bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eutrophication of Lakes: From Global Process to Regional Implication in the Kola Arctic Region
Authors: Moiseenko Tatiana I. , Bazova Maria M.
Published: September 2024

Eutrophication of water bodies is analysed as a global process. The volumes of globally increasing use of nitrogen and phosphorus are demonstrated, with the dispersion of these elements leading to increased nutrient contents in lakes and rivers. Results of original studies on remote lakes in the Arctic zone indicate that the content of nutrients in these lakes has increased over the past decades. Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in lake waters tend to increase in the absence of anthropogenic effects. Simultaneously, the silicon concentrations were found to decrease because of the consumption by diatoms. Low concentrations of bioavailable nutrients confirm that these nutrients are rapidly spent in the production processes of ecosystems. The calculated trophic state index (according to R. Carlson) indicates that the number of oligotrophic lakes in the forest tundra zone decreased by 50% by 2010–2018, and these lakes are absent from the northern taiga zone. Temperature increase and climate warming in the Arctic zone first caused the increase in the contents of nutrients in the lakes and their trophic states.
Elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) is associated with incident heart failure and mortality in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Yndigegn Troels , Gu Thomas , Grufman Helena , Erlinge David , Mokhtari Arash , Ekelund Ulf , Magnusson Martin , Gustafsson Emma , Nilsson Jan , Goncalves Isabel , Schiopu Alexandru
Published: September 2024

Aims

Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), a mucin produced by serosal cells in response to mechanical and inflammatory stimuli, has emerged as an important biomarker to guide risk stratification in heart failure (HF). The prognostic value of CA125 in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is less explored.

Methods

In a cohort of 524 ACS patients (73% males, mean age 67 ± 12 years), we assessed the associations between CA125 and the risk for HF and death during a median follow‐up period of 27.3 months for incident HF and 39.5 months for mortality. Plasma CA125 was measured within 24 h after admission in the entire cohort and after 6 weeks in a subgroup of 115 elderly patients (>75 years of age). We also assessed the relationships between baseline CA125 and echocardiographic parameters of cardiac structure and function at 1 year post‐ACS in this subgroup.

Results

Baseline CA125 was associated with incident HF in the entire cohort in a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hypertension, previous HF, previous ACS and previous stroke), renal function and revascularization {hazard ratio [HR] 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.93] per 1‐standard deviation [SD] CA125 increase; P = 0.009}. In the detailed follow‐up subgroup, elevated baseline CA125 predicted subsequent deterioration of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), defined as a >5% absolute LVEF decrease in patients with LVEF ≥ 50% at discharge [odds ratio (OR) 3.31 (95% CI 1.15–9.54) per 1‐SD baseline CA125 increase; P = 0.027]. We also found significant correlations between high baseline CA125 and larger LV volumes (LV end‐diastolic volume index, Spearman's r = 0.329, P < 0.001; LV end‐systolic volume index, r = 0.391, P < 0.001) and left atrial volume index (r = 0.320, P < 0.001) at 1 year post‐ACS, indicative of adverse cardiac remodelling. Elevated baseline and follow‐up CA125 were associated with increased mortality, independently of age and sex [HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.09–1.71), P = 0.006, per 1‐SD baseline CA125; HR 1.98 (95% CI 1.06–3.67), P = 0.031, per increasing 6 week CA125 tertile]. The relationship between 6 week CA125 and incident mortality remained significant in the fully adjusted model [HR 2.23 (95% CI 1.15–4.35) per increasing CA125 tertile; P = 0.018].

Conclusions

We report independent associations between elevated CA125, LV dysfunction, cardiac remodelling, incident HF and mortality post‐ACS. Our results warrant further evaluation of CA125 as a potential biomarker for risk stratification and management of ACS patients, both at the time of the acute coronary event and during follow‐up.
Design and Assembly of Conductive Covalent Organic Frameworks for Proton Exchange Membrane Application
Authors: Li Ping , Pan Qinhe
Published: September 2024

To develop proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with robust structure stability and remarkable proton conductivity and explore their application in PEMs fuel cells have significant implications for realizing reduced carbon emission and environmental pollution. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as crystalline porous polymer material composed of organic monomers and connected by covalent bond, possess specific framework, inherent porosity, adjustable functional group and eminent thermal/chemical structure stability. Therefore, COFs display prominent superiorities in constructing rigid ordered proton transfer channels and improving fuel cell performance long‐term durability. In this review, the proton conduction properties of extrinsic proton‐conductive COFs (incorporating carriers into the pore), intrinsic proton‐conductive COFs (introducing conductive groups on the backbone) and combined extrinsic/intrinsic proton‐conductive COFs in the form of pressed pellets are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, proton‐conductive COFs related PEMs, including COFs‐related polymer‐based composite membranes, COFs‐based composite membranes and self‐supporting COFs membranes are also systematically summarized. In addition, the existing challenges are analyzed and future outlooks are addressed.
Construction of Multiple Five‐Membered Rings in Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene Core for the Synthesis of a Nona‐Cycle Buckybowl
Authors: Yoshida Naruhiro , Imai Tomoya , Amaya Toru , Yamaoka Yousuke , Iwasawa Tetsuo
Published: September 2024

