bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Music on Ratings of Perceived Exertion during 20 Minutes of Moderate Intensity Exercise
Authors: Potteiger Jeffrey A. , Schroeder Jan M. , Goff Kristin L.
Published: August 2011

The effects of different types of music on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during 20 min. of moderate intensity exercise were examined. 27 physically active subjects (age 18–30 yr.) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to establish peak aerobic power (VO2peak). Four 20-min. exercise sessions were performed at a power output equal to 70% of VO2peak in a soundproof visually sterile room. The sessions were randomly assigned from the conditions of fast upbeat music, classical music, self-selected music, and no music. Heart rate, peripheral RPE, central RPE, and overall RPE were measured every 5 min. during exercise. No significant differences were found in heart rate among the four conditions indicating similar exercise intensity during each condition. Each type of music resulted in a reduced peripheral, central, and overall RPE when compared with the no-music condition. The data indicate that different types of music can act as an effective passive distractor during exercise and are associated with lower ratings of perceived exertion.
Nursery Paradigm Enhances Motor Engagement of a Novel Environment by Infants of Mothers Who Had a Demanding Task
Authors: Andrews Michael W. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) mother-infant dyads were exposed to 12 wk. of a variable foraging demand paradigm for the mothers beginning when the infants were approximately 18 weeks of age. For the nursery group, infants were required to remain in a nursery within the mothers' living area during the entire treatment period. Testing of the dyads of both groups in a novel room subsequent to the differential rearing experience showed that only the infants required to remain within the nursery exhibited an increase in motor engagement of the novel environment over the first hour of exposure, possibly reflecting greater security of attachment in these nursery infants.
Sex Differences in Creative Perceptions of Malaysian Students
Authors: Palaniappan Ananda Kumar
Published: August 2011

Scores for creative perception of 101 boys and 69 girls on What Kind of Person Are You and Something About Myself were not significant for overall scores on both measures, but boys obtained somewhat higher means on Initiative than girls. Further replications on similar samples are needed.
Relationship between Extremities in Motor Performance
Authors: Kauranen Kari J. , Vanharanta Heikki V.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the extremities in different aspects of motor performance, including simple reaction time, choice reaction time, speed of movement, tapping speed, and coordination, i.e., speed of movement/accuracy. 186 healthy randomly selected right-handed subjects (93 men, 93 women; aged 21–70 years) were measured on a test battery of five tests for both hands and feet. Correlations between the extremities in motor performance were highest between hands ( r = .71–.80, p<.001) or between feet ( r = .57–.88, p<.001) depending on the complexity of response for all subjects. These relations remained at almost the same magnitude even when age was eliminated. Correlations between the upper and lower extremities were lower ( r = .40–.62). Correlations between extremities were lower for one age group (21–30 years) than for all subjects (21–70 years). These results showed that the motor performance for the hands is not a very good indicator of the motor performance of the lower extremities, especially in a homogeneous age group, and it seems that the lower extremities should be studied with specific motor performance tests.
Similarity and Lightness Effects in Ebbinghaus Illusion Created by Keyboard Characters
Authors: Jaeger Ted , Guenzel Nicholas
Published: August 2011

36 observers judged the size of a central S in variants of the Ebbinghaus figure having contextual Ss, Ss, or Hs. When the figures were composed of similarly shaped elements, underestimation of the central S was obtained. Manipulations of lightness indicated that these underestimations were strongest for figures with gray contextual characters and a black central S and weakest for figures with black contextual characters and a gray central S. All black or all gray figures produced intermediate illusions. The data are consistent with Choplin and Medin's 1999 claim that figural properties rather than semantic similarity influences size contrast and further show that the visual processes underlying size contrast include interactions of contours.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: Xci. Ambulatory Behavior in Rats following Prenatal Exposures to Complex Magnetic Fields Designed to Interact with Genetic Expression
Authors: Persinger M. A. , St-Pierre L. S. , Koren S. A.
Published: August 2011

A total of 45 litters were exposed during their entire prenatal development to one of two complex patterns of magnetic fields whose strengths varied within one of four intensity ranges between 10 nT and 1000 nT or to sham-field conditions. The litters exposed to the most complex pattern, composed of 50 200-msec. presentations of different pulses for 10 sec. every 50 sec., displayed more ambulation in an open field at 21 days of age than the litters that had been exposed continuously to a repetitive frequency-modulated field or to sham-field conditions. This treatment explained 25% of the variance in the numbers of squares traversed. The results suggest that complexity of the applied magnetic field during prenatal development may be more important than intensity for permanently affecting neuronal organization and behavior.
Partial Response Activation to Masked Primes is Not Dependent on Response Readiness
Authors: Schlaghecken Friederike , Eimer Martin
Published: August 2011

