bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualising oxytocin neurone activity in vivo: The key to unlocking central regulation of parturition and lactation
Authors: Perkinson Michael R. , Kim Joon S. , Iremonger Karl J. , Brown Colin H.
Published: July 2021

During parturition and lactation, oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei fire high‐frequency bursts of action potentials that are coordinated across the entire population. Each burst generates a large pulse of oxytocin release into the circulation to induce uterine contraction for parturition and mammary duct contraction for milk ejection. Bursts are stimulated by cervical stretch during parturition and by suckling during lactation. However, the mechanisms by which these stimuli are translated into episodic bursts are poorly understood, as are the mechanisms that coordinate bursts across the oxytocin neurone population. An elegant series of experiments conducted in the 1980s and 1990s used serial paired recordings to show that oxytocin neurones do not act as a syncytium during bursts; rather, they start each burst within a few hundred milliseconds of each other but with no distinct “leaders” or “followers”. In addition to afferent noradrenergic inputs that relay the systemic stimuli to oxytocin neurones, bursts depend on somato‐dendritic oxytocin release within the hypothalamus. Hence, bursts are considered to be an emergent property of oxytocin neurones that is bootstrapped by appropriate afferent stimulation. Although much progress was made using traditional electrophysiological recordings in head‐fixed anaesthetised animals, research has effectively stalled in the last few decades. However, the emergence of new technologies to monitor neuronal activity in freely‐behaving animals has reinvigorated efforts to understand the biology underpinning burst firing in oxytocin neurones. Here, we report the use of fibre photometry to monitor the dynamics of milk ejection bursts in the oxytocin neurone population of freely‐behaving mice. This approach will shed light on the neural mechanisms that control the oxytocin bursts underpinning parturition and lactation.
The micro and ultrastructural anatomy of bone spicules found in the osteochondral junction of bovine patellae with early joint degeneration
Authors: Hargrave‐Thomas Emily J. , Thambyah Ashvin
Published: July 2021

The structural changes in the tissues of the osteochondral junction are a topic of interest, especially considering how bone changes are involved in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Our research group has previously demonstrated that at the cement line boundary between the zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) and the subchondral bone, in mature bovine patellae with early OA, there are numerous bone spicules that have emerged from the underlying bone. These spicules contain a central vascular canal and a bone cuff. In this study, we use high‐resolution differential interference contrast optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to compare the cartilage–bone junction of three groups of mature bovine patellae showing healthy to mild to moderately degenerate cartilage. The ZCC and bone junction was carefully examined to estimate the frequency of marrow spaces, bone spicules and fully formed bone bulges. The results reveal that bone spicules are associated with all grades of cartilage tissue studied, with the most occurring in the intermediate stages of tissue health. The micro and ultrastructure of the bone spicule are consistent with that of an osteon, especially those found in compression zones in long bones. Also considering the coexistence of marrow spaces and fully formed bone, this study suggests that these bone spicules arise similar to the formation of osteons in the bone remodelling process. The significance of this conclusion is in the way researchers approach the bone formation issue in the early degenerative joint. Instead of endochondral ossification, we propose that bone formation in OA is more akin to a combination of primary bone remodelling and de novo bone formation.
Decision fatigue among clinical nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Pignatiello Grant A. , Tsivitse Emily , O’Brien Julia , Kraus Noa , Hickman Ronald L.
Published: July 2021

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this study was to report the psychometric properties, including validity and reliability, of the decision fatigue scale (DFS).

Background

Decision fatigue may impair nurses’ ability to make sound clinical decisions and negatively impact patient care. Given the negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on psychological well‐being and the workplace environment, decision fatigue may be even more apparent among clinical nurses. Valid assessment of this condition among clinical nurses may inform supportive interventions to mitigate the negative sequelae associated with states of decision fatigue.

Design

This study was a secondary analysis of a parent study using a cross‐sectional descriptive design.

Methods

A convenience sample of 160 staff nurses was recruited online from across the United States. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and subjective measures of decision fatigue, nursing practice environment scale and traumatic stress. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), correlation coefficients and internal consistency reliability coefficients were computed to examine the DFS’s validity and reliability within this sample.

Results

The EFA yielded a single factor, 9‐item version of the DFS. The DFS scores were strongly correlated with traumatic stress and moderately correlated with the nursing practice environment, and the scale displayed appropriate internal consistency.

Conclusions

This is the first known study to provide evidence of the DFS’s validity and reliability in a sample of registered nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The results of this study provide evidence of a reliable and valid assessment instrument for decision fatigue that can be used to measure the burden of decision‐making among registered nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

Given the relationship between traumatic stress and the nursing work environment, decision fatigue may be a modifiable target for interventions that can enhance the quality of decision‐making among clinical nurses.
Removable Partial Dentures with Polyetheretherketone Framework: The Influence on Residual Ridge Stability
Authors: Lo Russo Lucio , Chochlidakis Konstantinos , Caradonna Giammarco , Molinelli Fabrizio , Guida Laura , Ercoli Carlo
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To provide, in a clinical case‐control study, 1‐year data on edentulous residual ridge dimensional changes for patients wearing removable partial dentures (RPD) with Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) framework, fabricated with a digital workflow, and a control group of untreated patients.

