bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: EPR‐UNTERSUCHUNG DER KRISTALLISATION EINES GLASES MIT CORDIERIT‐ZUSAMMENSETZUNG UND VARIABLEM TIO2‐GEHALT
Authors: PAVLUSHKIN N. M. , KHODAKOVSKAYA R. YA. , ORLOVA L. A. , ORLOV V. V.
Published: March 2016

Auch bei Fehlen sichtbarer Anzeichen der Kristallisation von Cordieritgläsern (22,2 Mol‐% MgO; 22,2 Al2O3; 55,6 SiO2) mit 5‐20 Gew.‐% TiO2 ‐Zusatz weisen die EPR‐Spektren auf einen Strukturumbau, besonders auf eine Ordnungsein‐ Stellung der ersten Koordinationssphäre der Ti(IV)‐Ionen hin.
ChemInform Abstract: SYSTEM GATE‐INTE
Authors: KULIEV A. A. , KAGRAMANYAN Z. G. , SULEIMANOV D. M. , PRUD'KO V. V.
Published: March 2016

Das Schmelzdiagramm des Titelsystems wird durch DTA, Röntgenbeugung und Mikrohärtemessungen ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND UNTERSUCHUNG VON LEGIERUNGEN IN DEN SYSTEMEN TIO‐MGO UND VO‐MGO
Authors: AIVAZOV M. I. , MOROZOVA O. M. , DOMASHNEV I. A.
Published: March 2016

Stöchiometrisches TiO und V0 haben metallähnliche Eigenschaften, MgO ist dagegen ein Dielektrikum.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOELECTRIC WORK FUNCTIONS OF SILVER CATALYSTS AND SILVER CATALYSTS MODIFIED BY ADDITION OF ALKALINE EARTH COMPOUNDS
Authors: SPATH H. T. , MAYER K. , TORKAR K.
Published: March 2016

Die photoelektrische Austrittsarbeit von Ag‐Katalysatoren mit Zusatz von 2‐20 Mol‐% Ba‐ und Sr‐peroxiden, ‐formaten und ‐carbonaten ist merklich reduziert; die steilste Abnahme tritt bei geringen Konzentrationen der Additive auf.
ChemInform Abstract: HERSTELLUNG UND EINIGE HALBLEITEREIGENSCHAFTEN VON MG3BI2
Authors: LAZAREV V. B. , MARENKIN S. F. , SHEVCHENKO V. YA. , GONCHARENKO G. I.
Published: March 2016

Mg3 Bi, wurde aus den Elementen bei 850°C im Vakuum erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE THERMAL RING‐CLEAVAGE OF OXETANS
Authors: CARLESS H. A. J.
Published: March 2016

Nach bekannten Verfahren werden die Oxetane (I)‐(VII) hergestellt und der Pyrolyse unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF 1,4‐DIPHENYL‐4‐PENTEN‐1‐OL, A HYDROCARBON ANALOG OF TYPE (II) PHOTOELIMINATION OF KETONES
Authors: HORNBACK JOSEPH M.
Published: March 2016

Während die Bestrahlung des durch Wittig‐Reaktion aus′ 1,4‐Diphenyl‐4 hydroxy‐butanon‐( l) dargestellten Diphenylpentenol‐( 1) in Benzol oder Hexan die Verbindungen (II) bis (IV) liefert, entsteht in Gegenwart von Benzophenon als Sensibilisator außerdem das Diphenylpentanon‐ (V) jedoch nicht das Tetrahydrofuran (II).
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIONS OF CYCLOHEXANE, 1‐OCTYL TRIFLUOROACETATE, HEPTANE AND DECANE WHICH STOP AT THE ALCOHOL STAGE
Authors: DENO N. C. , POHL DOUGLAS G.
Published: March 2016

Die‐Oxidationen zu entsprechenden Trifluoracetaten werden mit Fe(II)‐sulfat und Diäthylhydroxylamin (oder Triäthylamin‐N‐oxid) in Trifluoressigsäure durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF PI‐2‐METHALLYLNICKEL BROMIDE WITH METHYLBENZOQUINONES, EVIDENCE FOR ELECTRON TRANSFER
Authors: HEGESUS L. S. , WATERMAN E. L.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelreaktion zwischen dem Dimeren des Ni‐Komplexes und Methyl‐ bzw. allen Isomeren von Dimethylbenzochinon liefert unter Bedingungen die eine Maxirnalausbeute garantieren, die Reaktionsprodukte in reduziertem Zustand als Hydrochinone.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYTHIONATES PART 1, REACTION BETWEEN THE TETRATHIONATE ION AND THE CYANIDE ION IN ACETONITRILE
Authors: AUSTAD TOR
Published: March 2016

Die Titel.reaktion 840% ′ + CN′wird mit Tetraphenylarsoniumtetrathionat und Tetraphenylphosphoniumcyanid durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL MONOETHERS OF POLYOXYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: CHLEBICKI JAN
Published: March 2016

Das Propylenoxid (I) und die Alkohole (II) reagieren bei 115‐120°C unter Stick‐ ′ stoffatmosphäre in Gegenwart von Alkalimetall zu den entsprechenden Monoäthern (III), die mit weiterem Propylenoxid (I) Gemische der Polyoxypropylenglykole (IV) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON KETENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES PART 65, REACTION OF KETENE WITH KETENE ACETALS
Authors: KATO T. , YAMAMOTO Y. , TAKEDA S.
Published: March 2016

Umsetzung von Ketendiäthylacetal (I) mit Keten (II) liefert in 60%iger Ausbeute das Oxetan (III), aus dem durch Erhitzen in 63%iger Ausbeute Acety1ketendiäthylacetal (IV)‐erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO COMPLEXONE PART 2, MERCAPTOETHYLAMINETRIACETIC ACID
Authors: PODLAHOVA J.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) ist ein potentiell ein‐ bis fünfzähniger, dreibasischer Ligand, der drei Arten von Donatoratomen enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DOUBLE CYCLOPROPANATION OF ENONE SILYL ENOL ETHERS, A GOOD ROUTE TO 1‐CYCLOPROPYL‐CYCLOPROPANOLS AND TO CYCLOPROPYLKETONES
Authors: GIRARD C. , CONIA J. M.
Published: March 2016

