bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of the oestrogenic effect of zearalenone in pigs by a feed additive
Authors: Brydl Endre , Ványi András , Glávits Róbert , Könyves László , Rafai Pál
Published: April 2014

Zearalenone is phenolic resorcyclic acid lactone produced by a number of Fusarium species grown on grains, predominantly on maize, in high moisture environment. Due to its oestrogenic effects, feeds contaminated with zearalenone can cause striking negative effects on reproduction primarily in pigs. The aim of the study was to test the efficiency of a feed additive developed for enzymatic decomposition of mycotoxins. A total of sixty 6-week-old conventional Dutch Landrace × Hungarian Large White F1 female pigs weaned at 30 ± 2 days of age were divided into 6 groups of 10 animals. Between 50 and 70 days of age, 4 groups of pigs (experimental) were treated with zearalenone (8 or 16 mg/pig dose) administered every other day via an oesophageal tube; pigs from the other two groups were not treated with zearalenone and served as controls. Throughout the experiment, the diet of two experimental groups and one control group was supplemented with a feed additive (named: Detoxa Plus) at a concentration of 1 kg/tonne; pigs from the other control group received neither zearalenone treatment, nor the feed additive. Pigs’ live weight, weight of ovaries and uterus, histological characteristics of the ovaries, uterus, vagina, spleen and lymph nodes, liver concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites (α- and β-zearalenol) were studied. This study showed the preventive capacity of the feed additive against zearalenone. Positive effects included the prevention of uterine enlargement, beneficial effects on the histopathological scores of ovaries, uterus and vagina and reduced concentration of zearalenone and metabolites in the liver. This study demonstrates for the first time that due to its enzymatic activity Detoxa Plus renders zearalenone contaminated feeds less toxic.
Broadband Mid-IR superabsorption with aperiodic polaritonic photonic crystals
Authors: Devarapu G. C. R. , Foteinopoulou S.
Published: March 2014

We propose an approach for broadband near-perfect absorption with aperiodic-polaritonic photonic crystals (PCs) operating in the phonon-polariton gap of the constituent material. In this frequency regime the bulk polaritonic materials are highly reflective due to the extreme permittivity values, and so their absorption capabilities are limited. However, we are able to achieve absorptance of more than 90% almost across the entire phonon-polariton gap of SiC with a SiC-air aperiodic one-dimensional(1D)-PC with angular bandwidth that covers the range of realistic diffraction-limited sources. We explore two types of aperiodic PC schemes, one in which the thickness of the SiC layer increases linearly, and one in which the filling ratio increases linearly throughout the structure. We find that the former scheme performs better in terms of exhibiting smoother spectra and employing less SiC material. On the other hand, the second scheme performs better in terms of the required total structure size. We analyze the principles underpinning the broadband absorption merit of our proposed designs, and determine that the key protagonists are the properties of the entry building block and the adiabaticity of the aperiodic sequencing scheme. Further investigation with derivative lamellar sequences,–resulting by interchanging or random positioning of the original building blocks–, underline the crucial importance of the building block arrangement in an increasing order of thickness. If we relax the requirement of near-perfect absorption, we show that an averaged absorption enhancement across the SiC phonon-polariton gap of ~ 10 can be achieved with much shorter designs of the order of two free-space wavelengths. Our findings suggest that our aperiodic polaritonic PC route can be promising to design broadband electromagnetic absorbers across the spectrum.
Recent advances in miniaturized optical gyroscopes
Authors: Dell’Olio F. , Tatoli T. , Ciminelli C. , Armenise M. N.
Published: March 2014

Low-cost chip-scale optoelectronic gyroscopes having a resolution ≤ 10°/h and a good reliability also in harsh environments could have a strong impact on the medium/high performance gyro market, which is currently dominated by well-established bulk optical angular velocity sensors. The R&D activity aiming at the demonstration of those miniaturized sensors is crucial for aerospace/defense industry, and thus it is attracting an increasing research effort and notably funds.

In this paper the recent technological advances on the compact optoelectronic gyroscopes with low weight and high energy saving are reviewed. Attention is paid to both the so-called gyroscope-on-a-chip, which is a novel sensor, at the infantile stage, whose optical components are monolithically integrated on a single indium phosphide chip, and to a new ultra-high Q ring resonator for gyro applications with a configuration including a 1D photonic crystal in the resonant path. The emerging field of the gyros based on passive ring cavities, which have already shown performance comparable with that of optical fiber gyros, is also discussed.
High-speed imaging of short wind waves by shape from refraction
Authors: Kiefhaber D. , Reith S. , Rocholz R. , Jähne B.
Published: March 2014

This paper introduces the first high-speed system for slope imaging of wind-induced short water waves. The imaging slope gauge method is used, which is based on the shape from refraction principle. The downward looking camera with a telecentric lens observes the refraction of light rays coming from a high power custom telecentric LED light source that is placed underneath the wind wave facility. The light source can be programmed to arbitrary intensity gradients in the x- and y-direction, so that the origin of a light ray is coded in intensity. Four gradient images (acquired at 6000 fps) are combined for one 2D slope image. By only using intensity ratios, the measurements become independent of lens effects from the curved water surface and inhomogeneities in the light source. Independence of wave height is guaranteed by using telecentric illumination and telecentric imaging. The system is capable to measure the slopes of a wind-driven water surface in the Heidelberg Aeolotron wind-wave facility on a footprint of 200 × 160 mm with a spatial resolution of 0.22 mm and a temporal resolution of more than 1500 fps. For the first time, it is now possible to investigate the structure of short wind-induced waves with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to study their dynamic characteristics without aliasing effects. Example images and a video of a 3D reconstructed water surface are shown to illustrate the principle.
Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Governing the Recovery of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs
Authors: Giraldo Carlos , Klump Jens , Clarke Matthew , Schicks Judith
Published: April 2014

