bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Considerations in the Psychotherapy of an Identical Twin
Authors: Sheerin Declan Finnian
Published: June 2007

Identical twins encounter unique psychological and maturational difficulties alien to the experiences of single children. A brief review of the literature on these points is presented, emphasising both the tormenting and gratifying aspects of a twin who has in the outside world another identical self that the world notices and confuses with him. Such aspects need to be taken into consideration when engaging an identical twin in analytical psychotherapy. ‘Fallout’ from psychotherapy can have repercussions on those close to the patient but in the case of identical twins the effects on the twin not in therapy can be disastrous. In particular, when psychotherapy‐by‐proxy ensues it appears possible for the co‐twin to establish strong links to the analyst through his narcissistic relationship with his twin, which appear transferential in nature. A clinical vignette is presented which elaborates on the issues of twin transference and the fallout effects on the twin not in therapy. A question is put forward: whether it is realistic to analyse identical twins individually and not together when their narcissistic dependency and defensive hostility are paramount to internal processes. The author takes the view that a psychoanalytical orientation to the psychotherapy of an identical twin is the most recommended but cautions against individual psychoanalytical psychotherapy where the real drive is the assassination of the internal and external twin‐object as a means to individuation from the twinship. The nature of this object ‐ whether selfobject or transformational object ‐ is tentatively discussed.
Shame, Guilt and Penance in the Psychoanalyst: The Therapist's Superego in Psychoanalysis
Authors: Bierenbroodspot Peter
Published: June 2007

In his daily work, guilt and shame and, consequently, punishment and penance do not pass over the psychoanalyst unobtrusively even if the ‘ideal’ basic psychoanalytic attitude demands that he/she be above this kind of human triviality. After all, through his own training analysis and through education he can be (or become) conscious of feelings contrary to the high psychoanalytic expectations of the person behind the couch: to listen patiently, not to react emotionally or aspire after direct gratification, be always understanding and unselfish, never offended, always aiming at insight and, in the end, to make himself redundant.

That is the ideal, but what is it like in reality? There is obviously a field of tension, caused not only by one's personal impediments, including one's personal motives to choose this profession, but also evoked by the conventions within one's professional group as a socially defined professional superego. How tolerant are psychoanalysts of each other, is this much aspired inner awareness, for example, actually facilitated or rather impeded, owing to the rigidity of the rules?

In any case, the personal superego and especially the ego ideal, in psychoanalysis partly transposed to a professional superego and a professional ideal image, play an important part and contribute to the ultimate result. Inner awareness still seems to be the main thing.
Psychodynamic Formulation in Assessment for Psychotherapy
Authors: Hinshelwood R D
Published: June 2007

