bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a probabilistic model for analysing the abortion of seeds and pods in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Wang X. J. , Mathieu A. , Cournède P.‐H. , de Reffye P. , Zhang B.G.
Published: August 2014

In winter oilseed rape (WOSR), only a subset of ovules can develop into seeds in the majority of pods. Any difficulty during the process of seed production may result in seed or pod abortion. This study aimed to reproduce the process of seed development in WOSR based on a limited number of parameters. As a result of the complexity of the developmental patterns of WOSR, it is challenging to identify the roles of various factors that influence seed production using an experimental approach. Here, we present a stochastic probabilistic model of seed development. The generalised least squares method was implemented to estimate the model parameters using the experimental data. Experiments were done in Grignon (France) in 2008 and 2009. The variations in the parameters were analysed according to the following four factors: year, pod rank, inflorescence position and ramification‐clipping treatment. The year had no effect on the number of ovules per ovary (μ) and the probability of seed viability (p). The proportion of effective pollen grains (k) significantly decreased with pod rank at the end of the main stem. Inflorescence position influenced the number of ovules per ovary (μ: 30.8–33.8 from top to bottom) and the parameter k. The mean number of seeds per pod on the main stem and the bottom ramification along the stem was larger than the other ramifications within one plant. Ramification‐clipping treatment increased the number of ovules per ovary (μ: 31 for control plants and 32 for clipped plants), the parameter k and the number of seeds per pod (p). This effect could be due to the competition for assimilates between the pods and seeds. Furthermore, the distribution parameters of the pollen number per stigma (m) remained stable, and the probability of pod survival (Bo) varied with different factors, including the year, pod rank and inflorescence position. Our results indicate that pollen germination is a factor that determines final seed number. This model can identify the impact of each of the factors that lead to the abortion of seeds and pods in WOSR, which include the position effect, assimilate competition and pollination limitation. However, further studies on the pollination process in WOSR should help to refine this model.
Evolution ofNewZealand insects: summary and prospectus for future research
Authors: Buckley Thomas R , Krosch Matt , Leschen Richard A B
Published: August 2014

Knowledge on the evolution of theNewZealand insect fauna is reviewed and outstanding questions are highlighted. TheNewZealand insect fauna is a composite of old and recent lineages and many spectacular examples of evolutionary processes are evident, including species radiations, hybridisation and unusual adaptations. We discuss the origins and evolution of four prominent communities within the insect fauna: terrestrial lowland insects, alpine insects, aquatic insects and insect communities from offshore islands. Within each of these communities, significant lineages are discussed, and in particular the crucial adaptations that enable these lineages to thrive and diversify. Glacial history has had a dramatic impact on theNewZealand insects, and the effects on different lineages are discussed. TheNewZealand insects are unique, yet many are threatened with extinction, and efforts to preserve the fauna are reviewed. Despite the accumulating knowledge, major gaps still exist and these are outlined, as are opportunities to address key questions. The review concludes with a synthesis and a discussion of how systematics, new technologies and integrative approaches have the promise to improve dramatically our understanding ofNewZealand insect evolution.
Effective control of a suspected cyromazine‐resistant strain of Lucilia cuprina using commercial spray‐on formulations of cyromazine or dicyclanil
Authors: Baker KE , Rolfe PF , George AJ , Vanhoff KJ , Kluver PF , Bailey JN
Published: August 2014

Objective

To demonstrate the protection of Merino sheep from flystrike by Lucilia cuprina with cyromazine or dicyclanil in an implant study and in the field.

Methods

In the implant study, sheep were treated with cyromazine or dicyclanil and implanted with 1st‐stage larvae from a newly isolated field strain of L. cuprina (CYR‐LS) or a reference strain (DZR50), then assessed over 3 days and compared with the implants on untreated control sheep. In the field study, weaner lambs were treated with cyromazine or dicyclanil and monitored weekly for flystrike over 18 weeks of grazing on the same farm from which the L. cuprina were isolated.

Results

Implant study: cyromazine (6%) provided effective protection against CYR‐LS and DZR50 L. cuprina for a minimum of 13 and 10 weeks, respectively. Dicyclanil (5%) provided at least 18 weeks' protection against both strains. Field study: only 1 of 386 lambs in the cyromazine‐treated group was struck in the first 14 weeks of the trial. No strikes occurred in the 198 sheep treated with dicyclanil (5%). Rainfall, temperature and flytrap data indicated consistent fly pressure during the study.

