bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromokinesin KIF4A teams up with stathmin 1 to regulate abscission in a SUMO-dependent manner
Authors: Cuijpers Sabine A. G. , Willemstein Edwin , Ruppert Jan G. , van Elsland Daphne M. , Earnshaw William C. , Vertegaal Alfred C. O.
Published: June 2020

Cell division ends when two daughter cells physically separate via abscission, the cleavage of the intercellular bridge. It is not clear how the anti-parallel microtubule bundles bridging daughter cells are severed. Here, we present a novel abscission mechanism. We identified chromokinesin KIF4A, which is adjacent to the midbody during cytokinesis, as being required for efficient abscission. KIF4A is regulated by post-translational modifications. We evaluated modification of KIF4A by the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO. We mapped lysine 460 in KIF4A as the SUMO acceptor site and employed CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing to block SUMO conjugation of endogenous KIF4A. Failure to SUMOylate this site in KIF4A delayed cytokinesis. SUMOylation of KIF4A enhanced the affinity for the microtubule destabilizer stathmin 1 (STMN1). We here present a new level of abscission regulation through the dynamic interactions between KIF4A and STMN1 as controlled by SUMO modification of KIF4A.
Walking with added mass magnifies salient features of human foot energetics
Authors: Papachatzis Nikolaos , Malcolm Philippe , Nelson Carl A. , Takahashi Kota Z.
Published: June 2020

The human foot serves numerous functional roles during walking, including shock absorption and energy return. Here, we investigated walking with added mass to determine how the foot would alter its mechanical work production in response to a greater force demand. Twenty-one healthy young adults walked with varying levels of added body mass: 0%, +15% and +30% (relative to their body mass). We quantified mechanical work performed by the foot using a unified deformable segment analysis and a multi-segment foot model. We found that walking with added mass tended to magnify certain features of the foot's functions. Magnitudes of both positive and negative mechanical work, during stance in the foot, increased when walking with added mass. Yet, the foot preserved similar amounts of net negative work, indicating that the foot dissipates energy overall. Furthermore, walking with added mass increased the foot's negative work during early stance phase, highlighting the foot's role as a shock-absorber. During mid to late stance, the foot produced greater positive work when walking with added mass, which coincided with greater work from the structures spanning the midtarsal joint (i.e. arch). While this study captured the overall behavior of the foot when walking with varying force demands, future studies are needed to further determine the relative contribution of active muscles and elastic tissues to the foot's overall energy.
Improving estimates of diving lung volume in air-breathing marine vertebrates
Authors: Fahlman Andreas , Sato Katsufumi , Miller Patrick
Published: June 2020

The air volume in the respiratory system of marine tetrapods provides a store of O2 to fuel aerobic metabolism during dives; however, it can also be a liability, as the associated N2 can increase the risk of decompression sickness. In order to more fully understand the physiological limitations of different air-breathing marine vertebrates, it is therefore important to be able to accurately estimate the air volume in the respiratory system during diving. One method that has been used to do so is to calculate the air volume from glide phases – periods of movement during which no thrust is produced by the animal – which many species conduct during ascent periods, when gases are expanding owing to decreasing hydrostatic pressure. This method assumes that there is conservation of mass in the respiratory system, with volume changes only driven by pressure. In this Commentary, we use previously published data to argue that both the respiratory quotient and differences in tissue and blood gas solubility potentially alter the mass balance in the respiratory system throughout a dive. Therefore, near the end of a dive, the measured volume of gas at a given pressure may be 12–50% less than from the start of the dive; the actual difference will depend on the length of the dive, the cardiac output, the pulmonary shunt and the metabolic rate. Novel methods and improved understanding of diving physiology will be required to verify the size of the effects described here and to more accurately estimate the volume of gas inhaled at the start of a dive.
Non-Neutrality of Open-Market Operations
Authors: Benigno Pierpaolo , Nisticò Salvatore
Published: June 2020

We analyze the effects on inflation and output of unconventional open-market operations due to the possible income losses on the central bank’s balance sheet. We first state a general Neutrality Property, and characterize the theoretical conditions supporting it. We then discuss three non-neutrality cases. First, with no treasury’s support, sizeable (current or expected) balance sheet losses can undermine the central bank’s solvency and should be resolved through an increase in inflation. Second, a central bank might also engineer higher inflation in the case it wants to limit or reduce losses because of political constraints or to seek more financial independence. Third, if the treasury is unable or unwilling to tax households to cover the central bank’s losses, the wealth transfer to the private sector also leads to higher inflation. (JEL E23, E31, E52, E58)
Sticky Expectations and Consumption Dynamics
Authors: Carroll Christopher D. , Crawley Edmund , Slacalek Jiri , Tokuoka Kiichi , White Matthew N.
Published: June 2020

