bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of school physical education schedules to enhance long-term public health outcomes
Authors: Tao Sun , Sheng-ping Zhu , Meng-yuan Wang
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Optimizing school physical education (PE) schedules is crucial for enhancing public health outcomes, particularly among school-aged children.

Methods

Therefore, in this study, a weighted fitness function is developed to evaluate health fitness scores. This function integrates multiple health metrics such as BMI reduction, fitness improvement, calories burned, and heart rate reduction. Six optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Simulated Annealing (SA), Differential Evolution (DE), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithms are utilized to optimize PE schedules based on the designed weighted fitness function. Using a dataset of 1,360 student entries, the study incorporates health metrics such as BMI reduction, fitness score improvement, caloric expenditure, and heart rate reduction into a weighted fitness function for optimization.

Results

The results show that ACO achieved the highest allocation of PE time (9.91 h/week), the most significant caloric expenditure (370 kcal/session), and the greatest reduction in heart rate (8.5 bpm). GA excelled in the reduction of BMI, achieving a decrease of 10.63 units.

Discussion

These analyses reveal the transformative potential of optimized PE schedules in reducing the burden of lifestyle-related diseases, promoting equitable health outcomes, and supporting cognitive and mental well-being. Finally, recommendations are provided for policymakers and stakeholders to implement data-driven PE programs that maximize long-term public health benefits.
Comparison of body mass index and physical activity levels of e-sportsmen
Authors: Başoğlu Burhan
Published: February 2025

Background

This study examines the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and physical activity levels in e-sports players. Focusing on the sedentary lifestyle and health risks associated with prolonged sitting and low physical activity, the study highlights critical challenges within the e-sports community.

Methods

Data was collected from 136 e-sports players on popular gaming platforms such as FIFA, Valorant, CS: GO and League of Legends. Physical activity levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Short Form) and participants’ health status was assessed using BMI classifications.

Results

The results showed a significant inverse relationship between BMI and physical activity, with obese e-sports players having significantly lower activity levels and longer periods of sedentary behavior than their peers. Male e-sports players had higher levels of physical activity than females, reflecting biological, social and cultural factors that influence physical activity behavior.

Discussion

The study highlights the need for measures such as training programs, ergonomic adjustments and awareness campaigns to increase physical activity and reduce health risks among e-sports players. These findings provide valuable insights into the health effects of e-sports participation and emphasize the importance of promoting an active lifestyle to counteract the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting and inactivity. By filling gaps in the existing literature, this study contributes to the understanding of e-sports players’ health behaviors and offers practical recommendations for promoting healthier habits in this growing population.
The Brons-Mulié analysis as a decision-making tool for preoperative surgical simulation in orthognatic surgery
Authors: Böttger Sebastian , Nowak Yannick , Windhorst Anita Cornelia , Klaus Katharina , Ruf Sabine , Bäcker Christina , Schraml Eva May , Danevitch Nina , Mulié Rob , Howaldt Hans-Peter , Attia Sameh
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Sufficient preoperative planning represents an essential component for the success of orthognathic surgery. Using various analysis methods, dysmorphic areas can be reliably identified and addressed during the planning procedure.

Methods

Brons-Mulié analysis was used to examine profile photographs before and after orthognathic surgery. The attainment of normal values was interpreted as the achievement of facial harmony of the various facial proportions. By comparing the pre- and postoperative analysis, a control of the outcome quality of the orthognathic procedures was performed.

Results

In a total of 160 patients aged 13 to 61 years, the preoperative analysis could be compared with the postoperative Brons-Mulié analysis. Postoperative, facial harmony was found for the vertical dimension in 99 cases (62%), for the upper lip dimension in 95 cases (59%), for the lower lip dimension in 138 cases (86%), and for the chin dimension in 118 cases (74%). This corresponded to an improvement of 20% in the vertical dimension, of 27% in the area of the lower lip and of 6% in the area of the chin. The upper lip area showed a slight deterioration of 7%.

Conclusion

Despite preoperative planning of orthognathic surgery with Brons-Mulié analysis, postoperative results show an overall improvement but not perfection. Even by applying the method, it remains a challenge to achieve perfect facial harmony.
Agritourism in Southern Africa: a policy analysis
Authors: Mangwiro Marvellous , Chikuta Oliver , Kabote Forbes
Published: February 2025

