bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmodesmal regulation during plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Cheval Cecilia , Faulkner Christine
Published: October 2017

Contents

Summary
62

I.
Introduction
62

II.
Plasmodesmal regulation is an innate defence response
63

III.
Reactive oxygen species regulate plasmodesmal function
63

IV.
Plasmodesmal regulation by and of defence‐associated small molecules
64

V.
Plasmodesmata facilitate systemic defence signalling
64

VI.
Virulent pathogens exploit plasmodesmata
66

VII.
Outlook
66

Acknowledgements
66

References
66

Plasmodesmata (PD) are plasma membrane‐lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells, bridging the cell wall and establishing cytoplasmic and membrane continuity between cells. PD are dynamic structures regulated by callose deposition in a variety of stress and developmental contexts. This process crudely controls the aperture of the pore and thus the flux of molecules between cells. During pathogen infection, plant cells initiate a range of immune responses and it was recently identified that, following perception of fungal and bacterial pathogens, plant cells initially close their PD. Systemic defence responses depend on the spread of signals between cells, raising questions about whether PD are in different functional states during different immune responses. It is well established that viral pathogens exploit PD to spread between cells, but it has more recently been identified that protein effectors secreted by fungal pathogens can spread between host cells via PD. It is possible that many classes of pathogens specifically target PD to aid infection, which would infer antagonistic regulation of PD by host and pathogen. How PD regulation benefits both host immune responses and pathogen infection is an important question and demands that we examine the multicellular nature of plant–pathogen interactions.
Variation in the resilience of cloud forest vascular epiphytes to severe drought
Authors: Gotsch Sybil G. , Dawson Todd E. , Draguljić Danel
Published: October 2017

Epiphytes are common in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) and play many important ecological roles, but the degree to which these unique plants will be affected by changes in climate is unknown. We investigated the drought responses of three vascular epiphyte communities bracketing the cloud base during a severe, El Niño‐impacted dry season.

Epiphytes were instrumented with sap flow probes in each site. Leaf water potential and pressure–volume curve parameters were also measured before and during the drought. We monitored the canopy microclimate in each site to determine the drivers of sap velocity across the sites.

All plants greatly reduced their water use during the drought, but recovery occurred more quickly for plants in the lower and drier sites. Plants in drier sites also exhibited the greatest shifts in the osmotic potential at full saturation and the turgor loss point.

Although all individuals survived this intense drought, epiphytes in the cloud forest experienced the slowest recovery, suggesting that plants in the TMCF are particularly sensitive to severe drought. Although vapor pressure deficit was an important driver of sap velocity in the highest elevation site, other factors, such as the volumetric water content of the canopy soil, were more important at lower (and warmer) sites.
Using the socioecological model to explore factors affecting health‐seeking behaviours of older Korean immigrants
Authors: Chung Jane , Seo Jin Young , Lee Jongwon
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore multilevel factors affecting older Korean immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours.

Background

Although studies have documented significant issues related to healthcare access and utilisation issues among older immigrants, a noted limitation of current research is its failure to explore multiple factors related to their health‐seeking behaviours.

Design

A qualitative study using interview data from two previous studies.

Methods

We performed a qualitative analysis of focus groups and individual interviews using inductive coding methods. The socioecological model provided a useful framework to guide this study. The sample included 17 community‐dwelling older Korean immigrants aged ≥65 years living in the metropolitan area of Seattle, WA, USA.

Results

Findings revealed various factors at the individual (e.g., perception of health and illness, mistrust, cultural values and norms, length of residency in the United States, language barriers and ageing experiences), interpersonal (e.g., peers, family and primary care physicians), community (e.g., ethnic community centres and organisations, home care helpers and interpretation services) and policy (e.g., lack of affordability and health benefits coverage) levels. Each of these factors played a role as either a barrier to or facilitator of older Korean immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours. Several factors, such as language barriers and lack of available information, were intertwined.

Conclusions

Findings indicate the importance of considering four major areas when designing culturally appropriate, community‐based interventions for older immigrants. Also, utilising peers or trusted human resources in the community is critical to the design and implementation of health promotion interventions for older immigrants.

