bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resilience to Nested Crises: The Effects of the Beirut Explosion on COVID-19 Safety Protocol Adherence During Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees
Authors: Nawyn Stephanie , Karaoğlu Ezgi , Gasteyer Stephen , Mansour Rania , Ghassani Ali , Marquart-Pyatt Sandra
Published: July 2022

To provide services safely to refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic, humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have instituted public health safety protocols to mitigate the risk of spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, it can be difficult for people to adhere to protocols under the best of circumstances, and in situations of nested crises, in which one crisis contributes to a cascade of additional crises, adherence can further deteriorate. Such a nested crises situation occurred in Beirut, Lebanon, when a massive explosion in the city injured or killed thousands and destroyed essential infrastructure. Using data from a study on COVID-19 safety protocol adherence during refugee humanitarian assistance in Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey, we conduct a cross-country comparison to determine whether the nested crises in Beirut led to a deterioration of protocol adherence–the “fragile rationalism” orientation–or whether adherence remained robust–the “collective resilience” orientation. We found greater evidence for collective resilience, and from those findings make public health recommendations for service provision occurring in disaster areas.
The Association Between Polymorphisms in Cell-Cycle Genes and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Coke Oven Workers
Authors: Wang Yuping , Tan Jiebing , Wang Wei , Duan Xiaoran , Lappe Brooke , Shi Liuhua , Yang Yongli , Shi Xuezhong
Published: July 2022

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is a vital component in maintaining normal mitochondrial function. It is affected by environmental and occupational exposures, as well as polymorphisms in nuclear genes. Nonetheless, the specific roles of polymorphisms in cell-cycle genes and mtDNA copy number are still unknown. This study enrolled a sample of 544 coke oven workers and 238 non-exposed controls so as to assess the effect of exposure of coke oven emissions (COEs) and polymorphisms in cell-cycle genes on the mtDNA copy number. We found that the mtDNA copy number in the exposed group (0.60 ± 0.29) was significantly lower than that in the control group (1.03 ± 0.31) (t =18.931, P < 0.001). The analysis of covariance showed that both the rs1801270 (CA+CC) and the rs1059234 (CT+CC) in p21 gene were associated with lower mtDNA copy number in the exposed group (P = 0.001). Generalized linear models indicated COEs-exposure (β = −0.432, P < 0.001) and rs1059234 (CT+CC) in p21 gene (β = −0.060, P = 0.024) were the factors in mtDNA copy number reduction. In conclusion, this study suggests that the decrease of the mtDNA copy number is associated with COEs-exposure and the rs1059234 (CT+CC) in the p21 gene.
Developing Intelligent Robots that Grasp Affordance
Authors: Loeb Gerald E.
Published: July 2022

Humans and robots operating in unstructured environments both need to classify objects through haptic exploration and use them in various tasks, but currently they differ greatly in their strategies for acquiring such capabilities. This review explores nascent technologies that promise more convergence. A novel form of artificial intelligence classifies objects according to sensory percepts during active exploration and decides on efficient sequences of exploratory actions to identify objects. Representing objects according to the collective experience of manipulating them provides a substrate for discovering causality and affordances. Such concepts that generalize beyond explicit training experiences are an important aspect of human intelligence that has eluded robots. For robots to acquire such knowledge, they will need an extended period of active exploration and manipulation similar to that employed by infants. The efficacy, efficiency and safety of such behaviors depends on achieving smooth transitions between movements that change quickly from exploratory to executive to reflexive. Animals achieve such smoothness by using a hierarchical control scheme that is fundamentally different from those of conventional robotics. The lowest level of that hierarchy, the spinal cord, starts to self-organize during spontaneous movements in the fetus. This allows its connectivity to reflect the mechanics of the musculoskeletal plant, a bio-inspired process that could be used to adapt spinal-like middleware for robots. Implementation of these extended and essential stages of fetal and infant development is impractical, however, for mechatronic hardware that does not heal and replace itself like biological tissues. Instead such development can now be accomplished in silico and then cloned into physical robots, a strategy that could transcend human performance.
Extended Detection of Shallow Water Gas Seeps From Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data
Authors: Nau Amy W. , Scoulding Ben , Kloser Rudy J. , Ladroit Yoann , Lucieer Vanessa
Published: July 2022

