bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shadowing and enhancement in ultrasonic echograms by reflection and refraction
Authors: Robinson David E. , Wilson Laurence S. , Kossoff George
Published: February 2007

The action of reflection and refraction in producing shadows and enhancement in ultrasonic echograms behind cystic structures is well known, but the physical explanations usually used are incomplete. In this paper the emergent beam patterns for a number of cases are plotted and this data used to explain the shadow and enhancement observed. Cases are also illustrated of echoes displayed incorrectly within the shadow region and of reflectors within the shadow region displayed elsewhere. The use of the echographic appearances to assess the velocity of propagation in cystic structures is described.
Ultrasound: State of the art
Authors: Janus Cynthia L. , Janus Samuel S.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound has become an accepted diagnostic modality since the late 1950s. Since its introduction as a soft‐tissue imaging method, ultrasound has broadened and assumed many research and clinical roles in medicine. Yet, despite the growing enthusiasm for ultrasound, there has been little written about its growth that brings together the latest areas of clinical utilization and research. To gather this data, we personally researched 32 leading medical centers in the United States. This paper shows where ultrasound stands now and where it is likely to go in the near future.
In vitro demonstration of an echogenic emulsion: Relationship of lipid particle size to echo detection
Authors: Davis Peter L. , Filly Roy A. , Goerke Jon
Published: February 2007

To prove that protein‐lipid emulsions can be echogenic, we made two lipid‐in‐water emulsions. The first emulsion was composed of lipid micelles approximately 10 microns in diameter. The second emulsion was composed of micelles approximately 100 microns in diameter. The first emulsion was anechoic; the second emulsion was echogenic. These results are consistent with the physical laws governing the scatter of ultrasound and demonstrate that collagen containing connective tissue is not necessary for echoes. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that the wide differences in echogenicity of fatty tissues is due to the differences in the thickness of their connective tissue stromata.
Parathyroid adenoma: Accuracy of preoperative localization by high‐resolution real‐time sonography
Authors: Scheible William , Deutsch Andrew L. , Leopold George R.
Published: February 2007

To assess the accuracy of high‐resolution sonography of the parathyroid glands, a consecutive series of sonograms in 58 patients was reviewed. The study population was limited to patients thought clinically to have primary hyperparathyroidism and likely to have one enlarged adenomatous gland. Patients with renal failure or other evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism were exluded. Typical sonographic features of parathyroid adenoma were observed. An overall accuracy of 92% was obtained for the identification of surgically confirmed parathyroid gland enlargement due to adenoma.
Further observations on the sonographic spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Munyer Thomas P. , Callen Peter W. , Filly Roy A. , Braga Caroline A. , Jones Howard W.
Published: February 2007

Sonograms of 27 patients with gestational trophoblastic disease were evaluated and categorized according to newer concepts regarding the pathology and pathogenesis of this disorder. The patients were assigned to the following subgroups: (1) classical or complete mole; (2) partial or incomplete mole; (3) coexistent mole and fetus; (4) hydropic degeneration of the placenta; (5) locally invasive mole; and (6) metastatic trophoblastic disease, including choriocarcinoma. The utility of this categorization and of ultrasound in the diagnosis and subsequent management of these patients is presented.
Variability of the hepatic arterial anatomy: A sonographic demonstration
Authors: Marchal Guy , Kint Erwin , Nijssens Mark , Baert Albert L.
Published: February 2007

The variable origin of the hepatic arteries is well known from pathological and angiographic studies. Four main variants have been described. The common hepatic artery arising from the celiac artery is the most common type found in 70% of subjects. It can be helpful to be aware of the different patterns of hepatic artery branching in the interpretation of ultrasound examinations. This anatomy is most easily demonstrated by the use of real‐time equipment.
The sonographic features of intra‐abdominal pregnancy
Authors: Allibone George W. , Fagan Charles J. , Porter Scott C.
Published: February 2007

The sonographic features of three cases of extrauterine, intra‐abdominal pregnancy are presented in conjunction with a brief review of the clinical and radiographic features of the condition. Based on our experience and a review of the literature, we found that the major criteria for the sonographic diagnosis of extrauterine, intra‐abdominal pregnancy include: (1) demonstration of a fetus in a gestational sac outside the uterus, or the depiction of an abdominal or pelvic mass identifiable as the uterus separate from the fetus; (2) failure to see a uterine wall between the fetus and urinary bladder; (3) recognition of a close approximation of the fetus to the maternal abdominal wall; and (4) localization of the placenta outside the confines of the uterine cavity.
The ultrasonic evaluation of skin thickness in scleredema
Authors: Cole Gary W. , Handler Stephen J. , Burnett Keith
Published: February 2007

The skin thickness in a group of patients with scleredema was measured using ultrasonic techniques and then compared with a group of normal individuals. The mean dermal thickness in scleredema was 7.7 mm, compared to 3.3 mm in the normal control group. Ultrasonic evaluation of skin thickness may be of value in following the natural history or response to therapy of certain diseases that affect dermal thickness.
Disruption of the diaphragmatic echoes: A sonographic sign of diaphragmatic disease
Authors: Worthen Nancy J. , Worthen Willard F.
Published: February 2007

