bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confrontación de principios en la regulación de la maternidad subrogada: Mirada desde la experiencia comparada y el derecho colombiano
Authors: Woolcott Oyague Olenka , Guío Mayorga Rosa Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

El artículo identifica que en el tratamiento de la maternidad subrogada existen dos claras posturas en el derecho comparado, una en la cual destaca la autodeterminación para decidir sobre la procreación y sus consecuencias y otra, que coloca el principio de la dignidad humana como filtro de las decisiones que han de tomarse en torno a esta práctica de procreación artificial. De esa manera, es posible comprender las consecuencias teóricas que pueden desprenderse de la opción del legislador, al revisar el marco normativo colombiano para determinar los principios que rigen en la actualidad la procreación y verificar las serias dificultades jurídicas con que se encuentra una postura que busque orientarse por establecer la filiación de acuerdo con la voluntad de las partes intervinientes en la práctica de la maternidad subrogada, en tanto que prevalecen los principios de dignidad humana y la familia como célula básica de la sociedad.
Response of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in Bihar, India
Authors: Chaudhary Santosh Kumar , Biswas Papia , Kumari Niru , Sinha Neha , Kumar Manish , Seema  , Kumar Randhir
Published: September 2024

Aims: To assess the effect of integrated and sole applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, yield and yield attributes of okra in okra- cabbage-bottle gourd crop sequence.
Study Design: The experiment consists of seven treatments viz.,T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers (IFs) 120, 60 and 40 Kg N, P2O5 and K2O); T2-50%NPK through IFs+50%N through farm yard manure (FYM); T3-50% N through FYM+50% N through vermicompost (VC); T4-1/3 of N each through FYM + VC + neem cake (NC); T5-50% N through FYM + PSB + azotobactor; T6-50% N through FYM+50% N through VC+PSB + azotobactor and T7-1/3 of N each through FYM + VC + NC +PSB + azotobactor. These seven treatments were replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design. Recommended agronomical package of practices were followed excluding fertilizers and manures.
Place and Duration of Study: This experiment was conducted at Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda (25.269606 °N, 85.457869 °E) Bihar India, during Kharif 2016 and 2017.
Results: Results revealed that T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers (IFs) recorded significantly highest plant height (51.45cm, 128.35 cm, and 165.25 cm) at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing respectively, over rest of the treatments, but found at par with T6-50% N as FYM + 50% N as VC + PSB + azotobactor at 60 and 90 DAS. Number of fruits per plant and yield also differed significantly due to different treatments. T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers (IFs) recorded significantly more number of fruits over T5, T6 and T7, but found at parwith T2 T3 and T4. T1-100%NPK through inorganic fertilizers (IFs) recorded significantly higher yield over rest of the treatment but was at par with T2-50% NPK through IFs + 50 % N through FYM.
Conclusion: On the basis of this two years experimental finding, it has been concluded that the best strategy for producing okra in a sustainable manner is integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and manures as T2 (50% NPK through IFs and 50% nitrogen through FYM).
Comparative Analysis of Soil Physico-Chemical Properties Across Different Land-Use Systems
Authors: Bhatt Komal , Agrawal S. B. , Dwivedi B. S. , Gupta Deeksha , Priya Swati , Malviya Poornima , Ray Mukul Anand
Published: September 2024

A research investigation was conducted at the Research Farm, the Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various land-use regimes on the physical and chemical characteristics of soil during the Rabi season, namely during the fiscal years 2022-23 and 2023-24. An experimental split-split plot design was used to perform the experiment. The main plot consisted of two land-use systems: Agroforestry system (S1) and Open system (S2). The sub-plots were the different crop establishment methods: Broadcasting (M1), Line sowing (M2) and Transplanting (M3). Within each sub-plot, four sub-sub plots were laid which represented different boron levels: Control (B0), 1 kg B ha-1 as Basal (B1), 2 kg B ha-1 as Basal (B2) and ½ kg B ha-1 as Basal + ½ kg B ha-1 as foliar (B3). The soil samples under the treatments were tested to determine the physico-chemical properties of the soil. The results indicated that the agroforestry system had a significantly positive influence on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, in comparison to the open system. The agroforestry system reduced pH (7.07), bulk density (1.30 g cm-3) and electrical conductivity (0.28 dS m-1) in soil. The agroforestry system promoted organic carbon (0.72%) and water holding capacity (39.52%) of soil. Available nutrients viz. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron in the soil, with respective values of 290, 18.8, 191 kg ha-1 and 0.76 mg ha-1 increased under agroforestry system compared to the open system. Therefore, this study asserts that among the different land-use systems, agroforestry enhances the physico-chemical properties, and adoption of tree based farming system in the long run can improve soil fertility.
Pre-hospital Antibiotic Use in the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital Paediatric Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Wonodi Woroma , West Boma Awoala
Published: September 2024