Over the years agritourism has emerged as a valuable alternative tourism route. It has also been presented as a viable strategy for promoting rural development, enhancing agricultural productivity, and diversifying the tourism product. However, despite agritourism being heralded as a panacea to tourism product diversification and rural development challenges in southern African countries, very little has been done in terms of policy development and adoption. This paper therefore sought to provide a policy analysis of agritourism among Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) member countries. These southern African countries have unique tourism profiles, thus a sample of six countries were used, namely, Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. A systematic review of policy documents, government reports, government websites, journal articles and other published material on agritourism related to the different countries was done. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the gathered data. Five major themes emerged from the study which are; national level policy recognition, institutional framework for agritourism, infrastructure, key stakeholders in agritourism and monitoring and support mechanisms for agritourism. The study findings highlight the important role played by national level policies, public-private partnerships and capacity building efforts in driving the growth of agritourism. Insights from this review paper will inform policy makers and other stakeholders on how to be more effective and coordinated in designing agritourism strategies across the Southern African Region and beyond.
Diversification strategies to improve cocoa farmers’ household income: the case of Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Tokou Bonna Antoinette , Coral Claudia , Montiel Flora Isabella , Adou Yao Constant Yves , Sieber Stefan , Löhr Katharina
Published: February 2025

Diversification is a strategy adopted by farming households to meet several challenges. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support these positions. We contribute to filling this research gap by providing quantitative evidence of the impact of diversification on the additional income of cocoa-producing households. This study aims to analyze income from the diversification strategies of cocoa producers by building the typology of the most common systems and assessing their impacts on household income. A survey of 303 households across five Côte d’Ivoire regions reveals that cocoa producers have four distinct types of production systems, namely: (1) simple cocoa production systems; (2) cocoa production systems with crops in association; (3) cocoa production systems combined with income generating diversification on the additional plot; and (4) cocoa production systems, and food cropland. Of the four systems, type 3 is the most widely adopted by cocoa producers, generating higher income per household than the other types due to the large part of perennial income that requires a larger area. Furthermore, type 2 presents the best cocoa yield. We also assessed differences per population group. Thus, the results show that women adopt type 2 and type 4 systems with less surface area and are more devoted to the production of subsistence crops. Non-Ivorian producers have systems with higher cocoa yields and income from diversification than Ivorian producers. However, only 7% of producers have access to financing enabling them to invest in diversification crops. The findings demonstrate that crop diversification strategies can successfully improve households’ living income and ensure the sustainability of cocoa production.
Hybrid barn: the switch from a naturally to a mechanically ventilated turkey barn to protect from harmful bioaerosols
Authors: Sake Björn , Butenholz Kira , Kempf Katrin , Kemper Nicole , Schulz Jochen
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Animal health is essential to ensure the highest level of animal welfare and to conserve resources. Especially in naturally ventilated barns, the airborne entry of pathogens is difficult to avoid. For instance, birds in naturally ventilated turkey barns are frequently infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza and the airborne route may play a role. In this study, a naturally ventilated turkey barn was equipped with filter modules that allow a conversion to a mechanically ventilated barn.

Methods

Four filter modules with two filter stages were adapted to a turkey barn and the curtains were closed to induce a slight overpressure in the barn. Air samples were taken over the course of 16 months in front of and behind the filter units to assess the filter efficiencies. Filter efficiencies were evaluated by the reduction of particle classes (PM1, PM10, nanoparticles), microorganisms (total bacteria, molds, yeasts), and the detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses by PCR tests.

Results

Particle reduction rates were 94.17% for PM1, 94.27% for PM10, and 95.80% for nanoparticles, respectively. Total bacteria counts were reduced by 95.88%, molds by 94.64%, and yeasts by 66.03%. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was significantly retained in the filter units. The results for influenza A also indicated that the entry of potentially infectious particles could be prevented.

Discussion

The flexible switch from a naturally to a mechanically ventilated barn with filtered supply air can be an innovative solution to avoid airborne pathogen entry in risky situations and may represent a component in the strategy to control epidemic diseases.
Prevalence and assemblage distribution of Giardia intestinalis in farmed mink, foxes, and raccoon dogs in northern China
Authors: Liu Shuo , Zhang Miao , Xue Nian-Yu , Wang Hai-Tao , Li Zhong-Yuan , Qin Ya , Li Xue-Min , Hou Qing-Yu , Jiang Jing , Yang Xing , Ni Hong-Bo , Wen Jian-Xin
Published: February 2025

