bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computerized psychological test usage in APA‐accredited training programs
Authors: Olson Kenneth R.
Published: August 2002

Despite the advantages of computerized psychological assessment and the proliferation of assessment software, many psychologists still do not use computerized assessment, and its utilization has not increased during the past decade. Two‐hundred‐fifty‐one APA‐accredited training programs in clinical and counseling psychology were surveyed concerning their use of computerized psychological assessment. Directors reported a median of only three computerized tests used in their training programs. Twenty‐five percent of the respondents reported no computerized psychological tests in their training programs. The computerized tests most‐often used in psychology programs were compared to results of surveys of psychological tests most‐often used in clinical practice. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 727–736, 2001.
Identifying the faces in the mirror: Untangling transference and countertransference in self psychology
Authors: Guy James D. , Brady Joan Laidig
Published: August 2002

Experienced psychotherapists realize that there are many levels of meaning behind much that is said during the therapeutic hour. The challenge for the competent professional is to become wise enough to learn what to ignore and sensitive enough to know what to emphasize. Sorting this out is at the heart of the practice of good psychotherapy. In this article, we will briefly share our thoughts on this rich but complicated interpersonal interaction using Kohutian self psychology theory to understand the role of countertransference in the process of conducting psychotherapy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 993–997, 2001.
“Echo attributions” and other risks when publishing on novel therapies without peer review
Authors: Rosen Gerald M. , Davison Gerald C.
Published: August 2002

A special series on Thought Field Therapy in the Journal of Clinical Psychology provides an opportunity for psychologists to learn about techniques and theories outside the mainstream of our field. Unfortunately, by publishing this series of manuscripts without meeting the standards of peer review, the Journal also provides an avenue for the misuse of its good reputation and the improper promotion of untested methods. “Echo attributions” can be made whereby an author attributes the source of his own words to the professional journal in which the text appears. Historical examples illustrate that such misuse of scientific journals and institutions occurs. A formal statement of guidelines is needed to instruct authors on appropriate versus unethical representations of their publications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1245–1250, 2001.
The Alcohol Helplessness Scale and its prediction of depression among problem drinkers
Authors: Sitharthan Gomathi , Hough Michael J. , Sitharthan Thiagarajan , Kavanagh David J.
Published: August 2002

Event‐specific scales commonly have greater power than generalized scales in prediction of specific disorders and in testing mediator models for predicting such disorders. Therefore, in a preliminary study, a 6‐item Alcohol Helplessness Scale was constructed and found to be reliable for a sample of 98 problem drinkers. Hierarchical multiple regression and its derivative path analysis were used to test whether helplessness and self‐efficacy moderate or mediate the link between alcohol dependence and depression. A test of a moderation model was not supported, whereas a test of a mediation model was supported. Helplessness and self‐efficacy both significantly and independently mediated between alcohol dependence and depression. Nevertheless, a significant direct effect of alcohol dependence on depression also remained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1445–1457, 2001.
Differential regulation of components of the focal adhesion complex by heregulin: Role of phosphatase SHP‐2
Authors: Vadlamudi Ratna K. , Adam Liana , Nguyen Diep , Santos Manes , Kumar Rakesh
Published: August 2002

Heregulin (HRG) has been implicated in the progression of breast cancer cells to a malignant phenotype, a process that involves changes in cell motility and adhesion. Here we demonstrate that HRG differentially regulates the site‐specific phosphorylation of the focal adhesion components focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxilin in a dose‐dependent manner. HRG at suboptimal doses (0.01 and 0.1 nM) increased adhesion of cells to the substratum, induced phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr‐577, ‐925, and induced formation of well‐defined focal points in breast cancer cell line MCF‐7. HRG at a dose of 1 nM, increased migratory potential of breast cancer cells, selectively dephosphorylated FAK at Tyr‐577, ‐925, and paxillin at Tyr‐31. Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr‐397 remained unaffected by HRG stimulation. FAK associated with HER2 only in response to 0.01 nM HRG. In contrast, 1 nM HRG induced activation and increased association of tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2 with HER2 but decreased association of HER2 with FAK. Expression of dominant‐negative SHP‐2 blocked HRG‐mediated dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, leading to persistent accumulation of mature focal points. Our results suggest that HRG differentially regulates signaling from focal adhesion complexes through selective phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and that tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2 has a role in the HRG signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 190: 189–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxia‐induced upregulation of eNOS gene expression is redox‐sensitive: A comparison between hypoxia and inhibitors of cell metabolism
Authors: Hoffmann Anke , Gloe Torsten , Pohl Ulrich
Published: August 2002

