bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wartime Rat and Mouse Control, 1939–1946
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

When war broke out in September 1939 we switched from pure to applied zoology, and thanks to Charles’s foresight the transition was fast and smooth. Our mandate now was to help protect Britain’s food supplies from rodent pests. For every ton of food that could be saved, a ton of other goods could be imported. Instead of roaming the hills of Wales and Scotland we now spent our lives at garbage dumps, down sewers, on a pig farm by the tracks, below stairs in restaurants, and anywhere we could study Norway rats or house mice. Luckily, our work also took us into the country (Figure 4.1) at a time when few people were able to travel. Several other workers joined the Bureau, and research was extended to London and abroad.
Replication, 1946–1951
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

On getting back to Lake Vyrnwy in 1946 we needed to replicate the prewar observations. Four aspects had to be checked out: body weights and reproduction (from snap-trapping); survival in the field (from mark-recapture); food supply (from comparative observations); and survival in the lab (from life tables). Responsibility for these studies now rested with Helen and me (Figures 5.1, 5.2). We first reviewed our techniques.

To begin with, we did not know what phase of the cycle we had come in on, so went back to using the prewar indices of abundance. As we spent several days on each visit, we seldom used the quick but boring method of trace index. Instead, we set several lines of snap-traps, which gave us a rough index of abundance and satisfied the need for corpses.
Multiplicity Of Selves
Authors: Rosenberg Seymour
Published: November 2023

“Multiplicity of selves” is a rather ambiguous title. Multiplicity of selves, and its semantic relatives, subselves and subpersonalities, are used to refer to any of a variety of conceptual partitionings of self. Among the more diverse referents for these terms are complexes, archetypes, and dissociated states of consciousness, including such pathological extremes as multiple personality. This inventory, far from complete, also reflects the ubiquity of the general notion of multiplicity in psychopathology and in personality organization.
The Case for Unity in the (Post)Modern SelfA Modest Proposal
Authors: McAdams Dan P
Published: November 2023

In the opening scene of Austin Wright’s (1994) novel After Gregory, Peter Gregory tries to kill himself by throwing his body into a freezing river on a raw November night. Peter is a high-school English teacher. He is married and has two children. But Peter’s wife and children have recently left him. A sexual affair with one of his students is about to be exposed, and the girl’s father has threatened to sue. And just last night Jock Hadley was killed with a hammer. Peter hated Jock, his cantankerous next-door neighbor. But did he hate him enough to kill him? Peter is confused. Perhaps he killed Jock in a drunken rage. Two years ago, so drunk he could hardly recall any of the details at the ensuing trial, Peter had driven has car the wrong way on a freeway exit ramp, past the red “Wrong Way” sign and into oncoming traffic, driving for many miles before disaster finally struck. He caused a chain-reaction collision that left a mother and her two daughters dead. Because it was his first offense, the judge suspended Peter’s sentence. But the judge could do nothing to alleviate Peter’s public shame and his private guilt. I haven’t had a drink for two years, Peter reminds himself. Or has he? Maybe he was drinking last night, before Jock Hadley was hammered to death.
The Self and Society Changes, Problems, and Opportunities
Authors: Baumeister Roy F
Published: November 2023

Personal identity is a crucial interface between the private organism and society. The identity represents an important means by which the physical being takes its place in society so as to communicate and interact with other people. Meanwhile, the broader society assigns roles to the individual and shapes the values the person holds, so that identity is also an important means by which society can influence and control his or her behavior. It is no more correct to say that the individual is passively created by society than it is to regard society as a mere outcome of the choices and actions of autonomous, self-determined individuals; self and society shape each other.
An Idiot’s Tale: Memories and Histories of the Holocaust
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the one thing that all the books considered here2 have in common, apart from their preoccupation with the Holocaust, is that they fill the reader with an almost unbearable sense of despair and helplessness regarding not only the past but also the present. It is, in the true sense, a tale that signifies nothing. Indeed, it is precisely the meaninglessness of the event, made all the clearer now with the benefit of hindsight, the utter uselessness of it all, the total and complete emptiness in which this hell on earth unfolded, that leaves us breathless, bereft of the power of thought and imagination. And what is especially frightening is the impossibility of learning anything from the Holocaust, of drawing any lessons, of putting its facts to any use. Seen from this perspective, questions such as “Could it happen again?” or “Was the Holocaust unique?” appear irrelevant. Humanity has brought on itself so much meaningless, useless, utterly idiotic suffering over the intervening five decades, and so much of this suffering appeared for a while, as it still does for some, meaningful and significant, that we, in our double roles as members of the human race and as its historians, must conclude that despair is probably the safest reaction—as human beings, because it seems that our ability to cause each other pain and suffering far exceeds even our imagination; as historians, because what we say about the past never seems to have any positive impact on the future and, moreover, does not appear particularly useful even in understanding the past itself.
Divergent Paths
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Why are some countries without an apparent abundance of natural resources, such as Japan, economic success stories, while other languish in the doldrums of slow growth. In this comprehensive look at North American economic history, Marc Egnal argues that culture and institutions play an integral role in determining economic outcome. He focuses his examination on the eight colonies of the North, five colonies of the South (which together made up the original thirteen states), and French Canada. Using census data, diaries, travelers’ accounts, and current scholarship, Egnal systematically explores how institutions (such as slavery in the South and the seigneurial system in French Canada) and cultural arenas (such as religion, literacy, entrepreneurial spirit, and intellectual activity) influenced development. He seeks to answer why three societies with similar standards of living in 1750 became so dissimilar in development. By the mid-nineteenth century, the northern states had surged ahead in growth, and this gap continued to widen into the twentieth century. Egnal argues that culture and institutions allowed this growth in the North, not resources or government policies. Both the South and French Canada stressed hierarchy and social order more than the drive for wealth. Rarely have such parallels been drawn between these two societies. Complete numerous helpful appendices, figures, tables, and maps, Divergent Paths is a rich source of unique perspectives on economic development with strong implications for emerging societies.
Eighteenth-Century Perceptions
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

