bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian group sequential designs for phase III emergency medicine trials: a case study using the PARAMEDIC2 trial
Authors: Ryan Elizabeth G. , Stallard Nigel , Lall Ranjit , Ji Chen , Perkins Gavin D. , Gates Simon
Published: January 2020

Background

Phase III trials often require large sample sizes, leading to high costs and delays in clinical decision-making. Group sequential designs can improve trial efficiency by allowing for early stopping for efficacy and/or futility and thus may decrease the sample size, trial duration and associated costs. Bayesian approaches may offer additional benefits by incorporating previous information into the analyses and using decision criteria that are more practically relevant than those used in frequentist approaches. Frequentist group sequential designs have often been used for phase III studies, but the use of Bayesian group sequential designs is less common. The aim of this work was to explore how Bayesian group sequential designs could be constructed for phase III trials conducted in emergency medicine.

Methods

The PARAMEDIC2 trial was a phase III randomised controlled trial that compared the use of adrenaline to placebo in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients on 30-day survival rates. It used a frequentist group sequential design to allow early stopping for efficacy or harm. We constructed several alternative Bayesian group sequential designs and studied their operating characteristics via simulation. We then virtually re-executed the trial by applying the Bayesian designs to the PARAMEDIC2 data to demonstrate what might have happened if these designs had been used in practice.

Results

We produced three alternative Bayesian group sequential designs, each of which had greater than 90% power to detect the target treatment effect. A Bayesian design which performed interim analyses every 500 patients recruited produced the lowest average sample size. Using the alternative designs, the PARAMEDIC2 trial could have declared adrenaline superior for 30-day survival with approximately 1500 fewer patients.

Conclusions

Using the PARAMEDIC2 trial as a case study, we demonstrated how Bayesian group sequential designs can be constructed for phase III emergency medicine trials. The Bayesian framework enabled us to obtain efficient designs using decision criteria based on the probability of benefit or harm. It also enabled us to incorporate information from previous studies on the treatment effect via the prior distributions. We recommend the wider use of Bayesian approaches in phase III clinical trials.

Trial registration

PARAMEDIC2 Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN73485024. Registered 13 March 2014, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN73485024
Fixed point results via a Hausdorff controlled type metric
Authors: Alamgir Nayab , Kiran Quanita , Işık Hüseyin , Aydi Hassen
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we establish that every controlled metric space $(X, d_{\alpha })$(X,dα) induces a Hausdorff controlled metric $(\textit{H}_{\alpha }, \textit{CLD}(X))$(Hα,CLD(X)) on the class of closed subsets of X which is also complete if $(X, d_{\alpha })$(X,dα) is complete. Furthermore, we define multivalued almost F-contractions on Hausdorff controlled metric spaces and prove some fixed point results.
An estimation of total antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in Vietnam
Authors: Carrique-Mas Juan J. , Choisy Marc , Van Cuong Nguyen , Thwaites Guy , Baker Stephen
Published: January 2020

The accurate assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) requires relating quantities of active ingredients (AAIs) with population denominators. These data can be used to prioritize potential sources of selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance and to establish reduction targets. Here, we estimated AMU in Vietnam (human population 93.4 M in 2015), and compared it with European Union (EU) data (population 511.5 M in 2014). We extrapolated AMU data on each key animal species and humans from different published sources to calculate overall AMU (in tonnes) in Vietnam. We then compared these data with published statistics on AMU in the European Union (EU). A total of 3838 t of antimicrobials were used in Vietnam, of which 2751 (71.7%) corresponded to animal use, and the remainder (1086 t; 28.3%) to human AMU. This equates to 261.7 mg and 247.3 mg per kg of human and animal biomass, compared with 122.0 mg and 151.5 mg in the EU. The greatest quantities of antimicrobials (in decreasing order) were used in pigs (41.7% of total use), humans (28.3%), aquaculture (21.9%) and chickens (4.8%). Combined AMU in other species accounted for < 1.5%. These results are approximate and highlight the need to conduct targeted surveys to improve country-level estimates of AMU.
Characteristics of A-waves in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) versus demyelinating neuropathies (DN)
Authors: Rashed Hebatallah R
Published: January 2020

Objective

Detect the occurrence and characteristics of A-waves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and demyelinating neuropathies (DN).

Methodology

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) of 28 patients (14 patients with ALS and 14 patients with DN) were reanalyzed to look for A-waves.

Results

We studied 61 nerves of the ALS group and 64 nerves of DN. In the ALS group, A-waves were detected in 21 nerves out of 61 nerves (34.4%). In the DN group, A-waves were recorded from 25 nerves out of 64 nerves (39%). In the DN group, A-waves were detected more often in nerves of upper extremities than lower extremities (out of a total of 25 nerves with A-waves, 18 median and ulnar nerves showed A-waves (72%) and that was statistically significant (P = 0.0021)). Complex A-waves (CAWs) occurred exclusively in patients with DN.

Conclusion

Most of the A-waves in the DN group were recorded more frequently from nerves of the upper extremities than those from lower extremities. CAWs occurred only in DN.

