bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrant and Native
Authors: DeSipio Louis , Uhlaner Carole Jean
Published: February 2007

The Mexican American electorate includes large numbers of immigrants as well as people of later generations. In this article, we test whether cross-generational acculturation shapes the ways in which Mexican American voters selected between John Kerry and George Bush in the 2004 presidential election. Although change across immigrant generations has long been a critical question in American political behavior, it is only with the current wave of immigrants and their U.S.-born children and grandchildren that it is possible to measure the relationship between acculturation and vote choice. With generational replacement, changes in the dynamics of vote choice across immigrant generations could herald long-term changes in the mechanisms of vote choice. We find that generation does shape Mexican American vote choice, both directly—in the simple measure of the generational dummy variables—and in the interaction between generation and partisanship, issue evaluation, religion, and state of residence.
Latino Mobilization and Vote Choice in the 2000 Presidential Election
Authors: Nuño Stephen A.
Published: February 2007

Previous scholarship on Latino politics has demonstrated that mobilization has a statistically significant effect on voter turnout, suggesting the importance of get-out-the-vote campaigns to increase Latino political participation. Although nonpartisan organizations exist to mobilize Latino voters, most of the phone calls are made by political parties and candidates. I argue that the real test of effectiveness for partisan mobilization is vote choice. Using data from the 2000 presidential election, I model vote choice to determine whether or not Latinos who were contacted by Democrats and Republicans were more likely to vote for Al Gore and George W. Bush. I find that party mobilization by other Latinos is crucial to influencing vote choice. Specifically, Latinos who were contacted by Latino Republicans were significantly more likely to prefer Bush, whereas Latinos who were contacted by non-Latino Republicans were significantly less likely to prefer Bush. Several models are explored.
Humour and the Construction of Maori Leadership at Work
Authors: Holmes Janet
Published: January 2007

Leadership is primarily a communicative activity, and humour provides leaders with a valuable communicative resource for reconciling the competing transactional and relational demands which face them. This article examines the ways in which Māori leaders use humour in everyday workplace interaction, and focuses in particular on the use of humour to construct leadership in workplaces characterized by Māori values and ways of doing things. Humour is used to construct and enact many different types of relationships in the workplace, and to express many different layers of meaning. Drawing on data collected in Māori workplaces, this article examines the particular ways in which people in such workplaces make use of humour as a discursive resource for constructing themselves and others as workplace leaders, and explores, in particular, the hypothesis that humour provides a flexible indirect strategy for constructing leadership in ways that avoid conflict with traditional Māori cultural values.
The Romance of Leadership Scale: Cross-cultural Testing and Refinement
Authors: Schyns Birgit , Meindl James R. , Croon Marcel A.
Published: January 2007

The Romance of Leadership Scale (RLS) has been used in various studies in different countries and contexts. However, to date, the structure of the scale has been a subject of discussion, making it difficult to compare results over different studies. In this study, using student as well as organization samples from two countries, we want to clarify the factor structure of the RLS. In order to do so, we used a hypothetical factor matrix into which we rotated our data. Although this matrix fits some of the data quite well, the results argue for the use of one core factor. The factor solutions are, however, still ambiguous and we therefore recommend doing more research on a core factor of the Romance of Leadership scale.
Modernizing the School Workforce in England: Challenging Transformation and Leadership?
Authors: Gunter Helen , Rayner Steve
Published: January 2007

Centralized reform in English schools is based on a form of transformational change that we argue is unable to deliver in the ways demanded by reformers. Drawing on a government-based study of the school workforce and workload in English schools the article argues that the form of transformation evident in policy documents, training and reform strategies is based on a highly normative and noneducational form of change which is about securing reform. The emphasis is on a form of elitist leadership which remains so even though hybrids such as distributed leadership are being popularized. An alternative discourse and approach is in play, and the article examines a socially critical form of transformation which needs to be taken into account when changing professional practice, because working for change is longer term, inclusive, open ended yet more substantially transformative. Here leadership is educational, communal and socially relevant to learners learning with teachers.
Thinking as Leadership/Leadership as Thinking
Authors: Smythe Elizabeth , Norton Andrew
Published: January 2007

Heidegger challenges that as the world becomes more thought provoking, we are still not thinking. Yet, the very nature of being human is to think. This article presents the findings of a research project exploring the nature of thinking as described by 14 leaders using hermeneutic phenomenological research methodology. The findings are presented in a visual representation which describes how leaders think through the coming of a call to lead. There is a point when a leader makes a turn, committing them to centring their thinking on the quest. To lead is always to follow, going amidst the noise of activity and the silence of thought-full-ness. In the silence the leader awaits the guidance that will direct the way of serving. Leaders live thinking, experience a resonance of knowing, and are always on the way of change. Thinking is drawn to the ‘for the sake of’under the guidance of the embodied values.
Leadership and Identity Construction: Reframing the Leader-Follower Interaction from an Identity Theory Perspective
Authors: Lührmann Thomas , Eberl Peter
Published: January 2007

