bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substellar and low-mass dwarf identification with near-infrared imaging space observatories
Authors: Holwerda B. W. , Bridge J. S. , Ryan R. , Kenworthy M. A. , Pirzkal N. , Andersen M. , Wilkins S. , Smit R. , Bernard S. R. , Meshkat T. , Steele R. , Bouwens R. C.
Published: May 2018

Aims. We aim to evaluate the near-infrared colors of brown dwarfs as observed with four major infrared imaging space observatories: the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Euclid mission, and the WFIRST telescope.

Methods. We used the SPLAT SPEX/ISPEX spectroscopic library to map out the colors of the M-, L-, and T-type dwarfs. We have identified which color–color combination is optimal for identifying broad type and which single color is optimal to then identify the subtype (e.g., T0-9). We evaluated each observatory separately as well as the narrow-field (HST and JWST) and wide-field (Euclid and WFIRST) combinations.

Results. The Euclid filters perform equally well as HST wide filters in discriminating between broad types of brown dwarfs. WFIRST performs similarly well, despite a wider selection of filters. However, subtyping with any combination of Euclid and WFIRST observations remains uncertain due to the lack of medium, or narrow-band filters. We argue that a medium band added to the WFIRST filter selection would greatly improve its ability to preselect brown dwarfs its imaging surveys.

Conclusions. The HST filters used in high-redshift searches are close to optimal to identify broad stellar type. However, the addition of F127M to the commonly used broad filter sets would allow for unambiguous subtyping. An improvement over HST is one of two broad and medium filter combinations on JWST: pairing F140M with either F150W or F162M discriminates very well between subtypes.
Exploring the mechanism of inter-particle charge diffusion
Authors: Grosshans Holger , Papalexandris Miltiadis V.
Published: May 2018

Dispersed solid particles in wall-bounded flows may get electrified during particle-wall collisions due to triboelectric effects. Subsequently, the electrostatic charge migrates from the near-wall regions to the bulk of the flow through the dynamics of the particles (particle-bound charge transport) and charge transfer during collisions between particles (inter-particle charge diffusion). In this paper, we explore the physics underlying the mechanism of inter-particle charge diffusion, which remains not well understood, by means of numerical simulations. We investigated the efficiency of the charge transport within the particulate phase via this mechanism and propose a time-scale for its characterization for particular systems. The considered parameters of these systems included the particle number density and charge as well as their mechanical and electrical properties. It was found that both an increase of the material density of the particles or of their number density results in an enhanced inter-particle charge diffusion and, thus, a reduction of its time scale. Moreover, if only the number density is high but the material density is kept low, then inter-particle charge diffusion may even become the dominant wall-normal charge transport mechanism. Further, in case some particles carry a high charge they are accelerated towards uncharged particles through electrostatic forces which leads to an efficient charge redistribution.
Traitement orthodontique à visée fonctionnelle ou approche systémique du traitement des classes II/1 sévères : un dispositif adapté, la SEAF
Authors: Raymond J.-L.
Published: May 2018

Le traitement orthodontique des classes II division 1 sévères est souvent difficile, ce qui conduit certains confrères à proposer une correction chirurgicale du surplomb. La difficulté thérapeutique provient autant de l’importance du surplomb que de la « profondeur » de la supraclusion qui très souvent l’accompagne. C’est pourquoi nous proposons un protocole de traitement incluant une SEAF (surélévation antérieure fixée) qui permet, si le patient coopère, de corriger l’anomalie anatomique tout en installant de nouveaux cycles de mastication susceptibles de pérenniser le résultat obtenu. C’est cette approche systémique du traitement qui constitue le sujet de cet article.
Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields near 20 kV, 3-phase shunt reactors at substations
Authors: Pirkkalainen H. , Heiskanen T. , Penttilä M. , Elovaara J. , Korpinen L.
Published: May 2018

Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and Council, among other things, sets values for the occupational exposure of workers regarding the health and safety risks arising from electromagnetic fields. In order to ensure worker safety, the Finnish national grid operator, Fingrid Oyj, conducted several measurements of electromagnetic fields at its substations. One of the goals of the measurements was to ensure that a magnetic flux density of 1000 µT (rms), set as the lower action value by the EU directive, was not reached in any location accessible to substation workers. The highest magnetic flux densities at substations can be found near shunt reactors and their cables, which is why the measurements were focused on those areas. The lower action value of 1000 µT (rms) was surpassed at two locations. This discovery led to immediate actions to prevent workers from accessing these locations.
MAGNETICA, une expo attirante
Authors: Fischer Hélène
Published: May 2018

L’exposition itinérante tout public « MAGNETICA, une expo attirante » a pour objectif de mettre à mal les croyances liées au magnétisme. D’esthétique cristalline et attractive, elle présente une approche scientifique expérimentale du magnétisme, afin d’en expliquer les principes et les effets à l’origine de nombreuses applications omniprésentes dans nos vies, et à l’origine de recherches actuelles.

