bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stomatogenesis of the marine ciliate Metanophrys sinensis (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida)
Authors: Ma Hongwei , Song Weibo
Published: March 2003

Stomatogenesis of the marine scuticociliate Metanophrys sinensis, collected from a molluscan culturing pond in Qingdao, China, was studied using protargol impregnation method. The morphogenetic sequence develops in the proter: the remnant of parental paroral membrane gives rise to the paroral membrane and scutica, and the three parental membranelles were inherited. In the opisthe: the paroral membrane, membranelles 1, 2 and the scutica originate from the parental paroral membrane, while parental scutica gives rise to the membranelle 3. This suggests that M. sinensis has a relatively similar morphogenetic pattern to the members of the genus Uronema.
Substratum heterogeneity of dredged vs un-dredged maerl grounds
Authors: Kamenos N.A. , Moore P.G. , Hall-Spencer J.M.
Published: March 2003

Maerl grounds are comparable to sea grass beds in terms of their high biodiversity, and are characterized by abundant juveniles of species such as the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis. Maerl grounds impacted by towed demersal fishing gears are structurally less heterogeneous than pristine, un-impacted maerl grounds, diminishing the biodiversity potential of these habitats.
The use of sandstone blocks to test hypotheses about colonization of intertidal boulders
Authors: Chapman M.G.
Published: March 2003

This study tested the hypothesis that regularly-shaped sandstone blocks in intertidal boulder-fields are colonized by mobile macrofauna at a similar rate to colonization of natural boulders. In addition, the sessile component on these plates (three levels of sessile assemblages) and their position in the boulder-field (three different positions relative to other boulders) were varied to test hypotheses about effects of these features on colonization. The epibiota varied among the three sets of plates and the natural boulders at the start of the experiment. The boulders were very rapidly colonized by a suite of mobile animals, particularly chitons, gastropods and echinoderms. Colonization was sparse and patchy to start with, causing great variability among replicates. Nevertheless, it did not differ among any of the treatments, indicating that even at this early stage, colonization did not differ between natural boulders and blocks, nor according to the sessile assemblage, or the proximity of other boulders. By six months, there was little variability among replicates and the assemblages had converged. This indicates that sandstone plates/blocks can form a standardized unit of habitat which can be used to test models about spatial variation in this relatively specialized fauna.
The relationship between benthic fauna, carbonate sediments and reef morphology in reef-flat tidal pools of Rocas Atoll (north-east Brazil)
Authors: Netto Sérgio A. , Attrill Martin J. , Warwick Richard M.
Published: March 2003

The composition of meiobenthic and macrobenthic communities between different intertidal reef-flat pools on Rocas Atoll (South Atlantic) was compared, and related to properties of the carbonate sediments and patterns of reef growth. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed that the reef height and size influenced the properties of the reef-derived sediments and were correlated with the composition and abundance of the benthic fauna in the intertidal pools. The temperature and the salinity between Rocas tidal flat reef pools did not vary significantly, despite the differences in size, exposure degree and elevation, suggesting that percolation through the porous lime body of the reef and/or the connection between the tidal pools and seawater by blowholes have a significant effect on the tidal pools. The major asymmetry in the reef topography of Rocas Atoll was observed between the leeward and windward reefs, which paralleled the largest changes in sediment properties and faunal structure inside intertidal reef pools. Sediments from the tidal pools located in the windward side of the atoll were significantly finer, the organic content higher and the benthic fauna more abundant and diverse. The results of this study suggest that significant changes in the sediment properties and benthic community structure between the intertidal reef-flat pools of Rocas Atoll may be primarily conditioned by different patterns in reef growth.
Psychological gerontology in Germany: recent findings and social implications
Authors: WAHL HANS-WERNER , KRUSE ANDREAS
Published: March 2003

This review paper has two major aims, first to synthesise recent research findings and conceptual developments in the field of psychological gerontology in Germany and in German language publications, and secondly, to argue that the field's research findings deserve greater attention, for both their substance and their relevance to social policy. The review focuses on three major fields of psychological gerontology: (1) cognitive development in old age; (2) personality development in old age; and (3) social relationships in old age. It highlights the major findings generated by German scholars since the 1990s. Although numerous and diverse, a common thread is the move away from a focus on the limitations and decrements of later life, and increased attention to the continuing capacities and developmental achievements of older people. The discussion elaborates the view that there is considerable merit in considering the broader social implications of these results. In conclusion, and from a general rather than disciplinary perspective, it is argued that there is a strong need for geropsychological research to be designed and interpreted with explicit attention to the cultural and social contexts in which the subjects live.
‘Self-actualisation’ and the ageing process from an inter-generational lifecourse perspective
Authors: EVERINGHAM CHRISTINE
Published: March 2003

