bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Studies Predict Munc18b as a Target of Mycolactone: A Plausible Mechanism for Granule Exocytosis Impairment in Buruli Ulcer Pathogenesis
Authors: Kwofie Samuel K. , Dankwa Bismark , Enninful Kweku S. , Adobor Courage , Broni Emmanuel , Ntiamoah Alfred , Wilson Michael D.
Published: March 2019

Ulcers due to infections with Mycobacterium ulcerans are characterized by complete lack of wound healing processes, painless, an underlying bed of host dead cells and undermined edges due to necrosis. Mycolactone, a macrolide produced by the mycobacterium, is believed to be the toxin responsible. Of interest and relevance is the knowledge that Buruli ulcer (BU) patients remember experiencing trauma previously at the site of the ulcers, suggesting an impairment of wound healing processes, the plausible effect due to the toxin. Wound healing processes involve activation of the blood platelets to release the contents of the dense granules mainly serotonin, calcium ions, and ADP/ATP by exocytosis into the bloodstream. The serotonin release results in attracting more platelets and mast cells to the wound site, with the mast cells also undergoing degranulation, releasing compounds into the bloodstream by exocytosis. Recent work has identified interference in the co-translational translocation of many secreted proteins via the endoplasmic reticulum and cell death involving Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), Sec61, and angiotensin II receptors (AT2R). We hypothesized that mycolactone by being lipophilic, passively crosses cell membranes and binds to key proteins that are involved in exocytosis by platelets and mast cells, thus inhibiting the initiation of wound healing processes. Based on this, molecular docking studies were performed with mycolactone against key soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins and regulators, namely Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP8), Synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP23, syntaxin 11, Munc13-4 (its isoform Munc13-1 was used), and Munc18b; and also against known mycolactone targets (Sec61, AT2R, and WASP). Munc18b was shown to be a plausible mycolactone target after the molecular docking studies with binding affinity of −8.5 kcal/mol. Structural studies and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) binding energy calculations of the mycolactone and Munc18b complex was done with 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS. Mycolactone binds strongly to Munc18b with an average binding energy of −247.571 ± 37.471 kJ/mol, and its presence elicits changes in the structural conformation of the protein. Analysis of the binding interactions also shows that mycolactone interacts with Arg405, which is an important residue of Munc18b, whose mutation could result in impaired granule exocytosis. These findings consolidate the possibility that Munc18b could be a target of mycolactone. The implication of the interaction can be experimentally evaluated to further understand its role in granule exocytosis impairment in Buruli ulcer.
Progress in Solving the Nonperturbative Renormalization Group for Tensorial Group Field Theory
Authors: Lahoche Vincent , Ousmane Samary Dine
Published: March 2019

This manuscript aims at giving new advances on the functional renormalization group applied to the tensorial group field theory. It is based on the series of our three papers (Lahoche, et al., Class. Quantum Gravity 2018, 35, 19), (Lahoche, et al., Phys. Rev. D 2018, 98, 126010) and (Lahoche, et al., Nucl. Phys. B, 2019, 940, 190–213). We consider the polynomial Abelian U ( 1 ) d models without the closure constraint. More specifically, we discuss the case of the quartic melonic interaction. We present a new approach, namely the effective vertex expansion method, to solve the exact Wetterich flow equation and investigate the resulting flow equations, especially regarding the existence of non-Gaussian fixed points for their connection with phase transitions. To complete this method, we consider a non-trivial constraint arising from the Ward–Takahashi identities and discuss the disappearance of the global non-trivial fixed points taking into account this constraint. Finally, we argue in favor of an alternative scenario involving a first order phase transition into the reduced phase space given by the Ward constraint.
Metagenomes of a Freshwater Charavirus from British Columbia Provide a Window into Ancient Lineages of Viruses
Authors: Vlok Marli , Gibbs Adrian J. , Suttle Curtis A.
Published: March 2019

Charophyte algae, not chlorophyte algae, are the ancestors of ‘higher plants’; hence, viruses infecting charophytes may be related to those that first infected higher plants. Streamwaters from British Columbia, Canada, yielded single-stranded RNA metagenomes of Charavirus canadensis (CV-Can), that are similar in genomic architecture, length (9593 nt), nucleotide identity (63.4%), and encoded amino-acid sequence identity (53.0%) to those of Charavirus australis (CV-Aus). The sequences of their RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases (RdRp) resemble those found in benyviruses, their helicases those of hepaciviruses and hepegiviruses, and their coat-proteins (CP) those of tobamoviruses; all from the alphavirus/flavivirus branch of the ‘global RNA virome’. The 5’-terminus of the CV-Can genome, but not that of CV-Aus, is complete and encodes a methyltransferase domain. Comparisons of CP sequences suggests that Canadian and Australian charaviruses diverged 29–46 million years ago (mya); whereas, the CPs of charaviruses and tobamoviruses last shared a common ancestor 212 mya, and the RdRps of charaviruses and benyviruses 396 mya. CV-Can is sporadically abundant in low-nutrient freshwater rivers in British Columbia, where Chara braunii, a close relative of C. australis, occurs, and which may be its natural host. Charaviruses, like their hosts, are ancient and widely distributed, and thus provide a window to the viromes of early eukaryotes and, even, Archaea.
Innovation in Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Avian Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Kim Shin-Hee , Samal Siba K.
Published: March 2019