Conclusions

Based on the results of these studies, there was no evidence of reduced susceptibility to cyromazine or dicyclanil and the periods of protection of sheep against L. cuprina were unaffected and consistent with the registered label claims.
Re B‐S: a glass half full? An exploration of the implications of the Re B‐S judgment on practice in the family courts
Authors: Gupta Anna , Lloyd‐Jones Edward
Published: August 2014

The family courts in England and Wales are being significantly reformed in line with the coalition government's aim to speed up the process and increase the numbers of children being adopted from care. In September 2013, the Court of Appeal handed down a judgment, Re B‐S (Children) [2013] EWCA Civ 1146, that has wide‐ranging implications for professional practice and decision making in care proceedings. The judgment challenges the policy direction and provides guidance about what is required before courts can make orders separating children from their birth families, particularly in cases of non‐consensual adoption. In this paper, we outline the changes occurring in the family justice system, some key elements of Re B‐S, and examine the challenges for implementing practice consistent with the requirements of Re B‐S. It is argued that the standards set by Re B‐S are unlikely to be fully implemented without much further attention to the complexities posed by the policy and practice context of social work with children and their families involved in care proceedings.
Kompressionstherapie – Kenntnisse und Anwendungspraxis
Authors: Protz Kerstin , Heyer Kristina , Dörler Martin , Stücker Markus , Hampel‐Kalthoff Carsten , Augustin Matthias
Published: August 2014

Hintergrund

Kompressionsbandagierung ist die verbreitetste Therapieform des Ulcus cruris venosum. Diese Behandlung basiert auf der Kenntnis der adäquaten Materialien und Befähigung der beteiligten Versorger, diese entsprechend der Therapievorgaben anzuwenden. Diese Untersuchung ermittelt die Kenntnisse bei den Versorgern in Deutschland bezüglich Materialwissen und ‐anwendung sowie deren praktische Fähigkeiten, eine Kompressionswickelung mit Kurzzugbinden anzulegen.

Teilnehmer und Methodik

Im Rahmen bundesweiter praktischer Fortbildungen zur Kompressionstherapie wurden mittels standardisierter Fragen diesbezügliche Kenntnisse im Querschnitt erfasst. Zudem wurden die praktischen Fähigkeiten der Teilnehmer zur Anlage einer Kompressionsbandagierung in einem Druckwertbereich von 50–60 mmHg ermittelt. Zweites Zielkriterium war der Druckabfall nach viermaliger Dorsalflexion.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt nahmen 891 Versorger (3,3 % Ärzte, 5,5 % medizinische Fachangestellte, 90,7 % Pflegefachkräfte) teil. Im Praxistest gelang es den wenigsten Teilnehmern (knapp 10,0 %), durch eine Kompressionswickelung den Zielbereich zu erreichen; 77,0 % lagen darunter, 13,7 % lagen darüber. Zudem zeigte sich nach viermaliger Dorsalflexion ein mittlerer signifikanter Druckabfall von 6,7 mmHg. Die Erfassung des Kenntnisstands zu Materialen und Systemen ergab, dass nur 11,9 % Wissen zu Kompressionsunterpolsterung, 15,0 % zu Mehrkomponentensystemen und 14,8 % zu Ulkusstrumpfsystemen hatten.

Schlussfolgerungen

In Deutschland wird ersichtlich, dass die Mehrheit der Versorger die verschiedenen Kompressionsmaterialien nicht kennen oder mit deren Anwendung nicht vertraut sind. Bezüglich der Ausführung von Kompressionswickelungen in Deutschland bestehen Defizite.
Versorgungsmerkmale des Basalzellkarzinoms in Deutschland: Die Rolle von Versichertenstatus und soziodemographischen Faktoren
Authors: Schäfer Ines , Reusch Michael , Siebert Julia , Spehr Christina , Augustin Matthias
Published: August 2014

Hintergrund

Zur Versorgung des Basalzellkarzinoms (BCC) liegen in Deutschland nur wenige bevölkerungsbezogene Daten vor.

Zielsetzung

Analyse des Zusammenhangs von soziodemographischen und regionalen Faktoren, Krankenversicherung (KV) und klinischen Merkmalen des BCC.

Methoden

Dermatohistopathologische versorgungswissenschaftliche Primärdatenstudie mit Untersuchung aller Exzisate des Jahres 2010 aus einem bundesweit tätigen dermatohistopathologischen Einsendelabor hinsichtlich tumorspezifischer und sozioökonomischer Merkmale von BCC.

Ergebnisse

9 467 histologisch verifizierte BCC von 7 116 Patienten (54,1 % männlich, Altersdurchschnitt 70 Jahre) wurden analysiert. Die Rate an Mehrfachtumoren betrug 33,0 %. Die mittlere vertikale Eindringtiefe der BCC betrug 1,27 mm. Sie war signifikant erhöht (p ≤ 0,001) bei Männern (1,33 mm vs. 1,19 mm bei Frauen) sowie bei Personen über 70 Jahren (1,36 mm vs. 1,14 mm). BCC bei Versicherten der Landwirtschaftlichen Krankenkasse (LKK) und der Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK) wiesen mit 1,45 bzw. 1,42 mm die höchste, BCC bei Versicherten der Ersatzkassen mit 1,17 mm die niedrigste alters‐ und geschlechtsadjustierte mittlere Eindringtiefe auf (p ≤ 0,001). Signifikant höhere Eindringtiefen zeigten Versicherte aus ländlichen im Vergleich zu städtischen Kreisen (1,34 mm vs. 1,21 mm kontrolliert für Alter und Geschlecht). Auch die Verteilung der BCC‐Lokalisationen variierte nach Krankenkassenzugehörigkeit.