Giardia intestinalis is a widespread protozoan parasite associated with significant health risks in humans and animals. However, there is a lack of epidemiological data regarding this parasite in fur-animals. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and assemblage distribution of G. intestinalis in fur-animals in northern China. A total of 871 fecal samples were detected by nested PCR. The results showed an overall infection rate of 1.15%, with the highest rate in Hebei province (2.28%), while no positive cases were observed in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. Although no significant differences were found in species group, raccoon dogs (1.72%) were more susceptible to infection than mink (1.40%) and foxes (0.57%). Additionally, the highest infection rate was observed in farms with fewer than 2,000 animals (1.41%), followed by farms with ≥5,000 (0.93%) and those with 2,000–5,000 animals (0.75%). The infection rate was higher in juvenile animals (1.35%) compared to adults (1.08%), and in non-diarrheal animals (1.16%) compared to diarrheal animals (1.08%). Notably, this study is the first to report assemblage A in mink, this finding highlight the potential role of mink as a reservoir for zoonotic transmission. Assemblage D was detected in foxes and raccoon dogs, further suggesting that these animals may serve as potential zoonotic reservoirs. These findings not only complements the epidemiological data of G. intestinalis in fur-animals but also emphasize the importance of monitoring the fur industry to mitigate public health risks.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particle vaccine incorporating dominant T and B cell epitopes: enhanced immune response in piglets with CD154 molecules
Authors: Li Yuwan , Zeng Weijun , Niu Xinni , Yuan Zhongmao , Li Shurou , Lin Jinru , Xie Kaiyuan , Zhu Zixiang , Yi Lin , Ding Hongxing , Zhao Mingqiu , Fan Shuangqi , Chen Jinding
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by FMDV, resulting in vesicular lesions in cloven-hoofed animals and posing significant economic threats to the livestock industry. VLP vaccines, which lack viral genetic material and are non-infectious, demonstrate superior safety compared to traditional inactivated vaccines. This study employs ADDomer, a novel adenovirus-based VLP framework, to display FMDV antigenic epitopes on the VLP surface. Additionally, FMDV capsid proteins can assemble into VLPs, offering innovative approaches for developing more efficient and safer FMDV vaccines.

Methods

Two FMDV VLP proteins were constructed using a baculovirus expression system. One VLP was developed by embedding the B-cell epitope of FMDV VP1 into the G-H loop of VP3 and co-expressing it with VP1 and VP0 to form VP1-VP3B-VP0. The other VLP, ADDomer-BBT, fused B-and T-cell epitopes from FMDV O-type VP1 into the ADDomer platform, with porcine CD154 expressed as an immune enhancer. Expression conditions were optimized, and proteins were purified. The VLPs, combined with porcine CD15 molecular adjuvant, were evaluated for immunogenicity in piglets.

Results

After purification, both VLPs displayed virus-like structures under electron microscopy. Immunization in piglets induced high levels of FMDV-specific and neutralizing antibodies, enhanced cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ, and increased lymphocyte proliferation. The CD154-added group showed higher immune responses.

Discussion

The VLP vaccines effectively induced strong cellular and humoral immune responses, with CD154 enhancing efficacy. These findings provide insights for developing safer, more effective FMDV vaccines and contribute to advancing livestock health and productivity.
Metabolic and immune profiles of 1-year and 2.5+ year-old white leghorn roosters following intramuscular lipopolysaccharide injection
Authors: Elmore Kayla M. , Bobeck Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2025

Aerosolized endotoxins such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), found in livestock environments, induce an inflammatory mediator cascade. Poultry are commonly exposed to LPS over the growth cycle; however, little is known regarding the cumulative impact of intramuscular LPS injection and its effects on immune cellular metabolism, pathway preferences, and clearance response. Utilizing a LPS model in chickens can offer insight into host immune responses and provide a better understanding of immune tolerance to this endotoxin and major component of Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the study objectives were to compare metabolic phenotypes and immune profiles of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from two ages of adult White Leghorn roosters before and post-LPS injection. A total of 20 adult White Leghorn roosters aged 1 yr. or 2.5+ yrs. were randomly assigned to sterile saline or 1 mg/kg body weight LPS (Escherichia coli O55:B5, LPS) injected intramuscularly across 4 sites in breast and thigh muscles. Body weight was recorded before injections at baseline and 24 h post-injection (hpi). Cloacal temperature and blood collections were performed at baseline, 6 hpi, and 24 hpi. PBMC were isolated for Agilent Seahorse XF metabolic analysis and multicolor flow cytometry. Plasma was collected for a C-reactive protein (CRP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of age, injection status, and age X injection interaction followed by Tukey–Kramer adjustment (SAS 9.4), with significance denoted at p ≤ 0.05. Aged roosters were found to have fewer CD3+CD8α+ T cells at baseline compared to younger roosters (p < 0.05) while generally displaying delayed immunometabolic changes post-LPS injection compared to younger roosters. Young roosters administered LPS had significantly reduced CRP at 6 hpi compared to control, while aged roosters significantly increased CRP production by 24 hpi (p < 0.05). Both ages responded similarly to inhibitory assays, suggesting that the ability to respond was not different based on age. Overall, results suggest adult roosters may respond differently to LPS injection based on age and immune cell presence, likely due to accumulated exposure to LPS in poultry environments.
Knowledge Discovery in Predicting Martensite Start Temperature of Medium-Carbon Steels by Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Wang Xiao-Song , Maurya Anoop Kumar , Ishtiaq Muhammad , Kang Sung-Gyu , Reddy Nagireddy Gari Subba
Published: February 2025

