bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to community violence: Toward a more expansive definition and approach to research
Authors: Ceballo Rosario , Alers‐Rojas Francheska , Mora Andrea S. , Cranford James A.
Published: April 2022

Community violence has been identified as a pressing public health crisis in the United States. A wealth of research establishes robust connections between youth’s exposure to community violence and an array of negative psychological outcomes. In this article, we argue that developmental scientists need to adopt a more expansive definition of community violence and use a broader range of approaches to understand and intervene in the current epidemic of violence. First, we discuss problems with definitions of community violence in research and propose several types of violent incidents that should no longer be excluded (i.e., gender‐based harassment, sexual assault). We also highlight the need for a more nuanced and thorough examination of the dimensions associated with community violence (e.g., severity, physical proximity, relational proximity, chronicity). Next, we discuss methodological problems encumbering research on community violence. Finally, we propose recommendations for research, emphasizing the need to account for children’s intersecting social identities.
What is the optimal duration for a ROAT? The experience of the French Dermatology and Allergology group (DAG)
Authors: Amsler Emmanuelle , Assier Haudrey , Soria Angèle , Bara Corina , Ferrier le Bouëdec Marie Christine , Barbaud Annick , Milpied Brigitte , Giordano‐Labadie Françoise , Pasteur Justine , Badaoui Antoine , Valois Aude , Castelain Florence , Kurihara Flore , Castagna Julie , Boulard Claire , Bernier Claire , Leleu Camille , Marcant Pierre , Crépy Marie Noelle , Tetart Florence , Raison‐Peyron Nadia ,   from the Dermatology and Allergy Group of the French Society of Dermatology (DAG)
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives

The repeated open application test (ROAT) is an adjuvant investigation measure to patch testing in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. ESCD recommends a 15 days duration but its overall duration varies according to publications and patients hardly adhere to prolonged ROAT duration beyond 1 week.

Materials and Methods

The Dermatology and Allergy Group of the French Society of Dermatology performed a prospective study with the aim of determining the best duration for the ROAT.

Results

A total of 328 ROAT results were collected for topical products, including cosmetics (60%) and topical medications (31.1%). Fifty‐nine (18%) ROATs were positive, and 16 (5%) were doubtful. All the positive ROATs occurred within 10 days, with a median time to positivity of 3 days.

Conclusion

According to our results, a minimum duration of 10 days is necessary to achieve a positive ROAT to a topical product.
Prospective cohort study by InspECT on safety and efficacy of electrochemotherapy for cutaneous tumors and metastases depending on ulceration
Authors: Claussen Carla Sophie , Moir Graeme , Bechara Falk G. , Orlando Antonio , Matteucci Paolo , Mowatt David , Clover Anthony James P. , Mascherini Matteo , Gehl Julie , Muir Tobian , Sersa Gregor , Groselj Ales , Odili Joy , Giorgione Roberto , Campana Luca Giovanni , Bertino Giulia , Curatolo Pietro , Banerjee Shramana , Kis Erika , Quaglino Pietro , Pritchard‐Jones Rowan , De Terlizzi Francesca , Grischke Eva‐Maria , Kunte Christian
Published: April 2022

Background

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment for cutaneous tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ECT in ulcerated vs. non‐ulcerated tumors and investigate the effect on tumor‐associated symptoms.

Methods

Twenty cancer centers in the International Network for Sharing Practices on Electrochemotherapy (InspECT) prospectively collected data. ECT was performed following ESOPE protocol. Response was evaluated by lesion size development. Pain, symptoms, performance status (ECOG‐Index) and health status (EQ‐5D questionnaire) were evaluated.

Results

716 patients with ulcerated (n = 302) and non‐ulcerated (n = 414) cutaneous tumors and metastases were included (minimum follow‐up of 45 days). Non‐ulcerated lesions responded to ECT better than ulcerated lesions (complete response 65 % vs. 51 %, p = 0.0061). Only 38 % (115/302) with ulcerated lesions before ECT presented with ulcerated lesions at final follow‐up. Patients with ulcerated lesions reported higher pain and more severe symptoms compared to non‐ulcerated lesions, which significantly and continuously improved following ECT. In non‐ulcerated lesions however, pain spiked during the treatment. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

ECT is a safe and effective local treatment for cutaneous tumors. While ECT improves symptoms especially in patients with ulcerated lesions, data suggest the implementation of a perioperative pain management in non‐ulcerated lesions during ECT.
Can we model distribution of population abundance from wildlife–vehicles collision data?
Authors: Fernández‐López Javier , Blanco‐Aguiar José A. , Vicente Joaquín , Acevedo Pelayo
Published: April 2022

