bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the in Vivo Localization of Heterologous Anti-Leukocyte and Anti-Bone Marrow Antibodies in the Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: KUROYANAGI TAKEO , KURISU AKIRA , SUGIYAMA HAJIME
Published: October 2019

1. The intravenous injection of I131-labeled heterologous anti-leukocyte and anti-bone marrow antibodies into rats resulted in a high specific in vivo localization in the bone marrow, indicating the presence of localizing anti-body.

2. No in vivo localization in lungs was demonstrated, in possible contrast to the earlier concept of pulmonary emboli of clumped leukocytes sensitized with antibodies in experimental immunoleukopenia.

3. Heterologous anti-leukocyte and anti-bone marrow antibodies injected intravenously disappeared from plasma and fixed to peripheral leukocytes and bone marrow cells within 1 hour.
The Sex-linked Drumstick Appendage Frequency as a Marker for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Monkeys
Authors: MAGLIULO E. , CROUCH B. G. , DE VRIES M. J.
Published: October 2019

1. The average values and the range of drumstick counts in the neutrophil granulocytes in males and females of a normal group of rhesus monkeys were estimated.

2. No important individual differences in counting were found between two groups of workers.

3. Irradiation and treatment with autologous bone marrow does not influence the drumstick appendage frequency.

4. The drumstick counts are an important indication of the take of a bone marrow graft when female donors and male hosts are used.
Immunologically Specific Antigens in Leukemic Tissues
Authors: GREENSPAN IRVING , BROWN ERIC R. , SCHWARTZ STEVEN O.
Published: October 2019

The injection of extracts of leukemic and Hodgkin’s disease tissues of man elicit an antibody reaction in both man and rabbit. This response is similar to that elicited by leukemic mouse tissues when injected into rabbits. The antibody reaction may be demonstrated by the technics of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, immunodiffusion, microprecipitin and immunofluorescence. Tissue extracts from non-leukemic individuals do not elicit a similar response. Rabbits immune-tolerant to normal human tissues produce antibodies specific to leukemic human antigens. Antibodies develop in those individuals who are exposed for a long time to either human or mouse leukemia.

These immunologic studies demonstrate specific antigenic differences between normal and leukemic tissue extracts. It is postulated that the difference between normal and leukemic extracts is the consequence of the presence of viruses or the alterations caused by them.
The Influence of Cobalt and Sheep Erythropoietin on Radioactive Iron Incorporation in RBC of Starved Intact and Nephrectomized Rats
Authors: SANZARI NEIL P. , FISHER JAMES W.
Published: October 2019

The direct-assay of cobalt and sheep erythropoietin in the nephrectomized rat revealed that removal of the kidneys reduced the erythropoietic response to cobalt but did not modify significantly the response to sheep erythropoietin. Neither sham operation nor peritoneal dialysis was observed to exert a significant influence on radioactive iron incorporation in the starved rat. A moderate elevation in plasma BUN occurred in tile dialyzed nephrectomized rats but did not modify the capacity of the nephrectomized rat to respond to erythropoietin. No significant change occurred in plasma potassium in the lavaged-nephrectomized rats. Bilateral nephrectomy was found to result in a significant reduction in total circulating red cell and blood volume. Plasma iron was significantly reduced by both nephrectomy and cobalt administration, but was not significantly influenced by sheep erythropoietin. The findings reported in these studies, as well as those of other workers, leaves little doubt that the kidney plays an "active" role in erythropoiesis. The existence of a "permissive" renal erythropoietic factor does not seem likely.
Disc Electrophoresis Study of Serum Proteins from Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Macroglobulinemia
Authors: ZINGALE SALVADOR B. , MATTIOLI CARLOS A. , BOHNER HANS D. , BUENO MARIA P.
Published: October 2019

Sera from 31 patients with plasma cell myeloma and seven with macroglobulinemia were analyzed by the disc electrophoresis method (Ornstein and David).

Of the 31 myeloma cases, 24 were found to have a single component. In the remaining cases, in spite of apparent homogeneity in paper electrophoresis, several abnormal components were seen.

Ultracentrifugal studies revealed that the heterogeneous myeloma components are a group of globulins with a sedimentation rate between 7S and 19S. Some of the latter components could be easily dissociated by sulfhydryl liberating compounds.

Comparison of the results with those obtained by paper and immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that all the heterogeneous proteins were fast globulins of the β2A type.

The possible significance of the heterogeneous myloma proteins is discussed.
Abnormal Karyotype Findings in Bone Marrow and Lymph Node Aspirates of a Patient with Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: TJIO J. H. , MARSH JOHN C. , WHANG JACQUELINE , FREI EMIL
Published: October 2019

A patient with lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and granulocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow was treated with chemotherapy and radiation with many changes in her clinical state but maintained a consistent chromosome abnormality in the bone marrow before and during treatment. A lymph node aspirate obtained before treatment showed the same abnormality. There were consistently two chromosomes missing, one each in group 6-12 and 13-15 respectively. These were replaced by two new chromosomes: one was very similar to pair 3 and the other was acrocentric and slightly longer than pair 21. The skin and peripheral blood leukocyte culture had a normal female karyotype. The leukemoid blood picture was differentiated from chronic myelocytic leukemia by the absence of the Ph1 chromosome, normal serum B12, and normal leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity.
L.E. Cells in Lymphoma
Authors: HOWQUA JUNE , MACKAY IAN R.
Published: October 2019

Two elderly women suffering from lymphoma—lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin’s disease respectively—had positive L.E. cell tests.

