bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genre-Specific Characteristics of the English Research Article: Analysis of the Content Macrostructure of the Results and Discussion Sections
Authors:   Pridnestrovian State University, Vakhterova Elena V.
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the research article as a subgenre of the scientific article and presents various approaches to its definition: linguo-epistemic, communicative-discursive, genre-stylistic, linguocultural and linguodidactic. The author proposes to differentiate the research article from a number of other subgenres of the scientific article according to the following features: dominant communicative goal, subject of the text, completeness of the subject’s representation, standardized structure, distribution channel, and volume. The research article is defined by the author as a subgenre of the scientific article with a standardized structure and volume fully representing the course and results of an original research in order to inform the academic community about it. The purpose of this paper was to identify and describe verbal and non-verbal means of implementing the macrostructure of the results and discussion sections in research articles in line with the genre discourse analysis. The material included English-language research articles in medical and linguistic journals. The analysis established the components of a typical content macrostructure of the results section (presentation of the results of the study, explanation of the results, comparison of the results with the hypothesis, intercomparison of the results) and the discussion section (generalization of the results, explanation/interpretation/evaluation of the results, comparison with the results of other studies) in an English-language research article, as well as described the main linguistic-discursive means of implementing this macrostructure. Moreover, the analysis revealed certain common features of medical and linguistic articles that determine the genre-specific universality of the research article: combination of verbal and visual graphic means for presenting the results, detailed explication of the obtained data and interpretation of the results, as well as consideration of one’s own findings against the background of similar results presented by other researchers. Thus, this paper expands our idea about the norm of the written mode of the Englishlanguage academic discourse.
Classical and Non-Classical Epistemology of Caves (Part 1)
Authors:   Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Varakin Vladimir S. , Openkov Mikhail Yu.
Published: April 2022

Natural caves served as a shelter from bad weather for the early Homo and as a short-term dwelling as well as a place of worship and art for the Neoanthropus. Caves in themselves started to interest humans with the development of civilizations, when they had learned to build their own, artificial “caves”. Philosophy considers the cave either as a physically invisible landscape-symbol or as a locus objectifying the feeling of the unusual, the unnamed, and even the forbidden. The former is the object of the classical, while the latter, of the non-classical epistemology of caves. In the first part of this article, an attempt is made to “collect” the classical model, identify its paradigmatic features and characterize the analytical approach, which is basic for it. Turning to M. Heidegger’s works, the authors emphasize that prerequisites for shaping the classical epistemology of caves were formed in antiquity: it goes back to the allegory of the cave in Book VII of Plato’s Republic. Understanding the cave as the Beyond, the authors thereby define the classical epistemology of caves as a glance-from-the-Beyond. It is postulated that the speculative Platonic cave puts forward as the fundamental concept of the classical model “the light of the unhidden”, which is interpreted as the reality of aletheia, or idea, and opposed to the trifling reality of shadows. Aletheia is accessible only to the correct vision, since vision directed at shadows is blindness. As a result of transitions of the cognizer to the outside light, the cave ceases to be the Beyond, for the light turns out to be the limit of cognition. This allows us to consider the cataphatic approach as the basic one for the classical epistemology of caves. It is associated with the speculative sciences, primarily with mathematics. The authors of this article believe that the key dimension of the classical model is the spelestological one. It states the inevitability of the cognizer’s return from the ideal world to the projective physical world due to the gravitational influence of paideia. In this way, the classical epistemology of caves gives rise to the non-classical model, with its dominant speleological dimension.
Modernization of the Russian North. Historical Experience for the Future Russia
Authors:   Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Sokolova Flera Kh. , Goldin Vladislav I.
Published: April 2022

This article characterizes the materials of two round tables that took place in Moscow on 31 March and 1 April 2022 and were devoted to the problems of the historical past, the present and prospects for development of the Russian North. The first round table, which was organized by the Russian Military Historical Society and held in the Moscow book club “Dostoevsky” was attended by scholars, historians, political scientists and economists from Arkhangelsk, Ukhta, St. Petersburg and Moscow. Primary attention was given to the book The Arctic Pearl of the Empire: The Russian North in the Era of Reforms, Revolutions and World War I issued in 2022 as part of the Library of the Russian Military Historical Society series. The following questions were raised and discussed: problems of development of the northern provinces, exploration of the Arctic and Northeast Passage/Northern Sea Route during almost forty years in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as attempts and results of modernization and their historical lessons for the present. The second round table, which was held on the Russian TV channel Kultura, continued the discussion on the topics of history and contemporary processes taking place in the North of Russia and the Arctic.
Post Thrombolytic St-Segment Resolution Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Ahmad Aamir , Shah Syed Muhammad Adnan , Ullah Raza , Shah Syed Muhammad Salman , Rahman Syed Mujeeb Ur , Zuhaid Muhammad
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this study was to assess post thrombolytic resolution of ST-segment and its outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
METHODOLOGY:
This Prospective Comparative Study was carried out at the Cardiology Unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. All patients irrespective of gender and age with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), having no immediate access to angioplasty and thrombolysed with streptokinase, were included in this study. ECG was taken at the beginning and 90 minutes after the administration of streptokinase. Based on ST-segment resolution on ECG taken at 90 minutes these patients were classified into group A and B. Group A included patients with ST-segment resolution while group B showed no resolution of ST-segment after streptokinase administration. These patients were followed during their hospital stay for complications such as arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, acquired ventricular septal defects (VSD) aneurysm and death.
RESULTS:
Among 115 patients, 94 were male and 21 female. Group A included 102 (89%) patients and group B included 13 (11%). In group A, only 1 (0.98 %) patient developed complications and in group B, 13 patients (100%) developed complications. Arrhythmias were the most common complication among MI patients in group A while cardiogenic shock was the commonest complication in group B.
CONCLUSION:
ST-segment resolution is a practical and applicable indicator of successful thrombolysis and has a significant correlation with clinical outcome in acute myocardial patients after thrombolysis with streptokinase.
Revision of the family Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera) of the Oriental Region. IX. Description of Marcopoloia svetlanae sp. n. from the Central Thailand
Authors: Yakovlev Roman V. , Korshunov Alexey V. , Zolotuhin Vadim V.
Published: April 2022

