bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of in-canopy wind profile formulations on heat flux estimation using the remote sensing-based two-source model for an open orchard canopy in southern Italy
Authors: Cammalleri C. , Anderson M. C. , Ciraolo G. , D'Urso G. , Kustas W. P. , La Loggia G. , Minacapilli M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. For open orchard and vineyard canopies containing significant fractions of exposed soil (>50%), typical of Mediterranean agricultural regions, the energy balance of the vegetation elements is strongly influenced by heat exchange with the bare soil/substrate. For these agricultural systems a "two-source" approach, where radiation and turbulent exchange between the soil and canopy elements are explicitly modelled, appears to be the only suitable methodology for reliably assessing energy fluxes. In strongly clumped canopies, the effective wind speed profile inside and below the canopy layer can highly influence the partitioning of energy fluxes between the soil and vegetation components. To assess the impact of in-canopy wind profile on model flux estimates, an analysis of three different formulations is presented, including algorithms from Goudriaan (1977), Massman (1987) and Lalic et al. (2003). The in-canopy wind profile formulations are applied to the thermal-based Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model developed by Norman et al. (1995) and modified by Kustas and Norman (1999). High resolution airborne remote sensing images, collected over an agricultural area located in the western part of Sicily (Italy) comprised primarily of vineyards, olive and citrus orchards, are used to derive all the input parameters need to apply the TSEB. The images were acquired from June to October 2008 and include a relatively wide range of meteorological and soil moisture conditions. A preliminary sensitivity analysis of the three wind profile algorithms highlight the dependence of wind speed just above the soil/substrate to leaf area index and canopy height over the typical canopy properties range of these agricultural area. It is found that differences in wind just above surface among the models is most significant under sparse and medium fractional cover conditions (20–60%). The TSEB model heat flux estimates are compared with micrometeorological measurements from a small aperture scintillometer and an eddy covariance tower collected over an olive orchard characterized by moderate fractional vegetation cover (≈35%) and relatively tall crop height (≈3.5 m). TSEB fluxes for the 7 image acquisition dates generated using both the Massman and Goudriaan in-canopy wind profile formulations give close agreement with measured fluxes, while the Lalic et al. equations yield poor results. The Massman wind profile scheme slightly outperforms that of Goudriaan, but it requires an additional parameter describing the roughness of the underlying vegetative surface. This parameter is not directly obtainable using remote sensing, hence this study suggests that the Goudriaan formulation for landscape applications is most suitable when detailed site-specific information regarding canopy architecture is unavailable.
Enhancing Fracture Toughness of Magnesium Alloy by Formation of Low‐Angle Grain Boundary Structure
Authors: Somekawa Hidetoshi , Singh Alok , Inoue Tadanobu , Mukai Toshiji
Published: July 2010

The effect of the low angle grain boundary structure on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior was investigated using Mg‐Al‐Zn alloys, which were produced by caliber rolling. The {10–12} deformation twins were formed at the head of the crack‐tip during fracture toughness even in the fine‐grained structures; however, the present caliber rolled alloys showed high strength and fracture toughness balance that resulted from the high fraction of low‐angle grain boundaries, which did not become the origin of the micro‐void formation.
Gasification reactivity of char with CO2 at elevated temperatures: the effect of heating rate during pyrolysis
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhu He , Yan Liye , Huang Yongjun , Kato Shigeru , Kojima Toshinori
Published: July 2010

Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology is being promoted to make better use of energy resources, and an entrained‐flow gasifier is a key item of equipment in the process due to its high gasification efficiency, smooth discharge of molten ash, etc. The temperature and heating rate under entrained‐flow gasification conditions are very high, and these two parameters can influence the gasification reactivity of a char with CO2. Therefore, the clarification of characteristics and mechanisms of char gasification under conditions close to entrained‐flow gasification is very important. To obtain a valid kinetics of char gasification, it is necessary to clarify the effect of heating rate during pyrolysis on char reactivity. The effect of heating rate during pyrolysis on the gasification reactivity of three types of chars in CO2 was investigated experimentally at elevated temperatures in a novel fluidized bed. It was shown that even at elevated temperatures, the heating rate has significant influence on the char reactivity during gasification. A higher heating rate during pyrolysis leads to higher char reactivity of gasification, however it has only limited effect on the activation energy of char gasification with CO2. The char reactivity is closely related to its specific surface area and pore volume. The high reactivity of a char derived from pyrolysis at a high heating rate is most likely due to its enhanced porous structure as a result of the rapid release of volatile matter at a high heating rate. The effect of heating rate during pyrolysis on char reactivity is pronounced at low temperatures, and is very different for various coal types, i.e. very pronounced for a low‐rank coal. The gasification reactivity of a char is related to both the char pore structure and temperature, which suggests that even at elevated temperatures the gasification of a char with CO2 is controlled by both chemical reaction and diffusion inside the particles. Our results demonstrate that it is necessary to derive the gasification kinetics of a char at a high heating rate to obtain valid kinetic equations for an entrained‐flow gasifier. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Faculty self‐archiving: Motivations and barriers
Authors: Kim Jihyun
Published: July 2010

