bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimentação como estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem para o favorecimento das capacidades de pensamento crítico
Authors: Militão Eliezer Costa , Lopes Betânia Jacob Stange
Published: September 2022

O pensamento crítico tem sido objeto de interesse da pesquisa educacional, especialmente na área das ciências, com vistas à formação de cidadãos capazes de tomar decisões racionais e resolver problemas pessoais e sociais que envolvem a ciência e a tecnologia. Os aspectos próprios da estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem – experimentação – são considerados por pesquisadores como favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de capacidades de pensamento crítico. Estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral analisar a eficácia da experimentação, enquanto estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem no ensino de Ciências, para a manifestação das capacidades de pensamento crítico em alunos nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A abordagem deste estudo é de natureza qualitativa do tipo investigação-ação. Ela foi realizada no segundo semestre de 2019, em uma escola particular, no estado de São Paulo. A intervenção foi realizada com 23 alunos de uma turma do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os resultados demonstram que os alunos, ao participarem da estratégia proposta, manifestaram capacidades de pensamento do conjunto de capacidades elementares, da Taxonomia do pensamento crítico de Ennis. A maioria dos alunos (55,5%) consideraram o seu nível de interesse como muito bom. Além disso, 38,8% dos alunos indicaram terem encontrado pouca dificuldade ou nenhuma dificuldade na realização das atividades. Considera-se como plausível, tanto em relação ao nível de interesse quanto ao grau de dificuldade, o fato de a estratégia utilizada favorecer a exposição das ideias e possibilitar o seu compartilhamento, assim como a argumentação, formulação de hipóteses e manifestação de erros, permitindo a sua participação ativa no processo de aprendizagem.
A abordagem de gênero e o ensino de geografia: possíveis diálogos com a formação de professores/as
Authors: Morais Juliana Mendes de , Souza Vanilton Camilo de
Published: September 2022

A profissão docente suscita diversos debates que são relevantes para a elaboração de conhecimentos fundamentais para a prática profissional. Nesta perspectiva, no presente artigo se discute a importância da abordagem de gênero, a partir das interpelações das Geografias Feministas, na formação inicial e continuada de professores de Geografia. Recorre-se a estas interpelações por considerar que são fundamentais ao focalizar as espacialidades de grupos que até então não estavam em destaque. Ao considerar este aspecto, compreende-se que as/os sujeitas/os se posicionam de formas diferentes em suas relações com os lugares e com as práticas socioespaciais cotidianas. Para contribuir com o debate teórico, fez-se um levantamento de teses e dissertações no catálogo da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) para identificar os trabalhos até então produzidos. Identificou-se doze pesquisas produzidas em Programas de Pós-Graduação em Geografia do País entre 2005 e 2018. As discussões aqui propostas visam provocar o debate a respeito da existência e da pertinência de uma abordagem de gênero na formação de professoras/es, a partir das interpelações das Geografias Feministas, que visem superar concepções e entendimentos comuns no ensino do componente curricular quanto a esta temática.
Interculturality and Internationalisation in a Swedish Teacher Education Programme
Authors: Jacobsson Andreas
Published: September 2022

The concepts of interculturality and internationalisation have gained prominence in Swedish teacher education in general. This is a direct response to intensified migration, mobility and demographic shifts in contemporary, typically Western, societies. However there remains confusion
and lack of clarity about what these mean both as a policy, and in practice, given that interculturality is a polysemic concept, used in different ways in different contexts. This article explores these concepts through a case study involving document analysis (curricula, study plan, syllabi,
required reading lists) in an early childhood education programme within a Swedish university. The findings are further discussed with the support of analytical concepts from the field of critical interculturality in education. The research found that even though the concepts are widely discussed
in general educational discourse, they are poorly represented and problematised in the course documents.
Internationalisation and Diversity in Preschool Teacher Education: Representations in Preschool Student Teachers’ Projects
Authors: Cooper Ami
Published: September 2022

Internationalisation of higher education has been a top priority in many countries for decades, yet teacher education programmes in Sweden have lower number of exchange students. This is predominantly ascribed to the Swedish national context of education and to the lack of conceptualisation
of internationalisation and diversity among teacher educators in Sweden. The need to address issues of internationalisation and diversity is reinforced by the fact that many societies today are heterogeneous with high levels of linguistic and cultural diversity. This study examines conceptualisations
of internationalisation and diversity in preschool teacher education at one Swedish university. Drawing from Stephen Ball’s writings on policy as text and policy as discourse, student preschool teachers are simultaneously regarded as policy workers that act upon policy and as subjects
constructed by the same policy. Through 26 preschool student teachers’ undergraduate degree projects, the question “What is the problem represented to be?” is used to explore the projects. The results show that the projects reproduce prevailing discourses of internationalisation
and diversity from content, literature, and policy. The findings show that to develop students’ conceptualisations of internationalisation and diversity, a reconceptualisation of the purposes and means of internationalisation in preschool teacher education is needed.
Experimental study on noise characteristics of audio frequency band in output field of optical filter cavity
Authors: Zhang Chao-Qun , Li Rui-Xin , Zhang Wen-Hui , Jiao Nan-Jing , Tian Long , Wang Ya-Jun , Zheng Yao-Hui ,   State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: September 2022

