bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SINO-ARABIC SCRIPT AND ARCHITECTURAL INSCRIPTIONS IN XI’AN GREAT MOSQUE, CHINA
Authors: Dilmi Djamel
Published: October 2015

The Islamic art have played a significant role in the development of Muslim Chinese community in China, it was
developed through time in response to cultural needs of the minority Muslim groups in China. The Islamic
calligraphy was widely used in architecture, especially in interior and exterior decoration of mosques and
other religious buildings. The aim of this study is to interpret the Islamic art and architecture in China through
application of Sino-Arabic script on mosques and crafts produced by Muslim minority in China in relation to the
Islamic civilization and Chinese civilization, in order to suggest some guidelines for the preservation of this
forgotten Islamic heritage. To achieve the aim of this paper the Sino-Arabic inscriptions will be examined in
order to determine their characteristics and the nature of the effects to which they have been subjected. A
broad range of information was collected from various sources and through a field survey that was carried out
in Xi’an Great Mosque in China. The collected information from field work will be analyzed with particular
regard to the special character of Chinese Islamic art and architecture. This study is an attempt to address
the important topic of Islamic calligraphy and its application on architectural buildings in China as part of
issues of Islamic architectural heritage and its integration with local tradition that have been occurred in the
Muslim world and it is hoped that it is going to be a significant contribution to the subject of Islamic art and
architecture in China as well as revival and preservation of this forgotten heritage. Detailed conclusion will be
arrived at the end and specific suggestions are intended to assist in examining the topic in depth and helping in
developing guidelines for regional expansion and adaptation of Islamic art and architecture with local
environmental condition to contribute more for the future of Muslim heritage and civilization.
IMPACT ON THE APPLICATION OF INSULATION IN BUILDINGS TO ACHIEVE THERMAL COMFORT (A CASE STUDY: LAUSER OFFICE BUILDING IN BANDA ACEH)
Authors: Lisa Nova Purnama , Zuraihan Zuraihan
Published: October 2015

From the results of research studies on the impact of the use of insulation in buildings, reducing solar radiation on buildings to improve indoor comfort by applying the Principles of radiation reduction in buildings naturally using insulation application that serves as an insulator against the building materials, use of thermal insulation in particular mounted on the roof of the building and the walls are located on second floor and the third floor Lauser office building, Calculate the cooling load for each room that was on second floor and the third floor based on the geographical location or position of the building, climate data, building material data , and the intensity of the spatial characteristics which include lighting, solar radiation, user activity and electrical appliances being used. The calculation is done with the help of Ecotech v.5, 2011. The location and position on the third floor of a building with a flat roof cast concrete, so that the heat absorbed by the platform, and two times greater than the amount of heat radiation is absorbed by the material in the direction of the light falling the sun is at an angle <30°C. The simulation results on the building with the addition of thermal insulation on all walls and the roof of the inside of the foam material ultrafolmadehid, without changing the model building and similar activities in accordance with the existing condition and the condition of the room using the air conditioner at a temperature of 18-26°C, indicating a decrease in cooling load signifinikan in any space reaches 40% of the total cooling load required on the lauser office building. Comparing the simulation results Ecotech temperature v.5 2011 with field measurements as a validation of the simulation results in order to achieve thermal comfort in buildings and can menggurangi use energy consumption in buildings and can be used as a reference in planning space-based conditioning systems energy efficient.
Tunis’s New Mosques Constructed Between 1975 and 1995: Morphological Knowledge
Authors: Cherif Imen , Bouhoula Najla Allani
Published: October 2015

The mosque has always been a prominent unit that used to structure the old Islamic cites. Its architecture through the Muslim world has always aroused the interest of many researchers. Actually, mosques are still built while undergoing the changes which occurred on the modern societies. However, only few research who have been interested in the new mosques. This paper targets the architecture of mosques built in Tunis governorate between 1975 and 1995. Through a morphological analysis of 24 mosques we were able to determine their identity and their morphological structure. According to their form and position, we discovered classes of specimen and classes of segments. Our corpus presents several constants and variations that we can explain though the introduction of some extrinsic attributes. In fact, these architectural objects possess some morphological specifications related to some urban, functional and historical factors.
Cherchell: An Algerian Mediterranean Historical City with a Rich Islamic Heritage Housing
Authors: BEHIRI Abdelkader , Chabbi-Chemrouk Naima
Published: October 2015

