bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of multi‐micronutrient fortified beverages on children’s nutritional status in lower‐income countries (624.17)
Authors: Aaron Grant , Dror Daphna , Yang Zhenyu
Published: June 2021

In the context of lower‐income countries, fortification has mostly focused on centrally processed foods and condiments. Less information is available about the overall impacts of beverage fortification. Multiple PubMed searches were conducted to identify relevant studies. A total of 992 citations were screened, of which 10 randomized controlled trials were included in the review (pooled n = 4645). Compared to iso‐caloric controls, children who received MMN beverages for 8 weeks to 6 months showed significant improvements in hemoglobin (+2.76 g/L, 95% CI [1.19, 4.33], p = 0.004; 8 studies) and serum ferritin (+15.42 pmol/L, [5.73, 25.12], p = 0.007; 8 studies). Consumption of fortified beverages significantly reduced the risk of anemia (RR 0.58 [0.29, 0.88], p = 0.005; 6 studies), iron deficiency (RR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55], p = 0.002; 7 studies), and iron deficiency anemia (RR 0.17 [0.06, 0.53], p = 0.02; n = 3). No significant effects were found for serum retinol (5 studies), zinc (4 studies), or vitamin B12 (3 studies). Although the number of data points precluded meta‐analysis, several studies found favorable effects of beverage fortification on riboflavin (n = 2), folate (n = 2), vitamin B6 (n = 1), vitamin C (n = 2), thiamin (n = 1), and urinary iodide (n = 1). Weight gains were modestly but significantly greater in the intervention compared with the control groups (+0.30 kg [0.01, 0.58], p =0.04; 6 studies), while neither height gains nor weight‐for‐age nor height‐for‐age Z‐scores differed significantly between groups (5, 4, and 3 studies respectively). MMN beverage interventions are effective at reducing the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in school age children.

Grant Funding Source: The Coca‐Cola Company. The funding source had no role in the work
Antenatal iron‐folic acid supplementation reduces mortality in children less than 5 years of age in Nepal (624.18)
Authors: Nisar Yasir , Dibley Michael , Mebrahtu Saba , Paudyal Naveen , Devkota Madhu , Maharjan Macha
Published: June 2021

Objective To examine the effect of antenatal IFA supplements on the risk of childhood mortality in Nepal using pooled data from 3 Nepal DHS (2001, 2006 & 2011).

Methods Survival information was used from 13,009 singleton most recent live‐born infants. Primary outcomes were mortality indicators in children <5 years and the main exposure variable was any use of IFA supplements. Analyses used multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for X potential confounders and the sampling design.

Results Any use of IFA supplements significantly reduced risk of neonatal deaths by 42%, and by 45% for early neonatal deaths (aHR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.79, p=0.002). These protective effects of any IFA extended to 4 years of age. For mothers who started <4 months of pregnancy and used 蠅120 supplements under‐5 mortality was significantly reduced by 55%. 15% of under‐5 deaths were attributed to non‐use of IFA, and 29,000 under‐5 deaths could be prevented in the next 5 years with universal coverage of IFA.

Conclusion IFA significantly reduces the risk of under‐5 deaths in Nepal, with the greatest impact on child survival in women who started early in pregnancy and took 蠅120 supplements.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by UNICEF Nepal
The effect of offering two high‐fiber snacks per day to a sample of school‐age children on their overall diet quality (624.21)
Authors: Brauchla Mary , Miller Kevin , Baker Selena , Kranz Sibylle
Published: June 2021

Diet quality in American children is suboptimal, contributing to risk for overweight, obesity, and development of chronic disease. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of serving high‐fiber snacks twice a day on measures of diet quality in a sample of elementary school children. Participants (n=81) in a community‐based, prospective, random‐controlled, nutrition intervention were children 7‐11 years of age. Children were cluster‐randomized by classroom to receive two high‐fiber snacks per day or to consume their regular snack foods for 8 weeks. Study participants completed two 24‐hour diet recalls at baseline and at intervention week 4, from which the Revised Children’s Diet Quality Index (RC‐DQI) scores were calculated. Intake of fiber (p<0.05), whole grains (p<0.001) and iron (p<0.05) increased in the intervention group without increasing average caloric intake or displacing any critical food groups or nutrients, although total RC‐DQI scores did not increase significantly. High‐fiber snacks served at school can significantly improve dietary fiber intake without negatively affecting energy intake, thus contributing to better diet quality in school‐age children.
Preschool based point‐of‐use fortification with micronutrients for six months reduces anaemia with modest effects on growth in rural India (624.22)
Authors: Nagalla Balakrishna , Kankipati Radhakrishna , Nair Madhavan Krishnapillai , Fernandez‐Rao Sylvia , Punjal Ravinder , Hurley Kristen , Tilton Nicholas , Harding Kimberly , Reinhart Gregory , Black Maureen
Published: June 2021

Objective: To examine the impact of preschool based point‐of‐use micronutrient fortification on children’s anemia, micronutrient status and growth.

