bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lunar Experiments: The Moon as a Site for Certain Physical Measurements
Authors: Hill R. D.
Published: October 2006

If the lunar surface becomes available for conducting physical experiments, it may be particularly suited to thermal neutron and molecular and atomic beam measurements. The application of these beams for the purpose of communication on the lunar surface appears possible.
Subcellular Sources of Luminescence in
Noctiluca
Authors: Eckert Roger
Published: October 2006

The perivacuolar cytoplasm of
Noctiluca miliaris
contains approximately 10
4
microsources of luminescence, with dimensions of 0.5 to 1.5 microns, which exhibit marked fluorescence with ultraviolet excitation. Local invasion by an action potential elicits light emission (microflashes) from these sources with a coupling latency of about 2 milliseconds. Magnitudes of the microflash vary directly with the dimensions of the source. Time courses of the microflash resemble that of the macroflash emitted by the whole cell but have somewhat shorter time constants. The small discrepancy in duration between micro- and macroflash can be explained by the 5- to 10-millisecond asynchrony of microsource triggering that results from the conduction time of the action potential. Reversible gradations in amplitude of the macroflash, as from potentiation or fatigue, result from parallel summation of graded changes in microflash intensity. Thus the macroflash gives a reasonably true picture of the subcellular kinetics of luminescence.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Double Complex of Manganese with Phthalocyanato and Pyridine Ligands
Authors: Vogt Lester H. , Zalkin Allan , Templeton David H.
Published: October 2006

A crystalline solid, formed by oxidation of phthalocyanatomanganese(II) in pyridine, has been identified as phthalocyanatopyridinemanganese(III)-μ-oxo-phthalocyanatopyridinemanganese(III)dipyridinate(C
74
H
42
Mn
2
N
18
O⋅2C
5
H
5
N) by x-ray diffraction methods. This novel molecule consists of two manganese complexes joined by an essentially linear Mn—O—Mn bridge. Its structure may have some relation to oxidation processes in biological systems.
Auxin Effects on the Mobility of Kinetin in the Plant
Authors: Seth A. K. , Davies C. R. , Wareing P. F.
Published: October 2006

Kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) is generally considered to be relatively immobile within plants. Kinetin labeled with
14
C was applied to the stumps of decapitated bean plants, with or without simultaneous application of indoleacetic acid. Significantly greater amounts of kinetin moved downwards in the stem in the presence of added indoleacetic acid than in its absence.
Actinomycin D: Inhibition of Respiration and Glycolysis
Authors: Laszlo John , Miller Donald S. , McCarty Kenneth S. , Hochstein Paul
Published: October 2006

Actinomycin D inhibited respiration and anaerobic glycolysis of human leukemic leukocytes and lowered the adenosine triphosphate content of the cells. Inhibitory effects on respiration and on RNA synthesis could not be dissociated from one another over a wide range of drug concentrations. Actinomycin D also impaired protein synthesis, probably by decreasing the availability of adenosine triphosphate and by inhibiting messenger RNA.
Rotation of Mercury: Theoretical Analysis of the Dynamics of a Rigid Ellipsoidal Planet
Authors: Laslett L. Jackson , Sessler Andrew M.
Published: October 2006

The second-order nonlinear differential equation for the rotation of Mercury implies locked-in motion when the period is within the range 2
T
/3 [1- λ cos 2π
t
/
T
± 2/3 (21λ
e
/2)
½
where
e
is the eccentricity and
T
is the period of Mercury's orbit, the time t is measured from perihelion, and λ is a measure of the planet's distortion. For values near 2
T
/3, the instantaneous period oscillates about 2
T
/3 with period (21λ
e
/2)
-½
T
.
Hemoglobin Sphakiá: A Delta-Chain Variant of Hemoglobin A
2
from Crete
Authors: Jones R. T. , Brimhall B. , Huehns E. R. , Barnicot N. A.
Published: October 2006

A new variant of the normal minor component Hb A
2
has been detected in a family that lives in Sphakiá, Crete. Chemical studies of this abnormal hemoglobin, designated Hb A
2
δ Sphakiá, indicates a substitution of the histidyl residue number two of the δ-chain by an arginyl residue.
Layer of Abnormally Cold Bottom Water over Southern Aves Ridge
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Grim Paul J. , Langseth Marcus
Published: October 2006

A thermograd record obtained over the Aves Ridge indicated existence, at the time of observation, of a cold layer of water in the lowest 13 meters, undergoing high-frequency internal oscillations. The great discontinuity in temperature across the sediment-water interface and the lack of agreement with the normal temperature structure indicate that the layer was a transient feature. This abnormal condition may be related to the passage of a hurricane 3 days earlier.
Conversion of
p
,
p
′-DDT to
p
,
p
′-DDD by Intestinal Flora of the Rat
Authors: Mendel Julius L. , Walton Mae S.
Published: October 2006

p
,
p
′-DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)-ethane] occurs in the feces and livers of rats that are given
p
,
p
-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(
p
-chlorophenyl)-ethane] by stomach tube, but not of rats injected intraperitoneally with
p
,
p
′-DDT. Coliform bacteria, isolated from feces of control animals, can effect reductive dechlorination of
p
,
p
′-DDT to
p
,
p
′-DDD. These findings indicate that the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, rather than the liver, as others have suggested, is the major source of the
p
,
p
′-DDD that is found in animals fed p,p-DDT.
Incorporation of Tritiated Actinomycin D into Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant HeLa Cells
Authors: Goldstein Milton N. , Hamm Kent , Amrod Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

