bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Approach Toward an Automated Object Retrieval Operation with a Two-Arm Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Miyabe Tomohiro , Konno Atsushi , Uchiyama Masaru , Yamano Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2004

The recent developments in space technology demand various services to uncontrollable satellites, such as refueling and repairing, in order to extend their lifespans. However, there has so far been no research on such practical applications with flexible manipulators. In this paper, we address automated object capture with a two-arm flexible manipulator, which is a basic technology for such services in space. This object capturing strategy includes symmetric cooperative control, visual servoing, the resolution of the inverse kinematics problem and the optimization of the configuration of a two-arm redundant flexible manipulator. For the performance improvement on the rise time of the internal forces at the instant of making contact, a transition control strategy is also proposed considering the resultant mechanical compliance associated with the internal forces. Moreover, we present the control system configuration for this task. This control system is based on IBM-compatible personal computers (PCs), and the computational loads for the task execution are distributed to several PCs connected to each other through the Ethernet. The effectiveness of the proposed control system and task sequence is validated with the experiments.
Experimental Study of Humanoid Robot HRP-1S
Authors: Yokoi Kazuhito , Kanehiro Fumio , Kaneko Kenji , Kajita Shuuji , Fujiwara Kiyoshi , Hirukawa Hirohisa
Published: May 2004

We have developed a humanoid robot HRP-1S that is capable of simultaneous whole body motion control. In phase one of the Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP) of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Honda R&D Co. Ltd has produced humanoid robot HRP-1 as a humanoid research platform to ease the development of good applications for humanoid robots in phase two of HRP. However, HRP-1 controls its legs and arms separately, and is not suitable for some applications. We modified the control hardware of HRP-1 and implemented our own control software. The modified robot was designated HRP-1S. The motion controller of HRP-1S is built in accordance with the plug-in architecture. We have developed some plug-ins including a real-time walking pattern generator (KWALK plug-in) and a reflex controller (STABILIZER plug-in) to maintain the dynamic balance of HRP-1S. In this paper, we present the system architecture of the control system of HRP-1S and several experimental results.
Contact State Estimation Using Multiple Model Estimation and Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Debus Thomas J. , Dupont Pierre E. , Howe Robert D.
Published: May 2004

In this paper we present an approach to estimating the contact state between a robot and its environment during task execution. Contact states are modeled by constraint equations parametrized by timedependent sensor data and time-independent object properties. At each sampling time, multiple model estimation is used to assess the most likely contact state. The assessment is performed by a hidden Markov model, which combines a measure of how well each set of constraint equations fits the sensor data with the probability of specific contact state transitions. The latter is embodied in a task-based contact state network. The approach is illustrated for a three-dimensional peg-in-hole insertion using a tabletop manipulator robot. Using only position sensing, the contact state sequence is successfully estimated without knowledge of nominal property values. Property estimates are obtained for the peg dimensions as well as the hole position and orientation.
Optimal Planning of Robotically Assisted Heart Surgery: First Results on the Transfer Precision in the Operating Room
Authors: Coste-Manière Ève , Adhami Louaï , Mourgues Fabien , Bantiche Olivier
Published: May 2004

The aim of this work is to quantify the errors introduced at different levels of applying results planned using a computer integrated surgery system in the operating room, and to make use of these errors to adapt the transfer and rethink the planning. In particular, we address the registration between preoperative imaging and the intraoperative patient model, as well as between the patient and the robot. Two different registration methods are used and their accuracies compared. Moreover, augmented reality trials are conducted to assess the difficulty of adapting preoperative data to intraoperative models in order to deliver useful information to the surgeon during the intervention. The experimental work in this paper is conducted on a dog for a coronary bypass intervention using the da Vinci™ surgical system.
Vision In and Out of Vehicles: Integrated Driver and Road Scene Monitoring
Authors: Apostoloff Nicholas , Zelinsky Alexander
Published: May 2004

One of the more startling effects of road related accidents is the economic and social burden that they cause. In OECD countries (the 23 leading economically developed countries of the world) over 150,000 people are killed every year (44,000+ in the USA, 38,000+ in Europe and 11,000+ in Japan) at an estimated cost of US$ 500 billion. One way of combating this problem is to develop intelligent vehicles that are self-aware and act to increase the safety of the transportation system. In this paper we present preliminary results of an Intelligent Transport System project that has fused visual lane tracking and driver monitoring technologies in the first step towards closing the loop between vision inside and outside the vehicle. Experimental results of a novel 15 Hz visual lane tracking system will be discussed, focusing on the particle filter and cue fusion technology used. The results from the integration of the lane tracker and the driver monitoring system are presented with an analysis of the driver’s visual behavior in several different scenarios.
Boundaries, Contingencies and Rigor
Authors: Vincenti Walter G. , Bloor David
Published: May 2004