To match aggregate consumption dynamics, macroeconomic models must generate “excess smoothness” in consumption expenditures. But microfounded models are calibrated to match micro data, which exhibit no “excess smoothness.” So standard microfounded models fail to match the macro smoothness facts. We show that the micro and macro evidence are both consistent with a microfounded model where consumers know their personal circumstances but have “sticky expectations” about the macroeconomy. Aggregate consumption sluggishness reflects consumers’ imperfect attention to aggregate shocks. Our proposed degree of inattention has negligible utility costs because aggregate shocks constitute a tiny proportion of the uncertainty that consumers face. (JEL D83, D84, E21, E23, E24)
Pulmonary artery enlargement on routine staging 18F-fluodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT for lung and oesophageal cancer
Authors: Ji-Xu Antonio , Yang Yunfei , Bradley Kevin M
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an underdiagnosed condition associated with poor survival and increased post-operative mortality in lung cancer. CT-based parameters of pulmonary artery enlargement are strong predictors of PH. We used these parameters to investigate pulmonary artery enlargement in lung and oesophageal cancer.

Methods:

Consecutive patients with lung cancer (n = 100) or oesophageal cancer (n = 100) undergoing staging 18F-fluodeoxyglucose PET/CT were retrospectively identified. The transverse diameter of the main pulmonary artery (mPA) and ascending aorta, and the pulmonary artery-to-ascending aorta (PA:A) ratio were obtained. Abnormal values were defined following the Framingham Heart Study cohort.

Results:

Lung cancer patients had a significantly increased mPA diameter compared to the oesophageal cancer patients (males: 27.29 ± 0.39 vs. 25.88 ± 0.24 mm, females: 26.10 ± 0.28 vs. 24.45 ± 0.18 mm). Similarly, a significantly increased proportion of these patients had an abnormal mPA diameter (males: 35.1% vs 12.5%, females: 32.6% vs 10.7%). Lung cancer patients also had a significantly higher PA:A ratio (males: 0.83 ± 0.01 vs. 0.79 ± 0.008, females: 0.85 ± 0.01 vs. 0.79 ± 0.009), with a larger proportion having an abnormal PA:A ratio (males: 24.6% vs 11.1%, females: 27.9% vs 14.3%).

Conclusion:

Simple measurements of mPA diameter and PA:A ratio reveal that lung cancer patients exhibit increased rates of pulmonary artery enlargement compared to oesophageal cancer patients.

Advances in knowledge:

This study demonstrates there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary enlargement in lung cancer, easily detected on routine staging scans, holding implications for further work-up and risk stratification.
Open Access of COVID-19-related publications in the first quarter of 2020: a preliminary study based in PubMed
Authors: Arrizabalaga Olatz , Otaegui David , Vergara Itziar , Arrizabalaga Julio , Méndez Eva
Published: June 2020

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has made funders, researchers and publishers agree to have research publications, as well as other research outputs, such as data, become openly available. In this extraordinary research context of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, publishers are announcing that their coronavirus-related articles will be made immediately accessible in appropriate open repositories, like PubMed Central, agreeing upon funders’ and researchers’ instigation.

Methods: This work uses Unpaywall, OpenRefine and PubMed to analyse the level of openness of articles about COVID-19, published during the first quarter of 2020. It also analyses Open Access (OA) articles published about previous coronavirus (SARS CoV-1 and MERS CoV) as a means of comparison.

Results: A total of 5,611 COVID-19-related articles were analysed from PubMed. This is a much higher amount for a period of 4 months compared to those found for SARS CoV-1 and MERS during the first year of their first outbreaks (335 and 116 articles, respectively).  Regarding the levels of openness, 88.8% of the SARS CoV-2 papers are freely available; similar rates were found for the other coronaviruses. Deeper analysis showed that (i) 67.4% of articles belong to an undefined Bronze category; (ii) 76.4% of all OA papers don’t carry any license, followed by 10.4% which display restricted licensing. These patterns were found to be repeated in the three most frequent publishers: Elsevier, Springer and Wiley.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that, although scientific production is much higher than during previous epidemics and is open, there is a caveat to this opening, characterized by the absence of fundamental elements and values ​​on which Open Science is based, such as licensing.
Younger ages at risk of Covid-19 mortality in communities of color
Authors: Klugman Keith P. , Zewdu Solomon , Mahon Barbara E. , Dowell Scott F. , Srikantiah Padmini , Laserson Kayla F. , Tappero Jordan W. , Zaidi Anita K. , Mundel Trevor
Published: June 2020

More than 85% of Covid-19 mortality in high income countries is among people 65 years of age or older. Recent disaggregated data from the UK and US show that minority communities have increased mortality among younger age groups and in South Africa initial data suggest that the majority of deaths from Covid-19 are under 65 years of age. These observations suggest significant potential for increased Covid-19 mortality among younger populations in Africa and South Asia and may impact age-based selection of high-risk groups eligible for a future vaccine.
Genres sports discourse: linguistic and cognitive aspect
Authors: Kislicyna Natal'ya , Novikova Ekaterina
Published: June 2020

