bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Culm Breakage on Seed Set in Seven Paspalum Species and an Intraspecific Hybrid1
Authors: Bennett Hugh W. , Burson Byron L.
Published: July 2010

The specific effect of culm breakage upon seed set was measured in (a) seven Paspalum species; (b) the intraspecific hybrid between the sexual and apomictic P. dilatatum biotypes; and (c) segregates from this hybrid through the F0 generation. Sixteen inflorescences of each were individually bagged at various stages of anthesis. Half of these were broken when bagged and half kept upright. Further breakage was prevented by supporting all culms until harvest. All the florets produced on each inflorescence were used to determine seed set. Significant differences in seed set when bagged at various stages of anthesis (before bloom 8.6%, one‐half bloom 20.9%, and complete bloom 26.8%) were found for all plants except the segregating generations from the intraspecific hybrid. Culm breakage caused a highly significant reduction in seed set in P. guenoarum (30.0‐10.8%), nicorae (26.1‐10.7%), P. notatum (23.9‐4.3%), sexual dilatatum (49.6.20.0%) and a significant reduction in urvillei (30.3‐18.1%) and apomictic P. dilatatum (14.8‐8.2%). There was no significant reduction due to culm breakage in the short‐stemmed and small‐panicled P. pumilum. This study indicates the value of practices to reduce culm breakage in seed production or in a breeding program with Paspalum species.
Evaluation of the World Collection of Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. I. Reaction to Several Diseases and Associations with Morphological Characters in Israel1
Authors: Ashri A.
Published: July 2010

The world collection of cultivated safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, containing about 2,000 lines, was studied for reaction to phyllody and to four foliage diseases. Of these lines, 547 were resistant to rust (Puccinia carthami), 17 to the Ramularia carthami leaf spot, 30 to the Cercospora carthami leaf spot, 919 to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum), and 1,181 were free from phyllody.

All the lines were evaluated also for 20 morphological and phenological traits, using standardized terminology suitable for computer handling. The data were analyzed for associations of the disease reactions with geographical origins, reactions to other diseases, and morphological traits. Associations of various morphological traits with resistance to the diseases were established. Regions where the resistant lines occur at higher frequencies were also identified. The geographical divergence in disease reaction and the different frequencies of lines resistant to the diseases may be a result of varying selection pressures.
Alpha‐amylase Activity and Carbohydrate Content as Related to Kernel Development in Triticale1
Authors: Klassen A. J. , Hill R. D. , Larter E. N.
Published: July 2010

Eight lines of triticale (Triticale hexaploide) selected for variation in degree of kernel shrivelling were analyzed during development and at maturity for α‐amylase activity, reducing sugars, and starch content. Alpha‐amylase activity varied widely among the triticale lines and was inversely correlated with grain density, the index of shrivelling. Differences in α‐amylase activity in turn were reflected in the reducing sugar values. Starch content of mature grain ranged from 49.1 to 57.1% and was significantly correlated with grain density. Alpha‐amylase developmental patterns were similar at early stages for 6A320, a line with better kernel type, and 6A190, a line with poor kernel development. However, at about 55% moisture, α‐amylase activity in 6A190 began to increase rapidly as compared to 6A320. Reducing sugar patterns were similar to those for α‐amylase. Patterns of starch development indicated a premature termination of starch deposition in triticale lines with poor kernel characteristics.
Productivity and Quality Responses of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Infected with Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus1
Authors: Smith R. R. , Maxwell Douglas P.
Published: July 2010

The effect of bean yellow mosaic virus on the productivity, in vitro digestibility, and nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations was examined using susceptible red clover clones from two varieties. The virus had no effect on the digestibility of the plants, but it did cause an increase in nitrogen concentration and a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and forage yield. Digestibility estimates obtained on healthy plants were associated positively with nitrogen concentration (r=.50), leaflet‐to‐stem dry matter (r=.50), and leaf dry matter percentage (r=.35), and were associated negatively with shoot height (r=−.54) and stem dry matter percentage (r=−.30). Digestibility of the virus‐infected plants was not associated with any agronomic or chemical attribute.
Effects of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Restoring Factors on Yield and Morphology in Inbred and Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Francis C. A. , Sarvella P. A.
Published: July 2010

Fertility restoring factors have been reported to influence plant morphology in a number of genotypes when in Texas sterile cytoplasm. Results from the present study indicate an influence only in specific genotypes when the restoring source in a normal cytoplasm is used as the male for normal and cytoplasmic male sterile females.

