bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon and sulfur isotope records of Ediacaran carbonates of Lesser Himalayas: implications on oxidative state of the contemporary oceans
Authors: Banerjee DM
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1232 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.21
Kinematics of the crust in southern Tibet and Higher Himalayan Crystalline –a paleomagnetic approach
Authors: El Bay Tachida , Appel Erwin , Carosi Rodolfo , Ding Lin , Istvàn Dunkl , Gloaguen Richard , Montomoli Chiara , Paudel Lalu , Wauschkuhn Bastian
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1233 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.22-23
Implications of biostratigraphy in the Himalayan Paleogene Foreland Basin
Authors: Bhatia SB , Bhargava ON
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1237 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.29-30
Spatio – Temporal Variation of Vegetation During Holocene in the Himalayan Region
Authors: Bhattacharyya Amalava , Shah Santosh K
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1238 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.31
Crustal configuration of NW Himalaya based on modeling of gravity data
Authors: Chamoli Ashutosh , Pandey AK , Dimri VP , Banerjee P
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1244 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.39
Seismic reflection evidence for a Dangerous Grounds mini-plate in the South China Sea and implications for extrusion tectonics in SE Asia
Authors: Clift Peter , Lee Gwang H , Duc Nguyen Anh , Barckhausen Udo , Long Hoang Van , Zhen Sun
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1247 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.42
Diagenetic and metamorphic overprint and deformation history of Permo-Triassic Tethyan sediments, SE Tibet
Authors: Dunkl István , Lin Ding , Montomoli Chiara , Wemmer Klaus , Rantitsch Gerd , Antolin Borja , El Bay Rachida , Appel Erwin
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1252Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.
Implications of geochemical signatures in the Trans-Himalayan Lohit batholith, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Goswami TK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1255 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.53
Cretaceous - Tertiary carbonate platform evolution and the age of India – Asia collision along the Ladakh Himalaya (NW India)
Authors: Green Owen R , Searle Michael P , Corfield Richard I , Corfield Richard M
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1256 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.54
Kyanite-bearing anatectic metapelites from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Eastern Tibet, China : textural evidence for partial melting and phase equilibria modeling
Authors: Guilmette Carl , Aphrodite Indares , Réjean Hébert , Wang CS
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1258 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.56
Continental Relamination Drives Compositional and Physical- Property Changes in the Lower Crust
Authors: Hacker Bradley , Kelemen Peter B , Behn Mark D
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1262 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.60
Pre-collisional Crustal Structure Adjacent the Indus-Yalu
Authors: Harrison T Mark , Depaolo Donald J , Aikman Amos B
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1264 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.62
Discovery of crustal xenolith-bearing Miocene post-collisional igneous rocks within the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone southern Tibet: Geodynamic implications
Authors: Hébert Réjean , Guillaume Lesage , Rachel Bezard , Guilmette Carl , Bédard Émilie , Wang Chengshan , Ullrich Thomas David , Dostal Jaroslav
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1265 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.63
Constraints to the timing of India-Eurasia collision determined from the Indus Group: a reassessment
Authors: Henderson Alexandra L , Najman Yani , Parrish Randall R , Carter Andrew , Boudagher-Fadel Marcelle , Foster Gavin , Garzanti Eduardo , Andò Sergio
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1266 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.64
Lithostratigraphy of the Naga-Manipur Hills (Indo-Burma Range) Ophiolite Belt from Ukhrul District, Manipur, India
Authors: Joshi A , Vidyadharan KT
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1272 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.73-74
Paired terraces of the Seuti Khola, Dharan, eastern Nepal
Authors: Koirala Matrika Prasad , Dwivedi Sunil Kumar , Dhakal Prakash , Neupane Ghanashyam , Dhakal Yadav Prasad , Khanal Suresh Prasad , Regmi Niraj Kumar , Ojha Gobinda , Shrestha Suchita , Dahal Ranjan Kumar
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1276 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.80
Out-of-sequence deformation and expansion of the Himalayan orogenic wedge: insight from the Changgo culmination, south-central Tibet
Authors: Larson Kyle P , Godin Laurent
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1279 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.84
Telescoping of isotherms beneath the South Tibetan Detachment, Mount Everest Massif: implications for magnitude of internal flow during extrusi on of the Greater Himalayan Slab
Authors: Law Richard D , Jessup Micah J , Searle Michael P , Cottle John M , Waters David
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1281 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.86-87
Miocene exhumation of the granulite-eclogite of the Ama Drime range (high Himalayas) through polyphased syn-convergence normal faulting
Authors: Leloup Philippe Hervé , Kali Elise , Arnaud Nicolas , Mahéo Gweltaz , Boutonnet Emmanuelle
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1283 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.89
How significant is erosion in extrusion- insights from analogue and analytical models
Authors: Mukherjee Soumyajit , Koyi Hemin A , Talbot Christopher J , Jain AK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1286 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.92
Flexural-slip folding and fold-accommodation faulting in the Tethyan Sedimentary Zone, NW Himalayas
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Dilip K
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1287 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.93
The Paleogene record of Himalayan erosion; Burma and Bangladesh
Authors: Najman Yani , Allen Ruth , Bickle Mike , BouDagher-Fadel Marcelle , Carter Andy , Garzanti Eduardo , Paul Maxence , Wijbrans Jan , Willett Ed , Oliver Grahame , Parrish Randy , Akhter S Humayun , Ando Sergio , Barfod Dan , Chisty Emdad , Reisberg Laurie , Vezzoli Giovanni , Uddin Jasim
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1288 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.94
Deformation partitioning at the rupture front in NW Himalaya: evidence from tectono-geomorphic and paleoseismic investigations
Authors: Pandey Anand K , Pandey Prabha , Singh Guru Dayal , Prasad GV Ravi , Dutta K , Ray DK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1290 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.97
Geochemical characters of muscovite from the Pan African Mandi Granite, and its emplacement and evolution
Authors: Pant NC , Kundu A
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1291 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.98
Deformation and exhumation of the Higher and Lesser Himalayan Crystalline sequences in the Kumaon region, NW-Himalaya based on structural and fission-track analysis
