bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1943. Don Quijote sebastianizado. En un lugar de Europa, que el autor quiso poner Tristiânia
Authors: De Abreu Maria Fernanda
Published: February 2014

En el presente artículo se comenta la obra del dramaturgo portugués Carlos Selvagem, Dulcinéa ou a última aventura de Dom Quixote, una «farsa heroica» representada en el Teatro Nacional Dona Maria, en Lisboa, en enero de 1944, con escenarios de Almada Negreiros y música de Ernesto Halffter. Bajo una perspectiva comparatista, se analiza el texto publicado en libro, en el ámbito del estudio de las recreaciones del Quijote, contextualizando, en los planos político e ideológico, la «sebastianización» del héroe cervantino aquí presentada, interpretando su desarrollo argumental y observando sus relaciones con el modelo cervantino.
Optimal Photovoltaic System Design with Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Ibrahim Amin , Bourennani Farid , Rahnamayan Shahryar , Naterer Greg F.
Published: February 2014

Recently, several parts of the world suffer from electrical black-outs due to high electrical demands during peak hours. Stationary photovoltaic (PV) collector arrays produce clean and sustainable energy especially during peak hours which are generally day time. In addition, PVs do not emit any waste or emissions, and are silent in operation. The incident energy collected by PVs is mainly dependent on the number of collector rows, distance between collector rows, dimension of collectors, collectors inclination angle and collectors azimuth, which all are involved in the proposed modeling in this article. The objective is to achieve optimal design of a PV farm yielding two conflicting objectives namely maximum field incident energy and minimum of the deployment cost. Two state-of-the-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) called Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and Generalized Differential Evolution Generation 3 (GDE3) are compared to design PV farms in Toronto, Canada area. The results are presented and discussed to illustrate the advantage of utilizing MOEA in PV farms design and other energy related real-world problems.
Semantic Relatedness Estimation using the Layout Information of Wikipedia Articles
Authors: Chan Patrick , Hijikata Yoshinori , Kuramochi Toshiya , Nishida Shogo
Published: February 2014

Computing the semantic relatedness between two words or phrases is an important problem in fields such as information retrieval and natural language processing. Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), a state-of-the-art approach to solve the problem uses word frequency to estimate relevance. Therefore, the relevance of words with low frequency cannot always be well estimated. To improve the relevance estimate of low-frequency words and concepts, the authors apply regression to word frequency, its location in an article, and its text style to calculate the relevance. The relevance value is subsequently used to compute semantic relatedness. Empirical evaluation shows that, for low-frequency words, the authors’ method achieves better estimate of semantic relatedness over ESA. Furthermore, when all words of the dataset are considered, the combination of the authors’ proposed method and the conventional approach outperforms the conventional approach alone.
Measurement of Textual Complexity Based on Categorical Invariance
Authors: Zhang Lixiao , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2014

Based on the categorical invariance in human concept learning a measurement of textual complexity is proposed. To reach this, transformations of keywords are defined. If a reader grasps the meaning of keywords and the semantic relationship between keywords and sentences, the authors say he/she has understood the text. The transformations of keywords take the difficulty of keywords and the semantic relations between keywords into account. If a text has more common keywords and relations, its complexity is lower. The experiment shows that the measurement is workable. Representational information based on text complexity is to measure the amount of the information in sentences in respect to the whole text. The example shows that the measured information of each sentence is in accordance with the reader’s reading experience.
Empirical Insights on the Effect of User-Generated Website Features on Micro-Conversions
Authors: Holsing Christian , Schultz Carsten D.
Published: February 2014

Based on 2.91 million user sessions, this study analyzes the effect of user-generated social-shopping features on micro-conversions. In the authors’ specific case of a social shopping community (SSC), the authors define a micro-conversion as a visit to a product-detail page. These visits are a requisite for visits to participating online-shops (click-out) for which the operator of a SSC receives a fee. In addition to general metrics and traditional Website shopping features, several user-generated social shopping features, such as recommendation lists, styles (e.g., user-generated assortments), tags, and user profiles are analyzed. Lists, styles, and tags positively affect the number of micro-conversions indicating their ability to facilitate browsing and product shopping. In contrast, the authors’ results show a negative effect of user profiles on the number of micro-conversions. However, profiles facilitate community building activities. Implications for researchers and management are provided.
Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Volterra Polynomials
Authors: Apartsyn A. S. , Solodusha S. V. , Spiryaev V. A.
Published: February 2014

The paper presents a review of the studies that were conducted at Energy Systems Institute (ESI) SB RAS in the field of mathematical modeling of nonlinear input-output dynamic systems with Volterra polynomials. The first part presents an original approach to identification of the Volterra kernels. The approach is based on setting special multi-parameter families of piecewise constant test input signals. It also includes a description of the respective software; presents illustrative calculations on the example of a reference dynamic system as well as results of computer modeling of real heat exchange processes. The second part of the review is devoted to the Volterra polynomial equations of the first kind. Studies of such equations were pioneered and have been carried out in the past decade by the laboratory of ill-posed problems at ESI SB RAS. A special focus in the paper is made on the importance of the Lambert function for the theory of these equations.
Rough ISODATA Algorithm
Authors: Sampath S. , Ramya B.
Published: February 2014

