bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La sédentarisation des caravanes dans le Finistère
Authors: Piriou Nicole
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

La sédentarisation des caravanes sur des parcelles privées est en extension dans les zones littorales du Finistère. Les multiples inconvénients de ces installations anarchiques, nouvelle forme de mitage qui annule les effets des P.O.S., devraient conduire les élus locaux à rechercher, par une réglementation appropriée, la reconquête progressive de la maîtrise de l'occupation de leur territoire communal.
Les conséquences de la pression touristique sur l'espace physique littoral
Authors: Miossec Alain
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The study deals with the evolution of shoreline. It appears that human activities — especially intensive recreation uses — create important perturbations in geomorphic processes : beaches and dunes are always losing their sands that protected cliffs cannot supply. Examples are offered in the Atlantic coast in France.
Une nouvelle génération de stations balnéaires ? L'exemple de Port-Bourgenay
Authors: Renard Jean
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The author analyses the example of Port-Bourgenay, a new harbour and seaside- resort situated in the borough of Talmont-Saint-Hilaire (Vendée). The operation, carried out by convention and contrat between local collectivities and a development specialist, claims to be an exemplary one. Yet, numerous difficulties have appeared owing to the absence of a total mastery of neighbouring soils and of dynamic spirit in societies of the littoral.
Une urbanisation retardée et conflictuelle : Longeville-sur-Mer
Authors: Tessier Luc
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

On the more and more tourism-orientated coastline of South Vendée, the commune of Longeville shows a retarded evolution compared to the other communes in the area. Its late urbanization is due to particular geographic and socio-economic conditions.

The inland sprawling of the commune resulted in a rural society, « the inside type », taking little interest in the development of the coastline. What is more, the historical evolution produced anarchical plots of sand which hindered a urban development.

The launching of the rural regrouping of forest-patches in 1968, initiated by the sandy land owners opened the commune to mass tourism which consequently transformed the Longeville social structure. Hardly had the double obstacle of social and land-plot structure been overcome that the government gave rise to a series of conflicts through its imposition of land freezing.
L'artificialisation des espaces côtiers littoraux méditerranéens
Authors: Dagorne Andrée
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

A l'interface terre/mer, les géo-écosystèmes littoraux sont des lieux d'échanges privilégiés. Sur des espaces-supports diversifiés mais spatialement restreints en Méditerranée, l'Homme exerce des pressions de plus en plus fortes, qu'il veuille y vivre de manière permanente ou temporaire (tourisme), exploiter les ressources vivantes ou minérales de la mer, pratiquer le commerce, y implanter des industries, s'y distraire, assurer sa défense, ou simplement continuer à exercer l'agriculture et maintenir des espaces forestiers. Il en résulte une littoralisation accrue des activités et des conflits d'usages des espaces naturels ou agricoles restants.

Ces problèmes sont envisagés à travers deux exemples méditerranéens (Var et Algérois) au développement anisotropique ; pour des raisons de place, seul le premier dossier est reproduit ici.
Formes de la transmission du statut dans l'ostréiculture Cancalaise
Authors: Salitot Michelle
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Present oysterfarming in Cancale is characterized by two systems of production ; the first one is fragmentary, it is that of small oyster-farm owners ; the other one, specialized and commercial, belongs to professionals. These two systems are the consequence of a change in oyster-farming, a change characterized by the passage from oyster-fishing to oyster-growing. The distribution of sexes in the field of oyster-farming points to a specific place of women in both systems, a place that finds its origin, party, in the succession rights concerning concessions. The modes of access to the profession follow essentially two main directions, that of parenthood and that of alliance, so that social reproduction is first of all a familial one in Cancale oyster-farming.
Modèle d'évaluation en quantité et en valeur du patrimoine écologique du littoral et de ses pertes par pollution jusqu'à recouvrance quasi-totale, l'exemple de l'Amoco Cadiz
Authors: Chassé C.
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

To evaluate is a juridic necessity to manage, to protect or to indemnify. Amoco Cadiz wreck is exemplar. The variability of natural populations is not an obstacle. A biological index of agression, based on relative deficits in periwinkles biomasses is used. A more expressive form of results is given on a mean square mater basis which receive in mean 1/2 liter (0.5 dm3) of oil emulsion and loose near 1/5 of its animal biomass.
L'exploitation des amendements marins dans le golfe normano-breton
Authors: Férec Cécile , Chauvin Thierry
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

After having presented us the manure products which are dredged in the Channel Islands area, the authors show us the importance of this activity in port traffics and then the quantitative and qualitative evolution that these products have known concerning their processing and marketing. Though, they still are mainly used for agriculture purposes. It must be noticed that there was an industrialization of sea manure extracting and processing means.
Le littoral, zone économique privilégiée
Authors: Le Guilloux Paul
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les zones littorales et portuaires sont particulièrement concernées par les politiques de localisation des activités économiques.