Methods: 320 pre‐schoolers were enrolled from 22 ICDS centres from rural Andhra Pradesh, India into a double masked, randomized 6‐month trial to receive either multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) or placebo powder, mixed into the lunch meal. Baseline and end line measures included hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, sTfR, CRP, height and weight. Mixed effects models were used for mean comparison of groups and growth analysis adjusted for baseline and clustering effect.

Results: Children in MNP showed significant (p<0.001) improvements in mean Hb from 10.9 to 12.1g/dL and ferritin 20.3to 25.1µg/L respectively compared to placebo, 10.9 to 11.21 for Hb and 16.6 to 14.6mg/L for ferritin. Mean sTfR decreased significantly in MNP group (0.98) compared to placebo (0.11). Height increased from 89.6 to 94.4 cm in MNP compared to placebo from 88.5 to 93.5cm.

The height increment was significantly higher in MNP ( 5.1 vs 4.7 cm, p<0.05) . Significant difference in height increments (0.6 to 0.9 cm) was observed in MNP children with anemia/ID/IDA compared to placebo.

Conclusions: Point‐of‐use fortification with MNP reduced IDA /anemia and showed height improvement amongst preschoolers.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01660958

Grant Funding Source: Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition and the Micronutrient Initiative
Consumption of trans fatty acids among teenagers living in an urban area in Japan (624.30)
Authors: Yoshizawa Kazuko , Isshiki Shinobu
Published: June 2021

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) among teenagers living in an urban area in Japan Kazuko Yoshizawa1 and Shinobu Isshiki2 1University of Nagasaki, Sieold, 2Sugiyama Jogakuen University Background and objective WHO recommends that the average intake level is less than 1% of the total energy intake. It is said that the intake level of TFA is higher among younger generations than that of average adults therefore the younger people are at higher risk than adult people. The objective of this study is to estimate average intake levels of TFA from foods among teenagers living in an urban area. Method In 2011 two kinds of food‐frequency questionnaires (FFQ) were disseminated to 350 female senior high school students living in a city and 154 answered them. The former FFQ with 140 food items was validated while the latter one with 25 food items was not. The 25 foods focused on fast foods including hamburgers and French fries of global and domestic fast food restaurants, and also snacks which are popular among female students. The participants were asked “food intake levels on the average over the past year”. Individual intake of TFA was calculated by use of values obtained from the Japanese Food Composition Table. For those foods not found in the Table were analyzed to obtain their nutrient values at a private research laboratory. Results The average energy intake was 1908 kcal. The average TFA intake level with milk consumption was 0.56g/day while the level without milk was 0.42g/day. A few percent of the participants consumed greater than 1.5g/day. Average energy intake level from TFA among this study population was 0.20% which is lower than 1%. Conclusion The average energy intake from TFA of this population is less than the level which is recommended by WHO: however the level should be underestimated due to the limited number of food items of the Japanese Food Composition Table and the design of FFQ. Acknowledgments Haruko Tashiro, Chiho Takeda, Mao Koike, Miho Inagaki, and Tomoko Iwata of Sugiyama Jogakuen University.

Grant Funding Source: Sugiyama Jogakuen University Gakuen Kenkyu‐hi B
Determinants of vitamin A status among pregnant women participating in the Mama SASHA Cohort Study of Vitamin A in Western Kenya: preliminary findings (624.9)
Authors: Akelo Victor , Grant Frederick , Okuku Haile Selassie , Wanjala Rose , Low Jan , Cole Donald , Levin Carol , Girard Amy Webb
Published: June 2021

Mothers’ vitamin A (VA) status during pregnancy and lactation determine infants’ VA levels. We estimated VA status during pregnancy and assessed its determinants using data on 505 pregnant women attending first antenatal care visit in Western Kenya. VA and iron status were assessed using plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), and ferritin and transferrin receptor, respectively, corrected for inflammation as measured by C‐reactive protein (CRP>5 mg/L) and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (>1 g/L)]. Anemia was assessed with Hemocue hemoglobinometer. Only 34% of women had heard of VA, and 26% of them could not specify its importance. School was the most common source of VA information (68%), followed by health facility (19%). Mean (±SD) RBP was 1.44 (±0.35) µmol/l and the prevalence of VA deficiency (VAD) was 21.8%. Prevalence of inflammation (by CRP) was 24%. Anemia, but not iron deficiency anemia, was the only factor associated with VAD (OR (CI): 1.68 (1.05, 2.71). Other potentially modifiable factors, including food insecurity, dietary diversity, awareness of VA, household or maternal consumption of VA rich foods, maternal MUAC and gestational age were not associated with VAD. The prevalence of VAD is high among pregnant women in Western Kenya and associated with anemia but not iron deficiency anemia. Additional research is needed to understand the etiology of VAD in this population.
Training in clinical research: the bridge between predictive, preventive and personalized medicine (625.3)
Authors: Trovato Guglielmo
Published: June 2021

Clinical research is not actively promoted in most institutions: academic, hospitals and primary care based organizations seek funding without a realistic knowledge and balance of their available human resources and facilities. Fundraising efforts are the pre‐requisite for any research becoming often a barrier to the development of articulated independent research (from epidemiology to personalized therapy). The promotion of the professional quality is based more on compulsory lifelong learning activity dealing with the most recent guidelines on best practice than on the implementation of innovation through the available information.

