bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the first and second components of the Heath‐Carter modified somatotype method
Authors: Wilmore Jack H.
Published: August 2005

An attempt was made to validate the contention that the first and second components of the Heath‐Carter somatotype system reflect relative fatness‐leanness and lean body weight respectively. Heath‐Carter somatotypes and underwater weighing determinations of percentage body fat and lean body weight were performed on 128 young women and 133 young men. The analysis of the resulting data indicated only a moderate relationship between the first component and percentage body fat and practically no relationship between the second component and lean body weight. Also, a fairly high correlation was found between the second and third somatotype components indicating a possible lack of discrimination between the two.
Population structure of blood groups in Central and South American Indians
Authors: Roisenberg Israel , Morton Newton E.
Published: August 2005

The phenotype bioassay has been applied to samples of Indians from 12 countries of Central and South America. Using five blood group systems, more than 7,000 tested individuals were studied. The mean coefficient of kinship for pairs from the same place (a) is about 0.025, which is considerably higher than has been found for industrialized populations. The decline of kinship with distance (b) is moderate (0.003), indicating substantial migration. These results are similar to two other primitive populations.
Migration and the plasticity of physique in the Japanese‐Americans of Hawaii
Authors: Froehlich J. W.
Published: August 2005

Certain anthropometric increases occur among the immigrant and subsequent two generations of Japanese‐Americans in Hawaii. These changes are correlated with stature and appear to reflect a general increase in body size. The growth trend was more rapid in males and terminated after one American‐born generation, suggesting that a maximization of hereditary growth potential may have been reached. For the females, however, metrical increases were more gradual and extended into the third generation. Ethnographic factors of cultural conservatism of women and male dominance in the Japanese family are discussed in connection with this sex difference.
Associations among cranial traits
Authors: Benfer Robert A.
Published: August 2005

Multivariate analysis of associations among seven cranial characteristics originally presented by Hertzog ('68) suggests that the appearance of the circumparietal accessory ossicles, parietal foramina, and form of the fronto‐temporal suture are largely independent of each other both within and across geographical races.
A fossilized human mandibular fragment from Kangatotha, Kenya, East Africa
Authors: Coon Carleton S.
Published: August 2005

Working west of Lake Rudolf in 1965 Professor Bryan Patterson found at Kangatotha, among other human specimens yet to be described, a fragment of the corpus of a human mandible bearing three molar teeth. Its C‐14 date is 2835 B.C. The mandible is stout, heavily mineralized, and closely similar to others from Ishango on the west shore of Lake Edward found by de Heinzelin earlier. The three teeth are large and also similar to those from Ishango. Cranial and postcranial bones of the Ishango people show them to have been Negroes, and the jaws and teeth fit the same classification. The individual from Kangatotha was also indubitably a Negro.
Interstitial wear
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: August 2005

Interstitial wear refers to the attrition between adjacent teeth. With other characteristics, it has been used to indicate savanna adaptation and to separate hominids from pongids. This work discusses a functional model of the factors causing interproximal attrition based on tooth angulation and masticatory movement. Interstitial wear rates are calculated for chimpanzees, australopithecines, and two living human groups. A much higher wear rate occurs for chimpanzee teeth. Limitations in both the adaptive and the phylogenetic meaning of interstitial wear in hominids are suggested.
Three‐rooted mandibular first permanent molars and the question of American Indian Origins
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: August 2005

Three‐rooted mandibular first molars (3RM1) are characteristic of Asian and Asian‐derived populations, particularly Aleuts (whose 3RM1 frequency is the highest in the world) and Eskimos. Similarities in the frequency of these teeth between American Indians and contemporary peoples of southeastern Asia indicate a closer relation between these groups than between American Indians and Aleut‐Eskimos. Three‐rooted mandibular first molar frequency does not differ significantly in males and females except in Aleut‐Eskimos. Bilateral asymmetry of 3RM1 is relatively frequent in both sexes and all groups. All American Indian groups examined have a low frequency of 3RM1 pointing to a single Asian origin, except Athabaskan‐speaking Arizona Navajos, whose 3RM1 frequency approaches that of Aleut‐Eskimos. There is no evidence at present of any significant local microevolution of 3RM1 in two testable prehistoric American Indian groups, although genetic drift had possibly occurred in a few series of 3RM1‐deficient southwestern U. S. prehistoric Western Pueblo Indians. No adaptive value can be found for 3RM1 in Indians. In prehistoric western U. S. Indians geographic frequency variation is only slightly greater than the very slight (and non‐significant) testable temporal variation. Three migrations from Asia seem best to explain New World 3RM1 frequency variation.
The ethnological significance of the gamma‐globulin (Gm) factors in Melanesia
Authors: Curtain C. C. , Loghem Erna Van , Baumgarten A. , Golab T. , Gorman J. , Rutgers Carol F. , Kidson C.
Published: August 2005