The monograph is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of "discourse" from the perspective of its institutionality. The focus of research interest is sports discourse, presented in the form of a complex conceptual space with a particular genre-stylistic and pragmatic characteristics.
As a material of study are sports articles, sports interviews and sports commentary, considered as genres of sports discourse, allocated according to criteria focus of the text and its function. The use of frame analysis, content analysis and conversational analysis have shown the peculiarities of representation of speech and thoughts of individuals, operating in the conditions of specific discursive practices.
Addressed to specialists in the field of language theory, cognitive linguistics, decorology, pragmatics, teachers, postgraduates and students.
Managing Changes in Organizational Budgeting Model of Russian Bank in Conditions of Implementation of Agile Approaches in It Projects
Authors: Dudukin Timofey
Published: June 2020

The research project described in this article is intended to identify the requirements for the target organizational budgeting model of a company implementing agile approach in managing IT projects and to develop recommendations concerning these requirements. To collect data relevant for the research an interview and a questionnaire were conducted among the key participants of processes of managing project portfolio, and also some materials from meetings inside the company were used. The most significant results of this project ready to be applied in other companies are:

•• the activity-based costs allocation model, which allows to improve the project planning quality and to increase the benefits estimation objectiveness;

•• the open access integrated IS model providing the transparency of project portfolio budgeting process and possibilities for cascading the metrics of strategic goals achievement set in Balanced Scorecards and increments delivered by agile-teams.
Criminal law of the Russian Federation. The General part
Authors: Inogamova-Hegay Lyudmila , Antonova Elena , Konyahin Vladimir , Korobeev Aleksandr
Published: June 2020

The textbook is prepared by leading scientists, professors, doctors of legal Sciences on the basis of international documents, the Constitution, criminal code, other Federal legislation, scientific literature, judicial practice in recent years.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of higher educational institutions.
A Review Selection Method for Finding an Informative Subset from Online Reviews
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Cong , Chen Guoqing
Published: June 2020

Concerning the information overload of online reviews, this paper models a new review selection problem called the Informative Review Subset Selection problem (namely, IRSS) and demonstrates that it is NP-hard to solve and approximate. Furthermore, a novel heuristic method (namely, Combined Search-ComS) is proposed for seeking the solution to the problem and selecting a subset of reviews, which is consistent with the original review corpus in light of mutual information entropy. The proposed method is then comprehensively examined via extensive data experiments and a user study on Amazon data. Experimental results reveal the overall superiority of the proposed method in comparison with other extant methods of concern, showing that it is an effective way to select an informative subset of online reviews. The proposed method is deemed desirable and useful for online consumers and service providers.
Bias–Variance Trade-Off and Shrinkage of Weights in Forecast Combination
Authors: Blanc Sebastian M. , Setzer Thomas
Published: June 2020

Combining forecasts is an established approach for improving forecast accuracy. So-called optimal weights (OWs) estimate combination weights by minimizing errors on past forecasts. Yet the most successful and common approach ignores all training data and assigns equal weights (EWs) to forecasts. We analyze this phenomenon by relating forecast combination to statistical learning theory, which decomposes forecast errors into three components: bias, variance, and irreducible error. In this framework, EWs minimize the variance component (errors resulting from estimation uncertainty) but ignore the bias component (errors from under-sensitivity to training data). OWs, in contrast, minimize the bias and ignore the variance component. Reducing one component in general increases the other. To address this trade-off between bias and variance, we first derive the expected squared error of a combination using weights between EWs and OWs (technically, OWs shrunk toward EWs) and decompose it into the three error components. We then use the components to derive the shrinkage factor between EWs and OWs that minimizes the expected error. We evaluate the approach on forecasts from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia’s Survey of Professional Forecasters. For these forecasts, we first show that assumptions regarding the error distribution that are commonly used in theoretical analyses are likely to be violated in practice. We then demonstrate that our approach improves over EWs and OWs if the assumptions are met, for instance, as the result of using a standardization procedure for the training data.

This paper was accepted by Han Bleichrodt, decision analysis.
The effect of tourniquet uses on total blood loss, early function, and pain after primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Zhao Hai-Yan , Yeersheng Releken , Kang Xue-Wen , Xia Ya-Yi , Kang Peng-De , Wang Wen-Ji
Published: June 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was to examine whether tourniquet use can improve perioperative blood loss, early function recovery, and pain after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the setting of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid.

Methods

This was a prospective, randomized clinical trial including 180 patients undergoing TKA with multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid. One group was treated with a tourniquet during the entire procedure, the second group received a tourniquet during cementing, and the third group did not receive a tourniquet. All patients received the same protocol of intravenous tranexamic acid (20 mg/kg) before skin incision, and three and six hours later (10 mg/kg). The primary outcome measure was perioperative blood loss. Secondary outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, limb swelling ratio, quadriceps strength, straight leg raising, range of motion (ROM), American Knee Society Score (KSS), and adverse events.

