bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education about Child Sexual abuse on Interactive Multimedia CD-Rom for Undergraduate Leachers
Authors: Goldman Juliette D G , Torrisi-Steele Geraldine
Published: March 2007

In many countries, one aspect of health education, namely child sexual abuse, has become an important issue for teachers in pre-schools, primary schools and high schools to address. In Australia, many states now have mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse by teachers to their Principals then to the police or the Department of Families. Consequently, as preparation for this role, all teachers should have appropriate knowledge and attitudes about child sexual abuse. This paper analyses the educational bases of an interactive multimedia CD-Rom module on child sexual abuse designed for use by Australian university undergraduate teachers, to enhance their knowledge and attitudes about child sexual abuse. This application of Bloom's Levels of Thinking Skills as well as Constructivist principles in designing educational multimedia may assist other educational curriculum developers when designing pedagogical interactivities that are appropriate, productive and relevant in teaching about child sexual abuse to undergraduate teachers.
Cardiac assessment risk evaluation (CARE study) of African American college women
Authors: Brown Sandra C. , Geiselman Paula J. , Copeland Amy L. , Gordon Carol , Dudley Mary , Manogin Toni , Backstedt Carol , Pourciau Cathi , Ghebretatios Ghenet
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify physiological and psychosocial variables of young African American women that may serve as a risk factor for heart disease and to assess their health promotion programme preferences.

Method A descriptive design was used to assess the cardiovascular risk factors of 100 African American women ages 18 to 40 years, enrolled in a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in the south. The instruments included four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, Gieselman Food Preference Questionnaire (GFPQ), PBRC Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and the Personal Wellness Profile (PWP). Physiological data were obtained using a stadiometer, beam balance scale, Lifescan Blood Glucose Monitoring System, BioScanner 2000 Test System, sphygmomanometer, and carbon monoxide analyser.

Results The mean age of the participants was 25.5 (SD=5.8) years. The overall PWP wellness score for the participants was 43 (SD=15) with a range from 10 to 74. Of the 100 participants, 55 per cent had increased body mass index (BMI); 66 per cent had increased waist-to-hip ratios; 49 per cent 'did not' engage in an exercise programme, and 45 per cent consumed a diet that was'mostly high' to 'high' in fat content. The majority of the participants (92 per cent) reported that they had a good social support system. Fifty-five per cent of the women reported an interest in the following health promotion programmes: weight management, nutrition, aerobics, and women's health.

Conclusion Information obtained from this study can be useful in developing culturally-customised, gender-appropriate, interventions for this select population of women. Early interventions with young African American women that focus on diet, exercise and weight management may reduce the risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease. The college years is considered a time for adaptation, and as such, is an opportune time to educate individuals on health promoting behaviours and the long- term effect that health promoting behaviours can have on their lives. Research to gain new insights on factors that reduce cardiovascular risk behaviour in African American women is critical to advancing the health of African American women.
The nature of all 'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide physical activity referral scheme: Implications for practice
Authors: Johnston Lynne Halley , Warwick Jane , De Ste Croix Mark , Crone Diane , Sldford Adrienne
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a centralised referral mechanism (CRM) upon the number and type of'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide physical activity referral scheme.

Design Case study.

Method Phase 1: Hierarchical Content Analysis of 458 'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide scheme over a 28-month period. Phase 2: Chi-square analysis to compare patients removed on the basis of psychosocial or medical reasons by reason for original referral and gender. One-way ANOVA to compare both groups by age.

Results Reasons for referral were classified into first, second and third order themes. Two third level themes emerged from the data: medical contraindicator and psychosocial reasons. Significantly more people were removed on the basis of psychosocial factors rather than medical reasons (χ2=77.17; p<0.01 ). Further those referred for overweight/obesity (χ2=49.31; p<0.01) or for musculoskeletal conditions (χ2=40.96; p<0.01) were more likely to be removed on the basis of psychosocial factors; whilst those referred for a cardiac condition were more likely to be removed for a medical reason (χ2=11.76; p<0.01). Women were significantly (χ2=10.78; p<0.01) more likely to be removed for psychosocial reasons. Patients removed from the scheme for medical reasons were also significantly (F=13.00; p<0.01 ) older than those in the psychosocial group.

Conclusions This study provides support for the introduction of a CRM within a countywide physical activity referral scheme. The need for existing referral guidelines to be extended to include holistic recom mendations with regard to both the medical conditions that are appropriate for referral and also the stage of readiness of the patient to take-up the referral is recommended.
Newborn screening information supports public health more than informed choice
Authors: Hargreaves Katrina , Stewart Ruth , Oliver Sandy
Published: March 2007

Objective To appraise information resources on newborn blood spot screening currently available for parents and health professionals internationally.