HeLa cells, sensitive and resistant to actinomycin D, were treated with the tritiated antibiotic; only the nuclei of the drug-sensitive cells incorporated the tritium.
A Permian Productoid Brachiopod: Life History
Authors: Grant Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Spine arrangements on silicified specimens of
Waagenoconcha abichi
(Waagen) from the Khisor Range of West Pakistan suggest that the juvenile shell attached itself to a foreign object, and that the adult shell lay on its ventral valve in the substrate, anchored and stabilized by a dense corona of long slender spines around the ventral visceral disc.
Inhibitory Centers in Sexual Behavior in the Male Rat
Authors: Lisk Robert D.
Published: October 2006

Small lesions placed near the diencephalic, mesencephalic junction, in either the lateral or medial mammillary region, resulted in an increase of copulatory behavior. This increase was expressed both by increased numbers of copulation plugs formed per 14-day interval and by increased percentage of days on which copulation occurred. Inhibitory structures thus form an essential part of the circuitry involved in mediation of sex behavior in the male.
Immunochemical Studies of Submicrosomal Membranes from Liver of Normal and Phenobarbital-Treated Rats
Authors: Lundkvist Ulf , Perlmann Peter
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antiserums were prepared against three submicrosomal fractions from liver of normal or phenobarbital-treated rats. The two membrane fractions originating from the rough- and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were characterized by the same soluble antigens, with the exception of a highly basic component present only in extracts of rough membranes. The third fraction, whose subcellular origin is unknown, was different. It contained at least two typical marker antigens not present in the other fractions. Of eight tissue antigens common for the endoplasmic reticulum, five displayed nonspecific esterase activity. Some of these esterases were also found in other organs, but none was seen in rat serum. Phenobarbital treatment of the rats led to a rise in activity and characteristic changes in the esterase patterns of all these submicrosomal liver fractions.
Regeneration in Spinal Neurons: Proteosynthesis Following Nerve Growth Factor Administration
Authors: Scott Donald , Gutmann Ernest , Horsky Peter
Published: October 2006

Incorporation of H
3
-leucine into dorsal root ganglion cells in rats was markedly increased over that of controls following section of sciatic and femoral nerves. Crush lesion of dorsal roots did not increase the H
3
-leucine uptake of these cells except in animals which had received nerve growth factor after the operation.
Diatoms and the Ecological Conditions of Their Growth in Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Meguro Hiroshi , Ito Kuniyuki , Fukushima Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

A summer field survey off Point Barrow, Alaska, revealed that Arctic sea ice develops a growth of phytoplanktonic diatoms. The diatoms are found in a brine solution in microfissures between ice crystals on the underside of the ice. The chlorophyll content of this layer is 100 times more than that of the surrounding sea waters; this has led to a hypothesis that a considerable fraction of the primary production of the Arctic Sea may be carried out in sea ice, especially during the spring and early summer months.
Postsynaptic versus Presynaptic Inhibition in Antagonistic Stretch Reflexes
Authors: Green D. G. , Kellerth J. O.
Published: October 2006

Motoneurons of the cat gastrocnemius-soleus muscle were studied intracellularly with conventional glass micropipettes. Each of these motoneurons was made to fire repetitively by stretch of its own muscle (gastrocnemius-soleus), and by current injected through the impaling microelectrode. By comparing the amount of inhibitory influence from antagonistic stretch of posterior biceps on the repetitive firing in these two different situations, an estimate could be obtained of the relative contribution of postsynaptic inhibition in this type of antagonistic stretch reflex. Even when the experimental conditions were such as to favor presynaptic inhibition, only strong postsynaptic inhibitory effects were seen; presynaptic inhibition was not found.
Protective Action of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons against Induction of Adrenal Necrosis by Dimethylbenzanthracene
Authors: Jellinck P. H. , Goudy Barbara
Published: October 2006

Treatment of rats with certain polycyclic hydrocarbons shifts the hydroxylation of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) by liver microsomes from the side-chain to the ring. Protection by these hydrocarbons against dimethylbenzanthracene-induced adrenal necrosis is possibly achieved by decreasing the yield of the 7-hydroxymethyl derivative of dimethylbenzanthracene which may act as the necrotic agent by virtue of its structural resemblance to the adrenocortical steroids.
Puromycin Analogs: Action of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and the Role of Glycogen
Authors: Garren Leonard D. , Davis Warren W. , Crocco R. Michael , Ney Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The effect of the injection into rats of analogs of puromycin, 6-dimethylaminopurine, and the aminonucleoside of puromycin on the stimulation of steroidogenesis by adrenocorticotropic hormone was compared with that of puromycin and cycloheximide. This stimulation was blocked only by the antibiotics, which also inhibited adrenal protein synthesis. Glycogenolysis is not associated with the primary mechanism of the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis in rats.
Homolanthionine Excretion in Homocystinuria
Authors: Perry Thomas L. , Hansen Shirley , MacDougall Lynne
Published: October 2006

