bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presuppositions and the universe of interpretation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

is ‘universally true’? Normally speaking, of course, (2) is not universally true, if it makes sense at all to ask this question in relation to an occasion sentence. But we can say that in order for (2) to be uttered in such a way as to have a truth value, it must be uttered in a certain context, which we can call the ‘universe of interpretation’ (UI). Within this ‘universe’, (2) must hold if (1) is to have a truth value. In a certain sense we can say that (2) is crucial in helping to constitute the UI for

Now, however, before we can proceed, we must have a closer, critical look at Strawson’s notion of existential presupposition. According to Strawson, the definite article induces the presupposition that the object mentioned does indeed exist, so that the nominal constituent in question actually refers. If the object mentioned does not exist, then, he says, the sentence lacks a truth value. This, however, cannot be the case. Imagine a situation where a mother is telling a story to little Jimmy about a hunch-backed sorcerer who turns little children into mushrooms, hoping that Jimmy will now go to sleep. But, as was to be expected, Jimmy, far from going to sleep, refuses to be left alone for fear
Logical form and semantic form: an argument against Geach †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Right from the first beginnings of linguistic studies, in Greek and Roman antiquity, it was realized that the meanings of words and sentences stand in a defective relationship to their perceptible forms. As regards words, to the extent that they are irreducible elements, they are also considered to embody an arbitrary (using de Saussure’s famous term) link between their form and their meaning. Sentences, as is well known, hardly ever allow for a semantic analysis uniquely in terms of the elements actually present as their constituents: more is needed. The Greek philosopher Cratylus, in Plato’s dialogue of that name, does not accept the arbitrary nature of lexical form at face value. He seeks more primitive semantic elements. In the footsteps of the great Heraclitus, for whom physical nature is nothing but change covering up a hidden reality which ‘likes to hide behind appearances’, Cratylus applies his master’s dictum to language and proceeds to postulate semantic analyses for lexical items (mostly of a somewhat fantastic nature, so much so that Plato, apparently, is not entirely prepared to take them seriously). Cratylus, and with him tribes of philosophers and linguists, have postulated, or anyway accepted into their theories, the notion of a semantic form distinct from the perceptible surface structure of a sentence with its grammatical relations.
Presupposition and negation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Ever since Strawson proposed (1950, 1952, 1954) to regard the negation operator in natural language as presupposition-preserving, there has been unclarity, in most of the literature, about the logical consequences of such a proposal. There was, and is, moreover, great unclarity regarding the relation between the semantics and the logic of this operator, and pragmatics, mainly of Gricean stock, has frequently been draughted to help out on dilemmas in the logical or semantic analyses of presupposition and negation. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide greater clarity in the problems concerning the logic and the semantics of presupposition and negation in natural language, and to spell out what solutions are viable, given the empirical facts on the one hand and the constraints of logic on the other.
Why does 2 mean ‘2’? Grist to the anti-Grice mill †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Normally, when one says Jack has two children, one means, and is taken to intend to convey, that Jack has precisely two children, and not, as standard logico- semantic analyses have it, that Jack has at least two children. Under the standard logical interpretation, the sentence is simply true when Jack has more than two children, and false only in those cases where Jack has fewer than two children. The problem addressed in this chapter is: why should the normal interpretation of such a sentence entail that Jack does not have more than two children?

This problem is not new. It and similar problems were discussed by Grice, who proposed, in the late 1960s, that linguistic communicative processes are subject to a set of conditions, the so-called ‘maxims’, whose functional purpose is further to streamline the flow of information conveyed in virtue of the logico-semantic properties of the sentences uttered. These maxims are presented as a set of tacitly agreed expectations between speaker and listener, some kind of silent covenant to be overridden only in non-default circumstances. One of these maxims is the ‘maxim of quantity’, which says that the information presented should be taken to encompass the whole relevant truth so far, and to be complete in the sense that no subsequent corrections are needed that could have been built into the message as transmitted so far without extra effort or cost. For the case at hand this means that the utterance of Jack has two children will be taken to convey, beyond its logico-semantic content, also the implicature that there are no more than two children in Jack’s family, since if there were, the speaker should have made that clear without extra effort by specifying the exact number, thus avoiding the
Towards a discourse-semantic account of donkey anaphora †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Donkey anaphora is a form of pronominal or nominal anaphora which cannot be adequately rendered in the language of modern predicate calculus as devised by Russell at the start of this century. The problem of donkey anaphora consists precisely in the inability of modern predicate calculus to account for it, and is thus entirely theory-dependent. Sentences containing such anaphoric expressions are known as donkey sentences, after Geach’s little but influential book Reference and Generality of 1962, where the relevant example sentences all involve mention of donkeys.
Introduction
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