Reliable estimates of the distribution of species abundance are a key element in wildlife studies, but such information is usually difficult to obtain for large spatial or long temporal scales. Wildlife–vehicle collision (WVC) data is systematically registered in many countries and could be used as a proxy of population abundance if the number of WVC in each territory increase with the population abundance. However, factors such as road density or human population should be controlled to obtain accurate abundance estimations from WVC data. Here, we propose a hierarchical modeling approach using the Royle–Nichols model for detection–non‐detection data to obtain population abundance indices from WVC. Relative abundance and individual detectability were modeled for two species, wild boar Sus scrofa and roe deer Capreolus capreolus at 10 × 10 km cells in mainland Spain from WVC data using environmental, anthropological and temporal covariates. For each cell, a detection was annotated if at least one WVC was recorded at each month (used as survey occasion). The predicted abundance indices were compared with raw hunting statistics at region level to assess the performance of the modeling approach. Site specific covariates such as road density or administrative region and the month of the year, affected individual detectability, with higher WVC probability between October and December for wild boar and between April and July for roe deer. Wild boar and roe deer abundance can be explained by both, bioclimatic and land cover covariates. Abundance indices obtained from WVC data were significantly positively correlated with regional raw hunting yields for both species. We presented empirical evidence supporting that accurate wildlife abundance indices at fine spatial resolution can be generated from WVC data when individual detectability is considered in the modeling process.
Reading as Askēsis
Authors: Longa Rachel
Published: April 2022

Drawing on the work of Simone Weil, this article argues that the human purpose of reading is the creation of meaning through interpretive activity. In the context of institutionalized schooling, however, the activity of reading has been alienated from this purpose. As a result, some contemporary pedagogies of reading might keep us from learning how to undertake the work necessary to hone and sharpen our interpretations, and thereby render our world increasingly lucid and coherent. Here, Rachel Longa proposes that the paradigm of spiritual practice might provide the theoretical resources for a corrective to this alienation. It could help us to reconfigure the dominant form of the activity of reading such that its human purpose is foregrounded and championed, rather than obscured. The concept of askēsis could thereby serve as a lifeline that tethers us to the forms of life from which we derive purpose and that orients us toward the ends of ethical self‐formation.
Comparison of digital and conventional assessment methods for a single tooth preparation and educational satisfaction
Authors: Kim Yeong‐Kyu , Kim Jae‐Hoon , Jeong Yuwon , Yun Mi‐Jung , Lee Hyeonjong
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Digital feedback for tooth preparation can provide dental practitioners with more objective and accurate evaluations compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to evaluate the educational effect and satisfaction of digital feedback compared with those of the conventional putty index method for tooth preparation.

Material and Methods

Forty‐eight third‐grade dental students were selected. All students performed a full‐coverage preparation on a right mandibular first molar resin tooth. They were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12)—no guide (control), putty index, digital feedback, and digital and putty index assessment. Three‐dimensional analysis was performed using an analysis software (GomInspect 2018, Gom) to evaluate the amount of tooth structure removed. At the end of the practice, the students completed a questionnaire to evaluate the educational satisfaction of the respective methods.

Results

There was no statistical significance of the amount of preparation amongst groups in most of the measured areas only except for several specific points. Overall occlusal surface showed 0.99 ± 0.27 mm in the N group (no guide) and 1.15 ± 0.31 mm in the D group (digital feedback), and overall axial surface showed no statistical differences (p > .05). The groups that used digital assessment showed a high level of satisfaction compared with conventional assessment.

Conclusions

It was difficult to confirm that the digital‐based feedback promotes accurate tooth preparation compared to conventional feedback within the limitation of this study. However, it improved educational satisfaction and permitted objective evaluation.
Perception of recently graduated Dutch dentists of their education
Authors: van Dam Brigitte A. F. M. , den Boer Joost C. L. , van der Sanden Wil J. M. , Gorter Ronald C. , Bruers Josef J. M.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The curriculum of the three dental schools in the Netherlands consists of a three‐year bachelor's and three‐year master's course. The education programmes focus inter alia on clinical dental reasoning, thinking and acting scientifically, general oral healthcare activities, and communication and (inter)professional cooperation. This study examined how recently graduated dentists, in the light of their work experience, evaluate their education in retrospect.

Materials and Methods

All 1074 dentists who graduated between 2012 and mid‐2017 were invited by e‐mail to answer a web survey. Of those, 314 (29%) took part in the study.

Results

The majority of dentists were positive about their knowledge of general and clinical oral healthcare fields when they graduated (70% and 68%, respectively). Fewer dentists were satisfied with their skills in terms of some specific procedures (50%) and clinical professional areas (33%). By far, the majority (85%) were satisfied with the educational skills of their teachers. The majority (70%) felt that their education fitted in well with their professional practice. Nevertheless, 60% thought a year's trainee work experience would be a good idea. The overall evaluation of dentists who have their own practices was less positive than those who do not.