In one case the L.E. phenomenon was strongly and consistently positive, as were tests for thyroglobulin antibody and rheumatoid factor; treatment with radioactive phosphorus was beneficial.

The origin of antinuclear and other autoantibodies in lymphoma could be attributed to (a) the development of self-reactivity by the neoplastic lymphoid cells themselves, (b) to weakness of homeostatic control over other self-reactive cells in neoplastic lymphoid tissue, or (c) to the release of a range of abnormal clones, possibly as a consequence of a combination of germinal and somatic mutation.
An Evaluation of DFP32 and Cr51 as Methods of Measuring Red Cell Life Span in Man
Authors: CLINE MARTIN J. , BERLIN NATHANIEL I.
Published: October 2019

DFP32 or Cr51 red cell survival studies were performed in 39 patients with hematologic disorders. In each case the erythrocyte life span was also determined using the C14-labeled glycine technic.

Good agreement was found between the survival data obtained by the DFP32 and the glycine method. The red cell Cr51 T½ failed to reflect moderate shortening of red cell survival in a significant number of cases when a 25 day half-time was taken as the lower limit of normal. The occasional discrepancy between the erythrocyte life spans obtained with labeled glycine and the Cr51 halftime is probably the result of the limitations of the prevalent method of Cr51 data analysis and of the wide range of Cr51 elution rates in disease.

Because of its simplicity and reliability, the DFP32 technics appears to be the method of choice for the determination of red cell survival.
Studies of Abnormal Leukocyte Bodies in the Mink
Authors: LEADER ROBERT W. , PADGETT GEORGE A. , GORHAM JOHN R.
Published: October 2019

The occurrence of abnormal bodies in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes of Aleutian (aa) mink is reported. Similarities of these bodies to the leukocyte abnormalities of Chediák-Higashi syndrome of children are pointed out.
Studies on Hemoglobin
Authors: RACHMILEWITZ E. A. , IZAK G. , NELKEN D.
Published: October 2019

Specific antisera with high antibody titers could be prepared against adult, cord blood, dog and rabbit hemoglobin solutions. These sera were employed to study the antigenic properties of the above hemoglobins.

Common antigenic properties could be detected between hemoglobin solutions prepared from human, canine and rabbit blood.

No immunologic difference could be found between the fetal fractions of adult human blood, cord blood and thalassemia patients’ hemoglobin solutions.
The Distribution of the Philadelphia Chromosome in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: WHANG JACQUELINE , FREI EMIL , TJIO J. H. , CARBONE PAUL P. , BRECHER GEORGE
Published: October 2019

Thirteen patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia continued to have the Ph1 chromosomes in 90-100 per cent dividing marrow cells during drug-induced clinical remissions. The Ph1 chromosome was present in erythroid as well as granulocytic marrow cells, and possibly in megakaryocytes.

The presence of Ph1 chromosomes was also studied in cultures of peripheral blood. In six patients in relapse, 40 per cent of metaphases contained the Ph1 chromosome, and the percentage of these cells corresponded roughly to the relative frequency of immature granulocytes in the blood. In contrast, during remission, few or no Ph1 chromosomes were found in peripheral blood cultures, presumably because in the absence of immature granulocytes the dividing cells in the cultures originate from lymphocytes, as they do in normal blood.

It is suggested that the Ph1 chromosome usually arises in a precursor cell common to the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic, but not the lymphoid series of hemopoietic cells.
Survival of Radiochromium-labeled Platelets in Thrombocytopenias
Authors: NAJEAN YVES , ARDAILLOU NICOLE , CAEN JACQUES , LARRIEU MARIE-JOSÉ , BERNARD JEAN
Published: October 2019

Platelet survival studies were performed by the radiochromium method in 280 patients. Although various types of patients were studied, markedly accelerated platelet destruction was encountered only in those with ITP. No thrombocytopenic patient was found with accelerated platelet production and changes in platelet count with therapy reflected corresponding changes in survival. The use of surface scanning showed that patients with significant splenic localization were more suitable candidates for splenectomy that those without this localization.
Protein Metabolism and Erythropoiesis. II. Erythropoietin Formation and Erythroid Responsiveness in Protein-deprived Rats
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , Dietrich Mary Ruth , Kennedy Myrle Jean
Published: October 2019

(1) Rats on a normal and non-protein diet were hypertransfused to suppress their endogenous erythropoietin formation. Injection of erythropoietin elicited nearly identical increases in radioiron incorporation in the two dietary groups.

(2) Normal and protein-starved rats were exposed to lowered atmospheric pressure. At each level of hypoxia the erythropoietin titer in the plasma of protein-starved rats were significantly lower than those in normal diet groups.

(3) Re-proteinization resulted in significant increases in erythropoietin level.

