bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Sajet Jacob
Published: July 2017

The article examines the university-enterprise relationship through six scenarios. Consistent problems, such as the reluctance of industry to become involved in the early stages of a project and the tendency of universities to be relatively uninterested in scaling up, are outlined. Various solutions are proposed, such as the establishment of ‘incubator-type’ units within universities in order to speed up the development process.
Technology Transfer in a Changing Environment
Authors: O'Neill Eoin P. , McBrierty Vincent J.
Published: July 2017

In light of the crucial economic importance of effective technology transfer from higher education to business and industry, the interaction of higher education institutions with their wider environments has received much attention. In this article, the authors focus on the essentially iterative approach towards achieving the most effective modes of interaction, based on hands-on experience and in response to the current dramatic changes that are taking place on the world's economic map, in particular sociopolitical change in Eastern Europe, the growing strength of the Pacific Basin nations, and the envisaged post-Maastricht consolidation of the European Community.
Distance Learning for Industry in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Segi Shigeru , Miura Yoshio
Published: July 2017

The implementation of a tele-learning system by the Japan Management Association is described. Costs, course content, and student evaluation are outlined. The article compares the merits and demerits of a tele-learning system against those of the other distance learning options in Japan: correspondence courses in private universities and The University of the Air. Finally, the article describes the recent development away from use of telephone lines towards satellite transmissions.
Small Product-Based Enterprises
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: July 2017

This article argues that ‘products’ are more effective than ‘consultants’ or publications at transferring technology from universities to industry. Based mainly on experience in IT, and with an eye specifically on the UK, the article challenges widely-held beliefs about the best way to diffuse technology from academic research establishments to industrial applications.
A Demand-Driven Technology Transfer Model
Authors: Brett Alistair M.
Published: July 2017

Although much attention has been given in the USA, in major studies and at federal government level, to the critical importance of technology in economic development, there remains a weak link in the chain of technology development – the translation of basic research into commercially successful technology. Against this background, Alistair Brett sets out the strategy of Virginia, focusing on the activities of the Center for Innovative Technology and Technology Development Centers, which conduct research jointly funded by industry and the state. He also refers to specific activities and experiences at Virginia Tech. Dr Brett ends the article with a review of the overall situation in the USA and lists practical lessons learned from US experience. He stresses, finally, the importance of the exchange of experiences and ideas among practitioners of technology transfer in the USA, Europe and Japan.
HE—Industry Collaboration in Malaysia: Technology Transfer at Universiti Sains Malaysia
Authors: Ratnalingam R. , Singh Chet
Published: July 2017

Technology transfer is a crucial element of economic growth in developing countries, particularly in the bid to upgrade from basic manufacturing to the production of higher-value goods. In addition to the constraints inherent in all technology transfer activities, academic institutions in Malaysia face two additional problems: they are prohibited by law from forming companies and they need to educate industry on the importance of R&D. This article describes recent developments at Malaysia's science university in Penang.
Channelling Students towards Industrial Research: Sponsorship of PhD Students in France
Authors: Dambrine Christian
Published: July 2017

Under the Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE), the French Ministry of Research and Technology sponsors industrial research with 700 doctoral candidates per year. A CIFRE is a contract between the National Association for Technical Research (ANRT) which manages the programme and a French firm, entitling the firm to assign an R&D project to a young professional under 26 years of age as part of his/her doctoral thesis. The graduate engineer gets a minimum salary of £12 500 per year from the firm, which receives £9000 directly from ANRT. This grant is awarded for three years for a project in collaboration with an academic laboratory at home or abroad. All industrial sectors are eligible to participate in the CIFRE programme as well as firms of all sizes and in all fields. After 10 years, 3 300 CIFRE contracts have been awarded and half of them are underway – 95% have led to a PhD and 80% to a professional career in industry.
Linking the US Engineering and Construction Industry to Higher Education
Authors: Haggard Thomas R. , Bogart Forrest D.
Published: July 2017

The US engineering and construction industry historically has done little to emulate the manufacturing industry in using R&D to improve its methods and techniques. In 1983, a small group of progressive owners and contractors formed the Construction Industry Institute to provide more research that would help improve total quality and cost effectiveness. Now in its tenth year, CII has become the national forum for the industry and is providing research results that can be implemented on both small and large projects. Case studies have shown a tremendous payback for the dollars invested in research in construction project management.
Patenting Activity in UK Universities
Authors: Packer Kathryn
Published: July 2017

