bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin resistance and bariatric surgery
Authors: Rao R. S. , Yanagisawa R. , Kini S.
Published: November 2011

The objective of this article is to systematically review the changes in insulin resistance after various types of bariatric surgical procedures. A Pubmed and EMBASE search for studies measuring insulin resistance before and after bariatric surgery was done and all original research articles from 1980 to present (2011) were included. Only the currently widely performed bariatric procedures were included. A meta‐analysis of change in HOMA‐IR was conducted, grouping studies with similar duration of follow‐up. The percentage decrease in HOMA‐IR at <=2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and >16–18 months was found to be (mean ± standard error) −33.48 ± 5.78, −46.43 ± 6.99, −38.79 ± 9.64, −58.62 ± 7.38, −44.91 ± 7.98 and −67.04 ± 10.78%, respectively. RYGB (gastric bypass) and BPD (biliopancreatic diversion) produced a significant decrease in insulin resistance at 2 weeks after surgery, while LSG (sleeve gastrectomy) was strongly trending. LSG produced an earlier decrease in insulin resistance when compared to LAGB (gastric banding). RYGB, BPD and LSG produce an early decrease in insulin resistance through yet unknown mechanisms.
Assessing Sustainability Perspectives in Rural Innovation Projects Using Q‐Methodology
Authors: Hermans Frans , Kok Kasper , Beers Pieter J. , Veldkamp Tom
Published: November 2011

In this article we investigate the different perspectives of sustainable agriculture held by participants of a Dutch innovation programme called TransForum. Using Q‐methodology we have systematically elicited individual perspectives on agricultural innovation and extracted their common elements. We have compared these perspectives with existing discourses of rural and sustainable development. Our results show that the use of technology and the agricultural production function of rural landscapes are among the two most contested elements between perspectives. The more radical perspectives reject technology and support a multifunctional landscape in the countryside, while the prosaic perspectives do the complete opposite with a positive attitude towards technology and a preference of the use of the countryside for agricultural production alone. Surprisingly, there is no ecological modernisation perspective of sustainable agriculture. In this article we propose the concept of ‘metropolitan agriculture’ to fill this void.
Subject positions and information structure: the effect of frequency on acquisition and change
Authors: Westergaard Marit
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Two subject positions are identified in main and embedded clauses in Norwegian, appearing above or below negation and certain adverbs, and a similar situation is attested in the history of English. This paper investigates the distribution of subject types across several corpora of spoken Norwegian, produced by both adults and children. The frequencies attested are discussed in terms of a cue‐based approach to acquisition, according to which children are sensitive to fine distinctions in syntax and information structure (micro‐cues). Nevertheless, micro‐cues with an extremely low frequency are argued to bevulnerable, and possible language change is discussed with reference to some actual changes which have either taken place in the history of English or which are argued to be in progress in present‐day Norwegian. These changes are considered to reflect “syntactic freezing” of information structure patterns.
High acceptability of HIV voluntary counselling and testing among female sex workers: impact of individual and social factors
Authors: Aho J , Nguyen V‐K , Diakité SL , Sow A , Koushik A , Rashed S
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV infection is an important tool for prevention of HIV infection and AIDS in high‐risk groups. Our goal was to describe the acceptability and consequences of VCT among a stigmatized and vulnerable group, female sex workers (FSWs), in Conakry, Guinea.

Methods

Acceptance of the test and return for test results at baseline and consequences of testing 1 year later were described. The perceived risk of HIV infection and perceived benefits and barriers to testing were examined using quantitative and qualitative methods.

Results

All 421 FSW participants agreed to undergo VCT and most participants (92%) returned for their results. The main reason cited for VCT acceptance was the wish to know their HIV status. However, some managers of FSW worksites urged FSWs to be tested, curtailing FSWs' free decision‐making. One year later, status disclosure was common (90% of the 198 individuals who knew their results among those who participated in the follow‐up part of the study). Positive consequences of testing were far more frequently reported than negative consequences (98% vs. 2%, respectively). Negative life events included banishment from the worksite (one case) and verbal abuse (two cases).

Conclusion

Acceptability of VCT appears high in the FSW population in Conakry as a consequence of both perceptions of high individual risk and social pressures.
Conflicting Green Landscape Ideologies in a Tai Rural Town in Thailand
Authors: NASONGKHLA SIRIMA TONGSUPA , SINTUSINGHA SIDH
Published: November 2011

This article discusses the conflict in ideologies between centralized policies, influenced by City Beautification and top‐down comprehensive planning, and a local participatory approach taking account of multiple ethnic livelihoods, as played out at the municipal level of Mae Hong Son town. These conflicting, complex urban–rural ideologies and cultural mixes are sharply revealed in this small town's first formal public participatory process conducted by the municipality for a proposed development along Nam Pu Creek to the north of the town. The process also publicly situated the debate on what defines a socially constructed ‘green’ planning policy for public open spaces, who decides and who benefits? The article argues that the participatory process opens up planning and resource management to more sustainable, democratic and equitable practices, mitigating the adverse effects of conflicts in urban landscape development between local government and the inhabitants.