A case study in the history of transonic aerodynamics, circa 1950, is used as a basis for reflecting on the character of the distinction between pure and applied mathematics, including the mathematics used by engineers. The case study is set against an historical background of disciplinary confrontation led by such eminent representatives of mathematics and aerodynamics as Garrett Birkhoff and Theodore von Kármán. The successful attempt to construct an adequate account of the aerodynamics of the transonic realm highlighted some sharp differences in the procedures and preferences of mathematical practitioners operating in different fields. The existence and general character of these differences is already widely acknowledged but the task of exploring them from a sociological standpoint still requires much work. The nature of the disciplinary distinctions between different areas of mathematics is examined using Barnes’ theory of (idealized) natural-and social-kind terms (so-called N-and S-predicates). Although the ultimate status of the disciplinary boundaries turns out, uncontroversially, to be ‘conventional’, the attempt to make out and exhibit the conventionality in detail proves to be a non-trivial exercise. It transpires that a thorough study of the issues turns on deep questions about the nature of mathematical rigor and a process that might be called ‘the exploitation of contingency’. These points are illustrated in detail by reference to the technical work of the area (in which one of the authors was an active participant).
The Third Science War
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: May 2004

The ‘Science Wars’ of the 1990s, whose central moment was the Sokal hoax, was understood to be ‘political’, but it was never quite clear what the political issue was. Two recent books, James Robert Brown’s Who Rules in Science?(2001) and Phillip Kitcher’s Science, Truth, and Democracy(2001), attempt in different ways to reflect on and extend the discussion from a ‘Left’ perspective. Brown argues Sokal’s case from a perspective of philosophical rationalism and anti-naturalism. Kitcher’s argument is that the aim of science is significant truth, and significance is a valuative notion. Explanation is relative to interests or values. But this does not mean that truth does not matter, or that the world has no influence on what we believe - the two considerations, significance and truth, interact and co-evolve. If this is true, how science is governed, and particularly what is studied, make a difference. A well-ordered science would be one in which decisions about what is studied would be both wise and democratic. Pure democracy would undermine wisdom, so a novel relation is needed, in which the preferences of voters would be tutored and a family-like dialogue would allow optimal choices to be made. Both discussions point to a genuine political dilemma over science and democracy, related to the dilemma faced by the Old Left, which hoped that science, through ‘Planning’, would seamlessly integrate itself into the social good in solidarity with the proletariat. Kitcher grasps that the forms of Liberal Democracy are not up to the task of dealing with science - and thus places himself at the opposite pole from thinkers like Habermas, who think that the Left must expand Public Reason. So the issue is ‘Who rules?’ and whether the proper role of science in society is one that effectively precludes ‘democratic control.’
Preparing the Next Generation of Scientists
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: May 2004

The present paper examines aspects of how students are trained to be scientists during their years in graduate school. The data were collected through open-ended interviews with academic research scientists, and the framework for analysis is provided by a generic social process scheme. My objective is to demonstrate how the social process of managing students is integral to our understanding of the day-to-day activities of scientists. Among the findings is the notion that what is formally taught and written down is not as significant as those things that the students learn through doing and participating in formal and informal interaction with senior students and faculty. The data also appear to suggest that any notion we might have of the rigid and prescribed nature of graduate science education does not match what actually takes place. Rather, the successful completion of research projects and the transition from student to scientist emerges through social interaction that reflects individual differences and the circumstances arising in particular situations and contexts.
1606 and all that: The Virginian Conquest
Authors: Tompsett Fabian
Published: May 2004

The Columbian quincentenary is not so much a remembrance of times past as a reconstruction of times present. For, whereas Europe’s medieval kings took legitimacy and authority from God’s ordinance, the mesh of supra-national and super powers and transnational conglomerates who arrange our destinies today, needs a more sophisticated array of techniques to proclaim the inevitability of current hierarchies of power and the rightfulness of its versions of progress.1
Battered Woman Syndrome Testimony in Canada: Its Development and Lingering Issues
Authors: Tang Kwong-Leung
Published: May 2004