This article reports the results of a national survey of patenting activity in UK universities carried out by Kathryn Packer and Andrew Webster as part of a wider project on patenting in the areas of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. The article seeks to explain the variation in the propensity for universities to patent, and their potential to generate significant income from these patents by reference to a number of factors, including research funding and industrial liaison staffing levels.
Technology Parks and University—Business Relations in Spain
Authors: del Castillo Jaime , Diez Maria Angeles , Barroeta Belén
Published: July 2017

Despite the proliferation of technology parks in Spain during the past decade, very little research has been done to date on the results achieved by these structures. While it is true that their history has been short, as has that of Spain's entire science—technology—industry complex, some assessment is now needed to ensure that future designs are efficient and effective. With this objective in mind, the authors first provide a brief background sketch of university—business relations as they stood when the first technology parks were established in Spain, together with a summary of the major institutional and psychological barriers separating the academic and business worlds. They then give details of the role that Spanish technology parks have played in promoting relations between businesses and universities. In order to add depth to their analysis, the authors present two case studies: the Basque Technology Park at Zamudio and the Technology Park of Castilla-León, which represent two different models for setting up a technology park as an interface structure in the science—technology—industry system at regional level.
Evaluating Science and Technology Parks in France
Authors: Bruhat Thierry
Published: July 2017

In this paper, Thierry Bruhat considers the experience to date of the development of science and technology parks, or technopoles, in France. He discusses the different approaches to their establishment, their principal characteristics, and the ways in which the performance and significance of the technopoles can be fully evaluated. He stresses the ‘added value’ of the parks — their contribution to the endogenous economic development of their regions. With specific examples, he analyses their role as networking agents at the public—private sector interface, and catalysts in the innovation process, emphasizing the issues of site preparation, technopole structure, and the role of participants. The key to economic success, argues the author, is the pooling of the information and skills ‘which are often trapped in the compartmentalized worlds of industry, technology, and academia.’
Scientific Activities in Large Institutions of Higher Education
Authors: Estébanez Maria Elina
Published: July 2017

The University of Buenos Aires (UBA) is the largest university in Argentina. With a staff and student population of almost 200 000, the coherent organization and exploitation of research resources present a major challenge. The author outlines the problems and proceeds to identify the kinds and degrees of research being undertaken, the funding mechanisms which support it, and the structure and management of the University as they relate to the optimal exploitation of its R&D potential. She then discusses the development of science and technology transfer activities at UBA and the ways in which links with outside institutions and firms are being developed.
Business Expectations and University Interactions
Authors: Rahm Dianne
Published: July 2017

It is widely accepted that university-firm alliances are helpful in moving new technologies, knowledge, and know-how to the market but that these research collaborations are difficult to establish and maintain. Formidable barriers, that act to thwart the use of university-based science and technology for industrial innovation, are believed to exist. Understanding and overcoming these obstacles is on the agenda of university administrators, researchers, the business community, and the government. Drawing on data gathered through site visits and personal interviews, this paper explores, from the perspective of business firms, how they perceive their interactions with universities. In particular, it explores how companies define ‘successful’ university-firm research relationships, what barriers to university-partnering firms report, and what the costs and the benefits are of engaging in university collaborations. Finally, a typology of four firm types will be suggested. Each of these four firm types has different expectations of universities.
Faculty Entrepreneurs
Authors: Murrill Branson W.
Published: July 2017

Universities perform a vital function in our society, training the workers and leaders of tomorrow, and also performing the basic research necessary for success in a global economy. However, recent years have found universities facing dwindling support from external sources and criticism that graduates are sometimes inadequately prepared for the workforce. The author suggests that entrepreneurial efforts by faculty and stronger ties between industry and academia can both be effective in addressing these problems. The biomedical sciences have made progress in this direction, and their success can be copied by other disciplines. There are many possible relationships that can be established between universities and companies, including research collaboration, consulting, and software development services. Universities also need to be more proactive in supporting the formation of companies by faculty to exploit new discoveries commercially. This would speed the transfer of new technology to our economy, provide a source of revenue for both faculty and university, and provide opportunities for real-world learning for students and professional growth for faculty.
Partnerships in the European Biotechnology Industry
Authors: Walker Virginia , Griffin Martin , Totterdill Peter
Published: July 2017

