bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vers une démarche intégrée d’évaluation et de représentation des services écosystémiques : perspective interdisciplinaire et enjeux en milieu urbain
Authors: Maillefert Muriel , Petit Olivier
Published: September 2018

Les services écosystémiques sont devenus, au cours de ces vingt dernières années, un concept mobilisé de manière récurrente dans les politiques publiques de préservation de la biodiversité. L’économie et la géographie sont appelées à jouer un rôle important dans la conduite de ces politiques, dans la mesure où si les économistes s’attachent, dans une large mesure, à tenter d’évaluer ces services (notamment en recourant à une évaluation monétaire), une bonne part des travaux en géographie traite de leur représentation spatiale. Nous défendons dans cet article l’idée d’un rapprochement de ces démarches disciplinaires, à travers une démarche intégrée, visant à aborder de concert les questions d’évaluation et de spatialisation des services écosystémiques. Sur cette base, nous revenons tout d’abord sur la manière dont les questions d’évaluation et de spatialisation ont été abordées dans la littérature internationale sur les services écosystémiques, puis, en nous appuyant sur les travaux récents développés sur les services écosystémiques urbains, nous montrons tout l’intérêt d’une démarche intégrée, beaucoup plus en phase avec les besoins exprimés par les politiques publiques. Nous plaidons pour finir pour une approche transversale et interdisciplinaire des services écosystémiques en avançant l’idée de services écosystémiques territorialisés. Notre article cherche ainsi à montrer, à partir de la notion de services écosystémiques territorialisés, l’intérêt d’une hybridation entre les approches transversales des services écosystémiques. Ces approches reposent sur la notion d’usage et défendent des méthodes d’évaluation fondées sur une hybridation des méthodologies et le recours à des analyses multicritères.
Évaluation des services écosystémiques urbains : de la rhétorique à la
pratique. L’apport de l’approche par habitat
Authors: Selmi Wissal , Weber Christiane
Published: September 2018

Cet article aborde à la fois la complexité du concept de services
écosystémiques et son aspect pragmatique. En fournissant un exemple concret
d’évaluation de services écosystémiques, l’objectif est de démontrer que cette
complexité n’est pas un frein quant à l’application du concept. Dans ce cadre,
une évaluation ascendante des services écosystémiques a été développée. Basée
sur la caractérisation de la végétation urbaine, cette évaluation écologique a
permis d’étudier le fonctionnement des arbres urbains et de quantifier les
services écosystémiques rendus à la société en appliquant le modèle « i-Tree
Eco » à l’échelle de la ville de Strasbourg (France).
Definitions and Redefinitions of Urban Sustainability: A Bibliometric Approach
Authors: Hamman Philippe
Published: September 2018

This paper investigates evolutions in and alternatives to the “sustainable development” paradigm and examines these new trends. It offers a review of the social science literature that focuses on the language of the “sustainable city” used by researchers and experts in sociology, geography and urban studies since 2009. First, five main variants of “sustainable city” discourses are evidenced by the statistical and lexical analyses: the “recyclable city”, the “compact city”, the “green city”, the “just city” and the “participatory city”. They are often in conflict and subject to debate. Then, four main “alternatives” are identified: degrowth, resilience, sustainable transformation and transition. Yet they remain specific to restricted sectors or characterized by a binary vision.
Cinquante ans de développement de la fonction résidentielle dans le Vieux-Montréal et les anciens faubourgs : quelles leçons en tirer ?
Authors: Ananian Priscilla
Published: September 2018

Depuis les années 1960, des interventions ont eu lieu dans le Vieux‑Montréal et les anciens faubourgs promouvant des stratégies de conservation patrimoniale et de développement touristique. Or, une troisième stratégie — le développement de la fonction résidentielle — a façonné le tissu social et urbain d’un Vieux‑Montréal habité. Une analyse des exercices de planification montre que la fonction résidentielle n’a pas fait l’objet d’une vision d’ensemble, privilégiant des aménagements à la pièce au gré des opportunités. Plus de 50 ans plus tard, cette situation mène à la reproduction de manques et de nuisances de cohabitation qui remettent en question le rôle de la fonction résidentielle dans le développement d’une nouvelle identité urbaine des quartiers historiques.
Fiction et histoire chez Lucien
Authors: Romeri Luciana
Published: September 2018

Lucien de Samosate (iie siècle) consacre deux ouvrages à l’histoire et aux historiens, l’un, Comment écrire l’histoire, rédigé sous la forme sérieuse d’un manuel, l’autre sous la forme parodique d’un long voyage extraordinaire, les Histoires vraies. Dans cet article, je m’intéresse à la critique qui, par delà la parodie et le fantastique, traverse les Histoires vraies, visant à la fois les poètes, les historiens et les philosophes du passé, en raison des nombreuses choses « prodigieuses et fabuleuses » qu’ils ont écrites. En parcourant les quatre paragraphes qui composent le prologue de cet ouvrage et qui explicitent la pensée et la position de Lucien, il s’agira de montrer que, par le biais de cette histoire fabuleuse, l’auteur entend mener une réflexion sur les différentes formes de récits, historiques et poétiques, et de redéfinir, en particulier, le statut que doit avoir le discours qui porte sur le passé.
La « conformité » des « histoires anciennes » et des « modernes » : Henri Estienne lecteur d’Hérodote
Authors: Mounier Pascale
Published: September 2018

