bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining Project Objectives
Authors: Larsen Kai R. , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

This section covers the first steps of a the Machine Learning Life Cycle Model; how to specify a business problem, acquire subject matter expertise, define prediction target, define unit of analysis, identify success criteria, evaluate risks, and finally, decide whether to continue a project. Focus is on who will use the model, whether management is supportive, whether the drivers of the model can be visualized, and how much value a model can produce.
Constitutionally Inflected Reforms
Authors: Minow Martha
Published: July 2021

Chapter 4 identifies twelve proposals with the potential to help address the current crisis in the news industry. The proposals are not barred by the First Amendment and help advance its guarantees of free expression and press. While no single reform will fix the decline of news industries, these responses could help. Absent a range of new efforts, access to information, checks on falsehoods, government accountability, and the ability of journalism to expose corruption and other abuses of power all remain in severe jeopardy.
John Selden
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P.
Published: July 2021

The life of John Selden (1584–1654) was both contemplative and active. Seventeenth-century England’s most learned person, he continued in the Long Parliament of the 1640s his vigorous opposition, begun in the 1620s, to the abuses of power, whether by Charles I or, later, by the Presbyterian-controlled Westminster Assembly. His gift for finding analogies among different cultures—Greco-Roman, Christian, Jewish, and Islamic—helped to transform both the poetry and prose of the century’s greatest poet, John Milton. Regarding family law, the two might have influenced one another. Milton cites Selden, and Selden owned two of Milton’s treatises on divorce, published in 1645, both of them presumably acquired while he was writing Uxor Ebraica (1646). Selden accepted the non-biblically rabbinic, externally imposed, coercive Adamic/Noachide precepts as universal laws of perpetual obligation, rejecting his predecessor Hugo Grotius’ view of natural law as the innate result of right reason. He employed rhetorical strategies in De Jure Naturali et Gentium (“The Law of Nature and of Nations”) to prepare his readers for what might otherwise have shocked them: his belief in classic rabbinic law (halakha) as authoritative testimony. Although Selden was very active in the Long Parliament, his only surviving debates from that decade were as a lay member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. The Assembly’s scribe left so many gaps that the transcript is sometimes indecipherable. This book fills in the gaps and makes the speeches coherent by finding their contexts in Selden’s printed works, both the scholarly, as in the massive De Synedriis, but also in the witty and informal Table Talk.
Making Law and Recording It: Part I
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P.
Published: July 2021

This chapter analyzes Selden’s contribution to the struggle to define the reach of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the mid-1640s, as Presbyterians in the Westminster Assembly of Divines fought to have the power to exclude the “ignorant” and “scandalous” from communion. For Selden, the issue of excommunication turned—as it had in his handling of the topic of an ecclesiastical right to tithes—on the question of whether the clergy’s authority was God-given or man-made. The final section of the chapter suggests that Milton’s position on excommunication can only be indirectly inferred from his writings—in particular from his poem “On the New Forcers of Conscience,” which explicitly attacks the Assembly on plurality and the grouping of English churches in classes. Selden acknowledged that the expulsion of Adam and Eve from paradise might be construed as an “excommunication,” a cursing or anathemata. But Milton, who would become the great English poet of exile, failed to take the imaginative leap that would connect exile with excommunication.
Intelligence as Democratic Statecraft
Authors: Leuprecht Christian , McNorton Hayley
Published: July 2021

Democracy needs to be defended, and intelligence is the first line of defence. However, the liberal-democratic norm of limited state intervention in the lives of citizens means that security and accountability are in tension insofar as their first principles are diametrically opposed: whereas openness and transparency are hallmarks of democratic governance, operational secrecy—in relation to other states, to democratic society, and to other parts of government—is the essence of intelligence tradecraft. Intelligence accountability reconciles democracy and security through transparent standards, guidelines, legal frameworks, executive directives, and international law. Evolving executive, legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic mechanisms for intelligence oversight and review have become a distinct feature of democratic regimes. Over recent decades legislative and judicial components have been added to complement administrative and executive accountability. Using a most-similar systems design to compare intelligence accountability in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, this book expands compliance as the sine qua non of intelligence to gauge effectiveness, efficiency, and innovation across the intelligence community. In the context of changing technology and threat vectors that have significantly affected, altered, and expanded the role, powers, and capabilities of intelligence, this book compares the institutions, composition, practices, characteristics, and cultures of intelligence accountability systems across the world’s oldest and most powerful intelligence alliance. In an asymmetric struggle against unprincipled adversaries, accountability has to reassure a sceptical public that the intelligence and security community plays by the same rules that democracies are committed to defend.
Introduction
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

