bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ethics and Eschatology of Methodius of Olympus
Authors: Buonaiuti Ernesto
Published: November 2011

Among the many problems which confront the historian of Christian thought and life in the early centuries one of the most complex and difficult is that of the relations, practical as well as theoretical, between Christianity and asceticism. Since the age of the Reformation there has been incessant controversy over the question whether the anthropological assumptions which underlie ascetic morals—the dualistic conception of the constitution of human nature and the conviction that there is an irreconcilable opposition between body and spirit—are really identical with the principles of Christian anthropology so that there can be no experience of the gospel message apart from a radically pessimistic estimate of the possibilities of good inherent in human nature, and without the acceptance of a scale of ethical values based upon the progressive stages of an ascetic discipline.

After centuries of acrimonious theological controversy fomented by prejudices on both sides, we are now perhaps for the first time in a position to consider objectively the historical relations between the development of ascetic ideas and the propagation of the Christian piety, and consequently to solve satisfactorily the problem of the interaction between asceticism and Christianity.
American Theists
Authors: Buckham John Wright
Published: November 2011

The problem of the existence and nature of God, remote and oppressive though it is to some minds, to others is of all questions the most urgent and engaging. It has had its fascination for the mind of America, as for that of all intelligent peoples.
A Conjecture on Matthew 11, 12
Authors: Michael J. Hugh
Published: November 2011

The very multiplicity of the attempts which have been made to solve the exegetical problem presented by the difficult Logion of St. Matthew 11, 12 is in itself a strong indication that no one of the proffered interpretations can claim for itself a pre-eminent position; and inasmuch as all the thought that has been expended upon the Saying has not succeeded in discovering in it a meaning that by its inherent probability compels us to accept it as the true interpretation, it is inevitable that we should wonder whether some error can have crept into the text.
Theories and Beliefs
Authors: Perry Ralph Barton
Published: November 2011

In an essay entitled “The Scepticism of Believers,” Leslie Stephen remarks a common confusion between unbelief and contrary belief. The term “belief” is at any historical moment almost invariably used to denote the established belief, that is, the belief supported by authority or by the consensus of opinion; while the term “unbelief” is used to denote dissent from the established belief, even when, as is most often the case, this dissent is itself due to belief. The established belief resists change, and must be attacked, weakened, or destroyed, before it is possible for another belief to get a hearing; hence assenters come to regard dissenters as destructive in their primary intent, and are blinded to the fact that there is another belief at stake, which may be as affirmative and constructive in its own terms as that which prevails. Thus modern religious orthodoxy has condemned as unbelief a certain secular tendency, which really has arisen, not from a love of mischief-making, but from a most devoted confidence in the uniformity of nature, and in the power of man to save himself. It is not wholly unjust to assert, as Leslie Stephen does assert, that, in opposing the free advance of science and of individualism, defenders of “the Faith” have virtually sought to prevent or destroy that faith in the enterprise of civilization which has mainly inspired the progress of the last two centuries.
The Definition of the Supernatural
Authors: Knight George T.
Published: November 2011

With the ultimate purpose of helping to clarify thought on the subject of the supernatural, the present essay is a study of usage mostly in Christian history and particularly of today. It therefore notes the meanings which seem to be assigned to the word and to its synonyms and associates; and it includes some criticism of usage, according to the accepted laws of thought, such as may contribute to the purpose of clarification.
Some Aspects of New Testament Miracles
Authors: Ropes James Hardy
Published: November 2011

Christianity is a religion of the spirit,—a religion of faith, as the Apostle Paul would have said. That is, its essential nature resides in unseen and spiritual attributes; on the persistence of spiritual forces depends its identity from age to age; the inner attitude of the soul is the sphere of its true life. Neither letter nor form, but spirit, is the characteristic mark of Christianity. If this is true, it follows that the life of Christianity necessarily implies the continually new expression of the Christian spirit amid the ever-changing phases of human thought and life. And historical conditions will govern not only the outward forms and modes of Christian life, but also, at least in its concrete formulation, the thought of Christians about religion. The changes that have taken place in Christian thought and doctrine may well be no indication of any weakness or imperfection in Christianity. They are, in fact, rather the manifestation of its excellence, the proof that it is indeed the supreme religion, capable of bringing in the kingdom of God.

Some have tried, by a process of successive eliminations, to discard the Jewish, the Greek, the pagan, the Teutonic influences which from time to time have affected Christianity, as if by such expurgations they could isolate essential Christianity from its accidents, and separate the kernel from the husk. But if Christianity is a religion of the spirit expressing itself under historical conditions, its expression in any period of history will be made through the ideas, true and false, through the modes of life, crude or refined, through the existing beliefs, philosophies, laws, customs, and even superstitions of the time. Many philosophies which we deem false, many rites which we find degrading, have been the well-justified means of expressing the religion of the spirit for men who held those philosophies and to whom those rites were dear. Those things are to be called foreign influences upon a pure Christianity only in the same sense in which that would be true of the inadequate science, clumsy philosophy, and sorry philistinism of custom which in our own day do duty, as the best we have, for civilization.

