bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Physical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Film through The Addition of Nanocellulose Prepared from Palm Oil Solid Waste
Authors: Syafrina D , Aprilia S , Arifin B , Razali N , Khalil H P S A , Amin A
Published: June 2020

Cellulose from the palm oil solid waste (oil palm shells and stems) be isolated and used as a filler material in a biodegradable plastic, in order to improve its mechanical properties. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a biodegradable polymer and compatible for nanocellulose fillers, where its mechanical properties can reach the same level as the conventional plastic. In this study, nanocellulose has been successfully prepared from the oil palm shells and stems with acid hydrolysis method and applied as a filler for PVA/nanocellulose film composite. The characterizations include Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical properties (tensile and elongation). The FTIR and DSC analysis confirm the improvement of the mechanical properties after the addition of nanocellulose, where the tensile strength reaches 14.64 kgf/mm2 with the optimal thermal ratio at 203.5°C. Nevertheless, the addition of 20% nanocellulose reduces the value of tensile strength and elongation.
Reduction of Zn(II) ions in Acid Mine Drainage by Adsorption Using Adsorbent Prepared from Bone Coal
Authors: Arifah N R , Muslim A , Syahiddin D S , Rinaldi W , Meilina H , Salamun A , Mariana
Published: June 2020

This study proposed a method to reduce Zn(II) ions concentration in the acid mine drainage using a novel activated bone coal. Bone coal was activated using NaOH solution with varied concentration. The effect of independent variables such as adsorption time, activator NaOH concentration and initial concentration of Zn(II) ions on adsorption capacity of activated bone coal (A-BC) was investigated. Metal content analysis using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), functional group analysis using Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were conducted. The Zn(II) ions adsorption onto the A-BC had excellent fitting with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.86) to the pseudo second-order adsorption kinetic. It followed Langmuir isotherm with R2 being 0.89. Optimum condition of A-BC and Zn(II) ions solution system was obtained at 27°C consisted of 1 g of adsorbent with 0.4 M NaOH activator in 100 mL Zn(II) ions solution at pH 4.5 stirred at 150-rpm, and Zn(II) ions adsorption capacity of activated bone coal was 11.223 mg/g.
Transesterification of Pangium Edule Reinw oil to biodiesel using durian rind ash as heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Yanti D. , Husin H , Yani F T , Maulana A , Adisalamun A , Husaini H
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of addition durian rind ash as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Waste of Durian rind ash containing potassium oxide compound can be used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification process. Potassium oxide in durian rind ash catalyst has been synthesized by the simple burning method. In this research, durian rind ash catalyst was potentially for biodiesel production from Pangi (Pangium Edule Reinw) oil. The optimum biodiesel yield of 96.24% can be achieved over durian rind ash catalyst of 5 wt.% of catalyst, reaction temperature 65°C at 1 hour, and a methanol-to-Pangi oil ratio of 8:1. The characterization was also conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Use of hydrodynamic cavitation for esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil
Authors: Rizal M , Suriaini N , Syamsuddin Y , Supardan M D
Published: June 2020

Esterification followed by transesterification process is widely applied for biodiesel production from oil with high free fatty acids (FFA) content to remove the FFA and increase the yield of biodiesel. The aim of this research was to study the esterification of waste cooking oil using the hydrodynamic cavitation apparatus. Waste cooking oil with initial FFA content 4.33% was esterified with methanol using sulfuric acid 1%-w/w as the catalyst. The reaction condition was kept constant for 120 minutes of total reaction time. At the best operating condition i.e. molar ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol 1:10 and reaction temperature 50 °C, the initial FFA of waste cooking oil 4.33% reduced to 0.76%. The experimental results also showed that the hydrodynamic cavitation had better performance than the conventional process using mechanical stirring.
Optimization of biogas production in Indonesian region by liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD) method from rice husk using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Nugraha W D , Syafrudin  , Kusumastuti V N , Matin H H A , Budiyono
Published: June 2020

Rice husk is one of agricultural waste that is potentially converted to biogas. In this research, rice husk is used as the material to produce biogas by liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD) with TS concentration below 15/5. The purposes of this research are finding the optimum value of total solid (TS), C/N ratio, and microbial consortium (MC) for biogas production and then analyzing the optimum biogas production rate from rice husk. Because of the high lignin content, rice husk must be through the pretreatment stage using NaOH 3%. The variations of the observed factor are 5%, 10%, 15% for TS concentration; 20, 35, 50 for C/N ratio; and 3%, 6%, 9% for MC concentration. There are 16 reactors in which the variation for each reactor was determined by Central Composite Design. Data obtained from the research will be optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Statistica 10. The result shows that the optimum condition of biogas production from rice husk is TS in between 1%-2.5%, C/N ration 33.45, and MC in between 5.5%-7%. Reactor having a combination of value factors that close to the optimum value will be analyzed using Polymath 6.0, which is reactor 10. The kinetics constant of biogas production rate (u) is 3.625 ml/grTS.day, the maximum biogas production (A) is 277.374 ml/gr TS, and the minimum time needed to produce biogas (λ) is 3.878 days.
A review: biogas production from tofu liquid waste
Authors: Budiyono B , Syaichurrozi I
Published: June 2020