Cluster analysis is a branch of data mining, which plays a vital role in bringing out hidden information in databases. Clustering algorithms help medical researchers in identifying the presence of natural subgroups in a data set. Different types of clustering algorithms are available in the literature. The most popular among them is k-means clustering. Even though k-means clustering is a popular clustering method widely used, its application requires the knowledge of the number of clusters present in the given data set. Several solutions are available in literature to overcome this limitation. The k-means clustering method creates a disjoint and exhaustive partition of the data set. However, in some situations one can come across objects that belong to more than one cluster. In this paper, a clustering algorithm capable of producing rough clusters automatically without requiring the user to give as input the number of clusters to be produced. The efficiency of the algorithm in detecting the number of clusters present in the data set has been studied with the help of some real life data sets. Further, a nonparametric statistical analysis on the results of the experimental study has been carried out in order to analyze the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in automatic detection of the number of clusters in the data set with the help of rough version of Davies-Bouldin index.
An Assessment Methodology for Hotel Websites
Authors: Miranda F. Javier , Rubio Sergio , Chamorro Antonio
Published: February 2014

It is essential for hotel companies to evaluate and improve website performance in order to keep and increase their online presence and competitiveness in the marketplace. Based on the relative literature, in this article, the authors adapt the Web Assessment Index (WAI) to evaluate the attractiveness of the hotel websites. This has been validated in other studies in the literature, and measures the quality of a Website based on 4 dimensions: visibility, speed, navigability, and content. An application compares the performance of 10 hotels from each of the 10 top cities destinations in the world. The results show that there were significant differences between cities in the overall index and also between 4-stars and 5-stars hotels. The authors’ study also found a significant correlation between the WAI and the room price, so the more expensive hotels also show the best sites according with our index. The results could be useful for hoteliers to conduct a benchmarking analysis of the best sites, and propose improvements.
Haplotypes of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb Polymorphic Variants Influence IgG-Mediated Responses in Neutrophils
Authors: van der Heijden Joris , Nagelkerke Sietse , Zhao Xiwen , Geissler Judy , Rispens Theo , van den Berg Timo K. , Kuijpers Taco W.
Published: February 2014

Human blood neutrophils normally express two FcγRs (FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb) that, upon multivalent binding of IgG in immune complexes or on opsonized targets, mediate responses such as phagocytosis, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and respiratory burst. Allelic variants have been described for both FcγRIIa (131H/R) and FcγRIIIb (NA1/NA2/SH), with different binding affinity for IgG subclasses. Because neither of these variants acts alone, we have set out to systematically analyze in a large cohort of healthy FCGR2/3-genotyped volunteers how the different haplotypes of neutrophil FcγRs functionally interact. Maximal IgG-induced H2O2 production by neutrophils from individuals with different (homozygous) haplotypes was observed in the following order: 131HH-NA2NA2 > 131RR-NA1NA1 > 131HH-NA1NA1 > 131RR-NA2NA2. Although FcγRIIa 131H is known to bind IgG1 and IgG2 more avidly, no such differences in affinity are known for FcγRIIIb variants. Nonetheless, a remarkable impact of the FcγRIIIb variants on IgG-mediated neutrophil activity was thus demonstrated, which was not explained by differences in FcγR surface expression. The FcγR expression profile was changed by overnight G-CSF/IFN-γ activation of the neutrophils and eliminated any haplotypic impact on the respiratory burst. To our knowledge, our results are the first to provide an integrated functional analysis of neutrophil FcγR haplotypes and suggest that particularly the early phase of IgG-mediated neutrophil reactivity is influenced by FCGR2/3 genotypic variation.
Role of Radiotherapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lal Punita , Swain Prakash Kumar
Published: February 2014

Differentiated thyroid cancers (i.e. papillary or follicular) account for majority of thyroid malignancies. Even though surgery has been the mainstay for these tumors, use of radioactive iodine (I131) therapy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is common in most of these tumors in adjuvant setting. Radiotherapy is indicated in the presence of, gross residual disease after surgery, extra-capsular extension, and extensive lymph node involvement. As thyroid gland is located at the root of neck, sometimes with retrosternal extension and surrounded by critical structures, it is difficult to adequately cover the entire target volume with conventional radiotherapy technique. IMRT is a useful technique in these tumors, since it provides good dose distribution along with sparing of spinal cord while treating thyroid bed in adjuvant setting, and therefore it needs to be further standardized. Additionally palliative radiotherapy is effective in brain and bone metastasis. To conclude, external beam radiotherapy is an established and effective mode of therapy both in curative and palliative settings.