For Thomas Jefferson northerners and southerners were without question different breeds of people. In 1785 he presented the Marquis de Chastellux with parallel lists of attributes: Contemporary observers could well have provided a contrasting list for French Canada. In the nineteenth century the gulf separating an entrepreneurial North from the two regions less concerned with money making would widen precariously. But the three societies were hardly alike in 1750. Eighteenth-century perceptions allow us to examine differences in values and outlook that would have a far-reaching impact on growth in the nineteenth and even the twentieth century.
Peasants and Freeholders
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Any exploration of New World culture and institutions necessarily begins with the Old World. Hence we examine Adam Winthrop. He was a London cloth merchant who responded eagerly when Henry VIII seized the monastery lands and offered them for sale. In 1544 Adam paid £409 for Groton Manor in Suffolk County. His son, also named Adam, and his grandson, John, devoted much of their energies to making Groton more profitable. They raised crops for the London market. By 1593 the second Adam was earning £62 from the sale of food-stuffs-more than the value of the rents he collected. The Winthrops acquired more land, and sold parcels when the opportunity seemed right. John, who was as keen a trader as his father and grandfather, observed: Where I may have more money, I can depart with the more land. The Winthrops renegotiated leases with their tenants. Like other landowners they worked to get shorter terms, to raise rents, or simply to take over the land. When John finally sold his estate in 1631-to help finance his migration to Massachusetts-he received £4200 for it.1 The Winthrops, to be sure, were hardly freewheeling capitalists. The portraits of the second Adam and of John stare at us across the gulf of centuries. Adam with his gold earrings and John with his ruff and full Elizabethan beard look more like medieval courtiers than modem businessmen.
Mobility and Education
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Isaac Weld was an Irishman who came to North America in the 1790s to find an agreeable place of abode. Weld never did find a place that suited him, and eventually returned home. But the result of his wanderings was a widely reprinted account of North American society. Weld was struck by the differences between French Canada and the United States, and especially by the rootedness of the French and the mobility of the Americans. The French Canadians ... , he re marked, are fond of living near each other.... In this respect a wonderful difference appears between their conduct and that of the young people of the United States, particularly those of New England, who, as soon as they are grown up, immediately emigrate, and bury themselves in the woods, where, perhaps, they are five or six hundred miles distant from every relation upon earth. Our examination of the cultural and institutional origins of growth now moves beyond those concerns-landholding, religion, and labor that formed the foundations of these societies. This chapter examines two areas that were important if secondary: geographic mobility (both across the Atlantic and within the New World) and literacy. The refusal of French Canadians to move far from home reinforced the slow growth of that society. By contrast, a bustling, mobile population furthered the ascent of the North. The impact of high mobility on the South was more complex. It quickened growth in that section (which still remained far behind the North).
The Post-Industrial Econon1y, 1975 to the 1990s
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Picture Tel, with headquarters in Danvers, Massachusetts, is the model of success in the post-industrial economy. It was started in 1984 by two twenty-two-year-old students, Jeffrey Bernstein and Brian Hinton, who attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By the early l 990s Picturise was the largest maker of videophones in the U.S., with sales of over $100 million and a market value of $170 million. The giant AT&T had been working for many years on sending pictures over phone lines, when Bernstein and Hinton figured out how to do it better. Norman Gaut, chief executive officer of Picturise and another MIT graduate, explains: “No big company had the gumption to do what we did. Nobody had the guts but us.” Bernstein stayed on as Picturise expanded, becoming in his early thirties a blue-jean clad “corporate guru.” Hinton went off to California to start still another high-tech company, Polycom. The founders of Picturise were the quintessential entrepreneurs of the Information Age: they were highly skilled, products of one of the great U.S. universities, and able to respond to market demand in a way that the large corporations could not. Not coincidentally, they were located in the Northeast, an area that flourished in this new economy.
The Visual Learning Problem
Authors: Ikeuchi Katsushi , Veloso Manuela
Published: November 2023

