bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Differential Phase Shift Keying Demodulator Using a Shear Horizontal Wave Device
Authors: Mizutani Koichi , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

An ultrasonic method of constructing a demodulator for a differential phase shift keying (DPSK) system is described. A shear horizontal (SH) wave device is used as a key component for demodulation. The zeroth-order symmetrical (S
0) mode in a piezoelectric ceramic plate is favorable because of its high coupling and small dispersive properties. The device consists of three interdigital transducers on a substrate. Two are for signal input and the other, located at the central part, is for output. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental results. A data transmission speed of 0.62 Mbit/s is demonstrated for a carrier frequency of 2.48 MHz.
A Lead Perovskite Y5U Dielectric for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor
Authors: Furukawa Osamu , Harata Mitsuo , Yamashita Yohachi , Inagaki Katsumi , Mukaeda Satoshi
Published: March 2014

A ceramic dielectric, based on a Ba, Ti and (Mg1/3Nb2/3)-substituted Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 system, for multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLC) has been developed according to Y5U specifications in the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) standard. This ceramic dielectric, fired at 1000–1050°C, exhibits a 12000 relative dielectric constant, a 1.0% dissipation factor, a 30000 ΩF CR product (capacitance×resistance) at 25°C and a 10000 ΩF CR product at 85°C, respectively. An MLC using this dielectric and 70 Ag/30 Pd internal electrodes, has a small capacitance change of -30% at 1 kV/mm and a high breakdown voltage of 40 kV/mm. Capacitance temperature change is within -48% from -30 to +85°C. This dielectric is a promising candidate for use as a replacement for conventional barium titanate based dielectric for MLC.
Application of Designed-Space Forming Technology
Authors: Utsumi Kazuaki , Ikeda Teruyuki , Suga Michihisa , Takamizawa Hideo
Published: March 2014

A completely new designed-space forming technology using ceramic green sheet technology and photolithographic technology has been developed for ceramics. With this technology, it is possible to make any fine space accurately and at will in ceramics. A monolithic ceramic ink jet head and a piezoelectric multilayer ceramic sound transducer were developed using this new technology. A piezoelectric ceramic material was used for these devices. Spaces for nozzles, pressure chambers and an ink chamber in the ink jet head and cabities in the ceramic sound transducer were formed in the piezoelectric ceramic body with photosensitive polymer by photolithographic technology. The ink jet head showed stable ink ejection action with low drive voltage. The ceramic sound transducer showed wide-band sound responce characteristics with low drive voltage. The new designed-space forming technology can be applied to many kinds of electronic ceramic components and devices. Using this technology, miniaturization and cost reduction can be achieved.
Ferro- and Piezo-Electric Properties for FR(LT) to FR(HT) Phase Transition of PZT System
Authors: Usnida Yoshihisa , Lian Jingyu , Shiosaki Tadashi , Kawabata Akira
Published: March 2014

The ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties for the F

R(L
T) to F

R(H
T) phase transition in PZT and PZT–Pb(Sn1/2Sb1/2)O3 ceramics have been investigated by detecting the temperature dependence of dielectric constant, pyroelectric coefficient, resonance frequency and electromechanical coupling coefficient. The numerical calculations have been made for the Pb(Zr0.94Ti0.06)O3–Pb(Sn1/2Sb1/2)O3 system based on the phenomenological theory and the results obtained support the view that the transitions are of first order.
Transient Analysis of Isotropic Elastic Medium by Nodal Equations
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: March 2014

A new numerical analysis method in time domain for isotropic elastic media is proposed. This method uses all the components of elastic wave and analyzes due to the expression by the equivalent circuit and the formulation by Bergeron's method. We demonstrate the elastic wave propagation in the half space and compare the numerical results with those by the method of the mass-particles model.
New Approach to Noninvasive Manometry Based on Pressure Dependent Resonant Shift of Elastic Microcapsules in Ultrasonic Frequency Characteristics
Authors: Ishihara Ken , Kitabatake Akira , Tanouchi Jun , Fujii Kenshi , Uematsu Masaaki , Yoshida Yutaka , Kamada Takenobu , Tamura Tatsuhiro , Chihara Kunihiro , Shirae Kimisuke
Published: March 2014

To measure physiological pressure in situ, we have developed a new technique based on the principle that an elastic microcapsule in liquid changes its resonant frequency depending on the surrounding pressure. The following results were ohtained: 1) The frequency characteristics of transmission wave through microcapsules showed marked attenuation with a specific spectral peak, indicating the resonance of the microcapsules. 2) Pressure dependent change in amplitude of the attenuation peak increased linearly with the increment of pressure. 3) Pressure dependent resonant shifts were also observed in proportion to the pressure increment.
A Leaky Rayleigh Wave Device for Two-Dimensional Optical Deflection
Authors: Urabe Heijiro , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

A two-dimensional (2D) light deflector using a leaky Rayleigh wave device is described. The device consisted of two interdigital transducers (IDTs), operating at a liquid-solid interface. An ultrasound radiated into the liquid from each of the IDTs was valid for acousto-optic deflection. The device had the linearity essential for a laser scanner in a wide frequency range. The -3 dB intensity area of the 2D deflected spot was 0.8° for the frequency change of ±15 MHz from the center frequency. Resolvable spot numbers were 20×20 for an optical beam diameter of 1 mm.
An Analysis of Reflection Characteristics of Surface-Acoustic-Wave Gratings
Authors: Koshiba Masanori , Mitobe Seiichi
Published: March 2014