Cette analyse porte sur le conflit d’idéologies entre, d’une part, les politiques publiques centralisées, influencées par les plans d’Embellissement urbain et d’aménagement global imposés d’en haut et, d’autre part, une approche participative locale intégrant les divers moyens d’existence ethniques, telles qu’elles s’appliquent au niveau municipal de la ville de Mae Hong Son. Ces mélanges culturels et ces idéologies complexes et antagonistes urbaines‐rurales se révèlent clairement dans la première démarche participative publique officielle menée par la municipalité pour l’aménagement proposé vers le nord, le long de la rivière Nam Pu. De plus, elle est l’occasion d’aborder ouvertement ce qui définit une politique d’aménagement ‘verte’ socialement construite pour les espaces publics ouverts, mais aussi qui décide et qui en profite. Le processus participatif ouvre la planification et la gestion des ressources à des pratiques plus durables, démocratiques et équitables, qui atténuent les effets négatifs des conflits entre gouvernement local et habitants en matière d’aménagement du paysage urbain.
The Moral Status of Nonresponsible Threats
Authors: HANNA JASON
Published: November 2011

abstract

Most people believe that it is permissible to kill a nonresponsible threat, or someone who threatens one's life without exercising agency. Defenders of this view must show that there is a morally relevant difference between nonresponsible threats and innocent bystanders. Some philosophers, including Jonathan Quong and Helen Frowe, have attempted to do this by arguing that one who kills a bystander takes advantage of another person, while one who kills a threat does not. In this paper, I show that the proposals offered by Quong and Frowe have unacceptable implications. I then argue that those who claim that nonresponsible threats may be killed face a dilemma generated by the possibility of a stationary threat, or someone who endangers another person's life without moving. Unless we arbitrarily distinguish between stationary and moving nonresponsible threats, it is unclear how the permission to kill nonresponsible threats is to be explicated. I conclude that nonresponsible threats are not legitimate targets of self‐defence.
Climate as a driver of population variability in breeding Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis papua at the Falkland Islands
Authors: BAYLIS ALASTAIR M. M. , ZUUR ALAIN F. , BRICKLE PAUL , PISTORIUS PIERRE A.
Published: November 2011

Detecting and predicting how populations respond to environmental variability are eminent challenges in conservation research and management. This is particularly true for wildlife populations at high latitudes, many of which demonstrate changes in population dynamics associated with global warming. The Falkland Islands (Southwest Atlantic) hold one of the largest Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua populations in the world, representing c. 34% of the global population. The numbers of breeding Gentoo Penguins at the Falkland Islands have shown a high degree of inter‐annual variability since monitoring commenced in 1990. However, proximate causes of annual variability in breeding numbers have not been explored. Here we examine 21 years of Gentoo Penguin breeding surveys from the Falkland Islands and assess whether inter‐annual variability in the number of breeding pairs were correlated with proxies of environmental variability. There was a positive correlation between the number of breeding pairs and a broad‐scale climatic variation index, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). In turn, the SOI was significantly correlated with spring sea surface temperature anomalies, indicating a more immediate atmospherically forced response to El Niño Southern Oscillation variability in the Southwest Atlantic than previously reported. However, we also describe a non‐linear response to environmental variability that may highlight foraging plasticity and/or the complexity of regional ecosystem interactions that operate across a range of different scales.
Dialysis Composite Rate Bundling: Potential Effects on the Utilization of Home Hemodialysis, Daily and Nocturnal Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Blagg Christopher R.
Published: November 2011

Home hemodialysis was introduced because it was less expensive than center dialysis, so allowing more patients to be treated with the limited funds available in the 1960s. The start of the Medicare ESRD Program in July 1973, with almost universal entitlement, removed the financial barriers, and had many other effects including reducing the use of home dialysis. Bundled payment for dialysis, including necessary dialysis supplies and laboratory tests, was introduced as the “composite” rate in 1983. Over the ensuing years, the costs of providing dialysis treatment increased, and expensive new drugs were introduced, particularly erythropoietin. As a result, the government introduced a more extensive bundle at the beginning of this year, aimed at better control of costs. This article considers the potential effect of this reimbursement change on home dialysis.
In‐Center Nocturnal Hemodialysis Performed Thrice‐Weekly—A Provider’s Perspective
Authors: Lacson Eduardo , Diaz‐Buxo Jose
Published: November 2011

Favorable clinical outcomes related to morbidity, mortality, patient well‐being, laboratory biomarkers, and medication use have been reported with in‐center nocturnal hemodialysis (INHD); nevertheless, it is not entirely clear how much patient selection or physiologic mechanisms related to better fluid management and phosphorus (and calcium) metabolism may explain these outcomes. There are indications that INHD may be a preferred treatment option in specific cases, such as in patients with high interdialytic weight gain, poor tolerance to high ultrafiltration rate, hyperphosphatemia, or for those patients who work or go to school during the day. In the era of the new prospective payment system where quality standards become intertwined with reimbursement, an INHD program may be a useful method to help attain quality goals in facilities that have patients with unfavorable case‐mix. The experience of the past decade has shown INHD to be safe and well tolerated by patients. The growth of INHD therapy is a testament to sustainability and feasibility of this treatment option. Prospective clinical trials are needed in this area. If the promise of INHD is fulfilled, it may also prove to be a valuable option for potential success of Accountable Care Organizations where providers need to assume responsibility for more patient‐centered care and improvement in clinical outcomes. In summary, based on the current experience, INHD is a viable and valuable option as an additional, alternative hemodialysis (HD) regimen to conventional HD.
A Theory of the Demand for Underwriting
Authors: Browne Mark J. , Kamiya Shinichi
Published: November 2011

