bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2 Overexpression Ameliorates Glomerular Injury in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Comparison with ACE Inhibition
Authors: Liu Chun Xi , Hu Qin , Wang Yan , Zhang Wei , Ma Zhi Yong , Feng Jin Bo , Wang Rong , Wang Xu Ping , Dong Bo , Gao Fei , Zhang Ming Xiang , Zhang Yun
Published: January 2011

The reduced expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 in the kidneys of animal models and patients with diabetes suggests ACE2 involvement in diabetic nephrology. To explore the renoprotective effects of ACE2 overexpression, ACE inhibition (ACEI) or both on diabetic nephropathy and the potential mechanisms involved, 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal group that received an injection of sodium citrate buffer and a diabetic model group that received an injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Eight wks after streptozotocin injection, the diabetic rats were divided into no treatment group, adenoviral (Ad)-ACE2 group, Ad-green flurescent protein (GFP) group, ACEI group receiving benazepril and Ad-ACE2 + ACEI group. Four wks after treatment, physical, biochemical, and renal functional and morphological parameters were measured. An experiment in cultured glomerular mesangial cells was performed to examine the effects of ACE2 on cellular proliferation, oxidative stress and collagen IV synthesis. In comparison with the Ad-GFP group, the Ad-ACE2 group exhibited reduced systolic blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, creatinine clearance, glomeruli sclerosis index and renal malondialdehyde level; downregulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen IV protein expression; and increased renal superoxide dismutase activity. Ad-ACE2 and ACEI had similar effects, whereas combined use of Ad-ACE2 and ACEI offered no additional benefits. ACE2transfection attenuated angiotensin (Ang) II-induced glomerular mesangial cell proliferation, oxidative stress and collagen IV protein synthesis. In conclusion, ACE2 exerts a renoprotective effect similar to that of ACEI treatment. Decreased renal Ang II, increased renal Ang-(1–7) levels, and inhibited oxidative stress were the possible mechanisms involved.
Reducing the impact of summer cattle grazing on water quality in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California: a proposal
Authors: Derlet Robert W. , Goldman Charles R. , Connor Michael J.
Published: January 2011

The Sierra Nevada Mountain range serves as an important source of drinking water for the State of California. However, summer cattle grazing on federal lands affects the overall water quality yield from this essential watershed as cattle manure is washed into the lakes and streams or directly deposited into these bodies of water. This organic pollution introduces harmful microorganisms and also provides nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus which increase algae growth causing eutrophication of otherwise naturally oligotrophic mountain lakes and streams. Disinfection and filtration of this water by municipal water districts after it flows downstream will become increasingly costly. This will be compounded by increasing surface water temperatures and the potential for toxins release by cyanobacteria blooms. With increasing demands for clean water for a state population approaching 40 million, steps need to be implemented to mitigate the impact of cattle on the Sierra Nevada watershed. Compared to lower elevations, high elevation grazing has the greatest impact on the watershed because of fragile unforgiving ecosystems. The societal costs from non-point pollution exceed the benefit achieved through grazing of relatively few cattle at the higher elevations. We propose limiting summer cattle grazing on public lands to lower elevations, with a final goal of allowing summer grazing on public lands only below 1,500 m elevation in the Central and Northern Sierra and 2,000 m elevation in the Southern Sierra.
Key decisions for sustainable utility energy management
Authors: Conrad Steve A. , Hall Murray , Cook Stephen , Geisenhoff Jack
Published: January 2011

This paper summarizes the outcomes of the international sustainable energy management workshop as part of the Water Research Foundation project “Decision Support System for Sustainable Energy Management.” This paper provides a review of key decisions and barriers to water utility energy management. This paper also provides a discussion of a decision framework to address sustainable energy management in the water/wastewater industry. This work represents a 17 utility, international cooperative project, aimed at creating a Decision Support System (DSS). When concluded, the assembled tool is expected to help identify energy, greenhouse, and cost-saving approaches that will be of wide practical benefit to water utilities.
Soil solutions: improving water management across Sydney's public open spaces
Authors: Bryce Alisa , Porter Andrew
Published: January 2011

With the support and assistance of Sydney Water Corporation (SWC), URS Australia Pty Ltd (URS) have developed an Irrigation and Landscape Efficiency Assessment methodology (ILA) to improve the management of public open space across Sydney. To date over 180 ILAs have been conducted, with a number of key management issues identified. Excessive watering from poor irrigation scheduling practises, low soil water-holding capacity (from shallow or sandy textured soils); and inappropriate location of ornamental plantings are regularly encountered. This paper explores the key issues impacting water management across Sydney's public open spaces, and highlights methods available to rectify these issues and reduce potable water use into the future.
Challenges in addressing variability of lead in domestic plumbing
Authors: Schock Michael R. , Lemieux France G.
Published: January 2011