Schlussfolgerungen

Wohnort, Krankenversicherungsstatus, Alter und Geschlecht sind wichtige Determinanten der Basaliomversorgung in Deutschland. Präventionsprogramme sowie krankenkassenspezifische Maßnahmen zur besseren Früherkennung sollten diesem Umstand Rechnung tragen.
Palmoplantare Keratosen (PPK): erworbene und genetische Ursachen eines gar nicht so seltenen Krankheitsbildes
Authors: Schiller Stina , Seebode Christina , Hennies Hans Christian , Giehl Kathrin , Emmert Steffen
Published: August 2014

Als palmoplantare Keratosen (PPK) bezeichnet man eine Gruppe von Verhornungsstörungen, die sich durch Hyperkeratosen an den Handflächen und Fußsohlen als Leitsymptom auszeichnen. Palmoplantare Keratosen (PPK) können im Allgemeinen in sporadisch auftretende erworbene und genetisch bedingte PPK unterteilt werden. Um Patienten angemessen behandeln und vor allem beraten zu können, ist eine Abgrenzung zwischen genetisch bedingten und erworbenen PPK für den behandelnden Arzt unabdingbar. Für die erworbenen Varianten finden sich mannigfaltige Auslöser als Ursache. Auch bei den genetisch bedingten PPK kommen Mutationen in einer Reihe von möglichen Genen als Ursache infrage. Gerade in den letzten Jahren werden immer neue Gene identifiziert, die sich als Auslöser verschiedener genetisch bedingter PPK herausstellen. Weil einzelne PPK in der Ausprägung ihrer Symptome und dem Umfang möglicher Begleitsymptome sehr heterogen sind und weil insbesondere die hereditären PPK – wie viele monogene Erkrankungen – eine niedrige Prävalenz aufweisen, lässt sich eine exakte Diagnose nicht immer leicht stellen und es bedarf oft der molekulargenetischen Abklärung. Kenntnisse über die insgesamt große, jedoch sehr heterogene Gruppe genetisch bedingter PPK sind auch wichtig, um den Prozess der palmoplantaren epidermalen Differenzierung besser auf molekularer Ebene zu verstehen, um so zukünftig zielgerichtete kausale Behandlungsoptionen zu entwickeln.
Introduction: The ‘Labour Question’ in Contemporary Capitalism
Authors: Chhachhi Amrita
Published: August 2014

The recent upsurge in workers’ struggles globally has bought labour again to the forefront, despite predictions that the working class was no longer relevant as a force for social transformation. Neoliberal globalization, with the hypermobility of capital, has led to the emergence of new forms of flexible work/labour, the co‐existence of old and new working classes, and an extreme rise in inequality, realigning class structures nationally and globally. Financialization has ushered in a new regime of accumulation and there is a deepening crisis of reproduction. Can a Marx plus Polanyi theoretical integration capture contemporary dynamics of capitalist globalization and the role of labour? What do the trajectories of such struggles in the South tell us about the limits and potentialities for a counter‐capitalist movement? More crucially, is the route to full social citizenship entitlements still possible via employment (with its further extension universally), or is it to be reached by directly demanding citizenship rights, bypassing labour‐based demands? How do recent collective actions express workers’ interests/identities as workers, citizens and consumers? What role is the state playing in responding/mediating/facilitating these struggles? The Introduction delineates some of these contentious issues which frame this Forum Debate. The contributors all offer different perspectives and critical insights on the connections between forms of labour, possibilities for action and organization, the relationship between labour struggles and social citizenship and the role of the state in contemporary capitalism. The conclusion reflects on some of the equally controversial proposed alternatives and argues for going beyond minimalism and for the imperative of radical rethinking to ensure dignified work and full social citizenship entitlements as part of a new social emancipatory political project.
PRODUCER AND CONSUMER RESPONSES TO GREEN HOUSING LABELS
Authors: Shewmake Sharon , Viscusi W. Kip
Published: August 2014

We find “green” labels increase residential property values by an average of 5%. This premium varies by label stringency and across market segments. Builders respond to the stringency of labels by strategically incorporating green features to achieve higher ratings. This strategy seems reasonable as there is no market premium for green features that lead to scores between label rating cutoff values. These results raise important questions as to how green label policies should be designed in order to foster the supply of green features. Gradations of green attributes are influential, particularly for highly rated homes. The most stringent labels have the greatest role at the high price end of the market. (JEL Q20, Q40, R31)
Typology of people with first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Subramaniam Mythily , Zheng Huili , Soh Pauline , Poon Lye Yin , Vaingankar Janhavi A. , Chong Siow Ann , Verma Swapna
Published: August 2014

Aims

The aim of the current study was to create a typology of patients with first‐episode psychosis based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, service use and outcomes using cluster analysis.