Lifecourse perspectives on ageing need to consider more seriously the meaning of ‘self-actualisation’, as it is currently used by the burgeoning industries that service the needs of those in the middle years. The prevalent meaning derives largely from an existentialist ontology, which is radically individualistic and cannot adequately account for the inter-connectedness of generations; that is, the need for one generation to provide for the needs of the next. Nor can an existentialist ontology adequately prepare mid-lifers for their older age and the life crises that accompany later life. This paper uses Giddens's notion of ‘life trajectory’, a very influential theory of the self in high modernity, to highlight this problem. The existentialist ontology that informs Giddens's notion reflects those values of youth that the new social movements have brought to the political agenda as ‘life-politics’. These values may well be challenged as the youth of the 1960s reach middle age and begin to confront their mortality. The paper argues that Erikson's notion of ‘generativity’ might provide a more useful ontology for lifecourse politics, and is more attuned to an inter-generational perspective.
The interweaving of repartnered older adults' lives with their children and siblings
Authors: DE JONG GIERVELD JENNY , PEETERS ANNEMARIE
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the consequences of repartnering upon the social embeddedness of older adults' lives. The starting hypotheses, that repartnering is a stressful life event and is incompletely institutionalised, are examined using the NESTOR longitudinal survey data from The Netherlands on 4,449 respondents aged 55–89 years, together with in-depth interviews of 46 adults aged 50 or more years who had repartnered in later life. The results indicate that more repartnered older adults choose unmarried cohabitation and to ‘live apart together’ than remarriage. It was also found that when two partners come together, while not surprisingly their social networks become larger than those of separated older adults who do not enter a new relationship, less positively the quality of the subjects' relationships with their children was negatively affected. The older adults who opted for unmarried cohabitation and ‘living apart together’ relationships tended to have the weakest bonds with their children, principally for reasons associated with stress and (financial) insecurity.
Making a move: care-home residents' experiences of relocation
Authors: REED JAN , COOK GLENDA , SULLIVAN AILEEN , BURRIDGE CHRIS
Published: March 2003

Studies in environmental gerontology have progressed our understanding of the ways in which older people respond to and manage the environments in which they live, including their decisions about relocation and the influencing factors. Much of this work, however, has been done with relatively healthy and mobile older people living in domestic environments. It is often the case that when care-home residents move, the decisions are taken by others while the residents are passive and maybe hardly consulted. Far from the residents' preferences and initiatives being instrumental, they are moved by imposition. In the United Kingdom, the setting of this study, such imposed moves are common, partly because registration regulations restrict the range of care that a home can provide, and make some moves unavoidable. A questionnaire was distributed to care homes in two English local authorities to determine the incidence of relocation, and 10 homes were approached to take part in further studies, which included case-note audits, and interviews with staff and 12 older people who had relocated. The study found that the pattern of moves was complex, and that some residents were active in deciding to relocate and in the selection of the relocation home. The study concludes, however, that for residents to have an active role, they must be given support both to access the information required for decision-making and to implement their decisions.
Three faces of ageism: society, image and place
Authors: MCHUGH KEVIN E.
Published: March 2003

This paper elucidates and champions a spatiality perspective in social gerontology, by arguing that relationships between older people and the spaces and places they inhabit illuminate deeply-ingrained societal attitudes and values. The trilogy of society, image and place is explored through an interpretive reading of images and scripts in ‘successful ageing’ and ‘anti-ageing’ created and promoted by the booming ‘retirement industry’ in the United States. Six tropes are revealed in an interpretation of prevalent images of ‘Sunbelt Retirement Land’: geographic cornucopia, ageless selves, near perfection, the right stuff, down home living, and nomads of desire. This reading serves as a springboard in elaborating Cole's (1992) notion of bipolar ageism, as we vacillate between negative stereotypes of old age and positive elixirs, such as anti-ageing and agelessness, that are cloaked denials of decline, disease and death. The paper concludes with a series of troubling questions about the perpetuation and depth of ageism in society and culture.

