bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A database of gabbro seismic properties from an ultraslow spreading ridge (IODP Hole U1473A, Southwest Indian Ridge)
Authors: Morales Luiz F. G. , Allard Mael , Ildefonse Benoit
Published: March 2021

Gabbros are the main component of the oceanic crust and represent ~2/3 of the total magmatic crustal thickness. At the interface between magmatic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes, gabbros from slow spreading ridges may have a complex mineralogy and microstructural evolution. This includes structures that vary from purely magmatic fabrics, with layering and magmatic alignment of minerals, to rocks deformed from subsolidus temperatures to the lower-T brittle-ductile conditions. Such a variation is normally accompanied with changes in mineralogy, microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) of the main phases of these rocks, which in turn a!ect their seismic properties. Here we present a database of the CPO-derived seismic properties of 70 samples collected during the IODP Expedition 360 (site U1473). The dominant phases are plagioclase and clinopyronexe, with variable contents of olivine, enstatite, magnetite, ilmenite, chlorite and amphibole.  Velocities of compressional and shear waves decrease drastically with increasing of plagioclase content, increase strongly with increasing of ilmenite content, but increase only slightly with clinopyroxene, while variations in olivine and enstatite content seem to be less important. Maximum velocities can be either parallel to the strongest concentration of (010) poles of plagioclase or olivine/clinopyroxene [001], depending on the proportions between these phases. Anisotropy of P waves vary from ~2% in the more isotropic gabbros with weak magmatic fabric to a maximum of ~9% in more mylonitic terms. A similar effect is observed for the S-waves. Destructive interference between plagioclase CPO vs. clinopyroxene/olivine reducing anisotropy observed in some samples. This is because the maximum Vp in a foliated gabbro is parallel to the maximum concentration of poles to (010), and perpendicular to olivine and clinopyroxene. As the lineation in our gabbros is generally marked by olivine and clinopyroxene [001] (instead of the fast direction [100]), this possibly cause anisotropy reduction. When present in the more mylonitized gabbros, amphibole has strong CPOs and help to increase the general anisotropy of P and S waves, but the increase is not drastic. An increase of Vp and Vs anisotropy is also observed with stronger plagioclase CPOs, which is not observed in the case of clinopyroxene. The elastic constants calculated from these aggregates will be used as input for more physically robust calculations using differential effective medium approaches to better understand the e!ect of melt inclusions in these rocks by the time of their deformation in the lower crust.
Updated gridded datasets version 2020 provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)
Authors: Rustemeier Elke , Schneider Udo , Ziese Markus , Finger Peter , Becker Andreas
Published: March 2021

Since its founding in 1989, the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) has been producing global precipitation analyses based on land surface in-situ measurements. In the now over 30 years the underlying database has been continuously expanded and includes a high station density and large temporal coverage. Due to the semi-automatic quality control routinely performed on the incoming station data, the GPCC database has a very high quality. Today, the GPCC holds data from 123,000 stations, about three quarters of them having long time series.

The core of the analyses is formed by data from the global meteorological and hydrological services, which provided their records to the GPCC, as well as global and regional data collections.  In addition, the GPCC receives SYNOP and CLIMAT reports via the WMO-GTS. These form a supplement for the high quality precipitation analyses and the basis for the near real-time evaluations.

Quality control activities include cross-referencing stations from different sources, flagging of data errors, and correcting temporally or spatially offset data. This data then forms the basis for the following interpolation and product generation.

In near real time, the 'First Guess Monthly', 'First Guess Daily', 'Monitoring Product', ‘Provisional Daily Precipitation Analysis’ and the 'GPCC Drought Index' are generated. These are based on WMO-GTS data and monthly data generated by the CPC (NOAA).

With a 2-3 year update cycle, the high quality data products are generated with intensive quality control and built on the entire GPCC data base. These non-real time products consist of the 'Full Data Monthly', 'Full Data Daily', 'Climatology', and 'HOMPRA-Europe' and are now available in the 2020 version.

All gridded datasets presented in this paper are freely available in netcdf format on the GPCC website https://gpcc.dwd.de and referenced by a digital object identifier (DOI). The site also provides an overview of all datasets, as well as a detailed description and further references for each dataset.
Validation of multi-static meteor radar analysis using realistic mesospheric dynamics from UA-ICON model: Reliability of gradients and vertical velocities
Authors: Charuvil Asokan Harikrishnan , Luis Chau Jorge , Conte Juan Federico , Baumgarten Gerd , Vierinen Juha , Borchert Sebastian
Published: March 2021