If it be asked, wherein, then, lies the assurance that our Christianity is properly called Christian, what force binds together these shifting phases of life and thought, and entitles us to speak of them as belonging to one religion, a personal conviction is the only answer that can be given,—namely, that the identity of the Christian religion through the ages depends on the New Testament, and in particular on the presentation of Jesus Christ found in the gospels and on the persistent spiritual power of his person.

From the general point of view thus outlined the question of the miracles of the New Testament, like every other historical topic connected with the Christian religion, must be considered.
The End of Orthodoxy and the Catholicism of Tomorrow
Authors: Murri Romolo
Published: November 2011

A well-known Roman Catholic review recently observed that modernism is not merely an internal difficulty of the Catholic church, but that the Protestant and Jewish bodies are likewise tormented and undermined by it. And the remark is certainly correct. For if, on the one hand, modernism tends to apply to the internal discipline and rites of the Roman church many of those reforms which the Protestants adopted from the beginning of the Reformation,—reforms rendered necessary by the changed conditions of the times, and today even more necessary than ever, —on the other hand it is profoundly modifying the very concept of revelation and making more and more difficult every kind of stability of doctrine and every regula fidei; so that Christianity itself, and the Jewish religion from which it comes, are to a large extent challenged by it and are in a measure associated with the church of Rome in one common defence. This defence, so far as it has any probability of success, thus tends to change not only the relation of these religions to the spirit of contemporary thought, but even their inter-relations, constraining them to abandon one or another of those positions which caused dissension and associating them under the protection of their common spiritual inheritance. Hence it will be worth while to consider briefly what conclusions are suggested by the most recent experience in this controversy, and what forecast we can make, not so much for the future of the individual churches as for a future of much greater interest, that, namely, of Christianity itself and of the religious consciousness among the nations of western civilization.
Mediaeval German Mysticism
Authors: Francke Kuno
Published: November 2011

The German mysticism of the fourteenth century was one of the most remarkable manifestations of that individualistic trend of thought and feeling which set in during the thirteenth century with the height of chivalric culture, developed under the influence of the growth of civic independence in the great municipal republics, and finally, in the religious Reformation of the sixteenth century, overturned the whole corporate system of the mediaeval church and state.
Empiricism and Platonism in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Troeltsch Ernst
Published: November 2011

During the lifetime of William James, his philosophical work, closely connected as it is with many traditions of British philosophy, made a marked impression—one might almost say, a stir—on the Continent of Europe. Since his death, obituary notices and comprehensive reviews of his philosophy have made the intellectual legacy of the departed thinker the object of still greater attention, the more because, outside of the pragmatic school itself, the interest in the writings of so fine and penetrating a mind as Bergson naturally extends itself to cognate movements of thought.

In this legacy, James's philosophy of religion stands out with special prominence, partly by reason of its contrast to the type of philosophy of religion which is traditional on the Continent of Europe, partly because of the wealth of his own new and valuable suggestions, which have been added to by a number of zealous followers. It may not be uninteresting, therefore, to the readers of this Review, if I try to characterize what is peculiar and new in this, the first thorough-going contribution from America to the philosophy of religion. In doing so, I shall discuss two points: first, the contrast between James's ideas and the European philosophy of religion; and, second, the positive value that the new ideas which thus emerge seem to me to have.
The Development of Emotion in Religion
Authors: Leuba James H.
Published: November 2011

It is held by many that religion had its origin in the emotional life, in “loving reverence,” or in fear, or in awe; and many make some particular emotion the distinguishing mark of religion. Since, indeed, religion is a part of the struggle for the preservation and perfection of life, it involves from the very beginning emotional states. But to speak of religion as originating in emotions is to assume a conception of religion which seems to me utterly unacceptable. If any sentiment or emotion, such as reverence or fear or awe, is found at the dawn of religion, it exists as part of the response, in a particular situation, to a sense of the presence of an invisible Being, upon whom one depends and with whom one desires to hold satisfactory relations. The emotion belongs to an experience involving the whole man, that is, man as a feeling, thinking, willing being.
An Introductory Word on Nietzsche
Authors: Salter William Mackintire
Published: November 2011

According to Professor Riehl of Berlin, the most widely read of serious writers in Germany today is Nietzsche. German ideas require time to cross the Channel and still more time to reach America; but already translations of Nietzsche's numerous works are appearing in England, and within three or four years three books have been devoted to him in this country. Probably erelong the thoughtful among us will have to attend to him, as we have had to attend to other German writers in the past. As yet very confused ideas are current about him; his disciples are more or less confused themselves. Nietzsche once half-humorously remarked that the first disciples of a doctrine really prove nothing against it.