This paper describes one form of psychodynamic formulation. Three areas of object‐relations (the current life situation, the early infantile relations and the transference relationship) are focused upon to derive a common pattern. From these core object‐relationships a point of maximum pain can be hypothesised and the attendant defensive relationships. The paper also discusses the central importance of testing hypotheses with interpretation even in the assessment interview, and the prime interest of the psychodynamic formulation in assessing other factors in the suitability of a patient for psychotherapy.
Training and Outcome in Supervised Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Macdonald Alasdair J.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. Fifty‐three cases are reported. Thirty‐five were offered psychotherapy but 10 left treatment early. Nine patients refused psychotherapy and nine were unsuitable. Outcome was measured by change in contacts with local health services and general practitioners for an equivalent time period before and after psychotherapy or assessment. Of the treatment group, 17 recovered, three were improved, one was unchanged and four were worse (P<<0.00 1). There was a reduction in general practice use by those who received even brief treatment. Those with anxiety symptoms improved most. The‘refuser’group contained more depressed patients and patients with alcohol or personality problems did less well. Variables not associated with outcome were: duration of treatment, previous treatment, therapist experience, therapist gender, number of cases previously seen and premature termination. Therapist prediction of outcome was not usually valid. Costs compared favourably with the costs of other forms of treatment.
The Silence of Symbiosis: The Difficulty in Separating a Silent Adolescent Daughter and an Uncommunicative Mother
Authors: Tibbles Paul N. , Russell Gillian
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper describes short‐term psychotherapeutic intervention with an adolescent girl and her mother by two co‐therapists. Intervention revealed an enmeshed, symbiotic relationship with the daughter's periods of mutism reflecting anger towards others, particularly her uncommunicative mother. The daughter's two‐year history of hearing‘voices’had commenced as her mother's‘voices’had ceased, and seemed to represent a‘magical’attempt to fuse symbiotically with her. In therapy, as the mother started to talk about her own and her daughter's family background, the daughter became more verbally and emotionally communicative, and her‘voices’began to fade. As the daughter came to understand her mother more, and as the mother came to terms with her own past, they began to show some evidence of separating. Two issues were raised by the case: the importance of the initial contact between patient and insititution; and the difficulty in changing symbiotic relationships.
The Lady of Shalott
Authors: Klein Josephine
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. A parallel is drawn between the psychopathology of Tennyson's Lady of Shalott and a more recent sufferer's, in that both withdrew from the sensory world. The poem illustrates the more recent patient's experiences, some of which can be understood in terms of such concepts as Guntrip's schizoid processes, Winnicott's maternal mirroring functions, and Fairbairn's egoand object‐splitting.*
Should We Be Stern With Daniel Stern? A Personal Appraisal of Daniel Stern's Book The Interpersonal World of the Infant'
Authors: Anderson Maxine K.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
Daniel Stern's book The Interpersonal World of the Infant is reviewed with some detail paid to his notion of the sequential unfolding of the subjective experience of self during infancy. He denotes this sequence as the Senses of the Self and they include the Sense of an Emergent Self (birth‐2 months of age); Sense of Core Self (2–6 months); Sense of Subjective Self (7–15 months); Sense of a Verbal Self (15 months on). A critical evaluation of Stem's conclusions is offered ‐ several issues which the author feels are valuable contributions to our growing understanding of infancy, and several which illuminate, in the author's opinion, the unavoidable element in research that the researcher is influenced by his own “basic truths”, in this instance the legacy of the American ego‐psychologic tradition.
Assessing the Difficulties for British Patients of Caribbean Origin in Being Referred for Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy
Authors: Smith Barbara Fletchman
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. Caribbean origin British patients are often not referred for psychoanalytical psychotherapy. I will be looking here at referral difficulties through a consultation with a young woman who I will call Miss C. A link will be discussed between the child sexual abuse she presented and borderline states and a plea made for a reassessment of notions about suitability for psychotherapy and for psychotherapeutic help.
Addiction to the Death Instinct? A Critical Review of Joseph's Paper‘Addiction to Near Death’
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. Joseph's paper‘Addiction to Near Death’is critically examined from an alternative theoretical perspective. It is argued that the understandings derived from Kleinian theory led to an unintended collusion with the patient's pathological system as described in the case history. The clinical implications of the alternative position are briefly discussed and it is suggested that debate and empirical investigations are called for.
‘I am a Place’ : Depth Psychology and Environmentalism
Authors: Samuels Andrew
Published: June 2007

The author suggests that the environmental movement will fail if it does not address its own authoritarianism and depression and if the idealisation of nature as so‐called feminine is not moderated. A study of Margaret Atwood's novel Surfacing introduces the reader to a new kind of political figure called the female Trickster. This leads to a discussion of a form of politics based on parody and masquerade and a further example of this is given in the activities of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires who helped to bring down the Argentinian junta. The paper concludes with some reflections about changing ‘human nature’ .
The Role of Psychoanalytic Studies in Psychotherapy Training
Authors: Stanton Martin
Published: June 2007

The future direction of psychotherapy training and research in this country will be determined to a great extent by the relationship between training bodies, which are mostly in the private sector, and the universities, the vast majority of which operate in the public sector. There are compelling reasons why universities will be the prime movers in determining the nature of this relationship, and indeed prime movers in determining the nature of psychotherapy as an academic subject: government funds will increasingly become available to grant‐assist university trainings; government grant‐assisted institutions are subsequently more likely to receive work from other government institutions such as the health service, social services and education; from the trainee's point of view, the overall costs of training, including personal therapy and supervision costs, will be grant‐assisted in university psychotherapy courses, thus making them more attractive propositions than private sector trainings. Even if government policy changed, and a North American‐style student loan system was introduced, universities would still be state subsidised, and more likely to attract outside funding than the private sector trainings. This logic obviously explains both the attractiveness and seeming inevitability of university validation for trainings in the private sector.
Women in Search of Women: Clinical Issues That Underlie a Woman's Search for a Female Therapist
Authors: Williams Sherly
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. Analytic tradition has generally held that the genders of therapist and patient make little difference to transference phenomena. This paper considers a woman's search for a female therapist as an enactment of unconscious hopes, conflicts and anxieties that will gradually become externalised in the here‐and‐now of the transference relationship. Using clinical material where the starting point of therapy was an expressed need for a female therapist, the paper explores how the gender of the female therapist was used by female patients as raw material for unconscious phantasy concerning their relation to the world, to others and ultimately to themselves.
Reading Perversion
Authors: Barford Duncan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper argues that disavowal, the mechanism underlying perversion, is by its very nature self‐contradictory and cannot be fully accounted for by either of Freud's psychical topographies. It is suggested that successive theorists have failed to solve this problem adequately, but have tended to discuss perversion in terms more appropriate to either neurosis or psychosis. This paper proposes that perversion displays a radically unique style of defence; it is described how this differs from repression in particular. Finally it is shown how analysis of the rhetoric of perverse fantasy can clarify the nature of this unique defensive strategy.
Unintegrated States and the Process of Integration: A New Formulation
Authors: Reeves Christopher
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. The paper sets out a new approach to identifying stages of early child development leading up to the acquisition of an integrated sense of self. The model derives from linguistics rather than biology, in particular from the application of concepts of case relationships found in inflected languages. The author postulates a correlation between case relationships and developmental stages, and argues that the gradual demise of inflected language forms may have contributed to our lack of attunement as adults to the psychological processes and experiences of infancy.

