bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universal Bifacial Stamping Approach Enabling Reverse‐Graded Ruddlesden‐Popper 2D Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Junwoo , Jang Gyumin , Ma Sunihl , Lee Chan Uk , Son Jaehyun , Jeong Wooyong , Moon Jooho
Published: June 2022

Quasi 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising light absorbers that overcome the inherent instabilities of 3D perovskites. High‐performance and stable 2D PSCs require careful control over the crystallographic orientation and phase distribution. This study introduces a simple and universal bifacial stamping method to obtain highly oriented perovskite crystals with a reverse‐graded structure, where the low‐n‐value 2D perovskite phases are located mainly at the film surfaces. Bifacial stamping of 3D perovskite films atop the 2D films enables incorporation of 2D spacer cations into the 3D film surfaces, forming reverse‐graded quasi‐2D perovskite films. During stamping, suppressed evaporation of the precursor solvent induces heterogeneous nucleation from the contact interface between the 2D and 3D films, resulting in well‐crystallized perovskite films having out‐of‐plane alignments with respect to the substrate. Thus, a highly oriented and reverse‐graded quasi‐2D perovskite with an average n value of 18 is obtained with power conversion efficiency exceeding 17% and high open‐circuit voltage of 1.11 V for iso‐butylammonium (iso‐BA)‐based (iso‐BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1) PSCs. The unencapsulated device retains 92% of its initial efficiency after aging at 40 ± 5% relative humidity for 1200 h. This work provides a new strategy for fabricating highly oriented and phase‐controlled quasi‐2D PSCs.
Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Modeling Hot Deformation Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Murugesan Mohanraj , Yu Jae-Hyeong , Jung Kyu-Seok , Cho Sung-Min , Bhandari Krishna Singh , Chung Wanjin , Lee Chang-Whan
Published: June 2022

Metal forming process parameters selection highly depends on the consistent and realistic characterization of material behavior under the combined effects of strain, strain rate, and temperature on the material flow stress. Hot deformation tensile tests are performed for AISI 1045 steel at deformation temperatures and strain rates ranges from 650 to 950 °C and 0.05 to 1.0 s−1, respectively. The received flow curves indicate that flow stress increases with a decrease in deformation temperature and an increase in strain rate. In this study, it is investigated the supervised machine learning techniques such as support vector regression, single decision tree, and random forest regression (RFR) models to characterize material‐flow behavior during hot deformation. Overall, the proposed RFR model results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. Besides, the proposed model's predictability is assessed using graphical and numerical validations. The numerical quantification confirms that the RFR models perform significantly better with a higher coefficient of determination (R2), 0.9983, and low prediction error, 1.021%. Furthermore, it is revealed through the comparison with previous findings, that the proposed machine learning models can precisely calculate flow stress better than conventional models.
Exploring science teaching in interaction at the instructional core
Authors: Tekkumru‐Kisa Miray , Akcil‐Okan Ozlem , Kisa Zahid , Southerland Sherry
Published: June 2022

Recent instructional reforms in science education aim to change the way students engage in learning in the discipline, as they describe that students are to engage with disciplinary core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and the practices of science to make sense of phenomena (NRC, 2012). For such sensemaking to become a reality, there is a need to understand the ways in which students' thinking can be maintained throughout the trajectory of science lessons. Past research in this area tends to foreground either the curriculum or teachers' practices. We propose a more comprehensive view of science instruction, one that requires attention to teachers' practice, the instructional task, and students' engagement. In this study, by examining the implementation of the same lesson across three different classrooms, our analysis of classroom videos and artifacts of students' work revealed how the interaction of teachers' practices, students' intellectual engagement, and a cognitively demanding task together support rigorous instruction. Our analyses shed light on their interaction that shapes opportunities for students' thinking and sensemaking throughout the trajectory of a science lesson. The findings provide implications for ways to promote rigorous opportunities for students' learning in science classrooms.
Correction to: FOLDOUT: A Through Foliage Surveillance System for Border Security
Authors: Bolakis Christos , Mantzana Vasiliki , Michalis Pantelis , Vassileiou Aggelos , Pflugfelder Roman , Litzenberger Martin , Hubner Michael , Pastore Gaetano , Oricchio Domenico , Desplas Marie , Ansart Marie , Santovito Maria Rosaria , Pica Giulia , Patino Luis , Ferryman James , Kriechbaum-Zabini Andreas
Published: June 2022

Chapter 16, “FOLDOUT: A Through Foliage Surveillance System for Border Security” was previously published non-open access. It has now been changed to open access under a CC BY 4.0 license and the copyright holder updated to ‘The Author(s)’. The book has also been updated with this change.
Vacua of ω-deformed SO(8) supergravity
Authors: Berman David , Fischbacher Thomas , Inverso Gianluca , Scellier Benjamin
Published: June 2022

