bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intimacy Development, Gender, and Ethnicity among Sexual-Minority Youths
Authors: Dubé Ritch Eric M , Savin-Williams C , Diamond Lisa M
Published: November 2023

Developmental theories and supporting research emphasize that intimacy becomes most salient during adolescence (Erikson, 1963; Furman & Buhr-mester, 1992; Praeger, 1995; Sullivan, 1953). To date, the literature on adolescent intimacy and interpersonal relationships is rich with data on interpersonal behaviors (Patterson, 1976), attachment relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Reis & Patrick, 1996), friendship networks (Buhrmester & Furman, 1987), and intimacy motivations (McAdams & Vaillant, 1982). While researchers have not reached a consensus on what intimacy is, for purposes of this paper intimacy is best understood as perceived closeness and mutual understanding on the part of relational partners. Consequently, intimacy can be achieved in romantic, sexual, and friendship relationships.
The Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths
Authors: Riversm Ian , D’Augelli Anthony R
Published: November 2023

Recently, there has been a significant increase in empirical research relating to the victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths in both schools and community settings. This chapter reviews the nature of victimization of LGB youths and details some of the findings of recent studies focusing upon the long-term consequences of this victimization. It also focuses on current initiatives designed to address the direct as well as the indirect effects of victimization of LGB youths. Finally, recommendations for future research on the victimization of LGB youths are presented.
Letter to L/Cpl. Villec (1967),
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

This letter was written to a Marine stationed in Vietnam, who must have written to Armstrong and expressed his fondness for jazz. Armstrong responded with one of his most direct testimonies about the power of music. The references to religious music are similar to those made by other jazz musicians, though rarely by Armstrong. To conclude the letter Armstrong quotes the inspirational “You’ll Never Walk Alone” from Carousel by Rodgers and Hammerstein, revealing the broad range of his musical tastes.
Open Letter To Fans (June 1, 1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Armstrong wrote this document during his recovery from heart and kidney ailments. He begins by telling how he tried to convert the hospital staff to Swiss Kriss, a laxative that he praises often in this book. Laxatives were important to him from early childhood, when his mother used local herbs as a kind of folk medicine. Armstrong explains in “The Satchmo Story” that he regards marijuana as an herbal medicine very much akin to herbal laxatives. Perhaps it is not too much to say that he regarded laxatives as cleansers for the body, marijuana as a cleanser for the mind. Thus, access to his chosen laxative is a primary concern as he begins to restore his health. Armstrong acknowledges the help of friends, associates, and the beautiful nurses. The vitality of his own “beautiful imagination” was certainly important for restoring health; to this one might add his sense of humor. He also reports here on the pleasure of telling stories to neighborhood children about his early courtship with Lucille while both were working at the Cotton Club with Bill Bojangles Robinson.
“Good-Bye To All Of You” (1969)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

For its December 1969 issue, Esquire asked twenty-five elderly celebrities to give some advice to younger generations, since “our years tend to be around threescore and ten” that is, since the celebrities may soon be dead. The celebrities responded with lots of advice. But Armstrong was one of the few to respond with comments about aging. These comments include his opinion that “music has no age,” and they provide a fitting conclu sion to this volume.
Issues in the Clinical Evaluation of Suspected Dementia
Authors: Schenkenberg Thomas , Miller Patrick J
Published: November 2023

While these clinical questions can be posed in this rather straightforward manner, the process for answering these questions is complicated at every turn. For example, a 75-year-old man who has become somewhat forgetful over the preceding year might be experiencing only a mild decline in memory function that is within expected limits for a person his age. Conversely, his forgetfulness might reflect the presence of a clinical entity such as a meningioma that has a potential for curative surgical intervention or a dementing disorder such as Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (DAT), which is inevitably progressive despite new medications that have become available in recent years. The practicing clinician must address the range of possibilities in each older adult who presents with possible cognitive decline.
The Categorial Features of Tense
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I focused on the morphology of tense in Arabic. I explored the temporal properties of the perfective and imperfective verbs and concluded that only the former carries temporal features—namely, abstract past tense features. The imperfective verb, by contrast, is not specified for any temporal features. In this chapter, I turn to the syntax of verbs in the three dialects studied in the previous chapter. I will explore the formal features of the elements that occupy the tense projection and argue that the catgeorial feature matrices of these elements are not uniform. In particular, I argue that the categorial features of the past tense and the present tense are not the same. This, in turn, will help account for key syntactic differences between the present tense and the past tense to be discussed in chapter 4.
Sentential Negation in Modem Arabic Dialects
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I discuss two issues that arise in the context of sentential negation. The first issue is the representation of sentential negation, particularly in dialects where it is realized by two formatives. The second issue is the feature structure of negation. I will argue that sentential negation is specified for the categorial feature [+D], which must be checked by an inherently [+D] head or phrase or by a head that carries agreement features. Arabic dialects diverge with respect to the checking configuration they adopt, resulting in variation in word order and the morphological realizations of sentential negation. In some contexts, the two-part negative is realized as a discontinuous element (one part a proclitic and the other part an enclitic). In other contexts, it is realized as a single complex element augmented with agreement. I will argue that the two realizations of sentential negation (discontinuous and nondiscontinuous morphemes) receive a unified analysis in terms of how categorial features are checked, thus obviating analyses whereby the two realizations instantiate two independent sentential negatives in the modem Arabic dialects. The analysis of how the categorial [+D] feature of negation is checked will further support the analysis provided in chapter 4 where it was argued that a head that carries agreement can check categorial [+D] features. I will demonstrate that the same situation obtains in the context of sentential negation.
Neuropsychological Indices of Early Medial Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in Primates
Authors: Bachevalier Jocelyne , Malkova Ludise
Published: November 2023

