bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing a Questionnaire for Polynesian and Pakeha Car Assembly Workers
Authors: Flay Brian R. , Bull Patrick E. , Tamahori John
Published: March 2007

The development of a questionnaire for use in a manufacturing plant with four major cultural groups-New Zealanders of European origin, Maoris, Samoans, and Cook Islanders-is described. The problems encountered lead to practical suggestions about the nature of the questions asked, their response format, translation-retranslation problems, and administration of the questionnaire. The experience described shows that great care is needed when doing questionnaire work in the applied multicultural environment.
"Need for Resolution" Ratings for Harmonic Musical Intervals
Authors: Maher Timothy F.
Published: March 2007

Musical intervals, tonal dyads differing slightly in frequency ratio, have widely disparate psychological effects. Theorists attempting to account for this phenomenon of musical consonance, starting with Pythagoras, have tended to emphasize perceptual or physiological characteristics of the human listener as possible substrates. The present investigation examined the influence of culture on the perception of musical consonance. Maher and Jairazbhoy (1975) noted that the judiciously used musical intervals classed as extreme dissonances in the West appear to be used more freely in the classical music of India. Significant differences between Indians and Canadians in verbal responses to these stimuli supported the hypothesis that these cultural groups differ in their reactions to these elementary musical materials. The importance of attention to culture related variables in theoretical accounts of the origin of musical consonance was stressed.
Teaching the Understanding of Pictorial Spatial Relationships to Nigerian Secondary School Students
Authors: Nicholson John R. , Seddon G. Malcolm , Worsnop James G.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were carried out to compare the effectiveness of different ways of producing the frames in a remedial self-instructional program intended to improve the ability of Nigerian secondary students to understand spatial relationships in pictures. In one experiment with Yoruba students, it was demonstrated that the use of stereoscopic pictures brought about an improvement in performance, whereas planoscopic pictures and models did not. In contrast, a second experiment with Hausa students showed that three programs involving stereoscopic diagrams, planoscopic diagrams, and planoscopic diagrams in conjunction with models, all brought about both short- and long-term improvements. There were no significant short- or long-term differences between the effects of the programs. Neither was there a significant decline in the learning from any program over a period of five months.
Moral Development in Turkish Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Authors: Turiel Elliot , Edwards Carolyn Pope , Kohlberg Lawrence
Published: March 2007

The development with age of moral judgments was studied in three groups of Turkish children, adolescents, and young adults. Males 10 to 25 years old were studied in a rural village and two cities. Subjects responded to moral dilemmas and their responses were scored for stage of development. Cross-sectional and some longitudinal data showed that the stage sequence of development for all three Turkish groups was the same as has previously been found for other Western and non-Western samples. Some differences were found between the three Turkish groups; these were differences in rate of development through the sequence of stages.
Current Value Orientations of American Indians in Northern California
Authors: Bachtold Louise M. , Eckvall Karin L.
Published: March 2007

To determine the extent to which the Hupa have retained traditional values, 21 Hupa men and women (ages 18-70) were administered the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) questionnaire on four value orientations: activity, relational, time, and man-nature. Results were compared with traditional Hupa value orientations inferred from the literature. Current orientations indicated significant preferences for (1) expression of oneself through accomplishment rather than self-actualization, (2) primacy of individual goals and group welfare over lineal concerns, (3) focus on the present rather than the past, and (4) mastery over nature rather than harmony with nature. The most visible change from earlier value orientations was found in time, which shifted from traditional emphasis on future to present. The inconsistency of responses to time items further indicated a struggle to maintain the uniqueness of their cultural identity without forfeiture of their identity as participants in the mainstream culture. It was concluded that maintenance of these dual identity systems depends on a continuing commitment of the Hupa to a collateral orientation.
Personal Symbols
Authors: Valadez Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this study was to assess the effects of the social environment on the emotional development of two social groups and to monitor distinct psychological characteristics of each group. Personal symbols of private love and hate experiences of 48 political militants and recognized artists from six Western nations were used as sources of data. Statistical analyses yielded significant results indicating that (a) the two groups use different emotional symbols, and (b) there is the possibility the two groups may be viewed as distinct irrespective of the cultural differences of informants within each group.
The Social Meaning of Leisure in Uganda and America
Authors: Crandall Rick , Thompson Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Data from 108 college students in Uganda and 119 students in America showed general similarities in both preferences for and the importance of social contact to 21 leisure activities. Based on the mean ratings, Americans like the activities slightly more and rated the importance of social contact for participation somewhat higher. Correlations between preferences and the importance of social contact suggest that social contact was more important in the leisure preferences of Ugandans. The value of measuring the meaning of leisure as a cultural indicator is discussed. Tentative suggestions are made about the role of social contact in leisure and about differences in leisure between the two countries.
A Decade of Cross-Cultural Psychology: JCCP, 1970-1979
Authors: Lonner Walter J.
Published: March 2007

