bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warriors as a Challenge: Violence, Rock Art, and the Preservation of Social Cohesion During the Nordic Bronze Age
Authors: Horn Christian
Published: August 2022

In the Bronze Age, warriors are probably the best-known social class. Evidence for warfare and other violent encounters links them to aggression and bloodshed that could be translated into social status. This made warriors a potential two-fold threat to the social cohesion of their communities: not only did they risk threatening the integrity of communities as agents of death but also they could challenge local authority and cause internal conflict. Here, the author presents evidence that suggests that internal conflict was a major concern for Nordic Bronze Age societies, in that warriors constituted an internal social challenge, and proposes that local communities may have mitigated this threat in rituals such as the sacrifice of weapons and the construction of social narratives through rock art.
Child undernutrition and associated factors among children 6–23 months old in largely food insecure areas of rural Ethiopia
Authors: Tafese Zelalem , Reta Fekadu , Mulugeta Biruk , Anato Anchamo
Published: August 2022

Child malnutrition is the leading public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in poor health and economic losses. Ethiopia has one of the highest child undernutrition rates in the world that occurs to multifaceted factors, including food insecurity. Thus, we performed a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for child undernutrition in largely food insecure areas of Ethiopia. Data were collected from 354 mother–child pairs from the Siraro district. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Variables with aP-value of <0⋅05 in multivariate analysis were used to detect statistical significance at a 95 % confidence level. About 67 % of households are food insecure. The prevalence of stunting wasting and underweight were 42⋅7, 9⋅9 and 27⋅7 %, respectively. Female gender, higher age of the child (12–23 monthsv. 6–11 months), living in a household with five or more siblings, not getting therapeutic zinc supplement at least once, inadequate diet diversity, lack of growth monitoring service, and maternal own income increases the likelihood of child undernutrition. It can be concluded that child undernutrition is a severe public health problem in the study area. Improving primary healthcare services related to zinc supplementation, growth monitoring and promotion, and improving infant and child feeding practices can be considered as a strategy to address the problem.
Burying the Dead at Ayawiri: Mortuary Diversity and Postmortem Manipulation at an Andean Hillfort (AD 1100–1450)
Authors: Velasco Matthew C.
Published: August 2022

This article presents results from the excavation and analysis of 11 slab-cist tombs associated with the site of Ayawiri, one of the largest hillforts in the western Lake Titicaca Basin during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; AD 1100–1450). These semi-subterranean tombs typically contain commingled human remains. Variation between and within tombs in the number of individuals, the body parts represented, and the degree of skeletal articulation points to a complex burial practice that likely involved tomb reopening, successive burial, and even the deposition of select body parts. Demographic and mortuary profiles suggest that burial practices were decentralized and flexible, structured by shared attitudes toward “the dead” and the dead body but also subject to the prerogatives and preferences of semi-autonomous corporate groups. This study advances our understanding of a lesser-known mortuary tradition in the Lake Titicaca Basin—one long overshadowed by more prominent burial towers (chullpas)—and sheds new light on the complex interactions that took place between the living and the dead during the LIP.
SIMULTANEOUS CONFIDENCE BANDS FOR CONDITIONAL VALUE-AT-RISK AND EXPECTED SHORTFALL
Authors: Li Shuo , Peng Liuhua , Song Xiaojun
Published: August 2022

Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) and conditional expected shortfall (CES) are widely adopted risk measures which help monitor potential tail risk while adapting to evolving market information. In this paper, we propose an approach to constructing simultaneous confidence bands (SCBs) for tail risk as measured by CVaR and CES, with the confidence bands uniformly valid for a set of tail levels. We consider one-sided tail risk (downside or upside tail risk) as well as relative tail risk (the ratio of upside to downside tail risk). A general class of location-scale models with heavy-tailed innovations is employed to filter out the return dynamics. Then, CVaR and CES are estimated with the aid of extreme value theory. In the asymptotic theory, we consider two scenarios: (i) the extreme scenario that allows for extrapolation beyond the range of the available data and (ii) the intermediate scenario that works exclusively in the case where the available data are adequate relative to the tail level. For finite-sample implementation, we propose a novel bootstrap procedure to circumvent the slow convergence rates of the SCBs as well as infeasibility of approximating the limiting distributions. A series of Monte Carlo simulations confirm that our approach works well in finite samples.
Tendances récentes de la mortalité selon
les causes en Belgique
Authors: Minet Michèle , Yoo Tae Ho
Published: August 2022

La perspective adoptée pour cette analyse
repose sur la distinction fondamentale entre
causes endogènes et causes exogènes de décès. On
peut en effet distinguer la mortalité due au
vieillissement biologique (mortalité endogène), de
la mortalité accidentelle et causée par des
facteurs d'ordre extérieur en relation avec le
niveau de vie et le niveau sanitaire des agrégats
démographiques (mortalité exogène). La faible
incidence de la morbidité exogène sur la mortalité
n'est plus à démontrer en pays développés; les
progrès réalisés dans le domaine médical et la
large diffusion dans ces pays des moyens curatifs
et préventifs les plus perfectionnés ont non
seulement diminué l'incidence fatale des maladies
exogènes mais également leur gravité. Le
paragraphe suivant constitue une application de
cette observation au cas de la Belgique. Précisons
encore que toutes les causes de décès ne répondent
pas clairement à l'une ou l'autre des définitions
qui viennent d'être énoncées. Il existe toutefois
des causes caractéristiques de chaque ordre; parmi
les causes endogènes caractéristiques citons les
tumeurs, les lésions vasculaires affectant le
système nerveux central, les maladies
cardio-vasculaires, l'hypertension et le diabète;
parmi les causes exogènes caractéristiques, la
tuberculose, les maladies infectieuses et
parasitaires, les bronchites et pneumonies, les
maladies de l'appareil digestif et enfin les
accidents qui, s'il ne peuvent pas être qualifiés
de cause morbide, n'en répresentent pas moins une
composante exogène de mortalité des plus
importantes
Les modèles de migration
Authors: Termote Marc
Published: August 2022

