bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TERNARY ALLOY SYSTEM: ALUMINIUM–LEAD–SILVER
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Yaffe L. , Ashley R. W. , Wallace W. G.
Published: April 2011

1. The area of partial miscibility for the ternary system, aluminium–lead–silver, has been determined by thermal and chemical analysis. It is found to extend from the binary system aluminium–lead to alloys containing a maximum of 85.58% silver and 4.71% lead by weight.2. The temperatures of separation of solid phase, bounding this area, have been found to fall at first with addition of silver to the system aluminium–lead, until a temperature of 548.5 °C. is reached. This is the temperature of solidification of the alloy that contains silver and aluminium in their eutectic proportions, plus saturation with lead. The temperature then increases to a maximum of about 736° in the alloy containing about 80% silver and 14% lead. This temperature maximum does not coincide with the summit of the mutual solubility curve but lies well to the right of it.3. No ternary compounds have been found.4. The ternary eutectic practically coincides with the binary eutectic of the system silver–lead.5. As far as can be determined by thermal analysis alone, it appears that there is no solid solution of lead in the α, β, or γ phases of the silver–aluminium system.6. The first peritectic line formed by the addition of lead to the high temperature peritectic point of the silver–aluminium system intersects the partial miscibility curve at 7.90% Al, 7.60% Pb, and 84.50% Ag. The temperature drops from 779.0° to 727.0°.7. The second peritectic line intersects the partial miscibility curve at 10.30% Al, 4.10% Pb, and 85.60% Ag. The temperature drops from 729.0° to 708.0°.8. If the partial miscibility curve had not intervened, the two lines would have intersected at 11.00% Al, 15.50% Pb, and 73.50% Ag.
ON A NEW INDIGOID FORMED FROM THE GLYOXALINE (IMINAZOLE) NUCLEUS
Authors: Hunter G. , Hlynka I.
Published: April 2011

Among the products of reduction of 4-(or 5-)nitroglyoxaline, formation of a blue pigment has been observed by various workers. The authors regard this pigment as a diglyoxalone containing the characteristic indigoid group, —CO∙C=C∙CO—. Its formation is dependent on the existence of 4-(or 5-) hydroxyglyoxaline, formed by deamination of the corresponding amino- compound. The hydroxyglyoxaline readily tautomerizes to the glyoxalone, which on oxidation condenses to form the pigment in question.
THE RELATION BETWEEN FROST RESISTANCE AND THE PHYSICAL STATE OF PROTOPLASM: II. THE PROTOPLASMIC SURFACE
Authors: Siminovitch D. , Levitt J.
Published: April 2011

Deplasmolysis injury, ductility of cytoplasmic strands, and the shape assumed by injected oil drops on deplasmolysis were investigated. The surface membrane of the protoplast of non-hardy cells stiffened when dehydrated osmotically. As a result, it ruptured readily when subjected to tension. The stiffening either failed to occur in hardy cells, or it arose only as a result of a much greater dehydration (depending on the degree of hardiness). The refractive index of the protoplasmic surface increased more on dehydration in the case of non-hardy than of hardy cells. Plasmolysis, if maintained for some time, induced a clumping of plastids and granules (systrophy) in non-hardy but not in hardy cells. All these facts indicate a greater hydrophily in hardy than in non-hardy cells—both of the surface membrane of the protoplasm and, as shown in Part I, of the protoplasm as a whole, although it is probably less marked in the latter.
STUDIES ON THE PERENNIAL RUST PUCCINIA MINUSSENSIS
Authors: Brown A. M.
Published: April 2011

The permanent infection of rust-free Lactuca pulchella plants by Puccinia minussensis may be initiated by inoculating the primary leaves of seedlings, or the rhizome buds of older plants, with either aeciospores or urediospores, or by packing teliospores into the leaf axils of mature plants and subsequently using the infected nodal portions as propagation cuttings. When a primary leaf of a seedling becomes infected, the binucleate mycelium progresses along the midrib and petiole to the stem and advances down it into the rhizomes but, before reaching the terminal buds of the rhizomes, its nuclear condition changes, as only uninucleate mycelium has been observed in the bud scales. Infected rhizome buds develop into young shoots that usually first produce pycnia, although, in cases of delayed mycelial development, telia appear on the more mature plant followed by pycnia on subsequent new axillary growth. The perennial mycelium seems to alternate from the binucleate to the uninucleate condition and vice versa, depending apparently on the maturity of the host tissue involved and the food supply available to the fungus.
THE ACTION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS ON FAT: III. OXIDATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF TRIOLEIN BY PURE CULTURES OF BACTERIA
Authors: Castell C. H. , Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

