bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of hypnotizability: the first empirical study
Authors: Kirsch Irving , Braffman Wayne
Published: February 2006

Because all of the effects of suggestion can be obtained without inducing hypnosis, hypnotizability is not the same thing as suggestibility. Hypnotizability is the change in suggestibility produced by inducing hypnosis. However, almost all studies purporting to measure hypnotizability have neglected to control for nonhypnotic (that is, so‐called ‘waking’) suggestibility. Thus, they have assessed the relation of suggestibility to various variables, but not the relation of hypnotizability to those variables. The one published study of the correlates of hypnotizability shows that it is predicted by expectancy and motivation, but not by absorption or fantasy proneness. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis for liposuction surgery: a clinical review and guide for hypnotic dialogue
Authors: Botta Samuel A.
Published: February 2006

Hypnosis is used to reduce the amount of intravenous anaesthesia required to perform liposuction surgery. The patient listens to a hypnotic audiocassette tape intraoperatively. This explains the procedure to the patient. First, relaxation techniques are used to comfort and relax the patient. The patient is then guided to experience their favourite place and then progressed through future positive imagery. Post‐hypnotic suggestions for healing and recovery are incorporated and distraction techniques are used to dissociate the patient from the procedure. The author has used this hypnotic tape for more than 300 patients and there has either been a marked reduction in the amount of intravenous medication needed, or frequently no intravenous medication has been needed at all. The patient returns to the recovery area fully awake and ready for discharge. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic hallucinations: towards a biology of epistemology
Authors: Woody Erik , Szechtman Henry
Published: February 2006

In a positron emission tomography (PET) study of hypnotic auditory hallucinations (Szechtman, Woody, Bowers and Nahmias, 1998), we found that activation of the right anterior cingulate seems to be critically implicated in the experience of a hallucination. Here we discuss two alternative interpretations of this result, consistent with the known functions of this region. First, hallucinations may occur when affect drives the generation of an internal percept, and then outwardly directed attention leads to the misattribution of this percept to the external world. This interpretation is consistent with the model of hallucinations by Bentall (1990). Alternatively, hallucinations may stem from what we herein term a ‘feeling of knowing’, or conviction that a stimulus is out there, around which the hallucinator constructs and rationalizes a percept. We relate the latter proposal to ideas by Rapoport (1989) and Damasio (1994) concerning the biological underpinnings of the sense of external reality. We also suggest ways that research on the neural bases of hypnosis might offer clues about the neural bases of psychopathologies, such as obsessive‐compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Redefining hypnosis: theory, methods and integration
Authors: Gruzelier John H.
Published: February 2006

An integration between neurobiological and sociocognitive perspectives is advocated to advance and overhaul the concept of hypnosis and its humanistic applications. The thesis is presented that hypnosis is an altered state of brain functional organization involving interrelations between brain regions initiated by the intervention of the hypnotist – that is, an atypical alteration of brain systems through an interpersonal and cultural context. Experimental evidence shows that the hypnotic process produces a brain state that is different from everyday neurophysiology, as shown by evidence of differential effects of attention and relaxation, and by evidence of cognitive and neurophysiological dissociation, which are central features of hypnosis. The hypnotic induction has a neurophysiological logic involving a temporal process that becomes conditioned to facilitate future induction and self‐hypnosis. Our integrative perspective of brain systems in a social context includes a neuropsychological translation of the hypnotic induction and draws out the implications of orbital‐frontal suppression for subjects being oblivious to embarrassment and being able to endure stage hypnosis. Wasteful pursuits in the field of hypnosis include the search for a single marker, premature closure of neurophysiological investigation, attributions and inferences such as ‘suggestion’ and goal‐directed striving without validation and without consideration of process and mechanism, and the use of dichotomies such as ‘waking’ versus ‘sleeping’. Recommendations include considerations of multidimensionality regarding trance and levels of susceptibility; the modifiability of susceptibility; formal assessment of social conceptions about hypnosis; concurrent validation of susceptibility during experimental procedures; consideration of both objective and subjective measures of susceptibility together with cross‐checking for inconsistencies; the feasibility of control conditions; assessment of processes underpinning suggestibility; distinguishing the social impact of experimental, clinical and stage hypnosis; and assessment of after‐effects. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A legal case of a man complaining of an extraordinary sexual disorder following stage hypnosis
Authors: Heap Michael
Published: February 2006

