bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intermolecular Interactions in the Membrane Filtration of Highly Alkaline Steeping Lye
Authors: Schlackl Klaus , Herchl Richard , Almhofer Lukas , Bischof Robert H. , Fackler Karin , Samhaber Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

The reuse of steeping lye is crucial for the sustainable production of viscose fibers. Steeping lye contains hemicellulose and many alkaline degradation products, such as organic acids, so that its purification can be evaluated in terms of total organic carbon removal. When considering purification by membrane filtration, intermolecular interactions between hemicellulose and organic acids can strongly affect their retention efficiency. Herein, we give more insights into the ultrafiltration and nanofiltration of steeping lye and corresponding model solutions. Furthermore, we studied the impact of total organic carbon concentration, hemicellulose concentration and sodium hydroxide concentration on the membrane performance. Hydrogen bonds between hemicellulose and certain types of hydroxy acids increased the retention of the latter. In contrast, charge based repulsion forces led to a decreased retention of a certain type of hydroxy acids. It can be clearly shown that taking intermolecular interactions into account is highly important for the description of complex multicomponent mixtures. In addition, the results can be extended to other, highly alkaline process streams with organic content, such as Kraft pulping liquors.
Adsorption/Coagulation/Ceramic Microfiltration for Treating Challenging Waters for Drinking Water Production
Authors: Campinas Margarida , Viegas Rui M. C. , Coelho Rosário , Lucas Helena , Rosa Maria João
Published: January 2021

Pressurized powdered activated carbon/coagulation/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/Alum/MF) was investigated at pilot scale for treating low turbidity and low natural organic matter (NOM) surface waters spiked with organic microcontaminants. A total of 11 trials with clarified or non-clarified waters spiked with pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, or microcystins were conducted to assess the removal of microcontaminants, NOM (as 254 nm absorbance, A254, and dissolved organic carbon, DOC), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), aerobic endospores as protozoan (oo)cysts indicators, bacteriophages as viruses indicators, and regular drinking water quality parameters. PAC/(Alum)/MF achieved 75% to complete removal of total microcontaminants with 4–18 mg/L of a mesoporous PAC and 2 h contact time, with a reliable particle separation (turbidity < 0.03 NTU) and low aluminium residuals. Microcontaminants showed different amenabilities to PAC adsorption, depending on their charge, hydrophobicity (Log Kow), polar surface area and aromatic rings count. Compounds less amenable to adsorption showed higher vulnerability to NOM competition (higher A254 waters), greatly benefiting from DOC-normalized PAC dose increase. PAC/Alum/MF also attained 29–47% NOM median removal, decreasing THMFP by 26%. PAC complemented NOM removal by coagulation (+15–19%), though with no substantial improvement towards THMFP and membrane fouling. Furthermore, PAC/Alum/MF was a full barrier against aerobic endospores, and PAC dosing was crucial for ≥1.1-log reduction in bacteriophages.
PEMWE with Internal Real-Time Microscopic Monitoring Function
Authors: Lee Chi-Yuan , Chen Chia-Hung , Jung Guo-Bin , Zheng Yu-Xiang , Liu Yi-Cheng
Published: January 2021

In recent years, various countries have been paying attention to environmental protection issues, believing that climate change is the main challenge to the developed countries’ energy policies. The most discussed solution is renewable energy. The energy storage system can reduce the burden of the overall power system of renewable energy. The hydrogen energy is one of the optimal energy storage system options of renewable energy at present. According to these policies and the future trend, this study used micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to integrate micro voltage, current, temperature, humidity, flow and pressure sensors on a 50 μm thick polyimide (PI) substrate. After the optimization design and process optimization, the flexible six-in-one microsensor was embedded in the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) for internal real-time microscopic monitoring.
Enhancement of the AISI 5140 Cold Heading Wire Steel Spheroidization by Adequate Control of the Initial As-Rolled Microstructure
Authors: Arruabarrena Jon , Rodriguez-Ibabe Jose M.
Published: January 2021

The effect of the initial microstructure and soft annealing temperature on cementite spheroidization and microstructure softening is studied on an AISI 5140 hot-rolled wire. In coarse pearlite microstructure (λ: 0.27 μm), the cementite spheroidization progresses slowly under subcritical treatment, and the microstructure does not achieve the minimum G2/L2 IFI rating defined in the ASTM F2282 to be used in cold forming operations under any of the annealing treatment studies. Fine pearlite (λ: 0.10 μm) and upper bainite microstructures are more prone to spheroidization, and the minimum G2/L2 IFI rating is achieved under subcritical annealing at 720 °C for 6 h. Independent of the initial microstructure, even in the case of martensite, low hardness values within 165–195 HV are attained after imposing a 10 h long treatment at 720 °C. Annealing treatments conducted at 660 °C and 600 °C on pearlitic microstructures give rise to very poor softening. The G2/L2 rating is not achieved in any of the treatments applied at these two temperatures in this study. In pearlitic microstructures, the spheroidization progresses according to a fault migration mechanism, enhanced by the presence of defects such as lamella terminations, holes, and kinks. In the upper bainite, the row-like disposition of the cementite along the ferrite lath interface provides necks where dissolution and consequent lamellae break-up take place quickly under annealing.
Effect of Microsegregation and Bainitic Reaction Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High-Carbon and High-Silicon Cast Steel
Authors: Basso Alejandro , Eres-Castellanos Adriana , Tenaglia Nicolás , San-Martin David , Jimenez José Antonio , Caballero Francisca G.
Published: January 2021