In this Research Note we will explore the role of identity development for the efficiency of leadership relationships. We will hold that identity theory provides a useful theoretical basis from which to gain deeper insights into leadership processes. After briefly reviewing the usage of the identity concept within the field of leadership we will draw on an interactive perspective for explaining the dynamics of identity building and maintaining it. Against this background we will pose research questions on the consequences for effective leadership.
Existentialism and Leadership: A Response to John Lawler with Some Further Thoughts
Authors: Ashman Ian
Published: January 2007

As the title indicates this article aims to explore and develop some of the issues introduced by John Lawler's recent article for this journal on existentialism and leadership. The intention is to offer further insight into how existentialist ideas and principles can be used to invigorate and reorientate research into leadership. Thus, after an initial re-examination of some of the concepts introduced by Lawler, attention turns to some new themes, including nothingness, being-for-others and bad faith, before subsequently demonstrating their application to a number of fundamental concerns associated with debates on leadership, including trait theory, the laissez-faire ‘style’, following, strategic choice and research methodology.
What impact do undergraduate experiences have upon recruitment into psychiatry?
Authors: Eagles John M. , Wilson Sam , Murdoch Jane M. , Brown Tom
Published: February 2007

The Scottish Division of the Royal College of Psychiatrists conducted a survey of members and fellows in 2003 on recruitment and retention within psychiatry. Responses relating to retirement intentions of consultants have been published previously (Eagleset al, 2005). Respondents were asked to give views about improving recruitment, and by far the most common suggestion was that this could be achieved by enhancing undergraduate teaching in psychiatry. This paper will discuss the ways in which undergraduate experiences may have an impact upon recruitment.
PI-3-kinase-dependent membrane recruitment of centaurin-α2 is essential for its effect on ARF6-mediated actin cytoskeleton reorganisation
Authors: Venkateswarlu Kanamarlapudi , Brandom Kevin G. , Yun Hongruo
Published: February 2007

GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) of the centaurin family regulate the actin cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking through inactivation of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTP-binding proteins. We report the functional characterisation of centaurin-α2, which is structurally related to the centaurin-α1 ARF6 GAP. centaurin-α2 contains an N-terminal GAP domain followed by two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains (N-PH and C-PH). In vitro, GFP-centaurin-α2 specifically binds the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase lipid products, PI 3,4-P2 and PI 3,4,5-P3 (PIP3), through its C-terminal PH domain. In agreement with this observation, GFP-centaurin-α2 was recruited to the plasma membrane from the cytosol in EGF-stimulated cells in a PI-3-kinase-dependent manner. Moreover, the C-PH domain is sufficient and necessary for membrane recruitment of centaurin-α2. centaurin-α2 shows sustained kinetics of PI-3-kinase-mediated membrane recruitment in EGF-stimulated cells, owing to its binding to PI 3,4-P2. centaurin-α2 prevents ARF6 translocation to, and cortical actin formation at, the plasma membrane, which are phenotypic indications for ARF6 activation in EGF-stimulated cells. Moreover, the constitutively active mutant of ARF6 reverses the effect of centaurin-α2 on cortical actin formation. The membrane targeted centaurin-α2 is constitutively active. Together, these studies indicate that centaurin-α2 is recruited in a sustained manner to the plasma membrane through binding to PI 3,4-P2 and thereby regulates actin reorganisation via ARF6.
Self-assembly of Nanorod-like Architecture of CdTe Nanocrystals in Langmuir Monolayer of Bolaamphiphiles
Authors: Liu Mingxian , Gan Lihua , Zeng Yaling , Wang Jinghong , Xu Zijie , Hao Zhixian , Liu Honglai , Chen Longwu
Published: January 2007

A novel fabrication of two-dimensional CdTe nanoarchitecture was developed through the interaction between bolaamphiphiles of 1,3-bis(hexadecyldimethylammonio)propane dibromide and the prepared negatively charged CdTe nanocrystals hydrosols by controlling the surface pressure of the monolayer. The formed amphiphiles/CdTe nanocrystals composite monolayer confirm that plenty of CdTe nanorod-like nanostructure with the lengths of roughly 100–300 nm and the widths of about 25-nm distribute in Langmuir layer by a self-assembly way at low surface pressure.
Low-temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Orthorhombic Vanadium Pentoxide Nanowires
Authors: Zhou Fu , Zhao Xuemei , Yuan Cunguang , Li Li , Xu Hai
Published: January 2007

Orthorhombic V2O5 single-crystalline nanowires with diameters of 30–50 nm, and lengths up to hundreds of micrometers, which was by far the longest 1-D nanostructure of vanadium oxide been fabricated, were synthesized on a large scale through a template-free mild and direct hydrothermal reaction between VOSO4·xH2O and KMnO4. The ability of the oxidizing agent was testified to be the decisive factor in the successful fabrication of as-obtained ultralong orthorhombic V2O5 single-crystalline nanowires, which might be a superior cathode material for the lithium ion batteries.
Direct Monitoring of Both Phosphorolysis and Elongation of Amylopectin Catalyzed by Phosphorylase on a 27-MHz Quartz-crystal Microbalance
Authors: Murakawa Akiko , Mori Toshiaki , Okahata Yoshio
Published: January 2007

