bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of GafchromicTM EBT4 film with clinical kV/MV photons and MeV electrons
Authors: Guan Fada , Chen Huixiao , Draeger Emily , Li Yuting , Aydin Resat , Tien Christopher J. , Chen Zhe
Published: June 2023

Objective

A newly developed GafchromicTM EBT4 film model was released recently. According to the vendor‐stated specifications, this new model maintains major features of its more recent predecessor, EBT3, but has a great improvement in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The purpose of this study was to fully characterize the EBT4 model by testing its dose response dependence on beam energy using clinical photon and electron beams and validating its improvement in SNR.

Methods

In the beam energy dependence experiments, 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, 6 MeV, 12 MeV and 20 MeV electron beams, 120 kVp and two 250 kVp x‐ray beams (with different half‐layer values) were selected, representing different clinical beam energies and radiation types. In the noise and SNR analyses, only the 6 MV photon beam was selected as the representative to compare between EBT4 and EBT3 models.

Results

The energy dependence test results showed that there was a slight difference (<2% at most dose levels) in the dose response among the clinical MV photons and MeV electrons. However, a large deviation (>10%) in the dose response was found for the 120 kVp x‐ray beam. For the two 250 kVp x‐ray beams, the difference in the dose response was moderate (<5%), but not negligible. The noise and SNR results showed a reduced noise and strengthened SNR in EBT4.

Conclusion

We conclude that the EBT4 film has a minimal energy dependence for MV photon and MeV electron beams but has a notable energy dependence for kilovoltage x‐ray beams, and the vendor‐stated features of the reduced noise and improved SNR in EBT4 are validated.
From propensities to patterns to principles in protein folding
Authors: Rose George D.
Published: June 2023

As proposed here, β‐turns play an essential role in protein self‐assembly. This compact, four‐residue motif affects protein conformation dramatically by reversing the overall chain direction. Turns are the “hinges” in globular proteins. This new proposal broadens a previous hypothesis that globular proteins solve the folding problem in part by filtering conformers with unsatisfied backbone hydrogen bonds, thereby preorganizing the folding population. Recapitulating that hypothesis: unsatisfied conformers would be dramatically destabilizing, shifting the U(nfolded) ⇌ N(ative) equilibrium far to the left. If even a single backbone polar group is satisfied by solvent when unfolded but buried and unsatisfied when folded, that energy penalty alone, approximately +5 kcal/mol, would rival almost the entire free energy of protein stabilization at room temperature. Consequently, globular proteins are built on scaffolds of hydrogen‐bonded α‐helices and/or strands of β‐sheet, motifs that can be extended indefinitely, with intra‐segment hydrogen bond partners for their backbone polar groups and without steric clash. Scaffolds foster a protein‐wide hydrogen‐bonded network, and, of thermodynamic necessity, they self‐assemble cooperatively. Unlike elements of repetitive secondary structure, α‐helices and β‐sheet, a four‐residue β‐turn has only a single hydrogen bond (from i + 3 → i), not a cooperatively formed assembly of hydrogen bonds. As such, turns can form autonomously and are poised to initiate assembly of scaffold elements by bringing them together in an orientation and registration that promotes cooperative “zipping”. The overall effect of this self‐assembly mechanism is to induce substantial preorganization in the thermodynamically accessible folding population and, concomitantly, to reduce the folding entropy.
Application of Carbon Nanosphere Templates for Preparation of Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Niu Haihong , Shao Jun , Xie Yuxin , Ye Taibao , Li Tianwen , Luo Suikang , Yao Xiaoyu
Published: June 2023

Carbon nanospheres are successfully synthesized with a particle size of about 140 nm using a two‐step hydrothermal method and used the carbon nanospheres as the deposition template material on the surface of P25(TiO2) by means of vertical deposition method. The antiopaline TiO2 photonic crystal (PC) structure is further prepared via immersed carbon nanospheres in TiO2 precursor solution, and the antiopal PC is used as the scattering layer of the photoanode of dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSCs). As a comparison, the antiopal PC reflective layer is also prepared on the photoanode of DSSCs using polystyrene nanospheres as the template material. The photoanodes with those PC scattering layers prepared with different template materials are fabricated into complete DSSCs. The final photoelectric conversion efficiency of the DSSCs prepared with carbon nanospheres as the template material reaches 7.02%, which is comparable to the cells prepared with polystyrene nanospheres as the template material. The efficiency of the cell with the scattering layer is increased by about 16% compared with that of the normal DSSC based on P25.
Energy Storage Performance of PZT/PZ Composite Films Obtained by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Yang Fei , Yuan Zheng , Wu ShuJing , Chen Jingyao , Hou Mengzhe , Liu Andi , Yu Kexin , Zhang Yihan , Li Xiaofang , Hu Yanchun , Shang Jun , Yin Shaoqian , Wang Xianwei
Published: June 2023

PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3(PZT)/PbZrO3(PZ) composite films are deposited on LaNiO3/SiO2/Si substrates using sol–gel method, and annealed at 620 °C for a different time with the rapid thermal annealing technology. The microstructures, crystal structure, and electrical performance of the PZT/PZ composite films are researched. When the composite films are annealed at 620 °C for 3 min, the PZT films show the perovskite phase and the PZ films exhibit the pyrochlore phase with tiny perovskite phase, making the films obtain a linear hysteresis loop and possess the high energy storage density of 10.0 J cm−3and the energy storage efficiency of 84.8%. The aforementioned experimental results show that the phase structure of the PZT/PZ multilayer films can be regulated by different annealing times, which would improve the energy storage performance.
Statistical relevance of meteorological ambient conditions and cell attributes for nowcasting the life cycle of convective storms
Authors: Wilhelm Jannik , Wapler Kathrin , Blahak Ulrich , Potthast Roland , Kunz Michael
Published: June 2023

The usually short lifetime of convective storms and their rapid development during unstable weather conditions makes forecasting these storms challenging. It is necessary, therefore, to improve the procedures for estimating the storms' expected life cycles, including the storms' lifetime, size, and intensity development. We present an analysis of the life cycles of convective cells in Germany, focusing on the relevance of the prevailing atmospheric conditions. Using data from the radar‐based cell detection and tracking algorithm KONRAD of the German Weather Service, the life cycles of isolated convective storms are analysed for the summer half‐years from 2011 to 2016. In addition, numerous convection‐relevant atmospheric ambient variables (e.g., deep‐layer shear, convective available potential energy, lifted index), which were calculated using high‐resolution COSMO‐EU assimilation analyses (0.0625°), are combined with the life cycles. The statistical analyses of the life cycles reveal that rapid initial area growth supports wider horizontal expansion of a cell in the subsequent development and, indirectly, a longer lifetime. Specifically, the information about the initial horizontal cell area is the most important predictor for the lifetime and expected maximum cell area during the life cycle. However, its predictive skill turns out to be moderate at most, but still considerably higher than the skill of any ambient variable is. Of the latter, measures of midtropospheric mean wind and vertical wind shear are most suitable for distinguishing between convective cells with short lifetime and those with long lifetime. Higher thermal instability is associated with faster initial growth, thus favouring larger and longer living cells. A detailed objective correlation analysis between ambient variables, coupled with analyses discriminating groups of different lifetime and maximum cell area, makes it possible to gain new insights into their statistical connections. The results of this study provide guidance for predictor selection and advancements of nowcasting applications.
Ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of o‐cresol in hydrolyzed human urine to assess toluene exposure
Authors: Langlois Eric , Gagné Sébastien
Published: June 2023

Rationale

Toluene is a volatile organic compound used in domestic and industrial applications. The main routes of workplace exposure to toluene are inhalation and dermal contact. As toluene exposure can cause severe nervous system damage, its quantification is crucial to prevent occupational illness. Toluene is metabolized mainly as hippuric acid, S‐benzylmercapturic acid and epoxides. These are rapidly converted to o‐/p‐cresol, which is then excreted in the urine as conjugated glucuronides and sulfates. o‐Cresol and its conjugates can be chemically hydrolyzed to form free o‐cresol, which can then serve as a urinary biomarker of toluene exposure. Current analytical methods for quantifying o‐cresol in hydrolyzed urine are, however, either weakened by interference, are not sensitive enough or require water‐sensitive sample preparation. Development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for assessing exposure to toluene is thus required.

Method

Urine samples were acidified and heated to form free o‐cresol and then derivatized with dansyl chloride and diluted. Extracts were separated by reverse‐phase chromatography on a BEH phenyl column and then analyzed using a triple quadrupole instrument in selected reaction monitoring mode.

Results

The dansyl chloride derivatization step was optimized to produce the derivative within a reaction time of 3 min. Hydrolysis efficiency in forming free o‐cresol from conjugated metabolites was evaluated using o‐cresol‐β‐d‐glucuronidespiked human urine: complete hydrolysis occurred in 45 min. Dynamic range was 0.4 to 40 μM, and the method was useful for toluene monitoring in non‐occupational (0.1 μmol/mmol creatinine) as well as occupational (0.3 μmol/mmol creatinine) exposure. The calculated limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the method were 0.06 and 0.21 μM, respectively. Intraday and interday precisions were 3.2% and 4.4%, respectively. Method accuracy was established as 99% using ClinChek® urine controls.

Conclusion

An ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of o‐cresol was developed for biological monitoring of toluene exposure in human urine. This is the method of choice used by occupational health and safety practitioners in the province of Québec, Canada.
Assessing downstream aquatic habitat availability relative to headwater reservoir management in the Henrys Fork Snake River
Authors: Morrisett Christina N. , Van Kirk Robert W. , Null Sarah E.
Published: June 2023