Islamic residential architecture has some common architectural and architectonic elements issued from shared values such as privacy, simplicity and sobriety. Applied to residential architecture, these values led to some characteristic spaces and architectural elements such as patios or arcs. However, the Islamic civilisation is composed by different cultures spread on a great geographical area; this variety induced different interpretations of these elements by using different building shapes or materials. In this paper, we will present an example of this interpretation in the historical coastal city of Cherchell in northern Algeria. The city of Cherchell is a historic coastal city that witnessed the passage of several civilizations before the arrival of the Islamic one since its founding more than 2500 years ago. This specific situation as historical coastal city allowed the exchange with different civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea, giving rise in the Islamic period to a typical earth architecture characterised by a specific arch’s typology. The objective of this article is to present an interpretation of Islamic heritage housing architecture in a Mediterranean historical coastal city (through two specific elements: building material and architectonic element). The long term aim of this study is the dissemination of traditional technics and know-how in order restore cultural heritage buildings and construct new projects with a strong Islamic identity.
HELPING STUDENTS OF ARABIC DEPARTMENT OR PESANTREN LEARN THE ENGLISH DERIVATION
Authors: Handoko Handoko
Published: October 2015

Presenting the comparative description of English derivation and Arabic derivatives, this paper is intentionally purposed to help students to understand the English derivation. Most of students, especially the students of Arabic department or students who are familiar with Arabic as they have learned before, regard that English language is difficult to learn. To solve this problem, the writer provides a comparative study by using Arabic as another language that he knows. This paper constitutes an exploratory study of derivatives in both English and Arabic, provides procedures in teaching English derivation to the students who have basic knowledge in Arabic, and then gives reflection and conclusion.
PENGARANG, KARYA SASTRA DAN PEMBACA
Authors: Damono Sapardi Djoko
Published: October 2015

A Literary work doesnot stand in its isolation. It is created among the reality of human life. The same is true of the author; in creating a literary work, he cannot separate he himself form the reality of his envirmment. That is way, there should be message in every literary work. In other word of literary work is not free from conviction, tendency and the author’s with. In reading a literary work, there shred be a connection between the author, literas work uselfrand the reader. This relationship causes literary work be meaningful and dinamic.
ARE CHILDREN BETTER AT LEARNING LANGUAGES THAN ADULTS?
Authors: Syafiyah Syafiyah
Published: October 2015

Usia merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan dan kegagalan dalam akuisisi bahasa kedua. Secara umum diasumsikan bahwa anak-anak merupakan pembelajar bahasa yang baik dibanding orang dewasa. Tulisan ini akan membahas beberapa teori tentang permasalahan di atas. Secara teoretis ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan akuisisi bahasa kedua, yaitu: neurology, psikomotor, afektif, kognitif, dan input. Teori-teori di atas secara umum mengklaim bahwa anak-anak memiliki peluang yang lebih besar untuk akuisisi bahasa kedua dibanding orang dewasa. Meskipun demikian, ada temuan yang menunjukkan bahwa orang dewasa karena faktor kognitifnya menjadi lebih baik dalam hal kemampuan akuisisi bahasa  kedua dibanding anak-anak. Hal ini terjadi terutama dalam hal sintaksis dan morpologi.
SWIRO’UL LUGHOH WA ATSAROHU AL-IJTIMA’IYAH
Authors: Rosyidi Abdul Wahab
Published: October 2015

Bahasa merupakan salah satu unsur pokok dari kebudayaan yang berperan  penting dan besar dalam kehidupan sosial. Bahasa tak ubahnya seperti makluk hidup yang mengalami perkembangan dan perubahan bahkan pergulatan antar satu bahasa dengan bahasa lain yang mungkin ada bahasa yang kuat bertahan atau sebaliknya lemah dan hilang dari tengah-tengah masyarakat. Sebagai contoh, pergulatan yang terjadi antara bahasa Arab dan bahasa Indonesia yang diawali sejak abad ke VII M, meski tidak dasyat,  tetapi aksara Arab pernah digunakan masyarakat nusantara dalam waktu yang relatif cukup lama yang dikenal dengan tulisan “Pegon”. Tulisan ini memfokuskan pada pergulatan pemakaian bahasa Arab dan bahasa Indonesia yang pernah digunakan masyarakat muslim di Indonesia terutama dalam hal pergeseran makna dan penggunaan kosakata. Ada beberapa faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan sebuah bahasa dapat mengalahkan bahasa lain dan akibatnya dalam kehidupan social dan perkembangan bahasa itu sendiri.  Dampak dari pergulatan itu, tak sedikit mufradat (kosakata) bahasa Arab yang terserap ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.
KARYA SASTRA: MIMESIS, REALITAS ATAU MITOS?
Authors: Muzakki Akhmad
Published: October 2015

Literature is represents falsehood, said Rahdar, but it is used as a unique procedure to reveal the truth. The imagination world  ia as a contact or touch between idea and language that create literary works in certain case and it becomes the autonomous area which are not necessary to be related to the reality. Although it is imaginative, it must not be irrational because the imaginative thing is also possible to happen in real life. As a work of imagination, literary work is not able to place itself as a central of legal social problems. It is caused by the fact that literary work is an imaginative work which contraries to reality so the harmony between mimesis and author's creativity to create the new thing has great role in creating the quallified literature.
TRADISI SASTRA PROPHETIK DAN PENINGKATAN TRADISI KEAGAMAAN
Authors: Wargadinata Wildana
Published: October 2015

