bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between milk consumption in middle age and frailty in later life: The Aichi Workers' cohort study
Authors: Hong Young Jae , Otsuka Rei , Song Zean , Fukuda Chisato , Tajima Rina , Lin Jingyi , Hibino Mizuho , Kobayashi Mei , He Yupeng , Matsunaga Masaaki , Ota Atsuhiko , Nakano Yoshihisa , Li Yuanying , Tamakoshi Koji , Yatsuya Hiroshi
Published: June 2024

Aim

Several studies have shown that dairy consumption in old age is effective in preventing frailty. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the association between milk consumption during middle age and the development of frailty in old age. Therefore, we carried out an investigation to explore the association between milk consumption during middle age and development of frailty examined after over 15 years of follow up in a long‐term cohort study in Japan.

Methods

We studied 265 participants aged 60–79 years (212 men and 53 women) in 2018, who participated in both the baseline survey in 2002 and the frailty assessment in 2018. The amount of milk consumption (g/day) at baseline was age‐ and energy‐adjusted, and classified into three categories (no, low and high consumption: 0 g/day, ≤135.86 g/day, >135.86 g/day in men and 0 g/day, ≤126.44 g/day, >126.44 g/day in women). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prefrailty/frailty after adjusting for lifestyles at baseline, stratified by sex, were estimated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

The prevalence of prefrailty/frailty in 2018 was 37.7% and 28.3% in men and women, respectively. Milk consumption categories were inversely associated with the prevalence of prefrailty/frailty in men (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.84 in low consumption; OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.10–0.95 in high consumption; P < 0.05), but not in women (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.11–2.65; P = 0.44).

Conclusions

In this study, milk intake in middle‐aged men was inversely associated with the prevalence of prefrailty/frailty later in life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 700–705.
Factors associated with malnutrition among older people in Swedish short‐term care: Poor oral health, dysphagia and mortality
Authors: Lindqvist Susanne , Olai Lena , Hägglund Patricia
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between malnutrition and potential contributing factors such as poor oral health, dysphagia and mortality among older people in short‐term care.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study is a part of the multidisciplinary multicentre project SOFIA (Swallowing function, Oral health and Food Intake in old Age), which includes older people (≥65 years) in 36 short‐term care units in five regions of Sweden. Nutritional status was measured with version II of the Minimal Eating Observation and Nutrition Form (MEONF‐II), oral health with the Revised Oral Assessment Guide (ROAG), dysphagia with a water swallow test, and the mortality rate was followed for 1 year. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios for the association between malnutrition and these factors.

Results

Among the 391 participants, the median age was 84 years and 53.3% were women. Mortality rate was 25.1% within 1 year in the total group, and was higher among malnourished participants than among their well‐nourished counterparts. Severe dysphagia (OR: 6.51, 95% CI: 2.40–17.68), poor oral health (OR: 5.73, 95% CI: 2.33–14.09) and female gender (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.24–3.93) were independently associated with malnutrition.

Conclusion

Mortality rate was higher among malnourished people than those who were well nourished. Severe dysphagia, poor oral health and female gender was predictors of malnutrition among older people in short‐term care. These health risks should be given more attention in short‐term care with early identification.
Advancing the dual learning system in Kazakhstan: Perspectives of agri‐business sector employers
Authors: Bulasheva Ainur , Gadanakis Yiorgos , Rahman Sanzidur
Published: June 2024

The dual learning system gained prominence as part of the education system in Kazakhstan, involving training students in close collaboration with businesses to equip them with the skills and expertise needed for a modern workforce. This study contributes to existing literature examining the adoption and implementation of German‐originated training practices in developing countries using an empirical evaluation of the performance of the dual learning system and traditional education in the Kazakhstani agri‐food business sector based on perceptions of businesses, their attitudes and motivation for participation. A qualitative methodology based on the Expectancy Theory of Motivation was utilized by implementing Focus Group Discussions with employers of 19 businesses of different sizes. Results showed that while certain businesses implementing dual learning excel in attracting skilled professionals, most employers highlight hesitance among younger individuals to pursue careers in the agri‐food sector. Small businesses mainly encounter difficulties in effectively communicating the benefits of working in the sector, coping with high costs, and grappling with uncertainties surrounding the retention of graduates. Managerial and policy recommendations from the study include incentivizing businesses for data sharing on the implementation of dual learning, facilitating graduate retention support and standardizing training conditions.
Impairment of Gal‐9 and Tim‐3 crosstalk between Tregs and Th17 cells drives tobacco smoke‐induced airway inflammation
Authors: Qiu Shilin , Zhou Guang , Ke Junyi , Zhou Jianpeng , Zhang Hui , Jin Zhitao , Xie Wenli , Huang Shu , He Zaiqin , Qin Huajiao , Huang Hui , Li Qiuming , Huang Hongchun , Tang Haijuan , Liang Yi , Duan Minchao
Published: June 2024

