bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explanation of the Terms: Instruments, Instrumentalists, Concertant Parts; Instrumental and Vocal Choir, Choir of Viols (etc.), Ritornello, Intermedio, Ripieno, Forte, Pian, Lento, Adagio, Largo, Praesto, Bassetto
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 of the second part of the second volume it is suggested that the word or name instrumentalist [Instrumentist] does not refer to organists who play harpsichords [Clavicymbel] and Symphonie as well as the organ, but to those who play on all manner of melody instruments such as cornetts, sackbuts, flutes, curtals, violins, viols, and the like. Therefore it is better for one to say one plays a harpsichord [Clavicymbel] or Sy phony, as the word instrument must only be used when referring to melody instruments such as cornetts, violins, etc.; it will otherwise result in confusion and errors, if one is not properly differentiated from the other.
String Consort or Players Capella Fidicinum or Fidicina
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

I have observed in my humble way that this consort is not unwarranted, because some among us Germans are still unfamiliar with the new Italian convention of periodically having one soloist, at times two or three, sing to the accompaniment or an organ or regal. They do not like this style as they believe the composition is too sparse, and that it has no particular attraction or charm for those who have no understanding of music. Therefore I had to come up with the solution of adding a four-part choir or consort of either sackbuts or violins [Geigen] that could play along at all times.

And because such a sound [Harmonia] is somewhat more pleasing to the ear when arranged in this fashion in the church, I have earned the public’s approbation.
Classification of Instruments
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter of the second part of volume 1 as well as in chapter 1 of the first part of volume 2, I presented several distributions and classifications of all musical instruments in theses and tables, so it is unnecessary to repeat it all here again, except that it must be pointed out in the present work that musical instruments are divided succintly into two categories, namely: Or, as the outstanding musicians Agostino Agazzari and Girolamo Giacobbi call them, “fundamental” and “ornamental” instruments.48We also want to retain these terms here.
A Quick and Easy Method for the Arrangement and Distribution of Parts in Concertos and Motets for Few or Many Choirs and All Sorts of Instruments and Voices
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

Although I could have been somewhat more detailed in my discussion of the various ways a concerted piece might be arranged — by varying the instrumentation and otherwise — I have, however, thought it over some more. Music has reached such heights these days that even in our country there are outstanding musicians who have not only had quite magnificent German and Latin concertos and songs published, but who themselves know how to arrange and direct such multi-choir works better than I can explain or bring to light with my humble abilities.
All That Makes a Man
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

In June 1849, Georgia Congressman Thomas Butler King traveled to San Francisco to survey the political and economic prospects. California was poised on the brink of statehood, and King wanted to sample the region ‘s ripeness for himself. The overland routes to San Francisco were so fraught with perils that most men of standing made the trip by steamer—itself a somewhat harrowing journey. The first leg took travelers from New York or Savannah to the Caribbean coast of Panama, where they picked up a flatboat on the Chagres River.
Introduction
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Oscar Wilde, the master of paradox, once intoned, “I adore the simple pleasures, they are the last refuge of the complex.” Unfortunately, sexual pleasure, as Wilde discovered, is seldom simple. In many ways, Wilde is emblematic of the vagaries of sexual politics, having been disgraced and jailed for his homosexuality. What started as a simple (but brazen) libel trial—initiated by Wilde against the Marquess of Queensbury for claiming that Wilde was “posing as a sodomite” and thereby adversely influencing his son, Lord Alfred Douglas—ultimately backfired against Wilde when evidence obtained from previous lovers irrefutably demonstrated that he was, in fact, a “sodomite.”

This is a book about sex, and about sexual pleasure in particular. In it we assert the obvious—that sex is pleasurable—and examine the myriad implications of this seemingly innocuous assertion for evolutionary, cultural, and psychological theories of human sexual expression.
Facing Death
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

If the eager recruits of 1861 imagined a short, glorious war, their fantasies soon faded. Over the course of four years, approximately 620,000 soldiers and sailors died—or about 2 percent of the United States population in 1860, a ratio that would correspond to about 5.5 million present-day Americans. Perhaps as many as fifty thousand Southern civilians also died, succumbing to warinduced disease, starvation, or guerrilla raiders, while a much smaller number of Northern civilians fell to guerrilla attacks, munitions explosions, or diseases transmitted by ailing soldiers. Mortality rates among both civilians and soldiers were much higher in the South, though more Union servicemen, when measured in absolute numbers, perished. A Union soldier had about a one-in-six chance of dying while in service, while approximately one in four Confederate soldiers met the same fate. In what became a war of attrition, a struggle to see which side could outlast the other, these death rates had significant strategic influence.
Diplomacy In The Shadows Cannons, Sailors, and Spies
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