Masked primes presented foveally prior to a target trigger an initial partial activation of their corresponding response, followed by an inhibition of the same response. The latter phase results in performance costs on compatible trials and performance benefits on incompatible trials relative to neutral trials (negative compatibility effect). The present study investigated whether this activation-follow-by-inhibition process depends on the overall or specific state of response readiness. In two masked priming experiments, response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go-trials in a Go/NoGo task (Exp. 1) and the relative frequency of left- and right-hand responses in a 2-alternative choice reaction time task (Exp. 2). In both experiments, mean reaction times were longer for infrequent responses than for frequent responses. However, negative compatibility effects were not affected by response frequency. This result indicates that neither the general ability of masked primes to elicit a partial motor activation nor the specific time course of this process is dependent on response readiness. It is concluded that response readiness affects the execution of an overt response rather than the initial activation of this response.
Effects of Increasing Expenditure of Energy during Exercise on Psychological Well-Being in Older Adults
Authors: Watanabe Eiji , Okada Akiyoshi , Takeshima Nobuo , Inomata Kimihiro
Published: August 2011

The purpose of present study was to examine the effects on psychological well-being of energy expended as a result of the exercise intervention. 33 older adults ( M age = 68.6 yr., SD = 4.7) participated in three supervised water-based exercise sessions per week for 12 wk. Based on the relative changes in daily energy expenditure as measured by questionnaire between pre- and posttraining, the subjects were split into three groups. This classified each subject as either having experienced a relatively low change ( n=11), moderate change ( n=11), or high change ( n = 11) in daily energy expenditure. Our data showed that the group with the greater increase in energy expenditure as a result of exercise, when compared pre- and posttraining, improved only on Depression–Dejection on the Profile of Mood States more than did the group with low change. Consequently, we concluded that the amount of energy expended was partially related to improvement in psychological well-being.
Patterns of Adaptation and School Performance: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Di Lernia Marco , Cavalieri Paola , Tozzi Federica , Ciani Nicola
Published: August 2011

A group of 34 pupils from two school classes (Class 8, M=13.1 yr., SD = 0.5) were administered the Serial Color-Word Test to assess the pattern of adaptation during repeated exposure to the Stroop task (5 massed trials). The typological classification, centered on measures of linear (R) and nonlinear (V) change of reading times, employed norms derived from the medians of the group. The Stabilized primary pattern (low R and low V) corresponded to higher grades, compared with the other 3 primary patterns. Concerning the secondary classification across trials (based on the R and V of the 5 Rs, and on the R and V of the 5 Vs), better school performance was found among subjects with a linear increase of linear changes across trials (high R of the 5 Rs; CR pattern), compared with subjects with a nonlinear increase of linear changes (high V of the 5 Rs; DR and CDR patterns).
Determinants of Physical Activity and Physical and Sports Activities in French School Children
Authors: Deflandre Anne , Lorant Jean , Gavarry Olivier , Falgairette Guy
Published: August 2011

The influence of morphological, biological, sociological, psychological, and environmental factors on the practice of organized sports and the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity was examined through a questionnaire and continuous heart-rate monitoring, for 80 schoolchildren, 11 to 16 years old. Sport-practicing boys had a lower percentage of fat mass. Sport-practicing girls had more frequency sport-practicing mothers and higher scores on achievement motivation than nonsport-practicing girls. Active boys had more frequently sport-practicing fathers than inactive boys. No statistically significant correlation was found between moderate to vigorous physical activity and organized sports. Those children who are the most involved in organized sports are thus not necessarily the most active ones.
Mode of Presentation and Instructions in Solutions to Practical Construction Problems
Authors: Adeyemo Sunday Aderemi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of mode of presentation and instructions on the solution of five classical practical construction problems by 96 undergraduate men and 96 women. Visual presentation of practical materials was superior to verbal presentation in the solution of practical construction problems. When subjects were instructed to use either imaginative or memory-imagery strategies in solving problems, imaginative imagery produced more solutions. The overall conclusion was that visual presentation of materials and instructions to use imagination favoured development of solutions while the verbal presentation of materials and memory-imagery instructions impeded solution.
Note on Sawilowsky's Paper on the Rank Transform
Authors: Lemmer Hermanus H.
Published: August 2011

It is shown that the undesirable properties of the rank transform in two-way analysis of variance with an interaction are due to the test construction and not to the sampling distribution used. It is furthermore confirmed that a safe procedure is to test for main effects only if the interaction is shown not to be significant.
The Emotionality of William Blake's Poems: A Quantitative Comparison of Songs of Innocence with Songs of Experience
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