Bainitic microstructures obtained in high-carbon (HC) and high-silicon (HSi) steels are currently of great interest. Microstructural evolution and the bainitic transformation kinetics of a high-carbon and high-silicon cast steel held at 280, 330, and 380 °C was analyzed using dilatometry, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). It is shown that the heterogeneous distribution of silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) associated to microsegregation during casting has a great impact on the final microstructure. The transformation starts in the dendritic zones where there is a lower Mn concentration and then expands to the interdendritic ones. As Mn reduces the carbon activity, the interdendritic areas with a higher Mn concentration are enriched with carbon (C), and thus, these zones contain a greater amount of retained austenite plus martensite, resulting in a heterogeneous microstructure. Higher transformation temperatures promote higher amounts of residual austenite with poor thermal/mechanical stability and the presence of martensite in the final microstructure, which has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. Tensile tests revealed that the ultra-fine microstructure developed by the transformation at 280 °C promotes very high values of both tensile and yield stress (≈1.8 GPa and 1.6 GPa, respectively), but limited ductility (≈2%).
Review on the Use of Alternative Carbon Sources in EAF Steelmaking
Authors: Echterhof Thomas
Published: January 2021

Steelmaking in the electric arc furnace (EAF), either scrap-based or based on hydrogen direct reduced iron, will in future contribute substantially to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. However, there still will be the need to introduce carbon into the EAF process either to carburize the steel or to create foaming slag to improve the energy efficiency of the melting process. So, to reach the emission reduction goals set around the world, it will be necessary to substitute fossil charge and injection carbon used in EAF steelmaking with alternative carbon sources. This review presents the recent research on carbon-neutral biomass-based and circular rubber or plastics-based carbon sources and their potential to substitute fossil charge or injection carbon in the EAF process. It also discusses the current state-of-the art and suggests further opportunities and needs for research and development to use alternative carbon sources to produce a really green and carbon neutral and/or fully circular steel.
FoodOmicsGR_RI: A Consortium for Comprehensive Molecular Characterisation of Food Products
Authors: Theodoridis Georgios , Pechlivanis Alexandros , Thomaidis Nikolaos , Spyros Apostolos , Georgiou Constantinos , Albanis Triantafyllos , Skoufos Ioannis , Kalogiannis Stavros , Tsangaris George , Stasinakis Athanasios , Konstantinou Ioannis , Triantafyllidis Alexander , Gkagkavouzis Konstantinos , Kritikou Anastasia , Dasenaki Marilena , Gika Helen , Virgiliou Christina , Kodra Dritan , Nenadis Nikolaos , Sampsonidis Ioannis , Arsenos Georgios , Halabalaki Maria , Mikros Emmanuel ,   on behalf of the FoodOmicsGR_RI Consortium
Published: January 2021

The national infrastructure FoodOmicsGR_RI coordinates research efforts from eight Greek Universities and Research Centers in a network aiming to support research and development (R&D) in the agri-food sector. The goals of FoodOmicsGR_RI are the comprehensive in-depth characterization of foods using cutting-edge omics technologies and the support of dietary/nutrition studies. The network combines strong omics expertise with expert field/application scientists (food/nutrition sciences, plant protection/plant growth, animal husbandry, apiculture and 10 other fields). Human resources involve more than 60 staff scientists and more than 30 recruits. State-of-the-art technologies and instrumentation is available for the comprehensive mapping of the food composition and available genetic resources, the assessment of the distinct value of foods, and the effect of nutritional intervention on the metabolic profile of biological samples of consumers and animal models. The consortium has the know-how and expertise that covers the breadth of the Greek agri-food sector. Metabolomics teams have developed and implemented a variety of methods for profiling and quantitative analysis. The implementation plan includes the following research axes: development of a detailed database of Greek food constituents; exploitation of “omics” technologies to assess domestic agricultural biodiversity aiding authenticity-traceability control/certification of geographical/genetic origin; highlighting unique characteristics of Greek products with an emphasis on quality, sustainability and food safety; assessment of diet’s effect on health and well-being; creating added value from agri-food waste. FoodOmicsGR_RI develops new tools to evaluate the nutritional value of Greek foods, study the role of traditional foods and Greek functional foods in the prevention of chronic diseases and support health claims of Greek traditional products. FoodOmicsGR_RI provides access to state-of-the-art facilities, unique, well-characterised sample sets, obtained from precision/experimental farming/breeding (milk, honey, meat, olive oil and so forth) along with more than 20 complementary scientific disciplines. FoodOmicsGR_RI is open for collaboration with national and international stakeholders.
Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions: A Review of the Mechanisms, In Vitro and In Silico Approaches
Authors: Peng Yaru , Cheng Zeneng , Xie Feifan
Published: January 2021

Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions (DDIs) occur when a drug alters the absorption, transport, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a co-administered agent. The occurrence of pharmacokinetic DDIs may result in the increase or the decrease of drug concentrations, which can significantly affect the drug efficacy and safety in patients. Enzyme-mediated DDIs are of primary concern, while the transporter-mediated DDIs are less understood but also important. In this review, we presented an overview of the different mechanisms leading to DDIs, the in vitro experimental tools for capturing the factors affecting DDIs, and in silico methods for quantitative predictions of DDIs. We also emphasized the power and strategy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the assessment of DDIs, which can integrate relevant in vitro data to simulate potential drug interaction in vivo. Lastly, we pointed out the future directions and challenges for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic DDIs.
Effectiveness of Electrical and Optical Detection at Pixel Circuit on Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Tzu Fu-Ming
Published: January 2021

The paper presents a typology of electrical open and short defects on thin-film transistors (TFT) using an electrical tester and automatic optical inspection (AOI). The experiment takes the glass 8.5th generation to detect the electrical characteristics engaged with time delay and integration (TDI) charged-coupled-devices (CCDs), a fast line-scan, and a review CCD with five sets of magnification lenses for further inspection. An automatic data acquisition program (ADAP) controls the open/short (O/S) sensor, TDI-CCD, and motor device for machine vision and statistics of substrate defects simultaneously. Furthermore, the quartz mask installed on AOI verified its optical resolution; a TDI-CCD can grab an image of a moving object during transfers of the charge in synchronous scanning with the object that is significant.
Current Pretreatment/Cell Disruption and Extraction Methods Used to Improve Intracellular Lipid Recovery from Oleaginous Yeasts
Authors: Zainuddin Muhammad Fakhri , Fai Chong Kar , Ariff Arbakariya B. , Rios-Solis Leonardo , Halim Murni
Published: January 2021

The production of lipids from oleaginous yeasts involves several stages starting from cultivation and lipid accumulation, biomass harvesting and finally lipids extraction. However, the complex and relatively resistant cell wall of yeasts limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids and usually solvent extraction is not sufficient to effectively extract the lipid bodies. A pretreatment or cell disruption method is hence a prerequisite prior to solvent extraction. In general, there are no recovery methods that are equally efficient for different species of oleaginous yeasts. Each method adopts different mechanisms to disrupt cells and extract the lipids, thus a systematic evaluation is essential before choosing a particular method. In this review, mechanical (bead mill, ultrasonication, homogenization and microwave) and nonmechanical (enzyme, acid, base digestions and osmotic shock) methods that are currently used for the disruption or permeabilization of oleaginous yeasts are discussed based on their principle, application and feasibility, including their effects on the lipid yield. The attempts of using conventional and “green” solvents to selectively extract lipids are compared. Other emerging methods such as automated pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and simultaneous in situ lipid recovery using capturing agents are also reviewed to facilitate the choice of more effective lipid recovery methods.
Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Analysis in Susceptible and Resistant Brassica napus Cultivars Infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Islam Md Tabibul , Lee Bok-Rye , La Van Hien , Bae Dong-Won , Jung Woo-Jin , Kim Tae-Hwan
Published: January 2021

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is the main disease of cruciferous vegetables. To characterize the resistance mechanism in the Brassica napus–Xcc pathosystem, Xcc-responsive proteins in susceptible (cv. Mosa) and resistant (cv. Capitol) cultivars were investigated using gel-free quantitative proteomics and analysis of gene expression. This allowed us to identify 158 and 163 differentially expressed proteins following Xcc infection in cv. Mosa and cv. Capitol, respectively, and to classify them into five major categories including antioxidative systems, proteolysis, photosynthesis, redox, and innate immunity. All proteins involved in protein degradation such as the protease complex, proteasome subunits, and ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunits, were upregulated only in cv. Mosa, in which higher hydrogen peroxide accumulation concurred with upregulated superoxide dismutase. In cv. Capitol, photosystem II (PS II)-related proteins were downregulated (excepting PS II 22 kDa), whereas the PS I proteins, ATP synthase, and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, were upregulated. For redox-related proteins, upregulation of thioredoxin, 2-cys peroxiredoxin, and glutathione S-transferase occurred in cv. Capitol, consistent with higher NADH-, ascorbate-, and glutathione-based reducing potential, whereas the proteins involved in the C2 oxidative cycle and glycolysis were highly activated in cv. Mosa. Most innate immunity-related proteins, including zinc finger domain (ZFD)-containing protein, glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRP) and mitochondrial outer membrane porin, were highly enhanced in cv. Capitol, concomitant with enhanced expression of ZFD and GRP genes. Distinguishable differences in the protein profile between the two cultivars deserves higher importance for breeding programs and understanding of disease resistance in the B. napus–Xcc pathosystem.
Long-Term Sinonasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Anti-Staphylococcal Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Thunberg Ulrica , Hugosson Svante , Ehricht Ralf , Monecke Stefan , Müller Elke , Cao Yang , Stegger Marc , Söderquist Bo
Published: January 2021

