bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Migration of Father and Academic Performance of Children Left Behind: A Case Study of Dir Lower
Authors: Ullah Rafi , Naz Arab , Wadood Aqsa
Published: March 2024

Migration is global phenomenon. People migrate from one place to other for various reasons such as war, or climate change or similarly for better job opportunities. Many Pakistani Labour people works in the Arab states of Persian Gulf, leaving their families behind. We consider the consequences for their children education, such as absenteeism, lack of participation in the class activities and unsatisfactory grades in subjects like mathematics, science and English. In absence of proper check and balance, labour migrants children prefer gaming over giving more attention to their studies. It is evident from the study that emigration of father has significant impact on leaning abilities and level of concentration in class. In this context, it is evident that stress is major factor which hinders the learning abilities of children of emigrant fathers. It is evident that father emigration is responsible for poor performance in the school. The academic performance such as test performance of children remain poor whose father work abroad particularly, in subjects such as mathematics, science and English.
Factors that Influence Learning Outcomes and Nutritional Knowledge of Students Majoring in Family Welfare Education and Culinary Arts at Universities
Authors: Polii Henny Jeane
Published: March 2024

This research aims to identify factors that have the potential to influence the learning outcomes and nutritional knowledge of students majoring in PKK Culinary Arts at Manado State University. Students in this major are expected to have a deep understanding of culinary and nutrition, so their learning outcomes are crucial in determining the quality of graduates. Through an approach, this research method uses a quantitative approach with survey techniques using a structured questionnaire. The research sample will be randomly selected from active semester students in the PKK Culinary Management Department, Manado State University. The data obtained will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Factors considered include educational background, motivation, study habits, access to learning resources and nutritional information, and other environmental factors. The factors that will be studied include internal variables, such as learning motivation, lecture attendance, and independent study time, and external variables, such as family support, learning facilities, and social environment. Apart from that, this research will also measure students' level of nutritional knowledge and relate it to their learning outcomes. This research has the potential to provide an in-depth understanding of the relationship between various factors and learning outcomes and nutritional knowledge of students majoring in PKK Culinary Arts. It is hoped that the research findings can provide valuable input for curriculum development, learning strategies, and the provision of more effective educational resources in the Manado State University PKK Culinary Educational environment. Thus, it is hoped that this research can contribute to improving the quality of education and understanding of nutrition among PKK Culinary Arts students and society in general.
Estrategias de control climático a través de invernaderos comunitarios en Punta Arenas
Authors:   , Porras Valenzuela Nicole Valeria
Published: March 2024

La ciudad de Punta Arenas se enfrenta a un desafío arquitectónico de gran relevancia. En un entorno caracterizado por condiciones climáticas extremas, marcadas por temperaturas extremadamente bajas y fuertes vientos, resulta intrigante y problemático que no existan estrategias efectivas para mitigar sus efectos adversos. Esta carencia de soluciones impacta tanto en las viviendas como en los espacios comunitarios, donde la vulnerabilidad es más evidente, dado que están directamente expuestos a las inclemencias climáticas de la región. El foco de la investigación se centra en abordar el problema del confort térmico en los espacios comunitarios de Punta Arenas desde dos perspectivas fundamentales. Por un lado, se trata del desafío climático, con problemas de confort térmico en plazas, parques y otros espacios al aire libre destinados a actividades recreativas y encuentros informales. Por otro lado, abordamos la problemática urbana y social relacionada con la limitación física y la distancia que separan a los habitantes de los espacios comunitarios preexistentes en la ciudad. Esto se debe a la centralización de equipamientos comunitarios en el casco histórico de la ciudad, lo que plantea desafíos significativos para aquellos residentes que se encuentran en zonas más distantes de estos puntos de interés. Para abordar esta problemática de manera integral, la propuesta se basa en la arquitectura pasiva, la cual considera el clima y las condiciones ambientales para concebir viviendas y espacios energéticamente eficientes sin depender en gran medida de sistemas activos de climatización. En este contexto, se propone la implementación de un sistema de invernaderos comunitarios, que se distribuyen a menor escala, adosados a las viviendas, y a mayor escala, para atender a la comunidad en su conjunto. Estos invernaderos cumplen una doble función: optimizar la eficiencia energética de las viviendas al aprovechar las condiciones climáticas favorables otorgadas por los invernaderos y crear espacios resguardados que fomenten la interacción social y la cohesión comunitaria. Cada escala de invernadero responde a un tipo de programa específico, y esta mixtura de programas busca atender a diversos grupos etarios con diferentes necesidades y requerimientos en términos de equipamiento. En resumen, nuestra investigación tiene como objetivo presentar un modelo de vivienda sostenible que aborde estrategias para el control del confort térmico y promueva la interacción social en Punta Arenas. Además de proponer la implementación de invernaderos comunitarios, es esencial que se reconozca la relevancia de considerar los espacios comunitarios como un elemento fundamental a la hora de diseñar y planificar los barrios, funcionando como puntos de encuentro cohesionantes en la vida de la comunidad y estableciendo una base sólida para futuras soluciones y desarrollos.
Playing Whac-A-Mole: Effects of Intervening the Supply Side of Fraudulent Sick Leaves Market in Chile
Authors:   , Oteiza Hernández Benjamín
Published: March 2024

