bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chaos, Reports, and Quests
Authors: Tye-Williams Stacy , Krone Kathleen J.
Published: September 2014

This study examined narratives targets of workplace bullying told about their difficult work experiences along with how co-workers were framed in these narratives. Three different narrative types emerged from their accounts: chaos, report, and quest narratives. Co-worker responses of support or lack thereof were related to the construction of various narrative forms and the level of narrative agency evident in target accounts. The study has important implications for the difference co-workers can make in a target’s ability to withstand bullying and narrate his or her experience.
Synthesis and characterization of degradable polyimides derived from 4,6-bis(4-aminophenoxy)pyrimidine
Authors: Cui Changsheng
Published: September 2014

Polyimides (PIs) are widely applied in the fields of aerospace, membrane, and electronic industries. However, with the fast-growing application, the degradation of polymer has become a serious problem people are confronted with. In this work, a series of novel degradable PIs were prepared from diamine 4,6-bis(4-aminophenoxy)pyrimidine with various commercially available aromatic dianhydrides by a conventional two-stage method. The resulting PIs could degrade fast under methylamine medium in N,N-dimethylacetamide, and the degradation mechanism was speculated by analyzing the degradation products. Compared with the traditional method, a facile and effective method for PI degradation was provided. The results suggested that incorporating 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine structure into polymer chains may grow up to be a new method for polymer degradation.
Alpine glaciers and permanent ice and snow patches in western Canada approach their smallest sizes since the mid-Holocene, consistent with global trends
Authors: Koch Johannes , Clague John J , Osborn Gerald
Published: September 2014

Most alpine glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere reached their maximum extents of the Holocene between ad 1600 and 1850. Since the late 1800s, however, glaciers have thinned and retreated, mainly because of atmospheric warming. Glacier retreat in western Canada and other regions is exposing subfossil tree stumps, soils and plant detritus that, until recently, were beneath tens to hundreds of metres of ice. In addition, human artefacts and caribou dung are emerging from permanent snow patches many thousands of years after they were entombed. Dating of these materials indicates that many of these glaciers and snow patches are smaller today than at any time in the past several thousand years. This evidence, in turn, suggests that glacier recession in the 20th century is unprecedented during the past several millennia and that glaciers in western Canada have reached minimum extents only 150–300 years after they achieved their maximum Holocene extents.
New evidence of late survival of beaver in Britain
Authors: Manning Adrian D , Coles Bryony J , Lunn Angus G , Halley Duncan J , Ashmole Philip , Fallon Stewart J
Published: September 2014

We describe new radiocarbon-dated evidence for the late survival of beavers from an upland site in northern England. A wood specimen with beaver gnaw marks was recovered from the bank of the Scaup Burn in Kielder Forest in Northumberland. The marks were analysed, the tree species were identified and the sample was radiocarbon dated to between 1269 and 1396. Other wood remains in the same context suggest a most likely dating between 1330 and 1390. This find represents the most recent radiocarbon-dated physical evidence of beaver yet found in Britain, by at least 400 years. In conjunction with documentary and other archaeological evidence from the period, this discovery indicates beaver were present within the Tyne River catchment up until at least the 14th century ad. In addition, this find highlights the need to investigate all possible evidence of beaver fully when discovered and to remain open-minded about the possibility of making finds in unexpected locations and contexts.
Proposal to add anthrostratigraphic and technostratigraphic units to the stratigraphic code for classification of anthropogenic Holocene deposits
Authors: Howard Jeffrey L
Published: September 2014

Anthropogenic surficial deposits are formed from Holocene and older deposits that have been so modified by human activity that their original form is unrecognizable. Because their characteristics are fundamentally different from those of natural origin, the creation of special stratigraphic categories seems justified. Two new material categories are proposed for the stratigraphic classification of anthropogenic deposits. An anthrostratigraphic unit (ASU) is defined as a stratiform or irregularly shaped body of anthropogenic origin in the sedimentary record distinguished and delineated on the basis of lithologic characteristics and/or bounding disconformities. An anthropogenic origin is indicated if the deposit (1) lies beneath an anthropogenic landform, (2) contains artifacts, (3) shows evidence of artificial mixing or other human disturbance, and/or (4) was imported from offsite and is allochthonous. The basic ASU is the anthrostratum, defined as a mostly stratiform body of artificially mixed earth (rock, sediment, soil, etc.) and artifactual (brick, concrete, etc.) materials. An anthrostratum need only be mappable at a local scale, but anthrostrata of different origins or type may be grouped together as an anthroformation if regionally mappable. A technostratigraphic unit (TSU) is defined as a stratiform body of anthropogenic origin in the sedimentary record defined on the basis of artifacts (objects of anthropogenic origin). TSUs are based on the evolution of technology involved in the creation of artificially altered or manufactured objects. The basic TSU is the technozone defined on the basis of Commercial Ranges (time from beginning to end of commercial availability of certain artifacts). ASUs and TSUs are applicable to anthropogenic deposits assigned to either the Holocene or the Anthropocene.
Modeling, validation, and testing of a Ti-49.8%Ni shape memory actuator
Authors: Nohouji Hamid Salmani , Hamedi Mohsen , Salehi Mohammad
Published: September 2014