This article examines the status of battered woman syndrome (BWS) testimony in Canadian courts and assesses the impact of the leading decision, Regina (R.) v. Lavallee. Acknowledging the test of reasonableness in criminal trials was constructed on a male model, the Supreme Court in Lavallee corrected the gendered interpretation of women in abusive relationships by admitting the BWS evidence. Feminist legal scholars questioned whether Lavallee had succeeded in dispelling the stereotypes around battered women. These concerns were partially addressed in R. v. Malott , but some tough issues remain: applying the reasonableness test to women of color and the narrow base of BWS evidence. Some directions are discussed: discarding BWS testimony, framing a redefined and expanded BWS testimony, introducing a new defense based on self-preservation, and adopting an alternative interpretative frame such as “coercive control.” The strengthening of BWS testimony would call for the judges’referencing of latest empirical research on battered women.
Children’s Street Connections in a Canadian Community
Authors: Basso Robert V. J. , Graham John , Pelech William , DeYoung Ted , Cardey Ray
Published: May 2004

Preteen children’s street activities in a small southern Ontario city were examined for understandings about how children on the street affiliate with one another and with adults after school. The everyday connections between children, shopkeepers, and municipal workers demonstrate that the municipal workers and merchants can offer caring, support, and sanctions to children when parents or teachers are not accompanying them. This provides children on the street with a form of guidance from extrafamilial mentors. The findings point to community-based potentials for naturally occurring crime prevention strategies, a significant aspect of Canada’s new law: Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2003.
Believing is Seeing? Investigating the Perceived Accuracy of Criminal Psychological Profiles
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Hayes Andrew F.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated whether perceptions of criminal psychological profiles are influenced by the identity of the profile’s author. Police officers were given a profile they were told was written by either a professional profiler or by an unspecified author. When judged in relation to the actual perpetrator of the crime, police officers tended to perceive greater accuracy in a profile when it was labeled as authored by a professional profiler independent of the actual content of the profile. But officers’ judgments of the usefulness of the profile were not affected by knowledge of who wrote the profile. Explanations for this result focus on the ambiguous nature of criminal profiles and how this ambiguity enhances the likelihood that beliefs about the validity of profiling can color perceptions of the content of the profile.
Examining the Use of the M-FAST with Criminal Defendants Incompetent to Stand Trial
Authors: Miller Holly A.
Published: May 2004

The Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) was developed to provide evaluators with a brief, reliable, and valid screen for malingered mental illness. This study examined the initial validity of the M-FAST in a sample of 50 criminal defendants found incompetent to stand trial because of a mental illness. The M-FAST total score and items were compared with the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and the fake-bad indicators of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Results indicated good evidence of construct and criterion validity, demonstrated by t tests, receiver operating characteristics analysis, and high correlations between the M-FAST, SIRS, and the fake-bad indices on the MMPI-2. Tentative cut scores for the M-FAST total score and scales were examined and demonstrated high utility with the sample of criminal defendants incompetent to stand trial.
The Recruitment and Retention of Indigenous Criminal Justice Agency Staff in an Australian State
Authors: Day Andrew , Giles Glenn , Marshall Brian , Sanderson Von
Published: May 2004

In Australia, as in other countries that have experienced colonisation, indigenous people are massively overrepresented in all stages of the criminal justice system. If criminal justice agencies are to provide culturally responsive and effective services to this group, it is important that they employ significant numbers of indigenous staff across all levels of their organisations. Despite the positive intentions of many justice agencies to increase the proportion of indigenous staff members they employ, the numbers remain low. In this article, we explore some of the possible reasons for this by reporting the results of focus groups conducted with existing indigenous justice agency employees. The employees raised a number of issues relevant to recruitment and retention. These are discussed in terms of their potential value in improving justice agency indigenous recruitment and retention strategies.
Community Service Orders in Hong Kong, England, and Wales: Twins or Cousins
Authors: Lo T. Wing , Harris Robert J.
Published: May 2004

Hong Kong’s Community Service Order (CSO) is anchored in the probation service and has not had to face problems related to the cultural divide and professional rivalry between community service and probation staff similar to England and Wales. CSOs in both jurisdictions differ in offenders’minimum age and in seeking offenders’consent and have been rarely used for young offenders. They have widened the net of social control, and there have been difficulties in positioning them in the sentencing tariff. Although retributive penal practices might have crept into Hong Kong after China’s takeover in 1997, its CSO has retained rehabilitative elements. In England and Wales, the renaming of CSO as the Community Punishment Order reaffirmed its retributive nature, however the Pathfinder projects have taken it back to its origins as a rehabilitative measure. We suggest that CSOs should move further toward restorative justice by the involvement of victims in the choice of community services.
Subtle Means and Enticing Carrots
Authors: Price David H.
Published: May 2004