Materials and Methods

Ten patients were treated with PEEK RPD, and six controls were studied. Intraoral scans at baseline (T0) and after a median period of 1 year (T1) were superimposed, trimmed, and reoriented (T0r and T1r), moved to a metrology software, and realigned. A curve (C0) was then traced on T0r, along the residual ridge crest; its projection (C1) on T1r was obtained. The mean distance C0‐C1 was the dependent variable of interest and represented the 1‐year changes in the height of the edentulous ridge. In addition, mean 3D distance between T0 and T1 at each edentulous area was measured. Differences in these outcomes measured between RPD treated and control groups were statistically assessed.

Results

Twenty‐six and 14 edentulous areas were investigated in the RPD treated and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed for potentially confounding variables, such as median follow‐up time (12.5 vs. 13 months, respectively), the alignment accuracy between T0r and T1r (0.01 mm vs. 0 mm, respectively), the median number of remaining teeth (6 vs. 8.5, respectively), and the median length of edentulous areas (25.5 mm vs. 22.8 mm, respectively). For the outcomes of interest, no statistically significant difference was seen in the mean distance between C0 and C1 (i.e., changes in residual ridge height: −0.39 ± 0.52 mm vs. −0.52 ± 0.54 mm, respectively) or in the mean 3D distance at corresponding points of the denture bearing areas (−0.3 ± 0.46 mm vs. −0.4 ± 0.35, respectively).

Conclusions

Although 1 year is a relatively short observation period, this clinical study shows that there are no short‐term differences in edentulous residual ridge height and overall dimensions between patients wearing PEEK RPD, fabricated with a digital workflow, and controls without an RPD.
Quality of government and economic growth at the municipal level: Evidence from Spain
Authors: Balaguer‐Coll Maria Teresa , Narbón‐Perpiñá Isabel , Peiró‐Palomino Jesús , Tortosa‐Ausina Emili
Published: July 2021

This paper analyzes the relationship between government efficiency—an important dimension of quality of government—and economic growth at the municipal level in 1,820 Spanish municipalities during the period 2008–2015. At this level of disaggregation, the literature is virtually nonexistent due to severe data constraints. The efficiency of local government provides an accurate indicator of how good local authorities are in managing their budget. This variable is expected to be highly correlated with other more traditional quality of government indicators, such as corruption. After computing our measure, we then use it in a growth regression framework. We find a dominant positive effect of government efficiency on income per capita growth, which is robust to a wide variety of scenarios. Our findings also suggest that increases in local government quality are particularly rewarding for the poorest municipalities.
Pan‐cancer analyses reveal genomics and clinical characteristics of the melatonergic regulators in cancer
Authors: Zhang Jian , Jiang Huali , Du Kunpeng , Xie Tao , Wang Baiyao , Chen Chengcong , Reiter Russel J. , Cen Bohong , Yuan Yawei
Published: July 2021

Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, plays protective roles in cancer. In addition to regulating circadian rhythms, sleep, and neuroendocrine activity, melatonin functions in various survival pathways. However, the mechanisms of melatonin regulation in cancer remain unknown. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive characterization of melatonin regulators in 9125 tumor samples across 33 cancer types using multi‐omic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. In the genomic landscape, we identified the heterozygous amplification of AANAT and GPR50, and heterozygous deletion of PER3, CYP2C19, and MTNR1A as the dominant alteration events. Expression analysis revealed methylation‐mediated downregulation of melatonergic regulator expression. In addition, we found that melatonergic regulator expression could be used to predict patient survival in various cancers. In depth, microRNA (miRNA) analysis revealed an miRNA‐mRNA interaction network, and the deregulated miRNAs were involved in melatonin secretion and metabolism by targeting circadian clock genes. Pathway analysis showed that melatonergic regulators were associated with inhibition of apoptosis, the cell cycle, the DNA damage response, and activation of RAS/MAPK and RTK signaling pathways. Importantly, by mining the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database, we discovered a number of potential drugs that might target melatonergic regulators. In summary, this study revealed the genomic alteration and clinical characteristics of melatonergic regulators across 33 cancers, which might clarify the relationship between melatonin and tumorigenesis. Our findings also might provide a novel approach for the clinical treatment of cancers.
(When) should psychology be a science?
Authors: Krpan Dario
Published: July 2021

Since its emergence in the 19th century, academic psychology has striven to become accepted as a scientific discipline. This emphasis on “science” has led to many unprecedented advancements in the understanding of human behavior. However, the view that psychology must be approached as a science has become ingrained in the field over time, and critically discussing the implications of this notion has turned into a taboo. In this article, I examine the benefits and limitations of applying the scientific paradigm to psychology, and I propose when it is not optimal to approach psychology as a science if the field is to maximize its potential. Importantly, I do not imply that practicing psychology as a “non‐science” means practicing it as a pseudoscience. Quite to the contrary, I argue that not always enforcing the scientific viewpoint can prevent pseudoscientific practices and make the field more scientific in the long run.
Disgust and the logic of contamination: Biology, culture, and the evolution of norm (over)compliance
Authors: Wiegman Isaac , Fischer Bob
Published: July 2021