Multibeam echosounder water column data provides a three-dimensional image of features between the water surface and the seafloor. Although this swath of acoustic data can be collected over a wide range of angles, most of the data, at least beyond the range to the first seafloor return, is contaminated by noise created by receiver array sidelobe interference. As a result, the water column data beyond the minimum slant range commonly is excluded from analysis. This paper demonstrates a method to consistently filter and extract targets comprising a gas seep feature across the multibeam swath, including targets within the areas dominated by receiver array sidelobe interference. For each sample range, data are filtered based on the mean plus a certain number (k) of standard deviations of the sample values along that range. The filtering is coupled with a morphological classification to retain only targets of interest while excluding background data and noise. Data were collected over a shallow water artificial gas seep using two different flow rates and at three different vessel speeds. Using the proposed method, 119 of 124 test seeps were identified correctly. Seep targets were identified at all angles across the water column fan up to beam pointing angles of 55°, with 19 of 23 seeps being correctly identified at angles greater than 50°. This method demonstrates that features can be extracted and geolocated in the sidelobe noise when the interference is appropriately filtered. These results will improve the areal extent of multibeam surveys and increase the utility of acoustic data in capturing information on water column targets directly above the seafloor.
Feedback Method of Force Controlled by Electrical Muscle Stimulation Based on Infrared Optical Sensing
Authors: Hosono Satoshi , Miyake Tamon , Miyake Shota , Tamaki Emi
Published: July 2022

The goal of the study was to develop a system that can adjust the electrical muscle stimulation parameters for individuals when sharing experiences with stimulation by sensing the degree of muscle contraction during electrical stimulation. If we do not know the appropriate amount of current for stimulation for an individual, the muscles would not contract as we aimed, and we will not be able to share the experience as we expected. In this study, we presented a system estimating fingertip force as the output of electrical muscle stimulation by monitoring the muscle state based on infrared optical sensing for adjusting electrical muscle stimulation parameters for the individual. We developed a regression model based on support vector regression during electrical stimulation using an infrared optical sensor with seven people's data to estimate the pushing force. The coefficient of determination between the measured pushing force and estimated pushing force was greater than 0.8 and 0.9 for the index and middle fingers, respectively. The system can monitor a feedback value of electrical muscle stimulation fingertip control. The system showed the feasibility of infrared optical sensing for the closed-loop feedback control system of the electrical stimulation parameters for an individual.
Determinants of Stress Levels and Behavioral Reactions in Individuals With Affective or Anxiety Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia
Authors: Sorokin Mikhail Yu , Kasyanov Evgeny D. , Rukavishnikov Grigory V. , Khobeysh Maria A. , Makarevich Olga V. , Neznanov Nikolay G. , Maximova Tatyana G. , Verzilin Dmitry N. , Lutova Natalia B. , Mazo Galina E.
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Individuals with affective and anxiety disorders are among those most vulnerable to the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aim

This study aims to analyze the determinants of stress levels and protective behavioral strategies associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Russian-speaking people with affective or anxiety disorders (AADs).

Materials and Methods

In this cross-sectional online survey, the psychological distress and behavioral patterns of respondents with self-reported AAD (n = 1,375) and without disorders (n = 4,278) were evaluated during three periods of restrictive measures in Russia (March–May 2020). Distress levels were verified using the Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-25).

Results

Stress levels among respondents with AAD were higher at all study periods than for those with no mental disorder (Cohen's d 0.8–1.6). The stress level increased (Cohen's d = 0.4) in adolescents (16–18 years) with AAD and remained the same in those without disorders; in youths (19–24 years) with and without disorders, an increase (Cohen's d = 0.3) and a decrease (Cohen's d = 0.3) in the stress were observed, correspondingly; the stress in adults (25–44 years) with disorders did not change and decreased in those without disorders (Cohen's d = 0.4). Individuals with bipolar disorders demonstrated lower stress than individuals with depressive (Cohen's d = 0.15) and anxiety disorders (Cohen's d = 0.27). Respondents with depressive and bipolar disorders employed fewer protective measures simultaneously and were less likely to search for information about COVID-19.

Conclusion

The presence of affective or anxiety disorders is associated with a more acute response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Apparently, the type of mental disorder influenced stress levels and protective behavior patterns.
Shadow Stadia and the Circular Economy
Authors: Barry Taryn , Mason Daniel S. , Heise Lisi
Published: July 2022

Most attention on stadium or arena-anchored development projects is placed on the scope and construction of the new sports facility, while less emphasis is on the facility left behind, which we describe asshadow stadia. Someshadow stadiaare repurposed for mixed use development, others are demolished but have delayed redevelopment plans, while some remain abandoned and empty for years after the professional sports team or event is no longer present in the facility. The environmental impacts ofshadow stadiaare not fully understood, as limited research exists on how the immediate neighborhood anchored by pre-existing venues cope in the shadows of these new development plans and the loss of a sport venue and its events. Green strategies such as the circular economy may extend the lifecycle of existing sport faciltiies. To contribute to this discussion further, this perspective article will first discuss current advances in the academic literature on the circular economy. Second, it will present a comprehensive categorization of shadow stadia globally and future opportunities on integrating circularity into best practices. By doing so, this perspective article highlights several areas of future investigation that should be considered and planned for when major league sports teams and city leaders move their team and build new facilities.
Endovascular Repair for Giant Right Subclavian Artery Aneurysm With Gore Viabahn and Pull-Through Procedure: A Case Report
Authors: Zha Binshan , Chen Zhiyong , Ou-yang Huan
Published: July 2022

Background

Giant true subclavian artery aneurysms (SAAs) (>5 cm) are rare. Technical and anatomical considerations complicate the endovascular treatment of SAAs and pose some challenges. Here, we present a giant right SAA that was successfully excluded using stent grafts with the pull-through technique after two interventional steps and discuss the pull-through technique details as well as the lessons to be learned from this case.