Dans une société où les taux régionaux
d'accroissement naturel sont faibles, et où les
possibilités de communication sont développées,
les mouvements migratoires peuvent rendre compte
d'une part importante de la croissance
démographique des diverses régions; effectivement,
en Belgique, la part du solde migratoire dans la
variation de la population de 1954 à 1962, a
dépassé 50% dans 25 des 41 arrondissements; encore
ne s'agit-il ici que d'un impact minimum, excluant
l'effet induit que représente l'accroissement
naturel des migrants.

Le mouvement migratoire n'est pas
seulement un facteur important, voire fondamental,
de l'évolution démographique d'une région, il
tend, par suite de la convergence des taux
régionaux d'accroissement naturel, à devenir la
variable principale de l'évolution de la
distribution spatiale d'une population.
Quelques orientations de recherches à
propos des politiques antinatalistes
Authors: Gérard Hubert
Published: August 2022

Les politiques antinatalistes occupent
actuellement une place importante parmi les
préoccupations des hommes d'action et des hommes
de science. Leur urgence incite ces derniers à
procéder à des études poussées tant sur le plan
des sciences médicales que sur le plan des
diverses sciences humaines : économie,
démographie, sociologie et psychologie. Un nombre
croissant de publications, de valeur diverse
d'ailleurs, sont consacrées spécifiquement aux
politiques du Family planning. À ce propos, il est
utile de bien marquer la distinction entre la
politique antinataliste et la politique de
planification de la fécondité. On confond
généralement les deux termes et très souvent le
second terme est utilisé dans l'acception du
premier, il paraît en effet plus positif et plus
aisément acceptable par les diverses
idéologies.

En fait, ces deux termes recouvrent deux
programmes se distinguant nettement au point de
vue des objectifs poursuivis, des moyens
utilisables et des justifications. L'objectif
d'une politique de planification de la fécondité
est de rendre la procréation consciente et voulue,
de façon à amener les couples non pas à avoir
nécessairement moins ou plus d'enfants, mais à
procréer selon un projet pré-établi par eux, en ce
qui concerne le nombre d'enfants et le moment de
leur naissance. Par contre, une politique
antinataliste (ce terme n'ayant aucun sens
péjoratif) a pour objectif de réduire la natalité
d'une population déterminée.
Extenics enhanced axiomatic design procedure for AI applications
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Suh C. Steve , Xu Xiangyang , Song Zhenghe
Published: August 2022

This paper introduces a method to improve the design procedure of axiomatic design theory (AD) with Extenics. A comprehensive review of the AD indicates that the powerful principle of AD has been widely studied and applied to many areas, however, inexperienced practitioners of the AD theory still find it difficult to follow or apply the principles in their design which inadvertently often leads to misunderstanding and skepticism. The lack of definitive descriptions for all the elements and specific approaches to guiding the mapping process restricts the development and application of AD theory. This paper improves the design procedure of AD with Extenics. The elements in AD domain are expressed by basic-elements of Extenics, and the formulations are generated. The mapping process based on AD and Extenics is developed. The improved design procedure provides designers with a theoretical foundation based on the logical and rational thought process, meanwhile the solution space can be expanded and innovative designs are inspired. Based on the proposed design procedure, a computer-aided system is developed, which makes the complex and fuzzy design activity clear and easy to follow by filling in the blanks in a step-by-step manner. An example of a novel corn harvester header design scheme is considered to illustrate the validity of the improved design procedure.
Human metapneumovirus infection in the cardiac paediatric ICU before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Leister Nicolas , Commotio Simone , Menzel Christoph , Yücetepe Sirin , Ulrichs Christoph , Wendt Stefanie , Dedden Christoph , Trieschmann Uwe , Hannes Tobias
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

This study investigates the hygiene standards in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the perioperative incidence of human metapneumovirus as well as the typical symptom burden of human metapneumovirus-infected children with CHDs.

Materials and methods:

Between March 2018 and July 2021, all patients of a cardiac paediatric ICU of a German university hospital were included in this retrospective cohort analysis.

Results:

A total of 589 patients with CHD were included in the analysis. Three hundred and fifty-two patients (148 females and 204 males) were admitted before the introduction of social distancing and face masks between March 2018 and 15 April 2020 (cohort A). Two hundred and thirty-seven patients (118 females and 119 males) were admitted after the introduction between April 16 and July 2021 (cohort B). In cohort A, human metapneumovirus was detected in 11 out of 352 patients (3.1%) during their stay at cardiac paediatric ICU. In cohort B, one patient out of 237 (0.4%) tested positive for human metapneumovirus. Patients who tested positive for human metapneumovirus stayed in cardiac paediatric ICU for a median of 17.5 days (range, 2–45 days). Patients without a detected human metapneumovirus infection stayed in the cardiac paediatric ICU for a median of 4 days (range, 0.5–114 days). Nine out of 12 (75%) human metapneumovirus-positive patients showed atelectasis.

