bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
139 Ruminal microbiota mineral requirements to optimize performance on different diets
Authors: Spears Jerry W
Published: November 2020

This presentation will discuss mineral requirements of ruminal microorganisms, and the effect of trace mineral source on ruminal fermentation. Sulfur and phosphorus are required in relatively large amounts by ruminal microorganisms, and dietary deficiencies of these minerals have been related to impaired ruminal fermentation. A number of trace minerals are required in low concentrations by ruminal microorganisms. With the except of cobalt (Co) minimal trace mineral requirements of the host ruminant appear to be considerably greater than that needed for rumen microbial requirements. It is well known that certain bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12 from inorganic Co. Some bacteria require vitamin B12 as a growth factor, and adequate dietary Co is needed to allow sufficient ruminal B12 synthesis to meet their requirement. Vitamin B12 is needed as a cofactor for ruminal microorganisms to convert succinate to propionate. Dietary Co deficiency results in decreased ruminal propionate in ruminants fed high concentrate diets, and decreased fiber digestion in ruminants fed high fiber diets. Attempts have been made to use high concentrations of certain trace minerals to favorably manipulate ruminal fermentation. For example, attempts have been made to increase rumen protein bypass by feeding high dietary zinc (Zn). However, studies have indicated that high concentrations of copper (Cu), Zn, and iron reduce cellulose digestion in vitro. Recent studies have indicated lower fiber digestibility in cattle supplemented with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and manganese compared with those fed similar concentrations from hydroxy or certain organic sources. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby trace mineral sources affect fiber digestibility differently.
142 Mineral requirements of fed cattle
Authors: Hansen Stephanie L
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this presentation is to summarize state of the art data related to our understanding of feedlot cattle mineral requirements. To date, mineral requirements of cattle have been estimated based on historical research, some conducted as early as the 1930s and 40s. In comparison to earlier editions of the beef cattle nutritional requirements, relatively few alterations in mineral feeding recommendations were noted in NASEM (2016). However, consultants working in the industry commonly report feeding minerals far in excess of the NASEM (2016) recommendations. In addition, an abundance of mineral supplementation strategies has contributed to misunderstandings associated with cattle mineral requirements. Trace minerals, in particular, are available in a variety of chemical forms that affect site of solubility, potential bioavailability and may allow supplementation via various routes (dietary, injection, bolus, oral drench). Published and unpublished data comparing national vs. industry recommendations of trace minerals on beef cattle performance and data pertaining to source comparisons in fed cattle will be presented.
293 Evaluation of the Water Footprint of Beef Cattle Production in Nebraska
Authors: Spore Tyler , Mekonnen Mesfin , Neale Christopher , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E
Published: November 2020

Data were compiled from an experiment evaluating the effects of month of calving, wintering system, and calf management on cow and calf performance to model the amount of water (green and blue) required to produce beef in Nebraska production systems. The referenced study was conducted over four years utilizing 217 cow/calf pairs per year. Cows were wintered on either native range or corn residue and month of calving was March, June, or August. Calves were managed as calf-feds or yearlings and only steer calves were included in the model. A 365-d period was utilized to estimate the cow’s contribution of water inputs based on dry matter intake throughout the year varying by production system. Diet characteristics, dry-matter intake, days on feed, average daily gain, and hot carcass weight were measurements used to estimate water utilization by the calves. The total water footprint was calculated by dividing the total amount of water used for each system (L) by the amount of boneless beef produced (kg). Production systems where cows were wintered on corn residue utilized 18% less water than systems utilizing native range as a wintering source, because of water allocations using the value fraction method. Increasing the dietary inclusion of distillers grains from 0% to 40% decreased the water footprint in the finishing phase by 29%. Utilizing by-products in replacement of primary crops decreases the overall water footprint of production. Across all scenarios modeled, more than 50% of the water footprint was allocated to the cow grazing rainfed pasture (green water) and over 98% of the water footprint was allocated to growing feed. Improvements in crop water use efficiency will benefit livestock production. The water footprint of the beef systems analyzed was 80% green water as rain, minimizing the environmental impact of beef production on freshwater use and ecological water balance.
295 Impact of increasing levels of fumonisin on performance of finishing beef steers
Authors: Jennings Jenny , Ensley Steve , Lawrence Ty , Lockard Cathy
Published: November 2020