Glorifying our prophet, respecting and loving him cannot be omitted from the heart of Moslem people in all over the world. In Islam history, the love expression to our prophet is realized in the from of, among other thing, a literary work that is known as Al-Madaih Al-Nabawiyah. In Indonesian (Javanese) tradition, Al-Madaih is a accepted and grows fast in the form of sholawatan. Sholawatan tradition, especially in Java, is conducted in various religious rituals.
MAQORINAH BI ARAAU ANNAKHO’ AL-QADAMA WAL MUHDATSIIN: AL-MAF’UL ‘ENDA SIBAWAIHI
Authors: Husni Arman
Published: October 2015

The development of Arabic Grammar by time is not far from the figure of this science pioneer, Sibawaih (Abu Bisyr bin Usman bin Qunbur). From this age, the emergence of topics is in Nahwu. Among these topics that are always appearing is Al-Maf’ul. Even Sibawaih is regarded as pioneer in Nahwu, in fact, there are also many experts that are not in line with him, they are from Classic Nahwu (Al Qudama) or contemporer (Al Muhdatsun). Because the language is still develop in line with the time, then the topics of language also develop like Al-Maf’ul that is still relevant for reviewed by the reviewer of this science. There are many opinions about Al-Maf’ul that is in fact, what is Maf’ul Bih or Maf’ul Muthlaq or other. By the arguments appear for supporting each theory, sure will make us more critic to review deeper in language science that in time always change.
KEDUDUKAN POLITIK PEREMPUAN DALAM METAFORA MASYARAKAT MINANGKABAU
Authors: Idris Nurwani
Published: October 2015

This study examines the meaning of metaphors of women in Minangkabau community, which are expressed in the form of praise to the wise and high position of women. The praise for women in the methaporic discourse does not mean the same thing in its reality. Politically, such praise for women can be a trap for women’s position and freedom. Politics is closely related to the power of words, and many politicians often manipulated the words through metaphors to create political realities that are many times untrue. It is also used to change the impossibilities to be posible to attract followers. The manipulation of the metaphors are used to marginalize women in public sphere, as well.
HILANGNYA ETIKA SEBAGAI SARANA ORIENTASI DAN KEBEBASAN EKSISTENSIONAL ELIT POLITIK
Authors: Litualy Samuel Jusuf
Published: October 2015

Bertold Brecht’s anecdote If Sharks Were Men tells us about the life in the sea between sharks and little fish. Sharks teach the little fish about moral and their obedience to sharks. If they always obey to the sharks, they will have better future. This anecdote describes the political elite as sharks. They are being described as people, who are thirst of authority, but on the other side teach the ordinary people about “moral”. The ordinary people are being described as little fishes, that can be easily influenced and dominated. In this work, Brecht places himself as Mister K, the narrator, who lucidly describes the character of the ruler or political elite and the ordinary people. He makes three important points as a reflection of the life at that time. Firstly, the political elite always use the other people for their personal and group interest without feeling guilty, or in other words, public deception has already become a trend for political elite. Secondly, the ordinary people can be easily influenced to follow what Brecht calls in his work as “moral teaching”. Thirdly, the character of political elite always deceive and ignore the people and the helplessness of the people in dealing with the ruler is seen in this work as a reflection of the loss of ethics as an orientation and of their powerlessness in enjoying their existential freedom.
MAKNA TUTURAN DALAM PENYELESAIAN PELANGGARAN ADAT MAMBOLOSUAKO MASYARAKAT TOLAKI
Authors: Ino La
Published: October 2015

This article studies about one of cultural products at Tolaki ethnic in South-East Sulawesi Province. The cultural product is mombolusuako.  Mombolosuako is a tradition in Tolaki society, in which someone, a man, did a breach of custom that usually happen when the relationship between the girl and the young man is not agreed by the parents and when the girl and the man have different social status. Because it is a breach of custom, there should be a solution according to the custom. In solving this problem (mombolasuako), the custom provides two steps rembinggare and mesokei. The method used in research is descriptive qualitative method. The subject of research is the informants mastering in uttering the solution of the breach of custom (Mombolasuako) in Tolaki society in Lambuya subdistrict. This study is done by using semantic and pragmatic approach. In solving the mombolasuako the people use the language with particular characteristics that is different from their daily language. The language emphasizes beauty especially in its use of language speech and metaphors.  The rembinggare is meaningful for the man family, as to show his intention to solve the problem, and it is meaningful for the family of the girl as the solution of the problem so that they will be avoided from shame.  In the process of mesokei there is a negotiation and settlement among two families to get the best solution for both of them.
BAHASA DEMOKRATIS DI DALAM MEDIA TELEVISI INDONESIA
Authors: Santosa Riyadi
Published: October 2015