Fascinating properties of shape memory alloys, being shape memory effect and super-elasticity, make them unique in comparison to other materials. One of the most common applications of these materials is in actuators as an actuation mechanism. In this research, a shape memory actuator is presented and modeled. The Souza et al. constitutive model is employed in finite element analysis software in order to simulate the shape memory behavior of Nitinol. Ti-49.8%Ni was selected according to the proper characteristics, and its mechanical properties are characterized through experimental tests to the calibrated model for this alloy. The simulation results were further verified by empirical evaluation of a Nitinol actuator.
Replicable Facets of Positive Emotionality and Their Relations to Psychopathology
Authors: Stanton Kasey , Watson David
Published: September 2014

General individual differences in positive emotionality are negatively related to depression, social anxiety, and schizotypy/schizophrenia, and positively related to mania. However, the structure of positive emotionality remains unclear at the facet level, as there are significant disparities in the types of content assessed across emotionality measures. This study analyzed the lower order structure of positive emotionality in two samples, finding evidence for a replicable two-factor structure of Joviality and Experience Seeking. These factors demonstrated a markedly different pattern of relations in both direction and magnitude with internalizing, externalizing, and schizotypal symptoms. Joviality seems to represent an adaptive variant of positive emotionality, as it showed strong positive relations with well-being and moderate negative relations with measures of depression, social anxiety, and social anhedonia. In contrast, Experience Seeking appears to be somewhat maladaptive. It generally related positively to psychopathology, correlating most strongly with indicators of manic and externalizing symptoms.
From Empower to Green Dot
Authors: Cook-Craig Patricia G. , Millspaugh Phyllis H. , Recktenwald Eileen A. , Kelly Natalie C. , Hegge Lea M. , Coker Ann L. , Pletcher Tisha S.
Published: September 2014

This case study describes Kentucky’s partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) EMPOWER (Enhancing and Making Programs Work to End Rape) program to enhance the mission and services of existing rape crisis centers to include comprehensive primary prevention programming to reduce rates of sexual violence perpetration. The planning process and the successful implementation of a statewide, 5-year, randomized control trial study of a bystander prevention program ( Green Dot), and its evaluation are described. Lessons learned in generating new questions, seeking funding, building relationships and capacity, and disseminating knowledge are presented.
Broken Light
Authors: Stentiford David
Published: September 2014

Lewis Baltz’s photographic portfolios Nevada (1977) and Near Reno (1986) anticipate the work Richard Misrach and Peter Goin each composed in the state of Nevada in the early 1990s: from shot-up junk, to the military theater of Bravo 20, to the Nevada Test Site, these image-makers represented topographies of violence in the desert. This essay offers a close reading of Baltz’s Nevada images to consider the way light and waste in the landscape are mobilized to register how sociohistorical discourses of the desert perhaps make such spaces vulnerable to urbanization and how these tropes encode the process in a language of violence.
Gender difference in health expectancy trends in Greenland
Authors: Mairey Isabelle , Bjerregaard Peter , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik
Published: September 2014

Background: The population of Greenland comprises almost 31 000 Inuit Greenlanders aged 20-65. The purpose of this study was to estimate trends in expected life years between age 20 and 65 in good and poor health, and to compare changes between men and women since the mid-1990s. Methods: Partial life expectancy was calculated and combined with prevalence data on self-rated health, longstanding illness and musculoskeletal diseases derived from health surveys carried out in 1993-94, 1999-2001 and 2005-10. Trends for men and women were compared and changes were decomposed into contributions from changes in mortality and disability. Results: Partial life expectancy increased by 2.2 years for men and 0.8 years for women during the entire period. However, expected lifetime in self-rated good health decreased by 3.3 years for men and by 4.6 years for women ( p<0.01). For men, life expectancy without longstanding illness increased by 4.7 years ( p<0.001). The increase for women by 1.4 years was non-significant ( p=0.29). Expected lifetime without musculoskeletal diseases increased significantly by 4.5 years for men and by 1.9 years for women. Conclusions: The development of expected lifetime without longstanding illness supports the theory of compression of morbidity, but as the trend direction differs according to which measure for health is used, a definite conclusion cannot be drawn. The different rate of development of partial life expectancy and expected lifetime in good health between men and women is remarkable, and has reduced the gender gap. The results call for special concern about the women’s health in Greenland.
Condom use: The discrepancy between practice and behavioral expectations
Authors: Fridlund Veronika , Stenqvist Karin , Nordvik Monica K.
Published: September 2014