The article describes Marcopoloia svetlanae sp. n. from Central Thailand on both sexes. The detailed diagnosis is given. The article is illustrated with four figures.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Busy Book Materi Cuaca Tema 5 untuk Kelas III
Authors: Karlina  , Nurlaeli  , Tastin  , Aquami  , Nurshawmi Ayu
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine: (1) Produce media products Busy Book 3- dimensional learning, (2) Produce Busy Book learning media valid, (3) Produce Busy Book learning media for students class III at SD Negeri 1 Berkat to the practical. The method used is R&D research and development methods using the model ADDIE development, namely, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation, data collection used in the form of tests, questionnaires, and documentation. Test the validity and practicality of the data using an assessment of the Questionnaire. The subjects of this study were third-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Berkat As many as 20 students, therefore conclusions can be drawn in the form of (1) Produce Busy Book learning media for third-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Berkat the valid blessing is seen from the results of the media expert’s validity questionnaire, which is obtained a score of 95.38, linguistic expert validation obtained a score of 93.33 and expert validation material with a score of 96.66, (2) produce learning media Busy Book for third graders at SD Negeri 1 Berkat which is practical with grades an average of 85.95.
Peran Guru dalam Pembentukan Karakter Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar Setelah Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Jannah Miftahul , Mauizdati Nida
Published: April 2022

The Covid (Corona Virus Disease) pandemic, which has been going on since the end of 2019, apparently lasted a long time, even several semesters. This makes students also undergo online learning for a long time. When face-to-face learning begins to be carried out again, of course, teachers have the obligation to play a deep role in instilling character education in students, who may not be touched during online learning. This study was conducted to determine the teacher's role in character building in face-to-face learning after COVID-19. This study uses a qualitative method, namely looking for data through interviews, observation, and documentation. Then the data are organized, synthesize, and produce conclusions. The results showed that the teacher's role in character education for students in post-covid-19 learning, or after a long period of online learning, was by starting to rebuild routines like before the pandemic, such as returning to routine pickets, disciplining study hours, supervising students in doing assignments. In addition, the teacher also becomes more trying to appear as a figure that can be imitated by students. Teachers also try to provide variety in teaching and increase activities that require interaction between students, because it is social life at school that students cannot feel during online learning. Thus, some of the methods used by the teacher in building this character are the exemplary method, the habituation method, the Advice method, the story method, and the reward and punishment method.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Numbered Head Together terhadap Kemampuan Diskusi Peserta Didik Mata Pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam
Authors: Hidayati Zuhriyyah , Dinata Jevi Candra
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of the NHT model affects the discussion ability of class VI students Miftahul Ulum Duriwetan in 2020/2021 in Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam subject. Numbered Head Together or numbering of thinking together is a type of cooperative learning that is fun and can motivate students to actively discuss when applied in the classroom. While the discussion is a group activity carried out by students in the classroom, to solve the problems faced by the group. The method used in this study is quasi-experiment, while the research approach used is a quantitative descriptive approach. This study used a sample of class VI MI Miftahul Ulum Duriwetan-Maduran-Lamongan students who numbered 15 students. The instruments in the study used discussion and questionnaire skills tests given to students to test the effect of implementing the NHT model. The results of this study show that with the application of the NHT model can affect the discussion ability of class VI MI Miftahul Ulum Duriwetan students. This can be proven by the average value before doing the treatment 63, while after the treatment 89. The results of the analysis use t-tests of samples pairedboosts rate and posts, namely the price of the value t-calculate = 18,565 > t-table = 2,145, while the results of the t-calculated questionnaire analysis = 9,095 > t-table = 2,145. The analysis was strengthened using IBM SPSS Statistics. Thus the researchers concluded that the application of the NHT learning model affected the discussion ability of class VI MI Miftahul Ulum Duriwetan-Maduran-Lamongan students.
On the High Energy Solitary Waves Solutions for a Generalized KP Equation in Bounded Domain
Authors: Jebari Rochdi
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we are mainly concerned with the existence of infinitely many high energy solitary waves solutions for a class of generalized Kadomtsev Petviashvili equation (KP equation) in bounded domain. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap in the relevant literature stated in a previous paper ( Xu, J., Wei, Z., Ding, Y.: Stationary solutions for a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in bounded domain. Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations. (2012)(68), 1-18 (2012)). Under more relaxed assumption on the nonlinearity involved in KP equation, we obtain a new result on the existence of infinitely many high energy solitary waves solutions via a variant fountain theorems.
Про редукцію (1+3)-вимірного неоднорідного рівняння Монжа-Ампера до диференціальних рівнянь з частинними похідними першого порядку
Authors: Fedorchuk Vasyl , Fedorchuk Volodymyr
Published: April 2022