The 347 articles published in JCCP during its first full decade are assessed on a number of dimensions. The primary dimensions are (1) citizenship of authors, (2) culture or ethnic groups studied, and (3) psychological topics which were the foci in the research. This analysis forms the basis for an extensive editorial report. It is assumed that this summary of the decade will be of interest to the readers of JCCP, and that the data and various trends which are pointed out will be helpful to researchers as they plan and conduct future research in this area of psychological inquiry. The information may also be useful in altering future editorial policy.
The Inconclusive Struggles of Cross-Cultural Psychology
Authors: Doob Leonard W.
Published: March 2007

The boom in cross-cultural psychology has resulted from psychologists' casual interest in other societies and from the pleasures of investigating exotic peoples. It has had some beneficial outcomes: documentation of cultural relativity for psychological processes; accumulation of evidence concerning environmental effects upon individuals; an impetus to examine subcultures at home; insight into phenomena more prevalent outside the West; scattered improvements in methodology; increased hesitation to generalize from college students and laboratory findings to mankind; and cross-cultural validation of a few theories. But it has not appreciably hastened a scientific millenium: No great theorist or theory has emerged; sloppy psychologizing and anthropologizing persist; problems have often been selected opportunistically; and neologisms and fancy phrases are flagrantly coined. Practically, demonstrating repeatedly the basic similarity of peoples everywhere is undoubtedly beneficial, and dramatic teaching materials have been made available. Providing additional illustrations of cultural relativity, however, is wasteful, but cross-cultural validation remains important. Research offsetting the scourge of war continues to be needed.
Attributions of Success and Failure
Authors: Fry P. S. , Ghosh R.
Published: March 2007

Using children from Canadian Caucasian and Asian Indian populations, the hypothesis was assessed that Asian children would attribute both success and failure in achievement tasks, to stable factors of ability and effort. By contrast, the prediction was that Caucasian children would asume personal responsibility only for success but would attribute failure to unstable factors of luck, task difficulty, and inaccuracy of the evaluator. The rationale employed was that socialization training in certain cultures provides impetus for assuming personal responsibility for both negative and positive outcomes. Ss were given two performance tasks with success and failure outcomes, under conditions of high and low ego involvement. As hypothesized, Caucasian Ss took greater personal credit for success and attributed failure to luck, but Asian Ss assumed more personal responsibility for failure and attributed success to luck. The implications of the attributional patterns were discussed in terms of the socialization of Asian children competing for success and self-enhancement with their Caucasian counterparts.
Contact between Israelis and Arabs
Authors: Amir Yehuda , Bizman Aharon , Ben-Ari Rachel , Rivner Miriam
Published: March 2007

Based on social-psychological research findings, generalizations can be made as to the effects of certain situational and personal variables in interethnic contact situations on the attitude change of the interacting individuals. The purpose of this paper is to try to arrive at conclusions regarding the effects of contact between Israeli Jews and West Bank Arabs on ethnic change, based on evaluation of the existing contact situations and their potential effect. Following this theoretical evaluation, two empirical studies on this topic are briefly presented. Comparing the theoretical evaluation and the empirical results, there is a general consistency of conclusions for the Israeli group; for the Arabs discrepancies are detected. However, both approaches indicate that the effects of contact are relatively more positive for the Israelis than for the Arabs.
Cooperative and Competitive Behavior
Authors: Madsen Millard C. , Lancy David F.
Published: March 2007

The cooperative-competitive behavior of children in Papua New Guinea was assessed by two experimental techniques that have previously been used within other countries to demonstrate ethnic differences. The results of Experiments 1 and 2, in which the Madsen cooperation board was used, indicate significantly more cooperation between children of an intact tribe than between children in a heterogeneous urban setting. In Experiment 3, the marble-pull apparatus was used to assess the cooperative interaction of children from ten sites which varied in tribal intactness, degree of western contact, and urbanization. The results demonstrate the significance of primary group identification as a determinant of cooperative behavior.
Communication Patterns in Adult-Infant Interactions in Western and Non-Western Cultures
Authors: Keller Heidl , Scholmerich Axel , Eibl-Eibesfeldt Irenaus
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the early communication structure in adult-child interactions with 2- to 6-month-old babies in Western (West Germany, Greece)and non-Western (Yanomami, Trobriand) societies. The occurrence of positive and negative infant vocalizations was analyzed during the dyadic states of eye contact and non-eye contact, and the dialogic states of adult talking and nontalking. Adult tactile, vestibular, and verbal responses to infant vocalizations were coded. The results confirm the assumption of universal interactional structures. Positive vocalizations are performed mostly during eye contact; during adult talking, infants do not produce vocalizations; adults respond to positive and negative vocalizations differently; and verbal reactions are found after positive and negative vocalizations, whereas negative vocalizations elicit more bodily behaviors, such as movement and touching. These adult behaviors are interpreted as intuitive parenting programs.
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Foot-in-the-Door Compliance Induction Procedure
Authors: Kilbourne Brock K.
Published: March 2007

