bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New stage in living cationic polymerization: An array of effective Lewis acid catalysts and fast living polymerization in seconds
Authors: Aoshima Sadahito , Yoshida Tomohide , Kanazawa Arihiro , Kanaoka Shokyoku
Published: March 2007

Our recent extensive research on Lewis acid catalysts with a weak base for the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers led to unprecedented living reaction systems: fast living polymerization within 1–3 s; a wide choice of metal halides containing Al, Sn, Fe, Ti, Zr, Hf, Zn, Ga, In, Si, Ge, and Bi; and heterogeneously catalyzed living polymerization with Fe2O3. The use of added bases for the stabilization of the propagating carbocation and the appropriate selection of Lewis acid catalysts were crucial to the success of such new types of living polymerizations. In addition, the base‐stabilized living polymerization allowed the quantitative synthesis of star‐shaped polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution via polymer‐linking reactions and the precision synthesis and self‐assembly of stimuli‐responsive block copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1801–1813, 2007.
Is tile drainage water representative of root zone leaching of pesticides?
Authors: Jacobsen Ole H , Kjær Jeanne
Published: March 2007

Given the methods presently available, determination of flux‐averaged concentrations of pesticides in structured soils is always a compromise. Most of the available methods entail major uncertainties and limitations. Tile drainage monitoring has several advantages, but the extent to which it is representative of overall leaching has been questioned because it comprises a mixture of water of different origins. This literature review evaluates whether drainage water pesticide concentrations are representative of root zone leaching of pesticides. As there are no reports quantifying the extent to which the flux‐averaged concentration of pesticides in drainage water differs from that found between the drains, evidence‐based conclusions cannot be drawn. Nevertheless, the existing literature does suggest that the concentration in drainage water does not always correspond to the concentration at drain depth between the drains; depending on the conditions pertaining, the concentrations may be higher or lower. As to whether the flux‐averaged concentration of pesticides in drainage water is representative of the interdrain concentration at drain depth it is concluded that (1) the representativeness of drainage water concentrations can be questioned on very well‐drained soils and on poorly drained soils with little capacity for lateral transport beneath the plough layer, (2) the conditions provided by relatively porous soils and moderate climatic conditions are conducive to the drainage water concentration being representative and (3) drainage water will be more representative in the case of weakly sorbed pesticides than for strongly sorbed pesticides. Used critically, it is thus believed that drainage water concentrations can serve to characterize the flux‐averaged concentration of pesticides at drain depth. However, the use of drainage water for determining average concentrations necessitates thorough investigation and interpretation of precipitation, percolation, drain outflow and concentration dynamics. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Rock modeling and matching for autonomous long‐range Mars rover localization
Authors: Li Rongxing , Di Kaichang , Howard Andrew B. , Matthies Larry , Wang Jue , Agarwal Sanchit
Published: March 2007

This paper introduces the concept and design of a new integrated approach to long‐range autonomous Mars rover localization based on the incremental bundle adjustment and visual odometry technologies that have been individually experimented with during the 2003 Mars Exploration Rover mission. The design result indicates that a rover would have a varying performance in traversing from 7.5 to 118 m within one traverse leg under various scenarios including camera systems and traverse geometry, while maintaining the onboard rover localization accuracy at 1%. To implement the proposed integrated approach, the key is to develop autonomous cross‐site tie point selection algorithms for automatic generation of a sufficient number of high quality tie points to link all the images and to form the image network. New methods of rock extraction, rock modeling, and rock matching from multiple rover sites are developed to automate cross‐site tie point selection. Rocks are extracted from three‐dimensional ground points generated by stereo image matching, and then modeled using analytical surfaces such as hemispheroid, semiellipsoid, cone, and tetrahedron. Rocks extracted and modeled from two rover sites are matched by a combination of rock model matching and rock distribution pattern matching. The matched rocks are used as cross‐site tie points for a subsequent bundle adjustment. The presented results show that the proposed cross‐site tie point selection approach functions successfully for medium‐range (up to 26 m) traverse legs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppression of ovulation in Nile Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) using melengestrol acetate‐treated feed or high dose Depo‐Provera injection
Authors: Wheaton Catharine J. , Joseph Sharon , Reid Kelly , Webster Tricia , Richards Mary , Forde Holly M. , Savage Anne
Published: March 2007

