bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Source Derogation and Persuasion on Controverted Issues
Authors: Thalhofer Nancy N. , Kirscht John P.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to extend knowledge of persuasion reduction via source derogation in the context of congruity theory by using controverted issues rather than non-controverted truisms. Source derogation reduced persuasion on controverted issues only when the source was unfavorably evaluated. Controverted issues are more varied in favorableness than truisms, and this difference may explain the conditional acceptance of the hypothesis. Time of source derogation was important; source derogation before issue support reduced persuasiveness while derogation after support did not. A further prediction, that persuasion would be reduced more if there were only one derogated source rather than several sources and only one derogated, was not supported. Some caution in the application of congruity theory was noted.
Effects of Prior Verbal or Nonverbal Experience on Acquisition and Awareness in Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: Kelly John S.
Published: September 2011

Using a Taffel-type conditioning situation, female undergraduate Ss were reinforced with “good” for using activity verbs to compose sentences. One group received only typical (neutral) verbal-conditioning instructions; another group was given a problem-solving set following operant trials; a third group served as nonreinforced controls. Preconditioning verbal or nonverbal experience was introduced via a free-responding word-saying task, a written sentence-completion task, or an inkblot-perception task. Awareness was assessed via a postconditioning interview. Superior acquisition was found in groups exposed to previous verbal (oral or written) experience, while the inkblot-perception group did not differ from nonreinforced control Ss. Contrary to prediction, learning set failed to produce superior conditioning. Prior verbal experience led to an increased number of aware Ss, while the majority of Ss exposed to nonverbal prior experience failed to report awareness. It was suggested that Es attempt to control for prior experience of Ss in verbal operant conditioning research.
Intercorrelations between Personal Orientation Inventory and Gordon Personal Inventory Scores
Authors: Braun John R. , Asta Patricia
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations are presented between the Persona] Orientation Inventory and the Gordon Personal Inventory for 30 undergraduates. Nine of the 48 correlations are significant, with the GPI Original Thinking scale showing the most consistent tendency to relate to POI dimensions.
Relationships between 8-Mo. Performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and 48-Mo. Intelligence and Concept Formation Scores
Authors: Gannon D. R.
Published: September 2011

6 measures of performance on the Bayley Scales of Mental and Motor Development at H mo. were correlated with 48-mo. Stanford-Binet IQs and the Graham-Ernhart Block Sort Test ( N = 384). All but one correlated significantly ( p < .05) with IQ (range .13 to .15), while three were predictive of the Block Sort scores (range .12 to .14). Scores derived from item analyses of the Bayley Scales and the 48-mo. tests also yielded significant correlations with later performances (range .17 to .28). Weighting items did not substantially increase relationships. These results are similar to previous data: there are statistically, but not practically, significant correlations between infant and preschool test performances.
The Marlowe-Crowne, Repressor-Sensitizer, and Internal-External Scales and Attribution of Unconscious Hostile Intent
Authors: Altrocchi John , Palmer John , Hellmann Richard , Davis Holly
Published: September 2011

Two follow-up experiments demonstrated weak and inconsistent relationships between attribution of unconscious hostile intent and other variables, thus casting doubt on its use as a construct. The Repressor-Sensitizer and Internal-External scales intercorrelated for both sexes, but the Marlowe-Crowne scale was related to the other scales for males only, suggesting that results with this scale should not be generalized across sexes.
Effects of Context, Thorndike-Lorge Frequency, and Race of Subjects on Continuous Word Association
Authors: Wilcox Roger C.
Published: September 2011

46 Caucasian and 80 Negro Ss were given an unlimited amount of time in which to record continuous associations to target words embedded in two types of contexts, grammatically meaningful versus an equal number of unrelated words. Results showed that meaningless contexts functioned as sources of multiple input (cf. Howes & Osgood, 1954) and evoked significantly greater numbers of associations as well as increased response variability (cf. Wilcox, 1966) than did meaningful contexts. Both types of contexts evoked significantly more associations than did target words presented in isolation. Further, high frequency words evoked significantly larger numbers of associations than did low, irrespective of context. Also, white Ss generated significantly larger numbers of associations over all conditions than did Negro Ss. This was seen to be primarily due to the fact that Negro Ss often exhibit lower verbal abilities. Over-all results were interpreted to mean that: meaningful context provides a mechanism whereby S can chunk or unitize the target word plus context and more readily complete the associative task, meaningless contexts increase response variability via multiple input capability, in contrast to previous research (Pollio, Wilcox, & Sundland, 1966) associative hierarchies did not differ as a result of havng been collected within differing contexts except that greater percentages of unique associations were observed than when target words occur in isolation, and context seems best viewed as a constraint capable of determining both type and number of associations available to S, depending, of course, upon the nature of the context.
Chemical Interactions in Methamphetamine Reinforcement
Authors: Pickens Roy , Meisch Richard A. , Dougherty John A.
Published: September 2011

