bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo cleansing efficacy of biodegradable exfoliating beads assessed by skin bioengineering techniques
Authors: Kitsongsermthon J. , Duangweang K. , Kreepoke J. , Tansirikongkol A.
Published: March 2017

Background/purpose

The plastic microbeads, used in many cleansers, will be banned in cosmetic and personal care products within 2017 since they are non‐degradable and can disturb the living organisms in water reservoirs. Various choices of biodegradable beads are commercially available, but their efficacy has not been proven yet. This study aimed to compare the cleansing efficacy in dirt and sebum removal aspects of three types of exfoliating beads.

Methods

The gel scrubs with polyethylene (PE) beads, mannan beads or wax beads, were formulated and evaluated for their stability. The in vivo evaluation was done in 38 healthy volunteers and the skin irritation, efficacy for dirt and sebum removal were measured by Mexameter®, Colorimeter®, and Sebumeter®, respectively.

Results

The selected gel scrubs did not cause an irritation in any volunteers. The differences in dirt residues between before and after scrubbing were not statistically significant among three gel scrubs and the similar result was also reported in the sebum removal study.

Conclusion

All gel scrubs demonstrated the comparable cleansing efficacy in term of dirt and sebum removal. Thus, mannan beads and wax beads may be replaced non‐biodegradable PE beads to achieve the similar cleansing effect.
Infant skin maturation: Preliminary outcomes for color and biomechanical properties
Authors: Visscher M. O. , Burkes S. A. , Adams D. M. , Hammill A. M. , Wickett R. R.
Published: March 2017

Background

Newborn infant skin changes after birth but studies have focused on the epidermal barrier. Dermal properties are relevant for care, but literature on postnatal changes is sparse. We further characterized skin maturational changes in lightness, color and response to biomechanical stress.

Methods

Normal skin sites from subsets of participants in a trial on the progression and stage of infantile hemangiomas were retrospectively examined. Standardized photographs were analyzed as L*, a*, and b* images. Biomechanics were measured with the Cutometer®.

Results

Color changed significantly with increasing age. Skin was darker and redder at 2.0 vs. 5.4, 8.5 and 12.8 months. Yellow color increased, with higher values at 12.8 vs. 2.0, 3.5 and 5.4 months. Chest tissue was consistently more elastic than arm and face sites, with significantly higher elasticity for the youngest and oldest age groups. Biological elasticity, elastic recovery, and total recovery were significantly greater for the oldest subjects. Viscoelasticity and elastic deformation were lower at 5.5 vs. 8.8 and 17.6 months. Arm viscoelastic creep was highest at 2.8 months.

Conclusion

Skin maturation continues into year two. Increasing elasticity and decreasing viscoelasticity may reflect increased collagen structure/function. The findings have implications for prevention of skin injury associated with mechanical forces.
Identification of a novel HLA allele, HLA‐B*15:416, in a bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Proust B. , Masson D. , Proust B. P. , Baudron M. , Dehaut F.
Published: March 2017

The novel
HLA‐B*15:416 allele differs from
HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at codon 114.
Intracellular calcium release channels: an update
Authors: Santulli Gaetano , Nakashima Ryutaro , Yuan Qi , Marks Andrew R.
Published: March 2017

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are calcium (Ca2+) release channels on the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Here we summarize the latest advances in the field, describing the recently discovered mechanistic roles of intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the regulation of mitochondrial fitness and endothelial function, providing novel therapeutic options for the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.

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Algunas casas raras. Acerca de los otros patrimonios posibles en la arquitectura doméstica de la Puna Argentina, Coranzulí, provincia de Jujuy
Authors: Barada Julieta
Published: March 2017

El patrimonio implica no solo la valoración, protección y conservación de ciertos objetos construidos, sino también el comprender una cierta práctica arquitectónica de un modo indisociable de sus intereses y sentidos, que son siempre dinámicos. En este trabajo nos referiremos a la construcción de un conjunto de arquitecturas domésticas de la Puna Argentina que se encuentran imbricadas en complejos procesos de transformación que, principalmente encarnados por la inserción del área al Estado nacional, atravesaron los modos de vida de las poblaciones pastoriles locales. Problematizar el modo en que estas arquitecturas han sido producidas permite, por un lado, observar cómo la población local se reapropió, a través de sus propias dinámicas (dentro de las cuales la movilidad ocupa un lugar central), de muchas de las lógicas constructivas y urbanas impuestas por el Estado. Por el otro, reflexionar acerca de cómo estas arquitecturas, que quedan exentas de muchas de las características técnicas y tipológicas que han sido históricamente valoradas para el área, pueden ser también ser comprendidas como patrimonio.
La decoración en el piedemonte de San Cayetano, Cali: un método investigativo para el manejo del patrimonio
Authors: Buchard De La Hoz Armando
Published: March 2017