Authors: Patel RC , Lal Nand , Kumar Yogesh
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1294 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.101-102
Stress field evolution in the North West Himalayan syntaxis (Northern Pakistan)
Authors: Pêcher A , Guillot S , Jouanne F , Mahéo G , Mugnier JL , Rollard Y , Van der Beek P , Van Melle J
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1296 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.106
High Crustal Seismic Attenuation in Ladakh- Karakoram
Authors: Rai SS , Ashish Ashish , Padhi Amit , Sarma P Rajgopala
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1299 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.109
Central Crystallines as the Exclusive Source Terrain For The Sandstone-mudstone Suites Of Siwalik Group: Geochemical Evidence
Authors: Ranjan Nikesh , Banerjee DM
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1303 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.114
The petrogenesis of a crustal-derived Palaeoproterozoic Bomdila orthogneiss, Arunachal Pradesh, NE Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Rashid Shaik A
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1305 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.116
SHRIMP zircon ages of eclogites in the Stak massif, northern Pakistan
Authors: Riel Nicolas , Hattori Kéiko , Guillot Stéphane , Rayner Nicole , Davis Bill , Latif Mohamad , Kausar Allah B
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1308 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.119-120
Discovery of granulitized eclogite in North Sikkim expands the Eastern Himalaya high-pressure province
Authors: Rolfo Franco , Carosi Rodolfo , Montomoli Chiara , Visonà Dario
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1312 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.126-127
Analysis of gravity and magnetic data along Mahe-Sumdo-Tso Morari
Authors: Sastry Rambhatla G , Israil Md
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1318 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.135-6
Anatomy, Age and Evolution of the Baltoro granite batholith, Pakistani Karakoram
Authors: Searle Michael , Thow Andrew , Parrish Randall , Noble Steve , Waters David
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1319 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.137
Geohistory of Tso-Morari Crystalline, Eastern Ladakh, India: a plausible model for ultra-high pressure rocks in the Himalaya
Authors: Sharma Ram S
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1321 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.139-140
Remote Sensing based Study of Retreat of and Accompanying Increase in Supra-glacial Moraine Cover over a Himalayan Glacier
Authors: Shukla A , Gupta RP , Arora MK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1323 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.142
Amphibole compositions as indicators of deep crustal and mantle processes in subduction zones: case study – Tso Morari metamafics, Ladakh, Himalaya
Authors: Singh Preeti , Pant NC , Kundu A , Ahmad T , Verma PK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1325 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.144
Tectonic Activity In The Ganga Plain Foreland Basin During Quaternary
Authors: Singh Indra Bir
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1326 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.145
Geomorphic indicators of active growth and lateral propagation of fault-related folds: Mohand Ridge anticline, NW Himalaya
Authors: Singh Tejpal , Awasthi AK
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1328 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.147
Neotectonic activity and its geomorphic response in the Tangtse valley, Ladakh Himalaya
Authors: Singh Vimal
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1329 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.148
Silurian acanthomorphitae acritarch from the Shiala Formation, Tethys Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Sinha HN
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1331 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.150-1
Landslides in the Kashmir Earthquake of 8th October 2005
Authors: Sinvhal Amita , Pandey Ashok D , Pore Sachin M
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1332 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.152-3
Neogene sedimentary evolution of the Guide Basin and its implications on uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Song Chunhui , Meng Qingquan , Fang Xiaomin , Dai Shuang , Gao Junping
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1333 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.154
possible Permian suture in the Lhasa Block, Tibet: Evidence from eclogites and probable ophiolite
Authors: Songyong Cheng , Jingsui Yang , Tianfu Li , Xiangzhen Xu , Zhaoli Li , Yufeng Ren
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1334 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.155
Long Term GPS Deformation Rates in the Karakoram terrane of Ladakh
Authors: Jade Sridevi , Gaur VK , Vijayan MSM , Kumar P Dileep
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1335 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.156
The Tectonics of the Tso Morari Ultra High Pressure Nappe in Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya
Authors: Steck Albrecht , Epard Jean-Luc
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1337 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.159-160
Melting and Exhumation of the upper structural levels of the Greater Himalaya Sequence and Makalu granite: constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modeling and U-Pb geochronology
Authors: Streule Michael J , Searle Michael P , Horstwood Matthew SA , Waters David
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1339 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.162
Degree of Magnetic anisotropy as a strain intensity gauge: An example from the Footwall of MCT Zone along Bhagirathi valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Tripathy Nihar R , Singh Tejpal
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1341 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.164
Examining the Tectonic Wedging Hypothesis in the NW India Himalaya
Authors: Alexander A , Webb G , Yin An
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1343 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.168
Tectonic sequence diagrams and the constraints they offer for the structural and metamorphic history of the Kullu Valley, NW India
Authors: White L , Lister G , Forster M , Ahmad T
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1344 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.169
Different eclogite types from the Pakistan Himalaya and implications for exhumation processes
Authors: Wilke Franziska DH , O'Brien Patrick J , Khan M Ahmed
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1345 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.170-1
The Central Crystallines Around Hapoli, Subansiri, Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Yin An , Dubey CS , Webba AAG , Verma PK , Kelty TK , Harrison TM
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1347 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.174-5
Surface-tectonic coupling at the Namche Barwa – Gyala Peri massif and geologic hazards associated with a proposed dam on the Yarlung-Tsangpo river in SE Tibet
Authors: Zeitler Peter , Meltzer Anne , Zurek Brian , Brown Lucy , Finnegan Noah , Hallet Bernard , Chamberlain Page , Kidd William , Koons Peter
Published: September 2008

