bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durational variation across inner/outer/expanding circle varieties of English
Authors: Albrecht Sven , Ivanova Marina , Schmied Josef
Published: November 2024

The durational variation, often referred to as speech rhythm, of outer and expanding circle varieties has often
been described as different from inner circle varieties due to L1 influence. In an attempt to quantify previous subjective
accounts, this preliminary study investigates durational variation across Kachru’s three circles, analyzing data of four inner
circle, one outer circle and three expanding circle varieties, using durational variation metrics. The results indicate that these
metrics can be used to identify the three circles in a comparative analysis of varieties, however categorizing a single variety
into one of the three circles is not possible. Furthermore, the variation in metric is not uniform across all metrics, with only
some metrics showing significant results in the statistical analysis. A future study using a more balanced sample of varieties and
speakers can bring additional insights on the descriptiveness and reliability of different metrics of durational variation.
Simulation and experimental study on temperature field and flow field of laser cladding high-temperature Ni-based alloys
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Chen Liaoyuan , Yu Tianbiao
Published: November 2024

The multiphase liquid’s development during the laser cladding process involves complex processes such as energy input, mass input, heat transfer, multi-phase liquid flow, and rapid solidification. Based on the coupled theory of temperature field and velocity field, a multi-field coupling model for Ni-based high-temperature alloy on the surface of 40Cr has been established. Throughout the modeling procedure, the surface tension coefficient’s impact o.During the modeling process, the effect of the surface tension coefficient on the flow velocity of the molten metal in the melt pool is considered, along with the tracking of the gas/liquid free boundary through the use of the dynamic mesh technique. By comparing experimental and simulation results, it is found that the prediction error of the model ranges from −11.79% to 12.08%, demonstrating that the model has certain explanatory and predictive capabilities for laser cladding of Ni-based high-temperature alloys.
3D orthogonal woven carbon/carbon composites: micromechanical modeling and damage analysis
Authors: Gong Qin , Chen Junhong , Huang Xicheng
Published: November 2024

This study develops a progressive damage model for three-dimensional orthogonal woven car-bon/carbon composites using a micromechanical approach. A Representative Volume Element (RVE) model with periodic boundary conditions is constructed using the finite element method. The model includes fiber bundles, the matrix, and fiber bundle/matrix interfaces. Damage initiation in the fiber bundles and matrix is determined using the Hashin criterion and the maximum stress criterion, respectively, while the stiffness degradation method describes material behavior post-failure. The interface’s mechanical behavior between the fiber bundles and the matrix is simulated using zero-thickness cohesive elements. Defects are introduced into this model using the Monte Carlo algorithm. Under various loading conditions, the predicted stress–strain curves and damage evolution closely align with experimental results, validating the model’s ef-fectiveness. The results indicate that void defects significantly impact the material’s strength and damage evolution, particularly under tensile loads. Analysis of stress–strain curves and damage states suggests that transverse damage in the matrix, interface, and fibers has a minor impact on the material’s overall strength, whereas longitudinal fiber damage is the primary cause of material failure.
Open-window MSR design with active magnetic compensation coil based on COMSOL multiphysics
Authors: Yang Zhouqiang , Cui Peiling , Li Yanbin
Published: November 2024

Magnetic shielding room (MSR) is one of the necessary equipment for measuring magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). The traditional closed MSR only focuses on the indicators of the shielded magnetic field, and ignores the patient’s feelings within the MSR. In this paper, an open-window MSR is proposed to solve the problem that patients have difficulty in communicating with the outside of closed MSR and have closed fear. The simulation results show that the size and distribution trend of the residual magnetic field in the inner working area of the MSR with shield-duct and active magnetic compensation coil is similar to that of the closed MSR. The method proposed in this paper provides a way to improve the comfort of patients in MSR for measuring MCG and MEG in humans.
Flexible physical sensors based on membranes: from design to application
Authors: Lin Liwei , Wu Changqing , Cui Youfeng , Pan Minghao , Fang Ning , Zhou Man , Zhang Yuzhe , Zhang Wang , Li Zhongyu , Zhou Ziyao , Piao Yuanzhe , Paek Sun-Ha
Published: November 2024

The flexible physical sensors have the advantage of pliability and extensibility and can be easily twisted or curved. The development of flexibility from rigidity has significantly increased the application situations for sensors, especially in intelligent robots, tactile platforms, wearable medical sensors, bionic devices, and other fields. The research of membrane-based flexible physical sensors relies on the development of advanced materials and technologies, which have been derived from a wide range of applications. Various technical methods and principles have gradually matured according to the different applications and materials used. The first section of this review discusses membrane substrates and functional materials, summarizing the development of flexible physical sensors. According to the technical sensing principles, the review is concerned with the state of research on physical sensing platforms. Lastly, the difficulties and chances for the design of emerging membrane-based flexible physical sensors in the coming years are presented.
Investigating direct air capture of carbon dioxide using alkali dosed biochar-based adsorbent
Authors: Lungkadee Thananat , Phromphithak Sanphawat , Katongtung Tossapon , Tangparitkul Suparit , Chaichana Chatchawan , Tippayawong Nakorn
Published: November 2024