Biotechnology is recognized throughout many European regions as a technology which could bring much needed economic growth and prosperity, and the small firm sector has been identified as one of the key mechanisms for supporting the future growth and development of European biotechnology. Yet, despite the plethora of initiatives introduced during the last decade to promote links between the research base and industry and to support the small firm sector, the biotechnology small firm sector has not grown at the rate forecast at the beginning of the decade. This article reports on the findings from a survey of the European biotechnology small firm sector and Regional Technology Advisory Centres and shows that current policies are not meeting the needs of this high-tech industry. A number of fundamental criteria have been identified which need to be considered in the development of any regional development policy which includes a biotechnology component.
Creative Management as a Strategy for Breakthrough Innovation
Authors: Lee K.T.
Published: July 2017

Since around the beginning of the 1980s, the Japanese system of innovation has apparently been in a state of transition from a system of follow-through innovation to one of breakthrough innovation. Reaching the technological frontier, Japan has recognized the need to strengthen its basic research and breakthrough capacity by creating fundamental scientific knowledge as well as transforming such knowledge into industrial innovation. Japanese science and technology policies since the 1980s have been emphasizing creative research management as a central pillar for strengthening Japanese breakthrough innovation. This paper analyses the practice, strengths and weaknesses of research management in major basic research programmes involving Japanese private companies. The analysis extends from the conduct of basic research to industrial applicability, leading to lessons for creating innovation.
The Development and Establishment of Technology in South Africa
Authors: du Preez N.P. , van Eldik P. , Möhr M. , van der Watt H.H.
Published: July 2017

In a two-part analysis (see pp 17–26 for Part 1), the authors discuss the key results of a South African project conducted during 1996 which focused on the factors relating to the development and establishment of technology in a country. The study investigated through a detailed questionnaire survey and a literature survey the various factors that promote the development and establishment of technology by comparing their perceived importance with the actual role they currently play in South Africa. This paper, Part 2, concentrates on the role of industry. The study showed that the availability of high-level technological people dominated the top (at 90%) of the list of factors relating to individual organizations and the role they play in the development of technology. Other prominent factors were the existence of a corporate technology strategy (88.4%), the need to improve manufacturing efficiency and processes (88.4%), the ability of top management to understand new technologies (87.9%), and the availability of funds for research and development (86.2%). The survey clearly indicated that South African organizations were not performing well with respect to these and other factors evaluated. All of them have been rated below 50%, indicating the seriousness of the problem. The corresponding recommendations made are of importance to younger countries with developing economies.
Adding International Dimensions to People and Technology
Authors: Monniot John
Published: July 2017

This paper provides an analysis of the motivation for and development of EUNET, an initiative to link technology transfer programmes involving young graduates in different European countries through the introduction of European technology transfer fellowships. With the participation of the CIFRE programme in France, TCS in the UK, Techstart in Ireland, and the Danish industrial PhD programme, the EUNET experiment generated considerable demand, was considered advantageous by sending and receiving organizations and researchers alike, and achieved, through the 21 fellowships awarded, a number of successful international transfers of knowledge, technology and techniques. It also promoted the benefits of establishing national programmes which link industry and the higher education/research sector for technology transfer and training. A further project, T3net, is now underway, with the participation of the original EUNET members plus Austria, Germany, Norway and Sweden. Stressing the increasing importance of such cross-European cooperation, the author argues that, when T3net ends in December 1998, there will be a need for flexible funding to create international links between local technology transfer and training programmes.
TCS in Action
Authors: Chappell Alison
Published: July 2017

UK houseware product suppliers Cannie plc and Brunei University's Design Research Centre established a TCS Programme in 1994. Its objective was to develop an improved design management system for Cannie, at the same time developing several new products over a two-year period. Young graduates taking part in the TCS are eligible to compete for an annual Scholarship giving the opportunity to visit Hong Kong and South China for up to six weeks. The author, an Industrial Design graduate taking part in the Cannie plc TCS, was the winner of a Scholarship that took place in April 1997. She discusses the objectives, achievements and benefits of a trip taken at such a poignant time in the former British colony's history.
The Emerging Paradigm for Technology Learning in the Knowledge Society
Authors: Baěta Adelaide Maria Coelho
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the significance of the technology incubator in Brazil's transition from an industrial to a knowledge-based economy. The author examines how incubators can contribute to technology development and enterprise creation, stressing their ability to provide a two-way flow of information between higher education institutions and the private sector, breaking down the mutual distrust that has often hindered the successful exploitation of R&D in the past. The author discusses both the learning needs of companies and the ways in which universities need to change to adapt to the demands of the new knowledge society, placing this analysis in the context of how incubators can be organized to function efficiently. In illustration, she provides the working example of the Biominas Incubator in the state of Minas Gerais.
Italian Industrial Districts: A Triple Helix Pattern of Problem Solving
Authors: Biggiero Lucio
Published: July 2017

