bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An integrated approach to the higher education terminology in Spanish-Russian university texts
Authors:   Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir (España), Polyakova Oksana
Published: April 2021

The commitment of European and non-European countries for the convergence of educational standards happened decades ago. In the beginning, in 1999 (Bologna Declaration) Spain became an integral part of the Bologna Process. Meanwhile the Russian Federation required four more years to respond to this initiative and sign in 2003 the Berlin Communique. Many issues were raised by the alignment of different education systems and their adaptation to common quality standards. However, few solutions were offered to tackle terminology issues in university domain. In this study, we will focus on how we can overcome higher education terminology differences. We will analyse Spanish-Russian university texts, exploit a mixed monolingual and bilingual corpus as well as investigate the system for terminological equivalence of terms. Finally, we will elaborate a bilingual glossary of terms, synonyms and abbreviations conceivably to meet the needs of intercultural mediators, translators or education experts.
Un instrumento para evaluar la calidad lingüístico-discursiva de textos disciplinares producidos por estudiantes de Derecho
Authors:   Universidad de La Serena (Chile), Meza Paulina , González Catalán Felipe ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Chile)
Published: April 2021

En esta investigación proponemos como objetivo generar un instrumento que permita evaluar la calidad lingüístico-discursiva de textos disciplinares producidos por estudiantes de Derecho. Para ello, desarrollamos un estudio cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, a fin de proponer una rúbrica que permita orientar la enseñanza y evaluación de la escritura en la formación en Derecho. El proceso de creación del instrumento incluyó entrevistas a los profesores de la carrera mencionada, lo que permitió realizar un levantamiento de las propiedades lingüístico-discursivas que debiesen poseer los textos especializados de la disciplina en cuestión y los aspectos que debiesen evaluar los docentes disciplinares en dichos textos. Una vez diseñada, sometimos la rúbrica a diversos procedimientos de validación, luego de los cuales quedó, finalmente, constituida por 16 dimensiones y 4 macrodimensiones: situación comunicativa, comunicación del conocimiento jurídico, estructura global y oracional y normativa. La versión final del instrumento obtuvo un acuerdo considerable tanto para la validez de contenido (K=0,73) como para la confiabilidad intercodificador (K=0,62). El hecho de contar con un instrumento validado será de gran utilidad para los distintos actores involucrados en el proceso de formación de abogados, pues permitirá obtener información más precisa respecto del nivel de adquisición de la competencia escritural en Derecho. Así también, permitirá definir estrategias de intervención adecuadas a las necesidades de los estudiantes y proveer herramientas que posibiliten el desarrollo de una didáctica de la escritura en Derecho.
Sustentabilidade urbana de Lagoa Seca-PB
Authors: Martins Maria de Fátima , Rodrigues Amanda de Araújo
Published: April 2021

O espaço urbano brasileiro tem sido fortemente modificado com o passar do tempo. E por não ser acompanhado de políticas urbanas, diversos problemas vieram à superfície. Diante disso, é preciso incorporar um desenvolvimento urbano sustentável nos municípios, bem como uma constante mensuração, visando proporcionar qualidade às cidades e à sociedade ao longo do tempo. O objetivo neste artigo é analisar a sustentabilidade urbana da cidade de Lagoa Seca-PB a partir de um sistema de indicadores que permita mensurar, analisar e monitorar a qualidade do desenvolvimento urbano, oferecendo suporte informacional para uma gestão sustentável da cidade. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a dimensão com melhor resultado foi a cidadania, mostrando a existência de uma base estrutural favorável ao desenvolvimento urbano. Por sua vez, a dimensão com pior resultado foi o patrimônio, assumindo índice zero devido à ausência de informações nos acervos sobre medidas para a sua conservação. Percebe-se, assim, a necessidade de um empenho conjunto entre a gestão municipal e a população para melhorar a realidade local.
A importância do cooperativismo de crédito para o agronegócio e o desenvolvimento regional: o caso da PRIMACREDI
Authors: Morais Roberto Tadeu Ramos
Published: April 2021

O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar o papel da Cooperativa de Crédito PRIMACREDI como agente de desenvolvimento regional, conforme o conceito de cooperativismo aplicado ao contexto do agronegócio, considerando como campo do estudo a região do Centro-Oeste mato-grossense. O estudo de caso exploratório, com abordagem quali-quantitativa e análise interpretativa, apoiou-se nos recursos da pesquisa bibliográfica. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi um questionário misto, que, por sua vez, foi aplicado junto a cinquenta participantes, caracterizando uma amostra aleatória simples. Como resultados, tem-se que a cooperativa de crédito atende aos anseios de seus cooperados, o que leva à conclusão de que ela representa uma alternativa viável para concretizar o desenvolvimento regional, sobretudo, nos municípios em que o agronegócio tem crescido de forma mais significativa.
A Brief Insight into Nutritional Deficiencies in Pulses and their Possible Management Strategies A Review
Authors: Hussain Nazir , Bahar F. A. , Mehdi S. S. , Bhat M. A. , Hussain Ashaq , Kanth R. H. , Sheikh Tahir , Ahmad Rayes , Wani O. A. , Nazim H. M. , Fayaz Shaiysta , Azad Ayman , Iqbal Sadaf
Published: April 2021