This paper studies the effect of an intervention on the Chilean market of sick leaves issuance, which sanctioned doctors having a high pattern of licence issuance. Using regression discontinuity in time and difference–in–differences, I find that the sanctioned reduced their issuance, in the most conservative estimation, by 23.23%, with externalities on non–sanctioned doctors who showed a higherissuance pattern, stronger for doctors who share workplace with sanctioned ones. On the demand side, I find that the patients entirely exposed to sanctioned physicians, in the most conservative estimate, reduce their received sick leaves by 5.22%. Despite this, the described patients partially replace the sanctioned doctors with other doctors, who in turn change their behaviour to fill a market opportunity coming from the sanction.
Efficient evaluation of correlation and ranked enumeration for complex event recognition
Authors:   , Grez Arrau Alejandro
Published: March 2024

Con el paso del tiempo, son cada vez mas necesarias herramientas que permitan ´ resolver consultas a datos en tiempo real, lo que se vuelve mas complejo a medida que ´ la cantidad de datos que se procesan es vuelve cada vez mayor. El area de Complex ´ Event Recognition (CER) engloba herramientas que buscan solventar esta necesidad, al proveer sistemas particulares especializadas en la evaluacion de consultas sobre flu- ´ jos de datos, enfocandose principalmente en dar respuestas en tiempo real a consultas ´ con un alto nivel de expresividad. En este trabajo buscamos aportar a esta area al abstraernos de los sistemas de- ´ sarrollados y estudiar las necesidades mas recurrentes de los usuarios de estas her- ´ ramientas desde un punto de vista teorico. Primero, proponemos un marco te ´ orico para ´ CER, que define un lenguaje basico de consultas con una sem ´ antica clara de sus oper- ´ adores y capaz de expresar el llamado fragmento regular de los lenguajes CER, junto con algoritmos de evaluacion que entregan s ´ olidas garant ´ ´ıas de eficiencia al usuario: procesamiento de cada evento en tiempo constante y enumeracion de cada resultado ´ en tiempo lineal en el tamano de este. ˜ Luego, nos enfocamos en extender dicho marco teorico de dos maneras. Primero, ´ extendemos el lenguaje con el operador partition-by, que permite expresar una version´ restringida de correlacion con igualdad e inigualdad, y proponemos un nuevo nuevo ´ algoritmo que permite evaluar consultas con este operador, manteniendo las mismas garant´ıas de eficiencia. Finalmente, proponemos tecnicas de evaluaci ´ on de consultas ´ sobre logica mon ´ adica de segundo orden que permiten entregar los resultados en or- ´ den de acuerdo a una funcion de costos definida por el usuario, que toma tiempo de ´ procesamiento lineal sobre el largo del input y tiene un factor logar´ıtmico del largo del input en el tiempo de enumeracion de cada resultado. Luego, utilizamos esta t ´ ecnica ´ para extender el marco CER propuesto con el operador de ventanas de tiempo within.
Generation and transmission expansion planning towards a zeroemission grid under flexibility and inertia requirements in the chilean electric power system
Authors:   , Aguad Silva Matías Vicente
Published: March 2024

En las últimas décadas, un desafío importante que ha emergido es la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero antropogénicos, y la red eléctrica emerge como un fuerte candidato para acercarse a ese objetivo. Para diseñar redes con esto en mente, los modelos de planificación de expansión de generación y transmisión aparecen como herramientas poderosas que permiten la proyección de redes de energía para probar inversiones óptimas, políticas y decisiones operacionales. Este trabajo apunta a modelar dos componentes que serán cruciales para las redes eléctricas con cero emisiones, la inercia y el almacenamiento de largo plazo con sus requerimientos de flexibilidad. Estos son incluidos usando un despacho anual con resolución horaria bajo un modelo de optimización completamente lineal usando una versión modificada de la herramienta de planificación SWITCH. Aplicamos este modelo a una versión simplificada de la red de transmisión de Chile con potenciales tecnologías de generación locales, con parámetros, actuales y proyectados, usados por el Coordinador Eléctrico Nacional. Con esto, 4 escenarios fueron analizados, incluyendo uno de baja inercia en la red, una planificación de expansión de generación sin desarrollo de la red de transmisión, y una expansión de generación a 2040 para ser comparados con un caso de estudio base. Encontramos sinergias entre tecnologías en el despacho de generación renovable usando varias opciones de almacenamiento. Además, refuerzos en líneas de transmisión aparecen como un componente vital, permitiendo una alta penetración de fuentes renovables a un bajo costo. Finalmente, concluimos que una red de baja inercia con reservas de respuesta rápida es una opción razonable que no aumentan los costos finales del sistema en gran medida.
Is Chile prepared to produce wine in the future?: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the transition towards a circular economy
Authors:   , Munita Morgan María Trinidad
Published: March 2024

