bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Esthétique et épistémologie sensualiste
Authors: O'Neal John C
Published: June 2016

John C. O'Neal : Esthetics and sensationist physiology.

In the process of unfolding the theory of sensationism, the writings of Condillac, Bonnet and Helvétius also provide indirectly an aesthetic treatise for the literature of their time, and richly suggest useful ways in which novelists might develop their characters, plots and narratives as well as affect and shape the attitudes of their readers. Simply put, a theory of the mind can be used as a theory of literature. And conversely, although to a lesser extent, a theory of the mind can at times have literary qualities.
Quelques aspects de l'interaction entre la science, la technique et les beaux-arts
Authors: Wine Humphrey
Published: June 2016

Humphrey Wine : Some aspects of the interaction between science, technology and art.

The first part of this article considers some of the new materials and technical possibilities which became available to artists during the 18th Century. Among these was the invention of new pigments, Prussian blue early in the century and Scheele's green in 1775. Painters welcomed in particular new or refined pigments which would be longer-lasting, easier to apply and more brilliant in hue. Also considered are technical improvements made, or claimed, in relation to pastel painting, methods of restoration and reproductive prints. The second part of the article is concerned with how men of science were represented by painters and sculptors. Works by Chardin, Wright of Derby, J.-L. David and Roubiliac are among those considered.
Esthétique et anatomie : science, religion, sensation
Authors: Hugues Sylvie
Published: June 2016

Sylvie Hugues : Esthetics and anatomy : science, religion and sensation.

From its beginnings, three-dimensional anatomy was placed under the patronage of both science and art. The first wax representations of the human body attempted to translate the Cartesian mechanical model in an aesthetic form. The progress of anatomy and the development of physiology during the 18th Century led to the gradual disappearance of a scientific discourse in these anatomical pieces. They became purely artistic objects embodying the imaginary terrors of a privileged society.
Les premiers ballons et la conquête du ciel. Les dimensions d'une découverte
Authors: Thébaud-Sorger Marie
Published: June 2016

Marie Thébaud-Sorger : The first air-balloons and the conquest of the air. The dimensions of a discovery.

The enthusiasm created by the discovery of ballooning in 1783 produced a large number of prints, which usually represent the balloon taking off from the ground. The new technical possibility for humans to rise in the air might also have provided the opportunity for producing views from above, but it was not the case. This article tries to study, through the aeronauts' own accounts, why no drawing or sketch was made from the air. Their lack of references for grasping change of scale and rising movement meant that they did not develop a new vision of space (panoramas or aerial perspectives). The reasons are as much scientific and instiutional as cultural.
Peinture et savoirs scientifiques. Le cas des Observations sur la peinture (1753) de Jacques Gautier d'Agoty
Authors: Lavezzi Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

Elisabeth Lavezzi : Painting and scientific knowledge. The case of Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's Observations sur la peinture (1753).

Jacques Gautier d'Agoty (1710-1785), who was both a painter and engraver and the author of scientific works, combined these two preoccupations in his Observations sur la peinture et les tableaux anciens et modernes, published in 1753. His transfer of a scientific model to the field of aesthetics had three aims : to revive anatomy in painting, to explain the optical reality that perspective reproduces, and to appreciate paintings in terms of the physiology of the eye. The scientific art criticism that he was trying to establish was based on experiments made thanks to the camera obscura, an artificial eye. Apart from its paradoxical aspects, this procedure led him to question notions of nature and genre. In addition, as perspective, anatomy and restoration implied cutting and pruning by a sadistical hand, to escape from it, he imagined painting without a hand.
Je-sais-quoi : la représentation des formes du vivant dans l'œuvre de William Hogarth
Authors: Ogée Frédéric
Published: June 2016

Frédéric Ogée : Je-sais-quoi. The representation of forms of life in the works of William Hogarth.

The rise of English painting and, more widely, of a visual culture in 18th-century Britain, is a remarkable manifestation of the new epistemology which, under the influence of Locke, Newton and the natural philosophers of the Royal Society, transformed the way the British perceived nature. The painter and engraver William Hogarth played a crucial role in this (re)volution. His works can be read as examples of the new 'observational' attitude, of the 'modern' modes of representation of natural phenomena. One of his most original characteristics — from which both his success and his difficulties with academic orthodoxy derived — was the attention he paid to the variety of forms of life and the way he incorporated and played upon the irregular, the proliferating and the disorderly in nature. Both instinctively and culturally empirical, he devised an aesthetics that could account for evolution and accumulation, and new forms of representation of reality which daringly describe examples of proliferation and de-composition, turning his pictures into tangible visual experiments.
Masque et séduction dans la Venise de Casanova
Authors: Bertrand Gilles
Published: June 2016

Gilles Bertrand : Mask and seduction in Casanova's Venice.

