bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Obstructed Labor in Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: Shaikh Shahida , Shaikh AH , Shaikh SAH , Isran B
Published: October 2013

Aims: Teenage pregnancy has globally recognized as high risk pregnancy. Under grown pelvic bones at delivery pose greater risk of obstructed labour in such young girls resulting in poor feto-maternal outcome. Objective of this study was to determine the frequency of obstructed labor in teenage pregnancy and to know fetomaternal outcome. Methods: This Cross Sectional Observational study was conducted at department of Obstetrics and Gynecology unit I and II, Shaikh Zyed Women Hospital Chandka Medical College, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana Sindh Pakistan from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2010. 468 women admitted with obstructed labour of all age groups, out of these which 257 patients were teenage mothers. Patients selected after fulfilling selection criteria. Obstructed labour in teenage patients wasdiagnosed on the basis of history of prolonged labour and clinical presentation. Demographical characteristics noted. Mode of the delivery and fetomaternal outcome was observed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. 12 version. Results: Total deliveries in both units during study period were 9000. Among them 468(5.2%) patients found to have obstructed labour. Out of these 257(2.85% of total) patients were teenagers.. 82% (210) teengers were non booked and admitted in emergency while only 18 %(47) came through OPD having a single visit. Mean age was 16±2 years and parity was 2±1.5.Mode of delivery was LSCS in 84% (214) ,assisted vaginal delivery in 12% (32) and 4% (11)had spontaneous delivery with episiotomy. Cephalopelvic disproportion remained the commonest reason of obstruction (66%). 1.94% (5) of patients died of septicemia .PPH seen in 41% (105),1.1% (3) had scar dehiscence due to prolonged trial by untrained birth attendant.1.94% (5) patients developed vesicovaginal fistula later on. Perinatal mortality was around 54.6% (142) while 44.75 % (115) babies born alive. Conclusions: Adolescent pregnant women not only face pregnancy related problem but also they are prone to have obstructed labour due to their developing pelvic bones. Obstructed labour is one of the most common and preventable causes of maternal and perinatal deaths and disabilities. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 37-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8834
Comparative Study of Single Dose Epidural Morphine and Intermittent Dose Morphine with Bupivacaine in Post Cesarean Analgesia
Authors: Agarwal K , Sharma M , Agarwal N , Agrawal VK , Agarwal A
Published: October 2013

Aims: Obstetric anesthesia presents a challenge to the anesthesiologist. The effective pain management allows the parturient adequate degree of comfort and promotes physical recovery and a sense of well being. Methods: This randomized controlled study was designed to assess the analgesic efficacy and side effects of single dose direct epidural morphine (Group 1) versus intermittent 12 hourly epidural morphine with bupivacaine (Group2) for postoperative analgesia in lower segment caesarean section cases. Results: Each group consisted of 36 patients. Demographic characteristics of two groups were comparable and differences among them were not statistically significant. Mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group one patients (16.5 ± 2.5) in comparison to group two patients (11.5 ± 1.5). Mean highest visual analogue scales (VAS scale) was significantly lower (3.2± 0.9) in group one patients in comparison of group two (6.7±0.8) patients. Only 43% patient in group one required supplementary analgesic (Inj Paracetamole/ Diclofenac) and 71% required Inj epidural Morphine / Inj bupivacaine in group two. Mean number of supplementary analgesic required in group one was 0.7 and it was 1.8 in group two. There was no significant difference in nausea, vomiting, itching and pruritis in two groups of patients. Conclusions: our study showed that the use of single dose epidural morphine was associated with lower pain scores at rest and movement when compared to intermittent epidural morphine with bupivacaine in post-caesarean section analgesia. Single dose epidural morphine was found more convenient, less cumbersome and less costly as compared to intermittent epidural morphine for post-caesarean section analgesia. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 41-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8835
Bladder Rupture Following Surgical Mid-Trimester Abortion
Authors: Pallavee P , Samal S , Thulasi R , Ghose S
Published: October 2013

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 64-65 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8841
Peer Reviewers of Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2012
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: October 2013

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 74 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8844
The Philosophy of Respectful Maternity Care
Authors: Regmi Kiran
Published: October 2013

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 1-3 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8851
Is Local Anesthetic Infiltration Prior to Intravenous Cannulation Beneficial to Patients?
Authors: Shrestha Babu Raja , Shrestha U , Shrestha A , Rana A
Published: October 2013

