bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying Stimulus–Organism–Response Theory to Explore the Effects of Augmented Reality on Consumer Purchase Intention for Teenage Fashion Hair Dyes
Authors: Yang Hsiu-Ping , Fan Wei-Shang , Tsai Ming-Chun
Published: March 2024

The application of augmented reality (AR) in the beauty and hairdressing industry provides customers with a rich experience, especially in terms of virtual hair styling. Through virtual hair color tests, customers can quickly decide on the most suitable hair dye for them. Teenagers use multimedia communication channels to distinctively express their enjoyment of and aesthetic experiences with the interactive, emotional, and spatial aspects of AR. They can also preview diverse hair dyes and hairstyles in a virtual environment and, ultimately, select the option that suits them the most. This study applied the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) theoretical framework and collected 337 valid samples through a SmartPLS-4-supported questionnaire survey for analysis. The results revealed that spatiality significantly influenced behavioral intention in the context of aesthetic experiences, whereas interactivity significantly influenced behavioral intention in the context of entertainment experiences. Overall, the hair dye consumption behavior of Taiwanese teenagers was positively influenced by spatiality and interactivity, and the overall model was well structured. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for businesses to develop innovative technology products that enhance consumer marketing experiences and can contribute to the future development of the hair dye segment of the fashion industry.
Thermostat Anchors: Do Temperature Scale Characteristics Affect the Selection of Temperature Setpoints for Residential Homes?
Authors: Reimer Torsten , Oh Jeonghyun , Loaiza-Ramírez Juan Pablo , Barber Hayden
Published: March 2024

Characteristics of scales, such as the labels that are used on scales, have been shown to affect judgments. The scale-dependency hypothesis predicts specific effects of the properties of a temperature scale on residents’ choices of temperature setpoints. Based on the literature on anchoring in judgment and decision making, we assessed the effects of the displayed current temperature, midpoint, range, and increment of temperature scales on the selection of setpoint temperatures for residential homes. Participants (N = 384) were asked to imagine that they work as a manager of a residential apartment complex and to select, in this function, setpoint temperatures for incoming residents. The experiment revealed independent effects of the current temperature as well as the midpoint and range of the used scale on the selected setpoints. The scale increment did not systematically affect the chosen temperatures.
Advancements and Challenges in Photovoltaic Cell Recycling: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gerold Eva , Antrekowitsch Helmut
Published: March 2024

This review examines the complex landscape of photovoltaic (PV) module recycling and outlines the challenges hindering widespread adoption and efficiency. Technological complexities resulting from different module compositions, different recycling processes and economic hurdles are significant barriers. Inadequate infrastructure, regulatory gaps and limited awareness are also hampering progress. In addition, this analysis draws parallels between the development of PV module recycling and recycling technologies for other high-tech products, such as lithium-ion batteries, highlighting similarities in regulatory and technical feasibility challenges. Amid these challenges, however, lie opportunities for a sustainable future. Technological advances, stakeholder collaboration and the adoption of circular economy principles emerge as key ways forward. This review highlights the need for concerted action to overcome barriers and drive the development of efficient and sustainable PV module recycling practices.
Circles of Coastal Sustainability and Emerald Growth Perspectives for Transitional Waters under Human Stress
Authors: Povilanskas Ramūnas , Jurkienė Aistė , Dailidienė Inga , Ernšteins Raimonds , Newton Alice , Leyva Ollivier María Esther
Published: March 2024

Emerald Growth is an overarching sustainable development framework for transitional waters situated between rivers and open sea. The emphasis on connectivity and ecosystem-based management as the underlying principles differentiates Emerald Growth from conventional approaches to managing transitional waters. The study’s primary objective was to conjoin the Emerald Growth concept with the Coastal Circles of Sustainability methodology, an analytical framework to assess indicators of critical processes determining the sustainability of the coastal zone. We hypothesized that applying the CCS is an apt approach to categorizing the Emerald Growth’s aspects using Lake Liepāja, a fresh-to-brackish water lagoon on Latvia’s Baltic Sea coast, as a case study. Based on the document scoping findings on Lake Liepāja’s hydrology, ecology, biodiversity, nature conservation, and management, we addressed the knowledge gaps through the field survey, 4 workshops, and 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders. The research results show that the challenging socio-economic situation is a crucial obstacle to Emerald Growth in the Lake Liepāja area. Subsistence salary and Housing affordability (Economic Welfare aspect), Population growth and Aging population (Demographic aspect), and Traditional practices (Identity aspect) received the lowest sustainability score (Bad). The results imply that considering the Emerald Growth conditions and drivers for transitional waters worldwide, finding a ‘one-fits-all’ recipe to ensure their sustainability is impossible. The decision-makers, stakeholders, and external experts agreed that for Lake Liepāja, the priority was to bring back to nature part of the polder system, clean the bottom sediments from Soviet-era pollutants, and enhance the transboundary cooperation with Lithuania. These measures would set the right conditions for future Emerald Growth in the area.
Carbon and Methane as Indicators of Environmental Efficiency of a Silvopastoral System in Eastern Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Cândido Aureane Cristina Teixeira Ferreira , da Silva Taiane Alves , Cândido Bruno Uéslei Ferreira , Tapajós Raphael , Chaves Siglea Sanna Noirtin Freitas , Silva Arystides Resende , Nascimento Werlleson , Dias Carlos Tadeu dos Santos , Fernandes Paulo Campos Christo , Dias-Filho Moacyr Bernardino , Lisboa Leila Sheila Silva , Almeida Roberto Giolo de , Moura José Mauro Sousa de , Beldini Troy Patrick , Martorano Lucieta Guerreiro
Published: March 2024