This research attempts to depicts the language used in Indonesian television, especially in news, editorial, and talk show in post reform era. The main issue in this research is the language used in Indonesian television contributes to the formation of democracy in this country. To answer the question, this research applies Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) that is able to portray the social processes and the language that is representation of the social processes, including their genres and registers. The results show that news exploits recount whereas editorial and talk show employ discussion genre. The recount and discussion genres in news and editorial and talk show accelerate the atmosphere of democratization in Indonesia. News provides facts and phenomena whereas editorial and talk show discusses them.  However, in the level of register, editorial and talk show exploit the use of more raised evaluation that a number of communication experts believe that Indonesian editorial and talk show go beyond the democracy level or are still provocative.
Keywords: Bahasa Demokratis, Genre, Register, Appraisal
A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ON LINGUISTIC APPROACHES OF IDENTITY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Susilowati Meinarni
Published: October 2015

Identity has been a blossoming issue in different fields. The intensity of investigating identity has stimulated the diverse methods and approaches to study identity from different angles. This paper discusses the how identity can be investigated from three different linguistic approaches, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and sociocultural linguistics approach. The practicality of these three approaches is explored to detect the nature of identity which is fluid, multiple, fragmented, socially, culturally, historically, religiously, and politically constructed and emerges within interactions. More space, however, is invested for elaborating the five principles of sociocultural linguistic approach due to its flexibility and multidimension of the approach. Empirical data is provided for proving its practicality for identity investigation. Further areas of investigation is given at the last part of the paper.
Fostering ecological data sharing: collaborations in the International Long Term Ecological Research Network
Authors: Vanderbilt Kristin L. , Lin Chau-Chin , Lu Sheng-Shan , Kassim Abd Rahman , He Honglin , Guo Xuebing , Gil Inigo San , Blankman David , Porter John H.
Published: October 2015

The International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network was established in 1993 and is now composed of thirty‐eight national networks representing a diversity of ecosystems around the globe. Data generated by the ILTER Network are valuable for scientists addressing broad spatial and temporal scale research questions, but only if these data can be easily discovered, accessed, and understood. Challenges to publishing ILTER data have included unequal distribution among networks of information management expertise, user‐friendly tools, and resources. Language and translation have also been issues. Despite these significant obstacles, ILTER information managers have formed grassroots partnerships and collaborated to provide information management training, adopt a common metadata standard, develop information management tools useful throughout the network, and organize scientist/information manager workshops that encourage scientists to share and integrate data. Throughout this article, we share lessons learned from the successes of these grassroots international partnerships to inform others who wish to collaborate internationally on projects that depend on data sharing entailing similar management challenges.
Changes in litter quality caused by simulated nitrogen deposition reinforce the N‐induced suppression of litter decay
Authors: van Diepen Linda T. A. , Frey Serita D. , Sthultz Christopher M. , Morrison Eric W. , Minocha Rakesh , Pringle Anne
Published: October 2015

Rates of nitrogen (N) deposition are increasing in industrialized and rapidly developing nations. Simulated N deposition suppresses plant litter decay rates, in particular for low quality (high lignin) litter. Litter quality is a primary driver of litter decomposition; however, it is not clear how changes in litter quality caused by long‐term ecosystem exposure to chronic N additions interact with altered soil N‐availability to influence litter decay dynamics. To document the effects of simulated N deposition on litter quality, we conducted a meta‐analysis of available litter nutrient data from simulated N deposition experiments in temperate forests. To directly test whether changes in litter quality caused by N deposition affect decay rates, we also conducted a reciprocal litterbag study in an existing N addition experiment, where a northern hardwood forest has been exposed to simulated N deposition for more than 20 years. The experiment enabled us to disentangle the effects of N additions, litter quality, and their interactions on litter decay dynamics. We measured litter mass loss and extracellular enzyme activities after one and two years of decomposition. The meta‐analysis demonstrated that simulated N deposition causes decreases of leaf Al, B, Ca, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn concentrations, and increased leaf N concentrations. Moreover, higher cumulative amounts of simulated N deposition result in greater decreases of leaf Ca and Mn concentrations. In the field experiment, litter originally collected from N‐enriched plots exhibited similar N‐induced nutrient changes as observed in our meta‐analysis and also had lower lignolytic enzyme activities and decay rates than litter collected from control plots. The decreased litter decay rates observed with simulated N deposition were a result of the combined effects of the N fertilization itself and the historical effects of N deposition on tree litter chemistry. The data suggest that changes in litter quality caused directly by long‐term N enrichment reinforce the negative effects of simulated N deposition on litter decay, particularly for high lignin species. The slowed decay associated with changes in litter quality caused by N enrichment itself may partly explain the accumulation of organic matter previously observed at ours and at other simulated N deposition experiments.
Breastfeeding Outcomes Following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Caplinger Patty , Cooney Ann T. , Bledsoe Christy , Hagan Patricia , Smith Audra , Whitfield Paulette , Goodridge Elizabeth , Song JuHee , Tipton Phyllis Hart
Published: October 2015

