bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoter hypermethylation of the CFTR gene and clinical/pathological features associated with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: SON JI WOONG , KIM YOUNG JIN , CHO HYUN MIN , LEE SOO YOUNG , LEE SU MAN , KANG JAE‐KU , LEE JUNG UEE , LEE YU MI , KWON SUN JUNG , CHOI EUGENE , NA MOON JUN , PARK JAE YONG , KIM DONG SUN
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  The exact role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in pathophysiology, and the mechanisms regulating its expression are poorly understood. The CFTR gene is known to be genetically or epigenetically associated with several cancers. In the present study, the methylation status of the promoter region of the CFTR gene and its expression in primary non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were investigated.

Methods:  The methylation status of the promoter region of the CFTR gene in NSCLC tissue was assessed by pyrosequencing and methylation‐specific PCR. Expression of the CFTR gene was analysed by real‐time PCR, and CFTR gene reactivation was investigated using 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. The correlation between methylation of the CFTR gene and the clinical features of the patients was assessed.

Results:  Methylation of the CFTR gene in NSCLC was quantitatively high by pyrosequencing analysis and qualitatively frequent by methylation‐specific PCR analysis. Expression of the CFTR gene was significantly lower in NSCLC compared with normal lung tissue. In addition, the demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine increased CFTR gene expression. Methylation of the CFTR gene was significantly greater in squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas. CFTR gene methylation was associated with significantly poorer survival in young patients, but not in elderly patients.

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that DNA methylation may be important for downregulation of CFTR gene expression in lung cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of the CFTR gene may be an important prognostic factor in younger patients with NSCLC.
Indications and outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty in a tertiary hospital in the developing world
Authors: Pan Qing , Li Xiuyi , Gu Yangshun
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background:  To assess the indications for and graft outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in a tertiary hospital in China.

Design:  A retrospective analysis of hospital records of patients, who had undergone PK at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University in China over a 10‐year period, was performed.

Participants:  A total of 203 eyes met the inclusion criteria for this study.

Methods:  All PKs were performed with a standard technique throughout.

Main Outcome Measures:  Outcome measures included best corrected visual acuity at last follow‐up, and overall graft survival. Data were assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival methods, univariate analysis and multivariate cox proportional hazards regression modelling.

Results:  Among 203 eyes included in this study, the most common indications for PK in this study group were corneal scar caused by herpes simplex keratitis (24.1%) and trauma (mechanical and chemical) (21.2%). At the last follow‐up, significantly more patients (35.0%) achieved 20/40 or better after PK compared with preoperation (P < 0.05). Overall, the 2‐year graft survival rate was 79.9 ± 3.6%. In a univariate analysis, gender, indications for PK, type of operative procedure, rejection episode, postoperative glaucoma and postoperative herpetic recurrence were shown to be significantly associated with graft survival. In a multivariate analysis, three independent predictors of graft failure were identified including indications, gender and rejection episode.

Conclusions:  PK is effectively performed to improve visual function in southeast China. The outcomes of this study concur with other published studies and can be used as prognostic guidelines for any tertiary hospital in developing world.
Social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy: a review
Authors: Fenwick Eva , Rees Gwyn , Pesudovs Konrad , Dirani Mohamed , Kawasaki Ryo , Wong Tien Y , Lamoureux Ecosse
Published: May 2011

Abstract

People with vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy are likely to experience enhanced social and emotional strain. Critically, those with both vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial problems may have significantly reduced levels of functioning compared with psychologically healthy counterparts. This can cause inadequate compliance, increased strain on family functioning, worse diabetes control, increased progression of diabetic retinopathy and, consequently, further psychosocial stress resulting in a number of concerning implications for disease management, clinical outcomes and healthcare costs. However, the emotional and social health consequences of diabetic retinopathy have not yet been systematically explored. This information is crucial as it allows for a targeted approach to treatment and prevention and avoidance of the potentially detrimental implications described above. Therefore, this paper reviews the current qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding the social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy and identifies directions for future research. Key search terms were applied to the electronic databases Pubmed, ISI Web of Science and Embase and the bibliographies of relevant papers were systematically reviewed for additional references. Overall, the evidence suggests that diabetic retinopathy and associated vision loss have several debilitating effects, including disruption of family functioning, relationships and roles; increased social isolation and dependence; and deterioration of work prospects resulting in increased financial strain. Adverse emotional responses include fear, anxiety, vulnerability, guilt, loss of confidence, anger, stress and self‐perception issues. However, the research to date is largely qualitative in nature, with most quantitative studies being small, cross‐sectional and somewhat outdated. Similarly, the outcome measures used in many studies to date are suboptimal in terms of content and validity. Therefore, this review identifies the need for improved outcome measures to provide valid, meaningful measurement of the social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy and discusses potential directions for future research such as item banking and computer adaptive testing.
Mechanisms and treatment of primary angle closure: a review
Authors: Ng Weng T , Morgan William
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Angle closure can recur following peripheral iridotomy in up to 58% of cases, due to plateau iris syndrome, lens disproportion or ciliary block. Ciliary block glaucoma is an important differential diagnosis of shallow anterior chamber, angle closure and high intraocular pressure, which may occur spontaneously or following laser or surgery. Some underlying mechanisms of ciliary block glaucoma remain poorly understood but lens‐ciliary body apposition and anterior hyaloid changes with increased hydraulic resistance are major pathogenic factors. An understanding of the pathogenic factors facilitates early recognition of ciliary block glaucoma, and aids a logical sequence of intervention. We review the mechanisms of post‐iridotomy angle closure and propose a stepwise treatment strategy for these conditions.
Children on phenobarbital monotherapy requires more sedatives during MRI
Authors: Eker Hatice Evren , Yalcin Cok Oya , Aribogan Anis , Arslan Gulnaz
Published: May 2011