The past is a foreign country. They do things differently there. L P Hartley The Go‐Between (1953)
From Emptiness to Loss: A Journey from the Intrapersonal to the Interpersonal
Authors: Lamprell Michael
Published: June 2007

In this paper the writer follows the changing meaning of the word ‘emptiness’ used by a patient in her therapy over a period of several years. He finds that it is possible to witness the journey in the therapy from a state of not‐being, described as ‘emptiness’ at the beginning of the therapy, towards a feeling of loss, later in the therapy, when ‘emptiness’ takes on a new meaning. This journey can be seen to be linked with a developmental process from a perception of omnipotence and fusion towards a feeling of being separate.
Psychotic Interventions at the Arbours Crisis Centre
Authors: Berke Joseph H.
Published: June 2007

During the course of a therapeutic intervention both the designated patient and the therapist(s) treating this person may emotionally decompensate and revert to a psychotic state of thinking and action. This paper discusses two such events and shows how they were ameliorated by a therapeutic milieu in which the people involved were initially overwhelmed by these psychotic regressions and were subsequently able to reconstitute themselves.
The Group's Emotional Biography
Authors: Neri Claudio
Published: June 2007

A feature of group life, its biography, is described which derives from the history of the group and which gives a unique character to the life of the group in the present. This inheritance is important in the present functioning of the group and for the experience and development of its members.
Internship: Fact or Phantasy?
Authors: Stein Samuel M
Published: June 2007

Many doctors have experienced their internship as a traumatic initiation into the medical profession. Rarely questioned, the process has resulted in a traditional cycle of distressed and unhappy interns. This article is an attempt to understand and clarify the institutional dynamics which are responsible for creating and maintaining these adverse patterns of behaviour. It concentrates on the interaction between the intern's inner phantasy world, the impact of the external hospital situation and the social defences which the hospital develops to protect its staff against the pain and anxiety inherent in their work. These collective social defence mechanisms often fail to protect the intern from intense anxiety and instead contribute to the hospital's increasing rigidity and resistance to change.
The Primitive and the Pathological
Authors: Field Nathan
Published: June 2007

A confusion exists in psycho‐analytic thinking on the differentiation between normal and abnormal. The paper argues that this derives from the conflation of two quite distinct meanings of normality: the ideal and the average. One consequence of this confusion is that psycho‐analysis has been repeatedly obliged to recognise as normal primitive phenomena it originally treated as psychopathology. While these two meanings may be complementary, it remains very difficult to reconcile them, although the paper attempts to do so.
Expanding the Clinical Utility of the Concept of Developmental Help to Engage the Severely Disturbed Adult Patient in a Psychoanalytic Process
Authors: Daldin Herman
Published: June 2007

In this paper I demonstrate the clinical utility of techniques referred to as ‘developmental help’ in the psychotherapeutic process with a very disturbed adult patient. The proximal goal of the suggested interventions is to engage the patient in a more ‘classical’ psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Case material and discussion are provided to clarify and show how these interventions facilitate the process of engaging these difficult to treat patients.
Psychotherapy and Counselling in a GP Practice: Making Use of the Setting
Authors: Jones Heather , Murphy Antonia , Neaman Gill , Tollemache Robert , Vasserman David
Published: June 2007

The evolution and work of a team of GPs, therapists and counsellors in an Inner City GP practice is described with particular reference to the nature of the transference in this setting. It is suggested that there is a dual transference ‐ to the GP and to the therapist ‐ and that an understanding of some patients’ response to this triangular configuration both needs to be worked with and also adds a richness and effectiveness to the work which is to the benefit of the patient and satisfaction of the worker. This is an alternative viewpoint to that expressed by Hoag (1992) about work in this setting.
The Clinical Implications of Attachment Theory
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: June 2007

The work of John Bowlby, although influential in developmental psychology and social psychiatry, has had relatively little impact within his parent discipline of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The paper traces Bowlby's relationship with the British Psychoanalytic Society, contrasting his ideas with those of Klein. Drawing on recent findings in developmental psychology stimulated by Attachment Theory, it outlines the clinical relevance of the concepts of the secure base and narrative, and reviews notions of defence and the Oedipal situation from the attachment perspective. Attachment Theory is not a new ‘school’ of psychotherapy but addresses principles which underlie all effective therapies. An extended case study is described illustrating these points.
The Institutional Field: An Evolution of the Container Model
Authors: Correale Antonello
Published: June 2007