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease are economically important avian diseases worldwide. Effective vaccination is critical to control these diseases in poultry. Live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have been developed for bivalent vaccination against HPAI viruses and NDV. These vaccines have been generated by inserting the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of avian influenza virus into NDV genomes. In laboratory settings, several experimental NDV-vectored vaccines have protected specific pathogen-free chickens from mortality, clinical signs, and virus shedding against H5 and H7 HPAI viruses and NDV challenges. NDV-vectored H5 vaccines have been licensed for poultry vaccination in China and Mexico. Recently, an antigenically chimeric NDV vector has been generated to overcome pre-existing immunity to NDV in poultry and to provide early protection of poultry in the field. Prime immunization of one-day-old poults with a chimeric NDV vector followed by boosting with a conventional NDV vector has shown to protect broiler chickens against H5 HPAI viruses and a highly virulent NDV. This novel vaccination approach can provide efficient control of HPAI viruses in the field and facilitate poultry vaccination.
Zika Virus-Specific IgY Results Are Therapeutic Following a Lethal Zika Virus Challenge without Inducing Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
Authors: O’Donnell Kyle L. , Meberg Bernadette , Schiltz James , Nilles Matthew L. , Bradley David S.
Published: March 2019

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a newly emerged pathogen in the Western hemisphere. It was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in 2016. There have been 223,477 confirmed cases, including 3720 congenital syndrome cases since 2015. ZIKV infection symptoms range from asymptomatic to Gullain–Barré syndrome and extensive neuropathology in infected fetuses. Passive and active vaccines have been unsuccessful in the protection from or the treatment of flaviviral infections due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE causes an increased viral load due to an increased monocyte opsonization by non-neutralizing, low-avidity antibodies from a previous dengue virus (DENV) infection or from a previous exposure to ZIKV. We have previously demonstrated that polyclonal avian IgY generated against whole-killed DENV-2 ameliorates DENV infection in mice while not inducing ADE. This is likely due to the inability of the Fc portion of IgY to bind to mammalian Fc receptors. We have shown here that ZIKV oligoclonal IgY is able to neutralize the virus in vitro and in IFNAR−/− mice. The concentration of ZIKV-specific IgY yielding 50% neutralization (NT50) was 25 µg/mL. The exposure of the ZIKV, prior to culture with ZIKV-specific IgY or 4G2 flavivirus-enveloped IgG, demonstrated that the ZIKV-specific IgY does not induce ADE. ZIKV IgY was protective in vivo when administered following a lethal ZIKV challenge in 3-week-old IFNAR−/− mice. We propose polyclonal ZIKV-specific IgY may provide a viable passive immunotherapy for a ZIKV infection without inducing ADE.
IFN Signaling in Inflammation and Viral Infections: New Insights from Fish Models
Authors: Langevin Christelle , Boudinot Pierre , Collet Bertrand
Published: March 2019

The overarching structure of the type I interferon (IFN) system is conserved across vertebrates. However, the variable numbers of whole genome duplication events during fish evolution offer opportunities for the expansion, diversification, and new functionalization of the genes that are involved in antiviral immunity. In this review, we examine how fish models provide new insights about the implication of virus-driven inflammation in immunity and hematopoiesis. Mechanisms that have been discovered in fish, such as the strong adjuvant effect of type I IFN that is used with DNA vaccination, constitute good models to understand how virus-induced inflammatory mechanisms can interfere with adaptive responses. We also comment on new discoveries regarding the role of pathogen-induced inflammation in the development and guidance of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. These findings raise issues about the potential interferences of viral infections with the establishment of the immune system. Finally, the recent development of genome editing provides new opportunities to dissect the roles of the key players involved in the antiviral response in fish, hence enhancing the power of comparative approaches.
The CARD9-Associated C-Type Lectin, Mincle, Recognizes La Crosse Virus (LACV) but Plays a Limited Role in Early Antiviral Responses against LACV
Authors: Monteiro João T. , Schön Kathleen , Ebbecke Tim , Goethe Ralph , Ruland Jürgen , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Becker Stefanie C. , Lepenies Bernd
Published: March 2019