Вивчається зв'язок між структурними властивостями двовимірних неспряжених підалгебр алгебри Лі узагальненої групи Пуанкаре P(1,4) і результатами симетрійної редукції (1+3)-вимірного неоднорідного рівняння Монжа-Ампера. Наведено деякі результати, що стосуються редукції досліджуваного рівняння до диференціальних рівнянь з частинними похідними (ДРЧП) першого порядку.
EFFECTS ON CROP AND SOIL AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN EXCESS WATER STRESS -A Review
Authors:   Department of Soils and Environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104., Senthilkumar A , Bhakiyathu saliha B ,   Department of Soils and Environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104., Saravana pandian P ,   Department of Soils and Environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104., Thamizh vendan R ,   Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104., Gurusamy A ,   Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Chettinad-630 102, Sivagangai district
Published: April 2022

The excess rainfall (excess moisture stress) hampers crop production often more serious. The proper soil management measures, such as bed planting of crops, contour plowing, bonding, broad bed and furrows, water retention ponds, growing of cover crops, residue mulching and agroforestry can reduce the surface runoff and slow down the rate of runoff from the fields help manage excess and deficit water stress and sustain crop production.
The evolution of the content of human activity and the change in the structure of the economy
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kolganov A.I.
Published: April 2022

The article raises the question of how the mutual influence of shifts in the structure of the economy and changes in the content of human activity in production occurs. This problem is only partially addressed in the available sociological, economic and philosophical studies. The content of labor and the structure of the economy are most often considered in isolation, and their mutual influence is studied only from the point of view of investments in “human capital” necessary for the functioning and development of modern technologies in production. However, the technological shifts taking place in recent decades have led to a significant expansion of the range of human activities, which necessarily have creative functions. This dependence was distorted in the concept of the “creative class”, since it included employed people involved in activities that have an ambiguous and sometimes opposite impact on the evolution of the structure of the economy. A significant part of the creative potential is used to extract profit by producing simulated goods, manipulating the market and consumer preferences. Particular attention is paid to the situation in Russia, where the presence of significant human potential is accompanied by its gradual degradation, and shifts in the economic structure determine the low level of demand for this potential. This situation is in contrast with the period of the 20s – 30s. The twentieth century, when the USSR implemented a strategy of technological modernization, based, among other things, on the program of training qualified personnel and the development of scientific research. The transition to the widespread use of creative functions in labor activity will require both a progressive change in the technological structure of the economy and a change in the criteria of production activity by moving away from economic rationality in favor of the criteria of reason and culture. Such a transition will require a corresponding change in public relations in favor of relations of cooperation and solidarity and deep shifts in the institutional structure.
Estrategia pedagógica de resolución de conflictos internos aplicada a los estudiantes de la ECSAN
Authors: Durán Ordoñez Daniel Fernando , López Cárdenas Carlos Andrés , Martínez Patiño Kehilor Estic
Published: April 2022

En el cumplimiento de derechos y deberes para el mejoramiento continuo de la calidad de vida, la Policía Nacional ha tenido cambios transicionales enfatizados en el cumplimiento del servicio, logrando así ser reconocida como una de las mejores fuerzas policiales del continente. Uno de los pilares fundamentales de la institución es su talento humano, ya que por medio de este se logra planear, organizar y desplegar diferentes servicios en marco de una sana convivencia, es por lo cual que su bienestar tanto físico como emocional debe estar alineado y en óptimas condiciones para afrontar las diversas variables que afrontan en la prestación del mismo.  De la misma forma es importante que la Policía Nacional, con sus comandantes trabajen en una resolución de conflictos con sus subalternos mediante unas estrategias pedagógicas, para esto en importante trabajarlo desde los estudiantes, de la Escuela de Cadetes de Policía Francisco de Paula Santander, quienes se forman como futuros líderes de la institución.
How can epidural anestesia affect the delivery stages and a newborn infant ? The prospective analysis of 90 cases
Authors: ÇAVUŞ Yunus , DEĞER Uğur , TOPRAK Veysel , ÇAKIR NEMLİ Meryem Özge
Published: April 2022

Objective: Epidural anaesthesia (EA) is the most efficient method of pain reduction and its total elimination during delivery. The aim of this study was to establish an influence of EA on the first and the second part of delivery process and the effect of EA on the newborn and mother.

Method : A total of 153 primiparas in our hospital were selected and divided into two groups according to whether they accepted epidural labor analgesia, including 90 cases in the study group and 63 cases in the control group. Both groups had vaginal delivery. As anaesthetic, Bupivacain (0,25% or 0, 125%) +2µg/ml fentanyl was used by the 18 G catheters. Level of application was L2-L3 part of spine. Dilatation and efesman level, duration of the first, second and third stages of labor, the abnormal situation and complications of primiparas were evaluated.