A coupled mode theory has been applied to surface-acoustic-wave gratings in order to study both the fundamental and higher harmonic operations of the reflective gratings. Coupling coefficients can be theoretically determined by applying the finite-element method to an infinite array. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, examples are computed for aluminum strips on an X-112°Y LiTaO3 substrate. Both the fundamental and second harmonic responses are treated. The computed results agree well with the experimental results.
Nonlinear Behavior of Sound and Its Application
Authors: Nakamura Akira
Published: March 2014

Recent developments in an investigation on nonlinear behavior of sound are described, primarily from the standpoint of how application is realized. The basic procedure for the application of nonlinear behavior is quite different from application of linear phenomena. In this paper, the principle of nonlinearity is discussed relevant to the square dependence on particle velocity or sound pressure. It is pointed out how the square dependence is realized in various nonlinear application techniques, like parametric amplification, bubble dynamics in water, nonlinear parameter tomography and so on.
Studies on Ultrasonic Butt Welding Using 19 kHz Vibration Systems
Authors: Tsujino Jiromaru , Ueoka Tetsugi , Nakahama Yoshinori , Daigo Hiroshi , Mizuno Keisuke
Published: March 2014

Ultrasonic butt welding by 19 kHz vibration frequency systems is studied. Welding specimens used are aluminum and anticorrosive aluminum plates of 6 mm thickness. These welding specimens are successfully joined end to end with specimen strength of about 100 MPa (pure aluminum) or 250 MPa (anticorrosive aluminum) using 19 kHz butt welding equipment. An ultrasonic vibration source uses eight bolt-clamped Langevin type PZT transducers of 50 mm diameter. Required power for joining aluminum and anticorrosive aluminum specimens is respectively 1–3 kW/cm2 and 6–8 kW/cm2.
Contrast of Electron-Acoustic Microscopic Image–For Si Tr-Chip under Bias Application–
Authors: Takenoshita Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

The study investigated the relation between an electron-acoustic microscopy (EAM) image and images of several SEM modes. A pnp Darlington Si Tr-chip was used as a specimen. The site of ultrasonic signal generation by irradiated electron-beam was compared between the two kinds of images alternately photographed in “one frame scan” with the beam in a fixed condition. The results showed that (1) the contrast of electron acoustic image (EAI) changes with the bias voltage applied to the Tr-chip, (2) EAI resembles the EBIC image but is not exactly the same, and (3) an ultrasonic signal is not always generated at areas of different thermal properties.
Evaluation of Ion Implantation into Silicon by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy using Transparent Transducer Method
Authors: Hata Tomonobu , Yago Ken'ichi , Adachi Sakae , Horita Susumu
Published: March 2014

This paper concerns the experimental evaluation of ion implantation into silicon by PAS using a newly developed transparent transducer method. With this method, the transparent transducer and the sample are directly touched without using glue, the reproducibility of the experiment is excellent and the problem in the conventional method of PA signal intensity being nonlinear to incident light intensity can be solved. The experimental results including the recovery of thin ion implanted layer by thermal annealing are observed using the transparent transducer method and are compared with those using PDS.
Attenuation Measurements in Thin Plates by Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Tsukahara Yusuke
Published: March 2014

This paper describes measurements of the attenuation coefficient of a longitudinal acoustic wave propagating in an isotropic thin plate, by measuring the spectrum of sound pressure of an ultrasonic wave which is normally reflected at the plate surface. Two specimens of 42% Ni–Fe alloy were used, thicknesses of which were 147 µm and 223 µm, respectively.
Application to Vacuum Gauge of Marx's Composite Oscillator Method
Authors: Tateno Hiroto , Iwashita Youichirou , Tabata Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2014

By automated Marx's composite oscillator method, changes of internal friction with the pressure of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon were measured. The range of the measurement was from a pressure of 103 mbar to 10-5 mbar. An application to a wide range vacuum gauge was discussed.
Application of Nonlinear Effect to the Ultrasonic Pulse Reflection Method –Influence of a Probe Pulse with Finite Applitude and Duration–
Authors: Fukukita Hiroshi , Ueno Shin-Ichiro , Yano Tsutomu
Published: March 2014

The modulation characteristics of a high frequency probe pulse, superposed on a large amplitude low frequency pump pulse, are analyzed in a medium modeled with a frequency dependent attenuation coefficient. The influence of a probe pulse with finite amplitude and duration on these modulation characteristics is simulated by numerical computation. An algorithm estimating the local distribution of acoustic parameters in a random scattering medium is derived.
Effects of Shaped Piezo-Rubber Hydrophones on Directional Patterns
Authors: Hasegawa Akio , Kashiwagi Eiichi , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Nakanishi Toshiyuki
Published: March 2014

In this paper, aperture functions, originally applied to the design of optimum FIR digital filters, are shown to also be successfully used for suppression of side lobes in acoustics. Test hydrophones have been constructed by shading a flexible piezo-rubber sheet in the form of the aperture functions. Experimental results of Hanning, Hamming and Hamming like Kaiser aperture functions have verified the theoretical predictions on suppression of side lobes. In addition, the fact that a curved Hanning-hdrophone functions as a constant beam width hydrophone over a wide frequency range is discussed.
SAW Velocity Variation of LiTaO3 Substrates
Authors: Sato Masayoshi , Iwama Akira , Yamada Jun , Hikita Mitsutaka , Furukawa Yasunori
Published: March 2014

