bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF IgG1 INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF EWES
Authors: Darton PJ , McDowell GH
Published: November 2007

Two separate experiment were conducted to examine the effects of exogenous oestrogen on selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of ewes. In one experiment, non‐pregnant ewes were induced to lactate artificially by first developing mammary glands with injections of progesterone plus low doses of oestrogen then triggering milk secretion with either glucocorticoid or high doses of oestrogen. In the other experiment, lactating ewes were injected with oestrogen each day for 6 days.

The results of the experiments suggest that oestrogen affects selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of the ewe. Moreover, the results show that, in the absence of high levels of oestrogen in blood, the magnitude of the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion is related inversely to the synthetic activity of the glandular epithelium.
BITING PREVALENCE AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION PATTERNS IN THE ANOPHELES PUNCTULATUS COMPLEX (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Afifi Saad ED , Spencer Margaret , Hudson Paul B , Tavil Nathaniel W
Published: November 2007

Seasonal prevalence and malaria transmission patterns of Anopheles farauti, An. punctulatus and An. koliensis were studied in two coastal and two inland villages in the Madang district of northern Papua New Guinea. The monthly manbiting rates (average biting density of vector mosquitoes per man per night) were observed over a two‐year period to establish typical seasonal prevalence patterns. Observations on the frequency of feeding and the human blood index were combined to derive the manbiting habit. A daily survival rate was determined from the dissection of mosquito ovaries by Polovodova's age‐grading method. The extrinsic cycle in the mosquito was not observed, and the value for this parameter was extracted from the literature. All parameters were combined to estimate the monthly variations in vectorial capacity of each of the vector species, and the vectorial capacities of the individual species were added together to give a total monthly vectorial capacity of the punctulatus complex in each locality. The results showed that malaria transmission can be perennial, with a period of more intense transmission between August and January in the southern area, and between September and February in the northern. A period of very low transmission can be expected between February/March and July/August.
BABESIA BOVIS (ARGENTINA): ANALYSIS OF PARACOAGULATION PROTEINS IN ACUTELY INFECTED CATTLE
Authors: Goodger BV , Wright IG , Mahoney DF
Published: November 2007

The proteins in plasma and serum from cattle infected with Babesia bovis that react with protamine sulphate and ethanol have been characterized. Their sizes and chain structures suggest they are intermediates in the conversion of fibrinogen to cross‐linked fibrin. In addition, comparison with reference proteins and in vitro systems strongly indicate the proteins are, in the main, the products of thrombin activation in vivo and not those of fibrinolysis.
BINDING OF REVERSE T3 TO HEPATIC NUCLEAR PROTEIN
Authors: Smith Howard C , Robinson Shirley E , Eastman Creswell J
Published: November 2007

The study was undertaken to examine the potential intrinsic biological activity of reverse T3 by comparing its binding to nuclear protein in vitro with that of other iodothyronines. Nuclear protein was extracted from normal pig liver using methods described for rat tissues. At 25° 30% of the added 125I rT3 was specifically bound to the nuclear protein. The order of potency in displacing 125I rT3 was rT3 > 3′, 5′T2 > T4 > T3 > 3,3′T2 > 3,5T2. This contrasted with the order of potency in displacing 125I T3 which was T3 > T4 > 3,3′T2 > 3,5T2 > rT3 > 3′, 5′T2. This difference in the hierarchy of iodothyronine binding is consistent with binding of these radioligands to different components of the nuclear protein extract.

These experiments demonstrate separate binding components of nuclear protein for T3 and rT3 in a thryoid hormone responsive tissue and may be relevant to the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA USING RABBIT ANTISERA TO LEUKAEMIA CELLS AND LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES
Authors: Pilkington GR , Lee GTH , O'Keefe D , Plain M , Wilson FC , Jose DG
Published: November 2007

Leukaemic cells from seventeen untreated acute lymphocytic leukaemia (A.L.L.) patients have been typed at presentation with heteroantisera prepared in rabbits by complement mediated cytotoxicity. Reactivity with antisera has suggested a preliminary grouping of patients, in this study, into Null, pre‐T (post‐thymic T‐cell precursor) and T‐cell subtypes. The leukaemic cells have also been classified with the established markers, E‐rosette receptor, surface immunoglobulin and C3 receptor as well as total white cell count at presentation.

Anti NALM‐1 (Null‐lymphoblastoid cell line) serum reacted with cells from all childhood A.L.L. patients tested but could be made specific for cALL antigen of the common Null form of A.L.L. by further absorption or dilution. Antisera to membrane fractions from cells of high white cell count Null‐A.L.L. patients reacted with cells of these patients as well as T‐A.L.L. patients. Anti MOLT‐4 (adult T‐A.L.L. derived lymphoblastoid cell line) serum reacted only with cells of T‐A.L.L. patients.
ENDONUCLEASE FINGERPRINTING OF PLASMIDS MEDIATING GENTAMICIN RESISTANCE IN AN OUTBREAK OF HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Davey R Brent , Pittard James
Published: November 2007

