bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Freud in Psychoanalytic Psychology of Religion? On the Discussion of Religion as Projection
Authors: Belzen Jacob
Published: July 2010

In 1907, Sigmund Freud initiated the psychoanalytic psychology of religion, until the present day the most important contributor to the psychology of religion literature in general, and the branch of psychological critique of religion best known outside of psychology circles (having drawn attention from a multitude of philosophers, theologians and scholars on religion). One often reads that of the remarks made by Freud about religion would be, that it is a 'projection.' While not being original (the claim had been earlier articulated many times, from Greek philosophy until Feuerbach), it has been regarded as Freud's major contribution to the (psychological) critique of religion, especially in vulgarized psychoanalytic parlance. This paper reviews what has been stated about religion as projection by psychoanalysts and other scholars. Also correcting some common misreadings of Freud, the paper is especially inquiring whether and in which sense progress has been booked in the psychology of religion, touching briefly on some contemporary contributions to the field from neurobiology, cognitive science and evolutionary psychology.
From Milton to Modern Satanism: The History of the Devil and the Dynamics between Religion and Literature
Authors: Schipper Bernd
Published: July 2010

The article explores the dynamics between literature and religion with the examples of Lucifer and modern Satanism. With John Milton's poem Paradise Lost (1667), the originally Christian myth of Lucifer evolved in a positive direction. Having been adopted by so-called 'literary Satanism,' this character became the basis for a new non-Christian religion, the 'Temple of Set' (founded by Michael Aquino in 1975). The article also argues for a remodelling of the conception of the dynamics between religion and other systems of meaning in the 'European history of religion': not only do religious traditions affect the medium of literature; literature can also affect the religious tradition.
Hellenistic and Roman Empires and Euro-Mediterranean Religion
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: July 2010

This article argues that two important phenomena that are characteristic for the image and self-image of religions in and beyond Europe can be traced to Mediterranean antiquity in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The first is the transformation of religious practices and beliefs that led to the formation of boundary-conscious and knowledge-based religious groups that could be called 'religions.' At the same time, however, religious individuality is shown to be much more important than is usually admitted in dealing with ancient pre-Christian religion. The first process is clearly gaining in momentum during the period analysed, as is shown by the history of several important terms and organisational developments; the second area does not allow a clear judgment on any progressive individualisation. The concept of axial ages is applied to stress the role of empire in these processes.
The Norm-Deviation Model Reconsidered: Four Cases of 'Alternative' Sexual Morals Judged by the Inquisition
Authors: Zbíral David
Published: July 2010

The inquisitional register of Jacques Fournier from the years 1318–1325, well known thanks to the book Montaillou by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, reaches far beyond the topic of heresy. It encompasses various details about the common life, including sexuality and sexual morals. This case study reconsiders the normdeviation model on the basis of four Fournier's trials dealing with sexual morals: that of Beatrix of Lagleize, Peter Vidal, Arnold of Verniolles, and Grazida Lizier. Sexual morals of these four people are certainly very different from the morals required by Jacques Fournier, but they are rather independent systems and norms than simple deviations from another system or norm, i.e. the official sexual morals. The paper suggests that the norm-deviation model distorts the field of medieval sexual morals.
El Camino Europeo del Rocío: A Pilgrimage towards Europe?
Authors: Plasquy Eddy
Published: July 2010

In 2000, a reunion of 'Eurocrats' founded the Brotherhood of Brussels in honour of the Virgen del Rocío and became quickly integrated in the official network that foments the devotion to the South Spanish Virgin Mary. Soon after, a pilgrimage trail was inaugurated that links the basilica of Brussels to her chapel in the hamlet of El Rocío: the Camino Europeo del Rocío. The pilgrimage passes through eight major Marian sanctuaries in Belgium, France, and Spain. In each of these sites, a representation of the Virgen del Rocío was put in place by the official institutions. In 2007, ten pilgrims actually walked the trail. Once in Madrid, they changed the original track and inaugurated two additional sanctuaries without the consent of the main organizer of the original camino. As such, a variant came into existence: the Camino Europeo del Rocío a pie. The creation of these two 'European' pilgrimage trails shall be documented together with the founding process of the brotherhood of Brussels. The manner in which local political and ideological agendas interfere with the intertwining of old traditions and institutions, such as pilgrimages and Brotherhoods, and new emerging conceptions of 'Europe,' shall thereby be put to the fore.
Tariq Ramadan: From a Mere Co-Existence to an Authentic Contribution of Europe's Muslims
Authors: Ourghi Mariella
Published: July 2010

