bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizer on Yield, Growth and Essential oil of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Authors: Golmohammadzadeh Sajedeh , Ghanbari Sobhanallah , Valiki Seyede Roghaye Hosseini , Hasannia Hasan
Published: June 2015

In order to investigate the influence of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth parameters and essential oil of garlic (Allium sativum), an experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with 7 treatments, 4 replications and 21 plots was carried out in Qaemshahr, Iran 2012.Treatments were included witness (control), 5, 10, 15, 20and25t/ha vermicompost and NPK fertilizers. Results showed that all agronomic traits were significantly affected by vermicompost and chemical fertilizers compared to the control. The maximum shoot wet weight and shoot dry weight recorded in chemical and vermicompost treatments, respectively.The maximum number ofbulbletsper plantand bulb dry weigh observed vermicompost treatment (20 t/ha). Among all treatment, vermicompost had highest effect on essential oil compared to chemical fertilizer. In general, 15 t/ha of vermicompost treatment compared to other treatments was appropriate for yield andproduction essential oil and reducing the cost of crop production.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i4.12675
The Relationship between the Transformational Leadership Style with Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Physical Education Teachers of General Educational Office of Ardebil Province
Authors: Ashkani Mahdi , Najafzadeh Mohammad Rahim
Published: June 2015

The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between transformational leadership style of managers with organizational commitment and job satisfaction of physical education teachers in Ardabil province. The statistical population consists of all the managers and teachers of physical education in the city of Ardabil schools. Based on Statistical Center of Education Office of Ardabil province, this number equaled 170 in the academic year 2013-2014.  a statistical sample is the same as the statistical population. Data collection tools included multifactor leadership questionnaire of Bsoavoliv, organizational commitment questionnaire of Allen and Meyer and job satisfaction of JDI Buff. Transformational leaders make organizational commitment and job satisfaction increase by a sense of confidence and care about the values and beliefs and also by encouraging the prospecting, the emphasis on the attainable goals, fostering sense of cooperation and finding new ways of doing things.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i4.12678
Application of Ultrasound waves for Sludge Dewatering
Authors: Kootenaei Farshad Golbabaei , Mehrdadi Naser , Bidhendi Gholamreza Nabi , Rad Hasan Amini
Published: June 2015

Because of increase in application of biological processes in wastewater treatment plants the amount of sludge produced by them is increasing rapidly. Therefore finding new sludge reduction technologies in wastewater treatment plants is very important. Nowadays ultrasound waves have an increase rate of application in full scale in wastewater industry. The most important advantages of ultrasound waves are such as: No sludge production, ease of use, increasing the biogas production, contributing to dewatering, no secondary pollution and degradation of complex materials into simpler substances. In this research, different applications of ultrasound waves in wastewater and sludge treatment and improving dewaterabilty of sludge is investigated.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i4.12680
La logique non économique de Vladimir Poutine
Authors: Joutchkova Ioulia , Inozemtsev Vladislav L.
Published: June 2015

La crise économique russe ne découle pas des décisions occidentales suite au conflit russo-ukrainien. Cette crise était prévue et annoncée. Mais les dirigeants russes ont préféré la traiter politiquement, en cherchant à cristalliser l’opinion intérieure contre « l’agression » de l’Occident. Il est peu probable que cette opinion se retourne à court terme. La rhétorique nationaliste et l’agressivité extérieure vont continuer à camoufler de sérieuses difficultés économiques.
COP21 : quelles chances de succès ?
Authors: de Perthuis Christian , Trotignon Raphaël
Published: June 2015

Depuis la Conférence de Copenhague en 2009, la négociation climatique internationale fait du surplace. Elle ne pourrait être débloquée qu’en mettant au cœur des discussions la question de la tarification internationale du carbone. Dans l’économie mondialisée, les décisions se prennent en fonction des prix qui expriment des valeurs sur les marchés. La protection du climat y compte pour zéro. Le principal enjeu des négociations est l’introduction d’une nouvelle valeur, celle que nous accordons collectivement à la protection du climat, dans l’économie mondiale.
La creación de valor bajo el enfoque estratégico de la sustentabilidad. Estudio de caso : granja de tilapia Ahumada, El Alamito, Guasave, Sin
Authors: Gallardo Millán Luis Alfredo , de los Ángeles Cervantes Rosas María , Castro Espinoza Abelina , Díaz de León Fridzia Izaguirre
Published: June 2015

La capacité des petites et moyennes entreprises de l’État de Sinaloa au Mexique, dépend de leur productivité et de leur bonne gestion. Les entrepreneurs, producteurs de Tilapia dans la région de Guasave, cherchent à créer de la valeur économique tout en mettant l’accent sur la durabilité de leurs projets. Cette approche leur permet d’identifier des stratégies pour augmenter la probabilité d’atteindre des niveaux de productivité acceptables, en s’appropriant les processus administratifs de contrôle financier afin d’inscrire le positionnement de l’entreprise sur le long terme. Le premier objectif de la recherche était de trouver les facteurs qui décrivent le mieux la durabilité, à travers une immersion dans la gestion des exploitations produisant du Tilapia. Pour ce faire, il a fallu prendre en compte la viabilité de l’entreprise, la durabilité, la protection de l’environnement, l’appropriation technologique, la productivité, la capacité administrative et la création de valeur. Le deuxième objectif était de valider les résultats de l’enquête et son adéquation avec la planification stratégique mise en œuvre par la famille Ahumada, propriétaires de cette ferme de Tilapia.
Análisis de la información publicada por las universidades españolas en el ámbito de la cooperación internacional
Authors: Sánchez Toledano Daniel , Álvarez Jiménez Isabel María , Carrasco Díaz Daniel
Published: June 2015