Current data indicates that lead exposure is of concern even at low concentrations. Corrosion is an important problem in drinking water because it can affect public health due to leaching of lead or other metals into the drinking water. For this reason, a corrosion control program is an important measure to help mitigate exposure to lead in drinking water. The biggest challenge that remains in assessing corrosion control through monitoring programs is the variability of the concentrations of metals such as lead in drinking water, and the interpretation of the results when using different approaches for monitoring. This is due to the many factors that contribute to the leaching of metals from drinking water distribution system materials. Balancing the challenges of stagnation time, sample volume and sampling frequency to assess corrosion control with their practicality and the need to ensure optimal corrosion control treatment are important considerations for regulators and decision-makers to ensure that potential exposure to lead through drinking water is minimized.
Influence of aeration and permeate flux on deposition of particulates on membrane surface
Authors: Aryal Rupak , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu , Kandasamy Jaya , Baral Bivek , Grasmick Alain
Published: January 2011

In microfiltration, a deposit of foulant tends to form on the membrane surface and this usually controls the performance of the filtration process. This paper discusses the influence of physical parameters such as aeration and permeates flux on migration and deposition of above micron particles on the membrane surface. Kaolin clay suspension of particle 3.7–8 μm with mean particle diameter 4.1 μm was used in this study. Equal amount of mass of deposited particles on the membrane surface created different transmembrane pressure (TMP) when operated at different aeration rates and permeate flux showing that there is a composite effect. The particle deposition rate at the beginning at lower flux was almost linear which changed to a sharp logarithamic rise at higher flux. The difference in TMP rise for the same amount of deposit demonstrated the selective nature of particle deposition. The mass of the particle deposition on the membrane surface could be described by two parameters: maximum deposition and time using a simple empirical logarithamic equation y=k/[1+exp(b−at)], where k, a, and b are constant; y is the particulate mass deposit (g/m2) and t is the time. The maximum particle mass deposition growth could be described by the equation dy/dt=1/4ka.
Measuring willingness to pay for improved urban water supply in Offa City, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Sule B. F. , Okeola O. G.
Published: January 2011

This paper is a study on financial sustainability of water supply service to the city of Offa, in Kwara State, Nigeria. The value consumers place on water supply and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved service and the factors that influence their preferences were determined using an econometric model. The WTP was estimated using a double-bounded dichotomous model and the mean WTP was found to be 70% higher than the current tariff, while the expected monthly revenue from domestic customers alone was 21 million ($175,000)1. The study revealed that the consumers were not satisfied with the level of service but they were willing to pay for improved service and even support reforms that will bring about this change. The mean WTP in practical terms gives social benefit of a policy for the offered service for the affected population. The study outcome shows that the high WTP is a good incentive for private sector involvement in the management of urban water supply.
Von Neumann, Gödel and Complexity Theory
Authors: Urquhart Alasdair
Published: January 2011

Around 1989, a striking letter written in March 1956 from Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann came to light. It poses some problems about the complexity of algorithms; in particular, it asks a question that can be seen as the first formulation of theP= ?NPquestion. This paper discusses some of the background to this letter, including von Neumann's own ideas on complexity theory. Von Neumann had already raised explicit questions about the complexity of Tarski's decision procedure for elementary algebra and geometry in a letter of 1949 to J. C. C. McKinsey. The paper concludes with a discussion of why theoretical computer science did not emerge as a separate discipline until the 1960s.
On the jump classes of noncuppable enumeration degrees
Authors: Harris Charles M.
Published: January 2011

We prove that for every Σ20 enumeration degree b there exists a noncuppable Σ20 degree a > 0e such that and . This allows us to deduce, from results on the high/low jump hierarchy in the local Turing degrees and the jump preserving properties of the standard embedding , that there exist Σ20 noncuppable enumeration degrees at every possible—i.e., above low1—level of the high/low jump hierarchy in the context of .
A theorem on partial conservativity in arithmetic
Authors: Lindström Per
Published: January 2011

Improving on a result of Arana, we construct an effective family (φr ∣ r ϵ ℚ ∩ [0,1]) of Σn-conservative Πn sentences, increasing in strength as r decreases, with the property that ¬φp is Πn-conservative over PA + φq whenever p < q. We also construct a family of Σn sentences with properties as above except that the roles of Σn and Πn are reversed. The latter result allows to re-obtain an unpublished result of Solovay, the presence of a subset order-isomorphic to the reals in every non-trivial end-segment of every branch of the E-tree, and to generalize it to analogues of the E-tree at higher levels of the arithmetical hierarchy.
Heterogeneous Model of the Process of Clavulanic Acid Purification by Ionic Exchange in a Fixed-Bed Column
Authors: Cuel Maressa , Barboza Marlei , Hokka Carlos , Kwong Wu
Published: January 2011