The tofu consumption will increase in the future. As consequent, the tofu production increases significantly. In other side, the amount of tofu wastes also increases. The solid waste can be utilized as solid compost but the liquid waste is discharged directly to the waster bodies at the moment. The latter is potential to be used as biogas feedstock. Some important factors affecting biogas rate need to be considered such as power Hydrogen (pH), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to Nitrogen ratio, Total solid (TS) content, biological agent addition, initial concentration and two-stage anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, purification of the biogas formed by digestion of the tofu liquid waste is needed to be conducted to increase the methane content and decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogensulfide (H2S) content. The H2S has to be removed prior to CO2 removal. The H2S can be removed by biofiltration and CO2 can be removed by biological absorption with help of microalgae. The effluent of anaerobic digester (digestate) may still contain high pollutant so it can be used as nutrient sources for microalgae. The zero waste system for tofu industries is successfully proposed in this paper. Future trend in treating tofu liquid waste in not only for biogas production butalso for biohydrogen production.
Stressed state “boundary layer” in a round plate of variable thickness according to refined theory
Authors: Firsanov V V , Doan Q H , Bui T T
Published: June 2020

Based on the refined theory, the edge stress state of an isotropic round plate of variable thickness under the influence of local load was considered. In constructing the mathematical model of the plate, three-dimensional equations of the theory of elasticity and the variation Lagrange principle were used. Displacements were represented in the form of polynomials along with the coordinate normal to the middle surface, which was two degrees higher than the classical theory of the Kirchhoff – Love type. The resolving system of equations includes eleven ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. The solution of the formulated boundary-value problem was carried out by finite difference methods and matrix sweeps. The deformations and tangential stresses of the plate were determined from the corresponding geometric and physical equations of the elasticity theory. This article has been focused on identifying the stress state of the boundary layer type near rigidly and elastically fixed edges by the round plate where the destruction of thin-walled structural elements in machinery, including aviation and space technology, takes place.
The application of radar absorbing materials to reduce interference emissions from instruments and devices of spacecraft electrical systems
Authors: Zhukov P A , Kirillov V Yu
Published: June 2020

The study of interference emissions, the model of the spacecraft module in the case when the radio-absorbing material TPMV-1C is placed in the internal space of the module model is carried out. The interference emissions are created by an on-board instrument simulator located in the internal space of the spacecraft module model. A noticeable decrease in the interference emission of the spacecraft module model is demonstrated with the use of radar absorbing material. The expediency of using the TPMV-1C radar absorbing material to reduce the interference emissions of on-board instruments and devices of electrical systems of spacecraft is shown.
Mathematical model of radio-frequency ion thruster with an additional magnetostatic field
Authors: Kanev S , Melnikov A , Nazarenko I , Khartov S
Published: June 2020

The paper presents an engineering simplified mathematical model for estimating integral characteristics of radio-frequency ion thrusters with an additional magnetostatic field. In addition to the integral characteristics calculation, the proposed model allows to obtain the distributions of some plasma local parameters in a gas-discharge chamber of thruster – atoms and charged particles concentrations, and temperature of electrons. In a calculation, axisymmetric geometry of main elements of a thruster structure is considered. Two approaches to taking into account the influence of an additional magnetic field on the distribution of charged particles concentration are implementing. Each of them allows to estimate integral characteristics of radio-frequency ion thrusters with acceptable accuracy. The comparison of the experimental data with simulation results showed that error of thruster’s parameters estimation does not exceed 20-25%, which is sufficient for preliminary designing of new radio-frequency ion thrusters models with an additional source of magnetostatic field.
Thin-film coating technologies on porous materials for chemical current sources
Authors: Sleptsov V V , Kulikov N K , Lwin Kyaw Zaw , Shchur P A , Govorov V A , Kukushkin D Yu
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the technologies for the formation of the thin-film electrode material of the chemical current sources. To get the high specific energy density of the electrode we used the grinding of chemically active material (LiCoO2), which the most widely used for cathode materials of chemical current sources to deposit on the materialized carbon-based electrode materials. The tested results show that the specific energy density of the electrode reaches to 210 mAh/g, which is more than thick-film technologies can reach (150 mAh/g).
Experimental studies of scattering indicatrixes of radar absorbing materials
Authors: Snastin M , Dobychina E , Solod A
Published: June 2020