Abstract

We perform a detailed analysis of the vacua of ω-deformed SO(8) supergravity in four dimensions. In particular, using Tensorflow-based numerical methods, we track how the equilibria of the theory change when varying the electric-magnetic deformation parameter ω. Apart from describing various properties of different equilibria (390 in total), we show that as ω is deformed, the SO(3), $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 vacuum of the de Wit-Nicolai theory becomes equivalent to a critical point in U(4) ⋉ ℝ12 gauged supergravity with a known uplift in IIB supergravity. The procedure employed here to obtain a new gauging with a guaranteed equilibrium is generic and allows one to obtain further admissible noncompact gaugings via ω-deformation, all of which have guaranteed critical points, and some of which may be novel upliftable solutions.
Residual oxygen content and powder recycling: effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts
Authors: Emminghaus Nicole , Bernhard Robert , Hermsdorf Jörg , Kaierle Stefan
Published: June 2022

The laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) offers a variety of advantages over conventional processing techniques and the possibility to recycle and reuse powder increases its sustainability. However, the process and resulting part properties are influenced by a variety of factors including powder recycling grade and residual oxygen content of the process atmosphere. Especially in terms of reactive materials like Ti-6Al-4V, oxidation during processing and recycling determines process stability and reproducibility. This work therefore focusses on the influence of the conventionally varied processing parameters as well as atmosphere residual oxygen content process and powder recycling on the microstructure and mechanical properties. For this purpose, the design of experiments approach is used and by evaluation of regression models, effect sizes and interactions are given. Additionally, two different etching techniques were employed to reveal different aspects of the microstructure. While no significant influence of powder recycling and residual oxygen on the microstructure could be observed, they both significantly influence the mechanical properties. A maximum hardness of 470 HV0.1, a maximum ultimate tensile strength of 1252.3 MPa, and a maximum elongation at break of 17.8 % were obtained. The results demonstrate the importance of the processing atmosphere’s residual oxygen content and of taking into account the changing powder characteristics during recycling as well as its effect on the part properties.
Incipient chronic traumatic encephalopathy in active American football players: neuropsychological assessment and brain perfusion measures
Authors: Querzola Giacomo , Lovati Carlo , Laganà Maria M. , Pirastru Alice , Baglio Francesca , Pantoni Leonardo
Published: June 2022

Background and aims

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a degenerative disease caused by repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because CTE can be definitely diagnosed only post-mortem, it would be important to explore clinical and radiological correlates of CTE and TBI. The aims of this study were to assess (1) the relationship between the neuropsychological profile of active American football players and the traumatic load; (2) whether traumatic brain injury associated with American football activity has a specific cerebral perfusion pattern; and (3) whether this perfusion pattern correlates with neuropsychological performances.

Methods

In 20 American football players [median age [25th–75th percentile] 25.0 [21.6–31.2] years, all males], we evaluated history, traumatic load and symptoms using the TraQ (Trauma Questionnaire), and cognitive performances on neuropsychological tests. Brain perfusion was estimated using arterial spin labeling MRI and compared to a group of 19 male age-matched (28.0 [24.8–32.3] years) healthy subjects.

Results

We found different cognitive performances between American football players stratified according to field position and career length. Linemen had poorer executive, verbal, and visual performances; a career > 7 years was associated with poorer verbal fluency performances. American football players had statistically significant reduced cerebral blood flow values in sensory-motor areas in comparison with healthy controls. Poorer neuropsychological performances correlated with lower perfusion in specific brain areas.

Conclusions

Our study seems to confirm that CTE in American football players is influenced by the field position and the career length, and correlates with lower cognitive performances linked to lower perfusion in specific brain areas.
The Many Lives of Darwin’s Letters
Authors: White Paul
Published: June 2022

TheCorrespondence of Charles Darwinwill be completed in 2022. This essay looks briefly at the history of editing Darwin and compares the modern edition with the Victorian practice of narrating an exemplary life through letters, with commemorative volumes produced by a family member or friend and private material carefully selected to document personal character. How is a scientific life composed? What kind of character is expressed in scientific work?
Transformations towards sustainable food systems: contrasting Swedish practitioner perspectives with the European Commission’s Farm to Fork Strategy
Authors: Eliasson Karin , Wiréhn Lotten , Neset Tina-Simone , Linnér Björn-Ola
Published: June 2022

