bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the use of wear maps for assessing machining performance
Authors: Jaffery S I , Mativenga P T
Published: May 2009

The method of using wear maps in assessing tool wear over a range of cutting conditions was presented by Lim et al. in 1993 for turning steel using high-speed steel (HSS) tools. Since then this approach has rarely been studied or critically reviewed. The use of reliable wear maps can aid in assessing the wear rate and wear mechanism of cutting tools over a feed rate to cutting velocity plane. The focus of this paper is on improving the integrity of such wear maps. Unified cutting tests were undertaken to explore the effect of two different grades of carbide tooling on wear performance within a range of recommended cutting conditions. The methodology for developing such maps, as well as the underlying assumptions, was critically reviewed in light of two new wear maps created for different carbide grades. Additionally, by utilising energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and wear patterns, the paper presents new evidence in support of mechanisms responsible for the safety zone. Understanding the wear mechanisms in the low tool wear zone is important for developing extended life tooling.
Servitized manufacture: Practical challenges of delivering integrated products and services
Authors: Baines T S , Lightfoot H W , Kay J M
Published: May 2009

Servitization is now widely recognized as the process of creating value by adding services to products. Since this term was first coined in the late 1980s, it has been studied by a range of authors seeking to understand the wider implications of service-led competitive strategies in manufacturing. However, yet to be explored are the detailed practices and processes needed to deliver integrated products and services. Therefore, the purposes of the present paper are to illustrate the form of a real-life servitization process model, and to summarize the key challenges that a typical manufacturer experiences in supporting such a model. The work is based on an in-depth case study with a leading provider of industrial products and related services. The paper presents this study, an illustration of its servitized process model, and the implications that supporting this model has on the wider manufacturing enterprise.
Development of degrees in medical engineering at the University of Bath
Authors: Cunningham J L
Published: May 2009

Because of increasing demands on the health care sector resulting from an ageing population and increasing quality of life expectations, the health care sector in general is growing and the requirement for trained engineers to work in this sector is likely to increase. Medical engineering is a relatively new area of university study, in which engineering principles are applied to medical systems, devices, and products. This paper outlines the initial design and development of a specialized degree course in Medical Engineering at the University of Bath and reports the subsequent experience with this as the degree has evolved.
An initial assessment of the potential environmental impact of CO2 escape from marine carbon capture and storage systems
Authors: Blackford J , Jones N , Proctor R , Holt J , Widdicombe S , Lowe D , Rees A
Published: May 2009

If carbon capture and storage is to be adopted as a CO2 mitigation strategy, it is important to understand the associated risks. The risk analysis consists of several elements such as leakage probability, assessing the strength of environmental perturbation, and quantifying the ecological, economic, and social impacts. Here, the environmental perturbation aspect is addressed by using a marine system model of the North West European Shelf seas to simulate the consequences of CO2 additions such as those that could arise from a failure of geological sequestration schemes. Little information exists to guide the choice of leak scenario and many assumptions are required; for consistency the assumptions err towards greater impact and what would be in likelihood extreme scenarios. The simulations indicate that only the largest leakage scenarios tested are capable of producing perturbations that are likely to have environmental consequences beyond the locality of a leak event. It is shown that, given the available evidence, the chemical perturbation of a sequestration leak, regionally integrated, is likely to be insignificant when compared with that from continued non-mitigated atmospheric CO2 emissions and the subsequent acidification of the marine system. The potential ecological impacts of a large environmental CO2 perturbation are reviewed, indicating that the biogeochemical functioning and biodiversity are sensitive. The key unknowns that must be addressed in future research are identified; namely, the fine scale dispersion of CO2 and the ability of ecological systems to recover from perturbation.
A Novel Biofuel Cell Based on Direct Electron Transfer Utilizing Enzymatic Activity of Hemoglobin at Indium–Tin–Oxide Electrodes in Cathodic Process
Authors: Ayato Yusuke , Matsuda Naoki
Published: May 2009

A novel direct electron-transfer (DET)-based biofuel cell was established using indium–tin–oxide (ITO) substrates and hemoglobin (Hb) as the electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cathodic reaction systems. The anodic reaction utilized the oxidation of hydrogen (H2) at platinum (Pt), and a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with pH 7.4 solution was employed as the electrolyte in this study. The observed open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the maximum power density in the assembled single cell at room temperature were 0.34 V and 0.15 μW cm−2, respectively.
ZnII Complexes Coordinated by Fluorescent Ligand 2-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Ama Tomoharu , Sakaguchi Takahiko , Yoshida Katsuhira , Yamaguchi Masanori
Published: May 2009

New ZnII complexes with fluorescent ligand [Zn(bpimp)3]X2 (bpimp: 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthroline) were prepared. While the ligand does not exhibit fluorescence in the solid state, the new ZnII complexes exhibit fluorescence in solution and solid states. On the other hand, NiII– and CoII–bpimp complexes do not exhibit strong fluorescence in solution and in the solid states.
External Electric Field Effects on Emission of a Dendrimer-encapsulated Gold Nanocluster in a Polymer Film
Authors: Ohshima Ruriko , Nakabayashi Takakazu , Hamada Tatsuo , Ohta Nobuhiro
Published: May 2009