Results

The mean total blood loss was lowest in the no-tourniquet group at 867.32 ml (SD 201.11), increased in the limited-tourniquet group at 1024.35 ml (SD 176.35), and was highest in the tourniquet group at 1,213.00 ml (SD 211.48). The hidden blood loss was lowest in the no-tourniquet group (both p < 0.001). There was less mean intraoperative blood loss in the tourniquet group (77.48 ml (SD 24.82)) than in the limited-tourniquet group (137.04 ml (SD 26.96)) and the no-tourniquet group (212.99 ml (SD 56.35); both p < 0.001). Patients in the tourniquet group showed significantly higher levels of muscle damage and inflammation biomarkers such as CK, CRP, and IL-6 than the other two groups (p < 0.05). Outcomes for VAS pain scores, limb swelling ratio, quadriceps strength, straight leg raising, ROM, and KSS were significantly better in the no-tourniquet group at three weeks postoperatively (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences at three months. No significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to transfusion rate, thrombotic events, or the length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

Patients who underwent TKA with multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid but without a tourniquet presented lower total blood loss and hidden blood loss, and they showed less postoperative inflammation reaction, less muscle damage, lower VAS pain score, and better early knee function. Our results argue for not using a tourniquet during TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(6):322–332.
Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: a case report
Authors: Barraclough O , Wilson G , Power A
Published: June 2020

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare benign condition. It most commonly affects the large joints. Presentation in the temporomandibular joint is rare.

Our case was an incidental radiological finding and not diagnosed immediately, highlighting the ease with which conditions such as this can be missed, particularly in asymptomatic patients. Only 45% of patients with synovial chondromatosis show radiographic changes. Findings as significant as ours are unusual. An increased professional awareness of the radiological signs of synovial chondromatosis would be beneficial to improve diagnosis and prognosis for patients.
Beam tracking algorithm for marine applications using visible light communication
Authors: Feng Renhai , Chang Yanyan , Mao Xurui
Published: June 2020

Visible light communication (VLC) offers a unique advantage of electromagnetic interference immunity and wide bandwidth. It has gradually become the main candidate in marine communication with great potential. As a green communication link, VLC requires reliable beam tracking as a prerequisite. Therefore, based on the received signal strength of a single-input–multiple-output system in the VLC scenario, this paper first proposes a geometrical algorithm for transmitter localization. On this basis, a linear iterative algorithm using Taylor expansion, implicit function theorem, and time-domain expansion is presented to realize online beam tracking. Under the marine VLC system, an iterative denoising algorithm based on the hidden Markov model and principal component analysis is proposed for denoising. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have predominance in high tracking accuracy (within 10 cm) and desirable real-time performance.
zOPT: an open source optical projection tomography system and methods for rapid 3D zebrafish imaging
Authors: Zhang Hanqing , Waldmann Laura , Manuel Remy , Boije Henrik , Haitina Tatjana , Allalou Amin
Published: June 2020

Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a 3D imaging alternative to
conventional microscopy which allows imaging of millimeter-sized
object with isotropic micrometer resolution. The zebrafish is an
established model organism and an important tool used in genetic and
chemical screening. The size and optical transparency of the embryo
and larva makes them well suited for imaging using OPT. Here, we
present an open-source implementation of an OPT platform, built around
a customized sample stage, 3D-printed parts and open source algorithms
optimized for the system. We developed a versatile automated workflow
including a two-step image processing approach for correcting the
center of rotation and generating accurate 3D reconstructions. Our
results demonstrate high-quality 3D reconstruction using synthetic
data as well as real data of live and fixed zebrafish. The presented
3D-printable OPT platform represents a fully open design, low-cost and
rapid loading and unloading of samples. Our system offers the
opportunity for researchers with different backgrounds to setup and
run OPT for large scale experiments, particularly in studies using
zebrafish larvae as their key model organism.
Terahertz spectroscopic diagnosis of early blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Wang Yuye , Wang Guoqiang , Xu Degang , Jiang Bozhou , Ge Meilan , Wu Limin , Yang Chuanyan , Mu Ning , Wang Shi , Chang Chao , Chen Tunan , Feng Hua , Yao Jianquan
Published: June 2020

The early diagnosis of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is of great clinical significance for prognostication and treatment. Here, we report a new strategy for early bTBI diagnosis through serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The spectral differences of serum and CSF for different degrees of experimental bTBI in rats have been demonstrated in the early period. In addition, the THz spectra of total protein in the hypothalamus and hippocampus were investigated at different time points after blast exposure, which both showed clear differences with time increasing compared with that in the normal brain. This might help to explain the neurological symptoms caused by bTBI. Moreover, based on the THz absorption spectra of serum and CSF, the principal component analysis and machine learning algorithms were performed to automatically identify the degree of bTBI. The highest diagnostic accuracy was up to 95.5%. It is suggested that this method has potential as an alternative method for high-sensitive, rapid, label-free, economical and early diagnosis of bTBI.
Whispering gallery modes in triple microdisks of triangular configurations
Authors: Ryu Jung-Wan , Rim Sunghwan
Published: June 2020