Aims: Intravenous cannulation causes pain, anxiety and frustration in patients along with changes in hemodynamic parameters. Infiltration of local anesthetic lessens the pain of intravenous cannulation. This study was performed to compare cardiovascular responses and verbal rating pain scores in two groups with and without local anesthetic infiltration prior to venous cannulation. Methods: This was a randomized study conducted in 100 elective surgical patients, divided into two study groups with 50 patients in each: group A (Control) and group B (local anesthetic infiltration). Prior to venous cannulation in group B, 0.5 ml of 1% lidocaine was infiltrated at the procedure site at dorsum of the wrist. Patients in group A were cannulated directly without local anesthetic infiltration. The hemodynamic changes pre and post cannulation and verbal pain rating scores were recorded by blind observers in all patients. Results: Demographic values in two groups were similar. Increase in heart rate from baseline value was significant in control group (p < 0.05). Post cannulation heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in group A compared to group B for the first three minutes (p < 0.05). Amongst higher number of patients in group A, verbal rating pain score was significantly higher. Ninety-four percent of the patients in group B were pain free, comfortable and satisfied with the procedure. Conclusions: Intravenous cannulation can be made pain free with patient satisfaction and hemodynamic stability if carried out with prior local anesthetic infiltration. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 10-13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8853
Use of Oral Misoprostol, Intramuscular Oxytocin and Intravenous Methergin in Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage
Authors: Meena Banwari Lal
Published: October 2013

Aims: The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of misoporstol 600mg orally (Group A), injection oxytocin 10 IU intramuscularly (Group B) and injection methylergometrine 0.2 mg intravenously (Group C) on reducing blood loss in third stage of labour, duration of third stage of labour, effect on haemoglobin of the patient, need of additional oxytocics or blood transfusion and associated side effects and complications. Methods: A prospective study enrolling 510 women and randomising them into three groups was done in S P Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Active management of third stage of labour was done using one of the three uterotonics as per the group of the patient. Results: Methylergometrine was superior to rest of the drugs with lowest duration of third stage of labour (p = 0.02), lowest amount of blood loss (p = 0.0001) and lowest rate of post partum hemorrhage (p = 0.08). The need of additional oxytocics and blood transfusion was highest with oral misoprostol as compared to all other drugs used in the study with p value of 0.08 and 0.009 respectively. Conclusions: Methylergometrine has the best uterotonic drug profile amongst the drugs used, strongly favouring its routine use as oxytocic for active management of third stage of labour. Oral misoprostol resulted in a higher blood loss compared to other drugs and hence it should be used only in low-resource settings where other drugs are not available. However, a large multi-centre study is needed for the confirmation of the finding. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 34-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8859
Managing Pregnancy with Post Mitral Valve Replacement Presenting Late
Authors: Lamichhane Basanta , Paradhan N , Rawal SJ , Singh A , Bhandari SR , Manandhar R
Published: October 2013

With the increased awareness and emphasis of institutional delivery, there has been an increase in trend of cases of valvular heart disease with pregnancy being reported to tertiary centers. Though rare, cases like post mitral valve replacement (MVR) with pregnancy are often a challenge in terms of management with an outcome of uneventful pregnancy and healthy baby. The management of women with prosthetic heart valves during pregnancy poses a particular challenge as there are no available controlled clinical trials to provide guidelines for effective antithrombotic therapy. Here we present a case of post MVR with pregnancy with an ultimate outcome of a healthy female and uneventful vaginal delivery. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 50-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8866
Term pregnancy with gastroschisis presenting as prolapsed bowel loops
Authors: Najam Rehana , Jain M , Lalwani A
Published: October 2013

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 63-64 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8870
Frequency of Interactions Between Veterinarians and Other Professionals to Guide Interprofessional Education
Authors: Root Kustritz Margaret V. , Molgaard Laura K. , Tegzes John H.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency with which veterinarians interact with individuals in other health professions and related fields of work. Four thousand members of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) were surveyed. Demographic information was collected, and participants were asked how frequently they interacted with members of various professions. General comments were solicited regarding which professions veterinarians should reach out to in order to enhance veterinary health care and which professions veterinarians could interact with to improve human health care. The overall response rate was 18.6%. Demographic information suggested that the sample was representative of the profession. Frequency of interactions ranged from never to regularly, but for no group or profession was frequent interaction the norm. For practitioners, interactions with pharmacists, both dispensing and compounding, and with drug company representatives were most common. For educators, interaction with pharmacists and drug company representatives was also high compared to other professions, and they were also more likely to interact with laboratory technicians and physicians. For those in industry, interactions with laboratory technicians, physicians, drug and food company representatives, and public health officials were most common. All other respondents described their most common interactions as being with public health officials. The veterinarians surveyed cited a need for greater interaction with physicians regarding zoonotic disease and parasitism. Veterinarians do not frequently interface with human health care professionals. Those with whom practitioners have the greatest interaction are pharmacists and representatives of drug companies. Greater interaction may benefit management of zoonotic disease and parasitism.
The influence of war on the development of neurosurgery
Authors: Dowdy Justin , Pait T. Glenn
Published: October 2013

The treatment of craniospinal war wounds proved to be a significant driving force in the early growth of neurosurgery as a specialty. This publication explores the historical relationship between the evolution of combat methodology from antiquity through modern conflicts as it dovetails with and drives corresponding advancements in the field of neurosurgery.

