bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

In 1814, British forces invaded and burned Washington. In early 1815, Americans eked out a draw in the war against Britain, but the burning of Washington warned them how close they had stood to defeat. Americans arrived at the crisis not because of their political differences but because they confused opposition with corruption, dissent with disloyalty. The War of 1812 revealed the fortitude and the fragility of US institutions, a precarious balance that lingers to this day. Convinced of their nation’s frailty, early Americans saw subversives everywhere, especially among those with differing political views. A healthy awareness of the nation’s weaknesses eroded into a dread of its imminent collapse that facilitated rather than prevented foreign meddling. As Americans grapple with that history, they may take heart from the nation’s early resilience and caution from its near catastrophe, confident in its durability but mindful of its delicacy.
If You Build It, They Will Come
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the role that citizens can play to support and empower Mission Driven Bureaucrats. It describes the huge influence of public opinion on the bureaucracy. It uses the case study of Detroit Child Protective Services to document the harmful consequences of public opinion that demands too much compliance and control over the bureaucracy. A zero-tolerance public mindset to bad actions can in fact undermine the performance of the public sector. The chapter describes how negative stereotypes about bureaucrats can alienate, demotivate, and discourage bureaucrats. It encourages citizens to alter their attitudes to place greater trust in Mission Driven Bureaucrats, allowing empowerment-oriented public management to emerge and thrive. Managing for empowerment will allow citizens to benefit from the full support of the many Mission Driven Bureaucrats who want to help them.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in East Africa
Authors: Meffert Susan
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks into interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in East Africa, particularly the Nyanza region of Kenya. According to research on HIV-positive women, interpersonal relationships were, overwhelmingly, the dominant source of emotional distress, and social support was the primary coping mechanism in the region. Thus, the notion of IPT being culturally syntonic rises. The chapter then considers the common scenarios for IPT cases, highlighting the cases that utilize IPT role conflict to improve marital (and in-law) communication, reduce violence, and help women recruit healthy social support outside their homes. It looks into recommendations for future IPT work, such as IPT mHealth options via smartphones or flip phones.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Italy
Authors: Bellino Silvio , Bozzatello Paola
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Italy. It begins by tracing the emergence of IPT, which was promoted by a partnership of several Italian clinical centers that produced a multicenter, randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of interpersonal counseling (IPC) in comparison with pharmacotherapy in mild-to-moderate major depression. Over the years, IPT, originally conceived for treatment of major depression, has been applied to other psychiatric disorders because of their frequent and often predominant interpersonal dimension: dysthymia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). In addition, IPT has been proposed in contexts of liaison psychiatry and in particular populations of patients. The chapter then looks at the training of therapists, which strictly adheres to the official guidelines of the International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT). It also considers the clinical trials and brain imaging study conducted at the University of Turin to evaluate the efficacy of IPT in BPD.
Interpersonal Counseling in Brazil: A Task Shift Experience
Authors: Mello Marcelo Feijó , Matsuzaka Camila , Sweetland Annika C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines interpersonal counseling (IPC) in Brazil. The history of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Brazil began in the mid-1990s with Professor Dr. Feijó de Mello, an expert on chronic depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), who applied IPT to both disorders. Since 2005, Dr. Mello has organized IPT supervision and training with other mental health professionals. The chapter then details how Brazil’s Family Health Strategy (FHS) has made remarkable progress toward universal coverage of its population in primary care in the last decades, but only limited investments in mental health. It considers the briefer and simpler version of IPT: IPC. IPC uses the same principles and techniques as IPT, but the language is simplified, and the format is considerably briefer (3–5 sessions), although the length can vary. The chapter looks at IPC training and evaluates the efficacy of IPC. Ultimately, the main limitations in implementing IPC were structural; Brazil’s health system is significantly underresourced.
Family-Based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents
Authors: Dietz Laura
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on Family-Based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for depressed preadolescents. The rationale behind FB-IPT is to reduce preadolescent depressive symptoms by increasing social support, to reflect on affective changes associated with interpersonal events, and to improve communication and problem-solving skills in interpersonal relationships. Both adult and adolescent models of IPT provided a conceptual foundation for understanding preadolescents’ developmental transitions and for addressing their interpersonal contexts, namely their family relationships, which may contribute to emotional distress and difficulties. Inherent to IPT is the understanding that role transitions are often related to depressive symptoms, and treatment focuses on helping clients recognize how changes in routines, circumstances, and social/developmental roles necessitate changes in behavior to meet new challenges and responsibilities that come with the new role. The chapter then reviews the clinical adaptations present in the FB-IPT psychotherapy model used with depressed preadolescents as related to both the original adult model of IPT and modifications to interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A) with depression. It also provides a brief review of the empirical evidence that supports FB-IPT, which includes an open study and 2 randomized controlled trials.
Telephone Interpersonal Psychotherapy (Tele-IPT) for Rural Persons With HIV and Comorbid Depression
Authors: Heckman Timothy G. , Anderson Timothy , Heckman Bernadette D.
Published: June 2024

