bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HDR, the last enzyme in the MEP pathway, differently regulates isoprenoid biosynthesis in two woody plants
Authors: Krause Toni , Wiesinger Piera , González-Cabanelas Diego , Lackus Nathalie , Köllner Tobias G , Klüpfel Thomas , Williams Jonathan , Rohwer Johann , Gershenzon Jonathan , Schmidt Axel
Published: February 2023

Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) serves as the universal C5 precursors of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. These compounds are formed by the last step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, catalyzed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR). In this study, we investigated the major HDR isoforms of two woody plant species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens), to determine how they regulate isoprenoid formation. Since each of these species has a distinct profile of isoprenoid compounds, they may require different proportions of DMADP and IDP with proportionally more IDP being needed to make larger isoprenoids. Norway spruce contained two major HDR isoforms differing in their occurrence and biochemical characteristics. PaHDR1 produced relatively more IDP than PaHDR2 and it encoding gene was expressed constitutively in leaves, likely serving to form substrate for production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and other primary isoprenoids derived from a C20 precursor. On the other hand, Norway spruce PaHDR2 produced relatively more DMADP than PaHDR1 and its encoding gene was expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, both constitutively and after induction with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate. This second HDR enzyme likely forms a substrate for the specialized monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene (C20) metabolites of spruce oleoresin. Gray poplar contained only one dominant isoform (named PcHDR2) that produced relatively more DMADP and the gene of which was expressed in all organs. In leaves, where the requirement for IDP is high to make the major carotenoid and chlorophyll isoprenoids derived from C20 precursors, excess DMADP may accumulate, which could explain the high rate of isoprene (C5) emission. Our results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in woody plants under conditions of differentially regulated biosynthesis of the precursors IDP and DMADP.
Water exchange rates measure active transport and homeostasis in neural tissue
Authors: Williamson Nathan H , Ravin Rea , Cai Teddy X , Falgairolle Melanie , O’Donovan Michael J , Basser Peter J
Published: February 2023

For its size, the brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body. Most of its energy demand is used to maintain stable homeostatic physiological conditions. Altered homeostasis and active states are hallmarks of many diseases and disorders. Yet there is currently no direct and reliable method to assess homeostasis and absolute basal activity of cells in the tissue noninvasively without exogenous tracers or contrast agents. We propose a novel low-field, high-gradient diffusion exchange nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method capable of directly measuring cellular metabolic activity via the rate constant for water exchange across cell membranes. Exchange rates are 140±16 s−1 under normal conditions in viable ex vivo neonatal mouse spinal cords. High repeatability across samples suggest that values are absolute and intrinsic to the tissue. Using temperature and drug (ouabain) perturbations, we find that the majority of water exchange is metabolically active and coupled to active transport by the sodium–potassium pump. We show that this water exchange rate is sensitive primarily to tissue homeostasis and provides distinct functional information. In contrast, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured with submillisecond diffusion times is sensitive primarily to tissue microstructure but not activity. Water exchange appears independently regulated from microstructural and oxygenation changes reported by ADC and T1 relaxation measurements in an oxygen–glucose deprivation model of stroke; exchange rates remain stable for 30–40 min before dropping to levels similar to the effect of ouabain and never completely recovering when oxygen and glucose are restored.
Neural responses to instructed positive couple interaction: an fMRI study on compliment sharing
Authors: Eckstein Monika , Stößel Gabriela , Gerchen Martin Fungisai , Bilek Edda , Kirsch Peter , Ditzen Beate
Published: February 2023

Love is probably the most fascinating feeling that a person ever experiences. However, little is known about what is happening in the brains of a romantic couple—the central and most salient relationship during adult age—while they are particularly tender and exchanging loving words with one another. To gain insight into nearly natural couple interaction, we collected data from N = 84 individuals (including N = 43 heterosexual couples) simultaneously in two functional magnetic resonance imaging scanners, while they sent and received compliments, i.e. short messages about what they liked about each other and their relationship. Activation patterns during compliment sharing in the individuals revealed a broad pattern of activated brain areas known to be involved in empathy and reward processing. Notably, the ventral striatum, including parts of the putamen, was activated particularly when selecting messages for the partner. This provides initial evidence that giving a verbal treat to a romantic partner seems to involve neural reward circuitry in the basal ganglia. These results can have important implications for the neurobiological mechanisms protecting and stabilizing romantic relationships, which build a highly relevant aspect of human life and health.
The Power Elite in the Welfare State 2012–2017: Stability and Change in the Key Institutional Orders of the Core of Power Networks in Denmark
Authors: Ellersgaard Christoph Houman , Larsen Anton Grau
Published: February 2023

C. Wright Mills’ framework of power elites did not just address the power structure of post-World War II America. We propose a methodological framework to identify this group—by locating individuals sitting at the core of elite networks—arguing that the sector composition of this group reflects the relative importance of institutional orders within the limits of a nation-state.