By the summer of 1862, both the Union and Confederacy confronted resource crises. The spring’s bloodbaths at Shiloh and on Virginia’s Peninsula had depleted regiments. The Union’s blockade of the Confederate coastline, while only partially effective, nonetheless impeded the Southern nation’s ability to import the guns, ammunition, medicine, anesthetics, clothing, food, and salt it needed to keep its soldiers in proper fighting condition and to sustain civilian morale. To bolster their resources, both Union and Confederate leaders looked abroad, but when they did so, they did not always turn to recognized diplomatic channels. Civil War diplomacy took place not just in parliamentary halls, royal courtyards, and government offices. It took place in less expected venues as well, such as Irish pubs and churches, the decks and cargo holds of oceangoing vessels, the rough-and-tumble docks of New York and Boston, and the homes and tents of the millions of people—soldiers and civilians, Americans and Europeans—who followed the war’s development.
“ C Air, Anxiety, & Tryals” Life in the Wartime Union
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

When Joseph Gillit Wheat enlisted for three years as a bugler in the Fourth Illinois Cavalry in August 1861, he left behind relatively few responsibilities. Just two days shy of his twenty-first birthday, Wheat had neither a wife nor children to support. Both of his parents were alive, his two sisters were married, and his younger brother, just twelve, lived with his parents. While Joseph studied medicine, his parents grew crops—corn, hay, and onions—and raised bees. Although they had known poverty in the 1850s, by the time of the war, the Wheats lived in enough comfort to send their older children, including their two daughters, to college. Wheat’s parents supported his decision to enlist, but they worried about his safety; they knew that being a regimental musician did not insulate Private Wheat from the war’s dangers. Their concerns proved well founded, for he contracted such a bad case of “swamp fever” (typhoid) that he was discharged from the army in April 1862. But he remained devoted to the Union cause, reenlisted, this time in the 104th Illinois Infantry, and soon ended up in a Confederate prison camp, where he came close to starving before being assigned to duty as a nurse, which entitled him to slightly better rations. Before the war was over, he would do another stint as a prisoner of war. His experiences did not dampen his enthusiasm for the Union cause; he railed against Copperheads who agitated for a peace settlement and declared in June 1863 that he would sign up for another five years if that was what it took to bring the seceding states back into the Union. He did, in fact, stay until the bitter end, mustering out on June 6, 1865.
A Region Reconstructed And Unreconstructed The Postwar South
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

Ohioan Albion W. Tourgée was a slender, diminutive college student at the University of Rochester when Confederates fired on Fort Sumter. In the spring of 1861, he quit school to become a private soldier in a New York infantry regiment. His baptism by fire came at Bull Run, where he was struck by a carriage wheel, which injured his back and destroyed an eye. Tourgée returned to his parents’ home in Ohio to recuperate and study law. It was a brief recuperation. In July of 1862 he accepted a commission as a lieutenant in the 105th Ohio volunteers. By October, he and his men were pursuing Confederate General Braxton Bragg in neighboring Kentucky, then moving into central Tennessee. Captured there in January 1863, Tourgée spent five months in Confederate military prisons, including the notorious Salisbury Prison in North Carolina, before being exchanged. Whether from the wound at Bull Run or from his time in prison, Tourgée became sickly, with a lung impairment that his friends called an ague. In December 1863, Tourgée was allowed to resign his commission. Returning home to marry his grammar school sweetheart, he missed his regiment’s glory days in the siege of Atlanta, the March to the Sea, and the march through the Carolinas.In 1864 and 1865, while Tourgée recovered from his injuries, his regiment played an important part in the conclusion of the war. By cutting off Georgia and the Carolinas from Richmond, the 105th helped starve both the capital of the Confederacy and the Army of Northern Virginia. In early April 1865, General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia, and the war appeared to be over.
A Nation Stitched Together Westward Expansion and the Peace Treaty of 1877
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

In the South, from Texas to Virginia, Klansmen had adopted the tactics of wartime guerrillas to combat the threat of political revolution. The West, meanwhile, saw considerable bloodletting as well, as the federal armies turned newly adopted technologies against Plains Indians. The year 1877 may have been the nation’s bloodiest since the surrender, as violence engulfed the few Southern states where black men still voted in large numbers. In the same year, just as Reconstruction ended, riots at dozens of Eastern railway hubs made many Americans wonder if they would be perpetually a people at war.
The Evolution of National Funding Policies for HIV Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Levi Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The usual version of the history of funding for HIV-related prevention and treatment programs is one that emphasizes the “exceptionalism” of HIV and the success of public health officials and advocates in obtaining funding for HIV- specific public health programs. Indeed, Figure 6-1 indicates, funding did increase dramatically in the first years of the epidemic for these categorical discretionary programs. But approaches to funding HIV prevention and care programs were not necessarily exceptional since they were patterned on preceding public health efforts to create and/or increase funding for specific health concerns. Such categorical programs, despite initial funding successes, often clash with each other for funding and tend to be poorly integrated with one another and the larger health-care delivery system.
How the Law Protects Patients Who Get Nonstandard Care
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