Background: Antibiotics are prescription-only medications but can be procured over the counter. This over the counter use of antibiotic is of global health concern as it has led to antibiotics resistance, increased severe side effects, increased cost and a cycle of abuse/misuse.
Objective of the Study: To determine the prevalence of pre-hospital use of antibiotics.
Methodology: An observational study involving 401 caregiver/child pair seen at the Paediatric Outpatient clinic of a tertiary health facility over six months. Data on the children’s demography, clinical symptoms, and weight were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire and informed consent obtained from the caregivers.
Results: A total of 401 caregiver/child pairs  participated in the study with male predominance. Eighty nine(22.2%) of the children received antibiotics before presentation. The most common reasons for administering antibiotics were fever and cough. The majority (69.9%) gave syrup formulation. The reasons for the choice of formulation were the age, the availability of formulation at home and its been more efffective. Amoxicillin, augmentin and cefpodoxime were the most common antibiotics given and, in 75% of cases, were not prescribed by a doctor.
They also received vitamin C, antimalarials and cough syrup before presentation. About 62% of the children received the appropriate doses, 32.4% underdosed and 5.6% received an overdose. Most of the children were diagnosed with malaria and respiratory tract infections in the hospital.
Conclusion: Pre-hospital antibiotic use and abuse/misuse is a common practice among the respondents. Education of the populace is advocated to curb this menace of antibiotic abuse with its attendant development of drug resistance.
Association between the Stages of Change according to the Transtheoretical Behavior Model and Obesity in Individuals Attending Primary Care in the State of Guanajuato
Authors: Pérez-Velázquez Luis Ignacio , Arias-Morales Michelle , Villanueva-Méndez Edith Fernanda , Flores-Vargas Gilberto , Gallardo-Luna María de Jesús , Navarro-Olivos Efraín , Duran-Arredondo Erick Olav , González-Araiza Juan Carlos , Padilla-Raygoza Nicolás
Published: September 2024

Background: Obesity is a significant public health issue, marked by excessive adipose tissue accumulation, heightening the risk of numerous diseases. In Mexico, adult obesity rates surpass the global average. The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior, conceived by Prochaska and DiClemente, emphasizes individuals' readiness to alter behaviors, such as enhancing healthy food intake and physical activity—crucial for weight reduction.
Aims: This study aims to evaluate the association between the stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior and obesity prevalence in adults attending primary health care in Guanajuato.
Study Design: An observational and cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in primary health care settings across the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, over a period of six months.
Methodology: The study included a sample of 164 adults. Participants' Body Mass Index (BMI) and abdominal circumference were measured. A questionnaire was administered to determine their stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The association between these stages and obesity prevalence was analyzed.
Results: There was a significant association between the maintenance stage and a lower prevalence of obesity. Participants in the maintenance stage exhibited lower BMI and consistent values compared to those in other stages. Additionally, barriers and facilitators to adopting and sustaining healthy behaviors were identified. Most participants were in the precontemplation and contemplation stages, indicating a need for continuous education and support to help them progress to more advanced stages of behavior change.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence for developing personalized interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior to enhance obesity prevention and treatment in primary care settings.
The Influence of Acid Activation on Surface Characteristics of Natural Bentonite
Authors: Osmić Selma , Odobašić Amra , Begić Sabina
Published: September 2024

Bentonite clay is a valuable material in various process industries, thanks to its specific properties. Easy availability, low cost and their effectiveness are the main factors that have made bentonite adsorbent in the edible oil industry. The textural characteristics of bentonite clay play an important role in its performance. In its natural form, as an aluminosilicate material, bentonite does not show satisfactory sorption and catalytic properties, and it needs to be activated. The main goal of this research is to increase the adsorption capacity of bentonite clay by modifying its properties by treatment with organic acid. Activation of bentonite clay in the experimental part was performed with different concentrations of sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the natural bentonite sample was determined using XRF alongside the influence of acid activation of bentonite with H2SO4 on the surface characteristics (such as specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter, adsorption capacity and isotherm type) of bentonite clay. The XRF analysis of the natural bentonite, which contains 56.35% SiO2 and 19.82% Al2O3 as its primary components, confirms that it is an aluminosilicate material. Except for SiO2, which recorded a consistent increase in quantity from 56.35% to 74.15% with increasing acid concentration, the composition of other components, after activation slightly decreased or remained the same.
The acid concentration that yielded the highest increase in specific surface area, as measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, was selected as the optimal concentration for activating bentonite. The specific surface area almost tripled (from 95.519 m2/g to 346.467 m2/g)) by activation with 15% sulfuric acid, with an activation time of 3 hours and a bentonite: acid ratio of 1:5. The research results show the effectiveness of acid modification in terms of improving the characteristics of the porous structure of bentonite samples.
Dynamics of plume–triple junction interaction: Results from a series of three‐dimensional numerical models and implications for the formation of oceanic plateaus
Authors: Dordevic Mladen , Georgen Jennifer
Published: January 2016