Specular meteor radars (SMRs) are a major ground-based instrument to study the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere (MLT) dynamics. The recently developed multi-static approach of SMRs allows maximising the number of measurements from different viewing angles, hence enabling the estimation of horizontal wind fields and their second-order statistics (power spectrum, momentum fluxes). We have installed the operational versions of these techniques in Germany, Peru and Argentina, called SIMONe (Spread-spectrum Interferometric Multistatic meteor radar Observing Network) systems. Here, we present a validation study of multi-static meteor radar analysis by using virtual radar systems on the upper-atmosphere extension of the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (UA-ICON) general circulation model with a horizontal grid spacing of 5 km. This particular study is focusing on the estimates of gradients and vertical velocities with these multi-static systems.
Why 0.5°C matter for the future evolution of Alpine glaciers
Authors: Compagno Loris , Eggs Sarah , Huss Matthias , Zekollari Harry , Farinotti Daniel
Published: March 2021

With the Paris Agreement, leaders of the world have recognized the urgency of limiting ongoing, anthropogenic climate change. In preparation of the upcoming 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties, discussions have been focusing on the difference of limiting the increase in global average temperatures below 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0°C compared to pre-industrial levels. Here, we assess the impacts that such different scenarios would have on both the future evolution of glaciers in the European Alps and the water resources they provide. We force the combined glacier mass balance and ice flow model GloGEMflow with climate projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), and compute the area and volume evolution of all 3926 glaciers of the European Alps for the period 1990 to 2100. Our results show that the different temperature targets have important implications for the predicted changes: in a +1.0°C scenario, glaciers in the European Alpsare  projected to lose 44 ± 21 % of their 2020 ice volume; 68 ± 12 % in a +1.5 °C scenario; while 81 ± 8% in a +2.0°C scenario. The changes in glacier volume will strongly impact the water yield from presently-glacierized catchments, with 2080-2100 yearly average runoffs decreasing by 25 ± 6% (for a global warming of +1.0°C), 32 ± 8%, (+1.5°C) and 36 ± 10% (+2.0°C) when compared to 2000-2020 levels. Changes in peak runoff -- anticipated to occur 1 to 2 months earlier by the end of the century than it does today -- will be even more pronounced, with reductions of 23 ± 15 %, 29 ± 14 %, and 37 ± 15 % in the three warming scenarios, respectively.
CarboCity – Solving biogenic carbon cycle in urban environments
Authors: Vainio Elisa , Kulmala Liisa , Fruhauf Yasmin , Soininen Jesse , Havu Minttu , Thum Tea , Järvi Leena
Published: March 2021

Urban areas are a large source of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Cities are seeking solutions to reduce the CO2 emissions and to achieve carbon neutrality. Thus, there is a growing interest in maximizing the carbon sinks of urban vegetation and soil. Current knowledge on the carbon sinks is mainly based on data from non-urban environments. In the cities, environmental controls of carbon flows are different compared to the surroundings: temperatures are higher and water cycles altered compared to non-urban areas, green areas are managed (e.g. mowed and irrigated), and trees typically have very limited space for their roots but less competition at the canopy-level. In order to reduce uncertainties particularly in observation based urban carbon emission estimation, biogenic fluxes and their behaviour need to be correctly described/presented.

In the CarboCity project (Urban green space solutions in carbon neutral cities; 2019–2023), we aim to achieve a thorough understanding of atmosphere-plant-soil carbon dynamics in urban areas, and to find the best practices for designing the green areas to maximise their carbon sinks and stocks. In Helsinki, Finland, we have three sites in the footprint area of the SMEAR III ICOS station (SMEAR – Station for Measuring Earth surface-Atmosphere Relations; ICOS – Integrated Carbon Observation System): a botanical garden, a small urban forest, and a street site. The measurements were started in 2020, and include photosynthesis and fluorescence of trees (Tilia cordata Mill., T. × europaea L., Betula pendula Roth) and soil respiration, together with several supporting measurements (e.g. air and soil temperature, relative humidity, soil water content, sap flow, LAI). Ecosystem-level CO2 exchange over the whole area of all three sites is measured at the SMEAR III ICOS station. Since late 2020, we are measuring also carbonyl sulphide exchange at the neighbourhood scale, which is used as a proxy for GPP. In addition to the measurements in Helsinki, we will use measured data from London, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Beijing and São Paolo – cities that differ in the climate regions, vegetation types, and management styles of their green areas. Furthermore, the measurements will be used to parameterise land surface model SUEWS (Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme), soil carbon model Yasso and dynamic land-surface models.
The relative contribution of secondary ice processes in Alpine mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Georgakaki Paraskevi , Sotiropoulou Georgia , Vignon Etienne , Berne Alexis , Nenes Athanasios
Published: March 2021

