bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, DFT and Antibacterial, Azo Ligand Derived From 2-Amino pyrimidine With Antipyrine Mixed ligand Complexes involving 1,10- phenanthroline
Authors: Al alsultan Faris Subhi. , Al Quaba Rana A.S.
Published: September 2021

A new heterocyclic ligand (1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-(pyrimidin-2- yldiazenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, was synthesized by the diazotization of 2- (chlorodiazenyl)pyrimidine, and coupling with antipyrine to produce a new azo dye in an alkaline alcoholic solution under optimized experimental conditions (Azo-pyrm-Ap) (pyrimidin-2-yldiazenyl) ligand. and react with 1,10-phenanthroline, Ferric(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Copper(II), Zink(II), and Merrcury(II) ions were used to build the structure of mixed-ligand Tatradentate complexes. They confirmed all that by 1H- NMR,UVevisb, Fesem, XRD (DSC-TG) thermal analysis, Inferred- IR Magnetic susceptibility, The(C.H and N) analysis, molar conductance, and atomic absorption are all examples of spectroscopic techniques. The isolated solid complexes have been to have identified the formula in general [M (L)(phen) Cl] and [M (L)(phen)(H2O)] Cl, For prepared complexes, conductivity measurements revealed a [1:1] electrolyte. for Fe(II) and non-electrolyte for the Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and, Hg(II) complexes. assemblages According to the spectral and analytical results, this ligand acts as a Bidentate chelating agent, with all metal ions having a coordination number of six. Finally, biological activity of the synthesized ligand and metal complexes against bacterial species was evaluated., Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive bacteria, and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aereuguinosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniaea are Gram negative bacteria. and it was found that these compounds have different inhibitory activity on bacteria growth.
Synthesis and characterization and biological study of pyridylazo ligand and its compounds of Co, Ni and Cu divalent ions
Authors: Ali Rana Rahem , Mohammed Hasan Shamran
Published: September 2021

In this work, we synthesized and characterized an azo dye of amino pyridine namely 6-[3- pyridylazo]-2,4-dichlorophenol (PADCP) furthermore its complexes of cobalt, nickel and copper divalent ions. The infrared spectra refereed that PADCP ligand coordinates by oxygen and nitrogen atoms to the metals in the complexes as bidentate ligand. The synthesized complexes have general formula [M(PADCP)2] which confirmed by elemental analysis, magnetic moments, molar conductivity and electronic spectra. The synthesized complexes of PADCP have tetrahedral shape and non-ionic. The PADCP dye exhibit clear color changes under pH changes. The PADCP ligand and its complexes shown notable biological activity against E.coli, Staph.aureus and Aspergillus Niger
X- ray diffraction Characterization of crystalline structure regent4(4-Sulphophenyl Azo) Pyrogallol
Authors: Alradaa Zainab A. Abid , Kadam Zeina M.
Published: September 2021

New azo reagent was synthesized by reaction dizonium salt Sulfadiazine with Pyrogallol. This product was characterized by FTIR, UV. Visible spectrophotometer and (XRD). Purity of the dye was checked by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent system (Toluene-Methanol) (2:3). The melting point of the purified dye was measured in an open capillary tube. The results showed this compound have high levels of antibacterial activity.
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-microbial of some new Biotin carrying sugar moieties
Authors: Abdul-Ridha Nabeel A. , Kamil Duaa Q.
Published: September 2021

The current research involves preparing biotin sugar derivatives and evaluating their vital activity against some types of microbial, through a set of interactions, where the biotin was initially converted into an ester derivative according to the Fischer method. Then the ester derivative 2 was treated with aqueous hydrazine to prepare the derivative 3. After that, the derivative 3 was condensed with a number of monosaccharides using the Schiff-Base reaction. The prepared compounds were spectrophotometrically characterized via modern methods. Results of the biological tests showed that the derivatives 4-8 possess antibacterial vital activity as well as anti-fungi.
Synthesis, characterization, and spectroscopic properties of new azo dyes derived from Sulfamerazine based on β- diketones and azo-metal (II) complexes
Authors: AlBaheley Noor Al , Ali Asaad A. , Fahad Tarek A.
Published: September 2021

In the present study, two new azo dyes from 4-amino-N-(4-methyl-2- pyrimidinyl(benzenesulfonamide) with acetylacetone( L1) and benzoyl acetone(L2) were synthesized. The characterization of dyes has been described by IR,C.H.N,1H-NMR, and TGA. The reaction of these new dyes with acetate salts of copper(II) and nickel(II) in molar ratios of 1:2 was carried out to produce azo metal(II) complexes. Theanalytical data show that the metal to ligand ratio [M:L] in all complexes is (1:2). The spectral and analytical data revealed that this ligand behaves as a bidentate chelating. The thermal behavior of these compounds was investigated based on thermogravimetric (TGA) analyse. Thermal decomposition of these compounds is multi-stage processes.
New culture medium from Lentils (Lens exculenta) seeds for growth Leishmania parasite and some bacteria and fungi
Authors: mohammed Sabaa Taher , Ajah Hamzia Ali , Abdulkhaliq Roua Jamal , AlKhateeb Hiba M.
Published: September 2021

