bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticonvulsant valproic acid inhibits cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells by increasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Na Lan , Wartenberg Maria , Nau Heinz , Hescheler Jürgen , Sauer Heinrich
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND

The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) exerts teratogenic properties and has been demonstrated to cause neural tube defects and malformations of the heart. The effect of VPA on the differentiation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent murine embryonic stem cells (ES cells) was investigated.

METHODS

Embryoid bodies derived from ES cells were treated with different concentrations of VPA and the differentiation of cardiomyocytes was monitored by immunohistochemical staining for sarcomeric α‐actinin. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the use of the dead cell stain SYTOX green. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the tissue were evaluated by the use of the redox‐sensitive dye dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA).

RESULTS

VPA retarded the growth of ES cell‐derived embryoid bodies but did not exert cytotoxic effects. The compound dose‐dependently inhibited the development of spontaneously beating clusters of cardiomyocytes within embryoid bodies grown from ES cells and reduced the extension of beating areas of cardiac cells. Furthermore, VPA significantly increased ROS levels, indicating that VPA altered the intracellular redox balance. To investigate whether the inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation by VPA was owing to increased ROS overwhelming the intracellular antioxidative defense, the compound was coadministered with the free radical scavenger vitamin E.

CONCLUSIONS

This treatment significantly restored cardiomyogenic differentiation, indicating that VPA inhibits cardiomyogenesis of ES cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:174–180, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of heart morphology: Current molecular and cellular perspectives on the coordinated emergence of cardiac form and function
Authors: Linask Kersti K.
Published: March 2003

Background

During early heart development, in addition to cells being induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, pathways are activated that lead to cardiac morphogenesis or the development of form.

Methods

Orchestration of organogenesis involves the incremental activation of regulatory pathways that lead to pivotal transition points, such as cardiac compartment delineation and looping. Each embryonic stage sets up the correct patterning of morphoregulatory molecules that will regulate the next process, until an organ is formed from the mesoderm layer after gastrulation. The current review provides an understanding of the morphoregulatory, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix‐mediated, processes that coordinate development of heart form with that of function. The period reviewed encompasses the formation of a definitive cardiac compartment from the lateral plate mesoderm to the time‐point in which the single, beating heart tube loops directionally to the right. Looping results in the correct spatial orientation for subsequent modeling of the four‐chambered heart. Even subtle alterations in looping can form the basis upon which malformations of the inlet or the outlet regions of the heart, or both, are superimposed.

Results

In the future, DNA microarray data sets may allow modeling the specific sequence of gene regulatory dynamics leading to these transition points to discover the regulatory “modes” that the cells adopt during heart organogenesis. The regulatory genes, however, can only specify the proteins that will be present.

Conclusions

To fully understand the timing and mechanisms underlying heart development, it is necessary to define the sequential synthesis, patterning, and interaction of the proteins, and of still other receptors, which eventually drive cells to organize into functioning organs. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:14–24, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive phenotypic analysis of cardiovascular structure and function in fetal mice using ultrasound
Authors: Leatherbury Linda , Yu Qing , Lo Cecilia W.
Published: March 2003

Methods

We established methods for noninvasive mouse fetal heart imaging using an Acuson/Siemens Sequoia ultrasound scanner equipped with a single‐pulse CHIRP Coded Excitation program, and a high‐frequency linear array transducer. Mouse fetuses spanning gestation day 12.5 to 18.5 (E12.5–E18.5) were studied.

Results

Controlled anesthetic and constant body temperature were found to be essential for hemodynamic stability of the mother and fetuses. Fetal heart rates increased from 160 to 220 beats/min as development progressed. These heart rates were lower than those of newborn mice, so that frame rates above 100 Hz adequately resolved structural details in 2D without misregistration. Analysis of 2D images showed a doubling in crown‐to‐rump length (8–19 mm), and rapid growth of the heart from 1 to 3 mm in diameter as fetuses developed from E12.5 to E18.5. A cumulative increase in scanning modalities was achieved with increasing developmental age, with the optimal stage for scanning being E16.5. At E16.5 right and left could be distinguished, and it was possible to obtain diagnostic 2D color flow Doppler in the four‐chamber, apical long axis 3/5‐chamber and short axis views. In addition, M‐mode images of high quality were obtainable from E15.5 to E18.5, whereas spectral Doppler signals could be obtained readily from E12.5 onwards.

