bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Indolalkaloide. 102. Mitt. Zwei aus Blättern von Tabernanthe iboga Baillon und von T. subsessilis Stapf isolierte neue Typen von Indolalkaloiden, Ibophyllidin, abgeleitet von Nor‐21(+)‐Pandolan und Iboxyphyllin, abgeleitet von Abeo‐21(20‐>19)‐(+)‐pandolan.
Authors: KHUONG‐HUU F. , CESARIO M. , GUILHEM J. , GOUTAREL R.
Published: April 2016

Die Strukturen der beiden Titelverbindungen (I) (nicht kristallin isoliert) u d (II) (kristallin) wurden mit Hilfe chemischer Umsetzungen und NMR‐spektroskopisch, diejenige von (II) zusätzlich durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL TRANSFORMATION OF TETRAHYDROBERBERINE METHIODIDE TO ALLOCRYPTOPINE BY PHOTO‐OXYGENATION
Authors: HANAOKA M. , MUKAI C. , ARATA Y.
Published: April 2016

Das gesuchte Alkaloid (II) wird durch Belichtung von (I) in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff in wäßriger Lösung bei Raumtemperatur hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: EVIDENCE FOR SPECIES‐SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE‐SITE‐DIRECTED INACTIVATION OF RABBIT ADENYLATE KINASE BY N6‐(6‐IODOACETAMIDO‐N‐HEXYL)ADENOSINE 5′‐TRIPHOSPHATE
Authors: HAMPTON A. , SLOTIN L. A. , CHAWLA R. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem 6‐Chlorpurin‐ribonucleosid‐5′‐phosphat (I) entstehen mit Diaminen (II) die Substitutionsprodukte (III), die mit den aktivierten Carbonsäurederivaten (IV) zu (V) acyliert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐O‐O‐COUMARYL‐, 4‐O‐O‐COUMARYL‐ AND 3‐O‐FERULYL‐D‐(‐)‐QUINIC ACID. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 3‐O‐SINAPYL‐D‐(‐)‐QUINIC ACID
Authors: DE POOTER H. , DE BRUCKER J. , VAN SUMERE C. F.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation des aus dem Hydroxyketon (I) und Diphenyldiazomethan erhältlichen Esters (II) mit den Säurechloriden (III) zu den (nicht isolierten) Estern (IV), Abspaltung der Phenolschutzgruppen mit Hydrazinhydrat und saure Hydrolyse wurden die am 3‐O acylierten Chinasäuren (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME METHOXY‐ AND HYDROXY‐PHENAZINE‐1‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: BROOKE P. K. , CHALLAND S. R. , FLOOD M. E. , HERBERT R. B. , HOLLIMAN F. G. , IBBERSON P. N.
Published: April 2016

Die bei der Reduktion des Kondensationsprodukts (III) aus der Säure (I) und m‐Anisidin (II) neben ihrem Isomeren (V) entstehende Phenazincarbonsäure (IV) wird durch AlCl3 zu der Hydroxysäure (VI), einem in der Biosynthese von Jodinin wichtigen Zwischenprodukt, demethyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF GLYCEROLS PROTECTED AT THE 2‐HYDROXY‐GROUP AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
Authors: DODD G. H. , GOLDING B. T. , IOANNOU P. V.
Published: April 2016

Unter verschiedenen Glycerinen mit 2‐O‐Schutzgruppe zeigte das aus dem Dioxanol (Ia) über sein (durch Umsetzen mit Dimethyl‐tert.‐butylsilylchlorid in DMF in Gegenwart von Imidazol erhältliches) Silylderivat (Ib) dargestellte (II) die vergleichsweise günstigsten Eigenschaften ( ;z.B. Stabilität unter den bei Acylierungen und Phosphorylierungen der freien OH‐Gruppen herrschenden Bedingungen, leichte Abspaltbarkeit der Schutzgruppe ohne Angriff auf die Esterbindungen in 1‐ und 3‐Stellung).
ChemInform Abstract: TYLONOLIDE HEMIACETAL, THE AGLYCONE OF TYLOSIN AND ITS PARTIAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: MASAMUNE S. , HAYASE Y. , CHAN W. K. , SOBCZAK R. L.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umwandlung von O‐Mycaminosyl‐tylonolid (I) in sein Tetra‐(trifluoracetat), dessen Oxidation mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure zum N‐oxid, nochmalige Trifluoracetylierung und anschließende Hydrolyse (Rückflußkochen in mit Na‐acetat gepuffertem wäßrigen THF) entsteht die Titelverbindung (IIa), die mit Trimethylorthoformiat in das Acetal (IIb) übergeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: A SUPERIOR METHACYCLINE SYNTHESIS BY PHOSPHINE OR PHOSPHITE DEHALOGENATION
Authors: FAUBL H.
Published: April 2016

Mit Triphenylphosphin wird das p‐Toluolsulfonsäure‐Salz von (I) unter Bildung von Methacyclin (II) enthalogeniert.
Trainieren von kognitiven Grundfertigkeiten im Chemieunterricht – eine Möglichkeit zur Förderung des naturwissenschaftlichen Denkens?
Authors: Schwarz Patricia , Heimann Rebekka
Published: April 2016

