bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A nemi szerepet konzerváló vezetői magatartás észlelt igazságossága a szervezeti kultúra és az észlelő szexista hozzáállásának a függvényében
Authors: Dallos Andrea , Kovács Judit
Published: May 2015

A tanulmányban bemutatott vizsgálat célja, hogy feltárja a segítségnyújtás nemiszerep-elvárásokkal összhangban lévő vagy ellentétes megjelenésének, vagy elmaradásának, valamint az erre a megnyilvánulásra adott vezetői reakciónak az észlelt helyességét. A személy nemének, a segítségnyújtás megjelenésének és a helyzetre adott vezetői válasznak a manipulációján (jutalmazó/büntető, illetve semleges válasz) túl a helyzet kontextusaként szolgáló szervezeti kultúrának, illetve a szexista nézetek válaszadó általi támogatottságának a hatását is figyelembe vettük.

Kérdőíves vizsgálatunkban 310 nő és ő5 férfi vett részt. A válaszadók egy rövid munkahelyi szituációt olvashattak, melyben manipuláltuk az előzőekben megnevezett tényezőket. Ezt követően a kitöltők megítélték a szereplő és a vezető viselkedésének észlelt helyességét, továbbá kitöltötték az ambivalens szexizmust mérő skálát.

Eredményeink szerint a válaszadók a segítségnyújtást annak elmulasztásánál egyöntetűen helyesebbnek látták, megítéléseikre a kezelt független változók nem hatottak. A vezető semleges válasza esetén a versengő/maszkulin szervezeti kultúráról olvasók, valamint a magasabb szexizmussal jellemezhető válaszadók igazságosabbnak észlelték a férfi szereplő irányába mutatott semleges vezetői reakciót, míg a női szereplővel szembeni semlegességet kevésbé helyeselték, ezzel elfogadva a hagyományos nemi szerepek konzerválását. Ezzel szemben a vezető büntető/jutalmazó reakciója esetén a kevésbé szexista válaszadók, valamint a támogató/feminin szervezeti kultúráról olvasók, a nemi szerepeket megfordító vezetői viselkedést helyeselték, a női szereplő megjutalmazását, valamint a férfi szereplő megbüntetését.
A manipuláció művészete. A machiavellizmus kognitív és evolúciós alapjai
Authors: Bereczkei Tamás
Published: May 2015

Az elmúlt évtizedben meglepő fordulatok következtek be a machiavellizmus kutatásában. Miközben az 1960-as, 1970-es évek klasszikus szociálpszichológiai kísérleteinek számos következtetése tarthatónak bizonyult, néhány esetben számottevő újraértelmezésekre került sor. A machiavellisták valóban racionálisan gondolkodó, „hidegfej8” emberek, de úgy tűnik, intenzív érzelmeket élnek át a társas kapcsolataikban, amelyeket viszont jól lepleznek, és ez segítheti a megtévesztés sikerességét. Minden előzetes elvárás ellenére rossz elmeolvasónak bizonyultak, de képesek lehetnek arra, hogy pontos megállapításokat tegyenek potenciális áldozataik tipikus jellemvonásairól, különösen olyan helyzetekben, amelyek lehetővé teszik a manipulációt. Vágynak az azonnali nyereségre, de képesek hosszú távon is gondolkodni, amennyiben rugalmasan igazítják döntéseiket a szituáció pillanatnyi állásához. Mindez összhangban lehet az ún. Machiavelli-intelligencia evolúciós hipotézisével, amely szerint a csalás és a manipuláció központi szerepet játszott a főemlősök — benne az ember — agyának növekedésében és kognitív képességeinek fejlődésében. A társak szisztematikus és eredményes manipulációja valóban erőteljes szelekciós erő lehetett a múltban, de ez valószín 8leg nem az elmeolvasás és intelligencia kidolgozásához vezetett (azt más evolúciós folyamatok végezhették), hanem a környezet specifikus jellemzőinek a pontos kiértékeléséhez, a csoporttársak árnyalt kategorizálásához és a rugalmas döntéshozatalhoz.
Measuring translation difficulty: Theoretical and methodological considerations
Authors: Sun Sanjun
Published: May 2015

Accurate assessment of a text’s level of translation difficulty is critical for translator training, accreditation and research. Traditionally, people rely on their general impression to gauge a text’s translation difficulty level. If the evaluation process is to be more effective and the results more objective, an instrument needs to be developed. Then two basic research questions must be answered: what to measure and how to measure it. The potential sources of translation difficulty include translation factors (i.e., text difficulty and translation-specific difficulty) and translator factors. Accordingly, to measure translation difficulty, we need to measure text difficulty, identify translation-specific difficulty, and assess translation difficulty (i.e., mental workload) for the translator. Readability formulas are often used to measure text difficulty. The means for identifying translation-specific difficulty include grading translations, analyzing verbal protocols, and recording and analyzing translation behavior. For measuring mental workload, we can adopt subjective measures (e.g., a multidimensional rating scale), performance measures, or physiological measures. This article intends to provide a theoretical and methodological overview of translation difficulty and serve as a foundation for this line of inquiry.
AΠOΛOΓIa AΘHnaiΩN — Nikolaos beszéde Diodórosnál (D. S. XIII, 20,1 – 27,6)
Authors: Hajdú Attila
Published: May 2015