Responding by rats was reinforced by intravenous infusions of 0.5 mg/kg methamphetamine hydrochloride. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of various doses of methamphetamine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (1-DOPA) were determined on this baseline. Intraperitoneally-administered methamphetamine produced a dose-related pause in responding, apparently indicating drug satiation. Injections of AMPT caused responding either to increase at low doses, or, at intermediate and high doses, to increase, then cease altogether, and finally return at a high rate which decreases to baseline. Injections of 1-DOPA had no noticeable effect on drug responding. Some biochemical implications of these data were discussed.
Falsification of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: II. Making a Poor Impression
Authors: Jacobs Alfred , Barron Robert
Published: September 2011

The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey was administered to 100 college students, with half of the Ss following normal instructions and the other half instructed to make a poor impression. A cross-validation study was performed on an additional 64 Ss. Scores for the “Fake Bad” group were lowest on scales of Lack of Emotionality, Objectivity, and Personal Relations. None of the items in a derived “Fake Bad” scale appear on previously developed “Fake Good” scales but appear frequently on a previously derived Careless-Deviancy Scale consisting of rare responses. The “Fake Bad” scale separates on cross-validation Ss instructed to make a poor impression from those to whom the test was administered under standard instructions.
Test Anxiety and Defensiveness against Admission of Test Anxiety Induced by Frequent Testing
Authors: Mann Lester , Taylor Raymond G. , Proger Barton B. , Morrell James E.
Published: September 2011

Manipulatable test anxiety and manipulatable defensiveness against admission of test anxiety were studied in 93 pupils in third-grade arithmetic over 1 mo. under two conditions of arousal, daily testing and daily practice. The results were discussed in the light of their predispositional state counterparts. Test anxiety was significantly and positively correlated with defensiveness and negatively with immediate posttest achievement. Defensiveness against admission of test anxiety was not correlated with achievement. No difference between daily testing and daily practice with respect to test anxiety or manipulatable defensiveness could be found on either the immediate or delayed achievement posttests. It was concluded that manipulatable test anxiety and defensiveness are not nearly as potent as the effects of their predispositional counterparts.
Straight-Runway Application of the Incentive-Motivation Behavior-Guidance Theory
Authors: Patten Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Compared with animals receiving nonrewarded or 4 rewarded placements, 16 placements to food in the goalbox of a straight runway was effective in producing facilitation of previously unrewarded traversal of a straight runway. The apparatus was built to provide a primary gradient of goalbox cues along the runway, in accord with conditions required by the incentive-motivation hypothesis of behavioral guidance. These results, along with the data of previous studies that failed to obtain the facilitation effect, were attributed to positive and reversed goal-cue gradients in the runway.
Dissonance following Aggressive Behavior with and without Social Support and Choice
Authors: Williams Christene Blanton
Published: September 2011

60 female Ss who were opposed to or neutral to using electric shock in research were led to believe that they had shocked another individual under voluntary and nonvoluntary conditions and with or without another individual (social support) confirming the decision to administer the shock. (a) Perceived choice was not a significant factor in pain minimization, but the absence of social support was. (b) A perceived choice significantly facilitated an attitude change toward favoring the use of shock, while social support had no significant effect on attitude change. (c) Social support was not related to felt obligation to participate in the experiment. (d) Perceived choice and social support was not related to devaluation of the shocked individual's performance.
Effectiveness of Direct Reward and Modeling in Establishment of Standards of Excellence
Authors: Bee Helen L. , Colle Herbert A.
Published: September 2011

Two procedures, modeling and direct reward, were presented as possible methods for studying one aspect of achievement behavior, namely, the tendency to set standards of excellence. A comparison of these two procedures was made to determine their relative efficacy for inducing the hypothesized standards of excellence. 84 boys (ages 7 to 11 yr.) were tested under 1 of the 6 conditions of a 2 × 3 factorial design. The two main variables were (a) the method used to establish a standard of excellence (modeling or direct reward) and (b) the level of standard that was established (low, high, or none). An analysis of the results in terms of a standard setting score (based on the pattern of self-reward) showed that both the direct-reward groups and the modeling groups exhibited standard setting. The direct-reward group, if anything, showed more standard setting than the modeling group did, due mainly to the low level of standard setting in the high-standard modeling group. These results were interpreted as providing support for a social-learning explanation of the acquisition of standards of excellence in the development of achievement motivation.
Effect on Social Judgment of Prior Non-Judgment Responses to Related Stimuli
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

