bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bemessung von Verbundstützen – Update prEN 1994‐1‐1
Authors: Schäfer Markus , Bergmann Marco , Zhang Qingjie
Published: December 2021

Die Bemessung von Verbundstützen in Stahl und Beton erfolgt nach den Regeln des Eurocode 4. Dabei wird zwischen vereinfachten und dem allgemeinen Nachweisverfahren differenziert. Das allgemeine Nachweisverfahren basiert auf einer umfassenden numerischen Analyse, gefolgt von einer Validierung des Sicherheitsniveaus. Die aktuell gültige europäische Norm EN 1994‐1‐1:2004 enthält keine detaillierten Informationen zur Anwendung des allgemeinen Nachweisverfahrens. Auch in der Fachliteratur werden nur wenige Informationen bereitgestellt. Dies führt häufig zu Fragen in der Anwendung des Verfahrens und bei der Bewertung der Berechnungsergebnisse. In Deutschland wurden zusätzliche Details zur Anwendung des Verfahrens in den nationalen Anhang (DIN EN 1994‐1‐1/NA) aufgenommen. Aktuell liegt der Entwurf der zweiten Generation der prEN 1994‐1‐1:2021 mit komplementären Informationen zum allgemeinen Nachweisverfahren vor. Parallel werden neue Sicherheitsparameter eingeführt, die in EN 1994‐1‐1 nicht enthalten sind, und der Anwendungsbereich im Hinblick auf die Materialfestigkeiten erweitert. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Vorgehensweise bei der Bemessung von Verbundstützen nach prEN 1994‐1‐1 und zeigt Änderungen gegenüber dem aktuell gültigen Eurocode auf.
Comparison of Two Methods for Detecting Atlantic Salt Marsh Mink
Authors: Winchester Christopher P. , Gore Jeffery A. , Smith Lisa M.
Published: December 2021

The Atlantic salt marsh mink (ASMM; Neovison vison lutensis) has a limited distribution in Florida and may be vulnerable to extirpation through habitat loss or degradation. To evaluate ASMM population status, survey methods are needed that are effective and practical in salt marsh habitat where mink are difficult to detect. In 2013–2014, we compared the effectiveness of 2 survey methods, spotlight surveys and floating camera traps, to estimate site occupancy and detectability of ASMM in northeast Florida. Using spotlight surveys, we sampled 148, 1‐km2 units over 3 months and detected ASMM in 9% of the sampled units. With floating camera traps, we sampled 42, 1‐km2 units over 10 months and detected ASMM in 36% of sampled units. Floating cameras traps were a more effective survey method for ASMM, resulting in higher estimated site occupancy (Ψ = 0.36) and detection probability (P = 0.46) when compared to spotlight surveys (Ψ = 0.15, P = 0.24). Spotlight surveys for ASMM were effective only at peak high tide when water levels rise to the height of the marsh grass and many individuals take cover on floating vegetation. We conducted all spotlight surveys during times of peak high tide, but tide height varied by location across the study area and likely affected detection rates. As a result, we detected ASMM only during spotlight surveys in the northern part of our study area, where mean tide height was 1.97 m compared with 1.46 m in the southern part of the study area. Therefore, we recommend floating camera traps for future surveys of ASMM to estimate site occupancy. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Transversely isotropic visco‐thermo‐elastic nanobeam with time harmonic laser pulse and new modified three phase lag Green‐Nagdhi model
Authors: Kaur Iqbal , Singh Kulvinder , Craciun Eduard‐Marius , Altenbach Holm
Published: December 2021

This investigation aims to examine the impact of the time‐harmonic laser pulse on the vibration phenomenon in 2D homogeneous transversely isotropic homogeneous visco‐thermoelastic nanobeam with a new modified three‐phase lag Green Nagdhi (TPL‐GN) model. The ends of the nanobeam are considered to be simply supported and held at a constant temperature. The mathematical model so formed is solved to derive the non‐dimensional expressions for lateral deflection, axial displacement, temperature distribution, axial stress, and thermal moment. Effect of frequency and viscosity with new modified TPL GN heat transfer is represented graphically for lateral deflection, axial displacement, temperature distribution, axial stress, and thermal moment using the MATLAB software. Comparisons are made with the different theories of thermoelasticity and visco‐thermoelasticity. Some particular cases are also deduced.
The Place of Civil Society in the Creation of Knowledge
Authors: Suarsana Laura , Meyer Heinz-Dieter , Glückler Johannes
Published: December 2021

This interdisciplinary volume addresses the relations between civil society and knowledge from a social, institutional, and spatial perspective. As knowledge and civil society are co-constitutive (any voluntary civic agency would seem to require a minimum of knowledge and thekindsof civic agency shape the production and use of knowledge), we approach their relationship from two viewpoints: (a) what we know and how we think about the civil society shapes our action in it; (b) the particular relations between knowledge and civil society shape how knowledge in civil society becomes actionable. Adhering to the first imperative, we should carefully reflect and occasionally reconsider our assumptions about civil society. In line with the second imperative, we should carefully distinguish the ways in which civil society impacts knowledge. These range from knowledge creation, its interpretation, and its influence on societal and political discourses to its dissemination through civil society.
Undone Science and Smart Cities: Civil Society Perspectives on Risk and Emerging Technologies
Authors: Hess David J.
Published: December 2021