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1348 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.176
Cognitively impaired older adults exhibit comparable difficulties on naturalistic and laboratory prospective memory tasks
Authors: Will Christine M. , Rendell Peter G. , Ozgis Sesil , Pierson Jane M. , Ong Ben , Henry Julie D.
Published: September 2008

Prospective memory, or remembering future intentions, is critical for independent living for all ages, but especially older adults. Previous laboratory research has found that cognitively impaired older adults may have particular difficulties with prospective memory, but previous studies have not examined whether these difficulties occur in everyday life. In normal ageing, a dissociation between settings has been observed, with older adults selectively impaired in laboratory (but not naturalistic) contexts. Consequently, in the present study 15 cognitively impaired older adults were compared to demographically matched controls on laboratory and naturalistic measures of prospective memory. The results indicated that the cognitively impaired group performed more poorly on both measures, with the magnitude of the deficit comparable across setting. These results indicate that for older adults who present with cognitive impairment prospective memory deficits observed in laboratory settings may be a valid indicator of difficulties experienced executing delayed intentions in everyday life. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control of distributed processes over communication networks
Authors: Ghantasala Sathyendra , El‐Farra Nael H.
Published: September 2008

This paper develops a robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) and fault‐tolerant control (FTC) structure for distributed processes modeled by nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with control constraints, time‐varying uncertain variables, and a finite number of sensors that transmit their data over a communication network. The network imposes limitations on the accuracy of the output measurements used for diagnosis and control purposes that need to be accounted for in the design methodology. To facilitate the controller synthesis and fault diagnosis tasks, a finite‐dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamic modes of the PDE is initially derived and transformed into a form where each dominant mode is excited directly by only one actuator. A robustly stabilizing bounded output feedback controller is then designed for each dominant mode by combining a bounded Lyapunov‐based robust state feedback controller with a state estimation scheme that relies on the available output measurements to provide estimates of the dominant modes. The controller synthesis procedure facilitates the derivation of: (1) an explicit characterization of the fault‐free behavior of each mode in terms of a time‐varying bound on the dissipation rate of the corresponding Lyapunov function, which accounts for the uncertainty and network‐induced measurement errors and (2) an explicit characterization of the robust stability region where constraint satisfaction and robustness with respect to uncertainty and measurement errors are guaranteed. Using the fault‐free Lyapunov dissipation bounds as thresholds for FDI, the detection and isolation of faults in a given actuator are accomplished by monitoring the evolution of the dominant modes within the stability region and declaring a fault when the threshold is breached. The effects of network‐induced measurement errors are mitigated by confining the FDI region to an appropriate subset of the stability region and enlarging the FDI residual thresholds appropriately. It is shown that these safeguards can be tightened or relaxed by proper selection of the sensor spatial configuration. Finally, the implementation of the networked FDI–FTC architecture on the infinite‐dimensional system is discussed and the proposed methodology is demonstrated using a diffusion–reaction process example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motility of Metal Nanoparticles in Silicon and Induced Anisotropic Silicon Etching
Authors: Peng Kuiqing , Lu Aijiang , Zhang Ruiqin , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: September 2008