Naturally occurring gas hydrates are regarded as an important future source of energy and considerable efforts are currently being invested to develop methods for an economically viable recovery of this resource. The recovery of natural gas from gas hydrate deposits has been studied by a number of researchers. Depressurization of the reservoir is seen as a favorable method because of its relatively low energy requirements. While lowering the pressure in the production well seems to be a straight forward approach to destabilize methane hydrates, the intrinsic kinetics of CH4-hydrate decomposition and fluid flow lead to complex processes of mass and heat transfer within the deposit. In order to develop a better understanding of the processes and conditions governing the production of methane from methane hydrates it is necessary to study the sensitivity of gas production to the effects of factors such as pressure, temperature, thermal conductivity, permeability, porosity on methane recovery from naturally occurring gas hydrates. A simplified model is the base for an ensemble of reservoir simulations to study which parameters govern productivity and how these factors might interact.
Plasma Fibrinogen Along with Patient-reported Outcome Measures Enhances Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Prospective Study
Authors: McCarthy Eoghan M. , MacMullan Paul A. , Al-Mudhaffer Shibeb , Madigan Anne , Donnelly Suzanne , McCarthy Conor J. , Molloy Eamonn S. , Kenny Dermot , McCarthy Geraldine M.
Published: April 2014

Objective.

We sought to prospectively examine the responsiveness of a number of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), as well as their relationship to the biomarkers erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma fibrinogen.

Methods.

Sixty patients with PMR were divided into active (n = 25) or inactive (n = 35) disease groups based on symptoms; physician assessment; and the biomarkers ESR, CRP, and plasma fibrinogen. Groups underwent assessment at baseline and 6 weeks. Disease activity measures and relevant PRO measures were recorded. Measures of responsiveness were compared for all PRO and biomarkers.

Results.

Visual analog scale disease activity (VASDA) and VAS quality of life (VASQOL) are more responsive to change in disease activity than VAS pain, morning stiffness, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and PMR-activity score (AS). Analysis of PMR-AS versus VASDA, VASQOL, and HAQ showed correlation coefficients of 0.87 (p < 0.001), 0.80 (p < 0.001), and 0.68 (p < 0.001), respectively. Receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis revealed VASDA to be more specific than either HAQ (0.95 vs 0.85; p < 0.001) or VASQOL (0.95 vs 0.93; p < 0.001) for the detection of response to treatment in active PMR. Overall, fibrinogen showed superior correlation coefficients with the various PRO than either of the standard biomarkers ESR or CRP. In addition, standardized response means for fibrinogen, ESR, and CRP were 1.63, 1.2, and 1.05, respectively, indicating that plasma fibrinogen was the most responsive biomarker for assessment of change in disease activity.

Conclusion.

VASDA and VASQOL are the most responsive PRO to changes in disease activity in PMR. In addition, plasma fibrinogen demonstrated greater responsiveness to changes in disease activity and superior correlation with the various PRO measures recorded than did the standard biomarkers ESR and CRP.
Aux sources de la dépendance : l'éternel retour des commencements
Authors: Missonnier Sylvain
Published: March 2014

L’humain se caractérise toute sa vie durant par sa dépendance. Pour le clinicien, il ne s’agit donc point de savoir si tel ou tel sujet est dépendant ou non mais bien d’envisager la spécificité psycho(patho)logique de sa dépendance et de son devenir à travers les multiples épreuves de différenciation puis de séparation. À partir des leçons de la clinique périnatale, cette contribution souhaite mettre en exergue l’importance trop souvent méconnue du temps refoulé d’avant la séparation : le temps de la différenciation, de l’impuissance originelle et de la dépendance absolue. La vertu de ce détour est de favoriser une psycho(patho)logie psychanalytique de la dépendance qui ne scotomise pas la situation anthropologique fondamentale, où la fragilité inhérente à la dépendance de notre néoténie s’impose comme l’axe majeur potentiel de notre créativité humaine, mais aussi, de certains de ses naufrages.
L'alcool comme pseudo-objet transitionnel
Authors: Ducarre Catherine
Published: March 2014

Le sujet dépendant de l’alcool tente non seulement de surmonter une dépendance à un objet insuffisamment introjecté mais cherche aussi en même temps à noyer une excitation interne intolérable, faute d’un refoulement suffisamment opérant. À travers deux illustrations cliniques, cet article pointe le défaut de transitionalité chez le patient alcoolique en même temps que la fonction complexe de l’addiction à l’alcool : pseudo-objet transitionnel qui tente de combler un vide et à la fois de neutraliser un objet interne trop envahissant et excitant.
De la contention à la contenance : usage de la psychothérapie en prison
Authors: Sergent Maud
Published: March 2014

De la répétition des passages à l’acte à celle des incarcérations, comment comprendre les enjeux psychiques à l’œuvre chez un patient qui semble s’étayer avec force sur l’aspect matériel de la réalité extérieure ? Entre dépendance et soumission, comment le soin peut-il s’envisager en milieu carcéral ? C’est au détour d’un cas clinique qu’il s’agira d’aborder ces questionnements.
Le jeu vidéo, un objet de soin ?
Authors: Le Bihan Éva
Published: March 2014