The present study reports on three separate field experiments that investigated, respectively, the foot-in-the-door (FITD) compliance induction procedure in three cultures (Paris, France; Frankfurt, West Germany; and Amsterdam, the Netherlands). A three-group design was employed in all three settings: a small request only, a large request only (control), and a small request followed by a large request. Ratings of the size of the request, normative expectations of what others would be likely to do in response to a similar request, and actual compliance behavior were obtained. Across all three experiments, the small request was rated as small and the large request was rated as large. Compliance behavior and normative expectations varied systematically as a function of request condition. An FlTD effect, however, emerged only in the Amsterdam sample. The findings were discussed in relation to request norms, self-perception theory, a probabilistic model of social psychology, and the ideological underpinnings of FITD.
Child Rearing and Compliance
Authors: Winata Hiroko Kobayashi , Power Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

The relation between parental child-rearing practices and child compliance was examined in two groups of middle- to upper-middle-class parents in Houston, Texas: 20 Japanese families temporarily living in the city and 18 Caucasian American families. The children were 4- to 7-year-olds enrolled in summer sessions in a private preschool/elementary school. Mothers and fathers were interviewed separately about their child-rearing practices, and parents and teachers completed child behavior questionnaires. In both Japanese and American families, child compliance with adult authority was positively associated with providing opportunities for appropriate behavior and negatively associated with reliance on punishment and physical intervention. Japanese parents relied less than Americans on external punishments and more on verbal techniques alone. American parents were more likely to provide opportunities and to use praise. For Japanese families, the length of exposure to American culture was associated with predictable shifts in parental child-rearing practices and child behavior.
The Nature and Stability of Ethnic Identity in Chinese Youth
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Feldman S. Shirley
Published: March 2007

This study explored the ethnic identity of first- and second-generation Chinese-Australian and Chinese-American adolescents. Ethnic identity was assessed by: ethnic identification, the extent to which individuals engaged in culturally expected behaviors and their knowledge of the culture, the importance of maintaining these behaviors, and the value ascribed to their ethnic origins. Responses of Chinese-Australians and Chinese-Americans were remarkably similar. There was erosion over time of ethnic identification and behaviors/knowledge but not of the importance and evaluative components of ethnic identity. No change over time occurred in individualism-collectivism, nor did this measure relate substantially to the ethnic identity measures. Correlations between ethnic identity measures were low to moderate, suggesting that these facets of ethnic identity overlap but are not identical. The importance of analyzing separately distinctive components of ethnic identity was confirmed. Despite some attrition over time of the most external aspects of that identity, those that are more internal are more resistant to change.
Differences between Australian and Japanese Students in Decisional Self-Esteem, Decisional Stress, and Coping Styles
Authors: Radford Mark H.B. , Mann Leon , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi
Published: March 2007

In this article, the effect of culture on decisional self-esteem, decisional stress, and self-reported decision coping styles is examined. Results of a questionnaire study of 743 Japanese and 309 Australian university students showed that for both cultural groups decisional self-esteem was positively correlated with the "choice" style of decision making, but was negatively correlated with decisional stress and the "complacency," "avoidance," and "hypervigilance" coping styles in personal decision making. Cultural differences were found, with Japanese students lower than Australian students on decisional self-esteem, higher on decisional stress, and higher on complacency, avoidance, and hypervigilance coping styles. These findings are related to cross-cultural differences between Australia (an individualistic culture) and Japan(a collectivistic or group-oriented culture).
Validity of Auto- and Ieterostereotypes among Japanese and American Students
Authors: Iwao Sumiko , Trlandis Harry C.
Published: March 2007

