bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Curtis Clare L. , Rees Sarah G. , Little Chris B. , Flannery Carl R. , Hughes Clare E. , Wilson Chris , Dent Colin M. , Otterness Ivan G. , Harwood John L. , Caterson Bruce
Published: October 2002

Objective

To determine if n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation (versus treatment with n‐6 polyunsaturated or other fatty acid supplements) affects the metabolism of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage.

Methods

The metabolic profile of human OA cartilage was determined at the time of harvest and after 24‐hour exposure to n‐3 PUFAs or other classes of fatty acids, followed by explant culture for 4 days in the presence or absence of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1). Parameters measured were glycosaminoglycan release, aggrecanase and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and the levels of expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for mediators of inflammation, aggrecanases, MMPs, and their natural tissue inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]).

Results

Supplementation with n‐3 PUFA (but not other fatty acids) reduced, in a dose‐dependent manner, the endogenous and IL‐1–induced release of proteoglycan metabolites from articular cartilage explants and specifically abolished endogenous aggrecanase and collagenase proteolytic activity. Similarly, expression of mRNA for ADAMTS‐4, MMP‐13, and MMP‐3 (but not TIMP‐1, ‐2, or ‐3) was also specifically abolished with n‐3 PUFA supplementation. In addition, n‐3 PUFA supplementation abolished the expression of mRNA for mediators of inflammation (cyclooxygenase 2, 5‐lipoxygenase, 5‐lipoxygenase–activating protein, tumor necrosis factor α, IL‐1α, and IL‐1β) without affecting the expression of message for several other proteins involved in normal tissue homeostasis.

Conclusion

These studies show that the pathologic indicators manifested in human OA cartilage can be significantly altered by exposure of the cartilage to n‐3 PUFA, but not to other classes of fatty acids.
Fenofibrate inhibits reactive amyloidosis in mice
Authors: Murai Takehiro , Yamada Toshiyuki , Miida Takashi , Arai Katsumitsu , Endo Naoto , Hanyu Tadamasa
Published: October 2002

Objective

To examine the effects of the lipid‐lowering agent fenofibrate on experimental AA amyloidosis and on serum amyloid A (SAA) levels.

Methods

Fenofibrate was administered orally in a mouse model of amyloidosis, which is induced by injections of amyloid‐enhancing factor and Freund's complete adjuvant. Fenofibrate was given for 3 weeks, including a 1‐week course before induction of amyloidosis. Splenic amyloid deposits were evaluated histologically, and SAA levels were measured.

Results

Fenofibrate inhibited the formation of splenic amyloid deposits and suppressed the elevation of SAA levels.

Conclusion

Fenofibrate inhibits experimental amyloidosis by reducing levels of the precursor SAA.
A gene in the telomeric HLA complex distinct from HLA–A is involved in predisposition to juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Smerdel Anna , Lie Benedicte A. , Ploski Rafal , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Førre Øystein , Thorsby Erik , Undlien Dag E.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with particular alleles at 3 different HLA loci: HLA–A, HLA–DR/DQ, and HLA–DP. These associations are independent of each other (i.e., they cannot be explained by the known linkage disequilibrium between alleles at these loci). The purpose of this study was to look for additional JIA susceptibility genes in the HLA complex.

Methods

One hundred two Norwegian JIA patients and 270 healthy individuals, all carrying the DQ4;DR8 haplotype, were investigated by scanning ∼10 megabases of DNA covering the HLA complex with microsatellite polymorphisms. An expectation‐maximization algorithm was used to estimate haplotype frequencies, and the distribution of microsatellite alleles on the high‐risk DQ4;DR8 haplotype was compared between patients and controls, to exclude effects secondary to linkage disequilibrium with these susceptibility genes.

Results

Allele 5 at the microsatellite locus D6S265 (D6S265* 5), 100 kb centromeric of HLA–A, showed a strong positive association with the disease (odds ratio 4.7, corrected P < 10−6). Haplotype analysis demonstrated that the D6S265*5 association was not caused by linkage disequilibrium to the gene encoding HLA–A*02, which has previously been reported to be associated with JIA. Instead, our data suggested that a gene in linkage disequilibrium with D6S265*5, but distinct from HLA–A*02, is involved in the predisposition to JIA.

Conclusion

We found that D6S265*5 could be a marker for an additional susceptibility gene in JIA which is distinct from A*02, adding to the risk conferred by DQ4;DR8.
Autoantibodies to fibroblasts induce a proadhesive and proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Chizzolini Carlo , Raschi Elena , Rezzonico Roger , Testoni Cinzia , Mallone Roberto , Gabrielli Armando , Facchini Andrea , Del Papa Nicoletta , Borghi Maria Orietta , Dayer Jean Michel , Meroni Pier Luigi
Published: October 2002

Objective

Fibroblasts play a major role in the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and the occurrence of serum autoantibodies reacting with fibroblast plasma membrane antigens in SSc has been reported. This study was undertaken to investigate whether IgG from SSc sera that react with human fibroblasts modulates the fibroblasts' function.