The autonomous motion behavior of metal particles in Si, and the consequential anisotropic etching of silicon and production of Si nanostructures, in particular, Si nanowire arrays in oxidizing hydrofluoric acid solution, has been systematically investigated. It is found that the autonomous motion of metal particles (Ag and Au) in Si is highly uniform, yet directional and preferential along the [100] crystallographic orientation of Si, rather than always being normal to the silicon surface. An electrokinetic model has been formulated, which, for the first time, satisfactorily explains the microscopic dynamic origin of motility of metal particles in Si. According to this model, the power generated in the bipolar electrochemical reaction at a metal particle's surface can be directly converted into mechanical work to propel the tunneling motion of metal particles in Si. The mechanism of pore and wire formation and their dependence on the crystal orientation are discussed. These models not only provide fundamental interpretation of metal‐induced formation of pits, porous silicon, and silicon nanowires and nanopores, they also reveal that metal particles in the metal/Si system could work as a self‐propelled nanomotor. Significantly, it provides a facile approach to produce various Si nanostructures, especially ordered Si nanowire arrays from Si wafers of desired properties.
Connective‐Tissue Fibroblasts Established on Micropillar Interfaces are Pivotal for Epithelial‐Tissue Morphogenesis
Authors: Mussig Eva , Steinberg Thorsten , Schulz Simon , Spatz Joachim P. , Ulmer Jens , Grabe Niels , Kohl Annette , Komposch Gerda , Tomakidi Pascal
Published: September 2008

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillar arrays are applied as a biomechanical microenvironment to establish gingival connective‐tissue fibroblasts (GCTFs) and to further analyze the pivotal role of GCTFs in epithelial‐tissue morphogenesis. GCTFs are known to exert successful adhesion and growth on fibronectin immobilized on pillar heads, over time, concomitant with the increased gene expression of vimentin and collagen type‐I. GCTF‐populated pillar arrays clearly reveal that epithelial‐tissue morphogenesis of immortalized human gingival keratinocytes (IHGKs), co‐cultured for 7 and 14 days, parallels the in vivo phenotype more closely, when compared with GCTF‐free control arrays. This in vivo‐like phenotype is substantiated by higher mRNA levels for keratin 1, involucrin and filaggrin differentiation markers. Furthermore, it is reflected by a tissue‐specific protein orientation of the aforementioned molecules, and also of the cell‐to‐cell contact forming desmoplakin and the basement membrane constituents, laminin‐5, laminin‐1/10, and collagen type‐IV. These experiments suggest that the in vivo‐like phenotype of the IHGK is governed by the GCTFs growing on the micropillar interfaces. Moreover, they form the basis for the optimization or neogeneration of biomaterials by varying predefined microenvironmetal parameters to achieve an in vivo‐like cell growth and differentiation, indispensable for tissue morphogenesis during regeneration.
Diffusion Controlled and Temperature Stable Microcapsule Reaction Compartments for High‐Throughput Microcapsule‐PCR
Authors: Mak Wing Cheung , Cheung Kwan Yee , Trau Dieter
Published: September 2008

A novel approach to perform a high number of individual polymerase chain reactions (PCR) in microcapsule reaction compartments, termed “Microcapsule‐PCR” was developed. Temperature stable microcapsules with a selective permeable capsule wall were constructed by matrix‐assisted layer‐by‐layer (LbL) Encapsulation technique. During the PCR, small molecular weight building blocks – nucleotides (dNTPs) were supplied externally and diffuse through the permeable capsule wall into the interior, while the resulted high molecular weight PCR products were accumulated within the microcapsule. Microcapsules (∼110.8 µm average diameter) filled with a PCR reaction mixture were constructed by an emulsion technique having a 2% agarose core and a capsule formed by LbL coating with poly(allylamine‐hydrochloride) and poly(4‐styrene‐sulfonate). An encapsulation efficiency of 47% (measured for primer‐FITC (22 bases)) and 98% PCR efficiency was achieved. Microcapsules formed by eight layers of polyelectrolyte and subjected to PCR cycling (up to 95 °C) demonstrated good temperature stability without any significantly changes in DNA retention yield and microcapsule morphology. A multiplex Microcapsule‐PCR experiment demonstrated that microcapsules are individual compartment and do not exchange templates or primers between microcapsules during PCR cycling.
Organic‐Oxide Cathode Buffer Layer in Fabricating High‐Performance Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Hsun , Huang Jung‐Chun‐Andrew , Pakhomov Georgi L'vovich , Guo Tzung‐Fang , Wen Ten‐Chin , Huang Yi‐Shun , Tsou Chuan‐Cheng , Chung Chia‐Tin , Lin Ying‐Chang , Hsu Yao‐Jane
Published: September 2008

Spin‐casting or thermal evaporation in vacuum of a salt‐free, neutral, organic‐oxide ultra‐thin film as a buffer layer with an aluminum (Al) cathode has become an alternative approach for fabricating high‐performance organic and polymer light‐emitting diodes (O/PLEDs). [Guo et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 113501 and Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 053507] The electroluminescence efficiency of phenyl‐substituted poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) copolymer‐based PLEDs is 0.16 cd A−1 when Al is used as the device cathode, but is approximately two orders of magnitude higher, 14.53 cd A−1, when an organic oxide/Al composite cathode is used. The polymer/metal junction in PLEDs with and without depositing an ultra‐thin organic oxide interlayer is studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental results indicate that the deposition of an Al electrode causes the oxidation at the surface of the light‐emissive polymer layer. Introducing an organic‐oxide cathode buffer layer suppresses the oxidation and the diffusion of the Al atoms into the functional polymer layer. The formation of a carbide‐like (negative carbon) thin layer, which accompanies interfacial interactions, is critical to the injection of electrons through the Al cathode. The balanced charge injection is responsible for the substantially improved device performance. This process is specific to the organic oxide/Al interface, as revealed by a comparison with similar device configurations that have Ag as the electrode, in which no significant interaction in the interface is observed.
Surfactant‐Free, Self‐Assembled PVA‐Iron Oxide/Silica Core–Shell Nanocarriers for Highly Sensitive, Magnetically Controlled Drug Release and Ultrahigh Cancer Cell Uptake Efficiency
Authors: Hu Shang‐Hsiu , Liu Dean‐Mo , Tung Wei‐Lin , Liao Chen‐Fu , Chen San‐Yuan
Published: September 2008