This chapter talks about HIV-related stigma, HIV criminalization laws, the lack of transportation, and a shortage of mental health practitioners in rural areas that exacerbates psychiatric disorders and prevents many rural persons living with HIV (PLWH) from obtaining mental health care and adhering to medical treatments. It details the randomized clinical trial that was conducted to determine if brief telephone-administered interpersonal psychotherapy (tele-IPT) provided depressive symptom relief in rural PLWH. It also reviews the application of core IPT treatment principles, which frame a patient’s primary interpersonal concern. The chapter looks at initial intervention-outcome analyses that focused on short-term changes on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which found that tele-IPT patients reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms. It also shows how providing IPT to rural PLWH via standard or cellular telephones would make the treatment accessible to a greater number of people.
ENGAGE NYC
Authors: Chiao Sarah , Tepper Miriam , Sweetland Annika , Mootz Jennifer , Clougherty Kathleen F. , Steele Jennifer , Tarrant William , Garcia Michelle , Petit Jorge , Robinson Sasha-Marie , Bueno-López Santiago W. , Wainberg Milton L.
Published: June 2024

This chapter highlights mental illnesses that constitute a major health burden in the United States, noting that only half of the people living in the United States diagnosed with a mental illness will have access to treatment. It details how the US mental health treatment system has struggled to address critical disparities in access and quality of care. It also discusses the training and credentialing process of teaching lay providers and their supervisors with mental health licensure to deliver interpersonal counseling (IPC) for the treatment of common mental health conditions. The chapter explores the nuances of offering IPC by bilingual staff in Spanish-speaking communities. It examines how IPC meets many individuals’ preference for talk therapy over medication while circumventing high dropout rates with long-term talk therapy.
Downbeat Bound
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines how musicians approach downbeat resolutions with varied rhythmic designs. Some accelerate while others decelerate. They may or may not resolve right on the downbeat; improvisation may be total or partial, as when pre-existing material is elaborated or remolded; ideas may repeat continuously or connect with each other across sections. Common to all is an in-the-moment progression of decisions shaped by an envisioned arrival that gets closer and closer. Especially in longer, fully improvised phrases, the process often consists of an initial baseline state that the performer modifies to set the phrase on a new course until, through a second intervention (or intentional non-intervention), the phrase resolves.
Onset Space
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

Taking its cue from geometrical music theory, this chapter maps three- and four-onset rhythms in two- and three-dimensional space, respectively. The superswing hexagon is traced by way of two-onset swinglines as a region in three-onset space containing rhythms whose ratio between the longest and shortest note—the spread—is between 1.22 and 1.5. The superswing region is then explored in four-onset space as a four-way intersection of hexagonal cones. Also discussed are approaches to mapping rhythms with more than four onsets and the relationship between a rhythm’s ratios and those of its embedded sub-rhythms. A postscript on the limitations and implications of music notation—itself a form of mapping—closes the chapter.
Reflections
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

This final chapter situates the pleasures of gathering and studying timing data within the three-stage framework of theory/analysis/claim. Backed with a brief modern history of machine-assisted timing measurements from the late 1800s to the 1960s, the discussion provides readers with context on the kind of numeric data that rhythm theorists often feed into analysis, and considers how this process may lead to broader claims about musical structure. The benefits of technological objectivity and the prescriptiveness of music notation are then weighed against perceptual and cultural factors. Two closing excerpts by Jimi Hendrix and Claude Debussy illustrate how timing measurements, or the lack thereof, relate to other forms of representation (such as scores or ear-based transcriptions) in the application of a starting theory.
Cartesianism, 1650–1663
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

This chapter studies the main theses of Cartesian philosophy and introduces the most important Cartesians in France and the Netherlands in the years after Descartes’s death in 1650. These include Jacques du Roure, Johannes Clauberg, Arnold Geulincx, and Géraud de Cordemoy, among others. What emerges from this chapter is not only the doctrinal commonalities among these thinkers, but their diversity on a variety of metaphysical, epistemological, and scientific issues.
The Cartesian Mind
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

