bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Response to Deckers
Authors: McDaniel Jay
Published: July 2011

Philosophers and theologians influenced by Whitehead’s philosophy see other animals as subjects of their own lives, with purposes of their own, which add beauty to the whole of life, which add value to the life of God. Other animals are deserving of respect and care. It is thus surprising that so few Whiteheadians have seen the implications of this with regard to eating animals. Deckers rightly prods these thinkers to accept the moral implications of their thought, pointing in the direction of a process-oriented vegetarianism.
Generation and Gender Differences in Aesthetic Responses to Popular Illustrations
Authors: Lin Yen-Ching , I Bin
Published: July 2011

This essay explores differences in aesthetic response scales for popular illustrations. A total of 254 subjects participated in this study, which involved answering a questionnaire consisting of 7-point scales by using a computer device. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance, and exploratory factor analysis. The principle findings were as follows: First, popular illustrations seemed to elicit some interest and a little novelty, and the aesthetic evaluation was positive in most responses. Second, except for one affective factor-preference-and two cognitive factors-interest and meaning-the ratings of most factors involved in the aesthetic evaluation were higher among adults than among adolescents. The coordination between cognition and affection evoked by the aesthetic processing of visual stimuli might be the true key to understanding the generational differences in the perception of popular illustrations. Third, the ratings for apprehending complexity among females were significantly higher than those among males. The converse was true of the scores for apprehending activity, and activity presumably played an important aesthetic role among adolescents. In conclusion, this research provides a preliminary examination of the aesthetic responses to popular illustrations; however, it has some limitations that can be addressed in future studies.
Popular Culture, Art Education, and the Committee on Public Information During World War I, 1915-1919
Authors: Funk Clayton
Published: July 2011

During World War I, the advertising industry and public schools in the United States were subjected to intervention from the Committee on Public Information (CPI), a clearinghouse established by President Woodrow Wilson to promote propaganda of wartime patriotism. In this history, I discuss how the CPI used strategies of social efficiency to marshal advertising and art education in public schools as a unified mass media for transmitting a patriotic culture imbued with racial and gender stereotypes. I argue that the CPI used adventure tropes from American popular culture to romanticize the war in advertising images and school lessons. In this way, the CPI portrayed Germany as a sinister enemy in order to convince Americans that war was necessary for keeping the world safe.
Ecological Importance of Large Herbivores in the Ewaso Ecosystem
Authors: Pringle Robert M. , Palmer Todd M. , Goheen Jacob R. , McCauley Douglas J. , Keesing Felicia
Published: July 2011

Large ungulate herbivores are widely considered to be functionally important components of African savannas, but this belief is based largely on what is known about their direct interactions (as consumers of plants and food for predators). Their indirect interactions, both as key consumers within food webs and as “engineers” of habitat structure, are less well understood. Here we review the results of nearly 15 years of experimental research at Mpala Research Centre (Laikipia, Kenya), focusing primarily on the indirect effects of ungulates on the abundance, distribution, and diversity of other species. We highlight several broad conclusions: (1) ungulate exclusion increases densities of plants and many small consumers; (2) the strength of these indirect effects is context dependent and may vary systematically along environmental gradients; (3) impacts of different ungulate species vary both quantitatively and qualitatively. Although some of the observed effects of ungulate exclusion were predictable, others were surprising. These insights are obliquely relevant to management, but there remains a mismatch between the kinds of information most interesting to academics on the one hand and most useful to land mangers on the other. We conclude by identifying some areas of likely convergence between questions of basic and applied importance.
Enhanced Performance Consistency in Nanoparticle/TIPS Pentacene‐Based Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: He Zhengran , Xiao Kai , Durant William , Hensley Dale K. , Anthony John E. , Hong Kunlun , Kilbey S. Michael , Chen Jihua , Li Dawen
Published: July 2011

In this study, inorganic silica nanoparticles are used to manipulate the morphology of 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)‐pentacene (TIPS pentacene) thin films and the performance of solution‐processed organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This approach is taken to control crystal anisotropy, which is the origin of poor consistency in TIPS pentacene based OTFT devices. Thin film active layers are produced by drop‐casting mixtures of SiO2 nanoparticles and TIPS pentacene. The resultant drop‐cast films yield improved morphological uniformity at ∼10% SiO2 loading, which also leads to a 3‐fold increase in average mobility and nearly 4 times reduction in the ratio of measured mobility standard deviation (μStdev) to average mobility (μAvg). Grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as polarized optical microscopy are used to investigate the nanoparticle‐mediated TIPS pentacene crystallization. The experimental results suggest that the SiO2 nanoparticles mostly aggregate at TIPS pentacene grain boundaries, and 10% nanoparticle concentration effectively reduces the undesirable crystal misorientation without considerably compromising TIPS pentacene crystallinity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Tandem Cyclization Reaction of 2‐(2,3‐Allenyl)acylacetates, Organic Halides, and Amines: An Effective Protocol for the Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrole Derivatives
Authors: Cheng Jiajia , Jiang Xuefeng , Zhu Can , Ma Shengming
Published: July 2011