Precision measurement is an important direction of today’s frontier scientific research. Using lasers to achieve high-precision target measurement has become an important way to improve measurement accuracy, which can be used in various fields. However, for a certain application, the measurement accuracy will directly depend on the noise level of the laser source. Most of applications require that the measurement frequency band is concentrated in the audio frequency band. In order to obtain a low-noise laser source with shot noise limited in the applied frequency band, active and/or passive noise reduction is usually an option, i.e. active feedback control or filter cavity technique, etc. Therefore, noise analysis and suppression techniques are the main concern of the precision measurement. The optical filter cavity acts as an optical low-pass filter, which can effectively suppress high-frequency noise beyond its linewidth. In this work, we find that the intensity noise of the output field of an optical filter cavity is higher than the noise floor of the laser. The main sources of noise are analyzed experimentally, showing that 1) excess noise is introduced by cavity length locking, and 2) laser phase and pointing noises are coupled to the intensity one by the cavity. To cancel the excess noise as much as possible, we optimize the feedback control loop by measuring the open-loop and closed-loop transfer functions of the mode cleaner (MC), combined with the critical proportionality method. All the control loops are homemade, and the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) is designed with a field programmable gate array board for expediently achieving a noise reduction up to 30 dB at the audio frequency. Then the control loop is optimized to the best condition without introducing the excess noise. Compared with the free-running laser, MC filters out the high-frequency noise, meanwhile converts the phase noise and pointing noise of input field into the intensity noise of the output field. Therefore, the power noise spectrum in the audio band is still higher than that of the input optical field itself. In the future, an active control loop will be used to suppress the noise power. The experimental results provide the basic means for application research such as feedback control loop noise analysis, which will promote the development of precision measurement toward higher measurement accuracy.
Experimental Research on the Noise Characteristics of the Output Field of the Optical Filter Cavity
Authors: Zhang Chao-Qun  , Li Rui-Xin  , Zhang Wen-Hui  , Jiao Nan-Jing  , Tian Long  , Wang Ya-Jun  , ZhengYao-Hui  ,   1. State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;,   2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: September 2022

Precision measurement is an important direction of today's frontier scientific research. Using lasers to achieve high-precision target measurement has become an important way to improve measurement accuracy, which can be applied in various fields. However, for a certain application, the measurement accuracy will directly depend on the noise level of the laser source. Most applications require that the measurement frequency band is concentrated in the audio frequency band. In order to obtain a low-noise laser source with shot noise limited in the applied frequency band, active and/or passive noise reduction are the usual choice, i.e., active feedback control and filter cavity technique, and so on. Therefore, noise analysis and suppression techniques are the main concern of the precision measurement. The optical filter cavity acts as an optical low-pass filter, which can effectively suppress high-frequency noise beyond its linewidth. In this work, we found that the intensity noise of the output field of an optical filter cavity is higher than the noise floor of the laser. The main sources of noise are analyzed through experiments:(1) excess noise introduced by cavity length locking; (2) laser phase and pointing noises coupled to the intensity one by the cavity. To cancel the excess noise as much as possible, we optimize the feedback control loop by measuring the open-loop and closed-loop transfer functions of the MC, combined with the critical proportionality method. All the control loop are homemade, and the PID is designed with a FPGA board for expediently achieving a noise reduction up to 30 dB at the audio frequency. Then the control loop is optimized as the best condition without introducing the excess noise. Compared with the free-running laser, MC filters out the high-frequency noise, meanwhile converts the phase noise and pointing noise of input field into the intensity noise of the output field. Therefore, the power noise spectrum in the audio segment is still higher than that of the input optical field itself. In the future, an active control loop will be applied to suppress the noise power. The experimental results provide the basic means for applied research such as feedback control loop noise analysis, which will promote the development of precision measurement to higher measurement accuracy.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of femtosecond laser processing fused silica
Authors: Penghui Pan  , Pengfei Ji  , Gen Lin  , Ximing Dong  , Jinhui Zhao  ,   Laser Micro/Nano-Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
Published: September 2022