Methods

Sera from 69 patients with SSc (28 with limited cutaneous SSc [lcSSc] and 41 with diffuse cutaneous SSc [dcSSc]), 30 patients with sarcoidosis, and 50 matched healthy controls were examined. We evaluated antibody binding to human skin and lung fibroblasts by cell‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. We further investigated the ability of purified IgG to modulate 1) intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) expression, 2) U937 cell adhesion to fibroblasts, and 3) fibroblast steady‐state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), IL‐β, and IL‐6, and IL‐6 protein production.

Results

Of 69 SSc sera tested by cell‐based ELISA, 58% bound to normal skin and lung fibroblasts. The prevalence of binding was significantly higher in dcSSc than in lcSSc (P < 0.05). Only IgG from SSc sera that were positive for antifibroblast antibody (AFA) induced a dose‐dependent up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 expression and IL‐6 production, enhancement of U937 cell adhesion, and increased levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 mRNA in fibroblasts. Up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 mediated by AFA IgG was inhibited by the addition of IL‐1 receptor antagonist, indicating an autocrine activation loop.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm the presence of AFAs in SSc sera and demonstrate, for the first time, that autoantibodies reacting with fibroblast surface molecules act as an extrinsic stimulus inducing fibroblast activation in vitro.
Polysaccharide–polynucleotide complexes VIII. Cation‐induced complex formation between polyuridylic acid and schizophyllan
Authors: Sakurai Kazuo , Iguchi Ritsuko , Koumoto Kazuya , Kimura Taro , Mizu Masami , Hisaeda Yoshio , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2002

Schizophyllan belongs to the β‐1,3‐D‐glucan family, and dissolves as a single chain in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and as a triple helix in water, respectively. It is already known that when we prepare a mixture of poly(C) and schizophyllan in DMSO and subsequently exchange the solvent to water, poly(C) and schizophyllan can form a complex. When we applied this procedure to the poly(U) system, we could not induce the complex formation between poly(U) and schizophyllan at all. However, we found that addition of some alkaline cations is necessary to induce the complexation between poly(U) and schizophyllan. The complex stability strongly depends on both the cation species and the salt concentration. The complexation is sensitively reflected in the CD spectrum. The magnitude of the spectral change is followed by the order; Rb+ ≫ K+ > Na+ ? Cs+. This cation order in the stability is confirmed by the fluorescence polarization measurements. 23Na‐NMR spectroscopy reveals that the product system is stabilized by addition of the cations, suggesting that the OH group in schizophyllan and the phosphate anion in poly(U) synergistically form a specific ligand system for the cations. To the best of our knowledge, such a cation‐induced specific interaction between saccharides and polynucleotides has not been reported, and may provide a new clue to understand the biological role of β‐1,3‐D‐glucans. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 65: 1–9, 2002
A two‐phase model for water and heat transfer within an intermittently‐mixed solid‐state fermentation bioreactor with forced aeration
Authors: von Meien Oscar F. , Mitchell David A.
Published: October 2002

A two‐phase dynamic model is developed that describes heat and mass transfer in intermittently‐mixed solid‐state fermentation bioreactors. The model predicts that in the regions of the bed near the air inlet there can be significant differences in the air and solid temperatures, while in the remainder of the bed the gas and solid phases are much closer to equilibrium, although there can be differences in water activity of around 0.05. The increase in the temperature of the gas as it flows through the bed means that it is impossible to prevent the bed from drying out, even if saturated air is used at the air inlet. The substrate can dry to water activities that severely limit growth, unless the bed is intermittently mixed, with the addition of water to bring the water activity back to the desired value. Under the conditions assumed for the simulation, which was designed to mimic the growth of Aspergillus niger on corn, two mixing events were necessary, one at 17.4 and the other at 27.9 h. Even though such a strategy can minimize the restriction of growth by water‐limitation, temperature‐limitation remains a problem due to the rapid heating dynamics. The model is obviously a useful tool that can be used to guide scale‐up and to test control strategies. Such a model, describing the non‐equilibrium situation between the gas and solid phases, has not previously been proposed for solid‐state fermentation bioreactors. Models in the literature that assume gas‐solid temperature and moisture equilibrium cannot describe the large temperature differences between the gas and solid phase which occur within the bed near the air inlet. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 416–428, 2002.
Bioprocess applications of a Sindbis virus‐based temperature‐inducible expression system
Authors: Boorsma M. , Hoenke S. , Marrero A. , Fischer R. , Bailey J. E. , Renner W. A. , Bachmann M. F.
Published: October 2002

