bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEPRESSIVE EXPERIENCES QUESTIONNAIRE: DOES IT MEASURE MALADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE FORMS OF DEPENDENCY?
Authors: Mcbride Carolina , Zuroff David C. , Bacchiochi Jason , Bagby R. Michael
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the distinction between neediness and connectedness as measured by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) by examining the association between these personality scales and: (1) depression severity, (2) the
domains and facets of the Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992), and (3) attachment style in a university student sample and in a clinical sample of depressed patients. In the student sample, both neediness and connectedness were related to depression severity;
however, the association was stronger for neediness. No relation was found between these personality scales and symptom severity in the clinical sample. Differences between neediness and connectedness emerged in their relationship to personality and attachment style. In both samples, neediness
was predictive of a more psychopathological personality profile and attachment style than was connectedness. The results support the argument that DEQ connectedness assesses a less maladaptive form of dependency than does neediness.
IMPACT OF MATERNAL DIRECTIVENESS AND OVERPROTECTIVENESS ON THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF A SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ACQUIRED BLINDNESS
Authors: Adenzato Mauro , Ardito Rita B. , Izard Elena
Published: May 2006

The literature has frequently shown how mothers of children with blindness tend to be highly directive and overprotective with their children. This study investigated whether this maternal interactive style can have negative consequences on the psychological development of persons with acquired blindness, or whether it can be considered functional and appropriate to these individuals' needs during childhood. This aim was pursued by adopting attachment theory as a conceptual reference and administering the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) to a sample of participants with early onset blindness. Results suggested that, as long as mothers are loving and are sensitive to their children's needs, their greater physical intervention and control of child exploration can play an important role in helping their severely sight-impaired children develop secure and well-balanced personalities.
THE EFFECTS OF LOCUS OF CONTROL, COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON ASSERTIVENESS IN FEMALE NURSING STUDENTS
Authors: Kukulu Kamile , Buldukoğlu Kadriye , Kulakaç Özen , Köksal Can Deniz
Published: May 2006

In this study the interrelation of locus of control, social support and communication skills and their relation with assertiveness were investigated by means of a path model. Nursing students (N=105) participated in the study by completing questionnaires. Path analysis showed that the interrelation of locus of control, communication skills and perceived peer support and their relation with assertiveness are explained to a certain degree by the proposed model. The only variable that directly influenced assertiveness was communication skills. Perceived family support had no direct or indirect effect on assertiveness. The findings point to several considerations for nursing curricula including that faculties should plan and provide opportunities for learning activities that increase students' assertiveness.
THE OPINIONS OF MEDICINE FACULTY STUDENTS REGARDING CHEATING IN RELATION TO KOHLBERG'S MORAL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
Authors: Semerci Çetin
Published: May 2006

In all education systems, cheating is a serious problem. It is regarded as a significant problem because of its frequency and interference in learning and evaluation processes. As cheating is not a fair behavior, it can be dealt with morally. Kohlberg (1969, 1979, 1984) tried to explain
our moral behaviors by relating moral development to age and intellectual development. The relationship between Kohlberg's moral development concept and cheating could help find the reasons and solutions for cheating. The aim in this paper is to explain the opinions of the students attending
the Faculty of Medicine at Fırat University in Turkey related to cheating in terms of Kohlberg's moral development. A survey method was used in the form of a questionnaire containing of 15 questions. It revealed that in Turkey, at Fı;rat University, Medicine Faculty students
emphasize that cheating is unlawful or a sin and forgery; however, they themselves cheat during examinations.
ARE FATALISM AND OPTIMISM AN OBSTACLE TO DEVELOPING SELF-PROTECTING BEHAVIORS? STUDY WITH A TURKISH SAMPLE
Authors: Türküm Ayse Sibel
Published: May 2006

This study investigates the differences in self-protecting behaviors (SPB) related to earthquakes and traffic accidents in terms of demographic characteristics, having experiences of these events, fatalistic view, and optimistic expectations among a cohort of Turkish people (N
= 398). Results show that SPB of the participants vary according to the interaction among gender, marital status, number of children, and to the interaction among personal experiences of traffic accident and/or earthquake, and relatives/friends' experiences of traffic accidents.
The results of regression analysis showed that marital status, gender and optimism predict SPB.
CATEGORICAL AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION: DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATIONS WITH YOUNG ADULTS'REPORTS OF WELL-BEING
Authors: Johnson H. Durell , Mcnair Renae , Vojick Alex , Congdon Darcy , Monacelli Jennifer , Lamont Janine
Published: May 2006