Hoy en día, la mayor parte de las ciudades del mundo cuentan con inventarios de su patrimonio urbano-arquitectónico, los cuales están caracterizados de manera precisa de acuerdo con el nivel de interés utilitario que representan para la urbe. Es por esto que un gran número de bienes patrimoniales permanecen aún invisibles para la propia comunidad, lo cual dificulta el manejo de los mismos para su comprensión y conservación. El presente artículo tiene como interés el conjunto de casas vernáculas del piedemonte de San Cayetano en Cali, el cual hace parte de la comuna fundacional de la ciudad, y busca que sea reconocido por toda la población dada la riqueza de tradiciones que aún perviven y así proporcionarle el manejo para su preservación. La perspectiva teórica se propone a partir del concepto de decoración, el cual deriva de la concepción de la arquitectura en su doble forma de producción: como manifestación física que permite su ocupación y como manifestación de las relaciones simbólicas propias de la cultura. De este modo, la decoración, en su acepción contemporánea, se plantea como los comportamientos sociales que permiten la organización del espacio material, por lo cual se precisa de instrumentos investigativos que permitan develar tanto las formas de organización de lo físico, como las formas de representación de lo inmaterial
Concepciones de profesores sobre retroalimentación: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Contreras-Pérez Gloria , Zúñiga-González Carmen Gloria
Published: March 2017

El artículo presenta una revisión de investigaciones empíricas sobre concepciones de retroalimentación de profesores en distintos niveles educativos. Para ello, se analizaron los resultados de trece estudios que fueron seleccionados entre sesenta y ocho investigaciones publicadas entre 2000 y 2015. Mediante un análisis documental, se establecieron categorías que compilaron aspectos comunes y diferencias en los estudios. Los resultados del análisis permitieron establecer tres tipos de concepciones: corrección, elogio y mejora proyectiva. Se espera que esta revisión contribuya a la comprensión de las prácticas de retroalimentación de profesores y a reducir el déficit de literatura sobre retroalimentación en el mundo hispanoparlante.
Conflicto social colombiano: representación en textos escolares de ciencias sociales
Authors: Duque-Gómez Luisa Fernanda
Published: March 2017

La investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender el conflicto social en Colombia con base en la representación de 33 libros de texto escolar de ciencias sociales de básica primaria, publicados en el período 2003-2013. Se empleó la metodología de análisis de contenido para dar significado a los mensajes del conflicto enseñados por medio del contenido discursivo, actividades e iconografía de los libros. Como resultado, la representación reveló la violenta situación del país, que ha transitado entre un conflicto social con incidencia política y armada al involucrar guerrillas contra víctimas, sociedad y Estado. Esto sugirió soluciones nacionales y locales.
La importancia de pensar sobre la escritura en el jardín de infantes
Authors: GrunFeld Diana N. , Molinari María Claudia
Published: March 2017

El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación realizada con niños al finalizar sala de cinco años que participaron de dos prácticas de enseñanza diferentes. Desde una perspectiva psicogenética, en entrevistas individuales clínico-críticas se estudiaron sus conceptualizaciones sobre el sistema de escritura y los procedimientos utilizados cuando escriben palabras. Se contrastaron estas posibilidades en relación con ambas propuestas de enseñanza. Los niños que participan de prácticas de enseñanza constructivista alcanzaron niveles de escritura más avanzados y recurren a procedimientos más elaborados que los que participaron de una propuesta basada en actividades perceptivo-motrices y enseñanza graduada de letras.
La comunicación y la información en Gobiernos locales: persistencia de prácticas difusionistas de comunicación en organizaciones gubernamentales del Valle del Cauca (Colombia)
Authors: López Ana María , García Bustamante Elva Mónica
Published: March 2017

Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación sobre el ejercicio comunicativo dentro de diez alcaldías del Valle de Cauca a través de una metodología de diagnóstico centrada en la aplicación del Modelo de Comunicación Pública, Organizacional e Informativa para Entidades del Estado que considera elementos del Modelo Estándar de Control Interno.

Se asume la comunicación pública como aquella que se da en el escenario de lo público y que desde el ámbito gubernamental propicia acceso, interlocución, visibilidad, participación y deliberación de la ciudadanía en pro de generar confianza en el Estado.

Se encuentra que, aunque en estas entidades persisten prácticas difusionistas de comunicación, también se ha cambiado su percepción y requerimiento. Esto se percibe en la diferenciación que los funcionarios públicos hacen entre comunicación e información, quienes conciben la primera como una necesidad interna para mejorar el ambiente laboral; y la segunda, como requisito indispensable para relacionarse con los ciudadanos.
La radio en la investigación comunicativa en España: una línea minoritaria para un medio mayoritario
Authors: Piñeiro - Otero Teresa
Published: March 2017

En los últimos años la investigación comunicativa ha vivido una expansión exponencial debido a los cambios acaecidos en la academia. Como reflejan los estudios sobre metainvestigación comunicativa, esta expansión no ha sido homogénea, sino que ha potenciado determinadas líneas de investigación en detrimento de otras. En este sentido, el presente trabajo efectúa un análisis longitudinal de la producción académica sobre radio publicada en revistas españolas de comunicación.