Descartes defined the human mind as “thinking substance,” and claimed that consciousness is essential to mental states. This chapter will examine both Descartes’s conception of the mind as absolutely distinct from the body and its proper modes/thoughts, and the ways in which La Forge, in his Traité de l’esprit de l’homme, adopts and adapts that mind–body dualism, especially with respect to the distinction between sensory states and intellectual ideas, intentionality, and consciousness.
Ideas and Volitions
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

The final domain in which the question of La Forge’s occasionalism arises concerns the mind’s power to generate its own mental states: in particular, ideas (sensory and intellectual) and volitions. La Forge, it is argued, is not an occasionalist when it comes to the mind’s inner domain, and he grants to the mind real causal power. In this he differs from his fellow Cartesian, and more extreme occasionalist, Nicolas Malebranche. This has bearing on La Forge’s account of freedom of the will.
Conclusion
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

La Forge played an important, but underappreciated and understudied, role in the rise of Cartesianism and its development between Descartes and Malebranche. But what exactly was he up to? This chapter concludes the book by indicating how he, though a faithful disciple, was willing not only to go beyond Descartes’s explicit views and venture things he believed Descartes would have said, but even to speculate on matters and make claims that Descartes would almost certainly not have sanctioned. The chapter also briefly discusses La Forge’s reputation in the seventeenth century and his possible influence on such thinkers as Malebranche and Leibniz.
North American Indian Languages North of Mexico
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2, North American Indian Languages North of Mexico, presents the history and classification of the Indigenous languages of North America (north of Mexico). The classification of these languages is very advanced stage and the historical linguistic study of these languages is extensive and excellent. This chapter provides details on the history and location of the fifty-four independent language families (including twenty-four language isolates) and the some 314 languages of this region. All of these languages are endangered. It provides reports on the reconstructions of the sound systems, hypotheses about original homelands, dating of in the families where suggestions have been made, and proposals of possible broader relationships with other language families.
Distant Linguistic Relationships
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6, Distant Linguistic Relationships, is about hypotheses of remote linguistic relationships involving the Indigenous languages of the Americas. Several recent cases where new remote family connections have been demonstrated (or at least shown to be probable) or where previously proposed but uncertain hypotheses have since come to be confirmed are pointed out. Most of the chapter is dedicated to proposals—most of them controversial—that would join together language families (including language isolates) not known to be related to one another in larger phylogenetic groupings. The evidence is assessed in this chapter that has been put forth as possible support for the more notable recently hypothesized distant genetic relationships in the Americas; the evidence given in recent attempts to defend some previous unconfirmed classificatory schemes is also evaluated. Among the hypotheses evaluated are the Hokan, Penutian, “Amerind,” Dene-Yeniseian, and others.
What’s at Stake
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter articulates five US vital national interests. The authors argue that China is the only country that poses an abiding and proximate threat to each as Beijing expands its military capabilities, attempts to upend the balance of power in Asia, and seeks to rewrite the rules and norms of international order. Successive US administrations misread China’s strategic intentions as they pursued an “engage but hedge” strategy vis-à-vis the PRC and spoke routinely about a strategic partnership with Beijing. Now, US-China relations stand at their lowest point in fifty years. The authors conclude that Washington should pursue a new grand strategy that deliberately incorporates elements that limit Beijing’s capacity to misuse its growing power.
Rhetoric Meets Reality
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes the Pivot during the Obama administration and demonstrates the improvised nature of the policy’s initial announcement and the immediate challenges in its implementation. From the start, Obama sought to forge an Asia-first foreign policy, and his team explored ways to engage more in Asia. This involved building positive relations with China and regional allies. Yet the Obama administration made little progress in reallocating resources and attention from other regions to Asia, due in no small part to domestic challenges and competing global priorities. This chapter highlights the confusion that the Pivot announcement generated and the waning relative emphasis on Asia that occurred in the administration’s second term.
Introduction: An Extraordinary Patron
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

Here the reader will find a very brief introduction to the biography, character, and activities of Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán (1629–87), Marquis de Heliche and del Carpio, an unusual seventeenth-century Spanish aristocrat whose contributions to the history of opera and musical theater are the focus of this book. Carpio lived an extraordinary life as a courtier, conspirator, soldier, prisoner, diplomat, ruler, lover, husband, and father. He was a daring and demanding producer of plays, zarzuelas, semi-operas, and operas, as well as a discerning collector of visual art and a generous patron of artists. He made the impossible possible by producing Spanish opera in Madrid, as well as operas, serenatas, and musical plays in Rome and Naples. After his death, his legacy shaped the earliest opera productions of the Americas.
Carpio and the Integration of Opera in Public Life, Naples 1683–87
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