A study was made of the distribution of the immunoglobulin markers Gm(a), (x), (z), (f), (g), (b0), (b1), (b3), (s), (t), (c3), (c5) and Inv (1) and Inv (a) in 906 individuals sampled from several population groups living in various parts of New Guinea and New Britain. A study of 123 families confirmed the presence of the following gene complexes: Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmza;b and Gmfa;b. Gm(s), (t), (c3) and (c5) were absent and either all or none of Gm(b0), (b1) and (b3) present. Striking differences occurred in the geographical and ethnic distribution of the Gm gene complexes. Gmfa;g was either absent or in very low frequency, and Gmza;b, Gmzax;g and Gmza;g were present in varying frequencies in both the highland and western coastal populations in the mainland of New Guinea. All of these populations spoke non‐Austronesian languages. On the other hand Gmfa;b was present in the Melanesian‐speaking Motu of the Central District of the mainland, in the Melanesian‐speaking Tolai and the non‐Austronesian‐speaking Sulka and Baining of the island of New Britain. It is suggested that Gmfa;b and Gmza;b are respectively Malayo‐Polynesian and pre‐Austronesian markers, although a clear cut distinction between modern populations derived from these stocks is often blurred by the effects of gene flow and drift.

Considerable ethnic and geographical variation was also found in the distribution of Inv(1) and Inv(a). In two Highland NAN‐speaking populations the Inv(1+a+) phenotype percentages were 1.0 and 5.4, whilst percentages ranging from 0.0 to 56.4% were found for coastal MN‐speaking populations. The percentages of Inv(1+a+) in the total MN‐ and NAN‐speaking populations were 31.6 and 10.0 respectively.
Systematic reconsideration and a revision of the nomenclature of Kenya baboons
Authors: Maples William R.
Published: August 2005

Two populations of baboons in Kenya, often given different specific names, Papio doguera and Papio cynocephalus, were the subject of this investigation. We conducted a field study to determine if these two populations are the same or two different species. We located a zone of contact between the two putative species in the area of Simba Springs and Ithumba Hill. The population in this area was found to represent intergradation on the basis of field observations and detailed metric observations of the morphology. The morphology of this population appears to be intermediate between that of the two populations: the olive baboon, labeled Papio doguera, and the yellow baboon, labeled Papio cynocephalus. We confirmed the findings by statistical analyses of osteometric data. Since the specific separation of the two taxa studied in this investigation is invalid, both are placed in the prior nomen, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) separating them on the subspecific level, P. c. doguera and P. c. cynocephalus.
Vertebral osteophytosis in prehistoric populations of central and southern Mexico
Authors: Chapman Florence Hantschke
Published: August 2005

One hundred and thirty‐eight skeletons from five Mexican archaeological sites were studied. Seventy‐three of these were from Tlatilco where hunting and agriculture were the main subsistence activities. This Pre‐classic group occupied an area northwest of Mexico City from 1100 to 600 B.C. Neighboring territory was intensely cultivated by the Postclassic Tlatelolco people between 1250 and 1521 A.D. Only 29 skeletons from this large group were sufficiently complete for this study. Every individuals in the latter group, except one young male adult, showed some degree of osteophytosis. The findings at Tlatelolco are paralleled by those from 46 individuals from Xochicalco, Morelos (600–900 A.D.), La Quemada, Zacatecas (900–1200 A.D.), and Coixtlahuaca II, Oaxaca (1300–1400 A.D.). Sixty‐nine per cent of the 21–30 year old group (26 individuals from the latter three groups) showed Stages I–III, slight initial ridging to mushroom‐like eversion of the vertebral bodies. In the next two decades 100% (13 persons) showed involvement, the three older Coixtlahuaca males having partial ankylosis (Stage V).
A forty‐five year investigation for secular changes in physical maturation
Authors: Maresh Marion M.
Published: August 2005

In a stable, economically‐ and educationally‐privileged population of 180 subjects observed from birth to beyond the period of maximum growth in height, no secular changes toward larger size or earlier adolescence were observed between the earlier‐born and later‐born boys or girls of the Child Research Council study series. The mid‐birthdate for the 45 years of data collection was January 1, 1940 for the girls and May 1, 1936 for the boys. With none of the mean differences significant at the 0.05 level of confidence, the earlier‐born subjects were both slightly taller and heavier from birth and, for the girls, adolescence was slightly earlier.

Forty pairs of like‐sexed siblings were included in the data. Coefficients of correlation were statistically significant for birthweight and menarcheal ages for the sisters and for height and weight at the age of maximum increment of growth in height for both sexes. In 12 of the 16 pairs of sisters, the older menstruated at an earlier age than the younger.
A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research
Authors: Kowalski Charles J.
Published: August 2005

A critical review of the increasing emphasis being placed on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research is given. Particular attention is paid to multivariate techniques for testing hypotheses concerning mean vectors, principal components analysis and the use of discriminant functions, but some more general comments about the proper role of statistics in research are included. It is argued that multivariate techniques often do not allow the effective description and communication of the informational content of a body of data and that much additional research — both from the standpoint of theory and from the standpoint of practice — must be done before multivariate analysis can fulfill the promise it holds for the physical anthropologist.
Disproportionate sexual dimorphism in the human face
Authors: Hunter W. Stuart , Garn Stanley M.
Published: August 2005

Analysis of facial dimensions of 86 young adults and their 76 parents indicates that a disproportionate sexual dimorphism exists in the ramus of the mandible, demonstrating a regional difference in growth response. The male ramus is on the average 14% longer than the female ramus, whereas other facial dimensions approximate an 8% sex difference.

