bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contribution of prosody to spoken word recognition
Authors: LINDFIELD KIMBERLY C. , WINGFIELD ARTHUR , GOODGLASS HAROLD
Published: July 2002

The experiment reported here employed a word-onset gating technique to investigate the role
of prosody in word recognition. Subjects were asked to identify words based on word onsets
alone, word onsets followed by information about the word duration, or word onsets followed by
information about full word prosody (i.e., both duration and stress). Results showed that words
were correctly recognized with significantly less segmental onset information when word
prosody was available to the subjects. Consistent with this finding, prerecognition error
responses reflected correct length and prosody with less onset phonology when prosody
information was provided in the stimulus than when only length information was provided. The
findings of this experiment confirm the importance of word prosody for spoken word
recognition.
Chaotic dynamics in ${\mathbb Z}_2$-equivariant unfoldings of codimension three singularities of vector fields in ${\mathbb R}^3$
Authors: DUMORTIER FREDDY , KOKUBU HIROSHI
Published: July 2002

We study the most generic nilpotent singularity of a vector field in ${\mathbb R}^3$ which is equivariant under reflection with respect to a line, say the $z$-axis. We prove the existence of eight equivalence classes for $C^0$-equivalence, all determined by the 2-jet. We also show that in certain cases, the ${\mathbb Z}_2$-equivariant unfoldings generically contain codimension one heteroclinic cycles which are comparable to the Shil'nikov-type homoclinic cycle in non-equivariant unfoldings. The heteroclinic cycles are accompanied by infinitely many horseshoes and also have a reasonable possibility of generating suspensions of Hénon-like attractors, and even Lorenz-like attractors.
Stabilized $C^*$-algebras constructed from symbolic dynamical systems
Authors: MATSUMOTO KENGO
Published: July 2002

We construct stabilized $C^*$-algebras from subshifts by using the dynamical property of the symbolic dynamical systems. We prove that the construction is dynamical and the $C^*$-algebras are isomorphic to the tensor product $C^*$-algebras between the algebra of all compact operators on a separable Hilbert space and the $C^*$-algebras constructed from creation operators on sub-Fock spaces associated with the subshifts. We also prove that the gauge actions on the stabilized $C^*$-algebras are invariant for topological conjugacy as two-sided subshifts under some conditions. Hence, if two subshifts are topologically conjugate as two-sided subshifts, the associated stabilized $C^*$-algebras are isomorphic so that their K-groups are isomorphic.
Adding machines and wild attractors
Authors: BRUIN HENK , KELLER GERHARD , ST. PIERRE MATTHIAS
Published: July 2002

We investigate the dynamics of unimodal maps $f$ of the interval restricted
to the omega limit set $X$ of the critical point for cases where $X$ is a
Cantor set. In particular, many cases where $X$ is
a measure attractor of $f$ are included. We give two classes of examples of
such maps, both generalizing unimodal Fibonacci maps [LM,
BKNS]. In all
cases $f_{|X}$ is a continuous factor of a generalized odometer (an adding
machine-like dynamical system), and at the same time $f_{|X}$ factors onto
an irrational circle rotation. In some of the examples we obtain irrational
rotations on more complicated groups as factors.
Self-similarity of Julia sets of the composition of
polynomials
Authors: BÜGER MATTHIAS
Published: July 2002

In the classical iteration theory we say that for a given polynomial $f$
a point $z_0\in\C$ belongs to the Julia set if the sequence of
iterates $(f^n)$ is not normal in any neighbourhood of $z_0$. In this
paper, we look at the set of non-normality of $(F_n)$,
$F_n:=f_n\circ\cdots\circ f_1$, where $(f_n)$ is a given sequence of
polynomials
of degree at least two. If we can find a hyperbolic domain $M$ which
is invariant under all $f_n$, $n\in\N$, $\infty\in M$ and
$F_n\to\infty\ (n\to\infty)$ locally uniformly in $M$, then we
ask whether these sets of non-normality,
which we will also call Julia sets, have properties which we know from the
classical case. We show that the Julia set is self-similar. Furthermore,
the Julia set is perfect or finite. The finite case may actually occur.
We will also give some sufficient conditions for the Julia set being perfect.
In the last section we give some examples of sequences of polynomials (where
no domain $M$ exists) which have a pathological behaviour in contrast to the
classical case.
On the ergodic properties of Cartan flows in ergodic
actions of ${\bf SL}_{\bf 2}{\bf (R)}$ and ${\bf SO}{\bf ({\bi n},1)}$
Authors: FURMAN ALEX , WEISS BENJAMIN
Published: July 2002

Let $G={\rm SL_2({\bf R})}$ (or $G={\rm SO}(n,1)$) act ergodically on a
probability space $(X,m)$.
We consider the ergodic properties of the flow $(X,m,\{g_t\})$, where
$\{g_t\}$ is a Cartan subgroup of $G$.
The geodesic flow on a compact Riemann surface
is an example of such a flow; here
$X=G/\Gamma$ is a transitive $G$-space, $G={\rm SL_2({\bf R})}$ and
$\Gamma\subset G$
is a lattice. In this case the flow is Bernoullian.

