bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does frequency count? Parental input and the acquisition of vocabulary
Authors: GOODMAN JUDITH C. , DALE PHILIP S. , LI PING
Published: June 2008

Studies examining factors that influence when words are learned typically investigate one lexical category or a small set of words. We provide the first evaluation of the relation between input frequency and age of acquisition for a large sample of words. The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory provides norming data on age of acquisition for 562 individual words collected from the parents of children aged 0 ; 8 to 2 ; 6. The CHILDES database provides estimates of frequency with which parents use these words with their children (age: 0 ; 7–7 ; 5; mean age: 36 months). For production, across all words higher parental frequency is associated with later acquisition. Within lexical categories, however, higher frequency is related to earlier acquisition. For comprehension, parental frequency correlates significantly with the age of acquisition only for common nouns. Frequency effects change with development. Thus, frequency impacts vocabulary acquisition in a complex interaction with category, modality and developmental stage.
Segmental properties of input to infants: a study of Korean
Authors: LEE SOYOUNG , DAVIS BARBARA L. , MACNEILAGE PETER F.
Published: June 2008

Segmental distributions of Korean infant-directed speech (IDS) and adult-directed speech (ADS) were compared. Significant differences were found in both consonant and vowel patterns. Korean-speaking mothers using IDS displayed more frequent labial consonantal place and less frequent coronal and glottal place and fricative manner. They showed more use of mid and low central vowels in IDS as well as more use of language-specific Korean phonemes. Mothers produced significantly more fortis and geminate and less lenis consonant phonemes in IDS than in ADS. Findings suggest that Korean mothers speaking to infants in the IDS speech style use sounds that more closely match infant production propensities as well as highlighting perceptually salient properties. IDS may serve to facilitate infant learning of ambient language phonological regularities.
Leisure, luxury and urban specialization in the eighteenth century
Authors: STOBART JON , SCHWARZ LEONARD
Published: June 2008

This article forms a contribution to the ongoing debate about the nature of an English urban renaissance. We draw on Schwarz's designation of residential leisure towns to explore the spread of leisure and luxury through a broad range of towns. Our analysis reveals that leisure facilities and luxury service and retail provision were widespread, but that residential leisure towns appear as qualitatively different places, the status of which was contingent upon social profile and cultural-economy, rather than demographic, political or socio-economic make up. We conclude by arguing that urban typologies based on specialization should be tempered with older-established and more subjective categorizations based on the status of the town.
Mass commodity culture and identity: the Morning Chronicle and Irish migrants in a nineteenth-century Welsh industrial town
Authors: O'LEARY PAUL
Published: June 2008

The ‘Labour and the Poor’ investigations of the Morning Chronicle newspaper, which charted social conditions in towns outside London in 1849–51, subjected Irish migrants in Britain to a hostile journalistic gaze. In the case of the iron-manufacturing town of Merthyr Tydfil in south Wales, the minority Irish ethnic identity was defined by observers in terms of exclusion from an emerging mass commodity culture and in opposition to the native working class. This early investigative journalism deployed some conventions of the contemporary novel that were familiar to its mainly middle-class readership to root social identities in material conditions.
‘Round-table discussions and small
conferences’: reflections on the slow gestation of the Urban History
Group
Authors: LAXTON PAUL
Published: June 2008

A small group of urban historians met informally at the annual conference of the
Economic History Society in 1962. In 1963, H.J. (Jim) Dyos, very much in charge
of the enterprise, began circulating a subscription newsletter. The early issues
of the Urban History Newsletter (the ancestor
of this journal) reveal the slow and hesitant way in which the Urban History
Group formed, growing rapidly in membership but reluctant to develop into a
formal society and determined against the establishment of a conventional
journal. There were after-dinner talks in 1966 and 1967 but only in April 1968
was a full-day meeting established in a pattern still followed 40 years on. This
light-hearted account is based on Dyos'
‘editorials’ in the Newsletter and personal memories of the man himself.
Research in urban history: recent theses on international and comparative urban history
Authors: KWAK NANCY HAEKYUNG
Published: June 2008

The editorial board of urban history has decided to change the format of the ‘review of theses’ section. While wishing to retain a survey of the most recent doctoral studies in urban history, we have decided to focus each review on a specific theme or topic, written by a current student or postdoctoral researcher. The first of these reviews, by Nancy Haekyung Kwak, surveys theses in international and/or comparative urban history.
GENETICS OF CARDIAC MALFORMATIONS
Authors: TANG SHA , HUANG TAOSHENG
Published: June 2008

Congenital heart disease is one of the most common major malformations in humans, contributing substantially to the financial and psychological burden of child healthcare. About one percent of children are born with heart defects, and every year, more children die from congenital heart disease than are diagnosed with cancer. A diagnosis of congenital heart disease is frightening for parents, particularly when it affects a fragile newborn. The heart is the first organ to be matured in a human fetus and if a particular congenital heart defect is compatible with fetal life, the child will be born with a defective heart. More than 300 genetic syndromes are associated with congenital cardiac defects. In this review, we will discuss the genetics of congenital heart disease, how to carry out a diagnosis of the genetic causes and how to provide counseling for families with congenital heart disease.
Developing country participation in the GATT: a reassessment
Authors: WILKINSON RORDEN , SCOTT JAMES
Published: June 2008

