bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and interannual characteristics of atmospheric cloud radiative effect over South China and neighbouring ocean regions
Authors: Li Jiandong , Guo Zhun , Chen Guoxing , Zi Peng
Published: October 2023

Atmospheric cloud radiative effect (ACRE) is a critical heat source in the atmosphere, with pronounced regional distributions. Here, we investigate seasonal and interannual characteristics of ACRE over South China (SC) and neighbouring ocean regions using 2001–2020 satellite and reanalysis data. Annual mean net ACRE shows a warming role over most of SC, its eastern ocean (ESCO), and the South China Sea and western North Pacific (SWNP), with domain‐mean values of 6.0, 14.9, and 32.8 W m−2, respectively. Over SC, the shortwave ACRE warming dominates annual mean net ACRE, and considerable low‐middle clouds with small particle size and large water content reflect shortwave radiation and enhance shortwave absorption, especially in spring. Notably, winter longwave ACRE over SC, with a cooling role, strongly offsets its summer counterpart's warming role. In contrast, longwave ACRE mainly accounts for net ACRE over ESCO and SWNP, especially the latter where high clouds prevail. The Asian summer monsoon enhances summer high clouds and longwave (net) ACRE. Cloud types and complex vertical distribution associated with continental environments and the Tibetan Plateau's topography forcing enable seasonal behaviours of ACRE over SC to be different from the other two regions. Longwave ACRE dominates the interannual variation of net ACRE, with a larger interannual variability over SWNP, while a larger annual variability of shortwave ACRE occurs over SC. There are no significant interannual trends of ACRE except for annual and spring mean longwave (net) ACRE over SC. Moreover, the interannual variation of longwave (net) ACRE relates well to 500‐hPa vertical velocity, indicating the strong influence of large‐scale circulation on regional ACRE.
Impact of using sinogram domain data in the super‐resolution of CT images on diagnostic information
Authors: Yu Minwoo , Han Minah , Baek Jongduk
Published: October 2023

Background

In recent times, deep‐learning‐based super‐resolution (DL‐SR) techniques for computed tomography (CT) images have shown outstanding results in terms of full‐reference image quality (FR‐IQ) metrics (e.g., root mean square error and structural similarity index metric), which assesses IQ by measuring its similarity to the high‐resolution (HR) image. In addition, IQ can be evaluated via task‐based IQ (Task‐IQ) metrics that evaluate the ability to perform specific tasks. Ironically, most proposed image domain‐based SR techniques are not possible to improve a Task‐IQ metric, which assesses the amount of information related to diagnosis.

Purpose

In the case of CT imaging systems, sinogram domain data can be utilized for SR techniques. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of utilizing sinogram domain data on diagnostic information restoration ability.

Methods

We evaluated three DL‐SR techniques: using image domain data (Image‐SR), using sinogram domain data (Sinogram‐SR), and using sinogram as well as image domain data (Dual‐SR). For Task‐IQ evaluation, the Rayleigh discrimination task was used to evaluate diagnostic ability by focusing on the resolving power aspect, and an ideal observer (IO) can be used to perform the task. In this study, we used a convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based IO that approximates the IO performance. We compared the IO performances of the SR techniques according to the data domain to evaluate the discriminative information restoration ability.

Results

Overall, the low‐resolution (LR) and SR exhibit lower IO performances compared with that of HR owing to their degraded discriminative information when detector binning is used. Next, between the SR techniques, Image‐SR does not show superior IO performances compared to the LR image, but Sinogram‐SR and Dual‐SR show superior IO performances than the LR image. Furthermore, in Sinogram‐SR, we confirm that FR‐IQ and IO performance are positively correlated. These observations demonstrate that sinogram domain upsampling improves the representation ability for discriminative information in the image domain compared to the LR and Image‐SR.

Conclusions

Unlike Image‐SR, Sinogram‐SR can improve the amount of discriminative information present in the image domain. This demonstrates that to improve the amount of discriminative information on the resolving power aspect, it is necessary to employ sinogram domain processing.
Numerical study on seepage properties of rock mass with non‐penetrating fracture using discrete element method
Authors: Chen Xiao , Shi Chong , Jia Yun , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Ruan Huai‐Ning
Published: October 2023

This paper aims to investigate the seepage process of fractured rock mass at a mesoscopic level, using the discrete element method. To this end, an improved pipe flow algorithm is proposed within the framework of particle flow code, including the heterogeneity of initial micro‐cracks and the deformation of solid skeleton. A series of numerical samples with a single non‐penetrating fracture are then studied. The relationships between the rock permeability and different properties of fracture (i.e., the aperture, dip angle and length) are investigated. The influence of fracture properties on the distribution of pore pressure in the rock mass is also analyzed. The obtained numerical results exhibit that the seepage properties of rock mass with non‐penetrating fracture depend strongly on the dip angle and length of fracture and are slightly disturbed by the fracture aperture. Moreover, its permeability is almost of the same order as that of non‐fractured rock. The numerical results and mesoscale analysis can help us understand the influence of fracture properties on the permeability of host rock and provide practical guidance for the prevention of hydraulic disasters and the development of mineral resources.
The internet: Useful model or interesting experiment?
Authors: Becker Hal Byron
Published: October 2023