Livestock systems have been identified as major emitters of greenhouse gases due to the use of extensive areas with degraded pastures. The objective of this study was to analyze carbon (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes in the atmosphere as indicators of environmental sustainability in silvopastoral systems. CO2 and CH4 fluxes from soil to the atmosphere were monitored in a degraded pasture (predominant species: Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) grown in full sun and compared with areas with tree species (Bertholletia excelsa, Dipteryx odorata, and Khaya grandifoliola) and productive pasture (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) grown in full sun. The study area was in Mojuí dos Campos, western Pará state, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The evaluations were conducted in a Technological Reference Unit with a silvopastoral system, where animals used the shade of trees during high-temperature periods. The fluxes were measured using an ultraportable greenhouse gas analyzer coupled with static polyvinyl chloride ring chambers installed at the soil–air interface. In conclusion, areas with integrated systems (B. excelsa + pasture and K. grandifoliola + pasture) were better mitigators of CO2 emissions; the highest emissions occurred in the degraded pasture area during the rainiest months. The CH4 fluxes were more intense in the areas with degraded pasture and K. grandifoliola + pasture. Converting degraded pasture areas into integrated crop–livestock–forest systems reduced greenhouse gas emissions in the Amazon over 10 years of implementation. The implementation of integrated crop–livestock–forest systems in long-deforested areas with degraded pastures and a low production capacity showed high potential for changes focused on developing sustainable agriculture in the Amazon.
Analysis of Domain Intersection and Knowledge Evolution—The Development of the Fields of Social Innovation and Design Education
Authors: Tu Jui-Che , Zhang Xu , Liao Xipeng
Published: March 2024

This paper synthesizes the literature from the fields of design education and social innovation to obtain a complete understanding of the development of these fields’ knowledge, and it also compares and cross-analyzes the two fields to determine the entry point for combining the knowledge in both fields. Two types of bibliometric software were used to capture and classify the data, and descriptive statistical analysis, co-occurrence analysis of keywords, knowledge evolution analysis of studies cited in both fields, and burst analysis were conducted. The results reveal that integrating technology into the field of design education in combination with shifting the focus from enhancing students’ professional competence to enhancing their overall competence can contribute to the improvement of design education quality. This is in the context of empathy research becoming a trend. Furthermore, the field of social innovation defines “social innovation” as a mutual agreement between practice and theory to promote solutions to society’s problems. The research in this field covers all aspects of social life and has a complex disciplinary background. The field of social innovation is currently mostly concerned with the relationship between universities and social innovation practices. The burst analysis reveals that open innovation is becoming a common focus of both fields and is developing into a popular research topic.
Phygital as a Lever for Value Propositions in Italian Cultural Tourism Startups
Authors: Greco Fabio , Carignani Francesco , Clemente Laura , Bifulco Francesco
Published: March 2024

The proliferation of innovative digital technologies is increasingly evident in the domains of culture and tourism. This trend, characterized by significant a potential for experimentation and practical application, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the emerging tools that are enhancing the cultural tourism sector. Central to this evolution is the emergence of cultural startups that are leveraging advanced technological solutions to revolutionize market dynamics. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely impacted the cultural sector, there is a pressing need for innovation. This study combines the concept of cultural tourism startups with the notion of ‘phygital’—a blend of physical and digital realities—aiming to augment the existing, yet limited, body of research in this field. This research seeks to provide insights into the market trends shaped by cultural startups, focusing on tourism. By examining case studies of Italian cultural tourism startups that are implementing innovative and engaging ‘phygital’ strategies, we aim to offer theoretical contributions to the discourse on phygital applications in culture, as well as practical recommendations for the managers and founders of cultural tourism startups that are venturing into new business models. The selected startups are primarily engaged in enhancing the experiences of incoming tourists, improving customer and partner interactions, and promoting the conservation of Italy’s cultural heritage.
Assessing the Viability of GeO2/GeO Redox Thermochemical Cycle for Converting CO2 into Solar Fuels
Authors: Bhosale Rahul R. , Adams Shelby , Allen Zachary , Bennett Gabrielle , Berezniovas Edvinas , Bishop Taylor , Bonnema Michael , Clutter Sequoia , Fagan Ryan , Halabrin Jordan , Hobbs Mason , Hunt Daniel , Ivarra Miguel , Jordan Mattigan , Karunanithi Pooja , Mcreynolds Julianna , Ring Valerie , Smith Samuel , West Jonathan
Published: March 2024