Cytoplasmic male sterile and restored (in Texas sterile cytoplasm) lines and crosses differed in morphological traits, yield, and grain moisture from the normal counterpart. The counterparts differed least for average ear height and grain moisture. Yields of lines and hybrids in “T” cytoplasm were reduced by yellow leaf blight, Phyllosticta sp. A “multiplasm” approach for the production of hybrid seed by the male sterile‐restorer method is suggested for pests specific to a cytoplasm.
Influence of Single Recessive Endosperm Mutants on Yield and Dry Matter Distribution in Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Francis C. A.
Published: July 2010

Seed stocks of recessive endosperm mutants su1, fl2 and o2 were each crossed with several inbred lines of maize. F1 plants were self‐pollinated to produce ears segregating for normal and mutant kernels. Careful examination of ears from F2 plants allowed harvest of samples from homozygous normal, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant plants. The heterozygotes were superior in grain yield to either homozygote, and the homozygous normal yielded more than the mutant in su1 and o2 crosses. Husk dry weights were lowest in normal homozygotes of su1 and o2, and in homozygous recessive of fl1. Leaf and stem dry weights showed inconsistent patterns. Plants from normal kernels had a lower ear, husk, and leaf moisture than those of the homozygous recessive. The harvest index (ear wt./total plant wt.) was greater in homozygous normal and heterozygous plants of su1 and o2 maize. The heterozygotes studied appeared to have a more totally efficient system for the conversion of light into dry matter.
Association among Characters Related to Seed Production in Astragalus Cicer L.1
Authors: Townsend C. E.
Published: July 2010

Significant differences in number of racemes, total seed weight, average seed weight per raceme, weight of 1,000‐seed lots, and size of raceme were found among spaced plants of 22 accessions of Astragalus cicer. Simple correlation coefficients between these characters and with general plant vigor were of relatively low magnitude. Open‐pollination seed set ranged from less than 100 seeds to over 300 seeds per raceme.
Chlorophyll Mutation From Recurrent X‐Irradiation of Flax Seed1
Authors: Beard Benjamin H.
Published: July 2010

A 1,000‐seed lot from each of seven flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties were allowed to reach moisture equilibrium over NaC1O3 before treatment with 30 kR of high energy x‐rays. Controls were 500 non‐irradlated seeds of each variety. Seeds for subsequent cycles were obtained from random bolls, each taken from a different basal branch of the surviving M1 or control plants. One seed from each selected boll was used to maintain the 1,000‐ or 500‐seed lots for varietal irradiated and control populations, respectively. Seeds were irradiated each generation for four cycles.

The chlorophyll mutation frequencies, based on basal branch progenies (primary or secondary stems) were 0.32 ✕ 10‐2, and 0.02 ✕ 10‐2 for irradiated and control populations, respectively. The chlorophyll mutation frequencies, using Frydenberg's seedling method were 4.8 ± 0.5 ✕ 10‐4, and 0.1 ± 0.06 ✕ 10‐4 for irradiated and control populations, respectively.

The chlorophyll mutation spectrum consisted of six classes: light‐green 29%, yellow‐green 35%, yellow virescent 12%, yellow 14%, albino virescent 7% and albino 3%. The yellow and albino mutants usually died in the seedling stage.
Inheritance of a Male‐Sterile Character in Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)1
Authors: Smith R. R.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of a male‐sterile character in red clover was investigated within F1, BC1, and sib‐mated F1 progeny. This character apparently is controlled by a single recessive gene. Anthers of homozygous recessive plants do not dehisce and, in general, contain nonstaining, shriveled pollen grains. Segregation in the BC1 and sib‐mated F1 progeny gave a satisfactory fit to a ratio of three malefertile plants to one male‐sterile plant. The symbol, ms1, is proposed for this single recessive gene in red clover.
Ear Height Inheritance Estimates and Linkage Bias Among Generation Means of Corn1
Authors: Thompson D. L. , Hanson W. D. , Shaw A. W.
Published: July 2010

Variability of generation means for ear height of corn (Zea mays L.) was partitioned into additive, dominance, and epistasis for ll populations involving 3 groups that cover a broad range of parental differences. Additive and dominance parameters accounted for an average of 90% of the variability. Dominance was the principal component. Mean squares for dominance were similar among populations within groups; therefore, we concluded that the number of segregating loci did not differ appreciably among crosses in groups; that cancelling of additive effects occurred; and that additive effects were probably as important as dominance effects. The amounts of total variability estimated for additive effects were proportional to the ear height differences between parents. Linkage bias was calculated to be negligible in the generation mean analysis, if the linked loci involved two or more separate linkage groups in the expression of a character.
Selection for Differential Productivity Among Juvenile Maize Plants: Associated Net Photosynthetic Rate and Leaf Area Changes1
Authors: Hanson W. D.
Published: July 2010

Genetic divergence among juvenile maize (Zea mays L.) plants was obtained and evaluated after 6 cycles of selection for high and low stalk volume within the ‘Jarvis’ population. Similar results were obtained for two‐replicate‐selection groups. Selection process modified stalk and leaf production primarily and root production secondarily. Net photosynthetic rates as measured were not associated with differential productivity except in an inverse sense. The principal correlated response to selection was leaf area. In addition to 30% greater leaf area, the high selections had lower chlorophyll level, percent dry matter, net photosynthetic rate, respiration rate, and Hill reaction rate as compared to the low selections. The higher net photosynthetic rates for the low selections, as compared to the highs, held for environmental conditions resulting in low or high photosynthetic rates. The data supported the principal hypothesis for this study that variation in net photosynthetic rates did not play a major role in determining differential productivity within the adapted population. The primary genetic control for productivity in this population appeared to involve the genetics of systems other than photosynthetic.
Heritability Estimates for Grain Yield in Oats (Avena sp.)1
Authors: Pfahler P. L.
Published: July 2010