Many people feel compelled to disassociate themselves from wrongdoing. We call judgments to the effect “disassociation intuitions.” Do disassociation intuitions have a common cause? Why do they seem so obvious and resistant to countervailing reasons? How did they become so widespread? Here, we argue that disassociation intuitions are a natural product of gene‐culture co‐evolution. We also consider the mechanism that gene‐culture co‐evolution employed to achieve this result, arguing that a plausible candidate is disgust and its cultural echoes. This theory of disassociation intuitions suggests a promising research program in the philosophy of psychology, which provides new ways of thinking about higher cognitive emotions, and biologically constrained cognitive capacities generally.
Doubts about Duty as a Secondary Motive
Authors: Isserow Jessica
Published: July 2021

Many follow Kant in thinking that morally worthy actions must be carried out solely from the motive of duty. This outlook faces two challenges: (1) The One Feeling Too Few problem (actions that issue from, say, compassion also seem to have moral worth), and (2) The One Thought Too Many problem (some actions have moral worth precisely because they’re not motivated by duty). These challenges haven’t led Kantians to dispense with the motive of duty. Instead, they have proposed to push it into the background. We should not (the thought goes) construe duty as a primary motive, a consideration that motivates the agent to act. Duty is best thought of as a secondary motive, a background concern that constrains her choice. Since it is consistent with acting from duty at the secondary level that one is motivated at the primary level by compassion, this move is thought to overcome both challenges. In this paper, I argue that secondary motive views don’t live up to their stated ambitions. Such proposals either fail to make progress on issues with which primary motive views continue to grapple, or they render the motive of duty ill‐suited to underwrite a plausible account of moral worth.
Discovery of DNA polymorphisms via whole genome resequencing and their functional relevance in salinity stress response in chickpea
Authors: Rajkumar Mohan Singh , Jain Mukesh , Garg Rohini
Published: July 2021

Salinity stress is one of the major constraints for plant growth and yield. The salinity stress response of different genotypes of crop plants may largely be governed by DNA polymorphisms. To determine the molecular genetic factors involved in salinity stress tolerance in chickpea, we performed a whole genome resequencing data analysis of three each of salinity‐sensitive and salinity‐tolerant genotypes. A total of 6173 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 920 insertions and deletions differentiating the chickpea genotypes with contrasting salinity stress responses were identified. Gene ontology analysis revealed the enrichment of functional terms related to stress response and development among the genes harboring DNA polymorphisms in their promoter and/or coding regions. DNA polymorphisms located within the cis‐regulatory motifs of the quantitative trait loci (QTL)‐associated and abiotic stress related genes were identified, which may influence salinity stress response via modulating binding affinity of the transcription factors. Several genes including QTL‐associated and abiotic stress response related genes harboring DNA polymorphisms exhibited differential expression in response to salinity stress especially at the reproductive stage of development in the salinity‐tolerant genotype. Furthermore, effects of non‐synonymous DNA polymorphisms on mutational sensitivity and structural integrity of the encoded proteins by the candidate QTL‐associated and abiotic stress response related genes were revealed. The results suggest that DNA polymorphisms may determine salinity stress response via influencing differential gene expression in genotype and/or stage‐dependent manner. Altogether, we provide a high‐quality set of DNA polymorphisms and candidate genes that may govern salinity stress tolerance in chickpea.
Psychophysiological evidence for fear extinction learning via mental imagery
Authors: Jiang Xinrui , Greening Steven G.
Published: July 2021

Imagery‐based extinction procedures have long been used in the treatments of fear‐related conditions. The assumption is that imagery can substitute for the perceptual stimuli in the extinction process. Yet, experimental validations of this assumption have been limited in number and some have relied exclusively on measures of autonomic reactivity without consideration of conscious feelings of fear. The current investigation sought to assess whether imagery‐based exposure could lead to extinction of conditioned fear to the corresponding perceptual stimulus. Conditioned fear responses were measured by both a physiological (i.e., skin conductance response [SCR]) and a subjective (i.e., self‐reported fear) measure. Participants (N = 56) first underwent perceptual differential fear conditioning, then imagery extinction, then perceptual extinction. SCR evidence was found for successful fear conditioning, generalization of fear from viewing to imagery, and most importantly, the absence of differential fear after imagery extinction upon re‐exposure to the conditioned perceptual stimulus. Self‐reported fear confirmed the acquisition and generalization of fear and provided evidence of a significant reduction in differential fear conditioning across extinction. Consistent with clinical evidence of the efficacy of imagery extinction and the existing limited experimental literature, this study offers support for fear extinction to perceptual stimuli via imagery exposure.
Developmental competence of heat stressed oocytes from Holstein and Limousine cows matured in vitro
Authors: Stamperna Konstantina , Dovolou Eleni , Giannoulis Themistoklis , Kalemkeridou Maria , Nanas Ioannis , Dadouli Katerina , Moutou Katerina , Mamuris Zissis , Amiridis Georgios S.
Published: July 2021