Conclusion

Knowledge and skills relating to managing a practice were not sufficiently addressed in the programme. The introduction of a practical internship would be desirable, preferably during the education. But when they look back, the majority of recently graduated dentists in the Netherlands are generally positive about the education they received.
COVID‐19 vaccine in patients with Dravet syndrome: Observations and real‐world experiences
Authors: Hood Veronica , Berg Anne T. , Knupp Kelly G. , Koh Sookyong , Laux Linda , Meskis Mary Anne , Zulfiqar‐Ali Quratulain , Perry M. Scott , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Sullivan Joseph , Wirrell Elaine , Andrade Danielle M.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Vaccination against the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is a primary tool to combat the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, vaccination is a common seizure trigger in individuals with Dravet syndrome (DS). Information surrounding COVID‐19 vaccine side effects in patients with DS would aid caregivers and providers in decisions for and management of COVID‐19 vaccination.

Methods

A survey was emailed to the Dravet Syndrome Foundation's Family Network and posted to the Dravet Parent & Caregiver Support Group on Facebook between May and August 2021. Deidentified information obtained included demographics and vaccination status for individuals with DS. Vaccine type, side effects, preventative measures, and changes in seizure activity following COVID‐19 vaccination were recorded. For unvaccinated individuals, caregivers were asked about intent to vaccinate and reasons for their decision.

Results

Of 278 survey responses, 120 represented vaccinated individuals with DS (median age = 19.5 years), with 50% reporting no side effects from COVID‐19 vaccination. Increased seizures following COVID‐19 vaccination were reported in 16 individuals, but none had status epilepticus. Of the 158 individuals who had not received a COVID‐19 vaccination, 37 were older than 12 years (i.e., eligible at time of study), and only six of these caregivers indicated intent to seek vaccination. The remaining 121 responses were caregivers to children younger than 12 years, 60 of whom indicated they would not seek COVID‐19 vaccination when their child with DS became eligible. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy were fear of increased seizure activity and concerns about vaccine safety.

Significance

These results indicate COVID‐19 vaccination is well tolerated by individuals with DS. One main reason for vaccine hesitancy was fear of increased seizure activity, which occurred in only 13% of vaccinated individuals, and none had status epilepticus. This study provides critical and reassuring insights for caregivers and health care providers making decisions about the safety of COVID‐19 vaccinations for individuals with DS.
Intensified microbial sulfate reduction in the deep Dead Sea during the early Holocene Mediterranean sapropel 1 deposition
Authors: Levy Elan J. , Thomas Camille , Antler Gilad , Gavrieli Ittai , Turchyn Alexandra V. , Grossi Vincent , Ariztegui Daniel , Sivan Orit
Published: April 2022

The hypersaline Dead Sea and its sediments are natural laboratories for studying extremophile microorganism habitat response to environmental change. In modern times, increased freshwater runoff to the lake surface waters resulted in stratification and dilution of the upper water column followed by microbial blooms. However, whether these events facilitated a microbial response in the deep lake and sediments is obscure. Here we investigate archived evidence of microbial processes and changing regional hydroclimate conditions by reconstructing deep Dead Sea chemical compositions from pore fluid major ion concentration and stable S, O, and C isotopes, together with lipid biomarkers preserved in the hypersaline deep Dead Sea ICDP‐drilled core sediments dating to the early Holocene (ca. 10,000 years BP). Following a significant negative lake water balance resulting in salt layer deposits at the start of the Holocene, there was a general period of positive net water balance at 9500–8300 years BP. The pore fluid isotopic composition of sulfate exhibit evidence of intensified microbial sulfate reduction, where both and of sulfate show a sharp increase from estimated base values of 15.0‰ and 13.9‰ to 40.2‰ and 20.4‰, respectively, and a vs. slope of 0.26. The presence of the n‐C17 alkane biomarker in the sediments suggests an increase of cyanobacteria or phytoplankton contribution to the bulk organic matter that reached the deepest parts of the Dead Sea. Although hydrologically disconnected, both the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea microbial ecosystems responded to increased freshwater runoff during the early Holocene, with the former depositing the organic‐rich sapropel 1 layer due to anoxic water column conditions. In the Dead Sea prolonged positive net water balance facilitated primary production and algal blooms in the upper waters and intensified microbial sulfate reduction in the hypolimnion and/or at the sediment–brine interface.
Modified Giemsa Stain: A solution to improve the quality of hypercellular bone marrow smears
Authors: Gunawardena Dammika , Priyankara Isuru , Jayamanne Hiranthi , Suresh Sasikala
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Morphology is still the cornerstone of the diagnosis of haematological malignancies where the quality of staining plays a major role. The hypercellularity of a smear interferes with the quality of staining. We compared a newly modified giemsa stain (MGS) as a routine method for staining hypercellular bone marrow smears over the conventional Leishman method and the May Grunwald Giemsa method (MGG) in a completely randomized block study.

Methods

Quality of staining, cost, labour intensiveness and turnaround time of the new method was compared with MGG and Leishman methods for bone marrow smears of acute leukaemia using 30 cases. Bone marrow smears were blindly reviewed for the degree of staining of nuclei, cytoplasm and granules on a scale of 0 to 4 and statistically analysed by Minitab 16.

