bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of enzymes and direct fed microbial combination on performance and immune response of broilers under a coccidia challenge
Authors: Dersjant-Li Y. , Gibbs K. , Awati A. , Klasing K. C.
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the effect of an enzyme blend (xylanase, amylase and protease; XAP) in combination with a direct fed microbial (DFM) containing three strains of Bacillus spp. on intestinal histology, immune response and performance of broilers. Four dietary treatments were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial trial, including two levels of challenge (without or with coccidial infection), two levels of feed additive (with or without XAP and DFM). Diets were fed ad libitum to male Cobb500 broilers in mash feeds from 1–21 days of age, with eight replicate pens per treatment within brooder-batteries with raised wire floors and built up litter, housing six birds per pen. A mild challenge was introduced by oral gavage at day five to the challenged birds, using a six-fold concentration of coccidial vaccine. A high fibre basal diet formulated with rye and wheat middlings was used to further increase the challenge. Body weight and feed intake were measured and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated during starter (1–12 d), grower (12–21 d) and overall 1–21 days. Intestinal morphology and immune response parameters were measured on day 12 and 21. Compared to the unchallenged groups, the coccidial challenge reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), increased FCR, reduced villus height and increased crypt depth. The challenged birds had increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β; P < 0.05) in the intestine as well as higher levels of acute phase proteins (APP, haemopexin and α−1-acid glycoprotein) in the plasma and circulating heterophils. XAP + DFM supplementation improved BWG, reduced FCR and increased energy efficiency compared to the non-supplemented groups. The combination of XAP and DFM reduced inflammatory responses such as APP compared to the challenged control group and maintained performance to a comparable level seen in the unchallenged control. The data indicate that XAP enzymes in combination with Bacillus-based DFM may reduce the damage and performance losses induced by coccidial challenge.
IS INDONESIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABLE TO THE POOR? EVIDENCE FROM HEALTH POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Fossati Diego
Published: August 2016

Since decentralization in 2001, Indonesian local governments have acquired a key role in poverty alleviation and social service delivery. The extent to which they have been able to meet this challenge is subject to debate, however, and systematic analysis of policy outcomes remains scarce. This paper contributes to the literature with a study of the district-level implementation of Jamkesmas, Indonesia's free healthcare program for the poor. Using original data on policy implementation, I show that local government is to some extent responsive to the needs of the most vulnerable. In years when local elections (pilkada) are implemented, low-income households are targeted more accurately, suggesting that electoral incentives for local elites may increase access to social services among the poor. However, I also show that the positive effect of local direct elections is limited to districts with electorally competitive politics.
Transition in the asymptotic suction boundary layer over a heated plate
Authors: Zammert Stefan , Fischer Nicolas , Eckhardt Bruno
Published: August 2016

The asymptotic suction boundary layer (ASBL) is a parallel shear flow that becomes turbulent in a bypass transition in parameter regions where the laminar profile is stable. We here add a temperature gradient perpendicular to the plate and explore the interaction between convection and shear in determining the transition. We find that the laminar state becomes unstable in a subcritical bifurcation and that the critical Rayleigh number and wavenumber depend strongly on the Prandtl number. We also track several secondary bifurcations and identify states that are localized in two directions, showing different symmetries. In the subcritical regime, transient turbulent states which are connected to exact coherent states and follow the same transition scenario as found in linearly stable shear flows are identified and analysed. The study extends the bypass transition scenario from shear flows to thermal boundary layers and highlights the intricate interactions between thermal and shear forces.
Effect of Insert Groove Geometry on Chip Breaking Performance
Authors: Kuo R.-Y. , Junz Wang J.-J. , Lee R.-N.
Published: August 2016

The insert groove geometry is an important part of turning tool design. In this article, a systematic design approach is presented for the chip breaker design in turning. The chip breaking ability of various groove geometry of a turning insert is investigated. The ratio of chip thickness to chip curl radius is taken as the index of chip breaking performance. Taguchi method is applied to analyze the contribution to chip breaking performance of each geometric parameter. Response surface methodology is then used to construct a predictive model evaluating the effect of turning conditions and groove geometry on chip breaking performance. The result of this study shows that the feed rate significantly affects chip breaking performance, and that insert with larger land angle, higher back wall and smaller groove is more effective in chip breaking. Among the parameters of the insert groove, the width of the groove has the greatest contribution to chip breaking than the others. The simulation results and predictions are validated by turning experiments.
An Investigation of some of the Methods for deducing the Rates of Mortality, and of Withdrawal, in Years of Duration; with the Application of such Methods to the computation of the Rates experienced, and the Special Benefits granted, by Clerks' Associations
Authors: Ackland Thomas G.
Published: August 2016

The investigation of the experience, and valuation of the liabilities, of what are known as Clerks' Associations, present some features of special interest; and I have thought that it might he useful to discuss and explain some of the methods that have been employed in analyzing the data, and in deducing therefrom the tables of money values appropriate for the valuation of the risks.
One-Year Returns and the Degree of Risk
Authors: Hemsted J. R.
Published: August 2016

In the early days of actuarial science investments were selected with the emphasis on capital security, with maximum interest as a secondary consideration. In such conditions pure interest represented almost the whole of the investment return and it was natural that interest should be regarded as a stable element in actuarial calculations, while risk arose almost entirely under the mortality heading.
Accounting for the Cost of Pension Plans
Authors: Scholey J. K.
Published: August 2016

A review of Opinion No. 8, which is a statement by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (A.I.C.P.A.). Opinion No. 8 is of interest to actuaries for the following reasons:

(1) Its history provides a study of the painstaking methods followed in the U.S.A.