The hydrolytic activity of 40 pure cultures of bacteria on triolein, as indicated by increased titratable acidity, has been recorded. Schiff and Kreis tests have been made on similar samples of triolein acted upon by pure cultures of bacteria, and the results of these tests are compared with the "oxidase reaction" of the individual cultures.The results indicate that most of the Gram-negative lipolytic organisms also oxidize the fat, and that there appears to be a definite relation between the "oxidase reaction" of a bacterial colony and the ability of the organisms to produce oxidative rancidity.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: SUMMER SEQUENCE OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE AT WINNIPEG, SWIFT CURRENT, AND EDMONTON
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the monthly sequence of mean temperature during the summer period, April–September, of the years 1894–1937 has been made by expressing each annual sequence as an orthogonal polynomial function of time. Whereas the precipitation sequence, previously studied, required terms of the fourth or fifth degree for its adequate representation, the average temperature sequence at all three stations was very closely approximated by a third degree polynomial. On the average, corresponding coefficients for each station differ significantly, indicating decreasing continentality of the temperature regime with distance westward from Winnipeg. Annual variations in corresponding coefficients for the three locations are appreciably correlated, but for the most part exhibit no regular sequence in time. However, in recent years at Edmonton the mean temperature for April has tended to be lower, and that for July and August to be slightly higher, than previously. There is some suggestion of a feeble inverse correlation in the annual fluctuations of temperature and precipitation.
A STUDY OF THE MALE GENITALIA IN CALYPTRATE DIPTERA, BASED ON THE GENUS GONIA MEIGEN (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Morrison Frank O.
Published: April 2011

A review of the major papers on the 'genitalia' of calyptrate Diptera indicates the need of establishing the evident homologies within the group, studying homologies with other forms, studying the rotation of the parts known to occur in some forms, and studying the musculature.Gonia has 'sternite V' of the abdomen, and all succeeding segments, modified for effecting copulation. The 'posterior angles of sternite V' are produced. A small apparent 'tergite VI' may be secondarily cut off from the previously fused segments VI and VII. A narrow 'tergite VII' articulates on the left side with an asymmetric 'sternite VI and VII'. Segment VIII has disappeared. 'Tergite IX', the genital tergite, is large. 'Sternite IX', a shovel-shaped ventral sclerite, is anterior to the 'phallus'. Segment X is represented by the 'lateral lobes of sternite X', the 'tenth sternal plate', and the 'anal forceps' and, in related forms, (not in Gonia), by the 'parapodial plates'.The 'phallus' consists of a 'phallobase' with 'dorsal spine', a bell-shaped 'aedeagus', and protrusible 'penis'. The 'aedeagus' is formed of a dorsal 'paraphallus', lateral 'hypophalli', membranous 'ventralia', and apical membranous 'praeputium'. Anterior and posterior pairs of 'basal phallic appendages' surround the 'phallobase'. Internally a 'double apodeme' extends forward.The term 'genitalia' is used to refer to the entire modified apex of the abdomen.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE AUTOSOMES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AS MEASURED BY VIABILITY AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Reed S. C.
Published: April 2011

Females of an inbred al c: se ss: eyR mutant strain were crossed with males from a "wild" strain that had been inbred (brother × sister) for more than 60 generations. The F1 males were mated with mutant strain females. The backcross offspring would be expected to appear in eight genotypes with equal frequencies were there no differences in viability. The marker genes permitted the scoring of each fly as to whether it was heterozygous or homozygous for each of the mutant autosomes.The genes used as markers probably had a distinctly negative effect upon both viability and rate of development, but the second pair of autosomes in combination with the other mutant autosomes increased viability, when homozygous, to a greater extent than did a heterozygous mutant-wild type pair. Apparently the possible negative effects of the markers al and c were more than offset by other genes on this autosome which had positive effects. The negative effects of the homozygous mutant third and fourth chromosomes were severe when in combination.The interactions of the positive second chromosome and the negative third and fourth chromosomes in the eight genotypes were of some geometric order. It was found that the addition of a "positive" or "negative" autosome to any genotype caused a change in viability in the direction of the added autosome, but the amount of change is at present unpredictable and depends upon the particular combination to which the autosome was added.The relation between the different autosomes and the rate of development was quite different from the relation between autosomes and viability. The second chromosome (marked by al c), which gave the only positive contribution to viability, retarded development more than either the third (se ss) or the fourth (eyR). The effects of the three autosomes on rate of development were not strictly additive.It is concluded that there is interaction of the genes for quantitative characters and this interaction is geometric in nature. The significance of the results in their relation to some theories of the inheritance of quantitative characters is discussed.
THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): II. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BREAKING OF DIAPAUSE
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

Field and laboratory experiments have shown the importance of a period of "cold-rest" at a temperature below the threshold of development as a requirement for overcoming diapause in the spruce sawfly, especially in stock from a one-generation area. After cold-rest, maximal development results at a temperature of 74° to 75° F. or higher, and after contact with water. Temperatures in the field are lower and fail to promote so high development as may be obtained in the laboratory; however, temperature variations between 65° and 45° F. evidently have little influence on the degree of emergence from the diapause condition, though speed of development is directly affected. The benefit of contact with water is reduced or lost if contact occurs only while soil temperature remains below the threshold of development, and if the moisture taken up in the cocoon wall is lost by evaporation before it can be absorbed by the larva. The role of the cocoon in water exchanges, and differential effects of abnormal weather conditions upon intracocoon development in stocks in one-generation and two-generation areas, are described.
LA DIAPAUSE CHEZ LES TENTHRÈDES : PARTIE II
Authors: Gobeil A. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ACID AMIDES IN CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The Arrhenius constants have been evaluated for the hydrolysis of formamide, acetamide, propionamide, and benzamide in hydrochloric acid solutions over the concentration range 1 to 10 N. There is approximate correspondence between reaction rates and activation energies for the series of amides. An increase in observed activation energy with increasing acid concentration was found for all amides. The maximum in rate of hydrolysis, which occurs at higher acid concentrations, is discussed and accounted for by the variation in the Arrhenius constants with acid concentration.
THE ISOLATION OF CICUTIN FROM CICUTA MACULATA L.
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