With two comprehensive sets of network data, composed of around 5,000 potentially powerful affiliations containing approximately 38,000 individuals, we identify a modified version of k-cores in Danish elite networks each composing around 400 individuals in 2012 and 2017.

While 55% of the individuals in the core have changed over five years, the core group exhibits remarkable institutional stability. First, sectoral affiliations remain largely the same, as just over half were employed in the corporate world with the rest split fairly evenly amongst union leaders, academics, senior civil servants, and politicians. Other sectors, such as cultural elites, army, clergy, or judiciary were all but excluded. Second, their organizational affiliation also remains stable. Four out of five in 2017 were employed in an organization having a member in 2012. Third, the social background, ethnic background, education, and residence remain largely the same.
Comparing outcomes in the treatment of pediatric and adolescent intraarticular radial head fractures
Authors: Hughes Jessica L. , Fogleman Sarah A. , Chun Liane , Bomar James D , Edmonds Eric W
Published: February 2023

Intraarticular radial head (IARH) fractures are uncommon pediatric injuries with unpredictable yet poor outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of IARH fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients, by testing our hypothesis that surgically managed fractures would have less risk for an unplanned second surgery and better elbow range of motion at the final follow-up. A retrospective review of 53 IARH fractures was performed. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Concomitant and associated injuries were documented. Initial management and any attempted reduction in the emergency room were documented. The primary outcome was the need for an unplanned second procedure. Motion at final follow-up, presence of pain and need for physical therapy were reviewed. Radiographs were carefully reviewed and analyzed for physeal status, displacement, angulation and percent of radial head involved. We rejected our hypothesis, however, because it was displaced fractures that tended to require an unplanned change in treatment at a higher rate than nondisplaced fractures, regardless of index management with or without surgery. Fracture displacement on the lateral radiograph was a significant risk factor compared to the anterior-posterior images, and younger patients, particularly those with open physis, were at higher risk of an unplanned second procedure. Moreover, 80% of displaced fractures had asymmetric elbow motion after healing was achieved. It is important to counsel patients and families regarding the potential for suboptimal outcomes and elbow stiffness regardless of treatment choice, in the setting of an initially displaced IARH fracture. Level of evidence: Level III
BRAF V600E-mutated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma responding to targeted therapy: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ricco Gianluca , Seminerio Renata , Andrini Elisa , Malvi Deborah , Gruppioni Elisa , Altimari Annalisa , Zagnoni Stefano , Campana Davide , Lamberti Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare and aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine tumor, commonly arising in the lung or in the gastrointestinal tract, with a frequent proportion of unknown primary origin (20%). In the metastatic setting, platinum-based or fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapeutic regimens are as considered the first-line treatment, despite the limited duration of response. To date, the prognosis of advanced high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma remains poor, suggesting the need to explore new treatment strategies in this orphan tumor. The evolving molecular landscape of LCNEC, not yet been completely defined, could explain the heterogeneous response to different chemotherapeutic regimens and suggest that treatment strategy could be driven by molecular features. v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) mutations, well described in melanoma, thyroid cancer, colon cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, account for approximately 2% of cases in lung LCNEC. Here, we describe the case of a patient with a BRAF V600E-mutated LCNEC of unknown primary origin who partially responded to BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors after standard treatment. Additionally, BRAF V600E circulating tumor DNA was used to monitor disease response. Thereafter, we reviewed the available literature about the role of targeted therapy in high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms to provide insight for future research to identify patients with driver oncogenic mutations, who can potentially benefit from target therapy.
Exploring the repurposing potential of telmisartan drug in breast cancer: an in-silico and in-vitro approach
Authors: Kumar Urwashi , Aich Jyotirmoi , Devarajan Shine
Published: February 2023

Anticancer drug resistance is one of the biggest hurdles in the treatment of breast cancer. Drug repurposing is a viable option fordeveloping novel medical treatment strategies since this method is more cost-efficient and rapid. Antihypertensive medicines have recently been found to have pharmacological features that could be used to treat cancer, making them effective candidates for therapeutic repurposing. The goal of our research is to find a potent antihypertensive drug that can be repurposed as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. In this study, virtual screening was performed using a set of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antihypertensive drugs as ligands with selected receptor proteins (EGFR, KRAS, P53, AGTR1, AGTR2, and ACE) assuming these proteins are regarded to have a significant role in hypertension as well as breast cancer. Further, our in-silico results were further confirmed by an in-vitro experiment (cytotoxicity assay). All the compounds (enalapril, atenolol, acebutolol, propranolol, amlodipine, verapamil, doxazosin, prazosin, hydralazine, irbesartan, telmisartan, candesartan, and aliskiren) showed remarkable affinity towards the target receptor proteins. However, maximum affinity was displayed by telmisartan. Cell-based cytotoxicity study of telmisartan in MCF7 (breast cancer cell line) confirmed the anticancer effect of telmisartan. IC50 of the drug was calculated to be 7.75 µM and at this concentration, remarkable morphological alterations were observed in the MCF7 cells confirming its cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. Based on both in-silico and in-vitro studies, we can conclude that telmisartan appears to be a promising drug repurposing candidate for the therapeutic treatment of breast cancer.
Synergistic anticancer effects of crocin combined with deuterium-depleted water on HT-29 cells
Authors: Haseli Reza , Honarvar Masoud , Yavari Kamal , Ghavami Mehrdad
Published: February 2023