L’objet de cet article est l’analyse de la participation de l’Université Publique espagnole à la politique nationale de coopération au développement. Bien qu’il s’intègre dans une recherche plus vaste, il nous a fallu prendre en compte à la fois les ressources disponibles pour cette analyse et le degré de transparence des informations transmises par les Universités dans ce domaine. De plus, nous aovns intégré les variables qui conditionnent sa réalisation, son efficacité et son impact. Par ailleurs, avant d’analyser l’information publiée par les Universités, tant au niveau économique qu’académique, nous avons tenté de délimiter le concept et de le contextualiser à partir de la réalité actuelle des Universités.
Des sources affectives jamais taries… Ferenczi, la technique analytique et la position « maternelle »
Authors: Bokanowski Thierry
Published: June 2015

Du fait de leur profonde hétérodoxie , certaines propositions techniques avancées par Ferenczi ont abouti à ce qu’elles deviennent l’objet d’un profond différend théorico-pratique avec Freud. Ce désaccord, qui concernait leur conception du traumatisme infantile, était dû au fait que Ferenczi proposait – face aux difficultés contre-transférentielles rencontrées lors du travail analytique avec certaines conjonctures cliniques complexes – qu’un analyste puisse se mettre réellement dans une position de « tendre mère » vis-à-vis de son patient. Cet article cherche à soutenir qu’en procédant ainsi, Ferenczi, dans sa furor sanandi , avait surtout comme idée celle d’indiquer les chemins possibles pour tenter de montrer au patient la fiabilité de l’analyste, comme ses capacités de contenance.
Empathie et consolation Retour aux sources du soin psychique
Authors: Hochmann Jacques
Published: June 2015

Le soin psychiatrique a reçu de la psychanalyse une impulsion considérable. En se détachant de la psychanalyse, la psychiatrie d’aujourd’hui subit une régression théorico-pratique. En prenant en compte des concepts dont elle s’est longtemps défiée : empathie et consolation, la psychanalyse peut contribuer à un renouveau d’une psychiatrie en manque de repères psychopathologiques.
Le Nebenmensch et ses avatars
Authors: Cabrol Guy
Published: June 2015

Les fondements éthiques de la situation analytique avec ses règles fondamentales paradoxales peuvent-ils être revisités, dans l’après-coup, par l’énigme du Nebenmensch , au fondement de l’humain et figure emblématique de la naissance de la psychanalyse, mais laissé dans l’ombre par Freud. Le Nebenmensch dans la cure pourrait être la métaphore des conditions éthiques de l’étayage et du transfert de base, précondition de la situation analytique.
Consolations : évidence, surprise ou impossibilité
Authors: Zilkha Nathalie
Published: June 2015

Le dispositif invite au processus de consolation, plus précisément aux différents registres de celui-ci. Mais qu’est-ce qui fonde la valeur de l’expérience consolatrice dans la cure ? L’auteur explore cette question dans la perspective du complexe de castration, puis dans celle de l’illusion et de la désillusion, des facettes de la consolation qui œuvrent de manière conjuguée. Mais être consolé ne va pas forcément de soi. Au-delà d’une part d’inconsolé nichée dans certaines de nos peines, l’impossible accès à la consolation sollicite tout autrement l’analyste. Lorsqu’elle croise l’inconsolable, la résistance peut prendre la forme de l’exception. Richard III, et les patients qu’il nous évoque, lutteraient-ils contre un inconsolable qui semble sceller leur destin ?
Inconsolables ?
Authors: Bourdin Dominique
Published: June 2015

La notion de consolation semble d’abord liée à la douleur du deuil et renvoie notamment aux parents inconsolables d’avoir perdu un enfant. Mais Stig Dagerman évoque le besoin de consolation incoercible et sans solution suscité par la vie elle-même. La foi religieuse doit-elle être considérée comme une forme de consolation ? S’il est intéressant de regarder la façon dont la croyance se manifeste et se formule lors d’un traitement analytique, c’est son ambiguïté qui est frappante ; c’est plutôt du côté de l’émergence d’un courant tendre que nous chercherons si la notion de consolation peut avoir une pertinence en psychanalyse.
Cinéma et urbanité à Tunis sous le protectorat français
Authors: Corriou Morgan
Published: June 2015

L’introduction du cinématographe à Tunis ne paraît pas, à première vue, révolutionner la géographie des loisirs dans la cité. Les salles se concentrent dans le centre, favorisant les quartiers les plus animés des nuits tunisoises. Pour autant, s’il évite les zones excentrées, le cinéma quadrille plus finement la ville : il s’immisce dans les quartiers et investit une médina en voie de marginalisation. Ainsi, les formes anciennes d’urbanisation ne semblent en rien incompatibles avec les nouveaux modes de vie citadins. La fréquentation des salles s’inscrit, d’abord, dans une géographie du proche. L’importance sociale de la salle de quartier et les barrières multiples qui restreignent les déplacements des habitants sont loin, toutefois, de circonscrire les pratiques des spectateurs. L’expansion du loisir cinématographique donne lieu à des circulations toujours plus vastes qui participent d’une appropriation de la ville et d’une rupture de l’entre soi. Les cinémas du centre-ville s’imposent dans l’après-guerre comme le lieu de sociabilité d’une jeune génération éduquée qui en fait la clé de son identité citadine.
Hernando de Talavera : de la conversion idéale à l’utopie de la conversion
Authors: Codet Cécile
Published: June 2015