Abstract

We examine the demand for underwriting and its effect on equilibrium in an insurance market in which insureds know their risk type, but insurers do not. Our analysis indicates that a set of policies including one that requires buyers to take an underwriting test can constitute a full coverage Nash equilibrium when perfect classification is possible. We also find that underwriting equilibria, in which low risks obtain greater coverage than they would without underwriting, widely exist in a Wilsonian market with nonmyopic insurers. Our findings provide a potential explanation for why empirical evidence on adverse selection is mixed.
Thermodynamics of NiAl2O4–NiFe2O4 Spinel Solid Solutions
Authors: Lilova K. I. , Shih K. , Pao C.‐W. , Lee J.‐F. , Navrotsky A.
Published: November 2011

NiAl2O4, NiFe2O4, and their solid solution Ni(FezAl1−z)2O4 have been studied using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO·B2O3 at 973 K. X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy investigation of the cation distribution showed that the Ni fraction in octahedral sites increases with increasing iron content. Despite the zero heat of mixing, the solid solution is not thermodynamically ideal in the sense of Raoult's law. The entropies of mixing are similar to those for a solid solution of two inverse spinels and the activities are approximated as the square of the mole fractions. The stability of the solid solutions relative to oxide components (NiO, Al2O3, Fe2O3) increases with increasing iron content. The solid solution is a suitable waste form for nickel from industrial processing with higher iron content potentially beneficial to its stability.
Fabrication and Laser Behavior of Composite Yb:YAG Ceramic
Authors: Tang Fei , Cao Yongge , Huang Jiquan , Liu Huagang , Guo Wang , Wang Wenchao
Published: November 2011

Fifteen layers’ composite YAG/Yb:YAG/YAG laser ceramic with grain size of about 5 μm was fabricated through tape casting process together with vacuum sintering technology, and its microstructure, optical properties, and laser performance were investigated. The experimental results showed that annealing in oxygen atmosphere could remove the lattice distortion and improve the optical transmittance. The in‐line transmittance was 83% at 800 nm. The laser study indicated that the threshold pump power was 5.5 W with output coupler transmission of 6% and slope efficiency achieved 12%. The maximum output power of 0.53 W was achieved at the absorbed pump power of 10 W.
Adherent Nanoporous Anatase TiO2 Membranes on Stainless Steel Substrates
Authors: Chaudhary Aakanksha , Choudhury Tanushree H. , Naik Swati , Raghavan Srinivasan
Published: November 2011

Nanostructured TiO2 is one of the most commonly used materials in photocatalytic applications and photochemical solar cells. This article describes a method to synthesize nanoporous anatase TiO2 membranes directly on stainless steel (SS), an easily available substrate by anodization to form amorphous TiO2 and a subsequent heat treatment to convert it into anatase, the photoactive phase. To obtain adherent membranes with interfaces that are resistant to peeling, both anodization and heat treatment parameters need to be optimized to obtain a heterostructure that contains a Ti film between the TiO2 membrane and the substrate.
Functional and muscle morphometric effects of ACL reconstruction. A prospective CT study with 1 year follow‐up
Authors: Lindström M. , Strandberg S. , Wredmark T. , Felländer‐Tsai L. , Henriksson M.
Published: November 2011

Computed tomography (CT) was used to explore if changes in muscle cross‐sectional area and quality after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction would be related to knee function. Fourteen females and 23 males (16–54 years) underwent clinical tests, subjective questionnaires, and CT 1 week before and 1 year after ACL surgery with semitendinosus‐gracilis (STG) graft and rehabilitation. Postoperatively, knee laxity was decreased and functional knee measures and subjective patient scores improved. The most obvious remaining deficit was the quadriceps atrophy, which was significantly larger if the right leg was injured. Right‐leg injury also tended to cause larger compensatory hypertrophy of the combined knee flexor and tibial internal rotator muscles (preoperatively). The quadriceps atrophy was significantly correlated with the scores and functional tests, the latter also being related to the remaining size of the gracilis muscle. Biceps femoris hypertrophy and, in males only, semimembranosus hypertrophy was observed following the ACL reconstruction. The lack of semimembranosus hypertrophy in the women could, via tibial internal rotation torque deficit, contribute to the less favorable functional and subjective outcome recorded for the women. The results indicate that the quadriceps, the combined knee flexor/tibial internal rotator muscles, side of ACL injury, and sex are important to consider in rehabilitation after STG graft.
Whole‐body vibration influences lower extremity circulatory and neurological function
Authors: Games K. E. , Sefton J. M.
Published: November 2011