Analysis of fecal progestogen profiles during Depo‐Provera injection (1,200 mg; DEPO, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY), melengestrol acetate (MGA) in feed (2 or 3 mg/head/day), and a combination treatment (DEPO+MGA) are presented for nine captive female Nile hippos housed at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida. All tested treatments reduced fecal progestogen elevations successfully to durations consistent with prevention of ovulation for a portion of the treatment period. Percentage of treatment months with suppression of luteal phases indicative of ovulation was maximal for high‐dose MGA (91.7±13.9%) and DEPO+MGA (91.7±20.4%), followed by DEPO injection alone (69.2±13.9%) and low‐dose MGA (57.6±33.2%). Both 1,200 mg DEPO and low‐dose MGA (2.0 mg/day) treatments were insufficient to prevent an apparent seasonal breakthrough of ovarian activity from June–August 2002. Although luteal phases were observed, no females conceived during those months. Overall, in 133.5 treatment months with females housed with an adult male, one female conceived during the transition period between treatments. After cessation of contraceptive treatment, average latency to first normal ovarian cycle was 80.6±19.5 days (range = 22–179 days). Up to 12 months post‐treatment, however, successive cycles were often irregular with evidence of short periods of anovulation and shortened luteal phases in all females monitored. In conclusion, high dose and combination treatments were most successful in preventing progestogen increases indicative of ovulation in hippos. Zoo Biol 26:259–274, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal Assessment of Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition Throughout Pregnancy and Post Partum
Authors: Stewart Frances , Rodie Vanessa A. , Ramsay Jane E. , Greer Ian A. , Freeman Dilys J. , Meyer Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Transfer of fatty acids from mother to fetus during pregnancy is a requirement for optimal fetal growth. We report a longitudinal study of full maternal erythrocyte fatty acid profile assessed at each trimester of pregnancy [mean 12.5 (range 8–14), 26.1 (24–28) and 35.5 (33–38) weeks’ gestation] and in the post partum period [18.1 (12–26) weeks]. The study recruited healthy women (n = 47) from routine antenatal clinics at the Princess Royal Maternity Unit, Glasgow, Scotland. There were increases in 16:1n7 (22%, p = 0.0005), 24:1n9 (13%, p = 0.0032), 22:5n6 (25%, p = 0.0003), 18:3n3 (41%, p = 0.0007) and 22:6n3 (20%, p = 0.0005) concentrations during pregnancy. The greatest increases took place between gestations at sampling of 12.5 and 26.1 weeks. The change in 16:1n7 concentration between gestations at sampling of 12.5 and 35.3 weeks was negatively associated with maternal booking body mass index (r = −0.40, p = 0.006). The change in 22:6n3 concentration was correlated with the change in 24:1n9 (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). In samples taken four months post partum, 14:0 concentration was lower (29%, p = 0.0002) and 24:0 concentration (15%, p = 0.0009) and n6/n3 ratio (11%, p = 0.0019) were higher than at a gestation at sampling of 12.5 weeks. In conclusion, several fatty acids are specifically mobilised during pregnancy. The correlation between maternal 22:6n3 and 24:1n9 suggests that mobilisation of these fatty acids may be coordinated. The inverse relationship between 16:1n7 and maternal central obesity warrants further investigation.
Folate deprivation promotes mitochondrial oxidative decay: DNA large deletions, cytochromecoxidase dysfunction, membrane depolarization and superoxide overproduction in rat liver
Authors: Chang Chun-Min , Yu Chu-Ching , Lu Hsin-Te , Chou Yi-Fang , Huang Rwei-Fen S.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the biological effect of folate in the protection against mitochondrial (mt) oxidative decay. The objective of the present study was to examine the consequence of folate deprivation on mt oxidative degeneration, and the mechanistic link underlying the relationship. Male Wistar rats were fed with an amino acid-defined diet containing either 8 (control) or 0 (folate-deficient, FD) mg folic acid/kg diet. After a 4-week FD feeding period, significant elevation in oxidative stress was observed inside the liver mitochondria with a 77 % decrease in mt folate level (P < 0·001), a 28 % reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity (P = 0·0333), a 1·2-fold increase of mt protein carbonyls (P = 0·0278) and an accumulated 4834 bp large-scale deletion in mtDNA. The elicited oxidative injuries in FD liver mitochondria were associated with 30 % reduction of cytochromecoxidase (CcOX) activity (P = 0·0264). The defective CcOX activity in FD hepatocytes coincided with mt membrane potential dissipation and intracellular superoxide elevation. Exposure of FD hepatocytes to pro-oxidant challenge (32 μm-copper sulphate for 48 h) led to a further loss in CcOX activity and mt membrane potential with a simultaneous increase in superoxide production. Preincubation of pro-oxidant-treated FD hepatocytes with supplemental folic acid (10–1000 μm) reversed the mt oxidative defects described earlier and diminished superoxide overproduction. Increased supplemented levels of folic acid strongly correlated with decreased lipid peroxidation (γ − 0·824,P = 0·0001) and protein oxidative injuries (γ − 0·865,P = 0·0001) in pro-oxidant-challenged FD liver mitochondria. Taken together, the results demonstrated that folate deprivation induces oxidative stress in liver mitochondria, which is associated with CcOX dysfunction, membrane depolarization and superoxide overproduction. The antioxidant activity of supplemental folic acid may partially, if not fully, contribute to the amelioration of pro-oxidant-elicited mt oxidative decay.
Validity and reproducibility of the food-frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Men's Health Study
Authors: Villegas Raquel , Yang Gong , Liu DaKe , Xiang Yong-Bing , Cai Hui , Zheng Wei , Ou Shu Xiao
Published: March 2007