While many users appear to believe that the Internet has already become the somewhat nebulously defined Information Superhighway discussed in world media, it is not yet clear that this transformation will ever occur. This article examines a few of the fundamental issues and questions that must be addressed and resolved before a clear picture emerges.
SNA‐TCP/IP internet interoperability
Authors: Nilausen Jesper , Jensen Ole , Hindsboel Bo
Published: October 2023

Using several examples, this article illustrates that making traditional SNA and TCP/IP environments work together is very easy to accomplish, and there are several alternative solutions to connecting IBM to the Internet.
Validation of an algorithm for identifying incident cancer cases based on long‐term illness and diagnosis related group program data from the French National Health Insurance Information System (SNDS)
Authors: Goulard Hélène , Homère Julie , Maurisset Sylvain , Coureau Gaëlle , Defossez Gautier , d’Almeida Tania , Lapôtre‐Ledoux Bénédicte , Guizard Anne‐Valérie , Bouvier Véronique , Bara Simona , Plouvier Sandrine , Monnereau Alain
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Three generic claims‐based algorithms based on the Illness Classification of Diseases (10th revision‐ ICD‐10) codes, French Long‐Term Illness (LTI) data, and the Diagnosis Related Group program (DRG) were developed to identify retirees with cancer using data from the French national health insurance information system (Système national des données de santé or SNDS) which covers the entire French population. The present study aimed to calculate the algorithms' performances and to describe false positives and negatives in detail.

Methods

Between 2011 and 2016, data from 7544 participants of the French retired self‐employed craftsperson cohort (ESPrI) were first matched to the SNDS data, and then toFrench population‐based cancer registries data, used as the gold standard. Performance indicators, such as sensitivity and positive predictive values, were estimated for the three algorithms in a subcohort of ESPrI.

Results

The third algorithm, which combined the LTI and DRG program data, presented the best sensitivities (90.9%–100%) and positive predictive values (58.1%–95.2%) according to cancer sites. The majority of false positives were in fact nearby organ sites (e.g., stomach for esophagus) and carcinoma in situ. Most false negatives were probably due to under declaration of LTI.

Conclusion

Validated algorithms using data from the SNDS can be used for passive epidemiological follow‐up for some cancer sites in the ESPrI cohort.
School counselors' experiences of promoting elementary school students' health literacy during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Diniaty Amirah , Mukhalid Agus , Riswani Riswani , Darwin Darwin
Published: October 2023

This study aims to document the emotional experiences of school counselors in promoting elementary school students' health literacy during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Six school counselors were voluntarily recruited as participants and invited to be interviewed. Interview data were analyzed using Andy Hargreave's (2001) emotional geography. Findings show that school counselors felt dissatisfied, forced, and lonely when they promoted elementary school students' health literacy remotely using synchronous and asynchronous modes during the pandemic. School counselor skills should be capable of promoting elementary school students' health literacy after the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond.
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: An effort to identify knowledge gaps across specialties
Authors: Rudra Renuka , Probert Allan , Ceasar Justin , Romanoski Natasha
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) physicians are trained to perform interventional procedures using local anesthetics (LAs) to reduce pain and enhance function and quality of life. LA administration is not benign and one potential complication is local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Anesthesiologists also perform interventions with LAs; however, training on LAST may differ between medical specialties.

Objective

To investigate if a gap exists in the knowledge of LAST between physiatry and anesthesiology physicians.

Design

Prospective cross‐sectional survey study.

Setting and Participants

All residents, fellows, and attendings of the anesthesiology and PM&R departments at a single academic medical center.

Outcome Measures

The primary outcome measures include participants' self‐reported exposure to LAST education and comfort with their LAST knowledge as recorded on a Likert scale, as well as the percentage of correctly answered knowledge‐based questions on the topic.

Results

Fifty‐eight physicians including 28 PM&R and 30 anesthesiology physicians (24 attending and 34 trainees) participated. Anesthesiology trainees and attendings exhibited greater overall perceived knowledge of LAST (trainees U = 43, p < .001; attendings U = 9, p < .001), with greater exposure to LAST education (trainees U = 16.5, p < .001; attendings U = 12, p < .001). Assessment of responses to knowledge‐based questions on LAST revealed a statistically significant knowledge gap between PM&R and anesthesia trainees (t = 6.62, p = <.001) as well as between attending groups (t = 3.25, p = <.01).

Conclusion

This study reveals a distinction in both the subjective and objective knowledge of LAST between PM&R and anesthesiology physicians at a single academic institution. This suggests that there is opportunity for further assessment of the education on LAST among physiatrists and residents in training.
Benefits of adaptive cognitive training on cognitive abilities in women treated for primary breast cancer: Findings from a 1‐year randomised control trial intervention
Authors: Chapman Bethany , Louis Courtney C. , Moser Jason , Grunfeld Elizabeth A. , Derakshan Nazanin
Published: October 2023

Objective

While adaptive cognitive training is beneficial for women with a breast cancer diagnosis, transfer effects of training benefits on perceived and objective measures of cognition are not substantiated. We investigated the transfer effects of online adaptive cognitive training (dual n‐back training) on subjective and objective cognitive markers in a longitudinal design.