Whether it's the basic management principles for intracranial projectile wounds derived from World War I experiences, the drastic improvement in the outcomes and management of spinal cord injuries observed in World War II, or the fact that both of these wars played a crucial role in the development of a training system that is the origin of modern residency programs, the influence of wartime experiences is pervasive.
Anatomical location dictating major surgical complications for intradural extramedullary spinal tumors: a 10-year single-institutional experience
Authors: Mehta Ankit I. , Adogwa Owoicho , Karikari Isaac O. , Thompson Paul , Verla Terence , Null Ulysses T. , Friedman Allan H. , Cheng Joseph S. , Bagley Carlos A. , Isaacs Robert E.
Published: October 2013

Object

Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) neoplasms are uncommon lesions that can pose a challenge for resection. Numerous factors affect the resectability and ultimately the outcome of these lesions. The authors report their 10-year institutional experience with the resection of IDEM neoplasms, focusing on the effect of location on surgical outcomes.

Methods

The authors performed a retrospective review of 96 consecutive patients who presented with a cervical and/or thoracic IDEM tumor that was resected between February 2000 and July 2009. All patients underwent MRI, and the axial location of the tumor was categorized as anterior, posterior, or lateral. Postoperative complications were assessed, as was neurological status at the patient's last follow-up clinic visit. Major complications assessed included CSF leakage requiring lumbar drainage, reexploration for epidural hematoma, and major postoperative neurological deficits.

Results

The mean ± SD age at presentation was 51.16 ± 17.87 years. Major surgical approach–related complications occurred in 15% of patients. Major non–approach related surgical complications occurred in 7.1% of patients, while minor complications occurred in 14.2% of patients. Postoperative neurological deficits occurred most commonly in the thoracic spine between T-1 and T-8. Based on axial spinal cord location, the surgery-related complications rates for all anterior tumors (n = 12) was 41.6%, whereas that for all lateral tumors (n = 69) was 4.4% and that for all posteriorly located tumors (n = 17) was 0%.

Conclusions

Spinal IDEM tumors that are anteriorly located in the upper thoracic spine were found to have the highest rate of surgery-related complications and postoperative neurological deficits. This finding may be associated with the unforgiving anatomy of the upper thoracic spine in which there is a higher cord-to-canal ratio and a tenuous vascular supply.
Domestic Water Service Delivery Indicators and Frameworks for Monitoring, Evaluation, Policy and Planning: A Review
Authors: Kayser Georgia , Moriarty Patrick , Fonseca Catarina , Bartram Jamie
Published: October 2013

Monitoring of water services informs policy and planning for national governments and the international community. Currently, the international monitoring system measures the type of drinking water source that households use. There have been calls for improved monitoring systems over several decades, some advocating use of multiple indicators. We review the literature on water service indicators and frameworks with a view to informing debate on their relevance to national and international monitoring. We describe the evidence concerning the relevance of each identified indicator to public health, economic development and human rights. We analyze the benefits and challenges of using these indicators separately and combined in an index as tools for planning, monitoring, and evaluating water services. We find substantial evidence on the importance of each commonly recommended indicator—service type, safety, quantity, accessibility, reliability or continuity of service, equity, and affordability. Several frameworks have been proposed that give structure to the relationships among individual indicators and some combine multiple indicator scores into a single index but few have been rigorously tested. More research is needed to understand if employing a composite metric of indicators is advantageous and how each indicator might be scored and scaled.
Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Jain Ajay , Giga Sabir , Cooper Cary
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the mediating impact of organizational commitment on the relationship between organizational stressors and employee health and well-being. Data were collected from 401 operator level employees working in business process outsourcing organizations (BPOs) based in New Delhi, India. In this research several dimensions from ASSET, which is an organizational stress screening tool, were used to measure employee perceptions of stressors, their commitment to the organization, their perception of the organization’s commitment to them, and their health and well-being. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling on AMOS software. Results of the mediation analysis highlight both employee commitment to their organization and their perceptions of the organization’s commitment to them mediate the impact of stressors on physical health and psychological well-being. All indices of the model fit were found to be above standard norms. Implications are discussed with the view to improving standards of health and well-being within the call center industry, which is a sector that has reported higher turnover rates and poor working conditions among its employees internationally.
Heterogeneous Risk Perceptions: The Case of Poultry Meat Purchase Intentions in Finland
Authors: Heikkilä Jaakko , Pouta Eija , Forsman-Hugg Sari , Mäkelä Johanna
Published: October 2013