Background:  Phenobarbital induces specific hepatic cytochrome P‐450 enzyme pathways causing increased clearance of hepatically metabolized drugs. In this study, we investigated the duration and additional anesthetic requirement during Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in epileptic children with or without phenobarbital monotherapy.

Methods:  In ASA I–II, 128 children, aged 1–10 years, were included. Group I: epileptic children without anti‐epileptic therapy and Group II: children with phenobarbital monotherapy. The initial sedative drugs were 0.1 mg·kg−1 midazolam with 2 mg·kg−1 ketamine. An additional 1 mg·kg−1 ketamine was administrated if required. Rescue propofol (0.5 mg·kg−1) was provided and repeated to maintain sedation. The duration and consumption of additional sedative requirements was recorded.

Results:  The duration of initial and two consequent additional sedative requirements was shorter in Group II (P = 0.0001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.27, respectively). Additional ketamine doses required for adequate sedation were lower in Group I (P = 0.016).

Conclusion:  We suggest that the variability in response to the initial sedative agents during MRI requires titration of additive sedation with ketamine in epileptic children on phenobarbital monotherapy.
General N‐Dark–Dark Solitons in the Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Ohta Yasuhiro , Wang Deng‐Shan , Yang Jianke
Published: May 2011

N‐dark–dark solitons in the integrable coupled NLS equations are derived by the KP‐hierarchy reduction method. These solitons exist when nonlinearities are all defocusing, or both focusing and defocusing nonlinearities are mixed. When these solitons collide with each other, energies in both components of the solitons completely transmit through. This behavior contrasts collisions of bright–bright solitons in similar systems, where polarization rotation and soliton reflection can take place. It is also shown that in the mixed‐nonlinearity case, two dark–dark solitons can form a stationary bound state.
The role of background knowledge in text comprehension for children learning English as an additional language
Authors: Burgoyne Kelly , Whiteley Helen E. , Hutchinson Jane M.
Published: May 2011

Children learning English as an additional language (EAL) often experience difficulties with reading comprehension relative to their monolingual peers. While low levels of vocabulary appear to be one factor underlying these difficulties, other factors such as a relative lack of appropriate background knowledge may also contribute. Sixteen children learning EAL and 16 of their monolingual peers, matched for word reading accuracy, were assessed using a standard measure of reading comprehension and an experimental measure of reading comprehension for which relevant background knowledge was taught before assessing understanding. Tests of receptive and expressive vocabulary were also completed. Results confirmed lower levels of reading comprehension for children learning EAL for both standard and ‘background’ controlled measures. Analysis of comprehension by question type on the experimental measure showed that while both groups made use of taught knowledge to answer inferential questions, children learning EAL had specific difficulties with both literal questions and questions requiring the interpretation of a simile. It is suggested that relevant background information should be used to facilitate children's text comprehension. Furthermore, several factors, especially vocabulary differences, but also text search strategies, context use and comprehension monitoring skills, may contribute to the comprehension difficulties experienced by children learning EAL.
The haptoglobin phenotype influences the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in kidney transplant patients
Authors: Speeckaert R. , Brochez L. , Lambert J. , van Geel N. , Speeckaert M.M. , Claeys L. , Langlois M. , Van Laer C. , Peeters P. , Delanghe J.R.
Published: May 2011

Background  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent skin cancer after organ transplantation. Currently, the pre‐identification of transplant patients at increased risk for non‐melanoma skin cancer remains difficult.

Objective  To investigate the Hp polymorphism as a marker for the identification of a subset of patients with an increased susceptibility to develop SCC/Bowen’s disease.

Methods  Haptoglobin phenotyping was performed with haemoglobin‐supplemented starch gel electrophoresis in 300 kidney transplant patients. High‐performance gel permeation chromatography was used in case of low serum haptoglobin concentration.

Results  Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age, gender and Mediterranean origin) showed a significant association of the Hp 1‐1 phenotype with a higher risk of SCC/Bowen’s disease (P = 0.035) and multiple primary SCCs (P = 0.002). No significant difference between the Hp phenotypes was found for the development of Bowen’s disease and SCCs in the first 10 years following renal transplantation. However, after a follow‐up of >10 years, a significant association between the Hp 1‐1 phenotype and the occurrence of Bowen’s disease and SCC was reported (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001 respectively).