Neural plasticity and reorganization of brain functions have been clearly demonstrated in young animals and children after early insult to the brain. The pioneering work of Margaret Kennard (1936) in this domain has led to the proposal that early damage to the brain results in a greater sparing of brain functions than later injury. Although the Kennard principle has been substantiated by numerous studies in animals as well as humans (Bates, 1992; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1983; Kolb & Whishaw, 1989; and other chapters in this volume), other reports indicate that early brain lesions may produce different results, depending on which neural structures are removed, which brain functions are investigated, and at what age the damage occurs (Schneider, 1979). After investigating a number of human patients of early brain lesions, Teuber and colleagues (1962) suggested the existence of more than just quantitative differences in the degree of sparing or loss of function between early and late injury. For example, in some cases the early injury led to apparently anomalous functions that had never been observed in adult-injured patients (Rudel, et al., 1966; Rudel & Teuber 1971; Woods & Teuber, 1978).
The Developmental Disorders: Does Plasticity Ploy a Role?
Authors: Filipek Pauline A
Published: November 2023

The term plasticity generally refers to the brain’s ability to recover function that was lost as the result of a defined insult that produced a discrete lesion. It is generally accepted that the brain of a child is more plastic, and therefore has a potentially greater capacity for recovery, than does the brain of an adult. The same premise holds for the brain of an infant relative to the brain of an older child. In adults, both large and small lesions can produce large behavioral deficits, while in the child many very large lesions result in relatively small behavioral deficits, presumably due to the greater capacity of plasticity (Nass & Gazzaniga, 1987).
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

One of America’s most beloved and influential writers, Walttman (1819-1892) brought a radical democratic inclusiveness to literature, transforming the diverse, sometimes pedestrian an images of his culture into soaring, fresh poetry through his exuberant personality. He opened the way for modern writers by experimenting with innovative social and sexual themes and by replacing rhyme and meter with a free-flowing, prose-like poetic form that followed the natural rhythms of voice and feeling.
Lucifer and Ethiopia: Whitman, Race, and Poetics before the Civil War and After
Authors: Folsom Ed
Published: November 2023

It would perhaps be nice if Walt Whitman, our great poet of an democracy, had possessed a spotless attitude toward e United States and if he had clearly and unambiguously espoused the equality of all individuals, regardless of race.1 But Whitman was a poet embedded in his times, and his times-not unlike our own-were a period of intense disagreement about the significance and importance of racial difference. His career demonstrates his struggle with his times-and with himself-over the issue of race in the United States, and, because of that, his work offers important insight into the ongoing struggle in America to create a unified society that nonetheless maintains and celebrates its diversity. One of the most instructive aspects of Whitman’s poetry is its inscription of the distance and slippage between ideals and reality. For all its lofty aspirations, Whitman’s poetry is embedded in the messy pragmatics of compromise and equivocation, and, because of that, we can hear within it some of the tensions at the heart of American history.
Emerson and Antislavery
Authors: Collison Gary
Published: November 2023