This study focused on the heterogeneity of consumer reactions, measured through poultry meat purchase intentions, when facing three cases of risk. The heterogeneity was analysed by latent class logistic regression that included all three risk cases. Approximately 60% of the respondents belonged to the group of production risk avoiders, in which the intention to purchase risk food was significantly lower than in the second group of risk neutrals. In addition to socio-demographic variables, the purchase intentions were statistically associated with several attitude-based variables. We highlighted some policy implications of the heterogeneity. Overall, the study demonstrated that risk matters to consumers, not all risk is equal, and consumer types react somewhat differently to different types of risk.
Proteomic Analysis Identifies an NADPH Oxidase 1 (Nox1)-Mediated Role for Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 2 (ARPC2) in Promoting Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
Authors: Ghouleh Imad , Rodríguez Andrés , Pagano Patrick , Csányi Gábor
Published: October 2013

A variety of vascular pathologies, including hypertension, restenosis and atherosclerosis, are characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy and migration. NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) plays a pivotal role in these phenotypes via distinct downstream signaling. However, the mediators differentiating these distinct phenotypes and their precise role in vascular disease are still not clear. The present study was designed to identify novel targets of VSMC Nox1 signaling using 2D Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry (2D-DIGE/MS). VSMC treatment with scrambled (Scrmb) or Nox1 siRNA and incubation with the oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 50 µM, 3 h) followed by 2D-DIGE/MS on cell lysates identified 10 target proteins. Among these proteins, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2) with no previous link to Nox isozymes, H2O2, or other reactive oxygen species (ROS), was identified and postulated to play an intermediary role in VSMC migration. Western blot confirmed that Nox1 mediates H2O2-induced ARPC2 expression in VSMC. Treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) resulted in reduced ARPC2 expression in H2O2-treated VSMC. Additionally, wound-healing “scratch” assay confirmed that H2O2 stimulates VSMC migration via Nox1. Importantly, gene silencing of ARPC2 suppressed H2O2-stimulated VSMC migration. These results demonstrate for the first time that Nox1-mediated VSMC migration involves ARPC2 as a downstream signaling target.
Nutritional Management of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Conlon Beth , Beasley Jeannette , Aebersold Karin , Jhangiani Sunil , Wylie-Rosett Judith
Published: October 2013

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health concern. It is the most common form of chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting both adults and children. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of fatty liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. First-line therapy for NAFLD includes weight loss achieved through diet and physical activity. However, there is a lack of evidenced-based dietary recommendations. The American Diabetes Association’s (ADA) recommendations that aim to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease may also be applicable to the NAFLD population. The objectives of this review are to: (1) provide an overview of NAFLD in the context of insulin resistance, and (2) provide a rationale for applying relevant aspects of the ADA recommendations to the nutritional management of NAFLD.
L'expression de qualités physiques et de propriétés efficientes : les emplois médicaux de μαλακός et μαλθακός
Authors: Skoda Françoise
Published: October 2013

Greek adjectives μαλακός and μαλθακός generally signify « soft » (physically), « mild » (morally), or, in bad sense, « weak, coward ». However, in Hippocratic texts dealing with therapeutics, an active sense is given « emollient, soothing » ; it will later disappear, probably because of the important development of μαλακτικός.
Hélène et Ulysse comme deux âmes en peine : une symbolique gnostique, platonicienne ou orphico-pythagoricienne ?
Authors: Pouderon Bernard
Published: October 2013

NHC II, 6 Exegesis of the Soul relates the story of Psyche, who leaves the « house of her father », attracted by the matter. After many trials (including prostitution), she is brought back to the upper world by a « saviour ». The text is illustrated by two exempla : Ulysses detained by Calypso, and Helena, carried off by Paris. Both symbolize the soul, imprisoned in the matter, and going back to the intelligible world. Our study shows that both exegesis date back to the first century A.D. — as attested by Plotin and by a stucco of the so-called Pythagorician Basilica in Rome. The myth, of pythagorician or platonician origin, would have been transformed by some disciples of Simon Magus, for the benefit of his ladyfriend, Helena, by confusing Psyche with the jewish-hellenistic Sophia. Such would be the origin of the valentinian myth of Sophia-Ennoia.
Le nom d'Eumée dans l'Odyssée
Authors: Demont Paul
Published: October 2013

Le nom d'Eumée est-il un nom parlant ? Εύμαιος a été interprété comme un composé dont le second terme serait en rapport avec μαίομαι ; une autre étymologie est envisageable : Eumée est un bon « parent adoptif» (μαίος, IG XII, 5, n° 199, cf. μαία). Son nom décrirait ainsi un aspect important de sa caractérisation dans l'Odyssée.
L'espace chez Aristophane. Exemple des Acharniens, de la Paix, de Lysistrata et des Guêpes
Authors: Jay-Robert Ghislaine
Published: October 2013