Industrial districts are local hyper-networks of self-organizing and innovating small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), which, in terms of competitiveness and employment, play an important role in Italy's society and economy. Italy's industrial structure is deeply embedded in social relations, which are stratified and vary from territory to territory. The university, partially replaced by innovation centres, plays a weak role. For industrial districts to survive the current crisis, an industrial policy based on new theoretical approaches is needed, capable of analysing and dealing with emergent forms of industrial organization.
Institutionalizing University—Industry Collaboration for the Diffusion of Intangible Innovations
Authors: Heaton Lorna
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the shifting evolution of the relationship between one Swedish laboratory involved in the design of systems for computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and its industrial and government partners over the past decade. It explores the impact of increasing intersection and new configurations of relationships between these previously distinct sectors on the development of CSCW both in terms of disciplinary knowledge and institutional structures to cope with this hybrid object. It finds that a micro-level, Latourian analysis suitably explains choices at a laboratory level, but that these specific issues take on their full significance in the context of changes in the broader social and policy spheres.
Progression of Skills and Competencies through University to Employment
Authors: Hobrough John , Bates Rodney
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses findings of a research project comparing skills of business-related advanced GNVQ/GCE students in the UK, together with perceptions as to how skills develop through undergraduate experience into employment. Expectations of employers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are also indicated. GNVQ students seem more aware of business needs than GCE students, and appear to have a greater awareness of teamworking. GCE students tend towards a recognition of leadership skills and improvement of self-sufficiency during higher education. Work experience is identified as the major need within higher education for SME employment across Europe and the acquisition of a foreign language is identified as a growing need for graduate employment, not only in Europe but also in certain UK business sectors.
Vehicle Emission Regulation in Europe — The Demise of Lean-Burn Engines, The Polluter Pays Principle…. and The Small Car?
Authors: Boehmer-Christiansen Sonja A
Published: July 2017

The regulation of vehicles emissions in Europe is described with emphasis on decision-making in Britain and Germany, and analysed from a political perspective. After a long period of negotiations, a solution to the various debates surrounding the issue is now emerging. This involves the abandoning of a specific technology preferred in Great Britain. In consequence, the consumption of energy by private transport and the cost to the public of private motoring will increase further. The British strategy of delaying European decisions in favour of stringent standards which require the adoption of the best available emission abatement technology, was taken largely in response to requests from motor manufacturers based in Britain. Viewed with hindsight, however, the policy was probably a mistake, which while serving the interests of industry in the shorter run, may have further weakened British competitiveness and thus added to the demise of a British owned car industry. The opposite applies to the Federal Republic, where environmental objectives were more quickly integrated into commercial, industrial and European Community policy because of the more foresighted and active role government was able, willing and required to play. The environmental consequences of vehicle regulation, on the other hand, remain uncertain.
Global Energy and The Greenhouse Issue
Authors: Scott Michael , Edmonds James , Kellogg Mark , Schultz Robert
Published: July 2017

Global energy production and use results in the release of CO2 and other gases to the atmosphere which affect the atmosphere's radiative character. The accumulation of CO2 and other radiatively important gases (RIGs) is thought to result in higher mean global surface temperatures and other climatic changes, whose character would vary regionally around the globe. Of critical importance to determining the timing and magnitude of global climate change is an understanding of long-term global energy systems.

Major changes have occurred since the last Congress of the World Energy Conference reviewed the relationship between energy and the global greenhouse. At the time of the last review, the relationship between energy and the greenhouse focused exclusively on CO2 emissions. The focus has widened to embrace other trace gases including, methane (CH4 nitrous oxide (N2O), trichloro-fluoromethane (CFCl3 or CFC-11) and dichloro-difluoromethane (CF2Cl2 or CFC-12) as radiativly active gases and carbon monoxide (CO) and other oxides of nitrogen (NOx) as radiatively important, but not radiatively active species. The major consequence of this inclusion has been to advance the time when a greenhouse effect could be anticipated.

Additional changes in the field include an increasing recognition of the interrelationship of land-use patterns and energy (especially the link between land-use patterns and the harvesting and burning of traditional biomass fuels) and the extension of models to produce time-dependent scenarios of the effects of energy production, transformation and end-use on climate.

The shift in research has opened up a new era of uncertainty. The links between human activities, energy and CO2 were relatively simple by comparison to the relationships between energy and other radiatively important gases (RIGs). Whereas the relationship between human activities, energy and CO2 has matured to the point where it can be characterized by uncertainty analysis, the analysis of energy and non-CO2 RIGs is in its infancy.

