bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families, Will Witnesses, and Economic Structure in the Fens and on the Chalk: Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Willingham and Chippenham
Authors: Spufford Margaret , Takahashi Motoyasu
Published: November 2007

The debate on whether or not seventeenth-century village society was increasingly polarized between parish notables and prosperous households, who tended both to appropriate Protestant virtues of “order and godliness” to themselves and impose them on the indifferent or even hostile laboring poor, is not yet over. On one side is Tessa Watt, who has summarized the arguments against polarization that do not fit with the distribution of her “godly” woodcuts, broadsides, and chapbooks, and Martin Ingram, who says “the evidence from Wiltshire and elsewhere suggest it is a mistake to overemphasize either the presence of ‘godly’ groups, or the existence of people largely indifferent to religion.” In the village of Keevil, he found the relatively few pious villagers “quite widely scattered in the social scale, and as a group, not particularly literate…. They did not form a close-knit nexus in village society, and…did not dominate the structure of local office-holding.” He concludes that “both ecclesiastical and religious issues were of sufficient significance in parish life to serve as a focus for parish rivalries and in so far as religious and moral issues were socially divisive, the splits were as much vertical as horizontal.
Infidelity Ancient and Modern: George Horne Reads Edward Gibbon
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: November 2007

Historians examining the critical response to Edward Gibbon'sThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehave remained largely true to the presentation Gibbon himself laid down in hisMemoirs: the primary focus is on the first volume of 1776 and the storm provoked by chapters fifteen and sixteen on the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. But publication of Gibbon'sVindicationin 1779 neither marked the final crushing of his opponents, nor did it close down controversy: it merely led the troops of the orthodox to regroup. The appearance of volumes two and three in 1781, then volumes four to six in 1788, once again brought them out into the field, and their writings and critical preoccupations deserve serious attention. It is all too easy to overlook the high standard of Anglican apologetics throughout the eighteenth century and, indeed, the continuing role of the clergy as the guardians of the state's intellectual inheritance, especially its distinctively Christian character.
Murder & the Modern British Historian
Authors: Wiener Martin J.
Published: November 2007

Over a century ago, the pioneer English historian of law F. W. Maitland observed that “If some fairy gave me the power of seeing a scene of one and the same kind in every age of history of every race, the kind of scene that I would choose would be a trial for murder, because I think that it would give me so many hints as to a multitude of matters of the first importance.” For many decades Maitland's remark was ignored, as historical scholarship passed over murder trials as far too “atypical” and “sensationalistic” to merit serious study, leaving them to amateur devotees of courtroom drama and detection mysteries. One notable exception was Brian Simpson, the distinguished legal historian, whose Cannibalism and the Common Law, published in 1984, for the first time placed in its social context the leading case of R. v. Dudley & Stephens, which in 1884 produced the still-authoritative rule governing the “necessity” justification for homicide. In Simpson's hands the case, a “sensational” one indeed, involving the eating of a cabin boy by shipwrecked sailors, opened up the little-known world of late Victorian maritime life. However, Simpson's lead was not followed up, and his book remained a fascinating “one-off,” regarded as an “amusement piece” by an otherwise “serious” scholar of arcane legal reasoning.

Only more recently, with developments such as the rise of the genre of “micro-history” and the legitimation of interest in the “sensational,” have historians come to accept homicide and its legal treatment as a worthy subject.
Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Corpeleijn Eva , Feskens Edith J.M. , Jansen Eugène H.J.M. , Mensink Marco , Saris Wim H.M. , Blaak Ellen E.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht, 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomized to either a combined diet-and-exercise intervention or a control program. At baseline and after 1 year, an oral glucose tolerance test, an exercise test, and anthropometric measurements were performed. After 1 year, complete data of 103 subjects (50 intervention and 53 control subjects) were obtained.

RESULTS—Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations (−14.2%) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin (−0.3%) or resistin (−6.5%) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS—Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition.
Diabetes, Depression, and Death
Authors: Bogner Hillary R. , Morales Knashawn H. , Post Edward P. , Bruce Martha L.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to test our a priori hypothesis that depressed patients with diabetes in practices implementing a depression management program would have a decreased risk of mortality compared with depressed patients with diabetes in usual-care practices.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the multisite, practice-randomized, controlled Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial (PROSPECT), with patient recruitment from May 1999 to August 2001, supplemented with a search of the National Death Index. Twenty primary care practices participated from the greater metropolitan areas of New York City, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In all, 584 participants identified though a two-stage, age-stratified (aged 60–74 or ≥75 years) depression screening of randomly sampled patients and classified as depressed with complete information on diabetes status are included in these analyses. Of the 584 participants, 123 (21.2%) reported a history of diabetes. A depression care manager worked with primary care physicians to provide algorithm-based care. Vital status was assessed at 5 years.

RESULTS—After a median follow-up of 52.0 months, 110 depressed patients had died. Depressed patients with diabetes in the intervention category were less likely to have died during the 5-year follow-up interval than depressed diabetic patients in usual care after accounting for baseline differences among patients (adjusted hazard ratio 0.49 [95% CI 0.24–0.98]).