How to cite this article

Lal P, Swain PK. Role of Radiotherapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3): 71-75.
Evaluation and Treatment of Inherited Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy
Authors: Thompson Alison E , James Benjamin C , Saunders Brian David
Published: February 2014

Pheochromocytomas represent a rare, but potentially devastating, cause of hypertension among pregnant patients. Inherited predisposition to these tumors requires vigilant screening, especially in women of child-bearing age. We present an illustrative case of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A patient who was successfully surgically treated for a pheochromocytoma during pregnancy. A review of the existing, English-language literature and screening guidelines was undertaken. Pheochromocytomas presenting during pregnancy, can be safely and effectively treated with laparoscopic surgery, allowing the maintenance of a normal pregnancy. Screening of patients with inherited endocrinopathies that predispose to adrenal medullary tumors must be adapted to maximize the opportunity to detect a pheochromocytoma in the pregravid state. More frequent testing and a lower threshold for biochemical or radiologic investigation are suggested for women in their reproductive years.

Abbreviation: MEN—multiple endocrine neoplasia; RET—rearranged during transfection; MRI—magnetic resonance imaging.

How to cite this article

Thompson AE, James BC, Saunders BD. Evaluation and Treatment of Inherited Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3):82-84.
Intranasal Pleomorphic Adenoma
Authors: Patil Rashmi Mallanagouda , Kushtagi Anirudha Vasant
Published: February 2014

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor arising from major salivary glands and also has been reported in salivary glands of palate rarely in nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx and lacrimal glands. We report a case pleomorphic adenoma of nasal septum and discuss the clinical features, management along with review of literature.

How to cite this article

Patil VM, Patil RM, Kushtagi AV. Intranasal Pleomorphic Adenoma. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):164-165.
Extranasopharyngeal Angiofibroma from Nasal Vestibule: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Malipatil Sharanabasappa Rudragouda
Published: February 2014

The term extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma has been applied to vascular, fibrous nodules occurring outside the nasopharynx. These rare benign neoplasms characterized by a different biological history and clinical features with respect to nasopharyngeal tumors and, for these reasons, they should be regarded as atypical clinical entity.

A 60-year-old male presented to us with a mass in the left nasal cavity since last 1 year. Examination revealed an irregular, pinkish mass arising from the lateral aspect of left nasal vestibule. The mass was excised and sent for histopathological reporting which confirmed angiofibroma. This case is reported for its atypicality being the rarest site of origin with no case reported so far in medical literature.

How to cite this article

Malipatil SR. Extranasopharyngeal Angiofibroma from Nasal Vestibule: A Rare Presentation. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):169-172.
Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: A Rarity
Authors: Sonawane Heena , Karjodkar Freny R , Sansare Kaustubh , Prakash Nimish
Published: February 2014

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) was first identified as the rare variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) for its different histopathology and rare recurrence which was reclassified by WHO in 2005. The orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst is a distinct clinicopathologic entity and is histologically characterized by a thin, uniform, epithelial lining with orthokeratinization and a subjacent granular cell layer. The basal cells are usually cuboidal or flattened. OOC in maxilla is rare. This article presents a case of 56-years-old male patient with OOC in left maxilla. The clinical, radiographic and histological features of the cyst are discussed in this case report.

