bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of plasma efavirenz concentrations among HIV-positive patients taking efavirenz-containing combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Huang Sung-Hsi , Lin Shu-Wen , Chang Sui-Yuan , Lin Ya-Ting , Chiang Chieh , Hsiao Chin-Fu , Sun Hsin-Yun , Liu Wen-Chun , Su Yi-Ching , Hung Chien-Ching , Chang Shan-Chwen
Published: November 2017

We investigated the predictors of plasma mid-dose concentrations (C12) of efavirenz by enrolling 456 HIV-positive patients who had received 2 nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors plus efavirenz (600 mg daily) for 2 weeks or longer and had their CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism and efavirenz C12 determined. The median efavirenz C12 was 2.41 mg/L (IQR, 1.93–3.14). In analysis of covariance models, patients with CYP2B6 516GT and TT genotypes compared to those with GG genotype had higher efavirenz C12 (for GT genotype, an increase by 0.976 mg/L [95%CI, 0.765–1.188], and TT genotype, 4.871 mg/L [95%CI, 4.126–5.616]), while per 10-kg increment in weight decreased C12 by 0.199 mg/L (95%CI, 0.111–0.287). Models incorporating CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism and weight had moderate predictive values in predicting efavirenz C12 ≥ 2 mg/L (ROC area under curve = 0.706 [95%CI, 0.656–0.756]). In the absence of CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism, weight ≤58 kg provided better predictabilities for efavirenz C12 ≥ 2 mg/L (probability, 77.1% [95%CI, 69.0–83.5%] for weight = 50 kg and 70.6% [95%CI, 64.1–76.4%] for weight = 58 kg).
Genome-wide meta-analysis in Japanese populations identifies novel variants at the TMC6–TMC8 and SIX3–SIX2 loci associated with HbA1c
Authors: Hachiya Tsuyoshi , Komaki Shohei , Hasegawa Yutaka , Ohmomo Hideki , Tanno Kozo , Hozawa Atsushi , Tamiya Gen , Yamamoto Masayuki , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Nakamura Motoyuki , Hitomi Jiro , Ishigaki Yasushi , Sasaki Makoto , Shimizu Atsushi
Published: November 2017

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of diabetes, for population-level screening, and for monitoring the glycaemic status during medical treatment. Although the heritability of HbA1c has been estimated at ~55–75%, a much smaller proportion of phenotypic variance is explained by the HbA1c-associated variants identified so far. To search for novel loci influencing the HbA1c levels, we conducted a genome-wide meta-analysis of 2 non-diabetic Japanese populations (n = 7,704 subjects in total). We identified 2 novel loci that achieved genome-wide significance: TMC6–TMC8 (P = 5.3 × 10−20) and SIX3–SIX2 (P = 8.6 × 10−9). Data from the largest-scale European GWAS conducted for HbA1c supported an association between the novel TMC6–TMC8 locus and HbA1c (P = 2.7 × 10−3). The association analysis with glycated albumin and glycation gap conducted using our Japanese population indicated that the TMC6–TMC8 and SIX3–SIX2 loci may influence the HbA1c level through non-glycaemic and glycaemic pathways, respectively. In addition, the pathway-based analysis suggested that the linoleic acid metabolic and 14-3-3-mediated signalling pathways were associated with HbA1c. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that modulate the HbA1c level in non-diabetic subjects.
Quantitative analysis of biofluid spots by coated blade spray mass spectrometry, a new approach to rapid screening
Authors: Gómez-Ríos Germán Augusto , Tascon Marcos , Reyes-Garcés Nathaly , Boyacı Ezel , Poole Justen , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: November 2017

This study demonstrates the quantitative capabilities of coated blade spray (CBS) mass spectrometry (MS) for the concomitant analysis of multiple target substances in biofluid spots. In CBS-MS the analytes present in a given sample are first isolated and enriched in the thin coating of the CBS device. After a quick rinsing of the blade surface, as to remove remaining matrix, the analytes are quickly desorbed with the help of a solvent and then directly electrosprayed into the MS analyzer. Diverse pain management drugs, controlled substances, and therapeutic medications were successfully determined using only 10 µL of biofluid, with limits of quantitation in the low/sub ng·mL−1 level attained within 7 minutes.
Theoretical investigations on microwave Fano resonances in 3D-printable hollow dielectric resonators
Authors: Lee Eunsongyi , Seo In Cheol , Jeong Hoon Yeub , An Soo-Chan , Jun Young Chul
Published: November 2017

High-index dielectric structures have recently been studied intensively for Mie resonances at optical frequencies. These dielectric structures can enable extreme light manipulation, similar to that which has been achieved with plasmonic nanostructures. In the microwave region, dielectric resonators and metamaterials can be fabricated directly using 3D printing, which is advantageous for fabricating structurally complicated 3D geometries. It is therefore especially suitable for the fabrication of subwavelength structures. Here we report theoretical investigations on microwave Fano resonances in 3D-printable dielectric materials and structures. In particular, we propose and analyse 3D-printable, hollow, dielectric resonators with relatively low refractive indices, which exhibit sharp Fano resonances. We can control the interaction between bright and dark modes in a coupled dielectric particle pair by adjusting the inner-hole size, and thus we can increase the radiative Q factors further. We also find that Fano resonances in these hollow dielectric resonators are very sensitive to an index change in the surrounding medium, which could be useful for long-distance environmental sensing. New possibilities and opportunities are opening up with the rapid development of 3D-printing technologies. Our findings and the detailed investigations reported here can provide useful guidelines for future photonic devices based on 3D-printable materials and structures.
A novel bi-domain plant defensin MtDef5 with potent broad-spectrum antifungal activity binds to multiple phospholipids and forms oligomers
Authors: Islam Kazi T. , Velivelli Siva L. S. , Berg R. Howard , Oakley Blake , Shah Dilip M.
Published: November 2017

Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides contributing to the innate immunity in plants. A unique gene encoding a highly cationic bi-domain defensin MtDef5 has been identified in a model legume Medicago truncatula. MtDef5 consists of two defensin domains of 50 amino acids each linked by a 7-amino acid peptide. It exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity against filamentous fungi at submicromolar concentrations. It rapidly permeabilizes the plasma membrane of the ascomycete fungi Fusarium graminearum and Neurospora crassa and induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species. It is internalized by these fungi, but uses spatially distinct modes of entry into these fungi. It co-localizes with cellular membranes, travels to nucleus and becomes dispersed in other subcellular locations. It binds to several membrane-resident phospholipids with preference for phosphatidylinositol monophosphates and forms oligomers. Mutations of the cationic amino acids present in the two γ-core motifs of this defensin that eliminate oligomerization also knockout its ability to induce membrane permeabilization and fungal growth arrest. MtDef5 is the first bi-domain plant defensin that exhibits potent broad-spectrum antifungal activity, recruits multiple membrane phospholipids and forms oligomers in their presence. These findings raise the possibility that MtDef5 might be useful as a novel antifungal agent in transgenic crops.
Globular Shaped Polypyrrole Doped Well-Dispersed Functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion Composite for Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Application
Authors: Shrestha Bishnu Kumar , Ahmad Rafiq , Shrestha Sita , Park Chan Hee , Kim Cheol Sang
Published: November 2017

Herein, we report preparation of a bio-nanohybrid material of homogenously dispersed functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs) in Nafion (Nf) doped with polypyrrole (PPy) and followed by one-step in situ electrochemical polymerization along with glucose oxidase (GOx) on a platinum (Pt) electrode. The bioengineered Nf-GOx-fMWCNTs-PPy/Pt electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic performance to detect glucose with a high sensitivity (54.2 μAmM−1 cm−2) in linear range of up to 4.1 mM as well as a low detection limit of 5 μM (S/N = 3), response time within 4 s, good selectivity, stability, and practical applicability. It is our hope that the comprehensive results will contribute to design an efficient glucose biosensor with practical prospects for biomedical applications.
High miR-205 expression in normal epithelium is associated with biochemical failure - an argument for epithelial crosstalk in prostate cancer?
Authors: Nordby Yngve , Richardsen Elin , Ness Nora , Donnem Tom , Patel Hiten R. H. , Busund Lill-Tove , Bremnes Roy M. , Andersen Sigve
Published: November 2017

Due to insufficient prognostic tools, failure to predict aggressive prostate cancer (PC) has left patient selection for radical treatment an unsolved challenge. This has resulted in overtreatment with radical therapy. Better prognostic tools are urgently warranted. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular pathways, resulting in altered gene expressions. miR-205 has previously been observed downregulated in PC, acting as tumor suppressor. Herein, the expression of miR-205 in prostate tissue was examined in a large, well-described cohort of 535 Norwegian prostatectomy patients. Using in situ hybridization, miR-205 expression was semiquantatively measured in normal and tumor tissues from radical prostatectomy specimens. Associations with clinicopathological data and PC relapse were calculated. Expression of miR-205 was lower in tumor epithelium compared to normal epithelium. No association was observed between miR-205 expression in primary tumor epithelium and cancer relapse. In contrast, high expression of miR-205 in normal epithelium was independently associated with biochemical relapse (HR = 1.64, p = 0.003). A prognostic importance of miR-205 expression was only found in the normal epithelium, raising the hypothesis of epithelial crosstalk between normal and tumor epithelium in PC. This finding supports the proposed novel hypothesis of an anti-cancerogenous function of normal epithelium in tumor tissue.
Insect-based diet, a promising nutritional source, modulates gut microbiota composition and SCFAs production in laying hens
Authors: Borrelli Luca , Coretti Lorena , Dipineto Ludovico , Bovera Fulvia , Menna Francesca , Chiariotti Lorenzo , Nizza Antonio , Lembo Francesca , Fioretti Alessandro
Published: November 2017

Insects could be potential nutritional sources both for humans and animals. Among these, Hermetia illucens, with good amount of chitin and proteins, represents a suitable diet replacement for laying hens. Little is known about insect diet effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and bacterial metabolites production. In this study we investigated the effect of H. illucens larvae meal administration on cecal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in laying hens. 16S rDNA sequencing showed strong differences between cecal microbiota of soybean (SD) and insect diet (ID) groups both in type and relative abundance (unweighted and weighted beta diversity) of microbial species. In particular, Bacteroides plebeius, Elusimicrobium minutum, Alkaliphilus transvaalensis, Christensenella minuta, Vallitalea guaymasensis and Flavonifractor plautii represented the principal contributors of changes in gut microbiota composition of ID group (FDR p-values < 0.05). Of these, F. plautii, C. minuta and A. transvaalensis have the potential to degrade the chitin’s insect meal and correlated with the observed high levels of gut SCFAs produced in ID group. These microorganisms may thus connect the chitin degradation with high SCFAs production. Our results suggest H. illucens as a potential prebiotic by well feeding gut microbiota.
Nanocarrier-mediated delivery of α-mangostin for non-surgical castration of male animals
Authors: Yostawonkul Jakarwan , Surassmo Suvimol , Namdee Katawut , Khongkow Mattaka , Boonthum Chatwalee , Pagseesing Sasithon , Saengkrit Nattika , Ruktanonchai Uracha Rungsardthong , Chatdarong Kaywalee , Ponglowhapan Suppawiwat , Yata Teerapong
Published: November 2017