Three plasmids which each determined the same extensive antibiotic resistance phenotype, including resistance to gentamicin, and which had been recovered from organisms involved in an outbreak of gentamicin‐resistant infections in Melbourne hospitals in 1975–1976, were analysed by fingerprinting with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hind III and Pst I. In each case the fingerprints for all three plasmids were identical, despite the tact that each plasmid originated in a different host species at different hospitals. This observation confirms our earlier hypothesis (Davey and Pittard, 1977) that the plasmids mediating gentamicin resistance in the outbreak were the closely related descendants of one ancestral(IncL) plasmid.
A SOLUBLE CYTOTOXIC FACTOR FROM MACROPHAGES
Authors: Macfarlan Roderick I , White David O
Published: November 2007

Unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages can lyse certain tumour cell lines via the action of a labile exotoxin, some of the properties of which are examined.
TOWARDS PREDICTION AND SURVEILLANCE OF MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS ACTIVITY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Kay BH
Published: November 2007

Current practices for early warning of activity of Murray Valley encephalitis and other medically‐important arboviruses are reviewed with view to improvement. Data From previous papers on Culex annulirostris populations, environmental factors and virus infection rates were reanalysed and the results considered as a basis for prediction and surveillance. This goal will only be achieved with improved national cooperation, a better epidemiological understanding and greater knowledge of the bionomics of the major vector, Culex annuliroslris. The improved monitoring system will utilize meteorological, serological and entomological criteria.
THE ZIO‐REACTIVE SITES IN THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF THE RAT
Authors: Loesch A
Published: November 2007

The extraocular muscles of the rat were investigated by means of the zinc‐iodide‐osmium (ZIO) impregnation technique. It has been disclosed that the ZIO reaction product has the ability to impregnate synaptic vesicles of the motor axons. Within the muscle fibres ZIO impregnation has concerned mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, small sarcoplasmic vesicles, some dense bodies and, sporadically, terminal cisterns (diads) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although it would be difficult to indicate any chemical substances in the muscles which would be directly involved in the ZIO reaction, the problem of specificity of the method is discussed.
NORMAL AND CAESARIAN SECTION DELIVERY AND THE INITIATION OF LACTATION IN WOMEN
Authors: Kulski JK , Smith Margaret , Hartmann PE
Published: November 2007

Studies were undertaken to determine the effects of Caesarean section and normal delivery on the timing of milk ‘coming in’ and the changes in milk composition during the first 7 days post‐partum. The time interval between delivery and milk ‘coming in’ was determined in a group of 107 women who delivered normally and 57 women who delivered by Caesarean section. Progressive changes in the concentration of lactose, glucose, total protein, casein, fat, α‐lactalbumin, lactorferrin, albumin, sodium, chloride, potassium, IgA, IgG and IgM were measured in small samples of milk (0·5 ‐ 3·0 ml) expressed from 11 women who delivered normally and 8 women who delivered by Caesarean section.

The time interval between delivery and milk ‘coming in’ in women who delivered normally and those who delivered by Caesarean section was 59 ± 16·3 h and 63·6 ± 24·2 h (mean ± SD). respectively. The concentration of lactose and potassium increased by approximately 100% and 50%, respectively, from the low values between 0 and 30 h, to normal milk values by 5 days after delivery In both groups of women, whereas the concentration of total protein, α‐lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, sodium, chloride. IgA, IgG and IgM decreased to approximately 28%, 85%, 71%, 26%, 36%, 47%, 7%. 13% and 12%, respectively, of the day I values by 5 days of lactation in both groups of women.

The method of delivery made no significant (P > 0.05) difference to the timing of either milk ‘coming in’ or the changes in the concentration of milk constituents in the mammary secretion during the first 7 days post‐partum.
SPECIFIC AND NON‐SPECIFIC IMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EPIDEMIC POLYARTHRITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Aaskov JG , Fraser JRE , Dalglish Debra A
Published: November 2007

T‐lymphocytes from epidemic polyarthritis patients exhibited a virus specific proliferative response when exposed to Ross River virus in vitro. The magnitude of this response was greater than that of lymphocytes from asymptomatic seropositive donors. The natural killer cell activity of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from these patients was depressed early in disease but returned to normal levels as the severity of the symptoms decreased. Although no in vivo role can yet be assigned to natural killer cells in epidemic polyarthritis, changes in their activity appeared to be more closely associated with the presence or absence of disease symptoms than were levels of anti‐viral antibody or the ability of T‐lymphocytes from peripheral blood to proliferate on re‐exposure to Ross River virus.
Cunning factor: macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a redox‐regulated target
Authors: Kudrin Alex , Ray David
Published: November 2007

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has an amazing history of rediscoveries and controversies surroundings its true biological function. It has been classified as a powerful cytokine capable of inducing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, PGE2 along with its ability to override glucocorticoid activity in relation to TNF‐α release from monocytes. However, our recent study has failed to reproduce findings on MIF as a factor with cytokine‐inducing properties but it has confirmed that MIF is capable of inducing glucocorticoid‐counter regulating activity and amplifying LPS‐driven cytokine responses. The aim of this review is to analyse the plethora of data surrounding MIF not just as a cytokine, but also as a hormone‐like molecule, enzyme with atypical properties and as a thioredoxin‐like protein to address fundamental questions about MIF functionality.
Site Planning and Guiding Principles of Hi-Tech Parks in China: Shenzhen as a Case Study
Authors: Fang Chuanglin , Xie Yichun
Published: November 2007