The Lentils (Lens exculenta) were used in research of a new culture medium aimed at the growth of leishmania parasite in vitro. The medium was composed of two phases. The Lens exculenta was used in preparation (with or without added misshapen blood). In the liquid phase, dextrolite solution was used as an oral perfusion solution, instead of lock solution. This study showed increased in numbers of promasitgote in new culture media and this The study showed an increase in the growth of the shape in the center of the plant, and that this increase and the number of parasites was a significant increase compared to the center of NNN-media. The average number of parasites on the eighth day of growth, which represents the peak growth in these groups (2425 and 2650) ×104 cell/ml, respectively. The growth of the parasite continued but at a lower rate and good viability until the twentieth day the number of parasites reached to (500 and 466.6) ×104 cell/ml, respectively. This study showed that the percentage of the parasite viability was good and increased from the second day to the highest on the eighth day (96 % and 95%) respectively. On the 20th day, it was only (30% and 15 %) respectively. Blood added to the new medium receives good growth but lasts only 14 days with no subculture.
The effect of adding chemical fertilizers and spraying with the growth regulator brassinolide and the interaction between them on the growth characteristics and chemical content of date palm trees cultivated in gypsum soils.
Authors: Al-Hamdani Kh.A.S. , Al Katila A. H. Mahmoud
Published: September 2021

The experiment was conducted in the Fallujah Palm Plant - Department of Horticulture - Ministry of Agriculture on palm trees of the Khostawi variety at the age of 10 years, from (15/2/2020) until (21/10/2020). The experiment included two factors, the first is the use of three fertilizer combinations in addition to the control treatment (F0, F1, F2, and F3). The second factor is the use of the brassinolide growth regulator with three concentrations (0, 0.040, and 0.060) mg.L-1, symbolized as Br0, Br1, and Br2, respectively. At a probability level of 0.05, the results of the study are summarized as follows:Fertilization with the fertilizer mixture F3 (urea 900 g + 450 g DAP + potassium sulfate 600 g) resulted in a significant increase in the average number of leaves, the rate of increase in the length of the fronds, the rate of increase in the length of the pinnaes, the content of the leaves of chlorophyll, the percentage of dry matter of the leaves and the content of the leaves from Carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein, which amounted to 2.41 leaves, 0.203 cm, 0.71 cm, 54.55 spad units, 35.00%, 11.76%, 1.01%, 0.265%, 1.109%, 6.424%, while the control treatment gave the lowest rate for the aforementioned traits. The spraying with the growth regulator brassinolide, especially the concentration 0.060 mg/L-1, resulted in a significant increase in the rate of the number of leaves, the rate of increase in the length of the fronds, the rate of increase in the length of the pinnae, the content of the leaves of chlorophyll, the percentage of the dry matter of the leaves and the content of the leaves of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein as they reached 2.58 sheets, 0.248 cm, 0.81 cm, 54.78 spad unit, 33.67%, 0.97%, 0.287%, 1.081%, and 6.047%, while the control treatment gave the lowest rate for the aforementioned traits. The studied characteristics, as the interaction treatment F3Br2 gave the highest rate of increase in the studied traits, while the interaction F3Br1 was superior by giving it the highest content of carbohydrates in the leaves.
Tuning the Electrical and Thermoelectric Properties of Phthalocyanine and Metallo-Phthalocyanine Molecular Junction
Authors: Al-mebir Alaa Ayad K. , Noori Mohammed D. , Kadhim Bahjat B.
Published: September 2021

In this work, a comparative study is presented that analyses the electrical and thermoelectrical properties of free base-Phthalocyanine (Bare-Pc) and Metallo-Phthalocyanine (MPc) molecule sandwiched between gold electrodes. The study investigates the transmission and conductance characteristics of Bare-Pc without central metal ion and with different transition metal ions at the centre of (Pc) such as (Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn) in two different molecular configurations, cis and trans. The results reveal that the conductance changed by varying the transition metal-centre in the order of Co > Ni > Zn in trans, and closely similar pattern Co > Ni > Mn in cis with higher values in trans configuration. This reflects the correlation between the spin-dependent transport properties with the transition metal-centre type and the molecular structure. Further, thermoelectrical properties such as thermal conductance (k), Seebeck coefficient (S) and figure of merit (ZT) are investigated. It was found that (k), (S) and (ZT) have higher values in case of trans configuration for Co-Pc, Ni-Pc and Zn-Pc structures. Thus, by varying the transition metal-centre type and the molecular configuration of (Pc) molecule, transport properties can be tuned to produce a good value of the transmission and electrical conductance, thermal conductance, Seebeck coefficient, and figure of merit of the (Pc) molecular junction for potential high conductance and efficient thermoelectric applications.
Investigation of Electric and Thermoelectric Properties of Phthalocyanine monomer/dimer Molecular Junctions
Authors: Al-mebir Alaa Ayad K. , Noori Mohammed D. , Kadhim Bahjat B.
Published: September 2021