Conclusion:

Perioperative human metapneumovirus infections prolong cardiac paediatric ICU stay in children with CHD. In affected patients, pulmonary impairment with typical symptoms appears. Under certain circumstances, a complication-rich perioperative infection with human metapneumovirus could be prevented in paediatric cardiac high-risk patients by prophylactic hygiene intervention.
Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among infants under 6 months in rural China
Authors: Du Yefan , Durstenfeld Anne , Dill Sarah-Eve , Wang Qingzhi , Zhou Huan , Xue Hao , Kache Saraswati , Medina Alexis , Rozelle Scott
Published: August 2022

Objective:

To examine Hb level and anaemia status among infants under 6 months of age in rural China.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey collected data among infants under 6 months and their primary caregivers in Sichuan, China. Anaemia was defined using both the WHO and China Pediatrics Association thresholds. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify relevant factors among two age groups (<4 months; 4–5 months).

Setting:

Eighty townships were selected in Sichuan, China from November to December 2019.

Participants:

Nine hundred and forty-two infants under 6 months, while Hb level was tested for 577 infants.

Results:

The overall mean (±sd) Hb level was 106·03 (± 12·04) g/l. About 62·6 % (95 % CI 58·5, 66·6) of sample infants were anaemic using the WHO threshold, and 20·5 % (95 % CI 17·3, 24·1) were anaemic using the China Pediatrics Association thresholds. Anaemia rates rose with increasing age in months. Multivariable linear regressions revealed that lower Hb levels were significantly associated with lower birth weight (<4 months: β = 4·14, 95 % CI 0·19, 8·08; 4–5 months: β = 6·60, 95 % CI 2·94, 10·27) and delivery by caesarean section (<4 months: β = −4·64, 95 % CI −7·79, −1·49; 4–5 months: β = −4·58, 95 % CI −7·45, −1·71).

Conclusion:

A large share of infants under 6 months in rural western China are anaemic. Infants with low birth weight and caesarean delivered should be prioritised for anaemia testing. Future studies should move the point of focus forward to at least 4 months of age and examine the link between caesarean section and anaemia to promote health and development in infancy.
Le renseignement statistique dans les pays de l'Est. Essai critique
Authors: Rutsaert Paul A.
Published: August 2022

L'Union soviétique est devenue en peu d'années une grande puissance industrielle. De nombreux pays d'Europe centrale ont été amenés à opérer sous son égide une transformation profonde de leurs économies. Ceux qui étaient peu industriels se sont orientés résolument dans la voie de l'industrialisation. Ceux qui avaient une industrie importante, Tchécoslovaquie et Allemagne orientale, en ont modifié considérablement la structure.
Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in the neonatal population
Authors: Lianou Alexandra , Rallis Dimitrios , Baltogianni Maria , Vlahos Antonios , Milionis Haralampos , Giapros Vasileios
Published: August 2022

The consistently high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has urged the need for punctual and effective prevention. Extended research on this specific area has demonstrated the influence of fetal and neonatal periods on the risk of developing CVD in adulthood. Thus, the role of traditional and novel biological markers to the effective screening of CVD among the neonatal population is widely investigated. The objective of the present narrative review is to examine those neonatal biomarkers that may play a role in the development of CVD, to exhibit scientific data that appertain to their association with various perinatal conditions leading to CVD predisposition, and their potential role on prediction and prevention strategies. Multiple biomarkers, traditional and novel, have been mined across the studied literature. Adiposity, insulin resistance, altered lipid profile, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction seem among the headliners of CVD. Even though various novel molecules have been studied, their clinical utility remains controversial. Therefore, it is quite important for the scientific community to find elements with strong predictive value and practical clinical use.
Are Anti-Prostitution Advertising Campaigns Effective? An Experimental Study
Authors: Sáez Gemma , Muñiz-Velázquez José Antonio , Corradi Guido , Tapia Frade Alejandro J. , Aguilar Pilar
Published: August 2022

Many governments invest public funds in communication interventions and campaigns against prostitution and sexual exploitation in an attempt to change attitudes toward prostitution and eventually decrease its consumption. Despite the considerable investment that public institutions have made in campaigns against prostitution and sexual slavery, no known empirical studies have evaluated the effectiveness of such campaigns on attitudes and behavioral change. The messages of these campaigns usually center on one of two thematic focuses: Prostituted women who suffer exploitation and male consumers of prostitution. The present study examines the impact of different anti-prostitution advertisements on attitudes among male participants (N= 155 male participants). Specifically, the experiment aims to test the differential effect of these two focuses, compared to a no-advertisement control condition, on social support for prostitution, negative and incorrect beliefs about prostitutes, and family values related to prostitution. The results show that compared with the no-advertisement control condition, advertisements focused on men who use prostitutes have a significant effect on social support toward prostitution and incorrect beliefs about prostitutes, whereas advertisements focused on female prostitutes have no effect. The results have practical implications for governments and councils regarding the efficacy of this kind of public communication campaign against prostitution consumption.
Twin Artists: Unique Sources of Inspiration and Talent/Twin Research Reviews: Ethnic and Racial Factors Affecting Type of Twin Delivery; Outcomes in Twins Conceived Naturally and With Reproductive Assistance; Delivery Time for Growth-Discordant Twins; 3D Study of Twins’ Facial Resemblance/In the Media: Baseball Players With Divergent Careers; Basketball Twins in the Elite 8; Twins’ Grave and Epitaph; Twins Conceived Three Times in 2 Years; Twins in the Hockey Hall of Fame; Superfetated Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: August 2022

