bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interspecies Conflict in Estuarine Copepods1
Authors: Hodgkin E. P. , Rippingale R. J.
Published: March 2010

Gladioferens imparipes lives in estuarine waters of a wide range of salinity. However it often has a much more restricted distribution; in the Swan River estuary of Western Australia it is only plentiful in low salinity water. It is seldom present where either of two less euryhaline species, Sulcanus conflictus or Acartia clausi, are abundant. These two species prey on young larvae of Gladioferens. When these predators are present in high density they may eliminate their prey, Gladioferens nauplii. Gladioferens is then restricted to parts of the estuaries where environmental conditions are unfavorable to Sulcanus or Acartia.
Nearshore Tracking of Seabed Drifters1
Authors: Folger D. W.
Published: March 2010

Miniaturized sonic transmitters attached to seabed drifters have been used successfully to trace bottom current flow in an estuary and on the continental shelf.
PHYTOPLANKTON KINETICS IN A SUBTROPICAL ESTUARY: EUTROPHICATION1
Authors: Caperon John , Cattell S. Allen , Krasnick George
Published: March 2010

On each of a 4‐month series of weekly cruises in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, in vivo chlorophyll a was monitored continuously by fluorometry, and at 8 stations discrete measurements of chlorophyll a (trichromatic method), primary productivity (14C), and nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) were made. The results are compared with similar data collected a decade earlier in the bay to investigate the enrichment effects of increased waste discharge over this period. The south sector of the bay, site of two sewage outfalls, showed the greatest population instability and had the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, nitrate, and phosphate, as well as the highest primary productivity. Chlorophyll, nutrient concentration, and primary productivity decreased through the transition sector into the north sector of the bay, which is farthest removed from the waste discharge points. The productivity index (mg C fixed hr−1 mg Chl a−1) showed no such south to north differences. A model of a simplified food chain using a hyperbolic relationship between uptake rate and substrate concentration is postulated to explain the dynamics of the plankton community in the bay.
PRODUCTION AND BIOENERGETIC ROLE OF THE MIDGE GLYPTOTENDIPES BARBIPES (STAEGER) IN A WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOON1
Authors: Kimerle Richard A. , Anderson N. H.
Published: March 2010

The bioenergctic role of a population of Glyptotendipes barbipes in the process of waste stabilization in two sewage lagoons was studied. Weekly production rates of the multivoltine midge were computed. Annual production of G. barbipes was 808 kcal/m2 in a narrow band nearshore of the secondary lagoon containing 90% of the biomass.

Biomass data from both lagoons in 1966 and 1967 were used to estimate production using a turnover ratio (TR) of 8.49 (ratio of production: mean biomass) from definitive data collected in 1967. Production in the secondary lagoon was 459 kcal/m2 in 1966 and 37 in 1967; in the primary lagoon it was 165 and 18 respectively. The factors causing these differences in production were probably the dissolved oxygen concentrations during the growing season, percent of the total lagoon bottom inhabitable by midge larvae, and the condition of the sludge substrate.

The total energy removed by emergence and respiration of G. barbipes was compared with the energy in other pathways in the lagoon: import of sewage, primary production, community respiration, storage, and export. In 1966, G. barbipes removed about 6.6% of the net primary production in the secondary lagoon and 0.5% in 1967.
Analyses of Species Densities by the Multivariate General Linear Model
Authors: Buzas Martin A.
Published: March 2010

A multivariate general linear model was constructed a priori to analyze observed species densities for three species of Foraminifera at 3 stations in the Choptank River, Maryland. The model contained 21 parameters for environmental variables, station differences, overall periodicity, and interaction of periodicity and station differences.

Several more restricted models were postulated and compared with the general model. None of the more restricted models adequately explained the data. The high degree of complexity indicates that large complex models will be needed to explain observed species densities.
A Device for Sampling Immediately Above the Sediment‐Water Interface1
Authors: Smith K. L.
Published: March 2010

A simple inexpensive device is described for sampling the water column immediately above the sediment surface. It consists of a bottom sled, hose, and deck pump and is easily operated from any stable platform.
Acantharia in the Atlantic Ocean, Their Abundance and Preservation1
Authors: Bottazzi Elsa Massera , Schreiber Bruno , Bowen Vaughan T.
Published: March 2010

In plankton samples from the Atlantic Ocean preserved in buffered seawater‐form‐aldehyde, it has been unusual for the spicules of Acantharia to be so seriously eroded as to interfere with their taxonomic study; some families are more susceptible to erosion than others. Acantharia are never rare in samples from reasonably deep oceans; in No. 10‐mesh net collections they almost always make up more than 1%, very often 10–20%, and frequently over 30% of the organisms caught. Available data show Acantharia generally more abundant than Foraminifera or Radiolaria, although these three groups of Sarcodina show covariance in abundance.
A Simple Corer and a Method for Sampling the Mud‐Water Interface
Authors: Kemp A. L. W. , Savile H. A. , Gray C. B. , Mudrochova Alena
Published: March 2010