Result: As a result of the analysis the birth weight of the babies of the pregnant women in the the study group was significantly higher than the control group (p
ICSI sonrası erken dönem ß-hCG artış oranın 35 yaş altı ve üzeri kadınlarda gebelik prognozunu öngörmedeki rolü
Authors: UZUNHASANOĞLU Özge , DÖNMEZ ÇAKIL Yaprak , SELAM Belgin , CINCIK Mehmet
Published: April 2022

Amaç: Gebeliği doğrulama ve sonucunu daha erken aşamada tahmin edebilmeye yönelik maternal serum belirteçleri arasında β-human koryonik gonadotropin (β-hCG) yüksek duyarlılık ve güvenirlilik sağlayan bir biyobelirteçtir. Yapılan çalışmalar, tek gündeki β-hCG ölçümüne ek olarak β-hCG değerinin artma seyrinin de gebelik sonucunu öngörmede yararlı olduğunu bildirmiştir. Çalışmamızda ICSI işlemlerini takiben erken dönem β-hCG artış oranının maternal yaşa bağlı olarak gebelik prognozunu öngörmedeki yerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Gereçler ve Yöntem: ICSI tedavisi sonrası gebelik oluşan ve ß-hCG değerleri embriyo transferinden 10 ve 12 gün sonra ölçülmüş 1977 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Hastalar 35 yaş altı ve üzeri olarak iki gruba ayrılmışlardır.

Bulgular: Her iki gün elde edilen ölçümler ve ß-hCG artış oranı 35 yaş altı hastalarda daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Her iki yaş grubunda da kimyasal gebelik olgularında ß-hCG artış oranı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Gebelik kesesi görülmeyen vakalar haricinde klinik gebelik, abortus, ektopik gebelik, devam eden gebelik ve canlı doğum olgularının dahil olduğu diğer gebelik grupları arasındaki karşılaştırmalarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptanmamıştır.

Sonuç: Artan maternal yaş ile birlikte β-hCG artış oranı azalmıştır. Hem 35 yaş altı hem de üzerindeki hastalarda bu artış oranı kimyasal gebelik olgularında diğer gebelik gruplarına göre daha düşükken, diğer gruplarda bir fark olmadığı gösterilmiştir. Mevcut çalışmaların çoğu örneklem büyüklüğü ile sınırlıdır. Erken dönem β-hCG artış oranı belirlenmesinin özellikle kimyasal gebelik olgularının daha erken yönetimi ve hassas takibi için faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
DOĞUM AĞRISININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİNE ÖZGÜ ÖLÇÜM ARAÇLARININ KULLANIMI
Authors: YILMAZ Burcu , ÖZERDOĞAN Nebahat
Published: April 2022

Ağrının değerlendirmesindeki en önemli ve güvenilir belirteç bireyin kendi algıladığı ağrı ifadesi olmakla birlikte ağrı algısı ve ağrıya verilen yanıt bireyler arası farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Ağrının değerlendirilmesinde uygun ölçüm araçlarının kullanımı, bireylerin sayılar ya da kelimelerle bildirdiği ağrının niteliğini daha objektif hale getirebilir. Bu değerlendirmede ağrının yeri, şiddeti, özelliği gibi tanımlayıcılar göz önüne alınmalıdır. Doğum ağrısı, akut ağrı tipindedir ve doğal bir süreç olması, hazırlık dönemi bulunması, sınırlı bir süre içerisinde gerçekleşmesi ve şiddetinin değişken olması nedeni ile diğer ağrı türlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Doğum ağrısının özelliklerinin bilinmesi ve doğru değerlendirilmesi, ağrının etkin yönetimi açısından önemlidir. Doğum ağrısı sadece fizyolojik ve duyusal değil, aynı zamanda duygusal, güdüsel, kavramsal, kültürel boyutları ile ele alınması gereken, subjektif ve çok boyutlu bir deneyimdir. Doğum ağrısı değerlendirilmesinin bir takım güçlükleri vardır ve doğum ağrısının fizyolojik değişimlerin yanı sıra emosyonel ve sosyo-kültürel faktörlerden de etkilenebilmesi bu güçlükleri artırmaktadır. Doğası gereği birden fazla boyutu içinde barındıran doğum ağrısının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmak üzere çok boyutlu ölçekler geliştirilmiştir. Doğum eylemi süresince doğum ağrısına özgü geliştirilmiş ölçeklerin yaygın kullanımı, ebe/hemşireler tarafından verilecek olan doğum desteğinin kalitesini olumlu yönde etkileyebilir. Bu derleme, literatürde bulunan doğum eyleminin birinci evresindeki algılanan doğum ağrısını değerlendirmeye özgü geliştirilen ölçeklerin tanıtılması ve bu ölçeklerin kullanımı ile ilgili önerilerde bulunulması amacıyla yapılmıştır.
The Rise of Buoyant Magnetic Structures through Convection with a Background Magnetic Field
Authors: Manek Bhishek , Pontin Christina , Brummell Nicholas
Published: April 2022

