bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edith Elura Tilton Penrose: Life, Contribution and Influence
Authors: Penrose Perran , Pitelis Christos
Published: November 2023

Edith Elura Tilton was born on 15 November 1914 at Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. Her father, George Tilton, was a road engineer for the Department of Public Works, and was descended from early immigrants to the United States. Her mother, Hazel Sparling, was a descendant of a passenger on the Mayflower. Edith had two brothers, Harvey and Jack. It was a close and supportive family, living in a small town community. For much of the time, the family followed George as he surveyed the new Californian road network (he headed the party that surveyed Highway 1 along the Pacific coast). As a small child Edith spent much of her time in road camps, packing along narrow trails, receiving a basic education in small shacks that served as class rooms. For a child the life was exciting and not without danger: she was about to engage in a close dialogue with a rattlesnake when her mother shot the snake through the head.
Edith’S Garden and a Glass Half-Full: Further Issues
Authors: Pitelis Christos
Published: November 2023

Great as it is, Penrose’s contribution has its own ‘missing links’, and provides scope for potentially fruitful generalisations, extensions and syntheses. Perhaps uniquely interesting is Penrose’s approach, in that the very lens that it provides helps to identify these very missing links and possibilities. The aim of this short concluding chapter is to deal with some such further issues. I hasten to add that this is not an exhaustive ref erence to points raised by others, for example in this volume. Rather I focus on issues that I consider crucial and less discussed.
A problem in English subject-complementation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present a particular problem for the grammatical description and explanation of subject complementation in English. This problem has so far not found a solution in any of the current theories of grammar, in particular the theory of Government and Binding. I also present a principled solution of this problem, in terms of the theory of Semantic Syntax. The problem, and the essence of its solution, were presented by me in a talk at the MIT Linguistics Department almost twenty years ago. On that occasion, the audience, or at least those who set the tone for the audience, were unwilling to accept the reality of the problem, and thus even less willing to consider the solution proposed. One reason for this negative attitude, I felt at the time, was probably the fact that both the problem and the solution offered were awkward for the theoretical orientation which was then beginning to be developed, in particular X-bar theory. This awkwardness has remained: the problem has so far proved refractory in terms of MIT-based theory, and the solution is at loggerheads with X-bar theory, now as then.
Lexical meaning and presupposition †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Not everyone is agreed that lexical meanings are, or can be, complex and are thus open to analysis. Fodor, for example, has claimed for years now that all lexical meanings are one and indivisible. This is, however, not the prevailing opinion. In fact, there is an old tradition, going back to Plato, of lexical analysis, and various systems have been thought up to implement lexical analytic procedures. In fact, systematic comparison of lexical items irresistibly invites analysis. Compare, for example, the three English verbs kill, murder, and assassinate. Whereas kill, following McCawley, can be seen as ‘cause to die’,2 murder clearly is ‘kill’ plus something extra, i.e. ‘kill unlawfully, with malice aforethought’, as the legal definition has it. And, in its turn, assassinate is ‘murder’
Working through the Work of Making Work Mobile
Authors: Cornford James , Pollock Neil
Published: November 2023

What does the recent application of information communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education, and particularly the emergence of commerciallyoriented, digital, online or virtual universities hold for the future shape of established, campus-based universities? The transformative and increasingly popular view is that, because of the possibility of new and different ways of producing, distributing, and consuming higher education, these new ‘placeless’ institutions have the potential to reshape traditional university methods, relationships, geographies, and perhaps even ‘ethos’. Such a prospect is well captured in the words of Tom Abeles (1998: 606) who describes how: ‘... students who once travelled great distances to listen to lectures of scholars, can now access this knowledge via the world of the internet.’
Mobilizing the European Court of Justice
Authors: Schepel Harm , Blankenburg Erhard
Published: November 2023