Methods

Data from all respondents who were accepted into the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme (EPIP), Singapore from 2007 to 2011 were analysed. A two‐step clustering method was carried out to classify the patients into distinct clusters.

Results

Two clusters were identified. Cluster 1 comprised largely of younger people with mean age of 25.5 (6.0) years at treatment contact, who were predominantly male (55.3%), single (98.3%) and living with parents (86.3%). Cluster 1 had a higher proportion of people diagnosed with the schizophrenia spectrum disorder (71.4%) and with a positive family history of psychiatric illness. Patients in cluster 2 were generally older with a mean age of 33.6 (4.7) years and the majority were women (74.2%). Cluster 1 had people with higher Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores at baseline as compared with cluster 2. After a 1‐year follow up, their scores were still poorer than their counterparts in cluster 2, especially for PANSS negative score. The functioning level of people in cluster 1 showed less improvement than the people in cluster 2 after a year of treatment.

Conclusions

There is a compelling need to develop new therapies and intensively treat young people presenting with psychosis as this group tends to have poorer outcomes even after 1 year of treatment.
Can primary failure of arteriovenous fistulas be anticipated?
Authors: Gibyeli Genek Dilek , Tuncer Altay Canan , Unek Tarkan , Sifil Aykut , Seçil Mustafa , Camsari Taner
Published: August 2014

Primary failure, early thrombosis, and inadequate maturation are the main complications encountered in arteriovenous fistulas. Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) is currently used for the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Clinical experience in the use of FMD for preoperative assessment of vasculature is rather limited; therefore, we sought to elucidate the relationship between preoperative FMD and primary failure of the fistula. Thirty‐three patients with end‐stage renal disease who were admitted to our hospital between January and July 2005 were included in our study. Medical histories were established and the internal diameter, wall thickness, peak systolic flow rate, and resistive index (RI) were measured in the cephalic vein and radial and brachial arteries. Flow‐mediated dilatation and nitrate‐mediated dilatation (NMD) of the brachial artery were assessed. Fistulas were evaluated 48 hours and 30 days postoperatively. Brachial arterial internal diameter was lower in all fistulas that developed primary failure in 48 hours (0.4 ± 0.07 cm vs. 0.35 ± 0.07 cm, P = 0.016). The radial artery RI was found to be significantly elevated in fistulas with both early (48‐hour) and late‐term (30‐day) failure (0.9 ± 0.08 vs. 0.68 ± 0.3, P = 0.01, and 0.86 ± 0.8 vs. 0.67 ± 0.3, P = 0.038, respectively). The brachial artery peak systolic flow rate was significantly reduced in patients in the radiocephalic fistula group that developed early and late‐term failure (42.9 ± 12 cm/sec vs. 68.4 ± 10 cm/sec, P = 0.01, and 44.1 ± 13 cm/sec vs. 57.7 ± 16 cm/sec, P = 0.038, respectively). Our study, constrained by a smaller, older patient group, was unable to show a statistically significant correlation between FMD, NMD, and fistula success. Any single parameter may not be sufficient to assess vascular health preoperatively. A multifactorial approach incorporating parameters evaluating arterial and venous function might be more effective in predicting fistula success. Further studies on larger patient groups may indeed demonstrate the value of these assessments.
Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases
Authors: Ierardi Enzo , Goni Elisabetta , Losurdo Giuseppe , Di Mario Francesco
Published: August 2014

Peptic ulcer bleeding and recurrence rate are strongly linked to Helicobacter pylori infection even if nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play a relevant role in this setting. Further studies confirm that H. pylori eradication lowers the risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Therefore, a test‐and‐treat strategy appears to be mandatory for patients with a history of ulcer bleeding and NSAIDs and/or aspirin use. Concerning gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), evidence clearly shows that H. pylori status has no effect on symptoms and treatment. Therefore, H. pylori treatment is not contraindicated in patients with GERD. The exact role of H. pylori in functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial. Novel possible mechanisms by which H. pylori may elicit dyspeptic symptoms include alterations of gastric motility, as well as endocrine and acid‐secretory abnormalities. Hunger sensations, acid secretion, and gastrointestinal motility are regulated by ghrelin, particularly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment. The improvement of symptoms correlates with enhanced plasma ghrelin levels. Apart from the need for more trials on this topic, these findings may give insight into the underlying pathophysiology of FD symptoms. Recent reports suggest that the presence of bacterial DNA in the oral cavity may be relevant to its transmission. A potential protective role of H. pylori on inflammatory bowel diseases needs to be better elucidated.
Helicobacter pylori and Extragastric Diseases
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Tortora Annalisa , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: August 2014