We evaluated the validity and reproducibility of the FFQ used in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS). The study included 195 randomly selected participants of the SMHS who completed one FFQ at baseline, twelve 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HDR) (once a month for twelve consecutive months) and a second FFQ at the end of the study. The FFQ accounted for 88·78 % of the foods recorded in the 24-HDR surveys. The validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing nutrient and food group intake levels from the second FFQ and the multiple 24-HDR. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0·38 to 0·64 for macronutrients, 0·33 to 0·58 for micronutrients and 0·35 to 0·72 for food groups. Misclassification to opposite quartiles for nutrients and food groups was rare, ranging from 1·5 to 7·7 %, while exact agreement rates were between 31·8 and 53·3 %. The reliability of the FFQ was assessed by comparing the intake levels from the two FFQ. Correlation coefficients were 0·39 to 0·53 for macronutrients, 0·38 to 0·52 for micronutrients and 0·39 to 0·64 for food groups. Exact agreement rates for quartile distribution were between 31·8 and 49·2 %, while misclassification to opposite quartiles was between 1·5 and 6·2 %. These data indicate that the SMHS FFQ can reasonably categorise usual intake of nutrients and food groups among men living in urban Shanghai.
Feeding of a deep-fried fat causes PPARα activation in the liver of pigs as a non-proliferating species
Authors: Luci Sebastian , König Bettina , Giemsa Beatrice , Huber Stefanie , Hause Gerd , Kluge Holger , Stangl Gabriele I. , Eder Klaus
Published: March 2007

Recent studies have shown that dietary oxidised fats influence the lipid metabolism in rats by activation of PPARα. In this study, we investigated whether a mildly oxidised fat causes activation of PPARα in pigs which are non-proliferators like man. Eighteen pigs were assigned to two groups and received either a diet containing 90 g/kg of a fresh fat or the same diet with 90 g/kg of an oxidised fat prepared by heating for 24 h at 180°C in a deep fryer. Pigs fed the oxidised fat had a higher peroxisome count, a higher activity of catalase and a higher mRNA concentration of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in the liver and a higher concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate in plasma than pigs fed the fresh fat (P < 0·05). Hepatic mRNA concentrations of acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 tended to be increased in pigs fed the oxidised fat compared to pigs fed the fresh fat (P < 0·10). Pigs fed the oxidised fat, moreover, had higher mRNA concentrations of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 and its target genes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the liver and higher mRNA concentrations of SREBP-2 and its target genes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase and LDL receptor in liver and small intestine. In conclusion, this study shows that even a mildly oxidised fat causes activation of PPARα in the liver of pigs. Up-regulation of SREBP and its target genes in liver and small intestine suggests that the oxidised fat could stimulate synthesis of cholesterol and TAG in these tissues.
Low plasma concentrations of arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Richir Milan C. , Siroen Michiel P. C. , van Elburg Ruurd M. , Fetter Willem P. F. , Quik Freeke , Nijveldt Robert J. , Heij Hugo A. , Smit Bert J. , Teerlink Tom , van Leeuwen Paul A. M.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have described reduced plasma concentrations of arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). No information on the plasma concentrations of the endogenous NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in patients with NEC is currently available. We investigated whether plasma concentrations of arginine, ADMA, and their ratio differ between premature infants with and without NEC, and between survivors and non-survivors within the NEC group. In a prospective case–control study, arginine and ADMA concentrations were measured in ten premature infants with NEC (median gestational age 193 d, birth weight 968 g), and ten matched control infants (median gestational age 201 d, birth weight 1102 g), who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In the premature infants with NEC, median arginine and ADMA concentrations (μmol/l), and the arginine:ADMA ratio were lower compared to the infants without NEC: 21·4v. 55·9,P = 0·001; 0·59v.0·85,P = 0·009 and 36·6v.72·3,P = 0·023 respectively. In the NEC group, median arginine (μmol/l) and the arginine:ADMA ratio were lower in non-surviving infants than in surviving infants: 14·7v.33·8,P = 0·01 and 32·0v.47·5,P = 0·038 respectively. In premature infants with NEC not only the NOS substrate arginine, but also the endogenous NOS inhibitor ADMA and the arginine:ADMA ratio were lower than in infants without NEC. In addition, low arginine and arginine:ADMA were associated with mortality in infants with NEC. Overall, these data suggest that a diminished nitric oxide production may be involved in the pathophysiology of NEC, but this needs further investigation.
Association ofn-3 andn-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipid classes with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Figler Mária , Gasztonyi Beata , Cseh Judit , Horváth Gábor , Kisbenedek Andrea G. , Bokor Szilvia , Decsi Tamás
Published: March 2007