Method Health information on newborn blood spot screening was sourced internationally through the internet and, in the United Kingdom, through health service providers and support organisations. An appraisal tool was developed based on DISCERN criteria for evaluating information about patient treatment choices and UK National Screening Committee criteria for determining whether a screening programme should be implemented. Two researchers independently applied the appraisal tool to all the leaflets describing the heel prick, then discussed and resolved discrepancies. Results The majority of leaflets supported the public health agenda by informing parents of the benefits of screening, including the significance of early detection and treatment for these conditions. Few leaflets, however, supported the informed choice agenda by mentioning either the limitations of screening, or choice, or by being easy to read.

Conclusion Most health information about newborn blood spot screening portrays it in a positive light, and relatively few leaflets address the difficulties openly. We recommend the use of criteria for high-quality patient information alongside topic or condition-specific guidelines as a starting point for developing patient information.
A pilot project to develop and assess a health education programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Atak Nazli , Arslan Umit
Published: March 2007

Objectioe The current research was designed to develop a health education programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the Taba- Tyler model and to evaluate its effect.

Design The study was quasi-experimental in design.

Setting Fifty-five patients from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, University Hospital of Ankara.

Method An education programme was developed on the basis of the Taba-Tyler model. Subjects received two educational sequential forty- minute sessions. The objectives of the education programme covered knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus. To assess the effect of the programme, a test was developed which was applied at the beginning and at the end of each session. The mean of the correct answers of pre- and post-tests were analysed to assess the effect of the programme. The results were also analysed across the independent variables demographic and medical characteristics.

Results In every content area, the percentage of correct answers increased approximately from 45.0 per cent to 75.0 per cent. The score of pre-test was 11.7 ± 4.7 and the score of post-test was 17.8 ±. 3.5. The difference between two scores was statistically significant. Independent variables such as employment status and having a family history of diabetes, influenced the level of knowledge of diabetes (p<0.05).

Conclusion This study reported a change in knowledge, but no evidence was collected to determine whether any behaviour changes occurred.
Filmstrips
Authors: Coppen Helen
Published: March 2007

The following four filmstrips have been produced by Camera Talks, 23 Denmark Place, London, W.C.2, in collaboration with certain public bodies or commercial firms. Although the colour photography is for the most part attractive, the quality of these productions as a whole does not compare favourably with others on the market ; moreover, they are expensive. The notes that accompany the strips are carelessly compiled and produced.
■Health Education Policy and Accidental Child Poisoning
Authors: Calnan M.W.
Published: March 2007

IN THE last few months the topic of accidental child poisoning has been frequently discussed in the media. This has been primarily due to the Safety Packaging for Medi cines Bill which at time of writing is about to receive its second reading in the Commons. The Bill proposes to make it compulsory for all prescribed and non-prescribed medicines which would be fatal to young children, to have child-proof opening devices fitted.
The Health Centre as a focal point for health education
Authors: Dalzell-Ward A.J.
Published: March 2007

EVEN at the time of the drafting of the 1946 NHS Act the potential of the Health Centre as a place where Health Education could be carried on was already realized. Indeed this potential was exploited in a few instances where Health Centres were purpose built but the health education activities were mainly confined to those to be expected in the maternal and child health service.
The Argument for Fluoridation
Authors: Jackson Douglas
Published: March 2007

THERE IS a crisis in the British National Health Service. An early collapse has been forecast by the British Medical Association unless the NHS receives an early and substantial injection of more money. The problems are deep and widespread. They have their origins in the gross imbalance between resources and ever increasing needs and demands. This is particularly so in dentistry.
Towards a plan for envi ron mental health education
Authors: Nicklin Lewis
Published: March 2007

• THIS paper seeks to demonstrate the need for Environmental Health Officers to become more involved in health education and suggests some of the things to be done. It deals with some of the reasons that health education is as it is, the task that requires attention, some of the considerations involved in planning for action and chances of success. Finally it draws conclusion and makes recommendations.
Influences affecting the increasing use of psychotropic drugs — especially by women
Authors: Waghorn Judith M.
Published: March 2007

PSYCHOACTIVE substances are being manufactured and dispensed in greater quantities than ever before. Eight and a half million psychotropic drugs are taken by the British Public every day, thus showing a phenomenal increase in this form of treatment for mental illness since the drugs were discovered and introduced 25 years ago.
Ineffectiveness of health warning in cigarette smoking related diseases
Authors: Khosla T.
Published: March 2007

