bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Elevation‐Dependent Climate Signals From Quantitative Wood Anatomical Measurements of Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Authors: Edwards Julie , Tintor Will L. , Nolin Alexandre F. , Woodhouse Connie A. , von Arx Georg , Anchukaitis Kevin J.
Published: January 2025

Southwestern North America has experienced significant temperature increases over the last century, leading to intensified droughts that significantly affect montane forests. Although tree‐ring data have provided long‐term context for this recent drought severity, the varying physiological responses of trees to climate variability make it challenging to disentangle the combined influence of temperature and soil moisture. Here we investigate complex climate‐growth relationships in Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) at a low‐elevation and a high‐elevation site using quantitative wood anatomy (QWA). Significant correlations with climate were found for low‐elevation tree‐ring width (TRW) and earlywood chronologies, including positive correlations with spring and early summer precipitation and drought indices and negative correlations with spring and early summer maximum temperatures. At high elevations, TRW and earlywood chronologies show positive responses to summer moisture, whereas latewood chronologies correlate positively with August and September maximum temperatures and negatively with August precipitation. We leverage this differing seasonality of moisture and temperature signals and compare the QWA data to known droughts. The earlywood lumen area is found to be highly responsive to drought because of its physiological reliance on water availability for maintaining turgor pressure during cell enlargement. We also observed a decline in temperature sensitivity at the high elevation site, suggesting shifts in the dominance of limiting factors. Integrating QWA with traditional dendrochronology improves interpretations of tree‐ring data for use in climate reconstruction, offering detailed insights into tree physiological responses and the mix of environmental and developmental controls on cell growth.
Latest Moon Mission Is Old, New, Borrowed, and Blue
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: January 2025

Firefly Aerospace hopes to kick off 2025 by sticking a lunar landing. Science from the mission’s 10 NASA payloads could help guide future Moon missions.
Single-cell analysis identifies the CNP/GC-B/cGMP axis as marker and regulator of modulated VSMCs in atherosclerosis
Authors: Lehners Moritz , Schmidt Hannes , Zaldivia Maria T. K. , Stehle Daniel , Krämer Michael , Peter Andreas , Adler Julia , Lukowski Robert , Feil Susanne , Feil Robert
Published: January 2025

A balanced activity of cGMP signaling contributes to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can generate cGMP via three ligand-activated guanylyl cyclases, the NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase, the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-activated GC-A, and the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-stimulated GC-B. Here, we study natriuretic peptide signaling in murine VSMCs and atherosclerotic lesions. Correlative profiling of pathway activity and VSMC phenotype at the single-cell level shows that phenotypic modulation of contractile VSMCs to chondrocyte-like plaque cells during atherogenesis is associated with a switch from ANP/GC‑A to CNP/GC‑B signaling. Silencing of the CNP/GC-B axis in VSMCs results in an increase of chondrocyte-like plaque cells. These findings indicate that the CNP/GC-B/cGMP pathway is a marker and atheroprotective regulator of modulated VSMCs, limiting their transition to chondrocyte-like cells. Overall, this study highlights the plasticity of cGMP signaling in VSMCs and suggests analogies between CNP-dependent remodeling of bone and blood vessels.
Bilayer nanographene reveals halide permeation through a benzene hole
Authors: Niyas M. A. , Shoyama Kazutaka , Grüne Matthias , Würthner Frank
Published: January 2025

Graphene is a single-layered sp
2-hybridized carbon allotrope, which is impermeable to all atomic entities other than hydrogen1,2. The introduction of defects allows selective gas permeation3–5; efforts have been made to control the size of these defects for higher selectivity6–9. Permeation of entities other than gases, such as ions10,11, is of fundamental scientific interest because of its potential application in desalination, detection and purification12–16. However, a precise experimental observation of halide permeation has so far remained unknown11,15–18. Here we show halide permeation through a single benzene-sized defect in a molecular nanographene. Using supramolecular principles of self-aggregation, we created a stable bilayer of the nanographene19–23. As the cavity in the bilayer nanographene could be accessed only by two angstrom-sized windows, any halide that gets trapped inside the cavity has to permeate through the single benzene hole. Our experiments reveal the permeability of fluoride, chloride and bromide through a single benzene hole, whereas iodide is impermeable. Evidence for high permeation of chloride across single-layer nanographene and selective halide binding in a bilayer nanographene provides promise for the use of single benzene defects in graphene for artificial halide receptors24,25, as filtration membranes26 and further to create multilayer artificial chloride channels.
Specification of claustro-amygdalar and palaeocortical neurons and circuits
Authors: Kaur Navjot , Kovner Rothem , Gulden Forrest O. , Pletikos Mihovil , Andrijevic David , Zhu Tianjia , Silbereis John , Shibata Mikihito , Shibata Akemi , Liu Yuting , Ma Shaojie , Salla Nikkita , de Martin Xabier , Klarić Thomas S. , Burke Megan , Franjic Daniel , Cho Hyesun , Yuen Matthew , Chatterjee Ipsita , Soric Paula , Esakkimuthu Devippriya , Moser Markus , Santpere Gabriel , Mineur Yann S. , Pattabiraman Kartik , Picciotto Marina R. , Huang Hao , Sestan Nenad
Published: January 2025

