bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Psychology versus Allied Disciplines
Authors: Mihura Joni L. , Reed Joseph A. , Kiss Andrea B.
Published: January 2015

Clinical psychology shares similarities with several other disciplines, especially in regard to providing psychotherapy or counseling services, such as counseling psychology, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, social work, marriage and family therapy, psychoanalysis, and various counseling subspecialties (e.g., substance abuse counselors). Although the term “psychologist” is often equated with “therapist,” there are many types of psychologists, including developmental, social, and cognitive psychologists who are not trained in applied (clinical) practice. Within the practice of psychology there are many specialties (e.g., clinical neuropsychology, forensic psychology, clinical health psychology); however, currently, the American Psychological Association accredits only the clinical, counseling, and school training programs. Compared to the other disciplines, clinical and counseling psychology are unique in their training to conduct comprehensive psychological assessments and are more likely to conduct scientific research. On the other hand, the vast majority of clinical psychologists do not prescribe psychiatric medication—a purview of professionals in the medical field.
Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Thomas Naveen , Pantelis Christos
Published: January 2015

Psychosis is a severe, acute or chronic mental illness that is characterized by reality distortion, delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, catatonia, and impaired insight. Psychosis can be primary (functional/nonorganic) or secondary (organic), which may differ in their symptoms or presentation. The neurobiology of psychoses is complex, involving many neurotransmitters, particularly the dopaminergic system. Thorough cognitive and physical examinations, as well as laboratory testing, are necessary for the diagnosis and management of psychosis. Antipsychotic medications are the cornerstone in the management of primary psychosis (such as schizophrenia), in combination with various psychosocial strategies. Treatment of primary neurological or medical illness is more important in the management of secondary psychoses. Antipsychotic medications have different side‐effect profiles but similar efficacies, with clozapine being an exception in its superior efficacy in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. The common adverse effects include metabolic side effects with atypical antipsychotics and neurologic (extrapyramidal) side effects with typical antipsychotics.
Fisher,RonaldA. (1890–1962)
Authors: LoBello Steven G.
Published: January 2015

Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) was a mathematician and geneticist. He is primarily known for his singular contributions to the statistical and genetics revolutions of the twentieth century. There are no single adjectives to describe the magnitude of his contributions to statistical science and experimental methodology. His contributions to evolutionary theory and genetics were similarly extensive.
Measurement Invariance
Authors: McArdle John J.
Published: January 2015

The concept of having multiple factors that are invariant over groups seems to be a contemporary prerequisite for any other analysis of mean differences over groups. It is often used nowadays, usually with psychometric studies of confirmatory factor analysis computer programs. The main requirement is the need for a latent structure model. This entry provides an overview of the steps involved in doing rigorous comparisons with a numerical example from selected Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (
WISC
) data on multiple ethnic groups.
Survival Analysis
Authors: Strube Michael J
Published: January 2015

Survival analysis is used to understand the
timing
of an event—its nature and predictors. Its name derives from common applications related to medical survival that occurs over a period of years (e.g., survival time following cancer diagnosis), but the procedure is easily applied to any categorical outcome (e.g., correct solution of a challenging problem, lapse of attention, missed therapy appointment, mechanical part failure, etc.) that might occur over time measured in units of any precision (e.g., milliseconds, minutes, decades, centuries). Extensions of the procedure allow comparing the survival functions of multiple groups and the inclusion of continuous and categorical predictors of survival.
Definitions of Abnormality
Authors: Miles Shannon Reynolds , Averill Lynnette A.
Published: January 2015

Abnormality refers to something being atypical or differing from the norm. Reaching consensus on a universal definition of abnormality is an unsolved challenge due to the cultural and professional subjectivity of the term and the dearth of definitive cut‐offs, biomarkers, or other objective lines of demarcation that delineate the psychologically normal from the abnormal. Common definitions of psychological abnormality include dysfunction, distress, disability, and disorder. The historical, intellectual, and social contexts within which the definition of abnormality has been developed are discussed, along with etiological perspectives on psychological abnormality.
False Confessions
Authors: Daniel Lassiter G. , Pinegar Shannon K.
Published: January 2015

Aided by advances in
DNA
testing that occurred in the late 1980s, organizations such as the Innocence Project have been able to establish conclusively that people sometimes confess to crimes they did not commit. Many of these false confessions occur during police interrogations. This has led legal and psychological researchers to critically examine prevailing interrogation practices. Guided primarily by psychological science, investigations are beginning to identify the particular aspects of an interrogation that tend to increase the risk of innocent persons incriminating themselves. Drawing on this research, public policy papers have begun to recommend reforms designed to reduce the likelihood that interrogation will induce the innocent to falsely confess while still motivating the guilty to take responsibility for their crimes.
Parity Laws
Authors: Piotrowski Nancy A.
Published: January 2015