Martensite start (Ms) temperature is a critical parameter in the production of parts and structural steels and plays a vital role in heat treatment processes to achieve desired properties. However, it is often challenging to estimate accurately through experience alone. This study introduces a model that predicts the Ms temperature of medium-carbon steels based on their chemical compositions using the artificial neural network (ANN) method and compares the results with those from previous empirical formulae. The results indicate that the ANN model surpasses conventional methods in predicting the Ms temperature of medium-carbon steel, achieving an average absolute error of −0.93 degrees and −0.097% in mean percentage error. Furthermore, this research provides an accurate method or tool with which to present the quantitative effect of alloying elements on the Ms temperature of medium-carbon steels. This approach is straightforward, visually interpretable, and highly accurate, making it valuable for materials design and prediction of material properties.
Robust Client Selection Strategy Using an Improved Federated Random High Local Performance Algorithm to Address High Non-IID Challenges
Authors: Sittijuk Pramote , Petrot Narin , Tamee Kreangsak
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces an improved version of the Federated Random High Local Performance (Fed-RHLP) algorithm, specifically aimed at addressing the difficulties posed by Non-IID (Non-Independent and Identically Distributed) data within the context of federated learning. The refined Fed-RHLP algorithm implements a more targeted client selection approach, emphasizing clients based on the size of their datasets, the diversity of labels, and the performance of their local models. It employs a biased roulette wheel mechanism for selecting clients, which improves the aggregation of the global model. This approach ensures that the global model is primarily influenced by high-performing clients while still permitting contributions from those with lower performance during the model training process. Experimental findings indicate that the improved Fed-RHLP algorithm significantly surpasses existing methodologies, including FederatedAveraging (FedAvg), Power of Choice (PoC), and FedChoice, by achieving superior global model accuracy, accelerated convergence rates, and decreased execution times, especially under conditions of high Non-IID data. Furthermore, the improved Fed-RHLP algorithm exhibits resilience even when the number of clients participating in local model updates and aggregation is diminished in each communication round. This characteristic positively influences the conservation of limited communication and computational resources.
Envelope Morphology of an Elephant Trunk-like Robot Based on Differential Cable–SMA Spring Actuation
Authors: Sun Longfei , Gu Huiying
Published: February 2025

Most trunk-like robots are designed with distributed actuators to mimic the envelope-grasping behavior of elephant trunks in nature, leading to a complex actuation system. In this paper, a modular underactuated elephant trunk-imitating robot based on the combined drive of the cable and shape memory alloy (SMA) springs is designed. Unlike the traditional underactuated structure that can only passively adapt to the envelope of the object contour, the proposed elephant trunk robot can control the cable tension and the equivalent stiffness of the SMA springs to achieve active control of the envelope morphology for different target objects. The overall structure of the elephant trunk robot is designed and the principle of deformation envelope is elucidated. Based on the static model of the robot under load, the mapping relationship between the tension force and the tension angle between modules is derived. The positive kinematic model of the elephant trunk robot is established based on the Debavit–Hartenberg (D–H) method, the spatial position of the elephant trunk robot is obtained, and the Monte Carlo method is used to derive the robot’s working space. The active bending envelope grasping performance is further verified by building the prototype to perform grasping experiments on objects of various shapes.
Cross-Effect Between Cover Crops and Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Application on Microbiote Communities in Field Crops Soils
Authors: Bernier Brillon Jérôme , Lucotte Marc , Giusti Blandine , Tremblay Gilles , Moingt Matthieu
Published: February 2025

This study investigates how cover crops (CC) and different application rates of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) may affect soil microbial communities. Our hypothesis was that the use of CC would promote the presence of certain microbial communities in soils and mitigate the potential impact of GBH on these communities. CC can promote biodiversity by increasing plant diversity in fields, while GBH may have non-target effects on species that utilize the shikimate pathway. Crop managements in an experimental field in Southern Québec (Canada) consisted in Glyphosate-based Herbicide (GBH) applications rates at 0.84, 1.67 and 3.33 L ha−1 in corn, soybean and wheat fields cultivated with Direct Seeding along with CC (DSCC) and at 3.33 L ha−1 in similar crops cultivated with direct seeding but without CC (DS). DSCC did not significantly impact microbial richness compared to DS, but did alter specific abundance among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A permutational multivariate analysis revealed that the type of crop (soybean, wheat, maize) significantly influenced the composition of eukaryotic communities in 2018 and 2019, but not prokaryotic communities. Importantly, the study identifies a cross-effect between CC and GBH application rates suggesting that herbicide use in soybean plots can influence Anaeromyxobacter populations. Also, higher abundance of Enoplea and Maxilopoda were observed in plots with the lower application rate of GBH. Both eukaryotes group are known to be sensitive to crop management. These findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach to agricultural practices, considering the combined effects of both CC and GBH application rates on soil microbial health. Ultimately, the study calls for sustainable agricultural practices that preserve microbial diversity, which is essential for maintaining ecosystem services and soil health.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Heat Stress Tolerance in Angus Steers
Authors: Shi Chang-Xiao , Yang Shun-Ran , Li Ying-Qi , Wang Hui-Li , Min Sheng-Nan , Zhang Shuo , Zhang Hong-Liang , Luo Ya-Wen , Zhao Wen-Xi , He Yang , Cao Bing-Hai , Su Hua-Wei
Published: February 2025