Diverses formes d'intervention publique et d'incitation existent : le magasin franc, la zone franche de production pour l'exportation, la zone franche à domicile, la zone internationale, la zone d'entreprise. Même si la zone franche classique est aujourd'hui critiquée, l'optique néo-libérale reste le support de tous ces moyens de déréglementation. Une autre conception consisterait à privilégier la recherche d'une répartition macroéconomique optimale des trafics entre les ports et des activités entre leurs arrière-pays.
Effets économiques induits par la pêche artisanale : méthodologie et résultats appliqués à la Basse-Normandie
Authors: Boude Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'étude des effets économiques induits par les pêches artisanales de Basse- Normandie a été effectuée à partir du traitement de 112 comptes d'exploitation de bateaux de pêche de différentes catégories. Un traitement statistique permet de reconstituer les comptes de production et la répartition de la valeur ajoutée pour chaque station des affaires maritimes et pour chaque catégorie de navires. Des approches monographiques complémentaires permettent de construire les différents flux économiques issus de la pêche artisanale : flux d'emplois et flux monétaires.
Pêche artisanale et construction navale en Polynésie française
Authors: Borel Gildas
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'exploitation des ressources vivantes marines de la Polynésie Française prend en compte plusieurs facteurs : la concentration de la population à Tahiti, la répartition du poisson dans la Z.E.E. et les spécificités économiques et sociales propres au territoire.

Selon les espaces halieutiques maritimes, divers types d'embarcations sont utilisés. Des pirogues creusées dans des bois locaux ou fabriquées à l'aide de contreplaqué ainsi que des petits canots en aluminium ou en polyester sont employés dans le lagon ou près du récif. A quelques milles des côtes, des « speed-boats » d'un type particulier, les « poti-marara », exploitent les ressources concurremment à d'autres embarcations de plus grande taille, les « bonifier s » spécialisés dans la pêche de la bonite à la canne. De nouveaux bateaux polyvalents en polyester permettent d'aller pêcher la ressource dans les archipels éloignés de Tahiti qui ne disposent pas de moyens et de débouchés suffisants.

La diversité des embarcations se retrouve chez les constructeurs qui s'échelonnent de l'artisan, fabriquant occasionnellement une pirogue, à l'entreprise semi-industrielle. Beaucoup sont aussi caractérisés par la polyvalence de leurs activités.
À travers l'étude d'un cas particulier, celui du port d'Erquy et des autres ports de la baie de Saint-Brieuc, fonctionnement et dysfonctionnement des instances professionnelles.
Authors: Cohat Yves
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

S'il ne fait aucun doute que la pratique administrative qui a consisté, dans les années 1970, à confier aux professionnels la gestion et la mise en valeur des gisements de coquilles saint-jacques de la baie de Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-du-Nord), a permis à cette activité malgré des crises successives de se maintenir jusqu'à aujourd'hui, à un niveau convenable, elle n'a sans doute pas répondu à tous les espoirs qu'elle avait fait naître lors de sa mise en place. Elle a ainsi favorisé l'émergence de pouvoirs locaux, constitués en lobbies, qui répondent parfois difficilement aux problèmes posés par l'évolution du marché de la coquille tout en générant en leur sein même des blocages sans doute peu propices à une vision renouvelée de ce que devra être dans le futur une gestion des ressources, moderne et dynamique, sachant prendre en compte non seulement les versants techniques, biologiques ou économiques du concept, mais aussi sa dimension sociale.
Rôles de l'estuaire de la Loire vis-à-vis des espèces d'intérêt halieutique
Authors: Marchand Jocelyne
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Studies on the biology of the amphihaline and euryhaline species of the Loire estuary and fishery activities which are associated to these species display the different functions of this ecosystem as a migratory way, a nursery area and a residential zone.
Une deuxième « nouvelle immigration » aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Larivière Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2011

En comptant la totalité des flux, légaux ou illégaux, l'immigration aux Etats-Unis retrouve ces dernières années un niveau proche des records du début du XX' siècle. Son importance dans la démographie américaine va actuellement en croissant. Mais cette immigration a connu, à partir de la fin des années 1960, un changement radical de ses provenances avec une prépondérance écrasante des immigrants originaires du Tiers-Monde. L'insertion de cette deuxième « nouvelle immigration » dans la société américaine, où l'opinion manifeste une inquiétude grandissante, apparaît comme un nouveau défi pour les Etats-Unis.
Un litige franco-canadien actuel : la zone économique des 200 milles à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
Authors: Sanguin André-Louis
Published: February 2011

France-Canada current dispute : The 200 miles Exclusive Economie Zone in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

Located on Gulf of St Lawrence entering, St Pierre and Miquelon Islands form the last French territory in North America. Traditional economic activities as cod fishing are deeply declining. The current chief question is one of 200 nautical miles, that involves a difference from analysis with Canada. The new Law of the Sea produces a new maritime problematic for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon because it's difficult to delineate a functional EEC within the context of a strong competition concerning cod fishing and offshore oil. Upon these two areas, Canada took an uncompromising political position.
Le Québec : un déclin démographique inexorable ?
Authors: Geoffroy Bernard
Published: February 2011