Interest in options to alter the rate of growth of greenhouse gas emissions has intensified, particularly since the 1988 Toronto Climate Conference. Substantial work is underway to build on earlier efforts in this field.

This paper will document the current understanding of the relationship between human activities, energy, CO2 and other RIGs, survey the global greenhouse forecast literature, and give some assessment of forecast uncertainty.
Practical Wind Resource Assessment for Tayside Region in Scotland
Authors: Saluja G.S. , Douglas N.G.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of a study which estimates the practical wind energy resource for the Tayside Region of Scotland. The study considered all technical, environmental and legislative factors relevant to wind energy development. Due consideration was also given to National Planning Policy Guideline (NPPG6): Renewable Energy and Planning Advice Note 45 (PAN45): Renewable Energy Technology, issued by the Scottish Office Environment Department, in addition to the policies of the planning authorities within Tayside with regards to such matters as development in National Scenic Areas and other designated areas.

An area of 1290 km2 was identified as being the minimum practical resource which is free from environmental and technical constraints and which has sufficiently high wind speeds to make extraction of energy from the wind commercially viable. This area could accommodate an installed wind energy capacity of 9675 MW and produce 24.6 TWh of wind generated electricity per annum.
The Thorp Project - An Overview
Authors: Beaty S.E.
Published: July 2017

BNFL is an international company offering a nuclear fuel service. BNFL owns and operates facilities for the storage and reprocessing of irradiated fuel, and treatment of wastes arising, at the Sellafield site in West Cumbria. In 1974, BNFL announced its intention to undertake the Company's largest ever project, the provision of a new, integrated, reprocessing facility known as THORP (Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant). The purpose of THORP is to recover uranium and plutonium from spent oxide fuel that has been irradiated in nuclear reactors used for the generation of electricity. The plant has been designed to high standards to avoid jeopardising the safety of any person on or off site as a result of its operation.

This paper provides an overview of the project outlining some of the major aspects, encompassing the history of the project, environmental impact, safeguards/accountancy, commercial information, the use of the products in mixed oxide fuel and the development of the THORP workforce.

It concludes that the large investment made in plant, equipment and people, will ensure that the radiological impact of THORP's operations on the environment is insignificant, and that as the radioactive commissioning of THORP is proceeding successfully, that there is increasing confidence within, and external to, BNFL that THORP will be a commercial and environmental success for Britain.
A Deweyian Framework for Youth Development in Experiential Education: Perspectives from Sail Training and Sailing Instruction
Authors: Wojcikiewicz Steven K. , Mural Zachary B.
Published: July 2017

In this piece, we put forth a Deweyian framework for youth development activities in outdoor and adventure education programs, and we show how such a framework may be exemplified by activities in sail training and sailing instruction. The paper begins with a discussion of the theoretical features of Deweyian educational experiences and makes connections between these ideas and positive youth development. We then, by reference to the educational activities aboard vessels large and small, provide concrete illustrations of these theoretical features. The goal of the paper is to propose a framework that educators in outdoor and adventure programs—and in youth development programs generally—can employ to bring Dewey's ideas to bear on program design and assessment.
Research: Sociological Paradigms and the Use of Ethnography in Hospitality Research
Authors: Hughes Julia Christensen
Published: July 2017

If hospitality is to mature as a field of inquiry, it is important that the understanding of the philosophical debates underlying methodological choices be enhanced. Through this understanding interest in alternative methodologies among hospitality researchers should grow. Historically, the hospitality literature has reflected a positivist epistemology and a sociology of regulation. As such, it has failed to adequately challenge the many norms taken for granted and assumptions deeply embedded within the industry. Researchers are encouraged to acknowledge the subjectivity of “truth” and adopt a sociology of radical change. Ethnography is an example of one qualitative research approach that holds promise for researchers interested in doing so. Key methodological issues for ethnographic research include site and sample selection, the management of the researcher's role, data collection strategies and data analysis techniques.
Research: Game Theory: Mathematical Models Provide Insights into Hospitality Industry Phenomena
Authors: Schwartz Zvi
Published: July 2017