Two broad interpretations currently prevail in the literature on developing country participation in the GATT. The first suggests that developing countries spent most of their time in the GATT negotiating to be relieved of various commitments, focusing on the pursuit of industrialization through import substitution and/or free-riding on the commitments made by their industrial counterparts. The second interpretation suggests that developing countries spent the majority of their time in the GATT either as ‘quiet bystanders’ lacking the expertise or political representation to participate fully, or else attempting to redress biases in the institution's design. The problem with both of these interpretations is that while each has merit neither offers a sufficiently rounded account of developing country participation. Our purpose in this paper is to offer an alternative account of developing country participation that shows more accurately the extent and variation of that participation. We argue that throughout the development of the GATT developing countries were active participants that consistently sought to have an impact on the nature and direction of the multilateral trading system. We also argue that while the energy of developing countries was often directed towards negotiating more favourable treatment for themselves, this was a result more of the asymmetrical manner in which the GATT was deployed and a consequence of their relative underdevelopment than of a desire to free-ride on the favourable trading conditions created by the concession exchanging activities of others.
Cross-agreement retaliation in the WTO dispute settlement system: an important enforcement mechanism for developing countries?
Authors: SPADANO LUCAS EDUARDO F. A.
Published: June 2008

This article aims at analysing the merits and limits of ‘cross-retaliation’ as a mechanism to induce compliance in WTO dispute settlement, specifically from the perspective of developing countries. The focus is on cross-agreement retaliation, in particular with respect to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), as this seems to be the most ‘promising’ area for developing countries. Although there are several legal, economic, and administrative difficulties related to the implementation of a suspension of TRIPS obligations and there is so far no practical experience, this seems to remain an interesting option for developing countries – or at least for the largest ones among them – wishing to obtain greater leverage in the system.
The US–Canada softwood lumber dispute and the WTO definition of subsidy
Authors: GAGNÉ GILBERT , ROCH FRANÇOIS
Published: June 2008

In the softwood lumber dispute, the United States argues that Canada's forestry practices, especially the fees charged by provincial governments to private firms to harvest trees on public lands (stumpage rights), result in undue subsidization of Canadian lumber. Within the World Trade Organization, the concept of subsidy is defined as a ‘government financial contribution’ that confers a ‘benefit’ on firms and that is ‘specific’. In US–Softwood Lumber IV, the WTO authorities ruled that stumpage rights were specific and constituted a financial contribution through the provision of a good (timber). However, in order to demonstrate whether and to what extent these rights confer a benefit on lumber producers, the United States still has to ensure that its methodology to assess the ‘adequacy of remuneration’ is compatible with WTO provisions and to conduct a satisfactory ‘pass-through’ analysis of the alleged input stumpage subsidy to unrelated downstream lumber producers.
Drought-tolerant gene screening in wheat using rice microarray
Authors: Zhou-Da Xu , Rui-Lian Jing , Qiang Gan , Hai-Pan Zeng , Xue-Hui Sun , Hei Leung , Tie-Gang Lu , Guo-Zhen Liu
Published: June 2008

To investigate the wheat transcriptional profile under drought stress, a drought-tolerant variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Hanxuan 10, was treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) and samples were collected at 0, 1, 6 and 24 h. Complementary DNA was labelled with fluorescent dye and hybridized with the BGI-RiceChip, a whole genome rice gene chip platform, which contains over 60 000 oligos based on the rice genome sequence. Data analysis detected 166, 207 and 328 differentially expressed genes (DGs), respectively, at 1, 6 and 24 h, indicating that the number of DGs increased with the length of the PEG treatment. Functional category analysis showed that the number of DGs related to energy metabolism pathways increased – 4.2%, 8.2% and 16.8%, respectively, as a proportion of the total number of DGs. Most of the photosynthesis-related genes were up-regulated. It is interesting to note that Psbr and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)-coding genes were down-regulated, suggesting their potential role in the response to drought tolerance.
Classification of wheat PPO genes and effect of non-synonymous cSNP on kernel PPO activity
Authors: Xiao-Bo Wang , Chuan-Xi Ma , Hong-Qi Si , Xian-Fang He
Published: June 2008

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity is highly related to the undesirable browning of wheat-based end products. In this study, wheat PPO sequences (mRNA) were searched/BLASTed in the NCBI database and aligned using DNAMAN software. The results showed that wheat PPO genes could be divided into two clusters (I and II) and that three genes (‘i’) of cluster II seemed not to be located on chromosomes 2A and 2D. Ninety-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected between two haplotypes of the PPO gene on chromosome 2D. Eighty of these were found in the coding region (coding (c) SNPs) and 36 were non-synonymous cSNPs, which could affect the PPO amino acid sequence. Primers (STS-H) were designed at some non-synonymous cSNPs sites and were used to investigate the correlations between allelic variants and PPO activity of seeds – a total of 130 common wheat varieties were evaluated in 2 years. The results showed that STS-H could amplify a 460 bp DNA fragment in most cultivars with high PPO activity, while no PCR product was detected in most cultivars with low PPO activity. To improve the selection efficiency of a single dominance molecular marker, the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system of STS-H and STS01 markers was also studied, based on the complementary between them.
AFLP analyses on genetic diversity and structure ofEupatorium adenophorumpopulations in China
Authors: Wen-Kun Huang , Jian-Ying Guo , Fang-Hao Wan , Bi-Da Gao , Bing-Yan Xie
Published: June 2008