(4) It is concluded that protein deficiency does not affect cytoplasmic protein synthesis in erythroid precursors directly, and the depression of erythropoiesis is attributed to a diminished formation of erythropoietin.
Chemical Characterization of Three Hemoglobins G
Authors: BOWMAN BARBARA H. , OLIVER CLARENCE P. , BARNETT DONALD R. , CUNNINGHAM JAMES E. , SCHNEIDER ROSE G.
Published: October 2019

Three abnormal hemoglobins identified as G by their electrophoretic mobility and performance on resin chromatography have been discovered in three healthy unrelated Negro individuals in Texas. These three G hemoglobins have been shown to belong to the same molecular species and to have a substitution in the 43rd residue of the β chain. Glutamic acid, which is present in this position in hemoglobin A, has been replaced by alanine in hemoglobin G. According to the recent suggestions on nomenclature of abnormal hemoglobins, hemoglobin GGalveston may be formulated as α24β243 Glu→ ala. Moreover, it has been shown that the following hemoglobins belong to the same molecular species: hemoglobin GGalveston, hemoglobin GPort Arthur, and hemoglobin GTexas. This alteration is the first to be described in the fifth tryptic peptide of the β chain of human hemoglobin and differs from all abnormal hemoglobins previously reported.
The Effect of Erythropoietic Stimulation on the Hemopoietic Colony-forming Cells of Mice
Authors: BRUCE W. R. , MCCULLOCH E. A.
Published: October 2019

The effect of prolonged hypoxia on the mouse hemopoietic system has been examined in order to ascertain the effect of this intense stimulus on quantitative measures of differentiation and proliferation on the erythropoietic system.

The first change that was observed (2-3 days after hypoxia) was a marked increase in the in vitro iron incorporation of the spleen cells and a less marked increase of that of the marrow cells. Later (at 4 days), there was an increase in peripheral reticulocytes. Following both of these events there was a marked decrease in the number of colony-forming cells in the spleen of the hypoxic mice but no change in the number in the marrow.

We conclude that the primitive erythroid precursor that is sensitive to erythropoietic stimulation is not the colony-forming cell. We suggest, instead, that the late decrease in colony-forming cells in the spleen is a response to a depleted pool of cells sensitive to erythropoietin and that colony-forming cells are differentiated to produce more of these cells.
The Development of Leukemia in Lethally Irradiated Mice Protected with Cells from Mice of a High Incidence Leukemia Strain
Authors: HAYS ESTHER FINCHER , WHITE EDWARD M.
Published: October 2019

These experiments show that certain AKR cells have a leukemic potential which can develop even when they reside in a foreign host. The results indicate that these cells are most prevalent in the 20-week-old AKR thymus, but are also found to be present in AKR bone marrow as early as 7 weeks of age.
The Activation of Factor X by Extracts of Rabbit Brain
Authors: NEMERSON YALE , SPAET THEODORE H.
Published: October 2019

Thromboplastic preparations were obtained from rabbit brain. The data indicate that standard acetone-dried reagent functions by activating factor X, with factor VII as an accelerator. When crude tissue reagent was fractionated by butanol treatment and saline extraction, a water-soluble material was obtained which similarly activated factor X. In each case, a source of phosphatide was necessary for activated factor X to yield full clotting activity; this phosphatide was provided in the crude tissue reagent but it was lacking in the water-soluble extract.

The extract was further purified and characterized. It appears to be a protein and it evidently activates factor X enzymatically. The data thus indicate that brain thrombloplastin contains two separable clotting activities: one of these activates factor X, the other supplies phosphatide.
Plasma Fibrin Stabilizing Factor Activity in Various Diseases
Authors: NUSSBAUM MURRAY , MORSE BERNARD S.
Published: October 2019

Ninety-five of 322 patients were found to have diminished plasma fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) activity as measured by a modification of a threshold assay method.

Repeat assays were normal in 85 of these 95 specimens after the addition of cysteine or other sulfhydryl-containing compounds to the plasma, suggesting that FSF was inactive in these instances.

Abnormal specimens obtained from six patients with acute granulocytic leukemia, and three obstetrical patients with hypofibrinogenemia had decreased concentrations of FSF since the repeated assays were normal after 6 hours of incubation but not after the addition of cysteine. One abnormal specimen obtained from a severe cirrhotic in hepatic coma failed to show normal FSF activity after the addition of cysteine, after incubation and after mixing with equal volumes of normal plasma. This suggested the presence of an inhibitor of FSF. No specific correlation could be made between diminished FSF activity and hemorrhagic symptoms.

It is proposed that normal hepatic function is necessary for the activation of FSF or for the removal of an inhibitor.
Experimental Production of Pyridoxine Deficiency Anemia in Rats
Authors: SHEN SHU CHU , WONG PETER Y. C. , OGURO MASSAO
Published: October 2019

Rats fed a diet deficient in pyridoxine all exhibited a severe microcytic hypochromic anemia after 40 to 50 weeks. This anemia responded promptly to pyridoxine administration. The myeloid:erythroid ratio in the bone marrow of the severely anemic rats was definitely increased, suggestive of hypoplasia of the erythroid series, after prolonged deprivation of pyridoxine. The ratio was markedly decreased shortly after the inception of pyridoxine treatment, indicating active erythropoiesis induced by therapy; the ratio subsequently returned toward normal when hemoglobin level improved. There was no evidence of accumulation of iron in the bone marrow. The serum iron level increased only slightly, to high-normal values in the anemic rats, but fell to low-normal level after the administration of pyridoxine.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with Fibrinogen and Factor V Deficiencies
Authors: DIDISHEIM PAUL , TROMBOLD JOHN S. , VANDERVOORT ROBERT L. E. , MIBASHAN R. SOUGIN
Published: October 2019

1. Two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are reported. Many of the promyelocytes were atypical. Of the 57 patients with this disorder in the literature, only three survived more than 4 months. Our patients underwent complete remission on 6-mercaptopurine, and survived 8 and 14 months, respectively.