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and the study of the role of nutrients in preventing or inhibiting the growth of this cancer is of interest to scientists. In this article, the synergistic effect of deuterium-depleted water(DDW) and crocin at specific concentrations on HT-29 cells was investigated. In this regard, HT-29 cells were grown in RPMI medium containing DDW, alone and in combination with crocin for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability, cell cycle changes and antioxidant enzymes status were determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry and quantitative luminescence methods, respectively. The results of these analyses proved the cell growth inhibitory effect of deuterium alone and its synergistic effect in combination with crocin. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase in the number of cells in the G0 and G1 phases whereas there was a decrease in the number of cells in the S, G2 and M phases. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes also decreased compared to the control group that is a reason to increase Malonyl dialdehyde factor. The results suggested that a combination of DDW and crocin can open a new strategic approach in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
Evolutional transition of HBV genome during the persistent infection determined by single-molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Arasawa Soichi , Takeda Haruhiko , Takai Atsushi , Iguchi Eriko , Eso Yuji , Shimizu Takahiro , Takahashi Ken , Yamashita Taiki , Ueda Yoshihide , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Seno Hiroshi
Published: February 2023

Background.

Although HBV infection is a serious health issue worldwide, the landscape of HBV genome dynamics in the host has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to determine the continuous genome sequence of each HBV clone using a single-molecule real-time sequencing platform, and clarify the dynamics of structural abnormalities during persistent HBV infection without antiviral therapy.

Patients and Methods.

Twenty-five serum specimens were collected from 10 untreated HBV-infected patients. Continuous whole-genome sequencing of each clone was performed using a PacBio Sequel sequencer; the relationship between genomic variations and clinical information was analyzed. The diversity and phylogeny of the viral clones with structural variations were also analyzed.

Results.

The whole-genome sequences of 797,352 HBV clones were determined. The deletion was the most common structural abnormality and concentrated in the preS/S and C regions. Hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe)-negative samples or samples with high alanine aminotransferase levels have significantly diverse deletions than anti-HBe-positive samples or samples with low alanine aminotransferase levels. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that various defective and full-length clones evolve independently and form diverse viral populations.

Conclusions.

Single-molecule real-time long-read sequencing revealed the dynamics of genomic quasispecies during the natural course of chronic HBV infections. Defective viral clones are prone to emerge under the condition of active hepatitis, and several types of defective variants can evolve independently of the viral clones with the full-length genome.
Multifocal Contact Lenses and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops for Myopia Control Study: Research Protocol for a 1-Year, Randomized, Four-Arm, Clinical Trial in Schoolchildren
Authors: Hiraoka Takahiro , Kiuchi Gaku , Hiraoka Reia , Maruo Kazushi , Oshika Tetsuro
Published: February 2023

Objectives:

Previous studies have shown that combined use of orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine (AT) eye drops can strongly prevent axial elongation in myopic children. However, the efficacy of combined use with multifocal contact lens (MFCL) and 0.01% AT remains unclear. The aim of this trial is to clarify the efficacy of MFCL+0.01% AT combination therapy for myopia control and safety.

Methods:

This prospective study is a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial with four arms. A total of 240 children aged 6 to 12 years with myopia is recruited and randomly assigned to one of the four groups in a ratio of 1:1:1:1 as follows: group 1: MFCL+AT combination therapy, group 2: MFCL monotherapy, group 3: AT monotherapy, and group 4: placebo. The participants will continue the assigned treatment for 1 year. The primary and secondary outcomes are the comparisons of axial elongation and myopia progression in the four groups during the 1-year study period.

Discussion:

The present trial would determine whether the MFCL+AT combination therapy is more effective in slowing axial elongation and myopia progression in schoolchildren as compared with each monotherapy or placebo, and it also confirm acceptable safety of the combination therapy.
Treatment of Stapedial Myoclonus as a Migraine-Related Phenomenon
Authors: Birkenbeuel Jack L. , Tawk Karen , Martin Elaine C. , Abouzari Mehdi , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: February 2023

Objective

To describe a case series of patients with stapedial myoclonus (SM) whose conditions improved after prophylactic migraine treatment.

