bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soluble Markers of B-Cell Stimulation During Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Malaria Parasitemia in Children in Uganda
Authors: Mutyaba Innocent , Byakika-Kibwika Pauline , Phipps Warren , Casper Corey , Kamya Moses
Published: July 2016

Abstract 28

Background:

In vitro, Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines express high levels of several cytokines, including CCL3/MIP-1 alpha, CXCL10/IP-10, and IL-10, among others. These cytokines may promote lymphoma development through B- cell hyperstimulation. To understand the influence of malaria infection on cytokine expression in vivo and the potential role in BL development, we sought to characterize the expression of specific cytokines during malaria among children from a region where malaria and BL are endemic.

Methods:

We studied children participating in a prospective malaria cohort in Uganda. Plasma cytokines were assessed in each child at 3 time points representing 3 disease states: no malaria, asymptomatic malaria, and symptomatic malaria. We assessed both equality of cytokine distribution at the 3 time points using Kruskal-Wallis test and the factors associated with cytokine expression using generalized estimating equations.

Results:

Among the 41 children, median age was 5.0 (0.8-10.3) years when normal, 5.9 (0.8-10.6) years during asymptomatic malaria, and 5.7 (0.5-10.8) years during symptomatic malaria; 39% (16/41) participants were female. There was a significant increase for IL-10 (p<0.001), IL-6 (p=0.04) and IP-10 (p=0.002) during malaria parasitemia compared to no malaria. In the adjusted models, for every one log increase in the parasite density, the odds of high IL10 expression increased by 80% (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.6, P=<0.001), the odds of high IL6 by 30% (OR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.0-1.7, p=0.04), and the odds of high TNFα by 40% (OR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8, p=0.01). Younger children (0-4.9 years) had 400% (OR=5, 95% CI=1.7-25, p=0.001) increase in the odds of high IL10 expression compared to older counterparts (5-11 years).

Conclusion:

Infection with malaria parasites is associated with an immunological response characterized by elevated B-cell stimulatory cytokines including: IL10, IL6, TNFalpha and IP10. These cytokines may mediate B-cell stimulation and related oncogenic DNA changes that lead to BL. Results of EBV viremia are forthcoming.

AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

Innocent Mutyaba No relationship to disclose Pauline Byakika-Kibwika No relationship to disclose Warren Phipps No relationship to disclose Corey Casper Leadership: Temptime Corporation Consulting or Advisory Role: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research Funding: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: GlaxoSmithKline, Temptime Corporation Moses Kamya No relationship to disclose
National Breast Cancer Chemotherapy Program in Haiti
Authors: Santamaria Estefania , Cornely Jean Ronald , Dubuche Georges , DeGennaro Vincent
Published: July 2016

Abstract 19

Background:

Project Medishare launched a breast cancer program in Port-au-Prince in 2013 at the request of local partners. In 2015, the program was expanded as part of a national breast cancer treatment program with Equal Health International. With the mission of strengthening Haiti’s Ministry of Health (MSPP) cancer care infrastructure, the program seeks to decentralize cancer care for women living up to eight hours driving distance from Port-au-Prince by building hospital capacity for cancer screening, diagnosis, chemotherapy and hormone therapy provision at outlying hospitals.

Methods:

In 2013, two physicians and three nurses were trained to handle, mix and administer chemotherapy by American nurses and doctors. To expand the national program in January 2015, 20 additional physicians and 32 nurses from all ten geographic regions underwent a three-day training in Port-au-Prince on treatment algorithms and practical training for breast cancer. As patients came in for treatment at the local institutions, Project Medishare nurses were on site to supervise mixing and administration of chemotherapy. Physicians continued their practical training via telemedicine to confirm treatment plans and dosage calculations.

Results:

By September 2015, onsite practical training and chemotherapy had occurred at the primary public hospitals in Gonaives, Jacmel, and Les Cayes. One physician and three nurses were fully trained at each site and seven patients with breast cancer have been treated thus far at the new sites. Future efforts will focus on quality improvement and continuing onsite training at the other hospitals as well as encouraging more doctors and patients to utilize regional programs instead of coming to the capital for treatment.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first regularly-operating multi-site chemotherapy program in a low-income country. Our experiences may inform others to expand already established protocol-based cancer programs in low-resource settings. Next steps include working with MSPP to expand chemotherapy access to Cap-Haitien and to launch breast reconstruction programs through similar trainings in Port-au-Prince.

AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

No COIs from the authors.
Spiritual Distress Screening Using the Novel “Spirit 3” at Hospice Africa Uganda
Authors: McSorley Brianna , Zirimenya Ludoviko , Cercone Kristen , Frazer Tifany , Visotcky Alexis , Mwebesa Eddie , Selman Lucy , Rhodes Mary , Wiebe Lauren A.
Published: July 2016

Abstract 3

Background:

At Hospice Africa Uganda (HAU), patients' spiritual well-being is assessed in depth upon admission, but there are no rigorous assessment tools for regular spiritual distress screening in this setting. Our prior research demonstrated the “Spirit 8” assessment too cumbersome for routine use by HAU staff. The new “Spirit 3” includes three core questions thought to be most clinically relevant. The aims are to assess the feasibility of the Spirit 3 in routine screening for spiritual distress in hospice and to understand whether HAU staff value using the Spirit 3 in routine clinical practice.

Methods:

Between June 2014 and February 2015, the Spirit 3 was administered to consenting patients for four consecutive visits. The scale ranges from 3 to 15 with 15 representing an ideal state of spiritual well-being. For any patient unable to complete all assessments, a reason was recorded. Any staff intervention performed was recorded.

Results:

49 patients were enrolled in the study and completed the first assessment. 41 (84%) of those patients had untreatable, metastatic cancer and 8 (16%) had HIV/AIDS. Twenty patients (41%) completed the second assessment; 11 the third (23%); and 8 patients (16%) completed all 4 assessments. There were no partially completed assessments. Eight patients died prior to the second assessment; the remainder were missed by research staff during clinical care and thus lost to follow-up. At 86% of visits, a staff member performed an intervention to address the reported spiritual distress. Upon study completion, 75% of the HAU staff wished to use the Spirit 3 in routine clinical care.

Conclusion:

Almost half of living patients completed the second assessment (49%). Attrition was due to difficulty in flagging charts rather than any barriers in acceptance by patients or staff. The majority of HAU staff wished to continue using the Spirit 3 suggesting feasibility in clinical practice.

AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

No COIs from the authors.
My PCR: A Community Driven Approach to Raising Awareness About PCR in LMICs
Authors: Schneider Erin Lindsay , Garcia-Gonzalez Pat
Published: July 2016

Abstract 49

Background:

There is a significant need to increase awareness among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and their physicians about the importance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for disease diagnosis and monitoring. PCR is one of the most sensitive ways to diagnose CML and is one of the most reliable tools for monitoring disease. Many CML patients in LMICs lack access to PCR due to a lack of awareness and/or financial constraints. In 2012, My PCR was launched to address this. Goals: increase patient awareness of the importance of monitoring residual disease increase patient understanding of CML treatment milestones increase patients' involvement in treatment increase community awareness about needs of patients

Methods:

Led by The Max Foundation, My PCR is a coalition of 56 patient advocacy organizations from 51 countries (mostly LMICs) that uses a collaborative approach to raise awareness among stakeholders. My PCR provides educational information and resources in >25 languages, offers grants to partners to host booths at local and international hematology society conferences, host awareness events that engage physicians, and print educational materials. My PCR uses a website and social media to house resources and promote initiatives.

Results:

Since 2012, My PCR has: doubled its partnership base; reached over 40,000 patients, caregivers and physicians with educational information/resources, greatly increasing patient and physician understanding of PCR for CML monitoring in LMICs; and facilitated over 70 awareness events and regional meetings, bringing together patients and physicians to strengthen dialogue about CML treatment/monitoring.

Next Steps:

My PCR will create a PCR Advocacy Toolkit for advocates to adapt to their local context to increase access to PCR. The Toolkit will address how to collaborate with physicians, engage Ministries of Health, and utilize existing avenues for testing. Additionally, there will be an increased focus on measuring the impact of partners' efforts in improving access to PCR testing.

AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

No COIs from either author.
Estimation of Premature Deaths From Lack of Access to Anti-HER2 Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer in the Brazilian Public Health System
Authors: Debiasi Márcio , Reinert Tomás , Kaliks Rafael , Amorim Gilberto , Caleffi Maira , Sampaio Carlos , Fernandes Gustavo dos Santos , Barrios Carlos H.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -positive metastatic tumors treated in the public health system in Brazil do not have access to trastuzumab. This study aimed to estimate the impact of the lack of access to anti-HER2 therapies on the mortality of these patients.

Methods

On the basis of published data, the number of patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer in 2016 who should receive anti-HER2 targeted therapy was estimated. Three different treatment groups were considered for this hypothetical cohort: chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, and chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab. The number of patients alive after 2 years of follow-up was estimated on the basis of the efficacy results of the pivotal trials considering these interventions.

Results

It was calculated that 2,008 women will be diagnosed with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer in Brazil in 2016. It was estimated that only 808 women would be alive in 2018 if they receive only chemotherapy (which is the treatment offered by the public health system). On the other hand, the bar rises to 1,408 women alive in 2018 if they receive chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and 1,576 women alive in 2018 if they receive the gold standard of chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab.