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) can be incorporated into ruminant diets as a postbiotic product. This study aimed to explore the effects of supplementing different levels of SC in the diets of mid-fattening Angus steers under heat stress conditions. A total of twenty-seven steers were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control, 30 g SC addition and 60 g SC addition groups. After a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 120-day experimental period, including respiratory rate, rectal temperature, growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters, urine metabolites, serum biochemistry and antioxidant were measured. The results showed that the rectal temperature and respiratory rate of cattle decreased upon the addition of SC during heat stress. Meanwhile, the growth performance of cattle was improved in the 30 g SC addition group. The serum energy metabolism related indexes, such as non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and β-hydroxybutyric acid, were altered. Additionally, the activity of catalase was significantly enhanced with the addition of SC. Overall, the addition of SC to the diets of mid-fattening Angus steer did not negatively affect rumen fermentation and nutrient apparent digestibility. Instead, it was capable of improving physiological performance under heat stress by modifying the energy metabolism and augmenting antioxidant capacity, which ultimately led to an improvement in growth performance. In conclusion, the most suitable level of SC to be added to the diet of mid-fattening Angus steers is 30 g/steer/d.
Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Organic Carbon Fractions Drive the Dynamics of Aggregate Composition and Stability in a Chronosequence of Tea Plantations
Authors: Cheng Rui , Du Lei , Ye Shaoming , Wang Shengqiang
Published: February 2025

Revealing the changes in organic carbon (OC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions in soil aggregates is of great significance for better understanding of soil carbon sources and carbon sink effects in tea plantations. In this study, soil samples were collected at the 0–20 cm depth in tea plantations with different stand ages (including 0 years (nudation), 8 years, 15 years, and 23 years) in Guangxi, China. Then, soil samples were divided into different sized aggregates (including >2 mm, 2–1 mm, 1–0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm) by a suitable moisture classification method for the determination of OC and LOC fractions. In this study, soil aggregate stability (as indicated by the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD)) was the highest at 15 years of tea cultivation, indicating that these (15-year-old) tea plantations had stable aggregate structure and provided physical protection for soil carbon storage. At the 0–20 cm depth, the stocks of soil OC and LOC fractions were mainly distributed in >2 mm aggregates, regardless of the stand ages, implying that these aggregates were the main carriers of soil OC and LOC fractions in tea plantations. During tea cultivation, the stocks of soil OC and LOC fractions first increased and then decreased, reaching the highest levels at 15 years, which indicated that the critical point of soil from carbon sink to carbon source was 15 years after tea cultivation. Therefore, attention should be paid to the protection of soil structure in the late (15–23 years) stage of tea cultivation, so as to maintain the carbon sink effect of soil in tea plantations in Guangxi, China.
Assessing Soil Water Dynamics in a Drip-Irrigated Grapefruit Orchard Using the HYDRUS 2D/3D Model: A Comparison of Unimodal and Bimodal Hydraulic Functions
Authors: Morianou Giasemi , Karatzas George P. , Arampatzis George , Pisinaras Vassilios , Kourgialas Nektarios N.
Published: February 2025

This study examines the impact of soil hydraulic parameterization on simulating soil water content in a drip-irrigated grapefruit orchard (Citrus paradisi Mac.) using precise laboratory measurements and the HYDRUS 2D/3D model. Undisturbed soil samples were analyzed for water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity using high-precision instruments, and parameters were estimated with unimodal and bimodal Van Genuchten functions. Soil water dynamics under deficit (80% of crop evapotranspiration, ETC) and full irrigation (100% ETC) were simulated, accounting for circular drip emitters. Calibration relied on soil water content data collected at varying depths and distances from the emitters. Results from the fitting process with laboratory-measured data for water retention and hydraulic conductivity indicate that the bimodal function provided more accurate parameter estimates, yielding lower RMSE for soil water content (0.0026 cm3 cm−3) and hydraulic conductivity (0.1143 cm day−1), compared to the unimodal (0.0047 cm3 cm−3 and 0.1586 cm day−1). HYDRUS simulations also demonstrated superior calibration metrics for the bimodal function with RMSE, MAE, and NSE values of 0.024 cm3 cm−3, 0.016 cm3 cm−3, and 0.892 respectively, compared to 0.025 cm3 cm−3, 0.017 cm3 cm−3, and 0.883 for the unimodal function. Although differences between the functions were small, the bimodal model’s slight performance gain comes with added complexity and uncertainty in parameter estimation. These findings highlight the critical role of precise parameterization in refining irrigation strategies and ensuring sustainable water use in citrus orchards.
Fermentative Characteristics, Nutritional Aspects, Aerobic Stability, and Microbial Populations of Total Mixed Ration Silages Based on Relocated Sorghum Silage and Cactus Pear for Sheep Diets
Authors: Silva Crislane de Souza , Araújo Gherman Garcia Leal de , Santos Edson Mauro , Oliveira Juliana Silva de , Silva Thieres George Freire da , Araújo Cleyton de Almeida , Novaes Judicael Janderson da Silva , de Macedo Amélia , de Araújo Janiele Santos , Lima Deneson Oliveira , Santos Francisco Naysson de Sousa , Campos Fleming Sena , Gois Glayciane Costa
Published: February 2025

