bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary dolomitization of the Domanik black shales as an indicator of gas-water hydrocarbon-containing fluids upward migration in the Tatarstan territory
Authors: Eskin A A , Morozov V P , Korolev E A , Kolchugin A N , Valiullin R R
Published: June 2020

The share of unconventional oil reserves is high in Russia and Volga-Ural region, including shale oil reservoirs. It contains around 65% of the total volume of hydrocarbon reserves in region, according to various data. Shale hydrocarbons are widely used in Russia. The main part of the Domaniki oil black shale is confined to carbonate-siliceous carbonaceous complexes of the Domanik horizon of the Francian stage of the Upper Devonian system. According to previous studies in the Domanik formation sedimentary complexes of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, two types of rocks are distinguished - the Domanikites themselves and Domanikoids. Domanikites contain from 5 to 20% organic matter. Both types of carbonaceous rocks have a practically similar lithological composition. The difference between them lies in variations in siliceous component content and number of authigenic minerals. If content of very fine-grained silica was determined by primary sedimentation factors, then authigenic minerals are indicators of secondary lithogenesis processes. In this work, an attempt is made to compare organic matter content with dolomite mineralization, which is an active agent in mineral formation.
Comparative geochemistry of the basalts from Vesuvius and Batur volcanoes
Authors: Kadyrov R , Minibaeva E
Published: June 2020

Sedimentary rocks can form both directly during eruptions and the destruction of effusive rocks. They can inherit the geochemical features of parent rocks. Therefore, the study of trace elements of the effusives is significant for the interpretation of the erosion source. This work provides information about trace element geochemistry of basalts from Vesuvius and Batur volcanoes, which are located at different ends of the Mediterranean-Alpine-Himalayan folded belt and represented by alkaline (subalkaline) type of magmas. The comparison of trace element concentration obtained by atomic emission spectral analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed strong differences for a number of elements. Magma of Vesuvius, originating from a deep source, assimilated in its path the core material, which led to the eruption of lavas of the type EM I with high concentrations of Ba, Be, Cs, La, Rb, Mo, U, W, Zr. Batur relates to subduction arc volcanoes with the characteristic type of lavas HIMU, which are depleted of listed above chemical elements and enriched Bi. The basalts of these volcanoes have similar anomalies of the geochemical composition for most trace elements, suggesting that they have one close source that can be presented by subduction-modified oceanic lithosphere involved in generation of both HIMU and EM types.
Manifestation of infiltration–metasomatic processes in the Kazanian stage sediments of the Lobach Mountain in Tatarstan
Authors: Korolev E A , Eskin A A , Ibragimov R L , Barieva E R , Korolev A E
Published: June 2020

For the first time in the Kazanian stage evaporate sediments of the Kama-Ustyinsky structure, metasomatites were identified confined to bituminous accumulations zones. metasomatites develops in microgranular sedimentary-diagenetic dolomites. The main dense core of metasotatic bodies is composed of marble-like calcite, along periphery of which there is ferriferous goethite-hydrogetite edge. Numerous calcite veins extend from carbonate core to sides, their thickness decreases with distance from metasotatic bodies. In the zone of metasomatites development, processes of gypsum lenses recrystallization and siliceous nodules dissolution, originally found in micrograin dolomites, are observed. The small size siliceous nodules are completely leached and replaced by calcite aggregates. Larger flints partially pass into translucent chalcedony and aggregates, consisting of large quartz crystals - clear rock crystal. The formation of metasomatites is due to aggressive hydrocarbon-containing fluids introduction into the rocks, as indicated by their spatial confinement to bituminous accumulations.
Conditions for the salt strata formation of the Upper Pechora Basin (Russia)
Authors: Shanina S N , Halamay A R , Sokerina N V , Ignatovich O O , Morozov V P
Published: June 2020

It was studied the composition of salt-forming brines, the composition of insoluble salt residue and the sedimentation environment for the Upper Pechora evaporate basin at the halite crystallization stage in the underlying rock salt layer (Lower Permian, Kungur). The results are obtained from studying individual inclusions in halite, chemical composition of primary fluid inclusions brines, the phase composition of salts, and the homogenization temperatures of single-phase liquid inclusions in halite, by their preliminary cooling. The obtained data possible to establish the accumulation of the salt strata of the Upper Pechora potassium-magnesiums basin in shallow-water depositional environments. The brines of the basin belonged to sulfate tipe of the ocean water. The concentration of brines during the crystallization in the underlying rock salt layer was close to the stage of potassium minerals precipitation.
The role of the leading formations of crystalline basement in the generation of clay minerals of weathering crust (East of the Russian plate)
Authors: Sidorova E U , Sitdikova L M , Izotov V G , Khasanova N M
Published: June 2020

The studied weathering crust on the basement rocks of the central part of the Volga-Ural anteclise lies at great depths under thick sediments of sedimentary cover. A diversity of initial basement rocks, features of formation and secondary changing processes of weathering crust determine interest for this geological formation and its uniqueness. Clay minerals play a major role in the composition of the weathering crust and determine its features. A change in the associations of clay minerals by the weathering profile allows distinguishing different zones, which confirm the zonal structure of this formation.
Modification of clays subjected to different stages of lithogenesis under microbial activity
Authors: Sofinskaya O A , Usmanov R M , Korolev E A
Published: June 2020

