bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Relationship between the Complexity Level of Different Solutions and the Cognitive Level of In-Class Student Questions
Authors: ZAİMOĞLU Şerife , EZENTAŞ Rıdvan , ÖZGELDİ Meriç
Published: October 2022

Bu araştırma, matematik derslerinde yapılan sokratik seminerlerde diyalojik yapının ne ölçüde ortaya çıktığını ve bu diyalojik yapının öğrenci sorularının bilişsel düzeyine etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmaya 2018-2019
ders yılı güz döneminde bir devlet okulunda öğrenimine devam eden 7. sınıf toplam 20 öğrenci katılmıştır. Seminerlerde diyalojik yapının ne ölçüde orta çıktığını belirlemek için Reznitskaya’nın (2012) Sınıf İçi Konuşmaların Göstergeleri
ve sınıf içi öğrenci sorularının bilişsel düzeyini belirlemek için Yenilenmiş Bloom Taksonomisi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizi betimsel analiz yaklaşımı kullanılarak
yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda ilk bulgular seminerlerde gerçekleşen konuşmaların öğretmenin diyalojik tartışmaları yürütürken monolojik boyuttan diyalojik boyuta geçiş durumunu yansıttığı yönündedir. Son olarak araştırmacı
tarafından seminerlerde ortaya çıkan farklı çözüm yollarının karmaşıklık düzeyi kodlanmıştır. Çözüm yolları ile ilgili kodlamaların analizinde uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Her farklı çözüm yoluna yönelik sınıf içi öğrenci sorularının
bilişsel düzeyi belirlendikten sonra sorular düşük düzey, orta düzey (orta-1, orta-2) ve yüksek düzey olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Analizler sokratik seminerlerde öğrencilerin çoğunlukla orta düzeyde sorular sorduğu ve düşük düzeyde
çok az miktarda soru sordukları hatta yüksek yüzeyde sorulan soruların düşük düzeyde sorulan sorulardan fazla olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla beraber seminerlerde ortaya çıkan farklı çözüm yollarının karmaşıklık düzeyleri ve bu
çözüm yollarına yönelik sınıf içi öğrenci sorularının bilişsel düzeyleri arasında zayıf da olsa pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r=,469, p<,01). Bu sonuçlardan hareketle sınıfta farklı çözüm yollarının keşfedilmesinin
ve bunların üzerine gerçekleştirilecek konuşmaların diyalojik tartışmaları tetiklediği ve sınıf içi öğrenci sorularının bilişsel düzeyine katkı sağladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
An Investigation of Future Orientation, Resilience, Life Satisfaction and Career Adaptability in High School Students in Terms of Some Variables
Authors: GÜLŞEN Cennet
Published: October 2022

Bu araştırmanın amacı lisede okuyan ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerin gelecek oryantasyonu, yılmazlık, yaşam doyumu ve kariyer uyumu yeteneğini demografik değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada üç farklı lisede
okuyan 360 kişiden oluşan öğrencilerden geleceği tasarlama ölçeği, yaşam doyumu ölçeği ve kariyer uyumu yeteneği ölçeği kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırma için Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi
Araştırma Kurulunun 30.08.2021 Tarih ve 100-6884 sayılı kararı ile etik izni alınmıştır. Veriler anket yöntemi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 23 istatistik programı kullanılarak yüzde, frekans, aritmetik ortalama, standart
sapması hesaplanmıştır. Gruplar arasındaki farkın incelenmesinde ise t testi ile Anova (Tek yönlü varyans) analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin geleceği tasarlama ölçeği geneli ve yılmazlık boyutu açısından
önemli farklılıklar olmadığı tespit edilirken, gelecek oryantasyonu boyutunda sınıf düzeyi yükseldikçe gelecek oryantasyonunda azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaşam doyumu ile incelenen demografik değişkenlerden sınıf düzeyi yükseldikçe
yaşam doyumunda azalma olduğu ve baba eğitim düzeyi arttıkça öğrencilerin yaşam doyumunda artış olduğu bulunurken diğer değişkenler açısından önemli farklılıklar olmadığı bulunmuştur. Kariyer uyumu yeteneği ve alt boyutlarından
ilgi, merak ve kontrol boyutunda incelenen değişkenler açısından önemli farklılık göstermediği izlenirken kariyer güveni boyutunda sınıf düzeyi yükseldikçe kariyer güveninde azalma olduğu gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen
bulgular eşliğinde öğrencilerin sınıf düzeyi yükseldikçe yaşam doyumlarının, gelecek oryantasyonunun ve kariyer güvenlerinin azalmasının nedeninin geleceğe yönelik kaygı düzeylerdeki artma olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu aşamada
öğrencilere gelecek farkındalığı, geleceği planlama eğitimi, kaygıyla baş etme yılmazlık ve kariyer güveni eğitimlerinin verilmesinin faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
A Study on Reading Motivation of Secondary School Students
Authors: EPÇAÇAN Cevdet
Published: October 2022

Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin okumaya ilişkin motivasyonlarının ne düzeyde olduğunu belirlemektir. Araştırmanın yöntemi olarak betimsel araştırma desenlerinden tarama modeline başvurulmuştur. Tarama Modeli doğrultusunda
veri toplama aracı olarak, Wigfield ve Guthrie (1995) tarafından ilk defa 1995 yılında 82 madde olarak hazırlanan ve Epçaçan ve Gürel (2016) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlama – geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan "Okuma Motivasyonu
Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada Siirt ili merkezinde yer alan bütün resmi ve özel ortaokulların tüm sınıf düzeylerinde okuyan öğrenciler çalışmanın evrenini oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi olarak seçkisiz olmayan uygun
örneklemeye başvurulmuştur. Verilerin analizinde parametrik testlerden yararlanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracının Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı .90 olarak bulunmuştur. Veri analizi sonucunda kız öğrencilerin okuma motivasyonlarının
erkek öğrencilerin okuma motivasyonundan daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin önemli bir çoğunluğunun boş zamanını sosyal medya ve televizyon izleyerek geçirdikleri, günde sadece 1 saat okumaya ayırdıkları, ders çalışmaya
ayırdıkları sürenin birkaç saat olduğu, aylık okudukları kitap sayısının düşük olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Boş zamanını kitap okumaya ayıran öğrenciler, kitap okumaya günde 2-3 saat ile 4 saat ve üzeri zaman ayıran öğrenciler,
daha çok bilimsel kitaplar, şiir, masal, roman öykü türünde kitapları okuyan öğrencilerin okumaya ilişkin motivasyonlarının diğer gruplardaki öğrencilerin okuma motivasyonlarından daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Günlük 4 saat
ve üzeri ders çalışan öğrenciler ile aylık 4 ve üzeri kitap okuduğunu belirten öğrencilerin okumaya ilişkin motivasyonlarının diğer gruplardaki öğrencilerin okuma motivasyonlarından daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırma Siirt
Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’nun 12. 01. 2022 -1966 tarih ve sayılı kararının onayıyla yapılmıştır.
Metaphorical Perceptions of Faculty of Education Students Regarding The Chemistry Laboratory
Authors: Burak ŞENÖZ Ahmet , ATABEK Elif
Published: October 2022

Kimya eğitimi için oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olan kimya laboratuvarlarının, öğrencilerin zihninde nasıl canlandırıldığı ve diğer kavramlarla nasıl ilişkili olduğunun belirlenmesi, fen ve kimya eğitimcilerinin öğretimlerini tasarlamaları
sürecinde önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının kimya laboratuvarına yönelik metaforik algılarının tespit edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden
olgu bilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 144 Fen Bilgisi ve Sınıf öğretmeni adayları oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak
araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen ve “Kimya laboratuvarı ……… benzer. Çünkü………..” ifadelerinin bulunduğu bir form kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan bu form için Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları ve Yayın Etik Kurulu’ndan E-61923333-050,99-105411
sayılı izin alındıktan sonra form katılımcılara çevrim içi şekilde uygulanmıştır. Çeşitli aşamalarda gerçekleştirilen ayrıştırma süreci ile verilerin uygunluğunun araştırılmasından sonra, sorunlu olarak tespit edilen 12 verinin
araştırma kapsamından çıkarılması ile toplam 132 veri ile çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Analiz sonucunda katılımcı öğretmen adaylarının toplam 56 metafor geliştirdikleri
ve bu metaforların 11 kategori altında toplandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu metaforlardan 46’sının frekansı bir iken, geriye kalan metaforları üreten katılımcı sayısı ise 2 ile 49 arasında değişmektedir. Sıralamada ilk beşte yer
alan metaforlar ise Mutfak (49 katılımcı, %37.1), Hayat (10 katılımcı, %7.6), Doğa (5 katılımcı, %3.8), Yemek Yapmak (4 katılımcı, %3) ve Dünya (3 katılımcı, %2.3) şeklindedir. Öte yandan, metaforların çeşitli demografik verilere
göre incelenmesi de gerçekleştirilmiştir.
The Relationship Between School Administrators' Servant Leadership Behaviors and Teachers' Perceptions of Organizational Cynicism
Authors: SAĞIR Mahmut , ÜNAL Süleyman Refik
Published: October 2022

Bu araştırmada, okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışları ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, betimsel tarama modellerinden ilişkisel tarama modelinde desenlenmiştir.
Araştırmanın evrenini, 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılında Kahramanmaraş ilindeki ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim kurumlarında görev yapan 8199 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise evrenden “Basit Seçkisiz Örnekleme” yöntemiyle
belirlenen 406 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr davranışlarını belirlemek için Cohen ve Colwell (2011) tarafından geliştirilen ve Konan, Demir ve Karakuş (2015) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan
“Hizmetkâr Liderlik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algılarına ilişkin veriler ise Sağır ve Oğuz (2012) tarafından geliştirilen “Örgütsel Sinizm Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda okul yöneticilerin
hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarının “Çoğu zaman” düzeyinde, öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algılarının ise “Katılmıyorum” düzeyinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu duruma göre; okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarını
sergileme düzeylerinin ortalamanın üzerinde, öğretmenlerin sinizm algılarının ise ortalamanın altında olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada, okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışları ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm
algıları arasında; orta düzeyde ve ters yönlü istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna göre okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarının düzeyi arttıkça, öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algı düzeylerinin
azaldığı; okul yöneticilerinin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarının düzeyi düştükçe, öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algı düzeylerinin yükseldiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırmada, okul yöneticilerin hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarının öğretmenlerin
örgütsel sinizm algısını % 33 oranında yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
The Impact of Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion on the Performance of MSME in Bogor City
Authors: Puspitasari Ratih , Astrini Danti
Published: October 2022

Aims: This study aims to analyze the impact of financial literacy and inclusion on the performance of MSMEs in the Bogor city region. The existence of MSMEs in Bogor city has an essential role that needs to analyze through financial literacy and inclusion approaches.