Conclusions  This study shows an increased risk for the development of (multiple) SCCs in kidney transplant patients with the Hp 1‐1 phenotype. This finding points to the role of Hp 1‐1 phenotype as an important predictor in identifying a subset of patients with an increased need for preventive measures and is in agreement with the decreased anti‐inflammatory capacity of this phenotype.
The Harlequin phenomenon
Authors: Januário G. , Salgado M.
Published: May 2011

The Harlequin phenomenon (HF) is a rare event that consists of a sudden paroxystic change in skin colour, resulting in two different body colours. It is most common in the newborn and can be a generalized phenomenon or only involve a specific body area. The HF of the newborn is thought to be secondary to a relative hypothalamic control immaturity of the sympathetic peripheral vascular tonus, although it has also been described in other age groups, primarily located to the face and neck and mostly caused by a sympathetic disautonomy. While certainly peculiar, the HF is a benign event in the newborn. Beyond this age the search for an underlying cause should be vigorously pursued.
Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament elections
Authors: FORD ROBERT , GOODWIN MATTHEW J. , CUTTS DAVID
Published: May 2011

While Euroscepticism is the most important driver of United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) support, other attitudinal drivers – namely dissatisfaction towards mainstream parties and xenophobia – are also important. Examining vote‐switching between first‐ and second‐order elections evidence is found of a distinction between two types of supporter: more affluent and middle‐class ‘strategic defectors’ from the mainstream Conservative Party who support UKIP to register their Euroscepticism, and more economically marginal and politically disaffected ‘core loyalists’ who are attracted to UKIP by its anti‐immigration rhetoric and populist anti‐establishment strategy. UKIP also succeeds in attracting core support from groups such as women who have traditionally rejected extreme right parties such as the British National Party (BNP). This suggests that UKIP is well positioned to recruit a broader and more enduring base of support than the BNP.
Uveitis associated with septic peritonitis in a cat
Authors: Pumphrey Stephanie A. , Pirie Christopher G. , Rozanski Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2011

Objective
–
To report a case of bilateral uveitis believed to be a consequence of septic peritonitis in a 19‐month‐old cat.

Case Summary
–
Bilateral anterior uveitis with suspicion of extension to the posterior segment was documented in a previously healthy young cat during hospitalization for severe septic peritonitis. Based on medical history and other findings uveitis was believed to result from concurrent abdominal sepsis, due either to metastatic seeding of bacterial organisms or to effects of bacterial toxins and inflammatory mediators on the blood‐aqueous barrier. The cat was surgically and medically managed, and made a full recovery with respect to both his ocular and his abdominal disease.

New or Unique Information Provided
–
Ocular complications secondary to systemic sepsis are well documented in people but seldom reported in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of uveitis linked to septic peritonitis in any veterinary species and the first to report sepsis‐related uveitis in a cat. Ocular inflammatory disease in the context of critical illness deserves attention as a potential significant source of morbidity. The development of ocular inflammatory disease may serve as a sentinel lesion for systemic sepsis and other life‐threatening conditions.
Agmatine in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulates feeding in rats: involvement of neuropeptide Y
Authors: Taksande BG , Kotagale NR , Nakhate KT , Mali PD , Kokare DM , Hirani K , Subhedar NK , Chopde CT , Ugale RR
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Agmatine, a multifaceted neurotransmitter, is abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Our aim was to assess (i) the effect of agmatine on feeding behaviour and (ii) its association, if any, with neuropeptide Y (NPY).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Satiated rats fitted with intra‐PVN cannulae were administered agmatine, alone or jointly with (i) α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, or antagonist, yohimbine; (ii) NPY, NPY Y1 receptor agonist, [Leu31, Pro34]‐NPY, or antagonist, BIBP3226; or (iii) yohimbine and NPY. Cumulative food intake was monitored at different post‐injection time points. Furthermore, the expression of hypothalamic NPY following i.p. treatment with agmatine, alone or in combination with yohimbine (i.p.), was evaluated by immunocytochemistry.

KEY RESULTS Agmatine robustly increased feeding in a dose‐dependent manner. While pretreatment with clonidine augmented, yohimbine attenuated the orexigenic response to agmatine. Similarly, NPY and [Leu31, Pro34]‐NPY potentiated the agmatine‐induced hyperphagia, whereas BIBP3226 inhibited it. Moreover, yohimbine attenuated the synergistic orexigenic effect induced by the combination of NPY and agmatine. Agmatine increased NPY immunoreactivity in the PVN fibres and in the cells of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and this effect was prevented by pretreatment with yohimbine. NPY immunoreactivity in the fibres of the ARC, dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus was not affected by any of the above treatments.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The orexigenic effect of agmatine is coupled to increased NPY activity mediated by stimulation of α2‐adrenoceptors within the PVN. This signifies the importance of agmatine or α2‐adrenoceptor modulators in the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat feeding‐related disorders.
Cardiac dysfunction in adipose triglyceride lipase deficiency: treatment with a PPARα agonist
Authors: Wölkart G , Schrammel A , Dörffel K , Haemmerle G , Zechner R , Mayer B
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) has been identified as a rate‐limiting enzyme of mammalian triglyceride catabolism. Deletion of the ATGL gene in mice results in severe lipid accumulation in a variety of tissues including the heart. In the present study we investigated cardiac function in ATGL‐deficient mice and the potential therapeutic effects of the PPARα and γ agonists Wy14,643 and rosiglitazone, respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Hearts isolated from wild‐type (WT) mice and ATGL(‐/‐) mice treated with Wy14,643 (PPARα agonist), rosiglitazone (PPARγ agonist) or vehicle were perfused at a constant flow using the Langendorff technique. Left ventricular (LV) pressure–volume relationships were established, and the response to adrenergic stimulation was determined with noradrenaline (NA).

