bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighting by Inverse Variance or by Sample Size in Meta-Analysis: A Simulation Study
Authors: Sanchez-Meca Julio , Marín-Martínez Fulgencio
Published: March 2007

In meta-analysis, a weighted average effect size is usually obtained to summarize the global magnitude through a set of primary studies. The optimal weight to obtain the unbiased and minimum variance estimator is the inverse variance of each effect-size estimate. In practice, it is not possible to compute the optimal inverse variance because the population effect size is unknown. Hedges and Olkin and Hunter and Schmidt proposed two alternative estimators of optimal weights. In this article, the bias and relative efficiency of both estimators are assessed via Monte Carlo simulation, defining the standardized mean difference as the effect-size index. The number of studies, sample size, magnitude of population effect size, and discrepancy between two population effect sizes were manipulated. Hedges and Olkin's estimatorwas more efficient, although more biased, than Hunter and Schmidt's estimator. The consequences of applying both alternatives in meta-analyses are discussed.
Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory: An Empirical Comparison of their Item/Person Statistics
Authors: Fan Xitao
Published: March 2007

Despite theoretical differences between item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT), there is a lack of empirical knowledge about how, and to what extent, the IRT- and CTT-based item and person statistics behave differently. This study empirically examined the behaviors of the item and person statistics derived from these two measurement frameworks. The study focused on two issues: (a) What are the empirical relationships between IRT- and CTT-based item and person statistics? and (b) To what extent are the item statistics from IRT and those from CIT invariant across different participant samples? A large-scale statewide assessment database was used in the study. The findings indicate that the person and item statistics derived from the two measurement frameworks are quite comparable. The degree of invariance of item statistics across samples, usually considered as the theoretical superiority IRT models, also appeared to be similar for the two measurement fireworks.
Scales to Measure Four Dimensions of Dispositional Mood: Positive Energy, Tiredness, Negative Activation, and Relaxation
Authors: Huelsman Timothy J. , Nemanick Richard C. , Munz David C.
Published: March 2007

The present study addresses the measurement of trait mood by examining a set of new scales to measure four separate dimensions: positive energy, tiredness, negative arousal, and relaxation. The data were divided into two halves. On the first half of the data, separate exploratory factor analyses were performed for each dimension using 15 items chosen from various sources to represent each dimension of mood. On the second half of the data, separate confirmatory factor analyses identified the items for which the data best fit the model. The factor analyses produced conceptually meaningful scales whose scores varied in internal consistency reliabilities ranging from .87 to .93. Relationships among the scales match the predictions of theories by Burke, Brief, George, Roberson, and Webster; Thayer; and Watson and Tellegen.
CA and SPOD for the Analysis of Tests Comprised of Binary Items
Authors: Maraun Michael D. , Jackson Jeremy S. H. , Luccock Craig R. , Belfer Sharon E. , Chrisjohn Roland D.
Published: March 2007

A test comprised of binary items has an associated theoretical structure (TS) Tp(D, R, E), which may be paired with any of a number of possible quantitative characterizations (QCs). The aim of test analysis is to examine whether a set of test items conforms to an appropriately chosen QC. In this article, the authors consider one of the most common TSs, Tp(D, R, E), in which D = 1 construct, R = monotone increasing item/construct regressions, and E = errors in variables. The authors then consider two QCs appropriate for this TS and review tests for each. Several examples are provided.
Development and Initial Score Validation of the Teacher Multicultural Altitude Survey
Authors: Ponterotito Joseph G. , Baluch Suraiya , Greig Tamasine , Rivera Lourdes
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development and initial score validation of the 20-item Teacher Multicultural Attitude Survey (TMAS), a unidimensional self-report inventory of teachers' multicultural awareness and sensitivity. In two separate studies, a principal components analysis supported a global factor of multicultural awareness. Construct validity of TMAS scores was further established through convergent correlations with related instruments. Criterion validity was demonstrated using the group differences approach with sample cohort groups. Multiple measures of internal consistency and a test-retest stability assessment indicated satisfactory levels of score reliability. Finally, a social desirability assessment indicated no contamination of the TMAS.
Public Responses to National Park Environmental Policy
Authors: Smith Geoffrey C. , Alderdice David
Published: March 2007

The behavioral responses of urban and semirural residents to a newly initiated national park environmental policy are investigated. The policy broadly involves the reduction of service facilities within the park and a concomitant emphasis on the park's natural environment. It is disclosed that (1) awareness of the park policy and (2) overt patronage of the park are related to relative proximity to the park. Urban and semirural residents generally hold similar attitudes toward the park environment, both groups stressing the preservation of natural resources within the park. However, some semirural nonvisitors to the park emphasize the need for the provision of service facilities.
Lunar Effects on Mental Behavior
Authors: Garzino Salvatore J.
Published: March 2007

