bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CoSe2 Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanohorns as a Methanol‐Tolerant Cathode for Air‐Breathing Microlaminar Flow Fuel Cells
Authors: Unni Sreekuttan M. , Mora‐Hernandez Juan M. , Kurungot Sreekumar , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas
Published: June 2015

The synthesis of CoSe2 nanoparticles supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanohorns (CoSe2/NCNH) and the influence of the interaction of the metal centre with the NCNH on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are reported. CoSe2/NCNH shows a 50 mV lower onset overpotential and a 150 mV positive shift in the half‐wave potential compared to CoSe2 supported on carbon and carbon nanohorns. This suggests that the intrinsic activity and the density of active reaction centres of CoSe2 are modified by NCNHs. An air‐breathing direct methanol microlaminar flow fuel cell (μLFFC) is constructed using CoSe2/NCNH as a methanol‐tolerant cathode catalyst. A maximum power density of 10.05 mW cm−2 and a maximum current density of 124.20 mA cm−2 are achieved with CoSe2/NCNH compared to the non‐doped catalyst, CoSe2/C and Pt/C with 5 M methanol as the fuel. The improved activity of CoSe2/NCNH is attributed to the peculiar morphology and the nitrogen doping of the carbon nanohorns. This catalyst could be a suitable alternative to Pt.
Polyoxomolybdate Bisphosphonate Heterometallic Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Activity on a Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Saad Ali , Zhu Wei , Rousseau Guillaume , Mialane Pierre , Marrot Jérôme , Haouas Mohamed , Taulelle Francis , Dessapt Rémi , Serier‐Brault Hélène , Rivière Eric , Kubo Tadahiko , Oldfield Eric , Dolbecq Anne
Published: June 2015

Six polyoxometalates containing MnII, MnIII, or FeIII as the heteroelement were synthesized in water by treating MoVI precursors with biologically active bisphosphonates (alendronate (Ale), zoledronate (Zol), an n‐alkyl bisphosphonate (BPC9), an aminoalkyl bisphosphonate (BPC8NH2)) in the presence of additional metal ions. The Pt complex was synthesized from a polyoxomolybdate bisphosphonate precursor with MoVI ions linked by the 2‐pyridyl analogue of alendronate (AlePy). The complexes Mo4Ale2Mn, Mo4Zol2Mn, Mo4Ale2Fe, Mo4Zol2Fe, Mo4(BPC8NH2)2Fe, and Mo4(BPC9)2Fe contain two dinuclear MoVI cores bound to a central heterometallic ion. The oxidation state of manganese was determined by magnetic measurements. Complexes Mo12(AlePy)4 and Mo12(AlePy)4Pt4 were studied by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and the photochromic properties were investigated in the solid state; both methods confirmed the complexation of Pt. Activity against the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF‐7 was determined and the most potent compound was MnIII‐containing Mo4Zol2Mn (IC50≈1.3 μM). Unlike results obtained with vanadium‐containing polyoxometalate bisphosphonates, cell growth inhibition was rescued by the addition of geranylgeraniol, which reverses the effects of bisphosphonates on isoprenoid biosynthesis/protein prenylation. The results indicate an important role for both the heterometallic element and the bisphosphonate ligand in the mechanism of action of the most active compounds.
IsoCombretaQuinazolines: Potent Cytotoxic Agents with Antitubulin Activity
Authors: Soussi Mohamed Ali , Provot Olivier , Bernadat Guillaume , Bignon Jérome , Desravines Déborah , Dubois Joëlle , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Messaoudi Samir , Alami Mouad
Published: June 2015

A series of novel isocombretaquinazolines (isoCoQ) 4 were quickly prepared by coupling N‐toluenesulfonylhydrazones with 4‐chloroquinazolines under palladium catalysis. These compounds, which can be regarded as isocombretastatin A‐4 (isoCA‐4) analogues that lack the 3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl ring, displayed nanomolar‐level cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines and were observed to effectively inhibit tubulin polymerization. The isoCoQ compounds 2‐methoxy‐5‐(1‐(2‐methylquinazolin‐4‐yl)vinyl)phenol (4 b), 4‐[1‐(3‐fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)vinyl]‐2‐methylquinazoline (4 c), and 2‐methoxy‐5‐(1‐(2‐methylquinazolin‐4‐yl)vinyl)aniline (4 d), which respectively bear the greatest resemblance to isoCA‐4, isoFCA‐4, and isoNH2CA‐4, are able to arrest HCT116 cancer cells in the G2/M cell‐cycle phase at very low concentrations. Preliminary in vitro antivascular assay results show that 4 d is able to disrupt a network of capillary‐like structures formed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells on Matrigel. All these results clearly demonstrate that replacement of the 3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl ring of isoCA‐4 with a quinazoline nucleus is a feasible approach toward new and highly promising derivatives with the potential for further development as antitubulin agents.
Synthesis and Morphology of Two Carbazole–Pyrazoline‐Containing Polymer Systems and Their Electrical Memory Performance
Authors: Lu Cai‐jian , Li Hua , Xu Qing‐feng , Xu Qing‐hua , Lu Jian‐mei
Published: June 2015