Patients

We present seven cases of SM reported from a tertiary care neurotology clinic. All seven patients reported SM triggers similar to those of migraine headaches and suffered from concomitant headaches and/or vertigo, and were thus treated with a standard migraine protocol used at this neurotology clinic.

Intervention

Prophylactic migraine treatment.

Main Outcome Measures

Reduction or resolution of SM.

Results

In this series, seven patients with SM were included. Six of seven subjects were male (86%), with a mean age at presentation of 44 years. Four patients noted significant improvement in their symptoms, with a reduced frequency, duration, and intensity of their symptoms with the migraine regimen. Three patients experienced complete resolution of SM with their migraine treatment.

Conclusion

We report that treatment with prophylactic migraine treatment can provide long-term relief for patients with SM, which may suggest an etiological association between migraine and SM as well as a possible treatment for SM.
The 2023-2026 Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association Research Agenda
Authors: Coats Heather , Doyon Katherine , Isaacson Mary J. , Tay Djin , Rosa William E. , Mayahara Masako , Kates Jeannette , Frechman Erica , Wright Patricia Moyle , Boyden Jackelyn Y. , Broden Elizabeth G. , Hinds Pamela S. , James Richard , Keller Susan , Thrane Susan E. , Mooney-Doyle Kim , Sullivan Suzanne S. , Xu Jiayun , Tanner Julie , Natal Maria
Published: February 2023

The Hospice and Palliative Nursing Association established the triannual research agenda to (a) provide focus for researchers to conduct meaningful scientific and quality improvement initiatives and inform evidence-based practice, (b) guide organizational funding, and (c) illustrate to other stakeholders the importance of nursing research foci. HPNA Research Agendas are developed to give direction for future research to continue advancing expert care in serious illness and ensure equitable delivery of hospice and palliative care.
The ChatGPT Storm and What Faculty Can Do
Authors: Sun Grace H. , Hoelscher Stephanie H.
Published: February 2023

Background:

ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence-driven, pretrained, deep learning language model, can generate natural language text in response to a given query. Its rapid growth has led to concerns about ethical use in academia.

Problem:

The exponential rise in the popularity of ChatGPT, and concerns of academic integrity with its use, has raised concerns among faculty for how to best address this issue.

Approach:

Faculty should understand the potential benefits and limitations of ChatGPT and create assignments that emphasize self-reflection, critical thinking, problem solving, and independent learning. Students must be taught how to critically evaluate information and how to make informed decisions.

Conclusions:

ChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize nursing education. However, it is critical for faculty to be familiar with its capabilities and limitations in order to foster effective, yet ethical and responsible utilization, while preparing students for the dynamic, rapidly advancing technological landscape in nursing and health care.
“An Anti-Fibrotic Breast Implant Surface Coating Significantly Reduces Peri-Prosthetic Capsule Formation”
Authors: Karinja Sarah J. , Bernstein Jaime L. , Mukherjee Sudip , Jin Julia , Lin Alexandra , Abadeer Andrew , Kaymakcalan Omer , Veiseh Omid , Spector Jason A.
Published: February 2023

Background:

The body responds to prosthetic materials with an inflammatory foreign body response and deposition of a fibrous capsule, which may be deleterious to the function of the device and a cause of significant discomfort for the patient. Capsular contracture (CC) is the most common complication of aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery. CC is the source of significant patient morbidity and can result in pain, suboptimal aesthetic outcomes, implant failure and increased costs. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. Treatment is limited to re-operation and capsule excision; however, recurrence rates remain high. Herein we altered the surface chemistry of silicone implants with a proprietary anti-inflammatory coating to reduce capsule formation.

Methods:

Silicone implants were coated with Met-Z2-Y12, a biocompatible, anti-inflammatory surface modification. Uncoated and Met-Z2-Y12-coated implants were implanted in C57BL/6 mice. After 21, 90 or 180 days, peri-prosthetic tissue was removed for histologic analysis.

Results:

We compared mean capsule thickness at three time points. At 21, 90 and 180 days, there was a statistically significant reduction in capsule thickness of Met-Z2-Y12-coated implants compared to uncoated implants (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Coating the surface of silicone implants with Met-Z2-Y12 significantly reduced acute and chronic capsule formation in a mouse model for implant-based breast augmentation and reconstruction. As capsule formation obligatorily precedes CC, these results suggest contracture itself may be significantly attenuated. Furthermore, as peri-prosthetic capsule formation is a complication without anatomical boundaries, this chemistry may have additional applications beyond breast implants, to a myriad of other implantable medical devices.

Clinical relevance:

Coating of the silicone implant surface with Met-Z2-Y12 alters the peri-prosthetic capsule architecture and significantly reduces capsule thickness for at least 6 months post-operatively in a murine model. This is a promising step forward in the development of a therapy to prevent capsular contracture.
The Reality of Commercial Payer-Negotiated Rates in Cleft Lip and Palate Repair
Authors: Rochlin Danielle H. , Rizk Nada M. , Flores Roberto L. , Matros Evan , Sheckter Clifford C.
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Commercial payer-negotiated rates for cleft lip and palate surgery have not been evaluated on a national scale. The aim of this study was to characterize commercial rates for cleft care, both in terms of nationwide variation and in relation to Medicaid rates.