In-situ observations of mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) forming over mountain tops regularly reveal that ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) are orders of magnitude higher than ice-nucleating particle concentrations. This discrepancy has often been attributed to the influence of surface processes such as blowing snow and airborne hoar frost. Ιn-cloud secondary ice production (SIP) processes may also explain this discrepancy, but their contribution has received less attention.
Here we explore the potential role of SIP processes on orographic MPCs observed during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE) 2014 campaign at the mountain-top site of Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The Hallett-Mossop (H-M) mechanism, included in the default version of the Morrison scheme in WRF, is ruled out since the simulated clouds were outside the active temperature range for this process. This study investigates if the implementation of two additional SIP mechanisms in WRF, namely collisional break-up (BR) between ice hydrometeors and frozen droplet shattering (DS), can bridge the gap between observed and modeled ICNCs. DS is inefficient in the examined conditions due to a lack of sufficiently large raindrops to trigger this process. The BR mechanism is likely important in Alpine MPCs, but the process is activated only within seeder-feeder situations, when precipitation particles are seeding the low-level MPCs inducing their glaciation. At times when a cloud exists near the ground, blowing snow ice particles may be mixed among supercooled liquid droplets and thus contribute significantly to ice growth, but they cannot account for the observed ICNCs. Our findings indicate that outside the H-M temperature range, ice-seeding and blowing snow can initiate ice multiplication in the Alps through the BR mechanism, which is found to elevate the modeled ICNCs up to 3 orders of magnitude, providing a better agreement with in-situ measurements. This highlights the importance of considering both SIP and surface-based processes in weather-prediction and climate models.
Column experiments show that cycling of both nitrogen and phosphorus is altered by dissolved organic carbon in river sediments
Authors: Stutter Marc , Graeber Daniel , Weigelhofer Gabriele
Published: March 2021

Since agriculture and wider development have altered simultaneously runoff, pollution and natural structures in catchments (e.g. wetlands, floodplains, soil drainage, riparian trees) aquatic ecosystems deviate from background concentrations of N and P, but also organic C (OC). Hence mechanistic studies coupling OC, N and P are needed and whilst data coupling OC:N is becoming more available and interpreted this is not yet the case for aquatic OC:P.  Column flow experiments (excluding light) allow preliminary controlled study of microbial biogeochemical processes in benthic sediments exposed to factorial nutrients (here +C, +NP, +CNP using simple dissolved substrates glucose, nitrate, and phosphate).

Based on the stoichiometric theory, we tested the hypothesis that bioavailable DOC will stimulate the heterotrophic uptake of soluble reactive P (SRP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen in stream sediments. Glucose-C additions increased nutrient uptake, but also NP additions enhanced consumption of native and added OC. The effects of C addition were stronger on N than P uptake, presumably because labile C stimulated both assimilation and denitrification, while adsorption (unaffected by the presence or not of OC) formed a part of P uptake. Internal biogeochemical cycling lessened net nutrient uptake due to N and P recycling into dissolved organically-complexed forms (DOP and DON).

Simple column experiments point to mechanisms whereby availability of organic carbon can stimulate N and P sequestration in the bed of nutrient-polluted streams. This should promote further studies coupling OC with N and, especially P, towards better knowledge and ability to incorporate coupled macronutrient cycles into nutrient models and, potentially, ecosystem management.
Open Science – The Great Equalizer: Decolonizing the tools, technologies, and results of science in the 21st century
Authors: Coward Caroline
Published: March 2021

Open Science, as we commonly define it, has grown steadily over the past two to three decades, thanks to the proliferation of electronic data and information, as well as ease of access to computers with high speed Internet connectivity. What began as a mechanism to share the products of our scientific research has evolved into a global movement involving journal article manuscripts, source code, copyright, access, and intellectual property negotiations, digital repositories, cloud-based tools, and data in a variety of formats.

This presentation will briefly define Open Science, and enumerate and describe common elements of Open Science through a brief history of the movement. It will also touch on both triumphs and challenges faced by proponents, discuss the role of professional publishers, aggregators, and other traditional gatekeepers, and will propose scenarios for the future of the movement. Questions, anecdotes, vexations, and suggestions from attendees are welcomed at the end of the presentation, with the goal of generate deeper discussion around the future and sustainability of Open Science. 
Combining  concentration-discharge hysteresis and reach-scale lateral flow modelling to characterize flood water origin and processes: application to karst catchments
Authors: Le Mesnil Martin , Charlier Jean-Baptiste , Moussa Roger , Caballero Yvan
Published: March 2021

We propose a data-driven approach of concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationship analysis, including a new classification of C-Q hysteresis loop at the catchment scale, combined to a simulation of lateral Q and C at the reach scale. We analyse high-frequency, multiple-site records of Q and electrical conductivity (EC) in karst catchment outlets, in which EC informs on water residence time. At the catchment scale, contributions of pre-event water (PEW) and event water (EW) during storm events are investigated through hysteresis loops analysis, which allows inferring hydrological processes. Our new classification of hysteresis loops is based on loop mean slope and hysteresis index. At the reach scale, lateral Q and EC are simulated using a diffusive wave equation model, providing a more spatialized picture of PEW and EW contributions to streamflow during storm events. The methodology is applied to two catchments (Loue river and Cèze river) in France, including 8 gauging stations with hourly Q and EC time series covering 66 storm events.