The main factors that influence the adsorption process were studied by means of numerical simulation, based on experimental data of the rupture curve of an adsorption column employed in the purification of clavulanic acid with Amberlite IRA-400 ion-exchange resin. Starting from a heterogeneous model that describes fixed bed adsorption, three important process parameters were determined and evaluated: the degradation constant inside the pores of the resin, the global mass transfer coefficient, and the axial dispersion coefficient. The model was adjusted to the experimental data of an absorption column operating with clavulanic acid feed concentrations of 100.0; 114.0 and 122.0 mg/L, pH 6.2, at a temperature of 10°C. The results confirmed the good adjustment of the numerical simulation to the experimental data.
Adaptive Feedback Linearization Control of SISO Nonlinear Processes Using a Self-Generating Neural Network-Based Approach
Authors: Salahshoor Karim , Sabet Kamalabady Amin
Published: January 2011

This paper presents a new adaptive control scheme based on feedback linearization technique for single-input, single-output (SISO) processes with nonlinear time-varying dynamic characteristics. The proposed scheme utilizes a modified growing and pruning radial basis function (MGAP-RBF) neural network (NN) to adaptively identify two self-generating RBF neural networks for online realization of a well-known affine model structure. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) learning algorithm is developed for parameter adaptation of the MGAP-RBF neural networks. The MGAP-RBF growing and pruning criteria have been endeavored to enhance its performance for online dynamic model identification purposes. A stability analysis has been provided to ensure the asymptotic convergence of the proposed adaptive control scheme using Lyapunov criterion. Capabilities of the adaptive feedback linearization control scheme is evaluated on two nonlinear CSTR benchmark processes, demonstrating good performances for both set-point tracking and disturbance rejection objectives.
Violence Risk Appraisal of Male and Female Youth, Adults, and Individuals
Authors: Zagar Robert John , Grove William M.
Published: January 2011

Data from youth ( n = 1,127), adults ( n = 1,595), and individuals ( N = 2,722, combined youth and adults) were followed 3 to 12 years in records to develop items to predict abuse, violence, and homicide in these 3 relevant groups for risk appraisal or safety scales. Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression yielded 14 predictors for youth ( AUC = .91), 11 for adults ( AUC = .99), and 13 for individuals ( AUC = .96). Three regression equations were cross-validated with in-bag and out-of-bag techniques. Pearson coefficients were computed with intelligence, achievement, adaptive behavior, and perception tests. Test-retest reliability was acceptable. Using case-control quasi-experimental design, this study extends probation-parole decision-making tests to infants and children as young as 3 years, with convergent and divergent validity and reliability with other tests. Sensitivity and specificity were high and minimized over- or under-identification challenges in identifying potentially violent persons in the general population.
Mental Health and Thinking Styles in Sternberg's Theory: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Chen Guo-Hai , Zhang Li-Fang
Published: January 2011

The relationship between thinking styles, as defined in Sternberg's theory of mental self-government, and mental health was investigated. 583 university students (362 women, 221 men; M age = 21.4 yr., SD = 0.9) in Guangzhou, P. R. China, were invited to fill out the Thinking Styles Inventory–Revised and the Symptom Checklist–90 on a voluntary basis. Results indicated that scores on six of Sternberg's 13 thinking styles were significantly correlated with the Mental Health Index. The hierarchical style (one Type I style) negatively predicted the General Severity Index beyond sex and age, whereas the judicial, anarchic, and internal styles did so positively. The specific ways in which the thinking styles and mental health scales were related to one another supported Zhang and Sternberg's (2006) claim that thinking styles are value-laden. Applications of thinking styles in enhancing mental health are discussed.
Undergraduate Psychology Students' Experiences of Volunteering at a Chronic Mental Health Facility
Authors: Kritzinger Anna Maria , Pillay Anthony L.
Published: January 2011

A volunteer program for undergraduate psychology students at a chronic mental health facility was evaluated. All 53 volunteers found the program beneficial, 96.2% reported improved understanding of psychopathology, 98.1% noted increased knowledge of the mental health care system, 86.8% reported increased interest in clinical psychology, and 47.2% felt less anxious about working with persons with mental illness as a result of the program.
Framing Alters Risk-Taking Behavior on a Modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Bart) in a Sex-Specific Manner
Authors: Gabriel Kara I. , Williamson Ashley
Published: January 2011

Framing uncertain scenarios to emphasize potential positive or negative elements influences decision making and behavior. The current experiment investigated sex differences in framing effects on risk-taking propensity in a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Male and female undergraduates completed questionnaires on sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and risk and benefit perception prior to viewing one of three framing conditions for the BART: (1) positively-framed instructions emphasizing the ability to earn money if balloons were inflated to large size; (2) negatively framed instructions emphasizing the possibility that money could be lost if balloons were inflated to bursting; and (3) completely framed instructions noting both possible outcomes. Results revealed correlations between BART performance and impulsiveness for both sexes. Compared to positive and complete framing, negatively framed instructions decreased balloon inflation time in women but not men, indicating sex differences in response to treatments designed to alter risk-taking behavior.
Cognitive Deficits Presenting as Psychiatric Symptoms in a Patient with Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Zalonis Ioannis , Christidi Fotini , Kararizou Evangelia , Triantafyllou Nikolaos I. , Spengos Konstantinos , Vassilopoulos Dimitrios
Published: January 2011