This study explores features of food system transformations towards sustainability in theFarm to Fork Strategyin relation to perspectives of Swedish food system practitioners. Transformations towards sustainable food systems are essential to achieve the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda and the need for more sustainable food systems has been recognised in theEuropean Green Dealand itsFarm to Fork Strategy. The Swedish ambition to act as a  global leader in achieving the 2030 Agenda and the European Commission’s aspiration for Europe to lead global food system transformations offer a critical opportunity to study transformational processes and agents of change in a high-income region with externalised environmental and sustainability impacts. Drawing on theories of complex systems transformations, this study identifies features of food system transformations, exploring places to intervene and examines the roles, responsibilities, and agency related to these changes. The results of this study provide three main conclusions highlighting (i) alignment of high-level policy and the perspectives of national practitioners at the paradigm level, especially concerning how food is valued, which is a crucial first step for transformational processes to come about (ii) a lack of clarity as well as diversity of pathways to transform food systems although common objectives are expressed, and (iii) governance mechanisms as enablers for a diversity of transformations. Moreover, these processes must acknowledge the contextual and complex nature of food systems and the level of agency and power of actors.
Respect for Autonomy and Dementia Care in Nursing Homes: Revising Beauchamp and Childress’s Account of Autonomous Decision-Making
Authors: Soofi Hojjat
Published: June 2022

Specifying the moral demands of respect for the autonomy of people with dementia (PWD) in nursing homes (NHs) remains a challenging conceptual task. These challenges arise primarily because received notions of autonomous decision-making and informed consent do not straightforwardly apply to PWD in NHs. In this paper, I investigate whether, and to what extent, the influential account of autonomous decision-making and informed consent proposed by Beauchamp and Childress has applicability and relevance to PWD in NHs. Despite its otherwise practical orientation and suitability for acute care settings, I identify three problems with this account when applied to PWD in NHs. These problems include (1) intentionality as an all-or-nothing condition of autonomous decision-making, (2) construing consent as one-off authorization, and (3) unresolved ambiguities around the primacy of precedent autonomy over best interest considerations. To address these problems, I propose and defend a number of revisions to Beauchamp and Childress’s account. First, I suggest that we consider intentionality as a non-binary criterion of autonomous decision-making. Second, I argue for a model of process consent to overcome the moral inadequacy of construing consent as one-off authorization in NHs. And, to overcome the third problem, I suggest accounting for both precedent and extant autonomy of PWD, considering mandates of precedent autonomy not as prescriptive but as informative, and drawing a less rigid distinction between autonomy considerations and best interest judgements. I conclude that this revised version of Beauchamp and Childress’s account fares better than the original version in capturing relevant autonomy considerations to care for PWD in NHs.
Long-term cost-effectiveness of group unified protocol in the Spanish public mental health system
Authors: Peris-Baquero Ó. , Moreno J. D. , Osma Jorge
Published: June 2022

The limited material and human resources available in the Spanish public mental health system, combined with the high prevalence of emotional disorders nowadays, makes it necessary to search for and implement other more cost-effective formats. The versatility of the Unified Protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders allows its application in group format, which could be a cost-effective solution for the system. The aim of the present study is to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the UP applied in group format in specialized care units compared to the Treatment as usual (TAU) in the Spanish public mental health system over a 15-month time period. The sample of this study consisted of 188 patients, diagnosed with an emotional disorder, randomized to the UP condition in group format or to the TAU condition in individual format. The findings of this study have shown the same beneficial results for the participants with symptoms of anxiety and depression in both conditions and greater improvements in quality of life in the UP condition. Regarding cost-effectiveness results, at the 15-month follow-up, participants in the UP condition received a greater number of sessions, with a lower total economic cost compared to the TAU condition. Finally, reductions in the number of participants using antidepressants and a reduction in medication burden were found in the UP condition over time. The results of this study show that UP applied in a group format can be a cost-effectiveness solution for the Spanish public mental health system. Trial registration number: NCT03064477 (March 10, 2017).
Business roadmap for the European Union in the NewSpace ecosystem: a case study for access to space
Authors: Rodriguez-Donaire Silvia , Gil Paulino , Garcia-Almiñana Daniel , Crisp Nicholas H. , Herdrich Georg H. , Roberts Peter C. E. , Kataria Dhiren , Hanessian Virginia , Becedas Jonathan , Seminari Simon
Published: June 2022

A business roadmap is a high-level strategic management tool that maps the actions to develop new industries. It serves as a guide to plan and forecast technological, market and product developments in a more operational way. Precisely, the business roadmap of this article highlights the main actions to be taken by the European Union (EU) space ecosystem with regards to Low Earth Orbit (LEO)—orbits from 450 to 2000 km—and Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO)—orbits from 150 to 450 km. On the one hand, it is necessary to (1) develop industrial and technological space capabilities, (2) continue investing public funds in European Programs to develop new vehicle concepts of access to space, (3) improve testing, demonstration and exploration for faster the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) development, (4) promote an entrepreneurial and risk-taking culture, and (5) leverage the private investment to boost the development of advanced access to space technologies, attract talent, promote collaboration between public and private companies, and finance NewSpace Small–Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). On the other hand, it should also strengthen its relationship with the European Space Agency (ESA) to foster its space capabilities and become a competitive player in the access to space market in the medium term (5–10 years). The implementation of these actions will help the EU to improve its international positioning, and adapt the technology to the needs and requirements of NewSpace demand, mobilizing around €40,500 million euros for the EU economy during the first 10–15 years of operations with an average Leverage Factor (LF) of 4.
Light-responsive biomaterials for ocular drug delivery
Authors: Abdelmohsen Hend A. M. , Copeland Nikki A. , Hardy John G.
Published: June 2022