MEASURES TO control smoking have met with little success, except among doctors and others in the higher social classes. About 50 per cent of middle-aged males smoke cigarettes. The message that cigarette smoking may cause lung cancer is hard to get across, because 97·7 per cent of smokers do not get lung cancer, and the concept of relative risk is too scientific for the general population. Some of the present health warnings are judged inef fective. Although the probability of lung cancer among cigarette smokers is small (3 per 1,000 in males aged 45-64), the probability that a man had smoked given that a lung cancer death has occurred is very high (909 per 1,000 lung cancer deaths). The specific warning: "90 per cent of lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema deaths occur among cigarette smokers", is likely to be a powerful deterrent in preventive programmes.
A survey of attitudes to health among school leavers
Authors: Silman Alan J.
Published: March 2007

A PILOT study was con ducted in a comprehensive school among 55 per cent of the school-leaving age group. The aims were to find a simple method of obtaining information about attitudes to health, knowledge and health behaviour patterns, and to study their inter relations.

The questionnaire devel oped for the study proved acceptable to the children concerned, and the results obtained were analysed. It would appear that there is incongruity between be haviour, knowledge and attitudes.

It is concluded that future studies should search out those behaviour patterns which are healthy and con gruous in relation to pre vailing attitudes.
Cigarette smoking among secondary school children in 1975: its prevalence and some of the factors that promote smoking
Authors: Rawbone R.G. , Keeling C.A. , Jenkins A.
Published: March 2007

A QUESTIONNAIRE relating to smoking habits, respiratory symptoms and health attitudes was ad ministered to 10,498 secondary school children in 1975.

The results reported in this paper suggest that the prev alence of smoking in boys, when compared with pre vious studies, has fallen, while in girls it has remained steady.

Despite this, boys continue to smoke more heavily and at an earlier age than girls.

The factors demonstrated which would appear to in fluence smoking rates in clude parental, sibling and peer smoking habits, amount of income from both pocket money and part-time ear nings, immigration and, to a lesser extent, academic achievement.
Alcohol in teenage cultures
Authors: Dorn Nicholas
Published: March 2007

THIS article describes the approach and general health education conclusions of a recent research project. A materialist approach, focusing upon the social and economic structure of the local area, and upon how teenagers (of specific social class, gender, etc) construct a "youth culture' in response to those circumstances, is outlined. Round drinking in a specific inner city teenage culture, called "service sector youth culture", is described as a celebration of independence and sex- equality. Health education that talks of drinking as a form of dependency (eg dependency on alcohol, or upon the 'peer pressure' supposedly applied by other teenagers) cannot engage drinking in a culture structured by social relations of independence. Some general conclusions on the need to reform health education, so that it bases itself in an appreciation of the material conditions and cultures of social groups, are drawn.
Comparative assessment of two booklets about rheumatoid arthritis, intended for use by patients
Authors: Wilkinson Peter , Tylden-Pattenson Lesley , Gould Judith , Wood Patricia
Published: March 2007

INCREASES in patient knowledge after reading booklets about rheu matoid arthritis demonstrated the effectiveness of written material as a teaching aid. Two groups of patients (35 and 37 in number) in a specialist hospital acted as their own controls. Group A, after read ing a booklet produced by the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council, increased their scores by a mean of 21 per cent. Group B, after reading a booklet produced by the Leeds Health Education Service, and containing substantially more information, achieved a 45 per cent average increase, indicating that this is the more effective of the two. Overall low scores before reading indicate a need for more patient education.
The effectiveness of the Health Education Council's
Authors: Murray M. , Swan A.V. , Enock C. , Johnson M.R.D. , Banks M.H. , Reid D.J.
Published: March 2007

IN 1977/78 the Health Education Council Project 'My Body' was introduced into a number of junior schools in Sheffield and Derbyshire, England. The aim of this project was to discourage children from smoking by increasing their awareness of the health hazards involved. A ques tionnaire survey of the children's smoking behaviour, knowledge and attitudes one year after they completed the project suggests that it had a beneficial effect, especially amongst boys.
The use of films in drug education — a review
Authors: Pickens K.A.
Published: March 2007

ALTHOUGH films are commonly used in drug educa tion programmes — and may indeed form the entire programme — there has been little research into their effectiveness. There is no evidence of the advantages of film over other methods, and in the long term, there appears to be little difference between the effects of different kinds of film. The impact of a film varies according to the characteristics of the audi ence. Drug education films should be more closely targeted at specific audiences.
Conception, misconception or contraception
Authors: Eden Penelope J.
Published: March 2007