External electric field effects on emission spectrum of a dendrimer-encapsulated gold cluster in a PVA film have been examined with electric field modulation spectroscopy. Besides the Stark shift, a field-induced quenching of the emission is observed, indicating the field-induced enhancement of the rates of nonradiative processes from the emitting state.
Decomposition Based Interior Point Methods for Two-Stage Stochastic Convex Quadratic Programs with Recourse
Authors: Mehrotra Sanjay , Ozevin M. Gokhan
Published: May 2009

Zhao showed that the log barrier associated with the recourse function of two-stage stochastic linear programs behaves as a strongly self-concordant barrier and forms a self-concordant family on the first-stage solutions. In this paper, we show that the recourse function is also strongly self-concordant and forms a self-concordant family for the two-stage stochastic convex quadratic programs with recourse. This allows us to develop Bender's decomposition based linearly convergent interior point algorithms. An analysis of such an algorithm is given in this paper.
Structure-based synthesis: From natural products to drug prototypes
Authors: Hanessian Stephen
Published: May 2009

X-ray crystallographic data available from complexes of natural and synthetic molecules with the enzyme thrombin has led to the design and synthesis of truncated and hydrid molecules exhibiting excellent inhibition in vitro. The design element has also been extended to the synthesis and in vitro inhibition of a series of achiral molecules deploying aromatic and heterocyclic core motifs with appropriately functionalized appendages that provide excellent binding interactions at the S1, S2, and S3sites of thrombin. Excellent selectivity for thrombin over trypsin has also been observed. Thus, studies in total synthesis of highly active natural aeruginosins have inspired further work toward truncated and hybrid analogs with excellent inhibitory activities. Structure-based organic synthesis has guided our research from natural products toward unnatural drug-like prototypes.
Chemistry and biology of Okinawan marine natural products
Authors: Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: May 2009

Marine macro- and micro-organisms collected in Okinawa are good sources of compounds with intriguing structures and interesting biological activities. Synthetic hybrid molecules of caffeine and eudistomin D from tunicates Eudistoma sp. were found to show better potency as adenosine receptor ligands than caffeine, and one of them exhibits potent activity for adenosine receptors tested, especially for A3 subtype. Potent cytotoxic polyene macrolides from a tunicate Cystodytes sp. were found to be potent osteoclast inhibitors and to inhibit vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) of both mammalian and yeast cells. Amphidinolactones A and B are new macrolides from a dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp., and a potent cytotoxic macrolide from another strain was found to target actin cytoskeleton. Theonezolide A, a long-chain polyketide from a sponge Theonella sp., induces a drastic shape change in platelets by reorganization of microtubules. The stereochemistry of many chiral centers in theonezolide A was elucidated by spectral data and chemical means. Metachromins L-Q are new sesquiterpenoid quinones with an amino acid residue, while nakijiquinones E and F were the first dimeric sesquiterpenoid quinones possessing a 3-aminobenzoate moiety. Halichonadin E is the first hetero-dimeric sesquiterpenoid with eudesmane and aromadendrane skeletons linked through a urea fragment isolated from a sponge Halichondria sp. Pyrinadine A and nakinadine A are novel bis-pyridine alkaloids from sponges, while nagelamides are new bromopyrrole alkaloids from a sponge Agelas sp. Here, the structures and bioactivities of these interesting marine natural products will be described.
Biosynthesis and biosynthetic engineering of calcium-dependent lipopeptide antibiotics
Authors: Micklefield Jason
Published: May 2009

Biosynthetic engineering involves the reprogramming of genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of natural products to generate new "non-natural" products, which might otherwise not exist in nature. Potentially this approach can be used to provide large numbers of secondary metabolites variants, with altered biological activities, many of which are too complex for effective total synthesis. Recently we have been investigating the biosynthesis of the calcium-dependent antibiotics (CDAs) which are members of the therapeutically relevant class of acidic lipopeptide antibiotics. CDAs are assembled by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. These large modular assembly-line enzymes process intermediates that are covalently tethered to peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain bonds bonds, which makes them particularly amenable to reprogramming. The CDA producer, Streptomyces coelicolor, is also a genetically tractable model organism which makes CDA an ideal template for biosynthetic engineering. To this end we have elucidated many of the key steps in CDA biosynthesis and utilized this information to develop methods that have enabled the engineered biosynthesis of wide range of CDA-type lipopeptides.
Ion channel complex of antibiotics as viewed by NMR
Authors: Murata Michio , Kasai Yusuke , Umegawa Yuichi , Matsushita Naohiro , Tsuchikawa Hiroshi , Matsumori Nobuaki , Oishi Tohru
Published: May 2009