In 1997, the author was involved as an expert witness in a civil case in which a man claimed to have suffered from an overwhelming urge to have sexual intercourse with his furniture and domestic appliances following his participation in a stage hypnosis show. In addition, in the subsequent months and years he reported an extraordinary variety of bizarre symptoms and problems which received a range of diagnoses including major depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, schizo‐affective disorder and paranoid psychosis. The two psychiatrists who represented the plaintiff considered that his problems had been caused by two factors: (i) the stage hypnotist's suggestion that the volunteers would feel extremely sexy when they went to bed that night, and (ii) the plaintiff's not being properly taken out of his trance at the end of the show. They also asserted that the plaintiff had been traumatized by his experience either during the show itself or afterwards when he was indulging in sexual behaviour with his household effects. The author, who appeared for the defendant, considered that the plaintiff was clearly malingering in his claims to have been afflicted with his unusual sexual compulsions; however, there was a case for considering his more long‐lasting problems as belonging in the category of factitious disorder. The trial took place more than four years after the event, the plaintiff reporting further symptoms. On the fifth day of the proceedings the hearing collapsed when the plaintiff's funding was withdrawn. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Unwanted effects of hypnosis: a review of the evidence and its implications
Authors: Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

Growing evidence of unwanted consequences of hypnosis in experimental, clinical and entertainment settings is reviewed. Adverse effects are common, may be physiological or psychological, and are mostly short‐lived. Facilitating factors include high hypnotizability and cognitive and personal involvement, although effects secondary to hypnosis such as deactivation and anxiety may cause reactions such as headache. The more serious consequences almost exclusively occur in clinical and entertainment applications and have included chronic psychopathology, seizure, stupor, spontaneous dissociative episodes and the resurrection of memories of previous trauma, typically with age regression. Associated phenomena may include physiological events and may be unconsciously mediated. Two cases of first episode schizophrenia, one following hypnotherapy and one following stage hypnosis, are described, the latter in detail. Evidence of affinities between schizophrenia and hypnosis, beginning with Pavlov but largely ignored since, is revisited in the light of contemporary evidence of the neurophysiological mechanisms of hypnosis and schizophrenia, with implications for screening vulnerable individuals. It is concluded that the responsible scientific attitude is to acknowledge and disclose evidence of unwanted sequelae in order to understand mechanisms, improve safeguards and better educate practitioners. As the context of stage hypnosis does not allow adequate safeguards, and practitioners lack qualifications to address adverse reactions, hypnosis for entertainment should be discontinued. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Self‐hypnosis and exam stress: comparing immune and relaxation‐related imagery for influences on immunity, health and mood
Authors: Gruzelier John , Levy Jonathon , Williams John , Henderson Don
Published: February 2006

The effects of self‐hypnosis training on immune function, mood and health at exam time in medical schools were examined, comparing instructions of enhanced immune function with relaxation, whereas instructions of increased energy, alterness, concentration and happiness were common to both procedures. Training consisted of three weekly group sessions, with unrestricted home practice with an audiocassette. Immune assays involved CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 lymphocytes, CD56 natural killer (NK) cells and blood cortisol. Students receiving immune‐related imagery reported fewer viral illnesses, such as colds and influenza, during the exam period. Immune‐related imagery was also more successful than relaxation imagery in buffering decline in total lymphocytes and subsets. Independent of instructions, hypnosis buffered the decline in CD8 cytotoxic T‐cells observed in control subjects, an effect associated with hypnotic susceptibility (Harvard group scale). Evidence of a buffering effect on NK cells could not be replicated, which may have been confounded by generalized stressors. As found previously, dissociations between negative mood and raised cortisol followed hypnosis training. These findings along with a contemporaneous one with patients with herpes—preliminary due to the small scale of the study—demonstrate for the first time that there are benefits for reported illness as a result of a psychological intervention shown to strengthen the immune system and improve well‐being. The benefits of self‐hypnosis encourage investment in large‐scale illness prevention studies and controlled clinical applications. Copyright © 2001 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Augmenting intravenous sedation with hypnosis, a controlled retrospective study
Authors: Dyas Robert
Published: February 2006

The present study evaluates the effects of employing hypnosis in conjunction with a standard sedation regimen in 20 patients. All the patients had mandibular third molars surgically removed by a single surgeon. The results from these patients were compared with a further 20 control subjects who were treated by the same team using the same sedation regimen but without hypnosis. The hypnotic induction took place before intravenous drug administration (of midazolam and fentanyl). Heart rate (taken to be an indicator of stress and anxiety), ECG and pulse oximeter recordings were taken throughout the procedures. Any heart rate increase was significantly lower in patients treated with the hypno‐sedative approach, much less intravenous sedation was required and recovery time was significantly shorter in this group. In contrast, treatment outcomes in the control subjects were not as good, most required much more intravenous medication and one subject had to be converted to a full general anaesthetic. Analysis of these results suggests that hypnosis may augment the effects of sedation in this patient population. Copyright © 2001 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The importance of fantasy‐proneness in dissociation: a replication
Authors: Pekala Ronald J. , Angelini Frank , Kumar V.K.
Published: February 2006

