bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of High Strain Rate on Properties and Microstructure of the Fully Austenitic High Mn Steel
Authors: Śmiglewicz Anna , Jabłońska Magdalena , Płachta Adam , Rodak Kinga , Michalik Rafał
Published: February 2016

In the paper, results of impact bending tests of a high-manganese steel of X30MnAlSi26-4-3 grade are presented. The tests were carried out using a flywheel machine, suitable for dynamic tensile tests and impact bending tests in the range of linear velocity of the forcing element from 5 ÷ 40 m/s. The obtained test results were compared with the results of impact resistance of the studied steel determined using Charpy machine. Structural investigations were carried out using light microscope and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Creating a mechanical twins at different strain rates was analyzed. The surfaces of fractures formed in the break point during bending tests were analyzed, and they indicate a presence of mixed transcrystalline fractures with a predominance of plastic fractures. Substructure studies revealed the presence of mechanical twinning induced in a high strain rate for the X30MnAlSi26-4-3 steel.
The Influence of High Energy Ball Milling on the Morphology of Metal-Ceramic Composite Powders
Authors: Adamczyk Barbara J. , Hekner Bartosz , Sopicka-Lizer Malgorzata
Published: February 2016

Investigations of high energy milling parameter of aluminum or siluminum based materials with ceramic particles has been conducted. Work consists of two parts. In the first part two types of composite powders with the same metal-ceramic ratio were synthesized via planetary ball milling with the same milling parameters. After SEM studies it has been shown, that despite of materials similarities significantly different milling times have been required for manufacturing fine grained powders. Planetary ball milling of the chosen aluminum matrix composite performed in two different milling cycles was the second part of the experiment. Two different times of the break between the consecutive millings were applied. It has been found that increase of the time of the break led to the finer powder after milling.
The Use of Thermo-Gravimetric Studies for the Assessment of Technological Properties of Quartzites for the Ferrosilicon Smelting Process
Authors: Węgrzyn Janusz , Machulec Bolesław
Published: February 2016

The most objective methods of determining the usefulness of quartzite for the ferrosilicon smelting process are industrial research methods, but such studies are long-lasting and costly. In order to test the usefulness of thermo-gravimetric method to evaluate technological properties of quartzites in a laboratory, thermo-gravimetric studies of quartzites samples from various deposits were carried out. These quartzites are used or were used as a raw material in industrial ferrosilicon process. The study consisted of measuring the weight loss of powder samples in the form of mixture of quartz with graphite of molar ratio SiO2 + 3C during heating under an argon atmosphere in the temperature range up to 1500°C. The evaluation of technological properties of quartzites was done by comparing the curves of relative weight loss with industrial technological data of the ferrosilicon smelting process. It was established that the results of thermo-gravimetric studies show satisfying agreement with observations of industrial process, whereas quartzites of improved technological properties revealed a lower weight loss in thermo-gravimetric studies. Studies of this type can be useful as one of the methods of objective assessment of usefulness of quartzites for the ferrosilicon smelting process.
Testing of Welded Joints of Gas-Tight Pipe Walls Made of New Generation Martensitic Steel Type VM12-SHC
Authors: Lalik Stanisław , Adamski Jarosław , Balcerzyk Andrzej
Published: February 2016

The paper presents the results of macro and microstructure testing and of hardness measurements of submerged arc welded joints of VM12SHC steel pipes (special high corrosion resistance, X12CrCoWVNbN12-2-2) with flat bars made of 10CrMo910 steel, intended for operation in elevated temperature. The tests were performed on welded joints that were not heat-treated and welded joints that were annealed (at 735-745°C for 0.5 hours) after welding. The results of the tests were used as a base to elaborate a Welding Procedure Specification.
The Selected Tribological and Structural Properties of Protective Coatings Obtained by Different Methods
Authors: Szymański Krzysztof , Szczucka-Lasota Bożena
Published: February 2016

The coatings were obtained by high velocity oxy fuel method and their modification - new hybrid-spraying process. In this paper, the influence of manufacturing technology on structure and properties of coatings is presented. Examination of mechanical properties (microhardness) and selected results of tribological investigations of new material coatings are presented. The abrasion and erosion wear of materials were tested in ambient and elevated temperature. The article presents the results of structural studies of coatings too. Using a thickness gauge the rated uniformity of the applied coating, the thickness were determined. Microstructure, porosity, density of obtained coating was assessed using LM microscope. The obtained results confirm good erosion and abrasion properties of the tested coatings. Presented results indicate that the tested coatings may be used as a basic protection to wear condition in the energy industry.
The Influence of the Thickness of a Rebar on the Growth Kinetics and Structure of Hot Dip Zinc Coatings
Authors: Liberski Piotr , Migacz Konrad , Chmiela Bartosz
Published: February 2016

