bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wednesday eve festival injuries
Authors: Haddadi M , Masoumi G , Afshar M G
Published: March 2011

Introduction

In our country there was an ancient Wednesday eve festival during the last Wednesday evening of each year which included creating small fire and jumping over it with making good health wishes. Unfortunately for using fire crackers nowadays the real feature of this night has become similar to a war scene.

Methods

Data was collected during 21 April 2009 till 20 March 2009 and carried out from all over the country. It was assessed and analysed in the Violence and injury prevention department of the Ministry of health and medical education. Different types of injuries were classified and correlated with age, sex, education, out come, activity while injury occurred and place or field of occurrence.

Result

Overall, 1817 cases were registered in 41 medical universities. The most common type of injury was first degree burning (25.2%), followed by abrasion and corrosion (24.6%), and second degree burning (13.3%). The most common place for injuries was road, street and highways (80.2%) followed by home and around it. Overall, the commonest age of injures was 15–19 (25.8%) followed by 20–24 (20.5%). Males were more likely to be injured than female (83.2 vs 16.8). Hands (43.3%) were the most common injured site in the Wednesday eve festival followed by eyes (24.5%). Unfortunately three dead and four disabilities were reported.

Conclusion

Preventive interventions most focus on pupils as the most vulnerable group and the schools as the most accessible field in Iran.
Predict model for hotspot identification in Vietnam
Authors: Trinh T A
Published: March 2011

Road traffic accidents have become a leading cause of accidental death in Vietnam today, especially in Hochiminh city which is the biggest city. It is revealing that number of accident was not distributed in a whole road network but focus on specific points of the network which may be called black spot or hotspot. The paper aimed to develop, to examine and to apply a predict model for identifying hotspot with regarding to the road network, the traffic flow information characteristic and traffic accident data of Hochiminh city. Number, type, time and location of traffic accident would be collected following kind of road and intersection in early 5 year. The research outputs were build an appropriate model to predict black spot or hotspot in each kind of road and intersection and to propose some measures for increasing traffic safety level and preventing implicit traffic accidents. Besides that, There are not only number of traffic accident but also the detail and potential traffic accident reasons to be find very clearly. Hence, they will be very helpful for decision making of the local governor and the relative authorities to reduce road traffic accident in future. The research found a new approach to identify and predict hotspot and high accident locations in Hochiminh city by a predict model that have not mentioned in Vietnam.
Pattern and aetiology of maxillofacial injuries in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Authors: Obimakinde O S , Ogundipe K O , Ijarogbe A O
Published: March 2011

Objective

To analyse the pattern, aetiology and demography of maxillofacial injuries seen at our centre between October 2008 and December 2009.

Methods

A prospective descriptive study. The data for each patient was recorded on a proforma which was serialised to obtain information on demography, cause and type of maxillofacial injury including treatment offered and complications.

Results

A total of 156 patients presented with maxillofacial injuries during the study period. Age range of the patients was 2–66 years while the male: female was 102:54. 68.6% (n=107) were due to road traffic crashes, 21.7% from violence (n=34), falls accounted for 5.8% (n=9) while 3.9% (n=6) were due to sport related activities. Motor bike accident accounted for higher proportion of the road crashes (63.6%) and most of the victims (64.7%) were not wearing any protective device as at the time accident. Mandibular fractures was the commonest skeletal injury (33.3%) followed by dentoalveolar fractures (21.8%) while 28 cases of midface fractures (17.9%) were seen. Only 42 cases of isolated soft injuries (26.9%) presented and they were mostly facial/oral lacerations (78.6%). 23 patients in our series had other associated injuries of which craniocerebral injury in the commonest (43.5%).

Conclusion

there is considerable morbidity and mortality associated with maxillofacial injuries among Nigerian population probably because legislation on the use of seatbelt, drunken driving, helmet use and other preventive measures are not strictly enforced.
Addressing illegal road blockage by law enforcement agents and its attendant road deaths
Authors: Maxwell A , Anisha E , Ojugbana C , Unoka C
Published: March 2011

Present position

Nigerian roads are well known to have claimed so many preventable lives due to road blockage mounted by law enforcement officers especially policemen. Despite the existing ban on checkpoints on most highways, illegal road blockage remains a common feature.

Aim

The study investigates existing checkpoints on Nigeria highways to determine measures for reducing associated deaths and injuries.

Method

A study was carried out on Asaba-Agbor road and Onitsha-Mgbidi roads of about 115 km. 20 checkpoints were investigated and 40 drivers were interviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to 100 road users.