Results

A significant difference (p < .05) was revealed for the quality of staining of nuclei, cytoplasm and granules, and it was found that the new MGS was superior to the MGG and Leishman method. The cost of staining was lowest in the new MGS and the staining time of the new MGS was 76% less than MGG and 9.09% greater than the Leishman method. In terms of turnaround time, the new MGS is somewhat similar to the Leishman method and is user‐friendly with a lesser number of steps to follow, compared with MGG.

Conclusion

Our study showed that the new MGS is overall far superior, cost‐effective and user‐friendly compared with other conventional staining methods when used for hypercellular bone marrows.
What do we know about the experience of seclusion in a forensic setting? An integrative literature review
Authors: Hansen Alison , Hazelton Michael , Rosina Robyn , Inder Kerry
Published: April 2022

Seclusion is used in forensic and general mental health settings to protect a person or others from harm. However, seclusion can result in trauma‐related harm and re‐traumatization with little known about the experience of seclusion for consumers in forensic mental health settings from their perspectives. This article explores consumer experiences of seclusion in forensic mental health settings and explores the differences between female and male experiences of seclusion. Five electronic databases were systematically searched using keywords and variations of experience, attitude, seclusion, coercion, forensic mental health, and forensic psychiatry. Inclusion criteria were original peer‐reviewed studies conducted in adult forensic mental health settings reporting data on the experiences of or attitudes towards seclusion. Seven studies met the criteria for inclusion and a quality assessment was undertaken. Results found consumers in forensic mental health settings perceive seclusion to be harmful, a punishment for their behaviour, and largely a negative experience that impacts their emotional health. Some consumers report positive experiences of seclusion. Differences in the experience of seclusion for females and males are unclear. Further research is required to understand the experience of seclusion for women in forensic mental health settings. Identification and consideration of differences in the experience of seclusion for males and females may assist in identifying sex‐specific interventions and may inform policy and practices to eliminate or reduce the trauma associated with seclusion use.
Evaluation of an Evolutionary Model of Self‐Preservation and Self‐Destruction
Authors: Brown R. Michael , Dahlen Eric , Mills Cliff , Rick Jennifer , Biblarz Arturo
Published: April 2022

According to deCatanzaro's mathematical model of self‐preservation and self‐destruction, staying alive actually may reduce inclusive fitness for an individual who is low in reproductive potential and, at the same time, poses such a burden to close kin that it costs them opportunities for reproduction. Predictions generated from this model were tested using 175 university students as subjects and variables constructed from a 164‐item questionnaire. The criterion variables were separate measures of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation and behavior. The predictor variables derived from the model were separate measures of reproductive potential of the individual, the individual's perceived benefit or cost to kin, and reproductive potential of the individual's kin. As predicted, there were negative and significant bivariate correlations between each of the model‐generated predictor variables and one or more of the criterion variables. Multiple regression analyses showed that benefit to kin was the best predictor of both depression and hopelessness. Discriminant analysis showed that reproductive potential of kin significantly differentiated suicide attempters from nonattempters. Overall, our results support and extend deCatanzaro's model and empirical findings.
Transitioning adolescent mental health care services: The steps to care model
Authors: Farrell Marian L.
Published: April 2022

Topic

A crisis exists regarding the number of children and adolescents who require psychiatric/mental health treatment. According to the 2018−2019 National Survey of Children's Health, 24.4% of children, age 3−17 years, experienced one or more reported mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral (MEDB) problems.

Purpose

Transitioning from child/adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS) requires a model of care that includes flexible policies and treatment options to accommodate individual developmental needs. Comprehensive and integrated psychiatric/mental health services are needed to improve the well‐being of children and adolescents.

Conclusions

The Steps to Care Model (STCM) provides a transition plan for adolescents into adult psychiatric/mental health services. The STCM consists of six overlapping segments: development of social and human capital, strategies for the promotion of mental health awareness and care, a shared electronic information system, comprehensive mental health care services in community‐based settings, implementing education for all providers, and planned transitional services for youth.
Joint Institutional Frameworks in EU Bilateral Agreements: Joint Bodies, Rules and Principles, and Special Procedures
Authors: Tyushka Andriy , Phinnemore David , Weiß Wolfgang
Published: April 2022

This introductory article makes the case for studying joint institutional frameworks (JIFs) in EU bilateral agreements and provides an overview of the remaining contributions to the symposium. In doing so, it addresses contemporary policy developments and theoretical debates in political science and international institutional law. It considers the rationale, design, performance as well as legitimacy of JIFs both in general and, in particular, in the EU's contractual bilateral relations. By mapping out the variety of JIFs in distinct geographical and regulatory contexts, the article develops an overarching argument about the ‘transversal’ nature of such structural frameworks, focusing on the most prevalent structural principles and rules, joint bodies and special procedures, including those not covered in detail in the other contributions to this symposium.
Reciprocal associations between peer problems and non‐suicidal self‐injury throughout adolescence
Authors: De Luca Lisa , Giletta Matteo , Menesini Ersilia , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: April 2022

Background

Peer problems have emerged as important predictors of Non‐Suicidal Self‐Injury (NSSI) development during adolescence. However, the possibility that adolescents who engage in NSSI may, in turn, be at increased risk for experiencing difficulties with their peers has rarely been examined. This study investigated the reciprocal associations between peer problems (e.g. peer victimization, friendship stress and loneliness) and NSSI throughout adolescence, distinguishing between‐ and within‐person effects.

