bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR VIRTUAL ANASTYLOSIS: THE CASE OF THE ARCH OF TITUS AT THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS IN ROME
Authors: Canciani M. , Falcolini C. , Buonfiglio M. , Pergola S. , Saccone M. , Mammì B. , Romito G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper is the first report about the development of a methodology for the virtual Anastylosis of elements belonging to an archaeological site, based on the 3d modeling of fragments. This research is the result of the cooperation between Università Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura and Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali; several 3D survey, modeling, information systems and archaeology experts were involved. The purpose of the research was to study the complex and stratified site of the Arch of Titus at the Circus Maximus aiming, first of all, at completing the existing traditional graphic documentation using cataloguing and survey innovative methodologies, and, secondly, at supporting new proposals for the reconstruction and Anastylosis of the Arch itself. This tested methodology whose fundamental element is the three-dimensional textured model of each fragment, can also be used in other sites and contexts.
Albedo over snow and ice penitents
Authors: Abermann J. , Kinnard C. , Lhermitte S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Both satellite and ground-based broadband albedo measurements over complex terrain show several limitations concerning feasibility and representativeness. In this study a series of experiments on Glaciar Tapado in the semi-arid Andes of Northern Chile is used to investigate the vertical dependence of albedo over a penitent-covered surface. The albedo–height relationship depends on the surface properties: over medium-sized snow penitents albedo increases with height, whereas over ice penitents little changes were found above the penitent tips and varying responses within the penitent troughs. The governing factor is the surface geometry and the ratio of penitent height to distance between their tips. Based on a model experiment it is shown that large parts of the variations above the tips can be explained geometrically, by varying influence of a confined albedo anomaly on a hemispherical sensor. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of broadband albedo over a penitent-covered surface is analyzed. In this context the albedo throughout two ablation seasons is discussed to place the experiments into a larger temporal context. Albedo measurements at an automated weather station show that broadband albedo over a penitents is low compared to expected values on a smooth surface. Albedo decreases early in the ablation season, and stabilizes from February onwards with variations being caused by fresh snow-fall events. The 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 seasons differ notably, where the latter shows lower albedo related to a different penitent evolution resulting in larger penitents. Finally, a comparison of the ground-based albedo observations with Landsat and MODIS-derived albedo showed that both satellite derived albedo products capture the albedo evolution with root mean square errors of 0.08 and 0.15, respectively, but also illustrate their shortcomings related to temporal resolution and spatial heterogeneity over mountain glaciers.
REVIEW OF THE ENERGY LIMITERS APPROACH TO MODELING FAILURE OF RUBBER
Authors: Volokh K. Y.
Published: July 2013

Nonlinear theories of elasticity describe rubber deformation but not failure; however, in reality, rubbers do fail. In the present work, we review a new approach of energy limiters that allows for unifying hyperelasticity theories with failure descriptions, and we discuss results of this unification. First, we introduce the energy limiter concept, which allows the enforcement of failure descriptions in elasticity theories. The limiter provides the saturation value for the strain energy, hence indicating the maximal energy that may be stored and dissipated by an infinitesimal material volume. The limiter is a material constant that can be calibrated via macroscopic experiments. Second, we illustrate the new approach with examples in which failure initiation is predicted but its propagation is not tracked. Examples include the problems of crack initiation, cavity instability, and rupture of inflating membranes. In addition, the traditional strength-of-materials criteria are reassessed. Third, the theory is used for three-dimensional explicit finite element simulations of a high-velocity penetration of a stiff elastic body into a rubber plate. These simulations show that a high-velocity penetration of a flat projectile leads to a diffused nonlocal failure, which does not trigger the mesh sensitivity. To the contrary, a low-velocity penetration of a sharp projectile leads to a highly localized cracklike failure, which does trigger the mesh sensitivity. Calculation of the characteristic length of failure localization allows for setting the mesh size that provides regularization of the simulations. The fact that the calculation is based on results of solely macroscopic experiments is noteworthy.
Growth of citrus production among the Euro-Mediterranean countries: political implications and empirical findings
Authors: Schimmenti E. , Borsellino V. , Galati A.
Published: July 2013

The agricultural matter has always played an important role in holding back the Euro-Mediterranean integration process due to the strong complementarity of the agricultures of the coastal countries which share excellent products including citrus fruits. The main goal of this paper is to understand the growth dynamics of the citriculture in the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Through the application of the dynamic formulation of the Shift and Share Analysis it has been possible to analyse the trend of the amount of harvested citrus production, in physical and economic terms, in the last fifteen years, and above all which components, structural and competitive, have mainly influenced these performances. The results of the analysis highlight on the whole a positive trend of the citrus fruits sector in the Mediterranean coastal countries which, although characterized by an adequate productive structure, suffer in some cases from competitiveness limits. A clear dualism emerges among the coastal countries: on the one hand, the North-African and the Near-East countries –extra-EU members– show a dynamic and competitive citrus production mainly thanks to the implementation of effective government policies consistent with the aim to increase the competitiveness of the sector; on the other hand, other countries, mainly EU members, are significantly late in competitiveness, showing their inability to reorganize themselves in the direction shown by the demand trend and the agricultural policies.
The effect of consumer innovativeness in the acceptance of a new food product. An application for the coffee market in Spain
Authors: Barrena-Figueroa R. , Garcia-Lopez-de-Meneses T.
Published: July 2013