This report describes a new ultrasonographic finding of disruption or interruption of the right hemidiaphragmatic echoes. Etiologies discussed include tumor invasion, metastatic implantation of tumor and diaphragmatic rupture secondary to trauma and infection.
Appearance of normal pancreatic duct: A study using real‐time ultrasound
Authors: Bryan Patrick J.
Published: February 2007

Using a linear array real‐time scanner and a video disc with slow‐motion review capability, the pancreatic duct was seen in 86% of normal subjects. It appeared as a tubular structure in 65% of patients and as a single line echo in 21%. The normal pancreatic duct measures 2 mm in diameter or less.
Digital fourier techniques in the diagnosis and quantification of aortic stenosis with pulsed‐Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Cannon Scott R. , Richards Kent L. , Rollwitz William T.
Published: February 2007

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography and digital Fourier analysis were utilized to examine flow distal to the aortic valve and to quantify aortic stenosis. A graphic index of parameters derived from velocity spectrum patterns generated by Fourier analysis was regressed against mean systolic pressure gradients in 21 adults with clinical evidence of aortic stenosis who underwent catheterization studies and five normal adults (r = .82). Correlation improved in the absence of regurgitation (r = .92). Sensitivity for detecting gradients > 30 mmHg was 86%; specificity was 90%. Doppler spectral analysis shows promise in alleviating the need for many invasive studies.
Ultrasonic demonstration of small pancreatic islet cell tumors
Authors: Kuhn Fritz‐Peter , Günther Rolf , Ruckert Klaus , Beyer Jürgen
Published: February 2007

In three patients real‐time sonography successfully localized small pancreatic islet cell tumors measuring 7, 8, and 17 mm in size. Ultrasound is suggested as the initial radiologic examination for localization of endocrine pancreatic tumors. If ultrasound is negative or equivocal, computerized tomography, arteriography, and pancreatic venous sampling are indicated.
Improved two‐dimensional echocardiographic technique for left ventricular aneurysm detection
Authors: Amon K. Wray , Crawford Michael H.
Published: February 2007

In order to determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of a new two‐dimensional echocardiographic technique for detecting left ventricular aneurysms, 16 patients suspected of having aneurysms were evaluated prospectively. Left ventricular angiography demonstrated aneurysms in 15 of the 16 patients. All 15 were detected by two‐dimensional echocardiography but three were identified only in a view rotated 45 degrees clockwise from the apical four‐chamber view. The analysis of 16 wall segments for each patient showed excellent agreement between two observers. Therefore, two‐dimensional echocardiography, utilizing four apical views 45 degrees apart, is reliable and reproducible for the detection of left ventricular aneurysms.
Comparative imaging in the evaluation of hepatic abscesses in immunocompromised children
Authors: Sty John R. , Starshak Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Three children, two with aplastic anemia and one with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, were evaluated for hepatic abscess with hepatic scintigraphy (HS), gray‐scale sonography (GSS), 67Ga imaging (GA), and computed tomography (CT). Each of the children was found to harbor two abscesses. All were detected with GSS and CT. In the two children imaged with GA, all four abscesses were seen. In two patients imaged twice with HS, 50% of the lesions were missed.
Risk in fine‐needle abdominal biopsy
Authors: Livraghi Tito , Damascelli Bruno , Lombardi Claudio , Spagnoli Ivo
Published: February 2007

The complications of fine‐needle abdominal biopsy (FNAB) in 11, 700 patients from our own series and from a review of the literature are reported. The mortality rate (one case of necrotizing pancreatitis) was 0.008%, the rate of major complications (two cases of biliary peritonitis, two tumor seeding, one intrahepatic hematoma, and one peritonitis) was 0.05%, and the rate of other complications (58 cases) was 0.49%, giving a total complication rate of 0.55%.
Normal aortic root dimensions in premature infants
Authors: Reller Mark D. , Meyer Richard A. , Kaplan Samuel
Published: February 2007

Normal aortic root dimensions are established using 334 sequential echocardiograms in 111 average‐for‐gestational‐age premature infants between 600‐2500 g. The aortic roots increased in diameter from 0.53 cm ± 0.04 cm for infants weighing 600–900 g to 0.80 ± 0.08 cm for infants weighing between 2200–2500 g.
Ultrasound monitoring of ovarian follicular development: A comparison of real‐time and static scanning techniques
Authors: Orsini Luigi F. , Rizzo Nicola , Calderoni Patrizio , Pilu Gianluigi , Bovicelli Luciano
Published: February 2007

Follicular growth was monitored in 19 patients during 20 spontaneous and induced cycles by different examiners in a blind trial using a real‐time linear array, a mechanical sector scanner, and a gray scale compound scanner. This was done to compare the efficacy of different ultrasound equipment in the study of ovarian cycle. The mean maximum follicular diameter was calculated with each equipment and the quality of follicular images was classified as poor, sufficient, and good as defined in the study. The overall best results in ovary and follicle visualization were achieved with the real‐time sector scanner. Measurements of the same dominant follicle using real‐time and compound scanners were highly correlated (linear array/compound scanner: r = 0.894, p < 0.001; sector/compound scanner: r = 0.928, p < 0.001). Following ovulation, some unexpected differences in the distribution of the postovulatory patterns were noted with each instrument. Except in difficult patients, real‐time examination, preferably performed using a sector scanner, appears to be the optimal first ultrasonic approach for monitoring follicular growth.
The sonographic appearance and contrast enhancement of puncture needles
Authors: Heckemann R. , Seidel K. J.
Published: February 2007