Narrow sense heritability values were determined from actual selection response and in standard units using 94 populations grown in replicated trials in 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 at Gainesville, Florida. Eighty‐nine of the populations were homogeneous and homozygous lines with diverse genetic backgrounds derived from crosses involving Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina C. Koch. Five were recommended varieties. Heritability values by selection response were determined using three levels (upper 10, upper 25 and upper 47 of the 94 populations) of selection and the mean of the 94 populations as a reference point for response. Over all levels of selection, the values ranged from _.55 to .76 for individual year comparisons. When individual years were compared to the 6‐year mean, the range was _.05 to .87. No consistent differences were found as a result of selection level although in a few cases selection of the upper 25 instead of the upper 10 resulted in higher values. Heritability values determined in standard units ranged from _.05 to .63 when individual years were compared and from .11 to .67 when individual years were compared to the 6‐year mean. In general, values between individual years and the 6‐year mean were equal to, or higher than, those between individual years.

A hypothetical selection and testing procedure was designed in which the yields of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years were combined at random to determine the effect of the number of years tested on the heritability values relative to the 6‐year mean. No substantial or consistent changes in values were obtained as the number of years tested was increased.
Influence of Excised Pistils on In vitro Growth of Alfalfa Pollen1
Authors: Shipe Emerson R. , Quensenberry Kenneth H. , Gray Elmer
Published: July 2010

Reactions between pollen and pistils of ‘Buffalo’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were studied in vitro. In most cases pollen tube length varied significantly when pollen from a plant was placed in combinations with pistils from different plants. Variations in pollen tube length associated with the pollen‐pistil combinations were not significantly related to compatibility differences.
Karyotypes of Fifteen Trifolium Species in Section Amoria1
Authors: Chen Chi‐Chang , Gibson Pryce B.
Published: July 2010

The karotypes of 15 species of Trifolium belonging to the section Amoria were compared on the bases of chromosome size, ceutromere position, number of satellite chromosomes, and size of satellites. Some species have similar or indistinguishable karotypes while others differ from one another by one or more cytological characters. The similarity of karyotypes of T. nigrescens Viv., T. occidentale D. Coombe, T. petrisavii Clem., and T. repens L. suggests a close phylogenetic relationship among these species.
Reproduction in Crested Wheatgrass Triploids1
Authors: Dewey Douglas R.
Published: July 2010

Triploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. crossed most readily with diploid A. cristatum, 2n = 14, but some crossing also occurred with tetraploid A. desertorum, 2n = 28; hexaploid A. cristatum, 2n = 42; and an A. repens (L.) Gaertn. ✕ A. cristatum induced‐amphiploid hybrid, 2n = 56. Chromosome numbers of 183 progeny ranged from 2n = 14 to 38, with 80% of the progeny having 14, 15, or 16 chromosomes. At least 90% of the progeny of triploid A. cristatum came from reduced 7‐, 8‐, or 9‐chromosome eggs. Triploid A. cristatum is an excellent source of primary trisomics, which can be recognized by aberrant morphology and reduced fertility.

Triploid A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. crossed most frequently with tetraploid A. desertorum, but it also crossed occasionally with diploid and hexaploid A. cristatum. Chromosome numbers in 59 open‐pollination progeny ranged from 2n = 23 to 42. Triploid A. desertorum produced no functional eggs with less than nine chromosomes, and at least half of its functional eggs were unreduced. Chromosome numbers in 57 open‐pollination progeny of triploid A. cristatum ✕ A. desertorum ranged from 2n = 24 to 56. More than 75% of the functional eggs of this triploid hybrid were unreduced.

The wide differences in proportion of functional unreduced eggs produced by the three types of triploids were probably due to differential abortion of reduced gametes rather than to basic differences in patterns of megasporogenesis. Each triploid is capable of serving as a genetic bridge between diploid and polyploid crested wheatgrasses; however, gene flow is mostly from diploid to polyploid.
Leaf Characteristics of Four Flue‐Cured Tobacco Varieties According to Stalk Positions. I. Phytosterols and Petroleum Ether Extracts1
Authors: Cheng Amber L. S. , Tso T. C. , Chaplin James F.
Published: July 2010

Phytosterol content and petroleum ether extracts varied in leaves from various stalk positions of three flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties and one breeding line, ‘Coker 139,’ ‘SC 58,’ ‘NC 95,’ and LN 38. These varieties differ widely in alkaloid content. Petroleum ether extracts were not associated with alkaloid content. Phytosterol content of leaves of various stalk positions exhibited the same general distribution patterns among different varieties, while petroleum ether extracts exhibited the same general distribution patterns in three varieties but not in LN 38. Four phytosterol fractions, including cholesterol, campesterol, β‐sitosterol, and stigmasterol, were determined. Cholesterol and campesterol were fairly constant in leaves of various stalk positions; however, an increase of β‐sitosterol and a decrease of stigmasterol in leaves from bottom to top stalk positions was noted.
Cold Tolerance in a Hexaploid Cotton1
Authors: Muramoto H. , Hesketh J. D. , Baker D. N.
Published: July 2010