The ventrolateral pallial (VLp) excitatory neurons in the claustro-amygdalar complex and piriform cortex (PIR; which forms part of the palaeocortex) form reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), integrating cognitive and sensory information that results in adaptive behaviours1–5. Early-life disruptions in these circuits are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders4–8, highlighting the importance of understanding their development. Here we reveal that the transcription factors SOX4, SOX11 and TFAP2D have a pivotal role in the development, identity and PFC connectivity of these excitatory neurons. The absence of SOX4 and SOX11 in post-mitotic excitatory neurons results in a marked reduction in the size of the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC), claustrum (CLA) and PIR. These transcription factors control BLC formation through direct regulation of Tfap2d expression. Cross-species analyses, including in humans, identified conserved Tfap2d expression in developing excitatory neurons of BLC, CLA, PIR and the associated transitional areas of the frontal, insular and temporal cortex. Although the loss and haploinsufficiency of Tfap2d yield similar alterations in learned threat-response behaviours, differences emerge in the phenotypes at different Tfap2d dosages, particularly in terms of changes observed in BLC size and BLC–PFC connectivity. This underscores the importance of Tfap2d dosage in orchestrating developmental shifts in BLC–PFC connectivity and behavioural modifications that resemble symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Together, these findings reveal key elements of a conserved gene regulatory network that shapes the development and function of crucial VLp excitatory neurons and their PFC connectivity and offer insights into their evolution and alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Highly Efficient and achromatic mid-infrared silicon nitride meta-lenses
Authors: Maher Abdullah , Swillam Mohamed A.
Published: January 2025

Inverse design with topology optimization considers a promising methodology for discovering new optimized photonic structure that enables to break the limitations of the forward or the traditional design especially for the meta-structure. This work presents a high efficiency mid infra-red imaging photonics element along mid infra-red wavelengths band starts from 2 to 5 µm based on silicon nitride optimized material structures. The first two designs are broadband focusing and reflective meta-lens under very high numerical aperture condition (NA = 0.9). The two designs are modeled by inverse design with topology optimization problem with Kreisselmeier–Steinhauser (k–s) aggregation objective function, while the final design is depended on novel inverse design optimization problem with double aggregation objective function that can target bifocal points along the wavelength band producing high efficiency achromatic broadband multi-focal meta-lens under very high numerical apertures (
$$N{A}_{1} = 0.9, \, N{A}_{2}=0.88$$
).
Positive association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and anemia in pregnancy in Southern China
Authors: Huang Renliang , Lu Zhe , Li Xinze , Zhou Duo , Xu Jing , Lin Dan , Fu Yunxue , Liang Yan , Li Xuexia , Petersen Frank , Zhou Qiaomiao , Yu Xinhua
Published: January 2025

This observational investigation aimed to explore potential risk factors for anemia in pregnancy. Firstly, a cross-sectional study was conducted, encompassing a review of clinical data of 43,201 pregnant women admitted to the Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center between January 2017 and December 2020. Comparison between women with and without anemia in pregnancy revealed significant differences between the two groups concerning age, gestational diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, syphilis infection, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that chronic hepatitis B virus infection was significantly associated with anemia during pregnancy (AOR   2.97, 95% CI 2.57–3.44, p < 0.0001). Subsequently, a retrospective cohort comprising 86 cases with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 129 control subjects recruited from the Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center from November 2021 and January 2023 was examined. Results of the examination revealed a corroborative association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and anemia in pregnancy (OR  2.13, 95% CI 1.20–3.79, p = 0.0092), particularly manifesting in the third trimester of gestation. Further analysis unveiled distinctive hematological alterations among cases with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, characterized by diminished erythrocyte size and reduced levels of corpuscular hemoglobin. Collectively, these findings underscore a positive association of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with anemia during pregnancy.
Use of data mining algorithms in prediction of eggshell thickness from egg quality traits of Potchefstroom Koekoek layers
Authors: Molabe Kagisho Madikadike , Tyasi Thobela Louis , Mbazima Vusi Gordon
Published: January 2025

Egg quality is affected by lot of factors. Study was conducted to compare performance of data mining algorithms; Classification and regression tree (CART), Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), Exhaustive chi-square automatic interaction detection (Ex-CHAID) and Multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) in prediction of Potchefstroom Koekoek’s eggshell thickness from egg quality traits. 350 eggs were collected at 31st to 39th week to examine the egg quality traits. MARS with R2(0.86) revealed yolk ratio, shell weight, egg shape index, yolk ratio, shell ratio, albumen weight and albumen ratio as explanatory variables predicting eggshell thickness. CART with R2 (0.37), yolk/albumen ratio was noted to be influential predictor of eggshell thickness. CHAID and Ex-CHAID (R2= 0.35) discovered egg weight as the best predictor of eggshell thickness. MARS with R2(0.86) revealed yolk ratio, shell weight, egg shape index, yolk ratio, shell ratio, albumen weight and albumen ratio as explanatory variables predicting eggshell thickness. MARS had high r (0.925), R2 (0.856) and lower RMSE (0.129) and AIC (-975.331) compared to CHAID, Ex-CHAID and CART leading MARS to be the best data mining algorithm when predicting the eggshell thickness using egg quality traits.
Causal chambers as a real-world physical testbed for AI methodology
Authors: Gamella Juan L. , Peters Jonas , Bühlmann Peter
Published: January 2025