Game theory is a mathematical modeling tool that considers the interaction among participants in economic activity. This article introduces some of the basic concepts of game theory, and demonstrates its applicability to hospitality industry research. The paper discusses essential elements of a game such as players, actions, strategies, payoffs and equilibria. The author explains how the information structure of a game determines its outcome, and examines the solution concepts of Nash Equilibrium in a simultaneous game. The Leader-Follower game and the concept of mixed strategies are also introduced. The study identifies topics currently discussed in the hospitality literature that are likely to benefit from this methodology. The discussion covers themes such as product differentiation and room rate policies, reputation and service quality, mergers and acquisitions and franchising.
Scale Construction: Developing Reliable and Valid Measurement Instruments
Authors: Hinkin Timothy R. , Tracey J. Bruce , Enz Cathy A.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to describe the process for developing reliable and valid measurement instruments that can be used in any hospitality industry field research setting. Many instances exist in which the researcher cannot find an adequate or appropriate existing scale to measure an important construct. In these situations it is necessary to create a new scale. Failure to carefully develop a measurement instrument can result in invalid and uninterpretable data. Hence, a systematic seven-step process is outlined here to assist researchers in devising usable scales. Examples from the authors' own research are used to illustrate some of the steps in the process.
Research: The Quantitative Integration of Research: An Introduction to Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lynn Michael , Mullen Brian
Published: July 2017

Meta-analysis refers to a set of procedures for statistically summarizing, integrating and comparing the results of previous research. This article elucidates the place of meta-analysis in hospitality research. First, a brief overview of meta-analytic procedures is provided. Second, the superior precision, rigor and accuracy of meta-analytic over narrative reviews is illustrated by selecting a recent narrative review in the Hospitality Research Journal, conducting a meta-analysis of the same studies and comparing the conclusions of the meta-analysis with those of the narrative review. Third, the authors illustrate the use of meta-analysis to test new, theoretical hypotheses by describing a recent meta-analysis of potential interest to the hospitality industry. Lastly, the article discusses several issues concerning the application of meta-analysis in hospitality and other research.
Research: “Colorful Stories” Or Historical Insight?-A Review of the Auto/Biographies of Charles Forte, Conrad Hilton, J.W. Marriott and Kemmons Wilson
Authors: Nickson Dennis
Published: July 2017

This paper suggests that the lack of a comprehensive, systematic, or rigorous historical study of the growth of the corporate hospitality sector can be partially rectified by a review of the auto/biographies of several leading hospitality entrepreneurs. With recognition of both the advantages and clear limits of such an approach the paper argues that, nevertheless, continuities can be observed within developments in the contemporary hospitality industry. The analysis of these auto/biographical accounts provides us with some insight into current key debates surrounding issues such as: strategies for internationalization, standardization versus differentiation and the lack of trade unions in the hospitality industry. The paper concludes by offering some tentative suggestions for furthering a more searching historical analysis.
The Second Conference on Graduate Education and Graduate Students' Research in Hospitality and Tourism
Authors: Bosselman Robert H.
Published: July 2017

Individuals interested in submitting conference reports should write to the Executive Editor. The Editor reserves the right to evaluate submitted materials for their suitability for publication in this section.
A Comparison of Hotel Selection Criteria Between U.S. and Korean Business Travelers
Authors: Mccleary Ken W. , Choi Bianca M. , Weaver Pamela A.
Published: July 2017

A study of business travelers from Korea and the United States was conducted to determine if differences exist in the importance placed on the criteria used to select hotels. The study revealed that there were many significant differences between Korean and U.S. business travelers in the importance placed on specific hotel characteristics. There was also, however, considerable agreement as to what criteria were most important when choosing a hotel.
A Rebuttal to Borchgrevink's Criticism of Our Meta-Analytic Recommendations
Authors: Lynn Michael , Mullen Brian
Published: July 2017

Borchgrevink presented flawed arguments against our (Lynn & Mullen) previous recommendation that hospitality researchers employ meta-analytic techniques other than those of Hunter and Schmidt. The problems with his criticisms are briefly discussed in this article.
An effective health service: Can it be achieved?
Authors: von Degenberg Karin
Published: July 2017

The development and delivery of clinically-effective services is a priority for the NHS and high on the agenda of clinicians and managers alike, whether in the private or public sector, in hospital or in the community. The challenges in achieving an effective clinical service are enormous, but there is much potential for success. Patients are becoming more discerning, have increasingly higher expectations and are now better informed than ever before about clinical treatment, care and therapy. An increasing number of those responsible for delivering health care are basing clinical practice on the expanding body of clinical evidence and research findings. This paper addresses some of the key components contributing to improvements in health care and describes recent developments on how this is being achieved. The paper concludes that evidence-based health care is becoming more achievable through a constantly improving knowledge base, improved technology and better ways of shared learning which aims to provide the most cost-effective health service, and one which is responsive to patients' needs and their perceptions of an effective health service.
Problems of recruiting participants for nursing research: a case study
Authors: Wray Jane , Gates Bob
Published: July 2017