This study investigated factors that motivate or impede faculty participation in self‐archiving practices—the placement of research work in various open access (OA) venues, ranging from personal Web pages to OA archives. The author's research design involves triangulation of survey and interview data from 17 Carnegie doctorate universities with DSpace institutional repositories. The analysis of survey responses from 684 professors and 41 telephone interviews identified seven significant factors: (a) altruism—the idea of providing OA benefits for users; (b) perceived self‐archiving culture; (c) copyright concerns; (d) technical skills; (e) age; (f) perception of no harmful impact of self‐archiving on tenure and promotion; and (g) concerns about additional time and effort. The factors are listed in descending order of their effect size. Age, copyright concerns, and additional time and effort are negatively associated with self‐archiving, whereas remaining factors are positively related to it. Faculty are motivated by OA advantages to users, disciplinary norms, and no negative influence on academic reward. However, barriers to self‐archiving—concerns about copyright, extra time and effort, technical ability, and age—imply that the provision of services to assist faculty with copyright management, and with technical and logistical issues, could encourage higher rates of self‐archiving.
Insilico studies of organosulfur‐functional active compounds in garlic
Authors: Singh Yogendra P. , Singh Ram A.
Published: July 2010

Garlic has been used medicinally since antiquity because of its antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, ability to reduce cardiovascular diseases, improving immune functions, and antidiabetic activities and also in reducing cardiovascular diseases and improving immune functions. Recent studies identify that the wide variety of medicinal functions are attributed to the sulfur compounds present in garlic. Epidemiological observations and laboratory studies in animal models have also showed anticarcinogenic potential of organosulfur compounds of garlic. In this study, in silico analysis of organosulfur compounds is reported using the methods of theoretical chemistry to elucidate the molecular properties of garlic as it is more time and cost efficient, reduces the number of wet experiments, and offers the possibility of replacing some animal tests with suitable in silico models. The analysis of molecular descriptors defined by Lipinski has been done. The solubility of drug in water has been determined as it is of useful importance in the process of drug discovery from molecular design to pharmaceutical formulation and biopharmacy. All toxicities associated with candidate drug have been calculated. P‐Glycoprotein expressed in normal tissues as a cause of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has been examined. Drug–plasma protein binding and volume of distribution have also been calculated. To avoid rejection of drugs, it is becoming more important to determine pKa, absorption, polar surface area, and other physiochemical properties associated with a drug, before synthetic work is undertaken. The present in silico study is aimed at examining these compounds of garlic to evaluate its possible efficacy and toxicity under conditions of actual use in humans.
Comparison of three mathematical models for predicting the risk of additional axillary nodal metastases after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer
Authors: Moghaddam Y , Falzon M , Fulford L , Williams N R , Keshtgar M R
Published: July 2010

Background

Women with breast cancer and a positive axillary sentinel lymph node (SLN) are recommended to undergo complete axillary lymph node dissection; however, further nodal disease is not always present. Mathematical models have been constructed to determine the risk of metastatic disease; three of these were evaluated independently.

Methods

Data from 108 women with breast cancer who had a positive SLN biopsy and completion axillary lymph node dissection were used. Measurements of additional parameters over those usually determined (such as size of SLN metastasis) were assessed under the supervision of two pathologists. These data were used to determine the predicted risk of non-SLN metastases using three mathematical models (from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Cambridge University and Stanford University) and a comparison made with the observed findings. Analyses were made using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).

Results

Some 53 (49·1 per cent) of 108 patients had a positive non-sentinel axillary lymph node metastasis. The AUC values were 0·63, 0·72 and 0·67 for the MSKCC, Cambridge and Stanford nomograms respectively.

Conclusion

This independent comparison found no significant difference between the models, although the Cambridge model had the advantage of requiring fewer measurements with a more accurate predictive performance.
Critical appraisal of single port access cholecystectomy
Authors: Allemann P , Schafer M , Demartines N
Published: July 2010

Background

Single port access (SPA) cholecystectomy is a new concept in laparoscopic surgery. A review of existing results was performed to evaluate critically the current state of SPA with specific reference to feasibility, safety, learning curve, indications and cost-effectiveness.

Methods

All papers identified in MEDLINE until 15 February 2010 and all other relevant papers obtained from cited references were reviewed, without any language restriction. Case reports and series of fewer than three patients were excluded.