A comparative study of the influence of microorganisms on physical-chemical clays’ properties at different lithogenetic stages concerned the formation of contact strength between particles was carried out. Natural samples were taken for experiments: dolomite-clay marl from outcrop, the Jahorina mountains, the Dinaric Alps, Bosnia and Herzegovina; alluvial loam from spring, West side of the Onega Lake, Konchezero village, Karelia Republic, Russia; bentonite from the Biklyan deposit, Tatarstan Republic, Russia; phyllite from outcrop, Les Sybelles, Rhone Alps, France. The microbial community was added into moistened clays for 2-4 months. Before and after the experiments such analyses were conducted: X-ray powder diffractometry, determination of water content in clays, maximum hygroscopicity, dry bulk density, total organic carbon, macroscopic wetting contact angle, liquid and plastic limits; incremental loading oedometer test, ion chromatography of filtrate. The microbial activity enhanced the hydrophilicity of marl and phyllite. Multidirectional factors of toughness formation acted in clays subjected to stages between sedimentogenesis and late diagenesis, among which organic matter content dominated.
Fluid inclusions in vein calcite from the productive reservoirs of the Astrakhansky gas condensate field
Authors: Sokerina N V , Shanina S N , Sokerin M Yu , Kolchugin A N , Isaenko S I
Published: June 2020

Fluid inclusions from calcite veins were studied the Astrakhanskoye gas condensate field. It was done for the identify the conditions for the formation of oil reservoirs located in bioclastic recrystallized limestones with vertically oriented fractures. Samples were selected from the core material of one studied well in interval 4215-4217 m. Two types of syngenetic inclusions were found in calcite: gas and gas-liquid inclusions. The homogenization temperature of gas inclusions is from -16.9 to 40 °C. Studying the gas phase by Raman spectroscopy show the presence of methane and hydrogen sulfide. Carbon dioxide, ethane, and propane were found in smaller quantities. The homogenization temperature is 100-130 °C of two-phase fluid inclusions. Probably, it is close to the temperature of the vein calcite aggregates. The aqueous phase of inclusions is represented by solutions of magnesium chloride. The gas-phase was not studied by Raman spectroscopy because of mobility. The total composition of inclusion gases in calcite is represented mainly by carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide, according to gas chromatography. Ethane, propane, and isobutane are present in smaller amounts. The concentration decreases from ethane to butane. Also, ethylene, propylene, and butylene were identified in very low concentrations. A characteristic feature of hydrocarbon gases is a decrease in concentrations from ethane to propane and from propane to butane, and it is typical for gas condensates.
Catalytic activity of hierarchical structure based on Ni-Al layered double hydroxide
Authors: Aliev A , Sharafieva Z , Popkov A , Isakov D , Sultanaliev D
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the characteristics of the composition and structure of NiAl layered double hydroxide as a precursor element of the catalytic system are determined. According to x-ray fluorescence analysis, nickel content in layered double hydroxide was 86%, aluminum - 13%. The obtained elements of the catalytic system have a specific surface area of 158 m2/g and stability at high temperatures and pressures. The results of the study of catalytic activity in cracking reactions of C11-C22 higher alkanes in the presence of Ni-Al layered double hydroxide at temperatures of 450°C and 500°C and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, with a ratio of raw materials to the catalyst equal to 30 are given. The products of catalytic conversion of the initial mixture of alkanes are C7-C14 normal- and isoalkanes. According to IR spectroscopy, unsaturated compounds were formed as the reaction products.
Composition and distribution features of microelements in high-carbon Domanic rocks, extracts from rocks and asphaltenes
Authors: Mikhailova A , Kayukova G , Vakhin A , Gareev B
Published: June 2020

The article presents the results of comparative studies of the microelement composition of samples of high-carbon carbonate-siliceous rocks from the Semiluki-Mendym (Domanic) deposits of the Romashkino, Pervomaisky and Muslimovsky deposits, which differ in mineral composition, organic matter (OM) content and spatial location in the territory of Tatarstan. The OM content in the rocks varies from 4.19 to 11.73%. The mineral composition of the rocks is represented mainly by quartz and calcite, the content of which varies from 24 to 61% and from 17 to 54%, respectively. Using the method of mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma in the composition of rocks, extracts from rocks, asphaltenes and carben-carboids isolated from them, the presence of three groups of microelements (ME): biogenic, radioactive and rare-earths was established, and also the features of their composition and distribution in the studied objects, depending on the spatial location of the deposits and the material composition of the rocks.
Conversion of resins and asphaltenes under thermo-catalytic influence of magnetite at 200°C
Authors: Khaidarova A , Zaripova R , Mukhamatdinova R , Ibragimova D , Mukhamatdinov I
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses the influence of magnetite on conversion of Ashal’cha heavy oil under the temperature of 200°C. The role of catalyst in in-situ upgrading of heavy oil is directed on the content reduction of high-molecular components such as resins and asphaltenes, as well as their molecular masses. The significant increase (10%) in the content of aromatic fraction and decrease in high-molecular hydrocarbons (8%) is observed. The results of measurements indicate the positive influence of catalyst on the rheology. Magnetite participates in destruction of associated complexes in resins and thereby decreases the viscosity of crude oil. The destruction products increase the content of light hydrocarbons, particularly saturates and aromatics. Investigation of temperature-dependent rheology characteristics revealed significant viscosity reduction in the products of catalytic aquathermolysis.
Evaluation of the effect of new-synthesized heterocyclic compounds as inhibitors of ARP deposits
Authors: Ibragimova D , Ivanov D , Sharafieva Z , Shamsutdinova L , Milovankin A , Petrov S
Published: June 2020