Ss judged the favorableness-unfavorableness of attitude statements, which for different groups were presented in an intermixed or in a pro-con or in a con-pro order. Two other groups first indicated their agreement-disagreement with either the pro or the con subset and then made scale judgments of the oppositely evaluative con or pro subsets. The data provide some evidence for an expected effect in the judgments of the pro items when they were judged first and suggest that agreeing-disagreeing with the con items did not carry over to influence the judgments of the following pro items. The latter result implicates the nature of the responses to prior stimuli as a determiner of judgmental responses to following stimuli of the same kind as the prior ones.
Reported and Projected Self Disclosure
Authors: Weigel Richard G. , Weigel Virginia M. , Chadwick Patricia C.
Published: September 2011

A self-disclosure questionnaire was administered to 21 male and 21 female Ss under instructions to report what they (1) had disclosed, (2) would initiate, and (3) would disclose in response to others' initiation to the significant others of mother, father, same-sex friend and opposite-sex friend. The results indicated that Ss were not willing to initiate self disclosure at a greater depth than they had disclosed in the past, although they would be willing to disclose in more depth were topics initiated by the significant other. The same pattern of differential disclosure to significant others was found to hold for what Ss “had told,” “would initiate,” and “would respond.”
Information Content of Ensembles of Hypotheses
Authors: Waxman Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

The problem of meaning in information is briefly discussed, and the need for a context-dependent measure of information is discussed. One such measure is suggested, based on evaluations of an entropy function of hypothesis ensembles, which are formally defined. Implications for psychopathology are briefly discussed.
A “Truly” Permissive Form of Psychotherapy (TPT)
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

TPT allows the client wide latitude in deliberately choosing the behavior he wishes the therapist to engage in at any given time in the therapeutic relationship. Since the therapist's behavior is clearly within his control, the client can move as rapidly or slowly as he is able with minimized interference and maximized facilitation within the therapeutic process. Intensity of therapist-client relationship promotes rapid and basic therapeutic change.
Escape from Noise
Authors: Masterson Fred A.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to press a key for 1-min. periods of escape from noise. The louder the noise the longer Ss kept it off. The performance was lower than that which has been obtained when Ss can keep noise off by remaining in a safe position. A within-session performance decrement was observed.
Comparison of Visual “Safe-” and “Shock-”Cue Importance in Discriminated Avoidance Learning
Authors: Pappas Bruce A. , Dodwell P. C. , Zammit-Montebello A. , Ferguson H. B. , Litner J. S.
Published: September 2011

Rats reached criterion for discriminated avoidance acquisition significantly faster under a 180-sec. than under a 30-sec. safebox confinement. Reversal (Exp. 1) and extinction (Exp. 2) of the original avoidance response were both facilitated by removal of either original safe or shock cues. No interaction was found between length of confinement in acquisition and safe- or shock-cue removal. The results were interpreted as only partially supporting an elicitation hypothesis of discriminated avoidance learning.
Comparison of Two Administration Times for the Remote Associates Test
Authors: Mednick Martha T. , Halpern Sharon K.
Published: September 2011

The Remote Associates Test (RAT) was administered to 41 graduate students in psychology and 26 graduate nurses; 30-min. and 40-min. scores were obtained from all Ss. Miller Analogies Test scores and graduate school grade point averages were available on most Ss. No significant change in the correlation between GPA and RAT resulted from shortened administration time, although the slight change was in the direction of a more positive relationship. Decreased administration time significantly raised the correlation between RAT and MAT for a heterogeneous group, but not for the more homogeneous group. With a decrease in administration time 22 to 27% of Ss fell in different thirds of the distribution than they did with the longer time limit. Shortening the administration period to 30 min. is unwise, particularly for heterogeneous samples.
Worry and Emotionality as Components of Test Anxiety: Replication and Further Data
Authors: Doctor Ronald M. , Altman Fred
Published: September 2011

Two components of test anxiety, worry (W) or cognitive concern about performance and emotionality (E) or autonomic arousal to the test situation, were examined in relation to temporal changes, expectancy of success ratings, and actual performance on a final examination. Consonant with findings from previous research, E scores dropped significantly following completion of the examination irrespective of initial level of test anxiety or performance expectancy. As hypothesized, W was more highly correlated with expectancy of success ratings than E but the prediction that W scores would not change following the examination was replicated only for the relatively low W Ss. High W Ss evidenced significant decrements in pre- to post-examination assessments of W, suggesting that these scores had, perhaps, been incremented by the perceived aversiveness of the test-taking situation. The W component of test anxiety was more highly associated with actual performance on the final than E with high W Ss performing significantly poorer than low W Ss. E level was related to actual performance only when W level was relatively low. It was pointed out that differential changes in W at the high and Low values of this variable had not been observed previously because samples in previous research did not include Ss in the upper range of W scores.
Correlation between Lorge-Thorndike IQ and Factor B of the IPAT Children's Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Lessing Elise E. , Zagorin Susan W.
Published: September 2011