Conclusions

These studies show that ultrasound imaging can be used for structural and functional analysis of the developing mammalian heart, even at early stages of development. Such noninvasive cardiovascular ultrasonic evaluation should be ideally suited for high throughput screening of mutagenized mice. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:83–91, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early events in valvulogenesis: A signaling perspective
Authors: Barnett Joey V. , Desgrosellier Jay S.
Published: March 2003

The proper formation and function of the vertebrate heart requires a multitude of specific cell and tissue interactions. These interactions drive the early specification and assembly of components of the cardiovascular system that lead to a functioning system before the attainment of the definitive cardiac and vascular structures seen in the adult. Many of these adult structures are hypothesized to require both proper molecular and physical cues to form correctly. Unlike any other organ system in the embryo, the cardiovascular system requires concurrent function and formation for the embryo to survive. An example of this complex interaction between molecular and physical cues is the formation of the valves of the heart. Both molecular cues that regulate cell transformation, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition, and physical cues emanating from the beating heart, as well as hemodynamic forces, are required for valvulogenesis. This review will focus on molecules and emerging pathways that guide early events in valvulogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:58–72, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sculpting the cardiac outflow tract
Authors: Rothenberg Florence , Fisher Steven A. , Watanabe Michiko
Published: March 2003

The cardiac outflow tract is the site of anomalies that affect a substantial proportion of individuals with congenital heart defects. The morphogenesis of this site is complex, and requires coordinated development of many cell types and tissues. It is therefore not surprising that developmental mistakes arise here, and that the steps and mechanisms of morphogenesis are still controversial and poorly understood, despite advances in molecular techniques. Recent findings have provided new insight into mechanisms of outflow tract morphogenesis, including clarification of its origins and the fate of cardiomyocytes, as well as invading cell populations. Application of new and old techniques and a wide range of approaches to tackle the unanswered questions about the outflow tract calls for collaboration among investigators from different disciplines including anatomists, physiologists, and molecular biologists. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:38–45, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the K channels by cytoplasmic domains
Authors: Choe Senyon , Roosild Tarmo
Published: March 2003

Regulation of intracellular potassium levels is one of the basic functions of all cells, controlling cellular osmolarity and transmitting information. In higher organisms, elaborate control of transmembrane potassium flux has evolved to endow nervous systems with the remarkable ability to transmit electrical signals between cells. Multiple genes, gene splicing, mRNA editing, and selective tetrameric assembly of K channel genes provide the basis for creating distinct electrophysiological properties at varying developmental and cellular stages. This assembly mechanism, primarily governed by the T1 domain, is under the control of intracellular signals. Atomic structures of the isolated T1 domains of Shaker and Shaw subfamilies provided us with valuable structural insights into understanding both channel assembly and functional regulation of the entire channel molecule through conformational changes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 294–299, 2002
Crystallization of membrane proteins from media composed of connected‐bilayer gels
Authors: Rouhani Shahab , Facciotti Marc T. , Woodcock Glenna , Cheung Vincent , Cunningham Christian , Nguyen Doris , Rad Behzad , Lin Chiann‐Tso , Lunde Christopher S. , Glaeser Robert M.
Published: March 2003

The use of hydrated‐lipid gels in which the bilayer is an infinitely periodic (or at least continuous), three‐dimensional structure offers a relatively new approach for the crystallization of membrane proteins. While excellent crystals of the Halobacterial rhodopsins have been obtained with such media, success remains poor in extending their use to other membrane proteins. Experience with crystallization of bacteriorhodopsin has led us to recognize a number of improvements that can be made in the use of such hydrated‐gel media, which may now prove to be of general value for the crystallization of other membrane proteins. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 300–316, 2002
Polar mutations in membrane proteins as a biophysical basis for disease
Authors: Partridge Anthony W. , Therien Alex G. , Deber Charles M.
Published: March 2003

Transmembrane (TM) α‐helices are surrounded by the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayer. The low dielectric constant of this environment makes it extremely unfavorable for a residue with a polar side chain to exist in a non‐H‐bonded state. Therefore, in combination with a wild‐type polar residue partner, a polar TM mutant could generate, in some cases, a non‐native H‐bond that could impair native protein structure/function—and possibly lead to a disease state. We have examined protein mutation databases and have found many examples of TM‐based apolar to polar mutations that are, in fact, a cause of human disease. Here we review the various molecular defects that such mutations can produce, including impeding protein dynamics by side‐chain–side‐chain interhelical H‐bond cross‐links; alteration of helical packing through steric hindrance; and disruption of a protein active site. We further note that the reverse case—membrane‐embedded polar to apolar mutations—can similarly cause human disease, implying that native interhelical H‐bonds can also play pivotal roles in stabilizing native TM domains. As a specific example, we show that the Gly to Arg mutation occurs statistically more frequently in TM domains as compared to its occurrence in soluble domains, suggesting that TM‐based G‐to‐R mutations have a high “phenotypic propensity” for disease. A more complete understanding of how mutations involving polar residues in TM domains of proteins translate into compromised function may aid in the development of novel therapeutics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 350–358, 2002
Radiolabeling approaches for cholecystokinin B receptor imaging
Authors: Aloj L. , Panico M. R. , Caracó C. , Zannetti A. , Del Vecchio S. , Di Nuzzo C. , Arra C. , Morelli G. , Tesauro D. , De Luca S. , Pedone C. , Salvatore M.
Published: March 2003