Aim: The overall aim of this paper is to examine sexually active young people’s behavioral expectations of condom use. Methods: We collected data at nine youth clinics and one sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic in Sweden. We included participants whom had been sexually active during the past 12 months: A total of 1022 participants between the ages of 15 and 31 were included. We analyzed the data separately, for different types of sexual practices and types of sexual partners. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze age and gender differences for discrepancies. Results: The behavioral expectation of condom use differed, depending on the type of sexual practice and the type of partner. For all types of sex, the overall pattern showed that the participants were most likely to use a condom with a casual unknown partner, followed by a casual known partner, regular partner and lastly, a main partner. Our results also demonstrated that there is a discrepancy between the behavioral expectation of condom use and the self-reported condom use. The lowest discrepancy was for oral sex, especially with a main partner, and the largest discrepancy was for anal sex and vaginal sex with a casual partner. Conclusions: Our results imply that the participants had a greater expectation of condom use than actually occurs, especially for casual unknown partners. There is a lack of knowledge about the risks associated with oral sex, which is evident in the results of the participants’ behavioral expectations of condom use under those conditions.
Vitamin D status and PUFA ratios in a national representative cross-section of healthy, middle-aged Norwegian women – The Norwegian Women and Cancer Post-Genome Cohort
Authors: Olsen Karina Standahl , Aksnes Lage , Frøyland Livar , Lund Eiliv , Rylander Charlotta
Published: September 2014

Aims: Vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are derived from partially overlapping sources. Vitamin D is produced in the skin after sun exposure, but is also derived from fatty fish and fish oils. Dietary PUFAs are mainly derived from plant oils that are rich in n-6 PUFAs, but fatty fish provides high amounts of the marine n-3 PUFAs. The Western diet provides an excess of n-6 PUFAs compared to n-3 PUFAs, and the ratios of these may influence human health. Here, we investigated the potential associations of plasma concentrations of vitamin D, marine PUFAs and PUFA ratios. Methods: Plasma concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D), marine PUFAs, and PUFA ratios were measured in 372 women from the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Post-Genome Cohort. Covariability was examined in 310 non-users of cod liver oil, using Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression. Results: In non-users of cod liver oil, the average concentration of vitamin D was 40.3 nmol/L, and marine PUFA concentration was 0.2 mg/g. PUFA ratios were dominated by the n-6 fatty acids. Vitamin D levels were significantly associated with marine fatty acids and weakly associated with PUFA ratios. Conclusions: Concentrations of vitamin D and marine PUFAs were below recommended levels. The correlation analyses indicated that health-related effects of vitamin D and marine PUFAs respectively may be hard to separate in epidemiological studies. However, measured health effects of PUFA ratios and vitamin D are likely to derive from the influence of the two factors separately. The presented results are the first to show these associations in a nationally representative cohort.
District nurses’ preventive home visits to 75-year-olds: An opportunity to identify factors related to unsafe medication management
Authors: Lagerin Annica , Carlsson Axel C. , Nilsson Gunnar , Westman Jeanette , Törnkvist Lena
Published: September 2014

Aims: To investigate factors related to unsafe medication management among 75-year-olds during preventive home visits, and to describe the interventions district nurses used. Methods: An explorative study. During a 9- to 12-month period, 36 DNs used the Safe Medication Assessment (SMA) tool during preventive home visits to 75-year-olds who used at least one drug ( n=113). Results: One or more factors related to unsafe medication management were identified in 84% of the 75-year-olds. More than 40% used five or more drugs, and 34.5% reported symptoms potentially indicative of adverse effects of their drugs. Nearly 30% had prescribers from more than two medical units, and 7.1% of the older persons were appraised as having reduced cognitive ability. DNs intervened in more than two-thirds of the cases and used a variety of nursing care interventions to improve the safety of medication management. Conclusions: Preventive home visits seem to provide a unique opportunity to promote safe medication management. Several factors related to unsafe medication management were identified, and several different nursing care interventions were carried out to ensure safe medication management. Use of the SMA tool in preventive home visits seems to be advantageous in improving the safety of medication management among older persons.
Stenting for Emergency Colorectal Obstruction: An Analysis of 204 Patients in Relation to Predictors of Failure and Complications
Authors: Köhler G. , Antoniou S. A. , Lechner M. , Mayer F. , Mair J. , Emmanuel K.
Published: September 2014

Background and Aims:

Self-expanding metallic stents are increasingly used in the management of malignant and benign colorectal obstructions. We aimed to identify relevant predictive factors for stent failure and stent-related complications.

Material and Methods:

We conducted a retrospective single-center analysis of 204 consecutive patients who underwent emergency colorectal stenting procedures because of symptomatic bowel obstructions from 1996 to 2011 at the Sisters of Charity Hospital Linz, Austria.

Results:

A total of 204 patients (median age 74 years) with 36 (17.7%) benign and 168 (82.3%) malignant obstructions were included in the study. Technical success was achieved in 92.5% and clinical success in 86.8% of the cases. Major complications occurred in 2.9% and minor ones in 19.6%. Overall mortality during a median follow-up period of 4.3 years was 73% (149 patients). Relevant predictors of increased risk of complications were extracolonic obstruction (p = 0.001), complete obstruction (p = 0.066), and inflammatory bowel disease (p = 0.05). Stent localization at the splenic flexure, a stenosis of >8 cm in length, and the need for endoscopic guidance were associated with higher rates of technical and/or clinical stenting failure.

