bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reunifying knowledge of body and mind
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

The duality of body and mind is what has led modern civilization to assert the domination of mind over body, and of humans over nature. Conversely, the unity of body and mind can enable one to rediscover harmony between body and mind, and between humans and nature. This unity requires reunifying knowledge from body and mind, which cannot be separated from each other. Trusting one’s body, welcoming all the valuable information it provides, using one’s reason in a reasonable way, and then integrating all the knowledge, whatever its source, into a coherent whole that guides action: these are some of the basic conditions that allow each human being to take care of oneself, of others, and of everything called “nature.” Education should to be completely rethought to achieve this goal.
Showdown in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This is the first of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention, held in Richmond throughout June 1788. The convention was a showdown between the federalists, who wanted to ratify the Constitution and join the Union, and antifederalists, who opposed ratification. The convention pitted federalist leaders, including James Madison, John Marshall, and Edmund Randolph, against antifederalists, including Patrick Henry, George Mason, and James Monroe. This chapter includes background, personality sketches of major players, and Henry’s opening argument: Virginia is more important than the United States.
Southern Terror
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter shows how terrified the Southern states were of slave insurrections during the eighteenth century. It describes Tacky’s Revolt, an insurrection by more than one thousand well-armed slaves that occurred on Jamaica in 1760, and its impact on Southern slaveholders. It describes how New York City devolved into hysteria over a possible slave plot in 1741. It examines claims of 579 attacks or rebellions on slave ships and 250 slave plots or revolts in the South involving at least ten slaves. It discusses the elaborate and essential slave patrol system conducted routinely by Southern militia. It describes the slave patrols system in the South and shows that the militia was essential for both preventing and quelling slave insurrections.
The Lamentations Commentary of Salmon ben Yerūḥīm
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the content, themes, and techniques of Salmon’s translation and commentary on Lamentations. Salmon’s work models features that became standard in later Jewish commentaries. It also contains two distinctive elements: a pattern of homiletical refrains appended to each verse comment, and an epilogue wherein Salmon matches each image of suffering and catastrophe from Lamentations with a biblical prophecy that foretells the reversal of punishment and the redemption of the community (Neḥamot). While scholarship on Karaite biblical studies often focuses on the renowned Yefet ben ʿElī (fl. 960–1005), this chapter demonstrates the need to consider Salmon’s foundational work and offers comparisons between the two exegetes’ Lamentations commentaries. As the earliest Karaite writer with an extant exegetical corpus in Arabic, Salmon’s experiments in biblical translation and interpretation were the testing ground for the intellectual practice that came to define his community, and Jewish scholarly practices thereafter.
The Hermeneutics of Historical Reflection
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Jews have long considered Lamentations to be a historical witness to the ancient destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. Salmon expands this interpretive framework into a spiritual practice of reflection [iʿtibār] on the biblical past in order to discover the reasons for the exile and the path to redemption. This chapter explores Salmon’s threefold historical discourse, from the historical-contextual (corroborating biblical accounts to produce a coherent timeline, examining economic and social factors) to the historical-theological (using historical evidence to prove the justice of God’s punishment), and culminating in his historical-hermeneutical practice of iʿtibār, the obligation of reflecting on the past as a source of pious guidance. The chapter argues that Salmon’s concept of iʿtibār constitutes a Karaite intervention in Jewish hermeneutics, ritual, and law. His concept of iʿtibār draws on Arabic historiography as well as Jewish historical experience.
Lamentations 1
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Salmon’s commentary on Lamentations 1 includes a full demonstration of his principle of “requital in kind” (bāb al-muqābala). He considers each of the Ten Commandments (Ex 20:2–17), using biblical evidence to prove that the commandment had been violated from ancient Israel to his own time, and that the punishments of exile match the sins themselves (Lam 1:8). This passage, like the excursus at Lamentations 1:6, shows Salmon’s aptitude for developing Midrashic traditions within his exegesis. This chapter also shows Salmon’s concern with the pattern of “reversals” in Israel’s history. He emphasizes the wealth, wisdom, and heavenly blessings that Israel enjoyed during the reigns of David and Solomon, as a point of contrast to the degradations endured by later generations (Lam 1:1). Salmon presents the principle of reflection on history (iʿtibār) in an excursus at Lamentations 1:2. There he argues that ancient Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians because the people failed to reflect upon the earlier exile of the Northern Kingdom and recognize that they would suffer the same punishment if they continued in their sins. While this passage treats exile as a severe punishment, elsewhere Salmon emphasizes God’s mercy in sending the people of Jerusalem into exile rather than annihilating them completely (Lam 1:12). This chapter includes Salmon’s comments on Lamentations 1:1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 18.
Terroir