Public health goals in the United States support the conceptualization of the healthcare system as an integrated system. Parity laws, relevant to clinical psychology and healthcare, refer to insurance‐related laws holding health conditions as having equal stature. Prior to 2008, the disposition of parity laws was that they were inadequate in relation to physical health, mental health, and substance use. As such, legislative action was required to address legal inadequacies related to health insurance and consequent barriers to reasonable and necessary integrated health services allowing. Legislative efforts to right these problems progressed incrementally over decades through advocacy and collaboration by diverse stakeholders, including psychologists. The culmination of these efforts is the 2008 Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity Addiction Equity Act, which establishes parity among these diverse aspects of health. Additionally, provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 further support parity.
Values and Diagnosis
Authors: Flanagan Elizabeth
Published: January 2015

Although some mental disorders have been shown to have a genetic component (e.g., dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), the categories that we understand as mental disorders are socially constructed constructs and are not categories with a purely biological essence. Instead, values affect what is considered to be a disorder; how decisions are made about what is a mental disorder and how to define it; how a clinician decides on a diagnosis and treatment; and how people with mental disorders are treated by society.
Specificity Designs
Authors: Garber Judy , Hollon Steven D.
Published: January 2015

Specificity designs are used in psychopathology research to determine whether a variable uniquely characterizes one disorder as compared to another, and, thus, may be causal. In contrast, when a variable is found to be nonspecific, some researchers have assumed (albeit mistakenly) that the nonspecific variable cannot be a cause of the disorder, but instead is a shared consequence of psychopathology in general. The error in this reasoning, however, is the failure to recognize the distinction between testing the causal role of an individual variable versus testing a multivariate causal model of which that variable is a part. Thus, a variable
can
be nonspecific, but still can be one of several interacting factors within a larger etiological model. Recommendations for selecting heterogeneous versus homogeneous control groups to address questions related to broad versus narrow specificity are presented.
Civil Commitment
Authors: Pinals Debra A. , Mossman Douglas
Published: January 2015

Civil commitment is the mechanism used by courts to order individuals to receive psychiatric treatment, usually within a hospital. Although jurisdictions vary, the legal criteria for commitment generally include the presence of mental illness and a resulting risk of harm to oneself or others if not hospitalized. Civil commitment may be authorized only after less restrictive alternative treatments are considered. This entry summarizes the history of civil commitment along with related case law and clinical principles. The entry also reviews clinical assessment procedures and how they align with statutory provisions. In addition, a discussion of outpatient civil commitment explains how legally compelled treatment in the community follows many of the same principles as involuntary hospitalization.
Secondary Prevention
Authors: Beth‐Halachmy Shani
Published: January 2015

Secondary prevention refers to interventions targeting individuals and groups who, because of known risk factors, are vulnerable to developing social, behavioral, emotional, or physical disorders. Secondary prevention seeks to lower the prevalence, ameliorate, or reduce the duration of disorders of those identified as being at risk through early identification and evidence‐based interventions. Secondary prevention also seeks to increase protective factors that enhance resiliency in individuals when they are exposed to risk conditions and factors.
Communication Disorders
Authors: Gillam Ronald B. , Gillam Sandra L.
Published: January 2015

The term
communication disorder
refers to communication structures or functions that are impaired to the extent that they interfere with the ability to exchange meaning through speaking or listening. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, approximately 46 million Americans have some type of a communication disorder. The discipline of communication sciences and disorders encompasses the study of human communication processes, breakdowns in those processes, and the efficacy of practices involved in assessing and assisting individuals with communication differences and disorders. The major components of the discipline are speech, language, and hearing sciences, audiology, and speech–language pathology.
Motor Disorders
Authors: Dewey Deborah
Published: January 2015

Motor disorders are a group of diseases and syndromes that affect the ability to produce and control movement. They can emerge due to genetic factors or abnormalities in the brain or body acquired after birth, or because of faulty or incomplete physical experiences when learning more complex behavior. Many are first identified in infancy, but onset can occur over the lifespan. Some of these disorders are progressive in nature, whereas others are nonprogressive or static. Individuals diagnosed with these disorders display various motor, perceptual, intellectual, neuropsychological, and psychosocial impairments. The general intellectual functioning level of individuals with motor disorders is variable, with some functioning in the average range and others experiencing significant impairment. Psychological outcomes are also variable. Individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders frequently experience significant mental deterioration.
Substance‐Related Disorders
Authors: Ozer Bilge Uzun , LeBlanc Sara , Essau Cecilia A.
Published: January 2015