There is some kind of materials widely used in microwave engineering that known as radar absorbers. Whether it is the aircraft coating, the anechoic chamber interior or waveguide feed load. Anechoic chamber absorbers are typically characterized by reflectivity at normal incidence of electromagnetic wave. The study of the angular dependence of reflectivity for several absorber samples and the appraising of the impact of their combination on the anechoic chamber performance are the main aims of present work. For this purpose the experimental studies were carried out in an antenna measuring and computing complex based on the anechoic chamber. Obtained results may be useful in the anechoic chamber design and construction stages as well as the modernization of existing ones. It can also be used for modelling of the internal electromagnetic field distribution of indoor field test ranges.
A comparative statistical analysis of global trends in civil helicopter accidents in the U.S., the EU, and the CIS
Authors: Moon K , Yakovlev A A
Published: June 2020

With helicopter operations increasing worldwide for varying usage and purposes, it is important to identify changes in helicopter accident trends. This paper studies the trends in civilian helicopter accidents in the United States, the European Union, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and evaluates helicopter flight safety. Comparative analysis was performed, focusing on statistics and accident reports from Federal Aviation Administration, International Helicopter Safety Foundation, United States Helicopter Safety Team, National Transportation Safety Board, European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and Interstate Aviation Committee. The overall helicopter accident trends by flight time, engine type, and phase of flight were considered. The differences among the groups were identified, and the flight safety of helicopter was compared with that of other types of aircraft. In conclusion, gas-turbine engine helicopters showed a significant increase in the number of accidents. Regarding phase of flight, takeoff, landing, maneuvering, and en-route reported the most number of accidents. This study emphasizes the need for more profound research on improving helicopter flight safety by analyzing the global trend of helicopter accidents.
Coastal navigation by a solar sail
Authors: Rodnikov A V
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we study relative motions of a light spacecraft equipped with a solar sail and tethered somehow to a heavy heliocentric orbital space station. One can say that such spacecraft realizes a kind of a coastal navigation. Formulating a model problem of the spacecraft motion, we state that if the sail can be oriented arbitrary then motions along a rectilinear tether are possible in both directions. Also, we present algorithm of the spacecraft relocation if it is joined with the station by a tether. This algorithm is based on the motion equations solutions that can be interpreted as perturbed motions of a simple pendulum.
Mechanical characteristics of short fiber composite samples located behind circle, rectangle, triangle obstacles
Authors: Kurkin E I , Spirina M O , Chertykovtseva V O , Zakhvatkin Ya V
Published: June 2020

The article investigates the influence of the weld line on the mechanical characteristics of flat samples on tensile strength according to ISO-527-2, cut from a plate with an obstacle, molded from polyamide-6, reinforced from 30% short glass fibers. There are considered circular, rectangular, triangular obstacles. Melt front, weld line location and reinforcing fiber orientation are calculated in Moldex3D. The stiffness and strength of the samples were predicted in ANSYS using an anisotropic nonlinear composite material model obtained in the Digimat by reverse engineering method. The transversely isotropic criterion of Tsai Hill in the first pseudo-grain failure statement was used for predict strength. The paper presents the influence of the weld line on the stress, deformation and first pseudo-grain failure strength criterion. The greatest contribution to the samples mechanical characteristics was made by the rectangular obstacle.
Pilot behavior in preview tracking task
Authors: Efremov A V , Tiaglik M S , Kh Irgaleev I
Published: June 2020

The influence of the input signal bandwidth and controlled element dynamics on the potential of the preview display for improving accuracy is considered. The pilot in the loop experiments in which the human operator tracked a program trajectory characterized by bandwidths of 0.2, 0.5, 1 rad/s were carried out with a number of simplified controlled element dynamics and with the predictive display/aircraft system dynamics. For the latter dynamics the experiments were performed for different preview times (from 0 up to 6 s) which allowed to define its optimal value.
Head-up display architecture development for perspective civil aircraft
Authors: Neretin E S , Dyachenko S A , Chufirin V A , Ilyashenko D M
Published: June 2020

Nowadays the civil aircraft head-up displays available on the market could not be easily integrated onboard due to architectural aspects. Particularly, these systems usually contain a dedicated computer unit performing the data processing to generate the appropriate image. This leads to increases in the overall avionics weight and size and limits the scope of head-up displays application in general. However, the mentioned characteristics could be improved by the usage of the integrated modular avionics concept for architecture design. According to that approach, the common hardware platform is used by different functional consumers to share computation resources. Thus, the required data processing function could be performed by the equipment already available onboard (without the need in additional hardware). The paper proposes the head-up display architecture for civil aircraft based on integrated modular avionics which significantly reduces the system’s weight and size compared to characteristics of existing analogous. Also, this way allows reducing the time expenses for aircraft development, testing and certification, as well as the vehicle operational cost.
Enhancements and Mechanisms of Nano Alumina (Al2O3) on Wear Resistance and Microstructure Characteristics of Concrete Pavement
Authors: Ahmed Dr. Nahla Yassoub , Alkhafaji Fatimah Fahem
Published: June 2020