This study contributes to the analysis of civil society and knowledge by examining mobilizations by civil society organizations and grassroots networks in opposition to wireless smart meters in the United States. Three types of mobilizations are reviewed: grassroots anti-smart-meter networks, privacy organizations, and organizations that advocate for reduced exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. The study shows different relationships to scientific knowledge that include publicizing risks and conducting citizen science, identifying non-controversial areas of future research, and pointing to deeper problems of undone science (a particular type of non-knowledge that emerges when actors mobilize in the public interest and find an absence or low volume of research that could have been used to support their concerns). By comparing different types of knowledge claims made by the civil society organizations and networks, the study examines the conditions under which mobilized civil society generates positive responses from incumbent organizations versus resistance and undone science.
Specialists for Crumble Cakes? The German LandFrauen Organizations in Social Innovation, and as Educational, Social, and Political Institutions
Authors: Suarsana Laura
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents empirical results on the German LandFrauen clubs and associations as contemporary elements of German civil society from the conceptual perspective of social innovation, as an approach which is expected to hold high potential particularly for rural areas. The analysis shows that the German LandFrauen clubs and associations are highly engaged in initiating change and development in rural Germany by uniquely addressing women’s needs through social, cultural, and educational offers. Here, the members’ social interactions function as a basis and starting point for further activities providing impulses in local development.

As prerequisites that enable the LandFrauen to pursue their activities, two key characteristics were identified: (1) Their practices are integrated into specific local fields and highly adaptive to local needs and interests through the deep integration of the large and diverse base of members in their local villages and rural society, which allows for functions as local initiators, catalysts, and multipliers in regional development. (2) The institutional frame of clubs and associations allows for support, cooperation, and exchange across the vertical and horizontal structure, and provides access to resources and a broad network to external partners.
Civil Society as Networks of Issues and Associations: The Case of Food
Authors: Diani Mario , Ernstson Henrik , Jasny Lorien
Published: December 2021

Scholars usually conceptualize civil society as both a discursive and an associational space. In the former, focus is on communicative practices; in the latter, attention shifts to the actors that cooperate or clash about the identification and production of collective goods. In this chapter, we sketch the contours of an approach to civil society that treats both dimensions in an integrated way. Looking at the role of food issues in urban settings as diverse as Cape Town, Bristol, and Glasgow, we borrow from social network analysis to explore first, how civic organizations combine an interest in food-related issues with attention to other themes, thus defining different, specific agendas; next, we ask if and how interest in food identifies specific clusters of cooperation within broader civil society networks.
Environment, Climate Change and the Green Economy
Authors: Ogola Jason Samuel
Published: December 2021

To identify and evaluate possible impacts of climate change on transportation in Limpopo province, it is necessary to define the scale and scope of the transportation system in the province and determine its sensitivities to climate change. This chapter, therefore locates the environment, climate change and the green economy matters in context. The science of climate change is explored, while the main sources of greenhouse gases are discussed. Additionally, the impacts of climate change in South Africa is outlined. Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the transport sector are provided.
Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance
Authors: Bikam Peter Bitta
Published: December 2021

South Africa range 15th as the world largest CO2 emitter contributing to 1.2% of global emission. During the Kyoto Protocol of 2014, South Africa pledged to reduce its emission by 34% and 42% in 2020 and 2025 respectively. This study is a combination of literature review from South Africa with particular emphasis on road transport. The focus was on vehicle emission with reference to Limpopo Province to demonstrate how emissions from primarily the use of diesel and petrol as one of the major contributors to CO2 emission in the province are vital for the sustainability debate. The methodology used to illustrate the dangers of vehicular emissions were based on statistical estimates from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) inventory report from 2000 to 2010. The information used in assessing the vehicle emission standards in Limpopo were obtained from DEA. The findings from literature reviews in general and the results from the field survey from Limpopo Province shed some light on South Africa's vehicle emissions policy issues and standards. Also the analysis focused on the impact of vehicular fleet management and carbon emissions. The article concludes by drilling down to vehicle users, motor vehicle repairs, engine over haulers, used engine collection and disposal with respect to their roles in vehicle emission and control in South Africa.
Measurement of high energy dark matter from the Sun at IceCube
Authors: Xu Ye
Published: December 2021

Abstract

It is assumed that heavy dark matter particles (HDMs) with a mass of O(TeV) are captured by the Sun. HDMs can decay to relativistic light dark matter particles (LDMs), which could be measured by km3 neutrino telescopes (like the IceCube detector). The numbers and fluxes of expected LDMs and neutrinos were evaluated at IceCube with the Z′ portal dark matter model. Based on the assumption that no events are observed at IceCube in 6 years, the corresponding upper limits on LDM fluxes were calculated at 90% C. L.. These results indicated that LDMs could be directly detected in the O(1TeV)-O(10TeV) energy range at IceCube with 100 GeV ≲ mZ′ ≲ 350 GeV and τϕ ≲ 5 × 1022ṡ.
Incidence and prognosis of myocardial injury in patients with severe trauma
Authors: Stroda Alexandra , Thelen Simon , M’Pembele René , Adelowo Antony , Jaekel Carina , Schiffner Erik , Bieler Dan , Bernhard Michael , Huhn Ragnar , Lurati Buse Giovanna , Roth Sebastian
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Severe trauma can lead to end organ damages of varying severity, including myocardial injury. In the non-cardiac surgery setting, there is extensive evidence that perioperative myocardial injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The impact of myocardial injury on outcome after severe trauma has not been investigated adequately yet. We hypothesized that myocardial injury is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with severe trauma.

