bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Task Demands Alter the Pattern of zif268Expression in the Dentate Gyrus
Authors: Satvat Elham , Schmidt Brandy , Argraves Melissa , Marrone Diano F. , Markus Etan J.
Published: May 2011

Granule cells of the dentate gyrus (DG) are thought to disambiguate similar experiences—a process termed pattern separation. Usingzif268as a marker of cellular activity, DG function was assessed in rats performing two tasks: a place task (go east) and a response task (turn right). As these tasks occurred within the same physical space (a plus maze) without any physical cue to indicate the correct strategy in a given trial, this scenario critically involves disambiguation of task demands and presumably pattern separation. Performance of the two tasks inducedzif268expression in distinct populations of granule cells within the suprapyramidal but not the infrapyramidal blade of the DG. Repeated performance of the same task (i.e., two response-task trials or two place-task trials), however, elicitedzif268expression within a single subset of the granule cell population. This differential transcription pattern shows that the retrieval of different behavioral strategies or mnemonic demands recruit distinct ensembles of granule cells, possibly to prevent interference between memories of events occurring within the same physical space to permit the selection of appropriate responses.
Asymmetric PI(3,4,5)P3and Akt Signaling Mediates Chemotaxis of Axonal Growth Cones
Authors: Henle Steven J. , Wang Gordon , Liang Ellen , Wu May , Poo Mu-ming , Henley John R.
Published: May 2011

The action of many extracellular guidance cues on axon pathfinding requires Ca2+influx at the growth cone (Hong et al., 2000; Nishiyama et al., 2003; Henley and Poo, 2004), but how activation of guidance cue receptors leads to opening of plasmalemmal ion channels remains largely unknown. Analogous to the chemotaxis of amoeboid cells (Parent et al., 1998; Servant et al., 2000), we found that a gradient of chemoattractant triggered rapid asymmetric PI(3,4,5)P3accumulation at the growth cone's leading edge, as detected by the translocation of a GFP-tagged binding domain of Akt inXenopus laevisspinal neurons. Growth cone chemoattraction required PI(3,4,5)P3production and Akt activation, and genetic perturbation of polarized Akt activity disrupted axon pathfindingin vitroandin vivo. Furthermore, patch-clamp recording from growth cones revealed that exogenous PI(3,4,5)P3rapidly activated TRP (transient receptor potential) channels, and asymmetrically applied PI(3,4,5)P3was sufficient to induce chemoattractive growth cone turning in a manner that required downstream Ca2+signaling. Thus, asymmetric PI(3,4,5)P3elevation and Akt activation are early events in growth cone chemotaxis that link receptor activation to TRP channel opening and Ca2+signaling. Altogether, our findings reveal that PI(3,4,5)P3elevation polarizes to the growth cone's leading edge and can serve as an early regulator during chemotactic guidance.
Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex Alters Generalization Patterns of Motor Learning
Authors: Orban de Xivry Jean-Jacques , Marko Mollie K. , Pekny Sarah E. , Pastor Damien , Izawa Jun , Celnik Pablo , Shadmehr Reza
Published: May 2011

It has been hypothesized that the generalization patterns that accompany learning carry the signatures of the neural systems that are engaged in that learning. Reach adaptation in force fields has generalization patterns that suggest primary engagement of a neural system that encodes movements in the intrinsic coordinates of joints and muscles, and lesser engagement of a neural system that encodes movements in the extrinsic coordinates of the task. Among the cortical motor areas, the intrinsic coordinate system is most prominently represented in the primary sensorimotor cortices. Here, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to alter mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and found that when it was applied to the motor cortex, it increased generalization in intrinsic coordinates but not extrinsic coordinates. However, when tDCS was applied to the posterior parietal cortex, it had no effects on learning or generalization in the force field task. The results suggest that during force field adaptation, the component of learning that produces generalization in intrinsic coordinates depends on the plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex.
Retrieval-Mediated Learning Involving Episodes Requires Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus
Authors: Iordanova Mihaela D. , Good Mark , Honey Robert C.
Published: May 2011

A novel association can form between two memories even when the events to which they correspond are not physically present. For example, once an integrated memory has formed that binds the (when, where, and what) components of an event together, this memory can be triggered by one of its components, and updated with coincident information in the environment. The neural basis of this form of retrieval-mediated learning is unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, that NMDA receptors in the rat hippocampus are required for retrieval-mediated learning involving episodes, but not for the expression of such learning or for retrieval-mediated learning involving simple associations between the components of episodes. These findings provide a novel insight into learning processes that serve the desirable function of integrating stored information with new information, but whose operation might also provide a substrate for some of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
The Number of Components of Enhancement Contributing to Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity at the Neuromuscular Synapse during Patterned Nerve Stimulation Progressively Decreases As Basal Release Probability Is Increased from Low to Normal Levels by Changing Extracellular Ca2+
Authors: Holohean Alice M. , Magleby Karl L.
Published: May 2011