In some fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning and statistics, the validation of new methods and algorithms is often hindered by the scarcity of suitable real-world datasets. Researchers must often turn to simulated data, which yields limited information about the applicability of the proposed methods to real problems. As a step forward, we have constructed two devices that allow us to quickly and inexpensively produce large datasets from non-trivial but well-understood physical systems. The devices, which we call causal chambers, are computer-controlled laboratories that allow us to manipulate and measure an array of variables from these physical systems, providing a rich testbed for algorithms from a variety of fields. We illustrate potential applications through a series of case studies in fields such as causal discovery, out-of-distribution generalization, change point detection, independent component analysis and symbolic regression. For applications to causal inference, the chambers allow us to carefully perform interventions. We also provide and empirically validate a causal model of each chamber, which can be used as ground truth for different tasks. The hardware and software are made open source, and the datasets are publicly available at causalchamber.org or through the Python package causalchamber.
Polymer material innovations for a green hydrogen economy
Authors: Jana Satyasankar , Parthiban Anbanandam , Rusli Wendy
Published: January 2025

This review highlights the role of polymer and composite materials in advancing the green hydrogen economy, supporting a low-carbon future, and outlines future research directions.
Pd(ii)-catalyzed cyclization of alkyne-tethered malononitriles via nitrile insertion
Authors: Nallamilli Tarun , Munakala Anandarao , Dhanavath Ramulu , Mahendran Hariharan , Chegondi Rambabu
Published: January 2025

Herein, we have developed a Pd(ii)-catalyzed cyclization of prochiral alkyne-tethered malononitriles to access five-membered carbocycles having a nitrile-containing all-carbon quaternary center.
Catalytic reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Lee Yong-Min , Nam Wonwoo
Published: January 2025

This Feature Article focuses on catalytic reduction of NAD(P)+ and its analogues to produce 1,4-NAD(P)H without formation of other regioisomers and the dimer using electron donors including water, which mimics the stoichiometry of photosynthesis.
Two-dimensional inverse double sandwich CoB7: strain-induced non-magnetic to ferromagnetic transition
Authors: Gu Liang , Yang Hui-Min , Yang Li-Ming
Published: January 2025

The novel CoB7 material can switch from nonmagnetic to ferromagnetic with the application of biaxial strain.
Probing the nature of intramolecular (sp3)C–H⋯Cu(i) interactions in organo thione copper(i) cages
Authors: Ramakant Girbide Amitkumar , Muduli Gopendra , Rai Rakesh Kumar , Prabusankar Ganesan
Published: January 2025

Tetranuclear copper(i) N-heterocyclic thione cages with proximity-enforced Cu⋯H interactions have been demonstrated. The Cu⋯H interactions in these cages represent three-centre–four-electron anagostic (sp3)C–H⋯Cu(i) bonds.
Highly phosphorescent N^C^N platinum(ii)-peptide nucleic acid conjugates: synthesis, photophysical studies and hybridization behaviour
Authors: Dell'Acqua Rosa Maria , Fagnani Francesco , Wojciechowska Monika , Marinotto Daniele , Colombo Graziano , Dalle-Donne Isabella , Trylska Joanna , Cauteruccio Silvia , Colombo Alessia
Published: January 2025

Study of N^C^NPt(ii)-peptide nucleic acid bioconjugates as a potential tool in bioimaging and targeted therapies due to their interesting phosphorescent features, good recognition properties towards natural nucleic acids, and lack of cytotoxicity.
Alkyl zinc complexes derived from formylfluorenimide ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalysis for hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Wei Biao , Qin Zhibiao , Miao Hui , Wang Chaoqun , Huang Mengna , Liu Chenxu , Bai Cuibing , Chen Zheng
Published: January 2025

Five new alkyl zinc complexes supported by different formylfluorenimide ligands were prepared and characterized.
Iron-doped ruthenium with a good interfacial environment achieving superior hydrogen evolution activity under alkaline conditions
Authors: He Qun , Zhou Yuzhu , Mou Lihui , Wu Chuanqiang , Liu Daobin , Ge Binghui , Jiang Jun , Song Li
Published: January 2025

Iron doping brings supported ruthenium with an optimized interfacial reaction microenvironment for achieving superior hydrogen evolution activity in alkaline conditions.
Dietary and nutritional interventions for human diseases: their modulatory effects on ferroptosis
Authors: Huang Shiqiong , Sun Ji , Shen Chaozan , He Gefei
Published: January 2025