Kr. e. 413 őszén az athéniak szicíliai hadjáratának katasztrofális vereségéről — Thukydidés és Plutarchos mellett — Diodóros Sikeliótés is beszámol Bibliothéké Historiké c. világtörténetében. Az athéni foglyok sorsáról a Syrakusaiban ülésező népgyűlés döntött. A szicíliai történetíró először a demagóg Dioklés véleményét summázza, mely szerint az athéni hadvezéreket azonnal ki kell végezni és a foglyokat kőbányába kell küldeni. Az indítványt egy újabb, Hermokratés által kezdeményezett indítvány követte — kevés sikerrel. A tömeg zúgolódását a syrakusai háborúban fiait elvesztő Nikolaos színpadias fellépése törte meg. Diodóros itt — rá nem jellemző módon — hosszabb, retorikailag gondosan megszerkesztett beszédet ad szereplője szájába, ezzel irányítva olvasója figyelmét a beszéd fontosságára. Az idős syrakusai férfi az epieikeia és a philanthrópia eszméit testesíti meg. Beszédében az athéniak védelméért szállt síkra: a foglyok elengedését szorgalmazta, és a múltból kiragadott exemplumokkal az Athénnal való megbékélésre ösztönözte a város lakóit. A tanulmány a Diodóros által megalkotott Nikolaos-beszéd forrásait, másrészt a beszédek szerepét vizsgálja a Thukydidés utáni görög historiográfiában.
Iuvenalis 3. szatírája és az interlocutor Umbricius irodalmi forrásai
Authors: Gellérfi Gergő
Published: May 2015

A 3. szatíra Iuvenalis életművének egyik legtöbbre tartott, egyben legkülönlegesebb darabja. Egy rövid bevezető után a mű csaknem egészét egy Umbriciusnak nevezett interlocutor monológja tölti ki, melyben megindokolja, hogy miért költözik Cumae-ba Rómából. Umbricius más iuvenalisi interlocutorokhoz képest jóval összetettebb alak, akinek különböző vonásait különböző forrásokra és ihletőkre vezethetjük vissza, s ez áttételesen a 3. szatíra egészére is igaz, mert benne az epikus hagyomány, a bukolikus költészet és Martialis hatása egyaránt jelentős.
A sürgősségi ellátás új területe: az assistance orvostan
Authors: Felkai Péter
Published: May 2015

The number of international travels has been continuously increasing since World War II. Though the travelers’ demand for safer ways of travelling appeared, only a handful of them sought pretravel advices. This is the reason why 50% of the travelers have to face some kind of medical problem during their journey. If they have travel insurance, the company’s assistance team organizes, monitors and covers their abroad treatment. A doctor of the assistance team has to find her/his ways in various fields: not only a multidisciplinary medical knowledge is a must for a professional like this, but she/he needs to have a good grasp of the basic idea behind the insurance policy, too. Also, she/he should be familiar with the public health care systems of different countries and some legal knowledge is also needed. If the patients are unable to continue their trip, they must be repatriated. Making a decision about the repatriation’s timing and modality requires interdisciplinary medical experience and the approach of a critical care/emergency doctor. Among further tasks for the assistance team’s doctor one can find medical escort and on-spot medical visit for foreign patients. Both of these two aforementioned medical activities are highly different from – for example – a general practitioner’s routine. That is the reason why an assistance doctor has to be familiar with the critical and emergency care. Organizing and monitoring medical treatment for a traveler abroad, providing medical escort, making decisions about repatriation and providing medical help for a foreign patient all fall within the competence of a new medical discipline, the assistance medicine. Creating a body of knowledge, collecting appropriate protocols and establishing postgraduate courses for assistance medicine diplomas are the tasks of the critical care and emergency medicine professionals. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(20), 808–812.
A trimetazidin szerepe a diabeteses microangiopathia kezelésében ischaemiás szívbetegség esetén
Authors: Fi Zsolt , Kovács Gabriella , Szentes Veronika
Published: May 2015

Diabetes is one of the largest public health problems nowadays. We have to consider appearance of micro- and macroangiopathic complications as early as the time of diagnosis. In diabetes mellitus type 2, one of the main complications is ischemic heart disease caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries manifested clinically as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. However, microangiopathy and secondary injury of myocardial tissue are also not uncommon complications. In the treatment of ischemic heart disease coronary interventions, medications dilating coronaries and decreasing blood pressure and heart rate are frequently applied. The authors draw attention to a drug having no hemodynamic effects, which improves the quality of life of patients via its effect on the metabolism of the myocardium. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(19), 765–768.
Korszakváltás a krónikus C-vírus hepatitis terápiájában – új direkt ható antivirális szerek
Authors: Horváth Gábor , Halász Tünde , Makara Mihály , Hunyady Béla
Published: May 2015