Recent institutional changes, marketization, and globalization have combined to bring about rapid economic growth in contemporary China. One of the direct outcomes is the rapid expansion of large cities and the recurring birth of new cities from small towns and rural villages. Clustered construction cranes are popular scenes in many Chinese cities. One of the noticeable city landmarks is the specialized economic development district, such as a hi-tech park, industrial park, commerce park, high-standard apartment complex, and designated port district. Along with the development of these new types of urban blocks, the Chinese policies and practices of urban planning and city design have been dramatically reshaped. This paper, on the basis of our participatory observation of the planning process of the Shenzhen Silicon Peak Software Ecological Park, examines site planning and design of hi-tech parks in China. The paper discusses the seven principles guiding the development of hi-tech parks, and the four implementation strategies directing planning and design practices. It also illustrates the adoption of GIS techniques, the new eco-community planning approach, and the classic Chinese cosmology—harmonious wind and water ( feng shui)—through the case study. The paper concludes with discussion of the changes of Chinese values and practices of urban planning in the context of hi-tech parks in the transitional period.
Interdependent Urban Renewal Project Selection under the Consideration of Resource Constraints
Authors: Wey Wann-Ming , Wu Kuei-Yang
Published: November 2007

This paper proposes an application of the fuzzy Delphi method, the analytic network process (ANP) and zero – one goal programming (ZOGP) for the urban renewal project selection problem in a redeveloping urban area in Taichung City, Taiwan. Urban renewal project selection means the identification of the most cost-beneficial projects (the projects that will produce most cost benefit) in order to maximize the net benefit to the public and to allocate resources most efficiently. In order to evaluate different urban renewal projects, a hierarchical network model based on various factors and the interactions of factors is presented. By incorporating experts' opinion, a priority index can be calculated for each urban renewal project studied, and a performance ranking of urban projects renewal can be generated. In this paper an improved urban renewal project selection methodology, which reflects interdependencies among evaluation criteria and candidate project using an integrated approach, is suggested. Finally, we introduce a method of solution through an empirical real-world urban renewal project selection example on an ongoing decision-making project in Taichung City, Taiwan using ANP – ZOGP. The results provide guidance to the government regarding strategies for accepting orders for redeveloping urban environments.
The first application of terephthalate fluorescence for highly selective detection of hydroxyl radicals in thylakoid membranes
Authors: Šnyrychová Iva , Hideg Éva
Published: November 2007

Possibilities and limitations of the detection of hydroxyl radicals via the conversion of terephthalate (TPA) into the strongly fluorescent hydroxyterephthalate were investigated in order to adapt this method for chlorophyll-containing samples. Using model chemical sources of various reactive oxygen species, we confirmed that TPA detects hydroxyl radicals very sensitively, but is not reactive to either hydrogen peroxide or superoxide radicals. As a new result, we showed that the conversion of TPA to hydroxyterephthalate cannot be induced by singlet oxygen, which may be produced in photosynthetic systems under stress. Until now, the TPA method has not been used in photosynthesis research, so necessary adaptations to minimise the effects of chlorophyll and buffering sugars on hydroxyl radical detection were also explored and optimal conditions for using the method in thylakoid preparations are suggested. Anticipating further plant physiology applications, usefulness of the TPA method was tested in a wider range of pH than reported earlier. To demonstrate that this simple and highly specific method can be used as an alternative approach for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in plant samples, we measured these radicals in isolated thylakoid membranes exposed to 312 nm ultraviolet radiation.
L-Ascorbic acid accumulation in fruit of Ribes nigrum occurs by in situ biosynthesis via the L-galactose pathway
Authors: Hancock Robert D. , Walker Paul G. , Pont Simon D. A. , Marquis Nicola , Vivera Sebastian , Gordon Sandra L. , Brennan Rex M. , Viola Roberto
Published: November 2007

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) is a widely grown commercial crop valued for its high vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid, AsA) content. In the present study, a systematic analysis of the mechanism of fruit AsA accumulation was undertaken. AsA accumulation occurred during fruit expansion and was associated with high in situ biosynthetic capacity via the l-galactose pathway and low rates of turnover. Cessation of AsA accumulation was associated with reduced biosynthesis and increased turnover. Translocation of AsA from photosynthetic or vegetative tissues contributed little to fruit AsA accumulation. Manipulation of substrate availability by defoliation had no effect on fruit AsA concentration but significantly reduced fruit yields. Supply of the AsA precursor l-galactono-1,4-lactone to intact, attached fruit transiently increased fruit AsA concentration which rapidly returned to control levels after removal of the compound. These data suggest strong developmental, metabolic and genetic control of AsA accumulation in blackcurrant fruit and indicate the potential for breeding high AsA cultivars.
Laforin is a glycogen phosphatase, deficiency of which leads to elevated phosphorylation of glycogen
in vivo
Authors: Tagliabracci Vincent S. , Turnbull Julie , Wang Wei , Girard Jean-Marie , Zhao Xiaochu , Skurat Alexander V. , Delgado-Escueta Antonio V. , Minassian Berge A. , DePaoli-Roach Anna A. , Roach Peter J.
Published: November 2007