Materials/methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients ≥ 18 years with severe trauma [defined as injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 16] that were admitted to the resuscitation room of the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany, between 2016 and 2019. The main endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Main exposure was myocardial injury at arrival [defined as high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) > 14 ng/l]. For statistical analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and multivariate binary logistic regression were performed.

Results

Out of 368 patients, 353 were included into statistical analysis (72.5% male, age: 55 ± 21, ISS: 28 ± 12). Overall in-hospital mortality was 26.1%. Myocardial injury at presentation was detected in 149 (42.2%) patients. In-hospital mortality of patients with and without myocardial injury at presentation was 45% versus 12.3%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for hsTnT and mortality was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71–0.82]. The adjusted odds ratio of myocardial injury for in-hospital mortality was 2.27 ([95%CI 1.16–4.45]; p = 0.017).

Conclusion

Myocardial injury after severe trauma is common and independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Thus, hsTnT might serve as a new prognostic marker in this cohort.
Machinability investigation of polymer/GNP nanocomposites in micro-milling
Authors: Fu Guoyu , Huo Dehong , Shyha Islam , Sun Fuzhong , Gao Qiang
Published: December 2021

Nanoparticles such as graphene have been added to various polymer matrices to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymer materials that require complex designs on a microscopic scale. Micro-machining is used to process these nanocomposite materials to achieve high surface quality and dimensional accuracy while maintaining high productivity. In this study, a systematic micro-milling experiment was performed on polymer/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites to advance knowledge of the micro-machinability of these materials. It evaluates the effect of the addition of 0.1wt% GNP nanoparticles on machined surface morphology, chip formation, cutting forces, and tool wear. It is found that the addition of GNP nanoparticles changes the slot edge formation mode from burring mode to chipping mode.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and ionizing radiation: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Schmitz-Feuerhake Inge , Frentzel-Beyme Rainer , Wolff Roland
Published: December 2021

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) increased continuously since the last century in developed countries. While they are considered as disease in elder ages, a remarkable increasing incidence is also observed in German children and juveniles. The higher rates are interpreted by the changes in classification because diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were also identified as NHL. Considerable rates of NHL were found in nuclear workers and liquidators of Chernobyl, i.e. in cases of low-dose chronical exposures. In Germany, we noticed three workers who developed NHL after decontamination of nuclear facilities. The bone marrow is generally considered as target organ for ionizing radiation, but NHL is obviously induced in the whole pool of lymphocytes. Therefore, the dosimetry in cases of typical occupational external and internal exposure must be revised. A high radiation sensitivity for NHL is a possible suspect and likely reason which may partly explain the continuous rise of the diseases in populations underlying the current increases of medical diagnostic exposure. NHL is also induced in children and juveniles with a history of diagnostic X-rays.
Exploring the MEN1 dependent modulation of caspase 8 and caspase 3 in human pancreatic and murine embryo fibroblast cells
Authors: Wagener Nele , Buchholz Malte , Bertolino Philippe , Zhang Chang X. , Di Fazio Pietro
Published: December 2021

MEN1 mutation causes pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia and benign malignancies of the parathyroid, the adrenal cortex and pituitary gland. The transcriptional activity of its product menin promotes the expression of genes deputed to several cellular mechanism including cell death. Here, we focused on its implication in the activation of the initiator and executioner caspases after staurosporine mediated cell death in 2D and 3D human and murine cell models. The administration of staurosporine, a well-known inducer of apoptotic cell death, caused a significant reduction of BON1, QGP1 and HPSC2.2 cell viability. The transient knockdown of MEN1, performed by using a specific siRNA, caused a significant down-regulation of CDKN1A and TP53 transcripts. The treatment with 1 µM of staurosporine caused also a significant down-regulation of MEN1 and was able to restore the basal expression of TP53 only in QGP1 cells. Transient or permanent MEN1 inactivation caused a decrease of caspase 8 activity in BON1, HPSC2.2 cells and MEN1−/− MEFs treated with staurosporine. Caspase 3/7 activity was suppressed after administration of staurosporine in MEN1 knocked down HPSC2.2 and MEN1−/− MEFs as well. The cleaved caspase 8 and caspase 3 decreased in human cells after MEN1 knockdown and in MEN1−/− MEFs. The treatment with staurosporine caused a reduction of the size of MEN1+/+ MEFs spheroids. Instead, MEN1−/− MEFs spheroids did not show any significant reduction of their size. In conclusion, MEN1 controls the activity of the initiator caspase 8 and the executioner caspase 3 in human and murine cells. Restoring of a functional MEN1 and interfering with the apoptotic mechanism could represent a future strategy for the treatment of MEN1-related malignancies.
Does conventional specimen radiography after neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer help to reduce the rate of second surgeries?
Authors: Schaefgen Benedikt , Funk Annika , Sinn H.-P. , Bruckner Thomas , Gomez Christina , Harcos Aba , Stieber Anne , Haller Annabelle , Nees Juliane , Togawa Riku , Pfob André , Hennigs André , Hederer Johanna , Riedel Fabian , Fastner Sarah , Sohn Christof , Heil Jörg , Golatta Michael
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This is the first study to systematically evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative specimen radiography on margin level and its potential to reduce second surgeries in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