Es un estudio bibliométrico pluridimensional en cuanto se centra en la autoría, el tipo de orientación teórico-metodológica de los artículos y los temas más habituales en la investigación radiofónica española desde una perspectiva crítica. Para complementar dicho análisis, se han incorporado las opiniones y percepciones de algunos de los principales investigadores españoles en el ámbito de los radio studies, para lo cual se empleó el cuestionario como técnica de recogida de datos.
Percepción de innovación en las organizaciones. Percepción de innovación en organizaciones de España y Latinoamérica
Authors: Da Costa Dutra Silvia Cristina , Páez Dario , Gondim Sonia , Rodriguez Marta , Mazzieri Silvia , Torres Alejandro , Personas Gaudi , Sanchez Flor
Published: March 2017

Se indaga sobre la percepción de factores de la innovación en muestras de expertos y trabajadores de España y Sudamérica, utilizando una escala construida a partir de la evidencia meta-analítica. Las personas participantes perciben que se dan de forma moderada los factores favorables a la creatividad, de rol, grupales, de liderazgo, de clima e individuales en las organizaciones, aunque no perciben que predominen los factores de estructura organizacional ni que las organizaciones enfaticen la creatividad aplicada o innovación. El nivel percibido de innovación organizacional se asoció a los factores anteriores, mostrando mayor relevancia los organizacionales y de rol laboral, que los de liderazgo, individuales y grupales, congruentemente con los metanálisis. This study examines the perception of factors of innovation in samples of experts and workers from Spain and South-America, using a scale based on meta-analytic evidence. Participants perceive that role, group, leadership, climate and psychological factors of innovations exist at a moderate level, while perceive that organizational structure of innovation are not present and than innovation is not emphasized. Perceived level of innovation was associated to these factors, organizational and role factors predicted innovation strongly than leadership, individual and group factors, congruently with meta-analysis
Validación de la Age Universal I-E Scale en sujetos mexicanos
Authors: Rivera-Ledesma Armando , Zavala-Jiménez Sandra , Montero-López Lena María , García-Mendez Rosa María
Published: March 2017

Se evalúan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala I-E-12 en tres muestras de sujetos mexicanos: religiosos (N = 78), no religiosos (N = 148) y una muestra mixta (N = 226). Mediante análisis factorial exploratorio se obtuvo una estructura compuesta por tres factores siendo la estructura de grupos religiosos la que explicó el 63.5% de la varianza con una consistencia interna alfa de entre .70 y .88 para la escala total y sus diferentes factores. La escala evaluada en sujetos mexicanos muestra resultados consistentes en buena medida con lo reportado por Simkin y Etchezahar (2013) en la exploración de la I-E 12 en el contexto argentino.
Analysis of Flow Past Oscillatory Cylinders Using a Finite Element Fixed Mesh Formulation
Authors: González Felipe A. , Cruchaga Marcela A. , Celentano Diego J.
Published: March 2017

In this work, we propose a fixed mesh finite element formulation to solve the fluid dynamic on an Eulerian mesh dealing with immersed bodies in motion. The study is focused on the computation of the fluid dynamic forces acting on immersed bodies which strongly depend on the evolution of the vortex shedding. The frequency of vortex detachment for flow past cylinder problems can be modified when the cylinder moves, promoting the modification of the wake of vortices. Synchronization phenomena appear when the frequencies of the resulting flow pattern coincide with the frequency of the imposed body motion. To study this problem, we propose to describe the immersed body surface by a collection of markers that moves according to the imposed body motion. The markers are updated using a Lagrangian scheme. In this framework, a distinct aspect of the present work is the imposition of the body velocity as an internal immersed boundary condition for the fluid dynamic analysis. To transfer the body velocity to the fluid along the fluid–solid interface, a restriction on the flow velocity is added into the weak form of the Navier–Stokes equations by means of a penalty technique. This work encompasses the study of flows past a crossflow, streamwise, and rotational oscillating cylinders. The results are satisfactorily compared with numerical data reported in the literature, showing a proper behavior for the analysis of long-term vibrating systems at low Reynolds numbers.
New Formulation for Sandstone Acidizing That Eliminates Sand Production Problems in Oil and Gas Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: March 2017

The sandstone rocks' integrity and consolidation may be highly affected by the type and the strength of the stimulation fluids. Strong acids such as HF/HCl impair the rock consolidation. The reduction in the sandstone rock consolidation will trigger the sand production. Sand causes erosion of downhole and surface equipment especially when it is produced with high gas flow rates. In this study, gentle stimulation fluids for sandstone that consists of chelating agents and catalyst were proposed. The chelating agents are diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). This is the first time to introduce a catalyst (potassium carbonate) in sandstone acidizing. Potassium carbonate was found to work as a clay stabilizer and catalyst that enhances the dissolution of chlorite clay mineral in the sandstone rock. The objective of introducing the catalyst is to enhance the solubility of the insoluble minerals such as chlorite clay minerals. The change in the mechanical properties of sandstone rocks (Bandera and Berea) was evaluated. The possibility of the formation damage after using seawater-based chelating agents was investigated and compared to HF/HCl mud acid. Coreflooding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of these fluids on the rock integrity. Computed tomography (CT) scanner was used to assess the formation damage. Different models were used to predict the sand production possibility after the stimulation with chelating agent/catalyst, and this was compared to the HF/HCl mud acid. The results showed that the permeability of sandstone core increased after acidizing. The reduction in CT-number after acidizing confirmed that no formation damage occurred. Rock mechanics evaluation showed no major changes occurred in the rock moduli and no sand production was observed. The model results showed that using chelating gents to stimulate Berea (BR) and Bandera (BN) sandstone cores did not cause sand production. Applying the same models for cores stimulated by HF/HCl acids indicated high possibility of sand production. The addition of potassium carbonate to DTPA chelating agents enhanced the chlorite clay mineral dissolution based on the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. Potassium carbonate as a catalyst did not affect the sandstone integrity because it only enhanced the dissolution of chlorite clay minerals (selective dissolution) and did not affect the solubility of carbonate minerals which are the primary cementing materials in the sandstone cores. A new dimensionless number was developed that describes the relation between the number of pore volumes (PVs) contacted the rock and the radial distance from the wellbore.
Efficacy of Add-On Hydrous Ethanol Dual Fuel Systems to Reduce NOx Emissions From Diesel Engines
Authors: Hwang Jeffrey T. , Nord Alex J. , Northrop William F.
Published: March 2017