In May 2000, Londoners went to the polls-in disappointingly small numbers-to vote for the first time for a directly elected executive mayor and assembly to represent and govern them. So began the latest episode in the recurrent experiment that is the government of London. The novelty of the new arrangements lay in the attempt to provide a concentrated focus, and above all a single voice, for the British capital.
The Virtual University: The Learner’s Perspective
Authors: Crook Charles
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons given for developing virtual universities. Those most frequently heard concern the ambition of greater social inclusion and the promise of greater cost-effectiveness. It is not so common to hear arguments based upon advancing the quality of the learning experience itself. Nevertheless, some advocates of virtualization indicate high expectations about that experience. For example, it is frequently claimed that virtual learning offers to students a new intellectual independence; it does so by providing them with greater freedom in the management of their studies. Yet, there is little sense that such promises are based upon any principled consideration of how people learn. The academic discipline of psychology is expected to offer insight into these matters. Accordingly, one aim of the present chapter is to consider how our thinking about virtualization might be informed by psychological perspectives. I shall note what these have had to say about the issue of learning, and how this, in turn, has influenced the design of educational technology.
Germany
Authors: Boehmer Ekkbhart
Published: November 2023

Corporate governance is currently a topic of great worldwide interest to academics, legislators, and practitioners. In addition to several academic articles, it has prompted active involvement of the OECD, the EU, the German Monopolkommission, the Bundestag, and several other institutions. Especially in comparison to the Anglo American system, German corporate governance is characterized by lesser reliance on capital markets and outside investors, but a stronger reliance on large inside investors and financial institutions to achieve efficiency in the corporate sector.3 Since data on German corporations have become more easily available in recent years, the discussion has lately become more scientific and started to focus on studying the benefits and costs of the German system.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the Law of Libel
Authors: Barendt* Eric
Published: November 2023

The impact of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the protection of privacy has been much discussed in both the press and legal commentary. In particular, the question whether the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 compels recognition of a privacy right against the media has been exhaustively analysed.1 This is rather odd, since the European Human Rights Court in Strasbourg has never pronounced on the scope of a privacy right against the media, let alone balanced it against the right to freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the ECHR. In contrast, the repercussions of incorporation for libel law have largely been ignored, although several major rulings of the Strasbourg Court have concerned defamation. It will be argued in this article that some of them, notably the recent rulings in Bladet Tromso  2 and in Bergens Tidende ,3 may carry significant implications for libel law.
Napster, DVD and All That: Developing a Coherent Copyright Grid for Internet Entertainment
Authors: Suthersanen* Uma
Published: November 2023

Musical and film works in the current global context are industrial products within a market economy. In this industrial sector, the entertainment industry acts as a modern day impresario, whose aim, as producers and rightsowners of musical and film works, is to transform these industrial products, often romantically termed ‘cultural or creative industries’, into financial rewards. The impresario is concerned, to some extent, with the well-being of the artiste, in so far as it relates to the financial value of her output. The consumer does not overly concern the impresario except as a potential source of revenue to the cause. Nevertheless, the relationship between all three is vital. Just as the classical market economy paradigm revolves around the tripartite acts of Production—Circulation—Exchange, so the entertainment industry revolves around the sacrosanct link of Artiste—Entertainment Industry—Consumer.
Developments in Substantive Copyright Law
Authors: Enser John , hurdle* heidi
Published: November 2023

In contrast with the last few years, the period under review has seen several landmark developments in substantive copyright law. Indeed, this survey article will study such developments in some detail, to the exclusion of the serveral minor decisions which are less newsworthy.
The European Convention on Human Rights and Media Law
Authors: Qc Lord Lester Of Herne Hill , Wang Mariann Meier , Jayawardena* Kishali pinto
Published: November 2023

Today, the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights have the force of domestic law in the United Kingdom, due to the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into effect on 2 October 2000. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights has accordingly become a more significant tool for the media here in English and Scottish courts, even as the European Court itself remains open to those who find domestic remedies ineffective. Understanding and examining the European Court’s decisions is thus more pertinent today for the UK media lawyer than it has ever been.
Ian Loveland, Political Libels , Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999, xviii + 190 pp. (£22.50).
Authors: Spilsbury Sallie
Published: November 2023