How to cite this article

Sonawane H, Karjodkar FR, Sansare K, Prakash N. Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: A Rarity. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):182-186.
Evaluation of GEOS-5 sulfur dioxide simulations during the Frostburg, MD 2010 field campaign
Authors: Buchard V. , da Silva A. M. , Colarco P. , Krotkov N. , Dickerson R. R. , Stehr J. W. , Mount G. , Spinei E. , Arkinson H. L. , He H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major atmospheric pollutant with a strong anthropogenic component mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuel and other industrial activities. As a precursor of sulfate aerosols that affect climate, air quality, and human health, this gas needs to be monitored on a global scale. Global climate and chemistry models including aerosol processes along with their radiative effects are important tools for climate and air quality research. Validation of these models against in-situ and satellite measurements is essential to ascertain the credibility of these models and to guide model improvements. In this study, the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GOCART) module running on-line inside the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model is used to simulate aerosol and SO2 concentrations. Data taken in November 2010 over Frostburg, Maryland during an SO2 field campaign involving ground instrumentation and aircraft are used to evaluate GEOS-5 simulated SO2 concentrations. Preliminary data analysis indicated the model overestimated surface SO2 concentration, which motivated the examination of the specification of SO2 anthropogenic emission rates. As a result of this analysis, a revision of anthropogenic emission inventories in GEOS-5 was implemented, and the vertical placement of SO2 sources was updated. Results show that these revisions improve the model agreement with observations locally and in regions outside the area of this field campaign. In particular, we use the ground-based measurements collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for the year 2010 to evaluate the revised model simulations over North America.
Influence of local surface albedo variability and ice crystal shape on passive remote sensing of thin cirrus
Authors: Fricke C. , Ehrlich A. , Jäkel E. , Bohn B. , Wirth M. , Wendisch M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Airborne measurements of solar spectral radiance reflected by cirrus are performed with the HALO-Solar Radiation (HALO-SR) instrument onboard the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) in November 2010. The data are used to quantify the influence of surface albedo variability on the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and crystal effective radius. The applied retrieval of cirrus optical properties is based on a standard two-wavelength approach utilizing measured and simulated reflected radiance in the visible and near-infrared spectral region. Frequency distributions of the surface albedos from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observations are used to compile surface-albedo-dependent lookup tables of reflected radiance. For each assumed surface albedo the cirrus optical thickness and effective crystal radius are retrieved as a function of the assumed surface albedo. The results for the cirrus optical thickness are compared to measurements from the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The uncertainty in cirrus optical thickness due to local variability of surface albedo in the specific case study investigated here is below 0.1 and thus less than that caused by the measurement uncertainty of both instruments. It is concluded that for the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness the surface albedo variability is negligible. However, for the retrieval of crystal effective radius, the surface albedo variability is of major importance, introducing uncertainties up to 50%. Furthermore, the influence of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on the retrieval of crystal effective radius was investigated and quantified with uncertainties below 10%, which ranges below the uncertainty caused by the surface albedo variability. The comparison with the independent lidar data allowed for investigation of the role of the crystal shape in the retrieval. It is found that if assuming aggregate ice crystals, the HSRL observations fit best with the retrieved optical thickness from HALO-SR.
Characteristics of Arctic low-tropospheric humidity inversions based on radio soundings
Authors: Nygård T. , Valkonen T. , Vihma T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Humidity inversions have a high potential importance in the Arctic climate system, especially for cloud formation and maintenance, in wide spatial and temporal scales. Here we investigate the climatology and characteristics of humidity inversions in the Arctic, including their spatial and temporal variability, sensitivity to the methodology applied and differences from the Antarctic humidity inversions. The study is based on data of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) from 36 Arctic stations between the years 2000 and 2009. The results indicate that humidity inversions are present on multiple levels nearly all the time in the Arctic atmosphere. Almost half (48%) of the humidity inversions were found at least partly within the same vertical layer with temperature inversions, whereas the existence of the other half may, at least partly, be linked to uneven vertical distribution of horizontal moisture transport. A high atmospheric surface pressure was found to increase the humidity inversion occurrence, whereas relationships between humidity inversion properties and cloud cover were generally relatively weak, although for some inversion properties they were systematic. For example, humidity inversions occurred slightly more often and were deeper under clear sky than in overcast conditions for almost all stations. The statistics of Arctic humidity inversion properties, especially inversion strength, depth and base height, proved to be very sensitive to the instruments and methodology applied. For example, the median strength of the strongest inversion in a profile was twice as large as the median of all Arctic inversions. The most striking difference between the Arctic and Antarctic humidity inversions was the much larger range of the seasonal cycle of inversion properties in the Arctic. Our results offer a baseline for validation of weather prediction and climate models and also encourage further studies on humidity inversions due to the vital, but so far poorly understood, role of humidity inversions in Arctic cloud processes.
Uptake and emission of VOCs near ground level below a mixed forest at Borden, Ontario
