bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of some novel bis(hetaryl)azo disperse dyes and investigation of their absorption spectra
Authors: Seferoǧlu Zeynel , Ertan Nermin
Published: July 2010

3‐Amino‐2‐cyano‐4,6‐disubstituted‐thieno{2,3‐b}pyridines and 3‐aminopyridine were diazotized and coupled with 2‐phenylindole, 2‐methylindole, and 1‐methyl‐2‐phenylindole, respectively. These dyes were characterized by UV‐Visible, FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. Solvent effects on the visible absorption spectra of the dyes were evaluated. The color of the dyes is discussed with respect to the nature of the heterocyclic ring and substituent present therein. In addition, effects of temperature, concentration, as well as acid and base on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes are reported. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:622–630, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20361
Measuring intra‐household health inequality: explorations using the body mass index
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the relationship between level of well‐being and inequality at inter‐country and intra‐household levels, using individuals' body mass index (BMI) rather than income as the indicator of well‐being. BMI is useful for these purposes because (1) it is measured at the individual rather than household level; (2) it reflects command over food, but also non‐food resources that affect health status like sanitary conditions and labour‐saving technologies; (3) it accounts for caloric consumption relative to needs; (4) it is easily measured; and (5) any measurement error is likely to be random. We do not find any evidence to support the idea of an intra‐household or inter‐country Kuznets curve. We study the correlations between average household well‐being, still measured by BMI, and differences in the BMIs of males and females, parents and children. Here, we find a tendency to protect the BMI of young children when living standards are very low. We find no clear patterns by gender. Perhaps the most striking finding in the paper is that about half of total BMI inequality at the country level iswithinhouseholds. Thus, standard measures of inequality that use household‐level data may drastically understate true inequality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring health inequality with realization of potential life years (RePLY)
Authors: Tang Kam Ki , Petrie Dennis , Rao D. S. Prasada
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a new method to measure health inequalities that are caused by conditions amenable to policy intervention. The method is built on a technique that can separate avoidable and unavoidable mortality risks, using world mortality data compiled by the World Health Organization for the year 2000. The new method is applied to data from 191 countries. It is found that controlling for unavoidable mortality risks leads to a lower estimate of health inequality than otherwise, especially for developed countries. Furthermore, although countries with a higher life expectancy at birth tend to have lower health inequality, there are significant variations in health inequalities across countries with the same life expectancy. The results therefore support the WHO's plea for using health inequality as a distinct parameter from the average level of health in assessing the performance of health systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malnutrition, poverty, and economic growth
Authors: Heltberg Rasmus
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that indicators of anthropometric shortfall – especially low height and low weight‐for‐age – are uniquely suited for assessing absolute deprivation in developing countries. Anthropometric indicators are relatively precise, readily available for most countries, reflect the preferences and concerns of many poor people, consistent with reckoning the phenomenon directly in the space offunctionings, intuitive, easy to use for advocacy, and consistent over time and across subgroups. Anthropometric indicators can therefore complement (but not replace) standard indicators of income/consumption poverty, especially for comparisons across subgroups, within households, across countries, and in the long run. In addition, the paper analyses spells of change in malnutrition over time, finding that the association between economic growth and chronic child malnutrition is very small (but statistically significant) and much lower than the elasticity of growth on poverty. The policy implication of this finding is that direct interventions aimed at reducing infant malnutrition are required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural China: does more coverage mean more service and better health?
Authors: Lei Xiaoyan , Lin Wanchuan
Published: July 2010

This paper explores the impact of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), a newly adopted public health insurance program in rural China. Using a longitudinal sample drawn from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), we employed multiple estimation strategies (individual fixed‐effect models, instrumental variable estimation, and difference‐in‐differences estimation with propensity score matching) to correct the potential selection bias. We find that participating in the NCMS significantly decreases the use of traditional Chinese folk doctors and increases the utilization of preventive care, particularly general physical examinations. However, we do not find that the NCMS decreases out‐of‐pocket expenditure nor do we find that it increases utilization of formal medical service or improves health status, as measured by self‐reported health status and by sickness or injury in the past four weeks. Our study indicates that despite the wide expansion of coverage, the impact of the NCMS is still limited. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S‐100 protein in salivary gland tumors: An immunohistochemical study of 129 cases
Authors: Zarbo Richard J. , Regezi Joseph A. , Batsakis John G
Published: July 2010