Methods

A 50-year-old man presented at our department complaining of dyspnea and hoarseness. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a giant right SAA with partial intraluminal thrombus and severe angulated aneurysm necks originating from the proximal right subclavian artery, approximately 70 × 71 mm in size.

Outcomes

An 8 × 100-mm Gore Viabahn was selected to exclude the SAA. A decision was made to stabilize the wire tension using the pull-through technique. Final angiography showed that the SAA was essentially excluded, and slight endoleak was observed. At 6 months, imaging showed that the aneurysm was not obviously shrinking, there was still an endoleak and stent graft dislodgement was observed. Angiography confirmed a type Ia endoleak, which was managed by the placement of a 10 × 50-mm Gore Viabahn, again with the assistance of the pull-through technique. At the 25-month follow-up, CTA showed that the SAA was satisfactorily excluded, with no endoleak, and the SAA was reduced in size.

Conclusions

Endovascular treatment of SAAs is a safe, reliable and minimally invasive approach. The pull-through technique may improve wire tension and device stabilization. Additionally, size selection and positioning should be reappraised under a severely angulated aneurysm neck.
Comparison of Two Different Canine Anti-IgG Antibodies for Assessment of Oligoclonal Bands in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Dogs via Isoelectric Focusing Followed by an Immunoblot
Authors: Prümmer Julia K. , Stein Veronika M. , Marti Eliane , Ziegler Mario , Lutterotti Andreas , Jelcic Ilijas , Steffen Frank , Buch Thorsten , Maiolini Arianna
Published: July 2022

Isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting is a method routinely used in human medicine to assess the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. The detection of OCBs is a valuable diagnostic test, especially important in patients with the suspicion of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which at least two OCBs are found in the CSF not present in paired serum samples in up to 95% of patients. So far, presence of OCBs in CSF and serum of dogs has only been investigated in a small cohort of dogs diagnosed with degenerative myelopathy and healthy dogs. The main objective of the current study was to describe the method used for OCB detection and compare two different canine anti-IgG antibodies: a canine rabbit-anti-IgG antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) vs. a canine goat-anti-IgG antibody (Bio-Rad). The method was performed according to the instructions of the commercial kit used. The canine goat-anti-IgG antibody showed a better performance than the canine rabbit-anti-IgG antibody. The availability of the technique of OCB detection in the dog paves the way for further studies, especially in the field of inflammatory diseases of the canine central nervous system, and comparison between specific human and canine diseases.
Identification of TRAPPC9 and BAIAP2 Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association With Fat Deposition-Related Traits in Hu Sheep
Authors: Cui Panpan , Wang Weimin , Zhang Deyin , Li Chong , Huang Yongliang , Ma Zongwu , Wang Xiaojuan , Zhao Liming , Zhang Yukun , Yang Xiaobin , Xu Dan , Cheng Jiangbo , Li Xiaolong , Zeng Xiwen , Zhao Yuan , Li Wenxin , Wang Jianghui , Lin Changchun , Zhou Bubo , Liu Jia , Zhai Rui , Zhang Xiaoxue
Published: July 2022

Fat deposition is an important economic trait that is closely related to feed efficiency and carcass performance in livestock. In this study, the fat deposition-related traits of 1,293 Hu sheep were measured and descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of all fat deposition-related traits was higher than 24%. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms and the expression characteristics of TRAPPC9 (encoding trafficking protein particle complex subunit 9) and BAIAP2 (encoding brain-specific Angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2) genes in Hu sheep were detected using PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing, KASPar genotyping, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The associations between SNPs and fat deposition-related traits were also analyzed. Two intronic mutations, TRAPPC9 g.57654 A > G and BAIAP2 g.46061 C > T, were identified in Hu sheep. The result of association analysis showed that TRAPPC9 g.57654 A > G and BAIAP2 g.46061 C > T were both significantly associated with the weight of tail fat, tail fat relative weight (body weight), and tail fat relative weight (carcass) (P < 0.05). Comprehensive effects analysis showed that there were significant differences between the combined genotypes and tail fat and perirenal fat deposition. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that TRAPPC9 and BAIAP2 are widely expressed, and their expression levels were significantly higher in the small-tail group compared with those in the big-tail group (P < 0.01). These results provided important candidate molecular markers that could be used in strategies to reduce tail fat deposition in Hu sheep.
Integrated Crop-Nitrogen Management Improves Tomato Yield and Root Architecture and Minimizes Soil Residual N
Authors: Li Changqing , Li Yahao , Cui Dongyu , Li Yanmei , Zou Guoyuan , Thompson Rodney , Wang Jiqing , Yang Jungang
Published: July 2022

