bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies Enabled by Microelectromechanical System Technology
Authors: Zhang M. , Olson E.A. , Twesten R.D. , Wen J.G. , Allen L.H. , Robertson I.M. , Petrov I.
Published: July 2005

We have designed and fabricated a standardized specimen holder that allows the operation of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The details of the design and fabrication processes of the holder are presented. The sample loading mechanism is simple and allows reliable electrical contact to eight signal lines on the device. Using a MEMS-based, nanojoule calorimeter, we performed rapid-heating experiments on Bi nanoparticles to demonstrate the functionality of the holder. We show that the heat capacity can be measured simultaneously with TEM observations. The size-dependent melting of Bi nanoparticles was observed simultaneously by nanocalorimetry and selected area diffraction measurements. We believe this approach will open up new experimental pathways to researchers, combining the speed and resolution of transmission electron microscopy with the flexibility, precision, and compactness of MEMS-based sensors and actuators.
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Nanoindentation Studies of Phase Transformation and Pseudoelasticity of Shape-memory Titanium-nickel Films
Authors: Ma X.-G. , Komvopoulos K.
Published: July 2005

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoindentation, both with in situ heating capability, and electrical resistivity measurements were used to investigate phase transformation phenomena and thermomechanical behavior of shape-memory titanium-nickel (TiNi) films. The mechanisms responsible for phase transformation in the nearly equiatomic TiNi films were revealed by heating and cooling the samples inside the TEM vacuum chamber. Insight into the deformation behavior of the TiNi films was obtained from the nanoindentation response at different temperatures. A transition from elastic-plastic to pseudoelastic deformation of the martensitic TiNi films was encountered during indentation and heating. In contrast to the traditional belief, the martensitic TiNi films exhibited a pseudoelastic behavior during nanoindentation within a specific temperature range. This unexpected behavior is interpreted in terms of the evolution of martensitic variants and changes in the mobility of the twinned structures in the martensitic TiNi films, observed with the TEM during in situ heating.
High-voltage Transmission Electron Microscope in situ Study on Dislocation Motion in Decagonal Al–Ni–Co Single Quasicrystals
Authors: Bartsch Martin , Schall Peter , Feuerbacher Michael , Messerschmidt Ulrich
Published: July 2005

Decagonal single quasicrystals of the composition Al70Ni15Co15have been deformed in situ in a high-voltage transmission electron microscope at 730 °C along the 10-fold periodic axis to directly observe the dislocation motion. The deformation is carried by stress-assisted climb of dislocations with periodic Burgers vectors. These dislocations may also glide and move by a combination of glide and climb. Dislocations with Burgers vectors with components in the periodic and quasiperiodic directions probably move under the action of a chemical force. The observations are interpreted by a model established by P. Schall et al. under consideration of the activation parameters of macroscopic deformation and by analogies with the behavior of icosahedral quasicrystals.
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Crystallization of Fast-growth Doped SbxTe Alloy Films
Authors: Kooi Bart J. , Pandian R. , De Hosson J.Th.M. , Pauza Andrew
Published: July 2005

Crystallization of amorphous thin films composed of doped SbxTe with x = 3.0, 3.6, and 4.2 and constant dopant level was studied by in situ heating in a transmission electron microscopy. Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit 20-nm-thick films sandwiched between two types of 3-nm-thick dielectric layers on 25-nm-thick silicon-nitride membranes. One type of dielectric layer consists of ZnS–SiO2 (ZSO), the other of GeCrN (GCN). Crystallization was studied for temperatures in-between 150 and 190 °C. The type of dielectric layer turned out to strongly influence the crystallization process. Not only did the nucleation rate appear to depend sensitively on the dielectric layer type, but also the growth rate. The velocity of the crystalline/amorphous interface is about 5 times higher for the x = 4.2 film than for the x = 3.0 film if ZSO is used. In case of GCN, the interface velocity is about 2 times higher for the x = 4.2 film than for the x = 3.0 film. The activation energy for crystal growth is not significantly dependent on the Sb/Te ratio but is clearly different for ZSO and GCN—2.9 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. The incubation time for the crystal nuclei formation is longer for ZSO than for GCN. Although the effects of the Sb/Te ratio and the dielectric layer type on the growth rates are strong, their effects on the nucleation rate are even more pronounced. A higher Sb/Te ratio results in a lower nucleation rate and the use of GCN instead of ZSO leads to higher nucleation rates.
Melting Behavior of Copper Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Onion-like Carbon Cages
Authors: Schaper Andreas K. , Phillipp Fritz , Hou Haoqing
Published: July 2005