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Grundlagen und Erprobung eines Lernstrategietrainings für den Chemieunterricht vorgestellt. Das Training orientiert sich an Feuerstein, der ein Schüler Piagets war. Die Erprobung zeigt, dass bei den einbezogenen Klassen die Fähigkeit zum naturwissenschaftlichen Denken gegenüber einer Vergleichsgruppe deutlich gesteigert werden konnte.
The Length and Flexibility of the 2‐Substituent of 9‐Ethyladenine Derivatives Modulate Affinity and Selectivity for the Human A2A Adenosine Receptor
Authors: Thomas Ajiroghene , Buccioni Michela , Dal Ben Diego , Lambertucci Catia , Marucci Gabriella , Santinelli Claudia , Spinaci Andrea , Kachler Sonja , Klotz Karl‐Norbert , Volpini Rosaria
Published: April 2016

The A2A adenosine receptor (A2A AR) is a key target for the development of pharmacological tools for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Previous works have demonstrated that the insertion of substituents at various positions on adenine leads to A2A AR antagonists with affinity in the micromolar to nanomolar range. In this work, a series of 9‐ethyladenine derivatives bearing phenylalkylamino, phenylakyloxy or phenylakylthio groups of different lengths at the 2‐position were synthesised and tested against the human adenosine receptors. The derivatives showed sub‐micromolar affinity for these membrane proteins. The further introduction of a bromine atom at the 8‐position has the effect of improving the affinity and selectivity for all ARs and led to compounds that are able bind to the A2A AR subtype at low nanomolar levels. Functional studies confirmed that the new adenine derivatives behave as A2A AR antagonists with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration values in the nanomolar range. Molecular modelling studies provide a description of the possible binding mode of these compounds at the A2A AR and an interpretation of the affinity data at this AR subtype.
Topography of claustrum and insula projections to medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Reser David H. , Majka Piotr , Snell Shakira , Chan Jonathan M.H. , Watkins Kirsty , Worthy Katrina , Quiroga Maria Del Mar , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: April 2016

The claustrum has been the subject of intense research interest in recent years, driven in large part by its extensive connections with various regions of the cerebral cortex and by hypotheses surrounding its possible role in multimodal sensory and/or sensory–emotional integration. Here we employed neuroanatomical tracers to map projections from the claustrum–insular region to the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of the common marmoset (Callithrx jacchus). These areas were selected based on their identification as “hub” areas of the default mode and cortical salience networks, respectively. Microinjections of fluorescent tracers, along with gold‐nanoparticle‐conjugated cholera toxin B‐subunit and biotinylated dextran amine, were placed in subdivisions of the anterior cingulate area 24b/c and in medial prefrontal areas 32 and 32V. The resulting distribution of transported label showed rostral‐caudal and dorsal‐ventral topographic arrangement of claustrum connections and clear rostral‐caudal topography of insular projections. Medial prefrontal connections were restricted mainly to a ventromedial strip located in the rostral half of the claustrum, with a second, smaller patch of cells in the caudal, ventrolateral portion. In contrast, injections into area 24 yielded dense, widespread connections from the dorsal claustrum, extending along its entire rostral‐caudal length. Projections from the “classical” agranular, disgranular, and granular insular areas were sparse or nonexistent in areas 32 and 32V, with progressively increasing connections observed in more caudal tracer injections (i.e., in subdivisions of area 24). Transported label was observed in rostral peri‐insular areas orbital periallocortex, orbital proisocortex, and insular proisocortex following all prefrontal injections. These data provide a structural connectivity foundation for interpretation of functional imaging studies, which often indicate activity in the “anterior insula” that may arise, in part, from claustrum and/or peri‐insular projections to the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1421–1441, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electron microscopic localization of M2‐muscarinic receptors in cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei of the rat mesopontine tegmentum
Authors: Garzón Miguel , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: April 2016

Muscarinic m2 receptors (M2Rs) are implicated in autoregulatory control of cholinergic output neurons located within the pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LTD) nuclei of the mesopontine tegmentum (MPT). However, these nuclei contain many noncholinergic neurons in which activation of M2R heteroceptors may contribute significantly to the decisive role of the LTD and PPT in sleep–wakefulness. We examined the electron microscopic dual immunolabeling of M2Rs and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAchT) in the MPT of rat brain to identify the potential sites for M2R activation. M2R immunogold labeling was predominately seen in somatodendritic profiles throughout the PPT/LTD complex. In somata, M2R immunogold particles were often associated with Golgi lamellae and cytoplasmic endomembrannes, but were rarely in contact with the plasma membrane, as was commonly seen in dendrites. Approximately 36% of the M2R‐labeled somata and 16% of the more numerous M2R‐labeled dendrites coexpressed VAchT. M2R and M2R/VAchT‐labeled dendritic profiles received synapses from inhibitory‐ and excitatory‐type axon terminals, over 88% of which were unlabeled and others contained exclusively M2R or VAchT immunoreactivity. In axonal profiles M2R immunogold was localized to plasmalemmal and cytoplasmic regions and showed a similar distribution in many VAchT‐negative glial profiles. These results provide ultrastructural evidence suggestive of somatic endomembrane trafficking of M2Rs, whose activation serves to regulate the postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory responses in dendrites of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in the MPT. They also suggest the possibility that M2Rs in this brain region mediate the effects of acetylcholine on the release of other neurotransmitters and on glial signaling. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3084–3103, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ipsilateral cortical inputs to the rostral and caudal motor areas in rats
Authors: Mohammed Hisham , Jain Neeraj
Published: April 2016