We study whispering gallery modes in triple microdisks of equilateral
and isosceles triangular configurations. The characteristic properties
of resonant modes in three microdisks on the vertices of an
equilateral triangle are explained by the discrete rotational symmetry
of the triangle. The avoided crossings of resonant modes in three
microdisks on the vertices of an isosceles triangle also are studied
in terms of a combination of single and coupled microdisks. In
addition, we propose matrix models that well explain the resonant
modes in triple microdisks.
Stable period-one oscillations in a semiconductor laser under optical feedback from a narrowband fiber Bragg grating
Authors: Li Song-Sui , Zou Xihua , Wang Longsheng , Wang Anbang , Pan Wei , Yan Lianshan
Published: June 2020

Period-one (P1) oscillations in a semiconductor laser under optical feedback from a narrowband fiber Bragg grating (FBG) are numerically investigated. FBG feedback enhances the stability of P1 oscillations compared to the conventional mirror feedback in the form of P1 microwave linewidth and phase noise reduction and residual noise peaks suppression. In the proposed scheme, the FBG has a narrow bandwidth smaller than the laser relaxation oscillation frequency. Then it effectively suppresses the coherence collapse of the laser by filtered feedback. Hence it can keep the laser in P1 operation even under relatively strong feedback. Besides, a uniform FBG has a comb-filtered reflectivity spectrum with a main lobe surrounded by several side lobes. Hence it can limit the external cavity modes by each lobe. As a result, FBG feedback can reduce microwave linewidth and phase noise by sustaining stronger feedback power and improve side-peak suppression ratio (SPSR) by filtering external cavity modes. The effects of stabilization are enhanced by properly increasing grating bandwidth. By fine-tuning the feedback delay time, the microwave linewidth can be reduced to a local minimum which reveals the optimal locking between P1 frequency and one of the external cavity modes. Increasing the feedback delay time, the local minimum linewidth can be further reduced. FBG feedback reduces the microwave linewidth by up to more than an order of magnitude and improves the SPSR by up to more than two orders of magnitude than mirror feedback using the same delay time.
All-dielectric bifocal isotropic metalens for a single-shot hologram generation device
Authors: Zhou Hongqiang , Huang Lingling , Li Xiaowei , Li Xin , Geng Guangzhou , An Kang , Li Zengliang , Wang Yongtian
Published: June 2020

Planar metalenses are regarded as promising functional nanodevices because of their lightweight, nano-resolution properties, and, therefore, they can serve as versatile platforms for imaging and Fourier transforming. Here, we demonstrate a meta-device that functions as an isotropic bifocal all-dielectric Huygens' metalens to realize nanoscale real-time coaxial digital hologram generation. We design an isotropic bifocal metalens for micro/nano hologram recording, and the metalens utilizes the complete region compared to a previously reported interleaved multifocal metalens scheme. In addition, the hologram generation does not depend on complex polarization conversion, thereby improving the practical efficiency. For high-fidelity reconstruction, compressive reconstruction is utilized to remove twin-image and zero-order items and to suppress noise. Such concept would be extended to white-light achromatic meta-holography and three-dimensional micro/nano in vivo incoherent super-resolution imaging under subwavelength modulation.
Noise-related polarization dynamics for femto and picosecond pulses in normal dispersion fibers
Authors: Feehan James S. , Brunetti Enrico , Yoffe Samuel , Li Wentao , Wiggins Samuel M. , Jaroszynski Dino A. , Price Jonathan H. V.
Published: June 2020

We report how the complex intra-pulse polarization dynamics of coherent optical wavebreaking and incoherent Raman amplification processes in all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers vary for femto and picosecond pump pulses. Using high temporal resolution vector supercontinuum simulations, we identify deterministic polarization dynamics caused by wavebreaking and self-phase modulation for femtosecond pulses and quasi-chaotic polarization evolution driven by Raman amplification of quantum noise for picosecond pulses. In contrast to cross-phase modulation instability, the Raman-based polarization noise has no power threshold and is reduced by aligning the higher energy polarization component with the lower index axis of the fiber. The degree of polarization stability is quantified using new time domain parameters that build on the spectrally averaged degree of coherence used in supercontinuum research to quantify the output spectral stability. We show that the spectral coherence is intrinsically linked to polarization noise, and that the noise will occur in both polarization maintaining (PM) and non-PM fibers, spanning a broad range of pulse energies, durations, and fiber birefringence values. This analysis provides an in-depth understanding of the nonlinear polarization dynamics associated with coherent and incoherent propagation in ANDi fibers.
Dissipative solitons supported by transversal single- or three-channel amplifying chirped lattices
Authors: Huang Changming , Li Chunyan , Dong Liangwei
Published: June 2020

