bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Poisson ratio analysis
Authors: Amaral M.F.  , Viana da Fonseca A.  , Carvalho J.  , Consoli N.C.
Published: February 2025

The dynamic Poisson ratio is a complex calculation parameter mainly considering the standard existing equipment in some Geotechnical laboratories. Nevertheless, this dynamic property can be easily calculated through a simple relationship – based on the theory of elasticity – between the propagation velocities of two distinct elastic waves. Despite permitting an easy calculation of the dynamic Poisson ratio, the signals arrival instant – in regard to the above referred waves – are not always identifiable on the time domain basis of interpretation (Viana da Fonseca et al. [1]). For the analysis of the dynamic Poisson's ratio, three types of elastic waves were taken into consideration. For soil-cement specimens – studied in this paper – were calculated the compression wave velocity VP, Bar wave velocity VLand shear wave velocity VS. Properties like the dynamic confined modulus Mdin, dynamic modulus of elasticity Edinand dynamic shear modulus Gdinwere also intended. The cross comparison between the dynamic Poisson ratios computed by different waves is used to ensure the chosen arrival instances based on time domain interpretation. In this paper it is also preformed a dynamic Poisson ratio recalculation in order to evaluate the parameter sensitivity regarding the equipment resolution concluding in the possibility to estimate fair values of υdinfrom the presented tests.
Station d'essais de chutes de blocs dans les Alpes françaises: premiers retours d'expériences
Authors: Bost M.  , Rocher-Lacoste F.  , Goyat Y.  , Dubois L.  , Feregotto M.  , Gineys J.
Published: February 2025

La construction d'une station d'essais de chutes de blocs dans les Alpes françaises, par l'Institut Français des Sciences, des Technologies, des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), est l'aboutissement d'un projet piloté depuis 1988 par les services du Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement (MEDDTL) qui est en charge des infrastructures et de la prévention des risques naturels. Cette station, mise en service à la fin de l'année 2009, est un équipement unique en France. La station est accessible aux entreprises, aux bureaux d'études et aux organismes de recherche (universités) pour la réalisation d'essais concernant des problématiques à forts enjeux : développement et certification d'écrans de filets pare-blocs, développement d'ouvrages de protection innovants contre les éboulements rocheux, amélioration de la connaissance du comportement des matériaux sous sollicitations dynamiques, etc.
Case study of a dewatering and recharge system in weak chalk rock
Authors: Roberts T.O.L.  , Holmes G.
Published: February 2025

This case study describes the challenges involved in designing a dewatering and recharge system for a deep excavation in weak chalk rock supported by a diaphragm wall. The procedures used to assess the permeability profile which controls flows under a partial cut-off are considered in some detail. Back analysis of the installed scheme is used to review the accuracy of the design assumptions and suggestions are made for improving the design approach for future schemes.
HSS model adequacy in performance-based seismic design approach, Filyos New Port, Turkey
Authors: Sigarán-Loría C.  , Jaspers Focks D.J.
Published: February 2025

A performance-based seismic design of quay walls in a new port in the north of Turkey is described in this paper. The project site lies in the north of Turkey at the Black Sea coast. The quay walls have a total length of near 3000 m and variable quay retaining heights, ranging from 14 to 22 m. Following the national (Turkish) code, a controlled performance level (repairable) was specified in the design approach. Non-linear seismic analyses were executed with two-dimensional FEM models for an earthquake scenario of 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The hardening soil small-strain (HSS) constitutive model was used since it has the capability to reproduce the steady change in stiffness with strain, incorporating hysteretic damping. Representative strong motions were selected, filtered and scaled, and eventually implemented in the FEM models, according to the project needs. The adequacy of the models was analyzed with a theoretical solution. For the particular geotechnical and seismic conditions of this project, it was found that for a 5% damping the seismic response was accurately modeled for the frequency range below 4 Hz. Higher frequencies were underdamped. The dynamic analysis with the FEM models resulted in a more economic and optimal design, in comparison to a pseudo-static approach.
Comparison of two different primary support structures in Thirra tunnel, R. Albania in weak rock conditions
Authors: Lamov Lj.
Published: February 2025

Tunnel Thirra-Kalimash by the design is constructed as two bored tubes, South tube and North tube. The length of the South tube is 5470 m and of the North tube is 5480 m. According to the geotechnical conditions the North side of the tube is in serpentinized dunitite, the South side is entirely in the gabbro. In the middle part of the rock formation where the tunnel has to be excavated a formation of piroksenite is expected. Accordinng to resticted geotechnical investigations a broad presumed fault zone is expected in the piroksenite rock formation. With the start of the works rock mass conditions were not fully defined. Due to the geological overbuden in the middle of tunnel, huge convergences are occured which result in collapse of middle part of South tube. A new design for this part of South and North tube has been developed on base of NATAM methodology in tunnel excavation. This approach results in excellent prevention of convergences and enable efective finishing of tunnel xcavation and finishing works.
Athens Metro line 3 – Western extension – Trumpet area
Authors: Schina S.  , Charalampidou A.
Published: February 2025