Previous research suggests many of the qualities necessary for successful well-being are masculine in nature. However, masculinity and femininity have been considered related constructs as opposed to being distinctly different sex-role characterizations. Therefore, this study examined
the hypothesized associations between sex-role orientation and reports of well-being by looking at the combined and separate contributions of masculinity and femininity reports. Responses from 286 college undergraduates to the BEM Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and measures of well-being (i.e.,
loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale, revised by Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), personal discomfort (Personal Discomfort Subscale of the Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Social Introversion-Extroversion Scale, Graham, Schroeder, & Lilly, 1971), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale, Rosenberg, 1965), and social anxiety and avoidance (Social Anxiety and Social Avoidance Scale, Franke & Hymel, 1984) indicated both categorical and continuous measures of sex role were associated with well-being. Examination of sex-role categories revealed participants with masculine
and androgynous orientations reported higher well-being scores than did those with feminine and undifferentiated orientations. Further, examination of separate femininity and masculinity scores indicated that masculinity was positively – and femininity was negatively – associated
with participant reports of well-being. Findings are discussed in terms of considering masculinity and femininity as separate measures of sex-role orientation when examining the association between sex roles and well-being.
RELIGIOUS TENDENCY AND GENDER ROLES: PREDICTORS OF THE ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN’S WORK ROLES?
Authors: Sevim Seher A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate if religious tendency and gender roles predicted attitudes of Turkish university students towards women's work roles. The study was conducted with 138 students from the Educational Sciences faculty of Ankara University. The Attitude
Towards Women's Work Roles Scale (Kuzgun & Sevin, 2004), Religious Tendency Scale (Onay, 1997, 2002), and Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1981) were the tools employed in order to collect data. The findings revealed that the thought dimension of religious tendency, feminine and androgynous
gender roles significantly predicted attitudes towards women's work roles.
VALIDATION OF ZUNG'S SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE AMONG THE COLOMBIAN GENERAL POPULATION
Authors: Campo-Arias Adalberto , Díaz-Martínez Luis Alfonso , Eduardo German , Jaimes Rueda , Cadena Laura Del Pilar , Hernández Nubia Leonor
Published: May 2006

This study aimed to validate Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS; 1965) among Colombian people living in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Although used frequently in Colombian investigations to identify depressive disorders, the SDS had not been validated formally among the general
Colombian population. Participants were a random sample of people dwelling in an urban area, mean age was 37.4 years (SD 12.7). Participants filled out the SDS, and were then interviewed by psychiatrists using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First,
Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1999) to diagnosis a major depressive episode (MDE) during the last month. Forty was taken as a cut-off point. SDS scores ranged from 21 to 62 (M 36.5, SD 9.1). Using the SDS, 95 (35.7%) persons reported clinically meaningful depressive
symptoms. The SCID-I interview identified 44 (16.5%) persons with MDE. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.832. The sensitivity was 88.6% (95%CI 74.6–95.7), the specificity 74.8% (95%CI 68.4–80.2), the positive predictive value 41.1% (95%CI
31.2–51.6), the negative predict value 97.1% (95%CI 92.9–98.9), half Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.433 (95%CI 0.327–0.539), and area under ROC curve 0.901 (95%CI 0.857–0.945). The SDS was found to be a useful tool for screening MDE among
the general community.
SEX DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF SEXUAL DESIRE
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Atkins Leah
Published: May 2006

Only within the past decade have social scientists commonly recognized the phenomenon of sexual desire as a distinct and vital component of human sexual response. Of the various factors believed to be associated with sexual desire, gender (biological sex) is presumed by many theorists
to be one of the most important. Limited empirical work suggests that men experience desire more frequently than do women; however, sex differences in intensity or level of desire have yet to be examined. This study explored both the self-reported frequency and intensity of sexual desire among
an ethnically diverse sample of 676 men and women. As hypothesized, men reported experiencing a higher overall level of sexual desire than did women. Sex differences also were found with respect to frequency of sexual desire. Men reported experiencing sexual desire more often than did women
and, when asked to estimate the actual frequency with which they experienced desire, men's estimated frequency (37 times per week) was significantly higher than women's (9 times per week). These results do not imply that men always feel desire or that women lack sexual desire. In
fact, virtually every participant in this study reported feeling sexual desire on a regular basis. This suggests that desire may be the most universal sexual response experienced by both men and women.
THE MODERATING ROLE OF HELPLESSNESS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, A CHRONIC DISEASE
Authors: Naidoo Pamela , Pretorius Tyrone B
Published: May 2006

The role of psychosocial factors that contribute to the maintenance of health has been conceptualized in terms of a health-sustaining function (or direct-effects hypothesis), as well as a stress-reducing function (or moderating hypothesis). This study is concerned with the stress-reducing
function of helplessness on Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) health outcome. In a sample of 186 adult hospital RA patients of low socioeconomic status, helplessness measured by the Arthritis Helplessness Index (AHI; Nicassio, Wallston, Callahan, Herbert, & Pincus, 1985), was found to moderate
the relationship between the following: swollen joint count and depression, number of tender joints and functional ability, tender joint count and pain experience, and tender joint count and perceived disability.
SENSATION SEEKING AND PEDESTRIAN CROSSING COMPLIANCE
Authors: Rosenbloom Tova
Published: May 2006