Moreover, Nietzsche was a lonely, markedly individual thinker, caring more to express himself than to be comprehended by the ordinary reader, soliloquizing much; and he said many things that, unless we carefully, patiently attend, may mislead, have misled. I could easily quote passages from him that would offend you, as they did me when I first came upon them. No one needs to be studied more before he is judged. No one lends himself less to impressionist treatment, which is all he ordinarily gets from non-Continental writers. Indeed, I sometimes think that Nietzsche is a philosopher for philosophers and a moralist for moralists rather than for the common run of us, so subtle is his thinking, such an acquaintance with the history and refinements of philosophical and ethical speculation does he presuppose.

Accordingly, it may be most useful, as well as most conformable to my abilities, to cover a quite limited field this morning; and I shall content myself, after giving a few facts about his life and a very general characterization of him, to portray somewhat in detail his state of mind during one—the first—period of his career. What I say may thus serve as a kind of introduction to the subject; and happy shall I be if I interest any one sufficiently to take it up on his own account.
The Nature and Definition of Religion
Authors: Nash Henry S.
Published: November 2011

To attempt in these days a definition of religion may seem like taking a wanton risk of intellectual confusion. Even a rough classification of religions is difficult. The mass of data is so vast, the varieties of religion so manifold, that no sooner has a scheme of classification established itself than it begins to sag under the weight of material thrown upon it. The old schemes which hinged on a fixed distinction between the religion of the Bible and all religions outside the pale of Biblical revelation, succeeded by dint of excluding a large part of the phenomena. But, as things are with us, no classification is better than a working hypothesis into which, as a constituent element, enters the knowledge of its own mortality.
The Earliest Minor Accounts of Plymouth Plantation
Authors: Burrage Champlin
Published: November 2011

The story of the voyage of the Mayflower in 1620 and of the Pilgrim settlement at Plymouth has been told again and again, and in this year of the tercentenary celebration will be repeated in still further varying forms; but we are certain that it will never be more graphically narrated than by the Pilgrims themselves and their friends during the twenties, thirties, and forties of the seventeenth century.

In this paper I do not intend to venture to give any new version of that narrative. It is my purpose rather to recall certain phases of the story as they appear in the vigorous and terse English of the earliest accounts, and to note especially also the interesting archæological information concerning the Indians of New England which they furnish.
A Syriac Parallel to the Golden Rule
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: November 2011

Numerous parallels to the Golden Rule of Matt. 7, 12 and Luke 6, 31 have been found in various writers. Most of these are Jewish or Christian, but some of them are far remote in time and place from Judaism and Christianity. Sometimes the precept is put in the positive form and sometimes in the negative, more frequently in the latter. A Syriac parallel, particularly interesting because it combines the two forms, seems to have been hitherto overlooked. It occurs in the philosophical dialogue entitled The Book of the Laws of the Countries, and is as follows: “For there are two commandments set before us, which are meet and right for free-will: one, that we should depart from everything that is evil and we hate to have done to ourselves; and the other, that we should do whatever is good and we love, and are pleased to have it done so also to ourselves.”
From Abraham to David, Fourteen Generations
Authors: Moore George F.
Published: November 2011

In a note on Matt. 1, 17 in the January number of this Review, I remarked that to squeeze the fourteen generations from Abraham to David into a period of four hundred and ninety years it was necessary to ignore the biblical chronology, which demands nearly twice as long. Professor Louis Ginzberg has suggested another possible explanation. In Yebamot 64b, Rabbah (b. Abuha), a Babylonian teacher of the third century, observes that it was in the days of David that the years of a man's life were first reduced to seventy (Psalm 90, 10). This inference from the Psalm might have been drawn at any time; and if it was current in the circle from which the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew comes, the author may not have applied his thirty-five year scheme to the generations before David.
Large-scale distribution patterns of carnivores in northern South Africa: implications for conservation and monitoring
Authors: Thorn Michelle , Green Matthew , Keith Mark , Marnewick Kelly , Bateman Philip W. , Cameron Elissa Z. , Scott Dawn M.
Published: November 2011

Accurate assessment of carnivore population status is frequently hindered by insufficient distribution data. For northern South Africa we address this deficit by mapping new records from landscape-scale sign surveys, questionnaire interviews, problem animal records and camera trapping. The black-backed jackalCanis mesomelasand caracalCaracal caracalremain common and widespread. Ranges of the servalLeptailurus servaland brown hyaenaHyaena brunneawere much larger than previous estimates, reducing the risk of simultaneous extirpation across all occupied locations. The proportion of range area occupied was larger for several species, notably the leopardPanthera pardus, cheetahAcinonyx jubatusand serval. We conclude that the serval continues to recover from historical threats and is expanding into new areas. A larger brown hyaena range and less fragmented pattern of occurrence probably confers greater resilience to threats than was suggested by previous data. Reduced extinction risk arising from the increased area occupied by the cheetah and leopard is tempered by probable local range contraction. Our maps provide baseline information for monitoring the distribution of these six species, which is essential in managing ecological issues that have a spatial component such as responses to changing land use. Our results also demonstrate the utility of detection/non-detection surveys in rapid assessment of carnivore populations at large spatial scales.
Activation of the peptidergic neurosecretory system in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Gustafsson Margaretha K. S. , Wikgren Marianne C.
Published: November 2011