In order to establish the biochemical basis for dietary interventions, we investigated the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. In this cross-sectional study thirty patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), twenty-one with Crohn disease (CD) and twenty-four controls were investigated (mean age: UC, 40·8 (sd12·1); CD, 37·6 (sd11·0); control, 31·5 (sd8·4) years). Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined by high-resolution capillary GLC. In plasma phospholipids, significantly higher values of eicosapentaenoic (20 : 5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22 : 5n-3) and γ-linolenic (18 : 3n-6) acids were found in control patients and patients with UC as compared to patients with CD [median % (weight by weight), controlv.UCv.CD : 20 : 5n-3, 0·09 (interquartile range (IQR) 0·05)v.0·14 (IQR 0·10)v.0·16 (IQR 0·10),P < 0·05; 22 : 5n-3, 0·14 (IQR 0·10)v.0·27 (IQR 0·16)v.0·31 (IQR 0·10),P < 0·001; 18 : 3n-6, 0·02 (IQR 0·02)v.0·03 (IQR 0·02)v.0·05 (IQR 0·03),P < 0·05]. When compared to the control, values of the principaln-3 andn-6 long-chain PUFA, arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) were significantly higher in patients with UC but not in patients with CD [median % (w/w), UCv.control: 20 : 4n-6, 8·43 (IQR 3·23)v.6·92 (IQR 2·96),P < 0·05; 22 : 6n-3, 1·22 (IQR 0·56)v.0·73 (IQR 0·39),P < 0·05]. As seen there are considerable differences between the long-chain PUFA status of patients suffering from UC or CD. The data obtained in the present study do not support the concept of eicosapentaenoic acid or DHA deficiency in patients with either UC or CD.
Effect of age on speech recognition in noise and on contralateral transient evoked otoacoustic emission suppression
Authors: Yılmaz S T , Sennaroğlu G , Sennaroğlu L , Köse S K
Published: March 2007

Introduction:

We aimed to study the influence of age, in normal hearing individuals, on: the masking level difference test, the speech recognition in noise test, the transient evoked otoacoustic emissions test, and the contralateral transient evoked otoacoustic emission suppression test. We also aimed to research the effect of age when using these tests to evaluate the central auditory nervous system.

Methods:

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and contralateral transient evoked otoacoustic emission suppression were measured in all subjects. Subjects also underwent masking level difference and speech recognition in noise tests.

Results:

We found a decrease in transient evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes, speech recognition in noise scores and hearing thresholds with age. We also found that higher masking level difference values were associated with lower speech recognition in noise scores and contralateral transient evoked otoacoustic emission suppression values.

Conclusion:

We conclude that decreasing speech recognition in noise scores are associated with decreasing contralateral transient evoked otoacoustic emission supression values. This effect may be related to medial efferent system dysfunction.
Amharic as a language of Islam
Authors: Drewes A. J.
Published: March 2007

Amharic, the native language of a large group of the population of central Ethiopia, also functions as a lingua franca among the neighbouring peoples, and has done so for a long time. The language is usually associated with the culture of the politically dominant part of the population, the Christian culture. But it is certain that from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, and probably even before that time, Amharic was used also for Islamic religious texts: poetry composed to spread the basic religious concepts of Islam and songs to be chanted in religious meetings. The first foreign scholar to become aware of this was Enrico Cerulli, who published some examples of Islamic songs in Amharic in 1926. Much more has since been published by Ethiopians. In the 1960s I obtained a small collection of such texts which are discussed in this article.
Financing the tribute to the Kingdom of Jerusalem: An urban tax in Damascus
Authors: Heidemann Stefan
Published: March 2007

The economic dynamics of the twelfth century finds its expression in an increased number of fiscal instruments and terminology. After an introduction to legal taxation and Saljūq fiscal policy, the philological problems of a specific due, al-fissa, illegitimate according to the sharī‘a, will be addressed along with its political function, history, levying and transfer. It was levied in Damascus for an annual and/or occasional tribute to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, even before the alliance of Damascus and Jerusalem in 532/1140. Before Nūr al-Dīn Mahmūd's conquest of Damascus the monies were transferred by bearers of hawālas. It can be suggested that tax farmers were liable for them. A decree, rasm, allowed for the collection of al-fissa. The due was levied perhaps on the basis of an assessment of urban real estate. An interpretation of the term al-fissa was suggested as Arabic borrowing from the middle Latin term fossa.
Reducibility of self-homotopy equivalences
Authors: Pavešić Petar
Published: March 2007