The case of a middle-aged man who had intraventricular hemorrhages secondary to Moyamoya disease (MMD), and initially, presented with psychiatric symptoms which did not respond to treatment is described. Neuropsychological assessment showed underlying significant cognitive deficits, mostly of complex attention and speed of information processing, visuospatial and constructional abilities, verbal and nonverbal memory, and executive functions. These deficits remained stable or slightly improved in follow-up assessments. Cognitive dysfunction should be suspected in case of psychiatric or psychiatric-related symptoms in MMD patients. This case study in Greece highlights the range of preserved and impaired cognitive functions in adult MMD by means of repeated neuropsychological evaluations in which a broad range of cognitive abilities were assessed.
Family Functioning of Chinese Families in an Impoverished Neighborhood in Hong Kong
Authors: Yeung Jerf W. K. , Chan Yuk-Chung
Published: January 2011

Consonant with the family stress model, in this study family economic disadvantage, concomitant with cumulative family stressors, concurrently contributed to poor family functioning of 504 Chinese families in an impoverished neighborhood in Hong Kong, in which the later factor appeared to be more pronounced. Implications were briefly discussed.
Validation of the Dynaport Minimod during Sleep: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bossenbroek Linda , Gordijn Marijke , Kosse Nienke , van der Hoeven Johannes , ten Hacken Nick , de Greef Mathieu
Published: January 2011

To measure activity during sleep, polysomnography and actigraphy are often used. The DynaPort MiniMod measures movement intensity and body position day and night. The goal was to examine the validity of the DynaPort MiniMod in assessing physical activity and body posture during sleep. In Study A, 10 healthy participants slept with the DynaPort MiniMod and the Actiwatch for one night. In Study B, 8 participants suspected of having Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome slept for one night with the DynaPort MiniMod and underwent complete polysomnography as part of the typical care protocol. In Study A, there was a significant moderate correlation ( r = .70) between the movement scores of the Actiwatch and the DynaPort MiniMod. In Study B, a high intraclass correlation ( r = .84) between body posture scores of the DynaPort MiniMod and the polysomnography position sensor was observed. The DynaPort MiniMod is a valid measurement device for physical activity during sleep.
Verbal Working Memory and Planning: Learning to Compare Movement Durations of Objects
Authors: Okazaki Yoshihiro , Matsuda Fumiko
Published: January 2011

Relations between duration judgments and verbal or visual working memory, between duration judgments and effect of learning to plan the processing of information about such judgments were investigated. A computer monitor was used to present images of two cars traveling in the same direction for various durations and distances. Participants ( N = 30) were asked to identify the car that had traveled for the longer duration. Then, participants learned how to solve Piagetian tasks logically. After the learning, they tried to solve the duration judgments task again. Finally, their verbal and visual working memory capacities were assessed. Results indicated the following: (a) numbers of correct answers on the Piagetian tasks were correlated with verbal and visual working memory capacity; (b) the correlations did not significantly decrease after the participants learned how to solve the Piagetian tasks.
Validation of Adult Omni Perceived Exertion Scales for Elliptical Ergometry
Authors: Mays Ryan J. , Goss Fredric L. , Schafer Mark A. , Kim Kevin H. , Nagle-Stilley Elizabeth F. , Robertson Robert J.
Published: January 2011

This investigation examined the validity of newly developed Adult OMNI Elliptical Ergometer Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scales. 60 men and women performed a graded exercise test on an elliptical ergometer. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at each stage from the Borg 15 Category scale and two different OMNI scales. One scale employed an elliptical ergometer format of the OMNI Picture System of Perceived Exertion. The second scale modified verbal, numerical, and pictorial descriptors at the low end of the response range. Concurrent and construct validity were established by the positive relation between ratings of perceived exertion from each OMNI scale with VO2, HR, and Borg scale ratings of perceived exertion (men, r = .94–.97; women, r = .93–.98). Validity was established for both OMNI scales, indicating either metric can be used to estimate ratings of perceived exertion during partial weight-bearing exercise.
Effects of Providing Advance Cues during a Soccer Penalty Kick on the Kicker's Rate of Success
Authors: Núñez F. Javier , Oña Antonio , Raya Antonio , Bilbao Alfonso
Published: January 2011