Amphotericin B (AmB) exerts its pharmacological effects by forming a barrel-stave assembly in fungal membranes. To examine the interaction between AmB and ergosterol or cholesterol, 13C- and 19F-labeled covalent conjugates were prepared and subjected to solid-state NMR measurements. Using rotor-synchronous double resonance experiments such as REDOR and RDX, we estimated the distance between the fluorine atom and its nearest carbon in the heptaene moiety to be less than 8.6 Å, indicating that the B ring of ergosterol comes close to the AmB polyene moiety. Conformational search of the AmB-ergosterol conjugate using the NMR-derived constraints suggested that ergosterol molecules surround the AmB assembly in contrast to the conventional image where ergosterol is inserted into AmB molecules. AmB-AmB bimolecular interaction was examined by using 13C- and 19F-labeld AmBs in dimyritoylphosphatidylcholine membrane without sterols. 13C-19F dipolar interactions deriving from both head-to-head and head-to-tail orientations were observed in the REDOR experiments. The interactions between AmB and acyl chains of the phospholipid were also detected.
Chemical warfare in the sea: The search for antibiotics from Red Sea corals and sponges
Authors: Kelman Dovi , Kashman Yoel , Hill Russell T. , Rosenberg Eugene , Loya Yossi
Published: May 2009

Marine sponges and corals are widely recognized as rich sources of novel bioactive natural products. These organisms are frequently colonized by bacteria. Some of these bacteria can be pathogenic or serve as beneficial symbionts. Therefore, these organisms need to regulate the bacteria they encounter and resist microbial pathogens. One method is by chemical defense. Antimicrobial assays performed with extracts of 23 Red Sea corals and sponges against bacteria isolated from their natural environment revealed considerable variability in antimicrobial activity. Soft corals exhibited appreciable activity; sponges showed variability, and stony corals had little or no activity. Among the soft corals, Xenia macrospiculata exhibited the highest activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the extract indicated that the activity was due to a range of compounds, one of which was isolated and identified as the diterpene desoxyhavannahine. Among the sponges, Amphimedon chloros exhibited strong activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation resulted in the isolation of the pyridinium alkaloid antibiotics, the halitoxins and amphitoxins. These compounds showed selective activity against specific bacteria, rather than being broad-spectrum. They were highly active against seawater bacteria, whereas bacteria associated with the sponge were resistant. This selective toxicity may be important in enabling certain bacteria to live in close association with their sponge host while it maintains a chemical defense against microbial pathogenesis. The halitoxin-resistant bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis as Alphaproteobacteria, closely related to other Alphaproteobacteria isolated from various marine sponges. The study of microbial communities associated with sponges and corals has important implications for the production of symbiont-derived bioactive compounds and for the use of corals and sponges as source material for microbial diversity in screening programs for natural products.
Global Consumer Innovativeness: Cross-Country Differences and Demographic Commonalities
Authors: Tellis Gerard J. , Yin Eden , Bell Simon
Published: May 2009

Despite extensive research on consumer innovativeness, the literature does not contain a parsimonious construct that has been validated for use across countries, demographics, and categories. This study attempts to fill this gap by studying consumer innovativeness across 15 major world economies. Significantly, the authors find that four negatively valenced items constitute a construct of innovativeness that seems reasonably applicable across most countries. Although this construct of innovativeness varies systematically from country to country, common demographic antecedents emerge across countries. Within these commonalities, a measure of innovativeness shows some distinct category × demographics and category × country differences.
Order-of-Entry Effects for Service Firms in Developing Markets: An Examination of Multinational Advertising Agencies
Authors: Magnusson Peter , Westjohn Stanford A. , Boggs David J.
Published: May 2009

The internationalization process of service firms has received increased attention in recent years. Yet the question whether entry order affects firm performance for service firms in developing markets has remained unanswered. Despite lacking empirical evidence, prior research has suggested that first-mover advantages (FMAs) do not translate to service firms and developing markets. However, framed in a resource-advantage theory perspective, the authors’ empirical analysis of 379 multinational subsidiaries of advertising agencies in 43 developing markets indicates a significant relationship between entry order and firm performance. The authors also examine the moderating effects of international experience, firm size, subsidiary ownership structure, and rate of economic development to assess how late entrants can mitigate late-mover disadvantages. The authors provide empirical evidence that, contrary to recent literature, service firms do enjoy FMAs. They add to the understanding of the FMA phenomenon as well as to the broader issue of the internationalization process and performance effects for service firms.
Quantitative chemical indicators to assess the gradation of compression wood
Authors: Nanayakkara Bernadette , Manley-Harris Merilyn , Suckling Ian D. , Donaldson Lloyd A.
Published: May 2009

A chemistry-based parameter has been sought for determining the gradation of compression wood (CW), i.e., the severity, in tissues of Pinus radiata wood. Fluorescence microscopy was the reference for characterisation of the tissues containing CW. The collected material contained CW of varying severity, beginning with normal wood (NW containing no CW), continuing with material with some features of CW (CW of mild severity, MCW) and ending up with a material with pronounced features of CW (CW of high severity, SCW). Matching opposite wood (OW) was also included in the study. The chemical analyses included lignin determination, sugar analysis in the acid hydrolysate, thioacidolysis, 31P-NMR spectroscopic analysis and steric exclusion chromatography of thioacidolysis products. As the severity of CW changed progressively from NW through MCW to SCW, all chemical parameters changed concurrently. In particular, levels of galactose and lignin increased, while those of glucose and mannose decreased. The amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl β-ethers released by chemical degradation and uncondensed p-hydroxyphenyl C-9 units also increased at elevated CW severity levels. The amounts of galactose and the p-hydroxyphenyl content of the lignin correlated linearly with lignin for CW samples. The chemical differences between CW and OW in the stem, branch and seedling were similar, i.e., they are independent of the morphological origin of the sample. Parameters based on the p-hydroxyphenyl unit content appear the most suitable chemical indicators of CW severity, as they are least sensitive to the sample's morphological origin and their response to CW severity is high.
Apigenin derivatives from Paulownia tomentosa Steud. var. tomentosa stem barks
Authors: Si Chuan-Ling , Wu Lei , Zhu Zhen-Yuan , Kim Jin-Kyu , Kwon Dong-Joo , Bae Young-Soo
Published: May 2009