A study of the text of Casanova's Memoirs and a comparison with 18th-century printed and archive sources help to revise the mythical 19th-century vision of the Venice carnaval. While the mask was an weapon of seduction and an aid to enjoyment which provided Casanova with subtle pleasures, it was also a way of life for the Venetian aristocracy, a form of public costume which protected the wearer and preserved his incognito. As well as guaranteeing the privilege of extraterritoriality, it was part a network of constraints whose purpose was to control relations with foreigners and moralize social life. Casanova, who was profoundly legalistic as well as a past master in the conduct of his affairs, was above all a Venitian who understood the art of using the whole range of the mask's possibilities.
État présent de la critique sadienne
Authors: Cryle Peter
Published: June 2016

Peter Cryle : The present state of Sade studies.

This article adopts what might be called a diagnostic approach to the present state of Sade studies. It considers Sade' s status as an intellectual and artistic revolutionary, finding evidence that this reputation, while maintaining Sade' s fame (or infamy), has often been a great impediment to serious analytical and historical study of his work. The various recent biographies of Sade in French and English are considered in terms of their struggle to cope with the profound ambivalence attending the divine/diabolical name of Sade. A further question is then asked about Sade' s works in relation to the history of sexuality. It is suggested that historical work being done in English is less subject to, and less inhibited by, the canonical modernist figure of Sade as hero of sexual liberation.
De la science à l'esthétique : l'architecture dans l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert et la Méthodique de Quatremère de Quincy
Authors: Groult Martine
Published: June 2016

Martine Groult : From science to esthetics. Architecture in Diderot's

and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie and Quatremère de Quincy's Encyclopédie Méthodique.

Architecture in the 1 8th Century provided a unique example of interdisciplinarity, as can be seen from its presence in each of the faculties of the understanding as they are presented in the Encyclopédie' s figurative plan of the system of human knowledge. This means that, from the editor's point of view, this discipline is a science which succeds admirably in the transition to art. J. F. Blondel, following Vitruvius, reinforced the social dynamic brought out by its direct links with mechanical as well as liberal arts. Ledoux insisted on the simultaneous integration of method and taste, which opened the door to the recognition of variety. Thus Quatremère de Quincy could claim for it the status of an autonomous art in its relationship with sculpture and painting. This means that architecture was defined no longer strictly by the perception of relationships but by the construction of an alliance between science and art, in a way which allowed the encyclopedic spirit to be transformed into cosmopolitanism and which brought out the real issues at stake.
Rire et érudition chez Voltaire
Authors: Mervaud Christiane
Published: June 2016

Laughter and erudition in Voltaire.

Voltaire is generally seen as good at laughter and bad at erudition, but this cliché must be re-evaluated by looking at the relationship between laughter and erudition in his works. He made fun of pedants but was a great reader of erudite tomes and collected "gaieties of erudition". Here we study the comic metamorphoses of learned expositions ; this alchemy of laughter and erudition invites the question of the reader's competence and the need for explanatory notes which both allow one to laugh and hinder the spontaneity of laughter. Voltaire's laughter possesses a certain social and intellectual élitism, although some of his jokes are immediately obvious. By attacking the eternal spirit of seriousness, Voltaire aimed at, and succeeded in, liberating the reader from "sad reasoning".
Mettre les rieurs de son côté : un enjeu des salons de peinture dans la seconde moitié du siècle
Authors: Ferran Florence
Published: June 2016

Having the last laugh in the artistic salons of the second half of the century.

Two Salon criticisms, twenty years apart, led to disputes exacerbated by laughter. In 1747 some artists caricatured La Font de Saint-Yenne as an arrogant nuisance, mocking his pretensions to be an enlightened connoisseur. They saw his Réflexions as an attempt by writers to take over the new thinking on developments in art. At the end of the 1760s, Daudet de Jossan commented on the Salon through the mouthpiece of a popular comic ; here there was no question of convincing by means of serious reasons, for the critic favoured laughter, although with some literary sophistication. His burlesque criticism has all the ambivalence of so-called "popular" literature. On the one hand, it oscillates between vulgarity and Lucianesque atticism, while on the other, it is directed against the pretension and weakness of great painting and against the plebian public of the Salon, who are however given a voice. It is anonymous, colourful and without identity or history except that created by comic literary history. Theoretical or critical considerations are less important than the desire to produce a work of literature.
Science et esthétique chez les francs-maçons. L'exemple des Illuminés de Bavière
Authors: Simonis Linda
Published: June 2016

Science and æsthetics among the Freemasons ; the example of the Bavarian Illuminati.

This article explores the process which, during the 18th Century, brought aesthetic trends and scientific ideas closer together, and in which Freemasonry was a particular domain for exchanges and intellectual transfers. The trait which particularly predisposed Freemasonry to fulfill this function is the fact that it encourages and develops a taste for the sublime. The notion of the sublime also inspired reflection on art and the image in contemporary thought of scientific discovery. Thus Masonic culture contributed in an original way to the formation of a scientific imagination which proposed an aesthetic vision.
Sur les origines de l'«Atlantic History» : paradigme interprétatif de l'histoire des espaces atlantiques à l'époque moderne
Authors: Marzagalli Sylvia
Published: June 2016