Should all secondary schools be compelled to provide, as part of the core-curriculum, sex education and education for parenthood, emphasising the importance of establishing stable, happy, loving relationships before the addition of a child?
The rationale for sex education in the school curriculum
Authors: Hayton Paul
Published: March 2007

AFTER her recent victory in the High Court, Mrs Victoria Gillick was heard to say "Sex education and that sort of rubbish will have to be a lot more careful what it tells children". But is sex education responsible for most of the guidance given to youngpeople in our society, and their resulting behaviour? In reality, there is reason to suspect that little sex education worthy of the name takes place in schools, and if we are to improve matters it is necessary from time to time to restate the strong arguments for sex education in the curriculum. Many of the arguments have important implications for health education in general.
The effects of directly mailed health education material on the uptake of measles vaccine in North and West Belfast
Authors: Sloan David SG
Published: March 2007

A RANDOMISED controlled intervention study of the effect on the uptake of measles vaccine of directly mailed health education material was carried out. The study population was 13-month-old children living in north and west Belfast where measles immunisation levels are very low. Parents of half the children were posted a copy of the Health Education Council's leaflet Measles is Misery plus a covering letter. Six months after intervention the immunisa tion status of both intervention and control groups was ascertained. No significant difference in vaccine uptake was found. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed, and alternative approaches suggested.
Promoting the health of young people - the role of personal and social education
Authors: Tones Keith
Published: March 2007

THIS paper examines the implications for the health and social education of young people of three potentially conflicting influences: a tradition of liberal education which emphasises the importance of personal growth, social development and informed choice; central pressure on the education system to achieve utilitarian outcomes - both in general and in relation to the prevention of disease; and a new 'health promotion' movement.
In-service training for health visitors
Authors: Barrow Marjorie , Lancaster Joan
Published: March 2007

AN in-service training programme in health education for health visitors has been developed by the health education department for East and West Cumbria Health Authorities (formerly Cumbria Area Health Authority). It has now been in operation for four years and is an integral part of both the health visitors in-service programme and of the work of the health education department.
The portrayal of alcohol on television
Authors: Hansen Anders
Published: March 2007

THIS paper presents the results of a systematic con tent analysis of the portrayal of alcohol in two weeks of prime time television programmes. The analysis takes its point of departure in the argument that, in order to begin to understand the possible contri bution of television to alcohol-related beliefs and practices, it is necessary to look beyond the tra ditional research focus on persuasive communi cation, and examine the images of alcohol in television programmes generally. The analysis shows that alcohol images are prominent, particu larly in fictional programmes. Alcohol consumption is associated with pleasant sociable behaviour and with glamorous and affluent life-styles. There is little portrayal of the potentially negative effects and con sequences of drinking. Directions for further research are suggested.
Aids experience in seven European countries
Authors: Newman Mike
Published: March 2007

Earlier this year, the West German Federal Centre for Health Education sent researchers to seven European countries. Their brief was to discover what action was being taken against Aids. The reports have kindly been made available to the Journal; Mike Newman assesses them.
West coast lessons — Aids in San Francisco
Authors: Searle E. Stephen
Published: March 2007

San Francisco, a city which has experienced some of the worst effects of the Aids epidemic, has devised ways of dealing with the problems which are applicable here. A British doctor went to explore and came back impressed.
Letting the genie out of the bottle
Authors: Knight Sally T.
Published: March 2007

In the health field, consumer education has lagged behind due to medical paternalism and the complexities of relationships between doctor and patient. But, says Sally Knight, the tide is turning, and information is a powerful tool both for education, and for enhancing communication between GPs and the public.
Safer sex guidelines for heterosexuals
Authors: Setters Jo
Published: March 2007

PERSUADING people to change their sexual behaviour is tricky, especially if they believe they are afforded some protection against Aids by virtue of not being members of so-called high risk groups. This article argues that the problem is excerbated by the fact that the 'safer sex' message has so far seemed irrelevant to most of the population.
Taking charge — strategies for self-empowered health behaviour among older people
Authors: Bernard Miriam
Published: March 2007

RECENT campaigns aimed at increasing awareness of health issues amongst older people have contrib uted much to the debates about health education and health promotion. Unfortunately though, publicity campaigns fail to address the very practical aspects of how we might help older people develop self- empowered health behaviour. This article considers firstly what it means to be poor and powerless and describes seven key factors which facilitate self- empowered health behaviour. These are then related to an innovative health project being developed with older people in Stoke-on-Trent, funded jointly by the Beth Johnson Foundation and the EEC under its Second Poverty Programme.
Community health-related physical fitness testing and the National Garden Festival Health Fair at Stoke-on-Trent
Authors: Bailey Cynthia , Biddle Stuart
Published: March 2007