La dépendance a de multiples visages mais n’a pas d’âge... De plus en plus d’adolescents en situation d’impasse sont accueillis au sein des établissements de soin. Leur souffrance s’exprime par des conduites d’évitement, des déscolarisations, alors même que ce sont souvent de bons élèves, un enfermement au domicile, un repli sur eux-mêmes, une perte de repères et potentiellement un risque de certaines formes de dépendance. Chez ces jeunes, l’entrée dans la puberté et l’adolescence semble raviver de profondes angoisses plus ou moins masquées durant l’enfance. Ils sont en situation d’impasse. Dans l’accompagnement d’adolescents qui tendent à se couper du monde et parfois d’eux-mêmes, enlisés dans leurs peurs et l’immobilisme qui en découle, l’utilisation d’un jeu vidéo, bien choisi et testé, peut parfois aider à installer une aire de rencontre et d’échange avec le soignant, préalable indispensable à toute évolution accompagnée. La médiation ludique ne pourrait-elle pas permettre de réinscrire, progressivement, un jeune en difficulté dans une dynamique relationnelle ? À partir d’un cas clinique, celui de César, l’auteur tente de retrouver le fil du processus thérapeutique tel qu’il s’est déroulé, d’en tirer quelques leçons d’expérience et de proposer un aperçu plus global des éléments constitutifs d’une dynamique psycholudique qui puisse être porteuse de réassurance pour les jeunes patients.
La dépendance au virtuel en question
Authors: Huerre Patrice , Belamich Garance
Published: March 2014

Après avoir rappelé la place des nouvelles technologies dans notre société, les auteurs proposent une réflexion autour de la question de la dépendance au virtuel. Si son utilisation vient répondre directement aux problématiques adolescentes, quelle peut être l’origine d’un « mésusage » des écrans ? Qu’est-ce qui est précisément recherché dans l’utilisation de ces « mondes virtuels » ? Quels sont les éléments de vulnérabilité pouvant conduire aux usages excessifs, et quelle peut être la fonction de cet abus au niveau de l’économie psychique ? Pour illustrer leur propos, les auteurs présentent ensuite le cas clinique d’un jeune patient hospitalisé où l’exploration de la nature de son lien aux jeux vidéo a permis un accès direct à des contenus inconscients réprimés et anxiogènes.
Des dépendances sexuelles à la sexualité addictive
Authors: Estellon Vincent
Published: March 2014

Depuis quelques décennies, certains auteurs, à la suite de J. McDougall, se sont intéressés à une symptomatologie clinique contemporaine particulière désignée sous le terme de « sexualité addictive ». Au sein de cette configuration clinique marquée du sceau de la compulsion de répétition, le sujet, plutôt que de se risquer à éprouver des affects qui menacent l’intégrité narcissique déjà fragilisée, recherche avant tout l’épreuve de sensations corporelles. Quel objet se cache sous le masque de la série des corps anonymes ? Comment les larges ressources de la psychosexualité en viennent à se réduire à son expression la plus rudimentaire de décharge ? Quels liens peut-on opérer entre les sexualités dépendantes et les fonctionnements limites ? Sur la base de considérations théorico-cliniques, cet article apporte des éléments de réponses à ces questions.
Sortir de la dépendance : une question adolescente
Authors: Lesourd Serge
Published: March 2014

L’adolescence confronte le sujet à la sortie de la dépendance infantile aux imagos parentales. Face à cette perte incontournable, les passions adolescentes viennent protéger, pour un temps, le sujet de la confrontation au manque constitutif du désir humain et donc à la castration. Ces défenses se déclinent dans les différentes formes passionnelles qui sont toutes des tentatives pour maintenir une complétude imaginaire, toujours infantile.
Se déprendre de dépendre ? Vieillir parmi la violence des idéaux
Authors: Verdon Benoît
Published: March 2014

La dépendance met à l’épreuve la solidité et la souplesse des assises narcissiques de chacun, et donc ses capacités à se différencier de l’objet. Dépendantes de soins du fait de fragilités somatiques ou appréhendant de le devenir du fait de leur vieillissement, des personnes consentent très difficilement à l’idée de n’être plus performantes. Confondant l’idéal et la perfection, en partie du fait des normes contemporaines violentes qui prônent le fait de mûrir sans vieillir, certaines personnes vivent toute fragilité compromettant leur autonomie comme trahison à contre-investir par la disqualification d’autrui, l’évitement des effets du vieillissement, la revendication de n’avoir aucunement besoin d’autrui, voire de n’être pas atteintes par les affres du temps. De tels aménagements sont rarement de bon aloi et mettent à mal la capacité de se laisser faire par l’inéluctable du temps qui passe.
Alcool, médicaments, actes de la vie quotidienne : variabilité des objets de dépendance en EHPAD
Authors: Menecier Pascal , Ploton Louis
Published: March 2014

La notion de dépendance devient presque omniprésente quand on considère des personnes âgées, surtout si elles vivent en établissement d’hébergement qualifié en France pour personnes âgées dépendantes ( ehpad ). C’est encore plus le cas si à la dépendance pour les actes de la vie quotidienne se surajoutent des conduites addictives, essentiellement des dépendances à des substances psychoactives (alcool, ou médicaments psychoactifs). Alors, sous le terme de dépendance, de multiples notions s’emmêlent et se recoupent, rarement dans l’intérêt des personnes âgées accueillies. À un moment où les paradigmes évoluent en addictologie comme en gérontologie, refaire le point sur deux des principales significations du terme dépendance peut aider à ne pas les confondre et à dépasser les impasses générées par des quiproquos sémantiques.
Institutions politiques et réforme des retraites aux États-Unis et au Canada
Authors: Béland Daniel
Published: March 2014