Reservoirs are sometimes managed to meet agricultural and other water demands, while also maintaining streamflow for aquatic species and ecosystems. In the Henrys Fork Snake River, Idaho (USA), irrigation‐season management of a headwater reservoir is informed by a flow target in a management reach ~95 km downstream. The target is in place to meet irrigation demand and maintain aquatic habitat within the 11.4 km management reach and has undergone four flow target assignments from 1978 to 2021. Recent changes to irrigation‐season management to maximize reservoir carryover warranted investigation into the flow target assignment. Thus, we created a streamflow‐habitat model using hydraulic measurements, habitat unit mapping, and published habitat suitability criteria for Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Mountain Whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni). We used model output to compare habitat availability across two management regimes (1978–2017 and 2018–2021). We found that efforts to minimize reservoir releases in 2018–2021 did not reduce mean irrigation‐season fish habitat relative to natural flow, but did reduce overall fish habitat variability during the irrigation season compared to streamflow management in 1978–2017. Field observations for this research led to an adjusted flow target in 2020 that moved the target location downstream of intervening irrigation diversions. Using our model output, we demonstrated that moving the location of the target to account for local irrigation diversions will contribute to more consistently suitable fish habitat in the reach. Our study demonstrates the importance of site selection for establishing environmental flow targets.
Probability of crop response to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer: Lessons from 45 years of Ohio trials
Authors: Culman Steve , Fulford Anthony , LaBarge Greg , Watters Harold , Lindsey Laura E. , Dorrance Anne , Deiss Leonardo
Published: June 2023

Soil test phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and the associated soil test critical values (CSTVs) are widely used as the primary diagnostic tool to determine if a crop needs P and K fertilizer. However, identifying robust and predictive CSTVs requires a large number of field trials in representative soils and environments to assess crop fertilizer responses. From 1976 to 2021, a total of 457 P trials and 458 K trials were conducted in corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) across 40 counties in Ohio. The trials consisted of both multi‐rate, multi‐year trials and single‐year, single‐rate and large strip trials. Across all crops, grain yield responded to P and K fertilizer in 23.4% and 25.3% of trials, with average yield increases of 8.8% and 11.0%, respectively. Corn yield was more responsive to P and K fertilizer (∼30% of P and K trials) than soybean yield (14% of P trials, 20% of K trials). Several models were run to identify CSTVs, but models imparted systematic bias in CSTVs, and a superior model was not identified due to poor model fit and indiscernible criteria to guide model selection. Instead of a single CSTV, data were classified into five discrete categories based on relative yields and Mehlich‐3 soil test values. These classifications provided a useful and consistent framework for assessing the probability of crop response to P and K fertilizer. Ohio soils with Mehlich‐3 values greater than 20 mg P kg−1 and 130 mg K kg−1 have a low probability of responding to P or K fertilizer application.
Globalization and energy consumption's effect on Japan's ecological imprint: Implications for environmental sustainability
Authors: Damak Obadiah Ibrahim , Güngör Hasan
Published: June 2023

This research explores the effect of globalization, economic growth, and energy consumption on Japan's ecological imprint using annual time series data from 1990 to 2021. The research used Granger causality tests, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS). Empirical data shows globalization and non‐renewable energy consumption positively impact Japan's ecological imprint, whereas long‐run renewable energy usage and gross domestic product (GDP) have inverse effects. The short‐run outcome reveals a direct correlation between GDP and ecological imprint but a negative correlation between globalization, renewable energy usage and non‐renewable energy usage on the ecological imprint. DOLS coefficients are insignificant, even if they are negligible at the 5% level; the DOLS results concurred with the long‐term ARDL. Renewable and non‐renewable energy usage have an ecological impact, yet non‐renewable energy usage granger cause the use of renewable energy usage, according to the Granger causality findings. The results also show a causal link between globalization and the adoption of renewable energy.
Bad medicine: Litigation, competition, and the marketing of prescription opioids
Authors: Tan David , West Nicole V.
Published: June 2023

Research Abstract

How do competitors respond when a firm experiences an increased threat of penalties for questionable business activities? While conventional wisdom suggests that competitors will attempt to avoid similar activities, we draw attention to a countervailing incentive. If an increased threat of penalties induces one firm to reduce its engagement in an activity, competitors in an industry may see an opportunity to profit by increasing their engagement in the activity. We explain how this is theoretically possible even if competitors also experience an increased threat of penalties. As an empirical example, we show that following a lawsuit against Purdue Pharma, Purdue significantly decreased its spending to promote OxyContin, but other prescription opioid firms significantly increased their spending to promote competing opioids to the same physicians.

Managerial Abstract

Competitive dynamics can make questionable business activities in an industry difficult to stamp out on a case‐by‐case basis. Forcing one firm to decrease its engagement in a questionable activity may result in competitors stepping in to fill the void by increasing their engagement in similar activities. We find that this occurred in the prescription opioid industry. Following a lawsuit against Purdue Pharma, Purdue significantly decreased its spending to promote its controversial OxyContin product. But rather than attempt to distance themselves from association with Purdue, other prescription opioid firms significantly increased their spending to promote competing opioids to physicians previously targeted by Purdue, including in counties where the opioid epidemic was known to be severe.
A Direct‐Contact Photocurrent‐Direction‐Switching Biosensing Platform Based on In Situ Formation of CN QDs/TiO2 Nanodiscs and Double‐Supported 3D DNA Walking Amplification
Authors: Geng Wenchao , Jiang Guihua , Liu Huimin , Xue Linsheng , Ding Lihua , Li Yuling , Wu Yongjun , Yang Ruiying
Published: June 2023