This article is devoted to the studying of the problem of the resin and asphaltene deposits formation in the process of oil production and transportation using the example of high-viscosity oil from the Ashalchinskoe field. The chemical method for the prevention and removal of ARPD, connected with the use of phosphorylated alkylphenols is considered in detail. Extraction of asphaltenes was carried out by selective dilution of the oil sample following by washing in Soxhlet apparatus. Hydrocarbon structure of asphaltenes was studied by the method of IR-spectroscopy on the spectrometer PerkinElmer. Paramagnetic characteristics of asphaltenes were analyzed by EPR method. Rheological properties of oil emulsion were studied by viscosimetry method using rotational viscometer One Touch Lamy Rheology. The graphs that indicate the dependence of the viscosity of oil emulsions on applied shear stress were plotted. The method of the “cold rod” was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the new organic compound.
Fractionation of Aschalcha extra heavy oil resins and studying their structure
Authors: Mukhamatdinov I , Salih I , Ziganshina M , Onishchenko Ya , Feoktistov D
Published: June 2020

In this paper we isolated resins from a sample of extra heavy oil and from the products of catalytic aquathermolysis in the presence of a cobalt based catalyst and studied their structure. In fact, an oil fraction and 4 resin fractions (R1-R4) have been extracted by liquid adsorption chromatography method in the presence of pure solvents and their binary mixtures in various ratios. Adding the catalyst to the system during heat and steam exposure for 6 hours leads to a significant improvement of the structural-group composition. Thus, the aliphaticity index of R3 decreased as a result of the detachment of alkyl substituents in aromatic fragments under the influence of catalyst and passes into lighter fractions of resins, as well as towards saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. From another hand, the oxidation coefficient also manifests itself in fractions R1 and R2 as a result of oxidative catalytic cracking processes, which also indicates a redistribution of the group composition. MALDI data have showed that the average molecular weight of resins for each of the fractions has decreased whereas IR spectroscopy has highlighted a change in their structural group composition.
Hydrothermal influence of heavy oil in the presence of minerals of carbonate rock
Authors: Petrov S , Lahova A , Sitnov S , Slavkina O , Shchekoldin K
Published: June 2020

A series of experiments with heavy crude oil was carried out modeling hydrothermal effects involving mineral compounds of carbonate rocks. Depending on the thermodynamic parameters of exposure, various mechanisms of chemical transformations of heavy crude hydrocarbons predominate, affecting its composition and properties. In this paper, samples of crude and converted oil were analyzed by various instrumental methods. The work on the aquathermolysis of oil was carried out in a laboratory batch unit under isothermal conditions at of 290-375°C and pressures of 1-13.5 MPa. In this work, component composition, chromatographic analysis, rheology, X-ray analysis of heavy crude and converted oil was carried out. In converted crude oil the content of light fractions boiling up to 200 °C increased with increasing in the specific surface of mineral compounds under hydrothermal influence. The results of X-ray structural analysis showed presence the of chemisorption processes on the surface of mineral particles as a result of hydrothermal influence on crude oil.
Prediction of the catalytic activity of Ni-Al mixed oxide in the hydroisomerization of n-alkanes
Authors: Lakhova A , Valieva A , Nosova A. , Petrov S , Aliev A , Bashkirtzeva N
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the possibility of using mixed Ni-Al oxides as catalyst systems for the hydroisomerization of n-alkanes. A number of instrumental analysis methods were carried out, on the basis of which elementary lattices of the synthesized mixed oxides were modeled. A preliminary study showed that systems based on mixed Ni-Al oxides have acidic, basic properties. Their structure makes it possible to speak of the presence of molecular sieve properties, which will make it possible to obtain mono- and dimethyl substituted isoalkanes, which will lower the pour point of diesel fuel and at the same time produce high-acetane products. According to preliminary data, the best result is shown by a sample of mixed Ni-Al oxide with a ratio of Ni2+/Al3+ cations equal to two in the synthesis.
Super-viscous oil conversion in supercritical water fluid
Authors: Zakieva R , Affane B , Nosova A , Okruzhnov A , Bashkirtseva N
Published: June 2020