In the western extension of the Athens Metro line 3 (Airport – Egaleo) and in the section between K.P. 1+522.474 ÷ K.P. 1+595.000, a single-track tunnel (from the depot) and a double-track tunnel (from Egaleo station) approach each other creating a transition zone leading to a triple – track tunnel. The transition zone, called trumpet area, is divided into three subareas, each one with a special geometrical and technical interest, area A and areas B1 & B. In area A the two tunnels are still separate but very close to each other, leaving a very thin mass of ground between them. As the stability of this thin pillar is rather unsafe, a special construction method is designed to ensure the safety of the project. In areas B & B1, as the two tunnels come even closer, no intermediate ground is left and it is necessary to excavate a section quite larger than a triple-track tunnel section. The conventional tunnelling method is chosen for the excavation, as it is a method adjustable to complex geometries. This paper presents the design of all three areas giving attention to their particularity. The tunnels are completed and operating since November 2007.
Impact of sulfates on the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a cement-clay mix
Authors: Di Emidio G.  , Verástegui Flores R.D.
Published: February 2025

Self-hardening cement-clay materials are regularly employed as vertical containment barriers to isolate polluted soils or in ground improvement technologies. In this study, a nondestructive technique is proposed as an alternative method to monitor the hardening of cement-treated clay and its hydraulic conductivity at the same time. For this purpose, bender elements were installed in a flexible wall hydraulic conductivity cell. In that way, the shear wave velocity, the small-strain shear modulus (G)as well as the hydraulic conductivity of the same sample could be monitored at various time intervals. G0is strongly influenced by interparticle cementation, therefore, an increase in G0with time can be expected under normal curing conditions. However, interparticle cementation could be severely affected by contact with sulfates which can be present in polluted solutions and are particularly aggressive to cement, with a consequent possible decrease of G0. This behavior was demonstrated out of experimental work carried out on cement-treated kaolin clay. Monitoring of G0was shown to provide valuable additional information to study the impact of sulfate attack on the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a cement-clay mixtures.
Laterally cyclic loading of monopile in dense sand
Authors: Klinkvort R.T.  , Hededal O.  , Svensson M.
Published: February 2025

In order to investigate the response from laterally cyclic loading of monopiles a large centrifuge tests series is ongoing at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). This paper will present some of the tests carried out with a focus on the influence of accumulation of rotation when changing the loading conditions. In these tests the load conditions are controlled by two load characteristics, one controlling the level of the cyclic loading and one controlling the characteristic of the cyclic loading. The centrifuge tests were performed in dense dry sand on a pile with prototype dimensions as following: The diameter of the pile was d = 2 m, the penetration depth of the pile was L = 6 d = 12 m and a load eccentricity of e = 15 d = 30 m. The loading of the pile was performed with a load setup which applies the load on the monopile in a manner that corresponds to the load condition for a monopile used for wind turbine foundation. This is important in order to get the right failure mechanism in the sand. The load frame is controlled with a feedback system which enables force controlled load series. A total number of 8 tests have been carried. In all of the tests, the pile was loaded with 500 load controlled cycles and for the entire test series ccumulation of rotation was seen.
Mechanical properties of low plasticity clayey soil of the embedded Daugava ancient river channel in the foundation of Plavinas Dam, Latvia
Authors: Dišlere S.  , Pāruma D.
Published: February 2025

Daugava River is the largest river in Latvia, and it has been developed for hydropower with the construction of dams at three sites namely Plavinas, Kegums and Riga HPP. In the 1960s the largest of the three hydroelectric power plants - Plavinas Power Plant, having a considerably higher head than the other two and a relatively large reservoir, was built up. It is built across an ancient pre-glacial river channel, which is filled with glacial deposits up to 137 m or more thick.
Essais de cisaillement direct sur interfaces sol granulaire-structure chargées à très grand nombre de cycles et interprétation préliminaire
Authors: Pra-Ai S.  , Boulon M.
Published: February 2025