Herein, a direct‐contact photocurrent‐direction‐switching photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing platform for the ultrasensitive and selective detection of soluble CD146 (sCD146) is reported for the first time via in situ formation of carbon nitride quantum dots (CN QDs)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanodiscs with the double‐supported 3D DNA walking amplification. In this platform, metal organic frameworks (MOFs)‐derived porous TiO2 nanodiscs exhibit excellent anodic photocurrent, whereas a single‐stranded auxiliary DNA (ssDNA) as biogate is absorbed onto the TiO2 nanodiscs to block active sites. Subsequently, with the help of intermediate DNAs from target sCD146‐induced double‐supported 3D DNA walking signal amplification, the ssDNA can leave away from the surface of TiO2 nanodiscs due to the specific hybridization with intermediate DNAs. Afterward, the successful direct contact of CN QDs on TiO2 nanodiscs by porosity and electrostatic adsorption, leads to the effective photocurrent‐direction switching from anodic to cathodic photocurrent. Based on direct‐contact photocurrent‐direction‐switching CN QDs/TiO2 nanodiscs system and double‐supported 3D DNA walking signal amplification, sCD146 is detected sensitively with a wide linear range (10 fg mL−1 to 5 ng mL−1) and a low limit of detection (2.1 fg mL−1). Also, the environmentally friendly and direct‐contact photocurrent‐direction‐switching PEC biosensor has an application prospect for cancer biomarker detection.
Flexible All‐in‐one Quasi‐Solid‐State Batteries Enabled by Low‐water‐content Hydrogel Films
Authors: Liu Wei , Huang Yucheng , Cai Ziwei , Tan Yingxiang , Huang Bendong , Zhong Hai , Mai Yaohua
Published: June 2023

The high conductivities and good mechanical properties of hydrogel electrolyte films are critical for energy storage devices with high flexibility, fast redox kinetics, and long life. Herein, a low water content (6.63 wt%) hydrogel film is prepared, and a favorable environment is created, with an electrochemical stability window of 2.26 V and a high ionic conductivity of 2.6 mS cm−1. The hydrogel film exhibits good folding ability, low in‐plane swelling, and anti‐freezing abilities. These properties are benefitted by immobilizing free water molecules on the abundant oxygenic groups of polymer fibers in the hydrogel film, offering a unique 3D channel to allow Li+ to quickly transport along the polymer network. Therefore, the hydrogel film‐based all‐in‐one flexible cell exhibits stable cycling performance with a retention of 81.8% of the initial capacity after 500 cycles at room temperature and 66.2% of capacity retention at −30 °C. Furthermore, the full cell with high cathode loading (≈21 mg cm−2) exhibits a high areal capacity of 2.5 mAh cm−2 (≈119 mAh g−1). The overall merits of flexible all‐in‐one quasi‐solid‐state batteries demonstrate high potential to be used for power wearable electronics.
Protein‐Based Patterning to Spatially Functionalize Biomimetic Membranes
Authors: Reverte‐López María , Gavrilovic Svetozar , Merino‐Salomón Adrián , Eto Hiromune , Yagüe Relimpio Ana , Rivas Germán , Schwille Petra
Published: June 2023

The bottom‐up reconstitution of proteins for their modular engineering into synthetic cellular systems can reveal hidden protein functions in vitro. This is particularly evident for the bacterial Min proteins, a paradigm for self‐organizing reaction‐diffusion systems that displays an unexpected functionality of potential interest for bioengineering: the directional active transport of any diffusible cargo molecule on membranes. Here, the MinDE protein system is reported as a versatile surface patterning tool for the rational design of synthetically assembled 3D systems. Employing two‐photon lithography, microswimmer‐like structures coated with tailored lipid bilayers are fabricated and demonstrate that Min proteins can uniformly pattern bioactive molecules on their surface. Moreover, it is shown that the MinDE system can form stationary patterns inside lipid vesicles, which allow the targeting and distinctive clustering of higher‐order protein structures on their inner leaflet. Given their facile use and robust function, Min proteins thus constitute a valuable molecular toolkit for spatially patterned functionalization of artificial biosystems like cell mimics and microcarriers.
2D Semi‐Metallic Hafnium Ditelluride: A Novel Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast and Ultranarrow Photonics Applications
Authors: Ahmed Safayet , Gan Yiyu , Saleque Ahmed Mortuza , Wu Honglei , Qiao Junpeng , Ivan Md. Nahian Al Subri , Hani Sumaiya Umme , Alam Tawsif Ibne , Wen Qiao , Tsang Yuen Hong
Published: June 2023