Sustainable intensification of protected vegetable crops entails increasing yield while reducing environmental impact and labor input. To explore a comprehensive strategy for high yielding, highly efficient and high quality production of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an integrated crop-nitrogen management (ICNM) strategy was compared to farmers’ traditional management (TM) in a field experiment in a solar greenhouse. A split-plot block design was used. The main factor was the management strategy of ICNM and TM. The secondary factor was four different basal fertilizer treatments, being a control (CK; 0 kg N ha−1), carbon-based urea (BU; 100 kg N ha−1), controlled release urea (CU; 100 kg N ha−1), and conventional compound fertilizer (CF; 100 kg N ha−1). An additional 200 kg N ha−1 through drip irrigation as topdressing was used. Tomato fruit yield, N uptake, and N partial productivity with ICNM were significantly higher than with TM, increasing by 32.1%, 39.7%, and 31.1%, respectively. The proportion of fine roots was increased in ICNM, and the average diameter of roots decreased by 10.7% compared to TM. There was a significant negative correlation between mean root diameter and N uptake. In conclusion, the ICNM strategy was beneficial to form a good root system configuration, promote the development of shoot biological potential, increase tomato yield, maintain fruit quality, increase N uptake, and reduce environmental risks.
Precision Chemical Weed Management Strategies: A Review and a Design of a New CNN-Based Modular Spot Sprayer
Authors: Allmendinger Alicia , Spaeth Michael , Saile Marcus , Peteinatos Gerassimos G. , Gerhards Roland
Published: July 2022

Site-specific weed control offers a great potential for herbicide savings in agricultural crops without causing yield losses and additional weed management costs in the following years. Therefore, precision weed management is an efficient tool to meet the EU targets for pesticide reduction. This review summarizes different commercial technologies and prototypes for precision patch spraying and spot spraying. All the presented technologies have in common that they consist of three essential parts. (1) Sensors and classifiers for weed/crop detection, (2) Decision algorithms to decide whether weed control is needed and to determine a suitable type and rate of herbicide. Usually, decision algorithms are installed on a controller and (3) a precise sprayer with boom section control or single nozzle control. One point that differs between some of the techniques is the way the decision algorithms classify. They are based on different approaches. Green vegetation can be differentiated from soil and crop residues based on spectral information in the visible and near-infrared wavebands (“Green on Brown”). Those sensors can be applied for real-time on/off control of single nozzles to control weeds before sowing after conservation tillage and in the inter-row area of crops. More sophisticated imaging algorithms are used to classify weeds in crops (“Green on Green”). This paper will focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for plant species identification. Alternatively, the position of each crop can be recorded during sowing/planting and afterward herbicides can be targeted to single weeds or larger patches of weeds if the economic weed threshold is exceeded. With a standardized protocol of data communication between sensor, controller and sprayer, the user can combine different sensors with different sprayers. In this review, an ISOBUS communication protocol is presented for a spot sprayer. Precision chemical weed control can be realized with tractor-mounted sprayers and autonomous robots. Commercial systems for both classes will be introduced and their economic and environmental benefits and limitations will be highlighted. Farmers ask for robust systems with less need for maintenance and flexible application in different crops.
Bactericidal Activity of Sodium Bituminosulfonate against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Heuser Elisa , Becker Karsten , Idelevich Evgeny A.
Published: July 2022

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide making it necessary to search for alternative antimicrobials. Sodium bituminosulfonate is a long-known substance, whose antimicrobial inhibitory activity has recently been re-evaluated. However, to the best of our knowledge, the bactericidal mode of action of this substance has not been systematically characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of sodium bituminosulfonate by determining the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC), as well as the rapidity of bactericidal effect by time-kill curves. Clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA, n = 20) and methicillin-resistant (mecA/mecC-MRSA, n = 20) Staphylococcus aureus were used to determine MBC by a broth microdilution method. Sodium bituminosulfonate (Ichthyol® light) was tested in double-dilution concentration steps ranging from 0.03 g/L to 256 g/L. For time-kill analysis, two reference and two clinical S. aureus strains were tested with different concentrations of sodium bituminosulfonate (1× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2× MIC, 4× MIC, 16× MIC and 256× MIC). For MSSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range were 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.125–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 4, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Among MRSA isolates, MBC50, MBC90 and the MBC range amounted to 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 0.06–1.0 g/L; (MBC/MIC ratio)50, (MBC/MIC ratio)90 and the range of the MBC/MIC ratio were 2, 4 and 1–8, respectively. Time-kill kinetics revealed a bactericidal effect after 30 min for sodium bituminosulfonate concentrations of 16× MIC and 256× MIC. The bactericidal activity against MSSA and MRSA was demonstrated for sodium bituminosulfonate. The killing was very rapid with the initial population reduced by 99.9% after only short incubation with concentrations of 16× MIC and higher.
Infections during Non-Neutropenic Episodes in Pediatric Cancer Patients—Results from a Prospective Study in Two Major Large European Cancer Centers
Authors: Schöning Stefan , Barnbrock Anke , Bochennek Konrad , Gordon Kathrin , Groll Andreas H. , Lehrnbecher Thomas
Published: July 2022