Ce travail se propose d’analyser l’importance prise par l’idée de conversion dans la vie et l’œuvre de Hernando de Talavera (ca. 1428-1507). Probablement d’origine judeo-converse lui-même, il fut conduit au cours de sa carrière à construire une véritable politique de conversion à l’égard des Juifs et des Maures. Nous tenterons donc de mieux définir cette politique, et d’apporter des éléments d’explication à son échec final.
La question converse et le débat sur l’origine de la noblesse
Authors: Gonzalez Sara
Published: June 2015

Cet article s’intéresse à deux polémiques qui ont animé la Castille à la fin du xve siècle, à savoir celle qui portait sur la nature et les fondements de la noblesse et celle qui portait sur l’existence des nouveaux chrétiens d’origine juive. S’intéressant notamment aux événements survenus à Tolède en 1449 et à leurs conséquences idéologiques, l’auteur montre comment les deux polémiques se rejoignent et se complètent. Ainsi, la polémique sur la nature de la noblesse contribue à structurer et nourrir les débats sur la place que les judéo-convers doivent avoir dans la société de l’époque, à tel point que la notion de pureté de sang, d’abord présente dans des traités portant sur la noblesse, deviendra peu à peu une notion clé pour distinguer les judéo-convers des vieux Chrétiens.
Judaïcité et richesse dans l’apologétique des Conversos portugais : un argument contre-culturel
Authors: Stuczynski Claude B.
Published: June 2015

Dans cet article, l’auteur se propose de revisiter la polémique soulevée par l’essai de Werner Sombart (Les Juifs et la vie économique, 1911), selon lequel l’origine religieuse du capitalisme n’était pas à chercher dans le Calvinisme, mais bien dans le Judaïsme. Il s’agit ainsi d’étudier, à travers l’examen d’un certain nombre de textes produits notamment par des individus issus de la communauté juive portugaise les fondements du lien présumé entre communauté juive et succès économique. Ainsi, dépassant les termes du débat institué entre Sombart et ses contradicteurs, l’auteur s’interroge sur la possibilité d’une relation entre leur origine ethnique ou religieuse et l’image de richesse attachée aux conversos portugais.
Los últimos conversos. Represión, memoria y conversos en el siglo XVIII
Authors: López Belinchón Bernardo José
Published: June 2015

En el presente trabajo se pretende esbozar la evolución de la comunidad conversa de origen luso afectada por la represión inquisitorial desatada en las primeras décadas del siglo XVIII. Nos centraremos en los procesos de integración que estaban poniendo en marcha muchas de estas familias y como la pervivencia de la memoria de su origen, tanto positiva como negativa, sostenida por la actuación inquisitorial y preservada por las relaciones endogámicas de los grupos familiares conversos obstaculizaba este proceso.
L’amitié dans La Célestine de Fernando de Rojas
Authors: Heusch Carlos
Published: June 2015

Étude de l’amitié et des occurrence des termes « amigo » et « amiga » dans La Célestine de Fernando de Rojas et du background culturel que sous-tend une telle thématique. Si l’amitié renvoie à un contexte culturel bien particulier, il n’en demeure pas moins que les personnages de l’œuvre de Rojas ne cessent de jouer – et donc de manipuler – sur les réseaux sémantiques instaurés par de tels termes.
Proyecto «Pedro de Barcelos y la monarquía castellano-leonesa»
Authors: do Rosário Ferreira Maria
Published: June 2015

El Proyecto tiene como propósito estudiar, editar y dar a conocer la sección final de la Crónica General de España de 1344, texto historiográfico portugués de Pedro de Barcelos. A pesar de haber sido objeto de dos ediciones críticas -una por Luís Felipe Lindley Cintra, publicada entre 1951 y 1990, otra por Diego Catalán y María Soledad de Andrés, fechada en 1970-, la sección final de esta obra permanece inédita. Un proyecto de edición a cargo de un equipo de filólogos, constituido por Maria do Rosário Ferreira (investigadora responsable), José Carlos Ribeiro Miranda, Filipe Alves Moreira y Maria Joana Gomes, investigadores del SMELPS, Seminario Medieval de Literatura y Sociedad (SMELPS/IF/FCT), ha sido iniciado a partir de principios de abril de 2014 y con una duración prevista de 12 a 18 meses.
Sobre la transmisión de una fábula: el ejemplo de la zorra que se hizo la muerta
Authors: López Castro Armando
Published: June 2015

El artista medieval busca romper los límites que separan el mundo visible del invisible. Tanto don Juan Manuel como Juan Ruiz utilizan los ejemplos como ilustraciones de sus fábulas. Y así, dentro del relato analizado, que oscila entre un sentido aparente y un sentido oculto, los diversos significados que muestra el zorro, que podrían sintetizarse en la mezcla de astucia y flexibilidad, no se excluyen ni se oponen, sino que se complementan como las partes de un todo.
Le Parc naturel urbain en Suisse : une utopie ?
Authors: Hess Gérald , Cavin Joëlle Salomon
Published: June 2015