Conclusion

Trastuzumab is included in the WHO’s list of essential medications, but the Brazilian public health system does not yet provide this treatment to its population with advanced disease. The introduction of trastuzumab and pertuzumab would have a positive effect, preventing premature deaths in women with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer in Brazil.
The Use of Standard Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Ultrasound to Assess Cardiac Anatomy
Authors: Sentissi Kinza , Sawhney Mandeep S. , Pleskow Douglas , Sepe Paul , Mella Jose M. , Kwittken Benjamin , Ketwaroo Gyanprakash , Subramaniam Balachundhar
Published: July 2016

In this prospective observational study, conducted at an academic medical center, we evaluated the feasibility of performing a basic transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) technology to determine what cardiac structures could be assessed. This may be potentially beneficial during hemodynamic emergencies in the endoscopy suite resulting from hypovolemia, depressed ventricular function, aortic dissection, pericardial effusions, or aortic stenosis. Of the 20 patients enrolled, 18 underwent EUS with a linear echoendoscope for standard clinical indications followed by a cardiac assessment performed under the guidance of a TEE-certified cardiac anesthesiologist. Eight of the 20 standard views of cardiovascular structures per the 1999 American Society of Echocardiography/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists guidelines for TEE could be obtained using the linear echoendoscope. The following cardiac valvular structures were visualized: aortic valve (100%), mitral valve (100%), tricuspid valve (33%), and pulmonic valve (11%). Left ventricular and right ventricular systolic function could be assessed in 89% and 67% of patients, respectively. Other structures such as the ascending and descending aorta, pericardium, left atrial appendage, and interatrial septum were identified in 100% of patients. Doppler-dependent functions could not be assessed. Given that the EUS images were not directly compared with TEE in these patients, we cannot comment definitively on the quality of these assessments and further studies would need to be performed to make a formal comparison. Based on this study, EUS technology can consistently assess the mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta, pericardium, and left ventricular function. Given its limitations, EUS technology, although not a substitute for formal echocardiography, could be a helpful early diagnostic tool in an emergency setting.
The Need for Pluralism of Causality
Authors: Weingartner Paul
Published: July 2016

It will be shown in this article that a pluralism of causality is needed. Not only, as might be expected, for such different domains as natural sciences and humanities, but even within the domain of physics different causal relations are necessary. This will be illustrated with examples from Classical Mechanics and Special Relativity, Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics. In these domains causal relations differ in their properties. A model for five types of causal relations is provided that is based on a decidable 6-valued logic.
Supporting children and young people with ADHD in school
Authors: Lepkowska Dorothy
Published: July 2016

Dorothy Lepkowska looks at the impact ADHD can have on children and young people and the importance of early diagnosis and intervention to support pupils with the condition.
What to do if you are concerned a child or young person is at risk of, or has gone missing
Authors: Hayward Melanie
Published: July 2016

The ‘What to do if’ series aims to provide school nursing practitioners with practical safeguarding information on a variety of issues. The fourth article in this series focuses on missing children and young people.
The benefits of having a dog present during immunisations in a special needs school
Authors: Tooker Lorraine
Published: July 2016

Vaccines greatly reduce the burden of disease worldwide, yet they can cause pain, fear and anxiety among those receiving them. This article describes how a school dog improved the immunisation service in a special needs school, by helping students to manage their fears and anxieties.
Trophic Ecology of the Ant Pachycondyla crassinoda (Formicidae: Ponerinae) in a Lowland Neotropical Forest
Authors: Tudor Anesty E. , Starr Christopher K , Mohammed Kristen
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT- Pachycondyla crassinoda (Latr. 1902) is one of the largest ant species in the New World tropics. We studied its foraging habits in the field in a lowland forest in Trinidad, West Indies, with supplemental observations in the laboratory.  At our study site the density of colonies was estimated at 144/ha.  Like other members of its genus, P. crassinoda forages on the forest floor, apparently never climbing trees or other plants.  Foraging is mostly limited to periods when the ground is relatively dry and is largely close to the nest.  Ants searched under fallen leaves at a high frequency and preyed mostly on small arthropods.  They seldom stung prey, never unless the prey struggled vigorously.  The only form of food-source recruitment observed was tandem running, with a maximum of two nestmates following the scout.
Composition and Richness of Arboreal ants in Fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: Effects of Secondary Succession
Authors: Sousa-Souto Leandro , Figueiredo Priscilla , Ambrogi Bianca , Oliveira Anny , Ribeiro Genésio Tamara , Neves Frederico
Published: July 2016