Tariq Ramadan, one of the most famous European Muslim thinkers, seeks to re-interpret Qur'an and Sunna and to create a European Islam, which can be harmonised with the principles of secular states. He is not an undisputed figure; to some he is an outstanding reformer whereas to others he is devious in favour of Islamist currents. His most innovative contribution is his concept of dār ashshahāda which leaves behind the confrontational notion of dār al-islām and dār al-harb. Thus, he judges European societies as legitimate places of living for Muslims. He emphasises the peaceful aspects of jihād, although he does not deny that jihād can become militant in cases of defence. Ramadan appeals to European Muslims for agitating for a firm stand in their societies. I argue in this article that this cannot be simply judged as “Islamist engagement,” but emphasis on religious morality, which should play a major role in society, is also placed by representatives of other religions—and the right to lead public debates or to demonstrate one's faith is an inherent trait of secularism as long as all religions are treated equally.
Communism or the Kingdom: 'Saving' China, 1924-1949
Authors: Rigdon Susan
Published: July 2010

This paper identifies commonalities between Marxian economic principles and the socio-economic goals of Social Gospel missionaries in China in the quarter century between 1924 and 1949. It argues that the unbreachable divisions between missionaries, including those who advocated for a "Christian communism," and the communist party were rooted, on the Christian side, in a rejection of violence and coercive methods of policy implementation rather than in opposition to socialism. On the communist side opposition was not to specific tenets of Christianity but to foreign-funding and leadership and to the perception of American Christians as agents of an imperialist country.
Communist Authorities and Missionary Activities in Poland, 1945-1990s
Authors: Rozanski Jaroslaw
Published: July 2010

Missionary activities were very strong in Poland before the Second World War. The establishment of a Communist regime after 1945 led to a break in the number of missionaries sent worldwide and, soon after, to a liquidation of all missionary institutions in the country. Because the Catholic Church was very strong, the state did not dare to launch an immediate and frontal attack on the church until 1947. From 1948 however, a full-blown campaign against the church began with nationalization, imprisonments and prohibitions, notably of mission activities. After 15 years, however, some forms of compromise between church and state began to appear. This allowed the Church to rebuild its missionary movement – as of 1965. The year 1980 saw the emergence of the Solidarity movement and the begining of the unmaking of Communism. It led to a revitalization of missionary activities and a normalization of church and state relations, particularly after 1989. The present article describes these developments, establishes a chronology and tries a first causal explanation of the decline and subsequent return of missions in Poland. It also looks at the inheritance of the Communist period for the Catholic Church in Poland.
Lost in Translation: Home Economics and the Sidon Girls' School of Lebanon, c. 1924-1932
Authors: Fleischmann Ellen
Published: July 2010

The American Protestant Syria Mission, founded in 1821 in Lebanon, targeted young women and girls, the mothers and wives of the future, as crucial to its aims to spread the Gospel. The Mission thus founded numerous schools for girls. One institution which played a significant role in female education was the Sidon Girls' School, founded in 1862. In the 1920s the Mission initiated a self-described “revolutionary” plan for the school by instituting a home economics program, which put the school on the map of the educational landscape in the Middle East. This article deals with the legacy of the home economics program at Sidon Girls' School, raising broader issues about American-style education imported to the Middle East. Missionaries enthused about the “progressive,” modern training they offered in their schools, seemingly ignorant of the existence of home economics training already offered by indigenous government and private schools. The article investigates how the “new” education in home economics offered in Sidon reflected trends in, and attempted to transfer concepts adapted from, American female education, exploring how and why the missionary message was lost in translation; and how women graduates subverted it. L'American Protestant Syria Mission, fondée en 1821 au Liban, considérait les filles et jeunes femmes, futures mères et futures épouses, comme cruciales pour son travail d'évangélisation. La Mission créa pour cela de nombreuses écoles pour filles. Une institution qui joua un rôle important dans l'éducation féminine fut l'Ecole des Filles de Sidon (Sidon Girls' School) fondée en 1862. Dans les années 1920, la Mission y mit en œuvre ce qu'elle appela un plan « révolutionnaire » instituant un programme d'économie domestique qui allait faire la réputation de l'école dans le contexte des institutions de formation au Moyen Orient. Le présent article analyse l'héritage du programme d'économie domestique à la Sidon Girls' School et soulève des questions plus larges en relation à l'éducation de style américain importée au Moyen Orient. Les missionnaires s'enthousiasmèrent pour l'enseignement « progressiste » et moderne qu'ils offraient dans leurs écoles, ignorant apparemment l'existence de cours d'économie domestique déjà offerts par les gouvernements locaux et autres écoles privées. L'article explore comment la « nouvelle » formation offerte à Sidon était le reflet des tendances de l'éducation féminine aux Etats-Unis et comment les missionnaires tentèrent de transférer ces concepts. Il montre en outre quand et comment le message missionnaire se perdit dans cet effort de traduction, et comment les diplômées de l'école le subvertirent.
Kunstschilders, gilde en academie Over het probleem van de emancipatie van de kunstschilders in de Noordelijke Nederlanden van de 16de en 17de eeuw
Authors: Miedema Hessel
Published: July 2010