Eupatorium adenophorum(crofton weed) is one of the most widespread invasive species in China. Its genetic diversity and population structure in China were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Three primer pairs were selected for the analysis and 490 bands were produced from 62E. adenophorumpopulations selected from five major geographic areas. A total of 328 of the bands showed polymorphism [percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB)=59.4%]. Diversity levels of populations were relatively high (mean expected heterozygosity=0.154, mean Shannon index=0.241). At the regional level, the AMOVA indicated that about 70.25% of variation in the data set was from genotypic variations within populations, whereas 8.04% of the variation was due to regional differences, and the remaining 21.71% to differences among populations within the provincial regions. Cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair-group method using the method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) grouped the majority ofE. adenophorumpopulations into four main clusters, which correspond to their geographic regions. It is concluded thatE. adenophorumspread mainly by wind or water and its genetic diversity level in newly invaded areas was lower than that in formerly colonized areas.
Cloning, expression and activity ofcry1Iagene fromBacillus thuringiensisisolate
Authors: Li-Ming Dou , Lan-Lan Han , Jie Zhang , Kang-lai He , Kui-Jun Zhao , Da-Fang Huang , Fu-Ping Song
Published: June 2008

A full-lengthcry1Iagene fragment, obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with a pair of primers designed according tocry1Ia-type gene sequences and DNA fromBacillus thuringiensisas template, was introduced into the expression vector pET-21b and transformed intoEscherichia coliBL21(DE3). The molecular weight of the induced expression product was 81.2 kDa. The amino acid sequence of Cry1Ia was very different from sequences of 12 known Cry1Ia-type proteins. This gene was designated ascry1Ia8by the InternationalB. thuringiensisInsecticidal Protein Nomenclature Committee (accession number AF373207). The bioassay results indicated that Cry1Ia toxin protein showed distinct insecticidal activity againstOstrinia furnacalisandPlutella xylostellawith LC50of 0.268 μg/g and 2.227 μg/ml, respectively. It also had insecticidal activity againstLeguminivora glycinivorella, but not againstPyrrhalta aenescens. The novelcry1Ia8gene will be an important resource in constructing genetically engineered bacteria and transgenic plants for biocontrol of insect pests. It is also available for screening gene stacks to delay pest resistance.
Identification of Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus receptor in PK cell membranes
Authors: Hui-Jun Lu , Wen-Qi He , De-Guang Song , Li-Guo Liu , Ling-Zhu Chang , Zhi-Ping Li , Ke-Yan Chen , Feng Gao
Published: June 2008

To identify Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) 67N receptor in porcine kidney (PK) cell membranes, the S1 protein of HEV was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatograph. Polyclonal antibodies to HEV were prepared by immunizing rabbits by injecting the purified S1 protein four times. After SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), the PK cell membrane proteins were transferred on to nitrocellulose membrane. A virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) was performed using the recombinant S1 protein to identify the protein binding receptor, HEV-S1. The result showed that HEV-S1 protein bound to one band (about 90 kDa) in PK cell membranes. This result is very important for the study of the pathogenic mechanism of HEV.
Effects of donor sex and different cell treatments on development of yak–bovine interspecies nuclear transfer embryos
Authors: Ying Liu , Shi-En Zhu , Rong Li , Li-Li Wang , Hai-Ping Wang , Fang-Rong Ding , Jing Li , Song Li , Yun-Ping Dai
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of donor sex, treatments of cell cycle synchronization and donor nuclei obtained from fresh or frozen–thawed conditions on developmental competence of yak–bovine interspecies nuclear transfer embryos. Bovine (Bos taurus) oocytes were used as recipients and yak (Bos grunniens) ear fibroblast cells were used as donors. Results indicated that the development rate of male blastocysts was higher than that of female (56.6% versus 39.5%, P<0.05), whereas cleavage and total cell number showed no difference between the two groups. No significant difference was observed in the development and quality of blastocysts with donor cells treated by serum starvation or contact inhibition, and there was no significant difference in embryo development with fresh or frozen–thawed donor cells, whereas the cleavage rate in the group of frozen–thawed cells was significantly lower than that of the fresh cell group (54.5% versus 78.2%, P<0.05). The results demonstrated that donor sex could impact the developmental competence of yak–bovine interspecies nuclear transfer embryos, whereas different treatments of cell cycle synchronization and freezing had little influence.
THE PROBLEM OF MORAL PROGRESS: THE SLAVERY DEBATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERAL PROTESTANTISM IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: OSHATZ MOLLY
Published: June 2008