To address the gaps in current scientific knowledge, the objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of fumonisin exposure on feedlot cattle intake and performance. Fifty steers were received (d 0; 361 ± 6.4 kg), and housed individually in 1.8 x 11.0 m pens and fed once daily at 0800 h. Steers were transitioned to a dry-rolled corn-based finishing diet from d 0 to 21 and then were fed the control finishing diet until d 50. Treatment diets were formulated to achieve ≤ 5 ppm (CON), 15 (15PPM), 30 (30PPM), 60 (60PPM), and 90 ppm (90PPM) of total dietary fumonisin. Steers were fed the fumonisin treatment diets from d 50 until harvest on d 160; individual animal body weights were taken on days 0, 50, 100, 150 and 160. Animal performance and carcass data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with animal as the experimental unit and PROC GLIMMIX was used to analyze categorical carcass data. Contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic responses. Throughout the study, there was no effect of treatment (P > 0.60), or a linear response (P > 0.16) from increasing fumonisin levels, on BW or DMI. However, CON tended to have lower ADG than the other treatments during the fumonisin treatment period (P = 0.10), and there was a positive linear response (P = 0.02) of ADG to fumonisin dose during the treatment period. Similarly, ADG tended to increase linearly over the entire feeding period (P = 0.06), as did G:F (P = 0.07). There were no differences between treatments regarding HCW, DP, marbling score, ribeye area, or YG. There were no effects of treatment on either liver abscesses (P = 0.95) or telangiectasis (P = 0.13). No differences in body weight, intake, carcass, or liver characteristics were observed in steers fed dietary levels of fumonisin ranging from 8 to 108 ppm for 110 days prior to harvest.
56 Impact of Electronically-Controlled Cooling Pads on Physiological Signs of Heat Stress in Early Lactation Sows
Authors: Whitmore Flannery J , Schinckel Allan P , Stwalley Robert , Field Tyler , Burgett Morgan , Garcia Ricardo M , Johnson Jay S
Published: November 2020

The study objective was to evaluate the impact of electronically controlled cooling pads on physiological measurements of heat stress during early lactation. Twelve sows (d 3 to 11 of lactation) were provided with a specially designed cooling pad. Sows randomly received no cooling (CONTROL, n=6) or pads set to flush 2L cool water every 30s when aluminum plate reached 29.5°C (TREAT, n=6). Respiration rates (RR), rectal temperatures (RT) and skin temperatures (ST, 15 cm posterior to the ear) were recorded daily (0700 and 1500 h) for seven days of early lactation. Feed intake (DFI) was measured daily at 0700 h. RR, RT, and ST were fitted to a model that included the effects of day, time, parity, cooling pad treatment, and interactions. DFI was fitted to the same model, excluding time of day. For RR: treatment, day, time, treatment by day, treatment by time, and day by time interactions were significant (P< 0.0004, CONTROL=49, TREAT= 30). Pad treatment had greater impact on RR during the first two days of the trial when the temperature was greater (32°C maximum CONTROL mean=66 vs. TREAT mean=30) than the following five days: 42, and 30 respectively). There was greater treatment impact on RR at 1500 versus 0700 h (0700 h: CONTROL= 35, TREAT= 25; 1500 h: CONTROL= 61, TREAT= 36). For RT: treatment, day, time, parity and interaction of day by time were significant (P< 0.01, CONTROL= 37, treat= 35.). For ST: treatment, day, time, parity and the interactions of time by parity, treatment by time, and day by time were significant (P< 0.0006, mean CONTROL=36.5, TREAT= 35.1). For DFI: day and the interaction of day by treatment were significant. The difference in feed intake between treatments increased as day increased. The use of electronically controlled cooling pads reduced measures of heat stress in early lactating sows.
PSV-15 Genomic basis of reproductive performance in PRRSV-infected sows
Authors: Hickmann Felipe , Neto José Braccini , Kramer Luke , Gray Kent , Huang Yijian , Dekkers Jack , Sanglard Letícia P , Serão Nick
Published: November 2020