The production and study of toxic proteins requires inducible expression systems with low basal level expression and high inducibility. Here, we describe bioprocess applications of the pCytTS temperature‐regulatable Sindbis virus replicon‐based expression system. We used green fluorescent protein as a marker protein to optimize the selection of stable transfected clones with increased expression levels. Using the optimized protocol, clones were constructed that produced the growth‐inhibiting, anti‐viral protein interferon β (β‐IFN). Selected clones were analyzed for temperature‐dependent β‐IFN production in adherent and suspension cultures in serum free medium. Specific expression levels were around 1.0 × 105 IU/106 cells/day (0.5 μg/106 cells/day) in suspension cultures and over 1.5 × 106 IU/mL/day (7.5 μg/mL/day) in hollow fiber reactors using adherent cells. Hexahistidine‐tagged β‐IFN purified from T‐flask cultures was highly glycosylated and showed high specific activity. β‐IFN mRNA amplified by the viral replicase for 10 days did not show an accumulation of mutations. These data suggest the applicability of the pCytTS‐inducible expression system for the production of high‐quality glycoproteins in different reactors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 602–609, 2002.
Self‐activating factor X derivative fused to the C‐terminus of a cellulose‐binding module: Production and properties
Authors: Kwan Emily , Guarna M. Marta , Boraston Alisdair B. , Gilkes Neil R. , Haynes Charles A. , Kilburn Douglas G. , Warren R. Antony J.
Published: October 2002

In this work, a new derivative of FX was engineered. It comprises a cellulose‐binding module (CBM) fused to the N‐terminus of the truncated light chain (E2FX) of FX and a hexahistidine tag (H6) fused to the C‐terminus of the heavy chain. The sequence LTR at the site of cleavage of the activation peptide from the N‐terminus of the heavy chain is changed to IEGR to render the derivative self‐activating. However, N‐linked glycans on the CBM of the derivative blocked its binding to cellulose and those on the activation peptide slowed its activation. Therefore, the sites of N‐linked glycosylation on the CBM and on the activation peptide were eliminated by mutation. The final derivative can be produced in good yield by cultured mammalian cells. It is purified easily with Ni2+‐agarose, it is self‐activating, and it can be immobilized on cellulose. When immobilized on a column of cellulose beads, the activated derivative retains ∼80% of its initial activity after 30 days of continuous hydrolysis of a fusion protein substrate. Under these conditions of operation, the effective substrate:enzyme ratio is >104. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 724–732, 2002.
Morphologic study of the connections between the accessory nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve
Authors: Oh Chang Seok , Chung In Hyuk , Koh Ki Seok , Kim Hee Jin , Nam Kwang Il
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anastomotic relationships between the accessory nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve and to determine the course of the posterior root nerve fibers after anastomosis. The relationships between these two nerves were studied in 100 sides of the spinal cord and then classified into four types. In the most common type of anastomosis (38% of cases), either a branch from the posterior C1 root was seen to course cranially and join the accessory nerve, or the posterior root and accessory nerve fused as they coursed orthogonal to one other. In the second most common type (36% of cases), the accessory nerve anastomosed with a posterior C1 root that had no direct connection with the spinal cord; the nerve fibers of the posterior root were observed in stained samples to course caudally along the accessory nerve and join the posterior C2 root. In the least common type (6% of cases), no connection was observed between the accessory nerve and the posterior C1 root. In the next least common type (20% of cases), the posterior C1 root was absent and a connecting branch was sometimes observed between the accessory nerve and the anterior C1 root. Clin. Anat. 15:267–270, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical results for the training‐phase roll‐in patients in the intracoil femoralpopliteal stent trial
Authors: Ansel Gary M. , Botti Charles F. , George Barry S. , Kazienko Brian T.
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to report the results of the roll‐in patients for the multicenter IntraCoil trial in the femoropopliteal arteries at 9‐month follow‐up. Ninety‐three roll‐in patients (mean age, 67.8 ± 10.5 years; 62.4% male gender) constituted the learning phase for the 22 clinical sites. Obstructive femoropopliteal artery disease up to 15 cm was treated with stenting. Clinical patency was measured over a 9‐month period by clinical and hemodynamic data as well as the Rutherford scale. Diabetes mellitus was present in 35.5%. Twenty‐nine percent of lesions treated were occlusions. The mean reference diameter for treated lesions was 4.27 ± 1.11 mm, while the mean lesion length was 3.83 ± 3.69 cm. Acute angiographic success by operator evaluation was obtained in 98.9% of patients. Major complications occurred in 3.2%. No patient experienced abrupt or subacute closure. There were two reports of failure to deliver assigned stent. In both incidences, the stent was removed without surgical intervention. There were also three reports of stent misplacement (moving during delivery), one report of stent migration, one report of delivery system failure. At 30‐day and 9‐month follow‐up of successfully treated patients, 100%/77.9% remained free of major adverse clinical events (MACE) and 100%/81.8% target lesion revascularization (TLR), respectively. At 9‐month follow‐up, ankle‐brachial index increased from 0.66 ± 0.22 to 0.83 ± 0.20 while mean maximum walking time increased form 4.47 ± 3.02 to 5.91 ± 3.97 min. The use of the IntraCoil stent appears to have a short learning curve. Excellent clinical and hemodynamic patency is seen at 9 months. The randomized comparison trial comparing the IntraCoil to angioplasty is pending. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:443–449. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chirality induction in supramolecular aggregate: Chiral recognition between armed cyclen‐Na+ complexes having quadruplicated helical geometry
Authors: Nishimura Tomoko , Shinoda Satoshi , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