In the preface to this illuminating book, Ian Loveland explains that his aim is to advance the thesis that English law to date has been too jealous of defending the reputations of politicians and insufficiently alert to the legitimate interest of the electorate in receiving information about those who govern.
Introduction
Authors: Borca Grainne De
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons to reflect anew on the role and position of the European judicial branch. When attention focuses on the profound and vital developments confronting the EU both at present and over the next decade including the prospect of substantial enlargement, and the existence of new and growing areas of highly significant EC and EU policy competence such as in the monetary sphere and in immigration and policing-it is curious how little reflection there tends to be on the possible implications for the European Court of Justice. The spotlight is firmly on the Commission, the Council, the Parliament, on the political and diplomatic structures for policy-making; insofar as attention is paid to the Court, it tends to be on the question of case load and to be couched in fairly technical and abstract terms. And yet the exponential growth and expansion of the EU in terms of size, substance, and complexity profoundly affects the judicial branch as it does all others. The central relationship of the Court of Justice with national courts, including the constitutional and other courts of future Member States with their diverse constitutional traditions and histories, will undoubtedly undergo change and encounter new challenges. And the significant developments which have taken place within the EU, including the increasing differentiation, diffusion, and complexity of its legal and political forms and structures, inevitably must affect the values and methodology of the Court which defines and mediates the legal relations within that system.
Focus
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

The problem addressed in this chapter is the analysis of the construction exemplified in (1). (1) met’in-al burim sa yärävgä q’ozol-le this. ERG-AND apparently one bag. ABSL gold. ABSL-3SG aq’sa [J 170: 4 –5] take ‘ She also apparently takes a bag of gold.’ In this chapter it is argued that in the construction illustrated in (1), (2) a. the PM attaches to a constituent that is in focus, and b. the complex composed of focused constituent + PM generally occurs immediately before the verb. (2b) is stated here in a preliminary version and is modified below in §3.4. In §3.2, focus marking in Udi is identified in a general sense; it is argued that sentences such as (1) involve the formal marking of focus. In §3.3, universal types of information structure are explored in relation to their realization in Udi grammar.
Complex Verbs
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

In order to state the synchronic rules that place person markers in Udi, it is essential that we understand the full variety of the structure of the verb. We must similarly understand this in order to reconstruct the morphosyntax of focus and of the complex verb in Udi and to explain their development. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to describe the internal structure of the Udi verb. As part of this goal, we must develop some criteria that will enable us to distinguish between complex and simplex verbs and diagnostics to differentiate between complex verbs and constructions that closely resemble them. The finite verb (referred to here as the ‘verb form’) consists minimally of a verbstem and a tense – aspect – mood (TAM) suffix. For example, the verb form buq’-sa consists just of the stem buq’- ‘love, want’ and the present tense marker, -sa; the verb form ak’-e consists of the stem ak’- ‘see’ and the aorist II marker, -e. (In predicate- and sentence-focus structures, verbs also contain a PM.) These examples are simplex verbs, that is, they are based on a verbstem consisting of a single morpheme; most of the verbs in the language are complex. A complex verb is understood here to be one based on a stem that consists of two or more morphemes.
Nutrition and Reproduction: The Socio-cultural Context of Food Behaviour in Rural South India
Authors: Hutter Inge
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about the social and cultural context of nutritional behaviour of women in rural South India. It focuses on women’s nutrition during pregnancy, delivery, and the first month after delivery, and makes a comparison between biomedical recommendations and the practices and explanations of Indian women.

Research on women’s food behaviour during pregnancy has found that in many developing countries’ women reduce their food intake at the end of pregnancy contrary to prevalent biomedical recommendations. Quantitative evidence of a reduction in food intake during the last trimester of pregnancy has, however, been limited. A number of studies have argued that the reason behind this custom is that women hope to have a small child and thus an easy delivery (cf. Hytten 1980; Ministry of National Planning and UNICEF 1984; Kusin et al. 1984; de Vries 1987; Djazayery et al. 1992), while other studies (Pool 1983; Nichter and Nichter 1983) have explored other more complex reasons.
From Airlines to Telecommunications: The Wide Ranging Nature of the PLA’s Business Activities
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

At its zenith in the late 1990s, the tentacles of the military business complex reached out to virtually every part of the Chinese economy. Commercial activities extended from ice cream parlours in Beijing to coalmining on the Tibetan Plateau, although the core areas were in light manufacturing and the tertiary sector. While they did not dominate any single industry, PLA firms carved out lucrative niches in many of the fastest-growing and most profitable areas of the economy. Large numbers were found in industries such as telecommunications, health care, commercial real estate, and automobile manufacturing.
Introduction: Recent Developments in Corporate Governance
Authors: Mccahery Joseph A , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