The number of bariatric procedures has increased dramatically in recent years because of rising obesity rates in the United States. Because many undergoing this procedure are women of childbearing age, weight loss not only provides them better health outcomes in pregnancy but also presents
challenges. Guidelines are needed for women of childbearing age considering pregnancy who are undergoing bariatric procedures and desire to breastfeed their infants. Findings from this retrospective study suggest that pregnant postbariatric women would benefit from high-risk prenatal clinic
referrals to address supplemental needs. Prenatal referrals to lactation consultants and registered dietitians for improved nutritional status and better breastfeeding preparation may improve breastfeeding outcomes for the dyad. Referrals to dietitians and lactation consultants may provide
continuity of care throughout the childbearing year including the early part of the infant’s life.
Updated Thoughts on the Monetary Value of Human Milk
Authors: Lee Nikki
Published: October 2015

July 2015 update: In November 2013, the article, “Thoughts on the Monetary Value of Human Milk,” was published in Clinical Lactation. Since then, it has been translated into Italian; La Leche League Italia published calculations for the value of the milk made by its
Facebook friends in both 1 week and in 3 months. In India, Dr. Arun Gupta and Dr. Shoba Suri have made calculations for the value of the human milk consumed by exclusively breastfed babies for 6 months. Here is a method for calculating the value of human milk in a community. The results from
India and Italy are impressive and can serve as a model for others.
Hope From Ashes: The Creation of the NEC Society—An Interview With Jennifer Canvasser
Authors: Robertson Barbara D.
Published: October 2015

Jennifer Canvasser has served on the Ecology Center’s children’s health, first food, and environmental health campaigns since 2010. She completed University of California, San Francisco’s Reach the Decision Makers Fellowship program in 2011, with a focus on reform of the Toxic Substances
Control Act. In 2014, Jennifer founded the NEC Society, a nonprofit organization, after losing her son, Micah, to necrotizing enterocolitis. She is a regular contributor to The Huffington Post on parenting, health, and food justice issues. Jennifer completed her undergraduate studies
at University of California, Los Angeles and earned her Master of Social Work from the University of Southern California with a focus on community organizing. This interview with Jennifer Canvasser was conducted in May of 2015 by Barbara D. Robertson and Barb Demske (Barbara Robertson’s intern).
Barbara Robertson has a podcast, "All Things Breastfeeding," available on iTunes or her website, bfcaa.com.
Relationship Among Mothers’ Glycemic Level, Periodontitis, and Birth Weight
Authors: Gomes‐Filho Isaac S. , Pereira Eliesita C. , Cruz Simone S. , Adan Luis Fernando F. , Vianna Maria Isabel P. , Passos‐Soares Johelle S. , Trindade Soraya C. , Oliveira Ernesto P. , Oliveira Michelle T. , Cerqueira Eneida de M. M. , Pereira Antonio Luis , Barreto Maurício L. , Seymour Gregory John
Published: October 2015

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the influence of glycemic level on the relationship between periodontitis and low birth weight (LBW).

Methods: A case‐control study was conducted with 372 females divided into cases (109 mothers of newborns with birth weight <2,500 g) and controls (263 mothers of newborns with birth weight ≥2,500 g). The birth weight of children was obtained from medical records, whereas information on sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics of the participants was obtained through an interview. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured, and probing depth, clinical attachment levels, and bleeding on probing were used to determine the periodontal status. Results were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results: The likelihood of having children with LBW among the mothers with periodontitis was six times greater than that observed among mothers without periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio [ORadjusted] = 6.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.47 to 15.17), even after adjustment. There was also a strong, statistically significant relationship between periodontitis and LBW in both the normal glycemic–level group (HbA1c levels <5.6%, unadjusted odds ratio [ORunadjusted] = 8.30, 95% CI = 3.56 to 19.35) and the high glycemic–level group (HbA1c levels ≥5.6% and <6.5%, ORunadjusted = 5.73, 95% CI = 1.75 to 18.70). After adjustment for confounders, the magnitude of the association continued to be strong in the normal glycemic–level group (ORadjusted = 7.59, 95% CI = 2.7 to 24.28), an increase of 25% when compared to the main association measurement. In those with high glycemic levels (ORadjusted = 4.03, 95% CI = 0.81 to 19.96), the OR decreased almost 50%, and the association lost statistical significance.

Conclusion: Periodontitis and glycemic levels appeared to have opposing influences on birth weight, with periodontitis being associated with LBW and the magnitude of the association being altered depending on maternal blood glucose level.
Periodontal Pathogens and Risk of Incident Cancer in Postmenopausal Females: The Buffalo OsteoPerio Study
Authors: Mai Xiaodan , Genco Robert J. , LaMonte Michael J. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Freudenheim Jo L. , Andrews Christopher A. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean
Published: October 2015

Background: Extraoral translocation of oral bacteria may contribute to associations between periodontal disease and cancer. The associations among the presence of three orange‐complex periodontal pathogens (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Campylobacter rectus), two red‐complex periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia), and cancer risk were investigated.