The current market situation has led the production sector to focus on developing new products that satisfy consumer demands and improve firms’ competitive positions. This study seeks to analyze the role played by the consumers’ innovative tendency in the acceptance of new food products. This was done through the use of means-end chain theory in an application for coffee in Spain. The results found indicate that consumers’ cognitive structure is similar, regardless of their level of innovativeness when presented with a traditional product. However, this structure is more complex in the case of more conservative consumers as they project aspects of their personalities through the products attributes.
Relationship between udder morphology traits, alveolar and cisternal milk compartments and machine milking performances of dairy camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ayadi M. , Aljumaah R. S. , Musaad A. , Samara E. M. , Abdelrahman M. M. , Alshaikh M. A. , Saleh S. K. , Faye B.
Published: July 2013

A total of 22 dairy dromedary camels under intensive conditions in late lactation (275±24 days) were used to study the relationship between external and internal udder morphology and machine milking performances. Measurements of udder and teat morphology were obtained immediately before milking and in duplicate. Individual milk yield, lag time and total milking time were recorded during milking, and milk samples were collected and analyzed for milk composition thereafter. Cisternal and alveolar milk volumes and composition were evaluated at 9 h milking interval. Results revealed that dairy camels had well developed udders and milk veins, with medium sized teats. On average, milk yield as well as milk fat and protein contents were 4.80±0.50 L d-1, 2.61±0.16% and 3.08±0.05%, respectively. The low fat values observed indicated incomplete milk letdown during machine milking. Lag time, and total milking time were 3.0±0.3, and 120.0±8.9s, on average, respectively. Positive correlations (p<0.05) were observed between milk yield and udder depth (r=0.37), distance between teats (r=0.57) and milk vein diameter (r=0.28), while a negative correlation was found with udder height (r=-0.25, p<0.05). Cisternal milk accounted for 11% of the total udder milk. Positive correlations were observed between total milk yield and volume of alveolar milk (r=0.98; p<0.001) as well as with volume of cisternal milk (r=0.63, p<0.05). Despite the low udder milk storage capacity observed in dairy camels, our study concluded that the evaluated dromedary sample had adequate udder morphology for machine milking. Finally, positive relationships were detected between milk yield and udder morphology traits of dairy camels.
A saúde persecutória: os limites da responsabilidade
Authors: Castiel Luis David , Dardet Carlos Alvarez
Published: July 2013

Os autores, ao cunharem a expressão ´saúde persecutória´, discutem a “complexa tarefa de avaliar a real efetividade das propostas individualistas hegemônicas de promoção em saúde centradas em evidências científicas” e as conseqüências de uma concepção de promoção e prevenção em saúde que, coerente com o liberalismo, minimiza a dimensão pública da responsabilidade pela saúde dos indivíduos.
Energy transfer in M5(PO4)3 F:Eu2+,Ce3+ (M = Ca and Ba) phosphors
Authors: Shinde K. N. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: July 2013

M5(PO4)3 F:Eu2+ (M = Ca and Ba) co‐doped with Ce3+ phosphors were successfully prepared by the combustion synthesis method. The introduction of co‐dopant (Ce3+) into the host enhanced the luminescent intensity of the M5(PO4)3 F:Eu2+ (M = Ca and Ba) efficiently. Previously, we have reported the synthesis and photoluminescence properties of same phosphors. The aim of this article is to report energy transfer mechanism between Ce3+➔Eu2+ ions in M5(PO4)3 F:Eu2+ (M = Ca and Ba) phosphors, where Ce3+ ions act as sensitizers and Eu2+ ions act as activators. The M5(PO4)3 F:Eu2+ (M = Ca and Ba) co‐doped with Ce3+ phosphor exhibits great potential for use in white ultraviolet (UV) light‐emitting diode applications to serve as a single‐phased phosphor that can be pumped with near‐UV or UV light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomimetic construction of cellular shell by adjusting the interfacial energy
Authors: Wang Ben , Liu Peng , Liu Zhaoming , Pan Haihua , Xu Xurong , Tang Ruikang
Published: July 2013

Many unicellular organisms take their outer proteinaceous and lipidic membranes or carbonhydrate‐rich cell walls as a template for biomineralization to synthesize a thin mineral layer as a functional covering. In nature most cells cannot be mineralized spontaneously in the normal states. Inspired by nature, we develop cytocompatible methods for cells encapsulated inside a mineral shell, called “cellular shellization.” Using Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) assembly, the precipitation of calcium minerals can be induced on the yeast cell surfaces. The effects of different synthetic polyelectrolytes on the calcifications of yeast, such as interfacial energy, zeta‐potential, introduction time, and the affinity of mineral phase on the yeast cell surface have been studied by using constant composition method (CC) systemically and quantitatively. The results demonstrate that the effective adsorption of polyelectrolytes with carboxyl or sulfonate‐rich groups on the yeast can enhance mineralization abilities of yeast cells readily, and the factor of interfacial energy plays a key role in the superficial mineralization of the cells. Furthermore, the influences of ion concentrations, as well as titration rates on the formation of inorganic shell, have also been examined. It is found that the biomimetic shell formation on the cell can also be achieved by using an appropriate selection of titration conditions rather than the pretreatment of LbL. Thus, the control of cellular biomineralization can become more feasible. In this study, we show that adjusting the interfacial energy is the key to cellular mineralization and suggest that these biomineralization treatments of single‐cell may be applied as a potential and universal approach for cell‐based sensing and therapy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 386–395. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model to assess the feasibility of shifting reaction equilibrium by acetone removal in the transamination of ketones using 2‐propylamine
Authors: Tufvesson Pär , Bach Christian , Woodley John M.
Published: July 2013