Recently, policymakers have taken a keen interest in the economic function of corporate governance systems. The impact of globalization and the recent finance-driven troubles in East Asia and elsewhere have spurred this drive toward policies and institutions that address defects in corporate performance and propose comprehensive reforms said to foster higher firm productivity, more entrepreneurship, and better developed capital markets. In the corporate world today there is a lively debate about how to design an effective corporate governance system that promotes economic efficiency.
Who Controls German Corporations?
Authors: Boehmer Ekkehart
Published: November 2023

It is well known that German corporations are characterized by highly concentrated ownership and that banks and other financial institutions play an important role. Large shareholders dominate most listed corporations and financial institutions exert control via direct ownership, interlocking directorships, and proxy votes. In addition, retail investors typically delegate their voting rights to their financial institutions. As a consequence, banks control a large fraction of voting rights associated with widely held shares.1 Detailed knowledge of who controls German corporations is essential to evaluate the German system of corporate governance, which continues to attract academic and political interest. Before 1995, publicly available information on block holdings was limited, because there were no ongoing reporting requirements. Only the 1995 (WpHG) made the immediate disclosure of large voting blocks mandatory for firms trading in official markets. I use these filings in the empirical description below.2
Share Price Reactions to CEO Resignations and Large Shareholder Monitoring in Listed French Companies
Authors: Dherment-Ferere Isabelle , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

Managerial quality is maintained by the intervention of internal and external corporate governance mechanisms. Yet, when insufficient monitoring or when managerial entrenchment has insulated management, markets will tend to react favorably to the CEO departures. In this chapter, we investigate whether forced CEO dismissal triggers positive abnormal returns in listed French companies. Voluntary CEO departures or unexpected deaths of CEOs may entail a loss of human capital to the firm. We analyses whether negative abnormal returns are generated in these cases. However, these market reactions may be dimmed or intensified depending on the qualities of the CEO’s successor and corporate characteristics.
How do Financial Systems Affect Economic Performance?
Authors: Carlin Wendy , Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

There have been debates about the role of financial systems in corporate activity for the best part of a century. A consensus view is yet to emerge as to whether -country differences in the structure of financial, corporate and legal systems have any causal influence on cross-country economic performance. But interest in this question has stimulated attempts to assemble data bankson financial and corporate systems that allow international comparisons to be performed. The objective of this chapter is to review these debates, to present additional empirical evidence and to put forward some new interpretations of this evidence.
Five Rules of Virtuality
Authors: Woolgar Steve
Published: November 2023

We are continuing to witness the burgeoning growth of new electronic informa tion and communications technologies (ICTs). These include interactive and multimedia communications, Internet and World Wide Web, video conferen cing, virtual realities, computer-aided design, the information superhighway, and the technologies of electronic surveillance and consumer profiling. These new electronic technologies have been widely regarded as the impetus for radical changes. All these technologies are set to modify the nature and experience of interpersonal relations and communications across a vast range of human activities.
New Public Places for Internet Access: Networks for Practice-Based Learning and Social Inclusion
Authors: Liff Sonia , Steward Fred , Watts Peter
Published: November 2023

The rate of growth in the numbers of people with access to the internet makes any estimate out of date before publication. What does seem remarkably per sistent, and a cause of continuing policy concern, is the uneven pattern of take up across social groups both within and across national boundaries.1 The digital divide has become the shorthand term to capture this concern, which was first discussed in the USA in the mid-199os. Attention has focused on data such as that documented in the Falling through the Net reports (most recently NTIA 2002), which showed significant inequalities of access based on income, gender, ethnicity, urban/rural location, and age. Surveys of internet use in the UK have revealed similar patterns (Boaz, Allen & Hamilton 2000). Initially the US public policy approach to the issue of equitable access was framed solely in terms of infrastructural regulation to ensure ‘universal’ opportunity to connect to the information superhighway (Information Infrastructure Task Force 1993). Similar sentiments could be seen in Europe in the Bangemann Report (Bangemann 1994).
Real and Virtual Connectivity: New Media in London
Authors: Wittel Andreas , Lury Celia , Lash Scott
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that processes going on in the virtual society(?) are to a large extent continuations of those going on in the real society. It thus exem plifies the fourth rule of virtuality (Woolgar, this volume): ‘the more virtual, the more real’. It argues that social processes in ‘the real’ and ‘the virtual’ are increas ingly characterized by the phenomenon of ‘connectivity’. We base this argument on a discussion of case studies of real and virtual connectivity drawn from a largely ethnographic study of the new media sector in London. We have observed this sector more or less from its inception in the mid 1990s, conducting intensive ethnographic work from 1998 through the first half of 2000. More particularly, we mapped the ‘biographies’ of a number of virtual products, as they were con ceived, developed, and distributed, moving between new media producers, their clients, and end-users.1 We continued less intensive study of the sector up until mid-2001.
French
Authors: Humbley John
Published: November 2023