A brief review of the literature on the effectiveness of health-related fitness (HRF) tests in the promotion of exercise is presented. The paper then describes one particular community project which used HRF tests as part of exercise promotion. The purpose of such a project was to give people some indication of their present cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility with a view to highlighting the components of HRF and areas of concern for future action. Other measures, such as self-reported activity patterns, smoking, alcohol, and diet were also taken. During the six months of the Festival in 1986, over 250,000 people visited the Health Fair (HF), and 15,000 volunteered to take the fitness tests; 13,373 were actually completed. As part of the evalu ation of the HRF tests at the HF, a sample of 3,000 (500 per month) was used. A follow-up survey on 350 was mailed 12 months after the end of the Festival and 173 people replied. The follow-up survey showed that just under 50 per cent of males followed their 8-week exercise programme (given to them after their HRF tests) for the recommended time period. However, this figure dropped to 21.4 per cent for females. Of those who started exercise after their HRF tests, 12.5 per cent (females) and 18.4 per cent (males) gave up within two months, otherwise most were still involved (87.5 per cent females, 71.4 per cent males) after 12 months. Subjective feelings reported in the follow-up survey were generally positive with the majority 'feeling fitter' and reporting being mentally alert, having more energy and feelings of well-being. There was some indication that other health behaviours changed alongside exercise.
Evaluation in community development
Authors: Stewart-Brown S.L. , Prothero D.L.
Published: March 2007

THE health of deprived communities is almost always poor relative to health in other areas, yet these communities present problems for health pro moters. The immediate social and financial needs of residents are frequently so great that future health ranks low among personal priorities. Generating interest in health and enabling residents to make health promoting changes both to their environment and their way of life can be achieved, using the com munity development approach, and many health promoters feel that this is an essential ingredient of success in such communities. However, they may experience difficulty in convincing the more tra ditional professionals in control of resources that this is legitimate health service activity. There is a need to demonstrate that community development can be effective, but the methodological problems in eval uating such projects outnumber very considerably the solutions. This paper reviews a number of poss ible approaches to evaluating community develop ment, and describes one which we undertook in a health orientated community development project in Bristol.
A multi-disciplinary approach to the prevention of coronary heart disease
Authors: Bennett Paul , Blackall Mary , Clapham Michael , Little Shelley , Player David
Published: March 2007

THE South Birmingham Coronary Prevention Project is described, in which health checks by practice nurses in GPs' surgeries are combined with direct patient access to a secondary referral system. Where appropriate, health check attenders are offered the choice of either counselling by the practice nurse, direct referral to their GP, or direct referral to second ary intervention, including dietary advice for patients with high serum cholesterol, stress manage ment training for mild hypertension, and smoking cessation groups run by specialist workers. Further developments of the project may be toward increas ing areas of nurses intervention, for example running lipid clinics, and combining with Look After Your Heart! in the workplace. Progress in each of these areas is described and discussed.
Understanding drug misuse - linking theory with practice
Authors: Wright Linda , Tones Keith , Howe Barbara
Published: March 2007

THE Health Action Model has been incorporated into a training manual for drug education, as a theoretical framework for understanding drug misuse. The applications of the model to drug misuse are briefly discussed. The part it plays in the drug education training materials and the responses of those par ticipating in the course are described.
Encouraging participation in breast-screening
Authors: Eardley Anne , Elkind Andrea , Hobbs Patricia , McGuinness Helen
Published: March 2007

BREAST cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in the UK resulting in 15,000 deaths annually. The recommendations of the Forrest Report 1 inaugurated the development of the first national breast screening service in the world. How ever, a minimum uptake of seventy per cent is required if the scheme is to achieve its objective of significantly reducing mortality from breast cancer by detecting the disease at an earlier stage. Green 2 identifies three sets of factors — predisposing, en abling and reinforcing — which combine to influence health behaviour. In this paper, we use Green's fac tors as a framework to examine how the breast screening service was set up in Manchester and we report the findings of a pilot consumer satisfaction survey to illuminate the issues involved.
Rethinking health education theory
Authors: Caplan Russell , Holland Ray
Published: March 2007

DRAWING on the example of mental health, the authors argue that existing health education theory rests on partial analysis and personal views of society and its organisation. A more broadly-based approach is advocated, and a theoretical map pro vided to inform future debate.
A controlled study of the effect of one lesson on the knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren concerning HIV and Aids
Authors: Hämäläinen Sirkku , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka
Published: March 2007