Authors: Gordon M. , Vlasenko A. , Staebler R. M. , Stroud C. , Makar P. A. , Liggio J. , Li S.-M. , Brown S.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Understanding of the atmosphere/forest canopy exchange of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) requires insight into deposition, emission, and chemical reactions of VOCs below the canopy. Currently, uncertainties in canopy processes, such as stomatal uptake, deposition, and sub-canopy chemistry, make it difficult to derive biogenic VOC emission inventories from canopy VOC concentration gradients. Between 18 July and 9 August 2009, VOCs were measured with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) at 6 heights between 1 and 6 m beneath a 23 m high mixed-forest canopy. Measured VOCs included methanol, isoprene, acetone, methacrolein + methyl vinyl ketone (MACR+MVK), monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. There are pronounced differences in the behaviour of isoprene and its by-products and that of the terpenes. Non-terpene fluxes are predominantly downward. In contrast, the terpene fluxes are significantly upward. A 1-dimensional canopy model was used to compare results to measurements with and without surface deposition of isoprene and MACR+MVK and emissions of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Results suggest deposition velocities of 27 mm s−1 for isoprene and 12 mm s−1 for MACR+MVK and daytime surface emission rates of 63 μg m−2 h−1 for monoterpenes. The modelled isoprene surface deposition is approximately 2% of the canopy top isoprene emissions and the modelled emissions of monoterpenes comprise approximately 15 to 27% of the canopy-top monoterpene emissions to the atmosphere. These results suggest that surface monoterpene emissions are significant for forest canopy/atmosphere exchange for this mixed forest location and surface uptake is relatively small for all the species measured in this study.
Global modelling of direct and indirect effects of sea spray aerosol using a source function encapsulating wave state
Authors: Partanen A.-I. , Dunne E. M. , Bergman T. , Laakso A. , Kokkola H. , Ovadnevaite J. , Sogacheva L. , Baisnée D. , Sciare J. , Manders A. , O'Dowd C. , de Leeuw G. , Korhonen H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Recently developed parameterizations for the sea spray aerosol source flux, encapsulating wave state, and its organic fraction were incorporated into the aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ to investigate the direct and indirect radiative effects of sea spray aerosol particles. Our simulated global sea salt emission of 805 Tg yr−1 (uncertainty range 378–1233 Tg yr−1) was much lower than typically found in previous studies. Modelled sea salt and sodium ion concentrations agreed relatively well with measurements in the smaller size ranges at Mace Head (annual normalized mean model bias −13% for particles with vacuum aerodynamic diameter Dva < 1 μm), Point Reyes (−29% for particles with aerodynamic diameter Da < 2.5 μm) and Amsterdam Island (−52% for particles with Da < 1 μm) but the larger sizes were overestimated (899% for particles with 2.5 μm
The identification and tracking of volcanic ash using the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI)
Authors: Naeger A. R. , Christopher S. A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we develop an algorithm based on combining spectral, spatial, and temporal thresholds from the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) daytime measurements to identify and track different aerosol types, primarily volcanic ash. Contemporary methods typically do not use temporal information to identify ash. We focus not only on the identification and tracking of volcanic ash during the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption period beginning in 14 April and ending 17 May 2010 but also on a pixel-level classification method for separating various classes in the SEVIRI images. Three case studies on 13, 16, and 17 May are analyzed in extensive detail with other satellite data including from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe146 aircraft data to verify the aerosol spatial distribution maps generated by the SEVIRI algorithm. Our results indicate that the SEVIRI algorithm is able to track volcanic ash when the solar zenith angle is lower than about 65°. Furthermore, the BAe146 aircraft data show that the SEVIRI algorithm detects nearly all ash regions when AOD > 0.2. However, the algorithm has higher uncertainties when AOD is < 0.1 over water and AOD < 0.2 over land. The ash spatial distributions provided by this algorithm can be used as a critical input and validation for atmospheric dispersion models simulated by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs). Identifying volcanic ash is an important first step before quantitative retrievals of ash concentration can be made.
The role of the northward-directed (sub)surface limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the 8.2 ka Event
Authors: Tegzes A. D. , Jansen E. , Telford R. J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The so-called "8.2 ka Event" has been widely regarded as a major climate perturbation over the Holocene. It is most readily identifiable in the oxygen-isotope records from Greenland ice cores as an approximately 160 yr-long cold interval between 8250–8090 yr BP. The prevailing view has been that the cooling over Greenland, and potentially over the northern North Atlantic at least, was triggered by the catastrophic final drainage of the Agassiz-Ojibway proglacial lake as part of the remnant Laurentide Ice Sheet collapsed over Hudson Bay at around 8420 ± 80 yr BP. The consequent freshening of surface waters in the northern North Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas resulted in weaker overturning, hence reduced northward heat transport. Here we present proxy records from site JM97-MD95-2011 on the mid-Norwegian Margin indicating a (sharp) decline in the strength of the eastern branch of the Atlantic Inflow into the Nordic Seas immediately following a uniquely large drop in (sub)surface ocean temperatures coeval with the lake outbursts. We propose that the final drainage of Lake Agassiz-Ojibway was accompanied by a major iceberg discharge from Hudson Bay, which resulted in the cooling of the northward-directed northern Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Drift-Norwegian Atlantic Current system. Since our current-strength proxy records from the mid-Norwegian Margin do not evidence an exceptionally strong reduction in the main branch of the Atlantic Inflow into the Nordic Seas at the time, we argue that a chilled northward-directed (sub)surface-current system and an already colder background climate state could be the main factors responsible for the 8.2 ka climate perturbation.
Analysing Amazonian forest productivity using a new individual and trait-based model (TFS v.1)
Authors: Fyllas N. M. , Gloor E. , Mercado L. M. , Sitch S. , Quesada C. A. , Domingues T. F. , Galbraith D. R. , Torre-Lezama A. , Vilanova E. , Ramírez-Angulo H. , Higuchi N. , Neill D. A. , Silveira M. , Ferreira L. , Aymard C G. A. , Malhi Y. , Phillips O. L. , Lloyd J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Repeated long-term censuses have revealed large-scale spatial patterns in Amazon Basin forest structure and dynamism, with some forests in the west of the Basin having up to a twice as high rate of aboveground biomass production and tree recruitment as forests in the east. Possible causes for this variation could be the climatic and edaphic gradients across the Basin and/or the spatial distribution of tree species composition. To help understand causes of this variation a new individual-based model of tropical forest growth designed to take full advantage of the forest census data available from the Amazonian Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) has been developed. The model incorporates variations in tree size distribution, functional traits and soil physical properties and runs at the stand level with four functional traits, leaf dry mass per area (Ma), leaf nitrogen (NL) and phosphorus (PL) content and wood density (DW) used to represent a continuum of plant strategies found in tropical forests. We first applied the model to validate canopy-level water fluxes at three Amazon eddy flux sites. For all three sites the canopy-level water fluxes were adequately simulated. We then applied the model at seven plots, where intensive measurements of carbon allocation are available. Tree-by-tree multi-annual growth rates generally agreed well with observations for small trees, but with deviations identified for large trees. At the stand-level, simulations at 40 plots were used to explore the influence of climate and soil fertility on the gross (ΠG) and net (ΠN) primary production rates as well as the carbon use efficiency (CU). Simulated ΠG, ΠN and CU were not associated with temperature. However all three measures of stand level productivity were positively related to annual precipitation and soil fertility.
