bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invited Review Article: Pump-probe microscopy
Authors: Fischer Martin C. , Wilson Jesse W. , Robles Francisco E. , Warren Warren S.
Published: March 2016

Multiphoton microscopy has rapidly gained popularity in biomedical imaging and materials science because of its ability to provide three-dimensional images at high spatial and temporal resolution even in optically scattering environments. Currently the majority of commercial and home-built devices are based on two-photon fluorescence and harmonic generation contrast. These two contrast mechanisms are relatively easy to measure but can access only a limited range of endogenous targets. Recent developments in fast laser pulse generation, pulse shaping, and detection technology have made accessible a wide range of optical contrasts that utilize multiple pulses of different colors. Molecular excitation with multiple pulses offers a large number of adjustable parameters. For example, in two-pulse pump-probe microscopy, one can vary the wavelength of each excitation pulse, the detection wavelength, the timing between the excitation pulses, and the detection gating window after excitation. Such a large parameter space can provide much greater molecular specificity than existing single-color techniques and allow for structural and functional imaging without the need for exogenous dyes and labels, which might interfere with the system under study. In this review, we provide a tutorial overview, covering principles of pump-probe microscopy and experimental setup, challenges associated with signal detection and data processing, and an overview of applications.
Compact spherical neutron polarimeter using high-Tc YBCO films
Authors: Wang T. , Parnell S. R. , Hamilton W. A. , Li F. , Washington A. L. , Baxter D. V. , Pynn R.
Published: March 2016

We describe a simple, compact device for spherical neutron polarimetry measurements at small neutron scattering angles. The device consists of a sample chamber with very low (<0.01 G) magnetic field flanked by regions within which the neutron polarization can be manipulated in a controlled manner. This allows any selected initial and final polarization direction of the neutrons to be obtained. We have constructed a prototype device using high-Tc superconducting films and mu-metal to isolate regions with different magnetic fields and tested device performance in transmission geometry. Finite-element methods were used to simulate the device’s field profile and these have been verified by experiment using a small solenoid as a test sample. Measurements are reported using both monochromatic and polychromatic neutron sources. The results show that the device is capable of extracting sample information and distinguishing small angular variations of the sample magnetic field. As a more realistic test, we present results on the characterization of a 10 μm thick Permalloy film in zero magnetic field, as well as its response to an external magnetic field.
Nuclear spatial delocalization silences electron density oscillations in 2-phenyl-ethyl-amine (PEA) and 2-phenylethyl-N,N-dimethylamine (PENNA) cations
Authors: Jenkins Andrew J. , Vacher Morgane , Bearpark Michael J. , Robb Michael A.
Published: March 2016

We simulate electron dynamics following ionization in 2-phenyl-ethyl-amine and 2-phenylethyl-N,N-dimethylamine as examples of systems where 3 coupled cationic states are involved. We study two nuclear effects on electron dynamics: (i) coupled electron-nuclear motion and (ii) nuclear spatial delocalization as a result of the zero-point energy in the neutral molecule. Within the Ehrenfest approximation, our calculations show that the coherent electron dynamics in these molecules is not lost as a result of coupled electron-nuclear motion. In contrast, as a result of nuclear spatial delocalization, dephasing of the oscillations occurs on a time scale of only a few fs, long before any significant nuclear motion can occur. The results have been rationalized using a semi-quantitative model based upon the gradients of the potential energy surfaces.
Mutually unbiased product bases for multiple qudits
Authors: McNulty Daniel , Pammer Bogdan , Weigert Stefan
Published: March 2016

We investigate the interplay between mutual unbiasedness and product bases for multiple qudits of possibly different dimensions. A product state of such a system is shown to be mutually unbiased to a product basis only if each of its factors is mutually unbiased to all the states which occur in the corresponding factors of the product basis. This result implies both a tight limit on the number of mutually unbiased product bases which the system can support and a complete classification of mutually unbiased product bases for multiple qubits or qutrits. In addition, only maximally entangled states can be mutually unbiased to a maximal set of mutually unbiased product bases.
Insight into the Li2CO3–K2CO3 eutectic mixture from classical molecular dynamics: Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics
Authors: Corradini Dario , Coudert François-Xavier , Vuilleumier Rodolphe
Published: March 2016

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of the Li2CO3–K2CO3 (62:38 mol. %) eutectic mixture. We present a new classical non-polarizable force field for this molten salt mixture, optimized using experimental and first principles molecular dynamics simulations data as reference. This simple force field allows efficient molecular simulations of phenomena at long time scales. We use this optimized force field to describe the behavior of the eutectic mixture in the 900–1100 K temperature range, at pressures between 0 and 5 GPa. After studying the equation of state in these thermodynamic conditions, we present molecular insight into the structure and dynamics of the melt. In particular, we present an analysis of the temperature and pressure dependence of the eutectic mixture’s self-diffusion coefficients, viscosity, and ionic conductivity.
Dual octonion electrodynamics with the massive field of dyons
Authors: Chanyal B. C.
Published: March 2016