Overexpression of T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing‐3 (TIM‐3) on T cells has been observed in smokers. However, whether and how galectin‐9 (Gal‐9)/TIM‐3 signal between T‐regulatory cells (Tregs) and type 17 helper (Th17) cells contributes to tobacco smoke‐induced airway inflammation remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the role of the Gal‐9/TIM‐3 signal between Tregs and Th17 cells during chronic tobacco smoke exposure. Tregs phenotype and the expression of TIM‐3 on CD4+ T cells were detected in a mouse model of experimental emphysema. The role of TIM‐3 in CD4+ T cells was explored in a HAVCR2−/− mouse model and in mice that received recombinant anti‐TIM3. The crosstalk between Gal‐9 and Tim‐3 was evaluated by coculture Tregs with effector CD4+ T cells. We also invested the expression of Gal‐9 in Tregs in patients with COPD. Our study revealed that chronic tobacco smoke exposure significantly reduces the frequency of Tregs in the lungs of mice and remarkably shapes the heterogeneity of Tregs by downregulating the expression of Gal‐9. We observed a pro‐inflammatory but restrained phenotypic transition of CD4+ T cells after tobacco smoke exposure, which was maintained by TIM‐3. The restrained phenotype of CD4+ T cells was perturbed when TIM‐3 was deleted or neutralised. Tregs from the lungs of mice with emphysema displayed a blunt ability to inhibit the differentiation and proliferation of Th17 cells. The inhibitory function of Tregs was partially restored by using recombinant Gal‐9. The interaction between Gal‐9 and TIM‐3 inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells and promotes apoptosis of CD4+ T cells, possibly by interfering with the expression of retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t. The expression of Gal‐9 in Tregs was reduced in patients with COPD, which was associated with Th17 response and lung function. These findings present a new paradigm that impairment of Gal‐9/Tim‐3 crosstalk between Tregs and Th17 cells during chronic tobacco smoke exposure promotes tobacco smoke‐induced airway/lung inflammation.
Time to wound closure in facial soft tissue injuries following road traffic accidents
Authors: Hamzah Muhammad Asyraf , Rahman Normastura Abd , Ramli Roszalina
Published: June 2024

The 6‐hour (6‐h) time to wound closure was a controversial issue as studies have shown that time was not a substantial factor. Wounds in the face are often considered to have a lower infection risk. Despite this, the cause of injury was not extensively discussed in relation to this context. The primary objective was to investigate the association between the 6‐h time to wound closure and wound complications following emergency management of facial soft tissue injuries (STIs). Additionally, the secondary objective was to explore other factors contributing to wound complications. A retrospective record review was conducted in our hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. Medical records of patients with facial STIs due to road traffic accidents were included. Simple random sampling was used to select records meeting inclusion criteria. Data on demographic, injury, and treatment characteristics were collected using a standardized proforma. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, including chi‐square tests and binary logistic regression. A total of 295 patient records were included, with most patients being males (77.3%) and of Malay ethnicity (54.9%). The median age was 31.0 years. Majority of patients were treated within 6 h of injury (93.9%). Complications were documented in 6.1% of cases, including wound dehiscence and infection. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between 6‐h time to closure and wound complications (OR: 7.53, 95% CI: 1.90–29.81, p = 0.004). Grade of surgeon on duty (OR: 4.61, 95% CI: 1.25–16.95, p = 0.02) and diabetes mellitus (OR: 6.12, 95% CI: 1.23–30.38, p = 0.03) were also shown to have a statistically significant association with wound complications. A 6‐h time to wound closure, grade of surgeon on duty and diabetes mellitus were three major factors involved in facial wound complications following road traffic accidents.
Bi(III)‐based oxide semiconductors with ambipolar doping: (Na, K)BiO2
Authors: Jang Hyunwoo , Shim Seungwon , Son Junwoo , Kang Youngho
Published: June 2024

Bi(III)‐based oxides are emerging as important semiconductors for future electronic applications. Through hybrid density functional theory calculations and defect analysis, we demonstrate that ABi(III)O2 (A = Na or K) is a promising wide‐band‐gap bipolar semiconductor. Our calculations predict ABiO2 to have a large band gap of 1.97 eV for NaBiO2 and 2.77 eV for KBiO2. Unlike widely‐used oxide semiconductors such as In2O3 and ZnO, the spatially extended cation states (Bi 6s) of ABiO2 significantly contribute to the valence band maximum, enhancing p‐type dopability. We indeed show that potential acceptors, such as SrBi, produce shallow levels. In addition, n‐type doping is found to be possible through the extrinsic doping of heterovalent elements such as Te and F. The band‐structure analysis reveals that ABiO2 has small effective masses for electrons and holes (< 1m0 where m0 is the electron rest mass), indicating favorable electron and hole transport properties.
Exploring the role of gaze behaviour in socially shared regulation of collaborative learning in a group task
Authors: Whitehead Ridwan , Nguyen Andy , Järvelä Sanna
Published: June 2024

Background

The necessity of supporting socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) for learners is widely acknowledged as a crucial element for successful collaborative learning (CL). However, inherent challenges are presented for the observation, study, and support of SSRL. Non‐verbal behaviours have been identified as a potentially rich resource for understanding learner interactions within CL. Yet, the exploration of its impact on SSRL remains largely unexplored.

