bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated-Temperature Tensile and Creep Properties of Some Structural and Prestressing Steels
Authors: Harmathy T Z , Stanzak W W
Published: September 2009

The tensile and creep characteristics of two structural steels (ASTM A36 and CSA G40.12) and a prestressing steel (ASTM A421), all three used extensively in the building industry, have been investigated. Information is presented concerning the initial portion of the stress-strain curve, the ultimate and yield strengths, the elongation, the reduction of area, and the two stress-dependent creep parameters, Z and εto, for temperatures up to 1200 and 1300 F.

The tensile data obtained for ASTM A36 steel seemed to agree with other reported data. The G40.12 steel exhibited somewhat unusual tensile behavior at about 700 F. For the ASTM A421 steel the natural scatter of the test data overshadowed the effect of crosshead speed (0.02 to 0.75 in./min) at temperatures below 700 F.

Harmathy's creep model seemed fairly well applicable to all three steels, and Clauss' rule concerning the creep rupture time to the two structural steels.
Fluid Conditioning for Servo Systems
Authors: Coroneos J. N.
Published: September 2009

In the design of hydraulic servo system filtration systems, the designer must be aware of the effects of contamination in a servo system. The tolerance level of a system will be affected by the physical characteristics of the servo components. The designer must take into consideration the critical clearances, type of force motor, and whether valve dither is used. When all the component facts are known, the proper filtration system can be designed to provide the required reliability and component life.
Automatic Transmission Fluid—a Dynamic Material Keeping Pace with Ever-Changing Requirements
Authors: Watt Andrew K. , Duckworth Ralph J.
Published: September 2009

With Oldsmobile's introduction of the semi-automatic transmission in 1937 came the need for a transmission fluid with greater resistance to sludge and varnish formation than had been hitherto available.

In 1940, when Oldsmobile introduced it, the Hydra-Matic transmission demonstrated a need for other fluid characteristics, namely: (1) prevention of excessive foaming which results in heat build-up, volume expansion, and loss of the fluid from the transmission; (2) fluidity at temperatures down to −40 F to prevent clutch plate failures due to burned facings; and (3) controlled lubricity, to assure smooth clutch engagement and to discourage stickslip, which results in clutch engagement squawk. Other important transmission fluid characteristics are corrosion protection, lack of an objectionable odor, and nontoxicity. It must be compatible with synthetic rubber seals, with previous as well as current production transmissions, and other previously qualified transmission fluids.

Although reference will be made to the type A fluid qualification program and to some of its test procedures and history, the purpose of this paper is to relate briefly the previously untold experiences encountered during the 25-yr development of automatic transmission fluid.
Investigation and Repair of Glazed Brick Cladding: A Case Study
Authors: Gorrell Todd A. , Chin Ian R.
Published: September 2009

The design and repair of exterior glazed brick walls differ from that of unglazed (normal) brick walls. Water that penetrates a typical brick wall usually enters through mortar joints, through failed sealant joints, and by absorption of the brick and mortar. Much of this water escapes the wall by evaporation from the face of the wall. However, the impervious face of ceramic glazed brick significantly reduces the amount and rate of evaporation of water that enters a wall, thereby exposing the glazed brick cladding to spalling caused by the freezing of moisture trapped in the brick units. In addition, since the glaze will trap efflorescence in the brick, the buildup of this cryptoflorescence behind the glaze can result in spalling of the glazed surface of the brick. Therefore, the prevention of water penetration into the masonry wall and the rapid removal of water that has entered the wall are critical to the successful performance and durability of glazed brick clad walls. This paper discusses the common failure modes of glazed brick walls and the current industry recommendations for the design and detailing of glazed brick walls. A case study of a project that includes the investigation of a wall with spalled glazed brick and the design and installation of new glazed brick on the wall is presented. This paper discusses the specification of glazed brick materials; the difficulties in color matching new glazed brick to existing glazed brick; the design and detailing of a new glazed brick wall; and other repair methods to prevent water infiltration and increase the durability of glazed brick walls.
A Discussion of the Benefits and Problems of ASTM C 1324 for Analyzing Hardened Masonry Mortars
Authors: Powers Laura , Coleman Ann , Papas Susanne
Published: September 2009

Laboratory testing of mortars by chemical analysis and petrography is generally appropriate to determine mortar composition, and to provide a basis for the formulation of compatible repair or replacement mortars. In cases of masonry distress and failures, analysis by C 1324 alone is often less useful unless the laboratory work is guided by knowledge obtained in the field. In addition to requiring the technical skills of experienced chemists and petrographers, the application of C 1324 requires knowledge of the specifications for mortar for unit masonry and benefits from the knowledge of how mortars are prepared and installed.The quality of the sampling for laboratory tests, the physical condition of the samples obtained, and the mortar constituents can all influence the reliability of the results obtained by the chemical analysis and the petrographic examination. We review the development of the standard, discuss related standards, and present our experience with modern mortars prepared in the field and tested in the laboratory in accordance with ASTM C 1324 to provide insight into the results and limitations of such analysis.
Deflection Criteria for Masonry Beams
Authors: Bennett Richard M. , McGinley William M. , Bryja Jim
Published: September 2009