All kinetic parameters such as the enzyme binding process and the catalytic processes (phosphorolysis and polymerization) by phosphorylase from Potato could be obtained using an amylopectin-immobilized 27-MHz quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM).
Carbenoid Addition to Phenols to Give Cycloheptatrienols. Stereochemical Regulation and Ligand-dependent Switching of Chemoselectivity
Authors: Im Chun Young , Okuyama Tadashi , Sugimura Takashi
Published: January 2007

Cycloheptatrienols were prepared stereoselectively by the intramolecular Büchner reaction of phenols using a 2,4-pentanediol tether of suitable stereochemistry, where the intrinsically favorable O–H insertion is effectively suppressed.
Syntheses and Properties of Novel Quarterphenylene-based Materials for Blue Organic Light-emitting Devices
Authors: Agata Yuya , Shimizu Hitoshi , Kido Junji
Published: January 2007

A series of quarterphenylene-based compounds were prepared and investigated as the hole-transport layer and the host materials in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). These compounds have wide HOMO–LUMO energy gaps (ca. 3.57 eV) due to the twisted backbone. A maximum external efficiency of 17% was achieved for blue organic light-emitting device using iridium(III)–bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinate-N,C2′]picolinate (FIrpic) as an emitting material.
Multipole Resonance Modes in Localized Surface Plasmon of Single Hexagonal/Triangular Gold Nanoplates
Authors: Uwada Takayuki , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Masuhara Hiroshi , Ibano Daisuke , Fujishiro Manabu , Tominaga Toshihiro
Published: January 2007

We investigated the optical properties of the hexagonal/triangle gold nanoplates by single particle spectroscopy. By comparison with scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, we successfully demonstrated that light scattering spectra of the hexagonal nanoplates with 360 ± 120-nm edge lengths and the triangular ones of 190 ± 60 nm exhibited two peaks in visible–near infrared region corresponding to quadrupole and higher multipole modes of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
Nanoparticle Formation by Irreversible In situ Aggregation of Rigid π-Stacked Segments of a Flexible–Rigid Block Copolymer
Authors: Nakano Tamaki , Yade Tohru , Fukuda Yasuyuki , Takewaki Kazuyuki
Published: January 2007

Block copolymers of dibenzofulvene and methyl methacrylate obtained by living anionic polymerization formed stable, soluble nanoparticles by in situ molecular aggregation of the poly(dibenzofulvene) segments having a rigid π-stacked conformation; the nanoparticles indicated red-shifted absorption bands and reduced oxidation potential relative to a single chain poly(dibenzofulvene).
Additional Alkylsilanization of Aminosilane-modified Glass Slide: Effect of Alkylsilane Structure for Enhancing Surface Amine Functionality
Authors: Kamisetty Nagendra K , Pack Seung Pil , Nonogawa Mitsuru , Devarayapalli Kamakshaiah C , Kodaki Tsutomu , Makino Keisuke
Published: January 2007

Efficient amine-functionalized glass slides were developed by capping with alkylsilanes, which might reduce nonspecific interactions of amino groups with the surface silanol. We explored the types of alkylsilanes (used as silanol capping reagents) for designing high amine functionality on the glass slide.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyaminophenylsilsesquioxane Particles by Two-step Acid–Base-catalyzed Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Tadanaga Kiyoharu , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: January 2007

Spherical polyaminophenylsilsesquioxane (H2NC6H4SiO3/2) particles were prepared by a two-step acid–base-catalyzed sol–gel process, and we found that the particles showed the glass transition behavior. Amino groups in the H2NC6H4SiO3/2 particles were partially changed to amido ones by acetylation using acetic anhydride.
Pyridine-3-carboxylic Anhydride (3-PCA): A Versatile, Practical, and Inexpensive Reagent for Condensation Reaction between Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Funasaka Setsuo
Published: January 2007

A synthesis of carboxylic esters from various carboxylic acids and alcohols is successfully carried out by using a condensation reagent, pyridine-3-carboxylic anhydride (3-PCA). This reaction materialized synthesis of various carboxylic esters to be carried out under mild conditions by simple experimental procedure.
Two Isolable Conformers of Dihydropentahelicenediol Derivatives: Stereochemical Property and Its Utility for Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Ohmori Ken , Furuya Sanae , Yamanoi Shigeo , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: January 2007

Conformation of dihydropentahelicenediol 2 and the related compounds was studied. Two isolable conformers, i.e. the diequatorial and the diaxial forms, interconvert only at elevated temperatures, where the equilibrium ratio depends on bulkiness of the substituents attached to the hydroxy groups. The palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution was used to test the potential utility of phosphine derivatives, 6eq and 6ax, as chiral ligands.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Sulfur-doped TiO2 Film Electrodes: Characterization of the Doped States by Means of the Photocurrent Measurements
Authors: Murakami Yoshinori , Kasahara Bunso , Nosaka Yoshio
Published: January 2007