The overpopulation of abandoned and stray companion animals has become a global crisis. The main purpose of this study was to develop a novel nanomedicine-based antifertility compound for non-surgical castration of male animals. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract has been shown to exhibit anti-fertility property. α-mangostin (AM)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (AM-NLC) was developed to improve male germ cell apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical properties of AM-NLC and determine the biological effects of AM-NLC on spermatogonia cells and testicular explants obtained from castrated testes. AM-NLC was produced through a hot homogenization technique. The negatively charged particle of AM-NLC was nano-sized with a narrow dispersity. AM-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards spermatogonium cells. It induced apoptosis in the cells. In addition, AM-NLC exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Abnormal anatomy of seminiferous tubule was noted following treatment of testicular explant with AM-NLC. This nanomedicine-based sterilant would be a promising platform that may have utility in non-surgical castration of male animals by intra-testicular injection.
The Aβ oligomer eliminating D-enantiomeric peptide RD2 improves cognition without changing plaque pathology
Authors: van Groen Thomas , Schemmert Sarah , Brener Oleksandr , Gremer Lothar , Ziehm Tamar , Tusche Markus , Nagel-Steger Luitgard , Kadish Inga , Schartmann Elena , Elfgen Anne , Jürgens Dagmar , Willuweit Antje , Kutzsche Janine , Willbold Dieter
Published: November 2017

While amyloid-β protein (Aβ) aggregation into insoluble plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), soluble oligomeric Aβ has been hypothesized to be responsible for synapse damage, neurodegeneration, learning, and memory deficits in AD. Here, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, a rationally designed derivative of the previously described lead compound D3, which has been developed to efficiently eliminate toxic Aβ42 oligomers as a promising treatment strategy for AD. Besides the detailed in vitro characterization of RD2, we also report the results of a treatment study of APP/PS1 mice with RD2. After 28 days of treatment we observed enhancement of cognition and learning behaviour. Analysis on brain plaque load did not reveal significant changes, but a significant reduction of insoluble Aβ42. Our findings demonstrate that RD2 was significantly more efficient in Aβ oligomer elimination in vitro compared to D3. Enhanced cognition without reduction of plaque pathology in parallel suggests that synaptic malfunction due to Aβ oligomers rather than plaque pathology is decisive for disease development and progression. Thus, Aβ oligomer elimination by RD2 treatment may be also beneficial for AD patients.
Crystallite size-dependent metastable phase formation of TiAlN coatings
Authors: Hans Marcus , Music Denis , Chen Yen-Ting , Patterer Lena , Eriksson Anders O. , Kurapov Denis , Ramm Jürgen , Arndt Mirjam , Rudigier Helmut , Schneider Jochen M.
Published: November 2017

It is well known that surface energy differences thermodynamically stabilize nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 over α-Al2O3. Here, through correlative ab initio calculations and advanced material characterization at the nanometer scale, we demonstrate that the metastable phase formation of nanocrystalline TiAlN, an industrial benchmark coating material, is crystallite size-dependent. By relating calculated surface and volume energy contributions to the total energy, we predict the chemical composition-dependent phase boundary between the two metastable solid solution phases of cubic and wurzite Ti1−xAlxN. This phase boundary is characterized by the critical crystallite size d
critical
. Crystallite size-dependent phase stability predictions are in very good agreement with experimental phase formation data where x was varied by utilizing combinatorial vapor phase condensation. The wide range of critical Al solubilities for metastable cubic Ti1−xAlxN from xmax = 0.4 to 0.9 reported in literature and the sobering disagreement thereof with DFT predictions can at least in part be rationalized based on the here identified crystallite size-dependent metastable phase formation. Furthermore, it is evident that predictions of critical Al solubilities in metastable cubic TiAlN are flawed, if the previously overlooked surface energy contribution to the total energy is not considered.
Intraspecific variation and plasticity in mitochondrial oxygen binding affinity as a response to environmental temperature
Authors: Chung Dillon J. , Morrison P. R. , Bryant H. J. , Jung E. , Brauner C. J. , Schulte P. M.
Published: November 2017