While Helicobacter pylori infection was initially revealed to be associated only with some gastroduodenal diseases, further studies have shown its possible role in several extragastric diseases. For idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, sideropenic anemia, and vitamin B12 deficiency, the diagnosis of H. pylori infection is recommended, and there are many other conditions such as cardiovascular, neurological, dermatological, and respiratory diseases in which H. pylori may possibly play a role. Interestingly, a potential role has also been described for GI neoplastic diseases, including colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Different mechanisms of action have been proposed, ranging from the induction of a low grade inflammatory state to the occurrence of molecular mimicry mechanisms. This review summarizes the results of the most relevant studies published on this topic over the last year.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Mégraud Francis , Bessède Emilie , Lehours Philippe
Published: August 2014

The present manuscript focuses on the new information that was published in the field of diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori this past year. While there is little news about the invasive tests, more data are coming concerning the endoscopic features of H. pylori infection. Major efforts were also done to improve molecular detection of the mutations involved in antibiotic resistance. New antibody‐based tests (stool antigen test or indirect antibody tests) were also developed.
Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacters other than Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Ménard Armelle , Péré‐Védrenne Christelle , Haesebrouck Freddy , Flahou Bram
Published: August 2014

During the past year, research on non‐Helicobacter pylori species has intensified. H. valdiviensis was isolated from wild birds, and putative novel species have been isolated from Bengal tigers and Australian marsupials. Various genomes have been sequenced: H. bilis, H. canis, H. macacae, H. fennelliae, H. cetorum, and H. suis. Several studies highlighted the virulence of non‐H. pylori species including H. cinaedi in humans and hyperlipidemic mice or H. macacae in geriatric rhesus monkeys with intestinal adenocarcinoma. Not surprisingly, increased attention has been paid to the position of Helicobacter species in the microbiota of children and animal species (mice, chickens, penguins, and migrating birds). A large number of experimental studies have been performed in animal models of Helicobacter induced typhlocolitis, showing that the gastrointestinal microbial community is involved in modulation of host pathways leading to chronic inflammation. Animal models of H. suis, H. heilmannii, and H. felis infection have been used to study the development of severe inflammation‐related pathologies, including gastric MALT lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.
Gastric Cancer—Epidemiologic and Clinical Aspects
Authors: Venerito Marino , Nardone Gerardo , Selgrad Michael , Rokkas Theodoros , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: August 2014

Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be an important health threat as the third leading cause of cancer related death in both sexes worldwide. In a recent analysis, the mortality trends for the time period from 1980 till 2011 were significantly downward in all countries, but the declines in the USA, EU and several other major countries were of low magnitude when compared with the past. Furthermore, the relative contribution of cardia cancers compared with noncardia cancers increased among countries with higher GC rates. With respect to preneoplastic changes of the gastric mucosa, a large population‐based study suggests that Helicobacter pylori infection and antigastric parietal cell antibodies‐mediated autoimmune response might, for the most part, be independent and follow distinct pathways rather than causally related pathways leading to chronic atrophic gastritis. A large prospective, randomized, open‐label Korean trial questioned the role of H. pylori eradication for the prevention of metachronous lesions after endoscopic resection of early GC. A review of 1258 Japanese cases undergoing curative endoscopic submucosa dissection for early GC showed that scheduled follow‐up endoscopy is mandatory for detecting metachronous lesions at an early stage, where they can be treated by endoscopic resection. Ramucirumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 antagonist, is the first biological treatment that provides survival benefits to patients with advanced GC in progress after first‐line chemotherapy. The target agent rilotumumab is currently being evaluated in patients with advanced GC overexpressing the HGF/c‐MET signaling pathway. In the near future, ipilimumab and nivolumab, two immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies with antineoplastic effects, might offer new therapeutic options for patients with advanced GC.
Applying software engineering techniques in the development and management of linear and integer programming applications
Authors: Costa Fernando , Murta Leonardo , Ribeiro Celso C.
Published: August 2014

This work addresses characteristics of software environments for mathematical modeling and proposes a system for developing and managing models of linear and integer programming (IP) problems. The main features of this modeling environment are: version control of models and data; client‐server architecture, which allows the interaction among modelers and decision makers; the use of a database to store information about the models and data scenarios; and the use of remote servers of optimization, which allows the optimization problems to be solved on different machines. The modeling environment proposed in this work was validated using mathematical programming models that exploit different characteristics, such as the treatment of conditions for generating variables and constraints, the use of calculated parameters derived from other parameters, and the use of integer and continuous variables in mixed IP models among others. This validation showed that the proposed environment is able to treat models found in various application areas of operations research and to solve problems with tens of thousands of variables and constraints.
An in vitro study of the effect of mifepristone and ulipristal acetate on human sperm functions
Authors: Ko J. K. Y. , Huang V. W. , Li R. H. W. , Yeung W. S. B. , Ho P. C. , Chiu P. C. N.
Published: August 2014