The solar thermochemical process of splitting CO2, known as CDS, is studied here using a redox cycle involving GeO2/GeO. The required thermodynamic data for a second-law-efficiency analysis is obtained from the HSC Chemistry software. The goal of this study is to investigate how different parameters, such as the operating temperatures and molar flow rate of the inert sweep gas, as well as the inclusion of separation units, heat exchangers, heaters, and coolers, can affect the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of the GeO2/GeO cycle. All calculations assume a constant gas-to-gas heat recovery effectiveness of 0.5. The analysis shows that the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency is lower at a thermal reduction temperature of 1600 K (11.9%) compared to 2000 K. This is because high energy duties are required for heater-2, heater-3, and separator-1 due to the need for a higher inert gas flow rate. After conducting a comparative analysis of the three CDS cycles, it can be inferred that the GeO2/GeO cycle exhibits a significantly higher solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency in comparison to the ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO cycles across all thermal reduction temperatures. According to the comparison, it is confirmed that the GeO2/GeO CDS cycle can achieve a reasonably high solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of 10% at less than 1600 K. On the other hand, ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO CDS cycles require a thermal reduction temperature of more than 1850 K to achieve a solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
Research Directions of the Energy Transformation Impact on the Economy in the Aspect of Asset Analysis
Authors: Svazas Mantas , Bilan Yuriy , Navickas Valentinas
Published: March 2024

The challenges of climate change encourage immediate solutions by creating the conditions for energy transformation. This process is significantly related to capital investments and the conversion of existing assets to clean energy sources. Due to the need to save resources, workplaces, and public favor, specific studies involving different data groups are necessary. This article presents key data sources for analyzing the impact of energy transformation on Lithuanian regions—governance, potential, and existing power indicators. The economic, social, and governance data combined in the article will allow us to determine the perspectives of sustainable energy transformation in the regions. The article showed that in certain regions there may be major, complex problems that hinder the breakthrough of the energy system. Cluster analysis and a generic system diagram were used for the research, which showed that municipalities have a wide potential for energy transformation. The research emphasizes the governance component as a key success factor. After reorganizing the management of municipal enterprises, further actions can be initiated, since emerging competences allow progress to be made efficiently and with less time spent. The asset analysis methodology presented in the article allows for the identification of the main groups of assets that can be converted in the short term for the purpose of energy transformation, according to sustainable development principles. These decisions provide an opportunity for decision-makers to consistently implement energy transformation decisions.
Modelling of Aircraft Non-CO2 Emissions Using Freely Available Activity Data from Flight Tracking
Authors: Sanajou Kiana , Tchepel Oxana
Published: March 2024

The objective of this work is to develop a new modelling tool to quantify non-CO2 emissions from aircraft during the landing and take-off (LTO cycle) considering the following criteria: (i) utilising freely available activity data; (ii) using widely recommended emission factors; (iii) providing emissions with the spatial and temporal resolution required for local air quality assessment. Freely available flight tracking data obtained from Flightradar24 and emission factors from the European Environment Agency (EEA/EMEP) are considered for the algorithm implementation and tested for Lisbon airport. The analyses of aircraft emissions during various flight stages reveal that HC and CO are mostly emitted during taxiing (93%), while NOX and PM are mostly produced during climb-out (48% and 35%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis, by using simplified activity data from publicly available databases against detailed engine models and emission factors, showed variations in the daily emissions of less than 13% in the case of CO and NOX, but up to 34% for HC and PM. The modelling approach based on freely available activity data developed in this work may offer valuable insights for quantifying airport emissions, providing crucial inputs for air quality assessment, and supporting the definition of mitigation strategies aimed at enhancing sustainability in aviation practices.
Geoscience for Cities: Delivering Europe’s Sustainable Urban Future
Authors: Bricker Stephanie , Jelenek Jan , van der Keur Peter , La Vigna Francesco , O’Connor Sophie , Ryzynski Grzegorz , Smith Martin , Schokker Jeroen , Venvik Guri
Published: March 2024