A triple corer has been designed, based on a modification of the Benthos corer. Satisfactory cores have been taken in clay muds, silty clay muds, silts, and glacio‐lacustrine clays at depths up to 250 m. The sediment is extruded layer by layer on a simple screw thread piston device. Results show that extrusion of each tube separately is reproducible, and that it is possible to subsample the cores at close intervals. Bottom water for analysis is also collected by the corer.
NITROGEN FIXATION RY BACTERIA IN LAKE MIZE, FLORIDA, AND IN SOME LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Keirn Michael A. , Brezonik Patrick L.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen fixation was measured in the water column of Lake Mize, Florida, a highly colored, small, deep lake, and in a variety of lacustrine sediments, by the acetylene reduction technique. A consistent seasonal and vertical pattern of fixation occurs in Lake Mize with positive rates noted only for a relatively short period during summer stratification and only in the anoxic hypolimnion. Maximum rates (up to an equivalent of 3.26 µg N/liter‐hr) were at depths of 5–10 m (Dmax = 25 m) and three bacterial cultures capable of fixing nitrogen were isolated from the waters: a heterotroph characteristic of the genus Clostridium and the purple sulfur bacteria Thiospirillum and Chromatium. Available evidence suggests that fixation is primarily heterotrophic. Acetylene reduction was detected in sediments of 7 out of 25 Florida lakes and in sediments from 3 Guatemala lakes. Rates decreased with depth in 30–50‐cm cores. High concentrations of sucrose stimulated acetylene reduction in lake sediment, but glucose, acetate, butyrate, and pyruvate did not. These results indicate that bacterial fixation in aquatic environments is more widespread and significant than previously thought.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF UREA IN COASTAL AND OCEANIC WATERS1
Authors: Remsen Charles C.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of urea has been determined for certain coastal and oceanic waters. The presence of urea‐nitrogen in surface waters off the continental shelf between Panama and Callao, Peru, was extremely patchy and varied in concentration from 0.54–5.00 µg‐atom urea‐N/liter. The higher values were generally from samples collected within a foam slick or windrow. Surface waters in nonupwelling waters north of Callao, Peru, averaged 1.83 µg‐atom urea‐N/liter while surface waters in upwelling waters south of Callao averaged 3.46. Along the continental shelf of the northeast United States between Cape Cod and Cape May, the concentration of urea ranged from 0.25 µg‐atom urea‐N/liter on the 1,000‐fathom (1,830 m) line to a high of 11.20 within New York Harbor. The vertical distribution of urea in Peruvian waters, waters along the northeast United States, as well as Sargasso Sea waters showed considerable fluctuations with depth but there were indications of peaks. The data support the suggestion that urea may serve as an available source of nitrogen for phytoplankton growth.
EXTRUSION OF CARBON ACCOMPANYING UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTERS1
Authors: Stephens Grover C. , North Barbara B.
Published: March 2010

Simultaneous measurements of cell nitrogen, dissolved 14C, and dissolved amino nitrogen indicate that ambient amino acids enter phytoplankton cells, the amino nitrogen is retained, and some carbon is returned to the medium. This implies that radiochemical measurements of uptake rates using 14C‐labeled amino acids may produce serious underestimates of actual uptake rates, particularly with long incubation times. Also, it is consistent with the hypothesis that amino acids may be a significant nitrogen source for phytoplankters in the ocean.
NITRITE METABOLISM IN THE EUPHOTIC LAYER OF THE CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Wada Eitaro , Hatton Akihiko
Published: March 2010

Capacities for oxidation and reduction of inorganic nitrogen in the euphotic zone of the central North Pacific were estimated from the measurement of change with time of nitrite content in seawater samples. Regardless of whether ammonia, nitrate, or nitrite was the major component, if its concentration did not exceed 5–10 µg‐atom N/liter, then the nitrite level changed unidirectionally for 10–24 hr and followed the kinetics of a first order reaction. In surface layers shallower than 30 m, capacities for both nitrite production from nitrate and consumption of nitrite were appreciable and they were enhanced several times by illumination. Phytoplankton seems mainly responsible for these processes. Insitu capacity for nitrite consumption was higher than that for nitrite production. But ammonia oxidation prevailed in the nitrite maximum layers located at about 70‐m depth; the production rate of nitrite was of the order of 10‒4 µg‐atom N liter‒1 hr‒1.
VOLTAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF ZINC IN THE NORTHEASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Zirino Alberto , Healy Michael L.
Published: March 2010

Relative zinc concentrations in the upper 1,000 m of the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean were measured by pH‐controlled differential anodic stripping voltammetry (DASV) aboard ship. The waters above 125 m are significantly lower in zinc content than those between 125 and 1,000 m. A substantial fraction of the measured zinc appears to be adsorbed on particulate matter >0.45 µ. The adsorption can be reversed by lowering the pH to 5.6 with CO2 gas.
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS OF GEORGIA
Authors: Windom Herbert L.
Published: March 2010

More than 150 coastal and estuarine water samples and 48 samples of interstitial water from salt marsh sediments were analyzed for fluoride using a specific‐ion electrode method. Surface waters show that fluoride: chlorinity ratios do not attain normal ocean values until a chlorinity of 10–11‰ is reached. Interstitial waters are enriched in fluoride relative to surface waters of the same chlorinity. A mechanism for enrichment involving uptake by salt marsh plants, with subsequent release in the sediments due to bacteriological breakdown, is proposed.
Diurnal Uptake of N03 and NH4 by a Ceratophyllum‐Periphyton Community1
Authors: Toetz Dale W.
Published: March 2010