There is a well established theoretical base for many of the methodological aspects of nursing research1,2,3. Researchers have explored measurement tools, design of studies, methods of data collection and analysis, but the question of recruitment of participants to a research project remains a neglected area despite the profound influence it can have on the success or failure of that project. A research project into the management of challenging behaviour in children with learning disabilities (being conducted at Hull University) provides a case study as a means of exploring and illustrating the potential problems of recruitment. This paper then identifies general guidelines that researchers can adopt for effective recruitment strategies. The conclusions drawn emphasise that recruitment is an important element of the research process and deserves careful attention in the initial planning phases of a study to ensure its completion.
Strengthening Cancer Care: A practical approach to the empowerment of nurses
Authors: Edmonstone John
Published: July 2017

'Strengthening Cancer Care' was a project initiated by the Scottish Office Department of Health which sought, by using an action research model, to empower nurses working with cancer patients to initiate projects in areas of relevance and interest to them. The processes used to do this are reported in this paper and the appropriateness of using action research is confirmed. The success of this exercise in staff empowerment can be attributed to the support given to participants by their managements for the duration of the main project, which resulted in their commitment to ensuring they achieved their aims.
Provision of mouth care by nursing staff for cancer patients in Scotland: Current status and the role of training
Authors: Sweeney M. Petrina , Bagg Jeremy , Doig Pat , McGill Maria , Milligan Stuart , Malarkey Carol
Published: July 2017

Oral disease is common in patients with cancer and mouth care is an important element of palliative care. Responsibility for provision of this care usually falls to nursing staff. This study aimed to determine the level of mouth care provided by nurses for patients with cancer in Scottish hospices and in the community within Scotland, and to assess the value of a training pack in oral disease and oral care. Fifteen hospices, 52 Macmillan nurses and 112 district nurses were invited to participate. Responses to an initial questionnaire confirmed the important role of nurses in providing mouth care, but highlighted significant deficiencies in training, particularly for district nurses, and a lack of formal protocols in this area. There was little interaction with professional dental staff. Training packs, including clinical photographs and simple mouth care protocols were sent to 15 hospices, 20 Macmillan nurses and 45 district nurses. A follow-up questionnaire six weeks later showed that the packs had been very well received and had resulted in significant changes to mouth care practices of many of the users. However, 34% of the respondents felt that further training would still be beneficial.
Quality and quantity in research policy for nursing
Authors: Rafferty Anne Marie , Traynor Michael
Published: July 2017

This paper considers two 'mapping' exercises designed to survey research activity within nursing, midwifery and health visiting as a means of ascertaining current strengths and weaknesses in the research capacity. Interviews with key opinion leaders and stakeholders of research have been and are being conducted. Two vignettes are included here for the range of views they express about research in terms of its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for building capacity for research. One of the themes to emerge is the dominance of medicine as a reference point for analysis and the extent to which the problems of, and prospects for, nursing are shared with other groups. But an argument that follows from this is that fixing the 'gaze' upon medicine distracts researchers of nursing from looking to other disciplines for support and opportunities for coalition building. Prospects for research in nursing may have more in common with other groups who perceive themselves as being perched on the periphery of the dominant culture and therefore can be analysed within that framework.
Primary health care nursing and Project 2000: Challenges and incompatibility?
Authors: Maben Jill , Clark Jill Macleod , Jones Karen
Published: July 2017

The emphasis on health as opposed to disease in the Project 2000 curriculum is consistent with the concept of the nurse of the future working across both institutional and non-institutional settings. This paper presents data from focus group interviews in two study centres which shed light on the Project 2000 course as a preparation for community nursing practice. The views of managers and senior clinical practitioners illuminate some key issues. Focus group participants acknowledged that the course provided a greater emphasis on health than traditional courses and that students appear to gain a broader understanding of health within the community at large than students on traditional courses. More controversial issues which emerged from the data include the constraints inherent in the community nursing service as a result of its current structure, issues of skill mix and in particular a health visiting service which does not lend itself to the creation of staff nurse posts.
Taking Theories of Cultural Dialogue From the Classroom to the Street Corner
Authors: Willink Kate G. , Suzette Jacquelynn
Published: July 2017