In the paper the results of tests on obtaining zinc coatings on reinforcing steel are presented. The coatings were obtained in a zinc bath on B500SP rebars of various diameters. The structure of coatings obtained on rebars with the diameter of 12, 16, 20 and 32 mm has been developed. The chemical composition of structural components of the coating has been established. The growth kinetics of coatings obtained in the traditional galvanizing process at the temperature of 450°C has been established and the impact of the rebar diameter upon the coating growth curve has been defined. The obtained coatings are continuous and they are quite thick. Moreover, it has been determined that an increase in the rebar thickness induces an increase in the coating thickness.
An Influence of the Self-Ageing on the Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of the ZnAl22Cu3 and ZnAl40Cu3 Alloys
Authors: Michalik Rafał
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the examination was to determination of influence of self - ageing on the hardness and corrosion resistance of Zn - Al - Cu alloys. Subject of test were ZnAl22Cu3 and ZnAl40Cu3 alloys. The scope of examinations included: Brinell hardness tests and corrosion resistance tests. Tests were carried out just after heat treatment and after duration of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months after heat treatment. The scope of corrosion test included galvanostatic and potentiodynamic tests. It was found, that natural ageing causes significant decrease of the hardness of ZnAl22Cu3 and ZnAl40Cu3 alloys after solution heat treatment. Carried out tests pointed out, that natural ageing significantly influences on corrosion resistance of ZnAl22Cu3 and ZnAl40Cu3 alloys. During ageing process, corrosion resistance is significantly changed. The high aluminum ZnAl 40Cu3 alloy as a higher hardness and higher corrosion resistance than ZnAl22Cu3 alloy
Transcending Competency Testing in Hospital-Based Simulation
Authors: Lassche Madeline , Wilson Barbara
Published: February 2016

Simulation is a frequently used method for training students in health care professions and has recently gained acceptance in acute care hospital settings for use in educational programs and competency testing. Although hospital-based simulation is currently limited primarily to use in skills acquisition, expansion of the use of simulation via a modified Quality Health Outcomes Model to address systems factors such as the physical environment and human factors such as fatigue, reliance on memory, and reliance on vigilance could drive system-wide changes. Simulation is an expensive resource and should not be limited to use for education and competency testing. Well-developed, peer-reviewed simulations can be used for environmental factors, human factors, and interprofessional education to improve patients’ outcomes and drive system-wide change for quality improvement initiatives.
Effects of various illicit drugs on immune capacity of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Brousseau-Fournier C. , Côté C. , Pharand P. , Gagné J.P. , Lajeunesse A. , Fournier M. , Brousseau P.
Published: February 2016

Not available
Comparativa internacional del uso de recursos digitales en el periodismo digital deportivo: estudio de caso de España y Francia
Authors: Fondevila-Gascón Joan-Francesc , Rom-Rodríguez Josep , Santana-López Eva
Published: February 2016

El periodismo digital deportivo está consiguiendo cada vez más madurez en cuanto al uso de los recursos que le son más distintivos: hipertextualidad, multimedia e interactividad. Metodología: Al tratarse de unas características cuyo uso no dispone de demasiada retrospectiva, en este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio empírico (técnicas cuantitativas) en el que se analiza el uso de la hipertextualidad, multimedia e interactividad en el periodismo especializado deportivo en España y Francia. Analizamos las páginas web de L’Équipe y As. Resultados y conclusiones: Se concluye en esta investigación que el uso de hipertextualidad es prioritariamente interno y contextual, el multimedia se centra en la fotografía y la interactividad en los comentarios. Los recursos digitales en el periodismo especializado deportivo digital son optimizables.
О ветвях существенного спектра решетчатой модели спин-бозон с не более чем двумя фотонами
Authors: Rasulov Tulkin Husenovich
Published: February 2016

Рассматривается решетчатый аналог $\mathcal A_m$ модели светового излучения с неподвижным атомом и не более чем $m$ фотонами ($m=1,2$). Описано местоположение существенного спектра оператора $\mathcal A_2$ через спектр оператора $\mathcal A_1$, т. е. выделены двухчастичная и трехчастичная ветви существенного спектра оператора $\mathcal A_2$. Доказано, что существенный спектр состоит из объединения не более чем шести отрезков, и изучено расположение этих отрезков. Получены оценки для нижних граней двухчастичных и трехчастичных ветвей.
Application of an Ontology for Characterizing Data Quality for a Secondary Use of EHR Data
Authors: Speedie Stuart , Simon Gyorgy , Kumar Vipin , Westra Bonnie , Johnson Steven
Published: February 2016

The goal of this study is to apply an ontology based assessment process to electronic health record (EHR) data and determine its usefulness in characterizing data quality for calculating an example eMeasure (CMS178).

The process uses a data quality ontology that references separate data quality, domain and task ontologies to compute measures based on proportions of constraints that are satisfied. These quantities indicate how well the data conforms to the domain and how well it fits the task.

The process was performed on a de-identified 200,000 encounter sample from a hospital EHR. CodingConsistency was poor (44%) but DomainConsistency (97%) and TaskRelevance (95%) were very good. Improvements in the data quality Measures correlated with improvements in the eMeasure.