Investigations on the ultrasonic appearance of puncture needles in vitro and in vivo are reported. The images from the waterbath phantom correspond closely to those seen in the human body. The surfaces of smooth puncture needles reflect the ultrasonic beam so that, in most cases, the shaft is not visible. Surface roughnesses and small air bubbles enhance echogenicity and contrast of such needles. These roughnesses or inhomogeneities may be extraluminal or intraluminal. The phenomenon of the needle tip echo and its modifications are interpreted as physical and technical artifacts.
Causes of abnormal right diaphragmatic position diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Menucha Pery  , Kaftori Joseph K. , Rosenberger Alexander
Published: February 2007

Fifty patients with an abnormal right diaphragmatic position on posterioranterior and lateral chest films and five patients following right thoracotomy were examined by ultrasound. The transabdominal and intercostal approach with the liver as an acoustic window was used. In all patients the cause for the change in the diaphragmatic position and the nature of an opacified right hemithorax after thoracotomy and pulmonectomy were identified.
Early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root as an index of left ventricular filling
Authors: Ambrose John A. , King Bernard D. , Teichholz Louis E. , Leblanc Diane T. , Schwinger Matthew , Stein Jonathan H.
Published: February 2007

Aortic root motion on M‐mode echocardiography is related to left atrial volume change. Early diastolic motion of the aortic root has been quantified by the atrial emptying index. This index has been shown by some investigators to assess early diastolic left ventricular filling, while other investigators report conflicting findings. To evaluate further early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root, we describe a new echocardiographic parameter—the slope of early diastolic posterior aortic root motion. This parameter appears superior to the atrial emptying index in assessing early diastolic left ventricular filling. Forty‐one patients were studied by M‐mode echocardiography and were divided into group I (17 patients) with diminished E to F mitral value slopes (<70 mm/sec) and group II (24 patients) with normal E to F mitral valve slopes (≥70 mm/sec). Patients in group I and group II had comparable left atrial sizes and left ventricular dimensions. The aortic root slope and normalized aortic root slope (normalized for left atrial dimension) in group I (3.7 ± 1.4 cm/sec and 1.0 ± 0.4 sec−1, respectively) were significantly less than in group II (6.4 ± 1.4 cm/sec and 1.9 ± 0.6 sec−1, respectively). The atrial emptying index and atrial emptying index normalized for heart rate were not different between the two groups. When the 41 patients were analyzed according to the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography, only the normalized aortic root slope was significantly different in patients with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. A significant linear correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.0005) was found between the aortic root slope or normalized aortic root slope and the E to F slope of the mitral valve. Significant correlations also existed between the aortic root slope and the slope of early diastolic left ventricular rapid filling. Therefore, the slope of early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root appears to be a useful and easily obtainable echocardiographic parameter to assess early diastolic left ventricular filling.
A comparison of the performance of commercial ultrasound breast scanners versus a laboratory instrument
Authors: Baum Gilbert
Published: February 2007

This article compared the ability of four dedicated ultrasound breast scanners to display the texture, location, size, and shape of pseudo‐tumors, cysts, dilated ducts, and microcalcifications in a breast phantom. Each instrument required adjustment to display the structures in the breast phantom because of the difference in acoustic impedance of the materials in the phantom versus tissue. Two Technicare instruments, one Life Imaging instrument, and a laboratory designed and constructed ultrasound breast scanner were used in this study. The laboratory instrument was able to visualize the targets with simple sector scanning. One Technicare instrument that could only perform simple sector scanning could only visualize a target just below the nipple, i.e., a dilated duct. The second Technicare instrument, which had a modified arc scan, could visualize all the targets except a 12.7‐mm cyst, 9 cm posterior to the nipple. The Life Imaging unit could not detect the targets with sector scanning but could when compound scanning was used. Both Technicare and Life Imaging breast ultrasonoscopes produced a greater degree of artifact production and distortion of the textural properties of the phantom than the laboratory instrument. None of these instruments could unequivocally identify any of the microcalcifications, but this may be due to other minute loud echo‐producing structures within the phantom.
Correlation of the real‐time ultrasonographic appearance of hepatic hemangiomas with angiography
Authors: Onodera Hiroyoshi , Ohta Kei , Oikawa Masamichi , Abe Masahide , Kanno Takashi , Yoda Binkoh , Goto Yoshio
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonographic appearance of hepatic hemangiomas was studied in 19 patients (31 lesions). The detectability rate by real‐time ultrasonography was 77%. A hyperechoic, sharply‐marginated and internally homogeneous lesion is highly suggestive of hemangioma. If the hypoechoic lesion has homogeneous internal echoes and/or strong marginal echoes, it is also suggestive of hemangioma. It is difficult to detect small lesions in the lower lateral part of the right lobe and lesions in the right lobe immediately under the diaphragm. Computed tomography should be the next procedure of choice in the evaluation process. If the computed tomography is not characteristic, angiography should be done to confirm the diagnosis.
Tongue Movement During Speech: A Real‐Time Ultrasound Evaluation
Authors: Shawker Thomas H. , Sonies Phd Barbara C.
Published: February 2007

