bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUSIC AND SCIENCE IN THE EARLY WORKS OF PÉTER EÖTVÖS
Authors: Veres Bálint
Published: December 2021

This article presents a survey of philosophical perspectives on the phenomena of ‘nature’ and ‘science/scientific’ in music and does so through a closer look at the first creative period of Péter Eötvös as a composer. Since the beginning of his creative career Eötvös has come into contact with issues scanning the relations between music and science, on the one hand, and music and nature, on the other. Considering Martin Heidegger's reflections on the nature of modern science as he articulated them in his Die Zeit des Weltbildes (1938), one can recognise in Eötvös' first creative period (in works like Kosmos, Elektrochronik, Intervalles-Intérieurs, Tale, etc.) not only the motivating, inspiring force of science, but also the limits of this incentive.
Laura Bowler and Cordelia Lynn, Houses Slide. London Sinfonietta, Aszodi, Edwards, Mitchell. Royal Festival Hall, 9 July 2021.
Authors: Agnon Uri
Published: December 2021

At its beginning Houses Slide is raised from complete darkness by 16 cyclists. Their pedalling powers the show; its constant woosh is the pedal point against which Laura Bowler's music is played. Both impressive and absurd, pedalling fast but getting nowhere, these cyclists are an apt symbol for the questions that Houses Slide raises. This London Sinfonietta commission explores the consciousness of the ecologically conscious. At the heart of the piece lies a paradox that has become part of our collective and personal anxiety. We are repeatedly told two contradictory things: that our actions are utterly disastrous (for example, heating the world, killing the whales) and, at the same time, that they are too insignificant to create positive change. How can we be simultaneously so dangerous and so ineffective? And what can we (guilty yet useless creatures as we are) do? These are the questions that come to mind as we listen to the recorded text that accompanies the piece throughout. This text is a verbatim record of personal testimonies gathered through the artists' call out to the public to submit answers to questions about how they've experienced the climate changing and what it makes them feel. Some speak of the disappearance of moths and hedgehogs, others of unseasonal snow or floods, and one voice candidly says that they haven't experienced any change at all, but they believe the scientists who tell them that change, the crisis, is happening.
Real models: The limits of behavioural evidence for understanding the ANS
Authors: Dramkin Denitza , Odic Darko
Published: December 2021

Clarke and Beck use behavioural evidence to argue that (1) approximate ratio computations are sufficient for claiming that the approximate number system (ANS) represents the rationals, and (2) the ANS does not represent the reals. We argue that pure behaviour is a poor litmus test for this problem, and that we should trust the psychophysical models that place ANS representations within the reals.
Numbers, numerosities, and new directions
Authors: Clarke Sam , Beck Jacob
Published: December 2021

In our target article, we argued that the number sense represents natural and rational numbers. Here, we respond to the 26 commentaries we received, highlighting new directions for empirical and theoretical research. We discuss two background assumptions, arguments against the number sense, whether the approximate number system (ANS) represents numbers or numerosities, and why the ANS represents rational (but not irrational) numbers.
On Conceptual Revision and Aesthetic Judgement
Authors: Vaccarino Bremner Sabina
Published: December 2021

This paper calls into question the view typically attributed to Kant that aesthetic judgements are particularist, resisting all conceptual determination. Instead, it claims that Kant conceives of aesthetic judgements, particularly of art, as playing an important role in therevisionof concepts: one sense in which aesthetic judgements, as Kant defines them, ‘find a universal’ for a given particular. To understand the relation between artistic judgements and concepts requires that we consider what I call Kant’s diachronic account of aesthetic ideas, or how such judgements unfold in the course of communication and reflection. My reading draws Kant much closer to debates in the philosophy of art on the semantic dimension of artworks. Here, illuminating the way in which aesthetic judgements about art can play a role in conceptual revision allows us to make sense of the way in which modern artworks contest concepts rather than merely presenting or expressing them.
Kant’s Theory of Modern Art?
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: December 2021

Can Kant’s theory of fine art serve as a theory of modern art? It all depends on what ‘modern’ means. The word can mean current or contemporary, indexed to the time of use, and in that sense the answer is yes: Kant’s theory of genius implies that successful art is always to some extent novel, so there should always be something that counts as contemporary art on his theory. But ‘modern’ can also be used adjectively, perhaps more properly as ‘modernist’, to refer to art of a particular moment, in some cases superseded by postmodern art. Kant’s theory is not a theory of modernist art in at least one prominent form, the formalism of Clement Greenberg. But other theories, such as those of George Dickie and Arthur Danto, although triggered by particular works of modernist art and meant to accommodate them, were meant to be theories of what art was always doing, and Kant’s is too. In that sense it can be considered a modern theory of art but not a theory of modern art.
Crowdsourced Science Helps Map Vancouver’s “Smellscape”
Authors: Miller Brittney
Published: December 2021

Exposure to stinky odors can affect human health, but quantifying smells can be difficult.
Ancient Fish Thrived During a Period of Rapid Global Warming
Authors: DeFranco Elyse
Published: December 2021