Interventions targeting ferroptosis are summarized from the perspective of dietary patterns, food and nutrients.
Oyster powder supplementation enhances immune function in mice partly through modulating the gut microbiota and arginine metabolism
Authors: Jia Jinhui , Guo Jian , Yan Chunhong , Gu Yunqi , Xia Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

Oysters are well-known for their health benefits such as immuno-modulatory functions.
Controllable synthesis and functionalization of SiO2 nanoflowers for fluorine-free superhydrophobic fabric-based oil/water mixture and emulsion separation
Authors: Fan Jiangning , Yu Yongtao , Li Hong , Yan Jun , Wang Ying , Liao Yongping
Published: January 2025

The nano flower-like silica (NFS) was modified with silane coupling agent (MNFS), and the superhydrophobic cotton fabric was constructed based on thiol-ene click reactions, showing excellent performance in oil-water mixture and emulsion separation.
From synthesis to application: a review of BaZrS3 chalcogenide perovskites
Authors: Agarwal Shubhanshu , Vincent Kiruba Catherine , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: January 2025

This review covers BaZrS3 thin-film synthesis methods, optical, optoelectronic, electronic, and defect properties, and highlights device applications.
A linearly polarized AC-driven perovskite light emitting device with nanoscale metal contact
Authors: Chiang Li-Ming , Tu Chi-Peng , Konthoujam James Singh , Chiang Hai-Pang , Kao Tsung-Sheng , Shih Min-Hsiung
Published: January 2025

This paper reveals an AC-driven perovskite light-emitting device with a large emission area and strong linear polarization by integrating nanostructures within the device contact.
Facile synthesis of unknown 6,7-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridines and 3,4-diaryloylpyridines from N-homopropargylic β-enaminones
Authors: Yilmaz Elif Serel , Kaya Kerem , Zora Metin
Published: January 2025

A simple methodology for the synthesis of bicyclic 6,7-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridines is reported. The skeletal diversity of the synthesized heterobicyclic frame may present new nitrogen- and oxygen-based hybrid systems for medicinal chemistry.
Dual-band white light emission and temperature-dependent luminescence of Sn2+ in the metastable structure of Cs2CaCl4(H2O)2
Authors: Wang Hu , Pan Yuexiao , Shi Zhenyu , Cao Yeling , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun , Miao Qian , Zou Jun
Published: January 2025

We obtained novel metastable R-Cs2CaCl4(H2O)2:Sn2+ and investigated its dual-band white light emission ascribed to the s–p transition of Sn2+, discovering its transforms into the stable form P-Cs2CaCl4(H2O)2:Sn2+.
Composite barrier membrane for bone regeneration: advancing biomaterial strategies in defect repair
Authors: Han Qingbin , Zhao Delu , Wang Xiaohong , Shang Mengyao , Zhou Wenbin , Li Qing , Song Hui
Published: January 2025

Preparation of GelMA/HAp/HAM barrier membranes. Bone defect regeneration of rat calvaria in vivo.
Different p-block elements induce C3[111] octahedral distortion in titanium to generate an intense nonlinear effect
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Liang Zhengli , Wan Jiahao , Liu Lehui , Wu Chunxiang , Wang Ping , Jiang Xingxing , Lin Zheshuai , Liu Hongming
Published: January 2025

A rare acentric titanium oxide containing a distorted [TiO6] octahedron induced by two types of p-block oxo-anion groups, namely Ti(TeO3)(SO4), was synthesized and it exhibited the strongest SHG response among mercury-free sulfates.
Introducing halogen-bonded gates into zeolitic frameworks for efficient benzene/cyclohexene/cyclohexane separation
Authors: Liang Zi-Jun , Dong Fang-Di , Ye Le , Zheng Kai , Hu Ding-Yi , Feng Xi , Su Wen-Yu , Wang Zhi-Shuo , Zhou Mu-Yang , Fang Zi-Luo , Zhou Dong-Dong , Zhang Jie-Peng , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: January 2025

The introduction of a halogen-bonded gate into a zeolite framework achieved molecular-sieving-like benzene separation from C6 cyclic hydrocarbon mixtures.
Periodic law-guided design of highly stable O3-type layered oxide cathodes for practical sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Wu Yuan-Bo , Hu Hai-Yan , Li Jia-Yang , Dong Hang-Hang , Zhu Yan-Fang , Chen Shuang-Qiang , Wang Na-Na , Wang Jia-Zhao , Xiao Yao
Published: January 2025

This study explores a Cu–Mg–Ti co-substitution strategy, guided by periodic law, to enhance the stability and performance of O3-NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2, resulting in improved moisture resistance, high-temperature stability, and high-voltage stability.
Unlocking the catalytic potential of iMXenes: selective electrochemical CO2 reduction for methane production
Authors: Anand Rohit , Zafari Mohammad , Gupta Vishal , Lee Geunsik , Kim Kwang S.
Published: January 2025

We employ first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity of various iMXenes for CH4 production. Our study includes the thorough investigation of bare and O-terminated iMXenes.
Electrochemically directed synthesis of TiC nanotube arrays for aqueous zinc-ion batteries
Authors: Ma Tongxiang , Chen Xiangyan , Li Qingyu
Published: January 2025