Aus den ungesättigten Ketonen (I) werden die Enoläther (II) hergestellt, die mit überschüssigem Methylenierungsreagens zu (III) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF BETA‐METHYLATED ALPHA,BETA‐UNSATURATED KETONES VIA DICHLOROCARBENE ADDUCTS OF ENOL ETHERS, SYNTHESIS OF DL‐MUSCONE FROM CYCLOTETRADECANONE
Authors: HIYAMA T. , MISHIMA T. , KITATANI K. , NOZAKI H.
Published: March 2016

1‐Äthoxy‐cyclododecen (I) addiert Dichlorcarben (II) zum Cyclopropan (III), das bei ‐95°C mit Methyllithium behandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ACID‐CATALYZED REARRANGEMENT OF ONE BICYCLO(2,2,2)OCTADIENONE TO ANOTHER
Authors: HART H. , HUANG I. C.
Published: March 2016

Bei der durch Trifluoressigsäure bewirkten sauren Umlagerung von Hexamethylbicyclooctadienon (II) entsteht nicht das erwartete Umlagerungsprodukt (I), sondern es erfolgt lediglich eine Umlagerung zu einem Isomeren (III), das bei der Photolyse zum Tetramethyl‐benzol (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITIONSREAKTIONEN VON HETEROKUMULENEN 4. MITT. REAKTION VON DIMETHYLKETEN‐O,N‐ACETALEN MIT ISO(THIO)CYANATEN
Authors: SCHAUMANN ERNST , SIEVEKING STEFAN , WALTER WOLFGANG
Published: March 2016

Die Keten‐O,N‐acetale, z.B. (Ia)‐(Ic), reagieren mit Thiocyanaten, wie z.B. (II), über die dipolaren Zwischenstufen (III) unter Umlagerung zu den Malonsäure‐Derivaten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF MESO‐HEXOESTROL(3,4‐D2) AND SOME RELATED SPECIFICALLY DEUTERATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COLLINS D. J. , HOBBS J. J.
Published: March 2016

Das durch Kondensation der Verbindungen (I) und (II) erhältliche ungesättigte Z‐Nitril (III) (daneben das E‐Isomere; 16% Ausbeute) wird in die deuterierten erythro‐Valeronitrile (IVa) bzw. (IVb) übergeführt; aus (IVa) wird über die Stufe (V) das Bisphenol (VI) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHENYLATION OF PERCHLOROCYCLOBUTENONE
Authors: NEUSE E. W. , GREEN B. R.
Published: March 2016

Perchlorcyclobutenon (I) reagiert mit Benzol (II) in Gegenwart von Aluminium= Chlorid über die isolierbaren Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) zu den Substitutionsbzw.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN PERHYDROTRIPHENYLEN‐EINSCHLUSSVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: FROEMMING K. H. , OPPERMANN J.
Published: March 2016

Pherhydrotriphenylen (I) bildet mit verschiedenen Verbindungen, wie aliphatischen Mono‐ und Dicarbonsäuren, Benzoesäure, Zimtsäure oder 1,6‐Diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatrien, Einschlußverbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: ARENE OXIDES, A NEW ASPECT OF DRUG METABOLISM
Authors: JERINA D. M. , DALY J. W.
Published: March 2016

Der Übersichtsartikel ( 109 Literaturhinweise) behandelt das Auftreten von Aren: oxiden im Stoffwechsel von Säugetieren, als Zwischenstufe bei der Bildung von ′ Hydroxy‐ und Mercaptoverbindungen und versucht die toxischen und carcinogenen Eigenschaften von aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen zu erklären.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF PYRROLO(1,2‐A)INDOLOQUINONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: TAKADA T. , KOSUGI Y. , AKIBA M.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Acetophenon (Ia) entsteht das Tosylhydrazon (Ib), das zum Chinon (II) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL CATALYZED 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION OF CARBETHOXYCARBENE TO ACRYLONITRILE
Authors: PAULISSEN R. , MONIOTTE P. , HUBERT A. J. , TEYSSIE P.
Published: March 2016

Diazoessigester (I) reagiert mit Acrylnitril oder Methacrylnitril (IIa) und (IIb) in Abwesenheit von Katalysatoren zu den Addukten (III), die bei 25°C zu den Pyrazolinen (IV) isomerisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON 1,4‐DIPYRIDYL‐ UND 1,4‐DICHINOLYL‐BUTADIENEN DURCH WITTIG‐SYNTHESE IM ZWEIPHASENSYSTEM
Authors: HUENIG S. , STEMMLER I.
Published: March 2016

Verschiedene Wege zu den vier 1,4‐Di‐pyridyl‐ bzw. Di‐chinolyl‐butadienen (I)‐(IV) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF (2,3), (5,6), (8,9)‐TRIBENZO‐1,4,7‐TRIAZAPHENALENE
Authors: BOGDANOWICZ‐SZWED KRYSTYNA , SLEDZIEWSKA EWA , ZEMANEK ALEKSANDER
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (VII) (UV‐Spektrum) wird aus dem Anilid (I) nach angegebenem Schema synthetisiert und die Struktur anhand spektroskopischer Untersuchungen bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINES PART 43, RING TRANSFORMATIONS IN REACTIONS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH NUCLEOPHILES PART 9, CONVERSION OF N‐METHYLPYRIMIDINIUM SALTS IN PYRIDINES BY CARBANIONS
Authors: OOSTVEEN E. A. , VAN DER PLAS H. C.
Published: March 2016