The photocurrent action spectra of S-doped anatase and rutile TiO2 films were measured in a solution of 0.1 M HClO4 mixed with 0.5 mM of the reductants such as hydroquinone, KI, KSCN, and KBr at the applied voltage of +0.5 V. For the S-doped anatase TiO2 films, the incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) was enhanced by the addition of hydroquinone or KI, while no enhancement was observed by the addition of other reductants. On the other hand, the IPCE for the S-doped rutile TiO2 films was enhanced for all of the reductants. It was suggested that the doped states were different between the S-doped anatase and rutile TiO2 films.
Direct Syntheses of Benzofuran-2(3H)-ones and Benzofuran-3(2H)-ones from 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)alkan-1-ones by CuBr2 or CuCl2
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Nishimura Akinori , Yago Misato , Sasaki Mitsuru
Published: January 2007

New syntheses of benzofuran-2(3H)-ones and benzofuran-3(2H)-ones from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)alkan-1-ones via oxidative cyclization by CuBr2 or CuCl2 are described. A new synthesis of 1H-isochromene-1,4(3H)-diones via similar procedures is also described.
Temperature-responsive Poly(dehydroalanine)s: Diversifying Phase Transition Temperatures Utilizing α,α-Disubstituted Motif
Authors: Mori Takeshi , Beppu Suguru , Fukushima Isao , Kobayashi Toru , Minagawa Keiji , Tanaka Masami , Niidome Takuro , Katayama Yoshiki
Published: January 2007

The temperature-responsive poly(dehydroalanine derivative)s having two substituents at the α-position were successfully synthesized. By varying the combination of the structures of the two substituents, the relatively large diversity of their phase transition temperatures could be achieved.
The Use of Repair Strategies: Bilingual Deaf Children Using Sign Language and Spoken Language
Authors: Most Tova
Published: February 2007

The language effects on repair strategies employed by 7 bilingual
deaf children (native signers who also used spoken language) was
examined. During two sessions—one conducted in sign language and
the other in spoken language—each child described a picture. The
examiner stopped the child twice to request clarification. The children's
responses to the requests were coded into seven repair strategies. Results
indicated that language mode significantly influenced repair strategy
behavior: In sign language, the children used a greater frequency,
variety, and level of strategies. The position of the clarification
request also had an effect: Later in the sequence, the children used
more advanced strategies. It was assumed that these native signers
evidenced a higher language level in sign, which allowed them to use more
advanced communicational strategies in sign than in spoken language. This
performance gap should be considered in intervention.
Infinitesimal CR automorphisms of real hypersurfaces
Authors: Stanton Nancy K.
Published: February 2007

Let M be an analytic real hypersurface through the origin in C n+1 and let hol ( M ) denote the space of vector fields X =Re Z | M tangent to M in a neighborhood of the origin, where Z is a holomorphic vector field defined in a neighborhood of the origin. The hypersurface M is holomorphically nondegenerate at the origin if there is no holomorphic vector field tangent to M in a neighborhood of the origin. The main result of the paper is that hol ( M ) is finite dimensional if and only if M is holomorphically nondegenerate at the origin.
Counting generators of normal integral bases
Authors: Everest G. R.
Published: February 2007

We present a very accurate formula for counting norms of normal integral bases in tame abelian extensions of the rational field. The methods used include applications of Schmidt's Subspace Theorem, Baker's Theorem and the Hardy-Littlewood Method, all from diophantine approximation.
Endpoint Strichartz estimates
Authors: Keel Markus , Tao Terence
Published: February 2007

We prove an abstract Strichartz estimate, which implies previously unknown endpoint Strichartz estimates for the wave equation (in dimension n ≥ 4) and the Schrödinger equation (in dimension n ≥ 3). Three other applications are discussed: local existence for a nonlinear wave equation; and Strichartz-type estimates for more general dispersive equations and for the kinetic transport equation.
On a simple unital projectionless C *-algebra
Authors: Jiang Xinhui , Su Hongbing
Published: February 2007

We construct a unital separable C *-algebra Z as an analog of the hyperfinite type II 1 factor. Besides being nuclear, simple, projectionless, and infinite-dimensional, Z has a unique tracial state, and is KK-equivalent to [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /], the algebra of complex numbers. It is shown that unital endomorphisms on Z are approximately inner, and that Z is isomorphic to the infinite tensor product of its replicas. It is also shown that A ≅ Z ⊗ A for certain interesting classes of unital simple nuclear C *-algebras A of real rank zero.
Hecke algebras of classical groups over p -adic fields and supercuspidal representations
Authors: Kim Ju-Lee
Published: February 2007