Accurate synthesis of TiC with various morphologies and its application as MnO2 support material.
Light-induced degradation of mixed-cation, mixed-halide perovskite: observed rates and influence of oxygen
Authors: Cira Spencer G. , Dunlap-Shohl Wiley A. , Meng Yuhuan , Sunkari Preetham P. , Folch Jordi H. , Hillhouse Hugh W.
Published: January 2025

The kinetics of light-induced Pb0 formation in mixed-cation, mixed-halide perovskite films are studied using sub-bandgap absorption measurements. Oxygen is shown to prevent Pb0 formation and modulate the optoelectronic performance decline.
Speech Technology for Automatic Recognition and Assessment of Dysarthric Speech: An Overview
Authors: Bhat Chitralekha , Strik Helmer
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

In this review article, we present an extensive overview of recent developments in the area of dysarthric speech research. One of the key objectives of speech technology research is to improve the quality of life of its users, as evidenced by the focus of current research trends on creating inclusive conversational interfaces that cater to pathological speech, out of which dysarthric speech is an important example. Applications of speech technology research for dysarthric speech demand a clear understanding of the acoustics of dysarthric speech as well as of speech technologies, including machine learning and deep neural networks for speech processing.

Method:

We review studies pertaining to speech technology and dysarthric speech. Specifically, we discuss dysarthric speech corpora, acoustic analysis, intelligibility assessment, and automatic speech recognition. We also delve into deep learning approaches for automatic assessment and recognition of dysarthric speech. Ethics committee or institutional review board did not apply to this study.

Conclusions:

Overcoming the challenge of limited data and exploring new avenues in data collection, artificial intelligence–powered analysis and teletherapy hold immense potential for significant advancements in dysarthria research. To make longer and faster strides, researchers typically rely on existing research and data on a global scale. Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate the existing research and present it in a form that can serve as a basis for future work. In this review article, we have reviewed the contributions of speech technologists to the area of dysarthric speech with a focus on acoustic analysis, speech features, and techniques used. By focusing on the existing research and future directions, researchers can develop more effective tools and interventions to improve communication, quality of life, and overall well-being for people with dysarthria.
iSurgARy: A mobile augmented reality solution for ventriculostomy in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Asadi Zahra , Castillo Joshua Pardillo , Asadi Mehrdad , Sinclair David S. , Kersten‐Oertel Marta
Published: January 2025

Global disparities in neurosurgical care necessitate innovations addressing affordability and accuracy, particularly for critical procedures like ventriculostomy. This intervention, vital for managing life‐threatening intracranial pressure increases, is associated with catheter misplacement rates exceeding 30% when using a freehand technique. Such misplacements hold severe consequences including haemorrhage, infection, prolonged hospital stays, and even morbidity and mortality. To address this issue, a novel, stand‐alone mobile‐based augmented reality system (iSurgARy) aimed at significantly improving ventriculostomy accuracy, particularly in resource‐limited settings such as those in low‐ and middle‐income countries is presented. iSurgARy uses landmark based registration by taking advantage of light detection and ranging to allow for accurate surgical guidance. To evaluate iSurgARy, a two‐phase user study is conducted. Initially, the usability and learnability is assessed with novice participants using the system usability scale (SUS), incorporating their feedback to refine the application. In the second phase, human‐computer interaction and clinical domain experts are engaged to evaluate this application, measuring root mean square error, SUS and NASA task load index metrics to assess accuracy usability, and cognitive workload, respectively.
Integrated DC arc model and DC arc detection approach based on K‐line diagram and spectrum integral difference
Authors: Xiong Qing , Zhang Junyi , Li Jianghan , Tang Yijie , Zhuang Yi , Cui Yanjie , Li Rui , Ji Shengchang
Published: January 2025

In the low voltage direct current (LVDC) systems, the occurrence of DC series arc faults poses a significant threat to the safe operation of the system. This paper develops an accurate arc model for the arc fault simulation. The proposed arc model consists the steady‐state impedance, high frequency characteristics, and dynamic characteristics of the arc. Additionally, this paper proposes an arc detection algorithm combining the K‐line diagram and the spectrum integral difference of the arc current in the LVDC systems. This algorithm can identify four circuit states: normal operation, arc fault, switching action, and load mutation, which addresses the challenge of arc fault detection in complex working conditions. The STM32F407 microcontroller is utilized to design a DC series arc fault detector. Online detection tests demonstrate that the arc faults can be accurately detected and isolated within 37 ms, meeting the requirement of the UL1699B standard, with an accuracy rate of 99.33%. These achievements not only enhance the safety of the LVDC systems but also provide valuable references for the development of arc fault detection technology.
Voltage support strength analysis and stability control strategy for grid‐forming wind power transmission system
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , Wu Jiahui , Fu Yuan
Published: January 2025