Teeth and scales preserved in marine sediments suggest that fish thrived during one of Earth’s fastest-warming periods.
Climate‐Driven Tree Mortality and Fuel Aridity Increase Wildfire's Potential Heat Flux
Authors: Goodwin Marissa J. , Zald Harold S. J. , North Malcolm P. , Hurteau Matthew D.
Published: December 2021

Wildfire is capable of rapidly releasing the energy stored in forests, with the amount of water in live and dead biomass acting as a regulator on the amount and rate of energy release. Here, we used temperature and fuel moisture data to examine climate‐driven changes in fuel moisture content over the past three decades. We then calculated the changes in energy release (energy release component and fire radiant energy) for two forests that experienced drought and bark beetle mortality and were subsequently burned by wildfires. We found that mortality transitioned substantial amounts of biomass from live to dead pools. Coupled with climate‐driven decreases in fuel moisture content, this change in fuel availability increased the amount of energy that could be released as heat during wildfire in these forests. Our results demonstrate that climate‐driven tree mortality and fuel aridity may be increasing the amount of energy that is released during wildfire.
Characterizing the Geomagnetic Field at High Southern Latitudes: Evidence From the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Biasi Joseph , Kirschvink Joseph L. , Fu Roger R.
Published: December 2021

Due to a dearth of data from high‐latitude paleomagnetic sites, it is not currently clear if the geocentric axial dipole (GAD) hypothesis accurately describes the long‐term behavior of the geomagnetic field at high latitudes. Here we present new paleomagnetic and paleointensity data from the James Ross Island (JRI) volcanic group, located on the Antarctic Peninsula. This data set addresses a notable lack of data from the 60°–70°S latitude bin and includes 251 samples from 31 sites, spanning 0.99–6.8 Ma in age. We also include positive fold, conglomerate, and baked contact tests. Paleointensity data from three methods (Thellier‐Thellier, pseudo‐Thellier, and Tsunakawa‐Shaw) were collected from all sites. The Thellier‐Thellier method had low yields and produced unreliable data, likely due to sample alteration during heating. Results from the Tsunakawa‐Shaw and pseudo‐Thellier methods were more consistent, and we found a bimodal distribution of paleointensity estimates. Most sites yielded either <15 μT or >40 μT, which together span a range of estimates from long‐term geomagnetic field models, but do not favor any model in particular. Alternating‐field demagnetization of these samples, when combined with preexisting data, yields a revised paleomagnetic pole of −87.5°, 025°, α95 = 3.6° for the Antarctic Peninsula over the last ∼5 Ma, which suggests that the current data set is sufficiently large to “average out” secular variation. Finally, the C2r/C2n transition was probably found at a site on JRI, and further geochronological and paleomagnetic study of these units could refine the age of this reversal.
Deep Argo Reveals Bottom Water Properties and Pathways in the Australian‐Antarctic Basin
Authors: Foppert Annie , Rintoul Stephen R. , Purkey Sarah G. , Zilberman Nathalie , Kobayashi Taiyo , Sallèe Jean‐Baptiste , van Wijk Esmee M. , Wallace Luke O.
Published: December 2021

Changes in properties and quantity of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) have major implications for the climate system, through sequestration of heat and carbon into, and ventilation of, the abyssal ocean. Yet, it remains one of the most difficult water masses to observe. An array of 12 Deep Argo floats, capable of profiling from the surface to the seafloor and under sea ice, provides a new perspective on AABW in the Australian‐Antarctic Basin. Over 2 years of data from the floats illuminate AABW properties with unprecedented detail, simultaneously sampling AABW at multiple locations, year‐round, throughout the basin. Calibrating each float individually with nearby, quasi‐simultaneous shipboard profiles ensures the highest quality salinity data, with estimated accuracy of ±0.005 or better. Pathways of Ross Sea and Adélie Land Bottom Water (RSBW and ALBW), defined by their unique temperature and salinity characteristics, are mapped along the continental slope from their respective sources. The main pathway of RSBW, identified by its characteristic deep salinity maximum, is inferred to be inshore of the 3,700 m isobath, where it cools and freshens westward along the slope before interacting with ALBW near 140°E. A pulse of very cold and very fresh (nearly −0.6°C, 34.82 g kg−1) ALBW appears in February 2019, highlighting temporal variability on daily scales near its source. Deep Argo has greatly enhanced our view of AABW in the Australian‐Antarctic Basin and will prove to be an essential tool for monitoring future changes in the deep ocean by drastically increasing observations in a cost‐effective way.
Linear-superelastic Ti-Nb nanocomposite alloys with ultralow modulus via high-throughput phase-field design and machine learning
Authors: Zhu Yuquan , Xu Tao , Wei Qinghua , Mai Jiawei , Yang Hongxin , Zhang Huiran , Shimada Takahiro , Kitamura Takayuki , Zhang Tong-Yi
Published: December 2021