Henri Estienne a procuré en 1566 une traduction latine des Histoires d’Hérodote en l’accompagnant d’une longue préface défensive et, en édition séparée, un essai plus ample encore : l’Apologia pro Herodoto et l’Apologie pour Herodote. L’humaniste présente dans la version en français sa fréquentation du texte comme une expérience jouissive, qui lui a donné l’envie de prouver l’intérêt des « historiographes anciens ». Il pose dans le titre l’hypothèse de l’existence d’une proximité de l’Antiquité et de l’époque récente ou contemporaine du point de vue des événements surprenants. On peut s’interroger sur le statut que l’essayiste donne aux auteurs de l’Antiquité et à ceux de son temps qui entreprennent de faire des « histoires » et voir jusqu’où le principe de la « conformité » le mène. Cela suppose d’examiner les arguments qu’il donne en faveur d’Hérodote, la façon qu’il a de réécrire les Histoires et sa manière d’imiter l’auteur antique en relatant des événements qui se sont produits au xve ou au xvie siècle.
La réception de Cassius Dion chez Corneille : le débat Agrippa-Mécène (Histoire romaine, livre 52) et le débat Cinna-Maxime (Cinna, ii, 1)
Authors: Bellissime Marion
Published: September 2018

Cet article présente les liens entre le texte de Cassius Dion (Histoire romaine, début du iiie siècle) et celui de Corneille (Cinna, 1642). Après avoir montré que le texte historique du livre 52 et le débat entre Agrippa et Mécène à propos de l’avenir politique d’Octave servent de sous-texte au texte dramatique et au dialogue entre Cinna et Maxime, nous mettons en avant le fait que Corneille se réapproprie le texte dans une perspective différente, au point d’avoir peut-être influencé les lectures ultérieures de Dion. Cette réappropriation n’a été rendue possible que par la double nature rhétorique et historique, à la frontière de deux genres, de l’historiographie antique, particulièrement visible dans les prosopopées.
Risk management in the digital constellation – a constitutional perspective (part II)
Authors: Pernice Ingolf
Published: September 2018

The digital revolution is creating new risks, together with multiple opportunities for communication, commerce and political participation. What Ulrich Beck described as the world risk society and what – from another perspective – Jürgen Habermas calls the “postnational constellation” is a challenge to our concepts of society and democracy. Digitisation is pushing this development towards a new dimension that allows us to speak of the “digital constellation”. Social relations are denser across borders and continents; what happens there matters here, as if it were happening on our own doorstep. New kinds of risks are arising as a side-effect of the increasing use of information technologies, while the internet also offers – for the first time – an infrastructure that makes formerly unrealistic concepts of cosmopolitan democracy (David Held) a real option. This includes the establishment of a constitutional framework for normative processes aiming at managing effectively, among other global challenges, cyber-risks at national, supra-national and global levels in a coherent way. Multilevel Constitutionalism is proposed as a means of providing a normative theory for conceptualising the constitutional structure of a layered system of governance that ensures a maximum degree of self-determination for the individual and, thus, for the democratic legitimacy of decisions made at each level, from local to global. Thus, the constitution for democratically legitimate action at the global level does not question democracy at other levels, but should be complementary, based upon functioning states, and designed to deal with issues that are beyond their reach, including cybersecurity.
La libertad de expresión en las redes sociales
Authors: Díez Bueso Laura
Published: September 2018

La irrupción de la comunicación a través de redes sociales obliga a los juristas a ofrecer una respuesta razonada a la siguiente cuestión: ¿los límites de la libertad de expresión son distintos si el mismo mensaje se vierte en la red o si se difunde a través de los canales tradicionales de comunicación?

Para ofrecer una respuesta desde el Derecho, resulta preciso concretar cuáles son aquellos elementos que diferencian ambos tipos de comunicación y que resultan relevantes para el análisis. A nuestro juicio, estos elementos son los siguientes: la posición del receptor del mensaje, que ha dejado de ser pasiva para convertirse en un usuario activo; la posición de relativa igualdad del emisor del mensaje; la gran cantidad y variedad de contenidos en la red; y el aumento de la capacidad de interrelación comunicativa.

Identificados estos elementos, deben confrontarse con los parámetros clásicos que el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha utilizado para marcar los límites de la libertad de expresión. Los parámetros que se consideran relevantes para el análisis son: la materia sobre la que versa el mensaje; la intención del emisor; quién emite el mensaje; a través de qué canal; y el ámbito geográfico donde se difunde.