Several papers report a hypoxia‐induced upregulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression. Since there is no known hypoxia‐sensitive element binding site in the eNOS promoter, we reasoned that the effect of hypoxia could be simulated by a metabolically elicited alteration of the redox state. Therefore, cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) were exposed to hypoxia (1–10% O2) or inhibitors of cellular energy metabolism including rotenone, 2, 4 dinitrophenol (DNP) and 2‐deoxyglucose for 6 to 24 h. Additionally, cells were treated with lactate and nicotinic acid to alter the cellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio without changes of energy supply. The cellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio was used as an index of the cellular redox state and determined using the MTT‐assay. Hypoxia increased eNOS mRNA transcription and MTT‐reduction in a manner inversely proportional to pO2. Exposure to rotenone, DNP, and lactate increased the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio, MTT‐reduction, and eNOS mRNA also in parallel. In contrast, 2‐deoxyglucose and nicotinic acid attenuated both MTT‐reduction and eNOS mRNA expression. In order to study a potential role of the redox regulated transcription factor complex AP‐1 in hypoxia‐induced eNOS mRNA transcription, c‐jun expression was determined and decoy experiments were performed. c‐jun expression paralleled changes of eNOS mRNA expression and MTT‐reduction. Furthermore, in the presence of oligodeoxynucleotides corresponding to the AP‐1 binding sites of the eNOS promoter, the hypoxia and chemically induced eNOS mRNA expression was completely abolished. We propose that hypoxia, by altering cellular metabolism, leads to an increase in the cellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio which favors enhanced eNOS expression by redox‐sensitive AP‐1 mediated transcriptional control. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of C/EBPβ isoforms in normal versus neoplastic mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Eaton Erin M. , Hanlon Mary , Bundy Linda , Sealy Linda
Published: August 2002

A member of the CCAAT Enhancer Binding Proteins (C/EBPs) family of transcription factors, C/EBPβ, has recently proven to be an important player in both growth and differentiation of the epithelial cells in the mammary gland. When the gene for C/EBPβ is disrupted in mice, these mice fail to either develop normal mammary ducts during puberty or pregnancy, or to lactate upon parturition. C/EBPβ can be present in cells in three isoforms: C/EBPβ‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. These isoforms have the same carboxy terminus but different N‐termini due to alternative translational initiation at three different initiator codons within the C/EBPβ mRNA. Using a commercially available antibody specific to the C‐terminus of C/EBPβ and a novel antibody specific to the N‐terminus of C/EBPβ‐1, we have uncovered a striking difference in the forms of C/EBPβ present in normal mammary epithelial cells versus breast cancer cell lines. C/EBPβ‐ 1 is found exclusively in normal mammary epithelial cells, whereas C/EBPβ‐ 2 is found only in dividing cells, both normal and neoplastic. Our preliminary data suggest that the prevalent form of C/EBPβ in cancer cells, C/EBPβ‐ 2, can activate genes which push the cell to divide, such as cyclin D1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical decolorization of the azo dye CI Reactive Orange 96 by various organic/inorganic compounds
Authors: Yoo Eui S
Published: August 2002

Batch experiments were performed to investigate the possibility and kinetics of chemical decolorization of the reactive mono‐azo dye CI Reactive Orange 96 (RO 96) with various compounds such as cysteine, ascorbate, Ti(III)‐citrate, Fe(II)‐sulfate, and yeast extract. Cysteine and ascorbate (10 mmol dm−3 respectively) decolorized RO 96 (0.19 mmol dm−3) in the absence of oxygen. Increasing the concentration of either reductant (to 20 or 38 mmol dm−3) enhanced the decolorization rate, showing first‐order kinetics with respect to both the concentration of the dye and of cysteine or ascorbate. The rate constants, k, for cysteine and ascorbate were 0.0003 and 0.0010 dm3mmol−1 h−1 respectively at pH 7.1 and 33 °C. Ti(III)‐citrate (10 mmol dm−3) decolorized RO 96 (0.20 mmol dm−3) within 5 min, independent of the presence of oxygen. Fe(II)‐sulfate was not effective in the decolorization of RO 96 at pH 8, whereas a rapid decolorization occurred at pH 12. This study suggests that a variety of abiotic processes may be involved in decolorization under anaerobic conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Temperature‐related reaction kinetics and product composition of ethoxylated fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Hreczuch Wiesław
Published: August 2002

The work investigates the influence of temperature on the reaction kinetics and the consequent change in the distribution of homologues during ethoxylation of fatty acid methyl esters. It was found that temperature‐related kinetics of ethoxylation significantly affects the composition of the products and more narrow distributions of homologues are found with an increase in the reaction temperature from 135 °C to 185 °C. It is suggested that intermolecular complexation of the catalyst cation takes place, thus broadening the distribution of the homologues produced at the lower temperature range and the effect decays with increases in the reaction temperature. The substantial influence of the distribution of homologues on the products' viscosity and solubility is revealed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Parallel hydrogenation of 2,2‐dimethylol‐1‐butanal and formaldehyde over supported NiCr and CuCr catalysts
Authors: Rantakylä Tiina‐Kaisa , Salmi Tapio , Mäki‐Arvela Päivi
Published: August 2002

The hydrogenation kinetics of 2,2‐dimethylol‐1‐butanal (TMP‐aldol) and formaldehyde were studied over two commercial supported catalysts; NiCr on silica and CuCr on alumina. Both catalysts hydrogenated the aldol selectively to triol, but the kinetic trends differed widely. With the nickel catalyst, the aldol hydrogenation was not started before almost all of the formaldehyde was consumed from the bulk phase, whereas the copper‐containing catalyst hydrogenated aldol and formaldehyde in parallel. Rate equations for the hydrogenation of aldol and formaldehyde were derived from a competitive surface mechanism. Since formaldehyde retarded significantly the hydrogenation rate of aldol over NiCr, the kinetic model was modified in order to take into account the inhibitory effect of formaldehyde. With the modified model, the experimental data produced over the NiCr catalyst were rather well described. The data from the experiments over the CuCr catalyst followed pseudo‐first order kinetics remarkably well. Furthermore, the kinetic model without the inhibitory effect of formaldehyde was able to describe the governing trends of the data obtained over the CuCr catalyst.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Maximum volumetric production of β‐galactosidase by Kluyveromyces fragilis in fed‐batch culture with automatic control
Authors: Barberis Sonia , Segovia Rodolfo
Published: August 2002