One of the main abiotic constraints that limits pulse production is nutrient imbalance. Pulses play very important role in human diet providing all nutritional and physiological beneficial effects on human health. Pulses are rich in protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fibre, and a rich source of other bioactive components, and their consumption extends worldwide. Pulses are dried legumes that consist of various varieties of beans, lentils, peas, green gram, black gram, horse gram, and chickpeas. Protein-rich pulses are considered a primary food for a large portion of the Indian population, which satisfies everyone's protein and energy demands. Phosphorus and Fe have significantly enhanced pulse crop productivity in many pockets in response to potassium application. The production of both applied and native P is increased by phosphatic fertilisers and the use of bio-fertilizers. Some micro-nutrient foliar nutrition proved to be very successful, the amount and mode of application is determined by indigenous nutrient supply. Balanced nutrition is vital for achieving higher productivity. At the same time, in order to 'increasing nutrients demand, there is immense need to exploit the alternate source of nutrients viz Organic materials and bio- fertilisers for sustainable productivity with more environmentally friendly systems for the management of nutrients. Environmental issues and other hazards arising from the imbalanced use of nutrients should also be addressed properly. several investigators reported that integrated use of chemical fertilizers with organic manure is becoming a quite promising practice not only for maintaining higher productivity but also for greater stability to crop production as well as make the pulses become healthy to feed the population.
An Overview of Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease
Authors: Utkurovich Nabiyev Abdusamat
Published: April 2021

Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Iron deficiency states are the reason for a decrease in working capacity, an increase in susceptibility to viral diseases, especially in children and cause growth and development retardation. Iron overload and poisoning lead to the activation of processes that can cause cell death. Timely diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism and subsequent monitoring of treatment require knowledge of not only pathophysiological mechanisms, but also methodological capabilities and correct interpretation of clinical and biochemical parameters of iron metabolism.
The use of social attraction techniques to restore seabird colonies on Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico
Authors: Herrera‐Giraldo Jose‐Luis , Figuerola‐Hernández Cielo E. , Wolf Coral A. , Colón‐Merced Ricardo , Ventosa‐Febles Eduardo , Silander Susan , Holmes Nick D.
Published: April 2021

Desecheo Island (117 ha) was historically an important seabird island in the Caribbean with 15 species recorded, of which seven are known to breed, including major populations of brown boobies and red‐footed bobbies. The introduction of invasive mammals, plus the use of the island as a bombing range, contributed to the extirpation of five of the seven known breeding populations of seabird species and vastly reduced numbers of the remaining two species. The island became a National Wildlife Refuge in 1976 and major conservation interventions have included the eradication of invasive goats, rhesus macaques and rats between 1976 and 2016. Removing these critical threats from the island has allowed other active restoration goals to be realized, including restoring seabird colonies to the island.

Here, we report on the installation of social attraction equipment in 2018 to augment bridled tern and brown noddy colonies and establish a species of conservation concern, the Audubon's shearwater. We supported these actions through a review of historic seabird nesting and roosting on Desecheo. Motion‐sensing cameras were installed to document activity at each social attraction site and evaluate the effectiveness of our methods.

During the 2 years of deployment and monitoring, a total of seven bridled tern nests were documented in new and historic sites for the species, two of them next to a decoy colony; however, no brown noddy visits or nests were detected. In 2018 and 2019, one and two Audubon's shearwaters, respectively, were attracted to one of the sound system speakers, representing the first record for this species on the island.

Social attraction efforts on Desecheo appears to be a feasible activity that may help support seabird recolonization and support conservation goals for this National Wildlife Refuge.
Patient‐Specific Organoid and Organ‐on‐a‐Chip: 3D Cell‐Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zheng Fuyin , Xiao Yuminghao , Liu Hui , Fan Yubo , Dao Ming
Published: April 2021

The last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ‐on‐a‐chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi‐organoid‐on‐a‐chip or human organoid‐on‐a‐chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results‐translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ‐on‐a‐chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ‐on‐a‐chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.
Studying Tumor Angiogenesis and Cancer Invasion in a Three‐Dimensional Vascularized Breast Cancer Micro‐Environment
Authors: Dey Madhuri , Ayan Bugra , Yurieva Marina , Unutmaz Derya , Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: April 2021