Ulipristal acetate (UPA) and mifepristone are currently well‐established agents for emergency contraception. Both drugs are selective progestogen receptor modulators which have been shown to have better efficacy than the widely used levonorgestrel in prevention of pregnancy. However, there is only limited information on the action of UPA on sperm function. The present study compared the in vitro biological effects of mifepristone and UPA on human sperm functions. Spermatozoa from semen samples with normal semen parameters were isolated. Capacitated spermatozoa were pre‐incubated with 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 μm mifepristone or UPA for 1 h. Sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity, capacitation, spontaneous acrosome reaction, spontaneous hyperactivation, zona pellucida (ZP) binding capability and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined. The effects of mifepristone and UPA on progesterone‐induced acrosome reaction, hyperactivation and [Ca2+]i were also studied. Our results showed that mifepristone and UPA dose‐dependently suppressed progesterone‐induced acrosome reaction, hyperactivation and [Ca2+]i at concentrations ≥0.4 μm in human spermatozoa. Both compounds did not affect sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity, capacitation, spontaneous acrosome reaction, spontaneous hyperactivation, ZP binding capability and [Ca2+]i. This study demonstrated that UPA and mifepristone modulate human sperm functions by acting as progesterone antagonists. The results enable us to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by which mifepristone and UPA work for emergency contraception, and provide a scientific basis for their clinical application.
Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat
Authors: Narayanan S. , Prasad P. V. V. , Fritz A. K. , Boyle D. L. , Gill B. S.
Published: August 2014

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.
Bullous pemphigoid induced by m‐TOR inhibitors in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Atzori L. , Conti B. , Zucca M. , Pau M.
Published: August 2014

Background

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an acquired autoimmune disease, with typical histology and immune pathological findings, which might be associated with drug therapy. The list of responsible drugs increases every year, but a current literature revision do not include the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. By converse, bullous pemghigoid cases have been described in renal transplant recipients and associated with the allogenic graft itself, causing a cross reaction against the skin, or unbalancing the immune response, through a chronic cell‐mediated suppression, non‐specifically favouring the autoantibody production.

Object and results

Two cases of BP occurred, respectively, 10 days to 2 months after the addition to their current regimen of everolimus in a 35‐year‐old woman and sirolimus in a 65‐year‐old man. The graft functionality was within normal range. General corticosteroids therapy resistance, immediate improvement after drug discontinuation (dechallenge) and relapse after re‐exposure (rechallenge) were striking criteria supporting a causative role of the drugs, grouped in the mTOR inhibitors class.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of drug‐induced events is crucial for early management, and particularly bullous eruptions affect patients' health and quality of life. Additional research is necessary to confirm the m‐TOR inhibitors association, which exploit the possible mechanisms and eventually point out preventive measures.
Prioritizing dermatoses: rationally selecting guideline topics
Authors: Borgonjen R.J. , van Everdingen J.J.E. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Spuls Ph.I.
Published: August 2014

Background

Clinical practice guideline (CPG) development starts with selecting appropriate topics, as resources to develop a guideline are limited. However, a standardized method for topic selection is commonly missing and the way different criteria are used to prioritize is not clear.

Objectives

To select and prioritize dermatological topics for CPG development and elucidate criteria dermatologists find important in selecting guideline topics.

Methods

All 410 dermatologists in the Netherlands were asked to create a top 20 of dermatological topics for which a guideline would be desirable, regardless of existing guidelines. They also rated, on a 5‐point Likert scale, 10 determinative criteria derived from a combined search in literature and across (inter)national guideline developers. Top 20 topics received scores ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 and combined scores yielded a total score.

Results

The 118 surveys (response 29%) identified 157 different topics. Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are top priority guideline topics. Venous leg ulcer, vasculitis, varicose veins, urticaria, acne, Lyme borreliosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pruritus, syphilis, lymphoedema, decubitus ulcer, hidradenitis suppurativa, androgenic alopecia and bullous pemphigoïd complete the top 20. A further 15 topics have overlapping confidence intervals. Mortality and healthcare costs are regarded as less important criteria in topic selection (P < 0.04), than other criteria like the potential to reduce unwanted variation in practice.

Conclusion

Dermatological professional organizations worldwide succeeded in developing guidelines for all top 20 topics. Respondents mostly agree with (inter)national guideline programmes and literature concerning the criteria important to selecting guideline topics.
Comparison of adrenocortical steroidogenesis in women with post‐adolescent severe acne and polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Cinar N. , Cetinozman F. , Aksoy D.Y. , Elcin G. , Yildiz B.O.
Published: August 2014

Background

Increased adrenocortical production appears to be associated with acne and hirsutism in acne and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the aetiological role of androgens in the pathogenesis of acne per se is far from being clear.

Objective

We aimed to evaluate adrenocortical function in women with post‐adolescent severe acne in comparison with patients with PCOS and healthy women.

Methods

The study included 32 women with post‐adolescent severe acne, 32 women with PCOS and 32 age and body mass index (BMI)‐matched healthy controls (age 17–34 years, BMI: 20.8 ± 1.9 kg/m²). Women with acne did not have hirsutism or ovulatory dysfunction whereas all PCOS patients had androgen excess and ovulatory dysfunction. Measurements included basal testosterone (T), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels and serum 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), androstenedione (A4), DHEA and cortisol levels in response to corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation.