Thesubstance‐related disorderscategory encompasses a wide range of conditions associated with legal and/or illegal substance use. Substance‐related disorders fall broadly into two categories:substance use disorders, characterized by dependence and/or abuse, andsubstance‐induced disorders, which involve intoxication or withdrawal. This entry begins with a brief overview of the clinical features of substance use and substance‐induced disorders in both adolescents and adult populations. Epidemiological data on the prevalence of substance‐related conditions are then summarized and the literature regarding both the development and clinical course of treatment is reviewed. Subsequently, risk factors for substance use and abuse are outlined, along with protective factors that attenuate risk for substance‐related disorders. The final section describes evidence‐based treatment approaches for substance‐related conditions.
Miranda
Authors: Cruise Keith
Published: January 2015

Miranda v. Arizona
, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) established the legal obligation for police officers to disclose a set of procedural safeguards to suspects in custodial interrogations. The decision to invoke or waive
Miranda
rights has been a focus of social science research. Age, intellectual deficits, listening and reading comprehension, as well as severe psychopathology have all been identified as factors contributing to poor comprehension and understanding of the
Miranda
warnings. Forensic mental health professionals also conduct evaluations and present expert testimony to assist courts in determining whether a
Miranda
waiver made by a defendant was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.
Eye Movement Tracking
Authors: Koster Ernst H. W. , Fang Lin
Published: January 2015

Eye movement tracking is a flexible tool to study information processing and has been widely applied in the study of clinical psychology. The basic concepts in the study and measurement of eye movements are described. An overview is provided of the different areas in clinical psychology where eye movement tracking has advanced understanding of psychopathology and its treatment.
Pop Psychology Diagnoses
Authors: Anne Winiarski D. , Smith Sarah Francis , Lilienfeld Scott O.
Published: January 2015

This entry examines several prominent popular (“pop”) psychology diagnoses. Codependency, Stockholm syndrome, behavioral addictions, and eating disorder variants are reviewed, along with research supporting and questioning their diagnostic validity.
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (
PCSAS
)
Authors: Bootzin Richard R. , Treat Teresa A.
Published: January 2015

The Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (
PCSAS
) was established in 2007 to promote public health by accrediting clinical science Ph.D. programs in university departments of psychology in the United States and Canada.
PCSAS
‐accredited training programs are expected to benefit the public by increasing the number of integrative and transdisciplinary clinical scientists who develop and apply new knowledge bearing on the etiology, assessment, and treatment of psychopathology. The history and structure of
PCSAS
are described, as is its relationship with the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (the Academy).
PCSAS
was recognized as an accrediting agency by the Council of Higher Education Accreditation (
CHEA
) in 2012. Through the end of 2013, 21 programs have been accredited. Moving forward, those involved with
PCSAS
are committed to improving the quality of mental health services by infusing science into all aspects of research, education, and practice activities.
Science Versus Pseudoscience
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Lynn Steven Jay , Ammirati Rachel J.
Published: January 2015

Pseudosciences are “fake” sciences: they are disciplines that superficially appear to be scientific but largely lack the substance of science. Although there is probably no “bright line” of demarcation separating science from pseudoscience in clinical psychology or similar disciplines, pseudoscientific assertions in these domains are characterized by a fallible but useful set of warning signs.
Clinical Significance
Authors: Follette William C. , Callaghan Glenn M.
Published: January 2015

For decades health and social sciences have relied on statistical significance to identify important research findings. There is a growing recognition that statistical significance may be a necessary but not sufficient criterion for reporting clinical outcome results. This entry describes how defining and adding clinical significance to research reports may aid consumers of research in understanding how large an effect is in terms of its practical impact on the quality of peoples' lives. One approach that reports the proportion of participants who return to normal functioning has garnered attention since it was first described. Alternatives are also presented. An important impediment to more fully implementing this method of reporting results is the lack of agreed criteria for what constitutes normal functioning. The medical or disease model might consider this to be the absence of disease symptoms, but in the behavioral sciences such a definition may be inadequate.
S
chneider,
K
urt (1887–1967)
Authors: Jablensky Assen
Published: January 2015

Kurt Schneider (1887–1967) was a prominent German psychiatrist of the Heidelberg school who elaborated and systematically applied the phenomenological method to the detailed and communicable elicitation of the patients' subjective experiences. He is widely known for his description of “first‐rank” symptoms of psychosis, which, years later, influenced the formulation of diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in