Methodology: The respondents were selected through a non-probability sampling technique, mainly purposive sampling. Primary data was gathered by using a self-administered questionnaire with five points Likert scale. Multiple regression was conducted to analyze the research hypotheses determined.

Results: The results, financial literacy, partially has a significant effect on MSMEs’ performance. Unfortunately, financial inclusion did not support by empirical data. Nevertheless, financial literacy and inclusion simultaneously significantly affect MSMEs’ performance in the Bogor city region.
School Quality Assurance Guidelines: Status of Implementation in Private Secondary Schools in Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Ngemoyo Monica Daud , Mwila Prospery Mwansa
Published: October 2022

School Quality Assurance Guidelines (SQAGs) were adopted in Tanzania as a lens through which the quality standards in all aspects of school life would be monitored, assessed, evaluated and reported. This study sought to assess the implementation of school quality assurance guidelines in private secondary schools in Sumbawanga Municipality. It was underpinned by the Value-Added Theory by Neil Smelser (1962). The study was guided by two objectives: to describe the extent to which academic staff qualifications and teaching abilities in private secondary schools meet the school quality assurance guidelines, and to assess the quality of facilities and infrastructure in private secondary schools. The study employed convergent parallel design under mixed research approach method. Sample sizes of 94 participants were involved in the study including teachers, heads of schools, Municipal Education Officer, and School Quality Assurance Officers. Data was gathered through questionnaires, interview guides and observation checklists. Quantitative data was coded by using descriptive statistics with the support of Statistical Package for Social Science version 21. Qualitative data were organized into themes and analyzed thematically. The results show that to a large extent private secondary schools met the quality assurance guidelines due to quality of facilities and infrastructures. Also, it was revealed that private secondary schools faced challenges in the implementation of quality assurance guidelines such as shortage of funds, high taxes, inadequate number of teachers- to mention but a few. The study recommended that private secondary schools should be more committed in implementing quality assurance guidelines through developing quality assurance plans and programs and develop school generating income activities. Additionally, the study recommended for the government to provide support and subsides to private secondary schools to remedy the challenges and enhance the implementation of quality assurance guidelines.
Environmental Factors Associated with Fish Diversity in Two Tributaries of River Chittar, Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sajen S. H. , Sabaridasan A. , Devi K. Sabari Sorna , Kanthimathi M. , Palanikani R. , Soranam R.
Published: October 2022

In the present research, we examined Ichthyofaunal diversity, habitat preferences, and environmental variables in the Chittar River tributaries in Tamilnadu, India. The species composition is comprised of 14 species representing 4 orders, 6 families, and 12 genera. Cyprinids were the most abundant group in the assemblage composition of fishes, which was approximately 61.5%-83.33%. According to the Shannon-diversity index of fish populations in the study streams, the upstream of New Falls and the Harihara river reveal a high species richness. Among the recorded fish species, Puntius arenatus, belonging to the family Cyprinidae, is in the vulnerable categories of the IUCN List. However, the fish species exhibited a higher density in the headwaters upstream and the density decreased in the downstream. However, bedrock and boulders were observed as the predominant substrates in upstreams (sites 1 and 3) throughout the seasons. The results of Principal Component analysis of water quality factors and fish abundance and species richness revealed that dissolved oxygen, total hardness, and alkalinity have less impact on fish abundance, whereas TDS and conductivity had a substantial correlation in all downstreams. Fish were influenced by a diverse natural and anthropogenic longitudinal pattern, as well as regional disturbances induced by adjacent land users.
Performance Comparison of Imputation Methods for Mixed Data Missing at Random with Small and Large Sample Data Set with Different Variability
Authors: Afari Kyei Baffour , Lewis Christina Nicole Holder
Published: October 2022

One of the concerns in the field of statistics is the presence of missing data, which leads to bias in parameter estimation and inaccurate results. However, the multiple imputation procedure is a remedy for handling missing data. This study looked at the best multiple imputation methods used to handle mixed variable datasets with different sample sizes and variability along with different levels of missingness. The study employed the predictive mean matching, classification and regression trees, and the random forest imputation methods. For each dataset, the multiple regression parameter estimates for the complete datasets were compared to the multiple regression parameter estimates found with the imputed dataset. The results showed that the random forest imputation method was the best for mostly a sample of 500 irrespective of the variability. The classification and regression tree imputation methods worked best mostly on sample of 30 irrespective of the variability.
Effect of Direction and Distance of Moringa oleifera on Growth and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Authors: Sharmin Tamanna , Parvin Shohana , Miah Md. Mainuddin , Mondal Satyen , Sharmin Noor Shaila , Das Sridebi , Haq Md Azizul
Published: October 2022