The optimal design of shape memory alloys (SMAs) with specific properties is crucial for the innovative application in advanced technologies. Herein, inspired by the recently proposed design concept of concentration modulation, we explore martensitic transformation (MT) in and design the mechanical properties of Ti-Nb nanocomposites by combining high-throughput phase-field simulations and machine learning (ML) approaches. Systematic phase-field simulations generate data of the mechanical properties for various nanocomposites constructed by four macroscopic degrees of freedom. An ML-assisted strategy is adopted to perform multiobjective optimization of the mechanical properties, through which promising nanocomposite configurations are prescreened for the next set of phase-field simulations. The ML-guided simulations discover an optimized nanocomposite, composed of Nb-rich matrix and Nb-lean nanofillers, that exhibits a combination of mechanical properties, including ultralow modulus, linear super-elasticity, and near-hysteresis-free in a loading-unloading cycle. The exceptional mechanical properties in the nanocomposite originate from optimized continuous MT rather than a sharp first-order transition, which is common in typical SMAs. This work demonstrates the great potential of ML-guided phase-field simulations in the design of advanced materials with extraordinary properties.
Modifying the resin type of hybrid anion exchange nanotechnology (HAIX-Nano) to improve its regeneration and phosphate recovery efficiency
Authors: Foster Xavier , Vaneeckhaute Céline
Published: December 2021

In order to avoid eutrophication of freshwater systems, regulations all around the world have become increasingly stringent toward the maximum phosphate concentration allowed in wastewater discharges. Traditional phosphate removal methods such as chemical precipitation and enhanced biological phosphorus removal struggle to lower phosphate levels to the new requirements. Hybrid anion exchange nanotechnology (HAIX-Nano) is composed of a selective adsorption material able to remove phosphate down to levels close to zero. Moreover, HAIX-Nano is not affected by intermittent flow and does not produce sludge making it an interesting alternative. The regeneration process of HAIX-Nano typically requires a chemical solution with a high concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium chloride (NaCl) (2–5% w/w of each). To lower the environmental impact and the operational cost of the technology, this study aims to enhance the HAIX-Nano regeneration efficiency. Therefore, the backbone of HAIX-Nano, which is normally a strong base anionic (SBA) resin, was changed for a weak base anionic (WBA) resin. The resulting material (WBA-2) exhibited a higher adsorption capacity than the traditional version of HAIX-Nano (SBA-1) under the tested conditions, while also showing a much higher regeneration efficiency. For a desorption solution of only 0.4% NaOH and no NaCl, WBA-2 showed an average regeneration efficiency of 78 ± 1% compared to SBA-1 with 24 ± 1%.
Single-cell delineation of lineage and genetic identity in the mouse brain
Authors: Bandler Rachel C. , Vitali Ilaria , Delgado Ryan N. , Ho May C. , Dvoretskova Elena , Ibarra Molinas Josue S. , Frazel Paul W. , Mohammadkhani Maesoumeh , Machold Robert , Maedler Sophia , Liddelow Shane A. , Nowakowski Tomasz J. , Fishell Gord , Mayer Christian
Published: December 2021

During neurogenesis, mitotic progenitor cells lining the ventricles of the embryonic mouse brain undergo their final rounds of cell division, giving rise to a wide spectrum of postmitotic neurons and glia1,2. The link between developmental lineage and cell-type diversity remains an open question. Here we used massively parallel tagging of progenitors to track clonal relationships and transcriptomic signatures during mouse forebrain development. We quantified clonal divergence and convergence across all major cell classes postnatally, and found diverse types of GABAergic neuron that share a common lineage. Divergence of GABAergic clones occurred during embryogenesis upon cell-cycle exit, suggesting that differentiation into subtypes is initiated as a lineage-dependent process at the progenitor cell level.
The effect of anion architecture on the lubrication chemistry of phosphonium orthoborate ionic liquids
Authors: Munavirov Bulat , Black Jeffrey J. , Shah Faiz Ullah , Leckner Johan , Rutland Mark W. , Harper Jason B. , Glavatskih Sergei
Published: December 2021

Phosphonium ionic liquids with orthoborate anions have been studied in terms of their interfacial film formation, both physisorbed and sacrificial from chemical breakdown, in sheared contacts of varying harshness. The halogen-free anion architecture was varied through (i) the heteronuclear ring size, (ii) the hybridisation of the constituent atoms, and (iii) the addition of aryl functionalities. Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed the extent of sacrificial tribofilm formation allowing the relative stability of the ionic liquids under tribological conditions to be determined and their breakdown mechanisms to be compared to simple thermal decomposition. Overall, ionic liquids outperformed reference oils as lubricants; in some cases, sacrificial films were formed (with anion breakdown a necessary precursor to phosphonium cation decomposition) while in other cases, a protective, self-assembly lubricant layer or hybrid film was formed. The salicylate-based anion was the most chemically stable and decomposed only slightly even under the harshest conditions. It was further found that surface topography influenced the degree of breakdown through enhanced material transport and replenishment. This work thus unveils the relationship between ionic liquid composition and structure, and the ensuing inter- and intra-molecular interactions and chemical stability, and demonstrates the intrinsic tuneability of an ionic liquid lubrication technology.
Peptidyl transferase center decompaction and structural constraints during early protein elongation on the ribosome
Authors: Jia Bin , Wang Tianlong , Lehmann Jean
Published: December 2021