We describe a new general method for the computation of the group Aut(X) of self-homotopy equivalences of a space. It is based on the decomposition of Aut(X) induced by a factorization of X into a product of simpler spaces. Normally, such decompositions require assumptions (‘induced equivalence property’, ‘diagonalizability’), which are strongly restrictive and difficult to check. We derive computable homological criteria for an analogous assumption, called reducibility, and then show that these criteria are satisfied when the so-called atomic decomposition of the space is used. This essentially reduces the computation of Aut(X) to the computation of the group of self-equivalences of its atomic factors, and the computation of certain homotopy sets between those factors.
Comparison of blood folate levels among pregnant Chinese women in areas with high and low prevalence of neural tube defects
Authors: Ren Aiguo , Zhang Le , Hao Ling , Li Zhiwen , Tian Yihua , Li Zhu
Published: March 2007

Objective

To characterise plasma and red-blood-cell (RBC) folate status among pregnant women in an area with an extremely high prevalence of neural tube defects, and to compare them with those of women from a low prevalence area.

Design

A cross-sectional survey conducted in 2003.

Setting

One county and one city from each of the high prevalence area and the low prevalence area in China.

Subjects

Five hundred and sixty-two women in their first trimester of pregnancy in the high prevalence area and 695 pregnant women in the low prevalence area.

Results

Women in the high prevalence area had less than half the plasma and RBC folate concentrations (12.2 and 440.0 nmol l− 1, respectively) of women in the low prevalence area (33.5 and 910.4 nmol l− 1, respectively). In the high prevalence area, 40% of rural women were deficient in RBC folate and 50% were deficient in plasma folate; 20% of urban women were deficient in RBC folate and 30% deficient in plasma folate. In contrast, only 4% (RBC folate) and 6% (plasma folate) of rural women, and 2% (RBC folate) and 1% (plasma folate) of urban women, were folate-deficient in the low prevalence area. Less than 10% of rural and about 26% of urban women in the high prevalence area took folic acid periconceptionally, compared with 70% and 60% of women in the low prevalence area.

Conclusions

Blood folate deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women in an area of China with a very high prevalence of neural tube defects.
Do children's food preferences align with dietary recommendations?
Authors: Russell CG , Worsley A
Published: March 2007

Objectives

To examine how Australian children's reported everyday food preferences reflect dietary recommendations, and the impact of sociodemographic factors on these associations.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting/subjects

Three hundred and seventy-one parents of children aged 2–5 years, recruited from three socio-economic groups in two Australian cities, completed a survey on their child's liking for 176 foods and drinks on a 5-point Likert scale in addition to demographic descriptors. Preferences were compared with the recommendations of theDietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australiaand theAustralian Guide to Healthy Eating.

Results

Foods in the Extra Foods (non-nutritious foods) and Cereals groups of theAustralian Guide to Healthy Eatingwere highly liked (mean: 4.02 and 4.01, respectively), whilst foods in the Vegetables group were liked least (mean: 3.01). A large percentage of foods in the Cereals and Extra Foods groups were liked (64% and 56%, respectively) in contrast to the other food groups, especially Vegetables (7%). Children liked foods that were higher in sugar (r = 0.29,P < 0.0001) and more energy-dense (r = 0.34,P < 0.0001) but not those higher in saturated fat (r = 0.16,P = 0.03), total fat (r = 0.12,P = 0.12) or sodium (r = 0.10,P = 0.18). Sociodemographic variables (e.g. socio-economic status, parental education, children's age and sex) explained little of the variation in children's food preferences.

Conclusions

Australian pre-school children's food preferences align with dietary guidelines in some respects, but not others. Interventions are needed to shift children's preferences away from non-nutritious foods that are high in energy density and sugar, and towards vegetables and fruits.
Selbstverletzendes Verhalten
Authors: Petermann Franz , Winkel Sandra
Published: March 2007

Zusammenfassung. Selbstverletzendes Verhalten wie Sich-Schneiden und Kratzen kommt sowohl bei männlichen als auch bei weiblichen Jugendlichen verhältnismäßig häufig vor. Es handelt sich dabei in den meisten Fällen um den Ausdruck schwerwiegender psychischer und/oder sozialer Belastungen und sollte als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, dass der oder die Jugendliche Hilfe und Unterstützung benötigt. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich vor allem mit den aktuellen Möglichkeiten der Diagnostik und Therapie selbstverletzenden Verhaltens. Beispielhaft werden Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente vorgestellt, die verschiedene Aspekte selbstverletzenden Verhaltens detailliert erfassen. Sie können bei der Identifikation und Differenzialdiagnostik, aber auch zur Vorbereitung, Begleitung und Evaluation therapeutischer Maßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Als besonders vielversprechende Interventionsmöglichkeiten werden die DBT-A (Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie für Adoleszente) und das Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) vorgestellt, wobei für die DBT-A bereits erste positive empirische Befunde vorliegen. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Verfahren sollte zukünftig möglichst in kontrolliert-randomisierten Studien geprüft werden.
Age and origin of the Årdal dike complex, SW Norway: False isochrons, incomplete mixing, and the origin of Caledonian granites in basement nappes
Authors: Lundmark A. M. , Corfu F.
Published: March 2007

