bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokine changes in colonic mucosa associated withBlastocystisspp. subtypes 1 and 3 in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: YAKOOB JAVED , ABBAS ZAIGHAM , USMAN MUHAMMAD WAQAS , SULTANA AISHA , ISLAM MUHAMMAD , AWAN SAFIA , AHMAD ZUBAIR , HAMID SAEED , JAFRI WASIM
Published: March 2014

We determined cytokines (e.g. interleukin-8, 10, 12 and TNF-α) expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in rectal mucosa in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) withBlastocystisspp. Eighty patients with D-IBS andBlastocystisspp. infection were classified as ‘cases’ and 80 with D-IBS withoutBlastocystisspp. infection were classified as ‘control’. Cases were subdivided into D-IBS andBlastocystissp. defined type 1 (subtype-specific primer SB83) and type 3 (SB227). Stool microscopy and culture were performed. Rectal biopsies were obtained for histology and cytokines by real-time PCR for mRNA expression of cytokines. PBMCs IL-8 was similar in different groups but in type 1, IL-8mRNA was increased compared with type 3 (P = 0·001) and control (P = 0·001). In type 1, IL-10 by PBMCs had a low mean value (14·5±1·6) compared with (16·7±1·5) type 3 and (16±2·3) in controls (P<0·001 andP<0·001, respectively). InBlastocystissp. type 1, low IL-10 was associated with lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration (P = 0·015 andP = 0·002, respectively). InBlastocystissp. type 1 and type 3, IL-12 was associated with goblet cell depletion 23 (85%) (P<0·001) and 8 (29%) (P = 0·037), respectively. InBlastocystissp. type 1, low IL-10 was associated with a proinflammatory response characterized by IL-8.
XV.—Macroalgae and their Environment
Authors: Johnston C. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Two aspects of the relationship between macroalgae and their environment are considered.

Firstly, the serious deterioration of algal populations in the Joppa area is examined, comparing recent studies with those of G. W. Traill, an active phycologist working on the marine algae of the Firth of Forth in the nineteenth century.

The second aspect of the paper is an assessment of the contribution by macroalgae to estuarine ecosystems. The path of photosynthetically fixed carbon through the growing macroalga, and the various ways it enters the water receive particular attention.
Derivation of contracted graphs with ternary/quaternary links for type synthesis of parallel mechanisms by characteristic strings
Authors: Lu Yi , Wang Ying , Lu Yang , Ye Nijia
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on the derivation of valid contracted graphs (CGs) with ternary links T and quaternary links Q using characteristic strings for type synthesis of parallel mechanisms. First, some concepts on the associated linkage, the CGs, and characteristic strings are explained, and the numbers of vertices and edges for constructing CGs with T and Q are solved. Second, the relative criteria are determined for representing CGs with T and Q and identifying their isomorphism using characteristic strings. Third, some simple CGs with T and Q are represented by the characteristic strings and their isomorphic/invalid CGs are identified. Finally, many complex, valid CGs with T and Q are derived by characteristic strings.
Production and energy flow in the macrobenthos of two sandy beaches in South West India
Authors: Ansell A. D. , McLusky D. S. , Stirling Ann , Trevallion Ann
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Estimates of the rates of secondary production by the individual macrofaunal invertebrates of two Indian beaches are presented and these are combined to give an estimate of the energy flow through the macrobenthos of the two beaches. The production by individual species and by the macrofauna as a whole is compared with that of other tropical, and of temperate beaches, and it is concluded that a similar biomass in the tropical beaches produces a rate of turnover of biomass some ten times that of the temperate beaches. Values of production to biomass ratios (P/B) and of elimination to biomass ratios (E/B) for the invertebrates of sandy substrata in various geographical areas are reviewed and the use of these ratios in comparisons of productivity, and their relationship to mortality and longevity are discussed.
Nature conservation in the Moray Firth
Authors: Tilbrook P. J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The nature conservation interest and value of many sites in the Moray Firth are described in their international, national and local contexts. Many man-induced pressures on the natural environment are identified as well as the current mechanisms for nature conservation. The roles of local and national agencies are considered in relation to future strategies for nature conservation within the Moray Firth.
Rocky shores in the Moray Firth
Authors: Terry L. A. , Sell D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

An intertidal rocky shore monitoring programme was established in 1981 as part of the Beatrice Environmental Programme covering thirty-four different locations in the Moray Firth between Duncansby Head and Fraserburgh. This paper describes the survey methods, the species found and the rocky shore communities encountered on these shores. During the development of the Beatrice Oil Field a new shore line was created in the Cromarty Firth at the Nigg terminal and the successional changes in the communities on this shore between 1981 and 1984 are discussed.
The sub-littoral fauna of the Inverness, Cromarty and Dornoch Firths
Authors: Hunter J. , Rendall D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The sub-littoral fauna at eight stations in the Beauly and Inverness Firths, six stations in the Cromarty Firth and eight sites in the Dornoch Firth have been sampled and identified. The main components and trends in the fauna of the three firths are described. The three firths are compared in terms of their fauna and the reasons for differences suggested.
Behandlung des Morbus Parkinson: Neuropsychologische Veränderungen nach Tiefer Hirnstimulation
Authors: Witt Karsten , Möller Bettina
Published: March 2014

