bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANOMETRIC GAS ANALYSIS AS AN INDEX OF MICROBIAL OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN SOIL
Authors: Gilmour C. M. , Damsky L. , Bollen W. B.
Published: February 2010

A manometric procedure for the determination of microbial oxidations and reductions in soil is described. The results indicate that over-all microbial activity in treated and non-treated test soils may be accurately evaluated by oxygen consumption values and oxygen depletion points. It is also shown that active gas loss via denitrification may be detected manometrically by measurement of gas evolution following oxygen depletion.
NUCLEAR STREAMING IN GELASINOSPORA
Authors: Dowding E. Silver
Published: February 2010

Under some conditions, large numbers of nuclei of Gelasinospora tetrasperma travel through the mycelium for long distances, passing from one cell into the next via the septal pore. They are carried by the streaming cytoplasm at speeds as high as 40 mm. per hour. Under other conditions, the moving cytoplasm leaves all the nuclei behind, fixed in the thin cytoplasmic lining of the cell wall. Nuclei have been observed to stream in certain mated homokaryons but not in unmated ones. A mechanism for nuclear streaming is suggested.
USE OF AN ELECTROLYTIC RESPIROMETER TO STUDY DENITRIFICATION IN SOIL
Authors: McGarity J. W. , Gilmour C. M. , Bollen W. B.
Published: February 2010

An electrolytic respirometer and gas-sampling attachment suitable for soil denitrification studies is described. With this apparatus, control of moisture and oxygen content in incubating soils is obtained over long periods while at the same time small quantities of gases released by denitrilication are retained for estimation. Experiments using N13 confirmed the value of this apparatus. Only slight denitrification was found under aerobic conditions in a Walla Walla silt loam soil, and the conditions under which denitrification took place indicated the specific role of substrate level and the related gas-exchange characteristics of the system.
THE HEXOSEMONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY IN ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: McDonough M. W. , Martin S. M.
Published: February 2010

Enzymes of the hexosemonophosphate pathway were demonstrated in extracts obtained from Aspergillus niger grown in two types of media: a fermentation medium (molasses) and a rich growth medium (MYG). Preparations from cells grown in either medium contained a TPN-specific glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) dehydrogenase and a TPN-linked 6-phosphogluconate (6-P-G) dehydrogenase. The rate of pyridine nucleotide reduction by the latter was 20% of that by G-6-P dehydrogenase. For both enzymes the activity of the preparation from molasses cultures was twice that from MYG cultures. A DPN-linked 6-P-G dehydrogenase was demonstrated in molasses preparations though not in MYG preparations. On incubating extracts with R-5-P aerobically, total pentose decreased accompanied by a sequential increase and decrease in ketopentose. An increase in hexose was observed under anaerobic conditions but accounted for only one third of the pentose. Increases in heptulose and triose occurred only in the presence of hydrazine. The presence of phosphohexoisomerase, which is necessary to complete a "pentose cycle", was demonstrated.
A SECONDARY EFFECT OF DDT UPON THE AQUATIC MICROFLORA AND MICROFAUNA
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: February 2010

Observations were made on the microflora and microfauna of infusions in which larvae of Anopheles maculipennis atroparvus were being subjected to DDT selection pressure (2 μg/ml). Comparisons with controls indicated that the insecticide influenced neither the species representation nor the succession of the organisms concerned. However, heavy initial larval mortality took place. Dead larvae remaining in the containers overnight became centers of very rapid bacterial multiplication, and the maturation of the experimental infusions was accelerated. The larval cultures became polysaprobic after about two weeks, by which time the surviving larvae were in the fourth instar. These survivors were large and healthy, having spent their early developmental period in the presence of a rich supply of infusion organisms answering their food requirements, and successfully withstood the deteriorating environmental conditions and consequent heavy infestation with epibionts (Chlamydobacteriales and peritrichous ciliates). On the other hand, fourth instar larvae from similar infusions in the laboratory colony of A, m. atroparvus were often undersized and sickly because of early overcrowding linked with the initially longer time required for the development of an adequate yield of food organisms. Such larvae, also pupae, frequently died of exhaustion due to undernourishment and complicated by the hampering of their activity by a vestiture of bacteria and ciliates. This explained the paradox that adults derived from the laboratory colony tended to be less robust than those hatching from developmental stages subjected to DDT selection pressure. Besides pointing to the importance of paying due regard to larval environmental factors in resistance studies, these observations suggest the need for field investigations of the significance of similar chains of events in nature.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: IV. FACTORS AFFECTING HEMOLYSIS BY β-LYSIN
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Mayman David
Published: February 2010

The effects of a number of factors upon hemolysis by staphylococcal β-lysin have been examined. It has been found that crude β-lysin loses much of its hemolytic activity upon dialysis, but activity is restored by addition of magnesium or manganese ions. At optimum levels (0.01–0.015 M) of magnesium, hemolytic activity may be 35 times as great as that of dialyzed lysin. Lytic activity is maximal at neutral reactions but decreases sharply below pH 6.8. Addition of gelatin or albumin to the system causes β-lysin to exhibit increased hemolytic activity. This increase is not due, however, to protection of the lysin against spontaneous loss of activity in dilute solution. A typical time-hemolysis curve is sigmoid and a family of similar curves distributed along the time axis may be obtained with a series of different lysin concentrations. Relative β-lysin concentrations may be determined under defined conditions of erythrocyte, buffer, gelatin, and magnesium ion concentrations and at pH 7.0 employing concentrations of lysin which cause not less than 10, and not more than 75–80% hemolysis.
CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BOVINE VIRUSES OF CELL LINES DERIVED FROM BOVINE EMBRYONIC TISSUES
Authors: Greig Andrew S.
Published: February 2010