The diurnal assimilation of NH4 and NO3 by communities of Ceratophyllum‐periphyton was studied in situ in a small lake. Plants were exposed to 15N‐NH4 and 15N‐NO3 for 6 consecutive periods of 4‐hr duration. The community assimilated NH4 both during the day and at night. The rate of NO3 assimilation was strongly dependent on light, uptake being substantially lower at night. The data indicate that the respective rates of NO3 and NH4 assimilation during 1440–1840 hours can be expanded to estimate a daily rate in agreement with that observed empirically.
Photosynthesis and Respiration in Myriophyllum spicatum L. as Related to Salinity1
Authors: McGahee Cheryl F. , Davis Graham J.
Published: March 2010

After about 20 hr at low light intensity in the laboratory, photosynthesis was depressed in Myriophyllum spicatum tips at a salinity of 32‰, but respiration was not affected. Neither photosynthesis nor respiration was depressed at salinities of 16‰ and less. When the plants were maintained on 10–14‐hr light‐dark cycles at moderate light intensities, after 48 hr and up to 10 days, photosynthesis was depressed at salinities of 16‰ below that of plants in Albemarle Sound water, although respiration remained high. The depression of photosynthesis at high salinity and its effect on the P : R ratio are assumed to play a part in controlling natural distribution of M. spicatum in estuaries.
A Compact Potentiometric Sensor of Novel Design. In Situ Determination of pH, pS2−, and Eh
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: March 2010

A rugged, compact probe (2 cm overall diameter, 9 cm overall length) is described that enables pH, pS2-, and Eh to be measured in situ. A miniature glass electrode is mounted in an epoxy resin body to which the metal electrodes are cemented. The glass electrode is mercury filled and has a cylindrical sensing membrane. The resulting probe is relatively insensitive to vibration and to changes in light intensity and the glass electrode equilibrates rapidly to ambient temperature and pressure changes. Construction details are given. With appropriate holders the probe can be used for measurements in the water column, in the sediment, or in the intertidal zone. The performance of the unit is illustrated by data from a stagnant basin model and from an estuarine survey.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN OF PHYTOPLANKTON FROM LOW‐NUTRIENT SUBTROPICAL WATER AS MEASURED BY THE EFFECT OF AMMONIUM ION ON DARK CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION1
Authors: Morris Ian , Yentsch Clarice M. , Yentsch Charles S.
Published: March 2010

The ammonium ion enhancement method has been used to estimate the state of nitrogen nutrition in natural populations of marine organisms, with the advantage that the native population can be assessed at time zero. The ammonium ion does not stimulate dark CO2 fixation by natural populations of phytoplankton in the low nitrogen subtropical waters of the Florida Strait, indicating that the cells are not physiologically nitrogen deficient; however nitrogen may still be limiting population size.

When enhancement was not noted at time zero, incubation of the water in a carboy resulted in depletion of the available nitrogen and a physiological state of nitrogen deficiency subsequently became measurable by this method. The eventual positive results from the test therefore confirm the negative results at time zero.
SAMPLING AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA1
Authors: Schafer Charles T.
Published: March 2010

The size, spacing, and number of replicate sediment samples collected for foraminiferal analysis do not, in many cases, adequately represent the living population. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the living foraminifera counted in replicate samples show a pronounced patchy geographic distribution in waters less than 24 m deep; species proportions in replicate samples are most variable in waters less than 20 m deep. A significant number of living specimens was encountered to a depth of 9 cm in the bottom sediments.
A Simple Device for the Sorting of Living Planktonic Copepods
Authors: Nival Suzanne , Nival Paul
Published: March 2010

A Perspex plankton sorter is described that can be set on the stage of a binocular microscope. A 4‐way casing fitted with a 1‐way cock allows the sorting of living copepods from a large volume of water without use of a pipette, avoiding thermal stresses.
The Seasonal Variation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Inshore Waters of the Menai Strait in Relation to Primary Production
Authors: Morris A. W. , Foster P.
Published: March 2010

Dissolved organic carbon in the Menai Strait has been measured over 2 years. A regular annual cycle was found. Winter levels of ca. 1 mg C/liter are followed by a steady increase through spring and summer, reaching maximum values of 3–4 mg C/liter in autumn which are followed by a relatively sharp return to winter values. There was no pronounced maximum following the spring outburst of phytoplankton growth. Comparison of this dissolved organic carbon cycle with recent work on nutrient cycles and phytoplankton composition at the same sampling station indicates that a high rate of production is maintained throughout the summer period although the standing crop may vary considerably.
THE SURFACE CHARGE OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN SEAWATER
Authors: Neihof Rex A. , Loeb George I.
Published: March 2010

The surface charge of particulate matter in seawater from estuarine and coastal sources was investigated by microelectrophoresis. Seston consisting mostly of bacteria, small algae, and detritus exhibited a considerable range of mobilities but all were negatively charged; the mean mobility and the range of mobilities increased when the salinity of the media was reduced. The surface charge of model particles of glass, anion exchange resin, bentonite, calcium carbonate, wax, and a polysaccharide were also studied after equilibration in both natural seawater (freed of natural particulates) and an artificial seawater containing only major ions. The considerable range of mean mobilities for these particles in artificial seawater, ‒1.5 to +1.2 (µm/sec) (V/cm)‒1, converged to ‒1.1 to ‒0.1 (µm/sec) (V/cm)‒1 in seawater. The surface adsorption of minor constituents in seawater is the most likely cause of these changes. Dialysis experiments indicated that both high and low molecular weight materials were responsible. The macromolecular component could be removed from limited amounts of seawater by a column of porous glass. Adsorbable constituents of seawater which might produce the observed surface effects are considered.
PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THE MAINLAND SHELF OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Smith S. V.
Published: March 2010

Although calcareous organisms are abundant on hard‐bottom portions of the southern California mainland shelf, negligible amounts of CaCO3 are accumulating there.