Economic and academic support for American anthropologists during the Cold War is examined in light of what is known about military and intelligence interests during this period. Some of the questions asked and regions studied by anthropologists were shaped by the limited availability of Area Center funds, public and private foundations’ grants, development projects, and other funding opportunities. The CIA’s covert involvement in the Human Ecology Fund, and the Cold War backdrop of the Modjokuto Project are examined to highlight America’s covert-hegemonic influence on the developement of midcentury anthropology.
Poverty in the New World Dream: Families and Gender in Southern Dunedin, New Zealand, 1890-1920
Authors: Cooper Annabel , Horan Marian
Published: May 2004

This article considers how poverty was distributed among the different inhabitants of the southern suburbs of a New Zealand city, in the context particularly of motherhood, fatherhood, dependence and independence, childhood, home, and old age. It addresses the demographic patterns and economic practices that meant that women and men, and the single and the married, encountered poverty differently; and it assesses the relationship between family life cycle and poverty in terms of gender. Finally, it considers the significance of the male-breadwinner wage norm and the way that this practice resulted in an uneven distribution of poverty not only across a society but also within families.
Late Medieval “Counseling”: Jean Gerson (1363-1419) as a Family Pastor
Authors: Mazour-Matusevich Yelena
Published: May 2004

The writings of the most influential religious thinker and theologian of the fifteenth century, Jean Gerson (1363-1419), represent a rich mine for the study of medieval mentality, religious practice, and the relationship between parishioners and pastor. Above all, the combination of traditional and innovative attitudes makes his views on family life, conjugal responsibilities, marital jealousy, spousal abuse, and the education of children interesting to a modern audience. His opinions are far from typical for the fifteenth century, and many of his ideas represent exceptional rather than mainstream tendencies.
Revenge and Forgiveness in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: van Noort Maria
Published: May 2004

Noticing in society a culmination of vengeful actions between nations and a simultaneous tendency to ask publicly for forgiveness made the author curious how these phenomena manifest themselves in long-term analytic group psychotherapy. Working through feelings of shame and guilt followed by mourning seems necessary in order to give up a need for revenge or come to acceptance and possible forgiveness. The group as a place to find emotional justice has been highlighted in a vignette.
Social Brain and Social Group: How Mirroring Connects People
Authors: Pines Malcolm
Published: May 2004

At the Bologna 2002 THE ECONOMY OF THE GROUP conference, we were bringing together apparently unrelated spheres of the human mind: psychodynamic and economic sciences. I shall use the concepts of mirroring and exchange as my contribution to bringing these two spheres together. My research in libraries, such as the London School of Economics, the Tavistock Clinic and the Royal Society of Medicine has brought surprising and rewarding findings to light.
Equal Opportunities Matter
Authors: Treacher Amal
Published: May 2004

Through exploring the dynamics in two different seminar groups with undergraduates the paper analyses the dynamics that arise in teaching situations. The emphasis is on the communications and fantasies that occur across axis of ethnicity and class. Drawing upon a theoretical framework the paper argues that emotional and moral recognition is based on placing self and other on a difference/similarity spectrum.
Epistemology of Measurement: The Relevance of its History for Quantification in the Social Sciences
Authors: Michell Joel
Published: May 2004

Five episodes in the history of quantitative science provided the occasions for changes in the understanding of measurement important for attempts at quantification in the social sciences. First, Euclid's generalization of the ancient concept of measure to the concept of ratio provided a clear rationale for the use of numbers in quantitative science, a rationale that has been important through the history of science and one that contradicts the definition of measurement currently fashionable within the social sciences. Second, Duns Scotus's modelling of qualitative change upon quantitative change provided the opportunity to extend measurement from extensive to intensive attributes, a shift that makes it clear that the possibility of measuring qualitative attributes in the social sciences is not one that can be ruled out a priori. Third, Hölder's specification of the character of quantitative attributes showed that quantitative structure is a specific kind of empirical structure, one that is not logically necessary and, therefore, it shows that it is not necessary that any psychological attributes must be quantitative either. Taking the points emanating from Duns Scotus and Hölder together, the issue of whether psychological attributes are quantitative is shown to be an empirical issue. Fourth, Campbell's delineation of the categories of fundamental and derived measurement, and his subsequent critique of psychophysical measurement, showed that attempts at psychological measurement raised new challenges for measurement theory. Fifth, the articulation of the theory of conjoint measurement by Luce and Tukey reveals one way in which those challenges might be met. Taken as a whole, these episodes show that attempts at measurement in the social sciences are continuous with the rest of science in the sense that the issue of whether social science attributes can be measured raises empirical questions that can be answered only in the light of scientific evidence.
Compromise, Social Justice and Resistance: an Introduction to the Political Sociology of Georg Simmel
Authors: Papilloud Christian , Rol Cécile
Published: May 2004