In this work, we carried out a theoretical calculation to present the electrical and thermoelectrical properties of five monomers/dimers structures based on Phthalocyanine molecule sandwiched between gold electrodes. The calculation was preformed based on density functional theory (DFT) implemented by SIESTA. The results reveal that the transmission calculations T(E) of all five monomers/dimers show no spin dependent with highest value for monomer structure around Fermi energy. The phthalocyanine monomer structures show higher conductivity calculation around the Fermi energy in comparison to conductivity values of phthalocyanine dimer structures. Further, thermoelectric properties such as Seebeck coefficient (S), thermal conductance (k) and figure of merit (ZT) are also presented. It is found that the highest positive Seebeck coefficient (S) value belongs to zinc phthalocyanine monomer, while the highest negative (S) value belongs to free base phthalocyanine dimer structure over a wide range of Fermi energies. Moreover, zinc phthalocyanine monomer structure shows highest thermal conductance (k), while phthalocyanine dimer structures exhibit lowest thermal conductance (k) in the vicinity of DFT predicted Fermi energy. As a result, high room-temperature figure of merit (ZT ≈1.7) is reported for free base phthalocyanine dimer, which might be due to the low thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductance values, which makes it a preferred candidate for potential thermoelectric applications.
Evaluation of the natural radioactivity of samples of some types of field crops in different areas of Tikrit, Iraq.
Authors: Muhammad Ali Khalid Abdullah , Majeed Mohammed Farid , Ahmed Najam Laith
Published: September 2021

This study aims to assess the concentrations of natural radionuclides activity (226Ra,232Th and 40K) and calculate a number of radiation risk indicators in some types of field crops in different areas of Tikrit City - Salah Al-Din Governorate - Iraq. The measurement was carried out using a gamma ray spectroscopy connected with a scintillation detector crystallized with thallium-activated sodium iodide NaI(TI). The results were that t 0……he mean concentrations of elements (226Ra,232Th and 40K) wer (6.79±0.33 1Bq/Kg,10.79 ± 0.640 Bq/Kg, 133.34± 5.895 Bq/Kg), respectively. And the radiation risk indicators were less than the international permissible and the recommended average, so that the samples under study are safe and suitable for human and animal consumption.
Optical and Electrical Properties of the films of ALTiO2 prepared by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Habeeb Mohammed S. , Khadayeir Abdulhussain A.
Published: September 2021

In the present work, ALTiO2 thin films were deposit On a glass substrate by using a DC magnetron sputtering at varying currents (170,180,200) mA. The thickness of ALTiO2 thin films was calculated using an optical interferometer system that used a He-Ne laser with a wavelength λ of (632.8)nm. The thickness of the thin films was (340,162,129) nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to investigate optical properties. The wavelength spectrum between (300 -1000)nm was used to record the absorption and transmittance spectra of ALTiO2 thin films. With increasing thickness and currents, the optical band gap decreases from (3.2 to 1.9) ev. The electrical properties indicate that as the ALTiO2 film thickness increases (340,162,129) nm respectively (1.19 to 9.84) the resistivity decreases
The effects of various types of phosphate fertilizers on the environment and their natural activity
Authors: Khalf Yasmyn S. , Mohammad Kareem K.
Published: September 2021

In this study, the effect of various types of fertilizers on natural radioactivity levels in agricultural soil was investigated in this research. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in fertilizer samples were determined by using gamma-ray spectroscopy and a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector to determine the activity concentrations 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. The activity concentrations for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in fertilizers and phosphate raw were (2300-5400) Bq/kg, (9-53) Bq/kg, and (56-3000) Bq/kg, respectively. This research could serve as a baseline data for understanding the effects of fertilizer radiation on human health.
High Efficiency (9.60) of CI Perovskites base solar cells with PCBM (ETM)and P3HT(HTM)
Authors: Abdulsada Zainab R. , Abdul Almohsin Samir M.
Published: September 2021

Due to their easy manufacturing, low production, excellent light harvest characteristics and high efficiency they have been more preferred in the last few years by organic-inorganic perivoskite solar cells in a photovoltaic research culture.

In this research (PCBM) was used as Electron Transport Material (ETM) and (PHT) as Hole Transport Material (HTM). where used with the perovskite (CHNHPbcl3) and we changed the thickness of perovskite, ETM and HTM. And changed effective density of states (CB,VB) with these varibles an efficiency of 9.60 was obtained at 333.15(k).

Solar cell concept evaluation is performed with the Solar Cell power simulator (SCAPS). This model optimizes different parameters such as thickness, density of absorber layer of electron transport material (ETM, ND and NA) and concentrations of doping of hole transport material (HTM, for example). This model also optimizes various parameters. Electrons and holes based on the equation of poisson and continuity can be achieved and simulated CH NH Pbcl is efficient in thickness (100nm).
Calculating properties of non-collinear phase matching in two different polarization for KDP crystal
Authors: Neamah Shaymaa K. , Hanoon Haider K.
Published: September 2021