The production of β‐galactosidase by Kluyveromyces fragilis was studied in different culture systems, with dissolved oxygen concentration control and using defined media. An operating strategy of fed‐batch culture with automatic control of substrate addition regulated by dissolved oxygen concentration, consisting of the replacement of variable volumes of broth by fresh medium (once the fed‐batch culture has finished), was designed. The volumetric enzyme productivity (Qp, 13 600 UI dm−3 h−1) obtained was 38% higher than that reached in continuous culture of K fragilis with dissolved oxygen concentration control and far higher than that obtained by batch culture of K fragilis under the same aeration conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Doppler sonographic diagnosis of respiration‐dependent reversed flow in the hilar splenic vein
Authors: Görg Christian , Riera‐Knorrenschild Jordi , Dietrich Jürgen
Published: August 2002

We describe respiration‐dependent reversed flow in the splenic vein detected by color Doppler sonography in 2 patients. In case 1, gray‐scale sonography in a patient with liver cirrhosis and abdominal pain showed a hyperechoic, thickened colonic segment and diverticula, with increased echogenicity around the diseased colon. The liver was small, with a nodular surface and coarse echotexture. Doppler sonography of the portal and splenic veins showed a constant hepatopetal flow while the patient held her breath in midinspiration and a brief, transient color change restricted to the hilar splenic veins when the patient took a deep breath. In case 2, abdominal sonography in a patient with pneumonia and right‐sided abdominal pain showed mural thickening of the appendix and left‐sided pneumonic infiltration. The liver size and texture were normal. Color Doppler sonography of the portal and splenic veins showed a constant hepatopetal flow while the patient held his breath in midinspiration and a transient reversal of flow restricted to the splenic veins when the patient took a deep breath. Although the cause of this flow pattern is unclear, increased intra‐abdominal pressure is a possible explanation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:527–530, 2001.
Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and vasopressin in magnocellular neurons of salt‐loaded aged rats
Authors: Marsais F. , Parmentier C. , Terao E. , Taxi J. , Calas A.
Published: August 2002

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is expressed in catecholaminergic neurons. However, under certain conditions it is also ectopically expressed in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus. To test the hypothesis that this expression of TH is related to the cellular activation of these neurons and/or to the vasopressin (VP) expression, we studied the expression of both TH and VP in control and salt‐loaded aged rats. Our results demonstrate that aged rats show a marked TH expression in VP cells which is further increased by osmotic stimulation in the absence of increase in VP synthesis in the supraoptic nucleus. The presence of TH‐immunopositive dendritic swellings in the ventral part of this nucleus reveals the high state of plasticity of these neurons. Furthermore, the lack of several actors of catecholamine biosynthesis in these neurons suggests a different role for TH. This study further demonstrates an ectopic expression of TH in hypothalamic neurons of aged rats and a TH expression linked to the activation of VP neurons but unrelated to VP synthesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:81–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential morphological and permeability changes in the rete capillaries during hyperglycaemia
Authors: Rasio E. A. , Bendayan M.
Published: August 2002

With the rete model of the eel swimbladder, we have studied the appearance and development of a microangiopathy during a 2‐year period of hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia was induced in the eel by chronic exposure to cold water. At 3–5 months, basement membrane thickness was twice the normal value and increased only slightly thereafter. Diffusion coefficients of permeability were measured in counter‐current perfusion experiments for a variety of tracers that are believed to use different pathways of transcapillary transport. The permeability to sucrose was the first to significantly increase, at 6–8 months, followed by that of albumin, insulin, and inulin, at 9–11 months and that of sodium, at 18–24 months. The permeability to water and antipyrine remained stable throughout the study. The results indicate that in the rete model, chronic hyperglycaemia induces a rapid thickening of the capillary basement membrane and selective permeability increments in the various paths of transcapillary transport. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:408–417, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of FTZ‐F1α in frog testicular cells
Authors: Takase Minoru , Nakajima Takeshi , Nakamura Masahisa
Published: August 2002