A domino three‐component reaction of 2‐(2′,3′‐allenyl)acylacetates with aryl or alkenyl halides and aryl‐ or benzylamines afforded 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrole derivatives highly chemo‐ and regioselectively in one pot through imine formation/imine‐enamine tautomerization under the catalysis of palladium(0) and toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. A high diastereoselectivity was observed.
Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Spirocycles Containing Pyrrolidine Motifs and Spiro Quaternary Stereogenic Centers via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with 2‐Alkylidene‐Cycloketones
Authors: Liu Tang‐Lin , He Zhao‐Lin , Li Qing‐Hua , Tao Hai‐Yan , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: July 2011

The first catalytic asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with various sterically hindered α,α,β‐trisubstituted 2‐alkylidene‐cycloketones has been developed successfully with silver acetate/TF‐BiphamPhos complex for the construction of spiro heterocyclic compounds containing pyrrolidine motifs and a spiro quaternary stereogenic carbon center. The highly efficient catalytic system exhibited high reactivity, excellent diastereoselectivity, good enantioselectivity and broad substrate scope under mild conditions. Subsequent transformations led to the expedient preparation of synthetically useful spiro[pyrrolidine‐tetrahydropyranone] and spiro[pyrrolidine‐isochroman‐1‐one] without loss of the diastereo‐ and enantiomeric excesses.
Damage analysis of microwave‐dried materials
Authors: Kowalski Stefan J. , Banaszak Jacek , Rybicki Andrzej
Published: July 2011

The aim of this article is to analyze the drying‐induced stresses and destruction of ceramic‐like materials during their microwave drying. The kinetics of microwave drying at various microwave power levels are determined experimentally and numerically, and the distributions of temperature and moisture content in the tested samples are visualized with infrared camera and presented graphically. The experiments are performed on kaolin‐clay samples, where destruction provoked by microwave drying is visualized on photographs taken with the photo camera and microscope. The thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model of drying elaborated by authors is used to determine the distribution of stress components and to calculate the effective stress required to induce the failure of material. The effective stress is formulated with the use of the energetic criterion, and the material spots prone to damage are predicted numerically. The numerically predicted spots are compared with the experimentally appointed places of material damage and a good adherence of the numerical predictions with experiments is confirmed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Improvement of oil flowability by assembly of comb‐type copolymers with paraffin and asphaltene
Authors: Li Li , Xu Jun , Tinsley Jack , Adamson Douglas H. , Pethica Brian A. , Huang John S. , Prud'homme Robert K. , Guo Xuhong
Published: July 2011

Comb‐type (maleic acid alkylamides‐co‐α‐octadecene) copolymers (MACs) assemble with long‐chain n‐paraffins and asphaltenes by the hydrophobic alkyl branches and polar groups, respectively, and improve flowability of crude oils upon cooling. Their effects on the crystallization of paraffins from model oils were studied by rheology, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. Upon cooling, MACs change the size and shape of paraffin crystals and reduce the yield stresses of gels generated by precipitated solids. Deposition of wax was significantly suppressed by MAC as observed using a laboratory‐scale deposition apparatus. MACs are more effective than poly(ethylene‐butene) copolymers in improving the flowability of crude oils containing asphaltenes. The interactions between the carboxyl and amide groups of MAC with the polar aromatic asphaltenes appear to stabilize crudes through the steric effects of the long alkyl groups of MAC polymers, thereby reducing the strength of paraffin/asphaltene gels formed on cooling. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Effects of computer keyboarding on ultrasonographic measures of the median nerve
Authors: Toosi Kevin K. , Impink Bradley G. , Baker Nancy A. , Boninger Michael L.
Published: July 2011

Background

Keyboarding is a highly repetitive daily task and has been linked to musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity. However, the effect of keyboarding on median nerve injuries is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to use ultrasonographic measurements to determine whether continuous keyboarding can cause acute changes in the median nerve.

Methods

Ultrasound images of the median nerve from 21 volunteers were captured at the levels of the pisiform and distal radius prior to and following a prolonged keyboarding task (i.e., 1 hr of continuous keyboarding). Images were analyzed by a blinded investigator to quantify the median nerve characteristics. Changes in the median nerve ultrasonographic measures as a result of continuous keyboarding task were evaluated.

Results

Cross‐sectional areas at the pisiform level were significantly larger in both dominant (P = 0.004) and non‐dominant (P = 0.001) hands following the keyboarding task. Swelling ratio was significantly greater in the dominant hand (P = 0.020) after 60 min of keyboarding when compared to the baseline measures. Flattening ratios were not significantly different in either hand as a result of keyboarding.