On insiste généralement sur l'incohérence et l'indétermination de l'espace chez Aristophane, sans pour autant essayer d'en trouver la signification. Pourquoi l'espace, chez Aristophane, est-il si mobile ? Le demeure-t-il d'ailleurs ainsi tout au long de la pièce ou pouvons-nous reconnaître une évolution dans la mise en scène de ce phénomène ? L'analyse de quatre pièces (Acharniens, Paix, Lysistrata, Guêpes) permet de mettre en évidence un processus. Première phase : déstructuration de l'espace. Le voyage du héros détermine la représentation d'un espace mobile qui tend vers le vide, il met en scène une remise en cause des limites spatiales existantes et aboutit donc à une confusion spatiale. Seconde phase : restructuration de l'espace. La recherche d'un équilibre et le rétablissement de limites mises en place selon des modalités nouvelles correspondent à l'instauration d'un ordre nouveau fondé sur l'avènement d'une réalité transfigurée.
PhenX: Establishing a consensus process to select common measures for collaborative research
Authors: Maiese D.R. , Hendershot Tabitha , Strader Lisa , Wagener Diane , Hammond Jane , Huggins Bruce , Kwok R.K. , Hancock Dana , Whitehead Nedra , Nettles Destiney , Pratt Joseph , Scott M.S. , Conway K.P. , Junkins H.A. , Ramos E.M. , Hamilton Carol
Published: October 2013

The PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit offers well-established, broadly validated measures of phenotypes and exposures relevant to investigators in human genomics, epidemiology, and biomedical research. This methods report describes the infrastructure and processes used to develop the content and features of the Toolkit. The PhenX consensus process is robust, yet flexible, as evidenced by its application to a range of research domains. During the initial phase of PhenX from March 2008 through April 2010, working groups of content experts addressed 21 research domains and selected 295 measures for the Toolkit. The PhenX Steering Committee prioritized and defined the scope of the domains and guided the consensus process with input from liaisons representing the National Institutes of Health. After the 21 domains were completed, another project to add breadth and depth to the Toolkit for substance abuse and addiction (SAA) research served to validate the consensus process. With the support of the SAA Scientific Panel to define the scope for one core and six specialty collections and SAA working groups to select measures, the PhenX project team added 44 measures to the Toolkit in 2012. The PhenX Toolkit, now being used by more than 1,000 researchers, offers a catalog of measures, supporting documentation, and tools for collaborative research. It used a consensus process that can serve as a template for investigators who are considering a similar approach.
Quand participation rime avec institutionnalisation
Authors: Márquez Murrieta Alicia
Published: October 2013

Depuis 1997, on observe, à Mexico, une interaction importante entre le secteur de la santé publique et les organisations de la société civile (OSC) proches d’un certain discours féministe. Et on observe notamment ce phénomène dans le secteur de la santé reproductive. Les travaux actuels portant sur ce thème n’abordent pas, ou peu, les tensions et les critiques qui émergent de cette relation. Notre objectif est double. Il s’agit, d’abord, d’analyser le type de relation entre ces organisations de la société civile et le secteur de la santé de la ville. Ensuite, nous allons tenter de comprendre les tensions que cette relation a provoquées à l’intérieur de ces organisations, ainsi qu’avec d’autres courants du mouvement féministe.
Repenser la guerre et la paix au xxie siècle
Authors: David Charles-Philippe
Published: October 2013

La guerre entre grandes puissances semble appartenir au passé. Ce changement augure, entre États développés, d’une ère de conflits postmodernes, sans passage au conflit armé. D’autres conflits résultent de la fragmentation et de la reconstitution des espaces politiques, s’apparentant aux guerres prémodernes des seigneurs de guerre. Mais globalement, les guerres sont en voie de forte diminution. Une paix où les conflits seraient contenus en deçà des affrontements militaires serait-elle en vue ?
Quel avenir pour les Casques bleus et le maintien de la paix ?
Authors: Liégeois Michel
Published: October 2013

L’ONU sera en 2014 le premier acteur militaire en termes d’opérations. Pourtant, les critiques abondent : opérations interminables fossilisées dans le paysage international ; gouffres financiers sans perspective des déploiements de l’ONU en RDC et au Darfour ; et pourquoi les puissances militaires se tiennent-elles à l’écart, un Casque bleu sur trois provenant d’Asie du Sud ? Le maintien de la paix façon ONU est-il dépassé ? Mais alors qui serait à même de prendre le relais des Nations unies ?
Occuper sans envahir : drones aériens et stratégie
Authors: Noël Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2013

Les drones sont utilisés depuis une cinquantaine d’années mais se développent surtout depuis 2001, date de la première mise en œuvre opérationnelle d’un drone armé. Leurs progrès rapides ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives stratégiques. Les drones permettent en particulier d’« occuper la terre par les cieux » en minimisant les risques de pertes pour l’assaillant. Leur utilisation ne présente toutefois pas que des avantages et les décideurs politiques auraient tort d’en user à la légère.
Comment gérer une crise politique interne ?
Authors: Grojean Olivier
Published: October 2013