Acetone removal by evaporation has been proposed as a simple and cheap way to shift the equilibrium in the biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of optically pure chiral amines, when 2‐propylamine is used as the amine donor. However, dependent on the system properties, this may or may not be a suitable strategy. To avoid excessive laboratory work a model was used to assess the process feasibility. The results from the current study show that a simple model of the acetone removal dependence on temperature and sparging gas flowrate can be developed and fits the experimental data well. The model for acetone removal was then coupled to a simple model for biocatalyst kinetics and also for loss of substrate ketone by evaporation. The three models were used to simulate the effects of varying the critical process parameters and reaction equilibrium constants (K eq) as well as different substrate ketone volatilities (Henry's constant). The simulations were used to estimate the substrate losses and also the maximum yield that could be expected. The approach was seen to give a clear indication for which target amines the acetone evaporation strategy would be feasible and for which amines it would not. The study also shows the value of a modeling approach in conceptual process design prior to entering a biocatalyst screening or engineering program to assess the feasibility of a particular process strategy for a given target product. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 309–319. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtual cubic panorama synthesis based on triangular reprojection
Authors: Zhang Chunxiao , Dubois Eric , Zhao Yan
Published: July 2013

Cubic panoramas provide an efficient solution to the implementation of immersive and omnidirectional displays for image‐based virtual navigation. To allow unrestricted navigation through the environment, a system must be capable of constructing novel views given the reference images, typically, cubic panoramas. This paper proposes a processing pipeline for cubic panorama synthesis based on 2D/3D triangular reprojection. This pipeline uses matching features to implement the triangular meshing on cubic panoramas, and introduces the matching line constraint, which significantly reduces the artifacts of straight‐line features in the rendered image and accelerates the division process. The modules of this pipeline take the geometrical characteristics of cubic panorama into account. Thus, it can handle the discontinuities of the cube edges when the triangular mesh covers different faces. Furthermore, these modules could be reconfigured to compose customized pipelines and generate virtual cubic panoramas of different quality based on the amount of features. The performance and efficiency of the proposed pipeline is demonstrated with comparison experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lesions more than cerebellum in a puerpera of acute cerebellitis: concurrent encephalitis, not a subtype of ADEM
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Qing , Chen Dan , Zou Ya‐Fen , Huang Ming , Jia Xiao‐Yan
Published: July 2013

Key Clinical Message

We report a puerpera who has acute‐onset ataxia with fever, headache, convulsions, and altered mental status. She had a good response to antivirus treatment and low‐dose steroid. Acute cerebellitis was the tentative diagnosis. But concurrent encephalitis was proposed with multiple lesions beyond cerebellum.
Racial disparities in cervical cancer survival over time
Authors: Rauh‐Hain J. Alejandro , Clemmer Joel T. , Bradford Leslie S. , Clark Rachel M. , Growdon Whitfield B. , Goodman Annekathryn , Boruta David M. , Schorge John O. , del Carmen Marcela G.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to examine changes over time in survival for African American (AA) and white women diagnosed with cervical cancer (CC).

METHODS

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data from 1985 to 2009 were used for this analysis. Racial differences in survival were evaluated between African American (AA) and white women. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards survival methods were used to assess differences in survival by race at 5‐year intervals.

RESULTS

The study sample included 23,368 women, including 3886 (16.6%) who were AA and 19,482 (83.4%) who were white. AA women were older (51.4 versus 48.9 years; P < .001) and had a higher rate of regional (38.3% versus 31.8%; P < .001) and distant metastasis (10.7% versus 8.7%; P < .001). AA less frequently received cancer‐directed surgery (32.4% versus 46%; P < .001), and more frequently radiotherapy (36.3% versus 26.4%; P < .001). Overall, AA women had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.41 (95% confidence interval = 1.32‐1.51) of cervical cancer (CC) mortality compared with whites. Adjusting for SEER registry, marital status, stage, age, treatment, grade, and histology, AA women had an HR of 1.13 (95% confidence interval = 1.05‐1.22) of CC‐related mortality. After adjusting for the same variables, there was a significant difference in CC‐specific mortality between 1985 to 1989 and 1990 to 1994, but not after 1995.