Two cell lines, one derived from bovine embryo kidney, the other from bovine embryo skin, have been established in continuous in vitro culture. The cells of each line are predominantly of epithelial type in young cultures and become more spindle-shaped in older cultures. The kidney cells have progressed through 45 passages without change in morphology or growth habits, but the skin cells experienced a period of growth recession between the third and seventh passages, followed by the emergence of a new rapidly growing cell type. Each line of cells was shown to support the growth of the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the agent of coital exanthema of cattle. In each case virus growth was accompanied by degenerative changes leading to death of the culture cells.
A COMPARISON OF SOME PROPERTIES OF STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT TO QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: MacGregor D. R. , Elliker P. R.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was adapted to grow on tryptone – glucose – yeast extract agar containing 2000 p.p.m. alkyldimethylethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC-A). In germicidal trials these resistant cells could be made QAC-A sensitive by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate. In Warburg studies lyophilized preparations of resistant strains were more sensitive to inhibition of substrate oxidation by QAC-A than the normal strain.It is postulated that quaternary ammonium germicide resistant strains of P. aeruginosa owe their resistance to their impermeability to QAC.
EMPLOI D'UN MILIEU SYNTHÉTIQUE SIMPLIFIÉ POUR LA CULTURE IN VITRO DE CELLULES ANIMA LES ET DU VIRUS DE LA POLIOMYÉLITE
Authors: Dubreuil Robert , Pavilanis Vytautas
Published: February 2010

The nutritive medium SN-3 is composed of Hanks's balanced salt solution with ribose, glutamine, and cysteine added; the glucose concentration is doubled. This nutritive solution, without additional ingredients, can keep alive monkey or mouse kidney tissue cultures during a period of several weeks. When this medium is supplemented with serum, it stimulates the in vitro cellular proliferation of freshly trypsinized monkey kidney tissue and supports the growth of HeLa cells.We have used this simplified synthetic medium for the preparation of experimental lots of poliomyelitis vaccine. The virus concentration of the suspension of the three virus strains, Mahoney, MEF-1, and Saukett, produced with this new medium has been found as high as the concentration obtained with the more complex nutritive media usually used. We did not observe any important differences between the vaccine prepared with the SN-3 medium and that-prepared with the usual media.
ON THE FORMATION OF PROTOPLAST-LIKE STRUCTURES FROM STREPTOMYCETES
Authors: Douglas R. J. , Robinson J. B. , Corke C. T.
Published: February 2010

Osmotically sensitive protoplast-like structures were produced by the action of lysozyme on streptomycete mycelium suspended in a buffered sucrose medium. A comparison was made of the surface of the mycelium and that of the "protoplasts" by virus adsorption and serological techniques. Although the "protoplasts" did not possess the phage receptor sites present on the original hyphae they did contain antigens in common with the cell walls. These data indicated that the structures did not have properties exactly comparable to those which have been described for protoplasts from Bacillus megaterium.
AGAR DIFFUSION PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHROMOGENIC ACID-FAST BACTERIA AND MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Mankiewicz Edith
Published: February 2010

The place of two serological techniques, the agar diffusion precipitation reaction and the complement fixation test in the classification of chromogenic acid-fast bacilli, is described. Both techniques reveal evidence of overlapping of antigens as between mycobacteria belonging to pathogenic and to saprophytic strains.
HETEROCARYOSIS AND GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN STREPTOMYCES GRISEOFLAVUS
Authors: Saito Hiuga
Published: February 2010

Upon prolonged incubation of two auxotrophic mutants from Streptomyces griseoflavus 142 plated together on minimal medium, heterocaryotic colonies producing only parental type conidia were formed. In addition, from the mixed culture of two double auxotrophs on a medium supplemented with limited amounts of nutrients, stable recombinant-type conidia were recovered at relatively high frequencies. According to these observations, it is suggested that genetic recombination occurs in heterocaryotic mycelial growth antecedent to conidiation. However, complete synapsis appears to be doubtful because of the unbalanced patterns of recombinant recovery.
A TOXIN-INACTIVATING SUBSTANCE (NOXIVERSIN) FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM (BIOURGE)
Authors: Murray E. G. D. , Denton G. D. , Stevenson J. W. , Diena B. B.
Published: February 2010