Ecological succession is a complex processes involving changes in the structure of plant community and it is an important factor determining the structure of arboreal ants assemblages, but little is known about the effects of succession on ant assemblages in regions of Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs), such as the Brazilian Caatinga. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ecological succession on the richness and species composition of arboreal ants in fragments of Caatinga, testing the following hypothesis: i) the richness of arboreal ants increases along a gradient of forest succession, in response to tree richness and/or density; ii) species composition of arboreal ants differs among stages of forest succession due to differences in vegetation structure in theses stages. This study was conducted in 15 plots distributed in three areas with different stages of secondary succession (early, intermediate and late). Tree density and richness were used as surrogate of vegetation structure. Ants were sampled using the technique of beating the foliage and baited pitfall traps, where five trees were sampled per plot, totaling 75 individual trees sampled. We sampled 37 species of ants, distributed in 16 genera and five subfamilies. Ant richness differed among stages of succession and seasons, with higher number of species in the late succession and rainy period, also increasing with tree richness and density. Besides, there was a distinct composition of ant species among stages of succession and seasons. Results obtained in this study reinforce the importance of using ants as environmental bioindicators, since the sensitivity to environmental variations of this group enables us to differentiate early and late successional stages of forest succession in Caatinga environment.
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 gene polymorphisms in thalassemia patients with tuberculosis infection
Authors: Ghozali Mohammad , Dewi Sari Puspa , Ghrahani Reni , Maskoen Ani Melani , Reniarti Lelani , Sahiratmadja Edhyana , Achmad Tri Hanggono
Published: July 2016

that needs regular blood transfusions leading to accumulation of iron in the cells. This iron overload level in macrophage might cause intracellular bacteria, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to multiply. Polymorphisms in natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), a metal transporter across the phagosome membrane, play important role in regulating iron, which is also needed by MTB. Increased iron in thalassemia patients may have an increased potential risk for TB.Objective To compare natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms (INT4, D543N, and 3’UTR) in thalassemia patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) infection.Methods A cross-sectional measurement of NRAMP1 genetic polymorphisms was performed in pediatric thalassemia patients with TB (n=40) and without TB (n=50). Iron status including serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin, was compared between the two groups. The NRAMP1 genetic polymorphisms were analysed using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP). Allelic and genotypic distributions of each polymorphism were assessed for possible associations with TB infection.Results Mean serum iron and TIBC in thalassemia patients with TB were higher compared to thalassemia patients without TB (mean serum: 166.26 vs. 134.92 μmol/L, respectively; P=0.026) and (mean TIBC: 236.78 vs. 195.84 μmol/L, respectively; P=0.029). In thalassemia patients with TB, we observed significantly higher frequency of the C allele in INT4 (10% vs. 2%, respectively; OR=5.44; 95%CI 1.1 to 26.4; P=0.02) and the TGTG deletion allele (78.8% vs. 51%, respectively; OR=3.56; 95%CI 1.83 to 6.9; P=0.0002) in 3’UTR polymorphisms than in thalassemia patients without TB. There were no significant differences in distributions of the A allele between TB and non-TB groups (16.3% vs. 15%, respectively; P=0.84) or the GA genotype (32.5% vs. 30%, respectively; P=0.79) in D543N.Conclusion The NRAMP1 polymorphisms are known to be associated with major gene susceptibility to TB, and in our thalassemia patients this association is even more pronounced.
Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion is associated with local blood velocity and left ventricular rotational, but not longitudinal, mechanics
Authors: Au Jason S. , Ditor David S. , MacDonald Maureen J. , Stöhr Eric J.
Published: July 2016

Recent studies have identified a predictable movement pattern of the common carotid artery wall in the longitudinal direction. While there is evidence that the magnitude of this carotid artery longitudinal wall motion (CALM) is sensitive to cardiovascular health status, little is known about the determinants of CALM. The purpose of this integrative study was to evaluate the contribution of left ventricular (LV) cardiac motion and local blood velocity to CALM. Simultaneous ultrasound measurements of CALM, common carotid artery mean blood velocity (MBV), and left ventricular motion were performed in ten young, healthy individuals (6 males; 22 ± 1 years). Peak anterograde CALM occurred at a similar time as peak MBV (18.57 ± 3.98% vs. 18.53 ± 2.81% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P = 0.94; ICC: 0.79, P < 0.01). The timing of maximum retrograde CALM displacement was different, but related, to both peak apical (41.00 ± 7.81% vs. 35.33 ± 5.79% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P < 0.01; ICC: 0.79, P < 0.01) and basal rotation (41.80 ± 6.12% vs. 37.30 ± 5.66% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P < 0.01; ICC: 0.74, P < 0.01) with peak cardiac displacements preceding peak CALM displacements in both cases. The association between basal rotation and retrograde CALM was further supported by strong correlations between their peak magnitudes (r = −0.70, P = 0.02), whereas the magnitude of septal longitudinal displacement was not associated with peak CALM (r = 0.11, P = 0.77). These results suggest that the rotational mechanical movement of the LV base may be closely associated with longitudinal mechanics in the carotid artery. This finding may have important implications for interpreting the complex relationship between ventricular and vascular function.
Valuable Virality
Authors: Akpinar Ezgi , Berger Jonah
Published: July 2016