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Terroir is more than the sum of its parts. Scientific research that tries to demonstrate terroir, or reliable associations between a wine’s characteristics and the place from which it comes, often comes close without quite finding what it’s looking for. This chapter argues that the difficulty may lie with assumptions about what terroir and place are understood to be, and that reductionist scientific approaches are poorly equipped to capture the emergent properties at their center. After introducing recent research into physical characterizations of terroir, this chapter addresses assumptions that underpin such research and offers an alternative set of principles for investigating terroir as a way to describe connections. It concludes by reviewing recent research into microbial terroir, in which microbes are a mechanism for connecting the various elements that comprise a winegrowing place.
Alcohol
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Yeast make alcohol, a metabolic quirk behind our whole relationship with them, and yet scientists have yet to clearly explain why. Alcohol is a competition mechanism. It kills most microbes. Precisely because competition is the default assumption for most biological interactions, we shouldn’t assume that it’s the answer to every question. Explanation or no, we’ve now cultivated yeast to be exceptionally good at making alcohol, which presents challenges for the burgeoning low- and no-alcohol movement. Reducing alcohol sometimes happens through making life harder for grapevines or convincing yeast to take up different lifestyles, but it frequently requires crafty technology such that evidently “better-for-you” wines are often more processed than others. This chapter discusses how yeast make and tolerate alcohol, its toxic effects on microbes and humans, and how wineries are now trying to make wines with less of it.
Sulfur
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Sulfur dioxide is simultaneously among the oldest wine technologies and among the most controversial—not only because some wine drinkers would rather see less of it, but because the biochemistry behind its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects is convoluted. We could say that winemakers face a trade-off between using more sulfur for safety and using less to practice lower-intervention winemaking. But binaries are constructed through particular perspectives on a problem, such that a different angle illuminates more than two options. Coming back to the biochemistry, sulfur use is about style, not just either health concerns or stability. This chapter addresses why sulfur dioxide has been considered a health hazard, the trouble with declaring it either harmless or harmful, the biochemistry of how it shapes wine quality, up-and-coming alternatives, and why winemakers are using less even though complaints against it are largely unfounded.
A Faultless Science
Authors: Ruiz-Falqués Aleix
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the story of Dandin in the Bay of Bengal and Burma through unchartered literary sources. It also problematizes the ambivalent categorization of Dandin’s Sanskrit classic in a cultural landscape dominated by Pali Buddhism. The elusive presence of Dandin’s Mirror in the region is traced in the records of monastic manuscript collections and elite monastic curricula, where it occupies a prominent position. Pali adaptations of the Mirror, mainly Sangharakkhita’s Lucid Poetics and its commentaries, are also examined in connection to local Buddhist scholarship in Pali and Burmese, showing the influence of Dandin’s system of ornaments beyond the realm of poetry. The final section explores the destiny of Dandin’s Mirror in tandem with Dharmadasa’s work on riddles, the Adornment of the Connoisseur’s Mouth (Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana). This chapter shows that, by adapting certain features of the Mirror’s discourse on poetics to philosophy, pedagogy, and ritual, the Mirror achieved a paracanonical status among Buddhist literati in the Bay of Bengal.
The Mirror of the Practice
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the adaptation of Indic poetic models in Java and Bali, where practice (prayoga) took precedence over theory (śāstra), and where Dandin’s Mirror and other cultural grammars left little concrete trace. The chapter’s first part revisits the earliest known work from Java, the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa, an adaptation of a Sanskrit poem by Bhatti that teaches grammar and poetics by example. Here the work’s “ornamental blocks” are analyzed for modes of imparting and experimenting with ornaments found in manuals such as Dandin’s. The second half explores the later history of kakawin literature by focusing on introductory statements by poets and on manuals such as the Life Breath of Poetry (Bhāṣaprāṇa). The chapter shows that technical knowledge about poetry was continuously taught in classrooms in Java and Bali and suggests that kakawin’s playful internalization of Dandin’s modularity and openness eventually rendered his Mirror superfluous.
Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Sink Trump’s Reelection?
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Renninger Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2020 election. This part of the chapter, Part 1, details the contrasting approaches of Biden and Trump. Part 2 traces the effects of the pandemic and the candidates’ alternative responses to it on perceptions and vote preferences. Relative to other issues, most voters—even many Trump supporters—saw the pandemic as a weakness for the incumbent. Attitudes toward and experiences with COVID affected vote choice, but perhaps less than one would have expected ex ante because Trump supporters downplayed the pandemic, consistently said the worst of the crisis had passed, and emphasized instead issues on which they felt Trump outperformed Biden, such as the economy. We also show that public attitudes toward scientific advisors and organizations became sharply polarized over time, with Biden supporters trusting them more and Trump supporters less so, with important implications for science communication and for the country’s ability to quell this pandemic as well as future ones.
A Deeper Anxiety
Authors: Pasek Josh , Levendusky Matthew , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2023