Japanese and American undergraduates responded to three scenarios describing interaction among individuals who had conflicting views. They provided judgments about their own and others' behavior in such situations and of "typical" Japanese and Americans, thereby providing auto- and heterostereotypes of these samples. The "validity" of these stereotypes is reflected in the rank-order correlations of "own" and "typical" judgments, and was found to be a function of the similarity of the two cultures when reacting to a particular episode. Many of these stereotypes reflected "false consensus." Thus, when the cultures were similar in their perceptions of an episode the stereotypes were valid, and when they were dissimilar they were invalid. The Japanese responses suggested that the Japanese sample passively accepted inconsistencies between their public and private self in such situations and behaved according to the group norm (public self), even when their attitudes (private self) were inconsistent with such behavior. Americans showed an active reduction of the discrepancy between private and public self (e.g., tried to make the other's attitudes like their own).
Gender, Ethnic Status, and Ideological Asymmetry
Authors: Sidanius Jim , Pratto Felicia , Rabinowitz Joshua L.
Published: March 2007

In two studies, the authors examined the relationship between desire for group-based dominance (i.e., SDO), gender, and group attachment. As expected, the relationship between social dominance orientation and gender was invariant across ethnic groups. Across ethnic groups, males were found to have higher levels of social dominance orientation than were females. Furthermore, for members of high-status groups, there were positive relationships between desire for group-based dominance and group affiliation, whereas for members of low-status groups, these relationships were significantly less positive and even negative. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Self-Monitoring, Locus of Control, and Social Encounters of Chinese and New Zealand Students
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Characteristics of daily encounters were studied as a function of self-monitoring and locus of control in Chinese and European students. Complementary predictions based on both the individualistic versus collectivistic cultural distinction and self-monitoring theory were supported by the results. The Chinese sample showed higher self-monitoring scores, were more external in their locus of control, made fewer daily contacts that were more task oriented, and involved higher levels of self-disclosure than New Zealand students. Differences in daily encounters were also shown for the interaction between high and low self-monitoring internals (those with an internal locus of control) and externals (those with an external locus of control) that were independent of culture. The implication and qualification of the results were discussed in terms of differences in cultural meaning and value in self-presentation.
Self-Enhancing Illusions among Chinese Schoolchildren
Authors: Falbo Toni , Poston Dudley L. , Triscari Robert S. , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: March 2007

A study (N = 4,000) was conducted to determine if specific forms of self-enhancing illusions could be found among Chinese schoolchildren. The sample was representative of third- and sixth-grade schoolchildren from four provinces of the People's Republic of China. The authors found evidence for three kinds of self-enhancing illusions among Chinese children. First, they strongly preferred describing themselves and their classmates with positive attributes. Second, they evaluated themselves more positively than they evaluated their classmates. Third, they evaluated themselves more positively than others evaluated them. Variations in the extent of self-enhancing illusions were found for age, gender, and region of residence. Specifically, greater self-enhancing illusions were found among third graders, boys, and urban children than sixth graders, girls, and rural children. These results were discussed in terms of the function and development of self-enhancing illusions.
Romance Across the Social Status Continuum
Authors: Fang Carolyn Y. , Sidanius Jim , Pratto Felicia
Published: March 2007

This study examined the asymmetrical relationship between attitudes toward interracial marriage and social dominance orientation across four ethnic groups in the United States. Differences in these correlations were explained with the ideological asymmetry hypothesis, a specific feature of social dominance theory, which asserts that the relationship between attitudes regarding hierarchy-maintaining social practices and antiegalitarian social values will be more positive among members of high-status groups than among members of low-status groups. Using opposition to interracial marriage and dating (i.e., antimiscegenation attitudes) as a case of a hierarchy-maintaining social attitude, the data were found to support the ideological asymmetry hypothesis. With almost no exceptions, the correlations between social dominance orientation and antimiscegenation attitudes were significantly more positive within a high-status ethnic group vis-à-vis a given low-status ethnic group than they were within a low-status ethnic group vis-à-vis a given high-status ethnic group. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Individualism and Islamic Work Beliefs
Authors: Abu-Saad Ismael
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship of individualism to Islamic work beliefs among Arab teachers in Israel. Three factors emerged from the factor analysis of the Islamic Work Ethic (IWE) scale. Personal and organizational obligations was the dominant IWE factor and was relatively independent of individualism. The other two IWE factors were moderately correlated to the individualism index.
Culture and Language
Authors: Kashima Emiko S. , Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: March 2007