Increasing the short‐circuit ratio (SCR) of the power transmission system is crucial to ensuring voltage stability when the system has a high‐penetration of wind energy resources. This paper first analyses the weak nodes in the power system and quantifies the SCR requirements of these nodes under voltage safety constraints. Based on this analysis, a third‐order dynamic model of a virtual synchronous generator is established, and a design method for virtual transient reactance is proposed to meet the system's SCR requirements. Finally, a power system simulation with high‐penetration of wind energy is constructed, validating that under the proposed voltage stability support control strategy, grid‐forming wind turbines can meet the system's SCR requirements by optimizing the design of transient reactance, thereby improving the voltage stability of the system.
Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Against Staphylococcus aureus in Cellulose Nanofibers from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Glycerol
Authors: Firdaus Flora Elvistia , Calluna Bunga Fatimatuzzahra , Nasution Siti Khodijah
Published: January 2025

Lemongrass oil (LGO) has great antimicrobial effects, it increases shelf life as a food coating. Incorporating LGO into cellulose nanofibres (CNFs)-(Glycerol)-(Starch) was done by a mixing procedure and the antibacterial characteristics were evaluated. The interaction of LGO in the composite systems was studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microbial analysis by total plate count, antimicrobial by inhibitory zone, film thickness, and by the support of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results indicated that the best composite systems could maintain LGO by 0.15 g at all predetermined cellulose concentrations. Its antibacterial substance can be integrated into a polymer matrix for active coating.
Combustion study of rice husk under different heating rates by integrating thermogravimetric analysis and decision tree regression
Authors: Pambudi Suluh , Jongyingcharoen Jiraporn Sripinyowanich , Saechua Wanphut
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the combustion behavior of rice husk using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with decision tree regression. Results indicated that increasing heating rates caused elevated burnout (Tb) and peak temperatures (Tp) while extending the active combustion stage. The optimized decision tree model effectively predicts mass loss, demonstrated by a perfect coefficient of determination (R²) of 1 with a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1993 on the validation set. The model’s robustness suggested its potential for accurate mass loss prediction in rice husk combustion.
The role of nano fertilizers and compost in improving agricultural soil properties and their impact on faba bean productivity
Authors: Kamel Walaa M.
Published: January 2025

The research aimed to assess the effects of NPK nano-fertilizers and compost, with or without NPK mineral fertilizers, on soil properties and the productivity of local beans. The results showed that when nano-fertilizers and compost were applied, there were increases in plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod weight (ton/acre), and 100-seed weight compared to when mineral fertilizers were used at different concentrations. The interaction of NPK nano-fertilizers with organic manure, along with NPK mineral fertilizers, increased protein levels with the increasing rate of NPK mineral fertilizers. Additionally, the interaction of NPK nano-fertilizers with organic manure increased proline content in seeds with the increasing rate of different mineral fertilizers. Overall, the application of NPK nano-fertilizers was found to improve soil fertility and increase crop productivity.
An experimental investigation into malachite green degradation using highly active NiFe2O4/Bi4O5I2 photocatalyst under visible light
Authors: Woon Xuet-Wei , Lam Sze-Mun , Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Zeng Honghu
Published: January 2025

In this study, a highly efficient NiFe2O4/Bi4O5I2 (NFO/BOI) photocatalyst has been successfully synthesized through the two-step hydrothermal method. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis were employed to scrutinize the physical, chemical, optical, and electrical characteristics of the as-synthesized photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of NFO/BOI was assessed through the degradation of malachite green (MG). The findings revealed that both the weight percent of NiFe2O4 loaded and catalyst loading significantly influenced the degradation efficiency of NFO/BOI on MG. Under 1 hour of visible light irradiation, MG achieved an impressive removal rate of 95.04% using NFO/BOI as the catalyst. Radical trapping experiment confirmed that superoxide anion radical plays a pivotal role in the MG degradation progress. This work introduces a novel direction for designing efficient catalysts for the treatment of water pollution using visible light.
Towards sustainable practices: Evaluating student engagement in solid waste management at A’sharqiyah University, Oman
Authors: Alazaiza Motasem Y.D. , Al Maskari Tahra , Al-Zghoul Tharaa M.
Published: January 2025

Mass consumption combined with urbanization causes massive waste production, contamination of the environment, and problems for public health. Over half of the sustainable development goals are addressed by tackling solid waste management (SWM) challenges. There are significant risks to the SWM in universities and higher education institutes due to students’ low understanding and involvement in waste segregation and recycling practices. Thus, this study assesses the level of awareness of students at A’Sharqiyah University, Oman, in terms of SWM practices and waste segregation. A quantitative research methodology using an online survey was applied. The survey collected information on demographic data, awareness and attitudes toward SWM, waste generation, and the ability to gain more knowledge about these practices through participation in awareness programs. Results show that 72.3% of students have knowledge of SWM practices. However, a concerning 33.65% lacked awareness or knowledge in this area. Furthermore, 78.6% of students expressed interest in participating in awareness programs to enhance their understanding of SWM. This study is considered a preliminary screening, and the next step will be the application of an extensive program for all students and following up about solid waste disposal and segregation methods in students’ hostels.
Quality and shelf-life extension of vegetables using precision control storage system
Authors: Kok Chai Ling , Chew Boon Kee , Chan Yi Chuen , Ong Mei Kying , Toh Pek Lan , Teoh Shen Khang , Goh Hock Guan
Published: January 2025