This conference was called by Quebec linguists and lexicographers who were concerned by the phenomenon of anglicisms which had been replaced in Quebec coming through the ‘back door’ in the form of entries in dictionaries, those published in France in particular. The theme of the conference was thus how to present linguistic reality objectively in dictionaries without inciting the use of anglicisms. It contains a most complete bibliography on anglicisms and borrowings from English in both European and North American French.
Russian
Authors: Maximova Tamara , Pelikh Helen
Published: November 2023

The author investigates English loanwords which first appeared in the sixteenth to twentieth centuries, taking into account the history and culture of the two nations. She gives a detailed semantic classification and then considers different semantic changes that cause the adoption of anglicisms in Russian: I) they enlarge synonymic groups; 2) they often replace long word combinations or compound words; 3) they are sometimes more specific than Russian synonyms; and 4) they either make Russian synonyms archaic or become archaic themselves.
Information Technology in Distribution: Daily Necessities and Processed Foods
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro
Published: November 2023

“Information technology” (IT), together with “internet” and “e-commerce,” is the phrase of the day in contemporary Japan. Whether in town or in the Diet, people talk with hope and fear about the future of IT and its influence on the country. Throughout the last decade of the twentieth century, observers commonly claim, computer-based IT dramatically influenced the direction of our economy and society. In the process, did it also influence the direction of the distribution sector? Computers and communication technology made remarkable progress, and that progress could potentially have transfonned distribution. Did it? In this chapter, I focus on the impact that the IT boom of the 1980s had on the distribution sector.
Commercial Banks and Industrial Finance in England and Wales, 1860–1913
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

In the decades before 1914, the City of London was the premier international financial centre. However, this position was not long maintained, other industrial nations quickly and effectively challenged the influence of Britain, and following the disruption of the world markets caused by World War I and the Great Depression of the 1930s, international hegemony slipped away for ever. The relationship of bankers and industrialists has often been cited as a key factor in this decline. Critics of the banks claim that, even before World War I, there were serious deficiencies in the financial provision provided by banks to the domestic industrial sector, and that these deficiencies handicapped Britain’s competitive advantage in world markets, leading to the decline of their influence and power. This book examines these claims, and bringing to bear important new data that presents the debate in a novel and revealing framework, expounds an economic rationale for historical bank behaviour. Using a rich source of contemporary records, it presents a series of micro-economic studies into commercial bank assets and liabilities, financial crises, bank mergers, the professionalization of banking, the organization and conduct of the industrial loan business, and the nature of bank support given to industrial clients. The result is a new, authoritative interpretation of bank-industry relations in the half-century before World War I.
Tort Law
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

This addition to the Clarendon Law Series offers a clear exposition of the modern law of tort and addresses all heads of the subject. It provides both a succinct and thoughtful overview for those coming to Tort for the first time and also pulls together themes and raises thought-provoking insights and synergies for those reading it after completing the course. Tony Weir presents both in-depth discussion and thorough analysis of recent cases and trends, notably in areas such as: - liability of public authorities for child abuse - impact of the Human Rights Act - privacy - liability of police.
Introduction
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

Suppose a motorist knocks you off your bicycle; can you sue him for ‘damages’ (monetary compensation)? If a policeman stops you in the street for no good reason, is this a wrong you can sue him for? Your neighbours keep making an intolerable noise; can you get a court to stop them (injunction)? To find the answer you look in a book on tort law. If the courts would accept your claim, we say that the defendants are ‘tort-feasors’ and ‘liable’ to you. So the law of tort is about when ‘liability’ exists (leaving aside any other ground of liability, such as breach of contract), and ‘a tort’ is conduct which renders the defendant liable unless he has some defence.
Breach of Duty
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