A wide range of bacterial toxins are inactivated by a substance extracted from cultures of a strain of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum (Biourge) and named here "Noxiversin". This activity is distinct and separate from an antibiotic produced by the same mold and may be concentrated by fractional precipitation. The albumen fraction of culture filtrates includes all the toxin-neutralizing activity and removal of toxic impurities by precipitation with copper sulphate finally yields a dry stable preparation which is some 10 times more potent than the crude albumen concentrate.The neutralizing activity has been shown against staphylococcus alpha and beta toxins; streptolysins "S" and "O"; the haemolysins of Clostridium perfringens (lecithinase C), C. septicum, C. histolylicum, and C. letani; tetanus neurotoxin, pertussis toxin, and diphtheria toxin.Noxiversin exerts its effect quickly and directly on the toxin molecule, destroying toxicity but leaving antigenicity unimpaired. It is thus an effective toxoiding agent. Noxiversin is thermolabile, its activity being destroyed at 60 °C in 30 minutes. Preliminary characterization by chemical analysis, Tiselius electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation methods indicates the presence of two major components in the semipurified product: a homogenous carbohydrate fraction and a heterogeneous protein fraction. Toxin-neutralizing activity resides in the protein fraction.
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN FACTORS ON THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS BY CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR.) TUL.
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Eighteen of 41 isolates of Clavkeps purpurea produced a detectable quantity of the ergot alkaloids under standard conditions. Large differences in yield indicated that strain differences existed. There was no correlation, however, between the capacity to produce alkaloids and either the species of host from which the culture was isolated or the pigmentation of the culture.The time of incubation and the composition of the medium were important in determining whether natural light stimulated or inhibited the synthesis or accumulation of ergot alkaloids.Commercial galactose, which was contaminated with glucose and lactose, was the most efficient carbon source examined, but the rate of synthesis was markedly reduced if the galactose was purified before use. The activity of commercial galactose could be replaced by a mixture of pure galactose and glucose but not by a mixture of galactose and lactose. A strong interaction existed between the concentration of commercial galactose and phosphate. Ammonium succinate, soybean meal, urea, and yeast extract were the most efficient nitrogen sources examined. L-Tryptophane could not serve as a nitrogen source for growth but when added as a supplement influenced alkaloid production. Succinic but not citric, tartaric, phosphoric, acetic, or sulphuric acid could be used successfully to adjust the initial pH of the production medium. The replacement culture technique did not shorten the incubation time required for alkaloid production.Production of alkaloid, growth, and consumption of carbon and nitrogen proceeded at a steady rate until the 43rd day when the rate decreased markedly. Organic nitrogen but not polysaccharide was secreted into the medium.The total yield and the rate of alkaloid synthesis was influenced by the size of the inoculum and by the nature of the agent used to suspend the inoculum, but not by the number of times the inoculum was washed. The rate of production was very slow if the inoculum source was not homogenized.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM
Authors: Reed D. J. , Wang C. H.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of glucose by proliferating Penicillium digitatum cells has been examined by the radiorespirometric method. Glucose is catabolized by this organism mainly (77%) by way of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and CO2fixation processes. A minor portion (23%) of the administered glucose is utilized via an oxidative route involving a C1–C5cleavage. Pathway estimations on the basis of CO2production and glucose consumption were also discussed.
MUCIN AS AN AGENT PROMOTING INFECTION BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (SCHROETER) MIGULA IN GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

The LD50of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula was significantly decreased when the bacteria were injected into or fed to grasshoppers along with 1% granular mucin. In feeding experiments on 490 treated and 490 control insects P. aeruginosa in mucin was 6.4 times (5% fiducial limits of 3.4 and 11.9) as potent as P. aeruginosa alone. Mucin did not appear to speed the death of the grasshoppers. The action by which mucin promotes the infection was not determined.
THE PRODUCTION BY BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER OF A HEAT-STABLE SUBSTANCE TOXIC FOR INSECTS
Authors: McConnell Ellicott , Richards A. Glenn
Published: February 2010

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner produces in vitro a heat-stable, dialyzable substance which is toxic for insects when injected. The same or a similar substance is produced in vivo. The toxic principle is of unknown composition. It is heat-stable, water-soluble, dialyzable, and resistant to low temperatures. It is probably neither a protein nor a lipid. Clearly it is distinct from the heat-labile inclusion bodies and from lecithinase. Growth-curve studies showed that the heat-stable toxin appeared in liver broth cultures during the active growth phase, prior to the formation of spores or inclusion bodies. An attempt to produce the toxic principle from culture media in the absence of bacteria was unsuccessful from sterile inocula both from in vivo and in vitro sources. The LD50 for larvae of Galleria mellonella injected with autoclaved supernatant from a 10-day-old liver broth culture of B. thuringiensis was determined to be 0.00036 ml per larva or 0.002 ml per gram of larvae. Approximately the same level of toxicity was found for another caterpillar, a fly larva, and cockroaches. After larvae of Galleria or Pyrausla have been dead for more than 2 days from infection with B. thuringiensis the bacillus could no longer be recovered. A sublethal amount of the heat-stable toxin injected into old larvae of Galleria delayed emergence of the adults by 30 to 40%. The non-pathogenic Bacillus cereus was found to produce a similar-acting, heat-stable toxin under the same conditions that one is produced by B. thuringiensis.
ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH SEPTICEMIA IN THE HONEYBEE, APIS MELLIFERA
Authors: Landerkin G. B. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Five of seven bacterial cultures received in this laboratory as Bacillus apisepticus and Bacillus sphingidis and producing a fatal septicemia in honeybees have been shown upon morphological and cultural examination to belong more properly to the family Pseudomonaceae, genus Psctidomonas. It is suggested that such organisms now be regarded as Pseudomonas apiseptica (Burnside), rather than Bacillus apiseplicus as originally proposed. The status of the two remaining cultures representing a single Aeromonas species requires additional investigation.
OXYTOCA GROUP ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE OROPHARYNGEAL REGION
Authors: Hugh Rudolph
Published: February 2010