Implications for Practice

Examining intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy level factors that affect older immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours informs the design of community‐based health promotion interventions for older immigrants.
Utilization of molecular markers for improving the phosphorus efficiency in crop plants
Authors: Maharajan Theivanayagam , Ceasar Stanislaus Antony , Ajeesh krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil , Ramakrishnan Muthusamy , Duraipandiyan Veeramuthu , Naif Abdulla Al‐Dhabi , Ignacimuthu Savarimuthu
Published: October 2017

Phosphorus (P) is the second most growth limiting macronutrient after nitrogen and plays several important roles in all organisms including plants. In soil, P is available in both organic and inorganic forms. P deficiency reduces the growth and yield of several crop plants. Plants respond to P deficiency by the phenotypic changes especially by the modification of root architecture. Molecular marker‐assisted breeding (MAB) has been proposed as an important tool to identify and develop improved varieties of crop plants with efficient P‐use efficiency (PUE). Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to PUE has been considered as the first step in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and improvement of crop yield programmes. In this review, we describe in detail on architectural changes of roots under P deficiency that are reported in various crops and discuss the efforts made to improve PUE using molecular marker tools. Details on QTLs identified for low P‐stress tolerance in various crop plants are presented. These QTLs can be used to improve PUE in crop plants through MAS and breeding, which may be beneficial to improve the yields under P‐deficient soil. Development of new and improved varieties using MAB will limit the use of non‐renewable fertilizers and improve PUE of key crop plants in low input agriculture.
Anellovirus loads are associated with outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation
Authors: Blatter Joshua A. , Sweet Stuart C. , Conrad Carol , Danziger‐Isakov Lara A. , Faro Albert , Goldfarb Samuel B. , Hayes Don , Melicoff Ernestina , Schecter Marc , Storch Gregory , Visner Gary A. , Williams Nikki M. , Wang David
Published: October 2017

Anelloviruses are DNA viruses ubiquitously present in human blood. Due to their elevated levels in immunosuppressed patients, anellovirus levels have been proposed as a marker of immune status. We hypothesized that low anellovirus levels, reflecting relative immunocompetence, would be associated with adverse outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation. We assayed blood samples from 57 patients in a multicenter study for alpha‐ and betatorquevirus, two anellovirus genera. The primary short‐term outcome of interest was acute rejection, and longer‐term outcomes were analyzed individually and as “composite” (death, chronic rejection, or retransplant within 2 years). Patients with low alphatorquevirus levels at 2 weeks post‐transplantation were more likely to develop acute rejection within 3 months after transplant (P = .013). Low betatorquevirus levels at 6 weeks and 6 months after transplant were associated with death (P = .047) and the composite outcome (P = .017), respectively. There was an association between low anellovirus levels and adverse outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation. Alphatorquevirus levels were associated with short‐term outcomes (ie, acute rejection), while betatorquevirus levels were associated with longer‐term outcomes (ie, death, or composite outcome within 2 years). These observations suggest that anelloviruses may serve as useful biomarkers of immune status and predictors of adverse outcomes.
Using a digital storytelling assignment to teach public health advocacy
Authors: de Castro A.B. , Levesque Salem
Published: October 2017

The need and expectation for advocacy is central to public health nursing practice. Advocacy efforts that effectively call attention to population health threats and promote the well‐being of communities rely on strategies that deliver influential messaging. The digital story is a lay method to capture meaningful, impactful stories that can be used to advocate for public health concerns. Readily available, user‐friendly digital technologies allow engagement in digital media production to create digital stories. This paper describes how digital story making can be utilized as an academic assignment to teach public health advocacy within an undergraduate nursing curriculum. Providing nursing students this artistic outlet can facilitate meeting academic learning goals, while also equipping them with creative skills that can be applied in future professional practice. Nursing educators can take advantage of institutional resources and campus culture to support the use of novel digital media assignments that facilitate application of advocacy concepts.
Production Process Moves: Template Use and the Need to Adapt
Authors: Kent Pettis , Siemsen Enno
Published: October 2017

We use a behavioral experiment to examine whether the use of templates facilitates or hinders a faster production ramp‐up after a process move. If the environment in which a template is applied closely resembles the environment in which the template was developed, template use promotes knowledge transfer, resulting in increased performance while ramping up the process. However, when the environments at the origin and destination of the template differ, these benefits do not occur. We further show that making the template too rigid, i.e., not allowing any changes to the template after a production start, decreases its performance benefits. These findings help characterize when and how the encoding of existing knowledge through a template is a worthwhile investment of time and resources to facilitate a production process move.
Inventory Allocation in the Presence of Service‐Level Agreements
Authors: Chen Chun‐Miin (Jimmy) , Thomas Douglas J.
Published: October 2017

Retailers often use service‐level agreements (SLAs) to evaluate their supplier's performance. Based on an examination of 70 SLAs from practice, we conclude that in terms of evaluating fill rate, these SLAs vary in at least three key dimensions: (i) Supplier performance can be evaluated for each demand request or over some longer horizon, (ii) the acceptable fill rate can be 100% or something less than 100%, and (iii) the non‐compliance charge can be a flat fee, a per‐unit‐short fee, or both. For a supplier operating a periodic‐review inventory system and serving multiple retailers, each with an SLA, we investigate the impact of inventory allocation rules on SLA compliance and expected non‐compliance costs across the three dimensions of review horizon, fill rate target and non‐compliance cost structure. We derive several analytic results when retailers are symmetric. For the single‐period setting and a fill rate target of 100%, we characterize the optimal allocation rule and rank other rules common in practice and the literature. We also characterize the optimal rule for the single‐period setting when the fill rate target is less than 100% and the SLA specifies a flat‐fee non‐compliance charge. In the multiple‐period case, we characterize the optimal rule when the fill rate target is 100%. When the fill rate target is less than 100% and the performance review horizon is more than one period, we develop a simple heuristic that outperforms common allocation rules.
Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Authors: Lu Yang , Rosenfeld J. Peter , Deng Xiaohong , Zhang Erhu , Zheng Huihui , Yan Gejun , Ouyang Dan , Hayat Saba Z.
Published: October 2017