Metastatic breast cancer is one of the deadliest forms of malignancy, primarily driven by its characteristic micro‐environment comprising cancer cells interacting with stromal components. These interactions induce genetic and metabolic alterations creating a conducive environment for tumor growth. In this study, a physiologically relevant 3D vascularized breast cancer micro‐environment is developed comprising of metastatic MDA‐MB‐231 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells loaded in human dermal fibroblasts laden fibrin, representing the tumor stroma. The matrix, as well as stromal cell density, impacts the transcriptional profile of genes involved in tumor angiogenesis and cancer invasion, which are hallmarks of cancer. Cancer‐specific canonical pathways and activated upstream regulators are also identified by the differential gene expression signatures of these composite cultures. Additionally, a tumor‐associated vascular bed of capillaries is established exhibiting dilated vessel diameters, representative of in vivo tumor physiology. Further, employing aspiration‐assisted bioprinting, cancer–endothelial crosstalk, in the form of collective angiogenesis of tumor spheroids bioprinted at close proximity, is identified. Overall, this bottom–up approach of tumor micro‐environment fabrication provides an insight into the potential of in vitro tumor models and enables the identification of novel therapeutic targets as a preclinical drug screening platform.
Hierarchically Designed Salt‐Resistant Solar Evaporator Based on Donnan Effect for Stable and High‐Performance Brine Treatment
Authors: Zhao Wei , Gong Han , Song Yan , Li Bo , Xu Ning , Min Xinzhe , Liu Guoliang , Zhu Bin , Zhou Lin , Zhang Xu‐Xiang , Zhu Jia
Published: April 2021

Interfacial solar evaporation is considered to be a promising technology to treat brine with high energy transfer efficiency and a minimized carbon footprint. However, salt accumulation on solar evaporators during the brine treatment process has limited their widespread application. Herein, a hierarchically designed salt‐resistant solar evaporator is demonstrated, featuring confined Na+ with salt‐resistant ability based on the Donnan effect. The high chemical potential of confined Na+ leads to the Donnan distribution equilibrium, which minimizes the amount of the salt ions diffusing into the water supply layer and therefore fundamentally avoids salt accumulation. With this hierarchical design, the solar evaporator enables stable evaporation from high‐salinity brine (15 wt% NaCl) with a solar‐to‐vapor efficiency of 80% under 1 sun irradiation over a long period of time. Therefore, it provides an alternative and promising pathway for solar water treatment of high salinity brine.
Endogenous Stimuli‐Activatable Nanomedicine for Immune Theranostics for Cancer
Authors: Wang Weiqi , Jin Yilan , Liu Xiao , Chen Fangmin , Zheng Xiaohua , Liu Tianqing , Yang Yumin , Yu Haijun
Published: April 2021

Cancer immunotherapy has witnessed significant advances in the past decade, however challenges associated with immune‐related adverse effects and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have hindered their clinical application. Stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines hold great potential for improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy and minimizing the side effects via tumor‐specific accumulation, controllable drug release profile, and combinational therapy by integrating multiple therapeutic regimens. In this review, the recent advances of stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are first described, with particular focus on endogenous stimuli including pH, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, and excessive enzymes within the tumor microenvironment. Then, the endogenous stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines that target tumor cells, immune cells, or periphery immune systems for eliciting sustained systemic immune activation and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, are described. Next, the general mechanisms underlying nanomedicine‐based immunotherapy by eliciting anti‐tumor immune responses and overcoming immunologic tolerance are described. Further, the emerging application of bioimaging techniques for monitoring immune response and evaluating therapy performance is described. Finally, the authors’ perspectives are provided for the clinical translation of nanomedicine‐based cancer immunotherapy.
Laser‐Manufactured Metastable Supranano SnOx for Efficient Electron/Ion Bridging in SnO2‐Graphene Heterostructure Boosting Lithium Storage
Authors: Xu Xiaosa , Xu Fei , Qu Changzhen , Jiang Guangshen , Yu Haoqi , Repich Hlib , Han Haojie , Cao Fengren , Li Liang , Wang Hongqiang
Published: April 2021

Robust anchoring of high‐capacity nanocrystals (NCs) on porous conductive substrates is of paramount importance but it is challenging for highly efficient energy storage to prevent the weak interfacial interactions, inevitable aggregation, and sluggish charge transfer, due to the technical hurdles of constructing heterostructures with firm electron/ion bridging. Herein, a facile and high‐efficiency liquid‐phase laser manufacturing strategy to guarantee the covalent bonding of ultrafine NCs on conductive substrates by predesigning metastable supranano (<10 nm) particles is proposed. The manufacturing of supranano SnO2 (≈3.4 nm) is demonstrated to tightly anchor on mesoporous walls of graphene with high loading (≈81.3%) and homogenous dispersion. Such a optimized heterostructure with unimpeded electron/ion transfer delivers extraordinary long‐term cycling stability (1132 mAh g–1 at 1.0 A g–1 after 1250 cycles) and impressive rate capability (275 mAh g–1 at 30.0 A g–1) as the anode for Li‐storage, which are some of the highest values among the reported SnO2‐based anodes. The study provides an important avenue for addressing the interfacial bridging in‐between heterostructures via creating active metastable supranano particles for intriguing electrochemical applications or even beyond, based on laser‐matter interactions.
Covalently Interlinked Graphene Sheets with Sulfur‐Chains Enable Superior Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes at Full‐Mass Level
Authors: Tantis Iosif , Bakandritsos Aristides , Zaoralová Dagmar , Medveď Miroslav , Jakubec Petr , Havláková Jana , Zbořil Radek , Otyepka Michal
Published: April 2021