Correlations (.55 to .60) were obtained when CPQ Factor B and Lorge-Thorndike IQ scores were compared in 2 samples and 2 subsamples of school children in Grades 4 through 7. CPQ Factor B, like its counterparts in the adult 16 PF and the adolescent HSPQ, provides gross differentiation of intellectual level sufficient for purposes not requiring precise evaluation.
Sex Differences and Comparability of Three Measures of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Little Brian R.
Published: September 2011

No evidence was found for convergent validity of three measures of cognitive complexity administered to 39 Ss. While males scored higher on a measure of complexity based on structural relations between constructs, females showed a tendency for higher scores on measures involving verbal differentiation. The relation of complexity to affective orientation is discussed by reference to the concept of specialization.
Comparison of Group Leader and Non-Participant Observer Judgments of Certain Objective Interaction Variables
Authors: Holmes J. Steven
Published: September 2011

The accuracy with which 4 small group leaders could rank order the relative interaction frequency and speech duration of their group members was evaluated by comparing their rankings to criterion data provided by a highly reliable group-interaction recording system. It was demonstrated that the leader judgments were reasonably accurate, with leaders evaluating duration more accurately than frequency. The data were discussed in terms of the acceptability of leader judgments as a data source in screening studies. However, a non-participant observer data source was more accurate.
Self-Control Procedures in Modification of Smoking Behavior: Replication
Authors: Roberts Alan H.
Published: September 2011

Nolan's (1968) method of modifying smoking behavior was replicated with an S who became depressed whenever he tried to stop smoking. The results suggest that the technique has applicability when undesirable emotional side effects are associated with efforts to stop smoking.
Alienation Syndrome among Catholic Male Undergraduates
Authors: Clark Edward T. , Propper Martin M.
Published: September 2011

Dimensions of Davids' alienation syndrome, egocentricity, distrust, pessimism, anxiety and resentment among Catholic male undergraduates were comparable to those reported for students at a high prestige private university. 30 Ss showed significantly less alienation on a verbal projective and significantly more alienation on a pictoral projective measure. Ss also showed significantly less variability on 4 of the 5 alienation measures than the normative group.
Measurement of Stimulus-Specific Anxiety
Authors: Cole Charles W. , Oetting E. R. , Sharp Brenda
Published: September 2011

284 Ss were administered an experimental scale which attempts to measure the anxiety-arousing properties of specific stimulus situations. Three concepts, preselected for assumed differences in stimulus properties, -were discriminated. It was concluded that the scale may be used to explore the prediction of avoidance behaviors in individuals.
Intertrial Procedures and Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Fixsen Dean L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of intertrial-placement and -running to reward or nonreward on resistance to extinction were investigated within a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in which first trial reward condition (R or N), intertrial treatment (run or place), and intertrial reward condition (R or N) were the three factors. The 48 albino rats were given two acquisition trials daily for 8 days with the intertrial treatments separating the two daily trials. The second daily trial was always rewarded. In extinction, 3 trials were given each day for 12 days. The extinction results indicated that placement to reward or nonreward, and not the shortened ITI resulting from the placement procedure, was the critical factor in the reduction or enhancement of resistance to extinction that was produced by direct goalbox placements. The data also suggested that rewarded placements were more effective in reducing resistance to extinction than nonrewarded placements were in enhancing resistance to extinction. The results were interpreted within Capaldi's modified aftereffects theory.
Cultural Differences as Reflected in Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence (WBII) Test
Authors: Wysocki Boleslaw A. , Wysocki Aydin C.
Published: September 2011