In this article, experimental research results of super-viscous oil conversion in supercritical water are shown. Reaction mixtures consisting of super-viscous oil, carbon substances and complex catalytic additive were influenced by the conversion. A catalytic additive is a mixture of dispersed nickel and copper salts of carbonic acid, aluminum oxide and coal. A content increase of paraffinonaphthenic hydrocarbon up to 76.2 wt % against 40.8 wt % of an initial oil is a main characteristic of supercritical conversion products. Light hydrocarbons formation is implemented by aromatic, resinous and asphaltene components destruction. Based on experimental methods of super-viscous oil conversion in a supercritical water, a principal technological conversion scheme is proposed.
Early Cretaceous sea-level changes and major palaeoclimate events in the Northeastern Peri-Tethys
Authors: Zorina S O
Published: June 2020

The Early Cretaceous quantitative sea-level curve constructed for the epeiric basin of the Eastern Russian Platform (Northeastern Peri-Tethys) is based on the results of facial analysis and quantitative paleo-depth assessment. The detailed evaluation of the Early Cretaceous sea-level cycles results in recognition of the sea-level and climate changes as controlling factors on depositional environments in the basin. Major climatic events are identified by the comparison between the global and regional sea level curves. “The cold snaps” coincide with simultaneous global and regional sea level lowstands, peak shallowing and the almost complete absence of strata. The Late Berriasian and Late Aptian “cold snaps” were identified in the Eastern Russian Platform. The Lower Aptian bituminous shales are interpreted as being a regional manifestation of the OAE 1a. The forcing mechanism behind this OAE is an abrupt rise in temperature.
Environmental perturbations during the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (Early Aptian) in the epeiric sea of the Eastern Russian Platform
Authors: Zorina S O , Nikashin K I
Published: June 2020

Toxic environments are reconstructed during the OAE 1a in the epeiric sea of the Northeastern Peri-Tethys. Very high toxicity of sediments in conjunction with lack of oxygen could therefore result in conditions not suitable for benthic fauna dwelling. Black shales should be considered as one of the most important sources of the light carbon isotope in the atmosphere and oceans and the strongest emitters of methane. These data should be taken into account while estimating greenhouse effect in the Early Aptian. The environmental models constructed for the pre-OAE-1a, OAE-1a, and post-OAE-1a conditions may help to better understand modern climate changes using comprehensive analyses of oxic and euxinic conditions in the oceans and interpret the greenhouse processes from the geological past to the present time.
Kinetics of geopolymer’s solidification: Effect of concentrations and curing temperatures
Authors: Aman  , Awaluddin A , Ahmad A , Olivia M , Herman S , Fermi MI
Published: June 2020

This paper report the experimental study on the kinetic of geopolymer’s solidification by determining setting time by varying activator concentrations of 10 M, 12 M, 14 M and 16 M, and curing temperatures of 30, 60, 80 and 100°C. However prior to the study of the effect the feasiblity of equipment using Vicat Needle. The transformation process of geopolymer crystal formation is analyzed by Avrami’s kinetica theory. From the results of the experimental showed the increase activator concentration and curing temperature produce shorter setiing time for geopolymer’s solidification. From the Avrami kinetic teory’s the growth form of crystal in the geopolymerization showed constant (K) of particle growth is 5.42 × 10-2 and the value of Avrami’s component n = 2.310 so that it can be concluded from the perspective of Avrami’s kinetic theory, the rate of crystal growth solidification in this geopolymerization process shows a two-dimensional structure.
Intensification of biolubricant synthesis from waste cooking oil using tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent
Authors: Putra T W , Hardiansyah R , Lubis M R , Supardan M D
Published: June 2020

In this study, biolubricant was synthesized through two stages of transesterification. The first transesterification was the reaction between waste cooking oil and ethanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to produce fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). The second transesterification was the reaction between FAEE and 1-octanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst with tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent to produce fatty acid octyl esters (biolubricant). This study was focused on the effect of tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent in the second transesterification. Biolubricant yield of 94.42% was obtained at reaction conditions (temperature of 125°C, time of 180 min, reactant molar ratio of 1:4, catalyst amount of 1%-w/w, vacum pressure of 100 mmHg and co-solvent amount of 25%-w/w). The physico-chemical properties of biolubricant were kinematic viscosities of 10.47 mm2/s and 2.75 mm2/s at 40°C and 100°C, viscosity index of 103 and acid number of 0.62 mg KOH/g.
The physical properties, color direction and color difference of stamp ink from gambier (Uncaria gambir roxb) with complexing Al2(SO4)3 compound
Authors: Silfia S. , Sofyan S. , Failisnur F.
Published: June 2020

The raw materials of stamp ink are usually made from synthetic materials and are toxic that can damage human health. This research uses gambier which is material from the local natural resource. The purpose of this study was to see the influence of Al2(SO4)3 on the direction and difference of color, pH, and density of the stamp ink. The study was conducted in several stages, namely the making of gambier extract, the dissolving process of raw gambier with water, drying, reducing the particle size of 100 mesh, and extracting the gambier powder with an alcohol solvent. The complexing compound Al2(SO4)3 and other supporting materials were added into the gambier extract to produce stamp ink. The stamp ink was examined the direction and difference of color, pH, and density. The optimum treatment was obtained at a concentration of 30% Al2(SO4)3 with the results of test pH 4.053; density 1.16 g/cm3; and color direction L* 41.579; a* 13.023, b* 21.132. The result of the stamp test on white paper showed that the color of the ink is visible, compact, unified and does not expand.
Where would our biodiesel stand in our technology?
Authors: Azizan A
Published: June 2020