Results

After selection, 24 studies including 895 patients were analysed. None was randomized. Feasibility seems to be established, with a conversion rate of 2 per cent. SPA was not standardized and there was much technical variation. The learning curve could not be determined. Median follow-up time was 3 (range 0·25–12) months. The overall published complication rate was 5·4 per cent and the biliary complication rate 0·7 per cent. The rate of umbilical complications ranged from 2 to 10 per cent.

Conclusion

SPA cholecystectomy seems feasible, but standardization, safety and the real benefits for patients need further assessment. Uncontrolled wide adoption of this approach may be responsible for a rise in biliary complications.
Sensitive measurement of vinorelbine in dog plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry utilizing transitions from double‐charged precursor ions
Authors: Niwa Makoto , Kawashiro Takashi
Published: July 2010

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for measuring vinorelbine was developed. A 100 µL aliquot of plasma was spiked with deuterium‐labeled internal standard and subjected to solid‐phase extraction using an Oasis HLB μ‐elution plate. Two microliters of the extracted samples was directly injected into LC/MS/MS. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Capcell Pak C18 UG column (2 × 75 mm) with a gradient elution of methanol (mobile phase B) against 0.05% formic acid in aqueous 10 mm ammonium formate (mobile phase A). The LC flow rate was set to 0.28 mL/min and the gradient (solvent B concentration) was processed from 40 to 90%. In mass spectrometric detection, observation of the reaction from a double‐charged precursor ion [M + 2H]2+ (m/z 390) to product ion m/z 122 provided very high sensitivity. The method was validated with a lower limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL with 0.1 mL of plasma, and the method was used to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine in dogs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a fast isocratic liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin, lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in human plasma
Authors: Sousa Joana , Alves Gilberto , Fortuna Ana , Pena Angelina , Lino Celeste , Falcão Amílcar
Published: July 2010

A simple and fast liquid chromatographic method coupled with fluorescence detection (LC‐FD) is reported, for the first time, for the simultaneous quantification of norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and lomefloxacin (LOM) in human plasma, using levofloxacin as internal standard (IS). Sample preparation consists of a single‐step precipitation of plasma proteins followed by vortex‐mixing and centrifugation. Chromatographic separation was achieved within 7 min on a reversed‐phase C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (pH = 3.0, triethylamine)–methanol (82:18, v/v) pumped isocratically at 1.2 mL/min. The detector was set at excitation/emission wavelengths of 278/450 nm. Calibration curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.994) in the range of 0.02–5.0 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was established at 0.02 µg/mL for all analytes (NOR, CIP and LOM). The overall precision did not exceed 8.19% and accuracy was within ±10.91%. NOR, CIP and LOM were extracted from human plasma with an overall mean recovery ranged from 90.1 to 111.5%. No interferences were observed at the retention times of the analytes and IS. This novel LC‐FD method enables the reliable determination of NOR, CIP and LOM in a single chromatographic run, which may be suitable to support human pharmacokinetic‐based studies with those antimicrobial agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating temperature distributions for gradient coils
Authors: While Peter T. , Forbes Lawrence K. , Crozier Stuart
Published: July 2010

The operation of gradient coils typically requires large currents to be driven in resistive copper wires. A major problem in gradient coil design is therefore the correspondingly large Ohmic heating that results, which can severely impact image quality or lead to system failure. Of particular concern is the location and extent of temperature hot spots in the coil system. In this article, a model is presented for predicting the spatial temperature distribution of a gradient coil. The model includes axial and azimuthal dissipation of heat via conduction throughout a copper layer, radial conduction of heat through an insulating former, and radial convection and radiation to the environment. Two steady‐state solutions for the temperature distribution are presented, involving Green's functions and Fourier series. In addition, an approximate time‐dependent solution is sought describing the hot spot temperature as a function of time, which demonstrates that the steady‐state solutions are likely to be reached within a typical scanning scenario. The impact on the temperature distribution of a great number of coil properties may be investigated using the model and examples are given for different coil geometries, thermal material properties, and cooling mechanisms, such as convective air, forced air, and forced water cooling. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 146–159, 2010
Magnitude and phase behavior of multiresolution BOLD signal
Authors: Chen Zikuan , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: July 2010

High spatial resolution functional MRI (fMRI) provides a more precise estimate of brain activity than low resolution fMRI. The magnitude and phase parts of the blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signals are impacted differently by changes in the scan resolution. In this article, we report on a numerical simulation to show the impact of spatial resolution upon the complex‐valued BOLD signal in terms of magnitude and phase variation. We generate realistic capillary networks in cortex voxels, calculate the BOLD‐induced magnetic field disturbance and the complex BOLD signals for the voxel and its subvoxels, and thereby characterize the magnitude and phase behaviors across multiple grid resolutions. Our results show that 1) at higher spatial resolution there is greater spatial variation in the phase of the BOLD signal as compared to its magnitude; 2) the spatial variation of the phase signal monotonically increases with respect to spatial resolution while for the magnitude the spatial variation may reach a maximum at some resolution level; 3) voxels containing large capillaries have higher phase spatial variation than those with smaller capillaries; and 4) the amplitude spatial variation at a resolution level increases with respect to relaxation time whereas the phase variation is generally unaffected. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 129–145, 2010
An efficient method for electrical conductivity measurement in the RF range
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio , Frijia Francesca , Menichetti Luca , Hartwig Valentina , Viti Vittorio , Landini Luigi
Published: July 2010