As a response to the urgent need for global climate change mitigation, negative emissions technologies have gained widespread recognition as essential tools for achieving climate goals. Among these technologies, direct air capture (DAC) and biochar are considered promising methods for carbon capture, contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Biochar stands out as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent for DAC. While both DAC and biochar technologies have undergone extensive research, limited attention has been given to the potential of using alkali-dosed biochar as a sorbent for DAC, with most validation conducted at laboratory level. This study focuses on the DAC of CO2 using a KOH-dosed biochar-based adsorbent and introduces a mobile prototype designed to accommodate a portable biochar filter. Our research explores the viability of this innovative approach for carbon capture, offering a possible solution for sectors with limited financial resources and the public.
Randomized radial basis function neural network for solving multiscale elliptic equations
Authors: Wu Yuhang , Liu Ziyuan , Sun Wenjun , Qian Xu
Published: November 2024

Ordinary deep neural network (DNN)-based methods frequently encounter difficulties when tackling multiscale and high-frequency partial differential equations. To overcome these obstacles and improve computational accuracy and efficiency, this paper presents the Randomized Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RRNN), an innovative approach explicitly crafted for solving multiscale elliptic equations. The RRNN method commences by decomposing the computational domain into non-overlapping subdomains. Within each subdomain, the solution to the localized subproblem is approximated by a RRNN with a Gaussian kernel. This network is distinguished by the random assignment of width and center coefficients for its activation functions, thereby rendering the training process focused solely on determining the weight coefficients of the output layer. For each subproblem, similar to the Petrov–Galerkin finite element method, a linear system will be formulated on the foundation of a weak formulation. Subsequently, a selection of collocation points is stochastically sampled at the boundaries of the subdomain, ensuring the satisfaction of C
0 and C
1 continuity and boundary conditions to couple these localized solutions. The network is ultimately trained using the least squares method to ascertain the output layer weights. To validate the RRNN method’s effectiveness, an extensive array of numerical experiments has been executed. The RRNN is firstly compared with a variety of DNN methods based on gradient descent optimization. The comparative analysis demonstrates the RRNN’s superior performance with respect to computational accuracy and training time. Furthermore, it is contrasted with to local extreme learning machine method, which also utilizes domain decomposition and the least squares method. The comparative findings suggest that the RRNN method can attain enhanced accuracy at a comparable computational cost, particularly pronounced in scenarios with a smaller scale ratio ɛ.
Recent and anticipated novel drug approvals (4Q 2024 through 3Q 2025)
Authors: Rim Matthew H , Dean Collin , Aliaj Enela , Dandino Matthew , Tanriverdi Tara , Levitsky Andrew M
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Health-system pharmacists play a crucial role in monitoring the pharmaceutical pipeline to manage formularies, allocate resources, and optimize clinical programs for new therapies. This article aims to support pharmacists by providing updates on new and anticipated novel drug approvals.

Selected drug approvals anticipated in the 12-month period covering the fourth quarter of 2024 through the third quarter of 2025 are reviewed. The analysis emphasizes drugs expected to have significant clinical and financial impact in hospitals and clinics, as selected from among 51 novel drugs awaiting US Food and Drug Administration approval. New drugs for severe rare diseases, cancers, autoimmune diseases, acute pain, and reversal of anticoagulation are being developed. Additionally, a new cell therapy for treatment of graft-versus-host disease joined the group of novel targeted therapies for various diseases awaiting approval.

Conclusion

Novel therapies for treating rare diseases and cancers continue to strengthen the current drug pipeline.
Ultrasound-Guided Female Equilibrated Minimal Muscularization and Enhancement (U-Femme)
Authors: Proto Ricardo , Hoyos Alfredo E , Perez Pachon Mauricio E , Oñate-Valdivieso Carlos , Oñate-Valdivieso Daniel , Duarte Paulo , Aguilar-Villa Hugo , Manzaneda-Cipriani Raul , Samuel Icaro , Borras Osorio Mariana
Published: November 2024

Background

High-definition liposculpture (HDL) has undergone significant evolution since its initial description, with the goal of achieving more natural outcomes and a muscular-defined appearance. The introduction of intramuscular fat grafting has enhanced contouring capabilities, with its applications extending to various muscle groups. Subperiosteal fat grafting efficacy and safety are well-established in facial surgery.

Objectives

Describe the technique of combining ultrasound (US)-guided subperiosteal lipoinjection of the anterior superior iliac spine (bikini bridge) plus intramuscular fat grafting of the internal oblique muscles with HDL.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted across different specialized plastic surgery centers. Adult patients who underwent bikini bridge and dynamic definition liposculpture were included. All patients were informed of the innovative use of the technique and consented to participate. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to summarize the variables.