The slavery debates in the antebellum United States sparked a turning point in American theology. They forced moderately antislavery Protestants, including William Ellery Channing, Francis Wayland, and Horace Bushnell, to reconcile their contradictory loyalties to the Bible and to antislavery reform. Unable to use the letter of the Bible to make a scriptural case against slavery in itself, the moderates argued that although slavery had been acceptable in biblical times, it had become a sin. Antislavery Protestantism required a theory of moral progress, a deeply unorthodox idea that became fundamental to the development of late nineteenth-century liberal Protestantism. The antislavery argument from moral progress, along with the moral progress represented by abolition, established a progressive conception of revelation that would be further developed by late nineteenth-century liberal theologians, including Newman Smyth, Lyman Abbott, and Theodore Munger.
EMERSON'S CROSSING:ENGLISH TRAITSAND THE POLITICS OF “POLITICS”
Authors: GRIFFIN MARTIN
Published: June 2008

As the American political controversies of the 1850s were as much about the category of the political as about slavery, property, or territorial expansion, so did Emerson's focus shift from a philosophical exploration of politics to a lived experience of conflict and a new poetics of political writing. The essay “Politics,” published in 1844, explored an idealist vision emerging from Transcendentalism, but the engagement with British power and cultural authority that took place during his long visit in 1847 and 1848 opened up an existential challenge to the premises of that essay. Although critical of intellectual rigidity and closed minds, Emerson finds himself drawn to the inner assurance of British society. The marginal status ofEnglish Traits(1856), Emerson's account of his travels, is reflected in the relative paucity of critical discussion of the book.English Traitsrepresents, however, not only the confrontation with British pragmatism but a new perspective on the relationship between ideas and power. As the orientation of this text is away from Transcendentalist hermeneutics and toward irony, one way of reintegratingEnglish Traitsinto American intellectual history is to alter its status as a detour in Emerson's writing career, lacking in real significance, and instead to read it as one of the symptomatic literary productions of the 1850s.
IDENTITY BECOMES AN ISSUE: EUROPEAN LITERATURE IN THE 1920S
Authors: IZENBERG GERALD
Published: June 2008

The meaning of “identity” in its contemporary sense of “who—or what—I am” is of relatively recent vintage. It became current as a concept of individual and group psychology only through Erik Erikson's work in the 1950s and its extension to collectivities in the social and political upheavals of the 1960s. But an important strand of European literature began calling the possibility of fixed self-definition into question in the 1920s, occasionally even deploying the word “identity” explicitly. In the work of Hermann Hesse, Virginia Woolf, Luigi Pirandello, Robert Musil, Hermann Broch and Franz Kafka, the dualistic representation of selfhood prevalent in much of prewar modernism gave way to the image of an infinitely fragmented and ontologically unfounded self not exhausted by any, or even the sum, of its many possible designations. For these authors, the events and aftermath of World War One desacralized a whole range of abstract collective identities—national or imperial citizen, cultured European, gebildete bourgeois, manly male, the spiritual “eternal feminine”—which had furnished the most deeply rooted and honored individual identities of prewar Europe. As a consequence, identity itself was undermined. The paradox of the birth of identity is that it was discovered in the negation of its very possibility.
Ethikberatung in der Klinik – ein integratives Modell für die Praxis und ihre Reflexion
Authors: Reiter-Theil Stella
Published: June 2008

Vor dem Hintergrund einer breiten Evidenz für die Wahrnehmung ethischer Schwierigkeiten in der Patientenversorgung bei Ärzten, Pflegenden und Therapeuten ist eine ganze Palette von Formen der ethischen Unterstützung sinnvoll. Als eine ad hoc-wirksame Form wird das Ethikkonsil anhand eines authentischen Fallbeispiels illustriert. Ein integratives Modell wird vorgestellt, das eine («Schulen»-übergreifende) Erfassung und Reflexion von Aktivitäten, die für das Ethikkonsil konstitutiv sind, ermöglicht. Abschließend werden zentrale Do’s – und Dont’s – der ethischen Fallberatung zur Diskussion formuliert.
Kindliche Opfer sexueller und körperlicher Gewalt
Authors: Gerlach Kathrin
Published: June 2008

Gewalt gegen Kinder ist ein soziokulturelles Phänomen, das in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in unserer Öffentlichkeit diskutiert wird. Neben der Behandlung erlittener somatischer und seelischer Gesundheitsstörungen zählt der Schutz des Kindes vor weiteren Gewaltangriffen zu den Aufgaben des behandelnden Arztes. Grundlage hierfür sind die sachkundige Verletzungsbegutachtung in der ärztlichen Praxis und entsprechende Kenntnisse über pragmatische Vorgehensweisen und rechtliche Konsequenzen bei Verdacht auf Kindsmisshandlung. Im folgenden Artikel werden die Grundlagen der forensischen Begutachtung bei Verdacht auf körperliche oder sexuelle Misshandlung sowie die Vorgehensweise nach der Sicherung der Diagnose «Kindsmisshandlung» praxisorientiert dargestellt und die morphologischen Befunde und charakteristischen Befundmuster beschrieben, die häufig im Zusammenhang mit sexuellen und körperlichen Übergriffen an Kindern beobachtet werden können.
Der Behandlungsfehlervorwurf – juristisches Prozedere und mögliche Konsequenzen
Authors: Dittmann Volker , Hausmann Roland
Published: June 2008