Sulfur represents a low‑cost, sustainable, and high theoretical capacity cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries, which can meet the growing demand in portable power sources, such as in electric vehicles and mobile information technologies. However, the shuttling effect of the formed lithium polysulfides, as well as their low conductivity, compromise the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur cells. To tackle this challenge, a so far unexplored cathode, composed of sulfur covalently bonded directly on graphene is developed. This is achieved by leveraging the nucleophilicity of polysulfide chains, which react readily with the electrophilic centers in fluorographene, as experimental and theoretical data unveil. The reaction leads to the formation of carbon–sulfur covalent bonds and a particularly high sulfur content of 80 mass%. Owing to these features, the developed cathode exhibits excellent performance with only 5 mass% of conductive carbon additive, delivering very high full‑cathode‑mass capacities and rate capability, combined with superior cycling stability. In combination with a fluorinated ether as electrolyte additive, the capacity persists at ≈700 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, and at ≈644 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.2 C, keeping ≈470 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles.
Ag Incorporation with Controlled Grain Growth Enables 12.5% Efficient Kesterite Solar Cell with Open Circuit Voltage Reached 64.2% Shockley–Queisser Limit
Authors: Gong Yuancai , Qiu Ruichan , Niu Chuanyou , Fu Junjie , Jedlicka Erin , Giridharagopal Rajiv , Zhu Qiang , Zhou Yage , Yan Weibo , Yu Shaotang , Jiang Jingjing , Wu Sixin , Ginger David S. , Huang Wei , Xin Hao
Published: April 2021

The large open‐circuit voltage deficit (Voc,def) is the key issue that limits kesterite (Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, [CZTSSe]) solar cell performance. Substitution of Cu+ by larger ionic Ag+ ((Ag,Cu)2ZnSn(S,Se)4, [ACZTSSe]) is one strategy to reduce Cu–Zn disorder and improve kesterite Voc. However, the so far reported ACZTSSe solar cell has not demonstrated lower Voc,def than the world record device, indicating that some intrinsic defect properties cannot be mitigated using current approaches. Here, incorporation of Ag into kesterite through a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution that can facilitate direct phase transformation grain growth and produce a uniform and less defective kesterite absorber is reported. The same coordination chemistry of Ag+ and Cu+ in the DMSO solution results in the same reaction path of ACZTSSe to CZTSSe, resulting in significant suppression of CuZn defects, its defect cluster [2CuZn + SnZn], and deep level defect CuSn. A champion device with an efficiency of 12.5% (active area efficiency 13.5% without antireflection coating) and a record low Voc,def (64.2% Shockley–Queisser limit) is achieved from ACZTSSe with 5% Ag content.
“Water‐in‐Deep Eutectic Solvent” Electrolytes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Jinqiang , Sun Tianjiang , Bao Junquan , Zheng Shibing , Du Haihui , Li Lin , Yuan Xuming , Ma Tao , Tao Zhanliang
Published: April 2021

Aqueous Zn‐ion batteries have been considered as promising alternatives to Li‐ion batteries due to their abundant reserves, low price, and high safety. However, Zn anode shows poor reversibility and cycling stability in most conventional aqueous electrolytes. Here, a new type of aqueous Zn‐ion electrolyte based on ZnCl2–acetamide deep eutectic solvent with both environmental and economic friendliness has been prepared. The water molecule introduced in the “water‐in‐deep eutectic solvent” electrolyte could reduce the Zn2+ desolvation energy barrier by regulating Zn2+ solvation structure to promote uniform Zn nucleation. Zn anode shows improved electrochemical performance (≈98% Coulombic efficiency over 1000 cycles) in the electrolyte whose molar ratio of ZnCl2:acetamide:H2O is 1:3:1. The assembled full battery composed of phenazine cathode and Zn anode could stably cycle over 10 000 cycles with a high capacity retention of 85.7%. Overall, this work offers new insights into exploring new green electrolyte systems for Zn‐ion batteries.
The More, the Better–Recent Advances in Construction of 2D Multi‐Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Ruijie , Li Menghan , Li Lin , Wei Zhongming , Jiao Fei , Geng Dechao , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2021