Significance

CAW seems to be a useful specific electrodiagnostic tool to distinguish DN from ALS.
Vulvar cancer: surgical management and survival trends in a low resource setting
Authors: Kumar Navin , Ray Mukur Dipi , Sharma D. N. , Pandey Rambha , Lata Kanak , Mishra Ashutosh , Wankhede Durgesh , Saikia Jyoutishman
Published: January 2020

Background

This study aims to analyze risk factors, clinical profiles, treatment protocols, and disease outcomes in histologically proven resectable vulvar cancer (VC) patients according to tumor stage. This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of 20 VC patients from May 2014 to June 2019.

Results

The mean age of VC diagnosis was 55 years, with a range of 38–84 years. The incidence was four cases per year. The disease incidence was significantly more in post-menopausal (65%) and multiparous (90%) women. According to FIGO staging of vulvar cancer, stages I, II, and III were assigned to 6, 1, and 11 patients respectively. Two patients suffered from stage IVa vulvar melanoma. All patients had undergone surgical interventions. Patients treated with only nonsurgical (chemotherapy/radiotherapy/chemo-radiotherapy) treatment modalities were excluded from the study. Fifteen patients were treated with wide local excision (WLE), bilateral inguinofemoral dissection (B/L IFLND), and primary repair. Four and one patients were treated with radical vulvectomy (RV) and modified radical vulvectomy (MRV) [with or without B/L IFLND and PLND] respectively. Reconstruction with V-Y gracilis myocutaneous and local rotation advancement V-Y fasciocutaneous flaps were done in two patients. Therapeutic groin nodal dissection was performed in 19 patients except in one patient who was treated by palliative radical vulvectomy. In the final histopathology reports, tumor size varies from 0.5 to 6.5 cm (mean 3.35 cm) with the predominance of squamous cell carcinoma (18 out of 20 patients). Only 10 out of 18 eligible patients received adjuvant treatment. Poor patient compliance has been one of the major reasons for adjuvant treatment attrition rate. Systemic and loco-regional metastasis occurred in 3 patients each arm respectively. Poor follow up of patients is the key limitation of our study.

Conclusion

Vulvar cancer incidence was significantly high in post-menopausal and multiparous women. The most important prognostic factors were tumor stage and lymph node status. Oncological resection should be equated with functional outcome. The multidisciplinary team approach should be sought for this rare gynecological malignancy.
Thermal Conversion of Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks to Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Carbons and Their Capacitor Performance
Authors: Kim Gayoung , Shiraki Tomohiro , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko
Published: January 2020

Nanoporous carbons with well-defined pore structures are promising for advanced energy applications. Herein, we fabricate nitrogen-doped porous carbons via direct carbonization of a triazine-based covalent organic framework (TACOF1) that acts as both intrinsic template and carbon/nitrogen source. The carbonized TACOF1 forms porous carbon that has a large surface area (1194 m2 g−1) comprised of high volumes of micro- and meso-pores (0.58 cm3 g−1 and 0.44 cm3 g−1, respectively) with a narrow size distribution. In addition, nitrogen doping of the graphitic carbons is uniformly achieved. A thermal analysis along with evolved gas investigation reveals that chemical processes, including N2 gas release and graphitization, vary pore texture formation in the resultant carbons with strong dependence on carbonization temperature. Such structural difference of the carbonized TACOF1 changes electrochemical capacitor behavior. The carbonized TACOF1 synthesized at 800 °C is found to show good capacitive performance due to its nitrogen-doped porous structures.
Exercise and Nutrition Science Students’ Perceptions of Blogging as a Required Course Component
Authors: Halliday Tanya M. , Frisard Madlyn I.
Published: January 2020

The growth of social media and websites for transmission of health-related information has increased in recent years, and development of online communication skills should be included in exercise science education. Incorporation of blogging into the higher education classroom may serve this professional development purpose, while also increasing student engagement and enhancing learning outcomes.

Purpose

The purposes of this study were to evaluate exercise and nutrition science students’ perceptions of blogging on perceived learning, sense of community, and technical knowledge at the beginning and end of the semester, and to compare the perceptions of undergraduate (UG) and graduate (GRAD) students.

Methods

UG (pre, n = 78; post, n = 50) and GRAD (pre, n = 20; post, n = 17) students were enrolled in semester long seminar courses that required blogging. Perceptions of blogging were assessed using an anonymous Likert-scale survey at the beginning and end of the semester. T-tests were used to determine differences in perception on the survey subscales pre to post and between UG and GRAD students.

Results

Agreement that blogging could enhance learning or promote a sense of community was lower at the end of the semester compared with the beginning, but remained relatively high. Agreement with items related to technical knowledge increased from presemester to postsemester. The change in perception in the whole sample was driven by the UG students, as GRAD students’ perceptions of blogging, although initially less positive than UG, were mainly unchanged from the start of the semester to the end.

