bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case History of Walta Field (Simpson and Mississippian), Sumner County, Kansas
Authors: Carr Timothy R. , Anderson Neil L. , Pulliam Tim
Published: January 2025

Walta field (448 MBO) is a small field located in Sumner County, Kansas (principally in secs. 19 and 30, T. 33 S., R. 3 W., and sec. 25, T. 33 S., R. 4 W.). Cumulative production of 448 MBO is principally from a sandstone traditionally assigned to the uppermost Simpson Group (Middle Ordovician), but which may be Misener (Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian), the basal transgressive sand below the Chattanooga Shale. Secondary production is from the Mississippian (Osagean) "chat" just beneath the sub-Pennsylvanian unconformity.
Production at the Mississippian level is structurally trapped, but deeper production at the Simpson/Misener level is stratigraphically trapped by either a pinchout of the "Simpson" sandstones reservoir as they onlap a pre-existing structure or by a truncation by pre-Chattanooga erosion. Primary structure at Walta field is related to Late Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian tectonic movement that formed a series of westward-tilted fault blocks on a northeast-south west-trending structural nose. This Late Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian tectonic event is recognized throughout Kansas and formed a series of similar northeast-south west-oriented structures throughout Sumner County and the Sedgwick basin of south-central Kansas. These structural elements appear to be the primary control on the distribution of Ordovician through Mississippian production in the vicinity of Walta field. Within Walta field, northwest-southeast cross-faults define separate pools at the Simpson-Misener reservoir interval, and provide additional extension and exploration opportunities.
Seismic data successfully image the northeast-southwest structural elements that are a critical component in both the Simpson-Misener and the Mississippian pools at Walta field. The seismic data provide insight into the stratigraphic geometries associated with the pinchout/truncation of the Simpson-Misener reservoir interval, and indicate the presence of pre-existing (pre-Chattanooga) structure. Integration of geophysical and geologic data provides an improved understanding of the depositional and tectonic events that led to the hydrocarbon accumulation at Walta field.
Revisions to the Nomenclature for Kansas Aquifers
Authors: Macfarlane P. Allen
Published: January 2025

The nomenclature for Kansas aquifers needs revision. Many of the names currently in use were derived in an ad hoc manner without the benefit of a consistent set of hydrogeologically based guidelines. Because nomenclature forms the basis of scientific discussion of hydrologic issues, names should be clearly defined and consistently applied in order to prevent erroneous or unintended hydrologic interpretations. The nomenclature revisions presented in this paper are based on the guidelines developed by the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (Laney and Davidson, 1986). According to these guidelines, aquifer names should be based on lithologic, lithostratigraphic, or geographic names. The following new aquifer names are recognized in Kansas: glacial drift aquifer, Niobrara aquifer, Morrison-Dockum aquifer, Day Creek aquifer, Cedar Hills-upper Salt Plain aquifer, Wellington aquifer, Flint Hills aquifer, Osage Cuestas aquifer system, and Ozark Plateau aquifer system.
New Permian Corals from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
Authors: Moore Raymond , Jeffords Russell M.
Published: January 2025

Nine new species of Permian rugose corals are referred to eight genera, of which three are new and three have not previously been reported from America. New species from Lower Permian (Wolfcamp) beds of Kansas and northern Oklahoma are assigned to Malonophyllum Okulitch and Albritton, known elsewhere from the Leonard series of western Texas; Lophophyllidium Grabau, seemingly a long-ranging genus of Upper Carboniferous and Permian age and world-wide distribution; Sochkineophyllum Grabau, previously reported from Middle Carboniferous (Moscovian) rocks of Russia and Permian strata of China; and two new genera named Lophamplexus and Heritschia. New species of Middle Permian (Leonard) corals from the Glass Mountains, in western Texas are referred to Timorphyllum Gerth, described from the Permian of Timor, in the East Indies; Duplophyllum Koker, previously reported from the Permian of Timor, Australia, and China; and a new genus that is designated as Leonardophyllum. Most of these forms bear a distinct axial column and all but one species seem to lack dissepiments.
Permian corals from Asia that heretofore have been referred to Corwenia Smith and Ryder, a genus that is based on Lower Carboniferous corals, are placed in the new genus Heritschia, and a few other, variously identified corals are also thought to belong in Heritschia.
The common Late Paleozoic column-bearing corals of North America that have been classed as belonging to Lophophyllum seem to belong to the genus Lophophyllidium. The stratigraphic usefulness of corals in correlation of Permian rocks is considered briefly. Numerous taxonomic problems similar to that of so-called Lophophyllum are encountered in work on the Permian corals.
Preliminary Report on the McLouth Gas and Oil Field, Jefferson and Leavenworth Counties, Kansas
Authors: Wallace Lee
Published: January 2025