Whereas the clinical approach in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia is well established, data on non-neutropenic infectious episodes are limited. We therefore prospectively collected over a period of 4 years of data on all infectious complications in children treated for acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia (ALL or AML) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at two major pediatric cancer centers. Infections were categorized as fever of unknown origin (FUO), and microbiologically or clinically documented infections. A total of 210 patients (median age 6 years; 142 ALL, 23 AML, 38 NHL, 7 leukemia relapse) experienced a total of 776 infectious episodes (571 during neutropenia, 205 without neutropenia). The distribution of FUO, microbiologically and clinically documented infections, did not significantly differ between neutropenic and non-neutropenic episodes. In contrast to neutropenic patients, corticosteroids did not have an impact on the infectious risk in non-neutropenic children. All but one bloodstream infection in non-neutropenic patients were due to Gram-positive pathogens. Three patients died in the context of non-neutropenic infectious episodes (mortality 1.4%). Our results well help to inform clinical practice guidelines in pediatric non-neutropenic cancer patients presenting with fever, in their attempt to safely restrict broad-spectrum antibiotics and improve the quality of life by decreasing hospitalization.
Transcriptome Analysis of Glutathione Response: RNA-Seq Provides Insights into Balance between Antioxidant Response and Glucosinolate Metabolism
Authors: Zhu Biao , Wang Kuanhong , Liang Zhile , Zhu Zhujun , Yang Jing
Published: July 2022

When being stressed, plants require a balance between the resistance pathway and metabolism. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary metabolics that widely exist in Brassicaceae. Glutathione (GSH) not only participates in plant processing reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly participates in GS synthesis as a sulfur donor. Therefore, we used transcriptomic to identify antioxidant and GS metabolism responses in GSH-treated pakchoi. Our study elucidated that GSH can be used as priming to improve oxidative resistance and preferentially stimulate the expression of resistance genes such as CAT1. The reduction in transcription factor expression inhibits the key steps of the GS synthesis pathway. When ROS returned to normal level, the resistance gene decreased and returned to normal level, while GSH restored the gene expression of GS biosynthesis. This work puts forward the mechanism of GSH in regulating the antioxidant system and glucosinolate metabolic pathway, which provides a basis for further study on the relationship between environmental signals and plant metabolism and provides ideas for follow-up research.
Metabolic Adaptation-Mediated Cancer Survival and Progression in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Tang Yongquan , Zhang Zhe , Chen Yan , Qin Siyuan , Zhou Li , Gao Wei , Shen Zhisen
Published: July 2022

Undue elevation of ROS levels commonly occurs during cancer evolution as a result of various antitumor therapeutics and/or endogenous immune response. Overwhelming ROS levels induced cancer cell death through the dysregulation of ROS-sensitive glycolytic enzymes, leading to the catastrophic depression of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which are critical for cancer survival and progression. However, cancer cells also adapt to such catastrophic oxidative and metabolic stresses by metabolic reprograming, resulting in cancer residuality, progression, and relapse. This adaptation is highly dependent on NADPH and GSH syntheses for ROS scavenging and the upregulation of lipolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle-coupled OXPHOS and biosynthesis. The underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, thus presenting a promising field with opportunities to manipulate metabolic adaptations for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we provide a summary of the mechanisms of metabolic regulation in the adaptation of cancer cells to oxidative stress and the current understanding of its regulatory role in cancer survival and progression.
Glycosylation of Epigallocatechin Gallate by Engineered Glycoside Hydrolases from Talaromyces amestolkiae: Potential Antiproliferative and Neuroprotective Effect of These Molecules
Authors: Méndez-Líter Juan A. , Pozo-Rodríguez Ana , Madruga Enrique , Rubert María , Santana Andrés G. , de Eugenio Laura I. , Sánchez Cristina , Martínez Ana , Prieto Alicia , Martínez María Jesús
Published: July 2022

Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, but some of them can also catalyze the synthesis of glycosides by transglycosylation. However, the yields of this reaction are generally low since the glycosides formed end up being hydrolyzed by these same enzymes. For this reason, mutagenic variants with null or drastically reduced hydrolytic activity have been developed, thus enhancing their synthetic ability. Two mutagenic variants, a glycosynthase engineered from a β-glucosidase (BGL-1-E521G) and a thioglycoligase from a β-xylosidase (BxTW1-E495A), both from the ascomycete Talaromyces amestolkiae, were used to synthesize three novel epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) glycosides. EGCG is a phenolic compound from green tea known for its antioxidant effects and therapeutic benefits, whose glycosylation could increase its bioavailability and improve its bioactive properties. The glycosynthase BGL-1-E521G produced a β-glucoside and a β-sophoroside of EGCG, while the thioglycoligase BxTW1-E495A formed the β-xyloside of EGCG. Glycosylation occurred in the 5″ and 4″ positions of EGCG, respectively. In this work, the reaction conditions for glycosides’ production were optimized, achieving around 90% conversion of EGCG with BGL-1-E521G and 60% with BxTW1-E495A. The glycosylation of EGCG caused a slight loss of its antioxidant capacity but notably increased its solubility (between 23 and 44 times) and, in the case of glucoside, also improved its thermal stability. All three glycosides showed better antiproliferative properties on breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 than EGCG, and the glucosylated and sophorylated derivatives induced higher neuroprotection, increasing the viability of SH-S5Y5 neurons exposed to okadaic acid.
Acceleration of an Algorithm Based on the Maximum Likelihood Bolometric Tomography for the Determination of Uncertainties in the Radiation Emission on JET Using Heterogeneous Platforms
Authors: Ruiz Mariano , Nieto Julián , Costa Víctor , Craciunescu Teddy , Peluso Emmanuele , Vega Jesús , Murari Andrea ,   JET Contributors
Published: July 2022

In recent years, a new tomographic inversion method based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach has been adapted to JET bolometry. Apart from its accuracy and reliability, the key advantage is its ability to provide reliable estimates of the uncertainties in the reconstructions. The original algorithm was implemented and validated using the MATLAB software tool. This work presents the accelerated version of the algorithm implemented using a compatible ITER fast controller platform with the Ubuntu 18.04 or the ITER Codac Core System distributions (6.1.2). The algorithm has been implemented in C++ using the open-source libraries: ArrayFire, ALGLIB, and MATIO. These libraries simplify the management of specific hardware accelerators such as GPUs and increase performance. The speed-up factor obtained is approximately 10 times. The work presents the methodology followed, the results obtained, and the advantages and drawbacks of implementation.
Biovalorization of Grape Stalks as Animal Feed by Solid State Fermentation Using White-Rot Fungi
Authors: Costa-Silva Valéria , Anunciação Mariana , Andrade Ederson , Fernandes Lisete , Costa Aida , Fraga Irene , Barros Ana , Marques Guilhermina , Ferreira Luís , Rodrigues Miguel
Published: July 2022

This work aimed to evaluate the potential of three fungi strains, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus, to degrade lignin and enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks (GS). The GS was inoculated with the fungi and incubated under solid-state fermentation at 28 °C and 85% relative humidity for 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days, in an incubation chamber. The influence of the treatments was evaluated by analyzing the potential modifications in the chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and enzymatic kinetics. An increase (p < 0.001) in the crude protein content was observed in the GS treated with L. edodes and P. citrinopileatus at 42 days of incubation (50 and 75%, respectively). The treatment performed with L. edodes decreased (p < 0.001) lignin content by 52%, and led to higher (p < 0.001) IVOMD values at 42 days of incubation. By contrast, P. eryngii did not affect lignin content and IVOMD. A higher activity of all enzymes was also detected for the treatment with L. edodes. Results indicated that L. edodes has a great potential to enhance the nutritive value of GS as an animal feed, due to its lignin degradation selectivity.
Evaluation and Correction Method of Asphalt Pavement Rutting Performance Prediction Model Based on RIOHTrack Long-Term Observation Data
Authors: Wu Yang , Zhou Xingye , Wang Xudong , Ma Zhimin
Published: July 2022

In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of an existing rutting performance prediction model, based on the long-term observation data of the RIOHTrack’s full-scale pavement structure, the rutting performance prediction model in China’s Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement was evaluated, and the model correction method was proposed, which improves the model’s reliability and makes it more suitable for rutting estimation in the region. The research found that the rutting model in China’s Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement has significant structural dependence. The model with the highest prediction accuracy and the smallest error is the semi-rigid base asphalt pavement structure with an asphalt concrete layer thickness of 12 cm; the prediction accuracy of other structures is not high. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the rutting prediction model, a new model is established by introducing local correction coefficients into the existing model. After local correction, the accuracy of the rutting prediction models for all structures has been greatly improved, and the determination coefficient R2 is greater than 0.87. Since the basic data has already reflected the characteristics of different pavement structures and materials, as well as the impact of local climate environment and traffic load conditions, the new model is more suitable for rutting prediction of various pavement structures in the region where the RIOHTrack is located.
Health Care Accessibility Analysis Considering Behavioral Preferences for Hospital Choice
Authors: Qiao Qinghua , Zhang Ying , Liu Jia , Xu Hao , Gan Lin
Published: July 2022