Whole‐body vibration (WBV) is currently used to enhance performance and treat injuries even though we lack an understanding of how WBV influences physiological processes. An improved understanding of the physiological effects of WBV could lead to protocols to speed healing or treat pathologies. This study examined the acute effects of WBV on peripheral blood perfusion, muscle oxygenation, motoneuron pool excitability, and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Fourteen healthy participants [9 women (21.7 ± 2.4 years); 5 men (20.8 ± 1.1 years)] completed a 5 min bout of WBV (50 Hz, 2 mm amplitude). Measures were assessed pre‐treatment and at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min post‐treatment. WBV significantly increased superficial skin temperature (P < 0.0005) and total hemoglobin (P = 0.009), had no effect of oxyhemoglobin (P = 0.186), increased deoxyhemoglobin (P < 0.0005), inhibited the soleus Hoffmann reflex (P = 0.007), and had no effect on sural sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.695). These results suggest that an acute bout of WBV influences physiological processes in both the circulatory and the nervous systems.
Physical and psychological stressors linked with stress fractures in recruit training
Authors: Moran D. S. , Evans R. , Arbel Y. , Luria O. , Hadid A. , Yanovich R. , Milgrom C. , Finestone A. S.
Published: November 2011

This study aimed to measure ambulation in infantry army basic training, and to evaluate if covering more distance can explain stress fractures in a stressor–stress model. Forty‐four male combat recruits (18.7 ± 0.7 years) participated in a 6‐month rigorous high intensity combat training program. Baseline data included anthropometric measurements, VO2max, and psychological questionnaires. Actual distance covered was measured using a pedometer over an 11‐week training period. Psychological questionnaires were repeated after 2 months. Sixteen recruits were diagnosed with stress fractures by imaging (SFi = 36.4%). Statistical analysis included comparing measured variables between SFi and those without stress fractures (NSF). The recruits covered 796 ± 157 km, twofold the distance planned of 378 km (P < 0.001). The SFi group covered a distance 16.4% greater than that of the NSF group (866 ± 136 and 744 ± 161 km, respectively, P < 0.01), and also demonstrated greater psychological stress. These data reveal the importance of adherence to or enforcement of military training programs. In the light of these data, the Israeli Defense Forces program needs reappraisal. A stressor–stress response might explain the susceptibility of certain recruits for injury. Using advanced technology, monitoring ambulation may prevent stress fracture development by limiting subjects exceeding a certain level. Psychological profile may also play a role in predicting stress fracture development.
Efficacy of pimecrolimus 1 % cream in the long term management of atopic hand dermatitis. A double‐blind RCT
Authors: Bauer Andrea , Lange Nora , Matterne Uwe , Meurer Michael , Braeutigam Matthias , Diepgen Thomas L.
Published: November 2011

Background: Efficacy and steroid sparing effects of pimecrolimus 1 % cream in atopic dermatitis have been shown recently, but there is no data on efficacy in long term management of atopic hand dermatitis. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of pimecrolimus 1 % cream as maintenance therapy in patients suffering from atopic hand dermatitis.

Patients and Methods: A double‐blind vehicle controlled study in 40 adult patients with atopic hand dermatitis (IGA < 3) comparing the efficacy of twice daily application of pimecrolimus 1 % cream given as maintenance treatment versus vehicle over a 8 week period after clinical response (IGA < 2) to a 1–3 week pre‐treatment with mometasone fuorate 0.1 % was performed. Primary endpoint was the time to relapse (IGA > 3).

Results: Thirty‐six out of 40 patients were randomised to receive either pimecrolimus 1 % (P) or vehicle cream (V). The number of patients with stable remission in patients randomised to pimecrolimus (53.8 %) and vehicle (43.8 %) did not achieve statistical significance between the groups (p = 0.41). Subgroup analysis of patients with initially moderate dermatitis (IGA = 3, n = 20) showed a trend towards a better outcome for the pimecrolimus group (stable remission P = 81.8 % versus V = 55.6 %) (p = 0.244).

Conclusions: Pimecrolimus 1 % cream twice daily was not superior to vehicle in the sequential maintenance therapy of atopic hand dermatitis, but efficacy in moderate forms should be investigated in further studies.
Comment: Marxism Today, today?
Authors: Cooke Graeme , Rutherford Jonathan
Published: November 2011

It is 20 years since the last edition of Marxism Today hit the newsstands. To mark that anniversary, this special edition of PPR is dedicated to reflecting on that unique magazine's contribution to Britain politics in the 1980s – and its lessons for politicians and intellectuals today.
A Nursing Conceptual Model for Contamination
Authors: Green Pauline M. , Polk Laura V.
Published: November 2011

PURPOSE:  To propose a nursing model of contamination that describes the key features of contamination at a level of abstraction needed for clinical decision making.

DATA SOURCES:  Relevant literature on contamination, biopreparedness, and classic epidemiologic literature were reviewed and analyzed.

DATA SYNTHESIS:  A model of contamination was created along with a description of benefits of use in practice, education, and research.