Conclusion

We were able to detect an acute increase in the area of the median nerve following 1 hr of keyboarding with a computer keyboard. This suggests that keyboarding has an impact on the median nerve. Further studies are required to understand this relationship, which would provide insight into the pathophysiology of median neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:826–833, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contiguous ∼16 Mb 1p36 deletion: Dominant features of classical distal 1p36 monosomy with haplo‐lethality
Authors: Nicoulaz A. , Rubi F. , Lieder L. , Wolf R. , Goeggel‐Simonetti B. , Steinlin M. , Wiest R. , Bonel H.M. , Schaller A. , Gallati S. , Conrad B.
Published: July 2011

Monosomy 1p36 results from heterozygous deletions of the terminal short chromosome 1 arm, the most common terminal deletion in humans. The microdeletion is split in two usually non‐overlapping and clinically distinct classical distal and proximal 1p36 monosomy syndromes. Using comparative genome hybridization, MLPA and qPCR we identified the largest contiguous ∼16 Mb terminal 1p36 deletion reported to date. It covers both distal and proximal regions, causes a neonatally lethal variant with virtually exclusive features of distal 1p36 monosomy, highlighting the key importance of the gene‐rich distal region for the “compound” 1p36 phenotype and a threshold deletion‐size effect for haplo‐lethality. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Achondroplasia with synostosis of multiple sutures
Authors: Georgoulis George , Alexiou George , Prodromou Neofytos
Published: July 2011

We report for the second time on a case of achondroplasia with synostosis of multiple sutures. The most common mutation for achondroplasia (FGFR3 Gly380Arg, resulting in 1138G>A) was identified. Imaging studies disclosed complex craniosynostosis and neurosurgical intervention was carried out, particularly for posterior plagiocephaly. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five patients with novel overlapping interstitial deletions in 8q22.2q22.3
Authors: Kuechler Alma , Buysse Karen , Clayton‐Smith Jill , Le Caignec Cédric , David Albert , Engels Hartmut , Kohlhase Jürgen , Mari Francesca , Mortier Geert , Renieri Alessandra , Wieczorek Dagmar
Published: July 2011

High‐resolution microarray technology has facilitated the detection of submicroscopic chromosome aberrations and characterization of new microdeletion syndromes. We present clinical and molecular data of five patients with previously undescribed overlapping interstitial deletions involving 8q22.2q22.3. All deletions differ in size and breakpoints. Patients 1–4 carry deletions between 5.25 and 6.44 Mb in size, resulting in a minimal deletion overlap of 3.87 Mb (from 100.69 to 104.56 Mb; hg18) comprising at least 25 genes. These patients share similar facial dysmorphisms with blepharophimosis, telecanthus, epicanthus, flat malar region, thin upper lip vermillion, down‐turned corners of the mouth, and a poor facial movement/little facial expression. They have a moderate to severe developmental delay (4/4), absent speech (3/4), microcephaly (3/4), a history of seizures (3/4), postnatal short stature (2/4), and a diaphragmatic or hiatal hernia (2/4). Patient 5 was diagnosed with a smaller deletion of about 1.92 Mb (containing nine genes) localized within the deletion overlap of the other four patients. Patient 5 shows a different facial phenotype and a less severe mental retardation. In Patients 1–4, COH1 is involved in the deletion (in total or in part), but none of them showed clinical features of Cohen syndrome. In two patients (Patients 2 and 4), ZFPM2 (also called FOG2, a candidate gene for congenital diaphragmatic hernias) was partly deleted. We suggest that patients with a microdeletion of 8q22.2q22.3 may represent a clinically recognizable condition characterized particularly by the facial phenotype and developmental delay. More patients have to be evaluated to establish a phenotype–genotype correlation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pigmentary skin defect is a new finding in Marshall–Smith syndrome
Authors: Passalacqua Cristóbal , Melo Camila , Martín Luz María , Rojas Francisca , Sanz Patricia , Taucher Silvia Castillo , Aranibar Ligia
Published: July 2011

Marshall–Smith Syndrome (OMIM 602535) was described initially by Marshall in two infants with a syndrome characterized by accelerated skeletal maturation, failure to thrive, and dysmorphic facial features. We report a new patient with clinical features of Marshall–Smith syndrome with additional findings such as hyperpigmented lines on trunk and the four extremities. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel nonsense mutation in TUSC3 is responsible for non‐syndromic autosomal recessive mental retardation in a consanguineous Iranian family
Authors: Garshasbi Masoud , Kahrizi Kimia , Hosseini Masoumeh , Nouri Vahid Leila , Falah Masoumeh , Hemmati Sahel , Hu Hao , Tzschach Andreas , Ropers Hans Hilger , Najmabadi Hossein , Kuss Andreas Walter
Published: July 2011

The genetic basis of autosomal recessive mental retardation (ARMR) is extremely heterogeneous, and there is reason to suspect that the number of underlying gene defects may well go beyond 1,000. To date, however, only less than 10 genes have been implicated in non‐specific/non‐syndromic ARMR (NS‐ARMR). As part of an ongoing systematic study aiming to identify further ARMR genes, we investigated a consanguineous family with three patients with NS‐ARMR. By linkage analysis and subsequent mutation screening we identified a novel nonsense mutation (c.163C > T [p.Q55X]) in the second exon of the TUSC3 gene. This is the third MR causing defect in TUSC3 to be described and the second independent mutation in this gene in a cohort of more than 200 ARMR families from the Iranian population. This argues for a more prominent role of TUSC3 in the etiology of this genetically heterogeneous disorder as compared to most of the other so far identified ARMR genes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and functional analyses identify DISC1 as a novel callosal agenesis candidate gene
Authors: Osbun Nathan , Li Jiang , O'Driscoll Mary C. , Strominger Zoe , Wakahiro Mari , Rider Eric , Bukshpun Polina , Boland Elena , Spurrell Cailyn H. , Schackwitz Wendy , Pennacchio Len A. , Dobyns William B. , Black Graeme C.M. , Sherr Elliott H.
Published: July 2011