ICD
‐10

and

DSM‐IV

. He is also known for his contributions to the typology of depressive states and personality disorder.
Shakow,David (1901–81)
Authors: Cautin Robin L.
Published: January 2015

David Shakow (1901–81) made significant scientific and professional contributions to the field of clinical psychology. As part of an interdisciplinary team of researchers at Worcester State Hospital and later at the National Institute of Mental Health, Shakow applied experimental methods to the study of the psychological nature of the schizophrenic condition, his work culminating in a cognitive theory of schizophrenia, known as segmental set theory. His work helped to establish new standards for experimental rigor in the field. Shakow also played a critical role in the development of the scientist–practitioner model in clinical psychology.
Behavior Genetics
Authors: McGue Matt , Gottesman Irving I.
Published: January 2015

Behavioral genetics' roots were planted by Francis Galton in the late nineteenth century, but its early efforts were discredited by its association with the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century. Twin, adoption, and family studies helped reestablish the credibility and importance of behavioral genetic research and have supported three general conclusions: (a) Genetic influences on individual differences in behavior are pervasive, (b) the relevant environmental influences are predominantly of the nonshared rather than the shared variety, and (c) the importance of genetic factors appears to increase with age. With the heritability of behavioral phenotypes well established, the field has moved to trying to identify the specific genetic variants that underlie these heritable effects and exploring how these variants interact with environmental factors. Initial efforts in these areas have, however, been hampered by the typically small sample sizes of the relevant research in psychology. The establishment of large‐scale consortia and the use of meta‐analytic methods are now beginning to reveal the complex genetic architecture of behavioral phenotypes.
Adaptation
Authors: Fastoso Fernando
Published: January 2015

In international marketing, adaptation (or localization) refers to the practice of adapting marketing strategies and tactics to the needs of specific countries. Adaptation is seen as one end of a continuum ranging to standardization. The practice is seen as better than standardization at delivering value to customers around the world – thus contributing to higher company performance – and as necessary on the basis of persisting differences between countries in terms of consumer perceptions and market conditions.
Advergaming
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of advergaming, the different types of advergames and its effects on consumer behavior.
Esthetics
Authors: Szocs Courtney , Biswas Dipayan
Published: January 2015

This article defines esthetics and briefly explains how they affect consumers. The authors briefly discuss esthetic product features and how consumers respond to and evaluate these features. The importance of esthetics to marketing managers is also mentioned.
Affect
Authors: Healey Mark P.
Published: January 2015

Affect is some degree of positive or negative subjective feeling.
Behavioral Pricing
Authors: Zielke Stephan
Published: January 2015

Microeconomic pricing models assume that customers are rational and completely informed decision‐makers, maximizing their utility. Behavioral pricing models, in contrast, explain deviations from rational decision‐making by psychological processes. In particular, behavioral pricing focuses on customers' price information search, price processing (especially perception and evaluation), and price knowledge to explain their price responses. Streams in behavioral pricing research focus on the role of reference prices in price evaluations, on the dual role of price as a monetary sacrifice and an informational cue, and on the customers' price information search and price knowledge. The latter stream is directly related to research on price images. Recently, price‐related emotions gained importance in behavioral pricing research.
Below the Line
Authors: Prete Irene
Published: January 2015

Below the line indicates all forms of marketing activities that employ non‐traditional or unconventional advertising or communication, such as PR, sales promotions, direct and event marketing, in contrast with above the line practices which use traditional mass media outlets such as print, radio, and broadcast television. The increasing significance of below the line communication results from the emergence of new developments in the marketing environment, and, in particular, the appearance of interactive and multifunctional media which goes hand in hand with a decline in the power of traditional communication vehicles. Owing to these changes, a variety of newfound and original forms of communication are incorporated in this category: PR and viral marketing, material tools, relational tools, one shot, customer relationship management, and other unconventional tools such as guerrilla marketing, low‐cost atypical means relying on energy, time, and imagination. Below the line communication offers the advantages to be an efficient vehicle in comparison with highpriced mass media channels, allowing companies to moderate marketing costs, and to be clearly measurable, so providing precious information on their return‐on‐investment. Additionally, recent literature has pointed out the role of below the web tools to enhance brand awareness and to create a distinctive brand image.
Brand Communities
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Biraghi Silvia , Giovanardi Mattia
Published: January 2015