The properties of non-collinear phase-matching (PM) for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal were calculated. The properties were calculated numerically for type I phase matching and type II-phase matching. The group delay dispersion (GDD) was determined for KDP at different slant angles and different types of phase matching. The slant angles were 0°, 40°, 60°, and 900°. The pumping, signal, and idler wavelengths were 354.7nm, 1064nm, and 532nm respectively. The time delay deepened on the phase-matching angle for three-wave that interact in KDP crystal founded. Ordinary refractive index and extraordinary refractive index discussed, by calculating these indices the birefringence at each wavelength determined. The group delay dispersion and time delay very important factors for optical communication, laser application, and nonlinear optics.
Radioactivity Investigation In Water of Tigris River in Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Hayani Alaa H. , Al-Mashhadani Asia H. , Tawfiq Nada F.
Published: September 2021

The spacific activity of naturally radionuclides (226Ra, 212Pb, and 40K) in water samples of Tigris river was tested using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector at 30 separate locations in tigris river in Iraq’s Salah Al-Din Governorate. The activity concentrations of activity of 226Ra, 212Pb, 137Cs, and 40K ranged from ( 0.056, 0.702, 0.15, 105.12 Bq/L ) to ( 805.6, 75.12, 27.6, 1149.4 Bq/L ), with an average of ( 315.6, 30.8, 12.04, and 509.2 Bq/L) respectively. The average The radium equivalent activity was found to be (397.4 Bg/kg). The absorbed dose rate in air for the samples was also investigated, and its averagr of (185.6 nGyh-1). For one year, the outdoor annual effective doses with an average of (0.23mSv/y), and the indoor annual effective doses with an average of (0.911mSv/y). The external hazard indices, as well as the internal hazard indices, were found to be more than one higher than the global limit, with average values of 2.04 and 2.89, respectively, higher than the global limit. The International Commission on Radiological Safety and Ionizing Radiation’s Biological Effects Radiation risk factors is used to measure the excess lifetime cancer risk.
Physical Properties of Nanostructured Fe2O3Thin films - Effect of Cobalt Doping Deposited by CSP
Authors: Essa Hanaa K , Khadayeir Abdulhussain A , Salloom Hussein T , Habubi Nadir F , Chiad Sami S
Published: September 2021

Undoped Fe2O3and Fe2O3: Co thin films with thickness 350 ± 25 nm deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis CSP method at temperature of 450°C. The results of X-ray measurements analysis revealed a polycrystalline pattern for all samples oriented along (110) plane. The films crystallites were oriented along (110) plane. The Grain size for Undoped showed an increase from 12.47 nm to 14.42 nm upon Cobalt doping, whilst dislocation density (δ) for Undoped showed an decreased from 64.30 to 48.09 upon Cobalt doping, whilst strain (ε) decreased for Undoped showed an decreased from 27.96 to 24.03 upon Cobalt doping. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests showed nano particles and a decrease in surface roughness. The root mean square roughness (Rrms) decrease from 6.36 nm to 7.61 nm by increasing the for Undoped Fe2O3to Fe2O3:2% Co. Transmittance values of undoped Fe2O3and Cobalt doped films reaches 80% to 90% in Vis- NIR regions. Optical measurements illustrate an increase in the Refractive Index, absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient with increasing Cobalt content in comparison to undoped Fe2O3thin films.
Effect of Addition of Tungsten Carbide on the Structural and Physical Properties of an Aluminum-Based System By Powder Method
Authors: Zeynelabdien Hayder A. , Mahmood Amer SH. , Majeed Zuheer N.
Published: September 2021

The powder technology method was used for the purpose of making samples from the compound (Al-10%Al2O3-%WC), where the first support material was used alumina Al2O3 at a fixed rate of 10% and the second support material WC was in different proportions (0,5, 10,15,20) %, the three powders were grinded together for a period of two hours, then put into a mold and the process was pressed with a hydraulic press at 5 tons for a time of one minute. An English-origin oven was used and the sintering process was done for the samples at 560°C and for a time of only two hours. After that, compositional tests (XRD), physical (real and apparent density, real and apparent porosity) and mechanical (diagonal compressive strength) were performed on the sintered samples. As these tests gave encouraging results with almost distinctive characteristics at a ratio of mixing of 20% WC and thermal sintering of 560°C, as the bulk density was within the limits of 5.51 g/cm3 while the real density was 4.9 g/cm3, while the minimum apparent porosity was 8.83% and the porosity. The real one is 11.76%, while the diagonal compressive strength is 45.33MPa. As for the structural results of the X-ray diffraction after the sintering process, it showed the emergence of a new phase of the tertiary metal oxide (WO3) and the (Triclinic) phase, as well as the emergence of tungsten carbide in the cubic phase.
A General Method for Designing n-Qubits Entanglement Creating Circuits and its Application in Different 4-qubits Entanglement Creating Circuits
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed J. , Saleh Mezher B. , Al-Baidhany Ismaeel Abdulla Akhlite
Published: September 2021

One of the most important aspects of quantum computation is quantum entanglement, it is an interesting feature of quantum physics, and has many important applications such as quantum teleportation, cryptography, quantum computation, and dense coding. It is an essential task in quantum computing to design circuits that create an entangled system, and many circuits were implied in the quantum computers that generate the desired entangled state of a system. In this paper, we suggest a general method to design different quantum circuits that produce an entangled system for any number of qubits in different manners. Also, we apply the suggested method in order to design different 4-qubits entanglement creating circuits. The results show that it is possible to design different entanglement creating circuits for any number of qubits by following certain method that will be discussed in the paper, and in the case of 4-qubits system we are going to look only at two circuits, the first creates a “GHZ” like state and the second creates a four-basis entanglement state.
The analysis of constructing and evaluating tensor operation paralleling algorithms
Authors: Alsaedi Rusul J. , Shallal Isam K. , Kadhim Qasim S.
Published: September 2021

