bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the moisture-induced swelling/shrinkage and hysteresis of Catalpa bungei wood across the growth ring
Authors: Ouyang Bai , Yin Fangyu , Li Zhu , Jiang Jiali
Published: May 2022

The moisture adsorption/desorption and swelling/shrinkage behavior of Catalpa bungei wood samples were documented in real-time at a mesoscopic scale using dynamic vapor sorption resolution combined with a Dino X Lite Digital Microscope. The results showed that earlywood, latewood, and growth ring samples exhibited varying water vapor sorption isotherms and hysteresis degrees throughout all relative humidity (RH) levels. The radial swelling/shrinkage strains in the separated earlywood (EW) and the growth ring earlywood (GR-E) were lower than that in separated latewood (LW) and growth ring latewood (GR-L) regions. The growth ring region (GR) containing earlywood and latewood tissues , presented an intermediate strain behavior. In contrast, GR-E’s swelling/shrinkage strains resemble LW, GR-L, and GR in the tangential direction. In particular, the GR swelling/shrinkage behavior resembled that of latewood regions, and GR-L had maximum swelling/shrinkage strains. This means that latewood dominated the swelling/shrinkage of the growth ring, promoted to a certain extent by earlywood. Strain hysteresis was observed when the swelling/shrinkage strain was considered an RH function. Latewood regions (LW, GR-L) showed more pronounced swelling hysteresis than earlywood regions (EW, GR-E) in the tangential and radial directions. Furthermore, at any relative humidity the change of the size of the specimen was immediately stabilized when the moisture content reached its equilibrium.
Glycemic control among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its determinants in a resource-limited setting
Authors: Fantahun Bereket , Leulseged Tigist W.
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Glycemic control is an important parameter that can predict long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. It can be affected by many factors. Hence, identifying those factors for improving disease outcomes is essential. The purpose of this study was to assess glycemic control in children who were treated with a conventional insulin regimen and to identify its associated factors.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among children with type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who had follow-up from November 2015 to November 2020 at the pediatric endocrinology clinic of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Glycemic control was assessed by measuring glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and children who had HbA1C within three to six months of the data collection were recruited.

Results

A total of 106 children with TIDM who were on conventional insulin therapy were included in this study. Their median age at diagnosis was nine years, 47.2% were females, and 57.5% were from urban areas. The average HbA1c of the children was 9.7%. The majority (85.2%) of the children had poor glycemic control (>7.5%). Younger age, longer disease duration, and urban residence were found to be significant predictors of good glycemic control.

Conclusions

A significant majority of children with T1DM had poor glycemic control. This calls for the need to create access to intensive diabetes care by health authorities and stakeholders to prevent the long-term complications of T1DM.
Second-Order Recursions of First-Order Cybernetics: An “Experimental Epistemology”
Authors: Jeon Won
Published: May 2022

This article examines central tensions in cybernetics, defined as the study of self-organization, communication, automated feedback in organisms, and other distributed informational networks, from its wartime beginnings to its contemporary adaptations. By examining aspects of both first- and second-order cybernetics, the article introduces an epistemological standpoint that highlights the tension between its definition as a theory of recursion and a theory of control, prediction, and actionability. I begin by examining the historical outcomes of the Macy Conferences (1946–1954) to provide a context for cybernetics’ initial development for scientific epistemology, ethics, and socio-political thought. I draw extensively from Norbert Wiener, Heinz von Foerster, Ross Ashby, and Gregory Bateson, key figures of this movement. I then elaborate upon certain premises of cybernetics (Ashby’s coupling mechanism, Bateson’s notion of the myth of power) to further elucidate an intellectual history from which to begin to construct a cybernetic epistemology. I conclude by offering the second-order cybernetic concept of recursivity as a model and method for ethico-epistemological questioning that can account for both the constructive potential and the limitations of cybernetics in science and society.
Verification of enzymatic ethanol analysis method and method comparison with headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Ozturk Alpaslan , Temel Ismail , Yalcindag Ali , Ucar Fatma , Yay Fatih
Published: May 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to verify the enzymatic ethanol analysis method and compare the technique with headspace gas chromatography (HS/GC).

Methods

The limit of the blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantification, precision, linearity, and accuracy of the enzymatic process were evaluated based on the data obtained. In addition, a method comparison was made between the enzymatic method and the HS/GC analysis method.

Results

It was seen that the enzymatic method was linear in the range of 14–450 mg/dL, the coefficient of variation and bias values ranged between 0.5–1.09% and 4.52–9.78%, respectively. The quantitative accuracy was 2.13% and 2.23% at concentrations of 41.16 and 95.82 mg/dL, respectively. When the regression analysis was performed between the results obtained using the enzymatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and HS/GC methods, y=0.966x + 2.084 linear relationship formula and regression coefficient of r2=0.9987, it was found that it showed a good agreement at a confidence interval of 5%.