Nano materials are being used in concrete technology to enhance performance grade sustainably of construction field works like rigid highway pavement. Nano materials like Nano Al2O3 are used as admixture for the cementitious materials to improve the mechanical and durability properties related to the physio-chemical reactions. The overall objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of Nano Al2O3 addition on the abrasion durability response of concrete pavement. These investigations are conducted to study different Nano Al2O3 contents (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) by weight of cement on the concrete strength and abrasion resistance by using the manufactured calibrated rotary cutter device for evaluation process and microstructure analysis by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The compressive strength was tested at 28 days of curing and the results showed that the compressive strength of concrete increases up to 36% at 28 days by addition of 1% nano-alumina as a replacement of cement; Optimal content (1% by weight of cement) is found that appears better abrasion, durability abrasion performance and at the same time, achieves the main requirement of concrete highway pavement (strength and workability).
An improved life cycle for building secure software
Authors: abdulbaqi Huda Abdulaali , Mohialden Yasmin Makki , Alazawi Sundos Abdulameer , Elewe Adel Muhsin
Published: June 2020

Computers advanced very fast technologically In recent times. This progress leads to high demand for more secure systems because sophisticated security problems have arisen. Since modern systems involve several areas of expertise, it is vital for the security engineer to follow an efficient and optimum approach and to take into consideration the mathematical and physical properties of the system. In the present study, the focus was placed on specific aspects of secure software building; the primary objective is to provide efficient and secure software in terms of resources and time. The designer should keep, as well, productivity, security and cost aspects in balance. Safe system requirements are continuously changing. Therefore, the designers should be aware of these changes. At the start of this research, the researchers distributed a survey about the security-engineering principles related to the life cycle of software engineering life and secure web systems. From the data acquired, the proposed method was developed and presented as a secure e-mail system built according to the engineering principles of software. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique correlated with composition operator have been used for finding the optimal concerns of software requirements and keep minimum maintenance and cost effect.
Converted Graphite to Carbon Nanotubes by Flame Method
Authors: Jassim M A , Yassin S A , Abdulrazzak F H , Al Mgheer T H , Alwan I , Al khazraji A H , Alkaim A F
Published: June 2020

Graphite converted to multi walled carbon nanotubes by a flame deposition method in the atmospheric pressure at 150.C. the process has included Combustion process of graphite in Oxygen/ Nitrogen gases without using catalyst by homemade reactors. The product was assembled on the upper part of the reactor were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, photo- images and scanning electron microscopy SEM. The analysis shows that the combustion process succeeded to separate graphite sheets and forming a mixture of graphite nanotubes with graphene mixture after removing some Vander Walls forces. The work includes supposing mechanism for producing or convert planer graphite to the tubular structure of graphite or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Magnetic mesoporous silica material (Fe3O4@mSiO2) as adsorbent and delivery system for ciprofloxacin drug
Authors: hussein Enaas Abdul , Kareem Sameer H.
Published: June 2020

Magnetic mesoporous materials covered with mesoporous silica shells (Fe3O4@mSiO2) are the most promising material, which is fulfilling many applications especially for adsorption and delivering drugs system. The present research involves the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 and mesoporous silica mSiO2 as coreshell materials using sol–gel method in the presence of amid propyl betaine surfactant as template. The surface texture, morphology and particle and crystalline size of the prepared adsorbent were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques. The results show that the prepared adsorbent has surface area equal to 1670 m2/g, mesopores in range 2-10 nm with a high degree of ordering of the porous structure and has a crystalline size equal to 30.16 nm. The adsorption behavior of Ciprofloxacin drug from aqueous systems onto the adsorbent has been studied using a batch experiments method. The equilibrium of the process at temperature 293K was achieved within 120 min and 0.06 g of adsorbent dose. Adsorption isotherms were fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin –Radushkevich models and the results show the Langmuir and Temkin model was best fitted, and the adsorption process is physical adsorption type. The kinetic data were analyzed and found to match well with pseudo-second order kinetic model. Ciprofloxacin drug loading and capacity of release of the Fe3O4@mSiO2 carrier was also studied.
Evaluation of the Properties of Sewage Water at Koueifieh Hospital-Benghazi, Libya
Authors: Alhaj H B , El-ajaily M M , Al-Mabrouk S H , Al-Noor N H , Al-Noor T H
Published: June 2020

The analytical parameters of wastewater gathered from ten stations have been studied by standard methods. The unpleasant odor was observed in all stations, in addition, the pH of the wastewater was measured to be in the range of 6.3-8, meanwhile, the electrical conductivity of the water was in the range of 2030-6450 μscm−1. The values of 3225, 406, (144-604), 5.84 and 130 ppm corresponded to maximum total dissolved solids, maximum biological oxygen demand, range of the chemical oxygen demand of the selected sites, maximum nitrate content and maximum sulfate content, respectively. The obtained analytical data showed variables in all used parameters in all stations, and most all of the studied parameters were higher in comparison with the permissible limit reported by World Health Organization or the Libyan National Center for Standardization and Metrology.
Determination and Identification of Nickel(II) Spectroscopy in Alloy Samples Using Chromogenic Reagent(HPEDN)
Authors: Raafid Esraa , Al-Da’amy Muneer A. , Kadhim Salih Hadi
Published: June 2020