Let k be a p -adic field with involution σ 0 and let k 0 be its fixed subfield of k . Let V be a finite dimensional vector space defined over k equipped with ε-Hermitian form < , >. Let G be the connected component of the group of isometries on ( V , < , >). In order to understand the admissible representations of G, we construct a large family of Hecke algebras on G. In fact, we conjecture that all admissible representations of G arise in our construction. As a corollary of this construction, we also get many (possibly all) supercuspidal representations. Our constructions are valid when the residue characteristic of k 0 is large.
Semi-infinite induction and Wakimoto modules
Authors: Voronov Alexander A.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to suggest the construction and study properties of semi-infinite induction, which relates to semi-infinite cohomology the same way induction relates to homology and coinduction to cohomology. We prove a version of the Shapiro Lemma, showing that the semi-infinite cohomology of a module is isomorphic to that of the semi-infinitely induced module. A practical outcome of our construction is a simple construction of the Wakimoto modules, highest-weight modules used in double-sided BGG resolutions of irreducible modules.
Motives and Siegel modular forms
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki
Published: February 2007

For a motive M over Q , we define the fundamental periods of M using invariant theory. Our definition generalizes Deligne's periods. We show that if a motive M is constructed from motives M 1 , M 2 ,..., M n by a standard algebraic operation, then the fundamental periods of M can be expressed as monomials of the fundamental periods of M 1 , M 2 ,..., M n . Applying this theory, we discuss two (hypothetical) motives attached to a Siegel modular form. We show that a Siegel modular form of degree m has at most m + 1 period invariants.
The "Languid Child" and the Eighteenth-Century Man-Midwife
Authors: Lloyd Josephine M.
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the methods used to preserve the life of a sickly neonate-that is, a child described as "languid" in the immediate period after birth. By looking at the work of some seventeenth-century midwifery authors, we can see how a fragile baby was handled in the period before formal training in midwifery and in the appropriate use of forceps. The article assesses the recognized causes of neonatal risk at the time of William Smellie. Examples from the manuscript midwifery case histories of William Hey, F.R.S. (1736-1819), reveal how a provincial man-midwife handled at-risk babies in domiciliary deliveries. The article also places William Hey within the wider group of eighteenth-century men-midwives and those whose work was leading them toward neonatal and infant care. Respect for life, parental love and grief, and the status of men-midwives in the last half of the eighteenth century are discussed.
Competent Professionals and Modern Methods: State Medicine in British Columbia during the 1930s
Authors: Davies Megan J.
Published: February 2007

Little has been written about the formation of state medicine in early-twentieth-century Canada, particularly during the Depression era. Indeed, many historians and policy analysts have assumed that this was a time of stagnation and retrenchment in state health provision. To foster a more nuanced analysis of the formation of the Canadian medical state during the Depression decade, this article focuses on British Columbia and the public health initiatives brought in by the provincial Liberal government of T. D. Pattullo. In B.C., an energetic cadre of policymakers and bureaucrats sought to reform existing services by using professionally educated personnel, centralized administrative hierarchies, community education, and the surveillance of target health populations. Funding from the provincial government and the Rockefeller Foundation permitted considerable expansion in a range of public health sectors that included vital statistics, rural health centers, tuberculosis and venereal disease treatment schemes, and laboratory services. This article tells the story of this important period by bringing together details of the professional and personal lives of key individuals-the majority of whom were men-and exploring the new provincial health programs that were developed in B.C. during the interwar years.
Ethics and Experimentation on Human Subjects in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France: The Story of the 1859 Syphilis Experiments
Authors: Dracobly Alex
Published: February 2007

This article examines a series of experiments involving
the deliberate infection of human subjects with syphilis that were
performed in Paris in 1859 by Dr. Camille Gibert and Dr. Joseph
Alexandre Auzias-Turenne. Using the scientific literature on syphilis,
the contemporary reaction in the French medical press to Gibert's and
Auzias-Turenne's experiments, and the private papers of Auzias-Turenne,
this paper places these experiments within a context of scientific
and professional rivalry, and seeks to show how both moral and
scientific concerns shaped and limited experimental practices in
mid-nineteenth-century France.
Availability of child care in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources
Authors: Gordon Rachel A. , Chase-Lansdale P. Lindsay
Published: February 2007

Lack of high-quality, affordable, and accessible child care is an often-cited impediment to a manageable balance between work and family. Researchers, however, have been restricted by a scarcity of data on the availability of child care across all U.S. communities. In this paper we describe and evaluate several indicators of child care availability that have been released by the U.S. Census Bureau over the last 15 years. Using community- and individual-level analyses, we find that these data sources are useful for indicating child care availability within communities, even though they were collected for other purposes. Furthermore, our results generally suggest that the data on child care availability are equally valid across communities of different urbanicity and average income levels, although it appears that larger geographic areas more accurately capture the child care market of centers than that of family day care providers. Our analyses indicate that center child care is least available in nonmetropolitan, poor communities, and that family day care is most available in nonmetropolitan, mixed-income communities. We discuss the benefits and limitations of the data sources, and point to directions for future data developments and research.
Insights from longitudinal data on the earnings growth of U.S. foreign-born men
Authors: Duleep Harriet Orcutt , Dowhan Daniel J.
Published: February 2007