An opinion is offered to assign "Klebsiella", which are nonmotile, indole positive, and generally gelatinolytic, to the Oxytoca group. The biochemical reactions of 19 strains of the Oxytoca group are described by methods recommended by the Enterobacteriaceae Subcommittee of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Association of Microbiological Societies for group differentiation within the Enterobacteriaceae. Fifteen of these strains were isolated from the oropharyngeal region of patients with disease.
DECOMPOSITION OF 2,2-DICHLOROPROPIONIC ACID BY SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: Magee Lyman A. , Colmer Arthur R.
Published: February 2010

Eight bacteria capable of decomposing 2,2-dichloropropionate (dalapon) were isolated from soil by means of enrichment techniques and selective media. The decomposition was demonstrated by the clearing of a solid medium containing mineral salts, dalapon, and CaCO3; by a lowering of the pH of a liquid medium containing dalapon as the carbon source; by the increase in chloride ion in the liquid medium; and by the consumption of oxygen by three of the isolates when dalapon was the sole carbon source. Six of these were tentatively classified as Agrobacterium and two were tentatively classified as Pseudomonas, although there was much overlapping of characteristics. These organisms and many unidentified actinomycetes, molds, and bacteria, including a Micrococcus species, overcame the inhibitory effect of dalapon on an agar-decomposing bacterium when grown on the same plate.
A POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM CANDIDA ALBICANS AS A GROWTH-PROMOTING FACTOR FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Mankiewicz E. , Stackiewicz E. , Liivak M.
Published: February 2010

The growth-promoting action of C. albicans cells on tubercle bacilli is due, in all probability, to a polysaccharide fraction which has been isolated from yeast cells. A technique for isolating this fraction, some of its chemical characteristics, and its action on tubercle bacilli have been described.
GROWTH STUDIES ON BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Authors: Neilson Nora E. , MacQuillan Mary F. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: February 2010

Growth curves for B. slearothermophilus were established for temperatures between 45 °C and 70 °C. Generation times as short as 10 minutes were obtained. At 65 °C initial logarithmic growth was followed by autolysis of over 90% of the ceils and subsequently by initiation of a second period of logarithmic growth. The effects of temperatures from 45 °C to 64 °C on the characteristics of the growth curves are almost identical with changes reported for E. coli between 22 °C and 42 °C.
FLUORESCENCE OF AZOTOBACTER: I. A COMPARISON OF THE FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS WITH RIBOFLAVIN
Authors: Johnstone D. B. , Pfeffer M. , Blanchard G. C.
Published: February 2010

The fluorescent pigments elaborated in cultures of certain species of Azotobacter were compared with riboflavin produced by the same cultures. No correlation between the amounts of fluorescence and riboflavin was observed. Iron appears to inhibit the synthesis of the fluorescent pigments but stimulates riboflavin production. The fluorescent pigments obtained from Azotobacter were water-soluble, thermostable, insoluble in water-free organic solvents, and each exhibited a single absorption peak in the region of 370–380 mμ in slightly acid solution shifting to 400–420 in alkaline solution. Partial purification has been achieved by continuous paper electrophoresis with an acid electrolyte. These studies appear to indicate that the marked fluorescence observed in certain Azotobacter cultures cannot be attributed to riboflavin.
MOTILE STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM THE OROPHARYNGEAL REGION
Authors: Hugh Rudolph
Published: February 2010

Five strains of motile, alpha hemolytic streptococci were isolated during a systematic study of 820 oropharyngeal specimens for group D streptococci. The motile streptococci contain the Lancefield group D somatic polysaccharide. Photomicrographs record the presence of flagella in stained preparations. It appears both practical and expedient to classify these motile group D streptococci as another variety of Streptococcus faecalis.
UTILIZATION OF 1-AMINO-2-PROPANOL BY A SOIL BACTERIUM
Authors: Gottlieb S. F. , Mandel M.
Published: February 2010

An aerobic, motile, Gram-negative bacterium of uncertain taxonomy has been isolated from soil by the enrichment method. This bacterium utilizes DL-1-amino-2-propanol as its sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for growth in mineral media. The oxidation of the aminopropanol by resting cells is complete in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Lactic acid and a number of two and three carbon substrates are oxidized with molecular oxygen by resting cells and serve as adequate substrates for the growth of the bacterium, in the presence of ammonium chloride. The amino acids alanine and aspartic acid were found to be suitable growth substrates while serine, 3-amino-1-propanol, isopropylamine, and mono- and di-methylaminoethanol did not suffice. The results of this investigation are discussed with reference to a possible cycle of vitamin B12synthesis and degradation in the soil.
PLATE COUNTS OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN A SALINE SOIL
Authors: James Norman
Published: February 2010