Justice Breyer of the US Supreme Court recently described a ‘movement, almost worldwide, toward the realization that people’s liberty and their prosperity depend in part upon strong judicial institutions’. Judges are of course likely to say that their job is important, and even more likely to say that they do not want to be interfered with while doing it. But the statement is more than self-serving rhetoric. And judicial self-confidence is not just an American phenomenon. Increasingly, judges see themselves, in Antoine Garapon’s suggestive formulation, as ‘gardiens de promesses’, keepers of promises.
An Optimality Theory Approach
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 6 I described a complex set of descriptive rules that govern the positioning of the PM, as well as those that govern the placement of the clitic -q’a- SUBJV and the PAST clitic, -y/-i (henceforth -y PAST). (I ignore -gi- COND here, since it is obsolete in the dialect I am describing, and because it can easily be accounted for with a constraint similar to that formulated for -q’a- SUBJV.) In Chapter 6 we saw also that linguistic entities that we must recognize as clitics (Chapter 5) can occur inside sequences that we are forced to acknowledge to be single morphemes from a synchronic point of view (Chapter 4). This fact poses a serious challenge for linguistic theory. In this chapter I show that the placement of Udi PMs as endoclitics is similar to the more familiar placement of infixes. Udi clearly attests structures that have not been acknowledged to exist in natural languages, namely endoclitics. Because linguists have not believed that endoclitics existed, we have created linguistic theories that prevent the formation of such structures. It is therefore not surprising that current theories do not lend themselves to accounting for endoclisis. Among current theories known to me, it is Optimality Theory (OT) that best accommodates the facts of Udi endoclisis. No theoretical account of the order of morphemes in Udi will be simple (if it is accurate), since the facts of Udi morpheme order as described in Chapter 6 are not simple. The purposes of this chapter are first to explore the nature of the morphology – syntax interface on the basis of Udi data, second to show that Udi clitic placement can be accounted for within a framework independently proposed for universal grammar, even though, to the best of my knowledge, nothing like the Udi intramorpheme clitics has previously been described, and third to relate Udi endoclisis to what is known of infixes and other related phenomena in other languages.
Introduction to the Diachrony: Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

One goal of Part III of this book is to explain from a diachronic point of view how Udi came to violate the Lexical Integrity Principle. This part provides an explanation of why Udi is different from most other languages in having endoclitics and how it got to be different from other languages of the North East Caucasian family and the Lezgian subgroup, to which it belongs. An additional goal is to explain how Udi came to place PMs in so many different positions (see Chapter 6) under different conditions. Both of these explanations are undertaken in Chapter 12, drawing on diachronic descriptions developed in Chapters 8 – 11. This chapter provides background on the NEC family, describing relationships within the family and within the subgroup (§8.1) and reconstructing case marking (§8.2) and agreement (§8.3) in the Lezgian subgroup, based of course on comparison within this subgroup. A second goal of the chapter is to demonstrate the pronominal origin of the three main sets of PMs (§8.4) and to discuss possible origins of the question PM (§8.5) on the basis of internal reconstruction. It is only the origins of the morphological shape of PMs that is addressed in this chapter, and the development of the positions of PMs is deferred to Chapters 9 – 10 and 12.
Weakness (‘Ashaktapana’) and Reproductive Health among Women in a Slum Population in Mumbai
Authors: Ramasubban Radhika , Rishyasringa Bhanwar
Published: November 2023

Since the late 1980s and early 1990s growing interest in women’s reproductive well being has brought to the fore for the first time the considerable burden of reproductive morbidity carried by poor women in developing countries (Dixon-Mueller and Wasserheit 1991; Germaine et al. 1992).

Community-based studies in developing countries to estimate the incidence of reproductive tract infections (RTis) among poor women have revealed that this morbidity and general ill-health is, for the most part, silently endured by women, due to a combination of forces which serve to keep women’s sufferings invisible: cultural restrictions and gender inequalities in the form of lack of autonomy over mobility, finances and decision making, low educational levels, poor awareness about their bodies, about their health and about available services, and infrastructural shortcomings in the form of lack of good quality and sensitively tuned health and counselling services (Bang et al. 1989; Wasserheit et al. 1989; Khattab 1992; Younis et al. 1993; Brabin et al. 1995; Gittelsohn et al. 1994; Bhatia et al. 1997; Streehitakarini 1995; Baroda Citizens’ Council et al. 1995; Oomman 1996). It is notable that a number of these studies have been conducted in India, with more underway (Koenig et al. 1996).
The Reproductive Consequences of Shifting Ethnic Identity in South Africa
Authors: Kaufman Carol E , James Deborah
Published: November 2023

The importance of ethnicity to fertility behaviour, and to changes in fertility behaviour, has been supported in demographic research for some time (Goldsheider and Uhlenberg 1969; Lesthaeghe 1977; Anderson 1986). Fertility levels and contraceptive use patterns often show distinction along language groupings or religious lines. This is no less true in South Africa. Given a context in which rights and privileges were apportioned according to skin colour, variation in shape and pace of demographic change by racial group is perhaps expected, if not well documented (though see Mostert 1990; Chimere-Dan 1993). What has been almost completely ignored is the striking difference in reproductive patterns across various language groups of the African population of South Africa. The former government administered Africans in ethnic units, a policy which fostered divisiveness through differential granting of scarce resources. The relationship between reproductive outcomes and uneven access to social and economic opportunities thus appears to present a promising analytic explanation for ethnic reproductive differences in South Africa.
Critical Perspectives: The Feminist Critique of Medicine, Medicalization, and the Making of Breast Implant Policy
Authors: Jacobson Nora
Published: November 2023