2. Coagulation abnormalities in these two patients were thrombocytopenia; fibrinogen and factor V deficiencies; and, in one, prothrombin deficiency. These defects disappeared with remission, then reappeared terminally. In contrast to most previous reports, no increased fibrinolytic activity was found in their blood. Infused fibrinogen disappeared abnormally rapidly from the blood of one patient; this was not affected by simultaneous heparin administration, and no thrombi were seen at autopsy.

3. Fibrinogen, factor V, and prothrombin were assayed in 86 patients with other forms of leukemia before treatment or in relapse. Fibrinogen deficiency was found in none; prothrombin and/or factor V deficiency in eight. Three of these had acute myeloblastic, three acute myelomonoblastic, and two chronic myelocytic leukemia.

4. The characteristic cellular morphology, combined with the usual finding of fibrinogen and factor V deficiencies, makes for a distinct differentiation of APL from other forms of leukemia.
Idiopathic Dyserythropoietic Jaundice
Authors: BERENDSOHN SIEGFRIED , LOWMAN JAMES , SUNDBERG DOROTHY , WATSON C. J.
Published: October 2019

1. The term "dyserythropoietic jaundice" is used to designate a peculiar abnormality characterized by marked overproduction of bilirubin and associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and great excesses of fecal urobilinogen. Labeling with N15 glycine revealed that these excesses were mainly unrelated to destruction of mature circulating red cells, which had only a slightly shortened life span.

2. The hyperplastic, normoblastic bone marrow exhibited considerable phagocytosis of red cells and normoblasts and marked hemosiderosis with many iron-laden phagocytes. Siderocytes were relatively rare in the peripheral blood, which also exhibited consistent reticulocytosis, 3-10 per cent, but normal erythrocyte porphyrin concentrations. There was increased plasma iron turnover but decreased appearance of Fe59 in the circulating red cells.

3. The possibility is considered that there is a basic abnormality in hemoglobin synthesis in the normoblasts, with excessive production of hemoglobin or heme which is then converted to bilirubin either within the normoblast or after excretion into the blood. The observed phagocytosis of normoblasts and erythrocytes may be a secondary rather than basic disturbance of the disease.

4. This case appears to represent a unique form of chronic jaundice due to a remarkable overproduction of bilirubin without evidence of hemolysis in the ordinary sense. The extent to which this is related to intramedullary destruction of young red cells or to a basic abnormality in hemoglobin synthesis in the normoblasts, as above, cannot be determined. It is considered less likely that the overproduction is due to a true shunt—that is, bilirubin formation from porphyrin precursors. The marked dyserythropoiesis suggests that the overproduction of bilirubin was medullary rather than hepatic, although the latter is not excluded.
The Significance of Iron Turnover in the Control of Iron Absorption
Authors: WEINTRAUB LEWIS R. , CONRAD MARCEL E. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. , Foy Arthur L.
Published: October 2019

Following acute blood loss, there is a 4- to 5-day lag before any demonstrable change in plasma iron kinetics. Then there is a shortened Fe59 T½ and transient fall in the plasma iron. Associated with this is a decrease in the intestinal content of iron and an increased absorption of iron. We suggest the iron content of the epithelial cell is important in the regulation of its ability to absorb iron. The intestinal iron content is in turn closely controlled by the plasma iron turnover.
Lipids of Human Platelets and Their Action on the Blood Coagulation Process
Authors: WOODSIDE E. E. , THERRIAULT D. G. , KOCHOLATY W.
Published: October 2019

(1) Purification of lipid extracts from human platelets yielded non-lipid material which exhibited anti-thromboplastic and/or anti-thrombic properties. In one instance, both uronic acids and hexosamines were absent; consequently, the anticoagulant activity could not be attributed to the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides. The purified lipid fraction contained most of the thromboplastic activity of human platelets.

(2) The neutral lipid fraction of human platelets contained neither vitamins A, D, E, and K nor steroid hormones. The neutral lipids of human platelets exhibited no thromboplastic activity when tested individually or in combination with one another or with lecithin.

(3) Human platelet phospholipids were resolved into five major fractions by means of silicic acid column chromatography and countercurrent distribution technics. The purified lecithin, sphingomyelin, and inositol phosphatides were void of any thromboplastic activity when tested individually or in combination with one another. It was confirmed that both phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine exhibited thromboplastic activity and that phosphatidylserine at high concentrations had a pronounced anticoagulant effect.

(4) When phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine were combined, synergistic thromboplastic activity was observed. When phosphatidylserine was combined with lecithin, the thromboplastic activity of phosphatidylserine was greatly enhanced.
Studies on Lymphocytes. III. Effects of Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Circulating Blood upon the Lymphoreticular Organs in the Calf
Authors: COTTIER H. , CRONKITE E. P. , JANSEN C. R. , RAI KANTI R. , SINGER S. , SIPE C. R.
Published: October 2019

1. Extracorporeal x-irradiation of the circulating blood of the calf severely depletes the population of small lymphocytes within the body.