If the existence of a duty of care is a question of law (and it is, even though the duty question is now said to be so heavily dependent on the proven facts that courts are reluctant to strike out a claim on the pleadings), the question whether the defendant was or was not in breach of that duty is surely one of fact. This means that decisions on breach are not citable as authorities; they are merely illustrations of the application of the indubitable rule that if one is under a duty at common law such care must be taken as is called for in all the circumstances.
The Theory and Practice of Restorative Justice
Authors: Strang Heather
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 I suggested that a ‘restorative’ approach has traditionally been the dominant paradigm of criminal justice. By this I was referring to a response to crime that involved offenders making amends to their victims, and that was achieved through various mechanisms involving restitution. The purpose of this response was to restore order and peace as quickly as possible and to avoid the consequences of revenge (Weitekamp 1997). These mechanisms fell away with the rise of the modern state, and were replaced by a retributive model of state-centred justice with outcomes focused on punishment of the offender, rather than reconciliation between the disputing parties and restoration of the victim’s wellbeing (Zehr 1985).
Political Belonging in a World of Multiple Identities
Authors: Hall Stuart
Published: November 2023

Outlining some of the background thinking to the conference that preceded this volume, the editors identified what they called two strands within cosmopolitanism. They said, ‘for some theorists, envisioning a politics of cosmopolitanism refers to possibilities surrounding global democracy and world citizenship. For some it means fostering new frameworks of alliance-making among social movements, locally and globally. Others who have invoked cosmopolitanism advocate a non-communitarian, post-identity politics of overlapping interest and heterogeneous or hybrid publics, and still others draw upon the term to challenge the conventional notions of belonging, identity and citizenship’.
Four Cosmopolitanism Moments
Authors: Fine Robert , Cohen Robin
Published: November 2023

Why, historically, has ‘cosmopolitanism’ surfaced from time to time only to become submerged again? In this chapter we consider four contexts or ‘moments’: the ancient world (Zeno’s moment), the Enlightenment (Kant’s moment), post-totalitarian thought (Arendt’s moment) and late North American thought (Nussbaum’s moment). There is no particular theoretical weight attached to the word ‘moment’: rather it serves as a convenient device to anchor some key debates and antinomies.
Defeating the perpetrators of violence
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B
Published: November 2023

Atrocities against civilians can be so heinous that their perpetrators have to be defeated. It is obvious, in retrospect, that the Rwandan extremists could not be persuaded to stop their genocide. They had to be made to stop with brute force. The Khmer Rouge regime killed between 1 and 2 million people in Cambodia and would have continued if Viet Nam had not invaded and driven Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot from power. Ugandan dictator Idi Amin was less efficient in his killing but no less brutal. After eight years of murder and mayhem Tanzania invaded Uganda to overthrow him.1
Knowledge as infrastructure
Authors: Hanseth Ole
Published: November 2023

ICT solutions are often designed and adopted in order to support, facilitate, and rationalize on going activities in the way they are already being carried out. In other cases, the new technology is expected to enable ways of working that are radically different and more efficient than existing ways. For instance, the Internet has been seen as opening up-or even causing-such radical changes. Predictions have been made that the increasingly wider adoption of the Internet will bring about paradigm changes in our technological solutions (from local systems to global networks), as well as in organizing business activities (from closed hierarchies to open, flat, global networks). These paradigm changes have often been described as a transformation from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ economy.
Framing IS studies: understanding the social context of IS innovation
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi , Madon Shirin
Published: November 2023

Information systems research and practice is to a large extent concerned with analysing the properties and behaviour of the organizations within which IS innovation takes place. Yet, the analytical capacity of information systems research to consider the social context of IS innovation remains limited. Overall, IS studies have not developed theories and methodologies to account for the environment within which information systems are shaped and interact with human actors.
The Use of Time by Management and Consumers: An Analysis of the Computer Industry
Authors: Kaku Paul Sergius
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted as part of my broader interest in innovations and information asymmetric conditions. Here, I focus rather narrowly on how managers in the computer industry strategically use the element of time in releasing new-product information. To guide the enquiry, I developed and tested two hypotheses on time whose implications are sufficiently broad to make them useful to managers in other competitive industries.
Introduction: Explorations in Pragmatic Economics 1
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

It is easier to describe a French garden than an English garden. But each type of garden has an order of its own kind, so that French gardens are not inherently any more orderly than English gardens. A collection of papers is like a garden. Both should have order and focal point, as both also should be well-weeded of the extraneous. This collection is an English, not a French, garden. There is no immediately apparent grand design. Like an English garden, it is an attempt to re-create nature, indeed to punctuate the type of order that nature itself creates, rather than an attempt to impose some pre-ordained order on it.
Standardizing Risk Management: Making up Processes and People
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 traced the emerging regulatory significance of internal control and its reframing as risk management. The COSO, CoCo, and Turnbull frame- works are standards which formalize fundamental design principles for the organizational self-management of risk, and which establish normative baselines against which organizations must evaluate themselves. Indeed, the Weld of risk management in all its variety is symptomatic of the emerging ‘world of standards’ (Brunnson and Jacobsson, 2000) which permeates organizations of all shapes and sizes.
Making Risk Auditable: Legalization and Organization
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