This paper examines issues related to deflection criteria for masonry beams. Masonry walls supported by beams and lintels act compositely with the beam. As the height of the masonry wall increases, the behavior becomes more like that of a tied arch, with the masonry in compression and the beam acting as the tension tie. Deflection limits are only needed so that sufficient stiffness is provided during construction to prevent serviceability problems, with the suggested limit being l/600. Several methods for determining the deflection of reinforced masonry beams are examined, and a method for the effective moment of inertia of cracked reinforced sections is recommended. Beams and lintels that exceed this deflection do not necessarily have to be increased in size, but rather shores could be used during construction. Masonry beams and lintels with l/d⩽8 should not be controlled by deflections. Therefore, it is recommended that the code not require these members to be checked for deflections.
Variations in the Activity of Dry-Powder Water-Repellent Mortar Admixtures with Different Mortar Formulae
Authors: Nordmeyer Herb , Hall Pam
Published: September 2009

A number of water repellents are added to masonry mixes and masonry units. To be classified as a water-repellent mortar admixture, ASTM C 1384 Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars, requires that the 24-h rate of water absorption needs to be reduced by at least 50 % when compared to a control mortar without the admixture. While testing two well-known water-repellent admixtures, a substantial difference in activity was noted with the mortar that was being tested. Testing was expanded to include other water-repellent admixtures and several additional mortar formulae. This paper discusses the findings of that study.
Evaluation of ASTM Methods to Determine Splitting Tensile Strength in Concrete, Masonry, and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Authors: Parker Cody K. , Tanner Jennifer E. , Varela Jorge L.
Published: September 2009

Tensile strength of concrete or masonry is a fundamental material characteristic used to predict crack formation. ASTM C 496 and C 1006 are specifically designed to determine the splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders and masonry units, respectively. Finite element studies for the above tests were completed with the maximum tensile strength compared to the theoretical value in the corresponding ASTM equations. The objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) evaluate current ASTM test methods to determine splitting tensile strength using finite element analysis; (2) evaluate the splitting tensile strength of masonry assemblages through modifying an existing ASTM test; (3) evaluate the application of ASTM test methods to determine the splitting tensile strength of autoclaved aerated concrete; and (4) evaluate a proposed ASTM test to evaluate the splitting tensile strength of thin-bed mortar used in AAC construction. A case study of the splitting tensile strength of autoclaved aerated concrete is used to propose a single test method for this new material.
The Effect of Void Area on Brick Masonry Performance
Authors: Sanders John P. , Brosnan Denis A.
Published: September 2009

Higher void (hollow) brick offer the potential for energy savings, decreased raw material usage and reduced environmental impact. These advantages are related to the movement toward “green” building materials. The National Brick Research Center has performed an extensive study comparing the wall system performance of hollow and solid brick. Hollow masonry units are defined by ASTM C 652 while solid masonry units are specified in ASTM C 216. The key differences between these two specifications are related to the permissible void area and face shell thickness. The objective of this work was to determine what effect, if any, increasing void area might have on important aspects of the performance of brick masonry. The effect of decreasing face shell thickness was also evaluated. For this study, the performance of several sets of comparison extruded brick was measured. These sets of comparison brick represent a range of manufacturers and, thus, a range of physical properties. Water penetration, flexural bond strength, and compressive strength were measured on each type of brick and used as indicators of potential performance in a wall. Additionally, mortar usage as a function of void area was studied. Based on the results of testing from these sets of comparison brick, increasing void area or decreasing face shell thickness did not result in increased water penetration or decreased flexural bond strength.
Replacement of the Final Time of Setting Maximum with an Initial Time of Setting Maximum as measured with the Gillmore Needles in ASTM C 91, C 1328, and C 1329
Authors: Conway John T.
Published: September 2009

ASTM Subcommittee C01.11 on Masonry Cement, established a task group on methods of test which determined whether the final time of setting maximum limit could be replaced with an initial time of setting maximum limit. A review was conducted of 52 Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory proficiency samples (spanning 26 years) and data from the Portland Cement Association Masonry Cement Survey. Findings indicate a very reliable and simple linear relationship exists between masonry cement initial and final Gillmore time of setting. Data is presented which resulted in a specification change to ASTM C 91, ASTM C 1328, and ASTM C 1329 in 2005.
Libido Sciendi: Apuleius, Boccaccio, and the Study of the History of Sexuality
Authors: Eisner Martin G. , Schachter Marc D.
Published: September 2009