In the case of severe pathologies, the function of the container in the psychotherapeutic setting becomes particularly important, but this function is made extremely difficult by the turbulence of the situation. In these cases, the container must provide three goals: a function of real limits, a means for the distribution and articulation of the projective identifications of the patient, a holdingelaboration of very intense emotional charges. In these particular cases, the function of the container becomes so complex as to necessitate an entire institution rather than a single therapist. The single therapist is not able to carry out his empathetic‐interpretative function unless he is integrated into a larger group‐institution.

In order to describe and interpret the modalities of the functioning of the container‐institution, it is useful to adopt the model of the field which can be considered a refinement and evolution of the model of the container.

An outline of the principal factors that constitute the institutional field is detailed as follows:

1. The field is derived from the array of shared projective identifications in a cammon pool and not only from an individual into another.

2. The field is a shared sensory area as defined by Bleger.

3. The field contains an array of suffuse, powerful emotions which charge the atmosphere of the institution.

4. The field is derived from certain originating‐foundation fantasies.

5. The field is a derivation of the historical memory of each specific institutional group.

The use of these axes of interpretation can allow a more detailed analysis of the functioning of the institution in contact with severe pathologies.
A Formal Science for Psychoanalysis
Authors: Langs Robert , Badalamenti Anthony
Published: June 2007

Three modes of science are defined for psychoanalysis ‐ domain, statisticalprobabilistic and formal. The last form is on a par with physics and seeks deep laws of nature through the use of quantified time series data to which mathematical models are applied. The paper summarises a research programme designed to bring formal science to the field. The models used are drawn from physics and include the power spectral density function (a measure of cyclical power), force and work, entropy or informational complexity (determined in two distinctive ways), and temperature (a measure of communicative activity). The evidence for a communicative force field is presented. The results are used to define three apparently universal laws of nature pertaining to human communication, each adhered to in distinctive fashion (individuality constrained by lawfulness). The limitations and implications of these initial results are discussed.
Psychotherapy in the Third Age
Authors: Orbach Ann
Published: June 2007

In this paper I discuss psychotherapy in old age in the context of our ageing society and ageist attitudes. I suggest that the therapist is as resistant as the ageing patient to themes of loss and death. I question the short‐term therapy often recommended and use case material to show that, despite the strength of the transference and the difficulty of ending therapy, the older patient is as suitable for long‐term psychotherapy as many of those in a younger age group whom we willingly agree to treat. In conclusion, I stress that the Third Age has been defined as a period for opportunity and new development.
The Universality of Shame: A Psychoanalytic Approach
Authors: Pines Malcolm
Published: June 2007

In this paper shame is viewed from several different perspectives: culturally, socially and developmentally. As an emotion shame is shaped by culture and serves as a boundary for the protection of privacy; developmentally shame engenders the awareness of the self and its vulnerabilities. Recognition of shame proneness and defences against it can enhance the therapist's sensitivity and warn against the insensitivity and omnipotence that can often develop unwittingly.
Competencies: Reservations, Risks and Developments ‐ A Response to Chris Whyte
Authors: Morgan‐Jones Richard
Published: June 2007

I write in response to the ‘Personal View’ published in the British Journal of Psychotherapy by Chris Whyte (1994). He writes of his fears about the current attempts by the UKCP to develop a competency‐based assessment to qualify psychotherapists under the Government's National Vocational Qualifications scheme. I write to support his reservations and to add to his views in order to begin to explore some of the complexities of the current political/professional situation. I then want to explore some of the risks involved and to propose some first thoughts on what competencies in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy already look like, as I believe they can be seen in current training practice, if often unarticulated.
Boredom in the Therapist: Countertransference Issues
Authors: Flannery Jean
Published: June 2007

When a therapist is bored in the clinical session this is always, unless pathological, a countertransference issue. Understanding the causes and meanings of this boredom thus adds to an understanding of the therapeutic process and relationship. It may have a variety of causal factors which need teasing out in the furtherance of the therapeutic process. Boredom may be connected with feelings of emptiness or drowsiness but is in itself a distinct phenomenon.
Narcoleptic States in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Authors: Richards Joscelyn
Published: June 2007

In this paper narcoleptic states refer to states of drowsiness or sleep that occur both within the patient and the psychotherapist during a psychoanalytic psychotherapy session. The meaning is explored of recurring narcolepsy in a female patient for a period of four and a half years during her psychotherapy. The concept of internal cohabitation, which is a development of Bion's concepts of psychotic and non‐psychotic personalities, is used to understand the narcoleptic phenomena in both patient and therapist and to explain the changes that took place in the patient.
In Praise of Once‐Weekly Work: Making a Virtue of Necessity or Treatment of Choice?
Authors: Mander Gertrud
Published: June 2007