The algorithms of tensors’ summing, multiplying and collapsing are observed in that issue from the perspectives of those paralleling possibilities. The graphs of these algorithms are developed and analyzed from the point of the forecasted values of the acceleration and efficiency. It is assumed that the time of execution for all computing operations is same and equal to a unit of time, and data transfer between computer devices is performed instantaneously without any time consuming (it is acceptable, for example, a parallel computing systems with shared memory). In particular, it is shown that for the tensors’ addition the time of the fastest execution of algorithm for an unlimited number of processors is equal to the length of the maximum path in the graph. In other words, the minimum time of the algorithm will be achieved when the number of processors is equal to the number of components of the tensor. A similar analysis was performed for the algorithms of multiplication and convolution of tensors.
Posteriori Error bound For Fullydiscrete Semilinear Parabolic Integro-Differential equations
Authors: Sabawi Younis A.
Published: September 2021

The main goal of this paper is to obtain error bounds for parabolic integro-differential equation. The derivation of these bounds is based elliptic and Ritz -Volterra reconstructions introduced by Makridakis and Nochetto 2003 and then extended to Ritz - Volterra reconstruction in case of integro-parabolic differential problems by Reddy and Sinha 2015. We proved optimal order bounds for certain classes semilinear parabolic intergro differential equations. The key points for these estimators can be reduced the numbers of iterations.
On δ-βc-Connectedness in Topological Spaces via δ-βc-Open Sets
Authors: Awad Ghufran. Ibrahim. , Jumaili Alaa. M. F. AL.
Published: September 2021

In this article a new property which is namely, δ — βc — connectedness in Topological spaces is introduced and investigated by utilizing new generalized of open set which is called δ — βc — open set. Several characterizations and fundamental properties concerning of this class of connectedness are obtained. Moreover, the relationships between this class of connectedness and various other weaker and stronger forms of connectedness are discussed. The behavior of δ — βc — Connected space with respect to some denominations of well-known mappings is studied. Further the components of δ — βc — connectedness and its properties are considered. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 54A05; Secondary: 54D05.
Associated Conformable Fractional Legendre Polynomials
Authors: Shihab Haifa , Al-khayat Thair Younis
Published: September 2021

Along with the work of Abul-Ez et al. [37], we introduce the associated conformable fractional Legendre polynomials (ACFLPs), from which the fractional differential equation of ACFLPs is established. Subsequently, some of interesting properties are derived such as generating function, hypergeometric representation, analytical formula, besides various of recurrence relations. Also, orthogonal properties of ACFLPs are developed in conformable context. We append our study by presenting the shifted ACFLPs and driving some of important properties such as Rodrigues’ type representation formula of fractional order derivative and explicit formula. An interesting compact closed-form expression is derived from the definite integral using a convenient analytical formula for the shifted ACFLPs. This result is easily generalized for integrands involving products of an arbitrary number of shifted associated Legendre polynomials in conformable sense.
Numerical Solutions of Nonlinear Fredholm Integro Differential Equations using Fifth Order Runge-kutta Method
Authors: Saleh Atefa J. , Barghooth Luma J. , Rasheed Maan A.
Published: September 2021

This paper is considered with the numerical solution of a type of second-order nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential Equations (FIDs). The proposed scheme is based on Runge - kutta methods of order fifth. Moreover, two numerical examples are considered to show the capability and the accuracy of the proposed methods compared with other Runge-kutta methods of less order. Finally, we apply the least square errors (LSE) formula to make numerical comparisons between the numerical and the exact solutions. The obtained results show that the proposed method is superior and more accurate than Runge - kutta methods of orders two, three, and four.
Use of ARINC Approach method to evaluate the reliability assignment for mixed system
Authors: Abbas Sameer Abd Karim , Hassan Zahir Abdul Haddi
Published: September 2021

The reduction process, which will permit us to transform a mixed system into a sequential system in order to resolve the problem of reliability allocation for this type of system, will be used in this research to measure the reliability allocation for mixed systems.
The Characterizations of δ — Algebras with Their Ideals
Authors: Khalil Shuker M. , Hassan Ahmed Naji
Published: September 2021

We explored new algebra structures such as δ —algebra, δ —subalgebra and δ —ideal in this work. In addition, we study their fundamental characteristics and their connections with other algebras, such as d/ρ/BCK - algebras, d/ρ/BCK – subalgebras and d/ρ/BCK – ideals. Also, some examples to illustrate our notions are given. MSC (2010): 20G05, 20D06, 20B30, 20B35
A note on the distributions in quantum mechanical systems
Authors: Alabdulsada Layth M.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study the distributions and the affine distributions of the quantum mechanical system. Also, we discuss the controllability of the quantum mechanical system with the related question concerning the minimum time needed to steer a quantum system from a unitary evolutionU(0) =Iof the unitary propagator to a desired unitary propagatorUf. Furthermore, the paper introduces a description of a k⊕p sub-Finsler manifold with its geodesics, which equivalents to the problem of driving the quantum mechanical system from an arbitrary initial stateU(0) =Ito the target stateUf, some illustrative examples are included. We prove that the Lie groupGon a Finsler symmetric manifoldG/Kcan be decomposed intoKAK.
A block cipher algorithm developed using Magic Square in the seventh Order
Authors: Alattar Ibrahim Malik , Abdul Monem Rahma S.
Published: September 2021