Nanoparticulate materials are promising objects for studying the processes that triggermelting of solids. On a pyrolytic route, we successfully encapsulated 20–60 nm diameter Cu nanocrystals within multilayer graphitic carbon spheres. In situ electron microscope observations of the melting and displacement of the encapsulated Cu nanocrystals at temperatures up to 1175 K have provided clear evidence of the process of surface melting and its dependence on the quality of the metal/carbon interface. Detection of crystal defects inside the Cu particles during melting and vaporization has proved that the metal phase maintains its solid crystalline state in the particle center. Indications of the influence of surface anisotropy on the melting behavior were obtained. The carbon cages as a whole remained unchanged during the observations.
Local Strains Measured in Al Lines During Thermal Cycling and Electromigration Using Convergent-beam Electron Diffraction
Authors: Nucci J. , Krämer S. , Arzt E. , Volkert C.A.
Published: July 2005

In situ local measurement of sub-threshold strains generated during the electromigration of a 0.3-μm-wide Al interconnect was performed for the first time using convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thermal strains were also analyzed and provided verification for the electromigration analysis. Spatially averaged strains resulting from thermal cycling and electromigration quantitatively agree with models and data from previous studies. However, the local strains exhibited variations as large as 2 × 10−3. After eliminating other possible mechanisms, the strain inhomogeneity is attributed to local plasticity through source-limited dislocation activity.
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Toughening Mechanisms in Ultra-fine Grained Columnar Aluminum Thin Films
Authors: Hattar K. , Han J. , Saif M.T.A. , Robertson I.M.
Published: July 2005

A unique straining device, fabricated using microlithographic techniques, has been developed to permit real-time investigation in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) of the deformation and failure mechanisms in ultrafine-grained aluminum. The tensile specimen is a freestanding thin film with a columnar microstructure that has a uniform cross-section (100 × 0.125 μm) and a gauge length of 300 μm. In situ TEM straining experiments show the fracture mode is intergranular with no accompanying general plasticity. Propagating cracks were halted at large grains, and crack blunting occurred through grain-boundary-mediated processes. The blunting process was accompanied by dislocation emission and deformation twinning in the grain responsible for arresting the crack. Voids or microcracks nucleated and grew on grain boundaries ahead of the arrested crack, and crack advance occurred through linkage of the microcracks and the primary crack.
High-temperature in situ Cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of Crystallization Process of Yttrium-stabilized Zirconia/Si and Yttrium-stabilized Zirconia/SiOx/Si Thin Films
Authors: Kiguchi Takanori , Wakiya Naoki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Mizutani Nobuyasu
Published: July 2005

The crystallization process of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) gate dielectrics deposited on p-Si (001) and SiOx/p-Si(001) substrates and the growth process of SiOx has been investigated directly using high-temperature in situ cross-sectional view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method and high-temperature plan-view in-situ TEM method. The YSZ layer is crystallized by the nucleation and growth mechanism at temperatures greater than 573 K. Nucleation originates from the film surface. Nucleation occurs randomly in the YSZ layer. Subsequently, the crystallized YSZ area strains the Si surface. Finally, it grows in the in-plane direction with the strain, whereas, if a SiOx layer of 1.4 nm exists, it absorbs the crystallization strain. Thereby, an ultrathin SiOx layer can relax the strain generated in the Si substrate in thin film crystallization process.
Role of Interface Boundaries in the Deformation Behavior of TiAl Polysynthetically Twinned Crystal: In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Deformation Study
Authors: Pyo Sung G. , Kim Nack J.
Published: July 2005

To understand the role of boundaries in the deformation behavior of TiAl, in situ straining experiments in transmission electron microscopy have been performed on thin foils of polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystal of Ti–49.3 at.% Al. The deformation behavior of PST TiAl is anisotropic, depending on the angle between the lamellar boundaries and the straining axes. For L-orientation, deformation twins and ordinary dislocations transmit across the true-twin (TT) boundaries but are reflected at the pseudo-twin (PT) and rotational order-fault (RO) boundaries. For transverse (T) orientation, deformation twins are transmitted across all TT, PT, and RO boundaries. For I-orientation, shear deformation occurs parallel to the lamellar boundaries. There is a transmission of deformation across the interphase (IP) boundary in longitudinal orientation, but deformation is blocked and reflected at the IP boundary in T-orientation. The role of the various types of boundaries in localized deformation behavior was evaluated by considering Schmid factors and geometric compatibility factors.
Initial Oxidation Kinetics of Cu(100), (110), and (111) Thin Films Investigated by in Situ Ultra-high-vacuum Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhou Guangwen , Yang Judith C.
Published: July 2005

The initial oxidation stages of Cu(100), (110), and (111) surfaces have been investigated by using in situ ultra-high-vacuum transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques to visualize the nucleation and growth of oxide islands. The kinetic data on the nucleation and growth of oxide islands shows a highly enhanced initial oxidation rate on the Cu(110) surface as compared with Cu(100), and it is found that the dominant mechanism for the nucleation and growth is oxygen surface diffusion in the oxidation of Cu(100) and (110). The oxidation of Cu(111) shows a dramatically different behavior from that of the other two orientations, and the in situ TEM observation reveals that the initial stages of Cu(111) oxidation are dominated by the nucleation of oxide islands at temperatures lower than 550 °C, and are dominated by two-dimensional oxide growth at temperatures higher than 550 °C. This dependence of the oxidation behavior on the crystal orientation and temperature is attributed to the structures of the oxygen-chemisorbed layer, oxygen surface diffusion, surface energy, and the interfacial strain energy.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation on the Electron-stimulated Oxidation of Iron Nitrides by 2-MeV Electron Irradiation
Authors: Liu Z.Q. , Hashimoto H. , Sakata T. , Mori H. , Song M. , Mitsuishi K. , Furuya K.
Published: July 2005