Research on the potential accessibility of medical services has made great progress, but there is a large gap between the analysis results and the actual feelings of residents. With the refinement of urban management, the need for actual accessibility calculations reflecting the current status of medical service levels is becoming stronger. In modern society, as people work and live at an increasingly fast pace, people increasingly focus on time saving. However, in addition to travel time and distance, personal perceptions of medical facilities and access habits also influence residents’ choice of specific hospitals for medical treatment. With the combined effect of these factors, the actual status of accessibility of medical facility services is formed. In order to improve estimates of the actual accessibility and narrow the gap with residents’ subjective perceptions, this study leverages realistic data, such as real-time navigation prediction data that approximates residents’ actual travel time to hospitals and information on residents’ subjective behaviors in choosing specific hospitals for medical treatment. Finally, a new approach is proposed to further improve the existing Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (Ga2SFCA) method by fully respecting the important effects of distance cost and time cost, and combining them by using a weighted mean.
Topological Data Analysis Helps to Improve Accuracy of Deep Learning Models for Fake News Detection Trained on Very Small Training Sets
Authors: Deng Ran , Duzhin Fedor
Published: July 2022

Topological data analysis has recently found applications in various areas of science, such as computer vision and understanding of protein folding. However, applications of topological data analysis to natural language processing remain under-researched. This study applies topological data analysis to a particular natural language processing task: fake news detection. We have found that deep learning models are more accurate in this task than topological data analysis. However, assembling a deep learning model with topological data analysis significantly improves the model’s accuracy if the available training set is very small.
The Extracellular MicroRNAs on Inflammation: A Literature Review of Rodent Studies
Authors: Lee Seri , Ko Jade Heejae , Kim Seung-Nam
Published: July 2022

Inflammation is an indispensable biological process stimulated by infection and injuries. Inflammatory mechanisms related to extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small membrane structures carrying various molecules, were summarized in this review. Emerging evidence from animal studies has highlighted the role of EVs in modulating inflammatory responses, by transporting various molecules involved in host defense. In this review, we have discussed the role of EV miRNAs in inflammation. Rodent studies associated with extracellular miRNAs in inflammatory diseases, published from 2012 to 2022, were explored from PUBMED, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. A total of 95 studies were reviewed. In summary, EV-associated miRNAs play a key role in various diseases, including organ injury, immune dysfunction, neurological disease, metabolic syndrome, vesicular disease, arthritis, cancer, and other inflammatory diseases. Diverse EV-associated miRNAs regulate inflammasome activation and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels by targeting genes.
Evaluation of Lateral Incisor Resorption Caused by Impacted Maxillary Canines Based on CBCT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mitsea Anastasia , Palikaraki Georgia , Karamesinis Konstantinos , Vastardis Heleni , Gizani Sotiria , Sifakakis Iosif
Published: July 2022

Background: Root resorption (RR) of the adjacent teeth due to upper canine impaction requires an appropriate modification of the orthodontic treatment plan and the mechanotherapy used. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess scientific evidence published during the last decade, concerning the prevalence of lateral incisor RR caused by impacted maxillary canines, based only on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The location of RR on this tooth, as well as the prevalence of RR on the other adjacent teeth, were additionally evaluated. Methods: This review followed the criteria specified by the PRISMA statement. Four databases were searched for articles published between January 2008 and June 2021. Predefined and piloted data collection forms were used to record the necessary information. Results: A total of 5098 records were initially screened. Only seven articles were finally eligible for further analysis. A total number of 540 participants (176 males and 364 females) was derived from the included studies. RR of maxillary lateral incisors was common (50%). RR of mild severity was more common (62%), more frequently located in the middle (52%) and apical (42%) thirds of the root. Conclusions: Further research with more homogeneous groups is required.
Upscaling Local Adaptive Heritage Practices to Internationally Designated Heritage Sites
Authors: Kerr Sarah , Riede Felix
Published: July 2022

World Heritage Sites can face an onslaught of risks from high tourist numbers, climate changes, the impacts of conflict and war, and static management practices. These sites have been ascribed a value that is considered both outstanding and universal (OUV) and as such they are placed at a higher prioritisation than all other heritage sites. The aim of this listing is to ensure their protection for future generations. Yet, the management practices enacted under this preservation mandate can be reactive rather than proactive and reflective, overly concerned with maintaining the status quo, and restricted by a complexity of national and international regulations and stakeholders. We here introduce a local-scale, community-driven heritage project, called CHICC, that offers, we argue, a useful insight into management practices that may be upscaled to internationally designated sites. Although this is not a blueprint to fit all heritage needs, some of the fundamental intentions embedded within CHICC can and perhaps should be adopted in the approaches to internationally designated site management. These include inclusivity with the local community as a priority stakeholder, a deeper understanding of the site including its future risks, consideration of the wider heritage landscape, and greater incorporation of heritage dynamism. Through analysing and evaluating the case study project, this conceptual chapter argues that adaptive heritage practices are underway in some local-scale contexts, and this can be a useful template for advancing the management of World Heritage Sites.
Climate Change and Its Effects on Indoor Pests (Insect and Fungi) in Museums
Authors: Querner Pascal , Sterflinger Katja , Derksen Katharina , Leissner Johanna , Landsberger Bill , Hammer Astrid , Brimblecombe Peter
Published: July 2022