This article is a report on research undertaken in 1984-5 by a working group of art history students of the University of Amsterdam into the problem of the emancipation of artists f rom the craft guilds (Note 1). The research was based on Hoogewerff's excellently documented book on the Guilds of St. Luke and on published source material. The idea that artists and especially painters regarded the guilds as oppressive is a deeply rooted one (Note 2) and people are all too readily inclined to write of 'the artists' gaining their emancipation' from the Guilds of St. Luke. However, it is now clear that professional painters covered such a wide social spectrum that it is impossible to lump them all together under a single heading (Note 5), while a provisional investigation mainly, focussed on the first half of the 17th century even suggested that there could have been no question at all of emancipation. It became clear that the guilds continued to function all over the Northern Netherlands in the 17th century as Protectors of the profession, that there was no evidence of their hampering artistry and that if there was any emancipation, it took place within the guild itself. A factor that makes such research difficult is that the literary sources are by no means unambiguous or even reliable. In contrast to the meaning current in their day qf someone who does something with paint and a brush, Vasari and Van Mander used the term 'painter' only for those who painted scenes and portraits, not, for example, for those who did banners or ornamental work (Notes 7,8). Thus Van Mander's freguently cited tirade against the guild (Note 9) loses much of its force in respect of the emancipation theory. Moreover, it is the only text of that type in the Netherlands. Houbraken twisted the facts to fit his vision of the artist, projecting his idea of the artist's superiority on to the historical situation (Note II). Thus this study moved between two poles : on the one hand it again confirmed (Note 12) that the guilds continued to function until late in the 18th century, while on the other there was a growing need among their more successful members for an enhanced status and regard, which manifested itself in their assuming control of the guild and restructuring it more clearly and also in their uniting in additional groupings, in which the emphasis was laid on more intellectual and theoretical, aspects and links were sought with amateurs. Although both these moves could be regarded as a certain form of emancipation, neither can be ascribed to an urge for artistic freedom which was hampered by the guilds.
Wouter Pietersz. Crabeth II en de parochie St. Johannes de Doper in Gouda
Authors: Van Eck Xander
Published: July 2010

After the Reformation of 1572 Catholic life only began to flourish again in Gouda on the advent of the priest Petrus Purmerent (1587-1663) , who was sent there in 1614 by the apostolic vicar Philippus Rovenius (Notes 1, 2) . He founded a parish dedicated to St. John the Baptist, as the old church had been, which grew so rapidly (from around 500 in 1612 to around 6,000 in 1657, Notes 5-7) that he moved to larger premises on the Gouwe in 1630. The regard in which he and his twin brother Suibertus, who was equally active in Delft, were held is apparent from their portraits painted in 1631 by Willem van der Vliet (Notes 9, 10) and around 1645 by Ludolph de Jongh (Fig. 1, Note 11) and Hendrik van Vliet (Note 12). Engravings were made after the second two portraits by Reynier van Persijn (Note 13) . Despite a certain amount of interference from the twon council, Petrus Purmerent succeeded in decorating his hidden church in fine style. In the report of his visitation of 1643 made by Sebastiaan Francken, commissioner of the Court of Holland (Note 15), it is described as a very big place' with pews, chairs and altars, a large amount of silver, 'very beautiful paintings' and a fine organ. The church, which was on the Old Catholic side in the jansenist schism of 1723, has remained in the same place and was rebuilt in 1863. It is not possible now to reconstruct the situation of 1643 exactly, but a large number of the works of art and
Nog een suggestie voor het onderwerp van Rembrandts historiestuk te Leiden: De grootmoedigheid van Alexander
Authors: Bruyn J.
Published: July 2010

Of the nine interpretations proposed for Rembraradt's history Painting of 1626 now at Leiden, none is really convincing. Il seems attractive to think of palamedes Condemned by Agamemncm as the subject because of its political significance in the year after the publication of Voredel's tragecty Palamedcs or Innocence Murdered, which denounced the execution of the Remonstrant leader Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in 1619. γet the scene depicted does not fit any episode frorn the Palamedes story. It appears rather to represent three young men appearing before a crowned figure who makes a pronouncement, probably one of magnanimity or clemency. It is conceivable that the subject was taken from Q. Curtius Rufus's Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis, ofwhich several editions, including translations into the vernacular, were published in Holland in the first decades of the 17th century. The episode in question was known to the young Rubens, but does not seem to have been illustrated by any other artist. At the beginning of the seventh book it is described how Alexander summoned before. him in the presence of the army two oj three brothers, who had been close friends of Philotas, a former, friend of his who had been executed for plotting against his life. The youngest brother, Poleinon, had panicked and fled but was caught and brought back at the very moment when Alexander had accused the brothers and the eldest, Amyntas, after having been released from his bonds and given a spear which he held in his left hand, had embarked on his szzccess ful defence. The appearance of Polemon infuriated the soldiers, but when he took the blame on himself and prrifessed his brothers' innocence, they were moved to tears. So too was Alexander who, prompted by their cries, absolved the brothers. This anecdote does at least explain some of the features of Rembrandt's scene. The young man standing on the right with his right hand raised as if swearing an oath would be the eloquent Amyntas with a spear in his left hand. Hidden behind him kneels the second brother, Simias, while Polemon, 'a young man just come to maturity and in the first bloom of his youth', has fallen on one knee in the foreground, underlining his emotional words with his right hand bressed to his heart. Alexander raises his sceptre in token of his absolution and some men in the background wave and shout from a socle they have climbed. Interpreted in this way, the scene coralains not a topical political allegory but, as would seem usual with history paintings, a message of a more general nature: the magnanimity of Alexander as an 'exemblum virtutis'.
Historiestukken door de Utrechtse schilder Johan de Veer
Authors: Janssen Paul Huys
Published: July 2010