De esta confrontación puede concluirse que, con la jurisprudencia de la Corte Europea en la mano, no existen argumentos jurídicos que justifiquen una distinción en los límites de la libertad de expresión en función de si el mensaje se difunde o no a través de redes sociales.
Juicios paralelos en las redes sociales y proceso penal
Authors: Guzmán Fluja Vicente C.
Published: September 2018

Las redes sociales contribuyen a magnificar los juicios paralelos y multiplican las eventuales lesiones de los derechos fundamentales. Ahora bien, es importante determinar si la alimentación que sufren los juicios paralelos a través de las redes añaden algo nuevo a la posible influencia en el transcurso del juicio, siendo un dato a tener en cuenta que cuando se trata de jueces profesionales su permeabilidad se presenta más blindada que frente a los jueces legos. El trabajo revela cuáles son los problemas reales de los juicios paralelos, contextualizándolos debidamente, proponiendo cómo debiera ser abordada su posible regulación.
Mesa redonda Situación y desafíos de la democracia en América Latina
Authors: Barreda Mikel
Published: September 2018

El pasado 23 de mayo organizamos, en los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política, una mesa redonda sobre el estado actual de la democracia en América Latina, aprovechando la celebración en Barcelona del Congreso Internacional de la Latin American Studies Association (23-27 mayo), que reunió a más de siete mil personas. La mesa contó con la participación de tres reconocidos expertos sobre política latinoamericana, y estuvo moderada por el profesor Mikel Barreda, director del grado de Relaciones Internacionales de la UOC.
Jurisprudencia
Authors: Escribano Patricia
Published: September 2018

Jurisprudencia
Interleukin 35 induced Th2 and Tregs bias under normal conditions in mice
Authors: Zhang Xiaoning , Zhang Zhiqiang , He Zhiqiang , Ju Mingyan , Li Jiaci , Yuan Jinghua , Jing Yaqing , Li Keqiu , Liu Yi , Li Guang
Published: September 2018

Objective

The benefits of IL-35 treatment have been verified in multiple animal models of diseases, while its influence on T cells immunity under normal condition still needs to be elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the effects modulating IL-35 levels in vivo and in vitro on T cells, response and also the effects on T cells subsets in normal mice.

Methods

A plasmid pMSCV-IL-35-GFP carrying mouse linear IL-35 fragment with two subunits joint together was constructed and the heterodimer expression was confirmed. Normal mice were randomly divided into three groups and received an intravenous injection of PBS, pMSCV-GFP and pMSCV-IL-35-GFP respectively. After 72 h, spleen tissues and peripheral blood were harvested for following analysis. Meanwhile, splenic T cells were isolated and incubated with 10, 30, or 50 ng/mL recombinant IL-35 factor for 24 h with the addition of anti-CD3/CD28 in vitro. T-cell subsets were assessed by Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and related cytokines together with effector molecules were determined by real time PCR.

Results

Western blotting confirmed a 52 kDa band in the cell lysate of HEK 293T transducted with pMSCV-IL-35-GFP plasmid, indicating a successful expression of IL-35. Ebi3 and IL-12A, two subunits of IL-35, could be identified 72 h post DNA injection. IL-35 upregulation in vivo effectively inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine secretion. Effector molecules of CD8+ T cells were also remarkably suppressed. On the contrary, high level of IL-35 significantly induced CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and Th2 enhancement. The in vitro study provided similar results.

Conclusion

The results indicated Th1 and CD8+ T cell inhibition and Th2 and Tregs bias in the presence of IL-35 under a normal state which partly contributed to its therapeutic potential.
A secretory hexokinase plays an active role in the proliferation of Nosema bombycis
Authors: Huang Yukang , Zheng Shiyi , Mei Xionge , Yu Bin , Sun Bin , Li Boning , Wei Junhong , Chen Jie , Li Tian , Pan Guoqing , Zhou Zeyang , Li Chunfeng
Published: September 2018

The microsporidian Nosema bombycis is an obligate intracellular parasite of Bombyx mori, that lost its intact tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondria during evolution but retained its intact glycolysis pathway. N. bombycis hexokinase (NbHK) is not only a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis but also a secretory protein. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and recombinant HK overexpressed in BmN cells showed that NbHK localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cell during the meront stage. When N. bombycis matured, NbHK tended to concentrate at the nuclei of host cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile of NbHK implied it functioned during N. bombycis’ proliferation stages. A knock-down of NbHK effectively suppressed the proliferation of N. bombycis indicating that NbHK is an important protein for parasite to control its host.
Physical Activity and Worsening of Radiographic Findings in Persons With or at Higher Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Jayabalan Prakash , Kocherginsky Masha , Chang Alison H. , Rouleau Gerald W. , Koloms Kimberly L. , Lee Jungwha , Dunlop Dorothy , Chang Rowland W. , Sharma Leena
Published: September 2018

Objective

The benefits of physical activity among persons with or at higher risk for knee osteoarthritis are well established. However, activity levels in this population are low, in part due to concern that activity will damage the knee joint. We hypothesized that sedentary and moderate‐vigorous physical activity are each associated with greater risk of radiographic worsening of knee OA.

Methods

In Osteoarthritis Initiative participants with or at higher risk for knee OA enrolled in an accelerometer substudy at 48 months (study baseline), physical activity was measured by a uniaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT1M). Radiographic progression was defined as any 48 month to 96 month worsening of Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade scores. All analyses were knee‐level; we used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for key covariates.

Results

Of the 1,206 participants, 631 (52%) were female, the mean ± SD age was 64 ± 9 years, and mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) was 28 ± 5. The mean ± SD average daily sedentary activity was 602 ± 86 minutes, average daily light activity was 284 ± 75 minutes, and average daily moderate‐vigorous activity was 20 ± 20 minutes. In 1,978 knees, 267 (14%) had worsening of K/L grade scores. In the multivariable model, age, sex, BMI, and pain, were associated with K/L grade worsening, but neither sedentary activity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.99 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.97–1.01]) nor moderate‐vigorous activity (adjusted OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.91–1.09]) were associated with K/L grade worsening.