Effect of thermocouple time constant on sensing of temperature fluctuations in a fast reactor subassembly
Authors: Sharma P. , Murali N. , Jayakumar T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Knowledge of temperature fluctuations in fast reactor subassembly is very important from a safety point of view. The time constant of thermocouples which are used for measuring coolant temperature in a fast reactor varies owing to various factors. Hence, it becomes necessary to investigate the effect of change in the time constant on sensed fluctuations. This paper investigates the dependence of temperature fluctuations on thermocouple time constants. A Scilab model consisting of source temperature profile, second-order thermocouple and histogram calculation is designed. Simulation is performed for various levels of fluctuations, fixed and variable thermocouple time constants. Kurtosis for each condition is calculated with the help of a histogram. It is found that the effect of true source fluctuations on sensor output is very large compared to that of a similar percentage of time-constant variations. Hence in systems like fast reactors, where the degree of source fluctuations (fluid enthalpy) is large in comparison to that of time-constant variations, the overall effect can be considered with great confidence to be the outcome of coolant temperature rather than thermocouple time-constant variations.
Hydro morphodynamic modelling in Mediterranean storms: errors and uncertainties under sharp gradients
Authors: Sánchez-Arcilla A. , Gracia V. , García M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper deals with the limits in hydrodynamic and morphodynamic predictions for semi-enclosed coastal domains subject to sharp gradients (in bathymetry, topography, sediment transport and coastal damages). It starts with an overview of wave prediction limits (based on satellite images) in a restricted domain such as is the Mediterranean basin, followed by an in-depth analysis of the Catalan coast, one of the land boundaries of such a domain. The morphodynamic modeling for such gradient regions is next illustrated with the simulation of the largest recorded storm in the Catalan coast, whose morphological impact is a key element of the storm impact. The driving wave and surge conditions produce a morphodynamic response that is validated against the pre and post storm beach state, recovered from two LIDAR images. The quality of the fit is discussed in terms of the physical processes and the suitability of the employed modeling equations. Some remarks about the role of the numerical discretization and boundary conditions are also included in the analysis. From here an assessment of errors and uncertainties is presented, with the aim of establishing the prediction limits for coastal engineering flooding and erosion analyses.
Is coccolithophore distribution in the Mediterranean Sea related to seawater carbonate chemistry?
Authors: Oviedo A. M. , Ziveri P. , Álvarez M. , Tanhua T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is considered a "hot-spot" for climate change, being characterized by oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic waters and rapidly changing carbonate chemistry. Coccolithophores are considered a dominant phytoplankton group in these waters. As a marine calcifying organism they are expected to respond to the ongoing changes in seawater CO2 systems parameters. However, very few studies have covered the entire Mediterranean physiochemical gradients from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin. We provide here an updated state of knowledge of the coccolithophore distribution in the Mediterranean Sea and relate this to a broad set of in situ measured environmental variables. Samples were taken during the Meteor (M84/3) oceanographic cruise in April 2011, between 0–100 m water depth from 28 stations. Total diatom, dinoflagellate and silicoflagellate cell concentrations are also presented. Our results highlight the importance of seawater carbonate chemistry, especially CO32−, in unraveling the distribution of heterococcolithophores, the most abundant coccolithophore life phase. Holo- and hetero-coccolithophores respond differently to environmental factors. For instance, changes in heterococcolithophore assemblages were best linked to the combination of [CO32−], pH, and salinity (ρ = 0.57) although salinity might be not functionally related to coccolithophore assemblage distribution. Holococcolithophores, on the other hand, were preferentially distributed and showed higher species diversity in oligotrophic areas (Best fit, ρ = 0.32 for nutrients), thriving in nutrient depleted waters. Clustering of heterococcolithophores revealed three groups of species sharing more than 65% similarities. These clusters could be assigned to the eastern and western basins, and deeper layers (below 50 m), respectively. In addition, the species Gephyrocapsa oceanica, G. muellerae and Emiliania huxleyi morphotype B/C are spatially distributed together and trace the influx of Atlantic waters into the Mediterranean Sea. The results of the present work emphasize the importance of considering holo- and hetero-coccolithophores separately when analyzing changes in species assemblages and diversity. Our findings clearly show that coccolithophores are a dominant phytoplankton group in the entire Mediterranean Sea; they have life stages that are expected to respond differently to the variability in seawater carbonate chemistry and nutrient concentrations.
Computation of a new Mean Dynamic Topography for the Mediterranean Sea from model outputs, altimeter measurements and oceanographic in-situ data
Authors: Rio M.-H. , Pascual A. , Poulain P.-M. , Menna M. , Barceló B. , Tintoré J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The accurate knowledge of the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) is a crucial issue for a number of oceanographic applications and in some areas of the Mediterranean Sea, important limitations have been found pointing to the need of an upgrade. We present a new Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) that was computed for the Mediterranean Sea. It takes profit of improvements made possible by the use of extended datasets and refined processing. The updated dataset spans the 1993–2012 period and consists of: drifter velocities, altimetry data, hydrological profiles and model data. The methodology is similar to the previous MDT Rio et al. (2007). However, in Rio et al. (2007) no hydrological profiles had been taken into account. This has required the development of dedicated processing. A number of sensitivity studies have been carried out to obtain the most accurate MDT as possible. The main results from these sensitivity studies are the following: moderate impact to the choice of correlation scales but almost negligible sensitivity to the choice of the first guess (model solution). A systematic external validation to independent data has been made to evaluate the performance of the new MDT. Compared to previous version, SMDT-MED-2014 features shorter scales structures, which results in an altimeter velocity variance closer to the observed velocity variance and, at the same time, gives better Taylor skills.
Reconsidering a Science of Psychology Built on Laws
Authors: Beach Lee Roy
Published: February 2014