Light-responsive biomaterials can be used for the delivery of therapeutic drugs and nucleic acids, where the tunable/precise delivery of payload highlights the potential of such biomaterials for treating a variety of conditions. The translucency of eyes and advances of laser technology in ophthalmology make light-responsive delivery of drugs feasible. Importantly, light can be applied in a non-invasive fashion; therefore, light-triggered drug delivery systems have great potential for clinical impact. This review will examine various types of light-responsive polymers and the chemistry that underpins their application as ophthalmic drug delivery systems.

Graphical abstract
The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951
Authors: Hirayama Nagatomi
Published: June 2022

Utilising archives in mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and the USA, Nagatomi Hirayama examines the pivotal role of the Chinese Youth Party in China in the transformative years 1918-51. Tracing the party's birth in 1923 during the May Fourth movement, its revolutionary path to the late 1930s, and its de-radicalization in the 1940s, Hirayama discusses the emergence of the Chinese Youth Party as a robust revolutionary movement on the right, characterized by its cultural conservatism, political intellectualism, and national socialism. Although its history is relatively unknown, Hirayama argues that the Chinese Youth Party represented a serious competitor to the Chinese Communist Party and Guomindang, and proved to be of particular significance during World War II and China's Civil War. Shedding light on the ideas and practices of the Chinese Youth Party provides a significant lens through which to view the Chinese radical right in the first half of the twentieth century.
P.037 COVID-19: Cardiac and Neurological Complications among Ontario Visible Minorities: Chinese and South Asians
Authors: Chu JY , Moe GW , Chow C , Ko DT , Chen R , Liu PP , Koh M , Kaliwal Y
Published: June 2022

Background: This is a population-based retrospective study of cardiac and neurological complications of COVID-19 among Ontario Chinese and South Asians. Methods: From January 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020 using the last name algorithm to identify Ontario Chinese and South Asians who were tested positive by PCR for COVID-19, their demographics, cardiac, and neurological complications including hospitalization and emergency visit rates were analyzed compared to the general population. Results: Chinese (N = 1,186) with COVID-19 were found to be older (mean age 50.7 years) compared to the general population (N = 42,547) (mean age 47.6 years) (p < 0.001), while South Asians (N = 3,459) were younger (age of 42.1 years) (p < 0.001). For neurological complications, the 30-day crude rate for Chinese was 160/10,000 (p < 0.001); South Asians was 40/10,000 (p = 0.526), and general population was 48/10,000. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was significantly higher for Chinese at 8.1% vs 5.0% for the general population (p < 0.001), while it was lower in South Asians at 2.1% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chinese and South Asians in Ontario with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic were found to have a significant difference in their demographics, cardiac, and neurological outcomes.
P.068 Post-stroke orthoptic clinic assessment improves patient perceived quality of life
Authors: Hyndman J , Whelan K , Hunter G , Catton C , Goodkey R , Hillis K , Kleiter A , Orsak L , Racine M , Schreiner L , Taylor K , Vols R , Graham B
Published: June 2022

Background: Visual impairment can impact 70% of individuals who have experienced a stroke. Identification and remediation of visual impairments can improve overall function and perceived quality of life. Our project aimed to improve visual assessment and timely intervention for patients with post-stroke visual impairment (PSVI). Methods: We conducted a quality improvement initiative to create a standardized screening and referral process for patients with PSVI to access an orthoptist. Post-stroke visual impairment was identified using the Visual Screen Assessment (VISA) tool. Patients filled out a VFQ-25 questionnaire before and after orthoptic assessment, and differences between scores were evaluated. Results: Eighteen patients completed the VFQ-25 both before and after orthoptic assessment. Of the vision related constructs, there was a significant improvement in reported outcomes for general vision (M=56.9, SD=30.7; M=48.6, SD=16.0), p=0.002, peripheral vision (M=88.3, SD=16; M=75, SD=23.1), p= 0.027, ocular pain (M=97.2, SD=6.9; M=87.5, SD=21.4), p=0.022, near activities (M=82.4, SD=24.1; M=67.8, SD=25.6), p<0.001, social functioning (M=90.2, SD=19; M=78.5, SD=29.3), p=0.019, mental health (M=84.0, SD=25.9; M=70.5, SD=31.2), p=0.017, and role difficulties (M=84.7, SD=26.3; M=67.4, SD=37.9), p=0.005. Conclusions: Orthoptic assessments for those with PSVI significantly improved perceived quality of life in a numerous vision related constructs, suggesting it is a valuable part of a patient’s post-stroke recovery.
P.104 Beyond the hippocampus and the SVZ: adult neurogenesis throughout the brain
Authors: Jurkowski MP , Bettio L , Woo E , Patten A , Yau S , Gil-Mohapel J
Published: June 2022