The past few years have witnessed significant development in the controlled growth of 2D heterostructures. Among those kinds of heterostructures, vertical and lateral ones have drawn the most attention. Vertical heterostructures can be created in the mode of layer by layer. The layer number and sequence in the vertical orientation can be modulated and thus leading to customized properties. However, the fabrication of lateral heterostructures has been met with challenges. The most concerning issue is related to the consistency at the atomic scale when two layers are stitched in a lateral direction. Adhering to the concept of epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has exerted significant impact in forming 2D lateral heterostructures. In this review, recent academic breakthroughs involving controlled growth of multi‐heterostructures by CVD are present. The CVD technique in terms of growth parameters, choice of catalysts, and mechanism is fully emphasized, offering guidelines for shaping novel 2D heterostructures. Several novel multi‐heterostructures attained by the CVD method are exhibited. Further, the properties and devices are described to demonstrate the unique features of multi‐heterostructures. The great advances in precisely constructing multi‐heterostructure are expected to push forward the way for 2D materials to industrialization and commercialization.
Materials for Improving Immune Cell Transfection
Authors: Kumar Arun R. K. , Shou Yufeng , Chan Brian , L. Krishaa , Tay Andy
Published: April 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapy holds great promise for preventing and treating deadly diseases such as cancer. However, it remains challenging to transfect and engineer primary immune cells for clinical cell manufacturing. Conventional tools using viral vectors and bulk electroporation suffer from low efficiency while posing risks like viral transgene integration and excessive biological perturbations. Emerging techniques using microfluidics, nanoparticles, and high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures can overcome these challenges, and on top of that, provide universal and high‐throughput cargo delivery. Herein, the strengths and limitations of traditional and emerging materials for immune cell transfection, and commercial development of these tools, are discussed. To enhance the characterization of transfection techniques and uptake by the clinical community, a list of in vitro and in vivo assays to perform, along with relevant protocols, is recommended. The overall aim, herein, is to motivate the development of novel materials to meet rising demand in transfection for clinical CAR‐T cell manufacturing.
From Chaos to Control: Programmable Crack Patterning with Molecular Order in Polymer Substrates
Authors: Kim Hyun , Abdelrahman Mustafa K. , Choi Joonmyung , Kim Hongdeok , Maeng Jimin , Wang Suitu , Javed Mahjabeen , Rivera‐Tarazona Laura K. , Lee Habeom , Ko Seung Hwan , Ware Taylor H.
Published: April 2021

Cracks are typically associated with the failure of materials. However, cracks can also be used to create periodic patterns on the surfaces of materials, as observed in the skin of crocodiles and elephants. In synthetic materials, surface patterns are critical to micro‐ and nanoscale fabrication processes. Here, a strategy is presented that enables freely programmable patterns of cracks on the surface of a polymer and then uses these cracks to pattern other materials. Cracks form during deposition of a thin film metal on a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) and follow the spatially patterned molecular order of the polymer. These patterned sub‐micrometer scale cracks have an order parameter of 0.98 ± 0.02 and form readily over centimeter‐scale areas on the flexible substrates. The patterning of the LCN enables cracks that turn corners, spiral azimuthally, or radiate from a point. Conductive inks can be filled into these oriented cracks, resulting in flexible, anisotropic, and transparent conductors. This materials‐based processing approach to patterning cracks enables unprecedented control of the orientation, length, width, and depth of the cracks without costly lithography methods. This approach promises new architectures of electronics, sensors, fluidics, optics, and other devices with micro‐ and nanoscale features.
Energy Storage Structural Composites with Integrated Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review
Authors: Galos Joel , Pattarakunnan Koranat , Best Adam S. , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Wang Chun‐Hui , Mouritz Adrian P.
Published: April 2021

Integration of lithium‐ion batteries into fiber‐polymer composite structures so as to simultaneously carry mechanical loads and store electrical energy offer great potential to reduce the overall system weight. Herein, recent progresses in integration methods for achieving high mechanical efficiencies of embedding commercial lithium‐ion batteries inside composite materials are reviewed. The manufacturing techniques used to fabricate energy storage structural composites are discussed together with a comparison of their mechanical properties, energy storage capacity, and electrical performance. The mechanical performance of energy storage composites containing lithium‐ion batteries depends on many factors, including manufacturing method, materials used, structural design, and bonding between the structure and the integrated batteries. Energy storage composites with integrated lithium‐ion pouch batteries generally achieve a superior balance between mechanical performance and energy density compared to other commercial battery systems. Potential applications are presented for energy storage composites containing integrated lithium‐ion batteries including automotive, aircraft, spacecraft, marine and sports equipment. Opportunities and challenges in fabrication methods, mechanical characterizations, trade‐offs in engineering design, safety, and battery subcomponents are also discussed.
Transparent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Advances, Prospects, and Challenges
Authors: Huseynova Gunel , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Jonghee
Published: April 2021

Transparent organic light‐emitting diodes (TOLEDs) are exciting next‐generation electronic devices that can be embedded and integrated into walls, windows, head‐up panels in commercial and domestic buildings, cars, planes, and other segments of the consumer goods sector. TOLEDs are also fundamental components for the realization of the stacked OLEDs for various industrial and research applications. Furthermore, futuristic smart wearables for clothing as well as medical purposes will also benefit remarkably from the development of TOLEDs. However, the efficiency of TOLEDs is significantly lower than that of their opaque counterparts. The achievement of high‐performance TOLEDs is directly dependent on the properties of the chosen electrode materials as well as the used light extraction techniques. In this review, the reported perspectives of TOLEDs are discussed along with their types, design, and architectures, applied TOLED materials and properties, and the application fields of these transparent devices. The performance of the electrode materials and the commonly used light extraction methods are reviewed in detail as well. The main purpose is to shed light on some of the effective TOLED approaches and the underlying reasons for the frequently encountered issues in these diodes. Auspicious novel fabrication techniques as well as device structures are also highlighted.
Memristors Based on (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) High‐Entropy Oxides
Authors: Ahn Minhyung , Park Yongmo , Lee Seung Hwan , Chae Sieun , Lee Jihang , Heron John T. , Kioupakis Emmanouil , Lu Wei D. , Phillips Jamie D.
Published: April 2021