Data collected at three localities and 22 stations along the southern California coastline give subtidal rates of CaCO3 production by calcareous organisms, from turnover rates calculated from growth rate data, from mortality calculations based on size distribution and growth data, and from miscellaneous information, near 400 g CaCO3 m‒2 yr‒1. Although this temperate climate production rate is lower than rates of coral reef production, it is similar to tropical nonreef production rates and much higher than pelagic production rates of CaCO3.

The CaCO3 produced is lost from the mainland shelf, probably by transportation to adjacent basins, and then is apparently in large part dissolved. About 4 × 1010 g CaCO3 yr‒1 are produced across 103 km2 of the shallow hard‐bottom shelf areas of southern California and subsequently removed from those areas.
PHOSPHORUS CYCLING IN AN EELGRASS (ZOSTERA MARINA L.) ECOSYSTEM1
Authors: McRoy C. Peter , Barsdate Robert J. , Nebert Mary
Published: March 2010

Rates of uptake and excretion of phosphorus by both roots and leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) were dependent on the orthophosphate concentration of the medium. In a typical shallow tidal pool dominated by eelgrass, the interstitial reactive phosphorus concentrations of the sediments were as high as 75 µg‐atom/liter, while in the water they were ca. 2. The plants absorbed 166 mg P/m2‐day from the sediments, assimilated 104 in the production of fresh eelgrass, and excreted 62 into the water. An amount equivalent to about 41% of the reactive phosphorus excreted, or 3 metric tons P/day, was exported from the lagoon into the Bering Sea. These results add a new pathway to the phosphorus cycle for estuaries containing vascular plants.
A SIMPLE MICROLAYER METHOD FOR SMALL SAMPLES1
Authors: HARVEY GEORGE W. , BURZELL LINDEN A.
Published: March 2010

A simple method for the collection of surface microlayer samples with a glass plate is described, comparable to those obtained with a motor‐driven microlayer collector. Analyses of samples show similar populations of microorganisms and similar organic content.
PREDATORS, INVISIBLE PREY, AND THE NATURE OF POLYMORPHISM IN THE CLADOCERA (CLASS CRUSTACEA)1
Authors: Zaret Thomas M.
Published: March 2010

The selective forces of reproductive potential and liability to predation that balance a polymorphism of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cornuta are examined. Neither Brooks’ “body‐size hypothesis” nor Jacobs’ “behavioral hypothesis” accounts for the observed differential predation rates by the piscine predator Melaniris chagresi on the morphs of C. cornuta. Laboratory experiments show that amounts of pigmentation in the black compound eyes of these otherwise relatively transparent cladocerans can affect the rate of predation by planktivorous fish. Based on these experiments and other measurements a “visibility hypothesis” is proposed to explain the differential predation rates on C. cornuta. Further data suggest that this same visibility phenomenon applies to other polymorphic and cyclomorphic Daphniidae where differential predation rates have been reported previously.
A WATER BUDGET STUDY OF PUGET SOUND AND ITS SUBREGIONS1
Authors: Friebertshauser Mark A. , Duxbury Alyn C.
Published: March 2010

A water budget study for Puget Sound and its principal subregions, based on the freshwater, seawater, and total water budgets, determines the mean fluxes of water into and out of these regions, the freshwater content, and the change in freshwater content by month and by year. Data used to calculate the budgets include monthly mean values of precipitation, evaporation, runoff, changes in sea level, mean salt content, and the salinities of inflowing and outflowing waters for each subregion. The fluxes of water calculated in the budget analysis yield an approximation of flushing efficiency and replacement time for Puget Sound and its subregions. The monthly freshwater content, along with the fluxes of water and their salt load, indicates that river runoff does not by itself control the freshwater content of a particular subregion; considerable freshwater is added by the inflow of water from an adjacent embayment.
PRODUCTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER FROM DEAD GREEN ALGAL CELLS. II. ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION1
Authors: Otsuki Akira , Hanya Takahisa
Published: March 2010

At the 60th day of anaerobic decomposition of dead cells of Scenedesmus sp. at 20C, the 30% of added algal cell carbon was transformed into dissolved organic carbon and 20% mineralized; 50% remained as particulate matter. On the other hand, 8% of the added algal cell nitrogen was transformed into dissolved organic nitrogen, 48% was mineralized, and 44% remained in particulate form.

The dissolved organic compounds consisted mainly of lower fatty acids and yellowish acidic substances. Some proteinaceous material was found. Anaerobic decomposition patterns are compared with those under aerobic conditions and suggest the presence of relatively high concentrations of dissolved organic matter in anaerobic natural environments.
UTILIZATION OF UREA BY SOME MARINE PHYTOPLANKTERS1
Authors: Carpenter Edward J. , Remsen Charles C. , Watson Stanley W.
Published: March 2010