The breast implant story is of interest in its own right, but it is important because of what it illustrates about broader issues of women’s health policy making. In this section I use two critical perspectives-the feminist critique of medicine and medicalization-to examine the history of US policy toward breast implants. I focus on several tensions that emerge in the breast implant story: abuse and neglect, coercion and collaboration, autonomous choice and action that is always circum scribed by a social context.
The Military Business Complex’s Corporate and Personal Connections
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

With its impeccable military credentials and sprawling economic clout, the military business complex was a potent symbol of power and privilege during the reign of Deng Xiaoping. The uniformed heads of some of the leading PLA firms were the offspring of the country’s ruling elite and they were not afraid to use their access to win lucrative favours. This helped these conglomerates to quickly become powerhouses and join the ranks of the country’s corporate elite.

But the success of these high-flying PLA enterprises rested heavily on their con¬nections to the inner circles of power in the Dengist court As the patriarch’s health and influence waned in the early 1990s and Jiang Zemin moved in to establish his own power base, these princelings soon found themselves on the outside.
Sibling Rivalries: The Relationship Between the Military Business Complex and the Defence-Industrial Complex
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

During its heyday, the military business empire stood proudly side-by-side with the civilian defence-industrial complex (DIC). But this industrial titan easily dwarfed its military comrade-in-arms in size and economic importance. The defence industry played a central role in the building of China’s defence capabilities and national economy since the 1950s. Weapons manufacturers dominated the industrial landscape during the Maoist period and prospered on ‘iron rice bowl’ guarantees for orders. But as Cold War tensions subsided and China opened its doors to economic refonns in the early 1980s, the defence industry suffered a precipitous and prolonged dec1ine in its fortunes as the PLA drastically curtailed demand for its outdated arms.
The Emergence of German Transnational Companies: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Study of the Globalization Process
Authors: lane christel
Published: November 2023

German multinational companies (MNCs) have long stood out among companies from the most highly developed economies for their late start on the road to globalization and the relatively low degree of globalization attained (Doremus et al. 1998; Dörre 1996; Lane 1998; Ruigrok and van Tulder 1995). This fact has been connected with their exceptionally deep embeddedness in a highly cohesive business system and their dependence for factor creation and reproduction on the institutions which constitute this system (Lane 1998; Whitley 1999 and Chapter 2 in this volume). Whitley goes even further and suggests that companies from highly integrated and cohesive business systems—collaborative hierarchies—are unlikely to become transnational companies or, in his own terminology, do not become hybrid MNCs.
Corporate Governance: Effects on Firm Performance and Economic Growth
Authors: Maher Maria , Andersson Thomas
Published: November 2023

The relationship between corporate governance and economic performance bas become one of the most controversial issues faced by policymakers today. Each country has through time developed a wide variety of mechanisms to overcome the agency problems that arise from the separation of ownership and control. While some systems are characterized by wide dispersed ownership (outsider systems), others tend to be characterized by concentrated ownership or control (insider systems). In outsider systems of corporate governance (notably the USA and UK) the basic conflict of interest is between strong managers and widely dispersed weak shareholders. In insider systems (notably Continental Europe and Japan), on the other hand, the basic conflict is between controlling shareholders (or block holders) and weak minority shareholders. Therefore, one of the most striking differences between countries’ corporate governance systems is in the ownership and control of firms, and the identity of controlling shareholders.
Using Options to Divide Value in Corporate Bankruptcy
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian Arye
Published: November 2023

Reorganization is one of the two routes that a corporation in bankruptcy may take. When a corporation becomes insolvent and bankruptcy proceedings are commenced, the corporation will be either liquidated or reorganjzed. In liquidation, the assets of the corporation are sold, either piecemeal or as a going concern. The proceeds from this sale are then divided among all the participants—all those that hold claims against or interests in the corporation. In contrast, in a reorganization, there is no actual sale of the company’s assets. Instead, there is a ‘hypothetical’ sale of the company to the existing participants—they ‘pay’ for the company with their existing claims and interests, which are cancelled, and they receive in exchange ‘tickets’ in the reorganized company (i.e. claims against or interests in this new entity). In the USA when large publidy traded companies become insolvent, they usually pursue the reorganization route.
Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Governance: The Case of UK Pension Funds
Authors: Faccio Mara , Ameziane Lasfer M
Published: November 2023