Methods:

A cross-sectional analysis was performed of 2021 hospital pricing data from Turquoise Health, a data service platform that aggregates hospital price disclosures. The data were queried by CPT code to identify 20 cleft surgical services. Within- and across-hospital ratios were calculated per CPT code to quantify commercial rate variation. Generalized linear models were utilized to assess the relationship between median commercial rate and facility-level variables, and between commercial and Medicaid rates.

Results:

There were 80,710 unique commercial rates from 792 hospitals. Within-hospital ratios for commercial rates ranged from 2.0-2.9, while across-hospital ratios ranged from 5.4-13.7. Median commercial rates per facility were higher than Medicaid rates for primary cleft lip and palate repair ($5,492.2 vs. $1,739.0), secondary cleft lip and palate repair ($5,429.1 vs. $1,917.0), and cleft rhinoplasty ($6,001.0 vs. $1,917.0) (p<0.001). Lower commercial rates were associated with hospitals that were smaller (p<0.001), safety-net (p<0.001), and non-profit (p<0.001). Medicaid rate was positively associated with commercial rate (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Commercial rates for cleft surgical care demonstrated marked variation within and across hospitals, and were lower for small, safety-net, and/or non-profit hospitals. Lower Medicaid rates were not associated with higher commercial rates, suggesting that hospitals did not utilize cost-shifting to compensate for budget shortfalls resulting from poor Medicaid reimbursement.
Secondary Corrections for Single-sutural Craniosynostosis: Perioperative Outcomes and Predisposing Factors
Authors: Kanth Aditi , Ditthakasem Kanlaya , Herbert Morley , Fearon Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2023

Purpose:

Many single-sutural craniosynostosis corrections end up needing secondary remodeling procedures. We sought to determine if these more complicated operations carry higher complication rates, as well as to explore potential predisposing factors.

Methods:

The authors performed a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing primary and secondary remodeling corrections at a single center, between 2010 and 2020.

Results:

Of 491 sequential single-sutural corrections, 380 were primary procedures and 111 were secondary (89.2 percent initially treated elsewhere). 10.3 percent of primary procedures received allogeneic blood versus only 1.8 percent of secondary corrections (p =0.005). Median hospital lengths of stays were similar between groups (1°: 2.0 days [IQR 2-2], 2°: 2.0 days [IQR2-2]), as were surgical infection rates (1°: 0%, 2°: 0.9%). With respect to predisposing factors, the affected suture and presence of a genetic mutation did not appear predictive; however, the median age at primary correction was significantly younger for those needing second procedures (6.0 months [IQR 4-9] versus 12.0 months [IQR 11-16]). An Odds Ratio Estimate suggests for every month increase in age the odds of undergoing a redo drops 40 percent. With respect to surgical indications, concerns for raised intracranial pressure and skull defects were more commonly cited following strip craniectomies than remodeling procedures.

Conclusions:

This single-center review was unable to identify a higher risk profile for redo procedures. Additionally, analyses suggest performing primary corrections at a younger age, and possibly performance of strip craniectomies, were associated with a higher likelihood of a subsequent secondary correction.
Predictors for Colorectal Polyps in an Asymptomatic Population Undergoing Medical Check-ups
Authors: Zhang Chenchen , Wang Yanan , Zhu Kongxi , Wang Xiaoying , Yu Weihua , Li Shuai
Published: February 2023

Background:

Colorectal cancer primarily arises from colorectal polyps. Early screening and removal is beneficial, especially in asymptomatic populations. This research aimed to reveal the risk factors detected in medical check-ups for colorectal polyps in asymptomatic people.

Materials and Methods:

Clinical data of 933 asymptomatic people who underwent colonoscopies from May 2014 to December 2021 was analyzed retrospectively. Data included sex, age, colonoscopy findings, polyp pathology, polyp number, and blood test results. The distribution of colorectal lesions was analyzed. Participants were divided into control and polyp groups, adenomatous and non-adenomatous polyp groups, and single and multiple adenoma groups.

Results:

Participants’ age, proportion of males, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), uric acid and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the polyp group. Age (>40 y), sex (male), and CEA level (>1.435 ng/mL) were independent risk factors for polyps. CEA, uric acid, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the adenoma group than in the non-adenomatous group. CEA level (>1.435 ng/mL) was an independent predictor for adenomas (P<0.05). Participants’ age, proportion of males, CEA, glycosylated hemoglobin, and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the multiple adenoma group than in the single group; the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower (P<0.05). No independent risk factors were found for the number of adenomas.