The DTA method was used to measure Curie temperature of single crystals and ceramics of lithium tantalate with an error of less than ±0.3 degree C, and thereby congruent composition was exactly determined. The variation of SAW velocity of crystals grown from the congruent melt was well controlled within ±(0.02∼0.05)%. Transmission spectra of the filters fabricated from crystals with residual multi-domain region showed that anomalous band pass characteristic electrically uniform crystals were successfully obtained after optimizing the poling condition.
Hybrid Transducer Type Ultrasonic Linear Motor
Authors: Kurosawa Minoru , Yamada Hirotoshi , Ueha Sadayuki
Published: March 2014

Hybrid transducer type ultrasonic motors have the advantage of freedom of design. A linear motor of this type consists of a longitudinal vibrator and multilayered piezoelectric actuators. The transducer is operated at the resonance frequency of the vibrator. In this paper, the characteristics are measured in a study of the basic operating conditions, and a maximum speed of 50 cm/s, maximum force of 500 gf and maximum efficiency of 36% are recorded. It is believed that performance can be improved by theoretical studies.
Paper Transport Device Using a Flat Plate Piezoelectric Vibrator
Authors: Ohnishi Osamu , Myohga Osamu , Uchikawa Tadao , Inoue Takeshi , Takahashi Sadayuki , Tomikawa Yoshiro
Published: March 2014

A paper transport device using a flat plate piezoelectric vibrator, which consists of a rectangular metal plate and a piezoelectric ceramic plate, was studied. Simultaneous oscillation of the vibrator in longitudinal and bending modes was calculated by a finite element analysis. And it was found that the paper transport device optimized experimentally showed good performance. Obtained paper transport speed under load free and maximum restraining force were 53 cm/s and 0.27 kgf, respectively.
Ultrasonic Wave form Measurement by Visualization Method
Authors: Date Kazuhiro , Udagawa Yoshio
Published: March 2014

The wave form measurement of an ultrasonic wave propagating in a solid is described using a photoelastic technique with a stroboscopic light source. The ultrasonic wave, visualized by the stroboscope as a still picture, moves some distance during the duration of the stroboscope flashing. This movement prevents the accurate measurement of the wave form from the intensity distribution of the visualized wave. In this paper, we simulate the effect of flashing duration on the intensity distribution of the visualized wave and present a method for elimination of this effect.
Acousto-Optical Measurement of Shear Wave Amplitudes Using Light Beams of Different Sizes
Authors: Kojoh Hiroki , Takahashi Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

Absolute amplitudes of ultrasonic shear waves with frequencies of 193 and 400 kHz were measured using a narrow optical beam for PMMA and Araldite-B. The determined amplitudes were compared with the measured values using a wide optical beam. The results showed the measurement method using the narrow optical beam to be better than that using the wide beam, especially in the near-field. Comparison between the Raman-Nath experimental parameters and the theoretical values shows that the effective length of the transducer is less than the actual length.
Comparison of Apodized Linear FM Chirp and Complementary Series Phase Encoding for Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging by Reduced Peak Power Transmission Waveform
Authors: Takeuchi Yasuhito
Published: March 2014

A cosine-square apodized linear FM chirp signal is proposed for a spread energy transmission wave form to be used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging with reduced peak power for insonification to improve patient safety. Comparison is made with complementary series phase encoding in terms of time sidelobe levels. Results indicate that apodized chirp waveform could have a time sidelobe of less than -60 dB under practical conditions, while being relatively robust against media dispersion. Since this waVe form can converge on each time by itself without aid of another sequence, inter-sequence Doppler shift is almost no problem for the time sidelobe.
Complete Circumferential Rotation of Ultrasonic Beam by Exciting of Polyphase Voltages
Authors: Yamamizu Shuichiro , Chubachi Noriyoshi
Published: March 2014

By applying polyphase voltages to a transducer array composed of several non-directional elements arranged in a cylindrical shape, the entire circumferential rotation of an ultrasonic beam can be obtained. This procedure is used instead of the ordinary one which depends on delay lines and switching devices. The principle and the calculated results of the radiation characteristics are presented.
Analysis of the Liquid State Variables Dependence of Leaky Lamb Wave Characteristics at Liquid-Solid Interface
Authors: Osuga T. , Ushiama S. , Toda K.
Published: March 2014

Propagation characteristics of leaky Lamb waves propagating along a piezoelectric plate under the influence of liquid loading are numerically analyzed. Dependence of the phase velocity of the leaky Lamb waves on the liquid state variables such as density, viscosity, and liquid sound velocity is examined.
More than three modes which have different phase velocities dependent on the liquid state variables are excited on a piezoelectric plate by an interdigital transducer. On the basis of the results of the numerical analysis, a method of estimating these liquid state variables is discussed.
Angular Dependence of Transient Light Scattering in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
Authors: Tagawa Akira , Hatai Takashi , Nakao Kenji , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: March 2014

Angular dependence of the transient light scattering in ferroelectric liquid crystal has been studied. The scattering during the polarity reversal of applied field can be divided into two parts. One is observed as a sharp peak of scattered intensity which has a fast response and may be correspond to the reorientation of the directors in bulk. The other is a broad peak whose response is relatively slow. This may originate from the nucleation and growth of reversed domain on the surface.
Elastic Properties of Rhombohedral PLZT Ceramics
Authors: Sasaki Yukihiko , Yokosuka Masaru , Ochiai Tsutomu
Published: March 2014