Inspired by observations of sunspots embedded in active regions, it is often assumed that large-scale, strong magnetic flux emerges from the Sun’s deep interior in the form of arched, cylindrical structures, colloquially known as flux tubes. Here, we continue to examine the different dynamics encountered when these structures are considered as concentrations in a volume-filling magnetic field rather than as isolated entities in a field-free background. Via 2.5D numerical simulations, we consider the buoyant rise of magnetic flux concentrations from a radiative zone through an overshooting convection zone that self-consistently (via magnetic pumping) arranges a volume-filling large-scale background field. This work extends earlier papers that considered the evolution of such structures in a purely adiabatic stratification with an assumed form of the background field. This earlier work established the existence of a bias that created an increased likelihood of the successful rise for magnetic structures with one (relative) orientation of twist and a decreased likelihood for the other. When applied to the solar context, this bias is commensurate with the solar hemispherical helicity rules (SHHRs). This paper establishes the robustness of this selection mechanism in a model incorporating a more realistic background state, consisting of overshooting convection and a turbulently pumped mean magnetic field. Ultimately, convection only weakly influences the selection mechanism, since it is enacted at the initiation of the rise, at the edge of the overshoot zone. Convection does however add another layer of statistical fluctuations to the bias, which we investigate in order to explain variations in the SHHRs.
Parameter-estimation Biases for Eccentric Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Pulsar Timing Arrays: Biases Caused by Ignored Pulsar Terms
Authors: Chen Jie-Wen , Wang Yan
Published: April 2022

The continuous nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from individual supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) can be encoded in the timing residuals of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). For each pulsar, the residuals actually contain an Earth term and a pulsar term, but usually only the Earth term is considered as a signal and the pulsar term is dropped. This leads to parameter-estimation biases (PEBs) for the SMBBHs, and currently there are no convenient evaluations of the PEBs. In this article, we formulate the PEBs for a SMBBH with an eccentric orbit. In our analyses, the unknown phases of pulsar terms are treated as random variables obeying the uniform distribution U[0, 2π), due to the fact that pulsar distances are generally poorly measured. Our analytical results are in accordance with the numerical work by Zhu et al. at 1.5σ level, which implies that our formulae are effective in estimating magnitudes of the PEBs. Additionally, we find that the biases Δφ

E
and Δe/e for two parameters—that is, Earth-term phase φ

E
and orbital eccentricity e—monotonically decrease as e increases, which partly confirms a hypothesis in our previous work. Furthermore, we also calculate the PEBs caused by the recently observed common-spectrum process (CSP). We find that if the strain amplitude of the continuous GW is significantly stronger (three times larger, in our cases) than the stochastic GW background, then the PEBs from pulsar terms are larger than those from the CSP. Our formulae of the PEBs can be conveniently applied in the future PTA data analyses.
Upper Field-strength Limit of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wu Hui-Chun
Published: April 2022

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are cosmological radio transients with an unclear generation mechanism. Known characteristics such as their luminosity, duration, spectrum, and repetition rate, etc., suggest that FRBs are powerful coherent radio signals at GHz frequencies, but the status of FRBs near the source remains unknown. As an extreme astronomical event, FRBs should be accompanied by energy-comparable or even more powerful X/γ-ray counterparts. Here, particle-in-cell simulations of ultrastrong GHz radio pulse interaction with GeV photons show that at ≳3 × 1012 V cm−1 field strengths, quantum cascade can generate dense pair plasmas, which greatly dampen the radio pulse. Thus, in the presence of GeV photons in the source region, GHz radio pulses stronger than 3 × 1012 V cm−1 cannot escape. This result indicates an upper field-strength limit of FRBs at the source.
The Simons Observatory: Galactic Science Goals and Forecasts
Authors: Hensley Brandon S. , Clark Susan E. , Fanfani Valentina , Krachmalnicoff Nicoletta , Fabbian Giulio , Poletti Davide , Puglisi Giuseppe , Coppi Gabriele , Nibauer Jacob , Gerasimov Roman , Galitzki Nicholas , Choi Steve K. , Ashton Peter C. , Baccigalupi Carlo , Baxter Eric , Burkhart Blakesley , Calabrese Erminia , Chluba Jens , Errard Josquin , Frolov Andrei V. , Hervías-Caimapo Carlos , Huffenberger Kevin M. , Johnson Bradley R. , Jost Baptiste , Keating Brian , McCarrick Heather , Nati Federico , Sathyanarayana Rao Mayuri , van Engelen Alexander , Walker Samantha , Wolz Kevin , Xu Zhilei , Zhu Ningfeng , Zonca Andrea
Published: April 2022