Previous research (Pekala, Kumar, Ainslie, Elliott, Mullen, Salinger and Masten, 1999/2000) found that dissociation, as measured by the ‘Dissociative Experiences Scale’ (DES) (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986), was predicted as much by fantasy‐proneness (Wilson and Barber, 1983a) as by child abuse (Sanders and Becker‐Lausen, 1995) in a substance abuse population. Although fantasy‐proneness is a variable mentioned in the literature (Wilson and Barber, 1983a; Lynn and Rhue, 1988; Lynn, Rhue and Green, 1988) as possibly related to dissociative disorders, child abuse is the variable most highlighted (Kluft, 1985; Courtois, 1988; Putnam, 1991; Herman, 1992) as aetiological to dissociative disorders. The results of Pekala et al. (1999/2000) suggested that fantasy‐proneness may be as important as child abuse in the development of the dissociative disorders. The present study, attempting to replicate those results, assessed dissociation (by use of the DES), child abuse (by use of the ‘Child Abuse and Trauma’ (CAT) scale) and fantasy‐proneness (by use of the ‘Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings’ (ICMI)) in 77 male patients at substance abuse units. The ICMI correlated 0.48 (23% of the variance) with the DES, and the CAT total score correlated 0.25 (6.25% of the variance) with the DES. A regression analysis was used to predict dissociation using the five CAT sub‐scales alone, as well as those sub‐scales with fantasy‐proneness. Whereas the CAT sub‐scales alone accounted for 10% of the variance, the ICMI and the CAT sub‐scales together accounted for 35% of the variance. These results replicate the findings of the previous study (Pekala et al., 1999/2000) and support the inclusion of fantasy‐proneness as an important variable related to dissociation; possibly as important as child abuse in the development of such disorders. Copyright © 2001 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Simulations of DNA Coiling around a Synthetic Supramolecular Cylinder That Binds in the DNA Major Groove
Authors: Khalid Syma , Hannon Michael J. , Rodger Alison , Rodger P. Mark
Published: February 2006

In this work we present the results of a molecular simulation study of the interaction between a tetracationic bis iron(II) supramolecular cylinder, [Fe2(C25H20N4)3]4+, and DNA. This supramolecular cylinder has been shown to bind in the major groove of DNA and to induce dramatic coiling of the DNA. The simulations have been designed to elucidate the interactions that lead the cylinder to target the major groove and that drive the subsequent DNA conformational changes. Three sets of multi‐nanosecond simulations have been performed: one of the uncomplexed d(CCCCCTTTTTCC)⋅ d(GGAAAAAGGGGG) dodecamer; one of this DNA complexed with the cylinder molecule; and one of this DNA complexed with a neutralised version of the cylinder. Coiling of the DNA was observed in the DNA–cylinder simulations, giving insight into the molecular level nature of the supramolecular coiling observed experimentally. The cylinder charge was found not to be essential for the DNA coiling, which implies that the DNA response is moderated by the short range interactions that define the molecular shape. Cylinder charge did, however, affect the integrity of the DNA duplex, to the extent that, under some circumstances, the tetracationic cylinder induced defects in the DNA base pairing at locations adjacent to the cylinder binding site.
Construction of Open Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Predesigned Carboxylate Isomers: From Achiral to Chiral Nets
Authors: Sun Daofeng , Collins David J. , Ke Yanxiong , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: February 2006

The four‐connected carboxylate ligand N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (TCPPDA) exists as three stereoisomers: a pair of enantiomers (δD2‐ and λD2‐TCPPDA) and a diastereomer (C2h‐TCPPDA). TCPPDA was predesigned for the construction of isomeric coordination networks. Reactions of M(NO3)2 (M=Cu, Zn, Co) or Nd(NO)3 with TCPPDA under solvothermal conditions gave rise to five novel porous metal–organic frameworks: [Cu2(D2‐tcppda)(H2O)2]⋅2 DMSO⋅6 H2O (1), [Cu2(C2h‐tcppda)(H2O)2]⋅2 DMSO⋅6 H2O (2), [Co3(D2‐Htcppda)2]⋅4 DEF⋅5 H2O (3), [Nd2(D2‐tcppda)(C2h‐tcppda)0.5(DMSO)3]⋅3 DMSO⋅5 H2O (4), and [Zn4O(D2‐tcppda)1.5]⋅DMF⋅H2O (5) (DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide, DEF=diethylformamide, DMF=dimethylformamide). Complexes 1 and 2 are supramolecular isomers, in which all the ligands adopt pseudotetrahedral (both δD2‐ and λD2‐TCPPDA) and rectangular (C2h‐TCPPDA) geometries, respectively. Both compounds connect paddlewheel secondary building units (SBUs) to form three‐dimensional porous networks possessing PtS and NbO nets, respectively. In 3, all ligands possess pseudotetrahedral (both δD2‐ and λD2‐TCPPDA) geometry and link hourglass SBUs to form a three‐dimensional porous framework. Compound 4 contains all three stereoisomers (C2‐, δD2‐, and λD2‐TCPPDA), thus, has both pseudotetrahedral and rectangular geometries. D2‐TCPPDA connects the binuclear neodymium units to generate a two‐dimensional layer, further linked by C2h‐TCPPDA to create a three‐dimensional open framework. In 5, all the ligands possess pseudotetrahedral geometry (D2‐TCPPDA), as found in 1 and 3. However, all the TCPPDA ligands in 5 appear as either the δD2 or the λD2 form, thus, the whole structure is homochiral. Complex 5 crystallizes in the I4132 space group and the octahedral SBU in 5 is connected by the enantiopure TCPPDA to generate a three‐dimensional porous network possessing the corundum Al2O3 net. Complexes 1, 2, and 5 possess permanent porosity, and 4 and 5 exhibit strong luminescence at λmax=423 and 424 nm, respectively, upon excitation at 268.5 nm.
Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper‐CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt‐type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Thomas Deborah A. , Faderl Stefan , O'Brien Susan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Cortes Jorge , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Giles Francis J. , Verstovsek Srdan , Wierda William G. , Pierce Sherry A. , Shan Jianqin , Brandt Mark , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Keating Michael J. , Cabanillas Fernando , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Adult Burkitt‐type lymphoma (BL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) are rare entities composing 1% to 5% of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas NHL) or ALL. Prognosis of BL and B‐ALL has been poor with conventional NHL or ALL regimens, but has improved with dose‐intensive regimens.