Elastic compliance constants, elastic stiffness constants, electro-mechanical coupling coefficients, mechanical losses and thermal expansion coefficients have been obtained for lanthanum doped lead zirconate-titanate ceramics having composition of (X/65/35) with X=1 to 7.5 (abbreviated to rhombohedral PLZT) over a temperature range including the Curie point and ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition point (so-called FE1FE2 point) existing in the rhombohedral ferroelectric phase. All measured constants have definite anomalies at the Curie point but only elastic constants s
33 and c
33 have anomalies at the FE1-FE2 point. Phenomena observed for the rhombohedral PLZT were found much different from those for the tetragonal PLZT and other systems.
Generation of Optical Phase-Conjugate Wave from Bi12SiO20
Authors: Uesu Yoshiaki , Kurimura Sunao , Tanabe Kiyoyasu
Published: March 2014

In order to establish the optimum geometric condition for the generation of phase-conjugate wave(PCW) from photorefractive Bi12SiO20 crystal, dependences of the PCW intensity on incidence angle and probe-beam power were measured on two-types of crystal with different orientations. The maximum intensity was obtained when the pump-beam with polarization parallel to the [001] axis entered the (110) surface with the incidence angle of 45°. On the other hand, the PCW has a maximum when the pump-beam with polarization parallel to the [110] axis entered the (001) surface perpendicularly. The results can be explained by changes of optical indicatrix due to local electric fields duplicating interference patterns inside BSO crystal.
An Ultrasonic Motor Using Non-Axisymmetric Vibration Modes of a Piezo-Ceramic Annular Plate
Authors: Takano Takehiro , Tomikawa Yoshiro , Ogasawara Toshiharu , Hirata Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

From view point of development of an ultrasonic motor, non-axisymmetric vibration modes of an annular plate, especially ((2, 1)) and ((3, 1)) modes, are discussed. A stator vibrator using these modes is suitable for a small size in low frequency range. By adopting a new type electrode arrangement on the vibrator, large electro-mechanical coupling factor are obtained. Elliptic motions formed at inside and outside circumferences of an annular plate are calculated and the condition for a stator of motor is found clear. Concrete motor constructions and their measured characteristics are shown.
New Transducer Construction for Wideband SAW TV IF Filters
Authors: Shiba Takashi , Yamada Jun , Toyama Tatsuro
Published: March 2014

A new construction of an interdigital transducer for a wideband SAW TV IF filter has been developed. When the filter needs wide passband and low shape-factor characteristics, the number of electrodes in the interdigital transducer has to be increased. In that case surface-wave reflection in the transducer causes large ripples in the filter characteristics. In this paper a new type dummy-electrode for suppression of this reflection is described.
Design of High-Frequency and Low-Loss SAW Filter Employing Multiple IDTs
Authors: Ohnuki Hideo , Hosaka Norio , Yamada Jun , Kobayashi Takao
Published: March 2014

This paper describes an accurate design method for the multi-IDTs type of SAW filters by equivalent circuit model analysis. Distances between IDTs are important design parameters to take account of mutual influence among all IDTs, especially in case of using single electrode transducers. Then, three-port admittance matrices of IDTs and two-port ones of SAW propagation paths are connected to compose a four-port admittance matrix. Iterative calculations of a four-port model are performed to determine numerous design parameters. Experimental results are in good agreement with calculation results. The experimental rejection level, however, is a little smaller than the calculated one because of electro-magnetic feed-through. Besides, the insertion loss is larger than the calculation in amount of two or three decibels.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of (Sr, Ba)[(Ni1/3Nb2/3), Zr]O3 Ceramics
Authors: Banno Hisao , Mizuno Fumio , Tsunooka Tsutomu , Ohya Kanji
Published: March 2014

In the system (Sr, Ba)[(Ni1/3Nb2/3), Zr]O3, compositions in the Sr(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-rich region have an hexagonal superstructure and a negative temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf). Nearly zero τf is obtained in compositions at the order-disorder phase boundary. The unloaded Q value of the compositions in the superstructural region is higher than those in the simple cubic one. It increases with the increase of hexagonally ordered structure for the compositions in the superstructural region, but does not depend on porosity or grain size of the ceramics.
Properties of Co-Fired BaTiO3 Based Capacitor with Low Temperature Fired Multilayer Ceramic Substrates
Authors: Hoshi Kenichi , Tosaka Shouichi , Yamaoka Nobutatu
Published: March 2014

A low temperature fired multilayer ceramic substrate with internally buried capacitor was investigated. The capacitor material was composed of BaTiO3 ceramic and co-fired with copper electrodes at about 950°C in a reducing atmosphere. The internal capacitors were values from 100pF to 6800pF. The temperature dependence of capacitance was comparatively flat. The DC bias characteristic was exellent.
Ferroelectric Properties of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 Ceramics Synthesized by Partial Oxalate Method (Using Zr0.53Ti0.47O2 Hydrothermal Produced Powder as a Core of Pb(Zr0.43Ti0.47)O3)
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Tanaka Ryoji , Okazaki Kiyoshi , Ueyama Tamotsu
Published: March 2014

Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 ceramics were produced using powders synthesized by partial oxalate method. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated and discussed with grain size dependence. Highly electromechanical copling factors, k
p and k
t modes in disk sample, were obtained even by the low sintering temperature of 900°C, where the grain size was 0.5 µm.
Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Based Ceramics
Authors: Kawamura Yukinori , Matsumoto Norikatsu , Kamataki Hiroki , Mukae Kazuo
Published: March 2014