“Emerson,” said Oliver Wendell Holmes in his 1884 biography, had never been identified with the abolitionists.”1 Many biographers and critics have argued that just the opposite is true, pointing to Emerson’s numerous private and public statements against slavery. Still, for a variety of reasons, Holmes’s erroneous view of Emerson has been remarkably persistent. Not the least of these reasons are Emerson’s own words. “Every reformer is partial and exaggerates some one grievance,” and every reformer’s obsessions are “somewhat ridiculous,” wrote Emerson in his 1839 lecture “The Protest” (EL, 91). Even as the Civil War approached and Emerson shared the platform with abolitionists on dozens of occasions, he still disdainfully kept many of them at arm’s length. “They are a bitter, sterile people, whom I flee from,” he wrote in his journal (JMN, 14:166). Similar disparaging remarks about abolitionists and other reformers punctuate Emerson’s lectures, journals, and letters. This attitude, together with his oft-expressed repugnance toward involvement in the political arena and his insistent self-portraiture of himself as a poet-philosopher, has inevitably supported the view promoted by Holmes of an aloof and remote “Sage of Concord.”
We Find What We Seek
Authors: Bosco Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Justifying his selective appropriation of historical fact to suit his artistic purposes while writing The Crucible, the American playwright Athur Miller remarked, “One finds I suppose what one seeks.”1 Miller’s comment recognizes the influence that the intellectual and imaginative predispositions of writers and readers exert on historical materials, and it is as instructive for biographical and critical writing as it is for works of fiction or drama that have their source in history. It is especially instructive in accounting for the variety of ways in which biographers and critics have treated Ralph Waldo Emerson’s life and thought since the nineteenth century, for Emerson’s biographers have never been casual commentators on their subject. Typically, they have approached Emerson with a clearly defined view of his ideas, inner life, social significance, and influence on American culture. Similarly, although scholarly criticism on Emerson has not always concentrated on his biography, critics have invariably selected biographical elements to help make the case for their particular reading of his thought and its relation to his times.
Candidate Laws For The Coconstruction Of A Biosphere
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

For The Purpose of our discussion here, grant that molecular autonomous agents propagate organization and evolve by the roughly familiar Darwinian aegis of mutation and selection. These agents-coevolving with one another, dis covering displacements from equilibrium that can be used to accomplish work, making records of such sources of energy, then linking those exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions-are the means by which our biosphere has come into being, actually coconstructed by the activities, accidents, striving, and failures of these au-tonomous agents, exapting persistently into their adjacent possible.
A Coconstructing Cosmos?
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Whatever the risk, two facts are true. First, since the big bang our universe has become enormously complex. Second, we do not have a theory for why the universe is complex. Equally unarguably, the biosphere has increased in molecular diversity over the past four billion years, just as the standing diversity of species has in creased. And equally unarguably, the econosphere has become more complex over the past few million years of hominid evolution. We know this with confidence. If we lack a theory, it is not because the staggering facts of increasing diversity and complexity that stare us in the face do not deserve a theory to account for them.
The Great Themes in Hemingway: Love, War, Wilderness, and Loss
Authors: Svoboda Frederic J
Published: November 2023

Hemingway’s appeal to the public far transcends his purely literary achievements. Hemingway has a place in American culture, even for many who have not read him. The Attenborough film was a workmanlike treatment of the young Hemingway’s 1918 love affair with nurse Agnes von Kurowsky, the real-life prototype for Catherine Barkley in Hemingway’s great novel of World War I, A Farewell to Arms. In Love and War had the singular misfortune to appear in the same season as Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient, a far more effective treatment of similar themes. Even so, In Love and War, based on von Kurowsky’s diaries of the time, still attracted considerable notice and prompted new attention to the facts-or stereotypes-of Hemingway’s life and work. Why should such interest continue, more than thirty-five years after the author’s suicide? Why should a respected director devote his time to such a production? Certainly a director of epics such as Attenborough is always in need of epic material, and the First World War and a love affair that may have propelled an author to world-class achievement might have seemed worthy of attention.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts Felicia D
Published: November 2023

The very beginnings of science are always the capacity to be able to be amazed by apparently simple things. For example, if you assume that an apple falls to the ground because that’s its natural place-so it’s uninteresting-[then] you have no science. If you begin to ask yourself “why does the apple fall to the ground and not rise to the sky;” if you allow yourself to be puzzled by that simple fact, well then you find you have a rather serious question before you. And science begins.
What Global Plan for Economic Policy?
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

Beyond question, different economic, political and social-philosophical plans for an economic order underlie different measures in economic policy. For decades there has been an ongoing discussion about this among economists and I must enter into it here (as I entered earlier into discussion among political scientists) because of the consequences for a global ethic. However, I shall not lose myself in the details of economics, which are infinitely complex. My modest aim is to make clear what global plan of economic policy best corresponds to the overall view presented here, which is governed by ethics. In the face of the market economy which has been establishing itself all over the world with tremendous speed during the last decade, critical reflection is particularly urgent. What kind of market economy should be established? That is the question.
Celia’s Case(1857)
Authors: Gordon-Reed Annette
Published: November 2023