METHODS

To evaluate the addition of rituximab, a CD20 monoclonal antibody, to intensive chemotherapy in adults with BL or B‐ALL, 31 patients with newly diagnosed BL or B‐ALL received the hyper‐fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (hyper‐CVAD) regimen with rituximab. Their median age was 46 years; 29% were 60 years or older. Rituximab 375 mg/m2was given on Days 1 and 11 of hyper‐CVAD courses and on Days 1 and 8 of methotrexate and cytarabine courses.

RESULTS

Complete remission (complete response [CR]) was achieved in 24 of 28 (86%) evaluable patients; 3 had a partial response, and 1 had resistant disease. There were no induction deaths. The 3‐year overall survival (OS), event‐free survival, and disease‐free survival rates were 89%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. Nine elderly patients achieved CR with all of them in continuous CR (except 1 death in CR from infection), with a 3‐year OS rate of 89%. Multivariate analysis of current and historical (those treated with hyper‐CVAD alone) groups identified age and treatment with rituximab as favorable factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of rituximab to hyper‐CVAD may improve outcome in adult BL or B‐ALL, particularly in elderly patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Lectins detect changes of the glycosylation status of plasma membrane constituents during late apoptosis
Authors: Franz Sandra , Frey Benjamin , Sheriff Ahmed , Gaipl Udo S. , Beer Alexandra , Voll Reinhard E. , Kalden Joachim R. , Herrmann Martin
Published: February 2006

Background:

Mechanisms governing the normal resolution processes of inflammation are poorly understood, yet their elucidation may lead to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. The removal of apoptotic cell material and their potentially histotoxic contents is a prerequisite of resolution. Engulfment by macrophages is an important disposal route, and changes in the apoptotic cells that are associated with their recognition by macrophages are the subject of this report.

Methods:

Apoptosis and necrosis in primary cells and cell lines were induced by various stimuli. The binding profile of 23 different lectins for vital, apoptotic, and necrotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results:

We observed that lectins were able to attach to the cell surfaces of vital and dying cells. Some lectins exhibited membrane destructive properties and, consecutively, changed the morphology of the cells as detected by flow cytometry. Other lectins did not show differences in their binding to viable and apoptotic cells. Those lectins were, therefore, not used for analyses of surface changes. The lectins Griffonia simplificolia II (GSL II), Narcissus pseudonarcissus (NPn), and Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) showed no cytotoxic activity and bound preferentially to dying cells. Primary and secondary necrotic cells displayed an equal staining intensity, which was substantially higher than for apoptotic cells. The binding of GSL II, NPn, and UEA to dying cells increased in a time‐dependent manner and was delayed to AxV positivity and the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential of apoptotic cells. The kinetic of the lectin staining correlated with the increase in subG1‐DNA. GSL II, NPn, and UEA are specific for N‐acetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose, respectively.

Conclusion:

According to their binding specificity, we conclude that N‐acetylglucosamine‐, mannose‐, and fucose‐containing epitopes are increasingly exposed on cells undergoing apoptosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unsupervised immunophenotypic profiling of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Habib Luzette K. , Finn William G.
Published: February 2006

Background

Proteomics and functional genomics have revolutionized approaches to disease classification. Like proteomics, flow cytometry (FCM) assesses concurrent expression of many proteins, with the advantage of using intact cells that may be differentially selected during analysis. However, FCM has generally been used for incremental marker validation or construction of predictive models based on known patterns, rather than as a tool for unsupervised class discovery. We undertook a retrospective analysis of clinical FCM data to assess the feasibility of a cell‐based proteomic approach to FCM by unsupervised cluster analysis.