This paper use the magic square of order 7 to develop Block encryption algorithms that work for encoding color images and text in GF(P) and GF(28). The algorithm use key with length = 35 and a message with length =14 are used, First, the keys are placed in the previously agreed positions and the remaining positions remain for the message, then the magic sum for each of them is calculated. Complexity, velocity, NIST calculations, and histogram calculations were calculated and the results were compared with the 5th degree magic square, where the complexity was with using GF(P) = (256)14× (P)35and using GF(28) = (256)14× (256)35, The magic square of the seventh degree is better than the magic square of the fifth degree in cryptography in terms of complexity and a slight difference in speed.
Estimation of a Mathematical Model for Theoretical Measuring of Plasma Electrons Mobility at Different Concentrations of He-Cu Mixture
Authors: Abbas Ali Rafid. , Hamed Baidaa , Al-obaidi Maysam T. , Abbas Asaad M.
Published: September 2021

The current study presented data estimated from theoretical calculation which indicate the possibility of measuring the mobility of electrons based on the change in the resistance of plasma in a thermodynamic equilibrium situated in an electric field. The mobility of electrons present in decaying plasma were studied numerically in external electric field in the mixture of Helium-Copper (He:Cu) and under atmospheric pressure. The mobility of electrons at several mixture concentrations and varied reduced electric field has been calculated earlier using the solution of the Boltzmann equation. BOLSIG+ simulation method has been utilized in order to verify results obtained from Boltzmann distribution analysis. Analysis consisted of two steps: the first of which was the use of a reduced electric field limited between 0-20 Td; the second applying of reduced electric field limited between 20-100 Td. Results are shown high matching between the introduced/estimated model and the original model with mean square error in the range of (0.0001) for the first part and (0.0005) for the second part.
Synthesizing nanocomposite TiO2@ZnFe2O4 using a simple one-pot solvothermal technique
Authors: Rsen Zainab D. , Yousif Qahtan.A.
Published: September 2021

This paper reports solvothermically the synthesis of TiO2@ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite. It was synthesized and characterized by several procedures with a weight ratio of 2 percent. X-ray diffraction tests were detected at 24.45° to show the typical weak peaks in TiO2@ZnFe2O4, confirming TiO2 (anatase) at 30.10°, 35.47°, 41.06°, 45.64°, 56.64° and 62.51°, which represent a characteristic peak of the ZnFe2O4 - orientations (220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440), respectively. The nanocomposite has been found to have significant peaks at 311° and 411°. The preparation of TiO2@ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite is confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared. FESEM was also conducted to analyze TiO2@ZnFe2O4’s shape and structure. In addition, information in line with IUPAC type III and the H2 hysteresis loops were provided by the BET isotherm and the BJH technique. In the surface, pore-volume, and pore diameter, the findings have supported effective changes. Diffuse reflection spectroscopy gave more information on the modifications that occurred in the nanocomposite to alter the spectrum to the red region while reducing the band gap to 1.65 eV. These findings have strengthened the structure of nanocomposite as-prepared.
Plasmonic enhancement of Ag NPs in a different active media
Authors: Muhanmmed L. A. , Abbod L. H.
Published: September 2021

Improvement of the laser output of the laser active media (dye lasers) through the study of the emission spectrum of plasmonic resulting from using a laser beam with a different energies, in addition to study the spectrum that resulting from the interaction of the exciton with the plasmon and its effect on the laser output. It was used (RhB dye) with different concentrations, and then studied the absorption spectrum of these samples by using UV-VIS spectrometer, and then the emission spectrum by using fluorescence spectroscopy. It was used a better concentration of dye (1*10-5 M) to mix with different concentrations of Ag NPs that have been prepared by the ablation method. To get a different concentrations of Ag NPs it was changed the pulse number (500, 600, 700, 800, 900) p and keep the energy constant at (600 mJ), it will play a major role in changing the emission and the absorption spectrum properties. It was found a strong dependence of the emission characteristics (the emission intensity, threshold for lasing) on the concentration of Ag NPs.
Study of The X-ray Coherent Scattering Cross Section of Copper
Authors: Eisaa Khamael , Ali Mohsin Hasan
Published: September 2021

In this study the coherent scattering function ƒ(k) has been calculated for x-ray in Copper using the Wave function involving Slater’s roles approximation for the values 0 ≤ k ≤ 1.6 A0-1, The Rayleigh scattering cross section, has been calculated. The Rayleigh scattering cross section was found to be dominate at low energy, where the scattering cross section starting from very small energy and less than 1KeV, Also the increasing of angular distribution for Rayleigh scattering cross section is principle dependent on the value of atomic scattering factor f(k), and observed Rayleigh scattering decreasing at high energies, while it is more distinct at low energies, for this reason the Rayleigh scattering is very important at low energies, because the scattering angle is large.
Complex SEE Transform of Bessel’s Functions
Authors: Mansour Eman A. , Kuffi Emad A. , Mehd Sadiq A.
Published: September 2021

