bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy, predictability and prognostic implications of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy for parotid gland tumours: A retrospective case series
Authors: Boldes Tomer , Hilly Ohad , Alkan Uri , Shkedy Yotam , Morgenstern Sara , Shpitzer Thomas , Bachar Gideon , Mizrachi Aviram
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate the precision and utility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in differentiating between benign and malignant parotid tumours, and the implications of FNA results on management and outcomes.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Setting

Tertiary medical centre.

Participants

All adults who underwent preoperative FNA, followed by postoperative histological examination, between 1986 and 2014.

Main outcome measures

Differences in clinical management and outcomes of patients with parotid masses in light of FNA results.

Results

We analysed 505 samples from 485 patients. According to histopathological results, preoperative FNA successfully identified benign tumours in 89% of the cases (362/405) and only 59% of malignant tumours (59/100). Overall sensitivity and specificity of FNA in distinguishing between different subtypes of benign lesions were 80% and 99%, respectively, whereas positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 85% and 98%. Moreover, malignant lesions subtyping had high false‐positive and false‐negative rates with sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 44%, 100%, 75% and 99%, respectively. Additionally, when FNA falsely classified malignant tumours as benign, surgeries were inappropriately delayed and the durations of surgeries and hospitalisations were shorter, compared to true malignant FNA results. Interestingly, survival was not affected in falsely benign lesions that were mostly low‐grade, conversely non‐diagnostic FNA for malignant tumours resulted in decreased survival.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the limitations of FNA as a decision‐making tool in preoperative evaluation of parotid masses. Clinicians should take into account that FNA is inaccurate for identifying specific subtypes of malignant lesions, which may eventually delay treatment and influence outcome.
Cutaneous foreign body microemboli‐induced occlusive vasculopathy: A complication of illicit intravenous injection of oral opioid tablets
Authors: Vu Marie , Wisell Joshua , Wohltmann Wendi
Published: May 2021

Occlusive nonvasculitic vasculopathy is a process characterized clinically by retiform purpura and potential ulceration and necrosis of affected areas, secondary to blockage of small vessels without associated inflammatory vasculitis. Intravascular injection of foreign material is known to cause distal ischemia and necrosis due to thrombosis, local vasoconstriction, or microemboli formation. A 27‐year‐old male presented with retiform purpura and worsening distal fingertip necrosis of the right upper extremity accompanied by suspicious intravascular polarizable foreign material identified on skin, muscle, and vascular biopsies. We report a case that highlights concerning complications and dermatopathologic findings of intravascular injection of oral opioid tablets.
Has beverage composition of alcohol consumption in Sweden changed over time? An age‐period‐cohort analysis
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Seitz Nicki‐Nils , Loy Johanna Katharina , Trolldal Björn , Törrönen Jukka
Published: May 2021

Introduction

In recent years, beverage composition of total alcohol consumption has changed substantially in Sweden. As beverage choice is strongly associated with drinking practices, our paper aims to analyse trends in beverage composition of alcohol consumption by age, period and cohort.

Methods

Age‐period‐cohort (APC) analysis was conducted using monthly data from the Swedish Alcohol Monitoring Survey (2003–2018). The sample consisted of n = 260 633 respondents aged 16–80 years. APC analysis was conducted on drinkers only (n = 193 954; 96 211 males, 97 743 females). Beverage composition was defined as the beverage‐specific proportion of total intake in litre ethanol. Fractional multinomial logit regression was applied to estimate the independent effects of age, period and cohort on trends in beverage composition.

Results

Regression models revealed statistically significant effects of age on all beverages except for medium‐strength beer and spirits in males. Controlling for age and cohort, decreasing trends were found over time for medium‐strength beer and spirits. The proportion of regular beer increased statistically significantly in males and the proportion of wine in females, whereas the trends for the opposite sex remained stable in each case. Predictions for cohorts showed statistically significant decreasing trends for medium‐strength beer in males, lower proportions for regular beer and higher proportions for spirits in the youngest cohorts.

Discussion and Conclusions

The increasing proportion of wine drinking, which is associated with less risky drinking practices, may decrease alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality. Increasing proportions of spirits in the youngest cohorts raises concerns of a possible revival in spirits consumption among the youngest.
Moisture‐associated skin damage (MASD): A best practice recommendation from Wund‐D.A.CH.
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Assenheimer Bernd , Gerber Veronika , Hintner Marianne , Puntigam Magareta Jukic , Kolbig Norbert , Koller Sonja , Kurz Peter , Läuchli Severin , Probst Sebastian , Protz Kerstin , Steiniger Alfred , Strohal Robert , Traber Jürg , Kottner Jan
Published: May 2021

Wund‐D.A.CH., as the umbrella organization of German‐speaking wound treatment societies, has currently developed a best practice recommendation for skin damage caused by body fluids, which is known as moisture‐associated skin damage (MASD) in English‐speaking countries. In this expert consensus, the diseases incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD), intertriginous dermatitis, including intertrigo, gram‐negative bacterial toe web infection and toxic contact dermatitis, including periwound and peristomal dermatitis are presented in a differentiated manner. A common feature of these clinical diseases is a deterioration of skin integrity due to prolonged exposure to body fluids such as urine, stool, sweat or wound exudate with associated physical‐irritative and/or chemical irritation. In addition, other comorbidities and cofactors play an important role.