In basischem Medium lassen sich die Pyrimidiniumsalze (I) mit der aktiven Methylen‐ ′ Verbindung (II) und anschließender Hydrolyse in die Oxonicotinsäuren (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE ACYLIERUNG VON N,N′‐POLYMETHYLENHARNSTOFFEN
Authors: DANTCHEV D. , CHRISTOVA K. , MUTAFTSCHIEVA V. , DALEVA D.
Published: March 2016

Durch Acylierung von N,N′‐Tn′methylen‐ (Ia) und N,N′‐Pentamethylenharnstoff (Ib) mit aromatischen Carbonsäurechloriden (II) werden in Ausbeuten zwischen 40 und 87 % die Mono‐ (III) und Diacylderivate (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PTERIDINES PART 33, AN UNEQUIVOCAL TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF L‐ERYTHRO‐BIOPTERIN
Authors: TAYLOR EDWARD C. , JACOBI PETER A.
Published: March 2016

Die nach bekannten Methoden dargestellte Arabinose (I) wird zum Keton (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SILYLIERUNG VON N,N′‐DIALKYLAETHYLENAMINOHYDRAZINEN UND N′,N′′‐DIALKYLALKYLENDIHYDRAZINEN
Authors: GOL'DIN G. S. , BATURINA L. S. , KUCHER A. G. , LEONOVA T. S.
Published: March 2016

In den Aminohydrazinen (I) lassen sich 2 Wasserstoffatome mittels Trialkylchlorsilan oder Alkyldiphenylchlorsilan (II) gegen Silylreste zu (III) austauschen.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG DER ANLAGERUNG VON METHYLDICHLORSILAN AN ALLYLTRIFLUORACETAT IN GEGENWART VON PLATINCHLORWASSERSTOFFSAEURE
Authors: BELYAKOVA Z. V. , POMERANTSEVA M. G. , GOLUBTSOV S. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Anlagerung des Methyldichlorsilans (II) an den Ester (I) liefert vorzugsweise das Silan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE REAKTION DES THIENYLDICHLORPHOSPHINS MIT ACRYLSAEURE
Authors: KHAIRULLIN V. K. , ALIEV R. Z.
Published: March 2016

Thienyldichlorphosphin (I) und Acrylsäure (II) geben ein Gemisch aus dem Säurechlorid (III) mit dem 1,2‐Oxaphospholan (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS PART 15, SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ETHOXY‐1‐METHYL‐1,2‐AZAPHOSPHOLIDINE 2‐OXIDE
Authors: COLLINS D. J. , HETHERINGTON J. W. , SWAN J. M.
Published: March 2016

Die Chlorierung des durch Arbuzow‐Reaktion von Triäthylphosphit und 1,3‐Dibrompropan erhaltenen Brompropylphosphonats(D führt zu dem Halbesterchlorid (IIa), das sich mit Methylamin in das Phosphonsäureamid (IIb) umsetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON DI‐P‐TOLYLALKYL(ARYL)ARSINEN
Authors: GIGAURI R. D. , CHACHAVA G. N. , CHERNOKAL'SKII B. D. , UGULAVA M. M.
Published: March 2016

p‐Tolylmagnesiumbromid (I) und Arsenik (II) reagieren zur Verbindung (III), die durch konz. HCl in das Di‐p‐tolylchlorarsin (IV) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: METALLVERBINDUNGEN VON YLIDEN 6. MITT. SYNTHESE UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON TRANS‐DIMETHYLBIS‐(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHIN)‐KOBALT(III)‐(DIMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM‐BIS‐(METHYLID))
Authors: KARSCH HANS HEINZ , KLEIN HANS‐FRIEDRICH , KREITER CORNELIUS GERHARD , SCHMIDBAUR HUBERT
Published: March 2016

Die Zusammensetzung und Struktur der Titelverbindung (III)"diedurch Umsetzung des cis‐mer‐Co(III)‐bromids (I) mit Trimethylrnethylenphosphoran (II) zugänglich ist, werden analytisch und spektroskopisch aufgeklärt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF ORGANODI‐PI‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐TITANIUM(III) DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHIVERS T. , IBRAHIM E. D.
Published: March 2016

Die aus dem Titan(IV)‐Komplex (I) durch Reduktion mit aktiviertem Aluminium in Tetrahydrofuran gewonnene Titanverbindung (II) läßt sich mit den Lithiumverbindungen (III) in Äther bei ‐78°C zu den Organodi‐π‐cyclopentadienyltitan(III)‐Derivaten (IV) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBERGANGSMETALL‐CARBIN‐KOMPLEXE 4. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON PENTACARBONYL‐(HYDROXYPHENYLCARBEN)‐KOMPLEXEN DES CHROMS UND WOLFRAMS MIT DICYCLOHEXYLCARBODIIMID ZU ZWEIKERNIGEN HYDROXYCARBEN‐ANHYDRID‐ UND ′CARBEN‐CARBIN′‐METALL‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: FISCHER ERNST OTTO , WEISS KARIN , KREITER CORNELIUS GERHARD
Published: March 2016

Während die Reaktion des Hydroxyphenylcarben‐Cr‐carbonyls (II) (M: Cr) mit dem Carbodiimid (III) unter intermolekularer Wasserabspaltung zum Carben‐Cr‐Anhydrid führt, ergibt die Umsetzung von (III) mit dem analogen W‐carben‐Komplex (II) (M: W) unter Abspaltung eines CO‐Liganden den trans‐(Benzoylwolframato‐0)‐phenylcarbin‐W‐Komplex (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REVERSIBLE OXYGEN ADDUCT FORMATION IN COBALT(II) ′PICKET FENCE PORPHYRINS′
Authors: COLLMAN JAMES P. , GAGNE ROBERT R. , KOUBA JAY , LJUSBERG‐WAHREN HELENA
Published: March 2016

Der Co‐Komplex (II), dargestellt durch Rekristallisation von (I) aus Toluol unter N2 in Gegenwart des Imidazols im Überschuß, bindet im festen Zustand oder in Toluollösung Sauerstoff bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung der Verbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG DES KOHLENDIOXIDS MIT KOBALTKOMPLEXEN, DIE EINE METALL‐KOHLENSTOFFBINDUNG ENTHALTEN
Authors: KOLOMNIKOV I. S. , STEPOVSKA G. , TYRLIK S. , VOL'PIN M. E.
Published: March 2016