(2) Any actuary who becomes concerned with the pension affairs of a subsidiary of a U.S. company will need to know the scope of the Opinion, its requirements and the difficulties to which it may give rise.

(3) The relationship between members of different professions has to be considered from time to time. Opinion No. 8 concerns itself to some extent with actuarial matters, and it is important to be clear about what it purports to do and the precise roles cast for actuaries and accountants in dealing with it.

(4) It is another factor stimulating discussion regarding pension funding methods.
The Application of the Chi-Square Test of Goodness-of-Fit to Mortality Data Graduated by Summation Formulae.
Authors: Pollard J. H.
Published: August 2016

In his paper of 1941, Seal included details of some experiments he performed in an attempt to estimate the appropriate number of degrees of freedom for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test of a summation formula graduation. These results are referred to by Tetley and by Benjamin and Haycocks in their textbooks when they mention the difficulty of determining the number of degrees of freedom or mean chi-square value.
On a Short Method of Constructing Select Mortality Tables
Authors: King George
Published: August 2016

An apology is scarcely required for explaining an easy method of constructing select mortality tables; and it is hoped that the method now described and illustrated will prove useful to others, and that they also will find that it gives results sufficiently accurate for all ordinary purposes.

Hitherto, select mortality tables have been constructed only by very elaborate processes; and the amount of labour involved is practically prohibitive in such cases as occur now and then in actuarial practice. Possibly many actuaries do not often require special tables of the kind, but occasions do arise where it is of real importance to construct them. This happened to me in respect of the experience of the female annuitants of the Royal National Pension Fund for Nurses, and hence the method which I now suggest was devised.
Notes on some Actuarial Aspects of the Local Government and other Officers' Superannuation Act, 1922, and on a method suitable for the initial Valuation of a small Fund of the “Officer” type
Authors: Besant Arthur Digby
Published: August 2016

Any attempt to cover in a single paper the whole field of the present and future problems which the placing on the Statute Book of the “Local Government and other Officers’ “Superannuation Act 1922”, presents to the actuary would be a highly ambitious task, and as so many of these problems will be solved far more readily and more accurately a few years hence’ than can be the case to-day, I have deliberately limited my comments on the present occasion to two important aspects of these questions. The first section of the paper gives an explanatory summary of the main provisions of the Act, so far as they affect our profession : the second section is an attempt to devise a simple method of valuation, suitable for adoption in the case of a small body of benefit members, where the ordinary valuation procedure, based on salary averages, does not seem to me to be applicable at the outset.
Further Notes on the Mortality Experienced by Life Tenants Under Reversions
Authors: Lever E. H.
Published: August 2016

In October 1921, I had the honour of submitting to the Institute the results of an investigation into the mortality experienced by life tenants under reversions (J.I.A., vol. liii, pp. 1-42).

The investigation led to certain interesting and, I hope, useful conclusions, among them being the fact that there was no evidence that vendors of reversions exercise selection against purchasers to a significant extent and that in consequence the mortality of life tenants could be sufficiently represented by a full aggregate table.
Observations on (1) Errors of age in the population statistics of England and Wales, and (2) the changes in mortality indicated by the national records
Authors: Derrick V. P. A.
Published: August 2016

The appended notes, based upon the population statistics of England and Wales, fall naturally, as their title suggests, into two sections. The first consists of an attempt to identify and to measure, so far as may be possible, the more important errors introduced into the successive records through the misstatements of age to which the general population has been addicted ever since its returns were collected, and may be considered a necessary preliminary to the second, which reviews briefly the mortality experienced by that population, noting certain features in the changes which have occurred in the past and making some suggestions with regard to its possible course in the future.
Report on results of the continuous investigation of the mortality experience of life annuitants, 1921–1925
Authors: Elderton W. Palin , Oakley H. J. P.
Published: August 2016

The methods adopted for collecting and tabulating the annuity experience for the five years 1921-1925 carry out the arrangement that was accepted by the Committee at the time when the permanent investigation was set up. Members of the Committee who were not Members of the Committee when the decision was reached will appreciate that the method adopted is a census method and not a policy year or calendar year method of the type ordinarily used in the past for investigating mortality experience, e.g., such as was used in the OM experience (see however Appendix).
The Effect of a Change in the Rate of Mortality upon the Value of Sickness Benefits
Authors: Brodie Robert Raynal
Published: August 2016