Granitic dikes intruding the upper thrust sheets of the Jotun Nappe Complex, southwest Norway, previously assigned a Sveconorwegian age based on Rb‐Sr data, are redated to 427 ± 1 Ma by U‐Pb. The erroneous Rb‐Sr age can be explained by mixing of magmas with different isotopic compositions. Similar geochemical signatures, evidence of Sr mixing, inherited Proterozoic zircons and synkinematic modes of emplacement are also seen in Silurian granites in the Lifjorden Complex as well as in the Lindås Nappe and the Totland unit of the Bergen Arc Complex. We propose that these granites are related and derived from anatexis of Rb‐poor sediments of Baltica affinity overridden by the nappes during Scandian thrusting. This interpretation is compatible with the presence of the granites in nappes of both oceanic and of continental affinities and their absence in the autochthonous basement.
Uptake of natural and anthropogenic carbon by the Labrador Sea
Authors: Terenzi F. , Hall T. M. , Khatiwala S. , Rodehacke C. B. , LeBel D. A.
Published: March 2007

We apply to Classical Labrador Sea Water (CLSW) the transit‐time distribution (TTD) method to estimate the inventory and uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Cant). A model of TTDs representing bulk‐advection and diffusive mixing is constrained with CFC11 data. The constrained TTDs are used to propagate Cant into CLSW, allowing the air‐sea disequilibrium to evolve consistently. Cant in the Labrador Sea (LS) surface waters cannot keep pace with increasing atmospheric CO2 and is highly undersaturated. Our best estimate for 2001 is an anthropogenic inventory of 1.0 Gt C and an uptake of 0.02 Gt C/year. By additionally using the constraint of present‐day CO2 measurements, we estimate that the preindustrial LS was neutral or a weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Our estimates are subject to possible error due to the assumption of steady‐state transport and carbon biochemistry.
Transient landscapes at fault tips
Authors: Densmore Alexander L. , Gupta Sanjeev , Allen Philip A. , Dawers Nancye H.
Published: March 2007

Fault growth produces patterns of displacement and slip rate that are highly variable in both space and time. This transience is most pronounced near fault tips, where along‐strike displacement gradients vary in time as the fault array lengthens. We use a set of statistical and field observations to quantify the response of catchments and their associated fans in three large normal fault arrays to transient patterns of displacement and slip rate. Catchments near the fault tips show distinct scaling of channel slope with drainage area compared with catchments near the strike center. This scaling becomes uniform beyond about ∼10 km from the fault tips and is therefore like footwall relief, largely decoupled from the fault displacement profile. The estimated catchment response times to a change in slip rate also vary between fault tips and strike center. The response times for tip catchments are much longer than the inferred time since fault activity began, indicating that they are unlikely to be in equilibrium with the current fault displacement field. This disequilibrium, combined with the decoupling of slope‐area scaling from displacement, indicates that landscapes are most sensitive to fault activity near fault tips. Active faults characterized by along‐strike variation in slip rate thus provide excellent opportunities to explore the transient response of landscapes to tectonic forcing.
Mechanisms involved in the regulation of mRNA for M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and endothelial and neuronal NO synthases in rat atria
Authors: Ganzinelli S , Joensen L , Borda E , Bernabeo G , Sterin‐Borda L
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:

Agonists of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) increase mRNA for this receptor and mRNA for endothelial and neuronal isoforms of NO synthase (eNOS or nNOS). Here we examine the different signalling pathways involved in such events in rat cardiac atria.

Experimental approach:

In isolated atria, the effects of carbachol on mRNA for M2 receptors, eNOS and nNOS were measured along with changes in phosphoinositide (PI) turnover, translocation of protein kinase C (PKC), NOS activity and atrial contractility.

Key Results:

Carbachol increased mRNA for M2 receptors, activation of PI turnover, translocation of PKC and NOS activity and decreased atrial contractility. Inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM), NOS and PKC prevented the carbachol‐dependent increase in mRNA for M2 receptors. These inhibitors also attenuated the carbachol induced increase in nNOS‐ and eNOS‐mRNA levels. Inhibition of nNOS shifted the dose response curve of carbachol on contractility to the right, whereas inhibition of eNOS shifted it to the left.

Conclusions and implications:

From our results, activation of M2 receptors induced nNOS and eNOS expression and activation of NOS up‐regulated M2 receptor gene expression. The signalling pathways involved included stimulation of PI turnover via PLC activation, CaM and PKC. nNOS and eNOS mediated opposing effects on the negative inotropic effect in atria, induced by stimulation of M2 receptors. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the effects and side effects of cholinomimetic treatment in patients with cardiac neuromyopathy.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 175–185. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707180
Modulation of vascular function by perivascular adipose tissue: the role of endothelium and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Gao Y‐J , Lu C , Su L‐Y , Sharma A M , Lee R M K W
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) attenuates vascular contraction, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. The possible involvement of endothelium (E) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated.