Given recent interest in social media, many brands now create content that they hope consumers will view and share with peers. While some campaigns indeed go “viral,” their value to the brand is limited if they do not boost brand evaluation or increase purchase. Consequently, a key question is how to create valuable virality, or content that is not only shared but also beneficial to the brand. Share data from hundreds of real online ads, as well as controlled laboratory experiments, demonstrate that compared with informative appeals (which focus on product features), emotional appeals (which use drama, mood, music, and other emotion-eliciting strategies) are more likely to be shared. Informative appeals, in contrast, boost brand evaluations and purchase because the brand is an integral part of the ad content. By combining the benefits of both approaches, emotional brand-integral ads boost sharing while also bolstering brand-related outcomes. The authors’ framework sheds light on how companies can generate valuable virality and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Comparison of the Physical and Technical Demands of Cricket Players During Training and Match-Play
Authors: Vickery Will , Duffield Rob , Crowther Rian , Beakley David , Blanch Peter , Dascombe Ben J.
Published: July 2016

Vickery, W, Duffield, R, Crowther, R, Beakley, D, Blanch, P, and Dascombe, BJ. Comparison of the physical and technical demands of cricket players during training and match-play. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 821–829, 2018—This study aimed to determine which training method (net-based sessions or center-wicket simulations) currently used in national level and U19 male players cricket provided a more physical and technical match-specific training response. The heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and movement patterns of 42 male cricket players were measured across the various training and match formats. Video analysis was coded retrospectively to quantify technical loads based on the cricket skills performed. Magnitude-based inferences were based on the standardization of effect and presented with ±90% confidence intervals. Regardless of playing position, differences in physiological demands between training modes and match-play were unclear, with the exception of higher heart rates in fielders during traditional net sessions (mean heart rate: d = −2.7 [−4.7 to −0.7]; 75% of maximum heart rate: d = −1.7 [−3.2 to −0.2]). Typically, the movement demands of center-wicket simulations were similar or greater than match-play, which was most evident in the distance traveled at a high intensity within each playing position (batsmen: d = 6.4 [3.7–9.2]; medium-fast bowlers: d = 1.71 [0.1–3.3]; spin bowlers: d = 6.5 [0.01–13.0]; fielders: d = 0.8 [−0.2 to 1.7]). The technical demands of traditional net cricket training exceeded that of a typical match for each playing position. Specifically, fast bowlers delivered a greater number of balls during net-bowling compared with a match (d = −2.2 [−3.6 to 0.9]). In conclusion, center-wicket simulations more closely matched the physical demands of a One-Day match within batsmen and spin bowlers, whereas traditional cricket training often exceeded match-specific demands.
Modeling of Running Performances in Humans: Comparison of Power Laws and Critical Speed
Authors: Zinoubi Badrane , Vandewalle Henry , Driss Tarak
Published: July 2016

Zinoubi, B, Vandewalle, H, and Driss, T. Modeling of running performances in humans: comparison of power laws and critical speed. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1859–1867, 2017—The concepts of power law and critical speed (S
Crit) have been applied to the analysis of individual running performances. We have analyzed the results of 2 exceptional runners (Nurmi and Gebrselassie) and 11 physical education students (PESs) who performed 3 exhausting running exercises. Power laws can accurately describe the relationships between exhaustion time (t
lim) and distance (D
lim) or speed (S)

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201707000-00013/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-19T002737Z/r/image-tiff

in elite runners and PES. However, the validity of the application of power laws must be verified for higher values of t
lim in nonelite runners. Exponent γ is close to 1 in elite runners and lower in PESs (from 0.625 to 0.872). The value of S
Crit was computed from 2 values of t
lim (3–14 minutes; S
Crit 3–14) and was expressed as a fraction of maximal aerobic speed (MAS) which was assumed to correspond to the maximal speed that can be sustained over 7 minutes

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201707000-00013/inline-formula2/v/2023-08-19T002737Z/r/image-tiff

The individual values of

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201707000-00013/inline-formula3/v/2023-08-19T002737Z/r/image-tiff

(0.945 for Gebrselassie, 0.919 for Nurmi, and 0.764 ± 0.078 in PESs) were linearly correlated with γ (r > 0.999) and almost equal to γ (0.952 for Gebrselassie, 0.918 for Nurmi, and 0.779 ± 0.076 for PESs). The same results were observed when S
Crit was computed for t
lim equal to 6–28 minutes (S
Crit 6–28) and MAS was the maximal velocity sustainable during 14 minutes (S
14min). The fact that γ is linearly correlated and almost equal to

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201707000-00013/inline-formula4/v/2023-08-19T002737Z/r/image-tiff

or

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201707000-00013/inline-formula5/v/2023-08-19T002737Z/r/image-tiff

suggests that exponent γ can be considered as an index of aerobic endurance.
Is Whole-Body Vibration Training Effective?
Authors: Dabbs Nicole C. , Svoboda Stephanie M.
Published: July 2016

WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV) TRAINING HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION FROM RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS AS OF LATE. ALTHOUGH SOME FINDINGS SUPPORT ITS EFFICACY, OTHERS QUESTION ITS ABILITY TO IMPROVE HUMAN PERFORMANCE, PARTICULARLY WHEN USED IN TRAINED ATHLETES. THIS COLUMN WILL DEBATE THE MERITS OF WBV TRAINING FOR ATHLETES AND OTHERS. WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU. VISITNSCA-SCJ.COMTO WEIGH IN ON THE POINT/COUNTERPOINT QUICK POLL.
“Revolution is glorious! Revolution is no crime!” International Crimes and Chinese Domestic Law, and the Gang of Four Trial
Authors: O’Brien Melanie
Published: July 2016

China was active in the drafting of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, but has not become a state party, and the Chinese relationship with international criminal law is not strong. Given this, an examination of China’s own abilities and actions with regard to accountability for international crimes is warranted. China does not have any legislation proscribing violations of international humanitarian law, or war crimes, genocide, or crimes against humanity. This article will examine some of the options under current Chinese Criminal Law of 1997 that could be used to prosecute international crimes in lieu of express provisions. The second part of the article undertakes an international criminal law and human rights analysis of the Gang of Four trial, as the only trial of leaders linked to the mass crimes of the Cultural Revolution and thus the only real example of an attempt at accountability for mass crimes in modern China. These two parts of the article combine together to provide an analysis of China’s ability to enact and attempts at accountability for international crimes committed in China.
The Expansion and Fragmentation of Minor Offense Justice
Authors: Bui Dat T.
Published: July 2016

This article claims that minor offense processes in the common law and the civil law, as examined through two prototypical exemplars of England and Vietnam, have been converging at a more rapid pace and in a reverse trend compared to the convergence in the mainstream, serious crime processes. Because of the notion of nonseriousness, a natural convergence between the two systems in minor offenses is more obvious and less challenging than the convergence in the process for serious crimes. It is commonplace that the goals of regulation, prevention, and efficiency have predominated over the ideal of adversarialism, even in an adversarial system like England’s. This natural convergence is accompanied by a due-process-evading justice, in which criminal fair trial rights could be disproportionately limited by ideas of triviality and the so-called noncriminal character. The article also suggests a convergence in the jurisprudential framework as minor offense justice reflects limitations on fair trial rights in dealing with less serious public wrongs.
Growing the Character Values to Students Through Application of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) in the Social Arithmetic Learning
Authors: Suyitno Amin
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Educating students at the Basic Education level is not only demanded that the students are clever, but there are also other demand which no less important that is to educate so that students have a good character value. Educating  the students to have a good character value is started from home, school, and community. In school, educating character to students is not only the duty of teachers of Religion or Civics class, but also the duty of all teachers, including the teachers in Mathematics. Math teacher does not need to hold special time for educating of character, but it can be integrated into any material taught, and also in different application of learning models. This paper examines how the efforts of mathematics teacher in educating of character to the students of Basic Education, especially in Junior High School through the application of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) on the material of Social Arithmetic. Through presenting of the material of Social Arithmetic by RME learning model, students can be given a character education through the attitude of honesty, tolerance, discipline, cooperation, creative, independent, democratic, curiosity, love of peace, social care, responsibility, and so on. In conclusion, educational character values to students can be done by mathematics teacher through a variety of materials.  One of them  through presenting of the material of Social Arithmetic by RME learning model.
Penerapan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) dengan Konteks Karakter dan Konservasi untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mahasiswa dalam Menyusun Proposal Penelitian
Authors: Junaedi Iwan , Asikin Muhammad , Masrukan Masrukan
Published: July 2016

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan peningkatan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menyusun proposal penelitian pendidikan matematika dengan topik pengembangan karakter dan konservasi pada pembelajaran dengan pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) dengan konteks konservasi dan karakter. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tidakan Kelas (PTK). Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa program studi pendidikan matematika yang mengambil mata kuliah Dasar-dasar Penelitian Pendidikan Matematika Tahun Akademik 2014/2015. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa  (1) sekurang-kurangnya 72,22% pada siklus pertama, dan 83,33 % pada siklus kedua kinerja mahasiswa dalam menyusun proposal penelitian pendidikan matematika dengan topik karakter dengan kategori baik dan sangat baik, (2)  sekurang-kurangnya 33,33%  dan 72,22% pada siklus kedua kinerja mahasiswa dalam menyusun proposal penelitian pendidikan matematika dengan topik konservasi dengan kategori baik dan sangat baik, dan (3) kesulitan mahasiswa dalam menyusun proposal penelitian dengan topik konservasi antara lain terbatasnya literatur yang mengaitkan matematika dengan konservasi.