C60‐fragmentary bowl‐shaped molecules, commonly referred to as “buckybowls”, are provocative compounds, and their inviting functions based on the non‐planar π‐conjugation are expected. Yet, achieving synthesis of some kinds of the curved structure remaining challenging. Herein we report skeletal construction of a nona‐cyclic buckybowl that is synthetically unachievable heretofore, namely, 3,10‐dihydroindeno[7,1,2‐pqr]‐as‐indaceno[3,2,1,8,7‐defghi]chrysene. The key to success was solution‐compatible process in which a multiple substituted dibenzo[g,p]chrysene is amenable to threefold formation of five‐membered rings at its periphery. The resulting scheme here, coupled with the gently curved scaffold, offers a new insight into the solution‐phase synthesis of curved and twisted polyarenes.
Do women only apply when they are 100% qualified, whereas men already apply when they are 60% qualified?
Authors: Salwender Mona , Stahlberg Dagmar
Published: September 2024

We tested the popular claim that women only apply for jobs when they are 100% qualified, whereas men apply already with as little as a 60% qualification fit. In Study 1, we presented a job advertisement and a CV with different levels of qualification fit. Participants were asked to imagine that the presented CV was their own and to indicate whether they would apply for the advertised job. No gender difference emerged in participants’ application intentions, neither at 60% nor at 100% qualification fit. To enhance personal involvement, in Studies 2–4 we presented a job advertisement and asked participants to indicate whether they themselves would apply for the advertised job. Afterwards, participants indicated for every qualification criterion listed in the job advertisement whether they fulfilled it or not. We found a significant, but not robust gender difference in the predicted direction in the relationship between application intention and qualification fit. In addition, when asking how much women and men wanted to be prepared in application situations, women robustly indicated a higher desire for preparedness than men. Overall, our results indicate that for women psychological hurdles (i.e., desire for preparedness, fears and other gender‐relevant indicators assessed) are higher in application situations than for men. However, these do not seem to translate reliably into differential application intentions in the experimental paradigms used in our studies. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Mini Bubble Columns for Miniaturizing Scale‐Down
Authors: Wild Moritz , Takors Ralf
Published: September 2024

The successful scale‐up of biotechnological processes from laboratory to industrial scale is crucial for translating innovation to practice. Scale‐down simulators have emerged as indispensable tools in this endeavor, enabling the evaluation of potential hosts’ adaptability to the dynamic conditions encountered in large‐scale fermenters. By simulating these real‐world scenarios, scale‐down simulators facilitate more accurate estimations of host productivity, thereby improving the process of selecting optimal strains for industrial production. Conventional scale‐down systems for detailed intracellular analysis necessitate an elaborate setup comprising interconnected lab‐scale reactors such as stirred tank reactors (STRs) and plug‐flow reactors (PFRs), often proving time‐consuming and resource‐intensive. This work introduces a miniaturized bubble column reactor setup (60 mL working volume), enabling individual and parallel carbon‐limited chemostat fermentations, offering a more efficient and streamlined approach. The industrially relevant organism Escherichia coli, chosen as a model organism, is continuously grown and subjected to carbon starvation for 150 s, followed by a return to carbon excess for another 150 s. The cellular response is characterized by the accumulation of the alarmone guanosine pentaphosphate (ppGpp) accompanied by a significant reduction in energy charge, from 0.8 to 0.7, which is rapidly replenished upon reintroduction of carbon availability. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a two‐phase response pattern, with over 200 genes upregulated and downregulated. The initial phase is dominated by the CRP–cAMP‐ and ppGpp‐mediated response to carbon limitation, followed by a shift to stationary phase‐inducing gene expression under the control of stress sigma factors. The system's validity is confirmed through a thorough comparison with a conventional STR/PFR setup. The analysis reveals the potential of the system to effectively reproduce data gathered from conventional STR/PFR setups, showcasing its potential use as a scale‐down simulator integrated in the process of strain development.
Understanding the perspectives of a teacher educator and pre‐service teachers toward an immersive STEM experience
Authors: Nash Melanie , Bradbury Ondine , Fitzgerald Angela
Published: September 2024

This study explored the nuanced perspectives of a teacher educator and primary pre‐service teachers regarding their participation in an immersive STEM experience. Employing a descriptive case study methodology augmented by storytelling techniques, our study aimed to unravel the complex dynamics inherent in such educational initiatives. Through the lens of figured‐world analysis, we uncovered the tensions and dualities that permeate this immersive learning environment. Our findings revealed a complex interplay of perspectives, highlighting the challenges and opportunities encountered by both educators and learners. By elucidating the nature of their experiences, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of immersive STEM education and offers insights into its effective implementation in initial teacher education programs.
Do the specific characteristics of female directors work as alternative governance mechanisms to restrict earnings management in a developing country?
Authors: Rahman Haseeb Ur , Zahid Muhammad , Al‐Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh , Salameh Anas A.
Published: September 2024