Carpio arrived in Naples as viceroy in January 1683 and soon announced that he intended to raise the quality of opera production there. His intervention and restructuring of the mechanisms of production were foundational for Naples’ rise to prominence as an opera center before the eighteenth century. His renovation of the production system 1683–87 is explained through study of multiple sources, with attention to the theaters, finances, casts, and politics of production, as well as many extant arias. His new production team included Alessandro Scarlatti and Philipp Schor, as well as some of Italy’s best female singers and castrati. The recruitment process for collaborative casts is here traced in some detail. Many arias now found in little-known manuscript collections are analyzed with musical examples to retrieve lost voices and reconstruct otherwise lost operas.
How Does Culture Evolve?
Authors: Gabora Liane
Published: June 2024

This chapter synthesizes evidence from cognitive science, anthropology, psychological studies, and computational models for a complex systems–inspired theory of creativity and its role in cultural evolution. Creativity is guided by the global shape of one’s integrated network of memories, concepts, and beliefs—one’s worldview. This integrated structure and its dynamical change over time can be described using autocatalytic networks. Autocatalytic networks can analyze how cognitive structure grows and evolves through both self-organizing processes within minds, and interactions between minds, and how novel ideas sometimes emerge as a result. Thus, they are used to describe cultural change both within and between individuals, as well as across cultural lineages. The chapter outlines how autocatalytic networks provide the centrepiece for a formal theory of the origin and evolution of culture. They have also been used to model the cognitive developmental process by which each child becomes a participant in cultural evolution, the role of imitation, leadership, and social media on cultural evolution, and the trade-off between creativity and continuity.
Investigating Culture and Emotion
Authors: Tsai Jeanne L.
Published: June 2024

How does culture shape emotion? This chapter describes research conducted and discoveries made over 30 years, initially focusing on emotional responses and then switching to ideals. The chapter presents affect valuation theory and describes the evidence demonstrating that (a) how people want to feel differs from how they actually feel; (b) culture shapes how people ideally want to feel even more than how they actually feel; and (c) cultural and individual differences in ideal affect matter psychologically (e.g., for what people do, how they view mental health and illness, and how they view old age), interpersonally (e.g., how people judge and treat others), and practically (e.g., for health care, charitable giving and financial lending, hiring, prejudice, and online communication). The chapter concludes with a description of the current mysteries about culture and emotion that are being studied.
The Cultural Nature of Helping Without Being Asked, from the Toddler Years into Middle Childhood
Authors: Rogoff Barbara , Coppens Andrew D.
Published: June 2024

It is common in many communities for toddlers to be eager to help others, but by middle childhood, developmental trajectories appear to diverge: In some Mesoamerican communities, children often expand their interest in helping without being asked, whereas in many European-heritage middle-class communities, it is common for children to resist helping. This chapter makes the argument that the cultural practice of inclusion of toddlers, with appreciation for their voluntary help even if it is not efficient or convenient, encourages children’s interest in helping and community-mindedness. This fits with a widespread Mexican cultural value system (including being acomedida/o) of being alert to what is happening and ready to pitch in, and it contrasts with a value system emphasizing individual separation that is common in highly schooled European-heritage cultural communities. The chapter situates these cultural differences in meta-assumptions about separateness versus mutual holism, and control versus interdependence with autonomy. Inclusion, community-mindedness, and helping without being asked are key features of the conceptual model of Learning by Observing and Pitching In to family and community endeavors (LOPI; Rogoff & Mejía-Arauz, 2022).
Individualism–Collectivism and Group Creativity
Authors: Choi Hoon-Seok
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the link between individualism–collectivism and group creativity. Unlike the culture-level research that has examined how the heritage culture of individuals affects their creativity in groups, this chapter emphasizes the importance of distinguishing individuals’ value orientation and their self-concept while performing the common task. With this, the chapter discusses a synergy model of collectivistic values and independent self-concept that specifies how the two seemingly opposing psychological forces jointly promote group creativity. To corroborate the synergy perspective, the chapter introduces empirical evidence obtained from various research settings involving interactive groups in the laboratory and field groups. The utility of the synergy perspective is discussed in comparison with other relevant perspectives on the culture–group creativity link. Implications of the findings and questions for future research are also discussed.
Criteria and Methods for Assessing Cultural Universality of Cognitive Representations Underlying Complex Psychological Constructs
Authors: Yung Yiu-Fai , Hepper Erica G. , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine
Published: June 2024