Analyses of the words contained in William Blake's Songs of Experience and Songs of Innocence with the new Dictionary of Affect, a tool listing the pleasantness, activation, and imagery of several thousand words, indicated that the Innocence poems were both more pleasant and more active than the Experience poems. On the whole, both sets of poems were richly imaged, rather pleasant in tone, and more emotional than both normative English and the work of Blake's Romantic contemporaries.
Methodology in Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: The Next Step in the Debate
Authors: Birgegård Andreas , Sohlberg Staffan
Published: August 2011

Subliminal psychodynamic activation methodology has recently been the subject of an exchange of views between Birgegärd and Sohlberg (1999) and Fudin (2000). The agreements and some remaining points of contention are summarized here. The main difference of opinion appears to concern unconscious verbal encoding in relation to subjective experience in subliminal stimulation and whether subliminal psychodynamic activation results are unreliable until a full explanation of how verbal encoding works is at hand. We conclude that clarifying perspectives is important and that those suggesting alternative explanations of results on subliminal psychodynamic activation must now empirically investigate their claims.
Coincidence Timing of Finger, Arm, and Whole Body Movements
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Jasiewicz Jan M. , Simmons Roger W.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments investigated the effects of different types of movement responses on coincidence timing skill. The view was taken that the sensory-motor integration of the movement responses would be reflected in the accuracy and consistency of anticipation timing. A Bassin anticipation timer provided a light stimulus velocity of 3 mph for both experiments and the movements studied included a simple key press using a finger, an arm movement to a key press, and whole body movements culminating with a kick or step to a target. The experiments were modelled closely on the seminal study by Grose (1967). The results of Exp. 1 supported our prediction by demonstrating superiority of the finger task over the two larger movements for all measures of coincidence timing ability. The purpose of Exp. 2 was to compare the slightly different versions of the whole body task—that used in the first experiment and that used by Grose (1967). The results confirmed the close similarity of the two movement tasks and re-affirmed the results of Exp. 1. Exp. 2 also investigated sex effects on coincidence timing ability and, in contrast to previous evidence indicating that females perform with less accuracy and consistency than do males, no significant differences were found. Analysis of practice effects showed that, although there were no significant improvements over trial blocks in Exp. 1, there were significant improvements in Exp. 2. Comparisons with other research suggests that repeated practice in solving a coincident timing problem using whole body movements can lead to improved performance. In general, the findings are consistent with the constructs of action theory and emphasize the roles perceptual and movement variables have in defining situational constraints. Also, findings indicate that proficiency in coincidence anticipation appears to be influenced by the planning and organisation required for movement execution.
Relationship between Team Assists and Win-Loss Record in the National Basketball Association
Authors: Melnick Merrill J.
Published: August 2011

Using research methodology for analysis of secondary data, statistical data for five National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons (1993–1994 to 1997–1998) were examined to test for a relationship between team assists (a behavioral measure of teamwork) and win-loss record. Rank-difference correlation indicated a significant relationship between the two variables, the coefficients ranging from .42 to .71. Team assist totals produced higher correlations with win-loss record than assist totals for the five players receiving the most playing time (“the starters”). A comparison of “assisted team points” and “unassisted team points” in relationship to win-loss record favored the former and strongly suggested that how a basketball team scores points is more important than the number of points it scores. These findings provide circumstantial support for the popular dictum in competitive team sports that “Teamwork Means Success—Work Together, Win Together.”
Is One Item an Adequate Measure of Cognitive Learning?
Authors: Bensur Barbara J.
Published: August 2011

While the “learning loss” scale is a valid means of estimating cognitive learning, the test is valid only when used as designed—with two items.
Myopia and Night-Time Lighting during Sleep in Children and Adults
Authors: Chapell Mark , Sullivan Barbara , Saridakis Susan , Costello Leslie , Mazgajiewski Nancy , McGinley Juliet , McGlone Julianne , Pasquarella Andra
Published: August 2011

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between different lighting conditions experienced during sleep in the first two years of life and development of myopia after age two as reported retrospectively by parents in a total of 469 individuals, including 252 children aged 2–16 yr., and 217 adults aged 17–40 yr. There were no significant differences in incidence of myopia in children who had slept from 0–2 yr. in darkness, with a night light, room light, or hall light. Adults who were reported by their parents to have slept with a night light on from 0–2 yr. were significantly more likely to be myopic than those who were reported to have slept from 0–2 yr. in any other lighting condition.
Perception of Sports Photographs: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
Authors: Carter Marc L. , Valenti S. Stavros , Goldberg Robert F.
Published: August 2011