Aftermarket dual-fuel injection systems using a variety of different fumigants have been proposed as alternatives to expensive after-treatment to control NOx emissions from legacy diesel engines. However, our previous work has shown that available add-on systems using hydrous ethanol as the fumigant achieve only minor benefits in emissions without recalibration of the diesel fuel injection strategy. This study experimentally re-evaluates a novel aftermarket dual-fuel port fuel injection (PFI) system used in our previous work, with the addition of higher flow injectors to increase the fumigant energy fraction (FEF), defined as the ratio of energy provided by the hydrous ethanol on a lower heating value (LHV) basis to overall fuel energy. Results of this study confirm our earlier findings that as FEF increases, NO emissions decrease, while NO2 and unburned ethanol emissions increase, leading to no change in overall NOx. Peak cylinder pressure and apparent rates of heat release are not strongly dependent on FEF, indicating that in-cylinder NO formation rates by the Zel'dovich mechanism remain the same. Through single zone modeling, we show the feasibility of in-cylinder NO conversion to NO2 aided by unburned ethanol. The modeling results indicate that NO to NO2 conversion occurs during the early expansion stroke where bulk gases have temperature in the range of 1150–1250 K. This work conclusively proves that aftermarket dual fuel systems for fixed calibration diesel engines cannot reduce NOx emissions without lowering peak temperature during diffusive combustion responsible for forming NO in the first place.
A Parameterized Ultrasound-Based Finite Element Analysis of the Mechanical Environment of Pregnancy
Authors: Westervelt Andrea R. , Fernandez Michael , House Michael , Vink Joy , Nhan-Chang Chia-Ling , Wapner Ronald , Myers Kristin M.
Published: March 2017

Preterm birth is the leading cause of childhood mortality and can lead to health risks in survivors. The mechanical functions of the uterus, fetal membranes, and cervix have dynamic roles to protect the fetus during gestation. To understand their mechanical function and relation to preterm birth, we built a three-dimensional parameterized finite element model of pregnancy. This model is generated by an automated procedure that is informed by maternal ultrasound measurements. A baseline model at 25 weeks of gestation was characterized, and to visualize the impact of cervical structural parameters on tissue stretch, we evaluated the model sensitivity to (1) anterior uterocervical angle, (2) cervical length, (3) posterior cervical offset, and (4) cervical stiffness. We found that cervical tissue stretching is minimal when the cervical canal is aligned with the longitudinal uterine axis, and a softer cervix is more sensitive to changes in the geometric variables tested.
Structural and Functional Differences Between Porcine Aorta and Vena Cava
Authors: Mattson Jeffrey M. , Zhang Yanhang
Published: March 2017

Elastin and collagen fibers are the major load-bearing extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents of the vascular wall. Arteries function differently than veins in the circulatory system; however as a result from several treatment options, veins are subjected to sudden elevated arterial pressure. It is thus important to recognize the fundamental structure and function differences between a vein and an artery. Our research compared the relationship between biaxial mechanical function and ECM structure of porcine thoracic aorta and inferior vena cava. Our study suggests that aorta contains slightly more elastin than collagen due to the cyclical extensibility, but vena cava contains almost four times more collagen than elastin to maintain integrity. Furthermore, multiphoton imaging of vena cava showed longitudinally oriented elastin and circumferentially oriented collagen that is recruited at supraphysiologic stress, but low levels of strain. However in aorta, elastin is distributed uniformly, and the primarily circumferentially oriented collagen is recruited at higher levels of strain than vena cava. These structural observations support the functional finding that vena cava is highly anisotropic with the longitude being more compliant and the circumference stiffening substantially at low levels of strain. Overall, our research demonstrates that fiber distributions and recruitment should be considered in addition to relative collagen and elastin contents. Also, the importance of accounting for the structural and functional differences between arteries and veins should be taken into account when considering disease treatment options.
A Computational Method for Analyzing the Biomechanics of Arterial Bruits
Authors: Zhu Chi , Seo Jung-Hee , Bakhshaee Hani , Mittal Rajat
Published: March 2017