This chapter proposes criteria for assessing the cross-cultural universality of cognitive representations that underlie complex psychological constructs. According to prototype theory, complex constructs are cognitively represented in terms of central and peripheral features. The cross-cultural universality of a complex construct, then, pertains to the level of agreement among cultures with regard to these central and peripheral features. The chapter specifies four criteria for cross-cultural universality: (a) similar ordinality in features, (b) consistency in rating central (compared to peripheral) features, (c) distinctiveness of feature sets, and (d) similar elevations in prototypicality for feature sets. Simple statistical techniques to evaluate these criteria are suggested, and they are demonstrated in a case study assessing the cross-cultural universality of nostalgia conceptions. The proposed methodology is generative and provides a viable alternative to the restrictive multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis procedures that have impeded progress in this research area.
Ideological contradictions and ambivalence
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the fact that language-in-education research produces opposing explanations: teachers are depicted either as active, ideology-free thinkers or as passive recipients of ideological thoughts. Using Michael Billig’s work, it will suggest that ideology can address both types of thinking when it is understood as inherently contradictory: ideological themes do not stand in unison but imply counterthemes, without which they cannot be understood. So insofar as people internalize ideologies, they internalize opposing views that provide the resources for criticism and thought, without needing to stand outside ideology. The chapter argues that this conception of ideology is not just relevant for explaining teachers’ inconsistent behavior, but that it may be of interest to theories of language ideology. These have not ignored contradictions but have tended to imagine these between rather than within ideologies or between knowledgeable individuals and ideologically acting ones within each of these groups.
Media and Signal Transmission
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This book argues that legislators are using brawls strategically to signal to key audiences. If correct, one clear implication of the authors’ theory is that brawlers must have some degree of confidence that their intended signals will be transmitted to the relevant audience. In this chapter, the authors draw out this logic using theories of media coverage of politics. Evidence is presented from Taiwan and Ukraine that not only do the media cover brawls but also brawlers receive more media coverage. Thus, the chapter shows that when individuals are deciding whether or not to brawl, they can have some confidence that if they do brawl, their signals will be transmitted to the intended audience.
Brawling and Re-election
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

If legislators brawl strategically in the hopes of improving their career prospects, then one would expect to see brawling legislators enjoying career success. However, there are two important caveats. First, as a costly signal, brawling is not without risk. It may backfire. Second, there is a selection effect at work. The qualities that make brawling more appealing—such as the lack of an existing political reputation—are also likely to make re-election more challenging. The anecdotal record is mixed—brawling seems largely unhelpful to recent legislative careers in Ukraine, whereas it appears to have helped some legislators’ careers in Taiwan. A more systematic investigation shows that brawling can provide some marginal improvement in re-election prospects but is not likely to be sufficient to overcome many other factors that influence political careers.
Conclusions
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This chapter reviews the primary argument and main findings from the book. The chapter discusses the implications of brawling for democratic representation and legislative processes, and investigate possibilities for reforms. The discussion of reforms focuses on a case study of brawling in South Korea. Finally, the chapter considers brawls’ connections to, and implications for, political violence more generally, particularly as it relates to public opinion. This discussion leads to concluding thoughts about the relationship between violence, even incivility, in democratic deliberations where questions of political identity and political polarization are particularly salient.
The Fundamentals and the Vote, 1952–2020
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

The central focus in this chapter is to show that each of the fundamentals is regularly related to the vote in the post-1984 era. It then shows that this relationship has been growing over the post-1984 period. Indeed, the role of the fundamentals has increased more or less continually in both congressional and presidential elections. Overall, by 2020 nearly seventeen in twenty votes for Congress and nineteen in twenty votes for president are correctly forecast by knowledge of where the voter stands on these fundamentals. This increasing role for fundamentals explains especially the post-1984 changes in national elections. But simply noting the increase begs the question of just what explains this expanding role.
‘From Videsh Vibhag to Vishwa Vibhag and now Vishwa Sangh’1
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