The negative effects of heat stress on dairy cattle's fertility have been extensively studied, but the relevant knowledge for beef cattle is rather limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of HS during in vitro maturation on the developmental potential of oocytes derived from Limousine and Holstein cows and to estimate the effect of the differential gene expression of important genes in oocytes, cumulus cells and blastocysts in the growth competence between the breeds. In seven replicates, cumulus oocyte complexes from Holstein and Limousine cows were matured for 24 hr at 39°C (controls C; Hol_39, Lim_39) or at 41°C from hour 2 to hour 8 of IVM (treated T; Hol_41, Lim_41), fertilized, and presumptive zygotes were cultured for 9 days at 39°C. Cleavage and embryo formation rates were evaluated 48 hr post‐insemination and on days 7, 8 and 9, respectively. From all groups, subsets of cumulus cells, oocytes and blastocysts were analysed for the relative expression of genes related to metabolism, stress, apoptosis and placentation. No difference was detected in cleavage rate or in blastocyst formation rate among the control groups. In both breeds, heat stress reduced blastocyst yield, but at all days the suppression was higher in Limousines. In Holsteins, altered gene expression was detected in cumulus cells (G6PD, GLUT1) and blastocysts (PLAC8), while in Limousines, differences were found in oocytes (G6PD, HSP90AA1), in cumulus cells (CPT1B, HSP90AA1, SOD2) and blastocysts (DNMT, HSP90AA1, SOD2). It appears that Holstein COCs are more tolerant than Limousine COCs, possibly due to compulsory, production driven selection.
Innovation or implementation? Local response to low‐carbon policy experimentation in China
Authors: Guo Shihong , Song Qijiao , Qi Ye
Published: July 2021

The low‐carbon pilot city project is a critical policy experimentation in China, which is designed to implement policy instruments and local initiatives for low‐carbon development targets. However, some scholars have argued that local pilots have not met the central government's expectation of policy innovation. The current literature mainly focuses on pathways at the national level and few studies have discussed how subnational authorities respond to the national goals. Through a case study, we present the actions and the political will of the local authorities and discuss the logic involved in the local government's response to the low‐carbon pilot city project. We conclude that the bottom‐up initiative has become a top‐down policy implementation process, which contributes little to the design of new and appropriate policy instruments and initiatives. The local government only “package up” the low‐carbon related policies responding to the country's requirement, showing less enthusiasm and political will toward low‐carbon development initiatives. This study contributes to subnational pathways of low‐carbon development and explores the responses and the political will of local government to policy experimentation.
Sequence‐based features that are determinant for tail‐anchored membrane protein sorting in eukaryotes
Authors: Fry Michelle Y. , Saladi Shyam M. , Cunha Alexandre , Clemons William M.
Published: July 2021

The correct targeting and insertion of tail‐anchored (TA) integral membrane proteins is critical for cellular homeostasis. TA proteins are defined by a hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TMD) at their C‐terminus and are targeted to either the ER or mitochondria. Derived from experimental measurements of a few TA proteins, there has been little examination of the TMD features that determine localization. As a result, the localization of many TA proteins are misclassified by the simple heuristic of overall hydrophobicity. Because ER‐directed TMDs favor arrangement of hydrophobic residues to one side, we sought to explore the role of geometric hydrophobic properties. By curating TA proteins with experimentally determined localizations and assessing hypotheses for recognition, we bioinformatically and experimentally verify that a hydrophobic face is the most accurate singular metric for separating ER and mitochondria‐destined yeast TA proteins. A metric focusing on an 11 residue segment of the TMD performs well when classifying human TA proteins. The most inclusive predictor uses both hydrophobicity and C‐terminal charge in tandem. This work provides context for previous observations and opens the door for more detailed mechanistic experiments to determine the molecular factors driving this recognition.
Influence of Porosity on Fracture Toughness and Fracture Behavior of Antibiotic-Loaded PMMA Bone Cement
Authors: Kim Sunjung , Baril Caroline , Rudraraju Shiva , Ploeg Heidi-Lynn
Published: July 2021

Aseptic loosening is the most common reason for the long-term revision of cemented arthroplasties with fracture of the cement being a postulated cause or contributing factor. In our previous studies we showed that adding an antibiotic to a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement led to detrimental effects on various mechanical properties of the cement such as bending strength, compressive strength and fracture toughness (KIC). This finding implied that the mechanical failure of antibiotic-loaded PMMA bone cement was influenced by its pore volume fraction. Up to now this aspect has not been studied. Hence the purposes of this study were to determine (1) the influence of antibiotic (telavancin) loading on the KIC of a widely used PMMA bone cement brand (Palacos®R) and (2) the influence of pore size and pore distribution on the fracture behavior of the KIC specimens. For (2) both experimental and numerical methods (extended finite element method [XFEM]) were used allowing a comparison between the two sets of results. We found that: (1) KIC decreased with increased porosity with the drop (relative to the value for the control cement) being significant when the telavancin loading was 4.8 wt/wt % (2 g of telavancin added to 40 g of control cement powder); (2) there was a critical pore size above which there was a significant decrease in KIC and is 1 mm; (3) crack propagation was strongly influenced by pore size and pore locations (pore–pore interactions); and, (4) there was good agreement between the experimental and XFEM results. The implications of these findings for the use of a telavancin-loaded PMMA bone cement in cemented total joint arthroplasties are commented upon.
Automated Procedure for Constructing ASME External Pressure Charts
Authors: Jawad Maan , Chen Xiaolin , Griffin Don
Published: July 2021