Methods

Multicolor FCM data on peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes from 140 consecutive patients with B‐cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), including 81 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLLs), were studied. Expression was normalized for CD19 totals, and recorded for 10 additional B‐cell markers. Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis using complete linkage by Pearson's correlation. Analysis of CLL in PB samples (n = 63) discovered three major clusters. One cluster (14 patients) was skewed toward “atypical” CLL and was characterized by high CD20, CD22, FMC7, and light chain, and low CD23. The remaining two clusters consisted almost entirely (48/49) of cases recorded as typical BCLL. The smaller “typical” BCLL cluster differed from the larger cluster by high CD38 (P = 0.001), low CD20 (P = 0.001), and low CD23 (P = 0.016). These two typical BCLL clusters showed a trend toward a difference in survival (P = 0.1090). Statistically significant cluster stability was demonstrated by expanding the dataset to include BM samples, and by using a method of random sampling with replacement.

Conclusions

This study supports the concept that unsupervised immunophenotypic profiling of FCM data can yield reproducible subtypes of lymphoma/chronic leukemia. Expanded studies are warranted in the use of FCM as an unsupervised class discovery tool, akin to other proteomic methods, rather than as a validation tool. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles
Authors: Noden Drew M. , Francis‐West Philippa
Published: February 2006

Unraveling the complex tissue interactions necessary to generate the structural and functional diversity present among craniofacial muscles is challenging. These muscles initiate their development within a mesenchymal population bounded by the brain, pharyngeal endoderm, surface ectoderm, and neural crest cells. This set of spatial relations, and in particular the segmental properties of these adjacent tissues, are unique to the head. Additionally, the lack of early epithelialization in head mesoderm necessitates strategies for generating discrete myogenic foci that may differ from those operating in the trunk. Molecular data indeed indicate dissimilar methods of regulation, yet transplantation studies suggest that some head and trunk myogenic populations are interchangeable. The first goal of this review is to present key features of these diversities, identifying and comparing tissue and molecular interactions regulating myogenesis in the head and trunk. Our second focus is on the diverse morphogenetic movements exhibited by craniofacial muscles. Precursors of tongue muscles partly mimic migrations of appendicular myoblasts, whereas myoblasts destined to form extraocular muscles condense within paraxial mesoderm, then as large cohorts they cross the mesoderm:neural crest interface en route to periocular regions. Branchial muscle precursors exhibit yet another strategy, establishing contacts with neural crest populations before branchial arch formation and maintaining these relations through subsequent stages of morphogenesis. With many of the prerequisite stepping‐stones in our knowledge of craniofacial myogenesis now in place, discovering the cellular and molecular interactions necessary to initiate and sustain the differentiation and morphogenesis of these neglected craniofacial muscles is now an attainable goal. Developmental Dynamics 235:1194–1218, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frontal nasal prominence expression driven by Tcfap2a relies on a conserved binding site for STAT proteins
Authors: Donner Amy L. , Williams Trevor
Published: February 2006

The AP‐2 transcription factor family is linked with development of the head and limbs in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Recent evidence has also implicated this gene family in the evolution of the neural crest in chordates, a critical step that allowed the development and elaboration of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton. In mice, the inappropriate embryonic expression of one particular AP‐2 gene, Tcfap2a, encoding AP‐2α, results in multiple developmental abnormalities, including craniofacial and limb defects. Thus, Tcfap2a provides a valuable genetic resource to analyze the regulatory hierarchy responsible for the evolution and development of the face and limbs. Previous studies have identified a 2‐kilobase intronic region of both the mouse and human AP‐2α locus that directs expression of a linked LacZ transgene to the facial processes and the distal mesenchyme of the limb bud in transgenic mice. Further analysis identified two highly conserved regions of ∼200–400 bp within this tissue‐specific enhancer. We have now initiated a transgenic and biochemical analysis of the most important of these highly conserved regions. Our analysis indicates that although the sequences regulating face and limb expression have been integrated into a single enhancer, different cis‐acting sequences ultimately control these two expression domains. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that a conserved STAT binding site provides a major contribution to the expression of Tcfap2a in the facial prominences. Developmental Dynamics 235:1358–1370, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two–three‐year stability and interrelations of bulimotypic indicators and depressive and anxious symptoms in middle‐aged women
Authors: Procopio Cicely A. , Holm‐Denoma Jill M. , Gordon Kathryn H. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: February 2006

Objective:

There is a paucity of research examining eating disorder symptoms among middle‐aged women.

Method:

This prospective study assessed the stability of bulimic symptoms and 5 associated variables (perfectionism, depressive symptoms, self‐esteem, anxiety symptoms, and perceived weight status) in a sample of 150 middle‐aged women (mean age = 45.19 years) over a 2.5‐year time period. In addition, interrelations among bulimic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were assessed.

Results:

Results suggested that all 6 bulimia‐related variables remained significantly stable over 2.5 years. In addition, notable relations between Time 1 and Time 2 variables emerged (e.g., anxious symptoms at Time 1 predicted bulimic symptoms at Time 2).