The unique sources of artistic inspiration and talent of twin artists are examined. The professional literature is rich with twin studies of creativity, but lacking when it comes to specific artistic domains — for example, painting and sculpting. The section that follows provides reviews of current research on ethnic and racial factors affecting type of twin delivery, pregnancy outcomes when twins are conceived naturally or with reproductive assistance, the effects of intrauterine growth discordance on the timing of twin delivery, and three-dimensional (3D) assessment of twins’ facial resemblance. The final section summarizes information about twins in the media. The stories include twins distinguished for both baseball playing and physical injuries, twins who reached the National College Athletic Association’s Elite 8, a twin pair’s grave and epitaph, a mother who conceived twins three times in 2 years, twins in the Hockey Hall of Fame, and a set of superfetated twins.
Wenn eine Lücke zur Lösung führt
Authors: Pelz Svenja , Gerwig Ulrich , Frick Sonia
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über den Fall eines 22-jährigen Patienten, der von seiner Familie somnolent vorgefunden wurde, nachdem er zuvor über Übelkeit, Bauchschmerzen und Erbrechen geklagt hatte. Hauptbefundlich lagen eine schwere metabolische Azidose mit erweiterter Anionenlücke sowie eine Laktatämie vor. Ursächlich hierfür war die Einnahme von Ethylenglykol in Form eines Autoscheibenreinigers in suizidaler Absicht.
Eine Armschwellung mit camouflierter Ursache
Authors: Weiss Katja , Baumer Andrea , Knechtle Beat
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über einen 72-jährigen Patienten, der sich aufgrund einer proximalen mehrfragmentären Humerusfraktur links auf der Notfallaufnahme vorstellte. Trotz korrekter konservativer Therapie gab es keine Besserung der Armschwellung links. Die weiteren Abklärungen zeigten eine provozierte Armvenenthrombose links bei St.n. Humerusfraktur links. Nach der therapeutischen Antikoagulation kam es zur einer Regredienz der Schwellung mit persistierendem Lymphödem der linken Hand.
Endokrine Therapien beim Mammakarzinom
Authors: Stettler Sonja , Aebi Stefan
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. Das Mammakarzinom, die häufigste Krebserkrankung der Frau, exprimiert bei etwa 75% Östrogen- und/oder Progesteronrezeptoren. Diese therapeutisch und prognostisch wichtige Eigenschaft erlaubt den Einsatz der endokrinen Therapien. Die adjuvante endokrine Therapie mit Tamoxifen über fünf Jahre reduziert die Sterblichkeit um 33%, und das Restrisiko lässt sich mit Aromatasehemmern und mit verlängerter Behandlung um weitere 20% vermindern. Bei Patientinnen mit fortgeschrittener Erkrankung ist die mediane Wirkdauer einer ersten endokrinen Therapie etwa zwölf Monate, die mediane Überlebenszeit zwischen 20 und 40 Monaten. Je nach Situation der Tumorerkrankung unterscheidet sich der Einsatz der verschiedenen Substanzen in Therapiedauer, -sequenz und Wirkstoffkombinationen, besonders mit CDK4/6-Inhibitoren. Endokrine Therapien werden über einen längeren Zeitraum verschrieben. Eine optimale Kontrolle der Nebenwirkungen zur Verbesserung der Therapietreue ist daher wichtig.
Interprofessionelle Schulung für die Spital-Austrittsplanung: Effekte der Selbstwirksamkeit bei Pflege- und Medizinstudierenden
Authors: Schlegel Claudia , Stricker Daniel , Umbescheidt Rocco , Koch Daniel , Goldhahn Jörg , Huwendiek Sören
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. Die einheitliche, systematische Besprechung der Austrittsbereitschaft von Patientinnen und Patienten während der interprofessionellen Visite kann dazu beitragen, Spitalaustritte zu beschleunigen. Eine interprofessionelle Visite erfordert jedoch von allen Beteiligten fachliche Kompetenzen und Wissen über die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit (IPZ). Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Studierende der verschiedenen Professionen bereits in der Ausbildung/im Studium die notwendigen Kompetenzen erlangen können. Dazu wurde eine «Interprofessionelle Schulung für Austritts- und Visitenplanung» (IAVI) für Pflege- und Medizinstudierenden entwickelt. Die Schulung beinhaltet vier Phasen, welche aus Flipped Classroom und interprofessionellen Skillstrainings bestehen. Nach jeder Phase wurde ein Fragebogen zur Selbstwirksamkeit der teilnehmenden Pflege- und Medizinstudierende bezüglich der IPZ verteilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Selbstwirksamkeit über die zunehmende Studiendauer von Phase 1 bis Phase 4 stetig zugenommen hat. Die Studie zeigt auch, dass die Selbstwirksamkeit der Studierenden bezüglich der IPZ trotz der verschiedenen Curricula von Pflege- und Medizinstudium während der IAVI-Schulung angestiegen ist. Die Teilnehmenden haben somit von der Schulung profitiert.
Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia: Let’s Make Therapy Easy and Efficient
Authors: Sudano Isabella
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Effectively reducing both blood pressure and circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may considerably reduce cardiovascular risk. As this is particularly true if the intervention starts early, it is very important to identify and treat hypertension and hypercholesterolemia as early as possible. By improving adherence, a single-pill formulation that offers a combination of different drugs could be an effective way to manage patients with multiple cardiovascular risks.
Ecological and Environmental Stability in Offshore Southern California Marine Basins Through the Holocene
Authors: Palmer Hannah M. , Hill Tessa M. , Kennedy Esther G. , Roopnarine Peter D. , Langlois Sonali , Reyes Katherine R. , Stott Lowell D.
Published: August 2022