Vermischt man den Komplex (I) mit Acrolein (II) in benzolischer Lösung, läßt über Nacht stehen und leitet Kohlendioxid ein, dann lassen sich der rosarote Komplex (III) und der hellviolette, paramagnetische Komplex (IV) isolieren.
ChemInform Abstract: REMOTE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF STEROIDS BY A RADICAL RELAY MECHANISM
Authors: BRESLOW RONALD , CORCORAN RICHARD J. , SNIDER BARRY B.
Published: March 2016

In Methylenchlorid ergibt die Bestrahlung des m‐Jod‐benzoats (Ia) in Gegenwart von Phenyljodosodichlorid (II) oder SOzClz nach Chlorierung in 9‐Stellung, Dehydrochlorierung, Verseifung und Acetylierung das Cholestenolacetat (IV), wobei das Radikal (III) eine wesentliche Zwischenstufe der Reaktion darstellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A CORTISONE SYNTHESIS USING REMOTE OXIDATION
Authors: BRESLOW RONALD , CORCORAN RICHARD J. , SNIDER BARRY B.
Published: March 2016

Der aus Cortexolon (I) über das geschützte Derivat (II) erhältliche Alkohol (IIIa) wird mittels m‐Jodbenzoesäure/Triphenylphosphin/Azodicarbonsäureester unter Inversion in den Ester (IIIb) [Ausbeute 60%, bezogen auf (I)] übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SEX PHEROMONES AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION OF THE LESSER PEACHTREE BORER AND THE PEACHTREE BORER
Authors: TUMLINSON J. H. , DOOLITLE R. E. , HEATH R. R. , MITCHELL E. R. , YONCE C. E. , GENTRY C. R.
Published: March 2016

Die 4 Isomeren des 3,13‐Octadecadien‐1‐ol‐acetates (I) werden hergestellt.
Novel translational model of resolving inflammation triggered by UV‐killed E. coli
Authors: Motwani Madhur P , Flint Julia D , De Maeyer Roel PH , Fullerton James N , Smith Andrew M , Marks Daniel JB , Gilroy Derek W
Published: March 2016

Whilst numerous studies investigating the aetiology of inflammatory diseases have been performed in rodents, the applicability of these data to human pathophysiology is frequently debated. Regardless of the strengths and weaknesses of rodent models in biomedical research, there is a need to develop models of experimental inflammation in humans. Here, we describe a self‐resolving acute inflammatory response triggered by the intradermal injection of UV‐killed Escherichia coli into the forearm of healthy volunteers. Cells and exudates were harvested from onset to resolution by applying negative pressure over the inflamed site. Onset was characterized by high blood flow, neutrophilia and peak levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, whilst resolution showed a decline in blood blow, reduction in neutrophils, increase in monocytes/macrophages and waning of classic pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels. An anti‐inflammatory effect, defined as suppression of onset phase events, was demonstrated by administering naproxen, a conventional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. In summary, this model of resolving acute inflammation is minimally invasive, highly tractable and allows simultaneous investigation of the vascular response, cellular trafficking and chemical mediator profile of onset and resolution phases of acute inflammation in humans. It can serve as a translational platform to provide mechanistic insights and to test the clinical efficacy of novel anti‐inflammatory and pro‐resolving drugs, and also as a tool in patients to explore inherent defects in resolution pathways.
Vascular Effects of Eplerenone in Coronary Artery Disease With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Sudano Isabella , Naegele Matthias , Roas Susanne , Périat Daniel , Frank Michelle , Kouroedov Alexey , Noll Georg , Lüscher Thomas F. , Enseleit Frank , Ruschitzka Frank , Flammer Andreas J.
Published: March 2016

Background

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Their role in patients without heart failure, particularly in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and preserved EF, is still a matter of debate.

Hypothesis

The MRA eplerenone on top of standard medical therapy improves endothelial dysfunction and other markers of vascular health in CAD patients with preserved EF.

Methods

In this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 42 patients (mean age: 63.5 ± 9.1 years; 37 males) were randomized to 4‐week treatment with eplerenone 25 mg daily or placebo. The primary endpoint was difference in endothelial function as assessed by flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Secondary endpoints included 24‐hour blood pressure (BP), endothelial progenitor cells, and platelet adhesion.

Results

No difference in the primary endpoint FMD was noted after 4 weeks of treatment with eplerenone compared with placebo (FMD: 4.7% ± 2.0% and 4.9% ± 2.1%, respectively; P = 0.77). There were no significant differences between eplerenone and placebo in 24‐hour BP (mean systolic BP: 126.9 ± 17.3 and 123.3 ± 9.7 mm Hg, P = 0.41; diastolic BP: 73.3 ± 12.9 and 72.0 ± 7.5 mm Hg, respectively, P = 0.69), number of endothelial progenitor cells, and platelet adhesion.