Conclusions:

Serum CEA level (>1.435 ng/mL) was independent risk factor for colorectal polyps. It may be conducive to improve discriminative ability of colorectal cancer risk stratification model.
Development and Validation of a Renal Replacement after Trauma Scoring Tool
Authors: Santos Jeffrey , Grigorian Areg , Kuza Catherine , Emigh Brent , Jeng James , Qazi Alliya , Nguyen Ninh T. , Nahmias Jeffry
Published: February 2023

Background:

Stress on the healthcare system requires careful allocation of resources such as renal replacement therapy (RRT). The COVID-19 pandemic generated difficulty securing access to RRT for trauma patients. We sought to develop a renal replacement after trauma (RAT) scoring tool to help identify trauma patients who may require RRT during their hospitalization.

Study Design:

The 2017-2020 Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database was divided into a derivation (2017-2018 data) and validation (2019-2020 data) set. A three-step methodology was used. Adult trauma patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) to the operating room or intensive care unit were included. Patients with chronic kidney disease, transfers from another hospital, and ED deaths were excluded. Multiple logistic regression models were created to determine the risk for RRT in trauma patients. The weighted average and relative impact of each independent predictor was used to derive a RAT score, which was validated using area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

RESULTS:

From 398,873 patients in the derivation and 409,037 patients in the validation set, 11 independent predictors of RRT were included in the RAT score derived with scores ranging from 0-11. The AUROC for the derivation set was 0.85. The rate of RRT increased to 1.1%, 3.3%, and 20% at scores of 6, 8, and 10, respectively. The validation set AUROC was 0.83.

CONCLUSION:

RAT is a novel and validated scoring tool to help predict the need for RRT in trauma patients. With future improvements including baseline renal function and other variables, the RAT tool may help prepare for the allocation of RRT machines/staff during times of limited resources.
Marangoni-driven nonlinear dynamics of bimolecular frontal systems: a general classification for equal diffusion coefficients
Authors: Tiani R. , Rongy L.
Published: February 2023

When bimolecular fronts form in solutions, their dynamics is likely to be affected by chemically driven convection such as buoyancy- and Marangoni-driven flows. It is known that front dynamics in the presence of buoyancy-driven convection can be predicted solely on the basis of the one-dimensional reaction–diffusion concentration profiles but that those predictions fail for Marangoni-driven convection. With a two-dimensional reaction–diffusion–Marangoni convection model, we analyze here convective effects on the time scalings of the front properties, together with the influence of reaction reversibility and of the ratio of initial reactants’ concentrations on the front dynamics. The effect of buoyancy forces is here neglected by assuming the reactive system to be in zero-gravity condition and/or the solution density to be spatially homogenous.

This article is part of the theme issue ’New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems’.
Dynamics of liquids with high viscosity contrast in unevenly rotating Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Kozlov Viktor , Petukhova Marina , Kozlov Nikolai
Published: February 2023

The paper is devoted to the experimental study of the dynamics of an interface between two liquids with high viscosity contrast filling a vertical, circular narrow gap rotating about a horizontal axis at a speed modulated by librations. The equilibrium shape and stability of the interphase boundary are considered. In the absence of librations, under the action of the centrifugal force the boundary has an axisymmetric shape. At librations, at certain frequency ratios, the interface loses its axisymmetric position: in the cavity reference frame, it is displaced in the radial direction. It is theoretically shown that the discovered phenomenon is explained by the average action of gravity; the results of experiments and theory are consistent. The experiments reveal that with an increase in the modulation amplitude the circular interface loses stability in a threshold manner: an azimuthally periodic relief, quasi-stationary in the cavity frame, emerges. This is associated with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability due to tangential oscillations of the less viscous liquid near the interface. A dimensionless parameter that determines the stability of the interface is obtained in the limit of high dimensionless libration frequency. The stability threshold increases with the decrease in the dimensionless frequency.

This article is part of the theme issue 'New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems'.
Physical model and numerical simulation of high-temperature silicification of carbon composite material
Authors: Ageeva Maria , Demin Vitaly A.
Published: February 2023

A mathematical model is developed to describe the process of high-temperature silicification of a carbon porous material. The cause of pores blockage is the condensation of gaseous silicon at the inner walls of tubules. Phenomenological temperature dependences for the coefficients of condensation and evaporation are proposed, which determine the intensity of the siliconizing process. It is assumed that the diffusion of the silicon vapour is the main mechanism of the material open pores filling. Numerical modelling is carried out by the finite difference method using an explicit scheme in the case of a constant value of the mobile concentration at the input and for different variants of boundary conditions on temperature. These temperature distributions on boundaries make it possible to describe siliconized regions and to delimit from them the sample parts that remain ‘dry’ during the silicification process. The dynamics of main physical quantities change, i.e. porosity of the composite material and concentration of the immobile component in the volume, are analysed. The results of numerical simulation for the time of full silicification and the weight gain of the product are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with all known experimental data.