Die Tiefenhirnstimulation (THS) ist beim Morbus Parkinson eine der effektivsten Therapieoptionen. Präoperativ wird nach einer dementiellen Entwicklung und nach Störungen in den Exekutivfunktionen gesucht, da letztere nach der Operation eine milde Verschlechterung erfahren können. Während neuropsychologische Veränderungen nach der VIM Stimulation nicht beobachtet werden, können leichte Defizite in der exekutiven Kontrolle nach der STN und der GPi Stimulation auftreten. Diese kognitiven Veränderungen haben keinen Einfluss auf die deutliche Besserung der Lebensqualität der Patienten durch die Operation. Durch das An- und Abschalten des Stimulators kann die Stimulation als ein reversibles, intraindividuelles Läsionsmodel angesehen werden, mit dem grundlegende Funktionen des STN untersucht werden können. Diese Auswirkungen der Stimulation finden zumeist kein Korrelat im täglichen Leben der Patienten.
A new fluorescent probe for gasotransmitter H2S: high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and a significant fluorescence off–on response
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Guo Wei
Published: March 2014

A fluorescentoff–onprobe for H2S was exploited by coupling the azide-based strategy with the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) sensing mechanism.
Entropy and enthalpy contributions to the kinetics of proton coupled electron transfer to the Mn4O4(O2PPh2)6 cubane
Authors: Carrell Thomas G. , Smith Paul F. , Dennes Joseph , Dismukes G. Charles
Published: March 2014

The reaction of a manganese-oxo cubane with hydrogen atom donors effectively models water oxidation and charge transfer in natural photosynthesis.
Synthesis of an amphiphilic PEG-PCL-PSt-PLLA-PAA star quintopolymer and its self-assembly for pH-sensitive drug delivery
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Miao Ke , Zhao Guangdong , Li Cangxia , Zhao Youliang
Published: March 2014

A novel amphiphilic ABCDE-type star quintopolymer was achieved via modular synthesis and self-assembled into polymersomes for stimuli-triggered drug release.
Synthesis and characterization of protected oligourethanes as crosslinkers of collagen-based scaffolds
Authors: Mendoza-Novelo Birzabith , Mata-Mata José L. , Vega-González Arturo , Cauich-Rodríguez Juan V. , Marcos-Fernández Ángel
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of water-soluble urethane oligomers bearing protected isocyanate groups. It also points out its ability to crosslink decellularized pericardium.
Multichromophoric electrochromic polymers: colour tuning of conjugated polymers through the side chain functionalization approach
Authors: Beverina L. , Pagani G. A. , Sassi M.
Published: March 2014

Multichromophoric, side-chain functionalized, electrochromic polymers provide control over spectroelectrochemical properties.
Ruthenium-catalyzed alkenylation of azoxybenzenes with alkenes through ortho-selective C–H activation
Authors: Li Hongji , Xie Xiaoyu , Wang Lei
Published: March 2014

A highly selective alkenylation of azoxybenzenes catalyzed by the RuIII-complex was developed, providing olefinated azoxy compounds in good yields.
A sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent sensor based on imidazolium-functionalized squaraines for the detection of GTP and alkaline phosphatase in aqueous solution
Authors: Wu Ningjie , Lan Jingbo , Yan Lipeng , You Jingsong
Published: March 2014

Imidazolium-functionalized squaraine ImSQ8 is synthesized as a sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for GTP and alkaline phosphatase in aqueous solution.
Oxygen and methanol mediated irreversible coordination polymer structural transformation from a 3D Cu(i)-framework to a 1D Cu(ii)-chain
Authors: Ge Jing-Yuan , Wang Jian-Cheng , Cheng Jun-Yan , Wang Peng , Ma Jian-Ping , Liu Qi-Kui , Dong Yu-Bin
Published: March 2014

An irreversible structural transformation from a 3D Cu(i)-framework to a 1D Cu(ii)-chain mediated by oxygen and methanol visible to the naked-eye is reported.
Light-induced modification of silver nanoparticles with functional polymers
Authors: Stolzer Lukas , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Rodriguez-Emmenegger Cesar , Trouillet Vanessa , Bockstaller Pascal , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Fruk Ljiljana
Published: March 2014

Light coating: Ag–polymer core–shell nanoparticles were prepared using photoenol-based light-induced ligation.
Synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles via trifluoromethylation/cyclization of α,β-alkynic hydrazones using a hypervalent iodine reagent
Authors: Ji Guojing , Wang Xi , Zhang Songnan , Xu Yan , Ye Yuxuan , Li Ming , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2014

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles has been established via trifluoromethylation/cyclization of α,β-alkynic hydrazones using a hypervalent iodine reagent.
Rational design of metal–organic frameworks with anticipated porosities and functionalities
Authors: Zhang Muwei , Bosch Mathieu , Gentle III Thomas , Zhou Hong-Cai
Published: March 2014

This highlight review will outline the recent advances on rational design of MOFs from both our and other groups based on their structure–property relationships, and provide a systematic overview of different methods for rational design of MOFs with desired porosities and functionalities.
Increased elasticity of a low-bandgap conjugated copolymer by random segmentation for mechanically robust solar cells
Authors: Printz Adam D. , Savagatrup Suchol , Burke Daniel J. , Purdy Trevor N. , Lipomi Darren J.
Published: March 2014

Random segmentation of unlike conjugated monomers within a low-bandgap polymer produces increased mechanical compliance without sacrificing photovoltaic performance.
Hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels using amino acids with different acidities as doping agents
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Luxiang , Wu Dongling , Xia Wei , Zhao Hongyang , Jia Dianzeng
Published: March 2014

Nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels were synthesized using amino acids as doping agents. The acidity of the amino acid affects the morphology and ultimately the electrochemical performance of the material.
Lithium reaction mechanism and high rate capability of VS4–graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium batteries
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Jeong Sookyung , Rout Chandra Sekhar , Oh Pilgun , Ko Minseong , Kim Hyejung , Kim Min Gyu , Cao Ruiguo , Shin Hyeon Suk , Cho Jaephil
Published: March 2014

A graphene-attached VS4 composite prepared by a simple hydrothermal method is studied in terms of its lithium reaction mechanism and high rate capability.
Nanostructured conductive polypyrrole hydrogels as high-performance, flexible supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Shi Ye , Pan Lijia , Liu Borui , Wang Yaqun , Cui Yi , Bao Zhenan , Yu Guihua
Published: March 2014

A spongy polypyrrole based conductive hydrogel with chemically tunable structures and electrochemical characteristics was developed for highly flexible solid-state supercapacitors.
Calreticulin activates β1 integrin via fucosylation by fucosyltransferase 1 in J82 human bladder cancer cells
Authors: Lu Yi-Chien , Chen Chiung-Nien , Chu Chia-Ying , Lu JenHer , Wang Bo-Jeng , Chen Chia-Hua , Huang Min-Chuan , Lin Tsui-Hwa , Pan Chin-Chen , Chen Swey-Shen Alex , Hsu Wen-Ming , Liao Yung-Feng , Wu Pei-Yi , Hsia Hsin-Yi , Chang Cheng-Chi , Lee Hsinyu
Published: March 2014

Fucosylation regulates various pathological events in cells. We reported that different levels of CRT (calreticulin) affect the cell adhesion and metastasis of bladder cancer. However, the precise mechanism of tumour metastasis regulated by CRT remains unclear. Using a DNA array, we identified FUT1 (fucosyltransferase 1) as a gene regulated by CRT expression levels. CRT regulated cell adhesion through α1,2-linked fucosylation of β1 integrin and this modification was catalysed by FUT1. To clarify the roles for FUT1 in bladder cancer, we transfected the human FUT1 gene into CRT-RNAi stable cell lines. FUT1 overexpression in CRT-RNAi cells resulted in increased levels of β1 integrin fucosylation and rescued cell adhesion to type-I collagen. Treatment with UEA-1 (Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1), a lectin that recognizes FUT1-modified glycosylation structures, did not affect cell adhesion. In contrast, a FUT1-specific fucosidase diminished the activation of β1 integrin. These results indicated that α1,2-fucosylation of β1 integrin was not involved in integrin–collagen interaction, but promoted β1 integrin activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that CRT regulated FUT1 mRNA degradation at the 3′-UTR. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that CRT stabilized FUT1 mRNA, thereby leading to an increase in fucosylation of β1 integrin. Furthermore, increased fucosylation levels activate β1 integrin, rather than directly modifying the integrin-binding sites.
miR-30bregulates migration and invasion of human colorectal cancer via SIX1
Authors: Zhao Hui , Xu Zifeng , Qin Huanlong , Gao Zhuo , Gao Lu
Published: March 2014

CRC (colorectal cancer) is one of the most malignant tumours in both developing and developed countries. It is estimated that 60% of CRC patients have liver metastasis. In the present study, we show that miR-30b is an important regulator in human CRC migration and invasion, which are vital steps in CRC liver metastasis. miR-30b was significantly down-regulated in primary CRC specimens compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, miR-30b was much lower in liver metastasis tissues than in CRCs. We validated SIX1 (SIX homeobox 1), a member of the SIX homeodomain family of transcription factors and an EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition)-promoting gene, as the direct target of miR-30b. Forced expression of miR-30b inhibited CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro via its target gene SIX1. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between expression of SIX1 and miR-30b has been observed both in primary CRC specimens and liver metastasis. Taken together, miR-30b plays an important role in mediating metastatic related behaviour in CRC. miR-30b may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC in the future.
Experimental study of a low-thrust measurement system for thruster ground tests
Authors: Gong Jingsong , Hou Lingyun , Zhao Wenhua
Published: March 2014

The development of thrusters used for the control of position and orbit of micro-satellites requires thrust stands that can measure low thrust. A new method to measure low thrust is presented, and the measuring device is described. The test results show that the thrust range is up to 1000 mN, the measurement error of the device is lower than ±1% of full scale, and the drift of the zero offset is less than ±1% of full scale. Its response rise time is less than 15 ms. It is employed to measure the working process of a model chemical thruster with repeatability.
Transient spatiotemporal chaos in the Morris-Lecar neuronal ring network
Authors: Keplinger Keegan , Wackerbauer Renate
Published: March 2014

Transient behavior is thought to play an integral role in brain functionality. Numerical simulations of the firing activity of diffusively coupled, excitable Morris-Lecar neurons reveal transient spatiotemporal chaos in the parameter regime below the saddle-node on invariant circle bifurcation point. The neighborhood of the chaotic saddle is reached through perturbations of the rest state, in which few initially active neurons at an effective spatial distance can initiate spatiotemporal chaos. The system escapes from the neighborhood of the chaotic saddle to either the rest state or to a state of pulse propagation. The lifetime of the chaotic transients is manipulated in a statistical sense through a singular application of a synchronous perturbation to a group of neurons.
The statistical properties of Klein-Gordon oscillator in noncommutative space
Authors: Hassanabadi H. , Hosseini S. S. , Boumali A. , Zarrinkamar S.
Published: March 2014