A new atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator 4‐[1‐(2‐dodecyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinolin‐6‐yl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl]phenyl 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropanoate (IN) as an electron acceptor (A) and a monomer 2‐(9H‐carbazole‐9‐yl)‐ethyl methacrylate (MCz) as an electron donor (D) were simultaneously introduced into two different D–A polymer systems by using the end‐functionalizing or blending method. The mass percentage of IN in the end‐functionalized polymer PMCz‐IN and the mixed polymer composite PMCz+IN were both controlled at approximately 1.0 wt %. The optical, electrochemical, and surface morphology properties of the two polymeric films prepared by means of spin‐coating technology were comparatively investigated. Sandwich devices based on PMCz‐IN and PMCz+IN demonstrated nonvolatile write‐once‐read‐many‐times memory (WORM) and volatile static random access memory (SRAM) characteristics, respectively, which were further verified by the Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements. The proposed memory mechanism could be attributed to the formation of a stable charge‐transfer (CT) complex for PMCz‐IN and an unstable CT complex for PMCz+IN. Furthermore, the different distribution of IN in the two polymeric films might be the main reason for the stability of the CT complex.
Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis: Measuring Psychological Change Using Repertory Grids
Authors: Randal Chloe , Bucci Sandra , Morera Tirma , Barrett Moya , Pratt Daniel
Published: June 2015

There are an increasing, but limited, number of studies investigating the benefits of mindfulness interventions for people experiencing psychosis. To our knowledge, changes following mindfulness for psychosis have not yet been explored from a personal construct perspective. This study had two main aims: (i) to explore changes in the way a person construes their self, others and their experience of psychosis following a Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) group; and (ii) to replicate the findings of other studies exploring the feasibility and potential benefits of MBCT for psychosis. Sixteen participants, with experience of psychosis, completed an 8‐week MBCT group. Participants completed pre‐group and post‐group assessments including a repertory grid, in addition to a range of outcome measures. There was some evidence of changes in construing following MBCT, with changes in the way participants viewed their ideal self and recovered self, and an indication of increased self‐understanding. Improvements were found in participants' self‐reported ability to act with awareness and in recovery. This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential benefits of MBCT groups for people experiencing psychosis. Furthermore, it provides some evidence of changes in construal following MBCT that warrant further exploration. Large‐scale controlled trials of MBCT for psychosis are needed, as well as studies investigating the mechanisms of change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

MBCT may contribute to change in individuals' perceptions and increase self‐understanding.

The study highlights the importance of measuring change in recovery following MBCT.

Findings support the need for person‐centred approaches to assessment and monitoring of personal change following therapy.

Similar studies using a control group are needed in order to identify whether the changes found are attributable to participation in an MBCT group.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐voltage compliant microelectrode array drivers for intracortical microstimulation
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Md. , Raut Rabin , Sawan Mohamad
Published: June 2015

We present in this paper two low‐power high‐impedance microelectrode array drivers (MEDs) dedicated for visual intracortical microstimulation. These output stages of a new microstimulator are highly configurable and able to deliver higher compliance voltage (20 V for anodic and cathodic phases) across microelectrode‐tissue interface impedance compared with previously reported designs. Each MED is featured with a high‐voltage switch‐matrix, 3.3 V/20 V current mirrors, an on‐chip 32‐bit serial‐in parallel‐out shift register, and the new forbidden state logic circuits. Both systems are able to deliver eight bipolar or 16 monopolar stimulation simultaneously. The first MED is able to deliver one stimulation current level and the second one provides four different current amplitudes simultaneously to 16 electrodes. Two microchips have been designed and fabricated using Teledyne DALSA 0.8 µm 5V/ 20v double‐diffused metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (Teledyne DALSA Semiconductor, Bromont, Québec, Canada) technology to meet the required high‐voltage compliance. The nominal values of largest supply voltages are ±10 V. The maximum stimulation current per input channel is 400 μA and per output channel through an emulated microelectrode impedance of 100 kΩ is 100 μA. The measured output compliance voltage is 10 V/phase (anodic or cathodic) for the specified supply voltages. Increment of supply voltages to ±13 V allows 220 μA stimulation current per output channel enhancing the output compliance voltage up to 20 V/phase. The measured quiescent power consumptions of the proposed microelectrode array drivers are 316 and 735 μW, respectively. Post‐layout simulation and measurement results of two MEDs and comparison with other designs have been reported in this paper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clock gating methodologies and tools: a survey
Authors: Pouiklis Georgios , Sirakoulis Georgios Ch.
Published: June 2015