The effect of explicitly providing goalkeeper's movement advanced cue to the kicker during a real penalty kick task was assessed. 32 expert soccer players ( M age = 23.2 yr.), who were divided into four groups: an experimental group, a discovery group, a placebo group, and a control group, participated. Rate of success in the task was assessed, as well as goals, decision times, and ball flight times. Providing an advance cue significantly improved the players' rate of success relative to players without the advance cue; this difference was still present after 1 and 7 days without training. The experimental group adapted better to the time range within which the response could be effective, while the discovery group showed adaptations. Explicit instructions about the advance cues available from goalkeepers' actions before the dive during practice can improve penalty kick performance.
Sex Differences in Association of Race Performance, Skin-Fold Thicknesses, and Training Variables for Recreational Half-Marathon Runners
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Knechtle Patrizia , Roseman Thomas , Senn Oliver
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between selected skin-fold thicknesses and training variables with a half-marathon race time, for both male and female recreational runners, using bi- and multivariate analysis. In 52 men, two skin-fold thicknesses (abdominal and calf) were significantly and positively correlated with race time; whereas in 15 women, five (pectoral, mid-axilla, subscapular, abdominal, and suprailiac) showed positive and significant relations with total race time. In men, the mean weekly running distance, minimum distance run per week, maximum distance run per week, mean weekly hours of running, number of running training sessions per week, and mean speed of the training sessions were significantly and negatively related to total race time, but not in women. Interaction analyses suggested that race time was more strongly associated with anthropometry in women than men. Race time for the women was independently associated with the sum of eight skin-folds; but for the men, only the mean speed during training sessions was independently associated. Skin-fold thicknesses and training variables in these groups were differently related to race time according to their sex.
A Validation Study of Goal Orientations and Self-Efficacy Scales
Authors: Acarla Gizem , Bilgiç Reyhan
Published: January 2011

The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity and reliability of goal orientation and self-efficacy scales. The scales were administered to 264 university students (154 from engineering departments, 110 from business administration). Two samples were used. In the first sample, the original factor model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. In the second sample, the Turkish versions of the scales were factor analyzed. Principal components analysis resulted in three components for the Goal Orientation scale: Learning goal orientation, Performance-prove goal orientation, and Performance-avoid goal orientation. The Self-efficacy scale had one factor as expected. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were satisfactory. The results did not fully support the use of current Turkish versions of the scales. Results of the studies are discussed along with the strengths and limitations of the study and suggestions for further development of the scales.
The Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale: Further Evidence for Multidimensionality
Authors: Hsiao Tsung-Yuan
Published: January 2011

The Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale has been conceptualized as multidimensional. Three of the six theoretical dimensions, Interpretation Anxiety, Test and Class Anxiety, and Fear of Asking for Help, tap anxiety about statistics; the other three dimensions, Worth of Statistics, Computation Self-concept, and Fear of Statistics Teachers, measure perceptions and attitudes toward statistics. This conceptualization of a second-order factor model consisting of two superordinate factors and six first-order factors has remained empirically untested. In 77 graduate students (15 men, 62 women; M age = 27.6 yr.) enrolled in applied statistics courses in Taiwan, a confirmatory factor analysis of two competing models based on subscale scores yielded results supporting the multidimensional construct validity of the scale. As multidimensionality was previously supported based on item scores, but not subscale scores, the findings are interpreted as partially consistent with previous research testing the theoretical factor structure of the scale.
Appearance (Ethnic Origin) of Requester Affects the Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Authors: Fointiat Valerie , Saint-Bauzel Roxane
Published: January 2011

A study was designed to examine the effect of the appearance of the requester within one of the variants of the foot-in-the-door paradigm, that is, the foot-in-the-door with implicit demand described by Uranowitz in 1975. A confederate (Black vs Blanc vs Beur2) approached the participant in a park and presented a small request. Three steps further, the confederate “accidentally” dropped 30 sheets of paper. Whether or not the participant helped the confederate in retrieving the dropped pamphlets was recorded as the implicit dependent variable. The foot-in-the-door effect was observed solely when the requester was Blanc. This result shows that the foot-in-the-door effect is not as strong as the literature suggests and undermines the usual interpretations of the foot-in-the-door effect in terms of self-perception and commitment.
Predicted and Experienced Affective Responses to the Outcome of the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Kitchens Michael B. , Corser Grant C. , Gohm Carol L. , Vonwaldner Kristen L. , Foreman Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2011

People typically have intense feelings about politics. Therefore, it was no surprise that the campaign and eventual election of Barack Obama were highly anticipated and emotionally charged events, making it and the emotion experienced afterward a useful situation in which to replicate prior research showing that people typically overestimate the intensity and duration of their future affective states. Consequently, it was expected that Obama supporters and McCain supporters might overestimate the intensity of their affective responses to the outcome of the election. Data showed that while McCain supporters underestimated how happy they would be following the election, Obama supporters accurately predicted how happy they would be following the election. These data provide descriptive information on the accuracy of people's predicted reactions to the 2008 U.S. presidential election. The findings are discussed in the context of the broad literature and this specific and unique event.
Identity Processing Styles and Language Proficiency among Persian Learners of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Razmjoo Seyyed Ayatollah , Neissi Sina
Published: January 2011