European Union (EU) policy is clear in its ambition to deliver a sustainable urban future for Europe. In this paper, we consider the role of urban geoscience to help achieve these ambitions. We highlight the relevance of geology to urban subsurface planning and wider EU policy and strategy. Despite the lack of explicit mention of urban underground space in key policy documents, we identify a significant number of priority urban issues for which geological characterisation is a pre-requisite and for which the geological system forms part of the solution, such as mitigation of climate impacts, delivering net zero energy, and implementing nature-based solutions. We reflect on the paradigm shift of urban geoscience as a geological discipline, rooted initially in engineering geology but which has moved towards an interdisciplinary, solution-focused science operating at the inter-section of environmental–social–built systems. In this regard, we highlight cutting-edge urban geoscience research aligned to current urban challenges and note, in particular, the significance of digital technologies to enable 3D urban characterisation, support data-driven decision-making for planning and development, and serve as a means to communicate geology to urban practitioners. The role of the urban geoscientist as an agent of change to enhance integrated science, improve the accessibility of geological issues, and accelerate the translation of national–regional geology to local settings and to urban policy drivers should not be underestimated.
A Novel Approach to Detecting the Salinization of the Yellow River Delta Using a Kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and a Feature Space Model
Authors: Xu Mei , Guo Bing , Zhang Rui
Published: March 2024

Using the kernel normalized difference vegetation index (KNDVI) to monitor soil salinization has great advantages; however, approaches using KNDVI and a feature space model to monitor salinization have not yet been reported. In this study, the KNDVI, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), extended difference vegetation index (EDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (TGDVI), modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), and salt index (SI) were used to establish five feature space monitoring indices for salinization. The spatio-temporal evolution pattern of soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta from 2000 to 2020 was analyzed based on the optimal monitoring index. The remote sensing monitoring index model based on KNDVI-SI’s point-to-point mode had the best applicability with R2 = 0.93, followed by EDVI-SI’s salinization monitoring index model with R2 = 0.90. From 2000 to 2020, soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta followed an exacerbating then improving trend. Soil salinization was more severe in the northern and eastern coastal areas of the Yellow River Delta. These results are conducive to salinization restoration and control in the Yellow River Delta.
Quantifying the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Soil Diversity in Southern Xinjiang and Its Influencing Factors
Authors: Luo Junteng , Fan Yanmin , Wu Hongqi , Cheng Junhui , Yang Rui , Zheng Kai
Published: March 2024

Soil diversity plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the sustainability of the land. Xinjiang is a typical arid and semi-arid region of China, and the study of Xinjiang soils is significant for understanding soil properties in all such environments. This study applied the moving window technique and the species–area curve model from ecology to establish optimal analysis windows, calculate landscape pattern indices, and reveal soil distribution characteristics in Southern Xinjiang. Additionally, we used geographic detectors to identify the primary influencing factors in different geomorphic regions. The results indicate a positive correlation between soil richness and area in the Southern Xinjiang region. The Tarim Basin, despite being the largest area, shows the lowest diversity and evenness indices. Overall, mountainous areas have higher soil evenness when compared to basins. In terms of natural factors, temperature, precipitation, and topography play a crucial role in the variation of soil diversity in mountainous areas, while parent material has a greater influence in the basin regions. The characteristics of soil diversity vary by region and are influenced by the interactive effects of various natural factors. However, the impact of human activities also requires consideration. The low evenness poses a greater challenge for soil restoration in the basin regions. Soil conservation efforts in arid regions are of paramount importance. The research findings can provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable agriculture, soil conservation, and for addressing climate change challenges in arid regions.
A Study on a Solution for Standardization Work for the Sustainable Development of Railway Enterprises
Authors: Li Jingsheng , Pang Zhenghu , Liu Xize , Niu Nana , Zhang Bingyan
Published: March 2024

As one of the most widely used modes of transportation worldwide, the standardization work of railways is of great significance for improving operational efficiency, enhancing service quality, and promoting sustainable development. Through research on railway enterprises, this paper proposes a standardization work solution applicable to railway enterprises of different sizes, which includes six steps. It is found that railway enterprises of different sizes can use the solution proposed in this study to carry out standardization work, but the results of different railway enterprises using this solution to carry out standardization work may be different, and the results of different units using this solution to carry out standardization work within the same railway enterprises are not comparable. Railway enterprises should strengthen cooperation and learn from each other’s advanced experience. Furthermore, the solution in this study can serve as a reference for different railway enterprises to carry out standardization work and contribute to the sustainable development of railway enterprises.
Bacillus thuringiensis: A Broader View of Its Biocidal Activity
Authors: Palma Leopoldo , Sauka Diego Herman , Ibarra Jorge E.
Published: March 2024