2. The number of circulating blood lymphocytes drops to a low constant level after 12 hours of extracorporeal irradiation that is maintained up to 48 hours of extracorporeal irradiation. On the other hand the lymphoreticular tissues continue to lose lymphocytes between the twelfth and forty-eighth hour of extracorporeal irradiation. Therefore, the apparent steady-state lymphocyte level in the peripheral blood is maintained by a non-steady-state process in the lymphoreticular organs where the new production of lymphocytes is far insufficient to replace the cells leaving these tissues.

3. The cellular debris caused by extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood is found within the spleen, lung, liver, lymph nodes and elsewhere, in this order of relative concentration.

4. A unique pathologic phenomenon is produced within two days of extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood, e.g., a combination of intact or even actively proliferating germinal centers with a marked diminution in the concentration of small lymphocytes. This technic of depletion of small lymphocytes, leaving germinal centers intact, should permit studies for evaluation of the relative importance of germinal centers vs. small lymphocytes in primary and secondary immune responses.

5. The above findings are discussed in relation to lymphocyte production rate, stores, mobilization and recirculation.
Evaluation of Nialamide on the Coagulation of Blood
Authors: MASCHOUF CHAPOUR , ROBINSON ROGER W. , LEBEAU RAOUL J.
Published: October 2019

Nialamide at a single oral dose of about 3 mg./Kg. body weight produced decreased prothrombin activation by rendering the platelets less effective. It also decreased the adhesiveness of the platelets as measured by two different technics. A new technic for measuring the adhesiveness of the platelets has been described. It utilized a principle by which venous blood directly circulated through a column of fine glass beads, after which the platelets were reduced in number.
Eosinophilic Leukemia A Morphologic and Histochemical Study
Authors: ACKERMAN G. ADOLPH
Published: October 2019

Correlated histochemical, phase and electron microscopic studies were employed in examining the eosinophils from a patient with acute eosinophilic leukemia. Numerous morphologic alterations were observed in the leukemic eosinophils and eosinophilic myelocytes. These alterations included asynchronous nuclear-cytoplasmic maturation; an increase in cell size; the formation of eosinophilic granules which vary markedly in number, size, contour, and density; and the presence of fibrillar formations in some of the leukemic cells. Histochemically, the major alterations observed in the leukemic cells were the extensive deposition of glycogen in the cytoplasm and the demonstration of increased phosphorylase activity in these cells. Other minor variations in the histochemical reactivity of the leukemic eosinophils also have been described. Histochemical procedures included technics for proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides. II. The Anticoagulant Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: YACHNIN STANLEY
Published: October 2019

Polyinosinic and polyguanylic acids have been found to possess anticoagulant properties. Other synthetic homoribopolynucleotides, as well as naturally occurring RNAs and DNAs are devoid of such properties. Polyinosinic acid will prolong the silicone recalcification time, Quick one-stage prothrombin time, and Russel Viper Venom clotting time of human plasma, but will not affect the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Polyinosinic acid causes a delay in the rate of thrombin generation, and also inhibits thromboplastin generation. In the latter system polyguanylic acid is only ¼ as effective as polyinosinic acid. The anticoagulant properties of polyinosinic acid can be reduced or abolished by (1) high [Ca++] (2) hybrid helix formation with polyadenylic or polycytidylic acid, and (3) protamine sulphate. Mixed copolymers of inosinic and uridylic acids, or guanylic and uridylic acids having high (> 60 per cent) guanylic or inosinic acid contents possess graded anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant properties of polynucleotides depend upon base composition and secondary structure.
Studies on the Pseudouridinuria of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: LEWIS MARVIN , WEISSMAN SHERMAN M. , KARON MYRON
Published: October 2019

This paper reports a group of investigations attempting to explain the elevated pseudouridine excretion in the presence of normal uric acid excretion which occurs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Studies with isotopically labeled uric acid and adenine indicated that diversion of body purines from uric acid does not occur. Similarly the chemical analysis of the white cells in CLL did not reveal any excess content of pyrimidines, nor did the turnover of the ribonucleotides show any selective retention of purines as compared with pyrimidines. Studies with isotopically labeled orotic acid, however, indicated on overproduction of other pyrimidines as well as pseudouridine. Though no explanation has yet been found for the selective pyrimidine overproduction seen in CLL, a major portion of these pyrimidines appear to be derived from rapidly renewing sources.
Lipase Activity in Leukocytes and Macrophages
Authors: BRAUNSTEINER H. , DIENSTL F. , SAILER S. , SANDHOFER F.
Published: October 2019

A method is described for the quantitative determination of alkaline lipase activity of blood cells. The pH optimum of the enzyme in macrophages and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymph-leukemia is 9.2, the optimum substrate (triglyceride) concentration is 7 x 10-2 M, and the Michaelis constant approximately 4.3 x 10-2 M. Macrophages from guinea pigs exhibit a lipase activity approximately 10 times that of granulocytes and lymphocytes. In granulocytosis an acid lipase could also be demonstrated. The physiologic importance of this finding is discussed.
The Amino Acid Composition of Hemoglobin. III. A Qualitative Method for Identifying Abnormalities of the Polypeptide Chains of Hemoglobin
Authors: CHERNOFF AMOZ I. , PETTIT NELSON M.
Published: October 2019