Lifestyle intervention, sustainable procedures and therapies are still neglected tools that should be developed for enhancing evidence‐based medicine.

In the last decade, we developed three yearly postgraduate curricula to promote original thought, to provide basic and operationally useful skills, to teach and to explore the possibilities of setting up networks and existing collaborations. Vocational training integrated and participated within all clinical professionals (medical doctors, nurses, technicians, biologists, dietitians, physiotherapists, others) will facilitate those who wish to plan projects. The interaction and contribution of participants are the core of the training methodology and research is developed as a permanent mode of professional progress. The three lines are: E‐learning and Telemedicine, Clinical Ultrasound and Culture and Strategy of Intervention on Lifestyles and Clinical Nutrition. Each year a total of 70 professionals are enrolled. The outcome is measured on the basis of the number of individual competitive projects submitted by trainees for funding to National or International Institutions. Results achieved are satisfactory:there is a significant increase of the number of the projects successfully submitted, which were proposed by 30% of the participants in 2012.
A nutrition intervention to improve coronary heart disease risk factors in college students (626.12)
Authors: Arts Jennifer , Greene Geoffrey , English Catherine , Lofgren Ingrid
Published: June 2021

College students’ diets exceed saturated fat recommendations and fail to meet whole grain recommendations. These poor dietary choices increase coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The objective of HeartStart was to determine if a campus‐based dietary intervention would improve CHD risk. Baseline, post‐intervention and follow‐up measures included anthropometrics, 12‐hour fasting blood lipids and glucose and 24‐hour diet recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research 2012. The 6‐week intervention promoted whole grain and low‐fat dairy consumption via messages and information booths at the dining halls and a subsample received a daily text or email. Ninety‐eight normal weight (BMI=23.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2) subjects 18.2 ± 0.6 y completed baseline testing, 84 subjects completed post‐intervention testing and 65 returned for follow‐up testing. At baseline, the majority were female (78%) and Caucasian (81%). Body weight, BMI, HDL cholesterol and glucose significantly increased over time. At baseline, the subsample (n=26) had whole grain (1.3 ± 1.4 servings/day) and low‐fat dairy (0.5 ± 0.6 servings/day) intakes below recommended amounts. No significant changes in whole grain or low‐fat dairy were observed over time. This demonstrates the need for more intensive interventions in this population to promote dietary changes, maintain weight and decrease CHD risk.

Grant Funding Source: RI Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Multistate Project NC 1193
Evaluating intent‐to‐change among SNAP‐Ed participants (626.14)
Authors: Kaiser Lucia , Ganthavorn Chutima
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrition education on intent‐to‐change (ITC) behavior in low‐income adults. In two regions of Riverside County, public health nutritionists recruited adults to receive Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP‐Ed) related to increasing fruit and whole grain consumption, limiting sweetened beverages, or using smart shopping tips. Self‐identified ethnicity/race of the sample was 76% Hispanic, 15% white, 5% black, and 4% other. The participants (n=2472) completed a 2‐item ITC survey after receiving a single educational session. A comparison group (n=784) of low‐income adults, recruited from the same social services lobby but not exposed to the intervention, also completed the survey. Among those who did not engage in the behavior before receiving the nutrition education, 52‐68% reported an intent to eat more fruit; 45‐62%, to eat more whole grains; 68‐75%, to reduce sweetened beverages; and 57‐70%, to shop with a list. Participants were more likely than controls to report ITC behaviors [increase fruit: p<0.0001(one region); increase whole grains: p <.0005 (one region); reduce sweet beverages: p<0.0001 (both regions); shop with a list: p<0.02 (both regions)]. Future research should focus on tailoring education for this population to support the participant’s readiness to change behavior.

Grant Funding Source: USDA's SNAP‐Ed program through California Department of Social Services and Riverside County Departm
Site‐specific school wellness committees: a model to support the sustainability of the Shaping Healthy Choices Program (626.15)
Authors: Bergman Jacqueline , Nicholson Yvonne , Spezzano Theresa , Brian Kelley , Linnell Jessica , Briggs Marilyn , Feenstra Gail , Hillhouse Carol , Nguyen Lori , Smith Martin , Ohmart Jeri , Ontai Lenna , Scherr Rachel , Sutter Carolyn , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri
Published: June 2021

The Shaping Healthy Choices Program (SHCP) is a school‐based intervention that integrates 5 components: nutrition education; family and community partnerships; regional agriculture; foods available on school site; and school wellness policies. The current study used a mixed‐methods approach to assess the effectiveness of site‐specific school wellness committees (SSWCs) to sustain SHCP activities, and create a best practices model for sustainability of SHCP components. The SSWCs were formed in the Northern (NC) and Central Valley (CV) California SHCP intervention schools as a way to create a sustainable, community‐driven infrastructure that would support the efforts of the SHCP and additional health and wellness concepts. Community‐based Participatory Research (CBPR) strategies were utilized to develop SSWC objectives. Baseline results from the School and Community Actions for Nutrition (SCAN) Survey served as a platform to launch SSWC objectives. The SSWC objectives identified and implemented by the NC school included a garden sustainability plan, and farm‐to‐home produce boxes. SSWC objectives identified and implemented by the CV school included a community‐driven health fair, a running club, healthier classroom snacks, a garden sustainability plan, and a community‐adapted version of the SCAN. Data collected from SSWC members helped to refine site‐specific goals and implementation plans for the next year.