Does the growth in earnings of foreign-born men exceed that of U.S. natives? We use longitudinal data on earnings from a Social Security Administration (SSA) database matched to the 1994 March Current Population Survey to shed new light on this important issue. We also examine the trend over time in the foreign-born men’s earnings growth and illuminate the various ways that SSA data can be used to explore the earnings patterns of immigrants.
Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization
Authors: Goodhart Michael E.
Published: February 2007

Preoccupation with cultural relativism has until recently crowded
out most other theoretical questions in the field of human rights
theory; today globalization and other problems are receiving much
more attention. The worry addressed here is that despite this timely
broadening of the analytic focus we tend to view these new problems
through the lens of cultural relativism. As a result, we are asking the
wrong questions about globalization and human rights and looking for the
wrong kinds of answer. This essay pleads for a critical reevaluation of
contemporary approaches to globalization and human rights and proposes
an alternative framework.
Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India
Authors: Boesche Roger
Published: February 2007

Kautilya was the key adviser to the Indian king Chandragupta
Maurya (c. 317-293 B.C.E.), who first united the Indian
subcontinent in empire. Written about 300 B.C.E., Kautilya's
Arthasastra was a science of politics intended to
teach a wise king how to govern. In this work, Kautilya offers
wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy,
including his wish to have his king become a world conqueror, his analysis
of which kingdoms are natural allies and which are inevitable enemies,
his willingness to make treaties he knew he would break, his doctrine
of silent war or a war of assassination against an unsuspecting king,
his approval of secret agents who killed enemy leaders and sowed discord
among them, his view of women as weapons of war, his use of religion
and superstition to bolster his troops and demoralize enemy soldiers,
the spread of disinformation, and his humane treatment of conquered
soldiers and subjects.
The Impact of the Economic Crisis: Why Democracies Survive
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
As an analysis of recent electoral results shows, the world’s emerging democracies are weathering the global economic crisis surprisingly well. There are three main reasons behind democracy’s resilience during the downturn. First, the countries hardest hit economically by the financial crisis have mostly been the wealthy, industrialized democracies or the new European market economies, which are now consolidated and deeply institutionalized. Second, in the newer and weaker democracies, the effect of economic turbulence has been the defeat of democratically elected governments but not the demise of democracy. And third, the breakdowns of democracy that have been occurring largely predate the onset of the global recession and are due to bad internal governance, not unfavorable global conditions.
Latin America's Lost Illusions: Dispirited Politics
Authors: Hakim Peter
Published: February 2007

Abstract: A rash of commentaries have suggested that elections last year in Brazil and Ecuador tilted Latin America far leftward. The new presidents Lula and Lino Gutierrez are portrayed as the political heirs of Castro and Chavez. This is nonsense. Latin America is not jettisoning democratic politics or shifting toward the populist left. Still, the quality of democratic politics is mediocre across the region and, in many places, is deteriorating. Some countries, prominently Argentina and Venezuela, are in crisis. Yet, politics in region's two largest countries-Brazil and Mexico-is increasingly robust, and they may soon join Latin America's perennially vibrant trio of Costa Rica, Chile and Uruguay. What endangers Latin American democracy today is not demagogic politicians, ambitious military officers, or authoritarian ideologies. It is lackluster performance-the failure of governments to meet their citizens' needs.
Boundaries of Beauty: Tattooed Secrets of Women's History in Magude District, Southern Mozambique
Authors: Gengenbach Heidi
Published: February 2007

This article explores women's experiences of Portuguese colonialism in
southern Mozambique through their changing practices of body-marking
since around 1800. Arguing that women have historically used tattoos
(tinhlanga) both to reflect on agrarian social change and to as-sert the
importance of female affiliations in a male-dominated world, it charts
the increasing incorporation of European ideas and objects into what
women continued to call a "traditional" practice, and the heightened
significance of tattooing for those women most adversely affected
by colonial rule. The persistence of tinhlanga challenged Portuguese
colonial and missionary efforts to implant "civilization" through new
standards of feminine beauty and bodily adornment. The ensuing struggle
pitted colonizers and African "middles" against girls and women who were
fully aware of the significance of their bodies in the colonial contest,
and whose memories (and tattoo scars) reveal the gendered meanings of
racial difference and the limits of European power in colonial Mozambique.
Seeds of Cynicism: The Struggle over Campaign Finance, 1956–1974
Authors: Zelizer Julian E.
Published: February 2007

“It is a cesspool, it is a source of infection for the body politic,” Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-Minn.) warned his fellow senators in 1973 about the private financing of elections. “[I]f it doesn't stop, there are going to be good men in this hall right here today who are going down the drain, not that you are guilty, not that you have done anything wrong, but that the public is disenchanted with all of us, and they are going to want somebody new and say I want a fresh one here.” From 1971 through President Nixon's resignation in 1974, Congress enacted the boldest campaign finance reforms in American history, including strong disclosure laws, public financing for presidential elections, contribution and spending limits, and an independent enforcement commission. Despite these reforms, after only a decade under the new laws, citizens still felt that campaign finance was corrupt.
Tamerlane's Career and Its Uses
Authors: Manz Beatrice Rorbes
Published: February 2007