Cet article examine le rapport ville/nature par le prisme de la politique des parcs naturels en Suisse. Partant d’une approche philosophique de l’idée de nature, il s’efforce de montrer que la création du Parc national suisse en 1914 s’inscrit dans une opposition sous-jacente entre l’homme et la nature. Avec l’évolution ultérieure de la législation en 2006, cette dichotomie subsiste dans la relation ville/nature. La discussion sur la catégorie de parc naturel urbain permet ensuite de proposer un dépassement de cette opposition en s’appuyant sur la phénoménologie et la pensée critique telles que développées par G. Böhme, A. Berque et V. Plumwood. Un tel dépassement se traduit par une conception intégrative de la nature en ville. Notre proposition s’articule ainsi autour de l’idée d’une nature en relation d’intériorité ou en relation d’identification avec la ville. Pour les acteurs impliqués dans la définition des parcs naturels en Suisse, elle suppose un décentrement autorisant un regard moins hostile sur la ville.
L’eau, source de savoirs : analyse de situations d’expertise dans des bassins versants agricoles
Authors: Petit Sandrine , Barataud Fabienne
Published: June 2015

Préserver la qualité de l’eau nécessite de mobiliser puis de partager des connaissances multiples. Partant du constat que sur le terrain, les différents acteurs conjuguent une diversité de savoirs, nous analysons en tant que situations d’expertise des démarches de protection de l’eau sur deux aires d’alimentation de captage. Sont mis en évidence quatre points clés caractérisant les liens entre les savoirs mobilisés et les solutions construites, et permettant d’éclairer les difficultés à élaborer des solutions pertinentes localement : (i) l’activité cognitive ou la production de connaissances n’est pas vue comme une pratique sociale et une activité épistémique où des savoirs pourraient s’échanger, être partagés et être remis en cause. Les situations de controverses sont évitées pour engager au plus vite l’action ; (ii) les savoirs de l’expérience sont très peu mobilisés comme modèles de causalités pertinents par rapport aux autres modes de connaissances (expérimentation, modélisation, SIG) ; (iii) la connaissance sociale de la situation n’est pas intégrée dans le diagnostic même si le jeu social pèse finalement sur la mise en œuvre d’actions ; (iv) les actions envisagées résultent finalement de la réduction des possibles par leur passage au travers un double filtre : celui des modalités de diagnostics (expertise constituante) qui tend aujourd’hui à encourager l’adaptation de pratiques plutôt que des changements de modèle et celui des décisions acceptables par les différents groupes sociaux (expertise légitime).
Patrimonialisation et politiques de la nature : le parc national de La Réunion
Authors: Babou Igor
Published: June 2015

Le travail politique ordinaire impliqué par la patrimonialisation d’un parc national, par son inscription sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO et par sa gouvernance, conduit les acteurs à tenter de s’arranger avec des cadres cognitifs divergents, des visions du territoire et des rapports sociaux en confrontation. Ce travail d’ajustement repose sur des médiations distribuées à des échelles multiples : locales, nationales, internationales. L’enquête présentée dans cet article a été menée entre 2011 et 2014 dans le cœur habité du parc national de l’île de La Réunion, auprès des agents et médiateurs du parc, de ses habitants, ainsi que d’agents de l’ONF (Office National des Forêts) habitant également dans le cœur du parc national.
Non-branching RCD(0,N) Geodesic Spaces with Small Linear Diameter Growth have Finitely Generated Fundamental Groups
Authors: Kitabeppu Yu , Lakzian Sajjad
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we generalize the finite generation result of Sormani to non-branching RCD(0, N) geodesic spaces (and in particular, Alexandrov spaces) with full supportmeasures. This is a special case of the Milnor’s Conjecture for complete non-compact RCD(0, N) spaces. One of the key tools we use is the Abresch–Gromoll type excess estimates for non-smooth spaces obtained by Gigli–Mosconi.
Addressing the Tensions and Controversies towards Quality Science Education: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Kalolo John F
Published: June 2015

Quality science education (SE) has emerged in the last few years as a necessary requirement for a specific country to advance technologically, develop literate scientific community, and improve the country’s competitive power. As such critical commentaries have surfaced on how SE can be best provided in schools. In the context of Tanzania the concerns towards quality SE seem to be mounted, but with little achievements as a result of a slanted definition of the term quality SE. Such biased explanation about quality SE has led to several tensions and controversies in its practice. This paper examined stakeholders’ views about the meaning, measurement, and goals for providing quality SE in Tanzanian Junior secondary schools (JSS). In particular, the paper was focused on understanding what SE stakeholders consider quality SE is, how it is measured, the goals for its delivery, and the implications for all these. The study involved 100 SE stakeholders in the categories of students, teachers, and heads of schools, science alumni and parents. The paper presents useful information for SE researchers, students, and policy makers that is likely to help them appreciate some unanswered questions about quality SE and reflect on new commitments in the provision of quality SE, and guide the continued discussion and ongoing conversation about promising ways to understanding, describing and providing quality SE in schools.
Proporcingumo daugiklių metodas radioaktyviosioms atliekoms charakterizuoti
Authors: Tonkūnas Aurimas , Pabarčius Raimondas
Published: June 2015