This article refutes the claim that positive empirical findings for the "Transylvania Hypothesis" are examples of Type I errors. The author shows such a claim as unproven, unlikely, and implausible. The claim is a form of statistical guesswork that hinders the open-minded scientific inquiry that might reveal the subtle relationships between human behavior and the cosmic environment. The author points out the omissions, misrepresentations, and failures to comprehend the complexities of lunar influence. The tables are turned on critics Campbell and Beets (1978) when the author supports the possibility that negative findings are the probable result of the Type II error.
Evaluation of Correctional Environments
Authors: Farbstein Jay , Wener Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an effort to develop and test a standardized, generic set of evaluation instruments for assessing behavioral effects of the design of correctional institutions. The goal was to provide a system for rapid, efficient, and comprehensive environmental evaluation. The system was to produce information useful to individual institutions any yield pooled data from many institutions concerning environmental influences on behavior. Instruments were developed to obtain attitudinal and environmental perception data, to perform behavioral observations, to record information about the physical setting, to assess organization type and style, and obtain archival data. Portions of the data from two case studies in which these instruments were pilot tested are presented in this article.
Determinism Revisited
Authors: Harries Keith D. , Stadler Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

In the last few decades, social scientists have been reluctant to deal with the relationship between weather and human behavior, owing in part to the discredit brought to such studies by the excesses of the determinists. The few studies undertaken have generally relied on ambient temperature as a measure of stress. In the present work, a discomfort index was related to the incidence of aggravated assault in Dallas, Texas, for an eight-month period from March through October 1980. Some 4000 assault events were aggregated on a daily basis and related to three variables: discomfort index, day of the week, and month. The resulting model accounted for 71% of the variation in assault incidence. The discomfort index yielded significant F statistics whether entered first, second, or third in the model, indicating a significant main effect in spite of its collinearity with month. The analysis supports experimental laboratory evidence suggesting that heat stress is associated with aggressive behavior.
You-Are-Here Maps
Authors: Levine Marvin
Published: March 2007

You-are-here maps are standard aids for newcomers to a complex terrain. A precisely constructed map with a properly affixed you-are-here symbol, however, is not sufficient. Two principles, one of structure matching and one of orientation, must be considered in order to maximize the map's usefulness. Indeed, neglect of these can make the map misleading. These principles lead to the following set of recommendations: (1) provide salient, coordinate labels in both the terrain and the map; (2) place the map near an asymmetrical part of the terrain; (3) design the you-are-here symbol to indicate map-terrain correspondence; (4) align the map with the terrain; (5) be redundant, that is, use as many of these supplements as possible.
Architecturally Mediated Effects of Social Density in Prison
Authors: Schaeffer Marc A. , Baum Andrew , Paulus Paul B. , Gaes Gerald G.
Published: March 2007

A prison setting was used to examine self-report and biochemical evidence of architecturally mediated crowding stress. Further, the relationship among illness complaints, perceived crowding, and urinary catecholamines was explored. Inmates of a federal corrections institution provided urine samples assayed for epinephrine and norepinephrine, and they supplied self-report data on their perceptions of crowding. Infirmary records were reviewed for each inmate's health history. Inmates resided in one of three housing types that varied in degree to which privacy and crowding were afforded. Housing type with the lowest social density was a private cell, while open dormitories had the highest. An intermediate level of social density was represented by inmates in partitioned dormitories or cubicles. Lower levels of social density were expected to be associated with lower perceived crowding, lower levels of urinary catecholamines, and fewer health complaints. Across all inmates, perceived crowding was positively correlated with levels of urinary catecholamines. Single cell inmates reported less crowding and exhibited lower levels of urinary catecholamines than
Crowding and Residential Satisfaction in the Urban Environment
Authors: Bonnes Mirilia , Bonaiuto Marino , Ercolani Anna Paola
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to propose a contextual approach to the study of crowding, taking into consideration the sociophysical unity of the place where crowding occurs. The study presented here is focused on a specific urban place (a neighborhood in Rome) inside a large metropolitan area. Its aim is to investigate the relationship between negative evaluation of social density (crowding) and inhabitants' residential satisfaction. The perception of crowding expressed by the inhabitants was studied in relationship to (a) the patterns of the evaluations involved in the residential satisfaction about the neighborhood, (b) the spatiophysical features of the place considered, and (c) the sociodemographic and residential characteristics of the inhabitants. The results point to the strong saliency of the crowding evaluation within (a) overall residential satisfaction and (b) the inhabitant's concern with the spatiosocial openness-closedness of the neighborhood environment. The findings are discussed, pointing out the interest in a contextual approach to crowding.
Symptoms of Chronic Stress Following a Natural Disaster and Discovery of a Human-Made Hazard
Authors: Baum Andrew , Fleming India , Israel Ann , O'Keeffe Mary K.
Published: March 2007