A water‐soluble self‐aggregate of octadentate Na+ complex with chiral cholesterol‐armed cyclen provides unique microenvironments for chirality induction of guest cyclen‐Na+ complex via supramolecular interaction. Chirality 14:555–557, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone reduces central nervous system recurrence and improves survival in aggressive non‐hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Tomita Naoto , Kodama Fumio , Kanamori Heiwa , Motomura Shigeki , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Central nervous system (CNS) recurrence is almost invariably fatal in patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Although some protocols are intended to prevent CNS disease, the value of CNS prophylaxis in patients with aggressive NHL remains to be determined.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 68 adults with NHL who had been treated uniformly with systemic chemotherapy and had attained complete remission (CR) of disease. Patients ranged in age from 15 to 77 years (median, 56 years). Median follow‐up after CR was 40 months. After CR was attained, 29 patients (Group A) received CNS prophylaxis consisting of four doses of intrathecal methotrexate 10 mg/m2 and hydrocortisone 15 mg/m2 as soon as they could tolerate it. The other 39 patients (Group B) did not receive CNS prophylaxis.

RESULTS

Although bulky mass (45% vs. 21%, P = 0.03) was more frequent in Group A than in Group B, none of the patients in Group A experienced CNS recurrence (0%), whereas CNS recurrence occurred in six patients in Group B (15%). This difference was significant (P = 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis for CNS recurrence identified no CNS prophylaxis (P = 0.01) and bone marrow involvement (P = 0.02) as independent predictors. Among patients without CNS disease, systemic recurrence occurred in 5 patients in Group A and in 11 patients in Group B (P = 0.12). The 5‐year overall survival rate from CR was 80% in Group A and 58% in Group B (P = 0.05). The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival rate from CR was 85% in Group A and 51% in Group B (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone injection reduces the incidence of CNS recurrence following CR in patients with aggressive NHL and improves the chance of long‐term survival. Cancer 2002;95:576–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10699
Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons
Authors: Azam Layla , Winzer‐Serhan Ursula H. , Chen Yiling , Leslie Frances M.
Published: October 2002

Many behavioral effects of nicotine result from activation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. Nicotine regulates dopamine release not only by stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on dopamine cell bodies within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), but also on presynaptic nAChRs located on striatal terminals. The nAChR subtype(s) present on both cell bodies and terminals is still a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to use double‐labeling in situ hybridization to identify nAChR subunit mRNAs expressed within dopamine neurons of the SN/VTA, by using a digoxigenin‐labeled riboprobe for tyrosine hydroxylase as the dopamine cell marker and 35S‐labeled riboprobes for nAChR subunits. The results reveal a heterogeneous population of nAChR subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons. Within the SN, almost all dopamine neurons express α2, α4, α5, α6, β2, and β3 nAChR mRNAs, with more than half also expressing α3 and α7 mRNAs. In contrast, less than 10% express β4 mRNA. Within the VTA, a similar pattern of nAChR subunit mRNA expression is observed except that most subunits are expressed in a slightly lower percentage of dopamine neurons than in the SN. Within the SN, α4, β2, α7, and β4 mRNAs are also expressed in a significant number of nondopaminergic neurons, whereas within the VTA this only occurs for β4. The heterogeneity in the expression of nAChR subunits within the SN/VTA may indicate the formation of a variety of different nAChR subtypes on cell bodies and terminals of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:260–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in the spatial pattern of mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Mes5) neuron populations in the developing chick optic tectum
Authors: Sanchez Viviana , Ferrán José Luis , Pereyra‐Alfonso Susana , Scicolone Gabriel , Rapacioli Melina , Flores Vladimir
Published: October 2002

The developing mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve; Mes5) is composed of four neuron populations: 1) the medial group, located at the tectal commissure; 2) the lateral group distributed along the optic tectum hemispheres; 3) a group outside the neural tube; and 4) a population located at the posterior commissure. The present work aims to elucidate the site of appearance, temporal evolution, and spatial distribution of the four Mes5 populations during development. According to detailed qualitative observations Mes5 neurons appear as a primitive unique population along a thin dorsal medial band of the mesencephalon. According to quantitative analyses (changes in cell density along defined reference axes performed as a function of time and space), the definitive spatial pattern of Mes5 neurons results from a process of differential cell movements along the tangential plane of the tectal hemispheres. Radial migration does not have a relevant developmental role. Segregation of medial and lateral group populations depends on the intensity of the lateral displacements. The mesenchymal population appears as an outsider subset of neurons that migrate from the cephalic third of the neural tube dorsal midregion to the mesenchymal compartment. This process, together with the intensive lateral displacements that the insider subset undergoes, contributes to the disappearance of this transient population. We cannot find evidence indicating that neural crest‐derived precursors enter the neural tube and differentiate into Mes5 neurons. Our results can be better interpreted in terms of the notion that a dorsal neural tube progenitor cell population behaves as precursor of both migrating peripheral descendants (neural crest) and intrinsic neurons (Mes5). J. Comp. Neurol. 448:337–348, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory neuron addition in juvenile rat: Time course and specificity
Authors: Farel Paul B.
Published: October 2002