Clock gating (CG) is a widely used design method for reducing the dynamic power consumption in digital circuits. Although it is a mature technique, theoretical work and tools for its application are still evolving and considered a matter of ongoing research, due to its significant effect in the overall power of the designs under study. This paper introduces a detailed review of the spectrum of CG approaches, theoretical and practical, from an architectural and register transfer level to synthesis, place and route, and testing issues. Furthermore, tools availability, limitations, and requirements concerning CG are examined for each design flow step. Conclusively, an evaluation of the presented techniques and literature is provided, estimating their usefulness and identifying areas for future research, exploration, and automation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of saliva and fingerprints as alternative specimens to urine and blood in forensic drug testing
Authors: Kuwayama Kenji , Miyaguchi Hajime , Yamamuro Tadashi , Tsujikawa Kenji , Kanamori Tatsuyuki , Iwata Yuko T. , Inoue Hiroyuki
Published: June 2015

In forensic drug testing, it is important to immediately take biological specimens from suspects and victims to prove their drug intake. We evaluated the effectiveness of saliva and fingerprints as alternative specimens to urine and blood in terms of ease of sampling, drug detection sensitivity, and drug detection periods for each specimen type. After four commercially available pharmaceutical products were administered to healthy subjects, each in a single dose, their urine, blood, saliva, and fingerprints were taken at predetermined sampling times over approximately four weeks. Fourteen analytes (the administered drugs and their main metabolites) were extracted from each specimen using simple pretreatments, such as dilution and deproteinization, and were analyzed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Most of the analytes were detected in saliva and fingerprints, as well as in urine and blood. The time‐courses of drug concentrations were similar between urine and fingerprints, and between blood and saliva. Compared to the other compounds, the acidic compounds, for example ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, were more difficult to detect in all specimens. Acetaminophen, dihydrocodeine, and methylephedrine were detected in fingerprints at later sampling times than in urine. However, a relationship between the drug structures and their detection periods in each specimen was not found. Saliva and fingerprints could be easily sampled on site without using special techniques or facilities. In addition, fingerprints could be immediately analyzed after simple and rapid treatment. In cases where it would be difficult to immediately obtain urine and blood, saliva and fingerprints could be effective alternative specimens for drug testing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological variation of the cardiac index in patients with stable chronic heart failure: inert gas rebreathing compared with impedance cardiography
Authors: Täger Tobias , Fröhlich Hanna , Franke Jennifer , Slottje Karen , Horsch Andrea , Zdunek Dietmar , Hess Georg , Dösch Andreas , Katus Hugo A. , Wians Frank H. , Frankenstein Lutz
Published: June 2015

Aims

In chronic heart failure (CHF), changes in cardiac function define the course of the disease. The cardiac index (CI) is the most adequate indicator of cardiac function. Interpretation of serial CI measurements, however, requires knowledge of the biological variation of CI. Because measurements of CI can be confounded by the clinical situation or the method applied, biological variation might be subject to the same confounders.

Methods and results

We prospectively included 50 CHF patients who met rigid criteria for clinical stability. CI was measured by both inert gas rebreathing (IGR) and impedance cardiography (ICG) in weekly intervals over 3 weeks—each measurement performed at rest (IGRrest/ICGrest) and during low‐exercise 10 Watt pedalling (IGR10W/ICG10W). Intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs), reference change values, and minimal important differences of CI were determined for IGRrest, ICGrest, IGR10W, and ICG10W. Impedance cardiography and IGR showed moderate agreement at rest (20% (6–36)) and good agreement at 10 Watt (−4% (−23–16)). Depending on time interval, measurement modality for CI, and mode, ICC ranged between 0.42 and 0.78, ICC values for IGR were lower than those for ICG. Reference change value ranged between 3 and 15%, and minimal important difference ranged between 0.2 and 0.5 L/min/m2. Values for IGR were lower at rest and higher at 10 Watt than those for ICG.

Conclusion

Non‐invasive measurements of CI are stable over time. Measurement modalities for CI, however, are not interchangeable. Biological variation is less pronounced when obtained by ICG. The influence of low‐level exercise on stability of CI depends on the measurement modality.
Water‐Soluble, Monodisperse, Lanthanide‐Doped Y(Gd)VO4 Nanocrystals as Promising Multimodal Bioprobe
Authors: Chen Cailing , Li Chunguang , Li Tao , Liu Jianhua , Huang He , Bai Tianyu , Wang Zhaorui , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua
Published: June 2015

Monodisperse and water‐soluble lanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped Y(Gd)VO4 nanocrystals (NCs) have been successfully synthesized by a fast, facile, and environmentally friendly microwave‐assisted route with poly(acrylic acid) as the surfactant. The Y(Gd)VO4:5 %Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Dy, Sm) NCs have unique fluorescence properties and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based white solid nanocomposites containing YVO4:5 %Eu3+ NCs show red emission upon UV irradiation. GdVO4 NCs can act as CT and MRI contrast agents as a result of their magnetic and X‐ray absorption properties. A layer of SiO2 was coated onto the surfaces of the nanoparticles and MTT assays were carried out to test the cytotoxicity of the YVO4@SiO2 and GdVO4 NCs. The results indicate that the Y(Gd)VO4 NCs have potential in multimodal optical/MRI/CT bio‐imaging.
Bismuth(III)‐Promoted Acetylation of Thio­ethers into Thioacetates
Authors: Jevric Martyn , Petersen Anne Ugleholdt , Mansø Mads , Madsen Anders Østergaard , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: June 2015