If one were to start, there would be no end to the horror stories that could be told about the nightmare of American slavery. Although the institution was a marked catastrophe for a people, the fundamentally tragic nature of slavery unfolded, in historian Walter Johnson’s apt phrase, “soul by soul.” Each enslaved man, woman, and child could tell his or her own unique tale of suffering during a time when law, culture, economics, and religion-the pillars that sustain a society-worked in concert against the humanity of black people. For the most part, the stories of individuals who lived in bondage are lost from the historical record. That is why each story that has survived must be treated as the rare, and thus valuable, artifact that it is.
Jack Johnson Versus The American Racial Hierarchy(1913)
Authors: Morgan Denise C
Published: November 2023

Asserting a strong sense of individuality-by exercising the right to excel at what, to live where, and to love whom one desires-has been a punishable offense for black Americans for most of the history of the United States. Even after the abolition of race-based slavery, Jim Crow laws con strained the ability of black Americans to act upon their individual de sires by limiting their social, political, and economic mobility. In addition to legal impediments, white Americans used the threat of lynching and rape to deter such assertive behavior. The system of racial segregation and subordination that prevailed in the United States from the end of the Civil War through the middle of the twentieth century was maintained by the ever present threat and the consistent reality of violence.
Race, Affirmative Action, And Higher Education On Trial: Regents v. Bakke(1978)
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: November 2023

Dawn, October 12, 1977. Hundreds of people lined up at the U.S. Supreme Court building, waiting to enter the Court to hear the oral arguments in the case of Regents of the University of California Board v. Allan Bakke. That evening, all three television network anchors led off the news with comments about Bakke. Walter Cronkite on CBS news said, “The Supreme Court heard arguments in a controversial case that could produce its most important civil rights ruling in two decades.” On ABC News, Harry Reasoner began, “Good evening. One of the most important civil rights cases in two decades, the Allan Bakke reverse discrimination suit, was argued before the Supreme Court today.”
Black And White: The O. J. Simpson Case(1995)
Authors: Hixson Walter L
Published: November 2023

The 0. J. Simpson case was the most sensational criminal drama in American history. Never before had such a volatile mixture of celebrity, murder, media, glitz, sleaze, grandstanding, incompetence, and injustice come together in a series of judicial proceedings that seemingly would not end. More than a mere media event, however, the Simpson case illuminated the status of race relations in the United States. Its disturbing outcome revealed just how deeply divided Americans remained over issues of race and justice.
Jackson’s Writings on the Falling Sickness Reviewed
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

In 1879, Dr. W.R. Gowers, a colleague of Hughlings Jackson’s at the National Hospital, was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. As is traditional, one of the youngest in the group is chosen to deliver the Goulstonian Lectures; Gowers gave them in 1880. His topic was epilepsy, based upon his personal experience of 1,450 cases. Gowers published the lecture in book form in 1881. A second, much-expanded version, based now on 3,000 cases personally studied, appeared in 1901.
In One Voice: Autobiographical Acts in Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior and Hisaye Yamamoto’s “The Legend of Miss Sasagawara”
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara
Published: November 2023

In 1976, Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts received the National Book Critics Circle Award in the category of nonfiction. Two years later, the autobiography also won for the author the Ainsfield-Wolf Race Relations Award. And during the subsequent decades, the work has garnered astounding praise, becoming according to most estimates the most widely taught text on American college and university campuses, a fact attested to by the Modern Language Association’s publication Approaches to Teaching Maxine Hong Kingston’s “The Woman Warrior”; its chapter headings include: “The Woman Warrior in the Women’s Studies Classroom,” “Woman Warriors and Military Students,” and “The Woman Warrior in the History Classroom,” titles that illustrate the popularity of the narrative (Lim, 1991).
Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Petersen Ronald C
Published: November 2023

When a person presents with a memory complaint or an informant suspects a memory problem, the clinician must decide if this complaint warrants a thorough evaluation. If a cognitive complaint is a major concern for the subject, then an evaluation should be undertaken. The clinical evaluation of a person with a suspected memory problem is similar to that of a dementia evaluation (Petersen, 2003). Presuming that we are discussing the amnestic form of a mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the primary history and evaluation should revolve around issues of memory performance.
Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Prospects for Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Knopman David S
Published: November 2023

The therapeutic era of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) began in the 1980s with a good deal of naivete about the goals of therapy and the means to achieve success. Patients with diagnosed AD were naturally the subjects for initial clinical trials. Initial expectations for discovery of short-term improvements were not realized. Gains in function were particularly difficult to document, in part because patients with diagnosed dementia are already quite constrained in what they are allowed to do. The realization that clinically meaningful benefits would be difficult to produce in mild to moderately demented individuals was somewhat disheartening.
Shortest Paths and Routing
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