By tracking the spatiotemporal distribution of the free electron density/temperature and laser intensity, the ablation threshold, depth and crater shape of fused silica for femtosecond laser processing are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The electron dynamics as well as the transient optical and thermophysical properties of laser irradiated fused silica is quantitatively determined. The numerical model is validated by comparing the calculated threshold fluence, depth and crater shape of ablation with the experimental data at the wavelength of 800 nm. The electron relaxation time at different laser fluences and pulse durations throughout the photoionization and impact ionization processes are probed. In the present paper, it is found that (1) the electron relaxation time significantly affects the material optical properties and femtosecond laser energy absorption. The optical properties change dramatically, and the fused silica becomes opaque during laser irradiation. Moreover, the transition from electron-phonon collision to electron-ion collision accompanies by the laser ablation of fused silica in the femtosecond laser irradiation process. (2) The experimentally observed saturation of the ablation depth at high laser fluence is elucidated by the proposed model, which is due to the significantly changed optical reflectivity and absorption coefficient. Both theoretical simulations and experimental observations found that laser fluence has a strong influence on the shape of the ablation crater. The ablation volume increases sharply with increasing laser fluence for femtosecond laser irradiation compared to that for picosecond laser irradiation. (3) With the increment of laser fluence, a saturation of the ablation depth removal efficiency and ablation efficiency occurs, followed by slight decrements. The ablation depth removal efficiency peaks at laser fluence close to 1.4 times of the ablation threshold. Whereas, the accuracy is slightly low due to the higher sensitivity of the ablation characteristics (ablation crater depth and ablation volume) to the shorter pulse laser. For the laser fluence higher than 3.5 times of the ablation threshold, good repeatability over a very wide fluence range enables accurate processing results, because a more consistent flat-bottom ablation profile tends to appear. However, the heat-affected zone leads to a decrement of the processing quality compared to that of laser close to the ablation threshold.
Modeling methods for dispersive sound speed profiles of the Martian atmosphere and their effects on sound propagation paths
Authors: Sun Guanwen  , Cui Hanyin  , Li Chao  , Lin Weijun  ,   1. State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China;,   2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Published: September 2022

At present, Mars acoustic detection is gradually becoming an important new tool for the knowledge and exploration of Mars. To explore the sources of Mars sound, it is necessary to study the sound speed and the sound attenuation in the thin and low-temperature Martian atmosphere, and to model the sound propagation in the stratified atmosphere. Based on the extremely low pressure of Mars and the large variation of gas composition with altitude, we proposed a simulation method based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation and the mixed-gas model to calculate the vertical profiles of sound speed and attenuation in the Martian atmosphere at 0~250 km altitude in this paper. By comparing sound-speed profiles at different frequencies, there is notably sound dispersion in the Martian atmosphere, especially at high altitudes and in the high frequency range. It is also verified through sound speed measurement experiments verify that significant sound dispersion does exist in low-pressure carbon dioxide, illustrating the need to consider sound dispersion in the modelling of Martian sound speed profiles. The scope of application of the NS equation in modelling the sound speed of the Martian atmosphere is also discussed, as the NS equation may fail in a too rarefied gas. Next, the non-dispersive ideal-gas sound speed profiles and the dispersive NS sound speed at different frequencies (0.01 Hz, 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz) were applied to simulate the sound propagation paths in the multilayered Martian atmosphere. And both cases of the Martian ground-based and high-altitude sources were compared respectively. It is found that the dispersive sound speed has a significant effect on the sound propagation path on Mars. The main impact is that the first fold back height and the first return distance of the sound ray to the surface are shortened, which directly changes the area and location of the acoustic quiet zone. The effect of dispersion on the sound propagation path becomes more notable with both the increasing frequency and the elevation of the acoustic source, confirming that consideration of dispersion has a significant effect on the calculation of the sound propagation path.
Six-minute rowing test: a valid and reliable method for assessing power output in amateur male rowers
Authors: Huerta Ojeda Álvaro , Riquelme Guerra Miguel , Coronado Román Walter , Yeomans-Cabrera María-Mercedes , Fuentes-Kloss Rodrigo
Published: September 2022

Background

Standardized tests are currently available to assess power output in elite rowers. However, there are no valid and reliable tests to assess power output in amateur rowers.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of a 6-min rowing ergometer test (6-minRT) as a predictor of power output (PO) in amateur male rowers.

Methods

Twelve male amateur rowers were part of the study. All participants were instructed to perform an incremental test (IT), a 6-minRT test, and a retest. The validity of the 6-minRT was determined by comparing maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and power output (PO) between the IT and 6-minRT. Reliability included the coefficient of variation (CV), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and mean standard error between the 6-minRT test and retest. The significance level was p < 0.05.

Results

There was no significant difference in VO2max in both IT and 6-minRT (p = 0.18), while the mean power output (Pmean) generated in the 6-minRT equaled 91.96% of the maximal aerobic power (MAP) generated in the IT (p = 0.004). Reliability analysis for the 6-minRT showed a CV = 0.50% and ICC = 0.97 for distance, a CV = 1.85% and ICC = 0.96 for Pmean.