The thioacetate group is extensively employed as an anchoring group for attachment of molecules onto gold surfaces or between electrodes in molecular electronics. On account of its ready hydrolysis, it is often incorporated in the last step of a synthetic sequence from the corresponding tert‐butyl thioether. Here we present a particularly convenient method for this conversion using AcCl in combination with Bi(OTf)3, which is known as an environmentally friendly salt. A large variety of redox‐active and photoactive substrates with tert‐butyl thioether end‐cap(s) was prepared, including molecules incorporating dithiafulvene, dicyanoethylene, dihydroazulene, fulleropyrrolidine, and triazole units, and successfully subjected to a BiIII promoted conversion into products with thioacetate end‐cap(s). The azide group could also withstand these conditions, which allowed us to prepare S‐(4‐azidophenyl) ethanethioate that presents a convenient building block for subsequent CuAAC reactions.
Scope and Mechanistic Limitations of a Sonogashira Coupling Reaction on an ­Imidazole Backbone
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Bjørsvik Hans‐René
Published: June 2015

A Sonogashira coupling reaction method to join terminal alkynes to the imidazole backbone was developed and investigated. The method exhibits good functional group tolerance and provides target 4‐alkynylated imidazoles in 70–93 % yield. The alkyne reagents were characterized by means of DFT calculations, from which electrostatic potential surfaces (EPS) were produced. A clear correlation between the EPS of the triple bond and the success of the coupling reaction was revealed. If the EPS is in range –94 to –105 kJ mol–1 the coupling is successful. An unsuccessful class of reagents (alkynols) was made compatible by means of an auxiliary group (tert‐butyldimethylsilyl). EPSs of these modified reagents then resembled those of the model and these auxiliary‐assisted reagents then coupled successfully in excellent yields.
RhIII‐Catalyzed Olefination of 2‐Aryloxy­pyridines Using 2‐Pyridyloxyl as the Removable Directing Group
Authors: Borah Arun Jyoti , Yan Guobing , Wang Lianggui
Published: June 2015

An efficient RhIII‐catalyzed trans selective ortho‐olefination of 2‐aryloxypyridines has been developed. The catalytic system is very effective for olefination of differently substituted 2‐aryloxypyridines with acrylates, acrylamide and styrenes and exhibits broad compatibility with assorted olefinic coupling partners. Although acrylates and acrylamide give rise to trans‐olefinated products in MeOH, styrenes provided the trans products under solvent free reaction conditions. Interestingly, in olefinations with ethyl acrylate, the aryloxypyridine compound bearing keto functionality at the ortho position was found to undergo directing group cleavage to afford the olefinated phenol product directly.
Syntheses, Structures and Conformational Dynamics of 1,3,5‐Tris(3″‐ethynylbi­phen­yl‐2′‐yl)benzene Derivatives
Authors: Trawny Daniel , Quennet Marcel , Rades Nadine , Lentz Dieter , Paulus Beate , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: June 2015

Following a route described by Müllen et al. we improved the preparation of 1,2,3‐tris(3″‐iodobiphenyl‐2′‐yl)benzene (4). During the required iododesilylation with iodine monochloride the unexpected formation of a mono‐chlorinated compound 6 as major product was observed, when an excess of the iodination reagent was employed. The reaction mechanism for the formation of this compound involving an oxidizing process is discussed. X‐ray crystallography of the subsequent alkynylated product 7 proves the location of the chlorine atom at the central benzene ring. The related compound 5 was likewise investigated by X‐ray analysis revealing a preferred solid‐state conformation (“2‐up‐1‐down”) different from that of the chlorinated compound (“propeller” conformation). Compound 7 showed remarkable conformational dynamics in solution as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Temperature‐dependent measurements allowed the calculation of an energy difference of two major conformers of ca. 2 kJ/mol and a rotational barrier ΔGrot of ca. 77 kJ/mol. These values were convincingly confirmed by DFT calculations. A subsequent Sonogashira reaction of 4 with a suitable bipyridine derivative provided a unique trivalent bipyridine derivative.
What outcome measures are commonly used for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome clinical trials? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Grieve S. , Jones L. , Walsh N. , McCabe C.
Published: June 2015

Background and objective

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition, often triggered by trauma to a limb and characterized by sensory, motor, autonomic and trophic changes within the affected limb. Due to the multi‐faceted nature of the condition there are a wide range of potential health outcome measures for use within CRPS related clinical trials. This aim of this systematic literature review was to identify which patient or health professional questionnaire format outcome measures have been used in CRPS specific clinical trials, and which of these have been developed specifically for use in CRPS populations. Information gained from this review will inform an international consortium project to define a Core Outcome measurement set for CRPS Clinical trials.

Databases and data treatment

The electronic databases EMBASE, Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and LILACS were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2014.

Results

One hundred and four full text papers were obtained with 68 questionnaire outcome measures identified. Five of these outcome measures were validated for CRPS. Of those outcome measures used since 2000, those addressing physical functioning were most prevalent.