The activation of the peptidergic neurosecretory system in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum was studied following cultivation of plerocercoids for short times in vitro and in vivo. In the plerocercoid the neurosecretory cells gave a very weak reaction with paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF). After cultivation for 1 h large numbers of neurosecretory cells filled with PAF-positive granules were evident. The significance of the activation of the neurosecretory system during the transfer of the worm from the cold-blooded fish host to the warm-blooded final host is discussed.
Eimeriaspp. from the chicken: from merozoites to oocysts in embryonated eggs
Authors: Shirley M. W. , McDonald V. , Ballingall S.
Published: November 2011

Merozoites of 5 species ofEimeriafrom the chicken were recovered from this host and inoculated into the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. The merozoites developed into sexual stages in the chorio-allantoic membranes, and oocysts of all the species which were tested —E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrixandE. praecox— were recovered. Many of the oocysts ofE. maximaandE. necatrix, and a few of those ofE. brunetti, sporulated and were found to be infective for chickens.
Acquired immunity against Trypanosoma danilewskyi in goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Woo Patrick T.K.
Published: November 2011

Two groups of goldfish maintained at 20°C were experimentally infected with two different sized inocula of Trypanosoma danilewskyi. One group was inoculated with 380000 trypanosomes/fish and the other with 3800. Forty and 90% of the fish, respectively, survived. All surviving fish challenged 190 days post-infection were protected from re-infection. The plasma of these fish when inoculated into another group of fish also protected them from infection. Finally, trypanosomes incubated in vitro in immune plasma at 20°C for 2 h were not infective; however, incubations at 5°C or for 1 h were not as effective.
Studies on malaria in Papua New Guinea: comparison of the surface glycoproteins on red blood cells from infected and uninfected individuals
Authors: Howard R. J. , Brown G. V. , Smith P. M. , Mitchell G. F. , Stace J. D. , Alpers M. P. , Wember M. , Schauer R.
Published: November 2011

The levels of erythrocyte membrane sialic acid from 17 patients withPlasmodium falciparummalaria and 1 withPlasmodium vivaxmalaria, in Papua New Guinea, have been compared with 9 uninfected controls. The amounts of radioactivity incorporated into the major erythrocyte glycoproteins by the periodate/NaB3H4or galactose oxidase plus neuraminidase/NaB3H4methods were unchanged by malaria infection. The electrophoretic mobilities of these proteins also were unaffected. Several new glycoprotein bands with molecular weights (mol. wt) of 160000, 89000, 46000, 42000 and 33000 Daltons were labelled on the surface of erythrocytes from infected individuals; however, none of these bands appeared inallmalarious samples. Sialic acid levels on the erythrocyte membrane were also measured by exhaustive neuraminidase treatment and quantitative assay of released sialic acid. The amount of sialic acid was raised in 1 infected individual, within the normal range for Europeans in 4 others, and below this range with 3 patients. Apparently, extensive removal or modification of sialic acid on the surface of uninfected erythrocytes does not occur in human malaria, in contrast to the results obtained in earlier studies with the lethal murine malarias.
Aspects of intestinal parasitism in villagers from rural peninsular India
Authors: Bidinger P. D. , Crompton D. W. T. , Arnold Susan
Published: November 2011

In 1977, a parasitological survey was undertaken of stool samples collected from 335 people from 5 villages in semi-arid regions of peninsular India. Stools, which were collected from various individuals in a stratified sample of 40 matched households from each village, were examined by standard diagnostic procedures. Eggs ofAscaris lumbricoidesand protozoan cysts, which were identified on morphological grounds as belonging toEntamoebaspp., were most common. Other protozoan cysts were considered to be those ofBalantidium coli, and eggs of hookworm andHymenolepis nanawere also observed in some of the stool specimens. The prevalence of parasitic infections varied between villages. The village with the highest prevalence ofAscaris(70%) appeared to have the greatest demands made on its meagre drinking-water supply. This village is located in a dry, windy and dusty region and it is speculated that, in addition to well-established transmission mechanisms, the villagers may be exposed, perhaps through contamination of uncovered drinking-water wells and inhalation, to wind-borneAscariseggs. In 1967, a WHO Expert Committee Report on the Control of Ascariasis pointed out that information on the frequency of dust-borne infection withAscarisin man was inadequate.
Trematode–gastropod associations in nine non-lacustrine habitats in the Mwanza region of Tanzania
Authors: Loker E. S. , Moyo H. G. , Gardner S. L.
Published: November 2011