To 137 white and 110 Negro veterans, of comparable age level but differing significantly in education, the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (WBII) was given. The Negro veterans scored lower on all subtests but scored significantly higher than the whites on the Digit Span which requires a good memory and attention. It is interesting to note that the Negroes, despite their lower educational levels, scored higher (contrary to expectations) on the Verbal than the Performance parts of the scale. Negro (and white) Ss also showed larger differences on Performance than on Verbal scales. Negro Ss exhibited greater difficulties on Information which is “white oriented” and requires more schooling. The Negro Ss also experienced difficulties with pictorial perception. The influence of culture and environment upon intelligence measured by such tests as this is great. Comparisons of racial groups based solely on intelligence tests scores should be treated with caution.
Experimenter Outcome Bias in Verbal Conditioning: A Failure to Detect the Rosenthal Effect
Authors: Kennedy John J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of 3 conditions of E outcome expectancy, (a) positive, (b) neutral, and (c) negative, were tested within the context of a standard Taffel-type verbal conditioning task. 2 Es were led to believe positive findings would result from the experiment, 2 Es expected negative results, and 2 Es were not subjected to an outcome expectancy indoctrination. 2 modes of presenting stimulus materials were employed to help assess the types of E cues (auditory, facial, gestural, etc.) used to communicate expectation. Results indicated that differences could not be demonstrated among Es possessing different outcome expectations. Moreover, differences between modes of stimulus presentation were not found.
Dogmatism, Religion, and Religiosity, a Review and Re-Evaluation
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Sutker Louis W. , Sutker Patricia B.
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature concerning religious preference, religiosity and dogmatism showed that Catholics consistently had been found by Rokeach and others to be more dogmatic than members of other religious groups. Since no Southern sample had been reported, 245 male and 250 female Ss from two Southern universities were administered Form E of the Dogmatism scale. Ss were Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and nonbelievers and were asked their average monthly church attendance. Churchgoers were generally more dogmatic than nonchurchgoers. Catholics and nonbelievers were less dogmatic than Jews and Protestants. Differences between our findings and those of Rokeach and others were discussed, and possible explanations for them were given. Several methodological suggestions were made concerning future research on dogmatism. It was concluded that speculations about the relative dogmatism of religious groups as a whole are inappropriate.
Schedule-Induced Licking and Polydipsia
Authors: Keehn J. D.
Published: September 2011

Detailed observations were made of the eating and drinking behavior of a pair of hooded rats under a VI 1 min schedule of food reinforcement after one of them (executive) had been trained alone to bar-press. Reinforcements could be consumed by either rat. The executive nearly always drank after eating, the other (control) never did. Eventually the control acquired the bar-press response. When it was then run alone it too came to drink after eating. It is argued that as drinking after eating is a result of reinforcement scheduling it is improper to ascribe schedule-induced polydipsia to a tendency of rats to drink after eating. Instead it is suggested that a wet mouth becomes a discriminative or otherwise favorable stimulus for bar-pressing with food reinforcement.
Dimensionality (Structure) of Educational Attitude Referents: Note on Validity of a Criterial Referents Theory of Attitudes
Authors: Hofman John E.
Published: September 2011

According to a criterial referents theory of social attitudes, basic attitudinal dimensions such as progressivism and traditionalism in education tend to be independent because Ss will differentiate concepts criterial, or important, to their own positions more extensively than non-criterial concepts. Data reported in the present study, however, show that progressives do not appreciably differ from traditionalists in the way they structure both criterial and non-criterial concepts, though there is some suggestion that the domain and self concepts (EDUCATION, TEACHER, ME IN MY CHOSEN OCCUPATION) may gravitate toward their respective criterial referents.
Manifest Needs among Rotc and Non-Rotc Undergraduates
Authors: Ozehosky John R. , Carthy James B. Mc , Clark Edward T.
Published: September 2011

Manifest needs of ROTC and non-ROTC undergraduates were studied utilizing the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). It was hypothesized that the ROTC undergraduates would be higher than non-ROTC undergraduates on Order and lower on Autonomy and Aggression. The EPPS was administered to 20 ROTC undergraduates and to a randomly selected sample of 20 male undergraduates at St. John's University in New York City. None of the hypothesized differences in manifest needs were found, but the ROTC undergraduates were significantly lower on Intraception and significantly higher on Heterosexuality than the non-ROTC undergraduates.
Instructional Set and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Mikesell Richard H. , Calhoun Lawrence G. , Lottman Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Effects of the manipulation of instructional set on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were studied for high school boys and girls. Total self-esteem scores were significantly greater under the ‘fake good’ instructional set than under either the control or ‘fake bad’ set (p < .01); there were no significant sex differences or a significant interaction between sex and instructions, The Lie scores were significantly different for all three sets of instructions (p < .01), but there were no significant sex differences or interactions.
The Therapeutic Community and the Mental Institution: A New Perspective
Authors: Muzekari Louis H.
Published: September 2011

The therapeutic community construct has been applied to a broad spectrum of extant institutional programs. However, little attention has been devoted to the nature of the therapeutic community as a system or subsystem within an organizational context and its role as an agent of change. Four generic models of a therapeutic community are presented as a basis for the analysis and classification of existing therapeutic communities in relation to the total institution within which they function as well as the extramural community.
Group Risk Taking and Internal-External Control of Group Members
Authors: Minton Henry L. , Miller Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

Group risk taking was investigated as a function of the internal-external control level of group members. Using an experimental paradigm of Kogan and Wallach, it was predicted that groups composed of external Ss would manifest a greater risky shift and would reach group consensus in significantly less time than groups of internal Ss. The results demonstrated the risky-shift phenomenon for each group type and indicated that female groups reached consensus significantly faster than male groups. However, the predictions relating internal-external control to group risk taking were not supported.
Clinical Judgment as Fantasied Identification
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Handzlik Anne L.
Published: September 2011