A computational framework consisting of a one-way coupled hemodynamic–acoustic method and a wave-decomposition based postprocessing approach is developed to investigate the biomechanics of arterial bruits. This framework is then applied for studying the effect of the shear wave on the generation and propagation of bruits from a modeled stenosed artery. The blood flow in the artery is solved by an immersed boundary method (IBM) based incompressible flow solver. The sound generation and propagation in the blood volume are modeled by the linearized perturbed compressible equations, while the sound propagation through the surrounding tissue is modeled by the linear elastic wave equation. A decomposition method is employed to separate the acoustic signal into a compression/longitudinal component (curl free) and a shear/transverse component (divergence free), and the sound signals from cases with and without the shear modulus are monitored on the epidermal surface and are analyzed to reveal the influence of the shear wave. The results show that the compression wave dominates the detected sound signal in the immediate vicinity of the stenosis, whereas the shear wave has more influence on surface signals further downstream of the stenosis. The implications of these results on cardiac auscultation are discussed.
Enhanced Electroosmotic Flow Through a Nanochannel Patterned With Transverse Periodic Grooves
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. , Bag Naren
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we have analyzed an enhanced electroosmotic flow (EOF) by geometric modulation of the surface of a charged nanochannel. Otherwise, flat walls of the channel are modulated by embedding rectangular grooves placed perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric field in a periodic manner. The modulated channel is filled with a single electrolyte. The EOF within the modulated channel is determined by computing the Navier–Stokes–Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations for a wide range of Debye length. The objective of the present study is to achieve an enhanced EOF in the surface modulated channel. A significant enhancement in average EOF is found for a particular arrangement of grooves with the width of the grooves much higher than its depth and the Debye length is in the order of the channel height. However, the formation of vortex inside the narrow grooves can reduce the EOF when the groove depth is in the order of its width. Results are compared with the cases in which the grooves are replaced by superhydrophobic patches along which a zero shear stress condition is imposed.
Influence of Lubricant Traction Coefficient on Cage's Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior in High-Speed Cylindrical Roller Bearing
Authors: Zhang Wenhu , Deng Sier , Chen Guoding , Cui Yongcun
Published: March 2017

In this paper, the formulas of elastohydrodynamic traction coefficients of four Chinese aviation lubricating oils, namely, 4109, 4106, 4050, and 4010, were obtained by a great number of elastohydrodynamic traction tests. The nonlinear dynamics differential equations of high-speed cylindrical roller bearing were built on the basis of dynamic theory of rolling bearings and solved by Hilber–Hughes–Taylor (HHT) integer algorithm with variable step. The influence of lubricant traction coefficient on cage's nonlinear dynamic behavior was investigated, and Poincaré map was used to analyze the influence of four types of aviation lubricating oils on the nonlinear dynamic response of cage's mass center. The period of nonlinear dynamic response of cage's mass center was used to assess cage's stability. The results of this paper provide the theoretical basis for selection of aviation lubricating oil.
Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Flexure-Pivot Tilting-Pad Bearing
Authors: Suh Junho , Palazzolo Alan , Choi Yeon-Sun
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a new approach for modeling flexure-pivot journal bearings (FPJB) employing a three-dimensional (3D) elasto-hydro-dynamic (EHD) lubrication model. The finite element (FE) method is adopted for an analysis of the (1) pad-pivot dynamic behavior and the (2) fluid force. The isoviscosity Reynolds equation is utilized to calculate the fluid force acting on a flexure-pivot pad bearing and spinning journal. Computational efficiency is achieved utilizing modal coordinate transformation for the flexible pad-pivot dynamic analysis. Fluid film thickness plays a critical role in the solution of Reynolds equation and is evaluated on a node-by-node basis accounting for the pad and web deflections. The increased fidelity of the novel modeling approach provides rotating machinery designers with a more effective tool to analyze and predict rotor–bearing dynamic behavior.
Acoustic Modeling of Charge Air Coolers
Authors: Knutsson Magnus , Åbom Mats
Published: March 2017

The necessity of reducing CO2 emissions has lead to an increased number of passenger cars that utilize turbocharging to maintain performance when the internal combustion (IC) engines are downsized. Charge air coolers (CACs) are used on turbocharged engines to enhance the overall gas exchange efficiency. Cooling of charged air increases the air density and thus the volumetric efficiency and also increases the knock margin (for petrol engines). The acoustic properties of charge coolers have so far not been extensively treated in the literature. Since it is a large component with narrow flow passages, it includes major resistive as well as reactive properties. Therefore, it has the potential to largely affect the sound transmission in air intake systems and should be accurately considered in the gas exchange optimization process. In this paper, a frequency domain acoustic model of a CAC for a passenger car is presented. The cooler consists of two conical volumes connected by a matrix of narrow ducts where the cooling of the air takes place. A recently developed model for sound propagation in narrow ducts that takes into account the attenuation due to thermoviscous boundary layers and interaction with turbulence is combined with a multiport representation of the tanks to obtain an acoustic two-port representation where flow is considered. The predictions are compared with experimental data taken at room temperature and show good agreement. Sound transmission loss increasing from 5 to over 10 dB in the range 50–1600 Hz is demonstrated implying good noise control potential.
Uncertainty Quantification in Modeling Metal Alloy Solidification
Authors: Fezi Kyle , Krane Matthew John M.
Published: March 2017