The findings have relevance to the analysis of skeletal remains and suggest the desirability of age specific discriminant function analysis for the sexing of adult mandibles.
Some dental traits of Diaguitas Indian skulls
Authors: Campusano C. , Figueroa H. , Lazo B. , Pinto‐Cisternas J. , Salinas C.
Published: August 2005

Dental characteristics were studied on 60 skulls that belong to a population of Diaguitas Indians of approximately the Tenth Century. Mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth were as follows: central incisors (8.77 mm), lateral incisors (7.23 mm), canines (8.40 mm), first maxillary molars (10.77 mm), second maxillary molars (10.71 mm), first mandibular molars (11.13 mm), and second mandibular molars (10.17 mm).

Also determined was the frequency of shovel shaped incisors (80.30%), groove and cusp patterns of mandibular molars (Y5 73.40%), groove and cusp patterns of maxillary molars (H4 87.25%), and mesiopalatal version of maxillary incisors (66.20%). No skull showed Carabelli's cusp. The findings were compared with those for different populations past and living. The results suggest that the affiliation of the population analyzed was mongoloid.
Hairy pinnae in Kerala
Authors: Ali S. G. M.
Published: August 2005

The study of hairs on the different parts of the pinna of adult males among the endogamous groups of Kerala province, India, revealed age trends, differences among the groups, and high correlations between the frequency of hairs in certain regions of the ear.

The greatest incidence of hypertrichosis was found in the lower helix, followed by the tragus, middle helix, lobe, and top of helix. A gradual increase in the frequency of the trait with age occurred in the antitragus and tragus, and a decrease with age in the lower and middle helix. As hair at the top of the helix remains constant in frequency with age and is present in all populations studied, it is a useful anthropological marker.
Blood groups of six Indian bands of north‐eastern British Columbia
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lowry R. Brian , Lee Melvin , Birkbeck John
Published: August 2005

A survey of nine blood group systems was conducted among some northeastern British Columbia Indian bands. The sites contain Beaver, Slave and Cree speakers. A significant departure from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the combined MNS system. No age trends by sex were observed.
Determination of Crown‐Rump length from fetal long bones: Humerus and femur
Authors: Mehta Lalit , Singh H. M.
Published: August 2005

Lengths of the ossified diaphysis of the humerus and femur were measured in 50 fetuses ranging from 65 to 290 mm Crown‐Rump length. A significant correlation was found between the diaphyseal length and the CR length. No appreciable difference was noted in diaphyseal lengths of the humerus and femur in fetuses of 85 mm CR length or below. Various growth phases were observed. The difference in length of the femur and humerus is due to a comparative slow growth of the humerus during the later period of prenatal life. Diaphyseal growth rates of the humerus and femur are 0.18 mm and 0.21 mm respectively for every 1 mm increase in CR length. Regression coefficients for the lengths of the ossified shaft of the humerus and femur are 5.35 and 5.00 respectively. With the help of these coefficients, CR length of the fetus was estimated within a range of ± 15 mm. From the estimated CR length, age of the fetus was determined with the help of a standard age and size curve with reasonable accuracy.
Torus palatinus in the Neandertal Circeo I skull. A histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Sergi S. , Ascenzi A. , Bonucci E.
Published: August 2005

A histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic study has been carried out on the nature and structure of palatal irregularities found in the skull of the Neandertal human remain Circeo I.

The histologic investigation of one of the palatal overgrowths shows that this is made up of spongy bone. Most of the trabeculae are of lamellar type, some of the others consist of primary woven bone. Osteocyte lacunae are clearly visible in the trabeculae, but mottled, granular areas are present too. These contain no recognizable structures. Microradiography shows this bone has low x‐ray density, probably due to decalcification during fossilization. Needle‐shaped apatite crystals are visible under the electron microscope. They are like those found in recent bone, although their often irregular arrangement seems to suggest the presence of collapsed tissue. The collagen fibrils do not always show a periodic pattern. The mottled, granular areas are crossed by many thin tubules, which are probably “Borhkanäle.”