For the general ergodic $G$-action, the flow $(X,m,\{g_t\})$
is always a $K$-flow, however there are examples
in which it is not Bernoullian.
Tail-fields of products of random variables and ergodic equivalence relations
Authors: SCHMIDT KLAUS
Published: July 2002

We prove the following result. Let $G$ be a countable discrete group with finite conjugacy classes, and let $(X_n, n\in\mathbb Z)$ be a two-sided, strictly stationary sequence of $G$-valued random variables. Then $\mathscr T_\infty =\mathscr T_\infty ^*$, where $\mathscr T_\infty$ is the two-sided tail-sigma-field $\bigcap_{M\ge1}\sigma (X_m:|m|\ge M)$ of $(X_n)$ and $T_\infty ^*$ the tail-sigma-field $\bigcap_{M\ge0}\sigma (Y_{m,n}:m,n\ge M)$ of the random variables $(Y_{m,n}, m,n\ge0)$ defined as the products $Y_{m,n}=X_n\dots X_{-m}$. This statement generalises a number of results in the literature concerning tail triviality of two-sided random walks on certain discrete groups.
Ivana Krajcinovic, From Company Doctors to Managed Care: The United Mine Workers' Noble Experiment. Ithaca: ILR Press, 1997. ix + 212 pp. $37.50 cloth.
Authors: Nash Michael
Published: July 2002

For much of the first half of the century the United Mine
Workers (UMW) was the largest, most important, most powerful, and most
progressive union in the United States. Among its many accomplishments
was that it was one of the first to bargain for and win
employer-financed health benefits. Health care was critically important
to miners, many of whom were seriously injured on the job and by middle age were often disabled by black lung disease. In the isolated, rural
mine patches, quality health care was rarely available. In the days
before the organization of the UMW's Welfare and Retirement Funds,
many miners found that the only health care that was available came from
the company doctor. This medical practice was usually substandard and
was one of the many ways the operators exercised power over the life of
the miners, discouraging union and political organizing.
The rise and fall of the Cold War in comparative perspective
Authors: LEBOW RICHARD NED
Published: July 2002

Much of the discussion of the end of the Cold War starts from the premise that Gorbachev's domestic reforms and foreign policy initiatives set in motion a process that radically transformed the nature of East-West relations. The emphasis on the Gorbachev period is natural enough given the consensus among Western and Russian scholars that Gorbachev's domestic and foreign policies were the proximate cause of the end of the Cold War. The near exclusive focus on the causes and consequences of Gorbachev's policies nevertheless frames the analytical puzzle too narrowly. The Cold War was not a static conflict that continued unchanged from its origins in the late 1940s to the advent of Gorbachev some forty years later. Gorbachev's initiatives ushered in the terminal stage of a process of accommodation that had been underway, albeit with fits and starts, for several decades. The Gorbachev foreign policy revolution needs to be put into broader historical context.
An analytic model of coupling of intense ion beams with
spherical plasma target
Authors: SINGH D.P. , AWASTHI O.N. , PALLESCHI V.
Published: July 2002

The hydrodynamics of plasma ablation and the thermalization
process of the target interior core with the surrounding
corona, formed by the uniform irradiation of intense ion
beams over the spherical target are investigated in detail.
Starting from the basic equations for the ion beam, the
ion beam penetration depth is calculated and the self-regulation
condition for the hot corona is applied to describe the
process of core-corona coupling. The effects of ion beam
energy, ion beam mass, and the target electron density
on the ion beam penetration depth are studied. As the relevant
calculations reveal, it is interesting to note the existence
of an optimum value of ion beam energy for which the core-corona
coupling attains maximum value, beyond which further increase
of the ion beam energy leads to the formation of more tenuous
corona only and the target interior core begins to decouple
from the surrounding corona.
A self-terminating X-ray amplifying medium: Kinetics of
K-shell photoionization and stimulated emission
Authors: CHUKHOVSKII F.N. , TEUBNER U. , USCHMANN I. , FÖRSTER E.
Published: July 2002

A two-stage model for achieving X-ray amplifying
action on photoionized K-transitions pumped by
the soft X-ray broadband flux from laser-produced plasma
is treated. A simple pumping criterion is considered by
the analysis of the positive gain-length product for the
two-stage model of innershell transitions (0) → (3)
and (2) → (1). The incident photon flux integrated
over the effective lifetime T21 of an
innershell transition (2) → (1) is related to
the photoionization coefficient μ03(ph),
stimulated emission cross section σ21(stim),
and the effective gainlength L(eff)
≃ 0.63/μ03(abs), where μ03(abs) is the absorption coefficient
of a pump soft X-ray radiation. Numerical estimates for the
feasibility of K-shell X-ray amplification are given for
C, F, Na, Ti, and Sn. For the example of an exponential X-ray
carrier pulse (XCP) propagating through a resonant medium,
an amplifying effect depending on the ratio of the input
pulse temporal bandwidth τband
to the effective lifetime T21 is investigated.
It is shown that for an XCP with a finite bandwidth τband
the logarithm of an energy gain, ln[U(z)],
falls below a linear relation with z and thus, from the
viewpoint of maximum amplifying effect bandwidths τband
with τband/T21 > 1 are preferable.
The requirements for achieving X-ray K-shell photoionization
amplification for C are discussed in more detail. PACS numbers: 32.80.Hd,
42.50.Md, 42.55.Vc, 42.65.Re, 52.25.Nr.
Gamma-NMR double resonance: A dressed state approach
Authors: ODEURS JOS , HOY GILBERT R.
Published: July 2002