Methods: A total of 1,252 postmenopausal females enrolled in the Buffalo Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease Study were followed prospectively. Baseline subgingival plaque samples were assessed for the presence of periodontal pathogens using indirect immunofluorescence. Incident cancer cases were adjudicated by staff physicians via review of medical records. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of periodontal pathogens with total cancer and site‐specific cancer risk in unadjusted and multivariable‐adjusted models.

Results: Neither the presence of individual pathogens nor the presence of any red‐complex pathogens was associated with total cancer or site‐specific cancers. Borderline associations were seen among the presence of any orange‐complex pathogens (F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and C. rectus), total cancer risk (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.84), and lung cancer risk (HR = 3.02, 95% CI = 0.98 to 9.29).

Conclusions: No associations were found between the presence of individual subgingival pathogens and cancer risk. However, there were suggestions of borderline positive associations of the presence of any orange‐complex pathogens with total cancer and lung cancer risk. The study is limited by the small number of cancer cases and the assessment of only five oral bacteria. Additional research is needed to understand the possible role of periodontal disease in carcinogenesis.
Skeletal Muscle Phospholipid Metabolism Regulates Insulin Sensitivity and Contractile Function
Authors: Funai Katsuhiko , Lodhi Irfan J. , Spears Larry D. , Yin Li , Song Haowei , Klein Samuel , Semenkovich Clay F.
Published: October 2015

Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is an early defect in the development of type 2 diabetes. Lipid overload induces insulin resistance in muscle and alters the composition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). To test the hypothesis that skeletal muscle phospholipid metabolism regulates systemic glucose metabolism, we perturbed choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1), the terminal enzyme in the Kennedy pathway of phospholipid synthesis. In C2C12 cells, CEPT1 knockdown altered SR phospholipid composition and calcium flux. In mice, diet-induced obesity, which decreases insulin sensitivity, increased muscle CEPT1 expression. In high-fat diet–fed mice with skeletal muscle–specific knockout of CEPT1, systemic and muscle-based approaches demonstrated increased muscle insulin sensitivity. In CEPT1-deficient muscles, an altered SR phospholipid milieu decreased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase–dependent calcium uptake, activating calcium-signaling pathways known to improve insulin sensitivity. Altered muscle SR calcium handling also rendered these mice exercise intolerant. In obese humans, surgery-induced weight loss increased insulin sensitivity and decreased skeletal muscle CEPT1 protein. In obese humans spanning a spectrum of metabolic health, muscle CEPT1 mRNA was inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that high-fat feeding and obesity induce CEPT1, which remodels the SR to preserve contractile function at the expense of insulin sensitivity.
Effect of histologic processing on dimensions of skin samples obtained from cat cadavers
Authors: Jeyakumar Sakthila , Smith Annette N. , Schleis Stephanie E. , Cattley Russell C. , Tillson D. Michael , Henderson Ralph A.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To determine changes in dimensions of feline skin samples as a result of histologic processing and to identify factors that contributed to changes in dimensions of skin samples after sample collection.

SAMPLE Cadavers of 12 clinically normal cats.

PROCEDURES Skin samples were obtained bilaterally from 3 locations (neck, thorax, and tibia) of each cadaver; half of the thoracic samples included underlying muscle. Length, width, and depth were measured at 5 time points (before excision, after excision, after application of ink to mark tissue margins, after fixation in neutral-buffered 10% formalin for 36 hours, and after completion of histologic processing and staining with H&E stain). Measurements obtained after sample collection were compared with measurements obtained before excision.

RESULTS At the final time point, tissue samples had decreased in length (mean decrease, 32.40%) and width (mean decrease, 34.21%) and increased in depth (mean increase, 54.95%). Tissue from the tibia had the most shrinkage in length and width and that from the neck had the least shrinkage. Inclusion of underlying muscle on thoracic skin samples did not affect the degree of change in dimensions.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, each step during processing from excision to formalin fixation and histologic processing induced changes in tissue dimensions, which were manifested principally as shrinkage in length and width and increase in depth. Most of the changes occured during histologic processing. Inclusion of muscle did not affect thoracic skin shrinkage. Shrinkage should be a consideration when interpreting surgical margins in clinical cases. 945)
Application of artificial neural networks (ANN) in Lake Drwęckie water level modelling
Authors: Piasecki Adam , Jurasz Jakub , Skowron Rajmund
Published: October 2015

This paper presents an attempt to model water-level fluctuations in a lake based on artificial neural networks. The subject of research was the water level in Lake Drwęckie over the period 1980-2012. For modelling purposes, meteorological data from the weather station in Olsztyn were used. As a result of the research conducted, the model M_Meteo_Lag_3 was identified as the most accurate. This artificial neural network model has seven input neurons, four neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. As explanatory variables meteorological parameters (minimal, maximal and mean temperature, and humidity) and values of dependent variables from three earlier months were implemented. The paper claims that artificial neural networks performed well in terms of modelling the analysed phenomenon. In most cases (55%) the modelled value differed from the real value by an average of 7.25 cm. Only in two cases did a meaningful error occur, of 33 and 38 cm.
Analysis of the exposure of Polish lakes to flood risk
Authors: Pasiecznik-Dominiak Anna , Tiukało Andrzej , Dumieński Grzegorz
Published: October 2015