Background: Adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. Recent evidence suggests that neurogenesis may also extend to other brain regions (hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala). Harnessing this intrinsic neurogenic potential may present a novel alternative for the replenishment of neurons lost in neurologic conditions. Methods: This descriptive review summarizes evidence supporting the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain, discusses the functional significance of these new neurons, and the potential clinical applications of promoting intrinsic neurogenesis. Results: Some studies suggest new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within novel neurogenic regions while others show the migration from the subventricular zone to these regions. Regardless, adult neurogenesis is impacted by neurologic processes such as ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases and can be modulated by factors including neurotrophins, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, exercise, and stem cell therapy. Conclusions: The discovery of functionally significant neurogenesis in adult brain regions has implications not only with regards to the function of these regions, but also for neuropathological conditions that affect them. Pharmacologic and stem cell-based strategies capable of promoting neurogenesis may have therapeutic potential following stroke or in the context of various neurodegenerative disorders.
P.176 Perioperative factors predict two year trajectories of pain and disability following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Authors: El-Mughayyar D , Adams T , Bigney E , Cunningham E , Richardson E , Attabib N , Abraham E , Manson N , Small C , Leroux A , Kolyvas G ,   Canadian Spine Society (), Hebert J
Published: June 2022

Background: A subset of patients experience poor outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Our study aimed to identify postoperative trajectories of disability, neck/arm pain and determine baseline measures that predict subgroup membership. Methods: Patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy undergoing ACDF are presented. Prognostic factors comprised demographic, health and surgery-related variables. Study outcomes were trajectories of neck disability index scores, numeric rating scales for neck/arm pain modeled with latent-class growth analysis. Associations were explored using robust Poisson models and reported with risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Patients (N = 352; mean (SD) age = 50.9(9.5) years, 43.8% female) identified trajectories for disability (excellent=45.3%,fair=39.2%,poor=15.5%),arm pain (excellent=24.5%,good=52.0%,poor=23.5%),and neck pain (excellent=13.7%,good=63.1%,poor=23.2%). Greater physical and mental health-related quality of life were associated with a reduced risk of poor outcome(per SD,0.40[0.30,0.53]-0.80[0.65,0.99]), while higher risk for depression (per SD, 1.36[1.12,1.65]-2.26[1.84,2.78]), longer wait time(per 90 days, 1.31[1.05,1.63]-1.64[1.20,2.24]), and longer procedure time (per 30 min,1.07[1.03,1.10]-1.08[1.05,1.12]) were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome for all outcomes. Poor disability was increased with self-reported depression(3.03[1.76,5.21]), greater neck-to-arm pain ratio (2.63 [1.28 to 5.40]), ASA score > 2(2.26[1.33,3.83]), and preoperative opiates (2.05[1.18,3.56]), while preoperative physiotherapy (0.51[0.30, 0.88]), spinal injections (0.48[0.23 to 0.98]), and regular exercise (0.44 [0.24, 0.79]) decreased risk. Receiving compensation and smoking were associated with poor outcome for neck pain. Remaining candidate prognostic factors were not associated with clinical outcome. Conclusions: Perioperative factors were shown to decrease risk of poor outcomes for pain and disability two years following ACDF.
GP.1 The genetic basis of multiple sclerosis severity
Authors: Harroud A ,   MultipleMS International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium
Published: June 2022

Background: The mechanisms underlying the severity and wide heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain poorly understood. A persistent challenge has been determining whether genetic variation influences these traits. Methods: In 12,584 people with MS (pwMS), we estimated the proportion of age-related MS severity score variance attributable to additive genetic variation (SNP-heritability). Then, we interrogated for enrichment in hundreds of tissues and cell types using gene expression annotations. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 7.8 million variants and attempted replication in an independent cohort of 9,805 pwMS. A subset of 8,325 pwMS was examined longitudinally over 54,113 visits. Results: We observed a 10% SNP-heritability for MS severity. In contrast to MS susceptibility, robust tissue-level enrichment was apparent in the brain and cervical spinal cord, but not in immune cells. We identified a novel MS severity locus (p<5×10−8) and confirmed this in the replicate population. The lead variant was associated with higher hazards of 6-month confirmed disability worsening (p=0.008) and faster EDSS worsening (p=0.002). Time to walking aid (EDSS 6.0) was 3.2 years earlier in homozygous risk carriers. Conclusions: This study identifies the first genetic modifier of MS progression, establishes the genetic contributions to its heterogeneity and describes a distinct genetic architecture from susceptibility.
A new Early Triassic brachiopod fauna from southern Tibet, China: Implications on brachiopod recovery and the late Smithian extinction in southern Tethys
Authors: Wang Fengyu , Chen Jing , Dai Xu , Song Haijun
Published: June 2022