We study the relativistic spin-zero bosons influenced by the Klein-Gordon oscillator and an external magnetic field in noncommutative formulation. The problem is considered in two dimensions and is solved in an exact analytical manner. Having found the spectrum of the system, the statistical properties of an N-boson system are reported.
Degeneracy and effective mass in the valence band of two-dimensional (100)-GaAs quantum well systems
Authors: Tarquini Vinicio , Knighton Talbot , Wu Zhe , Huang Jian , Pfeiffer Loren , West Ken
Published: March 2014

Quantum Hall measurement of two-dimensional high-mobility [μ∼2×106 cm2/(V·s)] hole systems confined in a 20 nm wide (100)-GaAs quantum well have been performed for charge densities between 4 and 5 × 1010 cm−2 in a temperature range of 10–160 mK. The Fourier analysis of the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations of the magnetoresistance vs. the inverse of the magnetic field 1/B reveals a single peak, indicating a degenerate heavy hole (HH) band. The hole density p=(e/h)·f agrees with the Hall measurement result within 3%. The HH band degeneracy is understood through the diminishing spin-orbit interaction due to the low charge density and the nearly symmetric confinement. SdH oscillations fitted for 0.08 T ≤ B ≤ 0.24 T to the Dingle parameters yield an effective mass between 0.30 and 0.50 me in good agreement with previous cyclotron resonance results.
Exciton delocalization, charge transfer, and electronic coupling for singlet excitation energy transfer between stacked nucleobases in DNA: An MS-CASPT2 study
Authors: Blancafort Lluís , Voityuk Alexander A.
Published: March 2014

Exciton delocalization and singlet excitation energy transfer have been systematically studied for the complete set of 16 DNA nucleobase dimers in their ideal, single-strand stacked B-DNA conformation, at the MS-CASPT2 level of theory. The extent of exciton delocalization in the two lowest (π,π*) states of the dimers is determined using the symmetrized one-electron transition density matrices between the ground and excited states, and the electronic coupling is calculated using the delocalization measure and the energy splitting between the states [see F. Plasser, A. J. A. Aquino, W. L. Hase, and H. Lischka, J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 11151–11160 (2012)]. The calculated couplings lie between 0.05 eV and 0.14 eV. In the B-DNA conformation, where the interchromophoric distance is 3.38 Å, our couplings deviate significantly from those calculated with the transition charges, showing the importance of orbital overlap components for the couplings in this conformation. The calculation of the couplings is based on a two-state model for exciton delocalization. However, in three stacks with a purine in the 5′ position and a pyrimidine in the 3′ one (AT, GC, and GT), there is an energetically favored charge transfer state that mixes with the two lowest excited states. In these dimers we have applied a three-state model that considers the two locally excited diabatic states and the charge transfer state. Using the delocalization and charge transfer descriptors, we obtain all couplings between these three states. Our results are important in the context of DNA photophysics, since the calculated couplings can be used to parametrize effective Hamiltonians to model extended DNA stacks. Our calculations also suggest that the 5′-purine-pyrimidine-3′ sequence favors the formation of charge transfer excited states.
Nonpolar resistive switching in Cu/SiC/Au non-volatile resistive memory devices
Authors: Zhong L. , Jiang L. , Huang R. , de Groot C. H.
Published: March 2014

Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) based resistive memory (RM) Cu/a-SiC/Au devices were fabricated and their resistive switching characteristics investigated. All four possible modes of nonpolar resistive switching were achieved with ON/OFF ratio in the range 106–108. Detailed current-voltage I-V characteristics analysis suggests that the conduction mechanism in low resistance state is due to the formation of metallic filaments. Schottky emission is proven to be the dominant conduction mechanism in high resistance state which results from the Schottky contacts between the metal electrodes and SiC. ON/OFF ratios exceeding 107 over 10 years were also predicted from state retention characterizations. These results suggest promising application potentials for Cu/a-SiC/Au RMs.
Angular distribution of polarized spontaneous emissions and its effect on light extraction behavior in InGaN-based light emitting diodes
Authors: Yuan Gangcheng , Chen Xinjuan , Yu Tongjun , Lu Huimin , Chen Zhizhong , Kang Xiangning , Wu Jiejun , Zhang Guoyi
Published: March 2014

Angular intensity distributions of differently polarized light sources in multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and their effects on extraction behavior of spontaneous emission from light emitting diode (LED) chips have been studied. Theoretical calculation based on k·p approximation, ray tracing simulation and angular electroluminescence measurement were applied in this work. It is found that the electron-hole recombination in the InGaN MQWs produces a spherical distribution of an s-polarized source and a dumbbell-shaped p-polarized source. Light rays from different polarized sources experience different extraction processes, determining the polarization degree of electro-luminescence and extraction efficiency of LEDs.
A plasma source driven predator-prey like mechanism as a potential cause of spiraling intermittencies in linear plasma devices
Authors: Reiser D. , Ohno N. , Tanaka H. , Vela L.
Published: March 2014