10 judges had previously used case history material to generate trait-adjectives and psychological reports. Each judge was given 2 sets of 12 adjectives each, half of consensual and half of personal origin. Both lists were ranked for self-descriptiveness. Personal adjectives were significantly favored for self-description, especially by female judges for the female case material. Social desirability effects were not present.
Note on the Role of Neuroticism and Extra Version in the “Nice Personality” Stereotype
Authors: Skinner N. F. , Howarth E. , Browne J. A.
Published: September 2011

Compared with results obtained under standard directions, instructions to fake a “nice personality” on the Eysenck Personality Inventory produced a significant decrease in Neuroticism scores and significant increases in Extraversion and Lie scores in 70 adults. Similarity was noted between Eysenck's questionnaire factors of Neuroticism and Extraversion and Howarth's commonsense personality dimensions, emotional adjustment and social ability.
Magnitude of Immediate Reward in Partially Delayed Reward: Effects on Acquisition and Extinction
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Batsch George M. , McNabb Kim , Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

30 rats were trained in a runway for 16 days at 5 trials a day. During acquisition (10 days) Ss were trained on an irregular 50% partially delayed reward schedule. The duration of delay was 30 sec. and 2 pellets of reward were given on all delayed trials. The magnitude of immediate reward was varied over three levels (2, 10, 24 pellets) as a between-groups factor. Although the larger rewards developed somewhat faster acquisition speeds than the small reward the results did not reach statistical reliability. During extinction, however, the larger magnitudes of reward significantly increased resistance to extinction. These results were discussed in terms of aftereffects, frustration, and dissonance theories of extinction.
Vocational Rehabilitants' Personality and Work Adjustment: A Test of Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice
Authors: Bates Gordon L. , Parker Harry J. , McCoy John F.
Published: September 2011

This study tested 3 hypotheses derived from Holland's theory of vocational choice: relations between levels of Holland's hypothesized personality dimensions for person-environment interactions (congruency, consistency, and homogeneity) and two work adjustment variables (satisfaction and satisfactoriness) from the Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation. 124 male Ss and 76 female Ss, classified as having psychological or physical disabilities, were administered the Holland Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and the short-form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Their employers completed the short-form Minnesota Satisfactoriness Scale (MSS). Levels of congruency, consistency, and homogeneity derived from the VPI were hypothesized to be related to levels of the MSQ and MSS scores. No over-all confirmation was found for the hypotheses; however, some encouragement for further exploration of the efficacy of Holland's personality dimensions was indicated. Significant relationships, involving the answers to questionnaire items of the responders to requests for participation in the study, are reported and discussed.
Comment on Fitzgerald, Pasewark, and Noah's Study of the Validity of the Interpersonal Trust Scale
Authors: Rotter Julian B.
Published: September 2011

Fitzgerald, Pasewark, and Noah compared institutionalized delinquents with non-delinquent school children on a measure of interpersonal trust. Failure to find differences led them to the conclusion that their findings cast doubt on the validity of the trust measure. These comments constitute a critique of the logic of their inference.
Comment on “The Effects of Modified Programmed Lectures and Mathematical Games upon Achievement and Attitude of Ninth-Grade Low Achievers in Mathematics”
Authors: Shively Joe E. , Asher William
Published: September 2011

Caution should be used in accepting conclusions from a research study with problems of research paradigms, measurement techniques, and statistical methods (Jones, 1968).
Contributions to the History of Psychology: Xii. Wayward History: F. C. Donders (1818–1889) and the Timing of Mental Operations
Authors: Brozek Josef
Published: September 2011

The approach to quantification in psychology through the timing of mental operations is rooted in the work of a Dutch physiologist, F. C. Donders (1818–1889). In examining Donders' writings, their translations, and the literature referring to Donders' work we were struck by the large number of minor but not insignificant errors.
Significant Intercorrelations among Measures of Overinclusive Thinking
Authors: Craig Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to replicate the results of Watson (1967), who reported low, non-significant intercorrelations between some prevalent measures of overinclusive thinking. Three measures of overinclusive thinking (Epstein's test, proverb word counts, and object sorting scores) were administered to 40 schizophrenics and 40 psychiatric attendants. Since groups were equivalent in age, IQ, education, and sex, they were combined for analysis. Low but significant relations held among these overinclusion measures. It was suggested that researchers use more than one measure to determine the presence of this thought disorder. One is cautioned against generalizing across studies based on different overinclusion measures, since the results may be due to differences in test variance rather than to overinclusive thought patterns.
Issue Saliency and Correspondence between Measures of Attitude
Authors: Ward Charles D. , Higgs William J. , Park Gill D.
Published: September 2011