Regulatory peptides and their analogs are being extensively investigated as radiopharmaceuticals for cancer imaging. In particular, cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors of the subtype B (CCK‐BR) have been shown to be overexpressed in certain neuroendocrine tumors including medullary thyroid cancer. Our recent work has focused on new methods to radiolabel the CCK8 peptide with 111In or 99mTc for the purpose of developing radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo CCK‐B receptor imaging. Labeling of CCK8 with 111In was achieved at the N‐terminus of the peptide by adding, in solid phase, a glutamate coupled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) moiety through a glycine linker, yielding DTPA–Glu–G–CCK8. For labeling with 99mTc, the CCK8 peptide was modified at its N‐terminus by introducing, in the following order—cysteine, glycine, and a diphenylphosphinopropionyl moiety—giving a 10‐residue peptide derivative, Phos–GC–CCK8. A cell culture model was developed for the purpose of evaluating the binding properties of these two ligands. The human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431, was transfected with a plasmid containing the full coding sequence of the human CCK‐BR under a strong viral promoter, obtaining a number of receptors in the range of 2–5 × 106 per cell. Control cells were transfected with vector alone. An animal tumor model utilizing these two cell lines was developed to evaluate the specificity of interaction with the CCK‐BR and biodistribution properties of the compounds. CCK‐BR positive and control cells were subcutaneously injected in opposite flanks of CD1 female nude mice in order to obtain xenografts differing only in their ability to express CCK‐B receptors. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other chromatographic methods were utilized to assess stability of the radiolabeled compounds after injection. Both 111In–DTPA–Glu–G–CCK8 and 99mTc–Phos–GC–CCK8 showed similar binding affinities for cultured CCK‐BR expressing cells, with dissociation constants in the range of 20–40 nM. With the two xenograft approach, we were able to demonstrate specific interaction with the receptor of both CCK analogs in our animal model. The data obtained shows rapid specific localization of both compounds on the CCK‐BR overexpressing xenografts. Both tracers show rapid plasma clearance of unbound peptide. Clearance of 111In–DTPA–Glu–G–CCK8 appears to be preferentially through the kidneys, whereas 99mTc–Phos–GC–CCK8 clearance occurs both through kidneys and the hepatobiliary system. Both our labeling approaches appear adequate for clinical use of peptide based radiopharmaceuticals, although 99mTc–Phos–GC–CCK8 shows elevated accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, which causes high background activity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 370–380, 2002
Targeting peptides and positron emission tomography
Authors: Lundqvist Hans , Tolmachev Vladimir
Published: March 2003

Biologically active peptides have during the last decades made their way into conventional nuclear medicine diagnosis using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and γ‐camera. Several clinical trails are also investigating the role of radiolabeled peptides for targeting radionuclide therapy. This has raised the question as to whether positron emission tomography (PET) can be used in order to obtain better quantitative information of the peptide distribution in tumor and healthy organs, i.e., to get a better dosimetry. Positron emitting analogs of the therapeutic radionuclides used have been produced and successfully applied in peptide pharmacokinetic measurements with PET. But the recent boom in 18FDG‐PET (18FDG = [18F]2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose), and with this a worldwide increasing number of PET systems, has also inspired several research groups to hunt for alternative labels to be used for peptide diagnostics and PET. The rapid kinetic of short peptides agrees well with the short half‐lives of standard PET nuclides like 11C and 18F. Especially, 18F appears to be excellent for labeling bioactive peptides due to its favorable physical and nuclear characteristics. However, with present techniques labeling peptides with 18F is laborious and time‐consuming, and is not yet a clinical alternative. Other halogens like 75, 76Br and 124I are, from the chemical point of view, easier to apply. But an even better labeling alternative may be positron emitting metal ions like 55Co, 68Ga, and 110mIn since they tend to give better intracellular retention and thus a better signal‐to‐background ratio than the halogen labels. The main drawback with these radionuclides is that they are not readily available. Some of these radionuclides also emit γ in their decay that may affect the measuring properties of the PET equipment. This article reviews mainly the present situation of production and use of nonconventional positron emitters for peptide labeling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 381–392, 2002
90Y–DOTA–D‐Phe1–Try3– octreotide in therapy of neuroendocrine malignancies
Authors: Paganelli G. , Bodei L. , Handkiewicz Junak D. , Rocca P. , Papi S. , Lopera Sierra M. , Gatti M. , Chinol M. , Bartolomei M. , Fiorenza M. , Grana C.
Published: March 2003

Somatostatin receptors type 2 (sst2) are expressed in high concentration on numerous neudoendocrine tumors. The successful use of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in imaging promoted further studies in utilizing them in radiopeptide therapy. The somatostatin analog [90Y–DOTA–D‐Phe1–Try3]octreotide (DOTATOC) (DOTA: 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐N,N′,N″,N‴‐tetraacetic acid) possesses favorable characteristic for its therapeutic use; shows high affinity for sst2, moderately high affinity for sst5, and intermediate affinity for sst3; high hydrophilicity; stable and facile labeling with 111 In and 90 Y. In this article we report our experience with 90Y–DOTATOC in neuroendocrine tumors. Eighty‐seven patients with neuroendocrine tumors were treated with a cumulated activity ranging from 7.4 to 20.2 GBq. Most patients responded with stabilization of disease (48%); however, objective responses were observed in 28% of patients (5% complete response). No major acute reactions were observed up to the activity of 5.55 GBq per cycle. The dose limiting was bone marrow toxicity and the maximal tolerated dose was defined as 5.18 GBq. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 393–398, 2002
Studies of the receptor‐bound conformation of αIIbβ3 antagonists by 15N‐edited NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Locardi Elsa , Mattern Ralph‐Heiko , Malaney Timothy I. , Minasyan Robert , Pierschbacher Michael D. , Taulane Joseph P. , Goodman Murray
Published: March 2003