In recent work, we formulated a new set of electrodynamic equations for massive dyons using dual octonion algebra. Starting with the dual octonion algebra, we develop the generalized electromagnetic field equations for massive dyons. We have made an attempt to obtain the symmetrical form of generalized Proca-Dirac-Maxwell equations with respect to the dual octonion form. Furthermore, we have constructed the Klein–Gordon field equation for massive dyons in terms of the dual octonion. Thus the main advantages of present formalism are discussed in terms of compact and simpler notations of dual octonion components of massive dyons despite of non-associativity of dual octonions.
Experimental demonstration of the optical lattice resonance in arrays of Si nanoresonators
Authors: Tsoi Stanislav , Bezares Francisco J. , Giles Alexander , Long James P. , Glembocki Orest J. , Caldwell Joshua D. , Owrutsky Jeffrey
Published: March 2016

Optical resonances of crystalline Si nanopillar arrays on a Si substrate are studied using optical reflectivity and Raman spectroscopy. When the nanopillars are arranged in a two-dimensional lattice, a collective resonance is observed in the reflection spectra which is absent for randomly distributed nanopillars. The resonance is due to coherent oscillations in nanopillars, can be tuned spectrally by the nanopillar diameter and lattice period, and strongly suppresses reflection from the Si surface. Raman scattering demonstrates that the reduced reflectivity is accompanied by increased electromagnetic field confined in Si, thus suggesting potential application of the lattice resonance in surface enhanced spectroscopy and thin film solar cells.
Short range correlation length study in a single ZnO nanowire and its impact on phonon confinement
Authors: Shih Po-Hsun , Cheng Chia-Liang , Ma Yuan-Ron , Wu Sheng Yun
Published: March 2016

We report the influence of the short range correlation length ζL on the optical properties of a single non-centrosymmetric ZnO nanowire. Confocal Raman scattering and one-dimension phonon confinement model were employed to investigate the phonon and geometric properties of a single ZnO nanowire. The local optical results reveal a red shift in the non-polar E2 high frequency mode and a short range correlation length of ζL = 10(2) nm is obtained due to the enhancement of the zinc diffusion during the ZnO domain nucleating.
Optimizing phonon scattering by nanoprecipitates in lead chalcogenides
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Carrete Jesús , Wang Zhao
Published: March 2016

We calculate the thermal conductivity of PbTe and PbS with seven different types of nano-precipitates using an ab-initio-based Boltzmann transport approach. We find that precipitates with realistic size distributions can reduce the thermal conductivity well below the predictions of theoretical models assuming a single precipitate size. We explore the question of how to tune this distribution to reduce the thermal conductivity even further. The predicted minimum value is strongly correlated with the phonon spectrum of the host material and with the mass density difference between the host and the inclusions.
Graphene nanoribbons epitaxy on boron nitride
Authors: Lu Xiaobo , Yang Wei , Wang Shuopei , Wu Shuang , Chen Peng , Zhang Jing , Zhao Jing , Meng Jianling , Xie Guibai , Wang Duoming , Wang Guole , Zhang Ting Ting , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Yang Rong , Shi Dongxia , Zhang Guangyu
Published: March 2016

In this letter, we report a pilot study on epitaxy of monolayer graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). We found that GNRs grow preferentially from the atomic steps of h-BN, forming in-plane heterostructures. GNRs with well-defined widths ranging from ∼15 nm to ∼150 nm can be obtained reliably. As-grown GNRs on h-BN have high quality with a carrier mobility of ∼20 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 for ∼100-nm-wide GNRs at a temperature of 1.7 K. Besides, a moiré pattern induced quasi-one-dimensional superlattice with a periodicity of ∼15 nm for GNR/h-BN was also observed, indicating zero crystallographic twisting angle between GNRs and h-BN substrate. The superlattice induced band structure modification is confirmed by our transport results. These epitaxial GNRs/h-BN with clean surfaces/interfaces and tailored widths provide an ideal platform for high-performance GNR devices.
Manipulation of the presence of helical surface states of topological insulators using Sb2Te3-GeTe superlattices
Authors: Takagaki Y. , Saito Yuta , Tominaga Junji
Published: March 2016

Ab initio calculations have predicted a transition between topological insulators and band insulators in superlattices consisting of Sb2Te3 and GeTe, when the periodicity is varied. We examine the amplitude of the weak antilocalization effect to confirm the transition. In agreement with the predictions, robust surface states are present for (Sb2Te3)1(GeTe)2 but absent when the content of the well-known topological insulator Sb2Te3 is increased as (Sb2Te3)4(GeTe)2, manifesting that the electronic coupling in the superlattices affects the emergence of the helical surface states nontrivially.
Electrical degradation of double-Schottky barrier in ZnO varistors
Authors: He Jinliang , Cheng Chenlu , Hu Jun
Published: March 2016