In the face of ongoing marine deoxygenation, understanding timescales and drivers of past oxygenation change is of critical importance. Marine sediment cores from tiered silled basins provide a natural laboratory to constrain timing and implications of oxygenation changes across multiple depths. Here, we reconstruct oxygenation and environmental change over time using benthic foraminiferal assemblages from sediment cores from three basins across the Southern California Borderlands: Tanner Basin (EW9504‐09PC, 1,194 m water depth), San Nicolas Basin (EW9504‐08PC, 1,442 m), and San Clemente Basin (EW9504‐05PC,1,818 m). We utilize indicator taxa, community ecology, and an oxygenation transfer function to reconstruct past oxygenation, and we directly compare reconstructed dissolved oxygen to modern measured dissolved oxygen. We generate new, higher resolution carbon and oxygen isotope records from planktic (Globigerina bulloides) and benthic foraminifera (Cibicides mckannai) from Tanner Basin. Geochemical and assemblage data indicate limited ecological and environmental change through time in each basin across the intervals studied. Early to mid‐Holocene (11.0–4.7 ka) oxygenation below 1,400 m (San Clemente and San Nicolas) was relatively stable and reduced relative to modern. San Nicolas Basin experienced a multi‐centennial oxygenation episode from 4.7 to 4.3 ka and oxygenation increased in Tanner Basin gradually from 1.7 to 0.8 ka. Yet across all three depths and time intervals studied, dissolved oxygen is consistently within a range of intermediate hypoxia (0.5–1.5 ml L−1 [O2]). Variance in reconstructed dissolved oxygen was similar to decadal variance in modern dissolved oxygen and reduced relative to Holocene‐scale changes in shallower basins.
Paleomagnetic Study of the Late Miocene Volcanic Sequence in Sonora, Mexico: Clockwise Vertical Axis Rotation Related to the Oblique Rifting in the Pacific‐North American Plate Boundary
Authors: Velderrain‐Rojas L. A. , Vidal‐Solano J. R. , Alva‐Valdivia L. M.
Published: August 2022

The evolution of oblique divergence along the Pacific‐North American plate boundary during the late Miocene is well‐preserved along the eastern margin of the Gulf of California. The early phase of this deformation occurred between ∼12.5 and ∼6 Ma in Sonora, NW Mexico, related to oblique rifting of the Gulf of California. The magmatic sequence for this period is exposed in the Cerro El Vigía, Guaymas region. This sequence is characterized by intrusive rocks, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows ranging in age from 12 to 10 Ma. The Cerro El Vigia has a predominant semicircular geomorphology traditionally ascribed to a volcanic caldera structure, such as large ring faults. Rock magnetic analyses of these magmatic products identify the magnetic minerals and their reliability for tectonic interpretations. The mean paleomagnetic direction from 14 sites from the Cerro El Vigia reveals up to 90° clockwise rotation about an inclined axis (65–85° axis plunge) with respect to stable North America. When interpreted in the context of the semicircular structure, these observations suggest that the structure has a tectonic, not volcanic origin. Paleomagnetic results and tectonics during the late Miocene suggest that this crustal block rotation corresponds to the development of large tension gashes deformed within a dextral transtensional system associated with continental deformation of the proto‐Gulf of California rift. Based on the paleomagnetic data, reported ages, and magmatic stratigraphy, we conclude that the magmatism and associated deformation at Cerro El Vigia was synchronous with transtensional tectonics between ∼11 Ma to ∼8 Ma.
High‐Resolution Monitoring of Controlled Water Table Variations From Dense Seismic‐Noise Acquisitions
Authors: Gaubert‐Bastide T. , Garambois S. , Bordes C. , Voisin C. , Oxarango L. , Brito D. , Roux P.
Published: August 2022

Water‐resource management has become a major global issue in a world threatened by climate change. High‐resolution geophysical methods may be of valuable help in monitoring the water masses, both in space and time. Passive seismic interferometry takes advantage of ambient seismic noise to recover the variations in seismic wave velocity induced by changes in groundwater. We present hereafter the time and space monitoring of an hydraulic dome artificially formed to prevent biological and chemical pollutants from entering the exploitation field of Crépieux‐Charmy (Lyon, France). We use a dense seismic network to passively monitor the water table changes induced by infilling of an infiltration basin at the water supply facility for the two million inhabitants of the Lyon Metropolis (France). We assess the hourly seismic velocity variations over 19 days, during which two filling and drainage cycles were performed. The use of a dense three‐component seismic network allows fine characterization of the seismic wavefield, and offers the possibility to include the analysis of 4,851 raypaths in a robust inversion algorithm based on ray theory. The velocity variations are mapped with high resolution. They are directly related to the water table variations and to residual water saturation changes within the unsaturated zone. This seismic experiment highlights the three‐dimensional (3D) implementation and evolution of a hydraulic dome under the infiltration basin. This dynamic information helps in the understanding and modeling of water flows between the water table and a river, which represents a fundamental issue for discussions on the effectiveness of the barrier.
Why do the Global Warming Responses of Land‐Surface Models and Climatic Dryness Metrics Disagree?
Authors: Scheff Jacob , Coats Sloan , Laguë Marysa M.
Published: August 2022