Three-dimensional global drift fluid simulations are carried out to analyze coherent plasma structures appearing in the NAGDIS-II linear device (nagoya divertor plasma Simulator-II). The numerical simulations reproduce several features of the intermittent spiraling structures observed, for instance, statistical properties, rotation frequency, and the frequency of plasma expulsion. The detailed inspection of the three-dimensional plasma dynamics allows to identify the key mechanism behind the formation of these intermittent events. The resistive coupling between electron pressure and parallel electric field in the plasma source region gives rise to a quasilinear predator-prey like dynamics where the axisymmetric mode represents the prey and the spiraling structure with low azimuthal mode number represents the predator. This interpretation is confirmed by a reduced one-dimensional quasilinear model derived on the basis of the findings in the full three-dimensional simulations. The dominant dynamics reveals certain similarities to the classical Lotka-Volterra cycle.
Wetting characteristics of the anodic aluminum oxide template and fabrication of cracks using ultraviolet curable resin solution
Authors: Sung Yoon Jae , Phuong NguyenThi , Hwan Kim Jeong , Choi Doo-Sun , Whang Kyung-hyun , Yoo Yeong-eun
Published: March 2014

We have investigated the wetting characteristics of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template with ultraviolet curable polymer resin. The wettability of the template depends on the pore size on the surface, where it is improved with smaller pores and vice versa. Plasma treatment on the surface of the template is used to improve the wettability and the adhesion of the cured polymer to the template. And we also introduce the cracks on the polymer layer for possible application as nano-sized cavities. The resin within the pore is cleaved during the curing process so that cavities or cracks could be made which are much smaller than the original pores of the AAO template.
Electronic structures and optical properties of two-dimensional ScN and YN nanosheets
Authors: Liu Jian , Li Xi-Bo , Zhang Hui , Yin Wen-Jin , Zhang Hai-Bin , Peng Ping , Liu Li-Min
Published: March 2014

Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit different electronic properties than their bulk materials. Here, we present a systematic study of 2D tetragonal materials of ScN and YN using density functional theory calculations. Several thermodynamically stable 2D tetragonal structures were determined, and such novel tetragonal structures have good electronic and optical properties. Both bulk ScN and YN are indirect band gap semiconductors while the electronic structures of 2D ScN and YN are indirect gap semiconductors, with band gaps of 0.62–2.21 eV. The calculated optical spectra suggest that 2D tetragonal ScN and YN nanosheets have high visible light absorption efficiency. These electronic properties indicate that 2D ScN and YN have great potential for applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis.
All-dielectric three-dimensional broadband Eaton lens with large refractive index range
Authors: Yin Ming , Yong Tian Xiao , Ling Wu Ling , Chen Li Di
Published: March 2014

We proposed a method to realize three-dimensional (3D) gradient index (GRIN) devices requiring large refractive index (RI) range with broadband performance. By combining non-resonant GRIN woodpile photonic crystals structure in the metamaterial regime with a compound liquid medium, a wide RI range (1–6.32) was fulfilled flexibly. As a proof-of-principle for the low-loss and non-dispersive method, a 3D Eaton lens was designed and fabricated based on 3D printing process. Full-wave simulation and experiment validated its omnidirectional wave bending effects in a broad bandwidth covering Ku band (12 GHz–18 GHz).
International Migration: A Global Complex Network
Authors: Tranos Emmanouil , Gheasi Masood , Nijkamp Peter
Published: March 2014

Migration has become a prominent research theme in geography and regional science and it has been approached from various methodological angles. Nonetheless, a common missing element in most migration studies is the lack of awareness of the overall network topology, which characterizes migration flows. Although gravity models focus on spatial interaction—in this case migration—between pairs of origins and destinations, they do not provide insights into the topology of a migration network. We employ network analysis to address such systemic research questions, in particular: How centralized or dispersed are migration flows and how does this structure evolve over time? And, how is migration activity clustered between specific countries, and if it is clustered, do such patterns change over time? Going a step further than exploratory network analysis, in this paper we estimate international migration models for OECD countries based on a dual approach: gravity models estimated using conventional econometric approaches such as panel data regressions and network-based regression techniques such as multivariate regression quadratic assignment procedures. The empirical results reveal not only the determinants of international migration among OECD countries, but also the value of blending network analysis with more conventional analytic methods.
In vivo X-ray cine-tomography for tracking morphological dynamics
Authors: dos Santos Rolo Tomy , Ershov Alexey , van de Kamp Thomas , Baumbach Tilo
Published: March 2014

Significance

X-ray microtomography is a well-established tool to study the three-dimensional morphology of static biological samples. To capture motion in living specimen in real time, movies of X-ray projections are frequently used. However, the resulting loss of information about the third spatial dimension has limited the applicability of such acquisition protocols. Now, by combining ultrafast X-ray microtomography and sophisticated motion analysis, we developed X-ray cine-tomography as a tool to visualize the internal dynamics of nontranslucent millimeter-sized samples in three-dimensional space. We demonstrate the technique by analyzing the fast-moving screw-and-nut–type hip joint inside a living weevil. The method may be applied to a wide range of samples and processes across materials and life sciences.
For graph maps, one scrambled pair implies Li-Yorke chaos
Authors: Ruette Sylvie , Snoha L’ubomír
Published: March 2014

For a dynamical system

(
X
,
f
)

(X,f)

,

X
X

being a compact metric space with metric

d
d

and

f
f

being a continuous map

X
→
X

X\to X

, a set

S
⊆
X

S\subseteq X

is scrambled if every pair

(
x
,
y
)

(x,y)

of distinct points in

S
S

is scrambled, i.e.,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit inf d left-parenthesis f Superscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis comma f Superscript n Baseline left-parenthesis y right-parenthesis right-parenthesis equals 0 and limit sup d left-parenthesis f Superscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis comma f Superscript n Baseline left-parenthesis y right-parenthesis right-parenthesis greater-than 0 period">

lim inf

n
→
+
∞

d
(

f
n

(
x
)
,

f
n

(
y
)
)
=
0

 and 

lim sup

n
→
+
∞

d
(

f
n

(
x
)
,

f
n

(
y
)
)
>
0.