This essay contributes to recent debates in the study of the history of sexuality that have developed out of a comparison of a story from Apuleius'sGolden Assand its transformation by Boccaccio in theDecameron.Addressing questions of book history, philology, and textual transmission, the article offers another perspective on the problems of identity, temporality, and epistemology that have been at the center of these debates and proposes reorienting considerations of Michel Foucault's still-contested role in the field by drawing on the underappreciated later volumes of his landmarkHistory of Sexuality.Instead of mining the stories of Apuleius and Boccaccio for exemplary social types or for information about the social meanings of past sex acts, this essay uses philological and paratextual materials to focalize these tales' interpretive erotics, complicate the temporal relations between them, and model a way of studying the history of sexuality that is not tied to a history of social types, identities, or acts.
Preoperative anemia associated in-hospital mortality and morbidity in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Shirzad Mahmood , Karimi Abbasali , Dowlatshahi Samaneh , Ahmadi Seyed , Davoodi Saeed , Marzban Mehrab , Movahedi Namvar , Abbasi Kyomars , Tazik Mokhtar , Fathollahi Mahmood
Published: September 2009

Anemia is an indisputable finding in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) that can occur any time preoperatively. In presence of severe coronary artery disease, anemia can dramatically affect surgical outcomes. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the effect of low preoperative hemoglobin (Hgb) on postoperative outcome in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In all, 4432 patients who had undergone isolated CABG at Tehran Heart Center over the 2-year period from March 2006 to February 2008 were studied. All medical records of the aforementioned patients were derived from our hospital surgery data bank. After adjustment for confounders, the association of different preoperative levels of Hgb with risk of cardiac, pulmonary, infectious, and ischemic complications, and also with prolonged ventilation and resource utilization, were assessed in a multivariable model. After adjustment for confounders that may affect mortality and morbidities, we found that cardiac, infectious, ischemic, and pulmonary complications, as well as postoperative mortality, were significantly higher in anemic patients compared to those with normal Hgb levels. In addition, total ventilation time, total intensive care unit hour stay (ICU), hospital length of stay (HLOS), and postsurgery length of stay (PLOS) were significantly longer in anemic patients. We concluded that isolated CABG patients with preoperative anemia have significantly higher mortality and morbidity, and use more health care resources. Preoperative anemia is an independent variable for increased resource utilization, morbidity, and mortality.
Evaluation of quality of crushed-limestone and -siltstone for road aggregates
Authors: Khanal Shrawan , Tamrakar Naresh Kazi
Published: September 2009

Aggregates are important constituents of pavement structures. Performance of aggregate layers depends on particle shape, grading and composition and their physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Careful study of these properties allows evaluation of aggregates according to the international norms. There are huge rock outcrops surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. With growing construction in and around the Kathmandu Valley, demand of aggregates has become so high that limited quarry sites within the valley are not sufficient to meet the requirements. Therefore, search of rock outcrops from which suitable aggregates may be quarried is sought to meet the current and future demands of aggregates suitable not only for the building and infrastructures but also for the roads or transport networks in the country. This study aims in exploring and evaluating suitability of natural crushedrock aggregates in western Kathmandu, Nepal for unbound pavement structures. Mainly three kinds of rocks were identified from the outcrops of the study area; siliceous limestone, crystalline limestone and calcareous siltstone. Shape factor (F) ranges from 0.99 to 1.40 in most of the samples indicating their cubic to disc shape. Aggregates have high roughness indices and moderate roundness indices. Flakiness indices of the test samples vary from 14% to 25% and elongation indices from 75.49 to 90.79% indicating that the crushed samples yield very little flat and elongated particles, and huge equant particles, which is very desirable for aggregates. Dry density of samples ranges from 2495 to 2658 kg/m3. WAV varies from 0.20 to 0.67%. ACV ranges from 22-26% and aggregates are strong enough to resist against compressive load. LAA varies from 27 to 30 % and AIV ranges from 10 to 14% showing that the aggregates have good hardness. The average CBR value is 61.12%. SSV ranges from 4.37 to 11.64%. All these indices meet the BS standard, American standard and Nepal standard, and are acceptable for road base and sub base courses of unbound pavement in roads.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2248 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 29-42
Late Pleistocene plant macro-fossils from the Gokarna Formation of the Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Sudarshan , Momohara Arata , Paudayal Khum N
Published: September 2009