Earth System Models’ complex land components simulate a patchwork of increases and decreases in surface water availability when driven by projected future climate changes. Yet, commonly‐used simple theories for surface water availability, such as the Aridity Index (P/E0) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), obtain severe, globally dominant drying when driven by those same climate changes, leading to disagreement among published studies. In this work, we use a common modeling framework to show that Earth System Model (ESM) simulated runoff‐ratio and soil‐moisture responses become much more consistent with the P/E0 and PDSI responses when several previously known factors that the latter do not account for are cut out of the simulations. This reconciles the disagreement and makes the full ESM responses more understandable. For ESM runoff ratio, the most important factor causing the more positive global response compared to P/E0 is the concentration of precipitation in time with greenhouse warming. For ESM soil moisture, the most important factor causing the more positive global response compared to PDSI is the effect of increasing carbon dioxide on plant physiology, which also drives most of the spatial variation in the runoff ratio enhancement. The effect of increasing vapor‐pressure deficit on plant physiology is a key secondary factor for both. Future work will assess the utility of both the ESMs and the simple indices for understanding observed, historical trends.
Analysis of Electron Precipitation and Ionospheric Density Enhancements Due To Hiss Using Incoherent Scatter Radar and Arase Observations
Authors: Ma Q. , Xu W. , Sanchez E. R. , Marshall R. A. , Bortnik J. , Reyes P. M. , Varney R. H. , Kaeppler S. R. , Miyoshi Y. , Matsuoka A. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuda S. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Keika K. , Hori T. , Mitani T. , Nakamura S. , Kazama Y. , Wang S.‐Y. , Jun C.‐W. , Shinohara I. , Tam S. W.‐Y.
Published: August 2022

Plasmaspheric hiss can cause energetic electron precipitation from the magnetosphere to the Earth's upper atmosphere and affect the ionospheric electron density profiles. In this study, we use Arase satellite measurements in the dayside plasmasphere to model the electron precipitation and the resultant ionospheric response, and compare the results to the electron density measured by the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). We analyzed two close conjunction events between Arase and PFISR at L ∼ 6 in the afternoon sector, when Arase was in the outer plasmasphere and traveled into the plasmaspheric plumes. Modest or strong hiss waves were observed with amplitudes higher than 50 pT during both events. Quasilinear modeling suggests that the hiss waves could cause intense electron precipitation ranging from several keV to several hundred keV energies. The electron density profiles at 60–90 km modeled by the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization (BERI) model suggest significant electron density enhancements due to the precipitating electrons. PFISR simultaneously observed electron density enhancements during both events, and provided evidence for the electron precipitation at altitudes down to <70 km. The temporal modulation of hiss caused the modulated density profiles in BERI modeling, but was not evident in PFISR observations. The modeled altitude profiles of the perturbed electron density overall agree with PFISR observation. At altitudes below 75 km, the modeled electron densities are lower than the observation, suggesting additional high energy electron precipitation possibly due to low frequency (<50 Hz) waves or hiss wave powers ducted to high latitudes.
Effects of Gravity on Evaporation for Soil‐Limited Conditions
Authors: Novak Michael D.
Published: August 2022

This manuscript systematically investigates the effects of gravity during soil‐limited (Stage 2) evaporation from bare soil. Analytical and numerical solutions to the one‐dimensional Richards soil moisture flow equation are developed based on simplified hydraulic functions that depend exponentially on soil water matric potential. Semi‐infinite domains with either freely draining or hydrostatic bottom boundary conditions and finite domains with no‐flow bottom boundary conditions are considered. Cases with gravity are directly compared to those without. The simplified solutions are verified by comparison to numerical solutions with fully realistic soil hydraulic functions for two soils at the extreme ends of the range of possible soil textures. Cumulative evaporation versus time and soil volumetric water content versus depth at selected times are determined for each case from the simplified solutions. These results are reported in terms of non‐dimensional variables that are universal, spanning all soil textures and other conditions. For the semi‐infinite domain cases cumulative evaporation with gravity is reduced by several orders of magnitude for very coarse soils at times of practical interest while gravity has a negligible effect for the finest textures at those times. For the finite domain cases gravity is less important because cumulative evaporation is ultimately limited by the fixed amount of water in the profile.
Peptidic defective interfering gene nanoparticles against Omicron, Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A virus in vivo
Authors: Zhao Hanjun , Zhang Chuyuan , Lam Hoiyan , Meng Xinjie , Peng Zheng , Yeung Man Lung , Chan Jasper Fuk-Woo , Kai-Wang To Kelvin , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: August 2022