Tamerlane has remained an important figure in world history, both because of the impact of his career on the world of his time and because he remains fascinating and useful to many people. This paper explores the facts of Tem�r's career and the uses made of his image following his death, showing how his actions together with the stories circulated during his lifetime served to create a charisma that survives into our time. Tamerlane belonged to two worlds, the Islamic and the Turco-Mongolian, but was not eligible to hold the highest office in either one. To compensate for his low formal position, he deliberately created a persona which bordered on the supernatural. The dynasty he founded reworked earlier traditions to create the figure of a dynastic founder within both the Islamic and the Turkic traditions. Subsequent dynasties in the Middle East and Central and South Asia used Tamerlane to bolster their legitimacy, while European writers and historians found fascination in the contradictions of his personality and the monumentality of his ambitions. Many of the myths recounted later have their origins in stories apparently deliberately circulated by Tamerlane and his entourage. There is a striking continuity in the portrayal of Tamerlane and the use to which he has been put, from medieval Iran and India through the European Renaissance and Enlightenment to Russian, Soviet, and finally Uzbek formulations of history.
The Confucian Relational Concept of the Person and Its Modern Predicament
Authors: Ci Jiwei
Published: February 2007

The Confucian relational concept of the person has been proposed
as an epistemically more cogent and ethically more attractive
alternative to that of liberal individualism. Two arguments are raised
against this proposal without defending liberal individualism.
Ethically, Confucianism is vitiated by certain unattractive features
that cannot be removed without reducing the Confucian relational
concept of the person to an abstract and not very helpful notion of
human relatedness. Epistemically, Confucianism commits the
essentialist fallacy of treating its own concept of human relations
as reflecting the nature of things. In view of these limitations, the
Confucian relational concept of the person does not provide a viable
framework for dealing with social issues including bioethics.
Prenatal Diagnosis, Personal Identity, and Disability
Authors: Nelson James Lindemann
Published: February 2007

A fascinating criticism of abortion occasioned by prenatal
diagnosis of potentially disabling traits is that the complex of
test-and-abortion sends a morally disparaging message to people
living with disabilities. I have argued that available versions of
this "expressivist" argument are inadequate on two grounds. The most
fundamental is that, considered as a practice, abortions prompted by
prenatal testing are not semantically well-behaved enough to send any
particular message; they do not function as signs in a rule-governed
symbol system. Further, even granting, for the sake of argument, the
expressive power of testing and aborting, it would not be possible, contra
the argument's proponents, to distinguish between abortions undertaken
because of beliefs about the disabling conditions the fetus might face as
a child and abortions undertaken for many other possible reasons--e.g.,
because of the poverty the fetus would face or the increase in family
size that the birth of a new child would occasion. Here, I respond to
criticisms of those arguments, and propose and defend another: the
expressivist argument cannot, in general, distinguish successfully
between abortion and therapy as modalities for responding to disabilities.
Pharmacogenetics: Ethical Issues and Policy Options
Authors: Buchanan Allen E. , Califano Andrea , Kahn Jeffrey P , McPherson Elizabeth , Robertson John A. (John Ancona) , Brody Baruch A
Published: February 2007

Pharmacogenetics offers the prospect of an era of safer
and more effective drugs, as well as more individualized use of drug
therapies. Before the benefits of pharmacogenetics can be realized,
the ethical issues that arise in research and clinical application of
pharmacogenetic technologies must be addressed. The ethical issues
raised by pharmacogenetics can be addressed under six headings: (1)
regulatory oversight, (2) confidentiality and privacy, (3) informed
consent, (4) availability of drugs, (5) access, and (6) clinicians'
changing responsibilities in the era of pharmacogenetic medicine. We
analyze each of these categories of ethical issues and provide policy
approaches for addressing them.
Metapathography: Three Unruly Texts
Authors: Graham Peter W.
Published: February 2007

Designating a new genre that he calls metapathography, Peter Graham interrogates the relation between the writer's gift
and the writer's health. Examining pathographies written by accomplished authors---Norman Cousins, Reynolds Price,
and Raymond Carver---Graham claims that disease, when visiting a writer, differs fundamentally from disease that visits
one not gifted in language. The assertion that disease is a language is buttressed by Graham's findings that the writer
might get sick or get well differently from the non-writer by virtue of his or her ability to articulate, and therefore master,
those inchoate events taking place in the body.
Greeks in Europe: Antinomies in National Identities
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Roy
Published: February 2007