Conclusion:

Thus, the results indicate that bulimic symptoms exist in middle‐aged women, and that they remain relatively stable over a 2.5‐year time period. Clinical implications for middle‐aged women with eating disorder symptoms are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Blindness and bulimia nervosa: A description of a case report and its treatment
Authors: Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Crespo Jose M. , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Krug Isabel , Vallejo‐Ruiloba Julio
Published: February 2006

Objective

Blindness has rarely been described in the eating disorder (ED) literature. In case reports in which this condition has been reported before an ED, it was concluded that visual body image was not essential for the development of the ED. This is the first report in which bulimia nervosa (BN) and its treatment in a blind woman were described.

Method

We report a single diagnosed and treated case of BN in a blind, 47‐year‐old Spanish woman. This case presented as its main characteristics the late onset of the ED, restrictive dieting, binging, and consequent purging behavior characterized by vomiting and great difficulties of coping with stress. From the beginning, the woman's body image was not essential. The treatment consisted of 21 individual outpatient sessions, which followed a non–symptom‐oriented cognitive‐behavioral approach, in which problem solving and stress management strategies were employed.

Results

Before, after the treatment, and at the 6‐month and 1‐year follow‐up, the clinical evolution of the patient was assessed.

Conclusion

Although a few descriptions of single case reports on blindness in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have already been reported in the literature, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case in which this condition and its treatment have specifically been reported in an individual with BN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Fe(Cu)‐Containing Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Applications as Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Han Huayun , Zhang Sujuan , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting , Zhu Yu
Published: February 2006

In this paper three coordination polymers, {[Fe(fcz)2Cl2]·2CH3OH}n (1), {[Cu(fcz)2(H2O)]·SO4·DMF·2CH3OH·2H2O}n (2), and {[Cu(fcz)2Cl2]·2CH3OH}n (3) {fcz = 1‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐1,1‐bis[(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐l‐yl)methyl]ethanol}, were synthesized. Crystallographic analysis reveals that polymer 1 exhibits a 2‐D rhombohedral grid structure with (4, 4) nets, while polymer 2 has a 1‐D double‐chain framework. The structure of polymer 3 is similar to that of 1. We found that polymers 1–3 could effectively catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with H2O2 (30 mass‐%) as oxidant in aqueous medium. Various reaction conditions were studied, and optimal reaction conditions were obtained. Under the optimal conditions, the selectivity to benzaldehyde was almost up to 100 % and the conversion of benzyl alcohol was 87 % for 1, 79 % for 2, and 68 % for 3. The results of the recycling test showed that the catalytic activity decreased by only about 7 % after three consecutive reaction cycles. However, under similar conditions, when we used the corresponding metal salt instead of the polymer as catalyst, or replaced the water with acetonitrile as solvent, neither the selectivity nor the conversion was the same. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Novel 3D CuI Metal–Organic Framework with Middle‐Size Channels Despite the Sixfold ThSi2 Interpenetrating Topological Structure
Authors: Xie Cheng‐Zhi , Zhang Ze‐Feng , Zhang Bao‐Feng , Wang Xiao‐Qing , Wang Ru‐Ji , Shen Guang‐Qiu , Shen De‐Zhong , Ding Bin
Published: February 2006

A new univalent copper coordination polymer with an unusual asymmetric ThSi2 topological structural network was synthesized and 1D middle‐size channels were found despite the sixfold ThSi2 interpenetrating topological structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Syntheses, Structures, and Characterization of Two Manganese(II)‐Aminobenzoic Complexes
Authors: Wang Ruihu , Yuan Daqiang , Jiang Feilong , Han Lei , Gao Song , Hong Maochun
Published: February 2006

A discrete tetranuclear manganese(II) complex, {(H3O)2Mn4(4‐Haba)2(4‐aba)6(SCN)4(H2O)2]} (1) and a two‐dimensional coordination polymer [Mn(3‐aba)2]n (2) (4‐Haba = 4‐aminobenzoic acid, 3‐Haba = 3‐aminobenzoic acid), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, X‐ray crystallography, and magnetic susceptibility. In complex 1, 4‐aba in three types of coordination modes connects MnII centers to form a discrete tetranuclear anionic molecule. Hydrogen bonding interaction links the tetranuclear units to generate a one‐dimensional supramolecular chain. In complex 2, 3‐aba in an exo‐tridentate mode bridges six‐coordinate MnII centers forming a two‐dimensional coordination architecture. Studies of the magnetic susceptibilities of 1 and 2 reveal weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between adjacent MnII centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Reduction of Diketones and Oxidation of Diols by Biocatalytic Hydrogen Transfer
Authors: Edegger Klaus , Stampfer Wolfgang , Seisser Birgit , Faber Kurt , Mayer Sandra F. , Oehrlein Reinhold , Hafner Andreas , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: February 2006