This approach can encourage the development of new detailed Domain ontologies that can be reused for data quality purposes across different organizations’ EHR data. Automating the data quality assessment process using this method can enable sharing of data quality metrics that may aid in making research results that use EHR data more transparent and reproducible.
Pesticides in the atmosphere: a comparison of gas-particle partitioning and particle size distribution of legacy and current-use pesticides
Authors: Degrendele C. , Okonski K. , Melymuk L. , Landlová L. , Kukučka P. , Audy O. , Kohoutek J. , Čupr P. , Klánová J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This study presents a comparison of seasonal variation, gas-particle partitioning, and particle-phase size distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in air. Two years (2012/2013) of weekly air samples were collected at a background site in the Czech Republic using a high-volume air sampler. To study the particle-phase size distribution, air samples were also collected at an urban and rural site in the area of Brno, Czech Republic, using a cascade impactor separating atmospheric particulates according to six size fractions. Major differences were found in the atmospheric distribution of OCPs and CUPs. The atmospheric concentrations of CUPs were driven by agricultural activities while secondary sources such as volatilization from surfaces governed the atmospheric concentrations of OCPs. Moreover, clear differences were observed in gas-particle partitioning; CUP partitioning was influenced by adsorption onto mineral surfaces while OCPs were mainly partitioning to aerosols through absorption. A predictive method for estimating the gas-particle partitioning has been derived and is proposed for polar and non-polar pesticides. Finally, while OCPs and the majority of CUPs were largely found on fine particles, four CUPs (carbendazim, isoproturon, prochloraz, and terbuthylazine) had higher concentrations on coarse particles ( >  3.0 µm), which may be related to the pesticide application technique. This finding is particularly important and should be further investigated given that large particles result in lower risks from inhalation (regardless the toxicity of the pesticide) and lower potential for long-range atmospheric transport.
Observations of surface momentum exchange over the marginal ice zone and recommendations for its parametrisation
Authors: Elvidge A. D. , Renfrew I. A. , Weiss A. I. , Brooks I. M. , Lachlan-Cope T. A. , King J. C.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Comprehensive aircraft observations are used to characterise surface roughness over the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and consequently make recommendations for the parametrisation of surface momentum exchange in the MIZ. These observations were gathered in the Barents Sea and Fram Strait from two aircraft as part of the Aerosol–Cloud Coupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) project. They represent a doubling of the total number of such aircraft observations currently available over the Arctic MIZ. The eddy covariance method is used to derive estimates of the 10 m neutral drag coefficient (CDN10) from turbulent wind velocity measurements, and a novel method using albedo and surface temperature is employed to derive ice fraction. Peak surface roughness is found at ice fractions in the range 0.6 to 0.8 (with a mean interquartile range in CDN10 of 1.25 to 2.85  ×  10−3). CDN10 as a function of ice fraction is found to be well approximated by the negatively skewed distribution provided by a leading parametrisation scheme (Lüpkes et al., 2012) tailored for sea-ice drag over the MIZ in which the two constituent components of drag – skin and form drag – are separately quantified. Current parametrisation schemes used in the weather and climate models are compared with our results and the majority are found to be physically unjustified and unrepresentative. The Lüpkes et al. (2012) scheme is recommended in a computationally simple form, with adjusted parameter settings. A good agreement holds for subsets of the data from different locations, despite differences in sea-ice conditions. Ice conditions in the Barents Sea, characterised by small, unconsolidated ice floes, are found to be associated with higher CDN10 values – especially at the higher ice fractions – than those of Fram Strait, where typically larger, smoother floes are observed. Consequently, the important influence of sea-ice morphology and floe size on surface roughness is recognised, and improvement in the representation of this in parametrisation schemes is suggested for future study.
In-situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw tall tower site
Authors: Röckmann Thomas , Eyer Simon , van der Veen Carina , Popa Maria E. , Tuzson Béla , Monteil Guillaum , Houweling Sander , Harris Eliza , Brunner Dominik , Fischer Hubertus , Zazzeri Giulia , Lowry David , Nisbet Euan G. , Brand Willi A. , Necki Jaroslav M. , Emmenegger Lukas , Mohn Joachim
Published: February 2016