We study the properties of dissipative solitons supported by a chirped lattice in a focusing Kerr medium with nonlinear loss and a transversal linear gain landscape consisting of single or three amplifying channels. The existence and stability of two types of dissipative solitons, including fundamental and three-peaked twisted solitons, have been explored. Stable fundamental solitons can only be found in a single-channel gain chirped lattice, and stable three-peaked twisted solitons can only be obtained in a three-channel gain chirped lattice. The instability of two types of dissipative solitons can be suppressed at a high chirp rate. Also, robust fundamental and three-peaked twisted nonlinear states can be obtained by excitation of Gaussian beams of arbitrary width in corresponding characteristic structures.
Thermal bleaching of photodarkening and heat-induced loss and spectral broadening in Tm3+-doped fibers
Authors: Liu Yinzi , Xing Yingbin , Chen Gui , Peng Jinggang , Li Haiqing , Dai Nengli , Li Jinyan
Published: June 2020

We demonstrate the thermal bleaching effect on a photodarkened thulium-doped fiber (TDF) in detail. The bleaching effect on visible transmission initiates at 250 °C and a complete recovery is achieved at 550 °C. Prior to the recovery, a post-irradiation heat-induced spectral loss is observed. It indicates that an intermediate energy state is generated in the TDF under exposure to near-infrared (NIR) radiation, exhibiting the spectral attenuation in visible (VIS) and NIR region as driven by color center after thermal activation. And, with thermal treatment, the bleached TDF shows a partial photodarkening (PD) resistance when it is subject to photoirradiation again. In addition, the temperature-dependent spectral broadening and red shift that may distort the measured decay curve of excess loss is observed and discussed.
Statistical properties of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam propagating in uniaxial crystals along the optical axis
Authors: Tang Fangqing , Lu Xiancong , Chen Lixiang
Published: June 2020

Within the angular-spectrum representation, we study the partially coherent beam propagating in uniaxial crystals along the optical axis. By a method of vortex expansion, we derive the analytical solution for the cross-spectral density (CSD) function of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (EGSM) beam. We demonstrate that the analytical expression of CSD function can be written into a quasi-coherent-mode representation, whose basis vectors are constructed by the elegant Laguerre-Gaussian (eLG) functions. Several limits of the analytical solution are examined and good agreements with previous theories are obtained. Moreover, we calculate the energy density and degree of polarization (DOP) of the EGSM beam, from which the effects of coherent degree on the propagating properties are revealed. It is found that the energy conversion between circularly polarized components becomes rapid when the degree of coherence is decreasing. For all degree of coherence, the energy density and DOP exhibit a similar saturated behavior in the far field.
Multi-structured-beam optical parametric oscillator
Authors: Sharma Varun , Kumar S. Chaitanya , Samanta G. K. , Ebrahim-Zadeh M.
Published: June 2020

Structured beams, conventionally generated through the spatial mode conversion of the Gaussian laser beams, have attracted great interest in recent years. Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have demonstrated the potential for the generation of tunable structured beams directly from an input pump source. However, to date, a particular OPO design has been shown to produce such beams only in a specific configuration and different spatial structured beams require different system architectures. Here, we report the generation of multiple-structured beams from a single OPO device. Using a vortex-beam-pumped ultrafast OPO in singly-resonant oscillator design and through the control of the mode structure of the resonant beam using a simple intracavity aperture, we generate vortex, Airy, vortex Airy, and Gaussian signal beams over a tunable wavelength range across 1457-1680 nm, simultaneous with vortex beam in the non-resonant idler across 2902-3945 nm, from different ports of the device. The signal and idler vortices have output power in excess of 1 W and maximum vortex order of li=2, while the Airy beam and vortex Airy beam have output power of more than 200 mW. The generic experimental design can be used to provide multi-structured spatial beams with broad tunability across different spectral regions by proper selection of pump laser and nonlinear material and in all times-scales from continuous-wave to ultrafast femtosecond domain.
Nanophotonic tantala waveguides for supercontinuum generation pumped at 1560  nm
Authors: Lamee Kieran F. , Carlson David R. , Newman Zachary L. , Yu Su-Peng , Papp Scott B.
Published: June 2020

We experimentally demonstrate efficient and broadband supercontinuum generation in nonlinear tantala (

T

a

2

O

5

) waveguides using a 1560 nm femtosecond seed laser. With incident pulse energies as low as 100 pJ, we create spectra spanning up to 1.6 octaves across the visible and infrared. Fabricated devices feature propagation losses as low as 10 dB/m, and they can be dispersion engineered through lithographic patterning for specific applications. We show a waveguide design suitable for low-power self-referencing of a fiber frequency comb that produces dispersive-wave radiation directly at the second-harmonic wavelength of the seed laser. A fiber-connectorized, hermetically sealed module with 2 dB per facet insertion loss and watt-level average-power handling is also described. Highly efficient and fully packaged tantala waveguides may open new possibilities for the integration of nonlinear nanophotonics into systems for precision timing, quantum science, biological imaging, and remote sensing.
Polarization-independent narrowband transmittance filters via symmetry-protected modes in high contrast gratings
Authors: Barrow Michael , Phillips Jamie
Published: June 2020