When we discussed Dr. Rowsey and his new form of corneal transplant procedure in chapter 3, we left an issue hanging: why was everyone so concerned about proving that he was “doing research”? Those who criticized what happened to his patients seemed to think that if he wasn’t doing research, then it would have been hard to find anything wrong in his actions, as least from a legal point of view. Presumably the University of South Florida would then not have been able to discipline him. Thus, everyone spent a great deal of time and eﬀort trying to prove that he was doing research and that he behaved improperly in failing to comply with the federal research regulations.
Where Do We Go from Here? The Paradox of Pediatric Cancer Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In 1974, Charles Fried—then a professor at Harvard Law School, later to go on to become the Solicitor General of the United States and a justice on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court—published a slim volume entitled Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy. At the time he was writing, people were being enrolled in randomized studies without being told of that fact. In studies in England and Denmark, for example, women with breast cancer were randomized to receive either a “simple” mastectomy or a more radical surgical procedure. Fried noted that the women apparently knew neither that they were participating in a study nor that the type of surgery they received was chosen by, in essence, the flip of a coin.1
Introduction
Authors: Knight Richard L , Riedel Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Aldo Leopold is most widely known and appreciated for his description of the land ethic, as put forth in his collection of essays, A Sand County Almanac. Leopold’s land ethic has been interpreted by readers and scholars to mean different things, but at the very least, most agree it was Leopold’s attempt to describe a responsible, meaningful relationship between individuals and the land (Callicott and Freyfogle 1999).
Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness, Sand County, and My Garden
Authors: Seidensticker John
Published: November 2023

The Palouse was withering hot in July 1969. Heat radiated from scorched, rolling fields, sunup to sundown. Images of cool meadows and clear, rapid creeks invaded my thoughts. I was to begin radio-tracking cougars in the Idaho Primitive Area in January. I needed to get into “the country” to explore limits and define expectations for my new equipment. But German barred my way. I had to pass a German exam, an archaic hurdle on the way to a Ph.D. Day in and day out I struggled with the German language.
Aldo Leopold Was a Conservation Biologist
Authors: Noss Reed
Published: November 2023

I was about halfway through my undergraduate education when I first read A Sand County Almanac. The book did not have the influence on me then that it should have. Aldo Leopold’s writing did not enthrall me as much as my favorite authors in those years-Thoreau, Faulkner, Steinbeck, Hemingway, Abbey, Tolkien. Not a hunter myself-nor an antihunter-I found the frequent references to hunting experiences in the first half of the book distracting rather than engaging. In some ways, the book seemed quaint.
Leopold’s Land Ethic: A Vision for Today
Authors: Clark Jamie Rappaport
Published: November 2023

Restoring a Missing Piece 26 January 1998. The crisp winter day greeted us with a fresh blanket of snow covering the mountain landscape. Ponderosa pines reached for the clear, cerulean-painted sky, while the vistas atop the summit offered million dollar views. From our vantage point, we could see forever. This winter morning demanded a celebration, of what we were planning to do that day-restore a missing piece of our nation’s natural heritage.
Compensatory Automaticity: Unconscious Volition Is Not an Oxymoron
Authors: Glaser Jack , Kihlstrom John F
Published: November 2023

After nearly three decades of research on automaticity and construct activation, it is increasingly clear that much of human mental life operates without awareness or intent. In the literature of cognitive psychology, automatic processes are held to be inevitably evoked by the presence of a relevant environmental stimulus; once triggered, their execution proceeds rapidly, effortlessly, and incorrigibly to completion, leaving no traces accessible to conscious recollection. The concept of automaticity, long central in cognitive psychology (e.g., Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977), has come to occupy an important place in social psychology as well (e.g., Bargh, 1994, 1997; Kihlstrom, 1996, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). At the same time, some of the features canonically attributed to automaticity have been called into question (e.g., Logan, 1997; Shiffrin, 1997), and newer research reveals that automatic responses, while unintended, may not be inevitable (e.g., Glaser, 2003; Glaser & Banaji, 1999; Moskowitz, 2001; Moskowitz, Gollwitzer, Wasel, & Schaal, 1999). It appears that unconscious vigilance for bias can lead to corrective processes that also operate without conscious awareness or intent. Given these developments, we contend that the unconscious, in addition to being a passive categorizer, evaluator, and semantic processor, has processing goals (e.g., accuracy, egalitarianism) of its own, can be vigilant for threats to the attainment of these goals, and will proactively compensate for such threats. One might call this “compensatory automaticity”; strategic yet nonconscious compensations for unintended thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. For some, this will pose a paradox because automaticity has been equated with lack of control or intent.
The Control of the Unwanted
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M , Bayer Ute C , McCulloch Kathleen C
Published: November 2023