Immunohistochemical distribution of S‐100 protein was evaluated in 129 tumors from major and minor salivary glands. Also, two sensitive immunoperoxidase avidin‐biotin methods using either overnight incubation with primary antibody or pretreatment trypsin digestion and half‐hour incubation were compared. Tumors with S‐100 protein immunoreactivity were demonstrated in numerous benign and malignant histologic categories. Adenoid cystic carcinomas, carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma, clear cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas NOS showed inconsistent positive staining, whereas all monomorphic and pleomorphic adenomas and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas examined stained positively. No staining was observed in mucoepidermoid carcinomas or acinic cell carcinomas. Mesenchymal‐like tumor cells with positive immunostaining were seen only in pleomorphic adenomas and trabeculartubular adenomas. Equivalent results were found with both overnight and same‐day digestion techniques. The consistent S‐100 protein staining in some histologic tumor categories (pleomorphic and monomorphic adenoma and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma) compared to mucoepidermoid carcinoma that is devoid of S‐100 protein immunoreactivity has application to some microscopic differential diagnostic situations. Inconsistent staining of adenoid cystic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas did not allow discrimination from other benign and malignant salivary gland tumors with similar histomorphology.
Patterns of failure in carcinoma of the nasopharynx: Failure at distant sites
Authors: Vikram Bhadrasain , Mishra Uma B. , Strong Elliot W. , Manolatos Spero
Published: July 2010

Between 1970 and 1980, we treated 107 previously untreated patients with biopsy‐proven carcinoma of the nasopharynx by megavoltage external radiation therapy to the primary site, the base of the skull, and both sides of the neck. Eighty‐seven percent of the patients had stage IV disease (American Joint Committee, 1980). Eighteen patients developed distant metastases as the first site of relapse. Metastases appeared within 6 months after treatment in 50% of these 18 patients, and in 94% within 2 years. Median survival after the development of distant metastases was 6 months. The most sensitive predictor of which patients would develop distant metastases was the size of cervical lymph node metastases at initial presentation (P = 0.003); patients without palpable cervical nodes or with cervical nodes smaller than 3 cm were the least likely to develop distant metastases (10%), followed by those patients who had cervical nodes measuring 3 to 6 cm (25%), followed by those who had cervical nodes larger than 6 cm, (almost 50%). The incidence of distant metastases was not significantly influenced by age, sex, birthplace, histology, or T‐stage. Studies aimed at decreasing the morbidity and mortality from distant metastases in carcinoma of the nasopharynx should be undertaken in patients who present with bulky cervical metastases.
A prospective study of shoulder disability resulting from radical and modified neck dissections
Authors: Remmler Daniel , Byers Robert , Scheetz Jan , Shell Barbara , White Georgia , Zimmerman Stuart , Goepfert Helmuth
Published: July 2010

A prospective longitudinal study of shoulder function after 103 neck dissections involving either preservation or sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve is presented. The postoperative evolution and course of trapezius muscle denervation and resultant shoulder dysfunction were objectively determined for both radical and modified nerve sparing neck dissections. All patients were enrolled in a program of physical therapy aimed at maintaining range of motion at the shoulder joint. Shoulder function was examined preoperatively and for 12 months postoperatively with manual muscle strength testing, range of motion measurements, and electrodiagnostic testing. Results indicate that modified nerve sparing dissections are followed on the average by a significant, but temporary and reversible phase of shoulder dysfunction. By comparison, radical neck dissection is followed by profound and permanent trapezius muscle weakness and denervation.
Reconstruction of the subglottic larynx with a myoperiosteal flap: Clinical and experimental study
Authors: Friedman Michael , Grybauskas Vytenis , Toriumi Dean M. , Kaplan Allen , Seiden Allen
Published: July 2010

The literature describes numerous techniques for reconstruction of the subglottic larynx. The use of rigid bone grafts or flaps has been associated with problems because the rigid bone cannot conform to the defect and form an airtight seal. We have performed subglottic reconstruction using the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap with very optimistic results on long‐term follow up. The sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap is a relatively simple procedure that can be used for a large variety of defects. The pliable periosteal flap used for closing the defect can be molded over a stent to form an airtight seal. We have demonstrated bone formation in the periosteum which is crucial to the stability of the airway and long‐term success of the procedure. The sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap yields a pliable, durable tissue capable of airtight closure and a tension‐free suture line. This technique will make the closure of subglottic defects a much more practical task.
The Robot Masters: How Japan Has Won the Race to the Robotized Work Place
Authors: Shenkar Oded
Published: July 2010

In less than 20 years, Japan has become the undisputed world leader in the use of industrial robots. This article provides a number of explanations for the Japanese lead. These explanations include: (1) a favorable cultural disposition; (2) a limited threat to key workers (and the inability of others to organize); (3) sustained economic growth, labor demand, and capital availability; (4) an effective manufacturer‐user interface; (5) a suitable industrial structure; (6) superior information‐processing and long‐range planning; and (7) supportive government policies. A number of implications for Japan's competitors are outlined, ranging from industrial refocusing to improved management at the plant level and the reinforcement of the linkage between research activities and commercial exploitation.
The Effects of Extended Work on Multi‐Dimensional Judgments of a Manufacturing Process
Authors: Mahan Robert P.
Published: July 2010