We present a high-index contrast dielectric grating design for polarization-independent narrowband transmission filtering. A reduced symmetry hexagonal lattice allows coupling to symmetry-protected modes (bound states in the continuum) at normal incidence, enabling high-Q spectral peaks. The peak linewidth is tunable via degree of geometric symmetry reduction. Using diffraction efficiency calculations, we gain further insight into the design and physics of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) asymmetric high contrast gratings. The grating design provides a filter response that is simultaneously polarization independent and functional at normal incidence, overcoming limitations of 1D asymmetric gratings and 2D symmetric gratings.
Recovering the appearance of the capillary blood column from under-sampled flow data
Authors: Bedggood Phillip , Metha Andrew
Published: June 2020

The regular spacing of cells in capillary flow results in spurious cell trajectories if the sampling rate is too low. This makes it difficult to identify cells, even if the velocity is known. Here, we demonstrate a software method to overcome this problem and validate it using high frame rate data with known velocity, which is downsampled to produce aliasing. The method assumes high spatial sampling, constant velocity over short epochs, and an incompressible blood column. Data in successive frames are shifted along the capillary tube axis according to the flow velocity, faithfully rendering cells and plasma. The velocity estimate, required as input to this procedure, can be obtained from either a) the blind optimization of a simple heuristic, or b) a recently proposed velocimetry algorithm, which appears to extend the aliasing limit.
‘The ISIS files’: Learning the lessons of history?
Authors: Brand Laurie A. , Tucker Judith E.
Published: June 2020

An examination and critique of the New York Times (NYT) publication of ‘The ISIS files’, a series of articles and podcasts compiled by reporter Rukmini Callimachi, based on more than 15,000 documents removed from Iraq without permission from the relevant Iraqi authorities. The NYT reportage featured a number of these documents, published in unredacted form, demonstrating a complete disregard for the myriad legal, professional, ethical and moral issues involved. Such issues have been aired in recent years in relation to the handling of other collections of documents arising from the US invasion. This intervention examines the use of these documents, their disposition and future access, arguing that the actions of the NYT represented a neo-imperial mindset directly impacting not only the documents, but also their use in knowledge production. Such production has seen Iraqis denied access to their cultural property as well as the opportunity to control their own records and write their own histories.
Nameless, but not blameless: Motherhood in Finnish heavy metal music
Authors: DiGioia Amanda
Published: June 2020

This article argues that, in some specific cases, Finnish heavy metal lyrics are horror texts, and that mothers in Finnish heavy metal lyrics are often relegated to tropes, like being ‘othered’. This shows that motherhood in Finnish heavy metal lyrics, much like motherhood in horror texts, is rarely depicted subversively. This article will address aspects of what makes motherhood horrifying and monstrous in Finnish heavy metal music. Because Pekka Kainulainen, the lyricist for Amorphis (a Finnish heavy metal band), was interviewed specifically for this project, the main example used in this article will be the lyrics of Amorphis. However, several other Finnish metal bands will also be utilized to support this thesis.
Information and Computer Technologies as a Research Tool in the Works of Historians of Central Asia
Authors: Elemanova R.T.
Published: June 2020

The article considers the possibilities of using information and computer technologies in historical research in Central Asia. Today, when there are discussions among Asian historians about a differentiated approach to the study of history and a desire to preserve the traditional directions of historical science that were laid down in the last century, there is an urgent need to use an interdisciplinary approach. The development of historical geoinformatics at the present stage can be identified that is continuously associated with the level of informatization of society, when information and communication technologies have become an integral part of everyday life, a change in the theory and methodology of historical science. Revolutionary changes in the theoretical development of an understanding of the essence of historical processes naturally led to a change in the methodology of history.

The problem of information and computer technologies efficiency, in particular geoinformation, in scientific historical research, from a theoretical and methodological point of view is being posed and solved.

Since the mid-1990s, the main emphasis has been shifted to the use of multimedia tools and methods and the use of global communications - the Internet. For the preservation, presentation of cultural heritage is an urgent task, the solution of which in a century of rapidly developing information and communication technologies is impossible without the use of new information technology.
Reflections on Trust and Covid 19: Do Politics, Medicine and the Environment need each other?
Authors: Cole Alistair , Dutheil Frederic , Baker Julien S.
Published: June 2020

The short article is centered on how trust can be a valuable resource for developing cognate responses to the Covid 19 pandemic in the medical and social sciences. Politics and Medicine can learn from each other. Governments need to persuade individuals to adapt their behaviors, and such persuasion will be all the more convincing in that it is nested in social networks. Trust in government requires consistent (benevolent, performative and joined-up) explanations. The distinction between hard medical and soft social science blurs when patients/citizens are required to be active participants in combatting a pandemic virus.
Online course: ‘Global Medial’ – Global learning through media competence and vice versa
Authors: Lang-Wojtasik Gregor , Erichsen-Morgenstern Ronja M. , Stratmann Jörg
Published: June 2020