Tongue movement during production of the speech sounds /a/, /i/, and /k/ was examined with a real‐time sector scanner positioned submentally. With this technique, it is possible to obtain excellent visualization of the tongue surface and to identify much of the intrinsic soft tissue anatomy of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Tongue movement and configuration were found to be consistent for 10 normal speakers, especially for /i/and /k/. Three patients with neurological disease and dysarthria showed varying but significant differences in articulation compared to normals. It appears that real‐time ultrasound imaging of the oral cavity is a potentially valuable technique for the clinical investigation of normal and abnormal speech.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Blood During Coagulation
Authors: Kirk Shung K. , Msee Dingyu Fei , Bsbe Ying‐Wei Yuan , Reeves William C.
Published: February 2007

Recently ultrasound has been found to be extremely useful in detecting intracardiac thrombi as well as intracranial hemorrhages in neonates. The principal criterion used for clinical diagnosis of thrombus has been an increase in the echogenicity of clotted blood. However, echogenicity is a rather nonspecific and qualitative description of tissue ultrasonic properties. A rise in echogenicity could be the result of an increase in ultrasonic backscatter, or a decrease in attenuation, or a combination of both. In order to ascertain the mechanism responsible for the clinically observed increase in echogenicity and thus put the technique on a firm foundation, we have measured serially the ultrasonic velocity, attenuation and backscatter in human blood up to 24 hours following the onset of coagulation. Preliminary results show that all three ultrasonic properties increase during this time period. At 24 hours following clotting, the mean rises in velocity, attenuation and backscatter are 3.36 ± 0.35 ± 103 cm/sec, 2.3 ± 0.22 db/cm and 18.5 ± 1.2dB per unit volume of blood (at 7.5 MHz and a temperature of 23°C), respectively. These results indicate that the increase in echogenicity of a thrombus is due to a substantial increase in ultrasonic backscatter, which is moderated to a certain extent by the accompanied increase in attenuation.
Investigating the efficacy of current quality assurance performance tests in diagnostic ultrasound
Authors: Donofrio Nicholas M. , Hanson James A. , Hirsch Jack H. , Moore William E.
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of four current quality assurance performance tests in diagnostic ultrasound was investigated. This was done by comparing the ability of the performance tests to detect fluctuations in gray scale, depth of penetration, axial resolution and lateral resolution on a real‐time scanner with the ability of sonologists and sonographers to detect the same fluctuations. The performance tests for gray scale, depth of penetration, and axial resolution were found to be efficacious. The lateral resolution test was judged nonefficacious. This suggested a need to revise the protocol for the lateral resolution test with regard to real‐time scanners.
Variability in the time interval between tricuspid and mitral valve closure in ebstein's anomaly
Authors: Gussenhoven W. J. , Jansen J. R. C. , Bom N. , Ligtvoet C. M.
Published: February 2007

The time interval between mitral and tricuspid valve closure was measured from M‐mode echocardiograms in patients with Ebstein's anomaly. It was found that this time interval demonstrated a range of values within each patient. In the present study we assessed the parameters which influenced the variability. The use of different transducer positions on the chest wall was found to be the predominant factor. There was no correlation between the measured time interval, its variability, and the moment of measurement during breathing. However, a period of breathholding significantly reduced the variability. This study indicates that a wide range of time intervals might be measured in a single patient. We conclude therefore, that this parameter should be used with great care in the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly.
Longitudinal studies of fetal growth using volume parameters determined with ultrasound
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Cortissoz Cathryn M. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Batten George W.
Published: February 2007

To explore the use of three‐dimensional parameters in characterizing fetal growth with ultrasound, the accuracy of volume measurements and the ability to make such measurements during pregnancy have been investigated. Total fetal volumes (TOTV) determined with ultrasound in utero were compared to volume measurements obtained by hydrostatic weighing following induced abortion at 19.4 (± 1.8 SD) weeks, menstrual age (MA), and to those calculated from birth weights and density values for term fetuses [39.3 (± 0.8 SD) weeks, MA]. This study indicated that ultrasound measurements underestimate the fetal volume (−9.8 (± 9.5 SD)% at 19 weeks and −19.0 (± 9.3 SD)% at 39 weeks]. To assess the possibility of obtaining growth curves for volume parameters, 20 normal fetuses [based on crown‐rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC) growth curves, birth weight (WT), crown‐heel length (CHL) and postnatal examination] with known dates of conception were studied. Head volume (HV), thoracic volume (TV), abdominal volume (AV), limb volume (LV) and TOTV were measured at 2‐ to 3‐week intervals during the third trimester. Mathematical modeling indicated that the linear‐cubic (LC) model was optimal for HV, TV, AV, and TOTV (R2: 97.3%, 97.2%, 98.1% and 99.4%) while the linear‐quadratic (L‐Q) model was optimal for LV (R2: 98.4%). Significant individual variation was suggested by the high coefficients of variation (CV) obtained for the optimal model coefficients. Inspection of individual growth curves revealed the presence of three types, “linear,” “concave,” and “convex” with the „concave”︁ type predominating. The variability was less than that seen in the groups as a whole for most subgroups but was still greater than that observed with linear parameters. These results indicated that although volume growth curves can be obtained, their individual variability is significant and thus more fetuses must be studied before standard curves can be defined. Indexing Words: Fetal growth · Volume parameters.
Sonographic appearance of mucocele of the appendix
Authors: Athey Patricia A. , Hacken Joan B. , Estrada Rolando
Published: February 2007