Presynaptic short-term plasticity (STP) dynamically modulates synaptic strength in a reversible manner on a timescale of milliseconds to minutes. For low basal vesicular release probability (prob0), four components of enhancement,F1andF2facilitation, augmentation (A), and potentiation (P), increase synaptic strength during repetitive nerve activity. For release rates that exceed the rate of replenishment of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, depression of synaptic strength, observed as a rundown of postsynaptic potential amplitudes, can also develop. To understand the relationship between enhancement and depression at the frog (Rana pipiens) neuromuscular synapse, data obtained over a wide range of prob0using patterned stimulation are analyzed with a hybrid model to reveal the components of STP. We find thatF1,F2,A,P, and depletion of the RRP all contribute to STP during repetitive nerve activity at low prob0. As prob0is increased by raising Cao2+(extracellular Ca2+), specific components of enhancement no longer contribute, with firstP, thenA, and thenF2becoming undetectable, even thoughF1continues to enhance release. For levels of prob0that lead to appreciable depression, onlyF1and depletion of the RRP contribute to STP during rundown, and for low stimulation rates,F2can also contribute. These observations place prob0-dependent limitations on which components of enhancement contribute to STP and suggest some fundamental mechanistic differences among the components. The presented model can serve as a tool to readily characterize the components of STP over wide ranges of prob0.
N-mycControls Proliferation, Morphogenesis, and Patterning of the Inner Ear
Authors: Domínguez-Frutos Elena , López-Hernández Iris , Vendrell Victor , Neves Joana , Gallozzi Micaela , Gutsche Katja , Quintana Laura , Sharpe James , Knoepfler Paul S. , Eisenman Robert N. , Trumpp Andreas , Giráldez Fernando , Schimmang Thomas
Published: May 2011

Myc family members play crucial roles in regulating cell proliferation, size, and differentiation during organogenesis. BothN-mycandc-mycare expressed throughout inner ear development. To address their function in the mouse inner ear, we generated mice with conditional deletions in eitherN-mycorc-myc. Loss ofc-mycin the inner ear causes no apparent defects, whereas inactivation ofN-mycresults in reduced growth caused by a lack of proliferation. Reciprocally, the misexpression ofN-mycin the inner ear increases proliferation. Morphogenesis of the inner ear inN-mycmouse mutants is severely disturbed, including loss of the lateral canal, fusion of the cochlea with the sacculus and utriculus, and stunted outgrowth of the cochlea. Mutant cochleas are characterized by an increased number of cells exiting the cell cycle that express the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1and lack cyclin D1, both of which control the postmitotic state of hair cells. Analysis of different molecular markers inN-mycmutant ears reveals the development of a rudimentary organ of Corti containing hair cells and the underlying supporting cells. Differentiated cells, however, fail to form the highly ordered structure characteristic for the organ of Corti but appear as rows or clusters with an excess number of hair cells. The Kölliker's organ, a transient structure neighboring the organ of Corti and a potential source of ectopic hair cells, is absent in the mutant ears. Collectively, our data suggest thatN-mycregulates growth, morphogenesis, and pattern formation during the development of the inner ear.
Neural Correlates of Biased Competition in Premotor Cortex
Authors: Pastor-Bernier Alexandre , Cisek Paul
Published: May 2011

It has been proposed that whenever an animal faces several action choices, their neural representations are processed in parallel in frontoparietal cortex and compete in a manner biased by any factor relevant to the decision. We tested this hypothesis by recording single-unit activity in dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) while a monkey performed two delayed center-out reaching tasks. In the one-target task, a single target was presented and its border style indicated its reward value. The two-target task was the same except two targets were presented and the value of each was varied. During the delay period of the one-target task, directionally tuned PMd activity showed no modulation with value. In contrast, during the two-target task, the same neurons showed strong effects of the value associated with their preferred target, always in relation to the value of the other target. Furthermore, the competition between action choices was strongest when targets were furthest apart. This angular distance effect appeared in neural activity as soon as cells became tuned, while modulation by relative value appeared much later. All of these findings can be reproduced by a computational model which suggests that decisions between actions are made through a biased competition taking place within a sensorimotor map of potential actions.
Left Parietal Regions Are Critical for Adaptive Visuomotor Control
Authors: Mutha Pratik K. , Sainburg Robert L. , Haaland Kathleen Y.
Published: May 2011