Conclusions

The findings showed that the enzymatic method had good linearity, excellent precision, and a high correlation with the higher-order comparator method, the HS/GC method, in the ethanol analysis.
Strategisches Supply-Chain-Risikomanagement
Authors: Kramer Kathrin Julia , Mousavi Danial , Schmidt Matthias
Published: May 2022

Komplexität und Unsicherheit entlang Lieferketten kann durch datengestützte Verfahren beherrschbarer gemacht werden. Besonders Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) können zur Analyse großer Datenmengen von Unternehmen herangezogen werden. Als Ergebnis lässt sich ein strategisches Supply-Chain-Risikomanagement zum Monitoring verschiedener Risikoquellen aufsetzen. In diesem Kontext liefert dieser Beitrag einen systematischen Überblick über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von KI-Verfahren.
Batteriespeicherlösungen zur energiewirtschaftlichen Optimierung von Industriebetrieben
Authors: Philipp Matthias , Collath Nils , Roth Stefan , Theumer Philipp , Will-Ehlers Gerhard , Kellermann Martin , Hesse Holger
Published: May 2022

Produzierende Unternehmen stehen aufgrund steigender Preise für elektrische Energie großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Der durchschnittliche Strompreis für die Industrie stieg in Deutschland von 12,07 ct pro kWh im Jahr 2010 auf 21,38 ct pro kWh im Jahr 2021. Batteriespeicherlösungen bieten vielfältige Anwendungsfälle, um Industriebetriebe energiewirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Dazu gehören beispielsweise die intensive Netznutzung, oder eine Kombination aus der atypischen Netznutzung und der Primärregelleistungsvermarktung. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zunächst diese Anwendungsfälle und geht im Anschluss auf unterschiedliche Typen von Batteriespeichersystemen ein, die hierfür eingesetzt werden können. Es wird daraufhin ein exemplarisches Batteriespeichersystem bei einem Industrieunternehmen vorgestellt. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Beschreibung eines innovativen, auf künstlicher Intelligenz basierenden Ansatzes zur zuverlässigen Steuerung von Batteriespeichersystemen, um einer hohen Komplexität des Gesamtsystems zu begegnen.
Konzept und Erfahrungsbericht zur Nutzung Künstlicher Intelligenz im Fertigungsmanagement
Authors: Mälzer Mauritz , Petersohn Marco , Arndt Jonas , Zimmermann Lukas , Ihlenfeldt Steffen
Published: May 2022

Fertigungsmanagementsysteme (MES) sind die zentrale Datendrehscheibe für Informationen aus der Fertigung. Daneben wird Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) in der Produktion zunehmend erfolgreich angewendet, vor allem durch die Entwicklungen der Industrie 4.0. Die Verbindung beider Felder wird in dieser Studie durch systematische Beschreibung möglicher Anwendungsfälle strukturiert und das Umfeld von MES-Anbietern im deutschsprachigen Raum evaluiert. Speziell für Prognoseaufgaben wird ein Umsetzungskonzept als praktikable Vereinfachung gängiger Vorgehensweisen zur Datenanalyse in Fertigungsbetrieben vorgestellt und anhand zweier pseudonymisierter Beispiele erläutert. Damit lassen sich Erkenntnisse aus dem Verbundprojekt PrognoseMES zu allgemeinen Handlungsempfehlungen abstrahieren und als potenziell richtungsweisende Weiterentwicklung von MES bündeln.
Datenaufnahme und -verarbeitung in der Brownfield-Produktion
Authors: Gönnheimer Philipp , Netzer Markus , Lange Carolin , Dörflinger Roman , Armbruster Judith , Fleischer Jürgen
Published: May 2022

Nach zehn Jahren Industrie 4.0 ist ein deutliches Potential für Unternehmen zu verzeichnen, nicht zuletzt durch eine steigende Anzahl gewinnbringender Use Cases. Gerade in Brownfield-Produktionen scheitern die Initiativen meist an technischen Voraussetzungen der Datenaufnahme. Der Status quo wurde im Rahmen einer Umfrage zum grundsätzlichen Stellenwert, der Kundennachfrage, der Nutzung und den jeweiligen Mehrwerten evaluiert. Hierbei wurden auch die damit einhergehenden Hemmnisse und Hürden bei der Digitalisierung der Produktion betrachtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zudem eine neuartige Möglichkeit, Daten aus Brownfield-Produktionsmaschinen intelligent zu extrahieren.
Nachhaltige Fabrikplanung für die Green Factory
Authors: Schäfer Simon F. , Flicke Stefan
Published: May 2022

Im Zuge des erhöhten gesellschaftlichen Bewusstseins, steigender Energiepreise sowie regulatorischer Anforderungen für ökologisches Wirtschaften wächst der Druck auf die Industrie, ihre Fabrik- und Produktionsstrukturen hinsichtlich der Nachhaltigkeit zu optimieren. Das Zielfeld der Nachhaltigkeit wird somit auch für die Fabrikplanung und den Fabrikbetrieb immer wichtiger. Hierbei gilt es, insbesondere den Bereich der nachhaltigen Fabrikgestaltung sowie die Schnittstelle zwischen Produktions- und Energieflexibilität zu betrachten. In diesem Kontext rückt auch die notwendige „digitale Transparenz“, d. h. die Aussagekraft und die Reportingfähigkeit bzgl. des Fabriksystems immer mehr in den Fokus. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Einflussmöglichkeiten der „Green Factory“ auf die Nachhaltigkeit dar.
Lernstation für Datenerfassung und IoT-Applikationen
Authors: Hardt Tina , Klupak Christopher , Walker Felix
Published: May 2022