This article is part of the theme issue 'New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems'.
Stochastic parametric excitation of convective heat transfer
Authors: Permyakova Evelina V. , Goldobin Denis S.
Published: February 2023

We study the parametric excitation of the free thermal convection in a horizontal layer and a rectangular cell by random vertical vibrations. The mathematical formulation we use allows one to explore the cases of heating from below and above and the low-gravity conditions. The excitation threshold of the second moments of the current velocity and the temperature perturbations are derived. The heat flux through the system quantified by the Nusselt number is reported to be related to the second moment of temperature perturbations; therefore, the threshold of the stochastic excitation of second moments gives the threshold for the excitation of the convective heat transfer. Comparison of the stochastic parametric excitation with the effect of high-frequency periodic modulation reveals dramatic dissimilarity between the two.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems’.
Dynamics of a bubble in oscillating viscous liquid
Authors: Lyubimova T. P. , Fomicheva A. A. , Ivantsov A. O.
Published: February 2023

This article is devoted to the investigation of gaseous bubble dynamics in oscillating viscous liquids of different density values. The study is conducted numerically using the level-set method with a non-stationary approach. The bubble is initially located near the upper wall of the container. The effects of the inclusion and host liquid viscosities on interaction of the bubble with the wall are analysed. The calculations show that in the absence of gravity, for low-viscosity fluids the bubble is attracted to the nearest wall, which is consistent with previous analytical and experimental results. With increasing viscosity, the vibrational attraction to the wall becomes weaker and is then replaced by repulsion, which can be explained by the decelerative effect of viscosity in the boundary layer near the rigid surface, where the average flow becomes less intensive. The dependencies of the repulsion force on the parameter values are obtained by using the balance method (investigation of the gravity level needed to attain the quasi-equilibrium state at a certain distance between the bubble and the wall). The calculations show that the repulsion force grows with decreasing Reynolds number (increase of the viscosity).

This article is part of the theme issue ‘New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems’.
Liquid/liquid displacement in a vibrating capillary
Authors: Vorobev Anatoliy , Prokopev Sergei , Lyubimova Tatyana
Published: February 2023

Mechanical vibrations can alter static and dynamic distributions of fluids in porous matrices. A popular theory that explains non-destructive changes in fluids percolation induced by vibrations involves elasticity of a solid matrix and compressibility of fluids. Owing to strong damping, elastic and acoustic deformations always remain bounded to narrow zones (a few centimetres) near the source of vibrations. However, field trials prove the existence of the effects that are induced by vibrations in geological reservoirs on a longer scale (100 m). In this study, we develop a non-elastic theory, assessing the time-averaged effects induced by small-amplitude high-frequency vibrations. We examine the immiscible liquid/liquid displacement flows in a capillary (which is a building element of a porous matrix) subjected to translational vibrations. We find that strong-enough vibrations alter the shapes of menisci and change the rates of displacement flows. We find that vibrations slow down or even stop the displacement flows (which is contrary to a common expectation that vibrations help to release fluids from a porous matrix).

This article is part of the theme issue ‘New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems’.
Nonlinear development of convective patterns driven by a neutralization reaction in immiscible two-layer systems
Authors: Bratsun Dmitry , Mizev Alexey , Utochkin Vladimir , Nekrasov Svyatoslav , Shmyrova Anastasia
Published: February 2023

This article provides the results of a theoretical and experimental study of buoyancy-driven instabilities triggered by a neutralization reaction in an immiscible two-layer system placed in a vertical Hele–Shaw cell. Flow patterns are predicted by a reaction-induced buoyancy number

K

ρ

, which we define as the ratio of densities of the reaction zone and the lower layer. In experiments, we observed the development of cellular convection (

K

ρ

≤
1

), the fingering process with an aligned line of fingertips at a slightly denser reaction zone (

K

ρ

≥
1

) and the typical Rayleigh–Taylor convection for

K

ρ

>
1

. A mathematical model includes a set of reaction–diffusion–convection equations written in the Hele–Shaw approximation. The model’s novelty is that it accounts for the water produced during the reaction, a commonly neglected effect. The persisting regularity of the fingering during the collapse of the reaction zone is explained by the dynamic release of water, which compensates for the heavy fluid falling and stabilizes the pattern. Finally, we present a stability map on the plane of the initial concentrations of solutions. Good agreement between the experimental data and theoretical results is observed.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems’.
Competing particle attractee in liquid bridges
Authors: Parker Robert , Capobianchi Paolo , Lappa Marcello
Published: February 2023

Assuming the so-called particle accumulation structures (PAS) in liquid bridges as archetypal systems for the investigation of particle self-assembly phenomena in laminar time-periodic flows, an attempt is made here to disentangle the complex hierarchy of relationships existing between the multiplicity of the loci of aggregation (streamtubes which coexist in the physical space as competing attractee) and the particle structures effectively showing up. While the former depends on purely topological (fluid-dynamic) arguments, the influential factors driving the outcomes of the fluid–particle interaction seem to obey a much more complex logic, which makes the arrangement of particles different from realization to realization. Through numerical solution of the governing Eulerian and Lagrangian equations for liquid and mass transport, we show that for a fixed aspect ratio of the liquid bridge, particles can be gradually transferred from one streamtube to another as the Stokes number and/or the Marangoni number are varied. Moreover, ranges exist where these attractors compete resulting in overlapping or intertwined particle structures, some of which, characterized by a strong degree of asymmetry, have never been reported before.