The Kathmandu Valley offers the best archive to study the Late Pleistocene climate in Nepal. The Gokarna Formation, constituting the middle part of the sedimentary sequence of the Kathmandu Valley comprises alternating layers of carbonaceous clay, silt, massive to parallel and large scale cross stratified, fine to coarse grained sands and occasional gravel layers, deposited at fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine environment. The organic rich layers of clay, silt, silty-sand and micaceous fine sand consists of abundant plant macro-fossils (fruit, seed and leaves). Plant macrofossils assemblage from the Gokarna Formation (thickness 28.5 m, Dhapasi section) in the northern part of the valley consists of 56 taxa from 35 families. Depending upon the available plant, seven macrofossil assemblages, DS-I to DS-VII in ascending order were established. The common tree and shrubs discovered from this section were Eurya, Ficus, Carpinus, Quercus, Alnus, Rubus, Pyracantha, Zizyphus, Carpinus, Boehmeria etc. Carex, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus, Polygonum, Euphorbia, Oxalis, Mosla, Viola etc. were the common herbaceous taxa. The constant occurrence of subtropical and warm temperate taxa including Eurya, Ficus, Pyracantha and Zizyphus indicated that subtropical and warm temperate climate continued during the deposition of those macrofossil assemblages. However change in the constituents of those taxa and occurrence of taxa indicating cooler climatic condition like conifers and Betula may indicate minor fluctuation of climate during the deposition of the Gokarna Formation.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2252 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 75-88
Dynamic modelling in slopes using finite difference program
Authors: Dhakal Subodh
Published: September 2009

The finite difference program FLAC is used for dynamic modelling of slopes whereby the relationship of the slope geometry, earthquake input signals (mainly frequency of the wave) and the material properties with amplification of vibration on the surface are investigated. At the same time, the influence of varying input frequencies is also investigated. The higher slopes were amplified most by the lower input frequency whereas the reverse was true for the smaller slopes. The overall magnitude of the amplification was maximum with input signals of higher frequency and lower slope heights. The horizontal amplification as much as 17 (horizontal acceleration in the order of 1.7g) was obtained for the normal limestone slope with 20 m height when an input signal of 15 Hz frequency was applied. This experiment revealed that for extremely lower values of shear modulus, there was mostly attenuation instead of amplification and for extremely high values of shear modulus, amplification was negligible as compared to the certain range of intermediate shear modulus. Maximum amplification in the order of 6.5 (horizontal acceleration of 0.66g) was achieved for the shear modulus of 3000 MPa where slope height was of 40 m.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2253 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 88-94
Web planet: How the changing Internet divided "Doctor Who" fan fiction writers
Authors: Hadas Leora
Published: September 2009

This paper analyzes the debate that arose in online Doctor Who fandom surrounding the switch to moderated submissions for "A Teaspoon and an Open Mind," the fandom's main fan fiction archive. As has been the case with many classic texts of science fiction and fantasy, from The Lord of the Rings on, the new adaptation of the cult series Doctor Who was the cause of much tension and conflict within the fandom. It has opened up the franchise to a vast new audience unschooled in the fandom's ways or the ways of fandom at large, and the change in archive policy served as an arena where many of these tensions came to a head. An in-depth analysis of this debate leads to the argument that the cultural logics of fandom and of participatory culture might be more separate than they initially appear. Some fans wholly embrace the ideals of Web 2.0 and argue for the archive as a nonhierarchical, communal space where all content is equal regardless of what standards it might not meet. Yet while their rhetoric resembles the ideas of academia about the potential of fandom as an educational space, other, more veteran fans reject academia, instead using the discourse of private enterprise and property rights, more commonly associated with the producers of texts than with their fans and poachers, to argue for the rights of site moderators to regulate content.
"Pride and prejudice and zombies: The classic Regency romance—Now with ultraviolent zombie mayhem!," by Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith
Authors: Jacobsen Craig B.
Published: September 2009

Review of Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith. Pride and prejudice and zombies: The classic Regency romance—Now with ultraviolent zombie mayhem! Philadelphia, PA: Quirk Books, 2009. Paperback, $12.95 (320p) ISBN 978-1594743344.
Raman Studies of Corrosion Layers Formed on Archaeological Irons in Various Media
Authors: Bellot-Gurlet Ludovic , Neff Delphine , Réguer Solenn , Monnier Judith , Saheb Mandana , Dillmann Philippe
Published: September 2009

The description and identification of corrosion products formed on archaeological iron artefacts need various approaches at different observation scales. Among analytical techniques available to document phase structure at the microscopic range, Raman spectroscopy offers sensitivity and discrimination between iron corrosion products with an easy implementation. Results obtained for iron artefacts corrosion in soils and atmosphere are presented. Corrosion forms observed for anoxic and aerated soils on one hand and indoor atmosphere on the other are documented. Beyond the identification and organisation of corrosion products through hyperspectral imaging, Raman micro-spectroscopy could also provide quantitative phase proportions which will be needed in the proposition of reactivity diagnosis indicators.
Archaeological Bone from Macro- to Nanoscale: Heat-Induced Modifications at Low Temperatures
Authors: Chadefaux Céline , Reiche Ina
Published: September 2009