This paper attempts to evaluate the once‐weekly psychodynamic model and to outline the therapeutic principles and methodology on which it is based. Using Freud's concept of ‘psychotherapy for the people’, issues of time, frame, technique, and transference are discussed in relation to this model which draws on and adapts psychoanalytic theory and technique to suit its less intensive, but equally long‐term practice. Some fundamental questions are raised in relation to higher frequencies of attendance, the status attached to numbers, the use of theory, choice of and suitability for once‐weekly work.
Problems with Transference Interpretations in Short‐Term Dynamic Therapy
Authors: Pearson Mark
Published: June 2007

In this paper, I examine some problems which have arisen when I have attempted to make transference interpretations during short‐term individual and group psychodynamic psychotherapy, and suggest an alternative style of working, which involves monitoring the transference but making comments using the material which the patient brings to the therapy session. This material is often not about the therapist‐patient relationship, and I will argue that patients will frequently prefer to work in other areas for reasons of space and safety. For the therapist, the dangers of becoming intrusive and driving the patient into an impasse often outweigh the advantages of the directness that comes from examining the here and now relationship. I call this alternative style of working, ‘staying within the patient's metaphor’.
Defensive Organizations or Collusive Interpretations? A Further Critique of Kleinian Theory and Practice
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: June 2007

A detailed commentary on a clinical study by O'Shaughnessy (1981) is presented from the viewpoint of the model of borderline personality developed in Cognitive Analytic Therapy. The delineation of separate ‘self states’, each with a characteristic repertoire of reciprocal roles, offers a different perspective on the pathology of the patient and on the impact of the analysis. On the basis of this and two previous papers it is argued that the status of defensive or pathological organizations is questionable and that the interpretations generated by Kleinian theory may exacerbate the patient's fragmentation.
Loss of the Loved Object: Tragic and Moral Motifs in Melanie Klein's Concept of the Depressive Position
Authors: Likierman Meira
Published: June 2007

This paper offers a reading of Melanie Klein's concept of the depressive position based on primary texts. A problematic area is uncovered, resulting from a contradictory tension amongst phenomena grouped under Klein's concept. Specifically, the author notes two motifs that run through her descriptions, which are metaphorically labelled in this paper as ‘tragic’ and ‘moral’. These are shown to negate each other in experiential terms, as the more primitive ‘tragic’ level implies irrevocable loss and hence catastrophic states, whereas the more mature ‘moral’ level derives strength from reparation. These two motifs create a dialectic tension that enriches Klein's concept.
The Other Side of the Abyss: A Psychodynamic Approach to Working with Groups of People Who Came to England as Children on the Kindertransporte
Authors: Barnett Ruth
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on the psychological experience of children who were separated from their parents because they sent them to England to save their lives from the impending Holocaust in continental Europe. The parents of these children expressed their love and concern to ensure their offspring's survival through the self‐sacrificial act of parting with them. What they could not prevent were the traumatic effects of this separation and its sequellae. Drawing on clinical material of former Kindertransportees as adults from her private practice and group work with a colleague, Ruth Barnett offers an understanding of the psychic journey that was imposed on these children by the deliberately inflicted atrocities to which their families and communities were subjected in the name of genocide and for the purpose of ‘ethnic cleansing’. She hopes this may be of some value to therapists working with the victims of similar attempts at ‘ethnic cleansing’ such as perpetrated in Rwanda and Bosnia.
The Working Alliance: A Re‐appraisal
Authors: Parry Charlotte Wynn , Birkett Diana
Published: June 2007

This article aims to bring into focus the importance of the working relationship and the part it plays in the outcome of therapy. There appears to be a lack of attention in the psychoanalytic literature regarding the working alliance, how it is established and maintained, and the role it plays in the uncovering of unconscious material, including the interpretation of the transference. A rough historical survey outlines the evolution of the concept, and traces its gradual decline in the analytic literature in favour of the transference. Greenson's formulations, as the exception to this trend, are expanded to include the usefulness of the concept in working with borderline patients.
Matricide and Destructiveness: Infantile Anxieties and Technological Culture
Authors: Wieland Christina
Published: June 2007

The paper explores the absence of a parental couple in Western culture and psyche and its substitution by masculine omnipotence. The inability of the Western psyche to work through the Oedipus complex is seen as the root of this. This inability is linked to the lack of a gradual working through of ambivalence, and to the reliance, instead, on a massive repression of the attachment to mother and on the conversion of the aggression towards father into the superego. This is equated to a kind of psychic matricide. The myth that portrays this psychic event is the Oresteian myth as portrayed by Aeschylus in his triology, the Oresteia. Technological culture bears all the marks of a masculine omnipotent creation that includes the substitution of baby, created by the parental couple, by manufactured reality and entails all the destructiveness of an attack on mother and on life.
Abiding Values and the Creative Present: Psychoanalysis in the Spectrum of the Sciences
Authors: Black David M.
Published: June 2007