This article contributes to the Communication Studies’ literature on cultural dialogue, based on challenges we faced when putting theory into practice in community-based research courses and local social justice struggles. Specifically, we attempt to elaborate theories of cultural dialogue on/in the streets—considering how Cultural Studies, Critical Intercultural Communication, Critical Pedagogy, and Performance Studies work synergistically to illuminate particular aspects of the process of applied cultural dialogue in new ways. As we engaged in discussions on race and immigration in Aurora, Colorado, our experience required us to theorize particular aspects of the process of dialogue in new ways. This article contains voices of multiple authors in conversation and addresses the negotiations of dialogue, identity, and power. Ultimately we address dialogue writ large as process that combines shared experiences in different yet connected sites of education, community conflict, and cultural differences.
Trends in Natural Food Sales and Consumer Food Choices
Authors: Marquardt Raymond , Burkink Tim
Published: July 2017

The expansion of thinking from treating disease to increased concern with disease prevention and health maintenance is reflected in the growing market for natural foods and dietary supplements. These new products make the already complex task of food shopping even more confusing. Inexperienced consumers will require help to evaluate these new choices, creating challenges for health care providers and the food industry. This article helps readers make sense of these new products by providing a general overview of the natural foods category. Discussed are the complexities consumers face when shopping for food and related products, definitions relevant to natural foods, trends in natural foods consumption, and future trends in this area, including the impact of genetically modified foods.

The natural foods industry has been one of the shining stars of food manufacturing and retailing over the past decade as an ever-growing segment of the U.S. population seeks out organic and natural foods and nutraceuticals. The consumer motivations fueling this industry are varied and range from securing the practical benefits of a healthy diet to the psychological benefits of leading a particular lifestyle.

To support the diffusion throughout the U.S. population of this more holistic approach to health, the industry and health care professionals must help consumers make sense of the confusing array of product offerings. The newest consumers entering these markets will be less involved and committed than the pioneering consumers were, and they will have different motivations. These late adopters will look to the industry, regulators, and their health care providers to make sense of these often complex and contradictory product offerings. Consider, for example, a consumer trying to understand the differences between a natural food and a genetically modified nutraceutical, both promoting health benefits. As discussed earlier, the food shopping process is already very noisy, and the winners in natural foods will be the ones that help consumers solve their food purchasing problems. This problem will be complicated as mass retailers offer more organic and natural foods and nutraceuticals, along with their conventional products, confronting a broader cross-section of consumers further.

Perhaps the greatest challenge facing the stakeholders in this arena is the evolution of genetically modified foods. By definition, these foods are certainly not organic and probably not natural, yet may offer health benefits. To date, the introduction of genetically modified foods has been difficult because consumers have not been properly educated about these new technologies. The industry must pay more attention to conducting reliable studies of these products and then communicating the results.
Effects of Low-Dose Larch Arabinogalactan From Larix Occidentalis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Linda S. , Burkholder Peter M. , Waters Robert F.
Published: July 2017

Immune-stimulating effects of low-dose Larch arabinogalactan extracted from Larix occidentalis were evaluated in a Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week clinical trial. Twenty-one healthy male volunteers (22-45 years) were randomized to one of six treatment groups or placebo, three subjects in each group. Of these, 19 (90%) completed for inclusion in outcome analysis. Three concentration grades of Larch arabinogalactan in two doses, 1.5g/day and 4.5g/day, were tested. White blood cell count, monocytes, serum interferon-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-6, and quality of life (SF-36) at baseline and 4 weeks. There were no changes in the objective immunologic and subjective measures of quality of life ( p > 0.05) with low doses of Larch arabinogalactan. Understanding of possible low-dose responses to Larch arabinogalactan and the determination of clinically effective baseline doses for patient care requires further investigation, and future studies should consider larger cohort populations.
The history of infection control: Sterilisers and the development of sterile services (part one)
Authors: Newsom SWB
Published: July 2017

This is the first in a series of articles outlining the key developments in the history of infection control. The articles first appeared in the ISSM Journal.
ICNA support for learning opportunities and travel
Authors: Tew Lauren
Published: July 2017

The Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA) has always been committed to supporting learning opportunities for its members.
Spinning the spinners
Authors: Smith Clare
Published: July 2017

This paper, adapted from a presentation at the 2001 ICNA Conference in Blackpool, is an examination of how health professionals can manage the media and apply the appropriate ‘spin’ when a crisis arises.

The biggest lesson that can be offered about spin doctoring is that the art of spin doctoring is so much tosh. The public has become very sophisticated about the media and the message, and is very television-literate.

People understand mass communication techniques with an instinct that cuts right through the waffle. They see through spin doctors. If you really want to change your image, tell your story, get your version across, then tell the truth, and tell it with passion. That works every time.