Total mixed ration silage has been used as a strategy to optimize the use of dry and wet feed in ruminant feeding. Another promising technique is silage reallocation, which allows producers to divide the ensiled material in large silos into smaller units that can be easily transported and marketed. Thus, this study aimed to improve food preservation through the development of total mixed rations (TMRs) based on relocated sorghum silage (RSS) and cactus pear for sheep diets. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments (0, 15, 25, 30, and 35% RSS inclusion on a dry matter basis) and five replicates. Ninety days after ensiling, the silos were opened. The fermentation characteristics, nutritional aspects, aerobic stability, and microbial populations of TMR silages were evaluated. The inclusion of RSS showed a quadratic effect on pH, density, permeability, lactic acid bacteria and yeast counts, and total carbohydrates (p < 0.05). It reduced gas and effluent losses, porosity, ammonia nitrogen, buffer capacity, ash, crude protein, ether extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (p < 0.05) while increasing dry matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect between the levels of RSS inclusion and exposure times to air on CO2 and dry matter content (p < 0.05). Regarding carbohydrate fractionation, there was a reduction in fraction A + B1 (non-fibrous carbohydrates) and an increase in fractions B2 (fibrous carbohydrates from the cell wall and of slow ruminal availability, susceptible to the effects of the passage rate) and C (indigestible neutral detergent fiber) (p < 0.05). For protein fractionation, a quadratic effect was observed for fractions A (non-protein nitrogen) and C (insoluble protein, indigestible in the rumen and intestine), an increase in fraction B1 (soluble protein rapidly degraded in the rumen) + B2 (insoluble protein with intermediate degradation rate in the rumen), and a reduction in fraction B3 (insoluble protein with slow degradation rate in the rumen) (p < 0.05) as RSS levels increased. Under the experimental conditions, it is recommended to include up to 30% RSS in the total mixed ration silage to improve microbiological characteristics, reduce gas and effluent losses, and increase dry matter recovery and nutritional aspects of silage when associated with cactus pear.
The Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Nutrient Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation Profile, Health Status, and Gene Expression of Does Fed a Phytochemical–Lactobacilli Blend in Late Pregnancy
Authors: Gabr Amr A. , Farrag Fayek , Ahmed Mohamed , Soltan Yosra A. , Ateya Ahmed , Mafindi Umar
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the effects of a phytochemical–Lactobacilli blend (PEL) on the performance and health of late-pregnant does. Thirty Zaraibi does (30.9 ± 0.37 kg body weight, 3–3.5 years old, 90 days pregnant) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, ensuring equal distribution based on body weight, parity, litter size, and previous lactation milk production. The does were fed either a control diet (no supplementation) or a PEL-supplemented diet (control diet plus 2 g or 4 g of PEL per day) for 60 days. PEL supplementation linearly improved (p < 0.05) feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal concentrations of acetic and propionic acids, while significantly reducing (p < 0.05) ruminal ammonia-N concentrations. PEL supplementation linearly reduced (p < 0.05) feeding and rumination times while increasing idling time. Blood hematological parameters improved (p < 0.05) with PEL supplementation. Serum protein, liver and kidney function indicators, lipid metabolism, cortisol, and thyroid hormone levels were significantly improved (p < 0.01) in a linear manner with PEL supplementation. Antioxidant status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune response were enhanced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05) with PEL treatment. Gene expression analysis revealed a linear upregulation (p < 0.05) of growth, immune, and antioxidant-related genes with PEL supplementation. These findings suggest that supplementing pregnant does with 4 g of PEL per day can effectively enhance their performance, health, and metabolic status.
Not Just Corticosterone: Further Characterization of the Endocrine Response of Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) Reveals Elevated Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations During Field Capture Events
Authors: Innis Charles J. , Graham Katherine M. , Mott Cody R. , Hart Kristen M. , Roche David , Cherkiss Michael S. , Burgess Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2025