For both catchments, a conceptual model of water origin and hydrological-processes seasonal and spatial variability is drawn. Regarding Loue catchment, summer and fall storm-events are characterized by contribution of PEW through piston-type flows, whereas decreasing EC values in winter and spring storm-events indicate the major contribution of EW through surface runoff and following fast infiltration in karst. EW contribution is increasing towards downstream. Regarding Cèze catchment, higher contributions of EW are observed, indicating that fast infiltration and surface runoff are the dominant processes, associated to a PEW signature in summer and fall. PEW contribution also increases in karstified areas. Intra-site water origin seasonality is mostly related to karst aquifer saturation state, whereas inter-site variability is linked to karst areas extension. These results are encouraging to extend this approach to a variety of sites, notably influenced by important surface water/groundwater interactions, and groundwater flooding.
Rock glacier deformation using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with RTK GNSS capability
Authors: Vivero Sebastián , Lambiel Christophe
Published: March 2021

In high alpine geomorphological research, different technologies are increasingly used to describe and monitor mass movements such as rock glaciers. Among them, the combination of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques is gaining continuous interest due to rapid technological developments. In this study, we test the capability of repeated UAV surveys to accurately survey rock glacier deformation in the Lac des Vaux area, Valais Alps. The studied landform is located on a typical anthropic alpine environment in the Swiss Alps, where ski facilities and alpine tracks are a commonplace. A DJI Phantom 4 RTK UAV was flown twice in September 2019 and September 2020 to cover an area of about 0.25 km2 with nearly 1000 images each time. Differential corrections using a Virtual Reference Station (VRS) provided image geotags with centimetre-level accurate 3-D coordinates, thereby allowing dispensing with ground control. High-resolution orthomosaics and high-density point clouds are derived from the UAV-RTK surveys using a standard SfM processing workflow. The corresponding point clouds' accuracy was evaluated and adjusted based on stable terrain, reducing the 3-D alignment errors to a mean of 0.02 m. Elevation changes and surface kinematics in the rock glacier complex and its margins were quantified using point cloud operations and image correlation techniques. The results indicate that the landform has at least eight different lobes with mean velocities ranging between 0.1 and 1.3 m yr-1. The high-resolution analysis also permitted identifying moving lobes without morphological expression and small thermokarst depressions on the ski slope structure that traverses the rock glacier's active zone. Without relying on ground control, our approach achieves horizontal and vertical accuracies nearly as good as monitoring techniques using more traditional differential GNSS devices.
Constraints on the relationship between velocity and basal traction over the grounded regions of Greenland
Authors: Maier Nathan , Gimbert Florent , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Gilbert Adrien
Published: March 2021

On glaciers and ice sheets, constraints on the bed physics which control the relationship between velocity and traction are critical for simulating ice flow. However, in Greenland the relationship between velocity and traction remains unquantified over much of the ice sheet. In this work, we determine the spatial relationship between velocity and traction in all eight drainage catchments of Greenland. The basal traction is estimated using three different methods over large grid cells to minimize biases associated with unconstrained rheologic parameters used in numerical inversions. We find that the velocity-traction relationships are consistent with our current understanding of basal physics in each catchment. We identify catchments that predominantly show Mohr-Coulomb-like behavior typical of deforming beds or significant cavitation, as well as catchments that predominantly show rate-strengthening behavior typical of Weertman-type hard-bed physics. Overall, the velocity-traction relationships suggest that the flow field and surface geometries over the grounded regions of the Greenland ice sheet are mainly dictated by Weertman-type physics. This data- and modeling based analysis provides a first constraint on the physics of basal motion over the grounded regions of Greenland and gives unique insight into future dynamics and vulnerabilities in a warming climate.
A new MODIS-Landsat fusion method to reconstruct Landsat NDVI time-series data
Authors: Ling Xiaofang , Cao Ruyin
Published: March 2021

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data provided by the satellite Landsat have rich historical archive data with a spatial resolution of 30 m. However, the Landsat NDVI time-series data are quite discontinuous due to its 16-day revisit cycle, cloud contamination and some other factors. The spatiotemporal data fusion technology has been proposed to reconstruct continuous Landsat NDVI time-series data by blending the MODIS data with the Landsat data. Although a number of spatiotemporal fusion algorithms have been developed during the past decade, most of the existing algorithms usually ignore the effective use of partially cloud-contaminated images. In this study, we presented a new spatiotemporal fusion method, which employed the cloud-free pixels in the partially cloud-contaminated images to improve the performance of MODIS-Landsat data fusion by Correcting the inconsistency between MODIS and Landsat data in Spatiotemporal DAta Fusion (called CSDAF). We tested the new method at three sites covered by different vegetation types, including deciduous forests in the Shennongjia Forestry District of China (SNJ), evergreen forests in Southeast Asia (SEA), and the irrigated farmland in the Coleambally irrigated area of Australia (CIA). Two experiments were designed. In experiment I, we first simulated different cloud coverages in cloud-free Landsat images and then used both CSDAF and the recently developed IFSDAF method to restore these “missing” pixels for quantitative assessments. Results showed that CSDAF performed better than IFSDAF by achieving the smaller average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values (0.0767 vs. 0.1116) and the larger average Structural SIMilarity index (SSIM) values (0.8169 vs. 0.7180). In experiment II, we simulated the scenario of “inconsistence” between MODIS and Landsat by simulating different levels of noise on MODIS and Landsat data. Results showed that CSDAF was able to reduce the influence of the inconsistence between MODIS and Landsat data on MODIS-Landsat data fusion to some extent. Moreover, CSDAF is simple and can be implemented on the Google Earth Engine. We expect that CSDAF is potentially to be used to reconstruct Landsat NDVI time-series data at the regional and continental scales.
Holocene dust accumulation in the southern Levant: the role of local sources and fixation processes
Authors: Sandler Amir , Lucke Bernhard
Published: March 2021