'Atlantic history is currently fashionable among North American historians. Its advocates urge a fresh reading of Western experience in the modern period centring on the interrelations between the peoples of the three continents bordering the Atlantic. This article traces the emergence of this paradigm in post-war European historiography and shows the changes it has undergone during the past two decades in the North American world. It finally questions the validity of this interpretative model outside the Anglo-American context.
La très joyeuse et très véridique histoire du Régiment de la Calotte
Authors: Duranton Henri
Published: June 2016

This article corrects a number of common misconceptions concerning the 'Brevets du Régiment de la Calotte, a literary genre which was popular in the first half of the 18th Century. A detailed study of six editions and forty manuscript collections has brought to light around 500 of these works, and we can thus establish with some degree of certainty the history and subject-matter of this very particular form of satirical literature. The article ends with a critical analysis of the errors contained in a recent article by Antoine de Baecque.
Fin, finalité, finalisme. Le rôle de l'imaginaire chez Rousseau et Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Authors: Soëtard Michel
Published: June 2016

Rousseau's epistemological revolution can be seen as a transformation of the status of finality for humans. Its basis in nature is there only to justify liberty, which is now the sole responsibility of humans, and nature, based on imagination, is only its vehicle, where liberty and reality ought to be finally reconciled. Education should be in imagination the route to this reconciliation. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau's generous disciple, disrupts this subtle dialectic reconciling in the imagination the aim of liberty and natural finality, and adopts a finalism which absorbs everything in Nature as Providence, both natura naturata and natura naturans. Liberty, the prisoner of this organic harmony, is now only another name for nature. Education loses all grip on reality and all fictional power. The romantic imagination is on the horizon, finally replacing reason and the reasoning power of humans over nature.
Entre foi et sciences. Les Mémoires de Trévoux et le mouvement scientifique dans les années 50
Authors: Albertan Christian
Published: June 2016

Contrary to thair traditional image, the Jesuit journalists were not obscurantist and backward-looking, rejecting all aspects of the Enlightenment. As we can see by studying the Journal de Trévoux' s attitude towards science, opposition to the Philosophes did not mean a refusal of, or lack of interest in, the Enlighten¬ ment as a whole. This is particularly clear in the 1750s, an important decade for scientific progress and the high point of the journal. Nevertheless, there were limits that these most eminent members of the Society of Jesus would not cross, concerning the divine. In their eyes, Enlightenment was not before us, a Promethean conquest, but behind us, in the form of revelation. The attitude of this journal therefore raises the question of the definition not only of the Counter-Enlightenment but also of the Enlightenment itself.
La Babylone moderne
Authors: Menant Sylvain
Published: June 2016

Modern Babylon, usually identified with Paris, occupies a central position in opposing 18th-century visions of modern history. It is a symbol of the decline of Christianity and of changes in morals, and is linked to the threat of divine punishment which could take the form of a salutary revolution, or on the contrary to the provocative affirmation of a lifestyle freed from Christian discipline. Beyond the religious debate, the theme also reflects thinking about urban develop¬ ment which, to many contemporaries of the development of Paris or London, seemed tentacular and threatening ; it suggests a dramatised conception of the modern city, which is the source of many settings of novels. Thus the reference to Babylon indicates a debate within enlightened philosophy, and the idea of modern Babylon helped the century to think about and to dramatise a turning-point in Western civilisation.
L'immatérialisme, allié naturel ou ennemi désigné des philosophes chrétiens
Authors: Charles Sébastien
Published: June 2016

The aim of Berkeley's philosophy, as indicated in the subtitle of the Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, was to attack scepticism and atheism ; it seemed therefore destined to become a reference, or even the inspiration, for those 18th-century Christian thinkers who wanted to counter contemporary mate¬ rialism and atheism. Despite a few exceptions, however, this was not the case, and they were more concerned to refute Berkeley's immaterialism. The Jesuits were particularly responsible for this treatment of it, but they were not the only ones. In the face of scepticism and egoism, Christian thinkers generally agreed that the existence of internal feelings should necessarily convince the solipsist of his own existence, and that immaterialism, seen as solipsism, was a pernicious doctrine as it undermined the cosmological proof of the existence of God and the doctrine of the creation of a substantial world ex nihilo, independent of the perception of the creatures who inhabit it.
Du véritable et de l'abus, ou des rapports entre D'Alembert et Laubrussel
Authors: Groult Martine
Published: June 2016

Père Laubrussel wrote on L'abus de la critique en matière de religion, to which D'Alembert replied with a work bearing the same title. The present article takes this as a starting-point to try to show how the denunciation of misuse by the defenders of 'true5 religion, who claimed the Encyclopaedists' critical attitude was atheism, and D'Alembert' s denunciation of defenders of religion who judged physicial science according to theological criteria lead to the same conclusion, namely that misuse leads to false reasoning. Thus, for D'Alembert, if only everyone reasoned according to the terms of their own discipline, the theologians would stop misusing religious judgement in physics and the philosophes would no longer misapply empirical judgements to religion. Coherence in reasoning could have avoided many disputes.
Jean-Louis Lecointe et les propositions pour rétablir le protestantisme (1766-68)
Authors: Gargett Graham
Published: June 2016