L'idée directrice est de partager connaissance et culture sur tout le territoire, d’attiser le goût des sciences chez le grand public, d’intéresser plus particulièrement les jeunes aux métiers scientifiques, à la recherche et à l’innovation, d'initier leur esprit pour les aider à se projeter dans l’avenir.
Amélie Juhin: tient théorie et expérience dans une seule main
Authors: Grousson Mathieu
Published: May 2018

Spécialiste de spectroscopie des rayons X, lauréate de la médaille de bronze du CNRS en 2016, cette physico-chimiste se sent aussi à l’aise auprès d’une ligne de lumière d’un synchrotron qu’avec des équations.
Électricité : les raisons d’un rebond
Authors: Capros Pantelis
Published: May 2018

Auteur d’une étude sur la place de l’énergie nucléaire en France et en Europe, Pantelis Capros, professeur à l’université d’Athènes et auteur du modèle PRIMES utilisé par les scénarios de la Commission européenne, observe que la décarbonation totale du réseau électrique de l’UE nécessitera une croissance significative de la demande en électricité. La raison ? Le développement de l’électrification dans le secteur du transport et l’introduction potentielle des combustibles de synthèse comme moyen de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre restantes. Une telle croissance significative de la demande offre une nouvelle possibilité pour l’énergie nucléaire de repartir de l’avant vers le milieu du siècle. Interview.
L’Europe risque-t-elle le blackout ?
Authors: Nieuviaert Jean-Jacques
Published: May 2018

Si on constate à l’heure actuelle un regain d’intérêt dans de nombreux pays émergents pour la production d’électricité nucléaire, cette technologie fait cependant débat au niveau européen avec soit des décisions d’arrêt définitif, soit des incertitudes sur son maintien dans le futur mais aussi sur la mise en oeuvre réelle des décisions (cf. la situation française).
Ces grands sites industriels qui ont besoin d’électricité
Authors: Juéry Pascal
Published: May 2018

Les entreprises électro-intensives sont une catégorie particulière d’industriels qui concentrent, sur quelques centaines de sites, plus de la moitié de la consommation électrique de l’ensemble de l’industrie en France. Il s’agit de secteurs variés : chimie, aluminium, papier et carton, sidérurgie, ciment, plastiques, verre. Dans ces secteurs, la maîtrise de la facture d’électricité est un critère déterminant de compétitivité. Elle représente de l’ordre de 10 à 20 % des coûts de production, voire jusqu’à 80 % dans des cas extrêmes d’hyper-intensivité.
Bouldern – Kampf gegen die Schwerkraft
Authors: Hügler Stepahnie
Published: May 2018

Kampf gegen die Wand – An einer Felswand ohne jegliche Sicherung zu klettern, kann das Herz ganz schön höherschlagen lassen. Genau das tut es auch bei Martin
Schlageter. Seit über 20 Jahren betreut er als Sportphysiotherapeut begeistert die deutsche Nationalmannschaft im Bouldern. So sah man ihn auch letztes Jahr
beim Worldcup im August im Münchner Olympiastadion.
Wohnformen für Menschen mit Autismus – Nicht unterbringen, sondern wohnen
Authors: Bartoschek Theresa
Published: May 2018

Menschen mit Autismus nehmen ihre Umwelt ungefiltert wahr. Umgebungsreize führen schnell zu einer Überforderung, wenn die Betroffenen keine Gelegenheit für Rückzug bekommen. Berücksichtigen Institutionen einige Aspekte beim Wohnen, können sie damit Überlastungssituationen vermeiden und Lebensqualität fördern.
Ambulante Diabetesversorgung in Deutschland – Ergebnisse einer Strukturerhebung in diabetologischen Praxen und Einrichtungen
Authors: Reichert Dorothea , Scheper Nikolaus , Müller-Wieland Dirk , Häckl Dennis , Bayer Andreas , Horst Michael , Gallwitz Baptist
Published: May 2018

Hintergrund Die Zahl der Erkrankungen an Diabetes mellitus nimmt in Deutschland zu. Um den Status quo der ambulanten spezialisierten Diabetesversorgung bundesweit zu untersuchen, wurde eine Umfrage in diabetologischen Praxen und Einrichtungen bezüglich ihrer Strukturen, der Organisation und der Qualifikation der ärztlichen sowie nichtärztlichen Mitarbeiter durchgeführt.

Methode Ärzte des Bundesverbandes Niedergelassener Diabetologen (BVND) und der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) erhielten einen Fragebogen. Der Befragungszeitraum umfasste 3 Monate. Die Auswertung der Fragebögen erfolgte zentral.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt 2642 Ärzte wurden kontaktiert. Die Rücklaufquote betrug 53,2 % (1405 Ärzte in 540 Praxen). 51 % der Praxen waren Gemeinschaftspraxen. 67 % der Praxen betrieben fächerübergreifende Kooperationen (47 % mit Hausärzten, 37 % mit Internisten). 79 % der Praxen übernahmen zusätzlich hausärztliche Funktionen und betrieben fachübergreifende Qualitätszirkel. 96 % der Befragungsteilnehmer nahmen am DMP Diabetes teil. 41 % der Patienten wurden gezielt diabetologisch überwiesen. Der Einsatz von evaluierten Schulungsprogrammen betrug bis zu 82 %. 65 % der Einrichtungen boten Programme für Migranten an. 51 % der Einrichtungen hatten eine Zulassung als Fußzentrum durch die KV. Das mittlere Alter der Ärzte betrug 53 Jahre, nur 7 % waren jünger als 40. Der Anteil an diabetologischem nichtärztlichem Fachpersonal betrug 26 – 42 % des Gesamtpersonals.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Einrichtungen arbeiten qualitätsgesichert mit fachspezifischem Personalschlüssel. Die Schwerpunktprofile der Einrichtungen sind heterogen. Anhand der Altersstruktur und der Diabetesentwicklung zeichnet sich ein möglicher Versorgungsengpass ab.
Preventive Effects of an UPLC-DAD-MS/MS Fingerprinted Hydroalcoholic Extract of Citrus aurantium in a Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Hwang Youn-Hwan , Ma Jin
Published: May 2018