Experimental approach:

Aortic rings from Wistar rats were prepared with both PVAT and E intact (PVAT+E+), with either PVAT or E removed (PVAT‐E+, or PVAT+E‐), or with both removed (PVAT‐E‐) for functional studies. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured.

Key results:

Contraction to phenylephrine and 5‐HT respectively was highest in PVAT‐E‐, lowest in PVAT+E+, and intermediate in PVAT+E‐ or PVAT‐E+. In bioassay experiments, transferring bathing solution incubated with a PVAT+ ring (donor) to a PVAT‐ ring (recipient) induced relaxation in the recipient. This relaxation was abolished by E removal, NO synthase inhibition, scavenging of NO, high extracellular K+, or blockade of calcium‐dependent K+ channels (KCa). The solution stimulated NO production in isolated endothelial cells and in PVAT‐E+ rings. In E‐ rings, the contraction to phenylephrine of PVAT+ rings but not PVAT‐ rings was enhanced by catalase or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, but reduced by superoxide dismutase and tiron. In PVAT‐E‐ rings, H2O2 attenuated phenylephrine‐induced contraction. This effect was counteracted by sGC inhibition. NO donor and H2O2 exhibited additive inhibition of the contraction to phenylephrine in PVAT‐E‐ rings.

Conclusion:

PVAT exerts its anti‐contractile effects through two distinct mechanisms: (1) by releasing a transferable relaxing factor which induces endothelium‐dependent relaxation through NO release and subsequent KCa channel activation, and (2) by an endothelium‐independent mechanism involving H2O2 and subsequent activation of sGC.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 323–331; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707228
Rosuvastatin restores superoxide dismutase expression and inhibits accumulation of oxidized LDL in the aortic arch of obese dyslipidemic mice
Authors: Verreth W , De Keyzer D , Davey P C , Geeraert B , Mertens A , Herregods M‐C , Smith G , Desjardins F , Balligand J‐L , Holvoet P
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:

Our goal was to elucidate mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of rosuvastatin on the accumulation of plaque oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and on plaque volume, without lowering cholesterol, in mice with combined leptin and LDL‐receptor deficiency (DKO).

Experimental approach:

Twelve‐week old DKO mice were treated with rosuvastatin (10 mg kg−1 day−1, s.c.) or placebo or no treatment for 12 weeks. The effect on blood variables, aortic plaque volume and composition and gene expression in the aorta and in THP‐1 cells was assessed.

Key results:

Rosuvastatin lowered free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, and increased insulin sensitivity, without affecting cholesterol. Rosuvastatin lowered the plaque volume, inhibited macrophage, lipid and oxLDL accumulation, and decreased the oxLDL‐to‐LDL ratio of plaques in the aortic arch. It increased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), CD36, LXR‐α, ABCA‐1 and PPAR‐γ RNA expression in aortic extracts. SOD1 was the strongest inverse correlate of oxLDL. In THP‐1 macrophages and foam cells, expression of SOD1 was lower than in THP‐1 monocytes. Rosuvastatin restored expression of SOD1 in THP‐1 macrophages and foam cells.

Conclusions and Implications:

Rosuvastatin restored SOD1 expression in THP‐1 macrophages and foam cells in vitro and in the aorta of DKO mice. The latter was associated with less oxLDL accumulation within atherosclerotic plaques and inhibition of plaque progression. This effect was obtained at a dose not affecting cholesterol levels but improving insulin sensitivity. SOD1 is a potentially important mediator of the prevention of oxLDL accumulation within atherosclerotic plaques.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 347–355; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707231
Aromatic Chemistry
Authors: Hepworth John D , Waring Mike J , Waring David R
Published: March 2007

This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive account of aromatic chemistry. A series of chapters describes the synthesis and reactions of the major functional derivatives of benzene and the more common polycyclic systems. The concept of aromaticity and the mechanism of aromatic substitution are discussed, as is the use of metals in the synthesis of aromatic compounds. Throughout, emphasis is placed on mechanisms. Worked problems and questions are provided to aid understanding. In addition to providing material required by an undergraduate studying chemistry, Aromatic Chemistry is also ideal for industrial chemists seeking to update their knowledge of this important aspect of chemistry. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Basic Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Authors: Hollas J Michael
Published: March 2007

The main aim of this unique book is to introduce the student to spectroscopy in a clear manner which avoids, as far as possible, the mathematical aspects of the subject. It is thus intended for first or second year undergraduates, particularly those with minimal mathematics qualifications. After explaining the theory behind spectroscopy, the book then goes on to look at the different techniques, such as rotational, vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. It encompasses both high resolution (structural) and low resolution (analytical) spectroscopy, demonstrating their close interrelationship. The many worked problems make this book particularly appealing for independent study. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Contaminated Land and Its Reclamation
Authors: Warner Frederick , Schnoor J L , Erickson Larry E
Published: March 2007