Conclusion

In persons with or at higher risk for knee OA, age, sex, BMI, and pain, but not objectively measured average daily minutes of sedentary or moderate‐vigorous activity, were associated with subsequent worsening of K/L grade. Whether findings differ in persons with more severe knee OA and/or engaged more frequently in moderate‐vigorous activity should be examined in future studies.
A Hierarchical Programmable Mechanical Metamaterial Unit Cell Showing Metastable Shape Memory
Authors: Berwind Matthew F. , Kamas Alec , Eberl Christoph
Published: September 2018

Hierarchically structuring materials open the door to a wide range of unexpected and uniquely designed properties. This work presents a novel mechanical metamaterial unit cell with strain‐dependent solid–solid phase changes resultant from hierarchically structured “mechanisms” built into an auxetic unit cell, and further presents a realization of this kind. The interaction of auxetic structure and mechanism allows stable or metastable elastic energy states to be reached as a result of mechanical deformation. The result is a principally elastic analog to a shape memory material with a functional dependency on its negative Poisson's ratio. Prototypes are additively manufactured using direct laser writing, and are subsequently subjected to uniaxial compression with a customized micromechanical test set up. Experimental results depict reversible states initially triggered by deformation; the unit cell is a building block for a programmable material with a nonlinear “if… then…” relationship. Implementing interior mechanisms as a hierarchical level unlocks new directions for mechanical metamaterials research, and the authors see potential impacts or applications in multi‐scale modeling, medicine, micro‐actuation and ‐gripping, programmable matter/materials.
Self‐Driven Metal–Semiconductor–Metal WSe2 Photodetector with Asymmetric Contact Geometries
Authors: Zhou Changjian , Raju Salahuddin , Li Bin , Chan Mansun , Chai Yang , Yang Cary Y.
Published: September 2018

Self‐driven photodetectors have wide applications in wireless sensor networks and wearable physiological monitoring systems. While 2D materials have different bandgaps for potential novel application fields, the self‐driven photodetectors are mainly built on PN junctions or heterostructures, whose fabrication involves doping or reliable multiple transfer steps. In this study, a novel metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) WSe2 photodetector with asymmetric contact geometries is proposed. A high responsivity of 2.31 A W−1 is obtained under zero bias, and a large open‐circuit voltage of 0.42 V is achieved for an MSM photodetector with a large contact length difference. The MSM photodetector can overcome the disadvantage of high dark current in traditional MSM photodetectors. A small dark current of ≈1 fA along with a high detectivity of 9.16 × 1011 Jones is achieved. The working principles and finite element analysis are presented to explain the origin of the self‐driven property and its dependence on the degree of asymmetry.
Green Synthesis of Low‐Dimensional Aluminum Oxide Hydroxide and Oxide Using Liquid Metal Reaction Media: Ultrahigh Flux Membranes
Authors: Zavabeti Ali , Zhang Bao Yue , de Castro Isabela A. , Ou Jian Zhen , Carey Benjamin J. , Mohiuddin Md , Datta RobiS. , Xu Chenglong , Mouritz Adrian P. , McConville Christopher F. , O'Mullane Anthony P. , Daeneke Torben , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh
Published: September 2018

Liquid metal reaction media provides exciting new avenues for synthesizing low‐dimensional materials. Here, the synthesis of atomically thin sheets and nanofibers of boehmite (γ‐AlOOH) and their transformation into cubic alumina (γ‐Al2O3) via annealing is explored. The sheets are as thin as one orthorhombic boehmite unit cell. The addition of aluminum into a room temperature alloy of gallium, followed by exposing the melt to either liquid water or water vapor, allows growing either 2D sheets or 1D fibers, respectively. The isolated oxide hydroxides feature large surface areas, with the sheet morphologies also showing a high Young's modulus. The method is green, since the liquid metal solvent can be fully reused. The ultrathin boehmite sheets are found suitable for the development of freestanding membrane filters that enable excellent separation of heavy metal ions and oil from aqueous solutions at extraordinary filtrate flux. The developed liquid metal‐based synthesis process offers a sustainable, green, and rapid method for synthesizing nanomorphologies of metal oxides which are challenging to obtain by conventional methods. The process is both sustainable and scalable and may be explored for the creation of other types of metal oxide compounds.
Fine‐Tuning Surface Properties of Perovskites via Nanocompositing with Inert Oxide toward Developing Superior Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation
Authors: Li Jiang , Miao Jie , Duan Xiaoguang , Dai Jie , Liu Qiwei , Wang Shaobin , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: September 2018

Cost‐effective, stable, and highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst is the key challenge for wastewater treatment based on Fenton‐like advanced oxidation processes. Perovskite oxides offer new opportunities because of their versatile compositions and flexible physiochemical properties. Herein, a new strategy is proposed that is different from the frequently used alien‐metal doping, to tune surface properties of perovskite oxides by nanocompositing perovskite with inert oxide, resulting in improved activity and stability for catalytic oxidation. By in situ modification of LaFeO3 with inert La2O3 oxide through one‐pot synthesis, several important surface properties such as surface defects, H2O2 adsorption capacity, Fe2+ concentration, and charge‐transfer rate were improved, as well as resistance against iron leaching. In performance evaluation, among the various materials, La1.15FeO3 (L1.15FO) composite shows the highest Fenton activity (0.0402 min−1) for activating H2O2 to oxidize methyl orange, 2.5 times that of the pristine LaFeO3. Notably, in situ electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and radical scavenging tests unveil a faster generation of singlet oxygen as the dominant reactive species over L1.15FO, consequently a novel non‐radical activation mechanism is proposed. Such improved performance is assigned to the strong coupling effect between the nanosized LaFeO3 and La2O3 in the hybrids, which fine‐tune the surface properties of LaFeO3 perovskite as superior Fenton catalysts.
Recent Progresses in Phototherapy‐Synergized Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Ng Chee Wee , Li Jingchao , Pu Kanyi
Published: September 2018