Conclusions

Adding low‐dose eplerenone to standard medical therapy did not improve important markers of vascular health in patients with CAD and preserved EF. Our results may help understand conflicting evidence from larger clinical trials on MRAs in patients with preserved EF.
Studies on Cycloheptathiophene‐3‐carboxamide Derivatives as Allosteric HIV‐1 Ribonuclease H Inhibitors
Authors: Corona Angela , Desantis Jenny , Massari Serena , Distinto Simona , Masaoka Takashi , Sabatini Stefano , Esposito Francesca , Manfroni Giuseppe , Maccioni Elias , Cecchetti Violetta , Pannecouque Christophe , Le Grice Stuart F. J. , Tramontano Enzo , Tabarrini Oriana
Published: March 2016

Despite the significant progress achieved with combination antiretroviral therapy in the fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the difficulty to eradicate the virus together with the rapid emergence of multidrug‐resistant strains clearly underline a pressing need for innovative agents, possibly endowed with novel mechanisms of action. In this context, owing to its essential role in HIV genome replication, the reverse transcriptase associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) has proven to be an appealing target. To identify new RNase H inhibitors, an in‐house cycloheptathiophene‐3‐carboxamide library was screened; this led to compounds endowed with inhibitory activity, the structural optimization of which led to the catechol derivative 2‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzamido)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxamide (compound 33) with an IC50 value on the RNase H activity in the nanomolar range. Mechanistic studies suggested selective inhibition of the RNase H through binding to an innovative allosteric site, which could be further exploited to enrich this class of inhibitors.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Acrylamide Derivatives as Direct NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors
Authors: Cocco Mattia , Miglio Gianluca , Giorgis Marta , Garella Davide , Marini Elisabetta , Costale Annalisa , Regazzoni Luca , Vistoli Giulio , Orioli Marica , Massulaha‐Ahmed Raïhane , Détraz‐Durieux Isabelle , Groslambert Marine , Py Bénédicte F. , Bertinaria Massimo
Published: March 2016

NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the intracellular activation of caspase‐1, processing of pro‐inflammatory interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and pyroptotic cell death cascade. The overactivation of NLRP3 is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases, known as cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), and in the progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, type‐2 diabetes, gout, and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the synthesis of acrylamide derivatives and their pharmaco‐toxicological evaluation as potential inhibitors of NLRP3‐dependent events was undertaken. Five hits were identified and evaluated for their efficiency in inhibiting IL‐1β release from different macrophage subtypes, including CAPS mutant macrophages. The most attractive hits were tested for their ability to inhibit NLRP3 ATPase activity on human recombinant NLRP3. This screening allowed the identification of 14, 2‐(2‐chlorobenzyl)‐N‐(4‐sulfamoylphenethyl)acrylamide, which was able to concentration‐dependently inhibit NLRP3 ATPase with an IC50 value of 74 μm. The putative binding pose of 14 in the ATPase domain of NLRP3 was also proposed.
Role of Epstein‐Barr virus status and immunophenotypic studies in the evaluation of exfoliative cytology specimens from patients with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Gibson Sarah E. , Picarsic Jennifer , Swerdlow Steven H. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are well characterized in tissue sections, but their evaluation in exfoliative cytology specimens is limited. This study reports a 25‐year experience with PTLDs in exfoliative cytology specimens.

METHODS

All solid organ or allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients with PTLDs and exfoliative cytology specimens from 1987 to 2011 were identified. The cytomorphology, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) status, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies were reviewed from all exfoliative cytology specimens previously diagnosed as atypical lymphoid proliferations or PTLDs.

RESULTS

A total of 55 patients (age range, 1‐72 years) with PTLDs had 434 exfoliative cytology specimens. Thirty‐six of the 55 patients (65%) had 54 specimens with abnormal lymphoid proliferations (12% of the specimens), and 26 of these patients had 37 specimens available for review (15 cerebrospinal fluid specimens, 12 peritoneal fluid specimens, 9 pleural fluid specimens, and 1 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen). Thirty percent of the reviewed cytology specimens were diagnostic of PTLDs, including 8 cases of monomorphic post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (M‐PTLD) with abnormal B/T‐cell populations identified with flow cytometry/immunohistochemistry and 3 EBV‐positive specimens with a differential diagnosis of polymorphic PTLD versus M‐PTLD. All cases diagnostic of a PTLD had 1 to 3 ancillary studies performed. Forty percent of the cytology specimens (15 of 37) were suspicious for a PTLD, but ancillary studies were performed for only a third of them, and they did not support a definitive diagnosis of a PTLD. Thirty percent of the cytology specimens (11 of 37) appeared reactive, but they lacked sufficient ancillary studies to exclude a PTLD.

CONCLUSIONS

Atypical lymphoid proliferations are common in exfoliative cytology specimens from patients with PTLDs, and they require ancillary studies at least including immunophenotyping and EBV evaluations for a definitive diagnosis. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:425–35. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Big data analysis on the coordination optimization of protection schemes and automatic devices for distribution network
Authors: Lin Xia , Li Yao , Lu Yuping , Li Nai‐yong
Published: March 2016

With the continuing incoming connection of distributed generation (DG), in order to guaranty that the DG as a distributed power source provides strong support to the electric system when there is a fault in the electric system, if DG has enough capacity to support part of local loading, allow it to run in island mode and recover to grid‐connected mode after the fault is isolated. Because the formation of island is a dynamic process, how to effectively split to island running mode without affecting the stability of the electric system's running, also, ensure that there is a certain power quality in the island meanwhile keeping and protecting effectively in both island mode and grid‐connected mode. To achieve the aforementioned goals, it needs to develop a plan for comprehensive protection and island division; the plan requires the coordination between the protection and the automatic devices and also needs to take the following into consideration: the capacity of the DG, the location of connection, and the balancing ability of the local loading. This paper will introduce one such comprehensive scheme: It takes consideration of the DG's own characteristics and its ability to support the local loading; it adopts different protection strategy and realizes the fault isolation and island division through the coordination between the protection and the automatic devices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuation of simvastatin leads to a rebound phenomenon and results in immediate peri‐implant bone loss
Authors: Li Xianqi , Wu Feng , Zhang Yiming , Yang Jing , Shinohara Atsushi , Kagami Hideaki
Published: March 2016