Objective

The present study aims to explore how gaze behaviour, as a non‐verbal behaviour, relates to verbal interactions that characterise SSRL in CL.

Methods

Twenty‐seven Finnish secondary school students were given a 30‐min group task of creating a breakfast smoothie, in which trigger events were integrated to examine possible interactions that characterise SSRL. In this experimental setting, data from multiple modalities were collected. For analysis, process mining was used to explore patterns of interaction, and multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis (MdRQA) was used, alongside with statistical analysis.

Results and Conclusions

Our study revealed that gaze behaviour is intricately linked with SSRL interactions, suggesting a complex interplay in collaborative learning contexts. When temporally investigated, SSRL interactions varied in frequency while gaze behaviour remained constant. Moreover, the recurrence of gaze and SSRL interactions did not vary due to trigger events, confirming an established collaborative pattern.

Implications

This study advances the field by extending research on SSRL by introducing a ‘non‐verbal perspective’. This perspective enriches our understanding of collaborative learning environments by revealing hidden interaction patterns and guiding the development of more responsive and adaptive digital learning tools.
Fitness of two mushroom flies Bradysia minpleuroti (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae) fed on two edible mushrooms
Authors: Pan Jin‐zhuang , Zhang Chao , Zhang Yue , Yang Jia‐peng , He Li , Yang Hong , Dai Ren‐huai
Published: June 2024

Dictyophora rubrovolvata and Pleurotus ostreatus are economically important mushrooms in China. Bradysia minpleuroti Yang et Zhang and Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen, 1830) are important mushroom flies that damage the two mushrooms. In this study, we used the age‐stage, two‐sex life table method to assess the fitness of B. minpleuroti and C. fuscipes when they were respectively fed on D. rubrovolvata and P. ostreatus. Our results showed that the first (2.39 days) and second (1.41 days) instar larvae, pupa (2.87 days) and total longevity (18.19 days) of B. minpleuroti were shorter when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovolvata (3.46, 1.86, 3.10 and 20.19 days). B. minpleuroti had similar fecundity when fed on the two edible mushrooms. B. minpleuroti had higher values of net reproductive rate (R0, 87.73), intrinsic rate of increase (r, 0.2604 day‐1), and finite rate of increase (λ, 1.2974 day‐1) and shorter mean generation time (T, 17.19 days) when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovalvata (26.96, 0.1659 day‐1, 1.1805 day‐1, 19.85 days). The developmental period of larvae and pupa stages of C. fuscipes were significantly different fed on the two edible mushrooms. Female fecundity, total longevity, R0, r, λ and T of C. fuscipes were not significantly different between the two edible mushrooms. We found that fitness of B. minpleuroti larvae had higher fitness when fed on P. ostreatus than fed on D. rubrovolvata. However, there was no significant difference in the fitness of C. fuscipes larvae when fed on the two edible mushrooms. This study has provided valuable data and insights by delving into the adaptability of two significant pests on two edible mushrooms, thereby facilitating the development of more effective pest management strategies and contributing to the advancement of the mushroom industry. For instance, it provides guidance on the appropriate timing for preventive measures and treatment.
Beyond ‘statistical significance’: A nontechnical primer of Bayesian statistics and Bayes factors for health researchers
Authors: Younas Ahtisham
Published: June 2024

Rationale

Hypothesis testing is integral to health research and is commonly completed through frequentist statistics focused on computing p values. p Values have been long criticized for offering limited information about the relationship of variables and strength of evidence concerning the plausibility, presence and certainty of associations among variables. Bayesian statistics is a potential alternative for inference‐making. Despite emerging discussion on Bayesian statistics across various disciplines, the uptake of Bayesian statistics in health research is still limited.

Aim

To offer a primer on Bayesian statistics and Bayes factors for health researchers to gain preliminary knowledge of its use, application and interpretation in health research.

Methods

Theoretical and empirical literature on Bayesian statistics and methods were used to develop this methodological primer.

Conclusions

Using Bayesian statistics in health research without a careful and complete understanding of its underlying philosophy and differences from frequentist testing, estimation and interpretation methods can result in similar ritualistic use as done for p values.

Implications

Health researchers should supplement frequentists statistics with Bayesian statistics when analysing research data. The overreliance on p values for clinical decisions making should be avoided. Bayes factors offer a more intuitive measure of assessing the strength of evidence for null and alternative hypothesis.
Primary care and community partnerships to promote age‐friendly care for Hispanic older adults
Authors: Ross Sarah E. , Severance Jennifer J. , Murphy Sara C. , Yockey Robert A. , Morkos Johny , Johnson Shakita , Knebl Janice A.
Published: June 2024

Background

Healthcare and community collaborations have the potential to address health‐related social needs. We examined the implementation of an educational initiative and collaborative intervention between a geriatric clinic and Area Agency on Aging (AAA) to enhance age‐friendly care for a Hispanic patient population.