Mitochondrial function has been suggested to underlie constraints on whole-organism aerobic performance and associated hypoxia and thermal tolerance limits, but most studies have focused on measures of maximum mitochondrial capacity. Here we investigated whether variation in mitochondrial oxygen kinetics could contribute to local adaptation and plasticity in response to temperature using two subspecies of the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) acclimated to a range of temperatures (5, 15, and 33 °C). The southern subspecies of F. heteroclitus, which has superior thermal and hypoxia tolerances compared to the northern subspecies, exhibited lower mitochondrial O2 P50 (higher O2 affinity). Acclimation to thermal extremes (5 or 33 °C) altered mitochondrial O2 P50 in both subspecies consistent with the effects of thermal acclimation on whole-organism thermal tolerance limits. We also examined differences between subspecies and thermal acclimation effects on whole-blood Hb O2-P50 to assess whether variation in oxygen delivery is involved in these responses. In contrast to the clear differences between subspecies in mitochondrial O2-P50 there were no differences in whole-blood Hb-O2 P50 between subspecies. Taken together these findings support a general role for mitochondrial oxygen kinetics in differentiating whole-organism aerobic performance and thus in influencing species responses to environmental change.
Lack of Adipocyte-Fndc5/Irisin Expression and Secretion Reduces Thermogenesis and Enhances Adipogenesis
Authors: Pérez-Sotelo D. , Roca-Rivada A. , Baamonde I. , Baltar J. , Castro A. I. , Domínguez E. , Collado M. , Casanueva F. F. , Pardo M.
Published: November 2017

Irisin is a browning-stimulating molecule secreted from the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 precursor (FNDC5) by muscle tissue upon exercise stimulation. Despite its beneficial role, there is an unmet and clamorous need to discern many essential aspects of this protein and its mechanism of action not only as a myokine but also as an adipokine. Here we contribute to address this topic by revealing the nature and role of FNDC5/irisin in adipose tissue. First, we show that FNDC5/irisin expression and secretion are induced by adipocyte differentiation and confirm its over-secretion by human obese visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues. Second, we show how secreted factors from human obese VAT and SAT decrease PGC1α, FNDC5 and UCP1 gene expression on differentiating adipocytes; this effect over UCP1 is blunted by blocking irisin in obese secretomes. Finally, by stable gene silencing FNDC5 we reveal that FNDC5-KO adipocytes show reduced UCP1 expression and enhanced adipogenesis.
Volatile organic compounds from Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 control Meloidogyne incognita by multiple strategies
Authors: Cheng Wanli , Yang Jingyan , Nie Qiyu , Huang Dian , Yu Chen , Zheng Longyu , Cai Minmin , Thomashow Linda S. , Weller David M. , Yu Ziniu , Zhang Jibin
Published: November 2017

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause serious crop losses worldwide. In this study, we investigated the nematicidal factors and the modes and mechanisms of action involved in nematode control by Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1. Treatment of the second-stage juveniles (J2) juveniles of PPN Meloidogyne incognita with the biological control agent KM2501-1 resulted in a mortality of 87.66% in vitro and reduced symptoms on tomato by up to 82.61% under greenhouse conditions. We isolated 11 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from strain KM2501-1, of which 8 had contact nematicidal activity, 6 had fumigant activity, and 5 acted as stable chemotactic agents to M. incognita. The VOCs provided a comprehensive strategy against PPNs that included “honey-trap”, fumigant, attractant and repellent modes. Furfural acetone and 2-decanol functioned as “honey-traps” attracting M. incognita and then killing it by contact or fumigation. Two other VOCs, 2-nonanone and 2-decanone, as well as strain KM2501-1 itself, destroyed the integrity of the intestine and pharynx. Collectively our results indicate that VOCs produced by P. polymyxa KM2501-1 act through diverse mechanisms to control M. incognita. Moreover, the novel “honey-trap” mode of VOC–nematode interaction revealed in this study extends our understanding of the strategies exploited by nematicidal biocontrol agents.
Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in the fatty liver of Landes goose (Anser anser)
Authors: Chen Fang , Zhang Hao , Li Jinjun , Tian Yong , Xu Jing , Chen Li , Wei Jintao , Zhao Na , Yang Xuehai , Zhang Wei , Lu Lizhi
Published: November 2017

Unlike mammals, in palmipedes de novo lipogenesis from diet takes place mostly in the liver. The French Landes Goose is famous for its high capacity and susceptibility to fatty liver production. While miRNAs play a critical role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, miRNAs that are involved in the regulation of goose hepatic steatosis have yet to be elucidated. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed miRNAs expression profile of Landes goose liver after overfeeding for 21 days. Aan-miR-122-5p was the most frequently sequenced known miRNA, but it was unchanged after overfeeding. Compared with normal liver, we identified that 16 conserved miRNAs were up-regulated while the other 9 conserved miRNAs were down-regulated in fatty livers. Many of their predicted target genes played key roles in metabolic pathways leading to the development of hepatic steatosis in the goose by KEGG pathways analysis. ACSL1 and ELOVL6 were critical genes in hepatic lipid metabolism and had opposite expression patterns with aan-miR-203a and aan-miR-125b-5p, respectively. And we validated that aan-miR-203a and aan-miR-125b-5p might involve in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by targeting ACSL1 and ELOVL6, respectively. These results add to our current understanding of the regulation network in goose lipid metabolism.
Nanogels in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis
Authors: Chopra Vianni , Chauhan Gaurav , Kumar Ritesh , Kulkarni Manish M , Vashist Atul
Published: November 2017

The manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) is highly complex and there is still a pressing need to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies to control the worldwide spread of disease. Recently, the WHO proposed the eradication of TB by 2050; such a goal requires active research directing ways to prevent infection or transmission through vaccination, diagnosis asymptomatic carriers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and to advance antimicrobial drug treatment responses. The progress of nano delivery systems will provide a prospect to increase the efficacy of existing drugs, which might have an important role in TB control and eradication. Nanogels encompass complex and swollen nano-sized networks formed by hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer chains, having non-ionic or ionic nature. This chapter details the basics of nanogels composition, synthesis methods and their contribution in TB treatment and diagnosis.
Nanogels for Biomedical Applications: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Sagar Vidya , Vashist Arti , Gupta Rashi , Nair Madhavan
Published: November 2017