FINNISH schoolchildren's knowledge of HIV infec tion, Aids and other sexually transmitted diseases has been shown to be good. The aim of this study was to evaluate if it is possible in one 45-minute lesson to increase pupils' knowledge about Aids, HIV infec tion and other sexually transmitted diseases and to change their attitudes towards HIV positive persons and the prevention of Aids. The sample consisted of 332 15-year-old pupils at nine elementary schools randomly selected from the 12 elementary schools in the city of Oulu. A controlled study design with pre- and post-intervention evaluations was used, with a questionnaire circulated before, and again six weeks after, the intervention lesson. One lesson had a sig nificant effect on the level of knowledge about Aids and HIV infection in pupils of both sexes. The ques tionnaire itself, without any lesson, was sufficient stimulus to increase the knowledge of the girls but not of the boys in the control group. No clear change in attitudes towards the prevention of Aids or towards people with HIV infection was noticed in this study.
Cycling behaviour and cycle helmet use: a survey of university students
Authors: Unwin Nigel
Published: March 2007

A QUESTIONNAIRE survey of university students was undertaken in 1989 to investigate the determi nants of cycling and cycle helmet use. Women were less likely to cycle than men. The main reasons people gave for cycling were economy and con venience. The main reasons people gave for not cyc ling were danger and the risk of bike theft. Different attitudes to the appearance, practicality, and com fort of cycle helmets distinguished to some extent between cyclists who said they would use one regu larly if given a voucher to buy one, and those who would not. This paper suggests ways in which the public health benefits of cycling could be promoted on the basis of findings reported here.
Knowledge and sexual behaviour related to HIV and AIDS of female sex workers in Singapore
Authors: Wong M.L. , Tan T.C. , Ho M.L. , Lim J.Y. , Lim R. , Wan S. , Chan R.
Published: March 2007

A survey among 806 brothel-based sex workers found that over 90 per cent were well informed of the seriousness of HIV and AIDS, modes of transmission and the effectiveness of condom use. Although the majority (73 per cent) always negotiated condom use with clients, they were successful with only half of them. Perceived barriers and low self-efficacy, rather than lack of knowledge, were found to be related to condom negotiation. Sex workers should be taught improved negotiation skills, and health education should be targeted at clients and brothel keepers to promote condom use.
The recruitment strategy for Towards health: an action research project for schools
Authors: Denman Susan , Pearson James , Skuriat Veronica , Reeves Jane , Madeley Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the procedures employed to recruit ten primary and ten secondary schools to participate in an action research project in Nottinghamshire from May to July 1993. The principal aim of the recruitment drive was to provide a group of volunteer schools from which the pilot schools could be selected. Thirty-four per cent of all school types replied to the first stage of publicity. The response was 14 per cent in the application stage. Wide variations were observed in response rates across the eight education areas and more secondary than primary schools replied and applied, Both primary and secondary schools tended to prioritise curriculum planning, co-ordination, and staff in-service training, for development, as opposed to wider health promotion issues. Recommenda tions are made to boost application rates, and some of the findings are discussed within the context of the current state of development of health education and promotion in schools.
Safety practices among parents and children in a primary care setting
Authors: Woods Alison , Kendrick Denise , Rushton Lesley
Published: March 2007