Compromise, the principal object of Simmel’s political sociology, constitutes the framework of his political triptych, which articulates his two key concepts of Wechselwirkung and exchange. Simmel uses it to develop an anthropological concept of politics that allows him to touch on the meanings of social justice in political modernity. Faced with a sense of justice that is limited in its general value, and different from a social norm of justice that is oblivious to the particularity of the circumstances to which it is applied, compromise enables a pluralist social justice capable of renewing the commitment to politics in modern society. Simmel reflects on this commitment with the help of the concept of compromise as a resistance to society within society.
Le Compromis, Rationalité et Valeur: Esquisse d’une approche sociologique
Authors: Kuty Olgierd , Nachi Mohamed
Published: May 2004

The authors propose a reflection on the status of compromise in European sociological tradition, and more particularly in two classical authors, Durkheim and Weber, as well as in several contemporary authors who follow in Weber’s footsteps. After having noted the absence of any reference to the idea of compromise in Durkheim’s work, they posit that it is nevertheless possible to detect the presence of compromise as an implicit category in Weber’s writings, notably through his distinction between different ethics. While it is explicitly present in the contemporary authors examined, the concept is related to the different proceduralization theories found in Habermas, Crozier, Sainsaulieu and Reynaud.
Modernity, Openness, Interpretation: A Perspective on Multiple Modernities
Authors: Kaya Ibrahim
Published: May 2004

This article aims to inspire an analysis of modernity that would provide a starting point for conceptualizing multiple modernities. First, I argue that conceptualizing modernity as an open-ended horizon engenders spaces to interpret modernity in multiple ways. A view of modernity is thus developed that questions totalizing and Eurocentric theories of modernity. Then the current state of the plurality and diversity of identities and practices is emphasized as the consequence of the openness of modernity to interpretation. In this respect, it is insisted that the different features of non-western cultures should be seen as the indication for the existence of multiple modernities. Finally, for a sociology of multiple modernities, four basic themes are outlined that need to be worked on: plurality of civilizations, histories, modernizing agents and the projects of modernity.
Exploring the Options in No-Man’s Land
Authors: Grumley John
Published: May 2004

This paper compares the analysis of the antinomies of modern culture in the work of Agnes Heller and György Markus. It is particularly concerned with Heller’s innovative introduction of a third optative concept of culture as cultural conversation. The rationale, contours and diagnosis linked to this normative concept are explored and contrasted to the historicising alternative presented in Markus. It is argued that some weaknesses in Heller’s account are intimately linked to the utopian aspiration of her understanding of philosophy.
Democracy as Socio-Cultural Project of Individual and Collective Sovereignty
Authors: Doyle Natalie
Published: May 2004

French political philosophy has experienced a renewal over the last twenty years. One of its leading projects is Marcel Gauchet’s reflection on democracy and religion. This project situates itself within the context of the French debate on modernity and autonomy launched by the work of Cornelius Castoriadis. Gauchet’s work makes a significant contribution to this debate by building on the pioneering work of Lefort on the political self-instituting capacity of modern societies and the associated shift from religion to ideology. It thus explores the centrality of the notion of sovereignty in the advent of liberal democracy and conducts this reflection within an overall discussion of the role played by Christianity in the genesis of European modernity. It elaborates an anthropology of modernity which explores the relationship between individualism and democracy and redefines modernity as a project of sovereignty which aims at creating a radically new society, the society of individuals.
The Islamic Revolution in Iran: Retrospect after a Quarter of a Century
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad
Published: May 2004

During the last quarter of a century, Iran has undergone fundamental changes. The revolution was supported by a heterogeneous coalition of social forces, but it led to a war with Iraq and the stabilization of an Islamic regime. Since the end of the 1980s, four different types of new social actors have emerged in Iran: post-Islamist intellectuals; feminists; students as a nonrevolutionary, reformist and democratically minded group; and ethnic movements. These actors mostly (with the exception of some intellectuals) belong to a generation which did not take part in the revolution; their aspirations and demands are totally different from those most characteristic of the revolutionary phase. The election of President Khatami in 1997 was a result of these changes. Since then, a stalemate has prevailed: the society is post-Islamist, whereas the decisive power centres are controlled by Islamist conservatives.
Civilization and State Formation in the Islamic Context: Re-Reading Ibn Khaldūn
Authors: Arnason Johann P. , Stauth Georg
Published: May 2004