We report the results of NMR studies and computer simulations of potent antagonists reflective of the αIIbβ3 receptor‐bound conformations. The peptides c[Mpa–15N‐Arg1–15N‐Gly2–15N‐Asp3–15N‐Phe4–15N‐Arg5–Cys]‐NH2 (Phe–Arg analog) (Mpa: 3‐mercaptopropionic acid) and c[Mpa–15N‐Arg1–15N‐Gly2–15N‐Asp3–15N‐Asp4–15N‐Val5–Cys]‐NH2 (Asp–Val analog) were subjected to 15N‐edited NMR experiments to study the conformations of these peptides in the absence and in the presence of αIIbβ3 receptor. The NMR studies of the Phe–Arg analog, a selective αIIbβ3 antagonist, resulted in distinctly different experimental data in the presence and absence of the receptor. The computer simulations for this peptide resulted in one large family of structures consistent with the experimental data. This conformation suggests a type I β‐turn spanning residues Arg1 and Gly2 when bound to the receptor and we were able to establish a model for the three dimensional arrangement of the pharmacophores. The studies on the Asp–Val analog, an αvβ3 antagonist that binds to the αIIbβ3 with moderate affinity, resulted in conformations that are not as well defined as those for the Phe–Arg analog but are consistent with the model established for this analog. These results are important for the design of novel αIIbβ3 antagonists. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 326–338, 2002
A quadrilateral thin shell element based on area co‐ordinate for explicit dynamic analysis
Authors: Yaqun Zhu , Zhongqin Lin , Weigang Zhang
Published: March 2003

The mechanism of explicit dynamic finite element method for shell deformation analysis and the key influential factors on computation precision and efficiency are briefly described. A new area co‐ordinate‐based quadrilateral thin shell element is put forward and combined with the co‐rotational theory and velocity strain formulation in the shell stress and strain analysis. A new local co‐ordinate system is constructed in which normal vector is much closer to the material axis. The more accurate integration can be obtained and the hourglass control is avoided. Therefore simulation precision and efficiency of thin shells are improved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forming‐limit diagram numerical predictions: yield criteria studies
Authors: Ávila Antonio F. , Vieira Evânio L. S.
Published: March 2003

In this work, it is shown the numerical formulation for prediction of the right‐hand side of forming limit diagram (FLD). Five different yield criterias were used: Von Mises', Hill's (1948), Hill's (1979), Logan and Hosford's and Hill's (1993). Two new explicit equations for the equilibrium conditions using Von Mises and Hill's (1948) yield criteria are presented. The results were compared against theoretical and experimental data present in the literature with good agreement. The materials used in the comparison were the 2036‐T4 aluminium and the AK, IF e EEP steels. It was observed that the predicted FLD was strongly influenced by the type of yield criterion used in the analysis. The best agreement between the predicted curves and the experimental data for each material was obtained from different criteria. The best result for the AK steel was achieved from the Logan and Hosford's criterion. The 2036‐T4 aluminium was better represented when the Hill's (1993) criterion was used. The IF and EEP steels were well represented by results based on either Hill's (1979) or Logan and Hosford's criterion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical integration scheme for special quadrilateral finite elements for the Helmholtz equation
Authors: Sugimoto Rie , Bettess Peter , Trevelyan Jon
Published: March 2003

This paper is an extension to an earlier paper dealing with the general problem of integrating special wave elements and specifically deals with quadrilateral elements, which have their own unique problems. The theory for integrating quadrilateral wave finite elements for the solution of the Helmholtz equation for very short waves is presented. The results are compared with those obtained using large numbers of Gauss–Legendre integration points. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locating the peaks of solutions via the maximum principle II: A local version of the method of moving planes
Authors: Lin Chang‐Shou , Wei Juncheng
Published: March 2003

Let Ω be a bounded, smooth domain in ℝ2n, n ≥ 2. The well‐known Moser‐Trudinger inequality ensures the nonlinear functional Jρ(u) is bounded from below if and only if ρ ≤ ρ2n := 22nn!(n − 1)!ω2n, where

in ${\cal X}:=H^n(\Omega)\cap \{ u, (-\Delta)^j u \in H^1_0(\Omega), j=1,\dots, [{n-1 \over 2}] \}$, and ω2n is the area of the unit sphere 𝕊2n − 1 in ℝ2n. In this paper, we prove the infu∈X Jρ(u) is always attained for ρ ≤ ρ2n.