The conclusion has been drawn that the Neandertal man Circeo I had a well‐developed torus palatinus of nodular type with incipient transformation into the lobular type.
A comparison between the mandibles of Romano‐British and nineteenth century periods
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B.
Published: August 2005

The mandibular and tooth dimensions were measured on a total of 210 specimens from Romano‐British, Anglo‐Saxon and nineteenth century times. The measurements were subsequently compared by means of univariate and multivariate techniques. The results indicated that the mandibular dimensions decreased more than tooth dimensions between Romano‐British and nineteenth century periods, but did not discriminate whether such mandibular changes occurred primarily in the ramus or corpus of the mandible.
The elongation of the human cervical vertebral column
Authors: Roche A. F.
Published: August 2005

Cervical vertebral elongation has been studied using serial cephalometric radiographs of 32 children examined regularly from 0.25 to 17 years. Mean vertebral body heights increased rapidly to about 2.5 years and then decelerated except for a spurt at about the age of peak height velocity. There were only small sex differences in vertebral body elongation to 12 years. From then to 15 years, the vertebral body heights in the girls exceeded those in the boys; later this sex difference was reversed. There was no pubertal spurt in disc elongation. The correlation coefficients were negative between vertebral body heights and the heights of adjoining intervertebral discs, e.g., body C3 and disc C3–4, but those between body heights or between disc heights were positive. The heights of adjacent cervical vertebral bodies were correlated more highly than the heights of non‐adjacent bodies. There was a similar pattern of differences between correlation coefficients for the heights of adjacent and non‐adjacent intervertebral discs.
Skin reflectance of Quechua Indians: The effects of genetic admixture, sex and age
Authors: Conway Donna L. , Baker Paul T.
Published: August 2005

The skin reflectance characteristics of a group of Quechua Indians have been described with an emphasis upon the effects of varying degrees of hybridization, sex and age. This group of Peruvian Indians occupied a reflectance range common to that of all other reported groups of South American Indians. Miscegenation with European Whites had a statistically significant although small influence upon skin color. In general males were consistently darker than females on the three body sites measured. A significant darkening on unexposed body areas occurred in both sexes during early adolescence which may have been caused by the high activity level of the pituitary gland at that stage of the growth cycle.
Anatomical and functional specializations of the human gluteus maximus
Authors: Stern Jack T.
Published: August 2005

Many anthropologists and anatomists have claimed that the human gluteus maximus is a functionally and structurally unique muscle, but there is not agreement on the actual characteristics of the muscle which do distinguish man from other primates. In this paper the superficial gluteus in a wide range of primates is discussed and those traits entirely unique to man are identified. The morphological specializations of the human gluteus maximus are confined to its cranial portion. This part is thicker in man than in any other primate; it has a new and firm origin, a modified ascending tendon of insertion, and an additional new insertion into the overlying fascia lata. Such changes improve the ability of the gluteus maximus to participate in controlling lateral stability of the trunk, and it suggested that this is the function which has been selected for in human evolution.
Molar occlusion and jaw mechanics of the Eocene primate Adapis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: August 2005

Wear facets on molars of the Eocene primate Adapis magnus are described. Striations on these wear facets indicate three separate directions of mandibular movement during mastication. One direction corresponds to a first stage of mastication involving orthal retraction of the mandible. The remaining two directions correspond to buccal and lingual phases of a second stage of mastication involving a transverse movement of the mandible.

The mechanics of jaw adduction are analysed for both the orthal retraction and transverse stages of mastication. During the orthal retraction stage the greatest component of bite force is provided by the temporalis muscles acting directly against the food with the mandible functioning as a link rather than as a lever. A geometrical argument suggests that during the transverse stage of mastication bite force is provided by the temporalis muscles of both sides, the ipsilateral medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, and the contralateral masseter muscle.
Confirmation of the sex difference in continuing subperiosteal apposition
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Frisancho A. Roberto , Sandusky Sam T. , McCann Mary B.
Published: August 2005

A major sex difference in the rate of continuing bone expansion was confirmed for 5660 adult subjects of European ancestry. The five‐decade gain in metacarpal midshaft area amounted to 8.4% in 3455 females and 2.8% in 2205 males. There was no systematic age effect on the length of the second metacarpal. Accordingly, both bone expansion and the marked sex difference in its magnitude may be attributed to sex‐specific aspects of ageing much like the sex difference in endosteal surface loss.
Blood groups and H‐Lea salivary secretion of Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Gershowitz H. , Junqueira P. C. , Woodall J. P. , Black F. L. , Hierholzer W.
Published: August 2005

Five hundred and twenty‐six individuals from four populations were studied in relation to the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Diego and I systems, as well as for the Wright antigen of blood groups. The H‐Lea salivary secretion of 406 of them was also investigated. Considering the gene markers which show variation in South American Indians, the Cayapo frequencies are in the middle of the distribution range for genes LMs, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), P1, Jka, Dia and Se but present high values of Le and Fya and low ones of LMS, LNs, Ro (cDe) and/or r (cde), LNS and Rz (CDE). Unusual findings in relation to previous studies are the high prevalence of Le (a+) persons (which, however, could be expected since the frequency of gene Se is not too high) and the presence of one Lu (a+) and one PP1 (Tja) (−) individuals. Comparison of the pattern of inter‐village variation in relation to these polymorphisms with those furnished by historical, demographic and morphological data gives in general reasonable concordance, but some results are difficult to interpret. New approaches and further multidisciplinary studies are needed to obtain a clearer picture of the genetic relationships present among different tribes of South American Indians as well as to understand how polymorphisms are created and maintained in human populations.
Genetic and epidemiologic studies of oral characteristics in Hawaii's school children: Dental anomalies
Authors: Chung C. S. , Niswander J. D. , Runck D. W. , Bilben S. E. , Kau M. C. W.
Published: August 2005