Conclusion

From a ventilatory and mechanical point of view, the 6-minRT is a maximally valid test for establishing MAP in amateur rowers. Also, the 6-minRT evidences a high degree of agreement between days. Therefore, the 6-minRT is a valid and reliable test for assessing PO in amateur male rowers.
REVISTA COMPLETA, ANO 16, número 2, Edição de dezembro de 2018
Authors: Souza Joana
Published: September 2022

A presente edição da Psicanálise & Barroco em Revista traz uma novidade: inauguramos na seção de artigos temáticos, gerenciada por Renata Mattos-Avril, um espaço para o acolhimento de produções voltadas para a articulação entre a voz, a memória e as musicalidades, sobretudo a partir dos acessos abertos pelo diálogo com a psicanálise, em especial a psicanálise lacaniana. Uma rigorosa seleção de artigos voltados para esse tema será publicada nesse, e em alguns outros números, além do espaço destinado a temas livres que acolhemos habitualmente. A vocação transdisciplinar desta Revista nos permite essa ousadia. Nesta seção serão favorecidas reflexões e elaborações teóricas que conjuguem o campo da voz à luz da psicanálise com questões relativas à memória, quer em seu aspecto subjetivo ou social, à música, à musicologia, à etnomusicologia e às artes em suas mais diversas declinações.
Association of Sinoatrial Node Radiation Dose With Atrial Fibrillation and Mortality in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Oh Jaewon , Yang Gowoon , Lee Joongyo , Kim Jihun , Gwak Seo-yeon , Cho Iksung , Lee Seung Hyun , Byun Hwa Kyung , Choi Hyo-Kyoung , Kim Jinsung , Chang Jee Suk , Kang Seok-Min , Yoon Hong In
Published: September 2022

Importance

Atrial fibrillation (AF) can develop following thoracic irradiation. However, the critical cardiac substructure responsible for AF has not been properly studied.

Objective

To describe the incidence of AF in patients with lung cancer and determine predictive cardiac dosimetric parameters.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was performed at a single referral center and included 239 patients diagnosed with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 321 patients diagnosed with locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between August 2008 and December 2019 who were treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy.

Exposures

Radiation dose exposure to cardiac substructures, including the chambers, coronary arteries, and cardiac conduction nodes, were calculated for each patient.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Main outcomes were AF and overall survival.

Results

Of the 239 and 321 patients with SCLC and NSCLC, the median (IQR) age was 68 (60-73) years and 67 (61-75) years, and 207 (86.6%) and 261 (81.3%) were men, respectively. At a median (IQR) follow-up time of 32.7 (22.1-56.6) months, 9 and 17 patients experienced new-onset AF in the SCLC and NSCLC cohorts, respectively. The maximum dose delivered to the sinoatrial node (SAN Dmax) exhibited the highest predictive value for prediction of AF. A higher SAN Dmax significantly predicted an increased risk of AF in patients with SCLC (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 14.91; 95% CI, 4.00-55.56; P < .001) and NSCLC (aHR, 15.67; 95% CI, 2.08-118.20; P = .008). However, SAN Dmax was not associated with non-AF cardiac events. Increased SAN Dmax was significantly associated with poor overall survival in patients with SCLC (aHR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.53-4.71; P < .001) and NSCLC (aHR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.45-2.68; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, results suggest that incidental irradiation of the SAN during chemoradiotherapy may be associated with the development of AF and increased mortality. This supports the need to minimize radiation dose exposure to the SAN during radiotherapy planning and to consider close follow-up for the early detection of AF in patients receiving thoracic irradiation.
Performance comparison using different multilayer perceptron input–output formats to predict unsteady indoor temperature distribution
Authors: Wei Chenghao , Ooka Ryozo , Zhou Qi
Published: September 2022

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used to predict the indoor thermal environment; however, large time cost represents a significant disadvantage. Several deep learning approaches have been introduced to reduce prediction time in steady‐state predictions, though their feasibility under unsteady ones has yet to be investigated. Considering the flexibility of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) input–output format, this study compared the performance of two MLP input–output formats, MLP‐A (simultaneously outputting the values for all cells in a space in a single calculation run) and MLP‐B (outputting the values for a cell in each calculation run), when used to predict unsteady indoor temperature distribution in three scenarios: time interpolation, time extrapolation, and varying boundary conditions. The two considered input–output formats resulted in different prediction patterns in the time interpolation scenario: MLP‐B accurately predicted the spatiotemporal development of airflow compared to the CFD results, whereas MLP‐A did not. Both MLP‐A and MLP‐B performed poorly in the time extrapolation scenario but exhibited different error patterns. Finally, MLP‐A also generally provided a correct prediction of airflow development as well. This study contributes to an understanding of the prediction patterns provided by different MLP input–output formats for unsteady indoor airflow prediction.
False memories for true and false vaccination information form in line with pre‐existing vaccine opinions
Authors: Greene Ciara M. , de Saint Laurent Constance , Hegarty Karen , Murphy Gillian
Published: September 2022