The asymmetric reduction of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical diketones as well as the stereoselective oxidation of various diols by biocatalytic hydrogen transfer was investigated by employing lyophilized cells of Rhodococcus ruber DSM 44541 containing alcohol dehydrogense ADH‐‘A’. Symmetrical and nonsymmetrical diketones at the (ω‐1)‐ and (ω‐2)‐positions are reduced to the Prelog product with high stereopreference, while sterically more demanding ketone moieties, for example those at the (ω‐3)‐position, remain unchanged. For the oxidation mode, differentiation between primary and secondary alcohols is achieved, and the (S)‐configured secondary alcohols at the (ω‐1)‐ and (ω‐2)‐positions are oxidized preferentially. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The (S)‐Proline/Polyelectrolyte System: An Efficient, Heterogeneous, Reusable Catalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
Authors: Kucherenko Alexandr S. , Struchkova Marina I. , Zlotin Sergei G.
Published: February 2006

A direct asymmetric aldol reaction between unmodified aldehydes and ketones was achieved using the (S)‐proline/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) hexafluorophosphate heterogeneous catalytic system with enantioselectivities and yields comparable to those obtained in the (S)‐proline‐catalyzed reactions performed under homogeneous conditions. Recycling of the catalyst was possible at least six times without loss of activity and enantioselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Electroless Deposition of Thionin onto Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Single Wall and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Improvement of the Electrochemical Reversibility and Stability
Authors: Salimi Abdollah , Noorbakhsh Abdollah , Soltanian Saied
Published: February 2006

A simple procedure was developed to prepare a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and thionin. Abrasive immobilization of CNTs on a GC electrode was achieved by gently rubbing the electrode surface on a filter paper supporting carbon nanotubes, then immersing the GC/CNTs‐modified electrode into a thionin solution (electroless deposition) for a short period of time (5–50 s for MWCNTs and 5–120 s for SWCNTs ). Cyclic voltammograms of the resulting modified electrode show stable and a well defined redox couple with surface confined characteristic at wide pH range 2–12. The electrochemical reversibility and stability of modified electrode prepared with incorporation of thionin into CNTs film was compared with usual methods for attachment of thionin to electrode surfaces such as electropolymerization and adsorption on the surface of preanodized electrodes. The formal potential of redox couple (E°′) shifts linearly toward the negative direction with increasing solution pH. The surface coverage of thionin immobilized on CNTs glassy carbon electrode was approximately 1.95×10−10 mol cm−2 and 3.2×10−10 mol cm−2 for MWCNTs and SWCNTs, respectively. The transfer coefficient (α) was calculated to be 0.3 and 0.35 and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (Ks) were 65 s−1 and 55 s−1 for MWCNTs/thionin and SWCNTs/thionin‐modified GC electrodes, respectively. The results clearly show a great facilitation of the electron transfer between thionin and CNTs adsorbed on the electrode surface. Excellent electrochemical reversibility of redox couple, high stability, technically simple and possibility of preparation at short period of time are of great advantages of this procedure for modification of electrodes.
Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide on a SWCNT/RTIL Composite Gel Microelectrode
Authors: Li Chang Ming , Zang Jianfeng , Zhan Dongping , Chen Wei , Sun Chang Q. , Teo Ai. L. , Chua Yek. T. , Lee Vee. S. , Moochhala Shabbir. M.
Published: February 2006

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) were used to make a gel microelectrode for studies of the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). The Faraday response of the gel microelectrode was contributed from two components: an outside‐surface microdisk and a thin‐layer cell formed by inner porous electrode materials, and enhanced by the thin‐layer effect. An EC mechanism, electrochemical NO oxidation followed by a chemical oxidation, was proposed. The gel microelectrode with a Nafion coating eliminated interferences from nitrite and some biomolecules, improved stability, and had a linear response range from 100 nM to 100 μM.
Sheath fault detection and classification based on wavelet analysis
Authors: Wang X. H. , Song Y. H.
Published: February 2006

This paper presents a wavelet based algorithm to detect and classify sheath insulation faults on underground transmission cables. This algorithm can detect a high impedance sheath to earth fault, classify it, and discriminate it from other phenomena, such as load change, harmonics and surges on the cores. For the development of the algorithm, a simplified fault model is introduced to simulate a sheath to earth fault on a power transmission cable. Before applying wavelet analysis, an ‘adaptive noise cancelling’ (ANC) technique is used to extract the fault signal. Simulation studies are reported on a 300 mm2 concentric copper PVC insulated bonding lead. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Security cost allocation of transmission networks applied in a course of the electricity market
Authors: Kim Balho H. , Yoo Chong‐Il , Hur Don
Published: February 2006