A modern and easy procedure performed using the spectrophotometric method and estimating of Ni (II) in alloy samples. Using a ligand 1-((4-(1-(2-hydroxyphenylimino) ethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2-ol (HPEDN) and a synthesis of the azo-schiff reaction by reaction p-aminoacetophenone with 2-naphtol in first step and reaction of product with 2-aminonaphthol, Ligand and its complex were identification by using UV-Vis. Spectrophotometry (326nm for ligand (HPEDN), 516nm for complex(Ni-HPEDN)), FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The optimal conditions in the complex composition were studied at pH=9, temperature 25°C, and time 15min. The best concentration was found for Ligand (2×10−4 M), Under optimum conditions concentration ranged from (1.1-7.1) μg/mL of Nickel(II) were obeyed Beer‘s Low, with Molar Absorptivity 0.2648×104L.mol−1.cm−1. Limit of Detection(LOD) and Limit of Quantification(LOQ)were 0.3928 and 1.3082μg.mL−1 respectively. The stoichiometric composition of the chelate is 1:2 (Ni:HPEDN). This method is Sensitive, accurate and rapid spectrophotometric method. The results obtained were compared with flame atomic absorption spectrometry method and results are in conformity.
Extraction and determination of alpha-Cypermethrin in environmental samples from Kerbala city / Iraq and in its formulation using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Authors: Shaheed Ihsan M , Dhahir Saadiyah A
Published: June 2020

Synthetic perothroid, Alpha-cypermethrin (α-CY), was determined in both river water samples collected from different agriculture areas in Kerbala city / Iraq and in some of its formulation which include α-cypermethrin as an active gradient. The method is based on the development of the analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was also developed to extract α-cypermethrin from river water samples by using chloroform as extraction solvent and acetonitrile (ACN) as dispersant. A mixture of acetonitrile/methanol (50:50v/v) was optimized as a mobile phase and C18 column (250mmx4.6mm,5μm) was chosen as a stationary phase, at pH 7.0 and flow rate 0.5 mL.min−1. Linearity of calibration curve ranged from (0.1-70)μg mL−1 was applied. Limit of detection and limit of quantification are (0.047) and (0.157)μg.mL−1, respectively. Validation of this method was maintained for three concentration (0.5, 10 and 50) μg mL−1. Relative standard deviation were (0.823, 0.113 and 0.150) μg.mL−1, respectively for the three level of concentrations. Three spiked level were applied for recovery study (1.0, 5.0, and 10) μg.mL−1. Recovery ranged from (83.704 - 96.972%) for the three spiked level. The developed method could be provide an acceptable results for determination of α-cypermethrin in its formulation and river water samples.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of some imidazoline derivatives
Authors: Altameemi Hanaa A. , Askar Firyal W. , Nief Olfat A.
Published: June 2020

The group of imidazoline derivatives is an important class of compounds that possess broad biological activity. Many derivatives that have been efficiently synthesized form 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole s starting material to Synthesis of some new Schiff bases, 2-azetidinone and 4-thiazolidinone derivatives .The structures were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. All The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against two kind of bacteria (gram +ve ) [ S .aureus, S.epidermi dis ] and (gram −ve ) [E.co li, Klebsiel lla spp] as well as fungi[C.albica ns] using the micro dilution procedure and compared with amoxicillin activity.
Designing and constructing a micro flow injection system (μFIA) for phosphate determination in soft drinks
Authors: Shafi Al-Jorani Y , Hussien Al-Sowdani K
Published: June 2020

Lab. made micro flow Injection system (μFIA) was designed which supplied with two microcontroller UNO and Mega types. These two microcontroller (Arduino) were provided with home- made software programs.The first one, type UNO used to control home- made mini peristaltic pump to drive reagents to detector. The other one was Mega type which was used as a data-logger to manipulate and recording the results as peak height corresponding the concentration by using Microsoft Excel 2010 program. The diameter of the tubes was 0.2mm i.d which used in all parts of manifolds The proposed μFIA manifold was used for phosphate determination in soft drinks samples which supplied from local market. The best conditions for the determination of phosphate by Murphy method was studied. linearity, detection limit, r.s.d% were 5-30 μg/ml,0.09 μg/ml and 0.48% respectively. The phosphate concentrations in the different soft drink samples were in the rang 250-825 μg/ml by using the standard addition method in order to eliminate all expected interferences. The home -made Semi- automated micro-flow injection analysis (μFIA) system was applied successfully for phosphate estimation with simple, high sensitive and accurate.
Common Fixed Point problem for Classes of Nonlinear Maps in Hilbert Space
Authors: Maibed Z H
Published: June 2020