One of the main goals in computer vision is to develop a recognition system that has capabilities similar to those of the human visual system. This is important in science because such research to develop a human-like visual system enlightens our understanding of the human visual system. It is also important in engineering because recognition systems have a wide variety of applications, including intelligent highway systems, face recognition, automatic target recognition (ATR), intelligent manufacturing sensors, and robotic explorers, among others.
Learning A Visual Model and An Image Processing Strategy From A Series of Silhouette Images on MIRACLE-IV
Authors: Matsubara Hitoshi , Sakaue Katsuhiko , Yamamoto Kazuhiko
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we present an experimental visual learning system, which is called the Multiple Image Recognition system Aiming for Concept Learning Intelligent Vision (MIRACLE-IV)[l, 2, 3]. MIRACLE-IV is capable of obtaining an internal structure of the object from a series of silhouette images with no initial explicit models of the object. The images are derived from only one object, but the forms of the object are varied. The system is composed of two subsystems: a model-acquisition part (the modeler) and an image-processing strategy part (the strategist). On the assumption that an object consists of hinges, slides, and solids, the modeler learns the number of these features in the object and the relationship between them. The strategist relates functional features such as hinges or slides with visual features in the actual image data. In MIRACLE-IV, the object models and the image-processing strategies are not fixed, but are generated and renewed in a self-producing way.
Navigating with Landmarks: Computing Goal Locations From Place Codes
Authors: Redish A David , Touretzky David S
Published: November 2023

Landmark-based navigation is a rich domain for exploring issues of visual and spatial cognition. At the behavioral level, there is a wealth of data on how animals use landmarks to locate food or to return to their nests. At the neurophysiological level, hippocampal pyramidal cells called place cells have been discovered that fire when the animal is in a certain location in its environment [12, 20, 24]. These cells change their firing patterns in response to displacement or removal of prominent landmarks [21]. Cells in the subicular complex [34], the thalamus [19, 33], and the parietal cortex [4], whose firing rates are correlated with the animal’s heading (head direction cells) have also been found to be controlled in part by visual cues.

In this chapter, we describe a theory of navigation in rodents that is constrained by both behavioral and neurophysiological data. The theory is embodied in a computer model called CRAWL, allowing us to replicate various experiments in the rodent-navigation literature and make predictions about place-cell responses in novel situations. Some of this work has been previously reported in [37, 40, 41].Portions of the model have also been implemented on a mobile robot [38, 40].
Introduction
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

This introduction provides an overview of current knowledge about the planet Mars. It is intended as a backdrop for the rest of the book, in which topics specifically related to water are discussed. Some major aspect of Mars’ evolution, such as volcanism, tectonics, and atmospheric circulation, are summarized in a few paragraphs and then barely mentioned in the rest of the book. Other aspects, such as erosion of outflow channels and formation of the core, are picked up later because of their implications for the water story. For much more complete discussions of many of the topics introduced here, see Kieffer et al. (1992).
Climate Change
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses two very different aspects of climate change. The first concerns changes induced by quasi-periodic variations in the orbital and rotational motions of the planet. These changes occur on relatively short time scales, have likely occurred throughout the history of the planet and so been superimposed on any longterm changes. Unless there are large amounts of exchangeable CO2 sequestered in the polar layered terrains or the remnant caps, such periodic changes are likely to be small. Much of the discussion on quasi-periodic changes focuses not on observational evidence, but on hypothetical arguments as to what effects variations in the astronomical motions might have on various processes such as transport of dust and exchange of CO2 between the regolith, atmosphere, and poles. While layering in sediments at the poles has been attributed to modulation of deposition and erosion by changes in surface conditions induced by planetary motions, the connection between the layered terrains and planetary motions has not been unequivocally established. In contrast, we have abundant observational evidence that Mars might have undergone long term, secular climate changes. We have already discussed at length some aspects of the evidence, the presence of valley networks, but erosion rates provide additional, possibly stronger, support for the supposition that conditions on Mars early in its history were very different from those that prevailed during most of its subsequent history. We will examine the timing and climatic implications of valley network formation and changes in erosion rates, then explore how the implied climatic conditions might have been attained.
The Nonambiguity of Mental Images
Authors: Reisberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