Method

Participants were 866 adolescents (54.5% females; Mage = 13.12 years, SD = 0.78), who took part in six waves of data collection. Adolescents completed self‐report measures of NSSI, friendship stress and loneliness and they took part in a peer nomination procedure to assess peer victimization. Random Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Models (RI‐CLPMs) were used to estimate within‐person cross‐lagged effects between each peer problem and NSSI from Grade 7 to 12.

Results

After accounting for between‐person associations between peer problems and NSSI, results indicated that higher‐than‐usual levels of NSSI predicted higher‐than‐usual levels of adolescents’ own friendship stress, loneliness and peer victimization at the subsequent time point. Yet, sensitivity analyses revealed that most of these effects were strongly attenuated and explained by within‐person fluctuations in depressive symptoms. No within‐person cross‐lagged effects from peer problems to NSSI were found.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that the associations between peer problems (i.e. friendship stress, loneliness) and NSSI may be largely explained by shared underlying factors; yet, some evidence also suggests that NSSI engagement may increase adolescents’ risk to experience difficulties in the relationships with their peers, in part via increases in depressive symptoms.
Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mridha Subham , Kümmerli Rolf
Published: April 2022

A common way for bacteria to cooperate is via the secretion of beneficial public goods (proteases, siderophores, biosurfactants) that can be shared amongst individuals in a group. Bacteria often simultaneously deploy multiple public goods with complementary functions. This raises the question whether natural selection could favour division of labour where subpopulations or species specialize in the production of a single public good, whilst sharing the complementary goods at the group level. Here we use an experimental system, where we mix engineered specialists of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can each only produce one of the two siderophores, pyochelin or pyoverdine and explore the conditions under which specialization can lead to division of labour. When growing pyochelin and pyoverdine specialists at different mixing ratios under different levels of iron limitation, we found that specialists could only successfully complement each other in environments with moderate iron limitation and grow as good as the generalist wildtype but not better. Under more stringent iron limitation, the dynamics in specialist communities was characterized by mutual cheating and with higher proportions of pyochelin producers greatly compromising group productivity. Nonetheless, specialist communities remained stable through negative frequency‐dependent selection. Our work shows that specialization in a bacterial community can be spurred by cheating and does not necessarily result in beneficial division of labour. We propose that natural selection might favour fine‐tuned regulatory mechanisms in generalists over division of labour because the former enables generalists to remain flexible and adequately adjust public good investments in fluctuating environments.
A noninvasive eDNA tool for detecting sea lamprey larvae in river sediments: Analytical validation and field testing in a low‐abundance ecosystem
Authors: Baltazar‐Soares Miguel , Pinder Adrian C. , Harrison Andrew J. , Oliver Will , Picken Jessica , Britton J. Robert , Andreou Demetra
Published: April 2022

Anthropogenic activities are increasingly threatening aquatic biodiversity, especially anadromous species. Monitoring and conservation measures are thus required to protect, maintain and restore imperilled populations. While many species can be surveyed using traditional capture and visual census techniques, species that use riverine habitats in a less conspicuous manner, such as sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, can be more challenging to monitor. Sea lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) can spend several years in freshwater burrowed within soft sediments, inhibiting their detection and assessment. Here, we present a qPCR assay based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) to identify the presence of ammocoetes burrowed in the sediment. We present an extensively validated method that ensured both species‐specificity of the assay as well as the capacity to detect ammocoetes when abundances are low. Experiments on burrowing activity suggested that most of the DNA released into the sediment occurs during burrowing. Overall, we demonstrate this new molecular‐based tool is an efficient and effective complement to traditional monitoring activities targeting larval stages of sea lampreys.
Depression and anxiety among nursing students during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Tohoku region, Japan: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Sakai Mai , Nakanishi Miharu , Yu Zhiqian , Takagi Gen , Toshi Keita , Wakashima Koubun , Yoshii Hatsumi
Published: April 2022

Aim

Restrictions such as physical distancing and online learning for college students were implemented due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Owing to this, students may experience psychological distress from social isolation and loneliness. Nursing students are subjected to an exacerbated level of distress during the pandemic due to their role as health professionals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the level of anxiety and depression among Japanese nursing students, according to their perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19.

Methods

A total of 281 college students (104 nursing students and 177 other college students) responded to a web‐based anonymous questionnaire survey from 18 August to 31 October 2020. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to evaluate anxiety (HADS‐A) and depression (HADS‐D). Perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19 was assessed using the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale.