Mettant l’accent sur les facteurs institutionnels et les stratégies des acteurs politiques, l’article suivant analyse le changement institutionnel dans le domaine des politiques de retraite aux États-Unis et au Canada depuis le début des années 1980. En matière de politiques de retraite comme dans d’autres secteurs de l’action publique, il est approprié de comparer ces deux pays « libéraux » qui, tout en laissant un grand rôle au marché, possèdent des institutions politiques et des programmes sociaux bien distincts. L’article souligne à la fois le poids certain de ces différences institutionnelles et l’existence de stratégies de réforme communes dans les deux pays à l’étude. Axé sur l’analyse du versant public des systèmes de retraite tout en tenant compte de l’épargne et des pensions privées, l’article adopte une approche historique en contrastant trois périodes dans chaque pays : les années Reagan (1981-1989) et Mulroney (1984-1993), les années Clinton (1993-2001) et Chrétien (1993-2003), et les années George W. Bush (2001-2009) et Harper (2006-).
Quand techniciser c'est faire de la politique « sans le dire »
Authors: Dufournet Hélène
Published: March 2014

L’article analyse les modalités de gestion du dossier des armes à sous-munitions par les fonctionnaires de la Division « maîtrise des armements » de l’état-major des Armées. Fermement opposés à l’interdiction de ces armes, les militaires français sont parvenus à construire une position qui justifie le maintien d’un statu quo sur la question. Cette position fait l’objet d’un large consensus entre militaires et diplomates, entre fonctionnaires et politiques. En se penchant sur les conditions de diffusion de cette qualification du problème dans le système politico-administratif français, l’article montre comment la technicisation du problème par les militaires correspond à un travail de « transcodage juridico-technique » qui doit son succès, non pas à une « activité de décision fictive » du politique, inhérente à un mode de « gestion technocratique », mais plutôt à la prise en compte des injonctions auxquelles le politique est soumis. Vu sous cet angle, le travail de technicisation mené par les services administratifs correspond moins à un travail de dépolitisation qu’à un travail d’a-politisation pour évacuer la dimension politique du dossier.
Les professionnels de la politique et la politique étrangère
Authors: Riaux Gilles
Published: March 2014

Cet article traite des logiques d’accès à la commission des affaires étrangères de l’Assemblée nationale afin de rendre compte des liens entre carrière politique et division sectorielle du travail parlementaire. Il s’appuie sur une étude statistique des députés ayant siégé à la commission des affaires étrangères lors de trois législatures (de 1997 à 2012) et des entretiens avec un échantillon de ces mêmes députés. Les députés spécialisés sur les questions diplomatiques ont un parcours politique marqué par un nombre plus élevé de mandats parlementaires et parfois de postes ministériels. La commission des affaires étrangères apparaît alors comme une chasse gardée pour des hommes politiques qui ont une longue et belle carrière derrière eux et peuvent justifier des compétences nécessaires pour s’occuper de politique étrangère. La division sectorielle du travail telle qu’elle se pratique à l’Assemblée nationale permet de saisir en quoi les affaires étrangères constituent un secteur d’activité valorisé, permettant à ceux qui en deviennent les spécialistes de se distinguer dans le champ politique.
Le changement dans la gouvernance globale des forêts
Authors: Montouroy Yves
Published: March 2014

En 2003, l’UE approuvait le plan d’action Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) pour combattre le commerce international de bois illégal par la coopération internationale et de nouvelles réglementations douanières. Cette action européenne vient perturber fortement la régulation d’un secteur mondial qui s’était progressivement privatisée. La thèse défendue ici est que ce changement de politique publique par une recentralisation de la régulation conduit à une relation conflictuelle avec les autorités privées de la gestion forestière et les firmes du secteur ayant investi dans les instruments d’autorégulation antérieurs. Par conséquent, les acteurs privés font face au défi d’intégrer ce changement de politique publique dans leurs pratiques aux échelles nationale et européenne par un travail de problématisation et de politisation. Il est alors possible d’étudier la construction collective de cette politique européenne et ses effets sur la régulation d’un secteur globalisé.
As novas configurações do espaço agrário no Rio Grande do Sul / Brasil: da pecuária tradicional ao complexo agroindustrial da soja
Authors: Moreira Vinicius Silva , Medeiros Rosa Maria Vieira
Published: March 2014

O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Brasil sofreu transformações significativas em seu espaço agrário nas últimas décadas. O noroeste sul-riograndense foi principal palco dessa transformação, pois foi o local originário das Reduções Jesuíticas dos Sete Povos Missioneiros, com uma economia baseada na pecuária extensiva, que mais tarde se consolida com o latifúndio pastoril. Nessa mesma área, já na década do ano de 1970, há uma fragmentação parcial dos criatórios de bovinos e sua reestruturação ocorre através do arrendamento ou da venda das propriedades em prol do agronegócio da soja. Analisar a evolução da reestruturação espacial desse Estado brasileiro, no período entre 1975 a 2006, analisando as transformações produtivas e fundiárias responsáveis pela formação de uma nova configuração espacial; constituem os objetivos desta pesquisa. A metodologia é analítica-descritiva, fundamentada em trabalhos de campo, através de observações e entrevistas com os agricultores e proprietários rurais, além de outros informantes qualificados.
Soutenabilité de l’arganeraie marocaine.
Authors: Faouzi Hassan , Martin Julie
Published: March 2014