One of the constituents of the root of Cicuta maculata L. has been isolated in crystalline form. It has been found to contain three methoxyl groups and to possess a lactone structure.
STUDIES IN URETHANES: VII REACTIONS OF ACYL DIURETHANES WITH AMMONIA AND PRIMARY AMINES. STABILIZING EFFECT OF THE PHENYL RADICAL IN PHENYLMALONYL- AND PHENYLSUCCINYL-DIURETHANE
Authors: Basterfield S. , Dyck A. J.
Published: April 2011

In previous studies it has been shown that the mechanism of decomposition of acyl diurethanes by ammonia and amines is correlated to some extent with the strength of the acid from which the acyl radical is derived and of the base used as ammonolytic reagent. In the oxalic acid series a diurea was obtained from succinyl-diurethane and aniline, but not from oxalyl- or malonyl-diurethane. Succinyl-diurethane gave no diurea with stronger bases.It is shown in the present study that phenylmalonyl-diurethane yields with aniline a diurea which undergoes rapid decomposition on being heated with aniline at 150 °C. Phenylsuccinyl-diurethane gives with aniline a diurea that is much more stable than the one obtained from succinyl-diurethane, as judged by the rate of decomposition on heating with aniline at 150°. No definite evidence of diurea formation was obtained with bases stronger than aniline.
THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH ISOBUTANE
Authors: White W. Harold , Winkler C. A. , Kenalty B. J.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with isobutane has been investigated by the Wood–Bonhoeffer discharge tube method, over a temperature range 30° to 250 °C. An activation energy of 10.5 ± 1.5 kcal. was obtained for the reaction.The nature of the products at a given temperature was found to depend upon the concentration of hydrogen atoms present. With low atom concentrations (5 to 9%) methane was essentially the only product at temperatures below 170 °C. At 250 °C., ethane was formed to the extent of approximately one-half the amount of methane. With higher atom concentrations (14 to 24%) ethane was formed in appreciable quantities at 140° to 170 °C., and exceeded the methane content at 250 °C. Small amounts of propane were formed at the higher temperatures.The results at low temperatures appear to be satisfactorily explained by assuming a primary dehydrogenation reaction:[Formula: see text]followed by a series of "atomic cracking" reactions. To account for the behaviour at higher temperatures, additional secondary reactions, involving decomposition of radicals and their reaction with molecular hydrogen, are assumed.
ENZYME INHIBITION BY DERIVATIVES OF PHENOTHIAZINE: III. CATALASE, CYTOCHROME OXIDASE, AND DEHYDROGENASES
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , Allen Della E.
Published: April 2011

The inhibition of liver catalase and of cytochrome oxidase by leucophenothiazone has been confirmed by manometric methods. Phenothiazine sulphoxide is a powerful catalase inhibitor, its activity being much greater at pH 5.3 than at neutrality.The succinoxidase activity of beef heart is inhibited by phenothiazone and by thionol. Phenothiazone in its oxidized form acts upon the succinic dehydrogenase, while the leuco form inhibits the cytochrome oxidase.Phenothiazone is reduced by the yeast lactic dehydrogenase system, and the enzyme activity is markedly decreased. Urease is also partially inhibited, whereas the effect of phenothiazone upon d-amino-acid oxidase is almost negligible.The possible relationship of these findings to the action of phenothiazine upon living organisms is discussed.
SECONDARY SPORES IN CORTICIUM EFFUSCATUM
Authors: Nobles Mildred K.
Published: April 2011

Corticium effuscatum Cooke & Ellis is heterothallic and tetrapolar. Oedocephaloid conidiophores bearing uninucleate conidia are developed on both haploid and diploid mycelia. Conidia produced on a haploid mycelium germinate only rarely to give new mycelia, but they are able to diploidise a suitable haploid mycelium when in association with it. A small percentage of the conidia produced on a diploid mycelium germinate to give haploid mycelia, part of which are identical in pairing reactions with one parent, the remainder with the other parent. Chlamydospores are produced on haploid and diploid mycelia and reproduce the generation on which they are borne.
ON THE USE OF THE pH VALUE AS A MEASURE OF THE FRESHNESS OF FISH MUSCLE TISSUE
Authors: Charnley F. , Goard D. H.
Published: April 2011

The pH value of the aqueous liquors derived from fish muscle tissue is connected through statistical relations with the buffer action of the liquor, the log bacterial count of the sample, and with a subjective estimate of freshness determined on the basis of odour. In the case of pH and odour rating the relation is not a correlation but, instead, a linear relation between the means of a series of populations. By means of the latter it is possible from observations of the pH of the aqueous liquor in the sample to determine objectively the freshness of a parcel of canned chum salmon to any desired degree of accuracy by increasing the size, n, of the sample taken for examination.
PROTEUS HYDROPHILUS INFECTIONS OF PIKE, TROUT, AND FROGS
Authors: Reed G. B. , Toner G. C.
Published: April 2011