No abstract available
The relationship found between fibre length and viscosity of three different commercial kraft pulps
Authors: Lapierre Luc , Bouchard Jean , Berry Richard
Published: May 2009

In this report, two softwood kraft pulps, one originating from chips and the other from sawdust, and a hardwood kraft pulp originating from chips were fractionated individually with regard to fibre length using a Bauer-McNett apparatus. The fibre length, the coarseness, the 0.5% viscosity and the intrinsic viscosity were measured on all fractions and whole pulps. For every pulp, there was a unique positive relation between fibre length and viscosity, and also between fibre length and coarseness. Since fibre length has a direct impact on pulp strength, viscosity measurement can provide an indirect method to predict pulp strength. This relationship between the two datasets increases the value of viscosity as an analytical tool.
Colour in thermally modified wood of beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Part 2: Property predictions from colour changes
Authors: González-Peña Marcos M. , Hale Michael D.C.
Published: May 2009

In the woodworking industry, image analysis is routinely used for quality control and for matching and classification during various processes. An extension of these automated systems for the prediction of physical properties of thermally modified wood (TMW) is enticing, because to date there is no generalised procedure for the quality assurance of TMW. In this work, the feasibility of predicting 13 physical parameters from the analysis of colour changes is demonstrated using small thermally modified specimens of three wood species. Simple linear regression models for anti-swelling efficiency, nominal density, heat-induced weight loss and 10 strength parameters in six forms of stress were all very or highly significant, with R2 statistics for the best predictor from 0.24 to 0.94. ΔE* was found to be a better predictor than ΔL* for most properties. Multiple linear regression with 11 colour variables increased the prediction ability of most models in terms of R2, although these improvements varied with the property and species concerned. The best models altogether were obtained by partial least squares regression, with relative prediction error values >0 in all cases. Our results demonstrate that physical properties of small specimens of TMW can be efficiently predicted with only one after treatment measurement of colour in the CIEL*a*b* colour space by means of image analysis of TMW surfaces. We anticipate that our approach would be a starting point for more refined modelling of physical properties of larger wood members and other properties of interest in TMW (e.g., decay resistance).
Colour in thermally modified wood of beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Part 1: Colour evolution and colour changes
Authors: González-Peña Marcos M. , Hale Michael D.C.
Published: May 2009

Colour evolution and colour changes were analysed from surface images of small specimens of three thermally-modified timber species using the CIEL*a*b* colour space. Upon heat exposure, the wood substance became orange and then approached grey irrespective of species; this was accompanied by a steady reduction in lightness. Colour changes were similar in the three woods at any given level of heat-induced weight loss (WL), whilst changes in the three coordinates of the CIEL*a*b* space in function of WL were different regardless of the wood species. For ΔL*, the profile was curvilinear and monotonous, while Δa* and Δb* bear a complex, non-linear profile. In turn, ΔE* was found to be highly influenced by the behaviour of ΔL*. It is proposed that ΔE* in thermally modified wood originates from chemical changes in the main wood polymers, more so in lignin than in polysaccharides, due to the darkening of the lignin itself. This was associated with the generation of chromophoric groups, mainly the increase in carbonyl groups appearing in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of lignin between 1710 and 1600 cm-1, particularly the emergence of quinone species.
Topochemical investigations of cell walls in developing xylem of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Prislan Peter , Koch Gerald , Čufar Katarina , Gričar Jožica , Schmitt Uwe
Published: May 2009

Formation and lignification of xylem cells in mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees growing in a forest site in Slovenia (46° N, 14°40′ E, 400 m a.s.l.) were studied on the cellular and subcellular level. Samples containing the cambial zone and developing xylem were taken from six beech trees every week throughout the 2006 vegetation period. Cell wall thickening and lignification in individual cell wall layers and cell types were determined by light microscopy, cellular UV-microspectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Cell division started between the 18th and the 24th of April 2006. Lignification began in the newly formed xylem tissue on the 2nd of May. After 1 month, the developing earlywood portion contained fully differentiated vessels with completed wall deposition and lignification, and differentiated fibres and axial parenchyma became visible after 2 months. At the end of cambial cell division on the 9th August, the differentiation of the most recently formed fibres in the terminal zone of the growth ring continued for approximately 4 weeks. This indicates that the process of lignification in earlywood is slower than in latewood. The high temporal resolution of the investigated processes and the combination of the above-mentioned microscopic techniques provides a detailed insight into the process of cell wall thickening and lignification of woody tissue in beech.
Neutron attenuation coefficients for non-invasive quantification of wood properties
Authors: Mannes David , Josic Lidija , Lehmann Eberhard , Niemz Peter
Published: May 2009