Results

In both groups of students, the prevalence of both anxiety (30.5% in nursing students; 69.5% in others) and depressive symptoms (31.1% in nursing students; 68.9% in others) were remarkably high. There were no significant differences in anxiety and depression between nursing and other students after adjusting for perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19 plus socio‐demographic characteristics and stress coping styles. Perceived vulnerability and its interactions with nursing did not show a significant association with either depression or anxiety.

Conclusion

This study highlights the need for greater support and preventive strategies for mental health problems for college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic regardless of perceived vulnerability.
Antepartum Care for Pregnant People with Overt Hypothyroidism, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and Positive Thyroid Autoantibodies
Authors: Mayhew Caitlin E. , Simonson Kristin R. , Ellsworth Bowers Esther R.
Published: April 2022

Maternal thyroid hormones are critical for the growth and development of a healthy fetus. During pregnancy, maternal thyroid hormone production is increased to meet the demands of fetal growth. The purpose of this review is to provide clinicians with current evidence about possible adverse maternal and fetal effects of hypothyroidism in pregnancy, including the role of hypothyroidism in recurrent pregnancy loss. In addition, clinical presentation, evidence‐based screening guidelines, and evidence‐based treatments are discussed.
Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Evidence‐Based Treatment
Authors: Davis Melissa G. , Phillippi Julia C.
Published: April 2022

Hypothyroidism affects up to 5% of the global population. Incidence increases with age and is more common in women and individuals with prolonged estrogen exposure when compared with people who have not been exposed to estrogen. Symptoms can develop slowly and often mimic symptoms of other disorders, including menstrual cycle abnormalities. Understanding risk factors and common presenting symptoms is important in providing high‐quality primary and reproductive care. Diagnosis relies on simple‐to‐obtain, fairly inexpensive testing of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and confirmation with levels of thyroxine. Management of hypothyroidism usually involves monotherapy with levothyroxine taken on an empty stomach. There are 2 methods for beginning levothyroxine treatment, and outpatient primary care clinicians can use shared decision‐making to determine the best initiation method for each individual. Follow‐up involves regular assessment of levels of TSH and symptom relief. Although some patients may need referral for specialist treatment, the majority of individuals with hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and treated by their outpatient primary care providers.
Current profile of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease in Africa: A systematic review
Authors: Yalcouyé Abdoulaye , Esoh Kevin , Guida Landouré , Wonkam Ambroise
Published: April 2022

Background and aims

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy characterised by a high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. While most cases were described in populations with Caucasian ancestry, genetic research on CMT in Africa is scant. Only a few cases of CMT have been reported, mainly from North Africa. The current study aimed to summarise available data on CMT in Africa, with emphasis on the epidemiological, clinical, and genetic features.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and the African Journal Online for articles published from the database inception until April 2021 using specific keywords. A total of 398 articles were screened, and 28 fulfilled our selection criteria.

Results

A total of 107 families totalling 185 patients were reported. Most studies were reported from North Africa (n = 22). The demyelinating form of CMT was the commonest subtype, and the phenotype varied greatly between families, and one family (1%) of CMT associated with hearing impairment was reported. The inheritance pattern was autosomal recessive in 91.2% (n = 97/107) of families. CMT‐associated variants were reported in 11 genes: LMNA, GDAP1, GJB1, MPZ, MTMR13, MTMR2, PRX, FGD4/FRABIN, PMP22, SH3TC2, and GARS. The most common genes reported are LMNA, GDAP1, and SH3TC2 and have been found mostly in Northern African populations.

Interpretation

This study reveals that CMT is not rare in Africa, and describes the current clinical and genetic profile. The review emphasised the urgent need to invest in genetic research to inform counselling, prevention, and care for CMT in numerous settings on the continent.
Magnetic resonance elastography to study the effect of amyloid plaque accumulation in a mouse model
Authors: Palotai Miklos , Schregel Katharina , Nazari Navid , Merchant Julie P. , Taylor Walter M. , Guttmann Charles R. G. , Sinkus Ralph , Young‐Pearse Tracy L. , Patz Samuel
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose

Biomechanical changes in the brain have not been fully elucidated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate the effect of β‐amyloid accumulation on mouse brain viscoelasticity.

Methods

Magnetic resonance elastography was used to calculate magnitude of the viscoelastic modulus (|G*|), elasticity (Gd), and viscosity (Gl) in the whole brain parenchyma (WB) and bilateral hippocampi of 9 transgenic J20 (AD) mice (5 males/4 females) and 10 wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (5 males/5 females) at 11 and 14 months of age.

Results

Cross‐sectional analyses showed no significant difference between AD and WT mice at either timepoints. No sex‐specific differences were observed at 11 months of age, but AD females showed significantly higher hippocampal |G*| and Gl and WB |G*|, Gd, and Gl compared to both AD and WT males at 14 months of age. Similar trending differences were found between female AD and female WT animals but did not reach significance. Longitudinal analyses showed significant increases in hippocampal |G*|, Gd, and Gl, and significant decreases in WB |G*|, Gd, and Gl between 11 and 14 months in both AD and WT mice. Each subgroup showed significant increases in all hippocampal and significant decreases in all WB measures, with the exception of AD females, which showed no significant changes in WB |G*|, Gd, or Gl.