Two seventeenth-century painters bore the name Johan de Veer, a circumstance responsible for a certain amount of confusion. Virtually nothing is known of the Amsterdam De Veer (born in 1647 or 1648, date of death unknown). We have more information about his namesake from Utrecht, who lived from about 1610 to 1662. In 1635 he was abroad, undoubtedly in Italy, the destination of many young artists. After his rcturn he married in 1640 and set up as a painter in Utrecht. His ocuvre, comprising a number of portraits and history pieces, is very small; perhaps he was not particularly successful, or worked as an amateur. He painted in the manner of the Caravaggisti and with great expression. The history pieces arc a lost Andromeda, a David Giving the Letter to Uriah (fig. i), in the possession of the Sint Eloyengasthuis in Utrecht since 1656, two versions of the Adoration of the Shepherds (figs. 3 and 4) and two versions of Cleopatra (figs. 5 and 7). It is noteworthy that De Veer modelled one of the Cleopatra figures on Susanna and the Elders by the Lombardian painter Giovanni Stefano Doneda (1612-1690) (fig. 6).
The Distribution of Substances in Eggs of Limnaea Stagnalis L. Centrifuged Immediately Before Cleavage 1)
Authors: Raven Chr P.
Published: July 2010

I. La distribution des substances dans les oeufs de Limnaea stagnalis, centrifugÃ©s dans les derniÃ¨res vingt minutes avant le dÃ©but de la segmentation, Ã©tait Ã©tudiÃ©e. 2. La segmentation des oeufs centrifugÃ©s montrait quelques anomalies. SpÃ©cialement, la zone centripÃ¨te semble mettre obstacle Ã  la formation des sillons. 3. L'oeuf centrifugÃ© montre une stratification en 3 couches: une zone centripÃ¨te Ã  protoplasme alveolaire; une couche intermÃ©diaire Ã  granules-; et une zone centrifuge Ã  protoplasme dense contenant les granules-Î². Le plasme polaire animal des oeufs normaux n'est pas visible dans les oeufs centrifugÃ©s. 4. Dans les premiÃ¨res 2 heures aprÃ¨s la centrifugation, les granules-Î±, amassÃ©s dans la couche intermÃ©diaire, se dispersent dans l'oeuf, enfin ils s'accumulent au pÃ´le animal, comme dans les oeufs normaux. 5. Les granules-Î², au contraire, demeurent dans la position qu'ils occupent aprÃ¨s la centrifugation. La ligne de dÃ©marcation entre la partie centrifuge vitelline et la partie centripÃ¨te sans vitellus reste assez nette. Cette distribution inÃ©gale des granules-Î² n'empÃªche pas le dÃ©veloppement normal jusqu'au stade gastrula ou trochophore jeune. 6. Au stade morula avancÃ©, dans les cellules de la moitiÃ© centripÃ¨te une nouvelle catÃ©gorie de granules parait, qui ressemblent aux granules-Î² dans leur coloration. La formation de ces granules indique un transport de substances protÃ©iques en forme soluble Ã  travers les parois des cellules. 7. Au stade blastula, la coloration des granules protÃ©iques change de l'acidophilie Ã  la basophilie.
Anmerkungen Zur Theolocgenausbildung in Herborn'
Authors: Mühling Andreas
Published: July 2010

Ever since its foundation in 1584, the Herborn Academy pursued the ambitious goal of stabilizing and politically modernizing not only the regions within its own domain but also Reformed territories throughout Europe through the education of an elite class of social leaders. For this reason, Herborner conceptions of educational reform emphasized as a necessity the formation of an educated elite for the Reformed churches and European governments as a whole. Thcrefore the Academy's central political task was to train, according to so-called Ramist principles, an elite leadership for those societies in Europe that had been stamped by Reformed ideals. The practical orientation of the education aimed to prepare graduates to assume positions of leadership in and successfully weather the confessional disputes throughout Europe.
"Those Persistent Lutherans": the Survival of Wesel's Minority Lutheran Community, 1578-1612
Authors: Freeman David Fors
Published: July 2010