If psychoanalysis is a science, then it differs in important ways from other sciences, such as physics, which are often taken as paradigmatic in the field. It does so above all because living beings place a demand upon time. Out of this demand value springs. In the case of human beings, this demand, studied in its greatest depth by psychoanalysis, is not only for the values of survival and reproductive success but also for the values that conduce to psychological growth and health. To incorporate this objective importance of values into a scientific picture involves a huge shift in the way in which we conceive the world, with implications for the wider perception of the sciences in general.
The Doll as a Catalyst in an Individuation Process in D.H. Lawrence's The Captain's Doll
Authors: Pierloot Roland A.
Published: June 2007

In the novella The Captain's Doll, D.H. Lawrence represents an individuation process in which the male protagonist evolves from a state of extreme infantile bondage into an adult relationship, safeguarding his autonomy. As a metaphor the doll symbolizes the manipulation of the protagonist by his female partners. As a real object, figuring in its varying traject as a leitmotiv in the story, it functions as a catalyst facilitating the awakening of the unconscious motivations in the relationship between the protagonist and his mistress. Their agreement on an adult partnership entails the destruction of the doll.
THE STIFLED CRY OR TRUBY KING, THE FORGOTTEN PROPHET
Authors: Mander Gertrud
Published: June 2007

This paper presents some research into the activities and influence of the New Zealand psychiatrist Frederic Truby King (1858–1938), in relation to a clinical case where Truby King's baby‐feeding methods played a crucial role as major pathogenic agent. Truby King is seen as the product of his time and of his biography. The pros and cons of his ideas are examined in contrast to D.W. Winnicott's thoughts about babies and mothers which explicitly overturned his predecessor's influential dogmas.
SANDOR FERENCZI AND PATIENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ANALYSIS
Authors: Myers Piers
Published: June 2007

This article traces the development of Sandor Ferenczi's conviction that patients’ analytic material might be understood, in part, as a valid unconscious portrayal and critique of the way their analyses were being conducted. Ferenczi's own clinical records are re‐examined and indicate that he failed to appreciate the possibility that the alterations he had made to the frame of his analytic relationships might be represented in such portrayals.
THE MEMORY DEBATE: A CONSIDERATION OF CLINICAL COMPLEXITIES AND SOME SUGGESTED GUIDELINES FOR PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPISTS
Authors: Mollon Phil
Published: June 2007

An emerging clarity about the trauma‐based nature of many severe mental states was thrown into confusion by the realization in the early 1990s that some memories of childhood abuse might be ‘false memories’. However, the debate about memory often generates simplistic and unproductive arguments in an area which is inherently eomplex and confusing and pervaded by ambiguity. ‘Memories’ are often best regarded as psychodynamic products, not unlike dreams, mixing elements from various sourees. Motivated forgetting is not a mysterious process beyond the reaeh of introspection but is, in many instances, very ordinary and familiar. Patients who have suffered severely traumatizing childhoods often have very disturbed, or’ mutilated’, states of consciousness; a narrative of abuse may be presented in one state of mind, with amnesia for this in another state of mind. Acknowledgement and tolerance of uncertainty form the appropriate stance for the therapist. Some guidelines are suggested for psychoanalytic therapists, designed to reduce the dangers of fostering, or colluding with, false memories of childhood abuse.
UNINTEGRATION AND CONTAINMENT IN ACUTE PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Killick Katherine
Published: June 2007

This paper draws on material from six years of psychotherapeutic work with a schizophrenic patient in the environment of an art therapy department in a large psychiatric hospital. The author discusses the material with particular reference to the work of Bick, Bion and Meltzer. She proposes that the analytically informed art psychotherapy setting came to constitute a containing object for the patient's unintegrated state of mind. This enabled a shift from intrusive identification to projective identification to take place in his use of the therapist and the setting. The substances and objects in the setting helped to absorb the violence of intrusive identifications which defended against the catastrophic anxieties overwhelming his capacity to think when he was acutely psychotic. Over time images emerged which were used to communicate with the therapist, and the evolution of one particular image, ‘Sleeping Muse’, is traced. The author proposes that this work was helpful to the patient, and questions whether work of this kind is possible in current psychiatric settings.
THE TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPACT OF CULTURAL TRAUMA: LINKING PHENOMENA IN TREATMENT OF THIRD GENERATION SURVIVORS OF THE HOLOCAUST
Authors: Winship Gary , Knowles Jane
Published: June 2007