This inquiry probes whether or not female directors and their specific characteristics effectively restrict earnings management (EM) measured by accrual‐based earnings management (AEM) and real‐based earnings management (REM) in a sample of 217 Pakistani companies from 2016 to 2021. The outcomes of the ordinary least squares with panel corrected standard errors demonstrated that boards with female directors are more effective in restricting EM than others. The results also explain that the proportion of female directors on the board and audit committee and the experience of the former are significantly and inversely associated with AEM and REM. However, women directors should be at least two or more on the board to effectively control AEM and REM since the role of a lone female director is insignificant in their mitigation. The positive effect of the female directors' master's or above qualification is slightly higher than their bachelor's or below education in opposing AEM and REM. Furthermore, the business education of female directors significantly, while their non‐business education insignificantly reduces AEM and REM. The findings are consistent and reliable for being validated by the generalised method of moments as an alternative estimator. Overall, the inquiry complements the literature, theory, practice, and policy in several ways.
Creation of a novel vancomycin dosing protocol in the electronic medical record and the use of analytics to show improved patient safety
Authors: Peterson Nathan , Hurley Evan , Cunningham Kelli , Malik Luke , Lambi Lisa , White Kristina , Bushman Amanda , Fifield Julia , Thieman Corey , Muehling Emily
Published: September 2024

Vancomycin dosing guidelines recommend using first‐order analytic calculations or Bayesian software along with two drug concentrations at steady state to confirm an area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC24), which is safe and efficacious for the treatment of serious methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Evidence supporting optimal vancomycin dosing for empiric or nonserious MRSA infections is sparse. A systemwide vancomycin dosing protocol applying the latest guidelines and a novel dosing strategy to estimate AUC was created by a large, multicenter healthcare organization. A dosing calculator was embedded in the electronic medical record, and an analytics tool was created to monitor the incidence and predictors of vancomycin‐associated acute kidney injury (VA‐AKI). The incidence of VA‐AKI was tracked over time and between hospitals to identify opportunities to reduce variation. This article describes the implementation of the vancomycin protocol and the use of informatics to ensure patient safety.
Evaluation of REFIX Technology on the Remineralization of Artificial Early Enamel Caries Lesion by Laser Speckle Tracking Analysis
Authors: Mandetta Amanda Rafaelly Honório , Machado Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira , Costa Patrícia Bella , Santos Elaine Marcílio , Leal Gonçalves Marcela Letícia , Sobral Ana Paula Taboada , da Silva João Vagner Pereira , Prates Renato Araujo , Deana Alessandro Melo , Bussadori Sandra Kalil
Published: September 2024

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of the REFIX technology in the remineralization process of initial caries simulated on bovine enamel. The assessment involved the analysis of backscatter intensity, which was determined from laser speckle images.

Method

Twenty‐one bovine teeth were divided into three groups: G1 and G7 were submitted to treatment with the REFIX technology for 1 and 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with deionized water.

Results

A significant difference in backscatter was found between the carious and sound areas in all groups (p = 0.0038, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.0002 for the control group, G1, and G7, respectively). The intergroup comparison revealed no significant difference among the groups studied.

Conclusion

REFIX technology did not alter the optical properties of the samples of bovine teeth with simulated initial caries lesions after 1 and 7 days of treatment.
Shot‐Noise Limited Nonlinear Optical Imaging Excited With GHz Femtosecond Pulses and Denoised by Deep‐Learning
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Wen Junpeng , Sheng Yuke , Wei Chiyi , Kong Cihang , Liu Yalong , Wei Xiaoming , Yang Zhongmin
Published: September 2024

Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy excited with femtosecond pulses at high repetition rates, particularly in the range of 100's MHz to GHz, offers an alternative solution to suppress photoinduced damage to biological samples, for example, photobleaching. Here, we demonstrate the use of a U‐Net‐based deep‐learning algorithm for suppressing the inherent shot noise of the two‐photon fluorescence images excited with GHz femtosecond pulses. With the trained denoising neural network, the image quality of the representative two‐photon fluorescence images of the biological samples is shown to be significantly improved. Moreover, for input raw images with even SNR reduced to −4.76 dB, the trained denoising network can recover the main image structure from noise floor with acceptable fidelity and spatial resolution. It is anticipated that the combination of GHz femtosecond pulses and deep‐learning denoising algorithm can be a promising solution for eliminating the trade‐off between photoinduced damage and image quality in nonlinear optical imaging platforms.
Enhancing glass‐ionomer cements with flake‐shaped glass: A new frontier in dental restoration
Authors: Song Aiyang , Gong Haihuan , Zhang Jiahui , Wang Huimin , Zhu Song , Cui Zhanchen
Published: September 2024