Every present day is determined by the images that are synchronic with it: each ‘now’ is the now of a particular recognizability. (Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, 1999: 462–63)
A life-time of inequality: a structural analysis of housing careers and issues facing older private tenants
Authors: IZUHARA MISA , HEYWOOD FRANCES
Published: March 2003

While the majority of households in England have become homeowners at the turn of the 21st century, some older people still struggle on low incomes in the less privileged sector of private renting. This article first explores the intertwining of the history of housing policy and provision with the lifecourse histories of individuals, seeking to describe the reasons why some older people are in the private rented sector. It then presents research findings that revealed how some older private tenants experienced different types and degrees of harassment and abuse by their landlords, from verbal and financial abuse to disrepair of property and illegal evictions. Both strands are brought together in looking beyond individual responsibility or culpability to the structural and lifecourse causes of the problems. People's housing choices and destinations are often shaped by a combination of their lifecourse circumstances and external (both economic and institutional) barriers. Where abuse is concerned, a two-tier tenancy system has made ‘regulated tenants’ vulnerable to their landlords; the legal remedies are endemically inappropriate; the housing benefit system is a major source of tension between landlords and tenants; and the modernised private rented sector has allowed no place for those who want secure long-term homes. In summary, this article examines how the law, housing policy and the housing market combine to produce particular problems for older private tenants.
Cultural exchanges: contrasts and perceptions of young musicians
Authors: Durrant Colin
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on young musicians' perceptions of their musical and cultural experiences while on a tour of South Africa during the summer of 2000. The young musicians were asked to keep journals throughout the tour in order to be able to recall their reactions and feelings about their various experiences. The comments, particularly the written ones from the young musicians, vividly display the impact of such experiences on their musical and emotional life. While conclusions are incomplete, some implications for the nature of cultural exchange and understanding and music education in general are put forward.
The subject general knowledge of secondary music PGCE applicants
Authors: Gammon Vic
Published: March 2003

In this paper I explore the musical general knowledge of 46 applicants for places on a secondary Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) music course. The applicants took a 35-question quiz designed to indicate something of their subject knowledge in connection with aspects of the Western art music tradition, knowledge of Western musical instruments and world musics. I will discuss methodological problems related to the use of the quiz results, then analyse the results. The analysis reveals patterns of strength and weakness in the subject knowledge of the applicants that are related to their educational and other musical experiences. Significant absences in areas of knowledge needed to teach the National Curriculum are detected. I then move on to consider the findings in the light of the new Benchmark Statement (QAA, 2002) for music degrees in the UK. Noting that no given body of knowledge is prescribed in the Benchmark Statement that both describes and governs the content of music first degrees, I raise questions about the difficulties this creates for all concerned.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: March 2003

In December 2002, William Salaman and Piers Spencer completed their five-year term as joint editors of the British Journal of Music Education, having presided over an innovative period in the journal's history. They brought to their task a wide range of experience in music teaching, teacher education, and inspection, which also informed their highly readable and often provocative editorials. Under their editorship, BJME embraced new technology, so that the journal is now available online supported by MP3 files, and features an occasional accompanying CD of musical examples.
Teachers' beliefs about effective instrumental teaching in schools and higher education
Authors: Mills Janet , Smith Jan
Published: March 2003

What makes instrumental teaching, including vocal teaching, effective? And is this the same in schools and in higher education (HE), including conservatoires? We asked 134 local education authority (LEA) instrumental teachers to state what they believe makes good teaching in schools and in HE, and to list the strengths and weaknesses of the teaching that they recall receiving as students. We found that many teachers believe that good teaching in schools differs from good teaching in HE. There are differences in the beliefs held by teachers with and without qualified teacher status (QTS), and also in those of men and women. Many teachers report that their teaching is influenced by the ways that they were taught, and the ‘peak’ lessons that teachers received often appear particularly influential. We explain the steps we have taken to enable LEAs to apply the findings when planning professional development for their teachers, and suggest further applications.
Parent–teacher–pupil interactions in instrumental music tuition: a literature review
Authors: Creech Andrea , Hallam Susan
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the literature that may inform our understanding of parent–teacher–pupil interactions in instrumental music. It draws on research directly concerned with instrumental music learning and that from the wider psychological, sociological and educational literature concerned with conceptions of effective learning and teaching; conceptions of effective parenting; and dimensions of interpersonal relationships. Finally, a systemic, dynamic model is proposed which may serve to guide future research in the field.
Time–space structuring in spontaneous play on educational percussion instruments among three- and four-year-olds
Authors: Young Susan
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a study which investigated the spontaneous instrumental music-making of three- and
four-year-olds in typical pre-school educational settings in London, UK. It argues that
many prior studies of children's music-making have analysed and evaluated such
activity against models drawn from the practices of Western art music and its conventions of analytical theory, and suggests that this approach has certain drawbacks. The study adopted a grounded theory methodology moving through three phases in different nursery classrooms. Each phase was characterised by successive focusing and refinement of methodological tools in response to the emerging findings. Data were collected on videotape which was then repeatedly reviewed, transcribed and categorised. The children's music-making was analysed as relational processes in time and space involving the two-way interplay of child and instrument. Structures in space delineate the child's movement within the spatial potentials and constraints of the instrument design. Structures in time describe how movements and movement ideas were strung together in ever-lengthening portions.
The training of specialist secondary school music teachers in England, 1945–75
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: March 2003