CONCLUSIONS—Older depressed primary care patients with diabetes in practices implementing depression care management were less likely to die over the course of a 5-year interval than depressed patients with diabetes in usual-care practices.
Vascular Injuries During Gynecologic Surgery
Authors: Bergqvist David , Bergqvist Agneta
Published: November 2007

latrogenic vascular injuries are common in the civilian western world. The frequency seen following gynecologic surgery is not known and a questionnaire was therefore sent to all gynecologic clinics in Sweden undertaking surgery, to establish the frequency during a 5‐year period and to analyse the types of injury. Case reports in the literature were also analysed. The frequencies per 10000 operations were: after laparoscopy, 0.93, after laparotomy, 0.76 and after major vaginal surgery, 0.33. All laparoscopic injuries were localized to the iliac arteries, caused bleeding, and were treated with arterial suture without complications or late sequelae. Injuries during laparotomy were most frequently venous and all patients had hemorrhage as the main symptom. In one case the external iliac vein was ligated, with immediate postoperative swelling, and in another case the external iliac artery was ligated, after which the patient developed postoperative ischemia. The internal iliac veins were ligated, and the other vessels reconstructed. There was no mortality, but a high rate of morbidity, also with late sequelae.
Plasma Fibronectin Concentration in Normal Pregnancy and Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Eriksen H. O. , Hansen P. Kern , Brocks V. , Jensen B. A.
Published: November 2007

Plasma fibronectin concentration was determined by electrommuno assay in 111 normal pregnant women and in 23 pregnant with evidence of pre‐eclampsia. The plasma fibronectin concentration during the period of normal pregnancy showed a significant increase. In mild or severe pre‐eclampsia patients, the plasma fibronectin concentration was significantly higher than that measured at normal 38–41 weeks of gestation. The present findings suggest that measurement of plasma fibronectin might be of diagnostic value in pre‐eclampsia.
The Grand Multipara — Maternal and Neonatal Complications
Authors: Tanbo Tom Gunnar , Bungum Leif
Published: November 2007

During the period of 1974–83 the records of all grand multiparous women were analysed and compared with an equally large control group consisting of second and third parae. Antenatal complications, the management of and complications in labor, complications in the puer‐perium, perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity were recorded and compared with the control group. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of abruptio placentae and placenta praevia in the groups, the increased tendency in the grand multipara group resulted in a high frequency of induced preterm delivery. There was also an increased occurrence of abnormal presentations and positions. The perinatal mortality was high, 23.5% compared with none in the control group. Furthermore there was an increased incidence of neonatal morbidity. One mother in the grand multipara group died from dissecting aortic aneurysm during the puerperium.
Pathologic Torsion of the Pregnant Uterus
Authors: Bakos Oddvar , Axelsson Ove
Published: November 2007

Torsion of the human pregnant uterus is a very rare complication. This presentation describes repeated episodes of pathological CTG patterns in a woman whose uterus showed a levotorsion of 150° at cesarian delivery. To our knowledge, such a pattern has never previously been ascribed to uterine torsion.
Efficacy Of Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Agonist (Buserelin) in The Treatment Of Endometriosis
Authors: Rönnberg Lars , Koskimies Aarne , Laatikainen Timo , Ranta Tapio , Saastamoinen Jukka
Published: November 2007

In a multi center study, the efficacy of and tolerance of 6 months' intranasal gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) treatment (300 μg × 3/day) on laparoscopically verified endometriosis was evaluated in 25 patients. At second‐look laparoscopy at the end of medication, the mean endometriosis score had fallen by 82.2%. All endometriosis‐associated symptoms and physical findings decreased or almost disappeared during buserelin administration. After discontinuing therapy, they showed a tendency to reappear, but nevertheless they were milder after one year of follow‐up, than before treatment. Seven (54%) of the 13 women wishing pregnancy actually conceived. Vaginal irregular spotting bleedings during the first 2 months occurred in 7 patients. No patient withdrew from the trial because of side effects, although almost all women developed symptoms of estrogen deficiency (serum estradiol concentrations fell to menopausal levels).
Le bonheur des canuts ou le bonheur des humbles
Authors: Favot Anne
Published: November 2007

Résumé Au delà des statistiques, l'étude des inventaires après décès permet une approche sensible des ouvriers en soie lyonnais dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Alors que les calculs les plus modérés montrent que ces hommes auraient du périr, le bonheur de créer remporte sur toutes les misères. Tant que la soie est là, vivante et créatrice, l'ouvrier accepte tout dans son minimum. On en arrive même à un minimum affectif. La vie de l'atelier évite tout excès verbal, tout débordement émotionnel ; point d'agitation et d'excès. Se contentant d'un minimum dans tous les domaines, les ouvriers en soie acceptent avec une ténacité remarquable le seuil du supportable. Dégager et analyser ce minimum affectif est au centre de cette thèse et permet de conclure que pour être « un bon canut, il y faut beaucoup d'âme ».
Conjonctures, adaptation et croissance : le Crédit foncier franco-canadien (1880-1979) .
Authors: Saul Samir
Published: November 2007