Peptide bond formation on the ribosome requires that aminoacyl-tRNAs and peptidyl-tRNAs are properly positioned on the A site and the P site of the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) so that nucleophilic attack can occur. Here we analyse some constraints associated with the induced-fit mechanism of the PTC, that promotes this positioning through a compaction around the aminoacyl ester orchestrated by U2506. The physical basis of PTC decompaction, that allows the elongated peptidyl-tRNA to free itself from that state and move to the P site of the PTC, is still unclear. From thermodynamics considerations and an analysis of published ribosome structures, the present work highlights the rational of this mechanism, in which the free-energy released by the new peptide bond is used to kick U2506 away from the reaction center. Furthermore, we show the evidence that decompaction is impaired when the nascent peptide is not yet anchored inside the exit tunnel, which may contribute to explain why the first rounds of elongation are inefficient, an issue that has attracted much interest for about two decades. Results in this field are examined in the light of the present analysis and a physico-chemical correlation in the genetic code, which suggest that elementary constraints associated with the size of the side-chain of the amino acids penalize early elongation events.
Phytoplankton settling quality has a subtle but significant effect on sediment microeukaryotic and bacterial communities
Authors: Albert Séréna , Hedberg Per , Motwani Nisha H. , Sjöling Sara , Winder Monika , Nascimento Francisco J. A.
Published: December 2021

In coastal aphotic sediments, organic matter (OM) input from phytoplankton is the primary food resource for benthic organisms. Current observations from temperate ecosystems like the Baltic Sea report a decline in spring bloom diatoms, while summer cyanobacteria blooms are becoming more frequent and intense. These climate-driven changes in phytoplankton communities may in turn have important consequences for benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functions, but such questions are not yet sufficiently explored experimentally. Here, in a 4-week experiment, we investigated the response of microeukaryotic and bacterial communities to different types of OM inputs comprising five ratios of two common phytoplankton species in the Baltic Sea, the diatom Skeletonema marinoi and filamentous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Metabarcoding analyses on 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at the experiment termination revealed subtle but significant changes in diversity and community composition of microeukaryotes in response to settling OM quality. Sediment bacteria were less affected, although we observed a clear effect on denitrification gene expression (nirS and nosZ), which was positively correlated with increasing proportions of cyanobacteria. Altogether, these results suggest that future changes in OM input to the seafloor may have important effects on both the composition and function of microbenthic communities.
The effects of music listening on somatic symptoms and stress markers in the everyday life of women with somatic complaints and depression
Authors: Feneberg Anja C. , Mewes Ricarda , Doerr Johanna M. , Nater Urs M.
Published: December 2021

Despite a growing body of literature documenting the health-beneficial effects of music, empirical research on the effects of music listening in individuals with psychosomatic disorders is scarce. Using an ambulatory assessment design, we tested whether music listening predicts changes in somatic symptoms, subjective, and biological stress levels, and examined potential mediating processes, in the everyday life of 58 women (M = 27.7 years) with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and depressive disorders (DEP). Multilevel models revealed that music listening predicted lower subjective stress ratings (p ≤ 0.02) irrespective of mental health condition, which, in turn, predicted lower somatic symptoms (p ≤ 0.03). Moreover, specific music characteristics modulated somatic symptoms (p = 0.01) and autonomic activity (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that music listening might mitigate somatic symptoms predominantly via a reduction in subjective stress in women with SSD and DEP and further inform the development of targeted music interventions applicable in everyday life.
A new type of non-Hermitian phase transition in open systems far from thermal equilibrium
Authors: Sergeev T. T. , Zyablovsky A. A. , Andrianov E. S. , Pukhov A. A. , Lozovik Yu. E. , Vinogradov A. P.
Published: December 2021

We demonstrate a new type of non-Hermitian phase transition in open systems far from thermal equilibrium, which can have place in the absence of an exceptional point. This transition takes place in coupled systems interacting with reservoirs at different temperatures. We show that the spectrum of energy flow through the system caused by the temperature gradient is determined by the $$\varphi^{4}$$

φ
4

-potential. Meanwhile, the frequency of the maximum in the spectrum plays the role of the order parameter. The phase transition manifests itself in the frequency splitting of the spectrum of energy flow at a critical point, the value of which is determined by the relaxation rates and the coupling strength. Near the critical point, fluctuations of the order parameter diverge according to a power law with the critical exponent that depends only on the ratio of reservoirs temperatures. The phase transition at the critical point has the non-equilibrium nature and leads to the change in the energy flow between the reservoirs. Our results pave the way to manipulate the heat energy transfer in the coupled out-of-equilibrium systems.
Hyaenas and early humans in the latest Early Pleistocene of South-Western Europe
Authors: Linares-Matás Gonzalo J. , Fernández Ruiz Norman , Haber Uriarte María , López Martínez Mariano , Walker Michael J.
Published: December 2021