La crisis climática seguirá presente en el futuro. Así que es crucial empezar a producir de una forma que mitigue esta crisis. Una forma es la Economía Circular, pero es necesaria una transición para adoptarla. Hay industrias, como la Agricultura, que se verán muy afectadas por la crisis en el futuro. Coincidentemente, en Chile, esa industria es muy grande, genera el 59% de sus exportaciones al año (ODEPA, 2022). En el trabajo de investigación de maestría se encontraron las oportunidades que tiene Chile, como país productor de vino, en la producción de vino a futuro a pesar de la crisis climática. La tesis se desarrolla en dos partes, siendo en la primera, dónde se encontrarán las oportunidades que tiene Chile en el cultivo mismo de la uva. Mediante una predicción de serie de tiempo de las temperaturas de una selección de ciudades, se estudiaron las ciudades en las que seguirá siendo idónea la producción de vino en 2054. En este estudio Chile, Argentina e Italia son los países que mejor conservan las temperaturas en el futuro. En la segunda parte, se presenta un análisis cualitativo a líderes de la Industria Vitivinícola que, utilizando como herramienta el Diseño Especulativo, buscó caracterizar las tendencias tecnológicas, culturales y ambientales presentes en tres viñas chilenas. El estudio concluyó que las bodegas más pequeñas tienen menos presupuesto para invertir en avanzar hacia una Economía Circular. Además, a nivel transversal, existe la creencia de que cuanto mayor es el nivel tecnológico, más se pierde la esencia humana del vino. La sección termina con recomendaciones para que la industria vitivinícola realice la transición y se enfatiza la importancia que tiene transitar hacia una Economía Circular para asegurar el posicionamiento de Chile en la industria vitivinícola. Sin la transición será muy difícil mitigar los efectos del cambio climático a futuro y asegurar la supervivencia de la producción de vino.
Análisis experimental de algoritmos de aproximación aleatorizados para conteo en autómatas
Authors:   , Rodríguez Reveco Ricardo Raúl
Published: March 2024

Esta tesis analiza el rendimiento de algoritmos para el problema #NFA, que consiste en contar la cantidad de palabras aceptadas, de un largo dado, en autómatas finitas no deterministas (NFAs). Este trabajo contiene la primera implementación y análisis empírico del algoritmo de aproximación aleatorizado propuesto por Arenas et al. (2021). Este estudio utiliza una metodología experimental para evaluar el algoritmo en tres familias diferentes de NFAs, incluyendo el modelo de Tabakov-Vardi de NFAs aleatorios.Los resultados muestran que el algoritmo de Arenas et al. no logra superar en eficiencia a los algoritmos tradicionales de determinización, incluso con relajaciones en sus parámetros. Esto sugiere que, aunque el algoritmo presenta una complejidad polinomial teórica, en la realidad no resulta efectivo para situaciones realistas, caracterizándolo como un posible algoritmo galáctico (Lipton & Regan, 2013). Asimismo, la tesis recomienda direcciones de investigación futuras. Esto incluye el desarrollo de métodos alternativos para generar NFAs aleatorios y la mejora de la eficacia en las subrutinas de muestreo de los algoritmos de aproximación aleatorizados. De esta forma, el estudio abre nuevos caminos tanto en el desarrollo de algoritmos para el problema #NFA como en las metodologías de evaluación de estos.
Memorias vicarias e identidades políticas: Transmisión intergeneracional de memorias sobre el Golpe de Estado y la Dictadura Militar en la primera generación post-dictadura de Chile
Authors:   , González Biedma Lucas
Published: March 2024

Este estudio aborda la transmisión intergeneracional de memorias sobre el Golpe de Estado de 1973 y la Dictadura Militar en la primera generación post-dictadura chilena (1988-2000). Se destaca la necesidad de enfocar el análisis en adultos jóvenes sin una experiencia directa para comprender cómo el pasado dictatorial persiste en la discusión pública a 50 años de la disrupción democrática. El objetivo fue comprender la relación entre las modalidades de transmisión de memorias sobre la historia dictatorial, la configuración de memorias vicarias y las identidades políticas en la primera generación post-dictadura. Mediante un estudio cualitativo utilizando entrevistas en profundidad, se identifican 3 formas de la memoria vicaria: las apropiadas e interiorizadas, aquellas repetidas y luego cuestionadas, y las que enfrentan el silencio y la omisión. Estas explican la adopción de una de las dos narrativas de la identidad política observadas: la de la búsqueda de sentido sobre la ruptura y la de la reinterpretación del quiebre. Se argumenta que volver propias las memorias transmitidas impulsa un posicionamiento sobre las relaciones sociales cercanas, el contexto histórico y su conexión con la contingencia nacional, componiendo las identidades políticas de esta generación. A los mecanismos institucionales e individuales identificados por la literatura, se incluyen las consecuencias simbólicas y materiales que las modalidades de transmisión de memorias tienen para explicar la influencia de la historia dictatorial en el presente.Palabras clave: memoria, memorias vicarias, transmisión intergeneracional de memorias, identidad política, Dictadura Militar, Golpe de Estado.
Anger Levels of Employees Working in Government and Non- Government Organizations
Authors: Babitha Bojjagani , Bilquis  , Jhansi Bojjagani
Published: March 2024

The research was undertaken to study the anger levels of adults working in government and non- government organizations. The study was carried out in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. A total of 60 adults aged between 24 – 45 years working in government and non- government organizations were selected. Anger levels of adults were measured with the help of 23- items anger scale developed by T.L. Alaka et.al 2018.  The data was analysed through frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation and t-test. Study reveals that majority of the government employees belonged to middle adults (72.22%) whereas non- government employees were young adults (83.33%). With regard to education majority 66.67 per cent of the government employees and 86.67 per cent non-government employees educated up to degree. Majority 86.67 per cent of the government employees and 80.00 of non-government employees belonged to medium level of anger. The results in the study also revealed that there was no significant difference between government and non-government with respect to experience, lie detector, verbal, mental dimension and behaviour dimensions respectively.
Impact of Different Substrates on Growth and Yield of Schizophyllum commune Fr.
Authors: Kerketta Varsha , Shukla C. S. , Singh H. K.
Published: March 2024