Misinformation continually threatens efforts to control the COVID‐19 pandemic, with vaccine misinformation now a key concern. False memories for misinformation can influence behavioural intentions, yet little is known about the factors affecting (false) memories for vaccine‐related news items. Across two experiments (totaln = 1481), this paper explores the effects of pre‐existing vaccine opinions on reported memories for true and false news items. In Study 1, participants (n = 817) were exposed to fabricated pro‐ or anti‐vaccine news items, and then asked if they have a memory of this news event having occurred. In Study 2, participants (n = 646) viewed true pro‐ or anti‐vaccine news items. News items were more likely to be remembered when they aligned with participants' pre‐existing vaccine beliefs, with stronger effects for pro‐vaccine information. We conclude by encouraging researchers to consider the role of attitudinal bias when developing interventions to reduce susceptibility to misinformation.
Covalent Adaptable Microstructures via Combining Two‐Photon Laser Printing and Alkoxyamine Chemistry: Toward Living 3D Microstructures
Authors: Jia Yixuan , Spiegel Christoph A. , Welle Alexander , Heißler Stefan , Sedghamiz Elaheh , Liu Modan , Wenzel Wolfgang , Hackner Maximilian , Spatz Joachim P. , Tsotsalas Manuel , Blasco Eva
Published: September 2022

Manufacturing programmable materials, whose mechanical properties can be adapted on demand, is highly desired for their application in areas ranging from robotics, to biomedicine, or microfluidics. Herein, the inclusion of dynamic and living bonds, such as alkoxyamines, in a printable formulation suitable for two‐photon 3D laser printing is exploited. On one hand, taking advantage of the dynamic covalent character of alkoxyamines, the nitroxide exchange reaction is investigated. As a consequence, a reduction of the Young´s Modulus by 50%, is measured by nanoindentation. On the other hand, due to its “living” characteristic, the chain extension becomes possible via nitroxide mediated polymerization. In particular, living nitroxide mediated polymerization of styrene results not only in a dramatic increase of the volume (≈8 times) of the 3D printed microstructure but also an increase of the Young's Modulus by two orders of magnitude (from 14 MPa to 2.7 GPa), while maintaining the shape including fine structural details. Thus, the approach introduces a new dimension by enabling to create microstructures with dynamically tunable size and mechanical properties.
Electronic Structural Insight into High‐Performance Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cheng Yang , Gui Zhixiang , Qiao Ruixi , Fang Shucheng , Ba Guohang , Liang Tianyu , Wan Haoyue , Zhang Zhihong , Liu Can , Ma Chaojie , Hong Hao , Fan Fengjia , Liu Kaihui , Shen Huaibin
Published: September 2022

Quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) are highly promising light sources with excellent figures of merit. Although great successes have been achieved in elevating some key parameters to an ideal level, QD‐LEDs with superior performance in all aspects have rarely been realized. Herein, by exploring crystalline structure‐dependent electronic properties, it is shown that QD‐LEDs can simultaneously exhibit high external quantum efficiency, roll‐off‐free under high brightness, and dramatically improved operational stability. This improved performance stems from the crystal phase engineering of QD. Reduced structure symmetry in the wurtzite phase introduces an unneglectable internal crystal field compared with the zinc‐blende one, which raises both the conduction and valence band energy levels, thus, facilitating a more balanced charge injection. The crystal phase‐optimized superior‐comprehensive performance in the QD‐LED offers a novel degree of freedom for device engineering and promotes commercial applications for the upcoming display and illumination technologies.
Freestanding and Scalable Force‐Softness Bimodal Sensor Arrays for Haptic Body‐Feature Identification
Authors: Cui Zequn , Wang Wensong , Xia Huarong , Wang Changxian , Tu Jiaqi , Ji Shaobo , Tan Joel Ming Rui , Liu Zhihua , Zhang Feilong , Li Wenlong , Lv Zhisheng , Li Zheng , Guo Wei , Koh Nien Yue , Ng Kian Bee , Feng Xue , Zheng Yuanjin , Chen Xiaodong
Published: September 2022

Tactile technologies that can identify human body features are valuable in clinical diagnosis and human–machine interactions. Previously, cutting‐edge tactile platforms have been able to identify structured non‐living objects; however, identification of human body features remains challenging mainly because of the irregular contour and heterogeneous spatial distribution of softness. Here, freestanding and scalable tactile platforms of force‐softness bimodal sensor arrays are developed, enabling tactile gloves to identify body features using machine‐learning methods. The bimodal sensors are engineered by adding a protrusion on a piezoresistive pressure sensor, endowing the resistance signals with combined information of pressure and the softness of samples. The simple design enables 112 bimodal sensors to be integrated into a thin, conformal, and stretchable tactile glove, allowing the tactile information to be digitalized while hand skills are performed on the human body. The tactile glove shows high accuracy (98%) in identifying four body features of a real person, and four organ models (healthy and pathological) inside an abdominal simulator, demonstrating identification of body features of the bimodal tactile platforms and showing their potential use in future healthcare and robotics.
Crystal‐Phase Controlled Epitaxial Growth of NbNx Superconductors on Wide‐Bandgap AlN Semiconductors
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Kihira Shunya , Takeda Takahito , Kobayashi Masaki , Harada Takayuki , Ueno Kohei , Fujioka Hiroshi
Published: September 2022