Mucocele of the appendix is an uncommon entity infrequently diagnosed prior to surgery or autopsy. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with a palpable right lower quadrant mass and/or pain. Barium enema findings are nonspecific and include nonfilling of the appendix and occasionally mass impression on the cecum. When visualized, calcification of the rim of a right lower quadrant mass may aid in diagnosis. The sonographic appearance in two cases is presented and compared with that in three other case reports in the literature, illustrating a spectrum of sonographic findings. Differential diagnosis is discussed. Indexing Words: Appendix, mucocele · Appendix, mucinous cystadenoma · Mucocele, ultrasound.
Sonographic appearance of extra‐axial fluid collections in the infant: Further observations
Authors: Grant Edward G. , Jacobs Norman M.
Published: February 2007

Extra‐axial fluid collections were identified in six infants by transfontanelle cranial sonography. Confirmatory computer tomography (CT) scans were performed following the sonograms in five of these patients. These extra‐axial fluid collections were varied in appearance and could be divided into two types depending on their sonographic characteristics. The first group consisted of large, usually concave anechoic collections and the second of small extra‐axial fluid collections best seen in the interhemispheric fissure. The large collections were easily identified using a routine 5 MHz transducer system. The smaller collections were not well visualized with a 5 MHz system and required a 7.5 MHz transducer to identify the fluid in the interhemispheric fissure. Additionally, the lateral extent of these small collections could not be visualized through the anterior fontanelle using either transducer and CT was required for definitive evaluation of their lateral extent. Indexing Words: Ultrasound · Brain, ultrasound · Subdural hematoma · Hygroma.
Ultrasonic Assessment of Fetal Growth in the Nonhuman Primate (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Hill Donald E. , Hendrickx Andrew G. , Dvm Roy Henrickson , Dvm John Anderson , Farver Thomas B. , McGahan John P. , Phillips Harry E.
Published: February 2007

Serial ultrasound measurements of fetal growth were made during uncomplicated pregnancy in 28 time‐mated rhesus monkeys. Gestational sac (GS) size, crown‐rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), head area (HA), abdominal circumference (AC), abdominal area (AA), and femur length (FL) were measured. Average longitudinal growth curves for each parameter were obtained from individual fetal growth curves. Data analysis indicated that the linear model was optimal for GS, CRL, HA, AA, and FL. The linear‐quadratic model was optimal for AC, and the linear‐cubic model was optimal for BPD and HC. Indexing Words: Fetal growth · Rhesus monkey · Ultrasound.
Correlation of Ultrasound and Pathologic Findings in Patients With Epithelial Carcinoma of the Ovary
Authors: Wicks Jeffrey D. , Mettler Fred A. , Hilgers Robert D. , Ampuero Francisco
Published: February 2007

The findings from preoperative diagnostic ultrasound were compared with operative and pathologic findings in patients with ovarian cancer. Twenty laporatomies were diagnostic second‐look procedures and 21 were therapeutic procedures in patients with clinically evident disease. Ultrasound was more reliable in patients with clinically suspected disease, but a site by site analysis demonstrated it is insensitive for detecting prevertebral adenopathy less than 3 cm in size, thin, 1.5 cm omental plaques, 5 cm or smaller lesions involving the mesentery or bowel and peritoneal masses 2 cm or less in size. Ultrasound was most sensitive in the detection of mites. Indexing Words: Ovary Cancer Ultrasound.
Comparison between ultrasound and histopathological evaluation in ovarian cancer patients with complete clinical remission
Authors: Sonnendecker Ernst W. W. , Butterworth Alix M.
Published: February 2007

The histopathological findings at second‐look laparotomy in 20 patients with complete clinical remission of epithelial ovarian cancer were compared with the findings at preoperative ultrasound (US) examination. Discrepancies between pelvic US and histological findings occurred in 4/20 (20%) of the patients, and both the specificity and negative predictive value of US were 89%. Of the two false‐negative studies, one showed only microscopic disease and the other showed a 0.5‐cm nodule. The results of the two false‐positive studies were due to postoperative scarring and adhesions, respectively. Obscuring intestinal gas precluded assessment of para‐aortic nodes in 10 of 16 patients in which data from abdominal (US) evaluation were available. Although the status of residual gynecological organs could be determined in most cases, the study shows that US cannot replace second‐look laparotomy.
Effects of atherosclerotic lesions on ultrasonic beam and cw doppler signals
Authors: Shung Phd K. K. , Fei Bsee D. Y. , Bronez Bse M. A.
Published: February 2007