Biodiesel market may be jeopardizing as compared to years before due to the change of fuel usage policies in few countries around the world. Despite that, naturally, there are still many diversified feedstocks available feasible for the production of biodiesel. Less environmental impacts by biodiesel can be approached by the use of biodiesel blends. Other possible feedstocks for the production of biodiesel with possible technological advancement are discussed aligned with the industrial revolutionary market scenario. For environmental sustainability, as Asian perspective, since palm oil as one of the biggest vegetable productions in the world, dominating the production of biodiesel and visioning the integration of IR 4.0 would be the sustaining future stand for global perspective.
The extraction of oil from cooling pond wastewater as a raw material for biodiesel
Authors: Agustina T. E. , Chandra I. M. , Nopriyansyah M. , Arita S. , Hadiah F. , Sari T. I. , Prakoso T. , Heraldy E.
Published: June 2020

The environmental pollution caused by the waste and the strict regulations of waste were currently a major concern for industries, such as the palm oil industry. Constraints experienced today are the difficulty of degradation process of the waste due to the high quantity and the content of contaminants in the waste. One of the efforts that can be prepared to reduce the negative impact is by using the waste as a raw material for biodiesel. Among the potential wastes to become a raw material for making the biodiesel is the wastewater from the cooling pond as a part of the wastewater treatment in palm oil industry. The objectives of this research are to study the process of oil separation from wastewater cooling pond by liquid-liquid extraction method to recover oil and use it as a raw material for making biodiesel. Extraction was carried out at room temperature. The solvent type, wastewater sample to solvent ratio, and extraction time were varied. Based on the results, the highest oil yield of 90% was reached by using n-hexane solvent, the wastewater sample to solvent ratio of 2: 3, and extraction time of 72 hours, while the acid number of 78.49 mg KOH/g oil was obtained. The separated oil can be used as a raw material for making biodiesel through the esterification and transesterification processes. The biodiesel produced has been met the standard of SNI 0471822006 for kinematic viscosity (0.83 cSt), acid number (0.54 mg KOH/g), methyl ester (99.40%), free glycerol (0.01%), and total glycerol (0.13%).
Utilization of Hydroxyapatite from Tuna Fish Bone Waste as Adsorbent for Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Herawati R A , Faisal M , Mahidin
Published: June 2020

This study aims to determine the performance of hydroxyapatite adsorbents from tuna bone waste against cadmium metal ion removal. Hydroxyapatite adsorbents have been activated physically (calcined at 500°C and 700°C) and chemically (using H3PO4). The adsorbent was then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A batch experiment was conducted to study the effect of initial concentration and contact time on cadmium adsorption. The results of SEM and FTIR analysis showed that the best adsorbent was obtained from calcination results at 700°C. The observation shows that the contact time and initial concentration affect the efficiency of adsorption. The highest removal efficiency of cadmium was 86.28% with an adsorption capacity of 44.62 mg/g obtained at the contact time of 150 minutes and an initial concentration of cadmium 100 mg/L. The results of the isotherm study show that the adsorption equilibrium in the cadmium solution follows the Freundlich isotherm model with values R2 = 0.923, N = 9.4339, and KF = 7.92. The adsorption kinetics of cadmium adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order equation with values of K2 and qe at 0.021534 g.mg−1.min−1 and 47.61 mg/g, respectively. The results obtained indicate that hydroxyapatite from tuna bone waste is a promising alternative for cadmium adsorption.
Functional beverage instant ginger powder (zingiber officinale) with addition of betel extraction (piper bettle)
Authors: Arifan F , Winarni S , Wahyuningsih  , Pudjihastuti I , Wisnu Broto R T D
Published: June 2020

Ginger is one of the herbal plant species that is used as cook seasoning because it can add a distinctive flavor to foods. Ginger also has so many substance contents that is needed for the human body, such as essential oil (0,5-5,6%), zingiberon, zingeberin, zingibetol, barneol, kamfer, folandren, sineol, gingerin, vitamin (A, B1, and C), carbohydrate (20-60%), resin and organic acid. This research aims to find the value of antioxidant and quality requirements of traditional beverage powder from ginger powder. The tools which are used in the making of ginger powder with the addition of betel leaf extract are: knife, pan, filter, blender, stove, and spatula. While the tools for analyzing are beaker glass, measuring cylinder, test tube, measuring flask, oven, petri dish, Erlenmeyer. The ingredients which are used in the making of ginger powder are : ginger, betel leaf, sugar and water. The result of this research found that water contain of instant ginger betel is 2,080% while ash content of instant ginger betel is 0,533%. This research also analyzes the level of metal contamination, where the metal that is tested is Pb, Cu and Zn metal. The result of the Cu metal contamination is equal to 0,198 ppm, Zn metal is 0,527 ppm, while the Pb metal contamination is undetected. The research is also analyzing the content of antioxidant and found that the content of antioxidant is 41,632%. The conclusion is the content of metal contamination is Cu, Zn and Pb, while water content and ash content is still the same with SNI 01-4320-1996.
Drying kinetic modelling of dried black potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius) cultivated in Indonesia
Authors: Paramita V , Kusumayanti H , Yulianto M E , Rachmawati D A , Hartati I , Ardi P R
Published: June 2020