How often does the will have to peek through the window, before the deed walks out of the door? Intentions to do more good and less bad are reliably associated with actual efforts in the intended directions (Ajzen, 1991; Godin & Kok, 1996; Sheeran, 2002). However, intention-behavior relations are modest, largely due to the fact that people, despite having formed strong intentions, fail to act on them (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998). Given this predicament, one wonders what people can do to facilitate the translation of intentions into behavior. In this chapter, it is suggested that people should engage in a second act of willing by making if-then plans (i.e., implementation intentions) that specify how the (goal) intention is to be realized. We argue that such plans produce automatic action control by intentionally delegating the control of one’s goal-directed thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to specific situational cues. Thus, by forming implementation intentions, people can strategically switch from conscious and effortful control of their goal-directed behaviors to being automatically controlled by selected situational cues. We understand this type of automatic action control as strategic automaticity or instant habits (Gollwitzer, 1999), as it originates from a single act of will rather than being produced by repeated and consistent selection of a certain course of action in the same situation (i.e., principles of routinization; Anderson, 1987; Fitts & Posner, 1967; Newell & Rosenbloom, 1981).
The ‘Book of the year
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

What is the connection between May Day and the Statue of Liberty? Between ancient solstice fires and Fourth of July fireworks? Between St. Valentine, the Groundhog, and the Virgin Mary? Why do people behave so bawdily during Mardi Gras? How has the significance and celebration of Christmas changed over the centuries? In The Book of the Year, Anthony Aveni offers fascinating answers to these questions and explains the many ways humans throughout time have tried to order and give meaning to time's passing. Aveni traces the origins of modern customs tied to seasonal holidays, exploring what we eat (the egg at Easter, chocolate on St. Valentine's Day), the games we play (bobbing for apples on Halloween, football on Thanksgiving), the rituals we perform (dancing around the Maypole, making New Year's resolutions), and the colorful cast of characters we invent to dramatize holidays (Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, the witches and goblins of Halloween). Along the way, Aveni illuminates everything from the Jack 'O Lantern and our faith in the predictive power of animals to the ways in which Labor Day reflects the great medieval "time wars," when the newly invented clock first pitted labor against management. The calendar and its holidays, Aveni writes, function as "a kind of metronome that keeps the beat of human activity tuned to the manifold overlapping cycles of life," to the ebb and flow of birth, growth, decay, and death. Vividly written, filled with facts both curious and astonishing, this engrossing book allows us to hear that beat more clearly and to understand more fully the rhythms we all dance to throughout the year.
Halloween: Dead Time
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

Remembering where I Was the evening of October 31 in any of my early adolescent years is easy. I and my pals would spend the afternoon gathering materials out of attic closets to make our disguises. An old sheet was a great starter for a ghost; torn pants, battered top hat, shoes with flapping soles, and a cigar would conjure up a hobo. Or we’d create a bank robber out of a plastic water pistol, black eye mask, and thug’s hat.
Spectral Optical Imaging in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Burton Kevin , Jeong Jihoon , Wachsmann-Hogiu Sebastian , Farkas Daniel L
Published: November 2023

The utility of light as an investigational tool for biological research and medical diagnosis is largely based on its noninvasive nature, and its great spatiotemporal range and resolution. Additionally, handling optical images is very intuitive, as perception of the world around us relies heavily on our eyes and brains.

In the quest for better quantitating biological structure, understanding function, and applying both of these to the detection and treatment of disease, the mere extension of our sight is no longer sufficient. Light proves itself highly versatile, because its additional properties—usable for imaging only by deployment of relatively advanced technologies—allow the creation of optical images that carry valuable information (Farkas, 2003). Thus, in addition to intensity, features that can be used to generate contrast (Farkas et al., 1997) and, hence, images include wavelength (Farkas, 2001), polarization, coherence, lifetime and nonlinear effects, and this book contains illustrations of methods and applications in this respect.
Imaging Membrane Potential with Voltage-Sensitive Dyes
Authors: Vucinic Dejan , Kosmidis Efstratios , Falk Chun X , Cohen Lawrence B , Loew Leslie M , Djurisic Maja , Zecevic Dejan
Published: November 2023

An optical measurement of membrane potential using a molecular probe can be beneficial in a variety of circumstances. One advantage is the possibility of simultaneous measurements from many locations. This is especially important in the study of the nervous system and the heart in which many parts of an individual cell, many cells, or many regions are simultaneously active. In addition, optical recording offers the possibility of recording from processes that are too small or fragile for electrode recording.