Doppler ultrasound has been shown to be a useful clinical tool in the noninvasive detection of vascular stenoses, occlusion, or plaques. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in blood vessel walls can distort the Doppler ultrasonic signal, producing inverted or biphasic tracings. This observation, in fact, has been used frequently as a criterion for the diagnosis of plaque formation and calcification of these lesions. To define the source of this distortion, we have examined the effects of various types of atherosclerotic lesions on the transmitted ultrasonic beam generated by a continuous wave (CW) Doppler ultrasonic probe. These results are compared to the Doppler flow tracings obtained by a CW ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter from blood vessels with overlaying lesions in a mock flow system. It is concluded that severe distortion in the form of beam refraction or diffraction can be produced by calcified lesions, resulting in biphasic or inverted flow signals.
High resolution ultrasound of macro‐orchidism in mental retardation
Authors: Hutton L. , Rankin R. N. , Pozsonyi J.
Published: February 2007

Asymptomatic testicular enlargement is common in mentally retarded males. This enlargement includes males with non‐specific forms of mental retardation as well as a subgroup of males who have a chromosomally recognizable feature involving the X‐chromosome (“fragile X” chromosome). We examined the testes of a group of 25 mentally retarded males with macro‐orchidism including both fragile X and nonfragile X patients. Apart from large size, the testes scanned were all normal in appearance. In particular, there was no evidence for neoplasia. There were no distinguishing features between the fragile X and the non‐fragile X groups.
Sonographic diagnosis of bowel obstruction presenting with fluid‐filled loops of bowel
Authors: Bedi Deepak G. , Fagan Charles J. , Nocera Roger M.
Published: February 2007

When intestinal obstruction presents with fluid‐filled bowel loops instead of air‐distended loops, subtle elongated masses representing these bowel loops may be missed on plain abdominal radiographs. In these cases, ultrasound will show sausageshaped, cystic structures, with uneven margins representing mucosal folds, distributed throughout the abdomen and sometimes accompanied by peristalsis. These features differentiate fluid‐filled bowel loops from other cystic structures in the abdomen and help make a diagnosis of bowel obstruction.
Clinical application of the 10‐MHz electronic linear array scanner
Authors: Hayashi Nobushige , Tamaki Nagara , Hamanaka Daizaburou , Yamamoto Kazutaka , Senda Michio , Yonekura Yoshiharu , Torizuka Kanji , Kawabuchi Masami
Published: February 2007

A 10‐MHz electronic linear array real‐time scanner was developed. The axial resolution was 0.26 mm at the ‐20dB ring down point. The display field was 6.0 cm in width. Excellent high‐resolution sonograms of the thyroid, breast and other diseases were obtained using this scanner.
Compilation of reported biological effects data and ultrasound exposure levels
Authors: Stewart H. D. , Stewart H. F. , Moore R. M. , Garry J.
Published: February 2007

A compilation of reports of biological effects and related ultrasound exposure levels can be useful in the identification of trends in effects data that may be developing in the literature. The exposures in the experiments reviewed were at frequencies used in medicine. For short (10 minutes or less) continuous wave exposure, with the exception of behavioral effects where variable results have been observed, this tabulation did not identify any in vivo or in vitro effects at spatial peak, temporal average (SPTA) intensities less than 100 mW/cm2. However, a number of effects using pulsed sources with SPTA intensities under this level have been reported. There are several frequently recurring topics in recent reports which include developmental effects and microstructure changes at the cellular level. In addition to animal investigations, there are some limited human epidemiological studies reporting an association between medical ultrasound exposure in utero and developmental effects. Although sufficient research has not been completed to draw conclusions, the findings deserve further investigation. A systematic pattern of directed research on a large scale is not apparent. The available data consist of many scattered studies conducted by individual investigators and groups throughout the world.
differential prenatal diagnosis of cystic hygromata and encephalocele by ultrasound examination
Authors: Pearce J. Malcolm , Griffin David , Campbell Stuart
Published: February 2007

The difficulty in distinguishing an encephalocele from a cystic hygroma has recently been highlighted by five patients referred to our unit with an incorrect diagnosis of cystic hygroma. A review of the literature revealed four other cases of misdiagnosis. Based on review of 46 patients with one or other diagnosis, we have attempted to establish guidelines to aid diagnosis. We have always been able to identify the bony defect in the fetal vault in cases of encephaloceles. The pattern of the septa is usually characteristic in cystic hygroma.
Small hyperechoic nodules of the renal parenchyma
Authors: Zappasodi F. , Sanna G. , Fiorentini G. , Frassineti C.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐four hyperechogenic nodules ranging from 0.5 cm to 2.5 cm in diameter were observed within the renal parenchyma in 22 patients. Eighteen patients did not complain of renal symptoms, one had microhematuria, one renal colic, and two pain in the right flank. Because of the sonographic features suggesting fat‐containing masses, these lesions were considered to be small angiomyolipomas. Two of our patients underwent surgery, which confirmed this histopathologic interpretation. Twelve patients had a sonographic follow‐up, which lasted from 4 to 30 months. We did not observe any change in size or shape of the lesions.
Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Usefulness of ultrasonically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Tanaka Sachiko , Kitamura Tsugio , Kasugai Hiroshi , Okano Yataka , Tatsuta Masaharu , Okuda Sigeru
Published: February 2007