Conclusions

Blogging as a required course component is viewed favorably by exercise and nutrition science students. Future research evaluating course characteristics and structure of blogging requirements that may enhance student’ perceptions are warranted.
Family plot: the impact of the endosperm and other extra-embryonic seed tissues on angiosperm zygotic embryogenesis
Authors: Ingram Gwyneth C
Published: January 2020

The zygotic embryos of angiosperms develop buried deep within seeds and surrounded by two main extra-embryonic tissues: the maternally derived seed coat tissues and the zygotic endosperm. Generally, these tissues are considered to play an important role in nurturing the developing embryo by acting as conduits for maternally derived nutrients. They are also critical for key seed traits (dormancy establishment and control, longevity, and physical resistance) and thus for seed and seedling survival. However, recent studies have highlighted the fact that extra-embryonic tissues in the seed also physically and metabolically limit embryonic development and that unique mechanisms may have evolved to overcome specific developmental and genetic constraints associated with the seed habit in angiosperms. The aim of this review is to illustrate how these studies have begun to reveal the highly complex physical and physiological relationship between extra-embryonic tissues and the developing embryo. Where possible I focus on Arabidopsis because of space constraints, but other systems will be cited where relevant.
Simpson’s type inequalities for η-convex functions via k-Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals
Authors: Kermausuor Seth
Published: January 2020

We introduce some Simpson's type integral inequalities via k-Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals for functions whose derivatives are η-convex. These results generalize some results in the literature.
On generalized Lagrange–Hermite–Bernoulli and related polynomials
Authors: Khan Waseem A. , Pathan M. A.
Published: January 2020

We introduce a new class of generalized polynomials, ascribed to the family of Hermite, Lagrange, Bernoulli, Miller–Lee, and Laguerre polynomials and of their associated forms. These polynomials can be expressed in the form of generating functions, which allow a high degree of exibility for the formulation of the relevant theory. We develop a point of view based on generating relations, exploited in the past, to study some aspects of the theory of special functions. We propose a fairly general analysis allowing a transparent link between different forms of special polynomials.
Multi-objective global optimization of grillage-type engineering structures using advanced metaheuristics
Authors: Belevičius Rimantas , Mačiūnas Darius , Šešok Dmitrij
Published: January 2020

The purpose of the paper is to present the method implemented for a global optimization of grillage-type pile foundations introducing two advanced metaheuristics: AAGA and AGADS. The suggested new optimization algorithm including the synergy of AAGA and AGADS demonstrates improved results comparing with former AGA and GADS. Compromise objective function to be minimized involves the maximum reactive force in piles and maximum bending moment in the connecting beams. The feasibility of a simple weighting technique for the objective function is proved by numerical investigation of objective function domain for several different topologies of foundations. Sizing problem of connecting beams is solved together with the optimization problem. The original finite element program was employed for solution of direct problem.
Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma in healing skin graft donor sites
Authors: Slaninka Igor , Fibír Aleš , Kaška Milan , Páral Jiří
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To demonstrate that the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) enhances both the quality of healing and the time required for wound healing at a skin graft donor site.

Methods:

Patients who had dermo-epidermal skin grafts taken from the thigh area were included in a prospective, randomised clinical study. PRP was applied to one donor site and then covered with Vaseline-impregnated, open-weave gauze and gauze, while the contralateral donor site on the other thigh served as a control and was covered with the open-weave gauze and gauze without PRP.

Results:

A total of 24 patients took part in the study, of which three developed infections and were thus removed from the study. Use of PRP reduced the wound healing time of the dermo-epidermal graft donor sites by a mean 17.8% and median 18 days. On average, the treated donor sites healed in 14.9 days compared with 18.4 days for the control group. The median was 14 days compared with 18 days in the control group (p=0.026). In one patient, healing was slower on the side where PRP was applied. In 20 patients, healing of the donor site was accelerated where PRP was applied.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrated a beneficial effect of PRP, as healing time was shortened. Using PRP to heal wounds could be beneficial for patients for whom commonly available wound healing therapies have failed, as well as for high-risk patient groups for whom problematic wound healing may be expected.
Regenerated oxidised cellulose versus calcium alginate in controlling bleeding from malignant breast cancer wounds: randomised control trial study protocol
Authors: Firmino Flávia , Santos Juliano , Meira Karina Cardoso , de Araújo Janille Luciana , Júnior Valter Alvarenga , de Gouveia Santos Vera Lúcia Conceição
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Malignant wounds due to breast cancer can present with recurrent episodes of bleeding in the tumour tissue. This study will compare the efficacy of a calcium alginate dressing (Biatain, Coloplast A/S, Denmark) and a regenerated oxidised cellulose dressing (Surgicel, Ethicon, LLC, Puerto Rico).

Protocol:

A total of 24 patients with breast cancer and bleeding, malignant wounds will be enrolled in the randomised, controlled, open study, conducted at a hospital specialising in breast cancer treatment and at another hospital specialising in palliative care. Patients over 18 years old, with bleeding and willing to undergo venipuncture for blood collection will be included. All enrolled patients will be randomised for allocation to an experimental group (regenerated oxidised cellulose dressing) or a control group (calcium alginate dressing). The main intervention will consist of the application of the haemostatic product, assessment of digital pressure and estimation of the time required for haemostasis.

Outcomes:

Key outcome measures will be the percentage of patients with haemostasis within 20 minutes, observation of haemostasis after three, five and 10 minutes, in addition to recurrence of bleeding and the quantity of product used.