In April 2005 the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) held the first roundtable consultation exercise to assess the first year of implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation (‘Sarbox’), and the effects of section 404 requirements for the certification of internal controls (Chapter 2). In the same month in the United Kingdom Phillip Hampton published his report on reducing the burdens of regulation (HM Treasury, 2005). In the North American case, response to the consultation has been predictable: even SEC registered companies well-disposed to Sarbox, and to the necessity of improving internal controls, have complained about the first year costs of compliance and bemoan the detailed documentation required for minor controls over financial reporting.
Introduction to Part I: Learning to Feed off Controversies
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

Like all sciences, sociology begins in wonder. The commotion might be registered in many different ways but it’s always the paradoxical presence of something at once invisible yet tangible, taken for granted yet surprising, mundane but of baffling subtlety that triggers a passionate attempt to tame the wild beast of the social. ‘We live in groups that seem firmly entrenched, and yet how is it that they transform so rapidly?’ ‘We are made to do things by other agencies over which we have no control and that seem plain and mundane enough.
How to Keep the Social Flat
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

Users of social science seem to consider that it’s rather straightforward to assemble, invoke, convoke, mobilize, and explain the social. Practitioners of social science know how painful, costly, arduous, and utterly puzzling it is. The ‘easy’ social is the one already bundled together, while the ‘difficult’ social is the new one that has yet to appear in stitching together elements that don ‘t pertain to the usual repertoire. Depending on which tracer we decide to follow we will embark on very different sorts of travels.
Conclusion: From Society to Collective—Can the Social Be Reassembled?
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

The alternative I have proposed in this book is so simple that it can be summarized in one short list: the question of the social emerges when the ties in which one is entangled begin to unravel; the social is further detected through the surprising movements from one association to the next; those movements can either be suspended or resumed; when they are prematurely suspended, the social as normally construed is bound together with already accepted participants called ‘social actors’ who are members of a ‘society’ when the movement toward collection is resumed, it traces the social as associations through many non-social entities which might become participants later; if pursued systematically, this tracking may end up in a shared definition of a common world, what I have called a collective; but if there are no procedures to render it common, it may fail to be assembled; and, lastly, sociology is best defined as the discipline where participants explicitly engage in the reassembling of the collective.
Shares And Other Securities In The Conflict Of Laws
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

This book examines the problems of choice of law relating to shares and other securities. It is a subject that occupied a fairly obscure corner of conflict of laws until the impetus given to it by Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust (No 3) and recent interest generated by fears within the international financial community that the conflicts problems arising from the modern system of securities holding through intermediaries threatens the system’s viability. At both European and international levels, efforts have been made to legislate for certainty in an area of the greatest practical importance to the major players in the capital markets, as the value of cross-border transactions in such securities runs into billions of pounds daily. Shares and Other Securities in the Conflict of Laws is divided into two parts. Part I determines the present state of English law with respect to choice of law treatment of dealings in shares, and examines the basic rules involved. It considers the context in which the rules have evolved, the situations in which they are said to apply and have been applied, and the place of the rules in the conflicts treatment of securities transactions today. The main focus is on dealings with shares in the traditional direct holding system from which the basic rules developed. Part II considers the difficulties associated with the application and extension of the basic rules to the choice of law issues that arise in the indirect holding system, the various theories and legislative reforms (of the EU and at the Hague) that have been suggested in respect to their resolution, and the extent to which they provide a viable solution. Comparison is also made with the related law reform initiatives in the US of Revised Articles 8 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. The book concludes with an examination of special choice of law concerns in insolvency and arising from collateralization (such as perfection and recharacterization), the impact of dematerialization and immobilization on shares, and the choice of law problems posed by them.
The Soft Revolution: Achieving Growth by Managing Intangibles
Authors: Romer Paul
Published: November 2023