Schizophyllum communeFr. is an edible medicinal mushroom also known as white rot fungus that develops naturally on dead woods which belongs to the phylumBasidiomycota, order Agaricales, family Schizophyllaceae.To find out most suitable growing substrates, mushroom was cultivated on 6 locally available substrates including different saw dust i.e.Babool (Vachellianilotica),Bija (Petrocarpus marsupium),Sal (Shorea robusta),Sagwan (Tectona grandis) and different strawi.e. Paddy straw(PS) and Wheat straw(WS).  Among the different substrates,on an average,WS took shortest time for mycelial run (6.50 days), longest time(8.62 days) taken by Bija (P. marsupium). Pinhead initiation was fastest (8.50 days) in WS while, Bija (P. marsupium)took more time period(10.62 days) for pinhead initiation. The Maximum yield was obtained from WS (148.37gm) with biological efficiency (29.6%) followed by PS(116.12 gm) with biological efficiency (23.2%). The lowest yield was obtained from saw dust of Bija (P. marsupium)(60.50gm) with biological efficiency (10.40%).There was significant difference in yield when supplement (wheat bran)was mixed with substrates, however there was no significant difference observed in mycelial run and pinhead initiation.
Effect of Soybean, Groundnut, Crayfish Inclusion and Vitamin C-fortified Formulated Food Blends on Biochemical, Hematological, Protein Quality and Performance Indices in Weanling Albino Rats
Authors: Ogbonnaya Enyinnaya A. , Nwachinemerem Austin C. , Akaninwor Joyce O.
Published: March 2024

In this study, food staples comprising of Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (guinea corn), Glycine max (soybean), Arachis hypogea (groundnut) and Procambarus clarkii (crayfish) were traditionally processed  and formulated into maize-guinea corn based weaning diets at 16% protein level. A replica of each diet was formulated with inclusion of vitamin C (50 mg/100 g diet). Fifty four 3-week old weanling albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 36-39 g were placed into 13 groups of 4 rats per group and administered different diet groups ranging from  maize- guinea corn base diet alone, through staples-inclusive diet (singly and in combination) and their vitamin c fortified replica diets, and standard commercial infant formula (Cerelac®) diet. Animals were sacrificed on the 28th day from onset of feeding and evaluated for biochemical, hematological and biological parameters; and sensory evaluation also conducted on the diets. Results showed significant increases in serum concentrations of protein, urea, creatinine; in the levels of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV); in total body weight gain and organ weights and insignificant changes in white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts in the staples-inclusive diets compared to base diet and also in the vitamin C- fortified diets compared to non-fortified diets. Incorporation of food staples enhanced the protein quality of the diets while fortification with vitamin C increased only the biological value. On the acceptability rating, only the base gruel-crayfish mix showed significantly higher taste and overall acceptability. Therefore, the inclusion of the food blends comprising of soybean, groundnut and crayfish improved the nutritive content, hematopoietic potential, protein quality, taste and overall acceptability of the maize-guinea corn based weaning diet. These were further improved by fortification of the diets with vitamin C, while crayfish played a prominent role in taste and overall acceptance of the formulated diets. Fortification also significantly bridges the gap between the formulated weaning diets and Cerelac®, a standard commercial weaning formula in Nigeria.
Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Capsicum Hybrids (Capsicum annuum) as Affected by Integration of Inorganic Fertilizers and Organic Manures (FYM) in Protected Condition
Authors: Pandit Tusar Ranjan , Topno Samir Ebson , Bahadur Vijay
Published: March 2024

A trial was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, during the year 2023-24. Five Capsicum varieties Names Nemalite, Cebrail, Bungi, Volante and Shehzadi. were evaluated at SHUATS, Prayagraj in randomized block design with three replications during Jan-April 2023-24 to evaluate the best performing variety in terms of growth, yield and quality. The variety Cebrail performed best in terms of plant height (68.97 cm), number of branches (5.65), days to first flower initiation (42.89), chlorophyll content (SPAD Value) (45.71 cm), number of fruits per plant (8.53), fruit length (9.2 cm), individual fruit weight (160.44 g), fruit yield per plant (1.09 kg), maximum fruit yield per plot (6.56 kg). The highest benefit cost ratio was found at 3.15 in the same variety.
Assessment of Path Co-efficient Analysis for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Sponge Gourd [Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.]
Authors: Chithra K  , Evoor Shashikanth , Allolli T B  , Cholin Sarvamangala , Duradundi Shivaji Kallappa
Published: March 2024

This investigation was conducted to determine the path coefficient analysis using 40 genotypes of sponge gourd at the experimental plot of Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, UHS, Bagalkot (Karnataka) in RBD design along with two replications during the year 2020-2021. Path co-efficient analysis considered as one of the best statistical methods which can help breeders to characterize the genotypes during the parent selection program and select the desirable genotypes for higher yield production. Path coefficients analysis showed thatthe traits like number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, fruit length, number of branches per vine and vine length had positive direct effect on fruit yield per vine. Thus the higher magnitude of positive direct effect of these traits explains the higher value of association between these traits on yield per vine. Therefore, direct selection for these traits would reward for yield improvement in sponge gourd.
Influence of Socio-economic Attributes of Groundnut Growers on Adoption of Various Farm Practices in Balasore District of Odisha, India
Authors: Giri Priyanka Priyadarsani , Mohanty Bijoy Kumar , Acharya Saumyesh , Das Swaraj Preetam , Kumar Bikram
Published: March 2024