The valuation reports of friendly societies during the last few decades, as well as, more recently, the first and second reports by the Government Actuary on the valuations of Approved Societies administering the National Health Insurance Acts, have furnished striking evidence of the financial strain which the improvement in vitality amongst the general population has been placing upon sickness funds. In his Messenger Prize Essay on Friendly Societies, read before the Institute over 40 years ago (J.I.A. Vol. xxvII, p. 307), Sir George Hardy drew attention to the loss or profit arising on a sickness fund as the result of light or heavy mortality, and he submitted tables showing the effect upon the value of sickness benefits of a decrease of 20% or an increase of 20% in the rates of mortality, the standard rates taken being those shown by the Experience of the M.U. 1866-70 and the A.O.F. 1871-75. Since then, apart from a reference to the subject in the course of lectures in 1911-12 by Sir Alfred Watson on Friendly Society Finance and a short paper to the Faculty of Actuaries in 1928 (T.F.A. Vol. XII, p. 83), the questions arising out of changes in the rate of mortality, in so far as sickness values are affected, appear to have received but little attention.
Deferred Annuities With Participation in Profits
Authors: Ogborn M. E. , Wallas G. E.
Published: August 2016

Some combinations of ideas seem strange and unfamiliar. Life assurances with participation in profits—what could be more natural? But annuities with participation in profits?—the association of such discrepant ideas gives rise to all manner of objections in our minds.
Population Trends in Great Britain
Authors: Ford J. R. , Stewart C. M.
Published: August 2016

Population trends in Great Britain have been discussed at the Institute on three occasions since the Second World War. The first occasion was in 1949 following the publication in that year of the Report of the Royal Commission on Population. The second was in 1956 on a two-part paper submitted by Benjamin, Cox and Menzler which dealt not only with the situation in Great Britain but also with the wider—and fundamentally more important—problems of world population and resources. More recently, the changing age distribution of the population of England and Wales was discussed in Benjamin's paper on Ageing.
The Natural and Mechanical Methods of Assessing Solvency Reserves in Life Assurance
Authors: Ammeter Hans
Published: August 2016

The problem of solvency in insurance is at present under a good deal of discussion in various interested quarters, both national and international. It is principally a question of finding criteria for determining the size of the solvency margin which a private insurer must have in the form of free reserves to be considered solvent. A criterion must produce a margin which is both sufficient and suitable: it must be valid not only for a model portfolio but for any portfolio. Consequently, only insurers with the prescribed margin would be considered solvent and authorized to write insurance business. In recent years, particularly because of the directives promulgated by the Common Market authorities, it has largely been a question of the solvency of non-life insurers.
On Disability Benefits
Authors: Clay H. P.
Published: August 2016

It is nearly two years since the submission of a paper to the Institute by Mr L. K. File, B.A., F.I.A., F.A.S., entitled “Disability Benefits in Conjunction with Life Insurance Policies,” dealing with the business very largely from the point of view of Canada and the United States. To-night Mr E. E. Rhodes, F.I.A., F.A.S., F.A.I.A. and an Honorary Fellow of this Institute, contributes a paper in which he discusses the business in America from a special point of view. The object of this paper is to outline the present practices and past experience of the Life Offices willing to write Disability benefits in this country, and to discuss the value and scope of the benefits.
Selection of Risks for Life Insurance
Authors: Hunter Arthur
Published: August 2016

The method of selecting risks has undergone radical changes during the span of one man’s lifetime. In the early days of my experience all proposals for life insurance were submitted to a Board of Directors which consisted mainly of landed proprietors, lawyers and accountants. They were assumed to have sufficient knowledge to determine which lives should be accepted, which should be rejected and which should be charged an extra premium, with the aid of the medical adviser and of the actuary. The former was usually a prominent physician who based his judgment on impressions and observations, and the latter on the meagre statistics then in existence. Contrast that with the method in use in the principal American companies at the present time. The majority of the proposals are not submitted to a medical director, actuary or underwriter, but are passed upon by lay reviewers with or without the use of a numerical rating system. Experience has shown that such a practice is safe, as in one-half or more of the proposals there is nothing of moment against the risk, and, unless the amount of insurance is large, the time of experts can be given with greater advantage to the more difficult types of cases.
The use of Sampling in Pension Fund Valuations
Authors: Smith F. Gordon
Published: August 2016

The application of sampling technique to statistical data, which a few decades ago was a rarity, has now become common practice. Our past President, Mr F. A. A. Menzler, in his presidential address said:

Sampling, in all its manifestations, has become almost a social and industrial routine. In this paper, by examining in some detail the application of sampling to a particular branch of actuarial work, namely pension fund valuations, an attempt is made to investigate the possibilities of its use in the actuarial-field. By the choice of pension fund valuations, which are a particularly complicated example of the actuarial technique, the investigation will, it is hoped, give a good insight into the sort of problems involved.
On the Nature of the Function Expressive of the Law of Human Mortality
Authors: Ogborn M. E.
Published: August 2016