Methods

Women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer completed 12 sessions of adaptive cognitive training or active control training over 2 weeks. Objective assessments of working memory capacity (WMC), as well as performance on a response inhibition task, were taken while electrophysiological measures were recorded. Self‐reported measures of cognitive and emotional health were collected pre‐training, post‐training, 6‐month, and at 1‐year follow‐up times.

Results

Adaptive cognitive training resulted in greater WMC on the Change Detection Task and improved cognitive efficiency on the Flanker task together with improvements in perceived cognitive ability and depression at 1‐year post‐training.

Conclusions

Adaptive cognitive training can improve cognitive abilities with implications for long‐term cognitive health in survivorship.
Bridging population pharmacokinetic and semimechanistic absorption modeling of APX3330
Authors: Silva Larissa L. , Stratford Robert E. , Messmann Richard , Kelley Mark R. , Quinney Sara K.
Published: October 2023

APX3330 ((2E)‐2‐[(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3,6‐dioxo‐1,4‐cyclohexadien‐1‐yl)methylene]‐undecanoic acid), a selective inhibitor of APE1/Ref‐1, has been investigated in treatment of hepatitis, cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema. APX3330 is administered orally as a quinone but is rapidly converted to the hydroquinone form. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of APX3330 and explores effect of food on absorption. Total plasma quinone concentrations of APX3330 were obtained following oral administration from studies in healthy Japanese male subjects (single dose‐escalation; multiple‐dose; food‐effect) and patients with cancer patients. Nonlinear mixed effects modeling was performed using Monolix to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and assess covariate effects. To further evaluate the effect of food on absorption, a semi‐physiologic pharmacokinetic model was developed in Gastroplus to delineate effects of food on dissolution and absorption. A two‐compartment, first order absorption model with lag time best described plasma concentration‐time profiles from 49 healthy Japanese males. Weight was positively correlated with apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume. Administration with food led to an 80% higher lag time. CL/F was 41% higher in the cancer population. The semi‐physiologic model indicates a switch from dissolution‐rate control of absorption in the fasted‐state to gastric emptying rate determining absorption rate in the fed‐state. Oral clearance of APX3330 is higher in patients with cancer than healthy Japanese males, possibly due to reduced serum albumin in patients with cancer. Delayed APX3330 absorption with food may be related to higher conversion to the more soluble but less permeable hydroquinone form in the gastrointestinal tract. Future work should address pharmacokinetic differences between APX3330 quinone and hydroquinone forms.
Multistate modeling for survival analysis in critically ill patients treated with meropenem
Authors: Peng Yaru , Minichmayr Iris K. , Liu Han , Xie Feifan , Friberg Lena E.
Published: October 2023

Appropriate antibiotic dosing to ensure early and sufficient target attainment is crucial for improving clinical outcome in critically ill patients. Parametric survival analysis is a preferred modeling method to quantify time‐varying antibiotic exposure – response effects, whereas bias may be introduced in hazard functions and survival functions when competing events occur. This study investigated predictors of in‐hospital mortality in critically ill patients treated with meropenem by pharmacometric multistate modeling. A multistate model comprising five states (ongoing meropenem treatment, other antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treatment termination, discharge, and death) was developed to capture the transitions in a cohort of 577 critically ill patients treated with meropenem. Various factors were investigated as potential predictors of the transitions, including patient demographics, creatinine clearance calculated by Cockcroft–Gault equation (CLCRCG), time that unbound concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT>MIC), and microbiology‐related measures. The probabilities to transit to other states from ongoing meropenem treatment increased over time. A 10 mL/min decrease in CLCRCG was found to elevate the hazard of transitioning from states of ongoing meropenem treatment and antibiotic treatment termination to the death state by 18%. The attainment of 100% fT>MIC significantly increased the transition rate from ongoing meropenem treatment to antibiotic treatment termination (by 9.7%), and was associated with improved survival outcome. The multistate model prospectively assessed predictors of death and can serve as a useful tool for survival analysis in different infection scenarios, particularly when competing risks are present.
Deposition of Transparent Ag Nanowires‐Based Top Electrode for the Development of Double‐Side Green Light Hybrid Photodetector
Authors: Lahane Tejswini K. , Agrawal Jitesh , Ando Yoshito , Pandey Shyam S. , Singh Vipul
Published: October 2023

Herein, various silver nanowires (AgNWs) deposition techniques, i.e., spin coating, Mayer rod coating, and spray coating are used to fabricate ZnO/P3HT‐based double‐side hybrid photodetectors and their photoresponse for 520 nm green light has been compared. The electrodes are coated over the polyethylene terephthalate sheet separately and laminated over the indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO/P3HT. Mayer rod‐coated electrodes are found to have a sheet resistance (Rsh) of 24 Ω Sq.−1 and a light transmission of 91%. Additionally, spin‐ and spray‐coated AgNW electrodes exhibit Rsh of 20 and 23 Ω Sq.−1, respectively, along with 80% and 85% transparencies. As the device consists of transparent electrodes on both sides, it can detect light from both the top and bottom sides. Mayer rod‐coated AgNW electrode‐based device has produced better photosensitivity of 1500 (for ITO side illumination) and 630 (for AgNWs side illumination) at λ = 525 nm. Further, the device has demonstrated the responsivity of 124 mAW−1 and specific detectivity of 3 × 1011 Jones.
Coloring lines and Delaunay graphs with respect to boxes
Authors: Tomon István
Published: October 2023