The relationship between culture and language was examined across 39 languages spoken in 71 cultures. Correlations were computed across languages and cultures between the use of first- and second-person singular pronouns (e.g., "I" and "you") and global cultural dimensions such as Individualism, which were previously extracted in large-scale cross-cultural surveys. The personal pronouns were analyzed in terms of the number of first- and second-person singular pronouns and whether the pronouns can be dropped when used as the subject of a sentence in speech. Cultures with pronoun drop languages tended to be less Individualistic than those with nonpronoun drop languages. The number of personal pronouns correlated with some cultural dimensions that reflected different conceptions of the person. Personal deixis (person-indexing pronouns) may provide a window through which cultural practices can be investigated.
The Korean Concepts Dapdaphada and Uulhada
Authors: Schmidt-Atzert Lothar , Park Hyun-Sook
Published: March 2007

This study explored the Korean emotion concepts dapdaphada and uulhada. Korean ( n =50) and German ( n = 50) participants read scenarios designed to elicit these and eight more emotions (e.g., anger, sadness, joy). Participants denoted the feelings that they would have in these situations verbally and by selecting pictures of facial expressions. The results indicate that uulhada and dapdaphada are specific emotion words in the domain of sadness with no translation equivalents in German. However, the question of whether or not Koreans and Germans had the same feelings (regardless of the words they used to denote them) remained open.
“What is Man, Psychologist, that Thou Art So Unmindful of him?”: Henry A. Murray on the Historical Relation between Classical Personality Theory and Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Taylor Eugene
Published: March 2007

A review is presented of the humanistic movement in American psychology, focusing on recent historical reconstruction of the Old Saybrook Conference, held in November 1964. At that conference, senior academic personality theorists such as Gordon Allport, Henry A. Murray, Gardner Murphy, and George Kelly convened with the new voices of the humanistic movement, including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, James Bugental, and Charlotte Bühler, to self-consciously legitimize humanistic psychology as a viable form of intellectual discourse within academic psychology. This article focuses on the historical reconstruction of the previously lost and unpublished keynote address delivered by Harvard psychologist Henry A. Murray. In this address, Murray excoriates the destructive reductionism of the laboratory experimentalists, lays out the lines of a definitive historical relationship between classical personality theory and the new humanistic psychology, and defines eight areas to be developed to solidify the movement at the leading edge of American psychology.
Constructing Meaning Despite the Drudgery of Repetitive Work
Authors: Isaksen Jesper
Published: March 2007

This interview study is a qualitative and explorative in-depth analysis of meaning in work and its relation to other important concepts. Meaning in work is analyzed in the context of repetitive work to examine employees’ efforts to construct meaning despite aversive working conditions. The proposed relations between the concepts are discussed in light of previous studies and the present empirical study, for which 28 workers with repetitive work were interviewed thoroughly and their psychosocial working environment was observed. Eight categories of meaning in work are outlined, showing that 75% of the workers in the study experience meaning in their work. Employees construct meaning in repetitive work even though this type of work causes stress symptoms. Meaning in work is proposed as the function of diminishing stress.
Whose Reality is it Anyway? Consumers/Survivors/Ex-Patients Can Speak for Themselves
Authors: Bassman Ronald
Published: March 2007

The author uses personal narrative to vividly describe his entry into the mental health system with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Based on his experience, he describes and criticizes a mental health system that forces people to endure oppressive treatments in the name of help. Interweaving first-hand experience as a patient with his later training as a psychologist, he challenges the biomedical brain disease model and advocates for self-help, empowerment, and peer-run alternatives. The history of the almost 30-year-old movement of activist consumers/survivors/ex-patients is described and introduced as offering promising possibilities for creating innovative options for services. Questions are raised as to why mental health professionals have absented themselves from speaking out against the obvious abuses, rights violations, discrimination, and social injustices faced by people who are diagnosed and treated for madness. An invitation is extended for professionals to modify and reconsider the usefulness of the expert role and instead to form new partnerships of collaboration and advocacy.
Making Daemons of Death and Love: Frankenstein, Existentialism, Psychoanalysis
Authors: Adams Will W.
Published: March 2007

Psychology and literature are kindred approaches to the depth dimensions of life. By reading Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in light of existentialism and psychoanalysis, we may develop a deeper appreciation of the novel and of key psychological phenomena such as death-repression, the return of the repressed, and the daemonic. In evading life’s challenges, Victor Frankenstein makes daemons of four great existential mysteries: death, love, nature, and spirit. His disowned conflicts return to haunt him in the guise of the creature, in his implicit captivation by death, in his alienation from people and nature, and in perversions of authentic spirituality. In contrast, Shelley was able, via Frankenstein, to transform her suffering and hope into a deep, enduring work of art.
Heuristic Research: A Review and Critique of Moustakas’s Method
Authors: Sela-Smith Sandy
Published: March 2007