Lafora disease is a progressive myoclonus epilepsy with onset typically in the second decade of life and death within 10 years. Lafora bodies, deposits of abnormally branched, insoluble glycogen-like polymers, form in neurons, muscle, liver, and other tissues. Approximately half of the cases of Lafora disease result from mutations in the
EPM2A
gene, which encodes laforin, a member of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase family that additionally contains a glycogen binding domain. The molecular basis for the formation of Lafora bodies is completely unknown. Glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, contains a small amount of covalently linked phosphate whose origin and function are obscure. We report here that recombinant laforin is able to release this phosphate
in vitro
, in a time-dependent reaction with an apparent
K
m
for glycogen of 4.5 mg/ml. Mutations of laforin that disable the glycogen binding domain also eliminate its ability to dephosphorylate glycogen. We have also analyzed glycogen from a mouse model of Lafora disease, Epm2a
−/−
mice, which develop Lafora bodies in several tissues. Glycogen isolated from these mice had a 40% increase in the covalent phosphate content in liver and a 4-fold elevation in muscle. We propose that excessive phosphorylation of glycogen leads to aberrant branching and Lafora body formation. This study provides a molecular link between an observed biochemical property of laforin and the phenotype of a mouse model of Lafora disease. The results also have important implications for glycogen metabolism generally.
Two-dimensional infrared spectra reveal relaxation of the nonnucleoside inhibitor TMC278 complexed with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Authors: Fang Chong , Bauman Joseph D. , Das Kalyan , Remorino Amanda , Arnold Eddy , Hochstrasser Robin M.
Published: November 2007

The two nitrile groups at the wings of the nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor TMC278 are both identified in high-sensitivity 2D IR spectroscopy experiments of the HIV-1 RT/TMC278 complex. The vibrational spectra indicate that the two arms of the inhibitor sense quite different environments within the hydrophobic pocket. The vibrational relaxation of the two arms are almost equal at 3 ps from model studies. The 2D IR spectra expose a significant distribution of nitrile frequencies that diffuse at equilibrium on ultrafast time scales ranging from hundreds of femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds. The slow spectral diffusion of the cyanovinyl arm of the inhibitor is attributed to its interaction with the backbone and side chains in the hydrophobic tunnel. The results show that the inhibitor cyano modes lose memory of their structural configurations relative to the hydrophobic pocket within tens of picoseconds. The cross-peaks between the two arms of the drug are tentatively attributed to relaxation of the nitrile state with both arms excited.
Noninvasive multidetector computed tomography enterography in patients with small-bowel crohn's disease: is a 40-second delay better than 70 seconds?
Authors: Vandenbroucke F. , Mortelé K. J. , Tatli S. , Pelsser V. , Erturk S. M. , de Mey J. , Silverman S. G.
Published: November 2007

Background: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) enterography combines neutral enteric contrast with intravenously administered contrast material. The optimal intravenous (IV) contrast material protocol has still not been established.

Purpose: To determine the optimal delay time to image patients with small-bowel Crohn's disease during MDCT enterography.

Material and Methods: After oral administration of 1350 ml of neutral contrast medium, 26 patients with small-bowel Crohn's disease underwent MDCT enterography; scans were obtained 40 s (enteric phase) and 70 s (parenchymal phase) after IV administration of 100 ml of iodinated contrast material. Three radiologists, blinded to clinical and pathological findings, independently and retrospectively evaluated each scan in two separate reading sessions for the presence or absence of CT features of Crohn's disease activity. The interobserver agreement was evaluated, and the efficacy of each phase in detecting active disease in the terminal ileum for each reader was determined. The gold standard was pathology ( n = 13), endoscopy ( n = 3), and clinical evaluation ( n = 10).

Results: No statistically significant difference was present between the enteric and the parenchymal phase for each reader in each segment regarding the presence or absence of CT features of Crohn's disease. The interobserver agreement for the presence of five main features of active Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum ranged from poor to excellent. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy for active Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum ranged from 40 to 90%, 88 to 100%, 70 to 94%, 44 to 100%, and 69 to 96%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two phases for each reader.

Conclusion: MDCT enterography in patients with suspected active Crohn's disease can be obtained at either 40 s or 70 s after IV contrast material.
Alternative function for the mitochondrial SAM complex in biogenesis of α-helical TOM proteins
Authors: Stojanovski Diana , Guiard Bernard , Kozjak-Pavlovic Vera , Pfanner Nikolaus , Meisinger Chris
Published: November 2007

The mitochondrial outer membrane contains two preprotein translocases: the general translocase of outer membrane (TOM) and the β-barrel–specific sorting and assembly machinery (SAM). TOM functions as the central entry gate for nuclear-encoded proteins. The channel-forming Tom40 is a β-barrel protein, whereas all Tom receptors and small Tom proteins are membrane anchored by a transmembrane α-helical segment in their N- or C-terminal portion. Synthesis of Tom precursors takes place in the cytosol, and their import occurs via preexisting TOM complexes. The precursor of Tom40 is then transferred to SAM for membrane insertion and assembly. Unexpectedly, we find that the biogenesis of α-helical Tom proteins with a membrane anchor in the C-terminal portion is SAM dependent. Each SAM protein is necessary for efficient membrane integration of the receptor Tom22, whereas assembly of the small Tom proteins depends on Sam37. Thus, the substrate specificity of SAM is not restricted to β-barrel proteins but also includes the majority of α-helical Tom proteins.
Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest
Authors: HULCR JIRI , MOGIA MARTIN , ISUA BRUS , NOVOTNY VOJTECH
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. Bark and ambrosia beetles are crucial for woody biomass decomposition in tropical forests worldwide. Despite that, quantitative data on their host specificity are scarce.

2. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) were reared from 13 species of tropical trees representing 11 families from all major lineages of dicotyledonous plants. Standardised samples of beetle‐infested twigs, branches, trunks, and roots were taken from three individuals of each tree species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea.

3. A total of 81 742 beetles from 74 species were reared, 67 of them identified. Local species richness of bark and ambrosia beetles was estimated at 80–92 species.

4. Ambrosia beetles were broad generalists as 95% of species did not show any preference for a particular host species or clade. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from different tree species was not correlated with phylogenetic distances between tree species. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from individual conspecific trees was not higher than that from heterospecific trees and different parts of the trees hosted similar ambrosia beetle communities, as only a few species preferred particular tree parts.

5. In contrast, phloeophagous bark beetles showed strict specificity to host plant genus or family. However, this guild was poor in species (12 species) and restricted to only three plant families (Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Sapindaceae).

6. Local diversity of both bark and ambrosia beetles is not driven by the local diversity of trees in tropical forests, since ambrosia beetles display no host specificity and bark beetles are species poor and restricted to a few plant families.
Detecting the impact of oceano‐climatic changes on marine ecosystems using a multivariate index: The case of the Bay of Biscay (North Atlantic‐European Ocean)
Authors: HEMERY GEORGES , D'AMICO FRANK , CASTEGE IKER , DUPONT BERNARD , D'ELBEE JEAN , LALANNE YANN , MOUCHES CLAUDE
Published: November 2007

Large‐scale univariate climate indices (such as NAO) are thought to outperform local weather variables in the explanation of trends in animal numbers but are not always suitable to describe regional scale patterns. We advocate the use of a Multivariate Oceanic and Climatic index (MOCI), derived from ‘synthetic’ and independent variables from a linear combination of the total initial variables objectively obtained from Principal Component Analysis. We test the efficacy of the index using long‐term data from marine animal populations. The study area is the southern half of the Bay of Biscay (43°–47°N; western Europe). Between 1974 and 2000 we monitored cetaceans and seabirds along 131000 standardized line transects from ships. Fish abundance was derived from commercial fishery landings. We used 44 initial variables describing the oceanic and atmospheric conditions and characterizing the four annual seasons in the Bay of Biscay. The first principal component of our MOCI is called the South Biscay Climate (SBC) index. The winter NAO index was correlated to this SBC index. Inter‐annual fluctuations for most seabird, cetacean and fish populations were significant. Boreal species (e.g. gadiformes fish species, European storm petrel and Razorbill …) with affinities to cold temperate waters declined significantly over time while two (Puffin and Killer Whale) totally disappeared from the area during the study period. Meridional species with affinities to hotter waters increased in population size. Those medium‐term demographic trends may reveal a regime shift for this part of the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the specific observed trends were highly correlated to the SBC index and not to the NAO. Between 40% and 60% of temporal variations in species abundance were explained by the multivariate SBC index suggesting that the whole marine ecosystem is strongly affected by a limited number of physical parameters revealed by the multivariate SBC index. Aside the statistical error of the field measurements, the remaining variation unexplained by the physical characteristics of the environment correspond to the impact of anthropogenic activities such overfishing and oil‐spills.
Optimisation of hard pretzel production
Authors: Yao Ni , Floros John D. , Seetharaman Koushik
Published: November 2007

Absence of a thorough understanding of the baking conditions on hard pretzel quality has resulted in considerable loss of production and on productivity. Baking time, oven zone 1 temperature, drying time and kiln drying temperature were identified as important factors affecting pretzel quality in modern pretzel production, from a total of eleven factors following a screening experiment design. A central composite circumscribe design was then employed to optimise these four variables. The test for lack of fit was not significant (P < 0.05) for the responses, except for colour a* values. The analysis of variance of the responses indicated that models explained 99%, 91% and 87% variability for moisture content, ΔEab and pasting time, respectively. The four variables were optimised when pretzel moisture content, ΔEab and pasting time were considered simultaneously using desirability function approach. Validation experiment results revealed that the two most important qualities of pretzel, moisture content and ΔEab could be reliably predicted.
Modelling microbial growth in meat broth with added lactic acid under refrigerated storage
Authors: Cardenas Fernanda C. , Giannuzzi Leda , Zaritzky Noemí E.
Published: November 2007