Although administration of simvastatin has been reported to promote bone formation, the effect of short‐term simvastatin administration is not well known. Following implant installation, 10‐week‐old male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group received 10 mg/kg of simvastatin daily for seven days. Then simvastatin administration was discontinued, and the animals were observed up to 28 days. Animals in the control group underwent the same procedure but received saline instead of simvastatin. All animals were analyzed by micro‐computed tomography. Samples at days 14 and 21 were subjected to histological analyses. After seven days of simvastatin administration, more new bone formation around the implant was observed in the simvastatin group compared with the control group. Seven days after simvastatin discontinuation, however, the amount of peri‐implant trabecular bone began to decrease. Results from morphometric analysis also showed a reduction in new bone area after day 7, which was lowest at day 14. These results were confirmed by histological analyses. In contrast, both the peri‐implant trabecular bone and new bone area were maintained in the control group. Short‐term administration of simvastatin may affect implant stability owing to a rebound phenomenon and an immediate loss of peri‐implant bone.
Prairie vole pups show potentiated isolation‐induced vocalizations following isolation from their mother, but not their father
Authors: Robison W. Theodore , Myers Michael M. , Hofer Myron A. , Shair Harry N. , Welch Martha G.
Published: March 2016

Vocalizations can be markers of emotional social communication. Maternal potentiation was originally described as an increased rate of vocalization by isolated rat pups following an interaction with their mothers, but not with other social companions. Here we asked if potentiation in prairie voles, a species with pair‐bonding and bi‐parental rearing, is parent‐specific. We found that isolated, 8–11‐day‐old voles exhibited potentiation following reunions with the dam, but not the sire. These responses were present whether parents were anesthetized or active during the reunion. There were no significant correlations between parental behaviors during reunions and pup vocalization rates during re‐isolation. The absence of potentiation to the sire contrasts to findings in bi‐parentally reared rat pups, which do potentiate vocalizations to the sire. We interpret these results to be consistent with the idea that potentiation reflects disruption of mother–infant coregulation and is dependent upon the unique biology of mothering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:687–699, 2016.
A model‐based approach to sample size estimation in recent onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Bundy Brian N. , Krischer Jeffrey P. ,   Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group
Published: March 2016

Background

The area under the curve C‐peptide following a 2‐h mixed meal tolerance test from 498 individuals enrolled on five prior TrialNet studies of recent onset type 1 diabetes from baseline to 12 months after enrolment were modelled to produce estimates of its rate of loss and variance.

Results

Age at diagnosis and baseline C‐peptide were found to be significant predictors, and adjusting for these in an ANCOVA resulted in estimates with lower variance.

Conclusions

Using these results as planning parameters for new studies results in a nearly 50% reduction in the target sample size. The modelling also produces an expected C‐peptide that can be used in observed versus expected calculations to estimate the presumption of benefit in ongoing trials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macroecological scale effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions under environmental change
Authors: Burley Hugh M , Mokany Karel , Ferrier Simon , Laffan Shawn W , Williams Kristen J , Harwood Tom D
Published: March 2016

Conserving different spatial and temporal dimensions of biological diversity is considered necessary for maintaining ecosystem functions under predicted global change scenarios. Recent work has shifted the focus from spatially local (α‐diversity) to macroecological scales (β‐ and γ‐diversity), emphasizing links between macroecological biodiversity and ecosystem functions (MB–EF relationships). However, before the outcomes of MB–EF analyses can be useful to real‐world decisions, empirical modeling needs to be developed for natural ecosystems, incorporating a broader range of data inputs, environmental change scenarios, underlying mechanisms, and predictions. We outline the key conceptual and technical challenges currently faced in developing such models and in testing and calibrating the relationships assumed in these models using data from real ecosystems. These challenges are explored in relation to two potential MB–EF mechanisms: “macroecological complementarity” and “spatiotemporal compensation.” Several regions have been sufficiently well studied over space and time to robustly test these mechanisms by combining cutting‐edge spatiotemporal methods with remotely sensed data, including plant community data sets in Australia, Europe, and North America. Assessing empirical MB–EF relationships at broad spatiotemporal scales will be crucial in ensuring these macroecological processes can be adequately considered in the management of biodiversity and ecosystem functions under global change.
Twelve years of repeated wild hog activity promotes population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant in a coastal dune ecosystem
Authors: Oldfield Callie A. , Evans Jonathan P.
Published: March 2016

Invasive animals can facilitate the success of invasive plant populations through disturbance. We examined the relationship between the repeated foraging disturbance of an invasive animal and the population maintenance of an invasive plant in a coastal dune ecosystem. We hypothesized that feral wild hog (Sus scrofa) populations repeatedly utilized tubers of the clonal perennial, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) as a food source and evaluated whether hog activity promoted the long‐term maintenance of yellow nutsedge populations on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, United States. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested the effect of wild hog disturbance on permanent sites for yellow nutsedge culm density, tuber density, and percent cover of native plant species over a 12‐year period. We found that disturbance plots had a higher number of culms and tubers and a lower percentage of native live plant cover than undisturbed control plots. Wild hogs redisturbed the disturbed plots approximately every 5 years. Our research provides demographic evidence that repeated foraging disturbances by an invasive animal promote the long‐term population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant. Opportunistic facultative interactions such as we demonstrate in this study are likely to become more commonplace as greater numbers of introduced species are integrated into ecological communities around the world.
Independent origins of resistance or susceptibility of parasitic wasps to a defensive symbiont
Authors: Mateos Mariana , Winter Lauryn , Winter Caitlyn , Higareda‐Alvear Victor M. , Martinez‐Romero Esperanza , Xie Jialei
Published: March 2016

Insect microbe associations are diverse, widespread, and influential. Among the fitness effects of microbes on their hosts, defense against natural enemies is increasingly recognized as ubiquitous, particularly among those associations involving heritable, yet facultative, bacteria. Protective mutualisms generate complex ecological and coevolutionary dynamics that are only beginning to be elucidated. These depend in part on the degree to which symbiont‐mediated protection exhibits specificity to one or more members of the natural enemy community. Recent findings in a well‐studied defensive mutualism system (i.e., aphids, bacteria, parasitoid wasps) reveal repeated instances of evolution of susceptibility or resistance to defensive bacteria by parasitoids. This study searched for similar patterns in an emerging model system for defensive mutualisms: the interaction of Drosophila, bacteria in the genus Spiroplasma, and wasps that parasitize larval stages of Drosophila. Previous work indicated that three divergent species of parasitic wasps are strongly inhibited by the presence of Spiroplasma in three divergent species of Drosophila, including D. melanogaster. The results of this study uncovered two additional wasp species that are susceptible to Spiroplasma and two that are unaffected by Spiroplasma, implying at least two instances of loss or gain of susceptibility to Spiroplasma among larval parasitoids of Drosophila.
Fish feeding niche characterization over space and time in a natural boreal river
Authors: Brush Jaclyn M. , Smokorowski Karen E. , Marty Jérôme , Power Michael
Published: March 2016