Après avoir connu un rythme de croissance démographique fort élevé jusqu'à l'époque de Duplessis (1944-1960), le Québec a vu, ensuite, ce rythme s'effondrer. Quelques hypothèses sont montrées par l'auteur, de même que les effets démographiques (essoufflement de Montréal, vieillissement de la population, sous-fécondité). Cette nouvelle situation ne peut que minorer, à long terme, la province francophone dans la Fédération Canadienne surtout anglophone.
Frontières maritimes : droit de la mer? droit à la mer?
Authors: Leimgruber Walter
Published: February 2011

Cet article discute les problèmes des frontières maritimes à la suite de la troisième conference des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Après la présentation des différentes zones distinguées dans la nouvelle Convention sur le droit de la mer, l'auteur s'interroge sur les conséquences spatiales de cette nouvelle délimitation qui ne laissera guère de vastes régions de Haute Mer. Les mers, à l'époque libre à la circulation, deviennent de plus en plus des territoires «privés», en faveur des pays industrialisés et disposant d'une technologie de pointe pour exploiter les ressources. On passe ainsi de mare libsrum au mare clausum.
Etangs anciens et plans d'eau contemporains en Indre-et-Loire
Authors: Busnel Laurent
Published: February 2011

After propounding a renewed characterisation, the author gives a census and a cartographical analysis of all impoundments of water in the department of Indre-et-Loire, from artificial lakes to farm ponds, distinguishing between ancient, recent and present creations. The inquest bears on all hydrological, biotic and socio-economic aspects. The impacts of reservoir multiplication are more precisely studied through intensive observation of a small drainage basin. Some consequences are drawn bearing upon water transit, sediment transport, humid ecosystems and associated human activities (fishing, irrigation, leisure).
Etude d'un aspect des mouvements résidentiels en llle-et-Vilaine
Authors: Allain R
Published: February 2011

The study of building land is one of the various ways of approaching counter urbanization. It is particularly relevant in a region where, more than elsewhere, building a house, especially according to one's taste, is a proof of social success. Where and how far from a city people accept to buy land, where the buyers come from, will be the main questions of this first part. In the next one, we shall consider the prices and forms of this rural land appropriation.
Quelques réflexions à propos du relief du Limousin
Authors: Freytet Pierre
Published: February 2011

Le géomorphotype limousin a été étudié d'une manière contradictoire par divcs écoles de géomorphologues, et deux publications récentes viennent en faire un bon historique et proposer des synthèses.

Après une brève analyse des points de divergences et d'accord avec les données bibliographiques, on présente quelques considérations sur les glacis, l'utilisation des sols, sédiments, faunes et flores pour les reconstitutions des climats. On peut alors reprendre l'histoire du Limousin et des régions voisines (Berry). La première surface d'aplanissement visible est la surface de transgression du Dévono-Dinantien, reprise par granitisation et métamorphisme de contact (Roanne). La surface d'aplanissement post-hercynienne a été entièrement recouverte par le Jurassique, et la Haute Surface limousine a commencé à s'édifier avec le Purbeckien (cycle crétacé) Un soulèvement à la fin du Crétacé a provoqué une régression et déclenché une reprise d'érosion (cycle tertiaire : basse surface), de l'extrême début de l'Eocène au Pliocène inclus. Le creusement des vallées est d'âge quaternaire seulement. Le contrecoup du plissement pyrénéen est minimisé, deux idées anciennes sont réhabilitées : l'installation du réseau hydrographique sur des lignes de fractures (diaclases, failles, linéaments) et la morphométrie (hypsométrie) des sut faces d'aplanissement ; moyennant certaines précaution simples, cette méthode permet de détecter les déformations récentes de ces surfaces.
Les migrations d'électeurs à Limoges en 1985
Authors: Bouet Guy , Balabanian Olivier , Lacotte R.
Published: February 2011

eng : Migrations, voters, Limoges, Limousin
Immune Therapy for Breast Cancer in 2010—Hype or Hope?
Authors: Florescu A. , Amir E. , Bouganim N. , Clemons Mark
Published: February 2011

The identification of numerous breast cancer antigens has generated increasing enthusiasm for the application of immune-based therapies in breast malignancies. Although the use of monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the “targeted therapy” of breast cancer, and the immunomodulatory effects of bisphosphonates continue to be evaluated, few studies to date have demonstrated widespread utility for other forms of immunotherapy. The present review assesses modern research and explores whether the hopes for immunotherapy can overcome the hype.
Lymphangitic Metastasis of Recurrent Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Contralateral Lung Causing Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis and Respiratory Symptoms
Authors: Wallach Jonathan B. , McGarry T. , Torres J.
Published: February 2011