On August 15, 1941, the McLouth gas and oil field, 15 miles north of Lawrence, Kansas, had 23 gas wells with an aggregate initial open flow of 170 million cubic feet of gas per day, six oil wells with a probable total potential of 250 barrels per day of oil of 24 to 25 degrees gravity Bé. Three dry holes had been drilled. The surface rocks, which are mainly the Lecompton limestone of late Pennsylvanian age, are partly covered by glacial drift. A normal sequence of Pennsylvanian rocks rests disconformably on Mississippian limestones.
The structure shown by the surface rocks is a northeast-trending gentle anticline having a closure of less than 20 feet. The closure of the anticline. increases with depth. The pre-Pennsylvanian structure is marked by faulting, which is not noticeable in the surface structure. There seems to be a definite and pronounced southward shift in the position of the structural crest with increasing depth.
There are three known gas- or oil-producing zones. Most of the gas comes from the McLouth sand at the base of the Pennsylvanian rocks. Three wells produce oil from this zone. The McLouth sand is variable in permeability and in some structurally favorable areas is lacking in porosity. The weathered and porous top of the Mississippian rocks yields gas in some wells. This zone is saturated with oil in some wells but no oil has yet been produced from it. The lowest producing zone to date is a porous dolomite zone in the undifferentiated Burlington-Keokuk limestones from 125 to 150 feet below the top of the Mississippian rocks. This zone yields oil in three wells.
Production of gas from the McLouth sand extends far beyond the area of closure of the anticline as mapped on the gas sand. It is evident that production in this zone is dependent more on the presence of permeable sand than on local structural conditions, though it is possible that the McLouth anticline may prove to be only a part of a much larger anticlinal structure. Production of oil from Mississippian rocks seems to be governed more closely by anticlinal structure than does production from the McLouth sand.
Stratigraphy of the Pre-Greenhorn Cretaceous Beds of Kansas
Authors: Plummer Norman D. , Romary John F.
Published: January 2025

Field work undertaken primarily to determine the occurrence and ceramic properties of clay deposits in the pre-Greenhorn Cretaceous beds of central and north-central Kansas has resulted in much detailed stratigraphic information. The newly acquired data indicate needs for reclassification of these beds.
Numerous classifications have been proposed for the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas by various workers during the past 75 years. For the most part, the proposed formations have been either inadequately defined or have been of such non-persistent nature that they were not useful outside of the type area.
The classification proposed in this paper is as follows: The oldest Cretaceous rocks known in Kansas, which are of continental origin, are classed as the Cheyenne sandstone. Dark marine shale and sandstone above the Cheyenne sandstone are assigned to the Kiowa shale. These two stratigraphic units, named from Kiowa county, Kansas, have been recognized by workers for many years and can be correlated with beds in the north-central Kansas region.
Nonmarine clay and sandstone deposits that overlie the Kiowa shale are here designated as the Dakota formation. The Dakota is limited upward by the base of the Graneros shale. The formation is here subdivided into two members: the Terra Cotta clay member at the bottom and the Janssen clay member at the top. The marine shale above the Dakota formation and below the Greenhorn limestone is classified as the Graneros shale.
The continental or near-shore Cheyenne sandstone is thought to represent deposits made near the strand line of the northward-advancing Cretaceous sea. The Kiowa shale was deposited in a relatively shallow sea. The Dakota formation comprises clay and sand deposited on flats not far above sea level. Deposition of the Dakota beds was terminated by a re-advance of the sea, and in this sea the marine shale and sandstone of the Graneros formation accumulated.
Ground-Water in the Oil Field Areas of Ellis and Russell Counties, Kansas
Authors: Frye John C.
Published: January 2025

The oil-field areas described are located in western, central, and southern Russell County, and east-central and northeastern Ellis County. This area is a part of the Plains Border section of the Great Plains physiographic province. The area is well dissected and is drained by Smoky Hill and Saline rivers and their tributaries.
The stratified rocks of this area consist of deposits of Cretaceous, Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent age, and include the Dakota formation, Graneros shale, Greenhorn limestone, Carlile shale, and Niobrara formation of Cretaceous age; the Ogallala formation (?) of Tertiary age; Pleistocene terrace deposits of sand, gravel, silt, and volcanic ash; and Recent alluvium. Although not exposed in this area, the Kiowa shale, Cheyenne sandstone, and Permian redbeds were encountered in test holes. The quality of the water contained in these formations ranges within wide limits. Water in the Cheyenne sandstone probably is highly mineralized everywhere in this area. Water in some of the sandstones of the Dakota formation is also mineralized; however, many wells obtain potable water from sandstone beds in the Dakota formation. Waters contained in rocks younger than the Dakota formation are generally of a quality satisfactory for most uses, except in some places where they have been polluted by brines from deeper formations.
The depth to water level in wells ranges from about 5 feet in wells along the valley flats of the major streams to more than 150 feet in some upland wells tapping sandstones in the Dakota formation.
The ground-water reservoir is recharged by downward percolation of rainfall in the area, and by lateral migration of water through the rocks from areas to the west.
The physical properties of sandstones of the Dakota formation and sand and gravel of the Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent deposits are summarized. These water-bearing materials range from coarse gravel to very fine sand and sandstone, and have coefficients of permeability ranging from less than 1 to as much as 50,000. Generally the sandstones of the Dakota formation are much finer and have lower coefficients of permeability than the sand and gravel of Tertiary, Quaternary, and Recent age.
Reconnaissance of Pleistocene Deposits in North-Central Kansas
Authors: Hibbard Claude W.
Published: January 2025