The structural similarity between NbNx and AlN facilitates the integration of superconductors into semiconductor optoelectronic devices. The abrupt interface between wide‐bandgap AlN and superconducting NbNx is essential for future nitride quantum devices, such as Josephson junction‐based quantum bits. In this study, the fundamental properties of NbNx epitaxially grown at various temperatures on atomically flat AlN/sapphire template substrates are investigated. It is found that with increasing epitaxial growth temperature, the nitrogen content of NbNx films grown on AlN decreases, resulting in a change in crystal structure from δ‐ to β‐ via ε‐ and γ ‐type. Microstructural analysis reveals that NbNx thin films epitaxially grown at high temperatures crystallize into a pure hexagonal β‐type and have atomically flat surface and the same in‐plane lattice constant as AlN. The technology for growing high‐purity NbNx films with flat interfaces and surfaces on AlN can contribute to the integration of nitride semiconductors and superconductor hybrid devices.
Extremely Stable Thorium‐MOF Assembly of Tetraphenylethylene Derivative With Tunable AIE Property and Highly Selective Detection of Nitro Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Guan Qing Lin , Xu Fen , Xiao Yao , You Zi Xin , Bai Feng Ying , Xing Yong Heng
Published: September 2022

Thorium‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are unique, which are substantially less reported compared to the MOFs based on transition metal and rare earth elements. Here, a thorium‐MOF (Th‐TCBPE) based on 4',4'',4''',4''''‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetrakis([1,1'‐biphenyl]‐4‐carboxylic acid) (H4TCBPE) and thorium nitrate is synthesized first. Th‐TCBPE is an interpenetrated 2D network, where Th (IV) is ten‐coordinated with a bicapped dodecahedron coordination geometry. Further studies about the structure by time‐resolved emission spectra (TRES) analysis are also discussed. What's more, Th‐TCBPE has excellent thermal stability and good tunable AIE property on concentration in THF. The photophysical properties of Th‐TCBPE in different solvents, different concentrations in THF, and different ratios of THF/H2O are studied. The ability of Th‐TCBPE to detect nitro aromatic compounds is also investigated. It is also believed that this work can provide theoretical guidance and inspiration for the development of Th‐MOF and MOF with AIEgens in the future.
Gate‐Tunable Graphene Optical Modulator on Fiber Tip: Design and Demonstration
Authors: Ding Zi‐xuan , Xu Hao‐tian , Xiong Yi‐feng , Zhou Kang‐hu , Chen Ye , Lu Yan‐qing , Xu Fei
Published: September 2022

A fiber‐end‐face‐integrated electrically tunable optical modulator based on graphene field‐effect transistor and the fabrication technique are proposed and demonstrated. The all‐fiber device features a scheme of compactness and high integration when applied to fiber optical system, as well as a low insertion loss since spatial coupling of light is avoided. A reflecting structure is used and the electro‐optic modulator shows vivid modulation when gate voltage gets tuned, with maximum optical reflectance modulation depth over 1% in demonstration. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time to build an all‐solid gate‐control modulator directly on fiber facet. The fabrication methods introduce workflows of silicon‐on‐insulator processing into the optical fiber end‐face micromachining domain which can be applied to more comprehensive configurations, broadening the path of fiber‐end‐face integrated device.
Diode Factor in Solar Cells with Metastable Defects and Back Contact Recombination
Authors: Wang Taowen , Ehre Florian , Weiss Thomas Paul , Veith‐Wolf Boris , Titova Valeriya , Valle Nathalie , Melchiorre Michele , Ramírez Omar , Schmidt Jan , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: September 2022

To achieve a high fill factor, a small diode factor close to 1 is essential. The optical diode factor determined by photoluminescence is the diode factor from the neutral zone of the solar cell and thus a lower bound for the diode factor. Due to metastable defects transitions, the optical diode factor is higher than 1 even at low excitation. Here, the influence of the backside recombination and the doping level on the optical diode factor are studied. First, photoluminescence and solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) simulations are used to determine the back surface recombination velocity of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 with various back contacts and different doping levels. Then, experimental results and simulations show that both back surface recombination and high doping density reduce the optical diode factor. The back surface recombination reduces the optical diode factor with undesirable extra nonradiative recombination. The smaller value achieved by higher doping can increase quasi‐Fermi level splitting at the same time. The simulations show that the back surface recombination reduces the optical diode factor due to an illumination‐dependent recombination rate. In addition, a higher majority carrier doping reduces the influence of majority carrier gain from metastable defect transitions, thus reducing the optical diode factor.
Achieving Synchronization of Electrochemical Production of Ammonia from Nitrate and Ammonia Capture by Constructing a “Two‐In‐One” Flow Cell Electrolyzer
Authors: Mi Lingren , Huo Qihua , Cao Jianyong , Chen Xinbao , Yang Hengpan , Hu Qi , He Chuanxin
Published: September 2022