In the coastal state of Odisha (India), Groundnut covers a larger part of oilseed cultivation giving a sustainable source of income for the farmers. It provides nutritional as well as economic benefits for the consumers. Nevertheless, the groundnut growers faced many constraints across the stages of production and harvesting across Odisha. Thus, it is an essential move to promote the adoption of suitable technologies to maximize groundnut cultivation. The research design selected for the study was ex post facto design. One hundred twenty (120) respondents were selected from three blocks of the Balasore district of Odisha following the random sampling method. The correlation coefficients found that farmers having higher social participation were actively adopting cultivation practices in groundnut. The results from multiple regression found that the nine independent variables together have contributed 61.10 percent of the variance in the consequent variable, adoption of groundnut cultivation practices and revealed that socio-economic attributes such as extension contact, social participation, holding size and education found to be positively and significantly influence the adoption rate in groundnut cultivation.
Invisibly at Risk: Low-Income Students in a Middle- and Upper-Class World
Authors: Duffy Jennifer O.
Published: June 2007

Women's studies programs, multicultural centers, and organizations to support gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students are campus fixtures. Few now question diversity's contribution to the education of all students. Jennifer Duffy suggests that it's time to acknowledge, support, and celebrate one more form of diversity that is mostly hidden: social class.
The effect of male tenure and female mate choice on paternity in free‐ranging Japanese macaques
Authors: Inoue Eiji , Takenaka Osamu
Published: June 2007

In this study, the paternity of all the infants born in 2002 and 2003 in a free‐ranging Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) group at Arashiyama in Kyoto, Japan, was analyzed in relation to males' age, dominance rank, and tenure and females' mate choice. The fathers of 20 out of 23 infants were determined by DNA analyses. Central adult (high‐ranking) males sired two infants, whereas peripheral adult (low‐ranking) males sired 14 infants. Young males sired only one infant. Among adult males, tenure was the most dominant factor that negatively affected male reproductive success. The mating behavior of females who gave birth was also analyzed. The number of male copulations in the peri‐fertilization period was positively correlated with the number of infants that they sired. Females copulated with central males with a long tenure only when fertilization was unlikely or impossible. The females probably avoided insemination by males with a long tenure and selected males with a shorter tenure as their mating partners during the ovulation period. Am. J. Primatol. 70:62–68, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A supramolecular hydrogen‐bonded complex between 1,3,5‐tris(diisobutylhydroxysilyl)benzene and trans‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Jänicke Sanna L.
Published: June 2007

The trisilanol 1,3,5‐(HOi‐Bu2Si)3C6H3 (7), prepared in three steps from 1,3,5‐tribromobenzene via the intermediates 1,3,5‐(Hi‐Bu2Si)3C6H3 (8) and 1,3,5‐(Cli‐Bu2Si)3C6H3 (9) forms an equimolar complex with trans‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe), 7·bpe, whose structure was investigated by X‐ray crystallography. The hydrogen‐bonded network features a number of SiOH(H)Si and SiOH hydrogen bridges. Evidence was found for cooperative strengthening within the sequential hydrogen bonds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic field effects on calcium efflux and insulin secretion in isolated rabbit islets of Langerhans
Authors: Jolley Weldon B. , Hinshaw Daniel B. , Knierim Kathleen , Hinshaw David B.
Published: June 2007

Rabbit islets of Langerhans were exposed at 37 °C for 18 h to a low‐frequency‐pulsed magnetic field, generated in paired Helmholtz coils. Exposed islets showed a reduction of 26.1 ± 4.3% in 45Ca2+ content (P < .004). a reduction of 25.1 ± 6.3% in 45Ca2+ efflux (P < .006), and a reduction of 35.0 ± 8.7% (P < .002) in insulin released during glucose stimulation when compared with appropriate controls.
Testicular function of rats following exposure to microwave radiation
Authors: Lebovitz Rober T. M. , Johnson L.
Published: June 2007

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed for 6 h per day for nine days to pulse‐modulated microwave radiation (1.3 GHz, at 1‐μs pulse width, 600 pulses per second). Exposures were carried out in cylindrical waveguide sections at a mean dose rate of 6.3 mW/g; sham controls were treated similarly and received no irradiation. At time periods corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium, groups of four shamirradiated and four irradiated rats were killed and the testes removed for analysis. Net mass of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; sperm morphology; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the shamirradiated and irradiated groups with respect to any measured variable. In a group of seven surrogate animals of similar body mass, the dose rate of 6.3 mW/g caused a net change in body temperature (via rectal probe) of 1.5 °C.
Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. I. Natural killer cell activity
Authors: Yang H. K. , Cain C. A. , Lockwood J. , Tompkins W. A. F.
Published: June 2007