We investigated Staphylococcus aureus diversity, genetic factors, and humoral immune responses against antigens via genome analysis of S. aureus isolates from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients in a long-term follow-up. Of the 42 patients who provided S. aureus isolates and serum for a previous study, 34 could be included for follow-up after a decade. Clinical examinations were performed and bacterial samples were collected from the maxillary sinus and nares. S. aureus isolates were characterized by whole-genome sequencing, and specific anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum was determined using protein arrays. S. aureus was detected in the nares and/or maxillary sinus at both initial inclusion and follow-up in 15 of the 34 respondents (44%). Three of these (20%) had S. aureus isolates from the same genetic lineage as at inclusion. A low number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified when comparing isolates from nares and maxillary sinus collected at the same time point. The overall change of antibody responses to staphylococcal antigens over time showed great variability, and no correlation was found between the presence of genes encoding antigens and the corresponding anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum; thus our findings did not support a role, in CRS, of the specific S. aureus antigens investigated.
Molecular Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Haplogroup E Human Lice in Guinea, West Africa
Authors: Hammoud Alissa , Louni Meriem , Baldé Mamadou Cellou , Beavogui Abdoul Habib , Gautret Philippe , Raoult Didier , Fenollar Florence , Misse Dorothée , Mediannikov Oleg
Published: January 2021

Pediculus humanus capitis, the head louse, is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that occurs in six divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). Several studies reported the presence of different pathogenic agents in head lice specimens collected worldwide. These findings suggest that head louse could be a dangerous vector and a serious public health problem. Herein, we aimed to study the mitochondrial genetic diversity, the PHUM540560 gene polymorphisms profile of head lice collected in Guinea, as well as to screen for their associated pathogens. In 2018, a total of 155 head lice were collected from 49 individuals at the Medicals Centers of rural (Maférinyah village) and urban (Kindia city) areas, in Guinea. Specimens were subjected to a genetic analysis and pathogens screening using molecular tools. Results showed that all head lice belonged to eight haplotypes in the E haplogroup, with six newly identified for the first time. The study of the PHUM540560 gene polymorphisms of our clade E-head lice revealed that 82.5% exhibited the same polymorphism profile as the previously reported clade A-body lice. Screening for targeted pathogens revealed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., while sequencing highlighted the presence of several species, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Acinetobacter variabilis, Acinetobacter towneri and for the first time Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Our study is the first to report the existence of the Guinean haplogroup E, the PHUM540560 gene polymorphism profile as well as the presence of Acinetobacter species in head lice collected from Guinea.
Control of Salmonella and Pathogenic E. coli Contamination of Animal Feed Using Alternatives to Formaldehyde-Based Treatments
Authors: Gosling Rebecca J. , Mawhinney Ian , Richardson Kurt , Wales Andrew , Davies Rob
Published: January 2021

This study compared a novel non-formaldehyde combination product developed for pathogen control in animal feed Finio (A), with a panel of three commonly used organic acid feed additive products: Fysal (B), SalCURB K2 (C) and Salgard (D). Products were evaluated for their ability to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry feed. A commercial layer-hen mash was treated with each product and then mixed with feed previously contaminated (via inoculated meat and bone meal) with either Salmonella or E. coli. After 24 h at room temperature, 10 replicate samples were taken from each preparation and plate counts were performed using a selective agar. All concentrations of product A (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg per metric tonne (MT)) plus the higher concentration of products B and D (6.0 kg MT−1) significantly reduced Salmonella counts compared with those in the untreated control group (p < 0.05). Product C did not significantly reduce levels of Salmonella under these conditions. Because of the poor recovery of E. coli, statistical comparisons for this organism were limited in scope, but only product A at the highest concentration appeared to have eliminated it.
The Influence of Zeolitic By-Product Containing Ammonium Ions on Properties of Hardened Cement Paste
Authors: Vaičiukynienė Danutė , Mikelionienė Agnė , Kantautas Aras , Radzevičius Algirdas , Bajare Diana
Published: January 2021

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, used in the petroleum industry, are sources of zeolitic by-products. These by-products are often used as sorbents for the removal of ammonium ions from wastewater. After a period of use, the zeolitic by-product loses its sorption properties and is no longer effective. The problem is the use of zeolitic by-product with ammonium ions. In this study, a zeolitic by-product containing ammonium ions and high contents of active SiO2 and Al2O3 was used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Cement pastes containing 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% of the by-product were prepared, and the compressive strength and density of the pastes were evaluated. Incorporation of the zeolitic by-product increased the cement strength by 17% and 32% after 7 and 28 days of hydration, respectively. Thus, incorporation of the zeolitic by-product with ammonium ions as an SCM has a complex effect on an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) system. Ammonium chloride accelerated cement setting after 7 days of hydration, and the pozzolanic reaction positively affected strength development after 28 days of hydration. The reaction products caused the cement to have a compact microstructure. The zeolitic by-product containing absorbed ammonium ions can be successfully reused to replace ordinary Portland cement in cement pastes.
The Impact of Ambient Atmospheric Mineral-Dust Particles on the Calcification of Lungs
Authors: Jabłońska Mariola , Janeczek Janusz , Smieja-Król Beata
Published: January 2021