Renal cell carcinoma comprises 80–85% of kidney malignancies. For early presentations, nephrectomy provides a high cure rate, but patients usually present at advanced stages, leading to poor outcomes. Even for patients without metastatic spread who undergo nephrectomy, metastatic recurrence is frequent. We report the case of a patient who underwent nephrectomy for stage III renal cell carcinoma and who presented 20 months later with respiratory symptoms consistent with pneumonia, influenza, or (less likely) congestive heart failure or a cardiac event. Persistent right pleural effusion on serial chest radiographs despite treatment prompted computed tomography evaluation, which revealed lymphangitic carcinomatosis, a very rare form of renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the lung. This preliminary finding was confirmed by right middle lobe tissue biopsy through bronchoscopy and cytopathology examination.
First- and Second-Line Therapy for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Yafi F. A. , North S. , Kassouf Wassim
Published: February 2011

Urothelial cancer of the bladder is the 4th most common malignancy in American men and the 9th most common in women. Although it is a chemosensitive disease, advanced bladder cancer seems to have reached a plateau with regard to median survival of patients. Standard first-line therapy remains gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) or methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MAVC). In patients deemed unfit to receive cisplatin, gemcitabine plus carboplatin or gemcitabine plus paclitaxel can be considered. To date, no standard therapy has been established for patients who recur or are refractory to first-line therapy. Second-line vinflunine, by way of superiority over best supportive care, has shown promise in a phase III trial. Cisplatin-based therapy (MAVC or GC) can also be offered to patients previously treated with cisplatin, especially if they responded previously and are considered platinum-sensitive. Novel targeted therapies are sorely needed to further improve the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapy.
Evidence-Based Medicine: An Analysis of Prophylactic Bilateral Oophorectomy at Time of Hysterectomy for Benign Conditionsa
Authors: Larson Christine A.
Published: February 2011

Sackett et al. defined evidence-based medicine as “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.” [...]
Knowledge Translation to Improve Cancer Control in Canada: A New Standing Series in Current Oncology
Authors: Grunfeld Eva
Published: February 2011

With this editorial, Current Oncology is introducing a new standing series on knowledge translation to improve cancer control in Canada. [...]
The Terry Fox Research Institute’s Ontario Dialogue: How Will Personalized Medicine Change Health Care?
Authors: Curwin Kelly , Paige C.J. , Sutcliffe S.
Published: February 2011

This is the final instalment in a series of three articles by the Terry Fox Research Institute about its pan-Canadian dialogue series, Cancer: Let’s Get Personal, a public research and outreach project undertaken in 2010. The dialogues served to launch a national and continuing conversation on personalized medicine with the medical and scientific communities and the public, including cancer survivors, patients, and caregivers. Participants at the Ontario dialogue, held in Toronto, October 18, 2010, discussed the challenges that Canadians and the health care system face as they move forward on a pathway created by advanced science and technology that will phenomenally transform cancer care and treatment. The one-size-fits-all approach to treating cancer patients is being rapidly eclipsed by an approach that treats patients and their tumours as individually as possible. As a result, a paradigm shift is occurring both in the laboratory and in the clinic, creating new approaches to conducting research and delivering treatment and care that place each and every patient—and tumour—at the centre of treatment. New approaches and practices in health care are necessary to ensure successful uptake and implementation of these advances for the benefit of all Canadians. Participating partners and supporters of the Ontario dialogue were the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research and the University Health Network.
Including the group quarters population in the US synthesized population database
Authors: Chasteen Bernadette , Wheaton William , Cooley Phillip , Ganapathi Laxminarayan , Wagener Diane
Published: February 2011

In 2005, RTI International researchers developed methods to generate synthesized population data on US households for the US Synthesized Population Database. These data are used in agent-based modeling, which simulates large-scale social networks to test how changes in the behaviors of individuals affect the overall network. Group quarters are residences where individuals live in close proximity and interact frequently. Although the Synthesized Population Database represents the population living in households, data for the nation’s group quarters residents are not easily quantified because of US Census Bureau reporting methods designed to protect individuals’ privacy.
Including group quarters population data can be an important factor in agent-based modeling because the number of residents and the frequency of their interactions are variables that directly affect modeling results. Particularly with infectious disease modeling, the increased frequency of agent interaction may increase the probability of infectious disease transmission between individuals and the probability of disease outbreaks.
This report reviews our methods to synthesize data on group quarters residents to match US Census Bureau data. Our goal in developing the Group Quarters Population Database was to enable its use with RTI’s US Synthesized Population Database in the Modeling of Infectious Diseases Agent Study.
The Effect of Atazanavir/Ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics of An Oral Contraceptive Containing Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestimate in Healthy Women
Authors: Zhang Jenny , Chung Ellen , Yones Cynthia , Persson Anna , Mahnke Lisa , Eley Timothy , Xu Xiaohui , Bertz Richard
Published: February 2011

Background

Coadministration of oral contraceptives with protease inhibitors is complicated by drug interactions. An open-label three-period single-sequence study assessed the effect of coadministration of atazanavir (ATV)/ritonavir (RTV) with Ortho Tri-Cyclen® and with Ortho Tri- Cyclen® LO (Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raritan, NJ, USA) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ethinyl estradiol (EE), norgestimate (NGM), ATV and RTV.