Surfactant‐free, self‐assembled iron oxide/silica core–shell (SAIO@SiO2) nanocarriers were synthesized as bifunctional magnetic vectors that can be triggered for the controlled release of therapeutic agents by an external magnetic field. In addition, drug release profiles can be well‐regulated through an ultrathin layer of silica shell. The hydrophobic drug molecules were encapsulated within the iron oxide‐PVA core and then further covered with a thin‐layer silica shell to regulate the release pattern. Remote control of drug release from the SAIO@SiO2 nanocarriers was achieved successfully using an external magnetic field where the core phase being structurally disintegrated to a certain extent while subjected to magnetic stimulus, resulting in a burst release of the encapsulated drug. However, a relatively slow and linear release restored immediately, directly after removal of the stimulus. The nanostructural evolution of the nanocarriers upon the stimulus was examined and the mechanism for controlled drug release is proposed for such a core–shell nanocarrier. Surprisingly, the surfactant‐free SAIO@SiO2 nanocarriers demonstrated a relatively high uptake efficiency from the HeLa cell line. Together with a well‐regulated controlled release design, the nanocarriers may provide great advantages as an effective cell‐based drug delivery nanosystem for biomedical applications.
Growth, Cathodoluminescence and Field Emission of ZnS Tetrapod Tree‐like Heterostructures
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Gang , Zou Jin , Liu Gang , Yao Xiangdong , Li Feng , Yuan Xiao‐Li , Sekiguchi Takashi , Lu Gao Qing , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: September 2008

We report the growth mechanism, cathodoluminescence and field emission of dual phase ZnS tetrapod tree‐like heterostructures. This novel heterostructures consist of two phases: zinc blende for the trunk and hexagonal wurtzite for the branch. Direct evidence is presented for the polarity induced growth of tetrapod ZnS trees through high‐resolution electron microscopy study, demonstrating that Zn‐terminated ZnS (111)/(0001) polar surface is chemically active and S‐terminated (${\bar 1}$${\bar 1}$${\bar 1}$)/(000$\bar 1$) polar surface is inert in the growth of tetrapod ZnS trees. Two strong UV emissions centered at 3.68 and 3.83 eV have been observed at room temperature, which are attributed to the bandgap emissions from the zinc blende trunk and hexagonal wurtzite branch, indicating that such structures can be used as unique electromechanical and optoelectronic components in potential light sources, laser and light emitting display devices. In addition, the low turn‐on field (2.66 Vµm−1), high field‐enhancement factor (over 2600), large current density (over 30 mAcm−2 at a macroscopic field of 4.33 Vµm−1) and small fluctuation (∼1%) further indicate the availability of ZnS tetrapod tree‐like heterostructures for field emission panel display. This excellent field‐emission property is attributed to the specific crystallographic feature with high crystallinity and cone‐shape patterned branch with nanometer‐sized tips. Such a structure may optimize the FE properties and make a promising field emitter.
Enhancement and Concurrence of Emissions from Multiple Fluorophores in a Single Emitting Layer of Micellar Nanostructures
Authors: Yoo Seong Il , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Sohn Byeong‐Hyeok , Eom Intae , Joo Taiha , An Sung Jin , Yi Gyu‐Chul
Published: September 2008

For concurrent emission of multiple fluorophores from a single emitting layer with a highly efficient energy transfer from antenna molecules to emitting molecules by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), a paradoxical requirement in an emitting layer is necessary, that is, close placement of an emitting fluorophore and a harvesting molecule, and isolation of emitting fluorophores. Here we demonstrate how to overcome this paradox by full utilization of a micellar nanostructure consisting of a core and a corona, that is, the core is used as a place for FRET between light‐collecting donors and light‐emitting fluorophores, and the corona is used as a barrier for FRET between light‐emitting fluorophores. Enhancement of light emission from fluorophores was achieved by locating emitting fluorophores and light‐harvesting molecules at the same core of micelles. Moreover, with the same micellar nanostructure, concurrent emission of multiple fluorophores with enhanced intensity was induced by isolating them in independent micelles, the corona structure of which worked as an effective blockade for FRET.
Protein–Polymer Hybrid Amphiphiles
Authors: Dirks A. (Ton) J. , Nolte Roeland J. M. , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M.
Published: September 2008

Biohybrid amphiphiles composed of a protein head group and a hydrophobic polymer tail self‐assemble in water in a similar way as low molecular weight surfactants. Owing to the presence of the protein, biohybrid amphiphiles, and their assemblies, however, hold the additional feature of a built‐in (bio)functionality. These compounds therefore are promising building blocks for the synthesis of functional nanometer‐sized materials. We discuss recent advances in the relatively young field of protein–polymer hybrid amphiphiles, which so far mainly involved exploratory and fundamental studies providing a conceptual basis for the development of more complex systems with interesting applications in the future.