Grant Funding Source: UC ANR 11‐1018
Empty bags, fuller stomachs: how empty packages give the illusion of fullness (626.19)
Authors: Tal Aner , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

Leftovers from one’s meal serve as an external cue to how much a person has eaten, and consequently to fullness (Wansink 2006). The current study aimed to examine whether empty bags that are left on a table unrelatedly to how much a person has eaten are also taken as an external cue to fullness, leading people to report a higher level of fullness. Participants (N = 63) approached a table containing empty bags of Lays potato chips. Participants were randomly assigned to either a small or large bags condition, with the table containing 5 small (1.88 ounces) or 5 large (10 ounces) empty bags respectively. The presence of the empty bags was justified by bowls of chips given to participants to eat after completion of satiety measure at the tables. Satiety was measured with three 9‐point items measuring hunger, fullness, and desire to eat. Participants facing large bags reported a higher level of satiety (4.64) than did participants facing small bags (3.8). The difference was significant at a .01 level: t(62) = ‐2.69. It appears that having larger empty bags signaled to participants that they had eaten more, leading them to report a higher level of satiety.
A study on high school students’ awareness of nutrition labeling in Incheon region, Korea (626.2)
Authors: Kim Young A , Kim Eun‐ju
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the status of high school students’ awareness of nutrition labeling, and provide data for nutrition education. 713 high school students (357 boys and 356 girls) were surveyed in Incheon, 1 of 5 major cities in Korea, using a questionnaire and data program, SPSS 18.0 The primary media that students got information of nutrition labeling was TV and internet(50.5%). 71.7% of boys and 83.7% of girls answered that they’ve ever read nutrition labeling(p<.001). For boys, they confirmed nutrition labeling to select healthier food(25.8%), while the girls read that to select low fat or low caloric food(72.1%, p<.001) The primary reason not to confirm nutrition labeling was habitual, unconscious purchase for both of the boys(48.5%) and girls(69.0%). The study found that the small size and complexity, no education, low trust of nutrition labeling were the other reasons. On the nutrition labeling, total calorie, fat, trans fat, were the items have different confirmation rate between boys and girls, while carbohydrate, protein, sugars, saturated fat, sodium were the items have not. 28.6% of students didn’t pass a simple nutrition labeling quiz.

Therefore, a proper education program to teach high school students to make them well aware of nutrition labeling and consider nutrients when they choose foods is required.

Grant Funding Source: Inha University

Grant Funding Source: supported by Inha University
Heavy trays lead to heavier meals (626.21)
Authors: Tal Aner , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

The studies aimed to determine whether carrying heavier trays leads to serving more food. In our studies, participants carried trays varying in weight and served themselves food for immediate consumption. In one study (N = 91), participants carrying heavy trays served themselves more small food servings (2.87) than did participants carrying light trays (2.36 cups), p = .06. Interestingly, even heavier trays (double the added weight) eliminated the increase (2.36). In another study participants (N = 46) carried the same types of trays used in the last study. There was a significant effect of tray weight on amount served, when controlling for gender and its interaction with tray weight and item type, p = .04. Participants picked more food (40.23 grams) with the medium weighed trays than with the light trays (30.55) or the double‐weighed trays (25.55). Burden on peoples’ trays appears to lead to increased serving of food, but extra burden eliminates these effects. It is possible that some burden reduces sensitivity to weight, allowing people to serve greater quantities of food without awareness. However, too great a burden can make carrying the trays difficult, and so reduce the amount served.
Physical burden leads to reduced weight and size estimates and increased consumption (626.22)
Authors: Tal Aner , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

The studies aimed to examine whether burden leads to estimation of lower product quantity and consequently increased consumption. In studies 1 (N = 55) and 2 (N = 56), participants carrying heavy (168 ounce), vs. light (126 ounce) shopping bags estimated the physical properties of pictured dishes (study 1) or physically presented baked goods (study 2). Participants carrying heavier shopping bags estimated lower average weight (13 ounces vs. 15.58), p = .01 for entrees and lower average diameter (4.92, vs. 5.66 inches), p = 03 for baked goods. In our third study we counted the number of shopping bags held by diners at a mall food court and estimated the calories in their meals, consulting objective dietary information when available. There was a significant effect of number of packages carried on calories such that those carrying a greater number of packages ordered more calories of food at the food court: F(1, 176) = 5.47, p = .02. The studies demonstrate that higher burden leads people to see food quantities as smaller and consume more caloric foods.
Dietary behavior and food preference of Korean high school students by gender (626.4)
Authors: Chang Kyung Ja , Lee Kyong Won
Published: June 2021