The question addressed in this study is whether parietal brain circuits involved in adaptation to novel visuomotor conditions are lateralized. This information is critical for characterizing the neural mechanisms mediating adaptive behavior in humans, as well as for assessing the effects of unilateral brain damage on function. Moreover, previous research has been controversial in this regard. We compared visuomotor adaptation in 10 patients with focal, unilateral, left or right parietal lesions and healthy control participants. All subjects reached to each of eight targets over three experimental sessions: a baseline session, where the visually displayed and actual hand motion were matched; an adaptation session, where the visual feedback deviated from the actual movement direction by 30°; and an after-effect session, where visual feedback was again matched to hand motion. Adaptation was primarily quantified as a change in initial movement direction throughout the adaptation session and the presence of after-effects when the rotation was removed. Patients with right parietal damage demonstrated normal adaptation and large after-effects, which was comparable to the performance of healthy controls. In contrast, patients with left parietal damage showed a clear deficit in adaptation and showed no after-effects. Thus, our results show that left but not right parietal regions are critical for visuomotor adaptation. These findings are discussed in the context that left parietal regions are critical for the modification of stored representations of the relationship between movement commands and limb and environmental state, as is thought to occur during visuomotor adaptation.
Influence of Microwave Osmotic Dehydration Pre-Treatment on the Second Stage of Air-Drying Kinetics of Apples
Authors: Azarpahzooh Elham , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S.
Published: May 2011

The effect of microwave-osmotic dehydration pre-treatment under continuous flow medium spray (MWODS) conditions on the second stage air-drying kinetics of apple (Red Gala) cylinders was evaluated. MWODS pre-treatment was carried out using a response surface methodology involving 5-levels of sucrose concentration (33-66.8°B), temperature (33-66.8°C) and contact time (5-55 min). Drying time and coefficient of moisture diffusion (Dm) and coefficient of moisture infusion (Im) during rehydration were evaluated as responses and the results were compared with their air-dried (AD) (worst scenario) and freeze-dried (FD) (best scenario) counterparts without the osmotic treatments. The diffusion and infusion coefficients were based on the solution of Fick's diffusion model. Empirical models developed for all response variables were significant (P ? 0.001) and the lack of fit was not significant (P > 0.05). MWODS pre-treatments significantly influenced the Dm values and reduced the air-drying time of apples by 30-65 percent in comparison with untreated apple thereby providing opportunity for better energy savings. On the other hand, the values of Im during the rehydration process were highest for the freeze-dried samples followed by apples air-dried after MWODS treatment, and the least for the untreated air-dried samples.
Managing Migrants: Toronto, 1820–1880
Authors: Chilton Lisa
Published: May 2011

Abstract:

Immigration to and through central Canada increased substantially in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. In response to some of the problems associated with this mass migration, and in an effort to stimulate more of the ‘right’ kind of settlement, state-funded immigration agencies were established at all major ports and urban reception centres across the region during this period. To date, most of the literature on this subject has focused upon the state's management of migrants in Lower Canada (at Montreal, Quebec, and Grosse-Île) and upon the response of government officials to the period's major epidemics (cholera and typhus). This article uses Toronto as a case study to trace the evolution of the state's interaction with migrants from a different starting point. It emphasizes the importance of the 1820–80 period – a period in which major state initiatives were put in place to regulate the flow of immigration more effectively. It underlines the fact that the state consisted of multiple, frequently competing layers of authority and power during the period of transition from colonies to nation. Finally, the study of Toronto highlights that the intersections of different state levels (municipal, provincial, imperial, federal) did not constitute an especially monolithic state regulatory response during this period, but rather more of a labyrinth whose changing features could radically affect the individual experiences of migrants during these years.
An Atmosphere of Libération: The Role of Decolonization in the France-Quebec Rapprochement of the 1960s
Authors: Meren David
Published: May 2011

Abstract:

Decolonization's impact was by no means restricted to the Global South. It is impossible to understand developments in the Canada-Quebec-France triangle in the 1960s without referring to the discourse, ideas, and examples of anti-colonial resistance that marked international life after the Second World War. In addition to influencing the postwar development of France and Quebec, the decolonization phenomenon figured prominently in the process of rapprochement that developed between them in the post-1945 period. After discussing the global reach of decolonization, this article examines its impact on the Canada-Quebec-France triangle. Particular attention is paid to its intellectual and political consequences, notably the ‘Quebec as colony’ metaphor and the reimagining of France as a champion of decolonization. The intersection between these two ideas was crucial to the evolution of the France–Quebec relationship.
The Importance of Lateral Boundaries, Surface Forcing and Choice of Domain Size for Dynamical Downscaling of Global Climate Simulations
Authors: Køltzow Morten A.Ø. , Iversen Trond , Haugen Jan Erik
Published: May 2011

Dynamical downscaling by atmospheric Regional Climate Models (RCMs) forced with low-resolution data should produce climate details and add quality and value to the low-resolution data. The aim of this study was to explore the importance of (i) the oceanic surface forcing (sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-ice), (ii) the lateral boundary condition data, and (iii) the size of the integration domain with respect to improved quality and value in dynamically downscaled data. Experiments addressing the three aspects were performed and the results were investigated for mean sea level pressure (mslp), 2 m air temperature (T2m) and daily precipitation. Although changes in SST gave a clear response locally, changes in the lateral boundary data and the size of the integration domain turned out to be more important with our geographical scope being Norway. The T2m turned out less sensitive to the changes in lateral forcing and the size of the integration domain than mslp and precipitation. The sensitivity for all three variables differed between Norwegian regions; northern parts of Norway were the most sensitive. Even though the sensitivities found in this study might be different in other regions and for other RCMs, these results call for careful consideration when choosing integration domain and driving lateral boundary data when performing dynamical downscaling.
Release of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Poultry Litter Amended with Acidified Biochar
Authors: Doydora Sarah A. , Cabrera Miguel L. , Das Keshav C. , Gaskin Julia W. , Sonon Leticia S. , Miller William P.
Published: May 2011