The attempt to create a common European identity is considered a
prerequisite for achieving cultural homogeneity as well as essential
for supporting the supranational decision-making institutional
framework. The problems of maintaining both national sovereignty
and national identity, and of preserving cultural particularity have
preoccupied Greek political discourse since the beginning of the
negotiations for Greece's accession into the EC. Although
presenting an overall pro-EU profile, Greeks have reacted negatively
to measures allowing aliens to participate in national and local
issues. The situation has become even more complex owing to
Balkan and Eastern Europe instability and also to the continuing
politicoeconomic crisis in Greece itself. Structural changes and the
modernization of the functions of the state have become inevitable
in order to maintain Greece's position in the EU and to allow the
country to catch up with Europe's overall development. These
dilemmas have triggered ambivalent feelings toward national and
European identity and toward the necessity of modernizing the
nation's social, economic, and political structures.
Perceptions of the Parthenon in Modern Greek Poetry
Authors: Giannakopoulou Liana
Published: February 2007

The Parthenon is not a popular source of inspiration for modern Greek poets. Only a few poems are devoted to it, expressing either the poet's grief for bygone ages of glory or his praise of the immortal Greek spirit. Against this background, three poets can be distinguished for being different and original. For Palamas, who fights for the cause of Demoticism, the attitudes of his contemporaries towards the Parthenon encapsulate what he takes to be a sterile veneration of the ancestors. He thus opposes the idea of the restoration of the Parthenon, promoting the Modern Greek language instead. For Sikelianos, the Parthenon is only one monument among many. This weighty symbol of ancient Greek tradition is not a source of awe or embarrassment, but the yardstick that indicates the importance of the modern poet's achievement. For Calas, finally, the Parthenon is associated with the declining values of a doomed bourgeoisie and should therefore be blown up and replaced by new standards in life and art.
Histories, Micro- and Literary: Problems of Genre and Distance
Authors: Phillips Mark
Published: February 2007

History is usually assumed to be a single, unified, and rather decorous genre, but a strong case can be made for thinking of historical writing as a family of overlapping and competing genres, “low” as well as “high.” Membership in this family changes over time, but in addition to national history it has included such bodies of writing as philosophical history, memoir, biography, literary history, and antiquities. What, then, differentiates these genres? Since all histories deal with temporality and the modifications of temporal distance, the construction of historical distance is a central feature of all forms of historical representation and as such provides a key reference point for historiographical analysis. The essay review two important cases of genre formation – literary history in early nineteenth-century Britain and micro-history in late twentieth century Europe and the United States – in order to show how attention to the construction of historical distance provides an analytic tool for examining some of the key features of these two emergent genres of historical writing.
Medicine, Public Health, and the Ethics of Rationing
Authors: Tauber Alfred I
Published: February 2007

Physicians, like all citizens, have communal and private
identities, each attending various associated roles and fulfilling
diverse obligations. In light of these dual personae, we seek a
moral philosophy which encompasses the responsibility for providing
care to the patient and at the same time acknowledges the physician's
role of arbiter of distributed care. In the traditional doctor/patient
relationship, rationing, the admission that health resources are limited
and must be distributed equitably by universally accepted criteria, is
essentially ignored. When the physician assumes a population-based system
of ethics to optimize care for all patients within a group, rationing
is embraced as the realistic admission that any social action resides
within boundaries--in this case health care resources--and that such
restraints have economic consequences that present ethical choices. A
common ground to accommodate these dual allegiances is offered by
communitarian philosophy, whose outline and applicability is presented
here as an alternative to the apparent moral opposition of optimized
individual care and the requirement of community-wide distribution of
limited health resources.
Perspectives on Dimensional Analysis in Scaling Studies
Authors: Prothero John
Published: February 2007

Scaling, as defined here, refers to the precise
identification of those structural and functional aspects of selected
systems that are size-independent, over some specified size-range. Small
and large instances of such systems are said to be similar in respect
to those aspects. Physicists and engineers have developed an elaborate
methodology for identifying quantitative similarity criteria applicable
to physical systems.These criteria are usually derived by dimensional
analysis of physical laws pertinent to a given system. Knowledge of
similarity criteria allows one to predict quantitatively the behavior of a
large-scale prototype from measurements made on a small-scale model (e.g.,
in a wind tunnel). Numerous workers have sought to apply this elegant
methodology to scale-up in biology. After briefly reviewing dimensional
analysis, scaling, and modeling, as deployed in physics and engineering,
this article discusses several well-known examples of their application
to bioscaling problems (chiefly in mammals) and gives reasons for doubting
their validity. It concludes that this methodology is unlikely to provide
explanations applicable to scale-up in diverse species.
Bioethical Pluralism and Complementarity
Authors: Grinnell Frederick , Bishop Jeffrey P , McCullough Laurence B
Published: February 2007

This essay presents complementarity as a novel feature
of bioethical pluralism. First introduced by Neils Bohr in conjunction
with quantum physics, complementarity in bioethics occurs when different
perspectives account for equally important features of a situation but
are mutually exclusive. Unlike conventional approaches to bioethical
pluralism, which attempt in one fashion or another to isolate and
choose between different perspectives, complementarity accepts all
perspectives. As a result, complementarity results in a state of holistic,
dynamic tension, rather than one that yields singular or final moral
judgments.