This retrospective study included 174 cases receiving breast conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) of primary breast cancer. Conventional specimen radiography (CSR) was performed to assess potential margin infiltration and recommend an intraoperative re-excision of any radiologically positive margin. The histological workup of the specimen served as gold standard for the evaluation of the accuracy of CSR and the potential reduction of second surgeries by CSR-guided re-excisions.

Results

1044 margins were assessed. Of 47 (4.5%) histopathological positive margins, CSR identified 9 correctly (true positive). 38 infiltrated margins were missed (false negative). This resulted in a sensitivity of 19.2%, a specificity of 89.2%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 7.7%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.9%. The rate of secondary procedures was reduced from 23 to 16 with a number needed to treat (NNT) of CSR-guided intraoperative re-excisions of 25.

In the subgroup of patients with cCR, the prevalence of positive margins was 10/510 (2.0%), PPV was 1.9%, and the NNT was 85.

Conclusion

Positive margins after NACT are rare and CSR has only a low sensitivity to detect them. Thus, the rate of secondary surgeries cannot be significantly reduced by recommending targeted re-excisions, especially in cases with cCR. In summary, CSR after NACT is inadequate for intraoperative margin assessment but remains useful to document removal of the biopsy site clip.
Rigorous Upper Bound for the Discrete Bak–Sneppen Model
Authors: Volkov Stanislav
Published: December 2021

Fix some $$p\in [0,1]$$

p
∈
[
0
,
1
]

and a positive integer n. The discrete Bak–Sneppen model is a Markov chain on the space of zero-one sequences of length n with periodic boundary conditions. At each moment of time a minimum element (typically, zero) is chosen with equal probability, and it is then replaced alongside both its neighbours by independent Bernoulli(p) random variables. Let $$\nu ^{(n)}(p)$$

ν

(
n
)

(
p
)

be the probability that an element of this sequence equals one under the stationary distribution of this Markov chain. It was shown in Barbay and Kenyon (in Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 928–933, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 2001) that $$\nu ^{(n)}(p)\rightarrow 1$$

ν

(
n
)

(
p
)

→
1

as $$n\rightarrow \infty $$

n
→
∞

when $$p>0.54\dots $$

p
>
0.54
⋯

; the proof there is, alas, not rigorous. The complimentary fact that $$\displaystyle \limsup _{n\rightarrow \infty } \nu ^{(n)}(p)< 1$$

lim sup

n
→
∞

ν

(
n
)

(
p
)

<
1

for $$p\in (0,p')$$

p
∈
(
0
,

p
′

)

for some $$p'>0$$

p
′

>
0

is much harder; this was eventually shown in Meester and Znamenski (J Stat Phys 109:987–1004, 2002). The purpose of this note is to provide a rigorous proof of the result from Barbay and Kenyon (in Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 928–933, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 2001), as well as to improve it, by showing that $$\nu ^{(n)}(p)\rightarrow 1$$

ν

(
n
)

(
p
)

→
1

when $$p>0.45$$

p
>
0.45

. (Our method, in fact, shows that with some finer tuning the same is true for $$p>0.419533$$

p
>
0.419533

.)
Peopling Prehistoric Coastlines: Identifying Mid-Holocene Forager Settlement Strategies in Northern Norway
Authors: Damm Charlotte Brysting , Skandfer Marianne , Jordan Peter D.
Published: December 2021

In circumpolar regions, coastlines offer rich constellations of diverse resources and have long been a focus of human habitation. Despite the rich archaeological records that are located along many northern coastlines, there is a relatively limited understanding of the range of factors that informed local settlement strategies. Northern Norway has one of the world’s longest and best-preserved archaeological records of coastal habitation due to post-glacial uplift. Occupation begins in the early Holocene and appears to peak in the mid-Holocene. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the constraints and opportunities that informed the mid-Holocene settlement patterns, between c. 5000 and 0 BC. We present new data that were generated by intensive field surveys and undertake a qualitative multi-scalar analysis of site-locational choices, evaluating the influences of geography, topography and seasonal resource availability. Having identified stretches of the rugged coast as uninhabitable, we proceeded with analyses of the rest of the coastline. Our results indicate that all major settlements were sited to provide safe boat landing, good vantage points and shelter from storms. From these habitation sites, boat technology would have provided flexible access to diverse resources that were available throughout the year, and within a limited travel radius. We also demonstrate that these settlement strategies contrast with the way that the same coastlines were inhabited by pioneering groups in the early Holocene but appear to have some similarities with mid-Holocene coastal settlement patterns in Newfoundland and the Aleutian Islands. Overall, our results suggest that the multiple resources available along northern coastlines often enabled populations to occupy relatively localized areas for long periods. Longer-range mobility and interaction may instead have been primarily driven by socio-political factors rather than subsistence needs.
Effective prediction of lost circulation from multiple drilling variables: a class imbalance problem for machine and deep learning algorithms
Authors: Wood David A. , Mardanirad Sajjad , Zakeri Hassan
Published: December 2021