\liminf _{n\to +\infty }d(f^n(x),f^n(y))=0 \hbox { and } \limsup _{n\to +\infty }d(f^n(x),f^n(y))>0.

\]
The system

(
X
,
f
)

(X,f)

is Li-Yorke chaotic if it has an uncountable scrambled set. It is known that for interval and circle maps, the existence of a scrambled pair implies Li-Yorke chaos, in fact, the existence of a Cantor scrambled set. We prove that the same result holds for graph maps. We further show that on compact countable metric spaces one scrambled pair implies the existence of an infinite scrambled set.
Simultaneous nonvanishing of 𝐺𝐿(2)×𝐺𝐿(2) and 𝐺𝐿(2) 𝐿-functions
Authors: Liu Sheng-Chi
Published: March 2014

Let

f
f

be a fixed holomorphic Hecke cusp form for

S
L
(
2
,

Z

)

SL(2, \mathbb {Z})

. We prove that for each

K
K

large enough, there exists a holomorphic Hecke cusp form

g
g

of weight

k
k

with

K
≤
k
≤
2
K

K \le k \le 2K

such that

L

(

1
2

,
g
)

L

(

1
2

,
f
×
g
)

≠
0.

L \left (\tfrac {1}{2}, g \right ) L\left (\tfrac {1}{2}, f \times g \right ) \ne 0.
Economics and Theology in Italy since the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Bruni Luigino , Zamagni Stefano
Published: March 2014

The “classic” Christian tradition of sociality, here referred to as Aristotelian-Thomistic, found a significant expression in economics within the eighteenth-century Neapolitan tradition of Civil Economy. This Civil Economy tradition includes the works Antonio Genovesi and Giacinto Dragonetti, which are examined in detail. It was submerged by other currents of modernity but has reappeared in recent Roman Catholic economic thought, in particular Pope Benedict XVI’s 2009 encyclical Caritas in Veritate. “Economics as if people mattered”—this catchphrase concisely explicates the ultimate content of the Civil Economy research program that constitutes the most original contribution of Italian economic thought since the eighteenth century.
Economics and Theology in Europe from the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Teixeira Pedro , Almodovar António
Published: March 2014

This chapter analyzes the historical evolution of European Catholic theology and economic ideas from the turn of the nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It focuses on the evolution of Catholic economic thought and its effort to evaluate the workings of economic life according to a definite set of religious principles, with particular attention to the attempts of building a distinctive Catholic approach to political economy (and later in economics). We will emphasize the commonalities identified among authors and to the Catholic efforts to engage with economics and to be accepted into the arena of political economy. The analysis will show how Catholic economic has changed during this period, with the attempts to undermine the foundations of liberal market economics and, if possible, to develop an alternative economic system giving way to a social doctrine that essentially performs an ethical critique of existing systems.
Eastern Orthodoxy’s Theology of Economics
Authors: Payne Daniel P.
Published: March 2014

Eastern Orthodox Christianity does not have a specific viewpoint on economics. However, by examining the liturgical, patristic, and modern commentary on economics, we can glean what an Eastern Orthodox theology of economics might look like. In this chapter we will observe what the worship services of the church, the fathers of the church, and some contemporary Orthodox thinkers have said about the economic question. Much of the commentary pertains to the question of wealth and how it is to be utilized, drawing upon the parables and teachings of Jesus Christ. Of great importance, then, is the condition of the impoverished and the responsibility for the wealthy to provide the means by which the poor are cared for. In the end, the economic question in the East pertains to an incarnational ethic of love for the other, especially for the poor.
Economic Religion and Environmental Religion
Authors: Nelson Robert
Published: March 2014

The “economic religions” of the modern age, including Marxism, the American progressive-era “gospel of efficiency,” and the beliefs of the economic mainstream of the second half of the twentieth century, shared the conviction that economic progress—however it might best be achieved—would save the world. In the last decades of the twentieth century, however, economic religion was increasingly challenged by a new secular faith, “environmental religion.” For economic religion, the world of nature is seen as a “natural resource.” Nature is to be put to good use by human beings as an instrument of economic progress. In environmental religion, by contrast, nature is seen as having “intrinsic value” independent of human welfare. Human beings have a fundamental ethical obligation to protect and preserve nature that transcends any economic or other such “anthropocentric” concerns.
Temperature Distributions and Energy Scaling Law of Solar Coronal Loops Obtained with Yohkoh
Authors: Kano Ryouhei , Tsuneta Saku
Published: March 2014