CONCLUSIONS

After adjusting for race, SEER registry, marital status, stage, age, treatment, grade, and histology, there was a significant difference in CC‐specific mortality between 1985 to 1989 and 1990 to 1994, but not after 1995. Cancer 2013;119:3644–3652. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Facile NN Activation in Benzotriazole: Capturing the Dimroth Azo/Triazole Intermediate by Complexation to Iridium
Authors: Bohle D. Scott , Chua Zhijie , Perepichka Inna
Published: July 2013

The in situ observation of benzotriazole ring and ring‐opened isomers, which result from the Dimroth equilibrium for 1‐[(nonafluorobutane)sulfonyl]benzotriazole, 1, in solution by 19F NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy is reported. Two benzotriazoles, compound 1 and 1,1′‐sulfonylbis(benzotriazole) (3), undergo Dimroth triazole ring opening and coordination to an iridium(I) metal center to give either linear diazo [IrI(η1‐NNPhNSO2C4F9)(Cl)(PPh3)2] (2) or an unusual double bent diazene [IrIII(η3‐NNPhNSO2Btz)(Cl)(PPh3)2] (4; Btz=benzotriazole) complex.
A staging system for the regeneration of a polyp from the aboral physa of the anthozoan Cnidarian Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Bossert Patricia E. , Dunn Matthew P. , Thomsen Gerald H.
Published: July 2013

Background: As the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis emerges as a model for studying regeneration, new tools will be needed to assess its regenerative processes and describe perturbations resulting from experimental investigation. Chief among these is the need for a universal set of staging criteria to establish morphological landmarks that will provide a common format for discussion among investigators. Results: We have established morphological criteria to describe stages for rapidly assessing regeneration of the aboral end (physa) of Nematostella. Using this staging system, we observed rates of regeneration that are temperature independent during wound healing and temperature dependent afterward. Treatment with 25 μM lipoic acid delays the progression through wound healing without significantly affecting the subsequent rate of regeneration. Also, while an 11‐day starvation before amputation causes only a minimal delay in regeneration, this delay is exacerbated by lipoic acid treatment. Conclusions: A system for staging the progression of regeneration in amputated Nematostella physa based on easily discernible morphological features provides a standard for the field. This system has allowed us to identify both temperature‐dependent and ‐independent phases of regeneration, as well as a nutritional requirement for normal regenerative progression that is exacerbated by lipoic acid. Developmental Dynamics 242:1320–1331, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dinuclear CuII–CuII and CuI–CuII Complexes of a Compartmental Ligand – Syntheses, Structures, Magnetic, and Catalytic Studies
Authors: Biswas Surajit , Dutta Arpan , Dolai Malay , Bhowmick Indrani , Rouzières Mathieu , Lee Hon Man , Clérac Rodolphe , Ali Mahammad
Published: July 2013

Dinuclear CuII–CuII (1) and CuI–CuII (2) complexes were derived from a new N4O2 donor compartmental ligand (H2L) by changing the nature of the Cu precursors used. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the Cu1 site in 1 has octahedral geometry and is in the inner compartment of the ligand axially coordinated by two ClO4– anions, whereas the outer Cu2 ion has square‐pyramidal geometry. In 2, there are two copper dinuclear complexes (A and B) in the asymmetric unit; the inner core is occupied by Cu1/Cu3 in the +2 oxidation state in a square‐planar geometry. The Cu2/Cu4 ion occupies the outer sites and has distorted tetrahedral geometry with a +1 oxidation state. Complexes 1 and 2 were obtained simply by changing Cu(ClO4)2 in 1 to Cu(ClO4)2 and Cu(bipy)(NO3)2 in 2; the bipyridyl (bipy) ligand induces the reduction of CuII to CuI, which is trapped in the CuI–CuII dinuclear product. The oxidation states of the metal ions were ascertained from charge‐balance considerations as well as from bond valence sum (BVS) calculations. No signature of intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) was observed by spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR) as well as from the low‐temperature magnetic studies. This might be because of the presence of two copper centers in two different geometries with a wide separation between them (ca. 3.27 Å). For 1, the best fit of the χT vs. T data to the dimer model gives J/kB = –262(1) K and gav = 2.05(5), which indicates that there is a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two Cu atoms. In 2, the CuI center is diamagnetic and, thus, the remaining S = 1/2 CuII magnetic center follows a Curie law with g = 2.06(5). Under homogeneous conditions, both complexes showed catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene, styrene, and norbornene to the corresponding epoxides with high selectivities and turnover numbers (TONs), which seem to be slightly better than the reported values for CuII Schiff base complexes.
Chemo‐enzymatic synthesis of sapienic acid esters of functional phenolics and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities
Authors: Kaki Shiva Shanker , Gopal S. Chinna , Rao Bhamidipati V. S. K. , Poornachandra Y. , Kumar C. Ganesh , Prasad Rachapudi B. N.
Published: July 2013

Novel fatty acid ester derivatives comprising sapienic acid [(Z)‐6‐hexadecenoic acid] and functional phenolics were synthesized following a chemo‐enzymatic approach. Sapienic acid was synthesized by Wittig coupling of triphenylphosphonium bromide salt of 6‐bromohexanoic acid and decanal with a cis specific reagent. Sapienic acid was chemo selectively esterified with six phenolic compounds to produce sapienate esters of six phenolics using a lipase in organic solvent medium. Structural characterization of the prepared fatty acid ester derivatives was done by spectral data (IR, mass spectra, and NMR). The sapienic acid ester derivatives were screened for in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation. These derivatives exhibited good radical scavenging activity as determined by the diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Sapienic ester of hydroxytyrosol was found to exhibit highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and was greater than commercial antioxidants. Cytotoxicity evaluation against four cancer cell lines showed that three esters out of six were found to exhibit moderate cytotoxicity with coniferyl derivative being more active than the others against all the tested cell lines.
A modeling assessment of the role of reversible scavenging in controlling oceanic dissolved Cu and Zn distributions
Authors: Little S. H. , Vance D. , Siddall M. , Gasson E.
Published: July 2013