The goal of this paper is to show the existence (using probabilistic tools) of configurations of lines, boxes, and points with certain interesting combinatorial properties. (i) First, we construct a family of lines in whose intersection graph is triangle‐free of chromatic number . This improves the previously best known bound by Norin, and is also the first construction of a triangle‐free intersection graph of simple geometric objects with polynomial chromatic number. (ii) Second, we construct a set of points in , whose Delaunay graph with respect to axis‐parallel boxes has independence number at most . This extends the planar case considered by Chen, Pach, Szegedy, and Tardos.
Community influence on microfinance loan defaults under crisis conditions: Evidence from Indian demonetization
Authors: Adbi Arzi , Lee Matthew , Singh Jasjit
Published: October 2023

Research Summary

The microfinance “group lending” approach has achieved widespread success in promoting high rates of repayment, and thus the viability of financial access, in very low‐income environments. Yet group lending, which relies on social connections between borrowers to reinforce repayment, may be vulnerable under crisis conditions in which defaults are commonplace. We explore this possibility in the context of the liquidity crisis that followed India's 2016 demonetization policy. Using proprietary data on the repayment behavior of about two million microfinance borrowers, we find evidence of disproportionate localization of defaults within lending communities. Further analysis reveals evidence consistent with borrower‐to‐borrower spread of defaults not only through formal joint‐liability connections but also through informal community‐level connections, the latter effect being especially pronounced for borrowers from the same religion.

Managerial Summary

Microfinance lenders have successfully employed a “group lending” approach that holds borrowers within a small group responsible for each other's loans, thus creating strong social pressures for repayment. The findings of this study underscore potential vulnerabilities in the group lending model during economic crises. We analyze the loan repayment behavior of two million microfinance borrowers during a liquidity crisis precipitated by India's 2016 demonetization policy, finding that the resulting defaults were clustered within particular lending communities. Further analysis suggests that social processes within communities played a role in spreading defaults, not only through formal ties between borrowers who were responsible for each other's repayments, but also through informal social ties. The estimated effect of informal social ties was particularly strong for borrowers who shared the same religion.
Degradation Evolution for Li2ZrCl6 Electrolytes in Humid Air and Enhanced Air Stability via Effective Indium Substitution
Authors: Luo Xuming , Hu Xiaoyu , Zhong Yu , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping
Published: October 2023

Superionic halides have aroused interests in field of solid electrolytes such as Li2ZrCl6. However, they are still facing challenges including poor air stability which lacks in‐depth investigation. Here, moisture instability of Li2ZrCl6 is demonstrated and decomposition mechanism in air is clearly revealed. Li2ZrCl6 decomposes into Li2ZrO3, ZrOCl2·xH2O and LiCl during initial stage as halides upon moisture exposure. Later, these side products evolve into LiCl(H2O) and Li6Zr2O7 after longer time exposure. More importantly, structure of destroyed halides cannot be recovered after postheating. Later, Indium is doped into Li2ZrCl6 (9.7 × 10−5 S cm−1) to explore its effect on structure and properties. Crystal structure of ball‐milled In‐doped Li2ZrCl6 electrolytes is converted from the Li3YCl6‐like to Li3InCl6‐like with increasing In content and ionic conductivity can also be enhanced (0.768–1.13) × 10−3 S cm−1). More importantly, good air stability of optimal Li2.8Zr0.2In0.8Cl6 is achieved since halide hydrates are formed after air exposure instead of total decomposition and the hydrates can be restored to Li2.8Zr0.2In0.8Cl6 after postheating. Moreover, reheated Li2.8Zr0.2In0.8Cl6 after air exposure is successfully applied in solid‐state LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/halides/Li6PS5Cl/Li–In battery. The results in this work can provide insights into air instability of Li2ZrCl6 and effective strategy to regulate air stability of halides.
Stretchable, Programmable and Magnet‐Insensitive Protonic Display Based on Integrated Ionic Circuit
Authors: An Yao , Yang Zhaoxiang , Yang Yongjia , Li Xinlei , Zheng Xinjia , Chen Zhiwu , Wu Xun , Xu Beihang , Wang Yapei , He Yonglin
Published: October 2023

As a new approach to “More than Moore”, integrated ionic circuits serve as a possible alternative to traditional electronic circuits, yet the integrated ionic circuit composed of functional ionic elements and ionic connections is still challenging. Herein, a stretchable and transparent ionic display module of the integrated ionic circuit has been successfully prepared and demonstrated by pixelating a proton‐responsive hydrogel. It is programmed to excite the hydrogel color change by a Faraday process occurring at the electrode at the specific pixel points, which enables the display of digital information and even color information. Importantly, the display module exhibits stable performance under strong magnetic field conditions (1.7 T). The transparent and stretchable nature of such ionic modules also allows them to be utilized in a broad range of scenarios, which paves the way for integrated ionic circuits.
Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of miRNA Using a Transmembrane Polypeptide‐Based Genetic Reporter
Authors: Shu Wen‐Jie , Ma Zhe , Tian Xiaojie , Wang Fu
Published: October 2023