Lactic acid is a classical preservative in meat industry and it is used with high efficiency on sanitization of meat surfaces. This work analyses the effect of temperature and added lactic acid on the growth of different beef muscle‐isolated bacteria: Pseudomonas sp. and two enterobacteria identified as Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli, in a liquid model system. Inoculation levels between 104 and 106 CFU mL−1 in a culture medium of meat extract broth at 2% were studied, with addition of lactic acid in concentrations of 0.29, 0.39 and 0.58 m, which allowed to reach pH values of 6.1, 5.8 and 5.6 respectively. Culture media inoculated with each micro‐organism were incubated at three temperatures: 0, 4 and 10 °C in aerobiosis; bacterial counts as a function of time were mathematically modelled by applying Gompertz equation. Derived parameters: lag phase (LPD), specific growth rate (μ) and maximum population density were calculated. When the observed effect was bacteriostactic a linear regression was used. Results were compared with a meat extract broth control at pH = 7. At 10 °C added lactic acid produced a higher variation in μ values for Klebsiella sp. and E. coli, whereas LPD values were modified between six and three times for each micro‐organism. The highest LPD values were observed for E. coli, followed by Pseudomonas and finally by Klebsiella. LPD values for E. coli at 0 °C ranged between 40 and 50 days, whereas at 10 °C they varied between 3 and 6.5 days. Escherichia coli did not grow at 0 °C, except when the control system was at pH 7. The effect of temperature on μ values was modelled through an Arrhenius type equation and the corresponding activation energies were determined; μ and LPD values were correlated with the undissociated acid concentration for the three tested temperatures.
Effect of malt pretreatment on HCl extractability of calcium, phosphorus and iron of sorghum (Sorghum biocolor) cultivars
Authors: Idris Wisal H. , Abdel Rahaman Samia M. , ElMaki Hagir B. , Babiker Elfadil E. , El Tinay Abdullahi H.
Published: November 2007

Sorghum grains of cultivars Wad Ahmed and Tabat were germinated for 4 days to obtain 1‐, 2‐ and 4‐day‐old malts. Sorghum malt was added at a concentration of 5% and 10% to ground whole sorghum flour. Malting was found to have no effect on minerals content. However, soaking of the seeds prior germination was slightly decreased minerals content. HCl extractability (an index of bioavailability) of Ca, P and Fe was investigated. HCl‐extractable Ca, P and Fe of raw ground whole sorghum flour of WadAhmed cultivar were found to be 32.5%, 42.5% and 3.8%, while for Tabat were 35.7%, 44.4% and 5.7%, respectively. Malt pretreatment of the flour significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved minerals extractability with an increase in malt concentration and incubation period. Incubation of 10%, 4‐day‐old malt with ground whole sorghum flour for 120 min was found to improve HCl extractability of Ca to 103%, P to 104% and Fe to 23% for WadAhmed cultivar, while for Tabat were improved to 102%, 86% and 26%, respectively.
Irradiated herbs and spices detection: light‐induced fading of the photo‐stimulated luminescence response
Authors: Bortolin Emanuela , Boniglia Concetta , Calicchia Arcangelo , Alberti Angelo , Fuochi Piergiorgio , Onori Sandro
Published: November 2007

Reliability of the photo‐stimulated luminescence (PSL) technique, both as screening and identification methods, has been tested with several kinds of irradiated herbs and spices over a long period of storage. To check the influence of storage modality on the PSL response, the samples were divided into groups kept in environments with different light exposure. The results clearly indicate a marked light‐induced bleaching of the PSL signal, which may lead to a false negative classification, in a significant percentage, for spices stored in typical market conditions. To limit the occurrence of wrong classifications, the suggestion reported in the European Committee of Normalization Standard 13751 to draw the necessary amount of product from a light‐protected position becomes mandatory. Thermoluminescence measurements, performed for comparison purposes, gave correct results for all the samples tested.
CaCl2, CuSO4 and AlCl3 & NaHCO3 as possible pectin precipitants in sugar juice clarification
Authors: Lević Ljubinko , Tekić Miodrag , Djurić Mirjana , Kuljanin Tatjana
Published: November 2007

Three pectins were isolated by 150 min extraction, at pH: 1, 3.5 and 8.5, from slices of fresh sugar‐beet. Three precipitants (CaCl2, CuSO4and AlCl3&NaHCO3) were added to 100 cm3 of 0.1% solutions of pectins. CaCl2 and CuSO4 were applied as solutions (whose concentrations were: 0.76 g dm−3 and 0.5 g dm−3, respectively) and AlCl3&NaHCO3 was used as a powder of the proportion 1:1.04. Seven volumes of CaCl2 solution (ranging of 0.5–6.5 dm3) and seven volumes of CuSO4 solution (ranging of 0.5–6 dm3) were poured in flasks as well as eight quantities of AlCl3&NaHCO3 powder (ranging of 30–600 mg). Each precipitation process lasted for 10 h. The efficiency of precipitation was determined by measuring both the Zeta potential values and quantity of residual colloids after the precipitation. Optimal quantities of the applied precipitants were estimated as follows: 0.54% CaCl2, 0.24% CuSO4 and 0.64% AlCl3&NaHCO3 on sugar‐beet, which is much lower than 1–3% CaO commonly used in everyday sugar production.
Application of failure mode and effect analysis and cause and effect analysis and Pareto diagram in conjunction with HACCP to a chocolate‐producing industry: a case study of tentative GMO detection at pilot plant scale
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Savelides Socrates C.
Published: November 2007