Large blockholding is considered to be one of the mechanisms for controlling the agency problems which arise whenever managers have incentives to pursue their own interests at the expense of those of shareholders. However the primarily USA empirical evidence provided to date on the role and effectiveness of blockholdcrs is mixed (Shleifer and Vishny 1997). The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the monitoring role of occupational pension funds1 the largest category of shareholders in the UK. We focus specifically on these funds because of the large dimension of their overall stakes in the UK market1 the particular structure of their portfolios, and their investment objectives. We consider these funds to be pressure-resistant institutions as opposed to other institutions, such as banks. investment and unit trusts and insurance companies (Brickley et al. 1994).
Stock-Based Executive Compensation
Authors: Conyon Martin J , Murphy Kevin J
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the importance of stock-based compensation for top corporate executives. Throughout Europe and USA, there have been repeated calls to align the interests of executives with those of shareholders by linking executive compensation more closely to company performance. Stock-based pay, including stock options as welt as performance and employment-contingent equity grants, provides a direct link between pay and performance and plays a key role in mitigating ‘agency problems’ between managers and shareholders. In this chapter, we analyse the various forms of stock-based pay and discuss how to value and measure the incentives from the various schemes. In addition, we document the prevalence of stock-based pay in Europe, and contrast these results to the USA experience.
Mobile Society? Technology, Distance, and Presence
Authors: Cooper Geoff , Green Nicola , Murtagh Ged M , Harper Richard
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons—theoretical, epistemological, practical, political—for sustaining a critical or sceptical stance towards confident assertions that par ticular technologies, of themselves, usher in new forms of social behaviour that warrant the use of new descriptors such as ‘virtual society’. For example, much recent social-scientific investigation of new information and communications technologies (ICTs) has an implicitly critical orientation to totalizing theoretical terms such as the ‘information age’ or ‘virtual society’, detailing the prob lematic assumptions underlying such rhetoric, and asking questions about the technological determinism implied. It is argued that any assessment of the adequacy of these terms must be derived, at least in part, from the study and consideration of the situated social and material uses of technologies in everyday life.1
Albanian
Authors: Görrlach Manfred
Published: November 2023

1. mehmeti, ismail (1982), ‘A Morphological and Semantic Analysis of the Adaptation of Anglicisms in Albanian’, in *Filipovic (ed.), 28–56. 2. NuHiu, VEJSEL (1982), ‘The English Element in Albanian-a Phonological Analysis’, in *Filipovic (ed.), 1–27.
Croatian
Authors: Filipović Rudolf
Published: November 2023

The author discusses phonetic compromise as a transition from the foreign status of a word, or the first stage, to completely assimilated native status, or the third stage. This compromise is a general linguistic phenomenon which disappears as soon as the borrowed word is widely used. Accommodation can take three forms, as seen in a) foreign phonemes; b) foreign phonemic combinations; c) and adoption of a foreign accentual system.
Danish
Authors: Sørensen Knud
Published: November 2023

Jacobsen, henrik galberg (1994), ‘Sprogrendringer og sprogvurdering. Om nogle aktuelle engelskinspirerede rendringer i dansk og om vurderingen af dem’ (Language Changes and their Assessment. On some topical English-inspired Changes in Danish and their Assessment), Danske Studier, 5–28.
Dutch
Authors: Berteloot Amand , Sijs Nicoline van der
Published: November 2023

This work was intended to be an introductory chapter to Bense’s work on the Low Dutch element in the English vocabulary but grew to the size of an independent volume. It comprises a general survey of the Anglo-Dutch relations beginning with the Old English period to the death of William the Third in 1702. The author includes relations in industrial, commercial, political, financial, colonial, and literary domains.
Finnish
Authors: Battarbee Keith
Published: November 2023

The author gives a sketch of the history of Finnish language contacts (which explains why anglicisms are sometimes difficult to distinguish from borrowings from (or through) other Germanic languages) and then reports on an ‘anglicism project’ intended to ‘study the impact of English on the Finnish language and Finnish culture’; this included a great number of empirical tests on competences and attitudes and was completed in 1980.
Greek
Authors: Stathi Ekaterini
Published: November 2023