in this article, we present a definition of k-generalized map independent of non-expansive map and give infinite families of non-expansive and k-generalized maps new iterative algorithms. Such algorithms are also studied in the Hilbert spaces as the potential to exist for asymptotic common fixed point.
Idempotent and Pure Gamma Subacts of Multiplication Gamma Acts
Authors: Abbas Mehdi S , Gubeir Samer A
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to investigate pure gamma subacts of multiplication gamma acts and some related concepts. Some characterizations of pure gamma subacts are given. For this reason, we introduce the concept of idempotent gamma subacts and study some of its properties. Also, we discussed the relation among the pure, multiplication and idempotent gamma acts. Moreover, some result of pure gamma subacts of multiplication gamma acts are considered. Finally, we prove that the product of two pure gamma subacts is also pure.
Pre-Stability of Fixed Point
Authors: Haza Abedal-Hamza Mahdi , Sahi Ameer M.
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we introduced certain types of stability of the fixed points in discrete dynamical systems which are pre-stability, pre-c-stability, and pre-ic-stability. We studied the relationships among these types of stability, also the relationships among these types of stability and certain types of stability which are stability, c-stability, and ic-stability
Fully stable on Gamma Acts
Authors: Abbas Mehdi S , Saied Samir M
Published: June 2020

Let M be a Γ-monoid and A a unitary right MΓ-act. We have introduced and studied the notion of full stability on gamma acts. We say that A is fully stable if f(B)⊆ B, for each MΓ-subact B of A and MΓ- homomorphism f: B→A. This is equivalent to saying that f(aΓM) ⊆ aΓM for each element a in A. Many properties and characterizations of this class of gamma acts have been considered. In fact we show that full stability of MΓ-act A is equivalent to the following equivalent conditions (1) For each a∈A, (LA(RM(aΓM)))= aΓM. (2) For all a, b ∈ A and RM(aΓM) ⊆ RM(bΓM) implies that b ∈ aΓM. (3) For each a ∈ A, there is a Γ-compatible ρ on M such that (LA(ρ)) = aΓM. (4) [aΓM:bΓM]=[RM(bΓM): RM(aΓM)] for all a, b ∈ A where M is a commutative Γ-monoid. (5) Every MΓ-homomorphism from any essential MΓ-subact B of A into A satisfies f (B) ⊆ B and HomMΓ
(B,C) = HomMΓ
(B,C) = ϴ, for any MΓ-subacts B, C of A with zero intersection.
Performance simulation and design comparison of optical heterodyne temperature sensor based on Fiber Bragg Grating
Authors: Alattar Ammar S. , Kadhim Shehab A. , Mohammed Firas S. , Mahmood Aseel I.
Published: June 2020

In this work, an optical heterodyne temperature sensor system had been designed using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). Two techniques implemented. The first standard design uses dual laser diodes LDs as a laser sources that satisfy the condition of beat frequency range. The second new heterodyne optical system designed to get tunable source from single laser source using FBG, which is used as tunable element. By controlling the ambient temperature of the FBG, the wavelengths and their ranges can be controlled in way that satisfies the condition of beat frequency range. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensing technique had used with FBG element in both reference arm and sensing arm. Then the new modified heterodyne optical system had done by utilizing FBG in both reference arm and sensing arm with single source. A comparison study of results by using Optisystem software shows that, the modification of the second design provides better performance by increasing the wavelength shift and the sensitivity of the modified heterodyne temperature sensor.
Theoretical Study of Electronic Properties of Nanostructures Composed of Blue Phosphorene and Graphene Sheet
Authors: Alnssar Kh N , Roknabadi M R , Behdani M , Shohany B G
Published: June 2020

In this study, structural and electronic properties of the single-layer structure of Graphene, the single-layer structure of blue Phosphorene, the two-layer structure of blue Phosphorene/Graphene, the three-layer structure of blue-Phosphorene/Graphene/blue-Phosphorene and the three-layer structure of Graphene/blue-Phosphorene/Graphene have been investigated. The calculations are conducted based on the density functional theory (DFT) and using SIESTA code and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The results show that the single-layer structure of Graphene reveals quasi-metallic behavior, and the single-layer structure of blue Phosphorene exhibit semiconducting behavior. Two - and three-layer structures of Graphene and blue Phosphorene have a metallic behavior. Total energy and structural stability have also been investigated.
Theoretical Study and calculation The cold Reaction Rate of Deuteron Fusion In Nickel Metal Using Bose–Einstein Condensate Theory
Authors: Hussein Aeshah Ali , Al-agealy Hadi J M , Majeed Raad Hameed
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we focused on the investigated and studied the cold fusion reaction rate for D-D using the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation and depending on the quantum mechanics consideration. The quantum theory was based on the concept of single conventional of deuterons in Nickel-metal due to Bose-Einstein condensation, it has supplied a consistent description and explained of the experimental data. The analysis theory model has capable of explaining the physical behaviour of deuteron induced nuclear reactions in Nickel metals upon the five-star matter, it‘s the most expected for a quantitative predicted of the physical theory. Based on the Bose-Einstein condensation theorem formulation, we calculation the cold fusion reaction rate for D-D transfer to Nickel-metal using the astrophysical S factors(S =110KeV — barn)for d(d,p)T, d(d, n)3He reactions and (S= 110 × 106and S= 110 ×1013KeV—barn) forD+D×4He+ 23.8MeVreaction. The results of the calculation for three reactions give rise a wide compatible with the other experimental works.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Aurintricarboxylic Acid Compound(B)Using Z-Scan Technique
Authors: Bayee B S , Al-Oqaili A O , Al-Zuhairi A J
Published: June 2020