Results

T, free androgen index, DHEAS levels, basal and AUC (area under the curve) values for A4 were significantly higher in PCOS than women with acne and controls (P < 0.05 for all), whereas three groups did not differ for basal or AUC values of DHEA and cortisol. Women with PCOS and those with severe acne had significantly and similarly higher AUC values of 17‐OHP compared to controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Women with isolated post‐adolescent severe acne do not have increased levels of adrenal androgens basally or in response to ACTH. However, these women have similar secretion pattern of 17‐OHP with PCOS patients suggesting increased enzymatic activity in this pathway.
Shrinking Footprint
Authors: Hensler Connie Daniel
Published: August 2014

Interface, Inc.

• Year founded: 1974

• Ownership: Public

• Headquarters: Atlanta, GA, USA

• Industry: Carpet

• Employees: 3,500

• Approximate gross sales 2013: US$1 billion
Comparison of social circumstances, substance use and substance‐related harm in soon‐to‐be‐released prisoners with and without intellectual disability
Authors: Bhandari A. , van Dooren K. , Eastgate G. , Lennox N. , Kinner S. A.
Published: August 2014

Background

The transition out of prison is likely to be a challenging time for prisoners with intellectual disability (ID). However, little evidence exists to inform interventions for people withIDmaking this transition. In this study we aimed to describe social circumstances, patterns of substance use and substance‐related harm in soon‐to‐be‐released prisoners withID. We compare this group with those withoutID, to better understand how the health‐related needs of this group compare with the ‘mainstream’ prison population.

Methods

Data came from face‐to‐face, confidential interviews with 1325 adult prisoners in seven adult prisons inQueensland,Australia. Prisoners withIDwere identified using theHayesAbilityScreeningIndex (HASI). We used cross‐sectional data to examine (i) demographics and criminographics; (ii) social circumstances; and (iii) substance use and substance use related harm. We compared characteristics of those with and withoutIDusing univariable logistic regression.

Results

Prisoners withID(n = 115) were more likely than their peers withoutIDto be male, to identify as Indigenous Australian, and to report low educational attainment (<10 years) and pre‐incarceration unemployment. Those withIDreported a high prevalence of poly‐drug use (28.0%), unsafe tattooing (51.1%), unsafe sex (91.0%) andHCVinfection (55.6%), although differences with their peers were non‐significant.

Conclusions

The health and social needs of prisoners withIDtransitioning into the community are a significant concern for researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Our findings highlight the need for proactive, appropriate and targeted service responses from disability, health and justice sectors.
The effectiveness of staff training focused on increasing emotional intelligence and improving interaction between support staff and clients
Authors: Zijlmans L. J. M. , Embregts P. J. C. M. , Gerits L. , Bosman A. M. T. , Derksen J. J. L.
Published: August 2014

Background

Recent research addressed the relationship between staff behaviour and challenging behaviour of individuals with an intellectual disability (ID). Consequently, research on interventions aimed at staff is warranted. The present study focused on the effectiveness of a staff training aimed at emotional intelligence and interactions between staff and clients. The effects of the training on emotional intelligence, coping style and emotions of support staff were investigated.

Method

Participants were 214 support staff working within residential settings for individuals with ID and challenging behaviour. The experimental group consisted of 76 staff members, 138 staff members participated in two different control groups. A pre‐test, post‐test, follow‐up control group design was used. Effectiveness was assessed using questionnaires addressing emotional intelligence, coping and emotions.

Results

Emotional intelligence of the experimental group changed significantly more than that of the two control groups. The experimental group showed an increase in task‐oriented coping, whereas one control group did not. The results with regard to emotions were mixed. Follow‐up data revealed that effects within the experimental group were still present four months after the training ended.

Conclusions

A staff training aimed at emotional intelligence and staff‐client interactions is effective in improving emotional intelligence and coping styles of support staff. However, the need for more research aiming at the relationship between staff characteristics, organisational factors and their mediating role in the effectiveness of staff training is emphasised.
Moral competence questionnaire for public health nurses in Japan: Scale development and psychometric validation
Authors: Asahara Kiyomi , Kobayashi Maasa , Ono Wakanako
Published: August 2014

Aim

To develop a valid and reliable self‐assessment questionnaire that can be easily used by public health nurses in Japan to measure their moral competence.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire that included the preliminary Moral Competence Questionnaire for Public Health Nurses and demographics was distributed to public health nurses who worked at local governments in Japan.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis for the Moral Competence Questionnaire for Public Health Nurses from 3493 responses (31.9%) revealed 15 items loading on three factors: (1i) judgment based on the values of community members; (ii) strong will to face difficult situations; and (iii) cooperating with relevant people/organizations. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that this model has a reasonable fit to the data. Cronbach's alphas ranged 0.85–0.91.