Haftpflichtverfahren gegen Ärzte haben in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen. Am Anfang gerichtlicher Auseinandersetzungen stehen häufig Kommunikationsprobleme. Über unerwünschte Zwischenfälle sollte offen informiert werden, dies bedeutet noch keine Anerkennung einer Haftungsverpflichtung. Viele Verfahren werden nach einvernehmlicher Einholung von Gutachten außergerichtlich beendet. Bei nachgewiesenem Behandlungsfehler kann außer einer Verurteilung zu privatrechtlicher Haftung auch ein Strafverfahren drohen. Die wichtigsten juristischen Verfahrensschritte und ihre Konsequenzen werden dargestellt.
Abklärung der Fahreignung
Authors: Römer Konstanze D.
Published: June 2008

Das Führen eines Kraftfahrzeugs im öffentlichen Straßenverkehr stellt hohe Leistungsanforderungen an den Fahrzeuglenker, die infolge täglicher Gewohnheit zumeist unterschätzt werden. Die grundlegende Fähigkeit zum sicheren und situationsadäquaten Führen eines Motorfahrzeugs (Fahreignung) kann durch die Einnahme leistungsmindernder Substanzen sowie durch verschiedene körperliche Erkrankungen und psychische Störungen vorübergehend oder dauerhaft beeinträchtigt werden. Die Überprüfung der allgemeinen psychischen und physischen Voraussetzungen zum sicheren Führen eines Kraftfahrzeugs im öffentlichen Straßenverkehr (Fahreignung) ist Gegenstand der verkehrsmedizinischen Begutachtung. Dabei sollte es sich stets um eine individuelle Begutachtung des Einzelfalls entsprechend der anerkannten Richtlinien durch einen verkehrsmedizinisch erfahrenen Gutachter handeln, um diejenigen Verkehrsteilnehmer vom Straßenverkehr fernzuhalten, die eine erhebliche Gefahr für sich und andere darstellen und andererseits jene, von denen kein erhebliches Risiko ausgeht, nicht unverhältnismäßig in ihren persönlichen Freiheitsrechten einzuschränken.
Der außergewöhnliche Todesfall
Authors: Plattner Thomas , Zollinger Ulrich
Published: June 2008

Die Untersuchung einer verstorbenen Person (Leichenschau) ist eine wichtige ärztliche Pflicht. Sie umfasst die sichere Diagnose des Todes, die gründliche Untersuchung des Leichnams, die Überprüfung seiner Identität und die Schätzung des Todeszeitpunktes. Der Arzt muss den Totenschein korrekt ausstellen und die Angehörigen der verstorbenen Person ärztlich betreuen. Schließlich muss er entscheiden, ob es sich um einen gewaltsamen oder unklaren und somit außergewöhnlichen Tod handelt, der der ärztlichen Meldepflicht untersteht. Anhand praktischer Fallbeispiele soll aufgezeigt werden, wo Probleme und mögliche Fallstricke liegen können.
Medizinische Entscheidungen am Lebensende und Beihilfe zum Suizid
Authors: Bosshard Georg
Published: June 2008

Medizinische Entscheidungen am Lebensende mit der Konsequenz einer möglichen Beschleunigung des Todeseintritts des Patienten können eingeteilt werden wie folgt: Behandlungsverzicht und -abbruch (passive Sterbehilfe), Opiate und Sedativa am Lebensende (indirekte Sterbehilfe, inklusive die sogenannte terminale Sedierung), Beihilfe zum Suizid, sowie die in jedem Fall verbotene aktive Sterbehilfe. Bei der passiven und indirekten Sterbehilfe ist der Wille des urteilsfähigen respektive der mutmaßliche Wille des nicht urteilsfähigen Patienten zentral. Beihilfe zum Suizid ist gemäß Schweizer Strafrecht dann nicht illegal, wenn auf Seiten des Sterbehelfers keine eigennützigen Motive vorliegen und die sterbewillige Person urteilsfähig ist. Für sich an einer Beihilfe beteiligende Ärzte gelten zudem spezifisch ärztliche Sorgfaltspflichten. Diese sind kürzlich durch einen Bundesgerichtsentscheid klarer definiert worden.
Test d’Indépendance au Contexte (TIC) et Structure des Représentations Sociales
Authors: Monaco Grégory Lo , Lheureux Florent , Halimi-Falkowicz Séverine
Published: June 2008

Deux techniques permettent le repérage systématique du système central d’une représentation sociale: la technique de la mise en cause (MEC) et le modèle des schèmes cognitifs de base (SCB). Malgré cet apport, ces techniques présentent des inconvénients: la MEC, de par son principe de double négation, et les SCB, de par la longueur de passation. Une nouvelle technique a été développée: le test d’indépendance au contexte (TIC). Elle vise à rendre compte des caractères trans-situationnel ou contingent des éléments représentationnels, tout en présentant un moindre coût cognitif perçu. Deux objets de représentation ont été étudiés auprès d’une population étudiante. Les résultats révèlent que le TIC paraît, aux participants, cognitivement moins coûteux que la MEC. De plus, le TIC permet un repérage du noyau central identique à celui offert par la MEC.
Television Viewing, Computer Use, and a Hostile Perception of Classmates Among Adolescents From 34 Countries
Authors: Kuntsche Emmanuel , Overpeck Mary , Dallago Lorenza
Published: June 2008