Gamma emission spectra are investigated when excited-state
nuclei in a static magnetic field interact with radio frequency
(RF) radiation fields. The “dressed” state
concept, developed in quantum electronics, is applied to
this situation. The nuclear Zeeman levels are coupled by
means of a quantized RF-radiation field. The total system
consists of the nucleus, the static magnetic field, and
the RF-radiation field. The energy levels and corresponding
eigenstates of the system are calculated as a function
of the frequency of the radiation field and the magnitude
of the RF magnetic flux density. Emission spectra are calculated
for the 57Fe case as a function of the frequency,
the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the RF-radiation
field, as well as the photon emission direction.
Guest Editor's Preface: Zababakhin Scientific Talks
Authors: Avrorin Evgeny N.
Published: July 2002

Thanks to the amiable assistance of Professor Miley, the
publication of selected papers presented at the Conference
“Zababakhin Scientific Talks” in the Laser
and Particle Beams journal is becoming a good tradition.
Zababakhin Scientific Talks is an International Scientific
Conference regularly held at the Russian Federal Nuclear
Center–VNIITF in Snezhinsk, Russia.
AWE experimental laser plasma program
Authors: DUNNE M. , EDWARDS J. , GRAHAM P. , EVANS A. , ROTHMAN S. , SMEDLEY-STEVENSON R. , BARNES C.W. , HSING W. , GOLDMAN S.R.
Published: July 2002

The achievement of ignition from an Inertial Confinement
Fusion capsule will require a detailed understanding of
a wide range of high energy density phenomena. This paper
presents some recent work aimed at improving our knowledge
of the strength and equation of state characteristics of
low-Z materials, and outlines data which will
provide quantitative benchmarks against which our predictive
radiation hydrodynamics capabilities can be tested. Improvements
to our understanding in these areas are required if reproducible
and predictable fusion energy production is to be achieved
on the next generation of laser facilities.

In particular, the HELEN laser at AWE has been used to create
a thermal X-ray source with 140 eV peak radiation temperature
and 3% instantaneous flux uniformity to allow measurements
of the Equation of State of materials at pressures up to
20 Mbar to an accuracy of <±2% in shock velocity.
The same laser has been used to investigate the onset of
spallation upon the release of a strong shock at a metal-vacuum
boundary, with dynamic radiography used to image the spalled
material in flight for the first time. Finally, a range
of experiments have been performed to generate quantitative
radiation hydrodynamics data on the evolution of gross
target defects, driven in both planar and imploding geometry.
X-ray radiography was used to record the evolving target
deformation in a system where the X-ray drive and unperturbed
target response were sufficiently characterized to permit
meaningful analysis. The results have been compared to
preshot predictions made using a wide variety of fluid
codes, highlighting substantial differences between the
various approaches, and indicating significant discrepancies
with the experimental reality. The techniques developed
to allow quantitative comparisons are allowing the causes
of the discrepancies to be identified, and are guiding
the development of new simulation techniques.
MIMOZA-ND calculations of the influence of large-scale shell
asymmetry on indirect drive target compression
Authors: MKHITARIAN L.S. , BEL'KOV S.A. , EREMENKO Y.N. , KOCHEMASOV G.G. , VINOKUROV O.A.
Published: July 2002

Experiments carried out at the ISKRA-5 facility
have demonstrated high (not worse than 3%) symmetry of
the X-ray radiation flux inside a spherical case (hohlraum).
This fact gave us an opportunity for investigating into
compression of the targets with the initial nonspherical
geometry. The asymmetry affects both the total neutron
yield and the moment of neutrons generation. In this paper
we present the simulation results of the asymmetric targets
dynamics which were carried out by means of the 2D MIMOZA-ND
code. This code allows to take into account effects of
nonstationary, nonequilibrium, spectral transfer of X-ray
radiation. Comparison between simulation results and experimental
data was made. It was demonstrated that one could observe
a satisfactory agreement between experimental data and
the total neutron yield, as well as the time delay of the
moment of neutrons generation.
Stability of plasma liner implosion
Authors: GLAZYRIN I.V. , DIYANKOV O.V. , KARLYKHANOV N.G. , KOSHELEV S.V. , KRASNOGOROV I.V. , SLESAREVA A.N. , TIMAKOVA M.S.
Published: July 2002

A computational analysis is performed to investigate
the suppression mechanism of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
instability. Three different techniques have been considered
which allow us to reduce the total growth of the instability:
1. doublecascades liner; 2. linear rotation and 3. externally
generated axial magnetic field. Double gas-puff with specifically
structured density: massive inner shell and light outer
one for a given current shape makes it possible to suppress
significantly the MHD instability evolution. Possible mechanism
of the instability dumping has been proposed. The load
design is being analyzed for the case of liner rotation
with initial angular velocity. Different values of the
velocities have been considered. The using of an external
magnetic field allows us to suppress the instability when
the field reaches the specified shape and optimal value.
The estimation of the fraction of magnetic energy and energy
of rotation in the full energy of the liner is done. The
influence of axial field on MHD instability growth is analyzed.
“Single-cycle” ionization effects in laser–matter
interaction
Authors: JARQUE ENRIQUE CONEJERO , CORNOLTI FULVIO , MACCHI ANDREA , RUHL HARTMUT
Published: July 2002

We investigate numerical effects related to “single-cycle”
ionization of dense matter by an ultra-short laser pulse.
The strongly nonadiabatic response of electrons leads to
generation of a MG steady magnetic field in laser–solid
interaction. By using two-beam interference, it is possible
to create periodic density structures able to trap light
and to generate relativistic ionization fronts.
Time-dependent effects in the nonsequential ionization of
helium at various wavelengths
Authors: CORSO P.P. , LAPPAS D.G. , KNIGHT P.L.
Published: July 2002