La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-transmitted arbovirus and the main cause of virus-mediated neurological diseases in children. To date, little is known about the role of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)—an important class of pattern recognition receptors—in LACV recognition. DC-SIGN remains the only well-described CLR that recognizes LACV. In this study, we investigated the role of additional CLR/LACV interactions. To this end, we applied a flow-through chromatography method for the purification of LACV to perform an unbiased high-throughput screening of LACV with a CLR-hFc fusion protein library. Interestingly, the CARD9-associated CLRs Mincle, Dectin-1, and Dectin-2 were identified to strongly interact with LACV. Since CARD9 is a common adaptor protein for signaling via Mincle, Dectin-1, and Dectin-2, we performed LACV infection of Mincle−/− and CARD9−/− DCs. Mincle−/− and CARD9−/− DCs produced less amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and TNF-α, albeit no reduction of the LACV titer was observed. Together, novel CLR/LACV interactions were identified; however, the Mincle/CARD9 axis plays a limited role in early antiviral responses against LACV.
Long-Term Water Quality Changes as a Result of a Sustainable Restoration—A Case Study of Dimictic Lake Durowskie
Authors: Dondajewska Renata , Kowalczewska-Madura Katarzyna , Gołdyn Ryszard , Kozak Anna , Messyasz Beata , Cerbin Sławek
Published: March 2019

Nature-based solutions in lake restoration enable gradual ecosystem reconstruction without drastic and expensive intervention. Sustainable lake restoration involves limited external interference strong enough to initiate and maintain positive changes in the ecosystem. It was introduced in Lake Durowskie, an urban, flow-through lake situated in Western Poland, using hypolimnetic aeration, phosphorus precipitation with small doses of chemicals and biomanipulation in 2009, and is continued until today. Oxygen conditions in the lake hypolimnion after initial deterioration were gradually improved, and finally a shortening of the duration and range of oxygen deficits was observed. Nitrogen transformations were induced in the hypolimnion by water aeration as well, reducing ammonium N (30% during 2013–2017 in comparison to 2008) and increasing nitrates (90% in 2013–2017 in comparison to 2008). Phosphorus content was diminished (19% during 2015–2017 in relation to 2008 for SRP) due to effective iron-binding and a smaller amount of fresh organic matter being decomposed. Its reduction was related to lower phytoplankton biomass, expressed in a decrease of chlorophyll-a concentrations (55% reduction during 2013–2017 in comparison to 2008) and an increase in water transparency (two-fold during 2013–2017 in relation to 2008) throughout the nine years of treatment. A long-term restoration program, based on non-aggressive, multiple in-lake techniques was applied and, despite the lack of a reduction in total external loading, was able to suppress progressive eutrophication.
Uncertainty in Irrigation Technology: Insights from a CGE Approach
Authors: Sánchez Chóliz Julio , Sarasa Cristina
Published: March 2019

The benefits of technological improvement are uncertain. The timing of the introduction and take-up of new technologies is difficult to estimate. Technological improvements play a decisive role in water policy. In the context of water policy design, we evaluate the implications of uncertainty in the gradual process of enhancements to the efficiency of irrigation water use, for a better understanding of the extent to which these improvements could mitigate the output losses derived from water constraints. To accomplish this, we address simultaneous sensitivity analyses within a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze different uncertainty scenarios. Our results show that the date on which advanced technology becomes available and enters general use is quite significant. The greater and faster the improvements in irrigation technologies, the better.
Development of the Wetland Condition Index (WCI) by Combining the Landscape Development Intensity Index (LDI) and the Water Environment Index (WEI) for Humid Regions of China
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Yufeng , Liu Hongyu , Wright Alan L.
Published: March 2019

Human use and management have a marked effect on wetland from different scales; it is necessary to develop a multi-scale integrated method to assess wetland conditions. So, this research aids the development of the wetland condition index (WCI) for humid regions of China by combining two main sub-indices: (i) the landscape development intensity index (LDI), which assesses human-dominated impacts; and (ii) the water environment index (WEI), which assesses changes in water quality and phytoplankton. We measured terrain and land use in the watersheds of wetlands using remote imaging data with geographic information systems (GIS) software. Also, we monitored the physical and chemical variables of the water bodies of 27 wetlands in urbanized and moderately urbanized areas in Nanjing City of China for this study. There were significant inconsistencies between the city’s level of development and the values of the WCI and its sub-indices. The WCI of urbanized areas was better than that for moderately urbanized areas, and the sub-indices LDI and WEI were only slightly correlated. In other words, wetlands with a low LDI value did not necessarily have a low water environment index value. Due to wetland restoration and human management activities, integrating the LDI and WEI is increasingly necessary for wetlands in urbanized areas than for moderately urbanized areas. This method could guide the design of wetlands to optimize their qualities and benefits to residents and reinforce wetland conservation.
Water is Medicine: Reimagining Water Security through Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Relationships to Treated and Traditional Water Sources in Yukon, Canada
Authors: Wilson Nicole , Harris Leila , Joseph-Rear Angie , Beaumont Jody , Satterfield Terre
Published: March 2019