To develop safe and effective management policies, it is important to understand the physiologic effects of fishing interactions and scientific research methods on endangered marine species. In the present study, validated assays for plasma corticosterone, free thyroxine (fT4), and aldosterone were used to assess the endocrine status of 61 presumed healthy, wild Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) that were captured for separate ecological studies using two capture methods (trawl net n = 40; manual capture n = 21). Plasma hormone concentrations were also assessed in relation to eight clinical plasma biochemical analytes. Corticosterone and aldosterone concentrations were moderately high after capture, with significantly higher concentrations in turtles captured by trawl net vs. manual capture. Free thyroxine concentrations were within previously published ranges for healthy individuals of this species. Clinical biochemical data revealed moderately elevated potassium and lactate concentrations in many individuals, with significantly greater lactate concentrations in trawl-captured turtles. Aldosterone concentrations were positively correlated with corticosterone. The results of the present study indicate that Kemp’s ridley sea turtles have robust adrenocortical activity immediately after capture, resulting in high plasma concentrations of corticosterone and aldosterone. Researchers who use such methods to access sea turtles can consider these results in planning careful and efficient field studies.
Through a Horse’s Eyes: Investigating Cognitive Bias and Responses to Humans in Equine-Assisted Interventions
Authors: Rochais Céline , Akoka Emilie , Amiot Girard Suzanne , Grandgeorge Marine , Henry Séverine
Published: February 2025

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have become increasingly popular, with horses being one of the most commonly used species. While the effects of equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) have been widely studied in humans, research focusing on animals involved in such work is limited. Understanding how animals perceive their world is ethically important because their perception reflects the valence of their underlying mood. We investigated the cognitive judgement bias (pessimistic vs. optimistic) and perception of humans (negative vs. positive) in horses from three different facilities, divided into two groups: horses involved only in riding school lessons (RS, N = 14) and horses participating in both riding school and EAI lessons (EAI-RS, N = 16). We hypothesised that horses engaged in both types of work would be more negatively impacted than RS horses because the two activities may be demanding. No significant effects of work on pessimistic bias and negative perception of humans were found. However, a modulating effect was found in the interaction between work type and facility management. These findings highlight the impact of both the type of work and facility management on the cognition and underlying affective states of EAI-RS horses.
Magnetic Field Penetration Depth in Various Materials and Applications
Authors: Ascona García Papa , Ordoñez Carpio Guido , Zelada Zamora Wilmer , Villanueva Pedraza Edwaldo , Fernandez Villarroel Roger
Published: February 2025

The magnetic field penetration depth poses challenges in communications, geophysical exploration, biomedical therapies, and superconducting device design. The objective of this systematic review was to identify, analyze, and understand the depth of magnetic field penetration in conductors, semiconductors, superconductors, insulators and natural materials, modelling applications in medicine, engineering, and basic sciences. An exhaustive search was carried out in databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and IOPSCIENCE using keywords such as depth and penetration and magnetic and field and materials. PRISMA was used as a method to define inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensuring quality, transparency, and methodological rigor, followed by a detailed statistical analysis. The results showed that the penetration depth varies according to the material, frequency, and application conditions. In human tissues, infrastructure, and agricultural applications, the penetration range is between 0.01 and 0.2 m, with the possibility of a range greater than one meter in specific applications. The higher the frequency, the lower the penetration depth is confirmed. In conclusion, the penetration of the magnetic field depends on material properties such as conductivity and magnetic permeability, frequency, and temperature. The developed models offer relevant information for future research and technological applications.
Path Navigation for Multi-Agent Flight System Based on Distributed Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Kang Chao , Xu Jihui , Bian Yuan , Tian Wenjie
Published: February 2025

The continuous change in formation configurations offers significant potential for formation flight. However, existing methods neglect the potential of autonomous navigation and learning ability based on environmental conditions, which would limit scalability for large formations to some extent. To address this, this paper presents an integrated framework that incorporates an innovative policy for configuration learning into multi-agent flight systems. Firstly, a decoupled trajectory optimization model is proposed, consisting of prediction and learning modules that ensure local adaptivity, obstacle avoidance and dynamic feasibility of formation configuration. Secondly, we design a stage cost function representing obstacle conditions, configuration variability and minimum distance constraints between agents. Then, to enhance adaptability in constrained scenarios, we introduce a reference value generation method that adjusts trajectory learning based on local observations, penalizing errors. Finally, we propose a configuration learning strategy called the local-level action planner and global cost, which coordinates local trajectory optimization with global maintenance. This method integrates distributed model predictive control (DMPC) with modified multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO), easing the challenge of tracking trajectories from varying rigid geometric shapes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach improves success rate compared to traditional methods while maintaining formation and avoiding obstacles.
Decellularized Membrane Derived from the Cell-Produced Extracellular Matrix of 1-Day-Old Porcine Cartilage Can Be a Substitute for Periosteal Patches in Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Truong Minh-Dung , Nguyen-Thi Thanh-Tam , Nguyen-Ngoc Thanh-Tan , Vo-Ngoc Bich-Tram , Duong-Thi Hoang-Yen , Nguyen Hoang-Vinh , Hoang Duc-Quy Mai , Bui Phuong-Vy , Hong-Thien Bui Khanh , Le Thi Phuong , Tran Dieu Linh , Xuyen Vo Thi
Published: February 2025