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms spores and produces parasporal crystalline inclusions containing Cry and Cyt proteins [...]
Development and Validation of Three Triplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Typing African Horse Sickness Virus: Utility for Disease Control and Other Laboratory Applications
Authors: Villalba Rubén , Tena-Tomás Cristina , Ruano María José , Valero-Lorenzo Marta , López-Herranz Ana , Cano-Gómez Cristina , Agüero Montserrat
Published: March 2024

The African horse sickness virus (AHSV) belongs to the Genus Orbivirus, family Sedoreoviridae, and nine serotypes of the virus have been described to date. The AHSV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in decreasing size order (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable AHSV protein and the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Consequently, Seg-2 determines the identity of the virus serotype. An African horse sickness (AHS) outbreak in an AHS-free status country requires identifying the serotype as soon as possible to implement a serotype-specific vaccination program. Considering that nowadays ‘polyvalent live attenuated’ is the only commercially available vaccination strategy to control the disease, field and vaccine strains of different serotypes could co-circulate. Additionally, in AHS-endemic countries, more than one serotype is often circulating at the same time. Therefore, a strategy to rapidly determine the virus serotype in an AHS-positive sample is strongly recommended in both epidemiological situations. The main objective of this study is to describe the development and validation of three triplex real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) methods for rapid AHSV serotype detection. Samples from recent AHS outbreaks in Kenia (2015–2017), Thailand (2020), and Nigeria (2023), and from the AHS outbreak in Spain (1987–1990), were included in the study for the validation of these methods.
An Evaluation of Type 1 Interferon Related Genes in Male and Female-Matched, SARS-CoV-2 Infected Individuals Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Huecksteadt Tom P. , Myers Elizabeth J. , Aamodt Samuel E. , Trivedi Shubhanshi , Warren Kristi J.
Published: March 2024

SARS-CoV-2 infection has claimed just over 1.1 million lives in the US since 2020. Globally, the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection spread to 771 million people and caused mortality in 6.9 million individuals to date. Much of the early literature showed that SARS-CoV-2 immunity was defective in the early stages of the pandemic, leading to heightened and, sometimes, chronic inflammatory responses in the lungs. This lung-associated ‘cytokine storm’ or ‘cytokine release syndrome’ led to the need for oxygen supplementation, respiratory distress syndrome, and mechanical ventilation in a relatively high number of people. In this study, we evaluated circulating PBMC from non-hospitalized, male and female, COVID-19+ individuals over the course of infection, from the day of diagnosis (day 0) to one-week post diagnosis (day 7), and finally 4 weeks after diagnosis (day 28). In our early studies, we included hospitalized and critically care patient PBMC; however, most of these individuals were lymphopenic, which limited our assessments of their immune integrity. We chose a panel of 30 interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) to evaluate by PCR and completed flow analysis for immune populations present in those PBMC. Lastly, we assessed immune activation by stimulating PBMC with common TLR ligands. We identified changes in innate cells, primarily the innate lymphoid cells (ILC, NK cells) and adaptive immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) over this time course of infection. We found that the TLR-7 agonist, Resiquimod, and the TLR-4 ligand, LPS, induced significantly better IFNα and IFNγ responses in the later phase (day 28) of SARS-CoV-2 infection in those non-hospitalized COVID-19+ individuals as compared to early infection (day 0 and day 7). We concluded that TLR-7 and TLR-4 agonists may be effective adjuvants in COVID-19 vaccines for mounting immunity that is long-lasting against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Cross-Reactivity Assessment of Vaccine-Derived SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses against BA.2.86 and JN.1
Authors: Sohail Muhammad Saqib , Ahmed Syed Faraz , Quadeer Ahmed Abdul , McKay Matthew R.
Published: March 2024

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants BA.2.86 and JN.1 contain multiple mutations in the spike protein that were not present in previous variants of concern and Omicron sub-variants. Preliminary research suggests that these variants reduce the neutralizing capability of antibodies induced by vaccines, which is particularly significant for JN.1. This raises concern as many widely deployed COVID-19 vaccines are based on the spike protein of the ancestral Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2. While T cell responses have been shown to be robust against previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, less is known about the impact of mutations in BA.2.86 and JN.1 on T cell responses. We evaluate the effect of mutations specific to BA.2.86 and JN.1 on experimentally determined T cell epitopes derived from the spike protein of the ancestral Wuhan strain and the spike protein of the XBB.1.5 strain that has been recommended as a booster vaccine. Our data suggest that BA.2.86 and JN.1 affect numerous T cell epitopes in spike compared to previous variants; however, the widespread loss of T cell recognition against these variants is unlikely.
A New Inovirus from the Human Blood Encodes Proteins with Nuclear Subcellular Localization
Authors: Popgeorgiev Nikolay , Krupovic Mart , Hiblot Julien , Fancello Laura , Monteil-Bouchard Sonia , Desnues Christelle
Published: March 2024

Viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophages) represent the most abundant viral particles in the human body. They participate in the control of the human-associated bacterial communities and play an important role in the dissemination of virulence genes. Here, we present the identification of a new filamentous single-stranded DNA phage of the family Inoviridae, named Ralstonia Inoviridae Phage 1 (RIP1), in the human blood. Metagenomics and PCR analyses detected the RIP1 genome in blood serum, in the absence of concomitant bacterial infection or contamination, suggesting inovirus persistence in the human blood. Finally, we have experimentally demonstrated that the RIP1-encoded rolling circle replication initiation protein and serine integrase have functional nuclear localization signals and upon expression in eukaryotic cells both proteins were translocated into the nucleus. This observation adds to the growing body of data suggesting that phages could have an overlooked impact on the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Bacteriophage–Host Interactions and the Therapeutic Potential of Bacteriophages
Authors: Dicks Leon M. T. , Vermeulen Wian
Published: March 2024

Healthcare faces a major problem with the increased emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to over-prescribing antibiotics. Bacteriophages may provide a solution to the treatment of bacterial infections given their specificity. Enzymes such as endolysins, exolysins, endopeptidases, endosialidases, and depolymerases produced by phages interact with bacterial surfaces, cell wall components, and exopolysaccharides, and may even destroy biofilms. Enzymatic cleavage of the host cell envelope components exposes specific receptors required for phage adhesion. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to phage infiltration through their peptidoglycan, cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), and flagella. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), pili, and capsules serve as targets. Defense mechanisms used by bacteria differ and include physical barriers (e.g., capsules) or endogenous mechanisms such as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) systems. Phage proteins stimulate immune responses against specific pathogens and improve antibiotic susceptibility. This review discusses the attachment of phages to bacterial cells, the penetration of bacterial cells, the use of phages in the treatment of bacterial infections, and the limitations of phage therapy. The therapeutic potential of phage-derived proteins and the impact that genomically engineered phages may have in the treatment of infections are summarized.
Predicting Vaccine Effectiveness for Hospitalization and Symptomatic Disease for Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Using Neutralizing Antibody Titers
Authors: Gardner Billy J. , Kilpatrick A. Marm
Published: March 2024

The emergence of new virus variants, including the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2, can lead to reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the need for new vaccines or vaccine doses if the extent of immune evasion is severe. Neutralizing antibody titers have been shown to be a correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens, and could be used to quickly estimate vaccine effectiveness for new variants. However, no model currently exists to provide precise VE estimates for a new variant against severe disease for SARS-CoV-2 using robust datasets from several populations. We developed predictive models for VE against COVID-19 symptomatic disease and hospitalization across a 54-fold range of mean neutralizing antibody titers. For two mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2), models fit without Omicron data predicted that infection with the BA.1 Omicron variant increased the risk of hospitalization 2.8–4.4-fold and increased the risk of symptomatic disease 1.7–4.2-fold compared to the Delta variant. Out-of-sample validation showed that model predictions were accurate; all predictions were within 10% of observed VE estimates and fell within the model prediction intervals. Predictive models using neutralizing antibody titers can provide rapid VE estimates, which can inform vaccine booster timing, vaccine design, and vaccine selection for new virus variants.
The Effect of Global Spread, Epidemiology, and Control Strategies on the Evolution of the GI-19 Lineage of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Franzo Giovanni , Faustini Giulia , Tucciarone Claudia Maria , Poletto Francesca , Tonellato Francesca , Cecchinato Mattia , Legnardi Matteo
Published: March 2024

The GI-19 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has emerged as one of the most impactful, particularly in the “Old World”. Originating in China several decades ago, it has consistently spread and evolved, often forming independent clades in various areas and countries, each with distinct production systems and control strategies. This study leverages this scenario to explore how different environments may influence virus evolution. Through the analysis of the complete S1 sequence, four datasets were identified, comprising strains of monophyletic clades circulating in different continents or countries (e.g., Asia vs. Europe and China vs. Thailand), indicative of single introduction events and independent evolution. The population dynamics and evolutionary rate variation over time, as well as the presence and intensity of selective pressures, were estimated and compared across these datasets. Since the lineage origin (approximately in the mid-20th century), a more persistent and stable viral population was estimated in Asia and China, while in Europe and Thailand, a sharp increase following the introduction (i.e., 2005 and 2007, respectively) of GI-19 was observed, succeeded by a rapid decline. Although a greater number of sites on the S1 subunit were under diversifying selection in the Asian and Chinese datasets, more focused and stronger pressures were evident in both the European (positions 2, 52, 54, 222, and 379 and Thai (i.e., positions 10, 12, 32, 56, 62, 64, 65, 78, 95, 96, 119, 128, 140, 182, 292, 304, 320, and 323) strains, likely reflecting a more intense and uniform application of vaccines in these regions. This evidence, along with the analysis of control strategies implemented in different areas, suggests a strong link between effective, systematic vaccine implementation and infection control. However, while the overall evolutionary rate was estimated at approximately 10−3 to 10−4, a significant inverse correlation was found between viral population size and the rate of viral evolution over time. Therefore, despite the stronger selective pressure imposed by vaccination, effectively constraining the former through adequate control strategies can efficiently prevent viral evolution and the emergence of vaccine-escaping variants.
Risk Factors for COVID-19 and Respiratory Tract Infections during the Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: Mockeliunas Laurynas , van Wijk Rob C. , Upton Caryn M. , Peter Jonathan , Diacon Andreas H. , Simonsson Ulrika S. H.
Published: March 2024