The dependence of the piezoelectric and the fracture mechanics properties on the microstructure of the ceramics with composition Pb(Zr0.3Zr0.7)O3·Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 has been studied as a function of the grain size. The specimens with an average grain diameter from 1.8 to 4.7 µm were examined. Both the piezoelectric strain and stress constants decreased with decreasing grain size below about 3 µm. The fracture toughness value K
IC gave a maximum at grain size of about 3 µm. The control of the the grain size, therefore, should be required for the application of this ceramic to actuators and other devices.
Focusing Servo Method Using the Autofocusing Effect due to Wavelength Change of Diode Lasers
Authors: Tsuchinaga Hiroyuki , Nakamura Shigeru , Ojima Masahiro , Mita Seiichi
Published: March 2014

An autofocusing effect due to wavelength change of diode lasers has been investigated. The following range of an optical spot towards an optical disk widens to maximum of 35 µmp-p as the chromatic aberration of a lens increases to 2.7 µm/nm. This effect occurs at high laser power, and can be used in a focusing servo in an optical pickup to write and/or read data pits.
A High Density Dual Type Grating for Magneto-Optical Disk Head
Authors: Maeda Hideo , Sumi Yuji , Ohuchida Shigeru , Kitabayashi Junichi , Inokuchi Toshiyuki
Published: March 2014

Dual type grating (DG) exhibits wavelength stability and highly sensitive separation of polarization, and is applicable to magneto-optical heads. DG fabrication using the two beam interference method and duplication by the 2P method are reported.
Photochemical Hole Burning Materials: Molecular Designing by Controlling Mesoscopic Structures
Authors: Tani Toshiro , Sakakibara Yuichi , Yamamoto Kyonosuke
Published: March 2014

Our recent studies of organic dye doped glassy solvents and polymers by photochemical hole burning are reviewed. The series of experimental findings suggest a possible formation of gue-sthost complex dominating the various properties of holes. Based on these recognition we propose one working hypothesis of designing the functional materials for future memory systems through controlling their mesoscopic structures. The results on shikonin and daunomycin/adriamycin are described as prototypes of the hypothesis.
Studies of Crystallization Processes of Amorphous Chalcogenide Thin Films with Electrical Measurements
Authors: Nasu Tohru , Naito Hiroyoshi , Kurosawa Kou , Matsushita Tatsuhiko , Okuda Masahiro
Published: March 2014

Electrical measurements have been carried out to elucidate the crystallization processes of amorphous Te:Se thin films, which have been applied to information storage media. A model has been proposed to explain the conductivity changes of the material with time at various temperatures, in which surface-induced crystallization plays a key role. The surface-induced crystallization velocity and activation energy are determined to be 4.2×102 nm/s at 338 K and 1.75 eV, respectively. The influence of aging on the crystallization is also examined.
In–Se–Pb–Based High Speed Reversible Phase Change Optical Recording Films
Authors: Jiang Fusong , Jiang Moguang , Hou Lisong , Gan Fuxi , Okuda Masahiro
Published: March 2014

A new high speed reversible phase change optical recording material In–Se–Pb–Cu film is reported. The roles of Pb and Cu elements on erasing speed and stability of In–Se–based films are discussed.
A New Direct Overwrite Method by Light Intensity Modulation with Multi Layered Magneto-Optical Discs
Authors: Fukami Tatsuya , Nakaki Yoshiyuki , Tokunaga Takashi , Taguchi Motohisa , Tsutsumi Kazuhiko , Sugahara Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

We have found possibility of performing direct overwriting by light intensity modulation with only one conventional bias magnet using a new type of exchange-coupled double-layered film. The biggest characteristic of this film is existence of hysteresis of temperature distribution in the film for the light intensity and that makes overwriting possible.
Design Concept of Magneto-Optical Disk
Authors: Tamada Sakuya , Igarashi Shuichi , Sakamoto Susumu , Nakayama Hiroshi , Yoshida Mikio , Nakane Yasuaki
Published: March 2014

We have developed a 4-layer magneto-optical disk (SiN/TbFeCo/SiN/Al) with erase/write tolerance for laser power (energy window) at temperatures from 10°C to 60°C. We found that the thickness of the third SiN layer and of the second magneto-optical layer has a critical influence on optical and thermal properties. The optimized thickness is about 500 Å for the third SiN layer and 200 Å for the magneto-optical layer. The energy window is 80% of the write power in writing but only 20% of the erase power in erasing. Since laser power can fluctuate by 30% of the nominal power in practical use and disk sensitivity can vary by 10%, we think temperature compensation is needed, which would make it possible to have an energy window of 50%, even in erasing.
S/N Improvement in FM Video Recording on Magneto-Optical Disk
Authors: Ono Kouji , Tanaka Fujio , Watanabe Tatsuo , Suzuki Shizuo
Published: March 2014

An inverse frequency modulation method was developed to record color moving pictures on Magneto-optical disks. An improved S/N of reproduced pictures as high as 45 dB with a horizontal resolution of 400 lines was obtained at the inner area of the disk.
Reliability Test of Magneto-Optical Disks
Authors: Makino Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Reliability test of magneto-optical disks supplied by 25 companies was carried out by the Japanese Standard Committee for Optical Digital Data Disk of OITDA. The results on accelerated test in high-temperature(80°C), high humidity(85%RH) environment and high-concentration corrosive-gas (SO2, H2S) environments are reported.
Enhancing Immediate Retention with Clickers Through Individual Response Identification
Authors: Oswald Karl M. , Blake Adam B. , Santiago Dario T.
Published: March 2014