Brachiopods suffered high levels of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis, and their diversity failed to return to Permian levels. In the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, brachiopods were extremely rare worldwide, especially in the southern hemisphere. Here, we report a new Early Triassic brachiopod fauna from the Selong section in southern Tibet, China. A new genus and three new species have been identified: Selongthyris plana Wang and Chen n. gen. n. sp., Piarorhynchella selongensis Wang and Chen n. sp., and Schwagerispira cheni Wang and Chen n. sp., which are typical. The ontogenies and internal structures of these three new species are described in detail. This brachiopod fauna corresponds to the Neospathodus pakistanensis and Neospathodus waageni conodont biozones and Kashmirites and Anasibirites ammonoid biozones, indicating a late Dienerian to late Smithian age. The post-extinction recovery of brachiopods in the Himalayas may have begun by the early Smithian of the Early Triassic. In addition, these species did not persist into the Spathian substage, suggesting that the newly evolved brachiopods in the southern Tethys were severely affected by the late Smithian extinction event.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/f8fc8ced-432c-41d2-8c6c-d17bca527109
A Dynamic Taylor’s law
Authors: De La Pena Victor , Doukhan Paul , Salhi Yahia
Published: June 2022

Taylor’s power law (or fluctuation scaling) states that on comparable populations, the variance of each sample is approximately proportional to a power of the mean of the population. The law has been shown to hold by empirical observations in a broad class of disciplines including demography, biology, economics, physics, and mathematics. In particular, it has been observed in problems involving population dynamics, market trading, thermodynamics, and number theory. In applications, many authors consider panel data in order to obtain laws of large numbers. Essentially, we aim to consider ergodic behaviors without independence. We restrict our study to stationary time series, and develop different Taylor exponents in this setting. From a theoretical point of view, there has been a growing interest in the study of the behavior of such a phenomenon. Most of these works focused on the so-called static Taylor’s law related to independent samples. In this paper we introduce a dynamic Taylor’s law for dependent samples using self-normalized expressions involving Bernstein blocks. A central limit theorem (CLT) is proved under either weak dependence or strong mixing assumptions for the marginal process. The limit behavior of the estimation involves a series of covariances, unlike the classic framework where the limit behavior involves the marginal variance. We also provide an asymptotic result for a goodness-of-fit procedure suitable for checking whether the corresponding dynamic Taylor’s law holds in empirical studies.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine: some readings from Italian newspapers (20 February–5 March 2022)
Authors: Lami Giulia , Sahota Simranjit Kaur
Published: June 2022

Over the last two years, the metaphor of war has often been used in Italy when discussing the fight against the pandemic, to describe the restrictions that have been introduced as a result, from lockdown to the Green Pass. Paradoxically, once the state of emergency ended, just as we were on the cusp of the long-awaited return to normality (to ‘peace’ in a sense), Russia's sudden invasion of Ukraine meant that war truly became part of Italians’ lives through the media. In this context, I have analysed the positions taken by the major Italian periodicals (Avvenire, Corriere della Sera, Il Fatto Quotidiano, Il Foglio, La Repubblica, La Stampa, Il Mattino di Napoli, Il Messaggero and Il Tempo di Roma) between 20 February and 5 March. What becomes clear through examination of the main articles is that the themes that would characterise the subsequent Italian debate – from a strategic, humanitarian, political, and economic point of view – were already present in the two weeks from the end of February to the beginning of March 2022.
Scientific knowledge and sexual advocacy: African publics, choiceless citizens and potential confounders
Authors: Raidoo Renugan
Published: June 2022

This article is concerned with science and sexuality, and the possibilities and pitfalls of using the former to change minds about the latter, taking as its main source of data a report released by the Academy of Science of South Africa in 2015,Diversity in Human Sexuality: implications for policy in Africa. I frame the report in terms of co-production – borrowed from science and technology studies – and a theory of publics – taken from literary criticism and queer theory. I first describe how science has played a role in recent queer politics before showing how the report intervenes by appealing to a particularly African public. Thereafter, I describe how the choosing agentive subject disappears in the report’s depiction of the legitimate sexual citizen. Such a framing of citizenship raises several possible problems, some of which I address in the final section. These are described as potential confounders inhibiting the success of the report, preventing effective co-production or the summoning of a public. The article’s goal is not to discredit the report; rather, in pointing out how the report might fall short of its goal, it is directed towards a more reflexive activism.
The interaction of macronutrients and body composition among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Goldsmith Jacob A. , Holman Matthew E. , Puri Puneet , Khalil Refka E. , Ennasr Areej N. , Gorgey Ashraf S.
Published: June 2022