The literature suggests that extended work periods are associated with performance decrements on a variety of analytical tasks such as, numeric manipulation, logical reasoning, and search and recognition. However, little empirical research has been conducted examining the effects of extended work regimes on inference tasks. The present study investigated the effects of an extended computerized work regime on inferential and analytical task performance. Statistically significant performance accuracy decrements on an inference task were observed, while no significant accuracy decrements on analytical task performance were found. These results are evaluated in the context of the time‐at‐work explanation for decrements found in extended performance research.
Two P300 generators in the hippocampal formation
Authors: Ludowig Eva , Bien Christian G. , Elger Christian E. , Rosburg Timm
Published: July 2010

The presentation of rare target stimuli results in P300 scalp event‐related potentials (ERPs). Generators of this ERP component were found in various brain areas, indicating that multiple cortical and subcortical areas subserve target detection. One of these structures is the mediotemporal lobe (MTL). In the hippocampus, large negative MTL‐P300 potentials are usually observed, whereas reports concerning the rhinal cortex and subiculum are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the topography of the mediotemporal P300. ERPs were recorded in epilepsy patients from multicontact depth electrodes, implanted along the longitudinal axis of MTL. Patients had to respond to rare visual target stimuli by a button press. ERP data from the nonfocal hemisphere of 53 patients were included in the analysis. Target detection resulted in large MTL‐P300 potentials in the hippocampus and subiculum. Their latencies did not differ. The hippocampal P300 amplitude increased linearly from anterior to posterior hippocampal body (HB). In contrast, an inverse gradient with larger mean amplitudes in anterior parts was observed for the subiculum. Our results indicate two separate generators of the MTL‐P300, one in the anterior subiculum and one in the posterior HB. Since latencies did not differ, a parallel activation via the entorhinal cortex might have initiated the simultaneous MTL‐P300. Hippocampus and subiculum are essential parts of the MTL‐memory system. Their function within target detection might be to maintain a template of previous stimuli for a comparison with incoming sensory stimuli. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
KCa2 channels transiently downregulated during spatial learning and memory in rats
Authors: Mpari Bedel , Sreng Leam , Manrique Christine , Mourre Christiane
Published: July 2010

Small‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa2) are essential components involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability, underlying learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests that KCa2 channel activity reduces synaptic transmission in a postsynaptic NMDA receptor‐dependent manner and is modulated by long‐term potentiation. We used radioactive in situ hybridization and apamin binding to investigate the amount of KCa2 subunit mRNA and KCa2 proteins in brain structures involved in learning and memory at different stages of a radial‐arm maze task in naive, pseudoconditioned, and conditioned rats. We observed significant differences in KCa2.2 and KCa2.3, but not KCa2.1 mRNA levels, between conditioned and pseudoconditioned rats. KCa2.2 levels were transiently reduced in the dorsal CA fields of the hippocampus, whereas KCa2.3 mRNA levels were reduced in the dorsal and ventral CA fields of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus in conditioned rats, during early stages of learning. Levels of apamin‐binding sites displayed a similar pattern to KCa2 mRNA levels during learning. Spatial learning performance was positively correlated with levels of apamin‐binding sites and KCa2.3 mRNA in the dorsal CA1 field and negatively correlated in the dorsal CA3 field. These findings suggest that KCa2 channels are transiently downregulated in the early stages of learning and that regulation of KCa2 channel levels is involved in the modification of neuronal substrates underlying new information acquisition. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of Cyclophilin D in learning and memory
Authors: Mouri Akihiro , Noda Yukihiro , Shimizu Shigeomi , Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: July 2010

Cyclophilin D (Cyp D) is implicated in cell death pathway and blockade of Cyp D could be a potent therapeutic strategy for degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, and multiple sclerosis, but physiological role of Cyp D remains elusive. Here, we investigated the ability of learning and memory in several behavioral tasks in mice that lacked Cyp D (Cyp D−/−) and the relationship between ability of learning and memory and hippocampal architecture or neuronal transmission in Cyp D−/− mice. Cyp D−/− mice showed impairments of short‐term memory in the Y‐maze, object recognition memory in the novel‐object recognition test, reference memory in the water maze test, and associative learning in the conditioned fear learning test. Hippocampal infusion of Cyclosporine A, which binds to Cyp D, replicated the defect in hippocampus‐dependent cognition observed in Cyp D−/− mice. The Cyp D−/− mice did not show histopathological abnormalities upon Nissl staining and GFAP immunostaining or irregular expression of neuronal and glial marker proteins on Western blotting. However, release of glutamate and acetylcholine was decreased from the hippocampus in response to high‐potassium treatment in the Cyp D−/− mice than in the wild‐type mice. These results suggest a physiological role for Cyp D in learning and memory via the regulation of neurotransmission. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opioid withdrawal for 4 days prevents synaptic depression induced by low dose of morphine or naloxone in rat hippocampal CA1 area in vivo
Authors: Dong Zhifang , Han Huili , Cao Jun , Xu Lin
Published: July 2010