Memristors have emerged as transformative devices to enable neuromorphic and in‐memory computing, where success requires the identification and development of materials that can overcome challenges in retention and device variability. Here, high‐entropy oxide composed of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W oxides is first demonstrated as a switching material for valence change memory. This multielement oxide material provides uniform distribution and higher concentration of oxygen vacancies, limiting the stochastic behavior in resistive switching. (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) high‐entropy‐oxide‐based memristors manifest the “cocktail effect,” exhibiting comparable retention with HfO2‐ or Ta2O5‐based memristors while also demonstrating the gradual conductance modulation observed in WO3‐based memristors. The electrical characterization of these high‐entropy‐oxide‐based memristors demonstrates forming‐free operation, low device and cycle variability, gradual conductance modulation, 6‐bit operation, and long retention which are promising for neuromorphic applications.
Hybridization of Emerging Crystalline Porous Materials: Synthesis Dimensionality and Electrochemical Energy Storage Application
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Gu Cheng , Yao Ming‐Shui , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: April 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are important members of crystalline porous materials due to their huge structural diversity and tunability. By hybridizing MOFs or COFs with other materials, restrictions of the pristine materials, i.e., poor conductivity and weak mechanical property, can be effectively circumvented. This review summarizes several hybridization techniques from the molecular level to the micro‐ and macroscales for the preparation of various MOF and COF hybrids. Then, their representative applications as electrochemical energy storage devices are elaborated, such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, polymer electrolytes, and separators. The basic principles and mechanisms for guiding hybridization are also properly clarified.
Community‐level social capital and agricultural cooperatives: Evidence from Hebei, China
Authors: Jia Susan (Sixue) , Xu Xiaobing
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the relationships between five aspects of community‐level social capital and the formation and performance of agricultural cooperatives, based on an investigation of 50 rural villages in Hebei, China. Results show that trust and informal sociability relate positively to either cooperative formation or performance, whereas local network is negatively related to both formation and performance. It is therefore recommended that policy makers leverage publicity channels and financial tools to encourage and stimulate trust, enhance the effectiveness of intervillage communication, and work out a collaborative mechanism between local networks and agricultural cooperatives. [EconLit Citations: Q13, P32]
Testing an invasion mechanism for Eucalyptus globulus: Is there evidence of allelopathy?
Authors: Nelson Kristen M. , Bisbing Sarah , Grossenbacher Dena L. , Ritter Matt , Yost Jennifer M.
Published: April 2021

PREMISE

Sparse understory communities, in association with non‐native tree species, are often attributed to allelopathy, the chemical inhibition of a plant by another. However, allelopathy is a difficult ecological phenomenon to demonstrate as many studies show conflicting results. Eucalyptus globulus, a tree native to Australia, is one of the most widely planted trees around the world. Sparse understories are common beneath E. globulus plantations and are often attributed to allelopathy, but the ecological impacts of E. globulus on native plant communities outside Austrialia are poorly understood.

METHODS

To assess allelopathy as a mechanism of understory inhibition, we tested volatile‐ and water‐soluble leaf extracts from E. globulus, Salvia apiana, and Quercus agrifolia on seed germination of California native plants. We also quantified germination rates and early seedling growth of California native plants grown in soil from E. globulus plantations versus soil from an adjacent native plant community.

RESULTS

Volatile compounds from E. globulus did not significantly reduce germination for any species. Inhibition from water‐soluble E. globulus compounds was comparable to that of a native tree, Quercus agrifolia (10%). Eucalyptus globulus soil supported germination and early seedling growth of native species equal to or better than coastal scrub soil, although species responses were variable.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to previous studies, our results fail to support the hypothesis that E. globulus chemically inhibits germination of native species. California native plants germinate and grow well in soils from E. globulus plantations, which may have significant implications for management and restoration of land historically occupied by E. globulus plantations.
A deep‐learning‐based workflow to assess taxonomic affinity of hominid teeth with a test on discriminating Pongo and Homo upper molars
Authors: Yi Zhixing , Zanolli Clément , Liao Wei , Wang Wei
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a state‐of‐art deep learning (DL) method with superior performance in image classification. Here, a CNN‐based workflow is proposed to discriminate hominid teeth. Our hope is that this method could help confirm otherwise questionable records of Homo from Pleistocene deposits where there is a standing risk of mis‐attributing molars of Pongo to Homo.