Seventy-nine students were stopped by researchers after crossing a pedestrian crossing when the light was either green or red in conjunction with 4 different conditions: with or without the presence of a policeman and hurrying or not hurrying. Later, these participants were administered
the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSS; Zuckerman, 1994). No difference was found in the rate of pedestrians crossing against the red light either with or without the presence of a policeman. Among those who crossed against a red light there were more high than there were low sensation seekers.
In addition, more males than females crossed against the red light disregarding the presence of the policeman. Interactions were found between gender and hurrying and between sensation seeking and stress of time in relation to crossing against a red light.
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY, RELIABILITY, AND TEMPORAL STABILITY OF THE OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM: TEST-RETEST DATA OVER TWO WEEKS
Authors: Cruise Sharon Mary , Lewis Christopher Alan , Guckin Conor Mc
Published: May 2006

The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form (Hills & Argyle, 2002) is an 8-item measure of happiness. This study evaluated the internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form among 55 Northern Irish undergraduate university students who completed the measure on two occasions separated by two weeks. Internal consistency of the measure was satisfactory at both Time 1 (alpha= .62) and Time 2 (alpha= .58). Stability across the two administrations was satisfactory (r= .69), and there was no significant change between Time 1 (M= 34.5,SD= 5.4) and Time 2 (M= 34.6,SD= 5.2). These data support the internal consistency reliability and short-term test-retest reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY, COPING AND STUDENT RETENTION
Authors: Devonport Tracey J. , Lane Andrew M.
Published: May 2006

Relationships between self-efficacy, coping and retention among first-year undergraduate students were investigated. Qualitative methods were used to develop a self-efficacy measure assessing confidence to achieve those competencies required to successfully complete the first year of an undergraduate degree. One hundred and thirty-one first-year students completed a 40-item self-efficacy questionnaire and the MCOPE (Crocker & Graham, 1995) at the start of the academic year. Factor analysis indicated a coherent 5-factor model that described self-efficacy to manage time, use learning resources, work in groups, work well in lectures, and communicate. Results indicated that the coping strategies of planning and seeking social support for instrumental purposes significantly related to more than one self-efficacy factor and that self-efficacy scores taken at the start of the course could correctly classify 81.3% of students who subsequently withdrew. Findings lend insight into the association between strategies used to cope with environmental and interpersonal demands, and self-efficacy to cope with the demands of an undergraduate degree.
MEASURING HAPPINESS WITH A SINGLE-ITEM SCALE
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the accuracy of measuring happiness by a single item (Do you feel happy in general?) answered on an 11-point scale (0–10). Its temporal stability was 0.86. The correlations between the single item and both the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI; Argyle,
Martin, & Lu, 1995; Hills & Argyle, 1998) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985; Pavot & Diener, 1993) were highly significant and positive, denoting good concurrent validity. Moreover, the single item had a good convergent validity because
it was highly and positively correlated with optimism, hope, self-esteem, positive affect, extraversion, and self-ratings of both physical and mental health. Furthermore, the divergent validity of the single item has been adequately demonstrated through its significant and negative correlations
with anxiety, pessimism, negative affect, and insomnia. It was concluded that measuring happiness by a single item is reliable, valid, and viable in community surveys as well as in cross-cultural comparisons.
WHY JOHNNY STILL CAN'T ADD: PREDICTORS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE ON AN ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC TEST
Authors: Standing Lionel G.
Published: May 2006

Undergraduates (N = 75) at a liberal arts college were given the D'Amore Test (DT; Hume, 1932), a measure of elementary arithmetic skills which uses 10 simple items taken directly from a third-grade curriculum of 1932. Unlimited time and written rough work were allowed.
Exactly two-thirds of the subjects failed the DT by achieving a score below 10. On average, 8.71 items were answered correctly (range 5–10), and 63% of subjects scored between 5 and 8 inclusive. DT scores decreased progressively with the number of years the subject had spent at
university, and varied by area of study, with Business Administration students scoring the lowest. Performance was correlated positively with self-rated math ability and self-predicted DT score, and negatively with math anxiety. It was not associated with gender, age, grades, or home province;
nor with liking for math, science, computers or high-school math teaching. The hardest test item, with a 32% error rate, was to evaluate 92 × 34.
SHAME-FOCUSED COPING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE COMPASS OF SHAME
Authors: Elison Jeff , Pulos Steven , Lennon Randy
Published: May 2006

The way in which one copes with, or defends against, shame has important implications. The Compass of Shame (Nathanson, 1992) is a conceptual model consisting of four shame-coping styles: Attack Self, Withdrawal, Attack Other, and Avoidance. Participants rated the frequency with which
they employed each of the shame-coping scripts across eight categories of shameinducing situations as described by Nathanson. The scripts were consistently applied across situations and the ratings were stable over time. A differentiated pattern of correlations was found between the four scripts
and several indicators of psychological functioning. Results provide empirical support for Nathanson's Compass of Shame model.
NORMATIVE DATA FROM THE STANDARDIZATION OF RAVEN'S STANDARD PROGRESSIVE MATRICES IN KUWAIT IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Raven John
Published: May 2006