As American society continues to become more racially and ethnically diverse, the face of power is becoming less White, less male, and less Christian. While White men remain the most powerful group in society, their relative status has declined, a state of affairs that triggers what social scientists call status threat: anger at the loss of dominant group status. This chapter explores some of the ways in which the rhetoric and actions of the Trump presidency, as well as the events of 2020, primed status threat in some voters, and shaped those voters’ behavior in the election and its aftermath.
“Stop the Steal”
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh
Published: March 2023

Trump’s refusal to accept the election’s outcome triggered a fourth crisis, the crisis of democratic legitimacy, culminating in the January 6 assault on the nation’s Capitol. Where this Part of this chapter, Part 1, traces events surrounding disruption of the certification of the presidential election, Part 2 shows the responses of those in our panel to the “Stop the Steal” rhetoric and ensuing action. Not only does the chapter trace the evolution of beliefs about voter fraud, but it shows as well how the crisis of electoral legitimacy became one of democratic legitimacy. Specifically, the same factors motivating skepticism toward the election spilled over into support for the January 6 assault and informed a belief that violence is justified to protect the American way of life. These effects were especially pronounced for those who experienced status threat and who believed that racial and ethnic minorities do not face much discrimination in society.
A Republic, if You Can Keep It
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Holbert R. Lance , Hardy Bruce , Kenski Kate , Ophir Yotam , Renninger Andrew , Romer Dan , Walter Dror , Winneg Ken , Hall Jamieson Kathleen
Published: March 2023

This chapter draws together the implications of the book, summarizing the discussion of how the four interlocking crises of 2020 shaped the election and its aftermath. The chapter also explores the ways in which this crisis-inflected election altered scholars’ understanding of campaigns and elections. In particular, it addresses the worrying implications of the legitimation of violence for some voters, the polarization of public health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the delegitimization of the election’s outcome for some Americans. It also discusses the citadels that endured, and the lessons we can draw from them to strengthen our democratic systems moving forward.
Wholes and Parts
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains the ways in which Cavendish and Conway view the world as a whole and the way in which the parts of the world relate to this whole. It argues that both Cavendish and Conway are substance monists, priority monists, and existence pluralists. The claim that Cavendish might be a neutral monist is rejected due to Cavendish’s view that the figurative self-motions of the rational degree of matter just are thoughts. Thus, the fundamental substance for Cavendish is matter, which includes the properties associated with minds. The chapter argues that Cavendish is committed to a type of biological holism where all of nature can be understood as a living organism with varying levels of structural and causal systems within it. Finally, the chapter shows how Conway can avoid the charge of conflating God and creatures through her unique account of emanation.
Introduction
Authors: Branigan Phil
Published: March 2023

The introductory chapter establishes the core concept of multiple head-movement and presents the issues which arise in integrating this concept into current generative, mini-malist models of morphosyntax. The major typological questions for which this concept is useful are identified. The empirical motivation for formulating a model of multiple head-movement is sketched out, and the pertinent, challenging properties of complex words in Slavic and Algonquian languages are presented.
A modular theory of head movement
Authors: Branigan Phil
Published: March 2023

Head movement is fundamental to contemporary grammatical analysis, but the abstract basis for this morpho-syntactic phenomenon is controversial. This chapter provides a new model of head-movement, in which both the core syntactic operation of feature valuation and an externalizing operation of head-movement are involved. A new timing parameter is proposed which controls whether valuation precedes or follows labeling operations, and it is shown that one of the parametric settings makes multiple head-movement possible. Case studies from English, Finnish, Norwegian, and other languages illustrate the details of this model.
Fundamental Things
Authors: deRosset Louis
Published: March 2023

The scientific successes of the last 400 years strongly suggest a view on which things are organized into layers, with phenomena in higher layers dependent on and determined by what goes on below. Philosophers have recently explored the idea that we can make sense of this idea by appeal to a relation called grounding. This book develops the rudiments of a theory of grounding, and applies that theory to questions of independent interest. The theorizing consists in saying in more detail what grounding is and how it relates to explanations of the relevant sort, discussing objections to the deployment of a notion of grounding, and drawing points of contrast between a grounding-centered approach to relative fundamentality and other approaches in the literature. The book then turns to a demonstration of how this theorizing bears fruit in the investigation of other interesting questions. The applications are to central questions concerning (i) how to distinguish between truths that say how objective reality is in itself, quite independently of us, and truths that do not; (ii) the nature of truth; and (iii) the relation between fundamental physical facts and the rich panoply of other facts that depend on and are determined by them, including facts concerning our own doings. The aim is to advance our understanding of one of the deepest and thorniest questions which the stunning scientific achievements of the last 400 years pose: how higher-level phenomena, including ourselves, fit into an ultimately physical world.
Grounding and Reduction
Authors: deRosset Louis
Published: March 2023