Methods and materials

A two‐step workflow was designed. The first step is converting the enamel–dentine junction (EDJ) into EDJ card, that is, a two‐dimensional image conversion of the three‐dimensional EDJ surface. In this step, researchers must carefully orient the teeth according to the cervical plane. The second step is training the CNN learner with labeled EDJ cards. A sample consisting of 53 fossil Pongo and 53 Homo (modern human and Neanderthal) was adopted to generate EDJ cards, which were then separated into training set (n = 84) and validation set (n = 22). To assess the feasibility of this workflow, a Pongo‐Homo classifier was trained from the aforementioned EDJ card set, and then the classifier was used to predict the taxonomic affinities of six samples (test set) from von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection.

Results

Results show that EDJ cards in validation set are classified accurately by the CNN learner. More importantly, taxonomic predictions for six specimens in test set match well with the diagnosis results deduced from multiple lines of evidence, implying the great potential of CNN method.

Discussion

This workflow paves a way for future studies using CNN to address taxonomic complexity (e.g., distinguishing Pongo and Homo teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia). Further improvements include visual interpretation and extending the applicability to moderately worn teeth.
Lower complexity and higher variability in beat‐to‐beat systolic blood pressure are associated with elevated long‐term risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Ma Yuan , Zhou Junhong , Kavousi Maryam , Lipsitz Lewis A. , Mattace‐Raso Francesco , Westerhof Berend E. , Wolters Frank J. , Wu Julia W. , Manor Brad , Ikram M. Kamran , Goudsmit Jaap , Hofman Albert , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: April 2021

Introduction

We hypothesized that subclinical disruption in blood pressure (BP) dynamics, captured by lower complexity and higher variability, may contribute to dementia risk, above and beyond BP levels.

Methods

This prospective cohort study followed 1835 older adults from 1997 to 2016, with BP complexity quantified by sample entropy and BP variability quantified by coefficient of variation using beat‐to‐beat BP measured at baseline.

Results

Three hundred thirty‐four participants developed dementia over 20 years. Reduced systolic BP (SBP) complexity was associated with a higher risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] comparing extreme quintiles: 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09‐2.20). Higher SBP variability was also associated with a higher risk of dementia (HR comparing extreme quintiles: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.11‐2.22. These findings were observed after adjusting for age, sex, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, mean SBP, and other confounding factors.

Discussions

Our findings suggest that lower complexity and higher variability of beat‐to‐beat SBP are potential novel risk factors or biomarkers for dementia.
Measures of resting state EEG rhythms for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations of an expert panel
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Arakaki Xianghong , Azami Hamed , Bennys Karim , Blinowska Katarzyna , Bonanni Laura , Bujan Ana , Carrillo Maria C. , Cichocki Andrzej , de Frutos‐Lucas Jaisalmer , Del Percio Claudio , Dubois Bruno , Edelmayer Rebecca , Egan Gary , Epelbaum Stephane , Escudero Javier , Evans Alan , Farina Francesca , Fargo Keith , Fernández Alberto , Ferri Raffaele , Frisoni Giovanni , Hampel Harald , Harrington Michael G. , Jelic Vesna , Jeong Jaeseung , Jiang Yang , Kaminski Maciej , Kavcic Voyko , Kilborn Kerry , Kumar Sanjeev , Lam Alice , Lim Lew , Lizio Roberta , Lopez David , Lopez Susanna , Lucey Brendan , Maestú Fernando , McGeown William J. , McKeith Ian , Moretti Davide Vito , Nobili Flavio , Noce Giuseppe , Olichney John , Onofrj Marco , Osorio Ricardo , Parra‐Rodriguez Mario , Rajji Tarek , Ritter Petra , Soricelli Andrea , Stocchi Fabrizio , Tarnanas Ioannis , Taylor John Paul , Teipel Stefan , Tucci Federico , Valdes‐Sosa Mitchell , Valdes‐Sosa Pedro , Weiergräber Marco , Yener Gorsev , Guntekin Bahar
Published: April 2021

The Electrophysiology Professional Interest Area (EPIA) and Global Brain Consortium endorsed recommendations on candidate electroencephalography (EEG) measures for Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. The Panel reviewed the field literature. As most consistent findings, AD patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia showed abnormalities in peak frequency, power, and “interrelatedness” at posterior alpha (8‐12 Hz) and widespread delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4‐8 Hz) rhythms in relation to disease progression and interventions. The following consensus statements were subscribed: (1) Standardization of instructions to patients, resting state EEG (rsEEG) recording methods, and selection of artifact‐free rsEEG periods are needed; (2) power density and “interrelatedness” rsEEG measures (e.g., directed transfer function, phase lag index, linear lagged connectivity, etc.) at delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands may be use for stratification of AD patients and monitoring of disease progression and intervention; and (3) international multisectoral initiatives are mandatory for regulatory purposes.
Elevated plasma neurofilament light predicts a faster rate of cognitive decline over 5 years in participants with objectively‐defined subtle cognitive decline and MCI
Authors: Bangen Katherine J. , Thomas Kelsey R. , Weigand Alexandra J. , Edmonds Emily C. , Clark Alexandra L. , Solders Seraphina , Delano‐Wood Lisa , Galasko Douglas R. , Bondi Mark W. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Neurofilament light (NFL) reflects neuroaxonal damage and is implicated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Little is known about NFL in pre‐MCI stages, such as in individuals with objectively‐defined subtle cognitive decline (Obj‐SCD).