Climate change not only affects the biodiversity of natural habitats, but also the flora and fauna within cities. An increase in average temperature and changing precipitation, but additionally extreme weather events with heat waves and flooding, are forecast. The climate in our cities and, thus, also inside buildings is influenced by the changing outdoor climate and urban heat islands. A further challenge to ecosystems is the introduction of new species (neobiota). If these species are pests, they can cause damage to stored products and materials. Much cultural heritage is within buildings, so changes in the indoor climate also affect pests (insect and fungi) within the museums, storage depositories, libraries, and historic properties. This paper reviews the literature and presents an overview of these complex interactions between the outdoor climate, indoor climate, and pests in museums. Recent studies have examined the direct impact of climate on buildings and collections. The warming of indoor climates and an increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events are two important drivers affecting indoor pests such as insects and fungi, which can severely damage collections. Increases in activity and new species are found, e.g., the tropical grey silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudatum has been present in many museums in recent years benefitting from increased indoor temperatures.
A Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Double Fractional Order Chaotic Neural Network and Convolution Operation
Authors: Li Nanming , Xie Shucui , Zhang Jianzhong
Published: July 2022

A color image encryption algorithm based on double fractional order chaotic neural network (CNN), interlaced dynamic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encoding and decoding, zigzag confusion, bidirectional bit-level diffusion and convolution operation is proposed. Firstly, two fractional order chaotic neural networks (CNNs) are proposed to explore the application of fractional order CNN in image encryption. Meanwhile, spectral entropy (SE) algorithm shows that the sequence generated by the proposed fractional order CNNs has better randomness. Secondly, a DNA encoding and decoding encryption scheme with evolutionary characteristics is adopted. In addition, convolution operation is utilized to improve the key sensitivity. Finally, simulation results and security analysis illustrate that the proposed algorithm has high security performance and can withstand classical cryptanalysis attacks.
The Role of Entropy in Construct Specification Equations (CSE) to Improve the Validity of Memory Tests: Extension to Word Lists
Authors: Melin Jeanette , Cano Stefan , Flöel Agnes , Göschel Laura , Pendrill Leslie
Published: July 2022

Metrological methods for word learning list tests can be developed with an information theoretical approach extending earlier simple syntax studies. A classic Brillouin entropy expression is applied to the analysis of the Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test RAVLT (immediate recall), where more ordered tasks—with less entropy—are easier to perform. The findings from three case studies are described, including 225 assessments of the NeuroMET2 cohort of persons spanning a cognitive spectrum from healthy older adults to patients with dementia. In the first study, ordinality in the raw scores is compensated for, and item and person attributes are separated with the Rasch model. In the second, the RAVLT IR task difficulty, including serial position effects (SPE), particularly Primacy and Recency, is adequately explained (Pearson’s correlation R=0.80) with construct specification equations (CSE). The third study suggests multidimensionality is introduced by SPE, as revealed through goodness-of-fit statistics of the Rasch analyses. Loading factors common to two kinds of principal component analyses (PCA) for CSE formulation and goodness-of-fit logistic regressions are identified. More consistent ways of defining and analysing memory task difficulties, including SPE, can maintain the unique metrological properties of the Rasch model and improve the estimates and understanding of a person’s memory abilities on the path towards better-targeted and more fit-for-purpose diagnostics.
Modelling of Biotrickling Filters for Treatment of NOx Analytical Expressions for the NOx Concentration in Both Gas and Biofilm Phases
Authors: Umadevi Ramasamy , Jeyabarathi Ponraj , Venugopal Kothandapani , Lyons Michael E. G. , Rajendran Lakshmanan
Published: July 2022

A mathematical model of an ideal biotrickling filter (BF) system that inoculates a recently identified strain of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 and brings about efficient nitrogen oxide treatment is discussed. The proposed model is based on nonlinear mass transport equations at the gas–biofilm interface. Using Akbari–Ganji’s technique, approximate analytical expressions for the nitric oxide concentration in the gaseous and biofilm phases were developed for all feasible system parameters. In addition, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the system, a numerical analysis of the problem is provided using MATLAB tools. To demonstrate this new approach, graphical data are provided and quantitatively discussed. This theoretical result has good agreement with the numerical simulation (MATLAB) results for the experimental values of parameters.
Integrated Fiber-FSO WDM Access System with Fiber Fault Protection
Authors: Yeh Chien-Hung , Lin Wen-Piao , Jiang Syu-Yang , Hsieh Shang-En , Hsu Ching-Hsuan , Chow Chi-Wai
Published: July 2022

In this study, we propose a new wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) system to support the blended fiber-free space optics (FSO) signal access. To provide the fiber and FSO traffics simultaneously, the C- and L-band channels are applied in the presented PON, respectively. Moreover, to avoid the fiber breakpoint in the fiber access traffic, the proposed WDM access architecture also can provide the self-restored mechanism by applying simple fiber routing path. In addition, the corresponding signal performances of fiber and FSO channels are also executed experimentally for demonstration.