Although traditionally used to improve indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation, the therapeutic effects of Citrus aurantium on intestinal inflammation remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects and to identify the active components of a hydroalcoholic extract of C. aurantium (HECA) on ulcerative colitis. HECA was prepared with 70% ethanol solution in water and extracted at 37 °C for 12 h in triplicate, filtered through a sieve, and lyophilized. Phytochemical identification of HECA was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Animals were randomly assigned to one of four groups based on the treatment conditions. Ulcerative colitis was induced by administration of 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 5 d. Body weight, clinical signs, colon length, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels, and histopathological findings were evaluated. In UPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, the identified phytochemical components of HECA included four alkaloids, seven coumarins, 18 flavonoids, two lignans, two phenolics, and 10 terpenoids. HECA markedly protected against body weight loss and colon shortening. In pathological examination, HECA alleviated DSS-related mucosal inflammatory lesions in the colon. Moreover, HECA markedly reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in colonic inflammation. Taken together, HECA has potential to relieve mucosal inflammation in the colon, suggesting that the putative active ingredients are responsible for the anti-ulcerative effects.
Refractory Angina—An Overview and Recent Trends
Authors: Kadiyala Meenakshi , Roopchandar Rameshwar , Krishnaswamy Chandrshekaran
Published: May 2018

Because of improvement in survival from coronary artery disease and increasing life expectancy of the population, chronicity and resistance to therapy have become growing problems confronting the cardiologist. Refractory angina pectoris is an entity based on clinical diagnosis, and it refers to recurrent and sustained chest pain more than 3 months duration caused by coronary insufficiency that is unamenable to conventional modalities of treatment, including drugs, percutaneous coronary interventions, or coronary bypass grafting. Individuals with this entity may have an impaired quality of life, with recurrent angina, poor general health and psychological distress impairing functional and productive sustenance. A multitude of therapeutic options exists for patients with refractory angina pectoris, and randomized trials have shown them to be reasonably effective in reducing symptoms, though further research is warranted.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Diffuse Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee: Complete Synovectomy and Septum Removal—Midterm Results
Authors: Keyhani Sohrab , Kazemi Seyyed , Ahn Jin , Verdonk René , Soleymanha Mehran
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and describe the clinical results of complete arthroscopic synovectomy through the four arthroscopic portals in the knees affected by diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (DPVNS). Between 2009 and 2012, 21 patients (15 men and 6 women) with the diffuse form of PVNS of the knee were enrolled in the study after qualification. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and postsurgical pathologic examination. All patients underwent complete synovectomy through posteromedial, posterolateral, anteromedial, and anterolateral portals. Each patient was evaluated before treatment and followed up for a minimum of 5 years (range: 60–79 months) using the Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. Both Lysholm score and IKDC scores were significantly improved in all study participants. No cases of clinical recurrence, infection, joint stiffness, or neurovascular lesions were observed. This study showed that an attentive arthroscopic synovectomy is a safer alternative with better clinical outcomes, with no clinical recurrences.
Association between Sonographic Estimated Fetal Weight and the Risk of Cesarean Delivery among Nulliparous Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: Grobman William , Yee Lynn , Dude Annie
Published: May 2018

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association between an ultrasound-estimated fetal weight (US-EFW) and mode of delivery among nulliparous diabetic women.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with medication-requiring gestational or pregestational diabetes who delivered term, singleton gestations following a trial of labor. We determined whether having had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery was associated with cesarean delivery.

Results Of 304 women who met the eligibility criteria, 231 (76.0%) had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery. An US-EFW was associated with increased likelihood of intrapartum cesarean (51.5% for those with an ultrasound vs. 27.4% for those without, p < 0.001); this finding persisted even when controlling for birth weight and other confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio: 2.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–4.28). Among women with a recent US-EFW, a diagnosis of a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) fetus was associated with overall intrapartum cesarean frequency (65.2% for women with an LGA fetus vs. 46.1% for those without, p = 0.009), but this association did not remain significant in multivariable models.