Moustakas has made a significant contribution to research in psychology by describing the heuristic research method. This is a way of inquiring into what Wilber has identified as the Upper Left quadrant, or individual internal experience, and what Polanyi referred to as tacit knowledge, which is deeply embedded knowledge not normally available to conscious awareness. However, this article suggests that due to unacknowledged resistance to experiencing unbearable pain, Moustakas’s research focus shifted from the self’s experience of the experience to focusing on the idea of the experience. This shift resulted in a model of ambivalence, as reflected in the differences between what he introduced as his theory of heuristics and what he presented as its application. A clarification of the Moustakas method is presented to overcome ambivalence by recognizing resistance.
The Failure of Self-Actualization Theory
Authors: Geller Leonard
Published: March 2007

This inquiry critically examines the self-actualization theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Neither theory, it is argued, is correct. The fundamental claims of each, especially about the self and the human condition, are shown to be radically mistaken. Rogers's theory is unacceptable insofar as his conception of the touchstone or standard of self-actualization is false, incoherent, and unworkable in practice. Maslow's theory must be rejected because of an inadequate anthropodicy (theory of evil) and ontology. First, Maslow's explanation of one major form of human diminution, what he calls the "metapathologies" of contemporary life, undermines the normative foundations of his theory. Second, the logic of human development upon which the entire edifice of his theory rests is shown to be essentially reductionist and radically mistaken. Because of this commitment to a reductionist logic, Maslow is unable in principle to offer an adequate account of the origin and nature of the self and human needs. Beyond considerations of truth, each theory is exposed has having a strong ideological character insofar as it expresses and supports relationships of dehumanization. Beyond critiquing Rogers and Maslow, I attempt to establish the general presumption that self-actualization theory as such has very little to offer toward understanding and improving the human condition within late-twentieth-century Western society.
M*A*S*H
Authors: Sison Gustave F. P.
Published: March 2007

The main characters of the television show M*A *S*H are taken as an illustration of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental stages of moral development. Physical and verbal samples of the characters' behaviors are given to illustrate each example. Kohlberg's concept of "moral atmosphere" also is considered in relation to the setting of M*A *S*H.
The Causes and Treatment of Performance Anxiety
Authors: Barrell James J. , Medeiros Don , Barrell Jim E. , Price Don
Published: March 2007

Through the use of an experiential approach and method the causes of performance anxiety were discovered. These causes were found in the way the experience of performance anxiety was constituted rather than in the external conditions. The five causal elements present in the experience of performance anxiety were as follows: the perceived presence of significant others, consideration of the possibility of visible failure, the felt need to avoid failure, the uncertainty of the outcome, and the focus on self. Treatment strategies were suggested for dealing with each of these elements. Optimal strategies included focusing on process rather than results, the moment of experience rather than the future, positive approach goals rather than negative avoidance goals, and self-acceptance rather than self-doubt.
Meditation and the Dying Process
Authors: Boerstler Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Ancient traditions have employed powerful meditative practices at the time of death. This article explores one of these practices originating in Tibetan medicine, which relied upon specially trained practitioners in the science of consciousness. The goal is to maintain "clear mind and peaceful heart," which is accomplished by sharing a meditational breathing technique that brings about a deep state of relaxation. Studies in autonomic nervous system response and in the physiology of pain indicate that stress reduction is becoming a necessary modality in modern health care. I describe a breathing and meditative procedure called comeditation to deal with anxieties and stress associated with life-threatening illness. This method involves no religious belief system and brings some of the psychological and physiological effects of the meditative state to patients who have never meditated. The meditative practices described in this article were transmitted through the Clear Light Society, Boston, Massachusetts (Patricia Shelton Harvey, executive director). I offer these techniques to deal with the pain and anxiety that may flood one's consciousness during a life-threatening illness. The methods can be used by anyone, sick or healthy, who wants to center their spinning mind and achieve serenity.

Let your life lightly dance on the edges of time like dew on the tip of a leaf.

-Rabindranath Tagore

THE WAY THINGS ARE

The Way has neither Beginning nor End. But in the course of this eternal and circular flow, individual beings die and are born. The perfection of these ever-flowing beings cannot be relied upon (and is not an absolute perfection). Empty now, full at the next moment, nothing remains in one state even for a moment.

The years cannot be kept back; time cannot be stopped. Now decaying, then alive; now replete, then empty; ending is immediately followed by a beginning. Such is the interminable flow of all things. The life of existence in this world of things is like a horse galloping and rushing along. With every movement they change; at every moment they shift.

What could you at all do (against this universal change of things)? Whatever you may do, everything will go on naturally transforming itself.