Patients with homocystinuria excrete in their urine small amounts of an amino acid indistinguishable from authentic L-homolanthionine. This compound could be formed from homocysteine and homoserine by a condensation analogous to that normally leading to cystathionine. The only other known occurrence of homolanthionine in nature is in a methionine-requiring mutant strain of
Escherichia coli
.
Antarctic Asteroid
Odontaster validus
: Constancy of Reproductive Periodicities
Authors: Pearse J. S.
Published: October 2006

The fact that samples of
Odontaster validus
from the Balleny Islands (67°S) and Robertson Bay (71°S) closely resembled reproductively samples taken from McMurdo Sound (77°S) indicates reproductive synchrony in this species over much or all of their circumcontinental antarctic distribution. This synchrony suggests that the reproductive periodicities of
O. validus
are both adapted to and synchronized by the summer period of phytoproduction and that neither light nor temperature changes have any direct synchronizing role.
A Strategy for Delivering Peptides into the Central Nervous System by Sequential Metabolism
Authors: Bodor Nicholas , Prokai Laszlo , Wu Wei-Mei , Farag Hassan , Jonalagadda Sastry , Kawamura Masanori , Simpkins James
Published: October 2006

Most peptides do not enter the central nervous system because of their hydrophilic character and the presence of peptidolytic enzymes in the lipoidal blood-brain barrier. To achieve brain delivery of a peptide conjugate, an opioid peptide (enkephalin) was placed in a molecular environment that disguises its peptide nature and provides biolabile, lipophilic functions to penetrate the blood-brain barrier by passive transport. The strategy also incorporates a 1,4-dihydrotrigonellinate targetor that undergoes an enzymatically mediated oxidation to a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeable trigonellinate salt. The polar targetorpeptide conjugate that is trapped behind the lipoidal blood-brain barrier is deposited in the central nervous system. Analgesia was observed with "packaged" enkephalin but not with the unmodified peptide or lipophilic peptide precursors.
Oligoribonucleotides: Improvement in Chromatographic Separation
Authors: Ishikura H. , Neelon F. A. , Cantoni G. L.
Published: October 2006

The separation of mixed oligoribonucleotides obtained from enzymatic digestion of soluble RNA into fractions containing mixed oligonucleotides of identical chain length is improved by absence of terminal phosphate. Each fraction may be separated into individual components by ionexchange (Dowex) chromatography. Combination of these two chromatographic procedures yields maximum information on primary structure of the oligonucleotides.
Artifacts in Polarimetry and Optical Activity in Meteorites
Authors: Hayatsu Ryoichi
Published: October 2006

Scattered light produces spurious optical rotations of up to 80 millidegrees in commercial polarimeters. Even larger "rotations," up to 180 millidegrees, are observed when the sample simultaneously absorbs and scatters light. These effects may account for the optical activity reported in the Orgueil meteorite.
Mercury: Infrared Evidence for Nonsynchronous Rotation
Authors: Soter Steven L.
Published: October 2006

An infrared observation of the dark side of Mercury made by Pettit and Nicholson in 1923 led them to suggest that the planet rotates nonsynchronously. Their early measurements, if taken at face value, would imply a brightness temperature of about 180°K for the dark side. The asymmetry of the infrared phase curve is further interpreted as suggesting direct rotation.
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Permeability of Mitochondria from Blowfly Flight Muscle
Authors: Childress Charles C. , Sacktor Bertram
Published: October 2006

The rate of pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria from blowfly flight muscle decreased in the presence of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris). An increase in the rate of mitochondrial swelling was concomitant with the loss of pyruvate oxidation. These changes were prevented by bovine serum albumin, adenosine triphosphate, and magnesium ions, factors required for mitochondrial contraction. Proline, but not glutamate or malate, restored the rate of pyruvate oxidation to original values. These findings suggest that mitochondrial swelling leads to leakage of intramitochondrial intermediates of the Krebs cycle, accounting for the decrease in the rate of pyruvate oxidation. Exogenous proline penetrates the mitochondrial membrane and is rapidly oxidized, via glutamate, forming intramitochondrial precursors of oxaloacetate. Malate and glutamate were ineffective because of the selective permeability of the mitochondrial membrane.
Dealkylation and Loss of Capacity for Reactivation of Cholinesterase Inhibited by Sarin
Authors: Harris Larrel W. , Fleisher Joseph H. , Clark James , Cliff William J.
Published: October 2006

Inhibition of rat brain acetylcholinesterase by
32
P-sarin in vivo results initially in
32
P-isopropylmethylphosphonylated enzyme. The percentage of inhibited enzyme that could not be reactivated by pyridinium aldoxime methochloride (aged enzyme) approximated the amount of radioactivity identified as
32
P-methylphosphonate. The
32
P-isopropyl methylphosphonate not released from the inhibited enzyme by the oxime accounted for 51 ± 10 percent (standard deviation) of the radioactivity fixed to brain tissue. It showed no correlation with aging and was probably bound to sites other than acetylcholinesterase.
Passive Sensitization in vitro: Effect of Antibody Concentration on the Lag Period and Velocity
Authors: Feigen George A. , Nielsen Christen B.
Published: October 2006