Proteus hydrophilus has been isolated from and shown to be the probable cause of "ulcer disease" of hatchery reared brook trout.Cultures of Proteus hydrophilus isolated from "red sore" diseased pike, "ulcer" diseased trout, "red leg" diseased frogs and from lake water are shown to be indistinguishable by cultural and biochemical reactions.Proteus hydrophilus infections are shown to be transmissible by water.
THE VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) CONTENT OF CANNED CHICKEN
Authors: Reedman E. J. , Buckby Leonard , Legault R. T.
Published: April 2011

Vitamin C analyses on canned chicken indicate an appreciable amount in the product manufactured by improved methods. This amount, while low in proportion to that found in other foods, is sufficient to indicate the conservation of the vitamin by processes that minimize exposure to oxidation. The possible application of vitamin C analyses as an objective correlate to quality conservation in canning is discussed.
EFFECTS OF PHENOTHIAZINE ON HORSES I. STUDIES IN HAEMATOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Authors: Swales W. E. , Collier H. B. , Allen Della
Published: April 2011

Studies have been made on the anaemia and cythaemolytic icterus produced by 60 and 70 gm. doses of phenothiazine to horses weighing approximately 1200 lb. The continued and prolonged haemolytic effect of a single dose may be serious in a horse having a large proportion of microcytic erythrocytes. No evidence of damage to the liver was obtained, but clinical observations confirm a previous report that severe injury to the urinary system may result from a dose of 60 gm. of phenothiazine to a 1200 lb. horse.A dose of 30 gm. removed all the strongyloid nematodes and did not cause haemolysis. Less than half the dose could be recovered from the excreta of treated animals. The effects of phenothiazine on horses are similar to those of sulphanilamide and sulphapyridine in susceptible humans. The possibility of over-stimulation of the spleen with the consequent hyperactivity causing prolonged haemolysis is mentioned.
THE MAGNETO-OPTIC ROTATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Feeny H.
Published: April 2011

The magnetic rotatory power of aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide of various concentrations was measured at 10 °C. with the sodium D-line and the yellow, green, and blue lines of mercury. By extrapolation the Verdet constant of hydrogen peroxide for the sodium light was found to be 0.01148 ± 0.001 minute per gauss-cm., as compared with 0.01309 for water.
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY SMALL DROPS OF WATER
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When the extinction coefficient k in the attenuation formula I/I0 = (exp) — kz for a beam of radiations of initial intensity I0, and intensity I after travelling a distance z in water, changes from about 10−4, the value measured in the visible region, to 103, the value reached in some infrared absorption bands for water in bulk, the coefficient of extinction for water in very small drops, calculated according to Mie's theory, increases as long as the wavelength used is larger than the radius a of the particle. With larger drops, that is, when the wave-lengths are shorter than the radius, the coefficient for the extinction by water particles with strong absorption is smaller than that for perfectly transparent particles. However, the change does not exceed about 10% even where the absorption is strongest, and it is negligible when wavelengths smaller than one micron are considered. The main features of the coefficient of extinction per unit area of the drop remain unchanged by absorption; first there is a rapid increase with decreasing wave-lengths for particles of a given diameter until the ratio a/λ = 1/n (the reciprocal of the index of refraction) is reached, then follows a more gradual approach to a maximum, slightly less than 4πa2 as 2a/λ increases to unity, and finally, when λ is quite small, a decrease towards a constant value after a small number of fluctuations that reach their greatest amplitudes near the integer multiples of 2a/λ.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXXV. CORYDALIS PLATYCARPA MAKINO
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis platycarpa Makino has yielded nine alkaloids as follows,—protopine, l-isocorypalmine, isocorydine, corybulbine, aurotensine, l-tetrahydro-palmatine, corydaline, bicuculline, and dl-stylopine. No new alkaloids were found but a small amount of a neutral nitrogenous substance, C6H9ON, was obtained. The alkaloid previously termed luteanine was found to be identical with isocorydine.
GELSEMINE: I. THE DEGRADATION OF GELSEMINE TO 2:3-DIMETHYL-INDOLE
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The alkaloid gelsemine was degraded with selenium and with soda lime to mixtures of bases and neutral products. The latter, from either degradation, contained a fraction identified as 2:3-dimethyl-indole.
CELLULAR CHANGES IN RELATION TO RUST RESISTANCE
Authors: Thatcher F. S.
Published: April 2011