The present study investigated the relationship between adolescents’ perception of a lack of classmate support and their individual and their respective culture’s daily amounts of television viewing and computer use. We tested multilevel regression models based on data from the responses of 150 552 adolescents aged 11, 13, and 15 years from 34 cultures who participated in the 2001-2002 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey. Results revealed that the average amount of television viewing in the respective adolescents’ culture explained variation in their perception of a lack of classmate support in addition to their own amount of television viewing. No effect for computer use was found. It appears that, in countries in which a great deal of television is consumed, everyone is affected and not only those who watch a high amount of television. This adds to concerns about television viewing as a significant risk to the health of adolescents.
A Bayesian calibration of a simple carbon cycle model: The role of observations in estimating and reducing uncertainty
Authors: Ricciuto Daniel M. , Davis Kenneth J. , Keller Klaus
Published: June 2008

The strengths of future carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks are highly uncertain. A sound methodology to characterize current and predictive uncertainties in carbon cycle models is crucial for the design of efficient carbon management strategies. We demonstrate such a methodology, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), by performing a Bayesian calibration of a simple global‐scale carbon cycle model with historical carbon cycle observations to (1) estimate probability density functions (PDFs) of key carbon cycle parameters, (2) derive statistically sound probabilistic predictions of future CO2 sinks, and (3) assess the utility of hypothetical observation systems to reduce prediction uncertainties. We find that the PDFs of model parameter estimates are not normally distributed, and the residuals show statistically significant temporal autocorrelation. The assumption of normally distributed PDFs likely causes biased results, and the neglect of autocorrelation in the residual of the annual CO2 time series causes overconfidence in parameter estimates and predictions. Using interannually varying global temperature observations as forcing provides important information: terrestrial parameter PDFs are shifted and are more sharply constrained when compared to PDFs estimated when forcing the carbon cycle with a simple energy‐balance model. Although CO2 observations provide a strong constraint on the total carbon sink, adding independent observations of terrestrial and oceanic fluxes has the potential to reduce uncertainty in predictions of this total sink more rapidly. Assimilating hypothetical annual observations of terrestrial and oceanic CO2 fluxes with realistic uncertainties reduces predictive uncertainties about CO2 sinks in the year 2050 by as much as a factor of 2 compared to assimilating CO2 concentrations alone.
Global prediction of δA and δ2H‐δ18O evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality
Authors: Gibson J. J. , Birks S. J. , Edwards T. W. D.
Published: June 2008

Global trends in the δ2H‐δ18O enrichment slope of continental lakes and shallow soil water undergoing natural evaporation are predicted on the basis of a steady state isotope balance model using basic monthly climate data (i.e., temperature and humidity), isotopes in precipitation data, and a simple equilibrium liquid‐vapor model to estimate isotopes in atmospheric moisture. The approach, which demonstrates the extension of well‐known conceptual models in stable isotope hydrology to the global scale, is intended to serve as a baseline reference for evaluating field‐based isotope measurements of vapor, surface water, and soil water and as a diagnostic tool for more complex ecosystem models, including isotope‐equipped climate models. Our simulations reproduce the observed local evaporation line slopes (4–5 range for lakes and 2–3 range for soil water) for South America, Africa, Australia, and Europe. A systematic increase in slopes (5–8 range for lakes) toward the high latitudes is also predicted for lakes and soil water in northern North America, Asia, and Antarctica illustrating a latitudinal (mainly seasonality‐related) control on the evaporation signals that has not been widely reported. The over‐riding control on the poleward steepening of the local evaporation lines is found to be the isotopic separation between evaporation‐flux‐weighted atmospheric moisture and annual precipitation, and to lesser extents temperature and humidity, all of which are influenced by enhanced seasonality in cold regions.
Internal structure of a contourite drift generated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Koenitz Dorit , White Nicky , McCave I. Nick , Hobbs Richard
Published: June 2008