Résumé Entré en scène pour appliquer strictement les règles du crédit hypothécaire, le C.F.F.C connaît un parcours sans ruptures majeures. L'objectif de cette étude consiste à expliquer les causes d'une croissance. S'agissant d'une histoire d'entreprise, l'analyse, volontairement empirique, procède autant que possible de l'intérieur de la société. Le contexte économique général n'est exposé que par rapport à l'évolution du CF.F.C. D'autre part, des ratios significatifs de l'activité de la société sont préférés aux données brutes des bilans. Trois étapes caractérisent la croissance du C.F.F.C. De 1880 à 1914, la société, après le retranchement de la fin du siècle, étend rapidement ses opérations à la faveur de l'expansion économique qui s'affirme vers 1903. De 1914 à 1939, le C.F.F.C. participe d'abord à la prospérité des années 1920 tout en diminuant son activité de Crédit foncier. Scandée par des procès, cette période fait place aux années de crise qui laissent le C.F.F.C. dans une situation précaire. De 1939 à 1979, la forte demande de crédiťhypo- thécaire assure le développement sans précédent du C.F.F.C. Cependant, oblige de moduler ses opérations en fonction de l'instabilité des taux au cours des années 1970, il doit aussi envisager la perspective d'un rapprochement avec d'autres sociétés.
L'artisanat rural dans la Beauce au XIXe siècle
Authors: Farcy Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Résumé Dans une région agricole riche comme la Beauce, l'artisanat et le commerce occupent une place importante au sein de la société rurale. L'analyse des recensements et des archives financières montre que cette petite bourgeoisie rurale, qui fait travailler un actif sur quatre au XIXe siècle, est proche, par la possession d'un capital, par le travail de la terre comme par ses niveaux de fortune du milieu des petits cultivateurs. Mais cette catégorie sociale est aussi très hétérogène : l'activité commerciale, très minoritaire, mais en progrès au cours du XIXe siècle, peut accéder à la bourgeoisie « moyenne » alors que la majorité des artisans a une condition plus modeste, parfois voisine de celle des salariés agricoles. L'importance numérique du groupe comme sa position sociale intermédiaire contribuent à atténuer les contrastes sociaux dans une campagne dominée par le capitalisme agraire.
Au nouveau monde : une province d'un nouvel empire : Bahia au XIXème siècle
Authors: de Queiros Mattoso Katia M.
Published: November 2007

Résumé Dans cette introduction à une thèse de doctorat d'État présentée à Pans-Sorbonne, l'auteur explique, par le récit de son itinéraire personnel d'une part, et par l'état de la recherche historique au Brésil d'autre part, pourquoi elle a choisi d'étudier Bahia au XIXeme siècle. Une sensibilité d'étrangère, une formation européenne, les nombreuses interrogations suscitées par l'engourdissement évident de l'ancienne opulente capitale du Brésil, expliquent les impérieuses nécessités de recherches approfondies sur la population, la famille, l'Église, la VIe république, les échanges, les richesses et les pauvretés de cette province du Nouveau Monde.
Les découvreurs de la Moscovie : l'appréhension des observateurs occidentaux face à la montée de Moscou
Authors: Liechtenhan Francine-Dominique
Published: November 2007

Résumé : Jusqu'au début du XVIe siècle, l'idée de la «Russie» paraissait positive ; les Occidentaux y voyaient une aire commerciale à exploiter. Les Allemands, inquiétés par le proche voisinage avec la Russie, accusèrent pourtant la puissance grandissante de Moscou. Ainsi furent organisés les premiers écrits contre la Russie ; par le biais de chroniqueurs allemands commença la longue liste des pamphlets contre les Slaves de l'Est Ces écrivains cherchèrent à rompre l'entente relative entre les grandes nations occidentales et Moscou en excluant celle-ci du continent européen. L'attitude des témoins germaniques contraste avec les préoccupations plus théologiques des Italiens ou économiques des Anglais, fort complaisants dans leur ensemble. Honnie et convoitée, la Moscovie ne laissait plus indifférent ; les observateurs savaient désormais que les affaires internationales ne se régleraient plus sans la Russie.
Le corps introuvable. Mort et culture maritime (XVIe-XIXe siècles)
Authors: Cabantous Alain
Published: November 2007

Résumé Malgré de sensibles variations selon les types de navigation et les époques, l'irruption permanente, violente, inattendue de la mort constitue une donnée essentielle pour les populations navigantes. Au delà des chiffres de la mortalité, ce travail voudrait tenter de percevoir les aspects d'une autre culture macabre. L'absence de prêtre à bord, la privation des sacrements, l'engloutissement des corps en dessinent les contours. Mais cette culture se manifesta aussi à terre, au bord des rivages, dans la mesure où, familles, villages, communautés de métier portaient le souci de ces morts sans sépulture, de ces corps perdus à jamais en des lieux inconnaissables. Pour eux et leur salut, l'Europe maritime eut recours, sous des formes très diverses, à des rites compensatoires, signes d'un indispensable souvenir.
L'œil, l'oreille et la plume : la sensibilité testimoniale dans le Journal de Barbier (1717-1762)
Authors: de Maurepas Arnaud
Published: November 2007