Numerical simulations of metal alloy solidification are used to gain insight into physical phenomena that cannot be observed experimentally. These models produce results that are used to draw conclusions about a process or alloy and often compared to experimental results. However, uncertainty in model inputs cause uncertainty in model results, which have the potential to significantly affect conclusions drawn from their predictions. As a step toward understanding the effect of uncertain inputs on solidification modeling, uncertainty quantification (UQ) and sensitivity analysis are performed on a transient model of solidification of Al–4.5 wt % Cu in a rectangular cavity. The binary alloy considered has columnar solidification morphology, and this model solves equations for momentum, temperature, and species conservation. UQ and sensitivity analysis are performed for the degree of macrosegregation and solidification time. A Smolyak sparse grid algorithm is used to select input values to construct a polynomial response surface fit to model outputs. This polynomial is then used as a surrogate for the complete solidification model to determine the sensitivities and probability density functions (PDFs) of the model outputs. Uncertain model inputs of interest include the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), heat transfer coefficient, and material properties. The most influential input parameter for predicting the macrosegregation level is the dendrite arm spacing, which also strongly depends on the choice of permeability model. Additionally, the degree of uncertainty required to produce accurate predictions depends on the outputs of interest from the model.
Solution of the Graetz–Nusselt Problem for Liquid Flow Over Isothermal Parallel Ridges
Authors: Karamanis Georgios , Hodes Marc , Kirk Toby , Papageorgiou Demetrios T.
Published: March 2017

We consider convective heat transfer for laminar flow of liquid between parallel plates that are textured with isothermal ridges oriented parallel to the flow. Three different flow configurations are analyzed: one plate textured and the other one smooth; both plates textured and the ridges aligned; and both plates textured, but the ridges staggered by half a pitch. The liquid is assumed to be in the Cassie state on the textured surface(s), to which a mixed boundary condition of no-slip on the ridges and no-shear along flat menisci applies. Heat is exchanged with the liquid either through the ridges of one plate with the other plate adiabatic, or through the ridges of both plates. The thermal energy equation is subjected to a mixed isothermal-ridge and adiabatic-meniscus boundary condition on the textured surface(s). Axial conduction is neglected and the inlet temperature profile is arbitrary. We solve for the three-dimensional developing temperature profile assuming a hydrodynamically developed flow, i.e., we consider the Graetz–Nusselt problem. Using the method of separation of variables, the thermal problem is essentially reduced to a two-dimensional eigenvalue problem in the transverse coordinates, which is solved numerically. Expressions for the local Nusselt number and those averaged over the period of the ridges in the developing and fully developed regions are provided. Nusselt numbers averaged over the period and length of the domain are also provided. Our approach enables the aforementioned quantities to be computed in a small fraction of the time required by a general computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver.
Temporal and spatial variation in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina L.) roar calls from southern Scandinavia
Authors: Sabinsky Puk Faxe , Larsen Ole Næsbye , Wahlberg Magnus , Tougaard Jakob
Published: March 2017

Male harbor seals gather around breeding sites for competitive mating displays. Here, they produce underwater vocalizations possibly to attract females and/or scare off other males. These calls offer prospects for passive acoustic monitoring. Acoustic monitoring requires a good understanding of natural variation in calling behavior both temporally and among geographically separate sites. Such variation in call structure and calling patterns were studied in harbor seal vocalizations recorded at three locations in Danish and Swedish waters. There was a strong seasonality in the calls from end of June to early August. Vocalizations at two locations followed a diel pattern, with an activity peak at night. Recordings from one location also showed a peak in call rate at high tide. Large geographic variations were obvious in the total duration of the so-called roar call, the duration of the most prominent part of the call (the roar burst), and of percentage of energy in roar burst. A similarly large variation was also found when comparing the recordings from two consecutive years at the same site. Thus, great care must be taken to separate variation attributable to recording conditions from genuine biological differences when comparing harbor seal roars among recording sites and between years.
Causal role for inheritance of H3K27me3 in maintaining the OFF state of a
Drosophila
HOX gene
Authors: Coleman Rory T. , Struhl Gary
Published: March 2017

DNA sequence and inherited gene silencing

Cell fate decisions require a gene's transcriptional status, whether on or off, to be stably and heritably maintained over multiple cell generations. For silenced genes, heterochromatin domains are associated with specific histone posttranslational modifications, and these histone marks are maintained during DNA replication and chromosome duplication (see the Perspective by De and Kassis). Laprell
et al.
show that parental methylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) nucleosomes in
Drosophila
are inherited in daughter cells after replication and can repress transcription, but that they are not sufficient to propagate the mark. Trimethylation of newly incorporated nucleosomes requires recruitment of the methyltransferase Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to neighboring cis-regulatory DNA elements. Coleman and Struhl demonstrate that H3K27 trimethylated nucleosomes play a causal role in transmitting epigenetic memory at a
Drosophila
HOX gene through anchoring of PRC2 at the Polycomb response element binding site. Wang and Moazed examine fission yeast and show that both sequence-dependent and chromodomain sequence-independent mechanisms are required for stable epigenetic inheritance of histone modifications and the epigenetic maintenance of silencing. These studies highlight the crucial role of DNA binding for heritable gene silencing during growth and development.