In 1766 the French government, acutely aware of problems caused by anti-Protestant legislation (in particular the worrying spread of illegal marriages and baptisms at potentially rebellious assemblées du désert), commissioned a secret report from the Conseiller d'État Gilbert de Voisins. The documents on which he based his recommendations are of great interest. Two of them emanated from a Protestant representative, Jean-Louis Lecointe, close to the Prince de Conti. Lecointe shows considerable diplomacy, but also firmness. While prepared to condemn illegal assemblies, to accept the pre-eminence of the Catholic Church, and even the maintenance of tithes, he demands the restoration of Protestant public worship, the presence in France of pastors, and even the creation of Protestant universities to train them. These documents thus show that certain Huguenot circles were far from being prepared to accept almost any settlement with the government, as has sometimes been suggested.
Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy, Volney : science de l'homme et épicurisme
Authors: Saad Mariana
Published: June 2016

This article discusses nine themes in Crébillon's Égarements (1736-38) which confirm the impression that it conveys many philosophemes taken from Epicurus and Lucretius : education and manners pervert nature ; imagination leads to excesses such as wordly victory or jealousy ; amorous passion, of two sorts, is linked to instinct, as feeling is desire added to pathos ; wordly agitation and its desires aim at forgetting our interior boredom ; passion is enchantment and blindness and its occasional cause leads to unease and obsession ; the notion of the right moment transfers the Greek notion of kairos to the sexual domain ; the Platonic system is absurd as only pleasure is real ; self-interest is the main motive for human actions ; in the world the abuse of words replaces thought. We see that Crébillon's work contains a coherent philosophy, in which sexuality is the normal sanction for what novelists usually treated as a more or less impure feeling.
Marivaux et la pensée du plaisir
Authors: Deneys-Tunney Anne
Published: June 2016

Through the whole of Marivaux' s work, from novels to theatre, taking in the theories in his journalism, there runs a reflection on pleasure, despite his official opinions. But the analysis of the 'Epicurean' search for pleasure is linked to a conception of the primacy of the heart, inspired by Pascal and Malebranche, which is extended to a criticism of vanity and of moral and social masks. In his comedy La Dispute, pleasure plays a central role in the characters' psyches, as they give themselves up to discontinuous, fluent and obscure feelings. Finally, the undefined anxiety of inconstancy and elsewhere (motives inspired by St Augustine) take over from the Epicurean démystification of passions and govern all the sentimental 'deviations'. This irregular play writing leads to a modern aesthetics of surprise and novelty.
L'anti-épicurisme
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane
Published: June 2016

Throughout the 18th Century, the anti-philosophes unanimously denounced the link between Enlightenment and Epicurean philosophy. Cardinal Polignac at the beginning of the century, in Anti-Lucretius, considered that the Epicurean system was the source of all forms of atheism. Later, the Jansenist A.-J. de Chaumeix went further, identifying the Encyclopédists with Epicurus. In 1780, the apologist N.-S. Bergier linked the unbelievers' ethics directly to that of Epicurus. A study of these three defenders of Christianity shows how Epicureanism changed during the century. After being criticised by Polignac for its unacceptable physics, it was then accused by Chaumeix and Bergier of being pressed by the Encyclopédie into the service of atheism. Thus linked to Enlightenment polemics, Epicurus can seen to be a mirror in which modern philosophers projected their most daring ideas, as they did with the ancient Egyptians or the Genevan pastors.
Guillaume Maleville et la Bible. Homme d'Église et hommes des Lumières
Authors: Schwarzbach Bertram Eugene
Published: June 2016

18th-century French churchmen are too easily imagined after the model of Voltaire's inventions, but not all apologists were so credulous. Guillaume Male¬ ville is particularly interesting because of his hesitations ; he needed well-attested miracles to guarantee revelation, because both defied his credulity. Problems raised by the Biblical text were combined with doubts and reservations about the difference between the values of the Pentateuch and those of contemporaries, as about certain Pentateuch laws. His doubts are here compared to passages in Calmet and Houtteville, who remark that many elements of Catholic theology are absurd. All three apologists thought they had triumphed over the doubts and adsurdities they had evoked but these doubts and absurdities, which parallel the anti-Catholic polemics of several Philosophes and clandestine authors, illustrate an unexpected enlightened dimension in their undoubted orthodoxy.
L'image de l'Antiquité dans l'Esquisse de Condorcet
Authors: Argyropoulos Roxane
Published: June 2016

The French Revolutionary cult of Antiquity was also a phenomenon of intellectual identification. Condorcet, although no Hellenist but influenced by John Gillies, includes in his Esquisse the idea of the persistence of Greek language and culture and offers a global vision of the Hellenic cultural tradition since Antiquity. His views on modern Greece are those of a philhellene ; surprisingly we can find here the theory of the link between Greek history and language, later developed around 1850 by Greek historians who affirmed the continuity of the Greek nation throughout the ages.
La dimension utopique de la pastorale
Authors: Dartois-Lapeyre Françoise
Published: June 2016