Researches on electrical degradation of double-Schottky barrier in ZnO varistors are reviewed, aimed at the constitution of a full picture of universal degradation mechanism within the perspective of defect. Recent advances in study of ZnO materials by atomic-scale first-principles calculations are partly included and discussed, which brings to our attention distinct cognition on the native point defects and their profound impact on degradation.
Characterization of MBE-grown InAlN/GaN heterostructure valence band offsets with varying In composition
Authors: Jiao Wenyuan , Kong Wei , Li Jincheng , Collar Kristen , Kim Tong-Ho , Losurdo Maria , Brown April S.
Published: March 2016

Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used in this work to experimentally determine the valence band offsets of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown InAlN/GaN heterostructures with varying indium composition. We find that the internal electric field resulting from polarization must be taken into account when analyzing the XPS data. Valence band offsets of 0.12 eV for In0.18Al0.82N, 0.15 eV for In0.17Al0.83N, and 0.23 eV for In0.098Al0.902N with GaN are obtained. The results show that a compositional-depended bowing parameter is needed in order to estimate the valence band energies of InAlN as a function of composition in relation to those of the binary endpoints, AlN and InN.
Carrier-dependent magnetic anisotropy of Gd-adsorbed graphene
Authors: Lu Yuan , Zhou Tie-ge , Shao Bin , Zuo Xu , Feng Min
Published: March 2016

Using first-principles calculation based on density functional theory, we study the magnetic anisotropy of Gd-adsorbed graphene and its dependence on carrier accumulation. We show that carrier accumulation not only impacts the magnitude of magnetic anisotropy but also switches its sign. Hole accumulation enhances the perpendicular anisotropy up to ∼16 meV per Gd atom, while electron accumulation switches the anisotropy from perpendicular to in-plane direction. Moreover, we find that the first order perturbation of spin-orbit coupling interaction induces a pseudo-gap at Γ for the perpendicular magnetization, which leads to the the anomalous magnetic anisotropy for the neutral composite. Our findings pave the way for magneto-electric materials based on rare-earth-decorated graphene for voltage-controlled spintronics.
Copper dusting effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Pt/Co/Pt tri-layers
Authors: Parakkat Vineeth Mohanan , Ganesh K. R. , Anil Kumar P. S.
Published: March 2016

The effect of Cu dusting on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of sputter grown Pt/Co/Pt stack in which the Cu layer is in proximity with that of Co is investigated in this work. We used magneto optic Kerr effect microscopy measurements to study the variation in the reversal mechanisms in films with Co thicknesses below 0.8nm by systematically varying their perpendicular magnetic anisotropy using controlled Cu dusting. Cu dusting was done separately above and below the cobalt layer in order to understand the role of bottom and top Pt layers in magnetization reversal mechanisms of sputtered Pt/Co/Pt stack. The introduction of even 0.3nm thick Cu layer below the cobalt layer drastically affected the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy as evident from the nucleation behavior. On the contrary, even a 4nm thick top Cu layer had little effect on the reversal mechanism. These observations along with magnetization data was used to estimate the role of top and bottom Pt in the origin of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy as well as magnetization switching mechanism in Pt/Co/Pt thin films. Also, with an increase in the bottom Cu dusting from 0.2 to 0.4nm there was an increase in the number of nucleation sites resulting in the transformation of domain wall patterns from a smooth interface type to a finger like one and finally to maze type.
Static and dynamic properties of vortex pairs in asymmetric nanomagnets
Authors: Koop B. C. , Gruschke M. , Descamps T. , Bondarenko A. , Ivanov B. A. , Korenivski V.
Published: March 2016

Stacked spin-vortex pairs in magnetic multilayered nanopillars, with vertical separation between the vortices small compared to the vortex core size and pure magnetostatic coupling, exhibit spin dynamics absent in individual vortices. This dynamics is nonlinear and is due to the strong direct core-core coupling in the system, dominating energetically for small-signal excitation. We observe and explain the appearance of spin resonance modes, forbidden within linear dynamics, and discuss how they depend on the magnetic and morphological asymmetries in the samples.
Cationic distribution assisted tuning of magnetic properties of Li0.5-x/2ZnxFe2.5-x/2O4
Authors: Panchal S. , Raghuvanshi S. , Gehlot K. , Mazaleyrat F. , Kane S. N.
Published: March 2016

Zn addition induced modification of cationic distribution for tuning magnetic properties of Li0.5-x/2ZnxFe2.5-x/2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0) powders is studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and, magnetic measurements. XRD shows the formation of cubic spinel structure, with Scherrer’s grain diameter ranging between 26.7 to 37.8 nm. With Zn addition, oxygen anions are displaced in such a way that the A-B interaction weakens, whereas A-A and B-B interaction strengthens; furthermore it also pushes Fe3+ and Li1+ ions to B site, leading to changes in magnetic properties. Highest saturation magnetization (Ms) of 64.6 A m2 / kg was obtained for sample with x = 0.25 and lowest coercivity (Hc) of 4949.9 A/m was obtained for the sample with x = 0.7. Calculated values of experimental magnetic moment ‘nB’ and Neel magnetic moment ‘nN’, display similar trend as that of Ms. Present results very clearly show a strong correlation between Zn-addition induced changes in cation distribution and magnetic properties, which can be utilized effectively for tuning magnetic properties.
Influence of Zr substitution on the stabilization of ThMn12-type (Nd1−αZrα)(Fe0.75Co0.25)11.25Ti0.75N1.2−1.4 (α = 0–0.3) compounds
Authors: Sakuma N. , Suzuki S. , Kuno T. , Urushibata K. , Kobayashi K. , Yano M. , Kato A. , Manabe A.
Published: March 2016