A probability sample (N=6,594) of Kuwaiti school students aged 8–15 years responded to the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1958). The test was administered, untimed, in group sessions. In this paper, the smoothed summary age norms for Kuwait (which will themselves be of interest to many psychologists and others working in Kuwait and neighboring countries) are first compared with what have become the standard international reference data for such work, namely the 1979 British norms, and thereafter with data collected in a wide range of cultures. It emerges that, at any point in time, the norms are remarkably stable across cultures, but have changed dramatically over time. These findings show that, while as yet unidentified features of the environment have a dramatic effect on scores, aspects of the environment that many would have expected to have a significant effect (such as differences in calligraphy) are much less important than might have been thought.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COPING STRATEGIES AND DEPRESSION AMONG TURKISH ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Öngen Demet
Published: May 2006

The relationships between coping strategies and depression were examined in a sample of 543 Turkish adolescents using a Turkish version of the Coping Across Situations Questionnaire (Seiffge-Krenke, 1995). MANOVA results revealed significant main effects for gender, school type and
grade level in coping strategies. Females compared to males and adolescents from state high schools compared to adolescents from Anatolian high schools used higher levels of approach-oriented coping. Males compared to females, adolescents from state high schools compared to adolescents from
Anatolian high schools and 9th graders compared to 11th graders used higher levels of avoidant coping. Four groups were formed to explore group differences in depression. ANOVA revealed that low generic copers (those who used low levels of both coping strategies) reported more symptoms of
depression than high generic copers (those who used high levels of both coping strategies), approachers, and avoiders.
THE SHORT-FORM REVISED EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE (EPQR-S): A GERMAN EDITION
Authors: Francis Leslie J , Lewis Christopher Alan , Ziebertz Hans-Georg
Published: May 2006

A sample of 331 undergraduate students in Germany completed the German translation of the short form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985). The findings support the psychometric properties of the extraversion, neuroticism and lie scales.
The psychoticism scale, however, was found to be less satisfactory.
MEASURING MORAL IMAGINATION
Authors: Yurtsever Gülçimen
Published: May 2006

This study describes the development of a moral imagination (MI) scale. The data were obtained from 491 participants from various organizations. A 29-item Likert-type scale of moral imagination was constructed and shown to be free of socially desirable responses. Analyses of moral imagination suggest that three facets of moral imagination can be distinguished empirically as well as theoretically, namely reproductive, creative, and productive. Construct validity was evaluated by expert judges and, overall, was high. Validation data also included correlation with peer ratings. Furthermore, to explore the relation between moral imagination and actual behavior, a case study was conducted in which participants were asked questions to measure their capacity for moral imagination. The subjects who scored high on MI were judged to have a greater capacity than were the subjects who scored low. Empirically, the MI scale was shown to correlate with an internal locus of control, tolerance of ambiguity and empathy. This scale also correlated negatively with Machiavellianism.
INVESTIGATING THE COMPASS OF SHAME: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPASS OF SHAME SCALE
Authors: Elison Jeff , Lennon Randy , Pulos Steven
Published: May 2006

The way in which one copes with, or defends against, shame has important implications. The Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS) was developed to assess use of the four shamecoping styles described by Nathanson (1992): Attack Self, Withdrawal, Attack Other, and Avoidance. Reliability and criterion
validity were explored (N = 322). Subscale reliabilities ranged from .74 to .91. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a model with four primary factors. A differentiated pattern of correlations was obtained between CoSS scales and general internalized shame, self-esteem, anger, coping,
and psychological symptoms. Results provided empirical support for Nathanson's Compass of Shame model and the validity of the CoSS.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ANGER AT THEIR CHILDREN IN IMMIGRANT TURKISH WOMEN
Authors: Kukulu Kamile , Buldukoglu Kadriye
Published: May 2006

This study was conducted in order to determine and explain the anger of mothers in reaction to their relations with their children, as well as how to deal with this anger. The sample was taken from 539 volunteers living in Antalya, who were married women aged 15–49 with children. According to results of this study, fighting with other children, disobeying mother, needing interest and truancy were the main causes of anger for mothers. Statistically meaningful relations were found for the reasons of anger, their reactions to anger, coping methods, age of mother, education level and number of children. It was seen that mothers needed proper ways, parental education, methods and solutions in coping with anger.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE ON THE STROOP TEST
Authors: Baroun Khader , Alansari Bader
Published: May 2006