The existence of minimizers of Jρ at the critical value ρ = ρ2n is a delicate problem. The proof depends on the blowup analysis for a sequence of bubbling solutions. Here we develop a local version of the method of moving planes to exclude the boundary bubbling. The existence of minimizers for Jρ at the critical value ρ = ρ2n is in contrast to the case of two dimensions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The boundary trace and generalized boundary value problem for semilinear elliptic equations with coercive absorption
Authors: Marcus Moshe , Véron Laurent
Published: March 2003

In the first part of the paper we establish the existence of a boundary trace for positive solutions of the equation −Δu + g(x, u) = 0 in a smooth domain Ω ⊂ ℝN, for a general class of positive nonlinearities. This class includes every space independent, monotone increasing g which satisfies the Keller‐Osserman condition as well as degenerate nonlinearities gα,q of the form gα,q (x, u) = d(x, ∂Ω)α |u|q−1 u, with α > −2 and q > 1. The boundary trace is given by a positive regular Borel measure which may blow up on compact sets. In the second part we concentrate on the family of nonlinearities {gα,q}, determine the critical value of the exponent q (for fixed α > −2) and discuss (a) positive solutions with an isolated singularity, for subcritical nonlinearities and (b) the boundary value problem for −Δu + gα,q (x, u) = 0 with boundary data given by a positive regular Borel measure (possibly unbounded). We show that, in the subcritical case, the problem possesses a unique solution for every such measure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A preliminary controlled evaluation of a school‐based media literacy program and self‐esteem program for reducing eating disorder risk factors
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Davidson Susan , O'Dea Jennifer A.
Published: March 2003

Objective

This study compared the efficacy of a media literacy program and a self‐esteem program designed to reduce general and specific risk factors for eating disorders.

Method

Four classes of 86 grade 8 students (53 boys and 33 girls), mean age of 13 years, were randomly assigned to either a control condition or one of the two intervention conditions. Assessment of general and specific risk factors was carried out at baseline, postintervention and 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

At postintervention the media literacy group had lower mean scores on weight concern than the control group (p =0.007) but the self‐esteem group did not. There were some differences on self‐esteem measures at the 3‐month follow‐up.

Discussion

Media literacy programs combined with an interactive, student‐centered framework may potentially be a safe and effective way of reducing risk factors for eating disorders. The impact of teaching style needs to be further evaluated in prevention research. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 371–383, 2003.
Effectiveness of spouse involvement in cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder
Authors: Gorin Amy A. , Le Grange Daniel , Stone Arthur A.
Published: March 2003

Objective

This study examined whether involving the spouse in group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for binge eating disorder (BED) enhances treatment outcome relative to standard group CBT.

Method

Ninety‐four overweight women with BED were randomly assigned to either (1) standard group CBT, (2) group CBT with spouse involvement, or (3) a wait‐list control group. Eating and general psychopathology assessments were completed at baseline, after treatment, and at 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

Although both CBT groups fared significantly better than the wait‐list control group on measures of binge eating, weight, eating psychopathology, and general psychopathology, CBT with spouse involvement did not result in any additional benefit over and above standard CBT.

Discussion

These results are in contrast to the success of spouse involvement in the treatment of several other physical and psychological disorders. Possible reasons for this disparity, and suggestions for improving spouse involvement in BED treatment, are discussed. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 421–433, 2003.
Comparing clinical and research treatments for eating disorders
Authors: Haas Heather L. , Clopton James R.
Published: March 2003

Objective

This study evaluated whether there is a gap between research and practice in the treatment of eating disorders.

Method

Psychologists in clinical practice (N=126) were surveyed regarding their treatment of a recent client with an eating disorder and a content analysis of published treatment outcome studies for eating disorders (N = 76) was conducted.

Results

The treatment of eating disorders in clinical and research settings was found to differ significantly on several variables, including the types of therapeutic issues addressed and the frequency of comorbidity seen in clients. Logistic regression analyses found that the frequency with which psychologists read journal articles about eating disorders was significantly related to whether their clients received empirically validated treatment.

Discussion

Psychologists in clinical practice are not using empirically validated treatments not only because of a lack of training but also because such treatments provide little guidance for dealing with the issues and comorbid problems that their clients with eating disorders often have. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 412–420, 2003.
Quality of life and bulimic eating disorder behaviors: Findings from a community‐based sample
Authors: Hay Phillipa
Published: March 2003

Objective

The aims were to test relationships between bulimic eating disorder behaviors, and measures of quality of life, and to replicate previous findings with respect to their prevalence and distribution in a representative sample.

Method

Data were obtained from 3010 interviews of a randomly selected sample of 4400 adult households. Quality of life was assessed with the SF‐36 Health Status Measure and the Australian Quality of Life Survey.

Results

Eating disorder behaviors were associated with significantly lower quality of life scores. On MANOVA, regular current binge eating explained 23% (p < 0.001) of the variance in SF‐36 physical and mental health component scores, and extreme weight control behaviors explained 5% (p = 0.001). The main findings of the former South Australian survey were replicated. The mean duration of behaviors since onset was 6.6 (SD, 9.2; median 3) years.

Conclusions

Eating disorder behaviors were associated with poorer quality of life and were often chronic. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 434–442, 2003.
The influence of puberty and ethnicity on awareness and internalization of the thin ideal
Authors: Hermes Susan F. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: March 2003

Objective

This study examined the effects of puberty and ethnicity on awareness and internalization of the thin ideal.