The time course and specificity of neuron addition to lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) L4–L6 of rats was investigated. By using methods validated by three‐dimensional reconstructions, profile counts in paraffin sections of nucleoli within a nucleus were 36% greater in 100‐day‐old (P100) rats than in 1‐day‐old (P1) rats. Adult values were reached by P50. Added neurons fell disproportionately into the population of neurons whose size was below that of the mean size within the ganglion. The biochemical characteristics of small neurons were used to determine whether added neurons fall into particular subpopulations. In DRGs, L3 and L4, the number of neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP) or calcitonin‐gene‐related peptide (CGRP) or that bound the lectin isolectin B4 (IB4) was determined. Between P5 and P100, the number of SP‐stained neurons increased by 2,280 (40% increase), CGRP‐stained neurons increased by 6,080 (70% increase), and IB4‐stained neurons increased by 6,900 (90% increase). The increase in the number of neurons stained for CGRP or IB4 was more than twice the number of neurons found to be added to these ganglia, indicating that coexpression of these markers as well as neuron number may be developmentally regulated during postnatal life. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:158–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct catecholaminergic–cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. III. Adrenergic innervation of choline acetyltransferase‐containing neurons in the rat
Authors: Hajszán Tibor , Zaborszky Laszlo
Published: October 2002

The central adrenergic neurons have been suggested to play a role in the regulation of arousal and in the neuronal control of the cardiovascular system. To provide morphological evidence that these functions could be mediated via the basal forebrain, we performed correlated light and electron microscopic double‐immunolabeling experiments using antibodies against phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and choline acetyltransferase, the synthesizing enzymes for adrenaline and acetylcholine, respectively. Most adrenergic/cholinergic appositions were located in the horizontal limb of diagonal band of Broca, within the substantia innominata, and in a narrow band bordering the substantia innominata and the globus pallidus. Quantitative analysis indicated that cholinergic neurons of the substantia innominata receive significantly higher numbers of adrenergic appositions than cholinergic cells in the rest of the basal forebrain. In the majority of cases, the ultrastructural analysis revealed axodendritic asymmetric synapses. By comparing the number and distribution of dopamine beta‐hydroxylase (DBH)/cholinergic appositions, described earlier, with those of PNMT/cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain, it can be concluded that a significant proportion of putative DBH/cholinergic contacts may represent adrenergic input. Our results support the hypothesis that the adrenergic/cholinergic link in the basal forebrain may represent a critical component of a central network coordinating autonomic regulation with cortical activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:141–157, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the AMPA receptor‐related postsynaptic density proteins GRIP and ABP with subsets of glutamate‐sensitive neurons in the rat retina
Authors: Gábriel Robert , De Souza Sunita , Ziff Edward B. , Witkovsky Paul
Published: October 2002

We used specific antibodies against two postsynaptic density proteins, GRIP (glutamate receptor interacting protein) and ABP (AMPA receptor‐binding protein), to study their distribution in the rat retina. In the central nervous system, it has been shown that both proteins bind strongly to the AMPA glutamate receptor (GluR) 2/3 subunits, but not other GluRs, through a set of three PDZ domains. Western blots detected a single GRIP protein that was virtually identical in retina and brain, whereas retinal ABP corresponded to only one of three ABP peptides found in brain. The retinal distributions of GluR2/3, GRIP, and ABP immunoreactivity (IR) were similar but not identical. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity (IR) was abundant in both plexiform layers and in large perikarya. ABP IR was concentrated in large perikarya but was sparse in the plexiform layers, whereas GRIP IR was relatively more abundant in the plexiform layers than in perikarya. Immunolabel for these three antibodies consisted of puncta ≤ 0.2 μm in diameter. The cellular localization of GRIP and ABP IR was examined by double labeling subclasses of retinal neuron with characteristic marker proteins, e.g., calbindin. GRIP, ABP, and GluR2/3 IR were detected in horizontal cells, dopaminergic and glycinergic AII amacrine cells and large ganglion cells. Immunolabel was absent in rod bipolar and weak or absent in cholinergic amacrine cells. By using the tyramide method of signal amplification, a colocalization of GluR2/3 was found with either GRIP or ABP in horizontal cell terminals, and perikarya of amacrine and ganglion cells. Our results show that ABP and GRIP colocalize with GluR2/3 in particular subsets of retinal neuron, as was previously established for certain neurons in the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:129–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular distribution of D‐aspartate oxidase in human and rat brain
Authors: Zaar Kurt , Köst Hans‐Peter , Schad Arno , Völkl Alfred , Baumgart Eveline , Fahimi H. Dariush
Published: October 2002