The present study used a P300‐based Concealed Information Test (CIT) to detect individual and collaborative crimes and to explore whether or not the P300 index is effective in identifying collaborative crime members. Participants were divided into two groups to either steal a ring alone (individual group) or collaboratively with another companion participant (collaborative group) before taking the Complex Trial Protocol test that is regarded as an accurate version of the P300‐based CIT. The ERP results revealed that both groups showed significantly larger P300s to probe (the ring) than to all irrelevant stimuli (other jewelery), but the P300 amplitude difference of probe stimulus versus irrelevant stimuli in the collaborative group was significantly less than that in the individual group. For the individual diagnosis, using P300 index, the detection rate was significantly inferior for collaborative crime than individual crime, probably related to weakness of collaborative encoding. The ROC curve comparisons showed the individual guilty was effectively discriminated from the simulated‐innocent (AUC = .84) and from the collaborative guilty (AUC = .83), but the collaborative guilty was not discriminable from the simulated‐innocent (AUC = .66). These findings suggest that collaborative encoding of crime‐related information impacts the efficiency of the P300 index, and that the P300‐based CIT is not applicable when used to identify collaborative crime perpetrators.
Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems?
Authors: Hulvey Kristin B. , Leger Elizabeth A. , Porensky Lauren M. , Roche Leslie M. , Veblen Kari E. , Fund Adam , Shaw Julea , Gornish Elise S.
Published: October 2017

Restoration islands are concentrated plantings in strategic locations, created to efficiently use resources to achieve restoration goals. These methods have been used effectively in mesic ecosystems, particularly tropical forests, where the goal of island plantings is often to “nucleate” across a degraded area, providing a seed source for spread outside the planted area. Here, we consider how an island strategy might be used to achieve restoration goals in dryland ecosystems, where limited resources and large areas of degraded land make restoration extremely challenging. In contrast to more productive areas, spread or “nucleation” from restoration islands in drylands may not occur or occur more slowly than required by most management time frames. Despite this, small‐scale, more intensive island plantings may still be useful for achieving short‐term goals, such as weed control, fire management, erosion control, and creation of wildlife habitat. Over the long term, island plantings could serve the same nucleation function as in other ecosystems and serve as repositories for genetic diversity within highly fragmented native systems. Here, we highlight the opportunities for using these high‐intensity, targeted planting methods in dryland ecosystems, provide the guidelines for establishing islands to achieve short‐ and long‐term restoration goals, and identify the areas where additional research is needed to understand the value of restoration islands in dryland ecosystems.
Differences among avian frugivores in seed dispersal to degraded habitats
Authors: Rehm Evan M. , Chojnacki Janelle , Rogers Haldre S. , Savidge Julie A.
Published: October 2017

Vertebrate frugivores enhance tropical forest regeneration by dispersing seeds into degraded areas. However, the importance of individual species as dispersers may vary within a community. Management and restoration would benefit from understanding which species are critical in moving native seeds into degraded habitats. We compared habitat composition of bird start and end locations for movement intervals based on mean gut passage times for the avian frugivore community on the island of Saipan. The proportion of movement intervals that began in intact, native forest varied among species, with Golden White‐eyes having the highest proportion. However, this species tended to remain in intact forest and only rarely crossed into degraded habitats. Bridled White‐eyes and Mariana Fruit Doves exhibited slightly higher rates of crossing from intact forest to degraded habitats, suggesting an ability to disperse native seeds to degraded areas. White‐throated Ground Doves were never recorded crossing from intact forest to degraded habitats. Despite having a low proportion of movement intervals beginning in intact forest, Micronesian Starlings showed a higher proportion and absolute number of movements from intact forest to degraded habitats, due to their propensity to move frequently, across long distances, and across habitat types. In this species‐poor frugivore network, seed dispersal into degraded habitats appears highly dependent on one species within the community. Regeneration of degraded lands may be severely hindered if this key disperser is lost.
A Value Measure for Public‐Sector Enterprise Risk Management: A TSA Case Study
Authors: Fletcher Kenneth C. , Abbas Ali E.
Published: October 2017