The present work focuses on the characterization of structural modifications in bone material induced by heating at low temperatures (90 - 250°C). This is of outmost importance when archaeological bone material is concerned. Changes occurring in the structure of the type I collagen and of the mineral-organic arrangement are especially investigated. This precise characterization required the combination of complementary analytical techniques: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for global analysis of the collagen state of conservation, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray system (SEM-EDX), micro-Proton-Induced X-ray and Gamma-ray Emission (micro-PIXE/PIGE) for chemical analysis of the mineral fraction, Infrared microspectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (micro-ATR-FT-IR) combined with curve-fitting for microscopic investigations and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) on ultrathin sections to characterize the modifications in the mineral/organic interface at nanoscale. New criteria characterizing the effect of a thermal treatment at low temperatures on the bone structure from the macroscopic to the nanoscale were determined. There are namely a broadening of the Haversian canals, the inversion of the turns to -sheet ratio in the collagen structure determined by decomposition of the amide I IR band as well as a shift of amide II IR band position with the heating temperature to lower wavenumbers. At nanoscale, melting of the organic phase and clustering of hydroxyapatite (HAP) bone crystals can be observed. For comparison, unheated archaeological bones have been analyzed in order to test if the heat-induced modification can be distinguished from diagenetic alterations, generally dissolution-recrystallisation processes, in soils.
Bone manganese as a biomarker of manganese exposure: A feasibility study
Authors: Pejović‐Milić Ana , Aslam  , Chettle David R. , Oudyk John , Pysklywec Michael W. , Haines Ted
Published: September 2009

Background

There is a need for a diagnostic tool with the ability to measure cumulative exposure to manganese (Mn) in the workplace. Measuring bone Mn levels with in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) could serve as a biomarker of past exposure. Bone Mn levels of welders were measured and compared to the levels found in subjects without exposure to the element.

Method

Forty subjects (30 welders and 10 controls) were recruited. An occupational history was obtained and subjects underwent IVNAA bone Mn measurements.

Results

The mean bone Mn levels were (2.9 ± 0.4) and (0.1 ± 0.7) µg Mn/g Ca for welders and controls, respectively (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This project, the first of its kind, reports differences in bone Mn between Mn‐exposed welders and non‐occupationally exposed subjects. It appears that bone Mn levels do reflect differences in the occupational exposure of welders. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:742–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilizing hospital discharge data (HD) to compare fatal and non‐fatal work‐related injuries among Hispanic workers in New Jersey
Authors: McGreevy K. , Lefkowitz D. , Valiante D. , Lipsitz S.
Published: September 2009

Background

This study explores the utilization of Hospital Discharge (HD) data to obtain estimates of work‐related non‐fatal injuries rates in NJ to determine if Hispanics workers have an increased risk of specific work‐related injuries. In addition, HD data are used to compare the rate ratios between fatal and non‐fatal injuries in this population to demonstrate the effectiveness of using HD as a surveillance tool for monitoring injury trends and performing evaluations.

Methods

Several types of fatal and non‐fatal injuries were modeled using Poisson regression with the following predictor variables: gender, ethnicity, and year. The estimated number of workers by ethnicity employed in NJ each year was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, DataFerrett, Current Population Survey, November 2006, a data mining tool which accesses CPS data.

Results

These analyses, utilizing estimates of working population at‐risk, indicate that Hispanic workers have an increased risk of four particular work‐related injuries compared with non‐Hispanics, and Hispanics were injured at a younger age than non‐Hispanics. In addition the rankings of the rate ratios from the comparison between non‐fatal and fatal risk estimates were similar; indicating that occupational surveillance of non‐fatal injuries is a viable component to be considered.

Conclusions

HD data are effective for monitoring trends over time across ethnic groups and injury types. Therefore, non‐fatal injury surveillance should be considered for targeting specific worker populations for interventions to reduce exposure to workplace hazards, and can be a valuable surveillance tool in efforts to reduce occupational injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:146–152 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and In‐vitro Activity of 4′‐Modified Analogues of ddA as Potent Anti‐HIV Agents
Authors: Hong Joon Hee , Oh Chang Hyun
Published: September 2009

This paper reports the synthesis of novel 4′‐hydrophobic pocket deoxythreosyl C‐nucleosides. The key threose‐like intermediates 9 and 14 were constructed from acyclic ketone derivatives, respectively. The antiviral activities of the synthesized compounds against the HIV‐1, HSV‐1, HSV‐2, and HCMV viruses were evaluated. The 9‐deaza‐adenine derivatives 10 and 20 showed good anti‐HIV activity without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity.
Modification of pulse sequences reduces occupational exposure from MRI switched gradient fields: Preliminary results
Authors: Wilén Jonna , Hauksson Jón , Mild Kjell Hansson
Published: September 2009