This study assessed parental and child safety practice, appropriate to the age of the child, and perceptions of the age at which a variety of activities were considered to be safe in the areas of home, road and leisure safety. A postal questionnaire was sent to parents of all 771 children on the age-sex register of one suburban general practice in Nottingham. A response rate of 78 per cent was obtained. The reliability of responses was high. The majority of parents and children reported safe practices most of the time. Notable exceptions included drinking hot drinks while holding a baby, not putting cold water in the bath first, leaving children under four alone in the bath, allowing children under three to play with toys small enough to go into their mouths, not using booster cushions in the car, and not wearing cycle helmets. Parental perceptions of the age at which it is safe to allow children to undertake various activities are similar to those recommended, except the majority of parents stated an age at which children could tell the difference between sweets and medicines. Parental inconsistencies between perceptions and behaviour were greatest with regard to leaving children alone in the bath, not using stairgates or providing cycle helmets and allowing children to play with small toys. It is concluded that most of these parents adopted safe behaviour most of the time and most were aware of the age at which children can undertake a variety of activities safely. It is unlikely that the primary health care team will be effective in reducing accidental injuries, if it relies solely on the educational approach emph asised in The Health o f the Nation.
Theatre in education on HIV and AIDS: a controlled study of schoolchildren's knowledge and attitudes
Authors: Denman Susan , Pearson James , Moody Deborah , Davis Pauline , Madeley Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper presents part of the findings of an evaluation study which measured the impact of Someone Like You, a theatre in HIV and AIDS education programme, devised for schoolchildren. Data on knowledge and attitudes related to HIV and AIDS were obtained before and after the intervention using a confidential, self-completed questionnaire. The chil dren participating in the study were aged 13-14 years. All were atten ding 12 Nottinghamshire secondary schools which reported the inclusion of HIV and AIDS education in their curricula; 252 children in the experimental group and 428 children in the control group completed both pre- and post-tests. At pre-test, konwledge levels were high for the main transmis sion routes and risk factors for HIV infection, with some confusion existing over the safety of kissing, receiving blood transfusions in the UK and donating blood. After the intervention the experimental group showed significantly bigger gains in knowledge than the control group, in these areas. Attitudes were generally positive at the start of the study. However, the experimental group shows significantly greater shifts towards the positive and of the attitude continuum in areas related to the right of HIV-positive children to go to school confidentiality regarding these children's HIV status and use of condoms signifying caring relationships.It is cluded that 'Someone Like You improved knowledge levels and influenced the attitudes of the children participating in the initiative.
Coronary heart disease and physical activity in South Asian women: local context and challenges
Authors: Hine Christine , Fenton Steve , Hughes Anthony O. , Velleman Gill
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses some of the findings of the Bristol Black and Ethnic Minority Health Survey, especially in relation to local plans to improve opportunities for South Asian women to become more physically active. Low levels of participation in exercise sessions were reported in the survey, particularly among Pakistani women. Many of the South Asian women whom we interviewed have poor self-assessed health and limited know ledge of English; they are also economically disadvantaged. It seems likely that exercise sessions outside the home will not reach many of these women. A project has been funded to discuss the research with local women, to identify exercise facilities and improve opportunities for South Asian women to become more active. In what follows we discuss findings relating to all South Asian women but subsequently with particular regard to Pakistani women, the largest single group.
Dieting behaviour and views of young children in Wales
Authors: Blissett Jackie , Lysons Tony , Norman Paul
Published: March 2007

A study is reported into the dieting behaviour and views of young children in Wales during April-July 1994. Interviews were conducted with 100 boys and girls from two age groups (six and nine years old). The results indicated that over 50 per cent of the children thought it was healthy to be thin, 30 per cent expressed a desire to be thinner and 20 per cent reported cutting down on their food intake at some point in order to lose weight. Dieting behaviour and concerns were more common among overweight and female children. The results are discussed in relation to the various pressures children may experience to avoid being overweight.
Health promoting schools: lessons from working intersectorally with primary schools in Australia
Authors: Williams Phillip , Weston Ros , McWhirter Jenny , James Erica , Moore Deborah , Coulter Bernie , Titheridge Cheryl , Halverson Jan , Potter Jane
Published: March 2007

This paper provides suggestions for those who seek to aid schools in becoming more active in health promotion. The lessons provided have been gleaned by working with a network of schools in a socially disadvantaged region over a period of three years. The project began because of concern about high rates of adult heart disease. There are how 15 primdry schools that have adopted a healthy promoting schools approach involving curriculum and environmental change along with community involvement. The key to success has been the project's local community base, consideration of the schools' core business and support by outside agencies. When planning school programmes, it is important to identify and develop projects based on local community need, to plan a recruitment strategy to engage schools in the project and to tailor programmes to complement the core activity of the school. During the implementation phase, involving the whole school community, establishing harmonious relationships using credible external agencies to advocate and support the project and conducting in-service training can enhance the programme. Providing support and follow-up to schools and teachers helps to ensure continuity. Mobilising the local community and providing public relations support appears to be important to the schools. The final lesson is to be patient and to realise that change in schools takes time.
A general practice trial of health education advice and HRT to prevent bone loss
Authors: Steele K. , McKnight A. , Gilchrist C. , Bennett D. , Taggart H.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-four women were randomised to a two-year prospective study comparing advice and written information on diet and exercise with similar advice and information supplemented by hormone replacement therapy. Both groups were given a menopausal questionnaire and had bone mineral density measured at entry and after two years on treatment. Patients taking HRT were significantly less likely to complain of anxiety, vaginal dryness and hot flushes but singificantly more likely to complain of weight gain. There was a 20 per cent increase in bone mineral density within the HRT group after two years treatment and althouth clinically significant this just failed to reach statistical significance.
A nutrition intervention programme for lower secondary schools in Greece
Authors: Hassapidou MN , Fotiadou E. , Maglara E.
Published: March 2007