Hamsters were exposed to repeated or single doses of microwave energy and monitored for changes in core body temperature. circulating leukocyte profiles, serum corticosteroid levels, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in various tissues. NK cytotoxicity was measured in a 15Crrelease assay employing baby hamster kidney (BHK) targets or BHK infected with herpes simplex virus. Repeated exposure of hamsters at 15 mW/cm2 for 60 min/day had no significant effect on natural levels of spleen‐cell NK activity against BHK targets. Similarly, repeated exposure at 15 mW/cm2 over a 5‐day period had no demonstrable effect on the induction of spleen NK activity by vaccinia virus immunization, that is. comparable levels of NK were induced in untreated and microwave‐treated animals. In contrast, treatment of hamsters with a single 60‐min microwave exposure at 25 mW/cm2 caused a significant suppression in induced spleen NK activity. A similar but less marked decrease in spleen NK activity was observed in sham‐exposed animals. Moreover, the sham effects on NK activity were not predictable and appeared to represent large individual animal variations in the response to stress factors. Depressed spleen NK activity was evident as early as 4 h postmicrowave treatment and returned to normal levels by 8 h. Hamsters exposed at 25 mW/cm2 showed an elevated temperature of 3.0–3.5 °C that returned to normal within 60 min after termination of microwave exposure. These animals also showed a marked lymphopenia and neutrophilia by 1 h posttreatment that returned to normal by 8–10 h. Serum glucocorticosteroids were elevated between 1 and 8 h after microwave treatment. Sham‐exposed animals did not demonstrate significant changes in core body temperature. peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) profile, or glucocorticosteroid levels as compared to minimum‐handling controls.
Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200–400 MHz CW
Authors: Marshall Stanley V. , Brown Roger F.
Published: June 2007

A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle‐equivalent tissue, or saline‐filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole‐body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three ‐power‐meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.
A microwave‐hyperthermia model of febrile convulsions
Authors: Hjeresen Dennis L. , Guy A. W. , Petracca F. M. , Diaz J.
Published: June 2007

While convulsions associated with fever represent a serious problem in pediatric medicine, conventional animal models of febrile convulsions suffer numerous technical limitations. A microwave‐hyperthermia model that eliminates these problems was tested. Microwave energy was used to increase the core temperature of 13‐ and 17‐day‐old rats, resulting in convulsions similar to febrile convulsions in human infants. Rats were irradiated for 10 min in circularly polarized waveguides at 918 MHz, CW (average SAR = 9.4 W/kg at 13 days and 18.0 W/kg at 17 days as determined by twin‐well calorimetry). Day 17 irradiated rats were less susceptible to convulsions than were day 13 irradiated rats, indicating an age‐dependent decline in susceptibility. Contrary to findings of earlier models using infrared or hot‐oven heating, convulsions induced with microwave hyperthermia impaired neither brain growth nor subsequent performance during behavioral testing. Simultaneous measurement of brain and rectal temperatures during microwave irradiation revealed differential heating rates that favor thermal homeostasis in brain tissue.
Electromagnetic Fields Induced by Helmholtz Aiding Coils Inside Saline‐Filled Boundaries
Authors: McLeod Bruce R. , Pilla Arthur A. , Sampsel Michael W.
Published: June 2007

The use of Helmholtz aiding coils to induce small electromagnetic (EM) fields in living tissue for both medical and research purposes has become quite common. While much progress has been made in showing that these induced EM signals can cause a variety of effects in tissues and individual cells, a satisfactory explanation of how the effects occur or how the EM signals couple to the tissue has not yet emerged. To address the latter problem adequately, it becomes necessary to know the spatial distribution of the induced fields inside a given set of boundaries. This paper examines the situation used for much in vitro research where a cylindrical culture dish is filled with a conducting solution and placed between the Helmholtz coils. Two cases are considered. The first assumes that the coils are above and below the culture dish (the planes of the coils are parallel with the top and bottom of the dish); the second assumes that the planes of the coils are parallel with the sides of the dish. A closed form solution is obtained for both cases, and it is shown that the induced EM field distribution is markedly different for the two cases.
Problem‐solving skills training: Social validation and generalization
Authors: Foxx R. M. , Kyle Martha S. , Faw Gerald D. , Bittle R. G.
Published: June 2007

This study developed and evaluated a program for teaching a verbal problem‐solving strategy to mildly mentally handicapped adults. Six general areas were targeted for training: Community Awareness, Authority Figures, Peer Issues, Stating One's Rights, Emergencies and Injuries, and Safety. The program features response‐specific feedback, modeling, self‐monitoring, positive reinforcement, response practice, self‐correction, and individualized performance criterion levels. The experimental group (N = 3) received baseline, training, probes, and pre/posttraining generalization assessments, whereas the control group (N = 3) received only the pre/posttraining assessments. The generalization and probe assessments contained situations that were both similar and dissimilar to the training situations. The three month posttraining results revealed that the experimental subjects' problem‐solving skills had generalized to both types of situations, whereas the control group showed little overall change. Furthermore, the experimental group's three month scores were comparable to those of a group of nonhandicapped individuals. Issues related to these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Brief report: Contact desensitization in the treatment of dog phobias in persons who have mental retardation
Authors: Erfanian Nasrin , Miltenberger Raymond G.
Published: June 2007

In comparison with the research done on phobias in non‐retarded individuals, there is a paucity of research in the treatment of phobias in persons with mental retardation. In this study, contact desensitization was evaluated as a treatment for two individuals who have mental retardation and an intense fear of dogs. Following base‐line assessment using a behavioral avoidance test (BAT) measuring actual approach behavior, treatment was implemented in a multiple base‐line across subjects design. Contact desensitization resulted in the elimination of avoidance behavior in both subjects during the BAT. Measures of generalization in an outdoor setting, and maintenance during a two‐month follow‐up, showed that the clients continued to be free of avoidance behavior. The implications for further application and research are discussed.
Brief report: Psychometric properties of the adaptive behavior scale with psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Donat Dennis C. , McKeegan Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) with a sample of chronic psychiatric inpatients. Patients (N = 117) on extended care wards of a state hospital were assessed with the ABS. An orthogonal principal‐components analysis revealed three underlying factors (independent functioning, general maladaptation, and inappropriate social behavior). Evidence for construct validity was demonstrated by analyses demonstrating that the ABS could discriminate among patients according to age, diagnosis, and length of hospitalization. The results are consistent with previous data which suggest that the ABS can be appropriately used with psychiatric patients. Implications of the results for suggestions regarding possible revision of the ABS are discussed.
Brief report: Ecobehavioral assessment using transparent scatter plots
Authors: Bosma Al , Mulick James A.
Published: June 2007