Fushi tarazu transcription factor‐1 (FTZ‐F1), a member of a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is a transcriptional regulator for fushi tarazu gene expression in Drosophila (Ueda et al., ’90). We have cloned a homologue (rrFTZ‐F1α) of the FTZ‐F1 gene of the frog Rana rugosa. The gene, in frogs, has been shown to have high expression level in the testis (Nakajima et al., 2000). In this study, the RT‐PCR analysis showed that the FTZ‐F1α mRNA level in adult frogs did not change throughout the year, even during hibernation. However, when immunohistological studies using the anti‐rrFTZ‐F1α antibody were employed to examine which testicular cells expressed this gene, Sertoli cells were found to produce rrFTZ‐F1α in the two seasons: the breeding season (from March through May) and the pre‐hibernating season (from October through November). Interstitial cells, however, did it in only the breeding season (from April through May). Taken together, the results suggest that the rrFTZ‐F1α expression is regulated at the post‐transcriptional step, and that the rrFTZ‐F1α may play an important role(s) in the seasonal activities of Sertoli and interstitial cells in the frog testis. J. Exp. Zool. 290:182‐189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of an evolutionarily novel structure: Fibroblast growth factor expression in the carapacial ridge of turtle embryos
Authors: Loredo Grace A. , Brukman Alla , Harris Matthew P. , Kagle David , Leclair Elizabeth E. , Gutman Rachel , Denney Erin , Henkelman Emily , Murray B. Patrick , Fallon John F. , Tuan Rocky S. , Gilbert Scott F.
Published: August 2002

The turtle shell, an evolutionarily novel structure, contains a bony exoskeleton that includes a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron. The development of the carapace is dependent on the carapacial ridge (CR), a bulge in the dorsal flank that contains an ectodermal structure analogous to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb (Burke. 1989a. J Morphol 199:363–378; Burke. 1989b. Fortschr Zool 35:206–209). Although the CR is thought to mediate the initiation and outgrowth of the carapace, the mechanisms of shell development have not been studied on the molecular level. Here, we present data suggesting that carapace formation is initiated by co‐opting genes that had other functions in the ancestral embryo, specifically those of limb outgrowth. However, there is divergence in the signaling repertoire from that involved in limb initiation and outgrowth. In situ hybridizations with antisense riboprobes derived from Trionyx spiniferous fibroblast growth factor‐10 (tfgf10) and Trachemys scripta (T. scripta) fibroblast‐growth factor 8 (tfgf8) cDNAs were performed on sections of early T. scripta embryos (< 30 days). Expression of tfgf10 was localized to the mesenchyme subjacent to the ectoderm of the CR. In the chick limb bud, FGF10 is known to be expressed in the early limb‐forming mesenchyme and is capable of inducing FGF8 in the AER to initiate the outgrowth of the limb bud. Although the expression of tfgf8 was found in the AER of the developing turtle limb, it was not seen in the CR. Thus, the initiation of the carapace is in agreement with FGF10 expression in the CR, but FGF8 does not appear to have a role in mediating early carapace outgrowth. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:274–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifying genes for male sex determination in humans
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: August 2002

The convergence of genetic and molecular technologies has led to the identification of a number of genes for male sex determination. The observation of chromosomal translocations, deletions, and duplications in sex reversed individuals was instrumental for the positional cloning of SRY, SOX9, WT1, and DAX1. Cloning by protein‐DNA interaction was required for the identification of SF1. The observation of an extended phenotype for the alpha thalassemia‐mental retardation syndrome assigned a role for XH2 in the testicular determining process. Over the next several years, new sex determining genes will be identified by linkage analysis in large families with multiple sex reversed members, comparative genomic hybridization of sex reversed individuals, and database searches for genes that encode interacting proteins or paralogs of other species. Given the apparent differences in the sex determining mechanisms of even closely related species, the roles of all of these genes will require confirmation by demonstrating expression in human gonadal ridge at the critical time, and that mutations result in sex reversal. J. Exp. Zool. 290:567–573, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of P450arom in Malaclemys terrapin and Chelydra serpentina: A tale of two sites
Authors: Place Allen R. , Lang Jeff , Gavasso Sonja , Jeyasuria Pancharatnam
Published: August 2002

The formation of estrogens from androgens in all vertebrates is catalyzed by the “aromatase” complex, which consists of a membrane bound P450 enzyme, P450 aromatase (which binds the androgen substrate and inserts an oxygen into the molecule), and a flavoprotein (NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase). Among vertebrates, the two major sites of aromatase expression are the brain and gonads. Given the importance of estrogen in reptile sex determination, we set out to examine whether P450arom was involved in the initiation and/or stabilization of sex determination in turtles. We examined the expression of aromatase activity in the brain and gonads of two turtle species exhibiting temperature dependent sex determination (TSD), the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin), and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Estradiol when applied at stage 14 of the terrapin induces expression of aromatase in the gonad of embryos incubated at male temperatures (26.5°C). The level of expression is similar to that of a normal embryonic ovary. When applied at stage 22, estradiol does not induce aromatase expression in the terrapin. The xenoestrogen, nonylphenol, sex reverses terrapin embryos at 26.5°C. Letrazole, a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, suppresses aromatase activity in the brain at either incubation temperature. Ovotestes are produced by letrazole administration in the terrapin when incubated at 30.5°C.