Scholars interested in mental imagery spent roughly a decade debating the fundamental nature of imagery. Broadly speaking, the question in this debate hinged on whether we should think of imagery as depictive in nature, so that mental images were, in some deep sense, just like pictures, or whether images were instead descriptive in their nature, so that mental images were best thought of as basically propositional in character.
“Littls Wing”
Authors: Brown Matthew
Published: November 2023

After considerable resistance from the scholarly community, rock music has recently emerged as a legitimate subject for academic discourse. This newfound prestige has stemmed partly from a wave of pluralism and interdisciplinary research that has swept across campus, and partly from the sheer importance of the music. Given its popular origins and broad appeal, discussions of rock music have tended to avoid detailed musical analyses and have focused their attention, instead, on issues of social function and meaning. To quote Simon Frith: “For the last fifty years, pop music has been an important way in which we have learned to understand ourselves as historical, ethnic, classbound, gendered subjects.”
Tonal and Expressive Ambiguity in “Dark Star”
Authors: M.Boone Graeme
Published: November 2023

In the vinyl Valhalla of rock, the Grateful Dead have earned a special place. Born in 1965 amid the flourishing countercultural movement of San Francisco, the Dead pioneered in the development of musical performances as druglike “experiences;” featuring long, unpredictable improvisations and an eclectic mix of influences. As the hippie movement faded, the Dead provided the impetus to a vast culture of followers, known as Deadheads, whose musical and social ideals stem directly from those of the hippies, with elements of pacifism, openmindedness, hedonism, and the use of psychedelic drugs. The Deadhead movement has flourished down to the present day, showing no signs of abatement up to the disbanding of the group in November 1995 after the death of lead guitarist Jerry Garcia. In that year the Dead still ranked fourth in the country in earnings from touring, thanks to the sellout crowds at their many performances; in 1991, they ranked first.
The Discourse of Classified Advertising
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul
Published: November 2023

Linguists who have studied simplified varieties of a given language, such as pidgins or the language of care-givers, have tended to explain similarities in their structure by the fact that they use the same mechanisms of simplification. Bruthiaux tests this idea by looking at the structure of classified ads in American English, using a body of 800 ads from four categories: automobile sales, apartments for rent, help wanted, and personal ads. Bruthiaux's thesis is that strict, uniform constraints on space should result in uniformly simple texts, no matter which category they are in, and that any variation would be due to the particular needs of each category. To prove this he describes the linguistic structure of classified ads, and shows that they are characterized by a minimal degree of morphosyntactic elaboration. He then examines aspects of their conventions to highlight the role of pre-patterned and prefabricated segments whose collocational rigidity may force the inclusion of otherwise dispensable items. He finds that there is indeed significant variation across ad categories in terms of morphosyntactic elaboration, and concludes that this is due to a greater or lesser need to be explicit, as well as a greater or lesser anticipation of interaction. Finally, he examines the implications of these findings for the study of linguistic simplification and register variation.
Relations Of Language And Thought
Authors: Campbell Marc Marschark Patricia Siple Diane Lillo-Martin Ruth , Everhart Victoria S
Published: November 2023

The relationship of language to cognition, especially in development, is an issue that has occupied philosophers, psychologists, and linguists for centuries. In recent years, the scientific study of sign languages and deaf individuals has greatly enhanced our understanding of deafness, language, and cognition. This Counterpoints volume considers the extent to which the use of sign language might affect the course and character of cognitive development, and presents a variety of viewpoints in this debate. This volume brings the language-thought discussion into a clearer focus, both theoretically and practically, by placing it in the context of children growing up deaf and the influences of having sign language as their primary form of communication. The discussion is also sharpened by having internationally recognized contributors, such as Patricia Siple, Diane Lillo-Martin, and Ruth Campbell, with specialties in varied areas, all converging on a common interest in which each has conducted empirical research. These contributors clarify and challenge the theoretical assumptions that have driven arguments in the language-thought debate for centuries. An introduction by the editors provides a historical overview of the issues as well as a review of empirical findings that have been offered in response to questions about language-thought relations in deaf children. The final chapters are structured in the form of "live" debate, in which each contributor is given the opportunity to respond to the other perspectives presented in this volume.
Models, Modules, and Modality
Authors: Everhart Victoria S , Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