Conclusion:

Colorectal stenting is less invasive than other means of emergency treatment for large bowel obstruction; it is generally safe and effective in different types of colorectal obstruction. However, relevant rates of failure and complications were recorded and predictors could be determined.
What journalists retweet: Opinion, humor, and brand development on Twitter
Authors: Molyneux Logan
Published: September 2014

Using Twitter, journalists may pass along comment from other users without, at least ostensibly, taking accountability for that message. Minimizing responsibility and editorial oversight, as is the case with retweets, allows a different view of individual journalists as gatekeepers. Through a qualitative textual analysis, this study finds that journalists are challenging norms of objectivity and independence on Twitter. Journalists frequently pass along subtle interpretation and analysis rather than strong opinions. Many retweets are humorous, sometimes even at journalism’s expense. Journalists also retweet many messages about themselves, working to build a personal brand and relationships with their audience. Implications for journalists, their industry, and the audience are discussed.
Accomplishing social work identity through non-seriousness: An ethnomethodological approach
Authors: Morriss Lisa
Published: September 2014

Although there have been a few articles discussing laughter in social work, social work is not normally associated with humour and laughter. The paper explores the use of non-seriousness in interview interactions with Approved Mental Health Professionals (AMHPs) using analytical insights gained from ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and socio-linguistics. Excerpts from empirical data from individual narrative interviews will be used to show how social work identity can be accomplished through humour and laughter. The significance of the key ethnomethodological concepts of unique adequacy, vulgar competency and indexicality will be used to inform the analysis of gallows or bleak humour, ironic banter about the ‘other’ and the telling of troubles. In the interviews, non-seriousness was successfully accomplished by two ‘strangers’. It is argued that as group members of a specialised group, we share a deep competence in the haecceity or the ‘just thisness’ of the social work trade. Thus, this can be seen as a powerful demonstration of the competencies involved in being a bona fide member of a collectivity.
Experiences of Nursing Staff Using Dementia-Specific Case Conferences in Nursing Homes
Authors: Holle Daniela , Krüger Cornelia , Halek Margareta , Sirsch Erika , Bartholomeyczik Sabine
Published: September 2014

Background:

Dementia specific-case conferences with the Innovative dementia oriented assessment tool (CC-IdA) could be an important tool with which to analyze and manage challenging behavior. The study gives an insight into nursing staff' experiences using CC-IdA in dementia care.

Methods:

Qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 nursing teams from 12 nursing homes alongside a quasi-experimental study. In addition, observational field notes were taken. Interviews and observational field notes were analyzed using the thematic content analysis.

Results:

CC-IdA contributed to a reflective handling of challenging behavior, to changes in the communication with residents and to the identification of potentially triggers of challenging behavior. Factors influencing the implementation of CC-IdA were among others a lack of moderation skills, limited knowledge of dementia, a lack of biographical information and a lack of involvement by other professionals.

Conclusions:

CC-IdA represents an important tool in the management of challenging behavior of people with dementia. For the successful implementation of these case conferences, both structural and personal resources are needed.
Development of Early Measures of Comprehension
Authors: Wackerle-Hollman Alisha K. , Rodriguez Megan I. , Bradfield Tracy A. , Rodriguez Michael C. , McConnell Scott R.
Published: September 2014

Early comprehension is an important, but not well-understood, contribution to early literacy and language development. Specifically, research regarding the nature of skills representative of early comprehension, including how they contribute to later reading success, is needed to support best practices to adequately prepare students. This article describes the process involved in the creation and refinement of the newly developed comprehension Individual Growth and Development Indicators (IGDIs 2.0). Two theoretical models of early comprehension are discussed to highlight the inherent complexity of this domain. Results of three studies are presented: Study 1 outlines the initial piloting process, Study 2 represents a larger-scale investigation, and Study 3 describes further field testing and reveals the final IGDI 2.0 comprehension candidate: Which One Doesn’t Belong (WODB). Results indicated WODB out-performed the other candidate measures across psychometric and pragmatic criteria. The utility of the WODB task within a Response to Intervention (RTI) framework is also discussed.
SIRRACT
Authors: Dorsch Andrew K. , Thomas Seth , Xu Xiaoyu , Kaiser William , Dobkin Bruce H. , Emara Tamer , Edwards Dylan , Fonzetti Pasquale , Maasch John , Lee Sam-Gyu , Owolabi Mayowa O. , Hamzat Talhatu K. , LeBlanc Corey J. , Morse Regina , Swaminathan Narasimman , Karatas Gulcin Kaymak , Boza Roser , Brown Allen W. , Miyai Ichiro , Kawano Teiji , Chen Ssu-Yuan , Hanger H. Carl , Zucconi Carla , Mammi Silvia , Ghislanzoni Chiara , Juan Francisco , Lang Catherine E.
Published: September 2014