Conclusion An US-EFW within 35 days of delivery among nulliparous women with medication-requiring diabetes was positively associated with intrapartum cesarean delivery.
Liraglutid in der Pharmakotherapie der Adipositas
Authors: Brede S. , Lehnert H. , Schmid S. M.
Published: May 2018

Aufgrund der weltweit zunehmenden Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas gewinnen medikamentöse Therapien zur Gewichtsreduktion mehr und mehr an Bedeutung. Einen neuen Therapieansatz stellt der Glukagon-like Peptid 1 (GLP-1) Rezeptoragonist Liraglutid dar (Handelsname Saxenda®), der seit März 2015 erstmals zur alleinigen Behandlung der Adipositas in der EU zugelassen ist. Dabei scheinen die gewichtsreduzierenden Effekte von Liraglutid sowohl peripher über eine verzögerte Magenentleerung, als auch zentral über die Beeinflussung von appetitregulierenden Hirnarealen, vermittelt zu sein. In verschiedenen Studien konnte in den letzten Jahren eine signifikante Gewichtsabnahme durch Liraglutid in unterschiedlichen Probandenkollektiven, wie z.B. übergewichtigen und adipösen Patienten ohne aber auch mit Diabetes, nachgewiesen werden. Liraglutid bestätigt sich außerdem als überwiegend gut verträgliche medikamentöse Therapie der Adipositas, wobei die häufigsten berichteten Nebenwirkungen vorübergehende leichte bis moderate gastrointestinale Beschwerden, wie Übelkeit oder Völlegefühl, sind.
Lebensmittelverzehr und Adipositas
Authors: Schwingshackl L. , Schlesinger S. , Neuenschwander M. , Boeing H.
Published: May 2018

Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Gewichtszunahmen im Erwachsenenalter spielen in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zur Adipositasprävention nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Daher ist die Studienlage über Bestimmungsgründe der Gewichtszunahme nur bedingt aufgearbeitet worden und durch Lücken gekennzeichnet. Allerdings wird das Adipositasproblem weniger durch die Therapie von schon Übergewichtigen gelöst werden können als vielmehr durch primärpräventive Maßnahmen, die auf breiter Basis auf die Verhinderung großer Gewichtszunahmen abzielen. In dieser Übersicht geben wir den meta-analytischen Kenntnisstand zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Verzehr von 10 Lebensmittelgruppen und dem Risiko von Übergewicht/Adipositas, abdomineller Adipositas und Gewichtszunahme in Kohortenstudien wieder, der durch eine Zusammenstellung der Meta-Analysen von Interventionsstudien mit diesen Lebensmittelgruppen und dem Endpunkt Gewichtsveränderung ergänzt wurde. Die Meta-Analyse zu den Zusammenhängen basierte auf den Originalpublikationen, die für eine englischsprachige Publikation ausführlich aufbereitet wurden. In der zusammenfassenden Darstellung für diese Übersicht konnten wir in der MetaAnalyse der Kohortenstudien bei einigen der Lebensmittelgruppen Assoziationen mit entweder einem erhöhten (zuckergesüßte Getränke, rotes Fleisch) oder reduzierten Risiko (Vollkornprodukte, Obst und Gemüse) beobachten. Diese Assoziationen wurden jedoch nur bei den zuckergesüßten Getränken durch die Interventionsstudien bestätigt, sodass derzeit nur bei dieser Lebensmittelgruppe von einer direkten Wirkung auf die Gewichtsentwicklung ausgegangen werden kann. Weiterhin zeigten die Hülsenfrüchte in den Interventionsstudien einen gewichtsreduzierenden Effekt, der auch teilweise in den Kohortenstudien bestätigt wurde. Diese Übersicht über die Bedeutung der Lebensmittelzufuhr für die Entwicklung von Übergewicht/ Adipositas und langfristige Gewichtsstabilität zeigt ein Potenzial auf, das primärpräventiv genutzt werden kann. Jedoch bedarf es noch weiterer Forschungsanstrengungen, um eine solide Erkenntnisbasis zu schaffen und insbesondere experimenteller Humanstudien, um die Zusammenhänge abzusichern und die biologische Bedeutung zu kennen.
Endoskopische Blutstillung – Schritt für Schritt
Authors: Hartmann Dirk
Published: May 2018

The clinical spectrum of gastrointestinal bleeding ranges from the possibly clinically,but often only amenable to laboratory anemia to fulminant bleeding with shock and acute danger to life. Endoscopic haemostasis is in many cases the method of choice. There are several methods available that are dependent be used by cause and localization of the bleeding.
Short communication: Estimation of yield stress/viscosity of molten octol
Authors: Davis S. M. , Zerkle D. K.
Published: May 2018

Explosive HMX particles are similar in morphology and chemistry to RDX particles, the main constituent of Composition B-3 (Comp B-3). This suggests molten HMX-TNT formulations may show Bingham plasticity, much like recent studies have shown for Comp B-3. Here a Bingham plastic viscosity model, including yield stress and shear thinning, is presented for octol (70/30wt% HMX/TNT) as a function of HMX particle volume fraction. The effect of HMX dissolution into molten TNT is included in this analysis.
Optoelectronic design points to ways for LEDs to chill out
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: May 2018

A proposed electroluminescent refrigerator is predicted to push the efficiency limits of current LED technologies, thanks in part to a photovoltaic cell.
Unravelling methanogenesis in ruminants, horses and kangaroos: the links between gut anatomy, microbial biofilms and host immunity
Authors: Leng R. A.
Published: May 2018