Discussion:

To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of haemostatic products in malignant wounds. This type of wound is poorly explored in the literature and, among its signs and symptoms, bleeding is poorly studied. The completion of this study will provide a more robust rationale for clinical decision-making related to the control of bleeding in malignant breast cancer wounds in the context of evidence-based nursing practices.
A Critique of Econometrics
Authors: Yu Bin
Published: January 2020

As a result of the use of mathematical tools, Western econometrics is regarded as a symbol of what is, as well as trends of, real scientific economic research. It has become an excuse and tool for the uncritical maintenance of Western macroeconomics and microeconomics, opposing and marginalizing Marxist political economy. However, mathematics is not derived or used scientifically in econometrics, so the research results are not scientific but ideological. This paper will explore, in addition to the lack of scientific economic foundations, uncritical data use, insufficient philosophical guidance and mathematical foundations, and some other defects that have also existed in econometrics. The application of mathematics in economic research must strictly follow the theory-praxis principles of Marxist political economy, otherwise even minimal deviation may result in wide divergence from aspects of reality analyzed and modeled. Besides, the laws of mathematics must be strictly followed, the limitations of mathematics should be paid attention to, and mathematics should never be applied in ways that hide rather than illuminate reality. Otherwise, nothing will be obtained except chaos, fallacies and ideology-rhetoric.
Review on Systemic Fragility in the Global Economy by Jack Rasmus
Authors: Souza Lawrence A.
Published: January 2020

Global central banks are unwinding their balance sheets, flattening the yield curve, and inverting it; with global trade tensions, appreciating dollar (liabilities), and emerging capital market stress (bond sell off/capital outflows), the global economy is extremely fragile and could experience a financial crisis and recession by 2020 (the consensus is by 2021). Systemic fragility is caused by policy mistakes, made by central bankers. These decisions make the financial system more fragile, as current central bank ideologies and orthodoxy are deficient, and unorthodox. Central bank policies are making matters worse, by driving costs of capital to zero (negative), replacing real for financial assets, printing trillions to bail out banks, and purchasing bad debt and defective financial products, allowing massive leakage of capital to flow unregulated (shadow banking) across globe platforms, etc.; and all with no effect on real economic growth, wage growth, labor participation, inflation, and more importantly, standards of living and social welfare.
Grating deployed total-shear 3-beam interference microscopy with reduced temporal coherence
Authors: Patorski Krzysztof , Zdańkowski Piotr , Trusiak Maciej
Published: January 2020

Interference microscopy is a powerful optical imaging technique providing quantitative phase distribution information to characterize various type technical and biomedical objects. Static and dynamic objects and processes can be investigated. In this paper we propose very compact, common-path and partially coherent diffraction grating-based interference microscopy system for studying small objects like single cells with low densities being sparsely distributed in the field of view. Simple binary amplitude diffraction grating is the only additional element to be introduced into a conventional microscope optical system. By placing it at a proper distance in front of the microscope image plane the total-shear operation mode is deployed resulting in interferograms of the object-reference beam type. Depending on the grating to image plane separation distance two or three-beam interferograms are generated. The latter ones are advantageous since they contain achromatic second harmonics in the interferogram intensity distributions. This feature enables to use reduced temporal coherence light sources for the microscope to reduce coherent noise and parasitic interference patterns. For this purpose we employ the laser diode with driving current below the threshold one. Results of conducted experiments including automatic computer processing of interferograms fully corroborate analytical description of the proposed method and illustrate its capabilities for studying static and dynamic phase objects.
Adolescentes en las pandillas salvadoreñas: de niños desprotegidos a criminales violentos
Authors: Martínez Reyes Alberto , Navarro Pérez José Javier , Uceda I Maza Francesc Xavier
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo aborda una investigación cualitativa rigurosa cuyos resultados reflejan las causas que generan la vulnerabilidad de niños y adolescentes ante la influencia de las pandillas y cómo estos pasan de víctimas a victimarios. Se describe el papel que juegan los adolescentes en las principales pandillas y los factores que inciden en la responsabilidad del Estado sobre la desprotección de la niñez y la adolescencia.
Differential MicroRNA Signatures in the Pathogenesis of Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Craig Michael P. , Rajakaruna Sumudu , Paliy Oleg , Sajjad Mumtaz , Madhavan Srivats , Reddy Nikhil , Zhang Jin , Bottomley Michael , Agrawal Sangeeta , Kadakia Madhavi P.
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVES:

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor lesion and a major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Although patients with BE undergo routine endoscopic surveillance, current screening methodologies have proven ineffective at identifying individuals at risk of EAC. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) have potential diagnostic and prognostic value as disease biomarkers, we sought to identify an miRNA signature of BE and EAC.

METHODS:

High-throughput sequencing of miRNAs was performed on serum and tissue biopsies from 31 patients identified either as normal, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), BE, BE with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), or EAC. Logistic regression modeling of miRNA profiles with Lasso regularization was used to identify discriminating miRNA. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate changes in miRNA expression using 46 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from normal, GERD, BE, BE with LGD or HGD, and EAC subjects.

RESULTS:

A 3-class predictive model was able to classify tissue samples into normal, GERD/BE, or LGD/EAC classes with an accuracy of 80%. Sixteen miRNAs were identified that predicted 1 of the 3 classes. Our analysis confirmed previous reports indicating that miR-29c-3p and miR-193b-5p expressions are altered in BE and EAC and identified miR-4485-5p as a novel biomarker of esophageal dysplasia. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction validated 11 of 16 discriminating miRNAs.