In order to investigate Korean high school students’ dietary behavior and food preference to provide some information for nutrition education, a cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire. The subjects were 276 high school students (male 138, female 138) in Incheon metropolitan city, Korea. The statistical data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 program. The average height and weight of male students are 174.5 cm and 66.1 kg, respectively. The average height and weight of female students are 162.3 cm and 51.9 kg, respectively. As for meal regularity, there was significant difference between male and female students (p<0.05); female student significantly more skipped dinner compared to male students. Female students ate snack such as sweet cookies, ice cream and chocolate more frequently compared to male students (p<0.01). As for eating speed, there was no significant difference between male and female students; most students ate a meal within 20 minutes. As for balanced meal, male students ate significantly more balanced meal compared to female students (p<0.01). As for food preference, male students significantly preferred meat (p<0.01), grain (p<0.05), milk (p<0.001) and female students significantly preferred fruit (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between male and female students in vegetable and fish preference which was low. Therefore, a variety of nutrition education program by gender should be developed to correct Korean high school students’ dietary behavior.
Nutrition knowledge scores affected dietary behavior and food choice among SMESY program participants in Korea (626.7)
Authors: Liu Yanan , Kim Kyoung‐ok , Yoon Leena , Park Hyunjin , Kim Hyun‐Sook
Published: June 2021

The Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management (SMESY) project, a lifestyle intervention program, was officially implemented across Seoul, Korea from March 2011. Primary purposes of SMESY project are to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome, thus to build up the wide‐scale prevention strategy. We performed face‐to‐face surveys to the 187 visitors who participated in SMESY program in local public health centers in Seoul. We tested the nutrition knowledge levels using seven yes or no questions regarding metabolic syndrome and diet. In addition, the subjects self‐assessed the willingness to refrain from high‐calorie, high‐carbohydrate, and high‐fat foods intake. We also applied the Food Choice Questionnaire to examine the relations between nutrition knowledge scores and motives of food choice. The subjects whose nutrition knowledge scores were high showed significantly stronger willingness to self‐control the high‐fat food intake (Pearson’s r=0.228, p=0.002). In addition, the subjects who got the higher nutrition knowledge scores considered ‘health’ and ‘weight control’ components as motives for food choice (r=0.201, p=006 and r=0.273, p=0.000, respectively). Other components in Food Choice Questionnaire such as ‘convenience’, ‘price’, familiarity’, ‘ethical issue’, natural ingredients’, ‘sensory’, and ‘mood’ were not correlated with nutrition knowledge scores. In conclusion, acquiring nutrition knowledge might directly affect the self‐willingness to correct the diet and induce the desirable motives for food choice.
Perceptions, concerns, and influence of growth charts among low‐income mothers (627.3)
Authors: Kim Juhee , Chagarlamudi Hemadhanvi
Published: June 2021

Perceptions, concerns, and influence of growth charts among low‐income mothers Juhee Kim & Hema Chagarlamudi, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC Growth charts (GC) information is widely used in pediatric clinics and WIC program to monitor infancy growth and development. However, relatively less information is available on the use and importance of GC among mothers and their influence on infant feeding decisions in relation to obesity prevention. The aim of this study was to assess mothers’ perception and concerns about the GC and their impact on breastfeeding rate. Participants were mother‐infant dyads enrolled in an eastern Illinois WIC office (n=106). Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses with covariates of age, sex, race, and birth weight were performed. 66.0% of mothers reported that a pediatrician introduced the GC while 51.9% reported that WIC staff introduced the GC. 88.7% of mothers said their provider showed them where their child falls on the GC, but 74.8% reported that they are not concerned about their child’s weight on the GC. 90.9% of mothers reported that their provider clearly explained the GC. 31.7% of mothers reported GC influenced their feeding practices. 29.3% of mothers had early termination of breastfeeding (<3 mo). Among mothers who stopped breastfeeding before 3 mo, 95.0% reported that they clearly understood the GC. 34.0% of mothers who said GC did not influence their feeding practices had early termination of breastfeeding while 21.7% of those influenced by the GC did (OR=1.58 CI=0.45‐5.54). 35.0% of mothers who were concerned with their child’s weight status had early termination of breastfeeding while 27.8% of those who were not concerned did (OR = 1.64 CI=0.49‐5.64). Most health care providers introduced GC but most mothers did not consider GC as important in their feeding practices or concerning. There is no relationship between GC and breastfeeding rate.

Grant Funding Source: National Research Foundation of Korea Grant (NRF‐2011‐330‐B00190), INSPIRE University of Illinois)
Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review (628.14)
Authors: Stoody Eve , McGrane Mary , MacNeil Patricia , Altman Jean , Fungwe Thomas , Lyon Joan , Obbagy Julie , Wong Yat Ping , Spahn Joanne
Published: June 2021