On présente une série d'essais de cisaillement direct cycliques sur des interfaces sable de Fontainebleau / matériau rugueux, représentant la situation le long de pieux métalliques soumis à un grand nombre de cycles d'origine environnementale ou anthropique. Il s'agit d'un grand nombre (104) de petits cycles (10 kPa en contrainte de cisaillement) car les charges de service ne sont pas supposées conduire à une rupture rapide. Une attention particulière est portée à la prise en compte de la perte de sable entre boîte et plaque rugueuse, inhérente à ce type d'essais. Il est intéressant de constater, selon la compacité du sable, et la position du «centre des cycles »dans le plan des contraintes, un comportement dilatant ou contractant, conforme à «l'état caractéristique »développé par Luong. Le rôle du chemin de cisaillement (contrainte normale constante, ou rigidité normale imposée) est également souligné. En vue de simulations par la méthode des éléments finis, ces essais seront interprétés et formulés dans le futur selon un cadre visco-plastique, le nombre de cycles tenant lieu de temps fictif. Ces travaux sont effectués dans le cadre de l'ANR SOLCYP, acronyme de «Recherches sur le comportement des pieux soumis à des sollicitations cycliques ».
Landslide stabilization along a national road
Authors: Farcas V.  , Ilies N.  , Popa A.  , Gherman C.  , Muresan O.  , Molnar I.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents the investigation program and slope stability analysis of an active landslide situated on National road DN 1, major traffic way in Transylvania, Romania. Slope stability analysis was performed using Geo Fine software, considering circular or polygonal sliding surfaces and using GFAS software, applying FEM method. The investigation program is continued by a monitoring program to determine movements on the site and ground water table variation. On the site were placed inclinometers and piezometers, where the slope stability analysis indicates a lower value of the safety factor than the acceptable one.
The transitional behavior of loosely compacted completely decomposed granite
Authors: Zhang J.J.  , Cheuk C.Y.
Published: February 2025

Recent research reveals that sandy soil with different portions of fines exhibit very different behavior and may not be explained by established soil mechanics theories. This study aims to shed light on the various aspects of loosely compacted completely decomposed granite (CDG) through stress-path controlled triaxial tests. A series of consolidated undrained tests (CU) were conducted on remoulded CDG specimens, which were prepared at different densities. It has been observed that the isotropic compression line and critical state line are not unique if soil specimens were prepared at different initial compactions. This behavior deviates from the critical state soil mechanics framework for pure clays or pure sands. The remoulded soil appears to display transitional behavior. The second part of the investigation involved stress-path controlled triaxial tests including anisotropic consolidated undrained tests (KU) to simulate the stress path of a soil element in a slope subjected to rainfall infiltration.
Deformation of cylindrical cavities in cross-anisotropic rock
Authors: Blioumi A.  , Kolymbas D.
Published: February 2025

Rocks composed of parallel layers (sedimentation or schistosity) belong to the so-called cross-anisotropic materials. The determination of the material properties of these rocks requires laboratory tests in samples whose foliation has variable orientations with respect to the loading axes. However this is often not feasible for rocks with pronounced foliation: the rock disintegrates during the extraction of the samples.
Propriétés mécaniques d'une marne
Authors: Serratrice J.F.
Published: February 2025

La communication présente les résultats d'essais triaxiaux à haute pression, de fluage et de gonflement qui ont été réalisés sur une marne argileuse à gréseuse dans le cadre d'un projet de tunnel. L'analyse des propriétés de déformabilité, de résistance de fluage et de gonflement s'appuie sur la connaissance du comportement des marnes et fait référence à des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur des sols indurés similaires. La dispersion des propriétés mécaniques observée dans chaque type d'essais s'explique en partie par la variabilité de la compacité de la marne. Mais elle dépend largement aussi des variations lithologiques locales du matériau.
Experience of the unique building foundation design in conditions of combined karst and landslide risk
Authors: Gotman A.L.  , Gotman N.Z.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents the experience of the unique building foundation design in soil conditions characterizing with karst and landslide risk.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations under highly eccentric and inclined loads
Authors: Papadopoulos V.  , Arapakou A.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main factors affecting the characteristic resistance of shallow foundations subjected to inclined and highly eccentric loadings through numerical limit analyses. The parametric analyses are performed according to the finite element method by using computer programs PLAXIS 2-D and 3-D for strip and square foundations. The results from these analyses are compared with those deduced by the conventional methods for calculating the bearing capacity of the soil. Cases of cohesive soils under undrained conditions as well as of cohesionless soils are examined. For the simplest cases, such as central loading with or without inclination of the resultant and vertical eccentric loading, certain modifying factors are confirmed. A good approximation between the results from finite element analyses and those from the conventional methods is also concluded. On the contrary, the simultaneous effect of high eccentricity and inclination of the resultant shows that the finite element method results in considerably higher values of the characteristic resistance, mainly for square foundations resting on cohesionless soils.
Kinematic interaction between retaining walls and retained footings under dynamic loading
Authors: Papazafeiropoulos G.  , Tsompanakis Y.  , Psarropoulos P.N.
Published: February 2025

In this study the kinematic soil–foundation interaction problem for a massless surface strip footing retained by a wall is examined. Transfer functions for horizontal, vertical and rocking response of the foundation are evaluated via two different approaches that utilize the finite element method. Satisfactory agreement is shown to exist between them. Moreover, the vertical and rocking accelerations of the foundation are compared to its horizontal acceleration. It is shown that the presence of the retaining wall alters substantially the foundation response and introduces significant vertical and rocking motion.
Barettes socketed to bedrock assesment of their load capacity
Authors: Turan Durgunoglu H.  , Fatih Kulac H.  , Ikiz S.  , Sutcuoglu M.  , Akcakal O.
Published: February 2025