Radioaktyviųjų atliekų charakterizavimas – vienas iš sudėtinių AE objektų išmontavimo etapų planuojant susikaupusių radioaktyviųjų atliekų tvarkymą. Išmontuojami įrenginiai yra smulkinami ir talpinami į atitinkamas pakuotes, kurios pirmiausia yra perkeliamos į laikinas saugojimo zonas, o vėliau nukreipiamos į galutines atliekų saugyklas. Kad būtų galima patikrinti, ar nėra viršijami priimtinumo kriterijai ir užtikrinama sauga, prieš transportuojant užpildytas pakuotes svarbu įvertinti atliekose sukauptą radionuklidų savitąjį aktyvumą. Vienas efektyviausių būdų nustatyti svarbiausių radionuklidų koncentracijas pakuotėje yra proporcingumo daugiklių (arba nuklidinio vektoriaus) metodas. Naudojant gama spektroskopiją arba pagal atliekų pakuotės paviršinę dozės galią kiekvienai atliekų pakuotei yra apskaičiuojamas parinktas pagrindinio radionuklido aktyvumas. Likusiųjų sunkiai matuojamų radionuklidų koncentracijos yra įvertinamos naudojant iš anksto nustatytus atitinkamus proporcingumo daugiklius įvairiems radionuklidams. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiami labiausiai paplitę metodai vertinant svarbiausių radionuklidų koncentracijas radioaktyviųjų atliekų pakuotėse, šiek tiek plačiau pristatomas labiausiai paplitęs proporcingumo daugiklių metodas.
Every graph admits an unambiguous bold drawing
Authors: Pach János
Published: June 2015

Let r and w be fixed positive numbers, w < r. In a bold drawing of a graph, every vertex is represented by a disk of radius r, and every edge by a narrow rectangle of width w. We solve a problem of van Kreveld  by showing that every graph admits a bold drawing in which the region occupied by the union of the disks and rectangles representing the vertices and edges does not contain any disk of radius r other than the ones representing the vertices.
Ocean circulation and biogeochemistry moderate interannual and decadal surface water pH changes in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Goodkin Nathalie F. , Wang Bo‐Shian , You Chen‐Feng , Hughen Konrad A. , Grumet‐Prouty Nancy , Bates Nicholas R. , Doney Scott C.
Published: June 2015

The oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere, lowering surface ocean pH, a concern for calcifying marine organisms. The impact of ocean acidification is challenging to predict as each species appears to respond differently and because our knowledge of natural changes to ocean pH is limited in both time and space. Here we reconstruct 222 years of biennial seawater pH variability in the Sargasso Sea from a brain coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis. Using hydrographic data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study and the coral‐derived pH record, we are able to differentiate pH changes due to surface temperature versus those from ocean circulation and biogeochemical changes. We find that ocean pH does not simply reflect atmospheric CO2 trends but rather that circulation/biogeochemical changes account for >90% of pH variability in the Sargasso Sea and more variability in the last century than would be predicted from anthropogenic uptake of CO2 alone.
Double‐layer structure of OH dayglow in the mesosphere
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Jiyao , Ward William , Smith Anne K. , Chen Guang‐Ming
Published: June 2015

Observations by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument on the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite from January 2002 to June 2014 are used to study the vertical structure of OH dayglow. The results indicate for the first time that there is a double‐layer structure in the distributions of 12 year averaged OH airglow emission, [O3], and [H] during the daytime. The upper layer of OH dayglow is located in the mesopause region (~88 km) at a similar altitude to that of the OH nightglow. The lower layer is situated in the range of 70–85 km. Both the peak emission and height of the lower layer increase with local time. The distance between the two layers decreases with local time. At the equator, the lower layer forms at ~09:00 LT and lasts for about 8 h; during this time the interlayer distance decreases from 13 km to 5 km. The double‐layer structure is more obvious and longer‐lived during the equinoxes and at lower latitudes. The double‐layer structure of OH dayglow emission is a long‐term stable structure and is mainly caused by photochemical processes involving [O3]. It is also modulated by background atmospheric temperature and [H].
Aggregation of MBP in chronic demyelination
Authors: Frid Kati , Einstein Ofira , Friedman‐Levi Yael , Binyamin Orli , Ben‐Hur Tamir , Gabizon Ruth
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Misfolding of key disease proteins to an insoluble state is associated with most neurodegenerative conditions, such as prion, Parkinson, and Alzheimer's diseases. In this work, and by studying animal models of multiple sclerosis, we asked whether this is also the case for myelin basic protein (MBP) in the late and neurodegenerative phases of demyelinating diseases.

Methods

To this effect, we tested whether MBP, an essential myelin component, present prion‐like properties in animal models of MS, as is the case for Cuprizone‐induced chronic demyelination or chronic phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Results

We show here that while total levels of MBP were not reduced following extensive demyelination, part of these molecules accumulated thereafter as aggregates inside oligodendrocytes or around neuronal cells. In chronic EAE, MBP precipitated concomitantly with Tau, a marker of diverse neurodegenerative conditions, including MS. Most important, analysis of fractions from Triton X‐100 floatation gradients suggest that the lipid composition of brain membranes in chronic EAE differs significantly from that of naïve mice, an effect which may relate to oxidative insults and subsequently prevent the appropriate insertion and compaction of new MBP in the myelin sheath, thereby causing its misfolding and aggregation.