Methods

As part of a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)‐funded Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program, a geriatric clinic partnered with AAA to embed an English‐ and Spanish‐speaking Social Service Coordinator (SSC). The SSC met with patients during new and annual visits or by referral to address What Matters and Mentation in the patient's primary language, provide education, and make social service referrals. Patients aged 60 and older, who received SSC services during a 12‐month period, were defined as the intervention group (n = 112). Using a retrospective chart review, we compared them to a non‐intervention group (n = 228) that received primary care. We examined available demographic and clinical data within the age‐friendly areas of What Matters and Mentation. Measures included cognitive health screenings, advance care planning, patient education, and community referrals.

Results

Most of the intervention groups were eligible for AAA services and had the opportunity for service referrals to address identified needs. A higher proportion of patients within the intervention group completed screenings for cognitive health and advance care planning discussions.

Conclusion

Interagency partnerships between ambulatory care settings and community‐based organizations have the potential to expand access to linguistically and culturally competent age‐friendly primary care for older adults.
Prognostic value of FGFR2 alterations in patients with iCCA undergoing surgery or systemic treatments: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Niu Sen , Zhang Ye , Li Zengyao , Wang Tong
Published: June 2024

Background

Over recent years, there has been a notable rise in the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which presents a significant challenge in treatment due to its complex disease characteristics and prognosis. Notably, the identification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion/rearrangement, a potential oncogenic driver primarily observed in iCCA, raises questions about its impact on the prognostic outcomes of patients undergoing surgical intervention or other therapeutic approaches.

Methods

A comprehensive search from inception to July 2023 was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases. The objective was to identify relevant publications comparing the prognosis of FGFR2 alterations and no FGFR2 alterations groups among patients with iCCA undergoing surgical resection or other systemic therapies. The primary outcome indicators, specifically Overall Survival (OS) and Disease‐Free Survival (DFS), were estimated using Hazard Ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and statistical significance was defined as p < .05. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software and Stata, version 12.0.

Results

Six studies, involving 1314 patients (FGFR2 alterations group n = 173 and no FGFR2 alterations group n = 1141), were included in the meta‐analysis. The analysis revealed that the FGFR2 alterations group exhibited a significantly better OS prognosis compared to the no FGFR2 alterations group, with a fixed‐effects combined effect size HR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.001–1.715, p = .049. Furthermore, meta‐regression and subgroup analysis showed that the length of the follow‐up period did not introduce heterogeneity into the results. This finding indicates the stability and reliability of the study outcomes.

Conclusion

The current study provides compelling evidence that FGFR2 alterations are frequently associated with improved survival outcomes for patients with iCCA undergoing surgical resection or other systemic treatments. Additionally, the study suggests that FGFR2 holds promise as a safe and dependable therapeutic target for managing metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable iCCA. This study offers a novel perspective in the realm of targeted therapy for iCCA, presenting a new and innovative approach to its treatment.
Long‐term risk with stochastic interest rates
Authors: Severino Federico
Published: June 2024

In constant‐rate markets, the average stochastic discount factor growth rate coincides with the instantaneous rate. When interest rates are stochastic, this average growth rate is given by the long‐term yield of zero‐coupon bonds, which cannot serve as instantaneous discount rate. We show how to reconcile the stochastic discount factor growth with the instantaneous relations between returns and rates in stochastic‐rate markets. We factorize no‐arbitrage prices and isolate a rate adjustment that captures the short‐term variability of rates. The rate‐adjusted stochastic discount factor features the same long‐term growth as the stochastic discount factor in the market but has no transient component in its Hansen–Scheinkman decomposition, capturing the long‐term interest rate risk. Moreover, we show how the rate adjustment can be used for managing the interest rate risk related to fixed‐income derivatives and life insurances.
Musical experience enhances time discrimination: Evidence from cortical responses
Authors: Jin Jiaqi , Zheng Qi , Liu Hongxing , Feng Kunyun , Bai Yanru , Ni Guangjian
Published: June 2024

Time discrimination, a critical aspect of auditory perception, is influenced by numerous factors. Previous research has suggested that musical experience can restructure the brain, thereby enhancing time discrimination. However, this phenomenon remains underexplored. In this study, we seek to elucidate the enhancing effect of musical experience on time discrimination, utilizing both behavioral and electroencephalogram methodologies. Additionally, we aim to explore, through brain connectivity analysis, the role of increased connectivity in brain regions associated with auditory perception as a potential contributory factor to time discrimination induced by musical experience. The results show that the music‐experienced group demonstrated higher behavioral accuracy, shorter reaction time, and shorter P3 and mismatch response latencies as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the music‐experienced group had higher connectivity in the left temporal lobe. In summary, our research underscores the positive impact of musical experience on time discrimination and suggests that enhanced connectivity in brain regions linked to auditory perception may be responsible for this enhancement.
Clinical Efficacy of Intra‐articular Tranexamic Acid Injection in the Management of Hemophilia with Total Hip Arthroplasty: A 24‐month Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Su Hai , Huang Hua , Xiang Sicheng , Gong Yichen , Zhou Haojing , Chen Lei , Zhang Zhongyi , Tong Peijian , Xu Taotao
Published: June 2024

Objective

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) effectively treats end‐stage hemophilic hip arthropathy. Given hemophilia's unique characteristics, perioperative bleeding remains a significant risk for patients undergoing THA. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an efficient antifibrinolytic agent, may benefit the outcomes of THA for patients with hemophilia (PWH). This study aims to explore the clinical efficacy of intra‐articular injection of TXA in treating perioperative bleeding in PWH and assess its additional clinical benefits.