This article presents a public value measure that can be used to aid executives in the public sector to better assess policy decisions and maximize value to the American people. Using Transportation Security Administration (TSA) programs as an example, we first identify the basic components of public value. We then propose a public value account to quantify the outcomes of various risk scenarios, and we determine the certain equivalent of several important TSA programs. We illustrate how this proposed measure can quantify the effects of two main challenges that government organizations face when conducting enterprise risk management: (1) short‐term versus long‐term incentives and (2) avoiding potential negative consequences even if they occur with low probability. Finally, we illustrate how this measure enables the use of various tools from decision analysis to be applied in government settings, such as stochastic dominance arguments and certain equivalent calculations. Regarding the TSA case study, our analysis demonstrates the value of continued expansion of the TSA trusted traveler initiative and increasing the background vetting for passengers who are afforded expedited security screening.
Origin of abundant moonmilk deposits in a subsurface granitic environment
Authors: Miller Ana Z. , Garcia‐Sanchez Angela M. , Martin‐Sanchez Pedro M. , Costa Pereira Manuel F. , Spangenberg Jorge E. , Jurado Valme , Dionísio Amelia , Afonso Maria J. , Iglé sias Chaminé Helder I. , Hermosin Bernardo , Saiz‐Jimenez Cesareo
Published: October 2017

Subsurface granitic environments are scarce and poorly investigated. A multi‐disciplinary approach was used to characterize the abundant moonmilk deposits and associated microbial communities coating the granite walls of the 16th Century Paranhos spring water tunnel in Porto city (north‐west Portugal). It is possible that this study is the first record of moonmilk in an urban subsurface granitic environment. The morphology and texture, mineralogical composition, stable isotope composition and microbial diversity of moonmilk deposits have been studied to infer the processes of moonmilk formation. These whitish secondary mineral deposits are composed of very fine needle‐fibre calcite crystals with different morphologies and density. Calcified filaments of fungal hyphae or bacteria were distinguished by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Stable isotope analysis revealed a meteoric origin of the needle‐fibre calcite, with an important contribution of atmospheric CO2, soil respiration and from weathering of Ca‐bearing minerals. The DNA‐based analyses revealed the presence of micro‐organisms related to urban contamination, including Actinobacteria, mainly represented by Pseudonocardia hispaniensis, Thaumarchaeota and Ascomycota, dominated by Cladosporium. This microbial composition is consistent with groundwater pollution and contamination sources of the overlying urban area, including garages, petrol stations and wastewater pipeline leakage, showing that the Paranhos tunnel is greatly perturbed by anthropogenic activities. Whether the identified micro‐organisms are involved in the formation of the needle‐fibre calcite or not is difficult to demonstrate, but this study evidenced both abiotic and biogenic genesis for the calcite moonmilk in this subsurface granitic environment.
terraGIS – a web GIS for delivery of digital soil maps in cotton‐growing areas of Australia
Authors: Huang J. , Buchanan S. M. , Bishop T. F. A. , Triantafilis J.
Published: October 2017

Effective management of soil requires the spatial distribution of its various physical, chemical and hydrological properties. This is because properties, for example clay content, determine the ability of soil to hold cations and retain water. However, data acquisition is labour intensive and time‐consuming. To add value to the limited soil data, remote sensing (e.g. airborne gamma‐ray spectrometry) and proximal sensing, such as electromagnetic (EM) induction, are being used as ancillary data. Here, we provide examples of developing Digital Soil Maps (DSM) of soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties, for seven cotton‐growing areas of southeastern Australia, by coupling soil data with remote and proximal sensed ancillary data. A greater challenge is how to get these DSM to a stakeholder in a way that is useful for practical soil use and management. This study describes how we facilitate access to the DSMs, using a simple‐to‐use web GIS platform, called terraGIS. The platform is underpinned by Google Maps API, which is an open‐source development environment for building spatially enabled Internet applications. In conclusion, we consider that terraGIS and the supporting information, available on the sister web page (http://www.terragis.bees.unsw.edu.au/), allow easy access to explanation of DSM of soil properties, which are relevant to cotton growers, farm managers, consultants, extension staff, researchers, state and federal government agency personnel and policy analysts. Future work should be aimed at developing error budget maps to identify where additional soil and/or ancillary data is required to improve the accuracy of the DSMs.
The complex geographies of ethnic residential segregation: Using spatial and local measures to explore scale‐dependency and spatial relationships
Authors: Catney Gemma
Published: October 2017