The unusual amino acid D‐aspartate is present in significant amounts in brain and endocrine glands and is supposed to be involved in neurotransmission and neurosecretion (Wolosker et al. [2000] Neuroscience 100:183–189). D‐aspartate oxidase is the only enzyme known to metabolize D‐aspartate and could regulate its level in different regions of the brain. We examined the cellular and subcellular distribution of this enzyme and its mRNA in human and rat brain by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and immunoelectron microscopy. D‐aspartate oxidase protein and mRNA are ubiquitous. The protein shows a granular pattern, particularly within neurons and to a significantly lesser extent in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. No evidence for a synaptic association was observed. Whereas between most positive neurons only gradual differences were observed, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, neurons with high enzyme content were found next to others with no labeling. cDNA cloning of D‐aspartate oxidase corroborates an inherent targeting signal sequence for protein import into peroxisomes. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the protein is localized in single membrane‐bound organelles, apparently peroxisomes. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:272–282, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related decline of presumptive inhibitory synapses in the sensorimotor cortex as revealed by the physical disector
Authors: Poe Brandon Hollis , Linville Constance , Brunso‐Bechtold Judy
Published: October 2002

The synapse, as the site of functional neural interaction, has been suggested as a possible substrate for age‐related impairment of cognitive ability. Using the physical disector probe with tissue prepared for ultrastructural analysis, we find an age‐related decline in the numerical density of presumptive inhibitory synapses in layer 2 of the sensorimotor cortex of the Brown Norway × Fisher 344 rat. This age‐related decline in presumptive inhibitory synapses is maintained when the density of synapses is combined with the numerical density of neurons quantified from the same anatomical space to arrive at a ratio of synapses per neuron. The numerical density of these synapses declines between middle‐aged (18 months) and old (29 months) animals by 36% whereas numerical density of neurons does not change between these ages, resulting in a decline in the ratio of presumptive inhibitory synapses per neuron in this cortical area. This study demonstrates a deficit in the intrinsic inhibitory circuitry of the aging neocortex, which suggests an anatomical substrate for age‐related cognitive impairment. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:65–72, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A truly meshless Galerkin method based on a moving least squares quadrature
Authors: Duflot Marc , Nguyen‐Dang Hung
Published: October 2002

A new body integration technique is presented and applied to the evaluation of the stiffness matrix and the body load vector of elastostatic problems obtained by a meshless method. It does not rely on a partition of the integration domain into small cells, but rather on a partition of unity by a set of moving least squares shape functions each defined on a small patch that belongs to a set of overlapping patches covering the domain and so leads to a truly meshless method. We present results demonstrating that this method is specially useful when the nodes are irregularly scattered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐accurate solution of stabilized convection–diffusion–reaction equations: II—accuracy analysis and examples
Authors: Huerta Antonio , Roig Bernardino , Donea Jean
Published: October 2002

The paper addresses the development of time‐accurate methods for solving transient convection–diffusion –reaction problems using finite elements. The accuracy characteristics of the spatially stabilized implicit multi‐stage time‐stepping schemes developed in a companion paper (Part I of this work) are analysed and compared here. This is done by means of a Fourier analysis. An important improvement is observed when the order of the method is increased. Moreover, the stabilization techniques proposed (streamline‐upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG), Galerkin least‐square (GLS), sub‐grid scale (SGS) and least squares) do not degrade the phase accuracy. Finally, some examples are presented to show the applicability of these schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teacher's PETS: a new observational measure of experiential training interactions
Authors: Milne Derek , James Ian , Keegan Dominique , Dudley Mike
Published: October 2002

Government policy now stresses the importance of staff training in fostering evidence‐based practice, but what is done in the name of training is rarely reported and there are few instruments with which to analyse training. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a new measure of training processes and mini‐outcomes, and to provide a case study illustration. A single subject (N = 1) withdrawal design was used to assess the empirical validity of the measure. The measure (Teacher's PETS) was derived from the applied psychology literature in order to operationalize Kolb's (1984) integrative theory of experiential learning. Reliability and validity assessments were conducted. During the intervention phase of the case study baseline data from PETS were fed back to the trainer. The effectiveness of this intervention was assessed structurally and functionally, in relation to the learners, i.e. mental health staff (N = 31) receiving training in evidence‐based practice (psychosocial interventions in severe mental illness). PETS was found to have very good inter‐rater reliability (K = 0.84) and promising content, empirical and concurrent validity. The case study illustrated that, at baseline, the training did not correspond to a ‘training workshop’. However, the intervention of feedback and modelling resulted in more appropriate training processes and outcomes, which were maintained at a 1‐month follow‐up assessment. It is concluded that PETS shows promise as an instrument and has the advantage of affording detailed, transactional information to improve the efficiency of training. It may also be useful in relation to clinical supervision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leukoerythrophagocytosis by sinus histiocytes: Case report
Authors: Lobo Flora D. , Raghuveer C. V. , Radhakrishnan Subha
Published: October 2002