This article attempts to show that the pastoral in music, presenting an ideal society, was part of the Utopian genre. The works played at the Académie Royale de Musique are placed in the context of 17th and 18th century agro-pastoral society, in order to show the implications of its topoi, representations of an ideal including references to the past, social criticism and the need to project oneself into the future. The naturally artistic shepherds, part of a closed world, figure an idyllic way of life and praise liberty in an egalitarian society. Their moral values, the source of their happiness, were opposed to the habits of the town and the court, shown as hypocritical and unjust. The subversive message was only limited by the need to include the monarch in the dream of peace. The élite pastoral brought to life a lastingly successful microcosm ; while revealing frustrations, its universe provided an optimistic message of confidence in human capacity to create happiness.
L'acte de baptême de Silvia
Authors: Dubois-Kervran Geneviève
Published: June 2016

Silvia, the leading actrice of the Luigi Riccoboni company who created Marivaux' s great roles, was baptised Jeanne Rose Guyonne Benozzi in Toulouse. As this article reveals, the parish baptismal records indicate that she was born on 27th June 1701 and that the baptism was attended by the leading Toulouse aristocrats ; her godfather was Jean Mathias de Riquet, President of the Toulouse Parlement and her godmother was the wife of another member of the Parlement. This leads to questions concerning the presence of Italian actors in Toulouse at the time. We do not know whether Silvia's Venetian parents were itinerant players or whether they had been in Toulouse for some time working with Joseph Tortoriti, whose company had been expelled from Paris in 1697.
Utérus expulsif ou utérus convulsif. Deux visages de la médecine des femmes
Authors: Mengal Paul , Poma Roberto
Published: June 2016

In the 18th century, is there still such a thing as women's medicine, as faithfully transmitted by the antique tradition through the corpus of Hippocratic writings and, above all, since Soranos of Ephesus' memorable work ? It is certainly possible to give a positive answer to the question if one considers the major place occupied by discourses on gestation and giving birth during the whole of the period. Yet it is also possible, here and there, to pick up elements which break with tradition and lead one to believe that such practises are subject to consideration or even to new rules. Doctors and even surgeons, more familiar with practical activities, manifest little interest for obstetrics and gynaecology considered to be best left to women. From generation to generation, matrons, as they were called at the time, passed on uncertain knowledge which mixed efficient actions and appropriate manipulations with rituals harking back to magi¬ cal traditions. However, a few doctors, who set a precedent, committed themselves resolutely to the study of the mechanisms of gestation, created instruments to assist at birth and reflected on the most frequent pathologies.
La République des femmes dans De l'Amour de Destuit de Tracy
Authors: Deneys-Tunney Anne
Published: June 2016

Unfairly eclipsed by the posthumous success of Stendhal's homonymous work, Tracy's essay conciliates reform projects for the education of children of the period of the French Revolution (to whom he dedicated his Eléments d'Idéologie) and Ancien Régime aristocratic literature which celebrated women. Tracy's projects for a 'revolution5 in women's education are closely dependent on his sensualist anthropology and on a critical history of the law which justified the repression of sexual inclinations and the subordination of women. Comparison with Rousseau and Laclos' conceptions concerning women reveal the great boldness of Tracy's projects. However, like most revolutionaries, Tracy did not grant women any political rights.
Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze-Lavoisier, comtesse de Rumford (1758-1836) : Lumière surgie de l'ombre
Authors: Ruelland Jacques
Published: June 2016

Fearing (rightly) he would be accused of the disappearance of his country, Stanislas Augustus, last king of Poland, took the precaution of writing Memoirs in which he presents his political role and that of his contemporaries. Even though it does not occupy a major role, culture is present in the Memoirs. Firstly in the King's portrait : his was a fine education ; he travelled in Europe ; he read widely, was proud of his library and proposed the plan of an encyclopaedic periodical to Formey ; he surrounded himself with artists and showed himself to be tolerant towards all religions. This cultural action extended from the drawing up of maps of Poland to the encouragement of industry and the improvement of the postal system. His chief commitment was to the commission for national education, very much a Ministry which centralised administration and standardised syllabuses. The King saw it as the best way of ensuring young men remained attached to their country and it was probably not without influence on the vibrant Polish nationalism of the nineteenth century.
«Vertu» et «sensibilité» dans les romans de femmes
Authors: von Kulessa Rotraud
Published: June 2016

In 18th-century novels written by women writers, often caracterized as 'senti¬ mental3 novels, the question of virtue linked to the discourse on 'sensibility3 is omnipresent. I would like to demonstrate in this article how women writers of ' sensible 3 novels position themselves with regard to 18th-century moral discourse. The body of work which initiated my study has one common denominator : Love and its relationship to virtue. The questions which transpire from this body of work are the following : 1) What does virtue represent for women writers of the 1 8th-century ? 2) Is virtuous love possible ? and finally 3) Is virtue compatible with happiness ? In conclusion, I attempt to focus on how the inscription of the discourse on 'sensibility3 is the trajectory for the construction of a pattern for women's lives.
Notes biographiques sur le peintre Isabelle Pinson (1769-1855)
Authors: Boulinier Georges
Published: June 2016