Concomitant studies of the histopathological development and permeability changes associated with the browning reaction of Kubanka wheat to Puccinia graminis Tritici race 34 shows that the browning symptom is caused by encystment of haustoria and brown discoloration of host cell walls. This reaction is accompanied by a progressive permeability increase of host cells to a degree that probably becomes fatal.Extremes of resistance and of susceptibility manifest in the mesothetic reaction are found to be associated, respectively, with local decrease and increase of solute permeability of the host cell membrane.Cold hardening of wheat plants under some conditions caused a more vigorous development of rust and a slight lessening of resistance symptoms, actions that may be associated with a permeability increase induced by hardening. Hardening to cold did not appreciably alter the relative osmotic relationship of fungus and host.Infection of oats, barley, wheat, and corn with appropriate smuts did not change the degree of susceptibility to specific rusts.Evidence is presented that suggests that resistance of Hope wheat in the mature plant stage may be partly determined by lack of availability of water to the parasites. This may also explain regional differences in susceptibility. These are tentative conclusions only.Vital histological examination of the development of resistant flecks on Vernal wheat demonstrates that host cells are killed prior to the occurrence of any discernible injury to fungus organs.A suggestion is made relative to the cause of the different degrees of permeability change associated with different rust reactions.
RHIZOPUS ROOT ROT OF SUGAR BEET
Authors: Hildebrand A. A. , Koch L. W.
Published: April 2011

During the summer of 1942 sugar beets growing in an experimental plot at the Harrow laboratory were destroyed by a root rot of a type that apparently has been reported only once previously on this host in North America. Wilting of the foliage first attracts attention to affected plants, the roots of which show, externally, grayish-brown discoloured areas and, internally, fairly sharply-delimited, grayish to coffee-coloured lesions, affected tissues being more or less spongy in consistency. The causal organism, found to be a wound parasite, has been identified as Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer. The effect of temperature on the growth in culture and on the pathogenicity of this fungus and of representatives of the species, R. oryzae and R. nigricans, has been studied. It has been found that R. arrhizus and R. oryzae are relatively high temperature organisms, showing optimum growth at about 34° to 36 °C., and each capable of infecting and destroying artificially injured sugar beets most rapidly between 30° and 40 °C. R. nigricans, also a wound parasite is, on the other hand, a relatively low temperature organism showing optimum growth in culture at about 24° and displaying highest infection capability at about 14° to 16 °C.
THE MICROFLORA OF THE RHIZOSPHERE OF TOMATO PLANTS IN RELATION TO SOIL STERILIZATION
Authors: Katznelson H. , Richardson L. T.
Published: April 2011

Sterilization brings about significant changes in the physical and chemical, as well as biological properties of soil which thus becomes a different and often more favourable medium for microbial activity. In an investigation of a root rot of greenhouse tomatoes marked differences in numbers of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes were noted in both soils and rhizospheres as a result of sterilization with steam, chloropicrin, and formaldehyde. Roots invariably supported much higher numbers of the three groups of organisms studied, thus displaying the common "rhizosphere effect". Numbers of bacteria were considerably greater on infected than on healthy roots.Qualitative differences in fungi and bacteria were also noted in both soils and rhizospheres. Of particular interest was the tendency for bacteria with simple food requirements and those stimulated by amino acids to predominate in the rhizosphere, and for those with more complex nutritional needs to predominate in soils apart from the roots.It is suggested that such nutritional investigations of rhizospheres may be useful in studies on the physiological activity of plant roots.
GROWTH OF THE SALMON EMBRYO
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Armstrong F. H.
Published: April 2011

Wet and dry weights of Atlantic salmon are given up to the end of yolk sac absorption, and from them the growth rates are determined. Attempts are made to smooth the growth curve by the methods of Brody, Murray-Schmalhausen, and MacDowell et al. Of these the last is best taking zero time as nine days after fertilization. It is concluded that, as to weight, the interval considered ends before the point of inflection of a Sachs growth cycle. Growth in length, however, represents a complete cycle, hence there can be no simple quantitative relation between length and weight. Deviations from the smoothly descending relative growth rate (RGR or Minot) curve are considered, with the conclusion that all such irregularities so far presented can be attributed to random errors (except possibly the posthatching rise in RGR of the trout at 12° reported by Wood). In general weighing is not sufficiently sensitive as a method, to permit a detailed description of the RGR.
NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CEPHENEMYIA JELLISONI TOWNSEND AND LIPOPTENA DEPRESSA SAY, TWO DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS (RICHARDSON))
Authors: Cowan Ian McT.
Published: April 2011

Material derived from deer taken on southern Vancouver Island, B.C., represents all larval stages of the nostril fly, Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend. Description is given of the external morphology of the three larval stages and the puparium of this fly. The tracheary system of the first instar, and the cephalopharyngeal apparatus of all three are described and figured.In November and December first instar larvae were found in the nasopharynx of the host where they remained until after the moult. Until they reach maturity, second and third instar larvae occupy the retropharyngeal recesses of the deer. They leave the host by way of the nostrils and pupate in the ground.Observations on the life history and behaviour of Lipoptena depressa Say, both on and off the host, are given. It is postulated that the life span on the host varies from 8 to 13 months and that during this period from four to seven larvae are produced. Larvae do not pupate on the host but fall to the ground as soon as they are liberated. Infestations on a single host may consist of more than 2000 flies; under such circumstances the deer evinces discomfort. As yet this fly is not known to be involved in the life cycle of any internal parasite of the deer.
LOW TEMPERATURE SAPONIFICATION IN ANHYDROUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