Numbers of bacteria and of fungi in a saline soil were about one-fifth of numbers in a Red River clay soil. Bacterial counts on two soil-extract agar media, one prepared from the saline soil and the other from Red River soil, were the same, and the populations on the two were the same as shown by the replica plating technique. They were larger than counts on sodium albuminate agar or on asparagin–mannitol agar. Likewise, fungal counts on either soil-extract agar, with 0.02% dipotassmm phosphate, 0.1% glucose, and 0.1% peptone, were higher than counts on Waksman's acidified medium, or on Martin's medium, or on Smith and Dawson's medium. Interestingly, fungal counts on a medium with the same three chemicals as the soil-extract media but with the soil extract replaced by water were as high as those on the soil-extract media. Different levels of potassium phosphate were tested in each of the above media. In each medium for bacteria, and in each for fungi, counts varied inversely as the amount of potassium phosphate. The same held true when sodium phosphate was used instead of potassium phosphate in each medium.
THE OIL OF WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES: II. THE ISOLATION OF CI5-9,10-EPOXYOCTADECANOIC ACID, AND THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE OIL
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Craig B. M. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acids of the oil from, the uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici, race 15B, have been examined. Cis-9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acîd, which has not previously been found in natural fats, is present as a glyceride. The fatty acids were analyzed by gas liquid phase chromatography and the percentages are as follows: myristic 2.9, palmitic 47.4, stearic 4.4, oleic 4.8, linoleic 3.3, linolenic 6.3, cis-9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid 28.5, and small amounts of lauric, pentadecanoic, and arachidic acids.
GROWTH AND CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF LIGNICOLOUS DEUTEROMYCETES FROM MARINE LOCALITIES
Authors: Meyers Samuel P. , Reynolds E. S.
Published: February 2010

The cell-free filtrates from cultures of selected deuteromycetous species, including representatives of Piricauda, Slachybotrys, Alternaria, Culcitalna, Humicola, and Helicoma, isolated from wood submerged in the sea, exhibited various intensities of cellulolytic activity on carboxymethylcellulose and Walseth cellulose. Cellulolytic activity was noted following growth of the fungi on intact balsa wood in 0.1% yeast extract sea water broth. Individual isolates of certain genera, especially those of Helicoma, varied considerably in their activity. However all of the species grew and developed cellulolytic activity in media made with distilled water and with sea water. The amount of enzymatic activity, indicated by the production of reducing sugars (RS), and the proportion of glucose in the RS fraction, varied considerably between species and within individual species on media with different salinities.
STUDIES ON ISARIA CRETACEA: NUTRITIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO STRAINS AND MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SYNNEMA
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Isaria cretacea van Beyma was isolated from soil and from powdery leaves of a tomato plant. The white phototropic synnema is referred to as an indeterminate synnema because it bears spores on the lower portion only and the tip is capable of indeterminate growth.This isolate (strain (A)) can utilize ammonia, amino and nitrate nitrogen, and a number of carbohydrates and related compounds as carbon sources for growth. Germination requires an energy source but little or no exogenous vitamins. Vegetative growth requires exogenous biotin and the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin. Biotin can be replaced with biotin-L-sulphoxide and biocytin and partially with desthiobiotin, but not with homobiotin, norbiotin, aspartic acid, pimelic acid, oleic acid, Tween 80, or various combinations of them.Strain (A) continuously gave rise de novo to a variant (variant strain (B)) which did not develop synnemata and which differed from the parent in possessing a higher growth rate. The two could enter into a heterokaryotic state which suppressed sporulation and synnemata formation.The synnema consists of three structures: a terminal growing point, a central column of closely packed, sterile hyphae, and a mantle of hyphae. Spores are borne on the portion of mantle enveloping the lower half of the column.Morphogenesis of the synnema can be divided into four phases: differentiation of certain hyphae of the assimilative mat into those capable of developing into synnema, orientation of the hyphae away from their origin, continued growth, and branching and sporulation of the hyphae. The entire synnema remains metabolically active and may continue growing, since 2 hours after injecting C14-labelled glucose into the agar beneath a mature synnema, all hyphae of the structure become labelled.Neither negative geotropism nor phototropism is essential for the initiation of synnemata formation. Synnemata formation is influenced by the carbon source but not by the nitrogen source. The requirement for biotin and thiamin appears related to the requirement for general hyphal growth.
THE AGE FACTOR IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION
Authors: Grodums E. Irene , Dempster George
Published: February 2010

A detailed study of the influence of the age factor upon the susceptibility of the white mouse to experimental infection with a standard strain of Coxsackie B-3 virus has been undertaken. A fairly accurate assessment of the susceptibility of the brain, heart, and brown fat tissues has been achieved by examining sufficiently large groups of animals inoculated at ages varying from 4 days to 182 days by histological and virological procedures.The contrasting patterns of changing susceptibility in the brain and heart were quite remarkable. Brain lesions were not found in mice inoculated after 12 days of age but heart lesions were severest in animals inoculated between 12 and 23 days of age. In both heart and brown fat tissue lesions could be found in adult animals infected with Coxsackie B-3 virus. Attention is drawn to the fact that the pathological response in the brown fat tissue is different in sucklings, weanlings, and adult mice.
MYOCARDITIS IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION
Authors: Grodums E. Irene , Dempster George
Published: February 2010