Cancer immunotherapy has recently gained much attention in the search of cancer cure due to its ability to “train” the immune system in seeking out and removing residual tumor cells. However, relying on cancer immunotherapy alone may fail to ablate primary tumors. Phototherapy is a promising modality that offers an elegant solution to eradicate tumors through the simple application of light irradiation and meanwhile triggers immune responses by immunogenic cell death to enhance antitumor immunity. Uniting phototherapy with cancer immunotherapy has been found to achieve synergistic outcomes, promote cancer regression, and even attain immunologic memory. This review summarizes the recent studies on utilizing phototherapy and immunotherapy combinatorial approaches to treat cancer. A variety of nanoplatforms have been investigated in combination with immunoadjuvants and immune checkpoint blockades such as CTLA4 and PD‐L1 pathways. Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, improved migration of dendritic cells, and an increased ratio of tumor‐infiltrating cytotoxic T cells against regulatory T cells are revealed in many studies, offering a glimpse into the mechanistic principles. Future advancements targeting different cancer checkpoints that could offer better immunosuppression coupled with other phototherapeutic strategies remain to be explored in accomplishing complete elimination of cancer.
Flexible Printed Reference Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Manjakkal Libu , Shakthivel Dhayalan , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: September 2018

This work presents screen‐printed thick film reference electrodes (REs) on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The ion‐conducting channel of presented screen‐printed thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl electrodes are made from a composite of glass–KCl powder. With this new formulation the REs exhibit negligible variation in the potential (±4 mV), when evaluated under different bending states (radius 3, 5, and 7 mm). With a stable electrode potential and in‐depth electrochemical studies, the utility of the presented REs for pH‐sensing and flexible supercapacitor (SC) applications is demonstrated. With amperometric studies, we have shown that for pH‐sensing applications, the presented REs can exhibit a sensitivity of 9 µA pH−1. At 1 mHz, the electrochemical investigations involving presented thick film REs and graphene‐based SCs demonstrate a capacitance of 75 µF cm−2. With a flexible form factor, high endurance, and a miniature size, the presented RE has distinct advantages over conventional glass‐based REs, particularly for emerging applications such as flexible sensing and for characterization of materials for energy storage devices.
Recent Advances in Flexible Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes: From Materials Design to Integrated Optoelectronic Platforms
Authors: Zhang Hao , Rogers John A.
Published: September 2018

The emergence of high‐performance materials for flexible inorganic light emitting diodes (ILEDs) provides the foundations for a broad range of compelling, unconventional systems, from deformable displays and lighting sources to wearable and implantable bioelectronics with diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Interdisciplinary progress in materials synthetic methods, device designs, mechanical layouts, and assembly techniques over the past decade enables flexible ILEDs with remarkable operating characteristics even under extreme modes of mechanical deformation. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, with emphasis on the unique properties of the underlying materials and device physics in the first several sections. The subsequent content highlights examples of system‐level integration of flexible ILEDs into advanced optoelectronic platforms with characteristics that would be difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional approaches. Miniaturized, implantable biomedical tools for optical modulation of neural activity at target sites and conformable, skin‐mounted electronics for sensing and visualization of physiological parameters in real time provide examples of some of the most recent directions.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed in situ Activation of Alkynyl Acids for C−S Bond Formation: Access to Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazinones
Authors: Sun Kewen , Jin Shiyi , Zhu Jindong , Zhang Xinmiao , Gao Maoyu , Zhang Wanqi , Lu Tao , Du Ding
Published: September 2018

Alkynyl acids are first utilized as alkynyl acylazolium precursors through an in situ activation strategy for the efficient construction of carbon‐sulfur bond in a formal [3+3] annulation. This protocol offers a direct and rapid pathway for the synthesis of imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazinone skeleton, a useful heterocyclic class frequently found in many bioactive compounds. This reaction also has the advantages of scalability, readily available materials, and simple manipulation in open air.

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Transition‐Metal‐Free Regioselective Construction of Diverse 3‐Carbonyl Functionalized 4‐Pyrones via Thermal Wolff‐Rearrangement of Diazodicarbonyls
Authors: Park Ga Eul , Maezono Shizuka Mei Bautista , Ha Ji Hyeon , Shim Jae‐Jin , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Yong Rok
Published: September 2018

An efficient protocol for the construction of 3‐carbonyl functionalized 4‐pyrones has been developed using a transition‐metal free thermal cascade reaction of diazodicarbonyls with β‐enamino esters or β‐enamino ketones. This reaction proceeds via cascade carbene generation, ketene formation via thermal Wolff‐rearrangement, nucleophilic addition, intramolecular cyclization, and elimination. This protocol provides a rapid synthetic route to diverse 2,3,5‐trisubstituted 4‐pyrone derivatives.