KEY RESULTS

Hearts from ATGL(‐/‐) mice generated higher LV end‐diastolic pressure and lower LV developed pressure as a function of intracardiac balloon volume compared to those from WT mice. Likewise, passive wall stress was increased and active wall stress decreased in ATGL(‐/‐) hearts. Contractile and microvascular responses to NA were substantially reduced in ATGL(‐/‐) hearts. Cardiac contractility was improved by treating ATGL(‐/‐) mice with the PPARα agonist Wy14,643 but not with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Our results indicate that lipid accumulation in mouse hearts caused by ATGL gene deletion severely affects systolic and diastolic function, as well as the response to adrenergic stimulation. The beneficial effects of Wy14,643 suggest that the cardiac phenotype of these mice is partially due to impaired PPARα signalling.
Modulation of presynaptic GABAA receptors by endogenous neurosteroids
Authors: Kim B‐G , Cho J‐H , Choi I‐S , Lee M‐G , Jang I‐S
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although 3α‐hydroxy, 5α‐reduced pregnane steroids, such as allopregnanolone (AlloP) and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, are endogenous positive modulators of postsynaptic GABAA receptors, the functional roles of endogenous neurosteroids in synaptic transmission are still largely unknown.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, the effect of AlloP on spontaneous glutamate release was examined in mechanically isolated dentate gyrus hilar neurons by use of the conventional whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.

KEY RESULTS AlloP increased the frequency of glutamatergic spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in a dose‐dependent manner. The AlloP‐induced increase in sEPSC frequency was completely blocked by a non‐competitive GABAA receptor blocker, tetrodotoxin or Cd2+, suggesting that AlloP acts on presynaptic GABAA receptors to depolarize presynaptic nerve terminals to increase the probability of spontaneous glutamate release. On the other hand, γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) significantly decreased the basal frequency of sEPSCs. However, γ‐CD failed to decrease the basal frequency of sEPSCs in the presence of a non‐competitive GABAA receptor antagonist or tetrodotoxin. In addition, γ‐CD failed to decrease the basal frequency of sEPSCs after blocking the synthesis of endogenous 5α‐reduced pregnane steroids. Furthermore, γ‐CD decreased the extent of muscimol‐induced increase in sEPSC frequency, suggesting that endogenous neurosteroids can directly activate and/or potentiate presynaptic GABAA receptors to affect spontaneous glutamate release onto hilar neurons.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The modulation of presynaptic GABAA receptors by endogenous neurosteroids might affect the excitability of the dentate gyrus‐hilus‐CA3 network, and thus contribute, at least in part, to some pathological conditions, such as catamenial epilepsy and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Urinary ammonia excretion increases acutely during living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Mpabanzi Liliane , van den Broek Maartje A. J. , Visschers Ruben G. J. , van de Poll Marcel C. G. , Nadalin Silvio , Saner Fuat H. , Dejong Cornelis H. C. , Malago Massimo , Olde Damink Steven W. M.
Published: May 2011

Introduction: Arterial ammonia concentrations increase acutely during the anhepatic phase of a liver transplantation (LTx) and return to baseline within 1 h after reperfusion of a functioning liver graft. So far, this return to baseline has solely been attributed to hepatic ammonia clearance. No data exist on the potential contribution of altered renal ammonia handling to peritransplantation ammonia homoeostasis.

Aim: The present study investigated the consequences of a hepatectomy and subsequent implantation of a partial liver graft on arterial ammonia concentrations and urinary ammonia excretion during a living donor liver transplantation (LDLTx).

Methods: Patients with end‐stage liver disease undergoing LDLTx were selected. Samples of arterial blood and urine were taken before, during and 2 h after the anhepatic phase. Differences were tested using Wilcoxon's test. Results are given as median and range.

Results: Eleven adult patients undergoing an LDLTx were included. Before hepatectomy, arterial ammonia concentrations were 89 μM (40–156 μM), increasing to 146 μM (102–229 μM) (P<0.001) during the anhepatic phase and returning to 79 μM (46–111 μM) (P<0.01) after reperfusion. Urinary ammonia excretion was initially 1.06 mmol/h (0.02–6.00 mmol/h), increasing to 3.81 mmol/h (0.32–12.55 mmol/h) (P=0.004) during the anhepatic phase and further increasing to 4.00 mmol/h (0.79–9.51 mmol/h) (P=0.013) after reperfusion.