Résumé Le Journal de l'avocat Barbier est l'une des sources les plus utilisées par les historiens du XVIIIe siècle. Pourtant le fait historique que représente en soi l'écriture, durant 45 années, de ce Journal, autorise un nouveau type d'étude qui s'intéresserait moins au témoignage apporté, qu'à caractériser la nature de ce témoignage, en analysant pour cela les étapes de son élaboration. Le recours au manuscrit autographe reste essentiel. Amas composite de documents de natures et d'origines différentes, ce Journal relève d'un processus d'écriture, qui permet de caractériser l'acte testimonial de son auteur. Barbier écrit sans cadre formel préalable, sans régularité, mais, en moyenne, chaque semaine ; la transcription des événements passe par une chronologie rigoureuse et touffue, qui mémorise le quotidien par une «mise en date» régulière, fruit d'un travail de relecture, mais qui ne censure pas la fausse information, et au contraire l'intègre dans le discours historique comme une étape de la connaissance. A ce souci de précision, à ce sens de l'information, s'ajoute, d'une manière de plus en plus affirmée, une volonté littéraire dans l'écriture du témoignage, qui fait du Journal non pas la chronique maladroite d'un témoin distrait, quoique bien informé, mais bien le brouillon d'une œuvre historique et littéraire, préparée par un homme dont la sensibilité de témoin accorde autant d'importance au fond qu'à la forme, à l'événement qu'à sa narration. Ainsi, ce n'est ni le hasard des nouvelles, ni une nécessité maniaque ou thérapeutique qui sont le moteur de cet événement historique que constitue l'écriture quasi cinquantenaire de cette œuvre, mais une sensibilité devant l'événement et son devenir historique, et qui fait de ce texte un acte testimonial construit et élaboré dans une perspective historienne.
Femmes, villes et travail en France dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Juratic Sabine , Pellegrin Nicole
Published: November 2007

Abstract As one investigates the activities of women among the 18th century working classes in cities as different from each other as Paris and Châtellerault, one feels the need to ask new questions about women's labour. The comparing of their situations in divers towns compels the historian to qualify the notion that the standard of living of working women progressively deteriorated during the «Ancien Régime». At a moment when the structures of the world of labour, organised as it was in trade communities, were shattered by Turgot' s reforms, the importance of women's labour within as well as without the trade organisations, and also the diversity of their legal status according to their places of work compels the historian to reassert their roles in urban economy and production. Their general situation cannot be considered as one of progressive dispossession even though the nature and the specific timing of their employments tend to betray an undeniable brittleness.
La banlieue avant la banlieue. Milan et sa périphérie pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle
Authors: Faron Olivier , Renard Jacques
Published: November 2007

Résumé La périphérie milanaise connaît une histoire administrative changeante au cours du XIXe siècle. Elle dispose d'une spécificité économique mise en valeur dans les témoignages de l'époque. Cette zone dite des Corpi santi compte une très large majorité de familles nucléaires tandis qu'une forte proportion de solitaires caractérise le centre citadin. Bon nombre de ces « banlieusards » choisissent de s'agréger à la population citadine. Ils jouissent alors généralement d'une position sociale inférieure à leurs homologues nés en ville, qui se traduit à la fois par un choix résidentiel marginal et surtout par des comportements démographiques caractéristiques : les femmes nées dans les Corpi santi se marient tôt et ont beaucoup d'enfants. Il est toutefois possible de refuser le constat apparent d'une intégration imparfaite de ces banlieusards. Non seulement leur espérance de vie s'apparente à celle des natifs, mais ils-réussissent le plus souvent à adopter assez rapidement les mêmes rythmes démographiques.
Le patronat en Belgique (1880-1960)
Authors: Kurgan-Van Hentenryk Ginette
Published: November 2007

Résumé Après une présentation de l'historiographie et de la représentation du patronat en Belgique de 1880 à 1960, cet article remet en cause certains clichés persistants dans la littérature et les media en soulignant la diversité du monde patronal et le mythe du self-made man. Afin de dépasser une étude purement économique du chef d'entreprise, les aspects sociaux, culturels et politiques de la personnalité des patrons font ressortir la richesse d'une approche globale du milieu patronal.
Léon Chagnaud : un entrepreneur innovateur dans le secteur des travaux publics
Authors: Berthonnet Arnaud
Published: November 2007

Abstract For a century the Chagnaud company has been a civil engineering firm of the first order. It owes its renown to one man : Léon Chagnaud (1866-1930). Symbol of a generation of entrepreneurs and innovators, this man marked his era professionally, presiding over the Public Works Syndicate from 1911 to 1916, becoming at the end of his life an important politician (senator of the Creuse from 1921 to 1928). The fact that public works are a risky activity necessitating little initial capital was very early on a factor favorizing innovation. Ever since Schumpeter's works (1883-1950), no one has doubted the major importance of innovation, as much a factor of technical progress in general as a fundamental element of company strategy. Léon Chagnaud seized completely the opportunities offered to him at the end of the nineteenth century. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the innovating process has become more and more complex with the passage of time. To carry out monumental works, risks must be limited and to do so, it is preferable to constitute groups of enterprises. Until 1914 the type of innovative builder dominated, but the First World War brought profound changes to the conditions under which the profession operated ; firms turned away more and more from questions of technique to those of management. Léon Chagnaud' s death in 1930 marked the end of an era, in which technical innovation had been one motor of growth in civil engineering.
La stratégie française et la Pologne (1919-1939). Aspects économiques et implications politiques
Authors: Laforest Christophe
Published: November 2007