Myocarditis has been produced in both young and adult mice by the inoculation of Coxsackie B-3 virus. Newborn mice were not as susceptible to myocardial damage as 12-day-old mice and the susceptibility increased up to the age of 23 days; thereafter there was a decline but 6-month-old animals were moderately susceptible.Both the strain of animal used and the age at which it was inoculated appeared to be significant factors. Other factors such as route of inoculation, sex, virus concentration, or nature of the inoculating material did not greatly affect the outcome. The lesions produced were very similar to those described in human myocarditis of the newborn.The importance of these findings lies in the fact that myocarditis due to Coxsackie virus can be produced regularly in both young and adult mice without the aid of cortisone or other extrinsic factors.
MOLECULAR HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN FIXATION BY CLOSTRIDIUM PASTEURIANUM
Authors: Westlake D. W. S. , Wilson P. W.
Published: February 2010

The total amount of nitrogen fixed and the efficiency of nitrogen fixation, by strain Clostridium pasieurianum W5 have been increased by using improved cultural conditions. Also, consistent growth of the organism in shake culture has been obtained. Evidence is presented supporting the view that hydrogen is a specific, competitive inhibitor of nitrogen fixation in this organism. The Km for nitrogen fixation is around 0.03 atmosphere and the estimated Ki for hydrogen inhibition is 0.5 ± 0.05 atmosphere, a value considerably higher than that found in the other nitrogen-fixing systems studied.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: I. BACTERIA AEROSOLIZED FROM DISTILLED WATER
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: February 2010

The death of bacterial cells aerosolized from distilled water suspensions has been studied over a 5-hour period. It was found that death occurred in two stages, a rapid initial kill taking place within the first second and a subsequent slower death. First-order kinetics only applied to this secondary death at low relative humidity ranges, and this is taken to indicate that at least two reactions are responsible for viable decay. The death rates of the air-borne cells have been correlated with a mathematical function of both temperature and humidity. Activation energies associated with aerosol death have been found to increase from 4000 cal/mole to 12,000 cal/mole as the cells age in air. It is suggested that the death of the cell results from the movement of water molecules in and out of the cell, in an equilibrium system, resulting in a collapse of the natural structure of cellular protein.
THE METABOLISM OF 2-KETO-D-GLUCONATE BY RESTING CELLS OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Blakley E. R. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

The rate of utilization of 2-keto-D-gluconate and the accumulation of pentulose by resting cells of Leuconostoc mesenteroides is affected markedly by pH, Below pH 5, 2-keto-D-gluconate is utilized slowly and pentulose accumulates in the fermentation medium. The pentulose was separated by column chromatography and identified as D-xylulose and D-ribulose. The products of the fermentation of 2-keto-D-gluconate by resting cells, in addition to pentulose, are carbon dioxide, acetic acid, and lactic acid, as expected from the studies with growing cultures. The results obtained are unexpected when considered with what is known about the metabolism of 2-keto-D-gluconate by this organism.
ISOLATION AND INVESTIGATION OF INDUCED ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS
Authors: Lundgren D. G. , Beskid G.
Published: February 2010

A simple chemically defined (minimal) medium was developed which supported good growth and sporulation of B. cereus var. lacticola. Normal growth and sporulation habits in the medium were determined employing an active growth-culture technique. Induced asporogenic mutants were isolated employing ultraviolet light as the mutagen. Mutants differed in their sporulation habits from the normal culture when grown at 37 °C under the standardized conditions in a minimal synthetic medium. Three mutant cultures appeared to be temperature-sensitive mutants as regards sporulation, that is, in the minimal medium mutant cultures were able to sporulate when grown at 28 °C but were non-sporulating at 37 °C. Sporulation blocks were partially reversed when casein hydrolyzate and some low molecular weight protein building blocks were added to the synthetic medium. The pH changes of the medium during growth and sporulation of normal and mutant cultures were compared.
DEVELOPMENT OF FINE STRUCTURE, THERMOSTABILITY, AND DIPICOLINATE DURING SPOROGENESIS IN A BACILLUS
Authors: Hashimoto Tadayo , Black Samuel H. , Gerhardt Philipp
Published: February 2010

A correlative study was made of some structural and functional features of a reasonably synchronized culture of Bacillus cereus strain terminalis during spore formation and maturation. The successive stages of development could be recognized by phase contrast microscopy and in electron micrographs of ultra-thin-sectioned cells. Attempts were made to correlate these changes with the acquisition of heat resistance and the synthesis of dipicolinic acid. The outer coat of the spores was observed to be formed first around the forespore; the exosporium, cortex, and inner coat then appeared sequentially and independently of existing sporangial membranes. Dipicolinic acid synthesis began in the early transitional stage, just after forespore formation, and reached one third of the maximum level before an increase of heat resistance in the population was detectable, indicating the possibility of a correlation only above a threshold level of the compound.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERIA IN WATER STORED IN GLASS CONTAINERS
Authors: Potter Louise F.
Published: February 2010