A field experiment was conducted at the moringa-based experimental farm of the Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur from November 2020 to September 2021. The aim of the study was to assess how well cabbage performed and adapted to various orientations and distances from the moringa tree. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Four different directions along with one control plot were used as factor A and different distances from tree base was treated as factor B. The data of some ecophysiological parameters like maximum light intensity and soil temperature were noticed in south direction and the widest distance from tree base. The highest soil moisture was found at north direction. Most of the growth parameters showed better performance in open field compared to shade condition. In the case of interaction effect, the south direction and the widest distance (180 cm) from moringa tree base showed the highest number of outer leaves, head length, width, head diameter, head length, and head weight compared to other directions and distances. Concurrently, the maximum total yield and marketable yield were recorded from 180 cm in south direction whereas the lowest yield was found at the closest distance (80 cm) and east direction. The marketable yield of south, west, north, and east directions were reduced by 8.43, 14.87, 23.86 and 31.52% as compared to open field. At 130 cm and 80 cm distance the yield was reduced by 16.42 and 32.26% as compared to 180 cm distance from tree base. The current findings suggested that cabbage may be grown in partial shade in moringa-based agroforestry production systems without enduring significant yield losses.
Client Awareness and Effectiveness of the Information Dissemination Strategies of a Prosecution Office in Negros Occidental
Authors: Legaspi Carmen Jesusa B. , Legaspi Ma. Judy B. , Jr. Carlos Eduardo I. Legaspi,
Published: October 2022

Aims: This paper assessed the clients’ awareness and effectiveness of the traditional and modern information dissemination strategies of a prosecution office in Negros Occidental when the clients are taken as a whole and grouped according to geographical location and services availed from the said office. It also identified the challenges encountered by the clients with the information dissemination strategies of the prosecution office.

Study Design: This study used the quantitative-descriptive research design.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among the clients of the prosecution office in Negros Occidental, Philippines from June to July 2021.

Methodology: Through a validated and reliability-tested researcher-made survey instrument, data were gathered from 50 clients who availed of the services of the prosecution office from June to July 2021. Data on clients’ awareness and challenges encountered on the information dissemination strategies were treated using frequency and percentage distribution. Meanwhile, data on the level of effectiveness of the strategies were treated using mean and standard deviation.

Results: As a whole, 83% of the respondents (f=415) are aware of the information dissemination strategies of the prosecution office on the average. Overall, the level of effectiveness of the information dissemination strategies of the prosecution office is very high (M=4.32, SD=0.70). The

most common challenges encountered by the clients with the information dissemination strategies of the office are limited usage of modern tools for more effective and faster dissemination of information (f=9, %=18), no print and broadcast media for updates on its services (f=8, %=16), no mechanism for feedbacks on the information relayed to the clients and the public (f=7, %=14), no well-established system for disseminating information to the clients and the public (f=6, %=12), and no assigned personnel who takes the responsibility of disseminating the information to the clients and the public (f=6, %=12).

Conclusion: Information dissemination is one of the responsibilities of the government to the people. To apprise the public of updates relating to the functions and services of government offices, there should be effective dissemination tools that can transmit the information from the source to the receiver. Despite the emergence of many modern tools to facilitate communication, people still hold on to the relevance and importance of the traditional tools; thus, the role of the traditional tools in any context or environment will be irreplaceable.
Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Equations by a Twelth-Order Iterative Method with Memory
Authors: Hassan M. , Aslam M. , Asghar A. , Ahmad S. , Rasheed I. , Shah F. A. , Qayyum A.
Published: October 2022

Some real life mathematical problems can be converted in the form of nonlinear equations. Solving such problems by analytical approaches is dificult in many situations. Hence numerical solution is the best way in this case. In this paper, a twelth-order iterative scheme for solvingnonlinear equations is presented and analyzed in terms of eciency. The new scheme is derived from the well-known King's method with order of convergence eight. We extend eighth-order King's method to an iterative method with memory of order 12:16 by using famous Newton'sinterpolating polynomial of degree 6 to avoid the derivative used in King's method. The new derived method is a three-step and is totally derivative free with twelth order of convergence. The method requires four functional evaluations at each iteration introducing high efficiency index of (12:16) 1/4 = 1:8673: Convergence order of new method is also studied. It is achieved by using matrix method of Herzburger. Numerical results are also provided to support theoretical analysis. Comparison of the derived scheme with previously well-known iterative schemes of the same order is also presented. As diffierent schemes of same order has efficiency index of (12)1/6 = 1:5131 because they requires six functional evaluations at each iteration, hence the proposed scheme is better than other schemes.
Form and Function in Biological Macromolecules: Kinetic Stability is Key, with Oblique Roles for Intramolecularity and Hydrophobicity in Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sosale
Published: October 2022

Certain structure-reactivity aspects of biological macromolecules, with particular emphasis on protein folding and enzyme catalysis, are discussed herein. Furthermore, the role played by the hydrophobic effect and intramolecularity in enzymic reactivity are evaluated afresh, with new insights of much importance in chemical biology.