Application of poultry litter (PL) to soil may lead to nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization and to potential contamination of surface runoff with PL-derived phosphorus (P). Amending litter with acidified biochar may minimize these problems by decreasing litter pH and by retaining litter-derived P, respectively. This study evaluated the effect of acidified biochars from pine chips (PC) and peanut hulls (PH) on NH3 losses and inorganic N and P released from surface-applied or incorporated PL. Poultry litter with or without acidified biochars was surface-applied or incorporated into the soil and incubated for 21 d. Volatilized NH3 was determined by trapping it in acid. Inorganic N and P were determined by leaching the soil with 0.01 M of CaCl2 during the study and by extracting it with 1 M KCl after incubation. Acidified biochars reduced NH3 losses by 58 to 63% with surface-applied PL, and by 56 to 60% with incorporated PL. Except for PH biochar, which caused a small increase in leached NH4+-N with incorporated PL, acidified biochars had no effect on leached or KCl-extractable inorganic N and P from surface-applied or incorporated PL. These results suggest that acidified biochars may decrease NH3 losses from PL but may not reduce the potential for P loss in surface runoff from soils receiving PL.
Survivorship During Starvation for Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Polanco Andrea M. , Miller Dini M. , Brewster Carlyle C.
Published: May 2011

Four bed bug strains (Cimex lectularius) with different levels of pyrethroid resistance were evaluated to determine their ability to survive extended periods of starvation. First instar bed bugs of all strains were the most vulnerable to starvation (13.8–36.3 days mean survival time). Fifth instars and adults survived the longest during starvation (41.5–142.6 days). Significant differences in survivorship during starvation were observed between resistant and susceptible strains of bed bugs. Overall, all immature and adult stages of the resistant bed bug strains had significantly shorter survival times than those of the susceptible strains (P < 0.05).
Antiproliferative Activity of Violaxanthin Isolated from Bioguided Fractionation of Dunaliella tertiolecta Extracts
Authors: Pasquet Virginie , Morisset Perrine , Ihammouine Said , Chepied Amandine , Aumailley Lucie , Berard Jean-Baptiste , Serive Benoit , Kaas Raymond , Lanneluc Isabelle , Thiery Valerie , Lafferriere Mathieu , Piot Jean-Marie , Patrice Thierry , Cadoret Jean-Paul , Picot Laurent
Published: May 2011

Dunaliella tertiolecta (DT) was chemically investigated to isolate molecules inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in vitro. The potency to inhibit cell growth was used for the bio-guided fractionation and isolation of active compounds using chromatographic techniques. The DT dichloromethane extract exhibited a strong anti-proliferative activity on MCF-7 and LNCaP cells, and was further fractionated and sub-fractionated by RP-HPLC. High resolution mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric analysis unequivocally identified violaxanthin as the most antiproliferative molecule present in DT DCM extract. Violaxanthin purified from DT induced MCF-7 dose-dependent growth inhibition in continuous and discontinuous treatments, at concentrations as low as 0.1 µg·mL−1 (0.17 µM). Phosphatidylserine exposure, typical of early apoptosis, was observed after 48 h treatment at 8 µg·mL−1 (13.3 µM) but no DNA fragmentation, characteristic of late apoptosis steps, could be detected even after 72 h treatment at 40 µg·mL−1 (66.7 µM). Taken together, our results demonstrate the strong antiproliferative activity of violaxanthin on one human mammary cancer cell line, and suggest that studying the pharmacology of violaxanthin and pharmacomodulated derivatives on cancer cells may allow potent antiproliferative drugs to be obtained.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Uses of the Past in Contemporary Greece
Authors: Roudometof Victor
Published: May 2011

The article examines the use of Orthodox Christianity in the debates over the cultural heritage of contemporary Greece. Since the birth of modern Greece, Orthodox Christianity has been used as one of the foundational cultural markers for the construction of Modern Greek national identity. This employment of religion is particularly evident in the case of history in its popularized format. In contemporary cultural politics, debates over the building of a mosque in Athens or the role of Orthodoxy in history textbooks offer particular illustrations of the public significance of Orthodox Christianity. This high profile role was particularly pronounced during the reign of the late Archbishop Christodoulos (1998–2008). The article suggests that the engagement and influence of the Church on public debates depends upon the nature of the affair: The Church enjoys more authority in ecclesiastical issues and is far less influential on issues of broader interest, such as geopolitical disputes.
Compact Electron Gun Based on Secondary Emission Through Ionic Bombardment
Authors: Diop Babacar , Bonnet Jean , Schmid Thomas , Mohamed Ajmal
Published: May 2011