Finely dispersed sodium hydroxide, suspended in mineral oil, was used to saponify fatty acids and fats in mineral oil solution. Saponification was carried rapidly to completion at 60 °C. The properties of the resultant soap suspensions in oil are discussed. The degree of saturation of the fatty acids or fats is of importance in the viscosity of the suspension formed. Low molecular weight fatty acids down to acetic were also saponified by this method. Of various fats used, only mutton tallow was completely saponified at low temperature.Finely dispersed calcium hydroxide in mineral oil suspension effects complete saponification of fatty acids in mineral oil solution at a temperature of 50 °C. and of mutton tallow at a somewhat higher temperature. The effect of degree of unsaturation, and the use of other fats are discussed. Small quantities of added water are shown to promote saponification.This saponification procedure was used also to prepare suspensions in oil of the following metal soaps: aluminium, magnesium, barium, lead, lithium. Some properties of the suspensions are described.
THE PRAIRIE AND ASSOCIATED VEGETATION OF SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Moss E. H.
Published: April 2011

This is a contribution to an understanding of the floristic composition and ecology of the chief plant communities in the region. Three major grassland types are recognized and correlated with climatic factors, topography, and soil colour zones,— the Bouteloua–Stipa association in the dark brown soil zone, the Festuca–Danthonia association in the black soil zone, and the Agropyron–Stipa–Carex associes in the intermediate shallow black soil zone. Of some 250 species and varieties of vascular plants found in these grassland communities, approximately 125 are regarded as either common or characteristic. Poplar and coniferous vegetation is considered in relation to climate, physical features, and the associated grassland. The limber pine and Douglas fir communities of rocky ridges in the "parkland" are described. Prairie and poplar associations are compared with corresponding vegetational types described for other regions. Brief consideration is given to probable migration routes of certain species, and to current fluctuations and trends in the flora of the region.
ON SOURCES OF VITAMIN C: II. ALBERTA NATIVE FRUITS
Authors: Tuba J. , Hunter G. , Kennedy L. L.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a survey of the ascorbic acid content of native Alberta fruits. Some wild fruits that are not usually eaten have been included in the investigation. The values of vitamin C for the most widely occurring and most generally used wild fruits are: blueberries, 5 to 18 mg.%; chokecherries, 5 to 19 mg.%; high-bush cranberries, 8 to 51 mg.%; pin cherries, 8 to 34 mg.%; raspberries, 14 to 40 mg.%; and saskatoon berries, 5 to 38 mg.%. These afford a considerable source of ascorbic acid.In an addendum there are given the ascorbic acid values in miscellaneous plant materials.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF ERYSIPHE GRAMINIS DC.
Authors: Cherewick W. J.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of various aspects of the biology of Erysiphe graminis DC., including its distribution and prevalence in Canada, method of overwintering, physiologic specialization, and the effects of various environmental factors on the development of different stages of the organism. The fungus causes the powdery mildew of cereals and certain grasses. It occurs in every province of Canada, but is more prevalent in British Columbia and the five eastern provinces. The evidence indicates that the fungus overwinters as mycelial mats on dead straw and as mycelial infections on overwintering hosts. Three new physiologic races of barley mildew have been identified, making a total of seven races isolated in Canada. In wheat mildew only Race 1 was isolated. A study of the stability of six races of barley mildew showed that they are distinct biologic entities comparable to physiologic races in cereal rusts. No evidence was obtained by cross inoculations that any variety of E. graminis, except possibly E. graminis Agropyri, can attack a non-suscept, or an immune variety of its host, or that injury of such hosts renders them susceptible. Conidia of E. graminis germinate on immune hosts and penetration proceeds as far as the papilla stage. Physiologic resistance manifests itself in some hosts by the death of the infected cells and in others by the distortion of the haustoria. The evidence indicates that the organism is homothallic. The cardinal temperatures for the germination of conidia are 0°, 10°, and 35 °C., while the best development of mildew occurs between 15° and 20 °C. Alternating temperatures induce perithecial development. Light is not an important factor, except indirectly, in the development of E. graminis. Alternate drying and wetting of perithecia is necessary to induce the formation of ascospores, but other stages are favoured by relatively dry conditions. Conidia germinate well even at zero humidity. Sprinkling infected seedlings with water checked the development of the disease. The addition to the soil of certain fertilizers and other chemicals commonly claimed to increase host resistance to powdery mildew did not increase the resistance of susceptible seedlings of wheat and barley.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CEREAL GRAINS: III. THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY AND MOULD INFECTION ON THE CARBON DIOXIDE OUTPUT OF WHEAT
Authors: Leach William
Published: April 2011

Under the experimental procedure used in these researches it was found that wheat, when kept at 25 °C. in atmospheres of relative humidities between approximately 92 and 100%, showed a continuously accelerating rate of carbon dioxide output. This acceleration of rate increased as the relative humidity of the surrounding air was increased and was more pronounced in wheat from which the germs had been removed than in undamaged wheat. Where unlimited absorption of water and germination of the wheat are prevented, the carbon dioxide production by the grain is due almost entirely to the respiration of micro-organisms that infect it.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: II. ALTERNARIA
Authors: Groves J. W. , Skolko A. J.
Published: April 2011