Storing water samples in buffers results in increases of the total numbers of organisms. The pH and the length of the incubation period affect not only the size of population but also the kinds of organisms in the population.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF GLYCEROL
Authors: Eidus L. , Diena B. B. , Maniar A. C. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

A microbiological assay has been developed using the techniques of assay for antibiotics. Metal cylinders were placed on plates prepared by overlaying a thin layer of seed agar, inoculated with a test organism, on a base of nutrient agar. Appropriate dilutions of a standard glycerol solution and of the glycerol preparations being tested were added to the proper cylinders. The plates were incubated and the zone sizes around the cylinders measured. The potency of the preparations was determined by comparing the average zone size of the unknown preparations with that of the standard. The method proved to be simple to perform, and in the absence of interfering substances, yielded essentially the same results as chemical methods. A number of carbohydrates—glucose, laevulose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, saccharose, and trehalose—interfered with assay results so that the method cannot be used for glycerol determinations in mixtures where they are present. No interference, however, was noted with d-arabitol and erythritol, which were found to interfere with the chemical assay.
A COMPARISON OF ISOLATES OF CLAVICEPS SPP. FOR THE ABILITY TO GROW AND TO PRODUCE ERGOT ALKALOIDS ON CERTAIN NUTRIENTS
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Isolates of Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps spp. obtained from various geographical areas were compared for their ability to grow and to produce ergot alkaloids in vitro on various carbon and nitrogen sources. While some differences in utilization of carbon sources for growth were found, there was no observed correlation between utilization of carbohydrates and the capacity to produce ergot alkaloids. The amount of alkaloid produced by different strains depended upon both the carbon and nitrogen sources. In general, those cultures capable of alkaloid production were able to do so on more than one carbon source, but the carbon source allowing greatest production differed from one strain to another. Both producing and non-producing strains could utilize succinic acid as a carbon source for growth, but neither could utilize L-tryptophane as a carbon or nitrogen source for growth.
STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRAE
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Kelen A. E.
Published: February 2010

Methods of preparation of "whole" and type-specific antigens from leptospiral cultures for use in the complement fixation test are outlined. Leptospiral cultures grown in Korthof's medium were treated with pyridine and after appearance of a copious precipitate were centrifuged. The supernatants were dialyzed and after concentration by pervaporation were used as "whole" antigens. Type-specific antigens were prepared from acetone precipitates of filtrates of "whole" antigens. Considerable cross reaction was observed with "whole" antigens prepared from L. pomona, L. canicola, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae and their respective rabbit hyperimmune sera, although titers with homologous sera were invariably higher. These cross reactions, however, were not as pronounced with sera from cattle naturally infected with L. pomona, where approximately 43% of the sera reacted with homologous antigen only. No reactions were observed between the type-specific antigen and any of the heterologous sera employed. It has also been shown that with experimental sera type-specific antibodies appeared earlier and persisted longer than group-specific antibodies. In view of the above observations the use of polyvalent antigen for routine screening of leptospiral antisera is advocated. Type-specific antigens are recommended for use in more precise diagnosis.
PROPAGATION OF RABIES VIRUS IN CULTURES OF HAMSTER KIDNEY CELLS
Authors: Fenje Paul
Published: February 2010

A strain of rabies fixed virus has been successfully cultivated in tissue cultures of hamster kidney cells. This confirms an earlier report by Kissling. In the experiments here recorded a special culture tube incorporating a dialyzing membrane made it possible to maintain the cells in continuous culture for many weeks. By using this technique it was possible to obtain culture fluids of high infectivity.
CHANGES IN THE PHAGE-TYPING PATTERNS OF STAPHYLOCOCCI FOLLOWING LYSOGENIZATION WITH A RELATED GROUP OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Comtois R. D.
Published: February 2010

Strains of phage type 52/52A/80 are appearing with increasing frequency in Canada, in conjunction with type '80/81' strains. To investigate the possibility of a relationship between these strains, attempts were made to lysogenize each of the propagating strains of phages 80, 81, 82, and KS6 with their homologous phages.No lysogenic systems could be established with phage 80. The typing pattern of strains lysogenized with phages 81, 82, and KS6 differed from that of the parent strain. Three types of variants were observed. One type showed a loss in sensitivity to one or more of the phages. In the second, there was a concurrent loss in sensitivity to some of the phages and a gain in sensitivity to phages 52 and 52A; phages 81 and especially KS6 induced this type of variant. The third variant was either non-typable or typable only with other phages used undiluted. The change in phage sensitivity was not accompanied by a change in antibiotic sensitivity.The possibility that strains of type 52/52A/80, as well as non-typable strains, may be derived in nature from type 80/81 strains by lysogenization with phage KS6, or one related to it, is discussed.
TURBIDITY OF SUSPENSIONS AND MORPHOLOGY OF RED HALOPHILIC BACTERIA AS INFLUENCED BY SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Abram Dinah , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