Globalization and digital media have been responsible for societal and educational challenges. There are educational approaches in the field of global learning and media competence that offer options to deal with these challenges. These approaches were combined in a course called ‘Global Medial’, mainly addressing students of educational subjects (primarily teacher training) at BA/MA level. This course provides online learning-based opportunities for Japanese and German students. With reference to this course, we describe the educational approaches of global learning, media competence and their possible interlinkages. For this description, we use the taxonomy of normative, descriptive and prescriptive. We then outline the first evaluation results of a course that took place in the Autumn term of 2017/2018 and draw conclusions for follow-up courses as well as recommendations for future research.
Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e os casos de violação ao Direito Humano à Saúde
Authors: Nakayama Bruna Tassia Souza , Oliveira Ricardo Gonçalves Vaz de , Brito Emanuele Seicenti de , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena
Published: June 2020

Nas Américas, há uma parcela considerável de países que apresentam um sistema de saúde excludente que separa a população entre os que podem e os que não podem ter acesso aos serviços de saúde. Quando o Estado é o violador do direito à saúde e as pessoas não possuem meios internos para buscar os seus direitos, o acesso à Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH) representa importante opção, apesar de ainda desconhecida por grande parte da população no continente americano. Nesse cenário, este estudo buscou descrever os casos de violações ao direito à saúde ou de deterioração da saúde por violação a outros direitos julgados pela CIDH, observando como tem sido o esforço internacional de efetivação do reconhecimento dos direitos humanos e a condição das pessoas humanas como sujeitos de direitos e deveres nas Américas. Após a descrição e análise das sentenças inferimos que a saúde é o ponto de partida e de equilíbrio de todos os direitos sociais compondo um quadro mental e físico que torna o indivíduo o que ele é, com capacidade e competência para exercer seus direitos e cidadania. Contudo, a consolidação do direito humano à saúde como um direito e um dever dos Estados no cenário das Américas, principalmente na América Latina ainda não é efetiva, apontando um longo caminho para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e equânime.
Poluição Sonora e Direito ao Sossego
Authors: Moreira Rodrigo Pereira , Robinson Hammes da Fonseca Jaquiel
Published: June 2020

O meio ambiente como direito fundamental de terceira dimensão não está totalmente dissociado dos direitos individuais de primeira dimensão. Assim, a emissão de ruídos de forma desproporcional (poluição sonora) causa um dano ambiental, mas também pode ocasionar a violação do direito ao sossego. Apesar de estar localizado no direito de vizinhança, o direito ao sossego é um direito da personalidade com oponibilidade erga omnes e garante ao seu titular o respeito às suas decisões pessoais sobre as impressões sensitivas que devem ou não chegar aos seus sentidos. O presente artigo possui como objetivo analisar a relação entre proteção do meio ambiente, poluição sonora e tutela do direito ao sossego. Para tanto, utilizar-se-á o método dedutivo com procedimento técnico de pesquisa bibliográfica. Dessa maneira, chega-se à conclusão que a poluição sonora também é causadora de dano a direito da personalidade (direito ao sossego), cuja tutela repressiva é a reparação civil por meio dos danos morais.
Direitos do Portador de Transtorno do Espectro Autista
Authors: Andrighetto Aline , Fagundes Ribeiro Gomes Fernanda
Published: June 2020

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo analisar a Lei nº 12.764/2012 e sua aplicabilidade, também realizar um estudo sobre o direito à inclusão escolar e as políticas públicas de inclusão dos portadores de Transtorno de Espectro Autista (TEA). Procura analisar a efetivação dos direitos destes portadores de TEA, no tocante ao enquadramento aos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais na legislação brasileira que visam resguardar a Dignidade da Pessoa Humana à luz da Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988, bem como da referida lei, a qual conjecturou a Política Nacional de Proteção dos Direitos da Pessoa com Transtorno do Espectro Autista no Brasil, efetivamente instituída no ano de 2014 através do Decreto n. 8.365/2014, recebendo um importante reforço com a promulgação da Lei de Brasileira de Inclusão (Lei Federal n. 13.146/2015). Busca-se identificar como a sociedade e a legislação brasileira têm evoluído com relação à aplicação da lei em relação aos Direitos do portador de TEA, pois observa-se muitos casos de preconceito e discriminação.
Livre Circulação de Trabalhadores e Seguridade Social
Authors: Almeida Neto Osvaldo
Published: June 2020

O mundo globalizado potencializa a circulação de pessoas, inclusive trabalhadores. Livre Circulação de Trabalhadores e Seguridade Social – Estudo Comparado entre União Europeia e MERCOSUL, livro de Manuellita Hermes, publicado em 2019, se insere nesta temática. A autora identifica interessantes similitudes entre o Direito Internacional Público e os institutos de Direito Romano, do jus gentium aplicável a todas as pessoas do império romano, embora difira do Direito Internacional Público porque não derivava de acordos entre Estados. Nesta obra, Manuellita Hermes traça um paralelo entre a cidadania romana e a cidadania já bem desenvolvida na União Europeia e em implantação no MERCOSUL, assegurando-se às pessoas direitos comunitários, que transcendem os direitos nacionais.