Method

Fourth and fifth‐grade girls (N = 67) and their parents (N = 67) completed questionnaires assessing demographic variables, eating pathology, pubertal development, and awareness and internalization of the thin ideal.

Results

Girls in pre/early puberty did not differ significantly from girls in mid/late puberty on awareness of the thin ideal; however, more developed girls had significantly greater internalization of the thin ideal. Caucasian and non‐Caucasian girls also did not differ on awareness of the thin ideal, but non‐Caucasian girls reported greater internalization. No significant interactions between race and puberty existed on the dependent variables.

Discussion

Factors specifically related to puberty seem to be key to girls' development of disordered eating attitudes. The effect of puberty on increased internalization of the thin ideal cannot be explained by increased age or awareness of the thin ideal. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 465–467, 2003.
Childhood and adulthood abuse in bulimic and nonbulimic women: Prevalences and psychological correlates
Authors: Léonard Stéphanie , Steiger Howard , Kao Alina
Published: March 2003

Objective

We evaluated associations between childhood physical and sexual abuse in bulimic women and eating disturbances, psychiatric symptoms, and likelihood of later abuse in adulthood.

Method

Fifty‐one bulimics and 25 normal eaters participated in this study. Semistructured interviews and self‐report measures were used to assess eating symptoms, comorbid psychiatric disturbances, personality pathology, and childhood and adulthood abuse.

Results

Compared with the normal eaters, bulimic women reported higher levels of childhood abuse. Although bulimic women showed more psychopathology than nonbulimic women, there was a correspondence between the presence and severity of abuse and the severity of concurrent psychopathologic symptoms. Results linked dissociation and submissiveness to most severe forms of abuse. Abuse in adulthood was almost always preceded by earlier abuse during childhood.

Discussion

Our findings suggest an association between certain psychopathologic traits and the likelihood of abuse (especially when occurring both in childhood and adulthood). Observed associations could implicate causal effects of childhood abuse on personality development, influences of personality traits in heightening the risk of abuse, or both. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 397–405, 2003.
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Nepeta racemosa Lam. from Iran
Authors: Dabiri M. , Seﬁdkon F.
Published: March 2003

The essential oil of Nepeta racemosa (Lamiaceae) was prepared by hydrodistillation and was analysed by a combination of GC and GC–MS. Twenty‐four components were identiﬁed, constituting approximately 99.3% of the oil. The major constituents of essential oil were 4aβ,7α,7aβ‐nepetalactone (33.6%), 4aα,7α,7aβ‐nepetalactone (25.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα‐nepetalactone (24.4%) and 1,8‐cineole (9%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil of Seseli tortuosum L. growing in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Ayla , Demirci and Betül , Başer K. Hüsnü C.
Published: March 2003

Water‐distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Seseli tortuosum (Apiaceae) was analysed by GC and GC–MS; 96 compounds were characterized, representing 95.4% of the oil. The main constituents were found to be α‐pinene (35.9%), sabinene (8.8%), (E)‐sesquilavandulol (8.4%) and β‐pinene (7.0%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GC–MS analysis of volatile hydrolysis products from glucosinolates in Farsetia aegyptia var. ovalis
Authors: Al‐Gendy A. A. , Lockwood G. B.
Published: March 2003

Twenty‐two volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products from seeds and leaves of Farsetia aegyptia var. ovalis were identiﬁed and quantiﬁed using both natural autolysis and exogenous myrosinase, followed by GC–MS. The 22 isothiocyanate thiocyanate, epithioalkane nitrile and nitrile hydrolysis products identiﬁed can be rationalized, assuming 13 glucosinolates in the seeds and 12 in the leaves. Among the volatile hydrolysis products observed, those derived from allylglucosinolates and 3‐methylsulphinylpropylglucosinolate (glucoiberin) were prominent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils from flowers of Centaurea kotschyi var. kotschyi and C. kotschyi var. decumbens from Turkey
Authors: Ertugrul Kuddisi , Dura Huseyin , Tugay Osman , Flamini Guido , Cioni Pier Luigi , Morelli Ivano
Published: March 2003

The compositions of the essential oils obtained from fresh capitula of Centaurea kotschyi var. kotschyi and Centaurea kotschyi var. decumbens, two endemic plants from Turkey, have been studied. Sesquiterpenes were the main components of both essential oils, with germacrene D (44.2%), β‐caryophyllene (12.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.5%) in C. kotschyi var. kotschyi and germacrene D (29.4%), β‐caryophyllene (11.2%), β‐cedrene (7.1%) in C. kotschyi var. decumbens as the principal components. The qualitative and quantitative differences between the two essential oils are in agreement with the morphological observation that led to the differentiation of the two varieties.Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil of Origanum syriacum L. var. sinaicum (Boiss.) letswaart
Authors: Başer K. Hüsnü Can , Kürkçüoǧlu Mine , Demirci Betül , Özek Temel
Published: March 2003