Initial soils covering archaeological ruins in the southern Levant include fine grain size fractions that may stem from aeolian sediments. Thus, ruins could act as effective dust traps which preserved rare Holocene aeolian records. We assessed physical parameters and chemical composition of initial soils covering archaeological ruins in the Negev and southern Jordan, including clay mineralogy and Sr- and Nd-isotopes, which we compared with modern dust from collectors installed close to the sites. A significant contribution from local weathered rocks could be observed in southern Jordan. In the Negev, the contribution of rocks was negligible, probably due to greater rock hardness and abundant biological crusts sealing surfaces. However, loessial paleosols surrounding the sampled archaeological ruins were "recycled" in the Negev. Compared to modern settled dust, archaeological soils in southern Jordan are enriched with various major and trace elements associated with clays and oxide coatings of fine silt particles. This was not due to in-situ weathering, which was found to be minimal. However, site-specific fixation processes may explain variations of dust records at the studied sites. In addition, modern dust samples associated with precipitation, in particular snow, were found associated with higher amounts of major and trace elements. Initial soils covering ruins in the southern Levant therefore suggest that the formation of soils in desert fringes may less be a function of dust supply, but more of dust deposition and fixation processes. There are multiple, local and regional dust sources and dust-generating processes active in drylands, but deep loessial soils form only when dust fixation is effective.

 
Simulating irradiance of water layers of natural reservoirs by solar radiation in various spectral ranges
Authors: Dorozhko Natalia , Cidorkina Katsiaryna , Svetashev Alexander , Turishev Leonid
Published: March 2021

The study is devoted to numerical simulating the 3D fields of biologically active solar light irradiance at deep water layers of natural reservoirs.

A numerical model has been developed on the basis of the discrete ordinate and Monte-Carlo stochastic methods which allows simulating the propagation of solar radiation in the inhomogeneous atmosphere and water media.

A software package has been elaborated enabling to numerically simulate both the irradiance of the reservoir surface by the total (direct and diffused) solar radiation in the spectral range of λ = 280 - 800 nm under various conditions (season, zenith angle, cloud cover, aerosol parameters, etc.) and the radiation propagating in the heterogeneous water media including absorbing pigments, phytoplankton and particles of the organic residues.

The software package combines atmospheric and water modules being able to function both jointly and separately thus allowing one to use spectral irradiance or integrated signals experimentally measured by ground-based devices and immersion photometric systems to validate the results of numerical calculations and model calibration.

To compute three-dimensional scenes of water body irradiation the super-cluster hardware and parallelization algorithms were used as well as the option to trace back in the Monte-Carlo method implementation.

A set of numeric experiments were made to simulate the 3D irradiance field in the water media of the Naroch group lakes using the measured transparency spectra of natural water probes.

The research was focused on propagating the UV-B, UV-A solar radiation, having the main abiogenic effects such as DNA or the immunity suppression.

The numerical simulation exploiting the refined model of UV transparency and irradiances of water layers at various depths was in a good agreement with experimental data.
Plate kinematic relationship between the Tyrrhenian basin and the Apennine chain (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Pierantoni Pietro Paolo , Penza Giulia , Macchiavelli Chiara , Schettino Antonio , Turco Eugenio
Published: March 2021

The fragmentation of the Adriatic plate and the sinking of the remnant Alpine Tethys and Ionian lithosphere give rise to passive subduction processes that, together with the collision of the African and European plates, characterize the Central Mediterranean area.
Circum - Mediterranean mountain ranges and Alboran, Balearic, Tyrrhenian and Hellenic back-arc basins are formed in this complex deformation system.
The evolution of the geodynamic processes that guided the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin and the contemporary formation of the Apennine chain are described in this work using the plate kinematics technique.
The study area has been divided into polygons (crustal blocks of microplates) after careful observation of the regional structures. The polygons are distinguished on the basis of the direction of the Tyrrhenian extension and the boundaries between them coincide with the large structures that characterize the Tyrrhenian-Apennine area.
The Tyrrhenian extension directions are indicators of the Euler poles of the individual polygons, in the Sardo-Corso block reference frame. The velocity ratios were determined by the slip vectors of the structures (plate boundaries) that separates the polygons. The rotation time and angle are determined respectively: using the stratigraphic records of the syn-rift sequences and comparing the crustal balance with the speed ratios.
At the end including the new kinematic framework in the global rotation model we were able to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the central Mediterranean during the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin.
GEOS-MITgcm coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation for DYAMOND
Authors: Strobach Ehud , Molod Andrea , Trayanov Atanas , Putman William , Menemenlis Dimitris , Klein Patrice , Campin Jean-Michel , Hill Chris , Henze Chris
Published: March 2021

