay, in which all derivatives showed low to moderate activity. On the other hand, cytotoxic effects in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were investigated using the colorimetric alamar blue assay, which revealed significant effects on cell viability with an unequivocally structure–toxicity relationship. Finally, docking and molecular simulation studies were used to determine the H3R binding form, which will allow us to further modify the compounds to establish a robust structure-activity relationship and find a lead compound with therapeutic utility in neurodegenerative diseases.
The Inhibitory Activity of Salicylaldehyde Compounds on Aspergillus Species and Their Effects on Aflatoxin Production and Crop Seed Germination
Authors: Kim Jong H. , Chan Kathleen L. , Hart-Cooper William M. , Ford DeAngela , Orcutt Kaydren , Sarreal Siov Bouy L. , Palumbo Jeffrey D. , Orts William J.
Published: November 2024

Crops such as tree nuts, corn and peanut are highly susceptible to infestation by the aspergilli Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus and subsequent aflatoxin (AF) contamination, a serious threat to public food safety. Conventional control of the aspergilli has been through the application of fungicides; however, certain fungicides at sub-optimal doses have been correlated with increased production of mycotoxins including AF. Natural products (NP) have been a potential source of antifungal agents. In this study, we performed risk assessment testing, for which thirteen NP/derivatives (generally recognized as safe) were examined at sub-inhibitory concentrations to determine the enhancement of AF production in aspergilli. We found that benzaldehyde derivatives or thymol (THY) enhanced AF production in aspergilli, while 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (4I3M), a synthetic analog of the NP THY and carvacrol, or salicylaldehyde (SLD) exerted a potent antifungal or mycotoxin-inhibitory effect. In seed testing (corn, pistachio kernels), SLD effectively prevented fungal growth as a fumigant, while 4I3M completely inhibited AF production at ≥1.0 mM. Therefore, we concluded that NP/derivatives that do not have any significant environmental impact can be a potent source of antifungal or anti-mycotoxigenic agents, either in their nascent form or as leads for more effective derivatives; however, NP should be applied at optimum concentrations to prevent the abnormal enhancement of mycotoxin production by fungi.
Evaluating the Effects of Deep Excavation on Nearby Structures Through Numerical Simulation
Authors: Hsu Chia-Feng , Huang Chih , Li Yeou-Fong , Chen Shong-Loong
Published: November 2024

Traditional numerical analyses often overlook the potential impact of adjacent building basements on ground surface deformation. This study investigated the influence of neighboring structures on diaphragm walls and ground surface deformation during deep excavation for building foundations using PLAXIS 3D finite element software. This study simulated the top–down construction method with plate elements for diaphragm walls retaining H-shaped steel for support and pre-stressed anchors. The adjacent structures were modeled using plate elements. Numerical analysis results were compared with field observations for model validation. The results show that the lateral displacement of the retaining wall varies with the depth of neighboring basements. At 0.5 times the excavation depth, displacement was significant, and it stabilized at 1.0 times the depth. When the distance between adjacent buildings and the retaining wall was about twice the excavation depth, the deformation curve converged, indicating negligible influence beyond this distance. Ground surface settlement increased as the neighboring basement depth reached half the excavation depth, and stabilized at 1.6 times the depth. A closer proximity resulted in greater ground surface settlement. These findings offer practical references for deep excavation design and assessment, aiding engineers in ensuring project stability and safety.
Façade Retrofit Strategies for Energy Efficiency Improvement Considering the Hot Climatic Conditions of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rababa Wesam , Asfour Omar S.
Published: November 2024

Saudi Arabia faces significant challenges in managing the rising energy consumption in buildings driven largely by its hot climatic conditions. As a result, retrofitting building facades to enhance energy efficiency has become a critical strategy. This study assesses the effectiveness of various façade retrofit strategies in reducing cooling electricity consumption using a real-time case study in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The strategies explored include external wall upgrades, window replacements, and installation of shading devices. Each strategy was evaluated individually, considering the reduction in heat gains, cooling load, and payback period as key performance indicators. To further maximize energy efficiency, these strategies were also analyzed in combination using the genetic algorithm optimization method, yielding 224 possible facade configurations. The optimal solution included the use of an External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETCIS) in walls, louvers in windows, and low-emissivity coating with Argon gas-filled glazing, achieving a cooling energy reduction of approximately 16% and a payback period of 14.8 years. This study provides several recommendations for improving the efficiency of retrofitting building façades in hot climatic conditions.
YOLOv8-GO: A Lightweight Model for Prompt Detection of Foliar Maize Diseases
Authors: Jiang Tianyue , Du Xu , Zhang Ning , Sun Xiuhan , Li Xiao , Tian Siqing , Liang Qiuyan
Published: November 2024