Few studies have examined the temporal variability of fish feeding niche in response to variable flows and temperature or the temporal consistency of spatial differences in fish feeding niche within natural rivers. Using a 10‐year dataset from the boreal Batchawana River in Northern Ontario, we found that fish feeding niche was temporally invariant in the lower sampled river reaches but increased over time in the upper reaches of the river. A significant relationship between the standard deviations of mean δ15N and mean daily summer flow was found. No other significant relationships between measures of flow or temperature variability and variability in δ13C or δ15N were observed. Fish feeding niche was significantly larger in the lower than in the upper Batchawana River, but there were no significant differences in mean fish community δ13C or δ15N between reaches. Fish assemblage δ13C, δ15N and standard ellipse area were consistent among years within river reaches despite flow and temperature variability over the same years. Results highlight that in natural undisturbed rivers, fish feeding niche appears to be temporally invariant in the face of naturally imposed environmental variability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic incremental role of right ventricular function in acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure
Authors: Frea Simone , Pidello Stefano , Bovolo Virginia , Iacovino Cristina , Franco Erica , Pinneri Francesco , Galluzzo Alessandro , Volpe Alessandra , Visconti Massimiliano , Peirone Andrea , Morello Mara , Bergerone Serena , Gaita Fiorenzo
Published: March 2016

Aims

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the additional prognostic value of echocardiography in acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure (CHF), focusing on right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and its interaction with loading conditions. Few data are available on the prognostic role of echocardiography in acute HF and on the significance of pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe RV failure.

Methods and results

A total of 265 NYHA IV patients admitted for acute decompensation of advanced CHF (EF 22 ± 7%, systolic blood pressure 107 ± 20 mmHg) were prospectively enrolled. Fifty‐nine patients met the primary composite endpoint of cardiac death, urgent heart transplantation, and urgent mechanical circulatory support implantation at 90 days. Pulmonary hypertension failed to predict events, while patients with a low transtricuspid systolic gradient (TR gradient <20 mmHg) showed a worse outcome [hazard ratio (HR) 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–5.00, P = 0.02]. RV dysfunction [tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) ≤14 mm] in the presence of a low TR gradient identified patients at higher risk of events (HR 2.97, 95% CI 1.19–7.41, P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed as best predictors of outcome low RV contraction pressure index (RVCPI), defined as TAPSE × TR gradient, and high estimated right atrial pressure (eRAP). Adding RVCPI (<400 mm*mmHg) and eRAP (≥20 mmHg) to conventional clinical (ADHERE risk tree and NT‐proBNP) and echocardiographic risk evaluation resulted in an increase in net reclassification improvement of +19.1% and +20.1%, respectively (P = 0.01) and in c‐statistic from 0.59 to 0.73 (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

In acute decompensation of advanced CHF, pulmonary hypertension failed to predict events. The in‐hospital and short‐term prognosis can be better predicted by eRAP and RVCPI.
Is the diagnostic coding position of acute heart failure related to mortality? A report from the Euro Heart Failure Survey‐1
Authors: Shoaib Ahmad , Farag Mohamed , Nasir Mansoor , John Joseph , Gupta Sanjay , Pellicori Pierpaolo , Antony Renjith , Perveen Rashida , Rigby Alan , Goode Kevin M. , Yassin Ashraf , Clark Andrew L. , Cleland John G.F.
Published: March 2016

Aims

Most studies on acute heart failure (HF) exploring the relationship between admissions to hospital for HF and subsequent outcomes have focused only on HF coded as the primary diagnosis, but many other patients have admissions complicated by HF requiring attention. Failure to quantify the total hospital burden of HF underestimates its health economic impact, leading to underprovision of resources for its care.

Methods and results

The First Euro Heart Failure Survey (EHFS‐1) screened consecutive deaths and discharges, regardless of cause, from medical wards in 115 hospitals from 24 European countries during 2000–2001, to identify patients with known or suspected HF. Information on presenting symptoms and signs were gathered. Of 10 701 patients enrolled, HF was reported as the primary reason for admission in 4234 (40%), a secondary reason for admission if it complicated or prolonged stay in 1772 (17%), and in 4695 (43%) patients it was uncertain whether HF was actively contributing to the admission. Mortality on the index admission was 301 (7%), 290 (16%), and 189 (4%), respectively, with hazard ratios of 1.73 (P < 0.001) and 3.26 (P < 0.001) compared with the ‘uncertain’ group. In the 12 weeks following discharge, 287 (7%) patients with a primary, 117 (8%) with a secondary, and 238 (5%) with an incidental or uncertain diagnosis of HF died.