Classroom audience response systems, in which students respond to class questions via a remote ‘clicker’ unit, are widely used as a method for increasing student participation and providing immediate feedback in the form of a group frequency distribution. The phenomenon of social facilitation shows that task performance can be enhanced with co‐action of others or with the presence of an audience. To enhance the audience effect, we employed a unique feedback system that displays each individual's response. After reading a text passage, participants responded via a remote clicker to a series of comprehension questions. Participants were provided with no feedback regarding other respondents' answers, group feedback, or individual feedback. The results demonstrated significantly higher test performance with individual response identification. Implications are discussed in terms of applied classroom settings and social facilitation with enhanced options for displaying different types of feedback with clickers during instruction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathology of inherited manganese transporter deficiency
Authors: Lechpammer Mirna , Clegg Michael S. , Muzar Zukhrofi , Huebner Philip A. , Jin Lee‐Way , Gospe Sidney M.
Published: March 2014

We followed a patient with manganese transporter deficiency due to homozygous SLC30A10 mutations from age 14 years until his death at age 38 years and present the first postmortem findings of this disorder. The basal ganglia showed neuronal loss, rhodanine‐positive deposits, astrocytosis, myelin loss, and spongiosis. SLC30A10 protein was reduced in residual basal ganglia neurons. Depigmentation of the substantia nigra and other brainstem nuclei was present. Manganese content of basal ganglia and liver was increased 16‐fold and 9‐fold, respectively. Our study provides a pathological foundation for further investigation of central nervous system toxicity secondary to deregulation of manganese metabolism. Ann Neurol 2014;75:608–612
Long‐Wavelength Fluorescent Reporters for Monitoring Protein Kinase Activity
Authors: Oien Nathan P. , Nguyen Luong T. , Jernigan Finith E. , Priestman Melanie A. , Lawrence David S.
Published: March 2014

In vivo optical imaging must contend with the limitations imposed by the optical window of tissue (600–1000 nm). Although a wide array of fluorophores are available that are visualized in the red and near‐IR region of the spectrum, with the exception of proteases, there are few long wavelength probes for enzymes. This situation poses a particular challenge for studying the intracellular biochemistry of erythrocytes, the high hemoglobin content of which optically obscures subcellular monitoring at wavelengths less than 600 nm. To address this, tunable fluorescent reporters for protein kinase activity were developed. The probing wavelength is preprogrammed by using readily available fluorophores, thereby enabling detection within the optical window of tissue, specifically in the far‐red and near‐IR region. These agents were used to monitor endogenous cAMP‐dependent protein kinase activity in erythrocyte lysates and in intact erythrocytes when using a light‐activatable reporter.
Compensatory Adaptations of Structural Dynamics in an Intrinsically Disordered Protein Complex
Authors: Kurzbach Dennis , Schwarz Thomas C. , Platzer Gerald , Höfler Simone , Hinderberger Dariush , Konrat Robert
Published: March 2014

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play crucial roles in protein interaction networks and in this context frequently constitute important hubs and interfaces. Here we show by a combination of NMR and EPR spectroscopy that the binding of the cytokine osteopontin (OPN) to its natural ligand, heparin, is accompanied by thermodynamically compensating structural adaptations. The core segment of OPN expands upon binding. This “unfolding‐upon‐binding” is governed primarily through electrostatic interactions between heparin and charged patches along the protein backbone and compensates for entropic penalties due to heparin–OPN binding. It is shown how structural unfolding compensates for entropic losses through ligand binding in IDPs and elucidates the interplay between structure and thermodynamics of rapid substrate‐binding and ‐release events in IDP interaction networks.
Strong orientation correlation and optical anisotropy in blend of cellulose ester and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) oligomer
Authors: Nobukawa Shogo , Hayashi Hiroki , Shimada Hikaru , Kiyama Ayumi , Yoshimura Hiroshi , Tachikawa Yutaka , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: March 2014

Molecular orientation of two aromatic additives in cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) matrix was investigated from orientation birefringence data and an intermolecular orientation correlation represented by nematic interaction (NI) was evaluated. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) oligomers with low molecular weight (ca. 400 g mol−1) were used as the additives. The NI strengths of CAP‐PET and CAP‐PEN were determined to be 0.28 ± 0.05 and 0.96 ± 0.15, respectively. In particular, compared with other polymer/polymer and polymer/small additive blends, the NI value in CAP/PEN blend is much stronger and represents the perfect orientation correlation. The strong orientation correlation is possibly due to the rigid naphtalate structure in PEN. Contrary, a relation between birefringence and orientation function for CAP in bulk and blend showed the same trend, suggesting that the orientation behavior of CAP determines the orientation birefringence. As two ester groups in CAP are responsible for birefringence, the alignment of the ester groups is affected by only the main chain orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40570.
Adapter reagents for protein site specific dye labeling
Authors: Thompson Darren A. , Evans Eric G. B. , Kasza Tomas , Millhauser Glenn L. , Dawson Philip E.
Published: March 2014