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in multiple biological processes. Many miRNAs exhibit unique expression patterns and are considered as theranostic biomarkers in a variety of human diseases. A reporter system that is capable of imaging miRNA in vivo is crucial for investigating miRNA biology. In the present study, an organic anion‐transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3)‐based genetic switch system is designed and optimized to achieve near‐infrared fluorescent imaging of miRNA by the uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) dye. The reporter system, named miR‐ON‐OB3, is shown to be efficient to regulate the expression of OATP1B3 in mammalian cells. Notably, the results indicate that the system is of high sensitivity for near‐infrared fluorescence imaging of both exogenous and endogenous miRNA in mammalian cells. Moreover, the system is proved to be functional for real‐time near‐infrared fluorescence imaging of miRNA in living mice. This study establishes a novel genetic encoded reporter for near‐infrared fluorescence imaging of miRNA, which may provide a potential tool for in vivo imaging of miRNA in clinical applications due to the clinical availability of ICG.
Next‐Generation Preclinical Functional Testing Models in Cancer Precision Medicine: CTC‐Derived Organoids
Authors: Huang Lanxiang , Xu Yaqi , Wang Na , Yi Kezhen , Xi Xiaodan , Si Huaqi , Zhang Qian , Xiang Ming , Rong Yuan , Yuan Yufeng , Wang Fubing
Published: October 2023

Basic and clinical cancer research requires tumor models that consistently recapitulate the characteristics of prima tumors. As ex vivo 3D cultures of patient tumor cells, patient‐derived tumor organoids possess the biological properties of primary tumors and are therefore excellent preclinical models for cancer research. Patient‐derived organoids can be established using primary tumor tissues, peripheral blood, pleural fluid, ascites, and other samples containing tumor cells. Circulating tumor cells acquired by non‐invasive sampling feature dynamic circulation and high heterogeneity. Circulating tumor cell‐derived organoids are prospective tools for the dynamic monitoring of tumor mutation evolution profiles because they reflect the heterogeneity of the original tumors to a certain extent. This review discusses the advantages and applications of patient‐derived organoids. Meanwhile, this work highlights the biological functions of circulating tumor cells, the latest advancement in research of circulating tumor cell‐derived organoids, and potential application and challenges of this technology.
Attractiveness of Photovoltaic Prosumerism in the European Electricity Market
Authors: Vartiainen Eero , Breyer Christian , Moser David , Román Medina Eduardo , Busto Chiara , Topič Marko , Mugnier Daniel
Published: October 2023

The current energy crisis calls for a rapid transition to renewables. Solar photovoltaics (PV) is the key component of the future energy system and a majority of PV systems are installed on rooftops in Europe. This article studies the business case of prosumers, i.e., consumers who produce part or all of their electricity with PV. The levelized cost of PV electricity is compared with the average value of PV electricity for the prosumers in residential, commercial, and industrial installations in Finland, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain with different self‐consumption (SC) and weighted average cost of capital rates. Prosumer business cases are positive in every studied market segment and country, especially for industrial PV systems with 100% SC where a payback time of less than 4 years can be achieved. The sensitivity of payback time on key input parameters is also studied. Reasonable cost of capital and adequate SC of PV generation remain the key elements for attractive prosumerism.
In Situ Observation of P91 High‐Alloy Steel Solidification Characteristics at Different Cooling Rates
Authors: Wang Wei-an , Yang Yong-kun , Wang Jian-li , Zhu Jia-yu , Wang Yang , Li Xiao-ming
Published: October 2023

To clarify the effect of different radial cooling intensities on the formation of central cracks in large round bloom continuous casting, it is necessary to study the solidification characteristics and dynamics of P91 high‐alloy steel at different cooling rates (CRs) to improve the central defects. In this article, the solidification characteristics of P91 high‐alloy steel at different CRs are studied by using the Thermo‐Calc software, high‐temperature laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Meanwhile, the growth kinetics of δ‐Fe and γ‐Fe phases under different CRs are determined. The results show that the solidification path of P91 high‐alloy steel is L(L + δ‐Fe) → (L + γ‐Fe + δ‐Fe) → (δ‐Fe + γ‐Fe). The δ‐Fe and γ‐Fe phase precipitation process is divided into two stages. Stage I is the nucleation and rapid growth phase, in which a high undercooling is required. Stage II is the slow growth stage, where the undercooling decreases and remains constant. The initial growth linear velocities of the δ‐Fe phase are 0.51, 2.72, and 2.09 μm s−1 at CRs of 10, 50, and 100 °C min−1, respectively, while those of the γ‐Fe phase are 0.10, 1.42, and 1.41 μm s−1.
Rationale, design, and cohort characteristics of the Action for Health in Diabetes Aging study
Authors: Espeland Mark A. , Houston Denise K. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Bahnson Judy L. , Huckfeldt Peter J. , Chen Haiying , Walkup Michael P. , Neiberg Rebecca H. , Yang Mia , Beckner Tara , Wagenknecht Lynne E. ,   for the Look AHEAD Aging Study Group
Published: October 2023

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes and overweight/obesity are described as accelerating aging processes, yet many individuals with these conditions maintain high levels of cognitive and physical function and independence late into life. The Look AHEAD Aging study is designed to identify 20‐year trajectories of behaviors, risk factors, and medical history associated with resilience against geriatric syndromes and aging‐related cognitive and physical functional deficits among individuals with these conditions.