Strips of guinea pig ileum were sensitized in vitro in various concentrations of rabbit antibody prepared against ovalbumin. The dependence of the first-order velocity constants upon antibody concentration was hyperbolic. The limiting velocity constant was 0.0097 per minute, and the antibody concentration giving half the limiting velocity was 0.0035 milligrams per milliliter. The lag period varied inversely with the logarithm of the antibody concentration.
Retention of the Biological Potency of Human Pituitary Growth Hormone After Reduction and Carbamidomethylation
Authors: Dixon Jonathan S. , Li Choh Hao
Published: October 2006

The reduced alkylated derivative of human pituitary growth hormone was prepared by reacting the native hormone in 8
M
urea solution, first with mercaptoethanol and then with iodoacetamide. On the basis of amino acid analyses, the product isolated after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 is completely devoid of unreduced cystine but otherwise has a composition identical to that of the native hormone. When assayed in both the rat tibia test and the pigeon crop-sac assay, it appears that the full potency of the native hormone is retained in the reduced alkylated derivative.
Thyrocalcitonin: Effect on Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
Authors: Milhaud Gérard , Job Jean-Claude
Published: October 2006

Identical twins having idiopathic hypercalcemia were treated with repeated doses of thyrocalcitonin extracted from porcine thyroid glands. The treatment produced a marked change in the amount of calcium and phosphate in the plasma and in the excretion of urinary calcium.
Curare as a Neuromuscular Blocking Agent in Insects
Authors: McCann Frances V.
Published: October 2006

Topical application of curare produced no effects on electrical activity in single flight-muscle fibers of the fly
Sarcophaga
. However, the intra-abdominal injection of curare induced a neuromuscular block similar to that described for vertebrates. The general refractoriness of some insects to chemical agents may well be due to the method of application.
Noncollagenous Nature of the Proteins of Shark Enamel
Authors: Levine Philip T. , Glimcher Melvin J. , Seyer Jerome M. , Huddleston James I. , Hein John W.
Published: October 2006

The proteins, soluble and insoluble at neutral
p
H, of relatively mature enamel of two different species of sharks were distinctly different from both collagen and embryonic enamel proteins and similar to the proteins isolated from mature human and bovine enamel.
Naturally Occurring Primate Hybrid
Authors: Bernsteil Irwin S.
Published: October 2006

Two members of a troop of wild
Macaca irus
in Malaysia have been tentatively identified as hybrids of
M. irus
and
M. nemestrina
. Mechanisms prohibiting such hybridization in the natural habitat may have broken down under heavy predation pressure which finally resulted in the local extermination of
M. nemestrina
.
Tyrosinase Inhibition: Its Role in Suntanning and in Albinism
Authors: Chian Lucia T. Y. , Wilgram George F.
Published: October 2006

Tyrosinase inhibitor (molecular weight less than 5000; extracted from various melanomas) fully inhibits soluble tyrosinase but only partially inhibits tyrosinase "aggregated" into melanosomes; the inhibitor can be inactivated by ultraviolet light. S91 Albinotyrosinase Type B apparently cannot "aggregate" into melanosomes because its protein carrier is genetically altered. Therefore, albinotyrosinase remains vulnerable to its inhibitor and cannot produce melanin, even though the enzyme has a functioning active center.
Trial Balloons in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Lally Vincent E.
Published: October 2006

Superpressure GHOST balloons are being launched from Christchurch, New Zealand, to determine their life, stability, and clustering characteristics at several altitudes. Three separate balloons have flown for more than 6 months at 200 millibars, proving capability of the long life that had been hoped for at such middle altitudes and providing preliminary trajectory data for the Southern Hemisphere. Icing problems at lower altitudes have not yet been solved. We expect future flight durations of several years at higher altitudes. If successful, the new balloons will be useful platforms for experimenters concerned with study of large-scale and long-term effects in the stratosphere.
Hexagonal Pattern in Cell Walls of
Escherichia coli
B
Authors: Fischman Donald A. , Weinbaum George
Published: October 2006

Cell walls, isolated from
Escherichia coli
B, as examined by electron microscopy and optical diffraction contain a hexagonal lattice structure, the (1,0) planes of which are separated by 140 ± 8 angstroms. Unless the walls are briefly heated (10 minutes, 90°C) early in the isolation, the hexagonal array cannot always be observed. Enzymatic digestion with pancreatin and amylase improves visualization of the lattice; subsequent treatment with pepsin and sodium dodecylsulfate removes the hexagonal pattern. Protein or lipoprotein globular units within the wall may thus be arranged in a hexagonal array upon the mucopeptide layer.
Primary Oxidation Variation and Distribution of Uranium and Thorium in a Lava Flow
Authors: Watkins N. D. , Holmes C. W. , Haggerty S. E.
Published: October 2006

An Icelandic basalt lava flow has a systematic oxidation variation, formed during the initial cooling, with a resultant maximum oxidation just below the center of the lava. The ratio of thorium to uranium shows a clear dependence on this primary oxidation variation. Between-lava comparisons of thorium and uranium may be critically dependent on the position of the samples in each lava.
Activation Analysis of Soluble and Fixed Sodium in Mammalian Hair
Authors: Kennington Garth S.
Published: October 2006