Chemoselective protein labeling remains a significant challenge in chemical biology. Although many selective labeling chemistries have been reported, the practicalities of matching the reaction with appropriately functionalized proteins and labeling reagents is often a challenge. For example, we encountered the challenge of site specifically labeling the cellular form of the murine Prion protein with a fluorescent dye. To facilitate this labeling, a protein was expressed with site specific p‐acetylphenylalanine. However, the utility of this acetophenone reactive group is hampered by the severe lack of commercially available aminooxy fluorophores. Here we outline a general strategy for the efficient solid phase synthesis of adapter reagents capable of converting maleimido‐labels into aminooxy or azide functional groups that can be further tuned for desired length or solubility properties. The utility of the adapter strategy is demonstrated in the context of fluorescent labeling of the murine Prion protein through an adapted aminooxy‐Alexa dye. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 273–279, 2014.
Probing and improving student's understanding of protein α‐helix structure using targeted assessment and classroom interventions in collaboration with a faculty community of practice
Authors: Loertscher Jennifer , Villafañe Sachel M. , Lewis Jennifer E. , Minderhout Vicky
Published: March 2014

The increasing availability of concept inventories and other assessment tools in the molecular life sciences provides instructors with myriad avenues to probe student understanding. For example, although molecular visualization is central to the study of biochemistry, a growing body of evidence suggests that students have substantial limitations in their ability to recognize and interpret basic features of biological macromolecules. In this study, a pre/posttest administered to students at diverse institutions nationwide revealed a robust incorrect idea about the location of the amino acid side chains in the protein α‐helix structure. Because this incorrect idea was present even after a semester of biochemistry instruction at a range of institutions, an intervention was necessary. A community of expert biochemistry instructors collaborated to design two active learning classroom activities that systematically examine α‐helix structure and function. Several participating faculty used one or both of the activities in their classrooms and some improvement of student understanding of this concept was observed. This study provides a model of how a community of instructors can work together using assessment data to inform targeted changes in instruction with the goal of improving student understanding of fundamental concepts. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(3):XXXXX–XXXXX, 2014.
Gyroscope‐Like Molecules Consisting of PdX2/PtX2 Rotators within Three‐Spoke Dibridgehead Diphosphine Stators: Syntheses, Substitution Reactions, Structures, and Dynamic Properties
Authors: Nawara‐Hultzsch Agnieszka J. , Stollenz Michael , Barbasiewicz Michał , Szafert Sławomir , Lis Tadeusz , Hampel Frank , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Gladysz John A.
Published: March 2014

Threefold intramolecular ring‐closing metatheses of trans‐[MCl2(P{(CH2)mCHCH2}3)2] are effected with Grubbs’ catalyst. Following hydrogenation catalyzed by [RhCl(PPh3)3], the title complexes trans‐[MCl2(P((CH2)n)3P)] (n=2m+2; M/n=Pt/14, 4 c; Pt/16, 4 d; Pt/18, 4 e; Pd/14, 5 c; Pd/18, 5 e) and sometimes isomers partly derived from intraligand metathesis, trans‐[MCl2{P(CH2)n(CH2)n}P(CH2)n)] (4′c–e, 5′e), are isolated. These react with LiBr, NaI, and KCN to give the corresponding MBr2, MI2, and M(CN)2 species (58–99 %). 13C NMR data show that the MX2 moieties rapidly rotate within the diphosphine cage on the NMR timescale, even at −120 °C. The reaction of 4 c and KSCN gives separable Pt(NCS)2 and Pt(NCS)(SCN) adducts (13 c, 28 %; 14 c, 20 %), and those of 4 c,e and Ph2Zn give PtPh2 species (15 c, 61 %; 15 e, 90 %). 13C NMR spectra of 13 c–15 c show two sets of CH2 signals (ca. 2:1 intensity ratios), indicating that MX2 rotation is no longer rapid. Reactions of 4 c or 4′c and excess NaCCH afford the free diphosphines P{(CH2)14}3P (91 %) and (CH2)14P(CH2)14P(CH2)14 (90 %). The latter has been crystallographically characterized as a bis(BH3) adduct. The crystal structures of eight complexes with P(CH2)14P linkages (PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, Pt(NCS)2, PtPh2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2) and 15 e have been determined, and intramolecular distances analyzed with respect to MX2 rotation. The conformations of the (CH2)14 moieties and features of the crystal lattices are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Abnormal Reduction, Eu3+ → Eu2+, and Defect Centers in Eu3+‐Doped Pollucite, CsAlSi2O6, Prepared in an Oxidizing Atmosphere.
Authors: Xie Hongde , Lu Juan , Guan Ying , Huang Yanlin , Wei Donglei , Seo Hyo Jin
Published: March 2014

Eu‐doped CsAlSi2O6 is synthesized by sol‐gel treatment of a stoichiometric mixture of CsNO3, Al(NO3)3, Si(OEt)4, Eu2O3, and citric acid as chelating agent (100 °C, 2 h) followed by gel drying and subsequent heating in air (1300 °C, 5—10 h) or thermal reduction in H2/N2 atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of the pH on the Formation of NaYF4:Yb:Er Nanopowders by Co‐Crystallization in Presence of Polyethyleneimine.
Authors: Yasyrkina Daria S. , Kuznetsov Sergei V. , Fedorov Pavel P. , Voronov Valery V. , Ermakov Roman P. , Ryabova Anastasia V. , Pominova Daria V. , Baranchikov Alexander E. , Ivanov Vladimir K. , Osiko Vyacheslav V.
Published: March 2014

Cubic single‐phase samples of the title nanopowders are obtained by addition of rare earth nitrate solutions to aqueous NaF/polyethyleneimine mixtures at pH 10, whereas single‐phase hexagonal precipitates are prepared by addition of aqueous NaF solutions to aqueous rare earth nitrate/polyethyleneimine mixtures at pH 12.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Hetero‐Diels—Alder Stereoselectivity Through Solvent Polarity and Broensted or Lewis Acid Catalysis; Theory and Experiment.
Authors: Loiseleur Olivier , Cassayre Jerome , Leca Dominique , Gaggini Francesca , Pieniazek Susan N. , Luft Jennifer A. R. , Houk Kendall N.
Published: March 2014