Plants of a recently introduced strain of hexaploid cotton, 6X‐3, produced up to six true leaves after 4 months in a cold phytotron environment (average of 14 C); whereas a number of common cultivars produced only one or two true leaves and then died, apparently from a fungus. The true leaves of the hexaploid were blue green. Those of the other cottons were very chlorotic. Since seedlings of the hexaploid have been observed to survive brief periods of chilling in the field, while those of common cultivars did not, the differences observed in the phytotron would appear to be a good indicator of a form of cold tolerance.
Genotype‐environment Studies of Test Weight and Its Components in Soft Winter Wheat1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Everson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The genotype‐environmental interaction of test weight and its components in Eastern soft winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em ‘Thell,’ was studied at seven locations in 2 years. Significant effects of location and years for test weight indicate that breeders should include a sample of years and locations when selecting for this character.

By removing the differential effects of density, an environmental characteristic, from test weight and dealing only with packing efficiency, a varietal characteristic, a definite gain in genetic variance was obtained.

Although test weight and kernel weight under different environments were highly correlated, a covariance analysis demonstrated no genetic correlation between them. This suggests that there are no genes in common controlling test weight and kernel weight in the varieties studied.

Utilizing a combined regression analysis to examine genotype stability of test weight, cultivars and advanced breeding lines that had a significant interaction with the nursery means over different environments were identified. These lines were relatively indifferent to environmental variation and always had good test‐weight performance. The analysis also identified genotypes with average sensitivity and lines with extreme or undesirable sensitivity.
Weight Gain of Cereal Leaf Beetle Larvae on Normal and Induced Leaf Pubescence1
Authors: Smith D. H. , Ninan Thamby , Rathke Eileen , Cress C. E.
Published: July 2010

Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germinated and grown in closed petri dishes consistently produced leaves with more pubescence than those grown under natural conditions. Weight gain and percent survival of freshly emerged cereal leaf beetle larvae were measured on seedling plants with increased amounts of pubescence and control plants with normal pubescence.

Larval weight gain on plants of cultivars susceptible and resistant to the cereal leaf beetle with increased densities of pubescence were significantly lower than the weight gain of larvae grown on control plants. These results make it possible to examine the contribution of pubescence to resistance within a single genotype in a manner similar to those comparisons in which pairs of isogenic lines are used.
Greenbug Injury to Resistant and Susceptible Sorghums in the Field1
Authors: Hackerott H. L. , Harvey T. L.
Published: July 2010

Greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] infestations causing severe damage to a susceptible grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], ‘Combine Kafir‐60’ (CK‐60), did not reduce grain yield of the resistant genotype ‘KS30.’ Losses in grain yield of susceptible CK‐60 were caused by both reduced seed size and numbers of seeds per head. Grain yields of susceptible sorghum decreased as leaves were destroyed by greenbugs. As greenbug damage increased, grain protein and fiber percentages increased, while fat decreased. Greenbugs seemed to reduce yields of CK‐60 more than they reduced grain quality. The data indicate that insecticides would probably not be required to prevent greenbug damage to sorghum plants possessing the resistance found in KS30 even though tolerance is a major component of its resistance.
Seed Yield, Seed Quality, and Total Establishment Capability of Indiangrass1
Authors: Barnett F. L. , Rafii Zia E. , Vanderlip R. L.
Published: July 2010

Relationships between criteria of seed quality and seed yield were studied in indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Quality and yield criteria also were evaluated as criteria of total establishment capability (TEC), the number of offspring established from seed produced per unit area under given conditions. Quality criteria were: caryopsis weight, seed set, caryopsis percentage, spikelet germination, and percentage of field establishment. Yield criteria were: spikelet yield, caryopsis yield, and number of spikelets per plot of the seed‐productionn ursery. Of the three yield criteria, caryopsis yield correlated most, and numbeorf spikelets, least with quality criteria. All quality and yield criteria were positively associated with TEC. Caryopsis yield was more, highly correlated with TEC than any other criterion not used directly to calculate TEC. Implications of component relationships are discussed in connection with various correlations. In covariance analyses significant seed‐source differences in TEC were generally more attributable to variation in caryopsis yield than to differences in other yield or quality criteria. Caryopsis yield was considered satisfactory as a single criterion of TEC so long as intensive selection for TEC is not anticipated. Where improvement in TEC was a primary breeding objective, however, it seemed hazardous to ignore such quality criteria as spikelet germination and caryopsis weight.
Estimates of Heterosis from a Diallel Cross of Inbred Lines of Castors, Ricinus communis L.1
Authors: Hooks J. A. , Williams J. H. , Gardner C. O.
Published: July 2010

Seven lines of castors, Ricinus communis L., were combined in a diallel cross series to obtain information on the magnitude of genetic variance and heterosis expressed in the F1's. Significant line effects (general combining ability) and heterosis (specific combining ability) were both important for days to flowering, racemes per plant, volume weight, and oil content. Heterosis was the only significant effect for seed yield.