A new covered sports complex is planned to be constructed at the Asian part of the city of Istanbul. The site is an old rock quarry and later has been utilized as a landfill basin to accumulate soils and trush excavated from various locations. Main lithological unit underlain the top uncontrolled fill is, limestone, sandstone and shale at various locations and depths. The city of Istanbul is potentially under the influence area of the North Anatolian Fault – NAF of the Turkey. The planned structure for the sports arena is a dome supported on largely spaced columns at upper levels. Maximum vertical loads as large as 1,250 tons will be transferred to foundations by means of these columns. The high seismicity of the site with very inheteregenous and poor subsoil conditions bring a big challenge for the design of foundations. Consequently, it was decided to implement barrette foundations socketed in to the underlying bedrock in order to satisfy the imposed performance criteria. The barrettes of 0.80m x 2.80m in dimension are planned to be implemented under the each column. The socket length to be implemented within the underlying bedrock are related to the service loads and the shear resistance of socket interface. The shear resistance of the socket interface is estimated using various empirical equations utilizing compressive strength of the bedrock, in the design stage. Osterberg test procedure has been employed for the estimation and verification of barrette capacities socketed into the bedrock. The load cell is placed at the center of the socket and specially constructed barrette has been instrumented and loaded to 2,500 tons at a early stage of the construction. The results are critically evaluated and compared with the estimated design values.
Prediction of the axial load response of open-ended pipe piles in glacial soils
Authors: Gavin K.  , Doherty P.  , Bevin J.  , Twomey L.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a case history describing the installation and load testing of a 610 mm diameter, steel tubular piles, driven into glacial soils at Greystones Harbour to support a new pier structure. The pile resistance during installation and subsequent static load testing is compared to the results of driving analyses, dynamic load tests and predictions made using simple non-linear models which are commonly used in industry. Simple pile capacity and non-linear settlement models which can be implemented in a spreadsheet format are shown to provide excellent predictions of the pile response. A particular strength of these models is that settlements under working load were predicted accurately, a key feature of design to new limit state methods.
Effects of crushing on pile point bearing capacity in sand tested in a geotechnical centrifuge
Authors: Stoevelaar R.  , Bezuijen A.  , van Lottum H.  , van Tol A.F.
Published: February 2025

The pile tip bearing capacity in sand is tested at different depths and g-levels in a geotechnical centrifuge. Aim of the experiments was to investigate the influence of crushing on the tip bearing capacity. Different installation techniques were applied. Some piles were jacked with a constant velocity until a certain depth; other piles were also jacked but with sinus superimposed on the constant displacement rate, so that the piles were lifted for 0.1 or 0.2 mm (model dimensions) before it were pushed further. The last procedure was used to simulate the cyclic effect of pile driving (the dynamic effect was not simulated). Crushing was found when the pile tip stress exceeded approximately 15 MPa. However, no significant effect on the bearing capacity could be found.
Use of CRS test to predict settlement in an Irish silt
Authors: Carroll R.A.
Published: February 2025

The prediction of settlement is traditionally associated with obtaining parameters from incremental load oedometer testing. An alternative method is the Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) test, which is rapid in comparison to the traditional test. Here an assessment of the predictions for settlement using the CRS test will presented for an Irish estuarine silt from the west of Ireland encountered during road design and construction. A comparison of laboratory based settlement predictions will be made to in-situ measurements from settlement plates in this case study. A detailed characterisation of the silt will be presented. A background to the CRS test and the procedures used will be discussed. Janbu's 1D consolidation theory will be explored for use with silts instead of Terzaghi's 1D consolidation theory to analyse settlement. This paper will demonstrate that Janbu's method of settlement analysis accurately predicts the actual settlement for a typical monitoring location at Foynes.
An experimental study on the compression and collapse behaviour of a natural loess from Northern France
Authors: Muñoz-Castelblanco J.A.  , Delage P.  , Pereira J.M.  , Cui Y.J.
Published: February 2025