Hydrogels have travelled a long journey since their first use as biomaterials for human purposes. A recent addition to this progress is formulation of nanogels. While most nanogel-based research is directed toward targeted drug delivery, researchers are trying to shape up nanogels to mimic native tissue microenvironments and to include multiple functionalities on a single platform by incorporating a wide range of nanoparticles. Nanogels possess superior physical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties and have wider biomedical applications. Currently, most nanogel systems are limited for their use in pre-clinical laboratory testing. They must be improved further for their utilization beyond their in vitro testing and towards next generation precision/personalized medicine. A continuous effort with involvement of several in vitro/in vivo trial and errors is required for transformation of nanogels from bench side to clinical applications.
Inflammatory Changes in Cerebral Ischemic Injury: Cellular and Molecular Involvement
Authors: Ooboshi Hiroaki
Published: November 2017

Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of ischemic stroke. Recently, important roles of infiltrating immune cells, macrophages, and T cells in ischemic brain injury have been clarified. The activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 is pivotal in the beginning of post-ischemic inflammation. Several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)—endogenous TLR ligands—are released from injured brain cells, including high mobility group box 1 and peroxiredoxin family proteins, and these activate the infiltrating macrophages and induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Following this step, T cells also infiltrate into the ischemic brain and mediate post-ischemic inflammation in the delayed phase. Various cytokines from helper T cells and γδ T cells function as neurotoxic or neuroprotective mediators. Resolution of inflammation is another important step in ischemic injury, and infiltrating macrophages in the late stage work to clear DAMPs. Novel neuroprotective strategies could be developed through further understanding of this process and the regulation of post-ischemic inflammation.
Predictors for Prognosis and Recovery from Unconsciousness Due to Brain Trauma
Authors: Potapov A. A. , Alexandrova E. V. , Dambinova S. A. , Zakharova N. E. , Danilov G. V.
Published: November 2017

The main objective of this chapter is to facilitate the study of structural, hemodynamic and biochemical brain changes during consciousness recovery after severe traumatic brain injury using the results of clinical examinations and neuroimaging. The main descriptions of different unconsciousness variants and their anatomical, neurotransmitter and pathophysiologic bases are discussed. A novel magnetic resonance imaging classification of localization of the brainstem and hemispheric structural damage has been proposed. This classification significantly correlates with the Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale, thus proving its prognostic value. New data on pathogenesis and dynamics of diffuse brain injury with quantitative and qualitative changes in the white matter fiber tracts have been obtained. It was demonstrated that diffuse axonal injury, being a trigger mechanism of fiber tract degeneration with their subsequent atrophy, may be regarded as a clinical model of the multidimensional “split brain”. Quantitative blood flow parameters in the brainstem using computed tomography perfusion have been studied in comatose patients with regard to the dynamics of the traumatic brain disease and its outcome. The comparison of clinical signs of trauma severity and outcome and qualitative and quantitative parameters of structural brain damage, cerebral blood flow and molecular biomarker changes helped to identify significant criteria for the consciousness recovery prognosis.
Testing and Mechanisms of Neuroprotective Agents for Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Clinical Trials, 2010–2016
Authors: Grupke S. L. , Fraser J. F.
Published: November 2017

Neuroprotective agents are drugs, outside of those used to re-establish perfusion to an infarcted region of the brain, that aim to salvage or protect vulnerable brain tissue during an insult. These drugs are diverse and can act by inhibiting steps in the apoptotic pathway, scavenging damaging species like free radical oxidative species, reducing inflammatory responses, and changing the extracellular environment, among other mechanisms. In this chapter, we will discuss neuroprotective drugs used in recent human clinical trials for acute ischemic stroke, their mechanisms of action, and potential avenues for future research in the discipline of neuroprotection.
TiO2/CdS nanorod array-based photoelectrochemical sensing of Cu2+ in human serum samples
Authors: Feng Kejun , Yang Minghui , Xie Fang , Diao Guiqiang , Ou Mingming , Huang Huanfeng
Published: November 2017

A sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of Cu2+ in human serum samples based on the TiO2/CdS nanorod array was reported.
Light-driven nanofiber and nanoring morphological transformations in organogels based on an azobenzene-bridged biscalix[4]arene
Authors: Su Pei-Mei , Chang Kai-Chi , Yang Cheng-Jhang , Liu Yi-Chieh , Chung Wen-Sheng
Published: November 2017

The morphologies of an azobenzene-bridged biscalix[4]arene organogel (1) in different organic solvents can be photo-reversibly switched between nanofibers and nanorings as well as between closed and open-form vesicles.
A route to small clusters: a twisted half-hexagram-shaped M4(OH)4 cluster and its capacity for hosting closed-shell metals
Authors: Ara I. , García-Monforte M. A. , González R. , Falvello L. R. , Tomás M.
Published: November 2017

The secret to making a new M4(OH)4 core structure lies in combining different oxidation states, coordination geometries and bridging systems. The spatial distribution of Pt(ii) atoms in Pt4(OH)4 is capable of cradling incoming Ag(i) centers.
Revisiting the racemization mechanism of helicenes
Authors: Barroso Jorge , Cabellos Jose Luis , Pan Sudip , Murillo Fernando , Zarate Ximena , Fernandez-Herrera Maria A. , Merino Gabriel
Published: November 2017