Results

A total of 105 consecutive patients were included for analysis. Patients were mostly females (86.7%) plus 14 male patients (13.3%) who were in the gender reassignment process. Mean age was 34.3 years (standard deviation [SD] 8.7 years) and the median BMI was 22.9 kg/m2 (SD 2.74 kg/m2). All patients underwent fat grafting the iliac spines + the oblique muscles as an additional procedure to HDL. Median volume of fat injected was 15 cc (interquartile range 12 cc) for the iliac spines and 40 cc for the internal obliques. No major complications were reported.

Conclusions

The US-guided intramuscular and subperiosteal fat grafting of the abdomen is a safe and reproducible procedure, resulting in a harmonious and athletic appearance with natural-looking outcomes, high satisfaction, and a very low rate of complications.

Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study effects of lactic acid bacteria and functional food factors
Authors: Komura Tomomi , Nishikawa Yoshikazu
Published: November 2024

Several approaches for regulating health and disease by intestinal bacteria, bacteria isolated from food products, and food factors have been investigated; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between these bacteria and their hosts are still unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans is a crucial model for exploring various biological phenomena and has been used in studying intestinal bacteria, mainly in the field of anti-aging, anti-amyloid β activity in Alzheimer's disease, and its interaction to hosts. The nematode model is expected to be increasingly utilized for elucidating the interactions of beneficial bacteria or food factors with hosts. Herein, we review anti-aging and suppression of amyloid β expression in a C. elegans model fed lactic acid bacteria, and our developed methods for orally administering food factors and assessing advanced glycation end products as an aging indicator.
RUCova: Removal of Unwanted Covariance in mass cytometry data
Authors: Astaburuaga-García Rosario , Sell Thomas , Mutlu Samet , Sieber Anja , Lauber Kirsten , Blüthgen Nils
Published: November 2024

Motivation

High dimensional single-cell mass cytometry data are confounded by unwanted covariance due to variations in cell size and staining efficiency, making analysis, and interpretation challenging.

Results

We present RUCova, a novel method designed to address confounding factors in mass cytometry data. RUCova removes unwanted covariance from measured markers applying multivariate linear regression based on surrogates of sources of unwanted covariance (SUCs) and principal component analysis (PCA). We exemplify the use of RUCova and show that it effectively removes unwanted covariance while preserving genuine biological signals. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of RUCova in elucidating complex data patterns, facilitating the identification of activated signalling pathways, and improving the classification of important cell populations such as apoptotic cells. By providing a robust framework for data normalization and interpretation, RUCova enhances the accuracy and reliability of mass cytometry analyses, contributing to advances in our understanding of cellular biology and disease mechanisms.

Availability and implementation

The R package is available on https://github.com/molsysbio/RUCova. Detailed documentation, data, and the code required to reproduce the results are available on https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913464.
Pyrroloquinoline-quinone supplementation restores ovarian function and oocyte quality in a mouse model of advanced maternal age
Authors: Zhang Kemei , Xu Rui , Ma Jinzhao , Zheng Lu , Zhang Hong , Li Zhou , Weng Hong , Yang Xiaoyue , Hu Ying , Chen Xueqing , Shu Jing
Published: November 2024

Natural ovarian aging is one of the major causes for declining fertility in female animals, which has become an insurmountable issue in human reproduction clinics and assisted reproductive technology procedures. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of oocyte aging remains poorly understood, and feasible improvement strategies are unavailable. In the present study, in vivo supplementation of pyrroloquinoline-quinone effectively elevated the fecundity of reproductively aged mice by balancing hormonal secretion, harmonizing the estrus cycle, and eliminating ovarian fibrosis. Moreover, oocyte quality also increased in aged mice after pyrroloquinoline-quinone administration from various aspects, including nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation competency, fertilization capacity, and pre-implantation embryonic development potential. Transcriptomic analysis identified target pathways that might mediate pyrroloquinoline-quinone’s effects in aged oocytes. Specifically, it was demonstrated that pyrroloquinoline-quinone supplementation restored the mitochondrial dynamics and lysosomal function to remove excessive reactive oxygen species and suppress apoptosis in aged oocytes. Jointly, these findings demonstrate pyrroloquinoline-quinone administration is an efficacious method to restore the compromised ovary function and damaged oocyte quality in reproductively aged mice, which might be a potential clinical therapy for women of advanced maternal age with infertility.
Genome sequencing reveals novel IKBKG structural variants associated with incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Pipko Neta , Oh Rachel Youjin , Kaplan Aiyana , Shugar Andrea , Szuto Anna , Weinstein Miriam , Yoon Grace , Mendoza-Londono Roberto , Pope Elena , Young Ted , Marshall Christian R , Costain Gregory , Lara-Corrales Irene , Wang Yiming
Published: November 2024

Using genome sequencing, we identified novel structural variants in the IKBKG gene in two patients affected by incontinentia pigmenti (IP). As a large proportion of patients with IP do not have a molecular diagnosis, and new variants remain to be identified. Emerging technologies, such as long-read sequencing, hold promise for further advancing the molecular diagnosis of IP.
Caffeine-induced fixed drug eruption: evidence from a positive patch test
Authors: Ouni Bouraoui , Chahed Ferdaous , Dridi Bahaeddine , Slim Raoudha , Ghariani Nedia , Bensayed Nesrine , Fathallah Neila
Published: November 2024