DISCUSSION:  The nursing profession is called to respond to contamination incidents on a local, national, and global level. Achieving optimum health outcomes while managing contamination incidents is enhanced by nurses' use of a model that incorporates six elements to identify and name instances of contamination and select suitable outcomes and interventions.
False codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) larvae are chill‐susceptible
Authors: Boardman Leigh , Grout Tim G. , Terblanche John S.
Published: November 2011

Abstract  This study reports on the low temperature tolerance and cold hardiness of larvae of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta. We found that larvae have mean critical thermal minima (lower limits of activity) of 6.7°C which was influenced by feeding status. The effects of low temperature exposure and duration of exposure on larval survival were assessed and showed that the temperature at which 50% of the population survives is −11.5 ± 0.3°C after 2 h exposure. The supercooling point (SCP, i.e., freezing temperature) was investigated using a range of cooling rates and under different conditions (feeding and hydration status) and using inoculative freezing treatments (in contact with water or orange juice). The SCP decreased significantly from −15.6°C to −17.4°C after larvae were fasted for 24 h. Twenty‐four hour treatments at either high or low relative humidity (95.9% or 2.4%) also significantly decreased SCP to −17.2°C and −18.2°C respectively. Inoculative freezing (by water contact) raised SCP from −15.6°C to −6.8°C which could have important implications for post‐harvest sterilization. Cooling rates did not affect SCP which suggests that there is limited phenotypic plasticity of SCP during the larval life‐stage, at least over the short time‐scales investigated here. In conclusion, larvae of T. leucotreta are chill‐susceptible and die upon freezing. These results are important in understanding this pest's response to temperature variation, understanding pest risk status and improving post‐harvest sterilization efficacy.
Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Therapy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: El‐Shafey Eid M , Alsahow Ali E , Alsaran Khalid , Sabry Alaa A , Atia Mohamed
Published: November 2011

This study compared the efficacy of a cinacalcet‐based regimen with unrestricted conventional therapy (vitamin D and phosphate binders) for achieving Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) targets for dialysis patients. In this multicenter, prospective study, hemodialysis patients with poorly controlled secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) were randomized to receive a cinacalcet‐based regimen (n = 55) or a conventional therapy (n = 27). Doses of cinacalcet, vitamin D sterols, and phosphate binders were adjusted during a 12‐week dose‐titration phase to achieve intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels ≤ 31.8 pmol/L. The primary end point was the percentage of patients with values in this range during a 24‐week efficacy‐assessment phase. The clinical response to 36‐week cinacalcet treatment was evaluated. A dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was performed before and after 36 weeks of cinacalcet therapy. Fifty‐eight percent of the cinacalcet group reached the primary end point, as compared with 19% of the conventional therapy group (P = 0.001). A higher percentage of patients receiving the cinacalcet‐based regimen versus conventional therapy achieved the targets for calcium, phosphorus and Ca × P. Achievement of targets was greatest in patients with less severe disease (intact PTH range, 31.8 to 53 pmol/L). Cinacalcet therapy increased proximal femur bone mineral density (BMD), but did not affect the lumbar spine. Itching intensity decreased significantly. Cinacalcet based treatment facilitates achievement of the K/DOQI targets for iPTH and bone mineral metabolism compared with conventional therapy in hemodialysis patients. Suppression of iPTH with cinacalcet reverses bone loss in the proximal femur. Cinacalcet alleviated itching.
Access to Medicines and the Transformation of the South African State: Exploring the Interactions of Legal and Policy Changes in Health, Intellectual Property, Trade, and Competition Law in the Context of South Africa's HIV/AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Klug Heinz
Published: November 2011

Access to essential medicines remains highly contested around the globe and a vital issue in South Africa. At the same time, the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the demand for medical services are having important political and social consequences in a society heavily impacted by the pandemic. Legal and institutional changes within the postapartheid state in South Africa are in part a reflection of the interaction of opportunities and constraints both within and across the country's geographical boundaries. The transformation of state institutions in this context has been set in motion and shaped by different policy imperatives: from demands for medical care to the promotion of economic competition and the need to implement international trade commitments, including specific levels of intellectual property protection. Despite a strong commitment to social change, to address the legacies of apartheid, as well as the relative strength and political will of the dominant political party, the African National Congress, the transformation of a number of state institutions was significantly framed by the global environment in which the country found itself. In the context of South Africa's democratic transition and the devastating HIV/AIDS pandemic, the state responded to a range of shifting opportunities and constraints, whether real or perceived. As a result, impetus was given to different policies and competing political and economic factions, enabling particular institutions and rules to be embraced, created, reshaped, or simply foregone.
Molecular mechanisms of retinal pigment epithelium damage and development of age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Kinnunen Kati , Petrovski Goran , Moe Morten C. , Berta András , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: November 2011

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is attributed to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane, as well as alterations in choroidal capillaries. AMD pathogenesis is strongly associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that ultimately lead to protein damage, aggregation and degeneration of RPE. Specific degenerative findings for AMD are accumulation of intracellular lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusens. In this review, we discuss thoroughly RPE‐derived mechanisms in AMD pathology.
Characterization of pentafluoropropane dissolved UV-nanoimprint resin
Authors: Chinen Mika , Sawada Yohei , Haruyama Yuichi , Matsui Shinji , Okada Makoto , Hiroshima Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