Research on the acute and chronic effects of victimization by disaster has found that some patterns of response generalize across disasters of different origin and type. However, it is likely that variation in the nature of the victimizing event can affect long-term psychophysiological reactions. This study compared 23 flood victims with 27 people living near a leaking hazardous toxic waste dump and 27 control subjects. Self-report, behavioral, and physiological measures of stress were collected, all of which showed that 9 months after the announcement of the toxic hazard and the destructive flood, subjects living near the waste dump were more anxious, depressed, and alienated, less able to perform challenging tasks, and more aroused than were flood victims or control subjects. Residents of the landfill neighborhood also reported more feelings of helplessness than did any other subjects, and these feelings were significantly correlated with stress. Victimization associated with the toxic landfill appeared more likely to pose threats to victims' sense of control and to cause chronic emotional and psychophysiological problems than did the natural disaster.
The Impact of Energy-Efficient Office Lighting Strategies on Employee Satisfaction and Productivity
Authors: Katzev Richard
Published: March 2007

This project was designed to investigate the productivity, preferences, and affective impact of energy-efficient office lighting systems. Twenty four office employees were rotated in a counterbalanced order through three such systems and one standard control system, spending approximately an hour and a half in each. The subjects "worked" on five computer-presented performance tasks, responded to a questionnaire about their current mood, and evaluated the lighting system in each office-lab. There were significant differences between the lighting systems in terms of employee satisfaction. However, with the exception of a reading comprehension test, they had a relatively modest effect on the subject's performance on other cognitive/intellectual tasks of their overall affective state. The findings indicated that initial reactions to the lighting systems tended to dissipate over time, so that with continued exposure, the subjects adapted to the new lighting conditions and displayed very few changes in their performance or affective mood.
Disaster Education, Household Preparedness, and Stress Responses Following Hurricane Hugo
Authors: Faupel Charles E. , Styles Susan P.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of disaster education and household preparedness activities on stress responses among adults in the Charleston, South Carolina area following Hurricane Hugo. Two samples, composed of 198 adults who had participated in special disaster education workshops sponsored by the Earthquake Education Center (EEC) at Charleston Southern University, and a general sample of 511 adults in the Charleston area were interviewed by telephone. The data reveal that (a) those who had participated in disaster education programs generally (other than the EEC programs) reported higher levels of stress than did those who did not participate in such programs, although this relationship was not significant; (b) engaging in household preparedness activities resulted in higher levels of stress; and (c) controlling for other pertinent variables, the EEC workshop sample reported significantly higher levels of both physiological and psychological stress than did the general sample. Possible reasons for these unexpected findings are discussed.
The Museum as a Restorative Environment
Authors: Kaplan Stephen , Bardwell Lisa V. , Slakter Deborah B.
Published: March 2007

Museums seem to be ideal environments for a restorative experience. A collection of objects both aesthetic and fascinating would seem appropriate for aiding the recovery of directed attention, and perhaps for reflection as well. Yet, according to anecdotal reports, museums often seem tedious and tiring. The authors explore this apparent paradox both theoretically, in the context of attention restoration theory, and empirically. Study 1, a content analysis of material generated by focus groups for a Getty Foundation study, yielded categories remarkably consistent with the theorized components. For Study 2, 124 museum visitors completed surveys on restorative aspects of their visit. As with Study 1, results point to the restorative potential of the museum, but suggest that those who are already comfortable in museums are more likely to receive this benefit.
Tracking Visitor Circulation in Museum Settings
Authors: Klein Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2007

Tracking visitor movement through exhibit and gallery spaces is one of the oldest methods of studying visitor behavior. Observation of locomotion or circulation patterns constitutes a major element in any behavior setting analysis of exhibit design. The adaptation of early methods to current exhibit evaluation work in Germany is reviewed in this article. Of particular interest is the use of descriptive graphics to reveal patterns of circulation and potential design problems. Examples from three different studies of German exhibits are included. Although tracking of visitor movement cannot answer all questions about visitor reactions to museums, it is a basic tool that must be included in any behavioral study of exhibit design and effectiveness.
True Scores, Error, Reliability, and Unit of Analysis in Environment and Behavior Research
Authors: Levine Douglas W.
Published: March 2007