One kind of fact reduces to another just in case the members of the first kind are “nothing over and above,” “nothing but,” or “nothing over and against” the second kind. This chapter explores the links between grounding and this more traditional and widely discussed notion. In particular, it engages the question of whether we need the notion of grounding in addition to the notion of reduction to understand the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others. A specific kind of reduction, identity reduction, is described. It is shown that this kind of reduction cannot, on its own, do justice to the idea that nature is structured into layers, and that something like grounding is needed in addition. Finally, it is argued that other notions prominently used in the literature to characterize the idea of layered structure, including other kinds of reduction, also require something like grounding.
‘Angels of the House’ or ‘Angel-Makers’?
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David
Published: March 2023

The murder of children, and infanticide more specifically, have been especially common areas of female criminality and equally difficult for the authorities to control. Until the late nineteenth century and the advent of the insanity plea which offered the authorities a way to explain female maternal violence as a temporary behavioural aberration, the courts struggled to deal with murderous mothers. The judicial system found it hard to explain such behaviour within the confines of prevailing gender norms, especially when the motive for the offence was unclear or uncertain. This chapter examines two such perplexing cases that confronted the Scottish judiciary, those of Barbara Malcolm in 1808 and Catherine Anderson of 1883. These cases, and their lack of certainty of motive, give us valuable evidence of discussions around contemporary perceptions of maternity and femininity at the start of the nineteenth century. Such concepts emerge as often transient. Although the latter part of the century became dominated by an obsession with maternity, this was not translated into a campaign against murderous and bad mothers. Instead it became a crusade to ease the burden of motherhood, thereby side-lining the gendered construction of the ‘bad mother’.
‘The Life and Loves of a She Devil’
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David
Published: March 2023

This chapter challenges the idea that murderous acts by women can be viewed solely through the prism of gender by historians, who too often turn them into acts of impulsiveness. This has hitherto suggested a rather polarized view of women’s individual agency and autonomy. By implication this argues that women have a homogeneous reliance upon instinctiveness, something that is the antithesis of contemplation and reason. Reason, however, is further subverted in this equation by suggestions that women have regularly favoured poisoning as a method for committing murder. In this it is seen as foregrounding a display of deviousness rather than aggression, fatally undermining the roles associated with the domestic sphere. This view is challenged by examination of the case against Sarah Dazley from Bedfordshire who killed her husband by poison in 1843 and, as a result, became known as the Potton Poisoner. Dazley does not fit the so often paraded pattern of the sensationalized Victorian female poisoner. Although Dazley, like her criminal counterparts, did kill to be with her lover, she also killed another former husband and her son via poisoning too. This episode indicates that her later killing was premeditated, as she had benefited from the previous success of her murderous escapades. As such it opens out for discussion the idea of women’s potential for premeditation not just in the commission of crime itself but in the serial commission of the same serious crime.
Epilogue
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David
Published: March 2023

This sums up the findings of the book. It reinforces that women and their criminality in the nineteenth century was marginalized by that society. An important consequence of this is that it has been difficult to uncover and analyse in detail. Instead too many historians have worked too often with stereotypes and received perceptions of how most women behaved. From this less than ideal situation this book has showcased places where women’s criminality and their behaviour breaks with convention and suggests there is probably more evidence that would further challenge stereotypes. Beyond such conclusions this epilogue suggests new areas of ongoing and further explanation. In particular it advances the idea that the study of criminal history may be unduly influenced by the urge to homogenize and produce stereotypes of criminals and the perpetration of crime. As such it suggests that greater consideration should be given to the heterogeneity of individual crimes and criminals. This will assist in foregrounding issues around criminal motivation and individual experiences of being law-abiding and of being criminal.
The Right to Exclude
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin
Published: March 2023

In a world where racism runs riot, what is the role of international law? Human rights instruments like the United Nations’ International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination are paradigmatic of the conventional response, directing states to avoid racially discriminatory behavior and promote policies in keeping with colorblind diversity. Is it possible, however, that in its reproduction of the twentieth century’s fight for civil rights and cultural pluralism, the contemporary understanding of global racism has become outdated? As counterintuitive as it might seem, might international law be a part of the problem? In The Right to Exclude: A Critical Race Approach to Sovereignty, Borders, and International Law, Justin Desautels-Stein offers a historical account of how certain rules of international law produce structures of racial hierarchy, rather than simply limit them. The intellectual fulcrum for this production, Desautels-Stein argues, is not the proverbial villain hiding behind the curtain. It lies instead in the ideological structures of sovereignty and property, and more specifically, in the right to exclude that is shared in those twinned precincts, and the border regimes that result. Applying critical race theory to contemporary problems of migration, nationalism, multiculturalism, decolonization, and self-determination, Desautels-Stein expounds a theory of “postracial xenophobia,” a structure of racial ideology that justifies and legitimates a pragmatic account of racialized foreignness, a racial xenos.
Introduction
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana
Published: March 2023