The formation of memory is believed to depend on experience‐ or activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity, which is exquisitely sensitive to psychological stress since inescapable stress impairs long‐term potentiation (LTP) but facilitates long‐term depression (LTD). Our recent studies demonstrated that 4 days of opioid withdrawal enables maximal extents of both hippocampal LTP and drug‐reinforced behavior; while elevated‐platform stress enables these phenomena at 18 h of opioid withdrawal. Here, we examined the effects of low dose of morphine (0.5 mg kg−1, i.p.) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg kg−1, i.p.) on synaptic efficacy in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats. A form of synaptic depression was induced by low dose of morphine or naloxone in rats after 18 h but not 4 days of opioid withdrawal. This synaptic depression was dependent on both N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor and synaptic activity, similar to the hippocampal long‐term depression induced by low frequency stimulation. Elevated‐platform stress given 2 h before experiment prevented the synaptic depression at 18 h of opioid withdrawal; in contrast, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU38486 treatment (20 mg kg−1, s.c., twice per day for first 3 days of withdrawal), or a high dose of morphine reexposure (15 mg kg−1, s.c., 12 h before experiment), enabled the synaptic depression on 4 days of opioid withdrawal. This temporal shift of synaptic depression by stress or GR blockade supplements our previous findings of potentially correlated temporal shifts of LTP induction and drug‐reinforced behavior during opioid withdrawal. Our results therefore support the idea that stress experience during opioid withdrawal may modify hippocampal synaptic plasticity and play important roles in drug‐associated memory. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recruitment of hippocampal neurons to encode behavioral events in the rat: Alterations in cognitive demand and cannabinoid exposure
Authors: Goonawardena Anushka V. , Robinson Lianne , Riedel Gernot , Hampson Robert E.
Published: July 2010

Successful performance by rats of a delayed‐nonmatch‐to‐sample (DNMS) task is hippocampal dependent. We have shown that neurons in hippocampus differentially encode task‐relevant events. These responses are critical for correct DNMS performance and are diminished by exogenous cannabinoids. We therefore reasoned that hippocampal neural correlates of behavior are likely shaped during learning; however, to date, no work has examined these correlates during DNMS acquisition training. Consequently, the present study assessed the emergence of hippocampal neural encoding when (i) cognitive task demands were increased through prolongation of delay intervals between sample and nonmatch phase and (ii) when animals are under cannabinoid treatment and performance is compromised. Adult, male Long‐Evans rats were trained to perform the DNMS task without delay and then implanted with multielectrode recording arrays directed to CA3 and CA1 subfields of the hippocampus. Following recovery, single units were isolated and animals divided into two treatment groups: vehicle or WIN 55,212‐2 (WIN‐2, 0.35 mg/kg). Ensemble firing was monitored during retraining in DNMS task at 0 s, and subsequently delay intervals were progressively increased to 1–10 s, 11–20 s, and 21–30 s when animals met criterion (80% correct) at each respective interval. Hippocampal CA3 and CA1 principal cells were isolated and recorded throughout treatment. Extension of the delay led to an increase in the number of task‐correlated neurons in controls. This recruitment of novel cells was reduced/prevented in the presence of WIN‐2 and was paralleled by impairment in acquisition learning at longer delay intervals. Moreover, WIN‐2 suppressed hippocampal ensemble firing during the sample (encoding) but not nonmatch phase of the DNMS task across all delays. These cannabinoid‐induced alterations in hippocampal neuronal activity may explain the observed deficits in DNMS performance. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infusions of allopregnanolone into the hippocampus and amygdala, but not into the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex, produce antidepressant effects on the learned helplessness rats
Authors: Shirayama Yukihiko , Muneoka Katsumasa , Fukumoto Makoto , Tadokoro Shigenori , Fukami Goro , Hashimoto Kenji , Iyo Masaomi
Published: July 2010

Patients with depression showed a decrease in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid allopregnanolone (ALLO). But antidepressants increased the contents of ALLO in the rat brain. We examined the antidepressant‐like effects of infusion of ALLO into the cerebral ventricle, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, or prefrontal cortex of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression). Of these regions, infusions of ALLO into the cerebral ventricle, the CA3 region of hippocampus, or the central region of amygdala exerted antidepressant‐like effects. Infusion of ALLO into the hippocampal CA3 region or the central amygdala did not produce memory deficits or locomotor activation in the passive avoidance and open field tests. It is well documented that ALLO exerts its effects through GABA receptors. Therefore, we examined the antagonistic effects of flumazenil (a GABA receptor antagonist) on the antidepressant‐like effects of ALLO. Coinfusion of flumazenil with ALLO into the hippocampal CA3 region, but not into the central amygdala, blocked the antidepressant‐like effects of ALLO. However, coinfusion of (+)MK801 (an NMDA receptor antagonist), but not cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor), blocked the antidepressant‐like effects of ALLO in the central amygdala. These results suggest that ALLO exerts antidepressant‐like effects in the CA3 region of hippocampus through the GABA system and in the central region of amygdala, dependently on the activation of the glutamatergic mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septohippocampal pathways contribute to system consolidation of a spatial memory: Sequential implication of gabaergic and cholinergic neurons
Authors: Lecourtier Lucas , de Vasconcelos Anne Pereira , Leroux Elise , Cosquer Brigitte , Geiger Karin , Lithfous Ségolène , Cassel Jean‐Christophe
Published: July 2010