Rats have a complete body representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Rostrally there are additional representations of the forelimb and whiskers, called the rostral forelimb area (RFA) and the rostral whisker area (RWA). Recently we showed that sources of thalamic inputs to RFA and RWA are similar, but they are different from those for the caudal forelimb area (CFA) and the caudal whisker area (CWA) of M1 (Mohammed and Jain [2014] J Comp Neurol 522:528–545). We proposed that RWA and RFA are part of a second motor area, the rostral motor area (RMA). Here we report ipsilateral cortical connections of whisker representation in RMA, and compare them with connections of CWA. Connections of RFA, CFA, and the caudally located hindlimb area (CHA), which is a part of M1, were determined for comparison. The most distinctive features of cortical inputs to RWA compared with CWA include lack of inputs from the face region of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and only about half as much inputs from S1 compared with the lateral somatosensory areas S2 (second somatosensory area) and the parietal ventral area (PV). A similar pattern of inputs is seen for CFA and RFA, with RFA receiving smaller proportion of inputs from the forepaw region of S1 compared with CFA, and receiving fewer inputs from S1 compared with those from S2. These and other features of the cortical input pattern suggest that RMA has a distinct, and more of integrative functional role compared with M1. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3104–3123, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational particle–haemodynamics analysis of liver radioembolization pretreatment as an actual treatment surrogate
Authors: Aramburu Jorge , Antón Raúl , Rivas Alejandro , Ramos Juan Carlos , Sangro Bruno , Bilbao José Ignacio
Published: April 2016

Liver radioembolization (RE) is a treatment option for patients with unresectable and chemorefractory primary and metastatic liver tumours. RE consists of intra‐arterially administering via catheter radioactive microspheres that locally attack the tumours, sparing healthy tissue. Prior to RE, the standard practice is to conduct a treatment‐mimicking pretreatment assessment via the infusion of 99mTc‐labelled macroaggregated albumin microparticles. The usefulness of this pretreatment has been debated in the literature, and thus, the aim of the present study is to shed light on this issue by numerically simulating the liver RE pretreatment and actual treatment particle–haemodynamics in a patient‐specific hepatic artery under two different literature‐based cancer scenarios and two different placements of a realistic end‐hole microcatheter in the proper hepatic artery. The parameters that are analysed are the following: microagent quantity and size (accounting for RE pretreatment and treatment), catheter‐tip position (near the proper hepatic artery bifurcation and away from it), and cancer burden (10% and 30% liver involvement). The conclusion that can be reached from the simulations is that when it comes to mimicking RE in terms of delivering particles to tumour‐bearing segments, the catheter‐tip position is much more important (because of the importance of local haemodynamic pattern alteration) than the infused microagents (i.e. quantity and size). Cancer burden is another important feature because the increase in blood flow rate to tumour‐bearing segments increases the power to drag particles. These numerical simulation‐based conclusions are in agreement with clinically observed events reported in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer simulations of reentrant activity in the rabbit sinoatrial node
Authors: Syunyaev Roman A. , Aliev Rubin R.
Published: April 2016

With the aid of detailed computer simulations, we have estimated distributions of membrane potential and ionic currents in the core region of a sinoatrial node reentry. We observe reduced amplitudes of the measured quantities in the core; the core sizes for potential and currents did not always coincide. Simulations revealed that acetylcholine, when applied in the vicinity of unstable reentry, attracted the reentry to become the core and to stabilize its rotation. Anatomically detailed simulations of sinoatrial node and surrounding atrial tissue revealed that reentry always rotated around small strips of connective tissue. Acetylcholine superfusion over superior part of the sinoatrial node resulted in a drift of reentry in the cranial direction. Under the latter conditions, reentry may coexist with the pacemaker in the caudal part of the sinoatrial node. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Growth of 3 D Hierarchical Porous Ni3S2 Nanostructures on Nickel Foam for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Yilmaz Gamze , Lu Xianmao
Published: April 2016

Hierarchical nanostructures grown on conductive 3D scaffold materials are excellent candidates for supercapacitor electrodes. Herein, we report the fabrication and electrochemical performance of 3D Ni3S2 nanoporous structures directly grown on nickel foam via a facile and cost‐effective one‐step process using Ni foam as both the template and Ni source. An ultrahigh areal capacitance of 7.25 F cm−2 was obtained at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 for the nanoporous Ni3S2 structures. The encouraging performance of Ni3S2 nanoporous structures allowed for the fabrication of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) using Ni3S2 as cathode and activated carbon as anode. The resulting ASC exhibited high volumetric capacitance (4.48 F cm−3 at 6 mA cm−2), high energy density (1.54 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 0.07 W cm−3), and excellent cycling stability (92.7 % retention of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles at a current density of 16 mA cm−2).
Doxorubicin‐Loaded Metal–Organic Gels for pH and Glutathione Dual‐Responsive Release
Authors: Tan Si Yu , Ang Chung Yen , Mahmood Asif , Qu Qiuyu , Li Peizhou , Zou Ruqiang , Zhao Yanli
Published: April 2016