We mentioned in the preface that we initiated this project in an attempt to better understand whether or not being deaf or growing up with a sign language as a first language might influence the course of cognitive development differently from growing up hearing and learning a spoken language. Necessarily, this is a discussion about the relations of language and cognition and how such relations might be affected by developmental histories, age, and the particular language of interest. However, determining the extent to which modality-specific language effects appear in cognitive development or the extent to which particular cognitive processes differentially affect the acquisition of signed versus spoken languages requires some basic agreement on the language or cognitive mechanisms that underlie observable (or inferable) behaviors. It also requires some agreement on what qualifies as a purely linguistic process as opposed to a more general process that happens to be operating on linguistic information. To the extent that assumptions about these two issues differ, conclusions about possible interactions of language and cognition in development or in any given situation will vary considerably. Therefore, in this chapter, we review the primary issues surrounding possible links between language development and cognitive development and consider what arguments our three contributors find most compelling.
Some People Recover Memories Of Childhood Trauma That Never Really Happened
Authors: Hyman Ira E , Loftus Elizabeth F
Published: November 2023

A woman in her late 20s enters therapy for problems that she is currently experiencing, perhaps an eating disorder, depression, or relationship difficulties. Early in therapy, the therapist asks the woman if she was ever sexually abused and the woman answers that she was not. The woman honestly believes that she was never abused. Over time, the therapist keeps returning to the issue of child abuse. The therapist tells the woman that her problems indicate severe childhood trauma and that the woman cannot expect to improve until she remembers the childhood trauma. The woman starts to think more about sex abuse, she reads about abuse in popular books, and she eventually has nightmares about sex abuse. Finally she recovers a memory of sexual abuse that happened when she was young. She begins to participate in group therapy for adults recovering from child sexual abuse and she uncovers more memories of childhood sexual abuse. In this situation, the woman may be recovering memories of abuse that actually occurred or she may be creating memories in response to the demands of the therapy situation. This is not the story of one individual, but rather the story of many individuals (both men and women, but predominantly women).
The Argument for the Reality of Delayed Recall of Trauma
Authors: Kluft Richard P
Published: November 2023

In any debate over the reality of recovered memory, it is useful to clarify the grounds of the debate, that is, to specify the issue that is being debated. If arguments are being proposed to the effect that there is no such thing as recovered memory, so that any apparently recovered memory can be discounted a priori, the premise of the debate can be formulated: resolved, that there is no demonstrable instance in which accurate, once unavailable memories have been recovered. I have avoided the use of the terms recovered memory and repressed memory in the resolution itself because these terms not only have become politicized, but the former term has no correlation to traditional clinical literature, and the latter represents an overgeneralized use of the term repression, which is only one of the processes by which the defensive exclusion of autobiographical experience from available and routinely retrievable memory may occur.
For Whom Does The Bell Toll? Repressed Memory And Challenges For The Law Getting Beyond The Statute Of Limitations
Authors: Zoltek-Jick Roser.
Published: November 2023

Law and psychiatry are fields that share a common goal of trying to resolve issues of the past in the present. The impetus either to seek therapy or pursue a lawsuit is often based on the same need to integrate the past: by bearing witness to the past, to tame rather than bury it, a person is expressing the desire to incorporate one’s history into present reality. The meaning of memory is therefore the inescapable foundational element for both disciplines.
Reflections On Trauma And Memory
Authors: Appelbaum Pauls.
Published: November 2023

Not long ago, I developed an annoying, angry pimple in the middle of my forehead. As I touched the soreness in the area, I noticed a certain familiarity to the sensation. The pain was not a new pain, but one I was sure I had felt before-and precisely in the same location. Moreover, there was a sense of meaningfulness to the recollection. It wasn’t merely the memory of some other bygone epidermal eruption that was being jogged. Something more significant was involved. What was I remembering? How could I be so sure about a connection to something in the past? I searched consciously for the answer without success. And then, when I was not even trying, I remembered the story.
Central Europe
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

This is a historical survey of Central Europe, a region that encompasses contemporary Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia. Unlike almost all the previous histories of this region, Lonnie Johnson doesn't divide the area into 'west' and 'east', or view it simply as the battlefield of the Cold War. Acknowledging the recent unification of Germany, the demise of the Soviet Union, and the re-asserting of Central Europe as an autonomous region, Johnson instead tells the unique history of the area. Each chapter is thematically organized around a few key issues or events that are particularly important for developing an understanding of the period addressed. The complexity of Central Europe that stems from its delightful, astonishing, and sometimes perplexing diversity is something all those interested in the area confront. Johnson's lucid, cogent prose helps make clear the competing ideological, national, religious, and economic interests that have driven the history of the region. Thorough, objective, and focused on Northern Eastern Europe, Johnson's work stands out both as a useful core text covering an area of growing interest and a beautifully rendered account of a region that is only beginning to receive current scholarly attention.
Effects of Alcohol on Overall Brain Metabolism
Authors: Altura Burton M , Altura Bella T , Zhang Aimin , Zakhari Sam
Published: November 2023