In the snapping turtle at stage 23, gonadal and brain aromatase activity in embryos incubated at female temperatures (30.5°C) is nearly half that exhibited in terrapin embryos at the same temperature. Moreover, letrazole administration suppresses aromatase expression to nearly basal levels. At male incubation temperatures (26.5°), brain aromatase expression is nearly three times higher than at female temperatures, while gonadal expression levels are nearly one third lower. However, the gonadal expression levels at male temperatures in the snapping turtle are nearly 25 times higher than that found in the terrapin. Estradiol administration elevates this level nearly three fold. These data suggest that is not merely the expression of aromatase that is important for ovarian development, but that the level of expression may be more important. J. Exp. Zool. 290:673–690, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female sperm storage in reptiles
Authors: Sever David M. , Hamlett William C.
Published: August 2002

Internal fertilization and oviparity most likely are symplesiomorphies for modern reptiles, and viviparity has evolved independently numerous times in Sauria and Serpentes. Oviducal sperm storage is known in females of all taxa except Amphisbaenia. However, in Rhynchocephalia and Crocodilia, sperm storage is poorly studied, and specialized sperm storage tubules (Ssts) are unknown. We use the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis [(Chelonia+Archosauria) (Squamata)] to trace evolution of sperm storage characters. Ssts arose independently in Chelonia and Squamata. Turtles possess albumen‐secreting glands in the anterior half of the oviduct (the tuba or isthmus), and the most distal of these glands also serve as Ssts; in addition, some turtles possess Ssts in the adjacent segment of the oviduct, the uterus. Squamates lack albumen‐secreting glands, and the ancestral state is possession of Ssts in the posterior infundibulum (uterine tube). Secondarily, iguanids have evolved vaginal Ssts. In this paper, we present the first ultrastructural observations on vaginal Ssts in lizards, using Anolis sagrei (Polychrotidae). Proximally, the neck of these simple tubular glands continues the alternation of ciliated and secretory cells lining the lumen of the vagina. However, the epithelial cells of the distal sperm storage area are neither secretory nor ciliated. The Ssts of Anolis are more similar to those of birds more than to infundibular receptacles in snakes and lizards J. Exp. Zool. 292:187–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trading crossings for handles and crosscaps
Authors: Archdeacon Dan , Bonnington C. Paul , Širáň Jozef
Published: August 2002

Let ck = crk (G) denote the minimum number of edge crossings when a graph G is drawn on an orientable surface of genus k. The (orientable) crossing sequence co, c1,c2…encodes the trade‐off between adding handles and decreasing crossings. We focus on sequences of the type co > c1 > c2 = 0; equivalently, we study the planar and toroidal crossing number of doubly‐toroidal graphs. For every ϵ > 0 we construct graphs whose orientable crossing sequence satisfies c1/co > 5/6−ϵ. In other words, we construct graphs where the addition of one handle can save roughly 1/6th of the crossings, but the addition of a second handle can save five times more crossings. We similarly define the non‐orientable crossing sequence ˜0,˜1,˜2, ··· for drawings on non‐orientable surfaces. We show that for every ˜0 > ˜1 > 0 there exists a graph with non‐orientable crossing sequence ˜0, ˜1, 0. We conjecture that every strictly‐decreasing sequence of non‐negative integers can be both an orientable crossing sequence and a non‐orientable crossing sequence (with different graphs). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 230–243, 2001
Circular flows of nearly Eulerian graphs and vertex‐splitting
Authors: Zhang Cun Quan
Published: August 2002

The odd edge connectivity of a graph G, denoted by λo(G), is the size of a smallest odd edge cut of the graph. Let S be any given surface and ϵ be a positive real number. We proved that there is a function fS(ϵ) (depends on the surface S and limϵ→0 fS(ϵ)=∞) such that any graph G embedded in S with the odd‐edge connectivity at least fS(ϵ) admits a nowhere‐zero circular (2+ϵ)‐flow. Another major result of the work is a new vertex splitting lemma which maintains the old edge connectivity and graph embedding. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 147–161, 2002
Cubic graphs without cut‐vertices having the same path layer matrix
Authors: Dobrynin Andrey A.
Published: August 2002

The path layer matrix (or path degree sequence) of a graph G contains quantitative information about all possible paths in G. The entry (i,j) of this matrix is the number of paths in G having initial vertex i and length j. It is known that there are cubic graphs on 62 vertices having the same path layer matrix (A. A. Dobrynin. J Graph Theory 17 (1993) 1–4). A new upper bound of 36 vertices for the least order of such cubic graphs is established. This bound is realized by cubic graphs without cut‐vertices. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 177–182, 2001
Ernst Mach and the episode of the monocular depth sensations
Authors: Banks Erik C.
Published: August 2002

Although Ernst Mach is widely recognized in psychology for his discovery of the effects of lateral inhibition in the retina (“Mach Bands”), his contributions to the theory of depth perception are not as well known. Mach proposed that steady luminance gradients triggered sensations of depth. He also expanded on Ewald Hering's hypothesis of “monocular depth sensations,” arguing that they were subject to the same principle of lateral inhibition as light sensations were. Even after Hermann von Helmholtz's attack on Hering in 1866, Mach continued to develop theories involving the monocular depth sensations, proposing an explanation of perspective drawings in which the mutually inhibiting depth sensations scaled to a mean depth. Mach also contemplated a theory of stereopsis in which monocular depth perception played the primary role. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An economic model of self‐help groups: policy implications for banks and NGO initiatives
Authors: Sivramkrishna Sashi , Panigrahi Ramakrushna
Published: August 2002