L’étude du « façonnage organisationnel » du militantisme et l’observation des interactions entre l’institution et les individus engagés puis désengagés gagnent à se fonder sur les trajectoires militantes. Ainsi, à partir de l’analyse de quatre trajectoires biographiques de militants s’étant engagés au sein du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK), l’objectif de cet article est d’observer les processus qui conduisent au désengagement, et les dynamiques qui permettent au contraire le maintien de l’engagement dans une organisation radicale quand celle-ci entre en crise. Après analyse de la diversité des attitudes qui ont suivi l’arrestation du chef du PKK Öcalan, l’article propose de lier ces attitudes aux conditions sociales de possibilité de l’engagement, puis aux modalités de l’engagement et à la construction sociale de l’attachement à l’institution. Il est alors possible de voir, en creux, quelles négociations lient l’individu et l’institution, et dans quelle mesure les désengagements sont aussi une conséquence des effets différenciés des dispositifs disciplinaires sur certains groupes ou individus.
Une profession balkanisée : les psychologues face à l'État en France (1945-1985)
Authors: Le Bianic Thomas
Published: October 2013

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au rôle des pouvoirs publics dans l’émergence de la profession de psychologue en France depuis les années 1950. Nous montrons que cette profession a eu recours à deux voies différentes dans la conquête d’un statut professionnel. D’une part, elle s’est attachée à consolider, dès l’après-guerre, des statuts particuliers dans différents segments de la fonction publique, en particulier dans le champ de la santé et de l’éducation. D’autre part, les syndicats et associations professionnelles ont construit un discours unitaire, défendant l’idée d’un « statut unique » des psychologues. Ces deux stratégies se sont révélées largement incompatibles et expliquent en partie les difficultés que rencontrent aujourd’hui les psychologues pour asseoir leur légitimité. Dans la première partie de l’article, nous montrons que les premiers statuts de psychologues sont apparus dans l’après-guerre en lien avec la mise en place de nouvelles politiques publiques dans le champ de la santé, de l’éducation ou des politiques d’emploi, et qu’ils ne sont pas le produit de la mobilisation du groupe professionnel lui-même, qui reste très éclaté au cours de cette période. À partir des années 1970, bien que les formations universitaires et les débouchés en psychologie se développent à un rythme rapide, les tentatives d’unification de la profession se heurtent aux statuts qui se sont consolidés dans le secteur public au cours de la période précédente. Les organes représentatifs de la profession parviennent à se fédérer au début des années 1980 et obtiennent en 1985 une loi réglementant l’usage du titre de psychologue. Celle-ci se révèle toutefois insuffisante pour surmonter la forte balkanisation de ce groupe professionnel, née de la variété des pratiques et des statuts au sein de leurs administrations de tutelle.
Precision and Bias of Cleithra and Sagittal Otoliths Used to Estimate Ages of Northern Pike
Authors: Faust Matthew D. , Breeggemann Jason J. , Bahr Samantha , Graeb Brian D.S.
Published: October 2013

Cleithra are thought to accurately record age information and produce the most reliable age estimates relative to other calcified structures (e.g., scales) for long-lived species of Esocidae such as muskellunge Esox masquinongy and northern pike E. lucius. Sagittal otoliths provide the most accurate and precise age estimates for other fish species, yet sagittal otoliths have never been evaluated for age estimation of any species of Esocidae. Our objectives were to determine if: 1) sagittal otoliths provided more precise age estimates than cleithra for northern pike from two populations, and 2) sagittal otolith age estimates differed systematically from cleithrum age estimates for two populations of northern pike. Ages were estimated by three independent individuals with different experience levels from sagittal otoliths and cleithra collected from 66 northern pike (32–101 cm total length) from Devils Lake, North Dakota and 45 northern pike (27–52 cm total length) from Cable Lake, Wisconsin. Cleithrum age estimates were more precise than those from sagittal otoliths for northern pike from Devils Lake, and were similar to sagittal otolith age estimates for northern pike from Cable Lake. Sagittal otolith age estimates were similar to cleithrum age estimates for northern pike from Devils Lake, but were dissimilar for northern pike from Cable Lake. We recommend using cleithra for estimating age of northern pike given that no specialized equipment is required for processing and age estimation. However, other studies are needed to further investigate the use of sagittal otoliths to estimate age of northern pike.
Interactive Storytelling and Experiential Learning
Authors: Wolske Justin A.
Published: October 2013

The author looks at the recent drivers that have changed the ways authors and audiences share stories, first by looking at the landscape in art and entertainment, and then by analyzing how these drivers are affecting education. Inspired by his own work as a film and new media producer and his recent foray into educational media, the author isolates four different factors for consideration: (a) the falling price and rising accessibility of digital image acquisition, (b) the Internet as a cheap and instantaneous distribution platform, (c) the evolving ways in which audiences are accessing and consuming content, and (d) increased interactivity between storyteller and audience. By analyzing both the entertainment and education industries, the author predicts that storytelling—a dormant educational tool through much of the 20th century—will become a centerpiece of future educational models. Furthermore, he asserts that storytelling itself must radically change to accommodate this new discourse.
Vehicular Cloud Computing
Authors: Ghafoor Kayhan Zrar , Mohammed Marwan Aziz , Abu Bakar Kamalrulnizam , Sadiq Ali Safa , Lloret Jaime
Published: October 2013