-Adapted from Chuang Tzu, Inner Chapters XVII
Holocaust Perpetrators and Their Children
Authors: (Bruno) Bar-On Dan
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to trace evidence of a suppressed moral conflict in perpetrators of the extermination process during the Third Reich and in perpetrators' children. The questions raised are (a) was there a suppressed conflict of morality in the perpetrators concerning their roles in the Holocaust and did such a conflict surface toward the end of their lives, and (b) did the silence around the parents'perpetrating roles affect the development of an independent "moral" self in the children? Twenty-five Protestant and Catholic priests and 29 physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists were asked about contacts with perpetrators in their relatively secure confessional settings. Only one priest reported a direct encounter with a perpetrator, who confessed his atrocious activities before his death. A physician and a psychiatrist reported hearing similar stories. Evidence shows that some perpetrators allowed a single memory of their experiences in the extermination process to penetrate what they had suppressed. By that memory, they maintained an illusion of their moral selves and were able to prevent full acknowledgment of what they had done or witnessed from threatening their psychological integrity. Also, 30 children of identified perpetrators and 18 children of likely perpetrators (S.S. members who were on duty when and where the extermination process took place) were interviewed in various locations in Germany between September 1985 and October 1987. Most psychological reactions of perpetrator-parents reported by their children can be defined as a "reduction to normality." The difficulty in finding more evidence of the paradoxical conflict of morality in Holocaust perpetrators is attributed, among other reasons, to the "double-wall" phenomenon: perpetrators did not want to disclose their inner conflicts, and others-their children, the potential confessors, and maybe most of us-did not want to know about it.

"Why should a wretched man, guilty, we will say, of murder, prefer to keep the dead corpse buried in its own heart...!

"Yet some men bury their secrets thus," observed the calm physician.

"True; there are such men," answered Mr. Dimmesdale. "But, not to suggest more obvious reasons, it may be that they are kept silent by... their nature. Or,-can we not suppose it?-guilty as they may be... they shrink from displaying themselves... because... no evil of the past [can] be redeemed by better service. So, their own unutterable torment, they go about... looking pure as new-fallen snow while their hearts are all speckled and spotted with iniquity of which they cannot rid themselves."

"These men deceive themselves," said Roger Chillingworth.... "They fear to take up the shame that rightfully belongs to them...." (Hawthorne [1874], pp. 159-160)

It is true that we often translate our egoistic motivations into more "acceptable" utilitarian ones. It may be that the process of developing moral maturity is simultaneous with overcoming such self-deception. (Boyce & Jensen [1978], p. 218)
Seventeen Early Peace Psychologists
Authors: Rudmin Floyd Webster
Published: March 2007

Peace psychology has a history that is both long and prominent. However, that fact is little known and little appreciated, even among contemporary peace-activist psychologists. This article presents 17 brief biographies of psychologists who are part of this important heritage: Pythagoras, Jeremy Bentham, Franz Brentano, William James, August Forel, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, James McKeen Cattell, Mary Whiton Calkins, Alexander Chamberlain, Alfred Adler, William McDougall, Edward Tolman, Gordon Allport, Gustav Ichheiser, Margaret Mead, and Charles Osgood.
Abraham Maslow, Humanistic Psychology, and Organization Leadership
Authors: Schott Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Students of organization theory and administration have frequently discovered that psychology and its various subfields can provide valuable insights. This article examines the contributions of Abraham Maslow to our understanding of organizational leadership. It traces the influence of Carl Jung on the development of Maslow's ideas and explores some important parallels between Maslow's notion of selfactualization and Jung's concept of individuation. The author discusses the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a recent extension of Jung's work on personality types, and its contributions to understanding the psychology of organization leadership. Finally, he offers some hypotheses as to why more fully evolved, self-actualizing individuals are not more frequently drawn to the ranks of management.
Walking in Your Shoes
Authors: Cogswell John F.
Published: March 2007

This article reports research in "Walking in Your Shoes," an empathic way of deeply relating to one another. Stating one's intention to be another person and walking with that intention, one is able to experience a subject's energetic style, how he or she is in the world, and what abilities are used to cope. The awarenesses that arise as one walks with no conscious intention of imitating or calling on one's cognitive knowledge about the person can be used to glean information otherwise not available to one's consciousness. In the walking, one experiences a shift in awareness and, continuing to walk, shares that new awareness with the subject. Later, one notices his or her attention shifting to the subjects more repressed and constricted faculties. People who have been "walked" frequently report that they have never before felt so understood and accepted. The Buddhist, existential-phenomenological, and self psychology premises underlying the walking are discussed.
Teaching Students to Think Globally
Authors: Hassard Jack
Published: March 2007