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation that occurs in approximately 1:1,000–1:6,000 births. Several syndromes associated with AgCC have been traced to single gene mutations; however, the majority of AgCC causes remain unidentified. We investigated a mother and two children who all shared complete AgCC and a chromosomal deletion at 1q42. We fine mapped this deletion and show that it includes Disrupted‐in‐Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a gene implicated in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we report a de novo chromosomal deletion at 1q42.13 to q44, which includes DISC1, in another individual with AgCC. We resequenced DISC1 in a cohort of 144 well‐characterized AgCC individuals and identified 20 sequence changes, of which 4 are rare potentially pathogenic variants. Two of these variants were undetected in 768 control chromosomes. One of these is a splice site mutation at the 5′ boundary of exon 11 that dramatically reduces full‐length mRNA expression of DISC1, but not of shorter forms. We investigated the developmental expression of mouse DISC1 and find that it is highly expressed in the embryonic corpus callosum at a critical time for callosal formation. Taken together our results suggest a significant role for DISC1 in corpus callosum development. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fraternal twins with Aarskog–Scott syndrome due to maternal germline mosaicism
Authors: Pilozzi‐Edmonds Laura , Maher Thomas A. , Basran Raveen K. , Milunsky Aubrey , Al‐Thihli Khalid , Braverman Nancy E. , Alfares Ahmed
Published: July 2011

Aarskog–Scott syndrome is a rare X‐linked recessive disorder with characteristic facial, skeletal, and genital abnormalities. We report on Aarskog–Scott syndrome in male dizygotic twins with an identical de novo mutation in FGD1 that resulted from germline mosaicism in the phenotypically normal mother. This is the first report of inheritance by germline mosaicism for the FGD1 gene. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperphosphatasia‐mental retardation syndrome due to PIGV mutations: Expanded clinical spectrum
Authors: Horn Denise , Krawitz Peter , Mannhardt Anca , Korenke Georg Christoph , Meinecke Peter
Published: July 2011

Hyperphosphatasia‐mental retardation syndrome is a recently delineated disorder associated with a recognizable facial phenotype and brachytelephalangy. This autosomal recessive condition is caused by homozygous and compound heterozygous missense mutations of PIGV, encoding a member of the GPI‐anchor biosynthesis pathway. Here, we report on two further, unrelated patients with developmental delay, elevated serum levels of AP, distinctive facial features, hypoplastic terminal phalanges, anal atresia in one and Hirschsprung disease in the other patient. By sequencing PIGV we detected compound heterozygous mutations c.467G>A and c.1022C>A in Patient 1 and a homozygous mutation c.1022C>A in Patient 2. We reviewed the eight reported cases with proven PIGV mutations and re‐defined the phenotypic spectrum associated with PIGV mutations: intellectual disability, the distinct facial gestalt, brachytelephalangy, and hyperphosphatasia are constant features but also anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung disease as well as cleft lip/palate and hearing impairment should be considered as part of the clinical spectrum. Moreover, seizures and muscular hypotonia are frequently associated with PIGV mutations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting recombinant 8 syndrome
Authors: Pickler Laura , Wilson Rebecca , Tsai Anne C‐H
Published: July 2011

Recombinant 8 syndrome, also known as San Luis Valley syndrome, is a rare but important cause for developmental delay and chronic illness noted among individuals of Hispanic ancestry that occurs with greater reported frequency in the Southwest United States. The recombinant chromosome is rec(8)dup(8q)inv(8)(p23.1q22.1) and in all known cases is derived by a parental pericentric inversion, inv(8)(p23.1q22.1). To test our hypothesis that modern medical management strategies may alter the outcome of patients with recombinant 8 syndrome in regard to mortality, morbidity, and neurodevelopmental outcomes, we sought to update the natural history of recombinant 8 syndrome by completing a thorough medical and psychological assessment of affected individuals. Twelve affected individuals, ranging from 2 to 21 years of age, were recruited with IRB approval. Our patients scored on in the mild to severe cognitive functioning level (range 30–70), with surprising preservation in the social/adaptive arenas. Most patients responded well to heart surgery and developmental outcomes were in proportion to cardiac status. Orthopedic surgery to ameliorate effects of spasticity can be complicated by long recovery times and decreased ability to ambulate. Our findings do not support additional morbidly during cardiac repair. Taken together, our findings support a consistent phenotype with improved survival in comparison to previously published studies. Efforts to encourage learning and developmental progress should not be withheld as quality of life for many of these individuals is considered good by their families and medical providers. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing “best interests”: Genetic testing of children in families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Geelen Els , Van Hoyweghen Ine , Doevendans Pieter A. , Marcelis Carlo L.M. , Horstman Klasien
Published: July 2011