Previous studies have shown that reproductive traits in sows during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreaks are lowly heritable. However, little is known about the genomic basis of reproductive performance in PRRS virus (PRRSV)-infected sows. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the genomic basis of reproductive performance in PRRSV-infected sows. Farrowing data from 475 Duroc and 405 Landrace sows that experienced a PRRS outbreak were used. Heritability and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on ~30K SNP genotypes were performed for each breed separately, for number of piglets born alive (NBA), stillborn piglets (NSB), mummified piglets (NM), piglets born dead (NBD; NSB+NM), total number of piglets born (TNB; NBA+NBD), and piglets weaned (NW). Heritabilities were estimated with ASReml using a model with the fixed-effect of parity and an animal random-effect, using a genomic-relationship matrix. GWAS was performed using Bayes-B in GenSel with a model fitting parity as fixed-effect and SNP effects as random. Heritability estimates (± standard error) for NBA, NSB, NM, NBD, TNB, and NW were 0.07±0.07, 0.02±0.11, 0.04±0.10, 0.08±0.08, 0.08±0.07, 0.06±0.04, respectively, for Duroc, and 0.09±0.07, 0.10±0.07, 0.10±0.08, 0.11±0.07, 0.07±0.08, 0.07±0.08, respectively, for Landrace. For Duroc, GWAS identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome (chr) 3 [114-120 megabases (Mb)] explaining 3.9% of the genetic variance (GV) for NBA, on chr 13 (189-193 Mb) explaining 2.7% GV for NBD, and on chr 5 (36-41 Mb) explaining 4.3% GV for TNB. For Landrace, GWAS identified a QTL on chr 13 (154-162 Mb) explaining 12.8% GV for NBA, on chr 14 (59-69 Mb) explaining 2.5% GV for NBD, and on chr 10 (7-9 Mb) explaining 4.1% GV for NW. These results indicate that reproductive traits are lowly heritable during a PRRS outbreak with few QTL identified in Duroc and Landrace sows.
PSV-11 Accuracies of genomic prediction for reproductive traits in PRRSV-infected sows
Authors: Hickmann Felipe , Neto José Braccini , Kramer Luke , Gray Kent , Huang Yijian , Dekkers Jack , Sanglard Letícia P , Serão Nick
Published: November 2020

Recent studies on host-genetics of response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection have shown that genetic markers can be used to predict performance in growing pigs. On the other hand, no work has been done on the genomic prediction of reproductive performance in PRRSV-infected sows. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the accuracies of genomic prediction for reproductive traits in PRRSV-infected sows. A total of 475 Duroc and 405 Landrace sows with ~30K SNP genotypes had farrowing performance data during the outbreak on: number of piglets born alive (NBA), stillborn piglets (NSB), mummified piglets (NM), piglets born dead (NBD; NSB+NM), total number of piglets born (TNB; NBA+NBD), and piglets weaned (NW). Genomic prediction was performed by Bayes-B with a model fitting parity as fixed-effect and SNP effects as random. Analyses were performed for two scenarios: within-breed and between-breed. For the within-breed prediction, 4-fold cross-validation was used. For the between-breed prediction, all data for each breed were used. Accuracy of genomic prediction (AGP) was calculated as the correlation between genomic estimated breeding values and pre-adjusted phenotype, divided by square-root of heritability. For the within-breed prediction, AGP (± standard deviation) for NBA, NBD, NM, NSB, NW, and TNB were 0.24±0.05, 0.07±0.10, -0.27±0.06, -0.24±0.09, -0.05±0.05, 0.19±0.03, respectively, for Duroc, and 0.37±0.02, 0.38±0.11, 0.30±0.07, 0.60±0.10, 0.09±0.11, 0.15±0.10, respectively, for Landrace. For the between-breed prediction, AGP for NBA, NBD, NM, NSB, NW, and TB were 0.28, -0.17, -0.01, 0.37, 0.27, and 0.29, respectively, when training on Landrace and validating on Duroc, and 0.28, -0.14, 0.01, 0.15, 0.23, and -0.01, respectively, when training on Duroc and validating on Landrace. Results show that the accuracies of genomic prediction for reproductive traits during a PRRSV outbreak are low to moderate.
PSV-16 Influence of the late gestation maternal rumen microbiome on the calf meconium and early rumen microbiome
Authors: Woodruff Kelly , Hummel Gwendolynn , Austin Kathleen , Smith Travis , Cunningham-Hollinger Hannah
Published: November 2020