Caffeine-induced fixed drug eruption has not been previously reported. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of this adverse effect secondary to caffeine present in some foods and drugs.
Thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins: comprehensive evaluation with sonography and MRI in first trimester—a rare imaging diagnosis
Authors: Bhatia Harsimran , Aggarwal Purnima , Devkota Shritik , Lamichhane Samiksha
Published: November 2024

Conjoined twins, or Siamese twins as they are commonly called, are a rare and extreme form of monochorionic twinning. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and follow-up of conjoined twins. While ultrasound is often the screening modality of choice, MRI is carried out for better anatomical delineation and further characterization as and when necessary. We present a unique case of first trimester thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins with cystic hygroma who were comprehensively evaluated with sonography and MRI with imaging findings confirmed post-pregnancy termination. The case stresses upon the utility of advanced imaging techniques including foetal MRI that immensely contribute towards a reliable diagnosis.
Temperature dependence of intraparticle diffusion of coumarin in single octadecylsilyl-functionalized silica particle revealed by fluorescence microspectroscopy
Authors: Miyagawa Akihisa , Yamada Kazuki , Nagatomo Shigenori , Nakatani Kiyoharu
Published: November 2024

We explore the intraparticle diffusion of coumarin 102 (C102) in an octadecylsilyl-functionalized (ODS) silica particle in acetonitrile (ACN)/water and butanol (BuOH)/water systems at varying temperatures (T). The enthalpy-entropy compensation plots of the distribution coefficient of C102 in the ODS silica particle found that the distribution mechanism differed between ACN and BuOH. The T-dependent intraparticle diffusion coefficient (Dintra) of C102 in a single particle was determined with fluorescence microscpectroscopy using laser trapping and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. The obtained Dintra was analyzed based on Arrhenius plots and the pore and surface diffusion model. As a result, we revealed that C102 transferred in the ODS silica particle in the ACN/water solution through only surface diffusion, while both pore and surface diffusions were observed in the BuOH/water solution. It was found that the formation of an interfacial liquid phase was the reason for the observed surface-only diffusion in the ACN system. This was supported by the activation energy of Dintra and surface diffusion coefficient. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the proposed system allows the evaluation of T-dependence of Dintra in a single particle.
Comment on ‘How useful is chest X-ray in addition to routine QuantiFERON® in the detection of latent tuberculosis prior to biologics?’
Authors: Rynne Róisín , Collins Sinead , Hambly Róisín
Published: November 2024

This study reviewed 200 dermatology patients on biologics in Ireland, assessing the value of chest X-rays (CXRs) in addition to QuantiFERON/interferon-gamma-releasing assay (IGRA) for detecting latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The majority (97.5%) had negative IGRA results, with only two showing TB-like findings on CXR. No patients with positive IGRA had CXR signs of TB, and none began LTBI treatment based solely on CXR findings. Echoing Kearney et al.’s (Clin Exp Dermatol 2024; 49:1691–2) results, the study supports using IGRA alone for LTBI screening in low-risk patients, suggesting that routine CXR may be unnecessary and advocating for updated guidelines to reflect this.
Incidence and prevalence of prurigo nodularis and associated comorbidities in Denmark from 1998 to 2021
Authors: Elberling Jesper , Ibler Kristina Sophie , Thomsen Simon Francis , Bosman Kwinten , Olsen Jens , Torpet Mathias
Published: November 2024

Background

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic skin condition characterized by intense itching from nodular skin lesions. Despite its impact on patients’ quality of life, limited data exist on its epidemiology.

Objectives

To estimate the incidence and prevalence of hospital-diagnosed PN and to explore the burden of associated comorbidities.

Methods

A national register-based study in Denmark was conducted using data from Danish national health registers to determine the incidence and prevalence of PN diagnosed in hospitals from 1998 to 2021 and to explore the occurrence of comorbidities.

Results

In total, we identified 1209 individuals diagnosed with PN. The mean age of onset was 45 years, with a female predominance of 58% (696/1209). The prevalence of PN increased over the studied period, reaching 14.1 per 100 000 individuals by 2021. Comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease had higher odds ratios preceding the diagnosis of PN, whereas the odds ratios for atopic dermatitis, mood disorders and depressive disorders increased following the onset of PN.