Background. Walking-related disability is the most frequent reason for inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Task-related practice is a critical component for improving patient outcomes. Objective. To test the feasibility of providing quantitative feedback about daily walking performance and motivating greater skills practice via remote sensing. Methods. In this phase III randomized, single blind clinical trial, patients participated in conventional therapies while wearing wireless sensors (triaxial accelerometers) at both ankles. Activity-recognition algorithms calculated the speed, distance, and duration of walking bouts. Three times a week, therapists provided either feedback about performance on a 10-meter walk (speed only) or walking speed feedback plus a review of walking activity recorded by the sensors (augmented). Primary outcomes at discharge included total daily walking time, derived from the sensors, and a timed 15-meter walk. Results. Sixteen rehabilitation centers in 11 countries enrolled 135 participants over 15 months. Sensors recorded more than 1800 days of therapy, 37 000 individual walking bouts, and 2.5 million steps. No significant differences were found between the 2 feedback groups in daily walking time (15.1 ± 13.1 vs 16.6 ± 14.3 minutes, P = .54) or 15-meter walking speed (0.93 ± 0.47 vs 0.91 ± 0.53 m/s, P = .96). Remarkably, 30% of participants decreased their total daily walking time over their rehabilitation stay. Conclusions. In this first trial of remote monitoring of inpatient stroke rehabilitation, augmented feedback beyond speed alone did not increase the time spent practicing or improve walking outcomes. Remarkably modest time was spent walking. Wireless sensing, however, allowed clinicians to audit skills practice and provided ground truth regarding changes in clinically important, mobility-related activities.
A less invasive distal osteotomy of the radius for malunited dorsally displaced extra-articular fractures
Authors: Fok M. W. M. , Fernandez D. L. , Rivera Y. L. Hernandez
Published: September 2014

A less invasive corrective osteotomy for symptomatic post-traumatic deformity of the distal radius was done in 12 patients. They were followed up for an average of 3.7 years. The indications for correction were based on the patients’ level of activities, pain, functional limitations, loss of grip strength or deformity occurring with an extra-articular rotational malunion of the distal end of the radius. The procedure included a dorsal open wedge osteotomy through a dorsal incision in which the fulcrum of rotation, or hinge, was located at the palmar cortex, and stabilized with an extra- and intramedullary fixed angle device. The bone defect was replaced with autologous morsellized iliac bone graft. The final outcome was graded as very good in eight patients, good in two and fair in two.

Level of evidence: IV
A Novel Test for IGT Utilizing Metabolite Markers of Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Cobb Jeff , Eckhart Andrea , Perichon Regis , Wulff Jacob , Mitchell Matthew , Adam Klaus-Peter , Wolfert Robert , Button Eric , Lawton Kay , Elverson Robert , Carr Bernadette , Sinnott Margaret , Ferrannini Ele
Published: September 2014

Background:

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the only method to diagnose patients having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), but its use has diminished considerably in recent years. Metabolomic profiling studies have identified a number of metabolites whose fasting levels are associated with dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes. These metabolites may serve as the basis of an alternative test for IGT.

Method:

Using the stable isotope dilution technique, quantitative assays were developed for 23 candidate biomarker metabolites. These metabolites were measured in fasting plasma samples taken just prior to an OGTT from 1623 nondiabetic subjects: 955 from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease Study (RISC Study; 11.7% IGT) and 668 subjects from the Diabetes Mellitus and Vascular Health Initiative (DMVhi) cohort from the DEXLIFE project (11.8% IGT). The associations between metabolites, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters and 2hPG values were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and Random Forest classification analysis to rank variables for their ability to distinguish IGT from normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Multivariate logistic regression models for estimating risk of IGT were developed and evaluated using AUCs calculated from the corresponding ROC curves.

Results:

A model based on the fasting plasma levels of glucose, α-hydroxybutyric acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, linoleoylglycerophosphocholine, oleic acid, serine and vitamin B5 was optimized in the RISC cohort (AUC = 0.82) and validated in the DMVhi cohort (AUC = 0.83).

Conclusions:

A novel, all-metabolite-based test is shown to be a discriminate marker of IGT. It requires only a single fasted blood draw and may serve as a more convenient surrogate for the OGTT or as a means of identifying subjects likely to be IGT.
Review of Lacrosse-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries in High School and Collegiate Players
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Zdziarski Laura Ann , Vincent Kevin R.
Published: September 2014

Context:

Participation in lacrosse has dramatically increased since 2001. Changes in the game rules, sport equipment, and athlete characteristics have all contributed to the injury patterns in lacrosse over time.

Objective:

A summary of lacrosse-related musculoskeletal injuries.

Data Sources:

Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles relating to the epidemiology and mechanisms of lacrosse injuries in high school and collegiate lacrosse players.

Study Selection:

The search strategy used the following keywords: lacrosse, injury, musculoskeletal, high school, intercollegiate, knee, shoulder, fracture, ankle, foot, concussion, and surveillance. Studies were included if they reported injury risk, injury type, or injury mechanism in high school or collegiate lacrosse players.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Data extraction:

Injury type, frequency, and mechanism as well as population were extracted.