Abstract. High precision analyses of the isotopic composition of methane in ambient air can potentially be used to discriminate between different source categories. Due to the complexity of isotope ratio measurements, such analyses have generally been performed in the laboratory on air samples collected in the field. This poses a limitation on the temporal resolution at which the isotopic composition can be monitored with reasonable logistical effort. Here we present the performance of a dual isotope ratio mass spectrometric system (IRMS) and a quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS) based technique for in-situ analysis of the isotopic composition of methane under field conditions. Both systems were deployed at the Cabauw experimental site for atmospheric research (CESAR) in the Netherlands and performed in-situ, high-frequency (approx. hourly) measurements for a period of more than 5 months. The IRMS and QCLAS instruments were in excellent agreement with a slight systematic offset of +(0.05 ± 0.03) ‰ for δ13C and –(3.6 ± 0.4) ‰ for δD. This was corrected for, yielding a combined dataset with more than 2500 measurements of both δ13C and δD. The high precision and temporal resolution dataset does not only reveal the overwhelming contribution of isotopically depleted agricultural CH4 emissions from ruminants at the Cabauw site, but also allows the identification of specific events with elevated contributions from more enriched sources such as natural gas and landfills. The final dataset was compared to model calculations using the global model TM5 and the mesoscale model FLEXPART-COSMO. The results of both models agree better with the measurements when the TNO-MACC emission inventory is used in the models than when the EDGAR inventory is used. This suggests that high-resolution isotope measurements have the potential to further constrain the methane budget, when they are performed at multiple sites that are representative for the entire European domain.
Seven years of IASI ozone retrievals from FORLI: validation with independent total column and vertical profile measurements
Authors: Boynard Anne , Hurtmans Daniel , Koukouli Mariliza E. , Goutail Florence , Bureau Jérôme , Safieddine Sarah , Lerot Christophe , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Pommereau Jean-Pierre , Pazmino Andrea , Zyrichidou Irene , Balis Dimitris , Barbe Alain , Mikhailenko Semen N. , Loyola Diego , Valks Pieter , Van Roozendael Michel , Coheur Pierre-François , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This paper presents an extensive inter-comparison and validation for the ozone (O3) product measured by the two Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometers (IASI) launched onboard the Metop-A and Metop-B satellites in 2006 and in 2012, respectively. IASI O3 total columns and vertical profiles obtained from Fast Optimal Retrievals on Layers for IASI (FORLI-O3) v20140922 software (running up until recently) are validated against independent observations during the period 2008–2014 on a global scale. On average for the period 2013–2014, IASI-A and IASI-B TOCs retrieved using FORLI are consistent, with IASI-B providing slightly lower values with a global difference of only 0.2±0.8 %. The comparison between IASI-A and IASI-B O3 vertical profiles shows differences within ±2 % over the entire altitude range. Global validation results for seven years of IASI TOCs from FORLI against GOME-2/Metop-A, Dobson and Brewer data show that, on average, IASI overestimates the UV data by 5–6 % with the largest differences found in the Southern high latitudes. The comparison with UV-vis SAOZ measurements shows a mean bias between IASI and SAOZ TOCs of 2–4 % in the mid-latitudes and tropics, and 7 % at the polar circle. Part of the discrepancies found at high latitudes can be attributed to the limited information content in the observations, due to low brightness temperatures. The comparison with ozonesonde vertical profiles (limited to 30 km) shows that on average IASI with FORLI processing underestimates O3 by ~5–15 % in the troposphere while it overestimates O3 by ~10–40 % in the stratosphere depending on the latitude. In the Northern middle latitudes, the bias varies within ±20 % for the entire altitude range. The largest relative differences are found in the tropical tropopause region; this can be explained by the low O3 amounts leading to large relative errors. In this study, we also evaluate an updated version of FORLI-O3 retrieval software (v20151001), using look-up tables recalculated to cover a larger spectral range using the latest HITRAN spectroscopic database (HITRAN 2012), and implementing numerical corrections. The assessement of the new O3 product with the same set of observations as that used for the validation exercise shows a correction of ~4 % for the TOC positive bias when compared to the UV ground-based and satellite observations, bringing the overall global comparison to ~1–2 % on average. This improvement is mainly associated with a decrease in the retrieved O3 concentration in the stratosphere (above 30 hPa/25 km) as shown by the comparison with ozonesonde data.
Ecological survey of the Native Pinewoods of Scotland 1971
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Bunce Robert G. H.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In 1971, a comprehensive ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. The survey was initiated as a consequence of growing concern about the status of the pinewood resource. Since the Twentieth Century, this unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity, but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The survey, utilising demonstrably repeatable methods, collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and also general site information from the major 27 sites of the 35 sites identified as truly native pinewoods in Scotland. The results from the survey prompted the organisation of an International Symposium in 1975, which set the conservation agenda for the Old Caledonian Pinewoods. The data collected during the 1971 survey are now publicly available via the following DOI: http://doi.org/10/7xb (Habitat, vegetation, tree and soil data from Native Pinewoods in Scotland, 1971). Although the data are now 44 years old, the repeatable methods will allow for a resurvey to take place, in order to assess changes in the vegetation, habitats and tree composition in statistically robust manner.
Multi-sensor cloud and aerosol retrieval simulator and remote sensing from model parameters – Part 2: Aerosols
Authors: Wind G. , da Silva A. M. , Norris P. M. , Platnick S. , Mattoo S. , Levy R. C.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The Multi-sensor Cloud Retrieval Simulator (MCRS) produces synthetic radiance data from model output as if a specific sensor such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were viewing an atmospheric column. Previously the MCRS code only included contributions from atmosphere and clouds in its radiance calculations and did not incorporate properties of aerosols. In this paper we added a new aerosol properties module to the MCRS code that allows user to insert a mixture of up to 15 different aerosol species in any of the 36 available simulated layers. The MCRS code is currently known as MCARS (Multi-sensor Cloud and Aerosol Retrieval Simulator). Inclusion of an aerosol module into MCARS not only allows for extensive, tightly controlled testing of various aspects of satellite operational cloud and aerosol properties retrieval algorithms; but also provides a platform for comparing cloud and aerosol models against satellite measurements. This kind of two-way platform can improve the efficacy of model parameterizations of measured satellite radiances, thus potentially improving model skill. The MCARS code provides dynamic controls for appearance of cloud and aerosol layers. Thereby detailed quantitative studies of impacts of various atmospheric components can be conducted in a controlled fashion. The aerosol properties used in MCARS are directly ingested from GEOS-5 model output. They are prepared using the same model subgrid variability management methods as are used for cloud and atmospheric properties profiles, namely the Independent Column Approximation (ICA) technique. After MCRS computes sensor radiances equivalent to their observed counterparts, these radiances are substituted into an operational remote sensing algorithm. Specifically, the MCRS computed radiances are input into the processing chain used to produce the MODIS Data Collection 6 aerosol product (M{O/Y}D04) that would normally be produced from actual sensor output. We show direct application of this synthetic product in analysis of performance of the MOD04 operational algorithm. We use biomass burning case studies employed in a recent Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) -sponsored study of aerosol impacts on Numerical Weather Prediction (Freitas et al. 2016). We show that a known low bias in retrieved MODIS aerosol optical depth appears to be due to a disconnect between actual column relative humidity and the value assumed by the MODIS aerosol product.
LIMA (v1.0): A quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei
Authors: Vié B. , Pinty J.-P. , Berthet S. , Leriche M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The paper describes the LIMA (Liquid Ice Multiple Aerosols) quasi two-moment microphysical scheme, which relies on the prognostic evolution of an aerosol population, and the careful description of the nucleating properties that enable cloud droplets and pristine ice crystals to form from aerosols. Several modes of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice freezing nuclei (IFN) are considered individually. A special class of partially soluble IFN is also introduced. These "aged" IFN act first as CCN and then as IFN by immersion nucleation at low temperatures. All the CCN modes are in competition with each other, as expressed by the single equation of maximum supersaturation. The IFN are insoluble aerosols that nucleate ice in several ways (condensation, deposition and immersion freezing) assuming the singular hypothesis. The scheme also includes the homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets, the Hallett–Mossop ice multiplication process and the freezing of haze at very low temperatures. LIMA assumes that water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the population of cloud droplets (adjustment to saturation in warm clouds). In ice clouds, the prediction of the number concentration of the pristine ice crystals is used to compute explicit deposition and sublimation rates (leading to free under/supersaturation over ice). The autoconversion, accretion and self-collection processes shape the raindrop spectra. The initiation of the large crystals and aggregates category is the result of the depositional growth of large crystals beyond a critical size. Aggregation and riming are computed explicitly. Heavily rimed crystals (graupel) can experience a dry or wet growth mode. An advanced version of the scheme includes a separate hail category of particles forming and growing exclusively in the wet growth mode. The sedimentation of all particle types is included. The LIMA scheme is inserted into the Meso-NH cloud-resolving mesoscale model. The flexibility of LIMA is illustrated by two 2-D experiments. The first one highlights the sensitivity of orographic ice clouds to IFN types and IFN concentrations. Then a squall line case discusses the microstructure of a mixed-phase cloud and the impacts of pure CCN and IFN polluting plumes. The experiments show that LIMA responds well to the complex nature of aerosol–cloud interactions, leading to different pathways for cloud and precipitation formation.
Technical Note: Initial assessment of a multi-method approach to spring-flood forecasting in Sweden
Authors: Olsson J. , Uvo C. B. , Foster K. , Yang W.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Hydropower is a major energy source in Sweden, and proper reservoir management prior to the spring-flood onset is crucial for optimal production. This requires accurate forecasts of the accumulated discharge in the spring-flood period (i.e. the spring-flood volume, SFV). Today's SFV forecasts are generated using a model-based climatological ensemble approach, where time series of precipitation and temperature from historical years are used to force a calibrated and initialized set-up of the HBV model. In this study, a number of new approaches to spring-flood forecasting that reflect the latest developments with respect to analysis and modelling on seasonal timescales are presented and evaluated. Three main approaches, represented by specific methods, are evaluated in SFV hindcasts for the Swedish river Vindelälven over a 10-year period with lead times between 0 and 4 months. In the first approach, historically analogue years with respect to the climate in the period preceding the spring flood are identified and used to compose a reduced ensemble. In the second, seasonal meteorological ensemble forecasts are used to drive the HBV model over the spring-flood period. In the third approach, statistical relationships between SFV and the large-sale atmospheric circulation are used to build forecast models. None of the new approaches consistently outperform the climatological ensemble approach, but for early forecasts improvements of up to 25 % are found. This potential is reasonably well realized in a multi-method system, which over all forecast dates reduced the error in SFV by ∼  4 %. This improvement is limited but potentially significant for e.g. energy trading.
Learning about water resource sharing through game play
Authors: Ewen Tracy , Seibert Jan
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Games are an optimal way to teach about water resource sharing, as they allow real-world scenarios to be enacted. Both students and professionals learning about water resource management can benefit from playing games, through the process of understanding both the complexity of sharing of resources between different groups and decision outcomes. Here we address how games can be used to teach about water resource sharing, through both playing and developing water games. An evaluation of using the web-based game Irrigania in the classroom setting is first presented, supported by feedback from several educators who have used Irrigania to teach about the sustainable use of water resources, and decision making, at university and high school levels. We then present the development of two water games in a course for master students in geography, as a way to teach and communicate about water resource sharing, together with a discussion of the learning outcomes based on our experience and student feedback.
A continuum anisotropic damage model with unilateral effect
Authors: Alliche A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A continuum damage mechanics model has been derived within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics with internal variables in order to describe the behaviour of quasi-brittle materials under various loading paths. The anisotropic character induced by the progressive material degradation is explicitly taken into account, and the Helmholtz free energy is a scalar function of the basic invariants of the second order strain and damage tensors. The elastic response varies depending on the closed or open configuration of defects. The constitutive laws derived within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics theory display a dissymmetry as well as unilateral effects under tensile and compressive loading conditions. This approach verifies continuity and uniqueness of the potential energy. An application to uniaxial tension-compression loading shows a good adequacy with experimental results when available, and realistic evolutions for computed stresses and strains otherwise.
Detecting and tracking eddies in oceanic flow fields: A vorticity based Euler-Lagrangian method
Authors: Vortmeyer-Kley Rahel , Gräwe Ulf , Feudel Ulrike
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Since eddies play a major role in the dynamics of oceanic flows, it is of great interest to detect them and gain information about their tracks, their lifetimes and their shapes. We develop a vorticity based heuristic Euler-Lagrangian descriptor utilizing the idea of Lagrangian coherent structures. In our approach we define an eddy as a region around an elliptic fixed point (eddy core) surrounded by manifolds (eddy boundaries). We test the performance of an eddy tracking tool based on this Euler-Lagrangian descriptor using an convection flow of four eddies, a synthetic vortex street and an eddy seeded model. The results for eddy lifetime and eddy shape are compared to the results obtained with the Okubo-Weiss parameter, the modulus of vorticity and an eddy tracking tool used in oceanography. We show that the Euler-Lagrangian descriptor estimates lifetimes closer to the analytical results than any other method. Furthermore we demonstrate that eddy tracking based on this descriptor is robust with respect to certain types of noise which makes it a suitable tool for eddy detection in velocity fields obtained from observation.
10 años de historia fundacional de la URACCAN Siuna-Las Minas
Authors: Valiente Contreras Fredy Leonel , Del Cid Lucero Víctor Manuel
Published: February 2016

La Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN), tiene presencia en 4 Recintos Universitarios del Caribe. En la Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte en Siuna y Bilwi; en la Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur en Bluefields y Nueva Guinea, se asimilan en relación a la estructura orgánica y líneas de trabajo: extensión, docencia e investigación. El Recinto Siuna-Las Minas surge en 1995, para dar respuesta a una demanda histórica de siglos de exclusión económica, política, cultural y social por parte del Estado nacional nicaragüense. El objeto de esta sistematización fue rescatar la historia y la generación de propuestas alternativas en la construcción de la autonomía de la Costa Atlántica. Es de tipo longitudinal de 1995-2005 y se realizó en el 2007 a partir de un enfoque cualitativo básicamente con entrevistas In situ individuales y grupales, además se estudiaron las memorias de los talleres, actas, resúmenes de los debates, datos estadísticos, evaluaciones y diagnósticos institucionales. Con un enfoque sistémico se ha concluido que en el ámbito nacional la URACCAN por su perfil multiétnico, intercultural bilingüe y su praxis de acompañamiento comunitario con­tribuye al desarrollo identitario en la forja de la Autonomía de la Costa Caribe donde conviven seis culturas: miskitu, sumu-mayangna, rama, garífuna, creol y los pueblos del mestizaje. SUMMARY The University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (URACCAN), is present in four Campuses. In the North Atlantic Autonomous Region in Siuna and Bilwi; and in the South Atlantic Autonomous Region in Bluefields and Nueva Guinea, as they are treated in relation to the organizational structure and working lines: extension, teaching and research. The Siuna Campus was founded in 1995, in response to a historical demand of centuries of economic, political, cultural and social exclusion by the Nicaraguan national state. The purpose of this systematization was to rescue the history and the generation of alternative proposals for the construction of the autonomy of the Atlantic Coast. It’s a longitudinal study from 1995-2005 and it was carried-out in 2007 from a primarily qualitative approach with individual and group interviews in situ; we also examined the reports of the workshops, the minutes, summaries of discussions, statistics, evaluations and institutional diagnostics. It was concluded -using a systemic approach- that URACCAN at a national context and due to its multiethnic and intercultural-bilingual profile, as well as it community accompaniment praxis contributes to identity development in forging the autonomy of the Caribbean Coast where six cultures coexist: Miskitu, Sumu-Mayangna, Rama, Creole, Garifuna, and Mestizo.
Estrategias educativas utilizadas en la carrera de Contabilidad Pública y Auditoría
Authors: Laguna González Martha Irene , Espinoza Valerio Maricela , López Mairena Eugenio Casimiro
Published: February 2016