Calculations of the double ionization of a model 1D
helium atom interacting with an intense short laser pulse
are presented. A substantial signature of nonsequential
double ionization is found for all the wavelengths that
are considered, from 248 nm to 1064 nm, provided that sufficiently
short pulses are employed. We show how one can modify the
size of the “knee” structure of the double
ionization yield curve by varying the laser pulse duration.
The underlying mechanism of the correlated double electron
ejection is investigated and discussed.
1D numerical simulations for electron scattering on a potential
in a bichromatic field
Authors: FLORESCU M. , CIONGA A.
Published: July 2002

Results for the energy spectra of the electrons scattered
on a potential in the presence of a bichromatic field of
frequencies ω and 2ω are obtained based on 1D
numerical integration of the time dependent Schrödinger
equation. Both the perturbative and the nonperturbative
regimes are investigated for low scattering energies and
a laser frequency that is close to that of CO2
lasers. Special attention is paid to the influence of the
relative phase between the harmonic and the laser field
on the features of the laser-assisted signals.
Gas medium ionization and harmonic wavelength tunability in
high-order harmonic generation with ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: CECCHERINI P. , BOSCOLO A. , POLETTO L. , TONDELLO G. , VILLORESI P. , ALTUCCI C. , BRUZZESE R. , DE LISIO C. , NISOLI M. , STAGIRA S. , DE SILVESTRI S. , SVELTO O.
Published: July 2002

We have investigated the effect of free electrons on
the spectral properties of high-order harmonics generated
in a neon gas jet by a 30 fs Titanium:Sapphire pumping
laser with intensities in the range 5–10 ×
1014 W/cm2. The main feature of our
observations concerns the possibility of continuously tuning
the harmonic wavelength in the spectral region 20–7
nm, by taking advantage of the blue shift of harmonic wavelengths
induced by the presence of free electrons to cover the
entire spectral region between two consecutive harmonics
of the unshifted spectrum. Different amounts of blue shift,
which can be as large as 0.3–0.4 nm, are imparted
to the given harmonic by simply changing the gas-jet-laser-beam-waist
relative position. We have also interpreted our experimental
results with a simple model for the generation process
based on the “barrier suppression” ionization
of an atom exposed to an ultraintense laser field.
Ultrafast electron relaxation measurements on α-SiO2
using high-order harmonics generation
Authors: MERDJI H. , GUIZARD S. , MARTIN P. , PETITE G. , QUÉRÉ F. , CARRÉ B. , HERGOTT J.F. , LE DÉROFF L. , SALIÈRES P. , GOBERT O. , MEYNADIER P. , PERDRIX M.
Published: July 2002

Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, using high
order harmonics, is used to measure the energy relaxation
rate of hot electrons in α-SiO2 with sub-picosecond
time resolution. Our results indicate that electrons of
30 eV kinetic energy in the conduction band relax at a
rate which is at least two orders of magnitude lower than
the one of photo-excited carriers of a few eV.
As a result, we give insight in the relaxation process
of hot electrons and show that impact ionization probability
per unit time is only of the order of 1/40 ps−1,
in very strong contrast with the much higher value generally
assumed in models of optical breakdown.
Generation, characterization, and medical utilization of
laser-produced emission continua
Authors: SVANBERG S. , ANDERSSON-ENGELS S. , CUBEDDU R. , FÖRSTER E. , GRÄTZ M. , HERRLIN K. , HÖLZER G. , KIERNAN L. , KLINTEBERG C. af , PERSSON A. , PIFFERI A. , SJÖGREN A. , WAHLSTRÖM C.-G.
Published: July 2002

Intense continua of electromagnetic radiation of very
brief duration are formed in the interaction of focused
ultra-short terawatt laser pulses with matter. Two different
kinds of experiments, which have been performed utilizing
the Lund 10 Hz titanium-doped sapphire terawatt laser system
are being described, where visible radiation and X-rays,
respectively, have been generated. Focusing into water
leads to the generation of a light continuum through self-phase
modulation. The propagation of the light through tissue
was studied addressing questions related to optical mammography
and specific chromophore absorption. When terawatt laser
pulses are focused onto a solid target with high nuclear
charge Z, intense X-ray radiation of few ps duration
and with energies exceeding hundreds of keV is emitted.
Biomedical applications of this radiation are described,
including differential absorption and gated-viewing imaging.
Resonant absorption of first-overtone CO laser radiation
by atmospheric water vapor and pollutants
Authors: BUZYKIN O.G. , IONIN A.A. , IVANOV S.V. , KOTKOV A.A. , SELEZNEV L.V. , SHUSTOV A.V.
Published: July 2002

Resonant absorption of first-overtone (FO) CO laser radiation
by atmospheric water vapor and various organic and nonorganic
pollutants is discussed. Suitable ro-vibrational lines
are selected for their potential use in traditional spectroscopic
schemes of atmospheric pollution diagnostics. Nonlinear
atmospheric absorption of intense multiline FO CO laser
radiation is simulated and laser-induced changes in absorption
spectra are demonstrated. Absorption coefficients of a
few substances on several FO CO ro-vibrational lines are
experimentally measured. A comparative analysis of spectral
characteristics of an FO CO laser and an HF (DF) laser
demonstrates that the potential of FO CO laser applications
for spectroscopic detection of various molecular trace
gases is greater than that of HF and DF lasers.
Effects of second-order nonstationary cascaded processes
on Gaussian beam propagation
Authors: TOCI GUIDO , VANNINI MATTEO , SALIMBENI RENZO
Published: July 2002