A relatively simple method is described which permits the identification of abnormalities of either polypeptide chain of hemoglobin. The procedure is based on the dissociation of hemoglobin by 6 molar urea and starch-gel electrophoresis in a barbital buffer at pH 8.0.
Brief Report: Preservation of the Lactic Dehydrogenase Activity of Platelets by Freezing in Dimethylsulfoxide and Plasma
Authors: GEISLER PHILIP H. , IOSSIFIDES IOULIOS A. , EICHMAN MARY F.
Published: October 2019

It is concluded that a medium composed of 15 per cent Dimethylsulfoxide and 85 per cent of a mixture of equal parts native plasma and saline effectively preserves platelet lactic acid dehydrogenase activity against slow freezing, storage for 24 hours in temperatures of liquid N2 and fast thawing. Platelet lysis results in a complete loss of LDH activity.
Expectancy for Life in Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: GREEN ROBERT A. , DIXON HUBERT
Published: October 2019

Survival data were calculated for 125 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia seen at the University of Minnesota Hospitals during the years 1945 to 1957 and followed for another 4 years. An actuarial method and modified maximum likelihood method were used for the statistical analyses.

The survival times in this study are significantly longer than those reported previously in large reference series of chronic leukemia. They more nearly approximate the results reported by Osgood for patients treated by his method of total body irradiation. It is suggested that in a disease with a wide clinical spectrum such as chronic lymphatic leukemia, differences in survival may be mainly related to differences in the composition of the groups being studied.
Continuous Free-Flow Fractionation of Cellular Constituents in Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: MEL HOWARD C. , MITCHELL LINDA T. , THORELL BO
Published: October 2019

A single-cell suspension of normal rat bone marrow is prepared mechanically. This suspension is continuously fractionated in free solution, under sedimentation rate conditions, using 1 g. only. With a sample flow of 2.2 x 106 cells/minute and a 32-minute steady-state residence time in the stable-flow free boundary (STAFLO) flow-cell, the cells exit almost entirely into 7 of the 12 collection bottles. Maximum numbers of different cell types are observed, with good repeatability, in approximately descending order from top to bottom as follows: erythrocytes, "erythroblasts," "immatures," "myelocytes," and mature granulocytes. Major changes are effected relative to the starting marrow composition, and large relative enrichments are achieved for certain cell types. In addition to the rapid, mild, preparative aspect of this study, nominal sedimentation rates can be assigned for the different collection fractions, in the range of 3 x 105 to 4 x 106 svedbergs, thus making a start on this kind of simple physical classification of the cellular elements in this complex tissue.
Erythropoiesis in Rats with Acute Uremia and the Effect of Erythropoietin
Authors: KURTIDES EFSTRATIOS S. , RAMBACH WALTER A. , ALT HOWARD L.
Published: October 2019

The proliferative activity of erythropoietic and other tissues has been studied in normal, nephrectomized and bilateral ureter ligated rats.

Forty-eight hours after bilateral nephrectomy, rats showed a significant suppression of DNA synthesis and Fe59 incorporation in the bone marrow and spleen. The administration of erythropoietin prevented this suppression of Fe59 uptake, and produced an increase in splenic DNA synthesis comparable to that noted in the normal, similarly stimulated animal. Bilateral ureter ligation in animals, producing a blood urea nitrogen elevation equal to that induced by nephrectomy, caused no suppression of DNA synthesis in bone marrow or spleen. These latter animals exceeded the normal in their response to erythropoietin administration.

Intestinal DNA synthesis was unaffected in uremia produced by nephrectomy or ureter ligation. Thymic proliferative activity was suppressed in uremia induced by either procedure.

The observations indicate that acute, severe uremia of relatively short duration does not influence the DNA synthetic activity of all tissues in an adverse fashion. What factors may modify tissue responses are unknown. In the case of erythropoietic organs, such factors seem to originate in the kidney.
Surgery in Patients with Congenital Factor VII Deficiency (Congenital Hypoproconvertinemia)
Authors: STRAUSS HERBERT S.
Published: October 2019

Experience with surgery in a patient with congenital deficiency of Factor VII (SPCA, proconvertin) is presented and the pertinent literature reviewed. Factor VII deficiency is not associated with a bleeding tendency, unless levels are lower than 5 per cent of normal, as measured by a true assay. Factor VII levels between 5 and 10 per cent of normal, easily achieved by infusions of bank plasma, appear adequate for hemostasis during surgery. No replacement therapy seems necessary beyond the first postoperative day.
Possible Species Differences in RNA Metabolism of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: MILLER JOHN J. , MITCHELL JUDITH
Published: October 2019

Differences in the rates of incorporation of tritiated uridine U-H3 of lymph node cells of different species have been found. Plasma cells from humans, guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits have a higher rate of incorporation of U-H3 than do plasma cells from rats, whereas human blast cells have a lower rate of U-H3 incorporation than blast cells from the various rodents.
Editorial: Lymphocytopenia in Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: AISENBERG ALAN C.
Published: October 2019

The lymphocytopenia of Hodgkin’s disease has been reviewed in the light of recent knowledge of lymphocyte function. It is suggested that the anergy of early Hodgkin’s disease is a peripheral defect—a manifestation of abnormal lymphocyte function. Later in the course of the condition profound lymphocytopenia develops and most probably contributes to the more severe immunologic deficiencies of advanced Hodgkin’s disease.
Studies on the A, B, O(H) Blood Groups on Human Cells in Culture
Authors: CHESSIN LAWRENCE N. , BRAMSON SHARON , KUHNS WILLIAM J. , HIRSCHHORN KURT
Published: October 2019

HeLa cells were used in the mixed agglutination reaction to determine optimal conditions for demonstrating blood group H activity by this method. The following parameters were studied in the mixed agglutination reaction: (1) derivation of cell line, (2) cell viability, (3) effects of antibody titer, (4) source and type of antibody.