Conclusion

The findings indicate a significant association between PN and various comorbidities, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary care. The increase in prevalence suggests a growing burden of disease. Although the study may underestimate the true prevalence of PN because of reliance on hospital records, it reveals a rising rate prevalence of PN and associated comorbidities in Denmark. The observed high prevalence of mental health problems in individuals with PN should be a focus of concern for the treating physicians.
Ten tips in lupus nephritis management
Authors: Teoh Selene T Y , Yap Desmond Y H , Chan Tak Mao
Published: November 2024

Lupus nephritis is an important cause of severe glomerulonephritis, and a leading cause of kidney failure in young adults. While the disease can lead to rapid destruction of nephrons if untreated, there are effective therapies to reverse the severe acute kidney injury and prevent the lifetime risk of kidney failure. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are therefore of critical importance. Clinical management of lupus nephritis has improved considerably over the past two decades. The advent of mycophenolate as standard immunosuppressive therapy was a major paradigm shift that improved the safety and convenience of treatment and also patients' quality of life. Effective therapeutic options continue to increase, such as belimumab (a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor, BAFF) and voclosporin (a calcineurin inhibitor) which have obtained regulatory approval in U.S.A. and Europe. There is also accumulating experience on tacrolimus, which has regulatory approval for lupus nephritis treatment in Japan and commonly used off-label in many countries. Ironically, the increasing therapeutic options have resulted in uncertainties in deciding which medication, and which treatment regimen, is best for a patient. In this context, one needs to take into consideration the distinct characteristics and the risk profile of each patient, and adopt a holistic and long-term perspective, so that treatment can be personalized to achieve favourable clinical outcomes.
Social Inclusion, Belonging, and School-Based Experiences in Central American Immigrant Youth
Authors: Carnes Stephanie L , Disney Lindsey
Published: November 2024

Spanish-speaking immigrant students, particularly those from Central America, constitute a rapidly growing subpopulation in U.S. public schools. As primary institutions for socialization, cultural learning, and academic knowledge development, schools often offer immigrant students their first experience of U.S. cultures and the English language. However, schools may mirror broader sociopolitical dynamics of marginalization and social exclusion. The current qualitative study, which explored the school-based experiences of Central American immigrant adolescent students enrolled in English language learner (ELL) programming, sheds light on the specific dynamics of social inclusion (and exclusion) in public schools as institutions, and how such dynamics impact processes of acculturation and overall sense of belonging. Specifically, participant perspectives highlighted the ways in which the institutional design of ELL programs, as well as highly racialized and assimilative school policies and practices, hinder cultural exchange and social inclusion.
MalKinID: A classification model for identifying malaria parasite genealogical relationships using identity-by-descent
Authors: Wong Wesley , Wang Lea , Schaffner Stephen F , Li Xue , Cheeseman Ian , Anderson Timothy J C , Vaughan Ashley , Ferdig Michael , Volkman Sarah K , Hartl Daniel L , Wirth Dyann F
Published: November 2024

Pathogen genomics is a powerful tool for tracking infectious disease transmission. In malaria, identity-by-descent is used to assess the genetic relatedness between parasites and has been used to study transmission and importation. In theory, identity-by-descent can be used to distinguish genealogical relationships to reconstruct transmission history or identify parasites for QTL experiments. MalKinID (Malaria Kinship Identifier) is a new classification model designed to identify genealogical relationships among malaria parasites based on genome-wide identity-by-descent proportions and identity-by-descent segment distributions. MalKinID was calibrated to the genomic data from 3 laboratory-based genetic crosses (yielding 440 parent-child and 9060 full-sibling comparisons). MalKinID identified lab-generated F1 progeny with >80% sensitivity and showed that 0.39 (95% CI 0.28, 0.49) of the second-generation progeny of a NF54 and NHP4026 cross were F1s and 0.56 (0.45, 0.67) were backcrosses of an F1 with the parental NF54 strain. In simulated outcrossed importations, MalKinID reconstructs genealogy history with high precision and sensitivity, with F1-scores exceeding 0.84. However, when importation involves inbreeding, such as during serial co-transmission, the precision and sensitivity of MalKinID declined, with F1-scores (the harmonic mean of precision and sensitivity) of 0.76 (0.56, 0.92) and 0.23 (0.0, 0.4) for parent-child and full-sibling and <0.05 for second-degree and third-degree relatives. Disentangling inbred relationships required adapting MalKinID to perform multisample comparisons. Genealogical inference is most powered when (1) outcrossing is the norm or (2) multisample comparisons based on a predefined pedigree are used. MalKinID lays the foundations for using identity-by-descent to track parasite transmission history and for separating progeny for quantitative-trait-locus experiments.
Construction and analysis of telomere-to-telomere genomes for 2 sweet oranges: Longhuihong and Newhall (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Hong Lin , Xu Xin-Dong , Yang Lei , Wang Min , Li Shuang , Yang Haijian , Ye Si-Ying , Chen Ling-Ling , Song Jia-Ming
Published: November 2024

Background

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) is a fruit crop of high nutritional value that is widely consumed around the world. However, its susceptibility to low-temperature stress limits its cultivation and production in regions prone to frost damage, severely impacting the sustainable development of the sweet orange industry. Therefore, developing cold-resistant sweet orange varieties is of great necessity. Traditional hybrid breeding methods are not feasible due to the polyembryonic phenomenon in sweet oranges, necessitating the enhancement of its germplasm through molecular breeding. High-quality reference genomes are valuable for studying crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the lack of genomic resources for cold-resistant sweet orange varieties has hindered the progress in developing such varieties and researching their molecular mechanisms of cold resistance.