Brand communities can be defined as social platforms where consumer–brand encounter takes place. Brand communities can be both the manifestation of a particular brand management philosophy and the expression of the spontaneous gathering of a group of brand fans. In both cases, brand communities may be seen as the virtual arena where value is cocreated through social interactions.
Brand Personality
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: January 2015

Brand personality is defined. Some of the benefits of brand personality are explored. The inferences people make from brand personality are considered. The personality traits consumers wish to project using brands are addressed.
Brand Values
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: January 2015

This article summarises the meaning and importance of brand values.
Brand Vision
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: January 2015

Brand vision is defined and its three components specified. The process to surface a brand vision is clarified. The conditions to enhance key benefits from a brand vision are described.
Bundling
Authors: Grundström Christina
Published: January 2015

Bundling is a term that refers to several products (goods or services) marketed and sold together; yet, each of the products should be able to sell to a market segment of their own. Bundling usually involves price bundling. The products in a bundle are often chosen such that the customer's needs are satisfied better or to provide better value to the customer. Bundling in the form of introducing a new product together with an established one is found to particularly facilitate the adoption of radically new products. It can also be used when disposing of lasting stock of a product that is to be taken off the market. Such bundling must be done with care so that the customer can make an informed choice. Whenever bundling, marketers must avoid creating bundles that may be seen as obstructing competition.
Case Study
Authors: Zolkiewski Judy
Published: January 2015

This article discusses how case study methods can be utilized in marketing research.
Click‐Through
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of the origins of the term click‐through and discusses the measurement of click‐through behavior for reporting Internet advertising effectiveness.
Commitment
Authors: Balakrishnan Melodena S.
Published: January 2015

Commitment has a myriad of meanings depending on context of study and organizational objectives. The role of stakeholders and the long‐term perspective of relationship marketing all add impetus to the study of this topic. This article briefly explains various commitment perspectives and sets future marketing research agendas.
Consumer Resistance
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Seegebarth Barbara
Published: January 2015

Consumer resistance derives from the Latin term “resistere,” meaning to resist, stand back, withstand, take a stand, and stand firm. From a managerial perspective, consumer resistance refers to a consumer who opposes a certain brand, an organization, or marketing images, norms, and devices that are considered to represent a system of domination.
Consumer–Brand Engagement
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Graffigna Guendalina , Biraghi Silvia
Published: January 2015

Consumer–brand engagement can be defined as a multidimensional construct that encompasses other marketing constructs. Moreover, consumer–brand engagement can be regarded as a meta‐organizer of the dynamic and process‐based relationship between a brand and its consumers.

In this essay, first we draw a definition of the concept, then we present a short review of academic and professional literature on consumer–brand engagement, and finally, we point out the basic differences between consumer–brand engagement and other apparently overlapping marketing constructs (involvement, commitment, emotional attachment, and brand experience).
Sales Force Control
Authors: Donaldson Bill
Published: January 2015

Sales force control is defined as the extent to which sales management monitor, direct, evaluate, and reward activities. Sales management control is typically seen as a continuum with two extremes: outcome‐based control and behavior‐based control. Reasons for selecting one strategy or the other are given to assist sales managers as to the best way to control and manage their sales force.
Corporate Branding
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Biraghi Silvia
Published: January 2015

Corporate branding can be defined as a value covenant between the company and its stakeholders that distinguishes it in its environment. It represents a managerial effort involving all corporate communication manifestations aimed at proposing the unique business model of a company to its stakeholders, leveraging on the distinctive features of corporate identity and culture.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Grinstein Amir , Blekher Maria
Published: January 2015

The concept of
CSR
was developed in the 1960s in the USA with the idea that corporate responsibilities are more than its legal obligations. These days,
CSR
is a widely adopted idea that consists of firms' obligations to protect and improve the welfare of the society and its organization now as well as in future, through its various business and social actions and ensures that it generates equitable and sustainable benefits for the various stakeholders.
CSR
is a component of corporate policy that involves participating in social welfare beyond the company's direct economic, technical, and legal interests. Examples of
CSR
include providing child care for employees, donating to charity, and pursuing environmentally friendly practices.
Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Alexander Nicholas
Published: January 2015

Cosmopolitanism is a view of the world that is associated with openness toward different cultures. Generally it suggests an individual who is well traveled and lives a lifestyle associated with socioeconomic elites; however, in marketing, cosmopolitan behavior is associated with individuals who have a positive disposition toward other cultures although they may not have traveled outside their home culture. The cosmopolitan scale (
COS
) measures the degree to which individuals engage with, and immerse themselves in, other cultures. In marketing, it is the individual's learnt disposition toward other cultures that is most important not background as expressed through social status.
Counterfeiting
Authors: Penz Elfriede
Published: January 2015