In the modern time, Bessel’s functions appear in solving many applications of engineering and natural science together with many equations such as Schrodinger equation, Laplace equation, heat equation, wave equation and Helmholtz equation in cylindrical or spherical coordinated, in this work, we introduce complex SEE integral transform of Bessel’s functions with some important applications of complex SEE transform of Bessel’s functions for evaluating the integral, which contain Bessel’s functions, are given.
Role of Selenium dioxide in Spectrophotometric determination of Tetracycline in pure and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Aljeboree Aseel M , Abbas Ahmed S. , Abdulrazzak Firas H. , Alrazzak Nour Abd , Alkaim Ayad F.
Published: September 2021

Background: 4Aminoantipyrine (AAP) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in biochemical experiments and in environmental monitoring. AAP as an aromatic pollutant in the environment poses a great threat to human health. Methods: A spectrophotometric, A Sensitive, simple accurate and inexpensive way has been proposed for the estimation of Tetracycline The way is based on the oxidation reaction coupling of drug Tetracycline by 4-amenoantypyren (4AAP) in basic medium, and then reacts by Selenium dioxide (SeO2) to give a complex colored at temperature room which produce a product having maximum absorption at 553 nm. Results: The data find that the order of addition, Tetracycline –base - Selenium dioxide (SeO2) -4- AAP, gave maximum absorbance and sensitivity, the good base was (0.1N) sodium hydroxide needful for developing the colored product and raise its stability. That complex, at 25°C, gave a better sensitivity and was selected for further utilize in this study. Under optimum experimental conditions obtained via the linearity of the constructed calibration curve was in the range of 1-20 mg. L of Tetracycline drug with the detection limit of 1.12 x 10-5mg/L and molar absorptivity was 3.915 x 103 L/mol.cm. Conclusion: The used way seemed simple, fast, precision and accurate. In adding, it is applicable for the assay of the Tetracycline in study in many amount forms and the data are in best concord with those obtained in previous studies.
Hydrogeochemical properties and the exhaustion groundwater reserve from Dammam aquifer at Al-Najaf Governorate, middle Iraq
Authors: Al-Owaidi Mohanad R.A. , Al-Enezy Arshad W.A. , Hussein Mohammed L.
Published: September 2021

One of Iraq’s most significant groundwater-bearing limestone aquifers is the Dammam Formation. The aquifer groundwater has been studied hydrogeochemically. It is suitable for irrigation, as indicated by sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total dissolved solids (TDS), which are 4.15 and 1971 ppm (in average) respectively. Through the vision of the Stiff diagram, the predominant ions are Cl-, SO4
2+ and Na+ while the HCO-3 and Mg2+ are relatively poor. There is plenty of flowing wells in the study area in Najaf Governorate producing groundwater from the Dammam aquifer. In recent years, many wells have been drilled in an irregular pattern for forming fish breeding lakes. These lakes’ water drains 4.715 m3/s into the Najaf depression by Wadi Al- Khur and artificial channels, where it mixes with brine water, rendering it useless. This lead to the exhaustion huge amount of precious groundwater resource. Many signs that confirm the Piezometric pressure drop and groundwater levels descent in the Dammam aquifer in the region. The groundwater flow has been halted in several flowing wells in the study area especially in Wadi Al-Khur due to the exhaustion of the reserve and a decrease in the level of the hydrostatic pressure of the aquifer. A significant decline in values transmissivity and specific capacity of the Dammam aquifer when compared with previous studies in the years 1996 and 2009. Through observation of the monitoring well (W/7), a decrease in groundwater levels of flowing wells in the study area.
The effect of a speed exclusion zone and active tower dampers on an upwind fixed-hub two-bladed 20 MW wind turbine
Authors: Anstock Fabian , Schorbach Vera
Published: September 2021

Large two-bladed offshore wind turbines possess cost-saving potentials in their complete life-cycle, together with general structural blade advantages, compared to similar three-bladed machines. However, the general dynamics and tower-eigenfrequency interactions are challenging. Therefore, a speed exclusion zone for the partial load region and two straightforward pitch- and generator-driven tower dampers for the whole power production region are introduced. They enable the incorporation of a reasonable controller for a two- and a three-bladed baseline reference to facilitate a fair and objective turbine comparison. The outlined control features significantly reduced tower fatigue loads by 18% and 70% in the case of a three-bladed 20 MW and a two-bladed 20 MW turbine, respectively.
Enhanced design basis for offshore wind farm load calculations based on met-ocean data from a floating lidar system
Authors: Bastigkeit Ilona , Leimeister Mareike , Watson Warren , Wolken-Möhlmann Gerrit , Gottschall Julia
Published: September 2021