Significant differences between reciprocal crosses were observed for days to flowering, nodes to first and second racemes, racemes per plant, volume weight, and oil percentage. In future studies involving crosses among these lines the occurrence of reciprocal differences should be assumed and studies should be designed to account for this source of variation.

Seed yield and oil content were negatively correlated with days to flowering and with number of nodes to first and second racemes and positively correlated with number of racemes per plant and volume weight of seed. Yield and oil content were positively correlated. All but one of the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were .5 or greater in absolute value.
Performance of Three Soybean Varieties Inoculated with Soybean Mosaic Virus and Bean Pod Mottle Virus1
Authors: Quiniones S. S. , Dunleavy J. M. , Fisher J. W.
Published: July 2010

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) acted synergistically in soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. The mean seed yield of ‘Amsoy,’ ‘Corsoy, and ‘Wayne’ soybeans was reduced 18% by infection with SMV, 10% by infection with BPMV, and 66% by infection with both SMV and BPMV. SMV caused mottling on 92% of the seed, whereas SMV plus BPMV caused mottling on 96% of the seed. Germination of seed from plants infected with SMV was reduced 22%, whereas germination of seeds from plants infected with both SMV and BPMV was reduced 29%. SMV was transmitted in 27% of the seed from plants infected with SMV alone, whereas the virus was transmitted in 39% of the seeds from plants infected with both viruses.
Effects of tiba (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic Acid) on Seed Production and Vegetative Growth of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)1
Authors: Hale Verle Q.
Published: July 2010

TIBA (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid) was applied at low rates to seed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the field. Rates of 70 and 140 g of TIBA/ha resulted in seed yield increases of 60% over controls. Glasshouse tests showed that TIBA stimulated an increase in the number of stems per plant, and the greater number of stems probably accounted for the increased seed weight. TIBA retarded vegetative regrowth in glasshouse experiments.
Germplasm Potentials among Blue Panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) Sample Populations1
Authors: Wright L. Neal
Published: July 2010

Evaluation of 36 sample populations of blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) of widely different geographic origins showed trends of performance. The populations were evaluated for seedling survival after drouth stress, rate of germination, percentage of survival after salinity and mannitol stress, and weight of seed. Magnitude of broad sense heritability estimates and the wide range of response between populations suggested the presence of adequate genetic variability to insure that, with appropriate breeding procedures, the investigated characteristics could be improved. Since high survival percentage was related to slow germination rate, selection for either of these characteristics might isolate comparable germplasm. Results suggested that salt tolerance and mannitol stress during germination were related but that they were negatively associated with seedling survival. Effectiveness of the evaluations to isolate superior germplasm for drouth and salt stress during germination should be evident with continued cycles of evaluation.
Reversal of Low Temperature Effects on a Tropical Plant by Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Karbassi P. , Garrard L. A. , West S. H.
Published: July 2010

Pangolagrass plants (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) exposed to 10C night temperature had increased starch contents and decreased amylolytic activities, dry weights, leaf areas, and shoot lengths as compared with control plants exposed to 30C night temperatures. Application of 10‐5 M gibberellic acid (GA3) reversed these effects of 10C night temperature. The direct addition of GA3 to the reaction mixture did not alter the in vitro amylolytic activity of crude leaf extracts of pangolagrass during their incubation either at 10C or 30C, which indicates that perhaps the effect of low temperature was on synthesis of amylolytic enzymes.
Cytology, Sex Expression, and Growth of a Tetraploid ✕ Diploid Cross in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)1
Authors: Haunold Alfred
Published: July 2010

A colchicine‐induced tetraploid hop (Humulus lupulus L.) (2n=4x=40) crossed to selected diploid males produced 76% triploids in its progeny. Of the triploid survivors at maturity 71% were pistillate and 27% were monoecious wilh varying proportions of pistillate and staminate flowers. Triploids generally grew twice as fast as the tetraploiid parent and 20% faster than the corresponding diploid variety during the period of maximum longitudinal growth in the spring and early summer. Morphologically, most triploids resembled the female parent. Most of lhe fastest‐growing triploids were amongthe top yielders.
Genetic Aspects of Triglyceride Structure in Maize1
Authors: de la Roche I. A. , Weber E. J. , Alexander D. E.
Published: July 2010

Stereospecific analysis reveals that the distribution of fatty acids is nonrandom among the three positions of triglyceridcs from the maize (Zea mays L.) strains, Illinois High Oil (IHO), R84, and C103. Positional specificity and fatty acid concentration effects are the major factors contributing to differences in fatty acid distribution in triglycerides. Both are under genetic control. The loci affecting levels of linoleate in IHO, R84, and C103 do not operate at the level of positional specificity; rather, the control is exerted in the concentration effect. Maternal effects detected in the reciprocal F1's are a function of concentration, and not positional specificity.
Floral Response of Single‐Cut Red Clover Treated with Exogenous Growth Substances1
Authors: May R. G. , Bula R. J.
Published: July 2010