During the past few years, the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) groups have produced, respectively, global atmosphere-only and ocean-only simulations with km-scale grid spacing. These simulations have proved invaluable for process studies and the development of satellite and in-situ sampling strategies. Nevertheless, a key limitation of these simulations is the lack of feedback between the ocean and the atmosphere, limiting their usefulness for studying air-sea interactions and designing observing missions to study these interactions. To remove this limitation, we have coupled the km-scale GEOS atmospheric model with the km-scale MITgcm ocean model. We will present preliminary results from the GEOS-MITgcm contribution to the second phase of the DYAMOND (DYnamics of the Atmospheric general circulation Modeled On Non-hydrostatic Domains) initiative.

The coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation was integrated using a cubed-sphere-1440 (~6-7 km horizontal grid spacing) configuration of GEOS and a lat-lon-cap-2160 (2–5-km horizontal grid spacing) configuration of MITgcm. We will show results from a preliminary analysis of air-sea interactions between Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and surface winds. In particular, we will discuss non-local atmospheric overturning circulation formed above the Gulf Stream SST front with characteristic sub-mesoscale width. This formation of a secondary circulation above the front suggests that capturing such air-sea interaction phenomena requires high-resolution capabilities in both the models' oceanic and atmospheric components.
Comparative study of the 3D tsunami simulations performed with the use of different approaches to the reconstruction of the bottom movement 
Authors: Sementsov Kirill A. , Kolesov Sergey V. , Bolshakova Anna V. , Nosov Mikhail A.
Published: March 2021

Information on the earthquake source mechanism (Centroid Moment Tensor) becomes publicly available in a few minutes after the earthquake (for example, https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes or http://geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/eqinfo). Using this information, we can calculate the ocean bottom displacement in the earthquake area [Leonard, 2010; Okada, 1985] and then use this displacement as an input data for hydrodynamic simulation of the tsunami waves. Let us call this type of input data - Type 1. Somewhat later (and sometimes much later), than CMT, more detailed information on the rupture fault structure (Finite Fault Model) becomes available. According to Finite Fault Model, the rupture fault in the earthquake source consists of a certain number of segments characterized by their dip and strike angles. Each segment consists of a finite number of rectangular subfaults, for each of which a displacement vector, an activation time and a rise time are specified. By applying Okada's formulas to each subfault and using the principle of superposition, we can calculate the ocean bottom displacement in the earthquake area and also use it as an input data for tsunami simulations. Let us call this type of input data - Type 2. However, based on the Finite Fault Model, we are able to create a third type of input data (Type 3). To do this, it is necessary to take into account the displacement start time (subfault activation time) and the displacement duration (subfault rise time) of each subfault and consider the dynamics of the rupture process. In this case, we will be able to reconstruct not only the coseismic bottom displacement in the earthquake source (Type 2), but also describe the dynamics of the coseismic bottom displacement formation in the tsunami source (Type 3).

 

This paper compares the tsunami simulation results performed with the of different types of input data (Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3). We performed calculations for a number of large earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century. We took all the earthquake source information from the USGS catalog (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes). The bottom deformations of all three types were calculated using the ffaultdisp code (http://ocean.phys.msu.ru/projects/ffaultdisp/). Tsunami modeling was carried out using a combined 2D / 3D CPTM model [Nosov, Kolesov, 2019; Sementsov et al., 2019]. The simulation results are compared with each other as well as with the DART ocean bottom observatories records.

 

The study was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects 20-35-70038, 19-05-00351, 20-07-01098).

 
The contribution of instream wood to streambed organic matter controls on microbial metabolic activity
Authors: Howard Ben , Ullah Sami , Kettridge Nick , Baker Ian , Krause Stefan
Published: March 2021

Microbial metabolic activity (MMA) in streambeds drives greenhouse gas (GHG) production and nutrient turnover. Previous research has identified that the quantity and quality of organic matter (OM) are important controls on MMA. Instream wood may make a significant contribution to the total OM content of the streambed, especially in forested streams, but it has typically been ignored or explicitly omitted in previous research. By means of an incubation experiment, we investigate the impact of streambed wood on MMA, GHG production and nutrient turnover rates. By using three geologies (sandstone, chalk and limestone) and allowing temperatures to fluctuate with environmental conditions, we observe these impacts under a range of typical scenarios. These results could have implications for estimates of GHG emissions from streams and inform catchment management, for example the impacts of direct installation of instream wood in river restoration or the indirect input as a result of riparian planting.
Generating long-term high-resolution land-use change datasets for regional climate modeling in CORDEX domains
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Rechid Diana , Reinhart Vanessa , Asmus Christina , Davin Edouard L. , Katragkou Eleni , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie , Böhner Jürgen , Bechtel Benjamin
Published: March 2021