We derived the temperature distributions along the 16 steady loops observed with the Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope. We have found that the temperature and emission measure (pressure) are the highest around the loop top, and decrease towards the footpoints. Some of the loops have a plateau in the temperature distribution at around the loop top (“trapezoidal” temperature distribution). The other loops, on the other hand, have a sharp peak in the temperature distributions (“triangular” temperature distribution). This triangular temperature distribution suggests that the energy input is concentrated at the peak. We have estimated the thermal conductive fluxes downward to the footpoints from the gradients of the temperature distributions. The flux ranges from 1 × 107 to 2 × 108 [erg s−1 cm−2]. We derived the total energy loss LT, which is the sum of the conductive and radiative losses: LT = 2 × 107−3 × 108 [erg s−1 cm−2]. We discovered a good correlation between the total energy loss and the gas pressure Pg for the steady loops: LT = 1.2 × 107p0.99 ± 0.12g. The correlation is consistent with the theoretical energy scaling law for the steady loops: LT = 4.0–5.1 × 103 · (pg · Tm1/2 ), where Tm is the maximum temperature (Tm ∼ 6 × 106 [K] for all the loops analyzed here).
IRTS Observation of the Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Zodiacal Light
Authors: Matsumoto Toshio , Kawada Mitsunobu , Murakami Hiroshi , Noda Manabu , Matsuura Shuji , Tanaka Masahiro , Narita Katsuyuki
Published: March 2014

We present the near-infrared observation of the zodiacal light with the IRTS (Infrared Telescope in Space), a small cryogenically cooled orbital infrared telescope. The observed spectra of the sky brightness at wavelengths from 1.4 μm to 4.0 μm are characterized by a smooth stellar-like spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 3.2 μm, and enhanced emission at the long wavelengths, which is attributed to thermal emission from interplanetary dust (IPD). The measured sky brightness has a clear dependence on the ecliptic latitude, implying that the zodiacal light is a dominant emission component of the near-infrared sky. The spectrum of the zodiacal light, itself, was obtained by subtracting other emission components. Although it is fairly close to the solar spectrum at wavelengths between 1.8 and 3.2 μm, it clearly shows a decrement in the scattering efficiency at the short-wavelength end. The zodiacal light at 1.4–3.2 μm is about twice as bright as that extrapolated from optical measurements. These results indicate that large dust is responsible for the near-infrared zodiacal light; they also suggest that the IPD that has a spectral reflectance similar to the S-type asteroids could be responsible for the near-infrared zodiacal light.
IRTS Observation of the Unidentified 3.3-Micron Band in the Diffuse Galactic Emission
Authors: Tanaka Masahiro , Matsumoto Toshio , Murakami Hiroshi , Kawada Mitsunobu , Noda Manabu , Matsuura Shuji
Published: March 2014

We discuss the observation of unidentified infrared (UIR) band emission at a wavelength of 3.3 μm from the galactic plane region (42° < l < 55°, |b| < 5° with the Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS) on board the Infrared Telescope in Space (IRTS). The result shows that the 3.3 μm UIR band emission in the diffuse interstellar medium has been clearly detected, and its intensity correlates well with the IRAS 12 μm and 100 μm intensities everywhere in the observed region. The ratios of the 3.3 μm UIR band intensity (ΔλIλ) to the 12 μm and 100 μm intensities (λIλ) are (8.2 ± 2.5) × 10−3 and (2.9 ± 0.9) 10−3, respectively. The good correlation with the 100 μm intensity indicates that the 3.3 μm UIR band emitter is well mixed with the classical dust grains with sub-micron size in the general interstellar medium.
Optically Thin, Advection-Dominated Two-Temperature Disks
Authors: Nakamura Kenji E. , Kusunose Masaaki , Matsumoto Ryoji , Kato Shoji
Published: March 2014

We present global models of optically thin, advection-dominated two-temperature accretion flows onto black holes, paying careful attention to transonic properties of the flows. We treat the physical quantities integrated over the vertical direction, and adopt the standard α-viscosity and the pseudo-Newtonian potential. Bremsstrahlung and synchrotron cooling amplified by Comptonization is considered as to be cooling processes of electrons. It is found that when moderate synchrotron cooling is included, the electron temperature distribution in the inner part of the disk is roughly flat with temperatures slightly lower than the electron rest mass energy. This high electron temperature is appropriate to explain the hard X-rays from X-ray sources and AGNs. It is also found that in the inner part of the disks the energy input to electrons from ions by the ion-electron Coulomb collision is negligible as the electron heating, i.e., the electron temperature is determined by the balance between advective heating and synchrotron cooling.
X-Ray Observations of the BL Lacertae Object OJ 287 with ASCA
Authors: Idesawa Eriko , Tashiro Makoto , Makishima Kazuo , Kubo Hidetoshi , Otani Chiko , Fujimoto Ryuichi , Kii Tsuneo , Makino Fumiyoshi , Takahashi Tadayuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Ohashi Takaya
Published: March 2014

Reports have been made on the X-ray properties of the BL Lacertae object OJ 287, obtained with ASCA on 1994 November 18–19. Although the observation was made during a period of enhanced optical intensity, the obtained 0.5–10 keV flux falls below those from previous X-ray observations. Intensity variations on time scales of a few hours were detected, with a typical peak-to-peak amplitude of 20%. The X-ray spectra acquired with the SIS and the GIS are described consistently with a single power-law model with the galactic absorption, and the required photon index, ∼ 1.7, is flatter than most of those previously observed from this object. The derived monochromatic X-ray flux at 1 keV, 0.76 μ Jy, exceeds the extrapolation from the lower frequency continua, which is based on near-simultaneous multi-band observations. A discussion is made concerning the origin of X-ray emission from OJ 287 in terms of the synchrotron and synchrotron-self-Compton mechanisms.
Spectroscopy of Mrk 231 and NGC 4151 in the 3 μm Region
Authors: Imanishi Masatoshi , Terada Hiroshi , Goto Miwa , Maihara Toshinori
Published: March 2014