A field reconnaissance of Pleistocene deposits in north-central Kansas was made during the summer of 1943. The Sanborn formation of Pleistocene age mantles the uplands of much of this part of the state, and terrace deposits occur along the major valleys. The Sanborn formation consists of an upper gray silt bed which is persistent over the entire area and exhibits a unique topographic expression, an underlying soil zone that occurs only in north-central Kansas, and pre-soil zone deposits consisting of a wide variety of lithologic types. Seventeen measured sections of these Pleistocene beds are given.
The vertebrate fossils listed from the Sanborn formation are Canis lupus Linnaeus, Citellus richardsonii (Sabine), Cynomys vetus Hibbard, Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord), Geomys sp., Microtus cf. pennsylvanicus (Ord), Equus sp., and Platygonus leptorhinus Williston. Mollusks are listed from the upper gray silt bed and from the pre-soil zone deposits.
Mined Areas of the Weir-Pittsburg Coal Bed
Authors: Abernathy G.E.
Published: January 2025

The Weir-Pittsburg coal bed crops out in a narrow belt across the southeastern corner of Kansas. From the eastern limit of its outcrop it has been mined by stripping methods in areas where the overburden was less than 50 feet. The area of deep mines or shafts extends westward from the stripped areas for a distance of about 5 or 6 miles. The depth to the coal bed in the regions worked by the deep mines ranges from 25 to 285 feet. The Weir-Pittsburg coal bed lies near the middle of the Cherokee shale; however, the interval between the top of the Cherokee and the coal bed is not constant but ranges from 165 to 225 feet. The thickness of the coal bed ranges from 32 to 43 inches.
Large areas of coal have not yet been worked, but in most cases the unworked coal is in the deeper part of the field.
Magnetic Survey of the Bala Intrusive, Riley County, Kansas
Authors: Dreyer Robert M.
Published: January 2025

A magnetic survey of the Bala intrusive with a vertical magnetometer indicates that the intrusive is an eastwardly-plunging vertical dike.
Magnetic Survey of Southeastern Crawford County, Kansas
Authors: Dreyer Robert M.
Published: January 2025

A magnetic survey of southeastern Crawford County was undertaken in an attempt to develop a technique by means of which geologic structures could be mapped in detail over large areas so that exploration can be conducted for a northward extension of the Tri-State zinc and lead mining district in Kansas.
The magnetometer was used successfully to map the location and trend of significant structures in southeastern Crawford County. It is indicated that, in this area, magnetic anomalies probably bear an inverse relationship to structural elevation.
Structures which might be favorable for the localization of lead and zinc mineralization are indicated to exist in the area studied. Therefore, exploratory drilling for the purpose of locating ore bodies would be justified, especially along minor structural highs inferred from the magnetic survey.
The Stratigraphy and Structural Development of the Salina Basin of Kansas
Authors: Lee Wallace , Leatherock Constance , Botinelly Theodore
Published: January 2025

This report describes the stratigraphy and structural history of the Salina basin in Kansas and adjoining areas. The stratigraphic descriptions are based on a microscopic examination of samples from wells.
The rocks of the basin range in age from Pre-Cambrian to Quaternary but many hiatuses make the record incomplete.
Ceramic Utilization of Northern Kansas Pleistocene Loesses and Fossil Soils
Authors: Frye John C. , Plummer Norman D. , Runnels Russell T. , Hladik William B.
Published: January 2025

Late Pleistocene loesses, classed as Loveland, Peoria, and Bignell silt members of the Sanborn formation, and their contained fossil soils (Loveland and Brady) constitute the most widespread ceramic raw material in Kansas. The silt deposits were made by the action of winds on stream-borne sediments during intervals of northern and mountain glaciation. The silts were modified by weathering processes that produced deep soils on former upper surfaces, now buried by younger deposits. These silts and soils were sampled at 46 localities extending from the Missouri River on the east to the Colorado State line. Ceramic tests on 318 samples and chemical analyses of 52 samples are reported. Spectrographic analyses supplement the ceramic and chemical data. The data show a high degree of uniformity from east to west but the greater effect of weathering in the eastern part of the State has increased the clay content and plastic properties. The Loveland is especially suitable for manufacture of brick, tile, and light-weight ceramic aggregates. The Peoria silt (exclusive of the Brady soil) is suitable for manufacture of dense "ceramic slag." At many localities the entire thickness of the Sanborn formation, including the fossil soils, may be utilized as raw material for brick, tile, and both light and heavy ceramic aggregates.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Rice County, Kansas
Authors: Fent O.S
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Rice County in central Kansas. The county has an area of about 721 square miles and had a population of 14,608 in 1945. The area lies in the Plains Border section of the Great Plains province and comprises dissected uplands and filled valleys that present low topographic relief. It is drained largely by Arkansas River and its tributaries. The average annual precipitation is about 26 inches. The mean annual temperature is about 56° F. Farming is the principal occupation, with wheat as the major crop. Small-scale irrigation is practiced on a few farms in dry years. Petroleum and salt are important mineral products.
All the exposed rocks in Rice County are of sedimentary origin, ranging in age from late Permian to Quaternary. A map showing the surface geology and cross sections showing the distribution of the unconsolidated material are included in this report. Pleistocene deposits of Nebraskan, Kansan, and Wisconsinan Ages reach a thickness of more than 200 feet and are composed mostly of unconsolidated material. Four major cycles of erosion and deposition are recorded in the Pleistocene rocks. The sand and gravel of the Pleistocene Series, and the sandstones of the Dakota formation and of the Kiowa shale of the Cretaceous System are the most important aquifers in the area. Descriptions of the ground-water conditions are given by formations and areas.
All public and industrial water supplies and most domestic, stock, and irrigation supplies are obtained from wells. The water is moderately hard to hard over most of the area. Water with a high chloride content is found in some of the Permian rocks, in deep Pleistocene channels, and in shallow deposits near points of disposal of highly mineralized industrial wastes.
Hydrologic and geologic data, which are the basis of this report, include records of 266 water wells, 64 test holes, chemical analyses of 43 samples of water, the determination of the chloride content of 89 samples of water, and periodic measurements of the water level in 22 observation wells.
Spectrographic Analysis for Vanadium in Kansas Clays
Authors: Reed Albert C.
Published: January 2025