Methods

Two hundred ninety‐four participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) underwent baseline blood draw and serial neuropsychological testing over 5 years of follow‐up.

Results

Individuals with Obj‐SCD and MCI showed elevated baseline plasma NFL relative to the cognitively normal (CN) group. Across the sample, elevated NFL predicted faster rate of cognitive and functional decline. Within the Obj‐SCD and MCI groups, higher NFL levels predicted faster rate of decline in memory and preclinical AD composite score compared to the CN group.

Discussion

Findings demonstrate the utility of plasma NFL as a biomarker of early AD‐related changes, and provide support for the use of Obj‐SCD criteria in clinical research to better capture subtle cognitive changes.
Molecular imaging of NAD+‐dependent deacetylase SIRT1 in the brain
Authors: Xu Yulong , Chen Zude , Wey Hsiao‐Ying , Liang Yingxia , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Zhang Can , Wang Changning
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Aging is an inevitable physiological process and the biggest risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Developing an imaging tracer to visualize aging‐related changes in the brain may provide a useful biomarker in elucidating neuroanatomical mechanisms of AD.

Methods

We developed and characterized a new tracer that can be used to visualize SIRT1 in brains related to aging and AD by positron emission tomography imaging.

Results

The SIRT1 tracer displayed desirable brain uptake and selectivity, as well as stable metabolism and proper kinetics and distribution in rodent and nonhuman primate brains. This new tracer was further validated by visualizing SIRT1 in brains of AD transgenic mice, compared to nontransgenic animals.

Discussion

Our SIRT1 tracer not only enables, for the first time, the demonstration of SIRT1 in animal brains, but also allows visualization and recapitulation of AD‐related SIRT1 neuropathological changes in animal brains.
Single‐Handed Double Helix and Spiral Platelet Formed by Racemate of Dissymmetric Cages
Authors: Liu Xiaoning , Shi Zheng , Xie Mingchen , Xu Jianping , Zhou Zhifan , Jung Sinyeong , Cui Guijia , Zuo Yong , Li Tao , Yu Chunyang , Liu Zhiqiang , Zhang Shaodong
Published: April 2021

Spontaneous deracemization has been used to separate homochiral domains from the racemic system. However, homochirality can only be referred to when the scales of these domains and systems are specified. To clarify this, we report self‐assembly of racemates of dissymmetric cages DC‐1 with a cone‐shape propeller geometry, forming a centrosymmetric columnar crystalline phase (racemic at crystallographic level). Owing to their anisotropic geometry, the two enantiomers are packed in a frustrated fashion in this crystalline phase; single‐handed double helices are observed (single‐handedness at supramolecular level). The frustrated packing (layer continuity break‐up) in turn facilitates screw dislocation during the crystal growth, forming left‐ or right‐handed spiral platelets (symmetry‐breaking at morphological level), although each platelet is composed of DC‐1 racemates. The symmetry correlation between DC‐1 molecules, the crystalline phase and spiral platelets, all exhibit C3 symmetry.
Dependence of intrinsic viscosity and molecular size on molecular weight of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
Authors: Zhang Hao , Feng Yujun
Published: April 2021

As a typical water‐soluble polymer, ultra‐high molecular weight (UHMW) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) has been widely used in various industries as thickeners or rheology modifiers. However, precise determination of its critical physical parameters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration (Rg) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) were less documented due to their high viscosity in aqueous solution. In this work, the molecular structure of five UHMW‐HPAM samples with different MW was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and their solution properties were characterized by both static and dynamic light scattering. It is found that all the second virial coefficient (A2) values are positive and approaching zero, indicating of a good solvent of 0.5 M NaCl for UHMW‐HPAM. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) dependence of molecular size and intrinsic viscosity [η] for these series of HPAM polymers with MW ranging from 4.81 to 15.4 × 106 g·mol−1 can be correlated as Rg = 3.52 × 10−2Mw0.51, Rh = 1.97 × 10−2Mw0.51, and [η] = 6.98 × 10−4 Mw0.91, respectively. These results are helpful in understanding the relationship between molecular weight and coil size of HPAM polymers in solution, and offer references for quick estimation of molecular weight and screening of commercial UHMW‐HPAM polymers for specific end‐users.
On global stability of planar systems with state‐dependent Riccati equation control
Authors: Liu Chien‐Chun , Liao Teh‐Lu , Chen Chih‐Chiang
Published: April 2021

This paper is concerned with the global asymptotic stability (GAS) of a class of planar systems with a state‐dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) control. Based on the philosophy of feedback domination along with the depiction of the influence arising from system nonlinearities, a sufficient condition indicating the allowable intervals of control gains is established by which the GAS of the system with SDRE control can be guaranteed successfully. The presented condition is delicately equipped with a tunable parameter skillfully enhancing the feasibility while providing a new insight and perspective in ensuring global stability of the SDRE control. A numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed result.