Is there a mathematical formula which will express the way in which mortality changes age by age? Many students have sought that will-o'-the-wisp but have had to confess failure. For example, Sir William Elderton says:

but such a course did not satisfy me, because the failure… implied that the method was artificial and that I was not getting nearer to the root of the matter. To put the matter another way—I had not reached the best form in which to express the results: I had only obtained any approximation which led no further.
Black Women Warriors in the Muslim Army Besieging Valencia and the Cid's Victory: A Problem of Interpretation
Authors: Lourie Elena
Published: August 2016

Although recent studies have shown that women played a larger part in European and American armies in early modern times than standard military histories have been prepared to acknowledge, it has never been suggested that they were regarded as combatants. Individual women who wanted to fight in the ranks had to cross-dress and “pass” as men. Cross-dressing was apparently not unknown even in medieval Christian armies, for, according to a Muslim chronicler, some of the crusaders killed in action in the twelfth century were discovered to have been women, but only after their corpses had been stripped on the field of battle. There were certainly no female fighting units, either then or later, in European armies. Therefore, the statement in a Castilian chronicle, written in the thirteenth century, that precisely such a unit served in the ranks of a Muslim army outside Valencia, has been dismissed as legend. The purpose of this article is to show that it must be taken seriously.
Peter Comestor and Peter Lombard: Brothers in Deed
Authors: Clark Mark
Published: August 2016

According to medieval legend, Gratian, Peter Lombard, and Peter Comestor were bro7thers. What united these men in the medieval imagination were the three great works they produced, respectively, over the course of the twelfth century: theDecretum, theSentences, and theHistoria scholastica. The two Peters, in particular, were connected. Stephen Langton, one of the most prominent teachers of Scripture and theology at Paris during the last decades of the twelfth century, praised both Peters for their mastery of Sacred Scripture. The joint ascendancy of the reputations of Peter Lombard and Peter Comestor can also be seen in the tradition of medieval chroniclers such as Otto of St. Blaise, who wrote that “in those days Peter Lombard and Peter Comestor shone forth as distinguished masters at Paris.”
Pierre d'Ailly und die “richtige” Thomas-Interpretation: Theologisch-hermeneutische Prinzipien als Grundlage des Wegestreits
Authors: Müller Sigrid
Published: August 2016

Pierre d'Ailly war eine zentrale Gestalt für die Theologie und Philosophie an der Wende des vierzehnten zum fünfzehnten Jahrhundert. Er ist als Lehrer Johannes Gersons, als dessen Vorgänger im Amt des Rektors der Universität Paris, als bedeutender Kirchenpolitiker des Konstanzer Konzils und als Theologe untersucht worden, und in den vergangenen Jahren gerieten auch seine originellen philosophischen, vor allem logischen Ansätze in den Blick der Forschung. In seiner Bedeutung für die “via moderna” des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts kam er bislang aber nur wenig zur Sprache. Für diese Fragestellung sind die polemischen Werke Aillys von besonderem Interesse, vor allem der Traktat, den er im Auftrag der theologischen Fakultät der Universität Paris gegen den Dominikaner Johannes de Montesono geschrieben hat. Dieser lässt nicht nur auf deutliche Weise Aillys Modell einer von der Philosophie unabhängigen Theologie erkennen, sondern zeigt zugleich, wie die Ursachen gelegt wurden für die spätere polemische Auseinandersetzung zwischen “via moderna” und “via antiqua.”
Rethinking the Schism of 1054: Authority, Heresy, and the Latin Rite
Authors: Whalen Brett
Published: August 2016

In the year 1053, at the request of the Byzantine patriarch, Michael Kerullarios (1043–58), Archbishop Leo of Ochrid denounced the “priesthood of the Franks and the reverend pope” for observing Jewish rites through their celebration of the Eucharist with azymes, the same kind of unleavened bread used for Passover. Leo made these accusations in a letter addressed to John, archbishop of Trani in southern Italy, a region of coexisting Latin and Greek religious traditions that had been destabilized by the recent invasion of the Normans. The epistle was subsequently passed along to papal confidante Humbert of Silva Candida, who translated it into Latin and presented it to Pope Leo IX (1048–54). Around that same time, the two churchmen also heard news that the Greek patriarch had anathematized all those observing the Latin rite in Constantinople. A flurry of inconclusive correspondence ensued between the pope, the patriarch, and the Byzantine ruler, Constantine IX Monomachos (1042–55). In response to this persistent crisis, Pope Leo dispatched a legation to Constantinople that included Humbert, Frederick of Lorraine, and Peter of Amalfi. On 16 July 1054, after a series of acrimonious debates, the legates deposited a bull of excommunication against Kerullarios and his supporters on the high altar at Hagia Sophia. The patriarch responded in kind by excommunicating Humbert and his followers.
The Miracles of Saint David: A New Text and Its Context
Authors: Curley Michael J.
Published: August 2016