The influence of Zr substitution in ThMn12 compounds was investigated using strip casting alloys. It was found that Zr substitution stabilized (Nd1−αZrα)(Fe0.75Co0.25)11.25Ti0.75N1.2−1.4 (α = 0–0.3) compounds. Specifically, a reduction in the lattice constant along the a-axis was observed. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping combined with Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy indicated that Zr atoms preferentially occupied Nd 2a sites. Both the magnetic anisotropy field and saturation polarization were maximum at Zr substitution ratio α = 0.1. The (Nd1−αZrα)(Fe0.75Co0.25)11.25Ti0.75N1.2−1.4 (α = 0–0.3) compounds displayed higher saturation polarization than Nd2Fe14B at high temperatures.
Ute Dictionary
Authors: Givón T. , Casias Pearl , Peabody Vida , Cloud Mary Inez
Published: March 2016

This third volume of our Ute language collection contains the Ute dictionary. It opens with several introductory chapters that link the dictionary to our Ute Reference Grammar (2011) and explain the structure and use of the dictionary. The bulk of the information on the meaning and usage of Ute words is then given in the Ute-English part. The English-Ute part, next, serves primarily as a search-and-reference tool. A short section on traditional semantic-cultural fields follows. Ute is a Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Numic sub-family. Together with its northern dialects (Southern Paiute, Uintah, White River), it should be considered a single language, Núuchi ("of the people") or Núu-'apaghapi ("the people's speech"). While our work was done primarily in the southern dialects (Southern Ute, Ute Mountain, Uncompaghre), we have included as many words as could be safely extracted from Powel's and Smith's work on the northern dialects, as well as some from Sapir's work (1931) on Northern Ute, adjusting them to Southern-dialect pronunciation. This brings the work as close as one could hope, at this time, to a comprehensive all-Ute dictionary, a task that yet remains to be done. We have tried to emphasize in the Ute-English entries the historical and derivational connectivity of Ute vocabulary and its gradual growth and expansion. This is also underscored in the introductory chapter on word derivation. While this work remains incomplete, we hope it can be some day expanded into an all-inclusive Ute dictionary, and will help the people – Núuchiu – preserve their language and culture.
Pitch accent tonal alignment in declarative sentences in the Spanish of the Basque Country
Authors: Elordieta Gorka , Irurtzun Aritz
Published: March 2016

Previous studies like Elordieta (2003) and Elordieta and Calleja (2005) suggested that the fact that speakers of Lekeitio Spanish produced systematic L+H pitch accents could be due to partial transfer from the H+L pitch accent of their native Basque dialect (transfer of H). Here, we analyse three new Basque Spanish populations: (i) L1 Basque speakers of a Basque dialect with rising accents (Goierri), (ii) monolingual Spanish speakers from Donostia (a city of intense Basque/Spanish language contact), and (iii) monolingual Spanish speakers from Bilbao (a Spanish-prominent city). Our results show consistent posttonic peaks in all three varieties, which we argue further strengthens the hypothesis that the early alignments of Lekeitio Spanish are due to transfer from the Basque spoken there.
Demonstrative pejoratives
Authors: Averintseva-Klisch Maria
Published: March 2016

Cross-linguistically an affinity to pejoration has been repeatedly observed for demonstrative reference to human beings. Concentrating on German demonstratives I propose to conceive the pejoration effect here as an interplay of semantic and pragmatic factors. These factors are (i) core demonstrative meaning of directing attention to referents physically or mentally accessible to both the speaker and the hearer, (ii) an expressive meaning component (in the sense of Potts 2007) of the speaker’s claim of cognitive proximity between him and the hearer, as well as (iii) general pragmatic politeness principles. In this context a pragmatic analysis of pejoration crucially involving speakers and their intentions as well as relations between speakers and hearers is argued for.
Individual differences and in situ identity marking
Authors: Zenner Eline , Kristiansen Gitte , Geeraerts Dirk
Published: March 2016

Over the past decades, sociolinguists and Cognitive Linguists have shifted their attention to individual differences and intra-speaker variation (Hernández-­Campoy & Cutillas-Espinosa 2013; Barlow 2013). This chapter aims to add to this trend by conducting a bottom-up analysis of the speech of participants in the Dutch reality TV show “Expeditie Robinson”. We build quantitative profiles tracking participants’ use of two features of Colloquial Belgian Dutch (CBD): the personal pronoun gij ‘jou’ (vs. standard jij) and word-final t-deletion. We compare participants’ style-shifts in these profiles, focusing on register differences (contrasting informal and formal speech) and differences in group make-up (i.c. the absence/presence of Netherlandic Dutch participants – who typically do not use CBD). The most outspoken differences between the participants are found for group accommodation in the use of gij. Interestingly, the different levels of accommodation can be linked to the degree of strategic planning and voting of individual participants.
The construction of meaning in multimodal discourse
Authors: Molina Plaza Silvia , Alonso Belmonte Isabel
Published: March 2016