Water‐distilled essential oil from herbal parts of Origanum syriacum var. sinaicum cultivated in El Arish, Egypt was analysed by GC and GC–MS using polar and non‐polar columns. Thymol (24–29%), cis‐sabinene hydrate (18–20%), γ‐terpinene (13–15%), p‐cymene (5–8%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (4–8%) were characterized as the main constituents. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of aroma volatiles in key lime essential oils (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Authors: Chisholm Mary G. , Wilson Matthew A. , Gaskey Gina M.
Published: March 2003

The most intense aroma volatiles of extracted and distilled oils from the peels of key lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) were identiﬁed using gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Over 50 odour‐active volatiles were detected in the extracted oil, and over 60 in the distilled oil. Geranial, neral and linalool were found to dominate the lime oil aroma in both oils, which accounted for their fresh, ﬂoral citrus‐like character. Many simple aldehydes contributed to the aroma of the extracted oil, giving it a characteristic lime tone. The distilled oil contained many new odourants, resulting from the acid‐catalysed distillation, which imparted woody, musty, spicy and balsamic notes to its aroma. These are C10 alcohols and ethers and many sesquiterpenes, most of which possess lower odour activity and contribute to the more intense piney aroma of the distilled oil. 7‐Methoxycoumarin was found to be one of the more intense odourants in the extracted oil. Caryophyllene oxide and humulene oxide II were found to be major odourants in the distilled oil; their intensities varied with the method of analysis of the oil. They contribute a sawdust‐like and skunky odour, respectively, to the distilled lime oil. Many sesquiterpenes were found to possess some odour activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oils of six endemic Salvia spp. from Turkey
Authors: Demirci Betül , Hüsnü Can Başer K. , Yıldız Bayram , Bahçecioǧlu Zeliha
Published: March 2003

The water‐distilled essential oils from dried aerial parts of Salvia blepharochlaena, S. caespitosa, S. divaricata, S. hypargeia, S. longipedicellata and S. pilifera (Lamiaceae), endemic in Turkey, were analysed by GC–MS. α‐Pinene, β‐pinene, 1,8‐cineole, thymol, caryophyllene oxide, α‐thujone respectively, were the major constituenst of the oils. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of essential oils from needles, branches and cones of Pinus pinea, P. halepensis, P. pinaster and P. nigra from central ltaly
Authors: Macchioni F. , Cioni P. L. , Flamini G. , Morelli I. , Maccioni S. , Ansaldi M.
Published: March 2003

The composition of the essential oils from the needles, branches and female cones of four species of Pinaceae, Pinus pinea, P. halepensis, P. pinaster and P. nigra, has been analysed and comparative chemical evaluations were obtained. In P. pinea the major compound of the essential oils of all the three plant parts is limonene (58.9–62.5%), in P. halepensis α‐pinene (18.1%–53.6%) and myrcene (13.7–42.1%), in P. pinaster α‐pinene (24.7–40.4%) and β‐pinene (21.7–29.2%), and in P. nigra α‐pinene (28.4–61.7%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing of moving‐average‐type options with applications
Authors: Kao Chih‐Hao , Lyuu Yuh‐Dauh
Published: March 2003

Moving‐average‐type options are complex path‐dependent derivatives whose payoff depends
on the moving average of stock prices. This article concentrates on two such options traded in practice: the
moving‐average‐lookback option and the moving‐average‐reset option. Both options
were issued in Taiwan in 1999, for example. The moving‐average‐lookback option is an option struck
at the minimum moving average of the underlying asset's prices. This article presents efficient algorithms
for pricing geometric and arithmetic moving‐average‐lookback options. Monte Carlo simulation
confirmed that our algorithms converge quickly to the option value. The price difference between geometric
averaging and arithmetic averaging is small. Because it takes much less time to price the
geometric‐moving‐average version, it serves as a practical approximation to the arithmetic
moving‐average version. When applied to the moving‐average‐lookback options traded on
Taiwan's stock exchange, our algorithm gave almost the exact issue prices. The numerical delta and gamma of
the options revealed subtle behavior and had implications for hedging. The moving‐average‐reset
option was struck at a series of decreasing contract‐specified prices on the basis of moving averages.
Similar results were obtained for such options with the same methodology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jrl Fut Mark 23:415–440, 2003
B‐mode sonographic criteria for differential diagnosis of cervicofacial lymphadenopathy in cat‐scratch disease and toxoplasmosis
Authors: Ridder Gerd Jürgen , Boedeker Carsten Christof , Lee Tao‐Kwang Kevin , Sander Anna
Published: March 2003

Background.

Our purpose was to evaluate different sonographic parameters of cervicofacial lymphadenopathy caused by cat‐scratch disease (CSD) and toxoplasmosis.

Methods.

By use of high‐resolution B‐mode sonography a total of 552 lymph nodes in the head and neck were detected between January 1997 and December 2001. There were 71 patients (422 lymph nodes) with CSD and 19 patients (130 lymph nodes) with toxoplasmosis. Sonographic variables, including 20 sonomorphologic features along with age and gender, were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression.

Results.