Das Thema Digitalisierung in Verbindung mit Cybersecurity wird durch die steigende Vernetzung immer wichtiger. Viele Firmen, vor allem kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen, sind sich vieler Gefahren und Möglichkeiten der Abwehr nicht bewusst. Hierzu existiert derzeit wenig didaktisches Material für die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Mitarbeitenden. Deshalb wurde im Forschungsprojekt AKKORD prototypisch u. a. eine Lernstation zu diesem Thema entwickelt, die derzeit um didaktische Konzepte zur Anwendung in verschiedenen Ausbildungsberufen erweitert wird.
Extending Research on Law Enforcement Academy Graduation and Fitness: A Research Note on Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Dawes J. Jay , Dulla Joseph M. , Orr Robin M.
Published: May 2022

Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, and Orr, RM. Extending research on law enforcement academy graduation and fitness: A research note on receiver operating characteristic curves. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—Fitness level contributes to a law enforcement recruit's ability to graduate from a training academy. However, limited research has used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to ascertain whether fitness tests can accurately predict academy graduation. The investigators analyzed archival data from 311 recruits (260 males and 51 females) across 4 academy classes from 1 law enforcement agency. A robust, broad battery of fitness test data included grip strength for both hands, vertical jump, 75-yard pursuit run (75PR), 2-kg medicine ball throw, push-ups, sit-ups, arm ergometer revolutions in 60 seconds, and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) shuttles. Recruits were split into those who graduated (n = 269) or those who separated (did not complete academy; n = 42). A univariate ANOVA, with sex as a control variable, determined between-group fitness differences. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted for each fitness test, and the area under the curve (AUC) determined accuracy. Except for grip strength, graduated recruits were superior in all fitness tests (p < 0.001). The 75PR (AUC = 0.708) and 20MSFT (AUC = 0.727) had fair accuracy in predicting academy graduation. The data suggested that, ideally, fitness tests should not be used for diagnostic purposes in relation to academy graduation potential. Fitness test data can be used to provide specific feedback to at-risk recruits. These results suggest that the 75PR (change-of-direction speed) and 20MSFT (aerobic fitness) could contribute to successful graduation in law enforcement recruits. Law enforcement training staff could use this information to provide targeted training for recruits lacking in these qualities.
Oral delivery of glutathione: antioxidant function, barriers and strategies
Authors: Wei Tielan , Thakur Sachin Sunil , Liu Mengyang , Wen Jingyuan
Published: May 2022

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide with potent antioxidant activity, which is involved in numerous basic biological processes and has been used for interventions in various degenerative diseases. However, oral delivery of GSH remains challenging, similarly to that of other protein and peptide drugs, because the physicochemical barriers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lead to low oral bioavailability. Although several approaches have been explored to improve delivery, such as co-administration with penetration enhancers and enzymatic inhibitors, or encapsulation into nanoparticles, microemulsions and liposomes, appropriate formulations with clinical therapeutic effects remain to be developed. This review discusses approaches explored to developing an oral GSH delivery system that could provide protection against proteolytic degradation in the GI tract and enhance molecular absorption across the epithelial membrane. This system may be beneficial for the design and development of an oral formulation of GSH in the future.
Current Understanding of Extracellular Vesicle Homing/Tropism
Authors: Edelmann Mariola J. , Kima Peter E.
Published: May 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed packets that are released from cells and subsequently transfer bioactive molecules between cells without directly contacting the target cells. This transfer of molecules can activate consequential processes in recipient cells, including cell differentiation and migration, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis or promoting tissue pathology. A controversial but therapeutically promising aspect of EV biology is their ability to engage defined cells at specific sites. On the one hand, persuasive studies have shown that EVs express surface molecules that ensure EV tissue localization and enable cell-specific interactions, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo analyses. This feature of EV biology is being investigated in translational studies to control malignancies, and deliver chemicals and bioactive molecules to combat several diseases. On the other hand, several studies have shown that EVs fail to traffic in hosts in a targeted manner, thus calling the potential roles of EVs as vehicles in drug delivery and cell-free biomodulation into question. In this review, the biology of EV homing/tropism in mammalian hosts is discussed, including the biological characteristics that may explain the controversial aspects of the EV tropism.
Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Parasites Possess a Unique Carbohydrate-binding Protein (Malectin) that is Absent in other Apicomplexan Lineages
Authors: Wu Mingbo , Yang Bo , Wang Dongqiang , Zhang Ying , Li Xiaohui , Zhi Yubo , Zhao Xinhui , Yin Jigang , Zhu Guan
Published: May 2022

Objective.

Malectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein that binds Glc(2)-N-glycan and is present in animals and some alveolates. This study aimed to characterize the general molecular and biochemical features of Cryptosporidium parvum malectin (CpMal).