Professional guidelines on genetic testing of children have recently shifted their focus from protecting the child's autonomous choice to professionals, together with parents, striving to work in the child's “best interest.” This notion of “best interest” allows room for therapeutical as well as psychological and social considerations, and gives rise to the question how parents and professionals weigh up the child's best interest in practice. In this qualitative study, we followed six extended families involved in genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Netherlands for 3½ years. In total 57 members of these families were interviewed in depth; many of them more than once. Our empirical analysis shows that the best interest of a child is constructed via long‐term processes in the broader context of family and kin. In this context, “best interests” are considered and reconsidered. We conclude that a child's best interest should not be framed as the result of an instantaneous agreement between parents and professionals. In dealing with genetic testing of children, parents as well as professionals reflect on and learn from the processes of generating new meanings of “best interest.” To enable professionals to deal with the variety in family life, these learning processes should be documented closely. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of aqueous polyurethane dispersions with well‐defined soft segments
Authors: Zhang Qunchao , Hu Jiankun , Gong Shuling
Published: July 2011

Novel aqueous polyurethane (PU) hybrid dispersions were successfully prepared with 5–15 mol % functionalized hexamethylene diisocynate trimer modified by N‐(n‐butyl)‐3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and dihydroxylpropyl‐terminated siloxane oligomers (TS). The results of the differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction tests show that the degree of segment order was reduced by the introduction of TS. The hybrid polymer films with TS introduced into the PU backbone displayed excellent water and xylene resistance. Atomic force microscopy showed that the films had a smooth surface. It was noticeable that the tensile strength (σb) and Young's modulus of the films increased simultaneously when TS was incorporated into PU; σb of the PU15 film with 15 mol % TS was much higher than that of the neat PU0 film, and the breaking elongation of the film with 10 mol % TS was clearly higher than that of the other films. The results indicate that an appropriate content of TS significantly improved the properties of the aqueous PU hybrids. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and properties of phosphorylated and crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)/bisphenol A–epoxy resin membranes for fuel cell applications
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Liu Jianhong , Li Cuihua , Fang Jianhua , Wang Shushan , Guan Rong
Published: July 2011

To overcome the strong dependence of the conductivity on the relative humidity and the lower thermal stability at high temperature of perfluorosulfonate polymers and the leaching‐out problem of phosphoric acid doped membranes, a series of phosphorylated and crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/bisphenol A–epoxy resin [diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)] membranes were prepared. The membrane properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, solubility, thermogravimetric analysis, water uptake, swelling ratio, ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and proton conductivity measurements. The results show that the crosslinked PVA/DGEBA membrane had a higher thermal stability (Td ≥ 250°C) than the pure PVA membrane (Td ≥ 220°C) and that the phosphorylated and crosslinked PVA/DGEBA membranes (IEC = 5.54 mmol/g) with a low volume swelling ratio (7.21%) could achieve a maximum proton conductivity of 2.51 × 10−3 S/cm at a temperature as high as 150°C in anhydrous conditions © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of alpha‐tocopherol addition to polymeric coatings on the UV and heat resistance of a fibrous collagen material—chrome‐free leather
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Kung , Latona Nicholas P. , Ramos Mila
Published: July 2011

The US is the world's 3rd largest hide producing country and currently produces approximately 35 million cattle hides annually. The majority of hides are tanned into leather, which is composed of collagen fibers interwoven into fibrous networks. Most leather products are constantly exposed to outdoor environments, therefore UV and heat resistance are very important qualities, particularly for nonchrome‐tanned (chrome‐free) leather. In recent years, we have focused on using environmentally friendly antioxidants that will improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome‐free leather. Tocopherols are well‐known antioxidants commonly used in the cosmetic and food industries. They are known as potent free radical scavengers and highly protective agents for collagen fibers against UV damage. We have investigated their potential to improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome‐free leather. Experiments were conducted by adding 5–12% α‐tocopherol to the polymeric topcoat on the grain of chrome‐free leather. The treated samples were tested in a weatherometer, where they were exposed to artificial sunlight. Colorfastness and mechanical property tests showed that α‐tocopherol significantly improved UV and heat resistance of leather. Dynamic mechanical tests showed that α‐tocopherol reduced the hardening effects on leather caused by UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Properties and degradation behavior of surface functionalized MWCNT/poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) biodegradable nanocomposites
Authors: Amirian Maryam , Sui Jiehe , Chakoli Ali Nabipour , Cai Wei
Published: July 2011

In this research, poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PLACL) reinforced with well‐dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites were prepared by oxidization and functionalization of the MWCNT surfaces using oligomeric L‐lactide (LA) and ε‐caprolactone (CL). It is found that the surface functionalization can effectively improve the dispersion and adhesion of MWCNTs in PLACL. The surface functionalization will have a significant effect on the physical, thermomechanical, and degradation properties of MWCNT/PLACL composites. The tensile modulus, yield stress, tensile strength, and elongation at break of composite increased 49%, 60%, 70%, and 94%, respectively, when the concentration of functionalized MWCNTs in composite is 2 wt %. The in vitro degradation rate of nanocomposites in phosphate buffer solution increased about 100%. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of composites was decreased when the concentration of functionalized MWCNTs is 0.5 wt %. With further increasing the concentration of functionalized MWCNTs, the Tg was increased. The degradation kinetics of nanocomposites can be engineered and functionalized by varying the contents of pristine or functionalized MWCNTs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Glycidyl methacrylate grafted natural rubber: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical property
Authors: Juntuek Punmanee , Ruksakulpiwat Chaiwat , Chumsamrong Praneee , Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn
Published: July 2011