In this Introduction, I frame the book’s argument around two issues: the project of a Political Commission, which Jean-Claude Juncker and Pierre Moscovici embodied, and political work in international organizations more generally. Political work, I argue, is the practice of trying to carve out a space for political agency in an environment that is heavily constrained by bureaucratic rules, international norms, and intergovernmental power structures. I contrast political work with other logics of action: technocratic expertise, the application of legal norms and institutional rules, market pressures, and diplomacy. Then I explain the effects and social dynamics of international political work.
Discipline, not punish
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

After the economic and financial crisis, the Commission was given strong powers to intervene in the national budgets of eurozone members. In this first of two chapters on budgetary surveillance, I explain how partisan politics came to neutralize the Commission, which never applied the sanctions written in the treaties. With their “smart reading of the rules,” Juncker and Moscovici succeeded in imposing a politically contextualized reinterpretation of the Stability and Growth Pact, without however challenging the institutions. Their political work, however, would have been impossible without the complicity of conservative and social-democrat actors in the Council and in the Commission.
Conclusion
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

This book’s ethnographic narrative ends with a description of the last months of the Moscovici cabinet, which dissolves as he and his collaborators look for new opportunities, while the incoming Commission headed by Ursula von der Leyen is engulfed in political controversy and Brexit negotiations. Exiting fieldwork through a collective reading of the book manuscript, I discuss the methodological challenges of embedded observation, while the Moscos take stock of their collective experience. What did the political commissioner and his staff achieve? What were the limits of political work? The conclusion is an opportunity to reflect on Juncker’s “Political Commission” experiment and on what it means to do politics in the European Union.
Democracy, Elections, and Constitutionalism in Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles M
Published: July 2021

The 1990 wave of democratization and constitutional reforms in most African countries seems to have signalled a strong commitment to the idea that competitive multiparty elections are the only legitimate basis for democratic governance. This trend was reinforced by the African Union’s adoption of a range of measures to promote democracy, good governance, constitutionalism, and the rule of law. The most important of these is the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG), which came into force in 2012. Save for Eritrea and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and a few countries engulfed in conflict, such as Libya and South Sudan, multiparty elections have become the norm among African states. However, after a brief period of free and fair elections during which numerous countries saw peaceful alternations of power, the quality of elections declined, entering what has been characterized as a mild but protracted recession. Many recent elections have degenerated into little more than exercises in competitive authoritarianism. The full potential for democracy and constitutionalism in Africa is thus yet to be realized. This chapter highlights key issues that have arisen in the struggle to institutionalize an ethos of democratic governance, examining the link between democracy, elections, and constitutionalism, then identifying the main strides taken in promoting democratic governance, as well the main challenges impeding those strides. Although support for democracy is growing, there is no room for complacency: the continent’s transition to democracy remains at serious risk of degenerating into a mere exercise in attempting to contain a ‘zombie’ democracy.
How Could We Design Democracy to Make it Work in the African Context?
Authors: Cheeseman Nic
Published: July 2021

Politics in Africa is becoming increasingly contested. This is true both in terms of electoral politics, with the margin of victory of ruling parties falling in many countries, and in terms of the capacity of citizens to access diverse sources of information with which to hold their governments to account. In turn, the continent’s more authoritarian political leaders—particularly those in resource-rich states insulated from international pressure to reform—have responded by employing new strategies to manipulate elections and restrict the flow of information. Taken together, these two trends help to explain why parts of sub-Saharan Africa has experienced democratic stagnation, and why so many recent elections have been controversial and, in a number of high-profile cases, violent. It is therefore more important than ever to understand how to design democratic constitutions in a way that manages the centrifugal forces that electoral competition can generate. This chapter discusses two strategies for achieving this goal: integration (the promotion of a single unified national identity through more centralized institutions), and accommodation (the recognition of subnational group identities through their formal inclusion in the political system). Although Alan Kuperman has recently made a strong case in favour of integration, this chapter comes to a different conclusion. While recognizing the risk that rapid institutional change will destabilize fragile political systems, I argue that we have good reason to encourage more inclusive political systems and so need to give greater thought to how they can be safely introduced.
Egypt’s Plasticine Constitution
Authors: Elgebeily Sherif
Published: July 2021