Defective interfering genes (DIGs) are short viral genomes and interfere with wild-type viral replication. Here, we demonstrate that the new designed SARS-CoV-2 DIG (CD3600) can significantly inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 including Alpha, Delta, Kappa and Omicron variants in human HK-2 cells and influenza DIG (PAD4) can significantly inhibit influenza virus replication in human A549 cells. One dose of influenza DIGs prophylactically protects 90% mice from lethal challenge of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and CD3600 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in hamster lungs when DIGs are administrated to lungs one day before viral challenge. To further investigate the gene delivery vector in the respiratory tract, a peptidic TAT2-P1&LAH4, which can package genes to form small spherical nanoparticles with high endosomal escape ability, is demonstrated to dramatically increase gene expression in the lung airway. TAT2-P1&LAH4, with the dual-functional TAT2-P1 (gene-delivery and antiviral), can deliver CD3600 to significantly inhibit the replication of Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in hamster lungs. This peptide-based nanoparticle system can effectively transfect genes in lungs and deliver DIGs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza virus in vivo, which provides the new insight into the drug delivery system for gene therapy against respiratory viruses.
Tenosynovial giant cell tumours of the upper and lower cervical spine: two case reports
Authors: Zhu Ning , Campbell Robert , Sadasivan Ananthababu Pattavilakom
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Tenosynovial giant cell tumours (TSGCTs) usually arise from the synovial membranes of tendon sheaths, bursa, and joints. They are rarely found in the spine. Lesions of the upper cervical spine (C1/2) are extremely rare, with only 13 previous cases reported in the literature. Of these, all previous anterior upper cervical cases (C1/2) have been deemed unresectable and have been managed with immunotherapy or radiological surveillance.

Case presentation

We report two cases of TSGCST in the cervical spine: one with a lesion at C1/2 and another at C6/7.

Discussion

The location of our C1/2 lesion was unique, allowing for a new endoscopic endonasal tissue biopsy method and a new transoral surgical approach for successful gross total resection. Our C6/7 lesion had a more typical location and was removed via a C6/7 laminectomy.
Epigenetic signatures relating to disease-associated genotypic burden in familial risk of bipolar disorder
Authors: Hesam-Shariati Sonia , Overs Bronwyn J. , Roberts Gloria , Toma Claudio , Watkeys Oliver J. , Green Melissa J. , Pierce Kerrie D. , Edenberg Howard J. , Wilcox Holly C. , Stapp Emma K. , McInnis Melvin G. , Hulvershorn Leslie A. , Nurnberger John I. , Schofield Peter R. , Mitchell Philip B. , Fullerton Janice M.
Published: August 2022

Environmental factors contribute to risk of bipolar disorder (BD), but how environmental factors impact the development of psychopathology within the context of elevated genetic risk is unknown. We herein sought to identify epigenetic signatures operating in the context of polygenic risk for BD in young people at high familial risk (HR) of BD. Peripheral blood-derived DNA was assayed using Illumina PsychArray, and Methylation-450K or -EPIC BeadChips. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated using summary statistics from recent genome-wide association studies for BD, major depressive disorder (MDD) and cross-disorder (meta-analysis of eight psychiatric disorders). Unrelated HR participants of European ancestry (n = 103) were stratified based on their BD-PRS score within the HR-population distribution, and the top two quintiles (High-BD-PRS;n = 41) compared against the bottom two quintiles (Low-BD-PRS;n = 41). The High-BD-PRS stratum also had higher mean cross-disorder-PRS and MDD-PRS (ANCOVAp = 0.035 andp = 0.024, respectively). We evaluated DNA methylation differences between High-BD-PRS and Low-BD-PRS strata using linear models. One differentially methylated probe (DMP) (cg00933603;p = 3.54 × 10−7) inVARS2, a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, remained significantly hypomethylated after multiple-testing correction. Overall, BD-PRS appeared to broadly impact epigenetic processes, with 1,183 genes mapped to nominal DMPs (p < 0.05); these displayed convergence with genes previously associated with BD, schizophrenia, chronotype, and risk taking. We tested poly-methylomic epigenetic profiles derived from nominal DMPs in two independent samples (n = 54 andn = 82, respectively), and conducted an exploratory evaluation of the effects of family environment, indexing cohesion and flexibility. This study highlights an important interplay between heritable risk and epigenetic factors, which warrant further exploration.
The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management
Authors: Kreibich Heidi , Van Loon Anne F. , Schröter Kai , Ward Philip J. , Mazzoleni Maurizio , Sairam Nivedita , Abeshu Guta Wakbulcho , Agafonova Svetlana , AghaKouchak Amir , Aksoy Hafzullah , Alvarez-Garreton Camila , Aznar Blanca , Balkhi Laila , Barendrecht Marlies H. , Biancamaria Sylvain , Bos-Burgering Liduin , Bradley Chris , Budiyono Yus , Buytaert Wouter , Capewell Lucinda , Carlson Hayley , Cavus Yonca , Couasnon Anaïs , Coxon Gemma , Daliakopoulos Ioannis , de Ruiter Marleen C. , Delus Claire , Erfurt Mathilde , Esposito Giuseppe , François Didier , Frappart Frédéric , Freer Jim , Frolova Natalia , Gain Animesh K. , Grillakis Manolis , Grima Jordi Oriol , Guzmán Diego A. , Huning Laurie S. , Ionita Monica , Kharlamov Maxim , Khoi Dao Nguyen , Kieboom Natalie , Kireeva Maria , Koutroulis Aristeidis , Lavado-Casimiro Waldo , Li Hong-Yi , LLasat María Carmen , Macdonald David , Mård Johanna , Mathew-Richards Hannah , McKenzie Andrew , Mejia Alfonso , Mendiondo Eduardo Mario , Mens Marjolein , Mobini Shifteh , Mohor Guilherme Samprogna , Nagavciuc Viorica , Ngo-Duc Thanh , Thao Nguyen Huynh Thi , Nhi Pham Thi Thao , Petrucci Olga , Nguyen Hong Quan , Quintana-Seguí Pere , Razavi Saman , Ridolfi Elena , Riegel Jannik , Sadik Md Shibly , Savelli Elisa , Sazonov Alexey , Sharma Sanjib , Sörensen Johanna , Arguello Souza Felipe Augusto , Stahl Kerstin , Steinhausen Max , Stoelzle Michael , Szalińska Wiwiana , Tang Qiuhong , Tian Fuqiang , Tokarczyk Tamara , Tovar Carolina , Tran Thi Van Thu , Van Huijgevoort Marjolein H. J. , van Vliet Michelle T. H. , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Wagener Thorsten , Wang Yueling , Wendt Doris E. , Wickham Elliot , Yang Long , Zambrano-Bigiarini Mauricio , Blöschl Günter , Di Baldassarre Giuliano
Published: August 2022

Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally1,2, yet their impacts are still increasing3. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data4,5. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change3.
Monitoring supply networks from mobile phone data for estimating the systemic risk of an economy
Authors: Reisch Tobias , Heiler Georg , Diem Christian , Klimek Peter , Thurner Stefan
Published: August 2022

Remarkably little is known about the structure, formation, and dynamics of supply- and production networks that form one foundation of society. Neither the resilience of these networks is known, nor do we have ways to systematically monitor their ongoing change. Systemic risk contributions of individual companies were hitherto not quantifiable since data on supply networks on the firm-level do not exist with the exception of a very few countries. Here we use telecommunication meta data to reconstruct nationwide firm-level supply networks in almost real-time. We find the probability of observing a supply-link, given the existence of a strong communication-link between two companies, to be about 90%. The so reconstructed supply networks allow us to reliably quantify the systemic risk of individual companies and thus obtain an estimate for a country’s economic resilience. We identify about 65 companies, from a broad range of company sizes and from 22 different industry sectors, that could potentially cause massive damages. The method can be used for objectively monitoring change in production processes which might become essential during the green transition.
Serum levels of IgM to phosphatidylcholine predict the response of multiple sclerosis patients to natalizumab or IFN-β
Authors: Muñoz Úrsula , Sebal Cristina , Escudero Esther , Urcelay Elena , Arroyo Rafael , García-Martínez Maria A. , Quintana Francisco J. , Álvarez-Lafuente Roberto , Sádaba Maria Cruz
Published: August 2022

We developed an ELISA assay demonstrating the high prevalence of serum IgM to phosphatidylcholine (IgM-PC) in the first stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to analyze the role of serum IgM-PC as a biomarker of response to treatment. Paired serum samples from 95 MS patients were obtained before (b.t) and after (a.t) treatment with disease modifying therapies. Patients were classified as non-responders or responders to treatment, according to classical criteria. Serum IgM-PC concentration was analyzed using our house ELISA assay. The level of serum IgM-PC b.t was higher in patients treated later with natalizumab than in those treated with Copaxone (p = 0.011) or interferon-β (p = 0.009). Responders to natalizumab showed higher concentration of serum IgM-PC b.t than those who did not respond to it (p = 0.019). The 73.3% of patients with the highest level of serum IgM-PC b.t responded to natalizumab. IgM-PC level decreased a.t in both cases, non-responders and responders to natalizumab. IgM-PC levels a.t did not decrease in non-responders to interferon-β, but in responders to it the IgM-PC level decreased (p = 0.007). Serum IgM-PC could be a biomarker of response to natalizumab or interferon-β treatment. Further studies would be necessary to validate these results.
PERK/EIF2AK3 integrates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy responses in immortalised retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Saptarshi Neil , Porter Louise F. , Paraoan Luminita
Published: August 2022

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs essential functions for ensuring retinal homeostasis and is a key site for pathogenic changes leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Compromised proteostasis in RPE results in ER stress and ER stress-dependent antioxidant, apoptosis and autophagic responses. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) in which EIF2AK3, encoding the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), acts as a key regulator. Downregulated EIF2AK3 gene expression has recently been identified in AMD using human donor RPE, however the molecular mechanisms that integrate the various ER-mediated cellular pathways underpinning progressive RPE dysfunction in AMD have not been fully characterised. This study investigated the downstream effects of PERK downregulation in response to Brefeldin A (BFA)-induced ER stress in ARPE-19 cells. PERK downregulation resulted in increased ER stress and impaired apoptosis induction, antioxidant responses and autophagic flux. ARPE-19 cells were unable to efficiently induce autophagy following PERK downregulation and PERK presented a role in regulating the rate of autophagy induction. The findings support PERK downregulation as an integrative event facilitating dysregulation of RPE processes critical to cell survival known to contribute to AMD development and highlight PERK as a potential future therapeutic target for AMD.