Between August 1978 and July 1979, freshwater gastropods were collected at monthly intervals from 9 different non-lacustrine habitats in the Mwanza region of Tanzania. Of a total of 11708 gastropods representing 14 species, 1748 (14–9%) were infected with trematode sporocysts and/or rediae. Altogether 38 morphologically distinguishable ‘species’ of cercariae were recovered (13 furcocercous, 10 xiphidiocercaria, 6 echin-ostome, 4 cystophorous, 3 gymnocephalous and 2 amphistome species), 22 of which did not conform to previously described African species. The majority (63–8%) of all mature infections were xiphidiocercariae. Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. sudanica and Ceratophallus natalensis each yielded 11 species of cercariae. Lymnaea natalensis had the highest overall prevalence of infection (36–9%). Cercaria guttera from L. natalensis accounted for 20–4% of all recovered trematode infections and C. blukwa from Biomphalaria accounted for 18–4% of all infections; the high prevalence of these two xiphidiocercariae may alter the transmission patterns of Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. S. mansoni was recovered from both B. sudanica (22 of 2393 infected) and B. pfeifferi (79 of 1913 infected); S. haematobium (or related species) was recovered from Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus (50 of 1503 infected) and to a lesser extent from B. (P.) africanus (6 of 186 infected). The findings are discussed in relation to the biological control of trematode diseases in Tanzania.
On the finite-dimensional marginals of shift-invariant measures
Authors: CHAZOTTES J.-R. , GAMBAUDO J.-M. , HOCHMAN M. , UGALDE E.
Published: November 2011

Let Σ be a finite alphabet, Ω=Σℤdequipped with the shift action, and ℐ the simplex of shift-invariant measures on Ω. We study the relation between the restriction ℐnof ℐ to the finite cubes {−n,…,n}d⊂ℤd, and the polytope of ‘locally invariant’ measures ℐlocn. We are especially interested in the geometry of the convex set ℐn, which turns out to be strikingly different whend=1 and whend≥2 . A major role is played by shifts of finite type which are naturally identified with faces of ℐn, and uniquely ergodic shifts of finite type, whose unique invariant measure gives rise to extreme points of ℐn, although in dimensiond≥2 there are also extreme points which arise in other ways. We show that ℐn=ℐlocnwhend=1 , but in higher dimensions they differ fornlarge enough. We also show that while in dimension one ℐnare polytopes with rational extreme points, in higher dimensions every computable convex set occurs as a rational image of a face of ℐnfor all large enoughn.
Dynamics of non-classical interval exchanges
Authors: GADRE VAIBHAV S.
Published: November 2011

A natural generalization of interval exchange maps are linear involutions, first introduced by Danthony and Nogueira [Measured foliations on non-orientable surfaces.Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér.(4)26(6) (1993), 645–664]. Recurrent train tracks with a single switch provide a subclass of linear involutions. We call such linear involutions non-classical interval exchanges. They are related to measured foliations on orientable flat surfaces. Non-classical interval exchanges can be studied as a dynamical system by considering Rauzy induction in this context. This gives a refinement process on the parameter space similar to Kerckhoff’s simplicial systems. We show that the refinement process gives an expansion that has a key dynamical property calleduniform distortion. We use uniform distortion to prove normality of the expansion. Consequently, we prove an analog of Keane’s conjecture: almost every non-classical interval exchange is uniquely ergodic. Uniform distortion has been independently shown in [A. Avila and M. Resende. Exponential mixing for the Teichmüller flow in the space of quadratic differentials, http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1102].
Hausdorff measure of escaping and Julia sets for bounded-type functions of finite order
Authors: PETER JÖRN
Published: November 2011

We show that the escaping sets and the Julia sets of bounded-type transcendental entire functions of order ρ become ‘smaller’ as ρ→∞. More precisely, their Hausdorff measures are infinite with respect to the gauge function hγ(t)=t2g(1/t)γ, where g is the inverse of a linearizer of some exponential map and γ≥(log ρ(f)+K1)/c, but for ρ large enough, there exists a function fρ of bounded type with order ρ such that the Hausdorff measures of the escaping set and the Julia set of fρ with respect to hγ′ are zero whenever γ′ ≤(log ρ−K2)/c.
‘Linguistic schizophrenia’ in Hong Kong
Authors: Groves Julie M.
Published: November 2011

In the case of the status of English in Hong Kong, most ‘new Englishes’ classification schemes have been either controversial or inconclusive. Dynamic models seem to be more promising, and these predict two things. First, a trend of ‘linguistic schizophrenia’, where people are exonormative in ideal – holding to the ideals of native speaker English – but endonormative in practice – in actual fact, speaking their own local variety. Second, the future ongoing development and eventual acceptance of the new variety. This article aims to shed more light on some of the complexities surrounding the issue of the status of English in Hong Kong. It undertakes an analysis of the attitudes of local English speakers towards the existence and nature of their own variety, perceptions of their own linguistic behaviour, and attitudes towards norms. The significance of the findings is evaluated in the light of dynamic models postulated by Kachru (1983) and Schneider (2003, 2007). The Hong Kong data present a classic case of Kachru's ‘linguistic schizophrenia’, and confirm the placement of Hong Kong English at the beginning of Schneider's Phase 3 of nativization. The future possibilities for the variety are also discussed.
‘Me talk funny’: A stroke patient's personal account
Authors: Schwyter Jürg R.
Published: November 2011