Résumé Liée à la France par une série de traités (accord politique et convention militaire de 1921, accord de Locarno de 1925), la Pologne occupait une place essentielle dans le système d'alliances français de Г entre-deux-guerres. Les intérêts économiques français en Pologne étaient, par ailleurs, considérables. La France était le premier investisseur étranger en Pologne et le deuxième créancier de ce pays, derrière les États-Unis. Dans l'ensemble, et malgré de vrais succès succès dans le domaine industriel, la stratégie française a cependant échoué, faute de disposer de moyens à la hauteur de ses ambitions et surtout faute d'avoir suffisamment pris en compte l'autonomie de l'économique par rapport au politique : ainsi, l'arme financière pointée par le gouvernement français sur la Pologne ne s'est avérée efficace que lorsqu'elle est allée dans le sens financier dominant.
Monter et la constitution extrinsèque du réfèrent
Authors: Lebas Franck , Cadiot Pierre
Published: November 2007

The french verb monter (engl. to go up/raise/assemble . . .) is analysed in this paper to show that the hypothesis of "transparency" of language is essential to Semantics. While the common "opacity" hypothesis leads to several problematic dualisms and needs artificial construals - such as the "subjectivisation" notion - transparency opens to a theory of reference directly compatible with a phenomenological view of language. In that theory, referred-to objects are themselves constituted by "Extrinsic Properties".
Indexicalité, unification contextuelle et constitution extrinsèque du réfèrent
Authors: Nemo François
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to propose what we call an indexical-indicial theory of lexical meaning. The diversity of uses of individual words calls for a conception where only relational properties are coded. Contextual interpretations (which can of course be conventionnal and specifically memorized) are values over such coded functions.
Noms de temps et opérations de partition : le problème de Il est arrivé au mois de juin de la même année vs *Il est arrivé au mois de juin de l’année
Authors: José Laurence
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the linguistic explicitation of the relations of partition existing among the temporal referents. The referents of the names année/mois/ jour... are indeed connected by relations of order and inclusion (semaine can be described as a part of mois, just like volant is a part of voiture). Therefore, those names should satisfy the test-frame N de N. However, if it is possible to find the structure le volant de la voiture, it is odd to say les semaines du mois or en juin de l'année. The aim of this article is to put in evidence the lexical features of the temporal nouns and some constraints governing the linguistic translation of the whole-and-part relationship between the temporal referents.
The cryopelagic meroplankton community in the shallow waters of Gerlache Inlet, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Sewell Mary A. , van Dijken Schannel G. , Suberg Lavinia
Published: November 2007

Limited sampling has so far been conducted of the meroplankton community of the high Antarctic, with most research being conducted using vertical hauls in waters > 50 m, and little focused research on the meroplankton community directly under the sea ice (cryopelagic). Here we report the composition of the early summer cryopelagic meroplankton community of the shallow waters of Gerlache Inlet, Terra Nova Bay. A fixed-frame stationary plankton net was deployed c. 1 m below the annual sea ice and sampled at c. 24 hour intervals over a period of 19 days from mid-November to early December 2006. A total of 173 larvae from the phyla Annelida (n = 66), Mollusca (n = 30), Nemertea (n = 4), Echinodermata (n = 8), several Pleuragramma antarcticum (n = 4) and numerous planulae (n = 61) were collected, as well as 265 egg/embryo stages. A mean of 9.1 larvae (SD = 7.3, n = 19) and 13.9 eggs/embryos (SD = 20.5, n = 19) were found directly below the sea ice in each 24 hour period, and these early life history stages may be subject to the hazards of extensive platelet ice and penetrating ultraviolet radiation. The cryopelagic meroplankton community of shallow water is also compositionally similar to that of deeper waters, suggesting that the 50–0 m plankton tows used in previous research are providing a reliable assessment of the biodiversity of coastal Antarctic meroplankton.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES THE ROLE OF SERUM FACTORS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HAEMOCYTES OF THE FRESHWATER CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

An in vitro cell culture system is described which allows a quantitative study of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes by haemocytes from the freshwater crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus). The studies showed that specific senmi opsonins were essential for efficient phagocytosis. These results are discussed in relationship to similar findings in other invertebrates and to the evolution of vertebrate antibodies.
AN EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVOEI WHICH POSSIBLY INDICATE A HIGHLY PROTECTIVE STRAIN
Authors: Chandler HM , Gulasekharam J
Published: November 2007

A highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei was compared and contrasted with a number of less protective strains and strain variants. This strain was found to produce uniformly smooth colonies and was highly toxic to mice and pathogenic to guinea‐pigs. It possessed an O antigen common to all the strains of Cl. chauvoei and an H antigen which in this study was shared only by the standard challenge strain. Apart from flagella type, no single characteristic sets this strain clearly apart from other less protective strains.
THE VALIDITY OF THE ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD OF MEASURING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AFTER ACUTE HAEMORRHACE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD
Published: November 2007

Estimations of extracellular fluid volumes were made before and after three levels of acute haemorrhage in anaesthetised, splenectomised dogs. Three different radioactive isotopes. 35SO4, 125I and 24Na were used.