Heterogenous lymph nodes were more often found in CSD (p = .003), and nonsharp nodal borders showed a significant association with CSD (p = .0005). Multivariate analysis identified sharpness of borders (p = .0001), S/L ratio (p = .0006), and type of lymphadenopathy (acute, abscessed, chronic) (p = .0006) as most significant for differentiating between CSD and toxoplasmosis.

Conclusions.

These results provide significant and useful criteria for ultrasonographic differentiation between CSD and toxoplasmosis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 306–312, 2003
Reconstruction with radial forearm flaps after ablative surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Scharpf Joseph , Esclamado Ramon M.
Published: March 2003

Background.

Patients afflicted with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer must contend with both potentially poor survival prognosis and a compromised quality of remaining life. After extensive ablative surgery, it is imperative to use a reliable, low morbidity reconstructive strategy that will allow for an expedient reconstitution of speech and swallowing.

Methods.

Retrospective review of the records of 28 patients who underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps (RFFF) between 1996 and 2001 by a single surgeon (RE). Analysis was confined to patients requiring complete tubulation of the RFFF. Perioperative mortality, morbidity, and functional evaluation based on the parameters of speech and swallowing were analyzed.

Results.

Completely tubulated RFFF were required in 25 patients. There was 100% RFFF survival with no perioperative mortalities. The median hospital stay was 8.0 days. All patients acquired a reconstitution of oral alimentation; median time to swallowing was 18.0 days. Fourteen of 16 patients (93%) were able to rely on TEP speech as their main modality of communication. Two patients (8%) had early fistulas develop, and 5 (20%) had late fistulas develop. Nine patients (36%) required mechanical dilatation; five of the nine patients required only one dilatation.

Conclusion.

Review of our experience has confirmed the reliability and excellent functional outcome associated with this flap. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 261–266, 2003
Expansion of natural killer cells in patients with head and neck cancer: Detection of “noninhibitory” (activating) killer Ig‐like receptors on circulating natural killer cells
Authors: Melioli Giovanni , Semino Claudia , Margarino Giovanni , Mereu Paola , Scala Marco , Cangemi Giuliana , Crocetti Emanuele , Machì Anna Maria , Ferlazzo Guido
Published: March 2003

Background.

In a group of patients with head and neck cancers (H&NC), the expansion of the population of CD3−,CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood was studied.

Methods.

Cytofluorimetric analysis of the expression of killer Ig‐like receptors (KIR, namely p58.1, p58.2, p58.3, p70, and p140) and CD94‐NKG2a was performed. Cytolytic activities were studied using 51Cr release assay. T and NK cell cloning was performed using limiting dilution culture conditions. Cytokine production was analyzed using commercial enzyme immunoassays.

Results.

Phenotypic analysis showed that the expanded populations were heterogeneous. Even in the presence of a large number of circulating NK cells, “nonspecific” cytolytic capacities were heavily reduced, whereas cytolytic capacity related to T cells was virtually normal. Unlike NK cell clones derived from healthy donors, most NK cells derived from H&NC patients expressed surface “activating” NK cell receptors (KAR) for HLA, detected by use of a redirected cytolytic assay. Analysis of the CD4+ subpopulation at the clonal level demonstrated that they had a severe proliferative defect.

Conclusion.

These experimental data indicated that H&NC patients have a polyclonal expansion of functionally deficient NK cells expressing KAR. In addition, the proliferative capacity of patients' “helper” cells was strongly inhibited, thus accounting for a severe impairment of cytolytic activity of the expanded NK cells. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 297–305, 2003
Expression of Ku86 confers favorable outcome of tonsillar carcinoma treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Friesland Signe , Kanter‐Lewensohn Lena , Tell Roger , Munck‐Wikland Eva , Lewensohn Rolf , Nilsson Anders
Published: March 2003

Background.

To determine possible molecular markers for predicting radiosensitivity in squamous cell carcinoma, we have examined the relationship between pretreatment expression of the DNA damage recognition complex DNA‐PK, its in vitro substrates, p53 and MDM2, local tumor control after radiotherapy (RT), and patient survival.

Methods and Materials.

Formalin‐fixed tumor biopsy specimens from 79 previously untreated patients with tonsillar carcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods.

Results.

Tumors expressing high levels of Ku86 had better locoregional control in contrast to tumors expressing low levels of Ku86 (p = .023). Survival of patients with tumors expressing high levels of DNA‐PKcs was significantly better than survival of patients with tumors expressing low levels of DNA‐PKcs (p = .0024). p53 and MDM2 status alone did not correlate with survival of patients. However, patients with p53 tumors and high DNA‐PKcs expression had significantly better survival than patients with p53+ tumors expressing low levels of DNA‐PKcs (p = .0018). Furthermore, survival of patients with high expression of DNA‐PKcs or Ku86 and low MDM2 levels was significantly better when compared with survival of patients with low DNA‐PKcs or Ku86 and high MDM2 (p = .0017 and p = .0034, respectively).

Conclusions.

High expression of DNA‐PKcs/Ku86 in combination with p53 negativity in tonsillar carcinoma correlates with better survival of patients. Identifying tumors with a phenotype predicting poor survival may be used to optimize treatment of patients with radioresistant tumors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 313–321, 2003