Antelope hair was soaked in sodium-22 to simulate external contamination and then systematically washed to remove all traces of the sodium; progress of the wash was followed by gamma-ray spectrometry. Hair was then activated by neutron bombardment which showed sodium still present as sodium-24. It is concluded that a fraction of sodium in hair can be readily washed away with water and that a second fraction is held in the hair in such a manner that extended washing does not remove it. This suggests that sodium in two states may be associated with hair, one as an external contaminant and the other as a more nearly integral part of the hair.
Mixed Leukocyte Reactions and Histocompatibility in Rats
Authors: Silvers Willys K. , Wilson Darcy B. , Palm Joy
Published: October 2006

Mixed leukocyte culture tests have been carried out on two heterogeneous but genetically defined backcross populations of rats to determine whether the reactions observed can provide the basis for histocompatibility matching. The experiments were designed so that only one-way reactions could occur. Only when the donors of individual leukocyte mixtures differed at the important
Ag-B
histocompatibility locus was there any in vitro reactivity, and differences at this locus were invariably associated with the prompt rejection of skin homografts. Determination of compatibility at this locus proved to be important in that it facilitated the prolongation of survival of skin homografts by immunosuppressive therapy.
Milk-Like Fluid in a Mammary Adenocarcinoma: Biochemical Characterization
Authors: Hilf Russell
Published: October 2006

The milk-like accumulation in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma that follows treatment with estrogen contains lactose, fatty acids, and proteins with electrophoretic properties similar to those of casein and whey of rat milk. This mammary tumor retains the biochemical capacity of the mammary gland in its lactational response to administration of hormone.
Kiaman Magnetic Interval in the Western United States
Authors: McMahon Beverly E. , Strangway David W.
Published: October 2006

Late-Paleozoic red beds in the western United States indicate that Earth's magnetic field was reversed for a period of the order of 50 × 10
6
years. This finding agrees with similar results from igneous rocks in Australia, indicating that the long period of reversal in the magnetic field was worldwide. The rocks on the two continents appear to be essentially equivalent in time, suggesting early magnetization of the red beds. The time spectrum of reversals is irregular in geologic time, but present evidence suggests reversals characterized by time scales of 10
4
or 10
5
, 10
6
, and 50 × 10
6
years. The 50 × 10
6
year period of steady reversed field is found in the late Paleozoic and is termed the Kiaman magnetic interval.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Striated Muscle: Localization of Potential Calcium Binding Sites
Authors: Philpott Charles W. , Goldstein Margaret A.
Published: October 2006

Fish branchial muscle stained at a low
p
H with thorium dioxide shows localization of the stain over the sacroplasmic reticulum. Binding of the positively charged thorium micelles with dissociated acid groups of polyanions in this region suggests a possible mechanism for the storage and release of divalent cations such as calcium.
Phenylketonuria: Enduring Behavioral Deficits in Phenylketonuric Rats
Authors: Schalock Robert L. , Klopfer F. D.
Published: October 2006

The behavioral deficit in rats made "phenylketonuric" by ingestion of L-phenylalanine was evaluated 23 to 65 days following cessation of treatment. Animals treated from birth to 60 days showed significant deficit on reasoning and discrimination learning tests but not on discrimination reversal sets. Animals treated from 30 to 60 days showed significant deficit only on the reasoning test.
Selection of Social Partners as a Function of Peer Contact during Rearing
Authors: Pratt Charles L. , Sackett Gene P.
Published: October 2006

Three groups of monkeys were raised with different degrees of contact with their peers. The first group was allowed no contact, the second only visual and auditory contact, and the third was allowed complete and normal contact with their peers. Animals of all three groups were allowed to interact socially; they were then tested for their preference for monkeys raised under the same conditions or for monkeys raised under different conditions. Monkeys raised under the same conditions preferred each other, even if the stimulus animals were completely strange to the test monkey.
Magnesium Pemoline: Effect on Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Authors: Frey Peter W. , Polidora V. J.
Published: October 2006

Rats administered 20 milligrams of magnesium pemoline per kilogram of body weight learned to avoid shock in a jump-out apparatus in fewer trials than did controls. However, the results suggested that the principal effect of the drug was to facilitate the avoidance behavior of those animals that tended to "freeze" in response to electric grid shock. No differences in retention were observed between experimental and control animals that had achieved equal levels of learning.
Muscle-Spindle Histochemistry
Authors: Nyström Bo
Published: October 2006

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tatrazolium reductase is abundant in cat intrafusal muscle fibers, whereas in the toad its activity is equal to that in extrafusal fibers. Spindles of both species contain little fat. In sections stained for adenosine triphosphatase bound to myofibrils, two types of intrafusal muscle fibers appear in spindles of both the cat and toad.
Virus-Like Particles in Established Murine Cell Lines: Electron-Microscopic Observations
Authors: Kindig David A. , Kirsten W. H.
Published: October 2006

Virus-like particles identical in morphology to the RNA tumor viruses have been observed by electron microscopy in six lines of murine L cells and one line of murine liver cells. Control cultures of embryonic mouse cells and 3T3 cells do not contain the particles, and no biologic activity has as yet been associated with them.
Passive Transport of 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Oxazolidinedione into Beef Heart Mitochondria
Authors: Addanki Somasundaram , Cahill F. Dallas , Sotos Juan F.
Published: October 2006