Mantle plumes rising in the vicinity of mid‐ocean ridges often generate anomalies in melt production and seafloor depth. This study investigates the dynamical interactions between a mantle plume and a ridge‐ridge‐ridge triple junction, using a parameter space approach and a suite of steady state, three‐dimensional finite element numerical models. The top domain boundary is composed of three diverging plates, with each assigned half‐spreading rates with respect to a fixed triple junction point. The bottom boundary is kept at a constant temperature of 1350°C except where a two‐dimensional, Gaussian‐shaped thermal anomaly simulating a plume is imposed. Models vary plume diameter, plume location, the viscosity contrast between plume and ambient mantle material, and the use of dehydration rheology in calculating viscosity. Importantly, the model results quantify how plume‐related anomalies in mantle temperature pattern, seafloor depth, and crustal thickness depend on the specific set of parameters. To provide an example, one way of assessing the effect of conduit position is to calculate normalized area, defined to be the spatial dispersion of a given plume at specific depth (here selected to be 50 km) divided by the area occupied by the same plume when it is located under the triple junction. For one particular case modeled where the plume is centered in an intraplate position 100 km from the triple junction, normalized area is just 55%. Overall, these models provide a framework for better understanding plateau formation at triple junctions in the natural setting and a tool for constraining subsurface geodynamical processes and plume properties.
Wastewater disposal and earthquake swarm activity at the southern end of the Central Valley, California
Authors: Goebel T. H. W. , Hosseini S. M. , Cappa F. , Hauksson E. , Ampuero J. P. , Aminzadeh F. , Saleeby J. B.
Published: January 2016

Fracture and fault zones can channel fluid flow and transmit injection‐induced pore pressure changes over large distances (>km), at which seismicity is rarely suspected to be human induced. We use seismicity analysis and hydrogeological models to examine the role of seismically active faults in inducing earthquakes. We analyze a potentially injection‐induced earthquake swarm with three events above M4 near the White Wolf fault (WWF). The swarm deviates from classic main aftershock behavior, exhibiting uncharacteristically low Gutenberg‐Richter b of 0.6, and systematic migration patterns. Some smaller events occurred southeast of the WWF in an area of several disposal wells, one of which became active just 5 months before the main swarm activity. Hydrogeological modeling revealed that wastewater disposal likely contributed to seismicity via localized pressure increase along a seismically active fault. Our results suggest that induced seismicity may remain undetected in California without detailed analysis of local geologic setting, seismicity, and fluid diffusion.
Multiscale model of global inner‐core anisotropy induced by hcp alloy plasticity
Authors: Lincot A. , Cardin Ph. , Deguen R. , Merkel S.
Published: January 2016

The Earth's solid inner core exhibits a global seismic anisotropy of several percents. It results from a coherent alignment of anisotropic Fe alloy crystals through the inner‐core history that can be sampled by present‐day seismic observations. By combining self‐consistent polycrystal plasticity, inner‐core formation models, Monte‐Carlo search for elastic moduli, and simulations of seismic measurements, we introduce a multiscale model that can reproduce a global seismic anisotropy of several percents aligned with the Earth's rotation axis. Conditions for a successful model are an hexagonal close packed structure for the inner‐core Fe alloy, plastic deformation by pyramidal 〈c + a〉 slip, and large‐scale flow induced by a low‐degree inner‐core formation model. For global anisotropies ranging between 1 and 3%, the elastic anisotropy in the single crystal ranges from 5 to 20% with larger velocities along the c axis.
New global loss model of energetic and relativistic electrons based on Van Allen Probes measurements
Authors: Orlova Ksenia , Shprits Yuri , Spasojevic Maria
Published: January 2016

The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) instrument on the Van Allen Probes provides a vast quantity of fully resolved wave measurements below L = 5.5, a critical region for radiation belt acceleration and loss. EMFISIS data show that plasmaspheric hiss waves can be observed at frequencies as low as 20 Hz and provide three‐component magnetic field measurements that can be directly used for electron scattering calculations. Updated models of hiss properties based on statistical analysis of Van Allen Probes data were recently developed. We use these new models to compute and parameterize the lifetime of electrons as a function of kinetic energy, L shell, Kp index, and magnetic local time. We present a detailed analysis of the electron lifetime sensitivity to the model of the wave intensity and spectral distribution. We also compare the results with previous models of electron loss, which were based on single‐component electric field measurements from the sweep frequency receiver on board the CRRES satellite.
Wind‐induced ground motion
Authors: Naderyan Vahid , Hickey Craig J. , Raspet Richard
Published: January 2016

Wind noise is a problem in seismic surveys and can mask the seismic signals at low frequency. This research investigates ground motions caused by wind pressure and shear stress perturbations on the ground surface. A prediction of the ground displacement spectra using the measured ground properties and predicted pressure and shear stress at the ground surface is developed. Field measurements are conducted at a site having a flat terrain and low ambient seismic noise. Triaxial geophones are deployed at different depths to study the wind‐induced ground vibrations as a function of depth and wind velocity. Comparison of the predicted to the measured wind‐induced ground displacement spectra shows good agreement for the vertical component but significant underprediction for the horizontal components. To validate the theoretical model, a test experiment is designed to exert controlled normal pressure and shear stress on the ground using a vertical and a horizontal mass‐spring apparatus. This experiment verifies the linear elastic rheology and the quasi‐static displacements assumptions of the model. The results indicate that the existing surface shear stress models significantly underestimate the wind shear stress at the ground surface and the amplitude of the fluctuation shear stress must be of the same order of magnitude as the normal pressure. Measurement results show that mounting the geophones flush with the ground provides a significant reduction in wind noise on all three components of the geophone. Further reduction in wind noise with depth of burial is small for depths up to 40 cm.
Southeast Papuan crustal tectonics: Imaging extension and buoyancy of an active rift
Authors: Abers G. A. , Eilon Z. , Gaherty J. B. , Jin G. , Kim YH. , Obrebski M. , Dieck C.
Published: January 2016