Throughout the Pleistocene, early humans and carnivores frequented caves and large rock-shelters, usually generating bone accumulations. The well-preserved late Early Pleistocene sedimentary sequence at Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (CNERQ) has provided substantial evidence concerning the behavioural and adaptive skills of early humans in Western Europe, such as butchery practices, lithic technology or tending fire, whilst also bearing witness to the bone-altering activities of carnivores. Recent fieldwork has allowed the re-examination of the spatial and taphonomical nature of the macrofaunal assemblage from the upper layers of Complex 2. These layers are somewhat different from most of the underlying sequence, in showing quite a high representation of cranial and post-cranial bones of large mammals, including severalMegaloceroscarthaginiensisantlers. The presence ofCrocutasp. at Cueva Negra represents one of the earliest instances of this genus in Western Eurasia. Identification of several juvenileCrocutasp. remains alongside coprolites and bones with carnivore damage, indicates sporadical hyaenid denning activity. Furthermore, the presence of bones with percussion and cut-marks near to several hammerstones suggests a clear albeit limited anthropogenic input. We interpret the available taphonomical and spatial evidence from these layers as reflecting a multi-patterned palimpsest, likely representing the non-simultaneous and short-lived co-existence of hyaenas, humans, and other small carnivores in the Cueva Negra palaeolandscape during the final phase of sedimentation preserved at the site.
The effectiveness of split tablet dosing versus alternate-day dosing of warfarin: a randomized control trial
Authors: Kaewsaengeak Chanyapat , Pienputtarapong Usanee , Tocharoenchok Teerapong
Published: December 2021

Due to large dosage variation, a variety of warfarin prescription regimens are utilized for specific doses such as tablet splitting, or pill strength alternating. The clinical comparison between the two is lacking. We hypothesize that both approaches result in different times in therapeutic range. We randomized patients with specific warfarin dosage and stable INR for 6 months or longer to receive the whole tablet, alternate-day dosing or the split tablet, same daily-dosing regimen without initial dose change and followed them every 6 weeks for 6 months. The primary outcome was a time in therapeutic range of 2.0–3.0. The secondary outcomes included dosage, compliance, INR, anticoagulant-related events. A total of 66 patients were enrolled, 32 randomly assigned to the split tablet regimen (group S) and 34 to the alternate-day regimen (group A) with two withdrawers. The mean age was 58.6 ± 8.5 years. All baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. The average time in therapeutic range was 72.8 ± 25.4% in group S and 74.9 ± 22.0% in group A (p = 0.72). There were no significant differences in warfarin dosage, compliance, INR and, complications between the two groups. Both warfarin prescription methods, the split tablet and the alternate-day had comparable time in the therapeutic range.
Physics-based machine learning for subcellular segmentation in living cells
Authors: Sekh Arif Ahmed , Opstad Ida S. , Godtliebsen Gustav , Birgisdottir Åsa Birna , Ahluwalia Balpreet Singh , Agarwal Krishna , Prasad Dilip K.
Published: December 2021

Segmenting subcellular structures in living cells from fluorescence microscope images is a ground truth (GT)-deficient problem. The microscopes’ three-dimensional blurring function, finite optical resolution due to light diffraction, finite pixel resolution and the complex morphological manifestations of the structures all contribute to GT-hardness. Unsupervised segmentation approaches are quite inaccurate. Therefore, manual segmentation relying on heuristics and experience remains the preferred approach. However, this process is tedious, given the countless structures present inside a single cell, and generating analytics across a large population of cells or performing advanced artificial intelligence tasks such as tracking are greatly limited. Here we bring modelling and deep learning to a nexus for solving this GT-hard problem, improving both the accuracy and speed of subcellular segmentation. We introduce a simulation-supervision approach empowered by physics-based GT, which presents two advantages. First, the physics-based GT resolves the GT-hardness. Second, computational modelling of all the relevant physical aspects assists the deep learning models in learning to compensate, to a great extent, for the limitations of physics and the instrument. We show extensive results on the segmentation of small vesicles and mitochondria in diverse and independent living- and fixed-cell datasets. We demonstrate the adaptability of the approach across diverse microscopes through transfer learning, and illustrate biologically relevant applications of automated analytics and motion analysis.
Depth dependence of climatic controls on soil microbial community activity and composition
Authors: Dove Nicholas C , Barnes Morgan E , Moreland Kimber , Graham Robert C , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Hart Stephen C
Published: December 2021

Subsoil microbiomes play important roles in soil carbon and nutrient cycling, yet our understanding of the controls on subsoil microbial communities is limited. Here, we investigated the direct (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and indirect (soil chemistry) effects of climate on microbiome composition and extracellular enzyme activity throughout the soil profile across two elevation-bioclimatic gradients in central California, USA. We found that microbiome composition changes and activity decreases with depth. Across these sites, the direct influence of climate on microbiome composition and activity was relatively lower at depth. Furthermore, we found that certain microbial taxa change in relative abundance over large temperature and precipitation gradients only in specific soil horizons, highlighting the depth dependence of the climatic controls on microbiome composition. Our finding that the direct impacts of climate are muted at depth suggests that deep soil microbiomes may lag in their acclimation to new temperatures with a changing climate.
In situ mineralized PLGA/zwitterionic hydrogel composite scaffold enables high-efficiency rhBMP-2 release for critical-sized bone healing
Authors: Liu Peiming , Bao Tianyi , Sun Lian , Wang Zeyi , Sun Jin , Peng Wan , Gan Donglin , Yin Guoyong , Liu Pingsheng , Zhang Wei-Bing , Shen Jian
Published: December 2021