An emerging class of porous materials known as metal–organic gels (MOGs) has been gaining popularity due to their stability under reduced pressure and sensitivity to varying chemical environment. In this work, MOGs were used for the storage and controlled release of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox). In acidic pH or high concentration of glutathione, significant release of Dox from Dox‐loaded MOGs was observed. In addition, structural integrity of MOGs was disrupted in an acidic or glutathione‐containing environment, which was demonstrated by several characterization techniques. In vitro experiments on HeLa cancer cells showed the low toxicity of MOGs and further confirmed triggered drug release of Dox‐loaded MOGs. Based on the promising results obtained, Dox‐loaded MOGs present a great potential for future drug delivery applications.
An Enzyme‐Based Half‐Adder and Half‐Subtractor with a Modular Design
Authors: Fratto Brian E. , Lewer Jessica M. , Katz Evgeny
Published: April 2016

A half‐adder and a half‐subtractor have been realized using enzymatic reaction cascades performed in a flow cell device. The individual cells were modified with different enzymes and assembled in complex networks to perform logic operations and arithmetic functions. The modular design of the logic devices allowed for easy re‐configuration, enabling them to perform various functions. The final output signals, represented by redox species [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− or NADH/NAD+, were analyzed optically to derive the calculation results. These output signals might be applicable in the future for actuation processes, for example, substance release activated by logically processed signals.
Structures, Unimolecular Fragmentations, and Reactivities of the Self‐Assembled Multimetallic/Peptide Complexes [Mnn(GlyGly‐H)2n−1]+ and [Mnn+1(GlyGly‐H)2n]2+
Authors: Moghaddam Maryam B. , Fridgen Travis D.
Published: April 2016

Complexes of Mn2+ with deprotonated GlyGly are investigated by sustained off‐resonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation (SORI‐CID), infrared multiple‐photon dissociation spectroscopy, ion–molecule reactions, and computational methods. Singly [Mnn(GlyGly‐H)2n−1]+ and doubly [Mnn+1(GlyGly‐H)2n]2+ charged clusters are formed from aqueous solutions of MnCl2 and GlyGly by electrospray ionization. The most intense ion produced was the singly charged [M2(GlyGly‐H)3]+ cluster. Singly charged clusters show extensive fragmentations of small neutral molecules such as water and carbon dioxide as well as dissociation pathways related to the loss of NH2CHCO and GlyGly. For the doubly charged clusters, however, loss of GlyGly is observed as the main dissociation pathway. Structure elucidation of [Mn3(GlyGly‐H)4]2+ clusters has also been done by IRMPD spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. It is shown that the lowest energy structure of the [Mn3(GlyGly‐H)4]2+ cluster is deprotonated at all carboxylic acid groups and metal ions are coordinated with carbonyl oxygen atoms, and that all amine nitrogen atoms are hydrogen bonded to the amide hydrogen. A comparison of the calculated high‐spin (sextet) and low‐spin (quartet) state structures of [Mn3(GlyGly‐H)4]2+ is provided. IRMPD spectroscopic results are in agreement with the lowest energy high‐spin structure computed. Also, the gas‐phase reactivity of these complexes towards neutral CO and water was investigated. The parent complexes did not add any water or CO, presumably due to saturation at the metal cation. However, once some of the ligand was removed via CO2 laser IRMPD, water was seen to add to the complex. These results are consistent with high‐spin Mn2+ complexes.
How Does Environmental Irresponsibility Impair Corporate Reputation? A Multi‐Method Investigation
Authors: Lin Han , Zeng Saixing , Wang Liangyan , Zou Hailiang , Ma Hanyang
Published: April 2016

Sustainable development has received worldwide attention. Recent studies on corporate environmental behavior have called for research from the specific stakeholder's perspective (i.e., consumer) on the topic of going green. Based on reputation theory, this paper employed a secondary data analysis and three experiments to highlight the influence of environmental irresponsibility on corporate reputation perceived by consumers. Coherent results showed that environmental irresponsibility negatively affected corporate reputation and perceived corporate ethics served as a mediator. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities could alleviate the harmful consequences of irresponsible behavior by moderating the mediating role of perceived corporate ethics in determining the influence of environmental irresponsibility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Manganese Oxide Nanorod‐Decorated Mesoporous ZSM‐5 Composite as a Precious‐Metal‐Free Electrode Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Cui Xiangzhi , Hua Zile , Chen Lisong , Zhang Xiaohua , Chen Hangrong , Shi Jianlin
Published: April 2016

A precious‐metal‐free cathode catalyst, MnO2 nanorod‐decorated mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolite nanocomposite (MnO2/ m‐ZSM‐5), has been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal and electrostatic interaction approach for efficient electrochemical catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The active MnOOH species, that is, Mn4+/Mn3+ redox couple and Brønsted acid sites on the mesoporous ZSM‐5 matrix facilitate an approximately 4 e− process for the catalysis of the ORR comparable to commercial 20 wt % Pt/C. Stable electrocatalytic activity with 90 % current retention after 5000 cycles, and more importantly, excellent methanol tolerance is observed. Synergetic catalytic effects between the MnO2 nanorods and the mesoporous ZSM‐5 matrix are proposed to account for the high electrochemical catalytic performance.
Associations between respiratory arrhythmia and fundamental frequency of spontaneous crying in preterm and term infants at term‐equivalent age
Authors: Shinya Yuta , Kawai Masahiko , Niwa Fusako , Myowa‐Yamakoshi Masako
Published: April 2016