Ibn KhaldØun’s theory of history has been extensively discussed and interpreted in widely divergent ways by Western scholars. In the context of present debates, it seems most appropriate to read his work as an original and comprehensive version of civilizational analysis (the key concept of ‘umran is crucial to this line of interpretation), and to reconstruct his model in terms of relations between religious, political and economic dimensions of the human condition. A specific relationship between state formation and the broader context of civilizational processes appears as the most central theme. This civilizational approach is then contrasted with the most influential recent Western interpretation, put forward by Ernest Gellner. Gellner translates Ibn KhaldØun’s analysis into functionalist terms and thus tones down its historical and civilizational specificity. The consequences are most obvious when it comes to discussing the unity and diversity of the Islamic world, especially with regard to the Ottoman Empire.
The Danish Path to Modernity
Authors: Østergård Uffe
Published: May 2004

In a comparative context, Danish national identity and political culture combine features of what is often referred to as East European integral nationalism , typical of smaller, recently independent nation-states, and the patriotic concept of citizenship in the older West European state nations. The explanation of this apparent paradox is that Denmark belongs to both families. A former multinational, composite state in 1864 was cut down to a size that enabled a class of about 60,000 peasant-farmers to establish an ideological hegemony in the diminished and nationalized, yet still fully legitimate, state. A libertarian ideology of social solidarity ended up dominating this rump nationstate. The net result in Denmark has been a political mentality stressing the importance of consensus among all the people, in Danish ‘folk’. This populism or ‘popular’ ideology ( folkelighed ) is shared by virtually all political parties. Thus Danish modernity was characterized by industrialized agrarian capitalism with a socially and nationally homogeneous face, i.e. a folkish democracy which I have elsewhere baptized ‘Peasants and Danes’ (Østergård, 1992).
Where Do Women’s Jobs Come from?
Authors: Skuratowicz Eva , Hunter Larry W.
Published: May 2004

We derive a 4-step process of occupational sex segregation from a case study of restructuring in a large American bank. This change was occasioned by a restructuring initiative that created new positions. Through interviews with employees and direct observation of work in four geographic regions, we identify four factors that underlie the process of resegregation: Managers built gendered assumptions into the new jobs; employees responded to these cues and to the characteristics of the jobs; management made job assignments that were consistent with both their assumptions and employees’choices; and both managers and employees developed shared gender norms associated with the new positions.
Professional Commitment of Russian Provincial Specialists
Authors: Osinsky Pavel , Mueller Charles W.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the determinants of professional commitment of college-educated specialists in one of the Russian provinces. We analyze the specialists’ professional commitment as determined by two sets of orientations: universalistic instrumental factors (compensation, career advancement and opportunities of alternative employment) and specifically professional noninstrumental factors (professional responsibility, cognitive orientation, and cultural capital). Although both instrumental and noninstrumental factors affect professional commitment of Russian specialists, noninstrumental factors are the most important. The article also identifies significant differences between two groups of Russian professionals, technocrats, and the traditional intelligentsia.
Ductility Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Beams with CFRP Tendons
Authors: Jo Byung-Wan , Tae Ghi-Ho , Kwon Byung-Yun
Published: May 2004

Conventional definition of ductility index which are based on yielding of the reinforcement, are inappropriate for the evaluation of structural ductility of concrete beams reinforced or prestressed with FRP tendons. In this paper, a new definition of ductility index is expressed as the ratio of the total energy to the elastic energy at the failure state of a beam. It is applicable to beams with steel as well as brittle FRP reinforcements, thus providing a common basis for comparison. From the experimental results of prestressed concrete beams, the beams with a carbon fiber reinforcement plastic (CFRP) tendon have higher flexural cracking load, flexural yielding load, and flexural fracture load. While the displacement at the fracture stage was lower compared to steel tendons, excessive steel reinforcement lead to a lower ductility index. Prestressed concrete beam with a CFRP tendon have sufficient ductility when ruptured by crushing of concrete or used with unbonded tendon. Accordingly, ductility of structure could be secured by overcoming reinforcement failure as inducing compress-controlled failure based on overreinforcement designs in the beam which is used in CFRP tendons. Therefore, the practical design method for prestressed concrete beams with CFRP tendons turn out to be overreinforcement, and use of unbonded tendon.
Accessibility Versus Scale
Authors: Dunkley Bill , Helling Amy , Sawicki David S.
Published: May 2004

Grocery stores have been growing larger, leading some local governments, including the City of Atlanta, to adopt policies favoring smaller commercial spaces or limiting larger stores’ square footages. This article examines the grocery industry nationally and in Atlanta and how house-holds’ food-shopping behavior influences store accessibility and store size. Results suggest that Americans shop for groceries by car and that attributes of potential customers influence grocery store sizes. The association between household income and average store size is significantly positive. Indicators of individual and house-hold transportation disadvantage, by contrast, are associated with smaller average store sizes in Atlanta, indicating that small stores are likely to be most successful where they are most needed.
Acculturation, Drinking, and Intimate Partner Violence among Hispanic Couples in the United States: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Caetano Raul , Ramisetty-Mikler Suhasini , McGrath Christine
Published: May 2004