In 1942 the McNair Committee was appointed to consider the ‘supply, recruitment and training of teachers and youth leaders and to report what principles should guide the Board in these matters in the future’. Special attention was given to the needs of music teachers, and the proposals put forward by the Committee provided the framework for the pattern of training for the next 30 years. This article considers the reactions of the Ministry of Education, the Royal Schools of Music and the Incorporated Society of Musicians, making extensive use of archive material. Comparisons are drawn with the training received by music teachers today, with a call for further discussion of the essential skills necessary for effective music teaching.
Lexical choice can lead to problems: what false-belief tests tell us about Greek alternative verbs of agency
Authors: MARIDAKI-KASSOTAKI KATERINA , LEWIS CHARLIE , FREEMAN NORMAN H.
Published: March 2003

Verbs of agency denote relations between behavioural and mental states. Thus, ‘Jim is looking for X’ goes beyond a behavioural description, to take a mentalistic construal whereby Jim's desire for success, and his beliefs about how to search, explain his observed actions. Greek has two verbs of agency that can be used somewhat interchangeably by adults to mean ‘to look for’. The hypothesis is that young children will obey the principle of contrast to diagnose that one verb is mentalistic and the other verb is to be construed behaviourally. Following a study of mothers' verb-use, two studies with 238 children aged three to five years confirmed that the verb preferred in home use gave below-chance performance on a false-belief test whilst the less-established verb gave above-chance success, with children giving appropriate justifications. Thus, Greek preschoolers seem sometimes to have an adult-type understanding and sometimes fail to match the adult understanding. The proposal is that the children initially convert an adult verb-use pragmatic difference into a semantic contrast.
Young children's acquisition of wh-questions: the role of structured input
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA , CASEY LYMAN
Published: March 2003

Two-year-olds learn language quickly but how they exploit adult input remains obscure. Twenty-nine children aged 2;6 to 3;2, divided into three treatment groups, participated in an intervention experiment consisting of four sessions 1 week apart. Pre- and post-intervention sessions were identical for all children: children heard a wh-question and attempted to repeat it; a ‘talking bear’ answered. That same format was used for the two intervention sessions for children in a quasicontrol condition (Group QC). Children receiving modelling (Group M) heard a question twice before repeating it; those receiving implicit correction (Group IC) heard a question, attempted to repeat it, and heard it again. All groups improved in supplying and inverting an auxiliary for target questions with trained auxiliaries. Only experimental children generalized to auxiliaries on which they had not been trained. Very little input, if concentrated but varied, and presented so that the child attends to it and attempts to parse it, is sufficient for the rapid extraction and generalization of syntactic regularities. Children can learn even more efficiently than has been thought.
Measuring early language development in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (Infant Form)
Authors: CHARMAN TONY , DREW AURIOL , BAIRD CLAIRE , BAIRD GILLIAN
Published: March 2003

Parent report data on early language development measured using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI–Infant Form) was collected on 134 preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. The pattern of development of understanding of phrases, word comprehension and expression, and production of gestures, was compared to the typical pattern. In common with typical development there was considerable variability in language acquisition, although for the group as a whole this was significantly delayed compared to the normal course. In addition, atypical patterns were identified in the emergence of language skills in the sample. Comprehension of words was delayed in comparison to word production, and production of early gestures (involving sharing reference) was delayed relative to production of later gestures (involving use of objects). However, other aspects of language development were similar to that found in typically developing infants, including word comprehension being in advance of word production in absolute terms, gesture production acting as a ‘bridge’ between word comprehension and word production and the broad pattern of acquisition across word categories and word forms. The implications for assessment and intervention with preschool children with autism spectrum disorder are discussed.
Editorial
Authors: LIEVEN ELENA
Published: March 2003

Rosemarie Tracy is leaving the Editorial Team. I would like to thank her sincerely for the hard work and care that she has put into her work as Associate Editor over the last three years and to welcome Clifton Pye of the University of Kansas and Paul Fletcher of the University of Hong Kong as new Associate Editors.
Genre and evaluation in narrative development
Authors: SHIRO MARTHA
Published: March 2003