The diagnosis of these interdisciplinary and interprofessionally relevant MASD is difficult in everyday clinical practice because there are currently no uniform definitions and many relevant differential diagnoses. Effective strategies for the prevention and therapy of these skin diseases are, for example, continence management, use of efficient, absorbent aids with good retention as well as consistent skin protection and adequate skin care. Another important aspect is the education of patients and relatives about the origin, treatment and prevention of MASD.
Ethical heuristics for pandemic allocation of ventilators across hospitals
Authors: Palacios‐González César , Pugh Jonathan , Wilkinson Dominic , Savulescu Julian
Published: May 2021

In response to the COVID‐19 pandemic philosophers and governments have proposed scarce resource allocation guidelines. Their purpose is to advise healthcare professionals on how to ethically allocate scarce medical resources. One challenging feature of the pandemic has been the large numbers of patients needing mechanical ventilatory support. Guidelines have paradigmatically focused on the question of what doctors should do if they have fewer ventilators than patients who need respiratory support: which patient should get the ventilator? There is, however, an important higher level allocation problem. Namely, how are we to ethically distribute newly obtained ventilators across hospitals: which hospital should get the ventilator(s)? In this paper, we identify a set of principles for allocating newly obtained ventilators across hospitals. We focus particularly on low and middle income countries, who frequently have limited pre‐existing intensive care capacity, and have needed to source additional ventilators. We first provide some background. Second, we argue that the main population healthcare aim during the COVID‐19 pandemic should be to save the most lives. Next, we assess a series of potential heuristics or principles that could be used to guide allocation: allocation to the most densely populated cities, random allocation, allocation based on the ratio of patients to ICU personnel, prioritisation in terms of intrahospital mortality, prioritisation of younger populations, and prioritisation in terms of population mortality. We conclude by providing a plausible ranking of the principles, while noting a number of epistemological challenges, in terms of how they best further the aim of increasing the probability of saving the most lives.
Intrapericardial solitary fibrous tumor: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Sheikhy Ali , Fallahzadeh Aida , Ahmadi‐Tafti Seyed Hossein , Hosseini Kaveh , Mohseni‐Badalabadi Reza , Shahbazi Narges , Ghorashi Seyyed Mojtaba , Tajdini Masih
Published: May 2021

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm mostly originates from pleura, but rarely from other parts of the body including pericardium. We report a case of a 44‐year‐old woman with dyspnea and intermittent edema in whom a large intrapericardial mass was discovered by echocardiography. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a focal pericardial calcification in right AV grove with pressure on right ventricle and right atrial, with no connection to cardiac chambers. Histopathological findings after complete resection of the mass revealed fibroconnective tissue with heavy calcification and no evidence of inflammation or malignancy. We reviewed the literature on pericardial solitary fibrous tumors up to 2020.
Climatic and edaphic characteristics constrain the distribution of the quarantine pestAnastrepha grandis
Authors: Mesquita Filho Walter , de Souza‐Filho Miguel Francisco , Raga Adalton , de Oliveira André Stocco , de Almeida Aparecida Marques , Garcia Maria José De Marchi , de Azevedo‐Filho Joaquim Adelino , Pereira Marcelo Francisco Arantes , Montes Sônia Maria Nalesso Marangoni , Michelotto Marcos Doniseti , Garcia Adriano Gomes , Godoy Wesley Augusto Conde , Zucchi Roberto Antonio
Published: May 2021

The South American cucurbit fruit fly,Anastrepha grandis(Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cucurbits and is classified as a quarantine species in many countries. In Brazil,A. grandishas a limited distribution; it is absent from northern and northeastern Brazil and distributed discontinuously in other parts of the country. To indirectly evaluate the influence of climatic and edaphic variables on the occurrence ofA. grandis, we used data based on 4 years of cucurbit fruit collections from all mesoregions of the state of São Paulo. Our results show evidence thatA. grandisis constrained by a minimum air temperature above 12 °C, low (<20 °C) and high (>29 °C) maximum air temperature, and by low rainfall and relative humidity, occurring at altitudes from 520 to 780 m. More importantly,A. grandiswas not collected in central to western São Paulo, where sandy soil and low soil water availability predominate and the climate is hot and dry. Our findings suggest that soil texture and moisture may be limiting factors for pupal survivorship ofA. grandis, and consequently edaphic characteristics should be taken into account in studies on its geographical distribution. Based on our results, central to western São Paulo state can potentially be classified as an area of low pest prevalence. Moreover, in countries where cucurbit species are cultivated in such conditions, it is not likely thatA. grandiscould become established.
Cannabis use, self‐perceived risk, perceived peer approval and parental attitudes among youth at clinical high‐risk for psychosis
Authors: Ristanovic Ivanka , Damme Katherine S. F. , DeVylder Jordan E. , Schiffman Jason , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: May 2021

Aim

Cannabis use is associated with greater likelihood of psychosis. The relationship between attitudes about cannabis and use has not been examined in youth at clinical high‐risk (CHR) for psychosis. Additionally, the shifting legal landscape can provide a valuable context for evaluating use and related attitudes.