The measurement of the reliability of one's instruments is an important aspect of any scientific undertaking. The use of standard methods for evaluating the reliability of environmental assessment measures has, however, recently come under attack by Richards and his colleagues. This article presents a general view of reliability and the analysis of multilevel data. The meaning of reliability and its usefulness to environmental assessment is discussed. It is shown that standard methods of reliability are useful. The split-sample correlation, which was proposed as an alternative to standard reliability co-efficients, is shown not to have the stated properties and cannot be recommended. The intraclass correlation is described and recommended as an alternative to the split-sample correlation. This article concludes with a discussion of the analysis of multilevel data.
Introduction
Authors: Scheer Brenda Case , Preiser Wolfgang F. E.
Published: March 2007

The practice of public design review has grown rapidly in the past decade, and its growth has brought into question issues of the appropriateness and effectiveness of public participation in the determination of community aesthetics and individual building design. This issue of Environment and Behavior explores the idea of public participation in design decisions with six articles that were initially presented at the International Symposium on Design Review, sponsored by the University of Cincinnati in October, 1992. Four of the articles report on research and ideas pertaining to the public's evaluation of aesthetic quality, one sets the Issue in a context of planning paradigms and another is a case study of community participation in the creation of neighborhoods.
All Buildings Great and Small
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: March 2007

This is a review article of experiments on architectural design review. The experiments included more than 500 respondents and more than 400 environmental scenes. The article describes how psychophysical experiments have been used to conduct architectural design reviews. Findings include estimates of how well various media simulate actual environments, how different respondent samples affect preference results, and how well different design review processes predict public preferences. Suggestions are made regarding how science can be used in design review and what research questions appear to be ripe for additional inquiry.
Linking Organizational Behavior and Environmental Psychology
Authors: Mayo Margarita , Pastor Juan-Carlos , Wapner Seymour
Published: March 2007

The linkage between environmental psychology and organizational behavior is demonstrated by use of Wapner's holistic, developmental, systems-oriented perspective. This approach uses the organism-in-environment as the unit of analysis, and provides different features of the organism, the environment, and their relations to conceptualize the problems and issues of organizational behavior in a novel way. By examining the individual-in-group, individual-in-organization, group-in-organization, and organization-in-environment systems, this theoretical approach encompasses numerous studies already conducted, and moreover, operates as a powerful heuristic device that leads to new avenues of research.
Environmental Beliefs and Attitudes in Sweden and the Baltic States
Authors: Gooch Geoffrey D.
Published: March 2007

This article compares environmental beliefs and attitudes in Estonia, Latvia, and Sweden. It is based on interviews in Tartu, Estonia, and Riga, Latvia, and on an extract from a postal survey in the county of Östergötland, Sweden. Four scales were used in the study: the new environmental paradigm (NEP) scale, a scale to measure support for science and technology, a scale to measure postmaterial values, and a scale to measure concern for local environmental problems. The expected correlations between support for the NEP, distrust of science and technology, postmaterial values, and concern for environmental conditions were only partially supported by the results of the Swedish study, and, in the case of the Baltic samples, not at all. A fourth explanatory factor—that environmental concern can be based either on direct personal experience of the environment, or on symbolic general representations of reported global problems-is used to explain these discrepancies.
An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behavior
Authors: Taylor Shirley , Todd Peter
Published: March 2007

This study examines the antecedents of recycling and composting intentions in the context of an integrated waste management behavior model. This model incorporates a wide variety of important factors from previous research on environmental behavior. The theory of planned behavior provides a theoretical framework to integrate these factors. The model was tested using both recycling and composting data from a sample of more than 700 individuals. Overall, the results suggest that this model fits the data well, helping to explain intentions to engage in recycling and composting.
The Role of the Physical Environment in Culture Shock
Authors: Churchman Arza , Mitrani Michal
Published: March 2007

The concept of place attachment is examined within the context of a between-country migration situation, that of immigrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel. The study hypothesized that place attachment to Israel would be related to the immigrants motive for migrating to Israel and to the perceived differences between their physical environment in the Soviet Union and in Israel, examined on the city, neighborhood, building, and apartment level. An individual, structured interview was conducted with 60 students from the former Soviet Union studying in Israeli universities. Differences between the two countries were perceived for most of the attributes. The USSR was preferred on 22 attributes, Israel on 6. More important than the number of preferences is the direction of preference. Perceiving the new environment to be different does not necessarily mean that the immigrants will not become attached to that environment. If the preference is for the new over the old, then attachment to the new is more likely.
Analyzing Changes in Waste Reduction Behavior in a Low-Income Urban Community Following a Public Outreach Program
Authors: Margai Florence Lansana
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the changes in waste reduction behavior in East Harlem, New York, before and after an educational outreach program. Using focus groups and survey data, the attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of residents were monitored across the two periods. The results showed improvements in the total daily recyclables collected, from 8.7 tons in April 1993 to 11.4 tons in April 1994. There were widespread variations in environmental behavior among residents in the private and public housing units. Specifically, waste recovery rates observed in the public housing units were restricted by structural constraints in the buildings, lack of resources, and relatively poor access to the drop-off sites. The age of the residents, apartment ownership, and household size were also among the important predictors of behavior. These findings provide important implications for developing and maintaining successful recovery and reduction programs in communities with similar demographic profiles.
An Experimental Analysis of the Perception of the Area of an Open Space Using 3-D Stereo Dynamic Graphics
Authors: Ishikawa Toru , Okabe Atsuyuki , Sadahiro Yukio , Kakumoto Shigeru
Published: March 2007