Red clover plants (Trifolium pratense L.) of the single‐cut cultivar ‘Tammisto,’ maintained under an inductive photoperiod but noninductive thermoperiod, were treated with four micromolar concentrations (0.01, 0.10, 0.25, and 1.00) of gibberellic acid (GA3), 8‐aza adenine (8AA), or N, N′‐dinitroethylenediamine (EDNA), applied as two foliar sprays of 1 ml per plant. Eighty‐five to 90% of the plants, treated with 0.25 and 1.00 µM of GA3, initiated floral stems within 4 weeks after treatment, and all plants within 6 weeks after treatment. The 0.01‐µM rate of GA3 was slightly less effective, causing 95% of the treated plants to initiate floral stems 6 weeks after treatment. Only the lowest concentration of 8AA produced a floral response exceeding that of the controls. Plants treated with EDNA exhibited floral development similar to the controls at all rates. Plants treated with GA3 had fewer stems compared to plants treated with 8AA or EDNA or the control plants.
Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment at Different Developmental Stages on Growth and Yield Components of Soybeans1
Authors: Hardman L. L. , Brun W. A.
Published: July 2010

Vegetative and reproductive parameters were measured at maturity on field‐grown soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Hark] given CO2 enrichment to 1,200 (±150) ppm for 5‐week periods corresponding to vegetative, flowering, and pod‐filling stages of development. CO2 enrichment during the vegetative stage had no effects on the measured parameters at maturity. CO2 enrichment during flowering caused increased node numbers, leaf and stem dry weights, and pod numbers. Seed size decreased and need yield was not affected.

CO2 enrichment during pod filling had no effects on vegetative parameters, but caused a slight increase in pod number, and a marked increase in pod weight and seed yield at maturity. These results are discussed in terms of source‐sink relationships and the limitations imposed by the availability of photosynthate.
Seasonal Changes in an Enzyme Inhibitor and Tannin Content in Sericea Lespedeza1
Authors: Cope W. A. , Bell T. A. , Smart W. W. G.
Published: July 2010

We sampled 10 high‐ and two low‐tannin plants of sericea (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don) at 2‐week intervals from May 17 to October 18 by taking two or three stems from the numerous original spring crown shoots. Aqueous leaf extracts of all samples were tested for concentration of an enzyme‐inhibitor substance (a fraction of the total tannin) by measuring its inhibition of one pectinase and two cellulases. Most of the samples were also tested for concentrations of two other tannin fractions, astringent tannin and leucoanthocyanidin. In the common high‐tannin sericea plants all tannin fractions rose from low initial levels to high levels in July, with a gradual return to low levels in October. The low‐tannin plants were quite low for all tannin fractions throughout the season. Although the inhibitor concentration followed the other tannins in a general way during the season, it was not closely correlated with the astringent tannin or the leucoanthocyanidin, neither for sampling date nor over the high‐tannin plants. The inhibitor concentration for a given date or genotype appears to be relatively independent of the accumulation of other tannins. The implications of tannin concentration in the utilization of sericea forage were discussed briefly.
Inbreeding Medicago sativa L. by Selfing, Sib‐mating, and Intergenerational Crossing1
Authors: Posler G. L. , Wilsie C. P. , Atkins R. E.
Published: July 2010

Sib‐mating and intergenerational crossing were compared with selfing as methods for inbreeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Fertility (seeds/flower) relative to the noninbred parents was not greatly different for selfed and sib‐mated progenies at comparable levels of inbreeding. Fertility relative to the inbreeding coefficient usually was greatest for the intergenerational cross progenies. Differences in fertility among reciprocal crosses were small in all sib‐matings and in the intergenerational crosses when both parents were inbred. Fertility was greater when the less‐inbred line was mated as the female parent, however, and it was significantly greater when the female parent was not inbred. These results indicate that selfing for one or two generations followed by sib‐mating or intergenerational crossing to a noninbred parent, together with strong selection for fertility, may have merit as a procedure for the development of inbred lines of alfalfa.
Temperature, Photoperiod, and Light Intensity Effects on Growth of Pisum sativum L.1
Authors: Dolan Desmond D.
Published: July 2010

Controlled environment chambers were used to study the effect of three factors (temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity) on the growth (dry weight) of seven pea (Pisum sativum L.) introductions and three pea cultivars. The design of the experiment was a split plot with three large temperature chambers divided in the center with one photoperiod treatment on each side. Each photoperiod chamber was then divided by a horizontal partition into two light intensity chambers. The three temperatures, low, medium, and high, were 12 C, 17.5 C, and 25 C. The two photoperiods were 12 hours light and 18 hours light. The two light intensities were 21,500 and 43,000 lux.

Growth was much greater at the medium temperature than at either the high or low. The relatively unfavorable effect of low temperature was partly offset by the most favorable light regime, namely long day combined with high light intensity. Of the four light regimes, the results from two were similar and from two others were very dissimilar. The best growth was with long day and high light intensity. The poorest growth was with short day and low light intensity. The two recombinations (short day plus high intensity and long day plus low intensity) were not different in growth response. The first order interactions involving temperature were all significant indicating that temperature response was modified by both day length and light intensity effects.
Use of the Modified Pelshenke Test for Early Generation Wheat Quality Screening1
Authors: Welsh J. R. , Normann R. M.
Published: July 2010

The modified Pelshenke wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) meal fermentation time test was evaluated as an early generation predictor of bread flour properties. Experiments were conducted comparing Pelshenke values, protein values, and mixograph properties. Comparisons were made between all three tests on 233 lines in 3 years, and on 140 paired observations between Pelshenke values on F2 plants and protein and mixograph values on subsequent F3 plant rows. Protein values did not correlate with any other measurements.