Methods.

Polyclonal antibodies were raised for detecting native CpMal by western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Recombinant CpMal and human malectin (HsMal) were produced, and their binding activities to amylose and the host cell surface were compared. Far-western blotting and far-immunofluorescence assays were used to detect potential binding partners of CpMal in the parasite.

Results.

Native CpMal appeared to exist in dimeric form in the parasite and was distributed in a diffuse pattern over sporozoites but was highly concentrated on the anterior and posterior sides near the nuclei. CpMal, compared with HsMal, had significantly lower affinity for binding amylose but substantially higher activity for binding host cells. Recombinant CpMal recognized three high molecular weight protein bands and labeled the sporozoite posterior end corresponding to the crystalloid body, thus suggesting the presence of its potential ligands in the parasite. Two proteins identified by proteomics should be prioritized for future validation of CpMal-binding.

Conclusion.

CpMal notably differs from HsMal in molecular and biochemical properties; thus, further investigation of its biochemical and biological roles is warranted.
Multimodal, Multiscale Insights into Hippocampal Seizures Enabled by Transparent, Graphene-Based Microelectrode Arrays
Authors: Mulcahey Patrick J. , Chen Yuzhang , Driscoll Nicolette , Murphy Brendan B. , Dickens Olivia O. , Johnson A. T. Charlie , Vitale Flavia , Takano Hajime
Published: May 2022

Hippocampal seizures are a defining feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Area CA1 of the hippocampus is commonly implicated in the generation of seizures, which may occur because of the activity of endogenous cell populations or of inputs from other regions within the hippocampal formation. Simultaneously observing activity at the cellular and network scalesin vivoremains challenging. Here, we present a novel technology for simultaneous electrophysiology and multicellular calcium imaging of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) in mice enabled by a transparent graphene-based microelectrode array (Gr MEA). We examine PC firing at seizure onset, oscillatory coupling, and the dynamics of the seizure traveling wave as seizures evolve. Finally, we couple features derived from both modalities to predict the speed of the traveling wave using bootstrap aggregated regression trees. Analysis of the most important features in the regression trees suggests a transition among states in the evolution of hippocampal seizures.
Speed Estimation for Visual Tracking Emerges Dynamically from Nonlinear Frequency Interactions
Authors: Meso Andrew Isaac , Gekas Nikos , Mamassian Pascal , Masson Guillaume S.
Published: May 2022

Sensing the movement of fast objects within our visual environments is essential for controlling actions. It requires online estimation of motion direction and speed. We probed human speed representation using ocular tracking of stimuli of different statistics. First, we compared ocular responses to single drifting gratings (DGs) with a given set of spatiotemporal frequencies to broadband motion clouds (MCs) of matched mean frequencies. Motion energy distributions of gratings and clouds are point-like, and ellipses oriented along the constant speed axis, respectively. Sampling frequency space, MCs elicited stronger, less variable, and speed-tuned responses. DGs yielded weaker and more frequency-tuned responses. Second, we measured responses to patterns made of two or three components covering a range of orientations within Fourier space. Early tracking initiation of the patterns was best predicted by a linear combination of components before nonlinear interactions emerged to shape later dynamics. Inputs are supralinearly integrated along an iso-velocity line and sublinearly integrated away from it. A dynamical probabilistic model characterizes these interactions as an excitatory pooling along the iso-velocity line and inhibition along the orthogonal “scale” axis. Such crossed patterns of interaction would appropriately integrate or segment moving objects. This study supports the novel idea that speed estimation is better framed as a dynamic channel interaction organized along speed and scale axes.
Arrestin Facilitates Rhodopsin Dephosphorylationin Vivo
Authors: Hsieh Chia-Ling , Yao Yun , Gurevich Vsevolod V. , Chen Jeannie
Published: May 2022