Conclusions

Currently, CRPS clinical trials use a wide range of outcome measures making the potential to synthesize evidence problematic. There is no internationally agreed core measurement set. This diversity of outcome measures demonstrates a clear need for the development of a core measurement set to be used in CRPS clinical trials.
Life history traits and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in Lymantria dispar L. (lepidoptera, lymantriidae) larvae exposed to benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Ilijin Larisa , Mrdaković Marija , Todorović Dajana , Vlahović Milena , Gavrilović Anja , Mrkonja Aleksandra , Perić-Mataruga Vesna
Published: June 2015

Increased presence of benzo[a]pyrene in the environment underlines the need for development of sensitive biomarkers for monitoring. Antioxidative enzymes could be used as early-warning signals because of their sensitivity and applicability. The activity of 2 antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were measured in midgut tissues of fifth instar Lymantria dispar larvae exposed to different concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene: 2 ng, 10 ng, 20 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, and 2000 ng benzo[a]pyrene/g dry food weight. Larval development, larval mass, and relative growth rate were also monitored. The authors detected prolonged larval development, as well as reduced larval mass and relative growth rate in larvae exposed to all benzo[a]pyrene concentrations. The L. dispar midgut SOD activity was significantly increased, and 2 SOD isoforms were detected on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in larvae fed on artificial diet supplemented with benzo[a]pyrene. In contrast, the control group had only 1 isoform. Catalase activity was significantly increased in all benzo[a]pyrene-treated larvae. Native gel electrophoresis showed that a switch in active CAT isoforms occurred after benzo[a]pyrene treatment. Thus, SOD and CAT in polyphagous herbivorous L. dispar larvae are very sensitive to low concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene. Therefore, they could be used as biomarkers for exposure and effects of this toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2618–2624. © 2015 SETAC
TOEFL Junior® Design Framework
Authors: So Youngsoon , Wolf Mikyung Kim , Hauck Maurice C. , Mollaun Pamela , Rybinski Paul , Tumposky Daniel , Wang Lin
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the theoretical and empirical foundations of the TOEFL Junior® assessment and its development process. The TOEFL Junior test was developed to address the increasing need for objective measures of English language proficiency for young adolescent learners, who are being introduced to English as a second or foreign language at a much younger age than ever before.

This paper presents the test purposes and intended uses, target population, target language use domains, and test constructs of the TOEFL Junior test. Also included is a description of the overall test structure and scoring system, which demonstrates how the constructs are operationalized. Finally, we outline research topics to support the interpretive argument of the use of the test. This document is expected to serve as a reference point during investigations of validity evidence to support the intended test uses over time.
Coordinating ecological restoration options analysis and risk assessment to improve environmental outcomes
Authors: Kapustka Lawrence A , Bowers Keith , Isanhart John , Martinez-Garza Cristina , Finger Susan , Stahl Ralph G , Stauber Jenny
Published: June 2015

Ecological risk assessment as currently practiced has hindered consideration of ecosystem services endpoints and restoration goals in the environmental management process. Practitioners have created barriers between procedures to clean up contaminated areas and efforts to restore ecosystem functions. In this article, we examine linkages between contaminant risk assessment approaches and restoration efforts with the aim of identifying ways to improve environmental outcomes. We advocate that project managers and other stakeholders use an ecological planning framework, with restoration options included upfront in the risk assessment. We also considered the opportunities to incorporate ecosystem services as potential assessment endpoints in the Problem Formulation stages of a risk assessment. Indeed, diverse perspectives of stakeholders are central to understand the relevance of social, cultural, economic, and regional ecology as influences on future use options for the landscape being restored. The measurement endpoints used to characterize the existing ecological conditions for selected ecosystem services can also be used to evaluate restoration success. A regional, landscape, or seascape focus is needed throughout the risk assessment process, so that restoration efforts play a more prominent role in enhancing ecosystem services. In short, we suggest that practitioners begin with the question of “how can the ecological risk assessment inform the decision on how best to restore the ecosystem?” Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:253–263. © 2015 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC

Key Points

Limitations of ERA as currently practiced have hindered consideration of ecosystem services endpoints and restoration goals in the environmental management process. Ecological restoration options should be brought to the front of the problem formulation phase of the risk framework. A regional, landscape, or seascape focus is needed throughout the risk assessment process so that restoration efforts play a more prominent role in enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., provision of habitat).
Subtypes of fruit and vegetables, variety in consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Leenders Max , Siersema Peter D. , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Bastide Nadia , Fagherazzi Guy , Katzke Verena , Kühn Tilman , Boeing Heiner , Aleksandrova Krasimira , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Klinaki Eleni , Masala Giovanna , Grioni Sara , Santucci De Magistris Maria , Tumino Rosario , Ricceri Fulvio , Peeters Petra H.M. , Lund Eiliv , Skeie Guri , Weiderpass Elisabete , Quirós J. Ramón , Agudo Antonio , Sánchez María‐José , Dorronsoro Miren , Navarro Carmen , Ardanaz Eva , Ohlsson Bodil , Jirström Karin , Van Guelpen Bethany , Wennberg Maria , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nick , Key Timothy J. , Romieu Isabelle , Huybrechts Inge , Cross Amanda J. , Murphy Neil , Riboli Elio , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. (Bas)
Published: June 2015