The drying kinetic modelling of dried black potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius) was studied by employing electrical cabinet oven. The parameter investigated was moisture content, regarding to the drying temperature (70, 80 and 90 °C) and slice thickness (2, 3 and 4 mm). The lowest sum square error of drying kinetic model (0.0014) was obtained by applying logarithmic model of thin layer drying. This value performed by 4 mm of slice thickness of black potato with 80 °C of drying temperature during 195 min of drying time. This result indicated that the logarithmic model is the most suitable model for interpreting the thin layer drying kinetic of black potato.
Morphology characterization of lignocellulosic materials in ozone based degradation
Authors: Siswanto A P , Yulianto M E , Handayani D , Sapatra E F , Yuniarti I , Imamsyah R A S
Published: June 2020

Oil-rich plants are widely cultivated as raw materials for the biofuel industry in developing countries. However, this plant is mainly also a potential source for food supply. Therefore, the supply of food crops and oil competes, making a solution to this conflict very desirable. Technological developments aimed at contributing to an increase in food and fuel supply to meet market demand is the next step in increasing existing food and oil production. Renewable energy is renewable energy and, if managed properly, these resources will not be used up. Renewable energy types include biomass, geothermal, solar energy, water energy, wind energy, and ocean energy. This method promises an economical and environmentally friendly process. Ozone is a strong oxidant for potential use in the degradation process of lignocellulosic materials. This can be produced by air flow through a plasma micro-reactor. Utilization of water as a solvent will produce a solution that is rich in ozone. This research aims to develop a degradation scheme for lignocellulosic materials using an ozonolysis reactor. The novelty of this research is the use of ozone in dissolved water for the degradation of lignocellulosic materials. Water is used as a solvent for ozone dissolving where water molecules with dissolved ozone can be separated into OH radicals which are very reactive oxidants.
Experimental determination of the influence of the radome on the characteristics of the radio-technical system
Authors: Kh Gyulmagomedov N
Published: June 2020

This article proposes a methodology and considers the results of experimental studies of the influence of the antenna radome on the characteristics of the radio system installed under it. To study the influence, a technique was developed and tested to determine the level of signal attenuation in the radome wall during thermal heating. A detailed description of the methodology for measuring the level of signal attenuation in the radome wall is given. For research, a special stand has been created that allows measurements of the level of signal attenuation in the radome wall when it is heated. Measurements were made of the level of signal attenuation in the radome wall during heating in accordance with a given temperature dependence on exposure time. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that an increase in the level of signal attenuation can lead to a deterioration in the radio characteristics of the microwave system «antenna-radome» and the radio system as a whole.
Estimation of fatigue margins for composite parts of aircraft engine on the base of vibration tests
Authors: Ravikovich Y , Kholobtsev D , Arkhipov A , Popov G
Published: June 2020

During the modernization of the low-pressure compressor of the regional aircraft engine, a flow separator made of polymer composite material was developed, which has less weight, is easier and cheaper to manufacture. However, the separator must undergo a series of tests before being installed on the engine, in particular the endurance tests, necessary to assess the fatigue strength margin. A method for determining the endurance limit of a large part of an aircraft engine is developed in the presented work and consists in replacing the tests of the entire separator with tests of individual structural elements cut from the part. The shape, dimensions and fixation of the elements have been chosen in such a way that their own test frequency was close to the natural frequency of the flow separator on the engine. The natural oscillation frequencies and places of maximum dynamic stresses have been determined before testing on three-dimensional models of the flow separator and elements cut from it. As a result, the structural elements have been tested until appearance of fatigue cracks which allowed to assess the endurance limit and evaluate fatigue strength margin of the separator.
A suboptimal algorithm for synthesis of a movable object control
Authors: Diyachuk A K , Orkin B D , Orkin S D
Published: June 2020

In this paper a suboptimal algorithm for synthesis of a movable object control, based on the known approach, according to which a control is formed depending on a control error – the difference between current and required values of a regulated variables vector is considered. The distinctive peculiarity of the algorithm was based on the vector of regulated parameters estimation approach. This vector is proposed to be estimated by solving a mobile left endpoint problem derived from the original one. It is shown by examples that the proposed approach allows to simplify the control synthesis problem solution and obtain effective control algorithms, providing a suboptimal control and, in some cases, presented in this paper, an optimal control. The suggested algorithm can be used to determine continuous and pulse controls of aircrafts (including spacecrafts) in problems of their approaching (guidance) and spacecraft docking, carrying out of correcting maneuvers, descent and soft landing of spacecrafts at al.
Numerical calculation of gas exchange in two-stroke engine for aircraft
Authors: Borisenko I , Grishin Yu , Bakulin V
Published: June 2020