Deactivation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involves multiple phosphorylations followed by arrestin binding, which uncouples the GPCR from G-protein activation. Some GPCRs, such as rhodopsin, are reused many times. Arrestin dissociation and GPCR dephosphorylation are key steps in the recycling process.In vitroevidence suggests that visual arrestin (ARR1) binding to light-activated, phosphorylated rhodopsin hinders dephosphorylation. Whether ARR1 binding also affects rhodopsin dephosphorylationin vivois not known. We investigated this using both male and female mice lacking ARR1. Mice were exposed to bright light and placed in darkness for different periods of time, and differently phosphorylated species of rhodopsin were assayed by isoelectric focusing. For WT mice, rhodopsin dephosphorylation was nearly complete by 1 h in darkness. Surprisingly, we observed that, in theArr1KO rods, rhodopsin remained phosphorylated even after 3 h. Delayed dephosphorylation inArr1KO rods cannot be explained by cell stress induced by persistent signaling, since it is not prevented by the removal of transducin, the visual G-protein, nor can it be explained by downregulation of protein phosphatase 2A, the putative rhodopsin phosphatase. We further show that cone arrestin (ARR4), which binds light-activated, phosphorylated rhodopsin poorly, had little effect in enhancing rhodopsin dephosphorylation, whereas mice expressing binding-competent mutant ARR1-3A showed a similar time course of rhodopsin dephosphorylation as WT. Together, these results reveal a novel role of ARR1 in facilitating rhodopsin dephosphorylationin vivo.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTG-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins used by cells to receive and respond to a broad range of extracellular signals that include neurotransmitters, hormones, odorants, and light (photons). GPCR signaling is terminated by two sequential steps: phosphorylation and arrestin binding. Both steps must be reversed when GPCRs are recycled and reused. Dephosphorylation, which is required for recycling, is an understudied process. Using rhodopsin as a prototypical GPCR, we discovered that arrestin facilitated rhodopsin dephosphorylation in living mice.
A Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism Boosting Glycolysis and OXPHOS by Activating Aralar-Malate-Aspartate Shuttle, upon Neuronal Stimulation
Authors: Pérez-Liébana Irene , Juaristi Inés , González-Sánchez Paloma , González-Moreno Luis , Rial Eduardo , Podunavac Maša , Zakarian Armen , Molgó Jordi , Vallejo-Illarramendi Ainara , Mosqueira-Martín Laura , Lopez de Munain Adolfo , Pardo Beatriz , Satrústegui Jorgina , del Arco Araceli
Published: May 2022

Calcium is an important second messenger regulating a bioenergetic response to the workloads triggered by neuronal activation. In embryonic mouse cortical neurons using glucose as only fuel, activation by NMDA elicits a strong workload (ATP demand)-dependent on Na+and Ca2+entry, and stimulates glucose uptake, glycolysis, pyruvate and lactate production, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a Ca2+-dependent way. We find that Ca2+upregulation of glycolysis, pyruvate levels, and respiration, but not glucose uptake, all depend on Aralar/AGC1/Slc25a12, the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier, component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). MAS activation increases glycolysis, pyruvate production, and respiration, a process inhibited in the presence of BAPTA-AM, suggesting that the Ca2+binding motifs in Aralar may be involved in the activation. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) silencing had no effect, indicating that none of these processes required MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+uptake. The neuronal respiratory response to carbachol was also dependent on Aralar, but not on MCU. We find that mouse cortical neurons are endowed with a constitutive ER-to-mitochondria Ca2+flow maintaining basal cell bioenergetics in which ryanodine receptors, RyR2, rather than InsP3R, are responsible for Ca2+release, and in which MCU does not participate. The results reveal that, in neurons using glucose, MCU does not participate in OXPHOS regulation under basal or stimulated conditions, while Aralar-MAS appears as the major Ca2+-dependent pathway tuning simultaneously glycolysis and OXPHOS to neuronal activation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuronal activation increases cell workload to restore ion gradients altered by activation. Ca2+is involved in matching increased workload with ATP production, but the mechanisms are still unknown. We find that glycolysis, pyruvate production, and neuronal respiration are stimulated on neuronal activation in a Ca2+-dependent way, independently of effects of Ca2+as workload inducer. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) does not play a relevant role in Ca2+stimulated pyruvate production and oxygen consumption as both are unchanged in MCU silenced neurons. However, Ca2+stimulation is blunt in the absence of Aralar, a Ca2+-binding mitochondrial carrier component of Malate-Aspartate Shuttle (MAS). The results suggest that Ca2+-regulated Aralar-MAS activation upregulates glycolysis and pyruvate production, which fuels mitochondrial respiration, through regulation of cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio.
Spectral Distribution Dynamics across Different Attentional Priority States
Authors: Pietrelli Mattia , Samaha Jason , Postle Bradley R.
Published: May 2022

Anticipatory covert spatial attention improves performance on tests of visual detection and discrimination, and shifts are accompanied by decreases and increases of α band power at electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes corresponding to the attended and unattended location, respectively. Although the increase at the unattended location is often interpreted as an active mechanism (e.g., inhibiting processing at the unattended location), most experiments cannot rule out the alternative possibility that it is a secondary consequence of selection elsewhere. To adjudicate between these accounts, we designed a Posner-style visual cueing task in which male and female human participants made orientation judgments of targets appearing at one of four locations: up, down, right, or left. Critically, trials were blocked such that within a block the locations along one meridian alternated in status between attended and unattended, and targets never appeared at the other two, making them irrelevant. Analyses of the concurrently measured EEG signal were conducted on “traditional” narrowband α (8–14 Hz), as well as on two components resulting from the decomposition of this signal: “periodic” α; and the slope of the aperiodic 1/f-like component. Although data from right-left blocks replicated the familiar pattern of lateralized asymmetry in narrowband α power, with neither α signal could we find evidence for any difference in the time course at unattended versus irrelevant locations, an outcome consistent with the secondary-consequence interpretation of attention-related dynamics in the α band. Additionally, 1/f slope was shallower at attended and unattended locations, relative to irrelevant, suggesting a tonic adjustment of physiological state.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual spatial attention, the prioritization of one location in the visual field, is critical for guiding behavior in cluttered environments. Although influential theories posit an important role for α band oscillations in the inhibition of processing at unattended locations, we used a novel procedure to find evidence for an alternative interpretation: selection of one location may simply result in a return to physiological baseline at all others. In addition to determining one way that attention does not work (important for future progress in this field), we also discovered novel evidence for one way that it does work: by modifying the tonic physiological state (indexed by an aperiodic component of the electroencephalography (EEG)] at locations where spatial selection is likely to occur.
Perinatal Opioid Exposure Results in Persistent Hypoconnectivity of Excitatory Circuits and Reduced Activity Correlations in Mouse Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Xue Binghan , Alipio Jason B. , Kao Joseph P. Y. , Kanold Patrick O.
Published: May 2022