L’huile d’argane est la production la plus connue de l’arganeraie. Dans les années 1990, avec les diverses découvertes de ses vertus culinaires, cosmétiques et médicinales, elle a connu un regain d'intérêt et une ascension commerciale fulgurante. Mais dans le sud ouest du Maroc les peuplements d’arganiers sont en constante diminution et leur régénération est compromise. Selon les milieux du développement national et international, la conservation de l’arganeraie doit résulter de la valorisation économique de ses ressources. L’huile d’argane est certainement la production sur laquelle peut reposer un projet de développement socio-économique. Forte de son succès, en une décennie, l’huile d’argane a inondé le marché du cosmétique en Europe et ailleurs. Cependant, quelques années plus tard, on est forcé de constater que le développement commercial de la filière « huile d’argane » n’a eu aucun effet réel sur la conservation de l’arganeraie, et qu'il apparaît même en contradiction avec les objectifs des développeurs.
Estrutura, processo, função e forma no setor agrário do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Gass Sidnei Luís Bohn , Verdum Roberto , Mantelli Jussara
Published: March 2014

A integração e aplicação dos conceitos e métodos da Geografia, em muitos casos, apresentam significativa complexidade, em especial quando se utiliza referenciais que trazem um amplo grau de aprofundamento acadêmico. Em muitos casos, isto pode dificultar a compreensão de determinados acontecimentos dentro de um quadro mais amplo de análise, sobretudo, por necessitar da utilização de resgates históricos que auxiliem na definição dos cenários atuais, em que determinados segmentos da sociedade atuam. Neste artigo temos a finalidade de avaliar de que maneira ocorreu o avanço sobre a compreensão e aplicação do Código Florestal Brasileiro, Lei Federal nº 4.771, de 15 de setembro de 1965, revogado em 2012. De outro lado, como ocorreu o processo de uso e ocupação do território da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para tornar possível tal análise, tomamos por base o processo de colonização européia no Rio Grande do Sul, os fluxos migratórios, o desmatamento e a atividade agrícola, assim como, a degradação e a consciência ambiental adquiridas no período. As conexões necessárias para a compreensão dos dois cenários colocados: a) o processo de uso e ocupação do solo e b) o avanço do Código Florestal, serão buscadas através dos escritos de Milton Santos (1985), obra na qual o autor trata da estrutura, do processo, da função e da forma como categorias de análise do método geográfico. Através das discussões apresentadas pelo autor será possível identificar as diferentes temporalidades presentes e destoantes nos cenários em questão. As relações que se estabelecem entre: a estrutura, o processo, a função, a forma, as questões de uso e ocupação do solo e a compreensão e aplicação da legislação ambiental, partem do conceito de espaço. Este que constitui uma realidade objetiva e é um produto social em processo permanente de transformação. Uma vez que o espaço impõe sua própria realidade, fica evidente que há, ao menos, dois tempos distintos a serem considerados nas questões de análise regional: o tempo do processo de ocupação regional - que gera o enfrentamento dialético com a natureza sob o aspecto da sua ocupação - e que resultará em novas formas dotadas de rugosidades que contarão a história regional futura; o tempo político - representado pelas políticas públicas e pelas evoluções legais - que ocorrem em total descompasso com o desenvolvimento regional. Cabe aos pesquisadores acompanhar a aplicação das novas legislações e adaptações a elas, para possibilitar a continuidade das avaliações preliminares elaboradas  no presente artigo.
Avaliação dos impactos do uso público em trilhas: uma metodologia baseada no estudo de uma trilha interpretativa - Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Paraná
Authors: Melatti Claudia , Archela Rosely Sampaio
Published: March 2014

As trilhas são as áreas mais frequentadas pelos visitantes em parques, porém, muitas delas estão restritas ao uso. O dilema atual é como manter a conservação ambiental e a visitação pública em unidades de conservação, sem comprometer a biodiversidade do local e ao mesmo tempo a qualidade do acesso ao público. Neste estudo, buscou-se investigar o estado de conservação de uma trilha utilizada pelos visitantes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina-PR, a fim de avaliar os possíveis impactos existentes e a conduta consciente dos visitantes. O levantamento dos indicadores de impacto foi coletado em 13 pontos (treze) de observação. Uma enquete com 366 (trezentos e sessenta e seis) visitantes foi realizada, durante o período de maio a outubro de 2010, com o intuito de verificar o conhecimento de prática de mínimo impacto. Ao analisar o estado de conservação ambiental da trilha, verificou-se que a mesma se mantém conservada apesar do uso. A forma como foi projetada aliada ao trabalho de educação ambiental trouxe bons resultados, o que permite a possibilidade de integrar conservação ambiental e visitação pública.
Action integréee pour la valorisation et le respect des Indiens dans la communauté indigène Nambikwara – District de Comodoro, Mato grosso
Authors: Nogueira Marta Cristina de Jesus Aparecida , Metello Humberto da Silva , Nascimento Lucelma Aparecida , Rosa Deocleciano Bittencourt
Published: March 2014