Ethnic residential geographies have become increasingly spatially complex. While urban diversity is by far the dominant pattern in the UK, over the last two decades suburban and rural areas have experienced a modest but steady growth of ethnic minority populations. Yet despite these emerging patterns, a bias persists whereby most studies of ethnic residential segregation are concerned solely with metropolitan places. While spatial and local measures enable a more sophisticated analysis of the intricate geographical and scalar variations in residential segregation than traditional “global” approaches, there have been surprisingly few analyses of the local dimensions of ethnic residential patterning, and these have tended to be metro‐focused. This study analyses small area ethnic segregation in England and Wales using a spatially‐weighted approach for 2011 Census data across all (small) areas, rather than just cities. To briefly summarise, the results demonstrate (1) the non‐uniform scale effects of segregation between each ethnic group; (2) spatial “thresholds” at which segregation can be found, which challenge established wisdom about the relative levels of segregation between ethnic groups; (3) the high spatial variability in segregation levels; and (4) how segregation dimensions and group proportions are not strongly related in all neighbourhoods, providing justification for their use in conjunction. Exploring segregation across a national context, the research develops understandings of ethnic group interactions between spaces and across scales, and advances hitherto underdeveloped debates about the complexity of the conceptual and empirical distinctions that can be made between the dimensions of segregation.
The ICE project and world Englishes
Authors: NELSON GERALD
Published: October 2017

The articles in this symposium were first presented at a workshop in Trier, Germany, in 2015. The workshop title was ‘The future of the International Corpus of English (ICE): New challenges, new developments’. This introductory article looks back over the last twenty‐five years of the ICE project, and considers some of the issues that have emerged in that period in relation to corpus compilation and the analysis of world Englishes. Among those issues are the unprecedented advances in computer technology, and also the changing perceptions of English as a world language.
Exploring speaker fluency with phonologically annotated ICE corpora
Authors: GUT ULRIKE , FUCHS ROBERT
Published: October 2017

This study demonstrates how quantitative characteristics of speaker fluency can be measured in the phonologically annotated and time‐aligned corpora ICE‐Nigeria and ICE‐Scotland, which belong to the ‘new generation’ of ICE corpora. Some files from the categories broadcast talk and unscripted speeches in ICE Nigeria and ICE Scotland were phonemically annotated and analysed, and for each speaker the mean length of run ( = average number of words per utterance) and articulation rate ( = mean number of phonemes per total articulation time) were calculated. These results show how phonological and time‐aligned annotations can enrich ICE corpora, and how they allow comparisons of varieties of English that go beyond studies of syntactic and lexical variation.
ICE Age 3: The Expanding Circle
Authors: EDWARDS ALISON
Published: October 2017

The International Corpus of English (ICE) faces the same challenge confronting world Englishes as a whole: to integrate into its endeavours the systematic study of English in the Expanding Circle (EC). This article proposes an expansion in the scope of ICE to account for user varieties in the EC. It provides a template for researchers interested in compiling an EC corpus in line with the ICE design by describing the development of the Corpus of Dutch English, the first multi‐genre, EC corpus modelled after the (written) ICE components. It then presents a case study of three‐word clusters in academic writing from all three circles, demonstrating that the traditional reliance on student writing (learner data proper) tells only part of the story of English usage in the EC.
The ICE metadata and the study of Hong Kong English
Authors: HANSEN BEKE
Published: October 2017

Studies of L1 varieties of English have shown that the modal domain has been reorganised over time. In particular the frequency of the core modal verb must has decreased, while the frequency of the semi‐modal verb have to has increased. As an area of ongoing change in L1 varieties, the modal and semi‐modal verbs have also attracted the interest of linguists working in the field of L2 varieties. However, the virtual absence of diachronic corpora for most ESL varieties presents a challenge for this area. This paper meets this challenge by exploring the potential of the neglected ICE metadata for bridging the diachronic gap in world Englishes. Information from the ICE‐Hong Kong (ICE‐HK) metadata is used to construct an apparent‐time scenario of the use of must, have to and (have) got to in the spoken section of ICE‐HK.
The impact of menstrual phase on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation during handgrip exercise in healthy premenopausal women
Authors: D'Urzo Katrina A. , King Trevor J. , Williams Jennifer S. , Silvester Morgan D. , Pyke Kyra E.
Published: October 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of menstrual phase on flow‐mediated dilatation in response to sustained, exercise‐induced increases in shear stress.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We showed, for the first time, that in healthy, premenopausal women the flow‐mediated dilatation stimulated by exercise‐induced increases in shear stress did not fluctuate across two phases of the menstrual cycle, despite significant fluctuations in oestrogen. This suggests that endothelial function is not consistently augmented in the high‐oestrogen phase.

Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) in response to a sustained shear‐stress stimulus (e.g. via handgrip exercise; HGEX) is emerging as a useful tool for assessing endothelial function; however, the impact of menstrual phase on HGEX‐FMD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HGEX‐FMD fluctuates with cyclical changes in oestrogen concentrations over two discrete phases (low and high oestrogen) of the menstrual cycle. Brachial artery (BA) diameter and blood velocity were assessed with two‐dimesional and Doppler ultrasound, respectively. Shear stress was estimated using shear rate (SR = BA blood velocity/BA diameter). Participants (12 healthy, regularly cycling women, 21 ± 2 years of age) completed two experimental visits: (i) low oestrogen (early follicular, EF); and (ii) high oestrogen (late follicular, LF). Reactive hyperaemia‐stimulated FMD (RH‐FMD) and HGEX‐FMD (6 min of handgrip exercise) were assessed during each visit. Results are mean values ± SD. Oestrogen increased from the EF to LF phase (EF, 33 ± 9 pg ml−1; LF, 161 ± 113 pg ml−1, P = 0.003). However, neither the SR stimuli (HGEX, P = 0.501; RH, P = 0.173) nor the FMD responses differed between phases (EF versus LF: HGEX‐FMD, 4.8 ± 2.8 versus 4.6 ± 2.2%, P = 0.601; RH‐FMD, 7.9 ± 4.3 versus 6.4 ± 3.1%, P = 0.071). These results extend existing RH‐FMD findings indicating that not all women experience fluctuations in FMD with the menstrual cycle. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms that underlie variability in the impact of menstrual phase on FMD.
Time, touch and temperature affect perceived finger position and ownership in the grasp illusion
Authors: Héroux Martin E. , Bayle Nicolas , Butler Annie A. , Gandevia Simon C.
Published: October 2017

Key points

The brain's internal model of the body and the sense of body ownership are fundamental to interaction with the world.

It is thought that temporally congruent, repetitive multisensory stimuli are required to elicit a sense of body ownership.

Here we investigate the ability of static cutaneous stimuli – passively grasping an artificial finger – to induce body ownership and alter perceived body position; we also investigate how physical characteristics of grasped objects alter these senses.

We show that static cutaneous stimuli can alter perceived body position and induce an illusion of ownership and also that signals of temperature, texture and shape of grasped finger‐sized objects influence body ownership.

Thus, these aspects of human proprioception can be altered by a single sustained sensory stimulus and by the physical characteristics of held objects.

Perceived body position and ownership are fundamental to our ability to sense and interact with the world. Previous work indicates that temporally congruent, repetitive multisensory stimuli are needed to alter the sense of body ownership. In the present study 30 subjects passively grasped an artificial rubber finger with their left index and thumb while their right index finger, located 12 cm below, was lightly clamped. Fingers with varied physical characteristics were also passively grasped to determine how these characteristics influenced perceived body position and ownership. Subjects immediately felt their hands to be 5.3 cm [3.4–7.3] (mean [95%CI]) closer, a feeling that remained after 3 min (6.0 cm [4.5–7.5]). By the end of the trial, perceived ownership increased by 1.2 [0.6–1.9] points on a 7‐point Likert scale, with the group average moving from ‘neither agree or disagree’ at the start to ‘somewhat agree’ at the end. Compared to grasping a control rubber finger, grasping a cold, rough, oddly shaped or rectangular shaped finger‐like object reduced perceived ownership. These results provide new insights into the role of cutaneous sensory receptors in defining these aspects of proprioception, and the speed with which these effects occur. Static touch rapidly induces large, sustained changes in perceived body position and prolonged exposure to these cutaneous inputs, alone, can induce a sense of body ownership. Also, certain physical characteristics of grasped objects influence the sense of body ownership.
NFT Wing Protection on HAMR Head Using a Window Underlayer Structure
Authors: Smith Robert , Rajauria Sukumar , Vangipuram Canchi Sripathi , Dai Qing
Published: October 2017

Ensuring the mechanical reliability of the NFT is critical due to contact with the disk during touchdown and the presence of high thermal asperities (TAs) at low clearance. Here, we tune the thermomechanical design of the HAMR head to ensure the NFT is protected from direct contact with the disk. We propose embedding the NFT in a localized window of underlayer material chosen for its small thermal expansion in comparison to a standard material such as alumina. By optimizing the size and material properties of the window structure, simulation predicts that the NFT is well protected under recording conditions.
A Heat Transfer Study in the Head Disk Interface and an Insight to Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Design
Authors: Wu Haoyu , Bogy David
Published: October 2017

Understanding the heat transfer in the head disk interface (HDI) in the heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is important. In this paper, we report on a series of experiments to study the heat transfer in the HDI using the perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) heads and media. The temperature increase of the embedded contact sensor (ECS) and the thermal fly-height control (TFC) heater was compared in the fly setup and non-fly setup. A series of simulations were performed to explain the results. We show that the design of the air bearing surface can significantly affect the pressure distribution in the read/write transducer area, and thereby affect the convective heat transfer coefficient.
HAMR Emulation on Carbon Overcoat and Lubricant for Near Field Transducer and Magnetic Media Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensors
Authors: Yanagisawa M. , Kunimoto M. , Homma T.
Published: October 2017