Although the application of hazard analysis critical control point in the food industry dates back to the 1970s, a more quantitative and reliable approach towards risk assessment became feasible through application of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) model. A tentative approach of FMEA application to a filled chocolate‐producing industry was attempted in an effort to exclude the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the final product. This is of crucial importance both from the moral (ethics) and the legislation (EC 1829/2003; EC 1830/2003; EC 18/2001) point of view. Two structured methods (preliminary hazard analysis and fault tree analysis) were used to analyse and predict the occurring failure modes in food chain system, based on the functions, characteristics and/or interactions of the ingredients or the processes, upon which the system depends. Cause and effect diagram (also known as Ishikawa, tree diagram and fishbone diagram) and Pareto diagram emerged as two very useful and effective tools towards optimising the GMO detection potential of FMEA.
Release of antioxidants from poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) films into dry milk products and food simulating liquids
Authors: Van Aardt Marleen , Duncan Susan Ellen , Marcy Joseph Edward , Long Timothy Edward , O'Keefe Sean Francis , Sims Susan Rae
Published: November 2007

Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) (50:50) films loaded with antioxidants, such as 2%α‐tocopherol, or a combination of 1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 1% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), were used in an antioxidant release study in water and oil at 4 and 25 °C, and to evaluate the stability of dry whole milk and dry buttermilk in the presence and absence of light. BHT was the only antioxidant that was released through diffusion and hydrolytic degradation of the polymer, when stored in water at room temperature for 8 weeks. As expected, polymer degradation did not take place when antioxidant‐loaded films were stored in oil, whole milk powder (3.01% moisture) and buttermilk powder (4.60% moisture). However, α‐tocopherol, BHA and BHT were released through diffusion from 0 to 21.9, 0 to 60.0 and 0 to 192.0‐mg kg−1 milk fat, respectively, in whole milk powder after 4 weeks of storage at 25 °C. Pentanal, and not heptanal or hexanal, was significantly decreased when buttermilk powders were packaged in contact with BHA/BHT‐loaded PLGA films.
Effects of changes in ingredient composition on the rheological properties of a biscuit industry dough
Authors: Perego Patrizia , Sordi Andrea , Guastalli Romilbert , Converti Attilio
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the effects of changes in the amounts of ingredients added to a biscuit dough on its rheological behaviour. The main rheological characteristics of dough used in the biscuit industry were analysed. The effects of the main ingredients and their impact on both process and biscuit were investigated to ensure the colour, taste and dimension of the finished product, and both consumer and packaging requirements. The results obtained showed, either by online or laboratory‐scale tests, that variations in the proportions of ingredients with respect to the original recipe can impact on the elastic flow strain of dough. A significant influence of the enzymatic activity on elasticity and extensibility was observed, which was directly associated with mixing temperature profile and working time. Opposite influence of water and flour variations on gluten network mobility was noticed. Variations in the proportions of other components, such as sugars and fats, were also shown to influence the rheological properties of dough, the largest effects being observed during the initial phases.
Eating quality of ‘Flor de Invierno’ pears: chemical and structural aspects
Authors: Varela Paula , Salvador Ana , Hernando Isabel , Pérez‐Munuera Isabel , Quiles Amparo , Ángeles Lluch Maria A. , Fiszman Susana M.
Published: November 2007

The eating quality of ‘Flor de Invierno’ pears in ambient conditions was studied. The samples were stored for 7 months in refrigeration and then for different periods (0, 7, 14 and 20 days) at 20 °C without atmosphere control. The samples were analysed using various different techniques: instrumental texture (penetration), microstructure (Cryo‐SEM and LM), image analysis, acidity, soluble solids, cell wall enzyme activity (PME, Endo‐PG), and consumer acceptance/rejection. The acceptance percentage of the pear samples fell with storage time at 20 °C, from more than 80% on day 0, to 30% for 14 and 20‐day samples. This drop in acceptability was related to losses in texture (softer and less crisp fruits) and lower acid/sugar ratio, as well as to a loss of cell wall integrity observed at a microscopic level as a result of the activation of the PME and PG enzymes during ripening.
Comparative addition of rosemary extract and additives on sensory and antioxidant properties of retail packaged beef
Authors: McBride Nuala T.M. , Hogan Sean A. , Kerry Joe P.
Published: November 2007

The antioxidant capacity of an organoleptically mild, water‐ and oil‐soluble rosemary extract (RE) was compared with tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisol (BHA)/tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin E (through dietary supplementation). An optimum concentration of RE (0.1%) was established from sensory trials and used for subsequent analyses. Beef burgers containing added antioxidants were held under simulated retail conditions and monitored for lipid (TBARS) and colour (Hunter ‘a’) stability. RE was more effective in controlling lipid oxidation in aerobically stored samples compared with control or BHA/BHT samples. Similar findings were observed for burgers stored under modified atmosphere although RE was also more effective than vitamin E under these conditions. Addition of RE to vitamin E supplemented beef resulted in lowest TBARS values and suggests a synergistic effect between RE and vitamin E. RE did not improve meat redness compared with other treatments. Water and oil (O/W) soluble RE offers considerable potential as a natural antioxidant for food products.
The technology and properties of Omashikwa, a traditional fermented buttermilk produced by small‐holder milk producers in Namibia
Authors: Bille Peter G. , Buys Elna , Taylor John R.N.
Published: November 2007