Attenuation coefficients and mass attenuation coefficients of wood were determined theoretically and experimentally for thermal and cold neutrons. Experiments were carried out at the neutron imaging facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen (CH). For the calculation of theoretical attenuation coefficients, only the three main elemental components (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) were taken into consideration. While hydrogen accounts only for 6% (by wt) of wood, over 90% of the attenuation can be attributed to this element. Nitrogen and other trace elements were estimated to have a negligible impact on the theoretical attenuation coefficient. For the experimental determination of the attenuation coefficients, samples from different European and tropical wood species were tested in order to examine the influence of density and extractives content. Experimental results show a very strong linear correlation between attenuation coefficient and wood density irrespective of the tested species and extractives content that play only a minor role. As neutrons are very susceptible to scattering, it is necessary to apply a scattering correction if a quantitative evaluation is intended.
Nicht-invasive pränatale Diagnostik fetaler chromosomaler Aneuploidien mittels Nukleinsäureanalyse des mütterlichen Plasmas / Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies by maternal plasma nucleic acid analysis1)
Authors: Lo Y.M. Dennis , Chiu Rossa W.K.
Published: May 2009

Die Entdeckung zirkulierender zellfreier fetaler Nukleinsäuren im mütterlichen Plasma eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die nicht-invasive pränatale Diagnostik. Die mögliche Anwendung dieser Technologie für den nicht-invasiven pränatalen Nachweis fetaler chromosomaler Aneuploidien stellt dabei einen besonders interessanten Aspekt dieses Bereiches dar. Die größte Herausforderung besteht darin, dass zellfreie fetale Nukleinsäuren nur einen kleinen Bruchteil der gesamten Nukleinsäuren im mütterlichen Plasma darstellen.

Es wurde eine Literatur-Recherche durchgeführt, die zeigte, dass die Untersucher Methoden angewandt haben, die auf der physischen und molekularen Anreicherung fetaler Nukleinsäure-Targets aus mütterlichem Plasma basieren. Die erstere umfasst die Verwendung der Größenfraktionierung der DNA sowie der – allerdings umstrittenen – Methode der Formaldehyd-Behandlung. Letztere wurde durch die Entwicklung fetaler epigenetischer und fetaler RNA-Marker erreicht. Der Aneuploidiestatus des Fetus wurde mittels der Analyse des Allelverhältnisses der fetalen epigenetischen und RNA-Marker im Plasma erforscht. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die digitale PCR eine hohe Präzision für Analysen des Allelverhältnisses und der relativen Chromosomendosis bietet.

Nach 10 Jahren Arbeit konnte in Studien mit kleinen Probenumfängen die theoretische und praktische Durchführbarkeit des Nachweises pränataler fetaler chromosomaler Aneuploidie mittels der Analyse von Nukleinsäuren im Plasma nachgewiesen werden. Es werden jedoch größere unabhängige Studien nötig sein, um diese ersten Beobachtungen zu bestätigen. Falls sich diese größer angelegten Studien als erfolgreich erweisen, ist zu erwarten, dass die molekulare nicht-invasive pränatale Diagnose der wichtigsten chromosomalen Aneuploidien durch die Weiterentwicklung neuer fetaler DNA/RNA-Marker und neuer analytischer Methoden in naher Zukunft zur Routine werden könnte.
Thromboembolische Erkrankungen in der Hämatologie und Onkologie / Thrombotic disease in cancer patients
Authors: Hart Christina , Andreesen Reinhard , Hahn Joachim R.
Published: May 2009

Das Auftreten eines thromboembolischen Ereignisses ist eine häufige und schwerwiegende Komplikation bei Tumorpatienten und stellt eine wichtige Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität in diesem Patientengut dar. Als Hauptrisikofaktoren für eine Thromboembolie werden neben der Tumorentität und dem Tumorstadium die Hormon- und Chemotherapie, chirurgische Eingriffe sowie die Hospitalisierung angesehen. Sowohl die Aktivierung des Endothels durch inflammatorische Zytokine als auch die Aktivierung des plasmatischen Gerinnungssystems durch die von Tumorzellen produzierten Prokoagulanzien (vor allem Tissue Factor) tragen zur Pathophysiologie der Hyperkoagulabilität bei. Durch Tumorkompression und Einwachsen von Tumorzellen kann es zum Auftreten von Thrombosen an ungewöhnlichen Lokalisationen kommen, zudem werden bei myeloproliferativen Neoplasien gehäuft thrombotische Verschlüsse der Pfortader und der posthepatischen Venen beobachtet. Aufgrund des erhöhten Thromboserisikos muss beim hospitalisierten internistischen und chirurgischen Tumorpatienten auf eine ausreichende Thromboseprophylaxe geachtet werden. Die antikoagulatorische Therapie eines thrombotischen Ereignisses beim Tumorpatienten ist eine Herausforderung, da einerseits ein erhöhtes Risiko für ein Rezidiv der Thromboembolie besteht, und andererseits das Blutungsrisiko – vor allem bei fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien – erhöht ist.
Color words in literary Russian: Connotations and gender differences in use
Authors: Mostovaia Anna
Published: May 2009