Findings

This study integrated PacBio HiFi, ONT, Hi-C, and Illumina sequencing data to assemble telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genomes for the cold-resistant sweet orange mutant “Longhuihong” (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb. cv. LHH) and its wild-type counterpart “Newhall” (C. sinensis [L.] Osb. cv. Newhall). Comprehensive evaluations based on multiple criteria revealed that both genomes exhibit high continuity, completeness, and accuracy. The genome sizes were 340.28 Mb and 346.33 Mb, with contig N50 of 39.31 Mb and 36.77 Mb, respectively. In total, 31,456 and 30,021 gene models were annotated in the respective genomes. Leveraging these assembled genomes, comparative genomics analyses were performed, elucidating the evolutionary history of the sweet orange genome. Moreover, the study identified 2,886 structural variants between the 2 genomes, with several SVs located in the upstream, downstream, or intronic regions of homologous genes known to be associated with cold resistance.

Conclusions

The study de novo assembled 2 T2T reference genomes of sweet orange varieties exhibiting different levels of cold tolerance. These genomes serve as valuable foundational resources for genomic research and molecular breeding aimed at enhancing cold tolerance in sweet oranges. Additionally, they expand the existing repository of reference genomes and sequencing data resources for C. sinensis. Moreover, these genomes provide a critical data foundation for comparative genomics analyses across different plant species.
Japanese Gold Standard for Added Matter and Its Similarity with G2/21 (Plausibility)
Authors: Morishima Masaki
Published: November 2024

In common with many jurisdictions worldwide, in Japan a patent application or a patent may not be amended in such a way that it contains subject matter that extends beyond the content of the specification as originally filed, i.e., added subject matter (or new matter). However, the method of determining the boundary between allowable and unallowable amendments is unique in Japan, and the Japanese approach is arguably one of the most generous among all major jurisdictions. If a scale is drawn ranging from a ‘photographic’ level at one end (where literal support for an amendment must always be found in the original application) to an ‘impressionistic’ level at the other (where literal support for an amendment does not play any role at all), the Japanese standard is perhaps closer to the latter. This article firstly aims to serve as a practical guide into this unique practice for international users.

As the author believes that the rationale behind the Japanese standard regarding the allowability of amendments shares many things in common with the standard given in G2/21 (i.e., the EPO’s Enlarged Board of Appeal decision regarding a reliance on a purported technical effect for inventive step), the rest of this article then strives to provide a unique approach to interpret the G2/21’s standard, while comparing it with the Japanese added matter standard.
Diversity, occurrence, and conservation status of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata) in Northern Cape province, South Africa
Authors: Dabrowski Jackie , Meyer-Milne Elizabeth , Mantshi Hlumelo T , Majingo Zamabhisi , Bills Daksha , Mlambo Musa C
Published: November 2024

We combined historical records from the literature (1950–2022) with recent field surveys and mesocosm-hatching assays conducted in 2018–2023 and found a total of thirty-two species of large branchiopods in Northern Cape province of South Africa, the largest absolute species richness reported in any area in southern Africa. This highlights this province as an important hotspot for large branchiopods, with six endemic species. Five new species (two anostracans and three spinicaudatans) described in the past six years from southern Africa were from the province. Moreover, our study identified four new species awaiting formal description, which not only enrich the overall diversity but also contribute significantly to the conservation value and functional roles within ephemeral waterbodies. Two new South Africa and province records, namely Leptestheria calcarata (Wolf in Daday, 1923) and a potentially undescribed species of PhallocryptusBirabén, 1951 were recorded. Based on the IUCN conservation assessment, three species are classified as critically endangered (CR), 14 as least concern (LC), and seven as data deficient (DD). It is now an opportune time to update the assessment given that the previous assessment of large branchiopods in southern Africa was conducted in the early 90s. This large-scale, province-wide study, taken together with historical records aims to contribute to our understanding of large branchiopods in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.
Characterization of the exopolysaccharides produced by the industrial yeast Komagataella phaffii
Authors: Fischer Amanda , Castagna Vanessa , Omer Shafraz , Marmorstein Micah , Wu Junqi , Ceballos Shannon , Skoog Emma , Lebrilla Carlito B , Suarez Chris , Schnitzler Aletta
Published: November 2024