USDA’s Nutrition Evidence Library, in collaboration with a Technical Expert Collaborative, conducted a series of systematic reviews to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease (CVD). PubMed, Embase, Navigator and Cochrane were searched for original research articles published in English in peer‐reviewed journals from January 1980 to November 2012. Studies with subjects who were healthy or at elevated chronic disease risk from countries with high or very high human development were considered. Studies were required to have 蠅30 subjects per arm and a follow‐up of 蠅80%. 7000 titles were screened, 1500 abstracts underwent dual review, and 101 articles were included (84 from prospective cohorts, 17 from randomized controlled trials (RCT)). Articles were reviewed based on methods used to assess dietary patterns: index analysis, factor/cluster analysis (F/C), reduced rank regression (RRR) or other. Limited conclusions could be drawn from the F/C and RRR reviews due to inconsistent and insufficient evidence, respectively. The strongest, most consistent evidence was from positive‐quality cohort studies using index analysis and RCTs testing specific patterns. Overall, dietary patterns characterized by regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy and fish, and low in red and processed meat and added sugars, were associated with decreased risk of CVD.
Two distinctive dyslipidemia patterns were associated with dietary factors in urban Korean adults (628.15)
Authors: Song SuJin , Paik Hee Young , Park Minseon , Song YoonJu
Published: June 2021

Dyslipidemia, a predictor of cardiovascular disease and a component of metabolic syndrome, is prevalent among Korean adults, but little is known on its associations with dietary factors. In this cross‐sectional study, we examined dietary factors associated with dyslipidemia patterns in urban Korean adults. Subjects were recruited from the family medicine division of the general hospital in Seoul between 2010 and 2012. Subjects who had complete three days of 24‐hour dietary recalls and given blood samples three times at hospital visits over nine months and taken no hypolipidemic medications were included in the study. Factor analysis was used in identifying dyslipidemia patterns based on total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglyceride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). Two distinctive dyslipidemia patterns identified were 1) high TC and LDL‐C and 2) high TG with low HDL‐C. The high TC and LDL‐C pattern scores were positively associated (p < 0.05) with intakes of total fat, energy from fat, and dietary cholesterol but inversely with intakes of dietary fiber, iron, and vegetables. The high TG with low HDL‐C pattern scores were inversely related (p < 0.05) to intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, milk and dairy products. Two dyslipidemia patterns were independently associated with dietary factors in urban Korean adults.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Basic Science Research Program of National Research Foundation of Korea (2010‐0004536)
Fruit and vegetable intake in urban Mexican women (628.22)
Authors: Gaona‐Pineda Elsa , Cuevas‐Nasu Lucia , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Sonia , Gomez‐Acosta Luz , Almeida Sonia , Shamah‐Levy Teresa
Published: June 2021

Objective: To quantify the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) of Mexican women from urban areas assessed by three multiple‐pass 24 hour recalls.

Methods: A 355 women from 12 to 59y from a probabilistic, multi‐stage and representative sample from urban areas was analyzed. All the data was from the study “Food consumption in urban Mexican population”. The intake of FV was estimated through three 24 hours recalls in non‐consecutive days. Roots, juices, beverages or recipes with fats and sugar or made by cooking methods that modifies the composition of the FV were excluded. The adequacy of the intake of FV was evaluated considering compliance with recommendations of 400g/day defined by World Health Organization. Associations between FV consumption and overweight or socioeconomic status were evaluated. Estimations were weighted according to the survey design.

Results: The three days average of FV intake was 90.7g/d (CI95%: 73.9g/d‐107.5g/d). It was higher for fruits than vegetables (64.2g vs. 26.3g). High socioeconomic status women had a higher consumption of FV (125.7g/d; IC 95%: 98.0g/d ‐153.4 g/d) than the lowest ones (37.9g/d; IC 95%: 18.8 g/d‐57.0 g/d). Only 1.5% (CI 95%: 0.6%‐ 4%) of women had an adequate intake of FV for two days and 11.7% (CI 95%: 7.5% ‐ 18%) for one day, none of the urban Mexican women showed an adequate consumption of FV for three days. No significant association between overweight and FV intake was found.

Conclusions: A very low consumption of FV was determined in Mexican women from urban areas by a highly precise dietary assessment method. This should be considered to develop public policies addressed to improve diet and prevent chronic diseases in these women.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Nestle Mexico
Comparison between nutritional status and the health statuses of Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and those of Chinese patients (628.23)
Authors: Nakao Motoyuki , Ishihara Yoko
Published: June 2021

[Background] We previously reported that the Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) showed inferior health statuses to Japanese patients (Yamaguchi M. et al., BMC Public Health 13: 754 (2013)). However, the factors affecting the health status of the patients have not yet been studied. Malnutrition among the patients with advanced COPD causes weight loss, which has been identified as a poor‐prognostic factor. In this study, we examined the relationships between the health status and body mass index (BMI) as a nutritional status‐factor in the patients with COPD in Japan and China.

[Methods] From 2008 to 2011, we examined the factors affecting the health status of Japanese and Chinese populations in six cities. Participants were patients with COPD and healthy subjects, aged 50 to 79 years. Health status was measured by using the COOP/WONCA charts, and basic information such as body weight and medical history was reported by the participants.

[Results] 782 subjects participated in this study. The BMI uncorrelated with the severity of COPD both in Japanese and Chinese patients. When subjects were divided in two groups (BMI>25, BMI25 group than those in the BMI<25 group in Chinese patients. “Physical fitness” of healthy Chinese in the BMI 25 group. No significant difference in the health status was observed among the Japanese patients and healthy subjects between the BMI>25 and <25 groups.