Connotations, or the semantic prosodies of words, are associations acquired through exposure to diverse contexts and may be different for the same language item used by different speakers or groups of speakers. In order to compare connotations of the same language item between groups, tools of comparison are of interest. One such tool is analysis of word frequencies in contexts. This article considers a few hypotheses on gender-linked differences in the use of color words in Russian literary texts. Frequencies of total use of color words, and then of color words modifying nouns referring to body parts, color words modifying nouns referring to clothes, color words which have emotional connotations and of color words used to describe elements of landscape are compared for texts authored by women or by men. For the first three subcategories, it was hypothesized that women on average use more color adjectives in this category than men do. For the last category, it was hypothesized that men use more color adjectives in this category than women do. Two studies have been done to verify these hypotheses. Only the last hypothesis, on greater frequency of color words used to describe landscape in men-authored texts, has been confirmed at a statistically significant level. The hypotheses that women use a greater number of total color adjectives on average, and that women use more color adjectives to modify nouns referring to body parts and clothes, were each confirmed at a marginal level of statistical significance.

Another avenue for investigating the limits of the concept “connotation” uses syntactic tests. One can say that a number of phrases in Russian are (un)acceptable or highly unusual because there exists a recurring connotation connecting a certain color with a certain state of affairs. However, it is questionable whether connotations limited to a sociolinguistic group can be tested using syntactic tests.
Effect of Ta Rich Inclusions and Microstructure Change During Precracking on Bimodal Fracture of Reduced-Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels Observed in Transition Range
Authors: Tanigawa Hiroyasu , Sokolov Mikhail A. , Sawahata Atsushi , Hashimoto Naoyuki , Ando Masami , Shiba Kiyoyuki , Enomoto Masato , Klueh Ronald L.
Published: May 2009

The master curve method for analyzing fracture toughness data depends on the assumption that the fracture initiation points are homogeneously distributed and fracture initiation is independent of test temperature. The reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels, such as F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W-0.2V-0.04Ta), form Al2O3-Ta(V,Ti)O composite inclusions and its distribution is not homogeneous throughout one heat, and this microstructural inhomogeneity appears to be correlated with bimodal facture of F82H in the transition range. To investigate this possibility, 1TCT fracture toughness specimens of F82H-IEA steel were fatigue precracked and sliced through the specimen thickness for microstructure analysis around the crack. It was found that the crack penetration was straight in the beginning, and then tended to follow a prior austenite grain boundary and finally to branch into two or three different directions. In addition, the microstructures around the crack and ahead of the crack formed a cell structure and became softer than nearby regions, which is typical for fatigue-loaded F82H. Possible mechanisms for how this cell structure ahead of cracks affects fracture toughness are suggested.
Wnt signaling promotes proliferation and stemness regulation of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Golestaneh Nady , Beauchamp Elspeth , Fallen Shannon , Kokkinaki Maria , Üren Aykut , Dym Martin
Published: May 2009

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) self-renew throughout life to produce progenitor cells that are able to differentiate into spermatozoa. However, the mechanisms underlying the cell fate determination between self-renewal and differentiation have not yet been delineated. Culture conditions and growth factors essential for self-renewal and proliferation of mouse SSCs have been investigated, but no information is available related to growth factors that affect fate determination of human spermatogonia. Wnts form a large family of secreted glycoproteins, the members of which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, organogenesis, and cell migration. Here, we show that Wnts and their receptors Fzs are expressed in mouse spermatogonia and in the C18-4 SSC line. We demonstrate that WNT3A induces cell proliferation, morphological changes, and cell migration in C18-4 cells. Furthermore, we show that β-catenin is activated during testis development in 21-day-old mice. In addition, our study demonstrates that WNT3A sustained adult human embryonic stem (ES)-like cells derived from human germ cells in an undifferentiated stage, expressing essential human ES cell transcription factors. These results demonstrate for the first time that Wnt/β-catenin pathways, especially WNT3A, may play an important role in the regulation of mouse and human spermatogonia.
Establishment of Mostly Male Groups of Bluegills by Grading Selection and Evaluation of their Growth Performance
Authors: Wang H P , Wallat G K , Hayward R S , Tiu L G , O'Bryant P , Rapp D
Published: May 2009