The yeast Komagataella phaffii has become a popular host strain among biotechnology start-up companies for producing recombinant proteins for food and adult nutrition applications. Komagataella phaffii is a host of choice due to its long history of safe use, open access to protocols and strains, a secretome free of host proteins and proteases, and contract manufacturing organizations with deep knowledge in bioprocess scale-up. However, a recent publication highlighted the abundance of an unknown polysaccharide that accumulates in the supernatant during fermentation. This poses a significant challenge in using K. phaffii as a production host. This polysaccharide leads to difficulties in achieving high purity products and requires specialized and costly downstream processing steps for removal. In this study, we describe the use of the common K. phaffii host strain YB-4290 for production of the bioactive milk protein lactoferrin. Upon purification of lactoferrin using membrane-based separation methods, significant amounts of carbohydrate were copurified with the protein. It was determined that the carbohydrate is mostly composed of mannose residues with minor amounts of glucose and glucosamine. The polysaccharide fraction has an average molecular weight of 50 kDa and consists mainly of mannan, galactomannan, and amylose. In addition, a large fraction of the carbohydrate has an unknown structure likely composed of oligosaccharides. Additional strains were tested in fermentation to further understand the source of the carbohydrates. The commonly used industrial hosts, BG10 and YB-4290, produce a basal level of exopolysaccharide; YB-4290 producing slightly more than BG10. Overexpression of recombinant protein stimulates exopolysaccharide production well above levels produced by the host strains alone. Overall, this study aims to provide a foundation for developing methods to improve the economics of recombinant protein production using K. phaffii as a production host.

One-Sentence Summary

Overexpression of recombinant protein stimulates the hyperproduction of high-molecular-weight, mannose-based, exopolysaccharides by the industrial yeast Komagataella phaffii.
Structure and functions of soil microbial communities and tree composition are more closely associated with keystone microbes than rare microbes in a subtropical forest
Authors: Wu Xian , Deane David C , Xing Hua , Yang Jiarong , Chen Junfang , Liu Xiaolin , Dong Shu , He Fangliang , Liu Yu
Published: November 2024

The significance of microbes for ecosystem functioning is well known; however, within a single system, the relative contributions of keystone and rare taxa to soil microbial functions are less well quantified, as are their shared or unique responses to abiotic conditions. Furthermore, their associations with tree community composition in natural forest ecosystems are not well understood. In this study, a total of 1,287 soil samples were collected from a 20-ha subtropical forest plot and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Based on co-occurrence network analyses, we conducted a comparison of the associations between keystone and rare taxa with the structure, functions, and stability of soil microbial communities. Additionally, we examined their associations with tree community composition. Results showed that keystone taxa made a significantly greater contribution than rare taxa in all comparisons of microbial functions and stability. Keystone taxa had direct effects on microbial community structure and also mediated indirect effects of abiotic conditions. Neither effect was evident for rare taxa. The importance of keystone taxa also extended to aboveground composition, where tree community composition was more closely associated with keystone taxa than with rare taxa. While it may still be premature to establish causality, our study represents one of the initial attempts to compare the relative importance of keystone and rare microbial taxa in forest soils. These findings offer the potential to improve natural forest ecosystem functioning and tree diversity through the manipulation of a small number of keystone soil microbial taxa, as has been demonstrated in agroecosystems.
Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and substance use in college youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Tsevat Rebecca K , Weitzman Elissa R , Wisk Lauren E
Published: November 2024

Objective

Adolescents and young adults with chronic diseases face unique challenges during the college years and may consume alcohol and other substances to cope with stressors. This study aimed to assess the patterns of substance use and to determine psychosocial correlates of these behaviors among college youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

College youth with T1D were recruited via social media and direct outreach into a web-based study. Participants answered validated questions about substance use, and they completed validated screeners of depressive and anxiety symptoms (PHQ-2 and GAD-2), illness acceptance (ICQ), interpersonal support (ISEL), and grit (Grit scale). Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable regression evaluated substance use behaviors as a function of psychosocial factors while adjusting for age and sex.

Results

Alcohol (84.06%) and marijuana (41.30%) were the most common substances reported. In bivariate analyses, depressive symptoms were positively associated (p = .01) and illness acceptance was inversely associated (p = .02) with marijuana use. Higher grit scores were inversely associated with marijuana use (p < .001) and prescription drug misuse (p = .04). The significant associations between marijuana use and depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.66), illness acceptance (AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.91–0.99), and grit (AOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.17–0.60) persisted after adjustment for age and sex.

Conclusions

Substance use is prevalent among college youth with T1D. While psychosocial factors such as depressive symptoms may confer an increased risk, illness acceptance and grit may be protective—especially against marijuana use. Providers should address both positive and negative psychosocial factors to mitigate substance use in this population.
Perforated anterior tenia coli-type appendicitis in a case of vermiform appendix duplex in a toddler: a case report
Authors: Zvizdic Zlatan , Bukvic Melika , Ibisevic Nermina , Firdus Alena , Jonuzi Asmir , Vranic Semir
Published: November 2024

Duplication of the vermiform appendix is a rare anomaly observed in patients undergoing appendectomy. A 27-month-old male toddler presented with a 9-day history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, progressing to an acute abdomen with signs of severe peritonitis. Intraoperative findings revealed a periappendicular infiltrate from a perforated vermiform appendix of the tenia coli type. A second, inflamed appendix was incidentally discovered in its typical location during the procedure. Vermiform appendix duplication presents a clinical challenge due to its rarity and potential for complications. According to the Cave–Wallbridge classification, this case represents Type B2, or the tenia coli variant, characterized by a perforated appendix originating at the tenia coli convergence and a smaller, secondary appendix in a retrocecal position. This case emphasizes the importance of thorough distal and proximal exploration during initial appendectomy when this anomaly is suspected, particularly in cases of Type B2.
Serotonin signaling to regulate energy metabolism: a gut microbiota perspective
Authors: Li Guoli , Dong Sijing , Liu Chunhao , Yang Jing , Rensen Patrick C N , Wang Yanan
Published: November 2024