In situ mineralized PLGA/PSBMA scaffold enables high-efficiency sustained release of rhBMP-2 (only 1.7% within 35 days) and robust healing of critical-sized (5 mm) nonunion calvarial defects in rats with an ultralow dosage of rhBMP-2 (150 ng per scaffold).
De novo synthesis of hybrid d–f block metal complex salts for electronic charge transport applications
Authors: Mahato Shreya , Mondal Amit , Das Mainak , Joshi Mayank , Ray Partha Pratim , Roy Choudhury Angshuman , Reddy C. Malla , Biswas Bhaskar
Published: December 2021

The work demonstrates the introduction of hybrid d–f block complex salts of the type M(ii)–Ce(iv) and their charge-transport behaviour.
Polyphenols from traditional Chinese medicine and Mediterranean diet are effective against Aβ toxicity in vitro and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Gea-González Adriana , Hernández-García Samanta , Henarejos-Escudero Paula , Martínez-Rodríguez Pedro , García-Carmona Francisco , Gandía-Herrero Fernando
Published: December 2021

The potential of naturally occurring polyphenols as nutraceuticals to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease is studied.
Ginsenoside CK ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation via activating the LKB1/AMPK pathway in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Ma Xiaoxuan , Fan Daidi
Published: December 2021

Ginsenoside CK alleviated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the LKB1/AMPK pathway.
Facile room-temperature fabrication of a silver–platinum nanocoral catalyst towards hydrogen evolution and methanol electro-oxidation
Authors: Pham Hau Quoc , Huynh Tai Thien
Published: December 2021

A coral-like dendritic AgPt alloy catalyst with 50 at% Ag is fabricated by a facile self-growth-assisted reduction route at room temperature and exhibits enhanced performance for both the HER and MOR in acidic electrolyte.
Preparation of medical hydrophilic and antibacterial silicone rubber via surface modification
Authors: Ding Kaidi , Wang Yue , Liu Shuaizhen , Wang Sen , Mi Jianguo
Published: December 2021

Surface modification of silicone rubber to enhance hydrophilicity and antibacterial effect.
Bis(imino)-6,7-dihydro-5H-quinoline-cobalt complexes as highly active catalysts for the formation of vinyl-terminated PE waxes; steps towards inhibiting deactivation pathways through targeted ligand design
Authors: Han Mingyang , Zuo Zheng , Ma Yanping , Solan Gregory A. , Hu Xinquan , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen-Hua
Published: December 2021

Narrowly dispersed PE waxes with high levels of vinyl functionality are produced using the depicted cobalt polymerization catalysts.
The synthesis of CdZnTe semiconductor thin films for tandem solar cells
Authors: Shah Nazar Abbas , Mahmood Waqar , Abbas Murrawat , Nazar Nadeem , Khosa Ashfaq H. , Zeb Aurang , Malik Abdul
Published: December 2021

A new approach is adopted to grow cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) thin films using the close spaced sublimation (CSS) technique.
Representations of women and men in popular chemistry textbooks in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
Authors: Murray Claire , Anderson Yvonne , Simms Charlie H. , Seery Michael K.
Published: December 2021

Textbooks are an important aspect of students’ school lives and the representation of scientists in textbooks is a proxy for the representation of who can do science. This study investigated the names of scientists and other people mentioned in four commonly used textbooks in the three education systems in the UK and Republic of Ireland (England, Wales, and Northern Ireland using the A Level system; Scotland using the Curriculum for Excellence Highers system; Republic of Ireland using the Leaving Certificate system) and characterised them by gender. We found an overwhelming bias towards naming of famous men in three of the four textbooks (1 man and 0 women in the A Level textbook; 8 men and 0 women in the first, and 48 men and 2 women in the second Curriculum for Excellence textbooks, and 45 men and 1 woman in the Leaving Certificate). We subsequently analysed images and again found a dominance of images representing men in three of the four textbooks including only 4 women in a total of 68 images in the Leaving Certificate textbook. These images were analysed by role (scientist or not), and by activity according to UNESCO criteria. There was a tendency to show men in scientific and other occupational roles while women were less well represented in scientific roles and were pictured in domestic and buying activities. This work aims to raise awareness of these representations and prompt action for reform in line with UN Strategic Development goals.
Single-atom cobalt-hydroxyl modification of polymeric carbon nitride for highly enhanced photocatalytic water oxidation: ball milling increased single atom loading
Authors: Yu Fei , Huo Tingting , Deng Quanhua , Wang Guoan , Xia Yuguo , Li Haiping , Hou Wanguo
Published: December 2021

Single-atom CoII-OH modified polymeric carbon nitride synthesized with increased single-atom loading under the assistance of ball milling exhibits high photocatalytic water oxidation activity with Co-N4OH as the highly active site.
Two-dimensional MXenes for electrochemical energy storage applications
Authors: Shinde Pragati A. , Patil Amar M. , Lee Suchan , Jung Euigeol , Chan Jun Seong
Published: December 2021