[Conclusions] These results suggested that the nutritional control may improve the health status in the Chinese patients with COPD.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research and “MEXT‐Supported Program” in Japan
Genome‐wide association study for the interaction between BMR and BMI in Korean obese females (628.24)
Authors: Choi Jung Ran , Kwon Dae Young , Kim Myung‐Sunny , Lee Myoungsook
Published: June 2021

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), and the closely related resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of energy expended daily by humans and other animals at rest. BMR accounts for approximately 45% to 70% of total energy expenditure in most healthy adults and affect by age, gender, body surface area, body and genetic composition, and hormonal status directly. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic factors associated with the interaction of BMR and body mass index (BMI) in obese women. A genome‐wide association analysis of 678,839 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 77 Korean obese and normal weight females was performed. Using regression and stepwise analysis, we investigated what factors preferentially involved in the interaction of BMR and BMI. Quantitative trait association analyses (PLINK) for BMR and BMI in 77 obese individuals (BMR>1426.3kcal/day and BMI>23kg/m2) and normal‐weight controls (BMR<1426.3kcal/day and BMI<23kg/m2) were performed. 140 SNPs achieved formal genome‐wide statistical significance in this study (P<1x10‐4). There was a significant association between NRG3 gene SNPs in the 10q23.1 chromosomal region and BMR (rs10786764, P=8.0x10‐7). FGGY gene SNP rs6676078 also reached genome‐wide significance (P=8.3x10‐5). Weaker associations (P<1x10‐5) with BMR were found in TNR, B3GNT2, FZD7, OR2Y1, MGAT1, NPAS3, PKD1L2 and SETBP1 genes. Seven other genes‐related to BMI (HSD52, TMA16, MARCH1, DGKI, NRG1, NRXN3 and STK4) yielded P<10x10‐4. The five genes associated with BMR and BMI were NRG3, OR8U8, BCL2L2‐PABPN1, PABPN1, and SLC22A17 (P<1x10‐4) in common. Twenty‐two genes/chromosome regions reached genome‐wide association significance (P<1x10‐4, 44 SNPs) in our GWAS. Five common genes (NRG3, OR8U8, BCL2L2‐PABPN1, PABPN1, and SLC22A17) yielded P < 1 x 10‐5 in BMR and BMI. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic etiology of obesity related to BMR. These results will serve as a resource for replication and validation identified with BMR and BMI.

Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by KFRI 2011(11162KFDA154) and funded by the MEST (2010‐0000147).
Displacement of caloric beverages by plain water intake in adults with low socioeconomic status in Cuernavaca, Mexico (628.25)
Authors: Illescas Zarate Daniel , Espinosa Montero Juan , Flores Aldana Mario , Monterrubio Flores Eric , Barquera Cervera Simón
Published: June 2021

This work analyzes the ratio between caloric beverages and plain water (PW) according to the PW intake in Mexican adults of low socioeconomic status (LSE) in Cuernavaca, Mexico.

In a cross‐sectional study, we evaluated fluid intake using 24‐hour dietary recall designed specifically to assess beverages. CB was defined as beverages that provide energy, except those with non‐caloric sweetener. Participants were classified into 5 groups based on PW intake (non‐drinkers and quartiles). Anthropometric measurements were taken, and physical activity was assessed using a validated tool. The difference between the 5 groups was evaluated using variance analysis with Bonferroni correction. Data was analyzed using Heckman regression model with robust standard errors adjusted by confounders.

A total of 1385 adults were evaluated between 21 and 65 years. As PW intake increased, we observed lower per capita intake of CB (p<0.001) with the exception of natural juice which was higher (p<0.01). The intake of soft drinks, whole milk, and non‐sweetened beverages between quartiles remained stable. The ratio between CB and PW showed a negative tendency between quartiles: for each ml of PW, CB intake was 3.3, 1.3, 0.68 and 0.38 ml in quartiles 1 to 4 respectively (p <0.001). Using the Heckman model, we observed that PW consumers had a 0.5 lower chance of consuming CB (p=0.029) and for each ml of PW, the intake of CB decreased by 0.192mL (p<0.001) adjusting for non‐caloric beverage intake, age, gender, education level, BMI and physical activity.

We conclude that higher intake of PW is associated with lower intake of CB. This relationship suggests that in population may decrease CB intake by increasing PW intake.
Relationship between BDNF and cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults (629.8)
Authors: Lee Okhee , Chung Yongsam , Moon Jongwha
Published: June 2021

Dementia and cognitive impairment would be important health problems in Korean society, where the aged population is rapidly increasing. The high blood pressure, deficiency of vitamin D and micro‐minerals, diabetes, dyslipidemia are known to influence the cognitive function negatively in the elderly. In this study we measured the BDNF and risk factors for cardiometaboic disease, vitamin D status and serum apoE level in general people living Keunggi‐do. 111 subjects aged over 40 years were recruited in this study. Hs‐CRP, cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, hba1c, insulin level, vitamin D, apoE level in blood and serum mineral contents were measured. As anthropometric and physiological parameters were also measured such as body fat%, waist‐hip ratio, height, weight, BMI, SBP, DBP were measured. Serum Hs‐CRP, cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, vitamin D, apoE level showed significant difference by gender. In men serum vitamin D level showed correlation with BDNF level, in contrast not in female. In female we cannot find any association of blood BDNF level with other marker. In conclusion, this study showed that a wide investigation with a great size of sample is necessary to find out the risk factors for cognitive impairment in ageing adults