Methods

The retrospective study comprised data of PWH who received THA from January 2015 to December 2021 in the research center. A total of 59 individuals were included in the study, divided into a TXA group (n = 31) and a non‐TXA group (n = 28). We compared various parameters, including total blood loss (TBL), visible blood loss (VBL), occult blood loss (OBL), intraoperative coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) consumption, perioperative total FVIII consumption, hemoglobin (HB), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), length of hospital stay, hospitalization costs, length of surgery, total protein, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D‐dimer, rate of joint swelling, hip joint range of motion (ROM), visual analogue scale (VAS), and Harris hip joint function scale (HHS) between the two groups. Follow‐up assessments were conducted for up to 24 months. A Student's t test was utilized for the statistical analysis.

Results

This study demonstrated that intra‐articular TXA effectively reduced TBL (1248.19 ± 439.88 mL, p < 0.001), VBL (490.32 ± 344.34 mL, p = 0.003), and OBL (757.87 ± 381.48 mL, p = 0.004) in PWH who underwent THA. TXA demonstrated effectiveness in reducing VAS scores on POD1, POD7, and POD14 and joint swelling rates on POD1, POD7, POD14, and at discharge (p < 0.05). Additionally, the TXA group achieved higher HHS ratings at all follow‐up time points (p < 0.05), showing superior hip joint mobility, lower postoperative inflammation levels, reduced factor VIII consumption during surgery, and less postoperative nutritional loss. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of hospital stay, hospitalization costs, surgery duration, and coagulation indicators.

Conclusion

Intra‐articular injection of TXA reduces perioperative bleeding in PWH undergoing THA while also improving joint mobility, post‐operative rehabilitation, and quality of life. This may provide value for the future application of TXA in PWH.
The secular voter: Secularism and political attitudes in the United States
Authors: Layman Geoffrey C. , Campbell David E. , Allen Levi G.
Published: June 2024

As America grows more secular, secularism is increasingly relevant for American political attitudes and behavior. In this article, we contend that secularism—conceptualized as the affirmative embrace of secular belief and identity—is distinct from nonreligiosity, which is simply the absence of religion. We also argue that, at present, secularism is primarily a psychological, and not a social, orientation. Secular belonging and behavior are quite rare and generally unimportant politically, but secular belief and identity are far more prevalent and politically relevant. We examine the relationships that secular belief and identity, secular behavior, and nonreligiosity have with political orientations. Secular belief and identity have a much stronger and more consistent political connection than do secular behavior or nonreligiosity. Then, operationalizing secularism simply as secular belief and identity, we assess its connection to contemporary conspiracy beliefs and to support for democratic values. We find that secularists disavow most conspiracy theories and support the core democratic values of participatory democracy, freedom of expression, and political tolerance. Secularism's connection to political tolerance and support for freedom of expression is quite interesting because it is very different from those of liberal ideology and Democratic partisanship.
Loss‐of‐function of PGL10 impairs photosynthesis and tolerance to high‐temperature stress in rice
Authors: Ahmad Shakeel , Tabassum Javaria , Sheng Zhonghua , Lv Yusong , Chen Wei , Zeb Aqib , Dong Nannan , Ali Umed , Shao Gaoneng , Wei Xiangjin , Hu Shikai , Tang Shaoqing
Published: June 2024

High temperature (HT) affects the production of chlorophyll (Chl) pigment and inhibits cellular processes that impair photosynthesis, and growth and development in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress in rice are not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified two mutants varying in leaf color from the ethylmethanesulfonate mutant library of indica rice cv. Zhongjiazao‐17, which showed pale‐green leaf color and variegated leaf phenotype under HT conditions. Mut‐map revealed that both mutants were allelic, and their phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene PALE GREEN LEAF 10 (PGL10) that encodes NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase B, which is required for the reduction of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide in light‐dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway‐based Chl synthesis. Overexpression‐based complementation and CRISPR/Cas9‐based knockout analyses confirmed the results of Mut‐map. Moreover, qRT‐PCR‐based expression analysis of PGL10 showed that it expresses in almost all plant parts with the lowest expression in root, followed by seed, third leaf, and then other green tissues in both mutants, pgl10a and pgl10b. Its protein localizes in chloroplasts, and the first 17 amino acids from N‐terminus are responsible for signals in chloroplasts. Moreover, transcriptome analysis performed under HT conditions revealed that the genes involved in the Chl biosynthesis and degradation, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species detoxification were differentially expressed in mutants compared to WT. Thus, these results indicate that PGL10 is required for maintaining chloroplast function and plays an important role in rice adaptation to HT stress conditions by controlling photosynthetic activity.
Steroid therapy in acute exacerbation of fibrotic interstitial lung disease
Authors: Koshy Kavya , Barnes Hayley , Farrand Erica , Glaspole Ian
Published: June 2024

Background and Objective

Evidence for the benefit of steroid therapy in acute exacerbations (AEs) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is limited; however, they remain a cornerstone of management in other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. This retrospective observational study assesses the effect of steroid treatment on in‐hospital mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of fibrotic interstitial lung disease (AE‐FILD) including IPF and non‐IPF ILDs.