Understanding the development of the calf rumen microbiome is important in developing manipulation strategies to improve efficiency as the animal ages. We hypothesized that the cow maternal microbiome would influence the colonization of the calf rumen microbiome. Our objective was to relate the microbiomes of the cow rumen fluid (RFC) to the calf meconium (M) and calf rumen fluid (RFN) at twenty-eight days of age. Mature, multiparous Angus crossbred cows (n = 10) from the University of Wyoming beef herd were used in this study. Rumen fluid was collected from the cows prior to parturition. Immediately following parturition, meconium was collected from the calf and at 28 days post-parturition, rumen fluid was collected from the calves. Microbial DNA was isolated using a lysis buffer and mechanical bead-beating procedure and purified using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen). Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region was completed on the MiSeq and analyzed with QIIME2. Both alpha and beta diversity were evaluated by sample type and day. Richness and evenness differed by sample type. The greatest richness and evenness was in RFC (q < 0.01) followed by RFN and M, which did not differ from each other (q ³ 0.5). Bray-Curtis and Jaccard beta diversity differed by each sample type (q < 0.01). These data indicate that the M and RFN do not differ in number and distribution of features, but the samples are compositionally different. Additionally, the RFC differed in both alpha and beta diversity from both calf samples. These profiles can be used to develop hypotheses for the pathway of colonization in the early gut yet still reflect the vast differences in the developmental stage between the cow rumen microbiome and the early calf gastrointestinal microbiome.
PSVII-2 Differentially expressed genes and their biological function in skeletal muscle of calves born from cows with or without protein supplementation during mid-gestation
Authors: Carvalho Elisa B , Sanglard Letícia P , Nascimento Karolina B , Meneses Javier M , Casagrande Daniel R , Duarte Marcio , Gionbelli Mateus P , Serão Nick
Published: November 2020

Gestating cows have an increased nutrient demand to meet the needs of developing the fetus and the mid-gestation is a critical period for the fetal skeletal muscle development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle transcriptome in the progeny as a function of the maternal protein nutrition during mid-gestation. Eleven Tabapuã cows and their male calves were used in this study. In the first third of gestation (0 to 100 days of gestation; dg), all cows were kept on pasture. From 100 to 200 dg, the control group (CTRL; 7 animals) received a basal diet achieving 5.5% crude protein (CP), whereas the supplemented group (SUPPL; 4 animals) received a basal diet plus protein supplementation (40% CP). After 200 dg, all animals received the same diet. Weaning was performed at 205 ± 7.5 days of age and animals were kept on pasture until reaching 240 days of age, when they were transferred to a feedlot. Muscle samples were collected at 260 days of age and RNA was extracted for RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression data was analyzed with a negative binomial model to identify (q-value ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. A total of 716 DEG were identified (289 DEG up-regulated and 427 down-regulated in SUPPL group; q-value ≤ 0.05). From the 10 most significant down-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, two genes associated with apoptotic process were identified: MAPK8IP1 and GRINA, with log2 Fold-Changes (log2FC) of 1.04 and 0.49, respectively. From the 10 most significant up-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, mTOR was identified, with log2FC=0.31. This is a well-known gene involved in muscle protein synthesis. In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and muscle development, which can lead to long-term impacts on production efficiency.
PSVII-10 Skeletal muscle transcriptome reveals gene expression differences in newborn goats' as a result of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation
Authors: Costa Thaís , Mendes Tiago , Moura Felipe , Souza Ranyeri , Fontes Marta , Lopes Mariana , Serão Nick , Silva Fabyano , Gionbelli Mateus P , Duarte Marcio
Published: November 2020

The current study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes and their biological process in the skeletal muscle of newborn goats as a function of maternal feed restriction during different stages of gestation. A total of 14 pregnant dams were randomly divided into one of the follow dietary treatments: Animals fed at 50% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 100% of maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (RM, n = 6), and animals fed at 100% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 50% of maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (MR, n = 8). At birth, all male offspring were euthanized and a sample of Logissimus muscle was collected for total RNA extraction and sequencing. Cuffdiff tool (Cufflinks 2.2.1) was used to count reads, normalize transcript expression (FPKM), and identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. Network analysis was performed with String 11.0 using the available genome from the closest specie (Ovis aries). A total of 66 DEG (q-value < 0.05) were identified, with 6 up-regulated genes in skeletal muscle of RM compared to MR newborn goats. These genes are related to tissue development, such as CYTL1, UGT8, and NPNT. The 60 down-regulated genes in skeletal muscle of RM compared with MR newborn goats are related to transcription factors (TF) complex. Among the TF, FOS and JUNB families forms heterodimers in response to several stimuli (cytokines,growth factors, stress), and play key roles controlling a number of cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In conclusion, maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation affects tissue development and changes the transcription pattern in the skeletal muscle of newborn goats, which may lead to negative consequences in animal growth and performance.
PSIV-22 Supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk composition, and intestinal health of piglets
Authors: Jang Kibeom , Purvis Jerry , Kim Sung Woo
Published: November 2020