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Halbleiterquantenpunkte für die Bioanalyse
Authors: Gill Ron , Zayats Maya , Willner Itamar
Published: September 2008

Halbleiternanopartikel (oder Halbleiterquantenpunkte) verfügen über einzigartige photophysikalische Eigenschaften (z. B. eine größenabhängige Fluoreszenz), zeigen hohe Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten und sind gegen photochemische Zersetzung stabil. Dies ermöglicht ihre Verwendung als Markierungen für die optische Parallelanalyse von Immunkomplexen und DNA‐Hybridisierungen oder zur Verfolgung katalytischer biochemischer Umwandlungen. So können die Replizierung oder Telomerisierung von Nucleinsäuren, die Oxidation von Phenolderivaten durch Tyrosinasen oder die Hydrolyse von Peptiden durch Proteasen anhand des resonanten Fluoreszenzenergietransfers oder des lichtinduzierten Elektronentransfers analysiert werden. Durch Photoanregung von Quantenpunkt‐Biomolekül‐Hybriden, die mit Elektroden verbunden sind, gelingt die photoelektrochemische Übersetzung biologischer Erkennungsprozesse oder katalytischer Umwandlungen. Beispiele sind die Erzeugung eines Photostroms durch CdS‐Nanopartikel, die über DNA‐Doppelstränge mit einer Elektrode verknüpft sind, oder das Auftreten von Photoströmen als Folge biochemischer Umwandlungen. Beim elektrochemischen DNA‐ oder Protein‐Nachweis binden mit Nucleinsäuren oder Proteinen funktionalisierte Halbleiternanopartikel an biologische Komplexe. Nach der anschließenden Zersetzung der Nanopartikel lassen sich die Ionen nachweisen, und der Erkennungsprozess wird offenkundig.
Alles begann mit einem Irrtum: Die Nomofungin/Communesin‐Story
Authors: Siengalewicz Peter , Gaich Tanja , Mulzer Johann
Published: September 2008

Die Communesin/Nomofungin/Perophoramidin‐Story ist ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel dafür, wie biogenetische Überlegungen falsche Strukturzuordnungen korrigieren und Synthesechemiker zu neuen fruchtbaren Überlegungen inspirieren können. Nach intensiven Bemühungen anderer Arbeitsgruppen, die in der Totalsynthese von Perophoramidin durch Funk im Jahr 2004 gipfelten, gelang Qin et al. 2007 die erste Totalsynthese eines Communesins.
Postsynthetische DNA‐Modifizierung mithilfe der kupferkatalysierten Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Gramlich Philipp M. E. , Wirges Christian T. , Manetto Antonio , Carell Thomas
Published: September 2008

Die Markierung von DNA ist von größter Bedeutung für die Biomedizin und bildet die Basis für die Konstruktion DNA‐basierter funktionaler Nanomaterialien. Seit kurzem zählt die Kupfer(I)‐katalysierte Huisgen‐Cycloaddition von Aziden mit Alkinen (CuAAC) zum Repertoire der DNA‐Markierungsmethoden. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Modifizierung von DNA mit beispielloser Effizienz. Nicht nur kleine Oligonucleotide, sondern auch ganze Genfragmente können so hochgradig chemisch modifiziert werden. Die CuAAC‐Reaktion liefert die markierten Polynucleotide, meist nach einfacher Ausfällung, in ausgezeichneter Reinheit und ist auf dem besten Wege, die Synthese funktionalisierter DNA‐Stränge zu revolutionieren. Die Methode wird von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Erzeugung neuer diagnostischer Systeme und für die nanotechnologische Forschung sein.
Tip‐Enhanced Near‐Field Optical Microscopy
Authors: Hartschuh Achim
Published: September 2008

Spectroscopic methods with high spatial resolution are essential for understanding the physical and chemical properties of nanoscale materials, including quantum structures and biological surfaces. An optical technique is reviewed that relies on the enhanced electric fields in the proximity of a sharp, laser‐irradiated metal tip. These fields are utilized for spatially confined probing of various optical signals, thus allowing for a detailed sample characterization far below the diffraction limit. In addition, tip‐enhanced fields also provide the sensitivity crucial for the detection of nanoscale volumes. After outlining the principles of near‐field optics, the mechanisms contributing to local field enhancement and how it can be used to enhance optical signals are discussed. Different experimental methods are presented and several recent examples of Raman and fluorescence microscopy with 10 nm spatial resolution of single molecules are reviewed.
Recycled PCB flour reinforced linear low‐density polyethylene composites enhanced by water cross‐linking reaction
Authors: Kuan Chen‐Feng , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Lin Kun‐Chang , Peng Hsin‐Chin
Published: September 2008