The results of various diagnostic procedures performed on six cases with solitary and minimal (<2 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that was later surgically resected were comparatively reviewed. The tumor was detected in 6/6 patients by ultrasonography, 1/6 by scintigraphy, 2/6 by CT, and 4/6 by angiography, and hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 3/6 by angiography and 6/6 by ultrasonically guided fineneedle aspiration biopsy. Since there are not a few HCCs that can be detected only by ultrasonography, fine‐needle aspiration biopsy with ultrasound guidance is strongly recommended to confirm cases with a minimal lesion in the liver visualized only on a sonogram.
Routine obstetric ultrasound: Effectiveness of cross‐sectional screening for fetal growth retardation
Authors: Ferrazzi Enrico , Nicolini Umberto , Kustermann Alessandra , Pardi Giorgio
Published: February 2007

Sonographic detection of fetal growth retardation was evaluated on a sample of 778 patients routinely scanned over a 16‐month period. From the 29th week to term, the sensitivity of abdominal circumference measurement progressively increased from 41% to 88% (P < 0.01). Higher rates were achieved by using the biparietal diameter but false‐positive diagnoses were twice as frequent as with the abdominal measurements. When the limitations in precision of abdominal circumference were considered, the screening rate of this parameter increased about 16%. Moreover, 50% of the falsenegative diagnoses were made on fetuses weighing between the fifth and 10th centiles at birth. These diagnostic indices for biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference evaluated on a retrospective series proved to be lower than those reported for the prospective selected series. However, the results yielded by routine ultrasound were better than those obtained with clinical or traditional biochemical methods. These findings underline the importance of sonography not only in serial control of high‐risk pregnancies but also in cross‐sectional screening programs.
Benign circumscribed lesions of the liver diagnosed by ultrasonically guided fine‐needle biopsy
Authors: Spamer Cornelia , Brambs Hans‐Jürgen , Koch Herbert K. , Gerok Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Cytologic evaluation of aspirates obtained by ultrasonically guided puncture of circumscribed lesions leads to the diagnosis of a malignant lesion when tumor cells are detected. In the absence of tumor cells, it remains uncertain whether the focus had been biopsied correctly, since the histologic diagnosis of a benign focal lesion can only occasionally be made by means of cytologic smears. Cases are presented showing circumscribed lesions of the liver. With a cut‐biopsy fine needle, small cylinders of tissue were obtained under ultrasonic guidance and examined after histologic preparation. In each case, a benign focal lesion could be diagnosed, proving that the observed lesion had been correctly biopsied.
Evaluation of fetal thigh circumference measurements: A comparative ultrasound and anatomical study
Authors: Warda Ahmed , Deter Russell L. , Duncan Greg , Hadlock Frank P.
Published: February 2007

This investigation is concerned with establishing the anatomical location of the site proposed for making fetal thigh circumference (ThC) measurements with ultrasound.1 An evaluation of the accuracy of ultrasonic ThC measurements has also been made. The results of these studies indicate that the change in femur profile (polygonal to oval) used to identify the site of measurement (transition plane) occurs at the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the thigh, at the level of the proximal nutrient foramen of the femur. Ultrasonic ThC measurements are systematically larger (mean: 4.3%; range: 1.3–10.3%) than comparable anatomical measurements. Measurements made within 1–2 cm of the transition plane are quite similar, demonstrating that exact positioning of the plane is not necessary. These results indicate that ThC measurements can be made in a reliable manner and thus could be used to detect changes in soft tissue mass and improve weight estimation procedures.
Sonography of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Hayashi Nobushige , Tamaki Nagara , Konishi Jugji , Yonekura Yoshiharu , Senda Michio , Kaeagi Kanji , Yamamoto Kazutaka , Iida Yasuhiro , Misaki Takashi , Endo Keigo , Torizuka Kanji , Mori Toru
Published: February 2007

Fifty‐three untreated patients with histologically confirmed Hashimoto's thyroiditis were divided into two groups according to the echogenicity of the thyroid. In 25 cases, the echogenicity of the thyroid was almost the same as or less than that of the adjacent muscles. Such cases were classified as group A. The other 28 cases were classified as group B. Mean T4 levels in group A were significantly lower than those in group B. In addition, the cases in group A had abnormally low T4 and abnormally high TSH more frequently than those in group B. In all cases in group A, there was severe degeneration and disappearance of thyroid follicles, whereas in most of the cases in group B, follicles of normal size were generally seen. Hypoechogenicity of the thyroid is a sign suggesting hypothyroidism and severe follicular degeneration.
Evaluation of three methods for estimating fetal weight
Authors: Hill Lyndon M. , Breckle Robert , Wolfgram Kim R. , O'Brien Peter C.
Published: February 2007

Three ultrasonic methods for estimating fetal weight (Campbell, Warsof, and Shepard) were compared in 124 singleton pregnancies. Fetal abdominal circumference was obtained by use of a map measurer and from diameter measurements and the equation for the circumference of a circle. Campbell's formula for estimating fetal weight was superior between 2,000 and 4,000 g, whereas Shepard's method was slightly better below 2,000 g and over 4,000 g. Hence, varied fetal anthropometric characteristics make it mandatory that several methods be evaluated by each institution before one is selected. With the methods of Campbell and Shepard, use of diameter measurements and the equation for the circumference of a circle resulted in a more accurate estimated fetal weight than when a map measurer was used.
Ultrasonographic findings in the livers of patients with lepromatous leprosy
Authors: Doehring Ekkehard , Reider Frank , Dittrich Matthias , Coddi Zitsamele
Published: February 2007