Conclusion

Aging had region‐specific effects on cerebral viscoelasticity, namely, WB softening and hippocampal stiffening. Amyloid plaque deposition may have sex‐specific effects, which require further scrutiny.
Multisite MRI reproducibility of lateral ventricular volume using the NAIMS cooperative pilot dataset
Authors: Jakimovski Dejan , Zivadinov Robert , Bergsland Niels , Oh Jiwon , Martin Melissa , Shinohara Russell T. , Bakshi Rohit , Calabresi Peter A. , Papinutto Nico , Pelletier Daniel , Dwyer Michael G.
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose

The North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (NAIMS) multisite project identified interscanner reproducibility issues with T1‐based whole brain volume (WBV). Lateral ventricular volume (LVV) acquired on T2‐fluid‐attenuated inverse recovery (FLAIR) scans has been proposed as a robust proxy measure. Therefore, we sought to determine the relative magnitude of scanner‐induced T2‐FLAIR‐based LVV and T1‐based WBV measurement errors in relation to clinically meaningful changes.

Methods

This was a post hoc analysis of the NAIMS pilot dataset in which a relapsing‐remitting MS patient with no intrastudy clinical or radiological activity was imaged twice on seven different Siemens scanners across the United States. LVV was determined using the automated NeuroSTREAM technique on T2‐FLAIR and WBV was determined with SIENAX on high‐resolution T1‐MPRAGE. Average LVV and WBV were measured, and absolute intrascanner and interscanner coefficients of variation (CoVs) were calculated. The variabilities were compared to previously established annual pathological and clinically meaningful cutoffs of 0.40% for WBV and of 3.51% for LVV.

Results

Mean LVV across all seven scan/rescan pairs was 45.87 ± 1.15 ml. Average LVV intrascanner CoV was 1.42% and interscanner CoV was 1.78%, both smaller than the reported annualized clinically meaningful cutoff of 3.51%. In contrast, intra‐ and interscanner CoVs for WBV (0.99% and 1.15%) were both higher than the established cutoff of 0.40%. Individually, 1/7 intrasite and 2/7 intersite pair‐wise LVV comparisons were above the 3.51% cutoff, whereas 4/7 intrasite and 7/7 intersite WBV comparisons were above the 0.40% cutoff.

Conclusion

Fully automated LVV segmentation has higher absolute variability than WBV, but much lower relative variability compared to clinically relevant changes, and may therefore be a meaningful proxy outcome measure of neurodegeneration.
A Mixed Method Study of Teachers' Appraisals of Student Wellness Services and Supports During COVID‐19
Authors: Childs Tasha M. , Brown Elizabeth Levine , Brown Naomi , Iachini Aidyn L. , Phillippo Kate , Galib Linda , Parker Audra , Fujimoto Ken
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Understanding teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19 is essential to strengthening services and improving student health outcomes. This mixed‐method study aimed to examine US PK‐12 teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19.

METHODS

This study focuses on qualitative data from 291 teachers' open‐ended responses to the question: “What do you wish your school leaders knew about this (wellness support) aspect of your work?” and whose responses described wellness services and supports. A qualitative content analysis was conducted by an interdisciplinary research team using open‐ and axial coding.

RESULTS

Three main themes emerged. (1) insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming at schools, (2) concern about the quality of available services, and (3) a need for teacher professional development and support on student wellness. Statistically significant differences in teacher appraisals of insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming were found based on grade level taught and percentage of immigrant students in the school.

CONCLUSION

With amplified student wellness needs, school personnel, including school leaders, must consider ways to allocate additional resources/staffing, assess the quality of services and supports, and design professional development opportunities to support teachers' involvement in supporting student wellness needs.
Melatonin treatment improves ventricular conduction via upregulation of Nav1.5 channel proteins and sodium current in the normal rat heart
Authors: Durkina Aleksandra V. , Bernikova Olesya G. , Gonotkov Mikhail A. , Mikhaleva Natalia J. , Sedova Ksenia A. , Malykhina Inna A. , Kuzmin Vladislav S. , Velegzhaninov Ilya O. , Azarov Jan E.
Published: April 2022