The long‐term impact of the Holocaust is considered with reference to material presented in the case histories of patients treated in an NHS psychotherapy department (West Berkshire). The treatment of three third generation survivors of the Holocaust is described. Insofar as it is only recently that third generation phenomena are emerging, the clinical work is experimental. In the spirit of a greater consideration of the interlace between psychoanalysis and cultural trauma (Hunter Brown 1992), this paper examines the relationship between the magnitude of a cultural trauma (and its resonance) and the time it takes for the trauma to be worked through. The implications for the treatment of survivors of other cultural atrocities, for example, the Hungerford massacre and Dunblane, are considered. A provisional psychodynamic diagnostic axiom is proposed by the authors, and it is hoped that this may be useful for other clinicians.
Effect of Hydrofoil Shapes on Partial and Transitional Cavity Oscillations
Authors: Fujii Akira , Kawakami Damien T. , Tsujimoto Yoshinobu , Arndt Roger EA
Published: June 2007

The effects of foil geometry on partial and transitional cavity oscillations were examined by experiments. The transitional cavity oscillation can be observed in the upstream pressure fluctuation for all foils and the amplitude of oscillation becomes larger when the maximum cavity length becomes larger than about 75% of the chord length. The Stroulal number based on the chord length correlated with the value of a parameter σ∕2α and increased from 0.07 to 0.17 with the increase of σ∕2α from 2.0 to 6.0 for all foils. For thicker foils, the partial cavity oscillation could not be detected in the upstream pressure fluctuation. However, semi-periodical cavity shedding corresponding to the partial cavity oscillation could be visually observed for all foils and the Strouhal number based on the mean cavity length was about 0.15–0.35 for all foils. Thus, the effect of foil geometry appears only in the strength of partial cavity oscillation.
Influence of Boundary Layer Behavior on Aerodynamic Coefficients of a Swept-Back Wing
Authors: Yen S. C. , Hsu C. M.
Published: June 2007

The effects of the Reynolds number and angle of attack on the boundary layer and the aerodynamic performance of a finite swept-back wing are studied experimentally. The cross-sectional profile of the wing is NACA 0012 (aspect ratio=10), and the sweep-back angle is 15 deg. The Reynolds number is set in the range of 30,000–130,000. The boundary layer field is visualized with surface oil-flow techniques. Six characteristic flow regimes—laminar separation, separation bubble, leading-edge bubble, bubble burst, turbulent separation, and bluff-body wake—are categorized and studied by considering the Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The characteristic behaviors of boundary layer significantly affect the lift, drag, and moment coefficients. The bubble length shortens significantly in the separation bubble and leading-edge bubble regimes as the angle of attack rises. The aerodynamic performances demonstrate that the swept-back wing model has no hysteresis.
Modeling of Effect of Inflow Turbulence Data on Large Eddy Simulation of Circular Cylinder Flows
Authors: Tutar M. , Celik I. , Yavuz I.
Published: June 2007

A random flow generation (RFG) algorithm for a previously established large eddy simulation (LES) code is successfully incorporated into a finite element fluid flow solver to generate the required inflow/initial turbulence boundary conditions for the three-dimensional (3D) LES computations of viscous incompressible turbulent flow over a nominally two-dimensional (2D) circular cylinder at Reynolds number of 140,000. The effect of generated turbulent inflow boundary conditions on the near wake flow and the shear layer and on the prediction of integral flow parameters is studied based on long time average results. Because the near-wall region cannot be resolved for high Reynolds number flows, no-slip velocity boundary function is used, but wall effects are taken into consideration with a near-wall modeling methodology that comprises the no-slip function with a modified form of van Driest damping approach to reduce the subgrid length scale in the vicinity of the cylinder wall. Simulations are performed for a 2D and a 3D configuration, and the simulation results are compared to each other and to the experimental data for different turbulent inflow boundary conditions with varying degree of inflow turbulence to assess the functionality of the RFG algorithm for the present LES code and, hence, its influence on the vortex shedding mechanism and the resulting flow field predictions.
Observation of Centrifugal Compressor Stall and Surge in Phase
Portraits of Pressure Time Traces at Impeller and Diffuser Wall
Authors: Gu Chunwei , Yamaguchi Kazuo , Nagashima Toshio , Higashimori Hirotaka
Published: June 2007