Some sports photographs are remarkable for how animate they appear. whereas others seem particularly static or frozen. To explore the aspects of still photographs that might produce a sense of action, 34 observers viewed all possible pairs of 14 previously published images depicting sports figures in action and were asked to judge their similarity under two conditions, image-focus (how similar are the images) or movement-focus (how similar is the type of movement). A separate group of observers also rated each image on eight scales. Multidimensional scaling analyses suggested that in the image-focus condition, subjects tended to organize their judgments around three general dimensions, e.g., on-ground versus off-ground, while in the movement-focus condition the subjects were more likely to cluster the images along the lines of the particular activity, throwing, running, or jumping. We discuss the problem of movement depiction in sports photographs and make suggestions for research on the effects of facial expressions, muscular strain, and amount of limb extension.
Enhanced Brainstem and Cortical Evoked Response Amplitudes: Single-Trial Covariance Analysis
Authors: Galbraith Gary C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to develop analytic procedures that improve the definition of sensory evoked response components. Such procedures could benefit all recordings but would especially benefit difficult recordings where many trials are contaminated by muscle and movement artifacts. First, cross-correlation and latency adjustment analyses were applied to the human brainstem frequency-following response and cortical auditory evoked response recorded on the same trials. Lagged cross-correlation functions were computed, for each of 17 subjects, between single-trial data and templates consisting of the sinusoid stimulus waveform for the brainstem response and the subject's own smoothed averaged evoked response P2 component for the cortical response. Trials were considered in the analysis only if the maximum correlation-squared ( r2) exceeded .5 (negatively correlated trials were thus included). Identical correlation coefficients may be based on signals with quite different amplitudes, but it is possible to assess amplitude by the nonnormalized covariance function. Next, an algorithm is applied in which each trial with negative covariance is matched to a trial with similar, but positive, covariance and these matched-trial pairs are deleted. When an evoked response signal is present in the data, the majority of trials positively correlate with the template. Thus, a residual of positively correlated trials remains after matched covariance trials are deleted. When these residual trials are averaged, the resulting brainstem and cortical responses show greatly enhanced amplitudes. This result supports the utility of this analysis technique in clarifying and assessing evoked response signals.
Drug-Induced Variations in the Probability of Occurrence of Multiple Corrective Saccades
Authors: Oliva G. A.
Published: August 2011

The amplitude of goal-directed 10° elicited saccades and the probability that the main saccade will be followed by multiple corrective saccades increased significantly for 10 subjects after Scopolamine treatment (0.5-mg intramuscularly injected). The results suggest a perceptual rather than a motor effect for the drug.
Changes in the Constraints of Semantic and Syntactic Congruity on Memory across Three Age Groups
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

20 college undergraduates, 25 sixth-grade, and 31 second-grade students studied targets embedded in three types of sentence contexts and then performed free recall and cued recall tests. Although there were no differences in performance of free recall among sentence types within each age group, the differences in cued recall among sentence types were observed. For sixth graders and undergraduates, both semantically congruous/syntactically congruous sentences and semantically incongruous/syntactically congruous sentences led to a better cued recall of targets than semantically incongruous/syntactically incongruous sentences. Second graders performed better in a cued recall of targets in semantically congruous/syntactically congruous sentences than for the other two sentence types. The results were interpreted as indicating changes across age groups in constraints of semantic and syntactic congruity on the spreading activation of targets in memory.
Comparison of Tactile Awareness in Children during the Production of Isolated Syllables of English
Authors: Lohman Patricia , Fucci Donald
Published: August 2011

To assess whether lingual-tactile feedback is developmental 60 normally developing children formed two groups of 30. Group 1 were in Grades 1 and 2 ( M age = 6.6 yr.) and Group 2 in Grades 5 and 6 ( M age = 10.7 yr.). All children passed a speech, language, and hearing screening. They were asked to imitate the production of a syllable, then describe the location of the tongue during that production. Following this request, subjects were given four multiple-choice questions to answer regarding (a) tongue height (high to low), (b) tongue position (front to back), (c) contact with the teeth. and (d) contact with other structures within the oral cavity. Seven English phonemes ( t, k, sh, r, l, and th) were presented in a consonant vowel (CF) syllable with the central carat vowel (pronounced “uh”). Children were aided by a two-dimensional line drawing of the oral cavity. Mean scores for each syllable ranged from .8 to 2.0 (on a scale of 4.0). Total mean scores of 28 possible for older children ( M = 11.0) was significantly better ( t58 = −2.2, p<.05) than that for the younger group ( M = 9.6). A significant r58 of .30 ( p<.05) was found between age and total syllables correct. The children described tongue location during the production of isolated syllables. Older children performed the task better, indicating that lingual-tactile awareness is maturational. These findings parallel the 1967 results of McDonald and Aungst who found that identification of oral forms improved across age through about 15 years.
Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children Adapted for Use with Young Portuguese Students
Authors: Faria Luísa
Published: August 2011