This study investigated whether lower vagal function in preterm infants is associated with increased fundamental frequency (F0; frequency of vocal fold vibration) of their spontaneous cries. We assessed respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during quiet sleep as a measure of vagal function, and its relationship with the F0 of spontaneous cries in healthy preterm and term infants at term‐equivalent age. The results showed that preterm infants have significantly lower RSA, and higher overall F0 than term infants. Moreover, lower RSA was associated with higher overall F0 in preterm infants, whereas higher RSA was positively associated with mean and maximum F0, and a larger F0 range in term infants. These results suggest that individual differences in vagal function may be associated with the F0 of spontaneous cries via modulation of vocal fold tension in infants at an early developmental stage. © 2016 The Authors. Developmental Psychobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:724–733, 2016.
Clustering of metabolic risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Lei Qiong , Niu Jianmin , Lv Lijuan , Duan Dongmei , Wen Jiying , Lin Xiaohong , Mai Caiyuan , Zhou Yuheng
Published: April 2016

Background

The relative contributions of a cluster of metabolic risk factors to pregnancy complications are not fully understood. We investigated the correlation between clustering of metabolic risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was performed on pregnant women who sought health care during their whole gestation in a women's and children's hospital. The pregnancy outcomes were also followed. Pre‐pregnancy overweight/obesity, as well as pregnancy high triglycerides, low high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol, hyperglycemia and raised blood pressure were defined as metabolic risk factors. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included preterm delivery, small/large for gestational age, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, neonatal asphyxia and foetal demise. Stratified analyses were conducted on a total of 5535 women according to classification in each metabolic risk factor. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for adverse pregnancy outcomes according to the number of clustering metabolic factors was calculated using the logistic regression analysis.

Results

The number of metabolic risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes were positively correlated (Ptrend < 0.001). Compared with women without a metabolic risk factor, women with one metabolic risk factor had a risk (OR = 1.67 95%CI 1.42–1.96) of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women with a cluster of two metabolic risk factors tended to develop more adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR = 3.32 95% CI 2.69–4.10), and the risk was much higher in women with a cluster of three or more metabolic risk factors (OR = 10.40 95%CI 7.37–14.69).

Conclusions

Pregnant women with a cluster of metabolic risk factors are more likely to have adverse pregnancy outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse effects of incretin‐based therapies on major cardiovascular and arrhythmia events: meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Wang Tiansheng , Wang Fei , Zhou Junwen , Tang Huilin , Giovenale Sharon
Published: April 2016

Background

Recent cardiovascular outcome trials of incretin‐based therapies (IBT) in type 2 diabetes have not demonstrated either benefit or harm in terms of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Earlier meta‐analyses showed conflicting results but were limited in methodology. We aimed to perform an updated meta‐analysis of all available incretin therapies on the incidence of MACE plus arrhythmia and heart failure.

Methods

We identified studies published through November 2014 by searching electronic databases and reference lists. We included RCTs in which the intervention group received incretin‐based therapies and the control group received placebo or standard treatment; enrolled >100 participants in each group; interventions lasted >24 weeks; and reported data on one or more primary major adverse cardiovascular events endpoints plus terms for arrhythmia and heart failure. We used the Peto method for each CV event for individual IBT treatment.

Results

In this meta‐analysis of 100 RCTs involving 54,758 incretin‐based therapies users and 48,175 controls, exenatide was associated with increased risk of arrhythmia (OR 2.83; 95% CI, 1.06–7.57); saxagliptin was associated with an increased risk of heart failure (OR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03–1.46), and sitagliptin was associated with a significantly decreased risk of all cause death compared to active controls (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.82).

Conclusions

In type 2 diabetes, exenatide may increase the risk of arrhythmia, and sitagliptin may reduce the risk of all cause death; however, the subgroup of patients most likely to experience harm or benefit is unclear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal glucose intolerance reduces offspring nephron endowment and increases glomerular volume in adult offspring
Authors: Hokke Stacey , Arias Nicole , Armitage James A. , Puelles Victor G. , Fong Karen , Geraci Stefania , Gretz Norbert , Bertram John F. , Cullen‐McEwen Luise A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Animal studies report a nephron deficit in offspring exposed to maternal diabetes, yet are limited to models of severe hyperglycaemia which do not reflect the typical clinical condition and which are associated with foetal growth restriction that may confound nephron endowment. We aimed to assess renal morphology and function in offspring of leptin receptor deficient mice (Leprdb/+) and hypothesized that exposure to impaired maternal glucose tolerance (IGT) would be detrimental to the developing kidney.

Methods

Nephron endowment was assessed in offspring of C57BKS/J Leprdb/+ and +/+ mice at embryonic day (E)18 and postnatal day (PN)21 using design‐based stereology. Transcutaneous measurement of renal function and total glomerular volume were assessed in 6‐month‐old offspring. Only +/+ offspring of Leprdb/+ dams were analysed.