The gradient fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will in some circumstances exceed the ICNIRP guidelines of occupational electromagnetic field exposure when personnel are near the scanner during MRI scanning. In this work we have shown that using commercially available modified sequences for noise reduction purposes, exposure will decrease by a factor of 1.5 with preserved image quality. This is a first step toward optimizing occupational exposure within the scanner room without affecting image quality. Bioelectromagnetics 31:85–87, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of The Splitting Approach to Solve Population Balance Equations in Chemical Processes
Authors: Bastani D. , Baghaei A. , Sarrafi A.
Published: September 2009

Different processes in chemical industries deal with particles and multiphase flow. In such processes, particle or bubble size distribution (PSD) influences the final product quality and also process design. On the other hand, solutions to the dominant hydrodynamic and thermo‐kinetic equations ignoring these distributions will make it impossible to accurately simulate these processes. Solutions to population balance equations (PBE's) are needed to attain the PSD. One of the most common methods for the solution of a PBE is the classes method (CM). However, as this method requires a large number of classes to give a reasonable result, it needs a huge amount of calculations and time. To overcome this problem, in this paper, a variant of the CM is proposed in which particles in different classes are transformed to new classes in two steps with the application of the operator splitting technique. In the first step, the particles are aggregated and broken up to form three parallel types of groups, namely: groups formed from aggregated particles, groups formed from broken‐up particles, and finally, a group formed from non‐altered particles. In the second step, these parallel groups are combined to redefine classes for the next time step. Finally, results of this method, which could be called the parallel groups classes method (PGCM), for different coalescence and breakage kernels are compared with those obtained using the analytical solution and the CM. Excellent agreement of the results from the PGCM with the analytical solution reveals its effectiveness and accuracy; which will give it an advantage over the CM.
Preparative conversion of chloralamides to 2,5‐diaryl‐3a,6a‐dihydro‐[1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐d][1,3]thiazoles with the Lawesson reagent
Authors: Demydchuk Bogdan A. , Brovarets Vladimir S. , Vasilenko Alexander N. , Drach Boris S.
Published: September 2009

Based on readily available chloralamides, a preparative method for the synthesis of hitherto unknown 2,5‐diaryl‐3a,6a‐dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5‐d][1,3]thiazoles with the Lawesson reagent has been elaborated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:677–681, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20493
N → C2 → C3 migration of the dichlorophosphino group in the synthesis of phosphorylated NH‐pyrroles
Authors: Chaikovskaya Aleksandra A. , Dmytriv Yurii V. , Shevchuk Nadiya V. , Smaliy Radomyr V. , Pinchuk Aleksander M. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: September 2009

A successive N → C2 → C3 migration of the dichlorophosphino group has been found to occur in phosphorylation of unsubstituted pyrrole with phosphorus trichloride. As a result of this migration, a number of hitherto unknown C‐phosphorylated N‐unsubstituted pyrroles have been obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:671–676, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20495
Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antimicrobial and antitumor activities of some tetraphenylstibonium(V) carboxylates
Authors: Singhal Kiran , Mishra Rahul , Raj Prem
Published: September 2009

Several hitherto unreported pentacoordinated tetraphenylstibonium(V) carboxylates of general formula (C6H5)4SbL, where L = o‐OHC6H5COO, (C6H5)2C(OH)COO, 2‐(6‐OCH3C10H6)CH(CH3)COO, ArCH(OH)COO (Ar = C6H5, p‐CF3C6H4, and pOCH3C6H4), have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, solid state IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra, conductivity, and molecular weight measurements. Spectroscopic data together with solution phase studies conform to the requirement of triagonal‐bipyramidal configuration for these compounds. They were tested for in vitro antifungal (against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) and antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) activities. The in vitro antitumor activity of all stibonium carboxylates was examined against MCF‐7 cell line. A few of them were found to exhibit moderate to significant biological activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:688–693, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20498
Synthesis of Organophosphorus‐Substituted Amides of Carbonic Acids with PCHNC(O) and 2,6‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol Fragments
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Milaeva Elena R.
Published: September 2009