Dietary lysophospholipids could enhance nutrient utilization through a structural change of enterocyte membrane with increasing permeability. The objective of this study was to determine supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk characteristics, and intestinal health of piglets. The 52 pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks at d 110 of pregnancy. The treatments were CON (no added lysophospholipids) and LPL (at 0.05% lysophospholipids; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). The lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure gross energy, protein, fat, fatty acid profile, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) on d 1 and d 18 of lactation. Twelve piglets per treatment were euthanized on d 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, microbiota in jejunal and colonic mucosa, morphology and crypt cell proliferation rate in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.084) litter size (11.9 vs. 12.6) on d 18 of lactation and decrease (P = 0.079) ADFI (8.72 vs. 8.02 kg) during d 9 to d 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) in the milk. Sows fed LPL increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (39.38 vs. 40.94%) in the jejunum. Supplementation of lysophospholipids in lactation diet did not affect proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microbiota in jejunum and colon of piglets on d 18 of lactation. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary lysophopholipids improved productive performance and the intestinal cell proliferation of piglets with enhancing IgG concentration in the milk.
PSIV-19 Evaluation of Enogen® high amylase corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
Authors: Ochonski Patricia , Wu Fangzhou , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Lattimer James M
Published: November 2020

A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were used in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn with high amylase corn (Enogen®, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 corn sources (yellow dent or high amylase) and 2 levels of DDGS (0 or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in 3 phases: d 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. There were 9 pens/treatment each containing an equal number of barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On d 82, pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between corn source and DDGS inclusion for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P < 0.089) for pigs fed high amylase than yellow dent corn with no evidence (P > 0.196) for difference in feed intake, feed efficiency (G/F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS resulted in decreased (P < 0.037) overall ADG and G/F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P < 0.071) HCW, less (P < 0.050) backfat, greater (P < 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P < 0.020) percentage lean and iodine values. In summary, high amylase corn tended to improve overall ADG; however, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were unchanged between corn sources. Consistent with previous research, addition of DDGS decreased ADG and increased IV.
PSIX-12 Effects of tannin supplementation on zootechnical performance and blood parameters of weaned piglets
Authors: Hejna Monika , Dell’Anno Matteo , Caprarulo Valentina , Sotira Stefania , Rossi Luciana
Published: November 2020

Weaned piglets often suffer from the enteric disorders and post-weaning diarrhoea. Natural extracts, due to its functional properties, such as tannins from chestnut and quebracho are often considered as feed additives against diarrhoea after the antibiotics ban (Reg. UE 1831/2003). The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of tannins on growth performance and blood parameters of weaned piglets. A total of 120 piglets (Large White x Landrace) weaned at d 28±2 were randomly allotted to one of two treatments (control vs. tannin) with 6 pens per treatment and 10 pigs per pen. The tannin diet was supplemented with 1.25% of chestnut and quebracho tannins (Silvateam, Italy). The experiment lasted 40 days. Individual body weight (BW) was recorded at d 0, 14, 28 and 40. Feed intake was measured weekly to calculate feed efficiency from d 0 to 14, d 14 to 28, and d 28 to 40. Blood samples were collected on d 40 from a subset of animals (4 pigs/pen). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Supplementation of tannins did not affect BW and feed intake throughout the experiment. However, addition of tannins showed tendency to increase the feed efficiency on d 14 to d 28, compared with control (P = 0.54; 60.4 vs. 52.3, respectively). Dietary addition of tannins significantly increase the serum concentration of albumin, and decrease of globulin, urea and creatinine compared with control (P < 0.05; 23.05 vs. 19.31 g/L, 30.13 vs. 33.58 g/L; 0.98 vs. 2.18 mmol/L; 53.92 vs. 78.92 μmol/L, respectively). In conclusion, tannin supplementation impacted the blood parameters that were related to protein utilization, although this benefit was not reflected in growth performance of weaned pigs.
PSIX-19 The impact of piglet nursing location along the sow udder line on piglet gain and subsequent weaning weight
Authors: Dierking Shannon L , Monegue Harold J , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: November 2020