On the 233 lines on which all tests were conducted, the Pelshenke test was in complete agreement with mixograph measurements 75% of the time with respect to saving or discarding samples. Thirteen percent of the lines would have been saved by the Pelshenke test and discarded on mixograph, and 12% would have been discarded by the Pelshenke test and saved on the mixograph.

In the 140 paired observations between F2 Pelshenke values and F3 mixograph values, accurate predictions occurred in 72% of the cases. Seventeen percent of the cases would have been saved by the Pelshenke test and later discarded by the mixograph, while 11% would have been discarded by the Pelshenke but saved by the mixograph.

The Pelshenke test can be used with good reliability to screen for later performance on the mixograph.
Inheritance of Sterile Brachytic in an Infraspecific Cross of Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Coffelt Terry A. , Hammons Ray O.
Published: July 2010

Twenty F2 progenies from reciprocal infraspecific crosses between Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ were grown in field plantings. At 4 to 8 weeks 10,167 seedlings (x̄ = 508/F1 plant) were classified for brachytic vs. normal growth. Brachytic plants have a reduced leaf rachis, shorter petioles, and stem internodes and are male and female sterile. F2 data tested by chi‐square were found to fit a phenotypic ratio of 243 normal:13 brachytic. All 29 possible chisquares were nonsignificant (P<0.05). No differences occurred between reciprocal crosses.

Results indicate that the two parental cultivars differ at four unlinked loci, involving two sets of factors with cotnplementary‐duplicate action, to condition the brachytic character. Gene symbols Bs1, Bs2, Bs3, and Bs4 are proposed. Two dominant alleles, one at each of any two loci, will result in normal plants. Plants homozygous recessive at any three loci or at all four loci are brachytic. Normal is completely dominant.

The efficacy of this gene model in interpreting results from investigations by previous researchers is shown by the lower chi‐squares and higher P‐values when their data are tested to the 243:13 ratio vs. the 15:1 ratio previously postulated.
Reconstitution of Diploids from Leaf Tissue of Anther‐derived Haploids in Tobacco1
Authors: Kasperbauer M. J. , Collins G. B.
Published: July 2010

Normal diploid plants were regenerated from leaf midveins of cytologically verified, anther‐derived haploid tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. Large numbers of haploids were obtained by culturing immature anthers on a chemically defined tissue culture medium. The haploids were verified cytologically soon after emergence frem the cultured anthers. They were screened under field, greenhouse, or growth chamber environments for disease resistance, chemical composition, and/or physical characteristics. Leaf midveins from selected haploid plants were trimmed of lamina and cultured on a chemicaliy defined medium. Leafy shoots emerged in about 3 weeks. Plants regenerated from midveins of young (less than fully expanded) leaves were all haploids. Those regenerated from aged leaves (those that remained on the plant 3 to 4 weeks after attaining full expansion) included some diploids and some haploids. The diploids were normal in appearance, self‐fertile and produced diploid progeny.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Verticillium, Fusarium, and Root Knot Nematode on Cotton1
Authors: Bugbee W. M. , Sappenfield W. P.
Published: July 2010

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants 3 or 6 weeks old were inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum, f. sp. vasinfectum, Verticillium albo‐atrum, or Meloidogyne incognita acrita, individually and in all combinations, to determinean inoculation procedure that would permit an evaluation for multiple disease resistance. Four cotton varieties of known disease reaction were used for comparison. Differences in varietal response to F. oxysporum were best expressed in the younger plants, and varietal differences to V. albo‐atrum were best expressed in older plants. Although varietal differences in wilt response were less clear when both fungi were inoculated simultaneously, these differences were more evident in the younger plants.

Most stunting occurred when plants growing in rootknot nematode‐infested soil were inoculated with either or both pathogens. Good differentiation of varietal resistance was not apparent. Only the most susceptible and most resistant varieties could be distinguished when infected with all 3 pathogens.
Use of Photoperiod Response to Change Plant Design1
Authors: Spence J. A. , Williams S. J. A.
Published: July 2010

Tall determinate varieties of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) usually planted in May through June, grow 2.5 m tall and must be hand harvested. Dwarf determinate varieties planted in December, under flower inducing short‐day conditions, produce a small plant about 1 m tall that can be mechanically harvested. Yields of 2,544 kilos per hectare have been obtained at populations of 165,000 plants per hectare.
Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and E. C. Hubbard) Grain1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Wallace A. T. , Rachie K. O.
Published: July 2010