Conclusion: The kidney significantly increased urinary ammonia excretion during the anhepatic phase, which was sustained after reperfusion, contributing to the rapid decrease of ammonia concentrations. Accordingly, the plasma ammonia concentrations measured directly after LTx cannot simply be used as a read‐out of initial liver graft function.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder and Migraine: Epidemiology, Sex Differences, and Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Peterlin B. Lee , Nijjar Satnam S. , Tietjen Gretchen E.
Published: May 2011

(Headache 2011;51:860‐868)

Migraine is a common, often disabling disorder associated with a significant personal and societal burden. The presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase this disability substantially. Migraine and PTSD are both up to 3 times more common in women than in men. The divergence in prevalence rates of migraine and PTSD that occurs between the sexes after puberty suggests that gonadal hormones play an important role. In addition, the preponderance of PTSD in women may be related to their higher rates of interpersonal trauma, the most common cause of PTSD. However, recent data suggest that although the odds of PTSD are increased in both women and men with episodic migraine, this association is stronger in men than women. In this paper, we examine the epidemiology of PTSD and migraine, with an emphasis on the known sex differences. We then discuss the neurobiological changes associated with PTSD, the current hypotheses for the mechanisms relating PTSD and migraine, and the treatment implications of these findings.
Condylar Paths during Protrusion in Edentulous Patients: Analysis with Electronic Axiography
Authors: Hüe Olivier
Published: May 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the condylar form, incline, and movement characteristics during protrusive movement in fully edentulous complete denture wearers. The study went on to analyze the occlusal consequences on the setup of artificial posterior teeth and the occlusal grinding phase.

Materials and Methods: The study included 60 complete denture wearers (aged 58 to 74 years), who received a new set of complete dentures for this study. The patients did not present signs of muscular or articular pain. Protrusive movements were recorded by a SAM® electronic axiography system.

Results: Condylar paths exhibited fairly specific characteristics in the completely edentulous patients, particularly path forms, which had highly specific patterns. Three condylar path forms were determined: the classic form following a convex curve (41% of cases), a sinusoidal form that flattened out in the first 2 mm before following a convex curve (51%), and a rectilinear path (9%). The mean condylar angles also exhibited specific patterns. The mean started in the first millimeter of protrusive movement, at 32.2°± 14.9°, and then increased in the second millimeter to 40.4°± 11.9°, reaching 44.5°± 9° at 5 mm.

Conclusion: During protrusive movement in completely edentulous patients, the condylar path patterns were different than conventionally described patterns. In particular, the sinusoidal form was frequently found, and the incline of the condylar slope was low. These factors need to be taken into account during the final occlusal selective grinding for new sets of complete dentures.
A New Technique for Nasal Stent Fabrication for Atrophic Rhinitis: A Clinical Report
Authors: Sajjad Arbaz
Published: May 2011

Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic nasal disease characterized by progressive atrophy of the nasal mucosa accompanied by the formation of foul‐smelling thick, dry crusts in the nasal cavities. Mild conditions of atrophic rhinitis can be treated by nasal irrigations and prescription of intravenous or topical aminoglycosides. In severe conditions, surgery can close the airways. The problem can also be managed by prosthodontic measures which include the fabrication of a poly methyl methacrylate acrylic resin nasal stents. This article describes a new procedure for fabricating a clear acrylic nasal stent with an alternative laboratory technique using small cylinders of soft putty as spacers for maintaining a 3‐mm restricted nasal airway during processing.
Risk management in optimal foragers: the effect of sightlines and predator type on patch use, time allocation, and vigilance in gerbils
Authors: Embar Keren , Kotler Burt P. , Mukherjee Shomen
Published: May 2011

In the foraging game between gerbils and their predators, gerbils manage risk of predation using the tools of time allocation (where, when and for how long to forage) and vigilance. The optimal level of a forager's vigilance should be affected by its encounter rate with predators and the effectiveness of its vigilance in reducing mortality risk. The physical structure of the environment can alter the effectiveness of its vigilance and therefore alter its foraging behaviour. We tested this for gerbils at risk of predation from barn owls or foxes in a large vivarium. In particular, we reduced the effectiveness of vigilance by placing obstructions around feeding trays that blocked sight lines along either the vertical (vigilance directed against owls) or horizontal axis (vigilance directed against foxes), thereby changing the physical structure of the environment. In addition, we manipulated the presence of foxes and owls. In general, gerbils harvested fewer seeds, allocated less time to foraging in dangerous patches, and used more vigilance while foraging where and when risks were higher (i.e. in the presence of predators and in bright moonlight). Vertical and horizontal sightline treatments interacted synergistically to further raise perceived risk.