The optical densities of suspensions of cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. halobium, or H. salinarium, grown in media containing 4.5 M sodium chloride, increase as the salt concentration of the suspending medium decreases, until a maximum is reached at about 2 M; below this concentration there is an abrupt decrease in optical density. The cells are rod shaped in 4.5 M salt and change, as the salt concentration decreases, through irregular transition forms to spheres; equal numbers of transition forms and spheres are present at the point of maximum turbidity, while spheres predominate at lower salt concentrations. Cells suspended in 3.0 M salt, although slightly swollen, are viable, but viability decreases rapidly with the more drastic changes in morphology at lower salt concentrations. Cells grown in the presence of iron are more resistant to morphological changes but follow the same sequence. Cells "fixed" with formaldehyde, at any point in the sequence, act as osmometers and do not rupture in distilled water although their volume increases 10–14 times. The results indicate that the red halophilic rods require a high sodium chloride content in their growth or suspending medium to maintain a rigid cell wall structure.
THE RAPID PRODUCTION OF ANTISERA AGAINST ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUSES
Authors: French R. C. , Moreau P. , Yarosh W.
Published: February 2010

Culture fluids obtained after infection of human kidney cells with Sabin's attenuated strains of polioviruses contained 107 to 108 plaque-forming units per milliliter. When four intravenous injections of such fluids were administered during 6 weeks to rabbits or roosters, the antisera obtained were capable of neutralizing equal volumes of undiluted vaccines.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA KÜTZ. EMEND. ELENKIN
Authors: Zehnder A. , Gorham P. R.
Published: February 2010

Yields of unialgal M. aeruginosa NRC-1 were increased from 685 mg dry wt./liter in 20 days to 1500 mg dry wt./liter in 7 days by increasing the concentrations of NaNO3, K2HPO4, and MgSO4in the medium of Fitzgerald et al. Within the concentration range that was favorable for growth the balance between these three salts was not especially critical. A low potassium tolerance was noted that appears to depend on the ratio of sodium to potassium in the medium. With the media used, growth was not limited by deficiencies of minor elements, iron, chelation, or any of 10 different vitamins, but was promoted by soil extract. The optimum temperature was approximately 28 °C; the optimum pH range was between 8 and 11. Vigorous aeration and agitation promoted growth by insuring better gas exchange and more efficient utilization of light and also, perhaps, by helping to relieve an inhibition caused by continuous leakage and/or lysis of the algal cells. Lysis was promoted by an excess of sodium (or deficiency of calcium) plus other unknown factors. Rapid growth with reasonably high yields was obtained under conditions which are suitable for large-scale culture operations.
STUDIES OF AEROBIC NON-SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA
Authors: Paul E. A. , Newton J. D.
Published: February 2010

The occurrence of aerobic, non-symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria was determined in samples of soil collected in the various soil zones of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Mannitol and sodium benzoate dust-plates, and mannitol solution cultures with subsequent inoculation onto mannitol agar demonstrated that Azotobacter were not widespread in the Canadian prairie province soils. These procedures also led to the isolation of smaller, aerobic, non-symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing organisms from all the Alberta and Saskatchewan soils studied. These smaller, nitrogen-fixing bacteria which developed as 1- to 3-mm circular, convex, unpigmented colonies on mannitol and glucose agar were classified as Pseudomonas. Flagellation of the 0.75 to 1 μ by 1.5- to 2-μ Gram-negative, coccoid rods was polar. Starch was hydrolyzed; gelatin was not liquified. Indol, acid, and gas were not produced; litmus milk was not reduced, but hydrogen sulphide was formed. The pseudomonads, capable of initiating growth at a pH of 4.9, could also grow at 8 °C, whereas the Azotobacter chroococcum required higher temperatures and reactions above pH 6.2. Azotobacter chroococcum fixed up to 12 mg nitrogen per gram of carbohydrate. The smaller bacteria, classified as Pseudomonas azotogensis, fixed from 0.1 to 3.9 mg N per gram of mannitol.
OXIDATION OF GLUCONATE, 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE, AND LACTIC ACID BY AN ENZYME PREPARATION FROM AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Blakley E. R. , Ciferri O.
Published: February 2010

A particulate preparation from extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes oxidized 2-deoxy-D-glucose to 2-deoxy-D-gluconate, 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-glucose to 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-2-keto-D-gluconate, and D- and L-lactate to pyruvate.The oxidations of D-gluconate and D- and L-lactate were found to be different with regard to pH of optimum activity, and to various inhibitory compounds. On the basis of these and other observations, it is suggested that the three substrates were oxidized by different enzyme systems. Other results suggest that the oxidation reactions were catalyzed by flavoprotein enzymes.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH THE PHOTOOXIDASE OF RHODOSPIRILLUM
Authors: Ibanez M. L. , Lindstrom E. S.
Published: February 2010

When heterotrophically grown Rhodospirillum rubrum was reincubated anaerobically in the light, the photosynthetic growth resulted in a simultaneous appearance of the photosynthetic pigments, photooxidation, and photophosphorylation. Addition of exogenous diphosphopyridine nucleotide to extracts of photosynthetically grown cells inhibited photooxidation while photophosphorylation was stimulated. Ultraviolet irradiation inhibited photophosphorylation and added menadione relieved the inhibition. Photooxidase was less inhibited by this irradiation and menadione had no effect. No direct relationship between photooxidation and photophosphorylation could be shown.