Opioid use by pregnant women results in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) and lifelong neurobehavioral deficits including language impairments. Animal models of NOWS show impaired performance in a two-tone auditory discrimination task, suggesting abnormalities in sensory processing in the auditory cortex. To investigate the consequences of perinatal opioid exposure on auditory cortex circuits, we administered fentanyl to mouse dams in their drinking water throughout gestation and until litters were weaned at postnatal day (P)21. We then usedin vivotwo-photon Ca2+imaging in adult animals of both sexes to investigate how primary auditory cortex (A1) function was altered. Perinatally exposed animals showed fewer sound-responsive neurons in A1, and the remaining sound-responsive cells exhibited lower response amplitudes but normal frequency selectivity and stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). Populations of nearby layer 2/3 (L2/3) cells in exposed animals showed reduced correlated activity, suggesting a reduction of shared inputs. We then investigated A1 microcircuits to L2/3 cells by performing laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) combined with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from A1 L2/3 cells. L2/3 cells in exposed animals showed functional hypoconnectivity of excitatory circuits of ascending inputs from L4 and L5/6 to L2/3, while inhibitory connections were unchanged, leading to an altered excitatory/inhibitory balance. These results suggest a specific reduction in excitatory ascending interlaminar cortical circuits resulting in decreased activity correlations after fentanyl exposure. We speculate that these changes in cortical circuits contribute to the impaired auditory discrimination ability after perinatal opioid exposure.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis is the first study to investigate the functional effects of perinatal fentanyl exposure on the auditory cortex. Experiments show that perinatal fentanyl exposure results in decreased excitatory functional circuits and altered population activity in primary sensory areas in adult mice. These circuit changes might underlie the observed language and cognitive deficits in infants exposed to opioids.
Effect of gibberellic acid treatment and alternating temperature on breaking physiological dormancy and germination inPenthorum chinensePursh (Penthoraceae)
Authors: Lee Mi Hyun , Song Chi Hyeon , Park Cho Hee , Song Ki Seon , Kim Soon Young , Kim Sea Hyun , Na Chae Sun
Published: May 2022

Penthorum chinense(Penthoraceae) is a threatened South Korean medicinal plant used to treat alcohol-related diseases and prepare cosmetics in traditional Chinese medicine. Wetlands, the native habitat of this plant, have been decreasing owing to damage caused by landisation and urban development in recent years. In this study, we considered the effect of temperature and gibberellic acid treatment onP. chinenseseed germination to improve conservation outcomes of the species. The optimum germination temperature was investigated using constant and alternating temperature treatments (60 conditions). In addition, gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment was performed to overcome physiological dormancy. We determined the germination (GP, %) and the number of days to reach 50% maximum germination (T50). The optimum temperature regime was 7°C / 23°C: GP was 95%, and T50was 15 days. The GA3treatment increased the GP ofP. chinenseseeds from 28 to 94% and decreased the T50value from 14.6 to 6.3 days at concentrations above 40 mg L–1. After the GA3treatment, the growth of radicles was delayed or inhibited. For the germination ofP. chinenseseeds, a diurnal temperature difference of ≥ 15°C is required.
Studentsâ€™ Attitudes toward Teachersâ€™ Written Corrective Feedback and Their Writing Skill
Authors: Zahroh Raikhatuz , Mujiyanto Januarius , Saleh Mursid
Published: May 2022

This study aims to explain the studentsâ€™ behavioral, cognitive, and emotional attitudes toward teachersâ€™ written corrective feedback, as well as the studentsâ€™ competence in writing skill. It is a quantitative research which was designed to prove the hypothesis with statistical analysis. The population of this study is the 3rd semester students of the English Education program of UNISNU Jepara Indonesia in the academic year of 2018/2019. The questionnaire participants are fifty students of two classes participating as the sample. The interview utilized open-ended questions. To collect data, questionnaire, interview and writing test were applied. In analyzing the data, this study uses SPSS software. The result shows that in the term of the studentsâ€™ writing skill, the mean score of first test from 50 test takers was 71.1 with the lowest score 52 and highest score 92. The second test shows the mean score was 77.8 and increased 6.7 points. The third test shows the mean score was 80.3 and increased 2.5 points.  Thus, there was significant increased mean score from first test to last test. There was positive treatment that given by teacher and the participantsâ€™ positive attitude toward teachersâ€™ corrective feedback. Then, the correlation result shows that score with 95% significant level and 50 participant is 0.572. Thus, the correlation between both variables can be categorized as moderate correlation. Therefore, studentsâ€™ attitudes can give moderate impact to studentsâ€™ writing skill. In sum, knowing studentsâ€™ attitude helps the teacher to achieve learning goals.
The Application of Cooperative Principle in EFL Classroom Interaction
Authors: Yusro Alfin , Sutopo Djoko , Yuliasri Issy
Published: May 2022