The relationship between identity processing styles and language proficiency in English as foreign language (EFL) was investigated among the Persian EFL learners. 266 Persian candidates taking part in a Ph.D. examination at Shiraz University took part. The Language Proficiency Test was used to measure language proficiency in English. The Identity Styles Inventory was used to measure normative, informational, and diffuse-avoidant identity processing styles. Relationships between normative and informational styles and language proficiency and its subscales (grammar, vocabulary, and reading) were positive and significant. Negative relationships between diffuse-avoidant style and language proficiency and its subscales (grammar, vocabulary, and reading) were observed. There were significant sex differences for diffuse-avoidant style and for vocabulary.
Evaluation of the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute Clinical Psychology Internship: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Stader Sandra R. , Myers Derosset , Forand Angela Q. , Frey Linda , McNulty George F. , Bolton Staci S. , Holmes George R.
Published: January 2011

This study extends three earlier investigations involving participants who completed their predoctoral clinical psychology internship at the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute. Intern graduates ( N = 37) evaluated how effectively their internship training prepared them for seven aspects of their current work as practicing psychologists. Participants also rated the relevancy of 24 different internship training experiences to their current work and how much these experiences contributed to their development as clinical psychologists. The present study, in conjunction with the three previous studies, covers most of the 40-year period since the inception of the internship program. Analysis of the current data indicates the internship has improved over time and was deemed an exceptional training experience by its graduates. Findings may be of particular interest to internship directors and faculty interested in improving their training program and those who plan to conduct a self-study to maintain their accreditation for clinical psychology internship.
Measurement of Readiness to Reduce Driving Speed: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ouimet Marie Claude , Brown Thomas G. , Bédard Jean-Pierre , Bergeron Jacques
Published: January 2011

Speeding is a preventable risky behavior that contributes to risk of accident. Readiness to change reflects an individual's recognition of and desire to change behavior. No measure to identify readiness to change has yet been validated for speeding. The Readiness to Change Questionnaire appraises readiness to change drinking behavior. The questionnaire was adapted to speeding and its psychometric properties examined. Participants ( N = 112) completed the questionnaire and reported their usual driving speed. A clear component structure and acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found. Convergent validity was indicated by an association between higher readiness to change and lower driving speed. Results support the questionnaire's potential as a measure of readiness to change speeding, and advance research into the role of motivation in speeding behavior.
Superior Implicit Memory: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nicolas Serge , Dubuisson Jean-Baptiste
Published: January 2011

In this pilot study, implicit memory was examined in participants selected according to their scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised. Implicit memory was explored using a word-stem completion test after 24 participants had processed texts to be remembered. Variations in priming were observed among 12 Normal and 12 Good memorizers (Verbal Memory scores > 110) following presentation of target words in the context of a coherent text. One intriguing result emerged: the magnitude of the priming effect varied by group, greater among Good memorizers than Normal memorizers.
Effect of Bandwidth Knowledge of Results on the Learning of a Grip Force Control Task
Authors: Ugrinowitsch Herbert , Ugrinowitsch Alessandra Aguilar Coca , Benda Rodolfo Novellino , Tertuliano Ivan Wallan
Published: January 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the persistence of the effect of “bandwidth knowledge of results (KR)” manipulated during the learning phase of performing a manual force-control task. The experiment consisted of two phases, an acquisition phase with the goal of maintaining 60% maximum force in 30 trials, and a second phase with the objective of maintaining 40% of maximum force in 20 further trials. There were four bandwidths of KR: when performance error exceeded 5, 10, or 15% of the target, and a control group (0% bandwidth). Analysis showed that 5, 10, and 15% bandwidth led to better performance than 0% bandwidth KR at the beginning of the second phase and persisted during the extended trials.
Effect of UMMB Supplementation during Winter on the Milk Production and Its Composition and Infertility in Dairy Cattle in Hill Management Production System
Authors: Upreti Chet Raj , Shrestha Bashanta Kumar , Ghimire Binaya
Published: January 2011

Two groups, each containing 10 lactating cross bred Jersey cows were used to evaluate their feeding response on their milk production level and its quality in the mid hill’s livestock production and management system. Ten infertile Jersey cows were also selected for infertility study. The objective of the study was to evaluate on the response of Urea Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB) feed supplements in two management systems on the milk production, composition, and correction in infertility problem. Two sites of different management system, namely Saaradabatase and Naala in Kavrepalanchok district, were used to conduct the research for two years. Research was conducted during winter from February to April 2007 and 2008 for 60 with 7 days adjustment period in each site. Ten lactating dairy cows were supplemented with UMMB and ten without UMMB for 30 days. In each location, both groups were recorded for their milk yield and milk quality (milk fat and SNF %). After 30 days, group A was stopped to offer block group and B was started to supplement UMMB for 30 days. Two kg blocks were fed in UMMB feeder (wooden made) to control the intake. In Ugrachandi Nala site i.e site A 25% green grass was offered. But in Saaradabatase, site B, rice straw was used as basal diet with or without small amount of green grass as per availability. Among the total 8 repeatedly breeding Jersey cattle, 25% i.e. 2 animals, came into heat and conceived due to the positive effect of UMMB. Body condition score was improved from 3.5 to 4 due to the effect of UMMB supplementation. A simple economical calculation was done to find out the net income. A net daily profit of NRs 10.77 per animal in Saaradabatase and NRs 5.96 in Nala was recorded with the UMMB fed group compared to control group. Study has concluded that UMMB as a feed supplement in the mid hill management is economical for winter feeding. UMMB supplementation is one of the means to correct infertility problem and for better condition score in dairy cattle. Key words: infertility; management system; milk production; rice straw; UMMB DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4126Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 71-78
Adoption of Goat Production Technology at the Farm Level: A Case of Krishnagandaki VDC, Shyangja District
Authors: Nepali Megh Bahadur , Sapkota Sudha , Upreti Sujaya , Pokhrel Bhoj Raj , Sharma Bimala , Devkota Hari Prasad , Amatya Sabita Mohini
Published: January 2011