The purpose of this study was to describe the increase in students' ability to develop a mathematics education research proposal with character development and conservation topics on learning ap­proach Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) with a conservation context and character. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). The subjects were students of mathematics edu­cation are taking courses Dasar-dasar Penelitian Pendidikan Matematika on Academic Year 2014/2015. The result showed that (1) at least 72.22% in the first cycle, and 83.33% in the second cycle the performance of students in mathematics education research proposal on the topic of character with good and excellent categories, (2) at least 33.33% and 72.22% in the second cycle the performance of students in mathematics education research proposal on the topic of conserva­tion with good and excellent categories, and (3) the difficulty of students to develop a research proposal to the topic of conservation, among others, the limited literature linking mathematics with conservation.
Treatable glomerular hyperfiltration in patients with active acromegaly
Authors: Fujio Shingo , Takano Koji , Arimura Hiroshi , Habu Mika , Bohara Manoj , Hirano Horofumi , Hanaya Ryosuke , Nishio Yoshihiko , Koriyama Chihaya , Kinoshita Yasuyuki , Arita Kazunori
Published: July 2016

Objective

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is increased in patients with active acromegaly. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether renal function deteriorates in patients with acromegaly and whether this deterioration is reversible after surgical remission.

Design/methods

A case–control study of 48 acromegalic patients who were surgically cured (cases) and 48 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFomas, controls) was conducted. We performed clinical and biochemical examinations before surgery and 3months post-surgery. The GFR of each patient was estimated (estimated GFR, eGFR) using their serum creatinine, age, sex, and body surface area, and postoperative changes in the eGFR were assessed.

Results

The preoperative eGFR was significantly higher in patients with acromegaly than in those with NFoma (99.8 vs 75.1mL/min respectively,P<0.01). In acromegalic patients, surgical remission was accompanied by a significant decline in the eGFR (from 99.8 to 86.2mL/min,P<0.01). Conversely, in patients with NFoma, the postoperative eGFR did not change significantly (from 75.1 to 81.9mL/min,P=0.12). Among the acromegalic patients, the postoperative decreases in the eGFR were more prominent in patients with a preoperatively high or normal vs low eGFR.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrated a significant post-surgical eGFR decrease in patients with acromegaly, but not in patients with NFomas. This change in the eGFR was reversible in acromegalic patients with a high/normal preoperative eGFR, but not in those with a low preoperative eGFR. This suggests that the reversible pathophysiological change in some patients is functional but not organic.
Redefining the origin and evolution of ovarian cancer: a hormonal connection
Authors: Cardenas Carlos , Alvero Ayesha B , Yun Bo Seong , Mor Gil
Published: July 2016

Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all female reproductive cancers. Late diagnosis, tumour heterogeneity and the development of chemoresistance contribute to this statistic and work against patient survival. Current studies have revealed novel concepts that impact our view on how ovarian cancer develops. The greatest impact is on our understanding that, as a disease, ovarian cancer has multiple cellular origins and that these malignant precursors are mostly derived from outside of the ovaries. In this review, we propose a new concept of a step-wise developmental process that may underwrite ovarian tumorigenesis and progression: (1) migration/recruitment to the ovaries; (2) seeding and establishment in the ovaries; (3) induction of a dormant cancer stage; and (4) expansion and tumor progression. We will discuss the relationship of each step with the changing ovarian function and milieu during the reproductive age and the subsequent occurrence of menopause. The realization that ovarian cancer development and progression occurs in distinct steps is critical for the search of adequate markers for early detection that will offer personalized strategies for prevention and therapy.
Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize: Seed to Seed in 60 Days
Authors: McCaw Morgan E , Wallace Jason G , Albert Patrice S , Buckler Edward S , Birchler James A
Published: July 2016

Two lines of Zea mays were developed as a short-generation model for maize. The Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize (FFMM) lines A and B are robust inbred lines with a significantly shorter generation time, much smaller stature, and better greenhouse adaptation than traditional maize varieties. Five generations a year are typical. FFMM is the result of a modified double-cross hybrid between four fast-flowering lines: Neuffer’s Early ACR (full color), Alexander’s Early Early Synthetic, Tom Thumb Popcorn, and Gaspe Flint, followed by selection for early flowering and desirable morphology throughout an 11-generation selfing regime. Lines A and B were derived from different progeny of the initial hybrid, and crosses between Mini-Maize A and B exhibit heterosis. The ancestry of each genomic region of Mini-Maize A and B was inferred from the four founder populations using genotyping by sequencing. Other genetic and genomic tools for these lines include karyotypes for both lines A and B, kernel genetic markers y1 (white endosperm) and R1-scm2 (purple endosperm and embryo) introgressed into Mini-Maize A, and ∼24× whole-genome resequencing data for Mini-Maize A.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Organic Fraction to Energy. Cuban Case Study. Brief Considerations
Authors: Oscar Jiménez Cabeza  , Alfredo Curbelo Alonso  , Yoel Suárez Lastre  , Jorge L. Aba Medina  , Ariel Rodríguez Rosales
Published: July 2016