Racial comparisons of prevalences of dental anomalies were made on 13,473 Hawaiian‐born children aged 12 to 18 years. Dental anomalies studied included supernumerary teeth, peg‐shaped lateral incisors, dens in dente (invaginated tooth), hypoplasia, fusion (or gemination), and high cingulum of upper lateral incisors (barrel‐shaped teeth) in the permanent dentition. The highest frequency of peg‐shaped laterals was observed among Filipinos and part‐Filipinos with no evidence of heterogeneity among other racial groups. Dens in dente was more common among Hawaiian descendents. Fusion or gemination was observed more commonly among children with Chinese parentage. High cingulum of laterals was fairly common in Orientals particularly in Filipinos and nil among Caucasians and Hawaiians. There was neither significant maternal effect nor effect (non‐additive) of hybridity.
Misapplication to females of the standard for aging the male os pubis
Authors: Gilbert B. Miles
Published: August 2005

The results of aging 15 female pelves with both the male standard and a newly developed female standard indicated that the male standard significantly (0.01 < P < 0.05) underaged females 40 years and older in this test sample.
Structure of bone in the skulls of Neanderthal fossils
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: August 2005

Close inspection of surface bone in skulls of Neanderthal man reveals weathering cracks extensive enough in one specimen, La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints, to allow preliminary analysis of major patterns of orientation and to make inferences about functional relationships of structures. The fine structure of the bone of the brow ridges is very different from the rest of the skull in the two adults examined, having a peculiar vermiculate surface pattern. Weathering cracks do not appear in this region. This indicates that Neanderthal brow ridges are not closely related to normal mechanical forces such as chewing exertion. It may, however, give further support to theories of Neanderthal brow ridges as protection for the eyes. The localized structure of bone often differs from region to region, and offers new possibilities for the analysis of both contemporary and fossil forms.
Height and weight growth patterns of school age deaf children
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Gorzycki Pamela A.
Published: August 2005

Distance and velocity curves for height and weight were analyzed in a mixed longitudinal sample of American White, American Negro and Mexican‐American deaf children 6 through 17 years of age. The heights of deaf boys and girls are, on the average, consistently below an accepted pediatric standard from six through ten years of age. Between 11 and 17 years, deaf White and Negro boys approximate the standard, while White and Negro girls are at or slightly below the standard. Deaf Mexican‐American children are consistently below the height standard. For body weight, deaf boys are at or slightly below the standard from 6 to 11 years, and are at or slightly above the weight standard from 12 to 17 years of age. White and Negro deaf girls generally approximate the weight standard from eight years of age on. Mexican‐American deaf girls are consistently below the standard until 13 years of age, while between 14 and 17 years they are at or above the standard. Height and weight velocity curves for deaf children parallel closely the incremental standards of Falkner ('62). The height velocity curve, however, appears to peak, on the average, about one year earlier in deaf children.
Mortality and birth weight in Philadelphia Blacks: An example of stabilizing selection
Authors: Ellis Walter S.
Published: August 2005

It has been suggested that as a result of the action of natural selection the mean value of any biological measurement would be the most normal value and associated with the most favorable survival rate. Selection is said to be stabilizing (or normalizing or balancing) if individuals with intermediate values for a given quantitative trait have the highest fitness. Birth weight is perhaps the most clear‐cut example of a human character subject to stabilizing selection.

This paper presents the distribution of birth weights among 8382 Philadelphia Black infants and the rate of perinatal mortality for the birth weight classes. Using these data, several analyses of stabilizing selection are made.

The data were taken from the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood.
Multiple fetal and adult hemoglobins in Malaysian Macaca nemestrina: Consequences of a‐chain variation
Authors: Nute Peter E. , Pataryas H. A.
Published: August 2005

The hemoglobins of fetal and adult Macaca nemestrina were investigated electrophoretically and chromatographically. Standard electrophoretic techniques failed to reveal variation in either fetal or adult hemoglobins beyond that previously attributed to the presence of the duplicate γ‐chain loci characteristic of this species. However, column chromatography of whole hemolysates on CM‐Sephadex or of globin chains on CM‐cellulose in 8 M urea revealed that some fetuses had four major hemoglobins and some adults had two major hemoglobin components. All animals examined were of Malaysian origin; the variation described is a consequence of variation in α‐chain structure in Malaysian populations of this species, and of the interaction of different α chains with the products of the duplicate γ‐chain loci.
The Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa: Serum proteins and red cell enzyme systems
Authors: Szathmary Emöke J. E. , Cox Diane Wilson , Gershowitz Henry , Rucknagel Donald L. , Schanfield Melvin S.
Published: August 2005