Thus, the sum of the energies of the hydrogen bonds constituting the tertiary structures of proteins, determines the overall Gibbs energy of activation for loss of conformational integrity. As protein molecules of even modest size consist of a relatively large number of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, the activation barrier to even partial unfolding of the α-helices and β-sheets forming the tertiary structure would be prohibitively high under normal conditions.

The resulting kinetic stability conserves the natural conformation of a protein molecule established at the ribosomal site of synthesis, carrying the molecule through the thick-and-thin of a range of metabolic pathways during its ‘journey of life’. However, protein molecules also acquire flexibility via ‘strain delocalization’ (Ramachandran plots being relevant), thus enabling stabilization of multiple transition states along a pathway (particularly in case of covalent enzyme-substrate complexes).

Two mechanistic features of enzyme catalysis that have been exhaustively studied are intramolecularity and the hydrophobic effect. Although intramolecularity has for long been touted as the origin of enzymic reactivity, this can be challenged on fundamental physical-organic grounds. Intriguingly, however, the collapse of the classical Michaelis-Menten mechanism for enzyme catalysis leads to a reconsideration of the role of intramolecularity, although not as hitherto envisaged. Thus, a majority of enzymes apparently form covalent enzyme-substrate complexes—possibly also exergonically—so the subsequent reactions at the active site may well benefit from the traditional propinquity effect: The critical caveat would be the highly exergonic formation of final products.

It is argued that the hydrophobic effect—although intuitively reasonable—is difficult to pin down quantitatively, model systems (including micelles) leading to inconsistent and debatable results. However, the hydrophobic effect likely contributes to enzymic reactivity along with charge-relay via the proteinic backbone.
Tourism Post COVID-19: What’s New in Indonesian Tourism Demand Trends?
Authors: Wachyuni Suci Sandi , Murhadi . , Wiweka Kadek , Wardhana Irwanda Wisnu
Published: October 2022

Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to determine Indonesian tourism demand trends and gather understanding into how to restore tourism following the Covid-19 pandemic.

Methodology: This study employs a quantitative approach and was conducted in Indonesia                        in March-April 2020. Data was collected using a survey method via social media                          broadcast messages, with 100 respondents. Descriptive statistics were utilized in the data analysis technique.

Main Findings: According to the findings of this study, the decrease in the number of domestic tourists is less than that of foreign tourists. Natural and culinary tourism destinations in the country are the most popular, particularly for short trips. This study also discovered that after the Covid-19 pandemic, tourists have positive travel intentions.

Implication/Applications: This study's theoretical implication is that catastrophic diseases like Covid-19 have a significant impact on tourist visits and demand. The practical implication of this research is that destination managers, governments, and business stakeholders could utilize this information to develop a tourism development strategy following the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Originality of the Study: The limitation of this research is the data collection method which is dominated by surveys. Therefore, further research is expected to conduct an in-depth study related to the reasons tourists are interested in post-covid traveling.
Controversy and the Role of the Existence of the Traditional Alcohol Beverages (Arak Bali) Industry on the Development of Custom Village
Authors: Wijaya Putu Yudy , Suasih Ni Nyoman Reni , Wibawa I Putu Sastra
Published: October 2022

Aims: The discussion of traditional alcoholic beverages is an interesting and sensitive subject. Arak Bali is one of the traditional Balinese alcoholic drinks. This study examines further the controversy over the Balinese fermented and/or distillated beverage industry, especially after various regulations have been issued. In addition, this research also needs to pay attention to the role of the arak industry in the development of traditional villages.

Study Design:  Descriptive study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study held during in the middle of 2022.

Methodology: This study is a descriptive study, where data were collected through FGDs, literature reviews, and questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques, both qualitatively and descriptively.

Results: Arak Bali as a prospective industry to improve the economic welfare of the community, by promoting it as a heritage-based product. The results of the FGD mapped several roles of the Arak Bali industry for the development of Traditional Villages, including community income, community empowerment, economic development of the Traditional Village, implementation of religious rituals, togetherness in the social community, preservation of local wisdom. The role of the existence of the Arak Bali industry in the Traditional Village which is the center of the industry is certainly greater in almost all indicators of traditional village development. Meanwhile, the role of the wine industry in religious ritual activities does not differ between traditional villages which are the center and non-centra of the Arak Bali industry.

Conclusion: In addition to consumption, Arak Bali is also used in religious rituals and traditional medicine. In general, the role of the wine industry in traditional villages in Bali is divided into economic functions, religious functions, and social functions. Where in the traditional village center for the Arak Bali industry, the role of the economy (income and community economic empowerment) is the most prominent. Whereas in the traditional village centers and non-centra of the wine industry, the role in religious rituals, togetherness in social society and the preservation of local wisdom are important.
Activity of Placental β‐N‐Acetyl‐Glucosaminidase in Cows with and without Retained Fetal Membranes
Authors: Kankofer M , Wiercinski J , Zerbe H
Published: July 2002