In classroom interaction, we sometimes find misunderstanding between teacher and student or among the students. Grice said that cooperative principles can lead the speakers and hearers to uncooperative conversation and misunderstanding about the message delivered (Grice: 1989). Based on that theory, an investigation about observance and non-observance of the maxim should be done to understand how they apply the cooperative principles in classroom interaction. The objective of the studies are: (1) to analyze EFL classroom interaction in order to explain the way cooperative principles are applied, (2) to analyze EFL classroom interaction in order to explain the way participants violate the maxim (3) to analyze the most frequent violation in non-observance of the maxim. In this study, I use descriptive qualitative method. The data of this study was the transcription of EFL classroom interaction between teacher and students. The interaction was natural interaction without any intervention from me. The findings of this research showed that teachers and students not only observed the maxim but also violate the maxim in the EFL classroom interaction.
The Impact of Grice Maxims Infringement in Adventure of Tintin Towards Communication Purposes
Authors: Fitriyani Atika , Mujiyanto Januarius , Suwandi Suwandi
Published: May 2022

Communication is one of the crucial tools for life which without communication people can not interact with others. In order to have a good communication, people must obey the maxims. Maxim is a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning. The aim of this study is to find out the infringement maxim in the story of The Adventure of Tintin and to know the impact of infringement maxim in communication purposes. In obtaining the data, the researcher used descriptive qualitative to find out the out the infringement maxims among the caharcters. The object of this study is the dialogue among the characters of The Adventure of Tintin which infringe Griceâ€™s maxim. The results of this research are the most of the characters in the dialogue infringe the maxim of quality in order to entertain the readers. The researcher found out 30 data for the infringement of Qualitative maxim, 27 data for the infringement of Quantitative maxim, 19 data for the infringement of maxim of Manner, and 29 data for the infringement of maxim of Relevance.
Teachersâ€™ Perception, Plan, Implementation, and Evaluation toward The Use of Super Minds Textbook in EFL Classroom
Authors: Septiana Eka , Mujiyanto Januarius , Sutopo Djoko
Published: May 2022

This study proposes to explore teachersâ€™ perception, plan, implementation, and evaluation toward the use of Super Minds textbook in EFL Classroom. The study employed case study approach. Two teachers were selected to become participants in this study. The data were gathered through questionnaire, semi-structured interview, classroom observations, and document analysis. The result of this study revealed that both teachers had positive perception on the use of Super Minds textbook. That was indicated from their positive thoughts on their planning and implementation that Super Minds textbook became an effective and engaging learning source in the classroom. The two teachers planned the lesson using the topic and material from Super Minds textbook. Although the teachersâ€™ did the same stages in planning, the plan was implemented and resulted in different ways. They used supplementary materials provided from the textbook package as their teaching aids for enhancing the students in the classroom. The two teachers are evaluated as good practitioners for students in using Super Minds textbook. All this result leads to the alignment between teachersâ€™ perception, plans, implementation, and evaluation. It was proven by teachersâ€™ positive perception on toward the use of Super Minds textbook reflected in their planning, actual implementation, and evaluation in the classroom. It was expected for further research to possibly continue this study by using another textbook in different level of students so that it will give another perspective.
Realization of Maxim Flouting to Create Humour in Incredibles 2
Authors: Aristyanti Yullia Ayu , Sutopo Djoko , Yuliasri Issy
Published: May 2022

This study focuses on the analysis of humour creations based on the Griceâ€™s cooperative maxim flouting. It applies descriptive qualitative study where we examined the utterances in Incredibles 2 were flouted to create humour. The results of the study showed that (1) There were 7 kinds of humour created from 19 flouting of quality maxims. (2) There were also 7 kinds of humour created from 45  flouting of quantity maxims. (3) There were only 9 kinds of humour created from 57 flouting of manner maxims. (4) On the flouting of relation maxims, all 11 humour categories were fulfilled from 59 flouting of relation maxims. Furthermore, it is suggested that through the occurance of maxim flouting in the movie especially animation genre which is addressed to the audience gives the knowledge about conversational implicatures. With regard to the creation of humour, it is suggested that the humour is not only a deviation of the cooperative principle and its maxims. Other theory of pragmatics can also be used to analyze the humour such as, politeness principle and also the acts of speech acts.
The Impact of Teachersâ€™ Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication on Studentsâ€™ Motivation in Learning English
Authors: Megawati Wahyu , Hartono Rudi
Published: May 2022