Methods

A total of 20 healthy women aged 18–45 years received study treatments. In the lead-in period and in period 1, participants received a full cycle of Ortho Tri- Cyclen (EE 35 μg with NGM 0.18/0.215/0.25 mg) from days 1–28. In period 2, participants received a full cycle of Ortho Tri-Cyclen LO (EE 25 μg with NGM 0.18/0.215/0.25 mg) plus ATV/RTV (300/100 mg once daily) on days 29-42. PK assessments were performed on days 14 and 42 in periods 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

ATV/RTV with dose-normalized EE/NGM resulted in geometric mean reductions of 16% in EE peak plasma concentration (C), 19% in EE area under the concentration-max time curve for a dosing interval (AUC[τ]) and 37% in EE lowest plasma concentration (Cmin), compared with EE 35 μg with NGM in the absence of ATV/RTV. NGM with EE and ATV/RTV 300/100 mg once daily resulted in increases of approximately 68%, 85% and 102% in 17-deacetyl NGM Cmax, AUC(τ) and Cmin, respectively. Two participants discontinued the study because of adverse events.

Conclusions

ATV/RTV with Ortho Tri-Cyclen was well-tolerated and reductions in EE were not predicted to decrease contraceptive efficacy if the formulation contained ≥30 μg of EE.
The Effect of Efavirenz on the Pharmacokinetics of An Oral Contraceptive Containing Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestimate in Healthy HIV-Negative Women
Authors: Sevinsky Heather , Eley Timothy , Persson Anna , Garner Dennis , Yones Cynthia , Nettles Richard , Krantz Kathryn , Bertz Richard , Zhang Jenny
Published: February 2011

Background

Women of childbearing age represent a growing proportion of people living with HIV. Preventing pregnancy is important in HIV-infected women receiving efavirenz as part of their antiretroviral therapy.

Methods

The effects of coadministration of efavirenz (600 mg once daily) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the active components (ethinyl estradiol [EE] and 17-deacetyl norgestimate [NGMN]) of Ortho Cyclen® (Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raritan, NJ, USA) were investigated in 28 healthy HIV-negative women. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration–time curve for a dosing interval (AUC[τ]), and lowest plasma concentration (Cmin) for EE and NGMN during cycles of treatment with Ortho Cyclen with and without coadministration of efavirenz were compared. Additionally, a post hoc exploratory analysis was conducted to assess the effect of efavirenz on the PK of an additional progestin, levonorgestrel (LNG).

Results

Exposures to EE were similar during coadministration of efavirenz and Ortho Cyclen to those during administration of Ortho Cyclen alone. Exposures to NGMN were substantially decreased following coadministration of efavirenz and Ortho Cyclen (adjusted geometric means for Cmax, AUC[τ] and Cmin decreased by 46%, 64% and 82%, respectively) compared with Ortho Cyclen alone. Consistent with NGMN, LNG exposures were decreased 80–86% by efavirenz.

Conclusions

Although efavirenz had no significant effect on the PK of EE, exposures to the progestin components of Ortho Cyclen, NGMN and LNG, were substantially reduced. The results reinforce the need to use reliable methods of barrier contraception, even when taking oral contraceptives and efavirenz.
A New Meaning of Educational Television: from School to Audience’s Everyday Life
Authors: Fuenzalida-Fernández Valerio
Published: February 2011

When analyzing the reception of different Latin American television genres, it can be seen how education is conceptualized –from the point of view of subjects inserted in their daily social practices– as more greatly linked to affectivity than to cognition, thus distinguishing it from knowledge generated through formal schooling. In this sense, television programming has come to be redefined as educational, based on the audiences’ needs in each of their different home environments. Reception studies show that various programs are frequently classified as «educational programs », including news/journalistic programs, entertainment and fictional shows. This presents an opportunity for organizations and professionals of television to contribute to the improvement in the quality of life of their audience members, especially children and adolescents. With regards to the specific challenges that Latin American public television face, it is necessary to shift the axis from propaganda/situational to audiovisual programs that take into account the verbalized needs of various research projects in the region, especially for social groups that suffer not only financial disadvantages, but also those dealing with insecurity and ethnic exclusion.