Analysis

90% of respondents confirmed that road blockage were a major contributor to road crashes. 80% of drivers interviewed said the road blockage served as points for illegal collection of bribes by many compromising and corrupt enforcement officers. No standardised road furniture was used to identify checkpoints. All sorts of dangerous materials were used to block roads ranging from huge stones, thick woods to items of great threat to road use. 15 abandoned damaged vehicles were noted near the checkpoints. Information could not be obtained from the police officers on the cause of such road crashes but 62% of respondents interviewed attributed such incidents to road blockage at checkpoints.

Conclusion

Road blockage contributes to rising road fatalities and injuries on Nigerian roads. Proper and standardised checkpoints are very necessary and the Nigerian legislature should make laws that would stipulate stiff penalties for defaulting law enforcement agents.
First Callers Response Action in Emergencies Initiative
Authors: Ojugbana D , Ojugbana C C , Emmanuel O , Eseanobi A
Published: March 2011

Situation

Response to emergencies is well known to be poor, delayed and inadequate in most developing nations. Consequently, fatalities on the spot of road crashes and in local communities have remained a worrisome issue in most African countries.

Objective

The study seeks to review First Callers Response Action in Emergencies Initiative (First C.A.R.E), a rescue initiative being implemented by PATVORA, a Nigerian based non-governmental organisation to enhance community participation in reducing road traffic and community related injuries and make recommendations on its usefulness or otherwise.

Method

First C.A.R.E concept was examined and investigations were carried out in locations it has operated. 150 community members including road users and leaders were interviewed.

Analysis

In 6 months of first C.A.R.E existence, it conducted training on first aid (FA) administration in 20 locations of 12 communities. An average of 25 volunteers received training with two FA boxes given to each location. Review of report on injury related incidents by trained volunteers in 3 months after FA training indicated that 60% of victims of injury related incidents received FA attention. All community leaders commended first C.A.R.E and 80% of road users interviewed confirmed its usefulness. Inadequacy of FA boxes was noted.

Conclusion

First C.A.R.E has proved to be efficient and cost effective measure for saving preventable lives especially in impoverished communities with limited healthcare facilities. Initiative conforms to 2007 Accra Declaration and is replicable in similar African communities. Scaling up initiative requires distribution of more FA boxes.
The burden of deaths caused by guns in Maputo City, Mozambique
Authors: Francisco V C , Zacarias A E
Published: March 2011

Background

Studies carried in Mozambique show that injuries are one of the 10 top leading causes of death in the country.

Objectives

Provide baseline profile of injury mortality caused by guns.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study of all non-natural deaths recorded from 2000 to 2009 at The Forensic Medicine Services in Maputo Central Hospital. This data was abstracted from hand written autopsy reports, into 15 item- one page, standardised form. The data collection was designed in order to evaluate the following variables: gender; age divided into four groups (0–19 years old), (20–39 years old), (40–59 years old) and over 60 years old; socio-economic status and intentional death (homicide and suicide) as well as non-intentional death.

Results

Over this period 12 732 autopsies have been done out of which 6% (n=764) were resulting in deaths caused by gun fire. The majority of victims were male 95.2% (n=727) and were also single 77.7% (n=594). We found out that the distribution by age groups were: (0–19 years old) 10.73%; (20–39 years old) 69.11%; (40–59 years old) 17.27% and over 60 years old 20%. Regarding the socio-economic status, we realised that the victims those worker for others were 40%, own business were 19%, unemployed/others were 31% and students were 10%. Almost (99%) of the case are related to homicides.
Socio-demographic factors and homicide targeting youth in Trinidad and Tobago – some clues toward prevention based on multivariate statistical analyses
Authors: St Bernard G
Published: March 2011

The phenomenal rise in the rate of homicide in Trinidad and Tobago is propelled to some extent by increases in the concomitant with increases in victimisation resulting in homicides targeting youth. This paper examines theoretical insights that have traditionally been embraced to explain the victimisation of youth in homicide cases and is critical in arriving at a better understanding of the dynamics of victimisation targeting youth who become homicide victims. Using a data file containing 3130 cases pertaining to homicide victims in Trinidad and Tobago during January 2000 and December 2009. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis are used to interrogate age-determined patterns of association among victims and in particular, circumstantial outcomes among youth victims. Preliminary results show that homicide targeting youth is overwhelmingly a male phenomenon, this being much more markedly evident when compared to corresponding observations for persons in the other functional age groups. Firearms, altercations and gang violence are more likely to assume prominence in homicide cases targeting youthful victims 15–29 years old. Thus, it is not surprising that cases involving youthful victims are less likely to be detected than those involving victims in the other functional age groups. The above findings are explored in the context of other social and demographic characteristics of homicide victims and permit efforts to suggest remedial measures to prevent and reduce observed increase in homicide episodes in the early years of the new millennium. To this end, they permit the adoption of strategies that could be deemed preventive.
The blue dog challenges in marketing a prevention message
Authors: De Keuster T , Butcher R , Van Laeken M
Published: March 2011