Leukoerythrophagocytosis by sinus histiocytes in the lymph nodes is a rare cytological observation. Though often seen in lymph nodes draining malignancies, one may occasionally encounter them in vascular lesions. We report a case of leukoerythrophagocytosis by sinus histiocytes of the right supraclavicular lymph nodes in a 35‐yr‐old male. He presented with a painful soft tissue mass in the right anterior region of the chest wall extending into the axilla of 6 mo duration. Bilateral radial pulsations were absent. The patient had received treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis 1 yr ago. FNAC of the soft tissue mass revealed only blood. Radiological evaluation revealed a vascular lesion, with smooth borders, extending into the upper zone of right lung and displacing the second rib inferiorly. Doppler evaluation confirmed it to be a right subclavian aneurysm with arteritis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:109–110. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current waveform control of a high‐power‐factor rectifier circuit for harmonic suppression of voltage and current in a distribution system
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Goto Hiroyuki , Masuda Takahiro , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: October 2002

This paper presents the input current waveform control of the rectifier circuit which realizes simultaneously the high input power factor and the harmonics suppression of the receiving‐end voltage and the source current under the distorted receiving‐end voltage. The proposed input current waveform includes the harmonic components which are in phase with the receiving‐end voltage harmonics. The control parameter in the proposed waveform is designed by examining the characteristics of both the harmonic suppression effect in the distribution system and the input power factor of the rectifier circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed current waveform has been confirmed experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 62–71, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10046
The distributional effects of carbon and energy taxes: the cases of France, Spain, Italy, Germany and UK
Authors: Symons E. J. , Speck S. , Proops J. L. R.
Published: October 2002

This paper examines the likely immediate impact effect of some pollution taxes on the tax burden of households in a number of European countries. The total effect on households of such taxes is assessed using input–output analysis. Thus both the direct effect of taxes, through increased fuel prices, and the indirect effect, through increased prices of other goods, can be assessed simultaneously. This input–output approach allows the generation of direct plus indirect pollution intensities for all household consumption categories, for, in principle, a number of pollutants (CO2, SO2, NOx, particulates). These intensities could then be used to assess the impact on households of pollution taxes. This paper concentrates on CO2 and energy, performing a static analysis of the effect of a tax on the carbon or energy content of goods using the known consumption patterns for the various countries, both in aggregate and for different income groups. This allows a first assessment of the regressive/progressive effects of such taxes and an indication of consumer welfare loss. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Perceiving minority members as individuals: the effects of relative group size in social categorization
Authors: Klauer Karl Christoph , Wegener Ingo , Ehrenberg Katja
Published: October 2002

According to the account by comparative distinctiveness, minorities draw attention by virtue of their relative size, leading to more individuation and more stereotyping of their members. Using the ‘Who said what?’ paradigm by Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, and Ruderman (1978) in Klauer and Wegener's (1998) modified version, relative group size of gender categories and age categories was varied in a pilot study and a main experiment, respectively. In the pilot study, memory for discussion statements and in both studies, memory for individuating information increased as subgroup size decreased. Rating measures obtained in the main experiment revealed most stereotyping of minority members. The findings thereby support major predictions of the account by comparative distinctiveness, but demonstrate dissociations between different modes of category‐based processing, i.e. category memory, reconstructive category use, and stereotyping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit person theories influence memory judgments: the circumstances under which metacognitive knowledge is used
Authors: Werth Lioba , Förster Jens
Published: October 2002

This work focuses on the influence of implicit theories on recognition judgments. We argue that to understand how a recognition task is solved, it is necessary to study inferential processes because individuals might use their metamnestic knowledge (‘I would have known that!’) as a basis for replacing missing recollective experiences with inferential processes (Strack & Bless, 1994). In the present study, individuals' preexisting implicit personality theory (Dweck, 1996) was measured and was identified as a moderating variable for the use of metamnestic knowledge. After participants had studied word lists their metamnestic knowledge concerning these lists was manipulated. The results of a subsequent recognition task revealed that individuals used these metacognitively based inferences only when they assumed personal stability (‘entity theory’). Participants who believed in personal variability (‘incremental theory’) did not draw similar inferences when recollective experiences were missing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of evaluation and potency on perceivers' causal attributions
Authors: Corrigan Roberta
Published: October 2002

In two experiments, this paper examines how the labels used to describe interpersonal interactions can affect perceivers' judgments of who caused the interaction. Two universal, connotative dimensions of word meaning underlying the labels, evaluation and potency, influenced expectations about interactants' behaviors and experiences, which in turn affected perceivers' causal attributions. Evaluation and potency ratings for a set of experiencer verbs, a set of action verbs, a set of trait labels (Experiment 1) and a set of social category labels (Experiment 2) were used to construct sentences describing interactions between two people. The complete set of sentences contained all possible combinations of high or low evaluation and potency for all the sentence constituents. Participants were asked to judge who caused the event—subject or object—without having been told that evaluation and potency were the dimensions of interest. When the sentence subject and object differed in evaluation, the evaluative match between the sentence subject and the verb was the most important factor influencing attributions. The potency of the constituents and the class of the verb (experiencer or action) affected the magnitude of the attributions. When the sentence subject and object shared the same valence, attributions were based on verb class. The results highlight the important role of language in interpreting social behavior. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA damage assessment by comet assay of human lymphocytes exposed to jet propulsion fuels
Authors: Jackman Shawna M. , Grant Geraldine M. , Kolanko Christopher J. , Stenger David A. , Nath Joginder
Published: October 2002