Comprehensive ecobehavioral assessment has tended to rely on elaborate statistical approaches to determine if relationships exist between a large number of environmental events and target behaviors. Although extensive ecological‐correlation analyses can provide important information about the individual's total environment, the elaborate statistical procedure required can also be very unwieldy for applied staff. As an alternative, minor modifications in the scatter plot technique, originally suggested by Touchette et al. (1985), can provide similar information more efficiently while providing applied workers with direct visual contact with the data. Essentially, the technique involves constructing a series of transparent scatter plots, which can be overlaid, and from which important relationships can be readily detected.
The use of a visual cue to reduce profanity in a brain injured adult
Authors: Zencius Arnie H. , Wesolowski Michael D. , Burke William H.
Published: June 2007

This study evaluated the use of visual cue to reduce profanity in a brain injured client. The visual cue consisted of placing a piece of paper in front of the client and marking the paper each time the client used profanity. Once profanity was reduced, a maintenance procedure of verbal feedback was introduced which consisted of telling the client how many times he used profanity during a therapy session. A multiple base‐line design was used across three settings, and the results showed a decrease in profanity in all three settings.
Problem‐solving skills training for psychiatric inpatients: An analysis of generalization
Authors: Foxx R. M. , Faw Gerald D.
Published: June 2007

A program for teaching problem‐solving skills was evaluated with six psychiatric inpatients in a multiple baseline across groups design. Subjects received training on 12 problem situations and the generalization of verbal problem‐solving to six novel situations was assessed via probes presented by a novel person in an untrained setting. The generalization of overt behavior was assessed via pre/post contrived in vivo assessments that contained six situations used in training. The in vivo situations were integrated within a sequence of ongoing events in an effort to enhance the ‘naturalness’ of the assessment. The probes revealed some improvement in verbal problem‐solving skills, whereas minimal improvement occurred in the post in vivo test. Following the study, an attempt was made to enhance performance by having the trainer conduct a probe and adding verbal prompts to evoke problem‐solving during an additional in vivo assessment. Both efforts produced improvements in subjects' performance to a level near that achieved by a normative sample of 20 individuals. The results suggest that in vivo problem‐solving may be dependent on the methods used in presenting problem situations as well as situational factors. Issues related to these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Über die Darstellung symmetrischer Tetraaryläthane und deren Fähigkeit zur Dissoziation in Radikale
Authors: Reimlinger Hans , Golstein Jean‐Pierre , Jadot Josef , Jung Paul
Published: June 2007

symm. Tetra‐pyrenyl‐(3)‐äthan (III), symm. Di‐pyrenyl‐(3)‐diphenyl‐äthan (VII), 2.3‐Di‐[pyrenyl‐(3)]‐butan (IX), 2.2.5.5‐Tetramethyl‐3.4‐diphenyl‐3.4‐di‐[pyrenyl‐(3)]‐hexan (X) und Hexa‐pyrenyl‐(3)‐äthan (XI) wurden dargestellt und ihre Fähigkeit zur Dissoziation in Radikale bei Raumtemperatur mit Hilfe der Elektronenspinreasonanz ‐Method (ESR) untersucht. Mit Ausnahme von 2.3‐Di‐[pyrenyl‐(3)]‐butan sind sämtliche der untersuchten Verbindungen bei Raumtemperatur partiell, das Hexa‐[pyrenyl‐(3)]‐äthan erwartungsgemäß quantitativ dissoziiert. Beim symm. Tetra‐α‐naphthyl‐äthan (VIII) ist dagegen keine Radikaldissoziation nachweisbar. – Das von Pyren ausgehend in guter Ausbeute in zweistufiger Synthese darstellbare symm. Tetra‐pyrenyl‐(3)‐äthan ist im organischen Solvens bei Raumtemperatur unlöslich. Es ist im festen Zustand zu 0.0025% in Radikale dissoziiert. – Die Abhängigkeit der Carbonylfrequenz im IR‐Spektrum von Mono‐ und Diarylderivaten des Formaldehyds vom Kondensationsgrad des Arylrestes wurde untersucht.
Über die Reaktionen der Hexacarbonyle der Chromgruppe mit Bipyridyl‐(2.2′) und 1.10‐Phenanthrolin
Authors: Behrens Helmut , Harder Norbert
Published: June 2007

Bei der Umsetzung der Hexacarbonyle der Chromgruppe mit Bipyridyl‐(2.2′) bzw. 1.10‐Phenanthrolin geht die Substitution über die Tetracarbonylstufen M(CO)4bipy bzw. M(CO)4phen hinaus, wenn man in hochsiedenden Kohlenwasserstoffen, wie Decalin, Tetralin oder 1‐Methyl‐naphthalin arbeitet. Während mit Mo(CO6 und W(CO)6 die Dicarbonylverbindungen M(CO)2bipy2 bzw. M(CO)2phen2 gebildet werden, entstehen mit Cr(CO)6 die totalsubstituierten Typen Cr(bipy)3 und Cr(phen)3.
Eine neue Synthese der Shikimisäure
Authors: Grewe Rudolf , Hinrichs Irmgard
Published: June 2007