This chapter’s main goal is to shed light onto the most characteristic meaning making processes in digital storytelling by thoroughly analyzing a single digital narrative from a functional-cognitive perspective. This mixed approach for a case study allows the analysts to unveil the macro and micro discourse strategies and the cognitive processes developed by both the narrator and the audience to produce and interpret the multiple meanings conveyed by the different modes in a digital story. We believe findings presented here can be of interest for discourse analysts, cognitivists and researchers working in multimodality.
Fluid Orality in the Discourse of Japanese Popular Culture
Authors: Maynard Senko K.
Published: March 2016

This volume invites the reader into the world of pragmatic and discourse studies in Japanese popular culture. Through “character-speak”, the book analyzes quoted speech in light (graphic) novels, the effeminate onee kotoba in talk shows, narrative character in keetai (mobile phone) novels, floating whispers in manga, and fictionalized dialects in television drama series. Explorations into conversational interaction, internal monologue, rhetorical figures, intertextuality, and the semiotic mediation between verbal and visual signs reveal how speakers manipulate language in performing playful “characters” and “characteristics”. Most prominent in the discourse of Japanese popular culture is its “fluid orality”. We find the essential oral nature in and across genres of Japanese popular culture, and observe seamless transitions among styles and speech variations. This fluidity is understood as a feature of polyphonic speech initiated not by the so-called ideal singular speaker, but by a multiple and often shifting interplay of one’s speaking selves performing as various characters. Challenging traditional (Western) linguistic theories founded on the concept of the autonomous speaker, this study ventures into open and embracing pragmatic and discourse studies that inquire into the very nature of our speaking selves.
Collagen-derived matricryptins promote inhibitory nerve terminal formation in the developing neocortex
Authors: Su Jianmin , Chen Jiang , Lippold Kumiko , Monavarfeshani Aboozar , Carrillo Gabriela Lizana , Jenkins Rachel , Fox Michael A.
Published: March 2016

Inhibitory synapses comprise only ∼20% of the total synapses in the mammalian brain but play essential roles in controlling neuronal activity. In fact, perturbing inhibitory synapses is associated with complex brain disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Although many types of inhibitory synapses exist, these disorders have been strongly linked to defects in inhibitory synapses formed by Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel role for an unconventional collagen—collagen XIX—in the formation of Parvalbumin+ inhibitory synapses. Loss of this collagen results not only in decreased inhibitory synapse number, but also in the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Mechanistically, these studies reveal that a proteolytically released fragment of this collagen, termed a matricryptin, promotes the assembly of inhibitory nerve terminals through integrin receptors. Collectively, these studies not only identify roles for collagen-derived matricryptins in cortical circuit formation, but they also reveal a novel paracrine mechanism that regulates the assembly of these synapses.
Effects of egg-adaptation on receptor-binding and antigenic properties of recent influenza A (H3N2) vaccine viruses
Authors: Parker Lauren , Wharton Stephen A. , Martin Stephen R. , Cross Karen , Lin Yipu , Liu Yan , Feizi Ten , Daniels Rodney S. , McCauley John W.
Published: March 2016

Influenza A virus (subtype H3N2) causes seasonal human influenza and is included as a component of influenza vaccines. The majority of vaccine viruses are isolated and propagated in eggs, which commonly results in amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. These substitutions can affect virus receptor-binding and alter virus antigenicity, thereby, obfuscating the choice of egg-propagated viruses for development into candidate vaccine viruses. To evaluate the effects of egg-adaptive substitutions seen in H3N2 vaccine viruses on sialic acid receptor-binding, we carried out quantitative measurement of virus receptor-binding using surface biolayer interferometry with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays to correlate changes in receptor avidity with antigenic properties. Included in these studies was a panel of H3N2 viruses generated by reverse genetics containing substitutions seen in recent egg-propagated vaccine viruses and corresponding cell culture-propagated wild-type viruses. These assays provide a quantitative approach to investigating the importance of individual amino acid substitutions in influenza receptor-binding. Results show that viruses with egg-adaptive HA substitutions R156Q, S219Y, and I226N, have increased binding avidity to α2,3-linked receptor-analogues and decreased binding avidity to α2,6-linked receptor-analogues. No measurable binding was detected for the viruses with amino acid substitution combination 156Q+219Y and receptor-binding increased in viruses where egg-adaptation mutations were introduced into cell culture-propagated virus. Substitutions at positions 156 and 190 appeared to be primarily responsible for low reactivity in HI assays with post-infection ferret antisera raised against 2012–2013 season H3N2 viruses. Egg-adaptive substitutions at position 186 caused substantial differences in binding avidity with an insignificant effect on antigenicity.
Making wine and making successful wineries: resource development in new ventures
Authors: West III G. Page , Taplin Ian M
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Most research on new organizations drawing on resource-based theory examines firms in discrete development stages with resources that already exist. The purpose of this paper is to articulate a broader view of changing resource requirements over the life of new organizations. The authors propose four phases of resources development, arguing that new resources and capabilities must develop as new strategic challenges emerge. The paper identifies salient resources in these phases and finds that internal resource development is context dependent, interacting with the external stage of industry development.