Convenient procedures for the synthesis of new organophosphorus‐substituted amides of various carbonic acids with PCHNC(O) and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (ionol) fragments, starting from the adducts of imines and acyl chlorides, are proposed. Some properties of the new synthesized organophosphorus amides are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:733–737, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20502
Assessment of mixture boiling heat transfer correlations for ammonia/water mixture
Authors: Sathyabhama A. , Ashok Babu T.P.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this work is to present a critical examination of both the available experimental data and the performance of the available mixture boiling heat transfer correlations for ammonia/water mixture. First, a selection and comparison of the experimental database found in the open literature at the mentioned working conditions is presented. Subsequently, after a short description of the most relevant heat transfer correlations, and in accordance with the selected data, a detailed analysis of the performance of each correlation is carried out. Results show a small divergence between the experimental data sets and conclude that the presently available correlations show considerable discrepancies in heat transfer coefficients within the selected conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20262 Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LDL lipid apheresis rapidly increases peripheral endothelial progenitor cell competence
Authors: Patschan Daniel , Patschan Susann , Henze Elvira , Wessels Johannes T. , Koziolek Michael , Müller Gerhard A.
Published: September 2009

Background and Aim:

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to promote neovascularization under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Statins have been documented to increase the total number of circulating EPCs in long‐term treated patients. Lipid apheresis is used to treat patient with refractory hyperlipidemia. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether lipid apheresis is associated with EPC mobilization.

Methods:

Thirteen patients with refractory hyperlipidemia (analysis at the beginning and at the end of a single lipid apheresis treatment) and 10 healthy controls were included into the study. For quantifying total peripheral EPCs, CD133+/Flk‐1+ myelo‐monocytic blood cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. The proliferative potential of EPCs was evaluated by a “colony‐forming unit” assay. In some patients, EPC eNOS expression was evaluated before and after treatment.

Results:

Circulating EPCs and the cells' proliferative activity were lower in hyperlipidemia patients as compared to controls (0.14 ± 0.07 vs. 0.6 ± 0.14, P = 0.01, and 13.9 ± 4.9 vs. 45.6 ± 8.1, P = 0.0007). Lipid apheresis treatment was not associated with an increase in total EPCs. The cells' proliferative activity was strongly stimulated by lipid apheresis as reflected by an increase in the number of EPC colonies (13.9 ± 4.9 to 34.1 ± 7.3, P = 0.035). Analysis of EPC eNOS expression revealed a threefold increase in the cellular expression intensity after lipid apheresis.

Conclusions:

Patients with refractory hyperlipidemia exhibit lower peripheral EPC numbers and a lower proliferative activity of circulating EPCs than healthy controls. A single lipid apheresis treatment significantly stimulates EPC proliferation, it furthermore increases cellular eNOS. In summary, these results show that lipid apheresis mediates beneficial effects on the EPC system as an essential element in the process of vascular repair in the human organism. J. Clin. Apheresis 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A mechanistic study on the fragmentation of peptide‐derived Amadori products
Authors: Stefanowicz Piotr , Kapczynska Katarzyna , Jaremko Mariusz , Jaremko Łukasz , Szewczuk Zbigniew
Published: September 2009

Gas phase fragmentation of peptide‐derived Amadori products was investigated using synthetic compounds regioselectively deuterated as well as labeled with 18O at aminofructose moiety. The eliminated molecule CH2O contains exclusively protons attached to carbon C6 of the aminofructose moiety. The hydrogen atoms connected with the carbon C1 of the aminofructose moiety are partially eliminated as a component of water molecules during the dehydration process and partially dislocated within the fragmented peptide molecule. The labeled oxygen atom attached to the carbon C2 is eliminated in 100% along with the first loss of water. The MS3 experiments revealed that the product ion formed by triple dehydration of the Amadori product does not eliminate the formaldehyde molecule. On the basis of these observations we proposed a hypothetical mechanism of Amadori products' fragmentation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maturation of the HIV reverse transcription complex: putting the jigsaw together
Authors: Warrilow David , Tachedjian Gilda , Harrich David
Published: September 2009

Upon HIV attachment, fusion and entry into the host cell cytoplasm, the viral core undergoes rearrangement to become the mature reverse transcription complex (RTC). Reduced infectivity of viral deletion mutants of the core proteins, capsid and negative factor (Nef), can be complemented by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyping suggesting a role for these viral proteins in a common event immediately post‐entry. This event may be necessary for correct trafficking of the early complex. Enzymatic activation of the complex occurs either before or during RTC maturation, and may be dependent on the presence of deoxynucleotides in the host cell. The RTC initially becomes enlarged immediately after entry, which is followed by a decrease in its sedimentation rate consistent with core uncoating. Several HIV proteins associated with the RTC and recently identified host‐cell proteins are important for reverse transcription while genome‐wide siRNA knockdown studies have identified additional host cell factors that may be required for reverse transcription. Determining precisely how these proteins assist the RTC function needs to be addressed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asian Indian adolescents from Guadeloupe are fatter than their island counterparts
Authors: Sinnapah Stéphane , Antoine-Jonville Sophie , Hue Olivier
Published: September 2009