This article experimentally investigated the perception of the area of an open space. In the experiment, 3-D stereo dynamic graphics were used to present subjects with a simulated environment in which subjects walked around, thus creating a hypothetical reality of being in an actual city. Having walked through the simulated city, subjects conducted two kinds of area judgment tasks. The results showed that the shape and location of an open space affect the perception of the area. These effects were termed the width/depth ratio effect and the visible area effect. Three models were formulated to explain the perception of area. Each model was statistically tested and the best-fit model was determined. The best-fit model suggested that the largest visible area and the judgment of the inside and outside of a setback space played an important role in deriving the perceived area.
Structural and Cultural Aspects of the Regulation of Television Broadcasting in East Asia
Authors: Kwak Ki-Sung
Published: March 2007

Based on the comparison of the degree of constraints upon television broadcasters in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea, this article argues that the relationship between the state and television broadcasters in the three countries studied has been maintained not in an open, but in an enforced or limited fashion. This is because the relationship has been bound mainly by legal constraints (Hong Kong) or indirectly enforced or limited by moral and structural constraints (Japan and Korea). It also argues that the dominant common cultural factor in the three countries, that is, Confucian values, has been reflected in the practice of regulating television broadcasting.
Cultural Rights and World Trade Agreements in the Information Society
Authors: Venturelli Shalini
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the cultural problem of the Information Society can be defined in terms of conditions determining the production, distribution and access to expression. The conceptualization of culture and cultural rights is explored by organizing cultural debates into three models, with a critical common ground then identified in each regarding the significance of the concern for expression. This problematization then serves as a way of addressing a number of critical dimensions in the policy debates of the Information Society emerging in world trade agreements. It is held that cultural rights and the conditions of expression can be articulated as a product of forms of information policy, such as: intellectual property laws, universal service and access to critical features of networks in the production and distribution of expression; the number of information providers, producers and distributors favored by competition policies; and the structure of positive and negative information rights implemented as content regulation under constitutional, statutory and regulatory obligations. The article examines the treatment of this set of information policies in a few emerging world trade agreements for the information sector, and the analysis concludes that the current world trade paradigm of the Information Society stands to transform profoundly the structure of content in the information age in favor of concentration of expression under proprietary governance. The implications of this change and criteria for evaluating cultural rights and information rights are provided.
The Right to Create
Authors: Braman Sandra
Published: March 2007

The harmonization of information systems that characterizes this fourth stage of the information society has made possible new types of threats to cultural rights such as the right to create. Here these new threats as experienced by avant garde and traditional artists are explored, with attention to the restriction of speech rights by differential application across the information production chain, the paradox of the simultaneous loss of belief in the possibility of creativity and the commodification of innovative processes and products, the effects of computerization of innovative activity, and new legal approaches to the treatment of non-linear behaviours.
The Mystification of Culture
Authors: Hammond Phil
Published: March 2007

In Western media coverage, Japan is portrayed as a country defined by its difference from the West. The repeated emphasis on cultural difference is a coded way of discussing racial difference. Examples discussed include British press coverage of the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 50th anniversary of the end of the Pacific War. A similar `racial' conception of culture also underpins academic analyses of Japanese cultural difference, for example in anthropology. Far from offering an explanation, the tendency is to mystify culture by treating it as the starting point for analysis, rather than examining its social and historical roots. Cultural studies has attempted to challenge essentialist conceptions of identity and difference by treating cultural phenomena as operating `like a language'. Yet similar problems - of dehistoricizing culture, naturalizing differences and making culture appear as a determining force - beset this approach too.
Discharges of Patients from Public Psychiatric Hospitals in Italy between 1994 and 2000
Authors: D'Avanzo Barbara , Barbato Angelo , Barbui Corrado , Battino R. Nadia , Civenti Graziella , Frattura Lucilla
Published: March 2007

Background: Psychiatric hospitals in Italy had to be closed under a law dated 1994.