This study aims to investigate whether the combined use of thin sheet glass (FSG) and polyurethane acrylate (PUA) can enhance the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (GICs) to improve the overall performance of commercial GICs. In this study, an innovative approach was employed by incorporating diluents and photoinitiators into PUA to develop a novel light‐curable PUA material. The PUA was then used to modify the GIC to obtain PUA‐modified GIC. Subsequently, physical and chemical methods were employed to corrode and chemically modify the glass fiber surface to acquire dried thin sheet glass (FSG). Different proportions of FSG (10%, 20%, and 30% by mass) were mixed with PUA‐GIC to obtain FSG‐PUA modified GIC. Mechanical and biocompatibility tests were conducted on regular GIC, PUA‐GIC, resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and various proportions of FSG‐PUA‐GIC materials, including flexural strength, surface hardness, water absorption rate, solubility, shear strength, compressive strength (CS), in vitro cytotoxicity, as well as short‐term oral toxicity and subcutaneous implantation trials. A novel FSG‐PUA modified GIC was successfully prepared, which not only retained the excellent biocompatibility and fluoride ion release capacity of the original GIC but also significantly enhanced its mechanical strength and durability. The application of this innovative method provides a new direction for the development of dental restorative materials, particularly in addressing the shortcomings of GICs in terms of mechanical performance. The addition of FSG notably increased the flexural strength and surface hardness of GICs, especially at a 20% additive level, demonstrating superior performance compared with standard Fuji IX (F9) and slightly better than RMGIC. Water absorption rate and solubility initially decreased and then increased with an increase in FSG content, and significantly outperformed F9 and RMGIC at 10% and 20% additive levels. Shear strength and CS decreased with an increase in FSG content but remained superior to commercial groups. Material incubation with cells in vitro for 24–48 h showed no significant impact on cell viability, with cell viability exceeding 90%. Short‐term oral toxicity tests demonstrated good biocompatibility of the material, and subcutaneous implant trials did not observe any significant inflammation or pathological changes within 12 weeks of observation. The use of FSG‐PUA materials effectively enhances the mechanical properties of GIC materials, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and significant potential as dental restorative materials. Among them, the 20% FSG‐PUA modified GICs exhibited significantly superior flexural strength, surface hardness, shear strength, water absorption, and solubility compared with F9 and slightly surpassing RMGIC, showcasing the best mechanical performance.
The abundance and analytical characterization of microplastics in the surface water of Haryana, India
Authors: Narwal Nishita , Katyal Deeksha
Published: September 2024

Microplastic (MP) contamination has become a serious environmental concern that affects terrestrial environments, aquatic ecosystems, and human health. The current study assesses the presence, abundance, and morphology of MPs present in the surface water of Rohtak district, Haryana, India, which is rapidly undergoing industrialization. While the morphological studies of MPs were conducted through stereo microscopy and field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), the elemental composition of polymers was analyzed through attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR). The results revealed that the surface water was significantly contaminated by polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Moreover, the abundance of MPs was found to be 16–28 particles/L with an average value of 23 particles/L. Most of the MPs had fibrous morphology with the specifics being, fibers (43.9%), fragments (23.7%), films (17%), and pellets (15.4%). The MPs exhibited a size range of 0.61–4.87 mm, with an average size measured at 2.03 ± 0.04 mm. Also, the MP pollution load index values for the surface water bodies were found to be below 10, indicating a low risk category. Though currently designated as “low risk,” it is important that mitigation strategies be brought over at this juncture to further prevent the deterioration of quality of water. Thus, this study not only intends to bring forth the impact of human activities, industrial waste, open waste dumping, and inadequate municipal waste management practices on increasing MP concentration but also highlights the sustainable alternatives and strategies to address this emerging pollutant in urban water systems. For further prevention, the implementation of stringent regulations and on‐site plastic waste segregation is a critical component in preventing the disposal of plastic waste in surface water bodies.

Research Highlights

The abundance of MPs was found to be 16–28 particles/L, with an average value of 23 particles/L.

The surface water bodies in Rohtak district fall into the hazard categories of low risk with values less than 10.

The overall MP concentration in water, across all five areas, based on color was in order: white/transparent (39.1%), black (15%), gray (9.1%), green (8.7%), blue (7.8%), red (7.8%), orange (6.3%), and yellow (6.1%).

The dominant polymers were polyethylene (PE) (42%) and polypropylene (41%) as determined by FTIR spectroscopy.
糖質制限ダイエットによりケトアシドーシスに至った生来健康な女性の1例(Carbohydrate–restricted diet in a naturally healthy woman leading to ketoacidosis: A case report)
Authors: 誠悟 田井 , 正明 竹本 , 将史 金澤 , 功 若山 , 祥寛 山本 , 貴明 中野 , 敏孝 伊藤
Published: September 2024

生来健康に生活していた19歳の女性。前日から倦怠感を自覚していたが，医療機関受診なく，頭痛，眩暈，嘔吐の主訴で救急搬送された。血液検査で脱水所見を認めるも，酢酸リンゲル液の投与で症状軽快したため帰宅となった。しかし帰宅から10時間後に嘔気，嘔吐の主訴で再度救急搬送された。頻呼吸を認めたため動脈血液ガス分析を含め血液検査等を行った。原因不明のアニオンギャップ開大性代謝性アシドーシスを認め，精査，加療目的に緊急入院とした。第4病日にアシドーシス改善，自覚症状も消失していたため経口摂取を再開した。第5病日に3–ヒドロキシ酪酸優位に血中ケトン体が増加しており，ケトアシドーシスであったことが判明した。入院後の追加問診で，誰の指導も受けず過度な糖質制限ダイエットを行っており，豆腐や納豆，サラダを中心に食べ，聴取内容から糖質量を1日30g以下に制限していたと推定された。糖質制限ダイエットにより飢餓性ケトアシドーシスを起こしたものと診断した。生来健康であるも，糖質制限ダイエットにより飢餓性ケトアシドーシスを来した症例を2006年，Shahらが最初に報告している。しかし我々が検索し得た限り，本邦において授乳者以外での報告はない。海外では重症例の報告も存在するため，注意すべき病態として救急外来において周知する必要があると考えられた。
指令センターへの口頭指導専従員配置の効果～分割時系列デザインを用いた解析～(Impact of having full–time dedicated staff for cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction on out–of–hospital cardiac arrest outcomes: An interrupted time–series analysis)
Authors: 慶多 柴橋 , 範一 野々口 , 祐三 藤野 , 和宏 杉山
Published: September 2024