Studies with primary human amnion cells indicated that over a 30-day period of cultivation in vitro there were losses in specific ABO blood group activity.

Addition of blood group precursors to establish human amnion cell lines FL-J and F-D indicated that blood group B antigen could be synthesized and maintained in vitro.
Some Properties of "RLP"—A Factor from Sheep Spleen Capable of Inhibiting Radiation Leukemogenesis in Mice
Authors: BERENBLUM I. , CIVIDALLI G. , TRAININ N. , HODES M. E.
Published: October 2019

A cell-free factor, "RLP," derived from sheep spleen, which is capable of inhibiting radiation leukemogenesis in mice, has been shown to be heat-labile, nondialyzable, not present in significant amounts in the RNA fraction of the crude material, not inactivated by DNAase, and recoverable in active form after precipitation with 30 per cent ammonium sulfate. From the evidence so far available, it thus appears that "RLP" is a protein of high molecular weight.

Only borderline inhibition was obtained with extract of sheep kidney, and no inhibition with lactalbumin hydrolysate, thus supporting the view that the inhibitory effect of sheep spleen extracts is probably the result of a specific action and not brought about by a nonspecific, "stress-mediated" mechanism.
Leukocyte Labeling in Rats during and after Continuous Infusion of Tritiated Thymidine: Implications for Lymphocyte Longevity and DNA Reutilization
Authors: ROBINSON STEPHEN H. , BRECHER GEORGE , LOURIE IRA S. , HALEY JAMES E.
Published: October 2019

Leukocyte labeling was studied in rats during and after continuous intravenous infusion of H3-thymidine. The radioisotope was administered for varying periods up to 271 days. The results permit the following conclusions:

1. The median survival of small lymphocytes is about 1 month. Five to 8 per cent of small lymphocytes have a life span of more than 9 months.

2. Following the administration of H3-thymidine, reutilization of the tracer markedly delays the fall-off of labeled cells in the peripheral blood. Reutilization probably involves H3-thymidine released from labeled DNA during cell death, since suppression occurs with massive infusion of non-labeled thymidine.

3. Unlike granulocytes and large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes label nonuniformly, and appear to be comprised of at least two populations with different intensities of labeling and different turnover rates. The more heavily labeled cells have the faster turnover.

4. The complexity of the labeling process indicated by the present observations must be considered in the interpretation of H3-thymidine data. However, the survival of unlabeled cells during continuous H3-thymidine infusion remains a valid means of measuring the life spans of circulating blood cells.
Hepatic Xanthine Oxidase and Ferritin Iron in the Developing Rat
Authors: MAZUR A. , CARLETON A.
Published: October 2019

The absence of hepatic xanthine oxidase in the fetus and newborn rat is associated with a very high liver ferritin iron content. Soon after birth hepatic xanthine oxidase activity increases significantly coincident with a marked decrease in liver ferritin iron content. At weaning, hepatic ferritin iron is very low but slowly rises subsequent to intake of a normal diet containing iron.
Observations on Leukemia in Wistar and Wistar Furth Rats
Authors: MOLONEY WILLIAM C. , BOSCHETTI ANTONIO E. , DOWD GERALDINE
Published: October 2019

1. Six-hundred and seventy-three Wistar and W/Fu rats were treated at the age of 4 months with whole body x-ray, orally administered 3MCA or a combination of these agents. All animals were followed until death and 87 per cent were autopsied.

2. Among 303 autopsied animals there were 403 benign and malignant tumors, including 28 leukemias.

3. Differences were noted in the incidence and types of leukemia occurring in both breeds of rats. In Wistars 9 of 11 leukemias were myelogenous and 8 of these followed x-ray exposure.

4. Approximately a 10 per cent incidence of spontaneously occurring mononuclear cell leukemia was found in W/Fu rats; exposure to x-ray apparently decreased the occurrence of leukemia in these rodents. Following oral administration of 3MCA, 13 per cent of W/Fu rats developed acute mononuclear cell leukemia.

5. Results of hematologic, cytologic and histochemical studies on rat leukemia are discussed in this article, and the possible significance of the appearance and disappearance of the distinctive mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood is pointed out.

6. Pathologic findings indicate that the majority of deaths, other than those due to leukemia, were due to pulmonary infections and a great variety of tumors. In leukemic animals enlargement of the spleen was almost universally present and adenopathy, especially involving mediastinal and retroperitoneal glands, was frequently noted. Among 9 myelogenous leukemias in Wistar rats green chloromatous tissues were found in 5 animals.