Studies of the neuropharmacological substrates of spatial memory formation have focused on the contribution of septohippocampal pathways. Although these pathways include, among others, cholinergic and GABAergic fibers innervating the hippocampus, research has essentially been oriented towards the role of their cholinergic component. Recently, a few studies investigated the role of GABAergic septohippocampal projections. These only focused on almost immediate or recent memory and yielded discrepant results. GABAergic lesions impaired learning or had no effects. Given the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation and the potential modulatory influence of the septum on hippocampal function, it is relevant to study the role of the septohippocampal interface in memory stabilization. We performed investigations with relatively selective lesions of GABAergic (using oxerin‐saporin) or/and cholinergic (using 192 IgG‐saporin) medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MS/vDBB) neurons in rats, and assessed acquisition of a spatial memory and its subsequent recall in the water maze. Following a 6‐day training phase during which all groups improved performance to comparable levels, retention was tested 1, 5, or 25 days later. At the 1‐day delay, all groups performed above chance and did not differ significantly among each other. At the 5‐day delay, only rats with GABAergic or combined lesions exhibited a retention deficit. At the 25‐day delay, all three lesion groups performed at chance level; in these groups, performance was significantly lower than that found in sham‐operated rats. Immunochemical and histochemical verifications of the lesion extent/selectivity showed extensive GABAergic damage after intraseptal orexin‐saporin infusions or cholinergic damage after 192 IgG‐saporin infusions, with relatively limited damage to the other neurotransmitter system. Our data show that GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons both contribute to memory stabilization, and could do so in a sequential way: GABAergic processes could be engaged at an earlier stage than cholinergic ones during system consolidation of a spatial memory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monoclonal antibody studies in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and allied disorders
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Wilkes Barbara M.
Published: July 2010

Lymphocytes from 48 patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) and allied disorders were examined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and conventional surface marker techniques. Surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and 1a‐like antigen were regularly present on B‐CLL cells. In addition, 24 of 32 specimens reacted with OKT1, a monoclonal antibody which detects both peripheral and thymic T cells, but reactivity was not observed with anti‐T‐cell monoclonal antibodies of more restricted specificity (OKT3, OKT4, OKT6, OKT8 or OKT11). Eighteen of 20 samples in which only SIgM was detected were OKT1 –positive, while all 4 with only SIgG were OKT1—negative. Cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia were unreactive with OKT1, but resembled B‐CLL lymphocytes in the presence of clonal SIg and 1a‐like antigen. Neoplastic plasma cells lacked 1a‐like antigen and frequently SIg (2 of 5), but cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was present, cells reacted with OKT 10 (replicating lymphoid cells) and 2 of 5 with OKT9 (transferrin receptor) as well. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma samples were reactive with the anti‐T‐cell monoclonal antibodies OKT1, OKT3 and OKT4 even when the sheep cell receptor could not be detected. Monoclonal antibodies can provide more certain diagnosis and superior resolution of cell lineage in these disorders than is possible by morphology alone.
Primary pulmonary malignant lymphoma, clinical and pathological findings, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies in 15 cases
Authors: Le Tourneau A. , Audouin J. , Capron F. , Servais B. , Diebold J. , Garbe L. , Monges G. , Payan H.
Published: July 2010

Fifteen cases of primary pulmonary malignant lymphoma (M.L.) were studied using strict criteria to distinguish them from secondary pulmonary manifestations. All were M.L.'s of the lymphoid B type. Diagnosis on the basis of non specific clinical, X‐ray and endoscopic findings is often difficult but can be facilitated by the systematic use of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Their evolution is in good agreement with the prognostic data given by the Kiel‐Lennert histopathological classification. 14 of the patients had M.L. of low grade malignancy; the one case of high grade malignancy was quickly fatal. A few cases appeared as a complication of a preexisting dysimmune disease (Pigeon breeder's disease, Gougerot‐Sjogren disease, Liebow's lymphomatoid granulomatosis).
Characterization of the expression of cellular retrovirus genes and oncogenes in feline cells
Authors: Busch Michael P. , Devi B. Gayathri , Soe Lisa Hokama , Roy‐Burman Pradip , Perbal Bernard , Marcel A , Baluda
Published: July 2010