Interpretation

Prion‐like aggregation of MBP following chronic demyelination may result from an aberrant lipid composition accompanying this pathological status. Such aggregation of MBP may contribute to neuronal damage that occurs in the progressive phase of MS.
Microstructure of isotactic polypropylene obtained using Ziegler–Natta catalyst at high polymerization temperature
Authors: Tan Ning , Yu Luqiang , Tan Zhong , Mao Bingquan
Published: June 2015

The microstructure of the isotactic polypropylene obtained with various MgCl2‐supported catalyst systems at high polymerization temperature of 70–100°C is investigated by discussing the intrinsic relation between the different types of active centers and the polymerization temperatures via gel permeation chromatography, temperature rising elution fractionation, and 13C NMR. For the MgCl2/TiCl4/di‐n‐butyl phathalate‐AlEt3/external donor and MgCl2/TiCl4/2,2‐diisobutyl‐1,3‐dimethoxypropane‐AlEt3 catalyst systems, the differences in the isotactic productivity of polymers obtained at different polymerization temperatures mainly result from the variation of both the activity of the different isospecific active centers and the stability constants of the complex of catalyst/donor. The reaction rate of high isotactic active centers reaches maximum at 85–90°C, and this effect contributes to both the highest isotacticity and the narrowest molecular weight distribution. For the MgCl2/TiCl4/phthalate ester‐AlEt3 catalyst system, the isotacticity of polypropylene remains approximately constant in the temperature range of experiments, which could be ascribed to elution of phthalate ester after the activation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42487.
A Molecular Dynamics Study on Controlling the Self‐Assembly of β‐Sheet Peptides with Designer Nanorings
Authors: Park SeongByeong , Lee Myungsoo , Shin Seokmin
Published: June 2015

Recently, a rational approach for constructing β‐barrel protein mimics by the self‐assembly of peptide‐based building blocks has been demonstrated. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of nanoring formation by means of the self‐assembly of designed β‐sheet‐forming peptides. Several factors contributing to the stability of the nanoring structures with respect to size were investigated. Our simulations predicted that an optimal nanoring size may be achieved by minimizing repulsions due to steric hindrance between bulky groups while maintaining favorable hydrogen‐bond interactions between neighboring β‐sheet chains. It was shown that mutations in a test peptide, in which all or half of the tryptophan residues were replaced by phenylalanine, could enable the assembly of stable nanoring structures with smaller pore sizes. Insights into the fundamental factors driving the formation of peptide‐based nanostructures are expected to facilitate the design of novel functional bionanostructures.
Outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cytogenetically normal AML and identification of high‐risk subgroup using WT1 expression in association with NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD mutations
Authors: Yoon Jae‐Ho , Kim Hee‐Je , Jeon Young‐Woo , Lee Sung‐Eun , Cho Byung‐Sik , Eom Ki‐Seong , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Lee Seok , Min Chang‐Ki , Cho Seok‐Goo , Kim Dong‐Wook , Lee Jong‐Wook , Min Woo‐Sung
Published: June 2015

According to recent guidelines, cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN AML) is divided into four molecular subgroups based on nucleophosmin‐1 (NPM1) and FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3‐internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD) mutations. All subgroups except for isolated NPM1mut are associated with poor prognosis. We retrospectively analyzed 223 patients with CN AML, 156 of whom were treated with standard chemotherapy. For postremission therapy, patients with available donors underwent allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and the rest were treated with autologous HSCT or chemotherapy alone. We first compared the 4 conventional molecular subgroups, and then created another 4 subgroups based on WT1 expression: isolated NPM1mut, NPM1wt/FLT3‐ITD‐neg with low WT1 or high WT1, and FLT3‐ITD‐pos CN AML. We finally evaluated 89 patients who were treated with allo HSCT and achieved complete remission after standard chemotherapy. FLT3‐ITD CN AML showed the worst outcome irrespective of NPM1mut, and isolated NPM1mut CN AML showed no significant differences compared with NPM1wt/FLT3‐ITD‐neg CN AML. In contrast, two newly stratified low‐risk subgroups (NPM1wt/FLT3‐ITD‐neg with low WT1 and isolated NPM1mut CN AML) showed higher remission rates with superior overall survival (OS) compared with the other two high‐risk subgroups, which showed a higher relapse rate even after allo HSCT. Further analysis showed that higher pre‐HSCT expression of WT1 resulted in a higher relapse rate and poorer OS after allo HSCT. For CN AML, a risk‐adapted approach using allo HSCT with novel agents should be evaluated with stratification specified by WT1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological measurements corroborate symptomatic improvement after therapeutic leukapheresis in a pregnant woman with chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Galera Pallavi , Haynes Stefanie , Sulmasy Paula , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Greene Mindy , Vauthrin Michelle , Brettler Doreen , Liebmann James , Mark Madison J. , Weinstein Robert
Published: June 2015