This study assessed differences in gender performance among Kuwaiti male and women on the Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935). Participants were 504 university students, 122 men and 382 women (age M= 21:0, SD= 2.7 yrs). Prior studies have shown that females by and large display
differential performance (shorter latencies) from males on the word card, color card, and color word card of the Stroop Test. Results indicate that the Kuwaiti women read faster on the color card than did the males, and especially were faster with intercepting three cards of tests (interaction
effect). Gender differences were observed in the color card and color-word card tests but not significantly for the word card test. The results do substantiate the gender difference in Stroop color and interference.
MEASURING SOCIAL STEREOTYPES WITH THE PHOTO PROJECTIVE METHOD
Authors: Okamoto Takuya , Fujihara Takehiro , Kato Junzo , Kosugi Koji , Nakazato Naoki , Hayashi Yoshifumi , Ikeuchi Hiromi , Nakagawa Noriko , Mori Kumiko , Nonami Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

This study aimed to measure social stereotypes with the Photo Projective Method (PPM) developed by Noda (1988). PPM is a new technique based on a projective method to capture perceived environments by photographs. Ten university students were provided with cameras and requested to take three pictures of “something representative of our university” and three pictures of “something not representative of our university.” The results showed that stereotypes were measured on a microlevel and macrolevel by PPM. Also PPM allowed participants greater freedom in response production, therefore eliciting far more elaborate responses than language-based methodologies. The possibilities and advantages of PPM for measuring social identity, social representation, and other areas of social cognition are discussed.
SELF-DISCREPANCIES AND NEGATIVE AFFECT: THE MODERATING ROLES OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Fromson Paul M.
Published: May 2006

Although distinct self-discrepancies are theoretically associated with distinct emotional states, empirical support has been inconsistent. This study explored the moderating impact of selfconsciousness on the relationship between self-discrepancies and emotion. Discrepancies must not
only exist, but must also be accessed to have their presumed consequences. Thus, individuals dispositionally prone to focus attention upon the self should evidence a stronger relationship between specific self-discrepancies and theorized emotions. Participants were assessed on self-discrepancies,
on private and public self-consciousness, and on levels of negative affect. Correlations between specific self-discrepancies and theorized emotions were significantly stronger among individuals scoring higher on private self-consciousness. However, the degree to which discrepancies evoke distinct
emotions was called into question. Finally, public self-consciousness was not found to play a moderating role.
THE CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION INVENTORY AS A RELIABLE MEASURE FOR POST-IRAQI INVASION KUWAITI YOUTH
Authors: Al-Balhan Eisa M.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the reliability of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI, in Arabic form Kovacs, 1980) among elementary, middle, and high school students in Kuwait. The subjects (N= 2,299, ages 9–17) were selected from six districts across Kuwait. Children completed the CDI as a depression measurement tool with respect to gender and age. The overall alpha reliability coefficient for the CDI is 0.85. Girls attained higher and statistically more significant mean scores than did their male counterparts. The results indicate that the CDI shows reliability and internal consistency for use in Kuwait as a measure of childhood depression.
AN INVESTIGATION OF ADJUSTMENT LEVELS OF TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH RESPECT TO PERCEIVED COMMUNICATION SKILL LEVELS
Authors: Ceyhan Aydogan Aykut
Published: May 2006

This study aimed to determine whether the adjustment levels of university students differ according to their perceived communication skill levels. The research was carried out with 277 Turkish university students. Data were collected through The Communication Skills Assessment Scale
(Korkut, 1996) and the Hacettepe Personality Inventory (Özgüven, 1992). The findings of the study revealed that personal, social, and general adjustment levels were significantly related to perceived communication skill levels. Students who have high perceived communication skill
levels had significantly higher personal, social, and general adjustment levels. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for effective communication skills of university students.
PERSONALITY AND STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND AGREEABLENESS ON STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE IN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammed S. , Amin Mohammed N.
Published: May 2006

The relationship of psychological types of agreeableness and conscientiousness and their interactive effects among students with their academic performance in the course were investigated. On the basis of data from 105 students in an introductory economics course, results indicated
that conscientiousness (r = .413), agreeableness (r = .335), and interaction of agreeableness and conscientiousness (r =. 364) were all significantly related to students' performance in the course. Consistently with our expectations, students high in conscientiousness
and agreeableness performed better than did those low in conscientiousness and agreeableness. Implications and directions for future research are noted.
NOT ALL JOBS ARE SUITABLE FOR FAT PEOPLE: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF A LINK BETWEEN BEING FAT AND “OUT-OF-SIGHT” JOBS
Authors: Venturini Beatrice , Castelli Luigi , Tomelleri Silvia
Published: May 2006