Chronic hepatitis C, without treatment, can cause liver cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer. The availability of new oral direct acting antivirals, such as the protease inhibitors simeprevir, asunaprevir and paritaprevir, the NS5A inhibitors daclatasvir, ledipasvir, and ombitasvir, the polymerase inhibitors Sofosbuvir and dasabuvir have resulted an enormous progress in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, leading to >90% sustained viral response rates. Even the hard-to-treat or previously treatment ineligible patients can be cured with the combination of these drugs. Furthermore the treatment duration is much shorter, and the side effects are minimal. Today, treatment of all hepatitis C virus infected patients is recommended, and the best choices are the interferon-free options. Eradication of hepatitis C virus has become realistic, however, appropriate screening programs are mandatory to achieve this goal. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(21), 841–848.
A hepatitis C-vírus-fertőzés és kezelésének költségvonzata
Authors: Makara Mihály , Hunyady Béla
Published: May 2015

The worldwide prevalence of hepatitis C infection is 2–3%. In addition to its individual consequences, it generates huge financial impact on national level. In particular, lack of recognition or late diagnosis of the disease is associated with high rate of liver cirrhosis related complications (hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma) and/or demands liver transplantation. Loss of quality assisted life years and/or those spent in employment, reduced work productivity, as well as costs of antiviral therapy also contribute to the financial burden. The costs of new interferon-free therapies may exceed the prices of previous pegylated interferon based therapies with or without protease inhibitors; however, shorter treatment durations and extremely low rates of severe side-effects with much less related expenses can reduce total costs of these treatments. In addition to the moral obligations, published cost-effectiveness analyses conclude that early diagnosis and treatment of this primarily iatrogenic infection through organized screening programs and wide access to effective therapies may lead to long term financial benefit. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(21), 862–868.
Calibration and field test of a new, automated open system to measure soil CO2 efflux in sandy grassland
Authors: Papp Marianna , Balogh János , Pintér Krisztina , Fóti Szilvia , Koncz Péter , Pavelka Marian , Darenova Eva , Nagy Zoltán
Published: May 2015

Az utóbbi évtizedben zajló kutatások kimutatták, hogy a talajok CO2-kibocsátása jelentős napi és szezonális változékonyságot mutat. A manuális mérőrendszerekkel azonban ez nehezen követhető nyomon. Éppen ezért megjelent az igény a nagyobb időbeli felbontású automata mérőrendszerekre, több gyártó készítette el saját fejlesztésű műszerét. Ezeknek a rendszereknek a hátránya, hogy drágák és többnyire zárt rendszerben működnek, ahol a bonyolult kamranyitó-záró mechanika csökkentheti a működésbiztonságot. További hátrányt jelent a kamrák meglehetősen nagy mérete, ami miatt gyepállományokban nehezen alkalmazhatók.Az általunk kifejlesztett nyílt rendszerű mérőeszköz alkalmasnak bizonyult ezen problémák kiküszöbölésére: a kisméretű kamrák (d = 5 cm) könnyen elhelyezhetők a növények között, nyílt rendszerben nem szükséges kamranyitó-záró mechanikát építeni, és a rendszer olcsón kivitelezhető.A kifejlesztett 10 kamrás mérőrendszer kalibrálását laboratóriumi körülmények között végeztük el, valamint összehasonlítottuk terepi mérések segítségével egy nemzetközileg is hitelesnek számító mérőrendszerrel. A kapott eredmények szerint a kifejlesztett mérőrendszer alkalmas hosszú időtartamú automata-mérésekre, segítségével nagy mennyiségű adat nyerhető.
Measurement of air permeability of a sandy soil treated with sewage sludge compost for the indication of bulk density in a long-term field experiment
Authors: Aranyos Tibor , Tomócsik Attila , Orosz Viktória , Makádi Marianna , Antal Károly , Blaskó Lajos
Published: May 2015

A komposztált szennyvíziszap alkalmas talajjavításra, mivel nagy a szervesanyag- tartalma. A rendszeres komposztkezelés javítja a homoktalaj fizikai tulajdonságait, melyek nagymértékben befolyásolják a talajban lejátszódó kémiai és biológiai folyamatokat (az adszorpciós jelenségeket, az oxidáció-redukció feltételeit, az anyagtranszport lehetőségeit, a biológiai aktivitást, a tápanyagforgalmat), s ezeken keresztül a talaj termékenységét.A Debreceni Egyetem Nyíregyházi Kutatóintézetében 2003-tól vizsgáljuk a szennyvíziszap-komposzt tartamhatását kisparcellás kísérletben, melyben talajfizikai méréseket is végzünk a komposztkezelés hatásainak megállapítására. A komposzt 0, 9, 18 és 27 t·ha−1 dózisban, és a következő összetételben került bedolgozásra a talajba: szennyvíziszap 40%, szalma 25%, riolit 30%, bentonit 5%. A kísérlet vetésforgóban vetett tesztnövényei a tritikále (× Triticosecale Wittmack), kukorica (Zea mays L.) és a zöldborsó (Pisum sativum L.). A talaj térfogattömegének, víztartóképesség-görbéjének és légáteresztő képességének meghatározására bolygatatlan talajmintákat vettünk az 5–10 és 20–25 cm-es talajmélységekből hat ismétlésben. A talajok víztartó képességét homokágy-, homok/kaolinágy-, valamint nyomás membrános készülékkel mértük. A talaj légáteresztő képességének meghatározására Eijkelkamp M1-08.65 típusú készüléket használtunk.A kísérleti parcellák talajainak térfogattömeg-értékeinél tapasztalt nagyfokú heterogenitás megmutatkozik a mért víztartóképesség- és légáteresztőképességértékek — kezelésektől kevésbé függő — nagy szórásában. A térfogattömeg és a légáteresztés között közepesen szoros kapcsolatot (R2 = 0,38) tapasztaltunk. Megállapítottuk, hogy a vizsgált homoktalaj 1,6 g·cm−3 térfogattömeg mellett is — szántóföldi vízkapacitásnak megfelelő nedvességtartalom esetén — „nagyon nagy” légáteresztő képességgel rendelkezik.A kapott terméseredmények alapján, a komposztkezelés hatására a talaj fizikai tulajdonságaiban végbemenő változások kedvezően hatnak a növények fejlődésére, ezáltal a terméshozamra.
A Q-láz differenciáldiagnosztikai és terápiás aspektusai egy 46 éves fogva tartott férfi esete kapcsán
Authors: Vanya Melinda , Szili Károly , Zámolyi Szilvia , Magyar Hajnalka , Kőrösi Gábor , Benkő Árpád , Hornyák Anna , Hegedűs Zsolt , György Lajos
Published: May 2015