Disease is one of the primary threats to maize growth. Currently, maize disease detection is mainly conducted in laboratories, making it difficult to promptly respond to diseases. To enable detection in the field, a lightweight model is required. Therefore, this paper proposes a lightweight model, YOLOv8-GO, optimized from the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once version 8) model. The Global Attention Mechanism was introduced before the SPPF (Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast) layer to enhance the model’s feature extraction capabilities without significantly increasing computational complexity. Additionally, Omni-dimensional Dynamic Convolution was employed to optimize the model’s basic convolutional structure, bottleneck structure, and C2f (Faster Implementation of CSP (Cross Stage Partial) Bottleneck with two convolutions) module, improving feature fusion quality and reducing computational complexity. Compared to the base model, YOLOv8-GO achieved improvements across all metrics, with mAP@50 increasing to 88.4%, a 2% gain. The computational complexity was 9.1 GFLOPs, and the model could run up to 275.1 FPS. YOLOv8-GO maintains a lightweight design while accurately detecting maize disease targets, making it suitable for application in resource-constrained environments.
UR-Net: An Optimized U-Net for Color Painting Segmentation
Authors: Liu Zhen , Fan Shuo , Liu Silu , Liu Li
Published: November 2024

The pigments of cultural color paintings have faded with the passage of time. Color segmentations are essential for digital color reconstruction, but the complexity of color paintings makes it challenging to achieve high-precision segmentation using previous methods. To address the challenges of color painting segmentation, an optimized strategy based on U-Net is proposed in this paper. The residual blocks of a residual network (ResNet) are added to the original U-Net architecture, and a UR-Net is constructed for the semantic segmentation of color paintings. The following steps are taken. First, datasets of color paintings are obtained as training and test samples and are labeled with the two following pixel colors: earth red and ultramarine blue. Second, residual blocks are improved and added to fit the U-Net architecture. Then, a UR-Net is constructed and trained using the samples to obtain the semantic segmentation model. Finally, the effectiveness of the trained UR-Net model for segmenting the test samples is evaluated, and it is compared with the K-means clustering algorithm, ResNet, and U-Net. Data from several studies suggest that the segmentation accuracy of the UR-Net model is higher than that of other methods for the color segmentation of painted images, and the IoUs of the segmented earth red and ultramarine blue pixels are 0.9346 and 0.9259, respectively, achieving the desired results. The proposed UR-Net model provides theoretical and methodological support for further in-depth research on color recognition and segmentation of cultural color paintings.
Management of Scalp Biofilm in Local Dermatosis: From In Vivo Visualization to Optimal Treatments
Authors: Joo Jang-Ho , Kim Jaeyoon , Shin Jae-Young , Choi Yun-Ho , Rim Heena , Jun Seung-Hyun , Kang Nae-Gyu
Published: November 2024

The fungi and bacteria on the human scalp play important roles in both health and disease. Scalp biofilms have pathogenic effects on cutaneous tissues, such as seborrheic dermatitis. However, investigations into scalp biofilms and their physiological effects on scalp skin are limited. In this study, we suggest an evaluation method through which the scalp is stained a reddish color using erythrosine to visualize scalp biofilms, which strongly depends on the presence of bacteria and fungi. We found that the physiological properties of the scalp significantly differed between high and low levels of stained red areas (sRAs) on the scalp. The sRA levels showed a strong positive correlation with IL-8 levels and sebum production. It is worth noting that the production of sebum has a dominant effect on the scalp microbiome via the growth of microbes, leading to the formation of a biofilm, as evidenced by changes in the sRA levels. Furthermore, the sRA levels could be reduced through the use of antimicrobial agents, such as climbazole and hexamidine diisethionate (HD), as well as the manipulation of the physical properties of the scrubs used in scalp care products. These scalp care products could potentially disrupt the formation and accumulation of a biofilm on the scalp, providing strong evidence for the importance of considering the scalp microbiome and its interactions with sebum in the development of biofilms. Consequently, we suggested that the administration of anti-microbial agents, such as climbazole and HD, could be an effective strategy to alleviate biofilm accumulation for the maintenance of scalp health.
Spherical Steiner Symmetrizations
Authors: Lin Youjiang , Deng Zhilang
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we primarily investigate and establish several properties of spherical Steiner symmetrizations, along with the isoperimetric property of the spherical cap in Sn. Specifically, we study the monotonically decreasing property of the measure of the symmetric difference of two spherical compact sets, the monotonically decreasing property of the spherical diameter of a spherical compact set, the convergence of iterative spherical Steiner symmetrizations, and so on. In particular, we prove that the sequence of iterative spherical Steiner symmetrizations of K⊂Sn, which follow sequences selected from a finite set of directions, converges to a spherical cap with the same measure as K, extending the result from Rn to Sn on Steiner symmetrizations. It provides us with valuable insights for studying the relevant applications and conclusions of spherical Steiner symmetrizations.
A Conformal η-Ricci Soliton on a Four-Dimensional Lorentzian Para-Sasakian Manifold
Authors: Li Yanlin , Mallick Arup Kumar , Bhattacharyya Arindam , Stanković Mića S.
Published: November 2024