Several different optical properties of membrane-bound dyes are sensitive to membrane potential, including fluorescence, absorption, dichroism, birefringence, FRET, nonlinear second harmonic generation, and resonance Raman absorption. However, because the vast majority of applications have involved fluorescence or absorption, these will be the only subjects of this review. All the optical signals described in this chapter are “fast” signals (Cohen and Salzberg, 1978) that are presumed to arise from membrane-bound dye; they follow changes in membrane potential with time courses that are rapid compared with the rise time of an action potential. Figure 6.1 illustrates the kind of result that is used to define a voltage-sensitive dye. In a model preparation, the giant axon from a squid, these optical signals are fast, following membrane potential with a time constant of less than 10 µsec (Loew et al., 1985) and their size is linearly related to the size of the change in potential (e.g., Gupta et al., 1981). Thus, these dyes provide a direct, fast, and linear measure of the change in membrane potential of the stained membranes.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Schwille Petra , Heinze Katrin , Dittrich Petra , Haustein Elke
Published: November 2023

Single-molecule-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (or FCS) is currently considered one of the most powerful complementary methods in the context of modern fluorescence microscopy. Although the information it provides is primarily of dynamic rather than spatial nature, recent FCS applications particularly in the cellular environment have raised tremendous hopes that this technique, in conjunction with confocal or two-photon imaging, can open fully new ways to investigate and understand complex biological processes on a single-molecule scale.

The difference between FCS and standard microscopic techniques might be illustrated by drawing an—admittedly, rather far-fetched—parallel to wildlife observation. To learn something about, for example, animals in their natural habitat, one might either observe them from an airplane far above and take some high-resolution images or movies, or see them move around to different locations at different times to get a “big picture” about their distributions and colocalizations at certain interesting sites. One might, on the other hand, prefer to wait behind a bush or camouflage at the spots where they can be most frequently observed and take a closer look at their specific action: how fast and often they access or leave a place, how long they stay, how they interact, and how they behave as individuals. In principle, this latter approach is exactly what we want to achieve on a molecular level by applying confocal FCS analysis.
Nanoscopy: The Future of Optical Microscopy
Authors: Hell Stefan W , Schönle Andreas
Published: November 2023

In 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered that the resolution of a focusing light microscope is limited by diffraction. This physical insight became one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences, with paramount importance in biology. Although the advent of confocal and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy facilitated three-dimensional imaging (Sheppard and Kompfner, 1978; Wilson and Sheppard, 1984; Denk et al., 1990), the resolution issue remained a fundamental physical limitation of the method (Pawley, 1995). It is only in recent years that methods with the ability to push resolution beyond this limit have appeared (Hell, 1997). In this chapter we discuss how the performance of optical microscopes operating with visible light can be pushed to its ultimate limit as predicted by Abbe, but in all three directions of space, and, more important, how the diffraction barrier can be broken altogether. We review a new class of fluorescence microscopes that has no theoretical resolution limit and has already led to a substantial resolution increase in practice. We believe that the introduction of these concepts mark the advent of optical nanoscopy (Hell, 2003).
Viruses as Evolutionary Tools to Monitor Population Dynamics
Authors: Poss Mary , Biek Roman , Rodrigo Allen
Published: November 2023

The field of virology is a discipline integral to the medical sciences. The affiliation of virology with population and conservation biology may not be as apparent. Viruses, and in particular virus evolution, may significantly contribute to the understanding of changes in host population structure. The impact of viruses is most notable when infection results in high mortality. Viruses can also exist as persistent or latent infections in a population.
Battered Women: Treatment Goals and Treatment Planning
Authors: Petretic-Jackson Patricia A , Witte Tricia H , Jackson Thomas L
Published: November 2023

In a recent review of clinical practice with battered women, Lundy and Grossman (2001) note that practitioners working with battered women often use a combination of modalities and a range of models and theories to guide their interventions. At the same time, there is little empirical research on the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions with battered women.
H
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

HADES: Homer’s name for the god *Pluto, who reigns over the dead. In later classical mythology, Hades was the dwelling place of departed spirits. It was a place of dark and gloom, but not necessarily a place of punishment and torture. The word “Hades” corresponds to the Hebrew word Sheol, which has been faultily translated to the word Hell in the authorized version of the Bible. For this reason Hades is often misused as a euphemism for Hell.
I
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

IBSEN, HENRIK (1828–1906): a Norwegian poet and playwright, the most famous writer and dramatist of his era. Ibsen began as a stage manager, where he learned a lot about the practicalities of the theater. Although his dramas were criticized for their outspokenness, they had great influence on social reform. The dramas Brand and Peer Gynt, for which he is best known, established his reputation in his native land. His early works were historical dramas, often in verse, tales of Norway’s heroic past, lofty in style with a tendency toward melodrama. Ibsen found his natural idiom when he turned his attention to contemporary society and wrote in modern prose.
K
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