El estudio ha destacado la adecuada aplicación de las estrategias educativas desarrolladas por el personal docente en la carrera de Contabilidad Pública y Auditoría en la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN) recinto Nueva Guinea. El enfoque fue cuali-cuantitativo. La recopilación de información se hizo a través de entrevistas individuales, grupos focales, observación, encuesta y revisión documental. Han existido dificultades en las estrategias educativas entre los docentes, por lo cual es importante efectuar una revisión del currículo de la carrera de Contabilidad Pública y Auditoria, lo que permitiría rediseñarlo por competencias e incorporar estrategias con el fin de fortalecer la educación de los futuros profesionales. Summary The study has highlighted the successful implementation of educational strategies developed by teachers in the career of Accounting and Auditing at the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast (URACCAN) campus New Guinea. The approach was qualitative and quantitative. The information collected was done through individual interviews, focus groups, observation, survey and literature review. The review of the Public Accounting and Auditing study program intended to define the difficulties faced by teacher in their educational strategies, so as to improve strategies and competences development among students.
FORMACIÓN DE LOS DOCENTES DE LA URACCAN EN EL ÁREA DE RECURSOS NATURALES
Authors: Soza Fuentes Sofía , García Félix Luciano , Gutiérrez Soza Neidy
Published: February 2016