Unsteady static pressure signals due to flow instability in two types of centrifugal compressors were analyzed by employing the phase portrait reconstruction method. The sampled data corresponded to several streamwise locations along the shroud wall over a wide range of operation from design to near surge. Singular value decomposition analysis yielded successfully the discernable features of flow instability, i.e., stall and surge, which were observed with a decrease of mass flow rate. The effects of the signal-to-noise ratio was found to be the most troublesome in predicting the onset of flow instability upon pursuing the attractor behavior of the portraits. Under the latter difficult circumstance, the correlation integrals were also conveniently calculated to help to check the onset. It was clearly indicated that the behavior near rotating stall was not always recognized by the phase portrait in three-dimensional space, while the corresponding correlation integral obviously decreased close to stall. Monitoring of unsteady signals based on the phase portraits and the correlation integrals, therefore, led to a good judgement of a nonlinear fluid dynamic system response and to prevent compressors from a disastrous damage due to flow instability.
Susceptibility of
Cryptococcus neoformans
to Photodynamic Inactivation Is Associated with Cell Wall Integrity
Authors: Fuchs Beth Burgwyn , Tegos George P. , Hamblin Michael R. , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: June 2007

Photodynamic therapy is a rapidly developing antimicrobial technology which combines a nontoxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer with harmless visible light of the correct wavelength to excite the dye to its reactive triplet state to generate reactive oxygen species toxic to cells. In this report we present evidence that the fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
is susceptible to photodynamic inactivation by use of a polycationic conjugate of polyethyleneimine and the photosensitizer chlorin(e6). A
C. neoformans rom2
mutant, with a mutation involving a putative Rho1 guanyl nucleotide exchange factor that is part of the protein kinase C-cell wall integrity pathway, demonstrated a compromised cell wall and less (1,3)β-
d
glucan than the wild-type strain and increased accumulation of PEI-ce6 as assessed by fluorescence uptake and confocal microscopy. Interestingly,
C. neoformans rom2
was hypersusceptible to photodynamic inactivation and coincubation of wild-type
C. neoformans
strain KN99α with caspofungin-enhanced photoinactivation. These studies demonstrated that
C. neoformans
is sensitive to photodynamic therapy and illustrated the significance of cell wall integrity in microbial susceptibility to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation.
Bound To Shock: Protection from Lethal Endotoxemic Shock by a Novel, Nontoxic, Alkylpolyamine Lipopolysaccharide Sequestrant
Authors: Sil Diptesh , Shrestha Anurupa , Kimbrell Matthew R. , Nguyen Thuan B. , Adisechan Ashok K. , Balakrishna Rajalakshmi , Abbo Benjamin G. , Malladi Subbalakshmi , Miller Kelly A. , Short Shannon , Cromer Jens R. , Arora Shravan , Datta Apurba , David Sunil A.
Published: June 2007

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, a structural component of gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a syndrome of severe systemic inflammation which leads to multiple-system organ failure. Despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, sepsis continues to be the commonest cause of death in the critically ill patient. This is attributable to the lack of therapeutic options that aim at limiting the exposure to the toxin and the prevention of subsequent downstream inflammatory processes. Polymyxin B (PMB), a peptide antibiotic, is a prototype small molecule that binds and neutralizes LPS toxicity. However, the antibiotic is too toxic for systemic use as an LPS sequestrant. Based on a nuclear magnetic resonance-derived model of polymyxin B-LPS complex, we had earlier identified the pharmacophore necessary for optimal recognition and neutralization of the toxin. Iterative cycles of pharmacophore-based ligand design and evaluation have yielded a synthetically easily accessibleN1,mono-alkyl-mono-homologated spermine derivative, DS-96. We have found that DS-96 binds LPS and neutralizes its toxicity with a potency indistinguishable from that of PMB in a wide range of in vitro assays, affords complete protection in a murine model of LPS-induced lethality, and is apparently nontoxic in vertebrate animal models.
Salicylidene Acylhydrazides That Affect Type III Protein Secretion inSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium
Authors: Negrea Aurel , Bjur Eva , Ygberg Sofia Eriksson , Elofsson Mikael , Wolf-Watz Hans , Rhen Mikael
Published: June 2007

A collection of nine salicylidene acylhydrazide compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the activity of virulence-associated type III secretion systems (T3SSs) inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. The compounds strongly affectedSalmonellapathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) T3SS-mediated invasion of epithelial cells and in vitro secretion of SPI1 invasion-associated effector proteins. The use of a SPI1 effector β-lactamase fusion protein implicated intracellular entrapment of the protein construct upon application of a salicylidene acylhydrazide, whereas the use of chromosomal transcriptional gene fusions revealed a compound-mediated transcriptional silencing of SPI1. Salicylidene acylhydrazides also affected intracellular bacterial replication in murine macrophage-like cells and blocked the transport of an epitope-tagged SPI2 effector protein. Two of the compounds significantly inhibited bacterial motility and expression of extracellular flagellin. We conclude that salicylidene acylhydrazides affect bacterial T3SS activity inS. entericaand hence could be used as lead substances when designing specific inhibitors of bacterial T3SSs in order to pharmaceutically intervene with bacterial virulence.