Aus Butadien und Propiolosäure wird Cyclohexadiencarbonsäure und daraus durch einfache Umsetzungen (±)‐Shikimisäure gewonnen. Als Nebenprodukte werden drei isomere Verbindungen isoliert, die sich von der Shikimisäure durch die Stellung der Hydroxylgruppen unterscheiden. Zur Charakterisierung eignen sich die Cyclohexylidenverbindungen, die nach einer neuen, einfachen Methode hergestellt werden.
Über organische Schwefelradikale, VIII. Über Phenoxthin ‐Radikalionen
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich , Kabitzke Karlheinz , Markau Klaus
Published: June 2007

In den tiefblauen Lösungen von Phenoxthinsulfoxyden in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure zeigt die ESR‐Spektroskopie hohe Radikalionenkonzentrationen an. Bei einigen substituierten Phenoxthinsulfoxyden wird dabei eine so einfache Hyperfeinstruktur beobachtet, daß sich das ESR‐Spektrum unter der Annahme der Bildung einfacher Phenoxthin‐Radikalsalze C plausibel deuten läßt. Bei der Oxydation der Phenoxthine in Zinntetrachlorid mit Halogen fallen die beständigen festen Hexachlorostannate der Radikalionen aus. – Die beobachteten g‐Faktoren und Spektrenbreiten, die im Bereich der für substituierte Diarylsulfiniumsalze gefundenen Werte liegen, weisen darauf hin, daß die Phenoxthin‐Radikalionen ausgesprochene Schwefel‐Radikalionen sind.
Geometrische Isomerenpaare mit bevorzugter cis‐ Struktur, V. 1‐Fluor‐ und 1‐Chlor‐butadien‐(1.3)
Authors: Viehe Heinz‐Günter
Published: June 2007

Die photochemische Anlagerung von 2‐Fluor‐1‐jod‐äthylen an Äthylen führt zum 1‐Fluor‐4‐jod‐buten‐(1), aus dem durch Jodwasserstoffabspaltung das 1‐Fluor‐butadien‐(1.3) entsteht. Die thermische Isomerisierung dieser und der chloranalogen Verbindung mit Jod in Benzollösung zeigt in beiden Fällen die größere Stabilität der cis‐Form.
Indolo‐α‐pyrone und Indolo‐α‐pyridone
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Müller Wolfgang , Weinerth Klaus
Published: June 2007

Bei Umsetzung von [Indolyl‐(3)]‐essigsäurederivaten mit Carbonsäureanhydriden und Borfluorid‐Ätherat entstehen gelbe Verbindungen, die aufgrund ihrer chemischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften als Indolopyrone betrachtet werden müssen. Sie lassen sich mit Basen oder alkoholischer Salzsäure zu in 2‐Stellung acylierten Indolessigsäurederivaten umsetzen. Aus diesen kann man die Indolopyridone gewinnen. Beide Verbindungsklassen gehen mit Philodienen Diels‐Alder‐Addition zu Carbazolderivaten eiu.
Tetramethylstibonium‐tetrakis‐trimethylsiloxy‐alanat,‐gallanat und ‐ferrat (III)
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: June 2007

Durch Umsetzung des Pseudoalkalisilanolats Heptamethylstibinosiloxan mit Tris‐trimethylsiloxy‐aluminium, ‐gallium und ‐eisen entstehen spontan und quantitativ wohlkristallisierte, neuartige Tetramethylstibonium‐tetrakis‐ trimethylsiloxy‐metallate des Typs [(CH3)4Sb]⊕{Al, Ga, Fe[OSi(CH3)3]4}⊖. Physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften sowie IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopische Daten beweisen für diese Verbindungen eine ionische Struktur aus tetraedrischen Tetramethylstibonium‐Kationen und Tetrakis‐trimethylsiloxy‐metallat‐Anionen, die inzwischen auch durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gesichert werden konnte. Die Struktur‐ und Bindungsverhältnisse werden an Hand der vorliegenden spektroskopischen und kristallographischen Daten diskutiert.
Schwefelhaltige Metallcarbonyle, V. Reaktionen von Kobaltcarbonyl mit Schwefelwasserstoff, Mercaptanen und Disulfiden
Authors: Klumpp Egon , Markó László , Bor Gyöurgy
Published: June 2007

Mercaptane und Disulfide reagieren in Hexan bei Raumtemperatur mit Dikobaltoctacarbonyl unter Bildung mehrerer schwefelhaltiger Kobaltcarbonylderivate, von denen sich CO4(CO)5(C2H5S)7, Co4(CO)7(C2H5S)3 und Co3(CO)6(S)(SCH2C6H5) kristallin isolieren lassen. Als Nebenprodukte entstehen durch Entschwefelung der organischen Komponenten die schon bekannten Komplexe Co3(CO)9S und [Co2(CO)5S]n. Schwefelwasserstoff reagiert mit Dikobaltoctacarbonyl zu Co3(CO)9S und [Co2(CO)5S]n. Die Versuchsergebnisse machen den hemmenden Einfluß der Mercaptane bei der Oxosynthese verständlich.