Previous research has shown the presence of antifat bias and discrimination towards fat persons in occupational settings. The main goal of this study was to investigate whether people spontaneously associate being fat with specific types of jobs. In particular, the existence of a strong
mental association between obesity and job positions that do not require interpersonal contact was hypothesized. Participants were administered a computerized task called the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) aimed at assessing the strength of the association
among concepts. As expected, results demonstrated that the category “fat person” was indeed more easily paired with low-contact jobs than with jobs requiring extensive interpersonal contact. In addition, media exposure and personal body weight were found to moderate the effect.
In short, the study showed that fat persons are selectively associated in the mind with different job positions, and indications about potential moderating factors are provided.
CHILDREN'S BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS (BPs) IN KINDERGARTEN: IMPACT OF TIME OF DAY AND ACTIVITY TYPE
Authors: Al-Sahel Rashed A.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the extent to which time of day (morning, midmorning and noon) and type of activity affect children's behavioral problems (BPs) in a Kuwaiti kindergarten. The sample consisted of 98 children identified by their teachers as having behavioral problems, based on
teachers' observation. Two instruments were used: Observational Daily Card (ODC) developed by the researcher and a List of Children's Problems at Kindergarten (LCPK) (Yaseen, Ahmad, & Hamadah, 2000). Results show that aggression tends to be the major problem followed by extensive
movement and stubbornness. Crying and chattiness were found to cause the least problems. In addition, midmorning was found to be the time most affecting the children's behavioral problems. Results indicate that Kuwaiti boys showed significantly more aggressive behavior than did girls,
while there were no significant differences between them in other behavioral problems.
THE STATUS OF SELF-CONTROL AND ITS RELATION TO DRUG ABUSE–RELATED BEHAVIORS AMONG IRANIAN MALE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Allahverdipour Hamid , Hidarnia Alireza , Kazamnegad Anoushiravan , Shafii Froug , Fallah Parviz Azad , Emami Azita
Published: May 2006

This study examined relationships between self-control status and substance abuse and substance abuse-related behaviors. Male high school students (N=183) completed a questionnaire assessing self-control, resistance self-efficacy, behavioral intention not to use drugs, and negative attitudes toward drug use, and substance abuse-related behaviors. Students with poor self-control reported that they had used drugs and smoked to a significant extent; they also experienced pressure from their peers to use drugs and smoke. Students with poor self-control reported being exposed to violence from parents and tended to avoid school. A significantly inverse relationship between poor self-control, intention, and attitudes towards drug abuse was found among these students. Adolescents with poor self-control are vulnerable to substance abuse and social self-control training skills are relevant in substance abuse prevention programs.
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF AN ARABIC ADAPTATION OF THE BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY-II WITH COLLEGE STUDENTS IN EIGHTEEN ARAB COUNTRIES
Authors: Alansari Bader M.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the adequacy and consistency of the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory using an Arabic version of the BDI-II developed by Ghareeb (2000). Coefficient alphas were computed for samples of male and female undergraduates recruited from Palestine, Lebanon,
Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A. Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria and Morocco (n = 600, 270, 479, 841, 943, 780, 781, 356, 230, 360, 333, 590, 735, 275, 291, 298, 300, 706, respectively). Values of alpha ranged between .82-.93. The
inventory seems viable in the Arabic context, its use in cross-cultural research may be explored.
SITUATED EMPATHY: VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TARGET GENDER ACROSS SITUATIONS
Authors: Staats Sara , Long Lori , Manulik Katarzyna , Kelley Patty
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study is to present a situated measure of empathy where person features such as gender of target and respondent vary within particular social contexts. The Empathy Situation Reaction Scale (ESRS; Manulik, Kelley, White, & Staats, 2004) has good psychometric properties
for three different types of situations. Situations were associated with a much larger empathy effect size than gender of respondent. Gender differences on the ESRS were situation dependent, with women reporting more empathy in the social or threat situations than did men but not in situations
where the target accidentally caused property damage or loss. The ESRS may be used to assess empathy in complex interactions of situation, target and respondent and provides a model for studying complex social situations.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A REVISED MEASURE OF ADLERIAN SOCIAL INTEREST
Authors: Leak Gary K.
Published: May 2006

The Social Interest Index (SII; Greever, Tseng, & Friedland, 1973) is the most frequently used measure of Adler's (1964) most important personality trait, and recent research has suggested that it may be the most valid among social interest measures available to researchers
and therapists (Bass, Curlette, Kern, & McWilliams, 2002). Nevertheless, the SII has been criticized for key aspects of its construct validity (i.e., content validity and factorial validity). It was the purpose of this research to offer researchers a dramatically shortened version of the
SII by eliminating poor items and yet without a loss in reliability or criterion validity. Several studies resulted in an 11-item short form of the SII that retains the scale's desirable psychometric qualities.
PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY: CLOSENESS, COMMUNICATION, AND COMFORT AMONG DIVERSE U.S. ADOLESCENT SAMPLES
Authors: Somers Cheryl L. , Vollmar Whitney L.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the role of American adolescents' perceptions of both maternal and paternal parent-adolescent closeness, communication about sexuality, and comfort with sexual communication in a diverse sample of adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors. Participants included 672 adolescents (231 males, 413 females, 28 unreported) in the 9th to 12th grades of three public urban and suburban high schools, of varying socioeconomic status, approximately one third each of African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic. Maternal variables significantly explained modest amounts of variance in sexual outcomes; paternal variables were less significant. Subgroup patterns revealed both similarities and uniqueness, in some groups explaining relatively large proportions of variance.
“YOU'RE HELPFUL” VERSUS “THAT'S CLEAR”. SOCIAL VERSUS FUNCTIONAL LABEL IN THE FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PARADIGM
Authors: Fointiat Valérie
Published: May 2006