This article is part of the theme issue 'New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems'.
Ultrasonographic Splenic Indices Among Paediatric and Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Nigeria
Authors: Ladu Adama I , Jeffery Caroline , Farate Abubakar , Farouk Abubakar G , Abulfathi Fatima M , Adekile Adekunle , Bates Imelda
Published: February 2023

Background

Ultrasonography is an established and reliable method for assessing the spleen. Because of variation due to genetic and other environmental factors including malaria endemicity, interpretation of splenic sizes requires a knowledge of the normal reference range for a given population. The aim of this study was to determine spleen size in different age groups among healthy people in North-Eastern Nigeria and use this as a reference to determine spleen size amongst sickle cell disease (SCD) patients.

Methods

Using a cross-sectional study design, spleen size was measured in healthy people of different age groups, and steady-state SCD patients (children and adults) using abdominal ultrasonography. Using the age-group specific reference values obtained from the controls, spleens were classified into small, normal size, or enlarged among the SCD patients.

Results

Abdominal ultrasonography was performed for 313 participants, comprising 109 (34.8%) healthy controls and 204 (65.2%) steady-state SCD patients. The spleen was visualized in all the controls. However, 97(47.6%) of the SCD patients had no visible spleen. Small, normal, and enlarged spleens were observed in 16.7% (n=18/107), 63.6% (n=68/107) and 19.6% (n=21/107) SCD patients, respectively. Compared to the control group, splenic length was three-fold higher in the first two years of life in SCD patients, followed by a progressive age-related decline in size. Enlarged spleens were detected among 5(2.4%) SCD patients by manual palpation method compared to 21 (19.6%) using ultrasonography.

Conclusion

Model-based age-specific reference ranges and percentile curves for splenic dimensions based on ultrasonography among normal controls in North-Eastern Nigeria were established and may be of value in assessing spleen sizes among SCD patients living in malaria-endemic regions of Africa. Regular spleen scans to assess changes in size can help identify SCD patients at risk of splenomegaly complications including subclinical acute sequestration and hypersplenism, and those who are developing splenic atrophy.
Trends in Prevalence, Risk-Factors Controls and Medications in ASCVD Among US Adults, 1999-2018
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Chen Jianzhou , Chen Zheng , Han Chen , Kang Lina , Wang Lian , Wang Kun , Xu Wei , Xu Biao , Zhang Xinlin
Published: February 2023

Objective

To characterize trends in prevalence of ASCVD, risk-factor control and medication use among adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), with frequent update of relevant guidelines.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 55,081 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Results

The age-standardized prevalence of ASCVD did not change significantly from 1999-2002 (7.9%, CI 7.1%-8.7%) to 2015-2018 (7.5%, CI 6.8%-8.3%) (Pfor trend =0.18). Over 60.0% ASCVD participants had very-high risk. The percentage with blood-pressure control (<130/80 mmHg) increased from 51.2% (CI, 41.0%-61.3%) in 1999-2002 to 57.2% (CI, 48.4%-65.6%) in 2011-2014, but then declined to 52.8% (CI, 44.4%-81.3%) in 2015-2018. From 1999-2002 to 2015-2018, the percentage with lipid control (non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL) increased from 7.0% (CI, 3.5%-12.3%) to 26.4% (CI, 16.2%-38.9%), and with glycemic control (HbA1c <7.0%) decreased from 95.0% (CI, 90.2%-97.9%) to 84.0% (CI, 75.9%-90.3%). The percentage who achieved all 3 targets was 18.6% (CI, 8.2%-33.8%) in 2015-2018. After 2014, the percentages with blood-pressure, lipid, and glycemic control decreased in very-high-risk ASCVD, but increased in not-very-high-risk ASCVD. The percentage of ASCVD participants who used statins increased from 1999-2002 to 2011-2014, but then leveled off. The percentage who used blood-pressure-lowering drugs remained largely constant, and who used glucose-lowering drugs increased.

Conclusions

The prevalence of ASCVD generally remained stable, with over 60.0% had very-high risk. Blood-pressure, lipid, and glycemic control decreased in very-high-risk ASCVD but increased in not-very-high-risk ASCVD after 2014.