Aims: To investigate the discharge of patients from public psychiatric hospitals.

Methods: A total of 4492 patients from 22 psychiatric hospitals were described at recruitment and followed during the period 1994-2000. Their characteristics were investigated as determinants of discharge to community residential facilities for psychiatric patients versus other settings.

Results: All 22 psychiatric hospitals closed between 1994 and 2000; 678 patients had died, and the remainder were discharged. Of these, 39% went to nursing homes, 29% to community residential facilities for psychiatric patients, 2% joined their family, less than 1% were settled in private independent accommodation, and 29% remained in the psychiatric hospital, although defined as discharged. Ten patients were recorded as missing when still in the psychiatric hospitals, none after discharge. Younger, more educated patients and patients from two of the four regions studied were more likely to be discharged to community residential facilities.

Conclusions: The majority of patients were discharged to highly supervised settings. The potential risk of abandonment due to deinstitutionalization was not observed in this population. The wide use of highly supervised settings can be explained by the patients' old age, but different local policies may have affected the discharge process.
Ghana's Non-Alignment Under Kwame Nkrumah
Authors: Das Gupta Anirudha , Shahid A.S.
Published: March 2007

This policy of non-alignment we have interpreted to imply that the Government would act as it sees best on any issue in the light of the country's obligations to the UN Charter, our position in relation to the African continent and the Commonwealth, our adherence to the principles enunciated at the Bandung and Accra conferences, and our determination to safeguard our independence and sovereignty. 1

I will even be bold to offer the proposal that all uncommitted non-nuclear countries of the world, particularly of Africa and Asia, should summon themselves into a conference with a view to forming a non-nuclear third force—a war-preventing force between the two blocs of the so-called East and West.2

The world struggle, and the cause of world tension, has to be seen not in the old political context of the Cold War, that is, of nation states and Power blocs, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary peoples.... If we are to achieve revolutionary Socialism, then we must avoid any suggestion that will imply that there is any separation between the Socialist world and a "Third World".3
Testing a Psychological Typology of Entrepreneurship Using Business Founders
Authors: Miner John B.
Published: March 2007

This study follows upon previous research among established entrepreneurs indicating that a four-way psychological typology (i.e., personal achievers, real managers, expert idea generators, and empathic supersalespeople) predicts firm growth. It extends support for the typology to the venture initiation phase and to a student population. The results confirm that those students who are characterized by one or more of the types are more likely to be entrepreneurs after graduation. Measures of entrepreneurial propensities and skill in business plan preparation—both obtained prior to graduation—are also predicted by the typology. As a test of the basic theory, this research provides substantial support. It also extends the domain of that theory to incorporate the enterprise start-up phase.
Deliverance, Denial, and the Death Zone
Authors: Elmes Michael , Barry David
Published: March 2007

Building on previous disaster research, this article presents and analyzes the May 1996 Mount Everest climbing disaster. Using a blend of psychodynamic and structuralist theory, the article demonstrates how historical changes in the field of high-altitude climbing fostered the emergence of pathologically narcissistic, competitive, and regressive dynamics that ultimately contributed to numerous climbing deaths.
Cause or Control?
Authors: Cannon David R.
Published: March 2007

Studies of individual response to failure outcomes have focused on the cognitive processing of proximal experiences. This study examines reactions to failure experiences recalled from memory, employing a multimethod qualitative investigation of a diverse sample of women and men from business, the arts, and athletics. People’s memories of negative outcomes were found to trigger strong emotions, affecting sense-making and distorting reasoning. Interpreted from a personal control-avoidance theoretical framework, results indicate that when time is factored in, the illusion of control over the future proves a more compelling way of understanding our past failures than do evaluative judgments.
Watching Whale Watching
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson , Hardy Cynthia
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors develop a discourse analytic framework for examining the antecedents, dynamics, and outcomes of interorganizational collaboration. They argue that a framework based on a discursive understanding of collaboration can provide a coherent basis for understanding the dynamics of collaboration, the relation of collaboration to its broader institutional context, and the management and facilitation of collaborative activity as a communicative process. The authors base this framework on a study of the fabric of collaborative relationships that characterize one organizational field—the Pacific Northwest whale-watching industry. The theoretical framework they have developed frames collaboration as the discursive negotiation of the issues to be addressed by the collaboration, the interests relevant to the collaboration, and the actors who should represent these legitimate interests.
The Crisis of Religious Identity Among Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel
Authors: Ribner David S. , Schindler Ruben
Published: March 2007