On 26 March 2018, Egyptians overwhelmingly voted to elect incumbent Abdel Fattah El-Sisi to another term as their President in an election where the outcome was known in advance. Any genuine competition was eliminated from the pool of candidates through arrests, media attacks, and intimidation. This chapter examines how Egypt has reached point, the implications for its future, and the role that guaranteed electoral processes of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution played in diminishing the democratic quality of elections. The chapter paper takes a three-part approach to analysing the role of the constitution in the decline of democratic principles in the 2018 Egyptian Presidential elections. Firstly, it examines the constitutional protections of eligibility criteria that exist to support the presence of multi-party candidates in presidential elections, exploring how these were abused by the Sisi administration in the run-up to the elections. Secondly, the chapter analyses the creation of election governance bodies, notably the National Elections Committee (NEC), and its malleability in support of Sisi. Finally, the chapter examines the abuse of existing state machinery in the run-up to the elections and highlights how this has undermined authentic, free elections. The chapter links the 2018 elections to subsequent developments, including the 2019 constitutional referendum which broadened even further the Sisi administration’s control over the country at the expense of constitutional protections.
Mark Twain
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: July 2021

Mark Twain is one of the most fascinating figures in American history. His literary works have intrigued, illuminated, inspired, and irritated millions from the late 1860s to the present. Twain was arguably America’s greatest writer from 1870 to 1910. In an era of mostly lackluster presidents and before the advent of movie, radio, television, and sports stars, Twain was probably the most popular person in America during the 1890s and competed with only Theodore Roosevelt for the title in the 1900s; his celebrity status exceeded that of European kings. Twain’s varied experiences as a journeyman printer, riverboat pilot, prospector, journalist, novelist, humorist, businessman, and world traveler, combined with his incredible imagination and astonishing creativity, enabled him to devise some of American literature’s most memorable characters and engaging stories. Twain was mesmerized, perplexed, frustrated, infuriated, and inspired by Christianity. He strove to understand, critique, and promote various theological ideas and insights. Twain’s religious perspective was complex, inconsistent, and sometimes even contradictory and constantly changed. While many scholars have ignored Twain’s strong focus on religious matters, others disagree sharply about his religious views, with most labeling him a secularist, an agnostic, or an atheist. The evidence indicates, however, that throughout his life he engaged in a lover’s quarrel with God. Twain was an entertainer, a satirist, novelist, and reformer, but he also functioned as a preacher, prophet, and social philosopher. He tackled universal themes with penetrating insight and wit including the character of God, human nature, sin, providence, corruption, greed, hypocrisy, poverty, racism, and imperialism. Moreover, Twain’s life provides a window into the principal trends and developments in American religion from 1865 to 1910.
Quantum Dynamics: Resonance and a Quantum Flip-Flop
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

This chapter begins the discussion of the time evolution of an active quantum system. From the earlier chapters, time dependent physics has been observed through the presence of the time evolution of the phase of each eigenstate. The Hamiltonian itself is time independent. This represents the same kind of evolution of a classical system like the vibration of a tuning fork when it has been struck or the oscillation of an LC circuit if the capacitor is charged to some voltage and then the switch is closed. In the quantum case, the Hamiltonian has also been time independent. The time evolution evolves according the full-time dependent Schrödinger equation, depending only on a single initial condition of the state vector or wave function and the corresponding time evolution of the phase factor for each eigenstate. However in this chapter, we consider the case of when there is a time dependent Hamiltonian such as a sinewave generator or laser. As in the case of resonant tunneling, we see the importance in dynamics of resonant coupling. With an oscillating potential energy term, we see the presence of Rabi oscillations in the probability amplitude of a two-state system on resonance, which can be viewed as a quantum flip-flop between two states of a quantum bit (qubit).
Approximation Techniques for Stationary and Dynamic Problems
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

For many aspects of device design, an exact solution to Schrödinger’s equation is not needed. However, it may simultaneously be required that all of the physical features are clearly understood. The most important technique for approaching these problems is perturbation theory, since it is difficult to develop physical intuition by just numerical means. For the case of solutions to the time independent Schrödinger equation, such as where an electric or magnetic field is applied, time independent perturbation theory is very useful, and is typically adequate for many problems. In some cases, problems may need an exact solution, but it may not be necessary to consider all the levels, leading to the approximation of using just a few levels. If the Hamiltonian is time dependent, we use time dependent perturbation theory which leads to Fermi’s golden rule. The result leads to a Dirac delta-function which can be eliminated by using the density of states.
The Density Matrix: Bloch Equations
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