Design/methodology/approach

– After developing the theoretical model, the authors use an exploratory qualitative study involving extensive case studies of new ventures in the wine industry. Key personnel at a sample of firms were interviewed, supplemented with secondary data from published reports.

Findings

– The paper finds that a linear stage development model for new organizational ventures is inappropriate. The various combinations of early/later new ventures in a formative/developed industry suggest that some may proceed rapidly in a linear fashion through phases of development, while others may find progress slow, difficult, stalled or occasionally regressive. A combination of resources developed simultaneously in a non-linear pattern appears to be critical to the success of new ventures. In other words, combinations must evolve as the strategic challenges evolve, thus bringing an important contextual view to the examination of dynamic resource development efforts for new organizations. Attempts to focus in a piecemeal fashion on individual aspects of resource development, without accounting for resource interactions at a systemic level or the nature of the strategic demands, is likely to leave researchers and practitioners with incomplete insights.

Originality/value

– Existing studies have failed to grasp the dynamic and interactive process of resource development as organizations evolve in a new industry setting. The model presented in this paper provides a heuristic device for conceptualizing these changes.
Hybrid organizations: concept and measurement
Authors: Schmitz Björn , Glänzel Gunnar
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to find a new conception of hybridity to set ground for further systematic research. The concept of hybrid organisations is used in many ways. This leads to confusion among scholars and the term of hybridity appears to be meaningless and useless for research and practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this explorative research design, the authors conducted 11 interviews with managing directors and managers of hybrid organisations in four different countries across Europe.

Findings

– Each and every organisation is hybrid but to different degrees and with different patterns. It is important to measure hybridity to give value to the term of hybrid organisations. According to input, process and output dimensions, the authors could classify possible dimensions of hybridity measurement within organisations.

Research limitations/implications

– The developed cube model serves as a new point of departure for hybrid organisation research and helps to build analytical types of hybrid organisations. The research has been highly explorative, and the limited number of cases researched leads to the requirement of further validation on a broader basis. In addition, the still rather conceptual state of the cube model will need further validation by means of a set of hybridity indicators.

Originality/value

– The paper presents a way to deal with the question about what hybridity exactly is and whether hybridity is a term that has an analytical value. It also provides the first attempt to connect more analytical meaning to the concept of hybridity by suggesting an approach to concretely measure it.
An analysis of the status of resource flexibility and lean manufacturing in a textile machinery manufacturing company
Authors: Chauhan Gulshan
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– As the manufacturing industry is under pressure to face the global competition, it is necessary to improve productivity and reduce costs through minimization of wastage of resources for their survival. This paper aims to present an analysis of the status of resource flexibility and lean manufacturing through conducting a case study in an Indian textile machinery manufacturing company and also demonstrate the various areas of future scope for improving lean manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach

– The case study has been conducted using the flexible system methodology (FSM) framework (Sushil, 1994). For measuring resource (labour and machine) flexibility and lean manufacturing, various factors contributing towards labour flexibility, machine flexibility and lean manufacturing are identified. To determine their relative weights, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) has been used. A specially designed questionnaire is used to collect the information during case study on different aspects of resource flexibility and lean manufacturing. SAP-LAP analysis has also been carried out to look in to the ways the company is building up resource flexibility and lean manufacturing.

Findings

– The status of labour flexibility, machine flexibility and lean manufacturing is merely 49.30, 47.10 and 47.40 per cent, respectively. The most important factors of labour flexibility and machine flexibility attained a value of 59.50 and 61.17 per cent, respectively. Similarly, only 39.09 per cent wastes are eliminated through lean manufacturing. There is a huge scope to achieve a higher degree of lean manufacturing through focusing on continuous improvement, just in time (JIT) and resource flexibility factors.

Research limitations/implications

– The present study includes only labour and machines to compute the resource flexibility. Other resources may also be included to compute the overall resource flexibility.

Practical implications

– The present study provides guidelines to analyze the status of resource flexibility and lean manufacturing. According to conclusions, frail areas in the manufacturing system can be identified and a suitable course of action could be planned for the improvement. Hopefully, this study will help the firm’s management to identify the problems to manage resource flexibility and implement an effective lean manufacturing.

Originality/value

– In this work, the theoretical perspective has been used not only to update the original instrument, but also to study the subject from a perspective beyond that usually associated with resource flexibility and lean manufacturing.
Sensemaking at work: meaningful work experience for individuals and organizations
Authors: Asik-Dizdar Ozen , Esen Ayla
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at the concept of meaningful work experience for individuals and organizations, and discuss the role of sensemaking in creating it.