The reduction in sulphate space after 10% and 27% blood loss was replenished in less than 2 hours. However, after 46% blood loss, the sulphate space was markedly reduced and showed no evidence of recovery. The rate loss of the isotope after “equilibration” declined from 12·7% to 9% per hour. When 125I or 24Na were used the results were different. These isotope dilution spaces 2 hours after haemorrhage were reduced only by an amount equal to the volume of plasma water removed by the haemorrhage.

Delay in equilibration of all three isotopes occurred after haemorrhage, and possible explanations for the anomalous behaviour of sulphate after 46% haemorrhage are discussed. From this it is concluded that immediately after severe haemorrhage an accurate assessment of extracellular fluid partitioning may not be possible without a marker which is instantly distributed into the total extracellular fluid space.
THE RESPONSE OF MICE TO THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS
Authors: Tosolini FA
Published: November 2007

The initiation and development of infection in the visceral organs and the central nervous system of mice after intravenous injection of the WE3strain of lymphoctytic choriomeningitis virus has been studied by the immunofluorescence technique and correlated with histological changes.

In the liver, virus was taken up within a few minutes by Kupffer cells. Viral replication first occurred within these cells and infection spread from them to hepatic cells. Infiltration of the tissues by mononuclear cells, necrotic changes and signs of sickness all developed at about the same time. Necrosis occurred in foci of infected cells and immunoglobulin was present in and around the lesions.

In the central nervous system, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected the walls of blood vessels and passed through the meringue vessels into the surrounding tissue and into the cerebrospinal fluid. Spread of infection from the choroids plexuses occurred at a later stage, but infection was not transmitted from cerebral blood vessels to cells in the brain substance.

In infant mice inoculated extraneurally with lymphocytes the choriomeningitis virus, invasion of the central nervous system occurred much earlier and more readily than in adult mice and there was widespread infection of the brain substance as well as the meanings.
INTERACTION IN VITRO BETWEEN RAT MACROPHAGES AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES DURING INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: McCullagh PJ
Published: November 2007

Factors influencing the in vitro initiation of an immune response to sheep erythrocytes on the part of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes have been studied. Immune responses, initiated in vitro, were followed after transfer of the lymphocytes to irradiated hosts. Control experiments were performed to exclude the initiation of these immune responses by antigen transferred to the host. While lymphocytes were effectively stimulated as a result of incubation with antigen‐primed peritoneal cells, incubation with antigen alone failed to initiate a response. Initiation of an immune response in vitro was not observed if incubation of lymphocytes with antigen primed peritoneal cells was deferred for 6 hours after priming. Attempts to stimulate lymphocytes obtained from a thoracic duct fistula later than 12 hours after its establishment were also unsuccessful.
THIOL DISTRIBUTION AND MERCAPTALBUMIN REACTIVITY IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF DIFFERENT VERTEBRATES
Authors: Fantl P
Published: November 2007

Blood plasma of man, rabbit, mouse, rat and guinea‐pig contains 3 groups of thiol compounds. Non‐protein thiols are present to the extent of approximately 52%. The albumin fraction contains 75% thiols as determined with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide and about 10% higher values are obtained when determinel with 4,4′‐dipyridyldisulphide. Approximately 20% of the plasma thiols are present in proteins other than albumin.

The reaction of the plasma thiols with the disulphides is mainly due to mercaptalbumin, and the reactivity of plasma thiols and the isolated albumins with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide and 4,4′‐dipyridyldisulphide varies according to species and pH. Human and guinea‐pig mercaptalbumin react slowly with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide at pH 6·5 whereas a fast reaction takes place with rat's mercaptalbumin. Intermediate reaction rates are seen with rabbit and mouse plasma.

Species differences are also noted in the unmasking of thiol groups of plasma and isolated albumins by urea, guanidine hydrochloride and lauryl sulphate.