There is growing acknowledgement that the material dimensions of water security alone are inadequate; we also need to engage with a broader set of hydrosocial relationships. Indeed, more holistic approaches are needed to explain Indigenous peoples’ relationships to water including the use of traditional water sources such as mountain creeks and springs. In this paper, we seek to reimagine water security through a case study of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in’s relationships to both treated and traditional water sources throughout the First Nation’s traditional territory in Yukon, Canada. Through community-based research including interviews with Elders and other community members, we examine the importance of traditional water sources for meeting important health requirements including physical, spiritual and cultural wellbeing. This intervention contributes to ongoing debates about what it means to secure safe and affordable water in three key ways: First, we argue that Indigenous water relations invite a shift towards more a holistic understanding of water security; second, we contend that settler colonial politics should be understood as a root cause of water insecurity; finally, we explore how Two-Eyed Seeing can be applied as an alternative to the ‘integration’ of Western scientific and Indigenous approaches to drinking water.
Modeling of Heavy Metal (Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Fe) and PAH Content in Stormwater Sediments Based on Weather and Physico-Geographical Characteristics of the Catchment-Data-Mining Approach
Authors: Bąk Łukasz , Szeląg Bartosz , Sałata Aleksandra , Studziński Jan
Published: March 2019

The processes that affect sediment quality in drainage systems show high dynamics and complexity. However, relatively little information is available on the influence of both catchment characteristics and meteorological conditions on sediment chemical properties, as those issues have not been widely explored in research studies. This paper reports the results of investigations into the content of selected heavy metals (Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Fe) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the stormwater drainage systems of four catchments located in the city of Kielce, Poland. The influence of selected physico-geographical catchment characteristics and atmospheric conditions on pollutant concentrations in the sediments was also analyzed. Based on the results obtained, statistical models for forecasting the quality of stormwater sediments were developed using artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptron neural networks). The analyses showed varied impacts of catchment characteristics and atmospheric conditions on the chemical composition of sediments. The concentration of heavy metals in sediments was far more affected by catchment characteristics (land use, length of the drainage system) than atmospheric conditions. Conversely, the content of PAHs in sediments was predominantly affected by atmospheric conditions prevailing in the catchment. The multilayer perceptron models developed for this study had satisfactory predictive abilities; the mean absolute error of the forecast (Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb) did not exceed 21%. Hence, the models show great potential, as they could be applied to, for example, spatial planning for which environmental aspects (i.e., sediment quality in the stormwater drainage systems) are accounted.
The Role of Hydraulic Hysteresis on the Hydrological Response of Pyroclastic Silty Covers
Authors: Rianna Guido , Comegna Luca , Pagano Luca , Picarelli Luciano , Reder Alfredo
Published: March 2019

A significant part of the recent geotechnical literature concerning pyroclastic soils is focused on the characterization of the hydrological effects of precipitations and their implications for the stability conditions of unsaturated sloping covers. Recent experience shows that suction-induced strength reduction is influenced by various factors including hydraulic hysteresis. A deeper insight into the hysteretic water retention behavior of these materials and its effects upon their response to dry/wetting conditions is a major goal of this paper, which exploits the data provided by the monitoring of a volcanic ash. Based on the parameters retrieved from data calibration, the hydrological response of a virtual slope subject to one-dimensional rainfall infiltration is investigated by numerical analyses and compared with the results obtained through the usually adopted non-hysteretic approaches. The analysis demonstrates that considering the hysteretic behavior may be crucial for a proper evaluation of the conditions leading to slope failure.
HISTORICAL VALUE AND CONTRADICTIONS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE NATIONAL PROGRAM "EDUCATION (“UKRAINE OF THE XXI CENTURY”)
Authors: Yakymchuk Oksana
Published: March 2019

The program was the first to openly and prospectively define the “national idea” as a generalizing principle for the arrangement of education, the development of culture, the formation of personality, and it formed the transition from the former “Sovietization in education” to its organization on democratic and humanistic principles, in the unity of national and universal human values.
VALUES-BASED REFERENCE POINTS AND IDEAS
Authors: Bobrytska Valentyna
Published: March 2019

From this article author's perspective, the below outlined values should become the “axiological azimuths” of modern education in Ukraine, namely: humanistic values (the recognition of both that one who gains knowledge and that one who transmits knowledge to be the bearers of subjective experience, in the context of which they perceive and carry out any educational and instructional effects) and gnostic values (education is intended to teach the younger generation how to best orient in the environment, how to get ready for the use of acquired knowledge in their own life-related practices in a rapidly changing surrounding world), values of social relations (in order to consolidate a community which is now characterized by the loss of values and ideals of a socially just society, it is necessary to implement a socially oriented model of education), the values of civic education (it is respect for life and the rights of others, responsibility, freedom, tolerance, humanism, human health, peace of mind and others that are essentially important), values and ideals in an open education environment (reflects the search for new forms, transformation processes of traditional closed schools (with a high level of centralization in management) into open educational institutions, connected by various links with various branches of human activity and environmental components), the values of family upbringing (they are adopted through the prism of the pedagogical culture of parents, through their satisfaction with being, through the awareness of the meaning of continuity of generations, through the love to people as the highest degree of spirituality), health saving values (it is a set of perfect samples, used as a the basis for long- term goals setting, for the process of thinking, for choosing some personal lifestyle and the lifestyle of the individual, and on a global scale – for “environmental health” and “health of the planet”).
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE ORGANIZATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS
Authors: Voloshchenko Nataliya , Mordous Iryna
Published: March 2019