One of the most powerful tools for calculating quantum device performance is based on the density matrix operator. The operator is unique because it is time dependent in the Schrödinger picture. The approach is quite general, but in the systems of interest here, the Hilbert space of the operator includes both the quantum system such as a nano-vibrator or two-level system and the quantized vacuum radiation field. The equation of motion follows from the time dependent Schrödinger equation. It is possible, as we show, to include the generation of spontaneous emission in this system and then, because observables of interest do not depend on the vacuum field, trace over the vacuum field to create a new density matrix called the reduced density matrix. The resulting equations of motion are the Bloch equations. We use these equations to analyze several problems involving two- and three-level systems.
Responsibility to Protect in International Criminal Law
Authors: Alam Jobair
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers the worst contemporary state-led prosecution of a minority group, which amounts to genocide, namely the Rohingya. It examines the atrocity crimes committed against them under international criminal law (ICL) and the application of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) thereupon. It suggests that such atrocities are constitutive of violations of jus cogens which warrants obligatio erga omnes. Accordingly, the perpetrators can be brought to justice under inter/national and universal jurisdictions, which, nonetheless, has not yet occurred. Given the failure of ICL mechanisms, the normative foundations of the R2P can provide valuable tools for intercepting mass atrocity crimes. The Rohingya—who face direct and structural violence at the hands of the Myanmar state—need protection from these crimes. The chapter explains how insular national politics can undo the gains made by the international community in upholding the distinctiveness of humanitarian claims through the application of the R2P.
Politics of Inter/National Denial of the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda
Authors: Wallis Andrew
Published: July 2021

This chapter charts the proponents of denial of the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, which began contemporaneously with the crimes themselves. In exile from August 1994, the genocidal interim regime ‘rebranded’ itself to the international community to downplay guilt, avoid prosecution, and obtain support for its ultimate aim—a return to power in Kigali. This grouping, heavily based within former francophone and Flemish supporters (legal, political, Church, diplomatic, media, NGOs), has since used a campaign of disinformation, disassociation, and false narratives to confuse and threaten truth. The analysis shows how the failure of international criminal justice—at the ICTR and in states such as France, UK, Belgium, and the Vatican—have wittingly and unwittingly assisted denial. The denial campaign has become more strident during recent years. If unchallenged, such denial has the potential to threaten future positive judicial, political, and economic outcomes for the country and its people.
Encoding and Encoding–Retrieval Interactions
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

Topics covered include the notion that there are no dedicated memory encoding processes as such; rather, encoding is equated with perception and comprehension. Studies by Craik, Moscovitch, and McDowd (1994), and by Challis, Velichkovsky, and Craik (1996) are described and their implications discussed. The differential sensitivity of retrieval tests (e.g., implicit/explicit) to different encoding operations is discussed in terms of test requirements for different types of information rather than as reflecting different memory systems. General principles of encoding are proposed; these include depth, elaboration, congruity, and distinctiveness. Memory-boosting procedures such as rehearsal, organization, retrieval as encoding, the generation effect, and subject-performed tasks are discussed and evaluated. Other topics described, illustrated, and discussed include the picture superiority effect, the self-reference effect, the effect of task difficulty on later memory, differential effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval, and the concept of consolidation.
From Short-term Memory to Working Memory
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

The concept of primary memory (PM) in the levels-of-processing (LOP) framework is described and illustrated. The history of the short-term/long-term memory (STM/LTM) distinction is reviewed. Early studies of STM in the Craik laboratory are described, including work on dichotic listening, the negative recency effect, and the surprising finding of long-lasting auditory information in STM. The distinction between PM and secondary memory is reviewed, and their respective roles in short-term retention discussed. Some experiments on release from proactive interference are described. The theoretical evolution of the construct of PM to that of working memory (WM) is described. The proposal that WM is equivalent to “attention paid to information in conscious awareness” is evaluated. It is argued that PM and WM are not separate entities, but are on a descriptive continuum. Further topics include the role of secondary memory in WM, and the possibility of LOP effects in WM (explored in experiments carried out by Craik and Nathan Rose). Further topics include a consideration of WM as a set of separable abilities, hierarchical views of WM, and a final integrated view of short-term retention.
Introduction
Authors: Miller J. T. M.
Published: July 2021