Born in Paris in 1769, the painter Isabelle Pinson (née Proteau) had the peculiarity of having parents who were only servants. However, these servants had no ordinary masters, for her father was a footman in the house of the marquis de Jaucourt, and her mother was the maid of Isabelle de Jaucourt, brother and sister of the famous encyclopaedist Louis de Jaucourt. Thanks to Isabelle de Jaucourt, who was her godmother, the little girl received a good education, and was able to study painting at the highest level. A pupil of the academicians Vincent (1746-1816) and Regnault (1754-1829), she became a talented portrait painter. The article offers information on her life and works.
Les Lumières de Marie Leprince de Beaumont. Nouvelles données biographiques
Authors: Artigas-Menant Geneviève
Published: June 2016

Story-teller, journalist, novel-writer, well-thinking author, Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711-1780) has a very contrasted reputation. Some of her contem¬ poraries judged her to be a dull and duplicitous bigot ; on the other hand, some of our contemporaries, following nineteenth-century editors of her edifying books, wrote her hagiography, or at least undervalued her confession written in an autobiographical letter published in 1906. The correspondence between her and her friend, lover, or husband, Thomas Pichon-Tyrrell (1700-1781), as well as several recently discovered archive documents, allow us to paint the picture of an independent woman, a female author conscious of her mission and a business woman, an adventurer, a Christian philosopher, perhaps a true 'femme des Lumières.
«Toutes personnes [...] seront admises à concourir». La participation des femmes aux concours académiques
Authors: Iverson John R.
Published: June 2016

Recent studies have shown the obstacles and prejudice women authors had to overcome in 18th-century France. Academic competitions, public by nature, with their conditions which meant texts had to be sent anonymously and were crowned with an institutional reward, afford a rich field in which to examine other aspects of the question. At the time, the idea of feminine glory provoked major resistance so the notion of institutional recognition is particularly problematic. In this general context, the case of Mme de Montégut seems to offer total success. On the other hand, Mile Mazzarelli's experience reveals the risks of competing. Personal factors played an important part in the opposing fates of these two women. Mme de Montégut' s irreproachable conduct shielded her from the malicious gossip which Mazarelli suffered throughout her career. The institutional context contributed another essential element to the equation. Toulouse's Académie des Jeux Floraux, proud of its age-old tradition, offered a warm welcome to women who competed for its prizes. A much wider investigation could show whether such openness was a general phenomenon in provincial academies, particularly those dedicated to poetry as in Toulouse and Rouen. Whatever the case, taking part in academic competitions was an important aspect of literary activity in the 18th century for women as much as for men.
Mme de Pompadour, femme des Lumières ?
Authors: Hourcade Philippe
Published: June 2016

It is now possible to draw up the chronology of archive editions and correspondences concerning the marquise de Pompadour along with a list of finally accurate and impartial biographies. It is still difficult, however, to pin down the actual moment when this historical figure was freed of the ill intentioned or fascinating legends, the scandalous or frivolous anecdotes and also of more favourable received ideas concerning her patronage of the arts and her supposed commitment to the Enlightenment. The question mark in our title should bear witness to the fact that this woman, whose brilliant and fragile existence concerned a brief period of the eighteenth century, and who did not escape totally unharmed from an era of wariness and disdain, has at last become an object of scientific consideration.
De l'amour impossible d'un franc-maçon pour une esclave à l'Ile Bourbon ou le procès d'un transgresseur
Authors: Perret Hervé
Published: June 2016

Jean-Baptiste Banks, freemason, widower of a local Bourbon woman, fell deeply in love with a slave, thus offending colonial order. We wish, on the basis of the numerous episodes involved in this affair, to reflect on the social and ideological foundations of the colonial history of Bourbon island. The Masonic approach applied here offers an original take for a detailed perception of the forces in place and the values at stake within the insular elite. It also affords renewed knowledge of colonial masonry with its deep contradictions between founding principles and a society with a slavery based economy.
Les mesures de protection de l'environnement en Antarctique adoptées par la France depuis 2005
Authors: Deliancourt Samuel
Published: June 2016

Alors que la nécessité de préserver l'Antarctique constitue une priorité affichée ainsi que le soulignent les nombreuses conférences officielles qui se tiennent sur les effets du réchauffement climatique, la France, qui disposait, notamment en sa qualité d'Etat possessionné, d'une place importante dans le « Système antarctique » avait pris du retard dans l'adoption des dispositifs législatifs et réglementaires pour transposer en droit interne les normes internationales édictées en ce sens. Désormais, si elle a adopté les mesures nécessaires, en particulier par un système de zones réglementées en Antarctique, elle doit toutefois, alors qu'a débuté le 1er mars 2007 la quatrième Année polaire internationale, poursuivre ses efforts et en proposer de nouvelles pour la sauvegarde du continent blanc.
CONVERGENCE ORDER OF THE REPRODUCING KERNEL METHOD FOR SOLVING BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: Zhao Zhihong , Lin Yingzhen , Niu Jing
Published: June 2016