External pressure charts are used for the design of most components in pressure vessels and boilers. The external pressure charts developed by the ASME boiler and pressure vessel code in the past for various materials were constructed manually at a fairly long lead time. ASME recently undertook a project to computerize the procedure for constructing External Pressure Charts for new materials at a fraction of the previous construction time. The methodology, assumptions, advantages, and limitations of this procedure are described in this paper.
Checkerboard speech vs interrupted speech: Effects of spectrotemporal segmentation on intelligibility
Authors: Ueda Kazuo , Kawakami Riina , Takeichi Hiroshige
Published: July 2021

The intelligibility of interrupted speech (interrupted over time) and checkerboard speech (interrupted over time-by-frequency), both of which retained a half of the original speech, was examined. The intelligibility of interrupted speech stimuli decreased as segment duration increased. 20-band checkerboard speech stimuli brought nearly 100% intelligibility irrespective of segment duration, whereas, with 2 and 4 frequency bands, a trough of 35%–40% appeared at the 160-ms segment duration. Mosaic speech stimuli (power was averaged over a time-frequency unit) yielded generally poor intelligibility (⩽10%). The results revealed the limitations of underlying auditory organization for speech cues scattered in a time-frequency domain.
The independence of phrasal creak and segmental glottalization in American English
Authors: Peña Jailyn , Davidson Lisa , Orosco Shmico
Published: July 2021

This study compared fundamental frequency (F0), H1*-H2*, H1*-A1*, and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) measures during intervals of three types of segmental glottalization and intervals of prosodic, phrasal creak. Results show that phrasal creak differs from all segmental glottalization types with lower F0 and H1*-H2* and higher HNR. /t/ glottalization before syllabic nasals has lower H1*-A1* than all other creaky phonation types, indicating concurrent pre-nasalization of segments preceding nasals, and coda /t/ glottalization has lower HNR than vowel-initial glottalization. A positive relationship between rates of segmental glottalization and phrasal creak suggests that speakers do not avoid their co-occurrence despite potential perceptual confusability.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blair-DeLeon Nancy A. , Struck Christopher J.
Published: July 2021

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To browse the latest copy of our catalog, visit our website at https://acousticalsociety.org/download-catalog/.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are also available via the ASA Standards home page: https://acousticalsociety.org/acoustical-society-standards/.
Parental Perceptions of the Importance and Effectiveness of Patient-Centered Care Delivery
Authors: Adado Sadie Rose , Games Kenneth E.
Published: July 2021

Integrative patient-centered care (PCC) models encompass all dimensions of the patient, including physical well-being, evidence-based shared decision making, and determinants of health as they relate to quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore parental experiences with the principles of PCC, related to the healthcare of their dependent after interactions with a provider. Using an observational design, our results demonstrated that parents of adolescent athletes rated PCC concepts as “very important” and the care delivered in relation to PCC by providers as “very effective.” PCC is perceived as valuable to parents, and therefore, athletic trainers must continue to develop and integrate PCC in the delivery of care within their clinical practice.
Current Movement Follows Previous Nontarget Movement With Somatosensory Stimulation
Authors: Oda Hitoshi , Sawaguchi Yasushi , Kunimura Hiroshi , Kawasaki Taku , Hiraoka Koichi
Published: July 2021

This study examined whether the current movement follows the previous movement and whether this process is enhanced by somatosensory stimulation or is gated while retrieving and using the memory of the previously practiced target end point. Healthy humans abducted the index finger to a previously practiced target (target movement) or abducted it freely without aiming at the target (nontarget movement). The end point of the nontarget movement had a positive correlation with the previous nontarget movement only when somatosensory stimulation was given during the previous movement, indicating that the current nontarget movement follows the previous nontarget movement with somatosensory stimulation. No conclusive evidence of whether this process is gated by retrieving and using the memory of the previously practiced target was found.
Global waves synchronize the brain’s functional systems with fluctuating arousal
Authors: Raut Ryan V. , Snyder Abraham Z. , Mitra Anish , Yellin Dov , Fujii Naotaka , Malach Rafael , Raichle Marcus E.
Published: July 2021

Traveling waves spatiotemporally organize brain-wide activity in synchrony with ongoing arousal fluctuations.
Fingerprinting diverse nanoporous materials for optimal hydrogen storage conditions using meta-learning
Authors: Sun Yangzesheng , DeJaco Robert F. , Li Zhao , Tang Dai , Glante Stephan , Sholl David S. , Colina Coray M. , Snurr Randall Q. , Thommes Matthias , Hartmann Martin , Siepmann J. Ilja
Published: July 2021

A meta-learning model predicts the optimal hydrogen storage conditions and selects from a diverse set of nanoporous materials.
Local IP
3
receptor–mediated Ca
2+
signals compound to direct blood flow in brain capillaries
Authors: Longden Thomas A. , Mughal Amreen , Hennig Grant W. , Harraz Osama F. , Shui Bo , Lee Frank K. , Lee Jane C. , Reining Shaun , Kotlikoff Michael I. , König Gabriele M. , Kostenis Evi , Hill-Eubanks David , Nelson Mark T.
Published: July 2021