【目的】東京消防庁は2020年4月1日に指令センターへ口頭指導専従員を新規配置し，通報者への口頭指導体制を強化した。本研究はこの介入の効果を明らかにすることを目的に実施された。【方法】2018年1月1日から2022年12月31日までの東京消防庁ウツタイン統計に登録された院外心停止事案を対象に，分割時系列デザインを用いた観察研究を実施した。主要評価項目はバイスタンダーによる心肺蘇生実施割合とした。副次評価項目は口頭指導実施割合，バイスタンダーによる除細動実施割合，病院前自己心拍再開割合，1か月後生存割合，１か月後機能予後良好（脳機能カテゴリー 1または2）割合とした。【結果】64,000件（口頭指導専従員配置前：28,396件，口頭指導専従員配置後：35,604件）が解析対象となった。分割時系列デザイン解析の結果，口頭指導専従員配置によってバイスタンダー心肺蘇生実施割合は34.7%から44.4%へ9.6%（95%信頼区間：7.4%～11.9%）増加していた。一方で，病院前自己心拍再開割合，1か月後生存割合，1か月後機能予後良好割合に有意な変化はみられなかった。【結語】口頭指導専従員の配置によりバイスタンダー心肺蘇生実施割合が増加したが，患者転帰に有意な改善は認められなかった。今後はいかに患者予後を改善するかに焦点を当て，さらなる口頭指導体制の強化を行っていく必要がある。
Innovative Fluorescent Polymers in Niosomal Carriers: A Novel Approach to Enhancing Cancer Therapy and Imaging
Authors: Tornaci Selay , Erginer Merve , Bulut Umut , Sener Beste , Persilioglu Elifsu , Kalaycilar İsmail Bergutay , Celik Emine Guler , Yardibi Hasret , Siyah Pinar , Karakurt Oguzhan , Cirpan Ali , Gokalsin Baris , Senisik Ahmet Murat , Barlas Firat Baris
Published: September 2024

Cancer is anticipated to become the pioneer reason of disease‐related deaths worldwide in the next two decades, underscoring the urgent need for personalized and adaptive treatment strategies. These strategies are crucial due to the high variability in drug efficacy and the tendency of cancer cells to develop resistance. This study investigates the potential of theranostic nanotechnology using three innovative fluorescent polymers (FP‐1, FP‐2, and FP‐3) encapsulated in niosomal carriers, combining therapy (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) with fluorescence imaging. These cargoes are assessed for their cytotoxic effects across three cancer cell lines (A549, MCF‐7, and HOb), with further analysis to determine their capacity to augment the effects of radiotherapy using a Linear Accelerator (LINAC) at specific doses. Fluorescence microscopy is utilized to verify their uptake and localization in cancerous versus healthy cell lines. The results confirmed that these niosomal cargoes not only improved the antiproliferative effects of radiotherapy but also demonstrate the practical application of fluorescent polymers in in vitro imaging. This dual function underscores the importance of dose optimization to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing adverse effects, thereby enhancing the overall efficacy of cancer treatments.
Harnessing the power of module markets for effective product recovery strategies
Authors: Lai Xuxin , Zhou Li , Wang Nengmin , Jia Tao
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates how product modularity affects a manufacturer's recovery strategy by constructing two trade‐in models: one with a module market and another without. Our results reveal that opening a module market is not always profitable for the manufacturer, except when the module production cost is extremely low. When opening it is less profitable, the manufacturer can boost profits by raising the module price, increasing salvage value, and reducing costs through remanufacturing. Regarding collection quantity, our findings reveal that a module market, particularly with high module costs and durability, increases trade‐in quantity, challenging the conventional expectations of market share erosion.
Advancements and challenges of industrial‐level acidic CO2 electrolysis
Authors: Shen Shuchao , Yang Kang , Xu Guoliang , Chen Sheng , Ortiz‐Ledón César , Duan Jingjing
Published: September 2024

The use of green renewable energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals and fuels through CO2 electrolysis technology (also known as electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction, eCO2RR) is an advantageous technology, which could greatly aid the global carbon‐neutral goal. Although progress has been made in alkaline/neutral media, low carbon conversion efficiency to target products, carbonate/bicarbonate salt precipitation, and blockage of electrode holes caused by CO2 are not conducive to industrial applications. Acidic media could address these issues; however, in these conditions, there are other challenges that need to be addressed, such as hydrogen evolution, poor tolerance of electrocatalysts, and electrolysers. This review discusses recent advances in industrial‐level acidic CO2 electrolysis, including reaction mechanisms, electrocatalysts, and device design, aiming to promote its commercialization. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation strategy of an acidic eCO2RR system is proposed, and perspectives are provided based on related discussion.
A gradient flame retardant strategy to improve the overall performance of polylactic acid/fiber composites
Authors: Zheng Ran , Chen Yajun , Ye Tian , Hao Fenghao , Kong Zimeng , Qian Lijun
Published: September 2024