Multiple machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models are evaluated and their prediction performance compared in classifying five wellbore fluid-loss classes from a 20-well drilling dataset (Azadegan oil field, Iran). That dataset includes 65,376 data records with seventeen drilling variables. The dataset fluid-loss classes are heavily imbalanced (> 95% of data records belong to the less significant loss classes 1 and 2; only 0.05% of the data records belong to the complete-loss class 5). Class imbalance and the lack of high correlations between the drilling variables and fluid-loss classes pose challenges for ML/DL models. Tree-based and data matching ML algorithms outperform DL and regression-based ML algorithms in predicting the fluid-loss classes. Random forest (RF), after training and testing, makes only 35 prediction errors for all data records. Consideration of precision recall and F1-scores and expanded confusion matrices show that the RF model provides the best predictions for fluid-loss classes 1 to 3, but that for class 4 Adaboost (ADA) and class 5 decision tree (DT) outperform RF. This suggests that an ensemble of the fast to execute RF, ADA and DT models may be the best way to practically achieve reliable wellbore fluid-loss predictions. DL models underperform several ML models evaluated and are particularly poor at predicting the least represented classes 4 and 5. The DL models also require much longer execution times than the ML models, making them less attractive for field operations that require prompt information regarding rapid real-time decision responses to pending class-4 and class-5 fluid-loss events.
Fishermen’s perceptions and experiences toward the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on freshwater fish biodiversity in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Amoutchi Amien Isaac , Mehner Thomas , Ugbor Ogechi Nnabuchi , Kargbo Alpha , Paul Kouamelan Essetchi
Published: December 2021

Africa’s freshwater ecosystems are impacted by many threats due to climate change and several anthropogenic activities. In Côte d’Ivoire, the economy relies mostly on agriculture, which covers around 64% of the land surface. The study aimed to investigate Côte d’Ivoire fishermen’s perception of climate change, its drivers and other anthropogenic activities impacting freshwater fish biodiversity. The fish species locally threatened in the Ivorian freshwater ecosystems were also investigated. Face to face interviews and a structured questionnaire were used. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, means, and standard deviation, minimum and maximum. The multinomial logit regression was also applied to test factors that influence fishermen’s awareness and perception of climate change and their perception of change in fish abundance. The results show that around 72.7% of fishermen were aware of climate change. Decreases of precipitation (87.9%) and increases of temperature (76.1%) were observed by fishermen. Also, a significant decrease in fish quantity was observed by respondents. Climate change and anthropogenic activities such as gold mining, water withdrawal, use of small-mesh fishing nets, overfishing, industrial waste pollution, pesticides use for agricultural purposes along watersheds, obnoxious fishing practices and population growth, were highlighted as the main reasons for this decline. Species such as Lates niloticus, Heterotis niloticus, Parachanna obscura, Malapterurus electricus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zillii, Polpyterus endlicheri and Labeo coubie were listed by fishermen as locally threatened within Ivorian freshwater ecosystems. Actions and policies are needed to be taken by local authorities to ensure the sustainability of fisheries resources. The information obtained from this study constitutes a prerequisite for developing and implementing studies or policies aimed at mitigating and combating the negative effect of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the Ivorian freshwater ecosystem.
The association between falls and autonomy in older adults is mediated by self-efficacy
Authors: Imani Hadis , Godde Ben
Published: December 2021

Objective

Falling has various physical and psychological consequences in older adults. We aimed at replicating previous findings that reported autonomy is associated with a history of falls and that this association is moderated by self-efficacy. We further assumed that cognitive function would moderate this relationship.

Method

We analyzed data from the German Ageing Survey (“Deutscher Alterssurvey,” DEAS, year 2017, n = 6626), a longitudinal cohort-based survey of individuals living in private households aged 40 and over in Germany.

Results

Linear regression confirmed that perceived autonomy was negatively associated with a history of falls. With higher self-efficacy, the association between falls and autonomy was less substantial. Further, we extend previous findings in that self-efficacy also mediated the effect of falls on perceived autonomy. Against our assumptions, cognition as measured with the digit-symbol substitution test predicted perceived autonomy but did not moderator this association.