Recycled printed circuit board (PCB) flour reinforced linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites were prepared successfully. Water cross‐linking technique was adopted to improve the physical characteristics of the composites. Composites were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder and treated with a coupling agent (vinyltrimethoxysilane, VTMOS) and a compatibilizer (polyolefin elastomer grafted with melaic acid, POE‐g‐MA). They were then moisture‐cross‐linked in hot water. The composite that was cross‐linked in water exhibited better mechanical properties than the noncross‐linked composite because of strong chemical bonding between the filler and the polyolefin matrix. When the PCB flour content reaches 60 wt% following 4 h of water cross‐linking, the tensile strength and the flexural strength are increased by 18.8% (12.8–15.2 MPa) and 13.2% (21.9–24.8 MPa) respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surfaces of water cross‐linked composites indicated that good interfacial strength existed between the filler and the polyolefin matrix. Thermal analyses of water cross‐linked composites indicated that the thermal degradation temperature and the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the composite increased with the increasing of water cross‐linking time. The HDT of the composite rose from 55.8 to 83 °C. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a pore‐former and PTFE in the performance of the direct ethanol fuel cell
Authors: Biswas S. K. , Sambu P. , Basu S.
Published: September 2008

The direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is a promising fuel cell device, which could provide power to portable and microelectronic equipment in the future. In the present investigation, the influence of a pore‐former, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and catalyst loadings in the electrocatalyst of the anode on DEFC performance is studied. The decal transfer method is used to prepare the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using PtRu/C (40:20% by wt) as the anode catalyst, and Pt/C (40% by wt) as the cathode catalyst, a pore‐former, PTFE dispersion and Nafion ionomer. The pore‐former used is 10% (by wt) NaHCO3 in the catalyst ink during the preparation of MEA. The voltage‐current characteristics of DEFC were monitored at different loadings of the catalyst, PTFE and a pore‐former in MEA. The DEFC performance improved with the use of a pore‐former and higher loading of PTFE in MEA. Higher DEFC performance is obtained because PTFE, along with the network of pores in the anode side allowed easy removal of reaction species, thereby rendering the catalyst site available for ethanol oxidation. Further, the use of a pore‐former and PTFE at the anode allowed higher loading of electrocatalyst resulting in an increase in the performance of DEFC. The DEFC, with 1 mg cm−2 of catalyst loading at the anode and cathode, 10% (by wt) NaHCO3 of a pore‐former, 20% (by wt) PTFE loading in catalyst ink gives maximum power density of 8.5 mW cm−2 at a current density of 31.3 mA cm−2. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steady‐state target calculation for constrained predictive control systems based on goal programming
Authors: Li Shaoyuan , Zheng Yi , Wang Baiping
Published: September 2008

A new method of steady‐state target calculation for constrained model predictive control (MPC) using goal programming has been developed to solve the problem that the result is not satisfactory when the optimization problem is infeasible or the feasible region is away from the desired working point owing to system dynamics. In this model, soft constraints adjustment and target relaxation have been adopted simultaneously to coordinate with the result. The goal priority factors are introduced to describe the priority of constraints and targets; thereby, the steady‐state target calculation is transformed into a goal‐programming problem with a standard linear programming form and is solved with some calculation in real time. Simulation is processed with the example of the Shell heavy oil fractionators' benchmark problem, and the result shows the validity of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between Carbon Nanotube Structure and Electrochemical Behavior: Heterogeneous Electron Transfer at Electrochemically Activated Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Pumera Martin , Sasaki Toshio , Iwai Hideo
Published: September 2008

The electrochemical activation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (at potentials of 1.5–2.0 V vs Ag/AgCl for 60–360 s) results in significantly increased rate constants (${k_{{\rm{obs}}}^0 }$) for heterogeneous electron‐transfer with [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− (from 8.34×10−5 cm s−1 for as‐received MWCNTs to 3.67×10−3 cm s−1 for MWCNTs that were electrochemically activated at 2.0 V for 180 s). The increase in the value of ${k_{{\rm{obs}}}^0 }$ arises from the introduction of wall defects exposing edge planes of the MWCNTs, as observed by high‐resolution TEM. The density of the edge plane defects increases from almost zero (for as‐received MWCNTs) to 3.7 % (for MWCNTs electrochemically activated at 2.0 V for 180 s). High‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR‐XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to gain a better understanding of the phenomena. HR‐XPS revealed that the increase in electrochemical activation potential increases the number of oxygen‐containing groups on the surface of carbon nanotubes.
Self‐Assembled Organic Microtubes from Amphiphilic Molecules
Authors: Lee Ho Yong , Nam Seong Ryong , Hong Jong‐In
Published: September 2008

Getting the sizes sorted out: In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of reports about self‐assembled nano‐ or microtubular structures because of their potential uses in a variety of technical applications, which are largely determined by the tube sizes. This Focus Review highlights microsized self‐assembled organic tubular structures formed in aqueous solutions and organic solvents.