Methods

This study included 174 participants (44 CHR, 43 healthy control [HC] youth‐parent dyads). Youth completed measures of self‐reported cannabis use confirmed with a urinalysis, self‐perceived risk and perceived peer attitudes. Parents reported attitudes about youth use. Legalization occurred halfway during a 5‐year study in Colorado, providing an opportunity to cross‐sectionally examine its role in use and attitudes.

Results

Frequency of youth reporting cannabis use was significantly higher in CHR (69%) than control group (30%). Use in CHR group was associated with higher perceived peer approval (r = .57), increased parental permissiveness (r = .28) and lower self‐perceived risk (r = −.26). Comparing samples participating pre and post‐legalization, use remained stable within each group. Group differences in parental permissiveness shifted; trend toward decrease in permissiveness in CHR group (η2partial = .07) and a significant increase in HCs (η2partial = .16) were observed. Post‐legalization, use in CHR group correlated with higher perceived peer approval (r = .64), lower self‐perceived risk (r = −.51) and higher parental permissiveness (r = .35, trend).

Conclusions

Taken together, results indicate a relationship between self and peer/parental attitudes about cannabis and use in youth at CHR for psychosis. These factors are important to consider within the legalization context given the changes in parental attitudes and a stronger association between use and attitudes in this group post‐legalization.
Dose intensity and treatment duration of bortezomib in transplant‐ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Ibarra Gladys , Peña Marta , Abril Laura , Senín Alicia , Maluquer Clara , Clapés Victoria , Baca Cristina , Bustamante Gabriela , Sureda Anna , Oriol Albert
Published: May 2021

Background

Bortezomib‐related peripheral neuropathy (PN) affects a relevant proportion of multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with melphalan, prednisone, and bortezomib (VMP). Empirical dose modifications have attempted to reduce toxicity without compromising efficacy.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively evaluated the dose‐response and dose‐toxicity relationships in 114 unselected untreated MM patients intended for treatment with VMP with subcutaneous bortezomib.

Results

Sixty‐two patients (54%) completed the 9 scheduled cycles. Median treatment duration was 48 weeks (range 1‐57), cumulative bortezomib dose was 41.8 mg/m2 (2.6‐67.6) and median dose intensity was 1.0 mg/m2/wk (0.2‐2.6). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the full cohort were 86 weeks (95%CI 77‐104) and 209 weeks (95% CI 157‐259) respectively. Patients who progressed <60 days after discontinuing bortezomib had received a significantly inferior mean cumulative dose, 34.6 mg/m2 than the remaining individuals, 45.5 (P = .023). PFS was significantly improved for patients achieving a very good partial response (VGPR) or better (P = .00007). Additional variables with a prognostic impact on PFS on univariate analysis included completion of the 9 scheduled cycles (P = .00002), patients with at least 50 weeks of treatment (P = .02) and patients receiving a cumulative dose of at least 49 mg/m2 (P = .05). Achievement of a VGPR (HR 0.23; 95%CI 0.12‐0.46; P = .00002) and a cumulative dose of 49 mg/m2 (HR 0.46, 95%CI 0.27‐0.78; P = .003) were statistically independent prognostic factors for PFS. Toxicity‐related treatment dose reductions occurred in 75 individuals (66%). PN was observed in 50 individuals (44.6%), grade 3 in 9 (8%). The only prognostic factor for emergence of PN in multivariate analysis was the presence of baseline PN.

Conclusions

Biweekly full‐dose treatment in the first cycles has a major impact in depth of response. Depth of response, cumulative bortezomib dose, and treatment duration had an impact in prolongation of PFS.
GABAA receptor β1‐subunit knock‐out mice show increased delta power in NREM sleep and decreased theta power in REM sleep
Authors: Lie Maria Elena Klibo , Falk‐Petersen Christina Birkedahl , Piilgaard Louise , Griem‐Krey Nane , Wellendorph Petrine , Kornum Birgitte Rahbek
Published: May 2021