Many of the hardware procedure like radiofrequency (RF) coils testing and simulation experiments such as the estimation of temperature changes in magnetic resonance imaging experiments require saline phantoms. These kinds of experimental models are generally obtained using a well‐defined container filled with conductive salt solution (i.e., diluted NaCl solution) or using a combination of conductive gel with a semi‐solid consistency. These phantoms are commonly prepared according to the standards values of the principal parameter concerning theirs dielectric properties (i.e., permittivity and electrical conductivity). Although several permittivity measurement methods have already been reported in literature, most of the data describing the electrical conductivity of these saline solutions provided by different authors are often conflicting and the frequencies of each measure are not always specified. Besides, low‐cost commercial conductimeters could provide measurements overlooking the conductivity dependence on the frequency, while the measurements in the RF range require costly coaxial probes which work with network analyzers with multi‐electrodes working in solution. In this article, we describe a system based on self‐made coil designed to measure the electrical conductivity of conductive solutions in the RF range, without any contact between the sample and the measurement probe. The estimated value of conductivity has been performed combining theoretical calculation of induced resistance in the phantom volume and experimental measurements using workbench instrumentations. The method can be applied to the whole RF range measurements by tuning the capacitor value of the resonant circuit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 160–166, 2010
Tikhonov regularization approach for acoustic noise reduction in an asymmetric, self‐shielded MRI gradient coil
Authors: Jackson James M. , Brideson Michael A. , Forbes Larry K. , Crozier Stuart
Published: July 2010

We consider a mathematical method for minimizing the acoustic noise of self‐shielded magnetic resonance imaging gradient coils designed to produce an asymmetrically located target field within a cylindrical chamber. During imaging, the gradient coils are being constantly switched on and off, subjecting the coil to large Lorentz forces. These forces cause the chamber to buckle, creating a pressure wave in the bore which manifests as acoustic noise at sound pressure levels up to about 130 dB. In this model, the linearized coil deflection, the pressure wave, and the acoustic noise level inside the chamber are all solved for in closed form. The closed‐form nature of the solutions permits simple insights into the behavior of the system. Although reductions of only 0.6 dB were achieved, the method allows some flexibility if other design sacrifices are made. The gradient coil switching frequency plays a major role in the magnitude of the acoustic noise and is studied here. Results are presented for two basic switching functions for shielded gradient coils. Unshielded gradient coils, other switching functions, and other penalty functions can be easily accommodated using the method presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 167–179, 2010
Electrochemical determination of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and sparfloxacin fluoroquinolonic antibiotics on glassy carbon electrode in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Radi Abd‐Elgawad , Wahdan Tarek , Anwar Zeinab , Mostafa Hend
Published: July 2010

Three fluoroquinolones; gatifloxacin (GAT), moxifloxacin (MOX) and sparfloxacin (SPAR) were electrochemically studied in various buffer systems at different pH values, using a glassy carbon electrode. The three fluoroquinolones were electrochemically oxidized at potential range (0.65–1.1 V) vs Ag‐AgCl‐KCl. The oxidation was irreversible and exhibited adsorption‐controlled process behavior at all pH values and buffers studied. An electroanalytical methodology based on the adsorptive behavior of fluoroquinolones on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and according to the linear relation between peak current and concentration using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was successfully applied to the determination of the three fluoroquinolones in bulk and tablets. The proposed methods were statistically in agreement with that obtained by spectrophotometric comparison method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anionic Metal–Organic Frameworks of Bismuth Benzenedicarboxylates: Synthesis, Structure and Ligand‐Sensitized Photoluminescence
Authors: Thirumurugan A. , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: July 2010