Two Ojibwa Indian populations in Ontario, selected to represent the Northern (Pikangikum Band) and Southeastern (Wikwemikong Band) branches of this “tribe” are compared for their serum protein and red cell enzyme systems. Albumin, haptoglobin, immunoglobins Gm and Inv, serum α‐globulin and transferrin polymorphisms are reported. The genetic markers AlNaskapi and GcChippewa are found in both groups, TfD Chi in Pikangikum only. Contrary to expectations, the Mongoloid marker Gm1,3,5,11 was found in neither population. Ceruloplasmin is invariant in both, all individuals being B homozygotes.

For the red cell enzymes, only the common phenotypes of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and peptidases A and B are present in the Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase II, phosphoglyeerate kinase and peptidase C were typed in Pikangikum only: no variants were found. Methemoglobin reductase, tested in Wikwemikong alone, is invariant. Loci polymorphic in at least one Ojibwa group include acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, glutathione reductase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase I, and soluble glutamic oxalocetic transaminase. Comparisons are made with other Algonkian‐speakers when possible, with other North American, South American and Asiatic Mongoloid populations when sufficient Algonkian data do not exist.

The causes of genetic heterogeneity between the two Ojibwa groups are discussed.
Genetic basis of a‐b, b‐c and c‐d ridge counts on human palms
Authors: Pateria H. N.
Published: August 2005

The mechanism of inheritance of ridge count of palmar interdigital areas has been studied among Brahmans of Sagar town of Central India.

The correlation coefficients between ridge counts in various family relationships lend support to the concept of an additive genetic model, especially for the b‐c or second interdigital area.
Types of tooth cusp occurrence asymmetry in human monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Authors: Staley Robert N. , Green Larry J.
Published: August 2005

Four types of cusp occurrence asymmetry were defined and studied in 90 monozygotic and 90 dizygotic twin pairs. Presence or absence of the hypoconulid (fifth cusp) and seventh cusps of the permanent mandibular first molar and cusp number on the mandibular first and second premolars was reported. Bilateral asymmetry, which produces three of the asymmetry types, occurred equally frequently in MZ and DZ twins. Type I asymmetry (bilateral asymmetry in one individual of a twin pair) was observed much more frequently than Types II and III which involve bilateral asymmetry in both twins of a pair. Although mirror imagery (Type III asymmetry) was observed only in MZ twins, its appearance in a DZ pair is expected in a larger sample. Type IV asymmetry (bilateral appearance of a cusp in one twin associated with bilateral absence of the cusp in the co‐twin) was observed significantly more often in DZ twin pairs than in MZ twin pairs. The similarity in concordance for MZ and DZ twins observed in this study may be due to the present‐absent method of description which was employed. An examination of the data using a scale to rate the degree of expression of a cusp might reveal differences in concordance between MZ and DZ twins.
A univariate and multivariate examination of measurement error in anthropometry
Authors: Jamison Paul L. , Zegura Stephen L.
Published: August 2005

Replicate anthropometric measurements on 20 male and 22 female Eskimos were examined using analysis of variance, product‐moment correlation coefficients, and canonical variates with Mahalanobis' D2 distances. Analysis of variance indicated that 12 of the 16 variables could be measured comparably by two investigators. Those variables with readily defined endpoints yielded the highest correlations between the results of two anthropometrists. The multivariate analysis demonstrated a high level of discrimination between two sets of data taken on the same group of subjects. This suggests that population comparisons using data from two or more investigators could be significantly affected by measurement error.
Problems of techniques in anthropometric studies in India
Authors: Singh R. D.
Published: August 2005

Anthropometric studies in India have been conducted on a fairly large scale but the lack of uniform techniques has rendered data non‐comparable. Here, the magnitude of differences in values on account of differences in techniques under two methods has been demonstrated by measuring the cranial height of 35 skulls in the Department of Anthropology, University of Lucknow, India. The direct method gives as much as 5 mm lower values than the subtraction method. Furthermore, the position of vertex relative to apex is highly variable. Such differences are likely to be more magnified in skulls with plano‐occipitals. It is therefore re‐emphasized that anthropometrists should employ uniform techniques, and adequately describe them so that the data remains comparable.
Harold Cummins—and the birth, growth and development of dermatoglyphics
Authors: Mavalwala Jamshed
Published: August 2005

The work of Harold Cummins in dermatoglyphics is reviewed, in the areas of populational variability, twin studies, dermatoglyphics of nonhuman primates, and dermatoglyphic methodology.
The ridge‐counts of the interdigital a‐b, b‐c, and c‐d areas in a normal sample and in cerebrally damaged patients of Thuringia, G.D.R. (East Germany)
Authors: Máté Mechthild
Published: August 2005

We determined the ridge‐counts and their correlations of interdigital area a‐b, b‐c, and c‐d among 300 boys and 300 girls from Jena and 95 male and 79 female cerebrally damaged chidren from the Mental Hospital of Stadroda, both in Thuringia, G.D.R. (East Germany). The mean values of the normals and the patients differ significantly only on the right hand of males in the b‐c area (p ≤ 5%).