METHODS

Look AHEAD Aging extends follow‐up of the cohort of the former 10‐year Look AHEAD trial. The original cohort (N = 5145) was enrolled in 2001 to 2004 when participants were aged 45 to 76 years and randomly assigned to a multidomain intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) or a diabetes support and education (DSE) condition. The trial interventions ceased in 2012. Clinic‐based follow‐up continued through 2020. In 2021, the cohort was invited to enroll in Look AHEAD Aging, an additional 4‐year telephone‐based follow‐up (every 6 months) enhanced with Medicare linkage. Standardized protocols assess multimorbidity, physical and cognitive function, health care utilization, and health‐related quality of life.

RESULTS

Of the original N = 5145 Look AHEAD participants, N = 1552 active survivors agreed to participate in Look AHEAD Aging. At consent, the cohort's mean age was 76 (range 63 to 94) years and participants had been followed for a mean of 20 years. Of the original Look AHEAD enrollees, those who were younger, female, or with no history of cardiovascular disease were more likely to be represented in the Look AHEAD Aging cohort. Intervention groups were comparable with respect to age, diabetes duration, body mass index, insulin use, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive function. ILI participants had significantly lower deficit accumulation index scores.

DISCUSSION

By continuing the long‐term follow‐up of an extensively characterized cohort of older individuals with type 2 diabetes, Look AHEAD Aging is well positioned to identify factors associated with resilience against aging‐related conditions.
The economic costs of COVID‐19 in a rural Western US state
Authors: Nguyen Elaine , Buder Iris , Geisler Karl , Fore Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

The impact of the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has been felt worldwide. While the United States appears to be on path to recovery, the economic burden and rising medical care expenditures associated with the pandemic remains in the trillions of dollars. Utilizing data from the US Department of Health and Human Services and FAIR Health, this study estimates the economic burden of COVID‐19 for Idaho was estimated through assessment of direct medical costs and indirect costs for years 2020–2021. Total direct medical hospital costs associated with COVID‐19, among adults, were estimated as the sum of hospital costs associated with inpatient visits. The cost of testing was included in the direct cost assessment, with data from the Idaho Division of Public Health and Medicare Administrative Contractor payment rates. To determine indirect absenteeism costs, daily cases were multiplied by 7 to account for days of missed productivity; this number was then multiplied by an employment‐adjusted average daily wage to obtain a lost productivity dollar value. Lastly, premature mortality costs were estimated based on the lost value of future earnings. Results show that in 2020, the associated direct and indirect costs of COVID‐19 amounted to over $608 million and increased to over $1.3 billion in 2021 for the state of Idaho. As the pandemic lingers on with new variants and mutations, rising costs will continue to place a heavy burden on many Idahoans, who are already often face disparate health outcomes and access to health care.
Staying Proximate
Authors: Rantala Outi , Kinnunen Veera , Höckert Emily , Grimwood Bryan S. R. , Hurst Chris E. , Jóhannesson Gunnar Thór , Jutila Salla , Ren Carina , Stinson Michela J. , Valtonen Anu , Vola Joonas
Published: October 2023

The introductory chapter ‘Staying proximate’ welcomes the reader to stay with more-than-human relations in present times of ecological crisis, known as the age of the Anthropocene. The chapter joins feminist, postcolonial, and Indigenous environmental scholars’ call for more nuanced alternatives to the Anthropocenic imaginary, ones that attend to the multiplicity, difference, and uneven distribution of more-than-human responsibilities, vulnerabilities, and sufferings in the world. We seek alternatives to the distancing, generalising, and even apocalyptic imaginaries of the Anthropocene by engaging with mundane beings, relations, and places in the north. By gathering around uncomfortable concerns, we develop modes of proximity as affirmative entry points underlining the commitment to stay with the trouble in caring, sensitive, and thoughtful ways. We suggest openness, affinity, engagement, irritation, middleness, and scopic modes of attuning to and engaging with more-than-human worlds. It is these modes of attuning to our proximate relations that provide a radical standpoint of proximity that intensifies, enriches, and complicates our research inquiries in such times of all-encompassing ecological turmoil.
Sensing Morally Evocative Spaces
Authors: Granås Brynhild
Published: October 2023