Four organic–inorganic bismuth benzenedicarboxylate (bdc)frameworks, [Bi(1,4‐bdc)2(dmf)]·(dma)(dmf)2 (1), [Bi(1,4‐bdc)2]·(dma)(dmf) (2), [Bi4(1,4‐bdc)7(HIm)]·(dma)2(dmf)2 (3) and [Bi(1,4‐bdc)2]·(dma) (4) (where dma = dimethyl ammonium cation, HIm = imidazole and dmf = dimethylformamide) have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions, and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 has a layer structure, whereas compounds 2–4 have three‐dimensional structures. All four frameworks are anionic and contain dma cations within cavities in their structures. Compounds 1–3 also contain coordinated and/or guest dmf molecules. The topologies of compounds 1–3 have 4‐connecting nodes; the layer structure in 1 is a corrugated (4,4)‐connected square lattice, but the three‐dimensional structures of 2 and 3 adopt the (dia) net topology. Compound 4 has a 6‐connecting node with a (pcu) net topology. The BiOn polyhedra are hemidirected with a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons in 2, but holodirected with astereochemically inactive lone pair of electrons in 1, 3 and 4. Tb3+‐ and Eu3+‐doped and co‐doped 3 and 4 emit intense, ligand‐sensitized green, red or orange luminescence, respectively.
Reversible, Fine Performance Tuning of an Organometallic Molecular Wire by Addition, Ligand Replacement and Removal of Dicobalt Fragments
Authors: Tanaka Yuya , Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka
Published: July 2010

Communication between the two iron centres in (dithienylethyne)diyl complex 1 can be finely tuned by reversible addition to, ligand replacement at and removal from the C≡C moiety in 1 of dicobalt fragments Co2(CO)n(PR3)6–n. Performance analysis reveals that disparate mechanisms are in operation for the two systems. In the case of the dicobalt adducts, indirect communication via the dicobalt steppingstone can be finely tuned by controlling the electronic structure of the dicobalt unit.
Diversity‐Oriented Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of the 3‐Benzazepine Framework
Authors: Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Pereshivko Olga P. , Donets Pavel A. , Mehta Vaibhav P. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: July 2010

An efficient diversity‐oriented procedure for the two‐step synthesis of 3‐benzazepines is described. The CuI‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of an aldehyde, an alkyne and an amine (A3‐coupling) provides the required propargylamines and assures the generation of diversity. The Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular acetylene hydroarylation reaction selectively creates the seven‐membered 3‐benzazepine framework with full control over the ring size and the geometry around the double bond. Microwave irradiation is demonstrated to be highly efficient in promoting both steps.
Fluorescent Hg2+ Sensors: Synthesis and Evaluation of a Tren‐Based Starburst Molecule Containing Fluorinated 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles
Authors: Pibiri Ivana , Palumbo Piccionello Antonio , Calabrese Alessandro , Buscemi Silvestre , Vivona Nicolò , Pace Andrea
Published: July 2010

A new tren‐based starburst molecule containing fluorinated 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles as fluorophores has been synthesized and its sensing behavior toward several metal cations has been investigated by UV/Vis, fluorescence, 1H NMR and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Selective sensing for Hg2+ ions through a PET‐based mechanism was evidenced, suggesting application as fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ of the off‐on type.
Synthesis of new functionalized aminomethylphosphonites and their derivatives
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Petrosyan Valery S.
Published: July 2010

The aminomethylation of the several esters of hypophosphorous acid using chloro‐, alkoxy‐, and amino‐substituted methylamines of various structure is proposed as convenient method for the synthesis of new functionalized aminomethylphosphonites and bis(aminomethyl)phosphinates. Also O,O‐diethyl(pivaloyl)phosphonite is successfully applied in the aminomethylation as a synthetic analog of unstable diethoxyphosphine. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:361–367, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20620
Thermodynamic analysis and performance study for adsorption refrigeration cycle driven by a fuel cell electric vehicle waste heat
Authors: Yang Pei‐Zhi
Published: July 2010

Three kinds of adsorption refrigeration cycles are analyzed in this paper, a two‐bed continuous cycle, an adiabatic mass recovery cycle, and an isothermal mass recovery cycle.

Operating parameters (including desorption temperature, adsorption temperature, cycle adsorption rate, COP, and period refrigerating capacity) with the change of the evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, heat capacity ratio, and heat resource temperature are discussed. The analysis indicates that performance differences between the mass recovery cycle and the two‐bed continuous cycle are reduced with an increasing of evaporating temperature and heat source temperature. By increasing the heat capacity ratio, COP values for the three kinds of cycle decrease. When the heat source temperature is between 70 and 90°C, the performance of the isothermal mass recovery cycle is best. Through study, this paper puts forward that the isothermal mass recovery cycle is the best cycle for adsorption refrigeration systems driven by fuel cell electrical vehicle waste heat. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 39(7): 523–538, 2010; Published online 16 July 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20315
Multiphoton microscopy system with a compact fiber‐based femtosecond‐pulse laser and handheld probe
Authors: Liu Gangjun , Kieu Khanh , Wise Frank W. , Chen Zhongping
Published: July 2010