An iron nitride sample was irradiated by 2-MeV electrons intermittently for 2100 s with a dose rate of 6.3 × 1024 e.m.−2 s−1 inside a 3-MV high-voltage transmission electron microscope. The electron-stimulated oxidation of Fe4N and Fe2–3N was investigated in situ and ex situ using conventional transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy. It was found that both Fe4N and Fe2–3N nitrides were oxidized by the residual gas in the vacuum chamber to form Fe3O4 oxides. The orientation relationship between Fe4N (γ′) and Fe3O4 (o) was (110)γ′//(220)o, [001]γ′//[001]o, and that between Fe2–3N (ϵ) and Fe3O4 (o) was (110)ϵ//(−220)o, [1–11]ϵ//[001]o. Crystal lattice deformation from iron nitride to iron oxide took place during the dynamic oxidation process. Structural models were proposed to understand the oxide formation, and the models were confirmed by experimental observations. The irradiation effects of Fe4N and Fe2–3N crystals were compared. The results show that Fe4N is more sensitive than Fe2–3N to electron irradiation. These results are important not only for the fabrication of insulating iron oxide film, but also in the field of the surface modification of iron nitride to improve its mechanical properties.
An Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope for in situ Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials
Authors: Sharma Renu
Published: July 2005

The world of nanomaterials has become the real world for most applications in the area of nanotechnology. As postsynthesis handling of materials at the nanoscale level is impractical, nanomaterials must be synthesized directly as part of a device or circuit. The demands of nanotechnology have led to modifications in the design of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) that enable in situ synthesis and characterization simultaneously. The environmental TEM (ETEM) is one such modified instrument that has often been used to follow gas–solid and/or liquid–solid interactions at elevated temperatures. Although the history and development of the ETEM, also called the controlled atmosphere or environmental cell TEM, is as old as transmission electron microscopy itself, developments in the design of medium-voltage TEMs have succeeded in bringing resolutions down to the subnanometer level. A modern ETEM equipped with a field-emission gun, energy filter or electron energy-loss spectrometer, scanning transmission electron microscopy coils, and bright-field and dark-field detectors can be a versatile tool for understanding chemical processes at the nanometer level. This article reviews the design and operations of a dedicated ETEM. Its applications range from the in situ characterization of reaction steps, such as oxidation-reduction and hydroxylation, to the in situ synthesis of nanomaterials, such as quantum dots and carbon nanotubes. Some examples of the current and the future applications for the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials are also discussed.
Potential impact of dare county landfills on Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge
Authors: Winger Parley V. , Lasier Peter J. , Augspurger Tom
Published: July 2005

Runoff of leachate from East Lake and Dare County Construction and Demolition Debris landfills has the potential to impact wildlife resources at Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, Dare and Hyde Counties, North Carolina. Sediment quality of samples collected in August 2000 at 14 locations down-gradient from the landfills was assessed by measuring metal and organic contaminants in the sediments, chronic toxicity of solid-phase sediment (28-d static-renewal exposures; survival and growth as test endpoints) and acute toxicity of sediment porewater (96-h static exposures) to Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda). In addition, contaminant bioaccumulation from 4 sediments was determined using 28-d exposures of Lumbriculus variegatus (freshwater oligochaete). Although survival was not impaired, length of H. azteca was significantly reduced in sediments from 5 locations. Pore water from 4 locations was acutely toxic to H. azteca. Metals and a few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were bioaccumulated by L variegatus from the sediments. Several metals and PAHs exceeded sediment quality guidelines, and metals in porewater from several sites exceeded water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic wildlife. Runoff of leachate from the landfills has reduced sediment quality and has the potential to adversely affect wildlife resources at Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge.
The Impact of mining activities on mongolia's protected areas: A status report with policy recommendations
Authors: Farrington John D.
Published: July 2005

Mongolia's protected areas cover 20.5 million ha or 13.1 % of its national territory. Existing and proposed protected areas, however, are threatened by mining. Mining impacts on Mongolia's protected areas are diverse and include licensed and unlicensed mineral activities in protected areas, buffer zone disturbance, and prevention of the establishment of proposed protected areas. Review of United States, Canadian, and Australian policies revealed 9 basic approaches to resolving conflicts between protected areas and mining. Four approaches suitable for Mongolia are granting land trades and special dispensations in exchange for mineral licenses in protected areas; granting protected status to all lapsed mineral licenses in protected areas; voluntary forfeiting of mineral licenses in protected areas in exchange for positive corporate publicity; and prohibiting all new mineral activities in existing and proposed protected areas. Mining is Mongolia's most important industry, however, and the long-term benefits of preserving Mongolia's natural heritage must be considered and weighed against the economic benefits and costs of mining activities.
Two simple algorithms for refining mammalian receptor selection in ecological risk assessments
Authors: Tannenbaum Lawrence V.
Published: July 2005