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting through heteropentameric GABAA receptors plays a pivotal role in the sleep‐promoting circuitry. Whereas the role of the different GABAA receptor α‐subunits in sleep regulation and in mediating the effect of benzodiazepines for treatment of insomnia is well‐described, the β‐subunits are less studied. Here we report the first study characterizing sleep in mice lacking the GABAA receptor β1‐subunit (β1−/− mice). We show that β1−/− mice have a distinct and abnormal sleep phenotype characterized by increased delta power in non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and decreased theta activity in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared to β1+/+ mice, without any change in the overall sleep‐wake architecture. From GABAA receptor‐specific autoradiography, it is further demonstrated that functional β1‐subunit‐containing GABAA receptors display the highest binding levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. In conclusion, this study suggests that the GABAA receptor β1‐subunit does not play an important role in sleep initiation or maintenance but instead regulates the power spectrum and especially the expression of theta rhythm. This provides new knowledge on the complex role of GABAA receptor subunits in sleep regulation. In addition, β1−/− mice could provide a useful mouse model for future studies of the physiological role of delta and theta rhythms during sleep.
A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest
Authors: Lindahl Björn D. , Kyaschenko Julia , Varenius Kerstin , Clemmensen Karina E. , Dahlberg Anders , Karltun Erik , Stendahl Johan
Published: May 2021

Boreal forest soils are important global carbon sinks, with significant storage in the organic topsoil. Decomposition of these stocks requires oxidative enzymes, uniquely produced by fungi. Across Swedish boreal forests, we found that local carbon storage in the organic topsoil was 33% lower in the presence of a group of closely related species of ectomycorrhizal fungi – Cortinarius acutus s.l.. This observation challenges the prevailing view that ectomycorrhizal fungi generally act to increase carbon storage in soils but supports the idea that certain ectomycorrhizal fungi can complement free‐living decomposers, maintaining organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling and tree productivity under nutrient‐poor conditions. The indication that a narrow group of fungi may exert a major influence on carbon cycling questions the prevailing dogma of functional redundancy among microbial decomposers. Cortinarius acutus s.l. responds negatively to stand‐replacing disturbance, and associated population declines are likely to increase soil carbon sequestration while impeding long‐term nutrient cycling.
Effect of dental malocclusion on cerebellar neuron activation via the dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus
Authors: Shi Minghong , Liu Xin , Zhang Chunkui , Zhang Hongyun , Liu Qian , Wang Dongmei , Liu Xiaodong , Li Jinlian , Wang Meiqing
Published: May 2021

Occlusion has been proposed to play a role for body posture and balance, both of which are mediated mainly by the cerebellum. The dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm) has direct projection to the cerebellum. The experimental unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) has an impact on the motor nuclei in the brain stem via trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme). The current aim was to explore whether UAC has an impact on Vpdm‐cerebellum circuit. The inferior alveolar nerve was injected into cholera toxin B subunit (CTb), the cerebellum was injected into fluoro‐gold (FG), and the Vpdm was injected into biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to identify the activation of Vpdm‐cerebellum circuit by UAC. Data indicated that there were more neuronal nuclei (NeuN)/CTb/FG triple‐labelled neurons and NeuN/CTb/vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGLUT1) triple‐labelled neurons in the Vpdm, and more NeuN/BDA/ VGLUT1 triple‐labelled neurons in the cerebellum of rats with UAC than in control rats. The VGLUT1 expression in the Vpdm and cerebellum in the UAC group was higher than that in control rats. These findings indicate an excitatory impact of UAC on the Vpdm‐cerebellum pathway and support the role of occlusion for body posture and balance.
Evaluation of diazepam nasal spray in patients with epilepsy concomitantly using maintenance benzodiazepines: An interim subgroup analysis from a phase 3, long‐term, open‐label safety study
Authors: Segal Eric B. , Tarquinio Daniel , Miller Ian , Wheless James W. , Dlugos Dennis , Biton Victor , Cascino Gregory D. , Desai Jay , Hogan R. Edward , Liow Kore , Sperling Michael R. , Vazquez Blanca , Cook David F. , Rabinowicz Adrian L. , Carrazana Enrique ,   The DIAZ.001.05 Study Group
Published: May 2021

Objective

Diazepam nasal spray (Valtoco), indicated for acute treatment of frequent seizure activity (seizure clusters) in patients with epilepsy ≥6 years of age, is designed to be a rapid, noninvasive, socially acceptable route of administration. This interim analysis evaluated the safety profile of diazepam nasal spray in patients with and without concomitant use of benzodiazepines, with use of a second dose for a seizure cluster as a proxy for effectiveness.

Methods

A long‐term, phase 3, open‐label safety study enrolled patients with epilepsy who had seizures despite a stable antiseizure medication regimen.

Results

Among 175 patients enrolled by October 31, 2019, a total of 158 were treated with diazepam nasal spray (aged 6–65 years; 53.8% female). Of those, 119 (75.3%) received concomitant benzodiazepines (60, chronic; 59, intermittent); 39 (24.7%) did not. Use of a second dose was similar in patients using chronic concomitant benzodiazepines (second dose in 11.1% [144/1299]) and those with no concomitant benzodiazepines (second dose in 10.3% [41/398]). Treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred for 80.0% with chronic use of concomitant benzodiazepines and 61.5% without. Cardiorespiratory depression was not reported, and no serious TEAEs were treatment related. Study retention was high: 83.3% in the chronic benzodiazepine group and 76.9% in the no‐benzodiazepine group. Findings were similar in a sub‐analysis of patients who were (n = 44) or were not (n = 75) taking clobazam.