Bimanuar comparisons showed significant correlations in the three areas in both sexes in the normal and the abnormal children. Inter‐area comparisons revealed no significant correlation between a‐b and b‐c areas; correlations were significant between a‐b and c‐d areas in both sexes in the normal group, but significant for the right hand only in cerebrally damaged children. Highly significant correlation was found between the b‐c and c‐d areas only in the right hand of female cerebrally damaged children.

Comparative data from Bavaria and North‐Rhine‐Westfalia are also presented.
Dermatoglyphic traits in patients with cardiovascular disorders
Authors: Rashad M. N. , Mi M. P.
Published: August 2005

Dermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 800 Japanese subjects. Digital dermal pattern types were classified into true whorls, double loops, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches. Both total and absolute ridge count were recorded. Subjects with hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction were compared with the remaining group of others who had not yet developed any of these disorders. Individuals with myocardial infarction had a significantly higher frequency of true whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control group. Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in myocardial infarction. Individuals with hypertension and angina pectoris were not significantly different in most dermatoglyphic traits from the controls.

These observations suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of myocardial infarction in man.
Archeology, population genetics and studies of human racial ancestry
Authors: Weiss K. M. , Maruyama T.
Published: August 2005

Using traditional classification, many people have tried to determine the place and time of origin of the major human races. Two basically conflicting views have prevailed, one asserting that races developed as local variations in a species evolving phyletically over much of the Old World for up to one million years, and the other view holding that present races are local variations on populations recently expanding into most areas and replacing the previous hominid inhabitants, this occuring since the time of the Neanderthals. Both views are based on the same archeological data. Gene frequency data and time‐calibrated genetic distance measures have recently been applied to this problem. Here we show that the probable demographic nature of Pleistocene populations has obscured genetic distances to such an extent that they cannot be used to discriminate between the two viewpoints of racial origins. The racial classifications themselves are probably not useful in this context and obscure the question, so that we presently do not have a scientifically valid understanding of racial origins.
The effect of size variation on univariate assessments of morphological difference in human crania
Authors: Hardy Vernon C. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: August 2005

The present research was undertaken to determine the contribution of general size to craniometric variation in two previously described Paleo‐Amerindian series, and to evaluate the effect of size variation on univariate assessments of morphological difference between the two. The analysis was based upon 19 measurements of 81 crania representing the Iswanid and Fort Ancient Muskogid varieties.

The results of principal components analysis indicate that the 19 measurements can be represented as five principal component variates. Inspection of component eigenvectors indicates that variation in body size accounts for 40% of the variation within the metric data. Analysis of covariance lends support to the hypothesis that this size variation contributes substantially to statistical tests of difference between the two groups based on Student's t.
On the skeletal maturation of Japanese‐American White hybrids
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko
Published: August 2005

The skeletal maturation of Japanese‐American White hybrids is discussed in relation to that of Japanese and Whites. Assessment of skeletal maturation was made on 323 radiographs of 57 boys and 151 of 33 girls studied semi‐longitudinally from 3 to 18 years on the basis of the Tanner‐Whitehouse method (62). The skeletal maturity scores show a tendency for a greater advance in childhood for the Whites than for the hybrids and the Japanese. However, the preadolescent spurt of skeletal maturity occurs earlier in the Japanese and the hybrids than in the Whites, and the hybrids show the intermediate skeletal maturity scores between those of the Japanese and the Whites at and after adolescence.
The density of long limb bones and the percentage ash weight of the skeleton of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Hixon Barbara B.
Published: August 2005

The gravimetric density of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae from a series of 274 male and female skeletons of rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, was determined for fetal, young and adult periods. The ages of 171 of the animals were known: they ranged from 57 days of gestation to 13.6 years; the ages of an additional 103 skeletons were estimated.

The mean density of the fetal bones was found to increase linearly with age and was higher for males than females, and higher for the superior than for the inferior limb bones. During the young period the pattern of increase in density can be represented by a power‐type curve, and the density is significantly higher in females than in males and in superior than in inferior limb bones. The densities of the long limb bones of the adult skeletons show a slight, but not significant, negative trend with increasing age. In this age group the mean densities are higher for males than females and higher for the superior than for the inferior limb bones.

The percentage ash weight was determined for the total skeleton and for 21 subdivisions of 23 postnatal skeletons with estimated ages. The skull and long limb bones were found to have higher mean percentage ash weights than the vertebral segments and the sternum.