Adoption of goat production technology consists of health, breeding, nutrition, pasture and fodder and management. The study was conducted in Krishnagandaki VDC of Syangja district with the objective of exploring the existing goat production technology adoption at the farm level. The methodology of the study included household survey, participatory rural appraisal and secondary data analysis. Most of the farmers raised goats in the villages. Overall farmers reported that the average adoption of goat production technology was (42.2%). The study revealed that farmers adopted breeding technology (53.5%), health technology (34.8%), nutrition technology (36.2%), management technology (53.9%) and pasture, fodder and agro-forestry technology (32.4%).Key words: breeding; health; nutrition; pasture; managementDOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4127Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 79-82
In-Vitro Mass Propagation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Authors: Shukla Durga Dutt , Bhattarai Nabin , Pant Bijaya
Published: January 2011

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) Dunal] is an important medicinal plant and a major source of alkaloids and steroids (withanolids), which is regularly used in pharmaceutical industries. Various vegetative parts were studied for its mass propagation through tissue culture technique. Seeds were pretreated with GA3 (50 and 100 mgl-1) for 24 h and 80% germination was achieved. All the explants were taken from in-vitro germinated plant. Among the different explants tested, multiple shoot formation was achieved from shoot-tip and nodal explants in MS medium + 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mgl-1 kinetin. Nodal explants were selected for mass propagation protocol because it formed maximum number of shoots (16.25 shoots per explant) on MS medium + 1mgl-1 kinetin after eight weeks of culture. Increase in concentration of kinetin was most effective for callus formation. For further multiplication these shoots were sub-cultured on MS +0.5 mgl-1 kinetin. Presence of IAA at 0.5 mgl-1 was most effective medium for rooting of in-vitro propagated shoots. However, hardening was not achieved for these propagated plants. Key words: IAA; IBA; NAA; kinetin; in-vitro multiplication DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4131Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 101-106
Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Nanocrystalline W-Mo Alloys in NaOH Solutions
Authors: Khadka Arun , Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: January 2011

The corrosion and electrochemical properties of sputter-deposited nanocrystalline binary W-Mo alloys were studied after immersion for 2429 h in different concentrations of NaOH solutions open to air at 25°C using corrosion tests and open circuit potential measurements. Molybdenum acts synergistically with tungsten in enhancing the corrosion resistance of the sputter-deposited binary W-Mo alloys so as to show higher corrosion resistance than those of alloy-constituting elements (i.e. tungsten and molybdenum) after immersion for 24 h in NaOH solutions. Open circuit potentials of all the examined sputter-deposited W-Mo alloys are shifted to the more positive (noble) direction with increasing molybdenum content in the alloys. The stability of the spontaneously passivated films formed on the binary W-Mo alloys is decreased with increasing concentrations of NaOH solutions. In spite of these facts, the corrosion rates of all the examined W-Mo alloys are almost independent of concentrations of NaOH solutions after immersion for 24 h at 25°C.Key words: nanocrystalline W-Mo alloys; sputter deposition; corrosion resistance; open circuit potential; NaOH solutions DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4137Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 147-152
Use of Particle Agglutination Assay in the Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis and Dengue
Authors: Pandey Basu Dev , Pun Ramesh , Pant Krishna Prasad
Published: January 2011

Japanese encephalitis (JE) and dengue are vector borne viral diseases that are endemic in the territory of Nepal. The purpose of the study was to assess the disease burden and to compare the results between particle agglutination and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 185 serum samples of suspected Japanese encephalitis (JE) viral fever, dengue fever, malaria and typhoid were collected in the year 2005 (August-October) and 2006 (August- November) from hospitals of Bardiya, Banke, Dang, Kathmandu and Parsa. The samples were investigated by particle agglutination and enzyme immunoassay at Everest International Clinic and Research Centre, Kathmandu. Out of 141 samples from suspected diseased patients, 51% had a positive Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) specific immunoglobulin M by particle agglutination assay while the anti-dengue immunoglobulin M positivity rate was 22.7% among 44 samples by the same assay. The specificity of particle agglutination kit against Japanese encephalitis and dengue was high as evident from absence of cross reactivity with other diseases like malaria, typhoid, kala-azar and leptospira. Thus, particle agglutination assay can be used as a tool for diagnosis of the diseases in developing countries like Nepal. Key words: dengue virus; endemic; Japanese encephalitis; particle agglutination DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4144Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 189-192
Thermally Induced Activation Energy of Crystalline Silicon in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Lamichhane SK
Published: January 2011