At the core of any GIS-T software are procedures or algorithms for con ducting analyses and solving routing and location problems within a network. This is the first of two chapters that discuss network algorithms for transportation analysis. This chapter focuses on methods for calculating shortest paths and solving vehicle and fleet routing problems in a network. The next chapter will complete the survey of network algorithms by discussing methods for solving network flow problems and finding optimal or near-optimal facility locations.
Logistics
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

Logistics refers to the planning and management of material, service, information or capital flows within an organization (Cox 1999). The organization is typically a private sector enterprise, although military and government organizations also require logistic services. Since many organizations are geographically dispersed, sometimes at global scales, logistics involves planning and managing transportation networks and/or services. Logistics increasingly involves sophisticated information and communication technologies to coordinate these dispersed and intricate systems.
Hawthorne and the Slavery Question
Authors: Yellin Jean Fagan
Published: November 2023

Beguiled, perhaps, by his brilliant self-portrayal of the artist as politically disengaged, critics generally have neglected examining Hawthorne’s failure to participate in the historic effort of s generation to end chattel slavery. They apparently have assumed that, unlike his Concord neighbors Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller, he was largely unaware of the great moral struggle going on all around him. Yet there is considerable evidence to the contrary. In the years before he wrote the great romances, Hawthorne became intimately acquainted with the essential facts of chattel slavery, as well as with the debate raging around it. This chapter will explore why this knowledge fails to show itself in the great romances, where it might naturally be expected to illustrate their major theme of psychological bondage.
Constituency and the Grammar of Turn Increments
Authors: Ford Cecilia E , Fox Barbara A , Thompson Sandra A
Published: November 2023

Much work in linguistics of the last fifty years has relied on the notion of grammatical “constituents,” hierarchically organized groups of words and phrases. Since the 1930s, “constituent” has generally been. understood as a schematic group of words which is: This two-part understanding of constituent incorporates both the insight that a “constituent” is a part of a larger element (I) and the insight that it has internal coherence (2). The notion of “constituent” has proven itself to be valuable to analysts, both within the generative paradigm (see, e.g., Radford 1988, 1997) as well as within a discourse-functional framework (see, e.g., Giv6n 1995; Nichols 1986; Payne 1990).
Producing Sense with Nonsense Syllables: Turn and Sequence in Conversations with a Man with Severe Aphasia
Authors: Goodwin Charles , Goodwin Marjorie H , Olsher David
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates the collaborative production of meaning and action in the speech of a man in his early eighties named Chil diagnosed with severe non fluent aphasia. Our data are drawn from over 200 hours of videotaped naturally occur ring interaction in Chil’s home recorded by Charles Goodwin and Marjorie Harness Goodwin over the past seven years.
Tropical Only Hurricanes
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

To help understand the climatology of North Atlantic hurricanes it is useful to distinguish between two types of hurricanes. From the point-of-view of ontogeny, tropicalonly hurricanes originate and develop free of any enhancing middle latitude baroclinic influences. Non-tropical-only hurricanes are baroclinically-enhanced. Motivations for considering tropical-only hurricanes as a separate category of North Atlantic basin hurricanes were presented in Chapter 3. In several ways the origin and development of a tropical-only hurricane represents the maturation of a “classic” (or textbook) tropical cyclone. Many of these hurricanes form from easterly waves traveling at low latitudes across the North Atlantic during August and September. In this chapter a fresh perspective on North Atlantic hurricanes is provided by considering various statistics of tropical-only hurricanes. Comparisons are made between tropical-only and nontropical-only hurricane activity.
Hurricanes of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Bermuda
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys the hurricane climatology for regions of the West Indies and the western North Atlantic. Similarities in hurricane activity are noted between the regions. Yet each region displays unique characteristics. In particular, data are examined for the occurrence of hurricanes over and around Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Bermuda. Hurricanes that influence Puerto Rico tend to arrive in bunches separated by long intervals of little activity. This suggests their frequencies may be related to long-period changes in climate. Higher surface pressures over the area might inhibit activity during some decades. While hurricanes of Puerto Rico are most likely during September, Jamaica sees a proportionally larger number of storms during October. This is related to the previously noted annual increase in the probability of storms forming over the western Caribbean after the seasonal peak in activity. Bermuda also sees late-October hurricanes, but annual hurricane threat frequencies for Bermuda are positively correlated with frequencies for Puerto Rico and negatively correlated with frequencies for Jamaica. This chapter looks at these facts in some detail.
The Movement We Helped to Make
Authors: Bond Julian
Published: November 2023

On a February day in 1960, I was sitting in a cafe near my college campus in Atlanta. It was a place where students went between or instead of classes. A student named Lonnie King approached me. I knew Lonnie only as a football player on Morehouse’s losing team and, as a Navy veteran, some years older than our schoolmates. He was holding a copy of that day’s Atlanta Daily World, the city’s black newspaper. He pointed to the headline: Greensboro Students Sit-in for Third Day!
Running Battle Washington’s War at Home
Authors: Wells Tom
Published: November 2023