The present essay aims to resolve the question as to why macropod marsupials (e.g. kangaroos and wallabies, hereinafter termed ‘macropods) and horses produce much less methane (CH4) than do ruminants when digesting the same feed. In herbivores, gases produced during fermentation of fibrous feeds do not pose a major problem in regions of the gut that have mechanisms to eliminate them (e.g. eructation in the rumen and flatus in the lower bowel). In contrast, gas pressure build-up in the tubiform forestomach of macropods or in the enlarged tubiform caecum of equids would be potentially damaging. It is hypothesised that, to prevent this problem, evolution has favoured development of controls over gut microbiota that enable enteric gas production (H2 and CH4) to be differently regulated in the forestomach of macropods and the caecum of all three species, from the forestomach of ruminants. The hypothesised regulation depends on interactions between their gut anatomy and host-tissue immune responses that have evolved to modify the species composition of their gut microbiota which, importantly, are mainly in biofilms. Obligatory H2 production during forage fermentation is, thus, captured in CH4 in the ruminant where ruminal gases are readily released by eructation, or in acetate in the macropod forestomach and equid caecum–colon where a build-up in gas pressure could potentially damage these organs. So as to maintain appropriate gut microbiota in different species, it is hypothesised that blind sacs at the cranial end of the haustral anatomy of the macropod forestomach and the equid caecum are sites of release of protobiofilm particles that develop in close association with the mucosal lymphoid tissues. These tissues release immune secretions such as antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulins, innate lymphoid cells and mucin that eliminate or suppress methanogenic Archaea and support the growth of acetogenic microbiota. The present review draws on microbiological studies of the mammalian gut as well as other microbial environments. Hypotheses are advanced to account for published findings relating to the gut anatomy of herbivores and humans, the kinetics of digesta in ruminants, macropods and equids, and also the composition of biofilm microbiota in the human gut as well as aquatic and other environments where the microbiota exist in biofilms.
Phenotype characterisation and analysis of expression patterns of genes related mainly to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin in male-sterile anthers induced by high temperature in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Liu Hongzhan , Wang Junsheng , Li Chaoqiong , Qiao Lin , Wang Xueqin , Li Jingjing , Hu Lizong , Yin Guihong , Ba Qingsong
Published: May 2018

Male reproductive development in higher plants is highly sensitive to various stressors, including high temperature (HT). In this study, physiological male-sterile plants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were established using HT induction. The physiological changes and expression levels of genes mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin in male-sterile processes were studied by using biological techniques, including iodine–potassium iodide staining, paraffin sectioning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent quantitative analysis. Results of paraffin sectioning and SEM revealed that parts of HT male-sterile anthers, including the epidermis and tapetum, were remarkably different from those of normal anthers. The expression levels of TaSUT1, TaSUT2, IVR1 and IVR5 were significantly lower than of normal anthers at the early microspore and trinucleate stages. The RAFTIN1 and TaMS26 genes may contribute to biosynthesis and proper ‘fixation’ of sporopollenin in the development of pollen wall; however, their expression levels were significantly higher at the early tetrad stage and early microspore stage in HT sterile anthers. The recently cloned MS1 gene was expressed at the early tetrad and early microspore stages but not at the trinucleate stage. Moreover, this gene showed extremely significant, high expression in HT sterile anthers compared with normal anthers. These results demonstrate that HT induction of wheat male sterility is probably related to the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis and technological approach for further studies on the mechanisms of HT induction of male sterility.
Effect of counting chamber depth on the accuracy of lensless microscopy for the assessment of boar sperm motility
Authors: Soler Carles , Picazo-Bueno José Á. , Micó Vicente , Valverde Anthony , Bompart Daznia , Blasco Francisco J. , Álvarez Juan G. , García-Molina Almudena
Published: May 2018

Sperm motility is one of the most significant parameters in the prediction of male fertility. Until now, both motility analysis using an optical microscope and computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA-Mot) entailed the use of counting chambers with a depth to 20 µm. Chamber depth significantly affects the intrinsic sperm movement, leading to an artificial motility pattern. For the first time, laser microscopy offers the possibility of avoiding this interference with sperm movement. The aims of the present study were to determine the different motility patterns observed in chambers with depths of 10, 20 and 100 µm using a new holographic approach and to compare the results obtained in the 20-µm chamber with those of the laser and optical CASA-Mot systems. The ISAS®3D-Track results showed that values for curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity, wobble and beat cross frequency were higher for the 100-µm chambers than for the 10- and 20-µm chambers. Only VCL showed a positive correlation between chambers. In addition, Bayesian analysis confirmed that the kinematic parameters observed with the 100-µm chamber were significantly different to those obtained using chambers with depths of 10 and 20 µm. When an optical analyser CASA-Mot system was used, all kinematic parameters, except VCL, were higher with ISAS®3D-Track, but were not relevant after Bayesian analysis. Finally, almost three different three-dimensional motility patterns were recognised. In conclusion, the use of the ISAS®3D-Track allows for the analysis of the natural three-dimensional pattern of sperm movement.
A review of roadkill rescue: who cares for the mental, physical and financial welfare of Australian wildlife carers?
Authors: Englefield Bruce , Starling Melissa , McGreevy Paul
Published: May 2018