Certain positions of the thiol groups in the mercaptalbumin structures are suggested and genetic considerations and evolutionary aspects of mercaptalbumin coding are discussed.
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF BLOOD VOLUME FOLLOWING ACUTE SEVERE HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD
Published: November 2007

Anaesthetized dogs, which had undergone previous splenectomy, were subjected to mild (10% blood volume), moderate (30% blood volume) and severe (46% blood volume) haemorrhage. The arterial and central venous pressures, blood volume and haematocrit were measured before and after haemorrhage. In the mild and moderately bled dogs there was a return of all observed parameters to their control, prebleed values. All of these animals survived the duration of the experiment. In the severely bled animals there was a negligible return of both arterial and central venous pressures, an absence of blood volume repletion and no significant changes in large vessel haematocrit. All of these animals died. It is suggested that these observations might result from a gross reduction in the area of the vascular bed being perfused following severe haemorrhage.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS FOR MATERNAL AND FOETAL SERUM, AMNIOTIC FLUID AND FOETAL GASTRIC JUICE IN NORMAL PREGNANGY
Authors: Connon Aileen F
Published: November 2007

A study was made of IgG, IgM and IgA levels in 38 normal pregnant women using quantitative radial immunodiffusion plates. Foetal and maternal serum IgG levels were in the same range, but there was considerably less IgM and IgA in the foetal circulation than in the maternal serum. All three immunoglobulins could be measured in amniotic fluid collected shortly before delivery and in foetal gastric juice aspirated at birth. The levels were similar in these two fluids, in contrast to the levels in foetal serum. This difference was especially noticeable for IgG which was 100 fold greater in foetal serum than in amniotic fluid or gastric juice. It is suggested that the foetus itself is the source of at least some of the IgG, IgM and IgA present in amniotic fluid and gastric juice at birth.
EVIDENCE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF PREFORMED PURINES BY RAT LYMPHOID TISSUES: IMPLICATION TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY 6‐THIOPURINE ANALOGUES
Authors: Chalmers AH , Atkinson MR , Burgoyne LA , Murray AW
Published: November 2007

Portal occlusion selectively inhibits the in vivo incorporation of [14C]formate into the purines of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from rat lymph nodes and thymus compared with incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid thymine. Incorporation of formate into deoxyribonucleic acid purines is also low in perfused submandibular lymph nodes and in lymph nodes incubated in vitro. A similar depression of formate incorporation into lymphoid tissue deoxyribonucleic acid purines is obtained by treatment with the immuno‐ suppressive drugs azathioprine and 9‐butylazathioprine.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND GASTRO‐INTESTINAL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPING RED KANGAROO (MEGALEIA RUFA, DESMAREST)
Authors: Harrop CJF , Barker S
Published: November 2007

The concentration of reducing sugars in peripheral blood of adult, female red kangaroos has been measured and was found to be intermediate between those of ruminant and non‐ruminant herbivores; the levels of steam volatile fatty acids resembled those of non‐ruminants. The concentration of reducing sugars in pouch‐young red kangaroos was similar to that of adults, while volatile fatty acids levels in fully suckling pouch‐young were significantly lower than in animals which were both suckling and eating solid food, or in adults; this may have been related to gastric function. Changes in the morphology and histology of the blood erythrocytes, and in the dimensions of the stomach and pH of the stomach contents in pouch‐young, occurred at an early age (< 100 days), while the animals were still fully suckling.
CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN MAMMARY SECRETION OF RUMINANTS DURING INVOLUTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF IgG1
Authors: Watson DL , Brandon MR , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

Involution of the mammary gland was initiated by stopping milking in 8 cows in the eighth to tenth month of lactation, in 4 ewes which had been lactating less than 7 weeks and in a further 6 ewes lactating more than 12 weeks. In all animals the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the mammary secretion—IgG1, IgC2, IgA and IgM—increased as involution progressed. In the cows and in those ewes in early lactation there was a transitory increase in selective transfer of IgG1 during the initial phase of involution. Subsequently, the glandular epithelium completely lost its ability to selectively transfer IgG1, and the results indicated that the loss of structural integrity of the epithelium characteristic of advanced involution allowed a ready equilibration of proteins between the secretion and interstitial fluid. There was no suggestion of a transitory increase in selective transfer of IgC1 in those ewes involuted late in lactation.
IN VITRO RECONSTITUTION BY PURIFIED T CELLS OF NUDE MOUSE SPLEEN ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SRBC ANTIGEN
Authors: Adams PB
Published: November 2007

The antibody‐forming cell response of spleen cells from nude mice to the thymic‐dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen is greatly depressed. The response can be restored if the nude spleen cells are cultured together with a population of peripheral T cells from normal mice.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE YOLK SAC, THYMUS, BONE MARROW AND BURSA OF FABRICIUS
Authors: Walker Karen Z , Schoefl Cutta I , Lafferty KJ
Published: November 2007

The effect of a graft‐versus‐host reaction on the development of the yolk sac, bursa of Fabricius, thymus and tome marrow was examined in chicken embryos inoculated at different stages of development with blood from an allogeneic adult donor. Haemopoietic tissue of the yolk sac folds showed depletion of stem cells at each stage investigated but it was particularly severe in very young embryos. The effect of a graft‐versus‐host reaction on intraembryonic haemopoietic tissue was either aplasia or the appearance of proliferative lesions, depending on the age of the recipient and the developmental stage of the particular organ. Lymphopoiesis in the thymus was severely depressed in embryos inoculated at day 5 or day 6, and follicles in the bursa from embryos inoculated at day 8 to day 14 were poorly developed. Proliferative lesions first appeared in the thymus when embryos were inoculated at day 6 or day 8. They first developed in the bone marrow of embryos inoculated at day 10, but were not found in the bursa of embryos inoculated before day 14. The time when proliferative lesions could first be induced in these organs closely correlated with the time at which they were populated with yolk‐sac‐derived stem cells. The nature of a graft‐versus‐host reaction in chicken embryos therefore appears to depend on the development and maturation of its haemopoietic tissues.
OUABAIN‐INDUCED GROWTH RETARDATION AND DEATH IN CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Edwards Anne , Gupta JD , Harley JD
Published: November 2007