2D semi‐metallic hafnium ditelluride material is used in several applications such as solar steam generation, gas sensing, and catalysis owing to its strong near‐infrared absorbance, high sensitivity, and distinctive electronic structure. The zero‐bandgap characteristics, along with the thermal and dynamic stability of 2D‐HfTe2, make it a desirable choice for developing long‐wavelength‐range photonics devices. Herein, the HfTe2‐nanosheets are prepared using the liquid‐phase exfoliation method, and their superior nonlinear optical properties are demonstrated by the obtained modulation depth of 11.9% (800 nm) and 6.35% (1560 nm), respectively. In addition, the observed transition from saturable to reverse saturable absorption indicates adaptability of the prepared material in nonlinear optics. By utilizing a side polished fiber‐based HfTe2‐saturable absorber (SA) inside an Er‐doped fiber laser cavity, a mode‐locked laser with 724 fs pulse width and 56.63 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is realized for the first time. The generated laser with this SA has the second lowest mode‐locking pump threshold (18.35 mW), among the other 2D material based‐SAs, thus paving the way for future laser development with improved efficiency and reduced thermal impact. Finally, employing this HfTe2‐SA, a highly stable single‐frequency fiber laser (SNR ≈ 74.56 dB; linewidth ≈ 1.268 kHz) is generated for the first time, indicating its promising ultranarrow photonic application.
Low‐Temperature Alignment of Conjugated Polymers by Plasticizer‐Aided Physical Rubbing
Authors: Kim Daegun , Lee Seon Baek , Kim Min‐Jae , Lee Jiyun , Chung Sein , Ok Eunsol , Lee Giwon , Min Jiwoo , Cho Kilwon , Kang Boseok
Published: June 2023

Rubbing‐induced alignment of conjugated polymers is systematically investigated in terms of intra‐ and inter‐molecular interaction. Various polymer films with a broad range of polymer chain rigidity are rubbed, and the degree of polymer chain alignment is quantitatively characterized. The rubbing technique effectively aligns crystalline domains in conjugated polymer films when the temperature approaches the critical rubbing temperature (), at which the rearrangement and the slip of polymer chains are possible. A polymer with significant intra‐/inter‐molecular interactions exhibits higher , though quantitative analysis reveals an intermediately aligned state at temperature Tr′ lower than . This state originates from polymer chain aggregation in an amorphous domain. The intermediately aligned state can be controlled by plasticizer, which enables low‐temperature alignment of high‐mobility polymer film by reducing Tr′ to near 100 °C, increases the crystallinity, and improves the alignment effect at this state comparable to that of the completely aligned state obtained at extremely high temperatures.
Confinement Accelerates Water Oxidation Catalysis: Evidence from In Situ Studies
Authors: Ibrahim Kassa Belay , Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Bordin Matteo , Moretti Elisa , Wu Heng‐Liang , Vomiero Alberto
Published: June 2023

Basic insight into the structural evolution of electrocatalysts under operating conditions is of substantial importance for designing water oxidation catalysts. The first‐row transition metal‐based catalysts present state‐of‐the‐art oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance under alkaline conditions. Apparently, confinement has become an exciting strategy to boost the performance of these catalysts. The van der Waals (vdW) gaps of transition metal dichalcogenides are acknowledged to serve as a suitable platform to confine the first‐row transition metal catalysts. This study focuses on confining Ni(OH)2 nanoparticle in the vdW gaps of 2D exfoliated SnS2 (Ex‐SnS2) to accelerate water oxidation and to guarantee long term durability in alkaline solutions. The trends in oxidation states of Ni are probed during OER catalysis. The in situ studies confirm that the confined system produces a favorable environment for accelerated oxygen gas evolution, whereas the un‐confined system proceeds with a relatively slower kinetics. The outstanding OER activity and excellent stability, with an overpotential of 300 mV at 100 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope as low as 93 mV dec−1 results from the confinement effect. This study sheds light on the OER mechanism of confined catalysis and opens up a way to develop efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts.
Recent Progress of Low‐Toxicity Poor‐Lead All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Weihai , Liu Heng , Yan Furi , Dong Baichuan , Wang Hsing‐Lin
Published: June 2023

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved an impressive certified efficiency of 25.7%, which is comparatively higher than that of commercial silicon solar cells (23.3%), showing great potential toward commercialization. However, the low stability and high toxicity due to the presence of volatile organic components and toxic metal lead in the perovskites pose significant challenges. To obtain robust and low‐toxicity PSCs, substituting organic cations with pure inorganic cations, and partially or fully replacing the toxic Pb with environmentally benign metals, is one of the promising methods. To date, continuous efforts have been made toward the construction of highly performed low‐toxicity inorganic PSCs with astonishing breakthroughs. This review article provides an overview of recent progress in inorganic PSCs in terms of lead‐reduced and lead‐free compositions. The physical properties of poor‐lead all‐inorganic perovskites are discussed to unveil the major challenges in this field. Then, it reports notable achievements for the experimental studies to date to figure out feasible methods for efficient and stable poor‐lead all‐inorganic PSCs. Finally, a discussion of the challenges and prospects for poor‐lead all‐inorganic PSCs in the future is presented.
Modification of Hydrophobic Self‐Assembled Monolayers with Nanoparticles for Improved Wettability and Enhanced Carrier Lifetimes Over Large Areas in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Perera W. Hashini K. , Masteghin Mateus G. , Shim Hongjae , Davies Joshua D. , Ryan Joshua L. , Hinder Steven J. , Yun Jae S. , Zhang Wei , Jayawardena K. D. G. Imalka , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: June 2023