In this study I examine Venezuelan children's developing abilities to use evaluative language in fictional and personal narratives. The questions addressed are: (1) How does the use of evaluative language vary in fictional and personal narratives? (2) Is there a relationship between the use of evaluative language in these two narrative genres and children's age and socio-economic status (SES)? The sample consists of 444 narratives produced by 113 Venezuelan school-age children participating in 4 narrative tasks, in which personal and fictional stories were elicited. Findings suggest that age and socio-economic status have a greater impact on the use of evaluation in fictional stories than in personal narratives. Low SES and younger children are at a greater disadvantage when performing fictional narratives than when performing personal narratives. These results strongly imply that children's narrative competence cannot be assessed in a single story-telling task, given the importance that task-related factors seem to have on narrative abilities.
Lexically specific constructions in the acquisition of inflection in
English
Authors: WILSON STEPHEN
Published: March 2003

Children learning English often omit grammatical words and morphemes, but there is still much debate over exactly why and in what contexts they do so. This study investigates the acquisition of three elements which instantiate the grammatical category of ‘inflection’ – copula be, auxiliary be and 3sg present agreement – in longitudinal transcripts from five children, whose ages range from 1;6 to 3;5 in the corpora examined. The aim is to determine whether inflection emerges as a unitary category, as predicted by some recent generative accounts, or whether it develops in a more piecemeal fashion, consistent with constructivist accounts. It is found that for each child the relative pace of development of the three morphemes studied varies significantly, suggesting that these morphemes do not depend on a unitary underlying category. Furthermore, early on, be is often used primarily with particular closed-class subjects, suggesting that forms such as he's and that's are learned as lexically specific constructions. These findings are argued to support the idea that children learn ‘inflection’ (and by hypothesis, other functional categories) not by filling in pre-specified slots in an innate structure, but by learning some specific constructions involving particular lexical items, before going on to gradually abstract more general construction types.
The role of modelling and request type on symbolic comprehension of objects and gestures in young children
Authors: STRIANO TRICIA , ROCHAT PHILIPPE , LEGERSTEE MARIA
Published: March 2003

In a first study, we considered whether modelling and the type of an adult's request influenced children's ability at 1;8 and 2;2 to comprehend gestures and replica objects as symbols for familiar objects. In a second study, we evaluated whether modelling and type of request influenced children's ability at 1;8 (N=24) to understand unfamiliar (i.e. unconventional) objects as symbols. Results of Study 1 indicated that children at 2;2 comprehended a gesture as a symbol in the absence of any previous model demonstration. All children comprehended a replica as standing for another object, although modelling marginally improved children's performance at 2;2 and decreased performance at 1;8. In general, the type of request did not influence children's comprehension of gestures or replicas as symbols. Results of Study 2 showed that modelling and request type did not influence children's understanding of objects that are unconventional and novel, as symbols. The studies converge to suggest that symbolic comprehension is a highly context-dependent ability that continues to develop over the second year.
Home range of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in a network of remnant linear habitats
Authors: van der Ree Rodney , Bennett Andrew F.
Published: March 2003

Linear strips of natural or semi‐natural vegetation are a characteristic feature of rural landscapes throughout the world. Their value for the conservation of fauna in heavily modified landscapes depends on the response of species to the linear shape of the habitat, and the pressures this imposes on population processes and spatial organization. In south‐eastern Australia, woodland habitats occupied by the squirrel glider Petaurus norfolcensis, a threatened species of arboreal marsupial, have been preferentially cleared for agriculture leaving only remnants within cleared farmland. In this study, the home range of P. norfolcensis was investigated by radio‐tracking 40 gliders within a highly modified landscape where the majority (83%) of remaining wooded habitat occurs as a network of linear strips along roadsides and streams. Individuals were tracked for one to four seasons, resulting in the collection of 4213 independent locational ‘fixes’. All fixes of animals were from remnant woodland. Home ranges were elongated and linear, primarily determined by the shape and arrangement of woodland habitat. Seasonal home ranges were small (mean of 1.4–2.8 ha) and ranged between 320 and 840 m long. Small patches of trees in farmland adjacent to the linear habitats were also extensively used. Despite the highly modified landscape structure, home ranges of P. norfolcensis in the linear network were smaller than those estimated from other studies of this species in continuous habitat. The apparent high quality of the linear habitats is attributed to the density of large old trees, which provide foraging and breeding resources, and the productivity of the environment. Linear landscape elements may have a valuable conservation function where they provide resident habitat or enhance landscape connectivity, but their long‐term viability is vulnerable to disturbance.
Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) stature in the Réserve de Faune du Petit Loango, Gabon
Authors: Morgan Bethan J. , Lee P. C.
Published: March 2003