DISCUSSION:

Our data provide an miRNA signature of normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissue that may stratify patients at risk of progressing to EAC. We found that serum miRNAs have a limited ability to distinguish between disease states, thus limiting their potential utility in early disease detection.
Manjemen Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Manusia Berbasis Religious Approach di Waroeng Stake & Shake dan Pamella Supermarket
Authors: Fitriana Nita
Published: January 2020

Human resource management system with the Western scientific model raises tension and scientific disparity. Many people then conceptualize new models in managing human resources to be more in line with the Islamic concept. However, this would only add to the debate at the theoretical level. Amid the theoretical debate process, Pamella Supermarket and Woreong Steak & Shake applied the human resource management model in an applicable manner to their employees. Based on this, this research seeks to reveal the management carried out by the two companies so that it can be conceptualized in the management of human resource management based on Islamic principles. To get this picture, this study uses a descriptive-qualitative method with a data analysis model using a phenomenological approach. The results showed that both Waroeng Steak & Shake and Pamella Supermarket involved religious aspects in managing human resources with different criteria. These differences are found in the procurement and development process. In the procurement process, Waroeng Steak & Shake emphasizes religious criteria such as the ability to read the Koran, while Pamella emphasizes politeness. In training & development, Waroeng Steak & Shake conducts religious and employment training while Pamella does not hold training activities. In compensation, maintenance and dismissal, both Waroeng Grop and Pamella Supermarket have the same criteria.Sistem pelololaan sumberdaya manusia dengan model keilmuan Barat memunculkan ketegangan dan disparitas keilmuan. Banyak kalangan kemudian mengkonsepsi model-model baru dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya manusia agar lebih sesuai dengan konsep Islam. Akan tetapi hal tersebut justru menambah perdebatan dalam tataran teoritis. Ditengah proses perdebatan teoritis, Pamella Supermarket dan Woreong Steak & Shake justru menerapkan model pengelolaan sumberdaya manusia secara aplikatif kepada karywan-karyawannya. Atas dasar hal tersebut, penelitian ini berusaha mengungkapkan pengelolaan yang dilakukan oleh kedua perusaan sehingga dapat terkonsep secara jelas manajemen pengelolaan sumberdaya manusia berdasarkan prinsip ke-Islaman. Untuk mendapatkan gambaran tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif dengan model analisis data menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik Waroeng Steak & Shake maupun Pamella Supermarket melibatkan aspek-aspek agama dalam pengelolaan sumber daya manusia dengan kriteria yang berbeda. Perbedaan tersebut terdapat pada proses pengadaan dan pengembangan. Pada proses pengadaan, Waroeng Steak & Shake menekankan kriteria agama seperti kemampuan Baca Tulis AlQuran, sedangkan Pamella menekankan pada kesopanan. Pada pelatihan & pengembangan, Waroeng Steak & Shake mengadakan pelatihan agama dan pekerjaan sedangkan Pamella tidak menyelenggarkan kegiatan pelatihan. Pada kompensasi, pemeliharaan dan pemberhentian, baik Waroeng Grop maupun Pamella Supermarket memiliki kriteria yang sama.
«Искусственный интеллект», «онлайн-культура», «искусственная социальность»: определение понятий
Authors: Резаев Андрей Владимирович , Трегубова Наталья Дамировна
Published: January 2020

В наши дни искусственный интеллект становится предметом пристального внимания и обсуждения в научно-технической среде, со стороны журналистов, политиков, бизнесменов и широкой общественности. Данная ситуация требует реакции представителей социального знания. Однако социальные ученые не спешат выходить на поле исследований искусственного интеллекта: это характерно для мировой науки в целом, и Россия не является здесь исключением. Таким образом, перед современной социальной аналитикой стоит задача прояснения теоретико-методологических оснований исследования искусственного интеллекта. Настоящая статья ставит цель внести вклад в решение именно этой проблемы. Авторы начинают с обсуждения теоретико-методологических затруднений, которые определяются в терминах проведения концептуального различения между искусственным интеллектом как феноменом, проблемой и понятием. Затем формулируются определения трех ключевых понятий: «искусственный интеллект», «онлайн-культура», «искусственная социальность»; авторы приглашают научное сообщество к дальнейшей дискуссии. В завершении статьи обсуждаются возможность перехода от абстрактных рассуждений к эмпирическим затруднениям и перспективы исследований искусственного интеллекта и искусственной социальности.

Благодарность. Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант № 18-18-00097.
Ограничения при приеме на государственную гражданскую службу в РФ для молодых женщин (на основе эксперимента)
Authors: Уткина Валерия Владимировна , Гаспарян Сусанна Ашотовна
Published: January 2020

Законодательство Российской Федерации наряду с международными нормативно-правовыми актами обеспечивает юридическую защиту женщин в общественных отношениях, однако традиционные представления о социальных ролях мужчин и женщин представляют собой препятствие к пользованию правами и свободами в полном объеме. Так, на государственной гражданской службе РФ, несмотря на предоставленные ч. 1 ст. 3 Трудового кодекса РФ гарантии, обеспечивающие соблюдение принципа гендерного равенства при трудоустройстве, претендентки молодого возраста сталкиваются с трудностями в процессе поступления.

В данной статье мы проверяем, готовы ли государственные учреждения нанимать беременных женщин или женщин с семейными обязанностями, а также молодых мужчин с семейными обязанностями. Для этого мы организовали и провели эксперимент — телефонный опрос контактных лиц по вакансиям, размещенным на сайте «Федеральный портал управленческих кадров», предоставляющих справочную информацию по вопросам поступления на государственную службу.

На основе эксперимента было выявлено воспроизведение гендерных стереотипов со стороны госслужащих, ответственных за коммуникацию с претендентами на замещение должностей государственной гражданской службы. «Штраф за материнство» молодые женщины получают еще на этапе поступления на работу в органы государственной власти в условиях «доминирующей маскулинности». 