Expression of endogenous retrovirus genes and two different cellular oncogenes (c‐onc genes) was examined at the transcriptional level in a variety of normal and lymphoma/leukemia tissues of the domestic cat. The two oncogenes, c‐myb(related to avian myeloblastosis virus) and c‐myc(related to avian myelocytomatosis virus) were selected for their association with the induction of hematopoietic malignancies, when present in the transforming retroviruses. Tissue‐specific expression of endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV)‐related genes was detected in cellular subpopulations of the cat placenta by in situ method of hybridization. Gel blotting analysis of placental poly(A)‐selected RNA revealed that the FeLV‐related RNA species were primarily subgenomic, representing the env gene region of the endogenous provirus elements. Like the endogenous retrovirus genes, c‐myb and c‐myc loci of the cat genomic DNA were also transcribed at differential levels in normal tissues of the cat. Dot‐blot hybridization analysis showed that the expression of these two oncogenes was linked to growth and development as it varied with the gestational age of the fetus and from fetal to adult tissues. Among the major hematopoietic organs, spleen and bone marrow contained both c‐myb and c‐myc transcripts, while thymus preferentially expressed the c‐myb gene. In contrast to the low level of c‐myc expression in fetal thymus tissues, enhanced c‐myc expression was detected in all five thymomas tested and also in several other neoplasms including two granulocytic leukemias. The feline c‐myb gene was not very active in granulocytic leukemias or in three of the five thymomas. RNA gel blotting analysis of poly(A)‐selected RNA of a thymoma and its lymph node metastasis showed identical pattern of c‐myc transcripts.
Hodgkin's cell lines: Characteristics and possible pathogenetic implications
Authors: Diehl V. , Burrichter H. , Schaadt M. , Kirchner H. H. , Fonatsch CHR. , Stein H. , Gerdes J. , Heit W. , Ziegler A.
Published: July 2010

In the last four years we established five long term cultures from tumor material of Hodgkin's disease. The in vitro cells have malignant characteristics and represent the in vivo H‐ and SR‐cells. Common immunological, functional and morphological assays did not characterize the in vitro cells to be a known cell type of lymphoid, myeloid or monocytoid tissue. The in vitro Hodgkin cells are biologically active by producing factors involved in regulation and promotion of immunological response and granulopoiesis.

The relevance of the findings for pathogenesis and clinical appearance of Hodgkin's disease is discussed.
Treatment of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma with chemoradiotherapy and allogenic marrow transplantation
Authors: Appelbaum F. R. , Thomas E. D. , Buckner C. D. , Clift R. A. , Deeg H. J. , Fefer A. , Neiman P. E. , Sanders J. , Stewart P. , Storb R. , Sullivan K.
Published: July 2010

Twenty patients with disseminated non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma who failed conventional combination chemotherapy were treated with high‐dose chemoradiotherapy and marrow transplantation from an HLA‐identical sibling. Four patients remain alive in complete remission from 153 to 784 days after transplant. The reason for failure in eight cases was persistence or relapse of lymphoma. In the other eight cases, death was due to a complication of the transplant procedure including interstitial pneumonia, veno‐occlusive disease of the liver, graft‐versus‐host disease, or infection. These results appear similar to those previously observed in patients with acute leukemia in relapse in that a small but significant proportion of patients with otherwise end‐stage disease may achieve prolonged complete remission after intensive chemoradiotherapy and allogeneic marrow transplantation.
Retroviruses in human leukemia
Authors: Blayney Douglas W. , Blattner William A. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Gallo Robert C.
Published: July 2010

After decades of work, a retrovirus of true human origin has been isolated first from a U.S. adult case of T‐cell lymphoma and then from cases from various regions of the world. This virus, named HTLV‐I, is strongly associated with a malignant leukemia‐lymphoma of mature T‐cells. This disease was first clinically characterized in Japan but subsequently found to cluster in the Caribbean region, areas of the U.S. and in other countries. This retrovirus‐associated malignancy has an adult onset and usually a rapidly fatal course. Lymphadenopathy, hepatosphenomegally, cutaneous infiltration and hypercalcemia are found. HTLV‐I has been characterized in detail and shown to be an exogenous retrovirus.

HTLV‐I infection is detected in normal populations and is endemic in restricted areas of Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and the U.S. Cases of ATL tend to cluster in these areas. Future studies will focus on learning (1) how HTLV‐I is transmitted from individual to individual; (2) the nature of the mechanism by which HTLV‐I transforms T‐cells; (3) whether we can use probes from HTLV‐I to detect other (related) retroviruses in other human neoplasms.
Prognostic factors in patients with subdiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Mauch Peter , Greenberg Harvey , Lewin Alan , Cassady J. Robert , Weichselbaum Ralph , Hellman Samuel
Published: July 2010