This study of 260 Portuguese early adolescents (Grades 5 to 7; 11–14 years old) used a questionnaire which taps six different domains and was devised by Hatter to evaluate the self-concepts of children and early adolescents in Grades 3 to 7. The Portuguese version has Cronbach coefficients alpha between .25 and .80. The results of factor analysis and correlational studies evidence a low differentiation of the dimensions of self-concept. Results of differential studies by sex and school grade indicate girls see themselves as better behaved than do boys and boys see themselves as significantly more athletically competent than do girls. Also, fifth graders see themselves as more competent in five domains of self-concept than do seventh graders.
Factors Which Influence the Difficulty of the Spatial Path in Corsi's Block-Tapping Test
Authors: Orsini A. , Pasquadibisceglie M. , Picone L. , Tortora R.
Published: August 2011

Spatial path in Corsi's test is defined as the ideal line joining the blocks tapped by the Examiner so the difficulty of the spatial path was analysed vis-à-vis the numbers of blocks tapped by the Examiner and the number of times the line criss-crosses itself through the spatial path. During an experiment with two different numbers of blocks and three different numbers of crosses, an analysis of variance showed that both factors, i.e., the number of blocks and the number of crosses, gave significant results. The experiment showed that it is possible to create a series with a decreased number of blocks, but with an increased number of crosses, which was more difficult than a series with a greater number of blocks but with a decreased number of crosses. Despite this, additional significant differences have been found among the series with the same number of blocks and crosses, meaning that the variables examined, although important, do not solve the problem with the complexity of the spatial path. At this stage, the length of the path, measured in millimetres, had to be considered as a further source of variance which could explain the difficulty of the spatial path. The correlation between path length and mean number correct achieved, through a single series of digits utilised in this research, was -.78. This value encourages further research.
Reflective-Impulsive Style and Conceptual Tempo in a Gross Motor Task
Authors: Keller Jean , Ripoll Hubert
Published: August 2011

The reflective-impulsive construct refers to responses made slowly or quickly in a situation with high uncertainty. Children who are labeled “reflective” take a longer time to respond and make few errors, whereas “impulsive” children are fast and inaccurate. Although the validity of the test and the definition of reflective-impulsive style are well accepted, whether such respond fast or slow to all tasks is questioned. Some children do not fit the dichotomy. Two other groups arise, the fast-accurate and the slow-inaccurate. The response styles of 86 boys, ages 5, 7, and 9 years performing a gross motor task, i.e., hitting a ball with a racquet, were studied. Analysis indicated that the slowest children on the Matching Familiar Figures Test can be faster than the fastest ones and remain more accurate. As the definition of the reflective-impulsive style is based on time, the reflective ones might better be viewed as children who can adapt the response time to the context and thus be more efficient at problem-solving.
Establishing Joint Visual Attention and Pointing in Autistic Children with No Functional Language
Authors: Yamamoto Jun-Ichi , Kakutani Atsuko , Terada Masafusa
Published: August 2011

Joint visual attention is defined as looking where someone else is looking. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions for establishing joint visual attention in autistic children who have no functional speech. An experimenter, sitting facing the child, looked at one of six pictures near the child. Analysis showed that joint visual attention to stimuli behind the child and therefore outside of the visual field occurred at a higher rate when the visual angle between the stimuli was about 60°. Spontaneous pointing at the target object increased with training which included feedback and physical guidance. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of environmental variables and perceptual mechanisms on the emergence of joint visual attention in autistic children. The possibility of using an adult's social cues and expanding the child's visual field as a remedial procedure is also addressed.
Effects of Sensory Feedback on Variations of Intertap Interval and Force in Finger-Tapping Sequences
Authors: Inui Nobuywki , Ishida Toshiko , Katsura Yumi
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to examine effects of somatosensory feedback on variations of intertap interval and muscle force in finger-tapping sequences over 10 minutes. Although intertap intervals were decreased on the massed task as the time passed, the intervals were constant in the distributed task. In finger-tapping for a long time, impulses perhaps circulate within the loop circuits between the cerebral motor cortex and the peripheral nerve and subsequently increase further the excitability of the circuits. This increase in the excitability within the circuits may shorten the interval and increase variation of the interval. On the other hand, although peak force increased up to the 5-min. mark on the massed task, the force decreased after the 6-min. mark. This increase of force also may be produced by increasing activation of the corticoperipheral loop circuits. Although the decrease of force was perhaps produced by the fatigue of finger muscles for tapping during a few minutes, fatigue appeared more clearly in muscle force than in timing control. However, the force and the variation were constant in the distributed task.
Bilingual Aphasia and Subcortical-Cortical Lesions
Authors: Moretti Rita , Bava Antonio , Torre Paola , Antonello Rodolfo M. , Zorzon Marino , Zivadinov Robert , Cazzato Giuseppe
Published: August 2011