A pilot nutrition intervention programme for schoolchildren was designed and carried out under the EU programme 'Europe against cancer', from September 1994 until June 1995. Seventy-three students, aged 13-14 years, took part in the study as the intervention group, and 53 more students as the control group. The aim was to develop and implement a nutrition education programme for lower secondary schools with emphasis on the prevention of cancer. Therefore, attention was focused on encouraging, the consumption of fruit and vegetables. The programme was accomplished in three three stages: the assessment of the dietary intakes of the participating adolescents; the intervention-education which lasted ten weeks; and the reassessment of dietary intakes in order to evaluate the impact of the intervention. The intervention did not result in major changes in the dietary habits of the children although small improvements have been observed. The programme has been positively accepted by the administration of the schools and all the participating students showed great interest.
Whose neighbourhood? Whose quality of life? Developing a new agenda for children's health in urban settings
Authors: Davis Adrian , Jones Linda
Published: March 2007

Children and young people have been conceptualised in urban planning as problems and the result has been their marginalisation and increasing exclusion from a hostile urban environment. We need to learn more about their needs and aspirations, if health promoters and urban policy-makers are to transform children's environments and improve their quality of life. This study reports on findings from a semi-structured questionnaire completed by 9-11-year-olds and 13-14-year-olds in a major UK city. It explores how children spend their leisure time, how they use their local areas, what activities they value, how they travel and how they view health and quality of life. It suggests that declining participation in organised sport may be a less serious issue for health promoters than the more widespread evidence of children's inactivity, lack of access and sense of insecurity and fear. Such factors are endangering their health, both social and physical, and justify a new urban agenda through which children and young people can be empowered.
The ecological approach in health promotion programmes: the views of health promotion workers in Canada
Authors: Richard Lucie , Potvin Louise , Mansi Omaïma
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes, beliefs, and values related to the ecological approach among health education and health promotion workers. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The sam ple consisted of 157 health education/promotion workers involved in Canadian regional public health organisations. The response rate was 79 per cent. Respondents tended to know the ecological approach, perceived it as effective, and acknowledged a need for interventions aimed at modifying people's environment. However, many respondents perceived that they had insufficient competencies to operationalise the ecological approach. A sizeable proportion of respondents seemed to hold values inconsistent with the ecological approach. Compared to doctors/dentists, nurses expressed a higher satisfaction with interventions targeting individuals. In general, respondents' cognitive profile was favourable to the ecological approach. It is hypothesised that the particular patterns of response obtained for some scales might be related to the respondents' previous training.
Psychosocial and health factors associated with school children's perceived benefits of the health dialogue in Denmark
Authors: Borup Ina
Published: March 2007

The study is the Danish contribution to the WHO collaborative study, Health Behaviour in Schoolchildren. A nationwide random sample of pupils, 11, 13 and 15 years old ( N=4046), answered a standardised questionnaire in 1994 about perceived health, health behaviour, social factors and contact with the school nurse. In the bivariate analysis, significant predictors of a very good health dialogue were: a high degree of satisfaction with life, satisfaction with school, good social integration, high academic achievement, not being isolated from classmates, not feeling pressured due to school work, confidence, suitable body-image, a very good self-rated health, no weekly symptoms, high levels of physical activity and healthy diet. The final model of a multivariate analysis revealed five predictors of a very good health dialogue: students' choice of the content of the health dialogue, satisfaction with school, wellbeing at school, very good self-rated health and high academic achievement.
The perceived impact of a workplace smoking ban on the work routines of smokers
Authors: Parry Odette , Platt Stephen , Thomson Carolyn
Published: March 2007

The paper is derived from an evaluation of a workplace smoking ban implemented at a major Scottish university. The evaluation relied on a combination of methods including analysis of policy documentation, a full-staff postal questionnaire, qual itative interviews with key members of the implementation process and participant observation of staff support classes. Drawing on the questionnaire data (including both quantitative and qualitative responses), the paper explores the ways in which patterns of work were perceived to be negatively affected by the ban and the impli cations for relationships between smokers and non-smokers at work.
Illicit drug use: information-giving strategies requested by students in higher education
Authors: Aveyard H.
Published: March 2007

This study forms part of a two-year project at a UK university in which the provision of information to students about illicit drugs was explored alongside the development of supportive systems and policies within the university. A questionriaire and focus-group study was undertaken to identify students' perceived need for information and support. Students rejected the traditional 'one-off' campaigning strategy in favour of an on-going process of information- giving which occurs unobtrusively in the course of everyday life. Specifically, this information should focus on the confidential nature of help available and the implications of drug-taking while at university.