The introductory chapter sketches political and legal developments that make it worthwhile to compare and assess recent changes to sexual assault laws in different countries: the move from traditional notions of sexual assault and rape, which focused on force and other coercive acts, to a consent-based approach. The result is a variety of experiences and conceptual approaches in substantive criminal laws. The aims of the volume are to explore the complexities of consent and the differences in offence descriptions and definitions in criminal laws, and to draw conclusions for future law reforms in countries that still rely on the traditional picture of sexual assault.
The Normative Force of Consent in Moral, Political, and Legal Perspective
Authors: Dempsey Michelle Madden
Published: March 2023

The first chapter in Part 1 analyses the different normative contexts of debates about sexual content. Michelle Madden Dempsey describes her aim as ‘mapping the normative landscape’, and she demonstrates that it is important to distinguish carefully between moral, political, and legal debates. She argues that the moral perspective does not ask what to do about behaviour but aims at clarifying its moral quality. In contrast, the political perspective evaluates what responses might be justified, and the legal perspective asks if an act is an offence in positive criminal law or if this kind of act should be criminalized. Starting with this general outline, Dempsey shows that these distinctions are necessary to improve the understanding of discussions about rape, both from a descriptive perspective, which asks what rape is, and a prescriptive perspective, which demands certain responses.
Sexual Assaults under Spanish Law
Authors: Meliá Manuel Cancio
Published: March 2023

Manuel Cancio Melía introduces both the most recent proposal to change the Spanish Criminal Code and prior law reforms, which have already moved Spanish law on sexual assault and rape some steps away from the former, very traditional notions. He explains the law in force until October 2022, which contained an offence description that focused on lack of consent, but under the controversial heading ‘sexual abuse’. He then describes the Manada (wolfpack) case, which had created a heated public debate in Spain after the trial court sentenced the defendants to long prison sentences but only for sexual abuse and not for rape. The most interesting and controversial features of the new law in force since October 2022 are that it has introduced the ‘only yes is yes’ concept in its pure form into Spanish law and abolished separate offence descriptions for violent sexual assault.
Modern American Architecture
Authors: Gill Jo
Published: March 2023

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the history, or more properly historiography, of modern architecture in the United States from the late 1900s through to the closing decades of the century, with particular reference to key figures and to the technologies, debates, and practices that most engaged the poets of the period. In so doing, this chapter draws attention to the innovations and discourses that simultaneously shaped modern architecture and modern poetry (assessing, for example, the effects of new developments in steel construction on architectural and poetic concepts of space). It further considers the relationship between architecture, poetry, and contemporary cultural and social change.
Elizabeth Bishop
Authors: Gill Jo
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 considers the work of Elizabeth Bishop and assesses the significance of architectural scale, proportion, and perspective in a number of poems from her early experiences in New York, Paris, and Florida through her time in Brazil in the modern house built by her partner Lota Macedo Soares, to her final years in Boston. Modern architecture’s practices and vocabulary provided Bishop with an exciting new way of thinking about strangeness, and of calibrating the relationship between person and—often unfamiliar—place; self and other; presence and absence. An assessment of Bishop and architecture enhances our perception of the visual and topographic dimensions of her work. In closing, the chapter suggests that an architectural lens also opens new ways of understanding Robert Lowell’s poetic dialogue with Bishop.
Frank O’Hara
Authors: Gill Jo
Published: March 2023

With reference both to Frank O’Hara’s early Ann Arbor poems and his later New York writings (in particular, poems about Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram Building or Le Corbusier’s contribution to the design of the United Nations complex), this chapter addresses the architecture of public and civic space, and the relationship between transparency and opacity in his work—a tension which is germane to contemporary architecture, painting, and poetry alike. Writing in the post-World War II period, when some of the initial excitement of modern architecture may have receded, O’Hara recaptures the thrill of architectural (and poetic) innovation and thereby anticipates some of the radical new thinking, in both fields, that was to emerge in the later, postmodern, period.
CARBON DIOXIDE, FROM AWILD SPIRIT TO CLIMATE CULPRIT
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