These results imply that blocking sight lines reduces the effectiveness of vigilance, causing gerbils to use it less. Moreover, in the presence of a predator, the gerbils’ response to the blocked sightlines was more severe – harvesting less food and spending less time and vigilance – in the patches with the increased risk. This was especially so in the presence of the predator that was expected to most benefit from blocking that particular type of sight line: cover that blocked vertical sight lines was riskiest in the presence of owls, and cover that blocked horizontal sight lines was riskiest in the presence of foxes. These results strongly indicate the importance of sightlines and landscape features such as bushes in the risk management and forging decisions of gerbils, demonstrating that bush cover provides mixed blessing to gerbils by providing cover, but making vigilance ineffective.
Cellular and molecular action of the mitogenic protein‐deamidating toxin fromPasteurella multocida
Authors: Wilson Brenda A. , Ho Mengfei
Published: May 2011

The mitogenic toxin fromPasteurella multocida(PMT) is a member of the dermonecrotic toxin family, which includes toxins fromBordetella,Escherichia coliandYersinia. Members of the dermonecrotic toxin family modulate G‐protein targets in host cells through selective deamidation and/or transglutamination of a critical active site Gln residue in the G‐protein target, which results in the activation of intrinsic GTPase activity. Structural and biochemical data point to the uniqueness of PMT among these toxins in its structure and action. Whereas the other dermonecrotic toxins act on small Rho GTPases, PMT acts on the α subunits of heterotrimeric Gq‐, Gi‐ and G12/13‐protein families. To date, experimental evidence supports a model in which PMT potently stimulates various mitogenic and survival pathways through the activation of Gqand G12/13signaling, ultimately leading to cellular proliferation, whilst strongly inhibiting pathways involved in cellular differentiation through the activation of Gisignaling. The resulting cellular outcomes account for the global physiological effects observed during infection with toxinogenicP. multocida, and hint at potential long‐term sequelae that may result from PMT exposure.
A guide to taming a toxin – recombinant immunotoxins constructed from Pseudomonas exotoxin A for the treatment of cancer
Authors: Weldon John E. , Pastan Ira
Published: May 2011

Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a highly toxic protein secreted by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The modular structure and corresponding mechanism of action of PE make it amenable to extensive modifications that can redirect its potent cytotoxicity from disease to a therapeutic function. In combination with a variety of artificial targeting elements, such as receptor ligands and antibody fragments, PE becomes a selective agent for the elimination of specific cell populations. This review summarizes our current understanding of PE, its intoxication pathway, and the ongoing efforts to convert this toxin into a treatment for cancer.
The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): Erectile Dysfunction Among Arabic-Speaking Internet Users in the Middle East
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Shaeer Kamal
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Epidemiologic studies exploring sexuality across different cultures and geographic regions are scanty, particularly from the Middle East. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS) is an Internet-based survey investigating male and female sexual function. GOSS-Arabic-Males is the Arabic version targeting males in the Middle East, exploring prevalence rate of and factors affecting erectile dysfunction and its therapeutic trends, as well as premature ejaculation, attitudes toward genital size, and contraception.

Aim

To explore epidemiologic aspects of male sexuality through an online survey.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence rate of erectile dysfunction, its relationship to risk factors, and therapeutic trends.

Methods

The online survey was randomly offered to Web surfers in the Middle East.

Results

Eight hundred four subjects completed the survey. The overall prevalence of ED was 45.1%, strongly correlating with various risk factors studied, including age, diabetes, hypertension under treatment, depression, concerns over genital size, interpersonal distress, premature ejaculation, low libido, and subjective reports of penile deviation. Adjusted to the World Standard Population, the prevalence rate for ED was 47%. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors gave a poor response among those with low libido and interpersonal distress, emphasizing the need for proper diagnosis and psychological counseling parallel to medical treatment. Furthermore, PDE inhibitors were stigmatized with unrealistic concerns that decreased their utility to a great extent.

Conclusion

In the study population of Arab-speaking Internet users, prevalence of erectile dysfunction and effect of risk factors have proven similar to reports from different parts of the world, though not unanimously. Premature ejaculation, low desire, concerns over penile size, and penile curvature are factors to be considered in the evaluation of ED patients. PDE inhibitors are stigmatized with false beliefs that should be addressed through mass media and counseling if this population is to take full benefit from this therapeutic option.
Large-scale outflows in galaxies
Authors: King A. R. , Zubovas K. , Power C.
Published: May 2011

We discuss massive outflows in galaxy bulges, particularly the ones driven by accretion episodes where the central supermassive black hole reaches the Eddington limit. We show that the quasar radiation field Compton-cools the wind shock until this reaches distances ∼1 kpc from the black hole, but becomes too dilute to do this at larger radii. Radiative processes cannot cool the shocked gas within the flow time at any radius. Outflows are therefore momentum driven at small radii (as required to explain the M—σ relation). At large radii, they are energy driven, contrary to recent claims.