Contents

β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (Nagase) is one of the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of proteoglycans. It may take part in cell‐to‐cell adhesion processes and might be involved in creating the attachment between the maternal and fetal parts of the bovine placenta. The aim of the following study was the determination of Nagase activity in bovine placental tissues and the comparison of this activity between animals releasing and retaining fetal membranes. The experiment was performed on animals divided into six groups as follows: A, caesarian section before term without retained fetal membranes (n = 14); B, caesarian section before term with retained fetal membranes (n = 14); C, caesarian section at term without retained fetal membranes (n = 15); D, caesarian section at term with retained fetal membranes (n = 8); E, spontaneous delivery at term without retained fetal membranes (n = 16); F, spontaneous delivery at term with retained fetal membranes (n = 10). The enzyme activity was determined spectrofluorimetrically and expressed in nkat/mg protein. Nagase activity increased during last few days before parturition. The activity in general was lower in the fetal than in the maternal part of placenta (in five out of six) of the examined groups of animals. In the maternal part of term placenta, enzyme activity was statistically significantly higher in cases of retained fetal membranes than in control cows. In the fetal part of term placenta the opposite relationship was observed. The results obtained may indicate the involvement of Nagase in the processes of releasing/retaining bovine fetal membranes. Further experiments are necessary in order to explain the mechanisms and substances responsible for controlling the enzyme activity in the placenta.
Vision impairment and handicap: The RVIB Employment Survey
Authors: Wright Suzie E , McCarty Cathy A , Burgess Mary , Keeffe Jill E , Survey The Steering Committee for the RVIB Employment
Published: July 2002

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the association between type of vision impairment and disability and the handicap or impact of vision loss on functioning.

Methods:Participants were interviewed for the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind Employment Survey, and asked to self‐report whether totally blind or not (vision impaired). Causes of visual impairment were also reported. Eyesight was rated on a scale from 0 (completely blind) to 10 (best possible eyesight). Difficulty with mobility, personal care, household activities, work and hobbies and social interactions were also rated. Participants with vision impairment also rated their level of disability in reading and seeing other people’s reactions using the same scale.

Results:Of the 250 participants, 39 self‐reported total blindness. Participants with vision impairment experienced greater levels of difficulty in almost all areas than people who self‐reported total blindness. People with vision impairment due to glaucoma and macular degeneration reported significantly more difficulty with reading newspapers, while there was a borderline significant relationship between difficulty with seeing people’s reactions and macular degeneration.

Conclusions:In summary, we found that difficulty associated with everyday tasks was greater than might be expected from self‐report of vision. This study confirms the need for visual function tools to supplement the use of objective visual acuity measurements in people with vision impairment.
Effect of lysozyme on adhesion and toxin release byStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Thakur Archana , Chauhan Akta , Willcox Mark D P
Published: July 2002

Purpose:Staphylococcus aureusis a common cause of ocular infection and inflammation. We hypothesized that potential forS. aureusto cause an ocular infection would be enhanced if these bacteria are able to adhere to the biomaterials used in contact lenses. In turn, bacterial adhesion could also be influenced by other factors, such as properties of contact lenses and the absorbance of some tear components. We investigated the effect of the tear protein lysozyme onS. aureusadhesion to contact lenses and its effect on production of toxins or enzymes.

Methods:Bacterial adhesion on contact lenses was determined by counting the total number of bacteria as well as viable bacteria on lysozyme‐coated or non‐coated lenses, and by counting bacteria grown in the presence or absence of lysozyme in the medium. Toxin and enzyme production was assessed by haemolysis and proteolysis assays.

Results:Our results indicate that adhesion was significantly increased in the presence of lysozyme, both in the medium and coated onto contact lenses (P= 0.04). The presence of lysozyme did not alter the production of α‐ or β‐ toxins. However, the presence of lysozyme inhibited elastase activity.

Conclusion:These results indicate that lysozyme deposition on contact lenses promotedS. aureusadhesion. The tear protein lysozyme might modify elastase activity and thus modulate the production of corneal degradation resulting from the action of this enzyme.
The cells and mediators of allergic inflammation
Authors: Kay A. B.
Published: July 2002

In sensitized atopic subjects allergen administration results in an immediate‐type reaction and, depending on the dose of the allergen, an additional late‐phase reaction. The early reaction results largely from the release of histamine, leukotrienes and other mediators from mast cells. The cutaneous late‐phase reaction is probably also predominantly mast‐cell‐dependent. The late asthmatic reaction, however, also involves T‐cell activation. T cells release a cascade of factors which evoke the migration of many cell types, including eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages into the site of inflammation, under the influence of a complex combination of cytokines and chemokines. Neural inflammation (i.e. neuropeptides and neurotrophins) may also be involved. The identification of the processes underlying the inflammatory response to allergens, and their control mechanisms, provides specific targets for therapeutic measures (such as the use of monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptor molecules) which are designed to impede or abolish the allergic inflammatory cascade.
Heavy ion excitation of solid rare gases
Authors: Busch B. , Ulrich A. , Krötz W. , Ribitzki G.
Published: July 2002