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto natural rubber (NR) using emulsion polymerization method. The structures of copolymers were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), solid state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The %grafting obtained from the gravimetric method and the absorbance ratio were compared. Effects of reaction temperature, GMA content, and reaction time on %grafting, grafting efficiency, and %conversion of GMA monomer were determined. Effect of %grafting on mechanical properties of the graft copolymer was studied. Experimental result showed that the appropriate reaction time was 8 h at a reaction temperature of 30°C. Moreover, tensile strength and modulus of the graft copolymer increased with increasing %grafting. However, elongation at break of the graft copolymer decreased with increasing %grafting. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 3152–3159, 2011
Remission of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: Application of the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2011 remission criteria
Authors: Shahouri Shadi H. , Michaud Kaleb , Mikuls Ted R. , Caplan Liron , Shaver Timothy S. , Anderson James D. , Weidensaul David N. , Busch Ruth E. , Wang Shirley , Wolfe Frederick
Published: July 2011

Objective

To describe use of the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remission criteria in clinical practice.

Methods

Remission was examined using data on 1,341 patients with RA (91% men) from the US Department of Veterans Affairs RA (VARA) registry (total of 9,700 visits) and 1,153 patients with RA (25.8% men) in a community rheumatology practice (Arthritis and Rheumatology Clinics of Kansas [ARCK]) (total of 6,362 visits). Cross‐sectional and cumulative probabilities were studied, and agreement between the various remission criteria was assessed. Aspects of reliability of the criteria were determined using Boolean‐based definitions, as well as the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) scoring methods proposed by the ACR/EULAR joint committee.

Results

When the 3‐variable ACR/EULAR definition of remission recommended for use in community practice (swollen and tender joint counts ≤1, and visual analog scale score for patient's global assessment of disease activity ≤1) was applied, cross‐sectional remission was 7.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 6.4, 8.7%) for ARCK and 8.9% (95% CI 7.9, 9.9%) for VARA, and cumulative remission (remission at any observation) was 18.0% (for ARCK) and 24.4% (for VARA), over a mean followup of ∼2.2 years. Addition of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C‐reactive protein level to the criteria set reduced remission to 5.0–6.2%, and use of the CDAI/SDAI increased the proportions to 6.9–10.1%. Moreover, 1.8–4.6% of the patients met remission criteria at ≥2 visits. Agreement between criteria definitions was good, as assessed by kappa statistics and Jaccard coefficients. Among patients in remission, the probability of a remission lasting 2 years was 6.0–14.1%. Among all patients, the probability of a remission lasting 2 years was <3%. Remission status and examination results for each patient varied substantially among physicians, as determined by multilevel analyses.

Conclusion

Cross‐sectional remission occurred in 5.0–10.1% of the patients in these cohorts, with cumulative remission being 2–3 times greater; however, long‐term remission was rare. Problems with reliability and agreement limit the usefulness of these criteria in the individual patient. However, the criteria can be an effective method for measuring clinical status and treatment effect in groups of patients in the community.
Interactions of human monoclonal and polyclonal antiphospholipid antibodies with serine proteases involved in hemostasis
Authors: Lambrianides Anastasia , Turner‐Stokes Tabitha , Pericleous Charis , Ehsanullah Jasmine , Papadimitraki Eva , Poulton Katie , Ioannou Yiannis , Lawrie Andrew , Mackie Ian , Chen Pojen , Latchman David , Isenberg David , Rahman Anisur , Giles Ian
Published: July 2011

Objective

To characterize the interaction between procoagulant and/or anticoagulant serine proteases and human monoclonal IgG antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and polyclonal IgG derived from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

Methods

Five human monoclonal IgG with small differences in their sequences were tested for binding to protein C, activated protein C, plasmin, factor VIIa (FVIIa), FIX, FIXa, and FXII. Serum levels of antithrombin and anti–activated protein C were compared in 32 patients with APS, 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 22 healthy controls. Purified polyclonal IgG derived from APS patients with elevated levels of serum antithrombin antibodies was also tested for its functional effects on thrombin and antithrombin activity.

Results

Studies of monoclonal antibodies showed that sequence changes in human aPL are important in determining their ability to bind procoagulant and anticoagulant/fibrinolytic serine proteases. Mean IgG antithrombin levels were significantly elevated in patients with APS and in SLE patients with aPL but no APS (SLE/aPL+) compared to healthy controls, but anti–activated protein C levels were not increased in these patients. Moreover, IgG purified from patients with APS displayed higher avidity for thrombin and significantly inhibited antithrombin inactivation of thrombin compared with IgG from SLE/aPL+ patients.