The passage of time has not been kind to materials related to the cathedral of Saint David's in Wales. In particular, few medieval liturgical texts used in the commemoration of Welsh saints have survived the vicissitudes of time and the ardor of Reformation zealots. In 1940 Silas Harris lamented the “complete destruction of the Menevian [Saint David's] service books,” and noted that “the almost total destruction of Welsh MSS and service books in the course of the centuries leaves a woeful gap” in our knowledge of the liturgical celebration of the feasts of Welsh saints. So thorough was the destruction of Welsh service books, according to Harris, that our current knowledge of the liturgy for Saint David derives largely from texts preserved outside of Wales. The destruction was nowhere more thorough than at the cathedral of Saint David's itself, two of whose bishops, William Barlow (1536–48) and Robert Ferrar (1548–53), were willing participants in the destruction. On 31 March 1538, Barlow wrote to Thomas Cromwell for instructions on how to dispose of certain of the cathedral's relics and “a worm-eaten book covered with silver plate” which he had confiscated. Some twelve years later, Barlow's successor, Bishop Robert Ferrar, following the king's command, “burnt all ye Martyrologies, portiforiums, & antient Mis-sales of ye Cathedral Church of Saint David, with their calenders, wherein were entered ye names of ye Bishops & ye days and years of their entrance & death or translation.” Later, in 1571, “certain ungodly popish books: as masse books, hympnals, Grailes, Antiphons, and suche lik” belonging to the cathedral, but which had been hidden away by a church sexton named Elis ap Howel, were seized by a “Mr. Chanter” (= the Precentor, Thomas Huett?), who “caused the said ungodly books to be canceled and torn in pieces in the Vestrie before his face.” Not everything was lost however. Owain Tudor Edwards's publication in 1990 of the services for Saint David's feast in the Penpont Antiphonal did much to close the “woeful gap” in our knowledge of the liturgical celebration of the feast of Saint David. Two more texts connected with Saint David's cathedral have recently come to light, preserved in BL MS Royal 13 C.i. The first of these, fivelecciones(lessons or readings) based on episodes in the life of Saint Nonita, the mother of Saint David (sixth century), the patron saint of Wales, was intended to be read at a service for Saint Nonita (or Non) on her feast day. These fivelecciones Sancte Nonite, consisting of a heading and thirty-eight lines of text, provide the only surviving material from an office for the feast of Saint Nonita. The second text, consisting of eleven accounts of posthumous miracles effected by Saint David between about 1215–29 and 1405, is the subject of this study.
Ein bemerkenswerter spätmittelalterlicher Codex zur Philosophie, Astronomie und Medizin: Mainz, Stadtbibliothek, HS I 613
Authors: Berger Harald
Published: August 2016

Vor kurzem habe ich den Cod. 5461 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Wien, beschrieben, in dem unter anderem dieQuaestiones super arte veterides Henricus (Totting) de Oyta († 1397 in Wien) überliefert sind. Einem Hinweis auf einen zweiten Textzeugen folgend, habe ich inzwischen auch die Mainzer Hs I 613 (=M) untersucht, was wertvolle Ergebnisse zutage gebracht hat: Dieser Codex enthält eine Fülle von 26 bzw. 28 Texten hauptsächlich aus den Gebieten der Philosophie (Nr. 1–12 u. 26), der Astronomie bzw. Komputistik (Nr. 13–17) und der Medizin (Nr. 18–22); nur der Block Nr. 23–25 ist anderen Inhalts (Grammatik, Kirchenrecht, Poesie). Die wichtigeren Ergebnisse schicke ich hier voraus, für Einzelheiten verweise ich auf die Anmerkungen zu den jeweiligen Texten in der folgenden Beschreibung.
Harmonizing the Truth: Eusebius and the Problem of the Four Gospels
Authors: O'Loughlin Thomas
Published: August 2016

In the late third century Eusebius of Caesarea, better remembered now for his work as a historian of the church, produced an apparatus for the reconciliation of the disagreements found in the four Christian gospels. It was a remarkable work in its own right for it preserved, as the tradition demanded, the plurality of the gospels, while allowing them to be presented and studied as a single entity, “the gospel,” and so succeeding in Tatian's aim in hisDiatessaron— as exegesis and apologetics demanded. Moreover, though now largely forgotten, it remained an important element within theology for centuries. This paper's aim is to locate the significance of Eusebius's work in its original setting in the world of late antiquity and the Christian defense of pagan challenges to the gospels' integrity, and then to follow the influence of his work within just one strand of the tradition: that which forms the background of western, Latin theology. So it will note how that work was adopted and adapted by Jerome, how it then passed on to the late-patristic Latin schoolmasters who sought to transform all learning into convenient modules of defined value, and then was taken up by others in just one region of the Latin West, the insular world, such as the anonymous scribes of the Book of Kells, the Stowe Missal, and the Book of Deer, for whom Eusebius's work was a mystery that they could not simply abandon, even when they could not understand it. Throughout this period, the Eusebian Apparatus roused the intellect of scholars, teachers, and scribes, but in each milieu the significance and perceived utility of the Apparatus was different. The history of ideas is about changes within intellectual and textual continuities, and with the Apparatus we have a clearly identifiable scholarly tool that does not in itself change over the period, but whose reception and exploitation vary greatly.
¿Adiaphoraen San Agustín?
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: August 2016