Results:

Thirteen cohort studies and an additional 15 case series and reports were included. For all lacrosse players, ankle, knee, and hand/wrist were key sites for acute injury. Among collegiate players, preseasonal play elicits more injuries than seasonal play. Female players incur more noncontact and overuse injuries than male players. Boys have 3 to 5 times the risk for sustaining a fracture compared with girls in competition and practice. Women experienced fewer concussions but more facial fractures than men. Injuries to the foot/ankle, head, face, and wrist/hand more often required surgery in girls than in boys.

Conclusion:

Male players incur more injuries than female players. However, because of the collisional nature of play, more shoulder, arm, and upper leg injuries occur in male players. Fractures to the head and hand occur relatively more frequently in female players. Injury risk can be modified with appropriate training regimens and by respecting the game rules.
Reconsidering the practice of discretizing quantitative variables: Towards a new analysis of moderation in experimental research
Authors: Cadario Romain , Parguel Béatrice
Published: September 2014

Experimental research scholars often discretize quantitative variables when testing moderation. This pedagogical article addresses the limitations of this approach and considers when and how spotlight and floodlight analyses should be used depending on whether the moderating variable at stake shows or does not show meaningful focal values.
Predictors of Postoperative Cognitive Decline in Very Old Patients With Hip Fracture
Authors: Luger Markus F. , Müller Stephan , Kammerlander Christian , Gosch Markus , Luger Thomas J.
Published: September 2014

Background:

To investigate incidence and predictors of the various postoperative cognitive declines in old patients with hip fracture.

Methods:

This retrospective chart study evaluated 411 patients (age ≥80 years, follow-up 5 years). After exclusion of 82 patients (preexisting dementia or delirium), 70 patients showing either diagnosed postoperative delirium (POD; group 1; N = 18, 5.5%) or an unspecified cognitive dysfunction and behavior (group 2; N = 52, 15.8%) were analyzed and compared with those without any acute postoperative cerebral impairment (control group; N = 259, 78.7%). Medical history, anesthesiological, orthopedic, and rehabilitation data were assessed using the medical database of the hospital information system. Relative ratio was calculated with Fisher exact test: P value Bonferroni corrected ≤.003.

Results:

Acute cognitive complications were observed in 70 (21.3%) patients. Our data in group 1 showed that patients with a medical history of stroke (relative risk [RR] = 16.2, P = .0001) or nicotine abuse (RR = 14.4, P = .001) and perioperative surgical bleeding (RR = 6.54, P = .002) are more likely to develop POD. Unspecified cognitive dysfunction and behavior (group 2) was significantly associated with a medical history of stroke (RR = 12.5, P = .0001) and postoperatively with depression (RR = 3.32, P = .001). In the follow-up, significantly more patients in group 1 (55.6%, RR = 21.8, P = .0001) and group 2 (13.5%, RR = 3.88, P = .001) developed dementia as compared to controls (1.9%). Mortality did not differ significantly between the groups (group 1: RR = 1.75, P = .5 and group 2: RR = 0.66, P = 1.0).

Conclusion:

These data show that various predictors can identify a greater likelihood of developing postoperative cognitive decline in very old patients with hip fracture. Not identifying or labeling of POD limits the opportunity for evaluation, treatment, and planning. Thus, routine cognitive assessments need to be performed in the scope of multidisciplinary orthogeriatric comanagement.
Pelvic Insufficiency Fractures
Authors: O’Connor Timothy J. , Cole Peter A.
Published: September 2014

Pelvic insufficiency fractures may occur in the absence of trauma or as a result of low-energy trauma in osteoporotic bone. With a growing geriatric population, the incidence of pelvic insufficiency fracture has increased over the last 3 decades and will continue to do so. These fractures can cause considerable pain, loss of independence, and economic burden to both the patient and the health care system. While many of these injuries are identified and treated based on plain radiographs, some remain difficult to diagnose. The role of advanced imaging in these cases is discussed. In addition to treating the fracture, medical comorbidities contributing to osteoporosis should be identified and corrected. Specific attention has been given to 25-OH serum vitamin D screening and repletion. Treatment generally consists of providing pain control and assisting patients with mobilization while allowing weight bearing as tolerated. In those unable to do so, invasive techniques such as sacroplasty as well as internal fixation may be beneficial. The role of operative fixation in insufficiency fractures is also discussed.
Smoking Cessation Related to Improved Patient-Reported Pain Scores Following Spinal Care in Geriatric Patients
Authors: Behrend Caleb , Schonbach Etienne , Coombs Andre , Coyne Ellen , Prasarn Mark , Rechtine Glenn
Published: September 2014

Introduction:

We examined rates of smoking cessation and the effect of smoking cessation on pain and disability scores in a geriatric patient population.

Methods:

Prospectively maintained database records of 6779 patients treated for painful spinal disorders were examined. The mean duration of care was 8 months. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed with independent variables including smoking status, secondary gain status, gender, treatment type, depression, and age.