Therapeutic leukapheresis can control the white blood cell count (WBC) of pregnant women with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who have hyperleukocytosis without leukostasis. The medical justification for this treatment has not been objectively documented. We report a 27‐year‐old woman, diagnosed with CML at 10‐week gestation, who developed severe dyspnea on exertion. A workup that included chest CT and echocardiography with a bubble study detected no cardiopulmonary pathology to explain her symptoms, and thus she was referred for leukapheresis. Prior to her first leukapheresis, which lowered her WBC from 154 × 103/μL to 133 × 103/μL, her oxygen saturation (SpO2) on room air decreased from 98 to 93% during 100 feet of slow ambulation and she was dyspneic. Just after the leukapheresis, her dyspnea on exertion was much improved and her SpO2 remained at 98% with repeat ambulation. Spirometry and lung volume studies obtained before and after her first leukapheresis demonstrated 32 and 31% improvements in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s respectively, a 25% increase in functional residual capacity, and a 142% improvement in expiratory reserve volume. Residual volume decreased by almost 20%. Three times in a week, leukapheresis was continued until her WBC was controlled with interferon α‐2b approximately 4 weeks later. Her dyspnea had completely resolved. She gave birth by elective caesarean section to a healthy boy at 32 weeks. Corroboration of symptom relief by leukapheresis with physiological data may justify such treatment in pregnant patients with CML. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:393–397, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exogenous Sodium Pyruvate Stimulates Adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Sun , Kim Song‐Yi , Jung Eun‐Hye , Kwon Mi‐Youn , Kim Kyoung‐Hong , Cho Hyeongjin , Han Inn‐Oc
Published: June 2015

We investigated the effects of exogenous sodium pyruvate (SP) on adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and the mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis‐related genes in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes. Differentiation of pre‐adipocytes was induced by MDI (3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine: IBMX, dexamethasone: DEX, and insulin), in the presence or absence of SP. Adipogenesis was stimulated by SP in a concentration‐dependent manner. SP also induced the expression of genes encoding aP2, GLUT4, and adiponectin, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Exogenous glucose did not promote adipogenesis or lipid accumulation. 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose inhibited adipogenesis initiated by MDI, but failed to influence the effects of SP on adipogenesis, whereas 3‐bromopyruvate inhibited adipogenesis regardless of whether SP was present. The pro‐adipogenic properties of SP were limited to the early events of adipogenesis. To determine whether SP mimics the adipogenic action of dexamethasone or insulin, we examined the effects of SP on adipogenesis with combinations of IBMX, DEX, and insulin. SP did not improve incomplete lipid accumulation observed in cells grown under IBMX‐, DEX‐, or insulin‐free conditions. Insulin‐stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was diminished by SP, while phosphorylation of Akt was increased, correlating with increased glucose uptake in response to insulin. We also observed that SP stimulated immediate early expression of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ. The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited adipogenesis. Our findings highlight the adipogenic function of exogenous SP by stimulating early events of adipogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 39–48, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiscale enhanced sampling of intrinsically disordered protein conformations
Authors: Lee Kuo Hao , Chen Jianhan
Published: June 2015

In a recently developed multiscale enhanced sampling (MSES) technique, topology‐based coarse‐grained (CG) models are coupled to atomistic force fields to enhance the sampling of atomistic protein conformations. Here, the MSES protocol is refined by designing more sophisticated Hamiltonian/temperature replica exchange schemes that involve additional parameters in the MSES coupling restraint potential, to more carefully control how conformations are coupled between the atomistic and CG models. A specific focus is to derive an optimal MSES protocol for simulating conformational ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The efficacy of the refined protocols, referred to as MSES‐soft asymptote (SA), was evaluated using two model peptides with various levels of residual helicities. The results show that MSES‐SA generates more reversible helix‐coil transitions and leads to improved convergence on various ensemble conformational properties. This study further suggests that more detailed CG models are likely necessary for more effective sampling of local conformational transition of IDPs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making Africa middle class: From poverty reduction to the production of inequality in Tanzania
Authors: Green Maia
Published: June 2015

Many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa are moving toward middle‐income status at the same time as their middle classes are growing in size and influence. This article explores the role of middle‐class economic strategies in bringing about structural changes in the organization of Tanzania's rural economy. Middle‐class income strategies oriented toward a mediated relationship with agricultural production depend on the enclosure of productive resources on which rent can be levied and on specific styles of cultural performance. The growth of the middle classes in Tanzania has important implications for inequality, but the extension of middle‐class cultural styles is not solely concerned with differentiation. It is part of a wider cultural shift in everyday social practice in Tanzania.
A meta‐analysis of extremeness aversion
Authors: Neumann Nico , Böckenholt Ulf , Sinha Ashish
Published: June 2015

Using a meta‐analysis of 142 experimental observations, this work examines the influence of different research design and outcome measures on extremeness aversion (i.e., the propensity to avoid extreme options in choice situations). The results indicate that extremeness aversion is a robust phenomenon: middle options are significantly more often selected than other options. However, the strength of this behavioral effect exhibits substantial variation (up to three times the average magnitude) across methodological decisions: employing price‐quality tradeoffs, nondurable categories, or binary‐trinary choice‐set comparisons tend to reduce the probability of extremeness aversion among consumers, whereas using a larger number of tradeoff dimensions, non‐numeric attributes, high‐quality extensions, or utilitarian products increase its likelihood. Because extremeness aversion has been assessed using three different measurement paradigms (absolute‐share changes, relative‐share shifts, and middle‐option proportions), we discuss their characteristics and investigate their degree of agreement. We find that the three measures can lead to rather different effect magnitudes and even contradictory conclusions about the effect of moderators.
Computer reconstruction of the physicochemical conditions of sulfide formation for the Krasnov and Ashadze hydrothermal systems (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
Authors: Laptev Yu.V.
Published: June 2015