This article examines the 5-year association between acculturation, drinking, and maleto-female partner violence and female-to-male partner violence among Hispanic couples in the United States. A national representative sample of Hispanic couples 18 years of age or older was interviewed in 1995 and 2000. Both members of the couple were independently interviewed. Differences in prevalence rates of male-to-female partner violence and female-to-male partner violence, incidence, and recurrence across acculturation groups are not significant. Drinking is associated with acculturation among women. Couples with mixed acculturation level (high-medium) are less at risk for maleto-female partner violence. An increase of five standard drinks per week in men’s drinking decreases the risk of female-to-male partner violence by 10%. Acculturation level at Time 1 is not associated with male-to-female partner violence and female-to-male partner violence status 5 years later.
Measuring Perceived Social Support in Mexican American Youth: Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Authors: Edwards Lisa M.
Published: May 2004

The utility of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet,& Farley, 1988) was investigated within a sample of 290Mexican American adolescents. Results suggested that the three-subscale structure (Family, Friends, and Significant Other) of the MSPSS was confirmed, and adequate internal reliability for the three scales was demonstrated as well. Support for construct validity was found by evaluating correlations from a perceived family support subscale as well as a satisfaction with family measure. It appears that the MSPSS is a useful measure for assessing perceived social support in Latino youth and as such can be used to further our understanding about social support from different sources in Latino adolescents.
Professors as Mediators of Academic Text Cultures
Authors: Dysthe Olga
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on supervising professors’ and master’s degree students’ understanding and experiences of supervision practices in a Norwegian university, with focus on differences in text cultures and text norms between and within three academic disciplines. The interview study shows that each discipline is a heterogeneous discourse community with largely unarticulated differences. The findings suggest three supervision models, described as teaching, partnership, and apprenticeship. Dominant trends in supervisory relationships and textual practices are distinguished, and characteristics of each are outlined. Connections are shown between the models supervisors adhere to, the kind of texts they expect from their students, and how they provide feedback. As an example, conflicting attitudes toward exploratory student texts are discussed. The study shows that supervision models and textual expectations are influenced by the disciplinary text cultures in which supervisors and students take part. Finally, some practical implications of the study are suggested.
Hidden Norms in Assessment of Students’ Exam Essays in Norwegian Upper Secondary Schools
Authors: Berge Kjell Lars
Published: May 2004

The article presents the cultural background, methodological design, theory, and results of a comprehensive research project where the doxa and textual norms of the judges at the national writing exam in Norway were studied. The background of the study is the quite comprehensive reforms in Norway of the way writing is taught in the upper secondary schools, the kind of writing that is encouraged in the schools, the kind of tasks that are used at the national writing exam, and how writing should be assessed in the Norwegian upper secondary schools, as well as the national writing exam. The study is related to comparable studies internationally, first and foremost the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievements (IEA) study of writing.
A Genre System View of the Funding of Academic Research
Authors: Tardy Christine M.
Published: May 2004

For many researchers, grant proposals are a high-stakes genre crucial to their work; this pivotal genre does not exist in isolation but as part of a complex reticulation of genres that interact to form a genre system. This article explores the genre system of academic research funding in terms of the following questions: (a) What is the nature of the genre system of grant funding? (b) What are the roles and functions of that system? and (c) What does exploration of the system reveal about genre knowledge and how writers develop such knowledge? Findings suggest that grant writing is fundamentally a social activity, that the intertextual networks of the genre system serve to navigate writers through that system and to build the writers’ knowledge of the system, and that knowledge of a genre system may differ in important ways from knowledge of an isolated genre.
Creating Rhetorical Stability in Corporate University Discourse
Authors: Faber Brenton
Published: May 2004

Written communication scholarship has shown that successful social change requires discursive stability. This study was designed to investigate how this stability is created. Critical discourse analysis of 30 corporate university articles investigated claims authors made about the expansion of market-based values into contexts of organizational learning and academic higher education. In total, 243 claims were examined for uses of modality, hedging, presupposition, and the progressive aspect. Results claim that articles used modality, hedging, and the progressive aspect to create strategic ambiguity that was resolved ideologically through presuppositions that reflect the assumptions of “the new capitalism.” Results indicate that discursive stability is not solely a semantic issue but may occur pragmatically and syntactically as texts are structured to displace existing knowledge within contested spaces. Results also indicate that a heavy reliance on pragmatic features may characterize technologized texts, texts designed to create social change without input, democratic participation, or consensus building.
Information Sourcesas a Persuasive Strategy in Editorials
Authors: Le ÉLisabeth
Published: May 2004