Previously, a lower risk of colorectal cancer was observed with fruit and vegetable consumption in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition within a follow‐up period of 9 years which was not fully supported by a recent meta‐analysis. Therefore, we were interested in the relation with extended follow‐up, also focusing on single subtypes and a variety of intake of fruit and vegetables. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed at baseline. After an average of 13 years of follow‐up, 3,370 participants were diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer. Diet diversity scores were constructed to quantify variety in fruit and vegetable consumption. A lower risk of colon cancer was observed with higher self‐reported consumption of fruit and vegetable combined (HR Q4 vs. Q1 0.87, 95% CI 0.75–1.01, p for trend 0.02), but no consistent association was observed for separate consumption of fruits and vegetables. No associations with risk of rectal cancer were observed. The few observed associations for some fruit and vegetable subtypes with colon cancer risk may have been due to chance. Variety in consumption of fruits and vegetables was not associated with a lower risk of colon or rectal cancer. Although a lower risk of colon cancer is suggested with high consumption of fruit and vegetables, this study does not support a clear inverse association between fruit and vegetable consumption and colon or rectal cancer beyond a follow‐up of more than 10 years. Attenuation of the risk estimates from dietary changes over time cannot be excluded, but appears unlikely.
High‐efficiency Silicon Solar Cells: A Review
Authors: Lee Youngseok , Park Cheolmin , Balaji Nagarajan , Lee Youn‐Jung , Dao Vinh Ai
Published: June 2015

Over the past few decades, crystalline silicon solar cells have been extensively studied due to their high efficiency, high reliability, and low cost. In addition, these types of cells lead the industry and account for more than half of the market. For the foreseeable future, Si will still be a critical material for photovoltaic devices in the solar cell industry. In this paper, we discuss key issues, cell concepts, and the status of recent high‐efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells.
A Two‐Stage Approach to Spatio‐Temporal Analysis with Strong and Weak Cross‐Sectional Dependence
Authors: Bailey Natalia , Holly Sean , Pesaran M. Hashem
Published: June 2015

An understanding of the spatial dimension of economic and social activity requires methods that can separate out the relationship between spatial units that is due to the effect of common factors from that which is purely spatial even in an abstract sense. The same applies to the empirical analysis of networks in general. We use cross‐unit averages to extract common factors (viewed as a source of strong cross‐sectional dependence) and compare the results with the principal components approach widely used in the literature. We then apply multiple testing procedures to the de‐factored observations in order to determine significant bilateral correlations (signifying connections) between spatial units and compare this to an approach that just uses distance to determine units that are neighbours. We apply these methods to real house price changes at the level of Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA, and estimate a heterogeneous spatio‐temporal model for the de‐factored real house price changes and obtain significant evidence of spatial connections, both positive and negative. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mode‐tracking based stationary‐point optimization
Authors: Bergeler Maike , Herrmann Carmen , Reiher Markus
Published: June 2015

In this work, we present a transition‐state optimization protocol based on the Mode‐Tracking algorithm [Reiher and Neugebauer, J. Chem. Phys., 2003, 118, 1634]. By calculating only the eigenvector of interest instead of diagonalizing the full Hessian matrix and performing an eigenvector following search based on the selectively calculated vector, we can efficiently optimize transition‐state structures. The initial guess structures and eigenvectors are either chosen from a linear interpolation between the reactant and product structures, from a nudged‐elastic band search, from a constrained‐optimization scan, or from the minimum‐energy structures. Alternatively, initial guess vectors based on chemical intuition may be defined. We then iteratively refine the selected vectors by the Davidson subspace iteration technique. This procedure accelerates finding transition states for large molecules of a few hundred atoms. It is also beneficial in cases where the starting structure is very different from the transition‐state structure or where the desired vector to follow is not the one with lowest eigenvalue. Explorative studies of reaction pathways are feasible by following manually constructed molecular distortions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology and performance of PVDF TIPS microfiltration hollow fiber membranes prepared from PVDF/DBP/DOP systems for industrial application
Authors: Zhou Qianhua , Wang Zhan , Shen Haijun , Zhu Zhongya , Liu Liping , Yang Libin , Cheng Lina
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

This research focused on the impacts of different dibutyl phthalate (DBP)/dioctyl phthalate (DOP) weight ratios on the surface morphology and the properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) microfiltration hollow fiber membranes. The phase diagrams of PVDF/DBP/DOP systems were determined and the optimum weight ratio DBP/DOP in the liquid–liquid region of the binary phase diagram was chosen to form a membrane with interconnected sponge‐like structure. Optimum processing temperature was determined based on analysis of the phase diagrams and industrial applications. In addition, the morphology and properties of the membranes were characterized as well as the performance of the membrane modules.

RESULTS

Suitable processing temperature range for the PVDF TIPS process was from 430 to 493 K. A PVDF concentration of 35 wt% and weight ratio DBP/DOP of 1/2 provided the most appropriate membrane for industrial application.