Ethanol is thought to have its major effects on the brain; thus, it is important to determine how this substance exerts its actions on brain metabolism and to document exactly where these effects take place. Since chronic ingestion of alcohol can produce a loss and degeneration of neurons and glial cells in the brain, and is often associated with hallucinations in human subjects undergoing withdrawal, it is possible that ethanol produces hypoxia in certain brain regions that results in the depression of brain metabolism. As a consequence of such effects on phospholipid metabolism, cerebral bioenergetic metabolism, and numerous membrane transport systems, ethanol would be expected to compromise key intracellular signaling pathways.
Neurobiological Substrates for the Anti-Anxiety Effects of Ethanol
Authors: Koob George F , Britton Karen T
Published: November 2023

The anxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence rate of between 10 to 25% (Robins et al., 1984) and are the most common of all psychiatric disorders. In psychiatry, the term “anxiety” has a precise diagnostic meaning, referring to both paroxysmal and persistent psychological feelings of fear, panic, apprehension, and foreboding. These feelings are accompanied by symptoms in several somatic systems, including cardiovascular (tachycardia, palpitations, increased blood pressure), muscular (tremor, headache, back pain), gastrointestinal (dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea), and respiratory (dyspnea, hyperventilation, dizziness). Many of the physiological and somatic characteristics of anxiety are the consequence of adrenomedullary and sympathetic nervous system overactivity.
Individual Variation in Scripted Talk
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

If your data is to have any meaning, it is essential that each respondent is put through the same experience. Canons of research demand that the interviewer operate somewhat like a computer with all the appearances of a fellow human being, but, so far as we know, persons in everyday life find it impossible either to present themselves as or to receive presentations of others ( regardless of the form it takes) which conform to the strict canons of scientific inquiry. Here is a transcription of a brief telephone conversation that took place one evening shortly after five o ‘clock:It is believed by speakers of Malagasy, who live in Madagascar, that there are two kinds of talk: everyday talk andkabary,or formal oratory (Keenan 1973). A person who can perform kabarywell is a good speaker, an articulate person. Not everyone is allowed to be an orator; women, for example, who are in general thought to be overly direct and pushy in speech (Keenan 1974), are excluded. And not every man who has learned something about the roundabout “winding words” in which kabarymust be phrased and the rules for who speaks when in the situations that call for kabaryis equally good at performing it. Some orators are more articulate than others, in other words, and accordingly in greater demand to speak at marriage-request ceremonies and in other situations in which kabaryis necessary. Being articulate, for the Malagasy, requires
Idiosyncracy and Its Interpretation
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

Language, too, can be seen as a hierarchy of constraints, from the species-wide constraints on all humans (and perhaps birds and whales, too), to the particular constraints that make me sound like me-and work out of my memory, shape as I shape, relate to others as I do, and live in my world with some kind of coherence. One can study this continuum at any level, but language is not reducible to just one In Chapter 1 I described a word, my father ‘s aaahh,that I have heard only two people use. Aaahhhas a meaning for my father, for me, and by now for readers of this book. But aaahhis idiosyncratic-so much the property of one particular speaker that when my sister used it I was startled, amazed to hear the word uttered in another voice. If aaahhis idiosyncratic, how does anybody understand what it means? That question is the subject of this Chapter. I will suggest that people understand new uses of language by noticing and interpreting repetition. I understand what aaahhmeans because I have heard it before; my father ‘s current uses of the form are repetitions of prior uses. Diachronic repetition like this is useful in interpreting almost new forms, forms
Toward a Linguistics of the Individual Speaker
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

Every man ‘s language varies according to the extent of his knowledge, the activity of his faculties, and the depth or quickness of his feelings. Every man ‘s language has, first, its individualities; secondly, the common properties of the class to which he belongs; and thirdly, words and This book results from the intersection of three lines of thought: thought about language, thought about artistry, and thought about individuality. In my work with language, I have needed increasingly to consider social reasons for conventionality and variation. Studying the uses of narrative in a mid westem American city Qohn stone 1990a), for example, meant thinking about how region, community, and social roles and relationships influenced the shape and functions of people ‘s stories about themselves. In work I am doing now in Texas (Johnstone, Bean, and McLeod-Porter, forthcoming) I am trying to model how these factors and others-ethnicity, gender, vocational identification, urbanity-constrain and facilitate speakers ‘ choices. But as my work has moved toward the sociolinguistic I have more and more been bothered by the implicit Language, too, can be seen as a hierarchy of constraints, from the species-wide constraints on all humans (and perhaps birds and whales, too), to the particular constraints that make me sound like me-and work out of my memory, shape as I shape, relate to others as I do, and live in my world with some kind of coherence. One can study this continuum at any level, but language is not reducible to just one
Toward a Theory of the Literary Riddle
Authors: Pagis Dan
Published: November 2023