Methods

AE‐FILD cases over a 10‐year period were filtered using a code‐based algorithm followed by individual case evaluation. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between corticosteroid treatment (defined as ≥0.5 mg/kg/day of prednisolone‐equivalent for ≥3 days within the first 72 h of admission) and in‐hospital mortality or need for lung transplantation. Secondary outcomes included readmission, overall survival, requirement for domiciliary oxygen and rehabilitation.

Results

Across two centres a total of 107 AE‐FILD subjects were included, of which 46 patients (43%) received acute steroid treatment. The steroid cohort was of younger age with fewer comorbidities but had higher oxygen requirements. Pre‐admission FVC and DLCO, distribution of diagnoses and smoking history were similar. The mean steroid treatment dose was 4.59 mg/kg/day. Steroid use appeared to be associated with increased risk of inpatient mortality or transplantation (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.00–16.83; p = 0.049). In the steroid group, there appeared to be a reduced risk of all‐cause mortality in non‐IPF patients (HR 0.21; 95% CI 0.04–0.96; p = 0.04) compared to their IPF counterparts. Median survival was reduced in the steroid group (221 vs. 520.5 days) with increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR 3.25; 95% CI 1.56–6.77; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

In this two‐centre retrospective study of 107 patients, AE‐FILD demonstrates a high risk of mortality, at a level similar to that seen for AE‐IPF, despite steroid treatment. Clinicians should consider other precipitating factors for exacerbations and use steroids judiciously. Further prospective trials are needed to determine the role of corticosteroids in AE‐FILD.
Development and validation of an ELISA to measure regenerating island‐derived protein 3E in canine blood
Authors: Peters Laureen M. , Reding Graf Theresia , Giori Luca , Mevissen Meike , Graf Rolf , Howard Judith
Published: June 2024

Background

Regenerating island‐derived proteins (REG) are upregulated in people with sepsis, pancreatitis, and gastrointestinal diseases. One member of the REG family, namely REG3E, was recently identified in pancreatic tissue and plasma of dogs, with high expression in pancreatitis and sepsis.

Objectives

We aimed to develop and validate an ELISA to measure REG3E concentrations in canine blood.

Methods

An indirect sandwich ELISA was developed using recombinant canine REG3E protein and polyclonal anti‐canine REG3E antibodies raised in guinea pigs and rabbits. Antibody specificity was assessed using western blot and mass spectrometric analysis of protein purified from canine plasma. Assay validation included evaluation of dilutional linearity, parallelism, spiking recovery, repeatability and reproducibility, stability, interferences, and comparison of serum and heparinized plasma.

Results

Antibodies bound specifically to REG3E with no evidence of cross‐reactivity with other proteins. The limit of detection of the ELISA was 15 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 30 ng/mL. The assay demonstrated good to excellent linearity, dilutional and mixing parallelism, and recovery, with mean observed‐to‐expected ratios of 104%, 107%, 102%, and 92%, respectively, and no evidence of a hook effect. Coefficients of variation were ≤8.5% for repeatability and ≤14.3% for reproducibility at three different levels. Measurements of REG3E in plasma were not significantly influenced by different storage conditions, freeze‐thawing cycles, hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus. There was no significant difference between REG3E concentrations in heparinized plasma and serum samples.

Conclusions

The canine REG3E ELISA has acceptable precision, accuracy, linearity, and reproducibility for the measurement of REG3E in canine plasma and serum.
Philippine English and commodity formation
Authors: Valdez Paolo Nino , Vitorio Raymund
Published: June 2024

This article aims to expand the scope of Philippine English studies by investigating the viability of Philippine English as a resource for the contestation of the global–local interface, a perspective that remains understudied in Philippine English studies. We do this by analysing the language of t‐shirts that creatively reappropriate global brands into the local domain, demonstrating the dynamics of t‐shirt production and consumption in the Philippines. Our analysis shows that the use of Philippine English in these products can be viewed as a commodified resource for the expression of local sensibilities amidst the dominance of global consumerism. However, while this reappropriation can be viewed as a form of local expression, it is not devoid of ideological complexities. Although the linguistic market of pop culture provides people with opportunities to contest the global–local dichotomy, it may still tacitly reflect or reinforce structures of linguistic inequality.
INSIGHTS INTO MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM: A SHORT REVIEW OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS
Authors: Mohd Rosli Muhammad Izzul Fahmi , Samsudin Mohd Saiful , Fadhullah Widad , Ismail Norli , Azid Azman , Mohd Yamen Siti Norabiatulaiffa , Abd Rani Nurul Latiffah , Norizan Mohd Nurazzi , Mohamad Najihah
Published: June 2024