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Ca(II)‐Mediated Regioselective One‐pot Sequential Annulation of Acyclic compounds to Polycyclic Fluorenopyrans
Authors: Yaragorla Srinivasarao , Rajesh P. , Pareek Abhishek , Kumar Ankit
Published: September 2018

Herein we report a facile synthesis of tetracyclic fluorenopyrans from simple acyclic reactants, propargyl alcohols and 3‐methylpentane‐2,4‐dione under calcium catalysis. This one‐pot, 3‐component reaction proceeds through a sequential allene formation, Friedel‐Crafts cyclization/cycloisomerization, intramolecular aldol reaction, Claisen rearrangement, and 6‐endo dig cyclization to result in the formation of fluorenopyrans (indeno[2,1‐g]chromenes). This strategy was further used in the synthesis of 3‐iodo‐fluorenopyrans, by adding iodocyclization to the above sequence of reactions (4‐CR). Noticeably, this highly practical, atom and the step‐economic procedure is catalyzed by a sustainable (alkaline earth) metal salt and tolerates the broad substrate scope, allowing the further transformations and synthetic utilities of these complex polycyclic moieties.

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Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrosulfonylation of Electron‐Deficient Alkynes: Access to Both E‐ and Z‐β‐Sulfonyl‐α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Zhang Wei , Johnson Gabriel M. , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong
Published: September 2018

A metal‐free hydrosulfonylation of electron‐deficient alkynes with sodium sulfinates or sulfinic acids to access both E‐ and Z‐β‐sulfonyl‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds has been developed. We propose that this reaction via a hydroxylallene intermediate delivers the thermodynamically stable E isomer, or via a concerted termolecular AdE3 mechanism affords Z isomer. The stereoselectivity of addition (syn or anti) can be controlled by varying the sulfonyl sources and acidic buffer solutions. This protocol exhibits broad substrate scope for internal or terminal alkynes including various substituted ynones and alkynyl esters. This approach is mild, efficient, operationally simple and easy to be scaled‐up.

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Selective Electrochemical H2O2 Production through Two‐Electron Oxygen Electrochemistry
Authors: Jiang Yuanyuan , Ni Pengjuan , Chen Chuanxia , Lu Yizhong , Yang Ping , Kong Biao , Fisher Adrian , Wang Xin
Published: September 2018

Direct electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through two‐electron oxygen electrochemistry, for example, the oxygen reduction in fuel cells or water oxidation in water electrolyzers, could provide an attractive alternative to locally produce this chemical on demand. The efficiency of these processes depends greatly on the availability of cost‐effective catalysts with high selectivity, activity, and stability. In recent years, various novel nanostructured materials have been reported to selectively produce H2O2. Through combined experimental and theoretical approaches, underlying mechanisms in the electrochemical synthesis of H2O2 via oxygen electrochemistry have been unveiled. Considering the remarkable progress in this area, the authors summarize recent developments regarding the direct production of H2O2 through two‐electron electrochemical oxygen reactions. The fundamental aspects of electrochemical oxygen reactions are first introduced. Various types of catalysts that can effectively produce H2O2 via two‐electron oxygen electrochemistry are then presented. In parallel, the unique structure‐, component‐, and composition‐dependent electrochemical performance together with the underlying catalytic mechanisms are discussed. Finally, a brief conclusion about the recent progress achieved in electrochemical generation of H2O2 and an outlook on future research challenges are given.
Low Temperature Tolerant Organohydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Rong Qinfeng , Lei Wenwei , Huang Jin , Liu Mingjie
Published: September 2018

Gel electrolytes are attracting growing interest in the field of flexible solid supercapacitors. So far, hydrogel electrolytes have been widely investigated, and high performance flexible supercapacitors based on these electrolytes have been realized. However, conventional hydrogel electrolytes contain massive solvent water, inevitably freeze and restrict ion transport at subzero temperatures, which fundamentally limits the utilization of supercapacitors in extreme low temperatures. A new organohydrogel electrolyte that successfully brings the advantages of outstanding flexibility and ionic conductivity at low temperatures by using H2O/ethylene glycol as a dispersion medium is reported here. When applying the antifreezing organohydrogel electrolyte, the flexible solid supercapacitor with carbon nanotube paper electrodes (≈0.5 × 2.2 cm2) exhibits stable electrochemical performance (70.6% capacitance retained at −40 °C) and excellent cycling stability (only 11.7% capacitance decay over 5000 charge/discharge cycles at −20 °C.) at low temperatures, representing the excellent low temperature tolerance. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor devices offer remarkable flexible performance under consecutive bending conditions. It is anticipated that the low temperature tolerant organohydrogel electrolyte may be a promising gel electrolyte for the next generation of flexible solid supercapacitors for using at low temperature environments.
Orbital Interactions in Bi‐Sn Bimetallic Electrocatalysts for Highly Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction toward Formate Production
Authors: Wen Guobin , Lee Dong Un , Ren Bohua , Hassan Fathy M. , Jiang Gaopeng , Cano Zachary P. , Gostick Jeff , Croiset Eric , Bai Zhengyu , Yang Lin , Chen Zhongwei
Published: September 2018