The authors describe the case of a 46-year-old man, who developed atypical pneumonia caused by Coxiella burnetii. Chest X-ray revealed interstitial pneumonia. Western blot and ELISA test were positive for Coxiella burnetii antibody. After treatment with doxycyclin and amoxicillin supplemented with vitamin B6 for 10 days, the patient displayed a clinical improvement. The authors conclude that in cases with atypical pneumonia, Coxiella burnetii antibody as well as other bacterial or viral antibodies should be determined. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(18), 741–743.
A vallásfüggőség mint egy lehetséges új viselkedési addikció vizsgálata serdülőkorú populációban
Authors: Kovács Eszter , Pikó Bettina
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Religious addiction is a new behavioral addiction, featured with pathologic religious activity. Aim: The authors examined whether this new phenomenon appears in adolescence, and whether it correlates with substance use and mental health variables. Method: The General Addiction Screening Tool was used to investigate the presence of religious addiction among youth (N = 656; mean age, 16.5 years; 49.2% females). Besides monthly and lifetime prevalence of substance use, variables of psychological well-being (e.g., depression, aggression, optimism) were also detected. Results: Religiosity was relatively low among adolescents. Nearly 1% of the sample might be characterized as being addicted to religion, 16.2% belonged to the symptomatic group, while 83% of them were asymptomatic. Religious addicts were more likely to be more religious and the role of religion in one’s life was more important. Also, they tended to pray and attend the churches more frequently. It was also found that amphetamine use was more frequent among the addicts. In terms of mental health level, aggression scored lower and spiritual well-being reached higher level. Conclusions: Religiosity is a vague phenomenon, and further investigation is needed to detect when healthy enthusiastic religiosity turns into religious addiction. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(18), 731–740.
Az endoszkópos retrográd cholangiopancreatographiát követő heveny hasnyálmirigy-gyulladás megelőzése
Authors: Patai Árpád , Patai Árpád V. , Solymosi Norbert , Tulassay Zsolt , Herszényi László
Published: May 2015

Over 14,000 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies are performed in Hungary annually, and approximately 1400 patients are calculated to develop pancreatititis including 10 cases with lethal outcome. This article is aimed to review recent relevant literature and to present a practical guide based on the authors’ own experience for the prevention of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The authors emphasize the importance of careful consideration of indications, analysis of risk factors, avoiding unnecessary diagnostic intervention, a decrease of the attempts for cannulation, early precut, implantation of pancreatic stent in high risk patients, administration of rectal indomethacin or diclofenac and adequate intravenous fluid replacement. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(18), 715–719.
Akut és szubakut klinikai állapotok radiológiai intervenciója: fókuszban a nem vascularis intervenciók és a haemoptysis kezelése
Authors: Nemes Balázs , Doros Attila
Published: May 2015

Interventional radiology provides fast, straightforward and tolerable solutions for many medical problems including acute and subacute situations. Aspiration and drainage of fluid collections, biliary and endourologic interventions and gastrointestinal interventions are parts of non-vascular interventions. In addition, the authors discuss in detail interventional radiological treatment options in patients with hemoptysis. In acute cases interventions must be performed within 12–24 hours. For background, an everyday 24 hours service should be provided with well-trained personnel, high quality equipment and devices, and a reasonable financial reimbursement should be included, too. Multidisciplinary teamwork, consultations, consensus in indications and structured education should make these centers function most effectively. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(17), 687–695.
Masszív pulmonalis embolia és thromboemboliás kórképek intervenciós radiológiai kezelése
Authors: Battyáni István , Dósa Edit , Harmat Zoltán
Published: May 2015