This paper focuses on some geometrical and physical properties of a conformal η-Ricci soliton (Cη-RS) on a four-dimension Lorentzian Para-Sasakian (LP-S) manifold. The first section presents an introduction to Cη-RS on LP-S manifolds, followed by a discussion of preliminary ideas about the LP-Sasakian manifold. In the subsequent sections, we establish several results pertaining to four-dimension LP-S manifolds that exhibit Cη-RS. Additionally, we consider certain conditions associated with Cη-RS on four-dimension LP-S manifolds. Besides these geometrical points of view, we consider this soliton in a perfect fluid spacetime and obtain some interesting physical properties. Finally, we present a case study of a Cη-RS on a four-dimension LP-S manifold.
An Averaged Halpern-Type Algorithm for Solving Fixed-Point Problems and Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Berinde Vasile , Saleh Khairul
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we propose and study an averaged Halpern-type algorithm for approximating the solution of a common fixed-point problem for a couple of nonexpansive and demicontractive mappings with a variational inequality constraint in the setting of a Hilbert space. The strong convergence of the sequence generated by the algorithm is established under feasible assumptions on the parameters involved. In particular, we also obtain the common solution of the fixed point problem for nonexpansive or demicontractive mappings and of a variational inequality problem. Our results extend and generalize various important related results in the literature that were established for two pairs of mappings: (nonexpansive, nonspreading) and (nonexpansive, strongly quasi-nonexpansive). Numerical tests to illustrate the superiority of our algorithm over the ones existing in the literature are also reported.
A Confidence-Interval Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Method for Optimal Master and Sub-Franchise Selection: A Case Study of Pizza Hut in Europe
Authors: Traneva Velichka Nikolova , Todorov Venelin , Tranev Stoyan Tranev , Dimov Ivan
Published: November 2024

Effective franchise selection is crucial for global brands like Pizza Hut to maintain consistent quality and operational excellence amidst a competitive landscape. This paper introduces a novel confidence-interval circular intuitionistic fuzzy set (CIC-IFS) framework, designed to address the intricate challenges of master and sub-franchise selection in the European market. By integrating competence coefficients of decision-makers into the final evaluations, the model allows for a more accurate representation of expert judgments. Decision-makers can choose from various scenarios, ranging from super pessimistic to super optimistic, using ten forms of aggregation operations over index matrices. The proposed approach leverages confidence intervals within the circular intuitionistic fuzzy set paradigm to capture the uncertainty, vagueness, and hesitancy inherent in the decision-making process. A case study involving Pizza Hut’s European operations demonstrates the model’s efficacy in differentiating potential franchisees and identifying those best aligned with the brand’s values. The results indicate a significant improvement in selection accuracy compared to traditional methods and other fuzzy approaches, thereby enabling Pizza Hut to make more informed decisions and solidify its market position.
On Analytical Extension of Generalized Hypergeometric Function 3F2
Authors: Dmytryshyn Roman , Oleksyn Volodymyra
Published: November 2024

The paper considers the generalized hypergeometric function F23, which is important in various fields of mathematics, physics, and economics. The method is used, according to which the domains of the analytical continuation of the special functions are the domains of convergence of their expansions into a special family of functions, namely branched continued fractions. These expansions have wide domains of convergence and better computational properties, particularly compared with series, making them effective tools for representing special functions. New domains of the analytical continuation of the generalized hypergeometric function F23 with real and complex parameters have been established. The paper also includes examples of the presentation and extension of some special functions.
Enhancing Aerosol Mitigation in Medical Procedures: A CFD-Informed Respiratory Barrier Enclosure
Authors: Hong Ju Young , Ko Seungcheol , Sung Ki Sub , Oh Min Jae , Kim Min Ji , Lee Jung Woo , Park Yoo Seok , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Joon Sang
Published: November 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significant infection risks posed by aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Despite existing protective measures, high-risk environments like these require more effective safety solutions. In response, our research team has focused on developing a novel respiratory barrier enclosure designed to enhance the safety of healthcare workers and patients during AGPs. We developed a hood that covers the patient’s respiratory area, incorporating a negative pressure system to contain aerosols. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, we optimized the hood’s design and adjusted the negative pressure levels based on simulations of droplet dispersion. To test the design, Polyalphaolefin (PAO) particles were generated inside the hood, and leakage was measured every 10 s for 90 s. The open side of the hood was divided into nine sections for consistent leakage measurements, and a standardized structure was implemented to ensure accuracy. Our target was to maintain a leakage rate of less than 0.3%, in line with established filter-testing criteria. Through iterative improvements based on leakage rates and intubation efficiency, we achieved significant results. Despite reducing the hood’s size, the redesigned enclosure showed a 36.2% reduction in leakage rates and an approximately 3204.6% increase in aerosol extraction efficiency in simulations. The modified hood, even in an open configuration, maintained a droplet leakage rate of less than 0.3%. These findings demonstrate the potential of a CFD-guided design in developing respiratory barriers that effectively reduce aerosol transmission risks during high-risk medical procedures. This approach not only improves the safety of both patients and healthcare providers but also provides a scalable solution for safer execution of AGPs in various healthcare settings.