Brain capillary calcium signaling controls blood flow.
From collections of independent, mindless robots to flexible, mobile, and directional superstructures
Authors: Boudet J. F. , Lintuvuori J. , Lacouture C. , Barois T. , Deblais A. , Xie K. , Cassagnere S. , Tregon B. , Brückner D. B. , Baret J. C. , Kellay H.
Published: July 2021

Self-organization of independent simple robots confined in a flexible scaffold gives rise to a mobile and flexible structure.
Development of a NovelIn VitroPrimary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Model To Study Reactivation of HIV-1 Transcription
Authors: Wong Michelle E. , Johnson Chad J. , Hearps Anna C. , Jaworowski Anthony
Published: July 2021

Agents which modulate latent HIV reservoirs in infected cells are of considerable interest to HIV cure strategies. The present study characterizes a robust, reproducible model enabling quantification of HIV reactivation in primary HIV-infected human MDM which is relatively insensitive to the monocyte donor source and hence suitable for evaluating latency modifiers in MDM.
Efficient RNA Virus Targeting via CRISPR/CasRx in Fish
Authors: Wang Qing , Liu Yun , Han Chong , Yang Min , Huang Fengqi , Duan Xuzhuo , Wang Shaowen , Yu Yepin , Liu Jiaxin , Yang Huirong , Lu Danqi , Zhao Huihong , Zhang Yong , Qin Qiwei
Published: July 2021

RNA viruses are important viral pathogens infecting vertebrates and mammals. RNA virus populations are highly dynamic due to short generation times, large population sizes, and high mutation frequencies.
Th17 T Cells and Immature Dendritic Cells Are the Preferential Initial Targets after Rectal Challenge with a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Based Replication-Defective Dual-Reporter Vector
Authors: Maric Danijela , Grimm Wesley A. , Greco Natalie , McRaven Michael D. , Fought Angela J. , Veazey Ronald S. , Hope Thomas J.
Published: July 2021

Men and women who participate in unprotected receptive anal intercourse are at high risk of acquiring HIV. While
in vitro
data have developed a framework for understanding HIV cell tropism, the initial target cells in the rectal mucosa have not been identified.
Porcine Circovirus 2 Manipulates the PERK-ERO1α Axis of the Endoplasmic Reticulum To Favor Its Replication by Derepressing Viral DNA from HMGB1 Sequestration within Nuclei
Authors: Sun Renjie , Deng Zhuofan , Han Xiao , Zhang Yikai , Zhou Yingshan , Shan Ying , Fang Weihuan , Li Xiaoliang
Published: July 2021

Considering the fact that clinical porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) mostly results from activation of latent PCV2 infection by confounding factors such as coinfection or environmental stresses, we propose that such confounding factors might impose oxidative stress to the animals, where PCV2 in infected cells might utilize the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote HMGB1 migration out of nuclei in favor of its replication. An animal infection model with a particular stressor could be approached with or without antioxidant treatment to examine the relationship among the stressor, ROS level, HMGB1 distribution in target tissues, virus replication, and severity of PCVAD.
Key Amino Acids of M1-41 and M2-27 Determine Growth and Pathogenicity of Chimeric H17 Bat Influenza Virus in Cells and in Mice
Authors: Yang Jianmei , Zhang Pei , Huang Min , Qiao Shuyuan , Liu Qinfang , Chen Hongjun , Teng Qiaoyang , Li Xuesong , Zhang Zhifei , Yan Dawei , Sun Haiwei , Li Zejun
Published: July 2021

The M1 and M2 proteins influence the morphology, replication, virulence, and transmissibility of influenza viruses. Although a few key residues in the M1 and M2 proteins have been identified, whether other residues of the M1 and M2 proteins are involved in viral replication and pathogenicity remains to be discovered.
Amplicon and Metagenomic Analysis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus and the Microbiome in Patients with Severe MERS
Authors: Aljabr Waleed , Alruwaili Muhannad , Penrice-Randal Rebekah , Alrezaihi Abdulrahman , Harrison Abbie Jasmine , Ryan Yan , Bentley Eleanor , Jones Benjamin , Alhatlani Bader Y. , AlShahrani Dayel , Mahmood Zana , Rickett Natasha Y. , Alosaimi Bandar , Naeem Asif , Alamri Saad , Alsran Hadel , Hamed Maaweya E. , Dong Xiaofeng , Assiri Abdullah M. , Alrasheed Abdullah R. , Hamza Muaawia , Carroll Miles W. , Gemmell Matthew , Darby Alistair , Donovan-Banfield I’ah , Stewart James P. , Matthews David A. , Davidson Andrew D. , Hiscox Julian A.
Published: July 2021

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in late 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The virus is a serious threat to people not only in the Middle East but also in the world and has been detected in over 27 countries.
Coinfections with Other Respiratory Pathogens among Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Sreenath K. , Batra Priyam , Vinayaraj E. V. , Bhatia Ridhima , SaiKiran KVP , Singh Vishwajeet , Singh Sheetal , Verma Nishant , Singh Urvashi B. , Mohan Anant , Bhatnagar Sushma , Trikha Anjan , Guleria Randeep , Chaudhry Rama
Published: July 2021