Southeast Papua hosts the world's youngest ultra‐high‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. These rocks are found in an extensional setting in metamorphic core complexes. Competing theories of extensional shear zones or diapiric upwelling have been suggested as driving their exhumation. To test these theories, we analyze the CDPAPUA temporary array of 31 land and 8 seafloor broadband seismographs. Seismicity shows that deformation is being actively accommodated on the core complex bounding faults, offset by transfer structures in a manner consistent with overall north‐south extension rather than radial deformation. Rayleigh wave dispersion curves are jointly inverted with receiver functions for crustal velocity structure. They show crustal thinning beneath the core complexes of 30–50% and very low shear velocities at all depths beneath the core complexes. On the rift flanks velocities resemble those of normal continents and increase steadily with depth. There is no evidence for velocity inversions that would indicate that a major density inversion exists to drive crustal diapirs. Also, low‐density melt seems minor within the crust. Together with the extension patterns apparent in seismicity, these data favor an extensional origin for the core complexes and limit the role of diapirism as a secondary exhumation mechanism, although deeper mantle diapirs may be undetected. A small number of intermediate‐depth earthquakes, up to 120 km deep, are identified for the first time just northeast of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. They occur at depths similar to those recorded by UHP rocks and similar temperatures, indicating that the modern seismicity occurs at the setting that generates UHP metamorphism.
Near‐Infrared Plasmonic 2D Semimetals for Applications in Communication and Biology
Authors: Zhu Zhengfeng , Zou Yousheng , Hu Weida , Li Yuebin , Gu Yu , Cao Bingqiang , Guo Nan , Wang Lin , Song Jizhong , Zhang Shengli , Gu Haoshuang , Zeng Haibo
Published: January 2016

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) has many applications which require meeting specific wavelength windows. The most prominent examples are photothermal therapy in biology, matched to the biological window (650–1350 nm), and communication relying on photodetection in optoelectronics, matched to the communication window (1260–1675 nm). However, for the classic noble metals (Au, Ag), tuning LSPRs from visible region to these two windows is still a demanding task due to their intrinsic limitations on charge density and dielectric function. Here, the discovery of near‐infrared biological and communication window‐matched plasmonic properties of semimetal TiS2 nanosheets (NSs) is reported for the first time. Developed synthesis procedures allow fine‐tuning width and thickness of single‐crystal TiS2 NSs. During characterization a new and intensive absorption peak in the 1000–1400 nm range is observed from both TiS2 NS colloid solutions and films. This peak is attributed to LSPR due to its dependence on particle shape and on the refractive index of solvents. The superiority of such LSPRs is demonstrated in both, biological and optical applications: excitation at 808 and 980 nm generates a ≈50 °C photothermal temperature rise, while excitation at 1310 nm results in two‐times enhanced photocurrents of PbS photodetectors compared to untreated devices.
Flexible pH‐Sensing Hydrogel Fibers for Epidermal Applications
Authors: Tamayol Ali , Akbari Mohsen , Zilberman Yael , Comotto Mattia , Lesha Emal , Serex Ludovic , Bagherifard Sara , Chen Yu , Fu Guoqing , Ameri Shideh Kabiri , Ruan Weitong , Miller Eric L. , Dokmeci Mehmet R. , Sonkusale Sameer , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: January 2016

Epidermal pH is an indication of the skin's physiological condition. For example, pH of wound can be correlated to angiogenesis, protease activity, bacterial infection, etc. Chronic nonhealing wounds are known to have an elevated alkaline environment, while healing process occurs more readily in an acidic environment. Thus, dermal patches capable of continuous pH measurement can be used as point‐of‐care systems for monitoring skin disorder and the wound healing process. Here, pH‐responsive hydrogel fibers are presented that can be used for long‐term monitoring of epidermal wound condition. pH‐responsive dyes are loaded into mesoporous microparticles and incorporated into hydrogel fibers using a microfluidic spinning system. The fabricated pH‐responsive microfibers are flexible and can create conformal contact with skin. The response of pH‐sensitive fibers with different compositions and thicknesses are characterized. The suggested technique is scalable and can be used to fabricate hydrogel‐based wound dressings with clinically relevant dimensions. Images of the pH‐sensing fibers during real‐time pH measurement can be captured with a smart phone camera for convenient readout on‐site. Through image processing, a quantitative pH map of the hydrogel fibers and the underlying tissue can be extracted. The developed skin dressing can act as a point‐of‐care device for monitoring the wound healing process.
Synthesis of Substituted Quinolizidines via a Gold‐Catalyzed Double Cyclization Cascade
Authors: Nonaka Shiori , Sugimoto Kenji , Ueda Hirofumi , Tokuyama Hidetoshi
Published: January 2016

A novel synthesis of quinolizidines by a cationic gold‐catalyzed double cyclization cascade has been developed. The reaction was initiated by the gold‐catalyzed 6‐exo‐dig cyclization of ynamides, which was followed by a second cyclization of an enamide intermediate to provide the corresponding quinolizidine derivatives. The utility of this reaction was demonstrated by application to the synthesis of multi‐substituted quinolizidines and by the total synthesis of a quinolizidine alkaloid, (±)‐lupinine.