This essay analyzes the various strategies Lutherans in the German city of Wesel pursued in securing their status as a minority church during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Through petitioning their magistrates, securing competent clergy, and obtaining support from their Lutheran Diaspora and a variety of external political authorities, the Lutherans eventually achieved their goals of public worship in their own church as part of the klevish Lutheran synod.
Internal Modes of Multidecadal Variability in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Frankcombe Leela M. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: July 2010

Observations of sea ice extent and atmospheric temperature in the Arctic, although sparse, indicate variability on multidecadal time scales. A recent analysis of one of the global climate models [the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1)] in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has indicated that Arctic Ocean variability on these time scales is associated with changes in basin-wide salinity patterns. In this paper the internal modes of variability in an idealized Arctic Basin are determined by considering the stability of salinity-driven flows. An internal ocean mode with a multidecadal time scale is found, with a spatial pattern similar to that obtained in the analysis of the CM2.1 results. The modes propagate as a “saline Rossby wave” induced by the background salinity gradient.
Impact of Multialtimeter Sea Level Assimilation in the Mediterranean Forecasting Model
Authors: Pujol M.-I. , Dobricic S. , Pinardi N. , Adani M.
Published: July 2010

In this article the impact of multisatellite altimeter observations assimilation in a high-resolution Mediterranean model are analyzed. Four different altimeter missions [Jason-1, Envisat, Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon interleaved and Geosat Follow-On] are used over a 7-month period (from September 2004 to March 2005) to study the impact of the assimilation of one to four satellites on the analyses quality. The study highlights three important results. First, it shows the positive impact of the altimeter data on the analyses. The corrected fields capture missing structures of the circulation, and eddies are modified in shape, position, and intensity with respect to the model simulation. Second, the study demonstrates the improvement in the analyses induced by each satellite. The impact of the addition of a second satellite is almost equivalent to the improvement given by the introduction of the first satellite: the second satellite’s data bring a 12% reduction of the root-mean-square of the differences between the analyses and observations for the sea level anomaly (SLA). The third and fourth satellites also improve the rms, with a more than 3% reduction for each of them. Finally, it is shown that Envisat and Geosat Follow-On additions to Jason-1 impact the analyses more than the addition of TOPEX/Poseidon, suggesting that the across-track spatial resolution is still one of the important aspects of a multimission satellite observing system. This result could support the concept of multimission altimetric monitoring done by complementary horizontal resolution satellite orbits.
The SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM)
Authors: Dash Prasanjit , Ignatov Alexander , Kihai Yury , Sapper John
Published: July 2010

The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) has been operationally generating sea surface temperature (SST) products (TS) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard NOAA and MetOp-A satellites since the early 1980s. Customarily, TS are validated against in situ SSTs. However, in situ data are sparse and are not available globally in near–real time (NRT). This study describes a complementary SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM), which employs global level 4 (L4) SST fields as a reference standard (TR) and performs statistical analyses of the differences ΔTS = TS − TR. The results are posted online in NRT. The TS data that are analyzed are the heritage National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) SST products from NOAA-16, -17, -18, and -19 and MetOp-A from 2001 to the present. The TR fields include daily Reynolds, real-time global (RTG), Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA), and Ocean Data Analysis System for Marine Environment and Security for the European Area (MERSEA) (ODYSSEA) analyses. Using multiple fields facilitates the distinguishing of artifacts in satellite SSTs from those in the L4 products. Global distributions of ΔTS are mapped and their histograms are analyzed for proximity to Gaussian shape. Outliers are handled using robust statistics, and the Gaussian parameters are trended in time to monitor SST products for stability and consistency. Additional TS checks are performed to identify retrieval artifacts by plotting ΔTS versus observational parameters. Cross-platform TS biases are evaluated using double differences, and cross-L4 TR differences are assessed using Hovmöller diagrams. SQUAM results compare well with the customary in situ validation. All satellite products show a high degree of self- and cross-platform consistency, except for NOAA-16, which has flown close to the terminator in recent years and whose AVHRR is unstable.
Ice-Tethered Profiler Measurements of Dissolved Oxygen under Permanent Ice Cover in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Timmermans M.-L. , Krishfield R. , Laney S. , Toole J.
Published: July 2010

Four ice-tethered profilers (ITPs), deployed between 2006 and 2009, have provided year-round dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements from the surface mixed layer to 760-m depth under the permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. These ITPs drifted with the permanent ice pack and returned 2 one-way profiles per day of temperature, salinity, and DO. Long-term calibration drift of the oxygen sensor can be characterized and removed by referencing to recently calibrated ship DO observations on deep isotherms. Observed changes in the water column time series are due to both drift of the ITP into different water masses and seasonal variability, driven by both physical and biological processes within the water column. Several scientific examples are highlighted that demonstrate the considerable potential for sustained ITP-based DO measurements to better understand the Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and biogeochemical processes beneath the sea ice.
Optical Flow for Verification
Authors: Marzban Caren , Sandgathe Scott
Published: July 2010