Bubble defects in ultraviolet (UV) nanoimprinting can be eliminated by carrying out the procedure in pentafluoropropane (PFP) gas ambient. Furthermore, the viscosity of the UV-nanoimprint resin is about one-fifth lower than that in air. The authors assume from these results that the PFP gas dissolves into the UV-nanoimprint resin, and the dissolved PFP might affect the characteristics of UV-nanoimprint resin. In this experiment, we analyzed the properties of PFP-dissolved UV-nanoimprint resin using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and contact-angle meter. First, we measured the FT-IR spectrum. The results for resins in PFP gas ambient showed a peak due to the stretching vibration of the C–F bond before and after UV irradiation. Next, the sliding angles and speeds of resins were measured by measurement of the sliding angle in air and PFP gas ambient. The sliding speeds in PFP gas ambient were five times those in air and the sliding angles were one-fourth lower than those in air. The increase in sliding speeds and the decrease in sliding angles in PFP gas ambient were due to the PFP gas dissolving into the resin.
Design and implementation of a shielded underwater vector sensor for laboratory environments
Authors: Barnard Andrew R. , Hambric Stephen A.
Published: November 2011

Underwater acoustic vector sensors, for measuring acoustic intensity, are typically used in open water where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is generally not a contributor to overall background noise. However, vector sensors are also useful in a laboratory setting where EMI can be a limiting factor at low frequencies. An underwater vector sensor is designed and built with specific care for EMI immunity. The sensor, and associated signal processing, is shown to reduce background noise at EMI frequencies by 10–50 dB and 10–20 dB across the entire frequency bandwidth, as compared to an identical unshielded vector sensor.
Cellular Architecture Mediates DivIVA Ultrastructure and Regulates Min Activity in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Eswaramoorthy Prahathees , Erb Marcella L. , Gregory James A. , Silverman Jared , Pogliano Kit , Pogliano Joe , Ramamurthi Kumaran S.
Published: November 2011

The assembly of the cell division machinery at midcell is a critical step of cytokinesis. Many rod-shaped bacteria position septa using nucleoid occlusion, which prevents division over the chromosome, and the Min system, which prevents division near the poles. Here we examined the
in vivo
assembly of the
Bacillus subtilis
MinCD targeting proteins DivIVA, a peripheral membrane protein that preferentially localizes to negatively curved membranes and resembles eukaryotic tropomyosins, and MinJ, which recruits MinCD to DivIVA. We used structured illumination microscopy to demonstrate that both DivIVA and MinJ localize as double rings that flank the septum and first appear early in septal biosynthesis. The subsequent recruitment of MinCD to these double rings would separate the Min proteins from their target, FtsZ, spatially regulating Min activity and allowing continued cell division. Curvature-based localization would also provide temporal regulation, since DivIVA and the Min proteins would localize to midcell after the onset of division. We use time-lapse microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to demonstrate that DivIVA rings are highly stable and are constructed from newly synthesized DivIVA molecules. After cell division, DivIVA rings appear to collapse into patches at the rounded cell poles of separated cells, with little or no incorporation of newly synthesized subunits. Thus, changes in cell architecture mediate both the initial recruitment of DivIVA to sites of cell division and the subsequent collapse of these rings into patches (or rings of smaller diameter), while curvature-based localization of DivIVA spatially and temporally regulates Min activity.

IMPORTANCE
The Min systems of
Escherichia coli
and
Bacillus subtilis
both inhibit FtsZ assembly, but one key difference between these two species is that whereas the
E. coli
Min proteins localize to the poles, the
B. subtilis
proteins localize to nascent division sites by interaction with DivIVA and MinJ. It is unclear how MinC activity at midcell is regulated to prevent it from interfering with FtsZ engaged in medial cell division. We used superresolution microscopy to demonstrate that DivIVA and MinJ, which localize MinCD, assemble double rings that flank active division sites and septa. This curvature-based localization mechanism holds MinCD away from the FtsZ ring at midcell, and we propose that this spatial organization is the primary mechanism by which MinC activity is regulated to allow division at midcell. Curvature-based localization also conveys temporal regulation, since it ensures that MinC localizes after the onset of division.
Long-term effects of increment coring on Norway spruce mortality
Authors: Wunder Jan , Reineking Björn , Hillgarter Franz-Werner , Bigler Christof , Bugmann Harald
Published: November 2011