Dog bite injuries are a significant cause of injuries to children (between 3 7 years of age) within the home. Although dog-related factors are important, the behaviour of the potential victim is a key issue. The Blue Dog programme, which takes the form of an interactive CD-ROM, was developed to educate children and their parents to recognise risk situations within the home and avoid them. Since the launch in 2004, difficulties have been experienced in attempting to promote dog bite prevention messages both to the end-user and potential sponsors, feedback indicating fear control may be a contributory factor in message rejection. This was further highlighted in an independent marketing review. An extensive redevelopment of the website has been undertaken to minimise fear appeals so improving chances of message acceptance. The design is intended to be attractive to parents and children. While searching for positive information (or indeed playing games) it is hoped that they will become introduced to the potential risks and accept the prevention message within the overall balanced package. In addition, the website will provide information and downloadable resources free of charge for health professionals and school teachers. The wide range of information to be included on the website will provide scope to offer partnerships to a large number of associated groups. This will expand the network of organisations associated with the programme and may help to attract additional commercial funding. It is intended to launch the new website in September 2010, though this will continue to evolve.
Risk perception and risky driving behaviours of adolescents and their parents: New Zealand drivers study
Authors: Brookland R , Begg D , Langley J , Ameratunga S
Published: March 2011

Background and Aim

A growing body of research indicates that driving behaviours and beliefs of parents can influence their child's driving. However, these studies have been limited by small sample sizes, low recruitment rates or have focused on ‘children’ with several years of driving experience. The main aim of the present study was to examine the association between risk perception and driving behaviours of parents and their adolescents at the critical time when the young driver transitions into driving solo and crash risk is at its highest.

Hypothesis

The risk perceptions and driving behaviours of young newly licensed drivers will reflect their parents' perceptions and behaviours.

Methods

This study was part of the New Zealand Drivers Study (NZDS), an ongoing prospective cohort study of 3992 newly licensed car drivers. As part of larger telephone administered interviews, after completing the supervised driving stage of the graduated licensing system, 1200 young drivers (aged 15–17 years) and their parents independently reported their perception of risk regarding unsafe driving practices and their risky driving behaviours.

Results and Conclusion

Speeding is a major contributor to injury crashes. Preliminary results indicated significant positive correlations between parent and adolescent risk perception and driving behaviours with regards to exceeding the posted speed limits and driving fast for the thrill of it. These and other findings relating to risky driving will be presented, providing new insights into the relationships between risk perception and risky driving behaviours of young drivers and their parents.
The global burden of traumatic brain injury: preliminary results from the Global Burden of Disease Project
Authors: Bryan-Hancock C , Harrison J
Published: March 2011

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in all regions of the globe. The global incidence rate of TBI is estimated at 200 per 100 000 people per year; however, this rate is uncertain and a likely underestimate. The Injury Expert Group within the Global Burden of Disease 2005 (GBD) Project aims to provide better estimates of the incidence, prevalence and duration of TBI in each of the 21 GBD regions. One of the two inputs into the estimates is a systematic literature review which was conducted using Medline and Embase databases. The search results were screened for relevance and data quality and the incidence, prevalence and duration of injury estimates were abstracted from the relevant literature. The second input was country specific hospital and survey data. Preliminary results from the literature review show that the incidence, prevalence and expected duration of disability from TBI differ between global regions. Data were scarce for 9 of the 21 global regions, all 9 encompassing developing countries. Obtaining estimates for developing countries is important as preliminary results show higher incidence rates from these regions. For example, the incidence rate of TBI in South Africa has been estimated at 1.5 to 3.5 times that of the estimated global rate. It is necessary to understand the absolute rate and variation of TBI across the globe so that more effective efforts can be made to reduce unnecessary suffering due to TBI throughout the world.
How to prevent dog bite injuries? The blue dog
Authors: Meints K , De Keuster T , Butcher R
Published: March 2011

We carried out an empirical assessment of children's learning success using the interactive dog bite prevention CD ‘the blue dog’. In a cross-sectional experimental design, ninety-six 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old children saw eight different child-dog-scenes with or without verbal feedback. In the initial exposure phase children chose an outcome after 4 s. The clip then continued for another 6 s. In the training phase scenes were shown again, but now children saw all outcomes, unsafe and safe. In the testing phase different cartoon actors and dogs were used for the same scenes, interspersed with eight distracter scenes. Children again chose the outcome. Children were re-tested after 2 weeks. Half the children received additional parental input before the re-test. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was carried out with age, verbal feedback and parental support as independent variables and the chosen outcomes in the test phases as dependent variable. Results show significant increases in correct responses after using the CD in all children. Children retained this knowledge after 2 weeks. As expected, older children exhibit more correct responses than younger children. Children who received additional parental input performed better than others, with children under 6 years profiting most from parental input. Assessment results indicate that children learn successfully from the ‘test yourself’ module on the CD. Therefore, the CD helps to educate children to behave safely with dogs and helps reduce dog bite incidents in children.
The impact of occupational injury research and the US research agenda
Authors: Stout N
Published: March 2011