Se abordó la formación de los docentes de la URACCAN en el Área de Recursos Naturales (ARENA), a partir de su perfil profesional y la práctica de sus diferentes estrategias pedagógicas en el aula. Esta área tiene 43 docentes, entre ellos: de tiempo completo, horarios y la coordinación del área. La composición étnica corresponde con el 70 % al grupo mestizo, seguido del creol con un 23 %; ulwas, garífunas y miskitus con el 2 %, respectivamente. Del total de docentes, el 58 % están en proceso de formación pedagógica y el 42 % de ellos no han iniciado estudios de especialización. La investigación fue cualitativa con enfoque etno-metodológico, tanto en lo que corresponde a la participación de docentes, estudiantes y autoridades del área académica. Se desarrollaron entrevistas, grupos focales y observación directa en las aulas de clase. Relativo a la práctica pedagógicas es importante mencionar que predomina la Pedagogía “depositaria”. Entre los factores que han incidido en las prácticas pedagógicas está el abuso del término “libertad de cátedra" y el limitado “acompañamiento participativo”, que garantice el cumplimiento del  Modelo Pedagógico de URACCAN. Los resultados anteriores, así como el análisis de los reglamentos y normativas internas de la Universidad, conllevan a proponer algunas iniciativas para el diseño de un plan de formación y profesionalización docente.SummaryThe training of URACCAN teachers in the area of Natural Resources (ARENA) was addressed, based on their professional profile and practice of different teaching strategies in the classroom. This area has 43 teachers, including:      full-time, part-time and the coordinator of the area. The ethnic composition corresponds to 70% from the Mestizo group, followed by Creole with 23%; Ulwa, Garifuna and Miskitu with 2%, respectively. From the teachers, 58% are in the process of pedagogical training and 42% of them haven’t initiated specialized studies. The research was qualitative with an ethno-methodological approach, corresponding both to the participation of teachers, as well of students and the academic authorities. Interviews, focus groups and direct observation in the classroom were developed. Related to the pedagogical practice is important to mention that the “depository” pedagogy predominates. Among the factors that have influenced teaching practices we can mention the abuse of the term "academic freedom" and limited "participative support", to ensure the compliance of URACCAN Pedagogical Model. The above results and the analysis of the internal rules and regulations of the University are leaded to propose initiatives to design a teacher training and professionalization plan.
PRÁCTICAS DE CAMPO EN LA FORMACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERÍA EN ZOOTECNIA, URACCAN NUEVA GUINEA
Authors: García Nicaragua Róder , López Mairena Luis Antonio
Published: February 2016