Discussion

We conclude that interventions facilitating self-efficacy might ameliorate negative effects of falling on autonomy of older adults.
Water flow through sediments and at the ice-sediment interface beneath Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier), Greenland
Authors: Doyle Samuel H. , Hubbard Bryn , Christoffersen Poul , Law Robert , Hewitt Duncan R. , Neufeld Jerome A. , Schoonman Charlotte M. , Chudley Thomas R. , Bougamont Marion
Published: December 2021

Subglacial hydrology modulates basal motion but remains poorly constrained, particularly for soft-bedded Greenlandic outlet glaciers. Here, we report detailed measurements of the response of subglacial water pressure to the connection and drainage of adjacent water-filled boreholes drilled through kilometre-thick ice on Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier). These measurements provide evidence for gap opening at the ice-sediment interface, Darcian flow through the sediment layer, and the forcing of water pressure in hydraulically-isolated cavities by stress transfer. We observed a small pressure drop followed by a large pressure rise in response to the connection of an adjacent borehole, consistent with the propagation of a flexural wave within the ice and underlying deformable sediment. We interpret the delayed pressure rise as evidence of no pre-existing conduit and the progressive decrease in hydraulic transmissivity as the closure of a narrow (< 1.5 mm) gap opened at the ice-sediment interface, and a reversion to Darcian flow through the sediment layer with a hydraulic conductivity of ≤ 10−6m s−1. We suggest that gap opening at the ice-sediment interface deserves further attention as it will occur naturally in response to the rapid pressurisation of water at the bed.
Three Solar Irradiance Proxies for Aperture Photoelectron Detections in Top‐Hat ESAs Coated With Ebonol‐C
Authors: da Silva D. , Gershman D. , Barrie A. , Elkington S. , Li X. , Kirk M. , Giles B. , Avanov L. , Shuster J. , Paterson B. , Schiff C. , Chen L. J.
Published: December 2021

Decades after the introduction of top‐hat electrostatic analyzers (ESAs) to experimental space plasma physics, photoelectron noise in apertures of low‐energy electron instruments continues to be an issue in instrument performance. The photoelectrons at each portion of measured phase space distribution can be mapped through laboratory and in‐flight testing, and have been for many missions. In flight, the photoelectrons are a response to dynamic solar EUV spectral intensities which vary over the course of a solar cycle and even within a solar rotation. This paper outlines three solar irradiance proxies that can be used to scale a map of photo‐electron locations in phase space in order to account for dynamic solar activity. These proxies apply to top‐hat ESAs coated with Ebonol‐C (the most common coating) used by missions such as MMS, Solar Orbiter, the Van Allen Probes, and Juno. These proxies are discovered by searching possible wavelengths for correlation with an independent algorithm for MMS/FPI (Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission/Fast Plasma Instrument) which automatically determines the scaling factor. The three wavelengths that serve as viable proxies are found to be: 17.5, 30.5, and 37.5 nm.
Effects of Electron Precipitation on E‐Region Instabilities: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Dimant Y. S. , Khazanov G. V. , Oppenheim M. M.
Published: December 2021

During periods of strong geomagnetic activity, intense currents and electric fields originating in the magnetosphere inundate the high‐latitude E‐region ionosphere. These strong electric fields drive plasma instabilities, including the Farley‐Buneman instability (FBI). These instabilities give rise to small‐scale plasma turbulence that modifies the large‐scale ionospheric conductance that, in turn, affects the evolution of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Also, during geomagnetic storms, high‐energy precipitating electrons, ≳5 keV, frequently penetrate down to the same regions where the intense currents and electric fields exist. This research examines the effects of precipitating electrons on the generation of the FBI and shows that, under many common conditions, it can easily suppress the FBI in a predictable manner. We demonstrate that the plasma pressure of superthermal electrons may significantly exceed the regular plasma pressure of the cold ionospheric plasma. This effect will increase the FBI threshold and suppress the instability in auroral regions. However, our detailed theoretical analysis shows that the effect of the superthermal precipitating electrons on the FBI threshold is much stronger than the pressure effect. The energy dependence of the electron‐N2 collision frequency can greatly enhance the effect of this additional pressure, further suppressing the FBI, even at a moderate precipitation level. Therefore, we expect that precipitation will exert an additional significant feedback on the magnetosphere by preventing the elevated conductivity caused by FBI driven turbulence. Both the turbulence‐enhanced conductivities and this suppression should be taken into account in global modeling of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
The Jovian Ionospheric Alfvén Resonator and Auroral Particle Acceleration
Authors: Lysak R. L. , Song Y. , Elliott S. , Kurth W. , Sulaiman A. H. , Gershman D.
Published: December 2021

The ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR) is a structure formed by the rapid decrease in the plasma density above a planetary ionosphere. This results in a corresponding increase in the Alfvén speed that can provide partial reflection of Alfvén waves. At Earth, the IAR on auroral field lines is associated with the broadband acceleration of auroral particles, sometimes termed the Alfvénic aurora. This arises since phase mixing in the IAR reduces the perpendicular wavelength of the Alfvén waves, which enhances the parallel electric field due to electron inertia. This parallel electric field fluctuates at frequencies of 0.1–20.0 Hz, comparable to the electron transit time through the acceleration region, leading to the broadband acceleration. The prevalence of such broadband acceleration at Jupiter suggests that a similar process can occur in the Jovian IAR. A numerical model of Alfvén wave propagation in the Jovian IAR has been developed to investigate these interactions, indicating that the IAR resonant frequencies are in the same range as those at Earth. This model describes the evolution of the electric and magnetic fields in the low‐altitude region close to Jupiter that is sampled during Juno's perijove passes. In particular, the model relates measurement of magnetic fields below the ion cyclotron frequency from the MAG and Waves instruments on Juno and electric fields from Waves to the associated parallel electric fields that can accelerate auroral particles.
Centennial‐ and Orbital‐Scale Erosion Beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet Near Jakobshavn Isbræ
Authors: Balter‐Kennedy A. , Young N. E. , Briner J. P. , Graham B. L. , Schaefer J. M.
Published: December 2021

Erosion beneath glaciers and ice sheets is a fundamental Earth‐surface process dictating landscape development, which in turn influences ice‐flow dynamics and the climate sensitivity of ice masses. The rate at which subglacial erosion takes place, however, is notoriously difficult to observe because it occurs beneath modern glaciers in a largely inaccessible environment. Here, we present (a) cosmogenic‐nuclide measurements from bedrock surfaces with well constrained exposure and burial histories in front of Jakobshavn Isbræ in western Greenland to quantify centennial‐scale erosion rates since ∼1850 CE, and (b) a new method combining cosmogenic‐nuclide measurements in a shallow bedrock core with cosmogenic‐nuclide modeling to determine orbital‐scale erosion rates across the same landscape. Twenty‐seven 10Be measurements in surficial bedrock constrain the erosion rate during historical times to 0.4–0.8 mm yr−1. Seventeen 10Be measurements in a 4‐m‐long bedrock core yield a centennial‐scale erosion rate of 0.3–0.6 mm yr−1, corroborating the results from our surface samples, and reveal that 10Be concentrations below ∼2 m depth are greater than what is predicted by an idealized production‐rate depth profile. We utilize this excess 10Be at depth to constrain orbital‐scale erosion rates at Jakobshavn Isbræ to 0.1–0.3 mm yr−1. The broad similarity between centennial‐ and orbital‐scale erosion rates suggests that subglacial erosion rates have remained relatively uniform throughout the Pleistocene adjacent to Jakobshavn Isbræ.
Leakages suppression by isolating the desired quantum levels for high-temperature terahertz quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Wang Li , Lin Tsung-Tse , Chen Mingxi , Wang Ke , Hirayama Hideki
Published: December 2021

The key challenge for terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz-QCLs) is to make it operating at room-temperature. The suppression of thermally activated leakages via high lying quantum levels is emphasized recently. In this study, we employ the advanced self-consistent method of non-equilibrium Green’s function, aiming to reveal those kinds of leakages in the commonly used THz-QCL designs based on 2-, 3- and 4-quantum well. At the high temperature of 300 K, if all the confined high lying quantum levels and also the continuums are included within three neighboring periods, leakages indeed possess high fraction of the total current (21%, 30%, 50% for 2-, 3- and 4-quantum well designs, respectively). Ministep concept is introduced to weaken those leakage channels by isolating the desired levels from high lying ones, thus the leakages are well suppressed, with corresponding fractions less than 5% for all three designs.
Novel cancer subtyping method based on patient-specific gene regulatory network
Authors: Nakazawa Mai Adachi , Tamada Yoshinori , Tanaka Yoshihisa , Ikeguchi Marie , Higashihara Kako , Okuno Yasushi
Published: December 2021

The identification of cancer subtypes is important for the understanding of tumor heterogeneity. In recent years, numerous computational methods have been proposed for this problem based on the multi-omics data of patients. It is widely accepted that different cancer subtypes are induced by different molecular regulatory networks. However, only a few incorporate the differences between their molecular systems into the identification processes. In this study, we present a novel method to identify cancer subtypes based on patient-specific molecular systems. Our method realizes this by quantifying patient-specific gene networks, which are estimated from their transcriptome data, and by clustering their quantified networks. Comprehensive analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets applied to our method confirmed that they were able to identify more clinically meaningful cancer subtypes than the existing subtypes and found that the identified subtypes comprised different molecular features. Our findings also show that the proposed method can identify the novel cancer subtypes even with single omics data, which cannot otherwise be captured by existing methods using multi-omics data.
The Southern Ocean Exchange: porous boundaries between humpback whale breeding populations in southern polar waters
Authors: Marcondes M. C. C. , Cheeseman T. , Jackson J. A. , Friedlaender A. S. , Pallin L. , Olio M. , Wedekin L. L. , Daura-Jorge F. G. , Cardoso J. , Santos J. D. F. , Fortes R. C. , Araújo M. F. , Bassoi M. , Beaver V. , Bombosch A. , Clark C. W. , Denkinger J. , Boyle A. , Rasmussen K. , Savenko O. , Avila I. C. , Palacios D. M. , Kennedy A. S. , Sousa-Lima R. S.
Published: December 2021