Three diatoms from the Sargasso Sea and two diatoms and a haptophyte flagellate from an inshore area near Woods Hole exhibited similar growth rates on urea, nitrate, and ammonia. A coccolithophore Emiliana (Coccolithus) huxleyi from the Sargasso Sea did not grow on urea. The half‐saturation constant (K) for urea determined for one inshore diatom, Stephanopyxis costata (Skeletonema costatum), was 8.5 µg‐atom urea‐N liter‒1. At the urea concentrations of its habitats, the calculated division rate for this species, growing on urea as the sole nitrogen source, was 2.2 days, similar to that of diatoms growing in inshore habitats. It appears, from data on natural urea concentrations and urea uptake rates by S. costata, that urea can be a significant N source for at least one common inshore phytoplankter. According to growth rate studies, at least three inshore and three offshore marine phytoplankton can grow as rapidly on urea as on nitrate or ammonia.
THE EXPENDABLE BATHYOXYMETER1
Authors: JETER HEWITT W. , FØYN ERNST , KING MICHAEL , GORDON LOUIS I.
Published: March 2010

A free‐fall device is described, analogous to the expendable bathythermograph, which makes dissolved oxygen profiles to 500 m in 80 sec.
EFFECTS OF A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE ON THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN OCEANIC ZOOPLANKTERS1
Authors: BRIGHT THOMAS , FERRARI FRANK , MARTIN DOUGLAS , FRANCESCHINI GUY A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 on some oceanic Copepoda and Euphausiacea in the Gulf of Mexico was studied by taking 10‐min tows with Clarke‐Bumpus nets on the days before, during, and after the eclipse. Illumination was continuously recorded. Most organisms that responded to the eclipse did so by migrating to the surface during totality. The magnitude of this response appeared to exceed that to the decrease in light intensity at night.
VERTICAL MIGRATIONS OF DAPHNIA AND COPEPODS UNDER THE ICE
Authors: CUNNINGHAM LINDA
Published: March 2010

Quantitative sampling through the ice of the copepods diaptomus minutus and cyclops scutifer showed a pronounced reverse nocturnal migration for these species. daphnia galeata mendotae, sampled at the same time, showed little vertical migration.
NITROGEN FIXATION BY EPIPHYTES ON SEA GRASSES1
Authors: GOERING J. J. , PARKER P. L.
Published: March 2010

Four species of sea grasses in Redfish Bay, Texas, Thalassia testudinum, Cymodocea manatorum, Diplanthera wrightii, and Ruppia maritima, showed nitrogen‐fixing activity as measured by the acetylene reduction technique. Evidence that epiphytes and not the macrophytes are responsible for the observed fixation is presented that leads to the suggestion that nitrogen‐fixing epiphytes play an important role in the nitrogen economy of sea‐grass communities.
DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN A GLACIAL ESTUARY IN ALASKA1
Authors: Loder Theodore C. , Hood Donald W.
Published: March 2010

North Dawes Inlet, a small glacial estuary, was sampled for particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate nitrogen (PN), and total particulate matter (PM). The POC in glacial runoff ranged from 0.24–1.24 mg/liter and DOC varied from 0.15–0.53 depending on the season and amount of local rainfall. Inlet waters ranged from 0.035–0.65 mg/liter of POC and 0.65–1.6 of DOC. Values of POC, PN, and PM decreased with depth in the top 20 m of the inlet and with distance from the mouth of the river. About half of the POC was deposited in the inlet; the remainder was carried out in suspension. During summer a biologically active layer just beneath the freshwater lens was characterized by high POC and DOC, low C: N ratios, and low PM. Adsorption or release of organic compounds by the glacial clays was not detected.
LIFE CYCLE AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THE COPEPOD LIMNOCALANUS MACRURUS SARS IN A HIGH ARCTIC LAKE1
Authors: Roff John C. , Cartel John C. H.
Published: March 2010

The population structure, life cycle, and abundance of the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus, one of the two multicellular zooplanktonic species in Char Lake, Northwest Territories, has been studied for 18 months. The population is univoltine, taking about 9 months to develop from egg to adult. Total population density was lower in 1970 than in 1969, whereas the phytoplankton biomass and productivity was virtually identical in both years. The life cycle of L. macrurus was very similar in both years of study and also showed close similarity to that of a southern Ontario population.
A COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL, ISOTOPIC, AND ENZYMATIC METHODS FOR MEASURING NITROGEN ASSIMILATION OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: McCarthy James J. , Eppley Richard W.
Published: March 2010

Shipboard cultures of natural seawater enriched with nitrate, ammonium, or urea were used to compare different techniques for measuring nitrogen assimilation by phytoplankton and to measure the rates of uptake of these nutrients when more than one was present. Increases in particulate nitrogen, decreases of nitrogenous nutrients, and the uptake by phytoplankton (using the 15N‐isotope technique) balanced rather well and for the nitrate‐enriched culture were in good agreement with the estimate of nitrogen assimilation from nitrite reductase activity. Glutamic dehydrogenase activity was present with both NADH and NADPH in all three cultures; either singly or as a sum it agreed poorly with ammonium uptake estimated by the 15N‐isotope technique. The presence of ammonium almost totally suppressed the uptake of nitrate and urea over a wide range of concentrations. The suppression of nitrate uptake in the presence of urea was nearly the same as the suppression of urea uptake in the presence of nitrate.