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Towards Keratan Sulfate – Chemoenzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Sulfated N‐Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) Glycan Oligomers
Authors: Lange Bastian , Šimonová Anna , Fischöder Thomas , Pelantová Helena , Křen Vladimír , Elling Lothar
Published: January 2016

We report on a novel chemoenzymatic cascade for the synthesis of sulfated N‐acetyllactosamine [(3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,)n, LacNAc] oligomer structures. Starting from a linker modified GlcNAc substrate di‐ and trisaccharides were first synthesized by sequential use of human β4‐galactosyltransferase‐1 (β4GalT‐1) and β3‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori (β3GlcNAcT). Subsequent regioselective chemical sulfation rendered the C‐6 mono‐, di‐, and tri‐O‐sulfated products in good yields. Further enzymatic elongation by β4GalT‐1 and β3GlcNAcT in a sequential mode yielded 6‐O‐sulfated LacNAc oligomers up to hexasaccharide length with variable degrees of sulfation. These carbohydrate structures mimic the sulfation pattern found in keratan sulfate and are potential ligands for different classes of glycan binding proteins.

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Copper‐Nitrene Triggered Annulation of α‐Acyl Cinnamides: Access to Isoxazol‐3(2H)‐ones
Authors: Yu Mangfei , Zhang Qian , Li Gong , Yuan Jingwen , Zhang Ning , Zhang Rui , Liang Yongjiu , Dong Dewen
Published: January 2016

A facile and efficient one‐pot synthesis of isoxazol‐3(2H)‐ones has been developed starting from α‐acyl cinnamides and tosyliminophenyliodinane catalyzed by copper(II) acetate [Cu(OAc)2] under very mild conditions involving a tandem aza‐Michael addition and intramolecular cyclization sequence.

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The Applications of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Reagent in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Natte Kishore
Published: January 2016

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of the most commonly applied organic solvents in chemical transformations and is utilized widely in industrial processes as well. During the past decades, numerous procedures using DMSO as a reaction reagent have been developed and published. In this review, the main developments on the employment of DMSO as sources of Me, SMe, SO2Me, as an oxidant etc. have been summarized and discussed.

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Ultrahigh‐Power Pseudocapacitors Based on Ordered Porous Heterostructures of Electron‐Correlated Oxides
Authors: Lang Xing‐You , Liu Bo‐Tian , Shi Xiang‐Mei , Li Ying‐Qi , Wen Zi , Jiang Qing
Published: January 2016

Nanostructured transition‐metal oxides can store high‐density energy in fast surface redox reactions, but their poor conductivity causes remarkable reductions in the energy storage of most pseudocapacitors at high power delivery (fast charge/discharge rates). Here it is shown that electron‐correlated oxide hybrid electrodes made of nanocrystalline vanadium sesquioxide and manganese dioxide with 3D and bicontinuous nanoporous architecture (NP V2O3/MnO2) have enhanced conductivity because of metallization of electron‐correlated V2O3 skeleton via insulator‐to‐metal transition. The conductive V2O3 skeleton at ambient temperature enables fast electron and ion transports in the entire electrode and facilitates charge transfer at abundant V2O3/MnO2 interface. These merits significantly improve the pseudocapacitive behavior and rate capability of the constituent MnO2. Symmetric pseudocapacitors assembled with binder‐free NP V2O3/MnO2 electrodes deliver ultrahigh electrical powers (up to ≈422 W cm23) while maintaining the high volumetric energy of thin‐film lithium battery with excellent stability.
Band Edge Engineering of Oxide Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Integration of Subsurface Dipoles with Atomic‐Scale Control
Authors: Hikita Yasuyuki , Nishio Kazunori , Seitz Linsey C. , Chakthranont Pongkarn , Tachikawa Takashi , Jaramillo Thomas F. , Hwang Harold Y.
Published: January 2016

One of the crucial parameters dictating the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water‐splitting is the semiconductor band edge alignment with respect to hydrogen and oxygen redox potentials. Despite the importance of metal oxides in their use as photoelectrodes, studies to control the band edge alignment in aqueous solution have been limited predominantly to compound semiconductors with modulation ranges limited to a few hundred mV. The ability to modulate the flat band potential of oxide photoanodes by as much as 1.3 V, using the insertion of subsurface electrostatic dipoles near a Nb‐doped SrTiO3/aqueous electrolyte interface is reported. The tunable range achieved far exceeds previous reports in any semiconductor/aqueous electrolyte system and suggests a general design strategy for highly efficient oxide photoelectrodes.
Aggregation thermodynamics for asphaltene precipitation
Authors: Wang Meng , Hao Yifan , Islam Md Rashedul , Chen Chau‐Chyun
Published: January 2016

Asphaltene precipitation has been a major concern for petroleum industry due to its adverse effect on upstream production, midstream transportation, and downstream refining. As a complex phenomenon involving solubility, aggregation, and clustering, asphaltene precipitation has been extensively investigated and correlated with empirical models and equations. Based on the insight regarding hierarchical structure of asphaltenes recently elucidated by Mullins, we present a thermodynamic formulation for asphaltene aggregation, the onset of asphaltene precipitation. The thermodynamic formulation accounts for asphaltene aggregation driving force as a two‐step process: (1) molecular asphaltene forming imaginary “nanocrystals”, and (2) “nanocrystals” re‐dissolving as colloidal nanoaggregates. Applying UNIFAC with this thermodynamic formulation, we show semi‐quantitative predictions of asphaltene precipitation in 13 binary solvents with wide varieties of chemical structures and solvent combinations. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1254–1264, 2016
Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2016 update on diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: January 2016