Благодарность. Публикация подготовлена в ходе проведения исследования (проект № 18-05-0049) в рамках Программы «Научный фонд Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ)» в 2018 г. и в рамках государственной поддержки ведущих университетов Российской Федерации «5-100».
Игорь Кон: «То, чем занимался я, этим никто другой не занимался»
Authors: Пугачева Марина Геннадиевна
Published: January 2020

В публикуемом интервью с выдающимся российским социологом и философом Игорем Семеновичем Коном речь идет об истории возрождения советской социологии в начале 1960-х годов, о создании и истории Института социологии. Нарратив начинается с истории возникновения взаимоотношений с российско-американским социологом и культурологом Питиримом Сорокиным, и шире — с рассказа о рецепции западных идей в отечественной социологии. В связи с этим отдельное место занимает рассказ о советской цензуре и попытках Кона влиять на изменение правил ее осуществления в области науки. Отдельный сюжет — семинарское движение в социологии, семинары Юрия Левады, встречи социологов в Кяярику. Упоминаются имена многих выдающихся советских социологов, стоявших у истоков возрождения социологии в России.
Bioakumulasi Logam Berat Pb dan Cu terhadap Penaeus merguiensis di Perairan Teluk Kelabat Bagian Dalam
Authors: Komalasari Andini , Afriyansyah Budi , Ihsan Muhammad , Nugraha Mohammad Agung
Published: January 2020

Bioaccumulation of Pb and Cu Heavy Metals to Penaeus merguiensis in the Waters of Inner Kelabat BayThe waters of Kelabat Bay has a wealth of marine resources that is quite important in supporting the economy of Bangka Regency and West Bangka Regency. The purpose of this research was to measure the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cu (sea water, sediment, and Penaeus merguiensis) and measure the ability of Penaeus merguiensis in accumulating heavy metals Pb and Cu. Heavy metals Pb and Cu in Water, sediments and Penaeus merguiensis analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Flame AAS). The results showed that concentration of heavy metals in water with an average range of Pb (0,1042-0,1748 mg/L) and Cu (0,000013-0,000021 mg/L). Average concentration of heavy metals in Pb sediments (7,15-7,73 mg/kg) and Cu (0,0016-0,00219 mg/kg ). Average concentration of Pb heavy metals in Penaeus merguiensis (1,34-1,54 mg/kg) and Cu (0,0003-0,00045 mg/kg). The average ability of Penaeus merguiensis in accumulating heavy metals Pb and Cu is 15,83 to water and 0,19 to sediment. The value of the Bioconcentration Factor is below 250 (FBK <250) so it falls into the low category. Penaeus merguiensis is more exposed to heavy metals dissolved in water than those released from sediment.Perairan Teluk Kelabat memiliki kekayaan sumber daya laut yang cukup penting dalam mendukung perekonomian Kabupaten Bangka dan Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kandungan logam berat Pb dan Cu (air laut, sedimen, dan Penaeus merguiensis) dan mengukur kemampuan Penaeus merguiensis dalam mengakumulasi logam berat Pb dan Cu. Logam berat Pb dan Cu padaair, sedimen dan Penaeus merguiensisdianalisis menggunakan Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Flame AAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi logam berat dalam air dengan kisaran rata-rata Pb (0,1042-0,1748 mg/L) dan Cu (0,000013-0,000021 mg/L). Kisaran konsentrasi rata-rata logam berat dalam sedimen Pb (7,15-7,73 mg/kg) dan Cu (0,0016-0,00219 mg/kg). Kisaran konsentrasi rata-rata logam berat Pb di Penaeus merguiensis (1,34-1,54 mg/kg) dan Cu (0,0003-0,00045 mg/kg). Kemampuan rata-rata Penaeus merguiensis dalam mengakumulasi logam berat Pb dan Cu yaitu 15,83 terhadap air dan 0,19 terhadap sedimen. Nilai Faktor Biokonsentrasi tersebut di bawah 250 (FBK< 250) sehingga masuk dalam kategori rendah. Penaeus merguiensis lebih banyak terpapar logam berat yang terlarut dalam air daripada yang terlepas dari sedimen.
Pemanfaatan Data Penginderaan Jauh untuk Ekstraksi Habitat Perairan Laut Dangkal di Pantai Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Purwanto Anang Dwi , Setiawan Kuncoro Teguh , Ginting Devica Natalia Br.
Published: January 2020