La noción de cosas indiferentes (adiaphora) ocupa un lugar no del todo marginal en la historia intelectual de Occidente. Pues si bien es cierto que no estamos con ella ante uno de los hilos conductores de la historia de la filosofía, la idea de que existan ciertas cosas, actos o doctrinas indiferentes evidentemente se relaciona con muchos de los grandes temas de la tradición filosófica: la demarcación de algo como indiferente puede ser el camino para detectar por vía negativa lo que sí importa, y puede también desempeñar un significativo papel en la fundamentación de la tolerancia. El presente artículo busca sacar a la luz la posición de Agustín ante las distintas ramificaciones del problema.
The World on a Fingernail: An Unknown Byzantine Map, Planudes, and Ptolemy
Authors: Pontani Filippomaria
Published: August 2016

MS Vat. Gr. 915 (bombyc., ca. 266 × 170 mm, 258 fols.) is a most interesting collection of archaic, classical, and Hellenistic Greek poetry (from Homer and Hesiod to Pindar, from Theocritus and Lycophron down to Moschus and Musaeus) put together during the early Palaeologan Renaissance, more exactly between the last years of the thirteenth century and 1311 (theterminus ante quemis provided by the subscription on fol. 258v). The contents of this codex as well as the textual facies of several of its items have led various scholars, each from a different perspective, to conclude that it was produced in the circle of Maximus Pianudes, the most outstanding Greek scholar of his age (of which he is also in a sense the “eponymous hero”); more on this will be said below in §3.
Liturgical Manuscripts, Liturgical Practice, and the Women of Klosterneuburg
Authors: Norton Michael L. , Carr Amelia J.
Published: August 2016

For over a century, liturgical manuscripts from the Augustinian priory at Klosterneuburg have tended toward a misleading androgyny. While scholars have long known that Klosterneuburg was a double house, with separate precincts for men and for women, many have been content to regard the liturgical manuscripts preserved there as reflecting the institution as a whole, or of the men in particular. To be sure, some manuscripts have always been recognized as women's books. For other manuscripts, though, such gendered associations have proven elusive. Nowhere is this more clearly evident than in discussions of Klosterneuburg's twelfth-century antiphoners (A-KN 1010, A-KN 1012, and A-KN 1013). Among the earliest musical manuscripts in German-speaking Europe to show pitches on a staff, these manuscripts have been seen by many scholars as reflecting the use of Klosterneuburg generally, if at all, while a few scholars have associated them with the women of Klosterneuburg specifically. Whether the result of an unusual placement for the feast of the Dedication of the Church or the conformance of the musical notation with that of manuscripts known to be associated with the women, the occasional assignments of the twelfth-century antiphoners to Klosterneuburg's women were more a consequence of what wasnotknown about the women and their liturgical practice (the date for their church's dedication, for example) than of what was known. The very lack of information about the liturgical practice of Klosterneuburg's women, moreover, has cloaked an even larger obstacle to understanding the liturgical manuscripts used by the women and the liturgy that was expressed within them. For all the attention given these manuscripts, and for all the consideration given to the possible connection between these manuscripts and the canonesses, few scholars have considered the possibility that the liturgy celebrated by Klosterneuburg's women might have been independent from that of the men.
TheSouth English Legendary“Life of St. Egwine”: An Edition
Authors: Yeager Stephen
Published: August 2016

The Middle English verse “Life of St. Egwine” is one of the many hagiographic poems affiliated with the so-calledSouth English LegendaryorLegendaries (SEL), a widely copied collection of vernacular devotional texts whose earliest compilation has been dated to the thirteenth century, and whose latest manuscripts date to the first half of the fifteenth. A minor saint, Ecgwine was the third bishop of Worcester and the founder of the monastic community at Evesham Abbey. One of the most striking features of his early hagiography is that the earliest version of hisvitacontains the only surviving account of a dispute between a monastery and a tenant to be dated to the Anglo-Saxon period. This is indicative of his cult's close association with the endowed properties of Evesham, an aspect of his hagiographic tradition that is also discernible in theSELlegend.
A Rediscovered Work of Jean Gerson on a Spiritual Classic:Admonitio super librum qui dicitur Clymachus de xxx gradibus perfectionis(ca. 1396–1400)
Authors: Hobbins Daniel
Published: August 2016

In 1425, Jean Gerson wrote a letter to his brother Jean the Celestine, in which he attacked theArbor vitae crucifixae Jesuof Ubertino de Casale. A passage toward the end of the letter mentions a lost work of Gerson:

Finally, on this matter a short work was recently composedOn the Examination of Doctrines. Another short work was also composedOn the Doctrine of Raymund Lull. Moreover, certain things were written long agoOn the Book that is Called Clymacus on the Thirty Steps of Perfection, whose root is the error of the Stoics [who] assert that the virtues are without feeling — that is, affected in no way through the passions. This is against the statement of the Apostle so widely experienced: “I see another law,” etc. Those who wish to make specific treatises about every single error with its origins will find no end.
Robert Grosseteste'sQuoniam Cogitatio, A Treatise on Confession
Authors: Mantello F. A. C. , Goering Joseph
Published: August 2016