Disease overview: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with an incidence of 1‐2 cases per 100,000 adults. It accounts for approximately 15% of newly diagnosed cases of leukemia in adults. Diagnosis: CML is characterized by a balanced genetic translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving a fusion of the Abelson gene (ABL1) from chromosome 9q34 with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene on chromosome 22q11.2. This rearrangement is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of a BCR‐ABL1 fusion oncogene, which in turn translates into a BCR‐ABL oncoprotein. Frontline therapy: Three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for first‐line treatment of patients with newly diagnosed CML in chronic phase (CML‐CP). Clinical trials with 2nd generation TKIs reported significantly deeper and faster responses; their impact on long‐term survival remains to be determined. Salvage therapy: For patients who fail frontline therapy, second‐line options include second and third generation TKIs. Although second and third generation TKIs are potent and selective TKIs, they exhibit unique pharmacological profiles and response patterns relative to different patient and disease characteristics, such as patients’ comorbidities, disease stage, and BCR‐ABL1 mutational status. Patients who develop the T315I “gatekeeper” mutation display resistance to all currently available TKIs except ponatinib. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains an important therapeutic option for patients with CML‐CP who have failed at least two TKIs, and for all patients in advanced phase disease. Am. J. Hematol. 91:253–265, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is the twin‐singleton difference in BMI related to the difference in birth weight? A register‐based birth cohort study of Norwegian males
Authors: Eriksen Willy , Tambs Kristian
Published: January 2016

Objective

The aim was to test the hypothesis that the difference in body mass index (BMI) between twins and singletons may be attributed to a difference in birth weight.

Methods

Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway were linked with data from the Norwegian Conscript Service. This study used data on 411,186 males who were born in single or twin births in Norway during 1967 to 1984, and who were examined at the mandatory military conscription (98% were examined the year they turned 18 or 19 years of age).

Results

The difference in BMI between singletons and twins was 0.49 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41, 0.56) after adjustment for background factors and gestational age at birth. When birth weight was added to the model, the difference was reduced to 0.17 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.25). The corresponding figures for sibships that included both singletons and twins were 0.63 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.86) and 0.38 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.70) when twins were compared with their singleton brothers. In both the analysis of the total study population and the analysis of the sibships, birth weight was significantly associated with the BMI after adjustment for twin status, gestational age at birth, and background factors.

Conclusions

Male twins born in Norway during 1967 to 1984 had lower BMI at the military conscription than had singletons, and a part of this difference may probably be attributed to lower intrauterine growth rate among twins. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:566–573, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smoking during pregnancy and ADHD risk: A genetically informed, multiple‐rater approach
Authors: Knopik Valerie S. , Marceau Kristine , Bidwell L. Cinnamon , Palmer Rohan H.C. , Smith Taylor F. , Todorov Alexandre , Evans Allison Schettini , Heath Andrew C.
Published: January 2016

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is a significant public health concern with adverse consequences to the health and well‐being of the developing child, including behavioral outcomes such as Attention–Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There is substantial interest in understanding the nature of this reported association, particularly in light of more recent genetically informed studies that suggest that the SDP‐ADHD link is less clear than once thought. In a sample of families (N = 173) specifically selected for sibling pairs discordant for prenatal smoking exposure, we use a sibling‐comparison approach that controls for shared genetic and familial influences to assess the effects of SDP on ADHD symptom dimensions. ADHD was measured by both parent and teacher report on the Conners report forms and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form (CBCL/TRF). Results for the CBCL/TRF Total ADHD score are consistent with prior genetically informed approaches and suggest that previously reported associations between SDP and ADHD are largely due to familial confounding rather than causal teratogenic effects. However, results from the Conners parent report suggest a potentially causal effect of SDP on hyperactive/impulsive and, to a lesser extent, total ADHD symptoms; SDP results in increased parent‐reported hyperactive/impulsive and total ADHD symptoms even after accounting for genetic and familial confounding factors. This suggests that the Conners assessment (parent‐report) may provide a sensitive measure for use in studies examining child specific SDP effects on continuous and dimensional aspects of ADHD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐Step Synthesis of a Clickable Photoaffinity Probe from an Anticancer Saponin OSW‐1 and its Photochemical Reactivity
Authors: Yamada Rika , Hiraizumi Masato , Narita Sho , Sakurai Kaori
Published: January 2016

OSW‐1 is a highly potent anticancer saponin with an unknown mechanism of action that is distinct from the currently used chemotherapeutic agents. Toward investigation of its binding proteins, we designed and synthesized a clickable photoaffinity probe from OSW‐1 and characterized its photochemical reactivity. A mild, two‐step procedure involving a Me2SnCl2‐mediated acylation reaction was developed to site‐selectively derivatize OSW‐1 with a linker that bears a photoreactive group and an alkyne tag. The OSW‐1‐based photoaffinity probe retained potent anticancer activity similar to that of the parent natural product, thereby providing a cell‐permeable analogue of OSW‐1. Photoaffinity labeling studies demonstrated that the probe enabled crosslinking of a model sterol‐binding protein in an affinity‐dependent fashion, which could be efficiently detected by conjugating a fluorophore or biotin by click chemistry.
Spatio‐temporal complexity of chimpanzee food: How cognitive adaptations can counteract the ephemeral nature of ripe fruit
Authors: Janmaat Karline R.L. , Boesch Christophe , Byrne Richard , Chapman Colin A. , Goné Bi Zoro B. , Head Josephine S. , Robbins Martha M. , Wrangham Richard W. , Polansky Leo
Published: January 2016