KADDISCH: an ancient Aramaic prayer set to a Sephardic melody, intended to be recited by mourners as part of the synagogue service and by the congregation at High Holiday services. The text has four versions, of which Ravel set the one known as the Half Kaddish. Not a prayer for the dead, the Half Kaddish is an affirmation of the belief of the devout that their mission is to bring about the advent of God’s kingdom by proclaiming and sanctifying the name of God.
T
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

Tabb, john b. (1845–1909): American poet. Born in Virginia, his father a planter, Tabb had such poor eyesight that he had to be home-schooled. His strong desire was to be a musician. Although he was enthusiastic about the Confederacy when the Civil War began, Tabb’s bad eyesight caused him to be rejected as a soldier. He became a blockade runner, making trips to London, Paris, and Bermuda before being captured. In prison he met Sidney *Lanier, who befriended him and turned him toward poetry.
Y
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

yeats, william butler (1865–1939): Irish poet and playwright, born Sandymount, Ireland; died Roquebrune, France. Yeats was the son of John Butler Yeats, a former lawyer and artist. The family relocated to England (1867–80). Yeats was devoted to the study of Irish lore and spent considerable time researching it at the British Museum. Greatly interested in mythology and mysticism, Yeats eschewed organized religion. His first major poem, The Wanderings of Oisin, was published in 1889 (see *Ossian). He helped to found the Irish National Theatre Society, where he worked with J. M. *Synge.
“Our New Citizens.The Blacks”: The Politics of Freedom, 1810-1890
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

In March 1888, as the last slave system in the Americas was collapsing amid the mass flight of Brazilian slaves, a newspaper in Rio de Janeiro province published a satirical poem about a planter’s efforts to hire newly freed libertos to work on his plantation.
“A Transfusion Of New Blood”: Whitening, 1880-1930
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

Between 1800 and 1900 Afro-Latin Americans transformed the terms of their participation in national life and in so doing helped build nineteenth-century nations and societies. Their struggles for citizenship and economic and social advancement continued into the 1900s, but under new and different structural conditions.
Browning and Blackening, 1930-2000
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

For the nations of Afro-Latin America, the years since 1930 have been a period, no longer of whitening, but of browning. By the end of the export boom, elite efforts to transform Latin America into Europe had visibly failed, as had the political and economic structures on which those efforts were based. These failures opened the way for new experiments in nation-building: experiments in economic modernization and industrialization, in new forms of mass-based political participation and citizenship (political “browning”), and in the construction of new national identities that, instead of denying and seeking to obliterate the region’s history of racial mixing, embraced it as the essence of being Latin American (cultural “browning”). Each of these three experiments was connected to, and reinforced, the other two. Each was linked as well to the continuing process of race mixture and demographic “browning” that has taken place in the region since 1930.
Intothetwenty-First Century
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

This book has sought to show how Afro-Latin Americans responded to the challenges, dilemmas, ordeals, and opportunities created by large-scale processes of economic and political development. In so doing, people of color helped forge a history of nation- and state-building, democratization, and social and political reform that transformed the life of the region.
Emotions
Authors: De Sousa Ronald
Published: November 2023

The editor’s invitation to contribute to this volume appeared to license telling more than I know. Accordingly this essay will move quickly from an all too brief survey of what I know to raise some of the increasingly speculative questions that currently preoccupy me.
Subjectivity and Emotion
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: November 2023

We take a stance toward emotional responses. Sometimes it is one of haughty superiority: I can rise above my emotions, cleanse my vision. Sometimes it is one of embarrassed nakedness: my emotions reveal or betray myself. Both are stances toward subjectivity; emotions are subjective. But what does this mean? Here are some arguments: Emotions, when corrupted by base desires (as they often are), distract us from clearly viewing the Forms (Plato). Emotions are often self-interested (Hutcheson, Hume). Emotional reactions cannot be universalized (Kant). They are instinctive (Freud, James). Many emotions resemble blind prejudices (Brentano). Emotional consciousness constitutes objects as dangerous, adorable, or boring (Dewey). It is the concrete, existing individual that feels emotions (Kierkegaard, Buber). Emotional consciousness magically transforms the world (Sartre).
Emotions, Rationality, and Mind/Body
Authors: Greenspan Patricia
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to connect recent cross-disciplinary treatments of the cognitive or rational significance of emotions with work in contemporary philosophy identifying an evaluative propositional content of emotions. An emphasis on the perspectival nature of emotional evaluations allows for a notion of emotional rationality that does not seem to be avail- able on alternative accounts. Though naturally expressed in mentalistic terms, the perspectival account does not imply dualism. What does the evaluating, or has the propositional content, is a state of positive or negative affect with a physiological basis, including connections with cortical brain states in typical cases of human emotions. What the account adds to this is the element of normative interpretation, as needed to give emotions a serious role in practical reasoning.
Feelings that Matter
Authors: Baier Annette
Published: November 2023