Flooding constitutes one of the main natural hazards in Poland, which causes enormous social, economic and environmental losses. The main causes of the occurrence of floods include intensive rainfall, rapid melting of snow and ice cover, as well as strong gusts of wind from the sea. Based on the resilience theory (resistance, elasticity), which constitutes an efficient tool for the description of the social-ecological system capability or components thereof to mitigate the effects of dangerous events, as well as the capability of reconstructing and adapting the system to new conditions, the authors have analysed the exposure of Polish lakes to flood risks with a probability of occurrence Q0.2%, Q1% and Q10%. In order to determine the level of exposure of lakes to the risk of flooding by flood waters, studies were conducted using the flood hazard and flood risk maps which were developed under the Project entitled “IT System of the Country’s Protection against Extreme Hazards”. The result of the efforts of the group of authors is the determination of the number of lakes, which are located in the flood risk area Q0.2%, Q1% and Q10%, including division into risk level groups (low, moderate and high). The results presented in the paper may constitute a contribution to further, more detailed studies concerning assessment of the vulnerability of Polish lakes located in the flood prone area.
Developing a situational judgment test blueprint for assessing the non-cognitive skills of applicants to the University of Utah School of Medicine, the United States
Authors: Colbert-Getz Jorie M. , Pippitt Karly , Chan Benjamin
Published: October 2015

Purpose: The situational judgment test (SJT) shows promise for assessing the non-cognitive skills of medical school applicants, but has only been used in Europe. Since the admissions processes and education levels of applicants to medical school are different in the United States and in Europe, it is necessary to obtain validity evidence of the SJT based on a sample of United States applicants. Methods: Ninety SJT items were developed and Kane’s validity framework was used to create a test blueprint. A total of 489 applicants selected for assessment/interview day at the University of Utah School of Medicine during the 2014-2015 admissions cycle completed one of five SJTs, which assessed professionalism, coping with pressure, communication, patient focus, and teamwork. Item difficulty, each item’s discrimination index, internal consistency, and the categorization of items by two experts were used to create the test blueprint. Results: The majority of item scores were within an acceptable range of difficulty, as measured by the difficulty index (0.50-0.85) and had fair to good discrimination. However, internal consistency was low for each domain, and 63% of items appeared to assess multiple domains. The concordance of categorization between the two educational experts ranged from 24% to 76% across the five domains. Conclusion: The results of this study will help medical school admissions departments determine how to begin constructing a SJT. Further testing with a more representative sample is needed to determine if the SJT is a useful assessment tool for measuring the non-cognitive skills of medical school applicants.
Pre-clinical versus clinical medical students’ attitudes towards the poor in the United States
Authors: Jilani Danial , Fernandes Ashley , Borges Nicole
Published: October 2015

This study assessed the poverty-related attitudes of pre-clinical medical students (first and second years) versus clinical medical students (third and fourth years). First through fourth year medical students voluntarily completed the Attitude Towards Poverty scale. First and second year students were classified together in the preclinical group and third and fourth year students together in the clinical group. A total of 297 students participated (67% response rate). Statistically significant differences were noted between pre-clinical and clinical students for scores on the subscales personal deficiency (P<0.001), stigma (P=0.023), and for total scores (P=0.016). Scores across these subscales and for total scores were all higher in the clinical group. The only subscale which did not show statistical significance between pre-clinical and clinical students was the structural perspective. Medical students in their clinical training have a less favorable attitude towards the poor than their preclinical counterparts.
Erratum: Hunaefi, D., et al. The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Fermentation on Antioxidant Properties of Selected in Vitro Sprout Culture of Orthosiphon aristatus (Java Tea) as a Model Study. Antioxidants 2012, 1, 4–32
Authors: Office Antioxidants
Published: October 2015

Article [1] was published on 26 September 2012. In order to update the spelling of the second author’s name—“Divine N. Akumo” was written as “Divine Akumo”, it was updated a few days after publication and prior to issue release. [...]
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Potential Role of Endocannabinoids Signaling
Authors: Basavarajappa Balapal
Published: October 2015

One of the unique features of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans is impaired cognitive and behavioral function resulting from damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to a spectrum of impairments referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human FASD phenotypes can be reproduced in the rodent CNS following prenatal ethanol exposure. Several mechanisms are expected to contribute to the detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing fetus, particularly in the developing CNS. These mechanisms may act simultaneously or consecutively and differ among a variety of cell types at specific developmental stages in particular brain regions. Studies have identified numerous potential mechanisms through which alcohol can act on the fetus. Among these mechanisms are increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, interference with the activity of growth factors, glia cells, cell adhesion molecules, gene expression during CNS development and impaired function of signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication and circuit formation. These alcohol-induced deficits result in long-lasting abnormalities in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory and can explain many of the neurobehavioral abnormalities found in FASD. In this review, the author discusses the mechanisms that are associated with FASD and provides a current status on the endocannabinoid system in the development of FASD.
When Prostate Cancer Circulates in the Bloodstream
Authors: Vlaeminck-Guillem Virginie
Published: October 2015