In the present work, the spectral properties (absorption and fluorescence) for liquid Aurintricarboxylic Acid compound (B) dissolve in dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied at different concentrations(1×10−4 and 1×10−5)M, nonlinear optical parameters was study by use technique of z-scan represented by the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficients, several testing were done including, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),results showed the effect of self-focusing in the material at higher intensities, which evaluated n2,the effect of two-photon absorption was studied which evaluated β. In addition, the optical limiting behavior has been studied, the results confirmed the capability of the sample to be used as optical limiter device.
Theoretical Study of the Electronic Transition Rate Production in Alq3 molecule With Au Metal Interface
Authors: obeed Haider Mushina , Al-agealy Hadi J.M.
Published: June 2020

The electronic transition rate between a Alq3 molecular and Au metal in different coupling coefficient has examined using simple theoretical picture through Marcus theory for electronic transfer and quantum postulate. The electronic transfer rate contribution is discussion the transfer mechanism, its induced by the transition energy for molecule - metal system. The Alq3 molecule is named ( tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum ) and has chemical structure (C27H18AlN3O3). The rate of electron transfer for Alq3-Au system studies with 2-methyylpyridin, Hexanone, Acetone, Bezonitrile, Propanonitrile, Nitrobenzene and 1,2-ethanediol solvents. It has been shown that electron transtion across the Alq3-Au interface associated with solvent increases with decreases the transition energy and potential at interface
Polarized double dressing control of biphotons interference and quantum tomography
Authors: Luo Zhiqiang , Li Xinghua , Lan Yuwei , Ahmed Irfan , Liu Yang , Lan Guangchen , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: June 2020

We research the polarized dressing control of biphotons interference and quantum tomography. Different biphotons counting rates are obtained by different polarization dressings of incident beams of lights. We calculated the counting rates of all polarized dressing schemes. The counting rate of circularly polarized dressing has been observed with shorter period of oscillation and a longer coherence time when compared with linear polarization. Since, the different polarization dressings result in different modules of third-order nonlinear susceptibilities and different linewidths. Thus, we can adjust the dressing field by changing the polarization of the incident beam of light to obtain controlled pair of photons with desired longer coherence time. Based on that, we study the impact of the two dressing fields which cause the third-order nonlinear susceptibility to be different. In the absence and presence of external dressing field, the biphoton coincidence rate is completely different. By performing quantum tomography, we get various Werner-states and the polarization states of incident lights, this also helps in comprehensive characterization of output state. Further, we define the interference visibility for different polarized dressed states. The visibility of the circularly polarized dressing field is found to be larger when compared with linearly polarized dressing field. Thus, we can obtain photons with controllable coherence time and desired visibility with different polarization schemes to uncover the indistinguishability of photon interference and promote the study of quantum optics.
Behavioral Rules for Soil Excavation by Colony Founders and Workers in Termites
Authors: Mizumoto Nobuaki , Gile Gillian H , Pratt Stephen C
Published: June 2020

Social insects produce complex nest structures as a result of the repetition of simple behaviors by many individuals. Individual actions are often consistent across different socio-environmental conditions, which enables colonies to build a variety of structures with minimal change in behavior. In this study, we show that the individual building behavior of termites can be a species-specific trait shared even between distinct morphological castes. Subterranean termites engage in soil excavation in two different contexts in their life history: foraging for resources by workers and initial nest excavation by colony foundation pairs. Our comparison of tunneling behaviors by colony founders of three different species revealed distinct transporting mechanisms; Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) (Isoptera: Termitidae) carry sand particles using only their mandibles, while Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) use their legs to kick sand particles backward. The observed behaviors are consistent with those of workers in each species, despite a substantial dimorphism of body size, especially in G. perplexus. Furthermore, the behavioral difference is associated with distinct tunnel development and task allocation patterns among species. Our study suggests that the nest building behavior of termites varies little with context or function within a species but can change among species, emphasizing the fruitfulness of comparative studies in future research.
Anti Anti-Orientalism, or Is Chinese Law Different?†
Authors: Clarke Donald
Published: June 2020

Comparative law is haunted by the perceived need to avoid Orientalism: a type of analysis that postulates a dichotomy between the object of study and “the West,” finds the object lacking in certain essential qualities (or even having the opposite qualities of those the analyst deems essential), and then declares the object to be inferior. Yet a desire to avoid the errors of an Orientalist exaggeration and condemnation of difference all too often leads to an a priori denial of fundamental difference before the inquiry has even begun. The political imperative of anti-Orientalism takes precedence over all.