In India, the Self‐Help Group (SHG) has emerged as a suitable innovative institution in bringing formal financial sector credit to poor. This article constructs an economic typology of SHGs based on four important economic variables, namely, interest on members' savings paid by the SHG, sharing of SHG surpluses by members, members' claim on exit from the SHG and lending rates charged by the SHG to members. An economic analysis of each type of SHG shows these variables to be important in terms of the members' costs of borrowing and demand for credit. Based on the analysis, some leads for a set of policy guidelines for each type of SHG are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globalization, industrial development and the plastics industry in South Africa
Authors: Roberts Simon
Published: August 2002

Through a study of the plastics sector in South Africa, the article critically examines the globalization position that greater openness yields gains from exports and foreign direct investment. Analysis of firm‐level data reveals that the depth and extent of the internationalization of production depends on the production capabilities of firms and their position and bargaining power in the supply‐chain. It is argued that liberalization does not necessarily mean that international relationships will be deepened and that a coherent industrial policy is important in the realization of the potential gains from such internationalization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and preliminary in vivo evaluation of 4‐[123I]iodo‐N‐{2‐[4‐(6‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐pyridinyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl}benzamide, a potential SPECT radioligand for the 5‐HT1A receptor
Authors: Vandecapelle M. , De Vos F. , Dumont F. , Audenaert K. , Leysen D. , Dierckx R. A. , Slegers G.
Published: August 2002

4‐[123I]Iodo‐N‐{2‐[4‐(6‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐pyridinyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl}benzamide (1. 123I), a potential SPECT 5‐HT1A radioligand, was synthesized by electrophilic iododestannylation of the tributyltin derivative with n.c.a. [123I]NaI and chloramine‐T under acidic conditions (20 min, ambient temperature). Radiochemical yield averaged around 60 % (sd = 8,n = 22). After HPLC purification, chemical purity was higher than 95 % and radiochemical purity higher than 99 %. Specific activity was always higher than 222 GBq/µmol (6 Ci/µmol). The calculated log P is 4.28. Initial brain uptake in NMRI mice was 1.16 % ID (2 min) and decreased slowly afterwards (0.51 % ID (2 h)). 60 min p.i., the majority of the radioactivity in plasma and brain was present as 1. 123I, respectively 75.15 % and 96.48 %. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Phenyl‐13C6‐ethene
Authors: Zippi Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2002

In an effort to prepare an improved carbon‐rich target material for the accelerator production of 13N labelled ammonia for use in positron emission tomography (PET), sulfonated poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) has been evaluated. The preparation of this target material using naturally abundant carbon‐12 compounds was investigated in an effort to optimize conditions for the preparation of the analogous carbon‐13 target material which may provide a cost‐effective method for producing nitrogen‐13 labelled ammonia via proton irradiation. As part of this study, phenyl‐13C6‐ethene was synthesized in three steps starting from benzene‐13C6. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of multiply labelled ribonucleosides for sequence‐specific labelling of oligo‐RNA
Authors: Milecki Jan , Földesi Andras , Fischer Artur , Adamiak Ryszard W. , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti
Published: August 2002

The synthesis of ribonucleotide blocks multiply labelled with 2H, 13C and 15N for solid support synthesis of sequence specifically labelled RNA is described. Labels were introduced in the ribose ring (13C), C5 position of pyrimidine nucleobases (2H) and exocyclic amino groups (15N) and serve as multiple probes for studying the various physicochemical consequences of physiologically important RNA folding by high‐resolution multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulbus arteriosus of the bivalve mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria: Morphology and pharmacology
Authors: Deaton Lewis E. , Felgenhauer Bruce E. , Duhon Daniel W.
Published: August 2002

We examined the morphology and pharmacology of the bulbus arteriosus of the marine bivalve mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria. The bulbus arteriosus is an organ of unknown function associated with the posterior aorta and the ventricle. It is composed of connective tissue interspersed with muscle bundles. In contrast to the lumen of the ventricle, which has an extensive trabecular network, the lumen of the bulbus arteriosus has no trabeculae. No valve is present in the posterior aorta connecting the lumina of the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus. Scattered neuronal profiles are present in the wall and the axonal processes contain vesicles that may contain neurosecretory products. We did not, however, find synapses or evidence of vesicular release into the lumen of the bulbus arteriosus. The bulbus arteriosus contains acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT), and the molluscan neuropeptides FMRFamide (phenyl‐alanyl‐methionyl‐arginyl‐phenylalaninylamide) and FLRFamide (phenylalanyl‐leucinyl‐arginyl‐phenylalanylamide). The isolated bulbus arteriosus contracts tonically in response to mechanical stress and exposure to 5HT or FMRFamide, while acetylcholine relaxes it. We surmise that the bulbus arteriosus probably functions as a mechanism for regulating the relative amounts of hemolymph pumped into the anterior and posterior aortae by the ventricle and that the bulbus arteriosus may be a neurohemal site. J. Morphol. 250:185–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Egg of the Karner Blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis): Morphology and elemental analysis
Authors: Nickles Elizabeth P. , Ghiradella Helen , Bakhru Hassaram , Haberl Arthur
Published: August 2002