In the US, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the federal organisation responsible for conducting research for the prevention of work related injuries. To evaluate the performance of its traumatic injury research program and improve it for the future, NIOSH commissioned the National Academies of Science to convene an expert panel to review the efforts and accomplishments of this research program over the last decade. The panel was charged with rating the program in terms of its relevance and impact and providing recommendations for program improvement and future direction. The program provided the expert panel with an evidence package summarising the research activities and outcomes of the research program and a draft strategic plan for the future. The panel review and feedback were then used to implement program improvements and enhance the occupational injury research strategy. This presentation provides a brief summary of the progress and impact of the NIOSH occupational injury research program from 1996 to 2005. The results of the National Academies review of this program are also discussed and the traumatic injury research agenda for the future is presented.
Reducing falls among older people in Victoria: better evidence, better targeting, better outcomes
Authors: Day L , Finch C F , Hill K , Haines T , Clemson L , Thompson M , Thompson C
Published: March 2011

Introduction

We are undertaking a partnership project to enable more effective policy responses to the falls prevention challenge in Victoria. We report our experience using the REAIM model to inform future Victorian Department of Health falls prevention initiatives.

Methods

REAIM was used to identify strategies required for an effective program. Research objectives were developed following an analysis of the current state of knowledge relative to these required strategies. The research results will subsequently guide strategy details for the falls prevention plan. Finally, evaluation will be integrated into the plan, using REAIM.

Results

Planning and evaluation approaches for the 5 core REAIM dimensions as these related to the falls prevention plan were identified. Relevant research objectives included: identification of subgroups of older people most frequently admitted to hospital; examining the acceptability of proven falls interventions to those subgroups; identification of factors that encourage and support relevant lifestyle changes; identifying opportunities to incorporate proven falls interventions in existing programs and services; developing and testing guidelines for sustainability within agencies and programs. The application of REAIM to evaluating the integration of home hazard assessment and modification into hospital discharge planning will be presented as an example.

Conclusions

Using a model which supports the whole process from planning a statewide falls prevention program, identifying the necessary evidence-base, through to designing the evaluation provides coherence, ensures systematic consideration of critical factors and incorporates feedback into program planning from the outset. 1. Glasgowet alAJPH 1999;89(9):1322–7
In a search for a safety bucket to prevent child drowning at home
Authors: Celis A , Orozco-Valerio M
Published: March 2011

Objective

To test different bucket shapes and to measure the force needed to spill the water contained into it.

Methods

We designed six metal buckets, all 23 cm high and 26 cm of rim diameter, but with different base diameters: 26.00, 24.67, 23.26, 21.75, 20.14 and 18.38 cm. We fill all them with water up to 20 cm from bottom-to-top. Then, we exert a progressive pressure in a 45 downward direction until the bucket was tilted enough to pour the water it contained. The pressure in kg at that moment was measured and registered.

Results

Base bucket diameter and kg pressured needed to till the bucket showed a straight and direct relationship, with β=1.20 kg, α=−14.05, r=0.99 and p<0.001.

Conclusion

For the bucket sample studied, its stability is in direct relationship with its base diameter: the bucket with the wider base (diameter of 26 cm) needed 17.3 kg to till, while the narrower (diameter of 18.38 cm) needed 8.0 kg. Since a 11 months old child weight about 9.7 kg, in the case he/her trips over a bucket and falls into it could more easily till the bucket (pour the water and save his/her life) when the base is narrower (at least 50%) than the diameter of the opening when the diameter of the rim is 26 cm and the height is 23 cm.
Carbon monoxide knowledge, attitudes and practices in urban households
Authors: McDonald E M , Shields W , Stepnitz R , Frattaroli S , Valentine D , Gielen A C
Published: March 2011

Purpose

Preventing carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is increasingly recognised by safety advocates as a public health priority. CO alarms are the best defence against CO poisoning yet little attention has been placed on developing and evaluating comprehensive CO programs. The presentation shares CO knowledge, attitudes and practices from a household survey conducted in an urban area prior to the implementation of a community intervention trial to enhance a fire departments home visit program.

Methods

Interview households were randomly selected from 12 census tracks selected for comparability on fire department home visit rates, fire rates and vacancy rates. A letter mailed to the home preceded an interview team who, after consent, led participants through a structured survey and observation to confirm CO alarms.