Here, we outline the story of this book that traces the history of carbon dioxide through the ages. Carbon dioxide made a renewed star appearance on the world’s stage in 2015 when the governments of the world agreed in Paris to limit global warming to a maximum of 2°C—but preferably 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial time (around 1850). This difference might seem small, but the higher the temperature, the more the planet will suffer from extreme events: droughts, extreme flooding, rise in sea level, heatwaves, and loss of biodiversity. So, something needs to be done, we need to reduce our emissions of carbon dioxide fast, incredibly fast. The book traces the development of the perception of CO2 through the ages. We discuss its role in climate through the absorption of infrared radiation. It deals with its discovery by the Flemish doctor van Helmont, to its final chemical understanding, its role in photosynthesis and respiration, the variability through geological time, and closer in time to us, variability during the ice ages. We then enter the period when carbon dioxide becomes a human phenomenon though fossil fuel burning and deforestation. It describes the world’s efforts to control the rise in CO2 through the now more than 60 years since it became obvious that humans were changing the composition of the atmosphere and climate. We then discuss what needs to be done to stop climate from warming beyond the limits set in the Paris Agreement. It can be done, but it is tough…
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE VEGETATION OF THE EARTH
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

We trace the discovery of photosynthesis, the process in plants that uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars and oxygen. The Dutchman Jan van Ingen-Housz discovered that light, next to water, was an essential component. Jean Senebier realized that leaves were in fact small laboratories where Joseph Black’s ‘fixed air’ (carbon dioxide) was transformed into pure air. He was one of the first to realize that also a fast carbon cycle existed, where biomass is produced that is ultimately respired to produce water and CO2. Somehow however, it still appeared that water, CO2, and light miraculously produced oxygen and carbohydrates (sugars). It took a while to discover what exactly happened. The first answer came from the photosynthesizing microbes of Van Niel who discovered how oxygen was produced from water. Robin Hill isolated the main parts of the cell that played the key role in photosynthesis, the chloroplasts. These small organelles contain chlorophyll, the absorbing green pigment in plant cells. Hill also established that in the dark, photosynthesis stopped. It was up to Calvin and his co-worker Benson to cleverly use isotopes to determine how CO2 was incorporated into sugars. This is known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. The enzyme that plays a critical role is Rubisco, the most important enzyme on the planet. Evidence for its effectiveness lies in the fact that the Rubisco-based system has changed very little from the first time it appeared on the planet, some 3 billion years ago.
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

We trace CO2 concentrations through geological time. After the core and the crust were formed, 4.5 billion years ago (Gyr), Earth started to develop an atmosphere. An atmosphere that consisted of the exhaust gases from the interior: water vapour, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. It was not a pleasant place, hot and continuously bombarded by meteorites. It is called the Hadean, after the Greek god of death, Hades. The initial pressure of CO2 may have been 10–100 times the current atmospheric pressure, with CO2 probably making up 70% of the atmosphere. During the next period, the Archean, covering 1.3 billion years, life started to appear. The atmospheric CO2 concentration dropped to values around 10–20 times the current one. Life developed, first as ancestors of Bacteria and Archea that produced biomass without fully using photosynthesis. The ability of cyanobacteria to photosynthesize and produce oxygen slowly changed the atmospheric composition. This period is called the Proterozoic and lasts from 2.5 Gyr until 541 million years ago (Myr). The atmospheric concentration of CO2 had gone down to 3–5 times our current levels. From this Hothouse Earth in the Eocene to about 2.5 Myr when the Pleistocene started, the CO2 concentration would continue to further decline, with occasional large spikes, likely due to periods of increased volcanic eruptions. Around 34 Myr, at the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the atmospheric concentration was down to around 400–900 ppm. Earth was moving from a hothouse into an icehouse. Ice sheets had started to appear.
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE WAXING AND WANING OF ICE SHEETS
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

We explore the fantastic but elusive rhythm of the ice ages, their temperature and their CO2 concentration during the last million years. James Hutton first established the connection between gigantic boulders found at some places near the Alps and their possible transport by glaciers. Louis Agassiz postulated at a meeting in Switzerland in 1837 that large parts of the Northern Hemisphere could have been completely covered by ice sheets Steady accumulation of material from above in the ocean produces a rather precise historical archive of events. Analyses based on species composition and isotopes found a regular change between glacial and interglacial periods. Nick Shackleton and Neil Opdyke then identified 11 glacial cycles, each with a glacial and interglacial. But what causes this rhythmic behaviour? Around 1920, the Serb Milutin Milankovitch calculated how small changes in the path of the Earth around the Sun could have produced variations in radiation. He found that low radiation, cold periods corresponded exactly to those of ice ages. Drilling into the ice of the ice sheets shows the variation of CO2 because the atmosphere gets locked into to the ice and provides a near continuous record of past changes. The Danish scientist Willie Dansgaard and the Swiss Hans Oeschger analysed the composition of these bubbles and discovered changes in temperature and CO2 that matched the geological periods of glacial and interglacials. Later analysis showed that warm interglacials had CO2 concentrations of around 280 ppm and cold glacial periods of 180 ppm.
THE BUMPY ROAD TO THE FUTURE…
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