We the Ethiopian Jews have secluded ourselves from gentiles and gentile customs far more than any other Jewish community to avoid dilution of our Jewishness. We have struggled against all odds to preserve our faith and carry out the Torah to the extent of sacrificing our lives. And until reunification with world Jewry, we thought we were the only remaining Jews in the world, yet we continued to be diligent in our observance of the Torah. We demand fairness and equality: one is either a Jew or not a Jew. This humiliation must stop once and for all. Ethiopian Jews deserve to be respected as Jews returning to their homeland like any other Jewish community. —An Ethiopian immigrant, as quoted by Parfitt, 1985, p. 130
Optimal Experimental Measurements of Anisotropic Failure Tensors
Authors: Wu Edward M.
Published: March 2007

The resolution of the components of strength tensors derived from experimental data is discussed. It is shown that the variations in the non- interaction components are independent of the tension-compression strength ratios and magnitudes and their relative scatter can be related directly to the scatter in the engineering strength. The variation in the interaction component F1 2 , is dependent on both the magnitude of the biaxial strength and the magnitude of F1 2 , it has no well defined relative scatter and only its absolute resolution can be determined from experi mental scatter Optimal experiments for F1 2 using tubular specimens are discussed. Optimal biaxial stress ratios using compression-internal pressure and tension-torsion tests are discussed and experimentally demonstrated
Effects of Shear Damage on the Torsional Behaviour of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Adams Robert D. , Flitcroft J.E. , Hancox N.L. , Reynolds W.N.
Published: March 2007

The torsional modulus and damping capacity of uniaxial specimens of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin have been measured as a function of strain amplitude, proportion and type of fibre and of fibre surface treat ment. The specimens were then twisted to shear failure and the measure ments repeated. The values of shear strength observed were analysed in the light of the modulus and damping capacity values. The significance of such measurements in the mechanical testing of these materials has been demonstrated.
Improved Mechanical Properties of Composites Reinforced with Neutron-Irradiated Carbon Fibers
Authors: McKague E.L. , Bullock R.E. , Head J.W.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical property improvements of neutron-irradiated carbon fibers are reviewed, and an experiment is described which verifies that mechanical properties of carbon-epoxy laminates are improved when reinforced with such fibers. Increased flexural and shear strengths of composites are con firmed to result from the use of irradiated fibers. The future potential of radiation treatment of carbon fibers to improve mechanical properties of composites is discussed; it is concluded that the process offers commercial promise.
Toward Reliable Composites
Authors: Eisenmann J.R. , Kaminski B.E. , Reed D.L. , Wilkins D.J.
Published: March 2007

The current deterministic design approach is reviewed, and an alternate reliability-based design procedure is described which is more appropriate to the distinct behavioral characteristics of composite materials. The proposed procedure treats: load generation, material characterization, reliability apportionment, scaling, and complexity.
Acoustic Emission Produced During Burst Tests of Filament-Wound Bottles
Authors: Hamstad Marvin A. , Chiao T.T.
Published: March 2007

Acoustic emission was recorded during burst tests of filament-wound, composite pressure vessels. Organic and graphite fibers were tested, and two different epoxy resin systems were used: one with a low and another with a relatively high cure temperature. Acoustic emission was studied for the effects of different winding patterns, artificial flaws, winding-induced fiber fraying, different resins, and different fibers. Small effects produced in the vessels by changes in these variables were greatly magnified when they appeared as changes in acoustic emission. They would, in fact, be difficult or impossible to detect by other test means.
Non Hookean Behaviour in the Fibre Direction of Carbon-Fibre Composites and the Influence of Fibre Waviness on the Tensile Properties
Authors: Van Dreumel Wim H.M. , Kamp John L.M.
Published: March 2007

In the literature the tensile behaviour in the fibre direction of unidirec tional carbon fibre reinforced plastic (c.f.r.p.) is assumed to be linearly elastic up to failure.

Some authors distinguish a primary and a secondary part in the stress- strain curve each showing Hookean behaviour.

The experimental results of this paper show that Young's modulus of laminates increases proportionally with the tensile stress, as found in Ref. [1] for single non-impregnated fibres.

An empirical relation between Young's modulus and the tensile stress is derived and the influence of fibre misalignment on this relation is exam ined.