The media, which includes editorials, have been shown to play an important role in thedefinition of priorities in public agenda. In the domain of international matters, thepublic relies heavily on the media, and editorials play an even greater role. This articleexamines how explicit mentions of external sources of information function in theargumentative structure of editorials to achieve a persuasive effect. Acorpus of 40 editorials dealingwith Russia (taken fromLe Monde andThe New York Times between August 1999and March 2000) has been studied using a cognitive-based linguistic model of discourseanalysis. It is shown how under the guise of bringing some objectivity to the editorials’argumentation, external sources of information facilitate and enhance their subjectivity.
Preserving the Figure
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: May 2004

Researchers studying science communication often examine how texts addressed to different audiences contribute to the formation of knowledge on a given issue. This article examines how arguments on scientific issues travel from text to text by considering how certain figures of speech persist from version to version. It uses a specialized genre of articles appearing in Science and Nature that introduces research reports appearing later in the issue. These pieces refer explicitly to a research report in the same issue, and in addition to their own agendas, re-present the researchers’ claims and supporting evidence. To investigate how the core of an argument survives, the expression claims and lines of support in epitomizing figures are compared. The articles sampled suggest that the figure antithesis, embodyingsingle-difference arguments,often persists from version to version. But in the process of perfecting a figured expression, arguments may be subtly changed in subsequent versions.
Neither Confusing Cacophony Nor Culinary Complements
Authors: Ceccarelli Leah
Published: May 2004

This article undertakes a close rhetorical reading of the speeches given by Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Francis Collins, and Craig Venter on June 26, 2000, at the White House ceremony announcing the completion of the Human Genome Project. Specifically, it looks at the metaphors used by each speaker to describe the activity of genomic scientists. Scientific activity regarding the genome was metaphorically compared to such actions as producing a map, opening a frontier, unlocking a vault, drawing a blueprint, reading an instruction manual, and learning a language. This article argues that these metaphors and the way in which they interact with each other can oversimplify the subject matter under discussion and can conflict with the ethical goals that the authors explicitly proclaim. An examination of the interaction between metaphorical vehicles in this particular case study amends some earlier claims that the author made in a theoretical reflection on the problems and the possibilities of mixed metaphors in genomic science.
Textual Borrowing in Second-Language Writing
Authors: Shi Ling
Published: May 2004

This study examines how first language and the type of writing task affect undergraduates’ word usage from source readings in their English writing. Of 87 participating university undergraduates, 39 were native English speakers from a 1st-year writing course in a North American university, whereas 48 were 3rd-year Chinese students learning English as a second language in a university in China. Using two preselected source texts, half of the students in each group completed a summary task; the other half completed an opinion task. Students’ drafts and the source texts were compared to identify exact or near verbatim retention of strings of words from sources with or without acknowledgement. A two-way ANOVA indicated that both task and first language had an effect on the amount of words borrowed. The study found that students who did the summary task borrowed more words than those who wrote the opinion essays, and Chinese students used source texts mostly without citing references for either task.
A Cross-Cultural Case Study of a Multinational Training Program in the United States and Taiwan
Authors: Chang Wei-Wen
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of national culture on international training program development. Implementation of the selected training program was analyzed by a qualitative case study to examine how training practitioners in the United States and in Taiwan pursue standardized learning outcomes in different cultural contexts. Findings indicate that in multinational program development, leaving room in course design increases the cultural adaptability of a multinational program. Regarding teaching strategies, the teaching techniques in the selected training program provide instructors with the flexibility to integrate the context of local culture into the curriculum. By applying the course contents to their own actual lives, learners have opportunities to incorporate the context of their life experience into the learning process.
Interpersonal and Achievement Orientations and Specific Stressors Predict Depressive and Aggressive Symptoms
Authors: Little Stephanie A. , Garber Judy
Published: May 2004

From a prospective study of the development of psychopathology, 129 adolescents were identified who transitioned to a new school in ninth grade. The current study examined the contributions of sex, interpersonal and achievement orientations, peer and academic stressors, and their interactions to the prediction of depressive and aggressive symptoms following the high-school transition. Among girls, higher levels of interpersonal and achievement orientations were associated with increases in depressive and aggressive symptoms, respectively, following the experience of domain-congruent stressors. The positive relation between academic stressors and depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for girls than boys. For boys, high levels of academic stressors were associated with increases in aggressive symptoms regardless of their level of achievement orientation.