Indonesia had a large diversity of coastal ecosystems. One part of the them is the coral reef. The concept of mapping coral reef ecosystems has been outlined in the RSNI document about the mapping of shallow marine waters. The aim of this study is to map shallow marine waters using the 1981 and 2006 lyzenga methods. The mapping was made based on three classes including coral reef, mixed seagrass and macroalgae, and substrate. The location of the study was conducted at Pemuteran Beach, Bali. The data used were Landsat 8 imagery acquisition on 14 April 2018. Stages of data processing include atmospheric correction, radiometric correction, pansharpening, masking, cropping, and water column correction and classification. Water column correction used the Lyzenga 1981 and 2006. Classification methods to distinguish objects of shallow marine waters using the unsupervised method. The results showed differences in the results of extraction of shallow marine waters information using the Lyzenga 1981 with the 2006 Lyzenga method. The extraction results with the Lyzenga 2006 method provide more detailed information in identifying the three classes of shallow marine waters. Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman ekosistem pesisir yang cukup besar. Salah satu bagian dari ekosistem tersebut adalah ekosistem terumbu karang. Konsep pemetaan ekosistem terumbu karang telah dituangkan dalam RSNI tentang pemetaan habitat dasar perairan laut dangkal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pemetaan habitat perairan laut dangkal dengan menggunakan metode lyzenga 1981 dan 2006.  Pemetaan tersebut dibuat berdasarkan tiga kelas diantaranya: kelas terumbu karang, kelas campuran padang lamun dan makro alga, serta kelas substrat dasar. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Pantai Pemuteran, Bali. Data yang digunakan adalah citra Landsat 8 akuisisi 14 April 2018. Tahapan pengolahan data meliputi, koreksi atmosferik, koreksi radiometrik, proses pansharpening, proses masking darat air, cropping, serta koreksi kolom air serta klasifikasi. Koreksi kolom air menggunakan metode Lyzenga 1981 dan 2006. Klasifikasi untuk membedakan obyek habitat perairan laut dangkal menggunakan metode unsupervised . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan hasil ekstraksi informasi habitat perairan laut dangkal menggunakan metode Lyzenga 1981 dengan metode Lyzenga 2006. Hasil ekstraksi dengan metode Lyzenga 2006 memberikan informasi yang lebih detail dalam mengidentifikasi tiga kelas habitat perairan laut dangkal tersebut.
Laju Ekploitasi Lobster Batu Panulirus penicillatus, Olivier, 1791 (Malacostraca : Palinuridae) di Perairan Laut Yogyakarta
Authors: Irwani Irwani , Febriansyah Widy , Sabdono Agus , Wijayanti Diah Permata
Published: January 2020

Indonesia is an area that has various types of beaches with different topography and is a region producing one of the lobsters that have a very high economic value. Yogyakarta had three coastal districts that have lobster produce that is Kulonprogo Regency, Bantul Regency and Gunung Kidul Regency. This research aims to know exploitation rate, the growth model of Von Bertalanffy, mortality, length-weight relationship and distribution of carapace length and to know mortality in spiny lobster (Panulirus Pacillatus) in Yogyakarta Special Region. Data were collected at three beaches namely Depok, Congot and Baron coastal waters. Data was analyse used FISAT II software. The distribution of carapace lengths of stone lobster caught during the research ranged from 40,2-102 mm and the results indicated that the dominant lobster was caught with the highest number of catches below the midterm size of 76,3 mm. Total mortality (Z) 4,251, natural mortality (M) 0,708, taking mortality (F) 3,543, and exploitation rate (E) 0,833 so that the mortality due to taking value of spiny lobster is much higher than natural mortality. Indonesia adalah daerah yang mempunyai berbagai jenis pantai dengan topografi yang berbeda–beda serta merupakan  daerah penghasil salah satu lobster yang memiliki nilai ekonomis sangat tinggi. Yogyakarta memiliki tiga Kabupaten wilayah pantai yang memiliki hasil lobster yaitu Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Kabupaten Bantul dan Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemanfaatannya, mortalitas, model pertumbuhan von bertalanffy lobster batu (Panulirus penicillatus) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Data diperoleh di tiga pesisir yauitu, Pesisr Depok, Congot dan Baron. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan FISAT II. Distribusi ukuran panjang karapas lobster batu yang tertangkap selama penelitian berkisar antara 40,2–102, mm dan hasil  menunjukkan bahwa lobster dominan tertangkap yang jumlah hasil tangkapnya paling banyak dibawah ukuran nilai tengah 76,3 mm. Panjang total lobster memiliki ukuran terpendek 22,1 cm dan terpanjang 83,4 cm. Hasil yang didapatkan laju mortalitas total (Z) 4,251, nilai mortalitas alami (M) 0,708 , mortalitas penangkapan (F) 3,543 dan laju eksploitasinya (E) 0,833 sehingga diketahui nilai mortalitas penangkapan dari lobster batu jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan mortalitas akibat alami.
Kontaminasi Logam Berat As dan Hg pada Airtanah Dangkal di Wilayah Pesisir Semarang dan Demak
Authors: Rochaddi Baskoro , Sabdono Agus , Zainuri Muhammad
Published: January 2020

The present study was performed to assess the level of heavy metal contamination in shallow groundwater of Pati and Rembang coastal areas. Groundwater sample analysis indicated that Mercury and Arsenic were detected in the groundwater samples in the range 0.004 µg L-1 and 0.115-0.310 µg L-1 , respectively. Compared to the standard limits of the heavy metals contents in the water sample by World Health Organization (WHO) limits and Indonesian Drinking and Domestic Water Quality Standard for Ground Water (IWQS), groundwater of Semarang and Demak Coastal Areas was contaminated with heavy metals. This study has confirmed the presence of heavy metal contamination of some shallow groundwater supplies in the coastal areas of Semarang and Demak.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai tingkat kontaminasi logam berat di air tanah dangkal di wilayah pantai Pati dan Rembang. Analisis sampel air tanah menunjukkan bahwa Merkurius dan Arsenik terdeteksi dalam sampel air tanah dalam kisaran 0,004 μg L-1 dan 0,115-0,310 μg L-1, masing-masing. Dibandingkan dengan batas standar kadar logam berat dalam sampel air oleh batas Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) dan Standar Kualitas Air Minum dan Domestik Indonesia untuk Air Tanah (IWQS), air tanah Wilayah Semarang dan Demak telah terkontaminasi dengan logam berat. Studi ini telah mengkonfirmasi adanya kontaminasi logam berat dari beberapa pasokan air tanah dangkal di wilayah pesisir Semarang dan Demak.
Attenuated Type of Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia due to Mutations in DYNC2H1 Gene
Authors: Čechová Anna , Baxová Alice , Zeman Jiří , Lambert Lukáš , Honzík Tomáš , Leiská Alena , Čunát Václav , Tesařová Markéta
Published: January 2020

Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD) represents a heterogeneous group of skeletal dysplasias with short ribs, narrow chest and reduced thoracic capacity. Mutations in several genes including IFT80, DYNC2H1, TTC21B and WDR19 have been found in patients with ATD. Both severe and milder course of the disease were described in correlation with secondary involvement of lung’s function. Two children with attenuated form of ATD are described. Their anthropometric parameters for birth weight, length and head circumference were normal but narrow thorax was observed in both of them in early infancy with chest circumference < –3 SD (standard deviation) in comparison to age related controls. The postnatal adaptation and development of both children was uneventful except for mild tachypnoea in one of them which persisted till the age of 6 months. In both children, radiographs revealed narrow upper half of the chest with shorter ribs and atypical configuration of pelvis with horizontally running acetabula and coarse internal edges typical for ATD. Molecular analyses using whole exome sequencing in one family revealed that the patient is compound heterozygote in DYNC2H1 gene for a frame-shift mutation c.4458delT resulting in premature stop-codon p.Phe1486Leufs*11 and a missense mutation c.9044A>G (p.Asp3015Gly). The second family refused the DNA analysis. Regular monitoring of anthropometric parameters during childhood is of big importance both in health and disease. In addition, measurement of the chest circumference should be included, at least at birth and during infancy.
A Single Small Bowel Hemangioma Detected by Video Capsule Endoscopy in a Patient Presenting with Iron-deficiency Anemia – Two Case Reports
Authors: Grgić Dora , Prijić Radovan , Romić Ivan , Augustin Goran , Markoš Pave , Korša Lea , Marušić Zlatko , Rustemović Nadan , Krznarić Željko
Published: January 2020

Hemangioma of the small intestine is a rare vascular malformation which mostly presents as occult gastrointestinal bleeding and iron-deficiency anemia. Patients are often asymptomatic except of fatigue due to anemia. Hemangiomas can arise anywhere in the luminal gastrointestinal tract, with jejunum as the most commonly involved site. They are very hard to recognize mostly due to their localization. Video capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy have very much improved preoperative diagnostics and made major contribution to establishing the diagnosis – which was very difficult in the past and almost all cases were diagnosed during or after the operation. Surgical resection is still the conventional treatment modality, although with the improvement of endoscopic therapeutic interventions (endoscopic mucosal resection, argon-plasma coagulation) there are more therapeutic possibilities.
Gossypiboma: A Dramatic Result of Human Error, Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Arıkan Yusuf , Ozdemir Osman , Seker Kamil Gokhan , Eksi Mithat , Guner Ekrem , Kalfazade Nadir , Sahin Selcuk , Tasci Ali Ihsan
Published: January 2020

Gossypiboma refers to a retained foreign object that was forgotten in the body cavity during an operation. It is a rare surgical complication that most commonly occurs after intraperitoneal abdominal emergency surgical procedures, but may also occur after virtually any type of operation. Gossypiboma can be confused with neoplastic lesions and abscess. Clinical examination and radiological findings may sometimes mislead the physician. We intend to present our cases, which is thought to be a kidney tumour and bladder cancer but resulted gossypiboma which is a condition that is caused by a forgotten sponge during the operation and it can mimic the cancer. During the operation, the team must work in coordination and be careful. Unnecessary operations in such situation can significantly increase the patient’s morbidity.
Duch Ameryki Łacińskiej nadzieją dla (nie)chrześcijańskiej Europy
Authors: Marta Sienkiewicz
Published: January 2020

The article indicates the disappearance of Christianity in Europe. The article refers to Christian hope as an inspiration and motivation to undertake evangelization activities. The article contains references to popes who see help for secularized Europe in Latin America and the people of this continent. The text emphasizes the importance of culture in experiencing religion and building relationships with God. It signals that re-evangelization is needed in modern Europe, which will lead to the rebuilding of Christian identity. The text also emphasizes that Christianity is a religion for everyone, and Christian teaching should be uniform.
Kościół katolicki na Islandii do roku 1264
Authors: Grzegorz Adamiak
Published: January 2020

The missionary action in Iceland did not end with the reception of Christianity by Althing in the year 1000. Further eﬀ orts of the missionaries and their cooperation with Icelandic society were necessary to consolidate the adopted faith. The missionaries from Germany and England ﬁ rst had a huge share here. Then, the native bishops and clergy took over this role successfully. The political and social stabilization of this period allowed Christianity to take root in the society of the Icelandic time of the independent Icelandic Community. This was conﬁ rmed by the rise and development of monastic life, the development of Icelandic culture and education. The ﬁ rst period of Christianity in Iceland allowed for laying solid foundations on which, even after the loss of sovereignty, Icelanders could preserve their cultural identity and national heritage.