Two types of counterfeiting, deceptive and nondeceptive, are distinguished. The various forms of counterfeits include vanity counterfeits, overruns, condoned copies, and self copies. Counterfeiting is detrimental for various industries. Companies deal with the problems that arise in different ways depending on whether they have been a victim of counterfeiting. The level of demand depends on product characteristics and consumer characteristics. Two streams of the literature have emerged with respect to counterfeiting: the first examines consumers' motivations and behaviors; and the second focuses on specific industries, product categories, and brands.
Crisis Marketing
Authors: Ang Swee H.
Published: January 2015

With the downturn, firms can turn this economic crisis to their advantage by adopting a smarter understanding of its customers. Downturns afford companies opportunities to surge ahead of competition. When competitors are cutting back, firms should learn to invest selectively to make their brands more distinctive from competition and offer consumers a more compelling reason to buy.
Customer Compliance/Customer Control
Authors: Kasabov Edward
Published: January 2015

“Customer compliance” refers to interactions between customers and providers with clear norms and processes of interaction being predefined by providers and enforced by them in an inflexible manner, in the process of doing so normalizing customer behavior. Compliance is a type of control over customers that does not rest on open, visible, and brute force but on more subtle efforts on the part of providers to channel customers' behaviors, especially of customers who are perceived as “difficult” and economically unprofitable. Compliance, or governing customer behavior through restriction, affects all stages of service provision but is particularly prominent in service recovery and complaint management when customer compliance businesses do not invest considerable resources and effort to satisfy dissatisfied customers and especially difficult and serial complainers. Customer compliance‐practicing companies sometimes publicize their compliance procedures in order to “inform” and “educate” customers about these procedures, but also so that to “train” customers to behave in a manner acceptable to these companies. The concept of customer compliance challenges philosophical and ideological marketing claims of liberated and empowered consumers as well as the service dominant logic, by emphasizing not the liberating but the constricting properties of interactions and service provision.
Customer Engagement
Authors: Alversia Yeshika , Michaelidou Nina , Moraes Caroline
Published: January 2015

Customer engagement (
CE
) is an emerging area of scholarly enquiry focusing on the nontransactional relationship between customers and organizations. The concept has been captured by researchers as reflecting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions, which underpin the customers' relationship with a firm, a particular product category or a brand.
CE
is a key concept in consumer research as it informs how customers establish relationships with products and brands and how this practice enables marketing strategy.
Customer Experience
Authors: Gounaris Spiros
Published: January 2015

Customer experience (
CX
) is the internal and subjective response of customers to conscious and unconscious events. Creating a distinctive
CX
can provide enormous economic value for firms because a positive overall experience can outweigh the monetary cost of the product or service.
Customer Orientation
Authors: John Anna
Published: January 2015

This article defines the concept of customer orientation. First, it discusses measurement issues, antecedents, and consequences of customer orientation at the operational level. Then, it refers to customer orientation, its construct, predictors, and effects at the strategic level.
Customer Service
Authors: Meyer Jeffrey , Gremler Dwayne D.
Published: January 2015

While customer service shares many features with services, it differs in two key ways. First, customer service is offered in support of the core product and is not marketed separately. Second, customer service is typically offered for free and is not a revenue‐generating activity. Customer service, most often performed by the seller's frontline employees, occurs in the delivering and exchanging of offerings from seller to buyer. However, sellers are increasingly calling upon technology to help assist and serve customers who have demanded greater availability, accessibility, and accountability. Thus, both frontline employees and technology are crucial to the seller's customer service and its success in the marketplace.
KDD
/Data Mining
Authors: Martínez‐López Francisco J. , Casillas Jorge
Published: January 2015

Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is a recent research field belonging to artificial intelligence whose main aim is the identification of new, potentially useful, and understandable patterns in data.
E‐Mail Marketing
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of e‐mail marketing, the benefits of e‐mail marketing, the importance of permissions marketing, and the rise of spam, unsolicited e‐mail messages.
Emotion
Authors: Penz Elfriede
Published: January 2015

Basic emotion theory identifies 6–10 basic emotions, which are also referred to as a family of closely related emotions (e.g., the basic emotion “family sadness” includes distress and anguish) and are distinguished from self‐conscious emotions. Emotions provide information to the person experiencing it, and may motivate approach or avoidance behavior, exercise control/regulation of responses, and be social or relational in nature.
Emotional Contagion
Authors: Liao Mei‐Na
Published: January 2015