For the first time, it is shown that inhaled ambient air-dust particles settled in the human lower respiratory tract induce lung calcification. Chemical and mineral compositions of pulmonary calcium precipitates in the lung right lower-lobe (RLL) tissues of 12 individuals who lived in the Upper Silesia conurbation in Poland and who had died from causes not related to a lung disorder were determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Whereas calcium salts in lungs are usually reported as phosphates, calcium salts precipitated in the studied RLL tissue were almost exclusively carbonates, specifically Mg-calcite and calcite. These constituted 37% of the 1652 mineral particles examined. Mg-calcite predominated in the submicrometer size range, with a MgCO3 content up to 50 mol %. Magnesium plays a significant role in lung mineralization, a fact so far overlooked. The calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) content in the studied RLL tissue was negligible. The predominance of carbonates is explained by the increased CO2 fugacity in the RLL. Carbonates enveloped inhaled mineral-dust particles, including uranium-bearing oxides, quartz, aluminosilicates, and metal sulfides. Three possible pathways for the carbonates precipitation on the dust particles are postulated: (1) precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), followed by its transformation to calcite; (2) precipitation of Mg-ACC, followed by its transformation to Mg-calcite; (3) precipitation of Mg-free ACC, causing a localized relative enrichment in Mg ions and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of Mg-calcite. The actual number of inhaled dust particles may be significantly greater than was observed because of the masking effect of the carbonate coatings. There is no simple correlation between smoking habit and lung calcification.
Geophysical Contributions to Gold Exploration in Western Mali According to Airborne Electromagnetic Data Interpretations
Authors: Koné Adama Youssouf , Nasr Imen Hamdi , Traoré Baco , Amiri Adnen , Inoubli Mohamed Hedi , Sangaré Souleymane , Qaysi Saleh
Published: January 2021

The Birimian of West African Craton (WAC) is known for its gold potential. Among Birimian structures, N-S and NE-SW trends have been defined as controlling gold mineralizations in Kedougou-Kenieba Inlier (KKI), whereas some of these structures are not gold-bearing. To determine structures related to gold mineralization, airborne electromagnetic data collected during the “Système Minier” of Mali have been processed and interpreted. Identified lineaments have been followed in the ground to establish their link with gold showings in the Kenieba area. Geophysical interpretations show trends similarity for different orders of conductivity. They allowed for characterizing resistance and conductive structures with prevalent N-S and NE-SW directionalities. Conductive structures are qualified as good conductors and are strongly related to known Artisanal Mining Sites (AMS). They coincide with tourmaline sandstones and quartz-albite veins, which are both often artisanally recognized as indicators of gold mineralization in Western Mali. Field observations show that resistance structures correspond to felsic rocks. These structures can bear gold only when silicified and they have spatial relations with Artisanal Mining Sites (AMS) within the Kenieba area. This study shows the efficiency of electromagnetic methods to characterize Birimian structures in relation to the gold mineralization in Kedougou-Kenieba Inlier (KKI).
Femtosecond Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on 2D Ti-Fe Multilayer Condensates
Authors: Kuznietsov Oleksandr V. , Tsibidis George D. , Demchishin Anatoliy V. , Demchishin Anatoliy A. , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Saldan Ivan , Bellucci Stefano , Gnilitskyi Iaroslav
Published: January 2021

2D Ti-Fe multilayer preparation has been attracting increased interest due to its ability to form intermetallic compounds between metallic titanium and metallic iron thin layers. In particular, the TiFe compound can absorb hydrogen gas at room temperature. We applied femtosecond laser pulses to heat Ti-Fe multilayer structures to promote the appearance of intermetallic compounds and generate surface nanostructuring. The surface pattern, known as Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), can accelerate the kinetics of chemical interaction between solid TiFe and gaseous hydrogen. The formation of LIPSS on Ti-Fe multilayered thin films were investigated using of scanning electron microscopy, photo-electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. To explore the thermal response of the multiple layered structure and the mechanisms leading to surface patterning after irradiating the compound with single laser pulses, theoretical simulations were conducted to interpret the experimental observations.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Ge/GeO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite with Enhanced Discharge Capacity for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Koo Ji-Hye , Paek Seung-Min
Published: January 2021