Results:

Of the patients seeking care for painful spinal disorders, 8.9% over the age of 55 smoked compared with 23.9% of those under 55 years of age. Rates of smoking cessation did not differ for those older than 55 years (25.1%) and younger patients (26.1%). Current smokers in both age-groups reported greater pain than those who had never smoked in all pain ratings ( P < .001). Mean improvement in reported pain over the course of treatment was significantly different in nonsmokers and current smokers in both age-groups ( P < .001). Those who quit smoking during the course of care reported greater improvement in pain than those who continued to smoke. The mean improvement in pain ratings was clinically significant in patients in all 3 groups of nonsmokers whereas those who continued to smoke had no clinically significant improvement in reported pain.

Conclusion:

The results support the need for smoking cessation programs, given a strong association between improved patient-reported pain and smoking cessation. Fewer older patients smoke but they are equally likely to quit.
Risk Perception and Belief in Guardian Spirits
Authors: Etkin David , Ivanova Jelena , MacGregor Susan , Serota Tali
Published: September 2014

People do not respond directly to the risks around them, but rather to their perception of those risks. These perceptions can be affected by many factors, including the degree to which people feel protected, and within that context beliefs in guardian angels or spirits can be a significant factor in some cases. In a survey of risk perception, it is shown that this belief does correlate with how people perceive risk, but in a complex way that may increase or decrease risk-taking behavior, with the latter being the more dominant theme.
Job Desirability
Authors: Appiah-Padi Radecka
Published: September 2014

By 2016, U.S. higher education institutions will face significant turnover among senior leaders. About 50% of university presidents are expected to retire. Historically, the chief academic officer (CAO) has been next in line for the presidency. New evidence suggests that fewer CAOs are interested in this position. Using Job Choice Theory, this article examines the reasons given by CAOs for opting out of pursuing the presidency. Data analysis shows that subjective (psycho-social) factors rather than objective (economic) factors are making the role of president undesirable to CAOs.
Seeking Self-Sufficiency
Authors: Carlson Cassandra L.
Published: September 2014

Research about the nature of emerging adult college student problem situations identifies parents as a means of decision–making and/or social support. One salient type of social support is parental advice messages. This qualitative study investigates why emerging adult college students receive advice from their parents, their perceptions of that advice, and why they implement it. To explore these phenomena, electronic survey data were collected and analyzed using inductive emergent thematic analysis. Findings conclude that emerging adult college students receive solicited and unsolicited advice from their parents about academic and career concerns but receive more advice about work–life balance, social/relationship concerns, and finances. Further, participants implemented their parents’ advice because of the utility or practicality of the advice, the legitimate authority or experiential wisdom of the parent, and perceived autonomy support. Practical and scholarly implications for advice-giving communication between parents and their emerging adult college student children are discussed.
Alcohol and Emotional Contagion
Authors: Fairbairn Catharine E. , Sayette Michael A. , Aalen Odd O. , Frigessi Arnoldo
Published: September 2014

Researchers have hypothesized that men gain greater reward from alcohol than do women. However, alcohol-administration studies in which participants were tested when they were drinking alone have offered weak support for this hypothesis. Research has suggested that social processes may be implicated in gender differences in drinking patterns. We examined the impact of gender and alcohol on “emotional contagion”—a social mechanism central to bonding and cohesion. Social drinkers (360 male, 360 female) consumed alcohol, placebo, or control beverages in groups of three. Social interactions were videotaped, and both Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiling were continuously coded using the Facial Action Coding System. Results revealed that Duchenne smiling (but not non-Duchenne smiling) contagion correlated with self-reported reward and typical drinking patterns. Importantly, Duchenne smiles were significantly less “infectious” among sober male groups versus female groups, and alcohol eliminated these gender differences in smiling contagion. Findings identify new directions for research that explores social-reward processes in the etiology of alcohol problems.
A Spotty Liver of Pregnancy
Authors: Gray Meagan , Rockey Don C.
Published: September 2014

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis by definition constitutes disseminated herpes simplex infection; it is rare, with only approximately 130 cases reported in the literature. Although HSV hepatitis typically occurs in immunocompromised hosts, pregnancy—especially the third trimester, has been identified as a risk factor for its development. This is likely because of the fact that humoral and cell-mediated immunity decrease throughout pregnancy and nadir in the third trimester with decreased T-cell counts and altered B/T lymphocyte ratios. Here, we report on a patient with HSV 2 hepatitis in a previously healthy 27-year-old woman in her 23rd week of pregnancy. She initially presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and was found to have acute hepatocellular liver injury and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and acyclovir were promptly initiated. Liver biopsy, serum DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as a labial ulcer culture and PCR were all positive for HSV 2. The patient recovered completely; however, her fetus did not survive. Review of the literature emphasizes that presentation with disseminated HSV infection typically occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. This report emphasizes that abdominal pain combined with fever and hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy should prompt immediate consideration of the diagnosis of HSV hepatitis. Furthermore, given the high mortality rate and effective treatment, empiric treatment with acyclovir should be considered early in all potential cases.
IgG4-Related Disease Presenting as Recurrent Mastoiditis With Central Nervous System Involvement
Authors: Barnado April L. , Cunningham Melissa A.
Published: September 2014