We all accept the idea that emotions are reactions to matters of apparent importance to us: fear to danger, surprise to the unexpected, outrage to insult, disgust to what will make us sick, envy of the more favored, gratitude for benefactors, hate for enemies, love for friends, and so on. And sometimes the felt emotion can precede knowledge of precisely what the danger, the insult, the nauseating substance, and so on is. Emotion then plays the role of alerting us to something important to us—a danger, or an insult. As I write this chapter, a young man on trial for stabbing his mother to death in the family home (just down the road from where I live), whose defense is insanity, claims memory loss for the time of the murder but says he knows he must have done it, since, quite apart from the over-whelming physical evidence, he has “the guilty sort of feeling, like I have done something” (Otago Daily Times, Aug. 29, 2001). This is a rare and doubtless pathological case, but emotions can on occasion play the role of showing us that something important has occurred before we clearly understand what exactly it is.
Perturbations of Desire
Authors: Bilimoria Purushottama
Published: November 2023

Recently there has been a good deal of interest in comparative philosophy in the treatment of emotions in non-Western cultures. An issue of Philosophy East and West (1991) and, closely following that, a volume of essays (Marks and Ames 1995), were dedicated to the philosophical debate surrounding the nature and ethics of emotion in South and East Asian thought. These forays have addressed the standard questions (even if somewhat alien to these traditions), notably whether emotion is comparable to or competes with reason in moral and social discourses, whether emotion plays a negative or positive role in the “good life,” whether emotion is in any sense itself “intelligent” and therefore an aid to practical judgment, and whether much significant conceptual strides have been made toward understanding the cognitive, conative, and cultural dimensions of emotion.
Family and Marriage
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

In a 1978 column in the New York Post, the journalist Murray Kempton revealed that he, Alger Hiss, and an unnamed third person had grown up in “circumstances of shabby gentility” in Baltimore. “[All] three of us,” Kempton went on to say, “shared the condition of having had our fathers die when we were infants.” And two of the three publicly admitted to having joined the Communist Party of the United States in the 1930s. The third, Hiss, denied having done so, but Kempton assumed that he had joined as well. None of the three came from impoverished circumstances, Kempton noted, but “[t]he theory that deprivation produces Communists” might nonetheless have been applicable to them. “[D]eprivation,” he felt, “is not always . . . only economic deprivation.”
The Campaign for Vindication
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

On November 28, 1954, after Alger Hiss was released from Lewisburg, he and Priscilla began to take stock of their lives. The prospects were not particularly rosy. Hiss had lost his license to practice law, and anticipated that “informal blackballing” would affect his efforts to find a job. He quickly found that assumption confirmed. “Friendly prep schools and college administrators,” he recalled in his memoirs, “were politely negative,” being “aware of the likely attitude of trustees and contributors.” He explored opportunities in the publishing industry, and in other “business concerns.” Nothing materialized. For the time being, the Hisses’s financial situation was not dire, because while in prison Alger had secured advances from American and British publishers for the book he planned to write. They amounted to $10,000, which, together with Priscilla’s salary from her work at the Doubleday bookstore, enabled the Hiss family to live “simply but certainly not in penury.” Hiss’s decision to write a book meant that he intended to remain in the public eye.
The Intervention of Allen Weinstein
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

Allen Weinstein expected the interview he had scheduled with Alger Hiss in March 1976 to be awkward. He thought that it might be the last time he and Hiss met face to face, and it was. A good deal had changed since Weinstein first had a theory about the Hiss case in the early 1970s. A good deal more was to change after the interview.
Introduction
Authors: Ruiz Vicki L , Korrol Virginia Sánchez
Published: November 2023

In 1800, seven-year-old Apolinaria Lorenzana and her mother stepped off the ship Concepción onto the docks at Monterey, California, as members of a manifest of orphans and potential wives sent by the Spanish colonial government in Mexico to the remote province of Alta California. As an elderly woman, Lorenzana remembered, “Upon our arrival in Monterey, the governor distributed some of the children like puppies. I remained with my mother and various other women.
Gertrudis Barceló: La Tules of Image and Reality
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1846, Doña Gertrudis Barceló stood at an important crossroad. Exempted from the hardships and tribulations endured by the women around her, Barceló had profited enormously from the “gringo” merchants and itinerant retailers who had arrived in Santa Fé after the conquest. The town’s leading businesswoman, owner of a gambling house and saloon, and its most unusual character, Barceló exemplified an inge-nious turnaround in the way she and others in her community began resolving the problem of the Euro-American, now lodged more firmly than ever in their midst.
The Adventures Of Loreta Janeta Velázquez: Civil War Spy and Storyteller
Authors: Marcus Amy Dockser
Published: November 2023