Modern numerical weather prediction (NWP) models produce forecasts that are gridded spatial fields. Digital images can also be viewed as gridded spatial fields, and as such, techniques from image analysis can be employed to address the problem of verification of NWP forecasts. One technique for estimating how images change temporally is called optical flow, where it is assumed that temporal changes in images (e.g., in a video) can be represented as a fluid flowing in some manner. Multiple realizations of the general idea have already been employed in verification problems as well as in data assimilation. Here, a specific formulation of optical flow, called Lucas–Kanade, is reviewed and generalized as a tool for estimating three components of forecast error: intensity and two components of displacement, direction and distance. The method is illustrated first on simulated data, and then on a 418-day series of 24-h forecasts of sea level pressure from one member [the Global Forecast System (GFS)–fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)] of the University of Washington’s Mesoscale Ensemble system. The simulation study confirms (and quantifies) the expectation that the method correctly assesses forecast errors. The method is also applied to a real dataset consisting of 418 twenty-four-hour forecasts spanning 2 April 2008–2 November 2009, demonstrating its value for analyzing NWP model performance. Results reveal a significant intensity bias in the subtropics, especially in the southern California region. They also expose a systematic east-northeast or downstream bias of approximately 50 km over land, possibly due to the treatment of terrain in the coarse-resolution model.
Employer and Employer Association Matters in 2009
Authors: Todd Patricia
Published: July 2010

For employers 2009 was a year of major regulatory change in industrial relations, requiring them to position themselves in response to these changes. The first part of the Fair Work Act commenced on 1 July and details of the modern awards continued to be released throughout the year. The drive towards a unified national industrial relations system was consolidated legislatively; amendments to the building industry inspectorate’s powers were debated but not concluded; a promise to introduce paid parental leave was put on the table; and regulatory changes occurred in relation to the 457 visa programme, employee share schemes and executive remuneration. These changes were occurring in the context of the global financial crisis, which itself required employers to determine appropriate strategic actions to reduce labour costs and yet retain their workforce for the future. Not surprisingly, concerns about labour shortages abated although there was ongoing recognition that long term labour supply issues were still very real.
Women, Work and Industrial Relations in 2009
Authors: Baird Marian , Williamson Sue
Published: July 2010

The interplay between women’s work and family lives and public and business policies attracted considerable attention during 2009. In this review we focus on Australia’s new paid parental leave scheme, pay equity, award modernization and the lack of women in senior management and on boards. We conclude that ‘economic efficiency’ arguments to promote gender equality in the workplace became stronger during the year, sometimes displacing gender justice arguments. We also suggest that 2009 was a year of policy wins and losses for women at work and that 2010 will see more attention to gender equitable policies as political parties seek to win the ‘women’s vote’.
What’s in a Name? The Rise (and Fall?) of Flexicurity
Authors: Auer Peter
Published: July 2010

The term ‘flexicurity’ was coined by politicians, researchers and, most prominently, the European Commission as an encompassing labour market reform agenda for the 27 member countries of the European Union. As part of the European social model it offered an alternative to the Anglo Saxon ‘flexibility of the labour market’ mantra and attracted widespread attention around the world, lately also in the USA and in Australia. The recent global financial crisis, which often saw internal adjustment by shortening hours of work instead of external adjustment through lay-offs, has challenged the original concept based on easier hiring and firing coupled with sound social protection for the unemployed. Also the increasing irritation of trade unions with the term, coupled with mounting scepticism among researchers and uncertainties in support from a newly nominated EU Commission, means that the concept faces an uncertain future. However, the present widespread critique of flexicurity will probably not lead to the demise of the various policies that the term comprises, but to reinforcing internal adjustment options and supporting policies. At stake may be also a renaming of the concept.
Determination of hub port attenuation satisfying radio link path losses for hardware emulation
Authors: Biswas Moyuresh , Frater Michael R , Ryan Michael
Published: July 2010

In this paper we introduce a framework to emulate the path loss of radio network links in a laboratory environment. The emulator network comprises one or more multiport radio frequency hubs, with variable attenuation on each port, in order to emulate the radio path loss between any two radios. The problem in this emulation approach is the determination of the appropriate port attenuation to match the multi-dimensional link losses (signal attenuations) and signal-to-interference ratios between multiple radios of a practical network. This has been structured as a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) for both single-hub and multiple-hub emulation. We describe an algorithm based on Freuder’s solution synthesis to find the solution to the CSP. For emulation with multiple hubs, a clustering algorithm is described to assign radios to different hubs. Experimental results are also presented to validate the accuracy of emulation.
Variegated capitalism and the geography of finance: Towards a common agenda
Authors: Dixon Adam D.
Published: July 2010