The initial stage of mastering a foreign language resembles the process of a native language formation, although there is a significant difference between them. It should be emphasized that the main engine that encourages a child to master the language is the vital need for communication, the need to solve communicative tasks, if necessary. So, all aspects of learning a foreign language should be subordinated to communicative goals.
Communicative competence is integrated in its content and consists of three main types of competencies: speech, language, socio-cultural, which, in turn, also include a number of competencies. Integration of a foreign language into all types of children's activities ensures the implementation of communicative competence. Play activity allows you to implement a communicative approach in learning a foreign language at ease, through interpersonal activities of children. In the preschooler's productive activities, a foreign language becomes a means of expressing emotional experiences. In educational activities, the communicative approach implies both the assimilation of the rules and their practical usage, which occurs on the conscious and subconscious levels. The independent activities of children help to unlock the personal potential of children, is a means of socializing the child and helps to realize communicative speech competence.
COMPUTER-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY OF PROFESSIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE FORMATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS- PHILOLOGISTS: IMPLEMENTATION FEATURES
Authors: Prots’ka Svitlana
Published: March 2019

To reveal the features of the introduction of the investigated phenomenon, the content of the definition - "Computer-oriented methodology for the formation of professional and pedagogical competence of future teachers- philologists". And this definition was defined as a set of hierarchically related components: goals (objectives), content, computer-oriented forms of organization of the educational process, computer-oriented teaching methods and computer-oriented teaching tools, aimed at the formation of professional and pedagogical competence in future philological teachers in the educational process of a modern institution higher education. The starting point for the justification of the peculiarities of the introduction of a computer based method for the formation of professional and pedagogical competence of future teachers-philologists is to determine the essential characteristics of its structural components.
AUDITORY SYSTEM AIDING DEVICES AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Czyż Anna , Ciechowska Magdalena
Published: March 2019

The paper deals with the problem of hearing loss in the context of condition of society and statistics determining the need for a discussion regarding the school functioning hard of hearing people. The conditions of the acoustic environment were analyzed, including the impact of: noise, reverberation, volume and absorbency of school rooms, on the communication process. Means of modern hearing devices have been analyzed in context of the speech perception supporting.
Risk Evaluation Using the Theory of Generalized Actuarial Calculations
Authors: Ryzhkov O. Yu. , Glinskiy V. V.
Published: March 2019

The article is prepared based on the results of theoretical studies conducted by the authors in the field of actuarial calculations, the improvement of which is one of the development directions for statistical science.

In modern economic conditions, the assessment of risks inherent in economic entities in all spheres of activity and leading to significant losses, such as credit, operational risk, liquidity risk, and so forth is of particular importance. Quantitative assessment of the level of risks is the subject of actuarial calculations. However, the existing apparatus of actuarial science is mainly focused on solving specific issues facing the insurance industry (including pension insurance) and is not adapted to assess the level of risk.

The article presents the key positions of the author’s theory of actuarial calculations, which oﬀers a generalized approach to solving actuarial problems in various types of economic activities using a variety of information about the risk. The basic idea of the theory is that any result of actuarial calculations can be expressed in terms of quantiles of the future net loss associated with the realization of risk.

The estimation of each quantile can be considered as a special case of evaluation of unobserved economic values, such as cost, projected profit, and so forth. The problem of estimating these values lies with the multivariance of the original data and methods, as a result of which diﬀerent specialists often receive significantly divergent estimates.

For this, the author proposed to use the methodology of evaluation, which consists in obtaining the median of all single estimates that can be obtained from representative samples of possible scenarios, evaluation models and values of the original data. This methodology can be used to estimate the quantiles of the future loss, and the complexity of the original data involves the use of numerical methods, in particular, the Monte Carlo method.

The authors tested research tools on the example of solving the problem of quantitative characteristic of credit risk. They also constructed and estimated the mathematical and statistical model of loss from the default of the borrower, and proved the possibility of suﬃcient repeatability and reproducibility of results. The data of state statistics, financial statements of credit institutions, model estimates served as initial data.
Närhetens semantik
Authors: Rancken Alexis
Published: March 2019