This chapter charts the initial development of Hindu nationalism overseas from the 1940s, first in East Africa. This was made possible through coordination from India and proactive migrants. A variety of local circumstances in East Africa were favourable to the growth of diasporic Hindutva. A special office was established in New Delhi which enabled Hindu nationalists to maintain contact with Indians overseas. When the British colonies of East Africa gained independence in the 1960s, many of the Indian population migrated to Britain. The chapter shows how this stimulated the development of Hindu nationalism in Britain. The second half of the chapter considers the development of Hindutva overseas through an analysis of the structure and operations of the RSS and its diasporic “wing,” the HSS. It elucidates the various roles in the HSS, and analyzes shakhas, the group-meeting format which underpins the Sangh. It explores various layers of synchronicity and divergence between the RSS in India and in the diaspora, and ways in which Hindutva has become “vernacularised” outside India. The chapter ends by analyzing how shakhas are relevant to Hindus overseas, and why the Sangh’s emphases on “man-making,” discipline, values, and pedagogy, appeal to the diaspora.
Mysticism in Schelling’s Plato-Notebooks of 1792–1794
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter advances an interpretation of Schelling’s Plato-notebooks of 1792–1794 as demonstrating his commitment to a kind of mysticism. Schelling endorses the view found in the Ion and various other Platonic dialogues that poetry, divination, prophecy, and other human activities require a divine power. He extends that account to include philosophy. Philosophy, according to Schelling, requires both “divine dispensation” and techne. Accordingly, philosophical wisdom cannot reliably be transmitted from teacher to student, since there is an element of divinely granted inspiration which cannot be communicated discursively. This view that both divine, intuitive insight and theoretical knowledge are essential to philosophy persists in Schelling’s work throughout this decade. This chapter concludes by showing how the distinction between intuitive insight and theoretical knowledge survives in Schelling’s 1801–1802 identity philosophy.
Next Thing I Knew, I Was Writing the Show
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter takes a look at the circuitous development of the Maltby/Shire show Take Flight, which has had productions in Australia, Japan, Russia, London, and Princeton, New Jersey (at the McCarter Theatre) but has never made it to Broadway. Take Flight is a “concept musical” that interweaves the stories of four historical figures famously associated with the human desire to fly: the Wright brothers, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart. Take Flight was Maltby and Shire’s second collaboration with John Weidman. Weidman was also Stephen Sondheim’s librettist on Assassins, another concept musical, which served in certain ways as a model for Take Flight. The extended musical sequence “Back of the Line” again shows Sondheim influence. The chapter traces the development of the show through its many versions, with the conclusion by the writers that it is probably best performed as a staged concert, with narration instead of a conventional libretto.
Working with Other People
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Popular New Yorker writer Adam Gopnik describes his collaborative process in working with Shire on their musical, Our Table, and how Shire taught him the fundamentals of lyric writing. Maltby discusses working with composer Charles Strouse and legendary director and librettist Arthur Laurents on the flop musical Nick & Nora, an adaptation of the Dashiell Hammett novel The Thin Man and its movie version. The writers discuss the implications of working with other collaborators and agree that what’s good for them individually is also good for the team. The chapter includes a discussion of rhyming, featuring conflicting viewpoints from Gopnik and Stephen Sondheim regarding the permissibility of imperfect (or false) rhymes in theater songs.
Oh, That’s What Those Songs Were About!
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

The York Theatre Company, under the leadership of producing artistic director Jim Morgan, has produced successful revivals of both Starting Here, Starting Now (with a cast including Charlotte Maltby, Richard’s daughter) and Closer Than Ever, as well as a two-week run of Big, as part of the York’s Musicals in Mufti series. The updated Big was modeled on the revisions from the national tour. In the case of Closer Than Ever, the writers found that the young generation who fell in love with the songs when they were in college now found, hearing them again twenty years later, that they had deeper and richer meaning from the perspective of adulthood. In 2021, the York Theatre honored Maltby and Shire with the Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theater.
Routes to Reform
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