The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) provides a promising route to produce ammonia (NH3) while addressing environmental issues of NO3−. Although great success has been achieved on the development of efficient NO3−RR electrocatalysts, few has concerned about how to capture NH3from the electrolyte, despite that the production and capture of NH3are equally important to the practical application of NO3−RR. Here, inspired by the fact that nearly all in situ generated NH3is gaseous at the electrode surface during the small‐current NO3−RR, a “two‐in‐one” flow cell electrolyzer is smartly designed that integrates the chambers of NO3−RR electrolysis and NH3capture through a commercial gas diffusion electrode, aiming at achieving the synchronization of NH3production and capture. Remarkably, this electrolyzer also enables rapid transport of NH3products away from the three‐phase reaction interfaces, thereby significantly promoting the conversion of NO3−to NH3. By using robust electrocatalysts with the function like nanoreactors, the electrolyzer delivers a maximum ammonia Faradaic efficiency of 90.2%, along with a large current density (−528.0 mA cm−2) and NH3capture rate of 90.4%. Clearly, this work provides opportunities to concurrently produce and capture NH3and thus help the realization of nitrogen cycle.
Review on key issues of an axial gas–liquid separator for ultralow gas content
Authors: Yin Junlian , Zhang Tingting , Li Jinfeng , Wang Dezhong
Published: September 2022

The separation of gas and liquid is a topic of general interest in science and engineering, for which tremendous efforts are endeavored to develop separators with high efficiency and reliability. However, when it comes to ultralow gas content, some of the separators fail. A special separator finds the potential herein, which consists of a swirl vane, a swirl chamber and a recovery vane. When the gas–liquid mixture goes through the swirl vane, bubbles will be concentrated into the swirl chamber center and evolved into a gas core. However, two key issues need to be addressed for the axial separator before industrial applications. One issue is that all the bubbles must be captured without exception, that is, the separation efficiency is close to 100%. The other issue is the stability of the gas core, the shape of which is sometimes rectilinear and sometimes spiral. A successful separation relies on the rectilinear shaped gas core. Focused on the two issues above, tremendous experimental, numerical and theoretical investigations have been carried out. In this article, the key challenges and solutions for the two issues are summarized.
Selective Synthesis of 5‐Alkynyl Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from Azides and Alkynes via Photoexcited Copper(I)acetylides
Authors: Prasanth Kesavan , Bhargava Reddy Mandapati , Anandhan Ramasamy
Published: September 2022

Visible‐light‐initiated copper(I) catalyzed selective synthesis of 5‐alkynyl trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from azides and alkynes is reported. The reaction proceeded via photoexcited copper(I)acetylides with azides to in‐situ formation of cuprate‐triazole followed by oxidative C−C(sp) coupling with another alkynes. The UV‐Visible spectrum shows that in‐situ photoexcited copper(I)acetylides (λabs=425–485 nm) is most probably the key light absorbing species responsible for CuAAC reactions.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of amarogentin on 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene‐induced atopic dermatitis–like mice and in HaCat cells
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Hanlin , Ran Cheng , Lyu Yansi , Li Fei , Yao Yihang , Xing Shaojun , Wang Li , Chen Si
Published: September 2022

Background

Amarogentin (AMA) is a secoiridoid glycoside extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots and exhibits many biological effects such as antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by disorders in the regulation of multiple inflammatory cytokines. No effective cure has been found for AD now.

Methods

We constructed the HaCat and splenocyte model and tested the inhibitory effect of AMA on IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐13 secretions using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The AD mouse model was constructed and treated with AMA, the severity of skin lesions was observed, epidermal tissue was collected, and epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration were observed using hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue staining, respectively. The expression of kallikrein‐related peptidase 7 (KLK7) and filaggrin (FLG) was detected using immunostaining and Western blot analysis. The mRNA expression of KLK7 and FLG was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Blood immunoglobulin E (IgE) secretion was detected.

Results

AMA inhibited IL‐6 secreted by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐induced HaCaT cells and reduced IL‐4 and IL‐13 secreted by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced primary cells in the mice spleen. It was found that the treatment of AMA with 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene‐induced AD‐like mice could promote the recovery of dermatitis, reduce the score of dermatitis severity and the scratching frequency, treat the skin lesions, reduce the epidermal thickness, decrease the infiltration of mast cells, reduce the IgE level in serum, decrease the expression levels of AD‐related cytokines, increase protein and mRNA expression of FLG, and reduce the protein and mRNA expression of KLK7 in the skin tissues of AD‐like mice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, AMA inhibits inflammatory response at the cellular level, and AMA reduces the validation response of specific dermatitis mice, relieves pruritus, and repairs the damaged skin barrier.
The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yang , Chen Hongliang , Fraser Stoddart J.
Published: September 2022

The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host–guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π‐donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli‐responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen‐containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π‐dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox‐active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
Strain‐Release Pentafluorosulfanylation and Tetrafluoro(aryl)sulfanylation of [1.1.1]Propellane: Reactivity and Structural Insight**
Authors: Kraemer Yannick , Ghiazza Clément , Ragan Abbey N. , Ni Shengyang , Lutz Sigrid , Neumann Elizabeth K. , Fettinger James C. , Nöthling Nils , Goddard Richard , Cornella Josep , Pitts Cody Ross
Published: September 2022