Kinship stands at the center of our very existence as human beings, and so does the language we use to refer to different forms of kinship. The Swedish language is strongly gendered in the area of family and romantic/sexual partnership, and based on a constructivist view of language the established vocabulary might contribute to the constitution and perpetuation of normative systems regarding gender and sexuality. The naturalization of heterosexuality and binary cisgender is strongly connected to linguistic practices on several different levels, one of them being individual words and phrases such as gendered pronouns and another being presuppositions manifested linguistically, such as: “What is his name?” when a woman mentions her partner. For my research article, I asked 35 Swedish-speaking persons currently living in Finland about their linguistic practices concerning personal reference to partners and family members, focusing on gendering. The informants all define either their relationship(s) or their family structure (or both) as not conforming to the normative, most of them being non-heterosexual women. Interestingly, genderneutral words were more commonly used than gendered ones when referring to a partner (although no one mentions a non-binary partner), something that may either manifest a tendency toward gender neutral language usage or a wish to avoid homophobic reactions. The act of “coming out” by gendered reference to a partner is mentioned several times. In family structures beyond the normative, the informants and their family members had developed their own ways of referring to each other when the vocabulary is insufficient, and a few of the parents discussed the issue of using gendered language in reference to children. Overall, the informants seemed used to linguistic problem solving as a consequence of their identities and everyday practices clashing with the Swedish language.
Michelle Cliff’s Art of Subversion
Authors: Ekelund Bo E.
Published: March 2019

No abstract available.
Translitteraturhistorien i belysning
Authors: Fjelkestam Kristina
Published: March 2019

No abstract available.
Escapism as Reflected in Tennessee William’s The Glass Menagerie
Authors: Nensia '
Published: March 2019

Escapism is a part of psychology which in this research connected into literature as an interdisciplinary study which shows inclination of human personality to seeking for a way out or escape from unpleasant realities. The aim of the research was to describe the characters got acquainted with escapism and the way the characters’ cope with escapism in their daily life. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with psychoanalytical approach of Sigmund Freud’s personality structure from anxiety theory, defense and problem solving mechanism. Data sources were primary and supporting data. The primary data were taken from Tennessee William’s The Glass Menagerie, and supporting data were taken from the books, journals, articles, and internet sources. The research indicated that each character experienced anxiety that made them got acquainted with escapism. They had their own way in dealing with escapism through defense and problem solving mechanism. Some characters solved emotional problems with negative mechanism consciously or unconsciously, and others handled emotion with positive mechanism, therefore the result were also positive.
Stereochemical investigations on the biosynthesis of achiral (Z)-γ-bisabolene in Cryptosporangium arvum
Authors: Rinkel Jan , Dickschat Jeroen S
Published: March 2019

A newly identified bacterial (Z)-γ-bisabolene synthase was used for investigating the cyclisation mechanism of the sesquiterpene. Since the stereoinformation of both chiral putative intermediates, nerolidyl diphosphate (NPP) and the bisabolyl cation, is lost during formation of the achiral product, the intriguing question of their absolute configurations was addressed by incubating both enantiomers of NPP with the recombinant enzyme, which resolved in an exclusive cyclisation of (R)-NPP, while (S)-NPP that is non-natural to the (Z)-γ-bisabolene synthase was specifically converted into (E)-β-farnesene. A hypothetical enzyme mechanistic model that explains these observations is presented.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SINGLE MODE GYROTRON EQUATION
Authors: Dumbrajs O. , Kalis H. , Reinfelds A.
Published: March 2019

In this paper we study numerical problems arising in solving the single mode gyrotron equation. Using the method of finite differences analytical and numerical solutions are obtained. Quasistationary solutions and corresponding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of this problem are investigated.
ON THE EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF TWO‐FLUID CHANNEL FLOWS
Authors: Socolowsky J.
Published: March 2019

iscous two‐fluid channel flows arise in different kinds of coating technologies. The corresponding mathematical models represent two‐dimensional free boundary value problems for the Navier‐Stokes equations. In this paper the solvability of the related stationary problems is discussed and computational results are presented.

Furthermore, it is shown that depending on the flow parameters like viscosity or density ratios and on the fluxes there can happen nonexistence of steady‐state solutions. For other parameter sets the solution is even unique.

Dvieju, tekančiu kanale, klampiu skysčiu srauto uždavinys iškyla taikant ivairias skirtingu rušiu paviršiu padengimo technologijas. Atitinkamas matematinis modelis išreiškiamas dvimačiu kraštiniu uždaviniu su laisvu paviršiumi Navje-Stokso lygtims.

Straipsnyje nagrinejamas santykinai stacionaraus uždavinio išsprendžiamumas ir pateikiami skaičiavimo rezultatai. Be to parodoma, kad priklausomai nuo sroves parametru kaip ir nuo klampumo ir tankio santykio stacionarus sprendiniai gali neegzistuoti. Su kitais parametrais egzistuoja tiksliai vienas sprendinys.
MONOTONE AND CONSERVATIVE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES FOR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS WITH MIXED DERIVATIVES
Authors: Rybak I.V.
Published: March 2019

In the paper elliptic equations with alternating‐sign coefficients at mixed derivatives are considered. For such equations new difference schemes of the second order of approximation are developed. The proposed schemes are conservative and monotone. The constructed algorithms satisfy the grid maximum principle not only for coefficients of constant signs but also for alternating‐sign coefficients at mixed derivatives. The a prioriestimates of stability and convergence in the grid norm C are obtained.
A REVIEW OF NUMERICAL ASYMPTOTIC AVERAGING FOR WEAKLY NONLINEAR HYPERBOLIC WAVES
Authors: Krylovas A. , Čiegis R.
Published: March 2019