At the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the IPCC released its three reports on the state of the climate, the impacts and mitigation. After thirty years the message could not be clearer. The world was warming more than 1.1°C, and the world would likely miss its 1.5°C target if it did not drastically reduce its emissions. Massive changes in the way we use and produce energy are required to achieve the temperature target. We have to stop dependence on coal almost immediately and very quickly reduce our dependence on oil and gas. This requires the developed countries to immediately change their technologies and practices, while the less developed nations should not embark on high-emission technologies while building new wealth and enhancing wellbeing. That transition is still possible through the increased use of renewables: wind and solar energy. Reliance on yet unproven technologies such as Carbon Dioxide Removal to release the burden on immediate reductions puts the burden on future generations. 370 years after the discovery of carbon dioxide as a wild spirit we are hitting 420 ppm (summer 2022), way above the normal range for the Pleistocene, and 50% more than the preindustrial level. With every tenth of a degree further warming the impacts will be more severely felt. We need everyone and every tool to help us in reducing emissions before carbon dioxide becomes truly van Helmont’s wild spirit and puts our environment on a direct path to catastrophe. It can be done…
A Singular Vision
Authors: Parsell Diana P.
Published: March 2023

Eliza Scidmore’s return to America in the late 1880s begins a new phase of her journalism career as a magazine writer and marks the start of her attempts to bring Japanese cherry trees to Washington. After a decade of newspaper work, she starts writing for notable nineteenth-century magazines such as Harper’s Bazaar, The Cosmopolitan, Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, and St. Nicholas. Harper and Brothers commissions Jinrikisha Days in Japan (1891), which will become her best-known book. Reporting on First Lady Caroline Harrison at the White House opens avenues to Army Corps of Engineers officials in charge of the city’s park development. Scidmore approaches them to encourage the planting of Japanese cherry trees in Potomac Park, an idea inspired by popular cherry blossom sites in Japan such as Mukojima and Uyeno Park. More than twenty years will pass before Scidmore succeeds in making her vision a reality.
Crowdsourcing to Tackle Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ Platform
Authors: Ilbiz Ethem , Kaunert Christian
Published: March 2023

This article examines how Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ (SCATO) platform uses crowdsourcing to collect tips from the public in order to tackle online child sexual exploitation. The article evaluates the platform's effectiveness based on three key factors: how easy it is for the public to access the platform, the transaction costs involved in gathering information from the public, and how trust is established between the public and law enforcement agencies. By analyzing Europol documents and conducting interviews with law enforcement officers and non-governmental organizations, the article argues that the SCATO platform is user-friendly and accessible to the public. However, in order to reduce the searching cost of intelligence gathering, the images shared on the platform should encourage high-value reporting without compromising victim anonymity. Additionally, the platform should also benefit from clear guidelines and feedback mechanisms to encourage more public participation.
Towards a characterization of Sidorenko systems
Authors: KamČev Nina , Liebenau Anita , Morrison  Natasha
Published: March 2023

A system of linear forms $L=\{L_1,\ldots,L_m\}$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$ is said to be Sidorenko if the number of solutions to L = 0 in any $A \subseteq \mathbb{F}_{q}^n$ is asymptotically as $n\to\infty$ at least the expected number of solutions in a random set of the same density. Work of Saad and Wolf [19] and of Fox, Pham and Zhao [8] fully characterizes single equations with this property and both sets of authors ask about a characterization of Sidorenko systems of equations. In this paper, we make progress towards this goal. First, we find a simple necessary condition for a system to be Sidorenko, thus providing a rich family of non-Sidorenko systems. In the opposite direction, we find a large family of structured Sidorenko systems, by utilizing the entropy method. We also make significant progress towards a full classification of systems of two equations.
Bayesian inversion and the Tomita–Takesaki modular group
Authors: Giorgetti Luca , Parzygnat Arthur J , Ranallo Alessio , Russo  Benjamin P
Published: March 2023

We show that conditional expectations, optimal hypotheses, disintegrations and adjoints of unital completely positive maps are all instances of Bayesian inverses. We study the existence of the latter by means of the Tomita–Takesaki modular group and we provide extensions of a theorem of Takesaki as well as a theorem of Accardi and Cecchini to the setting of not necessarily faithful states on finite-dimensional $C^{\ast}$-algebras.
Price Discrimination in International Airline Markets
Authors: Aryal Gaurab , Murry Charles , Williams Jonathan W
Published: March 2023