We solve analytically the motion of an energy-driven shell after the central source has turned off. This shows that the thermal energy in the shocked wind can drive further expansion for a time ∼10 times longer than the active time of the central source. Outflows observed at large radii with no active central source probably result from an earlier short (few Myr) active phase of this source.
Assessing Protein Kinase Selectivity with Molecular Dynamics and MM‐PBSA Binding Free Energy Calculations
Authors: Muzzioli Elena , Del Rio Alberto , Rastelli Giulio
Published: May 2011

An application of molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area techniques to the prediction of protein kinase inhibitor selectivity is presented. A highly active and selective ERK2 inhibitor was placed in equivalent orientations in five different protein kinases (SRC, LCK, GSK3, JNK3 and Aurora‐A). Binding free energies were then computed with the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area approach using 15 nanosecond fully solvated molecular dynamics trajectories of the corresponding protein‐ligand complexes. The results show correlation with experimentally determined selectivities and provide useful insights into the underlying structural determinants for selectivity.
Filling the accountability gap in housing allocations decision making
Authors: Laurie Emma
Published: May 2011

This paper examines how the courts can appropriately oversee the way in which local authorities formulate and implement their housing allocations policies. It locates this discussion within the wider topic of the courts' long-standing reluctance to become involved in adjudicating cases involving the allocation of resources more generally, as well as the potential for the courts to facilitate citizen participation in decision making, an aspiration that permeated the previous government's agenda and is apparently also a key influence for the current coalition government. It seeks to identify how the courts can protect both procedural and substantive fairness, in a manner that respects the courts' constitutional position and institutional competence.
Transfusion transmission of hepatitis B virus: still learning more about it
Authors: Candotti D. , El Chaar M. , Allain J.‐P.
Published: May 2011

Background  Despite continuous technical improvement in blood donation testing, hepatitis B infection remains a major risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infection. The residual risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission is related to the pre‐seroconversion window period (WP), infection with immunovariant viruses, and with occult carriage of HBV infection (OBI).

Results and discussion  Reduction of HBV residual risk is achieved by developing more sensitive HBsAg test, by adopting anti‐HBc screening when appropriate, and recently by implementing HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT), either in minipools or more efficiently in individual donations. Compared with serological testing, HBV NAT combines the ability to significantly reduce the window period and to detect OBIs. Clinical observations suggest lower transmission rate of occult HBV than WP. Lower transmission rate might be related to the low viral load generally observed in OBI donors or to the presence of defective variants associated with occult carriage. In addition, there is evidence that OBI‐infected donors carrying neutralizing anti‐HBs (∼50%) are unlikely to be infectious, while those with anti‐HBc only may be more infectious especially in immunocompromised recipients. Immunodeficient elderly and patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments (organ transplantation or cancer chemotherapy) may be susceptible to infection with lower infectious dose even in the presence of anti‐HBs. There is no evidence that blood from anti‐HBc only positive/HBV DNA‐negative donors is infectious. Present evidence suggests that the association of HBsAg and sensitive NAT screening adequately covers risks of HBV transfusion–transmission, allowing to dispense or discontinue anti‐HBc screening, avoiding discarding non‐infectious and precious blood units, particularly in high prevalence areas. Identification of ‘post‐transfusion’ HBV infection relies essentially on clinical evidence of acute infection or on look‐back exercises following the identification of HBV DNA‐positive donations. To protect from HBV infection the increasing number of immunodeficient recipients, maximum sensitivity of HBV NAT is required. As these recipients are also at risk of viral reactivation when previously exposed, anti‐HBc testing and storage of a pre‐transfusion sample when anti‐HBc‐positive would prevent the difficulties of differentiating between transfusion–transmission and reactivation.
Comparison of three preoperative skin preparation techniques in ponies
Authors: Wilson D. G. , Hartmann F. , Carter V. R. , Klohnen A. , MacWilliams P. S.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 preoperative skin preparations (povidone‐iodine [PI] removed with 70% isopropanol, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] removed with either 70% isopropanol [CA] or sterile saline solution [CS]) in ponies. Eighteen ponies were randomly assigned to one of the 3 preoperative skin preparation groups. The skin of ponies was aseptically prepared with PI removed with alcohol, or 4% CG removed with either alcohol or sterile saline solution. The antimicrobial efficacy of each skin preparation technique was assessed quantitatively by culturing for surface bacteria with replicating organism detection and counting plates. The percentage of negative cultures, the percentage of cultures with >5 colony forming units (CFU) and the percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, the sterile scrub, and the surgical procedures were compared. There was a significant difference between CG and PI in percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, but no significant difference at any other time (sterile scrub, post operative skin sampling). In a comparison of the number of negative microbial cultures at each sampling point, there were no significant differences among the 3 skin preparation techniques. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups comparing the number of cultures with a high colony count (>5 CFU) after the cleansing scrub. Skin preparation with CS and PI resulted in significantly fewer cultures with >5 CFU after the sterile scrub than CA. Post operatively, CA had a higher number of samples with >5 CFU than CS and PI. PI removed with alcohol and 4% CS are equally effective in the reduction of skin bacteria after a sterile skin scrub in the operating room; however, CG was more effective in reducing bacterial numbers after the cleansing scrub. The number of cultures with high bacterial counts was greater post operatively, when alcohol was used as a rinse with chlorhexidine. In cases where a sterile scrub is not performed following a cleansing scrub, CG may be a better choice than PI. CA should not be used as a presurgical skin preparation method in ponies.
EXAMINATION AND INTELLIGENCE‐TEST FORECASTS OF SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: AMOS A. DONALD
Published: May 2011

Résumé

L'EXAMEN ET L'ÉPREUVE D'INTELLIGENCE COMME BASE DE LA PRÉDICTION DES APTITUDES SCOLAIRES.