Significance

This analysis of patients from a long‐term study shows a similar safety profile of diazepam nasal spray in patients with and without concomitant benzodiazepines, and consistent with the established profile for diazepam. Use of a single dose of diazepam nasal spray and high study retention rates suggest the effectiveness of diazepam nasal spray in patients irrespective of chronic daily benzodiazepine use. Results were similar in the clobazam sub‐analysis. These results support the safety and effectiveness of diazepam nasal spray in patients with concomitant benzodiazepine use.
Regional microglial populations in central autonomic brain regions in SUDEP
Authors: Somani Alyma , El‐Hachami Hanna , Patodia Smriti , Sisodiya Sanjay , Thom Maria
Published: May 2021

Objective

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) may arise as a result of autonomic dysfunction during a seizure. The central autonomic networks (CANs) modulate brainstem cardiorespiratory regulation. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in SUDEP have shown cortical and subcortical volume changes and altered connectivity between CAN regions, but the pathological correlate is unknown. Because neuroinflammation is both a cause and a consequence of seizures and may relate to regional brain pathology, our aim was to evaluate microglial populations in CANs in SUDEP.

Methods

In 55 postmortem cases, including SUDEP, epilepsy controls without SUDEP and nonepilepsy controls, we quantified Iba1‐expressing microglia in 14 cortical and thalamic areas that included known CAN regions.

Results

Mean Iba1 labeling across all brain regions was significantly higher in SUDEP cases compared to epilepsy and nonepilepsy controls. There was significant regional variation in Iba1 labeling in SUDEP cases only, with highest labeling in the medial thalamus. Significantly higher labeling in SUDEP cases than epilepsy and nonepilepsy controls was consistently noted in the superior temporal gyrus. In cases with documented seizures up to 10 days prior to death, significantly higher mean Iba1 labeling was observed in SUDEP compared to epilepsy controls.

Significance

Our findings support microglial activation in SUDEP, including cortical and subcortical regions with known autonomic functions such as the thalamus and superior temporal gyrus. This may be relevant to cellular pathomechanisms underlying cardioregulatory failure during a seizure.
Selection on fish personality differs between a no‐take marine reserve and fished areas
Authors: Thorbjørnsen Susanna Huneide , Moland Even , Villegas‐Ríos David , Bleeker Katinka , Knutsen Halvor , Olsen Esben Moland
Published: May 2021

Marine reserves can protect fish populations by increasing abundance and body size, but less is known about the effect of protection on fish behaviour. We looked for individual consistency in movement behaviours of sea trout in the marine habitat using acoustic telemetry to investigate whether they represent personality traits and if so, do they affect survival in relation to protection offered by a marine reserve. Home range size had a repeatability of 0.21, suggesting that it represents a personality trait, while mean swimming depth, activity and diurnal vertical migration were not repeatable movement behaviours. The effect of home range size on survival differed depending on the proportion of time fish spent in the reserve, where individuals spending more time in the reserve experienced a decrease in survival with larger home ranges while individuals spending little time in the reserve experienced an increase in survival with larger home ranges. We suggest that the diversity of fish home range sizes could be preserved by establishing networks of marine reserves encompassing different habitat types, ensuring both a heterogeneity in environmental conditions and fishing pressure.
The value of recreational fishing in Sweden – Estimates based on a nationwide survey
Authors: Carlén Ola , Bostedt Göran , Brännlund Runar , Persson Lars
Published: May 2021

A nationwide recreational fishing survey in Sweden was used to estimate the benefits of recreational fishing in Sweden. The survey targeted the Swedish population and, consequently, the sample contained a large fraction of zero fishing days. To consider this, a zero‐inflated Poisson model was used in the estimations. Swedes fished about 15.6 million days in 2013, of which two‐thirds were spent on inland fishing, and one‐third on marine and coastal fishing. Expected consumer surplus per fishing day varied with the season; SEK 193 for winter fishing, SEK 787 for summer fishing and SEK 95 for autumn fishing. Although about 70 per cent of total fishing days were spent on inland fishing, the weighted consumer surplus per fishing day in marine and coastal areas were higher. The results also demonstrated strong positive effects of increases in expected catch per day on number of fishing days demanded and consumer surplus, which have important implications for fishery policies directed at recreational fishing.
The Recreational value of Atlantic salmon angling under different fishing regulations
Authors: Stensland Stian , Dugstad Anders , Navrud Ståle
Published: May 2021