The author proposes a hierarchy of rules which apply in fixed order during gender assignment of French and English loans in Modern Greek. The analysis is based on the distinction between morphologically integrated and non-integrated loans. Three types of analogy play a central role: a) semantic analogy, which accounts for the agreement between natural and grammatical gender in the case of nouns referring to animates as well as the correspondence between the gender of the loan and a near synonym or hyperonym; b) morphological analogy: this is used in the case of non-humans which are integrated into an inflectional paradigm, in which case they receive the gender of this class; c) interlingual analogy: the loan retains the gender of the source language.
The Large-scale Retail Stores Act and its “Erosion” in the 1970s–1980s
Authors: Tsuruta Toshimasa , Yahagi Toshiyuki
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the history of the Large-scale Retail Stores Act and examines the economic and political forces behind its inception, gradual “erosion,” and ultimate elimination. Designed to replace the Department Stores Act, the Large-scale Retail Stores Act was enacted in 1973 to take effect in March 1974. The law was initia1ly viewed favorably by retailing experts and industry participants in the following two respects. First, it specifica11y listed among its purposes the protection of consumers’ interests as we11 as those of small and medium-sized retailers. This was seen as a clear improvement over the Department Stores Act, which simply regulated store openings and operations. Second, by replacing the licensing procedures under the Department Stores Act with a simple notification system for store openings, it apparently offered a more market-oriented framework.
Introduction
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

Arbitration has become the preferred method for the resolution of international commercial disputes. Whilst the great amount of learning and practice in this area of the law has resolved a significant number of issues, a comprehensive examination of the applicable procedural law in international arbitration is still wanting. This book looks at the rules of private and public international law determining the procedural law of international arbitral proceedings, and the significance of that procedural law. (As stated also in section IV below, ‘law’ in this book means exclusively black-letter rules of national and international law (including customary or ‘general’ international law).)
Comparative European Banking Developments
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

In the debate over bank provision of finance for industrial firms, adverse comparison is often drawn between the performance of British banks and that of their European counterparts. Such criticism rests on both theoretical and historical grounds. A fundamental issue is whether the allocation of finance is better left to the sovereignty of the marketplace (the neoclassical case raised in Chapter 1)—where borrowers compete for the funds of investors—or is better served by bankers who have the power to distribute funds and exercise influence over the uses to which they are put. For analytical purposes the argument often highlights differences between two stereotyped financial systems: an Anglo-Saxon (or Anglo-American) marketoriented system and a Continental (or German) bank-oriented system.
The Impact of Financial Crises on Commercial Bank Behaviour
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the possibility that an important part of the long-term rise in commercial bank liquidity over the decades before 1914 was in response to the banks’ experience during financial crises. The traditional approach to the historical study of financial crises has been largely concerned with transitory, short-term effects, though there is no unanimity of opinion as regards either the effects on the real economy or the policy implications. Anna J. Schwartz (1986) has championed the ‘monetarist’ view. She accepts the fundamental robustness of markets and has largely narrowed her focus to the impact of crises on the money supply. She is keen to minimize any interference from the authorities because she claims that the historical record shows such intervention causes serious problems of moral hazard and has often had inflationary consequences.
Negligence
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

A history of tort law would doubtless start off with the venerable, though still vital, tort of trespass, or possibly nuisance. Those torts will be dealt with later, but today the tort of ‘negligence’ is so dominant and pervasive, controlling trafic accidents, professional liability, and so much else, that it must be dealt with first. It is indeed a relatively recent arrival on the scene, for though there had long been certain specific situations not covered by trespass where liability was imposed if the claimant could prove that the defendant’s misconduct had caused him harm—for example, if he was the patient of a careless doctor, or the victim of injury on the defendant’s premises, or the owner of a thing damaged while in the defendant’s possession—one could not properly speak of a coherent tort of negligence until these instances were generalized.
Strict Liability
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

We have seen that there is a general principle, of a sort, to the effect that one is liable for the foreseeable harm due to one’s unreasonable conduct unless it would be unfair, unjust, or unreasonable to impose such liability. Where the harm is caused without any provable fault, however, there is certainly no such general principle. True, trespass, defamation, and con- version are torts of ‘strict liability’, but those are torts where the law is much more concerned with the vindication of rights than with compensation for harm. What of harm caused by a person who is not to blame at all?
Introduction
Authors: Fawcett James
Published: November 2023

Sir Peter North has had and will no doubt continue to have a remarkable career combining service to his university, the University of Oxford, public service, and service to private international law. Service to his University started with a Tutorship in law and a fellowship at Keble College in 1965. He went on to become the Principal of Jesus College in 1984, a post which he still holds, Pro- Vice Chancellor of the University from 1988-1993 and Vice-Chancellor from 1993-1997.
Reform Of Private International Law By Judges: Canada As A Case Study
Authors: Blom foost
Published: November 2023