We report on the development of a compact multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system that integrates a compact and robust fiber laser with a miniature probe. The all normal dispersion fiber femtosecond laser has a central wavelength of 1.06 μm, pulse width of 125 fs and average power of more than 1 W. A double cladding photonic crystal fiber was used to deliver the excitation beam and to collect the two‐photon signal. The hand‐held probe included galvanometer‐based mirror scanners, relay lenses and a focusing lens. The packaged probe had a diameter of 16 mm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) images and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images of biological tissues were demonstrated using the system. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dark proteins disturb multichromophore coupling in tetrameric fluorescent proteins
Authors: Blum Christian , Meixner Alfred J. , Subramaniam Vinod
Published: July 2010

DsRed is representative of the tetrameric reef coral fluorescent proteins that constitute particularly interesting coupled multichromophoric systems. Either a green emitting or a red emitting chromophore can form within each of the monomers of the protein tetramer. Within the tetramers the chromophores are thought to be efficiently fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) coupled. We have used spectrally resolved room temperature single molecule spectroscopy to address the issue of FRET and the role of dark proteins within single protein tetramers of DsRed and its variants DsRed2, DsRed_N42H and AG4. Our results show that for the majority of the tetramers the different chromophores are indeed effectively coupled. However, in a fraction of the tetramers that is characteristic for each DsRed variant analyzed, we observe a lack of effective FRET coupling. For these tetramers we invoke the existence of dark proteins lacking a functional chromophore that interrupt the energy transfer chain within the multichromophoric system. We show that these species lead to donor dequenching that strongly influences the bulk emission spectra. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of sclerostin by monoclonal antibody increases bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in aged male rats
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Warmington Kelly S , Niu Qing-Tian , Asuncion Franklin J , Barrero Mauricio , Grisanti Mario , Dwyer Denise , Stouch Brian , Thway Theingi M , Stolina Marina , Ominsky Michael S , Kostenuik Paul J , Simonet William S , Paszty Chris , Ke Hua Zhu
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sclerostin inhibition by treatment with a sclerostin antibody (Scl-AbII) on bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in an aged, gonad-intact male rat model. Sixteen-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with vehicle or Scl-AbII at 5 or 25 mg/kg twice per week for 5 weeks (9–10/group). In vivo dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis showed that there was a marked increase in areal bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) and long bones (femur and tibia) in both the 5 and 25 mg/kg Scl-AbII-treated groups compared with baseline or vehicle controls at 3 and 5 weeks after treatment. Ex vivo micro–computed tomographic (µCT) analysis demonstrated improved trabecular and cortical architecture at the fifth lumbar vertebral body (L5), femoral diaphysis (FD), and femoral neck (FN) in both Scl-AbII dose groups compared with vehicle controls. The increased cortical and trabecular bone mass was associated with a significantly higher maximal load of L5, FD, and FN in the high-dose group. Bone-formation parameters (ie, mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone-formation rate) at the proximal tibial metaphysis and tibial shaft were markedly greater on trabecular, periosteal, and endocortical surfaces in both Scl-AbII dose groups compared with controls. These results indicate that sclerostin inhibition by treatment with a sclerostin antibody increased bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in aged male rats and, furthermore, suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin may represent a promising anabolic therapy for low bone mass in aged men. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Fracture healing is accelerated in the absence of the adaptive immune system
Authors: Toben Daniel , Schroeder Ireen , El Khassawna Thaqif , Mehta Manav , Hoffmann Jan-Erik , Frisch Jan-Tilmann , Schell Hanna , Lienau Jasmin , Serra Alessandro , Radbruch Andreas , Duda Georg N
Published: July 2010

Fracture healing is a unique biologic process starting with an initial inflammatory response. As in other regenerative processes, bone and the immune system interact closely during fracture healing. This project was aimed at further elucidating how the host immune system participates in fracture healing. A standard closed femoral fracture was created in wild-type (WT) and recombination activating gene 1 knockout (RAG1−/−) mice lacking the adaptive immune system. Healing was investigated using micro–computed tomography (µCT), biomechanical testing, and histologic and mRNA expression analyses. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a significantly higher torsional moment on days 14 and 21 in the RAG1−/− mice compared to the WT group. µCT evaluation of RAG1−/− specimens showed earlier mineralization and remodeling. Histologically, endochondral ossification and remodeling were accelerated in the RAG1−/− compared with the WT mice. Histomorphometric analysis on day 7 showed a significantly higher fraction of bone and a significantly lower fraction of cartilage in the callus of the RAG1−/− mice than in the WT mice. Endochondral ossification was accelerated in the RAG1−/− mice. Lymphocytes were present during the physiologic repair process, with high numbers in the hematoma on day 3 and during formation of the hard callus on day 14 in the WT mice. Expression of inflammatory cytokines was reduced in the RAG1−/− mice. In contrast, expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) was strongly upregulated in RAG1−/− mice, indicating protective effects. This study revealed an unexpected phenotype of enhanced fracture healing in RAG1−/− mice, suggesting detrimental functions of lymphocytes on fracture healing. The shift from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines suggests that immunomodulatory intervention strategies that maximise the regenerative and minimize the destructive effects of inflammation may lead to enhanced fracture repair. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A longitudinal study of emotional experience, expressivity, and psychopathology in psychotherapy inpatients and psychologically healthy persons
Authors: Leising Daniel , Grande Tilman , Faber Rainer
Published: July 2010