The Vietnam War gave rise to opposition unprecedented in U.S. history. Never before had so many U.S. citizens defied their government during wartime. And yet officials often feigned disregard of antiwar protest. They made it known that foreign policy would not be made in the streets, certainly not by people who lacked the same inside information on the war that they had, or by those who were too emotional and perhaps not even rational. “Under no circumstances will I be affected whatever by it,” President Nixon declared.1 Nixon made a point of announcing that he would spend part of the afternoon of one large demonstration in Washington watching college football on television.
Introduction: Neuroscience
Authors: Davidson Richard J , Scherer, Klaus R , Goldsmith H Hill
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade there has been a remarkable explosion of research on the neural substrates of affective processing. This work has involved a diverse range of species and has included many different methods. The chapters in this first part of the Handbook provide a roadmap and overview of this growing area. We place this part first because it provides the foundation for the parts that follow. We also wish to call attention to the possibility that neuroscience approaches to affective processes offer the potential of providing new ways of parsing the landscape of affect and have implications for many of the domains of affective science that follow in this Handbook. For many years, the study of emotion lay dormant in the biobehavioral sciences. While both William James (1890) and Walter Cannon (1929) described changes in brain function that accompanied emotion, it has only been during the past 30 years when the corpus of literature at the animal level has developed significantly (see LeDoux, 1987, for review). Similarly, while case reports of emotional changes in patients with localized lesions have been in the literature for more than 100 years (e.g., Harlow, 1868), it is only recently that more systematic studies of the emotional behavior of patients with discrete lesions have been published. The past decade has witnessed a veritable plethora of new texts on the neuroscience of emotion including Damasio (1994), LeDoux (1996), Panksepp (1998), and Rolls (1999). There has been a general recognition in the scientific community that the study of the neural substrates of at least some affective processes is tractable and has the potential of informing our understanding of the etiology of certain forms of psychopathology, of the relations between emotions and health, and of normal processes of emotional development and personality. This body of research is giving rise to the development of a new subdiscipline that has been termed affective neuroscience (Davidson & Sutton, 1995). Affective neuroscience shares many of the same conceptual and methodological approaches with its cognate discipline cognitive neuroscience. And in fact, as will be made more explicit below, the study of the neural substrates of affective and cognitive processes must proceed hand-in-hand since these processes are not clearly segregated in the brain, and are integrated seamlessly in everyday behavior and experience.
Emotion and Memory: Central and Peripheral Contributions
Authors: McGaugh James L , Cahill Larry
Published: November 2023

Every moment of our lives new information inundates our brains. Some of the information is preserved, perhaps for a lifetime. It has long been noted that memories of emotionally arousing experiences endure vividly (James, 1890; Christianson, 1992). We have enduring memories of significant personal experiences such as birthdays, weddings, holiday celebrations, the births of children, and the deaths of loved ones. We also tend to remember where we were and what we were doing when we witnessed a serious accident (Stratton, 1919; Bohannon, 1988), learned highly surprising and important information (Conway et al., 1994), or experienced an earthquake (Neisser, Winograd, Shreiber, Palmer, & Weldon, 1996). More common emotional experiences induced by praise, embarrassment, and insults are also not quickly forgotten. Emotional arousal thus appears to play a central and highly adaptive role in enabling the significance of events to influence the strength of the memories of events (McGaugh, 1992, 2000; Cahill & McGaugh, 1998). As William James commented, “An experience may be so exciting emotionally as to almost leave a scar on the cerebral tissue” (1890, p. 670). This chapter reviews research investigating the neurobiological systems involved in creating such “scars on the cerebral tissue.” The research is guided by the general hypothesis that emotional experiences activate processes that continue for some time after the experience and that those processes play critical roles in creating lasting memory. As noted by George Stratton, “When fear is relieved by the sudden disappearance of a menace, as when one has killed a rattlesnake faced suddenly in the mountains, there is no instant calm. The alarm is gone, but the waters continue to be troubled as after a squall” (1928, p. 220). Livingston (1967) was the first, to our knowledge, to offer a general neurobiological hypothesis to account for the effects of emotional arousal on memory. He suggested that activation of specific brain systems might promote the storage of recently activated brain events by initiating a “neurohormonal influence (favoring) future repetitions of the same neural activities” (p. 576). Kety (1972) subsequently offered a similar yet more specific suggestion that adrenergic catecholamines released in emotional states may serve “to reinforce and consolidate new and significant sensory patterns in the neocortex” (p. 73). In support of those hypotheses there is now extensive evidence indicating that stress hormones released by emotional stimulation modulate memory consolidation and that stress hormones act, at least in part, by activating brain systems that modulate memory consolidation.
The Role of Affect in Decision Making
Authors: Loewenstein George , Lerner Jennifer S
Published: November 2023