This brief, popular work on confession, here for convenience abbreviated asQC, is ascribed to Robert Grosseteste (ca. 1168–1253), bishop of Lincoln (1235–53), in most of the known manuscripts, and circulated within many copies of collections of his sermons, in association with other texts by him, or on its own. This text enjoyed a very wide readership, as there are presently known to be thirty-six manuscripts of it (see below), all in English hands, of which eleven were copied in the thirteenth century (see MSS C,Cs, G,Gv, Hk, Js, Pt, R7, R9, U, andZ, below). Twenty-seven of these thirty-six copies were reported by S. Harrison Thomson in his catalogue, published in 1940, of Grosseteste's writings. The list below could probably be extended after further searching, especially in codices of theological or pastoral miscellanea, which are often inadequately catalogued.
The Divine Dinner Party: Domestic Imagery and Easter Preaching in Late Medieval England
Authors: Johnson Holly
Published: August 2016

When Margery Kempe imagines each member of the Trinity sitting within the chamber of her soul on a cushion of an appropriate color, she uses familiar household furnishings to develop a metaphor that helps explain a complex theological concept, while at the same time creating the sense that these ideas are as natural and easy to accept as the objects from which the metaphor is constructed. Similarly, in an Easter sermon preached in 1431, her contemporary Nicholas Philip, a Franciscan friar of the convent in King's Lynn (Margery's hometown), uses household furnishings to prepare his listeners to receive the Eucharist at Easter. The sermon is built on the metaphor of the body as the house to which Christ has been invited for a feast, and, like Kempe's Trinity image, this house has furnishings — a carpet, a tapestry, a cushion, a seat cover — and the feast itself involves a variety of dishes along with music and entertaining guests. The sermon develops a multifaceted image that becomes a complete sensory experience, focusing not on the meaning of transubstantiation but on the communicant's proper disposition. While Nicholas Philip's Easter sermon may be unusual in using this imagery to shape an entire sermon, many late medieval Easter sermons preached in England employ such domestic imagery to elucidate for their audiences the significance of the Eucharist, the reception of which, for most of the laity living in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, took place only on Easter. In a process that can be called the domestication of the divine, such metaphors render this annual reception less distant and abstract, making an event with supernatural implications as natural and familiar as a dinner party. However, the rhetorical purpose of this domestication is not primarily to encourage feelings of comfort and easy familiarity with the theological underpinnings of the sacrament, but to promote virtue and responsibility in the recipient both in preparation for and following this event. Nicholas Philip's Easter sermon thus testifies to a homiletic concern of many late medieval English preachers as well as to the artistic license a preacher might take to effect that concern.
William of Auvergne on the Dangers of Paradise: Biblical Exegesis between Natural Philosophy and Anti-Islamic Polemic
Authors: Black Winston
Published: August 2016

The Earthly Paradise was a favorite topic of medieval theologians, philosophers, poets, and artists. Drawn as much from the biblicalparadisus voluptatis(Gen. 2:8–14) andhortus conclusus(Song of Sol. 4:12) as from Greek and Roman accounts of alocus amoenus, the general outlines of paradise were well established by the patristic period: it is a garden or garden-like natural place, on Earth but set aside by God, perfect in every attribute, wholly uncorrupted, temperate in its climate, gently watered by rivers and fountains, ever fertile in its soil, rich in fruits and beasts of every kind; its inhabitants do not experience exertion, passion, illness, pain, or shame; in short, it is a place free of the consequences of sin. These attributes were frequently applied to both the Garden of Eden enjoyed by the first parents and the Heaven enjoyed by the blessed after death, so “paradise” could be understood in both terrestrial and celestial forms, overlapping spiritually and materially.
Middle English Gospel Glosses and the Translation of Exegetical Authority
Authors: Kraebel A. B.
Published: August 2016

The non-Wycliffite Middle English commentaries on the Synoptic Gospels in MSS London, British Library Egerton 842 (Matt.), Cambridge, University Library Ii.2.12 (Matt.), and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Parker 32 (Mark and Luke) are important witnesses to the widespread appeal of scholastic exegesis in later fourteenth-century England. They appear to have been produced by two different commentators (or teams of commentators) who worked without knowledge of one another's undertakings but responded similarly to the demand for vernacular biblical material. The commentary on Matthew represents a more extensive effort at compilation than the Mark and Luke texts, and, in his elaborate prologue, the Matthew commentator translates the priorities of scholastic Latin criticism even as he tailors his writing to meet the perceived needs of his English readers. Especially when considered alongside the WycliffiteGlossed Gospels, these texts illustrate further the variety and richness of vernacular biblical commentary composed in the decades following the important precedent of Richard Rolle'sEnglish Psalter.
Somatic Semiotics: Emotion and the Human Face in the Sagas andÞættirof Icelanders
Authors: Wolf Kirsten
Published: August 2016