Design/methodology/approach

– The main argument of the paper is that sensemaking efforts are among the fundamental tools that help create meaningful work experience for both individuals and organizations. The paper offers a conceptual framework that presents the interplay between sensemaking tools and enabling mechanisms in relation to internal and external organizational environments.

Findings

– It is proposed that job crafting is a sensemaking tool – enabled by empowerment – for individuals to make sense of the internal environment of the organization; and strategy crafting is a sensemaking tool – enabled by organizational learning – for organizations to make sense of the external environment of the organization.

Originality/value

– This paper attempts to converge micro- and macro-level concepts by bringing together individual- and organizational-level variables into a joint discussion. It places job crafting and strategy crafting in the context of sensemaking theory, and it reinforces the idea of proposing models that will consider the multi-level implications of organizational research.
Strategic and financial similarities of bank mergers
Authors: Kuriakose Sony , Paul Justin
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Consolidation through mergers and acquisitions indicates one of the major outcomes of the financial transformation process and contemporary trend in the Indian banking sector. Literature suggests that the pre-merger financials of banks are crucial in deciding the post-merger performance of merged entities. In this context, the aim of the present study is to provide insights on the strategic and financial similarities of merging partners in the bank mergers that occurred in the post-liberalization India.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper considers all bank merger deals in the post-liberalization period, which involve purchase consideration either in the form of stock or cash. Hypotheses about the strategic similarities and dissimilarities are tested. The study considers all important aspects such as relative size of targets, diversity of earnings, efficiency, financial leverage, prudential norms and profitability.

Findings

– The study finds that banks are dissimilar in most of the key areas, and these might have an adverse impact on the post-merger performance.

Originality/value

– The study is original because we take into account all the bank merger deals in the period, which involve purchase consideration either in the form of stock or cash.
Industrial buyer-seller interactions: negotiating in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Bachkirov Alexandre A. , Rajasekar James , da Silva Maithe Paula
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to explore the key cultural factors that shape the Arab style of buyer-seller negotiations in the industrial goods sector; formulate propositions predicting behaviors of empowered buyers, avoidant buyers and deciders in an expensive industrial purchase situation; and develop a model of communication structure in an industrial buyer firm in the Arabian Gulf. In addition, the study advances propositions concerned with the bargaining style of Arab industrial buyers and the relationships between industrial sales effectiveness and negotiation tactics.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study draws on literature in the domains of industrial buying behavior, influence tactics in industrial buyer-seller negotiations and communication in industrial buyer-seller bargaining interactions.

Findings

– The more expensive an industrial purchase is the more empowered buyers will tend to anticipate the wishes of and seek the endorsement of powerful stakeholders, the more avoidant buyers will tend not to take responsibility for the purchase and the more decision makers will tend to rely on unwritten and formal rules and consult with influencers, subordinates and peers. Aggressive bargaining is unlikely to be used by Arab industrial buyers, who prefer a problem-solving approach. Sales effectiveness will be higher when industrial vendors incorporate tactics of ingratiation and inspirational appeal to influence Arab industrial buyers.

Originality/value

– The study offers a systematic examination of industrial purchasing characteristics through the lens of Arab culture. It synthesizes several literature streams, develops eight original research propositions and proposes a new conceptual model of the communication structure in an industrial buyer firm in the Arabian Gulf.
The wound/burn guidelines – 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for pressure ulcers
Authors: Tachibana Takao , Imafuku Shinichi , Irisawa Ryokichi , Ohtsuka Masaki , Kadono Takafumi , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Asano Yoshihide , Abe Masatoshi , Ishii Takayuki , Isei Taiki , Ito Takaaki , Inoue Yuji , Ohtsuka Mikio , Ogawa Fumihide , Kodera Masanari , Kawakami Tamihiro , Kawaguchi Masakazu , Kukino Ryuichi , Kono Takeshi , Sakai Keisuke , Takahara Masakazu , Tanioka Miki , Nakanishi Takeshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Akira , Hasegawa Minoru , Hayashi Masahiro , Fujimoto Manabu , Maekawa Takeo , Matsuo Koma , Madokoro Naoki , Yamasaki Osamu , Yoshino Yuichiro , Le Pavoux Andres , Ihn Hironobu ,   The Wound/Burn Guidelines Committee
Published: March 2016

The Wound/Burn Guidelines Committee consists of members commissioned by the Board of Directors of the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA). It held several meetings and evaluations in writing since October 2008, and drafted five guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment including commentaries on wounds in general and the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment for Pressure Ulcers by taking opinions of the Scientific Committee and Board of Directors of JDA into consideration.
The wound/burn guidelines – 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for diabetic ulcer/gangrene
Authors: Isei Taiki , Abe Masatoshi , Nakanishi Takeshi , Matsuo Koma , Yamasaki Osamu , Asano Yoshihide , Ishii Takayuki , Ito Takaaki , Inoue Yuji , Imafuku Shinichi , Irisawa Ryokichi , Ohtsuka Masaki , Ohtsuka Mikio , Ogawa Fumihide , Kadono Takafumi , Kodera Masanari , Kawakami Tamihiro , Kawaguchi Masakazu , Kukino Ryuichi , Kono Takeshi , Sakai Keisuke , Takahara Masakazu , Tanioka Miki , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Akira , Hasegawa Minoru , Hayashi Masahiro , Fujimoto Manabu , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Maekawa Takeo , Madokoro Naoki , Yoshino Yuichiro , Le Pavoux Andres , Tachibana Takao , Ihn Hironobu ,   The Wound/Burn Guidelines Committee
Published: March 2016