Results

Compared with +/+ dams, Leprdb/+ dams had a 20% and 35% decrease in glucose tolerance prior to pregnancy and at E17.5 respectively. Offspring of IGT Leprdb/+ dams had approximately 15% fewer nephrons at E18.5 and PN21 than offspring of +/+ dams. There was no difference in offspring bodyweight. Despite normal renal function, total glomerular volume was 13% greater in 6‐month‐old offspring of IGT Leprdb/+ dams than in +/+ offspring.

Conclusions

IGT throughout gestation resulted in a nephron deficit that was established early in renal development. Maternal IGT was associated with glomerular hypertrophy in adult offspring, likely a compensatory response to maintain normal renal function. Given the increasing prevalence of IGT, monitoring glucose from early in gestation may be important to prevent altered kidney morphology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic volume is reduced in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Authors: Lu Jun , Hou Xuhong , Pang Can , Zhang Lei , Hu Cheng , Zhao Jungong , Bao Yuqian , Jia Weiping
Published: April 2016

Aims

This study aimed to compare pancreatic volume and its clinical significance among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), adult‐onset type 1 DM and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study. One hundred twenty‐six outpatients (68 with LADA and 58 with type 1 DM) and 158 inpatients (71 with type 2 DM and 87 non‐diabetic controls) were recruited during May–July 2013 in Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital. All the patients underwent abdominal computerized tomography; pancreatic volume was then calculated.

Results

The mean pancreatic volume was highest in the controls, followed by those in patients with type 2 DM, LADA and type 1 DM. The pancreatic volume in LADA was comparable with that in type 2 DM but significantly greater than that in type 1 DM (p < 0.05). The pancreatic volume in patients with LADA was significantly correlated with sex, waist circumference, body surface area, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (all p < 0.05). The correlation between pancreatic volume and fasting C‐peptide was high in patients with LADA (r = 0.643, p < 0.001) and moderate in patients with type 2 DM (r = 0.467, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for pancreatic volume predictive of absolute insulin deficiency (FCP < 0.9 ng/mL) was 0.85 (0.76–0.94) in LADA.

Conclusions

Pancreatic atrophy in LADA was less marked than in type 1 DM. Pancreatic atrophy may suggest reduced level of fasting C‐peptide in patients with LADA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family‐based therapy for young adults with Anorexia Nervosa restores weight
Authors: Chen Eunice Y. , Weissman Jessica A. , Zeffiro Thomas A. , Yiu Angelina , Eneva Kalina T. , Arlt Jean M. , Swantek Michael J.
Published: April 2016

Objective

We examined the preliminary acceptability and efficacy of family‐based therapy (FBT) for weight restoration in young adults (FBTY) with Anorexia Nervosa (AN).

Method

Twenty‐two primarily female participants ranging from age 18 to 26, with AN or atypical AN (ICD‐10) and their support adults were enrolled in a 6‐month open trial of FBTY. Participants were assessed at baseline, after treatment, and at six and 12 month follow‐up visits. The primary outcome was BMI and secondary outcomes included eating disorder psychopathology, current eating disorder obsessions, and compulsions, number of other Axis I disorders and global assessment of functioning.

Results

Although FBTY was rated as suitable by participants and their support adults, during FBTY, 9/22 participants dropped out and 3/22 dropped out at follow‐up assessments. Despite being offered 18–20 sessions over six months, a mean of 12 FBTY sessions (SD = 6) were attended. After FBTY, 15 of the intent‐to‐treat sample of 22 were no longer underweight (BMIs ≥ 19 kg/m2) and 12 months after treatment, 13/22 were no longer underweight. The magnitude of the BMI increase during FBTY (Hedges g = 1.20, 95th percentile CI = 0.55–1.85) was comparable to findings for adolescent FBT for AN. Secondary outcomes also improved.

Discussion

FBTY for young adults with AN and atypical AN, which involves support adults participants have chosen, results in weight restoration that is sustained up to a year after treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:701–707)
Eruption of urticaria and angioedema induced by binging and purging in an anorexia nervosa patient
Authors: Latzer Itay Tokatly , Agmon‐Levin Nancy , Somech Raz , Stein Daniel
Published: April 2016

Background

Anorexia nervosa is a perplexing psycho‐biological disorder with a systemic nature, which can present in almost every organ and system of the body. Among the different presentations of starvation, several immunological and dermatological manifestations have been documented. To the best of our knowledge the occurrence of urticaria and angioedema in patients with binge or purge behaviors has yet to be documented.

Case presentation

We present a 16‐year‐old female patient diagnosed with anorexia nervosa binge/purge type, who presented with urticaria and angioedema shortly after binge/purge episodes that subsided when these behaviors ceased. Other possible causes for the urticaria were ruled out.

Discussion

This finding may represent a form of inducible urticaria, exacerbated in low‐weight patients by the occurrence of binge/purge behaviors. We wish to report this observation in an attempt to widen the scope of the physical signs that may accompany eating disorders and bring this specific phenomenon into awareness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:822–825)
Risky drinking behaviors among women with eating disorders—A longitudinal community‐based study
Authors: Mustelin Linda , Latvala Antti , Raevuori Anu , Rose Richard J. , Kaprio Jaakko , Keski‐Rahkonen Anna
Published: April 2016

Objective

Eating disorders and alcohol use disorders often co‐occur, but few prospective studies have examined their relationship. Using a large population‐based twin sample, we investigated how the drinking behaviors of women with lifetime eating disorders unfold from adolescence to adulthood.