Observing in six frequency bands from 27 to 280 GHz over a large sky area, the Simons Observatory (SO) is poised to address many questions in Galactic astrophysics in addition to its principal cosmological goals. In this work, we provide quantitative forecasts on astrophysical parameters of interest for a range of Galactic science cases. We find that SO can: constrain the frequency spectrum of polarized dust emission at a level of Δβ

d
≲ 0.01 and thus test models of dust composition that predict that β

d
in polarization differs from that measured in total intensity; measure the correlation coefficient between polarized dust and synchrotron emission with a factor of two greater precision than current constraints; exclude the nonexistence of exo-Oort clouds at roughly 2.9σ if the true fraction is similar to the detection rate of giant planets; map more than 850 molecular clouds with at least 50 independent polarization measurements at 1 pc resolution; detect or place upper limits on the polarization fractions of CO(2–1) emission and anomalous microwave emission at the 0.1% level in select regions; and measure the correlation coefficient between optical starlight polarization and microwave polarized dust emission in 1° patches for all lines of sight with N
H ≳ 2 × 1020 cm−2. The goals and forecasts outlined here provide a roadmap for other microwave polarization experiments to expand their scientific scope via Milky Way astrophysics.
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A supplement describing author contributions to this paper can be found at https://simonsobservatory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/SO_GS_Contributions.pdf.
Signatures of the Many Supermassive Black Hole Mergers in a Cosmologically Forming Massive Early-type Galaxy
Authors: Mannerkoski Matias , Johansson Peter H. , Rantala Antti , Naab Thorsten , Liao Shihong , Rawlings Alexander
Published: April 2022

We model here the merger histories of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) population in the late stages of a cosmological simulation of a ∼ 2 × 1013
M
⊙ galaxy group. The gravitational dynamics around the several tens of SMBHs (M
• > 7.5 × 107
M
⊙) hosted by the galaxies in the group is computed at high accuracy using regularized integration with the KETJU code. The 11 SMBHs that form binaries and a hierarchical triplet eventually merge after hardening through dynamical friction, stellar scattering, and gravitational wave (GW) emission. The binaries form at eccentricities of e ∼ 0.3–0.9, with one system evolving to a very high eccentricity of e = 0.998, and merge on timescales of a few tens to several hundred megayears. During the simulation, the merger-induced GW recoil kicks eject one SMBH remnant from the central host galaxy. This temporarily drives the galaxy off the M
•–σ
⋆ relation; however, the galaxy returns to the relation due to subsequent galaxy mergers, which bring in new SMBHs. This showcases a possible mechanism contributing to the observed scatter of the M
•–σ
⋆ relation. Finally, we show that pulsar timing arrays and LISA would be able to detect parts of the GW signals from the SMBH mergers that occur during the ∼4 Gyr time span simulated with KETJU.
Cosmic-Ray Transport in Varying Galactic Environments
Authors: Armillotta Lucia , Ostriker Eve C. , Jiang 姜 Yan-Fei 燕飞
Published: April 2022

We study the propagation of mildly relativistic cosmic rays (CRs) in multiphase interstellar medium environments with conditions typical of nearby disk galaxies. We employ the techniques developed in Armillotta et al. to postprocess three high-resolution TIGRESS magnetohydrodynamic simulations modeling local patches of star-forming galactic disks. Together, the three simulations cover a wide range of gas surface density, gravitational potential, and star formation rate (SFR). Our prescription for CR propagation includes the effects of advection by the background gas, streaming along the magnetic field at the local ion Alfvén speed, and diffusion relative to the Alfvén waves, with the diffusion coefficient set by the balance between streaming-driven Alfvén wave excitation and damping mediated by local gas properties. We find that the combined transport processes are more effective in environments with higher SFR. These environments are characterized by higher-velocity hot outflows (created by clustered supernovae) that rapidly advect CRs away from the galactic plane. As a consequence, the ratio of midplane CR pressure to midplane gas pressures decreases with increasing SFR. We also use the postprocessed simulations to make predictions regarding the potential dynamical impacts of CRs. The relatively flat CR pressure profiles near the midplane argue that they would not provide significant support against gravity for most of the ISM mass. However, the CR pressure gradients are larger than the other pressure gradients in the extraplanar region (∣z∣ > 0.5 kpc), suggesting that CRs may affect the dynamics of galactic fountains and/or winds. The degree of this impact is expected to increase in environments with lower SFR.
Competitive effects of plant invaders on and their responses to native species assemblages change over time
Authors: Chen Duo , van Kleunen Mark
Published: April 2022