In relation with some stability problems of loess deposits, observed during heavy rain episodes along the high speed train line North (LGV Nord) linking Paris to Brussels, an investigation of the collapse behaviour of intact loess blocks, extracted at a site near to the train line (city of Bapaume, Northern france), has been conducted. This loess has a high sensibility to collapse due to wetting under a constant vertical stress. In this work, collapse-on-wetting tests were conducted in loess specimens extracted from the depth 1m under constant vertical stress of 200 kPa and 19 kPa (this last value is close to the in-situ vertical stress of 16 kPa). Tests were performed by two techniques: constant strain rate (CSR) tests and step loading (SL) tests. Evolution of suction upon loading was measured by means of an in-house constructed high capacity tensiometer. The results show a higher collapse strain at the in-situ vertical stress evidencing the unsaturated structured behaviour of the material at the in-situ hydric state. The effects of varying the strain rate on the compressibility and yielding behaviour of loess were also studied, observing the time-dependent behaviour of the former at the in-situ unsaturated state. A microstructure observation (SEM photo) suggests that the resistance of the microstructure should not be homogeneous based on the irregular position of existing clay aggregations between a metastable arrangement of silt grains. Clearly, collapse under wetting should occur by the densification of the areas where grains are clean with large pores around them. The zones in which the porosity is filled by clay aggregation should be more resistant and locally less sensitive to collapse.
Solving hydro-mechanical problems with the material point method
Authors: Yerro Colom A.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the ongoing work aimed at developing the material point method (MPM) to solve geomechanical problems. Although MPM is usually classified as a mesh-free method, it might rather be classified as a method in between the well-known finite element method (FEM) and true particle-based methods. MPM uses two different discretizations. One is the Lagrangian discretization and the other one is the Eulerian mesh. The advantages of both frames are exploited by mapping the appropriate data between them. The problem of mesh distortion, found with the Lagrangian FEM is eliminated. MPM proved to be a powerful tool for the simulation of large deformation problems, especially those involving complex geometries and contact boundaries. An important issue of this work is the coupling of hydraulic and mechanical aspects. Results in the context of a few idealized geotechnical problems are presented in this work in order to test the presented formulation.
Experimental investigation of “Atlant” anchor pile characteristics
Authors: Malinin D.A.  , Malinin A.G.
Published: February 2025

In this article in-situ and laboratory tests of “Atlant” anchor piles are described and the results are compared with other types of ancho piles.
Proof of Concept for a Decision Support System for Airport Strategic Planning (HARMOS)
Authors: Wijnen Roland A.A.  , Visser Hendrikus G.  , Walker Warren E.
Published: February 2025

Airport strategic planning is currently a rather cumbersome process, due to the complexity of the airport system and the wide variety of stakeholders involved. These stakeholders include airport authorities, air traffic service providers, airlines, regulatory agencies, and the general public. Historically, the airport planning process has usually been conducted with only a single objective in mind – that capacity should match revealed demand. Nowadays, the planning process is driven by many more objectives, such as safety, affordability, financial and economic benefits, and environmental impact, which have to be balanced. Currently, no integrated software tools, let alone decision support systems, are available that can be used to develop strategic plans for airport development. The HARMOS DSS has been developed to fill this gap. This paper demonstrates how the architecture of the HARMOS DSS supports an airport operator and its stakeholders to think and work together on airport strategic planning problems. We'll show how the design of the architecture involves stakeholders in the planning process, supports dealing with the uncertain future, and improves the efficiency of problem solving.
Small Aircraft Transport System as a Chance for Regional and Local Airports
Authors: Dziugiel Bartosz
Published: February 2025

Development of local and regional airports is the key for development of entire air transport sector. Due to low population density in the airports neighborhood, low expected passenger flow and very limited capacities it is uneconomic to transfer any part of large airliners traffic to them. Only small, up to 19 seat aircraft are able to operate from these small airports almost without restrictions. Despite the large number of local and regional airports in Europe it is very difficult to stimulate small aircraft traffic as their utilization costs are too high. The solution is a transport system which enables decrease in operational costs and increase of potential demand by extended service range. Conducted in the framework of European Personal Air Transportation System (EPATS) and Polish Small Aircraft Transport System (STMS) projects analyses indicate that there is a niche in transport. Inaccessibility of good quality, fast ways to travel especially in remote regions creates market need for Small Aircraft Transport System, an alternative for the most popular car trips, especially on a distance 250 km above. More environmentally friendly and more effective than car small aircraft enables realizing business trip in one-day time across whole territory of Poland. To bring the idea to reality it is necessary to develop new type of passenger aircraft tailored to typical small aircraft transport system (SATS) mission profile as well as more comfortable, more silent and greener than currently available in the market. Nevertheless potential demand is huge and as roads are getting more and more congested, developing of new mode of air transport appears to be essential for realization of European cohesion policy. Especially that economic and social cost are much lower.
Development of a Customer Value Forecasting Tool for Commercial Aircraft Wing Movables
Authors: Ariaans R.  , Curran R.  , Beelaerts van Blokland W.W.A.
Published: February 2025

The goal of this paper is to develop a tool to forecast the customer value of wing movables produced by a tier-one aircraft component manufacturer. From literature it was found that in general the value of a product is a function of performance, costs and availability. For the products under consideration the value is thus influenced by the performance efficiency, the functionality and the effect of the design on the direct operating costs of the aircraft. The effect of value levers on the customer value for a product is determined via a hedonic model, linking together the recurring price and the value induced by each individual value lever. In this model the effects of a change of each individual value lever are multiplied with a customer weighting factor and summed together. Together with the recurring price this will give an indication of the value of a product as perceived by the customer.
The influence of sustainment contract types on product reliability
Authors: Rakers Remco
Published: February 2025