The balance of processes that control elemental distributions in the modern oceans is important in understanding both their internal recycling and the rate and nature of their eventual output to sediment. Here we seek to evaluate the likely controls on the vertical profiles of Cu and Zn. Though the concentrations of both Cu and Zn increase with depth, Cu increases in a more linear fashion than Zn, which exhibits a typical “nutrient‐type” profile. Both elements are bioessential, and biological uptake and regeneration has often been cited as an important process in controlling their vertical distribution. In this study, we investigate the likely importance of another key vertical process, that of passive scavenging on sinking particles, via a simple one‐dimensional model of reversible scavenging. We find that, despite the absence of lateral or vertical water advection, mixing, diffusion, or biological uptake, our reversible scavenging model is very successful in replicating dissolved Cu concentration profiles on a range of geographic scales. We provide preliminary constraints on the scavenging coefficients for Cu for a spectrum of particle types (calcium carbonate, opal, particulate organic carbon, and dust) while emphasizing the fit of the shape of the modeled profile to that of the tracer data. In contrast to Cu, and reaffirming the belief that Zn behaves as a true micronutrient, the scavenging model is a poor match to the shape of oceanic Zn profiles. Modeling a single vertical process simultaneously highlights the importance of lateral advection in generating high Zn concentrations in the deep Pacific.
First detection of [OI] 630 nm emission in the Enceladus torus
Authors: Kodama Kunihiro , Kagitani Masato , Okano Shoichi , Schneider Nicholas M.
Published: July 2013

Observations of [OI] 630 nm emission in the Enceladus torus around Saturn have been made at the summit of Mt. Haleakala in Hawaii using a high‐dispersion echelle spectrograph coupled to a 40 cm telescope in the period of 13 May through 19 June 2011. A slit of the spectrograph was aligned perpendicular to the equatorial plane of Saturn and placed at a distance of 4 Saturn's radii (Rs) from the planetary center in the dawn side to put the Enceladus torus within the field of view. As a result, [OI] 630 nm torus emission was detected with S/N ~ 7 for summed exposure of 20 h during the observing period. The observed brightness has a maximum value of 4.1 ± 0.6 Rayleighs (R) near the equator, and it extends to north‐south (N‐S) direction with a full width at half maximum of 0.8 Rs. We made estimation to explain mechanism of the observed brightness taking into account an excitation of [OI] 630 nm by electron impact and photodissociation of water group molecule (OH and H2O). Densities of electron, O, OH, and H2O and electron temperature derived from data taken by Cassini and Hubble telescope were used for the estimation. The observed brightness is reasonably explained, taking into account an uncertainty of estimation depending on N‐S distributions of species and quiet solar activity conditions. The estimation also suggests that [OI] 630 nm emission is excited by photodissociation of OH and H2O and by electron impact of O with their contributions of 50%, 30%, and 20%, respectively, for quiet solar activity. We also note that the intensity due to photodissociation has considerable variability depending on the level of solar activity by a factor of 2.5.
Above‐ground and below‐ground Salix dynamics in response to river processes
Authors: Pasquale N. , Perona P. , Francis R. , Burlando P.
Published: July 2013

Riparian vegetation influences hydraulic and morphodynamic river processes and may contribute to sediment stabilization. In turn, vegetation recruitment and growth on non‐cohesive fluvial deposits strongly depends on river hydrology and the ability of roots to develop and to anchor efficiently to resist flow erosion. In this paper, we examine the above‐ground and the below‐ground seasonal growth dynamics of Salix cuttings in relation to local river hydrodynamics and morphodynamics, on the basis of a detailed and unique data set. During the two season‐long campaigns in 2009 and 2010, 1188 and 1152 cuttings, respectively, were organized in square plots and planted on a gravel island of the restored reach of the River Thur (Neunforn, Thurgau, Switzerland). Each year, all cuttings were monitored almost regularly from the beginning until the end of the growing season (April–September). Root development statistics were also obtained from high‐resolution scanner analysis of carefully uprooted samples from selected plots.

Our results show how cutting survival and the nature and strength of correlations between island topography and cutting growth statistics depend on river hydrology. An empirical functional form that links root development based on the measured main stem length is then proposed for predictive purposes. Cutting mortality following flood events is shown to depend nonlinearly on both erosion and deposition processes, whereas it appears more linearly related to the magnitude of the bed shear stress distribution generated by the maximum seasonal flood. This analysis allows an identification of an important threshold for plant survival within different erosion and deposition regimes, which explains the spatial and temporal distribution of the surviving cuttings within the plots. These results have practical implications, for instance, for evaluating, planning and managing the use of riparian trees in restoration projects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endometrial thickness and risk of breast and endometrial carcinomas in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial
Authors: Felix Ashley S. , Weissfeld Joel L. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Modugno Francesmary , Black Amanda , Hill Lyndon M. , Martin Jerry , Sit Anita S. , Sherman Mark E. , Brinton Louise A.
Published: July 2013