(1) Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a prominent method for treating cartilage damage, but periosteal patches can cause chondrocyte leakage. This study evaluates the potential of a decellularized membrane derived from the cell-produced extracellular matrix of 1-day-old porcine cartilage (pcECM-DM) to act as a substitute for periosteal patches. (2) The interaction between young rabbit chondrocyte cells and pcECM-DM was assessed through cytotoxicity, differentiation, cell viability, cell migration, and adhesive ability. Rabbit chondrocyte cells, cultivated until passage two, were seeded onto a 6 mm diameter membrane. Assessments included DAPI-PKH26 staining, histological staining, live/dead assay, WST-1 assay, and proteomics analysis. (3) Results: DAPI-PKH26 staining showed successful adhesion and the uniform distribution of cells on the membrane. Safranin-O and H&E staining confirmed that the membrane supports chondrocyte adhesion and extracellular matrix production with high cell density and typical chondrocyte morphology. The live/dead assay demonstrated a high proportion of viable cells at 24 and 48 h, with increased cell proliferation over time. The WST-1 assay showed a significant increase in OD450 values, confirming cell proliferation and biocompatibility. Proteomic analysis revealed the significant enrichment of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization, cell adhesion, and cartilage development. (4) Conclusions: This novel biomaterial holds the potential to enhance cartilage regeneration and offer a viable alternative to periosteal patches.
Attention Transfer Reinforcement Learning for Test Case Prioritization in Continuous Integration
Authors: Su Qingran , Li Xingze , Ren Yuming , Qiu Ruinan , Hu Chunming , Yin Yongfeng
Published: February 2025

Continuous integration (CI), a crucial technology for accelerating software delivery, employs prioritization methods to optimize testing efficiency. Reinforcement-learning-based prioritization techniques of test cases can dynamically adjust the prioritization strategy based on test feedback. However, existing reinforcement learning models either use feature information from individual test cases or the complete feature of all test cases as input. The model’s input is fixed and does not vary based on the characteristics of the test case set. This leads to the model’s inability to handle various ranking scenarios in CI. In this paper, we propose a novel Attention Transfer Reinforcement Learning for Test Case Prioritization (ATRL-TCP) method. ATRL-TCP first leverages the richness of historical information and error rates to assess the test case set. It then determines whether the model’s input should be the feature information of a single test case or the relative order between them. This method allows for the shifting of focus based on the dataset characteristics. We validate the method on four industrial datasets and examine the impact of historical information length and error rate on its performance. The results demonstrate that ATRL-TCP has good generalization ability and achieves good ranking performance within an acceptable time.
Fisher Information Approach in Modified Predator–Prey Model
Authors: Al-Saffar Avan , Kim Eun-jin
Published: February 2025

The tumor immune system is modified through immunotherapy to more effectively eliminate cancer cells. This has led to the adoption of several mathematical models of cancer diffusion to explore the tumor–immune interaction, and as a result, the distinctive interaction between cancer and immune populations has received increased attention. The objective of this work is to analyze Fisher information to examine variability and sustainability in a modified predator–prey model. Specifically, we investigate how parameter values influence the system’s dynamics. Unlike traditional deterministic models, our approach incorporates the effects of immunotherapy dosage, introducing a novel perspective. We further explore the system’s response to various modulations, providing deeper insights into its behavior under different conditions.
Multifunctional Expectile Regression Estimation in Volterra Time Series: Application to Financial Risk Management
Authors: Alkhaldi Somayah Hussain , Alshahrani Fatimah , Alaoui Mohammed Kbiri , Laksaci Ali , Rachdi Mustapha
Published: February 2025

We aim to analyze the dynamics of multiple financial assets with variable volatility. Instead of a standard analysis based on the Black–Scholes model, we proceed with the multidimensional Volterra model, which allows us to treat volatility as a stochastic process. Taking advantage of the long memory function of this type of model, we analyze the reproduced movements using recent algorithms in the field of functional data analysis (FDA). In fact, we develop, in particular, new risk tools based on the asymmetric least squares loss function. We build an estimator using the multifunctional kernel (MK) method and then establish its asymptotic properties. The multidimensionality of the Volterra process is explored through the dispersion component of the convergence rate, while the nonparametric path of the risk tool affects the bias component. An empirical analysis is conducted to demonstrate the ease of implementation of our proposed approach. Additionally, an application on real data is presented to compare the effectiveness of expectile-based measures with Value at Risk (VaR) in financial risk management for multiple assets.