Metametaphysics and metaontology are not new domains of inquiry. For as long as there has been metaphysical theorizing, there has been debate about the scope, methods, and limits of metaphysics. This collection of papers focuses on a particular set of metametaphysical and metaontological issues that arise because of the nature of language. In this introductory chapter, I outline in general terms some of the ways that views about the nature of language might influence our metametaphysical and metaontological commitments, such as the debate between substantive and deflationist metaontological views. This introduction also provides a brief summary of the central focus of the other chapters in this book.
What “X Does Not Exist” Says About We Who Do Exist
Authors: Yablo Stephen
Published: July 2021

An untruth can still be true where thus and such is concerned; no surprise there. What is perhaps surprising is that an unfalsehood can be false, when conceived as addressed to a certain subject matter. So it is with “The King of France is bald,” according to Strawson, understood as a claim about the bald people. Could “Vulcan exists” be like this? Though not false, because the term lacks a referent, it is nevertheless false about the existing things; it misdescribes them as including Vulcan. This is a misdescription because for every existing x, x is not Vulcan even if Vulcan exists. How can “x is not Vulcan even if Vulcan exists” be evaluated, though, when the name is empty? Just use the Ramsey Test. When we imagine the oracle saying, “Vulcan exists,” and consider on that basis whether Vulcan is, say, Saturn, the answer is clear.
Why We Should Teach Undergraduates about Vice
Authors: Kruschwitz Robert B.
Published: July 2021

Why should we teach undergraduates about the nature of vice and about particular vices? The conceptual benefits are fairly obvious. Teaching about the vices keeps students’ reflection “close to the ground” of everyday decision-making: they often use vice terminology and can benefit from using it more carefully as they evaluate themselves, their friends, and their choices. Also thinking about “thick” vice concepts naturally leads students to explore how cultural perspectives shape their lives and choices. The moral benefits of studying vices are less obvious. Are there any moral benefits for undergraduates in studying the vices (and, in particular, the capital vices)? Yes. Most undergraduates do not (yet) possess fully developed virtues or vices. Thus, their moral education should focus on articulating and correcting psychological processes that impede their virtuous behavior or tempt them to unvirtuous behavior. The capital vice tradition is especially suited for articulating and correcting such psychological processes.
The Sanctifying Work of the Holy Spirit in Christian Virtue Formation
Authors: Porter Steven L. , Rickabaugh Brandon
Published: July 2021

The Christian tradition envisions the third member of the Triune Godhead—the Holy Spirit—as central to a life of virtue. But just how does the Holy Spirit figure into virtue formation? William Alston developed three models of the sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit: the fiat model, the interpersonal model, and the sharing model. In response to Alston’s argument for the sharing model, this chapter offers grounds for a reconsideration of the interpersonal model. It closes with a discussion of some of the implications of one’s understanding of the transforming work of the Holy Spirit for practical Christian spirituality.
Introduction
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