In this experiment, the effect of two kinds of labels in the foot-in-the-door paradigm were tested. The first one refers to what the individual is (social label); the second refers to the usefulness of the performed behavior (functional label). It appears that the social label increases
compliance whereas the functional label decreases compliance. Taking into account the social versus the functional dimension, rather than the classical positive/negative dimension should open a new area in research into compliance and resistance to persuasion.
KOREAN WORKING ADULTS' AND UNDERGRADUATES' ATTITUDES TOWARDS, AND SELF-EFFICACY IN, JOINING DRINKING PARTIES
Authors: Lee Dong Wook , Park Hee Sun , Lee Tai Sik , Kim Mi Kyoung , Kim Young Hyun
Published: May 2006

This study compared Korean working adults' participation in drinking parties with work colleagues, with Korean undergraduates' participation in drinking parties with fellow students, to examine if being employed versus being an undergraduate had effects on alcohol consumption.
Findings showed that working adults had lower levels of self-efficacy in their drinking-party participation than did undergraduates, and that working adults were less positive about their decision not to join drinking parties than were undergraduates. These findings may imply a generation
difference between working adults and undergraduates and also social influence reflected in the Korean workplace culture.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AFFECT AND BOTH PROBLEM- AND EMOTIONFOCUSED COPING STRATEGIES
Authors: Yamasaki Katsuyuki , Sakai Akiko , Uchida Kanako
Published: May 2006

The relationship between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA) and reported use of problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies was investigated in a longitudinal study. Japanese undergraduates (200 men and 270 women) completed a version of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, &
Tellegen, 1988) and the situational version of the General Coping Questionnaire (Sasaki & Yamasaki, 2004). These two measures were administered twice, five weeks apart (T1 and T2). The results showed some significant sex differences. Higher PA at T1 was associated with greater reported
use of cognitive reinterpretation as a coping strategy at T2 only for men, whereas greater use of cognitive reinterpretation at T1 was associated with higher PA at T2 only for women. These results suggest that there is no mutually reciprocal relationship between PA and use of cognitive reinterpretation
as a coping strategy.
A CROSS-SOCIETAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BEIJING AND HONG KONG CHILDREN'S SELF-CONCEPT
Authors: Hui Anna , Lau Sing , Li Chun Sau , Tong Toby , Zhang Jie-Lian
Published: May 2006

This was a cross-sectional comparative study of the self-concept of Beijing and Hong Kong grade three and five children. Beijing students scored much higher than Hong Kong students on the academic, social, physical and general domains and all the perspectives of parental appraisal, school appraisal, upward comparison and downward comparison. Boys were higher than girls on all domains, and on upward and downward comparison. Grade 3 students were higher than grade 5 students on the academic and physical domains and the perspectives of parental and school appraisal. Patterns of difference were found in the main effects of gender and grade as qualified by the interactions of society. Only children in Beijing were found to score higher than Hong Kong only children on academic, physical and general self-concept as well as school appraisal and upward comparison.
HIERARCHICAL DIMENSIONS OF COPING STYLES: A STUDY CONDUCTED WITH TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Gençöz Faruk , Gençöz Tülin , Bozo Özlem
Published: May 2006

An empirical examination was carried out of the hierarchical dimensions of coping styles in a Turkish sample. Ways of coping data were collected from 194 university students, subjected to factor analysis and 5 factors were obtained. These factors were subjected to second-order factor
analysis which revealed 3 main dimensions. As predicted the first two dimensions were problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. The third dimension consisted of items related to seeking social support, implying the presence and importance of an indirect coping style. In addition to
construct validity, Guttman split-half reliability and criterion validity of these three higher order factors revealed good reliability and validity outcomes. It was also emphasized that these 3 higher order factors constituted independent dimensions of coping styles. Implications of the results
are discussed.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE COMBINATION OF HIV/AIDS AND ALCOHOL AS A RISK FACTOR AMONG STI CLINIC ATTENDERS IN SOUTH AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIV PREVENTION
Authors: Simbayi Leickness C. , Mwaba Kelvin , Kalichman Seth C.
Published: May 2006