This work proposes an analytical perturbative method
describing the effects on the propagation of finite aperture
beams due to the self-phase and self-amplitude modulation
which result from cascaded second order interaction of
ultrashort light pulses. The method merges the semi-analytical
solution with a perturbative beam propagation technique,
namely the Gaussian Beam Decomposition, which describes
the effects of the non linear modulation on the free beam
propagation. In particular we have studied the problem
of the time- and intensity-dependent transmission of the
pulse through slits or apertures placed along the path
of the beam simulating a geometry suitable for passive
laser mode-locking. Although an efficient pulse shortening
action can be obtained in stationary conditions, in non
stationary conditions the occurrence of an unavoidable
amplitude modulation perturbs the beam propagation and
reduces the temporal selectivity of the modulator.
Compression of high-power KrF laser pulse by backward Raman
scattering using focused geometry
Authors: KUWAHARA K. , TAKAHASHI E. , MATSUMOTO Y. , OWADANO Y.
Published: July 2002

We are working on the generation of the high-power
UV pulse by backward Raman pulse amplification. This report
deals with the generation of the high-power backward first
Stokes light using a simple focusing geometry. The high-power
Stokes light, which grows from spontaneous scattered light
in the focal region, can be obtained by focusing the high-energy
KrF pump pulse into a Raman cell filled with methane gas.
The intensity of the pump pulse increases significantly
near the focus. This pulse produces a serious effect of
the nonlinear refractive index. We mixed xenon gas into
the Raman medium to compensate for this effect. As a result,
a stable generation of the high-power single backward first
Stokes light can be obtained.
Frequency doubling of multi-terawatt picosecond pulses
Authors: NEELY D. , DANSON C.N. , ALLOTT R. , AMIRANOFF F. , COLLIER J.L. , DANGOR A.E. , EDWARDS C.B. , FLINTOFF P. , HATTON P. , HARMAN M. , HUTCHINSON M.H.R. , NAJMUDIN Z. , PEPLER D.A. , ROSS I.N. , SALVATI M. , WINSTONE T.
Published: July 2002

The frequency-doubling efficiency and resultant
focal spot quality of a large aperture (140 × 89
mm) subpicosecond, chirped pulse amplified (CPA) 1054-nm
beam for laser–matter interaction studies has been
investigated using the Vulcan Nd:glass laser system (Danson
et al. 1998). The effect of B-integral on the
CPA beam quality was studied and is shown not to be the
dominant cause of the observed frequency-doubled beam break-up.
Conversion efficiency tests were carried out on small aperture
KDP (type 1) crystals at a range of incident intensities
up to 3 × 1011 W/cm2 giving
the optimum crystal thickness for pulses in the 0.3–3
ps region. A large-aperture frequency-doubled beam was
commissioned and delivered pulses of over 10 TW onto target
for an electron acceleration experiment.
Scattering and transmission of laser radiation at the heating
of low-density foam targets
Authors: GUS'KOV S.Yu. , KAS'ANOV Yu.S. , KOSHEVOI M.O. , ROZANOV V.B. , RUPASOV A.A. , SHIKANOV A.S.
Published: July 2002

Experimental study of the radiation scattered at the laser
heating of low-density foam targets and transmitted through
the targets is presented. The scattered and transmitted
radiations were investigated using spectrometers and streak
cameras providing spatial, angular, spectral and temporal
resolutions that enabled us to study the dynamics of the
process of burning-through of the thick foam targets, the
velocities of the plasma critical density motion as well
as mass velocity of the plasma.
A spectroscopic analysis of near solid density plasmas
Authors: SMITH R. , TALLENTS G.J. , PESTEHE S.J. , HIRST G. , LIN J. , ROSE S. , TAGVIASHVILI M.
Published: July 2002

Targets of thin (0.1 μm) Al buried beneath
0.1 μm plastic overlay have been irradiated by the
350 fs CPA pulse from the 248 nm Titania KrF laser at irradiances
of 1017 W/cm2. We report a study
of the radiative properties of the Al plasma using X-ray
emission spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that short-pulse
irradiation of buried-layer targets can produce a plasma
with close to solid densities and electron temperatures
of several hundred eV. We examine the effect that a long
duration (5–50 ns) low intensity (∼5 ×
108 W/cm2) prepulse has on the measured
values of electron density and temperature. The experimental
technique will allow the determination of the accuracy
of LTE radiative calculations in this new regime of extremely
high material energy density.
Detecting of melting by changes of rear surface reflectivity in
shocked compressed metals using an interferometric diagnostic method
Authors: WERDIGER M. , ELIEZER S. , MAMAN S. , HOROVITZ Y. , MOSHE E. , LUDMIRSKY A. , ARAD B. , HENIS Z. , GOLDBERG I.B.
Published: July 2002

When a high power laser (1012 W/cm2)
irradiates a target, it induces a shock wave, which reaches
the (free) rear surface. The free surface is accelerated
and the shock wave is back-reflected as a rarefaction wave.
In the shock wave pressure regime involved here, melting
of the target during the shock or during the rarefaction
may occur. An optically recording velocity interferometric
system (ORVIS) has been developed to measure the time evolution
of the change in the reflectivity of the free surface.
Shock waves of the order of hundreds of kilobars are produced
in 50–125 μm thick Sn and Al foils, by a Nd:YAG
laser system with a wavelength of 1.06 μm, pulse width
of 7 ns (FWHM), and irradiance in the range
(1.4–2.4)·1013 W/cm2.
The changes in the reflectivity occur along two time scales:
a slow one, more than 17 ns in Al and more than 30 ns in Sn,
and a rapid one, less than 2.5 ns, in both materials. A
possible explanation for the sharp decreases in the time scale
is that melting occurs during the release of the free surface.
Calculation of the ionization state for LTE plasmas using
analytical potentials
Authors: RUBIANO J.G. , RODRÍGUEZ R. , GIL J.M. , MARTEL P. , MÍNGUEZ E.
Published: July 2002