CONCLUSIONS

The optimum processing temperature range for the PVDF TIPS process was determined. The weight ratio DBP/DOP in PVDF/DBP/DOP systems played an important role in preparing PVDF TIPS microfiltration hollow fibers with superior properties giving membranes suitable for industrial application. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A cascade‐connected neural model for improved 2D DOA estimation of an EM signal
Authors: Stoilkovic Marija , Stankovic Zoran , Milovanovic Bratislav
Published: June 2015

This article proposes a neural network‐based approach to increase accuracy of two‐dimensional direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of an electromagnetic signal. The proposed method combines two neural networks developed using simulated and small amount of empirical data, respectively. The output of the simulation‐based neural network represents approximate information on DOAs. It is then considered as a priori knowledge for the small empirical network that is crucial for obtaining more accurate DOA estimates. The developed cascade‐connected model is validated using real data from a rectangular antenna array. Improvements in terms of accuracy and reliability are obtained and compared with the MUSIC algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social exchange spillover in leader–member relations: A multilevel model
Authors: Chen Ying , Chen Zhen Xiong , Zhong Lifeng , Son Jooyeon , Zhang Xiujuan , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: June 2015

Drawing on role theory and the cultural theory of collectivism, we developed and tested a multilevel model of social exchange spillover in leader–member relations in the Chinese context. In Mplus analyses of a sample of 213 subordinates from 47 groups, we found that, at the individual level, a dimension of leader–member guanxi (LMG), leader–member personal life inclusion (LMG‐P), which is defined as the extent to which leaders and members include each other in their personal or family lives, can spill over to affect subordinates' contextual performance (i.e., interpersonal facilitation and job dedication); furthermore, this effect was moderated by subordinates' horizontal collectivism orientation, such that LMG‐P spilled over to affect contextual performance only for those who were low in horizontal collectivism orientation. At the group level, the variance of LMG‐P within a group, which is referred to as LMG‐P differentiation, was related negatively to group performance when the supervisors had a low horizontal collectivism orientation. At the cross level, LMG‐P differentiation moderated the relationship between LMG‐P and job dedication, such that the relationship was positive only when LMG‐P differentiation was low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE FRONT‐LINE LEADER
Authors: Van Gorder Chris
Published: June 2015

Van Gorder writes of his long and winding path to president and CEO of Scripps Health, one that began in the early 1970s as a hospital security officer and later included becoming a policeman. This instilled an appreciation and a unique perspective for what happens on the front lines of an organization. Ten techniques for front‐line leadership are discussed, such as know your people, tell stories, and create a culture of advocacy. “The people around me,” he writes, “have made me successful—first and foremost, our front‐line staff. All I do as a leader is take care of our people so they can provide superior care for our patients.”
‘What I Really Needed Was the Truth’. Exploring the Information Needs of People with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: Grieve Sharon , Adams Jo , McCabe Candida
Published: June 2015

Background

UK guidelines indicate that individuals with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) require information and education to support self‐management. The present qualitative study explored the specific information requirements of patients with CRPS and provides insight into how health professionals can best provide this.

Methods

Following informed consent, eight semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with adults living with CRPS. Participants were asked about their experience of receiving information since diagnosis and the information that they would prefer to receive. Interviews were transcribed and data analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Two themes related to individuals' experience of receiving information. These were: ‘Facing the unknown’, which describes how participants reported that little information was available and the impact of this; and ‘The need to be an expert’, which describes how they needed to be proactive to seek this information themselves. Three themes related to the information that the individual would choose to receive. These were: ‘Seeking the truth’, which describes the need for knowledge – particularly accurate, honest information; ‘The shared experience’, which describes the positive and negative aspects of sharing information with others experiencing CRPS; and ‘Access to expertise’, which describes the need for access to reliable information, resources and expertise.

Conclusion

The reported lack of information resulted in a struggle for participants to understand their condition, and access professional expertise and appropriate treatments. Health professionals require access to accurate information in order to share this with individuals with CRPS in a timely manner. Easily accessible and high‐quality patient resources to facilitate early referral for expertise are required. A central resource to identify local expertise would be valuable.
An incremental energy minimization state update algorithm for 3D phenomenological internal‐variable SMA constitutive models based on isotropic flow potentials
Authors: Artioli E. , Bisegna P.
Published: June 2015

An incremental energy minimization approach for the solution of the constitutive equations of 3D phenomenological models for shape memory alloys (SMA) is presented. A robust algorithm for the solution of the resulting nonsmooth constrained minimization problem is devised, without introducing any regularization in the dissipation or chemical terms. The proposed algorithm is based on a thorough detection of the singularities relevant to the incremental energy formulation, in conjunction with a Newton–Raphson method equipped with a Wolfe line search dealing with regular solutions. The saturation constraint on the transformation strain is treated by means of an active set strategy, thus avoiding any need for a two‐stage return‐mapping algorithm. A parametrization of the saturation constraint manifold is introduced, thus reducing the problem dimensionality, with improved computational performance. Finally, an efficient algorithm for the computation of the dissipation function in terms of Haigh–Westergaard invariants is presented, allowing for a quite general choice of deviatoric transformation functions. Numerical results confirm the robustness and consistency of the proposed state update algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of non‐uniform fine lines in silicon solar cell front metal grid design
Authors: Wong Johnson , Shanmugam Vinodh , Cunnusamy Jessen , Zahn Michael , Zhou Andrew , Yang Rado , Chen Xiao , Aberle Armin G. , Mueller Thomas
Published: June 2015