With the emergence of HIV/AIDS as a global health threat, there has been increasing interest among researchers in understanding sexual risk-taking behavior. The finding of a strong link between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV suggests that individuals with STIs may
be at greatest risk for HIV infection. This study sought to gain insight regarding STI clinic attenders' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and alcohol as a risk factor with regard to HIV infection. Twenty-one men and women who were self-referrals at an STI dedicated clinic in Cape Town, South
Africa, participated in the study. The findings showed that HIV/AIDS was cognitively represented as an STI, transmitted through risky sexual behavior such as casual sex, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use. Alcohol was implicated as a major risk factor to HIV infection
because it was perceived as the main tool for transactional sex, lowering of sexual inhibitions and inconsistent use of condoms. The implications of these findings for the development of effective HIV/AIDS prevention programs are discussed.
ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE, MOTIVATION TO LEARN, AND TRAINING OUTCOMES
Authors: Liao Wen-Chih , Tai Wei-Tao
Published: May 2006

This study attempted to examine the impacts of trainees' perceived organizational fairness on their motivation to learn, reactions, and learning. Results with 370 subjects indicated that interactional justice mediates the relationships between distributive/procedural justice
and motivation to learn. Subsequently, trainees' motivation to learn influences trainees' reactions and learning. Implications for future research and organizations are discussed.
AN EVALUATION OF CONSUMERISM AND LIFESTYLE AS CORRELATES OF A VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY LIFESTYLE
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

Data from a questionnaire were collected from 189 Japanese female undergraduates at a women's university. They were 18, 19, or 20 years of age. The measures included a 22-item 7-point voluntary simplicity lifestyle scale, a 9-item 5-point scale of the evaluation of a voluntarily
simple life, an 11-item 4-point scale of environmentally responsible consumerism and a 28-item 5-point scale of a nonsimplicity lifestyle. Factor analysis was conducted for each scale and Cronbach's αcoefficients were calculated for selected items associated with each scale. Both
the evaluation of a voluntarily simple life and environmentally responsible consumerism were positively associated with a voluntary simplicity lifestyle and its three factors, that is, cautious attitudes in shopping, acceptance of self-sufficiency and a desire for a voluntarily simple life.
A voluntary simplicity lifestyle was significantly associated with more than half of the nonsimplicity lifestyle statements.
EFFECTS OF GOAL ORIENTATION, ERROR ORIENTATION AND SELF-EFFICACY ON PERFORMANCE IN AN UNCERTAIN SITUATION
Authors: Arenas Alicia , Tabernero Carmen , Briones Elena
Published: May 2006

This study explores the interrelationship among goal orientation, self-regulatory mechanisms and error orientation with a view to predicting performance in a management task involving decision making at a furniture factory in an uncertain situation. The sample was randomly assigned
as a control group and an experimental group, but only the participants in the latter group received fictitious information about job insecurity in the furniture sector. Successive self-assessments evaluated their judgments about self-efficacy and emotional state during the task. The results
show that, initially, the setting of uncertainty negatively affects selfregulatory mechanisms and performance; this effect disappears with time, while affective state and a positive error orientation guarantee better long-term performance.
Hydrogen permeance and surface states of Pd‐Ag/ceramic composite membranes
Authors: Yang Li , Zhang Zhengxi , Yao Bingjia , Gao Xuhui , Sakai Hitoshi , Takahashi Tomonori
Published: May 2006

Hydrogen permeance and surface states of Pd‐Ag/ceramic composite membranes during preparation process were investigated. After thermal treatment in air, the composite membranes exhibited high hydrogen permeability and permselectivity. The sealing process did not change the states of Pd, Ag and O, although an X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) signal of sulfide was found. At the same time, the sealing process led to an increase in concentration of carbon and sulfur contaminants in the surface layer, resulting in a decrease of hydrogen permeability. Moreover, carbon was present as graphite and covered membrane surfaces after running the sealing process six times. On the other hand, the thermal treatment in air led to oxidization of Pd and formation of the PdO state, and XPS data showed a significant enrichment of the Pd element at the surface of membranes. Carbon contamination concentration at the top surface of membranes decreased during thermal treatment, and carbon dioxide was found on the surface of activated membranes; at the same time, the surface state of sulfur changed to a new state of sulfate, which eventually resulted in recovery of hydrogen permeability. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The onset of mixed convection in a porous layer heated with a constant heat flux
Authors: Park Joung Hwan , Chung Tae Joon , Choi Chang Kyun , Kim Min Chan
Published: May 2006

The onset of mixed convection in a fluid‐saturated porous layer between two horizontal plates heated from below with a constant heat flux is investigated theoretically. In the present study, the Darcy model is applied and the resulting nonlinear equations are solved by using the finite volume method. In order to analyze the growth behavior of convective instabilities, the local growth rates of mean temperature and its fluctuations are examined. Based on the numerical results, characteristic distances to represent the onset of secondary flow and also the manifestation of mixed convection are clarified to a certain degree in comparison with available experimental data. The critical distance to mark the onset of intrinsic thermal instability is predicted from a new stability criterion. It is interesting that the propagation theory yields almost the same critical conditions as the numerical ones. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006