The 1990s saw a complete overhaul of the basic principles of Canadian private international law. The entire process was initiated and carried out, not by legislatures, but by judges. No other system of private international law has experienced a judicial re-invention of its foundations that was so rapid. By comparison, the ‘revolution’ in the United States was a slow-motion affair.
The Trust In Private International Law
Authors: Harris* Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Amongst all the areas of private international law, that which relates to trusts is unique. Partly, this is because of the fundamental importance of the trust in many legal systems, principally those of the common law, and its total absence from the domestic law of most civil law States. Such a schism makes conflict of laws problems inevitable. Of course, many of the most acute problems are faced by non-trust States, who may come into contact with the trust in an international context and be asked to recognize, and give some meaningful effect to, it in their jurisdictions.
Matrimonial (MARITAL) Property Rights in Conflict of Laws: a Reconsideration
Authors: Hartley” Trevor C
Published: November 2023

Matrimonial property rights may be definl:’d as propnty rights n;,sulting from marriage. Thi es ay i concerned with their international dimension, the choice-of:Jav,, problem that arise when a foreign element impinges on che situation. The leading cases almost all date from the nineteenth century. They arc based on social attitudes so at odds with chose of today chat the legalmlcs laid down may no longer be acceptable. We shall reconsider rhem in rhe lighr of modern values. Such reconsideration is also necessary in view of the enormous changes that have taken place in the substantive law. Purthermore, academic discussion ha hitherto been limited to disputes benveen the husband and the wift’ (or between one of them and the children claiming through the other). We shall consider whether the same rules should apply where creditors arc involved.
The Hague Conference’s Judgments Project
Authors: McClean” David
Published: November 2023

One thing that Sir Peter North and I have in common is the fact that we owe our interest in the conflict of laws to John Morris, and especially to his lectures to BCL candidates in a notably unprepossessing lecture room in Magdalen College. Although Peter was never able to join the Dicey and Morris editorial team, the three of us did collaborate briefly in preparing the Conflicts title for Halshury’s Laws, and Peter wrote an affectionate memoir of John Morris for the Proceedings of the British Academy.
Making English Private International Law
Authors: Morse CGJ
Published: November 2023

Sir Peter North has pointed out on several occasions that one of the most significant changes in privare inrernarional law in the twentieth cenrury is the replacement of rules largely developed in the common law with rules contained in statutes. Sir Petn has been prominent in tlwse changes, not least through his work a a Law Commis ioner, and ha explained the influences and agencie which have led to chem.2 Sir Peter has also been author or cu-author of six editions of what is now Cheshire and North’s Prwate lnternatwnal Law.
Banking with Multinationals: British Clearing Banks and the Euromarkets’ Challenge, 1958-1976
Authors: Battllossl Stefano
Published: November 2023

The rise of the Eurodollar system was an epitome of the awakening of international banking in the l 960s. From that time, its power to contribute to the international transmission of inflation and to oil the wheels of international speculation became a source of both theoretical and political controversies. Until recently, such debates have given a back-seat to the far-reaching consequences of the emergence of Eurodollar banking on strategies, organization, and business techniques of Western banks. Likewise, later developments-namely the recycling of petrodollars and the explosion of international lending to sovereign borrowers-have overshadowed the role that the demand for innovative banking services stemming from internationally-oriented companies played in the growth of the market. In fact, until the early 1970s, Eurobanking meant essentially banking with multinationals.
European Aspirations and Market Reality: Paribas, the Credit Lyonnais, and their European Strategies in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Bussiere Eric
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the way in which French banks envisaged their development strategies in the context of the construction of Europe in the l 960s and 1970s. The main feature of the period for the six-member Community was the recent establishment of the Common Market which, from the customs point of view, had become a reality. At the time those involved saw it as leading to the introduction of European-scale firms, a development which, as we have seen, has taken place much more slowly than expected. Europe was then still very heterogeneous, largely because of the lack of a homogeneous monetary and banking framework.
The Reintegrative Shaming Experiments: Research Design and Methodology
Authors: Strang Heather
Published: November 2023

The United States and other modern nations should be ready for an experimental approach to social reform, an approach in which we try out new programs designed to cure specific social problems, in which we learn whether or not these programs are effective, and in which we retain, imitate, modify or discard them on the basis of apparent effectiveness, (p. 409)
Interests and Identities in Cosmopolitan Politics
Authors: Tomlinson John
Published: November 2023

Cosmopolitanism is still largely a speculative discourse. The massive social and technological shifts that separate our world from that of the great cosmopolitan thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have not—in the crucial area of the cultural-political organization—increased our confidence a great deal. Writing about these issues can thus be a disconcerting business, as what begin as apparently plausible deductions and arguments soon seem to peter out into possibilities and conditionals, and the subjunctive mood comes to dominate. Part of the problem is in coming to terms with the political implications of the sheer complexity of globalization.
Introduction
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi , Ciborra Claudio , Land Frank
Published: November 2023