We present a new compact electron gun based on the secondary emission through ionic bombardment principle. The driving parameters to develop such a gun are to obtain a quite small electron gun for an in-flight instrument performing Electron Beam Fluorescence measurements (EBF) on board of a reentry vehicle in the upper atmosphere. These measurements are useful to characterize the gas flow around the vehicle in terms of gas chemical composition, temperatures and velocity of the flow which usually presents thermo-chemical non-equilibrium. Such an instrument can also be employed to characterize the upper atmosphere if placed on another carrier like a balloon. In ground facilities, it appears as a more practical tool to characterize flows in wind tunnel studies or as an alternative to complex electron guns in industrial processes requiring an electron beam. We describe in this paper the gun which has been developed as well as its different features which have been characterized in the laboratory.
MicroRNAs Regulate Key Effector Pathways of Senescence
Authors: Feliciano Andrea , Sánchez-Sendra Beatriz , Kondoh Hiroshi , LLeonart Matilde E.
Published: May 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 22 nt) noncoding endogenous RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and protein coding by base pairing with the3′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. miRNA expression is associated with cancer pathogenesis because miRNAs are intimately linked to cancer development. Senescence blocks cell proliferation, representing an important barrier that cells must bypass to reach malignancy. Importantly, certain miRNAs have been shown to have an important role during cellular senescence, which is also involved in human tumorigenesis. Therefore, therapeutic induction of senescence by drugs or miRNA-based therapies is a potential method to treat cancer by inducing a persistent growth arrest in tumors.
Metal Preferences of Zinc-Binding Motif on Metalloproteases
Authors: Fukasawa Kayoko M. , Hata Toshiyuki , Ono Yukio , Hirose Junzo
Published: May 2011

Almost all naturally occurring metalloproteases are monozinc enzymes. The zinc in any number of zinc metalloproteases has been substituted by some other divalent cation. Almost all Co(II)- or Mn(II)-substituted enzymes maintain the catalytic activity of their zinc counterparts. However, in the case of Cu(II) substitution of zinc proteases, a great number of enzymes are not active, for example, thermolysin, carboxypeptidase A, endopeptidase fromLactococcus lactis, or aminopeptidase B, while some do have catalytic activity, for example, astacin (37%) and DPP III (100%). Based on structural studies of various metal-substituted enzymes, for example, thermolysin, astacin, aminopeptidase B, dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) III, and del-DPP III, the metal coordination geometries of both active and inactive Cu(II)-substituted enzymes are shown to be the same as those of the wild-type Zn(II) enzymes. Therefore, the enzyme activity of a copper-ion-substituted zinc metalloprotease may depend on the flexibility of catalytic domain.
Carotid Baroreceptor Stimulation for the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Papademetriou Vasilios , Doumas Michael , Faselis Charles , Tsioufis Constantinos , Douma Stella , Gkaliagkousi Eugene , Zamboulis Chrysanthos
Published: May 2011

Interventional activation of the carotid baroreflex has been an appealing idea for the management of resistant hypertension for several decades, yet its clinical application remained elusive and a goal for the future. It is only recently that the profound understanding of the complex anatomy and pathophysiology of the circuit, combined with the accumulation of relevant experimental and clinical data both in animals and in humans, has allowed the development of a more effective and well-promising approach. Indeed, current data support a sustained over a transient reduction of blood pressure through the resetting of baroreceptors, and technical deficits have been minimized with a subsequent recession of adverse events. In addition, clinical outcomes from the application of a new implantable device (Rheos) that induces carotid baroreceptor stimulation point towards a safe and effective blood pressure reduction, but longer experience is needed before its integration in the everyday clinical practice. While accumulating evidence indicates that carotid baroreceptor stimulation exerts its benefits beyond blood pressure reduction, further research is necessary to assess the spectrum of beneficial effects and evaluate potential hazards, before the extraction of secure conclusions.
Use of Headings and Classifications by Physicians in Medical Narratives of EHRs
Authors: Harno K. , Nykänen P. , Häyrinen K.
Published: May 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate patient care documentation by hospital physicians in EHRs and especially the use of national headings and classifications in these documentations Material and Methods: The initial material consisted of a random sample of 3,481 medical narratives documented in EHRs during the period 2004-2005 in one department of a Finnish central hospital. The final material comprised a subset of 1,974 medical records with a focus on consultation requests and consultation responses by two specialist groups from 871 patients. This electronic documentation was analyzed using deductive content analyses and descriptive statistics.

Results: The physicians documented patient care in EHRs principally as narrative text. The medical narratives recorded by specialists were structured with headings in less than half of the patient cases. Consultation responses in general were more often structured with headings than consultation requests. The use of classifications was otherwise insignificant, but diagnoses were documented as ICD 10 codes in over 50% of consultation responses by both medical specialties.