A través del análisis de la recepción de diversos géneros televisivos latinoamericanos, surgen dimensiones de una conceptualización de lo educativo –desde el punto de vista de los sujetos instalados en sus prácticas sociales cotidianas– más vinculada a lo afectivo que a lo cognitivo, conocimiento generado por la escuela formal. En este sentido, la programación televisiva es «re-significada» como educativa a partir de las necesidades de las audiencias, situadas en ambientes hogareños particulares. Los estudios de recepción muestran la calificación recurrente como «programa educativo» hacia espacios que, según la denominación académico-profesional, son periodísticos, magazines de entretenimiento y ficcionales. Esto plantea una oportunidad para las organizaciones y profesionales de la televisión, en términos de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y, especialmente, de los niños y adolescentes. En el contexto latinoamericano, los retos de la televisión pública se sitúan en desplazar el eje desde lo propagandístico/ coyuntural hacia procesos comunicacionales audiovisuales que den cuenta de las necesidades verbalizadas en diversas investigaciones en la región, especialmente para los grupos sociales que viven en condiciones de vida carenciadas, no solo en lo económico, sino también en ambientes marcados por la inseguridad y la exclusión étnica.
New Television Narratives: Entertainment, Telling, Citizenship, Experimental
Authors: Rincón Omar
Published: February 2011

Broadcasting and industrial television is a trip back to the past, to a space devoid of meaning, and to the boredom resulting from its moral conservatism, lack of creativity, thought and entertainment. But television’s monopoly over public screening is over; now, anyone can be a producer, an audiovisual narrator with his or her own screen. New television and other screens are daring to change the way stories are told: a more subjective, testimonial and imagebased journalism; a hyperrealist soap opera that dares to bring melodrama to comedy, documentary and local cultures; a bottom-up media with people in charge of breaking with the thematic and political homogeneity of the media, market and development machines. This essay will argue in favor of television as a space for expression by unstable identities, narrative experiments and unknown possibilities for audiovisual creation…only if «it takes the form» of women, indigenous peoples, African races, the environment, other sexualities…and plays on YouTube and new screens that are community-based and cellular. The most important thing is for television to move away from an obsession with content towards aesthetic and narrative explorations of other identities and into narratives that are more «collaboractive», with the possibility that they become the stories we want them to be.

La televisión generalista e industrial es un viaje al pasado, al vacío de sentido y al aburrimiento por su conservadurismo moral, su pereza creativa, su ausencia de pensamiento y su pobre modo de entender el entretenimiento. Pero el monopolio televisivo de la pantalla pública se acabó, pues ahora todo ciudadano puede ser un productor, narrador audiovisual y tener pantalla. Así aparecen nuevas televisiones y otras pantallas que se atreven a contar distinto: un periodismo más subjetivo, testimonial y pensado desde las imágenes; una telenovela hiperrealista que se atreve a intervenir el melodrama desde la comedia, el documental y las culturas locales; unos medios de abajo y con la gente que se hacen para romper con la homogeneidad temática y política de las máquinas mediática, del mercado y del desarrollo. En este ensayo se argumenta a favor de la televisión como lugar de expresión de identidades inestables, experimentos narrativos y posibilidades inéditas para la creación audiovisual… solo si «toma la forma» de mujer, de lo indígena, afro, medio ambiental, otras sexualidades… y juega en nuevas pantallas como Youtube, lo comunitario y el celular. Lo más urgente es que la televisión pase de la obsesión por los contenidos a las exploraciones estéticas y narrativas desde las identidades otras y en narrativas más «colaboractivas» porque existe la posibilidad de ser los relatos que queremos ser.
Structure, Concentration and Changes of the Media System in the Southern Cone of Latin America
Authors: Mastrini Guillermo Néstor , Becerra Martín
Published: February 2011

The present text analyzes the changes in the structure of the media system in four South American countries during the first decade of the 21st century: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The general premise is that the current levels of concentration in media markets have accelerated during the first decade of the 21st century as a consequence of the historical processes which have taken place in these countries, although each has different origins and effects in each of these national cases. Increased concentration, the media convergence with telecommunications and the Internet, the growing financial dependence of the sector, the foreign acquisition of a significant amount of their property at the hands of multinational firms and the crisis of the current regulatory frameworks are the main frameworks for understanding the transformation of the media in the Southern Cone of Latin America. The processes of change identified to describe and analyze the evolution of Brazilian, Argentine, Chilean and Uruguayan media in recent years could not have been achieved without the collaboration of different governments and the radical transformations in the management and ownership patterns of these media.