The first part of Chapter 1 presents the polemical aim of the book, namely to do away with the understanding of Spinoza’s freedom of philosophizing as a legal permission to express whatever opinion one has—a right to “free speech” in the contemporary meaning—and show how it enshrines a vision of how to better regulate public speech in view of increased collective self-determination. The second part contains methodological reflections on the status of texts, contexts, and historical circumstances in the study of the history of philosophy, and explains two assumptions made about the structure and systematic character of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. This part also includes discussion of so-called esoteric readings of Spinoza. The third and final part is a general outline of the entire book, intended to provide the reader with some guidance to the global argument.
Circles and Spheres of Free Philosophizing
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This chapter is mostly dedicated to the historical circumstances and the intellectual context of Spinoza’s conception of the freedom of philosophizing. In the Dutch universities during the middle decades of the seventeenth century, the expression “freedom of philosophizing” was inseparable from disputes between Cartesian philosophers and Calvinist theologians about academic freedom and the separation of philosophy from theology. Spinoza, however, widened the scope of the expression and brought it into contact with another broad controversy regarding freedom of religious conscience going back to the early years of the Dutch Republic in the later sixteenth century and the controversy between Lipsius and Coornhert. The chapter argues that it was Spinoza who first managed to bring these two conceptions of academic freedom and freedom of religious conscience together under a single, systematic conception of libertas philosophandi.
Counsel, Collegiality, and Democracy
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This chapter studies the first of two remedies that Spinoza proposes against prejudice, deceit, and flattery. This first remedy consists in reform of the institutions of political counsel. Denouncing the traditional courtly systems of privy counselors, he envisages a broader public sphere of free philosophizing as a source of political advice for the sovereign powers. This conception forms the background for a discussion of absolutism, political resistance, and democratic deliberation and collegiality. Finally, in conclusion, the chapter addresses Spinoza’s conception of the “best citizens” in a free republic, comparing the figure with Caspar Barlaeus’s “wise merchants.”
Education
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This chapter is concerned with Spinoza’s rudimentary program for public education. Spinoza’s theory of education is underdeveloped, but a conjectural reconstruction taking departure in his few explicit remarks on the topic and complementing them with contextual considerations, is possible. The chapter thus resituates Spinoza’s thought in the historical circumstances of the seventeenth-century Dutch educational system. It also places it in the intellectual context of programs for educational reform developed by thinkers very close to him, in particular Franciscus van den Enden. Finally, Spinoza’s views on counsel and education are brought into sharper focus by being systematically contrasted with those of Hobbes.
The Right Concerning Sacred Matters
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This chapter studies how Spinoza’s theory of doctrines comes together in an integrated theological-political model of church–state relations. Chapter XIX of the Tractatus Theologico-politicus proposes a theory of ius circa sacra along broadly Erastian lines. In the Tractatus politicus, Spinoza prolongs this theory with an argument in favor of establishing a national religion. These texts raise questions regarding the coherence of Spinoza’s overall model, especially about how to reconcile his defense of religious freedom with the establishment of a state-controlled national religion. Comparing Spinoza’s position with those of Hobbes and Antistius Constans, the chapter attempts to resolve these tensions by showing how the national religion is conceived as a general framework for safeguarding the definition of true religion, while still allowing for a plurality of forms of worship to exist within that framework. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the religious uniformity imposed by Moses in the Hebrew Republic.
Conclusion
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This concluding chapter offers some perspectives on Spinoza’s understanding of the freedom of philosophizing. It shows how Spinoza’s conception responded to the need for new normative theories of public debate and civic engagement in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. It also confronts Spinoza’s conception of collective free philosophizing with Jürgen Habermas’s classic account of the bourgeois public sphere. While pointing to essential similarities between their conceptions, it also shows how Spinoza’s model of libertas philosophandi, based on democratic realignment of the structures of political counsel and sovereign command, and on a model of public speech driven by intellectual joy, offers a theoretical alternative to Habermas’s dialectical understanding of the relations between the state and the public sphere, and to his consensus-oriented conception of public debate.
The Crisis
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Guilhem Arthur Saint , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

This chapter offers a comprehensive account of the European Central Bank’s (ECB) actions in the early phases of the financial crisis. We show how, despite stubborn inflation pressures, the ECB responded effectively to post-Lehman shock, inter alia by quantifying the effect of moving to ‘fixed rate with full allotment’ lending in regular and longer-term operations. We nonetheless demonstrate that the potency of this response was partially constrained by the ECB’s ‘passive’ approach to liquidity provision—which hinged on demand from banks—and the ‘separation principle’ between interest rate decisions and liquidity operations. We lay out how these principles began to dissolve with the launch of the ECB’s first bond-buying programmes—the Securities Market Programme in 2010 and the Outright Monetary Transactions programme in 2012—and quantify the effects of these measures. In particular, we document the sequence of events that led up to President Draghi’s famous ‘whatever it takes’ announcement.
The Second Regime
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Guilhem Arthur Saint , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

That the euro area economy had switched over into the second regime described in Chapter 3 became more evident in the last phase of the crisis. In this chapter, we describe the landscape facing the ECB in 2013 and 2014, with disinflationary demand shocks replacing inflationary cost-push shocks as the dominant force in the economy. With conventional policy unavailable, we outline the series of unconventional policies launched by the European Central Bank (ECB) to avert a multi-year depression and the deflation scenario that would have accompanied it. We chart the evolution from a policy of ‘separation’ to one of ‘combination’, with different policies seen as mutually reinforcing in fighting deflation risks. We illuminate how the ECB responded to key obstacles such as breaking through the zero lower bound (ZLB) on interest rates and implementing liquidity policies in a deleveraging banking sector.
Introduction
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was one of the most colourful and brutal campaigns of the Napoleonic period. It prompted hundreds of veterans from the armies of the participating countries (Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France) to write and publish autobiographies about their experiences. These war memoirs are well-known to historians as rich and compelling sources, but relying on them for direct eyewitness testimony about the experience of war poses significant methodological problems. Military memoirs, including those from the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, tend to be written in hindsight and shaped to an unknown extent by selective or traumatised memory. They may be unrepresentative of the majority of experiences, written in very different styles and formats, published immediately after the war, or only made public decades after the author’s death. Taking these challenges as a starting point, this introductory chapter lays out a new methodological framework for ‘what to do with war memoirs’, including considering closely the identities and motives of the authors, tracing the material histories of the books themselves, and employing a comparative, transnational approach to the history of the military memoir genre. It also summarises the relevant historiography, emphasising the lack of attention so far given to Spanish and Portuguese wartime autobiography, and the long-term importance of Peninsular War memoirs as a precedent for the twentieth-century ‘soldier’s tale’.
Iberian War Writing
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the roots of the modern war memoir genre. It debunks the enduring idea that in the early nineteenth century the Iberian peninsula did not produce military autobiographies, or any autobiographical writing at all, comparable to the output in north-western Europe. Making the argument for a broader definition of ‘war memoir’, it highlights the numerous ephemeral, polemical pamphlets (also known as manifiestos) written by Spanish veterans during the Peninsular War. It presents these military authors as ambitious, high-ranking career officers and shrewd guerrilla leaders, who used memoir-writing as a political tool to defend their actions on the battlefield, assert their suitability for command, and win popular support. In doing so, it emphasises the juridical and bureaucratic origins of Spanish life writing, dating back to colonial relaciones de méritos y servicios and an elite eighteenth-century service culture, as well as the shifts caused during the Peninsular War by the forced abdication of the king and the temporary declaration of freedom of the press.
Circulation and Transnational Memory
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