Conclusion: There is an obvious need to improve the structuring of narrative text with national headings and classifications. According to the findings of this study, reason for care, patient history, health status, follow-up care plan and diagnosis are meaningful headings in physicians’ documentation. The existing list of headings needs to be analyzed within a consistent unified terminology system as a basis for further development. Adhering to headings and classifications in EHR documentation enables patient data to be shared and aggregated. The secondary use of data is expected to improve care management and quality of care.
Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions and their use for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Authors: Stohl A. , Prata A. J. , Eckhardt S. , Clarisse L. , Durant A. , Henne S. , Kristiansen N. I. , Minikin A. , Schumann U. , Seibert P. , Stebel K. , Thomas H. E. , Thorsteinsson T. , Tørseth K. , Weinzierl B.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The April–May, 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that large improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter. We evaluate the results of our model results with a posteriori ash emissions using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "Normal" flying zone in up to 14 % (6–16 %), 2 % (1–3 %) and 7 % (4–11 %), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5 % (0.2–2.8 %) and 0.9 % (0.1–1.6 %) occurred, while the current "No-Fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.
Regional scale effects of the aerosol cloud interaction simulated with an online coupled comprehensive chemistry model
Authors: Bangert M. , Kottmeier C. , Vogel B. , Vogel H.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We have extended the coupled mesoscale atmosphere and chemistry model COSMO-ART to account for the transformation of aerosol particles into cloud condensation nuclei and to quantify their interaction with warm cloud microphysics on the regional scale. The new model system aims to fill the gap between cloud resolving models and global scale models. It represents the very complex microscale aerosol and cloud physics as detailed as possible, whereas the continental domain size and efficient codes will allow for both studying weather and regional climate. The model system is applied in a first extended case study for Europe for a cloudy five day period in August 2005. The model results show that the mean cloud droplet number concentration of clouds is correlated with the structure of the terrain, and we present a terrain slope parameter TS to classify this dependency. We propose to use this relationship to parameterize the probability density function, PDF, of subgrid-scale cloud updraft velocity in the activation parameterizations of climate models. The simulations show that the presence of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and clouds are closely related spatially. We find high aerosol and CCN number concentrations in the vicinity of clouds at high altitudes. The nucleation of secondary particles is enhanced above the clouds. This is caused by an efficient formation of gaseous aerosol precursors above the cloud due to more available radiation, transport of gases in clean air above the cloud, and humid conditions. Therefore the treatment of complex photochemistry is crucial in atmospheric models to simulate the distribution of CCN. The mean cloud droplet number concentration and droplet diameter showed a close link to the change in the aerosol. To quantify the net impact of an aerosol change on the precipitation we calculated the precipitation susceptibility β for the whole model domain over a period of two days with an hourly resolution. The distribution function of β is slightly skewed to positive values and has a mean of 0.23. Clouds with a liquid water path LWP of approximately 0.85 kg m−2 are on average most susceptible to aerosol changes in our simulations with an absolute value of β of 1. The average β for LWP between 0.5 kg m−2 and 1 kg m−2 is approximately 0.4.
The relative importance of seed competition, resource competition and perturbations on community structure
Authors: Bohn K. , Dyke J. G. , Pavlick R. , Reineking B. , Reu B. , Kleidon A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. While the regional climate is the primary selection pressure for whether a plant strategy can survive, however, competitive interactions strongly affect the relative abundances of plant strategies within communities. Here, we investigate the relative importance of competition and perturbations on the development of vegetation community structure. To do so, we develop DIVE (Dynamics and Interactions of VEgetation), a simple general model that links plant strategies to their competitive dynamics, using growth and reproduction characteristics that emerge from climatic constraints. The model calculates population dynamics based on establishment, mortality, invasion and exclusion in the presence of different strengths of perturbations, seed and resource competition. The highest levels of diversity were found in simulations without competition as long as mortality is not too high. However, reasonable successional dynamics were only achieved when resource competition is considered. Under high levels of competition, intermediate levels of perturbations were required to obtain coexistence. Since succession and coexistence are observed in plant communities, we conclude that the DIVE model with competition and intermediate levels of perturbation represents an adequate way to model population dynamics. Because of the simplicity and generality of DIVE, it could be used to understand vegetation structure and functioning at the global scale and the response of vegetation to global change.
Copula-based downscaling of spatial rainfall: a proof of concept
Authors: van den Berg M. J. , Vandenberghe S. , De Baets B. , Verhoest N. E. C.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Fine-scale rainfall data is important for many hydrological applications. However, often the only data available is at a coarse scale. To bridge this gap in resolution, stochastic disaggregation methods can be used. Such methods generally assume that the distribution of the field is stationary, i.e. the distribution for the entire (fine-scale) field is the same as the distribution of a smaller region within the field. This assumption is generally incorrect and we provide a proof of concept of a method to estimate the distribution of a smaller region. In this method, a copula is used to construct a bivariate distribution describing the relation between the scales. This distribution is then used to estimate the distribution of the fine-scale rainfall within a single coarse-scale pixel, by conditioning on the coarse-scale rainfall depth.
Quantitative assessment of diffuse rock fall hazard along a cliff foot
Authors: Hantz D.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Many works have shown that the relation between rock fall frequency and volume is well fitted by a power law. Based on this relation, a new method is presented which allows estimating the fall frequency and probability for a wall section in a homogenous cliff, considering all possible rock fall volumes. The hazard for an element located at the foot of the cliff, with a minimal energy, is also estimated. The method has been applied to an itinerary, for which the human risk has also been estimated. Rock fall inventories featuring the location, date, and volume of the falls and the dimensions of the fallen compartments (width, length, and thickness) are needed for better estimating of hazard and risk.
Psychometric Analysis of the JSPE Nursing Student Version R: Comparison of Senior BSN Students and Medical Students Attitudes toward Empathy in Patient Care
Authors: McMillan Libba Reed , Shannon David M.
Published: May 2011