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione is used to estimate intracellular
p
H. The mechanism of transport of this compound into beef heart mitochondria was investigated to assess the validity of its use for the measurement of intramitochondrial
p
H. This compound and
14
C-labeled carboxy dextran were simultaneously used to determine the intra- and extramitochondrial compartments and the distribution of the compound, which was passively transported into resting, respiring, and simultaneously respiring and phosphorylating mitochondria. The transport of the compound was neither associated with electron transport nor with oxidative phosphorylation.
Vertebrate Evidence of a Low Sea Level in the Middle Pliocene
Authors: Webb S. David , Tessman Norman
Published: October 2006

Marine and untransported terrestrial vertebrates of Middle Pliocene (Hemphillian) age occur together in well-sorted, sandy, phosphatic gravels at an elevation of 1.8 to 3 meters in Manatee County, Florida. If no crustal warping of the Late Cenozoic age has occurred in this part of Florida (as investigators generally agree), the sea must have approached its present level 4 to 7 million years ago.
Virus-Induced Erythropoiesis in Hypertransfused-Polycythemic Mice
Authors: Mirand E. A.
Published: October 2006

Friend, Rauscher, and polycythemic viruses produce a marked erythrocytopoiesis in the spleens of infected mice. The erythrocytopoiesis induced by the Friend and Rauscher viruses can be inhibited in a hypertransfused-polycythemic state. Like erythropoietin, the polycythemic virus can initiate erythropoiesis in this state. However, the mechanism by which the polycythemic virus initiates erythropoiesis in this state is not understood. These studies also show similarity of the Friend and Rauscher viruses in their erythropoietic response.
Maternal Behavior in the Domestic Cock under the Influence of Alcohol
Authors: Kovach Joseph K.
Published: October 2006

When normal male domestic chickens were given a single dose of grain alcohol and then exposed to newly hatched chicks, they assumed maternal behavior. The same behavior can be elicited by the administration of prolactin, but the results of these experiments suggest that maternal behavior in the cock is not exclusively dependent on hormonal mechanisms.
Forces between Lecithin Bimolecular Leaflets Are Due to a Disordered Surface Layer
Authors: Parsegian V. Adrian
Published: October 2006

The long-range repulsion observed between bileaflets of lecithin cannot be explained either with the usual view that the polar groups are arrayed coplanar with the bileaflet surface or by the assumption that charges protrude straight into the aqueous environment. Statistical-thermodynamic analysis of experimental data suggests rather that structure of the leaflet surface is better described as a diffuse charge layer. Forces between leaflets are caused largely by entropy changes in the surface with leaflet separation.
Zodiacal Dust and Deep-Sea Sediments
Authors: Singer S. Fred
Published: October 2006

The recent detection of radioactive Al
26
in marine sediments has led to the conclusion that it is brought into the earth's atmosphere by micrometeorites which have been exposed, in interplanetary space, to solar high-energy protons. The Al
26
method is not precise enough to yield directly a reliable value for the mass accretion rate to the earth to better than about 3 orders of magnitude, but it is sufficiently accurate to allow a crucial decision between two widely differing models of interplanetary dust which have been proposed to explain observations of the zodiacal light. The two models lead to Al
26
concentrations which would differ by about 5 orders of magnitude. Thus, the presence of Al
26
is consistent only with the zodiacal dust model with particles of some tens of microns rather than with submicron particles. From this model a mass accretion to the earth can then be calculated which is set at 1250 (upper limit, 2500; lower limit, 250) tons per day, or 2.8 × 10
-15
g/cm
2
sec, or 4.5 × 10
11
g over the earth per year. This value does not depend on the flux of the solar high-energy particles, which may be uncertain by an order of magnitude or more. The presence of Al
26
supports the idea that an important fraction of the dust is stony in composition and material density, and thus eliminates some more exotic dust models, such as one consisting entirely of carbon grains. We may also conclude that the accreted dust particles have been in the solar system and exposed to protons from solar high-energy particles for a time interval which is greater than a significant fraction of the Al
26
half-life (0.74 × 10
6
years).
Strophanthidin-Sensitive Transport of Cesium and Sodium in Muscle Cells
Authors: Sjodin R. A. , Beaugé L. A.
Published: October 2006

Uptake of cesium-134 ions into muscle cells is reduced to very low values by the presence of 10
-5
M
strophanthidin in the Ringer solution. Cesium ions can induce extrusion of sodium from muscle cells in which the intracellular sodium content is elevated. The cesium-induced extra efflux of sodium-22 is inhibited by the external presence of 10
-5
M
strophanthidin. The coupling between inward movement of cesium and outward movement of sodium appears to be chemical in nature. The evidence suggests that cesium ions are transported into muscle cells by a system of sites or carriers that requires a source of metabolic energy for ion turnover to occur.
Spermatophore Formation and Sperm Transfer in
Ornithodoros
Ticks
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: October 2006

In seven species of
Ornithodoros
and two species of
Argas
ticks the spermatophore is formed outside the male body in three consecutive stages: (i) the outer bulb, the ectospermatophore, is formed; (ii) it is filled with sperm; and (iii) the inner capsules, the endo-spermatophore, are extruded into the ecto-spermatophore. The morphologies of the ecto-spermatophore and the endo-spermatophore are related to their biological functions. Eversion and evagination of the endo-spermatophore after deposition of the spermatophore on the female genital opening, as well as transfer of sperm from ecto-spermatophore to endo-spermatophore, are described.
Impact of Space Research on Science and Technology
Authors: Newell Homer E. , Jaffe Leonard
Published: October 2006