General aviation light aircrafts and unmanned aerial vehicles are equipped mainly with internal combustion piston four-stroke and two-stroke engines. Despite of the significant amount of research and development works, the ways of the further performance improving for such engines are nearly exhausted. However, there are fundamentally new developments, which combine the advantages of four-stroke valvetrains with the two-stroke cycle, which provides significant increasing of the engine performance. This article presents the results of computational studies of a Rotax 914 four-stroke aircraft engine, modified to the two-stroke cycle. The calculations were carried out with the software named Diesel-RK, which made it possible to select the optimal engine settings, mostly timing, and software AVL FIRE for 3D numerical simulation of cylinder scavenging through valves to confirm the residual gas amount in cylinder with such type of gas exchange. The calculations confirmed the possibility of increasing performance of the engine almost in 1.5 - 2 times for the entire operating speed speed, which is confirmed by experimental results published in the known open articles.
Research of the influence of rectangular cutout dimensions on the stress-strain state of shells using an effective finite element model
Authors: Bakulin V N
Published: June 2020

The effect of the dimensions of a rectangular cut on the stress-strain state of a cylindrical shell using an effective finite element model is investigated. A cylindrical finite element rectangular in the plan is used for thin moment shells built on the Kirchhoff – Love hypotheses. The considered finite element is based on functions of the form received at approximation of the generalized deformations with the subsequent satisfaction to the equations of compatibility of deformations. The functions of the form accurately consider displacements as rigid bodies. A comparison of convergence of results obtained with the help of the considered finite element and other known finite elements of foreign authors is given. The example of a cylindrical shell with notches shows a good correspondence of the solution radiated by the considered finite element with the method of grids, as well as the efficiency of the applied finite element having 20 degrees of freedom as compared to the common finite element having 24 degrees of freedom. The influence of the cutout dimensions on the maximum values of deflections and longitudinal forces for a cylindrical shell is shown.
Reed Leaves Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
Authors: Hadi Zahraa Abdulelah , Mahdi Abdulrasoul Salih , Bahar Shaker Salih
Published: June 2020

The effect of reed leaves extract (RLE) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in concrete immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated. The work was carried out using Linear polarization resistance, Potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic polarization, photographic examination, impressed voltage and compressive strength tests. Results obtained from Tafel polarization curves after 180 days immersion showed that corrosion rate was decreased and efficiency was increased with increasing of concentration of RLE inhibitor. The minimum corrosion rate was 2.259 μmpy with maximum efficiency of 76.98% at 0.5% RLE concentration (by cement weight). Also, the photographic study results indicated that inhibited surfaces are more smooth compared to control surface (without inhibitor). Cyclic Voltammetry curves showed that steel samples with RLE inhibitor have low tendency to pitting corrosion compared with control samples. On the otherhand, compressive strength test indicated that addition of RLE inhibitor to concrete mix increased compressive strength by 7.16%at 0.5% concentration. Impressed voltage test showed that corrosion of reinforced steel bar initiated on the seventh day of experiment for control sample while on the eighteenth day for RLE sample at 0.5% concentration. The results of this study revealed that RLE acts as a good eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor.
A comparison of Two Methods of the Environmental Treatment for Water Wells: Case Study in Kufa City -Iraq
Authors: Alshammari Musa , Al Juboury Maad F. , Al-Gretawee Hayder H.
Published: June 2020

Water wells are considered one of the important sources for drinking and agricultural needs. To improve the quality of water wells, ten samples were taken from water wells, which are located in various places from Kufa city /Najaf. Wells are used for multi purposes: irrigation, drinking, cooking and other household uses. Two methods were adopted to achieve the essential requirement; one is ion exchange, while the other is activated carbon method. Study results show the unsafe of some water wells used for drinking purposes because some ions concentrations have exceeded the allowable limits of sulfate SO4-, chlorides Cl-, and also water hardness. All these parameters exceeded the limits for drinking uses. However, they were within the allowable magnitudes for agricultural uses. Water wells can classify into two classes, one for irrigation water with high salinity valid to irrigate some crops, which withstand a certain percentage of salinity in soils. The second was classified as water with very high salinity, which have used in case of irrigating crops that resist high levels of salinity. Study concluded that the method of activated charcoal was improved the water quality better than method of ion exchange.
Use of polypropylene microfibers to improve mass concrete by controlling the crack sealing mechanism
Authors: Dahesh ALAA ZAMEL , Othman FARHAD MOHAMMED , Abdullah-Hamead ALAA ALADDIN
Published: June 2020