The key to sustained and equitable development in Latin America is high-quality education for all. However, coalitions favoring quality reforms in education are usually weak because parents are dispersed, business is not interested, and much of the middle class has exited public education. Their absence renders the policy space relatively empty, making opponents of meritocratic reforms to teacher careers—clientelist politicians and some teacher unions—consequently more formidable. Nonetheless, several countries made meaningful reforms via different routes. The first bottom-up route to reform was electoral in Ecuador and Chile. The second route taken by Colombia and Peru was more top-down and technocratic.
“Strange Things of the Invisible Worlds”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This is the first of three short biographical sections of the text that are labeled “Vita” and numbered I to III. This first vita reads the available sources to sketch Kelpius’s early life in Europe: his birth and childhood in Transylvania, his education in theology at several different universities in Germany, and his eventual connection with the Pietists. I speculate on the possibility of Kelpius’s association with August Francke in Leipzig and his descriptions of Pietist conventicle meetings in Saxony during the period. In these descriptions, Kelpius veers into memoir, describing in detail some of the paranormal phenomena that he witnessed at conventicle meetings, experiences that cemented his association with the Pietists.
“Weird as a Wizard”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This chapter is a genealogy of Kelpius’s afterlife in print, excavating his posthumous appearances in religious literature, popular fiction, and poetry, and by the nineteenth century, popular occult literature in which Kelpius and his companions were portrayed as the founders of and legitimation for an American occult tradition. This chapter shows how the historical sources remain remarkably accurate and consistent until they collide and blur with a more imaginative literature in the nineteenth century, leaving us with the image of Kelpius we meet today in popular and scholarly literature: at once a Pietist and a witch, a Christian and a wizard, a character in Romantic poetry who really existed: ultimately, an ambient, spectral presence in the city of Philadelphia and the historiography of American religion.
Conclusion
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This conclusion summarizes the main points of the work and describes some of the contemporary political implications of seventeenth century Hermetic Protestant environmental knowledge. I describe a few recent works on religion and climate change before noting that there is still a great deal of work to be done in understanding the importance of climate in religious history. I explore some of the contemporary trends in scholarship that impact my treatment of Hermeticism before turning to the recent work of Amitav Ghosh which engages the contemporary political implications of climate history. The book concludes by calling, with Ghosh, for a vitalist politics, a renewed understanding of the moral status of nonhumans.
Stability and Order
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains the analytical framework the book uses to analyse and compare Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar’s conceptions of stability in the MENA. It provides the reader with the theoretical and practical background of how the terms stability and order have generally been understood and used in discussions about politics and foreign policy, both among academics, and by governments and in the media. In doing so, it establishes the basic premise the book is built on: Stability—both at the state and the regional level—is the outcome of complex systems of order. States want stability because they consider it an enabling condition that allows them to pursue and protect their national interests. Their measures to maintain or (re)build stability are therefore attempts to shape and influence systems of order according to their own unique perceptions and conceptions of the world and the condition they call stability.
Saudi Arabia’s Conception of Stability
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

The chapter argues that Saudi Arabia saw stability in the MENA in the 2010s as based on strong Arab states capable of controlling their territory and warding off external influence, particularly from Iran. It wanted to see Arab governments that were unlikely to change dramatically, did not champion transnational political projects, and pursued foreign policies that, if not directly aligned with, at least did not contradict the Kingdom’s regional agenda. To be conducive to stability, the regional order needed to protect and maintain the region’s status quo state system, with no other state—especially not Iran—achieving more influence over individual Arab states than Saudi Arabia had itself. Finally, for Saudi Arabia, stability in the MENA needed to be enabled by an engaged international community, most importantly an attentive USA, that recognised Saudi Arabia as the primary representative of at least the Arab portion of the region.
Rising Sun over Asia
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores Rash Behari Bose’s evolving perspectives on empire, Asia, history, and global politics through a body of work geared towards both Japanese and Indian audiences. Through the period of the 1930s, Bose’s worldview became increasingly coupled to far-right currents in Japanese political thought, while at the same time retaining a distinctively Indian perspective rooted in the history and religion of the subcontinent.
‘Fairest of Women’
Authors: Gilham Jamie
Published: June 2024

Gladys Milton Brooke, the Dayang Muda (wife of the heir presumptive to the Rajah of Sarawak), converted to Islam on a flight between London and Paris in 1932. Brooke’s conversion made headlines around the world, but she quickly disappeared from the limelight. This chapter documents Brooke’s life, focusing on her conversion to Islam and life as a Muslim. It explains her path to Islam and explores the circumstances of and responses to her public conversion ceremony, which was overseen by an English Muslim missionary, Khalid Sheldrake, president of the Western Islamic Association. Sheldrake sought to capitalize on Brooke’s fame to promote his fledgling Association. Brooke broke away from Sheldrake and, benefiting from colonial and class privilege, she briefly established herself as an independent public Muslim woman figure who used her celebrity to challenge traditional Western views about Islam and Muslims.
Noor Inayat Khan
Authors: Khan Pir Zia Inayat
Published: June 2024

The fairytale author Noor Inayat Khan served the Allied cause as an undercover radio operator for the Special Operations Executive in the Second World War and was executed in Dachau, Germany in 1944. Hailed as a “British Muslim hero,” Noor is now frequently invoked as a symbol of national coherence in an age of racial and religious pluralism. This chapter compares the rhetorically-constructed symbol with the historically-founded reality. It finds that Noor’s allegiance to Great Britain was of a pre- and post-nationalist character; that Noor embraced a vision of Islam that was notably universal in scope; and that her heroic sensibility found its most natural and immediate expression in literature. Noor’s essays and stories codified the ethical and spiritual paradigm from which her wartime choices derived.
Muhammad's Military Expeditions
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