Piglet weaning weight is a critical factor that influences post-weaning growth and performance. Weaning weight is a function of birth weight and the amount and nutrient density of the milk consumed during lactation. Milk production is influenced by sow mammary gland development and diet consumption but may also be a biological function of teat location along the udder line. The objective of this study was then to determine the effects of piglet nursing location along the udder on overall piglet gain and weaning weight. A total of 1,078 individual piglets were observed during the nursing period at three time points during lactation. The teat pairs along the udder line were labeled from anterior to posterior (1-7, respectively) to define nursing location. At the end of the lactation period, the observed piglet nursing location was evaluated for both actual weaning weight and overall piglet weight gain during lactation. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance with the statistical model utilizing litter size as a covariate. As expected, when litter size was utilized as a covariate, there was a significant effect on piglet weaning weight (P < 0.0001), and there was both a linear and quadratic effect of location (L, P < 0.0001; Q, P = 0.0009) on both weaning weight and lactation piglet gain. Heavier piglets were weaned from more anterior teats (teat pairs 1-4), with the numerically heaviest piglets weaned from teat pair 4 (6.12 kg), with the lowest weight piglets being weaned from teat pair 7 (5.17 kg). Piglet weight gain during lactation was impacted by litter size (P < 0.0001), but nursing location did not affect lactation weight gain (P = 0.57). Due to the differences in piglet weights at weaning, it can be concluded that piglet nursing location influences overall piglet weaning weight.
PSIX-8 Effects of an algae-clay complex-based feed additive and diet formulation regimen on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Williams Hadley , Del Tuffo Leandro , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Erceg Jake , Gallissot Maria
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the effect of an algae-clay-complex-based feed additive (ACC, Olmix Group, Brehan, France) and diet formulation regimen on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 337×1050, initially 49.5 kg) were used in a 90-day study. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of ACC (none or 0.10% until 100 kg body weight and 0.05% thereafter) and dietary formulation regimen (High vs Low). High diets were formulated to maximize growth with added fat and no dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Low diets were formulated to contain approximately 150 kcal/kg less net energy (NE), 30% DDGS, no added fat, and were formulated 0.10% below the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lys requirement based on the SID Lys:NE ratio as estimated in the High diets. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no ACC × formulation interactions (P >0.220) for growth or carcass characteristics. Overall, ADG was greater (P=0.027) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed diets without ACC with no change in ADFI or G:F (P >0.180). This was a result of late finishing (d 56 to 90) ADG and G:F increase (P< 0.019) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed no ACC. Also, pigs fed High diets had improved (P< 0.047) ADG, ADFI, G:F and final body weight compared to pigs fed Low diets. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed High diets tended to have greater (P=0.067) loin depth and had greater (P< 0.001) carcass weight than pigs fed low diets with no evidence for differences between the control and pigs fed ACC (P >0.05). The addition of ACC resulted in improved ADG and G:F in late finishing, but did not affect carcass characteristics.
PSIX-17 Investigating the biological activities of sodium cellobionate produced from cellulosic biomass
Authors: Kovanda Lauren , Fan Zhiliang , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong
Published: November 2020

A novel method has been developed to easily hydrolyze cellulose to sodium cellobionate in a filamentous fungas, Neurospora crassa. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the in vitro biological activities of sodium cellobionate. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with 3 chemical-based assays, including DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Antimicrobial activity was determined as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that prevented growth of tested bacteria, including four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli F18 and ATCC 25922, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and a wild strain isolated from cull diary cows in California) and one gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212). Anti-inflammatory activity was tested by analyzing TNF-α production with porcine alveolar macrophages that were challenged with lipopolysaccharide. A porcine intestinal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2, was also used to test the effects of cellobionate on cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The tested doses of sodium cellobionate were 0, 0.04, 0.20, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 20.00, and 40.00 mg/mL. All assays were performed with over 6 replicates, except that MIC assays were performed as triplicate. All data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS. Sodium cellobionate did not have radical scavenging capacity, but had weak FRAP (9.68 μM L-Cysteine equivalent) and TEAC (69% reduction) at the dose of 40 mg/mL. MIC results revealed that sodium cellobionate did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, indicating it does not have antimicrobial activity within the range of tested doses. Sodium cellobionate did not exhibit anti-inflammatory activities, but significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in vitro by 24.00%, 39.64%, and 25.98% when the doses were 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/mL, respectively. Results of this experiment indicate that cellobionate has limited biological activities in vitro, except that this biomass product could strongly stimulate the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Future research will focus on the potential impacts of sodium cellobionate on intestinal physiology in vivo.
PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge
Authors: Helm Emma T , Gabler Nicholas , Burrough Eric R
Published: November 2020

Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P< 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.
PSVI-1 Dietary protease supplementation on growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea of nursery pigs
Authors: Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Clizer David A , Ramirez-Camba Christian , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L
Published: November 2020