Although guidelines exist for selecting appropriate ecological receptors for risk assessments at contaminated sites, it can be demonstrated that many of the mammals commonly evaluated are spatially irrelevant. Terrestrial risk assessments could be simplified and made more efficient, though, if mammals that are initially considered were screened for their spatial relevance. This article presents 2 simple algorithms that each demonstrate that most mammalian receptors are not spatially relevant for the overwhelming majority of hazardous waste and other contaminated sites. The algorithms use readily available and curiously overlooked spatial distribution (e.g., animal density) information and suggest that contaminated sites need to be 80 to 100 acres in size to justify the inclusion of most mammalian receptors. Given that hazardous waste sites are generally much smaller than this, many ecological risk assessments (ERA) could reasonably dispense with incorporating mammals entirely. An awareness on the part of decision makers and risk managers of the nonsuitability of many mammalian receptors evaluated in terrestrial ERAs could significantly impact the perceived need to monitor or remediate sites. This article also examines the anticipated challenges of regulators and other decision makers when entertaining the notion of a spatial relevance screen for mammals.
A Decision-Making Framework for Sediment Contamination
Authors: Chapman Peter M. , Anderson Janette
Published: July 2005

A decision-making framework for determining whether or not contaminated sediments are polluted is described. This framework is intended to be sufficiently prescriptive to standardize the decision-making process but without using “cook book” assessments. It emphasizes 4 guidance “rules”: (1) sediment chemistry data are only to be used alone for remediation decisions when the costs of further investigation outweigh the costs of remediation and there is agreement among all stakeholders to act; (2) remediation decisions are based primarily on biology; (3) lines of evidence (LOE), such as laboratory toxicity tests and models that contradict the results of properly conducted field surveys, are assumed incorrect; and (4) if the impacts of a remedial alternative will cause more environmental harm than good, then it should not be implemented. Sediments with contaminant concentrations below sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) that predict toxicity to less than 5% of sediment-dwelling infauna and that contain no quantifiable concentrations of substances capable of biomagnifying are excluded from further consideration, as are sediments that do not meet these criteria but have contaminant concentrations equal to or below reference concentrations. Biomagnification potential is initially addressed by conservative (worst case) modeling based on benthos and sediments and, subsequently, by additional food chain data and more realistic assumptions. Toxicity (acute and chronic) and alterations to resident communities are addressed by, respectively, laboratory studies and field observations. The integrative decision point for sediments is a weight of evidence (WOE) matrix combining up to 4 main LOE: chemistry, toxicity, community alteration, and biomagnification potential. Of 16 possible WOE scenarios, 6 result in definite decisions, and 10 require additional assessment. Typically, this framework will be applied to surficial sediments. The possibility that deeper sediments may be uncovered as a result of natural or other processes must also be investigated and may require similar assessment.
Flavor and Sensory Aspects
Authors: Malcolmson Linda J.
Published: July 2005

Sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline that uses humans to measure the acceptability and sensory properties of food and other materials. Sensory properties important in food products include attributes of appearance, odor, taste, and texture. The use of humans as measuring devices is necessary because only humans can define what is “acceptable,” and in many cases, no instrumental or chemical method can adequately measure or replicate the human response. For this reason, sensory evaluation is a vital component in any quality assessment program. In such programs, sensory evaluation can be used to monitor product quality; determine effects of alternative processing, ingredients, or formulations; evaluate packaging; and determine product shelf life.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Oils
Authors: Kapoor Rakesh , Reaney Martin , Westcott Neil D.
Published: July 2005

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a name given to a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid having conjugated double bonds. Depending on the position and cis‐trans‐configuration of conjugated double bonds, 54 isomers are possible, of which 14 isomers have been identified in commercial products. CLA was first produced in 1935 via alkali treatment of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils. The early research used CLA mainly as a marker for the study of fat metabolism because of its high UV absorbency compared with nonconjugated fat. From the 1980's, the research interest has increased in its biological properties, particularly its role in cancer, diabetes, and fat metabolism regulation. The present chapter discusses the metabolism, uses, method of production, and analysis of CLA.
Storage, Handling, and Transport of Oils and Fats
Authors: List Gary R. , Wang Tong , Shukla Vijai K.S.
Published: July 2005

This chapter deals with problems involved in treating the vegetable oils at every aspect of production and highlights the sources of errors and how to rectify these with proper management. All attempts should be made to produce the final product with extremely limited destruction, thus keeping the active ingredients and still providing the freshness of the product to be used as ingredient in the food chain. Modern processing technologies provide foods with consistent quality and hygiene. Newer technologies will help to create much cleaner raw materials, thus avoiding the application of complicated processing methods. Thus, foods should be manufactured with simple, greener technologies rather than the complicated chemical technologies as used in the early days.
Novel Separation Techniques for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Oil By‐Products
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Wanasundara P. K. J. P. D. , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: July 2005

Although TAGs are the predominant molecular form of edible fats and oils, it might be necessary to subject them to separation according to their chemical composition or to modify them in different ways.