Pearl millet[Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and E. C. Hubbard] grain is equal or superior to grain of wheat (Triticum aestium L.), corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench), and rice (oryza sativa L.) in protein and oil content. It contains similar amounts of Ca and P and more Fe than these cereals. Except for a lysine deficiency, pearl millet has an excellent amino acid profile. Limited genotype assessment suggests that protein and lysine content of pearl millet can be improved by breeding. The starch properties of pearl millet, sorghum, and corn are similar. Pearl millet oil contains more palmitic, stearic, and linolenic and less oleic and linoleic fatty acids than corn oil.
Distribution of 14C Photosynthates in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) During the Vegetative Stage of Growth1
Authors: St‐Pierre J. C. , Wright M. J.
Published: July 2010

11CO2 was applied at two stages of growth to leaf blades at different positions on the main shoot or tillers of timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Before treatment some plants had been defoliated to maintain two intact top leaves or two intact basal leaves, while on the rest all or none of the extended leaf blades had been removed. Tillers were not defoliated. Plants were either autoradiographed or dissected and extracted with 85% ethanol to measure partitioning of the radioactivity.

The tracer moved from the main shoots to all sinks at both stages of growth, even under severe defoliation. Tillers exported label consistently to roots and very inconsistently to main shoot or sister tillers. Top blades of the main shoot sent more assimilate to elongating leaves above them, while the basal blades sent more to tillers and roots. The presence of actively growing tillers favored more transport out of blades on mainshoots. Defoliation treatments had only a minor effect on distribution of the label.
Relationship Between Plant Respiration and Seedling Vigor in Zea mays L.1
Authors: Cantrell R. P. , Hodges H. F. , Keim W. F.
Published: July 2010

Respiration rates in Zea mays L. were determined at different stages of seed germination and seedling development. Varying lengths of pregermination heat treatment were used to create different degrees of seed quality. A high positive correlation (r = +.930) was observed between 24‐hour kernel respiration rates and seedling vigor. A low correlation (r = +.270) was observed between roottip respiration rate of the young seedlings and seedling vigor. A negative relationship was found between seedling shoot respiration rate and seedling vigor. Low‐quality seeds were more susceptible to injury of the respiratory system, as shown by the addition of an uncoupling agent, than were good‐quality seeds.
Genetic Male Sterility in Barley. IV. Self‐Incompatibility Tests1
Authors: Roath W. W. , Hockett E. A.
Published: July 2010

Nine genetic male‐sterile barley (Hordeum vulgate L.) mutants, each having some stainable pollen, were used as pollen parents on the three dlifferent male‐sterile females msl, ms2, and ms7. Similar seed set was obtained from crosses with pollen from male‐fertile sibs of the nine mutants onto male‐sterile plants of msl, ms2, or ms7. The female male‐sterile plants of msl had significantly less seed set than those of ms2 or ms7. Self‐incompatibility is not responsible for the self‐sterility in the nine malesterile mutants, since none were able to effect pollination of the three female lines.
Inheritance of Yield Components and Morpho‐physiological Traits in Barley, Hordeum vulgare L.1
Authors: Yap T. C. , Harvey B. L.
Published: July 2010

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the possibilities of using morphological characters as selection criteria for yield improvement in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to obtain this information, the F1 of seven‐cultivar diallel cross was grown in the field in 1969 and 1970 to study the inheritance of grain yield, tillers per plant, kernel weight, kernels per head, flag leaf area, erectophile flag leaf area, peduncle area, head area, flag leaf area duration, culm diameter, and flag leaf angle,

The results indicate that both agronomic and morpho‐physiological traits were controlled mainly by additive gene action. Dominance effects were also observed, but these were not stable in controlling grain yield, kernel weight, and flag leaf angle. The photosynthetic areas above the flag leaf node, culm diameter, and flag leaf area duration appear to be controlled by partially recessive gene action. With the exception of flag leaf angle, all the morpho‐physiological traits were significantly associated with grain yield over two years of observation. Since selection for morpho‐physiological traits is easy and the heritabilities for these traits were quite high, genetic gains for these traits are expected. Consequently, selection for morpho‐physiological traits appears to be a promising means of establishing a high yielding plant type.
Comparisons of Prediction Formulas for Maize Hybrids1
Authors: Otsuka Y. , Eberhart S. A. , Russell W. A.
Published: July 2010

Three‐way and double‐cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid means were predicted with various formulas involving linear functions of general and specific effects estimated from single‐cross diallels. When the efficiencies of these predictors were compared with the correlations of observed and predicted means as the criteria of comparison, the “optimumw eight” predictor was most efficient for hybrids from unselected lines derived from the variety ‘BSK.’ The “optimum weight” predictor did not give the highest correlation for hybrids from a highly selected set of 10 lines, indicating a substantial bias due to epistasis. Even with hybrids from the selected set of lines, the genotype by environmental interaction was a greater potential source of bias than was epistasis unless the trials were grown in a large number of environments. The prediction formula with nonparental single‐cross means (Jenkins' method B) was nearly as efficient as the “optimum weight” predictor. We xecommendth at the appropriate single crosses be grown in a preliminary trial at several locations and that the three‐way and double‐cross performance be predicted from the nonparental singlecross means. A reduced number of selected hybrids per se should then be evaluated over enough environments to enable the breeder to select the superior hybrids for commercial release.