Method

We identified 182 women with a lifetime eating disorder assessed at mean age 24, including 92 women with DSM‐5 anorexia nervosa and 58 women with DSM‐5 bulimia nervosa, from the 1975–1979 birth cohorts of Finnish twins (N = 2,825 women). Frequency of drinking and intoxicating were assessed at ages 16, 24, and 34. Drinking problems were assessed at ages 24 and 34 by the Malmö‐modified Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (Mm‐Mast) and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI).

Results

At age 16, proportionately more women with eating disorders reported being severely intoxicated when they last drank (25% vs.16%, P = 0.001), and at both surveys in adulthood, they reported more frequent intoxication and more alcohol‐related problems than their unaffected peers. Those who had recovered from their eating disorder at age 24 still reported more alcohol‐related problems in their 30s than did other women. The age of drinking onset, number of monthly drinking days, or frequency of intoxication in adolescence did not differ between women with lifetime eating disorders and unaffected women.

Discussion

Women with eating disorders scored higher than their unaffected peers on scales measuring alcohol dependence, alcohol‐related problems, and intoxication. These differences persisted from mid‐adolescence into young adulthood. Women with eating disorders should be assessed routinely for drinking behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:563–571)
Elevated plasma concentrations of bacterial ClpB protein in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Breton Jonathan , Legrand Romain , Akkermann Kirsti , Järv Anu , Harro Jaanus , Déchelotte Pierre , Fetissov Sergueï O.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) produced by Enterobacteria, such as Escherichia coli, has been identified as a conformational mimetic of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), an anorexigenic and anxiogenic neuropeptide. In mice, ClpB induces α‐MSH cross‐reactive antibodies and activates anorexigenic brain neurons. In patients with eating disorders (ED), anti‐ClpB and anti‐α‐MSH antibodies correlate with psychopathological traits. However, it is not known if ClpB is present in human plasma including ED patients.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of ClpB were measured using a recently developed ClpB immunoassay in female patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge‐eating disorder and compared with healthy participants, all characterized by the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) scale.

Results

We found that ClpB was readably detectable in plasma of healthy participants and ED patients and that its concentrations were elevated in ED patients, without significant differences in patient's subgroups. Plasma ClpB concentrations correlated with the EDI‐2 scores, with α‐MSH as well as with plasma levels of anti‐ClpB and anti‐α‐MSH antibodies.

Discussion

These data revealed that bacterial ClpB is naturally present in human plasma and that its concentrations can be elevated in ED patients and associated with ED‐related psychopathological traits. These results support a link between bacterial ClpB and the ED pathophysiology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:805–808)
A simple method to predict body temperature of small reptiles from environmental temperature
Authors: Vickers Mathew , Schwarzkopf Lin
Published: April 2016

To study behavioral thermoregulation, it is useful to use thermal sensors and physical models to collect environmental temperatures that are used to predict organism body temperature. Many techniques involve expensive or numerous types of sensors (cast copper models, or temperature, humidity, radiation, and wind speed sensors) to collect the microhabitat data necessary to predict body temperatures. Expense and diversity of requisite sensors can limit sampling resolution and accessibility of these methods. We compare body temperature predictions of small lizards from iButtons, DS18B20 sensors, and simple copper models, in both laboratory and natural conditions. Our aim was to develop an inexpensive yet accurate method for body temperature prediction. Either method was applicable given appropriate parameterization of the heat transfer equation used. The simplest and cheapest method was DS18B20 sensors attached to a small recording computer. There was little if any deficit in precision or accuracy compared to other published methods. We show how the heat transfer equation can be parameterized, and it can also be used to predict body temperature from historically collected data, allowing strong comparisons between current and previous environmental temperatures using the most modern techniques. Our simple method uses very cheap sensors and loggers to extensively sample habitat temperature, improving our understanding of microhabitat structure and thermal variability with respect to small ectotherms. While our method was quite precise, we feel any potential loss in accuracy is offset by the increase in sample resolution, important as it is increasingly apparent that, particularly for small ectotherms, habitat thermal heterogeneity is the strongest influence on transient body temperature.
Increasing the Use of Evaluation Through Participation: The experience of a rural sustainable development plan evaluation
Authors: Díez María‐Angeles , Izquierdo Beatriz , Malagón Eduardo
Published: April 2016

In recent decades, the use of evaluation has been one of the main concerns of both academics and practitioners, and there has been much controversy throughout the evaluation literature. Different perspectives of evaluation can determine the way evaluation findings are used and the contribution of evaluation to individual and organizational learning is conditioned by stakeholder participation. In this article, our main hypothesis is that stakeholder participation increases evaluation significance, ownership and utilization and, as a consequence, participatory evaluation approaches improve programme governance. We focus on the evaluation of the Rural Sustainable Development Plan in the Basque Country, a context that reveals a complex institutional network (at regional and local level) with a limited tradition of evaluation. To enhance the full scope of participatory evaluation, this article: (i) briefly reviews the theoretical discourse on evaluation utilization; (ii) describes the evaluation context (rural development policy and its governance); (iii) presents the evaluation model as applied to the mid‐term evaluation of the Basque Rural Sustainable Development Plan; and (iv) analyses the use of the evaluation findings and processes according to four dimensions, namely information generation, knowledge generation, orientated‐action utilization and orientated‐policy utilization. Finally, we provide guidance to improve knowledge about evaluation use, participation and good governance, which could be all considered as basic tools for solid institutionalization of sustainable development strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and its association with self‐rated health and N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ahmadi Nasser S. , Bennet Louise , Larsson Charlotte A. , Andersson Susanne , Månsson Jörgen , Lindblad Ulf
Published: April 2016