The social study of information and communication technology Information systems (IS) is an area of research positioned between management studies and applied computing, where it is influenced by numerous kindred and reference disciplines. In this book, we bring together a collection of papers that exemplify the current state of one of the strands of this hybrid field, the social study of information and communication technology (ICT) .The book broadly reflects the continuing engagement of the Information Systems Department at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) in this area of research.
The Market for ‘Lemons’: Qyality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

This paper relates quality and uncertainty. The existence of goods of many grades poses interesting and important problems for the theory of markets. On the one hand, the interaction of quality differences and uncertainty may explain important institutions of the labor market. On the other hand, this paper presents a struggling attempt to give structure to the statement: ‘Business in underdeveloped countries is difficult’; in particular, a structure is given for determining the economic costs of dishonesty. Additional applications of the theory include comments on the structure of money markets, on the notion of ‘insurability,’ on the liquidity of durables, and on brand-name goods.
The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

There is a standard model of economic behavior, the Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model of perfect competition. While this model may not be entirely adequate as a description of economic reality, it is most useful as a standard of comparison. For in equilibrium in this model, subject to the careful qualifications of Pareto optimality, peoples’ lives are as pleasurable as they possibly can be, given their tastes and productive capabilities.
An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States
Authors: Akerlof George A , Yellen Janet L , Katz Michael L
Published: November 2023

When Daniel Moynihan wrote his famous report, The Negro Family [U.S. Department of Labor 1965] the black out-of-wedlock birth rate was 24 percent. Twenty-five years later this rate, defined as the percentage of births to unmarried women, had more than doubled, to 64 percent. Over the same period the white out-of-wedlock birth ratio experienced yet faster growth-albeit from a lower-level-more then quintupling, from 3.1 percent to 18
Richard T. Ely Lecture Procrastination and Obedience
Authors: Akerlof By George A
Published: November 2023

In this lecture I shall focus on situations involving repeated decisions with time inconsistent behavior. Although each choice may be close to maximizing and therefore result in only small losses, the cumulative effect of a series of repeated errors may be quite large. Thus, in my examples, decision makers are quite close to the intelligent, well-informed individuals usually assumed in economic analysis, but cumulatively they make seriously wrong decisions that do not occur in standard textbook economics.
Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, a number of unusual financial crises occurred. In Chile, for example, the financial sector collapsed, leaving the government with responsibility for extensive foreign debts. In the United States, large numbers of government-insured savings and loans became insolvent-and the government picked up the tab. In Dallas, Texas, real estate prices and construction continued to boom even after vacancies had skyrocketed, and then suffered a dramatic collapse. Also in the United States, the junk bond market, which fueled the takeover wave, had a similar boom and bust.
Irving Fisher on his Head: The Consequences of Constant Threshold-Target Monitoring of Money Holdings*
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

The monetary theory of Irving Fisher [1911], and also of the inventory theorists, Baumol (1952], Tobin [1956], and Miller and Orr (1966], views money holding as the consequence of two types of decision. The first type of decision concerns payments that are made independent of money holdings and that are, for this reason, denoted autonomous. The second type of decision concerns the monitoring rule which determines the payments that are made dependent on the level of the bank account, which payments prevent the bank account from becoming either too high or too low. Because of their dependence on the bank account, such payments will be denoted induced.
The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment*
Authors: Akerlof George A , Yellen’ Janet L
Published: November 2023

This paper explores the consequences of a hypothesis concerning worker behavior, which we shall call the fair wage-effort hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, workers have a conception of a fair wage; insofar as the actual wage is less than the fair wage, workers supply a corresponding fraction of normal effort. If e denotes effort supplied, w the actual wage, and w* the fair wage, the fair wage-effort hypothesis says that where effort is denoted in units such that l is normal effort.
The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

The concept of a natural unemployment rate has been central to most modern models of inflation and stabilization. According to these models, inflation will accelerate or decelerate depending on whether unemployment is below or above the natural rate, while any existing rate of inflation will continue if unemployment is at the natural rate. The natural rate is thus the minimum, and only, sustainable rate of unemployment, but the inflation rate is left as a choice variable for policymakers.
Organized Uncertainty: An Introduction
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

What do the following activities have in common: catching the train to work, mountaineering, lending money, investing in new technology, drilling for oil, taking children on school trips, smoking, buying a personal pension? Years ago the answer would have been—very little. And yet we have come to think of these things as having something very important in common, namely the taking of risk, both by individuals and organizations. In 2006, risk ‘talk’ seems to be all around us and the risk-based re-description of organizational and personal life has become conspicuous.
Turning Organizations Inside Out: The Rise of Internal Control
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