The authors discuss interventional radiological methods in the field of vascular interventions applied in venous system diseases. Venous diseases can be lifethreatening without appropriate treatment and can lead to chronic venous diseases and venous insufficiency which result in long lasting life quality destruction. In addition, recurrent clinical symptoms are require additional treatments. Interventional radiology has several methods that can provide fast and complete recovery if applied in time. The authors summarize these methods hoping that they will be available for a wide range of patients through the establishment of Interventional Radiological Centres and will be a part of the daily routine of patient care. Regarding the frequency of venous diseases and its influance on life quality the authors would like to draw attention to interventional radiological techniques and modern therapeutic possibilities. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(17), 674–679.
Az intervenciós neuroradiológia korszerű lehetőségei
Authors: Szikora István , Marosfői Miklós , Berentei Zsolt , Gubucz István
Published: May 2015

Modern interventional neuroradiology has a leading role in the treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and it provides more and more important treatment options for degenerative diseases of the vertebral column and the management of correlated pain. During the last decades interventional neuroradiology has played a primary role in the treatment of intracranial berry aneurysms due to the continuous technical improvements. Ongoing studies proved superiority of mechanical stent-thrombectomy in acute proximal occlusion of cerebral arteries. Less invasive neurointerventional methods, such as vertebroplasty, are widely used in osteoporotic and neoplastic pathologic fractures of the vertebral bodies. These treatments should be performed in a specialized center by well trained physicians. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(17), 680–686.
Antireflection coatings for solar panel power output enhancement
Authors: Pethuraja Gopal G. , Welser Roger E. , Zeller John W. , Puri Yash R. , Sood Ashok K. , Efstathiadis Harry , Haldar Pradeep , Harvey Jennifer L.
Published: May 2015

The impact of nanostructured broadband antireflection (AR) coatings on solar panel performance has been projected for a broad range of panel tilt angles at various locations. AR coated films have been integrated on test panels and the short-circuit current has been measured for the entire range of panel tilts. The integration of the AR coatings resulted in an increase in short-circuit current of the panels by eliminating front sheet reflection loss for a broad spectrum of light and wide angle of light incidence. The short-circuit current enhancement is 5% for normal light incidence and approximately 20% for off-angle light incidence. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) System Advisor Model (SAM) predicts that this AR coating can yield at least 6.5% improvement in solar panel annual power output. The greatest enhancement, approximately 14%, is predicted for vertical panels. The AR coating’s contributions to vertical mount panels and building-integrated solar panels are significant. This nanostructured broadband AR coating thus has the potential to lower the cost per watt of photovoltaic solar energy.
Dynamic modelling for sustainable dwellings
Authors: Motawa Ibrahim , Oladokun Michael
Published: May 2015

Different policies of the UK government have been initiated to reduce energy consumption in the housing sector. Various models have been developed to analyse the impact of these policies, which are classified as disciplinary or multidisciplinary models comprising variables related to technology, economic, sociology, occupants behaviour and climate. While being multidisciplinary, these models have limitations in simulating the complexity of household energy consumption. As a sociotechnical problem, this research aims to develop a system dynamics model to analyse profiles of household energy consumption considering the interrelationships among these influential variables. The model can assess the effect of different energy initiatives before/during their implementation. The proposed model has been used to test the effectiveness of the UK initiative Green Deal (GD) based on the most recent statistics released by the government. The model results indicate that carbon dioxide emissions savings of about 40% and 60% below the base year of 1990 are possible by 2020 and 2050, respectively. As a policy advice tool, this means that it is unlikely for this initiative by its own to meet the required legally binding reductions of 80% cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 unless the GD initiative is vigorously pursued with other energy initiatives.
The Cost and Reduction Risk of Cemented-Back Monobore Well Construction
Authors: Miller Guindon Leah
Published: May 2015

To help operators reduce costs and improve efficiency when working in the Cardium formation of central Alberta, this study of 360 completed wells details the evolution of well construction for openhole horizontal wells and provides cost and operational comparisons between drilling different wellbore sizes, running different casing sizes, and using different stage tools to cement from the heel of the well back to surface.
Optimizations in the Design and Operation of an Offshore Hydraulic Pumping System
Authors: Kpodo F. K.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents an overview of the design and operation of an offshore hydraulic pumping system on UNOCAL's Platform Eva when it was converted from a power oil to a power water system in 1983. Also described is useful economic and operational information obtained from UNOCAL's experience with the system since the switchover.

The new system exhibits several special features in the design and operation of an offshore hydraulic power water system. Emphasis was placed on maximizing operational efficiency, cost reduction, safety, and the efficient use of deck space. Platform Eva was refitted with canned electrical submersible pumps, designed within the constraints of limited deck space, electrical switchgear rating, and power fluid properties. An evaluation was performed leading to the selection of produced water as power fluid over fresh water and sea water. Guidelines for good power water quality have been established by UNOCAL's Research Department, specifying fluid solid content, oil content, and lubricity level. A new oil field filter has been introduced and used successfully to achieve the required power water quality and improved downhole pump life. In a joint effort with pump manufacturers, the normal downhole pump life has been improved over 100% with metallurgical and mechanical improvements in the standard pump system. Severe problems with tubing leaks occurred shortly after the switchover from oil to water. These problems were traced to small amounts of CO2 breaking out at low pressures in the turbulent regime of the fluid stream and were eliminated. Failure of splash zone coating caused by thermal stresses and improvements there of are also described.