The development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with low recombination losses at low processing temperatures is an area of growing research interest as it enables compatibility with roll‐to‐roll processing on flexible substrates as well as with tandem solar cells. The inverted or p–i–n device architecture has emerged as the most promising PSC configuration due to the possibility of using low‐temperature processable organic hole‐transport layers and more recently, self‐assembled monolayers such as [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz). However, devices incorporating these interlayers suffer from poor wettability of the precursor leading to pin hole formation and poor device yield. Herein, the use of alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs)) for pinning the perovskite precursor on Me‐4PACz is demonstrated, thereby improving the device yield. While similar wettability enhancements can also be achieved by using poly[(9,9‐bis(3′‐((N,N‐dimethyl)‐N‐ethylammonium)‐propyl)‐2,7‐fluorene)‐alt‐2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)]dibromide (PFN‐Br), a widely employed surface modifier, the incorporation of Al2O3 NPs results in significantly enhanced Shockley–Read–Hall recombination lifetimes exceeding 3 μs, which is higher than those on films coated directly on Me‐4PACz and on PFN‐Br‐modified Me‐4PACz. This translates to a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.9% for PSCs fabricated on Me‐4PACz modified with Al2O3, which is a ≈20% improvement compared to the champion device fabricated on PFN‐Br‐modified Me‐4PACz.
Efficiency in the serverless cloud paradigm: A survey on the reusing and approximation aspects
Authors: Denninnart Chavit , Chanikaphon Thanawat , Amini Salehi Mohsen
Published: June 2023

Serverless computing along with Function‐as‐a‐Service (FaaS) is forming a new computing paradigm that is anticipated to found the next generation of cloud systems. The popularity of this paradigm is due to offering a highly transparent infrastructure that enables user applications to scale in the granularity of their functions. Since these often small and single‐purpose functions are managed on shared computing resources behind the scene, a great potential for computational reuse and approximate computing emerges that if unleashed, can remarkably improve the efficiency of serverless cloud systems—both from the user's QoS and system's (energy consumption and incurred cost) perspectives. Accordingly, the goal of this survey study is to, first, unfold the internal mechanics of serverless computing and, second, explore the scope for efficiency within this paradigm via studying function reuse and approximation approaches and discussing the pros and cons of each one. Next, we outline potential future research directions within this paradigm that can either unlock new use cases or make the paradigm more efficient.
Cooling Optimization of a Large Duplex Forged Bar and Subsequent Improvement in Impact Toughness over Its Thickness
Authors: Esteban Pilar , Iglesias Naroa , Navarro Aitor , Astigarraga Victoria , Castro-Hurtado Irene , González Jesús , López Alejandra , Díaz Esperanza
Published: June 2023

The machining of a central axial hole in a duplex stainless steel 2205 bar is sufficient to optimize cooling and thus to achieve the toughness requirements of the most demanding international standards. The cooling rates are obtained by finite element methodology simulation. The increased cooling rate in the central zone of the bar is directly related to the improvement of the Charpy impact toughness. Microstructure at different bar locations is characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. In the absence of sigma phase precipitation, an austenite spacing over 45 μ provokes a decrease in absorbed energy close to 40 J. Moreover, the pierced bar complies with the international standards requirements in tensile with yield strength higher than 450 MPa and Rockwell hardness lower than 31 (HRC) over the section and along the bar. Finally, the resistance to pitting corrosion required is also satisfactory due to the absence of chromium nitrides.
Features and Restrictions of Electroslag Remelting with Silica‐Bearing Slags for Lightweight High Manganese Steel
Authors: Medovar Lev , Stovpchenko Ganna , Lisova Liudmila , Jiang Zhouhua , Dong Yanwu , Kang Congpeng
Published: June 2023

Experiments are conducted to investigate the electroslag remelting process of Fe‐(20‐30)Mn‐(10‐12.0)Al‐(1‐2)C (wt%) steel in a short collar mold using a characteristic silica‐bearing slag to improve nonmetallic inclusion morphology. The effect of the “one‐slag melt” with silica on the changes in the chemical composition of the ESR ingot along its height is studied. The observed silicon pick‐up in metal at ESR is caused by the interaction of silica‐bearing slag with aluminum from metal composition (10%), stipulated by the ESR process nature and cannot be avoided. CALPHAD prediction of phase formation at observed changes of metal chemistry is proved by microstructure and EDS investigations of as‐cast metal of remelted ingot. Silicon pick‐up in obtained limits does not change the morphology of the main phases in the remelted Fe–Mn–Al–Cr‐C‐(Si) steel, but the microhardness of the phases becomes higher. Due to the low speed of remelting provided by ESR TC, the as‐cast metal structure and nonmetallic inclusions are refined. Experiments show that high silica‐bearing slag is not convenient for remelting high aluminum steels because of silicon transfer into ESR ingot at slag's silica reduction by aluminum.
Polypyrrole‐coated rubber foam sorbent for extraction of fipronil and fipronil sulfone in tea
Authors: Choden Sonam , Deki Deki , Maneeratanachot Suwatchanee , Lehman Nussana , Kalkornsurapranee Ekwipoo , Kaewpet Morakot , Sooksawat Dhassida , Jeerapan Itthipon , Numnuam Apon , Kanatharana Proespichaya , Thavarungkul Panote , Thammakhet‐Buranachai Chongdee
Published: June 2023