The presence of minute quantities of soluble vanadium compounds in structural clay products made from some high-quality Kansas clays often causes a green or yellow discoloration which detracts from the sales value of the products. The Geochemistry Division of the State Geological Survey of Kansas is investigating methods of eliminating this objectionable discoloration. Colorimetric methods are inadequate for determination of the very small amounts of vanadium present in the clay and must be replaced by more accurate and precise methods. A spectrographic method of analysis which provides the needed accuracy and precision has been developed in the Survey laboratories and is described in this paper. Typical analyses of vanadium in several selected Kansas clays are given.
Silica Sand from South-Central Kansas for Foundry Use
Authors: Rose Kenneth E.
Published: January 2025

Tests and the opinions of foundry operators indicate that the Cheyenne sandstone of Barber, Comanche, and Kiowa counties, Kansas, can be a satisfactory source of silica sand for making synthetic molding sand or cores.
This loosely cemented sandstone disintegrates readily into particles having an over-all average A.F.A. grain fineness number of 72. Depending upon the location, sands having grain fineness numbers of 49 to 102 can be found.
The Cheyenne sands are characterized by a low percentage of minus 140-mesh particles, and by a broad grain-size distribution.
Kansas foundries import silica sand from other states; Cheyenne sand can be found to parallel closely the grain-size distribution of these imported sands. However, the market for foundries alone is not now of sufficient size to justify any large-scale development.
Kansas Pits and Quarries
Authors: Kulstad Robert O. , Nixon E.K.
Published: January 2025

Kansas pits and quarries are briefly described and their distribution in the State is shown on the accompanying map. The current annual value of raw mineral products produced from Kansas pits and quarries is about $40,000,000 (or 11 percent of the. $371,000,000 total value of Kansas raw minerals in 1950). This is 3.6 times the figure for 1940. The products of Kansas pits and quarries present a wide variety of mineral raw materials that play an important role in Kansas industry.
The Geology of the Davis Ranch Oil Pool, Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Authors: Smith Kenneth R. , Anders JR Ellis L.
Published: January 2025

The discovery of the Davis Ranch oil pool in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, in April 1949 started one of the most important leasing and wildcat drilling programs in Kansas in recent years. In the 21 months since the completion of the discovery well, 65 holes have been drilled in Wabaunsee County alone. Of this total 38 may be classed as wildcat or semiwildcat wells, three of which have opened additional new pools.
In view of the increased activity in Wabaunsee County and the Kansas part of the Forest City basin, a report showing our interpretations of the stratigraphy and structural relations of the Davis Ranch pool has been considered appropriate. All interpretations must be considered tentative until further information is received by the Survey.
On February 1, 1951, the Davis Ranch pool had 18 producing oil wells. Six dry holes have been drilled and one oil well, the Aladdin and Bakke No. 1 Schutter in the SW SW SW sec. 34, T. 13 S., R. 10 E. was abandoned in December 1950. This well was the only producing well in the Davis Ranch East pool.
The structure shown by the surface rocks is a north-northeast trending anticline with a closure of more than 20 feet. The Davis Ranch anticline is located on the northeast-trending subsurface Alma anticline which extends northward into Pottawatomie County and southward into Lyon County. The pre-Pennsylvanian structure is marked by a reverse fault which is not noticeable in the surface structure.
Seventeen wells produce from the Viola dolomite and one well from the "Hunton" dolomite in the Davis Ranch pool. The thickness of the oil-saturated porous zone in the Viola ranges from a featheredge to 20 feet. Initial productivity tests indicated little or no water present in the producing zone.
Geologic Structures in Kansas
Authors: Jewett John M.
Published: January 2025