Postmenopausal women with higher circulating estrogen levels are at increased risk of developing breast and endometrial carcinomas. In the endometrium, excess estrogen relative to progesterone produces a net proliferative stimulus, which may result in endometrial thickening. Therefore, the hypothesis that endometrial thickness is a biological marker of excess estrogen stimulation that is associated with risk of breast and endometrial carcinomas was tested. Endometrial thickness was measured in 1,272 postmenopausal women, aged 55–74 years, who underwent transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) screening as part of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Serial endometrial thickness measurements were available for a subset of women at 1 year (n = 1,018), 2 years (n = 869) and 3 years (n = 641) after baseline. The associations between endometrial thickness and breast (n = 91) and endometrial (n = 14) carcinoma were evaluated by estimating relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the time metric. Models incorporating baseline endometrial thickness and as a time‐varying covariate using all measurements were examined. Median follow‐up among study participants was 12.5 years (range: 0.3–13.8 years). Compared to baseline endometrial thickness of 1.0–2.99 mm, women with baseline endometrial thickness greater than or equal to 5.0 mm had an increased risk of breast (RR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.15–3.48) and endometrial (RR = 5.02, 95% CI = 0.96–26.36) carcinomas in models adjusted for menopausal hormone use and BMI. These data suggest that increased endometrial thickness as assessed by TVU was associated with increased risk of breast and endometrial carcinomas.
Catching Rays
Authors: Parrish John A.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Living with Our Sun's Ultraviolet Rays by Arthur C. Giese

Radiation and Life by Eric J. Hall
Sense and Sensibility
Authors: Grosch Herbert R.J.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man Margaret Boden
Forms of Courage
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: July 2013

The True History of the Elephant Man by Michael Howell and Peter Ford
Incredible Journeys
Authors: Carr Archie
Published: July 2013

THE MYSTERY OF MIGRATION Robin Baker
Sex and the Brain
Authors: Levy Jerre
Published: July 2013

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain by Robert W. Goy and Bruce S. McEwen
Where Credit Is Due
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: July 2013

Photography & Society by Gisèle Freund

Fox Talbot and the Invention of Photography by Gail Buckland

Photodiscovery: Masterworks of Photography 1840–1940 by Bruce Bernard
Partial Solutions
Authors: KLINE MORRIS
Published: July 2013

MATHEMATICS TODAY Twelve Informal Essays Edited by Lynn Arthur Steen

THE MATHEMATICAL EXPERIENCE By Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh
Morality Play
Authors: VON FOERSTER HEINZ
Published: July 2013

John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death by Steve J. Heims
Being Human
Authors: Dubos René
Published: July 2013

THE FATES OF NATIONS: A Biological Theory of History by Paul Colinvaux

THE PRIMORDIAL BOND: Exploring Connections between Man and Nature through the Humanities and Sciences by Stephen H. Schneider and Lynn Morton
Arsenic in His Wine
Authors: WEISS BERNARD
Published: July 2013

THE MURDER OF NAPOLEON by Ben Weider and David Hapgood
Freak Shows
Authors: Friedman John B.
Published: July 2013

ON MONSTERS AND MARVELS by Ambroise Paré
A Bad Case Case Of History
Authors: MARMOR MICHAEL F.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography by Edwin A. Weinstein
IN THE SISTERHOOD OF SEDUCTION
Authors: Konner Melvin
Published: July 2013

GEISHA by Liza Crihfield Dalby
NEW MIND, NO CLOTHES
Authors: Johnson George
Published: July 2013

THE EMPEROR'S NEW MIND Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics Roger Penrose
SEEKING ASYLUM
Authors: Talbott John A.
Published: July 2013

MADNESS IN THE STREETS How Psychiatry and the Law Abandoned the Mentally III by Rael Jean Isaac and Virginia C. Armat

OUT OF BEDLAM The Truth About Deinstitutionalization by Ann Braden Johnson
Two Paths to the Bomb
Authors: SWEET WILLIAM
Published: July 2013

STALIN AND THE BOMB: THE SOVIET UNION AND ATOMIC ENERGY, 1939–1956 by David Holloway

CRITICAL ASSEMBLY: A TECHNICAL HISTORY OF Los ALAMOS DURING THE OPPENHEIMER YEARS, 1943–1945 by Lillian Hoddeson, Paul W Henriksen, RogerA. Meade and Catherine L. VVCsifall
Sorcerers' Apprentice
Authors: NABHAN GARY PAUL
Published: July 2013

A War of Witches: A Journey into the Underworld of the Contemporary Aztecs by Timothy J. Knab

Snake Poems: An Aztec Invocation by Francisco X. Alarcón
Slice of Life
Authors: SWEITZER JAMES S.
Published: July 2013

Virtual Frog Dissection Kit World‐ Wide Web http:george.lbl.govvfrog

The Interactive Frog Dissection World‐ Wide Web http:curry.edschool.virginia.edu:80insttech;frog
CURIOUSER AND CURIOUSER
Authors: MASON PETER
Published: July 2013

The Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination by Harriet Ritvo

Bright Paradise: Victorian Scientific Travellers by Peter Raby

Special Cases: Natural Anomalies and Historical Monsters by Rosamond Purcell
Planetary Prospecting
Authors: MARSCHALL LAURENCE A.
Published: July 2013

Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Exterasolar Planets by Donald Goldsmith

Other Worlds: The Search for Life in the Universe by Michael D. Lemonick

Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems by Ken Croswell

Alien Life: The Search for Extraterrestrials and Beyond by Barry Parker
Relativistic electron microbursts due to nonlinear pitch angle scattering by EMIC triggered emissions
Authors: Omura Yoshiharu , Zhao Qinghua
Published: July 2013