Concerns over the economic feasibility of commercial aquaculture production of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus have heightened the need for strategies to enhance growth. Recent studies have shown that individually reared bluegill males can grow twice as fast as females; such studies have generated increased interest in development of mostly male or all-male populations. In this study, we developed a practical procedure to establish mostly male bluegill groups through grading selection and we tested their growth against that of a normal population. A single cohort of bluegill juveniles was cultured in a pond for 1 year; when the fish reached a mean weight of 30.1 g, the cohort was graded and divided into two mostly male groups (top 25% and top 50% of fish by total length) and a mixed-sex control group. The percentage of males in each group was as follows: 50.0% in the mixed control group, 75.4% in the top 25% group, and 69.7% in the top 50% group. Weight gain per fish in the top 25% group was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in the mixed group throughout most of the experiment. There were no significant differences detected in survival among the three groups, although the top 25% group had survival of 96.0% compared with 90.6% and 90.5% for the top 50% group and the mixed control group, respectively. The top 25% group had the highest percentage (46.3%) of fish reaching 150 g at the end of the experiment, followed by the top 50% group (28.3%), and the mixed control group (12.7%). The coefficient of variation (CV) for weight decreased in all three groups over time; the mostly male groups maintained lower initial and final CV values than did the mixed control group. Results indicate that mostly male bluegill groups are able to grow faster than typical mixed-sex populations, and social interaction costs among communally reared males did not significantly decrease growth of mostly male populations in the aquaculture settings.
Survey of Ovaprim Use as a Spawning Aid in Ornamental Fishes in the United States as Administered through the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory
Authors: Hill Jeffrey E , Kilgore Kathy Heym , Pouder Deborah B , Powell James F F , Watson Craig A , Yanong Roy P E
Published: May 2009

Ovaprim is a commercial product used as a spawning aid in fishes and contains a salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and a dopamine antagonist. Since 2005, the use of Ovaprim in commercial ornamental fish production has been through enrollment with the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory in an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) study. A database is maintained to provide information to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on product effectiveness and target animal safety. There were 25 fish species in 17 genera and 10 families in the INAD database. Ostariophysan fishes constituted 84% of the species and 99.9% of the individuals. The goldfish Carassius auratus was numerically the dominant species (80% of individuals). Nearly 40,000 fish in total were injected with Ovaprim; ovulation was induced in 92% of females and spermiation was induced in 96% of males, primarily reflecting extensive use in cyprinid fishes. Conversely, average success rates across all species were moderate (50% ovulation and 54% spermiation), and some species had low success rates (range = 0–100%). Mortality after injection was 1.3% of overall individuals but varied by species (mean = 2.7%; range = 0–36%). Ovaprim was most used by producers of ornamental cyprinids.
Interannual Variability in Early Marine Growth, Size-Selective Mortality, and Marine Survival for Prince William Sound Pink Salmon
Authors: Cross Alison D. , Beauchamp David A. , Moss Jamal H. , Myers Katherine W.
Published: May 2009

The main objective of this study was to use scale patterns to compare the early marine growth of the average pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha with that of fish from the same year-class that survived to adulthood to gain insight on critical periods for growth and survival. During 2001–2004, pink salmon that survived to adulthood were larger and grew faster than the average juvenile throughout the first growing season, indicating that larger, faster-growing juveniles experienced higher survival. Growth rate declined from mid–late June to early–mid-July for both juveniles at-large and fish that survived to adulthood. The adult survivors then grew at a faster rate than the average juvenile through September. Both the juvenile pink salmon population at-large and all cohorts that survived to adulthood grew at a faster rate during high-survival years than low-survival years from mid–late June to mid–late August. Greater variability in the growth trajectories of surviving adults was observed during high-survival years, potentially a result of diversified feeding or distribution strategies. This study supports findings that significant size-selective mortality of juvenile pink salmon occurs after the first growing season. Investigating the timing and magnitude of size-selective mortality on juvenile pink salmon during their first growing season is an initial step toward understanding the processes regulating growth and survival.
Site Fidelity and Movement Patterns of Groundfish Associated with Offshore Petroleum Platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel
Authors: Lowe Christopher G. , Anthony Kim M. , Jarvis Erica T. , Bellquist Lyall F. , Love Milton S.
Published: May 2009

In order to better assess the ecological importance of offshore petroleum platforms for economically important groundfishes, we quantified the degree of site fidelity of 100 platform-associated individuals representing 15 species at three offshore platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel by means of acoustic telemetry monitoring. Thirty percent of the fish tagged were not detected after the first 6 d following release and were assumed to have died or to have immediately emigrated away from platforms. Degrees of site fidelity varied widely among individuals, among species, and between platforms. Of the most abundant species tagged (cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, vermilion rockfish Sebastes miniatus, widow rockfish Sebastes entomelas, copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus, and greenspotted rockfish Sebastes chlorostictus), widow rockfish showed a high probability of being detected at platforms over a 2-year period. Vermilion rockfish emigrated away from the shallower Platform Gilda (64 m) faster than vermilion rockfish tagged at the deeper Platform Grace (93 m). Ten tagged individuals (eight vermilion rockfish, one copper rockfish, and one lingcod Ophiodon elongatus) moved between platforms (range = 5–15 km) and/or natural habitat, although a majority moved from a shallower platform to a deeper one. These movements further support evidence that (1) many reef-associated rockfishes make ontogenetic shifts to deeper water and (2) shallower platforms export fishes faster than deeper platforms. There was no indication of seasonal emigration, but there was evidence for seasonal differences in activity for vermilion rockfish, widow rockfish, and greenspotted rockfish. Observed movements of fishes between platforms and natural reef habitat indicate that they can navigate between these habitats and that platform habitat, despite having higher densities of conspecifics, may be of higher quality to some individuals than natural reefs.
Population Dynamics of the Smalleye Shiner, an Imperiled Cyprinid Fish Endemic to the Brazos River, Texas
Authors: Durham Bart W. , Wilde Gene R.
Published: May 2009