We present an overview of averaging method for solving weakly nonlinear hyperbolic systems. An asymptotic solution is constructed, which is uniformly valid in the “large” domain of variables t + |x| ∼ O(ϵ –1). Using this method we obtain the averaged system, which disintegrates into independent equations for the nonresonant systems. A scheme for theoretical justification of such algorithms is given and examples are presented. The averaged systems with periodic solutions are investigated for the following problems of mathematical physics: shallow water waves, gas dynamics and elastic waves. In the resonant case the averaged systems must be solved numerically. They are approximated by the finite difference schemes and the results of numerical experiments are presented.
ABOUT THE SOLUTION IN CLOSED FORM OF GENERALIZED MARKUSHEVICH BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IN THE CLASS OF ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: Rasulov K. M.
Published: March 2019

The paper is devoted to the investigation of the problem of obtaining piecewise analytical functions F(z) = {F+(z), F− (z)} with the jump line L, vanishing on the infinity and satisfying on L the boundary conditionwhere α(t) is the preserving orientation homeomorphism of L onto itself and G(t), b(t), g(t) are given on Lfunctions of Holder class and G(t) ? 0 on L.

The algorithm for the solution of this problem was obtained and particular cases, when it is solvable in closed form are determined.

Apie apibendrintojo Markuševičiaus uždavinio sprendimą analizinių funkcijų klasėje

Santrauka

Darbe pateikiamas algoritmas Markuševičiaus uždavinio, kai ieškomos dalimis analizines funkcijos F(z) = {F+ (z), F− (z)} nykstančioje begalybeje, savo šuoliu linijoje L tenkinančios salygakur G(t), b(t), g(t) ‐ apibrežtos kontūre L funkcijos Golderio klases, o α(t) ‐ homemor‐fizmas kontūro i save. Atvejui α (t) = t uždavini suformulavo A.I. Markuševičius 1946 m. Irodyta, kad uždavinio sprendimas suvedamas i integralines antrosios rūšies Fredholmo tipo lygties sprendima. Pateikiamas pavyzdys, iliustruojantis gautus teorinius rezultatus.
ON FULLY DISCRETE GALERKIN APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE CAHN‐HILLIARD EQUATION
Authors: Omrani K.
Published: March 2019

Standard Galerkin approximations, using smooth splines to solutions of the nonlinear evolutionary Cahn‐Hilliard equation are analysed. The existence, uniqueness and convergence of the fully discrete Crank‐Nicolson scheme are discussed. At last a linearized Galerkin approximation is presented, which is also second order accurate in time fully discrete scheme.
COMPUTER MODELLING OF DENSITY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE‐SPECIES LABORATORY INSECTS’ POPULATION
Authors: Švitra D. , Denisovas V. , Juščenko N.
Published: March 2019

The large number of recently created mathematical models of single‐species insects’ population density dynamics has confirmed the continuing interest of scientists to this problem. Beginning with Thompson's work [34] there have been suggested some mathematical models both for practical purposes (simulation models), and for revealing some general ecological patterns (qualitative models) [31].

The different approaches that could be applied to mathematical modelling of density dynamics of single‐species laboratory insects’ population by means of nonlinear difference‐differential equations with delay are discussed. The main attention is paid to the mathematical model proposed by Kolesov [15], which takes into account the age structure within insects’ population.

A computer implementation of all proposed mathematical models has been fulfilled by using Model Maker simulation system. Various scenarios for simulation of environmental factors impact on the population dynamics are realized. Simulation results are compared with results from well‐known laboratory experiments on the single‐species population.

Laboratorinių vabzdžių populiacijų skaitlingumo dinamikos kompiuterinis modeliavimas

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami izoliuotos vabzdžių populiacijos skaitlingumo dinamikos kompiuterinio modeliavimo klausimai. Šalia klasikinių šios srities darbų apžvalgos pateikiami autorių gauti rezultatai. Siūlomi netiesinių diferencialinių‐skirtuminių lygčių pagrindu sudaryti matematiniai modeliai buvo realizuoti modeliavimo aplinkoje Model Maker. Kompiuterinio modeliavimo rezultatai palyginti su klasikiniais laboratoriniais bandymais.
RAMSES II: RAMan Search for Extragalactic Symbiotic Stars Project Concept, Commissioning, and Early Results from the Science Verification Phase
Authors: Angeloni Rodolfo , Gonçalves Denise R. , Akras Stavros , Gimeno German , Diaz Ruben , Scharwächter Julia , Nuñez Natalia E. , Luna Gerardo Juan M. , Lee Hee-Won , Heo Jeong-Eun , Lucy Adrian B. , Arancibia Marcelo Jaque , Moreno Cristian , Chirre Emmanuel , Goodsell Stephen J. , King Piera Soto , Sokoloski Jennifer L. , Choi Bo-Eun , Ribeiro Mateus Dias
Published: March 2019