A previous study reported that the correlation between attitude scores on Thurstone and semantic differential scales was greater when issue saliency was low than when issue saliency was high. The present study yielded the opposite results on two different issues using two different sets of attitude scales. A more detailed analysis, however, indicated that the low correlations in both studies were probably produced by a restricted range of scores on one or both scales. Contrary to the previous study's warning, the present results indicate that the semantic differential scale is no more vulnerable to changes in issue saliency than are other widely used measures of attitude.
Comparison of Associative Learning under Three Methods and Three Directional Forms of Presentation
Authors: Cervin V. B. , Ladd H. , Scheich S.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate recall was compared under three methods of presentation, prompting, correction, and non-correction arranged in forward, semibackward, and backward forms. The methods were characterized by pairs of events: RT-R for prompting, R-RT for correction, and R-KR for non-correction. These ordered pairs determined the number of correct pairings Ss could achieve in each method, the largest for prompting and least for non-correction. They served to predict the over-all speed of learning for the methods: fastest for prompting, slowest for non-correction. Directionality forms were characterized by pairs ST-R and ST-RT for forward, R-ST or RT-ST for semibackward, and R-ST and RT-ST for backward training. The number of backward pairs served to predict the differential speed of learning in each of the three directionality forms, fastest for forward, slowest for backward. The hypotheses were tested on a verbal-motor task and were confirmed.
Religious Orientations of Three Samples of Graduate Students in Clinical Psychology, Social Work, and Counseling and Guidance
Authors: Willis Jerry , Wilson Warner , Willis Joan
Published: September 2011

25 graduate students in a school of social work, 12 in clinical psychology, 41 in a department of counseling and guidance, and 22 undergraduates who attended a student center sponsored by a Fundamentalist church served as Ss. They took measures of Bible knowledge, liberal vs conservative religious attitudes, benefit derived from religion, introversion, and neuroticism. Student Fundamentalists were highest in Bible knowledge, conservatism, benefit from religion, and extraversion, and lowest in knowledge of modern theology. Psychology students were higher than social workers or counseling and guidance students on knowledge of modern theology and liberalism and lower on benefit derived from religion. The 12 psychology students were lower than all the other groups on neuroticism. On extraversion, both social work and psychology students were higher than counseling and guidance students. Implications for relations among these Southern professional students were discussed.
Within-Subjects Procedural Variations in Two-Choice Probability Learning
Authors: Lehr Robert , Pavlik William B.
Published: September 2011

Rats were given extended training (more than 1000 trials) in a two-choice probabilistic food reinforcement situation with three different procedures: (a) noncorrection, (b) correction, (c) a forced-choice procedure that ensured rewarded experience with the less frequently rewarded alternative. The noncorrection and forced-choice procedures resulted in near maximizing (the more frequently rewarded alternative chosen on most of the trials), while the correction procedure resulted in near matching (response probabilities approximate reinforcement probabilities). There were large individual differences in response to the variations in procedures. A second experiment with water reinforcement and correction procedures showed similar results.
N-Length and Intertrial Reward
Authors: Fixsen Dean L. , Bee Susan Swick Mc , Campbell Patrick E. , Crumbaugh Charles M.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments investigating the effects of intertrial reward on resistance to extinction following partial reward schedules containing N-lengths (number of consecutive nonrewards preceding a rewarded trial) of 1, 2, or 3. It was found that intertrial rewards completely eliminated the partial reinforcement effect for all N-lengths when run times were considered but had no effect on goal times. These data were discussed in terms of their relevance to the modified aftereffects hypothesis and previous investigations of intertrial reward.
Some Normative Data on a Persian Form of the New Junior Maudsley Inventory
Authors: Mehryar A. H. , Shapurian R.
Published: September 2011

The characteristics of performance on a Persian translation of the New Junior Maudsley Inventory by 274 boys and 318 girls enrolled in secondary schools are described. Differences between this study and western studies are explored.
“A Theory of the Incubation of Anxiety/Fear Responses:” An Alternative
Authors: Quattlebaum L. F.
Published: September 2011

An alternative explanation of the extreme resistance to extinction common to operant avoidance paradigms is described. It is felt some inconsistencies in Eysenck's interpretation can be avoided.
Cultural Availability: A Cross-Culturally Stable Determinant of Performance on Remote Associates Test Items
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Ginsburg G. P.
Published: September 2011