Geologic structures, numbering 161, in Kansas that have received names are listed and defined. Some of them are discussed briefly.
Studies of Pleistocene Gravel Lithologies in Northeastern Kansas
Authors: Davis Stanley N.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the lithology of 29 gravel samples and relates the lithology to the origin of the gravels. The major geologic sources for gravel in northeastern Kansas are local sedimentary rocks, the Ogallala formation of western Kansas and western Nebraska, and local glacial drift. Pre-Nebraskan gravels consist entirely of local material derived from sedimentary rocks. Kansan gravels are dominantly limestone with mixed glacial erratics which were deposited along the ice front of the Kansan glacier. Post-Kansan gravels are dominated by arkosic material from the Ogallala formation.
Most gravel utilized commercially is either glacial outwash or Recent arkosic river gravel. Both types of gravel seem satisfactory for ordinary uses; however, the higher limestone content of the outwash makes it more desirable for concrete aggregate.
Ground-Water Resources of Pawnee Valley, Kansas
Authors: Fishel V.C.
Published: January 2025

The report describes the ground-water resources of Pawnee Valley in Pawnee, Ness, and Hodgeman Counties in west-central Kansas. The hydrologic and geologic information was obtained in the field during the years 1944 to 1949, inclusive. The area consists of gently rolling upland plains together with relatively flat flood plains and terraces. The climate is subhumid, the average annual precipitation being between 20 and 24 inches. Farming and livestock raising are the principal occupations in the area. Irrigation from Pawnee River and from wells has been practiced extensively in Pawnee Valley.
The rocks that crop out in this area range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary. The Cretaceous rocks are exposed in the uplands in northern Pawnee County and in the uplands adjacent to Pawnee Valley in Ness and Hodgeman Counties. The Ogallala formation crops out in the divide areas between Pawnee River and Buckner Creek and between Buckner Creek and Sawlog Creek. The alluvium and terrace deposits underlie the principal valleys and the adjacent areas. The alluvium yields large quantities of water to wells. Other formations generally yield only small to moderate quantities of water to wells.
In 1945 there were 132 irrigation wells in Pawnee Valley. These wells had yields ranging from about 400 to 1,900 gallons a minute. Pumping tests were made on nine wells to determine the yields of the wells and the permeability of the water-bearing materials. Data collected during the pumping tests and the analyses of the data from five of the tests are included in the report. Most of the wells constructed in recent years are single artificial gravel-pack or natural gravel-pack wells that penetrate all water-bearing materials above the Cretaceous bedrock. These wells are generally equipped with deep-well turbine pumps.
The saturated water-bearing materials of the alluvium have a maximum thickness of 120 feet. The volume of saturated water-bearing alluvium was determined for each township. A total of 1,145,000 acre-feet of water now in storage was estimated to be available for pumping. Records of groundwater levels and the stream flow of Pawnee River indicate that the available ground water exceeds the present withdrawal by pumping. The annual stream runoff in Pawnee Valley is about 36,000 acre-feet. If the water that is now discharged as stream flow is impounded and diverted to ground-water recharge, a maximum additional amount of 36,000 acre-feet could be available for pumping for irrigation.
Ground water in Pawnee Valley is usually hard, but is suitable for most uses. Waters from the Dakota formation generally contain large amounts of dissolved solids, but may be only moderately hard due to natural softening. The softer waters generally have a higher fluoride content. Water from the alluvium is hard but is of excellent quality for irrigation purposes.
The field data upon which this report is based are given in 22 tables. They include records of 316 wells, chemical analyses of water from 60 wells, and logs of 111 test holes.
Amenability of Certain Kansas Clays to Alumina Extraction by the Lime-Sinter Process
Authors: Kinney E. D.
Published: January 2025

The development of the lime-sinter process of extracting alumina from clay and the potential use of this method for beneficiation of Kansas refractory clays have prompted the Geological Survey to make further investigations of alumina extraction from Kansas clays. The Geological Survey's original studies of the soda-lime-sinter process were conducted under conditions of stress during World War II and were directed exclusively toward the ultimate production of aluminum metal. The present study tests the applicability of the lime-sinter process to Kansas clays and is directed primarily toward the development of high-alumina refractory materials with the possible utility of Kansas clay as a source of ore for aluminum metal as a secondary consideration. Laboratory tests indicate that Kansas clays are amenable to treatment by the lime-sinter process for both of these ultimate products, and that 80 to 84 percent of the alumina contained in the samples tested can be extracted as a high-grade product by this relatively simple process.
A Computer Method for Four-Variable Trend Analysis Illustrated by a Study of Oil-Gravity Variations in Southeastern Kansas
Authors: Harbaugh John W.
Published: January 2025

A method for fitting four-variable trend hypersurfaces by least squares has been programmed for the IBM 7090 computer. The program fits first-, second-, and abbreviated third-degree hypersurfaces to irregularly spaced data. The program automatically contours the intersection of each hypersurface with a block whose top, bottom, and four sides represent planes located in three-dimensional space. This permits the four-variable or four-dimensional hypersurfaces to be visualized. The program also automatically plots original data and residual values in a series of horizontal slice maps. The theory and operation of the program are discussed and illustrated in detail.
The program has been used to interpret variations in crude oil gravity from place to place and in different Paleozoic stratigraphic horizons in southeastern Kansas. Hypersurfaces were fitted to API oil gravity as a function of geographic location and depth below the surface. The four variables involved are (1) API gravity, (2) well depth, (3) north-south geographic coordinates, and (4) east-west geographic coordinates.
The trend hypersurfaces, distribution of residual values, and other considerations suggest that oil-gravity variations in southeastern Kansas have been affected by both well depth and environment of deposition. The tendency for API gravity to increase with depth is complicated by regional effects that may reflect differences in environment of deposition. The result is an overall increase in API gravities in a west-northwest direction. Of interest is a tendency for residual API gravity "highs" and "lows" to be clustered in certain geographic areas even though oils from different stratigraphic zones are involved. This, in turn, suggests that the depositional environment may have affected oil gravities in a given locality much the same way from one geologic period to the next.
The computer program described in this report may have a number of geological applications, and can be used readily by anyone having access to an IBM 7090 or 7094 computer.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Miami County, Kansas
Authors: Miller Don E.
Published: January 2025