The Norwegian outfields make up convoluted more-than-human public spaces. Throughout its nation-building process, being an outdoor culture combining hikers, trekkers, and skiers has been inscribed into the national identity of Norway. Facilitated by allemannsretten (the right to roam), the recreational leisure use of the outfields has however increased and diversified steadily during recent decades. The contestations that have accompanied the manifold and growing use of allemannsretten have unveiled that the obligation to utilise the right ‘with consideration and due care’ implies responsibilities that are altogether unclear. In this chapter, Brynhild Granås approaches the moral practices of outdoor people through an embodied exploration of the knowing–caring nexus based on autoethnographic engagements with her own lifelong practising of a mobile outdoor life in Arctic Norway. By describing how proximity, in terms of corporeal engagements with a landscape, incites learning and energises commitment and care, the chapter suggests that landscapes grow upon us as relatable moral substances through encounters that connect to and are invigorated by the morally evocative spaces of outdoor lives. The perspective takes us beyond historical and geographical dichotomies through investigations of how care and commitment are remoulded by more-than-human relational ethical practices.
Walking-With Landscape
Authors: Einarsdóttir Elva Björg , Lund Katrín Anna
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we consider the process of walking with landscape, underlining the importance of recognising more-than-human intimacy in proximity tourism. We set out with a small group from Reykjavík, Iceland that headed off on a tour in the north-western countryside to walk together with nature and each other. We seek to examine how, whilst walking, the surroundings themselves demand to be acknowledged as vital agents and direct participants of the walk, and we examine how the group needed to tune into the rhythms of the landscape, considering its flora, fauna, and earthly qualities, as well as the narratives that emerged as the walk continued, sometimes surprising and even confronting but constantly shifting the rhythms of the walk and shaping its atmospheres. By doing so, we demonstrate how different terrains evoke different proximities, sensations, and thoughts alongside a number of spatial and temporal connections that affect the rhythms of the body in the landscape with its outermost feelings and sensations.
Weakly Nonlinear Time Invariant Circuits
Authors: Beffa Federico
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to show the utility of the theory that we developed. This is done by applying it to the analysis of nonlinear effects, that is of deviation from linear behaviour, in analog circuits. The vast majority of analog circuits are limited by noise on the bottom end of their dynamic range and by nonlinear effects on the upper end.
Periodically Switched Circuits
Authors: Beffa Federico
Published: October 2023

This chapter is devoted to illustrating applications of the theory of weakly nonlinear time-varying systems with practical examples. After introducing the class of electrical networks called switched circuits, we analyse in details some instantiations. We analyse a practical implementation of a quadrature modulator, including its distortion and other aspects of fundamental importance in applications. As another example of the usefulness of time-varying circuits, we illustrate how they allow implementing highly selective filters that are otherwise unfeasible in small integrated form.
Distributions
Authors: Beffa Federico
Published: October 2023

We investigate the mathematical description of signals that are commonly used in the analysis of technical problems. From a mathematical point of view it would be useful to limit the signals of interest to the set of continuous functions. However, this has several disadvantages. For example, suppose we are interested in the transient response of, say, a series RC low-pass-filter (LPF) to an input step voltage.
“Don’t Expect the Wrong Things from Institutions.”—Berno Odo Polzer Interviewed by Christian Grüny
Authors: Odo Polzer Berno , Grüny Christian
Published: October 2023

In an interview with Christian Grüny, Polzer discusses the politics of time and listening. His approach as artistic director of the MaerzMusik festival at the Berliner Festspiele focussed on situating contemporary music and sound practices within an interdisciplinary and sociopolitical landscape, investing a unique level of care into the relation between musical programming and its contextualisation. To this end, Polzer emphasises fostering forms of collectivity and communality as the site of production of musical meaning, while also checking the often-hyperbolic claims that arts institutions make regarding their value to society.
Institutions Against Art Music—Curation, Rehearsal, and Contemporary Art
Authors: Barrett G Douglas
Published: October 2023

This chapter analyses the work of contemporary artists who use alternative institutions to challenge accepted notions of art music. Kevin Beasley’s 2019 curatorial collaboration with The Kitchen, Assembly, reframes heterogeneous musics as contemporary art through the transformational act of curation. In Rehearsing Philadelphia (2022), Ari Benjamin Meyers displays the process of musical rehearsal within temporary music organisations. The chapter contends that whereas Meyers devalues a range of music by refiguring it as rehearsal, Beasley and The Kitchen transvaluate musical practices historically understood as nonart into contemporary art—and, potentially, into art music—via the powers of the curator. Beyond calls to throw out labels and categories, such projects turn on the concrete determination of what art music is while implicating contemporary art in its potential critical reconstruction.
Interfacial Phenomena in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding Investigated by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Horiuchi Shin
Published: October 2023