Seven species of Alternaria, of which six are definitely pathogenic, have been isolated from agricultural seeds. Cruciferous plants are attacked by three distinct species; A. Brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., A. oleracea Milbr., and A. Raphani n. sp. The latter has been isolated only from radish seeds. Two species occur on carrots, A. Dauci (Kühn) n. comb., and A. radicina Meier, Drechsler, and Eddy. A species close to A. Dauci has been isolated from flax and is described as A. linicola n. sp. The name A. tenuis auct. is used to include the generally saprophytic forms that have been isolated from seeds of a wide variety of plants. They exhibit many variations in cultural characters, spore markings, etc., but all have spores falling within the range 20–50 × 10–16 μ.
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR LINNAEUS)
Authors: Battle Helen I.
Published: April 2011

Series of eggs collected at various Canadian Atlantic Coast Hatcheries from 1934 to 1940 were used as the bases for a survey of the embryology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from fertilization to hatching. Early developmental stages from cleavage to the delineation of the embryonic shield are described. Somite formation commences when the embryonic axis is between 1 and 2 mm. in length, and is complete shortly after closure of the blastopore when 60 somites are evident at an embryonic length of 6 mm. Following this the embryo takes on a progressively more fish-like form until hatching.The temperature of the water during most of the incubation period is relatively constant (0.5 °C. to 1 °C.) and the embryonic length data when plotted over this period fit the requirements for straight-line curves. The variation in the thermal units required to reach the same stage in different series indicates that their validity as criteria for determining comparable stages in embryonic development is doubtful.Periods of greatest mortality in development occur during cleavage and blastoderm formation to the closure of the blastopore and at hatching.
OIL SEEDS IN WESTERN CANADIAN GRAIN SCREENINGS
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Meredith W. O. S. , Eva W. J. , Heise A. C.
Published: April 2011

An examination of the refuse screenings from cereal grains, shipped from the Lakehead in the second quarter of the 1942–43 crop year, shows that it contained an average of 49% of weed seeds, having an oil content of 14.6%. The principal oil-bearing seeds in these screenings were: wild mustard, 8.8%; stinkweed, 2.9%; broken flax, 2.4%; hare's ear mustard, 1.6%; and tumbling mustard, 0.9%. The amounts of total seeds and of individual species varied widely in different shipments.During the same period, refuse screenings from flax contained an average of 75% of weed seeds, and other small heavy material, having an oil content of 21.4%. The principal oil-bearing materials were: broken flax, 13.8%; wild mustard, 11.7%; stinkweed, 9.4%; hare's ear mustard, 5.0%; and tumbling mustard, 2.8%.While limited crushing capacity and the man-power shortage make it unfeasible to produce oil from screenings at present, the future possibilities merit consideration.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XIV. EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE, LOW MOISTURE CONTENT, CARBON DIOXIDE PACK, AND COPPER CONTAMINATION ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Thistle M. W. , Reid Margaret , White W. Harold , Woodcock A. H.
Published: April 2011

As shown by objective tests of quality, egg powder slowly deteriorated even at temperatures as low as − 40 °C. Low moisture content had a marked preservative action, but powders containing 1.4% volatile materials suffered some deterioration when held at 37° and 48 °C. The use of a carbon dioxide pack afforded some measure of protection against heat deterioration, particularly on the solubility of the powder.Copper contamination had no demonstrable effect on quality, as measured by potassium chloride and fluorescence values, on powders stored at 21 °C. for three months, even in the presence of oxygen. The fat fraction showed no evidence of peroxide oxygen development.
NEW APPLICATION OF THE USE OF POTASSIUM ALCOHOLATES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED INDOLES
Authors: Marion Léo , Ashford Walter R.
Published: April 2011

The method of closing the pyrrole ring for the formation of an indole from a toluidide by means of potassium alcoholates as condensing agents has been extended to the preparation of indoles substituted in any or all of the positions in the pyrrole ring. 1-Methyl-, 3-methyl-, 2,3-dimethyl- and 1,2,3-trimethylindole have been prepared by this method.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF REDUCING GROUPS IN MILK POWDERS
Authors: Chapman R. A. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the detection and estimation of certain reducing groups in milk powders. The method is based on the reduction of potassium ferricyanide at 70 °C. and pH 5 and colorimetric estimation of ferric ferrocyanide. Titration with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol or potassium iodate failed to show any difference between fresh and stale milk powders. In contrast the ferricyanide test indicates much higher values in fresh powders than do the titration methods, and it also reveals a marked increase in samples that have developed stale, musty odours and flavours. Lactalbumin and casein show reducing activity that increases on heating. Of the amino acids tested, only tryptophane gives a positive reaction. It is concluded that the reducing groups are present in the protein molecule and become accessible on denaturation.
POLARIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CEREAL PRODUCTS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWER OF WHEAT STARCH IN AQUEOUS CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