Recently, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) have attracted the attention of research communities, leading car manufacturers, and governments due to their potential applications and specific characteristics. Their research outcome was started with awareness between vehicles for collision avoidance and Internet access and then expanded to vehicular multimedia communications. Moreover, vehicles’ high computation, communication, and storage resources set a ground for vehicular networks to deploy these applications in the near future. Nevertheless, on-board resources in vehicles are mostly underutilized. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is developed to utilize the VANET resources efficiently and provide subscribers safe infotainment services. In this chapter, the authors perform a survey of state-of-the-art vehicular cloud computing as well as the existing techniques that utilize cloud computing for performance improvements in VANET. The authors then classify the VCC based on the applications, service types, and vehicular cloud organization. They present the detail for each VCC application and formation. Lastly, the authors discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET cloud computing.
Group Genetic Algorithm for Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing
Authors: Mutingi Michael
Published: October 2013

Cost-efficient transportation is a central concern in the transportation and logistics industry. In particular, the Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem (HVRP) has become a major optimization problem in supply chains involved with delivery (collection) of goods to (from) customers. In this problem, there are limited vehicles of different types with respect to capacity, fixed cost, and variable cost. The solution to this problem involves assigning customers to existing vehicles and, in relation to each vehicle, defining the order of visiting each customer for the delivery or collection of goods. Hence, the objective is to minimize the total costs, while satisfying customer requirements and visiting each customer exactly once. In this chapter, an enhanced Group Genetic Algorithm (GGA) based on the group structure of the problem is developed and tested on several benchmark problems. Computational results show that the proposed GGA algorithm is able to produce high quality solutions within a reasonable computation time.
Bipolarity in Decision Analysis
Authors: Tchangani Ayeley P.
Published: October 2013

Decision analysis, the mechanism by which a final decision is reached in terms of choice (choosing an alternative or a subset of alternatives from a large set of alternatives), ranking (ranking alternatives of a set from the worst to the best), classification (assigning alternatives to some known classes or categories), or sorting (clustering alternatives to form homogeneous classes or categories) is certainly the most pervasive human activity. Some decisions are made routinely and do not need sophisticated algorithms to support decision analysis process whereas other decisions need more or less complex processes to reach a final decision. Methods and models developed to solve decision analysis problems are in constant evolution going from mechanist models of operational research to more sophisticated and soft computing-oriented models that attempt to integrate human attitude (emotion, affect, fear, egoism, altruism, selfishness, etc.). This complex, soft computing and near human mechanism of problem solving is rendered possible thanks to the overwhelming computational power and data storage possibility of modern computers. The purpose of this chapter is to present new and recent developments in decision analysis that attempt to integrate human judgment through bipolarity notion.
Hacking
Authors: Kirwan Gráinne , Power Andrew
Published: October 2013

Hacking is an activity which has long been tied with ethical and legal complications. The term has evolved to have both ethical and unethical connotations, which can be confusing to the uninitiated. Hacker subculture has a myriad of terminology, sometimes with subtle variations, and this chapter identifies the main subcategories of hackers. The methods used by hackers to infiltrate systems will also be briefly examined, along with the motives for the activities. The question of whether or not hacking can be an ethical activity, and how it should be dealt with by the legal system is considered in this chapter. Consideration is also given to the international legal perspective. The evolving hacker ethic is described and examined, and the justifications provided by hackers are investigated.
Law and Technology at Crossroads in Cyberspace
Authors: Ayanso Anteneh , Herath Tejaswini
Published: October 2013

Historical incidents have taught organizations several key lessons on computer crimes. The complexity of the current technology environment dictates that no one mechanism can effectively address computer crimes. Investing in the most sophisticated counter-technologies alone is not enough to fight cyber threats. Thus it has become increasingly important for organizations and governments to establish control frameworks that incorporate proactive measures in the technological, legislative, and administrative dimensions. While it is government’s role to keep up with the legislative rules, organizations need to have the right security policies and guidelines in place as well as develop awareness in the legal front to combat computer crimes. With the review of the academic literature, industry reports, and the media, this chapter identifies various kinds of computer crimes and discusses the counter strategies to tackle such crimes in the legal, technological, and organizational dimensions.
All’s WELL that Ends WELL
Authors: Bishop Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Constitutional and Administrative Law is a core component of legal studies throughout the world, but to date little has been written about how this might exist on the Internet, which is like a world without frontiers. John Perry Barlow’s “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” served to start the debate about the legitimacy of nation-states to impose laws on such a virtual space. It has been argued that the nation-states won as there are now a significant number of laws regulating the Internet on national and international levels. It can however be seen that there are commonalities between the two entities. For example, there are commonalities in the way they function. There are also commonalities in the way civil rights exist, and the existence of civil remedies and law enforcement. These are all explored in the chapter, which also presents two concepts about the authority of the state in regulating behaviour in online communities. One of them, “sysop prerogative,” says that owners of website can do whatever they want so long as they have not had it taken away by law or given it away by contract. The second, ‘The Preece Gap’, says that there is a distance between the ideal usable and sociable website that the users want and that which the owners of the website provide in practice. Two other concepts are also introduced, “the Figallo effect” and the “Jimbo effect.” The former describes an online community where users use their actual identities and sysop prerogative is delegated to them. The latter describes those where sysop prerogative is exercised by one or more enforcers to control users who use pseudonyms. The chapter concludes that less anonymity and a more professionalised society are needed to bridge the gap between online and offline regulation of behavior.
Industrial Fresh Fluorgypsum Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes
Authors: Li Jiang Sheng , Xue Yuan , Liu Ce , Jiang Wen , Liu Dong Hua , Qiao Yue , Wang Chen Yu
Published: October 2013