A design basis is an essential part of planning and realising an offshore wind farm project. Based on the data of local environmental conditions and the results of load calculations, wind turbine system and support structure designs are developed. This paper reports a measurement campaign with a Floating Lidar System in combination with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler that was carried out to provide all basic parameters of a standard design basis. On top of that, a procedure was established to develop an enhanced design basis for offshore wind farm load calculations based on site-specific and more detailed met-ocean data – including, for instance, the actual profiles for wind speed, wind direction, and current speed. A comparison of the results of various load case simulations based on the standard design basis, as well as the enhanced design basis, shows a great potential for realising a more cost-efficient design for a wind turbine system and support structure when utilizing such an enhanced design basis.
Early age movement in offshore structures with various bearing conditions
Authors: Henneberg Joshua , Schaumann Peter
Published: September 2021

Grouted connections (GCs) consist of two infiltrating steel tubes of different diameters and a grout material bonding the two steel tubes together. Predominantly, the GCs are used to connect the foundation piles with the jacket support structure. Additionally, it can be applied for monopile substructures. A challenging and scientifically still marginally analysed detail of grouted connections is the influence of early age movement (EAM), also known as early age cycling (EAC) on the final load bearing behaviour of the connection. After grouting and until the end of the curing of the material, the offshore structure is partially supported by fluid grout material for several hours. During this time waves and current affect the soft connections. This leads to relative movement during the curing of GCs, which is known as EAM. Previous investigations showed grout material damage due to vertical EAM. These results form the basis of the current offshore guideline limits. According to DNVGL-OS-J101 from 2014, it must be ensured that during the curing process the vertical EAM does not exceed 1 mm. Since 2016 the limit value also applies for the lateral EAM according to DNVGL. However, the influence of lateral EAM on the load bearing behaviour is barely experimentally nor numerically investigated. Thus, the authors are involved in a comprehensive research project (GREAM) addressing this topic. This paper focusses on Finite Element Analysis of different support structures under varying boundary conditions and sea states to analyse the amplitude of lateral EAM of grouted connections.
Item-based Reliability-centred Life-Cycle Costing using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Reifferscheidt J , Weigell J , Jahn C
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a time-sequential probabilistic simulation model for the detailed design of maintenance strategies for turbine critical items. The term item shall refer to any part, component, device, subsystem, or functional unit of a wind turbine that can be individually described and considered. The model enables wind farm operators and turbine manufactures to find the most cost-effective maintenance strategy for each turbine critical item. Cost optimizations are realized through a better adaptation of the maintenance strategy to the item-specific failure modes, degradation processes, failure detection capabilities and the given operational configuration of the wind farm. Based on a time-sequential Monte Carlo simulation technique, the maintenance activities at turbine level are simulated over the windfarm’s operational lifetime, considering correlations between the stochastic variables. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation are evaluated using statistical means, thereby, determining the optimal maintenance strategy and associated parameters. The developed model is implemented as a Python application and equally applicable for onshore and offshore windfarms.
A procedure to redesign a comparable blade structure of a two-bladed turbine based on a three-bladed reference
Authors: Schütt Marcel , Anstock Fabian , Schorbach Vera
Published: September 2021

Two-bladed turbines might be an alternative for future offshore wind turbine installations due to the promising opportunity to be more economical compared to three-bladed turbines. Looking at the rotor blades, two-bladed turbines with a comparable design either rotate 22.5% faster or have up to 50% increased chord lengths. The latter result in a significantly higher second moment of area, which enables rotor mass savings and thus fewer costs while withstanding ~50 % higher flapwise loads per blade. Unfortunately, such a design could also cause buckling issues. Increasing the design tip speed reduces stability issues but lowers the rotor mass savings. Consequently, the challenging task is to find an optimal compromise between preventing buckling and saving rotor mass, and thus to ensure a fair comparison of two- and three-bladed turbines’ blades. To overcome this challenge, a procedure for redesigning a comparable blade structure is introduced. The procedure is exemplarily demonstrated for large 20 MW offshore wind turbines. Compared to the three-bladed reference, the overall rotor mass reduction of the two-bladed turbine is 13.5 % for the most beneficial compromise detected. Simultaneously, the blades showing good accordance with the reference concerning static stresses and buckling characteristics under their respective loads.
Structural Optimisation of Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators Including Static and Dynamic Analyses
Authors: Tartt K , Kazemi Amiri A , McDonald A , Jaen-Sola P
Published: September 2021

One way to achieve increased wind capacity is by installing larger and more efficient wind turbines, which results in larger/heavier generators. Direct-drive, permanent magnet generators are favoured due to their increased efficiency, but the added weight is an issue, as this drives up the cost of the nacelle and turbine support structure, along with increasing the manufacturing and installation costs. Therefore, minimizing the mass, particularly the structural mass, of these low speed generators is becoming much more important. A vast amount of research has been done on trying to reduce the electromagnetically ‘active’ materials, but it is the supporting structure or ‘inactive’ materials, that makes up the biggest percentage of the generator’s mass. Therefore, this paper studies the statics and dynamics of a large offshore direct-drive generator’s supporting structure and the opportunities for light-weighting, as well as improvements to the generator’s rotor structure through structural optimisation. The indicator for optimised design is system weight under each predefined scenario. These scenarios will cover different design considerations of the generator’s rotor structure.