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are a cosmopolitan species and perform long annual migrations between low-latitude breeding areas and high-latitude feeding areas. Their breeding populations appear to be spatially and genetically segregated due to long-term, maternally inherited fidelity to natal breeding areas. In the Southern Hemisphere, some humpback whale breeding populations mix in Southern Ocean waters in summer, but very little movement between Pacific and Atlantic waters has been identified to date, suggesting these waters constituted an oceanic boundary between genetically distinct populations. Here, we present new evidence of summer co-occurrence in the West Antarctic Peninsula feeding area of two recovering humpback whale breeding populations from the Atlantic (Brazil) and Pacific (Central and South America). As humpback whale populations recover, observations like this point to the need to revise our perceptions of boundaries between stocks, particularly on high latitude feeding grounds. We suggest that this “Southern Ocean Exchange” may become more frequent as populations recover from commercial whaling and climate change modifies environmental dynamics and humpback whale prey availability.
Quantum imaging of a polarisation sensitive phase pattern with hyper-entangled photons
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh Mandip
Published: December 2021

A transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern makes a polarisation dependent transformation of quantum state of photons without absorbing them. Such an invisible pattern can be imaged with quantum entangled photons by making joint quantum measurements on photons. This paper shows a long path experiment to quantum image a transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern with hyper-entangled photon pairs involving momentum and polarisation degrees of freedom. In the imaging configuration, a single photon interacts with the pattern while the other photon, which has never interacted with the pattern, is measured jointly in a chosen polarisation basis and in a quantum superposition basis of its position which is equivalent to measure its momentum. Individual photons of each hyper-entangled pair cannot provide a complete image information. The image is constructed by measuring the polarisation state and position of the interacting photon corresponding to a measurement outcome of the non-interacting photon. This paper presents a detailed concept, theory and free space long path experiments on quantum imaging of polarisation sensitive phase patterns.
Characterization of the humoral immune response to the EBV proteome in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Sarathkumara Yomani D. , Chan John K. C. , Kwong Yok-Lam , Lam Tai Hing , Ip Dennis Kai Ming , Chiu Brian C.-H. , Xu Jun , Su Yu-Chieh , Proietti Carla , Cooper Martha M. , Yu Kelly J. , Bassig Bryan , Liang Raymond , Hu Wei , Ji Bu-Tian , Coghill Anna E. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Hildesheim Allan , Rothman Nathaniel , Doolan Denise L. , Lan Qing
Published: December 2021

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive malignancy that has been etiologically linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, with EBV gene transcripts identified in almost all cases. However, the humoral immune response to EBV in NKTCL patients has not been well characterized. We examined the antibody response to EBV in plasma samples from 51 NKTCL cases and 154 controls from Hong Kong and Taiwan who were part of the multi-center, hospital-based AsiaLymph case–control study. The EBV-directed serological response was characterized using a protein microarray that measured IgG and IgA antibodies against 202 protein sequences representing the entire EBV proteome. We analyzed 157 IgG antibodies and 127 IgA antibodies that fulfilled quality control requirements. Associations between EBV serology and NKTCL status were disproportionately observed for IgG rather than IgA antibodies. Nine anti-EBV IgG responses were significantly elevated in NKTCL cases compared with controls and had ORshighest vs. lowest tertile > 6.0 (Bonferroni-corrected P-values < 0.05). Among these nine elevated IgG responses in NKTCL patients, three IgG antibodies (all targeting EBNA3A) are novel and have not been observed for other EBV-associated tumors of B-cell or epithelial origin. IgG antibodies against EBNA1, which have consistently been elevated in other EBV-associated tumors, were not elevated in NKTCL cases. We characterize the antibody response against EBV for patients with NKTCL and identify IgG antibody responses against six distinct EBV proteins. Our findings suggest distinct serologic patterns of this NK/T-cell lymphoma compared with other EBV-associated tumors of B-cell or epithelial origin.
Cross-bridge mechanics estimated from skeletal muscles’ work-loop responses to impacts in legged locomotion
Authors: Christensen Kasper B. , Günther Michael , Schmitt Syn , Siebert Tobias
Published: December 2021

Legged locomotion has evolved as the most common form of terrestrial locomotion. When the leg makes contact with a solid surface, muscles absorb some of the shock-wave accelerations (impacts) that propagate through the body. We built a custom-made frame to which we fixated a rat (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar) muscle (m. gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis: GAS) for emulating an impact. We found that the fibre material of the muscle dissipates between 3.5 and $$23\,\upmu \hbox {J}$$

23

μ
J

ranging from fresh, fully active to passive muscle material, respectively. Accordingly, the corresponding dissipated energy in a half-sarcomere ranges between 10.4 and $$68\,z\hbox {J}$$

68

z
J

, respectively. At maximum activity, a single cross-bridge would, thus, dissipate 0.6% of the mechanical work available per ATP split per impact, and up to 16% energy in common, submaximal, activities. We also found the cross-bridge stiffness as low as $$2.2\,\hbox {pN}\,\hbox {nm}^{-1}$$

2.2

pN

nm

-
1

, which can be explained by the Coulomb-actuating cross-bridge part dominating the sarcomere stiffness. Results of the study provide a deeper understanding of contractile dynamics during early ground contact in bouncy gait.