Post harvest loss is one of the factors causing the reduction in the amount of food available for the future. This research is to study the change of the weight, visual, sensory and total soluble solid of the butterhead lettuce with IoT storage chamber with different treatments (i.e T1, T2, and T3). At the final day of storage period, there are no significant differences on weight loss between T2 and T3, and between T1 and T2. The visual quality of the butterhead lettuce significantly decreased during the storage period. The overall acceptability and sweetness of T1 are the highest; T3 has the better aroma and texture; the appearance was not significantly different among all the treatments. For the total soluble solid, the content for all treatments were significantly increased when the storage period progressed. T1 is the most recommended treatment as it had extended one week of storage period and able to retain better sweet taste and appearance compared to the other treatments.
Dual spatial region flexible chlorine based ionic hypercrosslinked polymer synergistically adsorb formaldehyde and carbon dioxide
Authors: Wang Ruimeng , Xie Yawei , Zhao Zhongxing , Zhao Zhenxia
Published: January 2025

Efficient adsorption and purification of low concentration volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixture in high-humidity environments remain a daunting challenge for researchers. In this study, a dual spatial region synergistic adsorption strategy was proposed to achieve synchronous and efficient capture of formaldehyde and CO2 on flexible chlorine (Cl) based ionic hypercross-linked polymer (Cl-IHCP). Through the ordered self-assembly of ionic monomers, the array-distributed free Cl, terminal Cl, and pyrrole nitrogen (N) sites were integrated into the skeletal network of Cl-IHCP and formed ultra-microporous environment with two different adsorption regions. Different adsorption regions exhibited varying adsorption affinities for formaldehyde and CO2 molecules on three sites, thereby weakening their competitive adsorption and achieving high adsorption for both. Besides, the strong binding force of formaldehyde and CO2 molecules in different regions makes the skeleton-responsive swelling of Cl-IHCP, and created new adsorption microenvironments for the other adsorbate. This manner considerably enhanced the adsorption capacity of Cl-IHCP for formaldehyde and CO2 in mixed-component, increasing by approximately 45% and 70% respectively compared to single component formaldehyde and CO2. These fascinating properties enabled Cl-IHCP to synergistically adsorb formaldehyde and CO2 mixtures in high humidity environments. This study innovatively proposed a simple and cost-effective strategy for removing VOCs and CO2 under high humidity, providing a feasible solution for green air purification technology.
The effect of waste tire granules on the properties of polyethylene terephthalate thermoplastic
Authors: Ong Huei Ruey , Iskandar Wan Mohd Eqhwan , Khan Maksudur Rahman , Ong Thai Kiat , Hong Chi Shein
Published: January 2025

The utilization of waste tire granules (WTG) as a reinforcing agent in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) offers a sustainable approach to enhancing thermoplastic composites. PET is known for its recyclability, while WTG provides a solution for waste tire management. This study examines the effect of WTG content and particle size on PET/WTG composites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the composites' morphology and chemical composition. Mechanical tests evaluated elongation and impact performance with WTG incorporation. SEM showed a compatible morphology between the PET matrix and WTG. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic vibrations of polyisoprene from WTG and PETspecific functional groups. The inclusion of WTG significantly improved mechanical properties that leads to enhanced elongation at break (EB) and increased ductility. Impact strength also improved notably at 10% WTG. These findings demonstrate the potential of WTG as a filler to enhance PET mechanical properties and contribute to sustainable waste management as well as the development of value-added products from recycled materials.
Modification of corncob-derived cellulose using Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Propylene Carbonate
Authors: Ng Yee Shui , Ooi Zhong Xian , Teoh Yi Peng , Ooi Mei Lee
Published: January 2025

This study reported the modification of corncob cellulose using propylene carbonate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to impart the desired functionalities. The modified corncob cellulose was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential. Different parameters were studied in modifying functionalities of corncob cellulose, i.e., the ratio of CTAB and propylene carbonate, retention time and temperature. After modification, an increase in weight percent was obtained. According to the FTIR spectrum, there was an extra peak at 1780 cm-1 which belongs to C=O groups and an increase in intensity at 1000–1300 cm-1 which belongs to CN stretching of the quaternary ammonium group. SEM images and zeta potential results supported the quaternary ammonium group was successfully grafted on isolated corn cob cellulose, which are essential for initiating photocatalytic reactions.
Pyrolysis of sawdust in a horizontal tube furnace: Effects of temperature and heating rate on product composition
Authors: Selva Kumar Vitiyaa , Lee Zhi Hua , Tan Kok Tat , Sim Jia Huey
Published: January 2025