La position relative des enfants, admis aux écoles secondaires, pendant différentes années de leur vie scolaire est comparée avéc des prédictions basées sur (1) les résultats de l'examen d'admission en arithmétique et en anglais, (2) les résultats des épreuves d'intelligence par groupes, (3) une combinaison de (1) et (2). Il en ressort que (3) donne la prédiction la plus juste, tandis que (2) est légèrement supérieur à (1).

L'examen et les épreuves cependant, mesurent des groupes fort divers des capacités essentielles au succès à l'école. La conclusion générale en est que les épreuves sont très utiles dans les examens d'admission mais qu'elles ne peuvent remplacer l'examen ordinaire.

On considère la possibilité d'une variation dans les influences qui contribuent au succès dans les différentes années de la vie scolaire.

Übersicht

PRÜFUNGEN UND PROBEN DES VERSTANDES ALS VORAUSSAGEN VON ERFOLG IN DER SCHULE.

Die relativen Stellungen, in verschiedenen Jahren des Schullebens, von Kindern, die auf höhere Schulen gegangen sind, werden mit den Voraussagen verglichen, die (1) aus der Zulassungsprüfung im Rechnen und in der englischen Sprache, (2) aus Proben des Verstandes für Gruppen und (3) aus einer Vereinigung von (1) und (2) zusammengestellt wurden. Man hat entdeckt, dass (3) die zuverlässigste Voraussage bietet, während (2) (1) etwas überlegen ist.

Prüfungen und Proben aber messen verschiedene Gruppen der Fähigkeiten, die dem Erfolg in der Schule unentbehrlich sind. Im grossen ganzen schliesst man daraus, dass Proben des Verstandes in Zulassungsprüfungen sehr wertvoll sind, aber sie können die gewöhnliche Art des Examens nicht verdrängen.

Die Moglichkeit von Veränderung der Faktoren des Erfolges in verschiedenen Jahren der Schulzeit wird angedeutet.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MINNESOTA TEACHER ATTITUDE INVENTORY
Authors: EVANS K. M.
Published: May 2011

Summary.

109 students in a university training department were given four tests at the beginning of their year of post‐graduate teacher‐training. The tests were:

Moray House Adult Intelligence Test.

Raven's Progressive Matrices (1937).

Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory.

‘Teachers and Teaching’ a test of attitude towards teaching as a career.

The results of these tests were correlated with the marks awarded to the students in Practical Teaching and in Theory of Education at the end of the year.

None of the tests gave significant correlations with the Practical Teaching marks, but all except the last gave correlations significant at the 5 per cent, level with Theory of Education marks. A combination of the results of two or three of these tests gave a slightly higher correlation with Theory of Education marks than any one of them taken alone.

The results of the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory did not correspond either to American or Canadian norms. Scores on the Inventory were significantly correlated with the results of the Progressive Matrices Test, but not with the Moray House Test.

The result of an experiment with a small group of students suggests that scores on the Inventory can be raised considerably by faking opinions where subjects wish to do this.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS IN CHILDREN (2)
Authors: KING W. H.
Published: May 2011

Summary. This paper describes the responses of children to twenty science questions and relates these responses to age and ability represented by scores on a verbal and non‐verbal test. A relationship is established for certain types of question between their facility values and the grades obtained by the children on the criteria. Rate of growth of scientific knowledge is found to be similar for boys and girls; boys and girls of 10 years of age show no significant differences in knowledge of science concepts but there is significant differentiation in secondary school children.
PERSONALITY FACTORS AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: BUTCHER H. J. , AINSWORTH M. , NESBITT J. E.
Published: May 2011

Summary. Samples of 12–14 year‐old British and American children were tested with Cattell's HSPQ, and their mean scores compared on fourteen personality factors and two second‐order factors (extraversion and anxiety). Significant differences were found on a number of factors and, in particular, the British children were found to be less sociable, more assertive and less conscientious. The pattern of prediction of school achievement was compared, and the same factors were in general found to be related to school achievement in both countries.
THE CHILD WHO DISLIKES GOING TO SCHOOL
Authors: MITCHELL SHEILA , SHEPHERD MICHAEL
Published: May 2011

Summary. During the course of an enquiry into the behaviour of a random sample of over 6,000 children aged from 5–15 years, attending local authority schools in Buckinghamshire, it was possible to obtain information about each child's reaction to school. This indicated that dislike of school was associated with poor attainment at school and signs of anxiety at home. Boys who disliked school were also found to be significantly more likely to have a problem of behaviour reported by their teachers and were more unco‐operative in class but this was not true of the girls. Reaction to school affected attendance among children of secondary school age, but not among those under 11 years. The implications of this are discussed in relationship to future research.