At one time, psychologists aspired to build a science composed of interrelated descriptive laws and the theories that explain them--a nomothetic science. For various reasons this goal was abandoned. In its place, we have a collection of theories that, for the most part, are organized by topic and subdiscipline or by themes and shared language (e.g., characterization of cognition in terms of information processing, which is neither a law nor a rigorous theory but a viewpoint or approach). As things stand, although our theories and research are scientific, we have failed to create a coherent science. In this article the nomothetic goal is reconsidered, and an example of how we might begin to achieve it is described.
Real-Life Decision Making in College Students I: Consistency Across Specific Decisions
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. , Wiener Hillary J. D. , Tandler Jane M.
Published: February 2014

First-year undergraduates participated in a short-term longitudinal study of real-life decision making over their first 14 months of college. They were surveyed about 7 different decisions: choosing courses for an upcoming term (3 different terms), choosing an academic major (twice), planning for the upcoming summer, and planning for sophomore-year housing. Participants showed moderate levels of consistency in the options they considered and in the criteria they used to decide between options, with about half of the options or criteria being used at 2 different points on the decision repeatedly studied. Participants varied somewhat in structural consistency, the tendency to consider the same number of options or criteria across decisions. They also varied in the way they integrated information across decision-making tasks. We suggest that people attempt to keep the information demands of the task within workable limits, sometimes sacrificing consistency as a result.
Guidance to Detect Deception with the Aberdeen Report Judgment Scales: Are Verbal Content Cues Useful to Detect False Accusations?
Authors: Sporer Siegfried L. , Masip Jaume , Cramer Michael
Published: February 2014

In 2 studies we evaluated the efficiency of training raters with a short version of the Aberdeen Report Judgment Scales (ARJS-STV-S) in assessing the truthfulness of transcribed accounts. Participants told both truthful and deceptive accounts of either illegal or immoral actions. In the truthful accounts, the participants described their own misdeeds honestly (true confessions). In the deceptive accounts, the participants also described their own misdeeds but attributed them to someone else (false accusations). In Study 1, guided (n = 32) and unguided (n = 32) raters evaluated 64 transcribed accounts (16 per rater). Only a few ARJS-STV-S criteria differed significantly between false and true accounts. In Study 2 (N = 29), guided raters evaluated the same transcripts using only the most promising criteria of Study 1. Judgments in Study 2 were less biased (in terms of signal detection theory), and the classification of deceptive accounts was significantly better compared with a no-guidance control group and the guided group of Study 1. A Brunswikian lens model analysis showed that with the smaller set of cues there is a better correspondence between the ecological validities and the subjective utilities, which may explain the higher accuracy rates. When the criteria have little or no diagnostic value, or when true and false stories are very similar, providing raters with a larger set of truth criteria does not increase accuracy but instead may bias raters toward making truth judgments. Practical implications for content-based training programs are outlined.
What Is Hydraulic Fracturing's Impact on Water Resources?
Authors: Carpenter Adam T.
Published: February 2014