Every proper riddle must fulfill two conditions: the first is its social function as a competition between the riddler and riddlees; the second is its literary form, which must be difficult and enigmatic, yet containing the clues needed to decipher it. Each of these conditions, the social and literary, is necessary, yet not sufficient. Only the combination of the two creates a true riddle. In other words, a riddle is only that text which is intended to function as a riddle-a text whose author, or later riddler, deliberately presents it to the reader as a challenge; and, naturally, a riddle is a text able to function as a riddle, a text suited to being a challenge, encoded through various devices, but still soluble through the hints it contains and, through logical deductions, by virtually any addressee, unlike codes in other realms of life. The constant interrelationship between the practical and the textual side is essential to the riddle as a literary genre; this relationship is evident in many ways.
Why an Allama Poem Is Not a Riddle: An Anthological Essay
Authors: Ramanujan A K
Published: November 2023

In an earlier work, I have written in some detail about Vīraśaiva bhakti-thedevotional religion of iconoclastic poets from the medieval Deccan in south lndia. For instance, the saint-poet Basava rejects caste, ritual, temples, sacred space and sacred time, the Vedas, and the Śāstras (systematized knowledge). I suggested that all these add up to what we would call “structure,” which implies predictability. A grammar, a structural description, codifies what is predictable in a language.
Riddle and Enigma in Chinese Civilization
Authors: Plaks Andrew H
Published: November 2023

While outsiders may speak of China and its people as in some sense impenetrable or “inscrutable”-as if to imply that they harbor some sort of dark secrets beneath a placid exterior-apologists, both domestic and foreign, frequently paint an exact opposite picture: of an eminently practical, this-worldly (in a word, “unenigmatic”) culture. Both of these simplistic views obviously fail to do justice to the richness of Chinese social and cultural forms. As in the case of every other living culture, the Chinese tradition, with its virtually unparalleled degree of continuity and self¬ absorption over a span of three or four millennia, constitutes a dense tapestry of symbolic structures and complex modes of signification. Yet for all that, it is not entirely inaccurate to say that the role of riddle and enigma in Chinese civilization is noticeably less crucial than that in other cultures of South Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean of comparable antiquity.
Introduction
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

On the evening of May 2, 1863, General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, a few of his officers, and several couriers rode beyond Confederate lines to reconnoiter the Federal forces along the Plank Road near Chancellorsville, Virginia. Jackson was planning a night attack in the moonlight to capitalize on the successes of the past few hours, when his men had overrun the surprised right flank of the Army of the Potomac. As Jackson’s party rode back toward its own lines over the unfamiliar terrain, men of the Eighteenth North Carolina Regiment mistook the horsemen for Federal cavalry and opened fire. Several members of the party were shot from their horses. One of the officers shouted to the pickets that they were firing on their own men. Beiieving this shouting to be a Yankee trick, the North Carolinians fired again. In this volley, three bullets struck Jackson, one in the right hand and two more in the left arm.
Crossing Jordan
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

Emancipation provided new opportunities and new challenges for all black southerners, but those who were Christians drew special meaning from the event. They had prayed for deliverance, and God had heard their plea. By 1865 they were free to shape their religious lives—or, in the terms of their favorite biblical metaphor, they had been delivered from their Egyptian bondage and the exodus had begun. However, much remained to be done to reach their spiritual promised land. The wilderness and the River Jordan remained to be crossed. Over the next decade, the freed people made that voyage with help from a variety of sources. During this period their vision of religious reconstruction, formulated during the war and in the immediate aftermath, took concrete form.
March Fever: Peasant Rebels and Kulak Insurrection
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

An epidemic of March fever swept through the Soviet countryside in the early stages of wholesale collectivization. The designation “March fever” (martovskaia likhoradka) comes from a Communist official who used the phrase to characterize the unrest that erupted in the village at that time. “March” referred to March 1930, the high point of a peasant rebellion against the state that began during the grain requisitioning campaigns of the late 1920s and, in many cases, continued beyond March 1930. The “fever” was the wave of mass disturbances that rolled over the country side and threatened to engulf the nation in peasant war.
Heritability Analyses Of IQ Scores: Science Or Numerology?
Authors: Layzer David
Published: November 2023

The question, “To what extent can the development of basic cognitive skills be influenced by various kinds of environmental intervention?” is central to current discussions of educational and social policy. Much of the discussion has focused on one rather narrow, but comparatively well-defined, aspect of this question the heritability of scores on standardized tests and the implications of heritability estimates. In 1969, A. R. Jensen ( 1) reviewed a large number of British and American studies of the broad heritability of IQ scores and concluded that, for representative British and American populations, it probably lies between o.7 and o.8, the best single estimate being close to o.8.
Bad Science, Worse Politics
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: November 2023