Etching of crystalline silicon by potassium hydroxide (KOH) etchant with temperature variation has been studied. Results presented here are temperature dependent ER (etch rate) along the crystallographic orientations. Etching and activation energy are found to be consistently favorable with the thermal agitation for a given crystal plane. Study demonstrates that the contribution of microscopic activation energy effectively controls the etching process. Such a strong anisotropy in ER on KOH allows us a precious control of lateral dimensions of the silicon microstructure as well as surface growth of the crystal during micro device fabrication. Key words: anisotropy; activation energy; etch rate; lattice parameter; micromachining DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4148Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 215-222
Fish Diversity of Jagadispur Reservoir, Kapilbastu District, Nepal-a Ramsar Site
Authors: Gautam Deependra , Saund Tej Bahadur , Shrestha Jiwan
Published: January 2011

A total of 2273 fishes were captured from Jagadispur reservoir, one of the Ramsar sites of Nepal using gill nets. Forty-two fish species belonging to 6 orders, 18 families and 34 genera were recorded during the investigation period from the reservoir and listed with their nomenclature and systematic position. Cypriniformes and Cyprinidae were the dominant Orders and family in terms of species composition as well as catch composition respectively. Nandus nandus was the most dominant fish species accounting 16.50% of the total catch which is an indication of deteriorating water quality. However, water quality parameters (surface water temperature: 20.7°C–31°C; pH: 6.8– 7.6; dissolved oxygen: 5.2mg/l–8.7mg/l; free carbondioxide: 11.1mg/l–23.6mg/l; total hardness: 68.2mg/l–137.5mgl; total alkalinity: 69.6mg/l–192mg/l) were observed within a desirable range supporting warm water fish species. Key words: fish diversity; gill net; Ramsar site; reservoir; water quality DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4150Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 229-234
How to Portray a Trade? Identity and Interpretation in Johan Zoffany's An Optician with His Attendant
Authors: Hanson Craig Ashley
Published: January 2011

Johan Zoffany's An Optician with His Attendant (1772) underscores the conventional character of the depiction of a tradesman and, by extension, trade generally in eighteenth-century Britain. Despite the striking visual naturalism of this painting, it resists classification as a straightforward portrait. The sitter has been identified alternately as Peter Dollond and John Cuff, both important opticians. Each proposal, however, entails complications. This article considers the ways in which this Royal Collection painting misrepresents the working lives of both men. The picture provides insight—not into the life of an individual—but into the problem of how trades could be represented.
Minimally invasive extracavitary approach for thoracic discectomy and interbody fusion: 1-year clinical and radiographic outcomes in 13 patients compared with a cohort of traditional anterior transthoracic approaches
Authors: Khoo Larry T. , Smith Zachary A. , Asgarzadie Farbod , Barlas Yorgios , Armin Sean S. , Tashjian Vartan , Zarate Baron
Published: January 2011

Object

Open transthoracic approaches, considered the standard in treating thoracic disc herniation (TDH), are associated with significant comorbidities. The authors describe a minimally invasive lateral extracavitary tubular approach for discectomy and fusion (MIECTDF) to treat TDH.

Methods

In 13 patients (5 men, 8 women; mean age 51.8 years) with myelopathy and 15 noncalcified TDHs, the authors achieved a far-lateral trajectory by dilating percutaneously to a 20-mm working portal docked at the transverse process–facet junction, which then provided a corridor for a near-total discectomy, bilateral laminotomies, and interbody arthrodesis requiring minimal cord retraction. A cohort of 11 demographically comparable patients treated via transthoracic approaches was used as control.

Results

Preoperative Frankel grades were B in 1 patient, C in 4, D in 5, and E in 3, whereas at mean of 10 months, 11 had Grade E function and 2 had Grade D function. Mean surgical metrics were operating room time 93.75 minutes, blood loss 33 ml, and hospital stay 3.1 days. Complications included 4 transient paresthesias, 1 CSF leak, 1 abdominal wall weakness, and 3 nonwound infections. One-year follow-up MR imaging revealed full decompression in all cases and no cage migration. Mean visual analog scales scores preoperative, at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year were 5.6, 4.5, 3.2, and 1.2, respectively. No differences existed in preoperative clinical and radiographic profile of the study and control groups. Compared with controls, the MIECTDF group achieved superior scores in all metrics (p < 0.01) except for equivalent 1-year neurological outcomes.

Conclusions

Compared with transthoracic procedures, MIECTDF effectively decompressed the spinal canal, yielding identical 1-year radiographic and clinical outcomes to those seen in controls, while producing superior clinical scores in the interim. Thus, MIECTDF is the authors' treatment of choice for TDH.