We leveraged the recent increase in synthetic accessibility of SF5Cl and Ar−SF4Cl compounds to combine chemistry of the SF5and SF4Ar groups with strain‐release functionalization. By effectively adding SF5and SF4Ar radicals across [1.1.1]propellane, we accessed structurally unique bicyclopentanes, bearing two distinct elements of bioisosterism. Upon evaluating these “hybrid isostere” motifs in the solid state, we measured exceptionally short transannular distances; in one case,the distance rivals the shortest nonbonding C⋅⋅⋅C contact reported to date. This prompted SC‐XRD and DFT analyses that support the notion that a donor‐acceptor interaction involving the “wing” C−C bonds is playing an important role in stabilization. Thus, these heretofore unknown structures expand the palette for highly coveted three‐dimensional fluorinated building blocks and provide insight to a more general effect observed in bicyclopentanes.
Amorphous Aluminosilicate Nanosheets as Universal Precursors for the Synthesis of Diverse Zeolite Nanosheets for Polymer‐Cracking Reactions
Authors: Sasaki Koki , Gaitan Jose A. Hernandez , Okue Tsuyoshi , Matoba Shotaro , Tokuda Yuki , Miyake Koji , Uchida Yoshiaki , Nishiyama Norikazu
Published: September 2022

Zeolites catalyze some reactions in their molecular‐sized pores, but large molecules can react only on their external surface. Zeolite‐nanosheets (NSs) have been developed as catalysts for large molecules. The previously reported methods to synthesize zeolite‐NSs are specialized for each zeolite type. Here we propose a new method to synthesize various zeolite‐NSs from the same amorphous aluminosilicate NSs (AAS‐NSs) as a universal precursor. We successfully synthesized the unprecedented AAS‐NSs in the hydrophilic space of the stable hyperswollen lyotropic lamellar (HL) phase. The four zeolite types could be obtained from the single‐species AAS‐NSs. These results imply that this method enables us to synthesize almost all types of zeolite‐NSs. Moreover, the synthesized CHA‐NSs have great potential for various applications because of their thickness and large external surface area.
An Unsaturated Bond Strategy to Regulate Active Centers of Metal‐Free Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yan Xiangyu , Wang Bingbing , Ren Jun , Long Xiaojing , Yang Dongjiang
Published: September 2022

Unsaturated environment is the key to affect catalytic activity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Unveiling the effect of unsaturated sites toward ORR activity is of importance due to the vague unsaturated states. Reported here is a proof‐of‐concept strategy on the evaluation of unsaturated bonds (UBs) on adjacent carbon environment by precisely developing two metal‐free vinyl‐/azo‐decorated covalent organic frameworks (Vinyl‐COFandAzo‐COF) as catalysts. The as‐prepared UB‐COFs exhibit good performance than the controlPy‐COFand comparable to the most reported carbon catalysts. Supported by theory calculations and in situ Raman spectra‐electrochemistry, it is revealed that the UBs in organic catalysts can producepara‐activation, identifying theparaC=N groups as active centers. Importantly, the intrinsic UBs can induce local charge redistribution, and make the molecular skeleton possess high isosurface map distribution, with an efficient affinity for oxygen intermediates.
Highly stable and highly stretchable poly(vinyl chloride)‐based plastics prepared by adding novel green oligomeric lactate plasticizers
Authors: Zhang Zheming , Jiang Pingping , Wai Phyu Thin , Gao Xinxin , Feng Shan , Lu Minjia , Zhang Pingbo , Leng Yan , Song Qingkui , Zhao Yong
Published: September 2022

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most widely applied plastics in the world, with inherent mechanical brittleness and inflexibility in room temperature. With the growing concern for health and safety, especially in some fields (children's toys, food packaging, medical supplies) that require high‐safety plastics, there is an urgent need to develop phthalate‐free high‐performance green PVC products. Herein, by blending novel green oligomeric lactate plasticizers 1, 4‐cyclohexane dimethanol oligomeric lactate‐levulinate (CDOL‐L) and 1,4‐cyclohexane dimethanol oligomeric lactate‐levulinic acid ketal ester (CDOL‐LKE), highly stretchable and highly stable PVC‐based plastics were prepared successfully. CDOL‐L and CDOL‐LKE were synthesized by a green route of esterification and ketalization using biomass as the main raw material, and their structures were jointly confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,1H NMR and TOF‐MS. Through performance testing, CDOL‐L or CDOL‐LKE plasticized PVC material were determined to have triple high stability (thermal, mechanical and migration stability) superior to DOP, DOTP and ATBC plasticized PVC. The PVC plasticized by CDOL‐L exhibited break at elongation as high as 833.0% at 50 phr addition and 877.1% at 60 phr addition. Moreover, PVC plasticized by 50 phr CDOL‐LKE exhibited relatively better thermal stability (Ti,CDOL‐LKE = 271.4°C) for the special ketal structure on the plasticizer. In conclusion, CDOL‐L and CDOL‐LKE showed potential to substitute traditional plasticizers and pointed a new direction for the preparation of high‐performance PVC‐based plastics.