Atlantic salmon,SalmosalarL., stocks worldwide have dwindled, and stricter recreational fishing regulations have been implemented. This study estimates the recreational value of salmon fishing under different regulatory schemes and identifies factors explaining changes in net economic value of sport fishing. A Contingent Valuation mail survey in the Verdal River, Norway, asked anglers their willingness‐to‐pay for increased fishing expenditures or willingness‐to‐accept compensation in reduced fishing expenditures, to estimate recreational value. The average annual recreational value per angler decreased under stricter regulations from about €420 (in 2007–2009) to €280 (2010–2012) to €180 for the future scenario (2013–2015). Although an overall net decline in recreational value was found with stricter regulations, anglers have heterogeneous preferences. Anglers with non‐catch motives or high place attachment have higher recreational value with stricter regulations than others. If stricter regulations remain over time, younger, less consumptive‐oriented anglers would probably dominate the fishery.
Unusual characteristics of the carbon cycle during the 2015−2016 El Niño
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Xuhui , Piao Shilong , Chevallier Frédéric , Mao Jiafu , Shi Xiaoying , Huntingford Chris , Bastos Ana , Ciais Philippe , Xu Hao , Keeling Ralph F. , Pacala Stephen W. , Chen Anping
Published: May 2021

The 2015−2016 El Niño was one of the strongest on record, but its influence on the carbon balance is less clear. Using Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 observations, we found both detrended atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) and CO2 seasonal‐cycle amplitude (SCA) of 2015−2016 were much higher than that of other El Niño events. The simultaneous high CGR and SCA were unusual, because our analysis of long‐term CO2 observations at Mauna Loa revealed a significantly negative correlation between CGR and SCA. Atmospheric inversions and terrestrial ecosystem models indicate strong northern land carbon uptake during spring but substantially reduced carbon uptake (or high emissions) during early autumn, which amplified SCA but also resulted in a small anomaly in annual carbon uptake of northern ecosystems in 2015−2016. This negative ecosystem carbon uptake anomaly in early autumn was primarily due to soil water deficits and more litter decomposition caused by enhanced spring productivity. Our study demonstrates a decoupling between seasonality and annual carbon cycle balance in northern ecosystems over 2015−2016, which is unprecedented in the past five decades of El Niño events.
The urban governance configuration: A conceptual framework for understanding complexity and enhancing transitions to greater sustainability in cities
Authors: Baud Isa , Jameson Shazade , Peyroux Elisabeth , Scott Dianne
Published: May 2021

This article proposes a conceptual framework for analysing and comparing urban governance configurations and their dynamics in the context of sustainability transitions. Our contribution to the debates consists of drawing on a literature review to develop a conceptual framework with the dimensions necessary for understanding urban governance processes and their dynamics; an urban governance configuration framework. We argue that this framework allows us to combine important dimensions (discourses, actor networks, knowledge and material processes) shaping urban development decision‐making and outcomes in their social, economic and environmental domains, in a complex world. The main advantages of this approach are: first, it enables the analysis how complex decision‐making is combined in a particular time and space, generating decisions and outcomes based on a variety of knowledge; second, it allows a comparative analysis of governance configurations across different places within the same city and between cities; and third, provides lessons on how urban governance could shift to more inclusive, sustainable forms of urban development.
Health‐care professionals’ assessment of a person‐centred intervention to empower self‐management and health across chronic illness: Qualitative findings from a process evaluation study
Authors: Heggdal Kristin , Mendelsohn Joshua B. , Stepanian Natalie , Oftedal Bjørg Frøysland , Larsen Marie Hamilton
Published: May 2021

Background

Person‐centred care (PCC) empowers patients to manage their chronic illness and promote their health in accordance with their own beliefs, values and preferences. Drawing on health‐care professional's (HCP’s) experiences implementing an empowerment‐focused, person‐centred intervention called the Bodyknowledging Program (BKP), we undertook a process evaluation that aimed to assess the impact on patient health and well‐being.

Methods

We used individual in‐depth interviews and semi‐structured focus groups comprising n = 8 interprofessional HCP who facilitated intervention sessions with n = 58 patients situated in Norwegian specialist care sites. Content analysis was used to analyse the data and summarize major themes.

Results

Health‐care professional interviews revealed four main ways in which the intervention operated in support of health‐related patient outcomes: (i) addressing the whole person; (ii) hope and affirmation; (iii) expanding recovery; and (iv) social support and revitalized relationships. The intervention provided new tools for patients to understand the social, emotional and physical impact of their illness. Health‐care professional reported new insights to facilitate patient engagement and to promote patients’ health.

Conclusions

The Bodyknowledging Program facilitated patient engagement through the promotion of patient‐centred care while developing the patients’ ability to exploit their own resources for effectively managing their health within illness. The process evaluation supported the underlying theoretical basis of the intervention and was suggestive of its potential transferability elsewhere.
Partial replacement of fat and salt in liver pâté by addition of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus flour
Authors: Cerón‐Guevara Magdalena I. , Santos Eva M. , Lorenzo José M. , Pateiro Mirian , Bermúdez‐Piedra Roberto , Rodríguez José A. , Castro‐Rosas Javier , Rangel‐Vargas Esmeralda
Published: May 2021