Alien plant invaders are often considered to be more competitive than natives, and species-rich plant communities are often considered to be more resistant to invaders than species-poor communities. However, the competitive interactions between invaders and assemblages of different species richness are unlikely to be static over time (e.g. during a growth season). To test this, we grew five alien and five native species as invaders in a total of 21 artificial assemblages of one, two or four native competitor species. To test for temporal changes in the reciprocal effects of invaders and the competitor assemblages on each other, and how these depend on the species richness of the assemblages, we harvested plants at three growth stages (weeks 4, 8 and 12). We found that the invaders and competitor assemblages had negative effects on each other. Aboveground biomass of invaders was reduced by the presence of a competitor assemblage, irrespective of its species richness, and this difference gradually increased over time. Alien invaders accumulated more aboveground biomass than the native invaders, but only after 12 weeks of growth. Meanwhile, the invaders also negatively affected the biomass of the competitor assemblages. For multi-species assemblages, the increase in the negative effect of the presence of the invader occurred mainly between weeks 4 and 8, whereas it happened mainly between weeks 8 and 12 for the one-species assemblages. Our results suggest that although alien invaders are more competitive than native invaders, the competitive effects of the invaders on and their responses to native competitor assemblages changed over time, irrespective of the origin of the invaders.
Benefits of lumican on human bone health: clinical evidence using bone marrow aspirates
Authors: Lee Yun Sun , Park So Jeong , Lee Jin Young , Choi Eunah , Kim Beom-Jun
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims: Lumican, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, has shown osteoprotective effects by synchronously stimulating bone formation and suppressing bone resorption. To clarify the role of lumican in human bone metabolism, the association between lumican concentrations and osteoporosis-related phenotypes was evaluated using bone marrow (BM) samples directly reflecting local microenvironments.Methods: BM aspirates were obtained from 77 patients during hip surgery for either fragility hip fractures (HF) (n = 29) or osteoarthritis (n = 48) and centrifuged. Concentrations of lumican and biochemical bone markers in BM supernatants were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.Results: After considering confounders, lumican concentrations in BM supernatants were 16.9% lower in patients with HF than in controls, with each increase in the standard deviation of lumican concentration being associated with a 61% lower likelihood of HF. The odds ratios for HF decreased linearly with increasing lumican tertiles in BM, with the odds of having fragility HF markedly lower in participants in the highest than in the lowest lumican tertile. Higher lumican level correlated significantly with higher femur neck bone mineral density and higher bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels, but not with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b concentrations, in BM supernatants.Conclusions: These data clinically validate previous in vitro and animal experiments showing the beneficial roles of lumican for bone homeostasis and suggest that lumican may contribute to a reduction in fracture risk in humans mainly through its stimulation of bone formation.
La Mavi Vatan jusqu’où ? Le grand dessein de la Turquie en Méditerranée
Authors: Josseran Tancrède
Published: April 2022

La débâcle du néo-ottomanisme a amorcé un virage géopolitique à Ankara. Alors que la Turquie tourne traditionnellement le dos à l’océan, elle regarde désormais vers le grand large. Un groupe d’amiraux est à l’origine de la première doctrine navale turque : la Mavi Vatan (la patrie bleue). Kémalistes assumés, ils n’en n’ont pas moins fait alliance avec les islamo-conservateurs. Quelles que soient leurs divergences, laïcs et conservateurs partagent la conviction que la planète s’achemine vers un ordre post-occidental. À la croisée de l’Asie, de l’Afrique et de l’Europe, la Méditerranée orientale commande l’accès à l’espace indopacifique. Son contrôle, une fois l’obstacle hellénique rompu, ferait d’Ankara une puissance globale.
Entre angoisses et calculs : l’épreuve de la « domination rapprochée »
Authors: Memmi Dominique
Published: April 2022

Comment parvenir à s’imposer, au quotidien et au moindre coût ? Pour qui occupe la position haute dans un rapport de domination, cette question est d’autant plus névralgique quand les protagonistes sont contraints au face-à-face, comme dans la relation employeur-employé de maison, d’hier à aujourd’hui. Pour vérifier l’intensité de ce questionnement, il faut évidemment accéder au for intérieur de celui qui occupe cette position dominante : c’est ce que permettent de faire les quelques pages toujours consacrées aux employés de maison dans les manuels de savoir-vivre échelonnés sur tout le xx e  siècle. Entre impitoyables calculs et inavouables anxiétés sociales, on assiste de l’intérieur à la « cuisine » de la domination, et on accède aux catégories d’entendement ordinaires (et relativement stables ) du dominant de « proximité ».
« Employers don’t know what I feel behind that smile »
Authors: Debonneville Julien
Published: April 2022

Cet article propose d’interroger les pratiques de résistance dans l’économie mondialisée du travail domestique. Pour ce faire, il appuie le postulat selon lequel certaines formes de résistances s’immiscent dans la matrice du pouvoir, bien que les rapports de domination et d’exploitation semblent clairement établis dans l’économie mondialisée du travail domestique. Sur la base de 80 entretiens semi-directifs avec des travailleuses domestiques philippines ayant œuvré au Moyen-Orient, en Asie du Sud-Est et de l’Est et en Europe, cette enquête décrit les différentes stratégies de résistance déployées par ces femmes en situation de servitude. Cet article montre ainsi comment ces résistances se construisent sur le plan individuel et collectif, à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur du foyer, mais surtout au quotidien à travers la façon dont ces femmes endossent leur rôle de travailleuse domestique et subvertissent les normes sociales qui lui sont associées. En conclusion, cette enquête pointe comment ce travail de dirty care permet à ces femmes de se défendre et de négocier les normes de servitude.
La Honte , l’histoire d’une revanche sociale
Authors: Basanj Danial , Fakour Manavi Fereshteh
Published: April 2022

L’expression du sentiment de la honte dans La Honte pourrait être qualifiée comme un acte ayant pour but de racheter la trahison accomplie par Annie Ernaux à l’égard de son père, mais une analyse approfondie de ce sentiment révèle une évolution dans la pensée ernausienne. Pour ne pas nous conformer aux idées reçues, nous cherchons à savoir les raisons pour lesquelles Annie Ernaux décide d’avouer les scènes humiliantes da sa vie. Pour ce faire, nous étudions d’abord la genèse du sentiment de la honte chez Annie Ernaux. Cette première approche nous mène à découvrir d’autres scènes honteuses. Puis nous analysons comment Ernaux accorde un aspect collectif à son histoire personnelle. La prise de conscience de cette réalité nous mène à dégager une honte qui aboutit à une forme de solidarité. L’auteure révèle comment l’expression de la honte pourrait être qualifiée comme étant à la fois thérapeutique et politique.
L’agriculture, pomme de discorde dans les relations euro-américaines
Authors: Petit Yves
Published: April 2022