Loreta Janeta Velázquez served as a soldier, spy, and secret agent during the American Civil War, but even after she was criticized for her behavior, jailed, and called a charlatan, the only regret that she ever expressed was about having to cut her long hair. “This gave me a real pang,” she wrote in her 1876 memoir documenting her many adventures, “but there was no help for it.” Velázquez wanted to leave her hometown of New Orleans and go out into the world, and the only way she could do it was dressed as a man.
Dolores Huerta And The United Farm Workers
Authors: Chávez Alicia
Published: November 2023

While she appears mild-mannered and even soft-spoken, Dolores Huerta has been a fearless warrior in her career as an activist. Unflappable as a union organizer, uncompromising as a contract negotiator, unapologetic as she lived against the grain of the social and political norms of her era, she leaves an indelible legacy of labor-organizing in U.S. history. In 1962, after almost a decade of activism in the Stockton, California, chapter of the Community Service Organization, a self-help Mexican American civil rights organization, Huerta joined fellow activist César Chávez in co- founding the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) to address the issues of migrant farm workers in California.
Relationships and Interactions of Mothers and Metaplot with 3-Year-Old Kibbutz Children in Two Functional Contexts
Authors: Landau R , Eshel Y , Kipnis V , Ben-Aaron M
Published: November 2023

Developmental regulation is carried out mainly through relationships (Emde & Sameroff, 1989). From infancy, the child participates in a network of relationships (Belsky, 1981; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; van Ijzendoorn, Sagi, & Lambermon, 1992), which, in early childhood, consist mostly of family members (father, mother, siblings). However, many children are also cared for by additional female caregivers who are not part of the family. These women replace the mother in caring for the child’s basic needs for part of the day and thus may be considered as functionally equivalent to the mother. The term “multiple mothering” is sometimes used to indicate this constellation.
Agassiz’s Legacy
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

This book brings together oral histories of some of the most interesting and representative field investigators to come into their scientific prime in the 1950s through the 1990s. It shows how styles, approaches, and scientific values have changed over the past fifty years and captures the experience of scientific research in the field.
The World War II Generation
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

The Great Depression followed by the world conflict revolutionized society. Educational and career opportunities expanded to include people who would never have dreamed of them previously. Each of the World War II generation scientists (all more than 70 years of age) exudes warmth, humor, and a zest for life. They share with us their love for nature, for science, for teaching, and for people, including mentors, colleagues, and students whom they’ve worked alongside during their long careers.
Cactus Diversity and Endemism in the Chihuahuan Desert Region
Authors: Hernández Héctor M , Gómez-Hinostrosa Carlos
Published: November 2023

Essentially confined to the New World, the family Cactaceae comprises about 100 genera and 1500 species (Barthlott and Hunt 1993). It is one of the most typical floristic elements of Mexico, which harbors 50 genera and about 550 species—the richest assemblage of cacti in the world. Most Mexican Cactaceae species occur in the arid and semiarid ecosystems and regions of the country, most notably the Chihuahuan Desert Region, the Sonoran Desert, and the Tehuacán Valley. Both nationwide and worldwide, the Chihuahuan Desert Region in particular stands out as having the highest diversity of Cactaceae (Hernández and Godínez 1994; Hernández and Bárcenas 1995).
Sea Turtles in North western Mexico: Conservation, Ethnobiology, and Desperation
Authors: Felger Richard S , Nichols Wallace J , Seminoff Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The waters of northwestern Mexico (fig. 20.1) have been among the most important feeding and developmental grounds in the eastern Pacific for 5 of the world’s 7 species of sea turtles. These are, in order of abundance: the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), known locally as the “black turtle,” the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the olive ridley (Lepido-chelys olivacea), the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), and the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Most depend on shallow costal habitats for the abundant food resources, but the leatherback, a pelagic species, instead cruises offshore. Due to ex-ploitation of eggs and turtles as food and, to a lesser extent, incidental mortality relating to marine fish-eries and degradation of marine and nesting habitats, sea turtle populations have declined throughout the region.
Habitat Associations and Conservation of Grassland Birds in the Chihuahuan Desert Region: Two Case Studies in Chihuahua
Authors: Desmond Martha J , Young Kendal E , Thompson Bruce C , Valdez Raul , Terrazas Alberto Lafón
Published: November 2023

Across much of northern North America, the last 30 years have witnessed alarming population declines of one-third of all grassland-restricted and half of all grassland-adapted bird species (Knopf 1994; Vickery and Herkert 2001). Causal factors include conversion of native grasslands to agricultural and urban areas, removal of native herbivores, and widespread fire suppression (Knopf 1994; Saab et al. 1995; Vickery and Herkert 2001). Despite much concern over these population declines, few grassland areas receive legal protection across North America.