In this work, the Saha equation is solved using
atomic data provided by means of analytical potentials
to calculate the ionization state and ion abundances for
local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) plasmas of Al, Fe,
and Au. The plasma effects are taking into account using
an analytical potential which includes plasma effects.
The problem of the cut off partition functions in the Saha
equation is also analyzed using three different criteria.
Finally, some opacity calculations are performed.
Focused beam control in super-ASHURA KrF laser system
Authors: MATSUSHIMA I. , OKUDA I. , MATSUMOTO Y. , TOMIE T. , MIURA E. , YASHIRO H. , TAKAHASHI E. , KATO S. , OWADANO Y.
Published: July 2002

Beam smoothing techniques and focused beam profile
control techniques for high efficiency KrF laser fusion
are reported. We have developed 1D and 2D broadband random
phase (BRP) irradiation techniques. Our next idea is the
combination of a laser oscillator with a wide beam divergence
angle and phase plates. The wide divergence angle laser
beam eliminates the speckle patterns caused by the phase
plates. Well characterized focal spot patterns have been
observed with the front-end pulse of the Super-ASHURA KrF
laser system. Amplification experiments are on going.
Free-standing targets for applications to ICF
Authors: ALEKSANDROVA I.V. , KORESHEVA E.R. , OSIPOV I.E.
Published: July 2002

In conventional inertial confinement fusion (ICF),
a high power laser system is used to compress a cryogenic
target and create energy. One of the challenges for ICF
cryogenics is producing the homogeneous and uniform fuel
on the inside surface of a spherical polymer shell. In
this report, we will discuss a conceptual approach based
on freestanding targets and the results of our recent and
current developments.
Conference Reports
Authors: Lederman Susan J. , Howe Robert D.
Published: July 2002

SIXTH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON HAPTIC INTERFACES

The Sixth Annual Symposium for Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems was held on Nov. 17–18, 1997 in Dallas, Texas. Haptic interfaces
are devices that allow human–machine interaction through force and touch.
Areas of application include, but are by no means limited, to telemanipulation (for work in hazardous or challenging environments such as space exploration, undersea operations, microsurgery and minimally-invasive surgery, and hazardous waste clean-up) and virtual environments (for realistic interactions with computer simulations in critical procedure training, architectural design, product prototyping, and data visualization).
Resolving kinematic redundancy of a robot using a
quadratically constrained optimization technique
Authors: Kwon Woong , Hee Lee Beom , Hwan Choi Myoung
Published: July 2002

The constraints on the
physical limit should be considered in a kinematic redundancy resolution
problem of a robot. This paper proposes a new optimization scheme to
resolve kinematic redundancy of the robot while considering physical
constraints. In the proposed scheme, quadratic inequality constraints
are used in place of linear inequality constraints, thus a quadratically
constrained optimization technique is applied to resolve the redundancy.
It is shown that the use of quadratic inequality constraints
considerably reduces the number of constraints. Therefore, the proposed
method reduces the problem size considerably and makes the problem
simple resulting in computational efficiency. A numerical example of a
4-link planar redundant robot is included to demonstrate the efficiency
of the proposed optimization technique. In this example, simulation
results using the proposed method and another well-known method are
compared and discussed.
Dynamic modeling and simulation of a flexible robotic manipulator
Authors: Gamarra-Rosado V.O. , Yuhara E.A.O.
Published: July 2002

This work focuses on the dynamic modeling of a flexible robotic manipulator with two flexible links and two revolute joints, which rotates in the horizontal plane. The dynamic equations are derived using the Newton-Euler formulation and the finite element method, based on elementary beam theory. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate this study. The dynamic model becomes necessary for use in future design and
control applications.
Adam Smith: justice and due shares
Authors: Salter John
Published: July 2002

In a contribution to this journal Amos Witzum has challenged a common interpretation of Adam Smith's theory of justice, according to which Smith ‘employed a concept of justice – in the tradition of natural laws theories – whereby rights are related to guarding what is one's own rather than to what is one's due’ (Witzum, 1997, p. 242). Witzum claims that not only does Smith's conception of justice include one's due, and hence, distributional considerations, but the right to one's own ‘stems from the right to what is one's due’ (p. 244). Furthermore, he asserts that ‘as all members of society own their natural faculties, which presumably were given to them to enable them to survive, the fruits of their labour up to subsistence level belong to them by virtue of their ownership of their own faculties’ (p. 259). This leads him to the conclusion that property acquisition gives rise to a duty, on the part of property holders, to ‘distribute subsistence’ and that when wages fall below the subsistence level, the rights of workers have been violated ‘in exactly the same sense that taking an acquired asset away from its owner constitutes a violation of justice’ (p. 244).
A Semantic Interpretation of Haavelmo's Structure of Econometrics
Authors: Davis George C.
Published: July 2002

Trygve Haavelmo's 1944 article ‘The Probability Approach in Econometrics’ is considered by most to have provided the foundations for present day econometrics (Morgan, 1990, Chapters 8 and 9). Since Haavelmo (1944), extraordinary advances have been made in econometrics. However, over the last two decades the efficacy and scientific status of econometrics has become questionable. Not surprisingly, the growing discontent with econometrics has been accompanied by a growing interest in econometric methodology.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN GERMANY
Authors: Perleth Matthias , Busse Reinhard
Published: July 2002