The prevalence of microplastics in the environment and their potential adverse impacts on wildlife and human well-being make them a pressing global ecological issue. The objective of this review is to provide better understanding prevalence and distribution of microplastics, factors influencing their concentration and transport, the sampling technique and polymer identification analysis used in various studies and future research needs. The identification of microplastic polymer types is also explored, including techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. It also points out the many types of sampling equipment and materials, as well as sample preparation and analysis. Sampling method and polymer identification analysis of microplastics may vary on the circumstances of the location and question of the research. Suitable and standardize for both methods should be prioritized to ensure reliable and precise collection of data regarding the microplastic in river and estuarine.
SUPPRESSION OF SOMMERFELD EFFECT IN POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CARDAN SHAFT THROUGH PHASE ANGLE ARRANGEMENT
Authors: Omar Mohd Hazri , Ab Rahim Muhajir , Md Rejab Mohd Noor Arib , Abdul Rani Muhamad Norhisham
Published: June 2024

In a power transmission system with a cardan shaft, the Sommerfeld effect occurs, which is characterized by speed capture and release at the resonance range. Suppression of the Sommerfeld effect is critical for smooth and reliable operation. This study aims to suppress the Sommerfeld effect in a transmission system by compensating the phase angle between the two universal joints installed in the cardan shaft. The differential equations of motion representing the dynamics of the system are derived using the Lagrange equation. The responses are simulated numerically using the Runge–Kutta algorithm for scenarios with constant and gradually varying input torque. To suppress the Sommerfeld effect, the phase angle is set to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the maximum twist angle observed in the subcritical speed range of the in-phase configuration. With the phase angle of 25%, the Sommerfeld effect is damped, where the output speed only deviates by 5% from the estimated value for both input torque scenarios. It is shown how the change of the phase angle attenuates the Sommerfeld effect and the system vibrations, which should be considered in the development and practical implementation.
Solutions with multiple interfaces to the generalized parabolic Cahn–Hilliard equation in one and three space dimensions
Authors: Liu Chao , Yang Jun
Published: June 2024

We consider the generalized parabolic Cahn–Hilliard equation
where , the function is the standard double‐well potential and the time region
For and any given integer , we construct a solution with interfaces, which has the form
where is the solution to the Allen–Cahn equation
The dynamics of the interfaces are determined by a Toda system and the functions with have the forms
For and any integer , we construct an ancient radial solution of the form
where all satisfy another Toda system and have the forms
In particular, these Toda systems are totally different from those driving the multiple interfaces of solutions to the parabolic Allen–Cahn equation established by M. del Pino and K. Gkikas [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. A, 148 (2018), 6: 1165–1199; and Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 35 (2018), 1: 187–215].
Development and Validation of Robotic Ankle Exoskeleton With Parallel Nonlinear Elastic Actuator
Authors: Chen Bing , Shi Chenpu , Zi Bin , Qin Ling , Xu Qingsong
Published: June 2024

This paper presents the development of a robotic ankle exoskeleton for human walking assistance. First, the biomechanical properties of a human ankle joint during walking are presented. Next, design of the robotic ankle exoskeleton is introduced. The exoskeleton is actuated by a novel parallel nonlinear elastic actuator. The cam-spring mechanism in the actuator can function as a parallel nonlinear spring with an adjustable stiffness, and the design of the cam profile curve is described. Additionally, an adaptive controller is proposed for the exoskeleton to generate a desired assistive torque according to the wearer's total weight. Finally, experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the developed robotic ankle exoskeleton. The experimental results demonstrate that during a gait cycle, reductions of 42.7% and 40.1% of the peak and average currents of the driving motor in the actuator are observed, respectively, with the designed cam-spring mechanism. A peak assistive torque of 23.9 Nm can be provided for the wearers by the exoskeleton during walking. With the assistance provided by the exoskeleton, the average and peak soleus activities of the wearers during a gait cycle are decreased by 25.42% and 31.94%, respectively.
Reactive Collision Avoidance Control for Nonholonomic Vehicles and Obstacles of Arbitrary Shape
Authors: Rodríguez-Seda Erick J.
Published: June 2024

Potential field-based collision avoidance algorithms for mobile robots frequently assume vehicles and obstacles to have circular or spherical shapes. This assumption not only simplifies the analysis but also limits the mobility of agents in confined spaces, particularly for vehicles with elongated or irregular shapes. To increase mobility, this letter presents a decentralized collision avoidance framework for nonholonomic systems of unicycle type that considers the non-circular shape and relative orientation of vehicles and obstacles. The framework builds on the concepts of potential field and avoidance functions. However, it proposes using a non-constant minimum safe distance radius that changes based on the shape, relative position, and relative orientation of agents. The control framework is proven to guarantee collision avoidance at all times and is shown, via simulation, to increase the ability of agents to navigate through narrow spaces safely.
Use of plasma process diagnostic sensors for the monitoring of in situ dry cleaning of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition chamber
Authors: You Young Min , Lee Ji Seok , Kim Min Ho , Hong Sang Jeen
Published: June 2024