The authors investigated changes of emotional experience and expressivity in 34 inpatients undergoing psychodynamic therapy and in 29 healthy persons who were assessed at parallel time intervals. Participants completed 2 measures of psychopathology (Symptom Checklist‐90 Revised and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems‐64) and took part in relationship episode interviews. The emotional experiences they reported and their nonverbal emotional expressivity during the interviews were assessed by independent raters. Regardless of when they were assessed, the patients reported a greater number of emotions and a greater variety of emotions. Psychopathology in the patient group decreased in the course of treatment, but there were no systematic changes in the emotional domain. The findings challenge the common notion of psychopathology being associated with impaired awareness and expression of emotions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–17, 2010.
Chemical cross‐linking with a diazirine photoactivatable cross‐linker investigated by MALDI‐ and ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Gomes Alexandre F. , Gozzo Fabio C.
Published: July 2010

Crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance are well‐established methods to study protein tertiary structure and interactions. Despite their usefulness, such methods are not applicable to many protein systems. Chemical cross‐linking of proteins coupled with mass spectrometry allows low‐resolution characterization of proteins and protein complexes based on measuring distance constraints from cross‐links. In this work, we have investigated cross‐linking by means of a heterobifunctional cross‐linker containing a traditional N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and a UV photoactivatable diazirine group. Activation of the diazirine group yields a highly reactive carbene species, with potential to increase the number of cross‐links compared with homobifunctional, NHS‐based cross‐linkers. Cross‐linking reactions were performed on model systems such as synthetic peptides and equine myoglobin. After reduction of the disulfide bond, the formation of intra‐ and intermolecular cross‐links was identified and the peptides modified with both NHS and diazirine moieties characterized. Fragmentation of these modified peptides reveals the presence of a marker ion for intramolecular cross‐links, which facilitates identification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in GC‐QTOF MS for pesticide residue analysis
Authors: Portolés T. , Sancho J. V. , Hernández F. , Newton A. , Hancock P.
Published: July 2010

The potential applications of a new atmospheric pressure source for GC‐MS analysis have been investigated in this work. A list of around 100 GC‐amenable pesticides, which includes organochlorine, organophosphorus and organonitrogenated compounds, has been used to evaluate their behavior in the new source. Favoring the major formation of the molecular ion in the source has been the main goal due to the wide‐scope screening possibilities that this fact brings in comparison with the traditional, highly fragmented electron ionization spectra. Thus, the addition of water as modifier has been tested as a way to promote the generation of protonated molecules. Pesticides investigated have been classified into six groups according to their ionization/fragmentation behavior. Four of them are characterized by the abundant formation of the protonated molecule in the atmospheric pressure source, mostly being the base peak of the spectrum. These results show that wide‐scope screening could be easily performed with this source by investigating the presence of the protonated molecule ion, MH+. The developed procedure has been applied to pesticide screening in different food samples (nectarine, orange and spinach) and it has allowed the presence of several pesticides to be confirmed such as chlorpyriphos ethyl, deltamethrin and endosulfan sulfate. The availability of a quadrupole time‐of‐flight instrument made it feasible to perform additional MS/MS experiments for both standards and samples to go further in the confirmation of the identity of the detected compounds. Results shown in this paper have been obtained using a prototype source which exhibits promising features that could be applied to other analytical problems apart from those illustrated in this work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A leadership credo for times of uncertainty and change
Authors: Stames Paul
Published: July 2010

Global change creates an environment of uncertainty in which leaders must rely on their core beliefs to sustain their courage and conviction. This article lays the foundation for self‐management and the deep change necessary for leaders to model behaviors that support positive change during organizational transformation.
Web 2.0: Read, write, create, connect, and learn—opportunities for online learning
Authors: Parscal Tina J.
Published: July 2010

This article examines the uses of Web 2.0 technologies in online education: blogs, wikis, social networking, social bookmarking, and virtual gaming environments. It also presents research on the pedagogical uses of Web 2.0 in online education and training; the theoretical underpinnings of this pedagogy; implications for colleges, universities, and organizations that adopt Web 2.0 technologies; and future trends and the systemic impact of Web 2.0. According to Thompson (2008, p. 22), “Web 2.0 offers educators new teaching and learning tools. Web 2.0 can change the way teachers interact with students and how students interact among themselves.”
Excellent leaders do better than fixing problems—they foresee them
Authors: Price Daniel R.
Published: July 2010