While it is well known that the typical printed silver fingers on a silicon solar cell have profile striations, bottle‐necks, and line breaks, the impact of these imperfections have not been assessed in calculations of front grid related power losses. This study uses detailed finite element modeling to show that when the realistic effects of non‐uniform line conductance is accounted for; the simulated cell efficiency can be significantly lower than under the assumption of uniform lines, becoming closer to measured trends. The study also explores the incorporation of additional interconnecting fingers to the parallel grid finger in the H pattern, concluding that they are typically of no benefit to improving the cell efficiency. As an auxiliary observation, it was found that the efficiency calculated by simple ohmic power loss formulae is typically underestimated by 0.1–0.2% absolute, a margin that should be accounted for in cell optimization and analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Approach for Charge Transport Mechanisms in the Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Device with Porous Zeolite
Authors: Koseoglu Kivilcim , Salamov Bahtiyar G.
Published: June 2015

The pressure‐driven charge transport processes in dc microdischarges with a nanoporous zeolite cathode (ZC) examined according to enhanced effect of electric field. The distributed resistance of ZC and the impact of the ionizing component of the plasma on the control of the stable operation of a gas discharge electronic device at atmospheric pressure (AP) are investigated for the first time. The contribution of charge carriers in conductivity varied in a wide pressure range up to AP air microplasmas in both pre‐ and post‐breakdown modes are discussed. Results show that the ionic transport predominated in low electric field while electronic transport predominated in the opposite conditions.
Peak weight velocity in infancy is negatively associated with lung function in adolescence
Authors: Claudia Flexeder , Thiering Elisabeth , von Berg Andrea , Berdel Dietrich , Hoffmann Barbara , Koletzko Sibylle , Bauer Carl‐Peter , Koletzko Berthold , Heinrich Joachim , Schulz Holger
Published: June 2015

Background: Rapid weight gain during infancy increases childhood asthma risk, which might be related to impaired lung function. This study investigated associations between peak weight velocity (PWV) during the first two years of life and spirometric lung function indices at 15 years of age. Methods: Data from 1842 children participating in the GINIplus German birth cohort who underwent spirometry at age 15 were analysed. PWV was calculated from weight measurements obtained between birth and two years of age. Generalised additive models were fitted after adjustment for potential confounding factors (birth weight, height, and age at lung function testing). Results are presented per interquartile range increase (3.5 kg/year) in PWV. Results: PWV was negatively associated with pre‐bronchodilation flow rates after extensive adjustment for potential confounders including asthma: forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50) decreased by 141 ml/s (95%CI = [−225;−57]), FEF75by 84 ml/s [−144;−24] and FEF25–75by 118 ml/s [−192;−44]. FEV1/FVC was also negatively associated with PWV (−0.750% [−1.273;−0.226]) whereas forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were not. Similar results were found for measurements post‐bronchodilation. Conclusion: Early life weight gain was negatively associated with flow indices in adolescence, suggesting structural changes in peripheral lungs.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:147–156.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradoxical tuberculosis‐associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Van Rie Annelies , Sawry Shobna , Link‐Gelles Ruth , Madhi Shabir , Fairlie Lee , Verwey Charl , Mahomed Nasreen , Murdoch David , Moultrie Harry
Published: June 2015

Background

Paradoxical tuberculosis (TB)‐associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) is a common complication of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) initiation in adults residing in resource‐limited regions. Little is known about the burden and presentation of TB‐IRIS in children initiating cART while receiving TB treatment.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of South African children initiating cART while on TB treatment. Children were assessed clinically and by chest x‐ray before starting cART and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post cART initiation. All children who presented with any signs or symptoms suggestive of paradoxical TB‐IRIS were classified according to the consensus adult TB‐IRIS case definition developed by the International Network for Study of HIV‐associated IRIS (INSHI) and reviewed by an independent expert panel.

Results

In 7 of the 104 children enrolled in the cohort, symptoms and/or clinical or radiological signs suggestive of paradoxical TB‐IRIS developed after a median of 14 days of cART. In two of these cases, there was agreement between the INSHI case definition and the expert panel. In an additional 3 cases, the INSHI criteria were fulfilled but the expert panel made an alternative diagnosis of pneumonia (n = 2) and poor adherence to cART (n = 1).

Conclusions

The burden of paradoxical TB‐IRIS in children with underlying TB initiating cART is low. Including response to antibiotic treatment for pneumonia as a criterion for an alternative diagnosis may improve the specificity of the INSHI case definition. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:157–164. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.