The objectives of this paper are to describe the status and

development of health technology regulation with regard to coverage

decisions and utilization, and to analyze the current situation of

health technology assessment (HTA) in Germany. The relevant

literature for controlling health technologies was identified by

searching the literature and databases and through personal contacts. The

literature was analyzed with regard to the different sectors in the

healthcare system. For the analysis of the current state of HTA in

Germany, a national survey was carried out. In addition, the names of topics

under assessment were collected. The results show that

coverage decisions in the ambulatory sector appear to be much more

regulated than those in the inpatient sector. The same is true for diffusion

and usage of technologies. The strict separation of the hospital

and the ambulatory care sector in Germany constitutes a barrier to

regulation and to making HTA an effective instrument in

Germany. Until recently, HTA in Germany focused on

biotechnology, such as gene technology. Recently the German Scientific

Working Group of Technology Assessment in Health Care has adopted a

systematic methodology to undertake HTAs.

It can be concluded that regulation of health technologies in

Germany is characterized by inconsistencies ranging from strict

regulation in the ambulatory sector to almost no regulation in the

rehabilitation sector. Increasing interest in HTA, in conjunction

with a high priority assigned to evaluation of health technologies

by the newly elected government, is likely to improve this situation

in the future.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SWITZERLAND
Authors: Cranovsky Richard , Schilling Julian , Faisst Karin , Koch Pedro , Gutzwiller Felix , Brunner Hans Heinrich
Published: July 2002

Switzerland has a mixed public and private healthcare system. All citizens are enrolled in compulsory

basic health insurance. A 1996 law allows people to choose among different sickness funds and managed

care plans. The federal government is empowered to act on important health issues, but the 26 cantons

have prime responsibility in health care and social welfare. They have their own laws on health care,

hygiene, hospitals, and social welfare. These laws are not harmonized. The system is complex, with a mix

of public (mainly hospitals) and private (mainly doctors' offices) providers. The health services are

decentralized. Ambulatory care was traditionally provided in doctors' offices, but the last decade has seen

the development of centers for day surgery, group practices, and managed care plans. Decisions on

placement, location, and extension of services are decentralized. The payment system is very complex.

Current trends include global budgets, cost analyses, and prices related to patient categories. However,

coverage policy is developed centrally and includes both traditionally established services and new

technologies. New technologies are added to the list only after evaluation by the Federal Coverage

Committee. The coverage process integrates health technology assessment (HTA). Coverage can be

granted in stages, including limited coverage and temporary coverage. Technologies and coverage can be

reevaluated on the basis of registries or assessment information. The structure of the Swiss healthcare

system does not lend itself to the establishment of a national HTA program. However, recent moves

include the development of a coordinating mechanism for HTA in Switzerland.
A COMPARISON OF THREE APPROACHES FOR ATTRIBUTING HOSPITALIZATIONS TO
SPECIFIC DISEASES IN COST ANALYSES
Authors: Ward Marcia M. , Javitz Harold S. , Smith W. McFate , Bakst Alan
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Calculations of healthcare costs rarely disclose the
specific approach used to allocate the cost of hospitalizations by diagnosis.
However, the type of approach used can have a major impact on the findings in
the case of significant comorbidities. The present analyses compared three
approaches for attributing Medicare DRG reimbursements (which were used as
surrogates for average costs) for hospitalization by diagnosis.

Methods: Medical resource utilization data from the National
Hospital Discharge Survey were analyzed using each of three allocation
approaches: a) attributing 100% of the cost of hospitalization to the disease
when it was the first-listed diagnosis; b) attributing a portion of the cost
of hospitalization to the disease, depending on its position in the list of
diagnoses and the relevance of any comorbidities; and c) an incremental
analysis of cost based upon the hospitalization experiences of an age and
gender matched cohort. These three approaches were applied to the cost of
hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Results: The first approach projected 206,098 hospitalizations at
$3,449 per hospitalization for a projected U.S. annual total of $711 million.
The second approach projected 681,547 hospitalizations at $3,205 per
hospitalization for a projected U.S. annual total of $2.2 billion. The third
approach also projected 681,547 hospitalizations, but at $2,361 per
hospitalization, for a projected U.S. annual total of $1.6 billion.

Conclusions: Expanding from the example on COPD, the limitations
of each approach are described and their applications to other conditions are
presented.
REPORT FROM THE ALBERTA HERITAGE FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Perry Seymour
Published: July 2002

This assessment was undertaken at the request of a Regional Health Authority to provide input into a funding decision on a computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) system for use by a rehabilitation department.
CONTENT-BASED COLLEGE ESL INSTRUCTION. Loretta F. Kasper. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. v + 227. $24.50 paper.
Authors: Khirallah Michael
Published: July 2002

Content-based college ESL instruction offers new insights in the implementation of
content-based instruction (CBI). Divided into three parts, the collection opens with an overview
of CBI theory and pedagogy and ends with the role of technology. In between are chapters on
qualitative studies of novice teachers attempting to implement CBI in their classrooms and various
disciplinary approaches to CBI. This new collection is a valuable addition to the CBI literature.
Productive inventory and case/agreement contingencies: a methodological note on Rispoli (1999)
Authors: SCHÜTZE CARSON T.
Published: July 2002