This Article makes three arguments. First, it argues that there exists in comparative law scholarship in general, and in Chinese law scholarship in particular, a kind of anti-Orientalist discourse that needs to be critiqued because its very methodology makes it impossible to think certain thoughts and reach certain conclusions, regardless of the data. While I do not propose to rehabilitate Orientalism, I do maintain that it is time to move beyond anti-Orientalism. Second, it argues that data about what is conventionally called the Chinese legal system mean we have to seriously entertain the possibility that it is misleading to use the conventional language of Western jurisprudence (courts, judges, laws, rights) to talk about it, and not simply dismiss arguments to that effect as Orientalist or ethnocentric. Third, it argues that how we characterize China’s putatively legal order matters. China’s increasing integration into the global economy means that American institutions will increasingly have to deal with the products of that legal order. Questions about its fundamental nature can no longer be avoided.

While the Article uses China as an example, its methodological point and conclusions apply more broadly to the analysis of any putative legal system. We should not derogate difference just because it is different, but we should not be biased against finding difference in the first place.
A large-scale investigation and identification of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusbased on peaks binning of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight MS spectra
Authors: Wang Hsin-Yao , Chung Chia-Ru , Wang Zhuo , Li Shangfu , Chu Bo-Yu , Horng Jorng-Tzong , Lu Jang-Jih , Lee Tzong-Yi
Published: June 2020

Recent studies have demonstrated that the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) could be used to detect superbugs, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Due to an increasingly clinical need to classify between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) efficiently and effectively, we were motivated to develop a systematic pipeline based on a large-scale dataset of MS spectra. However, the shifting problem of peaks in MS spectra induced a low effectiveness in the classification between MRSA and MSSA isolates. Unlike previous works emphasizing on specific peaks, this study employs a binning method to cluster MS shifting ions into several representative peaks. A variety of bin sizes were evaluated to coalesce drifted or shifted MS peaks to a well-defined structured data. Then, various machine learning methods were performed to carry out the classification between MRSA and MSSA samples. Totally 4858 MS spectra of unique S. aureus isolates, including 2500 MRSA and 2358 MSSA instances, were collected by Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, at Linkou and Kaohsiung branches, Taiwan. Based on the evaluation of Pearson correlation coefficients and the strategy of forward feature selection, a total of 200 peaks (with the bin size of 10 Da) were identified as the marker attributes for the construction of predictive models. These selected peaks, such as bins 2410–2419, 2450–2459 and 6590–6599 Da, have indicated remarkable differences between MRSA and MSSA, which were effective in the prediction of MRSA. The independent testing has revealed that the random forest model can provide a promising prediction with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) at 0.8450. When comparing to previous works conducted with hundreds of MS spectra, the proposed scheme demonstrates that incorporating machine learning method with a large-scale dataset of clinical MS spectra may be a feasible means for clinical physicians on the administration of correct antibiotics in shorter turn-around-time, which could reduce mortality, avoid drug resistance and shorten length of stay in hospital in the future.
Virus-CKB: an integrated bioinformatics platform and analysis resource for COVID-19 research
Authors: Feng Zhiwei , Chen Maozi , Liang Tianjian , Shen Mingzhe , Chen Hui , Xie Xiang-Qun
Published: June 2020

Given the scale and rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is an urgent need for medicines that can help before vaccines are available. In this study, we present a viral-associated disease-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase (Virus-CKB) and apply our computational systems pharmacology-target mapping to rapidly predict the FDA-approved drugs which can quickly progress into clinical trials to meet the urgent demand of the COVID-19 outbreak. Virus-CKB reuses the underlying platform of our DAKB-GPCRs but adds new features like multiple-compound support, multi-cavity protein support and customizable symbol display. Our one-stop computing platform describes the chemical molecules, genes and proteins involved in viral-associated diseases regulation. To date, Virus-CKB archived 65 antiviral drugs in the market, 107 viral-related targets with 189 available 3D crystal or cryo-EM structures and 2698 chemical agents reported for these target proteins. Moreover, Virus-CKB is implemented with web applications for the prediction of the relevant protein targets and analysis and visualization of the outputs, including HTDocking, TargetHunter, BBB predictor, NGL Viewer, Spider Plot, etc. The Virus-CKB server is accessible at https://www.cbligand.org/g/virus-ckb.