To enhance the flame retardant property of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites without adding more flame retardants, we prepared film stacking composites by maintaining a total flame retardant content of 20% and applying a gradient flame retardant strategy. The gradient composites have been designated as 3113FRPLA/F and 1331FRPLA/F, respectively. 3113FRPLA/F is characterized by an augmented concentration of fire‐resistant additives in the surface layer, while 1331FRPLA/F features a reduced content. 20%FRPLA/F is prepared with a homogeneously distributed flame retardant composition. Results derived from LOI test and cone calorimeter test unequivocally demonstrate that 3113FRPLA/F outperforms both 1331FRPLA/F and 20%FRPLA/F in improving flame retardancy. The LOI value of 3113FRPLA/F is 36.1%, exceeding that of 20%FRPLA/F and there is also a reduction in the pk‐HRR compared with 20%FRPLA/F. It is of interest to note that 3113FRPLA/F exhibits the most effective heat insulation properties while 20%FRPLA/F has the worst, which is reflected by the infrared thermal imaging results. It bears mention that the impact strength and tensile strength of 3113FRPLA/F surpasses that of 20%FRPLA/F. In summary, 3113FRPLA/F, characterized by its increased surface concentration of flame retardants, demonstrates the most superior overall performance.

Highlights

The characteristics of PLA/fiber composites using a gradient strategy were compared.

The LOI value of 3113FRPLA/F is 36.1%, exceeding that of 20%FRPLA/F.

3113FRPLA/F has the best heat insulation effect while 20%FRPLA/F has the worst.

The impact strength and tensile strength of 3113FRPLA/F surpasses 20%FRPLA/F.

Improving the surface flame retardant concentration increases the overall property.
Effect of silica particle size and coating by natural latex on properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber/carbon black/silica composites
Authors: Liang Jiuming , Luo Zhu , Zhong Jincheng , Chen Hu
Published: September 2024

Silica is a renewable resource that has become the primary filler for the rubber used in eco‐friendly tires. However, silica tends to agglomerate in the rubber matrix, particularly, micro‐ and nano‐scale silica, which limits its application. When ordinary‐particle‐size silica with low cost and high stacking density is modified using appropriate methods, high dispersion in rubber and good performance can be achieved with common processing equipment, which has significant engineering application value. In this study, silica particles with different sizes (nano‐scale, 19 and 45 μm) were treated with a 3‐mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent (KH580). Subsequently, the silica with the ordinary particle size of 300 mesh (45 μm) was coated with natural latex (NL), and the mechanical properties of the modified silica‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/carbon black (CB) compounds were investigated. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the NL‐coated 45 μm silica‐filled composite improved significantly, particularly, in the area of tear strength and elongation at break, the composite properties were improved by 17.1% and 118.2%, respectively. Excellent performance over composites filled with coupling agent‐treated micron‐ and nanoscale silica. Enhancing the surface modification of silica through latex coating provides a means to improve the efficiency of industrial production and reduce costs.

Highlights

The low‐fine silica treated with KH580 has good dispersibility.

Improved mechanical compatibility of NL‐coated silica with rubber.

Improvement in strain performance of composites after NL coated with silica.

The effect of silica dispersion on composite properties is greater than the effect of particle size.

Industrial silica can be successfully addressed, paving the way for extensive utilization.
Bacteriophage therapy in the management of diabetic foot ulcer infections
Authors: Seewoodhary Jason
Published: September 2024

The global morbidity, mortality and health economic effects of treating patients with diabetic foot ulcer infections are rapidly growing and have been exacerbated by the problem of antimicrobial resistance. With the world on the cusp of entering the postantibiotic era, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. Bacteriophage therapy has demonstrated safety, efficacy and cost‐effectiveness in treating patients with diabetic foot ulcer infections. This review seriously considers the use of bacteriophage therapy in the care of patients with diabetic foot ulcer infections.
Physicochemical Evaluation of Remote Homology in the Twilight Zone
Authors: Dixson Jamie Dennis , Azad Rajeev Kumar
Published: September 2024

A fundamental problem in the field of protein evolutionary biology is determining the degree and nature of evolutionary relatedness among homologous proteins that have diverged to a point where they share less than 30% amino acid identity yet retain similar structures and/or functions. Such proteins are said to lie within the “Twilight Zone” of amino acid identity. Many researchers have leveraged experimentally determined structures in the quest to classify proteins in the Twilight Zone. Such endeavors can be highly time consuming and prohibitively expensive for large‐scale analyses. Motivated by this problem, here we use molecular weight–hydrophobicity physicochemical dynamic time warping (MWHP DTW) to quantify similarity of simulated and real‐world homologous protein domains. MWHP DTW is a physicochemical method requiring only the amino acid sequence to quantify similarity of related proteins and is particularly useful in determining similarity within the Twilight Zone due to its resilience to primary sequence substitution saturation. This is a step forward in determination of the relatedness among Twilight Zone proteins and most notably allows for the discrimination of random similarity and true homology in the 0%–20% identity range. This method was previously presented expeditiously just after the outbreak of COVID‐19 because it was able to functionally cluster ACE2‐binding betacoronavirus receptor binding domains (RBDs), a task that has been elusive using standard techniques. Here we show that one reason that MWHP DTW is an effective technique for comparisons within the Twilight Zone is because it can uncover hidden homology by exploiting physicochemical conservation, a problem that protein sequence alignment algorithms are inherently incapable of addressing within the Twilight Zone. Further, we present an extended definition of the Twilight Zone that incorporates the dynamic relationship between structural, physicochemical, and sequence‐based metrics.
Command filtered‐based fixed‐time fault‐tolerant tracking control for nonlinear systems
Authors: Li Yingsen , Chen Ming , Peng Kaixiang , Wang Huanqing
Published: September 2024