Conclusion

Patients admitted to hospital with HF as a secondary rather than a primary diagnosis have a high mortality. More attention should be focused on patients with a secondary diagnosis of HF in terms of both care and research.
Ionic Immobilization of Silicotungstic Acid on Amine‐Functionalized Zirconia: A Mesoporous Catalyst for Esterification of Maleic Acid
Authors: Ramalingam Meenakshi , Manickam Sundar , Srinivasalu Kutti Rani , Ismail Mohammed Bilal , Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy
Published: March 2016

Silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40) has been immobilized onto the mesopores of amine‐functionalized zirconia by exploitation of electrostatic interactions. The ionic grafting of silicotungstic acid was confirmed by XPS, FTIR, UV/Vis‐DRS and TGA analysis. The mesoporosity of the material was confirmed through N2 adsorption/desorption analysis. The morphology of the material was established by TEM analysis. The immobilized silicotungstate material was found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for selective esterification of maleic acid with butan‐1‐ol. A 98 % level of conversion of maleic acid and 82 % selectivity for dibutyl maleate within 5 h at 95 °C was achieved. The catalyst could be reused thrice without loss of activity.
Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Alkoxy(aminoalkyl)diorganylsilanes of the Formula Type R2(RO)Si(CH2)nNH2 (R = Alkyl, n = 1–3): A Systematic Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Ehbets Julia , Lorenzen Sabine , Mahler Christoph , Bertermann Rüdiger , Berkefeld André , Poater Jordi , Fritz‐Langhals Elke , Weidner Richard , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Tacke Reinhold
Published: March 2016

Alkoxy(aminoalkyl)silanes are important precursors for the formation of amino‐functionalized polysiloxanes, which are used in many technical applications. To better understand the mechanism of the hydrolytic cleavage of the Si–alkoxy moiety of alkoxy(aminoalkyl)silanes (an important key step in the formation of amino‐functionalized polysiloxanes), a systematic experimental and computational study on the hydrolysis of alkoxy(aminoalkyl)diorganylsilanes of the formula type R2(RO)Si(CH2)nNH2 (R = alkyl, n = 1–3) was conducted. For reasons of comparison, silanes of the formula types R2(RO)SiC(H)MeCH2NH2 and R2(RO)Si(CH2)nX [R = alkyl; n = 1–3; X = N(H)Me, NMe2, piperidino, NMe3+I–, N(H)COOMe, N(Me)COOMe] and compounds Me2(MeO)Si(CH2)6Me and Me2(MeO)Si(CH2)6NH2 were included in this study. For this purpose, the various silanes were synthesized and studied for their hydrolysis kinetics in CD3CN/D2O under acidic and basic conditions by using 1H NMR spectroscopy as the analytic tool. These experimental investigations were complemented by computational studies (calculation of proton affinities, reaction barriers, and energies relative to reactants of intermediate transition complexes). The different hydrolysis reactivities observed are the result of a number of parameters, such as electronic and steric effects, the strong impact of the pD value, and intramolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonds between the protonated amino group and the alkoxy leaving group. This comprehensive study provided deep insight into the mechanism of hydrolysis of analogous α‐, β‐, and γ‐amino‐functionalized alkoxy(aminoalkyl)diorganylsilanes of the formula type R2(RO)Si(CH2)nNH2 (R = organyl, n = 1–3) and a series of related α/β/γ analogues with other nitrogen‐based functional groups.
Influence of duration of gestation on fatty acid profiles of human milk
Authors: Guerra Elena , Downey Eimear , O'Mahony James A. , Caboni Maria Fiorenza , O'Shea Carol‐Anne , Ryan Anthony C. , Kelly Alan L.
Published: March 2016

Human milk (HM) provides healthy full‐term infants with all their nutritional requirements during the first 6 months of life. Fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol derived from HM have many physiological functions in the neonate, including brain myelination, brain function and visual development. HM samples from mothers delivering prematurely (n = 15) and at term (n = 30) were collected. For pre‐term mothers, longitudinal HM samples were collected up to 14 weeks post‐partum. Thirty‐six individual FA were identified and quantified in human milks by fast GC‐FID analysis. HM from pre‐term mothers had higher contents of saturated FA and long chain‐polyunsaturated FA compared to HM from term mothers. The cholesterol content of full‐term HM was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of pre‐term HM up to 5 weeks post‐partum. A decrease in the levels of mono‐unsaturated FA, poly‐unsaturated FA and cholesterol was observed in longitudinal pre‐term HM samples. The current study demonstrates how the FA and cholesterol composition of full‐term and pre‐term HM varies with gestational age and throughout lactation.

Practical applications: The current study demonstrates how the FA and cholesterol composition of full‐term and pre‐term milks varies with gestational age and throughout lactation. The changes were presumably due to the differences in functional maturity of the mammary gland and/or dietary fat and carbohydrates intakes by Irish mothers. This thorough knowledge of lipid profile of human milk could be useful to design a more humanised infant formula in order to ensure the required FA and cholesterol levels of infants are satisfied during early life, particularly in supporting the growth and development of premature babies.

Fatty acid and cholesterol composition were quantified by fast gas‐chromatography analysis in pre‐term and term human milk samples sourced from a milk bank. Significant differences in the saturated FA, long chain‐polyunsaturated FA and cholesterol contents were observed between pre‐term and term milk samples. Longitudinal pre‐term samples showed a decrease in the levels of mono‐unsaturated FA, poly‐unsaturated FA and cholesterol HM samples. This study has improved the current knowledge regarding the lipid profile of human milk, and the results could be useful in designing functional infant formula products that ensure the required bioactive FA and cholesterol intakes of infants during early life, particularly for support of the growth and development of premature babies.
A Concise One‐Pot Organo‐ and Biocatalyzed Preparation of Enantiopure Hexahydrofuro[2,3‐b]furan‐3‐ol: An Approach to the Synthesis of HIV Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Kanemitsu Takuya , Inoue Mizuho , Yoshimura Nono , Yoneyama Kazutoshi , Watarai Rie , Miyazaki Michiko , Odanaka Yuki , Nagata Kazuhiro , Itoh Takashi
Published: March 2016

A simple and efficient one‐pot synthesis of enantiopure hexahydrofuro[2,3‐b]furan‐3‐ol, a crucial component of HIV‐1 protease inhibitors, was developed. The one‐pot process involves an organocatalytic condensation followed by an enzymatic optical resolution. The condensation of 1,2‐dihydrofuran and glycolaldehyde was achieved using Schreiner's thiourea catalyst (1 mol‐%). A subsequent lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution gave the target alcohol with >99 % ee. To demonstrate the practicality of this method, Darunavir, an HIV‐1 protease inhibitor used to treat multi‐drug‐resistant HIV, was synthesized.