Germanium/germanium oxide nanoparticles with theoretically high discharge capacities of 1624 and 2152 mAh/g have attracted significant research interest for their potential application as anode materials in Li-ion batteries. However, these materials exhibit poor long-term performance due to the large volume change of 370% during charge/discharge cycles. In the present study, to overcome this shortcoming, a Ge/GeO2/graphene composite material was synthesized. Ge/GeO2 nanoparticles were trapped between matrices of graphene nanosheets to offset the volume expansion effect. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the Ge/GeO2 nanoparticles were distributed on the graphene nanosheets. Discharge/charge experiments were performed to evaluate the Li storage properties of the samples. The discharge capacity of the bare Ge/GeO2 nanoparticles in the first discharge cycle was considerably large; however, the value decreased rapidly with successive cycles. Conversely, the present Ge/GeO2/graphene composite exhibited superior cycling stability.
Sr-Containing Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses Bio-Functionalized with Recombinant ICOS-Fc: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Fiorilli Sonia , Pagani Mattia , Boggio Elena , Gigliotti Casimiro Luca , Dianzani Chiara , Gauthier Rémy , Pontremoli Carlotta , Montalbano Giorgia , Dianzani Umberto , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara
Published: January 2021

Osteoporotic bone fractures represent a critical clinical issue and require personalized and specific treatments in order to stimulate compromised bone tissue regeneration. In this clinical context, the development of smart nano-biomaterials able to synergistically combine chemical and biological cues to exert specific therapeutic effects (i.e., pro-osteogenic, anti-clastogenic) can allow the design of effective medical solutions. With this aim, in this work, strontium-containing mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) were bio-functionalized with ICOS-Fc, a molecule able to reversibly inhibit osteoclast activity by binding the respective ligand (ICOS-L) and to induce a decrease of bone resorption activity. N2 adsorption analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to assess the successful grafting of ICOS-Fc on the surface of Sr-containing MBGs, which were also proved to retain the peculiar ability to release osteogenic strontium ions and an excellent bioactivity after functionalization. An ELISA-like assay allowed to confirm that grafted ICOS-Fc molecules were able to bind ICOS-L (the ICOS binding ligand) and to investigate the stability of the amide binding to hydrolysis in aqueous environment up to 21 days. In analogy to the free form of the molecule, the inhibitory effect of grafted ICOS-Fc on cell migratory activity was demonstrated by using ICOSL positive cell lines and the ability to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function was confirmed by monitoring the differentiation of monocyte-derived osteoclasts (MDOCs), which revealed a strong inhibitory effect, also proven by the downregulation of osteoclast differentiation genes. The obtained results showed that the combination of ICOS-Fc with the intrinsic properties of Sr-containing MBGs represents a very promising approach to design personalized solutions for patients affected by compromised bone remodeling (i.e., osteoporosis fractures).
Crystallization, Luminescence and Cytocompatibility of Hexagonal Calcium Doped Terbium Phosphate Hydrate Nanoparticles
Authors: Gómez-Morales Jaime , Fernández-Penas Raquel , Romero-Castillo Ismael , Verdugo-Escamilla Cristóbal , Choquesillo-Lazarte Duane , D’Urso Annarita , Prat Maria , Fernández-Sánchez Jorge Fernando
Published: January 2021

Luminescent lanthanide-containing biocompatible nanosystems represent promising candidates as nanoplatforms for bioimaging applications. Herein, citrate-functionalized calcium-doped terbium phosphate hydrate nanophosphors of the rhabdophane type were prepared at different synthesis times and different Ca2+/Tb3+ ratios by a bioinspired crystallization method consisting of thermal decomplexing of Ca2+/Tb3+/citrate/phosphate/carbonate solutions. Nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, Raman, Thermogravimetry, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, thermoanalysis, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence spectroscopy. They displayed ill-defined isometric morphologies with sizes ≤50 nm, hydration number n ~ 0.9, tailored Ca2+ content (0.42–8.11 wt%), and long luminescent lifetimes (800–2600 µs). Their relative luminescence intensities in solid state are neither affected by Ca2+, citrate content, nor by maturation time for Ca2+ doping concentration in solution below 0.07 M Ca2+. Only at this doping concentration does the maturation time strongly affect this property, decreasing it. In aqueous suspensions, neither pH nor ionic strength nor temperature affect their luminescence properties. All the nanoparticles displayed high cytocompatibility on two human carcinoma cell lines and cell viability correlated positively with the amount of doping Ca2+. Thus, these nanocrystals represent promising new luminescent nanoprobes for potential biomedical applications and, if coupled with targeting and therapeutic moieties, they could be effective tools for theranostics.
Effects of Electrolyte on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Picosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Kodama Shuhei , Natsu Wataru
Published: January 2021