Land-use and land cover (LULC) are continuously changing due to environmental changes and anthropogenic activities. Many observational and modeling studies show that LULC changes are important drivers altering land surface feedbacks and land-atmosphere exchange processes that have substantial impact on climate on the regional and local scale. Yet, most long-term regional climate modeling studies do not account for these changes. Therefore, within the WCRP CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study LUCAS (Land Use Change Across Scales) a new workflow was developed to generate high-resolution annual land cover change time series based on past reconstructions and future projections. First, the high-resolution global land cover dataset ESA-CCI LC (~300 m resolution) is aggregated and converted to a 0.1° resolution, fractional plant functional type (PFT) dataset. Second, the land use change information from the land-use harmonized dataset (LUH2), provided at 0.25° resolution as input for CMIP6 experiments, is translated into PFT changes employing a newly developed land use translator (LUT). The new LUT was first applied to the EURO-CORDEX domain. The resulting LULC maps for past and future - the LUCAS LUC dataset - can be applied as land use forcing to the next generation RCM simulations for downscaling CMIP6 by the EURO-CORDEX community and in the framework of FPS LUCAS. The dataset includes land cover and land management practices changes important for the regional and local scale such as urbanization and irrigation. The LUCAS LUC workflow is applied to further CORDEX domains, such as Australasia and North America. The resulting past and future land cover changes will be presented, and challenges regarding the application of the new workflow to different regions will be addressed. In addition, issues related to the implementation of the dataset into different RCMs will be discussed.
A Bayesian network approach for multi-sectoral flood damage assessment and multi-scenario analysis
Authors: Harris Remi , Furlan Elisa , Pham Hung Vuong , Torresan Silvia , Mysiak Jaroslav , Critto Andrea
Published: March 2021

Extreme weather and climate related events, from river flooding to droughts and tropical cyclones, are likely to become both more severe and more frequent in the coming decades, and the damages caused by these events will be felt across all sectors of society. In the face of this threat, policy- and decision-makers are increasingly calling for new approaches and tools to support risk management and climate adaptation pathways that can capture the full extent of the impacts. In the frame of the LODE DG ECHO project (https://www.lodeproject.polimi.it/), a GIS-based Bayesian Network (BN) approach is presented for the capturing and modelling of multi-sectoral flooding damages against future ‘what-if’ scenarios. Building on a risk-based conceptual framework, the BN model was trained and validated by exploiting data collected from the 2014 Secchia River flooding event, as well as other contextual variables. Moreover, a novel approach to defining the structure of the BN was performed, reconfiguring the model according to expert judgment and data-based validation. The model showed a good predictive capacity for damages in the agricultural, industrial and residential sectors, predicting the severity of damages with a classification accuracy of about 60% for each of these assessment endpoints. ‘What-if’ scenario analysis was performed to understand the potential impacts of future changes in i) land use patterns and ii) increasing flood depths resulting from more severe flood events. The output of the model showed a rising probability of experiencing high monetary damages under both scenarios. In spite of constraints within the case study dataset, the results of the appraisal show good promise, and together with the designed BN model itself represent a valuable support for disaster risk management and reduction actions against extreme river flooding events, enabling better informed decision making.
Erosional landforms and biological structures in tectonically stable areas in the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Vaccher Valeria , Furlani Stefano , Biolchi Sara , Boccali Chiara , Busetti Alice , Antonioli Fabrizio , Vacchi Matteo , Torricella Fiorenza , Agate Mauro , Caldareri Francesco , Chemello Renato , Lo Presti Valeria , Canziani Fabio , Dean Silas , Trainito Egidio , Navone Augusto , de Sabata Eleonora , Anzidei Marco , Causon Deguara Joanna , Gauci Ritienne ,   John A. Schembri (10), Paolo Orrù (11), Marco Taviani (12), Elisa Dal Bo (13), Elisa Venturini (14)
Published: March 2021