The abundant sawdust waste from the timber production industries in Malaysia can be a potential biomass feedstock for pyrolysis process. However, the understanding of product composition and bio-oil quality from sawdust pyrolysis remains limited in Malaysian’s context. In this study, pyrolysis of sawdust was conducted in a horizontal tube furnace to investigate the effects of temperatures (400-550 °C) and heating rates (10-20 °C/min) on the composition of products, quality and properties of bio-oil. According to Gas chromatography (GC) analysis, phenol group appears to be the major compound in the bio-oil. The chemical components of bio-oil were found to be richer at lower reaction temperatures (400-450 °C), where it showcased the presence of phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids, furans, aldehydes, alkenes, alcohols, ether and amine. At increased reaction temperatures (500–550 °C), the process favoured the production of catechol (17%). The yield of bio-char decreased with increasing temperatures and heating rates due to the loss of volatile matter, and 400 °C proved to be the optimum temperature for maximum biochar yield. The biochar also displays porous structure, with increased adsorption capacity. Since the pyrolysis of sawdust could produce phenolic compounds, it appears to be a potential feedstock for biomass pyrolysis.
Process optimization studies on xylanase production and bioethanol fermentation
Authors: Chia Zhi Tan , Thien Sze Chen Ivory , Yi Peng Teoh , Kok Chang Lee , Balakrishnan Kunasundari , Xian Ooi Zhong
Published: January 2025

Xylanase is one of the hydrolytic enzymes with a broad industrial application in several industries. Bioethanol can be synthesised from lignocellulosic biomass by using xylanase and other hydrolytic enzymes. A filamentous fungus, which is Aspergillus niger produces xylanase under submerged fermentation when oil palm empty fruit brunches were used as carbon sources. This study aimed to optimize the operating conditions (medium pH and incubation temperature) of xylanase production process using the OFAT analysis technique. From the data obtained, the highest xylanase production was 0.508 U/mL at pH 5.0 and 0.524 U/mL at an incubation temperature of 32°C, respectively. S. cerevisiae yeast was added into the fermentation supernatant for bioethanol fermentation. The concentration of bioethanol produced by xylanase enzyme from A. niger at optimum operating condition was 15.54±0.47 g/L. This study proved that A. niger is one of the filamentous fungi which show the potential of hydrolysing lignocellulosic material to carbon sources and subsequently to bioethanol production.
Influence of target area density parameter and electrostatic pulse width modulation variable nozzle on physical characteristics of precision spray
Authors: Lin Zhen , Liang Shengkai , Xie Jinye , Tian Shuo
Published: January 2025

This paper discusses the observation of different precision spraying processes of pulse width modulated variable sprinkler in electrostatic field under different target area densities and discusses the physical characteristics of precision spraying under electrostatic action of different target area density parameters and pulse width modulated variable sprinkler, the influence of various parameters of precision spraying on spray settling rate. Using different environmental protection liquid, the point cloud density detected by the laser Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor was used to test different targets and obtain the physical parameter of area density. The area density of the target was differentiated and classified. According to the area density of the target of different categories, multidirectional research was carried out with the conductivity of the liquid itself and the charge rate of the liquid itself under the action of the electrostatic pulse width modulation variable nozzle. The relationship between the three was studied, and a good spray control strategy was obtained. When the area density was 0.668, the conductivity was 10.0 mS/cm, and the spray pressure was 0.45MPa, the charge-mass ratio was the largest and the deposition effect was the best, this paper studies the improvement of the environment and the sustainable development of pesticide use in the future.
Use of the metaverse to advance wind power generation projects
Authors: Harada Norio , Takei Chikako , Kimurai Ichiro
Published: January 2025

In recent years, considering global efforts to use renewable energy to combat climate change, the promotion of wind power generation in Japan has become crucial. Due to the limited land area available for wind power deployment, it is imperative to enter into consensus with stakeholders and local communities when such endeavors are planned. However, the prediction and management of environmental changes associated with this type of project represent substantial technical challenges. In this study, we developed a visualization technique utilizing virtual spaces, one of the recent metaverse technologies, and a shadow prediction technology for wind power generation facilities. To understand the effectiveness of these visualization materials, we constructed a model that dynamically visualizes the timeline of the construction process for floating offshore wind power generation. The effectiveness of the model’s visualization platform was evaluated through a questionnaire survey conducted with 15 business operators. The survey results indicated a 3.5-fold improvement in understanding of the construction details and project impact using our visualization method.
Efficient-Deformable-DETR: Enhancing underwater small target detection in complex environments
Authors: Xie Haozheng , Xin Guanghong , Kang Shuo , Xie Qiongdan
Published: January 2025

The marine environment is facing multiple challenges, and the development of underwater small target detection technology is crucial for protecting marine ecology. This paper focuses on the problem of small target detection in complex underwater environments and proposes an improved model based on the Deformable-DETR model. By introducing global response normalization and a fully convolutional mask autoencoder framework, the model’s feature aggregation ability and detection accuracy are enhanced. At the same time, a gradient harmonization mechanism is used to solve the problem of positive and negative sample imbalance, which enhances the model’s learning performance. Experimental results show that the improved model achieves a mAP value of 84.5% on the URPC2020 dataset, an increase of 1.7% over the original model. This technical optimization not only improves the accuracy of underwater small target detection but also contributes to marine ecological monitoring, rational utilization of resources, and environmental protection, promoting the realization of green environment and sustainable development goals.