Industrial fresh fluorgypsum was found to be an efficient solid acid catalyst (10 % gmmol-1loading) for Beckmann rearrangement, which promoted conversion of various ketoximes to the corresponding amides or lactams in toluene at reflux temperature. This is the first example of the application of the fluorgypsum as catalyst in organic synthesis, which opens up a new aspect for the utility of the solid waste fluorgypsum.
Aseismic Performance Analysis of High-Strength Concrete Circular Pier
Authors: Qi Kang
Published: October 2013

Circular pier are widely used in bridge substructure. Strength and ductility are two important indicators reflect its aseismic performance. Based on the analysis of complete bending moment-curvature curve curvature, bending strength and ductility on reinforced concrete circular pier cross-section, this paper analyzes the aseismic performance of high-strength concrete circular pier. And it can provide reference for using high strength concrete more reasonable.
Correlation between Surface Conductivity and Pollution Flashover Voltage of Strain Insulator-String
Authors: Li Shan , Zhang Jun Ping , Gu Liang , Liu Jia De
Published: October 2013

For contamination of the medium voltage insulatorsXP-7 strain insulator-string, analysis of localized pollution flashover accident in recent years with a surface of insulator contamination degree of relationship, through the surface of porcelain insulator pollution layer conductivity indicators and calculation analysis on pollution flashover voltage, promote different voltage contaminated insulator under replacing the feasibility of early warning. Results showed that, the relationship between pollution flashover voltage and conductivity parameters is clear, available with microprocessor and more intuitive remote communication unit for remote monitoring and control system of early warning, reduce default phase pollution flashover accident of the power ring network of transmission lines in remote areas , enhance the stability of power load .
Modeling and Control System Simulation for 7-Link Biped Robot
Authors: Huai Chuang Feng , Jia Xue Yan
Published: October 2013

Walking robot has complicate structure and strong ability to adapt ground conditions, and it is difficult to control. To realize dynamic walking of the humanoid robot, we have to establish robot dynamic models, design the control algorithm for gait and the stability postures. In this paper, study dynamic model and control system of a 7-links biped robot, build parameterized simulation model of biped walking robot, proceed gait planning and simulation experiments in the simulation surrounding, and get some experiment results. Compare the experiment data with the theoretic stable region and confirm that the biped walking robot as leg mechanism has good stability of static walking, and provide theoretic and data information for further work.
Fuzzy Logic Control of Knee-FES-Ergometer for Stroke Patients Knee Swinging Exercise
Authors: Boudville Rozan , Hussain Zakaria , Yahaya Saiful Zaimy
Published: October 2013

This paper presents the development of a fuzzy logic controller for a knee-FES-ergometer for stroke patients knee swinging exercise. The knee-FES-ergometer is introduced as a hybrid exercise for a long repetitive knee swinging exercise for stroke patient through the application of a knee swinging ergometer and functional electrical stimulation. The specially designed ergometer is used to reduce the required electrical stimulation and hence avoids early muscle fatigue. A knee swinging ergometer model, humanoid model and a stimulated quadriceps muscle model are developed to simulate the FES-assisted knee swinging exercise. A fuzzy logic controller is then designed to control the repetitive knee swinging. Simulation results verifying the knee swinging trajectories and the reduced electrical stimulation required are presented and discussed.
New Fe-Ni and Fe-Mn Powders Used in Manufacturing Diamond Tools
Authors: Romanski Andrzej , Konstanty Janusz , Ratuszek Wiktoria
Published: October 2013

The work attempts substitution of very expensive, wear resistant Co-WC powders, that are commonly used in the production of sintered diamond tools, with cheap iron-base counterparts manufactured by ball milling. It has been shown that ball milled Fe-Ni and Fe-Mn powders can be consolidated to a virtually pore-free condition by hot pressing at 900°C. The as-consolidated materials are characterised by high hardness and resistance to 3-body abrasion.