Conclusion

High‐avidity antithrombin antibodies, which prevent antithrombin inactivation of thrombin, distinguish patients with APS from SLE/aPL+ patients, and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular thrombosis in APS.
Improved assimilation of data from China's FY‐3A microwave temperature sounder
Authors: Lu Qifeng , Bell W. , Bormann N. , Bauer P. , Peubey C. , Geer A. J.
Published: July 2011

The FY‐3A microwave temperature sounder (MWTS) suffers from nonlinearities in the calibration of the radiometer and uncertainties in the radiometer passbands. Corrections have been developed and are assessed here by comparing recalibrated MWTS data with equivalent advanced microwave sounding unit‐A (AMSU‐A) observations. The corrections are effective in improving the first guess departure statistics for MWTS, relative to the original uncorrected data, to values close to those for AMSU‐A equivalent channels. In observing system experiments, MWTS observations improve the first guess fits for AMSU‐A observations. Forecast verification shows a systematic improvement by using the recalibrated data, e.g. forecasts of 200 hPa geopotential are improved to Day 3 in the SH by approximately 1%. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Rapid validation of cancer genes in chimeras derived from established genetically engineered mouse models
Authors: Huijbers Ivo J. , Krimpenfort Paul , Berns Anton , Jonkers Jos
Published: July 2011

Recent technological advances have opened the door for the fast and cost‐effective generation of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to study cancer. We describe here a conceptually novel approach for the generation of chimeric GEMMs based on the controlled introduction of various genetic elements in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are derived from existing mouse strains with a predisposition for cancer. The isolation of GEMM‐derived ESC lines is greatly facilitated by the availability of the newly defined culture media containing inhibitors that effectively preserve ESC pluripotency. The feasibility of the GEMM‐ESC approach is discussed in light of current literature and placed into the context of existing models. This approach will allow for fast and flexible validation of candidate cancer genes and drug targets and will result in a repository of GEMM‐ESC lines and corresponding vector collections that enable easy distribution and use of preclinical models to the wider scientific community.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of lacosamide, an antiepileptic drug, in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kim Soo‐Jin , Koo Tae‐Sung , Ha Dong‐Jin , Baek Myoungki , Lee Sang‐Kil , Shin Dong‐Soo , Moon Hongsik
Published: July 2011

A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of an antiepileptic drug, lacosamide, in rat plasma. The method involves the addition of acetonitrile and internal standard solution to plasma samples, followed by centrifugation. An aliquot of the supernatant was diluted with water and directly injected into the LC/MS/MS system. The separations were performed on column packed with octadecylsilica (5 µm, 2.0 × 50 mm) with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase, and the detection was performed on tandem mass spectrometry by the multiple‐reaction monitoring via an electrospray ionization source. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range from 0.3 to 1000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.3 ng/mL using 50 μL of rat plasma sample. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision and accuracy were found to be less than 11.7 and 8.8%, respectively. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of lacosamide in rats. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720): Anatomist and papal physician
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Chen Justin , Dixit Vidya , Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios
Published: July 2011

Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720) was an Italian physician who made significant contributions to many fields of medicine. De subitaneis mortibus was the first autoptic manuscript, suggesting that myocardial disease was a factor in a 1706 sudden death epidemic in Rome. His book De motu cordis et aneurysmatibus described the pathology and etiology of aneurysms, and Tractatus de urinis was the first discussion of the physiological mechanism of urine formation. Arguably, Lancisi's most notable medical contribution was the anatomical description of the medial longitudinal striae of the corpus callosum, in addition to other documents he wrote in the field of neurology. Aside from his medical work, Lancisi developed the “stamping out” method for eradication of the cattle plague in Europe, and he contributed to early work in malarial research. Lancisi was a multifaceted man with vast interests outside of medicine including language and literature. Over the course of his life, Lancisi opened his own medical library, was chair of anatomy for 13 years at Sapienza University, and served as papal physician to three popes. Clin. Anat. 24:802–806, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical verification and designation of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle
Authors: Lee Ju‐Young , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Kim Soon‐Heum , Choi Hyun‐Gon , Hu Kyung‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Jin , Song Wu‐Chul , Koh Ki‐Seok
Published: July 2011

The temporalis muscle, which is one of the masticatory muscles, enables elevation and retraction of the mandible. Direct injury to the temporalis muscle, facial nerve, or temporal fat pad during cranial‐base surgery can cause temporal hollowing. The temporalis muscle is currently described in almost all atlases and textbooks as comprising a single layer. In this study, a superficial layer of the temporalis muscle is described, clarifying the anatomy of this muscle. Twenty heads of adult cadavers were dissected. The gross anatomy of the temporalis muscle was examined after removing the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial temporal fascia, and deep temporal fascia. The superficial layer of the temporalis muscle was clearly distinguishable from the deep layer. The superficial layer originated from the same region as the deep layer, and the muscle fibers of the two layers were intermingled in the superior part of the muscle. The deep layer of the temporalis muscle, which is referred to in textbooks and atlases simply as the temporalis muscle, was exposed after removing the superficial layer. The existence of this superficial layer was confirmed herein both histologically and by magnetic resonance imaging. Henceforth, the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle must be included in descriptions of the temporalis muscle in anatomy textbooks and atlases. The findings of this study are important not only from the perspective of simply acquiring correct anatomical knowledge, but also from the surgical perspective in preventing temporal hollowing during related surgical procedures. Clin. Anat. 25:176–181, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Label‐Free Nondestructive Discrimination of Colon Carcinoma Sublines and Biomolecular Insights into their Differential Hsp70 Expression: DNA/RNA Nucleobase Specific Changes
Authors: Donfack Patrice , Multhoff Gabriele , Materny Arnulf
Published: July 2011