Ecological complexity has been proposed to play a crucial role in primate brain‐size evolution. However, detailed quantification of ecological complexity is still limited. Here we assess the spatio‐temporal distribution of tropical fruits and young leaves, two primary chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) foods, focusing on the predictability of their availability in individual trees. Using up to 20 years of information on monthly availability of young leaf, unripe and ripe fruit in plant species consumed by chimpanzees from tropical forests in East, Central, and West Africa, we estimated: (1) the forest‐wide frequency of occurrence of each food type and (2) the predictability of finding ripe fruit‐bearing trees, focusing on the timing, frequency, and amount of ripe fruit present. In all three forests, at least half of all encountered trees belonged to species that chimpanzees were known to feed on. However, the proportion of these trees bearing young leaves and fruit fluctuated widely between months. Ripe fruit was the most ephemeral food source, and trees that had more than half of their crown filled were at least nine times scarcer than other trees. In old growth forests only one large ripe fruit crop was on average encountered per 10 km. High levels of inter‐individual variation in the number of months that fruit was present existed, and in some extreme cases individuals bore ripe fruit more than seven times as often as conspecifics. Some species showed substantially less variation in such ripe fruit production frequencies and fruit quantity than others. We hypothesize that chimpanzees employ a suite of cognitive mechanisms, including abilities to: (1) generalize or classify food trees; (2) remember the relative metrics of quantity and frequency of fruit production across years; and (3) flexibly plan return times to feeding trees to optimize high‐energy food consumption in individual trees, and efficient travel between them. Am. J. Primatol. 78:626–645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deciphering diet and monitoring movement: Multiple stable isotope analysis of the viking age settlement at Hofstaðir, Lake Mývatn, Iceland
Authors: Sayle Kerry L. , Hamilton W. Derek , Cook Gordon T. , Ascough Philippa L. , Gestsdóttir Hildur , McGovern Thomas H.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

A previous multi‐isotope study of archaeological faunal samples from Skútustaðir, an early Viking age settlement on the southern shores of Lake Mývatn in north‐east Iceland, demonstrated that there are clear differences in δ34S stable isotope values between animals deriving their dietary protein from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine reservoirs. The aim of this study was to use this information to more accurately determine the diet of humans excavated from a nearby late Viking age churchyard.

Materials and Methods

δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S analyses were undertaken on terrestrial animal (n = 39) and human (n = 46) bone collagen from Hofstaðir, a high‐status Viking‐period farmstead ∼10 km north‐west of Skútustaðir.

Results

δ34S values for Hofstaðir herbivores were ∼6‰ higher relative to those from Skútustaðir (δ34S: 11.4 ± 2.3‰ versus 5.6 ± 2.8‰), while human δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values were broad ranging (−20.2‰ to −17.3‰, 7.4‰ to 12.3‰, and 5.5‰ to 14.9‰, respectively).

Discussion

Results suggest that the baseline δ34S value for the Mývatn region is higher than previously predicted due to a possible sea‐spray effect, but the massive deposition of Tanytarsus gracilentus (midges) (δ34S: −3.9‰) in the soil in the immediate vicinity of the lake is potentially lowering this value. Several terrestrial herbivores displayed higher bone collagen δ34S values than their contemporaries, suggesting trade and/or movement of animals to the region from coastal areas. Broad ranging δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values for humans suggest the population were consuming varied diets, while outliers within the dataset could conceivably have been migrants to the area. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:126–136, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elektrospray‐Massenspektrometrie: ein umgekehrtes Periskop zur Erforschung von Reaktionsmechanismen in Lösung
Authors: Iacobucci Claudio , Reale Samantha , De Angelis Francesco
Published: January 2016

So wie man in einem U‐Boot Objekte oberhalb der Wasseroberfläche mit einem Periskop erfassen kann, so kann man die Elektrospray‐Massenspektrometrie (ESI‐MS) als eine Art umgekehrtes Periskop auffassen, um an der Gas/Flüssig‐Schnittstelle gelöste Verbindungen auf ihre chemische Zusammensetzung hin zu analysieren. Ziel ist es, Zwischenstufen in chemischen Umsetzungen, die sich anderweitig der Charakterisierung entziehen und für den Ablauf der Reaktion entscheidend sind, zu identifizieren und strukturell zu charakterisieren. Anhand von ausgewählten aktuellen Publikationen werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz die ESI‐MS‐Techniken erläutert, die derzeit zur Erforschung von Zwischenstufen in homogenen chemischen Reaktionen in Lösung eingesetzt werden.
Gold‐katalysierte hochselektive Photoredox‐C(sp2)‐H‐Difluoralkylierung und ‐Perfluoralkylierung von Hydrazonen
Authors: Xie Jin , Zhang Tuo , Chen Fei , Mehrkens Nina , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: January 2016