This final chapter examines the international scope of the Napoleonic war memoir genre. Widespread and often illegal practices of reprinting and translating veterans’ autobiographies ensured that narratives of the Peninsular War circulated extensively across borders throughout the nineteenth century, not only within Europe but also across the Atlantic, to both the United States and Latin America. Peninsular War memoirs became a transnational genre, crossing national and linguistic divides. This did not, however, result in a peaceful shared memory of the war. Instead, the reprinting and translation of memoirs was unequal, with Spanish accounts rarely reaching British and French audiences, and hostile, with foreign soldiers’ tales being severely edited and disputed by translators. This nationalistic reaction to the circulation of military memoirs laid the foundations for enduring grand narratives about what is in British history the Peninsular War, in French history the War in Spain, and in Spanish history the War of Independence.
Methods for Evaluating Cross-National Micro-Level Theories
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I describe the methods for analyzing the effect of regional and ethnic incomes on attitudes toward redistribution. I argue that survey analyses of group effects should use a characteristic-issue design, matching the group characteristic that most likely shapes a particular attitude. I then provide background on regional and ethnic inequality in the United Kingdom, Slovakia, Canada, Germany, and Italy. The chapter closes by summarizing the organization of the following chapters, tying each chapter’s empirical analyses into the larger theory developed earlier in the book.
Uncertainty, Labor Markets, and Group Heuristics
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I examine the effect of uncertainty on the relationship between ethnic and regional incomes, linked fate, and attitudes toward redistribution. Uncertainty is a key ingredient in heuristic theory, as heuristics for learning about future interests are unnecessary where future interests are certain. I test the argument using data from a survey of Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom, Slovak data from the European Social Survey, and the British Household Panel Survey.
Federal Systems, Decentralization, and Heuristics
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter I argue that federalism has two contrasting effects on the relationship between regional incomes and attitudes toward redistribution. Administrative federalism increases the salience of regional inequality, thereby making the regional income heuristic a more important determinant of attitudes. On the other hand, fiscal federalism, by moving redistributive politics to a within-region conflict, makes regional inequality less relevant to redistributive attitudes.
The Major Positions
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2021

Among the most promising beginnings for our are conceptions of God which begin from one of three initial assumptions. In brief, I label these three approaches “Creator Theology”, “Perfect Being Theology”, and “Worship Worthiness Theology”; for short, CT, PBT, and WWT, respectively. To assume one of these three standpoints is to assume that one of these three is fundamental to an adequate account of the nature of God, and that what is valuable in the other approaches can be derived from what is fundamental. An alternative to these three is metatheological anti-fundamentalism (MAF), which claims that some combination of starting point is needed..
Shaky Ground for Anselmianism
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2021