Science
, this issue p.
85
, p.
eaai8236
, p.
88
; see also p.
28
Draft Genome Sequence of
Rhizobium
sp. Strain TBD182, an Antagonist of the Plant-Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum, Isolated from a Novel Hydroponics System Using Organic Fertilizer
Authors: Iida Yuichiro , Fujiwara Kazuki , Someya Nobutaka , Shinohara Makoto
Published: March 2017

Rhizobium
sp. strain TBD182, isolated from a novel hydroponics system, is an antagonistic bacterium that inhibits the mycelial growth of
Fusarium oxysporum
but does not eliminate the pathogen. We report the draft genome sequence of TBD182, which may contribute to elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of its fungistatic activity.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Nitrosomonas cryotolerans
ATCC 49181, a Phylogenetically Distinct Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from Arctic Waters
Authors: Rice Marlen C. , Norton Jeanette M. , Stein Lisa Y. , Kozlowski Jessica , Bollmann Annette , Klotz Martin G. , Sayavedra-Soto Luis , Shapiro Nicole , Goodwin Lynne A. , Huntemann Marcel , Clum Alicia , Pillay Manoj , Varghese Neha , Mikhailova Natalia , Palaniappan Krishna , Ivanova Natalia , Mukherjee Supratim , Reddy T. B. K. , Yee Ngan Chew , Daum Chris , Kyrpides Nikos , Woyke Tanja
Published: March 2017

Nitrosomonas cryotolerans
ATCC 49181 is a cold-tolerant marine ammonia-oxidizing bacterium isolated from seawater collected in the Gulf of Alaska. The high-quality complete genome contains a 2.87-Mbp chromosome and a 56.6-kbp plasmid. Chemolithoautotrophic modules encoding ammonia oxidation and CO
2
fixation were identified.
Draft Genome Sequence of Citrobacter freundii Strain A47, Resistant to the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol
Authors: Ahad Rafiq , Zhou Ting , Lepp Dion , Pauls K. P.
Published: March 2017

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
Citrobacter freundii
strain A47 with a length of 4,878,242 bp, which contains 4,357 putative protein coding genes, including 270 unique genes. This work is expected to assist in obtaining novel gene(s) that code for deoxynivalenol (DON) de-epoxidation enzyme(s).
Draft Genome Sequence of Endophytic
Herbaspirillum
sp. Strain WT00C, a Tea Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium
Authors: Cheng Wei , Zhan Guiting , Liu Weilin , Zhu Rong , Yu Xuejing , Li Yang , Li Yadong , Wu Wenhua , Wang Xingguo
Published: March 2017

Endophytic
Herbaspirillum
sp. strain WT00C was isolated from tea plant (
Camellia sinensis
L.). Here, we report the 6.08 Mb draft genome sequence of this strain, providing bioinformation about its agronomic benefits and capability to reduce selenate/selenite into red elemental selenium.
Residential proximity to major roads, exposure to fine particulate matter and aortic calcium: the Framingham Heart Study, a cohort study
Authors: Dorans Kirsten S , Wilker Elissa H , Li Wenyuan , Rice Mary B , Ljungman Petter L , Schwartz Joel , Coull Brent A , Kloog Itai , Koutrakis Petros , D'Agostino Ralph B , Massaro Joseph M , Hoffmann Udo , O'Donnell Christopher J , Mittleman Murray A
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Traffic and ambient air pollution exposure are positively associated with cardiovascular disease, potentially through atherosclerosis promotion. Few studies have assessed associations of these exposures with thoracic aortic calcium Agatston score (TAC) or abdominal aortic calcium Agatston score (AAC), systemic atherosclerosis correlates. We assessed whether living close to a major road and residential fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure were associated with TAC and AAC in a Northeastern US cohort.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Framingham Offspring and Third Generation participants residing in the Northeastern USA.

Participants and outcome measures

Among 3506 participants, mean age was 55.8 years; 50% female. TAC was measured from 2002 to 2005 and AAC up to two times (2002–2005; 2008–2011) among participants from the Framingham Offspring or Third Generation cohorts. We first assessed associations with detectable TAC (logistic regression) and AAC (generalised estimating equation regression, logit link). As aortic calcium scores were right skewed, we used linear regression models and mixed-effects models to assess associations with natural log-transformed TAC and AAC, respectively, among participants with detectable aortic calcium. We also assessed associations with AAC progression. Models were adjusted for demographic variables, socioeconomic position indicators and time.

Results

There were no consistent associations of major roadway proximity or PM2.5with the presence or extent of TAC or AAC, or with AAC progression. Some estimates were in the opposite direction than expected.