Computer-based reconstruction of the physicochemical conditions of formation of the Krasnov (16° N) and Ashadze (13° N) submarine systems in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) has been performed using the equilibrium-thermodynamic approach to study samples from these sites. In the first case, a sphalerite-pyrite-barite association was considered, and in the second case, a sphalerite-pyrite association. In the modeling conducted, the composition of the sphalerite solid solution corresponding to the nonideal mixing of ZnS and FeS was used as a correlation parameter with the total composition of the Fe–Zn–Ba–S–H2O–NaCl–HCl hydrothermal system depending on temperature (200–300 °C) and a given pressure of 100 bar. The calculation results predict that at an iron content of 0.17–0.36 wt.% in sphalerite, the minimum formation temperatures of the equilibrium sphalerite–pyrite–barite association should correspond to the interval of 280–300 °C (Krasnov site). As the iron content in sphalerite increases to 4.15–13.28 wt.%, the occurrence of barite in the systems studied becomes impossible and the formation temperatures of the sphalerite–pyrite association become equal to or higher than 300 °C (Ashadze site).
The Music of Nature
Authors: Gardiner William
Published: June 2015

The English composer and concert producer William Gardiner (1770–1853) published this work in 1832 in order to explain the 'true principles of musical taste and expression' by listening to the 'germs of melody' in nature. Here he musically notates the sounds of oxen, a Newfoundland dog, a blackbird, a cooing dove and even an angry child in an attempt to combine natural history, personal observation and historical anecdotes with his passion for music. Notable for introducing Beethoven's music to Britain, Gardiner sets out his general beliefs about the adaptability of the human ear, the differences between noise and sound, singing and oratory, and the musicality of ordinary language. He also discusses many noted singers of his day and delves into the different techniques used by singers and instrumentalists to elicit emotion in their audiences.
Grammar of the Latin Language
Authors: Roby Henry John
Published: June 2015

Henry John Roby (1830–1915) was a Cambridge-educated classicist whose influential career included periods as a schoolmaster, professor of Roman law, businessman, educational reformer and Member of Parliament. His two-volume Grammar of the Latin Language went through seven editions during his lifetime. It provides in-depth analysis of Latin phonetics, noun and verb construction, and syntax and morphology, taking a descriptive approach. Drawing examples from the corpus of classical writings dating from circa 200 BCE. to 120 CE, this first volume (1872) discusses sounds and syllable quantities, noun and verb inflexions, and the basic elements of word formation, organized according to noun and verb stems. Appendices include pronoun tables, lists of weights and measures, and a chronological compilation of inscriptions from the republican era. A work of remarkable breadth and depth, Roby's book remains an essential resource for both historical linguistics and the study of Latin grammar.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: June 2015

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. This two-volume catalogue contains James's description of the manuscript holdings of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener
Authors: Boeckh August
Published: June 2015

August Boeckh's work, first published in 1817, is still regarded as one of the most thorough treatments of the economic structures of Athenian society. Boeckh makes exhaustive use of the epigraphical and literary sources he has at his disposal and covers a wide range of topics. Volume 2 consists of the source material upon which Boeckh bases his findings about the Athenian economy. There are extracts from the accounts of the 'holy funds', and others from statements that detail the income and expenditure of the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi. Other documents relate to the upkeep of the Parthenon and other temples; and to trade agreements such as that made between Athens and the island of Kea, detailing the removal of red stone from the island to the city. Boeckh also investigates the effect of the Peloponnesian War on the economy. This reissue is of the 1886 edition.
Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften
Authors: Raumer Rudolf von
Published: June 2015

Rudolf von Raumer (1815–76) spent his entire career at the University of Erlangen in Bavaria, working independently of the main linguistic controversies of his time. Realising that historical and comparative phonology needed more precise phonetic concepts and terminology, Raumer proposed many refinements and clarifications in that area. He emphasised both the foundational role of Jacob Grimm's work and the need to progress beyond it; the earliest essay in this volume, dating from 1837, offered fresh insights into Grimm's Law. Raumer also did extensive research on German dialectology and orthography. In 1876 his proposals for spelling reform were partly implemented by the Prussian government, and his influence on spelling is acknowledged in Konrad Duden's famous Die deutsche Rechtschreibung (1872). Raumer published this collection of essays in 1863, as a record of the development and first publication date of his theories, which, he says wryly, 'have been frequently used by others'.
Seven Discourses Delivered in the Royal Academy by the President
Authors: Reynolds Joshua
Published: June 2015

As well as being the most distinguished painter of his generation, Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–92) was also the author of several works of art criticism and guides for artists, some of which originated as lectures delivered to the students of the Royal Academy by him as their founding president. This work, first published in 1778, collects six of the addresses given to the Academy on 'Prize Day', between 1769 and 1776, prefaced with the first address by Reynolds to his fellow artists of the newly founded institution in 1769. Each discourse was later printed and distributed to those present at Reynolds' expense. They present his views of the purpose of art, and in particular the necessity of intellectual dignity in what he calls the 'great style' of the Florentine Renaissance masters. The discourses also demonstrate his wide reading among the aesthetic theorists of his own and earlier ages.