The present study aimed at comparing the anthropometric profile of Asian Indian adolescents from Guadeloupe with that of their island counterparts. A total of 720 voluntary 11- to 17-year-old students participated: 180 Asian Indians and 540 age- and sex-matched students of other origin. Weight and height were measured to calculate the BMI. Waist and hip circumferences and bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfold thicknesses were assessed. The percentage of body fat was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Obesity was defined from BMI according to the International Obesity Task Force recommendations. Asian Indians were smaller and lighter than their counterparts. They had a higher body fat percentage even after adjustment on BMI but the prevalence of obesity did not differ, with an overall prevalence of 5·69 (95 % CI 5·67, 5·71) %. No principal effects of ethnicity on waist and hip circumferences or the waist:hip ratio were evidenced. The sum of the four skinfold thicknesses was the strongest predictor of body fat percentage, and the adjustment of overall body fat on subcutaneous fat cancelled the effect of ethnicity on this dependent variable. The present study found that Asian Indian adolescents from Guadeloupe had the same tendency toward higher body fat and body fat-for-BMI as previously documented in Asian Indian adults. It raises the hypothesis of a higher cardiovascular risk in this ethnic group from adolescence and questions the validity of using common BMI references for screening obesity in multiethnic communities.
Relativized hyperequivalence of logic programs for modular programming
Authors: TRUSZCZYŃSKI MIROSŁAW , WOLTRAN STEFAN
Published: September 2009

A recent framework of relativized hyperequivalence of programs offers a unifying generalization of strong and uniform equivalence. It seems to be especially well suited for applications in program optimization and modular programming due to its flexibility that allows us to restrict, independently of each other, the head and body alphabets in context programs. We study relativized hyperequivalence for the three semantics of logic programs given by stable, supported, and supported minimal models. For each semantics, we identify four types of contexts, depending on whether the head and body alphabets are given directly or as thecomplementof a given set. Hyperequivalence relative to contexts where the head and body alphabets are specified directly has been studied before. In this paper, we establish the complexity of deciding relativized hyperequivalence with respect to the three other types of context programs.
Intrusive imagery and goals: a control theory perspective
Authors: Reid Stuart
Published: September 2009

Recently, autobiographical memory theorists proposed that intrusive imagery contains important information about goals. This study examined thematic links between approach and avoidance goals in two groups: a clinical group (n = 22) and a non-clinical group (n = 24). Participants completed the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), Goals Task and an imagery interview. In the total sample, almost 90% of reported imagery matched at least one goal. Eighty-five percent of clinical participants reported imagery that matched avoidance goals, whereas only half of non-clinical participants' imagery matched an avoidance goal. The majority of imagery was found to be associated with a particular memory or a collection of memories for similar events. These findings support proposals that intrusive imagery contains important information about goals, and in particular states of the world to be avoided. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Evaluating forecasts of the evolution of the cloudy boundary layer using diurnal composites of radar and lidar observations
Authors: Barrett Andrew I. , Hogan Robin J. , O'Connor Ewan J.
Published: September 2009

Observations of boundary‐layer cloud have been made using radar and lidar at Chilbolton, Hampshire, UK. These have been compared with output from 7 different global and regional models. Fifty‐five cloudy days have been composited to reveal the mean diurnal variation of cloud top and base heights, cloud thickness and liquid water path of the clouds. To enable like‐for‐like comparison between model and observations, the observations have been averaged on to the grid of each model. The composites show a distinct diurnal cycle in observed cloud; the cloud height exhibits a sinusoidal variation throughout the day with a maximum at around 1600 and a minimum at around 0700 UTC. This diurnal cycle is captured by six of the seven models analysed, although the models generally under‐predict both cloud top and cloud base heights throughout the day. The two worst performing models in terms of cloud boundaries also have biases of around a factor of two in liquid water path; these were the only two models that did not include an explicit formulation for cloud‐top entrainment.
Why do phosphatidylinositol kinases have so many isoforms?
Authors: Min Sang H. , Abrams Charles S.
Published: September 2009

Macromolecules can be transported into the cells by endocytosis, either by phagocytosis or by pinocytosis. Typically, phagocytosis involves the uptake of solid large particles mediated by cell-surface receptors, whereas pinocytosis takes up fluid and solutes. The synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 plays fundamental roles in all forms of endocytosis. Curiously, almost all eukaryotic cells have multiple isoforms of the kinases that synthesize these critical phosphatidylinositols. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Namiko Tamura, Osamu Hazeki and co-workers report that the subunit p110α of the type I PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is implicated in the phagocytosis and the pinocytosis of large molecules, whereas the receptor-mediated pinocytosis and micropinocytosis of small molecules do not seem to be controlled by this mechanism. The present commentary discusses recent literature that has begun to unravel why cells need so many phosphatidylinositol kinase isoforms, which were previously believed to be redundant.