As for a class of strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with simultaneous sensor and actuator faults, the article focuses on the problem of fixed‐time fault‐tolerant control. Both fixed‐time command filters and a compensation mechanism are utilized to cope with these issues of differential explosion and filter errors. Meanwhile, through the fusion of fixed‐time control, fuzzy logic systems, adaptive control and the backstepping technology, a ‐step design scheme is presented. Our proposed controller ensures the fixed‐time convergence of all the signals in the system even with sensor/actuator faults, and allows the designers to acquire the upper limit value of the fixed convergence time only by tuning the design parameters. And this scheme takes into account rapidity, adaptability and fault tolerance of the system simultaneously. Based on the numerical simulation analysis, it is shown that the better tracking performance can be achieved. So it is concluded that our strategy is effective.
Balancing allocative and dynamic efficiency with redundant R&D allocation: The role of organizational proximity and centralization
Authors: Tandon Vivek , Nandkumar Anand , Mogra Ronak , Srikanth Kannan
Published: September 2024

Research Summary

Resource‐based‐view scholars have mainly examined two resource allocation approaches for competitive advantage in multiunit firms: resource sharing and resource redeployment. These approaches emphasize allocative efficiency—the optimal allocation of resources to maximize their current value. In technology‐intensive industries, firm success also requires achieving dynamic efficiency to increase its future value‐creation. We propose that the redundant allocation of resources—the parallel deployment of non‐scale‐free resources towards the same objective—although allocatively inefficient, increases dynamic efficiency by stimulating inter‐unit competition. Firms' structural features moderate these effects. An analysis of large pharmaceutical firms reveals that redundant R&D increases innovations with high firm‐specific value but simultaneously increases project terminations to reduce wastage. Organizational proximity increases the former effect and decreases the latter. Firm's R&D centralization amplifies the effect of unit proximity.

Managerial Summary

In technology‐intensive industries, multiunit firms often employ redundant allocation of R&D resources, that is, the parallel deployment of scientists and equipment in different units towards realizing the same business objective. Although common, there is little managerial guidance on how this practice impacts firms' R&D outcomes, and how organizational characteristics influence this relationship. An analysis of large pharmaceutical firms reveals that redundant allocation of R&D resources across units increases wastage but also stimulates competing units to create innovations with high firm‐specific value. Organizationally proximate units are less likely to have their redundant projects terminated, while creating more high‐value‐innovations. Centralization of the firm's R&D amplifies the effect of unit proximity.
Amphipathic Astaxanthin Additive for Low Voltage‐loss Perovskite Solar Cells With Enhanced Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting and Solar Hydrogen Production Application
Authors: Liu Shuainan , Zhou Donglei , Zhang Hugang , Jing Yege , Zhuang Xinmeng , Liang Jin , Jia Yanrun , Fang Yuhang , Li Wei , Liu Dali , Song Hongwei
Published: September 2024

Even though the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is nearly approaching the Schottky‐Queisser limit, low open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and severe Voc loss problems continue to impede the improvement of PCEs. Astaxanthin (ASTA) additive is introduced in the formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskite film as an additive, which can facilitate the transportation of charge carriers and interact with Pb2+ by its distinctive groupings. Furthermore, the addition of ASTA decreases the defect's active energy, regulates the deep‐level defect by filling up the grain boundaries (GBs), and promotes the crystallization of perovskite film. Remarkably, an enhanced quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) of 1.164 eV and a reduced Voc loss of only 96 mV are realized. The champion PCE of 24.56% is attained by ASTA‐modified PSCs on the basis of 22.75% PCE. Moreover, the PSCs that underwent ASTA modification demonstrate improved operational stability, ensuring consistent output in real‐world scenarios. Furthermore, PSCs with an active area of 1 cm2 are used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and exhibit a PCE of 22.41%. This work offers an environmentally benign solution to address the inherent issues of FAPbI3 PSCs and lays the groundwork for the development of a prospective solar hydrogen production application.
Mesoscale modeling of recycled aggregate concrete: A parametric analysis of the quality and shape of aggregate
Authors: Ren Qifan , Pacheco João , de Brito Jorge
Published: September 2024