We present the results of spectroscopic studies of Mrk 231 and NGC 4151 in the 3 μm region. In the spectrum of Mrk 231, the strengths of the 3.3 μm emission feature and the 3.4 μm carbonaceous absorption feature are smaller than expected. The weakness of the 3.3 μm emission feature implies that large fractions of extended H2 emission detected by Krabbe et al. (1997, AAA 67.158.058) are excited by SMBH-driven activities, and/or the 3.3 μm emission carriers in the circumnuclear starburst region are destroyed by being exposed to energetic radiation from SMBH-driven activities. The weakness of the 3.4 μm carbonaceous absorption feature may be due to the destruction of C–H stretching bonds in dust grains and/or lower abundance of C relative to Si, O, and Mg than that in our Galaxy, consistent to the fact that Mrk 231 is now undergoing starburst activities. In the spectrum of NGC 4151, we detect the broad Bralpha emission line, but do not detect the 3.3 μm emission feature nor the 3.4 μm carbonaceous absorption feature. The non-detection of the 3.3 μm emission feature implies that nuclear starburst activities just outside the obscuring torus are weak (LFIR< 3.7 × 109 L⊙).
Radiative Disk Winds under Radiation Drag II
Authors: Tajima Yukiko , Fukue Jun
Published: March 2014

Radiatively accelerated accretion-disk winds, which consist of ionized gas particles and are accelerated in disk radiation fields, were examined, taking into account radiation drag. For the present purpose, we quantitatively calculate the full components of radiation fields produced by a standard accretion disk around a black hole, considering the Doppler enhancement to the first order of v/c. As a result, there appear to be two major effects, which are dropped in the traditional radiative winds. First, a radiation-drag force appears, which is proportional to the particle velocity in this order and suppresses the motion of wind particles. Second, we emphasize that an azimuthal component of radiative flux appears, since the disk radiation field has angular momentum. % Using the components of radiation fields, we examined the radiative disk winds without imposing a near-disk approximation. Compared with the non-dragged winds, where the radiation-drag force is dropped, the acceleration in the vertical direction is suppressed due to the effect of radiation drag. That is, the radiation-drag force makes winds harder to blow than winds without the drag force. We obtained the escape condition of the radiative disk winds. In the present case, the disk wind blows from the inner disk when the disk luminosity exceeds 80% of the Eddington luminosity (in the case without the drag force it blows when the disk luminosity exceeds 60% of the Eddington luminosity). Moreover, these values become much smaller than the values obtained in a previous study, when the near-disk approximation was used, since the spatial variations of the disk radiation fields were fully taken into account in the present case.
Near-Infrared Photometry of Evolved Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Saitō Mamoru , Iwata Ikuru , Okumura Shin-ichiro , Mori Atsushi , Yamashita Takuya
Published: March 2014

We performed near-infrared imaging photometry of five evolved planetary nebulae (PNe). The sizes of the J-band images are nearly the same as those of the optical and radio images for the four PNe, while K4-47 has a bipolar image greater than the radio size. The near-infrared colors are presented for the four PNe.
Hydrodynamical Study of Neutrino-Driven Wind as an r-Process Site
Authors: Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Suzuki Hideyuki , Otsuki Kaori , Terasawa Mariko , Yamada Shoichi
Published: March 2014

We discuss the neutrino-driven wind from a proto-neutron star based on general-relativistic hydro-dynamical simulations. We examine the properties of the neutrino-driven wind to explore the possibility of r-process nucleosynthesis. Numerical simulations involving neutrino heating and cooling processes were performed with the assumption of a constant neutrino luminosity by using realistic profiles of the proto-neutron star (PNS) as well as simplified models. The dependence on the mass of PNS and the neutrino luminosity is presented systematically. Comparisons with analytic treatments in the previous studies are also given. In the cases with the realistic PNS, we have found that the entropy per baryon and the expansion time scale are neither high nor short enough for the r-process within the current assumptions. On the other hand, we have also found that the expansion time scale obtained by hydrodynamical simulations is systematically shorter than that in the analytic solutions due to our proper treatment of the equation of state. This fact might lead to an increase in the neutron-to-seed ratio, which is suitable for the r-process in a neutrino-driven wind. Indeed, in the case of massive and compact proto-neutron stars with high neutrino luminosities, the expansion time scale is found to be sufficiently short in hydrodynamical simulations, and the r-process elements up to A ∼ 200 are produced in the r-process network calculation.
The Compact Core-Jet Region of the Superluminal Quasar 3C 216
Authors: Paragi Zsolt , Frey Sándor , Fejes István , Venturi Tiziana , Porcas Richard W. , Schilizzi Richard T.
Published: March 2014

Space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the quasar 3C 216 with the VLBI Space Observatory Programme (VSOP) reveal that the parsec scale structure of the source can be well described by compact jet models developed for interpreting the core region of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). The measured brightness temperature of TB = 7.9 × 1011 K is comparable to the inverse Compton limit, from which we determine a lower limit of δ ∼ 3 for the Doppler-boosting factor. The apparent transverse velocity of the superluminal component is βapp = (3.0±0.2) h−1, assuming a constant velocity, but deceleration of the jet material cannot be excluded from our data. A combination of the above values indicates that the viewing angle of the core-jet to the line-of-sight is less than 19°, and the jet Lorentz-factor exceeds 2.4. The observed small size of the source is probably caused by both an interaction with the interstellar medium and a projection effect.