A polypyrrole‐coated rubber foam sorbent with a steel wire insert was developed for the magnetic solid phase extraction of fipronil and fipronil sulfone from tea samples for analysis by a gas chromatography‐electron capture detector. Under the optimum conditions, the method linear ranges were 0.05–100 μg/L for fipronil and 0.01–100 μg/L for fipronil sulfone. The limits of detection were 0.01  and 0.005 μg/L while limits of quantitation were 0.05 and 0.01 μg/L for fipronil and fipronil sulfone, respectively. The preparation procedure of the developed sorbent exhibited good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation in the range of 1.9%–2.4% spiked at 50 μg/L. Good precision was obtained with a relative standard deviation below 6.7% in four concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 50 μg/L. Fipronil sulfone was detected in two tea samples at concentrations of 1.79 ± 0.05 and 2.64 ± 0.03 μg/L with recoveries ranging from 80.4 ± 1.5% to 110.0 ± 2.0%. Thus, the developed sorbent exhibited high extraction efficiency with good selectivity towards the target analytes in real samples.
Brønsted Base‐Catalyzed Enantioselective α‐Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds Involving π‐Extended Enolates
Authors: Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: June 2023

Chiral Brønsted base (BB) catalyzed asymmetric transformations constitute an important tool for synthesis. A meaningful fraction of these transformations proceeds through transiently generated enolate intermediates, which display quite versatile reactivity against a variety of electrophiles. Some years ago, our group became interested in developing BB‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions of enolizable carbonyl substrates that involve π‐extended enolates in which, besides control of reaction diastereo and enantioselectivity, the site‐selectivity control is an additional issue in most cases. In the examples covered in this account the opportunities deployed, and the challenges posed, by these methods are illustrated, with a focus on the generation of quaternary carbon stereocenters. In the way, new bifunctional BB catalysts as well as achiral templates were developed that may find further applications.
Supporting Inferential Comprehension in the Preschool Classroom: The Roles of Theory of Mind and Executive Skills
Authors: DeBruin‐Parecki Andrea , Cartwright Kelly B.
Published: June 2023

Although much is known about supporting preschoolers' alphabet knowledge, less is known about instructional moves that support preschoolers' narrative comprehension or how preschoolers' developing cognitive skills may support their narrative comprehension development. This school‐university partnership project examined relations of preschoolers' Theory of Mind (i.e., social understanding) and executive function skills to narrative comprehension development in three instructional contexts: inferential, interactive vocabulary‐focused, and typical instruction in preschool classrooms. Structured, inferential comprehension instruction emerged as a promising practice that may support preschoolers' narrative comprehension development. We observed that children who received structured inferential comprehension instruction showed greater responsiveness to the instruction if they were high on cognitive flexibility or Theory of Mind, suggesting that these preschool cognitive skills may be important for developing comprehension. The structured, inferential comprehension intervention is described, as are applications to classroom practice.
Chronic emesis in a dog associated with idiopathic, smooth muscle hyperplasia of the ileo–caeco–colic junction
Authors: Sharp Callum A. T. , Dolensek Tamara , Martineau Henny , Vlasin Michal
Published: June 2023

An 11‐year‐old, male, neutered American bulldog presented with a 3‐month history of intermittent vomiting and concurrent hyporexia. Abdominal ultrasonography identified concentric thickening of the tunica muscularis at the ileo–caeco–colic junction, which was confirmed with computed tomography. An exploratory coeliotomy was undertaken, where a solitary caecal mass was identified. An end‐to‐side enterocolostomy was performed and resected tissue submitted for histopathology. Histopathology was consistent with diffuse smooth muscle hyperplasia of the tunica muscularis. Two months later, the patient re‐presented with profuse watery diarrhoea. Low vitamin B12 was identified on biochemistry, and supplementation was commenced. In the following 3 months, no further clinical signs were reported.
Experiences and recommendations of veterinarians for the Dutch disciplinary system—a survey‐based study
Authors: Boissevain Iaira E. , Jongbloed Anthonie W. , Meijboom Franck L. B. , Hesselink Jan Willem , Mandigers Paul J. J.
Published: June 2023

Introduction

In the Netherlands, the veterinary disciplinary system is governmentally executed and was originally designed to provide an educational effect on veterinarians as part of maintaining quality standards.

Methods

Over 900 veterinarians were questioned (20% of the total number of veterinarians working in veterinary medicine in the Netherlands). It was ascertained whether or not they were aware of the disciplinary system, if it affected their way of working and what impact it had on their way of working after having faced a disciplinary case. Respondents were given the opportunity to express their opinions about the system and possible improvements.

Results

The risk of complaints was found to be significantly greater when a veterinarian owned a practice compared to veterinarians who were employees. Veterinarians with their own practice were generally older (male) veterinarians. Whether this was a direct effect or just the effect of having a longer career could not be answered. Multiple disciplinary procedures appeared to have no influence. In 13%, veterinarians indicated that the disciplinary system had led to a more defensive way of practicing medicine to avoid complaints.