The addition of small amounts of 0.8% acetic acid to concentrated calcium chloride solutions is shown to cause a remarkable increase in the hydrogen ion concentration, the salt solution ordinarily being rendered more acid than the "acidifying" reagent. With 15 minutes' boiling at constant temperature and salt concentration the effect of pH on the specific rotatory power of wheat starch is negligible over the range 2.1 to 3.0. Above a pH of 4.0, the starch solutions are opalescent, filter slowly and revert to a gel upon standing, while at pH values below 2.0 the specific rotation value is depressed. Only a very small decrease in the specific rotation value results from extending the boiling period to one hour when the initial pH is between 2.5 and 2.2. The specific rotation value is depressed by rising extraction temperature to an extent that varies with the pH and extraction time. It is increased quite remarkably by rising salt concentration. On substituting magnesium chloride for calcium chloride, the specific rotation value for wheat starch is increased by approximately 7°. Starch concentration has negligible effects on the specific rotation value. The specific rotation value decreases with rising polarization temperature over the range 20° to 35 °C. Sorption of water by the filter paper causes a large increase in the polarization value for the first portions of filtrate, this effect varying with the kind and amount of filter paper that is employed.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE VAPOUR
Authors: Baker Bruce E. , Ouellet C.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the vapour state have been studied by a manometric method, with pure hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of about 99.5%. The temperature coefficient of the reaction has been measured for the first time. The pressures ranged from 1 to 2 cm. of mercury and the temperatures from 70° to 200 °C. Pyrex reaction vessels of various sizes and shapes, and also a fused Pyrex and a soda-glass vessel, were used. The reaction was purely heterogeneous, of the first order up to 140 °C. but more complicated at higher temperatures. Identical vessels yielded consistent results. The rates were not affected by air, carbon dioxide, or water vapour, but they varied greatly with the size and shape of the vessel. The reaction was very slow on fused Pyrex and very rapid on soda-glass. In one vessel, the temperature coefficient became negligible above 120 °C. No explosion was detected up to 335 °C. at a pressure of 18 cm. of mercury. The apparent activation energies in various vessels ranged from 13.5 to 18.5 kcal. per mole. A tentative reaction mechanism is suggested.
ÉTUDE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES TIRÉES DES FEUILLES DE QUELQUES CONIFÈRES DU QUÉBEC
Authors: Risi J. , Brûlé M.
Published: April 2011

not available
POLARIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CEREAL PRODUCTS: IV. CRITICAL STUDIES OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN WHOLE WHEAT, GRANULAR, AND PATENT FLOURS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

A rapid polarimetric method applicable to whole wheat, granular, and patent flour is described in which the starch is dissolved in hot calcium chloride solution under uniform conditions, soluble proteins being removed by the addition of stannic chloride or uranyl acetate prior to volume adjustment, filtration, and polarization.Approximately 2.5-gm. samples (40 mesh) are placed in tall beakers and suspended uniformly in 10 cc. of water. Calcium chloride solution (60 cc., d. 1.30, pH 5.5) and 2 cc. of 0.8% acetic acid are added. The mixture is boiled at constant salt concentration for 15 min., foaming being prevented by dropwise addition of n-octanol as required. After cooling, 2.5 to 5.0 cc. of 4% stannic chloride or 10 cc. of 5% uranyl acetate (each dissolved in calcium chloride solution) is added, the mixture is diluted to 100 cc. with calcium chloride solution, mixed, and filtered. After discarding the first portion, the filtrate is polarized in 2 dm. tubes. [α]D = + 203° is used in the calculations; % starch = 2 dm. reading in degrees × 10 when 2.463 gm. flour samples are employed.Stannic chloride is shown to depress the specific rotation value of starches. A large error is introduced when it is used on wheat flour in the amount prescribed by Mannich and Lenz. Using the above uranyl acetate treatment, starch may be rapidly determined in corn, barley, rye, rice, grain sorghum, and buckwheat by the calcium chloride polarimetric method. It is shown that interfering wheat proteins may be removed by preparatory extraction with aqueous ethanol and dilute sodium hydroxide, as well as by precipitation. The latter being more rapid is judged most suitable for routine applications. Levorotatory hemicelluloses of bran and endosperm are dissolved in considerable amount by boiling calcium chloride solution but their small effect is balanced by the error of overestimation arising from insoluble wheat solids. Hemicelluloses are shown to be capable of causing high results in applications of the diastase–hydrochloric-acid method to wheat products. The improved calcium chloride polarimetric method is considered the most reliable of existing macro-methods for the determination of starch in wheat.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF RUST ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT
Authors: Peturson B. , Newton Margaret , Whiteside A. G. O.
Published: April 2011

In field experiments carried out at Winnipeg, heavy artificially-induced infection of leaf rust of wheat reduced the yield, bushel weight, kernel weight, number of kernels per head, and percentage of flour yield of the varieties Thatcher, Apex, Renown, and Regent. The infection increased the yellow pigment content of the flour of all these four varieties but, apart from a reduction in flour yield, had no other adverse effect on the milling and baking quality of the grain. In fact, the flour milled from the rusted samples was superior in baking strength to the flour milled from the non-rusted samples. Under field conditions, the rust had a variable effect on the percentage of protein of the grain. In one year it increased the percentage of protein of the seed, but in two other years it decreased the percentage of protein. Under greenhouse conditions, in two different years, leaf rust on Thatcher wheat reduced the yield of seed, number of kernels per head, number of fertile tillers, and yield of straw, but increased the protein content of the seed, leaves, and straw.