Both the density and the percentage ash weight of the Macaca mulatta skeletons examined exceed those found in our earlier studies of the human skeleton.
The genetics of shovel shape in maxillary central incisors in man
Authors: Blanco Rafael , Chakraborty Ranajit
Published: August 2005

From dental casts of 94 parent‐offspring and 127 full‐sib pairs, sampled from two Chilean populations, shovelling indices are computed to measure the degree of shovelling of maxillary central incisors quantitatively. Genetic correlations are computed to determine the role of genetic factors in explaining the variation in this trait. Assuming only hereditary factors to be responsible for the transmission of shovel shape, 68% of total variability is ascribed to the additive effect of genes.
Newborn: Adult brain ratios in hominid evolution
Authors: Jordaan Harold V. F.
Published: August 2005

The ratio of newborn to adult brain size varies widely in primates. These variations provide an index of the different degrees of postnatal brain growth in the different members of the primate order. The uniquely low figure for Homo sapiens indicates a greater degree of postnatal brain growth and therefore postnatal dependence and also a greater need and opportunity for social organisation. An attempt is made to determine the newborn:adult brain ratio in a proto‐human population, Australopithecus africanus. Two possible causes of the reduction of the ratio in hominid evolution are discussed. The first is the limiting confines of the maternal pelvis adapted primarily for orthograde progression rather than parturition. The second concerns the resultant of a set of three paired variables between the members of each pair of which there exists an allometric relationship. These are the relation between brain and body size in the adult, feto‐maternal weight allometry and the relation between newborn brain‐size and birth weight.
Analysis of an early hominid ulna from the Omo basin, Ethiopia
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. , Howell F. Clark
Published: August 2005

The discovery (in 1971) of a nearly complete right ulna from the Shungura Formation of the Omo basin provides the opportunity to analyze the forelimb structure of the Australopithecus boisei form of early hominid. Results from multivariate morphometric analyses show that this bone is unique in shape among the extant hominoids although it is most similar to Pan and Homo. Despite its long slender shaft and large distal articular surface the bone's overall morphology is quite unlike Pongo.
Local cold exposure of Andean Indians during normal and simulated activities
Authors: Jones R. E. , Little M. A. , Thomas R. B. , Hoff C. J. , Dufour D. L.
Published: August 2005

Thermal responses of Andean Indians were measured during several customary tasks associated with cold exposure in the highlands of southern Peru. These included surface temperature measurements of women while they washed clothing in the river and similar measurements of men while they constructed a diversion channel in the same river. A third test measured the effects of alcohol consumption on body temperatures during light activity.

Women maintained slightly warmer hand than foot temperatures. Men maintained nearly equal hand and foot temperatures during the exposure period. Among male subjects the foot rewarmed at a faster rate than the hand. The results from the field studies compared favorably with results from earlier laboratory exposure tests.

Comparisons between the river water exposure tests for males and females showed a consistent pattern where females maintained warmer hand and foot temperatures than males. These findings were in accord with previous laboratory studies among Quechua Indians and with the findings reported for other ethnic groups who experience natural cold stress.

Alcohol ingestion appeared to have minimal effect in mitigating cold stress response during light activity. This finding was counter to earlier laboratory tests of resting subjects.
The genetic structure of Finland
Authors: Workman P. L. , Mielke J. H. , Nevanlinna H. R.
Published: August 2005

The Finnish gene pool derives primarily from a relatively homogeneous Finno‐Ugric population established during the Iron Age (100 B.C.–800 A.D.) in the southwest and southeast of Finland. Gene flow from Sweden to the southwest coastal areas, dating from prehistoric times, as well as the patterns of settlement and migration throughout Finland during the past 1000 years, appear to have been the major biosocial factors underlying the genetic structure of the contemporary population. Analysis of genetic variation and covariation at nine polymorphic loci in a large random sample of rural Finns, partitioned into either 8 counties or 27 geographic districts, showed that all of the essential features of the genetic structure suggested by the archaeological and historical data could be distinguished. Procedures for obtaining inference on the genetic structure of such a population are reviewed, including coefficients of similarity and (genetic) distance among subpopulations, the relation between linear or planar geographic structure and genetic covariation, and the methods for describing allelic differentiation. Bias resulting from the inappropriate assumption of a simple phylogenetic model can be substantial, especially for the analysis of isolation by distance; procedures for avoiding misleading inference on the genetic structure are demonstrated.
The cnemic index: A critique
Authors: Andermann Stan
Published: August 2005

The accuracy of the cnemic index is questioned. Excessive random variation is found to be present in the datum for this index, the nutrient foramen. It is suggested that the index be taken at a fixed location on the tibial shaft. A new index, the cnemic index (one‐third), is proposed.
Advanced weathering cracks as an improvement on split‐line preparations for analysis of structural orientation in compact bone
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: August 2005

Weathering cracks have been demonstrated to be equivalent to split‐lines in compact bone. The amount of cracking becomes more extensive with time. Advanced weathering cracks have the potential for giving more complete information on orientation patterns than split‐lines. They can also be superior in accuracy and objectivity of results obtained, in preserving the original condition of the bone, and in elimination of much of the work involved in making split‐line preparations.