Most insect eggshells are ornately sculptured; that of the Karner Blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, exhibits a series of interwoven ridges and depressions. Scanning electron microscopic views of the shell show that the patterning resides in the outer chorion, while the inner vitelline membrane is relatively flat and featureless. We here describe the morphology of the egg and introduce a physical technique, use of a Dynamitron accelerator, to identify and localize elements in the eggshell. Most elements present are represented in the chorion, but sulfur appears restricted to the vitelline membrane. The micropyle is particularly rich in calcium and, in unhatched eggs, phosphorus as well. J. Morphol. 251:140–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afterload reduction in severe aortic regurgitation
Authors: Hoffmann Udo , Frank Herbert , Stefenelli Thomas , Kaiser Bernd , Klaar Ursula , Globits Sebastian
Published: August 2002

This study was designed to assess the effects of afterload reduction in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR) and maintained LV function by cine‐MRI. We studied 13 patients at baseline and after 0.2 mg/kg Hydralazine (I.V.). Patients were stratified according to the volumetric LV response to acute afterload reduction: Group I comprised patients with improved LV response; Group II comprised patients with unchanged or deteriorated LV response. Baseline LV function and severity of AR were not significantly different between groups. However, regurgitant fraction decreased (50 ± 12 vs. 36 ± 9%; P < 0.03) and cardiac output increased (4.9 ± 1.4 vs. 7.1 ± 1.6l/minute; P < 0,001) in Group I and remained unchanged in Group II (54 ± 10 vs. 55 ± 10%, P = n.s. and 5.5 ± 1.4 vs. 6.6 ± 0.9l/minute; P = n.s.) during maximal vasodilation. Beat‐to‐beat analysis revealed a decrease of left ventricular endsystolic volume index in group I (48 ± 13 vs. 37 ± 9 ml/beat; P < 0.05) and no change in group II (61 ± 20 vs. 62 ± 20 ml/beat; P = n.s.). In the natural history of chronic AR, the absence of improved LV performance during acute vasodilation using beat‐to‐beat analysis by MRI may identify patients with more advanced cardiac adaptation to chronic volume overload. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:693–697. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton MR spectroscopy of the lumbar spine in patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib
Authors: Scherer Axel , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg , Engelbrecht Volkher , Schwarz Stefan , May Philip , Poll Ludger Wilhelm , Koch Jens Albrecht , Wendel Udo , Mödder Ulrich
Published: August 2002

Glycogen storage disease type Ib is an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder resulting from deficiency of the microsomal glucose‐6‐phosphatase enzyme system. Six patients (three of which were treated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor) suffering from this disease were examined using image guided localized proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. The relative signal intensities of water and lipid protons of the lumbar spine were determined. Comparison was made with iliac crest biopsies in the glycogen storage disease type Ib patients and localized proton MR spectroscopic values of the lumbar spine obtained by thirteen healthy volunteers. The data demonstrate for the first time that hypercellularity and myeloid hyperplasia in subjects with glycogen storage disease type Ib due to functionally impaired leucocytes results in a strongly increased water proton signal with a very low or absent lipid signal in localized proton MR spectroscopy. Upon granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment, the water proton signal in the lumbar spine is not further augmented. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:757–762. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resection of soft tissue sarcomas with intra‐operative magnetic resonance guidance
Authors: Gould Stuart William Thomas , Agarwal Tushar , Benoist Stéphane , Patel Bijen , Gedroyc Wadislaw , Darzi Ara
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To report on a preliminary series of magnetic resonance (MR)‐guided sarcoma resections.

Materials and Methods

Three patients with the skin sarcoma dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans underwent MR‐guided resection.

Results

The extent of the tumor at MR imaging was greater in each case than suggested by clinical examination. Adequate resection margins were planned using short Tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences and intra‐operative imaging was used to confirm complete tumor excision. Histological examination confirmed clear surgical margins of at least 1 cm in each case.

Conclusion

We believe this technique may reduce the incidence of specimen margins positive for tumor following resection, and consequently reduce the need for further excisional surgery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:114–119. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of methods for obtaining longitudinal whole‐brain magnetization transfer measurements
Authors: Ostuni John L. , Richert Nancy , Wisniewski Ruth , Lewis Bobbi K. , Howard Thomas , Patel Jay , Frank Joseph A.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To investigate whether the method of applying image masks can alter quantifiable measures determined from whole‐brain MTR calculations.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐five T1/MT image pairs were obtained from five normal volunteers. For each pair a mask was used to specify the regions to be analyzed. Using these regions, a histogram was used to calculate seven global MTR metrics. This process was performed three ways: 1) using a unique mask for each T1/MT pair, 2) sharing a single mask for each subject and registering all intrasubject images to the image corresponding to their mask, and 3) sharing a single mask for each subject and transforming that mask into alignment with each of their original T1/MT image pairs.

Results

With respect to the first method, the latter two methods caused small but significant differences in several parameters.

Conclusion

The method of applying image masks can affect whole‐brain MTR values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;15:8–15. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation of single‐lumen silicone implant integrity with chemical shift artifact on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images
Authors: Murphy Timothy J. , Piccoli Catherine W. , Mitchell Donald G.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To correlate the integrity of single‐lumen silicone gel implants with chemical shift artifact (CSA) associated with infolding of the elastomer shell.

Materials and Methods

The T2‐weighted images of presurgical MRI examinations of 54 implants were retrospectively reviewed by two breast radiologists blinded to the operative and pathologic findings. CSA associated with intraluminal membranes was quantified by determining the fraction of membranes with it and categorized as minimal (0–⅓ of membranes involved), moderate (>⅓ – <⅔), and marked (⅔ to all). CSA was qualified by noting whether CSA intensity of the membranes was less than or similar to that of blood vessels. The CSA was correlated with the surgical or pathology findings to judge integrity of the implant.