Between April 1969 and December 1980, 329 patients with pathologically staged IA‐IIB Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Twenty‐five (7.6 per cent) of these patients presented with inguinal‐femoral or superficial iliac adenopathy and had disease limited to below the diaphragm. In addition 11 patients presented with intra‐abdominal masses and Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed on laparotomy. The median age, histologic subtypes, and actuarial relapse free and overall survival of patients with peripheral adenopathy limited to below the diaphragm were similar to patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. Patients with disease limited to the pelvic or inguinal‐femoral nodes were treated with pelvic and para‐aortic irradiation alone. Staging laparotomy identified those patients with para‐aortic or splenic involvement and these patients were treated with total nodal irradiation or combined modality treatment. The small group of patients who presented with intra‐abdominal disease without peripheral adenopathy was older, had a predominance of lymphocyte depleted histology, and had a worse prognosis than the other patients described.
Cytogenetic studies in patients with hairy cell leukemia
Authors: Ueshima Yoshimi , Alimena Giuliana , Rowley Janet D. , Golomb Harvey M.
Published: July 2010

We performed cytogenetic studies on 58 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) from 1975 to 1981. Analysable metaphase cells stained with Q‐banding were obtained in 77 samples from 44 patients. Cells with abnormal chromosomes were found in both unstimulated and stimulated cultures of bone marrow and peripheral blood. Patients were classified in 6 groups. Group I, 2 patients with a clonal chromosome abnormality; group II, 13 patients with nonclonal structural abnormalities; group III, 5 patients with nonclonal numerical abnormalities; group IV, 19 patients with only a normal karyotype; group V, 15 patients with no or with fewer than 5 normal metaphase cells; group VI, 4 patients with questionable abnormal chromosomes. Common abnormalities were deletion of the long arm of No. 6 or +3 each in 3 patients, and +Y, +12 or +18 in 2 patients. Actuarial survival for each group was calculated from diagnosis and also from chromosome examination. The two patients with a clonal chromosome abnormality died within one year. Eight of 13 patients with nonclonal structural abnormalities died within 5 years after diagnosis, while none of 5 patients with nonclonal numerical abnormalities and 2 of 19 patients with normal chromosomes died within 5 years. The difference in the 5‐year actuarial survival between patients with nonclonal abnormalities (groups II and III) and those with a normal karyotype was significant (p<0.05). The difference was more marked between patients with nonclonal structural abnormalities and those with a normal karyotype (p<0.01). Patients with nonclonal numerical abnormalities had a longer survival than those patients with nonclonal structural abnormalities (p<0.05). Thus, structural chromosome abnormalities in HCL may be a poor prognostic sign even when they are not clonal.
Long lasting lymphadenopathy in childhood as an expression of a severe hyperimmune B lymphocyte disorder
Authors: Nezelof C. , Virelizier J. L.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of the 6 cases reported here and scattered published cases, the existence of a childhood chronic immunoblastic lymphadenopathy syndrome is proposed. It is characterized by the following features:

A systemic immunoblastic proliferation with varying degrees of maturation resembling the B lymphocyte hyperimmune disorder observed in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy but with no deposits of interstitial amorphous material or vascular proliferation.

Disseminated superficial and deep lymphadenopathy.

Chronic, pronounced splenomegaly.

A constant thrombocytopenia.

A polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, with markedly elevated antibody titers to various agents. An early onset and a course of several years (up to 20), interrupted in half the cases by the occurrence of a virus‐associated (EBV, Papova) neoplastic process or a fatal viral infection.

Low natural killer (NK) cell activity in 2 cases.
Chromosome studies in stimulated lymphocytes of B‐Cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias
Authors: Sadamori Naoki , Han Tin , Minowada Jun , Cohen Elias , Sandberg Avery A.
Published: July 2010

Using a sister chromatid differentiation technique, cell cycle study of stimulated lymphocytes of B‐Cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) revealed their cell cycle progression to be similar to that of normal lymphocytes stimulated by T‐cell and various polyclonal B‐cell activators (PBA). The chromosome constitutions of stimulated lymphocytes in 62 patients with B‐CLL were examined using PBA such as Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and lipopolysaccharide W from E. coli 055:B5 (LPS). Of the 20 patients with abnormal clones, 11 patients had trisomy 12; other less common abnormalities were trisomy 1, 6q‐, i(7q), 14q+, trisomy 16, trisomy 18, reciprocal translocations, and marker chromosomes of unknown origin. These findings indicate that trisomy 12 may be a unique and common karyotypic change in B‐CLL. The fact that 3 out of 4 patients with marker chromosomes showed stage IV disease may indicate that a clone with a marker is a predictor of an unfavourable prognosis. The near correlation between trisomy 12 and K chains existed (0.05<p<0.10). Trisomy 12 was seen in all 5 patients with monoclonal paraprotein.
New perspectives in managing myeloproliferative disorders: focus on the patient
Authors: Birgegård Gunnar
Published: July 2010