A plasmonic sensor is used for emulation of near field transducer (NFT). Some overcoat films (thickness of 1nm) were coated on Au nanoparticles (NPs) on a convex quartz glass substrate (plasmonic sensor). Heating behavior of the films was examined by laser heating using novel Raman spectroscopic tools, i.e. surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the plasmonic sensor, a continuous laser heating tool, in-situ observation of spectra and temperature with a high speed time-resolved measurement. The heating temperature of tetrahedral carbon (ta-C) film in He gas is lower than that in air. This is because the thermal conductivity of He is larger than air. Few spectral change of ta-C film (thickness of 1nm) on Au NP’s is observed except initial change in around 100 s at the temperature around 500 °C, which corresponds to the temperature of the carbon overcoat (COC) for the media temperature of 327 °C (600K, Currie temperature for CoPt alloy). Some carbide films, i.e. SiC, TiC, and WC, showed high heat resistance, that is, few spectral change was observed. It is found that lubricant is evaporated from the COC on magnetic media and transferred to the plasmonic sensor.
Analysis of the Disturbing Torque Absorption and Power Generation of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Authors: Chuang Tsung-Yi , Wang Yu-Jen , Weng Chien-Erh
Published: October 2017

This study designed an energy harvester with the function of simultaneous power generation and disturbing torque absorption. The dynamic behavior of the energy harvester is similar to centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers; accordingly, the dynamic equations were derived using the Lagrange method. This paper discusses the absorption efficiency of the energy harvester at various disturbing frequencies. Simulation results show the maximum power of the proposed design to be 125.2 microwatt at 40 km/hr, and the reduction of oscillation amplitude is more than 50 percentages when the disturbing frequency is higher than 0.01 Hz.
Novel Ultra-Sensitive Air Bearing Excitation Based Resonance Contact Detection in Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR)
Authors: Rajauria Sukumar , Schreck Erhard , Smith Robert
Published: October 2017

Resonance based enhanced contact detection is investigated at high sliding head-disk interface of hard disk drives. Acoustic signal arising from the contact in between the head and the disk is dominated by the resonance of the head air bearing frequencies. We show that modulation the head at resonance during the contact enhances greatly the acoustic signal generated during the contact between the head and the disk. As an application for HAMR HDDs, we used this scheme to detect the contact in between the near field transducer (NFT) and the disk which so far has been elusive.
Electrostatic Tunable Contact Hysteresis in Head-Disk Interface
Authors: Rajauria Sukumar , Ruiz Oscar , Canchi Sripathi V. , Schreck Erhard , Dai Qing
Published: October 2017

We present a unique study on contact hysteresis between the head disk interface of the commercially available hard disk drives. We demonstrate that although electrostatic force (DC or AC voltage) is an attractive force, AC voltage induced out-of-plane oscillation of the head respect to disk is able to suppress completely the contact hysteresis.
Numerical Analysis of Microwaviness-Excited Vibrations of a Flying Head Slider at Touchdown
Authors: Ono Kyosuke
Published: October 2017

As an extension of the study presented in ISPS 2016, vibration characteristics of a commercially used head slider in hard disk drives at touchdown are analyzed by using a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) slider model, improved asperity adhesion force model, and air-bearing force model. Using parameter values at the head/disk interface, the total interfacial force was evaluated for various air bearing stiffness ratios r. Microwaviness (MW)-excited slider vibration was simulated near the boundary of instability onset (r = 2.4), and slight instability conditions at r = 2. It was found that the simulated results at r = 2.4 and 2 agree well with the touchdown vibrations of actual slider at ID and MD, respectively. The possibility of surfing recording is discussed.
Design of a Wireless 3D Hand Motion Tracking and Gesture Recognition Glove for Virtual Reality Applications
Authors: Hsiao Jen-Hsuan , Deng Yu-Heng , Pao Tsung-Ying , Chou Hsin-Rung , Chang Jen-Yuan (James)
Published: October 2017

Hand motion tracking and gesture recognition are of crucial interest to the development of virtual reality systems and controllers. In this paper, a wireless data glove that can accurately sense hands’ dynamic movements and gestures of different modes was proposed. This data glove was custom-built, consisting of flex and inertial sensors, and a microcontroller with multi-channel ADC (analog to digital converter). For the classification algorithm, a hierarchical gesture system using Naïve Bayes Classifier was built. This low training time recognition algorithm allows categorization of all input signals, such as clicking, pointing, dragging, rotating and switching functions when performing computer control. This glove provided a more intuitive way to operate with human-computer interface. Some preliminary experimental results were presented in this paper. The data glove was also operated as a controller in a First-Person Shooter (FPS) game to perform the usability of the proposed glove.
Control Simulation of Hydraulic Adjustment System
Authors: Chiang Yu-Lun , Chuang Jen-Chen , Tu Jia-Ying
Published: October 2017

Hydraulic actuation systems are widely applied in the modern industry, such as robots, excavators, vehicle suspension systems, machine tools, and testing of structural systems, because hydraulic actuation systems are able to provide with large loading capacity. However, the design parameters and control techniques related to temperature, flow volume, flow resistance, etc., affect the stable performance of hydraulic pressure and need to be concerned with. In addition, while an unexpected external loading is applied, which makes a reaction force to the hydraulic oil and results in pressure variations, advanced real-time control techniques is required, in order to maintain a high-level stability and accuracy of the output pressure. To this end, a hydraulic power system is developed in this work, which installs two proportional valves for real-time adjustment of hydraulic pressure.