In this article I review Jamie Peck and Nik Theodore’s call to engage with the ‘varieties of capitalism’ approach to heterodox political economy through a ‘variegated capitalism’ approach, rooted in economic geography. I argue in favor of this strategy, but argue specifically that this approach may be most effectively implemented through the study of financial geographies of the firm, as a primary component of a multipronged effort. The goal of this article is to spur debate to develop a variegated-capitalism approach and to focus the attention of economic geography to better contribute to broader macro-institutional debates in heterodox political economy.
Development and Validation of a Clinic-Based Prediction Tool to Identify Female Athletes at High Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Myer Gregory D. , Ford Kevin R. , Khoury Jane , Succop Paul , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: July 2010

Background

Prospective measures of high knee abduction moment (KAM) during landing identify female athletes at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Laboratory-based measurements demonstrate 90% accuracy in prediction of high KAM. Clinic-based prediction algorithms that employ correlates derived from laboratory-based measurements also demonstrate high accuracy for prediction of high KAM mechanics during landing.

Hypotheses

Clinic-based measures derived from highly predictive laboratory-based models are valid for the accurate prediction of high KAM status, and simultaneous measurements using laboratory-based and clinic-based techniques highly correlate.

Study Design

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

One hundred female athletes (basketball, soccer, volleyball players) were tested using laboratory-based measures to confirm the validity of identified laboratory-based correlate variables to clinic-based measures included in a prediction algorithm to determine high KAM status. To analyze selected clinic-based surrogate predictors, another cohort of 20 female athletes was simultaneously tested with both clinic-based and laboratory-based measures.

Results

The prediction model (odds ratio: 95% confidence interval), derived from laboratory-based surrogates including (1) knee valgus motion (1.59: 1.17-2.16 cm), (2) knee flexion range of motion (0.94: 0.89°-1.00°), (3) body mass (0.98: 0.94-1.03 kg), (4) tibia length (1.55: 1.20-2.07 cm), and (5) quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio (1.70: 0.48%-6.0%), predicted high KAM status with 84% sensitivity and 67% specificity (P < .001). Clinic-based techniques that used a calibrated physician's scale, a standard measuring tape, standard camcorder, ImageJ software, and an isokinetic dynamometer showed high correlation (knee valgus motion, r = .87; knee flexion range of motion, r = .95; and tibia length, r = .98) to simultaneous laboratory-based measurements. Body mass and quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio were included in both methodologies and therefore had r values of 1.0.

Conclusion

Clinically obtainable measures of increased knee valgus, knee flexion range of motion, body mass, tibia length, and quadriceps-to-hamstrings ratio predict high KAM status in female athletes with high sensitivity and specificity. Female athletes who demonstrate high KAM landing mechanics are at increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury and are more likely to benefit from neuromuscular training targeted to this risk factor. Use of the developed clinic-based assessment tool may facilitate high-risk athletes’ entry into appropriate interventions that will have greater potential to reduce their injury risk.
Mechanisms for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Authors: Koga Hideyuki , Nakamae Atsuo , Shima Yosuke , Iwasa Junji , Myklebust Grethe , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald , Krosshaug Tron
Published: July 2010

Background

The mechanism for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury is still a matter of controversy. Video analysis of injury tapes is the only method available to extract biomechanical information from actual anterior cruciate ligament injury cases.

Purpose

This article describes 3-dimensional knee joint kinematics in anterior cruciate ligament injury situations using a model-based image-matching technique.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Ten anterior cruciate ligament injury video sequences from women's handball and basketball were analyzed using the model-based image-matching method.

Results

The mean knee flexion angle among the 10 cases was 23° (range, 11°-30°) at initial contact (IC) and had increased by 24° (95% confidence interval [CI], 19°-29°) within the following 40 milliseconds. The mean valgus angle was neutral (range, -2° to 3°) at IC, but had increased by 12° (95% CI, 10°-13°) 40 milliseconds later. The knee was externally rotated 5° (range, -5° to 12°) at IC, but rotated internally by 8° (95% CI, 2°-14°) during the first 40 milliseconds, followed by external rotation of 17° (95% CI, 13°-22°). The mean peak vertical ground-reaction force was 3.2 times body weight (95% CI, 2.7-3.7), and occurred at 40 milliseconds after IC (range, 0-83).