If you met me and listened to me speaking English, you might ask yourself why I talk so funny; why I can't find the right words; and why I make so many grammatical errors. I am, after all, the Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, and I have degrees in English language and linguistics from Cambridge University and the University of Pennsylvania.
Phrasal verbs: ‘a process of the common, relatively uneducated, mind’?
Authors: Wild Kate
Published: November 2011

If you look through a modern guide to English usage, you will probably find that it has something to say about phrasal verbs. It might be a warning not to use certain phrasal verbs in certain contexts. For example, Allen (2005: 181–90) offers a table of ‘more formal alternatives to those phrasal verbs that can sometimes be too informal for writing’, with suggestions for replacing sum up with conclude and step down with resign, among others. In many cases, it will be a warning about phrasal verbs where the adverbial particle adds little semantic content to the verb: The Chicago Manual of Style advises writers to ‘avoid the phrasal verb if the verb alone conveys essentially the same meaning – e.g. rest up is equivalent to rest’ (2003: 174). It might attribute such usages to American English, as in Evans' (2000: 54–5) comment that phrasal verbs such as win out, stop off and check up on, which ‘grow like toadstools’, are ‘American parasites’. It might be a positive comment, such as Bryson's note that phrasal verbs are ‘one of the most versatile features of English’, but if so, it will probably be qualified: Bryson adds that in many cases the added particles ‘are merely a sign of careless writing’ (Bryson, 2002: 156–7). What is it about phrasal verbs that provokes such comments? By examining grammars, usage books, dictionaries and other materials since the eighteenth century, I will discuss changing attitudes towards phrasal verbs and how they fit into the context of broader opinions about language.
English, Chinglish or China English?
Authors: Eaves Megan
Published: November 2011

Roughly 90,000 taxi drivers in Beijing learned English in preparation for the Summer Olympic Games (Beijing 2008) of some 600,000 total residents of the city that have jumped on the English bandwagon in the past few years (People's Daily, 2001). China is a country of nearly a billion and a half people, most of whom now begin learning English at the age of ten (Dong, 2005: 11). A simple Google search for ‘English in China’ yields more than 36,000,000 results! It cannot be argued that English is unpopular in the Middle Kingdom. With so many learners there, it stands to reason that a variety of English peculiar to China would eventually develop, and there is much evidence to suggest that it has already begun.
Zur Struktur naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens von Grundschulkindern
Authors: Kleickmann Thilo , Hardy Ilonca , Pollmeier Judith , Möller Kornelia
Published: November 2011

Zusammenfassung. In der Frage, wie naturwissenschaftliches Wissen von Grundschulkindern beschaffen ist, haben sich zwei konkurrierende Positionen etabliert. Der Kohärenzansatz betont in Analogie zu wissenschaftlichen Theorien die Integriertheit und Strukturiertheit des anfänglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens, wohingegen der Fragmentierungsansatz das Wissen als idiosynkratisch und aus vielen unverbundenen Einzelelementen bestehend ansieht. Aufbauend auf neuere Studien, die zur Untersuchung des naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens von Grundschulkindern personenzentrierte Analysen genutzt haben, wurde in der vorliegenden Studie ein Analyseansatz gewählt, der die personen- und die variablenzentrierte Sichtweise verbindet und somit die Beschreibung sowohl qualitativer als auch quantitativer Unterschiede im Wissen erlaubt. Es zeigte sich erstens, dass die genutzten Faktor-Mischverteilungsmodelle geeignet sind, das naturwissenschaftliche Wissen von Grundschulkindern zu beschreiben. Zweitens fanden sich Hinweise, dass Fragmentierungs- und Kohärenzansatz nicht unbedingt alternativ zu verstehen sind, sondern das Wissen von Subgruppen mit qualitativ unterschiedlichem Wissen beschreiben können. Drittens zeigte sich, dass Lerngelegenheiten im Unterricht eine wichtige Bedeutung für die Beschaffenheit naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens von Grundschulkindern haben.
Modellierung von Kompetenzen im Bereich „Sprache und Sprachgebrauch untersuchen” mit schwierigkeitsbestimmenden Aufgabenmerkmalen
Authors: Isaac Kevin , Hochweber Jan
Published: November 2011

Zusammenfassung. Für den Bereich „Sprache und Sprachgebrauch untersuchen” der KMK-Bildungsstandards wurden basierend auf Kategorien sprachbewusster Tätigkeiten neun schwierigkeitsbestimmende Aufgabenmerkmale abgeleitet. Auf Grundlage einer Stichprobe von 3.276 Schülerinnen und Schülern der dritten und vierten Klassenstufe wurde im ersten Analyseschritt der Zusammenhang der Aufgabenmerkmale mit den Schwierigkeiten von 107 Testaufgaben untersucht. Im zweiten Schritt wurde untersucht, inwieweit die schwierigkeitsgenerierenden Effekte der Aufgabenmerkmale von der sprachlichen Herkunft der Schülerinnen und Schüler unter Berücksichtigung des kulturellen Kapitals sowie der Klassenstufe moderiert werden, d.h. Differential Facet Functioning (DFF) vorliegt. Für Schritt 1 wurde das linear-logistische Testmodell (LLTM) in der Formulierung als generalisiertes lineares gemischtes Modell (GLMM) verwendet, welches für Schritt 2 um Schülermerkmale als Prädiktoren ergänzt wurde. Die Aufgabenmerkmale weisen einen sehr hohen Erklärungswert für die Aufgabenschwierigkeiten auf (R2 = .695), wobei die Beziehung zur Aufgabenschwierigkeit bei acht der neun Aufgabenmerkmale von mindestens einem der Schülermerkmale oder der Klassenstufe abhängt.
Modeling climate change impacts on groundwater resources using transient stochastic climatic scenarios
Authors: Goderniaux Pascal , Brouyère Serge , Blenkinsop Stephen , Burton Aidan , Fowler Hayley J. , Orban Philippe , Dassargues Alain
Published: November 2011