(1) Background: Some individuals are more susceptible to developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) or coronavirus disease (COVID-19) than others. The aim of this work was to identify risk factors for symptomatic RTIs including COVID-19 and symptomatic COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic by using infection incidence, participant baseline, and regional COVID-19 burden data. (2) Methods: Data from a prospective study of 1000 frontline healthcare workers randomized to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination or placebo, and followed for one year, was analyzed. Parametric time-to-event analysis was performed to identify the risk factors associated with (a) non-specific symptomatic respiratory tract infections including COVID-19 (RTIs+COVID-19) and (b) symptomatic RTIs confirmed as COVID-19 using a polymerase chain reaction or antigen test (COVID-19). (3) Results: Job description of doctor or nurse (median hazard ratio [HR] 1.541 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.299–1.822), the reported COVID-19 burden (median HR 1.361 and 95% CI 1.260–1.469 for 1.4 COVID-19 cases per 10,000 capita), or a BMI > 30 kg/m2 (median HR 1.238 and 95% CI 1.132–1.336 for BMI of 35.4 kg/m2) increased the probability of RTIs+COVID-19, while positive SARS-CoV-2 serology at enrollment (median HR 0.583 and 95% CI 0.449–0.764) had the opposite effect. The reported COVID-19 burden (median HR 2.372 and 95% CI 2.116–2.662 for 1.4 COVID-19 cases per 10,000 capita) and a job description of doctor or nurse (median HR 1.679 and 95% CI 1.253–2.256) increased the probability of developing COVID-19, while smoking (median HR 0.428 and 95% CI 0.284–0.648) and positive SARS-CoV-2 serology at enrollment (median HR 0.076 and 95% CI 0.026–0.212) decreased it. (4) Conclusions: Nurses and doctors with obesity had the highest probability of developing RTIs including COVID-19. Non-smoking nurses and doctors had the highest probability of developing COVID-19 specifically. The reported COVID-19 burden increased the event probability, while positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology at enrollment decreased the probability of RTIs including COVID-19, and COVID-19 specifically.
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Safety and Autoimmune Response
Authors: Tyan Yu-Chang , Chuang Shih-Chang , Ho Tzu-Chuan , Chuang Kuo-Pin , Yang Ming-Hui
Published: March 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health crisis [...]
Phytotherapeutic Approaches in Canine Pediatrics
Authors: Quintavalla Fausto
Published: March 2024

Phytotherapy is a clinical modality that incorporates botanical remedies as part of the therapeutic approach. It is a very ancient branch of medicine that is currently undergoing a renaissance, evident in the numerous preparations available on the market. The majority of these formulations are for preventive and curative use in adult animals. Experimental experiences in the pediatric age group are particularly scarce within the existing literature. Since these products are readily accessible, dog owners often turn to them due to their ease of availability, a preference for self-medication, and the perception that herbs are safer, gentler, and less expensive than conventional medications, often leading them to bypass seeking the advice of experienced professionals. The purpose of this review is to illustrate, on the basis of the currently available bibliography, phytotherapeutic approaches in canine pediatrics, paying particular attention to the adverse effects resulting from the use of certain plants, even when used in conjunction with some synthetic drugs. Consequently, it becomes evident that further clinical and more relevant studies, specifically focusing on puppies, are needed to increase knowledge about the effects of herbal remedies.
Territorial Pluralism in China: Local Water Users’ Adaptation Strategies in the South–North Water Transfer Project
Authors: Zhou Chengting , Chen Jing , Li Chen , Bi Bo
Published: March 2024

China’s South–North Water Transfer Project has been questioned as it has resulted in significantly negative issues. Drawing on the notion of hydrosocial territories, this article examines the contested hydraulic configuration and counter-imaginaries from local water users’ perspectives and their specific adaptation strategies in the South–North Water Transfer Project. This article argues that local water users in a Chinese context can only adopt adaptation strategies that are determined by their socio-economic backgrounds. This has led to significant social and environmental injustice. Addressing these issues is crucial for tackling inequities in the South–North Water Transfer Project and achieving the ambitious development goals of the project.
Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal
Authors: Wang Liangtian , Zhou Jie , Chang Yuexin , Xu Hao
Published: March 2024