Management of patients with prostate cancer is currently based on imperfect clinical, biological, radiological and pathological evaluation. Prostate cancer aggressiveness, including metastatic potential, remains difficult to accurately estimate. In an attempt to better adapt therapeutics to an individual (personalized medicine), reliable evaluation of the intrinsic molecular biology of the tumor is warranted, and particularly for all tumor sites (primary tumors and secondary sites) at any time of the disease progression. As a consequence of their natural tendency to grow (passive invasion) or as a consequence of an active blood vessel invasion by metastase-initiating cells, tumors shed various materials into the bloodstream. Major efforts have been recently made to develop powerful and accurate methods able to detect, quantify and/or analyze all these circulating tumor materials: circulating tumors cells, disseminating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles (including exosomes), nucleic acids, etc. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about these circulating tumor materials and their applications in translational research.
Measurement Errors Arising When Using Distances in Microeconometric Modelling and the Individuals’ Position Is Geo-Masked for Confidentiality
Authors: Arbia Giuseppe , Espa Giuseppe , Giuliani Diego
Published: October 2015

In many microeconometric models we use distances. For instance, in modelling the individual behavior in labor economics or in health studies, the distance from a relevant point of interest (such as a hospital or a workplace) is often used as a predictor in a regression framework. However, in order to preserve confidentiality, spatial micro-data are often geo-masked, thus reducing their quality and dramatically distorting the inferential conclusions. In particular in this case, a measurement error is introduced in the independent variable which negatively affects the properties of the estimators. This paper studies these negative effects, discusses their consequences, and suggests possible interpretations and directions to data producers, end users, and practitioners.
Lactic Acid Fermentation, Urea and Lime Addition: Promising Faecal Sludge Sanitizing Methods for Emergency Sanitation
Authors: Anderson Catherine , Malambo Dennis , Perez Maria , Nobela Happiness , De Pooter Lobke , Spit Jan , Hooijmans Christine , De Vossenberg Jack , Greya Wilson , Thole Bernard , Van Lier Jules , Brdjanovic Damir
Published: October 2015

In this research, three faecal sludge sanitizing methods—lactic acid fermentation, urea treatment and lime treatment—were studied for application in emergency situations. These methods were investigated by undertaking small scale field trials with pit latrine sludge in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was able to reduce the E. coli count in the sludge to below the detectable limit within 1 h applying a pH > 11 (using a dosage from 7% to 17% w/w, depending faecal sludge alkalinity), urea treatment required about 4 days using 2.5% wet weight urea addition, and lactic acid fermentation needed approximately 1 week after being dosed with 10% wet weight molasses (2 g (glucose/fructose)/kg) and 10% wet weight pre-culture (99.8% pasteurised whole milk and 0.02% fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota). Based on Malawian prices, the cost of sanitizing 1 m3 of faecal sludge was estimated to be €32 for lactic acid fermentation, €20 for urea treatment and €12 for hydrated lime treatment.
Cancer–Osteoblast Interaction Reduces Sost Expression in Osteoblasts and Up-Regulates lncRNA MALAT1 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Sebastian Aimy , Hum Nicholas , Hudson Bryan , Loots Gabriela
Published: October 2015

Dynamic interaction between prostate cancer and the bone microenvironment is a major contributor to metastasis of prostate cancer to bone. In this study, we utilized an in vitro co-culture model of PC3 prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts followed by microarray based gene expression profiling to identify previously unrecognized prostate cancer–bone microenvironment interactions. Factors secreted by PC3 cells resulted in the up-regulation of many genes in osteoblasts associated with bone metabolism and cancer metastasis, including Mmp13, Il-6 and Tgfb2, and down-regulation of Wnt inhibitor Sost. To determine whether altered Sost expression in the bone microenvironment has an effect on prostate cancer metastasis, we co-cultured PC3 cells with Sost knockout (SostKO) osteoblasts and wildtype (WT) osteoblasts and identified several genes differentially regulated between PC3-SostKO osteoblast co-cultures and PC3-WT osteoblast co-cultures. Co-culturing PC3 cells with WT osteoblasts up-regulated cancer-associated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in PC3 cells. MALAT1 expression was further enhanced when PC3 cells were co-cultured with SostKO osteoblasts and treatment with recombinant Sost down-regulated MALAT1 expression in these cells. Our results suggest that reduced Sost expression in the tumor microenvironment may promote bone metastasis by up-regulating MALAT1 in prostate cancer.