Hsp70 is biologically relevant for its chaperon functions. The CX− and CX+ sublines, which derive from the parental colon carcinoma CX2 cell line, are accordingly very similar. They have been reported to be specifically different only in Hsp70 membrane expression, which is associated with immunostimulatory effects. CX−/CX+ have been phenotypically characterized by immunofluorescence studies and Raman spectroscopy combined with robust clustering and multivariate analysis. With the latter we address the potential of overall characterization for CX−/CX+ discrimination and gain molecular insights into Hsp70 differential expression. Due to their strong resemblance, CX− and CX+ show similar mean Raman spectra, which look indiscernible at first. Interestingly, their rather protein‐dominated Raman spectra reveal, besides changes in protein and amino acids, very specific changes in DNA/RNA nucleotides involving pyrimidine ring Raman hypochromic effects. Therefore, discriminating CX− from CX+ is ultimately achieved based on principal component scores. Because CX−/CX+ are associated with the same lipid marker, changes in proteins support lipid interactions with regulatory proteins. More importantly, changes observed in nucleobases, which are indicative of DNA/RNA–protein binding interactions, suggest transcription deregulations as participating precursor onsets of different transport mechanisms that lead to Hsp70 differential expression and associated phenotypic variation. Besides immunofluorescence, we have used Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis within an autologous tumor system for label‐free nondestructive cell‐subline discrimination, and demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first overall phenotypic monitoring with insights into Hsp70 differential expression. This might well prove to be useful for Raman label‐free cell‐sorting of the CX−/CX+ sublines.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Incipient Ferroelectrics Based on Ba4MNbxTa10‐xO30 Where M: Zn, Mg, Co, Ni.
Authors: Wang L. , Sakka Y. , Rusakov D. A. , Mozharivskyj Y. , Kolodiazhnyi T.
Published: July 2011

Structural, dielectric, magnetic, and Raman spectroscopic properties of the title compounds are determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Cost and Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Pure Single‐Crystalline ε‐Cu0.95V2O5 Nanoribbons: High Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Li‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Hu Wen , Zhang Xin‐bo , Cheng Yong‐liang , Wu Yao‐ming , Wang Li‐min
Published: July 2011

Pure single‐crystalline ε‐Cu0.95V2O5 nanoribbons are solvothermally synthesized from a dispersion of Cu(NO3)2 and V2O5 in acetophenone (autoclave, 200 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Band Structure, Optical Properties, and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Barium Niobium Phosphate Compounds (BaO—Nb2O5—P2O5).
Authors: Cho In Sun , Kim Dong Wook , Kim Dong Hoe , Shin Seong Sik , Noh Tae Hoon , Kim Dong Wan , Hong Kug Sun
Published: July 2011

BaNb2P2O11 (I) and Ba3Nb2P4O18 (II) are synthesized by solid state reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of BaCO3, Nb2O5, and (NH4)2HPO4 (1100—1200 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The U28 Nanosphere: What′s Inside?
Authors: Nyman May , Rodriguez Mark A. , Alam Todd M.
Published: July 2011

Compounds (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (X) containing the [UO2(O2)1.5]28 (U28) nanosphere are characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, and IR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: New (Bi1.88Fe0.12) (Fe1.42Te0.58)O6.87 Pyrochlore with Spin‐Glass Transition.
Authors: Babu Gunda Santosh , Valant Matjaz , Page Katharine , Llobet Anna , Kolodiazhnyi Taras , Axelsson Anna‐Karin
Published: July 2011

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Bi2O3, TeO2, and Fe2O3 (O2 atmosphere, 530 and 840 °C for 5 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Pr5Ni19 Superlattice Alloy and Its Hydrogen Absorption—Desorption Property.
Authors: Iwase Kenji , Sakaki Kouji , Matsuda Junko , Nakamura Yumiko , Ishigaki Toru , Akiba Etsuo
Published: July 2011

The title compound is synthesized by arc melting of Pr and Ni metals under Ar followed by annealing at 1403 K and quenching in ice water.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Tetrameric German‐closo‐dodecaborate Silver Halides.
Authors: Dimmer Joerg‐Alexander , Wesemann Lars
Published: July 2011

Compounds (III) and (VI) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Lanthanide—Silver Heterometallic Coordination Frameworks Constructed from Oxalate and Sulfate Anion: Syntheses, Structures, and Photoluminescent Properties.
Authors: Xiao Xueying , Wei Yongqin , Zheng Wenxu , Wu Kechen
Published: July 2011

The crystal structures of (III), (V), and (VII) are determined by single crystal XRD.