Results

After applying exclusion criteria (non-English speakers, businesses, refusals), 618 households were consented; 609 completed the survey, for a response rate of 46%. The typical respondent is a Black (60%) female (70%) with a high school diploma or less (52%) and a per capita income of $25,000 or less (74%). Despite reporting numerous CO sources in homes (gas furnaces (78%), water heaters (66%) and stoves (86%)) and a recognition that CO alarms save lives (96%), CO alarms were reported in only 33% of homes and confirmed by observation in only 27%. Additional knowledge and attitude results will be presented.

Conclusions

More effort is needed to promote the life-saving benefits of CO alarms so that more households will be protected by them.
Evaluating services for immigrant and refugee families who experience abuse
Authors: Olson L M , Parekh A
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Surveys from around the world indicate that 10% to 69% of women experience violence from an intimate male partner. We evaluated the Family Justice Center (FJC), a confidential walk in centre with co- located services supporting families experiencing abuse concentrating on the experiences of refugee and immigrant families.

Methods

Four structured focus groups with English, Spanish and Arabic speaking women.

Results

Before visiting the FJC, participants felt apprehensive, confused, scared and unsure how to stop the abuse. Participants expressed that domestic violence was normal and the abuse should be tolerate and hope that the abuser will change. After receiving services, participants reported feeling empowered, knowledgeable and more secure. We are women with needs that should be met; we should be entitled to those resources regardless of race, or legal status. It shouldn't hold us back from seeking protection. Participants needed and recognised the diverse array of services offered at the FJC. A lot of people speak different languages or can't read or write in English. I feel more secure and have more direction (after visiting the FJC). Participants reported receiving help with protective orders, child support, housing, translation of legal and other documents and group counselling. Most participants reported following a safety plan including escape routes and packing a bag with essentials.

Conclusions

The information is an important first step in understanding issues facing immigrant and refugee families and provides a basis to modify and continue services including translation to meet the changing needs of the community.
Injury prevention/child passenger safety: factors influencing parents' correct and consistent use of booster seats
Authors: Correale H , Clark E , Piotrowski C C , Warda L , Bruce B , Cunnigham C E
Published: March 2011

School aged children in Canada are ten times more likely than any other age groups to experience death or severe injury in road crashes. Misuse of safety seats and lack of booster seat use are primarily responsible for these high rates of automobile death and injury. National surveys of booster seat use have noted regional differences; however, research on influences for usage is limited. This study examined influences on parents decision making for booster seat use in two Canadian provinces; British Columbia and Manitoba. British Columbia has recently legislated use of booster seats while Manitoba has not. Although parents in both provinces did not differ on the perceived safety benefits of using booster seats they did significantly differ on their intent to use them. Parents in British Columbia were significantly more likely to report they would always make sure their child rode in a booster seat. Parents perception of barriers to using booster seats did not differ significantly with one exception; Manitoba parents were more likely to perceive that children were teased for riding in booster seats. British Columbian parents reported significantly higher exposure to multi media messaging about booster seats and knew booster seats were legally required for children under 9 years of age. In contrast, Manitoba parents were confused regarding whether their province had booster seat legislation and had less exposure to messaging about booster seat safety. The results suggest that legislation and knowledge of the legislation for booster seat use may impact usage within Canada.
Developmental differences in family supervision of child injuries
Authors: Piotrowski C C , McRae S , Stewart-Tufescu A , Warda L , Briggs G , Tenenbein M
Published: March 2011

Objectives

The goal of the present study was to explore developmental differences in the nature of typical supervision by family members from infancy to adolescence.

Methods

A phone survey was conducted in Winnipeg Manitoba Canada. Qualifying respondents were parents of a child up to 17 years of age living in the home. Parents were questioned about their typical supervision behaviours (ie, checking on their child) as well as whether a specific injury event occurred within the past 12 months.

Results

Four hundred respondents were interviewed; of these, 88% reported having a child who sustained an injury within the past 12 months. Examination of injury cases indicated significant developmental differences in typical parent supervision style across age. Parents were most vigilant in their supervision of the youngest children (under age 4) and school-aged children (aged 5–11), reporting seeing and hearing them virtually all of the time (98%). However, parents were significantly more likely to report indirect supervision strategies such as checking occasionally for children aged 12 years and older. Interestingly, supervision by siblings also showed clear developmental trends; sibling supervision was most likely to occur for shorter periods of time (1–4 h) with children aged 12–14 years. A small minority of families (4%) reported using sibling supervision for children under the age of 12.