This article aims at describing and reports current issues related to the management of MSW organic fraction to energy in Cuba. The paper firstly approach those latest advancements on biochemical based technologies capable of converting MSW organic fraction to energy in a reasonable efficient and economic way, based on analysis of currently widely used biochemical based processes. Lately the paper briefly delves with Cuban previous modest experience in converting solid waste to energy as well as composting residues exiting from already installed bioreactors. Updating of the country's current solid waste to energy facility should be approached in the future.
The SPH-EL Method for the Simulation of the Interaction between Water Drops and Solid Wall
Authors: L. Fang  , F. Y. Liu  , S. Chen  ,  J. Z. Wu 
Published: July 2016

In raining days, the water drops can enter the compressor and cause security problems. However, there is still no appropriate numerical method for simulating the interaction between water drops and solid wall. The Euler-Lagrange (EL) method is usually regarded as the best solution for this problem, but it considers each water drop as a fluid particle and cannot allow the simulation of deformation. We propose to combine the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method with the EL method, which is named as SPH-EL method. In this contribution we introduce the idea of SPH-EL method as well as two key techniques: tracking the particle deformation and regrouping the distorted particles. Finally we present a 2D simulation with SPH method and will apply the SPH-EL method to improve the simulation in the future.
Application of Bioenergy for Energy or Materials: Future Perspective through Development of Management
Authors: Abdeen Mustafa Omer
Published: July 2016

The demand for energy continued to outstrip supply and necessitated the development of biomass option. Residues were the most popular forms of renewable energy and currently biofuel production became much promising. Agricultural wastes contained high moisture content and could be decomposed easily by microbes. Agricultural wastes were abundantly available globally and could be converted to energy and useful chemicals by a number of microorganisms. Compost or bio-fertiliser could be produced with the inoculation of appropriated thermophilic microbes which increased the decomposition rate, shortened the maturity period and improved the compost (or bio-fertiliser) quality. The objective of the present research was to promote the biomass technology and involved adaptive research, demonstration and dissemination of results. With a view to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. N the present article, an attempt had also been made to present an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. We may conclude from the review paper that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, not only in urban areas but also in remote rural areas.
Synthesis and Characterization of PVdF/PVP-Based Electrospun Membranes as Separators for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: A. Jabbarnia  , R. Asmatulu
Published: July 2016

Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber embedded with carbon black nanoparticles (<50nm) were fabricated and characterized for supercapacitor separators. Carbon black nanoparticles with different weight percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4wt%) were added to a mixture of N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/acetone and sonicated for a well dispersion. Then, PVdF and PVP were added, and the solution was heated on a hot plate to make a polymeric solution prior to the electrospinning process. The morphology of the electrospun nanofibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was carried out on the PVdF/PVP films to identify changes in the crystalline phase during the process. The annealed nanofibers samples were also examined by X-ray diffraction unit. These investigations demonstrated that the many physical properties were significantly improved, which may be useful for supercapacitor separators. Supercapacitors will become one of the most suitable energy storage devices in the near future, and the separator is one of the major components of the supercapacitors.Keywords: Electrospun Nanofibers, PVdF, carbon black nanopowders, characterization, supercapacitor separators.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders or Early Death in Siblings of Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Tollånes Mette C. , Wilcox Allen J. , Stoltenberg Camilla , Lie Rolv T. , Moster Dag
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVES:

To explore the presence of shared underlying causes of cerebral palsy (CP) and other neurodevelopmental disorders, by examining risks of other disorders in siblings of children with CP.

METHODS:

We used Norwegian national registries to identify 1.4 million pairs of full siblings (singletons) and 28 000 sets of twins born from 1967 to 2006, identify stillbirths and neonatal deaths, and find individuals with CP, epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, blindness, deafness, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Associations between CP in 1 sibling and neurodevelopmental disorders or early death in other siblings were estimated using logistic regression models.

RESULTS:

There were 5707 neonatal survivors (beyond 28 days) with CP (2.5/1000). These children had substantial comorbidity (eg, 29% had epilepsy). Singleton siblings of (singleton) children with CP had increased risks of neurodevelopmental problems, including epilepsy (odds ratio [OR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–2.5]), intellectual disability (OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.8–2.9]), autism spectrum disorders (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1–2.2]), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1–1.6]), blindness (OR 2.4 [95% CI, 1.1–5.4]), and schizophrenia (OR 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2–3.2]). There was no increase in risk of bipolar disorder (OR 1.0 [95% CI, 0.6–1.6]). Families with children with CP also had increased risk of losing another child in the perinatal period (stillbirth OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5– 2.3]; neonatal death OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.3–2.2]). Associations were stronger within sets of twins.

CONCLUSIONS:

Siblings of a child with CP were at increased risk for a variety of other neurodevelopmental morbidities, as well as early death, indicating the presence of shared underlying causes.