The effect of incorporation of 7.5% (hydrated 50/50 w/w) and 10% (hydrated 70/30 w/w) of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Po) flours as partial replacers of fat and salts (sodium chloride and phosphates) on physicochemical properties, microbiological and sensory properties of pâté was studied during cold storage. Mushroom flours increased moisture, dietary fibre and protein contents improving the nutritional value of pâtés. Mushroom flour influenced the colour parameters, especially Ab, and gave harder pâtés in 10% mushroom flour addition. Sensorially, the odour and taste of 7.5% of mushroom flour were considered acceptable, and its addition hydrated in a ratio 50/50 w/w should be the most suitable to improve the nutritional value of this product without significantly affecting the sensory properties. The addition of Ab and Po flours was a feasible strategy to replace fat and salts in pâté.
Association between ectopic pancreatic and hepatic fat and metabolic risk factors in children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lee Eun Hye , Kim Ji Young , Yang Hye Ran
Published: May 2021

Background

Few studies have reported an association between ectopic pancreatic and hepatic fat and metabolic factors in children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Objectives

We investigated this association and also the factors associated with pancreatic and hepatic fat deposition in children with NAFLD.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study investigated 65 children with NAFLD (49 boys, 13.0 ± 3.2 years, mean body mass index z‐score 2.5 ± 1.2), who underwent liver biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging–based proton density fat fraction, as well as anthropometry, laboratory tests, body composition analysis, and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) measurements.

Results

HFF and PFF were 4.2%–49.9% (median 24.3) and 0.4%–26.9% (median 3.8), respectively. HFF was not significantly correlated with PFF. HFF was correlated with total body fat% (r = 0.329, p = 0.010) and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (r = 0.260, p = 0.040), while PFF was correlated with the diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.253, p = 0.045), GGT (r = 0.335, p = 0.007) and fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.417, p = 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that HFF was significantly associated with sex, age, body fat% and GGT, whereas PFF was associated with hypertension and fasting plasma glucose levels but not insulin resistance.

Conclusions

HFF was associated with sex, age and body fat in children with NAFLD, while PFF was associated with hypertension and increased fasting plasma glucose, which suggests that the pathophysiology of ectopic fat accumulation varies across organs in children with NAFLD.
RNA‐seq analysis of ageing human retinal pigment epithelium: Unexpected up‐regulation of visual cycle gene transcription
Authors: Butler Joe M. , Supharattanasitthi Wasu , Yang Yit C. , Paraoan Luminita
Published: May 2021

Ageing presents adverse effects on the retina and is the primary risk factor for age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). We report the first RNA‐seq analysis of age‐related transcriptional changes in the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the primary site of AMD pathogenesis. Whole transcriptome sequencing of RPE from human donors ranging in age from 31 to 93 reveals that ageing is associated with increasing transcription of main RPE‐associated visual cycle genes (including LRAT, RPE65, RDH5, RDH10, RDH11; pathway enrichment BH‐adjusted P = 4.6 × 10−6). This positive correlation is replicated in an independent set of 28 donors and a microarray dataset of 50 donors previously published. LRAT expression is positively regulated by retinoid by‐products of the visual cycle (A2E and all‐trans‐retinal) involving modulation by retinoic acid receptor alpha transcription factor. The results substantiate a novel age‐related positive feedback mechanism between accumulation of retinoid by‐products in the RPE and the up‐regulation of visual cycle genes.
Ontogeny of the digestive system and the profile of proteases in larvae of cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) and its hybrid (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans × Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum)
Authors: de Mello Paulo Henrique , Lundstedt Lícia Maria , Moraes Gilberto , Cavalheiro Araújo Bruno , Leite Venturieri Rossana Luiza , Guimarães Moreira Renata
Published: May 2021

The development of the digestive system and digestive proteases was studied in cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) and its hybrid (P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) during the first 25 days after fertilization. Both groups presented a fast and similar development of the digestive system, and the unspecific alkaline protease profile suggested that the digestive capacity of hybrid larvae is higher than that of cachara after the last half of the studied phase. The activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were similar and observed since the oocyte. These observations suggested that cachara and its hybrid has similar digestive capacity and digestive system development.
The effect of filtrated osmotic solutions based on chokeberry juice enriched with mint extract on volatile compounds in dried apples
Authors: Masztalerz Klaudia , Łyczko Jacek , Lech Krzysztof , Szumny Antoni , Figiel Adam
Published: May 2021

The main objective of the study is to assess the effect of filtration of osmotic solution on the selective penetration during osmotic dehydration and on the retention of volatile compounds, obtained from mint extracts, in apple cylinders cv. Champion after drying using different methods. For this purpose, osmotic dehydration in filtrated and nonfiltrated concentrated chokeberry juice with the addition of mint extract was performed. Then, the process was followed by convective drying, vacuum‐microwave drying, or combined drying methods. Physical properties were determined such as open, closed, total porosity, shrinkage, and water activity. SPME and GC/MS analyses were performed to assess the changes in carvone contribution in the osmotic solutions as well as apple cylinders. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also presented. It was found that even though, filtration did not influence osmotic dehydration kinetics, it led to significantly (p <.05) higher carvone contribution in dried material than in the case of nonfiltrated solutions. Convective drying was significantly (p <.05) better in preserving carvone than other drying methods such as vacuum‐microwave drying and combined drying consisting of convective predrying and vacuum‐microwave finishing drying. Drying methods also affected physical parameters like open and closed porosities. Filtration did not influence drying kinetics but resulted in better retention of carvone in dried apples, especially when convective drying was applied.