Results

Nineteen implants were intact, 35 were dysfunctional (gel leakage or rupture). Twenty‐eight of 29 (97%) with a minimal fraction of membranes with CSA were dysfunctional; 17/21 (81%) with CSA associated with a marked fraction of membranes were intact (P < 0.001). All 28 implants with CSA intensity less than vessels were dysfunctional, 19/26 (73%) with CSA equal to vessels were intact (P < 0.001). All 25 implants with minimal CSA and intensity less than vessels were dysfunctional. Seventeen of 19 (89%) implants with CSA associated with a marked fraction of membranes and intensity equal to vessels were intact (P = 0.02). The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs were combined with strong CSA as a predictor of integrity, and 22 of 26 (85%) implants were correctly diagnosed, 4 dysfunctional and 18 intact (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

CSA correlates with integrity of silicone gel implants on T2‐weighted images and can be used with other MRI signs to improve diagnosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:159–164. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial left ventriculectomy in severe idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Assessment of short‐term results and their impact on late survival by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Parga Jose R. , Avila Luiz F.R. , Bacal Fernando , Moreira Luiz F.P. , Stolf Noedir G. , Ramires Jose A.F. , Bocchi Edimar A.
Published: August 2002

We evaluated short‐term effects of partial ventriculectomy on left ventricular (LV) parameters and its impact on late survival by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty patients and 10 normal volunteers were studied, and LV volumes (EDV, ESV), ejection fraction (EF), short‐ and long‐axis dimensions (SA, LA), wall thickness (Wth), shape (LA/SA), geometry (Wth/SA), a geometry index (Phi), and wall‐motion score index (WMSI) were evaluated pre‐ and postoperatively. Also, we compared results and survival of patients with preoperative EF ≤17% vs. EF >17%. Short‐term results showed significant changes (P < 0.001) in: EF (17.3 ± 7.3% vs. 30.4 ± 9.5%), EDV (391.9 ± 118 vs. 272.7 ± 90 mL); ESV (308.2 ± 102.8 vs. 190.3 ± 68.4 mL); SA (80.5 ± 10.4 vs. 71.7 ± 7.8 mm); LA/SA (1.13 ± 0.1 vs. 1.34 ± 0.1); Wth (8.35 ± 0.99 vs. 9.75 ± 1.41 mm); Wth/SA (0.10 ± 0.01 vs. 0.14 ± 0.02), diastolic( 0.80 ± 0.16 vs. 0.58 ± 0.13) and systolic (0.78 ± 0.18 vs. 0.55 ± 0.12) Phi; and WMSI (−2 vs. −1) (P = 0.032). The EF division showed differences in: LA/SA (1.26 ± 0.10 vs. 1.49 ± 0.12) (P < 0.001); Wth/SA (0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02) (P = 0.023); diastolic (0.65 ± 0.11 vs. 0.48 ± 0.11) and systolic (0.63 ± 0.09 vs. 0.46 ± 0.09) Phi (P < 0.001); and WMSI (−2 vs. −1) (P = 0.033). Finally, correlation between pre/postoperative EF showed for EF < 17%, r = 0.32 and for EF >17%, r = 0.83, which had different late survival. Our study showed significant changes on LV parameters after ventriculectomy. Patients with EF >17% showed better EF correlation between pre/postoperative values and higher survival rate. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:781–786. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration of breast MRI in clinical trials
Authors: Harms Steven E.
Published: August 2002

Clinical trials are the mechanism for implementing new treatment methods into clinical practice. A number of organizations have been developed to facilitate the initiation, implementation, and data analysis for clinical trials. Imaging is important for patient selection and establishment of endpoints, yet imaging expertise has been underrepresented in most clinical trial groups. The integration of breast MRI in clinical trials is an important step toward the establishment of this method of imaging in routine practice. In addition, these data will be important in justifying the expense of MRI to payer organizations. The potential roles of breast MRI in clinical trials are reviewed. These breast MRI applications are linked with some of the studies that are under development. It is important for the MRI community to be aware of the importance of clinical trials in the future clinical establishment of breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:830–836. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic increase in choline signal is a nonspecific marker for differentiation of infective/inflammatory from neoplastic lesions of the brain
Authors: Venkatesh Sudhakar K. , Gupta Rakesh K. , Pal Lily , Husain Nuzhat , Husain Mazhar
Published: August 2002

We report in vivo proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic findings in three benign infective/inflammatory lesions (one case each of tuberculoma, fungal granuloma, and xanthogranuloma), which showed high choline along with the presence of lipid/lactate, a feature characteristically described in neoplastic lesions. Histopathology of the lesions showed inflammatory cellular infiltrates with areas of necrosis/caseation. The spectroscopic‐visible increased choline resonance in these lesions is probably the result of cellularity. We conclude that increased choline, along with the presence of lipid/lactate is a nonspecific finding and may not be of much value in the differentiation of neoplastic from nonneoplastic infective/inflammatory intracranial mass lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:8–15. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.