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is a multi‐phase material, and it is meaningful to investigate the effect of the properties of each phase. However, a comprehensive parametric analysis of these properties is still lacking, which limits a full understanding of the behavior of RAC. This paper uses numerical mesoscale models and contributes to knowledge on this topic. It focuses on the effects of the quality and shape of aggregate since they are relevant to the behavior of concrete but have scarcely been studied for RAC. Their effects on the mechanical response and fracture behavior of RAC were analyzed based on a validated two‐dimensional numerical model. In addition, this paper also justified the choice of the range of the parameters as well as benchmarked the numerical results with the state‐of‐the‐art. The main findings of the paper are: (1) stiffer aggregates decrease the tensile (by up to 29%) and compressive strength of RAC (by up to 7%); (2) aggregate shape moderately influences these properties by up to 10% and 8%; (3) the modulus of elasticity of RAC is considerably influenced by the stiffness of the aggregates (15%), while it is almost unaffected by the shape of the aggregates; (4) both stiffer and elongated aggregates tend to cause micro‐cracking in the interface and premature failure of concrete.
Analytical and numerical investigation of the seismic behavior of tubular web reduced beam section connections
Authors: Ekhveh Ehsan , Mirghaderi Rasoul , Kavei Sina , Ghassemieh Mehdi , Rashidiyan Farshid
Published: September 2024

The reduced beam section (RBS) connections in steel structures are widely used to achieve sufficient ductility and avoid creating brittle failures in moment‐resisting frames. Compared to other types of connections, conventional RBS connections have the potential to reduce moment capacity and induce larger lateral deformation in the structure. In order to resolve this problem, novel forms of RBS connections have been proposed in recent years, such as tubular web RBS connections, which have shown a desirable performance under various loading conditions in previous studies. Therefore, this study conducted an analytic and numerical investigation of this connection under seismic loading. In this regard, the first step is to introduce the analytic equations related to the structural properties and stability of the reduced beam with the tubular web. Using these equations, a comprehensive procedure for the design of the tubular web RBS connections is presented. After that, a numerical model of the tubular web RBS connections is created and then analyzed under cyclic loading using the finite element method in ABAQUS software. Based on the results of this simulation, the suggested connection meets the criteria of valid international standards and can be used in the special moment‐resisting frame. In order to assess the impact of using the proposed connection in moment‐resisting frames, the performance of two 2D moment‐resisting frames with this connection is studied. This study shows that the maximum percentage increase in relative displacement caused by using tubular web RBS connections is 1.68%, whereas this figure rises to 10.6% when conventional RBS connections are used. Therefore, the designers can use tubular web RBS connections instead of conventional RBS connections to increase the lateral stability of the structure and control its lateral deflection due to the seismic loadings without having to increase the dimensions of the frame elements.
Blood on the drapes: A multispecialty comparison of blood spill estimates
Authors: Baird Henry B. G. , Rivas Gabriella , Horn Ryan , Kodali Prudhvi , Eriksson Evert A. , Hartsock Langdon A. , Reid Kristoff R.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Estimated blood loss (EBL) is an important part of the perioperative process. This project aims to determine the accuracy of perioperative team members to estimate blood volume on drapes and the operating room floor.

Methods

Aliquots of unused human blood were used to create surgical scenarios, and standardized pictures and videos were taken. Physicians, residents, nurses, medical students, and surgical technicians were surveyed and asked to estimate the blood volume for each series. Accuracy and consistency of responses was analyzed.

Results

One hundred and forty five responses were recorded: 57 attending physicians, 36 residents, 27 registered nurses, 17 medical students, and seven circulating surgical techs. Median percent error (PE) for all cases was 211.11%, demonstrating a global overestimation of blood volume. PE for the 150 mL images was statistically significantly lower than that of the 50 and 100 mL images. Circulating Surgical Technicians were the most accurate group, with a median PE of 125%, followed closely by Medical Students (PE = 158.33%). The most accurate specialty was Orthopedics (PE = 168.06%). The least accurate groups were Attending Physicians (PE = 286.11%) and General surgery (GSGY) (PE = 327.78%). The most accurate orthopedic surgery and GSGY subspecialties were Hand (PE = 237.64%) and Vascular (PE = 108.33%), respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences by clinical role, surgical specialty, or subspecialty.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a global overestimation of blood volume when using the visual method, with improved accuracy at higher volumes. Our findings highlight the limitations of visual estimation methods for EBL.
From Tin(II) to Tin(IV): Following Solid‐liquid Reactions by Microscopy
Authors: Schröder Simona , Röwekamp‐Krugley Natalie , Imwalle Markus , Reuter Hans
Published: September 2024

In order to study the formation of complexes independently from stoichiometry we developed a microscale experiment that allows us to monitor the reaction progress by light microscopy In the present study, the complex formation between SnF2 and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) with N,N‐dimethylformamide as solvent was investigated over a period of some weeks. By use of this setup, the formation of three different crystals has been observed, whose compositions and structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction: 3SnF2⋅ phen, 1, 2SnF2 ⋅ SnF4 ⋅ phen, 2, SnF4 ⋅ phen, 3. While the octahedral fluorine environment of the tin(IV) atoms of 2 and 3 is very regular, the coordination of the tin(II) atoms in 1 and 2 is irregular. Assuming a non‐bonding 5 s electron pair, classical 2c–2e‐ and symmetrical and asymmetrical, hypervalent 3c–4e‐bonds – all based on the orthogonal p atomic orbitals of Sn – an approach to analyze and describe these coordinations in a simple comprehensive way is presented.