Risk stratification is the basis for treatment decisions in the chronic myeloproliferative disorders, and in addition to the three established risk factors of previous thrombosis, age and platelets >1500 × 109, cardiovascular risk factors should be addressed. In addition, premorbidity with regard to possible side effects of platelet‐reducing drugs as well as the impact on quality of life of such side effects should be considered. The near‐to‐normal life expectancy and long term nature of treatment also makes it necessary to consider the potential leukaemogenic effects of some cytostatic drugs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical assistance for health in non‐conflict fragile states: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gruber Janet
Published: July 2010

The paper examines how best technical assistance (TA) for health might be implemented in post‐conflict fragile states. It does so in the light of current development trends such as harmonization and alignment and moves towards aid instruments that favour country‐led approaches. A number of key issues are addressed. The first of these considers which core principles for ethical TA might apply in post‐conflict fragile states; the second reviews thematic challenges, such as the need to balance ‘good enough governance’ with effective attention to equity, rights and working with local health capacity. A third area for discussion is how best to plan for, and implement, long‐term health TA inputs in often volatile and insecure environments, while a fourth topic is the engagement of civil society in rebuilding health systems and service delivery post‐conflict. Attention to gender issues in post‐conflict fragile states, including the importance of acknowledging and acting upon women's roles in peacekeeping and maintenance, the necessity to apply and sustain more gender equitable approaches to health in such contexts and how TA might facilitate such participation, represents the fifth issue for debate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling up beyond ‘pills and skills’: preventing parent‐to‐child HIV/AIDS transmission and the public/private divide in southern India
Authors: Towle Megan S.
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that current HIV/AIDS intervention models in southern India—in particular, those targeting the prevention of parent‐to‐child transmission (PPTCT)—underutilize the private sector and thereby compromise an efficient integration of HIV/AIDS humanitarian responses into India's health development system. While PPTCT is a critical strategy for curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic—particularly in countries like India, where prevalence rates among young women are escalating—the cascade of prepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum PPTCT interventions are often difficult for women and spouses to access as a result of socio‐cultural, structural and economic obstacles. Recognizing the complex ecologies within which PPTCT interventions must take place, qualitative analysis focussed on current PPTCT gaps in southern India and how healthcare providers and policymakers are moving to scale‐up PPTCT by integrating into maternal, child and reproductive health services. Fieldwork highlighted a particularly stark gap in PPTCT delivery—the divide in scale‐up efforts between public facilities and the private sector, which provides over 50% of national antenatal services. The private sector often serves as women's first point of healthcare contact, as they will avoid reputably poor‐quality public facilities; vulnerable groups (e.g. rural and urban poor, tribal communities) are also seeking out subsidized private care, notably in faith‐based facilities. Recognizing the need to revise the current humanitarian and health response, this paper details initial efforts to integrate into private care, with aim to present practitioners' successes, challenges and good practices for use in cross learning and a foundation for future research. This paper's analysis makes recommendations for key PPTCT providers and emphasizes the need to: (a) saturate PPTCT services in the private sector, and (b) strengthen mechanisms for integrating PPTCT across sector (private, public, and civil society) and decentralizing deeper into rural India to access vulnerable women, infants and spouses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on the characteristics of ethanol evaporation and its diffusion flame under the effect of DC field
Authors: Gan Yunhua , Dong Juefei , Yang Zeliang
Published: July 2010

Smaller scale and higher energy density power sources have received increasing interest in last few years. A photographic method was adopted to study the characteristics of ethanol evaporation and its diffusion flame under the effect of a DC field in present study. A transparent quartz glass tube with an inner diameter of 1.8 mm and an outer diameter of 3 mm was used as a burner. A laminar diffusion flame was established on top of the vertical burner, and a DC field was imposed on the flame along the jet direction. Test conditions involved fuel mass flow rates of 1.0 to 2.2 ml/h, and electric field voltages of 0 to 10 kV. The extremely small ethanol flow rates were accurately controlled by a syringe pump. The flame shapes and the dynamic ethanol vapor–liquid interface were visually observed using a high speed CCD camera. It was found from the experiments that the extent of ethanol evaporation and the diffusion flame shape both change with the mass flow rates of ethanol. The direction and intensity of the DC field have a great impact on the extent of evaporation, flame structure, and soot emission. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20283
Thermal analysis on the cooling performance of a porous evaporative plate for building
Authors: Chen Wei , Liu Wei
Published: July 2010

In this paper, a wet porous cooling plate has been used for a building wall. Cooling can be achieved due to the evaporation in the porous layer. A mathematical model on the heat and mass transfer in the unsaturated porous media is developed to analyze the influences of ambient conditions and the porous layer thickness on the cooling performance of the porous evaporative plate. With a decrease in ambient relative humidity and an increase in ambient temperature, more cooling of the porous evaporative plate can be supplied for the inside of the room. The heat exchange between the inside surface of the porous plate and the air in the room should be intensified to achieve a higher cooling efficiency of the porous plate. The ambient wind speed and the thickness of the porous plate also have significant influence on the average temperature of the porous plate. All these results should be taken into account for the utilization of the porous evaporative cooling plate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20284