Conclusions

There were significant differences in typical family supervision style as a function of child age. Findings suggest supervision style is a modifiable risk factor which may inform future injury prevention strategies.
Compare the main characteristics related with pedestrian fatality in Mexico City during the periods 1994–1997 and 2004–2007
Authors: Rodriguez-Hernndez J M , Hijar-Medina M , Campuzano-Rincn J C , Hidalgo-Solorzano E
Published: March 2011

Objective

Compare the main characteristics related with pedestrian death in Mexico City (MC) during the periods 1994–1997 and 2004–2007.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a comparative observational study of trends in the records of pedestrian death in MC between the two periods; it was compared by sex, age, provenance, education and delegation of death; it were obtained Standardised Mortality Ratio and Reasons Mortality Internal versus External according to the delegation of death. We implemented a logistic regression analysis to characterise the probability of pedestrian death by sex.

Results

For 2004–2007 there was a 20% reduction in pedestrian death about 1994–1997. The mortality declined about 2.9/100 000. 95% CI 2.6 to 3.4/100 000; in men of 15.9 to 11.5/100 000 and in women of 5.5 to 4.3/100 000. Delegations with the highest risk of death during the two periods were Miguel Hidalgo, Gustavo Madero, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juarez. Mortality risk was higher in men (for the first period, from the CM, born before 1955 and with low educational level, more marked in those without schooling) about women.

Conclusions

The methodology used in this article contributes valuable elements for the analysis of pedestrian death. The variables related to the risk of death by pedestrian injuries allow us to identify a group of pedestrians who inside these users' category of the thoroughfare end up by being the most vulnerable and who have been traditionally left of side in the definition of policies of urban development sustainable and assurance in countries as Mexico.
Bathing burn injuries in children: an opportunity for teaching and prevention
Authors: Gonzalez R , Nagappala K B , Schaewe H , Shanti C M
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Bath-related burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity in children. Despite the common notion that sinks are smaller, and hence harmless, both bathtubs and sinks remain culprits. We sought to review the experience at our paediatric burn centre in an effort to analyse the mechanisms of burn injury while bathing and enhance our current education strategies.

Methods

A 5 year retrospective analysis of the burn registry at our institution was conducted from 2004 to 2008. A thorough analysis of patient demographics, burn related data (burn depth, distribution and percent of total body surface area (TBSA)), operative intervention and child protective services (CPS) involvement was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS.

Results

During this time period, 1237 patients incurred burn injuries. The incidence of bath associated burns was 8% (n=104). Seventy two patients (69%) were injured while in the bathtub, 31% were burned in the sink. The average age of our patients was 15 months, no gender difference was observed. TBSA ranged from 6.5% to 10.3%. Greater than 90% suffered partial thickness burns; greater than 50% favoured the lower body, regardless of the mechanism. No association between mechanism of injury and depth of burn was observed (p=0.105). CPS involvement was sought in more than half of the cases, irrespective of the mechanism of injury. Although length of stay (LOS) was similar with both types of injuries, it was associated to CPS involvement (p=0.015) and the need for operative intervention (p=0.000). (table 1)

Conclusions

Our series confirms the morbidity associated to bath-related burn injuries in the paediatric population. Both bathtubs and sinks pose similar risks in terms of burn depth, distribution, body surface area involvement and the need for surgical intervention. It is our responsibility as healthcare providers to continue enhancing care provider education for safe measures while bathing children via in hospital teaching as well as prevention outreach programs. Table 1 patient demographics of bathtub versus. sink burns Variable Mechanism of injury p value bathtub sink 72 (69%) 32 (31%) gender (male) 40 (56%) 17 (53%) 0.82 age (years) 1.582.51 1.351.28 0.63 burn distribution 38 (53%) 19 (59%) 0.75 (lower body) burn depth 65 (90%) 30 (94%) 0.26 (partial thickness) TBSA 10.2713.41% 6.4710.81 0.12 operative intervention 10 (14%) 4 (3%) 0.85 CPS involvement 39 (54%) 19 (59%) 0.83 LOS (days) 8.2611.48 9.3814.04 0.67.
Role of paternal risk-taking orientation in predicting youth risk-taking and youth tractor-related unsafe behaviours on farms in United States
Authors: Jinnah-Ghelani H , Stoneman Z
Published: March 2011

Injury and death rates of youth on farms in the United States are particularly high. Operating a tractor on the farm is one of the most basic, yet extremely risky practices. Machinery (tractors) is the leading cause of fatal farm-related injuries to youth less than 20 years of age. Purpose of the current study was to explore factors that increase the risk of youth practicing unsafe tractor-related behaviours on the farm. This paper presents preliminary data from a youth farm injury prevention research study funded by National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The study was conducted in a rural state in Southern United States. Eighty five farm families participated. Youth ages ranged from 10 through 19 years. The influence of fathers risk-taking orientation on youth risk-taking and youth unsafe tractor-related behaviours on farms was explored. The risk-taking orientation for fathers and youth was assessed using the dangerous risk-taking orientation scale. Unsafe youth tractor behaviours included operating a ROPS tractor without a seatbelt, dismounting a tractor with tractor running, giving someone a ride on a tractor meant for one person, starting a tractor while not on operators seat. Regression analysis revealed that fathers' risk-taking orientation positively predicted youth risk-taking on farms. Further, fathers risk-taking orientation also positively predicted youth self-reported unsafe behaviours related to tractors on farms. Importance of parental modelling of safe behaviours on farms to prevent youth injuries will be discussed. Implications of findings for broader youth injury prevention research will also be discussed.
A systematic review of road traffic injury risks for immigrant populations
Authors: Consunji R J , Jumangit A , Ameratunga S
Published: March 2011