El estudio ha valorado la pertinencia, calidad y eficacia en la formación profesional 2008 – 2009, en la carrera de Ingeniería en Zootecnia. La investigación fue exploratoria, fenomenológica, cualitativa, y transversal. Se analizaron las percepciones de las autoridades, docentes y estudiantes. En cuanto al cumplimiento de la pertinencia, se han establecido vínculos con la problemática social del sector agropecuario, ejecutando así el Modelo Pedagógico de URACCAN para retomar saberes y prácticas tradicionales. En este período un total de 268 estudiantes aportaron mano de obra, generación de información y apoyo a capacitaciones de extensión comunitaria con lo cual se contribuye al perfil de egreso.SummaryThis study has assessed the pertinence, quality and efficiency in professional training 2008 - 2009, in the career of Zootechnics Engineering. The research was exploratory, phenomenological, qualitative, and transverse. The perceptions of the authorities, teachers and students were analyzed. In terms of meeting the pertinence, we have established links to encounter with the social problems of the agricultural sector, thereby executing URACCAN Pedagogical Model to return to traditional knowledge and practices. In this period a total of 268 students helped with their labor, generating information and support with community trainings in order to contribute to the graduate profile.
ETNO-MATEMÁTICA EN INDÍGENAS ULWAS, COMUNIDAD DE KARAWALA, REGIÓN AUTÓNOMA ATLÁNTICO SUR, NICARAGUA
Authors: Soza Valverde Minerva , Dávila Espinoza Alba Luz
Published: February 2016

Esta investigación analizó los conocimientos etno-matemáticos que poseen los pueblos indígenas ulwas, comunidad de Karawala, Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS), a partir de la identificación de las manifestaciones socioculturales que representan saberes etno-matemáticos ancestrales. La investigación fue cualitativa con enfoque antropológico. Se realizaron  guías de observación, entrevistas y grupos focales con líderes, autoridades de la comunidad, docentes y ancianos. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que el Sistema Numérico del Conteo con los Dedos; este conteo los ancestros ulwas lo hacían con los dedos de las manos y de los pies, en el Sistema de Medición se identifican como unidades de medidas la vara, la jícara, los nudos en bejuco. También el empleo  de conocimientos geométricos en la construcción de viviendas tradicionales, nasas y elaboración del metate. Estos aportes contribuyen a la revitalización cultural de  los pueblos indígenas ulwas y a la gestión curricular en el Subsistema Educativo Autonómico Regional (SEAR), los cuales deben ser adoptados en la transformación curricular de los programas de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe. Summary This research examined the ethno-mathematical knowledge that the Ulwas indigenous people possesses, who are located in Karawala community, South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS), based on the identification of sociocultural manifestations that the ethno-mathematical ancestral knowledge represents. The research was qualitative with anthropological approach. Observation guides were made, interviews and focus groups with leaders, community authorities, teachers and elders. Among the results obtained, it reflects the Counting Numerical System with the Fingers. This counting was done by the Ulwas ancestors with their fingers and toes. In the Measurement System several elements were identified as measuring units, such as the stick, the gourd, and the knots on liana. They also employed the use of geometric knowledge in traditional housing construction, and development of fish trap and grinding stone. These inputs contribute to the cultural revitalization of the Ulwas indigenous people and to the curricular management in the Regional Autonomous Education Subsystem (SEAR), which should be adopted in the curricular transformation of the Bilingual Intercultural Education program.
ECONOMÍA INDÍGENA EN LA COMUNIDAD DE WASAKÍN, MUNICIPIO DE ROSITA, RAAN
Authors: García Izaguirre Pío Alejandro , Argüello Mendieta Saida De los Ángeles
Published: February 2016

Se presenta el estudio de caso: Economía Indígena  de Wasakín, municipio de Rosita, Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN), a 480 Km al noreste de Managua,  Nicaragua. La población está constituida por seis familias tuahka, el resto están enlazados con la etnia  tuahka y mísquitu. La población aproximada es de 2,100 habitantes, conformados por 185 familias, prevalece la identidad  tuahka y mískitu. Se asentaron aproximadamente en 1733 en el río Bambana, a 13.5 Km. de la ciudad de Rosita en el reinado de   Eduardo I  (1728-1762). Se identificaron el modelo de economía, las actividades productivas, cultura, la percepción del pueblo en referencia al modelo de su economía. La investigación fue cualitativa con métodos de la Antropología Cultural. Los habitantes viven de la agricultura rudimentaria, madera, ganadería, artesanía de bambú y servicios de medicina tradicional, comercio, caza, pesca y recolección. Existe pobreza y el Estado ha fomentado tradicionalmente el paternalismo con donaciones realizadas por cada gobierno.SummaryWe present a case study on Indigenous economy in Wasakin, municipality of Rosita, North Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAN), located at 480 km northeast of Managua, Nicaragua. The population is constituted by six Tuahka families, the rest are linked with the Tuahka-Miskitu ethnic group. The population is approximately 2,100 people, made ​​up of 185 families; the tuahka and miskitu identity prevails. These families settled approximately in 1733 in the Bambana River, at 13.5 km from the city of Rosita, during the reign of Edward I (1728-1762). The economic model was identified, as well as the productive activities, culture, and the perception of the people in reference to its economic model. The research was qualitative and linked with methods of cultural anthropology. The people live from the rudimentary agriculture, wood, cattle-raising, bamboo crafts, traditional medicine services, trade, hunting, fishing and gathering. There is poverty and the State has traditionally fostered paternalism with donations made by each government.