Ce travail présente un ensemble d’actions interdisciplinaires et hautement durables qui peuvent rendre viable une amélioration de la qualité de vie de la communauté indigène Nambikwara, dans le District de Comodoro, située dans la région Nord-Ouest de l’État de Mato Grosso, en mazonie Légale du Brésil, par l’intégration dans notre société sans perte de son identité culturelle, car si si l’indien vit d’une façon simple et humble, il peut comprendre  notre monde à partir d’un ensemble de signifiés propres. Dans la Constitution Fédérale du Brésil de 1988, il est assuré aux Indiens le droit de maintenir leur dignité culturelle et  est établi en devoir d’État la mission de protéger cette population. Ont ainsi été ouverts plusieurs chemins vers la reconnaissance des différences culturelles qui existent dans notre société, et l’importance de gérer les études, recherches, modèles éducatifs et pratiques pédagogiques qui puissent satisfaire les nécessités basiques des communautés indigènes, pas seulement à Comodoro, mais dans tout le Brésil.
Integração regional, regionalização, regionalismo: as palavras e as coisas
Authors: Richard Yann
Published: March 2014

Regionalismo, regionalização e integração regional são três conceitos frequentemente usados pela literatura científica em economia e relações internacionais. Seu uso não cessa de crescer em outras disciplinas como Sociologia e Geografia. No entanto, a literatura acadêmica em torno desses temas apresenta um inconveniente maior: os autores não se preocupam quase nunca em definir esses conceitos e as alterações de significado são frequentes. O que cria uma confusão conceitual que enfraquece certos trabalhos cuja qualidade empírica é, no entanto, evidente. Nesse artigo, tentaremos mostrar que a geografia pode dar uma contribuição significativa aos debates em torno da integração regional, por que essa disciplina é sem dúvida aquela que mais tem a dizer sobre a noção de região. Depois de apresentar e relacionar as vantagens e os vieses das abordagens da economia, das relações internacionais e da geografia, e partindo da hipótese que as três palavras se referem a realidades ligadas, mas distintas, nós propomos definições dos três conceitos
La récupération des déchets à Buenos Aires : un travail de l’âge global
Authors: Carré Marie-Noëlle
Published: March 2014

À Buenos Aires (Argentine), la récupération des déchets recyclables a mis à jour de nouvelles dynamiques de travail et d’organisation économique et sociale intrinsèquement liées aux processus de métropolisation intervenus dans les années 1990. Depuis la fin de la crise de 2001, cette activité s’est pérennisée, interrogeant par la même occasion les conditions de son inscription durable dans les territoires métropolitains. En partant de l’hypothèse que la récupération consiste en un travail de l’âge global, il s’agira de mettre en évidence ses caractéristiques et les difficultés que rencontrent les acteurs de la métropole pour la consolider dans les cadres politico-administratifs existants. De fait, autant sa précarité que ses modalités innovantes sont liées à son double ancrage dans les territoires locaux et dans les réseaux économiques et informationnels globaux, ce qui permet de la définir comme une activité hybride. Dans ces conditions, l’inscription dans les dynamiques métropolitaines brouille la dichotomie entre la mondialisation « par le haut » et « par le bas » retenue pour différencier les circuits formels et informels. La récupération des déchets au XXIe siècle est née de la concentration des investissements directs étrangers, de l’accroissement des contrastes socio-économique et des transformations morphologiques de Buenos Aires. Mais elle n’existerait pas non plus si elle ne fonctionnait pas selon des réseaux capillaires, et dans une profonde informalité. Les récupérateurs et les décideurs urbains sont donc amenés à inventer des arrangements pour prendre en compte les enjeux sociaux, économiques, environnementaux et territoriaux nouveaux de cette activité. L’expression la plus intéressante et novatrice de ce processus est l’émergence de la sélection des déchets recyclables comme un service exclusif de première classe pour les territoires métropolitains plus que comme un service de base pour toute l’agglomération.
NKT Cells Determine Titer and Subtype Profile of Virus-Specific IgG Antibodies during Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Authors: Raftery Martin J. , Wolter Eike , Fillatreau Simon , Meisel Helga , Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Schönrich Günther
Published: March 2014

Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) are innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid-derived Ags presented by the MHC class I–related protein CD1d. In this study, we analyzed the role of iNKT cells in the generation of Abs against HSV type 1 (HSV-1). In sera from healthy hman donors, we found a correlation between HSV-1–specific IgG titers and proportions of CD4+ iNKT cells. In HSV-1–infected iNKT cell–deficient mice, the amount of specific IgM and IgG Abs were significantly reduced compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, iNKT cell–deficient mice were unable to upregulate CD1d on B cells and failed to establish an IFN-γ–driven subtype profile of HSV-1–specific IgG Abs. In spleens of HSV-1–infected wild-type mice, the percentage of iNKT cells expressing CCR6, a marker for inflammatory iNKT cells secreting IFN-γ, was significantly decreased at 6 mo postinfection, suggesting that these cells were released from the spleen to other tissues. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that in the absence of CD1d-restricted cells, HSV-1 induced markedly lower IFN-γ production in splenocytes from naive mice. Taken together, our results indicate that iNKT cells shape the Ab response to HSV-1 infection and provide a basis for rational development of antiviral vaccines.
Altered Expression of Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal Marker Genes Predicts the Clinical Onset of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Indicates the Effectiveness of Multiple Sclerosis–Directed Therapeutics
Authors: Evangelidou Maria , Karamita Maria , Vamvakas Sotiris-Spyros , Szymkowski David E. , Probert Lesley
Published: March 2014