The use of the mother tongue relies on implicit memory procedures that are mainly controlled by subcortical structures. A second language depends on the integrity of the explicit memory system, largely subserved by cortical areas. Therefore, bilinguals can be considered as neurolinguistic models which contribute to the understanding of how the cortical and subcortical language systems communicate while maintaining independent functions. We describe a patient who developed an impairment of the mother tongue after an infarct of the caudate. During follow-up, a dramatic improvement of the mother tongue accompanied by worsening of the second language became evident after the extension of the ischemic lesion to the cortex.
Double-Coding Test: A New Paper-and-Pencil Measure of Eye-Hand Coordination
Authors: Lufi Dubi
Published: August 2011

The present research presents the development of a new paper-and-pencil coding task that may find a variety of uses in the psychological assessment of cognitive processes. The aim of the new test, named the Double-coding Test, was to create a more complex task than the previous coding tests. This new task requires two different coding processes before marking the correct sign in the appropriate space. To validate this new double-coding task it was administered along with the Coding B subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the d2 Test. Also for validation the new test was administered to a clinical group of children having Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. A sample of normal children is presented for five different ages from 8 and 13 years. Analysis showed that the Double-coding Test differentiates between clinical group and normal children more effectively than does the WISC–R Coding B subtest or the d2 Test. Suggestions are offered for use of the Double-coding Test.
A Study of the Self-Talk of Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter
Authors: Gabel Rodney M. , Colcord Roger D. , Petrosino Linda
Published: August 2011

This is a preliminary investigation of the differences in positive and negative self-talk reported by groups of people who do and do not stutter. 10 people who stutter, all who had experience with stuttering therapy, were matched with 10 participants who did not stutter. Each participant, in both groups, was engaged in a session to evaluate speech in a format similar to a professional diagnostic session for stuttering. Each participant was asked to stop at specific times during the session and describe thoughts of that moment as either positive or negative. This procedure is similar to thought sampling and in vivo cognitive assessment used in cognitive-behavioral treatments and research. The participants' reports were taken during a baseline period, during a period in which they were thinking about their speech, and during three different speaking tasks. The reports given by the group of people who stutter were compared to the reports given by the group of individuals who did not stutter. Statistical analyses showed no differences between the thoughts reported by the two groups during the entire session, and no differences between groups during the three separate tasks (baseline, thinking about their speech, and the speaking tasks). Possible explanations and suggestions for research are discussed.
Validity of Two Brief Measures: The General Abilities Measure for Adults and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale
Authors: Matthews T. Darin , Lassiter Kerry , Habedank Holly
Published: August 2011

The present investigation examined the concurrent validity of the General Ability Measure for Adults by Naglieri and Bardos (1997) and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale by Zachary (1991) These scales were administered to 129 college students who ranged in age from 18 to 55 years ( M age = 24.8 yr.). Pearson correlations were computed to evaluate the association of scores on these measures. Significant small correlations were found for GAMA IQ scores with scores on the Shipley Verbal ( r = .29) and Total scales ( r = .28) but not with scores on the Shipley Abstraction subscale ( r = .11). Although the GAMA has been presented as a measure of general intelligence, only partial support for this view was found.
Tactual Performance Test: Item Analysis of the Memory and Location Scores
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Dutra Robin L.
Published: August 2011

An item analytic study of the Tactual Performance Test Memory and Location scores was conducted. Item difficulty and Discrimination Index values are presented for the total sample and three groups: normal ( n = 146), diffusely braindamaged ( n = 130), and undiagnosed patients sent for assessment ( n = 326).
Alterations in Selected Measures of Mood with a Single Bout of Dynamic Taekwondo Exercise in College-Age Students
Authors: Toskovic Nebojsa Nash
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate and to compare the acute alterations in selected measures of mood profile in novice Taekwondo practitioners while evaluating whether dynamic Taekwondo practice was an appropriate exercise modality for enhancing six psychological state dimensions: Vigor, Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion. 20 male and female college-age students enrolled in Taekwondo activity class and an additional 20 students enrolled in the lecture-control class (ages 18 to 21 years) completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory prior to and immediately following one 75-min. session of dynamic Taekwondo or lecture. To examine the exercise effect, a series of 2 × 2 analysis of covariance were performed on mean posttest scores, using pretest scores as the covariate. Analysis indicated that Taekwondo participants reported a significant improvement ( p<.007) with respect to the control group in scores on Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, Confusion, and Vigor. Also, Total Mood Disturbance significantly improved after the dynamic Taekwondo session. The selected affective benefits of an acute Taekwondo exercise in this study were independent of sex. Unlike the exercising subjects, the control subjects reported no such benefits and, indeed, increased their scores for negative mood states. These results suggest that a dynamic version of Taekwondo achieves the necessary activity parameters that begin to induce positive mood state changes and that extensive Taekwondo skill is not necessary to elicit some beneficial change in affect. This study also supports the findings of several earlier studies indicating that acute exercise may elicit positive changes in affective states and that prolonged exercise is not necessary to produce immediate beneficial alterations of mood.
Knowledge of Results, Movement Type, and Sex in Coincidence Timing
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Jasiewicz Jan M.
Published: August 2011