In the last chapter, we got a glimpse of some difficulties faced by PBT. One issue is that of sustaining monotheism, and another is the issue of explaining the personhood of God. In this chapter, I want to press these points further, showing how they are related to an additional issue involving a proper understanding of contingency. We first outline the Creator Theology account of contingency and remind us of its parsimonious ontology of the divine. We then reveal the structure of Perfect Being Theology and how it culminates with an ontological argument. I then argue that this structure threatens ontological profligacy and, relatedly, invites suspicion about its understanding of contingency.
Introduction
Authors: Linares-Cantillo Alejandro
Published: July 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the twenty essays compiled for the XIII conference of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Colombia, which was held in Bogota in January of 2019. The collection is divided into three thematic parts which illustrate five subjects at the spotlight of comparative constitutional law, in light of the growing circulation and intensification of the idea of constitutionalism. The first part examines the evolving and leading role of constitutional courts in constitutional democracies. The second part allows constitutional experiences speak for themselves and discusses tensions and debates in three topics: (A) the growing trend to judicially enforce 'constitutional unamendability' under the doctrine of 'unconstitutional constitutional amendments'; (B) the idea of 'transformative constitutionalism' in the area of social rights enforcement; and (C) the models of transitional justice and their implementation in the Colombian case. Finally, the third part analyses vertical and horizontal movements of constitutional law doctrines and decisions.
Constitutionalism, Liberalism, and Democracy
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the tension between democratic decision-making procedures and constitutional judicial review. It shows that the liberal values that justify a democratic self-government may also vindicate some limits on majoritarian decision-making procedures, but not necessarily in the form of the current constitutional regimes. The chapter argues that constitutional courts are not a necessary feature of a liberal regime. It also acknowledges that democratic decision-making has many defects. These defects concern the fate of persistent vulnerable minorities, the tendency towards short-sightedness, a similar tendency to downplay people's rights and liberties for the sake of greater economic gains or in the force of external threats, and finally the dangers of populism and anti-liberal politics gaining ground within a democratic system. The chapter then depicts courts as essentially conservative institutions which are not — and cannot be — as counter-majoritarian as depicted by legal scholars, mainly because their legitimacy and the acceptance of their decisions depends on the people. It contends that the acceptance and efficacy of judicial review is context dependent, but that some fights still need to be fought in the political, not the legal arena.
Dialogic Constitutionalism in Defective Democracies
Authors: Gargarella Roberto
Published: July 2021

This chapter studies the theory and practice of constitutional dialogue, in the context of defective democracies. Within the framework of a deliberative democracy, it argues for a dialogic approach to constitutionalism where the different branches of government and the people at large engage in a conversation with the aim of interpreting the actual implications of the fundamental constitutional values. Such conversation about the Constitution includes basic considerations about who discusses, about what they discuss, how they do it, and why they do it. The chapter then presents some of the problems that seem to be affecting constitutional democracies. It also reflects on the tasks that a committed judiciary could assume, in order to confront the existing social and institutional difficulties. Finally, the chapter looks at different cases related to actions and omissions by the Colombian Constitutional Court.
From the Public Action of Unconstitutionality of 1910 to the Constitutional Court of 1991
Authors: Cajas-Sarria Mario Alberto
Published: July 2021

This chapter traces the history of the transformations and the attempts to change the Colombian constitutional justice since the establishment of the Public Action of Unconstitutionality (PAU) in 1910 to the creation of the Constitutional Court of Colombia (CC) of 1991. The enactment of the PAU allowed any citizen to challenge the constitutionality of laws and decrees before the Supreme Court. Ultimately, this trajectory highlights how political actors and legal scholars, with different purposes and strategies, in certain political contexts and under particular legal doctrines, shaped the national judicial review. The narrative also shows how a local institutional development was transformed under the influences of foreign legal institutions that local jurist as well as politicians, invoked, adapted, and 'used' for different purposes and at different times. In this way, it will account for the legal and political struggles to establish a CC, which seemed in part to transplant the model expanded from Europe to the world in the second half of the twentieth century.
Courts as Guarantors of Democracy
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the judicial oversight of democracy. Three cases indicate how courts act as guarantors of constitutional democracy, suggesting ways they could react to current populist challenges. First, from India, the basic structures decisions set forth the principle that certain constitutional changes, even if procedurally proper, can go too far in undermining the fundamental character of a democratic order. This series of decisions also claims for the judiciary the power and duty to judge when an amendment oversteps this line. Next, the South African Constitutional Court's decision rejecting the draft constitution to replace the apartheid system establishes that protections against untrammelled majority rule are among these basic features of constitutional democracy. Last, a decision of the Constitutional Court of Colombia to disallow a president from running for a third term goes to how courts can protect competition in the political process. Rejecting a properly enacted constitutional amendment that would have permitted a president to run for a third term, the Court feared lack of rotation in office would chill political debate and contestation. Together, these decisions articulate a distinct challenge for apex courts confronting a challenge to the democratic process itself.