The developing competition in the electric utility industry is likely to see a substantial change in the way the industry operates. It is certainly agreed that the decades of regulatory transmission tariffs will give way in the near future to a new deregulated marketplace where the fast, accurate, and equitable means of allocating the transmission embedded costs to market participants will become more widely accessible and prevalent. In this overall perspective, this paper primarily sets out to investigate the assigning of transmission embedded costs to individual generators in two aspects: one part that reflects transmission network capacity‐use under normal state and the other part that proposes reliability benefits under failure state largely because the security leaves much room for consideration in the transparent cost allocation. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated using a simple 6‐bus test system, which offers both conceptual accuracy and computational efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD‐based multi‐objective optimization method for ship design
Authors: Tahara Yusuke , Tohyama Satoshi , Katsui Tokihiro
Published: February 2006

This paper concerns development and demonstration of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based multi‐objective optimization method for ship design. Three main components of the method, i.e. computer‐aided design (CAD), CFD, and optimizer modules are functionally independent and replaceable. The CAD used in the present study is NAPA system, which is one of the leading CAD systems in ship design. The CFD method is FLOWPACK version 2004d, a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RaNS) solver developed by the present authors. The CFD method is implemented into a self‐propulsion simulator, where the RaNS solver is coupled with a propeller‐performance program. In addition, a maneuvering simulation model is developed and applied to predict ship maneuverability performance. Two nonlinear optimization algorithms are used in the present study, i.e. the successive quadratic programming and the multi‐objective genetic algorithm, while the former is mainly used to verify the results from the latter. For demonstration of the present method, a multi‐objective optimization problem is formulated where ship propulsion and maneuverability performances are considered. That is, the aim is to simultaneously minimize opposite hydrodynamic performances in design tradeoff. In the following, an overview of the present method is given, and results are presented and discussed for tanker stern optimization problem including detailed verification work on the present numerical schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor production limits autoimmune demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss
Authors: Butzkueven Helmut , Emery Ben , Cipriani Tania , Marriott Mark P. , Kilpatrick Trevor J.
Published: February 2006

Autoimmune injury to oligodendrocytes evokes an endogenous response in the central nervous system, which initially limits the acute injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently promotes remyelination. The key molecular and cellular events responsible for this beneficial outcome are incompletely understood. In this article, we utilize murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to focus on the effect of endogenously produced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon mature oligodendrocyte survival after demyelinating injury. We show that the mRNA for LIF is markedly upregulated in the spinal cord in the context of acute inflammatory demyelination. After clinical disease onset, administration of neutralizing anti‐LIF antibodies over a four day period significantly worsens disease severity in two different murine EAE models. We also show that administration of neutralizing antibodies results in reduced activation of the cognate LIF receptor components in the spinal cord. Histologically, anti‐LIF antibody administration increases the extent of acute demyelination (P < 0.01) and doubles the oligodendrocyte loss already induced by EAE (P < 0.05), without altering the extent of inflammatory infiltration into the spinal cord. Although acute EAE induces a rapid, three‐fold increase in the proliferation of NG2 positive oligodendrocyte progenitors (P < 0.001), this response is not diminished by antagonism of endogenous LIF. We conclude that endogenous LIF is induced in response to autoimmune demyelination in the spinal cord and protects mature oligodendrocytes from demyelinating injury and cell death, thereby resulting in attenuation of clinical disease severity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: A case‐control study of childhood leukemia and residential power‐frequency magnetic fields in Japan
Authors: Kabuto Michinori , Nitta Hiroshi , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Yamaguchi Naohito , Akiba Suminori , Honda Yasushi , Hagihara Jun , Isaka Katsuo , Saito Tomohiro , Ojima Toshiyuki , Nakamura Yosikazu , Mizoue Tetsuya , Ito Satoko , Eboshida Akira , Yamazaki Shin , Sokejima Shigeru , Kurokawa Yoshika , Kubo Osami
Published: February 2006

Residential power‐frequency magnetic fields (MFs) were labeled as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer panel. In response to great public concern, the World Health Organization urged that further epidemiologic studies be conducted in high‐exposure areas such as Japan. We conducted a population‐based case‐control study, which covered areas inhabited by 54% of Japanese children. We analyzed 312 case children (0–15 years old) newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) in 1999–2001 (2.3 years) and 603 controls matched for gender, age and residential area. Weekly mean MF level was determined for the child's bedroom. MF measurements in each set of a case and controls were carried out as closely in time as possible to control for seasonal variation. We evaluated the association using conditional logistic regression models. The odds ratios for children whose bedrooms had MF levels of 0.4 μT or higher compared with the reference category (MF levels below 0.1 μT) was 2.6 (95% CI = 0.76–8.6) for AML + ALL and 4.7 (1.15–19.0) for ALL only. Controlling for some possible confounding factors did not alter the results appreciably. Even an analysis in which selection bias was maximized did not fully explain the association. Most of the leukemia cases in the highest exposure category had MF levels far above 0.4 μT. Our results provided additional evidence that high MF exposure was associated with a higher risk of childhood leukemia, particularly of ALL. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.