Science and technology are themselves a part of our modern culture. They contribute to the arts, furnish new media for human expression, provide better and new musical instruments and improved acoustics for enriched enjoyment of them, and give the artist new materials and techniques for his work. They enrich the humanities in furnishing man with a broader basis for understanding himself, his potentialities, and his place in nature. The historian has a better approach to his subject because of scientific methodology. The archeologist has a surer grasp on temporal relationships because of the tools that physics and chemistry give him for dating materials and identifying their sources. Slowly, an entire world absorbs the increased understanding of man and nature that science generates, and reflects that understanding in its literature, its social, political, and economic institutions, and its application to human daily living. Today, much of the world's population is aware of the world as a body of a solar system in a galaxy among millions of other galaxies. These people can conceive of man in a historical and cosmological perspective that did not exist in centuries past. As this understanding and these concepts spread to more and more of the world's people, it may be hoped that this common bond of understanding will not only give increased motivation to solve peaceably the problems that beset the world, but will also provide increased means for doing so.
Linear Accelerators for Protons: New Developments
Authors: Nagle Darragh E.
Published: October 2006

The performance of existing linear accelerators has improved dramatically in the last few years as a result of redesign of the injector. The peak beams available surpass in intensity and quality those from other accelerators. Usually the operation has been pulsed, with a low duty factor. However, the recently developed accelerating structures now make it attractive to raise the average beam power by several orders of magnitude. New possibilities are apparent for the use of such beams for research in nuclear physics and other sciences.
Toxohormone from Normal Tissues
Authors: Olivares J. , Callao V. , Montoya E.
Published: October 2006

The presence of toxohormone-like factor in autolysates of animal tissues was investigated. One could always isolate appreciable quantities of preparations having toxohormone activity. At the doses tested, no activity could be shown in preparations from nonautolyzed tissues. We suggest that autolysis phenomena may cause the presence of toxohormone in tumor-bearing organisms.
Emission-Line Variability and Distance of Quasars
Authors: Pfleiderer J. , Grewing M.
Published: October 2006

The radius of the line-emitting region in quasars is larger than 1 parsec for the cosmological hypothesis and smaller than 1 parsec for the local hypothesis. Variability in emission lines has been reported but not proved beyond doubt. Its time scale would be a direct observational indicator of this radius and would add an important element to the discussion of the origin of quasars. Objects that are variable in their optical continuum seem to be the most promising ones to look at for line variations, and they should be observed spectroscopically at regular intervals.
Athens Variant of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Stamatoyannopoulos George , Yoshida Akira , Bacopoulos Chr. , Motulksy Arno G.
Published: October 2006

A variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), characterized by slower than normal electrophoretic migration and associated with mild deficiency of G6PD in the red cells, was detected in two unrelated Greek males. Electrophoretic, chromatographic, and enzymologic study indicated that the new mutant is structurally different from normal G6PD (B+) and from the Mediterranean variant associated with red-cell enzyme deficiency (B-). Convincing electrophoretic separation of the new variant from the normal B+ and the Mediterranean B- enzymes was achieved only by detailed electrophoretic study in different buffer systems and conditions.
Somatosensory Thalamic Neurons: Effects of Cortical Depression
Authors: Waller Hardress J. , Feldman Samuel M.
Published: October 2006

Deafferented somatosensory thalamic neurons showed hyperactivity, followed by greatly reduced activity, after initiation of cortical spreading depression; local cooling of sensorimotor cortex was followed only by the inactive phase. Stimulation of contralateral midbrain reticular formation during the inactive phase failed to induce the typical increase in discharge rate of somatosensory thalamic neurons, but produced desynchronization in unaffected cortex. These results indicate that corticothalamic discharge is necessary for sustaining the ongoing activity of deafferented somatosensory thalamic neurons and for maintaining their responsiveness to stimulation of the reticular formation.
Condensation of Atmospheric Moisture from Tropical Maritime Air Masses as a Freshwater Resource
Authors: Gerard Robert D. , Worzel J. Lamar
Published: October 2006

A method is proposed whereby potable water may be obtained by condensing moisture from the atmosphere in suitable seashore or island areas. Deep, cold, offshore seawater is used as a source of cold and is pumped to condensers set up on shore to intercept the flow of highly humid, tropical, maritime air masses. This air, when cooled, condenses moisture, which is conducted away and stored for use as a water supply. Windmill-driven generators would supply low-cost power for the operation. Side benefits are derived by using the nutritious deep water to support aquiculture in nearby lagoons or to enhance the productivity of the outfall area. Additional benefits are derived from the condenser as an air-conditioning device for nearby residents. The islands of the Caribbean are used as an example of a location in the trade-winds belt where nearly optimum conditions for the operation of this system can be found.
Traffic Signals and Depth Perception
Authors: Bugelski B. R.
Published: October 2006