People's emotional experiences and facial expressions tend to reflect rudimentary features of the changes in emotional expression of those they observe; such a process forms an important part of social interaction that allows people to understand and share the feelings of others. This facial mimicry is called emotional contagion (EC). Schoenewolf defines emotional contagion as the flow of emotions from one person to another, with the receiver “catching” the emotions that the sender displays. Management studies tend to focus on the related but more cognitive, sophisticated, and socially beneficial process of empathy and sympathy and examine the influence of EC in organizational setting, in particular, between service providers and customers. Researchers in services marketing investigate the reciprocal relationship between service employees and customers in the services encounters through the understanding of EC and the concept of emotional labor. Hatfield
et al
. proposed that individuals have different levels of susceptibility to EC and ability to transmit their emotions onto others. Subsequent researches established unidimensional as well as multifaceted emotional contagion scales to measure the susceptibility of EC.
Employer Branding
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Biraghi Silvia
Published: January 2015

Employer branding can be defined as the system of corporate values, policies, and behaviors that distinguish an organization as a brand in the labor marketplace. It encompasses the adoption of a twofold perspective: outside the organization, employer branding aims at attracting talents as potential candidates for recruitment; inside the organization, it works as a human resource management strategy to motivate and retain employees.
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Alexander Nicholas
Published: January 2015

Ethnocentrism is a view of the world that is closed to contributions from other cultures. Originally a term used within sociology, in marketing ethnocentric behavior, it is associated with individuals who value the products and services of the home market over and above those produced in or associated with other markets. The consumer ethnocentric (CET) scale measures consumer ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is a learnt disposition and is influenced by cultural factors.
Exchange Models
Authors: Liao Mei‐Na
Published: January 2015

The concept of exchange forms the foundation of marketing theories. Marketing scholars debated the two exchange models: economic exchange and social exchange, in defining the scope of marketing. Traditionally, marketing is defined within economic exchange model, which specifically contains marketing management within the contractually oriented market transactions. However, viewing marketing from a social exchange perspective provides theoretical underpinning for the application of marketing techniques in non‐business settings, such as social, political, religious and other personal causes. Under economic exchange, firms are regarded as profit maximizers, while individuals are thought to be utility maximizers. In marketing, marketers aim at satisfying customers' needs and wants by selling them the “right” goods and services at a “right” price. In return the firm obtains a profit and hence create a satisfactory transactional exchange for both parties. This idea forms the definitions of marketing in the earlier stage. Social exchange is defined as a univocal and reciprocal relationship among at least three actors in the exchange situation, where the actors do not benefit from each other directly or immediately. As such social solidarity is enhanced through generic social exchange. This type of exchange can be seen in case of charity donations and in social marketing.
Fashion Marketing
Authors: Amatulli Cesare
Published: January 2015

Fashion marketing is the application of traditional marketing theories and techniques to the fashion business (i.e., companies that produce clothing and apparel accessories). It is characterized by peculiar features (e.g., the primary importance of aesthetic factors), which derive from the distinctive nature of fashion products. Fashion marketing strategies combine the creativity of designers and the need for rationality by managers. In fashion marketing, consumption is particularly characterized by symbolic and hedonic rather than concrete and utilitarian consumption of products. Thus, consumer behaviors tend to be emotional and aspirational rather than rational and functional. In particular, the symbolic value assumes an even more marked connotation for fashion luxury goods. In fact, in the sphere of consumption of luxury fashion products, the purchasing determinants can be linked to personal motivations (i.e., individual style) or interpersonal motivations (i.e., status).
Ambient Marketing (Guerrilla/Street)
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Giovanardi Mattia
Published: January 2015

Ambient/street/guerrilla marketing is an articulated form of corporate communication that makes use of elements of the physical environment to deliver brand messages that engage consumers walking and gathering in streets and squares. This entry offers a conceptual definition of ambient marketing and its evolutionary features. It also provides a comprehensive classification of basic categories. It finally represents a first attempt to deal in a unified way with a variety of heterogeneous out‐of‐home communication tools.
Halo Effect
Authors: van Doorn Jenny
Published: January 2015

A halo effect implies that the evaluation of a particular attribute or dimension of an object is influenced by either a general impression, or by an impression of (unrelated) other attributes or dimensions of that object.
The Marketing of Higher Education Services
Authors: Wilkinson Ian F.
Published: January 2015

The marketing of education services has much in common with other services but has unique characteristics. Specialist journales exist but it is under‐represented in top services marketing journals.
Historical Analysis: Marketing
Authors: Shaw Eric H.
Published: January 2015