Changes in body composition and dietary intake occur following spinal cord injury (SCI). The Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GFN) is a tool that allows the examination of the complex relationships between multiple nutrition factors and health parameters within a single model. This study aimed to utilize the GFN to examine the associations between self-reported macronutrient intakes and body composition in persons with chronic SCI. Forty-eight individuals with chronic SCI were recruited. Participants completed and returned 3- or 5-day self-reported dietary recall sheets. Dietary intake of macronutrients (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) were analysed. Anthropometric measures (circumferences), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to assess whlole-body composition. Associations between all circumference measures and carbohydrates were observed. Among MRI measures, only significant associations between subcutaneous adipose tissue and protein x carbohydrate as well as carbohydrates alone were identified. Carbohydrates were negatively associated with several measures of fat mass as measured by DXA. Overall, carbohydrates appear to play an important role in body composition among individuals with SCI. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with lower fat mass. Additional research is needed to determine how carbohydrate intake influences body composition and cardiometabolic health after SCI.
Old party, new tricks: candidates, parties, and LDP dominance in Japan
Authors: Hamzawi Jordan
Published: June 2022

In 2009, after decades of single party rule under the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Japan had its first taste of a real alteration of power. However, just 3 years later, the LDP regained control of government with no significant challenger in sight. Historically, LDP dominance is a common tale, but its resurgence in recent years poses a significant puzzle in Japanese politics. What exactly has contributed to the LDP's return to power? In the years that have passed, the LDP's strength has come from a combination of cash, clientelistic networks, and strong candidates, but recent research has found that Japanese politics has become more programmatic and party-focused. While LDP dominance since its return to power in 2012 can be attributed in part to its candidates, I find that the appeal of the party label has played a large role in securing the LDP's large majorities.
Silence is golden? Silences as strategic narratives in Central Asian states' response to the Ukrainian crisis
Authors: Dadabaev Timur , Sonoda Shigeto
Published: June 2022

In this article, we argue that Central Asian (CA) states' approach to the Ukrainian crisis should be defined as strategic silence. Such foreign policy reflects how CA's ideological and geographic factors and a shared information space, largely dominated by Russian and Russian-language media, facilitate the understanding of historical continuity among Russian and CA leaders. However, we also demonstrate that CA public officials' and general public's uses of strategic silence reflect the complicated reality of CA states. Their leaders and populations are cognizant of both their dependence on educational and labor opportunities in Russia and their necessity for postwar coexistence with Russia, China, and other states that are not sympathetic to the intentions of the European Union/USA in CA. Therefore, strategic silence is an approach for CA states to voice their disagreement with Russia's approach to Ukraine while avoiding being victimized by Russia and its allies for an openly anti-war stance.
Adventure Time
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: June 2022

In our July issue, we tell the tales of Earth and space scientists as they venture into the field and lab to gather critical data.
Plume‐Slab Interactions Can Shut Off Subduction
Authors: Heilman Erin , Becker Thorsten W.
Published: June 2022

Mantle plumes are typically considered secondary features of mantle convection, yet their surface effects over Earth's evolution may have been significant. We use 2‐D convection models to show that mantle plumes can in fact cause the termination of a subduction zone. This extreme case of plume‐slab interaction is found when the slab is readily weakened, for example, by damage‐type rheology, and the subducting slab is young. We posit that this mechanism may be relevant, particularly for the early Earth, and a subdued version of these plume‐slab interactions may remain relevant for modern subduction zones. Such core‐mantle boundary–surface interactions may be behind some of the complexity of tomographically imaged mantle structures, for example, in South America. More generally, plume “talk back” to subduction zones may make plate tectonics more episodic.
Representation: raising awareness of opportunities and skill development with undergraduate dental students
Authors: Wakeling Luisa , Blaylock Paul , Harper Matthew , Trevor Miranda , Murphy Holly , Barton Joe , Bateman Heidi
Published: June 2022

Representatives for dentists are required for many governing committees, local and national, that contribute to many aspects of the profession related to politics, the workplace, education, or community-building. Developing skills as a representative can begin as an undergraduate in student representation systems as part of UK university governance structures. At one UK dental institution, there was a plan to explore the learning and skill development of current student representatives, review the training, identify any areas where there were gaps or where they should be strengthened, and consider whether a new training programme could be developed. Training gaps in the representation process and preference for peer mentoring in training were identified as students acknowledged learning 'on the job' through observation of experienced peers. Current representation training also fell short of highlighting the relevance to their future dental profession. Staff and students co-designed a bespoke programme of training to help students develop their representation skills, as well as align them to the development of professional skills which were determined to be relevant for their future dental career.
Pentraxin 3 regulated by miR-224-5p modulates macrophage reprogramming and exacerbates osteoarthritis associated synovitis by targeting CD32
Authors: Yin Jianbin , Zeng Hua , Fan Kai , Xie Haoyu , Shao Yan , Lu Yuheng , Zhu Jinjian , Yao Zihao , Liu Liangliang , Zhang Hongbo , Luo Bingsheng , Wang Xinjie , Zeng Chun , Bai Xiaochun , Zhang Haiyan , Cai Daozhang
Published: June 2022