Several studies have highlighted the potential negative impact of climate change on groundwater reserves, but additional work is required to help water managers plan for future changes. In particular, existing studies provide projections for a stationary climate representative of the end of the century, although information is demanded for the near future. Such time‐slice experiments fail to account for the transient nature of climatic changes over the century. Moreover, uncertainty linked to natural climate variability is not explicitly considered in previous studies. In this study we substantially improve upon the state‐of‐the‐art by using a sophisticated transient weather generator in combination with an integrated surface‐subsurface hydrological model (Geer basin, Belgium) developed with the finite element modeling software “HydroGeoSphere.” This version of the weather generator enables the stochastic generation of large numbers of equiprobable climatic time series, representing transient climate change, and used to assess impacts in a probabilistic way. For the Geer basin, 30 equiprobable climate change scenarios from 2010 to 2085 have been generated for each of six different regional climate models (RCMs). Results show that although the 95% confidence intervals calculated around projected groundwater levels remain large, the climate change signal becomes stronger than that of natural climate variability by 2085. Additionally, the weather generator's ability to simulate transient climate change enabled the assessment of the likely time scale and associated uncertainty of a specific impact, providing managers with additional information when planning further investment. This methodology constitutes a real improvement in the field of groundwater projections under climate change conditions.
Dependence of earthquake stress drop on critical slip‐weakening distance
Authors: Kato Naoyuki
Published: November 2011

Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the dependence of the static stress drop of earthquakes on the critical slip‐weakening distance. A fault model in a two‐dimensional elastic medium is used, in which a locked zone (asperity) is assumed to exist between creeping zones. The presence of such a zone is commonly assumed for plate boundaries that have relatively low seismic coupling. Shear stress is concentrated at the edges of the locked zone and seismic rupture occurs when the strain energy release by rupture extension becomes sufficiently large to overcome the fracture energy. The static stress drop is calculated by taking the ratio of the average seismic slip to the length of seismic slip zone for the simulated earthquakes in the model, using various values for the normal stress applied to the fault and the characteristic slip distance of a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. The simulation results indicate that the static stress drop is proportional to the square root of the product of the critical slip‐weakening distance and the normal stress, when the seismic rupture starts near an edge of the locked zone. In contrast, when the seismic rupture starts near the center of the locked zone, the static stress drop increases linearly with normal stress and is independent of the critical slip‐weakening distance. These simulation results may explain the relatively small depth dependence, as well as the large scatter, in observations of the static stress drop.
On resolution/error trade‐offs in incoherent scatter radar measurements
Authors: Nikoukar Romina , Kamalabadi Farzad , Kudeki Erhan , Sulzer Michael
Published: November 2011

In this work, we investigate the performance of amplitude modulated coding schemes in incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements in terms of statistical estimation error, range resolution, and signal‐to‐noise ratio. We approach this goal by formulating the inherent trade‐off between estimation error and resolution as mathematical measures for model order selection. These trade‐offs are examined on numerical experiments with several amplitude modulated waveforms with different duty cycles. We demonstrate that compared with an unmodulated long pulse, reduced statistical estimation error with similar range resolution, or finer range resolution with similar estimation accuracy can be obtained by incorporating coding schemes.
The water‐energy‐climate nexus: Resources and policy outlook for aquifers in Mexico
Authors: Scott Christopher A.
Published: November 2011