A highly selective and durable electrocatalyst for carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to formate is developed, consisting of tin (Sn) nanosheets decorated with bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles. Owing to the formation of active sites through favorable orbital interactions at the Sn‐Bi interface, the Bi‐Sn bimetallic catalyst converts CO2 to formate with a remarkably high Faradaic efficiency (96%) and production rate (0.74 mmol h−1 cm−2) at −1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Additionally, the catalyst maintains its initial efficiency over an unprecedented 100 h of operation. Density functional theory reveals that the addition of Bi nanoparticles upshifts the electron states of Sn away from the Fermi level, allowing the HCOO* intermediate to favorably adsorb onto the Bi‐Sn interface compared to a pure Sn surface. This effectively facilitates the flow of electrons to promote selective and durable conversion of CO2 to formate. This study provides sub‐atomic level insights and a general methodology for bimetallic catalyst developments and surface engineering for highly selective CO2 electroreduction.
Costs and risks of testing and blending for essential amino acids in soybeans
Authors: Hertsgaard David J. , Wilson William W. , Dahl Bruce
Published: September 2018

An important emerging problem in soybean marketing is the variability in quality, which is typically measured by protein and ultimately results in mispricing. This study analyzes the effects of testing soybeans for specific quality traits including essential amino acids. A model was developed to analyze costs and risks that may arise for grain handlers to segregate soybeans into high‐ and low‐quality grain flows based on alternative importer purchasing specifications. A stochastic optimization model is used to determine optimal testing locations and intensities in addition to the costs and risks to grain handlers. The model allows for blending to determine optimal shipments from separate locations with differing quality distributions. This paper provides a framework for agribusinesses, grain handlers, and marketers to make decisions in response to importers’ purchasing requirements and strategies.
The role of obesity in the fatal outcome of Schaaf–Yang syndrome: Early onset morbid obesity in a patient with a MAGEL2 mutation
Authors: Kleinendorst Lotte , Pi Castán Graciela , Caro‐Llopis Alfonso , Boon Elles M. J. , van Haelst Mieke M.
Published: September 2018

Schaaf–Yang syndrome (SYS) was recently identified as a genetic condition resembling Prader–Willi syndrome. It is caused by mutations on the paternal allele of the MAGEL2 gene, a gene that has been mapped in the Prader–Willi critical region. Here, we present an infant with SYS who sadly died because of the combination of hypotonia, sleep apnea, and obesity. A heterozygous premature stop mutation in MAGEL2 was identified in the patient. The main factors reported in the mortality of SYS are lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, fetal akinesia, and pulmonary problems. Our clinical report indicates that obesity and its complications are an important additional factor in the mortality associated with SYS. Therefore, we advise to strictly monitor weight and intensively treat overweight and obesity in SYS.
Very‐Low‐Temperature Integrated Complementary Graphene‐Barristor‐Based Inverter for Thin‐Film Transistor Applications
Authors: Heo Sunwoo , Lee Ho‐In , Lee Hyeji , Kim Seung‐Mo , Kim Kiyung , Kim Yun Ji , Kim So‐Young , Kim Ji Hwan , Yoon Myung‐Han , Lee Byoung Hun
Published: September 2018

Complementary graphene‐barristor‐based inverters using n‐type ZnO:N and p‐type dinaphtho‐[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene semiconductor layers are fabricated at a maximum process temperature lower than 200 °C. The devices display on/off ratios greater than 104. The transmittance of the device stack is higher than 80% at wavelengths larger than 470 nm. The complementary graphene‐barristor inverter exhibits a high gain (>8 at VDD = 2 V) by using a back‐gate structure, which allows for aggressive gate‐dielectric scaling. The potential performance of the inverter, as projected using experimental device parameters, shows that a very high voltage gain of over 70 and a low switching power consumption of below 10 nW can be achieved at VDD = 2 V and an equivalent oxide thickness of 1 nm. These performances are very promising for thin‐film transistor applications.
Avenues to Characterize the Interactions of Extended N‐Glycans with Proteins by NMR Spectroscopy: The Influenza Hemagglutinin Case
Authors: Fernández de Toro Beatriz , Peng Wenjie , Thompson Andrew J. , Domínguez Gema , Cañada F. Javier , Pérez‐Castells Javier , Paulson James C. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Canales Ángeles
Published: September 2018

Long‐chain multiantenna N‐glycans are extremely complex molecules. Their inherent flexibility and the presence of repetitions of monosaccharide units in similar chemical environments hamper their full characterization by X‐ray diffraction or standard NMR methods. Herein, the successful conformational and interaction analysis of a sialylated tetradecasaccharide N‐glycan presenting two LacNAc repetitions at each arm is presented. This glycan has been identified as the receptor of the hemagglutinin protein of pathogenic influenza viruses. To accomplish this study, a N‐glycan conjugated with a lanthanide binding tag has been synthesized, enabling analysis of the system by paramagnetic NMR. Under paramagnetic conditions, the NMR signals of each sugar unit in the glycan have been determined. Furthermore, a detailed binding epitope of the tetradecasaccharide N‐glycan in the presence of HK/68 hemagglutinin is described.
Origin of the Chemiresistive Response of Ultrathin Films of Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Rubio‐Giménez Víctor , Almora‐Barrios Neyvis , Escorcia‐Ariza Garin , Galbiati Marta , Sessolo Michele , Tatay Sergio , Martí‐Gastaldo Carlos
Published: September 2018