Introduction

There are currently some 200 million migrants and immigrants worldwide, majority of these coming from low and middle-income countries (LMICs), where risks for road traffic injury (RTI) are high. The relationship between RTIs and immigrant populations has not been well described to date. This work will assess, by systematic review, the relationship between RTI risk and immigrant populations.

Methods

Immigrants were defined as those with both parents not native to the country he is residing in. Eligible studies were identified by standard systematic review methodology.

Results

The initial search yielded 41 articles, only 5 described RTIs specifically among immigrant populations. Swedish data showed no statistically significant difference in RTI risk for young (18–26 years) foreign-born (FB) drivers when compared to native born (NB) drivers. Drivers of all ages showed a 1.5 to 2.5 times increased risk. Greek data showed that immigrant permanent residents have a higher risk for RTI when compared to Greek drivers. Australian data show evidence of higher risk of RTI for pedestrians from a non-English speaking or right-hand side driving country. For all other road users, FB were generally at similar or lower risk of dying or being hospitalised due to road trauma than those NB.

Discussion/conclusions

There is a surprising paucity of data on the RTI risks in immigrant populations. There are contrasting findings as regards the differential risk for RTI for FB when compared to NB road users. Present research in this field is not commensurate to the population at risk.
Child Injury at home: exploring a connection between household rules about safety, sibling harm and child injury
Authors: Alho E , Piotrowski C , Briggs G
Published: March 2011

Child injury is the leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in Canada. Several factors that increase a child's risk of injury have been identified, including but not limited to: age, gender, type of activity and type of supervision. The present study focused on adult supervision at home. When parents are asked about commonly used injury prevention strategies, they identify teaching as a preferred tactic, yet few parents actually rely on this strategy. In addition, little is known about the role siblings play in child injury in the home. The goal of the present poster was to explore whether children's knowledge of rules pertaining to household safety and sibling harm was associated with reduced injury risk. We also investigated whether children's knowledge of household safety rules was related to their parents knowledge of these rules, and if this association was related to child injury risk. Eighty-five Canadian families with at least one child aged 6–10 years and one sibling were visited at home. Both children and one parent were interviewed. Preliminary results indicated that children endorsed 68% of household safety rules as present in their home, and that their knowledge of safety rules was significantly related to fewer minor injuries. In addition, in 66% of families children identified rules restricting or forbidding sibling harm and in these families, children experienced significantly fewer minor injuries. Directions for future research and family-based injury prevention strategies were discussed.
Temporal trends in hospital mortality and early functional outcomes associated with severe traumatic brain injuries in children, Pennsylvania 1998–2007
Authors: Weiss H B , Sanchez-Ortiz A I , Krafty R T , Rubiano A M , Peitzman A B , Puyana J C
Published: March 2011

Introduction

US paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) hospitalisations have been decreasing due mostly to increased admission criteria. Severe TBI (STBI) has not followed this trend. For children (≤17) we wanted to quantify trends in hospital mortality and early functional independence measures (FIM) outcomes for STBI in a mature state-wide trauma system.

Methods

Trauma registry data were obtained from all Pennsylvania trauma centres from 1998–2007. We included patients with a discharge diagnosis of STBI and Abbreviated Injury Scale Head-neck ≤4. Temporal trends for hospital mortality proportion and discharge FIM (patients ≤2) were assessed using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, co-morbidities, injury mechanisms, transport, vital signs, severity, hospital stay and trauma centre level.

Results

There were 4813 patients meeting the criteria. Annual number of discharges increased (390 in 1998 to 553 in 2007) while the admission rate also increased (13.26 to 19.85/100 000 persons). Most were male and mean age was 9.1 years. Leading mechanisms of injury were motor vehicles, followed by falls and other transport events. Inpatient mortality decreased significantly from 21.3% to 8.9% (mortality trend β=−0.096, 95%CI–0.058 to −0.135, p<0.001) and discharge functional status scores improved.

Conclusions

Tends for paediatric STBI served by Pennsylvania's mature trauma system showed increases in rates but substantial reductions in inpatient mortality and significant improvements in functional outcome at discharge. While positive from a clinical perspective, these findings imply that child safety programs that use fatal outcomes as evaluation endpoints need to be very cautious about attributing mortality reductions to interventions.
Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand Roads, 1988–2007
Authors: Tin S Tin , Woodward A , Ameratunga S
Published: March 2011

Aim

To assess exposure-based risks and profiles of road traffic injuries sustained by pedal cyclists that resulted in death or hospital inpatient treatment in New Zealand.