Principles of separating fatty acids are based on specific properties of each acid or acid group. Two major properties (vapor pressure and melting point difference) are used in developing separation techniques. The vapor pressure of a mixture of fatty acids varies significantly with the chain length of fatty acids involved, which is used in fractional distillation as a means of separating short‐ and long‐chain fatty acids. However, vapor pressure does not change much with the degree of unsaturation. In the other method, the melting point of fatty acids changes considerably with the degree of unsaturation, which could be used to separate a mixture of fatty acids into saturated and unsaturated components. By changing the temperature of the mixture, fatty acids can be separated according to the degree of unsaturation at their respective crystallization temperature.
Diacylglycerols
Authors: Flickinger Brent D. , Matsuo Noburo
Published: July 2005

Diacylglycerols (DAG) are natural components of various edible oils. Typically, the level of DAG in edible oils is below 5% of total oil; however, several edible oils have levels above 5%. Also, DAG have been used as emulsifiers for use in food systems, particularly baked goods, and are approved as such. Human consumption of DAG has been estimated at 3 g per day.

The following review focuses on experimental data supporting different metabolic characteristics of 1,3‐DAG or DAG oil containing 1,3‐DAG. Relevant areas of observed differences between 1,3‐DAG/DAG oil and TAG/TAG oil metabolism include postprandial lipid metabolism and use of macronutrient fuels. Observations from animal and human experimental data are included.
Fats and Oils in Feedstuffs and Pet Foods
Authors: Lusas Edmund E. , Riaz Mian N.
Published: July 2005

Fats and oils are used for many purposes in animal feeds and pet foods, including the following:

Increasing caloric density of feeds (by about 2.25 times that of similar dry weights of proteins or carbohydrates).

Improving feed palatability and appearance.

Reducing total feed intake, increasing feed efficiency, and minimizing feed costs.

Increasing blood glycogen levels and endurance in working animals like horses and sled dogs.

Lowering the heat of reaction during digestion and metabolism—important for comfort and productivity of large animals in hot weather.

Delaying digestion of feedstuffs beyond the rumen by use of inert forms of fats and coatings.

Providing needed molecular structures through dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) and phospholipids.

Improving appearance of skin and hair, and prevention of dermatitis.

Modifying fatty acid profiles in “designer food” animal products.

Carrying fat‐soluble vitamins and color compounds.

Binding heat‐sensitive flavorings, vitamins, medications, and “instant gravy” mixes to pet foods and feeds after extrusion or drying.

Improving dispersion of dry mixes, e.g., lecithin in calf milk replacers.

Preventing segregation of mixed feeds.

Reducing dustiness of feeds and feeding operations and of grain elevator dust.

Lubricating feed processing machinery.
Edible Films and Coatings from Soybean and Other Protein Sources
Authors: Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Eswaranandam S.
Published: July 2005

Biobased materials, which are diverse in nature, chemistry, and properties, expand the possibilities to tailor‐made edible films for food industries. Film formation is a result of polymerization of unfolded proteins by disulfide and hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Plasticizers can increase chain mobility and are necessary to produce protein or polysaccharide‐based films to have flexibility and mechanical strength for handling. Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids with one or more OH group also have a plasticizing effect on films. Edible films are produced by dry processing by extrusion and by wet processing by casting film‐forming solution. Homogenous thin films with uniform thickness can be cast with a Drawdown instrument. Viscosity can be used to optimize the film‐forming solution. Color characteristics of the film can be affected by addition of chemicals, heat curing, and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. Mechanical strength of the film can be improved by cross‐linking of the polymers by means of UV/γ radiation. Edible films should have adequate mechanical strength and extensibility to maintain integrity and withstand physical stress. Protein films are excellent gas barriers but poor moisture barriers because of their hydrophilic nature. Edible film can be tailored to incorporate antimicrobials, antioxidants, phytonutrients, nutraceuticals, nutrients, flavors, colors, and food additives. These areas need extensive research.
Interstitial deletion in 3q in a patient with blepharophimosis‐ptosis‐epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and microcephaly, mild mental retardation and growth delay: Clinical report and review of the literature
Authors: de Ru M.H. , Gille J.J.P. , Nieuwint A.W.M. , Bijlsma J.B. , van der Blij J.F. , van Hagen J.M.
Published: July 2005