Die ersten erfolgreichen gold‐katalysierten photoredoxselektiven C(sp2)‐H‐Difluoralkylierungen und ‐Perfluoralkylierungen von Hydrazonen mit gut verfügbaren RF‐Br‐Reagentien werden beschrieben. Die resultierenden gem‐difluormethylierten und perfluoralkylierten Hydrazone sind hoch funktionalisierte, vielseitige Moleküle. Eine milde Reduktion der Kupplungsprodukte liefert effizient gem‐difluormethylierte β‐Aminophosphonsäuren und β‐Aminosäure‐Derivate. In mechanistischen Studien wurde eine Difluoroalkylradikal‐Zwischenstufe in einem EPR‐“Spin‐Trapping”‐Experiment detektiert, was auf einen gold‐katalysierten Radikal‐Mechanismus hinweist.
Modulated Binary–Ternary Dual Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Prusty Gyanaranjan , Guria Amit K. , Mondal Indranil , Dutta Anirban , Pal Ujjwal , Pradhan Narayan
Published: January 2016

A generic modular synthetic strategy for the fabrication of a series of binary‐ternary group II‐VI and group I‐III‐VI coupled semiconductor nano‐heterostructures is reported. Using Ag2Se nanocrystals first as a catalyst and then as sacrificial seeds, four dual semiconductor heterostructures were designed with similar shapes: CdSe‐AgInSe2, CdSe‐AgGaSe2, ZnSe‐AgInSe2, and ZnSe‐AgGaSe2. Among these, dispersive type‐II heterostructures are further explored for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water and these are observed to be superior catalysts than the binary or ternary semi‐conductors. Details of the chemistry of this modular synthesis have been studied and the photophysical processes involved in catalysis are investigated.
Delocalization and Valence Tautomerism in Vanadium Tris(iminosemiquinone) Complexes
Authors: Bendix Jesper , Clark Kensha Marie
Published: January 2016

To survey the noninnocence of bis(arylimino) acenaphthene (BIAN) ligands (L) in complexes with early metals, the homoleptic vanadium complex, [V(L)3] (1), and its monocation, [V(L)3]PF6 (2), were synthesized. These complexes were found to have a very rich electronic behavior, whereby 1 displays strong electronic delocalization and 2 can be observed in unprecedented valence tautomeric forms. The oxidation states of the metal and ligand components in these complexes were assigned by using spectroscopic, crystallographic, and magnetic analyses. Complex 1 was identified as [VIV(Lred)(L.)2] (Lred=N,N′‐bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylamido)acenaphthylene; L.=N,N′‐bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylimino)acenaphthenesemiquinonate). Complex 2 was determined to be [VV(Lred)(L.)2]+ at T<150 K and [VIV(L.)3]+ at T>150 K. Cyclic voltammetry experiments reveal six quasi‐reversible processes, thus indicating the potential of this metal–ligand combination in catalysis or materials applications.
Isolierung und vielseitige Derivatisierung eines ungesättigten anionischen Siliciumclusters (Silicoid)
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Leszczyńska Kinga , Heider Yannic , Abersfelder Kai , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David
Published: January 2016

Die charakteristischen Merkmale von Silicium‐Oberflächenmaterialen werden in den verwandten, partiell substituierten – und folglich ungesättigten – neutralen Siliciumclustern (den Silicoiden) widergespiegelt. Der Einbau von Silicoiden in ausgedehntere Systeme ist aufgrund ihrer elektronischen Eigenschaften vielversprechend. Weitere Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet sind bisher allerdings durch das Fehlen funktionalisierter Silicoidderivate limitiert. Wir berichten hier von der Isolierung und vollständigen Charakterisierung des Lithiumsalzes eines anionischen R5Si6‐Silicoids und liefern damit zugleich das fehlende Glied zwischen Silicium‐basierten Zintl‐Anionen und silicoiden Clustern. Das hohe Potential dieser Spezies für den effizienten Transfer der intakten, ungesättigten R5Si6‐Einheit wird durch saubere Reaktionen mit repräsentativen Elektrophilen der Gruppen 13, 14 und 15 grundsätzlich demonstriert.
A Bifunctional Photosensitizer for Enhanced Fractional Photodynamic Therapy: Singlet Oxygen Generation in the Presence and Absence of Light
Authors: Turan Ilke Simsek , Yildiz Deniz , Turksoy Abdurrahman , Gunaydin Gurcan , Akkaya Engin U.
Published: January 2016

The photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen within tumor tissues during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is self‐limiting, as the already low oxygen concentrations within tumors is further diminished during the process. In certain applications, to minimize photoinduced hypoxia the light is introduced intermittently (fractional PDT) to allow time for the replenishment of cellular oxygen. This condition extends the time required for effective therapy. Herein, we demonstrated that a photosensitizer with an additional 2‐pyridone module for trapping singlet oxygen would be useful in fractional PDT. Thus, in the light cycle, the endoperoxide of 2‐pyridone is generated along with singlet oxygen. In the dark cycle, the endoperoxide undergoes thermal cycloreversion to produce singlet oxygen, regenerating the 2‐pyridone module. As a result, the photodynamic process can continue in the dark as well as in the light cycles. Cell‐culture studies validated this working principle in vitro.