Exposure to jet fuel damages DNA and results in a number of physiological changes in liver, lung, immune, and neurological tissue. In this study the single‐cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay was used to compare the DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes produced by three jet propulsion fuels: JP‐8, JP‐5, and JP‐8+100. These fuels consist of complex mixtures of aliphatic, aromatic, and substituted naphthalene hydrocarbons. Two exposure times were investigated which correspond to estimated occupational exposure times and concentrations of fuels were used that were based on previous fuel toxicity studies. Analysis of samples for the extent of DNA damage as determined by tail moment and percent tail DNA was performed on exposed cells following a brief recovery time. All fuels produced significant increases in DNA damage; however, only JP‐8+100 was genotoxic at the lowest exposure concentration (1:500). At the highest exposure concentration (1:75), the mean tail moments for JP‐8 and JP‐8+100 (32.041 ± 2.599 and 45.774 ± 4.743, respectively) were significantly greater than for JP‐5 (1.314 ± 0.474). These results indicate that JP‐8+100 is the most potent inducer of DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes and that both JP‐8+100 and JP‐8 are capable of damaging lymphocyte DNA to a greater extent than JP‐5. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:18–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of rain quality data from the South African interior
Authors: Galpin Jacky , Held Gerhard
Published: October 2002

Rain acidity may be ascribed to emissions from power station stacks, as well as emissions from other industry, biomass burning, maritime influences, agricultural influences, etc. Rain quality data are available for 30 sites in the South African interior, some from as early as 1985 for up to 14 rainfall seasons, while others only have relatively short records. The article examines trends over time in the raw and volume weighted concentrations of the parameters measured, separately for each of the sites for which sufficient data are available. The main thrust, however, is to examine the inter‐relationship structure between the concentrations within each rain event (unweighted data), separately for each site, and to examine whether these inter‐relationships have changed over time. The rain events at individual sites can be characterized by approximately eight combinations of rainfall parameters (or rain composition signatures), and these are common to all sites. Some sites will have more events from one signature than another, but there appear to be no signatures unique to a single site. Analysis via factor and cluster analysis, with a correspondence analysis of the results, also aid interpretation of the patterns. This spatio‐temporal analysis, performed by pooling all rain event data, irrespective of site or time period, results in nine combinations of rainfall parameters being sufficient to characterize the rain events. The sites and rainfall seasons show patterns in these combinations of parameters, with some combinations appearing more frequently during certain rainfall seasons. In particular, the presence of the combination of low acetate and formate with high magnesium appears to be increasing in the later rainfall seasons, as does this combination together with calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium and fluoride. As expected, sites close together exhibit similar signatures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating disorders in females with type 1 diabetes: an update of a meta‐analysis
Authors: Nielsen Søren
Published: October 2002

Objective:

Firstly to provide a quantitative summary of existing studies on the occurrence of eating disorders (ED) in females with type 1 diabetes (IDDM), with the focus on retinopathy and insulin misuse for the different eating disorders. Secondly to disseminate knowledge about useful statistical tools.

Research Design and Methods:

Data were extracted from the relevant case–control and follow‐up studies. Odds ratios (OR) and risk differences (RD) were the main effect sizes analysed. Analyses were based on ‘exact’ methods as many studies are sparse. Data and findings are presented in sufficient detail for re‐analysis.

Results:

An hypothesis of an increase in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in IDDM is not supported by existing evidence. Bulimia Nervosa is increased (OR = 2.9 (95%CI: 1.03 to 8.4); pOR = 0.04) in IDDM. Both ED‐NOS and subthreshold ED is increased (OR ∼2; pOR < 0.001) in females with IDDM. Co‐existing ED in IDDM increases the overall common OR for retinopathy to 4.8 (95%CI: 3.0 to 7.8); pOR < 0.00001, and the overall mean RD is 33% (95%CI: 25% to 42%); pRD < 0.001. Insulin misuse (IM) is increased when ED co‐exists with IDDM: OR 12.6 (95%CI: 7.8 to 21.1); pOR < 0.00001, and mean RD is 40% (95%CI: 29% to 50%); pRD < 0.001.

Conclusions:

ED‐NOS and subthreshold ED seem to be the quantitatively most important EDs in type 1 diabetic females. Mismanagement of diabetes in the form of IM is frequent in eating disordered IDDM probands. Early occurrence of retinopathy and other complications is an increased risk in concurrent cases, as is premature death. The implications of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and overweight needs to be elucidated for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.