The non-human animal deaths and injuries that result from collisions with motor vehicles are known colloquially as roadkill, and often lead to individuals from various taxa being orphaned. The complexities of multiple spatial and temporal variables in the available data on Australian roadkill and the scale of orphaning and injury make statistical analysis difficult. However, data that offer proxy measures of the roadkill problem suggest a conservative estimate of 4 million Australian mammalian roadkill per year. Also, Australian native mammals are mainly marsupial, so female casualties can have surviving young in their pouches, producing an estimated 560 000 orphans per year. A conservative estimate is that up to 50 000 of these are rescued, rehabilitated and released by volunteer wildlife carers. These roadkill-associated orphans are in addition to those produced by other anthropogenic and natural events and the injured adult animals in the care of volunteers. In accepting total responsibility for rescued animals, wildlife carers face many demands. Their knowledge base can require days of initial instruction with the need for continual updates, and their physical abilities and personal health can be tested by sleepless nights, demanding manual tasks and zoonoses. This review article explores the impact of this commitment and conservatively estimates carers’ financial input to raise one joey at approximately $2000 a year, and their time input at 1000 h, equating to $31 000 per year, applying a dollar value of $31 per hour. It categorises relevant types of grief associated with hand-rearing orphans and rehabilitating injured animals, and suggests that wildlife carers most likely experience many types of grief but are also susceptible to burn-out through compassion fatigue. A perceived lack of understanding, empathy and appreciation for their work by government can add to the stressors they face. Volunteering is declining in Australia at 1% per year, social capital is eroding and the human population is aging, while the number of injured and orphaned animals is increasing. Wildlife carers are a strategic national asset, and they need to be acknowledged and supported if their health and the public service they provide is not to be compromised.
Status of
Opuntia
invasions in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya.
Authors: Githae E. W.
Published: May 2018

Invasive alien species (IAS) are among the leading threats to biodiversity, food security and human well-being.
Opuntia
(prickly pear cactus) is one of the most widespread and naturalized in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya, with extreme effects on rural livelihoods and the environment. However, comprehensive information on the status of invasion in the country is lacking, which is crucial for developing strategies for prevention and management. This paper, therefore, provides an overview of the interacting factors that influence its invasion in Kenya in terms of species diversity, pathways of introduction, negative impacts and the effectiveness of regulations and control measures. Seven invasive species of
Opuntia
are present in the country with the most abundant (
O. stricta
) being under biocontrol trial. These species have the same habitat preferences, physiological traits, negative impacts, introduction pathways and management options. Invasion is mainly attributed to changes in land use and consequent land degradation. Introduction pathways are largely intentional for ornamental purposes but unintentional at a local scale through escape from gardens and natural dispersal. The most applied methods of managing
Opuntia
are mechanical and chemical methods that are unsustainable and labour-intensive at large scale. Effective policies are therefore needed to prevent an increase in the significant negative impacts caused by IAS including those that have a limited distribution.
Producer Decision Making under Uncertainty: Role of Past Experiences and Question Framing
Authors: Tonsor Glynn T
Published: May 2018

Limited research examines the role of reference points or how uncertain outcomes are processed in producer decisions. This study employs a survey containing a split‐sample choice experiment varying how uncertain outcomes are portrayed, and assesses multiple candidate reference points. Results suggest that U.S. cattle producers use the best outcome experienced as reference points in their decisions, and the method by which uncertain outcomes are presented impacts loss aversion, marginal willingness to pay, and market participation estimates. This illustrates how research employing split samples, multiple reference points, and alternative methods of portraying uncertain outcomes may better identify producer decision‐making.
Minimap2: pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences
Authors: Li Heng
Published: May 2018

Motivation

Recent advances in sequencing technologies promise ultra-long reads of ∼100 kb in average, full-length mRNA or cDNA reads in high throughput and genomic contigs over 100 Mb in length. Existing alignment programs are unable or inefficient to process such data at scale, which presses for the development of new alignment algorithms.

Results

Minimap2 is a general-purpose alignment program to map DNA or long mRNA sequences against a large reference database. It works with accurate short reads of ≥100 bp in length, ≥1 kb genomic reads at error rate ∼15%, full-length noisy Direct RNA or cDNA reads and assembly contigs or closely related full chromosomes of hundreds of megabases in length. Minimap2 does split-read alignment, employs concave gap cost for long insertions and deletions and introduces new heuristics to reduce spurious alignments. It is 3–4 times as fast as mainstream short-read mappers at comparable accuracy, and is ≥30 times faster than long-read genomic or cDNA mappers at higher accuracy, surpassing most aligners specialized in one type of alignment.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/lh3/minimap2

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
La Freccia Rossa: an IR-dark cloud hosting the Milky Way intermediate-mass black hole candidate
Authors: Ravi Vikram , Vedantham Harish , Phinney E Sterl
Published: May 2018