Melatonin treatment was reported to reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, and crucial for this antiarrhythmic action was the effect of melatonin on activation spread. The aim of the present study was evaluation of the mechanisms of this activation enhancement. Experiments were performed in a total of 123 control and melatonin‐treated (10 mg/kg, daily, for 7 days) male Wistar rats. In epicardial mapping studies (64 leads, interlead distance 0.5 mm) in the anesthetized animals, activation times (ATs) were determined in each lead as dV/dt minimum during QRS complex under sinus rhythm. Epicardial pacing was performed to measure conduction velocity (CV) across the mapped area. Average left ventricular ATs were shorter in the treated animals as compared to the controls, whereas the minimal epicardial ATs indicating the duration of activation propagation via the ventricular conduction system did not differ between the groups. CV was higher in the treated groups indicating that melatonin affected conduction via contractile myocardium The area of Cx43‐derived fluorescence, as well as the expression of Cx43 protein, was similar in ventricles in the control and melatonin‐treated groups. Expression of Gja1 gene transcripts encoding Cx43, was increased in the last group. An uncoupling agent octanol modified myocardial conduction properties (time of activation, action potential upstroke velocity, passive electrotonic phase duration) similarly in both groups. On the other hand, the expression of both Scn5a gene transcripts encoding Nav1.5 proteins, as well as peak density of transmembrane sodium current were increased in the ventricular myocytes from the melatonin‐treated animals. Thus, a week‐long melatonin treatment caused the increase of conduction velocity via enhancement of sodium channel proteins expression and increase of sodium current in the ventricular myocytes.
Inter‐temporal rationality without temporal representation
Authors: Brown Simon A. B.
Published: April 2022

Recent influential accounts of temporal representation—the use of mental representations with explicit temporal contents, such as before and after relations and durations—sharply distinguish representation from mere sensitivity. A common, important picture of inter‐temporal rationality is that it consists in maximizing total expected discounted utility across time. By analyzing reinforcement learning algorithms, this article shows that, given such notions of temporal representation and inter‐temporal rationality, it would be possible for an agent to achieve inter‐temporal rationality without temporal representation. It then explores potential upshots of this result for theorizing about rationality and representation.
Cortinarius dombangensis sp. nov. and C. longistipitatus (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) from Indian Himalaya
Authors: Das Kanad , Chakraborty Dyutiparna , Ghosh Aniket , Vizzini Alfredo
Published: April 2022

Macrofungal forays in different parts of Himalaya made it possible to gather a couple of interesting species of agarics. Two of them belonging to Cortinarius subg. Telamonia are dealt with in this paper. Cortinarius dombangensis, a member of sect. Hinnulei is proposed here as a new species and C. longistipitatus, a member of sect. Uracei subsect. Bulliardii is reported for the first time from India. Both taxa are described and illustrated with morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic estimation.
Effect of stretch frequency on osteogenesis of periodontium during periodontal ligament distraction
Authors: Wang W. , Li N. , Zhao Y. , Wu H. , Wang M. , Chen X.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Periodontal ligament distraction (PDLD) can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, the effect of stretch frequency on osseous formation during PDLD remains unclear. Here, we sought to identify the effect of PDLD frequency on the osteogenic remodelling of the periodontium.

Materials and Methods

(i) In vitro, five human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) cultures were randomized to either static conditions or exposure to a cyclic stretch force involving 12% deformation at frequencies of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 or 1.0 Hz for 12 h, and the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs was assessed using Western blotting. (ii) In vivo, 18 beagle dogs underwent orthodontic distalization of bilateral maxillary first premolars. In the test groups, PDLD was performed at a frequency of two or six times/day, while Ni‐Ti coil springs were applied to mimic traditional OTM in the control group. The amount of OTM and histological staining was estimated after force loading for 5, 10 and 15 days.

Results

(i) In vitro, the expression of osteogenic‐specific markers (runt‐related transcription factor 2 [Runx2], type I collagen [COL‐I] and osteocalcin [OCN]) increased with the frequency of tensile force, to a peak at 0.7 Hz. (ii) In vivo, both PDLD groups displayed a greater rate of OTM and a higher bone metabolism than the control group. The expression of COL‐I and OCN was significantly reinforced in the six times/day‐PDLD group in comparison to the two times/day‐PDLD group.

Conclusions

The cyclic stretch force enhances osteogenesis of the periodontium in a frequency‐dependent manner.
Uncovering the effects of bilingual language control on rational decisions: An ERP study
Authors: Liu Dongxue , Schwieter John W. , Wang Fenqi , Mu Li , Liu Huanhuan
Published: April 2022

A growing body of research suggests that the language in which bilinguals make decisions affects the rationality of such decisions. Furthermore, bilinguals constantly confront cross‐language interference that requires complex language control processes to resolve this competition. However, the relationship between language control and decision‐making is unclear. In the current study, we analyze electrophysiological and behavior data elicited from two groups of Chinese‐English bilinguals. One group was trained in intensive language switching and then completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the other group completed the two tasks in the reverse order. We found that bilinguals who first received language switching training significantly scored higher on the IGT, with the score positively correlating with L1 and L2 switch costs. More importantly, training with language switching first led to an N2 component for L1 switching costs that negatively correlated with both loss feedback‐related negativity and the P3 component. These effects did not emerge among the group of bilinguals who performed the IGT first. Taken together, the findings suggest that bilinguals are assisted in making rational decisions by language control on feedback evaluation.