Practical Applications

The study might be of special interest to food processing industry, as it presents new developments (filtration of osmotic solution) in osmotic dehydration that allow to achieve higher contents of volatile compounds (carvone) in dehydrated material after drying compared to conventional osmotic dehydration. The study shows how to work with complex osmotic solutions and obtain high quality dried materials. Obtained results demonstrate that filtration of concentrated juice used as osmotic solution can be applied to affect the selective penetration during osmotic dehydration. Addition of herbal extracts to the osmotic solution can further improve the chemical composition of the dried material and lead to higher contribution of volatile compounds. Osmotic dehydration followed by convective drying results in higher retention of carvone in comparison to other drying methods. The methods presented in the manuscript might be used to create other new compositions with high volatile concentration in the biological material after drying.
Natural flood management, lag time and catchment scale: Results from an empirical nested catchment study
Authors: Black Andrew , Peskett Leo , MacDonald Alan , Young Andy , Spray Chris , Ball Tom , Thomas Huw , Werritty Alan
Published: May 2021

Natural flood management (NFM) techniques attract much interest in flood risk management science, not least because their effectiveness remains subject to considerable uncertainty, particularly at larger catchment and event scales. This derives from a paucity of empirical studies which can offer either longitudinal or comparison data sets in which changes can be observed. The Eddleston catchment study, with 13 stream gauges operated continuously over 9 years, is based on both longitudinal and comparison data sets. Two years of baseline monitoring have been followed by 7 years of further monitoring after a range of NFM interventions across the 69 km2catchment. This study has examined changes in lag as an index of hydrological response which avoids dependence on potentially significant uncertainties in flow data. Headwater catchments up to 26 km2showed significant delays in lag of 2.6–7.3 hr in catchments provided with leaky wood structures, on‐line ponds and riparian planting, while larger catchments downstream and those treated with riparian planting alone did not. Two control catchments failed to show any such changes. The findings provide important evidence of the catchment scale at which NFM can be effective and suggest that effects may increase with event magnitude.
A novel treatment of diaper dermatitis in children and adults
Authors: Dall’Oglio Federica , Musumeci Maria Letizia , Puglisi Davide Francesco , Micali Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

Background

Diaper dermatitis (DD) is an acute inflammatory reaction, regardless of the cause, of the diaper‐covered area. Topical skin barrier repair cosmetic products are the mainstay treatment to cure and/or prevent DD.

Aims

To assess the efficacy/tolerability of a zinc gluconate‐taurine/zinc oxide and panthenol/ glycerin/ Butyrospermum parkii butter barrier cream using clinical evaluation.

Methods

In this prospective, open‐label trial, 20 patients (10 infants/10 adults), with mild/moderate DD enrolled at the Dermatology University Clinic of Catania (Italy) were instructed to apply the cream twice daily for 30 days. Degree of erythema was performed clinically by a 5‐point severity scale (from 0 = no erythema to 4 = severe erythema), at baseline, at 15 and 30 days. An Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) using a 6‐point scale (from −1 = worsening to 4 = complete response/clear) along with product tolerability was also performed at 15 and 30 days. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.

Results

At 15 days, a reduction of clinical erythema assessment (CEA) from baseline was observed (mean from 3.2 ± 0.8 to 2.5 ± 0.3; p < 0.06), that although nonsignificant, showed a significant progressive improvement at 30 days (mean from 3.2 ± 0.8 to 1.1 ± 0.9; p < 0.0001) without any age differences.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results indicate that the tested barrier cream may represent a promising approach in DD rash. It may be used in mild‐to‐moderate forms in monotherapy without significant side effects or, where required, in association with pharmacological agents. Its long‐term use is likely safe.
10% urea cream in senile xerosis: Clinical and instrumental evaluation
Authors: Lacarrubba Francesco , Verzì Anna Elisa , Dinotta Franco , Micali Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

Background

Moisturizers represent the mainstay of treatment of xerosis and related pruritus in elderly patients.

Aim

In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a 10% urea cream in patients with senile xerosis.

Methods

Twenty patients affected by moderate‐to‐severe xerosis of the upper or lower extremities were enrolled and instructed to apply twice daily for 2 weeks a cream containing 10% urea. Evaluation was performed at baseline and after 7 and 14 days by: clinical examination, itch assessment using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and dermoscopy.

Results

After 7 and 14 days of treatment, the tested urea‐based cream resulted in a significant, progressive clinical improvement of xerosis and related pruritus in all patients. The clinical results were supported by dermoscopy that showed the reduction/disappearance of scales. The cream, that had a good cosmetological acceptability, was well tolerated with no report of stinging or burning and/or other side effects.

Conclusions

Urea confirms to represent a key molecule for the treatment of senile xerosis.