Aims

Left ventricular hypertrophy, obesity, hypertension, and N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proBNP) predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function (DD‐PSF). Self‐rated health (SRH) is shown to be associated with chronic diseases, but the association of SRH with DD‐PSF is unclear. In light of the clinical implications of DD‐PSF, the following goals are of considerable importance: (1) to determine the role of SRH in patients with DD‐PSF in the general population and (2) to study the association between Nt‐proBNP and DD‐PSF.

Methods and results

The current study is a cross‐sectional study conducted on a random sampling of a rural population. Individuals 30–75 years of age were consecutively subjected to conventional echocardiography and tissue velocity imaging. Data were collected on 500 (48%) men and 538 (52%) women (n = 1038). DD‐PSF was the main outcome, and SRH and Nt‐proBNP were the primary indicators. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity were accounted for as major confounders of the association with SRH. DD‐PSF was identified in 137 individuals, namely, 79 men (15.8%) and 58 women (10.8%). In a multivariate regression model, SRH (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.02–8.57) and Nt‐proBNP (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.74–10.26) were both independently associated with DD‐PSF.

Conclusions

SRH, evaluated based on a descriptive question on general health, should be included in the diagnostic process of DD‐PSF. In agreement with previous studies, our study confirms that Nt‐proBNP is a major indicator of DD‐PSF.
Tailor‐Made α‐Amino Acids in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Synthetic Approaches to (1R,2S)‐1‐Amino‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic Acid (Vinyl‐ACCA)
Authors: Sato Tatsunori , Izawa Kunisuke , Aceña José Luis , Liu Hong , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: April 2016

(1R,2S)‐1‐Amino‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (vinyl‐ACCA) is the essential pharmacophoric unit in a new generation of highly potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Currently, there are over a dozen drugs under development that use the special properties of this highly sterically constrained tailor‐made amino acid, underscoring the extremely high demand for the asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S)‐vinyl‐ACCA. This work presents a comprehensive overview of methods that have been developed to date for the preparation of (1R,2S)‐vinyl‐ACCA and its optical isomers. The presented data are grouped in three sections based on the biocatalytic, catalytic, and stoichiometric source of chirality. Aspects of operational convenience, practicality, and scalability are critically discussed.
The Objective and Subjective Caregiving Burden and Caregiving Behaviours of Parents of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Rhind Charlotte , Salerno Laura , Hibbs Rebecca , Micali Nadia , Schmidt Ulrike , Gowers Simon , Macdonald Pamela , Goddard Elizabeth , Todd Gillian , Tchanturia Kate , Lo Coco Gianluca , Treasure Janet
Published: April 2016

Objective

The study aimed to examine caregiving burden and levels of distress, accommodating behaviours, expressed emotion (EE) and carers' skills, in parents of adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Method

A semi‐structured interview assessed the objective burden (time spent across caregiving tasks) in parents (n = 196) of adolescents (n = 144) receiving outpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa. Subjective burden (carers' distress), accommodating behaviours, EE and carers' skills were measured by self‐report.

Results

Mothers, on average, spent 2.5 h/day of care, mainly providing food and emotional support, compared with 1 h/day by fathers. The level of distress and accommodating behaviour was significantly lower in fathers than in mothers. Accommodating behaviours mediated the relationship between objective burden and subjective burden in mothers, whereas EE and carers' skills did not mediate this relationship for either parent.

Discussion

The objective burden for most mothers is high. In order to reduce subjective burden, it may be helpful to target accommodating behaviours.

Trial Registration

ISRCTN83003225 ‐ Expert Carers Helping Others (ECHO). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Assessing the risks of pesticides to threatened and endangered species using population modeling: A critical review and recommendations for future work
Authors: Forbes Valery E. , Galic Nika , Schmolke Amelie , Vavra Janna , Pastorok Rob , Thorbek Pernille
Published: April 2016

United States legislation requires the US Environmental Protection Agency to ensure that pesticide use does not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, including species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA; hereafter referred to as listed species). Despite a long history of population models used in conservation biology and resource management and a 2013 report from the US National Research Council recommending their use, application of population models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA has been minimal. The pertinent literature published from 2004 to 2014 was reviewed to explore the availability of population models and their frequency of use in listed species risk assessments. The models were categorized in terms of structure, taxonomic coverage, purpose, inputs and outputs, and whether the models included density dependence, stochasticity, or risk estimates, or were spatially explicit. Despite the widespread availability of models and an extensive literature documenting their use in other management contexts, only 2 of the approximately 400 studies reviewed used population models to assess the risks of pesticides to listed species. This result suggests that there is an untapped potential to adapt existing models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA, but also that there are some challenges to do so for listed species. Key conclusions from the analysis are summarized, and priorities are recommended for future work to increase the usefulness of population models as tools for pesticide risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1904–1913. © 2016 SETAC