Herein we propose a general mechanism for the racemization of [n]helicenes up to n = 24.
A small molecule for theraNOstic targeting of cancer cells
Authors: Ravikumar Govindan , Bagheri Meisam , Saini Deepak Kumar , Chakrapani Harinath
Published: November 2017

Thera/NO – a small molecule that is activated by hydrogen peroxide to generate nitric oxide (NO) and a fluorescence signal is reported.
Reducing the photocatalysis induced by hot electrons of plasmonic nanoparticles due to tradeoff of photothermal heating
Authors: Mahmoud Mahmoud A.
Published: November 2017

The photothermal heating by the plasmonic nanoparticles lowers their photocatalytic efficiency due to the desperation of the reacting materials.
Efficient photocatalytic water reduction by a cobalt(ii) tripodal iminopyridine complex
Authors: Leung C.-F. , Cheng S.-C. , Yang Y. , Xiang J. , Yiu S.-M. , Ko C.-C. , Lau T.-C.
Published: November 2017

Enhanced reactivity is observed in a cobalt tripodal iminopyridine WRC bearing a metal active site with a trigonal pyramidal coordination geometry.
Asymmetric one-pot reactions using heterogeneous chemical catalysis: recent steps towards sustainable processes
Authors: Szőllősi György
Published: November 2017

Asymmetric one-pot reactions applying heterogeneous chemical catalysts and unifying the benefits of these catalytic materials with the advantages of one-pot methods, are surveyed.
Sulfide perovskites for solar energy conversion applications: computational screening and synthesis of the selected compound LaYS3
Authors: Kuhar Korina , Crovetto Andrea , Pandey Mohnish , Thygesen Kristian S. , Seger Brian , Vesborg Peter C. K. , Hansen Ole , Chorkendorff Ib , Jacobsen Karsten W.
Published: November 2017

Identification and synthesis of a new large-band gap photoabsorber for tandem-architecture water splitting: LaYS3.
The role of water molecules in phototransduction of retinal proteins and G protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Lesca Elena , Panneels Valérie , Schertler Gebhard F. X.
Published: November 2017

Water molecules play a critical role during activation of GPCRs, one of the most important class of signalling proteins.
Brown rice and retrograded brown rice alleviate inflammatory response in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice
Authors: Praengam Kemika , Sahasakul Yuraporn , Kupradinun Piengchai , Sakarin Siriwan , Sanitchua Wanwisa , Rungsipipat Anudep , Rattanapinyopituk Kasem , Angkasekwinai Pornpimon , Changsri Khaimuk , Mhuantong Wuttichai , Tangphatsornruang Sithichoke , Tuntipopipat Siriporn
Published: November 2017

We investigate the impact of brown rice and retrograded brown rice consumption on colonic health in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis mice.
Raspberry differentially improves age-related declines in psychomotor function dependent on baseline motor ability
Authors: Shukitt-Hale Barbara , Thangthaeng Nopporn , Kelly Megan E. , Smith Donald E. , Miller Marshall G.
Published: November 2017

Daily consumption of 1/2 to 2 cups of red raspberry led to enhanced motor performance, particularly in animals that were poor performers at baseline.
Determination of silver nanoparticles in complex aqueous matrices by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry combined with cloud point extraction
Authors: Torrent Laura , Iglesias Mònica , Hidalgo Manuela , Marguí Eva
Published: November 2017

Development of a CPE-TXRF method for the analysis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in complex water extracts.
High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of gold and alloy clusters protected by hydrophilic thiolates
Authors: Niihori Yoshiki , Shima Daisuke , Yoshida Kana , Hamada Kota , Nair Lakshmi V. , Hossain Sakiat , Kurashige Wataru , Negishi Yuichi
Published: November 2017

This study has succeeded in high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of hydrophilic thiolate-protected gold and alloy clusters by finding two suitable and versatile HILIC columns.
A novel sulfonamide non-classical carbenoid: a mechanistic study for the synthesis of enediynes
Authors: Hayes Theodore O. P. , Slater Ben , Horan Richard A. J. , Radigois Marc , Wilden Jonathan D.
Published: November 2017

Alkynyl sulfonamides undergo sequential 1,4- then 1,2-addition/rearrangement with lithium acetylides to yield enediynes in the absence of any promoters or catalysts. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction proceeds via a novel electrophilic carbenoid with distinct reactivity compared to those previously described.
Pd-Catalyzed one-pot sequential cross-coupling reactions of tetrabromothiophene
Authors: Saini Kapil Mohan , Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Verma Akhilesh K.
Published: November 2017

Unsymmetrical one-pot sequential cross-coupling reactions of sterically hindered tetrabromothiophene with arylboronic acid and an alkyne/alkene to afford selective bi-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted aryl/alkynyl-thiophenes with the aid of a palladium catalyst were described.
Bimetallic gold core–silver shell nanorod performance for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Nima Zeid A. , Davletshin Yevgeniy R. , Watanabe Fumyia , Alghazali Karrar M. , Kumaradas J. Carl , Biris Alexandru S.
Published: November 2017

Plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNRs) coated with four different thickness silver shells (AuNR\Ags) were synthesized and tested for their efficiency in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) signal enhancement for biomedical applications.
Uniform core–shell PPy@carbon microsphere composites with a tunable shell thickness: the synthesis and their excellent microwave absorption performances in the X-band
Authors: Liu Jian , Wang Zhongzhu , Rehman Sajid ur , Bi Hong
Published: November 2017

Highly uniform core–shell polypyrrole@carbon microspheres (PPy@CM) have been successfully constructed by oxidation polymerization of pyrrole as the shell on the core of carbon microspheres.
The dual-hit metabolic modulator LDCA synergistically potentiates doxorubicin to selectively combat cancer-associated hallmarks
Authors: Saha Suchandrima , Ghosh Monisankar , Dutta Samir Kumar
Published: November 2017

Dual-hit metabolic modulator LDCA synergistically potentiates doxorubicin to counter melanoma progression.
Amino organosilane grafted ordered mesoporous alumina with enhanced adsorption performance towards Cr(vi)
Authors: Jin Xin , Cai Weiquan , Cai Zhijun
Published: November 2017

Amino organosilane N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropylmethylbimethoxysilane (2N) functionalized ordered mesoporous aluminas (MA–2N) with enhanced adsorption performance towards Cr(vi) were successfully prepare by a facile grafting method.
Investigating the tribological behavior of PEGylated MoS2 nanocomposites as additives in polyalkylene glycol at elevated temperature
Authors: Xu Zhuang , Lou Wenjing , Wu Xinhu , Wang Xiaobo , Hao Junying
Published: November 2017

MoS2–polydopamine–methoxypolyethyleneglycol amine (MoS2–PDA–MGA) was synthesized through the combination of mussel-inspired chemistry and the Michael addition reaction.
Influence of a facile pretreatment process on lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. through an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction
Authors: Chen Qingtai , Liu Dong , Wu Chongchong , Xu Airong , Xia Wei , Wang Zhaowen , Wen Fushan , Yu Daoyong
Published: November 2017

A wall-breaking technology for algal cell composed of swelling by weak alkali and decomposition by enzyme was developed.
Geometric frustration and compatibility conditions for two-dimensional director fields
Authors: Niv Idan , Efrati Efi
Published: November 2017

Packing curved objects in the plane cannot be performed uniformly and inevitably leads to frustration. In this work we establish what types of orientational order are possible in a general two-dimensional setting.
Softening and yielding of soft glassy materials
Authors: Dagois-Bohy Simon , Somfai Ellák , Tighe Brian P. , van Hecke Martin
Published: November 2017

Solids deform and fluids flow, but soft glassy materials, such as emulsions, foams, suspensions, and pastes, exhibit an intricate mix of solid- and liquid-like behavior. We show that two distinct softening and yielding scenarios unfold depending on the material's packing density.
A visible-near-infrared absorbing A–π2–D–π1–D–π2–A type dimeric-porphyrin donor for high-performance organic solar cells
Authors: Chen Song , Yan Lei , Xiao Liangang , Gao Ke , Tang Wei , Wang Cheng , Zhu Chenhui , Wang Xingzhu , Liu Feng , Peng Xiaobin , Wong Wai-Kwok , Zhu Xunjin
Published: November 2017

A new visible-near-infrared absorbing A–π2–D–π1–D–π2–A type dimeric porphyrin donor is developed for high performance organic solar cells with an efficiency up to 8.29%.
Rapidly engineering the electronic properties and morphological structure of NiSe nanowires for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Yunxiao , Yan Dafeng , Zou Yuqin , Xie Chao , Wang Yanyong , Zhang Yiqiong , Wang Shuangyin
Published: November 2017

We report an extremely simple and fast method to synthesize a NixFe1−xSe@Ni(Fe)OOH core–shell nanostructure with a nanosheet shell by a facile solvothermal selenization and ion exchange reaction.
Pressure-induced chemistry for the 2D to 3D transformation of zeolites
Authors: Mazur Michal , Arévalo-López Angel M. , Wheatley Paul S. , Bignami Giulia P. M. , Ashbrook Sharon E. , Morales-García Ángel , Nachtigall Petr , Attfield J. Paul , Čejka Jiři , Morris Russell E.
Published: November 2017

ADOR, an unconventional synthesis strategy based on a four-step mechanism: assembly, disassembly, organization, and reassembly, has opened new possibilities in zeolite chemistry.
La2CoO4: a new intercalation based cathode material for fluoride ion batteries with improved cycling stability
Authors: Nowroozi Mohammad Ali , Ivlev Sergei , Rohrer Jochen , Clemens Oliver
Published: November 2017

La2CoO4, a new promising intercalation-based cathode material for fluoride ion batteries with improved cycling stability.
Encapsulating porous SnO2into a hybrid nanocarbon matrix for long lifetime Li storage
Authors: Zhao Yi , Wang Luyuan Paul , Xi Shibo , Du Yonghua , Yao Qianqian , Guan Lunhui , Xu Zhichuan J.
Published: November 2017

A long-life anode material is rationally synthesized by encapsulating porous SnO2into a graphene substrate and a carbon coating layer.
A photoactivatable light tracer
Authors: Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Yang , Baker James D. , Raymo Françisco M.
Published: November 2017

The photoinduced interconversion of the two emissive states of a photoactivatable fluorophore permits the quantitative mapping of the electromagnetic radiation propagating through microscaled objects in three dimensions.
Analytical prediction of optimal split ratio of consequent‐pole permanent magnet machines
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Kai , Li Feng
Published: November 2017