We studied the population dynamics of the smalleye shiner Notropis buccula, an imperiled cyprinid fish that is endemic to the Brazos River, Texas. Abundance, measured as the mean number captured per seine haul, varied by over an order of magnitude—from 0.4 to 4.3—during the study period. Population structure and reproductive biology were studied to obtain the parameter estimates required for construction of an age‐structured population dynamics model. We included stream discharge as a driving variable and modeled age‐0 survival as a function of that variable. We compared the observed abundance of smalleye shiners with the abundance predicted by the discharge model and with three null parameterizations of the model using the Akaike information criterion. The discharge‐related model received the greatest support from catch data and indicated that a discharge of 6.43 m3/s is necessary for maintenance of the smalleye shiner population in the upper Brazos River drainage. Elasticity analysis and sensitivity simulations of the projection matrix indicated that age‐0 survival and age‐1 fecundity were the most influential parameters in the population dynamics of smalleye shiners. In combination, these two stages accounted for the majority (70%) of the total elasticity of the population growth rate. We used our model to assess the potential effects of a proposed impoundment on the upper Brazos River and conclude that the reservoir could reduce the abundance of smalleye shiners by about 85% and in the long term is likely to cause the extirpation of this species from the impacted area.
Juvenile Chinook Salmon Summer Microhabitat Availability, Use, and Selection in a Central Idaho Wilderness Stream
Authors: Holecek Dean E. , Cromwell Kara J. , Kennedy Brian P.
Published: May 2009

We measured summer microhabitat use, availability, and selection by age‐0 Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Big Creek drainage, Idaho. Age‐0 fish selected for low‐velocity (0‐25 cm/s), moderate‐depth (40‐80 cm) habitats that were located within 80 cm of cover. Pools (52%) and runs (38.5%) were the most commonly used habitat types, while pebbles (33.7%) and sand (23%) were the most often used substrates. Cover type use was predominated by woody debris (54.8%) and rock outcrops (23.7%). Run (38.5%) and riffle (32.9%) were the most available habitats in Big Creek, while pebble (38.4%) and cobble (28.2%) were the most available substrates. Mean water velocity (47 cm/s) availability and distance to cover (108 cm) availability were greater than those selected by age‐0 Chinook salmon, while mean total water depth (30 cm) availability was lower than that selected by the fish. Linear regression was used to show that an increase in juvenile Chinook salmon total length was significantly (P < 0.05) related to increased total water depth (r2 = 0.68), focal water depth (r2 = 0.73), and focal water velocity (r2 = 0.49) use. The relationship of habitat use and fish total lengths indicate that even within a short temporal period, juvenile Chinook salmon will select for different habitats as they grow. Upper and lower Big Creek microhabitat availability characteristics differed significantly (P < 0.05). Upper Big Creek had more fish per unit of preferred rearing habitat than lower Big Creek, which suggests that either summer microhabitat availability or redd density partially explain the density differences observed in Big Creek. Microhabitat use and availability data were useful for identifying habitat selection of age‐0 Chinook salmon in Big Creek. The data from this study can be used for future identification, quantification, and restoration of suitable Chinook salmon rearing habitat in other Pacific Northwest streams.
An Analytical Calculation of the Magnetic Field Using the Biot Savart Law
Authors: Caparelli E.C. , Tomasi D.
Published: May 2009

This work presents an analytical method to calculate the magnetic field at any point of the space, by solving the Biot Savart equation in the reciprocal space. This is applied to express the magnetic field due to a circular current distributions as a convergent series. The comparison between the proposed method with the standard numerical integration of the Biot Savart law has shown a good agreement.
Descarga Interna e Tensão de Retorno em Capacitores
Authors: Robert Renê
Published: May 2009

Os fenômenos de descarga interna e tensão de retorno em capacitores são calculados no caso onde a resposta do dielétrico é da forma exponencial no tempo. Com esta hipótese a matemática envolvida é simples e as características gerais dos fenômenos de hereditariedade podem ser seguidas.
As Variações dos Intervalos de Tempo entre as Fases Principais da Lua
Authors: Silveira Fernando Lang da
Published: May 2009

Os intervalos de tempo entre as sucessivas fases principais da Lua (Nova, Quarto Crescente, Cheia e Quarto Minguante) não são idênticos e apresentam pronunciadas variações ao longo do tempo. Neste trabalho é elaborada uma explicação qualitativa para essas "anomalias". É também apresentado um conjunto de equações que permite o cálculo do momento em que cada fase principal ocorre. As equações foram geradas a partir de tabelas de lunações por procedimentos de regressão não-linear; com elas é possível se estimar os momentos das fases principais com um erro padrão (desvio padrão da estimativa) de 20 min. As tabelas de lunações foram obtidas junto ao Observatório Nacional do Brasil e se referem ao período de 1940 a 2020.