Historical analysis involves the study of past developments in marketing to inform current academic research and business practice. Historical investigations are typically categorized into the history of marketing thought or the history of marketing practice. The former focuses on the evolution of marketing concepts and theories, such as the product life cycle (PLC), the Consumer Goods Classification System, or the Theory of Retail Gravitation. In contrast, the history of marketing practice involves business developments in marketing, such as the evolution of Macy's merchandising strategies or Ford's automobile pricing strategy. Often developments in marketing thought and practice are iterative –successful ideas influence practice and vice versa. Historical analysis reveals that great marketing insights are frequently, and sometimes unknowingly, recycled through history. For example, two of the world's most renowned technological innovators, Henry Ford and Steve Jobs, bookmarking the beginning and end of the twentieth century, developed their business philosophies with a similar customer oriented marketing strategy. These lessons from the past often offer profound insights for the future. Such is the value added by historical analysis in marketing.
Hope
Authors: Guido Gianluigi
Published: January 2015

Hope is as an affective status characterized by high intensity and short duration, basically: a higher order positive emotion (i.e., neither basilar nor biologically grounded), which can be the response to a marketing stimulus.
Hypermedia
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of hypermedia, differentiating hypermedia from hypertext and multimedia in structure, design, and time dependencies.
Inductional Marketing
Authors: Guido Gianluigi
Published: January 2015

In inductional marketing, the final products of firms are represented by the consumers themselves, every time the firm attempts to transform them into its customers by acting on their satisfaction determinants (i.e., expectancies and perceptions).
Integrated Brand Marketing
Authors: Kitchen Philip J.
Published: January 2015

From 1995, many academic scholars noted and wrote about the interest in the topic of integrated marketing communications, which is – in essence – an approach to brand communications, which enables all modes of message communications (i.e., advertising, sales promotion, MPR, sponsorship, and direct marketing) to work harmoniously together.
International Market Entry (Modes) and Development Operation Strategies
Authors: Welch Lawrence
Published: January 2015

The term entry mode has often been used to describe the different methods a firm can use in entering a foreign market.
International Retail
Authors: Alexander Nicholas
Published: January 2015

International retail is the operation of retail outlets in more than one country. The internationalization of retailing activity has two dimensions: the firm (direct internationalization) and the market (indirect internationalization). The internationalization of retailing formats and operational systems is not dependent on international retail firms. Indirect internationalization occurs when domestic retailers adopt international practices. When firm's engage in direct internationalization it is a market serving activity, it is not a resource seeking activity. International retailer activity is hosted by most global markets. Entry methods most commonly used are acquisition, organic growth, joint‐venture, and franchising. Since the 1980s, international retail activity has been characterized by the international expansion of firms that have retailing as their primary function. Earlier forms of international retail activity were often associated with other organizational characteristics where retailing was not the primary activity in the domestic market.
Loyalty (Brand Loyalty)
Authors: Russell‐Bennett Rebekah , Parkinson Joy
Published: January 2015

Loyalty is a desired marketing outcome for products ranging from fast‐moving consumer goods, services, durables, and ideas products such as political parties and social behaviors. Evidence has shown that a base of loyal customers is advantageous for an organization as it reduces the marketing cost of doing business and improves profitability. The approaches to loyalty have varied over the decades with various schools of thoughts toward definitions, conceptualizations, and measurement. The need for understanding the nature of the product and consumer's behavior to determine the appropriate approach to loyalty is emphasized in this article. In this article, we outline the historical development of brand loyalty, the major approaches to the construct (attitudinal and behavioral) and new approaches that deconstruct attitudinal loyalty into its subcomponent parts.
Luxury Marketing
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Klarmann Christiane
Published: January 2015

Luxury marketing is based on the ability of a brand to evoke exclusivity, possess a strong brand identity, and enjoy high brand awareness. The key attributes of luxury marketing are product excellence and premium pricing, a recognizable style, or a design associated with a heritage of craftsmanship and limited distribution.
Mobile Marketing
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of mobile marketing from traditional text or short message services (
SMS
)‐based marketing to wireless mobile devices, mobile applications and quick response (
QR
) codes. Their use for promotion and customer service is discussed.
Marketing Intelligence
Authors: Guido Gianluigi
Published: January 2015

Marketing intelligence designates a discipline characterized by: the collection of any piece of information that might have some relevance to the company; the centralization of this activity into just one information system; the obligatory use of computer for the cataloguing and the retrieval of collected information.
Marketing Metrics
Authors: Farris Paul , Pfeifer Phillip
Published: January 2015

Merriam‐Webster defines “metric” as “a standard of measurement.”