We present a boy with blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, microcephaly, mild mental retardation, and growth delay. Chromosomal analysis revealed a male karyotype with an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 3. DNA‐analysis showed that the deletion is of maternal origin and encompasses the region between markers D3S1535 and D3S1593. The deletion contains not only theFOXL2gene, but also the gene encoding ataxia‐telangiectasia and Rad3‐related protein (ATR). Mutations inFOXL2have been shown to cause blepharophimosis‐ptosis‐epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES).ATRhas been identified as a candidate gene for Seckel syndrome, an autosomal recessive syndrome that comprises growth retardation, microcephaly, and mental retardation. We hypothesize that our patient has a contiguous gene syndrome and that the non‐BPES‐associated abnormalities (microcephaly, mild mental retardation, and growth delay) are the result of the deletion of the maternalATRgene. However, it has not yet been excluded that haploinsufficiency of some other gene in this region plays a role. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of arthritis characteristics in lowland Gorilla gorilla and mountain Gorilla beringei
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Rühli Frank J.
Published: July 2005

Gorilla gorilla and the less‐studied G. beringei occupy very different, geographically separate habitats. We studied the occurrence of various forms of arthritis to examine possible nature/nurture causality. The macerated skeletons of 38 G. beringei and 99 G. gorilla individuals were examined macroscopically for the presence of articular and osseous pathologies. Contrasting with only isolated osteoarthritis and infectious arthritis was the frequent occurrence of a form of erosive arthritis associated with joint fusion. Twenty‐one percent of the G. beringei and 20% of G. gorilla specimens were afflicted, which are statistically indistinguishable frequencies. While both had prominent axial disease, they differed in patterns of peripheral arthritis. Whereas G. beringei showed a pauciarticular pattern, the pattern in G. gorilla was more often polyarticular. Susceptibility to spondyloarthropathy was apparently genetically imprinted before Gorilla separated into G. gorilla and G. beringei. However, the different patterns of peripheral joint involvement suggest a causality resulting from lifestyle (e.g., the presence/absence or extent of knuckle walking) or a habitat‐related infectious agent. Am. J. Primatol. 66:205–218, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal care and development of stress responses in baboons
Authors: Bardi Massimo , Bode Anne E. , Ramirez Stephanie M. , Brent Linda Y.
Published: July 2005

The ability to mount a successful response to threats is critical for an organism's survival. A key element of the stress response is its nonspecificity toward the stress source, with similar endocrine and behavioral changes expected under a variety of stressors. In this project we utilized an experimental design that accounts for multiple sources of variation to further understand the nature of stress responsivity and its relationship to the early rearing environment. A sample of baboons (n=73) was observed during the early phase of life in their social group, and then tested as juveniles in a challenging situation. Maternal cortisol levels were measured during the peripartum period. The challenging situation (individuals were isolated for a few minutes in a single cage) was designed to be a moderate source of psychological stress. Patterns in individual differences during the stress test were “mapped” by means of multidimensional scaling (MDS). After the observation was made, the subject was sedated and a blood sample was taken to measure cortisol levels. Our results indicate that when juvenile baboons are confronted with a source of psychological stress, they show a multidimensional behavioral response, probably mediated by the activation and synergic interaction among different neurohormonal systems that, ultimately, act on the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Different components of the multidimensional, or nonspecific, behavioral response are associated with the quality and quantity of interactions with their mothers during early life. Juveniles whose mothers displayed higher levels of positive interaction were characterized by vigilant but less active reactions to the stress test, whereas juveniles of mothers that displayed high levels of stress‐related behaviors had higher cortisol and locomotion levels. Am. J. Primatol. 66:263–278, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a novel perfluorooctylated polyacrylate and its application on cotton fabrics
Authors: Jiang Wan‐Chao , Meng Wei‐Dong , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: July 2005

A perfluorooctylated acrylate monomer (FAC) containing a urethane linkage was synthesized, and fluorinated polymers [perfluorooctylated polyacrylate (PFAC)] were obtained from the copolymerization of FAC with other acrylate monomers by emulsion polymerization. The size of the emulsion particles was about 40–60 nm. PFAC was applied to cotton fabrics by a pad–dry–cure process. The treated fabrics that were dried at 100°C after being washed showed good water and oil repellency: the water repellency rating and the oil repellency rating were 100 and 5, respectively. Those dried at room temperature also showed water and oil repellency: the water repellency rating was 70 and the oil repellency rating was 3. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 222–226, 2005
Perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer electrolyte
Authors: Jiajia Shao , Xiaohui Yang , Yunhang Liu , Xinling Wang
Published: July 2005

A perfluoroalkyl‐terminated multiarm star polymer (perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol) was synthesized and characterized on the basis of perfluorooctanoyl chloride grafting on hyperbranched polyglycerol. The conductivity of a blend of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer and linear poly(ether urethane) was studied. The results indicated that this blend had better solvating capability in salt and higher ionic conductivity. The conductivity of the blend was 2.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60°C when the concentration of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol was 30 wt % and the ethylene oxide (EO)/Li ratio was 4 in the blend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 238–242, 2005
Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes for pervaporation separation of ethanol/water solution
Authors: Wei Yong‐Ming , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Qusay F. Alsalhy , Wu Kai
Published: July 2005

Polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes were spun by phase‐inversion method from 29 wt % solids of 29 : 65 : 6 PSF/NMP/glycerol and 29 : 64 : 7 PSF/DMAc/glycol using 93.5 : 6.5 NMP/water and 94.5 : 5.5 DMAc/water as bore fluids, respectively, while the external coagulant was water. Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared after PSF hollow fiber membranes were coated using different PVA aqueous solutions, which were composed of PVA, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9), maleic acid (MAC), and water. Two coating methods (dip coating and vacuum coating) and different heat treatments were discussed. The effects of hollow fiber membrane treatment methods, membrane structures, ethanol solution temperatures, and MAC/PVA ratios on the pervaporation performance of 95 wt % ethanol/water solution were studied. Using the vacuum‐coating method, the suitable MAC/PVA ratio was 0.3 for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Its pervaporation performance was as follows: separation factor (α) was 185 while permeation flux (J) was 30g/m2·h at 50°C. Based on the experimental results, it was found that separation factor (α) of PVA/PSF composite membrane with single finger‐void membrane structure was higher than that with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Therefore, single finger‐void membrane structure as the supported membrane was more suitable than sponge‐like membrane structure for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 247–254, 2005
Qualifizierte Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Stahlbetonbauwerken
Authors: Schneck Ulrich
Published: July 2005

Korrosionsprobleme an Stahlbetonbauwerken verursachen jährlich hohe Instandhaltungskosten – besonders, da sie mit herkömmlichen Untersuchungen erst zu erkennen sind, wenn bereits starke Folgeschäden am Beton eingetreten sind. Durch den Einsatz elektrochemischer Meßverfahren und in Kombination mit weiteren Untersuchungen wird Korrosion bereits frühzeitig erkannt. Korrosionsgefährdete Bereiche können klar von korrosionsfreien Flächen abgegrenzt werden. Mit darauf angepaßten, optimierten und dauerhaften Instandhaltungskonzepten lassen sich nicht nur Auswirkungen behandeln, sondern auch die Ursachen von Korrosion gezielt bekämpfen. Nicht zuletzt werden dadurch die Kosten der Bauwerksunterhaltung reduziert.
Theoretische Untersuchung zur Ortsbruststabilität
Authors: Kirsch Ansgar , Kolymbas Dimitrios
Published: July 2005

Eine wichtige Aufgabe beim Tunnelbau in Lockergestein ist die Bestimmung des erforderlichen Stützdrucks der Ortsbrust. Dazu wurden diverse Berechnungsmodelle entwickelt, einige davon erst im Laufe der letzten Jahre.

In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst ein mechanischer Ansatz analytisch hergeleitet und dann auf Unterschiede zu bestehenden Modellen untersucht. Anhand eines Rechenbeispiels wird aufgezeigt, wie sich diese Unterschiede auf die Berechnungsergebnisse einer fiktiven Problemstellung auswirken. Die große Schwankungsbreite der Resultate verdeutlicht, daß auf diesem Gebiet immer noch ein Forschungsbedarf besteht.
Isotope‐labeled vibrational circular dichroism studies of calmodulin and its interactions with ligands
Authors: Pandyra Aleksandra A. , Yamniuk Aaron P. , Andrushchenko Valery V. , Wieser Helmut , Vogel Hans J.
Published: July 2005

In this work we have studied ligand‐induced secondary structure changes in the small calcium regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. We find that, due to its chiral sensitivity, VCD spectroscopy has increased ability over IR spectroscopy to detect changes in the structure and flexibility of secondary structure elements upon ligand binding. Moreover, we demonstrate that the uniform isotope labeling of CaM with 13C shifts its amide I′ VCD band by about ∼43 cm–1 to lower wavenumbers, which opens up a spectral window to simultaneously visualize a bound target protein. Therefore this study also provides the first example of how isotope labeling enables protein–protein interactions to be studied by VCD with good separation of the signals for both isotope‐labeled and unlabeled proteins. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 231–237, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Investigation on Mass Spectral Fragmentation Mechanism of C2‐Symmetric Chiral Bis(oxazoline) and Bis(thiazoline)
Authors: Hui Chen , Da‐Ming Du , Bin Fu , Mei‐Yu He
Published: July 2005

The electron impact mass spectra of ten new C2‐symmetric chiral bis(oxazoline) and bis(thiazoline) have been studied. Bis(thiazoline) and bis(oxazoline) possess the same fragmentation mechanism under EI conditions. An unusual fragmentation pathway has been found in the compounds studied. Due to the presence of phenyl group, compounds 6 and 10 undergo a new fragmentation pathway except for the common way as the other eight compounds. Mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra experiments and high resolution accurate mass measurement were conducted to confirm the proposed fragmentation pathways.
An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by Urea
Authors: Qi Sun , Lan‐Xiang Shi , Ze‐Mei Ge , Tie‐Ming Cheng , Run‐Tao Li
Published: July 2005