In addition, the influence of fibre misalignment on the tensile strength and Poisson's ratio is discussed.
The Flexural Strength of Aramid Fiber Composites
Authors: Zweben Carl
Published: March 2007

An analysis is presented for the strength in three-point flexural loading of a rectangular unidirectional composite beam reinforced with Keviar®1 49 aramid fibers. The material behavior is assumed to be linearly elastic in tension and elastic-perfectly plastic in compression. The statistical effects of volume and stress distribution on tensile strength are included in the model. The predicted strength agrees reasonably well with experimental data.
Composite Failure Surface Analysis
Authors: Kline R.A. , Chang F.H.
Published: March 2007

In this work, the features of the fracture surfaces of graphite-epoxy specimens as seen by both optical and scann ing electronic microscope (SEM) are presented. A variety of test conditions were investigated. They are: tension (quasi- static), compression (quasi-static), and tension-tension fatigue. Failure due to delamination was also studied (Mode I-Peel Testing). The sequence of events leading to failure was monitored using an X-ray technique with an opaque additive for image enhancement. After mechanical testing, specimens were sectioned and prepared for microscopic analysis. Two principal fracture surface features were identified: (1) overlapping platelets of epoxy and (2) branched microcrack structures. These fatures could be used to identify the direc tion of failure propagation and, in some cases, distinguish between failure modes.
Fatigue Damage Evaluation through Stiffness Measurements in Boron-Epoxy Laminates
Authors: O'Brien T. Kevin , Reifsnider Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

Stiffness reductions, resulting from fatigue damage, were measured for unnotched [±45]s, [0/90] s, and [0/90/ ±45 ] s boron/epoxy laminates. Deg radation in the various in-plane stiffnesses (Exx, Byy, Gxy) were measured using a combination of uniaxial tension, rail shear, and flexure tests. An attempt was made to predict stiffness loss at failure from a secant modulus criterion. Damage growth and stiffness loss were load-history dependent, hence, the secant modulus criterion is not a valid criterion for general application.
Saint-Venant End Effects In Composites
Authors: Horgan Cornelius O.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we demonstrate that the neglect of elastic end effects, usually justified by appealing to Saint-Venant's principle, cannot be applied routine ly in problems involving composite materials. In particular, for fiber rein forced composites, the characteristic decay length over which end effects are significant is, in general, several times longer than the corresponding length for isotropic materials. For plane strain or generalized plane stress of a highly anisotropic transversely isotropic (or orthotropic) material, modeling a fiber- reinforced composite, the characteristic decay length is of order b(E/G) 1/2, where b is the maximum dimension perpendicular to the fibers and E, G are the longitudinal Young's modulus and shear modulus respectively. Thus when E/G is large, as for fiber-reinforced composites, end effects are transmitted over a distance which is of the order of several specimen widths. This is in marked contrast with the situation for isotropic materials where decay lengths of one specimen width are typical. Similar results hold for ax isymmetric problems and for sandwich laminates. The results have widespread implications for the mechanics of composite materials.
On Dynamical Description of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Tolf Göran
Published: March 2007

In the attempts to describe the dynamical behaviour of fiber reinforced com posites, various models have been proposed. Most of these make the assump tion that on the microlevel either the fibers can be regarded as rigid or the displacements vary in a prescribed way, mostly linear, so that the composite on the macrolevel can be described by fields that represent rigid translations and rotations of the midpoint of the fiber.

Here a model of quadratic, linearly elastic fibers in a quadratic array of a linearly elastic matrix is proposed to find out when these assumptions are made legitimate. Comparison is made to the models mentioned above.

It is found that the difference in stiffness can be rather small for these assumptions to be valid, but the dispersion in the lowest mode, i.e., the transla tional mode of the fiber, is due not to coupling with a rotational mode but to a deformation of the fiber. Also, as seen in the models assuming rigid fibers, it is found that the constants in the power expansion of the dispersion relation, de pend linearly on the stiffness ratio between fiber and matrix.
Prediction and Measurement of the Vibrational Damping Parameters of Carbon and Glass Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Plates
Authors: Lin D.X. , Ni R.G. , Adams R.D.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this investigation is to predict the natural frequency and specific damping capacity of laminated composite plates in various modes of vibration by using the finite element method.
On Local Temperature Overshoots Due to Transport Coupling of Heat and Moisture in Composite Materials
Authors: Tambour Yoram
Published: March 2007

An analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer in composite materials is presented. The moisture and heat fluxes are described by linear phenomenological laws including the transport coupling contributions of thermal-diffusion (Soret effect), and diffusion-thermo (Dufour effect). The present mathematical approach is based on a field transformation for the enthalpy and moisture concentration which enables one to minimize the number of nondimensional groups for the transport coupling coefficients which are then determined by comparison of the theoretical results with given ex perimental data. New solutions are presented for transient temperature distributions in an infinite moist slab of a finite thickness, subject to a step change in surface tem perature and moisture concentration. These solutions indicate that local temperature overshoots may occur within the slab close to the surface, due to the heat-moisture transport coupling. Such temperature overshoots have also been observed in ex periments reported by Luikov and the present solutions show good agreement with the reported experimental data.