Aero engine Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) generate more than half of their revenue from aftermarket services. This research investigates the effect of two main categories of sustainment contracts in this industry, namely Time & Material Contracts (T&MCs) and Outcome-Based Contracts (OBCs), on defense aero engine reliability. A Rolls-Royce dataset with military aero engine repairs is analyzed by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and survival analysis with the semi-parametric Cox model and the parametric Weibull model. Results from an existing study on the civil sector are used to compare the defense with the civil aero engine aftermarket.
Model and field testing of single pile in condition of Karaganda coal field soil
Authors: Zhussupbekov Askar
Published: February 2025

Nowadays we have a lot of research dedicated to creation simple model of study elasto-plastic behaviour of soil because of highly developing of numerical methods to studying mechanical properties of soil. The modelling by using equivalent material is one of the ways to study stress-strain condition of soil around of pile. The results of model tests of Karaganda (city of Kazakhstan) coal field soil are presented in this paper. Karaganda's soil presented by loam soil. Special equivalent material was created, tested and used for simulation of Karaganda's soil presented by mixture of sand and spindle oil. After all single pile it was modelled by using equivalent material with a view to definition influence horizontal deformation of soil basement to stress-strain condition and bearing capacity of modelled pile foundation.
Simulation of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in sandy deposits using energy-based approach
Authors: Dung N.T.  , Chung S.G
Published: February 2025

Standard penetration test (SPT) is one of the most popular and economical field tests and its derived parameters are still extensively used for practical applications. Although the test is very popular in practice, its entire behavior during driving has rarely been depicted to date. This paper presents an attempt to simulate the entire behavior of the SPT by using the energy balance approach. The mechanism of driving SPT sampler was conceptually modeled as that of a miniature open-ended pile, which requires basic in-situ parameters of sand as input parameters. From the simulated results, a complete profile of blow counts versus cumulative penetrations can be obtained. The proposed approach was well validated by comparing the simulated results with well-documented data obtained from two experimental sites.
Countermeasure for Liquefaction to Runway Ground by Application of Chemical Grouting Method
Authors: Ikeno Katsuya  , Mitou Masaaki  , Nakazawa Hiroshi  , Sugano Takahiro
Published: February 2025

In this study, the effect of partial soil improvement against liquefaction by a chemical grouting method is examined. In this proposed method, an unimproved liquefiable layer of uniform thickness is laid over the entire target area. Both model-scale and full-scale experiments were conducted in order to confirm the deformation characteristics of the runway ground. Following these experiments, we simulated the behavior of the runway pavement under a seismic load and the process of consolidation following liquefaction by conducting an effective stress analysis based on a finite element method. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained: the partial soil improvement ratio reaches 70–100% when the chemical grouting method is applied as a countermeasure against the liquefaction of the runway ground.
Small strain properties of undisturbed gravelly soils retrieved from tunnel excavation sites in Japan
Authors: Koseki Junichi  , Qureshi Obaid Hassan  , Maqbool Sajjad  , Sato Takeshi  , Miyashita Yukika  , Kuwano Reiko
Published: February 2025

A series of triaxial compression tests was performed on undisturbed gravelly soils that were retrieved from two tunnel excavation sites in Toyama prefecture, Japan. At each site, cylindrical samples having a dimension of 30 cm in diameter and about 100 cm in height were retrieved from the excavated base by employing a special coring method using thick water-soluble polymer. A specimen having a height of 50 to 60 cm was trimmed from these samples, and it was set to a large-scale triaxial testing apparatus. In the course of isotropic consolidation and drained triaxial compression, small strain deformation properties were measured by both static and dynamic methods and compared to each other. As a result, small strain Young's moduli and shear moduli which were obtained by static and dynamic measurements, respectively, increased with the increase in the effective stress levels in a manner that was similar to each other.
Mechanisms Controlling the Undrained Strength Behavior of Landfill linier Clay
Authors: Abolhassan Naeini Seyed  , Ali Jahanfar Mohammad  , Ahmad Monshi
Published: February 2025

Due to their low permeability Compacted clay liners (CCLs) are the main materials used in waste disposal landfills. This study was experimentally examined the effect of using of two different inorganic salt solution on the shear resistance of clays as permeated fluid. For this reason, NaCl and MgCl2inorganic salt solutions at concentrations of 2, 5 and 10% and deionized water were consumed. Laboratory vane and direct shear tests were organized in three compacted clays such as low, medium and high plasticity (by adding 10% and 30% bentonite to the clay). Basically clay structure controls the undrained shear strength. The two opposite in soil structure are flocculated structure and dispersed structure. There are three processes to convert these two opposite soil structures, specifically (a) ions chemically attracted by isomorphism substitution phenomena (b) ions chemically attracted by broken bonds (c) ions electrochemically attracted by negative charge surfaces. It is examine in the paper that why 2% NaCl provides maximum shear strength while 2% MgCl2shows the minimum. With 5 % MgCl2the flocculated structure of clay would occur. Raising salt concentrations to over the maximum strength of flocculated structure offer repulsion and dispersed structure.
Investigating the influence of microstructure, loading history and fissuring on the clay response
Authors: Cotecchia Federica  , Mitaritonna Giuseppina  , Vitone Claudia
Published: February 2025