The production process and quality of Omashikwa, a traditional fermented buttermilk made with roots of the Omunkunzi tree (Boscia albitrunca), produced by the local farmers in Namibia, were studied. Omashikwa is characterised by bitter and rancid flavour, a high acidity, low pH, a rooty taste and a slimy consistency. The quality of Omashikwa (TO) from rural producers and experimental Omashikwa (EO) produced in the laboratory were compared. This was done to determine Omashikwa’s potential for improved food security and income generation of rural communities in Namibia. EO had a higher pH, lower acidity, higher fat and solids‐not‐fat contents, no filth, higher viscosity, lower syneresis and low total microbial counts. Higher sensory scores were also given to EO by consumer panelists. No strains of pathogenic bacteria were found in either product. Application of good manufacturing practices and the use of known starter culture seem to be effective methods of improving the quality of Omashikwa.
Gelling properties of a κ/ι hybrid carrageenan: effect of concentration and steady shear
Authors: Hilliou Loïc , Gonçalves Maria P.
Published: November 2007

The gelling properties of κ/ι hybrid carrageenans extracted from Portuguese seaweeds have been studied for various concentrations and shear conditions. The gel equilibrium storage modulus in 0.05 m KCl shows a power law dependence with the biopolymer concentration. Data analysis with a fibril model indicates that the fractal dimension of networking fibrils differ from the one displayed by pure κ‐ or ι‐carrageenan fibrils. κ/ι hybrid carrageenan gels show thermal hysteresis reminiscent from κ‐carrageenan gels under similar salt conditions. Application of steady shear rate during the cooling of a hot κ/ι hybrid carrageenan solution impedes the gel formation. However, a shear‐rate‐dependent gel structural rebuilding is observed after shear cessation. Shear‐processed gels are softer and show a depressed melting temperature when compared with gels formed under quiescent conditions. These experimental results are compared with data obtained with pure κ‐carrageenan and pure ι‐carrageenan solutions under similar steady shear and salt conditions.
Use of soybean isolate in coated foods: simulation study employing glass balls and substantiation with extruded products
Authors: Agarwal Kalpesh , Bhattacharya Suvendu
Published: November 2007

Simulation studies on coating using glass balls as ideal solid and soy flour isolate dispersions of different concentrations (10–25%) and at different temperatures (20–50 °C) were conducted. A few coating parameters such as total uptake of dispersion, solid uptake, dimensionless uptake (DU) and uptake per unit area were determined. Further, the study was extended by using corn‐soy extrudates in place of glass balls while using soy flour isolate dispersion of same concentrations and maintained temperature ranges. Rheological characteristics of the dispersions like flow behaviour index, consistency index, apparent viscosity and yield stress were determined to relate them with coating behaviour. The dispersions behaved like a non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning fluid and exhibited yield stress between 0.75 and 1.72 Pa. An increase in concentration of solids in the dispersion increased yield stress, consistency index and apparent viscosity while the flow behaviour index decreased from 0.67 and 0.39. Inter‐relationships between various rheological and coating characteristics were determined; simulation studies on coating by employing glass balls can provide a good interrelation of |r| ≥ 0.88–0.99 that is comparable with |r| ≥ 0.69–0.99 (P ≤ 0.01) obtained with actual experimentation using corn‐soy extrudates.
Screening for natural defence mechanisms of Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from traditional starter cultures
Authors: Miklič Andreja , Rogelj Irena
Published: November 2007

Three different bacterial defence mechanisms were identified in the seventeen Lactococcus lactis isolates from starter cultures in three Slovenian dairy plants. Isolates MB18, KR7, PT4, PT13 and PT19 inhibited phage adsorption by means of exopolysaccharides production. The most extensive polysaccharides production was detected in PT19 isolate, which was susceptible only to phage ΦPT19. Eight isolates exhibited nuclease activity, and seven of them were susceptible up to four phages out of thirteen from our collection. Eight isolates possessed the abiB gene, fourteen isolates abiH, two isolates abiJ and one isolate abiQ. Isolates PT27 and PT28 possessed AbiB, AbiH and AbiJ mechanisms as well as inhibition of phage adsorption. Isolate MB18, which was susceptible to one phage only, possessed the abiQ gene, nuclease activity and ability to prevent adsorption of most phages. Isolates PT67 and PT70, possessing only AbiH mechanism, were susceptible to only two phages.
Nutritional quality of protein‐enrichedmumu– a traditional cereal food product
Authors: Ingbian Emmanuel K. , Adegoke Gabriel O.
Published: November 2007

Protein‐enrichedmumuwas produced using maize supplemented with soybeans or groundnut. Supplementation of maize with groundnut or soybeans at the ratios of 85:15, 80:20, 75:25 and 70:30, respectively to produce maize:groundnut or maize:soybean blends was carried out. Proximate compositions and sensory evaluation of the blends were determined. The rat‐based protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body‐weight changes were used to assay the protein nutritive quality. Chemical compositions indicated significant increases (P < 0.05) in the protein and fat contents of the supplemented products. Soybean supplemented products had significantly (P < 0.05) higher positive body‐weight changes than groundnut supplemented products. The PER of 1.6–2.19 for the soybean supplemented products were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding PER of −0.2 to −1.5 for the groundnut supplemented products. Supplementation with soybeans beyond 25% did not further improve the protein quality.