Conclusion

Based on when the sudden changes in joint angular motion and the peak vertical ground-reaction force occurred, it is likely that the anterior cruciate ligament injury occurred approximately 40 milliseconds after IC. The kinematic patterns were surprisingly consistent among the 10 cases. All players had immediate valgus motion within 40 milliseconds after IC. Moreover, the tibia rotated internally during the first 40 milliseconds and then external rotation was observed, possibly after the anterior cruciate ligament had torn. These results suggest that valgus loading is a contributing factor in the anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism and that internal tibial rotation is coupled with valgus motion. Prevention programs should focus on acquiring a good cutting and landing technique with knee flexion and without valgus loading of the knee.
English as an Additional Language: assumptions and challenges
Authors: Mistry Malini , Sood Krishan
Published: July 2010

The number of pupils who have English as an Additional Language (EAL) in our English schools is increasing with an increased influx of migrants from Europe. This paper investigates how schools are addressing the needs of these children. Using survey and interviews with teachers and paraprofessionals (teaching assistants and bilingual assistants), the identification of personal assumptions and challenges of EAL provision are explored. Early indications suggest huge differential practice for EAL provision, support and training. Many staff suggested that they are culturally unaware and have little experience of supporting EAL children. Furthermore, the key challenge for leaders is how best to cater for EAL children using a diverse workforce creatively and within tight financial constraints and competing school priorities.
Telling a compelling story: managing inclusion in colleges of further education
Authors: Wallace Sue , Gravells Jonathan
Published: July 2010

Taking as its starting point a series of interviews with senior and middle managers in FE colleges across the country, this paper argues that the values and practices which reflect a commitment to inclusive education and training are unlikely to become effectively embedded within the organisational structures and ethos of a college simply through requirements for compliance with appropriate or ‘fashionable’ classroom practices; or through hard ‘selling’ by senior management; or through claims made in policies and mission statements. It suggests instead that a sense of meaning and shared values can be created most effectively and authentically when managers at all levels undertake to explore the ways in which organisational values and the personal values of their teams can be brought into alignment.
Metaphor as a tool in educational leadership classrooms
Authors: Singh Kathryn
Published: July 2010

As students begin credentialing programs, they usually take a basic course on leadership, and we often invite them to reflect on their own perceptions of qualities, vision, mission and effectiveness. In Fall 2008, in my classes, I discovered that students struggled to articulate thoughts on leadership. Many felt unqualified, not having been leaders. I used metaphor as a vehicle for formulating and expressing their concept of leadership. Students felt more relaxed when comparing leadership to something else such as an orchestra conductor, a traffic cop, a stovetop or a sail. The use of metaphor allows students to relate a concept to something familiar and make it more concrete. Metaphors can be used to describe leadership as well as to explore how this language tool is used within a leadership setting. This article discusses the use of metaphors as a teaching tool, provides examples, and offers suggestions for future uses.
Measuring Political Knowledge in Telephone and Web Surveys: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Strabac Zan , Aalberg Toril
Published: July 2010

Fast pace of technology changes makes conduction of high-quality web surveys increasingly easy, and performance of web surveys should be continuously monitored. In this article, a comparison is made of the results of telephone and web surveys of items measuring international news knowledge. The authors compare web surveys of general populations conducted in the United States and Norway in January 2009 with their telephone replications conducted in the same month. Results show rather small differences between web and telephone surveys, particularly in Norway. The authors discuss the results and make recommendations for use of web surveys and for future methodological research.
VODYS: An Agent-Based Model for Exploring Campaign Dynamics
Authors: Gulati Girish J. , Hadlock Charles R. , Gainsborough Juliet F.
Published: July 2010

The literature on campaigns has considered a number of factors that affect whether and how someone votes, including demographics, campaign strategies, and social milieu. Understanding the dynamics of campaigns, however, is complicated by the fact that researchers cannot observe much of what happens during an election cycle. Typically, studies rely on voter recollections of conversations, contacts, and media exposure. In addition, because data are collected at discrete points in time, most models of voter turnout cannot capture the dynamic nature of an individual’s interactions during a campaign cycle. Agent-based models offer a way to overcome these data limitations by allowing us to model the dynamics of voter turnout over the course of many weeks as individuals move back and forth between home and work environments, interacting with neighbors and colleagues. In this article, the authors present an agent-based model of campaign dynamics, VODYS, and conduct three simulations to demonstrate the utility of agent-based models for exploring the effects of contact and context on political behavior.
Dynamical Systems Interpretation of Reversal of Subjective Temporal Order Due to Arm Crossing
Authors: Nakajima Kohei , Ikegami Takashi
Published: July 2010

In this article, we propose a model which interprets the crossed-hand deficit of temporal order judgment (TOJ) from the dynamical systems perspective. The TOJ paradigm is important to understanding how the body image is dynamically sustained in our daily life. Our aim is to show one possible example of how the TOJ deficit could be consistently expressed in the dynamical systems framework. According to the study reported by Yamamoto and Kitazawa, using the genetic algorithm, we reconstruct the crossed-hand effect with a recurrent neural network, and show that it was caused by slow relaxation dynamics near the critical point in our model agent. Moreover, by using the same agent, we demonstrate the occurrence of the deficit in response to three successive stimuli which may help reveal the mechanism of TOJ deficit in the real human case.