This lecture outlines a research approach, procedure and strategy aimed at the development of clay modeling in the context of natural clays of varying geological history. The aim is at providing evidence of the clay features causing given behavioral facets, at the micro to the meso-scale, in order to connect classes of behavior and corresponding models, to classes of clays. The approach to micro-macro is not that of deducing macro-behavior from modeling the micro-processes, not so feasible for clays, but to join systematically the knowledge of the micro to meso features and processes and the observations of macro-response. The procedure entails the development of analyses spanning from those generally carried out in clay science, at the micro-scale, to characterizations of the meso-scale, to analysis through element testing of the macro-behavior. Furthermore, the procedure includes studies of the geological history of the material. Examples of application of the research strategy to different case studies are presented, that document how it is possible to both identify the internal factors generating given clay behavioral facets and model clay behavior within a simple general framework. This framework represents an example of formalization of the variability of clay response with the micro to meso-features of the clay.
Threshold stress and deformation characteristics of clay subgrade for railway tracks
Authors: Loh Richard B.H.  , Nikraz Hamid R.
Published: February 2025

Clay subgrade beneath railway track experiences stress of cyclic nature that can result in progressive shear failure at a stress level lower than the clay monotonic strength. This paper described the effective stress analysis of threshold stress and the deformation characteristics from a series of cyclic undrained triaxial tests carried out on reconstituted kaolin clay, which simulates the behavior of clay subgrade under cyclic loading conditions due to the loading of passing trains/vehicles. Cyclic loading frequency typical to that experienced by railway track foundations near subgrade surface was employed. In addition, a critical state model is proposed for predicting threshold stress of saturated clay under undrained cyclic compression without resorting to lengthy laboratory testing. Validated by observed tests data, the model provides a lower-bound solution of the threshold stress of clay subgrade for rail tracks, from the measured values of fundamental soil properties, based on consolidation history and current state of stress.
Mechanical Characteristics of Air-Trapped Soils (ATSs)
Authors: Hwang Woong-Ki  , Lee Young-Jun  , Park Lee-Keun  , Ryu Ji Hoon  , Kim Tae-Hyung
Published: February 2025

This study was experimentally investigated for the development of air-trapped soils with uniform quality. Previously, EPS blocks were often used as lightweight embankment, but many problems such as the level difference and cracks caused by plastic (creep) deformation were occurred in the EPS blocks. After that, Lightweight Air-mixed Soil method using in-situ soils has been developed and applied to fields. In comparison with EPS block, Lightweight Air-mixed Soils have less creep deformation in long-time, but the strength characteristics of them are different depending on soils where they are obtained. Therefore, the quality management of them is very difficult. In this study, therefore, another lightweight soil called Air-Trapped Soil (ATS) was investigated. The ATS was prepared using only sand manufactured in the factory and its quality can be a stable. To determine the characteristics of ATSs, unconfined compressive test and splitting tensile test were conducted.
Experimental Observations on the Critical State of Granular Materials
Authors: Modoni G.  , Gazzellone A.
Published: February 2025

A wide class of constitutive models adopts Critical State as a reference concept to capture the combined dependency of the stress-strain response of granular materials on initial density and stress level. A controversial issue is however represented by the experimental determination of Critical State Locus (CSL), since steadiness of stresses and volume is asymptotically approached at very large strains where sample distortion and strain localization make evaluation of state variables largely inaccurate. These difficulties are herein discussed based on the results of triaxial tests performed on granular materials compacted at different initial void ratios and sheared at different confining stresses. Experimental issues of CSL are then presented based on the comparison among test results obtained on a wide variety of materials including an assembly of uniform steel balls, two artificial sandy compounds and three natural gravels. This comparative analysis shows a large influence of grading on the parameters defining the position of CSL. A comparison between triaxial compression and extension tests is finally presented with the aim of evaluating the dependency of CSL on the stress path.
Experimental investigation and theoretical modelling of soft soils from mining deposits
Authors: Herle Ivo  , Mašín David  , Kostkanová Vladislava  , Karcher Christian  , Dahmen Dieter
Published: February 2025