In this paper, the performance compensation of hydraulic pressure involves two steps of control development; the first step is to establish the mathematical model of the hydraulic adjustment system, and the second step is to simulate the pressure response of hydraulic adjustment system with controller design. In this first step, real-time dSPACE control system is utilized to implement identification work, for the purpose of establishing a multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) dynamic model of the active hydraulic adjustment system. Then, based on the dynamic model, the second step develops a feedforward-feedback and a PID controller for the active hydraulic adjustment system; the dynamic responses and control performance are verified via numerical simulation studies.
Self-Protecting Disk Lubricant: D-MH2
Authors: Kasai Paul H. , Sagata Ryosuke
Published: October 2017

In disk drives of current generation, the thickness of the disk lubricant has been reduced to the level of a sub-monomolecular film. For a mono- or a sub-monomolecular film of a perfluoropolyether terminated with a primary hydroxyl unit at both ends, each lubricant molecular chain is chemically bound to the carbon substrate at both termini, and if it has a hydrocarbon sector inserted at its center, the hydrocarbon sectors would assemble at the top of the film. They are thus poised most aptly to react as a Lewis base (an electron donor) to the Lewis acid centers on the slider thus abating the Lewis acid-catalyzed lubricant degradation. A TOF-SIMS study of lubricant films of various thicknesses was performed. The study substantiated the envisaged lubricant posture.
Advanced Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Elastic Cable With Recovery Characteristics
Authors: Choi Sung-Hyun , Park Kyoung-Su
Published: October 2017

Cable driven parallel robots (CDPRs) have many advantages such as low inertia and large workspace. These advantages lead to the industrial applications. CDPRs mainly use Dyneema polymer cable for more high sensitivity because it has advantage of the lower weight than steel wire. However, the polymer cable is continuously deformed when actuating the CDPR because of the elasto-plastic cable characteristics such as recovery. In this paper, numerical cable recovery was proposed using the modified burger model. Finally, the models were simulated and compared with the experimental profiles. As the result, the simulations are good agreement with the experimental profiles.
A Bi-Axial Scanning Micro Mirror Using an Electromagnetic Actuator
Authors: Shin Buhyun , Oh Dongho , Lee Kyung-min
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we present a design, simulation, and experimental result of a bi-axial scanning micro mirror driven by electromagnetic actuator. The mirror has a double gimbal structure for non-resonant operation and the electromagnetic actuator is composed of one permanent magnet and four electromagnets located in four directions on the base frame. The permanent magnet is attached to the back of the mirror and it position is controlled by current of the four electromagnetic magnets. The size of the mirror is 8 mm × 8 mm and the overall size of the mirror and actuator is 20 mm × 20 mm × 13 mm (W × D × H). We perform simulations and experiments of the electromagnetic actuator and the bi-axial scanning micro mirror. The motor constant and restoring constant of the developed electromagnetic actuator is 3.41 mNm/A and 1.75 mNm/rad, respectively. The deflection angle of the developed bi-axial scanning micro mirror is measured to be over than ± 40 degree.
Effects of the Friction Coefficient of a Barrel on Grinding Performances in Planetary Ball Mill
Authors: Kim B. C. , Jang G. H.
Published: October 2017

We investigated the effect of the friction coefficients of a barrel on grinding performances in a planetary ball mill. The linear velocity of chips, impaction and shear energy according to the friction coefficients were simulated by the discrete element method (DEM). The increase of the friction coefficient of the barrel not only improves the shear energy due to increasing the relative velocity between chips, but also reduces the impaction due to decreasing the average linear velocity of the chips. Finally, we validated the simulated result by measuring the removal amount of chips before and after grinding test and comparing with shear energy. The experimental results show the similar trend as the simulated results.
Effect of Air and Helium on the Head-Disk Interface During Load-Unload
Authors: Trinh Tan D. , Talke Frank E.
Published: October 2017

The tribological characteristics of the head-disk interface is investigated during load-unload for air and helium-filled drives as a function of the pitch static angle and the roll static angle between slider and disk. A custom-made experimental tester was used to determine the regions of “safe” pitch static angles and “safe” roll static angles during the load-unload process, i.e., regions where head-disk contacts are absent. The experiments were performed inside a sealed environmental chamber for both air and helium environments.