We develop a model of inter-temporal and intra-temporal price discrimination by monopoly airlines to study the ability of different discriminatory pricing mechanisms to increase efficiency and the associated distributional implications. To estimate the model, we use unique data from international airline markets with flight-level variation in prices across time, cabins, and markets and information on passengers’ reasons for travel and time of purchase. The current pricing practice yields approximately 77% of the first-best welfare. The source of this inefficiency arises primarily from private information about passenger valuations, not dynamic uncertainty about demand. We also find that if airlines could discriminate between business and leisure passengers, total welfare would improve at the expense of business passenger surplus. Also, replacing the current pricing that involves screening passengers across cabin classes with offering a single cabin class has minimal effect on total welfare.
Observable and unobservable causes of the gender gap in S&T funding for young researchers
Authors: Suarez Diana , Fiorentin Florencia , Pereira Mariano
Published: March 2023

The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between academic performance, gender, and science and technology grants. The empirical analysis is based on the Argentinean Fund for Scientific and Technological Research ‘Scientific and Technological Research Projects’ (FONCYT-PICT). The methodology is based on a multivariate decomposition for non-linear response models, an extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. Results confirm the presence of a gender gap. Women have lower probabilities of being awarded with funds than men, even when academic trajectories are alike. Results show that even if the productivity gap is closed, men’s and women’s trajectories are differently valued against women, and this negatively impacts their probability of being awarded. Therefore, even if women manage to publish more and—somehow—be more cited, the gap will persist. Explicit public policy measures are required to close the current gap and stop reproducing it.
Authoritarian Populism and Patriarchal Logics: Nicaragua’s Engendered Politics
Authors: Awadalla Cristina
Published: March 2023

This article examines contemporary Nicaraguan politics to understand how gender conservatism structures the populist project of Ortega–Murillos (OrMu), the presidential couple. Through feminist discourse analysis of state texts, I examine the cultural strategies the regime uses to represent itself. I put this narrative into conversation with feminist critiques to outline how antifeminism is a central political strategy of the OrMu regime. By doing so, this article aims to demonstrate how the Nicaraguan case can advance our typologies of contemporary authoritarianisms and the social relations these political projects constitute.
Triazole fungicides induce adipogenesis and repress osteoblastogenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Thrikawala Savini , Mesmar Fahmi , Bhattacharya Beas , Muhsen Maram , Mukhopadhyay Srijita , Flores Sara , Upadhyay Sanat , Vergara Leoncio , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Williams Cecilia , Bondesson Maria
Published: March 2023

Triazoles are a major group of azole fungicides commonly used in agriculture, and veterinary and human medicine. Maternal exposure to certain triazole antifungal medication causes congenital malformations, including skeletal malformations. We hypothesized that triazoles used as pesticides in agriculture also pose a risk of causing skeletal malformations in developing embryos. In this study, teratogenic effects of three commonly used triazoles, cyproconazole, paclobutrazol, and triadimenol, were investigated in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Exposure to the triazole fungicides caused bone and cartilage malformations in developing zebrafish larvae. Data from whole-embryo transcriptomics with cyproconazole suggested that exposure to this compound induces adipogenesis while repressing skeletal development. Confirming this finding, the expression of selected bone and cartilage marker genes were significantly downregulated with triazoles exposure as determined by quantitative PCR. The expression of selected adipogenic genes was upregulated by the triazoles. Furthermore, exposure to each of the three triazoles induced adipogenesis and lipid droplet formation in vitro in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells. In vivo in zebrafish larvae, cyproconazole exposure caused lipid accumulation. These results suggest that exposure to triazoles promotes adipogenesis at the expense of skeletal development, and thus they expand the chemical group of bona fide bone to fat switchers.
Building Health into New Boxwood Crops and Plantings by Making Informed Cultivar Selection
Authors: Hong Chuanxue
Published: March 2023

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata and leafminer ( Monarthropalpus flavus) are the primary boxwood disease and pest, respectively. This review summarizes the latest studies evaluating boxwood cultivars and selections against boxwood blight and leafminer in the hopes of facilitating adoption of identified cultivars with resistance to both, fast tracking the nation onto a more sustainable path toward healthy production and gardening of this iconic landscape plant.
New Drug Treats Female Reproductive Cancers
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: March 2023

Mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx (Elahere) has been granted accelerated approval to treat adult patients with folate receptor α–positive, platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who have received one to three prior systemic treatment regimens.

The drug's labeling includes a boxed warning for ocular toxicity. Other warnings include a risk of pneumonitis, peripheral neuropathy, and embryo–fetal toxicity.