Synthesis, properties and electrochemical energy storage applications of MXenes.
Enhancing the durability of hydrocarbon-membrane-based polymer electrolyte water electrolysis using a radical scavenger-embedded interlocking interfacial layer
Authors: Choi Sungyu , Shin Sang-Hun , Lee Dong-Hyun , Doo Gisu , Lee Dong Wook , Hyun Jonghyun , Lee Jang Yong , Kim Hee-Tak
Published: December 2021

Cerium oxide-containing interlocking interfacial layer improved mechanical adhesion and chemical stability of the interface. For the first time as a hydrocarbon-based membrane, it operated stably for more than 500 hours.
Stability and effect of PbS nanoinclusions in thermoelectric PbTe
Authors: Zeuthen Christian Moeslund , Jørgensen Lasse Rabøl , Støckler Lise Joost , Roelsgaard Martin , Dippel Ann-Christin , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: December 2021

Using operando X-ray scattering and physical property measurements it is shown that PbS nanoinclusions in PbTe do not affect the high temperature thermal conductivity, and that improvements of hierarchical thermoelectrics have a complex origin.
CRISPR systems: what’s new, where next?
Authors: Parkes Ashley , Kemm Fiona , He Liu , Killelea Tom
Published: December 2021

The genetic signature of natural CRISPR-Cas systems were first noted in a 1989 publication and were characterized in detail from 2002 to 2007, culminating in the first report of a prokaryotic adaptive immune system. Since then, CRISPR-Cas enzymes have been adapted into molecular biology tools that have transformed genetic engineering across domains of life. In this feature article, we describe origins, uses and futures of CRISPR-Cas enzymes in genetic engineering: we highlight advances made in the past 10 years. Central to these advances is appreciation of interplay between CRISPR engineering and DNA repair. We highlight how this relationship has been manipulated to create further advances in the development of gene editing.
Integrative analysis reveals methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like as an independent shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in five different human cancers
Authors: Sial Nuzhat , Rehman Jalil Ur , Saeed Saba , Ahmad Mukhtiar , Hameed Yasir , Atif Muhammad , Rehman Abdul , Asif Rizwan , Ahmed Hamad , Hussain Muhammad Safdar , Khan Muhammad Rashid , Ambreen Atifa , Ambreen Ayesha
Published: December 2021

Background: Defects in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like (MTHFD1L) expression have earlier been examined in only a few human cancers. Objectives: Multi-omics profiling of MTHFD1L as a shared biomarker in distinct subtypes of human cancers. Methods: In the current study, for the multi-omics analysis of MTHFD1L in 24 major subtypes of human cancers, a comprehensive in silico approach was adopted to mine different open access online databases including UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier (KM) plotter, LOGpc, GEPIA, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Gene Expression across Normal and Tumor tissue (GENT2), MEXPRESS, cBioportal, STRING, DAVID, TIMER, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Results: We noticed that the expression of MTHFD1L was significantly higher in all the analyzed 24 subtypes of human cancers as compared with the normal controls. Moreover, MTHDF1L overexpression was also found to be significantly associated with the reduced overall survival (OS) duration of Bladder urothelial cancer (BLCA), Head and neck cancer (HNSC), Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). This implies that MTHFD1L plays a significant role in the development and progression of these cancers. We further noticed that MTHFD1L was also overexpressed in BLCA, HNSC, KIRP, LUAD, and UCEC patients of different clinicopathological features. Pathways enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of MTHFD1L-associated genes in five diverse pathways. We also explored few interesting correlations between MTHFD1L expression and its promoter methylation, genetic alterations, CNVs, and between CD8+ T immune cells level. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results elucidated that MTHFD1L can serve as a shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in BLCA, HNSC, KIRP, LUAD, and UCEC patients of different clinicopathological features.
Topological changes in the magnetic field of LQ Hya during an activity minimum
Authors: Lehtinen J. J. , Käpylä M. J. , Hackman T. , Kochukhov O. , Willamo T. , Marsden S. C. , Jeffers S. V. , Henry G. W. , Jetsu L.
Published: December 2021

Aims. Previous studies have related surface temperature maps, obtained with the Doppler imaging (DI) technique, of LQ Hya with long-term photometry. Here, we compare surface magnetic field maps, obtained with the Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) technique, with contemporaneous photometry, with the aim of quantifying the star’s magnetic cycle characteristics.

Methods. We inverted Stokes IV spectropolarimetry, obtained with the HARPSpol and ESPaDOnS instruments, into magnetic field and surface brightness maps using a tomographic inversion code that models high signal-to-noise ratio mean line profiles produced by the least squares deconvolution (LSD) technique. The maps were compared against long-term ground-based photometry acquired with the T3 0.40 m Automatic Photoelectric Telescope (APT) at Fairborn Observatory, which offers a proxy for the spot cycle of the star, as well as with chromospheric Ca II H&K activity derived from the observed spectra.