Short-pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures (SPLIPSSs) have the possibility to control tribology, wettability and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the optimal structure depends on each functionality, which has not been clarified. The hybrid process with a short-pulsed laser and electrochemical machining (SPLECM) is, then, proposed to fabricate micro/nano hybrid structures and to modify the surface composition for providing high functionalities with material surfaces. Electrochemical machining is a well-established micro-elution and deposition method with noncontact between a workpiece and a tool. In this study, the effects of electrolytes on SPLIPSSs were investigated experimentally by the picosecond laser irradiation on 304 stainless steel substrates in various electrolytes. The geometry of SPLIPSSs depended on the types and the concentration of electrolytes. In the case of copper nitrate solution and copper sulfate solution, LIPSSs and spheroidization of copper were obtained. This study demonstrated the possibility of SPLECM to fabricate micro/nano structures and to control surface composition.
Micronutrients in Multiple Pregnancies—The Knowns and Unknowns: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zgliczynska Magdalena , Kosinska-Kaczynska Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

Maternal diet and nutritional status are of key importance with regard to the short- and long-term health outcomes of both the mother and the fetus. Multiple pregnancies are a special phenomenon in the context of nutrition. The presence of more than one fetus may lead to increased metabolic requirements and a faster depletion of maternal macro- and micro- nutrient reserves than in a singleton pregnancy. The aim of this systematic review was to gather available knowledge on the supply and needs of mothers with multiple pregnancies in terms of micronutrients and the epidemiology of deficiencies in that population. It was constructed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). The authors conducted a systematic literature search with the use of three databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase. The last search was run on the 18 October 2020 and identified 1379 articles. Finally, 12 articles and 1 series of publications met the inclusion criteria. Based on the retrieved studies, it may be concluded that women with multiple pregnancies might be at risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. With regard to other microelements, the evidence is either inconsistent, scarce or absent. Further in-depth prospective and population studies are necessary to determine if nutritional recommendations addressed to pregnant women require adjustments in cases of multiple gestations.
Gut-Brain-Microbiota Axis: Antibiotics and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Karakan Tarkan , Ozkul Ceren , Küpeli Akkol Esra , Bilici Saniye , Sobarzo-Sánchez Eduardo , Capasso Raffaele
Published: January 2021

Gut microbiota composition and function are major areas of research for functional gastrointestinal disorders. There is a connection between gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system and this is mediated by neurotransmitters, inflammatory cytokines, the vagus nerve and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are prevalent diseases affecting more than one third of the population. The etiology of these disorders is not clarified. Visceral hyperalgesia is the main hypothesis for explaining clinical symptoms, however gut-brain axis disorder is a new terminology for functional disorders. In this review, microbiota-gut-brain axis connection pathways and related disorders are discussed. Antibiotics are widely used in developed countries and recent evidence indicates antibiotic-induced dysbiosis as an important factor for functional disorders. Antibiotics exert negative effects on gut microbiota composition and functions. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is a major factor for occurrence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Cognitive and mood disorders are also frequent in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Animal and human trials show strong evidence for the causal relationship between gut microbiota and brain functions. Therapeutic implications of these newly defined pathogenic pathways are also discussed.
Editorial “Nutrition and Dietary Intake for Liver-Related Diseases”
Authors: Stachowska Ewa , Jakubczyk Karolina , Maciejewska-Markiewicz Dominika
Published: January 2021

In this special issue, we focus on the role of nutrition in the therapy of nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) [...]
Association of Serum Hepcidin Levels with Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review
Authors: Larsuphrom Phureephat , Latunde-Dada Gladys Oluyemisi
Published: January 2021

Background: Prevalence of iron deficiency is commonly reported among athletic population groups. It impairs physical performance due to insufficient oxygen delivery to target organs and low energy production. This is due to the high demand of exercise on oxygen delivery for systemic metabolism by the erythrocytes in the blood. Hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis, decreases to facilitate iron efflux into the circulation during enhanced erythropoiesis. However, acute anaemia of exercise is caused by increased hepcidin expression that is induced by stress and inflammatory signal. The study aimed to systematically review changes in serum hepcidin levels during resistance and aerobic exercise programmes. Methods: A systemic literature search from 2010 to April 2020 across seven databases comprised of Cochrane library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE, and OpenGrey. The primary outcome was increased or decreased serum hepcidin from baseline after the exercise activity. Risks of bias were evaluated by using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for quality assessment of before and after different exercise programmes. Results: Overall, twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 23 studies, 16 studies reported significantly exercise-induced serum hepcidin elevation. Of the 17 studies that evaluated serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, 14 studies showed significant exercise-induced serum IL-6 elevation. Changes in exercise-induced serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels were similar in both resistance and endurance exercise. Significant correlations were observed between post-exercise hepcidin and baseline ferritin levels (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) and between post-exercise hepcidin and post-exercise IL-6 (r = 0.625, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Resistance and endurance training showed significant increase in serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels in response to exercise. Baseline ferritin and post-exercise IL-6 elevation are key determining factors in the augmentation of hepcidin response to exercise.
Influence of Imidazole-Dipeptides on Cognitive Status and Preservation in Elders: A Narrative Review
Authors: Masuoka Nobutaka , Lei Chenxu , Li Haowei , Hisatsune Tatsuhiro
Published: January 2021