The stature of forest elephantsLoxodonta africana cyclotiswas determined at the Petit Loango Reserve over 14 months from January to December 1998 and May to June 1999 using three measures: shoulder height, hind footprint length and boli diameter. The shoulder height of 53 identified elephants was measured using photogrammetric methods. The minimum estimated shoulder height was 69 cm from a young calf, and the tallest animal was 216 cm. Hind footprint length and boli diameter data were collected from unidentified individuals. The minimum footprint size was 12.5 cm and the largest 35.3 cm. Boli diameter ranged from 4.0 to 16.0 cm. A comparison of the size categories with those of savanna elephants in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, suggested a similar distribution of size, age and population structure, despite a marked difference in overall stature. These are the first data for measures of African forest elephant size compared to African savanna elephant size. Such data may add morphological evidence supporting recent genetic work suggesting that African forest elephants be re‐classified as a distinct species from the African savanna elephant.
A new species of spitting cobra (Naja) from north‐eastern Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)
Authors: Wüster Wolfgang , Broadley Donald G.
Published: March 2003

A new species of spitting cobra Naja nubiae sp. nov. is described from north‐eastern Africa. The distinctiveness of the new species is confirmed by multivariate analysis of pattern and scalation data. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals the new species to be the sister taxon of N. pallida, but with considerable levels of sequence divergence relative to that species. The populations concerned had previously been assigned to N. pallida. The new species differs from N. pallida principally in having more than one dark band across the neck and under the throat, as well as a pair of spots under the throat. It occupies a disjunct range across Egypt, the Sudan, Chad, Niger and Eritrea, where it seems to occupy primarily relatively mesic habitats. Naja mossambica is more closely related to N. nigricollis than to N. pallida and the new species. A key to the African species of Naja is presented.
Calotte morphology in the phylum Dicyemida: niche separation and convergence
Authors: Furuya Hidetaka , Hochberg F. G. , Tsuneki Kazuhiko
Published: March 2003

The renal sacs of a diversity of cephalopod molluscs were examined to study the morphology of dicyemid mesozoans. Most of the dicyemid species studied were found to be host specific. Typically, two or more species of dicyemids were present in each host species or each host individual. When dicyemid species co‐occurred, their calotte shapes were distinctly different. The following variations in calotte shapes were usually detected within a given host individual: (1) when two species of dicyemids were present, two distinct calotte shapes, conical and discoidal, were observed; (2) when three species of dicyemids were present, three types of calotte configurations were observed, conical (two grades) and discoidal; (3) when more than four species of dicyemids were present, at least one species was characterized by its rare irregularly shaped calotte. As a rule, when more than two dicyemid species were present in a single host individual, calotte shapes were dissimilar. Calotte shapes in dicyemid species from different host species more closely resemble each other than those of dicyemids observed within the same host species. Dicyemids with conical or dome‐shaped calottes are found within the convolutions or folds of the renal appendages, whereas those with flat, discoidal calottes attach to the surface of the renal appendages. In the dicyemids, calotte morphology seems to result from adaptation to the structure of host renal tissues and helps to facilitate niche separation of coexisting species.
Is body size an influential parameter in determining the duration of survival at low temperatures in Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)?
Authors: Renault D. , Hance T. , Vannier G. , Vernon P.
Published: March 2003

Physiological and morphological parameters that affect survival were measured at the individual level in adults of the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus kept at 6 °C and 10 °C. Survival differed significantly among individuals and sexes and at different temperatures. At 6 °C, pervasive effects of cold, i.e. chill injuries, were too strong to allow survival, whereas the duration of survival was significantly influenced by the adult body size at 10 °C; initial fresh mass was positively correlated with survival in both sexes. The management of energy reserves was also significantly different among individuals. Weight loss was significantly slower in both males and females that had the longest longevity and kept at 10 °C when compared to males and females that had shortest longevity (3.05±0.47 μg/mg fresh weight/day and 2.71±0.60 μg/mg fresh weight/day, respectively, vs 5.68±3.77 and 9.01±9.39 μg/mg fresh weight/day). The largest insects lost weight at a constant but slower rate than the smallest ones. Prolonged exposures at 10 °C enforced inactivity and led to depletion of the energy reserves in both males and females through low food availability. The water ratio was significantly decreased over time: both males and females that had the longest longevity had significantly lower water ratio than males and females that had the shortest longevity.
Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations
Authors: Manlius Nicolas , Menardi‐Noguera Alessandro , Zboray Andras
Published: March 2003