Symbiotic stars (SySts) are long-period interacting binaries composed of a hot compact star, an evolved giant star, and a tangled network of gas and dust nebulae. They represent unique laboratories for studying a variety of important astrophysical problems, and have also been proposed as possible progenitors of SNIa. Presently, we know of 257 SySts in the Milky Way and 69 in external galaxies. However, these numbers are still in striking contrast with the predicted population of SySts in our Galaxy. Because of other astrophysical sources that mimic SySt colors, no photometric diagnostic tool has so far demonstrated the power to unambiguously identify a SySt, thus making the recourse to costly spectroscopic follow-up still inescapable. In this paper we present the concept, commissioning, and science verification phases, as well as the first scientific results, of RAMSES II—a Gemini Observatory Instrument Upgrade Project that has provided each GMOS instrument at both Gemini telescopes with a set of narrow-band filters centered on the Raman O vi 6830 Å band. Continuum-subtracted images using these new filters clearly revealed known SySts with a range of Raman O vi line strengths, even in crowed fields. RAMSES II observations also produced the first detection of Raman O vi emission from the SySt LMC 1 and confirmed Hen 3-1768 as a new SySt—the first photometric confirmation of a SySt. Via Raman O vi narrow-band imaging, RAMSES II provides the astronomical community with the first purely photometric tool for hunting SySts in the local universe.
The Chemical Evolution of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Metal-poor Dwarf Galaxies*
Authors: Berg Danielle A. , Erb Dawn K. , Henry Richard B. C. , Skillman Evan D. , McQuinn Kristen B. W.
Published: March 2019

Ultraviolet nebular emission lines are important for understanding the time evolution and nucleosynthetic origins of their associated elements, but the underlying trends of their relative abundances are unclear. We present UV spectroscopy of 20 nearby low-metallicity, high-ionization dwarf galaxies obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope. Building upon previous studies, we analyze the C/O relationship for a combined sample of 40 galaxies with significant detections of the UV O+2/C+2 collisionally excited lines and direct-method oxygen abundance measurements. Using new analytic carbon ionization correction factor relationships, we confirm the flat trend in C/O versus O/H observed for local metal-poor galaxies. We find an average log(C/O) = −0.71 with an intrinsic dispersion of σ = 0.17 dex. The C/N ratio also appears to be constant at log(C/N) = 0.75, plus significant scatter (σ = 0.20 dex), with the result that carbon and nitrogen show similar evolutionary trends. This large and real scatter in C/O over a large range in O/H implies that measuring the UV C and O emission lines alone does not provide a reliable indicator of the O/H abundance. By modeling the chemical evolution of C, N, and O of individual targets, we find that the C/O ratio is very sensitive to both the detailed star formation history and to supernova feedback. Longer burst durations and lower star formation efficiencies correspond to low C/O ratios, while the escape of oxygen atoms in supernovae winds produces decreased effective oxygen yields and larger C/O ratios. Further, a declining C/O relationship is seen with increasing baryonic mass due to increasing effective oxygen yields.
The Central 1000 au of a Pre-stellar Core Revealed with ALMA. I. 1.3 mm Continuum Observations
Authors: Caselli Paola , Pineda Jaime E. , Zhao Bo , Walmsley Malcolm C. , Keto Eric , Tafalla Mario , Chacón-Tanarro Ana , Bourke Tyler L. , Friesen Rachel , Galli Daniele , Padovani Marco
Published: March 2019

Stars like our Sun form in self-gravitating dense and cold structures within interstellar clouds that are referred to as pre-stellar cores. Although much is known about the physical structure of dense clouds just before and soon after the switch-on of a protostar, the central few thousand astronomical units (au) of pre-stellar cores are unexplored. It is within these central regions that stellar systems assemble and fragmentation may take place, with the consequent formation of binaries and multiple systems. We present Atacama Large Millimetre and submillimetre Array (ALMA) Band 6 observations (Atacama Compact Array and 12 m array) of the dust continuum emission of the 8 M
⊙ pre-stellar core L1544, with an angular resolution of 2″ × 1.″6 (linear resolution 270 au × 216 au). Within the primary beam, a compact region of 0.1 M
⊙, which we call a “kernel,” has been unveiled. The kernel is elongated, with a central flat zone with radius R
ker ≃ 10″ (≃1400 au). The average number density within R
ker is ≃1 × 106 cm−3, with possible local density enhancements. The region within R
ker appears to have fragmented, but detailed analysis shows that similar substructure can be reproduced by synthetic interferometric observations of a smooth centrally concentrated dense core with a similar central flat zone. The presence of a smooth kernel within a dense core is in agreement with non-ideal magnetohydro-dynamical simulations of a contracting cloud core with a peak number density of 1 × 107 cm−3. Dense cores with lower central densities are completely filtered out when simulated 12 m array observations are carried out. These observations demonstrate that the kernel of dynamically evolved dense cores can be investigated at high angular resolution with ALMA.