Miami County, Kansas, has an area of 592 square miles. It lies within the Osage Plains section of the Central Lowlands physiographic province. Rocks above the Precambrian basement are 2,000 to 2,500 feet thick and are of sedimentary origin. They include rocks of Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Neogene ages. Exposed Pennsylvanian and Neogene rocks are nearly 400 feet thick. The Pennsylvanian rocks have a regional dip to the northwest of about 20 feet per mile.
Recent alluvial deposits have a maximum thickness of about 55 feet in the Marais des Cygnes River valley and yield moderate supplies of ground water. Upper Pleistocene terrace deposits have a maximum thickness of 50 feet and yield moderate amounts of water. The most productive bedrock aquifers are Pennsylvanian limestones and sandstones that are near enough to the surface to have been weathered, thereby increasing their permeability. Water with less than 1,000 ppm dissolved solids occurs to a depth of about 200 feet in these bedrock aquifers.
Water from Neogene deposits is of good quality, except that it is moderately hard and may contain excessive amounts of iron. Bedrock aquifers yield water of good quality, but in most localities the water is moderately hard.
Data collected as a part of this investigation include records of 123 wells and springs, logs of 116 wells and test holes, and chemical analyses of 25 water samples.
Short Papers on Research in 1966
Authors: Zeller Doris E.
Published: January 2025

Joint sets were examined in the Plattsmouth and Leavenworth limestone members of the Oread Limestone and in the Ervine Creek and Rock Bluff limestone members of the Deer Creek Limestone. These joint sets trend about N 60° E and N 35° W, respectively. The long, planar northeast-trending shear joints are more common than the short, rough-surfaced northwest-trending tension joints. Short, planar north-trending joints also are present in these beds.
Depositional Facies of Toronto Limestone Member (Oread Limestone, Pennsylvanian), Subsurface Marker Unit in Kansas
Authors: Troell Arthur R.
Published: January 2025

The Toronto limestone Member, at the base of the Oread Limestone (Pennsylvanian), averages about 10 feet in thickness. It is exposed in southeastern Nebraska and northwestern Missouri and can be traced across eastern Kansas, grading southward into shale in northern Oklahoma. A thin Osagia algal oncolite zone, which is the strand-line record of a transgressing sea, occurs at the base of the unit over much of northern and central Kansas. A 4- to 8-foot skeletal lime wackestone with an open-marine fauna covers the oncolite zone and extends into Oklahoma and Nebraska. This facies contains three subfacies which are products of local conditions during the inundative (standing-level) phase of a sea and not migrating facies tracts of a transgressing sea. From central Kansas northward a 1- to 4-foot lime mudstone with a molluscan fauna occurs at the top of the Member. This is a shallow subtidal to tidal-flat deposit accumulated during regression. The Toronto limestone facies do not fit into a phase scheme representing definite stages of transgression and regression. The stratigraphic relationships are similar to those in the Recent carbonate sequence of the Great Bahama Bank and suggest that a eustatic change in sea level was the controlling mechanism during the deposition of the Toronto Limestone.
Algal-Bank Complex in Wyandotte Limestone (Late Pennsylvanian) in Eastern Kansas
Authors: Crowley Donald J.
Published: January 2025

The Wyandotte Limestone is divided into seven lithologically and paleontologically distinct facies:

a terrigenous facies--mostly unfossiliferous, silty shale, and quartz sandstone;
a stromatolite-sponge facies--a sponge-bearing stromatolitic biolithite;
an algal-bank facies--a phylloid algal biomicrite, dismicrite, and intrasparrudite;
an Archaeolithophyllum cap facies--a phylloid algal biolithite that capped the algal banks;
a calcarenite facies-biosparite, intrasparite, and Osagia-coated biosparrudite;
an oolite facies--oosparite and oomicrite; and,
a shelly mud facies--a crinoidal, brachiopodal biomicrite.