A potential source of particle contamination due to poorly maintained PECVD chamber condition forces to perform in situ dry cleaning also actively employed before the wet-cleaning chamber maintenance period. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of plasma process diagnostic sensors, optical emission spectroscope, and quadrupole mass spectrometer for in situ plasma monitoring of the dry-cleaning step. It is worthwhile to know the thin film residue on the chamber’s inner wall, but it is difficult to collect the deposited thin film sample from the wall since the preparation of the sample from the equipment is impossible. To alleviate the concern, we prepared silicon wafer samples mounted on the chamber sidewall over the prolonged exposure of the SiO2 deposition process, and the collected sensory data were investigated under the dry-cleaning condition. The residue film obtained through the experiment was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. We found a useful insight into the chamber dry-cleaning end point detection application through residual gas analysis, and the results contribute to process engineers setting up the in situ dry-cleaning recipe to make sure that subsequent deposition can be consistently maintained.
Science challenges and research opportunities for plasma applications in microelectronics
Authors: Graves David B. , Labelle Catherine B. , Kushner Mark J. , Aydil Eray S. , Donnelly Vincent M. , Chang Jane P. , Mayer Peter , Overzet Lawrence , Shannon Steven , Rauf Shahid , Ruzic David N.
Published: June 2024

Low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) are essential to manufacturing devices in the semiconductor industry, from creating extreme ultraviolet photons used in the most advanced lithography to thin film etching, deposition, and surface modifications. It is estimated that 40%–45% of all process steps needed to manufacture semiconductor devices use LTPs in one form or another. LTPs have been an enabling technology in the multidecade progression of the shrinking of device dimensions, often referred to as Moore’s law. New challenges in circuit and device design, novel materials, and increasing demands to achieve environmentally benign processing technologies require advances in plasma technology beyond the current state-of-the-art. The Department of Energy Office of Science Fusion Energy Sciences held a workshop titled Plasma Science for Microelectronics Nanofabrication in August 2022 to discuss the plasma science challenges and technical barriers that need to be overcome to continue to develop the innovative plasma technologies required to support and advance the semiconductor industry. One of the key outcomes of the workshop was identifying a set of priority research opportunities (PROs) to focus attention on the most strategic plasma science challenges to address to benefit the semiconductor industry. For each PRO, scientific challenges and recommended strategies to address those challenges were identified. This article summarizes the PROs identified by the workshop participants.
Refocusing aquatic noise: Shifting from single to combined anthropogenic pressures
Authors: Thomsen Frank , Popper Arthur N.
Published: June 2024

Aquatic animals (invertebrates, fishes, and marine mammals) are encountering an increasing array of underwater anthropogenic noises that can disrupt and even harm ecosystems as well as the lives of individuals and populations. Sources of anthropogenic noise include, but are not limited to, shipping, offshore exploration and production for fossil fuels, and the construction and operation of wind farms. Because of the continuing increase in anthropogenic noise, research on its potential effects on aquatic animals has intensified over the past two decades. However, a major under-explored issue is that noise is only one type of anthropogenic pressure acting (often simultaneously) on animals. Indeed, multiple simultaneous anthropogenic pressures are likely to affect how aquatic animals respond to each of the individual stimuli. Moreover, animal responses may be very different in the presence of multiple pressures as compared to when there is only a single anthropogenic source. We suggest refocusing of aquatic noise so that research prioritizes studies that deal with the interaction of noise with other anthropogenic pressures on aquatic life. At the same time, we call for an acceleration of studies providing baseline data for cumulative risk studies, such as monitoring of ambient noise around the globe.
Discovery of the cochlear traveling wave
Authors: Shera Christopher A. , Oxenham Andrew J.
Published: June 2024

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.
The Prevalence of Mental Ill Health in Elite Counter-Strike Athletes
Authors: Birch Phil D.J. , Smith Matthew J. , Arumuham Atheeshaan , Ortiz de Gortari Angelica , Sharpe Benjamin T.
Published: June 2024

The present study provides a unique contribution to the literature by offering the first study to examine the prevalence of mental ill health and mental well-being of professional Counter-Strike athletes. The sample consisted of 51 current Counter-Strike professionals (Mage = 23.22, SD = 4.7 years; male = 48, female = 3) representing 17.1% of all registered Counter-Strike professionals. An online questionnaire was administered via Qualtrics. We found that one quarter of our sample reported moderately severe (15.7%) and severe (9.8%) symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, over three quarters (82.4%) reported symptoms of anxiety/depression using the General Health Questionnaire—short form-12, over half (54.9%) reported psychological distress using the distress screener, and nearly three quarters (72.5%) reported low mental well-being using the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Our findings suggest that greater importance should be placed on screening and intervention support by both performance and clinical practitioners to facilitate mental health within the esports ecosystem.