Because cracks are the main problem of mass concrete, this paper investigates an experimental study on the effect of polypropylene microfiber (PPMFs) on self -repair behavior of mass concrete, through study the microstructure, workability, physical, and mechanical properties of mass concrete. PPMFs with a diameter of 18 μm add in different percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5) % of cement weight. Where the prepared mixture ratio was (1:2:4.8) and the water-cement ratio (W/C) was 0.4. Also, 0.6% of Superplasticizer (SP) % of cement weight to all concrete mixtures was added. In this study, an SEM analysis used to observe the effect of PPMFs on microstructure of mass concrete, and compressive and flexural strength tests for study mechanical properties of this. And referring to the analysis and discussion of the results, PPMFs used have changed microstructure of mass concrete, and have an effective effect on improve compressive strength and flexural strength, and mechanism of sealing the cracks of concrete autogenously. Also, 1% PPMFs (% of cement weight) recorded as the highest addition, which has a positive effect on mass concrete properties to apply it in the construction field.
Non-Linear Data Structure for Data Coding for Size Compression
Authors: Abdulmunem Ashwan A. , Hassan Ahmed K. , Mohammed Dunya J.
Published: June 2020

Data compression is a special case of communication system which is a basic problem in engineering and computer science. In this work, the new scheme has been introduced for data coding to compress the size. Compression by using one type of Non-linear Data-Structure which is Prefix Binary Tree data compression is essential and beneficial in the diversity of application which is embraced in general into two branches: the storage and transmission.the storage of a file in a compressed form takes fewer bit than in uncompressed form, therefore make the most of storage resources (containing main memory itself), and by transmission means sending the files over a channel with reduced number of bits by compression process. This leads to more efficacious transmission process. The compression process of stored data or that to be transmitted leads to significantly reducing both of the storage and transmission. We use text type as a data in the experiments. The results show the compression rate is reduce the actual size above 50%.
Immobilised Gold Nanostructures on Printing Paper for Lable-Free Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Faris Rawaa A. , Mahdi Zainab F. , Husein Mohammad D. Abd.
Published: June 2020

In this research, paper-based SERS active substrates with different grade gram per square meter (GSM) were prepared by adsorbing 40 nm spherical GNP and 40nm star shaped gold nanostructures GNS. Besides the SERS evaluation and optimization, morphological parameters of the samples were found to strongly affect the enhancer properties of the substrates. The developed substrate was tested regarding surface homogeneity as well as by the Raman reporter dye Methylene Blue (MB). These paper-based SERS active substrates are simple to prepare, easy to handle and cheap solid SERS substrates. GNS with 135 GSM printing paper can be easily used as highly active SERS active substrates, with average enhancement factor EF= 105.
Adsorption of Basic Dye Using Environmental friendly adsorbent
Authors: Ibrahim Hanadi K. , Albo Hay Allah Mahmood A. , Al-Da’amy Muneer A. , Kareem Eman T. , Abdulridha Ali Ahmed
Published: June 2020

This study was included using the walnut husks powder as efficient adsorbent material to remove the Azure C dye from its aqueous solution. the effects of (pH), contact time, temperature and the adsorbent quantity were evaluated. the highest adsorption efficiency 98.17% was recorded with 5 ppm of dye according to the law of Beer Lambert (calibration curve for dye), 0.02g of adsorbent material 10 min as contact time and 328 K. The removal data using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models were analyzed at various temperature varying from 298 to 328 K, and the adsorption thermodynamic parameters were studied. In which ΔG values indicates spontaneous process, ΔH refers to endothermic property of the adsorption process and ΔS prove increase in randomness at the solid/solution interface.
Study of the spectrophotometric determination of Copper ion (I) by Michler’s thioketone Reagent
Authors: Abd-AL abbas Suad Torki , Hassan Murtada Manfi , Hussain Alaa Frak
Published: June 2020

A new simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been develop to determine copper (I) ions by using Michlers thioketone reagent (Ligand) to formed a dark brown complex at ( pH=3), The complex was found to be with stability for (90 min) at the given pH, The complex formed in this method give obeys Beer’s law over the concentration range (3.211×10−5M–22.48×10−5M) with a detection limit of (1.943×10−6M) and molar Absorptivity (0.622×103Lmol−1cm−1), The Stoichiometry of the complex was confirmed by using (Mole Ratio method & Molard method) the two methods using indicated the ratio of metal to reagent is 1:2, The effect of the presence of different cations and anions as interference in the determination of copper (I) under the given condition were investigated, The copper complex formed has been characterize by UV- visible ray, Precision and accuracy of the new method has been study by terms of Relative Standard Deviations (RSD%) And relative Error.
Equilibrium and Thermodynamic studies of Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue dye on snail shell powder
Authors: Al-ogaili Ala‘a H. , Al-Da’Amy Muneer A.
Published: June 2020

Remazol Brilliant Blue dye is a noxious dyes, so the snail shell powder was used as a adsorbent surface because of its high efficiency to remove the remazol brilliant blue dye from aqueous solutions where the removal percent was (99.09%). Also, the factors affect the efficiency of adsorption (equilibrium time, adsorbent weight, PH, ionic strength, temperature and using "Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin" modelels were studied. The experimental data of isotherm showed that it is in good agreement with the freundlich and temkin equation it to take the form (S-curve) according to the Giles classification, and it does not agree with the Langmuir equation. The thermodynamic functions (ΔS, ΔH, ΔG) were calculated and explained in the mean of the chemical structure of the adsorbant.