We report a case of a 43-year-old female who presented with right ear fullness and otorrhea. She was initially diagnosed with mastoiditis that was not responsive to multiple courses of antibiotics and steroids. She was then diagnosed with refractory inflammatory pseudotumor, and subsequent treatments included several mastoidectomies, further steroids, and radiation therapy. The patient went on to develop mastoiditis on the contralateral side as well as central nervous system involvement with headaches and right-sided facial paresthesias. Reexamination of the mastoid tissue revealed a significantly increased number of IgG4-positive cells, suggesting a diagnosis of IgG4-related disease. The patient improved clinically and radiographically with rituximab and was able to taper off azathioprine and prednisone. IgG4-related disease should be considered in patients with otologic symptoms and be on the differential diagnosis in patients with inflammatory pseudotumor. Staining for IgG and IgG4 is essential to ensure a prompt diagnosis and treatment.
The splenic autoimmune response to ADAMTS13 in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura contains recurrent antigen-binding CDR3 motifs
Authors: Schaller Monica , Vogel Monique , Kentouche Karim , Lämmle Bernhard , Kremer Hovinga Johanna A.
Published: September 2014

Key Points

The spleen harbors ADAMTS13-specific memory B cells following acute acquired TTP. The splenic anti-ADAMTS13 antibody repertoire is characterized by a set of unique and novel CDR3 motifs, 4 shared by 2 patients.
Recombinant long-acting glycoPEGylated factor IX in hemophilia B: a multinational randomized phase 3 trial
Authors: Collins Peter W. , Young Guy , Knobe Karin , Karim Faraizah Abdul , Angchaisuksiri Pantep , Banner Claus , Gürsel Türkiz , Mahlangu Johnny , Matsushita Tadashi , Mauser-Bunschoten Eveline P. , Oldenburg Johannes , Walsh Christopher E. , Negrier Claude
Published: September 2014

Key Points

Nonacog beta pegol, a recombinant glycoPEGylated FIX with extended half-life, was developed to improve care for patients with hemophilia B. Weekly prophylaxis with nonacog beta pegol was well tolerated and was associated with low bleeding rates and an improved quality of life.
Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mendoza Laura , Horta Paula , Espinoza José , Aguilera Miguel , Balmaceda Nicolás , Castro Ariel , Ruiz Mauricio , Díaz Orlando , Hopkinson Nicholas S.
Published: September 2014

Physical inactivity is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pedometers, which have been used in healthy populations, might also increase physical activity in patients with COPD.

COPD patients taking part in a 3-month individualised programme to promote an increase in their daily physical activity were randomised to either a standard programme of physical activity encouragement alone, or a pedometer-based programme. Assessments were performed by investigators blinded to treatment allocation. Change in average 1-week daily step count, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), modified Medical Research Council scale, St George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) and COPD assessment test (CAT) were compared between groups.

102 patients were recruited, of whom 97 completed the programme (pedometer group: n=50; control group: n=47); 60.8% were male with a mean±sdage of 68.7±8.5 years, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 66.1±19.4% and FEV1/forced vital capacity 55.2±9.5%. Both groups had comparable characteristics at baseline. The pedometer group had significantly greater improvements in: physical activity 3080±3254 steps·day−1versus138.3±1950 steps·day−1(p<0.001); SGRQ −8.8±12.2versus−3.8±10.9 (p=0.01); CAT score −3.5±5.5versus−0.6±6.6 (p=0.001); and 6MWD 12.4±34.6versus−0.7±24.4 m (p=0.02) than patients receiving activity encouragement only.

A simple physical activity enhancement programme using pedometers can effectively improve physical activity level and quality of life in COPD patients.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis around the world: what progress has been made?
Authors: Falzon Dennis , Mirzayev Fuad , Wares Fraser , Baena Inés Garcia , Zignol Matteo , Linh Nguyen , Weyer Karin , Jaramillo Ernesto , Floyd Katherine , Raviglione Mario
Published: September 2014

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) will influence the future of global TB control. 88% of estimated MDR-TB cases occur in middle- or high-income countries, and 60% occur in Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa.

The World Health Organization collects country data annually to monitor the response to MDR-TB. Notification, treatment enrolment and outcome data were summarised for 30 countries, accounting for >90% of the estimated MDR-TB cases among notified TB cases worldwide.

In 2012, a median of 14% (interquartile range 6–50%) of estimated MDR-TB cases were notified in the 30 countries studied. In 15 of the 30 countries, the number of patients treated for MDR-TB in 2012 (71 681) was >50% higher than in 2011. Median treatment success was 53% (interquartile range 40–70%) in the 25 countries reporting data for 30 021 MDR-TB cases who started treatment in 2010.

Although progress has been noted in the expansion of MDR-TB care, urgent efforts are required in order to provide wider access to diagnosis and treatment in most countries with the highest burden of MDR-TB.