We describe the internal structure and stratigraphy of a well‐imaged contourite drift from the Southern Ocean. This drift, which we have named the South Falkland Slope Drift, lies on the northern flank of the Falkland Trough due south of the Falkland Islands. Drifts which occur directly in the path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), downstream of the Drake Passage gateway, are of considerable paleoceanographic significance since their detailed stratigraphic record will help to constrain the history of the ACC. We have reprocessed a grid of seismic reflection profiles generously provided by WesternGeco Ltd. in order to enhance imaging of the South Falkland Slope Drift and of drift deposits within the trough. The resultant high‐quality images enable us to map the internal architecture of these drifts in unprecedented detail. By combining seismic stratigraphic mapping with measured sedimentation rates from nearby boreholes, we have inferred ages of the principal mappable horizons. With minor adjustments to sedimentation rates through time, we can show that these ages correspond to significant Southern Ocean events. We propose that the South Falkland Slope Drift initiated at 24.5–20.5 Ma, in accordance with some, but not all, published estimates of ACC establishment. A highly reflective horizon with an estimated age of 14.5 Ma corresponds to growth of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which led to a period of significant global cooling. A similarly bright reflective horizon with an estimated age of 9 Ma is thought to be related to a reorganization of bottom current flow which just predated establishment of grounded ice sheets on the Antarctic Peninsular shelf. Finally, a prominent early Pliocene unconformity at 4.5 Ma may be linked with the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation or with Antarctic ice sheet expansion. We conclude that this well‐imaged drift is an important, and largely continuous, stratigraphic record of ACC activity and suggest that it would be an excellent drilling target.
Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long‐term single‐pass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power
Authors: Emery Barbara A. , Coumans Valérie , Evans David S. , Germany Glynn A. , Greer M. Sue , Holeman Ernest , Kadinsky‐Cade Katharine , Rich Frederick J. , Xu Weibin
Published: June 2008

Electron auroral energy flux is characterized by electron hemispheric power (Hpe) estimated since 1978 from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites after the estimates were corrected for instrumental problems and adjusted to a common baseline. Similarly, intersatellite adjusted ion hemispheric power (Hpi) estimates come from one MetOp and four NOAA satellites beginning in 1998. The hemispheric power (Hp) estimates are very crude, coming from single satellite passes referenced to 10 global activity levels, where the Hpi estimates are the difference between the total and the electron Hp (Hpi = Hpt‐Hpe). However, hourly averaged NOAA/DMSP Hpe and Hpi estimates correlate well with hourly Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) Hpt and Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) far ultraviolet (FUV) Hpe and Hpi estimates. Hpe winter values were larger than summer values ∼65% of the time (when geomagnetic activity was moderate or higher), and Hpe were larger in the summer ∼35% of the time (typically for low geomagnetic activity). Hpe was ∼40% larger at winter solstice than summer solstice for the largest Hp from mostly nightside increases, and Hpe was ∼35% larger in summer than winter for the smallest Hp owing to dayside auroral enhancements. Ion precipitation differed from electron precipitation because it was almost always larger in summer than winter. Hpe and Hpi increased with Kp, solar wind speed (Vsw), and negative Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz, similar to previous studies. Hpi also increased strongly with positive Bz. For quiet conditions, Hpe increased with increasing 10.7‐cm solar flux (Sa), while Hpi increased with Sa up to Sa ∼115 for all conditions.
Assessing the applicability of the spatial autocorrelation method: A theoretical approach
Authors: Cho Ikuo , Tada Taku , Shinozaki Yuzo
Published: June 2008

We present a rigorous theoretical framework that allows one to assess the range of applicability of the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method, a technique of microtremor exploration that is widely used to infer phase velocities of Rayleigh waves using vertical‐motion records from a circular array of seismic sensors. The magnitude of systematic errors (biases) that depend on the number of seismic sensors deployed around the circle, and the magnitude of systematic errors that arise from the presence of incoherent noise, are both evaluated analytically, and their general properties are discussed. The relationship between the magnitude of stochastic errors, inherent in the analysis results, and the duration of measurement (or to put it more accurately, the data's degree of freedom) is also elucidated. The validity of our theory is corroborated by checks against the results of both real data analysis and numerical experiments, and an example is given of how the theory can be adapted to account for practical situations encountered in the field. Discussions on the range of applicability of the SPAC method, which have heretofore often fallen back on empirical observations, have now obtained a theoretical ground on which to stand, providing a basis for strategies to make maximal use of the SPAC method's capabilities.
Does the Madden‐Julian Oscillation influence aerosol variability?
Authors: Tian Baijun , Waliser Duane E. , Kahn Ralph A. , Li Qinbin , Yung Yuk L. , Tyranowski Tomasz , Geogdzhayev Igor V. , Mishchenko Michael I. , Torres Omar , Smirnov Alexander
Published: June 2008

We investigate the modulation of aerosols by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) using multiple, global satellite aerosol products: aerosol index (AI) from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on Nimbus‐7, and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA satellites. A composite MJO analysis indicates that large variations in the TOMS AI and MODIS/AVHRR AOT are found over the equatorial Indian and western Pacific Oceans where MJO convection is active, as well as the tropical Africa and Atlantic Ocean where MJO convection is weak but the background aerosol level is high. A strong inverse linear relationship between the TOMS AI and rainfall anomalies, but a weaker, less coherent positive correlation between the MODIS/AVHRR AOT and rainfall anomalies, were found. The MODIS/AVHRR pattern is consistent with ground‐based Aerosol Robotic Network data. These results indicate that the MJO and its associated cloudiness, rainfall, and circulation variability systematically influence the variability in remote sensing aerosol retrieval results. Several physical and retrieval algorithmic factors that may contribute to the observed aerosol‐rainfall relationships are discussed. Preliminary analysis indicates that cloud contamination in the aerosol retrievals is likely to be a major contributor to the observed relationships, although we cannot exclude possible contributions from other physical mechanisms. Future research is needed to fully understand these complex aerosol‐rainfall relationships.
Seasonal forecast for local precipitation over northern Taiwan using statistical downscaling
Authors: Chu Jung‐Lien , Kang Hongwen , Tam Chi‐Yung , Park Chung‐Kyu , Chen Cheng‐Ta
Published: June 2008