Ouabain injected into the air space of fertile hen eggs on the seventh day of incubation produced retardation of growth of the embryos incubated over a further period of five days. An injected close of 35 μg of ouabain per embryo caused 24% mortality of the eggs as against 9% in the saline‐injected controls. The survivors showed marked retardation of growth as ouabain‐treated embryos had a significantly lower weight than the saline‐injected controls. On doubling the dose of ouabain, the mortality rate increased to 57% and the growth retardation in the survivors was even more pronounced. Apart from growth inhibition, no gross structural abnormalities were noticed. The activity of the enzyme Na+‐K+ activated adenosine triphosphatase was depressed in the erythrocytes of the ouabain‐treated chicks.
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN ON THE PULMONARY EXTRACTION OF PGF2α, AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO PGF2α
Authors: Jackson HR , Hall RC , Hodge RL , Gibson E , Katic F , Stevens M
Published: November 2007

Aspirin significantly inhibited the pulmonary extraction of prostaglandin F2α. This effect of aspirin on the pulmonary circulation was associated with a significant change in the cardiovascular response to intravenous infusions of prostaglandin F2α but no change in the response to arterial infusions.

Before aspirin intravenous infusions of prostaglandin F2α caused a significant fall in central venous pressure and a rise in cardiac output, while after aspirin prostaglandin F.2α caused a rise in central venous pressure and a fall in cardiac output.
EFFECT OF ANTI‐CELL AND ANTI‐AXIAL FILAMENT SERA ON LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Chang Annabella , Faine S
Published: November 2007

Antisera produced against either whole leptospiral cells or purified axial filament (AF) both possessed agglutinating activity towards live cultures and precipitated AF in gel diffusion reactions. The anti‐cell serum possessed, in addition, precipitating activity to an unideutified antigen when reacted against a crude preparation of AF.

The AF antigen was heat‐labile; a suspension of boiled cells was used to absorb out antibodies to heat‐stable somatic antigens. This absorption resulted in a drop in the agglutinating titre in both the anti‐cell and anti‐AF sera, but residual agglutinating activity was always present after repeated absorptions. After absorptions, both of the antisera reacted only with AF antigen in precipitation with crude AF extracts.

The anti‐cell sera showed immobilising activity which was apparently a secondary effect resulting from damage to the cell by anti‐somatic antibodies. The anti‐AF sera showed some, but not strong, immobilising activity. The absence of complete immobilisation dees not necessarily exclude the AF from a role in motility.

Treatment with anti‐cell serum resulted in degradation of the leptospiral cell structure seen firstly in the enveloping sheath, followed by the protoplasmic cylinder and, finally, lysis. Treatment with specific anti‐AF serum did not lead to degradation or lysis of the cells.
PROTEIN PATTERNS IN NORMAL AND INDUCED PATHOLOGICAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF MICE
Authors: Feiglin B , Reade PC
Published: November 2007

The soluble eytoplasmic protein fractions obtained from homogenates of mouse submandibular salivary glands following the production in the glands of either hyperplastic, hypertrophic or neoplastic changes was investigated. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic identification it was found that serum and saliva proteins contributed markedly to the salivary gland homogenate protein pool. After subtracting the serum and saliva protein components from the total homogenate patterns, it was shown that there were similarities between the glandular proteins of the various treatment groups as well as proteins peculiar to each of the induced pathologies, which indicated that there was some specificity in each response in terms of new protein production and the related cellular changes.
STUDIES ON FELINE LYMPHOSARCOMA IN THE SYDNEY AREA
Authors: Sabine Margaret , Wright RG , Love Daria N
Published: November 2007

Feline lymphosarcoma was shown to be the most common neoplastic disease of cats in the Sydney area, and the only one found in cats under the age of two years. The disease was readily transmitted to neonatal kittens by inoculation of tissue extracts or plasma from infected cases. Typical feline C‐type virus particles were observed in spontaneous and transmitted cases.

Inoculation of a continuous line of kitten embryo cells with plasma from a spontaneous case of lymphosarcoma produced alteration in the growth characteristics of the cells. Altered cells inoculated into neonatal kittens produced lymphosarcoma within seven weeks.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA IN VITRO BY HAEMOCYTES FROM THE CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: Tyson CJ , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

A quantitative study has been made in vitro of the phagocytosis of bacteria by haemocytes from freshwater crayfish (Pamchaeraps bicarinatus). The data presented show that the uptake of bacteria by these cells is dependent on certain recognition factors which may be present either free in the haemolymph or associated with the plasma membrane of phagocytic cells.