Background. Empathic communication skills are critical to providing high-quality nursing care to holistically understand the patient's perspective. A survey research design was used to address the research questions discussed in this study. Data consisted of responses from nursing students attending accredited programs in the southeastern United Sates using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy Nursing Student Version R (JSPE-R).Findings. Comparisons of the total scores from JSPE Versions S and R yielded similar means and standard deviations with 115 and 114.57, respectively, and standard deviations of 10 and 10.94, respectively. The results of a one-samplet-test failed to render statistical significance (), indicating that the overall attitudes of nursing students and medical students are similar. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles and overall instrument reliability were also comparable.Conclusions. This paper supports the emergence of alternative factor analysis structures as applied to nursing students through statistical progression from exploratory factor analysis to confirmatory structures. Implications for practice explore the utility of empathy instruments in nurse education, such as empathy progression through curriculum. As nursing educators, the utility of development of instruments to measure effectiveness of teaching strategies and pedagogy for empathy enhancement in practice is important.
Obesidade infantil e fatores de risco cardiovasculares
Authors: Miranda João Marcelo Queiroz , Ornelas Elisabete De Marco , Wichi Rogério Brandão
Published: May 2011

Introdução: A obesidade é uma doença de prevalência crescente e que, atualmente, assume caráter epidemiológico como principal problema de saúde pública na sociedade contemporânea. Decorre de fatores genéticos, comportamentais e ambientais e pode se iniciar em qualquer idade. Entretanto quando surge precocemente nos primeiros anos de vida, predispõe à sua presença em idades mais tardias e está associada a diferentes comorbidades. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre a etiologia da obesidade infantil e identificar os principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares associados à obesidade. Métodos: Utilizaram-se os sites científicos Medline, Scielo e Pubmed para consultar as palavras-chave: obesidade, crianças e doenças cardiovasculares. Resultados: Os fatores comportamentais e ambientais foram citados como principais causas da epidemia de obesidade. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares estão associados à hipertensão e disfunção autonômica. Conclusão: A obesidade infantil está relacionada com a prevalência aumentada de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares em idade precoce.
Marcos Segre discute Bioética no Brasil
Authors: Carvalho André Paulo Correia de , Serra Armando Luís , Ogata Terezinha Regina Prúpere
Published: May 2011

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Impacto da suplementação nutricional em pacientes com doença do neurônio motor
Authors: Stanich Patricia , Fujimoto Enith Hatsumi , Simões Ana Maria G. S.
Published: May 2011

Pacientes neurológicos freqüentemente evoluem com piora do estado nutricional. Este estudo avaliou o impacto da suplementação oral em 20 pacientes com doença do neurônio motor (DNM)/Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA). Eles receberam suplementação nutricional por seis meses consecutivos. Foram submetidos à avaliação nutricional bimestral, com medidas antropométricas – peso (P), estatura, ircunferência do braço (CB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), dobra cutânea do tríceps (DCT) e área gordurosa (AG) – e à análise da composição corporal por meio da bioimpedância elétrica. A idade variou entre 36 e 70 anos, com média de 55 e mediana de 59,5 anos. Quinze pacientes (75%) apresentaram ELA e cinco (25%) paralisia bulbar progressiva (PBP). Observou-se prevalência sobre o sexo masculino em proporção de 2:1. Devido às particularidades da doença, dez terminaram a avaliação. Houve diminuição gradual do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), CB, CMB, AG e DCT nos pacientes com PBP e preservação dessas variáveis nos pacientes com ELA. A relação massa magra/massa gorda anteve-se durante o estudo para ambos os grupos. A classificação do estado nutricional não se modificou para 70% dos pacientes – a suplementação não foi capaz de corrigir as médias globais de adequação.
Ação do Azospirillum brasilense no desenvolvimento das plantas de trigo 'variedade IAC-24' e cevada 'variedade CEV 95033'
Authors: Silva Andréia Aparecida De Oliveira , Felipe Taís Arruda , Bach Erna Elisabeth
Published: May 2011