Comparisons between the isotopic and enzymatic techniques were also made in seawater samples. Nitrite reductase activity was usually much greater than the rate of nitrate uptake estimated by the 15N‐isotope technique. Comparisons with chlorophyll a and ATP analysis indicate that chlorophyll‐containing cells were primarily responsible for the nitrite reductase activity. The rate of pyridine nucleotide oxidation with both NADII and NADPII was more consistent with the ATP than with the chlorophyll a content of seawater samples, suggesting that this enzymatic activity was not restricted to the phytoplankton.
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, AND PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN CRATER LAKE, OREGON1
Authors: Lamon Douglas W.
Published: March 2010

Maximum productivity and the largest concentration of chlorophyll a in Crater Lake during summer 1968 and 1969 occurred at depths where temperatures were near 4C and measurable light <4% of surface illumination. It is suggested that the phytoplankton in the lake consists mostly of oligothermal‐oligophotic populations that are limited to depths greater than 70 m in summer, but occupy the 0–70‐m stratum in winter, so that a rather constant rate of production per unit area is maintained throughout the year.
GROWTH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CHLAMYDOMONAS GLOBOSA SNOW AND CHLOROCOCCUM ELLIPSOIDEUM DEASON AND BOLD: THE ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS
Authors: Kroes H. W.
Published: March 2010

Extracellular substances were isolated from Chlorococcum culture filtrates and the four salt‐free groups of substances obtained tested separately on Chlamydomonas growth. The group of steam‐volatile substances had an overall promoting effect. The lipophilic group inhibited growth initially but had no lasting effect. The yellow, water‐soluble pigments (phenolic compounds) could act as chelating substances. The high molecular weight fraction (proteins and polysaccharides) promoted growth in the initial phase but had an inhibiting effect later on. These effects observed were mostly small but statistically significant.

In algal interactions, inhibition phenomena are not likely to be caused by strong “antibiotic” substances. Factors such as pH may be more important than extracellular compounds as such.
FATTY‐ACID ECOLOGY OF A TIDAL MARSH1
Authors: Jeffries H. Perry
Published: March 2010

A salt marsh has differing biochemical patterns: The grasses have a terrestrial pattern rich in 16–18 C fatty acids, the animals a marine pattern dominated by long‐chain polyunsaturates. The patterns vary, but they remain far more distinct than at corresponding positions in the structure of an offshore community.

Each pattern is reflected in the diet of two species of marsh fishes. Their most probable diet is a mixture of 5 parts detritus to 1 part marine invertebrates. This ratio is also a boundary condition: It cannot go any higher and still account for the patterns occurring in the digestive tracts. Food is so abundant during spring that despite identical diets the two species could avoid competition.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND MOSQUITOFISH (GAMBUSIA AFFINIS) PRODUCTION IN LARGE MICROCOSMS1
Authors: Goodyear C. Phillip , Boyd Claude E. , Beyers Robert J.
Published: March 2010

Mosquitofish were raised in 244‐cm‐diameter pools which were fertilized with different levels of commercial fertilizer to establish various levels of primary productivity; this was measured during summer by both O2 and pH‐CO2 estimates. Mosquitofish and the residues of organic matter accumulated in the pool bottoms were harvested at the end of the experiment. Mosquitofish production was highly correlated with net and gross primary productivity as measured by both techniques. The production of mosquitofish was more highly correlated with the amount of organic nitrogen in the residue than with the total amount of residue in each microcosm.
A NEW METHOD FOR CONCENTRATING PHYTOPLANKTON BY FILTRATION WITH CONTINUOUS STIRRING1
Authors: MORRIS IAN , YENTSCH CHARLES S.
Published: March 2010

Phytoplankton (both natural populations and cultures) have been concentrated 20‐fold to 200‐fold by passage through an ultrafiltration cell with continuous magnetic stirring. Conditions yielding maximum recovery of physiologically active phytoplankton have been developed. Recovery of 14C‐carbon dioxide assimilation activity was comparable to that of chlorophyll, generally varying from 55–75% for natural populations and from 70–95% for cultures.
SIZE SEPARATION OF MARINE SESTON BY MEMBRANE AND GLASS‐FIBER FILTERS1
Authors: SHELDON R. W.
Published: March 2010

The average minimum sizes of particles retained by metal membranes (Selas Flotronics) and perforated polycarbonate membranes (General Electric Nuclepore) were similar to the stated pore sizes when relatively small seawater samples with moderate concentrations of particles were filtered. When large samples or high concentrations were filtered, the average retention size was less than the stated pore size. All cellulose ester membranes (Millipore) retained particles much smaller than the stated pore size, even from small samples with low particle concentrations. Glass‐fiber filters had retention characteristics similar to membrane filters.
COMPETITION BETWEEN AN ALGA AND AN AQUATIC BACTERIUM FOR PHOSPHATE1
Authors: Rhee G‐Yull
Published: March 2010

Competition for phosphate was studied in Scenedesmus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. grown in pure and mixed cultures. Algal growth was severely limited in the presence of bacteria, but the growth of bacteria was hardly affected by algae. The first sign of competition in mixed cultures (cessation of exponential algal growth) was always observed some time after the external phosphate had been exhausted.

The faster growth rate of bacteria accounted for the suppressed growth of the algae in the mixed cultures. The first sign of competition in algae appeared when the concentration of surplus phosphorus within the algal cell dropped to a critical value near zero. The surplus phosphorus appeared to consist of three or all four inorganic polyphosphate fractions.
ON NITROGEN DEFICIENCY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEANIC PHYTOPLANKTON. II. PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND CELLULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMOSTAT‐GROWN DIATOM1
Authors: Thomas William H. , Dodson Anne N.
Published: March 2010