The human face has the capacity to generate expressions associated with a wide range of affective states. Despite the fact that there are few words to describe human facial behaviors, the facial muscles allow for more than a thousand different facial appearances. Some examples of feelings that can be expressed are anger, concentration, contempt, excitement, nervousness, and surprise. Regardless of culture or language, the same expressions are associated with the same emotions and vary only in intensity. Using modern psychological analyses as a point of departure, this essay examines descriptions of human facial expressions as well as such bodily “symptoms” as flushing, turning pale, and weeping in Old Norse-Icelandic literature. The aim is to analyze the manner in which facial signs are used as a means of non-verbal communication to convey the impression of an individual's internal state to observers. More specifically, this essay seeks to determine when and why characters in these works are described as expressing particular facial emotions and, especially, the range of emotions expressed. The Sagas andþættirof Icelanders are in the forefront of the analysis and yield well over one hundred references to human facial expression and color. The examples show that through gaze, smiling, weeping, brows that are raised or knitted, and coloration, the Sagas andþættirof Icelanders tell of happiness or amusement, pleasant and unpleasant surprise, fear, anger, rage, sadness, interest, concern, and even mixed emotions for which language has no words. The Sagas andþættirof Icelanders may be reticent in talking about emotions and poor in emotional vocabulary, but this poverty is compensated for by making facial expressions signifiers of emotion. This essay makes clear that the works are less emotionally barren than often supposed. It also shows that our understanding of Old Norse-Icelandic “somatic semiotics” may well depend on the universality of facial expressions and that culture-specific “display rules” or “elicitors” are virtually nonexistent.
The Foreign Beowulf and the “Fight at Finnsburg”
Authors: Gwara Scott
Published: August 2016

More or less covering lines 1071a-1159a (not counting the introductory verses), the Finnsburg digression comprises the longest and most intensively studied episode inBeowulf. Its context in the poem may be summarized briefly. Beowulf has mortally wounded Grendel. War-leaders from surrounding territories follow Grendel's tracks to the mere, now boiling with gore. On the way back a warrior sings of Sigemund and Heremod. Horse races are held, and the Danes and their guests gawk at Grendel's arm, which has been hung from a beam in Heorot. Hroðgar acknowledges Beowulf as an adoptive “son,” and a lavish celebration honors the hero, who secures five dynastic treasures not only in recognition of his valor and but also as confirmation of retainership and possibly of Hroðgar's adoption. Immediately following the bestowal of these gifts, a poet recites Finnsburg “fore Healfdenes I hildewisan” (“before Healfdene's warriors,” 1064). The tale commemorates a Danish victory over Frisians, a triumph which all agree should compliment Danish resolve. In fact, just before the episode opens, the Scylding Hntef is called a “hæleð Healf-Dena” (“hero of the Half-Danes,” 1069a), an epithet explicitly linking audience and characters.
Ad profluvia sanguinis remedia tria: Un texto sobre las propiedades hemostáticas y enmenagogas del moral y del puerro
Authors: Rodríguez Arsenio Ferraces
Published: August 2016

El importante trabajo realizado durante los últimos decenios en el dominio de los textos médicos latinos y la renovada atención al estudio de las fuentes manuscritas han ido generando la convicción de que resulta imprescindible revisar un buen número de ediciones al uso, realizadas con medios limitados o con criterios ecdóticos hoy ampliamente superados. Tal retractación viene exigida de ordinario por el descubrimiento de nuevo material manuscrito, pero también por la peculiar orientación que en el pasado presidió no pocos trabajos de edición de textos médicos latinos, que interesaban más por su contenido que por su forma, o bien eran traídos a colación secundariamente, por su condición de testigos de un texto en otra lengua. Es la necesidad de reorientar esta perspectiva, situando el texto latino como objeto de estudio en sí mismo, la que subyace detrás del presente trabajo, que pretende corregir las deficiencias de un pequeño fragmento publicado hace algunos años por H. J. De Vriend dentro de un libro sobre el corpus de recetarios del anglosajón. El editor acompaña cada capítulo del texto anglosajón de su correspondiente paralelo latino, que transcribe a partir de un único manuscrito, dotándolo de una puntuación elemental.
Discere-Docere: Tertuliano y Alcuino frente a la paideia oficial
Authors: Florio Rubén
Published: August 2016

En este trabajo nos proponemos revisar uno de los sucesos trascendentales que repercutieron sobre la cultura del Imperio Romano, produciendo modificaciones sustantivas en todos los órdenes de su vida, y de tan pronunciada magnitud, que incluso se consolidó como sustrato medular del imaginario medieval, en general, y de su literatura, en particular. Ese acontecimiento, de dinámica progresión temporal, es la paulatina infiltración del cristianismo, cuya actividad culmina con la conquista del poder político — observando principios que seguirá ejercitando hasta en tiempos de absoluta hegemonía —, y su relación con la cultura oficial.