The objectives of this study are to explain the use of teachersâ€™ verbal communication, teachersâ€™ non-verbal communication, and the impact of teachersâ€™ verbal communication and non-verbal communication on students' motivation in learning English.This study used the framework of teachersâ€™ talk proposed by Sinclair and Brazil (1985) and Wang and Loewen (2015) to analyze the teachersâ€™ verbal communication and non-verbal communication in the English classroom. Data were taken from lesson transcripts and teachersâ€™ behaviors from the video recordings. Using the teachersâ€™ utterances and teachersâ€™ behaviors as the unit of analysis, procedures of analyzing data include: organizing and preparing the data, coding, describing, and interpreting. To validate the findings, initial results of the analysis had been examined by data source triangulation and using focused group discussion. Findings showed that the most-used teachersâ€™ verbal communication is questioning while the most-used teachersâ€™ non-verbal communication is hand movements and facial expressions. The most-motivating teachersâ€™ verbal communication is questions and the most-motivating teachersâ€™ non-verbal communication comes from facial expressions.
The Use of Code-Switching in EFL Classroom Instruction and Interaction
Authors: Munawaroh Hajar , Hartono Rudi , Sakhiyya Zulfa
Published: May 2022

This study investigates code-switching in an EFL online classroom interaction. The research data were gathered by using fieldnotes, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews on one hundred and twenty students and three English teachers. It demonstrates that both teachers and students code-switched during online English lessons. Tag switching and establishing continuity with the previous speaker were mostly used which reached 38.4%, inter-sentential switching15.5%, and intra-sentential 7.7%. respectively. In terms of the language, the findings show that classroom interaction was dominated by the use of Bahasa Indonesia 74.0%, English 52.8%, and Sundanese 16.5%. Code-switching was effective for teachers and students in EFL learning. It proved to 1) significantly influence students' activeness, 2) encourage and give better feedback to students through alternative reinforcement, and 3) encourage better teachers’ and students’ negotiation. With regard to efficiency, conveying meaning of the materials and bringing the project as well as assignment were essential. Nevertheless, some issues came up as a consequence of the Covid -19 outbreaks. Notably, some factors affecting the results were 1) the internet connection, 2) the students’ attendance, and 3) balance. Those results suggest that the potential next research is more likely to respond to students' need to campaign online learning to be better.

Some issues come up as consequent of covid-19 outbreaks. Notably, some factors mentioned: (1) the stable or unstable internet connection, (2) the presence of students, and (3) balance. Those results suggest that the potential next research is more likely to respond students’ need to campaign online learning to be better. 

 

Keywords: codeswitching, EFL, online learning interaction and instruction
The Construction of Interpersonal Meaning Realized in a Conversation between EFL Students
Authors: Pambudi Bagus Dwi , Sutopo Djoko , Bharati Dwi Anggani Linggar
Published: May 2022

Interpersonal meaning enables speakers to create a conversation by taking roles and establishing relationships. This study attempts to explain how interpersonal meaning is constructed in a conversation between EFL students by focusing on (1) how they take up roles, (2) how they establish relationships, and (3) how the roles and relationships are negotiated. This qualitative study involved a small group of three university students taking part in a conversation within an informal setting. This study drew on analyses on moods, speech functions, and conversational exchanges based on the theory suggested by Eggins and Slade (2004). The results indicate that mood choices allowed the students to take two main roles: initiator and supporter. The initiating role was realized in full declaratives and full interrogatives. The supporting role was achieved through minor clauses, elliptical clauses, and giving opportunities and assistance to the others to deal with incomplete clauses. The speech function choices show that the students established harmonious relationships because they frequently sustained their talks and provided support instead of confrontation. However, this does not seem to represent a good-quality conversation as they tended to avoid different ideas to explore relationships. The way the students in turn showed dominance indicates that they negotiated roles and relationships dynamically. This study can provide a new insight to improve EFL students’ ability to participate in a conversation.
Creation of Humorous Situation By Flouting Conversational Maxims Accompanied By Facial Expression in “Friends”
Authors: Maulida Faiz , Rozi Fahrur , Pratama Hendi
Published: May 2022

This study focused on analyzing the humorous situation created by flouting conversational maxims that were followed by facial expressions found in situated comedy Friends. The analysis included how humorous situation were generated by flouting conversational maxims and the relationship between humorous situation and facial expressions. The results of the study showed that the humorous situations categorized were generated by flouting Grice maxims in which satire and over/understatement were frequently created by means of the implicature from flouting the conversational maxims. In flouting quality, the characters tended not to employ direct lying to other people as it would influence the perspective of the audience about lying to other people as common things although hidden meanings were provided behind the utterances with joy facial expressions. In flouting quantity, the humorous situation was dominated by the creation of overstatement and understatement which were accompanied mostly by joyous facial expression as in line with the definition of overstatement and understatement. In flouting relation, the humorous situation was dominated by satire accompanied by anger facial expressions and clever replies to serious statement accompanied by joyous facial expressions. In flouting manner, satire and pun humorous situation was mostly generated by anger and contempt facial expression. In addition, there were close relationship between certain humorous situation created by flouting conversational maxims and facial expressions. For further study, it is recommended that the study of humorous situation could explore the other aspect of pragmatics elements such as how humor could be generated through the use of politeness strategies within a conversation.