The basic factors controlling these facies were geometry and hydrography of the basin of deposition. A platform on the Lane Shale controlled initial carbonate facies development. This was subsequently modified by changes in water circulation and turbulence, the more immediate controlling factors of carbonate facies. Nature of the substrate, salinity variation, water energy, and amount of water circulation were the chief limiting factors in distribution and abundance of the Wyandotte biota.
Calcareous phylloid algae of the genera Archaeolithophyllum and Anchicodium played an important role in intertidal to shallow subtidal bank development. Archaeolithophyllum was abundant in sediments deposited in more turbulent water that was perhaps slightly shallower than the environment where Anchicodium thrived. The latter genus served as a baffle, allowing fine carbonate mud to settle out, while in both genera mud was trapped and bound beneath the blades. This produced the banks which provided a well lighted, shallow-water habitat for further prolific algal growth.
High Pressure Mineral Reactions in a Pyroxenite Granulite Nodule from the Stockdale Kimberlite, Riley County, Kansas
Authors: Brookins Douglas G. , Woods Michael J
Published: January 2025

Sapphirine, kyanite, and a grossular-rich garnet have formed by reactions involving spinel, pyrope-almandine, clino- and orthopyroxene, and plagioclase in a pyroxenite granulite nodule from the Stockdale kimberlite, Kansas. The reactions responsible for formation of these minerals are thought to have occurred at pressures in excess of 13.5 kilobars (corresponding to a depth of formation of approximately 40 km) thus placing the source material for the nodule in the upper mantle. Sapphirine and kyanite are reported for the first time from the Riley County, Kansas, kimberlites.
Geohydrology of Jefferson County, Northeastern Kansas
Authors: Hardy Ronald G.
Published: January 2025

Jefferson County is an area of about 552 square miles in northeastern Kansas. Rocks of Late Pennsylvanian age, which constitute the bedrock in the county, generally dip gently west-northwestward and crop out in sharp ridges and along valley walls. Deposits of Quaternary age underlie the flood plains and terraces along the larger streams and mantle much of the upland area.
Moderate to large supplies of groundwater are available to wells in alluvium in the Delaware and Kansas River valleys. Small to moderate supplies of water are available from thick glacial deposits in the northeastern part of the county; marginally adequate supplies for domestic and stock purposes may be found in upland areas elsewhere in the county. The bedrock formations generally are not a source of water.
Groundwater in Jefferson County generally is very hard and locally contains excessive concentrations of nitrate.
Using Soils of Kansas for Waste Disposal
Authors: Olson Gerald W.
Published: January 2025

Soils of Kansas have slight, moderate, and severe limitations for waste disposal by septic-tank seepage fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. Each soil is rated for each use according to tested standardized criteria, based on the soil properties. Problems and potentials for environment improvement in waste disposal are outlined. Each landscape unit shown on detailed soil maps has an integrity of its own; management of each with respect for that integrity will yield maximum production and environmental efficiency. This bulletin supplements detailed soil maps for improving waste disposal in specific soils. It is intended as a guide for officials, scientists, and citizens. In addition to detailed soil map examples, a general soil map of Kansas is included to give an overall view of the major soils of the state.
JAX DPC:Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into extra-embryonic mesenchyme cells v1
Authors: Liu Zukai , Garofalo Jessica , Alcoforado Diniz Juliana , Robson Paul
Published: January 2025

This protocol describes how to differentiate hiPSC into extra-embryonic mesenchyme, a cell type within the trophoblast lineage. This 6-day protocol successfully differentiates cells by the addition of BMP4, SU-5402 and ActivinA to the differentiation media. This cell lineage is defined by an essential regulator, HAND1, and expresses classic mesenchymal markers (e.g. COL1A1, COL3A1, LUM) plus markers specific to trophoblast (e.g PTN) and other genes driven by placental- and ape-specific LTR2B.
Multi-round smHCR-FISH for archaea v1
Authors: Dong Yijing , Qi Lanting , Wang Fengping , Xu Heng
Published: January 2025

Understanding archaeal gene regulation is technically challenging due to the difficulty of measuring gene expression in individual archaeal cells. Here, we develop a multi-round smHCR-FISH method to quantify the transcription of multiple genes in single cells of a methanogenic archaeon.
Human Dorsal Root Ganglion Tissue Procurement from Thoracic Vertebrectomy Patients at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center v1
Authors: Uhelski Megan , North Robert , Dougherty Patrick
Published: January 2025

Purpose Describe the procedures involved in removal, transport, processing, and storage of human dorsal root ganglion tissue from thoracic vertebrectomy patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Responsibility The Human Tissue Procurement Core at MD Anderson Cancer Center is responsible for maintaining this protocol, ensuring it is updated and controlled, and ensuring that users receive proper training prior to its instrumentation. Definitions and Abbreviations DOB = date of birth DRG = dorsal root ganglion EBSS = Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution ID = identification number, the unique number assigned to the patient by the Human Tissue Procurement Team MDACC = University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center OR = Operating Room PPE = personal protective equipment Tissue Recovery Sites Main ORs, University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center Tissue Recovery Teams MD Anderson Surgical Staff: Spinal Surgeons, OR Surgical Technicians, and OR Nurses MD Anderson Tissue Procurement Team: Research Assistants, Graduate Students, Post-Doctoral Research Fellows, or Faculty
Evaluación de resistencia a la insulina en una muestra de población colombiana
Authors:   Universidad de Antioquia, Gallego Natalia
Published: January 2025

Introducción: los familiares de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) presentan un riesgo elevado de desarrollar DM2 y otros componentes del síndrome metabólico a lo largo de la vida.