It is demonstrated that the use of Lewis acids can control the selectivity of the cycloaddition of azadiene (I) and methyleneoxindole yielding either the exo‐adduct (III) with catalytic amounts of TfOH or the endo‐adduct (IV) with 1 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Reactivity of Nickel Complexes in Hydrodecyanation Reactions.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Weidauer Maik , Irran Elisabeth , Epping Jan Dirk , Kretschmer Robert , Someya Chika I.
Published: March 2014

A method for the Ni‐catalyzed hydrogenation of cyanides with LiBH4 as hydride source is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Catalytic System Based on PdCl2(CH3CN)2 in Water for Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Diazonium Salts.
Authors: El Bakouri Ouissam , Fernandez Marti , Brun Sandra , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Roglans Anna
Published: March 2014

Heteroaryl—aryl and heteroaryl—heteroaryl compounds are obtained through Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions between diazonium salts and potassium trifluoroborates using bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium(II) as the catalyst in water and in the absence of any additive, ligand or base.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of β‐Ketoesters via Transesterification and Its Application in Biginelli Reaction under Solvent‐Free, Catalyst‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rao G. B. Dharma , Acharya B. N. , Kaushik M. P.
Published: March 2014

A simple and efficient transesterification process for the synthesis of β‐ketoester derivatives is achieved by the reaction of methyl β‐ketoester with higher alcohols under catalyst‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected 1,2‐Diaminopropanoic Acids by Ring‐Opening of 3‐Unsubstituted N‐Activated Aziridine 2‐Carboxylates with para‐Methoxybenzylamine: A Study of the Regioselectivity of the Reaction.
Authors: O'Brien Keith , Kelleher Fintan
Published: March 2014

The ring‐opening of N‐protected aziridine 2‐carboxylates with p‐methoxybenzylamine is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Nitrocyclopropanes Through the Organocatalytic Michael‐Addition‐Initiated Cyclization of Bromonitromethane and β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Yu Haijian , Wang Qiaohui , Wang Youming , Song Haibing , Zhou Zhenghong , Tang Chuchi
Published: March 2014

The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Squaric Acid/4‐Aminoquinoline Conjugates: Novel Potent Antiplasmodial Agents.
Authors: Ribeiro Carlos J. A. , Kumar S. Praveen , Gut Jiri , Goncalves Lidia M. , Rosenthal Philip J. , Moreira Rui , Santos Maria M. M.
Published: March 2014

New squaric acid/4‐aminoquinoline hybrid compounds are synthesized by condensation of commercially available squarates with the heteroaromatic core of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and primaquine.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethyl Thiolation — Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Thioethers.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Tolstoluzhsky Nikita , Nikolaienko Pavlo
Published: March 2014

A general protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds from readily available vinyl iodides by using Cu‐S‐CF3 as reagent is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Thioamides by Catalyst‐Free Three‐Component Reactions in Water.
Authors: Xu Hualong , Deng Hang , Li Zhengkai , Xiang Haifeng , Zhou Xiangge
Published: March 2014

A three‐component reaction of aldehydes, amines, and elemental sulfur is developed to give good yields of N‐monosubstituted thiobenzamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts with Arylsilanes and Aryltrifluoroborates in Water.
Authors: Cheng Kai , Zhao Baoli , Hu Sai , Zhang Xian‐Man , Qi Chenze
Published: March 2014

It is demonstrated that arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates can efficiently be used in Pd‐catalyzed Hiyama as well as Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions to produce a series of biphenyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Results of a SNAr‐Reaction. A Novel Synthetic Approach to 1‐Arylthio‐2‐naphthols.
Authors: Grombein Cornelia M. , Hu Qingzhong , Heim Ralf , Huch Volker , Hartmann Rolf W.
Published: March 2014

1‐Arylthio‐2‐naphthols are obtained as an unexpected result of the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of β‐naphthyl triflates with thiophenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Multifunctionalized Biaryls via Asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling.
Authors: Qiu Liqin , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

The asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of 1‐bromo‐2‐substituted naphthalenes with 2‐formylarylboronic acid is studied to allow the preparation of a series of novel axially chiral biaryl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Indenones by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C—H Annulation of Arylnitrones with Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Qi Zisong , Wang Mei , Li Xingwei
Published: March 2014

The reaction of nitrones (I) with different internal alkynes gives indenones in moderate yields through cationic rhodium catalyzed C—H activation and annulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Low Temperature n‐Butyllithium‐Induced [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement/Electrophile Trapping Reactions of Allyl‐1,1‐dichlorovinyl Ethers. Synthesis of β‐, γ‐ and δ‐Lactones.
Authors: Christopher Aaron , Brandes Dahniel , Kelly Stephen , Minehan Thomas G.
Published: March 2014

The BuLi‐mediated [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl‐1,1‐dichlorovinyl ethers (I) and (XII) and subsequent quenching with ketones afford desired β‐lactones (III), (V), and (XIII) in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Dissecting the Stereocontrol Elements of a Catalytic Asymmetric Chlorolactonization: Syn Addition Obviates Bridging Chloronium.
Authors: Yousefi Roozbeh , Ashtekar Kumar Dilip , Whitehead Daniel C. , Jackson James E. , Borhan Babak
Published: March 2014

Intensive investigation of the reaction mechanism is presented.