The stability of the previously obtained relationship between the difficulty and the cultural availability of RAT items is demonstrated. Item difficulty is greatest for those items whose answers are not readily available in the local culture as associates to the stimulus words of the item. This effect has been obtained in two geographically separate study populations, one largely metropolitan in origin and the other heavily rural. It also is shown that the cultural availability levels of items vary across the study populations. The implications of the variation among RAT items in cultural availability both within and between cultures are discussed.
Effect of Alcohol on the Acquisition and Resistance-To-Extinction of Avoidance Responses in Rats
Authors: Baum Morrie
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of alcohol on avoidance behavior in rats. In Exp. I, the effect of alcohol on the acquisition of an avoidance response was examined in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Groups of rats were trained to avoid in one of two simple avoidance tasks following the administration of one of four doses of alcohol. Alcohol significantly affected the latency of the first escape trial but did not significantly influence any of the measures of avoidance learning. In Exp. II, a 2 × 3 factorial design was employed to study the effect of alcohol on the resistance-to-extinction of a previously learned avoidance response. Rats were trained to avoid in one of the two tasks and then were given one of three doses of alcohol prior to extinction. Alcohol significantly influenced resistance-to-extinction, with the appropriate dose increasing the persistence of the response. The results of these experiments were taken to indicate that (a) alcohol does not really reduce fear in rats or (b) alcohol reduces fear, but the level of fear does not determine the acquisition or extinction of simple avoidance responses.
Candidate Preference and Hostile Humor in the 1968 Elections
Authors: Priest Robert F. , Abrahams Joel
Published: September 2011

Hostile jokes about Wallace, Nixon, Humphrey, and Senator McCarthy's “disaffected liberal” were rated by college students on the day before the 1968 election. The difference in their response to jokes about Humphrey and Nixon correlated .42 with candidate preference for psychology students ( n = 120), .58 for political science student volunteers ( n = 35). The difference in response to jokes about “disaffected liberals” vs jokes about other groups correlated significantly with attitude toward the Democratic party but not with candidate preference. The results support reference group theory, replicate two other studies of election humor and suggest that the enjoyment of hostile humor depends upon who is being aggressed against.
Failure of Personality Variables to Mediate Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Wiener Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

In previous research conducted by Byrne and his co-workers a consistent finding has been that attraction toward a stranger is a direct linear function of the proportion of attitudes S and the stranger share. However, considerable individual differences in attraction responses toward strangers evincing equal-attitude similarity suggest the existence of mediating personality variables. Attraction scores derived from the standard Byrne paradigm (Byrne, 1969) were correlated with personality measures for overlapping subgroups of 543 undergraduates. These measures were: Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability, Test Anxiety Questionnaire, Edwards Social Desirability, D-30 Depression, and Leary Interpersonal Checklist scales. Only the D-S measure of the Leary ICL correlated significantly with attraction and only for High Similarity Ss ( r = .31, N = 43, p < .05), a rather marginal finding in view of the sample size and magnitude of correlation. It is suggested that attention be focussed upon within-subject attraction variance in order to explore the phenomenon further.
Relationship between Masculinity-Femininity and Creativity as Measured by the Franck Drawing Completion Test
Authors: Urbina Susana , Harrison Joan B. , Schaefer Charles E. , Anastasi Anne
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that creative Ss share more of the traits commonly associated with the opposite sex than do noncreative Ss. The Franck Drawing Completion Test (FDCT) protocols of 240 high school students, equally divided in terms of sex and creative-versus-control status, were analyzed. The results confirmed the validity of the masculinity-femininity (M-F) scale of the FDCT for adolescents ( p < .001) but did not support the hypothesis. The principal explanation for the latter finding seems to be that the FDCT does not measure those aspects of the M-F variable which creative Ss share with the opposite sex. Previous studies with the FDCT have also confirmed its validity as a measure of M-F but have been unable to specify exactly which aspect of M-F it taps.
Personality Characteristics of American and English, Bright and Average College Freshmen
Authors: Adams Henry L. , Mason Evelyn P. , Blood Don F.
Published: September 2011

Students in 3 U. S. colleges and 1 English grammar school completed 3 personality tests. Published norms for the tests appear to be outmoded, probably because of changes in student personality characteristics during the past decade. There was some indication that brighter students have more personal adjustment problems and are more independent.
Self-Acceptance and Adjustment Revisited: A Replication
Authors: Moore Charles H. , Ascough James C.
Published: September 2011

Taylor and Combs (1952) found that adjusted children are more capable of accepting threatening statements than poorly adjusted children. The present study was an attempt to repeat their research with college students. Their list of damaging statements was modified for an older population and the California Test of Personality (CTP) was used as a measure of adjustment. Data were collected for 79 Ss who were asked to identify themselves. Critical ratios were not significant and a correlation of .01 between indices was obtained. When the measures were later administered to 109 Ss without requiring names, r = .04. Inspection showed that results for Ss in the CTP mid-distribution were in predicted directions but that scores for Ss at the extremes were reversed. Results were discussed in terms of neurotic symptoms and stable adult behavior.