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia was still present throughout the whole of Egypt except for the Sinai region. However, by the beginning of the 20th century it had disappeared from the Nile Delta region and from the Faiyum Oasis. In 1950 it was still present in the extreme south‐east and in a small stretch of land in the Eastern Desert, and in half of the Western Desert. Today it is found only in the extreme south‐east (Gebel Elba) and the extreme south‐west (Gebel Uweinat and/or Gilf El Kebir) of the country. This sharp decrease in the distribution area of Ammotragus lervia is the result of intensive hunting by humans. The Barbary sheep of Gebel Elba now live in a region that has been designated a national park, which offers some protection. The Barbary sheep populations in the Uweinat/Gilf El Kebir area is in rapid decline, and it is now urgent that the Egyptian government enforce effective conservation measures to safeguard the last wild populations of Barbary sheep still present in its territory.
Determinants of clinal variation in life history of dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ocoee): prey abundance and ecological limits on foraging time restrict opportunities for larval growth
Authors: Bernardo Joseph , Agosta Salvatore J.
Published: March 2003

Recent models argue that thermal environments are the major cause of ectotherm life‐history clines. However, elevational clines in body size in the mountain dusky salamanderDesmognathus ocoee(family Plethodontidae) shift from positive at hatching, to negative at metamorphosis to positive again as adults, and so are not consistent with this explanation. The clinal shift from hatching to metamorphosis was investigated by examining the clinal and seasonal feeding patterns of larval salamanders at high and low elevation sites in rockface and woodland habitats. Repeated cohort sampling was also used to examine clinal and seasonal patterns in body size and to estimate average growth rates. Larval growth in both rockface and woodland habitats was tightly correlated with feeding activity. Although temperature was found to vary between high and low elevation sites, the greatest growth occurred in a cold woodland habitat with a high elevation, and the lowest growth occurred in an adjacent rockface habitat. Because this difference in growth cannot be attributed to thermal differences, we conclude that local food resource levels are the predominant source of local differences in growth. These findings, clinal patterns of variation in other predatory salamanders, and experimental analyses in which both food and temperature are orthogonally manipulated, indicate that general models that single out temperature as the principle cause of ectotherm life‐history clines should be viewed with caution.
Osteological correlates of tail prehensility in carnivorans
Authors: Youlatos Dionisios
Published: March 2003

Among mammalian morphological specializations to arboreality, prehensile tails are the least studied. In carnivorans, two phylogenetically and ecologically distant representatives possess truly prehensile tails: the kinkajouPotos flavus, a neotropical procyonid and the binturongArctictis binturong, a viverrid from south‐east Asia. This paper examines osteological characters associated with tail prehensility by comparing carnivorans with and without prehensile tails. The prehensile‐tailed taxa are characterized by: (a) a relatively longer proximal caudal region in length and number of vertebrae; (b) more robust distal caudal vertebrae, which possess expanded transverse processes. Comparable features have been also reported for prehensile‐tailed primates, indicating evolutionary convergence. These features can be functionally associated with enhanced flexion–extension of the proximal part of the tail and increased strength and flexing capacity at the distal end of the tail. These tail movements are briefly described in free‐ranging prehensile‐tailed carnivorans.
Homogenization of two-phase flows
in porous media with hysteresis
in the capillary relation
Authors: BELIAEV A.
Published: March 2003

The homogenization problem is considered for the equations of two-phase flow in porous
media with a periodic or random small-scale structure of inhomogeneities. The capillary relation between saturation and the drop in pressures at microscales accounts for hysteresis and
dynamic memory effects. Homogenized equations are derived, and convergence of solutions to
the solution of the homogenized problem is proved. Properties of averaged capillary relation
are described in the particular case of a two-component porous medium.
Nucleation of vortices with a temperature and
time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model of
superconductivity
Authors: COSKUN E. , CAKIR Z. , TAKAC P.
Published: March 2003

The standard scales that are used to non-dimensionalize the temperature- and time-dependent
Ginzburg–Landau (TTDGL) model developed by Schmid [27], eliminate temperature-
dependent parameters, and thus do not allow for superconducting phenomena due to variations in temperature. In this study, a set of new scales is presented to non-dimensionalize
the TTDGL model so that the resulting dimensionless system depends upon a temperature
parameter as well. Moreover, some properties of solutions to TTDGL system as a function
of temperature are explored. Numerical experiments illustrating the temperature-dependency
of vortex nucleation in type-II superconductors as well as the transition to the Meissner state
in type-I superconductors are presented.
Expulsion of disclinations in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: BISCARI PAOLO , SLUCKIN TIMOTHY J.
Published: March 2003