On 1 December 1992, the concept of corporate governance acquired a new organizational and public policy significance. On that day, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, a committee convened by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, published his report and code of principles (‘The Cadbury Code’). Thirteen months earlier, Robert Maxwell had been found dead and the pension fund of his Mirror Group was discovered to have a £440 million deficit. Prior to this, the Bank of England had closed the Bank of Credit and Commerce International and other UK corporate scandals had already created a climate of unease about the financial transparency of large corporations entrusted with public assets.
Putting Categories to Work: The Invention of Operational Risk
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

Sometime during the 1990s, the category of ‘operational risk’ emerged as a taken for granted label in banking and insurance discourses worldwide. Operational risk was conceived as a composite term for a wide variety of organizational and behavioural risk issues which were traditionally excluded from formal definitions of market and credit risk. The explosion of operational risk discourse gave new structure and rationality to what had traditionally been regarded as a risk management residual and negatively described as ‘non-financial risk’.
Governing Reputations: The Outside Comes in
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

Just as 1995 was a critical year for the category of operational risk, it is also important for the emergence and intensification of managerial discourses about organizational reputation. Efforts to create a distinctive practice of ‘reputational management’ were catalyzed by the experience at Shell in that year (Fombrun and Rindova, 2000). The company planned to dispose of the Brent Spar oil container in the North Sea and had considered the environmental impact of different options at some length in arriving at its decision. However, Shell failed to take account of likely public attitudes to water-based disposal, and of the role of a body like Greenpeace in activating that opinion.
Right Not To Be Subject To Torture Or Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

For a general discussion of Article 3, see Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 12 8.14 BHRC 149, paras 50-4. n36: The principle that Article 3 enshrines one of the fundamental values of a democratic society was recently emphasized in Labia v Italy Judgment of 6 April 2000).
Fair Trial Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

See, generally, A Le Sueur, ‘Access to Justice Rights in the United Kingdom’ 11.15 [2000] EHRLR 457 and D Squires, ‘Access to a Court after Witham, Lightfoot and Saleem’ [2001] JR 38.
Freedom Of Expression
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

In McCartan Turkington Breen v Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 277,297, Lord 15.01 Steyn described freedom of expression as ‘the primary right in a democracy’ saying that ‘without it an effective rule of law is not possible’.
Human Rights Act Procedure
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

The latest edition of the House of Lords’ Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals ( dated June 2001) and Practice Direction and Standing Orders Applicable to Criminal Appeals ( dated June 2001) makes provision for the Act. Relevant provisions are reproduced in the Appendix to this Supplement.
Good-Time’ Girls:And Quintessential Aliens
Authors: Rose Sonya O
Published: November 2023

The nation was depicted as one in which ‘ the people’ were sacrificing their private pleasures and individual interests and concerns and devoting themselves to the war effort. It is not surprising, then, that self-interestedness or selfishness came to be portrayed as antithetical to the wartime spirit. For some selfishness during the war became the epitome of sin. Canon A. Linwood Wright, Vicar of St Mark’s, Leicester, wrote for example, ‘We must root out all selfishness, for it is destructive of com munity life. The power to achieve victory does not lie primarily in money, men or machinery but in the enthusiasm and will to accept total responsibility with total sacrifice-to give and not to count the cost.’
Second Move: Redistributing the Local
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

By equipping inquirers’ toolboxes with different instruments (oligopticas and panoramas), we have allowed them to localize the global and to accompany it safely back inside the circuits in which it now circulates back and forth. Whenever the urge to go away from local interactions manifested itself, and instead of trying some saltomortale toward the invisible rear-world of the social context, I proposed to trudge toward the many local places where the global, the structural, and the total were being assembled and where they expand outward thanks to the laying down of specific cables and conduits.
The Present State of the Common Law
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

The Court of Appeal in Macmillan Inc v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No. 3) confirmed what conflicts texts had until then suggested (with varying degrees of clarity) but never actually said, that the choice of law rule for issues of proprietary rights to shares is the law of their situs (lex situs). The case came after an arid spell of more than a hundred years in judicial consideration of the choice of law rule for shares. Its precursor by a century was the case of Colonial Bank Ltd v Cady and Williams, London Chartered Bank of Australia v Cady, a rather difficult decision of the House of Lords.
Analysis of Choice of Law Rules which have been Applied to Shares
Authors: Ooi Maisie
Published: November 2023

It is evident from the earlier chapters that the conflicts analysis of share transactions cannot be adequately addressed without taking a step back, and considering what a share actually is. The problem with shares is that it seems so obvious what a share is that rarely have courts or textbooks attempted to put a definition to it. Investors, be they investment banks or housewives, seem all too familiar with them, and courts dealing with disputes arising from share transactions usually seem able to make decisions tolerably well without separately considering what shares are.