Despite optimizations that improved operational efficiency of the power water system, a comparative analysis of the old and the new systems shows several economical and operational advantages of using power oil over power water as a hydraulic power fluid. The power oil system, however, is potentially a higher safety risk.
Platform Well Tieback Procedures at Island Esther
Authors: Jackson E. M.
Published: May 2015

On March 2, 1983, Island Esther, a man-made drilling and producing island located 1-1/2 miles offshore Southern California was destroyed by a severe winter storm. The ninety completed wells survived the storm; however, some were badly damaged. Two years later, a platform has been erected over these wells and the task of connecting the wells to the structure will soon begin. The following paper will discuss the methods and equipment that will be used for this operation.
Half-Century of Heavy Oil Polymer Flooding from Laboratory Core Floods to Pilot Tests and Field Applications
Authors: Saboorian-Jooybari H. , Dejam M. , Chen Z.
Published: May 2015

Reservoir development is increasingly moving towards the heavy oil resources due to the rapid decline in conventional oil reserves. With the production of conventional low gravity crude oil being surpassed by heavy oil production in Alberta, the vast fields of heavy oil have been considered an emerging source of energy to the growing demands for oil and gas. Although the applications of thermal methods have been successful in many enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, they are usually uneconomic or impractical in deep and thin pay zones reservoirs. Therefore, polymer flooding is a preferred EOR technique in such reservoirs.

An application of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirs dates back to more than half a century ago. However, it has long been considered a suitable method for reservoirs with viscosities up to 100 centipoises only. Recently, this EOR technique has attracted great attentions and become a promising method for oil recovery from heavy oil reservoirs with viscosities ranging from several hundreds to several thousands of centipoises. The main reasons for such a widespread application of the technique in heavy oil reservoirs during the last two decades have been rises in oil prices, extensive use of horizontal wells and advances in the polymer manufacturing technology. This paper aims to review the advances and technological trends of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirs since the 1960s. Upon the review, complete data sets of the laboratory works, pilot tests and field applications are established. The database provides qualitative description and quantitative statistics regarding both scientific research and practical applications. Then suitable ranges of some crucial affecting reservoir properties and polymer characteristics for successful field applications are examined. Finally, new screening criteria are developed specifically for heavy oil reservoirs based on an analysis of the data. The criteria are compared with the previously established ones. The outcome of this paper can be used as guidelines for screening, planning, design and eventually implementation of future projects.
Development of a Thermal Wellbore Simulator With Focus on Improving Heat Loss Calculations for SAGD Steam Injection
Authors: Xiong Wanqiang , Bahonar Mehdi , Chen Zhangxin
Published: May 2015

Typical thermal processes involve sophisticated wellbore configurations, complex fluid flow and heat transfer in tubing, annulus, wellbore completion, and surrounding formation. Despite notable advancements made in wellbore modeling, accurate heat loss modeling is still a challenge using the existing wellbore simulators. This challenge becomes even greater when complex but common wellbore configurations such as multi-parallel or multi-concentric tubings are used in thermal processes such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD).

To improve heat loss estimation, a standalone fully-implicit thermal wellbore simulator is developed that can handle several different wellbore configurations and completions. This simulator uses a fully implicit method to model heat loss from tubing walls to the surrounding formation. Instead of implementing the common Ramey method (1962) for heat loss calculations that has been shown to be a source of large errors, a series of computational fluid dynamical (CFD) models are run for the buoyancy driven flow for different annulus sizes and lengths and numbers of tubings. Based on these CFD models, correlations are derived that can conveniently be used for the more accurate heat loss estimation from the wellbore to the surrounding formation for SAGD injection wells with single or multiple tubing strings. These correlations are embedded in the developed wellbore simulator and results are compared with other heat loss modeling methods to demonstrate its improvements. A series of validations against commercial simulators and field data are presented in this paper.
Feasibility of Wider Well Spacing With Solvent Aided Process: A Field Test Based Investigation
Authors: Gupta Subodh , Gittins Simon , Benzvi Amos , Dragani Jarrett
Published: May 2015

The objective of the investigation was to establish from a field trial feasibility of employing fewer wells for SAGD projects using solvent co-injection. An implicit issue in in situ recovery process of bitumen or extra-heavy is the requirement of heat which in the case of SAGD translates into the use of expensive steam. Gupta and Gittins (2006) have previously described a solvent co-injection based improvement to SAGD called Solvent Aided Process (SAP) which combines the benefit of using steam with solvents. As Edmunds et al. (2010) describe, over the years, significant work has been done to show the effectiveness of SAP in improving the energy efficiency of SAGD. SAGD is carried out in repeated patterns of side-by-side horizontal well-pairs, injector and producer lying approximately in a vertical plane, with these planes spaced from each other at a distance known as well-spacing. An optimal well spacing balances well capital cost against steam related capital and operating costs.

SAP, as previously postulated (Gupta et al., 2006), allows this spacing to be larger (as much as by 100%, depending on reservoir conditions) requiring fewer well pairs to drain a given reservoir pool. To test the hypothesis Cenovus Energy conducted a field test at its Christina Lake thermal project, starting in 2009. The test location was specifically chosen to be in an isolated region which allowed for a larger lateral development of the vapor chamber without being intersected by any of the neighboring SAGD patterns.