Serotonin is one of the most potent gastrointestinal, peripheral, and neuronal signaling molecules and plays a key role in regulating energy metabolism. Accumulating evidence has shown the complex interplay between gut microbiota and host energy metabolism. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of gut microbiota in serotonin metabolism and discuss the complicated mechanisms by which serotonin, working in conjunction with the gut microbiota, affects total body energy metabolism in the host. Gut microbiota affects serotonin synthesis, storage, release, transport, and catabolism. In addition, serotonin plays an indispensable role in regulating host energy homeostasis through organ crosstalk and microbe–host communication, particularly with a wide array of serotonergic effects mediated by diverse serotonin receptors with unique tissue specificity. This fresh perspective will help broaden the understanding of serotonergic signaling in modulating energy metabolism, thus shedding light on the design of innovative serotonin-targeting strategies to treat metabolic diseases.
Three-dimensional Stacking of Phase Plates for Advanced Electron Beam Shaping
Authors: Ruffato Gianluca , Beleggia Marco , Tavabi Amir Hossein , Rotunno Enzo , Viani Lorenzo , Rosi Paolo , Kavkani Payam Habibzadeh , Chiari Caterina , Frabboni Stefano , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Pozzi Giulio , Bertoni Giovanni , Tiemeijer Peter , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal Edward , Grillo Vincenzo
Published: November 2024

Tuneable phase plates for free electrons are a highly active area of research. However, their widespread implementation, similar to that of spatial light modulators in light optics, has been hindered by both conceptual and technical challenges. A specific technical challenge involves the need to minimize obstruction of the electron beam by supporting films and electrodes. Here, we describe numerical and analytical mathematical frameworks for three-dimensional stacks of phase plates that can be used to provide near-arbitrary electron beam shaping with minimal obstruction.
Dosimetry as a Lagging Indicator of Occupational Exposure to Nitrous Oxide in Pediatric Sedation: A Collaborative Process Improvement Project With Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Kicker Jennifer S , Timbie Cynthia Y , Kline Susan L
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is commonly used in pediatric procedural sedation. It is an attractive option to facilitate intravenous line placement, as it does not extend sedation recovery from subsequently administered agents. Although debate exists regarding health consequences of occupational exposure now that scavenging of exhaled gases is common, cooperation of pediatric patients to maximize engineering controls is not guaranteed and can contribute to repeated exposure over the course of a clinician’s career. There is no global consensus on personal exposure limits, but the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health published U.S. guidelines. A dosimetry survey of our sedation team during a short N2O procedure for intravenous line placement exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 25 parts per million. We designed a process improvement initiative to reduce occupational exposure below the Recommended Exposure Limit on serial surveys.

Materials and Methods

A continuous flow, titratable, full-face mask N2O delivery system with scavenging by a central vacuum connection was used. A retrospective chart review of N2O procedures performed before the initial dosimetry survey revealed practice trends in provider behavior during N2O administration. Initiation of N2O gas flow and maintenance of face mask seal on an uncooperative patient were identified as two sources of variability. Two-handed face-masking technique, initiation of N2O gas flow only after masking, and continued masking for 2 min of exhaled scavenging were standardized and socialized as best practices. Subsequent dosimetry surveys of the sedation team were coordinated by Industrial Hygiene.

Results

Pre- and post-intervention phases were 17 months each and included 92 and 201 N2O patients, respectively. Six dosimetry surveys occurred in the post phase. Intravenous line placement was the typical procedure surveyed. Dosimetry results for all team members during surveys 1-4 were below the REL, with 14 of 16 samples falling below the level of quantitation. Elevated dosimetry results in survey 5 prompted reevaluation of work practices and equipment. A loose component on the delivery system was discovered, corrected, and incorporated as a pre-procedure check. With no further changes to work practices, dosimetry results were below the REL for survey 6.

Conclusion

We layered work practice changes atop engineering controls to reduce occupational exposure levels for medical team members. We utilized dosimetry as a lagging indicator, prompting frequent reassessments of our equipment and processes that we might not otherwise have performed. Pediatric sedation programs are encouraged to consider whether Industrial Hygiene resources might provide synergy to process improvement efforts with inhalational sedation agents.
Navigating the Leadership Tightrope: A Case Study in the Art of Following and Supporting
Authors: Pflipsen Matthew C
Published: November 2024

Military physicians serve as staff officers where both leading and following are important competencies. Navigating between the two roles is a necessary skill to avoid undermining one’s boss and to support the mission. This case describes a deployed junior officer reconciling his role as the lead medical expert while supporting a Commander’s decision, highlighting the challenges of followership in situations of disagreement.