Conclusions

In this cohort from a region with relatively low levels of and variation in PM2.5, there were no strong associations of proximity to a major road or PM2.5with the presence or extent of aortic calcification, or with AAC progression.
Pharmacist provided medicines reconciliation within 24 hours of admission and on discharge: a randomised controlled pilot study
Authors: Cadman Brit , Wright David , Bale Amanda , Barton Garry , Desborough James , Hammad Eman A , Holland Richard , Howe Helen , Nunney Ian , Irvine Lisa
Published: March 2017

Background

The UK government currently recommends that all patients receive medicines reconciliation (MR) from a member of the pharmacy team within 24 hours of admission and subsequent discharge. The cost-effectiveness of this intervention is unknown. A pilot study to inform the design of a future randomised controlled trial to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered service was undertaken.

Method

Patients were recruited 7 days a week from 5 adult medical wards in 1 hospital over a 9 month period and randomised using an automated system to intervention (MR within 24 hours of admission and at discharge) or usual care which may include MR (control). Recruitment and retention rates were determined. Length of stay (LOS), quality of life (EQ-5D-3L), unintentional discrepancies (UDs) and emergency readmission (ER) within 3 months were tested as outcome measures. The feasibility of identifying and measuring intervention-associated resources was determined.

Result

200 patients were randomised to either intervention or control. Groups were comparable at baseline. 95 (99%) patients in the intervention received MR within 24 hours, while 62 (60.8%) control patients received MR at some point during admission. The intervention resolved 250 of the 255 UDs identified at admission. Only 2 UDs were identified in the intervention group at discharge compared with 268 in the control. The median LOS was 94 hours in the intervention arm and 118 hours in the control, with ER rates of 17.9% and 26.7%, respectively. Assuming 5% loss to follow-up 1120 patients (560 in each arm) are required to detect a 6% reduction in 3-month ER rates.

Conclusions

The results suggest that changes in outcome measures resulting from MR within 24 hours were in the appropriate direction and readmission within 3 months is the most appropriate primary outcome measure. A future study to determine cost-effectiveness of the intervention is feasible and warranted.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN23949491.
Protocol for determining primary healthcare practice characteristics, models of practice and patient accessibility using an exploratory census survey with linkage to administrative data in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Marshall Emily Gard , Gibson Richard J , Lawson Beverley , Burge Frederick
Published: March 2017

Introduction

There is little evidence on how primary care providers (PCPs) model their practices in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada, what services they offer or what accessibility is like for the average patient. This study will create a database of all family physicians and primary healthcare nurse practitioners in NS, including information about accessibility and the model of care in which they practice, and will link the survey data to administrative health databases.

Methods and analysis

3 census surveys of all family physicians, primary care nurse practitioners (ie, PCPs) and their practices in NS will be conducted. The first will be a telephone survey conducted during typical daytime business hours. At each practice, the person answering the telephone will be asked questions about the practice's accessibility and model of care. The second will be a telephone survey conducted after typical daytime business hours to determine what out-of-office services PCP practices offer their patients. The final will be a tailored fax survey that will collect information that could not be obtained in the first 2 surveys plus new information on scope of practice, practice model and willingness to participate in research. Survey data will be linked with billing data from administrative health databases. Multivariate regression analysis will be employed to assess whether access and availability outcome variables are associated with PCP and model of practice characteristics. Negative binomial regression analysis will be employed to assess the association between independent variables from the survey data and health system use outcomes from administrative data.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has received ethical approval from the Nova Scotia Health Authority and the Health Data Nova Scotia Data Access Committee. Dissemination approached will include stakeholder engagement at local and national levels, conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and a public website.
Attitudes and experiences with secondhand smoke and smoke-free policies among subsidised and market-rate multiunit housing residents living in six diverse communities in the USA
Authors: Gentzke Andrea S , Hyland Andrew , Kiviniemi Marc , Travers Mark J
Published: March 2017

Background

Given that higher smoking rates persist among lower socioeconomic populations, multiunit housing (MUH) environments may result in higher secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures among subsidised MUH residents. This cross-sectional assessment compares experiences with SHS and smoke-free policies among subsidised and market-rate MUH residents living in six US communities.

Methods

MUH residents (n=1565) were surveyed regarding their smoke-free rules (home and building), SHS exposures and preferences towards smoke-free policies. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of each outcome, focusing on differences by subsidised housing status (subsidised vs market rate).

Results

Among residents enforcing smoke-free home rules (76%, overall), 50% reported SHS incursions into their unit. Only 23% reported living in a smoke-free building; 56% of those living in smoking-allowable buildings reported preferences towards smoke-free building policies. Among market-rate housing residents, smoke-free home (OR=4.18) and building (OR=2.26) rules were significantly higher when children were present. Smoke-free building rules reduced the odds of SHS incursions among market-rate housing residents (OR=0.50), but no association was observed among subsidised housing residents. Non-smoking subsidised housing residents exhibited stronger preferences for smoke-free policies compared with those in market-rate housing.

Discussion

Smoke-free home rules may not protect MUH residents from SHS exposures, particularly in subsidised MUH. Although strong preferences towards smoke-free policies were present overall, subsidised MUH residents may have fewer alternative smoke-free housing options available. Therefore, all publicly funded housing should be smoke free to protect these vulnerable populations. However, continued efforts to encourage privately owned MUH operators to adopt smoke-free policies are also necessary.