Results. The magnetic field and surface brightness maps reveal similar patterns relative to previous DI and ZDI studies: non-axisymmetric polar magnetic field structure, void of fields at mid-latitudes, and a complex structure in the equatorial regions. There is a weak but clear tendency of the polar structures to be linked with a strong radial field and the equatorial ones with the azimuthal field. We find a polarity reversal in the radial field between 2016 and 2017 that is coincident with a spot minimum seen in the long-term photometry, although the precise relation of chromospheric activity to the spot activity remains complex and unclear. The inverted field strengths cannot be easily related with the observed spottedness, but we find that they are partially connected to the retrieved field complexity.

Conclusions. This field topology and the dominance of the poloidal field component, when compared to global magnetoconvection models for rapidly rotating young suns, could be explained by a turbulent dynamo, where differential rotation does not play a major role (so-called 2 or 2 dynamos) and axi- and non-axisymmetric modes are excited simultaneously. The complex equatorial magnetic field structure could arise from the twisted (helical) wreaths often seen in these simulations, while the polar feature would be connected to the mostly poloidal non-axisymmetric component that has a smooth spatial structure.
How the area of solar coronal holes affects the properties of high-speed solar wind streams near Earth: An analytical model
Authors: Hofmeister Stefan J. , Asvestari Eleanna , Guo Jingnan , Heidrich-Meisner Verena , Heinemann Stephan G. , Magdalenic Jasmina , Poedts Stefaan , Samara Evangelia , Temmer Manuela , Vennerstrom Susanne , Veronig Astrid , Vršnak Bojan , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert
Published: December 2021

Since the 1970s it has been empirically known that the area of solar coronal holes affects the properties of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs) at Earth. We derive a simple analytical model for the propagation of HSSs from the Sun to Earth and thereby show how the area of coronal holes and the size of their boundary regions affect the HSS velocity, temperature, and density near Earth. We assume that velocity, temperature, and density profiles form across the HSS cross section close to the Sun and that these spatial profiles translate into corresponding temporal profiles in a given radial direction due to the solar rotation. These temporal distributions drive the stream interface to the preceding slow solar wind plasma and disperse with distance from the Sun. The HSS properties at 1 AU are then given by all HSS plasma parcels launched from the Sun that did not run into the stream interface at Earth distance. We show that the velocity plateau region of HSSs as seen at 1 AU, if apparent, originates from the center region of the HSS close to the Sun, whereas the velocity tail at 1 AU originates from the trailing boundary region. Small HSSs can be described to entirely consist of boundary region plasma, which intrinsically results in smaller peak velocities. The peak velocity of HSSs at Earth further depends on the longitudinal width of the HSS close to the Sun. The shorter the longitudinal width of an HSS close to the Sun, the more of its “fastest” HSS plasma parcels from the HSS core and trailing boundary region have impinged upon the stream interface with the preceding slow solar wind, and the smaller is the peak velocity of the HSS at Earth. As the longitudinal width is statistically correlated to the area of coronal holes, this also explains the well-known empirical relationship between coronal hole areas and HSS peak velocities. Further, the temperature and density of HSS plasma parcels at Earth depend on their radial expansion from the Sun to Earth. The radial expansion is determined by the velocity gradient across the HSS boundary region close to the Sun and gives the velocity-temperature and density-temperature relationships at Earth their specific shape. When considering a large number of HSSs, the assumed correlation between the HSS velocities and temperatures close to the Sun degrades only slightly up to 1 AU, but the correlation between the velocities and densities is strongly disrupted up to 1 AU due to the radial expansion. Finally, we show how the number of particles of the piled-up slow solar wind in the stream interaction region depends on the velocities and densities of the HSS and preceding slow solar wind plasma.
p-winds: An open-source Python code to model planetary outflows and upper atmospheres
Authors: Dos Santos Leonardo A. , Vidotto Aline A. , Vissapragada Shreyas , Alam Munazza K. , Allart Romain , Bourrier Vincent , Kirk James , Seidel Julia V. , Ehrenreich David
Published: December 2021

Atmospheric escape is considered to be one of the main channels for evolution in sub-Jovian planets, particularly in their early lives. While there are several hypotheses proposed to explain escape in exoplanets, testing them with atmospheric observations remains a challenge. In this context, high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets for the metastable helium triplet (He 23S) at 1083 nm has emerged as a reliable technique for observing and measuring escape. To aid in the prediction and interpretation of metastable He transmission spectroscopy observations, we developed the code p-winds. This is an open-source, fully documented, scalable Python implementation of the one-dimensional, purely H+He Parker wind model for upper atmospheres coupled with ionization balance, ray-tracing, and radiative transfer routines. We demonstrate an atmospheric retrieval by fitting p-winds models to the observed metastable He transmission spectrum of the warm Neptune HAT-P-11 b and take the variation in the in-transit absorption caused by transit geometry into account. For this planet, our best fit yields a total atmospheric escape rate of approximately 2.5 × 1010 g s−1 and an outflow temperature of 7200 K. The range of retrieved mass loss rates increases significantly when we let the H atom fraction be a free parameter, but its posterior distribution remains unconstrained by He observations alone. The stellar host limb darkening does not have a significant impact on the retrieved escape rate or outflow temperature for HAT-P-11 b. Based on the non-detection of escaping He for GJ 436 b, we are able to rule out total escape rates higher than 3.4 × 1010 g s−1 at 99.7% (3σ) confidence.