Conclusion

The construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Moral Competence Questionnaire for Public Health Nurses were supported. This questionnaire reflected the characteristics of Japan's public health nursing practice and it may be used to assess current moral practice and need for continuing education. However, this questionnaire needs additional internal validity testing and possible item development. Additional research is needed to refine this scale and increase the possibility of generalizability.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in juveniles and adults with female phenotypes
Authors: Wang Zhou , Sa Ying‐Long , Ye Xu‐Xiao , Zhang Jiong , Xu Yue‐min
Published: August 2014

Aim

To report on six cases of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and a review of the relevant published work.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a total of six patients with CAIS who were admitted to our hospital between September 1985 and June 2012. All surgical patients were examined for sex chromosomes and sex hormone levels pre‐ and postoperatively, respectively, and underwent lower abdominal B ultrasounds and pathological examinations among other tests.

Results

Five of the patients were treated with castration, one patient aged 5 years was treated conservatively Tissue from surgical resections showed normal testicular tissue that comprised Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, and pathological examinations showed no sign of testicular cancer. Following corrective operations, postoperative complications, such as female secondary sexual characteristics, stagnation and osteoporosis, have not developed. Sex hormone level ratio changed significantly after being treated with castration compared with preoperative levels; mainly testosterone and estrogen decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, prolactin did not change significantly (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The study show that removal of the testes in CAIS patients after puberty is safe and reliable. Meanwhile, it is essential to provide a hormone drug after being treated with castration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and the quality of life for CAIS patients.
Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation among the taxa with propagula in Pseudotaxiphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta)
Authors: LI Xiao‐Qin , ZUO Qin , LI Min , HE Si , JIA Yu , WANG You‐Fang
Published: August 2014

The current circumscription of the eight closely related morphospecies with propagula in Pseudotaxiphyllum Z. Iwats. is extremely unsatisfactory because of the ill‐defined delimitation of the species concepts. In order to determine the systematic positions of these closely related species, a phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out based on molecular analyses of two genomic compartments (chloroplast ndhB, rpl16, trnG, trnL‐F, and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS)) together with a haplotype network analysis and species delimitation assessments by thorough morphological studies. The results of the present study show that P. elegans (Brid.) Z. Iwats. was closely related to P. laetevirens (Dixon & Luisier ex F. Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs and both species together with P. maebarae (Sakurai) Z. Iwats. were resolved as monophyletic clades. Pseudotaxiphyllum arquifolium (Bosch & Sande Lac.) Z. Iwats., P. densum (Cardot) Z. Iwats., P. fauriei (Cardot) Z. Iwats., the Asian populations of P. distichaceum (Mitt.) Z. Iwats. and P. pohliaecarpum (Sull. & Lesq.) Z. Iwats. are morphologically identical. At least three cryptic lineages with undifferentiated morphological or geographical pattern were inferred from this species complex. We propose that the above‐mentioned morphospecies be synonymized under P. distichaceum, and the American ‘P. distichaceum’ be replaced by a new name, P. subfalcatum (Austin) X. Q. Li, Q. Zuo & Y. F. Wang, stat. nov. Pseudotaxiphyllum obtusifolium Z. Iwats. & B. C. Tan was treated as P. distichaceum (Mitt.) Z. Iwats. var. obtusifolium (Z. Iwats. & B. C. Tan) X. Q. Li, Q. Zuo & Y. F. Wang, stat. nov.
The TET2 and TET3 aminopeptidases from Pyrococcus horikoshii form a hetero‐subunit peptidasome with enhanced peptide destruction properties
Authors: Appolaire Alexandre , Durá M. Asunción , Ferruit Mylène , Andrieu Jean‐Pierre , Godfroy Anne , Gribaldo Simonetta , Franzetti Bruno
Published: August 2014

TET aminopeptidases assemble as large homo‐dodecameric complexes. The reason why prokaryotic genomes often encode a diverse set of TET peptidases homologues remains unclear. In the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3 homo‐oligomeric particles have been proposed to work in concert to breakdown intracellular polypeptides. When coexpressed in Escherichia coli, the PhTET2 and PhTET3 proteins were found to assemble efficiently as heteromeric complexes. Biophysical analysis demonstrated that these particles possess the same quaternary structure as the homomeric TET dodecamers. The same hetero‐oligomeric complexes were immunodetected in P. horikoshii cell extracts analysed by sucrose gradient fractionation and ion exchange chromatography. The biochemical activity of a purified hetero‐oligomeric TET particle, assessed on chromogenic substrates and on a complex mixture of peptides, reveals that it displays higher efficiency than an equivalent combination of homo‐oligomeric TET particles. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis shows that PhTET2 and PhTET3 are paralogous proteins that arose from gene duplication in the ancestor of Thermococcales. Together, these results establish that the PhTET2 and PhTET3 proteins are two subunits of the same enzymatic complex aimed at the destruction of polypeptidic chains of very different composition. This is the first report for such a mechanism intended to improve multi‐enzymatic complex efficiency among exopeptidases.