Rispoli (1999) suggests that previous studies arguing for a contingency
between the case of subject pronouns and the presence/absence of verbal
agreement in the acquisition of English (e.g. Schütze, 1997) suffer from
methodological problems, and presents new data that fail to support
earlier findings. I show that Rispoli's methodology unnecessarily biases
his study against finding the predicted contingencies: it fails to take
account of children's productive lexical inventory of pronoun forms. As
a result, syntactic versus morphological sources of error fail to be
distinguished. I explain why this distinction is crucial within the
AGR/Tense Omission Model, and clarify its predictions.
How far does a construction grammar approach to
argument structure take us in understanding
children's language development?
Authors: BUDWIG NANCY
Published: July 2002

Tomasello's stimulating review of Goldberg's (1995)
book, Constructions: a
construction grammar approach to argument structure, raises several
themes
worthy of discussion. Tomasello suggests numerous reasons why functional

and cognitive linguistic approaches in general, and Goldberg's approach
in
particular, are central to current work in child language. In my commentary

I will summarize Tomasello's central claims about what he sees as
significant
about Goldberg's book, and I will raise the question of whether construction

grammar – rather than any other cognitive or functional approach
– is worth
pursuing. While generally sympathetic to Goldberg's approach, I will

discuss two issues that I think are worthy of further consideration in
future
research.

Tomasello highlights three very important reasons why he believes
Goldberg's approach makes a significant contribution to child language

research. First, he states that construction grammar provides a way of

understanding language development as a whole, and not just particular

aspects of language development, such as core grammar. Second, Tomasello

characterizes Goldberg's approach as noteworthy because it provides
a way
of relating language development to other domains of human cognition. A

third advantage, Tomasello claims, is that construction grammar allows
for
the view of language development as protracted (e.g. not instantaneous),

something Tomasello suggests fits well with his own research findings (see

Tomasello, 1992).
Unitary equivalence of unbounded *-representations of *-algebras
Authors: IKEDA I. , INOUE A. , TAKAKURA M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the unitary equivalence of unbounded
*-representations of *-algebras
is investigated. It is shown that if closed *-representations
π1 and π2 of a *-algebra
[Ascr ] satisfy a certain density condition for the intertwining spaces
[Jscr ](π1, π2) and
[Jscr ](π2, π1), then a *-isomorphism
Φ between the
O*-algebras π1([Ascr ]) and π2([Ascr ])
is
defined by Φ(π1(x))=π2(x),
x∈[Ascr ] and it induces a
*-isomorphism Φ¯, between the von Neumann algebras
(π1([Ascr ])′w)′
and (π2([Ascr ])′w)′,
and
further if Φ¯, is spatial (that is, it is
unitarily implemented), then π1 and π2
are unitarily equivalent.
Universal Hilbert subsets
Authors: DÈBES PIERRE , ZANNIER UMBERTO
Published: July 2002

We show that the sequence 2n+n is
a
universal Hilbert sequence. That is, for each
polynomial P(T, Y) irreducible in ℚ(T)

[Y], the polynomial
P(2n+n, Y) is irreducible

in ℚ[Y] for all but finitely many n.
This answers a question of M. Yasumoto. Other
examples, like 2n+5n, are given.

They are all obtained as special cases of a more
general result which is proved from classical diophantine arguments.
Design of a Remote Monitoring System for High Speed Craft
Authors: Lozano José Luís , Corbera Jordi , Martínez de Osés F. Xavier
Published: July 2002

At present, the whole shipping industry is concerned about safety of navigation. In
particular, attention is focused on High Speed Craft. There has been a sharp increase in
numbers of this kind of vessel, which primarily carries passengers but is also known to carry
goods. Some units can reach speeds of over 45 knots with capacity for 900 passengers. These
passengers have a basic right to life and their means of transport should obviously follow all
safety codes, regulations and IMO resolutions. This paper describes the development of a
monitoring system that could automatically transmit safety parameters and position from
the ship to a management control centre. Digital and analogical alarms, ship condition
readings and other safety-related parameters may be recorded and transmitted in near real-
time using the latest communications and positioning technologies.
Applying Map Databases to Advanced Navigation and Driver Assistance Systems
Authors: Rowell J. Martin
Published: July 2002

Navigation map databases have evolved during the last 10 years in coverage, content and accuracy to such a degree that they are being used (and considered) for applications beyond vehicle navigation. For a number of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in Europe and North America, the navigation maps are being enhanced to offer new functions. This will complement dynamic route guidance, with location referencing, descriptions of delays, floating car data and re-routeing, all requiring developments in traffic management, road capacity balancing and routing algorithms.
Predicting Sea Ice Conditions using Neural Networks
Authors: El-Rabbany A. , Auda G. , Abdelazim S.
Published: July 2002

Safe and efficient marine navigation in ice-infested waters requires comprehensive and timely information on the sea ice conditions. These include information on the ice concentration and type, ice edge location, icebergs and open leads. The Canadian Ice Service is responsible for providing ice information in Canadian waters, mainly through its daily ice charts. Unfortunately, due to the difference in time between the ice chart production and its use by mariners, the ice information is always out of date. This problem might be overcome by developing a neural network-based system for predicting the ice conditions over time. A supervised neural network is trained to predict the ice conditions at a given location and time using the current ice charts, which are provided by the Canadian Ice Service. The input ice data is mapped to an output vector that gives the predicted ice conditions. The traditional non-modular feed-forward neural network structure failed to map the required function, and hence, was modularized to give better prediction performance. Each neural module was responsible for the prediction of a 5×5 km area, while the ice characteristic of interest was the total concentration.