7. Cytogenetic studies were carried out on direct preparations from the bone marrow in most of the leukemic rats in this series. Aneuploidy was noted in several animals and one W/Fu rat demonstrated a morphologically abnormal "marker" chromosome. In more recent studies improved technics and use of the spleen as a source of metaphase preparations have afforded better opportunities to obtain adequate chromosome preparations in leukemic rats. Further investigations are in progress and special studies are being directed to the viral and cytogenetic aspects of leukemia in the rat.
The Activation of Factor VIII by Thrombin
Authors: ÖZGE-ANWAR A. H. , CONNELL G. E. , MUSTARD J. F.
Published: October 2019

The activation of human factor VIII by thrombin has been demonstrated by a new experimental approach. This method permitted investigation of the interaction of thrombin and factor VIII in the absence of most other clotting factors. The activation effect of thrombin is susceptible to inhibition by diisopropylfluorophosphate. Trypsin cannot replace thrombin in the activation reaction, and it destroys factor VIII activity rapidly.
Relation of Reticulocytosis to Positive Coombs Tests in NZB and Other Mice
Authors: GILTINAN PAMELA J. , NORINS LESLIE C. , HOLMES MARGARET C.
Published: October 2019

The presence of a reticulocytosis was found to be irrelevant to the development of a positive Coombs test when an appropriate anti-globulin reagent is used. When a serum made against mouse-whole serum is used, any circumstance leading to the firm attachment of serum proteins to erythrocytes will lead to agglutination. Blood containing moderate to high reticulocyte levels (20-86.5 per cent) gave a proportion of "false-positive" Coombs tests, especially blood from strains HI and C57/B1, but no anti-globulin Coombs reactions were obtained. Immunoelectrophoretic tests showed that 3 lines in the β globulin area, one of which was probably transferrin, were removed by absorption with reticulocytes.
Inhibition of the Local Inflammatory Response in Man by Antimetabolites
Authors: HERSH EVAN M. , WONG VERNON G. , FREIREICH EMIL J.
Published: October 2019

The effects of chemotherapy on the local inflammatory response in man were studied in 33 patients.

Inhibition of the mononuclear cell phase of the response at 4, 8 and 24 hours was noted. The median on-therapy values at these hours were 0, 8.5 and 23 per cent compared to control values of 4, 24.5 and 86 per cent, respectively.

The 24-hour values for the individual types of therapy were 13.5 per cent for intensive combination therapy with 4 antitumor agents, 21 per cent for 6-mercaptopurine given i.v. daily for 5 days, 2 per cent for methotrexate given i.v. daily for 5 days, 37 per cent for intermittent methotrexate and 56 per cent for other therapy. Recovery was substantial within 5 days of the end of therapy.

The inhibition was not correlated with alterations in the levels of circulating granulocytes or lymphocytes, nor with the numbers of granulocytes entering the inflammatory site.

Complicating infections were noted in eight patients, seven of whom were in the most strongly inhibited group. Observations of the response in ten untreated patients with acute leukemia showed both impaired granulocyte and mononuclear phases of the response.
Brief Report: Cytoplasmic Microtubules in Blood Platelets
Authors: SANDBORN EDMUND B. , LEBUIS JEAN-JACQUES , BOIS PIERRE
Published: October 2019

Regularly arranged cytoplasmic microtubules are present in blood platelet fixed in liver sinusoids during aldehyde perfusion of the animal. This finding in addition to other recent reports on the cytoplasmic microtubule suggests that these organelles might be found in all cytoplasm if the ultrastructure is preserved adequately.

Note: Subsequent to the submission of this article a description of filaments and microtubules in spread platelets by Bessis and Breton-Gorius18 appeared. The greater number of filaments in their illustrations suggests a breakdown of some of the microtubules to the smaller filaments.11 These authors speculate on the possibility of a contractile function for microtubules.
Quantitative Characterization of Chick Thymus and Bursa Development
Authors: SHERMAN JACK , AUERBACH ROBERT
Published: October 2019

1. Critical size analysis of the lymphoid cell populations of the developing chick bursa of Fabricius and thymus indicates that characteristic shifts in cell size distribution, modal cell volume and mean cell volume occur during morphogenesis of these organs.

2. Comparison of bursa and thymus shows that while there are clear differences between the lymphoid cells of these two structures, the pattern of morphogenetic change is similar.

3. 19-nortestosterone injected in low doses can partially inhibit bursal development without affecting thymus morphogenesis. Depending on the age of the embryo at time of injection, however, doses sufficient to produce complete bursal inhibition may also retard thymic morphogenesis.

4. The size differences found between bursal and thymic lymphocytes in the chicken parallel the size differences found between lymph node and thymic lymphocytes in the mouse.
Studies of Incomplete Antibodies
Authors: AHO KIMMO , CHRISTIAN CHARLES L.
Published: October 2019

A variety of typical agglutinating δG antibodies agglutinated papain-treated cells in a uniform manner in about 16-fold higher dilutions than nontreated cells. With δM antibodies the corresponding titer increase was on the average 4-fold. The papain-treatment of cells also increased the titers of cold agglutinins, phytohemagglutinins and preparations of PVP. Antiglobulin consumption experiments revealed that no more antibody was fixed from the same volume of antiserum onto papain-treated than onto nontreated cells. Possible mechanisms underlying enhanced agglutination of enzyme-treated cells were discussed. It is suggested that the same type of antibody may react with papaintreated and nontreated cells but that a smaller number of antibody molecules are needed for agglutination of papain-treated cells because of altered surface properties of treated erythrocytes.