Three interlinked processes drive groundwater balances in diverse regions globally: (1) groundwater‐irrigation intensification, (2) electrical energy supply for agriculture, and (3) climatic variability. Mexico's water‐energy‐climate nexus offers generic lessons because of its water scarcity and institutional reforms followed in other emerging economies. This paper analyzes data for 280 aquifers in Mexico, all registered water users, population projections, 2010–2100 precipitation and temperature projections for A1B and A2 emissions scenarios from 15 general circulation models, and 1999–2009 agricultural electricity use. Under A2 emissions, aquifers with negative balances will increase from 92 to 130 in number between 2010 and 2100, and the national groundwater deficit will increase by 21.3 km3. Under A2 and medium‐variant population growth (which peaks midcentury), negative‐balance aquifers will increase from 92 to 133, and the national groundwater deficit will increase by 22.4 km3. Agricultural power pricing offers a nexus‐based policy tool to address aquifer depletion, an opportunity that was lost with the 2003 reduction in nighttime tariffs. Under A2, medium‐variant population, and simulated 2% real annual increases in agricultural power tariffs, negative‐balance aquifers will increase from 92 to 111, and the national groundwater deficit will increase by 17.5 km3 between 2010 and 2100. Regulatory and user‐based groundwater management initiatives indicate growing awareness of aquifer depletion; however, the long‐term outlook points to continued depletion. This raises the need to harness nexus‐based policy options, i.e., increasing agricultural power tariffs, eliminating reduced nighttime tariffs, enforcing legislation linking groundwater extraction to power use, and limiting new power connections for groundwater wells.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the generation of the anti‐tumour immune response
Authors: Leggatt Graham R , Gabrielli Brian
Published: November 2011

Acetylation of lysine residues acts to modify the function of a wide range of proteins. In histones, it affects chromatin structure, which can impact gene transcription, whereas acetylation of transcription factors and heat‐shock proteins affect their activity. Deacetylase inhibitors block the dynamic turnover of acetylation resulting in hyperacetylation of target proteins. This can affect a wide range of cellular functions, and in a wide range of tumour cell types promote cytostatic and cytotoxic effects, but has little effect on normal cells. The inhibitors are being used clinically as anti‐cancer agents. Although direct effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on cancers are beginning to be elucidated, the prospect of concurrent stimulation of the immune response raises hopes for immune attack of the tumour as part of the initial anti‐cancer therapy and long‐term immune‐surveillance of residual or recurrent tumour. This review will examine the evidence for the generation of anti‐tumour immunity after treatment of cancers with HDAC inhibitors.
Identification of new leads for human IGFBP-2: a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Hema Kanipakam , Vani Priyadarshini I , Umamaheswari Amineni
Published: November 2011

IGFBP-2, the largest member of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins family, is under-expressed in hazardous cardiovascular diseases like obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, which upon aging leads to heart stroke. Therefore, IGFBP-2 has been proposed as a possible target for the development of novel leads for cardiovascular disease therapy. High-throughput virtual screening, one of the most common methods used to identify lead compounds was implemented here to identify potential IGFBP-2 activators. The NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) structure of human IGFBP-2 was retrieved from the protein data bank. A 2D similarity search was performed for known IGFBP-2 activator TPA to acquire 383 structural analogs. The 3D structural conversion and multiple confirmations for 383 compounds were generated using LigPrep with ADME constraints. The docking and scoring calculations were performed using Glide v5.7. The extra precision (XP) docking reported 35 leads and ranked based on XP Gscore. Eleven leads having better XP Gscore compared to TPA were proposed as potential IGFBP-2 activators. Lead ’1’ (3,11-dihydroxyl-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16-decahydro-cyclopenta [a] phenon) showed highest XP Gscore of -7.239 kcal/mol, good pharmacological properties and similar molecular interaction as TPA with IGFBP-2. Therefore, lead 1 was proposed as a promising lead of IGFBP-2 for the development of cardiovascular disease therapeutics.
Adopting Nrf2 and NF-κB from cancer: Is there any role of the duo in diabetes?
Authors: Negi Geeta , Kumar Ashutosh , Sharma Shyam
Published: November 2011

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two well-recognized events occurring in normal cells during cancer chemotherapy. Several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents have therefore been tried as rational and effective strategies for chemoprotection. Elaborate studies on antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in various experimental models of cancer revealed that these agents act by modulating the expression and/or activity of the transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Nrf2 is considered the main sentinel of antioxidant defense as it induces many antioxidant and phase 2 enzymes in response to stressful conditions. Likewise, NF-κB is considered as a denominator of chronic and acute inflammatory processes. In recent years, it was found that a large pool of chemo-preventive and chemo-protective agents that restrain the NF-κB inflammatory cascade also activates Nrf2 signaling. Diabetes and complications thereof are also conditions of amplified oxidative stress and inflammation in various target organs like retina, kidneys, nerves and vasculature. Here we propose that Nrf2 and NF-κB are involved in the etiopathogenesis of diabetes and thus form attractive therapeutic targets. Elucidation of potential involvement of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways that are operative during multi-organ injury in diabetes may provide basis for development of novel therapies.
Inhibitors of Polyamine Biosynthetic Enzymes
Authors: Pegg Anthony E.
Published: November 2011

Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis is now established as a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a number of diseases. These include chemoprevention of cancer, treatment of African sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and the removal of unwanted facial hair. There is also laboratory evidence that compounds inhibiting the key decarboxylases required for polyamine production (ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethonine decarboxylase) may be useful for the treatment of some cancers and for diseases caused by other parasitic protozoa. This review describes the available inhibitors for these enzymes and for the aminopropyltransferases that make up the remainder of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. The design of specific inhibitors, their mechanism of action, effects on polyamine content and therapeutic potential are covered.