The experiment tested 24 subjects (12 men and 12 women) on a Bassin anticipation timing task with a light stimulus velocity of 3 mph. The first aim was to compare the effects of three different types of movement responses, a simple key press with a finger, an arm movement to a key press, and a whole-body movement culminating with a kick to strike a target. The expectation that sensorimotor integration of the movement responses would be reflected in the accuracy and consistency of anticipation timing was supported by the results which showed that the key-press task was superior to either the arm or whole-body movement responses. This finding emphasises the role movement variables have in defining situational constraints and indicate that proficiency in coincidence anticipation appears to be influenced by the planning and organisation required for movement execution. The second aim was to examine the question of whether verbal knowledge of results was redundant. Analysis showed that verbal knowledge of results was redundant under all movement conditions. Further research is needed to identify conditions in which the visual system does not provide the motor control system with adequate information for appropriate execution of movement. An evaluation of sex differences in performance and learning comprised the third aim. That men were significantly more accurate and more consistent was in accord with previous evidence. Women might have a more conservative approach to responding than men. Effects of repeated practice, an inherent part of diese studies, supported the principle that effective learning accrues from repeatedly solving the coincidence-timing problem. It was concluded that further investigation of movement variables is needed to develop understanding of how they are coupled with perceptual variables in coincidence-timing contexts.
Perceptibility of Simulated VLF-Sferics
Authors: Klöpper René , Stark Rudolf , Schienle Anne , Vaitl Dieter
Published: August 2011

Sferics are weak, naturally occurring electromagnetic fields related to specific weather conditions. There are some hints that these signals might be responsible for certain complaints that are often described as “weather sensitivity syndrome.” The study's purpose was to find out whether humans, when exposed to simulated sferics, can consciously perceive any kind of psychophysiological changes. 63 subjects were trained within a simple learning paradigm to discriminate between phases where simulated sferics were present or absent. They were reinforced for each correct decision out of 80 judgements by means of acoustic signals. A reward of 100 German marks was pledged to the participant who would achieve the best result of the total sample. The total number of correct judgements did not differ from a random run and no learning occurred. Subjects who reported fewer bodily complaints in their recent past had higher scores in the discrimination task.
Age of Children Who Fall down Stairs in Strollers and Guidelines for Safety
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe age differences for children 3 yr. old or less regarding the frequency of falling down stairs while being pushed in strollers, and frequencies of stroller incidents were compared for three age groups of children under 3 yr. of age. The first year is the time of highest risk based on the number of stroller incidents on stairs when compared to each of the next 2 years. 80% of the incidents involving children occurred between birth and 12 months. Safety recommendations to reduce risk are provided.
Cooperative Task Performance and Preferences of People with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Cognini Ilenia , Serenelli Silvia
Published: August 2011

This study assessed whether four adults with multiple disabilities would successfully acquire cooperative task performance (the ability to work in dyads) and would prefer this over individual task performance. Analysis indicated that the dyads reached levels of correct responding identical to those displayed on individual performance. Moreover, all four participants preferred the cooperative performance. These findings, which match those of a prior pilot work by Lancioni, O'Reilly, and Oliva, were discussed in terms of their practical implications for rehabilitation and occupational contexts.
Perceived Activity and Functional Capacity in a Rural Elderly Population
Authors: Norman Joseph F.
Published: August 2011

This research examined 65 rural elderly residents' perception of their physical activity as compared to their functional capacity. Men's, but not women's, perceptions of their physical activity were correlated with their functional capacity.
Anthropometric Correlates of Basketball Free-Throw Shootings by Young Girls
Authors: Kinnunen David A. , Colon Geffrey , Espinoza Doreen , Overby Lynette Young , Lewis Dawn-Kimberly
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this analysis of data from a larger investigation was to assess effects of anthropometric factors on free-throw shooting performance of 15 girls from Michigan and 18 from Puerto Rico. Subjects performed 60 free throws (10 trials × 3 ball sizes × 2 basket heights). Correlations were low, with two exceptions, .53 between shooting performance at the low basket and grip strength (as measured by hand grip dynamometer) for girls from Michigan and .49 for hand width and performance at the low basket for girls from Michigan.
Nonasymptotic Significance Tests for Two Measures of Agreement
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