Emerging evidence has shown an imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage polarization to play an essential role in osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, the underlying mechanistic basis for this polarization is unknown. RNA sequencing of OA M1-polarized macrophages found highly expressed levels of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), suggesting a role for PTX3 in OA occurrence and development. Herein, PTX3 was found to be increased in the synovium and articular cartilage of OA patients and OA mice. Intra-articular injection of PTX3 aggravated, while PTX3 neutralization reversed synovitis and cartilage degeneration. No metabolic disorder or proteoglycan loss were observed in cartilage explants when treated with PTX3 alone. However, cartilage explants exhibited an OA phenotype when treated with culture supernatants of macrophages stimulated with PTX3, suggesting that PTX3 did not have a direct effect on chondrocytes. Therefore, the OA anti-chondrogenic effects of PTX3 are primarily mediated through macrophages. Mechanistically, PTX3 was upregulated by miR-224-5p deficiency, which activated the p65/NF-κB pathway to promote M1 macrophage polarization by targeting CD32. CD32 was expressed by macrophages, that when stimulated with PTX3, secreted abundant pro-inflammation cytokines that induced severe articular cartilage damage. The paracrine interaction between macrophages and chondrocytes produced a feedback loop that enhanced synovitis and cartilage damage. The findings of this study identified a functional pathway important to OA development. Blockade of this pathway and PTX3 may prevent and treat OA.
A structural and functional subdivision in central orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Wang Maya Zhe , Hayden Benjamin Y. , Heilbronner Sarah R.
Published: June 2022

Economic choice requires many cognitive subprocesses, including stimulus detection, valuation, motor output, and outcome monitoring; many of these subprocesses are associated with the central orbitofrontal cortex (cOFC). Prior work has largely assumed that the cOFC is a single region with a single function. Here, we challenge that unified view with convergent anatomical and physiological results from rhesus macaques. Anatomically, we show that the cOFC can be subdivided according to its much stronger (medial) or weaker (lateral) bidirectional anatomical connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). We call these subregions cOFCm and cOFCl, respectively. These two subregions have notable functional differences. Specifically, cOFCm shows enhanced functional connectivity with PCC, as indicated by both spike-field coherence and mutual information. The cOFCm-PCC circuit, but not the cOFCl-PCC circuit, shows signatures of relaying choice signals from a non-spatial comparison framework to a spatially framed organization and shows a putative bidirectional mutually excitatory pattern.
Decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal synthesis of carbon sub-micron spheres from cellulose
Authors: Yu Shijie , Dong Xinyue , Zhao Peng , Luo Zhicheng , Sun Zhuohua , Yang Xiaoxiao , Li Qinghai , Wang Lei , Zhang Yanguo , Zhou Hui
Published: June 2022

The temperature and pressure of the hydrothermal process occurring in a batch reactor are typically coupled. Herein, we develop a decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal system that can heat the cellulose at a constant pressure, thus lowering the degradation temperature of cellulose significantly and enabling the fast production of carbon sub-micron spheres. Carbon sub-micron spheres can be produced without any isothermal time, much faster compared to the conventional hydrothermal process. High-pressure water can help to cleave the hydrogen bonds in cellulose and facilitate dehydration reactions, thus promoting cellulose carbonization at low temperatures. A life cycle assessment based on a conceptual biorefinery design reveals that this technology leads to a substantial reduction in carbon emissions when hydrochar replacing fuel or used for soil amendment. Overall, the decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal treatment in this study provides a promising method to produce sustainable carbon materials from cellulose with a carbon-negative effect.
Chain flexibility of medicinal lipids determines their selective partitioning into lipid droplets
Authors: Son So-Hee , Park Gyuri , Lim Junho , Son Chang Yun , Oh Seung Soo , Lee Ju Young
Published: June 2022

In guiding lipid droplets (LDs) to serve as storage vessels that insulate high-value lipophilic compounds in cells, we demonstrate that chain flexibility of lipids determines their selective migration in intracellular LDs. Focusing on commercially important medicinal lipids with biogenetic similarity but structural dissimilarity, we computationally and experimentally validate that LD remodeling should be differentiated between overproduction of structurally flexible squalene and that of rigid zeaxanthin and β-carotene. In molecular dynamics simulations, worm-like flexible squalene is readily deformed to move through intertwined chains of triacylglycerols in the LD core, whereas rod-like rigid zeaxanthin is trapped on the LD surface due to a high free energy barrier in diffusion. By designing yeast cells with either much larger LDs or with a greater number of LDs, we observe that intracellular storage of squalene significantly increases with LD volume expansion, but that of zeaxanthin and β-carotene is enhanced through LD surface broadening; as visually evidenced, the outcomes represent internal penetration of squalene and surface localization of zeaxanthin and β-carotene. Our study shows the computational and experimental validation of selective lipid migration into a phase-separated organelle and reveals LD dynamics and functionalization.