Automobiles approaching red traffic signals at night appear to go beyond them when viewed from some distance to the rear. The phenomenon is doubly illusory because the higher of two objects has been presumed to appear more distant. The illusion is probably limited to small visual angles (about 2 degrees).
Hemoglobin Gun Hill: Deletion of Five Amino Acid Residues and Impaired Heme-Globin Binding
Authors: Bradley Thomas B. , Wohl Robert C. , Rieder Ronald F.
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobin Gun Hill, a new variant of adult hemoglobin, was found in a Caucasian and one of his three daughters. The abnormal hemoglobin had only half of the expected number of heme groups. Five amino acid residues appeared to be missing from the β-globin chains. These residues occur in linear sequence in normal β-chains in a region involved in heme-globin binding. A deletion of five amino acids in the β-chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill is postulated. The most likely mechanism for the origin of such a hemoglobin variant would appear to be unequal crossing-over during meiosis.
Rotation of Venus: Continuing Contradictions
Authors: Smith Bradford A.
Published: October 2006

Optical observations of Venus have yielded various values of the rotation period extending from less than one to several hundred days. Radar observations give a retrograde rotation of the solid globe in 244 ± 2 days. Recent ultraviolet photographs, however, show relatively rapid displacements of clouds in the high atmosphere of Venus which suggest a retrogrode rotation in only 5 days. The two rates seem to be physically incompatible.
Imine-Bonding in Membrane Transport of Monosaccharides: Invalidity of Kinetic Evidence
Authors: LeFevre Paul G.
Published: October 2006

The proposition that carrier mediation of sugar transport may involve formation of imine complexes with specific cell membrane proteins has recently been advanced. However, the primary data presented accord more quantitatively with the presumption of a nonspecific reaction and furnish no evidence for the existence of the high-affinity glucose-binding sites which are essential to the proposed interpretation.
Induction of Coiling in Tendrils by Auxin and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Reinhold Leonora
Published: October 2006

Symmetric application of indole-3-acetic acid, CO
2
, or, to a lesser extent, ethylene can substitute for the contact stimulus in inducing coiling in the tendrils of
Marah fabaceus
. In the case of auxin, treatment of the apical few millimeters results in strong, permanent coiling throughout the length of the tendril. The speed of the response to CO
2
is comparable to that to tactile stimuli. A possible mechanism for thigmotropism is outlined.
Total Luminous Flux: A Possible Response Determinant for the Normal Monkey
Authors: Schilder Peter , Pasik Pedro , Pasik Tauba
Published: October 2006

Thirteen normal monkeys (
Macaca mulatta
) trained to discriminate between transilluminated figures of equal area and different luminance, and consequently different luminous flux, made similar numbers of errors during training on a new problem with the same luminance values but with targets equated for luminous flux. These findings together with results of "critical trials" suggest that the significant cue in the original problem was luminous flux. This behavior is strikingly similar to what has been reported for the monkey following exclusion of the geniculostriate system.
Seismic Refraction Profile in Coral Sea Basin
Authors: Shor George G.
Published: October 2006

A refraction profile near the south edge of Coral Sea Basin shows sediments, "second layer," and oceanic crust all thicker than normal for an oceanic station; normal mantle lies at a depth of 19 kilometers.
Ultrastructure of Gamma M Immunoglobulin and Alpha Macroglobulin: Electron-Microscopic Study
Authors: Svehag S-E. , Chesebro B. , Bloth B.
Published: October 2006

Electron microscopy of purified Waldenström macroglobulins and normal human and rabbit γM immunoglobulins revealed spider-like structures with five legs varying in length and often joining a central ring. Usually only the central more rigid part of this structure (about 150 by 170 angstroms) was clearly visible, but occasionally particles were seen with longer very flexible legs having a total span of about 350 angstroms. Molecules of γM antibody retained antibody activity during preparation for electron microscopy. Human and rabbit alpha macroglobulins revealed more rigid symmetric structures (100 by 200 angstroms) which resembled the Russian letter ж.
Hemoglobin Variants in Koreans: Hemoglobin G Taegu
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Huang Jeanette Tung-Hsiang , Ro Ihl Hyeob
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobin G Taegu, an electrophoretically slow hemoglobin with a structural anomaly believed to be in the β-T-3 section of the beta chain, was the only variant found among 6700 normal Koreans. Four subjects, 0.06 percent, had the G-hemoglobin variant in addition to normal hemoglobin A. Hemoglobin E, known in numerous groups from Southeast Asia and the variant most frequently seen in Chinese subjects, was not found among the Koreans we tested.
Hemoglobin Hijiyama: A New Fast-Moving Hemoglobin in a Japanese Family
Authors: Miyaji Takaoki , Oba Yuzo , Yamamoto Kiyomi , Shibata Susumu , Iuchi Iwao , Hamilton Howard B.
Published: October 2006

A variant of hemoglobin A, named Hb Hijiyama, found in two generations of a Japanese family living in Hiroshima, Japan, has a higher anodal electrophoretic mobility than hemoglobin A; a gain of two negative charges per molecule is indicated. Fingerprinting and amino acid analysis showed the biochemical anomaly to be in the beta chain at residue 120, where lysine is replaced by glutamic acid. In the heterozygote carriers of the abnormal hemoglobin there is no apparent association with clinical or hematologic abnormalities.
Osmotic Pools in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Rogers Dexter
Published: October 2006

Osmotically sensitive pools in
Escherichia coli
are released by treatment with warm water without loss in viability or of cytoplasmic components. The rates of protein release are linear and are inversely dependent on the osmolarity of the medium, and only discrete amounts are released. These pools, which are thought to be periplasmic and mesosomal, are stabilized with magnesium ions; material released in the presence of these ions may have been localized outside of these pools at the cell surface.