Until recently, emotions attracted little attention from decision researchers. Decision making was viewed as a cognitive process—a matter of estimating which of various alternative actions would yield the most positive consequences. Decision makers were assumed to evaluate the potential consequences of their decisions dispassionately and to choose actions that maximized the “utility” of those consequences. Once chosen, it was assumed that the utility-maximizing course of action would be implemented automatically. The critiques of traditional decision theory that emerged in the late 1960s under the heading of “behavioral decision theory” largely adhered to this cognitive perspective. The main thrust of behavioral decision theory has been to identify (1) cognitive errors that people make when they judge the likelihood of future consequences and (2) simplifying heuristics that people use to cope with the complexity of decision making (e.g., Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). The boom in decision research associated with the emergence of behavioral decision theory, then, largely ignored the role played by emotions in decision making. The last several years, however, have witnessed a burst of interest in the role of emotions in decision making. Research conducted within the last decade has shown that even incidental affect—affect that is unrelated to the decision at hand—can have a significant impact on judgment and choice (for reviews, see Clore, 1992; Forgas, 1995; Isen, 1993; Lerner & Keltner, 2000; Schwarz, 1990), that (2) emotional deficits, whether innate (Damasio, 1994) or experimentally induced (Wilson et al., 1993), can degrade the quality of decision making, and that (3) incorporating affect in models of decision making can greatly increase their explanatory power (Lopes, 1987; Lopes & Oden, 1998; Mellers, Schwartz, Ho, & Ritov, 1997). Thus, contemporary decision research is characterized by an intense focus on emotion. Our goal in this chapter is to highlight and organize these new emotion-related developments in decision research. We organize our review around a general theoretical framework for understanding the different ways in which emotions enter into decision making. Such a framework, we hope, can facilitate integration of the wideranging findings that have emerged from recent research and shed new light on several central topics in decision theory, such as how people deal with outcomes that are uncertain and how they discount delayed costs and benefits.
Individual Differences in Emotional Reactions and Coping
Authors: Krohne Heinz W
Published: November 2023

Researchers in the emotions domain have always been concerned with individual differences in emotional reactions. Early in antiquity, the Greek physician Hippocrates developed the idea that chemical processes in the body (described by so-called body fluids or “humores”) lead to the manifestation of four temperaments—phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, and melancholic. These temperaments, in turn, should form the person-specific basis for emotional reactions. These speculations not only influenced poetry, philosophy, and medicine of later centuries but also had an impact on early modern psychology theories. Wundt (1903) turned the temperament typology into a dimensional system. He suggested one can differentiate among individuals by the speed and intensity of their emotional arousal. By combining two levels of each dimension (slow/fast and weak/strong), he created a system of person-specific emotional reaction tendencies that closely corresponded to the four temperaments of Hippocrates. (Cholerics, for example, should be characterized by fast and strong emotional arousal, while phlegmatics are described by the opposite pattern.) In a more modern approach, H. J. Eysenck (1981) explicitly related his central personality dimensions extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-lability (or neuroticism) to Wundt’s reformulation of the antique model of temperaments. Although modern physiology, endocrinology, and personality psychology view these temperamental approaches as inappropriate simplifications, there is no doubt that the speed, intensity, duration, and—very likely—quality of elicited emotions depend to a great degree on certain person-specific characteristics (cf. Frijda, 1986; Pervin, 1993). In the following sections I will present a number of these relationships. In analyzing individual differences in emotional reactions, two perspectives can be differentiated. The descriptive perspective concentrates on the registration of individual differences in emotional reactions and tests these differences for transtemporal and cross-situational consistency. Thus, stable individual-specific emotional reaction patterns are the personality variables under study (cf. Fahrenberg, 1986). The explicative perspective, on the other hand, searches for person-specific determinants of certain emotional reactions, such as anxiety, anger, or sadness. Research on individual differences in emotional reactions (descriptive perspective) and on individual differences in the determinants of these reactions (explicative perspective) form no dichotomy but a continuum of approaches with an increasingly stronger foundation in elaborated psychological (especially personality) concepts. Thus, early approaches—for example, Lacey’s work on individual-specific response patterns (Lacey, 1950; for more details see next section)—concentrated on individual differences in comparatively stable constellations of certain physiological reactions without proposing explanations of these differences in terms of personality concepts.
The Self And Emotion: The Role Of Self-Reflection In The Generation And Regulation Of Affective Experience
Authors: Leary Mark R
Published: November 2023