The Global Thinking Project engages students from different countries in the exploration of global environmental topics by means of a computer-mediated telecommunications network. The project grew out of more than 15 trips to the former Soviet Union sponsored by the Association for Humanistic Psychology beginning in 1983. Through seminars, classroom visits, laboratory demonstrations, and other informal and formal experiences, international agreements were signed between Georgia State University and the Russian Academy of Education. Currently, the project brings together nearly 70 teachers and 2,500 students from six countries to learn to think globally. This article outlines the history, nature, and activities of the Global Thinking Project, and discusses global thinking as a way of thinking that can serve as a model of learning in classrooms in different cultures.
History of Humanistic Psychology in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Decarvalho Roy J. , Cermak Ivo
Published: March 2007

An historical study of humanistic psychology in Czechoslovakia during the Communist interregnum of the Cold War is presented. It is argued that the Marxist milieu and censorship affected the introduction of humanistic psychology to the psychological landscape of Czechoslovakia. The shape of humanistic psychology and techniques used to evade Marxist censorship is discussed, along with the reasons Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers received much attention from Czechoslovak psychologists. Reflections and criticism of humanistic psychology are explored. Two special sections discuss the life and work of Stanislav Kratochvfl, the earliest advocate of humanistic psychology in Czechoslovakia, and review psychotherapy institutions and individuals who today profess a humanistic psychology orientation.
Humanistic Psychology and Intellectual Identity
Authors: Nicholson Ian
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between Gordon Allport and humanistic psychology. Allport was an important figure in the early history of humanistic psychology. His work in personality psychology contributed to the movement's theoretical base and his organizational efforts helped give humanistic psychology an institutional structure. Despite these contributions, however, it would be a mistake to categorize him primarily as a humanistic psychologist. The term does not capture the philosophical and religious nuances of his thought, nor is it consistent with Allport's academic strategy. He is more accurately characterized as an "eclectic" or "open" theorist.

Rubricizing [is] a cheap form of cognizing, i.e., really a form of notcognizing, a quick, easy cataloguing whose function is to make unnecessary the effort required by more careful, idiographic perceiving or thinking. (Maslow, 1968, p. 126)
The Healing Word: Its Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Szasz Thomas
Published: March 2007

After presenting a brief review of the history of helping people solely by language (listening and speaking), the author reemphasizes the intrinsically verbal, noncoercive nature of the cure of souls (and of psychoanalysis as a model of psychotherapy); the intrinsically non-verbal, voluntary nature of the cure of bodies (medical treatment); and the intrinsically physical-and-verbal, coercive nature of the cure of minds (psychiatric treatment). Commingling and confusing these distinct enterprises and the accompanying emphasis on diagnosis and treatment have destroyed the cultural and legal conditions required for the practice of purely verbal, noncoercive helping (psychotherapy).

Psychoanalysis is, in toto, a language art, a language praxis. There can be neither mute patients nor deaf analysts. Psychoanalysis is as immediate to word and syntax as mining is to the earth.

(Steiner, 1989, p. 107)
The Development of Wisdom: An Analysis of Tibetan Buddhist Experience
Authors: Levitt Heidi M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a qualitative study that examined the development of wisdom in a Tibetan Buddhist culture. A grounded theory methodology was used to analyze interviews of 13 monks from a monastery in the Himalayan region of India. These interviews focused on five areas: definitions of wisdom, facilitative conditions for the development of wisdom, the teaching process, methods of developing wisdom, and personal experiences. Translators were used when required. Results include an emphasis on the need for others’ guidance in the process of development. The understanding of the Buddhist perception of reality and altruistic behavior were critical in this process. Motivation to become wise was heightened through techniques such as an interpersonal process of cost-benefit analysis and the relating of scriptural material to personal experiences. The Tibetan Buddhist approach to self-development is then discussed in relation to Western psychological approaches.
'In the Long Run ...': Australian Colonial Labour Policy in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Authors: Hess Michael
Published: March 2007

The basic dilemma in Australian colonial labour policy in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea can best be stated as a question: How could the Administration create the workforce it needed and yet control it? At first the creation of an indigenous workforce was the primary object of labour policy. After 1945 the emphasis gradually shifted to one of control. Finally in the early 1960s as part of this effort to control the growing indigenous working class the Administration legislated a modern industrial relations system.

These developments are discussed chronologically with emphasis on the basic con tinuity of colonial policy. It is argued that this policy was not simply paternalistic, as various commentators have suggested, but that it aimed quite consciously to lay the foundations of capitalism in Melanesia. Labour policy had a particular role to play in this task in creating the workforce needed to fructify foreign capital and in con trolling it in the interests of that capital.