For consequent‐pole permanent magnet (CPM) machines, the permanent magnet (PM)‐arc ratio and split ratio have great influence on the output torque. This study establishes general relationship of the output torque/torque density with PM‐arc ratio and split ratio considering the effects of slot/pole number combinations and the tooth‐tips. In addition, both the optimal PM‐arc ratio and split ratio for maximising the torque density are analytically derived and confirmed by finite‐element analysis. It is found that the optimal PM‐arc ratio is determined by the ratio of the airgap length to the PM thickness. It is demonstrated that the optimal split ratio depends on the ratio of average airgap flux density below one slot to maximum flux density in the stator iron and the number of slots for the slots per pole or the number of poles for . Moreover, it is found that the optimal split ratio decreases with the ratio , which depends on the PM thickness and PM‐arc ratio, and it is reduced when the effect of the stator tooth‐tips is taken into consideration. The experimental results on the 12‐slot/10‐pole CPM machine are given to verify these analyses.
Mover design and characteristics analysis of 2DoFDDIM
Authors: Wang Peixing , Si Jikai , Feng Haichao , Hu Yihua , Cao Wenping
Published: November 2017

Two degree‐of‐freedom direct drive induction motor (2DoFDDIM), capable of rotary, linear and helical motion, has widespread application. A new mover structure is proposed, which is made from a hollow cylinder with copper cast in the axial slots and the circumferential slots on its surface. Then, three‐dimensional finite element models of 2DoFDDIM are used to determine the performances of rotary, linear and helical motion developed by the motor. The results show that the new mover has a great improvement on the motor performances of all modes of motions compared with the initial mover. The researches on mover structure and characteristics of 2DoFDDIM present a new path of optimisation on 2DoFIM.
Unbalanced harmonic power sharing and voltage compensation of microgrids using radial basis function neural network‐based harmonic power‐flow calculations for distributed and decentralised control structures
Authors: Baghaee Hamid Reza , Mirsalim Mojtaba , Gharehpetian Gevork B. , Talebi Heidar Ali
Published: November 2017

A new hierarchical control scheme is proposed to improve power sharing of multi‐distributed energy resources (DERs) microgrids including non‐linear and unbalanced loads. The electronically coupled DERs are responsible to perform the harmonic and unbalance compensation to reduce the voltage harmonics at the point of common coupling (PCC) and improve power quality. The proposed scheme uses a complementary control loop for small/large‐signal stability enhancement, and moreover exploits new concept for fundamental and harmonic virtual impedance scheme for positive and negative sequences based on IEEE standards. Compared to conventional virtual impedance methods that add only line current feed‐forward terms to the voltage reference, here, the line current and voltage at the PCC regulate the virtual impedance at fundamental and harmonic frequencies, respectively. So, mismatches in the feeder and line impedances are compensated. Also, a harmonic power calculation is presented based on the non‐linear mapping capability of radial basis function neural networks to obtain voltage harmonics and active and reactive powers for balanced/unbalanced operation modes. To show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, offline time‐domain simulation studies have been performed on a sample microgrid using MATLAB/Simulink software and OPAL‐RT real‐time digital simulator for verification.
Review of emerging SSR/SSO issues and their classifications
Authors: Wang Luping , Xie Xiaorong , Liu Huakun , Zhan Ying , He Jingbo , Wang Chao
Published: November 2017

Recently, with the increasing integration of wind power into power systems through power electronic converters, new types of subsynchronous resonance/oscillation (SSR/SSO) occurred frequently. The most striking feature is the participation of the converter control. It has been demonstrated that converter control had a decisive impact on the forming of oscillation at the wind farms in the Guyuan and Hami systems, China. Obviously, the mechanism and characteristics of these new phenomena are different from those of traditional SSR/SSO defined by IEEE. Theoretical research in this area is still at its initial stage. To promote the studies of these emerging SSR/SSO issues, it is necessary to improve the classification of SSR/SSO. In this paper, the evolution and existing classification of SSR/SSO are reviewed at first. Then, a new classification is proposed based on the dominant source of oscillatory modes and the way of interaction between generators and the grid. Next, several actual SSR/SSO incidents caused by the interactions between wind generators and the AC grid are discussed. Finally, the co‐existence of and interaction among different types of SSR/SSO are revealed.
Generation method for the PV power time series combining the decomposition technique and Markov chain theory
Authors: Xu Shenzhi , Ai Xiaomeng , Fang Jiakun , Wen Jinyu , Li Pai , Huang Yuehui
Published: November 2017

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has made considerable developments in recent years. However, its intermittent and volatility of its output have seriously affected the security operation of the power system. In order to better understand the PV generation and provide sufficient data support for analysis the impacts, a novel generation method for PV power time series combining decomposition technique and Markov chain theory is presented here. It digs important factors from historical data from existing PV plants and then reproduce new data with similar patterns. In detail, the proposed method first decomposes the PV power time series into ideal output curve, amplitude parameter series, and random fluctuating component three parts. Then generating daily ideal output curve by the extraction of typical daily data, amplitude parameter series based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, and random component based on random sampling, respectively. Finally, the generated three parts are recombined into new PV power time series by the decomposition formula. Data obtained from real‐world PV plants in Gansu, China, validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The generated series can simulate the basic statistical, distribution, and fluctuation characteristics of the measured series.