This study investigates the potential of predicting local precipitation over northern Taiwan using statistical downscaling of large‐scale circulation variables from global climate models (GCMs). Historical hindcast data of 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) and sea level pressure (SLP) from six different GCMs, with the target season of being that of June, July, and August (JJA), are used as predictors for downscaling. Singular value decomposition analysis (SVDA) using observational data reveals that the rainfall over northern Taiwan is strongly coupled with a prominent tripole pattern of Z500 (SLP) field over the western North Pacific/East Asian coast. SVDA using model SLP or height field and station rainfall as input also gives similar results, indicating that most models can capture this mode of covariability. SLP and Z500 from models are then used for local rainfall prediction based on their relationship, which is drawn from the SVDA. For every station considered in this study, downscaled prediction shows considerable improvement when compared with model output. In particular, downscaling is able to correct the erroneous sign of model rainfall prediction. However, a few models show very low skill in their downscaled precipitation. For these models, the correlation between observed rainfall and simulated Z500 (SLP) leading SVD patterns is found to be weak. The performance based on the average of downscaled prediction using Z500 and SLP is also evaluated. In general, the average prediction is more stable and skillful when compared with results based on one predictor. Overall, this study demonstrates that useful regional climate information can be obtained from downscaling using large‐scale variables from coarse‐resolution GCM products.
Seasonal variations of the physical and optical characteristics of Saharan dust: Results from the Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) experiment
Authors: McConnell C. L. , Highwood E. J. , Coe H. , Formenti P. , Anderson B. , Osborne S. , Nava S. , Desboeufs K. , Chen G. , Harrison M. A. J.
Published: June 2008

North African dust is important for climate through its direct radiative effect on solar and terrestrial radiation and its role in the biogeochemical system. The Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean project (DODO) aimed to characterize the physical and optical properties of airborne North African dust in two seasons and to use these observations to constrain model simulations, with the ultimate aim of being able to quantify the deposition of iron to the North Atlantic Ocean. The in situ properties of dust from airborne campaigns measured during February and August 2006, based at Dakar, Senegal, are presented here. Average values of the single scattering albedo (0.99, 0.98), mass specific extinction (0.85 m2 g−1, 1.14 m2 g−1), asymmetry parameter (0.68, 0.68), and refractive index (1.53–0.0005i, 1.53–0.0014i) for the accumulation mode were found to differ by varying degrees between the dry and wet season, respectively. It is hypothesized that these differences are due to different source regions and transport processes which also differ between the DODO campaigns. Elemental ratios of Ca/Al were found to differ between the dry and wet season (1.1 and 0.5, respectively). Differences in vertical profiles are found between seasons and between land and ocean locations and reflect the different dynamics of the seasons. Using measurements of the coarse mode size distribution and illustrative Mie calculations, the optical properties are found to be very sensitive to the presence and amount of coarse mode of mineral dust, and the importance of accurate measurements of the coarse mode of dust is highlighted.
Variability in the microbial communities and hydrothermal fluid chemistry at the newly discovered Mariner hydrothermal field, southern Lau Basin
Authors: Takai Ken , Nunoura Takuro , Ishibashi Jun‐ichiro , Lupton John , Suzuki Ryohei , Hamasaki Hiroshi , Ueno Yuichiro , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Gamo Toshitaka , Suzuki Yohey , Hirayama Hisako , Horikoshi Koki
Published: June 2008

A newly discovered hydrothermal field called the Mariner field on the Valu Fa Ridge in the southern Lau Basin was explored and characterized with geochemical and microbiological analyses. The hydrothermal fluid discharging from the most vigorous vent (Snow Chimney, maximum discharge temperature 365°C) was boiling at the seafloor at a depth of 1908 m, and two distinct end‐member hydrothermal fluids were identified. The fluid chemistry of the typical Cl‐enriched and Cl‐depleted hydrothermal fluids was analyzed, as was the mineralogy of the host chimney structures. The variability in the fluid chemistry was potentially controlled by the subseafloor phase‐separation (vapor loss process) and the microbial community activities. Microbial community structures in three chimney structures were investigated using culture‐dependent and ‐independent techniques. The small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene clone analysis revealed that both bacterial and archaeal rRNA gene communities on the chimney surfaces differed among three chimneys. Cultivation analysis demonstrated significant variation in the culturability of various microbial components among the chimneys, particularly of thermophilic H2‐oxidizing (and S‐oxidizing) chemolithoautotrophs such as the genera Aquifex and Persephonella. The physical and chemical environments of chimney surface habitats are still unresolved and do not directly extrapolate the environments of possible subseafloor habitats. However, the variability in microbial community found in the chimneys also provides an insight into the different biogeochemical interactions potentially affected by the phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids in the subseafloor hydrothermal habitats. In addition, comparison with other deep‐sea hydrothermal systems revealed that the Mariner field microbial communities have unusual characteristics.