Contaminated land and the methods and legal controls governing its reclamation for subsequent development and use are of great current interest and concern. This volume in the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology series contains seven articles which treat the many aspects of this subject, ranging from risk assessment and risk management, through specific remediation methods and the evolution of government policy and controls, to analysis of the legal and technical features of specific environmental insurance policies. The chemistry of the non-ferrous heavy metals lead, zinc and cadmium is examined in relation to reclamation of superfund sites in the USA alongside a consideration of the role of the Welsh Development Agency in developing strategies for the recovery of derelict and contaminated land. An authoritative treatment of each of the topics is ensured by the particular expertise and distinction of the authors, and as such Contaminated Land and Its Reclamation will make an important contribution to the public debate on these issues. It will be essential reading for all those groups of people directly or indirectly involved, from consultants and their technical advisors, through developers, contractors and landowners, to local authorities and government agencies with responsibility for policy and its implementation in this area.
Food Microbiology
Authors: Adams Martin R , Moss Maurice O
Published: March 2007

Food Microbiology is the first entirely new, comprehensive student text to be published on this subject for more than 10 years. It covers the whole field of modern food microbiology, including recent developments in the procedures used to assay and control microbiological quality in food. The book covers the three main themes of the interaction of micro-organisms with food-spoilage, foodborne illness and food fermentation and gives balanced attention to both the positive and negative aspects which result. It also discusses the factors affecting the presence of micro-organisms in foods, as well as their capacity to survive and grow. Suggestions for further reading, of either the most recent or the best material available, are included in a separate section. This book presents a thorough and accessible account of modern food microbiology and will make an ideal course book. Food Microbiology is a must for undergraduates, lecturers and researchers involved in the biological sciences, biotechnology, and food sciences and technology.
Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Barrett Jack
Published: March 2007

Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution reviews the chemistry of the elements in all their oxidation states in an aqueous environment. The nature of ions in solution is described in some detail and enthalpies and entropies of hydration of many ions are defined and recalculated from the best data available. These values are used to provide an understanding of the periodicities of standard reduction potentials. Standard reduction potential data for all of the elements, group-by-group, covering the s and p, d and f blocks of the Periodic Table is also included. Major sections are devoted to the acid/base behaviour and the solubilities of inorganic compounds in water. Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution is aimed at undergraduate chemistry students but will also be welcomed by geologists interested in this field. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ashcroft Alison E
Published: March 2007

Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry is a basic practical guide for scientists of all disciplines who wish to analyse samples by organic mass spectrometry. Concentrating on instrumental operation, this book gives step-by-step instructions on how to set up, and how to achieve the best results, using a range of ionization methods, including atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization. Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry will enable a beginner, or practitioner with limited experience, to choose the most appropriate ionization technique in application areas such as biomolecules, drugs and metabolites, pesticides, polymers and many other organic compounds. It will be a valuable practical guide for technicians, graduates, students or researchers - or indeed anyone new to practical organic mass spectrometry.
Metal-Organic and Organic Molecular Magnets
Authors:   The Royal Society, Hurst Phil
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, magnetic materials have been metals or, if inorganic compounds such as oxides, of continuous lattice type. However, in recent years chemists have synthesized increasing numbers of crystalline solids based on molecular building blocks in the form of coordination and organometallic complexes or purely organic molecules, which exhibit spontaneous magnetization. In striking contrast to conventional magnets, these materials are made from solutions close to room temperature rather than by metallurgical or ceramic methods. This book, which originates from contributions to a Discussion Meeting of The Royal Society of London, brings together many of the leading international practitioners in the field, who survey their own recent work and place it in the context of the wider fields of magnetism and supramolecular chemistry. All aspects of molecular-based magnets are addressed, including synthesis, structure-property relations and physical properties. Contents include details of the characterization of the first purely organic ferromagnet, the synthesis of high coercivity materials and a unique description of new materials with Curie temperatures well above ambient. A coherent survey of this rapidly developing field for the more general reader, Metal-Organic and Organic Molecular Magnets will also be welcomed by researchers and lecturers in materials science and inorganic or solid state chemistry.
Organic Spectroscopic Analysis
Authors: Anderson Rosaleen J , Bendell David J , Groundwater Paul W
Published: March 2007

This introduction to organic spectroscopic analysis aims to provide the reader with a basic understanding of how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) give rise to spectra, and how these spectra can be used to determine the structure of organic molecules. The text aims to lead the reader to an appreciation of the information available from each form of spectroscopy and an ability to use spectroscopic information in the identification of organic compounds. Aimed at undergraduate students, Organic Spectroscopic Analysis is a unique textbook containing large numbers of spectra, problems and marginal notes, specifically chosen to highlight the points being discussed. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.