In recent years, there has been substantial public scrutiny of hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as “fracking.” Citizens' groups, environmental advocates, municipal leaders, and others have expressed concern that the process and activities associated with fracking could contaminate water resources.
Assess Main Breaks for Distribution System Optimization
Authors: Martin Barb , Ries Tom
Published: February 2014

Main breaks are a reality of every distribution system, but comprehensive data collection and analysis can help identify influencing factors and lead to improved control and planning.
Meter Mounting Plate Solves Installation Problems
Authors: Roach Michael T. , Acosta And David
Published: February 2014

During the pilot phase of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection's automatic‐meter‐reading program, customers complained to technical services division personnel that too many holes were being drilled in their homes or buildings to mount meter transmission units (MTUs). Filling the existing screw holes with clear silicone mixed with dust from newly drilled holes was the only remedy.
A Survey of the Relationship Between Serum Cholesterol and Triglyceride to Glaucoma: A Case Control Study
Authors: Mohammad Hossien Davari  , Toba Kazemi  , Azame Rezai
Published: February 2014

Purpose/Aim: primary Open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an asymptomatic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by enlarging optic disc cupping and visual field loss. POAG is a major cause of blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Regarding the fact that dyslipidemia has a relationship with some ophthalmic diseases such as cataract,it sounds that the same relationship also exists with POAG. Therefore, it was decided to study the relationship between serum cholesterol and triglyceride to POAG.
Methods: The present study was done on 40 primary Open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (cases) and 40 healthy individuals (controls). In order to diagnose POAG, Intra ocular pressure (IOP) was measured by means of Applanation tonometry, and then was confirmed through perimetry and ophthalmoscopes. The controls were patients’ attendants who had referred to Birjand Valli-e-asr clinics but did not have POAG. After a fasting of 12 hours, blood samples were derived to determine serum level of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Then, the results of the tests together with the participants’ demographic information were individually registered in a questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (version 15) and statistical tests including T-test and Chi- square.
Results: Mean levels of cholesterol (211.18± 51.91mg/dl in cases, 162.38±39.56 mg/dl in controls) and triglyceride (165.92±88.58 mg/dl in cases, 99.46± 43.08 mg/dl in control) were significantly higher in cases than in controls. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly higher in the cases compared with the controls. There was a positive association between POAG and dyslipidemia (OR=7.14 [95% CI: 2.3-22.2] for Hypercholesterolemia and OR=16.9 [95% CI: 2.1-14.8] for hypertriglyceridemia.
Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia can be a risk factor of getting POAG.
Efekat benzodiazepina na kontrakciju preparisane traheje zamorca izazvane histaminom
Authors: Mirić Mirjana , Ristić Slavica , Vidojević Vedrana
Published: February 2014

Uvod. Disajni putevi su biološke strukture koje se šire i skupljaju mijenjajućivolumen pluća i tonus bronha. Gama-amino buterična kiselina (GABA) jeneurotransmiter koji je značajan inhibitor u centralnom nervnom sistemusisara. Benzodiazepini su lijekovi koji imaju direktan bronhodilatatorni efekatna glatku muskulaturu disajnih puteva. Oni učestvuju u količini otpuštenogacetilholina i odgovora mišića na nadražaj. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdida li benzodiazepini redukuju kontrakciju izolovane traheje zamorca koja jeindukovana histaminom.Metode. Mjerena je tenzija glatke muskulature traheje zamorca čija je kontrakcijaindukovana histaminom. Korišćeno je 10 zamoraca oba pola, prosječnetežine od 610 g. Pripremljeni preparat traheje zamorca tretiran je rastućimkoncentracijama histamina od 0,01, 0,1 i 1,0 mg/mL pri čemu je konstriktorniodgovor registrovan fiziografom firme Godart “Fersttransducer” na višekanalnompisaču “Watanable”. Preparat je ispiran Krebsovim rastvorom, a poslijeponovne stabilizacije postupak se ponavljao uz dodavanje benzodiazepinau rastućim koncentracijama.Rezultati. Prethodna inkubacija trahealnih prstenova zamorca benzodiazepinomu koncentraciji od 0,014 mg/mL smanjila je kontraktilnu sposobnosttraheje indukovanu sa 0,01 mg/mL histamina za 82,3%. Korišćenje benzodiazepinau koncentraciji od 0,028 mg/mL smanjilo je kontrakciju za 85,2%, akoncentracija benzodiazepina od 0,042 mg/mL dovela je do najvećeg padakontraktilnosti za 88,2%.Zaključak. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da veće koncentracije benzodiazepinasmanjuju kontraktilnu sposobnost traheje izazvane histaminom.