The worldwide increase in the number of patients with dementia is becoming a growing problem, while Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a primary neurodegenerative disorder, accounts for more than 70% of all dementia cases. Research on the prevention or reduction of AD occurrence through food ingredients has been widely conducted. In particular, histidine-containing dipeptides, also known as imidazole dipeptides derived from meat, have received much attention. Imidazole dipeptides are abundant in meats such as poultry, fish, and pork. As evidenced by data from recent human intervention trials conducted worldwide, daily supplementation of carnosine and anserine, which are both imidazole dipeptides, can improve memory loss in the elderly and reduce the risk of developing AD. This article also summarizes the latest researches on the biochemical properties of imidazole dipeptides and their effects on animal models associated with age-related cognitive decline. In this review, we focus on the results of human intervention studies using supplements of poultry-derived imidazole dipeptides, including anserine and carnosine, affecting the preservation of cognitive function in the elderly, and discuss how imidazole dipeptides act in the brain to prevent age-related cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
Nurse and Nursing Students’ Opinions and Perceptions of Enteral Nutrition by Nasogastric Tube in Palliative Care
Authors: Sánchez-Sánchez Eduardo , Ramírez-Vargas Guillermo , Peinado-Canas Alicia , Martín-Estrada Francisco , Díaz-Jimenez Jara , Ordonez Francisco Javier
Published: January 2021

It is widely accepted that nursing staff play a key role in palliative care (PC). The use of Nasogastric tubes (NG tubes) for Enteral Nutrition (EN) administration is still controversial in patients who receive PC. The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ and nursing students´ opinions and perceptions about EN using NG tubes in adult patients in palliative care. To achieve this goal, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. A self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire intended for nurses and nursing students was used. Data was descriptively and inferentially analyzed using a chi-square test to determine the differential frequency of responses. In addition, a multivariate logistic regression model was also conducted. A total of 511 participants completed the questionnaire. Among them, nursing staff represented 74.9% (n = 383) whereas nursing students were 25.1% (n = 128). When life expectancy was above six months, 90.0% (n = 460) reported that EN using NG should be implemented. In contrast, when life expectancy is less than a month, 57.5% (n = 294) discouraged it. Significant differences within groups were found when life expectancy was <1 month (p = 0.044). It was also found that 491 participants (96.1%) reported that patient´s autonomy must be carefully respected for deciding whether continuing EN by NG tube or not. Finally, it was concluded for both nurses and nursing students that life expectancy should be the mean reason for implementing and withdrawing EN by NG tube. Major differences were found regarding when it should be ceased, suggesting perceptions may change as nurses graduate and move into their professional roles.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Spanish Women with Eating Disorders
Authors: Panea-Pizarro Isabel , Moran José M. , Lavado-García Jesús , Beato-Fernández Luis , Domínguez-Martin Ana Teresa , Huerta-González Sara , Novo Andre , Pedrera-Zamorano Juan D. , López-Espuela Fidel
Published: January 2021

People with eating disorders show impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to investigate the relative role of physical and mental factors and stage of change as possible predictors of HRQoL in a group of Spanish women (n = 124) with eating disorders. For this purpose, initial and follow-up data were obtained after 6 months from patients attending an outpatient treatment unit for eating disorders. The determinants of the physical and mental domains of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire were investigated in the total sample and separately based on the eating disorder diagnosis by multiple linear regression. Lower scores in the physical component of the SF-36 questionnaire were associated with the presence of a higher body mass index (BMI) at follow-up as well as a higher score in the “action” component of the Attitudes towards Change in Eating Disorders Questionnaire (ACTA). Conversely, a higher index in the EuroQoL-5D overall quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D) and the presence of obsessive compulsive disorder were associated with a higher score in the physical dimension. The instrument used demonstrated the ability to assess changes associated with the physical component of these patients over the period studied, and the analysis provided more information and specific data on different aspects of HRQoL, thus allowing a more detailed analysis of the information.
Mechanisms of Intranasal Deferoxamine in Neurodegenerative and Neurovascular Disease
Authors: Kosyakovsky Jacob , Fine Jared , Frey William , Hanson Leah
Published: January 2021

Identifying disease-modifying therapies for neurological diseases remains one of the greatest gaps in modern medicine. Herein, we present the rationale for intranasal (IN) delivery of deferoxamine (DFO), a high-affinity iron chelator, as a treatment for neurodegenerative and neurovascular disease with a focus on its novel mechanisms. Brain iron dyshomeostasis with iron accumulation is a known feature of brain aging and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases. A substantial body of preclinical evidence and early clinical data has demonstrated that IN DFO and other iron chelators have strong disease-modifying impacts in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Acting by the disease-nonspecific pathway of iron chelation, DFO targets each of these complex diseases via multifactorial mechanisms. Accumulating lines of evidence suggest further mechanisms by which IN DFO may also be beneficial in cognitive aging, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, other neurodegenerative diseases, and vascular dementia. Considering its known safety profile, targeted delivery method, robust preclinical efficacy, multiple mechanisms, and potential applicability across many neurological diseases, the case for further development of IN DFO is considerable.