This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary protease supplementation on pig’s growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea in a 43-d trial. A total of 936 weaned pigs [21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 nutritional levels × 2 protease levels). The nutritional levels corresponded to a standard feeding program and a reduced feeding program (15% lower SID Lys) and without or with protease supplementation (0.0125% inclusion). Piglets were distributed in 36 pens with 26 pigs per pen and 9 replicates per dietary treatment. Pigs received a common Phase 1 diet and experimental diets in Phase 2, 3, and 4, (0.91, 3.4, 4.5, and 24.0 kg/pig, respectively). Phytase was included at 2,500 U in Phase 2 – 4, all diets met energy and AA:Lys requirements for nursery pigs. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 weeks. A pen fecal score assessment was performed at d7, 10, and 14. Performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure and fecal score data using the PROC FREQ procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). No significant interactions (P > 0.05) were observed between dietary treatments. From d15 to 43 and during overall experimental period, pigs fed standard diets had greater BW, ADG, and G:F (P < 0.05) than pigs fed deficient diets (Table 1). On d7, pigs fed deficient diet had more (X2 < 0.05) soft and watery feces, and consequently less normal feces compared to pigs fed standard diets (Figure 1). On d7, 10, and 14, pigs fed diets with protease supplementation had more (X2 < 0.05) normal feces compared to control pigs. Overall, effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance were not expressive under the conditions of this study but protease addition benefited intestinal health of nursery pigs.
PSVI-4 Digestible and metabolizable energy content, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in novel corn co-products for swine
Authors: Yang Zhaohui , Palowski Amanda , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to determine and compare the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in novel corn co-products and dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) for swine. Seven corn co-products were evaluated including 2 conventional DDGS (DDGS-A and DDGS-B), 1 corn fiber and solubles (CFS), 2 high protein distillers’ grains (HPDG-A and HPDG-B), and 2 high yeast and protein co-products (HYP-A and HYP-B). In Exp.1, 32 barrows (BW = 24.2 ± 3.4 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to a corn-soybean meal basal diet or 1 of 7 diets containing 30% of a co-product in a randomized two-period crossover design. Feces and urine were collected in 2 periods (7-d adaptation and 4-d collection). In Exp.2, 16 ileal-cannulated barrows (BW = 37.0 ± 3.8 kg) were assigned to 1 of 8 diets in a repeated 8 × 4 Youden square design. An N-free diet, and 7 test diets containing 1 of 7 corn co-products as the sole protein source were used. Diets were fed to pigs for four 7-d periods (5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection). The HYP-A and HYP-B had the greatest (P < 0.05) DE (4,309 and 4,183 kcal/kg DM, respectively) and ME (4,118 and 3,972 kcal/kg DM, respectively), and HPDG-B had the lowest (P < 0.05) DE and ME (2,266 and 2,168 kcal/kg DM, respectively) among all corn co-products. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val were similar among DGS-B, HPDG-A, HYP-A, and HYP-B, while HPDG-B had the lowest (P < 0.05) SID coefficients for all AA and CP. The high ME and SID Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp content of HYP-A and HYP-B indicate greater feeding value for swine compared to other co-products evaluated.
PSVI-11 Non-GMO beet pulp and canola meal corn-soybean meal diet has comparable effects as that of GMO corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of sows and piglets
Authors: Seok Woo Jung , Wang Huan , Kibria Sumya , Li Yanjiao , Kim In Ho
Published: November 2020

Consumers are concerned about the safety of livestock feed stuff with the increasing use of genetically modified organisms (GMO).The objective of the present experiment was to compare the effect of non-GMO sugar-beet pulp (SBP) and canola meal (CM) in the diet with GMO corn-soybean meal basal diets on reproduction performance in gestation-lactation sows and the performance of their litters. A total of 16 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 2.4), were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments with 8 sows per treatment starting from the last 4 weeks of gestation to 21 day of lactation. Treatments consisted of GMO diet (CON) and non-GMO diet (NO). Sows were individually fed gestation and lactation diets that were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations for all nutrients. The amount of feed consumed during the lactation periods was recorded and used to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI). Number of piglets born and piglets weaned were also recorded to calculate the survival rate. Individual piglet body weight (BW) and litter weights were assessed on days 0, and 26 to calculate average daily gain (ADG). All data were subjected to the GLM procedures of SAS in a randomized complete block design. The variability in the data was expressed as standard error of means (SEM). A probability level of P< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In the current study, NO treatment diets showed comparable effects on the BW, ADFI, backfat thickness, body condition score, and estrus interval of sows as that of basal diet. In addition, there was also no significant difference in growth performance of piglets fed NO treatment diets compared with CON diet (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated the utilization of non-GMO beet pulp, and canola meals do not have any adverse effect on the performance of sows and their litters.
PSVIII-12 Effects of increasing iron dextran dosage at birth on hematological profile, growth performance, and tissue mineral concentrations of pigs in the nursery
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Monegue Harold J , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: November 2020