Increment coring of trees is a standard method in dendrochronology, wood anatomy, forest ecology, and forestry. However, increment coring is an invasive method that may result in tree decay and decreased physical stability of the cored tree. The long-term effects of coring on tree mortality are poorly understood for any tree species because long-term data sets are rare. We present results from a 40-year study on the effects of coring on tree mortality in a near-primary Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Swiss Alps (forest reserve Scatlè). In 1965–1966, 551 trees with a diameter at breast height ≥8 cm were cored within a 5.9 ha plot. Following a reassessment of the plot in 2006, we compared the mortality rates of the 551 trees cored in 1965 with those of similar trees from the uncored control group, i.e., trees that were similar in size (diameter at breast height), vitality, and forest layer class. Neither nonparametric tests nor logistic regression models indicate a significant influence of coring on tree mortality. Our results suggest that increment coring does not influence the mortality rate of P. abies within the study region. Additional studies in different environments and on different tree species are needed to evaluate the generality of our findings.
Relationships between salmon abundance and tree-ring δ15N: three objective tests
Authors: Drake D.C. , Sheppard Paul J. , Naiman Robert J.
Published: November 2011

Quantification of a relationship between salmon escapement in rivers and riparian tree-ring δ15N could allow reconstruction of prehistorical salmon abundance. Unfortunately, attempts to quantify this link have met with little success. We examined the feasibility of the approach using natural abundance of δ15N in riparian tree rings formed before and after extirpation of salmon and 15N tracer studies in a river and riparian soils. We concluded that (i) extractable (sap) N must be removed for interpretation of tree-ring δ15N because it contains up to 78% of the N in wood, is mobile, and differs from structural N in isotopic composition, (ii) no significant change in structural tree-ring δ15N was associated with salmon extirpation in a natural system, (iii) 500‰ 15NH4+ added to a stream was detected in riparian tree rings spanning at least 8 years, demonstrating interring movement of N that confounds detection of an annual signal, and (iv) addition of 28 000‰ 15NH4+ to riparian soils at a rate equaling 7.25 kg salmon·50 m–2 resulted in maximum tree-ring δ15N of ∼100‰–600‰. Thus, the calculated maximum signal possible from salmon was 0.08‰–0.43‰, which is within the range of natural variation. Evidence suggested that neither total nor structural tree-ring δ15N was useful for reconstructing salmon abundance.
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway andO-GlcNAcylation drive the expression of β-catenin and cell proliferation
Authors: Olivier-Van Stichelen Stéphanie , Guinez Céline , Mir Anne-Marie , Perez-Cervera Yobana , Liu Chunming , Michalski Jean-Claude , Lefebvre Tony
Published: November 2011

The short half-life protooncogene β-catenin acquires a remarkable stability in a large subset of cancers, mainly from mutations affecting its proteasomal degradation. In this sense, colorectal cancers (CRC) form a group of pathologies in which early steps of development are characterized by an aberrant expression of β-catenin and an uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial cells. Diet has long been described as an influence in the emergence of CRC, but the molecular events that link metabolic disorders and CRC remain elusive. Part of the explanation may reside in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) flux. We found that fasted mice being force-fed with glucose or glucosamine leads to an increase of β-catenin and O-GlcNAcylation levels in the colon. MCF7 cells possessing intact Wnt/β-catenin signaling heavily expressed β-catenin when cultured in high glucose; this was reversed by the HBP inhibitor azaserine. HBP inhibition also decreased the expression of β-catenin in HT29 and, to a lesser extent, HCT116 cells. The same observation was made with regard to the transcriptional activity of β-catenin in HEK293 cells. Inhibition of HBP also blocked the glucose-mediated proliferation capacity of MCF7 cells, demonstrating that glucose affects both β-catenin expression and cell proliferation through the HBP. The ultimate element conducting these events is the dynamic posttranslational modification O-GlcNAcylation, which is intimately linked to HBP; the modulation of its level affected the expression of β-catenin and cell proliferation. In accordance with our findings, we propose that metabolic disorders correlate to CRC via an upregulation of HBP that reverberates on high O-GlcNAcylation levels including modification of β-catenin.
An Optimal Double Inequality between Seiffert and Geometric Means
Authors: Chu Yu-Ming , Wang Miao-Kun , Wang Zi-Kui
Published: November 2011

For α, β ∈ (0, 1/2) we prove that the double inequality G(αa + (1 − α)b, αb + (1 − α)a)<P(a, b) < G(βa + (1 − β)b, βb + (1 − β)a) holds for all a, b > 0 with a ≠ b if and only if and . Here, G(a, b) and P(a, b) denote the geometric and Seiffert means of two positive numbers a and b, respectively.
Biocompatibility of Dental Amalgams
Authors: Uçar Yurdanur , Brantley William A.
Published: November 2011

Objective. The purpose of this review paper is to review the literature regarding the toxicology of mercury from dental amalgam and evaluate current statements on dental amalgam.Materials and Methods. Two key-words “dental amalgam” and “toxicity” were used to search publications on dental amalgam biocompatibility published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. Manual search was also conducted. The most recent declarations and statements were evaluated using information available on the internet. Case reports were excluded from the study.Results. The literature show that mercury released from dental amalgam restorations does not contribute to systemic disease or systemic toxicological effects. No significant effects on the immune system have been demonstrated with the amounts of mercury released from dental amalgam restorations. Only very rarely have there been reported allergic reactions to mercury from amalgam restorations. No evidence supports a relationship between mercury released from dental amalgam and neurological diseases. Almost all of the declarations accessed by the internet stated by official organizations concluded that current data are not sufficient to relate various complaints and mercury release from dental amalgam.Conclusions. Available scientific data do not justify the discontinuation of amalgam use from dental practice or replacement with alternative restorative dental materials.
Prognostic Value of Facial Nerve Antidromic Evoked Potentials in Bell Palsy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: WenHao Zhang , Minjie Chen , Chi Yang , Weijie Zhang
Published: November 2011