Grant Funding Source: Korea National Research Foundation
The need for a DRI‐like process for bioactives: rethinking the essential nutrient paradigm (630.6)
Authors: Lupton Joanne , Hathcock John , Griffiths James
Published: June 2021

Bioactives (BA) can be defined as “Constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status.” Consumers are seeking out and purchasing food and supplement products containing BA, yet since there is no evaluative process in place, the public is unaware of how strong the science is behind the benefits or the quantative amounts needed to achieve these desired effects. It is important to develop a paradigm suitable for evaluating and designating a DRI‐like standing to these BA. That would elevate their status and make consumption or lack thereof part of nutrition public policy. Although traditional “essential” nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids and protein have substantiated and referenced Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) there is no such evaluative and decision‐making process for BA. A major difference between BA and essential nutrients is that the absence of a BA in the diet does not result in a deficiency disease. Consequently: 1) It is necessary to base a BA DRI value on decreased risk of disease rather than a deficiency endpoint and, 2) When an essential nutrient is absent from the diet there is a 100% chance that the deficiency endpoint will occur contrasted to the absence of a specific BA from the diet may show a decreased (<100%) risk of disease.
Consumer perception in Argentina around the use of stevia in foods and beverages to reduce sugar intake (631.1)
Authors: Kapica Cathy
Published: June 2021

Argentina has a significant and growing rate of overweight and obesity. Dietary guidance recommends reduction of energy intake, particularly from sugars. Assessing acceptable alternatives will help achieve this goal. To determine knowledge, attitude and acceptance of sweeteners, including stevia, 1000 subjects representative of the Argentine population completed an internet survey; 50% were female, ranging in age from 18‐64 years, with 61% having children in the household. Respondents overwhelmingly preferred natural origin sweeteners, with the top choices for taste being honey (91%), sugar (88%) and stevia (67%). 84% of respondents agreed that stevia is safe for adults, compared to 86% for honey. In households with children, 72% want foods for their children with less sugar, 19% without sugar, and 9% with current levels of sugar. Yet, 60% of households with children do not consider artificial sweeteners acceptable for children. In households with children, 84% agreed that honey, 74% that stevia and 48% that sugar was safe for children. Those households with teenagers expressed stronger purchase intent for foods and beverages with stevia to help reduce dietary sugar intake. Using a natural‐origin intense sweetener with zero calories, such as stevia, may help reduce dietary sugars and calories while maintaining consumer acceptance for taste and healthfulness.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Global Stevia Institute
Vitamin D: intake of Americans from diet and supplements (632.10)
Authors: Barainca Pamela , Rhodes Donna , Clemens John , Moshfegh Alanna
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D (VitD) is the topic of intense public and scientific interest. Inadequate levels of VitD are associated with osteoporosis, and may play a role in certain cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. The objective of this study is to quantify the mean (±SE) intake of VitD from diet and dietary supplements (DS) using day 1 dietary intake data of individuals 2 years and over (n= 9,042) from What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2009‐2010. DS usage was determined using the 2009‐2010 NHANES day 1 24‐hour dietary supplements data. Mean daily VitD intake from food/beverages was 5.3 (± 0.11) mcg per person. More than one‐fourth of individuals (28%) consumed a DS containing VitD, increasing their total daily VitD intake by fourfold. Their mean daily VitD intake from food/beverages and from DS containing VitD was 5.6 (± 0.21) mcg and 24.5 (± 1.93) mcg, respectively, resulting in a mean total daily dietary intake of 30.1 (±1.99) mcg. Based on WWEIA Food Categories, the largest contributor of VitD to the diet regardless of DS usage was milk (49%), followed by fish (10%), eggs (7%), and ready‐to‐eat cereals (6%). Additional results on VitD intake by diet and DS usage will be described for select population groups.
Activity of JSNFS and status of nutritional science in Japan (632.18)
Authors: Kato Hisanori
Published: June 2021

Japan Society of Nutrition and Food Science (JSNFS) was established in 1947 and to contribute advancement and dissemination in nutrition and food science and therefore, public health in Japan through providing and exchanging information on nutrition and food science. It has 4,500 active members and has long placed high value on international activities. JSNFS hosted Asian Congress of Nutrition (ACN) in 1987 and will hold the 12th ACN in 2015. It co‐organized International Congress of Nutrition (ICN) in 1975 and will take a pivotal role in hosting the 22nd ICN in 2021. I will introduce other activities of JSNFS including IUNS workshop and deep cooperations with nutrition societies of many countries.

In the second part of my talk, a brief overview of the past and present status of nutritional science in Japan will be provided. Topics covered will include historical aspects, secrets behind the longevity of Japanese people, superb systems of school lunch and food education, and food safety issues. Also, brief introductions will be made of the topnotch basic researches, the functional food system, and health‐related policies, which will be the topics of the following presentations.