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission of solid Ar, Kr, and Xe targets excited by heavy ion beams was studied in order to explore the possibility of VUV laser action. A pulsed 75 MeV 32S beam with 14.4 μJ pulse energy and 2 ns pulse width was used. Wavelength spectra measured during 10 and 90 ns time windows after the beam pulse showed strong VUV emission from the decay of the quasi-molecular 1Σ+u and 3Σ+u self-trapped excitons. The decay times of these states were measured for all three rare-gas targets. Cross sections for stimulated emission of 5.7×10−18, 1.3×10−17, and 2.4×10−17 cm2 in Ar, Kr, and Xe, respectively, were deduced from the linewidth and lifetime of the 1Σ+u to ground-state transition. A 1Σ+u state population density of 9.6×1013 cm−3 was determined in solid Xe from an absolute intensity measurement.
Low-temperature extended defect removal following low-energy ion implantation
Authors: Myers E. , Ozturk M. C. , Wortman J. J. , Hren J. J.
Published: July 2002

In this study, residual defects resulting from Ge+ preamorphization of Si substrates prior to low-energy (6 keV) BF+2 implantation are compared using cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Complete defect annihilation including end of range damage dislocation loops has been accomplished for samples preamorphized by 27 keV Ge+ implants at rapid thermal anneals as low as 950 °C. Resulting junction depths are less than 70 nm, at a background concentration of 1×1017 cm−3. Low-energy BF+2 implantation was also found to prevent nucleation of the F+-induced surface damage that appears following annealing of higher energy BF+2 implants into crystalline and preamorphized substrates.
Dependence of the GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice ionization rate on Al content
Authors: Kagawa Toshiaki , Iwamura Hidetoshi , Mikami Osamu
Published: July 2002

Al content dependence of GaAs/Alx Ga1−xAs superlattice ionization rates was studied. The electron ionization rate is enhanced when the AlGaAs of the barrier is a direct transition type. It is drastically reduced at the Γ-X band crossover in the AlGaAs layer. The ionization rate ratio (hole to electron) as determined by excess multiplication noise measurement is reduced from a value of 0.5 at x=0.3 to 0.14 at x=0.45. At higher values of x, corresponding to the onset of indirect electron transitions, the noise is increased.
Intracenter transitions in triply ionized erbium ions diffused into III-V compound semiconductors
Authors: Zhao Xinwei , Hirakawa Kazuhiko , Ikoma Toshiaki
Published: July 2002

The rare-earth element, erbium (Er), was successfully diffused into GaAs and InP for the first time. Two intense and three weak sharp photoluminescence (PL) lines related with Er were observed at a wavelength of ∼1.55 μm both in GaAs and InP. It was found, for the first time, that the emission energy and the linewidth of the two intense Er-related PL lines do not depend on temperatures up to 220 K. This clearly indicates that these sharp emission lines are due to 4f-intracenter transitions in triply ionized erbium (Er3+) ions, and that the 4f orbitals are well shielded from a crystal field by the outer closed orbitals. Furthermore, it was found that the intensity ratio of the five emission lines from Er3+ is independent of the excitation power density. The results reveal that the Er3+ ion substitutes a cation site both in GaAs and InP, and that the five PL lines correspond to the transitions from the first excited state to the five crystal-field-split ground states of Er3+ ion with a tetrahedral (Td) symmetry.
Response of YBaCuO thin-film microbridges to microwave irradiation
Authors: Häuser B. , Klopman B. B. G. , Gerritsma G. J. , Gao J. , Rogalla H.
Published: July 2002

Microbridges with widths of about 10 μm were lift-off structured from rf-sputtered YBaCuO thin films and irradiated with microwaves at different temperatures. The bridges contain only a few grains with a typical size of 4 μm and are fully c-axis oriented. The observed current-voltage characteristics exhibit sharp constant voltage steps up to 71 K. An oscillatory dependence of the critical current I0 and the step heights 2In is observed, clearly revealing Josephson-like behavior. From the grain structure, the critical current, and the microwave response, it is very likely that grain boundaries as superconductor-normal conductor-superconductor (SNS) contacts dominate the behavior of the bridges.
Nonlinear viscoelastic dilation of SiO2 films
Authors: Rafferty C. S. , Landsberger L. M. , Dutton R. W. , Tiller W. A.
Published: July 2002

Oxide dilation in thin films is analyzed using a Voigt viscoelastic model. If stress-dependent viscosity is used to model the dilation, a logarithmic time evolution is predicted. The form of the solution is in agreement with the non-Maxwellian behavior seen in experimental data. The analysis provides an estimate of the critical stress and low-stress viscosity of dry SiO2 films.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of rapid thermal processing on SiO2/GaAs
Authors: Katayama Masayuki , Tokuda Yutaka , Ando Nobuo , Inoue Yajiro , Usami Akira , Wada Takao
Published: July 2002

Effects of rapid thermal processing (RTP) on 200-nm-thick SiO2/GaAs interfaces have been studied with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RTP has been performed at 910 °C for 9 s with the heating rate of 53 °C/s. Rapid diffusion of Ga through SiO2 occurs. The diffusion coefficient of Ga in SiO2 for RTP is found to be about two orders of magnitude larger than that for conventional furnace processing. The heating rate dependence of the Ga outdiffusion is also reported in the range 31–83 °C/s. In addition, slight loss of As is observed. These results are discussed on the basis of the RTP-induced thermal stress between SiO2 and GaAs.
Ballistic electron studies and modification of the Au/Si interface
Authors: Fernandez A. , Hallen H. D. , Huang T. , Buhrman R. A. , Silcox J.
Published: July 2002