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a valuable model for studying immunopathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) and for exploring the interface between autoimmune responses and CNS tissue that ultimately leads to lesion development. In this study, we measured gene expression in mouse spinal cord during myelin oligodendrocyte gp35–55 peptide–induced EAE, using quantitative RT-PCR, to identify gene markers that monitor individual hallmark pathological processes. We defined a small panel of genes whose longitudinal expression patterns provided insight into the timing, interrelationships, and mechanisms of individual disease processes and the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of MS. Earliest transcriptional changes were upregulation of Il17a and sharp downregulation of neuronal and oligodendrocyte marker genes preceding clinical disease onset, whereas neuroinflammatory markers progressively increased as symptoms and tissue lesions developed. EAE-induced gene-expression changes were not altered in mice deficient in IKKβ in cells of the myeloid lineage compared with controls, but the administration of a selective inhibitor of soluble TNF to mice from the day of immunization delayed changes in the expression of innate inflammation, myelin, and neuron markers from the presymptomatic phase. Proof of principle that the gene panel shows drug screening potential was obtained using a well-established MS therapeutic, glatiramer acetate. Prophylactic treatment of mice with glatiramer acetate normalized gene marker expression, and this correlated with the level of therapeutic success. These results show that neurons and oligodendrocytes are highly sensitive to CNS-directed autoimmunity before the development of clinical symptoms and immunopathology and reveal a role for soluble TNF in mediating the earliest changes in gene expression.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Expands Th17 and IL-4+ CD4−CD8− Double-Negative T Cells and Contracts Regulatory T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kato Hiroshi , Perl Andras
Published: March 2014

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated in CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) T cells and its blockade is therapeutic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Murine studies showed the involvement of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2) in the differentiation of Th1/Th17 cells and Th2 cells, respectively. In this study, we investigated the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in T cell lineage development in SLE and matched healthy control (HC) subjects. mTORC1 activity was increased, whereas mTORC2 was reduced, as assessed by phosphorylation of their substrates phosphorylated S6 kinase 1 or phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein and phosphorylated Akt, respectively. Rapamycin inhibited mTORC1 and enhanced mTORC2. IL-4 expression was increased in freshly isolated CD8+ lupus T cells (SLE: 8.09 ± 1.93%, HC: 3.61 ± 0.49%; p = 0.01). DN T cells had greater IL-4 expression than CD4+ or CD8+ T cells of SLE patients after 3-d in vitro stimulation, which was suppressed by rapamycin (control: 9.26 ± 1.48%, rapamycin: 5.03 ± 0.66%; p < 0.001). GATA-3 expression was increased in CD8+ lupus T cells (p < 0.01) and was insensitive to rapamycin treatment. IFN-γ expression was reduced in all lupus T cell subsets (p = 1.0 × 10−5) and also resisted rapamycin. IL-17 expression was increased in CD4+ lupus T cells (SLE: 3.62 ± 0.66%, HC: 2.29 ± 0.27%; p = 0.019), which was suppressed by rapamycin (control: 3.91 ± 0.79%, rapamycin: 2.22 ± 0.60%; p < 0.001). Frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was reduced in SLE (SLE: 1.83 ± 0.25%, HC: 2.97 ± 0.27%; p = 0.0012). Rapamycin inhibited mTORC1 in Tregs and promoted their expansion. Neutralization of IL-17, but not IL-4, also expanded Tregs in SLE and HC subjects. These results indicate that mTORC1 expands IL-4+ DN T and Th17 cells, and contracts Tregs in SLE.
Molecular Mechanisms of TLR2-Mediated Antigen Cross-Presentation in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Shen Kuan-Yin , Song Ying-Chyi , Chen I-Hua , Leng Chih-Hsiang , Chen Hsin-Wei , Li Hui-Ju , Chong Pele , Liu Shih-Jen
Published: March 2014

Cross-presentation is a key function of dendritic cells (DCs), which present exogenous Ags on MHC class I molecules to prime CTL responses. The effects of TLR triggering on the cross-presentation of exogenous Ags by DCs remain unclear. In this study, we used synthetic dipalmitoylated peptides and TLR2 agonist–conjugated peptides as models to elucidate the mechanisms of TLR2-mediated cross-presentation. We observed that the internalization of dipalmitoylated peptides by bone marrow–derived DCs was facilitated by TLR2 via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The administration of these dipalmitoylated peptide-pulsed bone marrow–derived DCs eliminated established tumors through TLR2 signaling. We further demonstrated that the induction of Ag-specific CTL responses and tumor regression by dipalmitoylated peptides was TAP independent. In addition, presentation of dipalmitoylated peptides by MHC class I molecules was blocked in the presence of an endosomal acidification inhibitor (chloroquine) or a lysosomal degradation inhibitor (Z-FL-COCHO). The endocytosed dipalmitoylated peptide also passed rapidly from early endosome Ag-1–positive endosomes to RAS-related GTP-binding protein 7 (Rab7)–associated late endosomes compared with their nonlipidated counterparts. Furthermore, we found that dipalmitoylated peptide–upregulated Rab7 expression correlated with Ag presentation via the TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Both JNK and ERK signaling pathways are required for upregulation of Rab7. In summary, our data suggest that TLR2-mediated cross-presentation occurs through the upregulation of Rab7 and a TAP-independent pathway that prime CTL responses.
Heterocomplex Formation between MBL/Ficolin/CL-11–Associated Serine Protease-1 and -3 and MBL/Ficolin/CL-11–Associated Protein-1
Authors: Rosbjerg Anne , Munthe-Fog Lea , Garred Peter , Skjoedt Mikkel-Ole
Published: March 2014