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In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of reports about self‐assembled nano‐ or microtubular structures, because they have potential uses in nanofabrication, purification, medical, and encapsulation applications. A wide range of tubular structures have been constructed by the self‐assembly of amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solution or organic solvents. The diameters of self‐assembled tubular structures range between 10 nm and 30 μm. One of the most important factors that determine their suitability for technical applications is the size of the tubes. Therefore, analyzing and sorting tubular structures according to their size is essential. This Focus Review highlights microsized self‐assembled organic tubular structures formed in aqueous solutions and organic solvents.
A critical evaluation of a flow‐cell based on a liquid core waveguide for chemiluminescence measurements
Authors: Sanchez Mariana A. , Rocha Fábio R. P.
Published: September 2008

Liquid‐core waveguides (LCWs), devices that constrain the emitted radiation minimizing losses during the transport, are an alternative to maximize the amount of detected radiation in luminescence. In this work, the performance of a LCW flow‐cell was critically evaluated for chemiluminescence measurements, by using as model the oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite. An analytical procedure for hypochlorite determination was also developed, with linear response in the range 0.2–3.8 mg/L (2.7–51 µmol/L), a detection limit estimated as 8 µg/L (0.64 µmol/L) at the 99.7% confidence level and luminol consumption of 50 µg/determination. The coefficients of variation were 3.3% and 1.6% for 0.4 and 1.9 mg/L ClO−, respectively, with a sampling rate of 164 determinations/h. The procedure was applied to the analysis of Dakin's solution samples, yielding results in agreement with those obtained by iodometric titration at the 95% confidence level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1‐, 2‐, and 4‐Ethynylpyrenes in the Structure of Twisted Intercalating Nucleic Acids: Structure, Thermal Stability, and Fluorescence Relationship
Authors: Filichev Vyacheslav V. , Astakhova Irina V. , Malakhov Andrei D. , Korshun Vladimir A. , Pedersen Erik B.
Published: September 2008

A postsynthetic, on‐column Sonogashira reaction was applied on DNA molecules modified by 2‐ or 4‐iodophenylmethylglycerol in the middle of the sequence, to give the corresponding ortho‐ and para‐twisted intercalating nucleic acids (TINA) with 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐ethynylpyrene residues. The convenient synthesis of 2‐ and 4‐ethynylpyrenes started from the hydrogenolysis of pyrene that has had the sulfur removed and separation of 4,5,9,10‐tetrahydropyrene and 1,2,3,6,7,8‐hexahydropyrene, which were later converted to the final compounds by successive Friedel–Crafts acetylation, aromatization by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone, and a Vilsmeier–Haack–Arnold transformation followed by a Bodendorf fragmentation. Significant alterations in thermal stability of parallel triplexes and antiparallel duplexes were observed upon changing the attachment of ethynylpyrenes from para to ortho in homopyrimidine TINAs. Thus, for para‐TINAs the bulge insertion of an intercalator led to high thermal stability of Hoogsteen‐type parallel triplexes and duplexes, whereas Watson–Crick‐type duplexes were destabilized. In the case of ortho‐TINA, both Hoogsteen and Watson–Crick‐type complexes were stabilized. Alterations in the thermal stability were highly influenced by the ethynylpyrene isomers used. This also led to TINAs with different changes in fluorescence spectra depending on the secondary structures formed. Stokes shift of approximately 100 nm was detected for pyren‐2‐ylethynylphenyl derivatives, whereas values for 1‐ and 4‐ethynylpyrenylphenyl conjugates were 10 and 40 nm, respectively. In contrast with para‐TINAs, insertion of two ortho‐TINAs opposite each other in the duplex as a pseudo‐pair resulted in formation of an excimer band at 505 nm for both 1‐ and 4‐ethynylpyrene analogues, which was also accompanied with higher thermal stability.
Theoretical Study on the Factors Controlling the Stability of the Borate Complexes of Ribose, Arabinose, Lyxose, and Xylose
Authors: Šponer Judit E. , Sumpter Bobby G. , Leszczynski Jerzy , Šponer Jiří , Fuentes‐Cabrera Miguel
Published: September 2008

Recent experimental studies suggest that complexation with borate minerals stabilizes ribose, and that the borate complex of ribose is more stable than those of related aldopentoses, that is, arabinose, lyxose, and xylose. These findings have revived the debate on the plausibility of the RNA‐world theory, because they provide an explanation for the stabilization and selection of ribose in prebiotic conditions. In this paper we unravel the factors that make the ribose–borate complex the most stable one. For this purpose, we have investigated the structure and stability of the ribose–, arabinose–, lyxose–, and xylose–borate complexes using density functional theory and a continuum solvent approach. The computed results reveal that in the aldopentose–borate complexes, the electrostatic field of the borate is strong enough to change the orientation of the nearby hydroxyl groups compared to noncomplexed aldopentoses. In addition, we show that the distinct stability of the ribose–borate 2:1 complex can be attributed to 1) a strong hydrogen bond between the ribose 3‐OH and one of the negatively charged borate oxygen atoms, and 2) a favorable contact between the aqueous medium and the 5‐CH2OH group due to the space separation between the 5‐CH2OH group and the borate anion.