The Au/Si(111) interface has been investigated with ballistic electron emission microscopy. The Schottky barrier (SB) height and ballistic transmittance have been measured on interfaces which have been prepared with different types of monolayer-level dopants. Transmission rates but not the SB are found to depend strongly on the resulting degree of interdiffusion of the Au and Si at the interface. An irreversible modification in the transport properties of the buried interface can occur when the system is stressed with electrons injected at several volts above the Schottky barrier.
Structure of the Sb-terminated Si(100) surface
Authors: Nogami J. , Baski A. A. , Quate C. F.
Published: July 2002

The structure of the Sb-terminated Si(100) surface has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. The images show that the surface is terminated in a symmetric Sb dimer structure. The long-range order of the Sb-terminated surface is broken up by a high density of antiphase domain boundaries which accounts for the low intensity of the half-order spots in the 2×1 low-energy electron diffraction pattern. Images on single-domain Si(100) substrates demonstrate that the Sb grows as an additional layer of dimers, rather than substituting for the topmost layer of Si dimers.
Thermal annealing of modulation-doped Si/SiGe heterostructures with high electron mobilities
Authors: Schäffler F. , Jorke H.
Published: July 2002

We grew n-type modulation-doped Si/SiGe multiple quantum well structures with the highest electron mobilities reported so far for this heterosystem. The samples were annealed at temperatures between 750 and 950 °C for 1000 s and subsequently characterized by their Hall mobilities and carrier concentrations. Only a moderate decrease in room-temperature mobility is observed up to annealing temperatures of 900 °C. At 950 °C the samples turn more or less into homogeneously doped SiGe alloys. The annealing effects are discussed in terms of dopant and Ge diffusion, and of metastability of the SiGe layers.
EL2 related deep traps in semi-insulating GaAs
Authors: Desnica U. V. , Desnica Dunja I. , Šantić B.
Published: July 2002

Processes induced by below-the-gap illumination and related to defects having deep levels in liquid-encapsulated Czochralski semi-insulating GaAs crystals were studied. It was found that the dynamics of both optical quenching and thermal recovery (above 125 K) of thermally stimulated current signal related to six deep traps was the same as that of the EL2 related photoconductivity signal. Analysis of these results gives evidence that some of the observed deep traps in GaAs are complex defects, which might include as their constituent the EL2 defect. It means that EL2 could serve as a gettering center for other native defects and/or impurities. The proposed model is in accordance with other recently published results associating several deep traps (EL6, EL3, EL5, and EL14) with EL2.
Ion implantation doping and isolation of In0.5Ga0.5P
Authors: Pearton S. J. , Kuo J. M. , Ren F. , Katz A. , Perley A. P.
Published: July 2002

The activation of Si and Be ions implanted into In0.5Ga0.5P grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates was investigated as a function of ion dose (5×1012–1015 cm−2) and rapid thermal annealing conditions (500–950 °C; 10 s). Activation efficiencies close to 100% are obtained for Be doses up to ∼1014 cm−2 and annealing temperatures of 700–850 °C. By contrast, implanted Si displays a saturation in active sheet electron densities at ∼3×1013 cm−2 and requires annealing at 900 °C for optimum activation efficiency. High sheet resistance (≥ (R18)108 Ω/⧠) regions are created by O+ implantation into n+InGaP(Si), with hopping conduction dominating carrier transport in the bombarded material. For postimplant annealing temperatures above 750 °C, the conductivity is restored to its initial value. No evidence is found for the creation of electrically active oxygen-related deep levels in In0.5Ga0.5P.
Effects of step motion on ordering in GaInP
Authors: Chen G. S. , Stringfellow G. B.
Published: July 2002

Ga0.5In0.5P is observed to form the CuPt ordered structure during organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). Of the four possible {111} planes on which CuPt ordering could occur, only two are observed for growth on (001)-oriented substrates, giving the (1̄11) and (11̄1) variants. The mechanism by which ordering occurs is not completely understood. Recent total energy calculations indicate that the phenomenon can be explained on the basis of thermodynamic considerations. Indirect evidence indicates that kinetic factors, including processes occurring at steps propagating across the surface in the two-dimensional growth mode, affect ordering. In this letter, Ga0.5In0.5P layers have been grown on (001)GaAs substrates by OMVPE. In order to examine the effects of surface kinetic factors, the substrates were first patterned with [110] oriented grooves 5 μm wide and from 0.2 to 1 μm deep. This yields adjacent areas of epitaxial material within the grooves produced by growth via the motion of steps in opposite directions. Transmission electron diffraction reveals that the two directions of step motion produce two different variants. For exactly (001) oriented substrates, one half of the groove is filled with a single domain of the (1̄11) variant while the other half is also a single domain, but of the (11̄1) variant. For substrates misoriented by 6° to give [110] steps, the domains are asymmetric. The domains are very large, several square microns in cross section extending along the entire length of the groove. The strong intensities of the order-induced spots indicate a high degree of order in the material grown in the grooves. These results demonstrate directly, for the first time, that kinetic factors related to the motion of steps on the surface determine the ordered structure formed. They also demonstrate the possibility of producing very large domains of ordered material.