El presente texto analiza los cambios en la estructura del sistema de medios de comunicación en cuatro países de América del Sur durante la primera década del siglo XXI: Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Uruguay. La premisa general es que los niveles actuales de concentración en los mercados los medios de comunicación se incrementaron durante la última década, como consecuencia de los procesos históricos que han tenido lugar en estos países, aunque cada uno tiene diferentes orígenes y efectos. La profundización del proceso de concentración, la convergencia de los medios con las telecomunicaciones e Internet, la creciente dependencia financiera del sector, la adquisición extranjera de una cantidad importante de sus bienes a manos de las empresas multinacionales y la crisis de los marcos reglamentarios actuales son los principales marcos para la comprensión de la transformación de los medios de comunicación en el Cono Sur de América Latina. Los procesos de cambio identificados en el análisis de la evolución de Argentina, Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay en los últimos años no se habrían podido lograr sin la colaboración de los diferentes gobiernos y sin radicales transformaciones en la gestión y la propiedad de los medios de comunicación.
The Intervention of TV in the Chilean Earthquake
Authors: Souza-Mayerholz María Dolores , Martínez-Ravanal Víctor
Published: February 2011

This paper has two purposes: one conceptual and the other practical. On a conceptual level, it outlines a model for understanding how TV operates as a social mediator in the event of natural disasters, and at the practical level, it recommends measures that can be used to optimize the role of TV and its ideal social function in contexts of crisis. This model views TV intervention as both «self-centered», that is, driven by its reproduction as a media consumption company; and «socially-centered», designed to respond swiftly and accurately to the social requirements that emerge in crisis situations. The suggested model is to be contrasted with the results of a research study conducted by the National TV Council of Chile that explored the role of TV broadcasting after the earthquake in February 2010. According to the results of the study, audiences value the amount of information broadcasted by TV networks but perceive that the predominance of its «self-centered» function creates a problem: the logic of the 'spectacle' is prevalent and exacerbates the audience’s emotions. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a strategy to recommend how TV and its associate services can respond to a crisis situation while respecting the tragedy of natural disasters.

Este trabajo contempla a la vez un propósito conceptual y otro de orden práctico. En lo conceptual se propone un modelo para comprender el funcionamiento de la televisión en escenarios de catástrofe y consecutivamente se sugiere, desde este modelo, un conjunto de derivaciones prácticas destinadas a optimizar la funcionalidad de la televisión en estos escenarios. El modelo propuesto concibe la intervención televisiva con una doble funcionalidad, una de carácter «autocéntrico» focalizada en su reproducción como empresa y otra de carácter «sociocéntrico» orientada a responder a los requerimientos surgidos en el escenario de la crisis. Este modelo será contrastado con los resultados de un estudio del Consejo Nacional de Televisión de Chile que indagó sobre el rol que asumió la televisión en el terremoto acaecido en Chile el año 2010. Según este estudio, si bien se valora el rol informativo y orientador de la televisión, la doble funcionalidad de su intervención fue percibida como problemática, con predominio de la funcionalidad autocéntrica que, desde una lógica de la espectacularidad, buscó construir audiencias, empleando una estrategia basada en la hiperactivación emocional. Finalmente, se concluye con una propuesta para conducir la televisión desde una intervención en la crisis hacia una efectiva intervención en crisis optimizando su funcionalidad sociocéntrica.
The Transformation of Public TV Companies into Digital Services at the BBC and RTVE
Authors: Medina-Laverón Mercedes , Ojer-Goñi Teresa
Published: February 2011

Some authors question the existence of public television companies in the new environment of digitalization, Internet proliferation, growing competition and audience segmentation. However, others believe they should act as a driving force in the process of convergence and even that the new media present an opportunity to redefine the public broadcasting service (PBS) remit. The current challenge for the public media companies is to deliver their content through the maximum number of devices, not only via television sets but also broadband and mobile devices. Over the years, the BBC has adapted to new market situations and has implemented solutions that have been adopted by other public and private broadcasters around the world. The objective of this article is to show how the BBC has taken up the leadership of transforming public TV companies into online services in order to maintain market share; and how it has influenced Spain’s public TV broadcaster, RTVE. The methodology is based on internal and external documents of both corporations, and the findings are complemented by interviews with online service managers at RTVE. We conclude that these public companies have adapted their activities to the new technologies and have developed interactive services to reinforce their public service mission.

Algunas voces cuestionan la permanencia de las televisiones públicas en el nuevo entorno digital, caracterizado por una mayor presencia de Internet, más competidores y la fragmentación de la audiencia. Sin embargo, hay otros que creen que deberían actuar como una fuerza motriz en el proceso de convergencia e incluso que los nuevos medios representan una posibilidad de redefinir la misión de las televisiones públicas. El reto actual de las corporaciones públicas es proporcionar los contenidos a través del mayor número de soportes posibles, no solo a través de la televisión, sino también a través de Internet y dispositivos móviles. Un rasgo de la BBC es haberse adaptado siempre a los cambios del mercado y muchas de sus soluciones han sido transferidas a otras empresas de comunicación tanto públicas como privadas de todo el mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la BBC es uno de los modelos en los que las empresas televisivas se han fijado para transformar sus servicios digitales a fin de mantener su existencia en el mercado, y conocer cuál ha sido su influencia en la televisión pública española RTVE. La metodología empleada radica en el análisis de los documentos internos y externos de las compañías y entrevistas realizadas a los responsables de los servicios digitales de RTVE. Las conclusiones apuntan a destacar que estas compañías han adaptado sus actividades a las nuevas tecnologías y han desarrollado servicios interactivos como refuerzo de su misión de servicio público.
Teaching Skills in Virtual and Blended Learning Environments
Authors: Imbernón-Muñoz Francisco , Silva-García Patricia , Guzmán-Valenzuela Carolina
Published: February 2011