The Mediterranean basin displays a variety of neotectonics scenarios leading to positive or negative vertical displacement, which change the vertical position of former coastlines. As a result, the best locations to evaluate former sea levels and validate sea-level models are tectonically stable areas. There are a number of coastal areas considered to be stable based on the elevation of paleo sea-level markers, the absence of historical seismicity, and by their position far from major Mediterranean faults. We report here the results of swim surveys carried out at such locations following the Geoswim approach described by Furlani (2020) in nine coastal sectors of the central Mediterranean Sea (Egadi Island - Marettimo, Favignana, Levanzo, Gaeta Promontory, Circeo Promontory, North Sardinia - Razzoli, Budelli, Santa Maria, NW Sardinia – Capocaccia, Maddalena Archipelago, Tavolara Island, East of Malta - Ahrax Point, Bugibba-Qawra, Delimara, Addura, Palermo, Ansedonia Promontory). All the sites are considered to be tectonically stable, as validated by the elevation of sea-level indicators. In fact, modern and MIS5.5 (last interglacial) m.s.l. altitudes fit well with accepted figures based upon field data and model projections. Starting from precise morphometric parameters such as the size of tidal notches and indicative landforms and biological structures, we have developed a procedure that integrates multiple geomorphological and biological descriptors applicable to the vast spectrum of locally diverse coastal situations occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. We took detailed measurements of features such as modern and MIS5.5 tidal notches at 146 sites in all the areas, the absence of modern tidal notch at Circeo promontory, shore platforms, and MIS5.5 marine terraces at Egadi islands, Malta, and Palermo. Biological structures were also measured. In particular, vermetid platforms at Egadi, Palermo and Malta. The morphometric characteristics of these indicators depend on 1) local geological and structural constraints, 2) local geomorphotypes, 3) climate, sea, and weather conditions that affect geomorphic and biological processes, and 4) the sea level change history.
SMDRM - Social Media for Disaster Risk Management
Authors: Lorini Valerio , Salamon Peter , Castillo Carlos
Published: March 2021

Social media has been described as a form of distributed cognition, a mechanism for understanding a situation using information spread across many minds. The interactions among people in social media are a form of collective intelligence, as they allow people to make sense of a developing event collectively. Social media users can contribute to creating a "sensor" for citizen-generated data that modelling or monitoring systems can assimilate during a crisis. Gaining situational awareness in a disaster is critical and time-sensitive. Social media presents the possibilities of a growing data source to help improve response in the early hours and days of a crisis. However, social media platforms may not provide the functionality of summarising the information that is useful for crisis responders.
SMDRM is a software platform that streamlines the processing of text and images extracted from Twitter in near real-time during a specific event. The data is collected using a combination of keywords and locations based on daily forecasts from the early warnings systems of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service such as EFAS, GloFAS and EFFIS (emergency.copernicus.eu) or triggered manually in case of earthquakes or not-forecasted events. Text is automatically "annotated" using a binary multilingual classifier trained on 12 languages and extended with multilingual embeddings. Simultaneously, a multi-class convolutional neural network labels relevant images for floods, storms, earthquakes and fires. The information that doesn't embed coordinates is geolocated in a two-step algorithm where location candidates are first selected using a multilingual named-entity recognition tool and then searched on available gazetteers. The last step of the SMDRM data processing is the aggregation of relevant information in spatial (administrative areas) and temporal (daily) units. Social media activity about an event can finally be distributed as a data map and visualised on a map server and made available to users.
SMDRM could offer timely information useful for reducing the hazard models' uncertainty and providing added-value information such as reports or descriptions of the situation on the ground or in the vicinity. Other stakeholders, such as research groups could access new data to complement the ones extracted from traditional sensors or earth observation. 
The platform can adapt to cope with the varying workload as it uses scalable software containers. If the number of tweets is higher during an impactful event, the platform can use more containers to annotate them. SMDR code, together with the tens of thousands of annotated social media messages used for training its models, will be released as an open-source platform whose modules can be adapted to serve other research projects. We describe the platform's architecture and implementation details, and two use cases where images and text were used as a use-case to test the system's modules.
Seasonal hydrological forecasts for Australia – applications in agriculture and water management
Authors: Vogel Elisabeth , Lerat Julien , Pipunic Robert , Frost Andrew J. , Griffiths Morwenna , Hudson Debra
Published: March 2021

Hydrological extremes, including droughts or floods, can have devastating effects on many aspects of human societies and the natural environment (IPCC, 2012). Seasonal ensemble forecasts of hydrological indicators could help adapt to and increase the resilience towards hydroclimatic variability and extremes by providing the opportunity to optimise decisions in advance and prepare for potentially harmful events. The ability to forecast hydrological variables several months ahead would be beneficial for many sectors, including agriculture, water management, bushfire risk assessments, emergency services and infrastructure.

The Bureau of Meteorology has developed a high-resolution national seasonal ensemble forecasting system for soil moisture, evapotranspiration and runoff across Australia, using a gridded water balance model (AWRA-L) forced with downscaled and calibrated seasonal climate forecasts from the Bureau’s ACCESS-S1 system.

In this presentation, we evaluate the hydrological forecasts relative to a historical reference simulation forced with observed climate inputs using hindcasts for the period 1990-2012. The forecasts were evaluated in terms of deterministic skill using the ensemble mean as well as probabilistically, assessing the accuracy and reliability of the forecast ensemble, with a specific focus on forecasts of hydrological extremes. Additionally, we assess the performance of the hindcast for selected use cases, particularly focusing on agriculture and water management, focusing on the Australian wheatbelt and major urban and rural water supply catchments.

Overall, we conclude that the forecasting system shows sufficient skill for a wide range of applications and regions. We outline limitations of the presented system and highlight potential future research directions.