The activity of the complement system is tightly controlled by many fluid-phase and tissue-bound regulators. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)/ficolin/collectin-11–associated protein-1 (MAP-1) is a recently discovered plasma protein that acts as an upstream inhibitor of the lectin complement pathway (LCP). It has previously been shown that MAP-1 can compete with the MBL/ficolin/collectin-11–associated serine proteases (MASPs) in binding to MBL and the ficolins. However, this mechanism may only partly explain the inhibitory complement effect of MAP-1. We hypothesized that MAP-1 is also involved in heterocomplex formation with the MASPs thereby breaking the stoichiometry of the activation complexes of the LCP, which could represent an alternative mechanism of MAP-1–mediated complement inhibition. We assessed the heterocomplex formation with ELISA, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunoblotting using both recombinant proteins and serum/plasma. We found that rMAP-1 can engage in heterocomplexes with rMASP-1 and rMASP-3 in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, we discovered that rMASP-1 and rMASP-3 also form heterocomplexes under these conditions. Complexes containing both MAP-1 and MASP-1 or -3 were detected in normal human serum and plasma, and depletion of the LCP recognition molecules from ficolin-3–deficient human serum showed that free circulating heterocomplexes also exist in the blood, although the major part appears to be associated with the LCP recognition molecules. Altogether, these findings suggest that MASPs can associate in various combinations and bring new perspectives to the complexity of lectin pathway–driven complement activation.
High rates of daytime respiration in three streams: Use of δ18OO2 and O2 to model diel ecosystem metabolism
Authors: Hotchkiss Erin R. , Hall Robert O., Jr.
Published: April 2014

Photosynthesis and respiration determine the carbon and oxygen (O2) balance of ecosystems. Current methods used to estimate ecosystem respiration (ER) do not include diel ER fluctuations, which limit testing predictions about short‐term drivers of ecosystem metabolism. Diel changes in δ18OO22 can be used to estimate diel ER due to discrimination against δ18OO22 during respiration. We monitored diel δ18OO22, O2, light, and water temperature in three Wyoming streams and measured respiration fractionation (αR) against δ18OO22 in dark benthic flow chambers in two streams. The ranges of measured and literature αR values were used to estimate uncertainty in metabolism parameters associated with not measuring αR directly. Daytime ER was 54–340% higher than nighttime ER using δ18OO22, but diel ER parameter estimates were highly uncertain relative to traditional estimates of ecosystem metabolism. Diel variations in water temperature only accounted for 4–55% of the range of diel ER calculated using diel δ18OO22. Measured benthic flow chamber αR varied within the range of literature values: from 0.9755 to 0.9954. Metabolism parameter estimates were very sensitive to choice of αR within the measured and published range of values. The mean and uncertainty of diel ER estimates increased with decreasing αR, with daily ER more than ten times higher given an αR of 0.975 vs. 0.999. Diel changes in ER can be modeled using δ18OO22 and O2, but diel ER estimates depend on the choice of αR, suggesting the need to better understand how αR may vary within spatial and temporal scales appropriate for δ18OO22 metabolism models.
Usefulness of the opioid risk tool to predict aberrant drug-related behavior in patients receiving opioids for the treatment of chronic pain
Authors: Witkin, MD Lisa R. , Diskina, BS Dina , Fernandes, BS Shawn , Farrar, MD, PhD John T. , Ashburn, MD, MPH Michael A.
Published: March 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the opioid risk tool (ORT) was clinically useful in guiding physician decision making during chronic opioid therapy and to determine whether there were differences between the patientcompleted and physician-completed ORT.Design: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.Setting: A single-center tertiary care outpatient pain management center.Patients, participants: One-hundred twenty-five patients who received chronic opioids as part of their pain therapy.Interventions: Patients receiving care were asked to complete the ORT as part of their initial evaluation. In addition, as part of this study, a pain physician reviewed the information available at the time of the initial evaluation and completed the ORT. Medical records were reviewed for evidence of moderate-to-severe aberrant drug-related behavior (ADRB), according to specified criteria. Main outcome measures: Patient-completed and physician-completed ORT and presence or absence of moderate to severe ADRB.Results: Of the 125 patients included in this study, physician-completed ORT was available for 125 patients, and a patient-completed ORT was available on 87 of these patients. There was good correlation between the patient-completed and physician-completed ORT (correlation coefficient = 0.61). There were 112 observations of ADRB in 53 of 125 patients (42.4 percent) during the observation period of an average of 7.8 months (range 2-17 months). Of these 53 patients, 32 (60.4 percent) were identified by urine drug screen (UDS) alone, 7 (13.2 percent) were identified by physician observation alone, and 14 (26.4 percent) were identified by both UDS and physician observation. Based on the physician-completed ORT, 41 of 106 (38.7 percent) low risk patients had ADRB, compared to 8 of 14 (57.1 percent) moderate risk, and 4 of 5 (80 percent) high risk patients.Conclusions: Neither the patient-completed nor the physician-completed ORT was strongly predictive of moderate-to-severe ADRB in patients receiving chronic opioid therapy for the treatment of noncancer pain in our pain center.Keywords: aberrant drug-related behavior, opioid risk tool, risk assessment toolsDOI:10.5055/jom.2013.0159