We show that the anomalous cyclotron resonance between relativistic electrons and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) triggered emissions takes place very effectively near the magnetic equator because of the variation of the ambient magnetic field. Efficient precipitations are caused by nonlinear trapping of relativistic electrons by electromagnetic wave potentials formed by EMIC triggered emissions. We derive the necessary conditions of the wave amplitude, kinetic energies, and pitch angles that must be satisfied for the nonlinear wave trapping. We have conducted test particle simulations with a large number of relativistic electrons trapped by a parabolic magnetic field near the magnetic equator. In the presence of coherent EMIC‐triggered emissions with increasing frequencies, a substantial amount of relativistic electrons is trapped by the wave, and the relativistic electrons at high pitch angles are guided to lower pitch angles within a short time scale much less than a second, resulting in rapid precipitation of relativistic electrons or relativistic electron microbursts.
Radial evolution of the three‐dimensional structure in CIRs between Earth and Ulysses
Authors: Broiles T. W. , Desai M. I. , Lee C. O. , MacNeice P. J.
Published: July 2013

The radial alignment of ACE and Ulysses in February 2004 and August 2007 provided us with unprecedented opportunities to study the radial evolution of planar magnetic structures (PMSs) in three corotating interaction regions (CIRs). The in situ observations are compared with results from an analytical and a numerical model of CIRs. We find that (1) all three CIRs' meridional tilt retained its North/South orientation at ACE and Ulysses, but the evolution was not systematic. Further, the model results of CIR meridional tilt do not agree with observations. (2) All three CIRs rotated azimuthally with the Parker spiral as expected; however, model results only describe this behavior quantitatively for one CIR. (3) For all three CIRs, the solar wind deflection angles were predicted by the coupled solar corona‐solar wind models, Wang‐Sheely‐Arge (WSA)‐Enlil and MHD Around a Sphere (MAS)‐Enlil, but neither model reproduced the observed planar magnetic structures. (4) The WSA‐Enlil results of azimuthal magnetic field orientation are in better agreement with observations than those based on the MAS‐Enlil. We suggest that the evolution of meridional tilt from ACE to Ulysses does not agree with projections because the parent coronal holes were highly structured. We also suggest that observations of azimuthal tilt do not agree with the model results because the models may underestimate transverse flows, whereas in reality, these flows could affect the observed azimuthal tilt of the CIR. The local orientation of PMSs within CIRs may also be distorted by transients, but their effect is unclear.
Creep modulation of Omori law generated by a Coulomb stress perturbation in a 3‐D rate‐and‐state asperity model
Authors: Dublanchet P. , Bernard P. , Favreau P.
Published: July 2013

We present numerical simulations conducted with a quasi‐dynamic, 3‐D rate‐and‐state asperity model and an analytical approach in order to study the behavior of a seismic asperity surrounded by aseismic creep in response to external Coulomb stress perturbations. This work is inspired by the observation of Omori decay characterizing the recurrence time of isolated repeating earthquakes, such as at the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas Fault during the postseismic phase of the 2004 Mw6 event. Based on the numerical results and on an analysis of phase diagrams, we identify two possible regimes that characterize the response of an asperity surrounded by aseismic creep to a stress step, depending on an effective steady state friction parameter A. For the specific perturbation used in this study, we observe that when A is positive, the relaxation of the system is governed by the response of the creeping segments of the fault, and the asperity ruptures in an Omori sequence. In this regime, we demonstrate that the duration of the relaxation process depends on A. Furthermore, we show that this effective strengthening behavior is equivalent to a subcritical density of asperities meaning that the shape of the Omori decay is controlled by the relative proportion of seismic and aseismic material within the fault. On the other hand, a fault characterized by effective steady state weakening (A<0) behaves like a spring and slider system that loses the memory of the stress perturbation once the first aftershock occurred, at least in the simulations presented here.
Coherent optical phonons in alexandrite crystal studied by Optical Kerr Effect spectroscopy
Authors: Polok K. , Konarska J. , Ratajska‐Gadomska B. , Gadomski W.
Published: July 2013

Herewith, we report on the first observation of coherent phonons in alexandrite crystal obtained by means of the femtosecond Optical Kerr Effect spectroscopy. We have managed to observe dynamics of the Raman‐active modes with high resolution and to find their lifetimes in the temperature range between 263 K and 373 K. We have used the obtained temperature dependence of phonon lifetimes and frequencies for calculation of the anharmonic coupling constants. On the basis of our results, we have also calculated the widths of homogeneously broadened Raman lines. Our results prove that, in case of transparent samples, this experimental technique is a very good alternative to the commonly used transient reflection method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injectable tissue‐engineered cartilage using commercially available fibrin glue
Authors: Cakmak Ozcan , Babakurban Seda T. , Akkuzu Hatice G. , Bilgi Selcuk , Ovalı Ercüment , Kongur Merve , Altintas Hande , Yilmaz Bayram , Bilezikçi Banu , Y. Celik Zerrin , Yakicier Mustafa C. , Sahin Feride I.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To achieve injectable tissue‐engineered cartilage using a commercially available fibrin sealant, and to determine the most suitable fibrin glue concentration, cartilage source, and cultured chondrocyte concentration.

Study Design

Animal research.