Using electron microscopy techniques described in Chap. 2, we investigate interfacial phenomena in adhesion and adhesive bonding. Polymer–polymer interfaces formed via interdiffusion are visualized and characterized by EFTEM. Fractographic studies using high-resolution SEM investigate entanglements at the polymer–polymer interfaces, and the adhesion mechanism is discussed about the interfacial entanglements. The effect of surface treatments of polymers for adhesion improvement is studied in terms of the surface roughness and the chemical functionality of the adherend created by the surface pretreatments. We then describe the role of chemical interactions between polymers and metals on bonding by the analysis of fracture surfaces by the STEM-replica technique. Bonding mechanisms of adhesive bonding and recently developed direct bonding of metal and plastic are also investigated by STEM-EELS/ELNES and STEM-tomography. Finally, we evaluate the toughness and durability of adhesive joints between metal and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) and discuss the durability of the adhesive bonding.
Power corrections to energy flow correlations from large spin perturbation
Authors: Chen Hao , Zhou Xinan , Zhu Hua Xing
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Dynamics of high energy scattering in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are primarily probed through detector energy flow correlations. One important example is the Energy-Energy Correlator (EEC), whose back-to-back limit probes correlations of QCD on the lightcone and can be described by a transverse-momentum dependent factorization formula in the leading power approximation. In this work, we develop a systematic method to go beyond this approximation. We identify the origin of logarithmically enhanced contributions in the back-to-back limit as the exchange of operators with low twists and large spins in the local operator product expansion. Using techniques from the conformal bootstrap, the large logarithms beyond leading power can be resummed to all orders in the perturbative coupling. As an illustration of this method, we perform an all-order resummation of the leading and next-to-leading logarithms beyond the leading power in$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 4 Super Yang-Mills theory.
Forward production of prompt neutrinos from charm in the atmosphere and at high energy colliders
Authors: Bai Weidong , Diwan Milind , Garzelli Maria Vittoria , Jeong Yu Seon , Kumar Karan , Reno Mary Hall
Published: October 2023

Abstract

The high-energy atmospheric neutrino flux is dominated by neutrinos from the decays of charmed hadrons produced in the forward direction by cosmic ray interactions with air nuclei. We evaluate the charm contributions to the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux as a function of the center-of-mass energy $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

of the hadronic collision and of the center-of-mass rapidity y of the produced charm hadron. Uncertainties associated with parton distribution functions are also evaluated as a function of y. We find that the y coverage of LHCb for forward heavy-flavour production, complemented by the angular coverage of present and future forward neutrino experiments at the LHC, bracket the most interesting y regions for the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux. At $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 14 TeV foreseen for the HL-LHC phase, nucleon collisions in air contribute to the prompt neutrino flux prominently below Eν ~ 107 GeV. Measurements of forward charm and/or forward neutrinos produced in hadron collisions up to $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 100 TeV, which might become possible at the FCC, are relevant for the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux up to Eν = 108 GeV and beyond.
On the decay mode Λb → Xsγ
Authors: Colangelo P. , De Fazio F. , Loparco F.
Published: October 2023

Abstract

We study the inclusive Hb→ Xsγ decay with Hb a beauty baryon, in particular Λb, employing an expansion in the heavy quark mass at $$ \mathcal{O}\left({m}_b^{-3}\right) $$
O

m
b

−
3

at leading order in αs, keeping the dependence on the hadron spin. For a polarized baryon we compute the distribution $$ \frac{d^2\Gamma}{dy\ d\cos {\theta}_P} $$

d
2

Γ

dy

d
cos

θ
P

, with y = 2Eγ/mb, Eγ the photon energy and θP the angle between the baryon spin vector and the photon momentum in the Hb rest-frame. We discuss the correlation between the baryon and photon polarization, and show that effects of physics beyond the Standard Model can modify the photon polarization asymmetry. We also discuss a method to treat the singular terms in the photon energy spectrum obtained by the OPE.
Global symmetry-breaking and generalized theta-terms in Type IIB EFTs
Authors: Grimm Thomas W. , Lanza Stefano , van Vuren Thomas
Published: October 2023

Abstract

A longstanding conjecture states that global symmetries should be absent in quantum gravity. By investigating large classes of Type IIB four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 effective field theories, we enlist the potential generalized global symmetries that could be present and explore how they are avoided. Crucial ingredients that arise in such effective field theories are generalized θ-terms. These introduce non-linear couplings between axion fields and topological terms quadratic in the gauge field strengths which break a large subset of the global symmetries. Additional residual global symmetries may further be broken by assuming the existence of some charged states. However, we illustrate that the presence of generalized θ-terms leads to a generalized Witten effect, which implies that the spectrum of charged states is constituted by an infinitely populated lattice. We further show that such a lattice is generated by the action of the monodromy transformation that characterizes the moduli space boundary near which the effective theory is defined.
From 5d flat connections to 4d fluxes (the art of slicing the cone)
Authors: Lundin Jim , Mauch Roman , Ruggeri Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Abstract

We compute the Coulomb branch partition function of the 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 vector multiplet on closed simply-connected quasi-toric manifolds B. This includes a large class of theories, localising to either instantons or anti-instantons at the torus fixed points (including Donaldson-Witten and Pestun-like theories as examples). The main difficulty is to obtain flux contributions from the localisation procedure. We achieve this by taking a detour via the 5d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 vector multiplet on closed simply-connected toric Sasaki-manifolds M which are principal S1-bundles over B. The perturbative partition function can be expressed as a product over slices of the toric cone. By taking finite quotients M/ℤh along the S1, the locus picks up non-trivial flat connections which, in the limit h → ∞, provide the sought-after fluxes on B. We compute the one-loop partition functions around each topological sector on M/ℤh and B explicitly, and then factorise them into contributions from the torus fixed points. This enables us to also write down the conjectured instanton part of the partition function on B.