Coinfections in COVID-19 patients may worsen disease outcomes and need further investigation. We found that a higher proportion of patients with COVID-19 were coinfected with one or more additional pathogens. A better understanding of the prevalence of coinfection with other respiratory pathogens in COVID-19 patients and the profile of pathogens can contribute to effective patient management and antibiotic stewardship during the current pandemic.
Durable Antibody Responses in Staff at Two Long-Term Care Facilities, during and Post SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks
Authors: Gallichotte Emily N. , Nehring Mary , Young Michael C. , Pugh Sierra , Sexton Nicole R. , Fitzmeyer Emily , Quicke Kendra M. , Richardson Megan , Pabilonia Kristy L. , Ehrhart Nicole , Fosdick Bailey K. , VandeWoude Sue , Ebel Gregory D.
Published: July 2021

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 due to their communal nature and high-risk profile of residents. LTCF staff have the ability to introduce SARS-CoV-2 into the facility, where it can spread, causing outbreaks.
The MpsAB Bicarbonate Transporter Is Superior to Carbonic Anhydrase in Biofilm-Forming Bacteria with Limited CO
2
Diffusion
Authors: Fan Sook-Ha , Matsuo Miki , Huang Li , Tribelli Paula M. , Götz Friedrich
Published: July 2021

CO
2
and bicarbonate are required for carboxylation reactions in central metabolism and biosynthesis of small molecules in all bacteria. This is achieved by two different systems for dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS): these are the membrane potential-generating system (MpsAB) and the carbonic anhydrase (CA), but both rarely coexist in a given species.
Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Simulated Sunlight on Contaminated Surfaces
Authors: Raiteux Jérémy , Eschlimann Marine , Marangon Audrey , Rogée Sophie , Dadvisard Maylis , Taysse Laurent , Larigauderie Guilhem
Published: July 2021

Clinical matrix contains high levels of interfering substances. This study is the first to reveal that the presence of high levels of interfering substances had little impact on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel following exposure to simulated sunlight.
Hypocupraemia-induced anaemia, sensory ataxia and cognitive impairment secondary to zinc-containing dental adhesive
Authors: Jamal Rayyan , Dihmis Omar Walid , Carroll Liam Stuart , Pengas George
Published: July 2021

A 67-year-old man presented with 5 months of worsening memory impairment and sensory gait ataxia on the background of symptomatic anaemia. He experienced falls, agitation and became socially withdrawn over 3 weeks, resulting in hospital admission. On examination, he had sensory gait ataxia consistent with a dorsal column syndrome. He scored 13/30 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Serum analysis showed normocytic anaemia and leucopenia, severe hypocupraemia, reduced caeruloplasmin and normal zinc levels. Overuse of zinc-containing denture cream was the cause of excess zinc ingestion and resultant copper deficiency, leading to blood dyscrasia and myelopathy. The cream was withdrawn and intravenous and then oral copper supplementation was implemented. Direct questions with regard to excess zinc in the diet and serological testing of copper and zinc should be considered in any patient with a dorsal column syndrome, particularly with concurrent anaemia. Copper deficiency may also have a role in exacerbating pre-existing cognitive impairment.
Acute coronary syndrome as the first presentation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Authors: Matthia Eldon , Altshuler Ellery , Naik Dhaval K , Keeley Ellen C
Published: July 2021

We describe a case of a 42-year-old man who presented with anginal chest pain. He had objective evidence of ongoing cardiac injury. After initial treatment for coronary arterial disease, cardiac catheterisation revealed diffuse coronary arterial thrombosis with embolisation. Follow-up testing implicated new-onset antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as the aetiology.
Abdominal pain as an initial symptom of isolated ACTH deficiency induced by nivolumab in a patient with malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Hata Koichi , Sakaguchi Chikara , Tsuchiya Michiko , Nagasaka Yukio
Published: July 2021

Used for a wide range of cancers, nivolumab has been reported to cause immune-related adverse events, including isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (IAD). We report an 81-year-old woman with malignant mesothelioma who presented with abdominal pain after eight courses of nivolumab therapy, leading to the diagnosis of nivolumab-induced IAD. We should consider adrenal insufficiency (AI) when a patient on nivolumab complains of abdominal pain and has no other explanatory findings. Infusion-resistant hypotension and hyponatraemia can further suggest AI.
Redo mitral valve replacement using valve-on-valve technique in a patient with severe posterior mitral annular calcification
Authors: Al Kindi Adil H , Mandisha Ahmed Fahmy , Hammam Mohamed , Salem AbdelMaged
Published: July 2021

Redo mitral valve replacement surgery due to bioprosthetic valve failure can carry serious surgical challenges. In addition to the usual redo sternotomy risk, there is risk of circumflex coronary artery injury or atrioventricular disruption from explanting the prosthesis. Alternatives to prosthesis explantation may be needed in some cases.