Universities are currently immersed in what is known as the process of European convergence to create the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). The aim is to establish a standardized, compatible and flexible European university system that enables graduates and undergraduates to move easily from one institution to another within Europe. As a result of evaluation mechanisms, the system will be transparent and of high quality, which will make it attractive and competitive internationally in a globalized world. In this paper, we focus on two distance learning modes that will become more important as a result of this change in universities: e-learning and b-learning. These basically involve the virtualization of learning processes through the use of computer equipment. We carried out a qualitative study using the case study method. The results indicate that teaching staff use information and communication technology (ICT) to improve student learning. Similarly, a high percentage (78%) of lecturers use some form of digital platform as a support for teaching. In conclusion, training policies should strengthen university teachers’ skills in the use of ICT equipment, tools and resources related to blended and virtual learning.

Actualmente las universidades están inmersas en lo que se conoce como el proceso de «convergencia europea» y que llevará al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). El objetivo es dotar a Europa de un sistema universitario homogéneo, compatible y flexible que permita a los estudiantes y titulados universitarios europeos una mayor movilidad, así como ofrecer al sistema universitario europeo unos niveles de transparencia y calidad, mediante sistemas de evaluación, que le hagan atractivo y competitivo en el ámbito internacional dentro del actual proceso de globalización. En este artículo, interesa centrar la reflexión en dos de las modalidades de la educación a distancia que asumirán importancia en ese cambio universitario: el e-learning y el b-learning, que consisten básicamente en la virtualización de los procesos de aprendizaje a través del uso de equipos informáticos. Para ello se ha realizado una investigación cualitativa con metodología de estudio de casos. De entre los resultados se destaca el uso de las TIC por parte del profesorado para conseguir un mejor aprendizaje en los estudiantes, de igual forma un porcentaje importante de los profesores 78% utiliza alguna plataforma virtual como apoyo a la docencia. Como conclusión se resalta que las políticas de formación deberían fortalecer las competencias del profesorado universitario en el uso de dispositivos telemáticos, recursos e instrumentos relacionados con el aprendizaje semipresencial y virtual.
Teenagers and Motherhood in the Cinema: «Juno», «Precious» and «The Greatest»
Authors: Marín-Murillo Flora
Published: February 2011

Today in Spain there are many teenagers who suffer unwanted pregnancies. The extension of the abortion law and the approval of the sale of morning-after pill without a prescription have focused attention on girls under 18. The possibilities of motherhood, an unwanted pregnancy and the alternatives are variables that young women face in the real world, and upon which the discourses of films are constructed, some of which coincide with reality and some of which do not. On the big screen we can see movies like Juno, Precious and The Greatest which express different points of view about the topic of teenage pregnancy. These audiovisual texts have a direct impact on the creation and proliferation of models, attitudes and values. Their influence upon young people is evident and they form a reference alongside family and school for adopting certain patterns of behavior and assimilating socially accepted archetypes. This paper analyzes these films from a gender perspective, using the tools of both audiovisual language and textual analysis. Through this analysis, we establish that visions of motherhood and adolescent sex are constructed and identify the strategies used for the production of meaning in these films. The results show how the models and stereotypes survive under the appearance of renewed and alternative audiovisual discourse.

En la actualidad son muchas las adolescentes en España que tienen embarazos no deseados. La ampliación de la Ley del aborto, así como la aprobación de la venta de la píldora del día después sin receta, han focalizado la atención en las jóvenes menores de 18 años. La maternidad, los embarazos no deseados y las alternativas ante estos son variables a las que las adolescentes se enfrentan en el mundo real, y sobre las cuales los filmes construyen sus propios discursos coincidentes o no con la realidad social. En las pantallas de cine películas como «Juno», «Precious» y «The Greatest» tratan bajo diferentes prismas el tema del embarazo adolescente. Estos textos audiovisuales inciden de manera directa en la reproducción y creación de modelos, actitudes y valores. Su influencia en la juventud es constatable y suponen una referencia junto con la familia y la escuela a la hora de adoptar determinados patrones de comportamiento e interiorizar arquetipos socialmente admitidos. Este trabajo examina estos filmes utilizando las herramientas tanto del lenguaje audiovisual como del análisis textual, atendiendo a una perspectiva de género. A través del análisis se constata qué visiones de la maternidad y el sexo en la adolescencia se construyen y cuáles son las estrategias de producción de sentido utilizadas. Los resultados muestran cómo los modelos y estereotipos tradicionales perviven bajo la apariencia de discursos audiovisuales renovados y alternativos.