Know What You Don't Know: How Great Leaders Prevent Problems Before They Happen

By Michael A. Roberto

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2009. 202 pp. ISBN‐13 978‐0‐13‐156615‐0. $27.99.
Myers‐Briggs and psychological type and change style for hospital executives
Authors: Lawrence Eleanor T.
Published: July 2010

This research explored psychological type and change style for hospital executives and the implications for leading organizational change using the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator Form Q and the Change Style Indicator. As societal demands increase for hospitals to transform, it becomes vital for executives to understand their own needs, responses, and strengths during organizational change and those of their followers. Forty‐five hospital executives participated in this study. The descriptive statistics for psychological type MBTI were ISTJ (20%), followed by ENTP (17.8%) and ISFJ (13.3%). The most frequently reported CSI style was Originator (40.7%), followed by Conserver (31.2%) and Pragmatist (28.9%). Results indicated that ENTP type was overrepresented at a statistically significant level of .001 in comparison to the CPP Healthcare Sample (2006) and the CAPT Healthcare Administrator Sample (1986). CSI styles were not overrepresented at a statistically significant level. There were statistically significant associations between MBTI type and CSI Originator style, MBTI preferences and the CSI Originator style, specific MBTI preferences, and the CSI Conserver style. MBTI and CSI tools help hospital executives understand and manage the effect of their psychological type and change style when leading organizational change. The study provides baseline information for a more informed and flexible approach to organizational change using psychological type in conjunction with change style.
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reactions of CHXCFX (X = H, F) with OH (253–328 K) and NO3 (298 K) radicals and O3 (236–308 K)
Authors: Chen L. , Uchimaru T. , Kutsuna S. , Tokuhashi K. , Sekiya A.
Published: July 2010

Rate constants for the reactions of OH and NO3 radicals with CH2CHF (k1 and k4), CH2CF2 (k2 and k5), and CHFCF2 (k3 and k6) were determined by means of a relative rate method. The rate constants for OH radical reactions at 253–328 K were k1 = (1.20 ± 0.37) × 10−12 exp[(410 ± 90)/T], k2 = (1.51 ± 0.37) × 10−12 exp[(190 ± 70)/T], and k3 = (2.53 ± 0.60) × 10−12 exp[(340 ± 70)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The rate constants for NO3 radical reactions at 298 K were k4 = (1.78 ± 0.12) × 10−16 (CH2CHF), k5 = (1.23 ± 0.02) × 10−16 (CH2CF2), and k6 = (1.86 ± 0.09) × 10−16 (CHFCF2) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The rate constants for O3 reactions with CH2CHF (k7), CH2CF2 (k8), and CHFCF2 (k9) were determined by means of an absolute rate method: k7 = (1.52 ± 0.22) × 10−15 exp[−(2280 ± 40)/T], k8 = (4.91 ± 2.30) × 10−16 exp[−(3360 ± 130)/T], and k9 = (5.70 ± 4.04) × 10−16 exp[−(2580 ± 200)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 236–308 K. The errors reported are ±2 standard deviations and represent precision only. The tropospheric lifetimes of CH2CHF, CH2CF2, and CHFCF2 with respect to reaction with OH radicals, NO3 radicals, and O3 were calculated to be 2.3, 4.4, and 1.6 days, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 619–628, 2010
Analysis of laryngeal framework surgery: 10‐year follow‐up to a national survey
Authors: Young VyVy N. , Zullo Thomas G. , Rosen Clark A.
Published: July 2010

Objectives:

Laryngeal framework surgery, including medialization laryngoplasty (ML) and arytenoid adduction (AA), are common treatments for vocal fold paralysis and glottal incompetence. Little information is known about the incidence of ML/AA surgery nationwide, in particular the success and complication rates.

Methods:

A 25‐item questionnaire was mailed to 6,644 Board‐certified otolaryngologists.

Results:

The response rate was 25.7% (n = 1,707). Sixty‐three percent perform ML and/or AA, representing 29,748 procedures. Experience with Silastic medialization implants has decreased over time, while utilization of other materials has increased. The overall complication rate was 15%, including 0.8% implant extrusion and 6% revision rates. The most common revision was placement of a larger implant (37% of all revisions). Airway compromise requiring intervention was observed in 2.2%, and suboptimal voice outcome in 4%. Although not statistically significant, a trend was observed of decreasing complication rate with increasing experience.

Conclusions:

Laryngeal framework surgeries are being performed with increasing frequency in the United States. The overall complication rate is slightly increased in the present study, but airway compromise and poor vocal outcome are decreased, and the need for revision surgery is unchanged. These findings suggest a continued high level of efficacy of these procedures. Laryngoscope, 2010