We report a case of mitral bioprosthetic valve failure in a young patient who had a history of atrioventricular disruption during the first surgery and had pericardial patch repair of the defect. The risk of explanting the bioprosthesis during redo surgery was very high. Therefore, we performed valve replacement using valve-on-valve technique in which the new valve is implanted within the sewing ring of the previous bioprosthesis without explanting the valve. This technique converted a very highly futile surgery to a conventional redo surgery risk. The patient had a successful surgery with no intraoperative or postoperative complications.
Need for a holistic approach to treat TB contacts and extrapulmonary (ocular) tuberculosis
Authors: Singh Prabhakar , Gupta Abhishek , Gupta Richa , Raj Amit
Published: July 2021

We aim to highlight the ignorance and incidences of deliberate hiding of medical facts in society. The cause of it can be, the associated taboo with these diseases. The fear of social outcasts is the major barrier preventing diseased from accepting the diagnosis as well as treatment. Though the medical facility has improved significantly and has come up with a complete cure for these diseases, still these facilities are not able to trickle down to the lower socioeconomic group. The reason for facilities not reaching the lower socioeconomic strata is the self-made shield created by these people. The current case report tries to highlight the need to screen the family members and the contacts of patients with tuberculosis. The screening should be done holistically and thoroughly to rule out extrapulmonary pulmonary disease also.
Temporal association between SARS-CoV-2 and new-onset myasthenia gravis: is it causal or coincidental?
Authors: Muralidhar Reddy Y , B Santhosh Kumar , Osman Syed , Murthy Jagarlapudi M K
Published: July 2021

Several case reports of COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have been documented. However, new-onset autoimmune MG following COVID-19 has been reported very rarely. We report one such case here. A 65-year-old man presented to us with dysphagia 6 weeks following mild COVID-19. He was evaluated and diagnosed as antiacetylcholine receptor antibody (AchR) positive, non-thymomatous, generalised MG. He subsequently developed myasthenic crisis and improved after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, prednisolone and pyridostigmine. Systematic literature review showed eight more similar cases. Analysis of all cases including the one reported here showed these features: mean age 55.8 years, male gender (5), time interval between COVID-19 and MG (5–56 days), generalised (5), bulbar and/or ocular symptoms (4), anti-AchR antibodies (7) and antimuscle-specific kinase antibodies (2). All have improved with immunotherapy. Although, many hypothesis are proposed to explain causal relationship between the two, it could as well be sheer coincidence.
On embracing the concept of becoming environmental problem solvers: the trainee perspective on key elements of success, essential skills, and mindset
Authors: Gale A.P. , Chapman J.O. , White D.E. , Ahluwalia P. , Williamson A.K.J. , Peacock K.R. , Akagbosu R. , Lepine T.M. , Arizor I. , Bone L.A. , Brown J. , Fahrngruber A.M. , Goldberg-Flood A. , Kovirineni S. , Lamb-Laurin S.J. , Zia N. , Innocent S. , Lee W. , Moran G. , Nwasoria B. , Ouellette N.A. , Pendlebury R. , Prue A. , Sokolowski J. , Namutosi P. , Tesfay T. , Oliver M.C.M. , Nyboer E.A. , Cooke S.J.
Published: July 2021

Life in the Anthropocene is characterized by many environmental problems, and unfortunately, more continue to emerge. Although much effort is focused on identifying problems, this does not necessarily translate to solutions. This situation extends to the training environment, where students are often adept at understanding and dissecting problems but are rarely explicitly equipped with the skills and mindset to solve them. Herein, a group of undergraduate students and their instructors consider the concept of becoming environmental problem solvers. We first identified themes associated with historical and contemporary environmental successes that emerged from our reading, or more specifically, we identify the elements that underlie environmental success stories. The key elements of success involved setting clear objectives, identifying the scale of the problem, learning from failure, and consulting diverse knowledge sources. Next, we reflected on the skills and mindset that would best serve environmental problem solvers and enable future successes. Essential skills include innovative and critical thinking, ability to engage in collaborative teamwork, capacity to work across boundaries, and resilience. In terms of mindset, key attributes include the need for courage, enthusiasm and commitment, optimism, open mindedness, tenacity, and adaptability. We conclude with a brief discussion of ideas for revising training and curriculum to ensure that students are equipped with the aforementioned skills and mindset. The ideas shared here should contribute to ensuring that the next generation of learners have the ability to develop solutions that will work for the benefit of the environment, biodiversity, and humanity. Solving environmental problems will increasingly fall to the next generation, so it is time to ensure that they are prepared for that task.
Studying the $${\bar{D}}_1K$$ molecule in the Bethe–Salpeter equation approach
Authors: Qi Jing-Juan , Wang Zhen-Yang , Zhang Zhu-Feng , Guo Xin-Heng
Published: July 2021

We interpret the $$X_1(2900)$$

X
1

(
2900
)

as an S-wave $${\bar{D}}_1K$$

D

¯

1

K

molecular state in the Bethe–Salpeter equation approach with the ladder and instantaneous approximations for the kernel. By solving the Bethe–Salpeter equation numerically with the kernel containing one-particle-exchange diagrams and introducing three different form factors (monopole, dipole, and exponential form factors) in the verties, we find the bound state exists. We also study the decay width of the decay $$X_1(2900)$$

X
1

(
2900
)

to $$D^-K^+$$

D
-

K
+

.