Sementes de trigo e de cevada foram transferidas para tubos contendo terra e inoculadas com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio, o Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Aumentos significativos foram encontrados no tamanho e diâmetro das raízes primárias e secundárias das plantas inoculadas, quando comparadas com as sadias, indicando alteração na morfologia do sistema radicular com aumento da superfície de contato para a retirada de água e nutrientes para a planta, além de fixar o nitrogênio mais facilmente. Outro fato observado na reação de resistência foi o efeito de elicitor contra doença causada por Bipolaris sorokiniana.
Infecções odontogênicas: abordagem imunológica
Authors: Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos
Published: May 2011

Neste artigo de revisão bibliográfica, abordamos os possíveis desdobramentos dos quadros infecciosos de origem odontológica, do ponto de vista imunológico. Assim, estão descritos os mecanismos iniciais de defesa, a resposta induzida englobando a reação inflamatória, a geração da resposta adaptativa ou específica, o envolvimento sistêmico e, finalmente, os casos graves que, inclusive, podem levar o paciente a óbito.
Código de ética do profissional de educação física
Authors: De Educação Física Conselho Federal
Published: May 2011

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Código de ética dos profissionais de enfermagem
Authors: De Enfermagem Conselho Federal
Published: May 2011

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Código de ética farmacêutica
Authors: De Farmácia Conselho Federal
Published: May 2011

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Código de ética médica
Authors: De Medicina Conselho Federal
Published: May 2011

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Código de ética profissional do psicólogo
Authors: De Psicologia Conselho Federal
Published: May 2011

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Editorial
Authors: Editorial Coordenadoria , Saúde Departamento De Ciências da
Published: May 2011

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Marlene Boccatto. Genética: ciência que desvenda o mundo
Authors: Serra Armando Luís , Santos Eduardo , Ogata Terezinha Regina Prúpere
Published: May 2011

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Variáveis fisiológicas cardiovasculares acompanhadas durante o repouso e atividade física: sugestão de um protocolo experimental
Authors: Maldonado Diogo Correa , Ferreira Márcio Cantuário , Ribeiro Renata Patrícia Pudo , Grosso Adriana Ferreira
Published: May 2011

Tanto o estado de repouso fisiológico quanto o exercício representam um desafio para os sistemas de controle na manutenção da homeostasia. Em geral, os sistemas do corpo mantêm um estado estável durante as interações com o ambiente externo (como, por exemplo, mudar a posição do corpo, realizar atividade física), apesar de vários parâmetros fisiológicos variarem. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares são índices interessantes para estudar o equilíbrio do organismo e as ações em prol da homeostase. Para facilitar o estudo dos parâmetros cardiovasculares e suas influências, abordados na teoria da disciplina de Fisiologia Humana, elaborou-se um protocolo experimental que pode ser usado como referência durante as aulas práticas de fisiologia cardiovascular na graduação em Fisioterapia. O protocolo foi criado com a intenção de solidificar os conceitos da fisiologia vascular e cardíaca ao mostrar o comportamento das variáveis fisiológicas durante duas situações: o momento de repouso fisiológico e a situação de atividade física. Adicionalmente, este trabalho vem destacar a importância do conteúdo da disciplina básica no contexto do curso.
Biodiversidade de aves do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá, SP
Authors: Pense Marcela Ribeiro , Carvalho André Paulo Correa de
Published: May 2011

As aves constituem o grupo de vertebrados mais estudado e conhecido em razão do hábito predominantemente diurno e do padrão de colorido conspícuo; são de extrema importância no controle biológico, na dispersão de sementes e na verificação das condições ecológicas de um determinado ambiente, atuando como bioindicadoras e servindo de base a planos de manejos em unidades de conservação. O presente trabalho de levantamento da avifauna foi realizado no Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (SP), localizado no perímetro urbano do município de São Paulo, entre setembro de 2003 e setembro de 2004. O levantamento possibilitou a verificação das espécies de aves que podem ser encontradas em um parque urbano e como respondem aos impactos (crescimento urbano desordenado e grande número de visitações). As observações foram realizadas quinzenalmente, com binóculo, preferencialmente pela manhã (período de maior atividade das aves) por meio de caminhadas, em três trilhas do parque (Bica, Pai Zé e Silêncio), nos lagos e nas áreas próximas. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Casmerodius alba, Coragys atratus, Galinulla chlorops, Columbia livia, Brotogeris tirica, Pitangus sulphuratus, Turdus rufi ventris, Zonotrichia capensis, Basileuterus culicivurus e Coereba flaveola; as menos freqüentes foram Buteo magnirostris, Columba pumplea, Columbina talpacoti, Crotophaga ani, Dryocopus lineatus, Knipolegus nigerrimus, Myiodynastes maculatus, Chiroxiphia caudata, Saltator fuliginosus, Pipraeidea melanonota, Passer domesticus e Trichothraupis melanops.