The dynamics of the high-velocity compact molecular cloud CO-0.40-0.22 have been interpreted as evidence for a ∼105 M⊙ black hole within 60 pc of Sgr A*. Recently, Oka et al. have identified a compact millimetre-continuum source, CO-0.40-0.22*, with this candidate black hole. Here we present a collation of radio and infrared data at this location. Australia Telescope Compact Array constraints on the radio spectrum, and the detection of a mid-infrared counterpart, are in tension with an Sgr A*-like model for CO-0.40-0.22* despite the comparable bolometric to the Eddington luminosity ratios under the intermediate-mass black hole interpretation. A protostellar-disc scenario is, however, tenable. CO-0.40-0.22(*) is positionally coincident with an arrowhead-shaped infrared-dark cloud (which we call the Freccia Rossa). If the VLSR ≈ 70 km s−1 systemic velocity of CO-0.40-0.22 is common to the entire Freccia Rossa system, we hypothesize that it is the remnant of a high-velocity cloud that has plunged into the Milky Way from the Galactic halo.
The Prevalence of Incidental and Symptomatic Lumbar Synovial Facet Cysts
Authors: Janssen Stein J. , Ogink Paul T. , Schwab Joseph H.
Published: May 2018

Study Design:

This was a retrospective cohort study from 2 affiliated tertiary care referral centers for spine disease.

Objective:

The purpose of this article was to assess the prevalence of incidental (ie, asymptomatic) and symptomatic lumbar synovial facet cysts on magnetic resonance imaging. Secondarily, we assessed whether the prevalence increases with age. In addition, we assessed differences in patient and cyst characteristics between asymptomatic and symptomatic facet cysts.

Summary of Background:

The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic synovial facet cysts in the lumbar spine has been incompletely established, and, although many studies demonstrate an association with degenerative spine disease, no cumulative increase in prevalence of synovial facet cysts with increasing age has been presented.

Methods:

We included 19,010 consecutive patients who underwent a dedicated lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging between 2004 and 2015. Our outcome measures were symptomatic and asymptomatic facet cysts. A symptomatic cyst was defined as a cyst with symptoms of radiculopathy on the same side as the cyst.

Results:

The overall synovial facet cyst prevalence was 6.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.1-6.8]; 46% of the facet cysts were incidental and 54% were symptomatic. Increased age was independently associated with a higher likelihood of having a synovial facet cyst [odds ratio (per 10 y), 1.24, 95% CI, 1.20-1.29; P<0.001]. Large cyst size (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.23-2.20; P=0.001) and anterior location (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08-1.79; P=0.010) of the synovial facet cyst were the only factors independently associated with having radiculopathy.

Conclusions:

Approximately 1 in 15 patients have at least 1 synovial facet cyst. Having a facet cyst—symptomatic and asymptomatic—is strongly associated with increased age supporting the theory that degenerative disease underlies its development. Large cyst size and anterior location of the cyst are associated with an increased likelihood of having neurological symptoms.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, diagnostic study.
Blue Light Enhances Bacterial Clearance and Reduces Organ Injury During Sepsis*
Authors: Lewis Anthony J. , Zhang Xianghong , Griepentrog John E. , Yuan Du , Collage Richard D. , Waltz Paul K. , Angus Derek C. , Zuckerbraun Brian S. , Rosengart Matthew R.
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

The physiology of nearly all mammalian organisms are entrained by light and exhibit circadian rhythm. The data derived from animal studies show that light influences immunity, and these neurophysiologic pathways are maximally entrained by the blue spectrum. Here, we hypothesize that bright blue light reduces acute kidney injury by comparison with either bright red or standard, white fluorescent light in mice subjected to sepsis. To further translational relevance, we performed a pilot clinical trial of blue light therapy in human subjects with appendicitis.

Design:

Laboratory animal research, pilot human feasibility trial.

Setting:

University basic science laboratory and tertiary care hospital.

Subjects:

Male C57BL/6J mice, adult (> 17 yr) patients with acute appendicitis.

Interventions:

Mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture and were randomly assigned to a 24-hour photoperiod of bright blue, bright red, or ambient white fluorescent light. Subjects with appendicitis were randomized to receive postoperatively standard care or standard care plus high-illuminance blue light.

Measurements and Main Results:

Exposure to bright blue light enhanced bacterial clearance from the peritoneum, reduced bacteremia and systemic inflammation, and attenuated the degree of acute kidney injury. The mechanism involved an elevation in cholinergic tone that augmented tissue expression of the nuclear orphan receptor REV-ERBα and occurred independent of alterations in melatonin or corticosterone concentrations. Clinically, exposure to blue light after appendectomy was feasible and reduced serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 concentrations.

Conclusions:

Modifying the spectrum of light may offer therapeutic utility in sepsis.
Economic Evaluation of a Patient-Directed Music Intervention for ICU Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support*
Authors: Chlan Linda L. , Heiderscheit Annette , Skaar Debra J. , Neidecker Marjorie V.
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

Music intervention has been shown to reduce anxiety and sedative exposure among mechanically ventilated patients. Whether music intervention reduces ICU costs is not known. The aim of this study was to examine ICU costs for patients receiving a patient-directed music intervention compared with patients who received usual ICU care.

Design:

A cost-effectiveness analysis from the hospital perspective was conducted to determine if patient-directed music intervention was cost-effective in improving patient-reported anxiety. Cost savings were also evaluated. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses determined the influence of input variation on the cost-effectiveness.