Cells of the tropical Pacific diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis, were grown in a nitrogen‐limited chemostat at varying percentages of the maximum growth rate, harvested, and photosynthetic and cellular parameters measured. Assimilation ratio (photosynthesis at light saturation per unit chlorophyll) increased with increasing growth rate. Cellular C : chlorophyll ratios also decreased with increasing growth rate, but carotenoid : chlorophyll ratios showed no obvious trend. The C : N ratio decreased and chlorophyll : cell increased with increasing growth rate. Steady‐state cell numbers were not constant at different growth rates but decreased as the growth rates increased. Growth rates seemed to be controlled by internal supplies of nitrogen and the apparent half saturation constant, K′s, decreased with increasing growth rate.
INTERACTION OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON NET PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND VIABILITY OF VIBRIO MARINUS1,2
Authors: Cooper Mary F. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: March 2010

The relationship of temperature and salinity to protein synthesis was determined for cells of Vibrio marinus. The critical temperature of the lesion in protein synthesis increased with increasing salinity of the growth medium. Protein synthesis was significantly inhibited at 22C at a salinity of 25‰, but not at a salinity of 35‰ until the cells were incubated for 20 min at 24C. The thermal lesion did not involve precursor accumulation mechanisms rather than protein synthesis at salinities between 25 and 35%. At 40‰, the uptake of extracellular proline by whole cells was inhibited at 24C and preceded the inhibition of precursor into protein.

Total RNA synthesis continued for 50 min at 22C in growth media at salinities between 15 and 35‰ but at 40‰ decreased after 20 min of cell incubation. At salinities between 15‰ and 30‰, total RNA synthesis continued at 15 and 22C, but cellular protein synthesis was inhibited by either temperature or salinity effects.

Loss of cell viability at 22 and 25C at salinities of 25 and 35‰ showed that the onset of cell death occurs simultaneously with thermal inhibition of protein synthesis.
THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS THROUGH THE SALT MARSH CORD GRASS, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA LOISEL1
Authors: Reimold Robert J.
Published: March 2010

A pathway by which phosphorus is transferred from the sediment to Spartina to the estuarine waters is described: Spartina can serve as a nutrient pump and translocate measurable quantities of phosphorus from the salt marsh sediment to the leaves; then, with measurable quantities of phosphorus from the salt marsh sediment to the leaves; then with tidal inundation, an average of 9.84 mg‐atom P/m is released in the marsh waters at each tidal cycle. Seasonal data indicate the flux of phosphorus through this system is closely associated with the productivity of the plant material in the marsh.
PROFILES OF CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION BYS IN VIVO FLUORESCENCE: SOME LIMNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: BERMAN T.
Published: March 2010

Continuous vertical profiles of chlorophyll, determined by in vivo fluorometry, provide a rapid, sensitive method of delineating phytoplankton distribution. Other chemical or biological sampling can accordingly take into account details of algal stratification. Illustrative results are given from work in Lake Kinneret.
FOSSIL PIGMENTS IN THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF A MEROMICTIC LAKE1
Authors: GORHAM EVILLE , SANGER JON E.
Published: March 2010

Pigment concentration and diversity were measured in surface sediments on a transect across a small, meromictic lake in northwest Wisconsin. Pigment concentrations increase several fold and diversity by a third from the shallowest to the deepest sediments. Monimolimnetic chlorophyll derivatives are about 3 × and carotenoids nearly 2× the hypolimnetic maxima in holomictic, eutrophic Minnesota lakes. Lower pigment concentrations at the deepest point along the transect suggest slumping of littoral detritus.
TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF OIL IN THE OCEAN1
Authors: Murray Stephen P.
Published: March 2010

On‐site observations of oil slick geometries and current speeds during the Chevron spill of March 1970 in the Gulf of Mexico have allowed a comparative evaluation of the role of large‐scale turbulence (in the form of a horizontal eddy diffusivity) and surface tension effects in the spreading of oil from a continuously emitting well into a steady current. The initial outline of the slick (roughly the first 50% of slick length) follows the laws of expansion as predicted by Taylor’s turbulent diffusion theory. The gross size and overall shape (neglecting details of outline) of this type of slick are well represented by a solution to the Fickian diffusion equations which predict approximate slick geometry as a function of current speed, horizontal eddy diffusivity, the oil discharge rate, and an empirically determined constant (the boundary concentration).

Under the conditions observed the effect of surface tension seems confined to within the first few hundred meters downslick and can probably be neglected for practical purposes under moderate oil discharge rates and current speeds as low as even 5 cm/sec.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA. I. SEASONAL VARIATION AND THE ROLE OF HETEROCYSTS1
Authors: Horne Alexander J. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

The annual contribution of N2 fixation to Clear Lake in 1970 was about 550 tonnes, 500 Mg (megagrams) or 18 kg ha−1, 43% of the lake’s yearly nitrogen inflow. Biological N2 fixation can provide the nitrogen for almost half the blue‐green algal standing crop during blooms and is implicated as the main cause of large algal nuisance blooms on this lake. The large quantity of nitrogen fixed may be typical for large, shallow, cyanophyceandominated lakes. A sustained spring peak of fixation was associated with a simultaneous bloom of Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae in all three basins, an autumn peak with an ephemeral bloom of Anabaena circinalis occurring at a different time in each basin. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that fluctuations in N2 fixation were best described by variations in heterocysts, quantities of blue‐green algae, PO4‐P, NO3‐N, and temperature. Annual rates of N2 fixation were correlated with the proportion of heteroeysts to vegetative cells in Aphanizomenon and with total number of heterocysts in Anabaena. Previous nitrogen budgets for Clear Lake have shown a large excess of nitrogen in outflow over inflow, which is accounted for by the levels of N2 fixation measured.
POTENTIAL HETEROTROPHY IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF OSCILLATORIA AGARDHII VAR. ISOTHRIX SKUJA1
Authors: Saunders George W.
Published: March 2010