The kappa agreement coefficient of Cohen from 1960 and Brennan and Prediger from 1981 are defined and compared. A FORTRAN program is described that computes Cohen's kappa and Brennan and Prediger's kappa and their associated probability values based on Monte Carlo resampling and the binomial distribution, respectively.
Development of Saccade Target Selection in Infants
Authors: Matsuzawa Masako
Published: August 2011

To investigate the development of the target-selection process for saccade generation, saccade latencies toward one of two targets were compared with those toward a target presented alone, under conditions where the timing of fixation stimulus offset was varied. 12 2-mo.-olds (7 boys and 5 girls), 12 3-mo.-olds (6 boys and 6 girls), and 12 5-mo.-olds (8 boys and 4 girls) participated. The latencies were longer when two saccade targets were presented on the left and right sides of the display (Double-target condition) than when one target was presented either on the left or right side of the display (Single-target condition). The difference between the Single- and Double-target conditions tended to be larger in 2-mo.-old infants than in 5-mo.-old infants when a central fixation target remained on after the onset of peripheral stimuli (Overlap condition). However, there was no difference between the 2-mo.-olds and the 5-mo.-olds when the fixation target was turned off before the peripheral stimuli were presented (Gap condition). The results provided evidence of the maturational development of a target-selection process for saccade generation during 2 to 5 mo. of age.
Lighting Position and Judgments of Distance of Shadow-Casting Objects
Authors: Allen Bem P.
Published: August 2011

Participants recruited on the web performed in two experiments in which they viewed eight pictures of the same two rods in the exact same positions with shadows generated by a light source located at eight positions around the rods. In Exp. 1, participants judged how much shadows projected to the front, back, and sides of the rods facilitated the correct perception of the actual distance of the rods relative to each other. In Exp. 1 ( n: 52), frontal lighting facilitated judgments more than lighting from the rear, but frontal and side lighting did not differ in facultative effects. In Exp. 2 ( n: 72), Judgments of rods depicted with shadows were relative to a judgment of the rods depicted without shadows (raw scores were the value of the judgment of the shadowless rods subtracted from the value of the judgment of each of the eight sets of rods). Again, frontal lighting was more facilitative than rear lighting and frontal lighting did not differ from side lighting. However, when the average of each participant's backlighting judgments was compared with his judgment of the shadowless rods, shadows generated by backlighting were more facilitative than none.
Self-Reported Sleep Durations of College Students: Normative Data for 1978–79, 1988–89, and 2000–01
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Fernandez Cosette , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: August 2011

In 2000–2001 academic year the frequency distribution of hours slept per night was not significantly different from distributions of 1978–79 and 1988–89.
Probabilities of the Sum of N Ranks Assigned to One of K Objects by N Independent Judges
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Each of N judges independently assigns K distinct ranks to K objects. A method is described which provides the exact point probability, exact one-sided P-value, and exact two-sided P-value of the observed sum of N ranks for a specified object.
A Guilt Gradient in the Illegal Use of Parking Spaces Reserved for People with Disabilities: Field Observations over Five Years
Authors: Fletcher Donna
Published: August 2011

Three parking spaces clearly designated as reserved for people with disabilities were observed from 8:00 AM until 9:00 PM on Monday through Saturday of the second or third week in November for five consecutive years. During the seven weeks of observation, 962 drivers parked illegally in those three reserved spaces. Informal observations and previous research suggested that illegal parkers would be more likely to park in the least conspicuous parking spaces, and, as predicted, a significant monotonic relationship was found. Thus, the data generally agree with the prediction that illegal parkers in spaces reserved for people with disabilities are less likely to park in the more conspicuous parking spaces and are more likely to park in the least conspicuous parking spaces, suggesting a guilt gradient in this illegal parking.
An Analysis of a Discrete Complex Skill Using Bernstein's Stages of Learning
Authors: Smith Darla R. , McCabe D. Rozena , Wilkerson Jerry D.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative data about changes in coordination after practicing a racquetball forehand drive serve. Novice women ( N= 10) were videotaped before and after 10 min. of practicing a racquetball forehand drive serve on Day 1, and after 10-min. practice sessions on consecutive Days 2 through 5. The PEAK5 Morion Measurement System was used to evaluate the following dependent variables: (a) range of motion of the wrist, elbow, upper torso, and pelvis from backswing to ball contact; (b) racket head velocity at ball contact; and (c) coordination. Coordination was evaluated based on analysis of the angular velocity graphs of each performance to assess sequencing and timing of the segmental contributions. Shared positive contribution was assessed between adjacent 2-segment combinations: pelvis-torso and elbow-wrist. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated racket velocity, pelvic rotation, and upper torso rotation significantly increased over the 5 days of practice. Although participants increased their pelvic and torso ranges of motion and racket velocity, improvement in coordination was not documented.