To analyze the value of facial nerve antidromic evoked potentials (FNAEPs) in predicting recovery from Bell palsy.Study Design. Retrospective study using electrodiagnostic data and medical chart review.Methods. A series of 46 patients with unilateral Bell palsy treated were included. According to taste test, 26 cases were associated with taste disorder (Group 1) and 20 cases were not (Group 2). Facial function was established clinically by the Stennert system after monthly follow-up. The result was evaluated with clinical recovery rate (CRR) and FNAEP. FNAEPs were recorded at the posterior wall of the external auditory meatus of both sides.Results. Mean CRR of Group 1 and Group 2 was 61.63% and 75.50%. We discovered a statistical difference between two groups and also in the amplitude difference (AD) of FNAEP. Mean±SD of AD was−6.96%±12.66% in patients with excellent result,−27.67%±27.70% with good result, and−66.05%±31.76% with poor result.Conclusions. FNAEP should be monitored in patients with intratemporal facial palsy at the early stage. FNAEP at posterior wall of external auditory meatus was sensitive to detect signs of taste disorder. There was close relativity between FNAEPs and facial nerve recovery.
Metastatic Progression with Resistance to Aromatase Inhibitors Is Driven by the Steroid Receptor Coactivator SRC-1
Authors: McBryan Jean , Theissen Sarah M. , Byrne Christopher , Hughes Eamon , Cocchiglia Sinead , Sande Stephen , O'Hara Jane , Tibbitts Paul , Hill Arnold D.K. , Young Leonie S.
Published: November 2011

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a standard-of-care treatment for postmenopausal, estrogen receptor–positive breast cancers. Although tumor recurrence on AI therapy occurs, the mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to AIs remain unknown. In this study, we examined a cohort of endocrine-treated breast cancer patients and used a cell line model of resistance to the AI letrozole. In patients treated with a first-line AI, hormone receptor switching between primary and resistant tumors was a common feature of disease recurrence. Resistant cells exhibited a switch from steroid-responsive growth to growth factor–responsive and endocrine-independent growth, which was accompanied by the development of a more migratory and disorganized phenotype. Both the resistant cells and tumors from AI-resistant patients showed high expression of the steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1. Direct interactions between SRC-1 and the transcription factor Ets2 regulated Myc and MMP9. SRC-1 was required for the aggressive and motile phenotype of AI-resistant cells. Interestingly, SRC-1 expression in primary and/or recurrent tumors was associated with a reduction in disease-free survival in treated patients. Moreover, there was a significant association between SRC-1 and Ets2 in the recurrent tissue compared with the matched primary tumor. Together, our findings elucidate a mechanism of AI-specific metastatic progression in which interactions between SRC-1 and Ets2 promote dedifferentiation and migration in hormone-dependent breast cancer. Cancer Res; 72(2); 548–59. ©2011 AACR.
Curcumin Analogue CDF Inhibits Pancreatic Tumor Growth by Switching on Suppressor microRNAs and Attenuating EZH2 Expression
Authors: Bao Bin , Ali Shadan , Banerjee Sanjeev , Wang Zhiwei , Logna Farah , Azmi Asfar S. , Kong Dejuan , Ahmad Aamir , Li Yiwei , Padhye Subhash , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: November 2011

The histone methyltransferase EZH2 is a central epigenetic regulator of cell survival, proliferation, and cancer stem cell (CSC) function. EZH2 expression is increased in various human cancers, including highly aggressive pancreatic cancers, but the mechanisms underlying for its biologic effects are not yet well understood. In this study, we probed EZH2 function in pancreatic cancer using diflourinated-curcumin (CDF), a novel analogue of the turmeric spice component curcumin that has antioxidant properties. CDF decreased pancreatic cancer cell survival, clonogenicity, formation of pancreatospheres, invasive cell migration, and CSC function in human pancreatic cancer cells. These effects were associated with decreased expression of EZH2 and increased expression of a panel of tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNA), including let-7a, b, c, d, miR-26a, miR-101, miR-146a, andmiR-200b, c that are typically lost in pancreatic cancer. Mechanistic investigations revealed that reexpression of miR-101 was sufficient to limit the expression of EZH2 and the proinvasive cell surface adhesion molecule EpCAM. In an orthotopic xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer, administration of CDF inhibited tumor growth in a manner associated with reduced expression of EZH2, Notch-1, CD44, EpCAM, and Nanog and increased expression of let-7, miR-26a, and miR-101. Taken together, our results indicated that CDF inhibited pancreatic cancer tumor growth and aggressiveness by targeting an EZH2-miRNA regulatory circuit for epigenetically controlled gene expression. Cancer Res; 72(1); 335–45. ©2011 AACR.