Presented in this paper are the results of this field test showing the expected production enhancement and reduction of steam to oil ratio. Furthermore, the results are interpreted in light of the allowance of a larger well spacing. The field results presented in this work confirm the feasibility of employing wider well spacing with SAP compared with steam-alone process or SAGD. This finding will be of interest to the wider industrial community as it holds the promise to improve the economics of the oil sands and similar projects.

The findings of this investigation add to the knowledge base information related to well-spacing that has a significant impact on the economics of SAGD/SAP based projects.
Use of Flow Control Devices (FCDs) to Enforce Conformance in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Completions
Authors: Vachon G. P. , Klaczek W. , Erickson P. J. , Langer D. C. , Booy D. , Baugh A.
Published: May 2015

Flow Control Devices (FCDs) have demonstrated significant potential for improving recovery in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) production wells. One initial hypothesis was that steam breakthrough was delayed because the FCDs better homogenized injection and production by equalizing flow and compensating for pressure changes along the wellbore. However, in many cases, the field results were far greater than such an approach would have justified. The actual physics for this process are unclear, and not demonstrated in literature. Upon review of field data published by ConocoPhillips, the possibility of a steam blocking effect was proposed (Stalder, 2012), although the physical basis for this effect was not explored. This paper proposes an updated hypothesis to explain this effect, presents preliminary data to support the assumption, and introduces a new apparatus and methodology to characterize FCDs for SAGD applications.

The traditional approach to steam control states that steam flashing at the producer should be avoided, as it will eventually lead to a completion failure. Alternatively, the proposed hypothesis contemplates using steam flashing at the producer to regulate flow in various segments of the completion, thus better enforcing conformance. The physics of this process will primarily be described analytically; however, this effect was also observed qualitatively in a small-scale experiment where water was flashed across an orifice.

In order to design SAGD completions that leverage FCDs (and this effect), it was necessary to accurately characterize different FCDs under these challenging multiphase flow conditions. Since vendors use a variety of approaches when designing their FCDs, a protocol was developed to create a characterization procedure which was independent of the underlying FCD design and architecture, resulting in a direct comparison of the overall performance of each FCD. Part of this protocol required the construction of a new, high temperature multiphase flow loop capable of subjecting FCDs to representative SAGD operating conditions. Through fine control of the relevant test parameters, accurate performance measurements can be obtained for each FCD. This paper will present some information regarding the design and specifications of this new flow loop, as well as impart some of the lessons learned from its commissioning and initial operation.
Evaluation of Diffusion of Light Hydrocarbon Solvents in Bitumen
Authors: Diedro Franck , Bryan Jonathan , Kryuchkov Sergey , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: May 2015

Solvent-based processes are often used as potential recovery agents in bitumen systems, with and without the addition of heat to the solvent. Solvents can sometimes be applied as a liquid phase, during SAGD start-up operations or processes aimed at developing injectivity into the oil. Light hydrocarbon liquids are traditionally tested for this application. Solvent injection may also occur in a vapour state and its objective is to reduce oil viscosity and improve mobility of bitumen under low temperatures <100°C. In general, hydrocarbon solvents such as propane are often used for this application. The objective of this study is to conduct CT-based measurement of static mixing of bitumen and both liquid and vapour phase solvents, and to quantify some of the time-dependent changes that occur during solvent mixing with bitumen.

Diffusion experiments have been conducted with propane and DME (vapour phase) and with propane, DME, pentane and toluene (liquid phase) solvent systems. Solvents are mixed with medium viscosity Peace River bitumen and high viscosity Grosmont bitumen. The Tests are run under constant pressure and temperature, and Computer-Assisted Tomography (CT) is used to monitor mass transfer of solvent into oil as a function of time. The outcome of this study is measurements of mass transfer rates of solvent into oil, and the degree of oil phase swelling during the tests.

During solvent injection processes in the field, the rate of mixing is a key parameter that will help in deciding which solvent is optimal for different processes. This study focuses on the rate of solvent mixing with oil. In vapour phase solvent systems, the analysis of the CT images allows for an understanding of the impact of oil phase swelling on the effective rate of penetration of solvent into oil. Overall, the test data provided in this work demonstrates that DME mixes into oil faster than other solvents, and leads to more swelling in a vapour solvent-bitumen system. The analysis of CT data provides an understanding of concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients and limitations from predicting mass transfer using constant coefficients in liquid and vapour solvent systems.
Optimizing Steam Injection Scheduling Using Analytical Models in a Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Oliveira Felipe Silva , Gomes Diego Miranda , Cavalcante José Reinaldo , Leitão Hélio Chagas
Published: May 2015