Setting:

Midwestern ICUs.

Patients:

Adult ICU patients from a parent clinical trial receiving mechanical ventilatory support.

Interventions:

Patients receiving the experimental patient-directed music intervention received a MP3 player, noise-canceling headphones, and music tailored to individual preferences by a music therapist.

Measurements and Main Results:

The base case cost-effectiveness analysis estimated patient-directed music intervention reduced anxiety by 19 points on the Visual Analogue Scale-Anxiety with a reduction in cost of $2,322/patient compared with usual ICU care, resulting in patient-directed music dominance. The probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis found that average patient-directed music intervention costs were $2,155 less than usual ICU care and projected that cost saving is achieved in 70% of 1,000 iterations. Based on break-even analyses, cost saving is achieved if the per-patient cost of patient-directed music intervention remains below $2,651, a value eight times the base case of $329.

Conclusions:

Patient-directed music intervention is cost-effective for reducing anxiety in mechanically ventilated ICU patients.
Job satisfaction and empowerment of self-employed nurse practitioners: A mixed methods study
Authors: Lyden Catherine , Sekula L. Kathleen , Higgins Barbara , Zoucha Rick
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose:

Self-employed nurse practitioners (NPs) have been part of the American health care landscape since the 1970s, owning practices throughout the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore and measure the 2 characteristics of job satisfaction and empowerment in self-employed NPs practicing within the 50 states and District of Columbia and to explore factors that influence these characteristics.

Methods:

A convergent parallel design, mixed methods study, using a survey and semistructured interviews, was completed. The survey included the Misener Job Satisfaction Survey and Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire II.

Conclusions:

Self-employed NPs are satisfied and empowered. The more empowered, the higher their level of job satisfaction. Over 40% practiced with full practice authority in a rural location, and 50% had over 10 years of experience as both an RN and NP. Their experience in private practice was explored further in the interviews.

Implications for practice:

This study identifies barriers to job satisfaction and empowerment in self-employed NPs, including physician oversight and lack of business management education. Continuing work to remove restricted and reduced state regulatory environments and to provide education on business management may increase the number of NPs in private practice, expanding access to health care in the United States.
Strategies used to facilitate the discussion of advance care planning with older adults in primary care settings: A literature review
Authors: Solis Guillermina R. , Mancera Bibiana M. , Shen Megan Johnson
Published: May 2018

Background and purpose:

The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate strategies used in primary care settings to initiate advance care planning (ACP) conversations leading to the completion of an advance directive (AD). Approximately 50% of older adults have an AD; few talk to their primary care provider (PCP) about end-of-life wishes. The Institute of Medicine report and recent changes in Medicare reimbursement policies create opportunities for PCPs to address ACP in primary care settings.

Methods:

We used a systematic review approach. The search included seven Elton B. Stephens Company databases, limited to English language and peer-reviewed publications from 1991 to 2017 using 10 key words.

Conclusions.

Effective interventions were educational materials using various methods of delivery, computer-generated triggers for PCPs, inclusion of multidisciplinary professionals for content delivery, and patient preparation for PCP visit.

Implications for practice:

The identified strategies provide a starting point for PCPs to consider increasing the ACP discussion with their patients. Primary care providers must create opportunities to meet the needs of their patients and their families. Established guidelines and reimbursement for ACP challenge PCPs to identify and contribute to the formulation of best practices to facilitate AD completion in primary care settings.
Hurricane Katrina: A nurse practitioner's experience
Authors: Thomas Sophia L.
Published: May 2018

Storm preparedness and recovery has shown much improvement since Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana in 2005, during which more than 1,000 people died. The floodwaters did not recede for weeks. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with information on the lived experience of a nurse practitioner during Hurricane Katrina. Health care providers are not immune from the life-changing effects of a disaster. Readers are provided resources to access disaster preparedness information.
Removing restrictions on nurse practitioners' scope of practice in New York State: Physicians' and nurse practitioners' perspectives
Authors: Poghosyan Lusine , Norful Allison A. , Laugesen Miriam J.
Published: May 2018

Background and purpose:

In 2015, New York State adopted the Nurse Practitioners Modernization Act to remove required written practice agreements between physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) with at least 3,600 hours of practice experience. We assessed the perspectives of physicians and NPs on the barriers and facilitators of policy implementation.

Methods:

Qualitative descriptive design and individual face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from physicians and NPs. One researcher conducted interviews, which were audio-taped and transcribed. Twenty-six participants were interviewed. Two researchers analyzed the data.

Results:

The new law has not yet changed NP practice. Almost all experienced NPs had written practice agreements. Outdated organizational bylaws, administrators' and physicians' lack of awareness of NP competencies, and physician resistance and lack of knowledge of the law were barriers. Collegial relationships between NPs and physicians and positive perceptions of the law facilitated policy implementation.

Conclusions:

Policy makers and administrators should make efforts to remove barriers and promote facilitators to assure the law achieves its maximum impact.

Implications for practices:

Efforts should be undertaken to implement the law in each organization by engaging leadership, increasing awareness about the positive impact of the law and NP independence, and promoting relationships between NPs and physicians.