In this paper, convergence rate of the reproducing kernel method for solving boundary value problems is studied. The equivalence of two reproducing kernel spaces and some results of adjoint operator are proved. Based on the classical properties of piecewise linear interpolating function, we provide the convergence rate analysis of at least second order. Moreover, some numerical examples showing the accuracy of the proposed estimations are also given.
A MAIN CLASS OF INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: Masjed-Jamei Mohammad , Omey Edward , Dragomir Sever S.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we define some integral transforms and obtain suitable bounds for them in order to introduce a main class of integral inequalities including Ostrowski and Ostrowski-Gr¨uss inequalities and various kinds of new integral inequalities. In this sense, we also introduce a three point quadrature formula and obtain its error bounds.
THE PAN-PACIFIC PLANET SEARCH. V. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR 164 EVOLVED STARS
Authors: Wittenmyer Robert A. , Liu Fan , Wang Liang , Casagrande Luca , Johnson John Asher , Tinney C. G.
Published: June 2016

We present spectroscopic stellar parameters for the complete target list of 164 evolved stars from the Pan-Pacific Planet Search, a five-year radial velocity campaign using the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope. For 87 of these bright giants, our work represents the first determination of their fundamental parameters. Our results carry typical uncertainties of 100 K, 0.15 dex, and 0.1 dex in T
eff, log g, and [Fe/H] and are consistent with literature values where available. The derived stellar masses have a mean of

M
⊙, with a tail extending to ∼2 M
⊙, consistent with the interpretation of these targets as “retired” A-F type stars.
A VERY LARGE ARRAY SEARCH FOR INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLES IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN M81
Authors: Wrobel J. M. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Middleton M. J.
Published: June 2016

Nantais et al. used the Hubble Space Telescope to localize probable globular clusters (GCs) in M81, a spiral galaxy at a distance of 3.63 Mpc. Theory predicts that GCs can host intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) with masses

. Finding IMBHs in GCs could validate a formation channel for seed BHs in the early universe, bolster gravitational-wave predictions for space missions, and test scaling relations between stellar systems and the central BHs they host. We used the NRAO Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array to search for the radiative signatures of IMBH accretion from 206 probable GCs in a mosaic of M81. The observing wavelength was 5.5 cm, and the spatial resolution was 1.″5 (26.4 pc). None of the individual GCs are detected, nor are weighted-mean image stacks of the 206 GCs and the 49 massive GCs with stellar masses

. We apply a semiempirical model to predict the mass of an IMBH that, if undergoing accretion in the long-lived, hard X-ray state, is consistent with a given radio luminosity. The 3σ radio-luminosity upper limits correspond to IMBH masses of

for the all-cluster stack and

for the massive-cluster stack. We also apply the empirical fundamental-plane relation to two X-ray-detected clusters, finding that their individual IMBH masses at 95% confidence are M
BH < 99,000 M
⊙ and

. Finally, no analog of HLX-1, a strong IMBH candidate in an extragalactic star cluster, occurs in any individual GC in M81. This underscores the uniqueness or rarity of the HLX-1 phenomenon.
OSSOS III—RESONANT TRANS-NEPTUNIAN POPULATIONS: CONSTRAINTS FROM THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM ORIGINS SURVEY
Authors: Volk Kathryn , Murray-Clay Ruth , Gladman Brett , Lawler Samantha , Bannister Michele T. , Kavelaars J. J. , Petit Jean-Marc , Gwyn Stephen , Alexandersen Mike , Chen Ying-Tung , Lykawka Patryk Sofia , Ip Wing , Lin Hsing Wen
Published: June 2016

The first two observational sky “blocks” of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) have significantly increased the number of well characterized observed trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in Neptune's mean motion resonances. We describe the 31 securely resonant TNOs detected by OSSOS so far, and we use them to independently verify the resonant population models from the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS), with which we find broad agreement. We confirm that the 5:2 resonance is more populated than models of the outer solar system's dynamical history predict; our minimum population estimate shows that the high-eccentricity (e > 0.35) portion of the resonance is at least as populous as the 2:1 and possibly as populated as the 3:2 resonance. One OSSOS block was well suited for detecting objects trapped at low libration amplitudes in Neptune's 3:2 resonance, a population of interest in testing the origins of resonant TNOs. We detected three 3:2 objects with libration amplitudes below the cutoff modeled by CFEPS; OSSOS thus offers new constraints on this distribution. The OSSOS detections confirm that the 2:1 resonance has a dynamically colder inclination distribution than either the 3:2 or 5:2 resonances. Using the combined OSSOS and CFEPS 2:1 detections, we constrain the fraction of 2:1 objects in the symmetric mode of libration to 0.2–0.85; we also constrain the fraction of asymmetric librators in the leading island, which has been theoretically predicted to vary depending on Neptune's migration history, to be 0.05–0.8. Future OSSOS blocks will improve these constraints.
EFFECTIVE HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS OF AMMONIA
Authors: Augustovičová L. , Soldán P. , Špirko V.
Published: June 2016