Conductive metal–organic frameworks are opening new perspectives for the use of these porous materials for applications traditionally limited to more classical inorganic materials, such as their integration into electronic devices. This has enabled the development of chemiresistive sensors capable of transducing the presence of specific guests into an electrical response with good selectivity and sensitivity. By combining experimental data with computational modelling, a possible origin for the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon in ultrathin films (ca. 30 nm) of Cu‐CAT‐1 is described.
INTEND II randomized clinical trial of intraoperative duct endoscopy in pathological nipple discharge
Authors: Gui G , Agusti A , Twelves D , Tang S , Kabir M , Montgomery C , Nerurkar A , Osin P , Isacke C
Published: September 2018

Background

The majority of lesions resulting in pathological nipple discharge are benign. Conventional surgery is undirected and targeting the causative lesion by duct endoscopy may enable more accurate surgery with fewer complications.

Methods

Patients requiring microdochectomy and/or major duct excision were randomized to duct endoscopy or no duct endoscopy before surgery. Primary endpoints were successful visualization of the pathological lesion in patients randomized to duct endoscopy, and a comparison of the causative pathology between the two groups. The secondary endpoint was to compare the specimen size between groups.

Results

A total of 68 breasts were studied in 66 patients; there were 31 breasts in the duct endoscopy group and 37 in the no-endoscopy group. Median age was 49 (range 19–81) years. Follow-up was 5·4 (i.q.r. 3·3–8·9) years in the duct endoscopy group and 5·7 (3·1–9·0) years in no-endoscopy group. Duct endoscopy had a sensitivity of 80 (95 per cent c.i. 52 to 96) per cent, specificity of 71 (44 to 90) per cent, positive predictive value of 71 (44 to 90) per cent and negative predictive value of 80 (52 to 96) per cent in identifying any lesion. There was no difference in causative pathology between the groups. Median volume of the surgical resection specimen did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

Diagnostic duct endoscopy is useful for identifying causative lesions of nipple discharge. Duct endoscopy did not influence the pathological yield of benign or malignant diagnoses nor surgical resection volumes. Registered as INTEND II in CancerHelp UK clinical trials database (https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial/a-study-looking-at-changes-inside-the-breast-ducts-of-women-who-have-nipple-discharge).
UPLC–MS/MS method validation of ciprofloxacin in human urine: Application to biodegradability study in microbial fuel cell
Authors: Sharma Priya , Kumar Devendra , Mutnuri Srikanth
Published: September 2018

To enable the reliable quantification of ciprofloxacin in human urine, a sensitive and selective assay based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The chromatographic separation of the ciprofloxacin was carried out on a Zorbex Eclipse C18 column using methanol and ammonium acetate as a mobile phase by the gradient elution method. The developed assay covered a wide range of concentrations (1.56–100 ng/mL) with a lower limit of detection of 0.76 ng/mL. Quantification was performed using the multiple reaction monitoring transitions 331.8/231 for ciprofloxacin and 362/318 for ofloxacin (internal standard). This assay was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery. The validated method was then applied to the biodegradability of ciprofloxacin (99%) from human urine in the microbial fuel cell.
Development of analytical method for the quality control of the fruit bark of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) and antichemotatic activity of extract and rich fraction in punicalagins
Authors: Sleifer Bruno Alonso , Schwanz Melissa , Danielli Leticia Jacobi , Apel Miriam Anders , Henriques Amélia Teresinha
Published: September 2018

Pomegranate is of current interest owing to the existing potential for industrial uses of fruit peels. This includes its availability as a raw vegetable material, a byproduct that constitutes residue in the use of the species and is recognized as a functional product, and beneficial health properties, as will be demonstrated in the studies cited. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Toward this end, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for the separation and quantification of total punicalagin present in the bark of the fruit of Punica granatum by HPLC. Purity tests such as water determination and total ashes were also performed. The ability of the extract and enriched fraction of punicalagin to inhibit leukocyte migration in vitro was determined by the Boyden's chamber method. The developed HPLC method demonstrated good separation and quantification of the punicalagin α and β anomers. The method is efficient and reliable, and can ultimately be used for the analysis of the extract of pomegranate. The crude extract and the fraction of punicalagins significantly inhibited leukocyte migration at concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/mL in relation to the negative control, indicating potential antichemotactic action.
Closing a window – opening a door: A response to the letter to the editor
Authors: Wilson Adam B. , Lazarus Michelle D.
Published: September 2018

In this response, the authors of “A meta‐analysis of anatomy laboratory pedagogies” (Wilson, 2018) make counter arguments to a letter submitted to the editor while encouraging academicians to consider a more modern perspective of anatomy education in the context of changing curricular models. While the authors agree the dissection laboratory is fertile ground for cultivating professional skill development, in more modern settings there are a myriad of outlets and experiences through which trainees can gain the necessary exposure to the same professional skills which are often touted as being informally developed in the anatomy laboratory. Overall, the authors advocate for closing the window on evaluating short‐term anatomy knowledge outcomes so that the door can be opened to evaluating the effects of dissection on long‐term knowledge gains and determining whether there are irreplaceable teaching advantages within hidden/informal curricula in the anatomy laboratory. Clin. Anat. 31:1207–1209, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.