In recent years, electrochemical descaling technology has gained widespread attention due to its environmental friendliness and ease of operation. However, its single-pass removal efficiency could be higher, severely limiting its practical application. To overcome the limitations of traditional electrochemical descaling processes, this paper first focuses on the separation efficiency of H+ and OH− in the scale removal process based on numerous recent research papers. It mainly emphasizes how innovative cathode design can enhance the efficiency and stability of electrochemical descaling. Furthermore, this paper explores the coupling of electrochemical processes with different water treatment technologies, such as the combination of electrodeposition with electrocoagulation, filtration crystallization, microfiltration, and electrodialysis, and how these methods synergistically enhance descaling effects. Additionally, this paper discusses potential future directions for electrochemical descaling technology, including innovations in scale expansion, material updates, process optimization, system integration, and automation. Finally, this paper analyzes the practical challenges of electrochemical descaling technology, such as cost, energy consumption, equipment durability, and environmental impact, and proposes solutions. The implementation of these strategies is expected to promote the commercialization of electrochemical descaling technology, making it more aligned with the sustainability requirements of industry and the environment.
Investigating First Flush Occurrence in Agro-Urban Environments in Northern Italy
Authors: Niazkar Majid , Evangelisti Margherita , Peruzzi Cosimo , Galli Andrea , Maglionico Marco , Masseroni Daniele
Published: March 2024

The first flush (FF) phenomenon is commonly associated with a relevant load of pollutants, raising concerns about water quality and environmental management in agro-urban areas. An FF event can potentially transport contaminated water into a receiving water body by activating combined sewer overflow (CSO) systems present in the drainage urban network. Therefore, accurately characterizing FF events is crucial for the effective management of sewer systems and for limiting environmental degradation. Given the ongoing controversy in the literature regarding the delineation of FF event occurrences, there is an unavoidable necessity for further investigations, especially experimental-based ones. This study presents the outcomes of an almost two-year field campaign focused on assessing the water quantity and quality of two combined sewer systems in Northern Italy. For this purpose, various hydro-meteorological variables, including precipitation, flow rate, temperature, and solar radiation, in addition to water quality analytics, were measured continuously to capture stormwater events. Throughout the monitoring period, sixteen stormwater events were identified and analyzed using five indices usually adopted in the literature to identify FF occurrences. The results indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between the mass first flush ratios calculated for nutrients and three factors, including maximum rainfall intensity, maximum flow rate, and antecedent dry weather period. Furthermore, rainfall duration was found to possess a strong negative correlation with the mass first flush ratios calculated for nutrients. However, for the same rainfall event, the occurrence of FF has never been unanimously confirmed by the indices examined in this study. Moreover, different macro-groups of pollutants can behave differently. Thus, it becomes apparent that relying solely on a priori analyses, without the support of data from experimental monitoring campaigns, poses a risk when designing actions for the mitigation of FF occurrences.
Analysis of Land Use Change and Hydrogeological Parameters in the Andean Semiarid Region of Ecuador
Authors: Benavides-Muñoz Holger Manuel , Correa-Escudero Verónica , Pucha-Cofrep Darwin , Pucha-Cofrep Franz
Published: March 2024

Access to freshwater in developing regions remains a significant concern, particularly in arid and semiarid areas with limited annual precipitation. Groundwater, a vital resource in these regions, faces dual threats—climate change and unsustainable exploitation. This study analyzes changes in land use, vegetation cover, and hydrogeological parameters in Catacocha parish, situated in the southern Ecuadorian Andes region. The methodology incorporates the integration of data from the Paltas Municipality, Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica—MAATE—and Instituto Geográfico Militar—IGM. Utilizing GIS tools, vegetation analysis is combined with a comparative assessment of discharge data spanning from 2000 to 2022. The data from the MAATE and IGM play an instrumental role in evaluating alterations in vegetation cover across the years. The study also examines the characteristic curves of the wells and their coefficient of storage. Additionally, it assesses the role of vegetation in facilitating infiltration and explores the potential relationship with precipitation patterns in the study area. In semiarid regions, prioritizing the management of natural vegetation is essential, either through conservation projects or reforestation plans throughout the year. Moreover, population emigration has revitalized land use, reserving specific areas for conservation. The transformation observed in the wells supplying the parish of Catacocha and its vegetation cover from 2000 to 2022 serves as a demonstration of this change. Discharge data remain essential for monitoring variations in well discharge and ensuring a consistent daily supply of potable water.