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the blood profile, growth performance, and tissue mineral concentration during the nursery period in weanling pigs that received various dosages of iron at birth. A total of 70 crossbred pigs (weaning BW 6.36 ± 0.92) from 5 different injectable iron dosage treatments administered at birth (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg iron from iron dextran) were used. Pigs were weighed at d 22 (weaning), 23, 24, 25, 29, 38, 44, and 52. Blood was collected from 10 pigs per treatment at the same times as above except for d 44 and analyzed for a complete blood count (CBC). A total of 3 pigs per treatment were euthanized on d 22, 38, and 52 to determine tissue mineral concentration. All pigs were fed a common nursery diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg Fe from ferrous sulfate. All data were subjected to ANOVA with the pig as the experimental unit. As injectable iron dosage at birth increased, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) increased at weaning (linear and quadratic: P < 0.05), to d 29 and then quadratically through (P < 0.05) d 38. Along with the other CBC measurements, Hb was similar between treatments at d 52. There was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) for ADG from d 22 to 52. Although by d 52, final BW peaked (quadratic: P < 0.05) for pigs receiving 100 mg iron. Iron concentration of the liver and spleen were greater (linear: P < 0.05) at weaning as iron injection dosage increased but was greater only in the liver at d 38 (P < 0.05) and the spleen at d 52 (P < 0.05). Results indicate that an iron injection administered shortly after birth is vital for proper growth and hematological functions during the nursery period.
PSVIII-5 Effect of glycemic and endocrine response to feeding time in pregnant sows
Authors: Manu Hayford , SuHyup Lee , Baidoo Samuel Kofi
Published: November 2020

The objective of the study was to determine the glycemic and endocrine responses to feeding time in restrictively fed pregnant sows. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 229.17 ± 1.34 kg; parity 3.90 ± 0.12; backfat 13.60 ± 0.27 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at daily at 0730 h (Control, T1), 1130 h (T2), and 1530 h (T3). The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. On average sows received 2.27 kg corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6948 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Total area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using Trapezoidal summation method. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparison was by Tukey’s method. Pregnant sows fed at different times of the day had similar fasting levels of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY (P ˃ 0.10). Sows fed daily at 0730 and 1130 h had increased (P = 0.018) and propensity to increase (P = 0.088) in insulin concentration from fasting to 30 minutes post-prandial, respectively, but not in sows fed daily at 1530 h (P ˃ 0.05). Glucose, active ghrelin, and total PYY concentrations and AUC did not differ with respect to feeding time. In conclusion, plasma insulin response appears to be a function of time of the day at which calories are ingested. Feeding time to elicit maximum insulin response are 0730 and 1130 h but not at 1530 h. Therefore, feeding pregnant sows daily at or before 1130 h may elicit maximum insulin response.
PSVII-17 Effects of zinc chloride supplementation during ovarian cortex vitrification prior to in vitro fertilization on embryo development in pigs
Authors: Hicks Emma C , Arena Haley , Whitaker Brian
Published: November 2020

Ovarian tissue has an increased risk of damage during vitrification due to the presence of different cell types and water permeability levels within the tissue. Supplementation of antioxidant-like compounds such as zinc chloride improves follicular integrity and increases antral follicle development post-thawing. However, the effects of zinc chloride supplementation on the oocytes within the follicles are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is was to determine the effects of 5 μg/mL zinc chloride supplementation during the vitrification process on post-thawing fertilization characteristics and embryonic development. Ovarian cortex samples (5 x 5 mm; n=27) were isolated from ovaries extracted from cycling gilts. Cortical pieces were loaded onto a 25-gauge needle and incubated for five min in equilibrium solution followed by five min in vitrification solution, both supplemented with 5 μg/mL zinc chloride. Following incubation, the cortexes were place in liquid nitrogen for 7 d. Cortexes were then thawed and oocytes were aspirated from antral follicles. Oocytes (n=162) were incubated in maturation media for 40-44 h and then subjected to IVF and embryo culture. Frozen-thawed semen from three boars was used (30 oocytes/well, 200 sperm/oocyte). Post-IVF, a portion of the potential embryos (n=25) were evaluated for penetration, polyspermy, and male pronuclear formation rates. The remaining embryos (n=137) were evaluated 48 h after IVF for cleavage and 144 h for blastocyst formation. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. There were no differences between treatment groups when comparing penetration, 2-cell and blastocyst formation rates. However, polyspermic penetration rates were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and male pronuclear formation were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the zinc chloride supplemented treatment group compared to no supplementation. These results indicate that supplementing zinc chloride during ovarian cortex freezing improves fertilization characteristics of their oocytes post-thawing and maturation.