Discussion and conclusions

Most veterinarians supported a disciplinary system as a tool for maintaining and improving the integrity and reputation of the profession as a whole. Recommendations to improve were (1) shortening the length of the procedure, (2) screening for validity, (3) using online systems for communication with the disciplinary council, (4) the option of mediation before getting involved in a full procedure and (5) instituting a complaint fee.
Adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by modified sludge/biomass ash ceramsite: Preparation, adsorption mechanism, and sustainable analysis
Authors: Shen Hexin , Zhou Chuncai , Xu Shihai , Huang Yan , Shi Jiaqian , Liu Guijian
Published: June 2023

Excessive ammonium and phosphate in aquatic settings may produce major eutrophication. Adsorbents can be used to reduce the eutrophication of natural water bodies. In this study, a sustainable and efficient ceramic adsorbent (sludge/biomass ash ceramsite [SBC]) was prepared by using sludge and biomass ash with a weight ratio of 1:1; the sintering parameters were 1070°C for 15 min. The NH4+‐N and P adsorption capabilities were improved by utilizing 1 mol L−1 NaOH and 1.6 mol L−1 La(NO3)3·6H2O for modification. When the pH and duration were 7 and 1440 min, respectively, the maximum bending capacity of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus was 3.2 and 2.1 mg g−1 at 308 K. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model better describes the adsorption dynamics of NH4+‐N and P, whereas the Langmuir model better describes the adsorption isotherm models of NH4+‐N and P. The adsorption mechanism of SBC‐NaOH on NH4+‐N is ion exchange between Na+ and NH4+, whereas the adsorption mechanism of SBC‐La on phosphorus is ion exchange and La3+ adsorption. SBC combines efficient wastewater purification with the reuse of solid waste. The findings gave rise to the possibility of recycling ceramics as a plant fertilizer with a delayed release in the future.

Practitioner Points

New ceramsite was made from sludge and biomass ash.

NH4+‐N (3.2 mg g−1) and P (2.1 mg g−1) were effectively adsorbed by ceramsite.

The mechanism of NH4+‐N and P adsorption by ceramsite was studied.

Absorbed ceramsite can be used as slow‐release fertilizer in plant cultivation.
Analyzing factors driving of eutrophication of river‐type urban landscape lakes
Authors: Jia Ruipeng , Dou Ming , Bi Jingquan , Wang Zhen , Mi Qingbin , Li Jia
Published: June 2023

The eutrophication of river‐type urban landscape (RTUL) lakes is different from that of natural lakes. In this study, Xiaofu Lake, a typical RTUL lake with high anthropogenic interference, was used as the study area. Monitoring data from 2018 to 2020 were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of chlorophyll a (Chl‐a) concentrations with meteorological, hydrodynamic, and nutrient factors. Correlation and regression analyses were used to identify the relationship between the factors influencing eutrophication and the Chl‐a. The MIKE21 model is used to simulate changes in water quality indicators. The study determined the relationship between river water quality and environmental factors and explored the causes of eutrophication in the water bodies of Xiaofu Lake. The results showed that from 2018 to 2020, the water quality showed seasonal variation and differences in spatial distribution. Except for total nitrogen, which remained at a high level (average 8.23 mg/L), other water qualities remained between classes II and IV. The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe eutrophication in the study area were 25%, 69%, and 6%, respectively. Indicators that were highly correlated with water eutrophication were turbidity, water temperature, total phosphorus, and permanganate index. The contribution of water temperature, ammonia nitrogen, and permanganate index to eutrophication was 30.5%, 22.6%, and 20.9%, respectively. The high proportion of sewage in the source of recharge water is one of the reasons for the deterioration of water quality. In addition, the change in water eutrophication was closely related to the gate operation in the region.

Practitioner Points

There are differences between river‐type urban landscape (RTUL) lakes and natural lakes, and the conditions that cause eutrophication are different.

RTUL are subject to strong human interference and rely on water transfer and gate scheduling to maintain water quantity.

The high proportion of sewage treatment plant tailwater in upstream water is the main reason for the long‐term pollution of RTUL.

The indicators highly correlated with water eutrophication are turbidity, water temperature, total phosphorus, and permanganate index.
The contact problem of a functionally graded layer under the effect of gravity
Authors: Adiyaman Gokhan , Oner Erdal , Yaylaci Murat , Birinci Ahmet
Published: June 2023

This paper considers the continuous and discontinuous contact problems of a functionally graded (FG) layer under the effect of gravity. A finite distributed load is applied to the beam from the top and the beam is placed to the top of a rigid foundation. It is assumed that the shear modulus and mass density of the beam vary exponentially whereas Poisson's ratio remains constant. The problem is solved for both continuous and discontinuous cases. In each case, the governing equations and boundary conditions of the problem are reduced to an integral equation by the help of Fourier integral transform. In the continuous contact, the integral equation solved analytically and critical load that causes initial separation between the layer and the rigid foundation, separation distance and contact pressures are investigated for various non‐homogeneity parameters that presents the change in the shear modulus and density and loadings. The singular integral equation in case of discontinuous contact is numerically solved by using corresponding Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature and an iterative scheme. The effect of non‐homogeneity parameters and loading on the separation distance between the layer and the foundation and contact pressures are analyzed. All the results are shown in tables and figures. It is seen that increasing stiffness and decreasing density at the top of the layer reduce maximum pressures but increase separation distances. This study aims to fill the deficiency in the mechanical behavior of the coatings under gravity.