We aimed to prepare guidelines for the management of diabetic ulcer/gangrene with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of skin symptoms. They serve as a tool to improve the quality of the diagnosis and treatment in each patient and, further, to improve the level of the care for diabetic ulcer in Japan by systematically presenting evidence‐based recommendations for clinical judgments by incorporating various viewpoints.
Diagnosis of eight groups of xeroderma pigmentosum by genetic complementation using recombinant adenovirus vectors
Authors: Yamashita Toshiharu , Okura Masae , Ishii‐Osai Yasue , Hida Tokimasa
Published: March 2016

Because patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) must avoid ultraviolet (UV) light from an early age, an early diagnosis of this disorder is essential. XP is composed of seven genetic complementation groups, XP‐A to ‐G, and a variant type (XP‐V). To establish an easy and accurate diagnosis of the eight disease groups, we constructed recombinant adenoviruses that expressed one of the XP cDNA. When fibroblasts derived from patients with XP‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐D, ‐F or ‐G were infected with the adenovirus expressing XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF or XPG, respectively, and UV‐C at 5–20 J/m2 was irradiated, cell viability was clearly recovered by the corresponding recombinant adenoviruses. In contrast, XP‐E and XP‐V cells were not significantly sensitive to UV irradiation and were barely complemented by the matched recombinant adenoviruses. However, co‐infection of Ad‐XPA with Ad‐XPE increased survival rate of XP‐E cells after UV‐C exposure. When XP‐V cell strains, including one derived from a Japanese patient, were infected with Ad‐XPV, exposed to UV‐B and cultured with 1 mmol/L of caffeine, flow cytometry detected a characteristic decrease in the S phase in all the XP‐V cell strains. From these results, the eight groups of XP could be differentiated by utilizing a set of recombinant adenoviruses, indicating that our procedure provides a convenient and correct diagnostic method for all the XP groups including XP‐E and XP‐V.
Panniculitis in juvenile dermatomyositis: Report of a case and review of the published work
Authors: Salman Andac , Kasapcopur Ozgur , Ergun Tulin , Durmus Ucar Ayse Nigar , Demirkesen Cuyan
Published: March 2016

We report a 15‐year‐old girl who presented with indurated, subcutaneous nodules in addition to classical findings of juvenile dermatomyositis. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of panniculitis associated with juvenile dermatomyositis. Considering that panniculitis is a rare cutaneous manifestation of juvenile dermatomyositis, we present a patient with a brief review of the published work to highlight the importance of keeping juvenile dermatomyositis in mind among the etiologies of pediatric panniculitis.
Archaea produce lower yields of N2O than bacteria during aerobic ammonia oxidation in soil
Authors: Hink Linda , Nicol Graeme W. , Prosser James I.
Published: March 2016

Nitrogen fertilisation of agricultural soil contributes significantly to emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generated during denitrification and, in oxic soils, mainly by ammonia oxidisers. Although laboratory cultures of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) produce N2O, their relative activities in soil are unknown. This work tested the hypothesis that AOB dominate ammonia oxidation and N2O production under conditions of high inorganic ammonia (NH3) input, but result mainly from the activity of AOA when NH3 is derived from mineralisation. 1‐octyne, a recently discovered inhibitor of AOB, was used to distinguish N2O production resulting from archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidation in soil microcosms, and specifically inhibited AOB growth, activity and N2O production. In unamended soils, ammonia oxidation and N2O production were lower and resulted mainly from ammonia oxidation by AOA. The AOA N2O yield relative to nitrite produced was half that of AOB, likely due to additional enzymatic mechanisms in the latter, but ammonia oxidation and N2O production were directly linked in all treatments. Relative contributions of AOA and AOB to N2O production, therefore, reflect their respective contributions to ammonia oxidation. These results suggest potential mitigation strategies for N2O emissions from fertilised agricultural soils.
Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate‐reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane
Authors: Krukenberg Viola , Harding Katie , Richter Michael , Glöckner Frank Oliver , Gruber‐Vodicka Harald R. , Adam Birgit , Berg Jasmine S. , Knittel Katrin , Tegetmeyer Halina E. , Boetius Antje , Wegener Gunter
Published: March 2016

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is mediated by consortia of anaerobic methane‐oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME‐1 clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep‐1 cluster, which likely perform direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca. D. auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50°C and 70°C with an activity optimum at 60°C and doubling time of 4–6 days. Its genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia with ANME. This first ANME‐free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in anaerobic methane oxidation.