Direct evidence is presented from radioautography that four species of blue‐green algae can take up glucose‐14C and acetate‐14C at the low concentrations known to occur in lake water. The kinetics of glucose‐14C uptake by Oscillatoria agardhii var. isothrix Skuja demonstrate that uptake is metabolic. The quantitative importance of such uptake in the development of the algal population cannot be assessed from the data, but the fact that O. agardhii develops massive densities in the microaerobic zone of many lakes suggests that heterotrophy may be very important to this alga and perhaps to other species occupying this habitat. The phenomenon may occur generally since O. agardhii and lakes with clinograde oxygen curves have worldwide distributions.
COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF CHAOBORUS AMERICANUS AND CHAOBORUS TRIVITTATUS IN EUNICE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Fedorenko Alice Y. , Swift Michael C.
Published: March 2010

Larval morphology, growth (length and weight), and vertical distribution were studied in populations of Chaoborus (C.) americanus (Joh.) and Chaoborus (Schadanophasma) trivittatus Sacther in Eunice Lake, British Columbia, during 1970–1971, with additional samples from summers of 1967 and 1969. Larvae were separated into species and instars macroscopically by larval head length and morphology. Chaoborus americanus larvae gained weight faster than C. trivittatus larvae during their first year; length increase was similar for the two species. Chaoborus americanus larvae have a 1‐year life cycle and C. trivittatus a 2‐year life cycle. The latter spend a second year in the fourth instar, when they gain about ¾ of their pupal weight. All four instars of C. americanus and the first two instars of C. trivittatus are restricted to the upper 5 m of the lake; older third and all fourth instar C. trivittatus larvae occur below 5 m but migrate to the surface at night and overlap with C. americanus larvae for a few hours. Differences in morphology, generation time, and distribution could account for the continued coexistence of these two species.
THE RELATION OF PERIPHYTIC AND PLANKTONIC ALGAL GROWTH IN AN ESTUARY TO HYDROGRAPHIC FACTORS
Authors: Welch Eugene B. , Emery Richard M. , Matsuda Robert I. , Dawson William A.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal periodicity of periphyton growth in the Duwamish estuary (Washington) is compared with that of phytoplankton and lends support to a previous conclusion that hydrographic conditions determine the timing of phytoplankton blooms despite high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Accumulation of periphyton on substrates increased in June and July to around 10 µg Chl a cm−2 week−1 and is related to incident light; conversely, phytoplankton blooms were delayed until August and September when hydrographic conditions were optimum for biomass accumulations of from 30–70 µg Chl a/liter.

Maximum growth of periphytic and planktonic algae occurred at the same location in the estuary. This similarity in spatial distribution is not directly related to hydrographic conditions since the periphyton algae are sessile and more resistant to washout. The water in this section of the estuary presumably contained a more adequate supply of one or more limiting nutrients than water from adjacent locations.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE TROPICAL MARINE BLUE‐GREEN ALGA, OSCILLATORIA ERYTHRAEA (“TRICHODESMIUM”)1
Authors: YENTSCH CLARICE M. , YENTSCH CHARLES S. , PERRAS JAMES P.
Published: March 2010

Alkaline phosphatase activity in Oscillatoria erythraea (Trichodesmium) has been repeatedly demonstrated at the time of collection of the alga from the low‐nutrient waters of the Strait of Florida, suggesting a mechanism of fulfilling a phosphate requirement complementary to the capacity of this species to fix nitrogen.
SOME EFFECTS OF FILTRATION ON THE DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS IN FRESH AND SALT WATER1
Authors: MARVIN K. T. , PROCTOR R. R. , NEAL R. A.
Published: March 2010

The nutrient concentration of samples of water often changes significantly during filtration. Six types of filters and four nutrients in fresh‐ and also salt‐water solution were tested. Two major sources of variation were elution of nutrients from the filters by the water samples and, conversely, adsorption of nutrients from the sample by the filter.
EFFECTS OF ALEWIVES (ALOSA PSEUDOHARENGUS) ON THE ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE WONONSKOPOMUC, CONNECTICUT1
Authors: Warshaw Stephen J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of predation by alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) on the limnetic zooplankton of Lake Wononskopomuc, Connecticut, were examined over several years. Shifts in zooplankton composition and size distribution toward small forms were apparent 8 years after alewife introduction. A partial reversal of these effects, including an increase in the abundance of large species and a size increase in at least one species, Daphnia galeata mendotae, followed an alewife die‐off.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF INDICES OF REFRACTION OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTERS1
Authors: Carder Kendall L. , Tomlinson Richad D. , Beardsley George F.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of light scattering and particle size distribution were performed on a growing culture of the unicellular phytoplankter Isochrysis galbana. The culture represented a narrow, polydisperse distribution of nearly spherical particles. Assuming the culture to be homogeneous in refractive index, a technique was developed that provided an estimate of the index of refraction of the culture for the wavelengths 5,460 Å and 5,780 Å. The relative index of refraction (relative to that of seawater) of the culture varied with time from 1.026 to 1.036 over a 12‐day sampling period and seemed to be related to changes in the surface area: volume ratio of the cells. The indices of refraction determined using green light (5,460 Å) corresponded closely with those found using yellow (5,780 Å), with slight fluctuations perhaps due to changes in cell pigmentation ratios.