Overburden soils from open pit mines of the company RWE Power AG are excavated with bucket wheels and transported with band conveyors to dump heaps. The deposition of the waste soils takes place within so-called regular sections. In order to perform stability computations one needs a geotechnical characterization of the involved soils, and in particular representative values of shear strength. Undrained shear strengths from laboratory and field testing are subjected to enormous scatter which makes the definition of the representative values difficult. Therefore, a concept for a reliable determination of the undrained shear strength of waste soils in mine heaps has been introduced. It is based on a hypoplastic constitutive model for fine-grained soils which takes into account the influence of soil state (in this case represented by consistency) on the undrained shear strength. The accompanying experimental investigations include extensive laboratory testing as well as large-scale field tests suitable for a statistical evaluation. The results of numerical calculations yield an experimentally justified statistical distribution of undrained shear strengths immediately after the soil deposition. A subsequent FE analysis of the consolidation behaviour provides the time-dependent values.
A Framework of Emotional Speech Synthetise Using Musical Knowledge
Authors: Kurematsu Masaki  , Chiba Hiroki  , Fujita Hamido  , Hakura Jun
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we proposed a method to express emotion in a synthetic speech according to musical knowledge. We define the pitch of each phoneme in speech using an accent dictionary in the first step. Next, we arrange parameters for this synthetic speech to express given emotion in a synthetic speech. Firstly, we arrange tempo, volume and pitch of speech. Next, we arrange pitch of each syllable and connection of syllables. Finally, we arrange pitch of each phoneme according to chord-scale. We decide how to arrange these features according to knowledge from empirical researches about expression emotion in music. In order to evaluate this approach, we did an experiment. The experimental results saw that there was difference between emotion estimated by examinees and emotion tried to express by our approach. However, we could divide emotion in speech into positive and negative. So, we evaluated that the possibility of our approach to express emotion in synthetic speech.
A Neural Multiplexer to Improve Soft-Sensors Performances
Authors: Maniscalco Umberto  , Pilato Giovanni
Published: February 2025

This work presents a methodology to improve soft sensors performances in spatial forecast of environmental parameters. To this aim, we substitute a single soft sensor based on a single neural network with a more complex connectionist system that we call the HyperSensor. HyperSensor is built by a set of soft sensors; each one based on a specific neural model and a gating neural network, which plays the role of a stochastic selector. HyperSensor wraps the best characteristics of different neural network models through the gating network, which selects the best performing soft sensor according to the current input. In other words, HyperSensor is able to independently choose the best instrument of measure to get the best performance.
A Twofold Parsing Strategy for Italian Court Decisions
Authors: Francesconi Enrico  , Pratelli Tommaso
Published: February 2025

This work presents a parsing approach able to extract relevant knowledge from judgements. It is based on finite state automata and Hidden Markov Models, as a compromise solution between NLP and machine learning approaches for case texts parsing. The approach is tested on a dataset of Italian court decisions to provide a support to their automatic structuring and semantic indexing.
Stomach – Genetic and epigenetic alterations of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions
Authors: David Stefan  , Meltzer Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

Gastric cancer is one of the most common neoplasias in the world and remains an important cause of cancer-related mortality. Vast resources have been invested in the study of the molecular events driving the development and progression of gastric tumors. Gastric cancer is known to result from an interaction between host and environmental factors. The present review will discuss the most how genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to gastric carcinogenesis and their potential for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Coping with Rising Food Prices: Policy Dilemmas in the Developing World
Authors: Lustig Nora
Published: February 2025

Rising food prices cause considerable policy dilemmas for developing country governments. Letting domestic prices adjust to reflect the full change in international prices generates inflationary pressures and causes severe hardship for poor households lacking access to social safety nets. Alternatively, governments can use food subsidies or export restrictions to stabilize domestic prices, yet this exacerbates global food price increases and undermines a rules-based trading system. The recent episode shows that many countries chose to shift the burden of adjustment back to international markets. Corn and oilseeds use for biofuels' production will result in a recurrence of such episodes in the foreseeable future.
Reduction to Absurdity: Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and the Need for Digital Enlightenment
Authors: McGill Jena  , Kerr Ian
Published: February 2025

: This article seeks a deeper understanding of privacy in the digital age through an examination of a phenomenon the authors call “information emanation”. Focusing on Canadian jurisprudence involving heat and odour emanations, the authors examine the current approaches of Canadian courts in decisions about the ‘reasonable expectation of privacy’. The authors focus on three judicial trends that pose serious risks to privacy: 1) the tendency to equate different kinds of emanations and conclude that information emanations into public spaces never attract a reasonable expectation of privacy; 2) a reductionist approach to information privacy, which obscures the deep social significance of police investigative techniques; and 3) the adoption of a non-normative approach to ‘reasonable expectations’ ushering in a shift in privacy discourse away from democracy, rights and duties towards an inquiry about digital technology and standards of police practice. The authors conclude that while the Supreme Court of Canada attempted to guard against many of these risks, recent jurisprudence indicates an ongoing threat of backslide to the reductionist approach to informational privacy, especially in future cases involving emerging digital technologies.