L’agriculture est un sujet qui a souvent opposé les États-Unis et l’Union européenne. Ce face-à-face entre les deux rives de l’Atlantique s’explique par des conceptions agricoles divergentes. Depuis que l’agriculture relève pleinement de la compétence de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, les États-Unis et l’Union européenne s’opposent au regard de l’application de l’Accord sur l’agriculture de l’Acte final de Marrakech, mais aussi de l’Accord sur l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires et de l’Accord sur la propriété intellectuelle. De ce fait, les conflits agricoles devenaient inéluctables. Ils sont le symbole d’une guerre commerciale agroalimentaire et de l’hyperpuissance américaine.
Washington, Paris, et le nouvel ordre mondial : les relations franco-américaines, 1989-2000
Authors: Keylor William R.
Published: April 2022

Les tensions entre les États-Unis et la France pendant le premier mandat du président George W. Bush sont enracinées dans des conflits franco-américains pendant l’Administration du président Bill Clinton. Des querelles concernant la réponse appropriée aux guerres sanglantes dans les Balkans, aussi bien que des conflits commerciaux transatlantiques, ont indiqué la tendance unilatéraliste grandissante de la part de Washington et la détermination de Paris d’accélérer l’intégration économique et la coopération militaire européenne afin de balancer et restreindre 1’« hyperpuissance ». Dans les Balkans, les États-Unis ont laissé l’Europe de côté et organisé les opérations militaires et la stratégie diplomatique qui ont réglé les conflits dans le péninsule. Mais une Europe récemment unifiée, inspirée par la France, a contesté (souvent avec succès) la campagne lancée par l’Amérique pour favoriser les intérêts de ses sociétés multinationales contre leurs concurrents du vieux continent.
Démondialisation ?
Authors: Pizarro Hofer Roberto , Cappelle Célia
Published: April 2022

Le protectionnisme et la pandémie entraînent une reconfiguration de la mondialisation. Si la rhétorique change, dans les faits, ni les gouvernements progressistes ni ceux de droite, en Amérique latine, n’ont été capables de sortir le continent d’une économie dépendante, basée sur l’exportation de ressources naturelles. Le projet d’une industrialisation et de l’intégration régionale demeure d’une grande actualité et pertinence.
Optimal control for stochastic differential equations and related Kolmogorov equations
Authors: Aniţa Ștefana-Lucia
Published: April 2022

This paper concerns a stochastic optimal control problem with feedback Markov inputs. The problem is reduced to a deterministic optimal control problem for a Kolmogorov equation where the control for the deterministic problem is of open-loop type. The existence of an optimal control is proved for the deterministic control problem in a particular case. A maximum principle and some first order necessary optimality conditions are derived. Some examples and comments are discussed.
Exopolysaccharide production in fermented milk using Lactobacillus casei strains AP and AG
Authors: Maajid Hafidh Shofwan , Nurliyani Nurliyani , Widodo Widodo
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the ability of two strains of bacterial starter cultures, Lactobacillus casei AP (AP) and Lactobacillus casei AG (AG), to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs). First, the physicochemical properties of the fermented milk produced by AP and AG were assessed, including physical qualities like viscosity and syneresis and chemical qualities, such as pH, acidity, protein, lactose, fat content, and total solid. Then, AP and AG's ability to produce EPS was measured. Additionally, the EPS' microstructure was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and its chemical structure was assessed using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Also, AP and AG's ability to produce EPS was tracked at the molecular level by studying the glycosyltransferase (gtf) gene. Statistical analysis showed that the milk fermented using AP and AG had similar physicochemical qualities (P > 0.05) but significantly different physical qualities (P < 0.05). Additionally, the milk fermented with AP had lower viscosity (1137.33 ± 34.31 centiPoise) than AG (1221.50 ± 20.66 centiPoise). In addition, the milk fermented using AP had higher syneresis (19.42%) than AG (17.83%). The higher viscosity and lower syneresis in the milk fermented using AG were associated with AG's ability to produce more EPS (1409 mg/L) than AP (1204 mg/L). In addition, according to the FT-IR analysis, the AP- and AG-synthesized EPS contained absorption bands at 3323, 2980, 2901, 1642, 1084, 1043, and 873 cm−1. The absorption band at 1642 and 2980 cm−1 corresponds to carbonyl and methylene groups, respectively. Absorption band 873 cm−1 is characteristic of the α-glycosidic bond of α-glucan in EPS. Moreover, the absorption bands on the wavelength region corresponding to the functional groups in the AP- and AG-produced EPS were similar to those in commercially available EPS. Lastly, gtf, contributing to EPS synthesis, was found in the genomes of AP and AG, suggesting the role of glycosyltransferase in the EPS synthesis by both strains.