The evolution of the human self constituted a quantum shift in mammalian psychology. Although some of ourprehuman ancestors may have had rudimentary forms of selfawareness, much like modern chimpanzees and orangutans (Gallup & Suarez, 1986), the capacity to think about oneself in the complex, abstract, and symbolic ways that characterize modern human beings did not appear until relatively recently in the evolutionary past. Ofcourse, no one knowsprecisely when the human ability for self-reflection first emerged, but evidence suggests that it could have been as recently as 40,000 years ago (Leary & Cottrell, 1999; for other views, see Jaynes, 1976; Sedikides & Skowronski, 1997). The earliest human beings, who appeared about 100,000 years ago, left little evidence to suggest that they were self-aware (Mithen, 1996). Only between around 40,000 and 60,000 years ago does the archeological record begin to indicate that people were able to engage in the full range of behaviors that require self-awareness and self-focused thought. Whereas human culture—if it can be called that—prior to about 60,000 years ago consisted mostly of rough stone tools, after that time, we see indications that people could think of themselves in complex ways. For the first time, we find clear evidence of personal adornment (which requires one to imagine oneself from others’ perspectives), anthropomorphism and totemism (which requires thinking of oneself as an animal and vice versa), boat making (which requires long-range planning), and burials that include grave goods (indicating the ability to imagine oneself after death). Mithen (1996) discussed several cognitive changes that may have precipitated the “cultural big bang” that occurred between 40,000 and 60,000 years ago, but self-reflexive thinking seems to have been involved. All of these cultural advances required a sophisticated ability to imagine oneself in the future or to think about oneself from the perspectives of other people (Leary & Cottrell, 1999). After millions of years in which life forms on earth lacked self-awareness, creatures finally appeared who could take themselves as the objects of their own thoughts and think consciously about themselves.
Emotions as Dynamic Cultural Phenomena
Authors: Mesquita Batja
Published: November 2023

Following Darwin’s work on emotional expression, many psychologists set out to demonstrate the features of emotions that are universal. Cross-cultural research has suggested universality of a number of facial, vocal, and bodily expressions, antecedent events, appraisals, action readiness modes, and physiological changes associated with certain emotions (for reviews of this evidence, see Mesquita & Frijda, 1992; Mesquita, Frijda, & Scherer, 1997). The evidence for universal constituents of emotions is convincing. But does this evidence mean that the emotional experience of people in different cultures is similar? In this chapter I suggest that this is not the case: Emotional experience greatly varies across cultures. I argue that cultural models are necessary to understand and predict these variations. The central purpose of this chapter is to suggest that emotional experience is to be understood and predicted from cultural models. Cultural models are at one and the same time forms of knowledge and social practices (Moscovici, 1988). Cultural models are like schemas: They can be flexibly applied to the context. Somewhat different properties of the schema will emerge depending on their relevance to the situation at hand. Cultural models importantly constitute a person’s reality, because they focus attention, they guide perception, they lend meaning, and they imbue emotional value. A cultural model is decisive in what your world is like (Bruner, 1986) and reflects the cultural “answers” to existential questions, such as the real, the good, the self, the group, and so forth (D’Andrade, 1984; D’Andrade & Strauss, 1992; Holland & Quinn, 1987). In a middle-class American context an important aspect of the cultural model is to gain success through one’s own contributions. Through individual hard work, people can be successful; this will boast their self-esteem, a central concern in America, and it will make them happy, the most desirable emotion in an American context (e.g., D’Andrade, 1984; Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999). Success is good, happiness is good, and high selfesteem is good, and those goals need to be fostered and if necessary protected from group pressure. In fact, the very choice of the groups that one is part of should be made to serve individual success and happiness (Triandis, 1995). The promotion of happiness and the fostering of situations which afford happiness are important themes in America. In contrast, in many Mediterranean cultures, honor is central to the cultural model (Bourdieu, 1966; Peristiany, 1966; Pitt-Rivers, 1966). In these cultures the cultural models emphasize maintaining one’s social status and respect (i.e., one’s position in the society) rather than the gain of individual success. One’s honor is in great part determined by the honor of close family members.
The Beginnings of an African Italian Literature and the African American Example
Authors: Portelli Alessandro
Published: November 2023

The African American character and the African-French-Italian author share the same experience of denial and reconstruction of identity, the same dialectics of shame-pride-shame, self-doubt, and self-discovery. Perhaps, African American history can tell us something of the contemporary emigration experience, and the making of African American literature can teach us how to read the recent writings and narratives of the African, Asian, and Latin American newcomers to Italy-a task for which, so far, we have received hardly any support from established studies of Italian literature.