Methods

A total of 28 immuncompetent New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups. The cultured chondrocytes from different anatomical sources carried in fibrin glue with and without aprotinin in different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin (Tisseell), were injected into forehead and interocular regions of the rabbits. The new tissue formation was harvested at 8 weeks and analyzed through gross and histological analysis.

Results

The new tissue formations were found in round, elliptical, and flat forms. The mean value of Tisseell and cell suspension was 0.8 cc in all of the rabbits' injection regions, but the mean volume of the samples in which immature cartilage matrix and mature cartilage was 0.1 cc. In the 20 of the 55 injection regions of rabbits (36, 36%), mature and/or immature cartilage formation were observed. We observed inflammatory reactions, abscess formation, and foreign body reactions around the new cartilage tissue of tissue‐engineered cartilage. The comparison of results using different cartilage sources, chondrocyte concentrations, or different fibrin glue concentrations did not show any significant difference.

Conclusions

We observed that changing the concentrations of ingredients of commercially available fibrin glue, the source of the cartilage, or the cultured chondrocyte concentration did not have significant effect on neocartilage formation.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2986–2992, 2013
Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Tuning Chromaticity of Eu(III)‐Grafting Chiral Polymer Based on Variable Position of the Substitution
Authors: Li Junfeng , Li Fei , Jiang Xiaoxiang , Wei Guo , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian
Published: July 2013

The novel chiral conjugated polymers P‐1 and P‐3 are prepared from the monomers S‐M‐2 and S‐M‐3 with (R,R)‐1,2‐aminocyclohexane (M‐1) via a nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction, respectively. The Eu(III)‐grafting chiral polymers P‐2 and P‐4 could be obtained by direct coordination reaction of Eu(TTA)3·2H2O with P‐1 and P‐3, respectively. Photoexcitation of P‐2 produces pink color emission as a result of the combination of partial blue self‐emission chromophore of P‐1 along with the red color from the Eu(TTA)3 moiety, whereas P‐4 shows the exclusively red color emission from the Eu(III) (5D0→7F2) transition due to almost complete excitation energy transfer from the macromolecular chain to the Eu(TTA)3 moiety. The choice substitution of phenyl derivative of the polymer plays a crucial role on the efficient energy transfer from the polymer chain to Eu(III) ion center. Meanwhile, the glum value of the dissymmetry factor of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) for the 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu(III) for P‐4 reaches as high as +0.0207, whereas P‐2 exhibits the largest glum value about +0.0464 centered at 434 nm.

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Anisotropic Nanoparticles with Controllable Morphologies from Non‐Cross‐Linked Seeded Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Niu Qun , Pan Mingwang , Yuan Jinfeng , Liu Xiao , Wang Xiaomei , Yu Haifeng
Published: July 2013

A simple and elegant approach to fabricate anisotropic P(VC‐co‐AAEM)/PS nanoparticles with controllable morphologies via emulsifier‐free seeded emulsion polymerization is presented. Non‐cross‐linked P(VC‐co‐AAEM) seeds with hydrophilic surface are first synthesized through copolymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM), which are used to prepare P(VC‐co‐AAEM)/PS NPs with multiple bulges by SEP of styrene. Electron microscopy observation indicates that the content of AAEM in seeds is crucial to control the phase separation and morphology of the composite NPs. Moreover, the thermodynamic immiscibility between PVC and PS is the driving force for the formation of PS bulges onto the P(VC‐co‐AAEM) seeds. The resultant anisotropic NPs with non‐cross‐linked feature may promisingly serve as compatibilizers for further polymer processing.

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EGCG‐rich green tea extract stimulates sRAGE secretion to inhibit S100A12‐RAGE axis through ADAM10‐mediated ectodomain shedding of extracellular RAGE in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Huang Shang‐Ming , Chang Yin‐Hsuan , Chao Ya‐Chan , Lin Jer‐An , Wu Chi‐Hao , Lai Ching‐Yi , Chan Kung‐Chi , Tseng Shih‐Ting , Yen Gow‐Chin
Published: July 2013

The receptor for advanced glycation of end products (RAGE) plays a critical role in the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is one of the RAGE variants, which acts as a decoy domain receptor and competes with RAGE, thus contributing to prevention of T2D. In this study, we conducted clinical trials of (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) rich green tea extract (300–900 mg/day) to investigate the effect of EGCG on relationship between S100A12 RAGE ligand and diverse sRAGE in T2D. Moreover, mechanism of sRAGE production also confirmed in vitro. Our data indicated that EGCG could stimulate sRAGE circulation but inhibited RAGE ligand in T2D, and ADAM10‐mediated ectodomain shedding of extracellular RAGE was mainly involved in EGCG‐stimulated sRAGE circulation. The present evidence indicates that EGCG has a potential to block S100A12‐RAGE axis by stimulating sRAGE production through ADAM10‐mediated ectodomain shedding of extracellular RAGE. Therefore, EGCG contributes to nutritional strategies for diabetes, not only because of its efficient antioxidant activity to scavenge free radicals, but also because of its ability stimulating sRAGE release in the circulation. Additionally, ADAM10‐induced ectodomain shedding of extracellular RAGE leading to sRAGE circulation should be a potential of passive mechanism of sRAGE production to block S100A12‐RAGE axis‐related pathogenesis of proinflammation and diabetes.