Objetivo: evaluar la resistencia a insulina y el efecto que pueden tener variantes en genes que intervienen en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos comoUCP2, UCP3, leptina y calpaína, en personas sanas con agregación familiar de DM2. Se utilizaron 13 marcadores para evaluar el componente de ancestría en la población

Metodología: se captaron de 60 individuos con antecedentes familiares de DM2 de primer grado y 126 sin antecedentes en primer grado, con edades entre 20 y 40 años. Se realizó determinación de glucosa, insulina, colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (HDL-c) y triglicéridos (TG). Medidas antropométricas como peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura y cadera. La genotipificación se realizó por PCR-RFLP. Se utilizó el programa Genepop 3.1 para el análisis genético y SPSS versión 15 y R para el análisis estadístico.

Resultados: individuos con antecedentes presentaron diferencias significativas en las medidas de IMC, presión arterial sistólica, niveles de glucosa, CT, LDL, VLDL y TG. Además el riesgo de tener diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico es 1.5 veces mayor para los individuos con antecedentes de DM2 de primer grado, de tener obesidad central 1.2 veces y de tener sobrepeso u obesidad es 1.4 veces mayor. Se propone un valor de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR) de 1.7 como punto de corte para identificar individuos jóvenes con resistencia a la insulina Se encontró mayor componente ancestral europeo en la población de Antioquia y mayor componente ancestral africano en la población de Bolívar; estos datos concuerdan con lo encontrado en otros estudios de mezcla reportados para ambas poblaciones Individuos con el genotipo CC para .55CT (UCP3) tenían mayor presión sistólica, individuos con GG para -2548GA (leptina) tenían mayores concentraciones de CT y LDL, e individuos con el genotipo DD para el SNP19 (calpaina10) tenían mayores concentraciones de insulina, HOMAIR.
Transformation of political participation in the context of the emergence of digital political institutions
Authors: Steshuk B. I.
Published: January 2025

The article examines the impact of digitalization on political participation through the lens of new digital political institutions. Active digitalization enhances the accessibility and convenience of political engagement; however, this accessibility creates a «pressure valve» effect, preventing the accumulation of significant dissatisfaction that could lead to more substantial political demands. The issue of the publicity associated with these digital political institutions is also addressed. Publicity increases the likelihood of addressing issues by attracting the attention of responsible parties, yet it simultaneously tends to preserve ineffective governmental institutions.
Prevalence of dyslipidaemia and transaminitis in obese 8 to 18-year-old in Eastern India
Authors: N Ghose , K Sur , D Sahana
Published: January 2025

Background: Rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity is a serious health concern. Obesity is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and liver damage due to non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Abnormal lipids and obesity are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A blood test can reveal an atherogenic lipid profile and raised liver transaminase levels. This study was planned to determine the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and transaminitis in obese children in Eastern India.

Methods: Obese children between 8-18 years, who had no other illness, were included in the study. IAP BMI (Body mass index) charts (5-18 yrs) were used to confirm obesity. After obtaining consent from the caregiver and the assent of the subject, blood samples were sent to the laboratory for lipid profiles, AST and ALT. Age and gender-appropriate cutoffs were used for analysis.

Results: 59.7% were boys and 40.3% were girls. Dyslipidaemia was prevalent in 66.13%. All three lipid values (triglycerides, non-HDL-C, and HDL) were abnormal in 8.06%, which is combined dyslipidaemia. 41.34% of the subjects had raised liver transaminases, and 30.65% had elevation of both AST and ALT. There was significant correlation of BMI with triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL, non-HDL-C and AST.

Conclusion: Obese children have a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia and transaminitis. Both these complications, along with obesity, are likely to persist into adulthood and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and liver damage. Simple and reliable screening tests can help to identify those at risk so that timely and appropriate interventions can correct obesity in children.
Cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunosenescence
Authors: Nesterova Irina Vadimovna , Kovaleva Svetlana Valentinovna , Chudilova Galina Anatolyevna , Poezzhaev Elisey Andreyevich , Pirogova Anna Ivanovna , Chapurina Valeria Nikolayevna , Lomtatidze Lyudmila Viktorovna , Teterin Yuriy Valerievich , Pikturno Svetlana Nikolaevna , Safontseva Anastasia Dmitriyevna
Published: January 2025

Despite the success achieved in increasing the average life expectancy, the problems of improving the quality of life of elderly and old people, prevention and therapy of age-associated diseases and geriatric syndromes are still relevant. The immune system plays a key role in the aging process, the functioning of which undergoes a wide range of changes, collectively called "immunosenescence". Aging of immune system cells is associated with shortening of telomeric regions of chromosomes, loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis), mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, oxidative stress. Senescent cells are marked by resistance to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and abnormal production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of chronic low-grade inflammation. In this case, the effector mechanisms of the immune response are depleted, which is accompanied by a low ability of the immune system to adequately respond to an antigenic stimulus. Thymus atrophy, depletion of bone marrow niches, myeloid bias of hematopoiesis and change in the ratio of lymphocyte subsets occur. In addition, the effector functions of neutrophilic granulocytes are impaired, but the nature of the change in their functioning during immunosenescence has not been sufficiently studied, so additional studies are needed to establish the nature of neutrophilic granulocyte dysfunctions during immunosenescence.