In a heavy oil field producing through cyclic steam stimulation, one of the most complex and time spending tasks, for the reservoir team, is scheduling steam injection across the field. Because there are so many wells, optimizing steam quota and soaking time are usually calculated or simulated for a well, defined as representative for the entire field or at least for an area. That method optimizes the steam stimulation for each cycle of the representative well, but not necessarily optimizes the net present value or reserves for the entire field. Optimizing an entire field through numerical simulation can be frustrating as it consumes lots of time and requires expensive computational infrastructure. This paper shows that analytical methods can be used to optimize net present value (NPV) or reserves in a heavy oil field through massive computing in a probabilistic approach in a much shorter time than it would be done with a numerical simulator, above all in an uncertainty assessment. It can help, also, to analyze the economical convenience of buying new steam generators or moving them between fields or areas.
Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Bitumen Bearing Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Arthur James Kofi , Akinbobola Oluwaseyi , Kryuchkov Sergey , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: May 2015

The increasing imperative to reliably forecast thermal recovery in bituminous reservoirs has heightened interest to study thermal properties of rock-fluid systems, notably that of thermal conductivity. Several measurement techniques have been developed. However, these are typically fraught with limitations aiming at an amenable analytical asssessment. As a result, complex calibrations are implemented, which are susceptible to numerous errors. In this paper, an alternative, more accurate and unique method of thermal conductivity measurement is presented. The method combines two different measurement systems that are capable of measuring heat flux axially and radially. Nonetheless, in both experimental systems, heat is transferred across the test sample after a temperature gradient is established between two defined regions of the sample. The apparati are complemented by computational fluid dynamic models that mimic the physical models at the measurement conditions. A combination of the physical measurements and numerical simulations under steady state conditions is used to provide the final thermal conductivity values. A number of fluid and reservoir samples are tested in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the method. These tests provide evidence of the utility of the method in allowing for variability of sample form, as well as temperature and pressure conditions. Furthermore, both physical experiments and computational models permit and sufficiently account for fluid flow while thermal conductivity is being measured. It is shown that this method is distinctively able to yield accurate results irrespective of the sample size and shape limitations, and attendant heat losses.
Geochemical Bitumen Characterization for the Saleski Steam Pilot in the Grosmont Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Wei Wei , Yang Daniel
Published: May 2015

Since 2012, horizontal wells at the Saleski Pilot are operated with cyclic steam injection and production, recovering bitumen from the naturally fractured Grosmont carbonate reservoir. A recent geochemical characterization study indicates distinctive vertical variation in fluid compositions within the reservoir. The Grosmont is a highly fractured carbonate rock. Targeted production horizons in this reservoir are Grosmont C (20 m pay) and Grosmont D (30 m pay) units, which are separated by a laterally extensive, 1-2 m thick Marl. The Marl is partially oil saturated, interlaminated with green shale, and fractured. It is indistinguishable by core observation whether the Marl layer is a barrier or a baffle for fluid flow. The geochemical bitumen characterization provides indications to address this question.

For the Saleski Pilot project, a number of bitumen samples were extracted from vertical cores to determine the molecular composition of the bitumen in place and to identify biomarkers for production correlation. There is evidence that the oil in Grosmont C and D units originated from the same source rock. However, the observation of biomarker discontinuity between the two units, C and D, indicates the Marl was likely a barrier (no fluid communication) during the biodegradation process. The significant differences in degraded oil compositions above and below the Marl further suggest different conditions lead to independent biodegradation processes in each unit.

Continuous production samples were taken from Saleski Pilot wells (both in Grosmont C and D units) and analyzed to allocate production intervals. The results have shown evidence of mass communication between the two units, which suggests the Marl is being a baffle rather than barrier during thermal operation. This finding suggests that the oil was biodegraded in the formation prior to any fracturing.
Evaluation of Thermal Efficiency of the Pre-Heat Period in the SAGD Process for Different Completion Methods
Authors: Saks Delon , Kyanpour Mohammad , Onamade Ola
Published: May 2015

In the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process, the pre-heat is a very important step in the successful development of the steam chamber. The pre-heat period lasts months and is deemed complete when the temperature between the injector and producer is high enough to establish hydraulic communication. A uniform pre-heat along the wellbore is crucial to achieve steam chamber conformance throughout the life of the well pair. The efficiency of the pre-heat can be affected by several factors, with completion type being one of the most important among them. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of this factor on thermal efficiency during the pre-heat phase of the SAGD process.

In this study, the completion practices in five major SAGD projects in Alberta, Canada (Suncor's Firebag and Mckay River, Cenovus' Christina Lake and Foster Creek, and ConocoPhillip's Surmont) were evaluated. The critical factor used to determine the efficiency of any completion type in the pre-heat process is the heat loss and heat exchange along the producer and injector wellbores and the completion components. This variation in thermal efficiency results from factors such as concentric versus eccentric dual tubing completion, and tubular size, length and configuration.

The results of the study provide a comparison of different completion practices in the five major SAGD operations in Canada. The simulation modeling of the process, along with field experience and observations, helped to understand the impact of counter-current heat exchange and heat loss in concentric versus eccentric completions. Also, the results were used to quantitatively evaluate the impact that vacuum insulated tubing has on delivering energy to the reservoir and its associated thermal efficiency during the pre-heat process.

This paper is aimed at providing a better understanding of the impact of different completion methods on thermal efficiency during the pre-heat period in the SAGD process. The study also incorporated actual field performance of the 5 major SAGD projects available in the public domain and AER reports.