What is so fascinating about Muhammad’s last ten years of life? In what ways did the earliest Muslims remember him and those years? In particular, what does the Muslim tradition reveal about Muhammad’s military expeditions and their targets during these years? Did he really launch over seventy military campaigns? Were they for proclaiming Islam to non-Muslims? Or were they conducted to accumulate resources and advance tribal dominion? More importantly, can we be certain that these military activities actually occurred? These fundamental questions drive this study. By relying on numerous Arabic Muslim sources, this study seeks to examine how medieval Muslims cherished and portrayed Muhammad’s military career. They not only marveled at his battles—they also listed them, specified their targets, described the details from the battleground, and emphasized their tremendous successes. This study leads readers through a complex body of literature; provides insights regarding social, religious, and historical contexts; and creates a vivid picture of Muhammad’s military expeditions according to the early Muslim historians. Readers will join an intellectual journey, exploring numerous Muslim narratives and wrestling with their reliability. They will question whether Islam actually spread by the sword and deduce unconventional conclusions regarding Muhammad’s military career as they unearth the link between historical narratives and historians’ religious sympathies and political agendas. This book integrates and interacts with ample Arabic Muslim scholarly studies on the topic and analyzes their findings and arguments with the hope of making these valuable studies accessible to the English-speaking world.
Muhammad’s Expeditions: Introduction
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 demonstrates how Muslims, from the earliest generations of Islam, have cherished and circulated numerous traditions about Muhammad’s maghāzī (raids). It explores examples of classical traditionists and modern Muslims who treated and interpreted the accounts of the maghāzī. Some Muslims consider the maghāzī narratives factual and prescriptive, while others contextualize and historicize the reports. The chapter also surveys non-Muslim claims, views, and arguments on Muhammad and his warring and plundering. By highlighting classical sources and modern studies on the maghāzī, the chapter establishes the centrality and importance of the topic among Muslims past and present. In the analyses, the maghāzī accounts are treated as products of the medieval storytellers—a testimony of their sociopolitical, sectarian, and religious contexts—rather than a record of a seventh-century Arabian past. This study brings together ample Muslim sources and numerous secondary studies to detail, study, and analyze the multifaceted accounts of Muhammad’s raids.
Muhammad’s Early Expeditions
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on the initial military expeditions commissioned or led by Muhammad against the Meccan pagans. All occurred during the first two years after his emigration from Mecca to Medina and preceded the great battle of Badr. In this initial stage, Muhammad commissioned four sarāyā (incursions) and led four maghāzī (expeditions). The stories reflect the religious and sociopolitical agendas of the traditionists, who use literary features to advance their opinions. Still, the narrators shape the accounts to portray the raids as fighting fī sabīl Allāh (in Allah’s path). The maghāzī accounts appear in disarray and disunity, evidenced by clear discrepancies between various maghāzī narratives. The chapter concludes that classical storytellers adjusted their reports to address the varying requirements of their times, and a reconstruction of a coherent account is impossible if we rely on the Arabic Muslim sources.
Muhammad’s Triumph over the Meccans
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 discusses the accounts of the battle of the Trench (5/627), the raid of the Ḥudaybiyya (6/628), and the ultimate Muslim victory over the Meccans at the conquest of Mecca (8/630)—a victory that reportedly declared Muhammad the sole leader of the Meccan and Medinan Muslims. Medieval Muslim traditionists seem to have found no concern with portraying Muhammad and the Muslims as seeking not only dominion by attacking the enemies but also wealth through plundering their possessions. Traditionists cherished and advanced a memory of Muhammad as a war initiator and a caravan interceptor. Seizing and distributing the spoils after battles is a repeated theme in the tradition. While this portrayal may not fit today’s religious discourses, it seems to have appealed to medieval generations and likely served as a religious exhortation in times of conquest. The maghāzī narratives reflect not the time of Muhammad but that of their documentation.
Preface
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

A warning to the historian to be aware that contemporary affairs do inevitably influence, or even distort our understanding of the past. Especially in the case of today’s Ethiopia and Eritrea, which against two millennia of history, experience dramatic, violent and quick changes, most inspired directly from ancient, medieval, and modern developments and their legacies.
Three Revolutions
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

This chapter delves into the three revolutions that changed Ethiopia. First, Haile Selassie was toppled in 1974 by young officers headed by Major Mangistu Haile Mariam. Second, the EPLF grew stronger as of 1975, and by 1981, led by Tigrayan speakers, gained dominance in the movement and led it to Eritrean independence in 1991. Third, a Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation Front, TPLF, emerged in Tigray as of the mid-1970s. It did away with the traditional local aristocracy, which led Tigray for centuries. The TPLF would eventually capture Addis Ababa in the same year, 1991, and end the dictatorial regime of Mangistu Haile Mariam. Thus, Tigrayan speakers, for quite a while, dominated “greater Ethiopia.”