The hyperfine structure of the rotation-inversion (v
2 = 0+, 0−, 1+, 1−) states of the 14NH3 and 15NH3 ammonia isotopomers is rationalized in terms of effective (ro-inversional) hyperfine-structure (hfs) functions. These are determined by fitting to available experimental data using the Hougen’s effective hyperfine-structure Hamiltonian within the framework of the non-rigid inverter theory. Involving only a moderate number of mass independent fitting parameters, the fitted hfs functions provide a fairly close reproduction of a large majority of available experimental data, thus evidencing adequacy of these functions for reliable prediction. In future experiments, this may help us derive spectroscopic constants of observed inversion and rotation-inversion transitions deperturbed from hyperfine effects. The deperturbed band centers of ammonia come to the forefront of fundamental physics especially as the probes of a variable proton-to-electron mass ratio.
REVERBERATION MAPPING OF THE GAMMA-RAY LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY 1H 0323+342
Authors: Wang Fang , Du Pu , Hu Chen , Bai Jin-Ming , Wang Chuan-Jun , Yi Wei-Min , Wang Jian-Guo , Zhang Ju-Jia , Xin Yu-Xin , Lun Bao-Li , Chang Liang , Fan Yu-Feng
Published: June 2016

Recently, 1H 0323+342 has attracted a lot of attention as one of several narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies detected in the γ-ray band. To understand their central energy engines and jet phenomena, the black hole mass is important. We made use of the Lijiang 2.4 m Telescope to monitor 1H 0323+342 for more than two months. This galaxy is one of the candidates for a monitoring project of super-Eddington accreting massive black holes. The reverberation mapping shows that Hβ emission has a delayed response of

days with respect to the SDSS g′ light curve in the rest frame. The optical Fe ii variations were detected after subtracting host contaminations, and a reverberation with a delay of

days was found in the rest frame. By assuming the viral factor f
BLR = 6.17 for the broad-line region (BLR) velocity characterized by FWHM because of the face-on orientation, we find that the black hole mass derived from Hβ is

, and the accretion rate is

, where

,

is the mass accretion rate, L
Edd is the Eddington luminosity, and c is the speed of light. This black hole is one order less massive than that given by the Magorrian relation from the bulge mass. We test the relation between accretion rates and radio-loudnesses in all mapped radio-loud active galactic nuclei, and find that 1H 0323+342 falls within this group.
TEMPERATURE SPECTRA OF INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS HEATED BY COSMIC RAYS. I. TRANSLUCENT CLOUDS
Authors: Kalvāns Juris
Published: June 2016

Heating of whole interstellar dust grains by cosmic-ray (CR) particles affects the gas–grain chemistry in molecular clouds by promoting molecule desorption, diffusion, and chemical reactions on grain surfaces. The frequency of such heating, f

T
, s−1, determines how often a certain temperature T
CR, K, is reached for grains hit by CR particles. This study aims to provide astrochemists with a comprehensive and updated data set on CR-induced whole-grain heating. We present calculations of f

T
and T
CR spectra for bare olivine grains with radius a of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μm and such grains covered with ice mantles of thickness 0.1a and 0.3a. Grain shape and structure effects are considered, as well as 30 CR elemental constituents with an updated energy spectrum corresponding to a translucent cloud with A

V
= 2 mag. Energy deposition by CRs in grain material was calculated with the srim program. We report full T
CR spectra for all nine grain types and consider initial grain temperatures of 10 K and 20 K. We also provide frequencies for a range of minimum T
CR values. The calculated data set can be simply and flexibly implemented in astrochemical models. The results show that, in the case of translucent clouds, the currently adopted rate for heating of whole grains to temperatures in excess of 70 K is underestimated by approximately two orders of magnitude in astrochemical numerical simulations. Additionally, grains are heated by CRs to modest temperatures (20–30 K) with intervals of a few years, which reduces the possibility of ice chemical explosions.
GAS OF 96 PLANCK COLD CLUMPS IN THE SECOND QUADRANT
Authors: Zhang Tianwei , Wu Yuefang , Liu Tie , Meng Fanyi
Published: June 2016

Ninety-six Planck cold dust clumps in the second quadrant were mapped with 12CO (1–0), 13CO (1–0), and C18O (1–0) lines at the 13.7 m telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory. 12CO (1–0) and 13CO (1–0) emissions were detected for all 96 clumps, while C18O (1–0) emissions were detected in 81 of them. Fifteen clumps have more than one velocity component. In the 115 mapped velocity components, 225 cores were obtained. We found that 23.1% of the cores have non-Gaussian profiles. We acquired the V
lsr, FWHM, and T

A
of the lines. Distances, T
ex, velocity dispersions,

, and masses were also derived. Generally, turbulence may dominant the cores because

/

in almost all of the cores and Larson’s relationship is not apparent in our massive cores. Virial parameters are adopted to test the gravitational stability of cores and 51% of the cores are likely collapsing. The core mass function of the cores in the range 0–1 kpc suggests a low core-to-star conversional efficiency (0.62%). Only 14 of 225 cores (6.2%) have associated stellar objects at their centers, while the others are starless. The morphologies of clumps are mainly filamentary structures. Seven clumps may be located on an extension of the new spiral arm in the second quadrant while three are on the known outer arm.