Donald Lessard: Good afternoon, and, on behalf of our hosts Jerry Fair and Mike Murray of Bank of America, let me welcome you all to this discussion of the role of soft, or intangible, assets in driving corporate growth in the new global economy. I am Don Lessard, Professor of International Management at MIT’s Sloan School of Management, and I will be serving as moderator of the discussion.
Science and Technology as Predictors of Stock Performance
Authors: Deng Zhen , Lev Baruch , Narin Francis
Published: November 2023

Innovation and technological change are the main drivers of companies’ productivity and growth. But public information on companies’ efforts to innovate (namely, their investment in science and technology and the consequences of that investment) is generally scant and not timely. To alleviate this impediment to the valuation of companies’ performance and prospects, we examined the ability of a new set of publicly available patent-related measures to reflect science- and technology-based companies’ potential and growth. We tested the ability of the patent-related measures to predict stock returns and market-to book ratios.
The Growing Intangibles Reporting Discrepancy
Authors: Blair Margaret , Wallman Steven
Published: November 2023

The US economy, like the economies of most industrial countries, is increasingly one in which the ‘products’ that firms provide are not simply physical goods but are services or experiences. Even the physical goods we buy are greatly enhanced in their value to us by the technology embedded in them or by the brand image they carry Indeed, market services and intangible goods now account for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States.
Summary of Research Findings
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book is to identify the operational risks inherent in the asset management business and to evaluate the role of capital in mitigating these risks. There are significant differences in the nature of asset management businesses across Continental Europe, as well as between the UK and Continental Europe, and between the USA and Europe. In France, collective investment schemes dominate, but mandates are growing in importance. In Germany, insurance companies have been the largest investor group, but investment funds are catching up. In Italy and Spain, collective schemes and asset management by banks are the largest investor groups. In the Netherlands and Ireland, pension funds and life insurance funds dominate.
Historical linguistics and unwritten languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Unlike some other aspects of anthropology affected by the functionalist attack on history, the validity and fruitfulness of the historic approach in linguistics has never been seriously questioned. The objections which have been raised to certain assumptions of classical Indo-European comparative linguistics, such as the existence of sound laws without exceptions or the overliteral interpretation of the family-tree metaphor of language relationship, have not involved any fundamental doubt as to the legitimacy and value of historical reconstruction as such; at the most, they have, in the case of the Italian group of neo-linguists, suggested specific alternative reconstructions of certain Proto-Indo-European forms.
The Concept of Proof in Genetic Linguistics*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Virtually all historical linguists share a common notion which may be stated in something like the following terms. One starts with a hypothesis of relationship between two or more languages or groups of languages. If groups of languages are involved these in turn are conceived of as a number of languages which already have been proven to be related, e.g. the Indo-European family. Taking as examples binary hypotheses (these are the most frequent in the literature) we may illustrate the three possibilities by actual examples. An instance in which we deal with two single languages is the Japanese-Korean hypothesis, of a single language with a group of languages, the Eskimo-Indo-European hypothesis and of one group with another group the Indo-European-U ralic hypothesis.
The Principle of Proportionality: Review of Community Measures
Authors: Tridimas Takis
Published: November 2023

At its most abstract level, the principle of proportionality requires that action undertaken must be proportionate to its objectives. The notion of proportionality goes back to ancient times but as a general principle of law in modern legal systems it is inspired by ideas underpinning liberal democracy, in particular, the concern to protect the individual vis-a-vis the State and the premise that regulatory intervention must be suitable to achieve its aims. The principle was developed in continental legal systems, especially in Germany and France, in the 20th century. Its development as a ground for review can be seen as the judiciary’s response to the growth of administrative powers and the augmentation of administrative discretion. The principle found only limited expression in the Treaty of Rome but has been developed by the Court as a fundamental principle deriving from the rule of law and requiring in particular that ‘the individual should not have his freedom of action limited beyond the degree necessary in the public interest’.
Transitions to local authority
Authors: Scheye Eric
Published: November 2023

Not since the end of World War II has the international community been confronted with the rule-of-law challenges it has faced since 1999 in Kosovo and East Timor—to build and install a new law enforcement regime after a period when the international community exercised full executive authority and functioned as the Jegitimate government and transitional administration. The international com munity has been asked to help in the rebuilding of domestic police agencies after a period of internal conflict—in Bosnia and Herzeg ovina, Cambodia, Eastern Slavonia, El Salvador and Haiti—but the task of transferring full executive authority to a brand-new law enforcement regime under domestic civilian control is qualitatively different. The fact that this transfer will occur under the authority and direction of the United Nations Department of Peace-keeping Operations (DPKO) rather than under the auspices of an occupying foreign power or powers marks these transfers as fundamentally different from those that occurred after World War II.