Abdominal ultrasonography, including assessment of the liver, spleen, pancreas, great abdominal vessels, and kidneys, was carried out in seven patients with lepromatous leprosy, six patients with tuberculoid leprosy, and 32 healthy Congolese controls. Abnormal ultrasound findings were predominantly detected in the livers of patients with lepromatous leprosy and included an inhomogeneous echo texture of the hepatic parenchyma in all cases. Furthermore, six patients revealed echodense, partly irregular areas up to 1.5 cm × 3 cm in size distributed throughout the liver. These were associated with shadowing and were considered to contain calcium. No abnormal findings were encountered in controls or in patients with tuberculoid leprosy except for one patient with tuberculoid leprosy who had a rounded caudal liver edge. The sizes and volumes of liver, spleen, and kidneys were not different in the three groups.
Tolerance intervals for standards in ultrasound measurements: Determination of BPD standards
Authors: Wexler Shraga , Fuchs Camil , Golan Abraham , David Menachem P.
Published: February 2007

Standards for the relationship between BPD and gestational age are used for the assessment of fetal size. We measured the BPD in 310 women with exact gestational age in a cross‐sectional study. Two types of BPD charts were constructed based on tolerance intervals: (1) directly from measurements and (2) after model fitting. We found that the tolerance intervals based on the model are smoother and narrower than those achieved by direct determinations. The fit, advantages, and prospects of the model are discussed.
Further studies on ultrasonic properties of blood clots
Authors: Shung K. K. , Fei D. Y. , Ballard J. O.
Published: February 2007

Two‐dimensional echocardiography has been found to be an effective clinical tool in diagnosing intracardiac thrombi. Misdiagnosis may, however, still frequently occur because of the difficulty in differentiating the thrombi from other intracavitary masses based only on the echographic appearance of these structures. Ultrasonic tissue characterization techniques have been used in attempts to minimize this diagnostic uncertainty. Previously. we have shown that all ultrasonic parameters of blood, including ultrasonic backscatter, a quantitative measure of echogenicity, at 7.5 MHz increase rapidly following clotting. In this article, we report recent results on the measurements of attenuation and backscatter of thrombi as a function of time following clotting over the frequency range of 3 MHz to 8 MHz. These results indicate that ultrasonic backscatter from thrombi 12 h old is at least 18 dB higher than that of unclotted blood over the frequency range of 3 MHz to 8 MHz, and the slope of the attenuation coefficient is increased to 0.43 dR/cm‐MHz. Comparison with the back‐scatter of bovine myocardium shows that the myocardium is more echogenic than fresh thrombi and is less echogenic than thrombi 12 to 24 h old. Similar results were also obtained for integrated backscatter measurements over the same frequency range.
Procedural hazards of neonatal ultrasonography
Authors: DiPietro Michael A. , Faix Roger G. , Donn Steven M.
Published: February 2007

Neonatal ultrasonography entails potential procedural hazards to the newborn infant. When performing ultrasound studies, the examiner may inadvertently move the endotracheal tube or may facilitate the spread of infection from one baby to another. The examiner should also be aware that the pressure of applying the transducer to the scalp is transmitted to the central nervous system and that the baby may become hypothermic during the procedure. Precautions include minimizing head and neck movement and application of pressure on the fontanel, using prewarmed coupling gel, which is removed after scanning, careful handwashing, and wiping the transducer with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 2% alkalinized glutaraldehyde between studies.
Digital averaging to facilitate two‐dimensional echocardiographic measurements
Authors: Petrovic Olivera , Feigenbaum Harvey , Armstrong William F. , Ryan Thomas , West Steven R. , Creen‐Hess Deborah , Stewart Janie , Friedmeyer Jennifer L. Mattson , Fineberg Naomi S.
Published: February 2007

A problem in quantitative two‐dimensional echocardiography is myocardial dropout of still frame images. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of digital averaging to overcome myocardial dropout without distorting quantitative measurements. Forty‐one percent of 80 digitally averaged images were thought to be improved by five independent observers, whereas 78 showed some deterioration. Measurements obtained from processed images were statistically identical (r ≥ 0.9) to those from three arithmetically averaged, unprocessed images in 60 patients. Digital averaging can improve image quality without measurement distortion and should facilitate two‐dimensional echocardiographic quantitation.
Fetal weight estimates in late pregnancy with emphasis on macrosomia
Authors: Miller Joseph M. , Korndorffer Frederick A. , Gabert Harvey A.
Published: February 2007

The effectiveness of three methods (Shepard et al,1 Hadlock et al,3 and Hansmann10) for estimating fetal weight was evaluated in 150 patients at greater than 36 weeks menstrual age. All infants were > 2,500 at birth. Only the method of Hadlock et al3 did not systematically underestimate birth weight. When separate weight subclasses (2,500 to 4,999 g) were examined, the method of Hadlock et al3 showed better consistency. All models, however, had significant underestimates for the largest subclasses, 4,000 to 4,999 g. The ability to predict the macrosomic infant (24,000 g) was only slightly better using the method of Hadlock et al3 than by the formula of Shephard et al.1