An efficient and green procedure for the urea catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation was developed. In the presence of a catalytic ammount of urea, stoichiometric aldehyde and active methylene compound reacted under solvent‐free conditions at 100 °C for 5‐60 min to give nearly quantitative yield of product.
An Environmentally Friendly Process for the Preparation of 16‐Dehydropregnenolone Acetate
Authors: Yan Zhang , Yong‐Yong Liu , Xue‐Xin Cheng , Xue‐Song Wang , Bao‐Wen Zhang
Published: July 2005

Instead of environmentally toxic chromium oxidant, singlet oxygen generated photochemically was used as environmentally friendly and benign oxidizing agent to accomplish the transformation of pseudodiosgenin diacetate to diosone efficiently in a low toxic and less expensive solvent acetone. Accordingly 16‐dehydropregnenolone acetate (16‐DPA), an important intermediate for preparation of steroidal drugs, was prepared in good yield (75%) when photoreaction was run in acetone/acetic anhydride/pyridine system. The mild reaction condition as well as simple and environmentally friendly process made the method commercially viable and important for production of 16‐DPA in industrial scale.
Chiral Fluorescent Receptors Based on (R)‐1,1′‐Binaphthylene‐2,2′‐bisthiourea: Synthesis and Chiral Recognition
Authors: Lan‐Hua Wei , Yong‐Bing He , Kuo‐Xi Xu , Shun‐Ying Liu , Ling‐Zhi Meng
Published: July 2005

Two chiral fluorescent receptors 1 and 2 based on (R)‐1,1′‐binaphthylene‐2,2′‐bisthiourea were synthesized, and their chiral recognition properties for enantiomeric mandelate anions were studied by fluorescence spectra and molecular modeling. Addition of the L‐ and D‐mandelate anions caused considerable fluorescent increases in the fluorescent intensity of the host solution. The L‐enantiomer can enhance the fluorescence intensity of 1 much more than the D‐enantiomer can do, and 1 shows a better enantioselective recognition ability than 2.
A Short Synthesis of Natural Isocoumarin Glucoside Delphoside
Authors: Aamer Saeed
Published: July 2005

A simple synthesis of delphoside, 3‐methyl‐6‐hydroxy‐8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy isocoumarin (1), isolated from Delphinium spp. is described. 3,5‐Dimethoxyhomophthalic anhydride (2) on treatment with acetyl chloride in the presence of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and triethyl amine afforded the 6,8‐dimethoxy‐3‐methylisocoumarin (3). Regioselective demethylation of the latter furnished 8‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxy‐3‐methylisocoumarin (4). Glycosylation with O‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐D‐glucopyranosyl)trichloroacetimidate in presence of catalytic amount of boron trifluoride etherate followed by deacetylation using 5% potassium carbonate afforded 3‐methyl‐6‐methoxy‐8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxyisocoumarin (6) that was finally demethylated to yield delphoside 1.
Syntheses, Structures, and Optical Properties of β‐Ferrocenylacrylate Metal Polymers
Authors: Li Lin Ke , Song Ying Lin , Hou Hong Wei , Fan Yao Ting , Zhu Yu
Published: July 2005

The zero‐dimensional polymer [Pb6(μ2OOCCH=CHFc)2(μ3‐OOCCH=CHFc)2(μ2‐η2‐OOCCH=CHFc)2(η2‐OOCCH=CHFc)2(μ4‐O)2] (1), the one‐dimensional chain polymers [Pb(η1‐μ2‐OOCCH=CHFc)2(phen)]n (phen = phenanthroline; (2), {[Cd(μ2‐η2‐OOCCH=CHFc)(η2‐OOCCH=CHFc)(H2O)2](H2O)4}n (3), and the two‐dimensional hybrid polymer {[Cd(η2‐OOCCH=CHFc)(bbbm)1.5Cl]·1.5H2O}n [bbbm = 1,1'‐(1,4‐butanediyl)bis‐1H‐benzimidazole; 4] have been prepared by the reaction of sodium β‐ferrocenylacrylate [FcCH=CHCOONa, Fc = (η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4)] with the appropriate metal salts. Solution‐state differential pulse voltammetry for 1–4 indicated that the half‐wave potentials of the ferrocenyl moieties in these polymers are all shifted to positive potential compared with that of sodium β‐ferrocenylacrylate. The four polymers’ third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were determined by the Z‐scan technique in DMF solutions. The results show that these polymers possess good nonlinear optical refraction effects. Their hyperpolarizability (γ) values are calculated to be 4.80 × 10–30, 5.19 × 10–30, 1.57 × 10–29, and 2.04 × 10–29 esu for 1–4, respectively. The γ values of the CdII polymers (3 and 4) are slightly larger than those of the PbII polymers (1 and 2), which indicates that the metal ions play an important role in the NLO properties of these polymers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)