Methods

Traffic cycling injuries were identified from the National Minimum Dataset and Mortality Collection. Total time spent cycling was used as the measure of exposure and computed from National Household Travel Surveys. Analyses were undertaken for the periods 1988–1991, 1996–1999 and 2003–2007. A modified Barell Matrix was used to characterise injury profiles by body region affected and nature of injury.

Results

Cyclists had the second highest risk of traffic injuries compared to other major road user categories and the risk increased from 1996–1999 to 2003–2007. During 2003–2007, 31 injuries occurred per million hours spent cycling. Non-collision crashes (40%) and collisions with a car, pick-up truck or van (26%) accounted for two thirds of the injuries. Children and adolescents aged under 15 years were at the highest risk of non-collision crashes. Males had a higher risk of injury compared to females. The rate of traumatic brain injuries fell over the study period; however, injuries to other body parts increased steadily. Traumatic brain injuries were most common in collision cases whereas upper extremity fractures were most common in other crashes.

Conclusion

The burden of fatal and hospitalised injuries among pedal cyclists is considerable and has been increasing over the last decade. This underscores the development of road safety and injury prevention programmes for cyclists alongside the cycling promotion strategies.
Multiple injury profiles of different road users in New Zealand, 2000–2007
Authors: Tin S Tin , Woodward A , Ameratunga S
Published: March 2011

Aim

To compare profiles of traffic injuries sustained by different road users that resulted in death or hospital inpatient treatment.

Methods

Traffic injuries were identified from the Mortality Collection and the National Minimum Dataset. The hospitalised sample was restricted to patients admitted to public hospitals with (a) a principal diagnosis of injury only, (b) hospital stay of one day or more and (c) first admissions only. Using a modified Barell matrix, the International Classification of Diseases injury diagnosis codes were classified into seven body regions and six injury types/natures. The ‘multiple injury profiles’ approach was used and up to ten diagnoses per case were extracted.

Results

During 2000–2007, 13 792 car/van drivers, 9252 car/van passengers, 5881 motorcyclists, 5266 pedal cyclists and 4152 pedestrians were killed or admitted to hospital. The most common injuries (experienced by >20% of specific road users injured) include:? Traumatic brain injuries – internal: occurred in 30.1% of pedestrians, 26.2% of drivers, 24.1% of passengers and 20.8% of pedal cyclists? Other head, face, neck – open wounds: occurred in 31.7% of drivers, 29.2% of passengers and 26.7% of pedestrians? Lower extremity – fracture: occurred in 38.8% of pedestrians, 35.0% of motorcyclists and 23.4% of drivers? Upper extremity – fracture: occurred in 34.4% of pedal cyclists and 31.1% of motorcyclists. The detailed matrix will be presented graphically for each road user.

Conclusion

The injury profiles varied by mode of travel. This could help inform the prioritisation of future injury prevention, road safety and healthcare policies and interventions targeted at specific road users.
Alcohol drinking behaviour patterns and intimate partner violence
Authors: Bangdiwala S I , Taylor B B , Shankar V
Published: March 2011

Objective

The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well known in developed Western countries, but not in developing and Eastern countries. This study examines the relationship with IPV of different patterns of alcohol consumption across wet and dry alcohol culture communities.

Methods

The World Studies of Abuse in Family Environment conducted parallel population-based surveys of family violence, and studied 12 804 women in low and middle income communities between 1998 and 2003. Ever drinking, regular drinking, drinking to get drunk by the husband or partner was studied in communities of Brazil, Chile, India and the Philippines. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine their relationship with concurrent psychological and physical violence.

Results

Ever drinking ranged from 22% in India to 88% in Chile, while reported drunkenness ranged from 1% in Chile to 16% in India. Women perceived that their husband/partner would insult them (12%–98%) and hit/beat them (1%–98%) when their partners were under the influence of alcohol. A clear dose-response relationship was observed between physical violence and alcohol consumption. The estimated odds (95% CI) of physical violence in regular drinkers compared to teetotallers were 3.8 (1.3 to 11.3) in Brazil, 4.5 (0.7 to 29.7) in Chile and 4.7 (1.6 to 13.8) in the Philippines. In India, these were 9.4 (7.4 to 11.9) in urban-slums, 6.7 (5.4 to 8.3) in non-slums and 6.6 (4.9 to 9.1) in rural areas.

Conclusions

This study found strong relationships between alcohol consumption and IPV in selected communities from developing countries. This relationship was seen in communities with different drinking cultures, with varying violence severity.