We study the interactions between a nematic liquid crystal disclination and the surface of the half-space which bounds it. When strong anchoring conditions are applied on the boundary, the biaxial core of the disclination affects the repulsive force that tends to drive the disclination away from the surface. If we replace the strong boundary conditions with an anchoring potential, the surface-disclination interaction depends on the surface extrapolation length. In particular, the nematic may expel the disclination if the anchoring strength is below a critical value.
Thirteen years in the cockpit
Authors: OCKENDON JOHN
Published: March 2003

It is a great pleasure for me to be asked to write this valedictory message to mark the end of
my founding editorship of the European Journal of Applied Mathematics. I am tempted
to follow in the discursive footsteps of one of the great founding editors, G. K. Batchelor,
of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics fame. However, in accordance with our abiding efforts
to keep EJAM crisp and concise, I will simply give you an ‘executive summary’
of my thoughts on what makes an applied mathematics journal successful:

There must be an integration of different styles. Applied mathematics means different
things to different people around the world, and it is all too easy for one part of the culture
to ignore another on the grounds of being too theoretical, too numerical or too practical.
Editors must try to break down these barriers, none more than the board of EJAM,
where we have always tried to give equal weight to theory and application. But even
(or especially?) within Europe, this balance sometimes appears as hard to achieve as agreement
about the euro.

All submissions must be read carefully by at least one editor, in addition to the
referees. This is the surest way of minimizing the chances of mistaken rejection (or acceptance)
and it is often vital when issues of ‘style’ arise. The reading can be painful for
all concerned and I will long remember the following splendid riposte from an anguished author
“I see you have eaten the referee's poisoned worm: bon appetit!”.

Along with the personal touch, there must be just the right degree of continuity
with which authors can readily identify. Any editorial board striving to promote a particular
intellectual policy will invariably have a degree of commonality of interests, and hence a
continuity of theme. But this brings the danger of tunnel vision. To balance this, there is
a need for a regular and imaginative turnover of board members, and this is an activity with
which Cambridge University Press has been most helpful over the years.

Last, but by no means least, is the mandatory requirement that there be an understanding
and unfailingly cheerful editorial assistant. This is another respect in which
CUP's enlightened attitude has benefited several of their journals, and our authors
and editors alike have strong reasons to be thankful to Angela Howard. We are delighted
that she will stay on for a few years at least.
Setoids in type theory
Authors: BARTHE GILLES , CAPRETTA VENANZIO , PONS OLIVIER
Published: March 2003

Formalising mathematics in dependent type theory often requires to represent sets as setoids,
i.e. types with an explicit equality relation. This paper surveys some possible definitions of
setoids and assesses their suitability as a basis for developing mathematics. According to
whether the equality relation is required to be reflexive or not we have total or partial setoid,
respectively. There is only one definition of total setoid, but four different definitions of partial
setoid, depending on four different notions of setoid function. We prove that one approach
to partial setoids in unsuitable, and that the other approaches can be divided in two classes
of equivalence. One class contains definitions of partial setoids that are equivalent to total
setoids; the other class contains an inherently different definition, that has been useful in the
modeling of type systems. We also provide some elements of discussion on the merits of each
approach from the viewpoint of formalizing mathematics. In particular, we exhibit a difficulty
with the common definition of subsetoids in the partial setoid approach.
PAL+: a lambda-free logical framework
Authors: LUO ZHAOHUI
Published: March 2003

A lambda-free logical framework takes parameterisation and definitions as the basic notions to
provide schematic mechanisms for specification of type theories and their use in practice. The
framework presented here, PAL+, is a logical framework for specification and implementation
of type theories, such as Martin-Löf's type theory or UTT. As in Martin-Löf's logical
framework (Nordström et al., 1990), computational rules can be introduced and are used to
give meanings to the declared constants. However, PAL+ only allows one to talk about the
concepts that are intuitively in the object type theories: types and their objects, and families
of types and families of objects of types. In particular, in PAL+, one cannot directly represent
families of families of entities, which could be done in other logical frameworks by means of
lambda abstraction. PAL+ is in the spirit of de Bruijn's PAL+ for Automath (de Bruijn, 1980).
Compared with PAL, PAL+ allows one to represent parametric concepts such as families of
types and families of non-parametric objects, which can be used by themselves as totalities
as well as when they are fully instantiated. Such parametric objects are represented by local
definitions (let-expressions). We claim that PAL+ is a correct meta-language for specifying
type theories (e.g., dependent type theories), as it has the advantage of exactly capturing the
intuitive concepts in object type theories, and that its implementation reflects the actual use
of type theories in practice. We shall study the meta-theory of PAL+ by developing its typed
operational semantics and showing that it has nice meta-theoretic properties.