The Bell Curve is the product of an obsession, or, more exactly, of two different obsessions. Richard Herrnstein-who died on September 24, 1994-was obsessed with the heritability of intelligence, the view that much the largest factor in our intellectual abilities comes in our genes. He was also convinced that there had been a liberal conspiracy to obscure the significance of genetically based differences in the intelligence of different races, social classes, and ethnic groups, and that all manner of educational and economic follies were being perpetrated in consequence. Charles Murray-who is energetically and noisily with us still-is obsessed with what he believes to be the destructive effects of the American welfare state.
“Science” In The Service Of Racism
Authors: Brace C Loring
Published: November 2023

Thirty years ago, Charles Silber man made the somewhat belated observation that “the United States ... is a racist society in a sense and to a degree that we have refused so far to admit, much less face” (1964, 9-10). This was written a decade after the United States Supreme Court in Brown v Board of Education declared that, since racially segregated schools were inherently unequal, the “separate but-equal” educational policy widely followed since the Plessy v Fer guson decision of 1896 was unconstitutional. If there is one thing demonstrated by Herrnstein and Murray’s new book, The Bell Curve, it is that Silber man’s statement remains true a generation later.
Assessment and Management of Reversible Delirium
Authors: Stoutz Noemi D De , Stiefel Fritz
Published: November 2023

Delirium (acute confusional states) is a common psychiatric complication in patients with cancer.1-5 It is a neglected syndrome, partly because it is seen by nonpsychiatric physicians.6 Since Engel and Romano’s studies nearly 40 years ago,7 there has been a lack of research compared to other psychiatric morbidity associated with cancer or its treatment.8,9 For example, delirium has not been investigated until recently with newly developed techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). According to Lipowski, 9,10 who devoted extensive work to this syndrome and wrote the most comprehensive book on this subject: “My object in approaching so acknowledged a terra incognita is not, I regret to say, that I have any fresh contribution towards its elucidation to bring into the field, but rather to awaken a more lively inquiry amongst the profession as to its real nature and causes.”
Assessment and Management of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano
Published: November 2023

Mechanical bowel obstruction is a well-recognized complication in cancer patients. Depending on the setting and criteria for diagnosis, its prevalence ranges from 3% to 15%. Colorectal, gastric, ovarian, and uterine carcinomas are the common associated tumors, but many other primary neoplasms may be responsible. Although bowel obstruction can develop at any time during the course of the disease, it occurs most frequently in the advanced stages.
“Normal” Adjustment to Cancer: Characteristics and Assessment
Authors: Beeney Linda J , Butow Phyllis N , Dunn Stewart M
Published: November 2023

Until the latter half of the twentieth century, neoplastic diseases manifested as relatively acute, usually fatal illnesses for which there were few effective treat­ ments. Thus, adjustment to cancer was largely irrelevant-the high and rapid mortality restricted the tasks of normal adjustment to coping with short-term survival or the prospect of an early death. Patients were seldom aware of the diagnosis, as it was infrequently disclosed, l—3 and when they were, distress was often severe because cancer was perceived to be a dirty, unclean disease and the diagnosis equivalent to a death sentence. In the 1990s, adjustment to cancer has become a major issue for a wider population.
Introduction: Neuropathic Pain: From Unresolved Questions to Clinical Practice
Authors: Portenoy Russell K
Published: November 2023

There is a remarkable degree of agreement in the clinical community about the syndromes generally denoted by the term “neuropathic pain.” This agreement is remarkable because neuropathic pain is not a discrete physiologically measurable phenomenon, but rather, a construct based on a constellation of clinical observations. In labeling a pain neuropathic, the clinician is inferring that the pain is probably sustained by aberrant somatosensory processes in the peripheral or central nervous systems. These processes are believed to be different from those that sustain pain caused by ongoing tissue injury, or so-called nociceptive pain.
Pathophysiology of Cancer Asthenia
Authors: Neuenschwander Hans , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Fatigue, a normal response during or after a physical or a strenous mental effort, has to be considered a physiological phenomenon. It may have a beneficial, protective function to prevent exhaustion and overexertion. Sometimes fatigue can even be experienced as a pleasant feeling if it is of reasonable duration. On the other hand, fatigue as a pathological condition is always experienced as an ,unpleasant sensation. Asthenia is perceived as an unpleasant sensation whenever it exceeds one’s physiological resources, such as rest that must be recuperated. In a number of nontumor-associated conditions, asthenia, experienced as fatigue and/or weakness, is definitely a component or even a leading symptom (Table 9.1).