bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childen's Rights and Parental Rights A Historical and Legal/Ethical Analysis
Authors: SIANTZ MARY LOU de LEON
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this article is to introduce child/adolescent psychiatric nurses to the historical circumstances that have influenced the legal status of children and their parents. Recent Supreme Court decisions affecting the rights of children during admission to psychiatric treatment will be discussed. The ethical issues involved and an ethical framework based on non‐maleficence, beneficence, and justice will be presented to assist nurses in considering their responsibility to children and parents during the psychiatric admission of a child.
Mental Health Needs of Children in School Role of the Child Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse
Authors: OPIE NANCY D. , SLATER PATRICIA
Published: August 2007

This article addresses the mental health needs of children in the school system. Children are often exposed to situations in their lives that affect their ability to master developmental and academic tasks resulting in school difficulties. The school system has the opportunity to provide primary prevention and early intervention that will promote the mental health of children. The role of the child psychiatric mental health nurse in the school is described as one model for promoting the mental health of children.
Ethical Decision‐Making in Paradoxical Intervention A Model for Practice
Authors: BUSCH DENISE
Published: August 2007

The ethical frameworks of situation ethics and bioethical decision‐making are used to analyze decision‐making in treatment choices of the clinical nurse specialist in the role of psychotherapist. Paradoxical intervention is the treatment choice considered. The ethical issues regarding the use of paradoxical techniques are reviewed and the decision model is applied to therapy with a mother and son to illustrate the process of ethical decision‐making.
Attachment Theory and the Milieu Treatment of Children
Authors: ROWE JOHN
Published: August 2007

This article examines some of the advances, particularly those in the area of attachment theory, that have been made in understanding the developing child. The implications of attachment theory for understanding of developmental psychopathology are discussed. The role played by parents in the child's development is briefly outlined. The implications that attachment theory presents for the milieu treatment of children are discussed.
Self‐concept of Children of Alcoholics: Part II. Developmental Considerations
Authors: KILLEEN MAUREEN R.
Published: August 2007

This review focuses on the development of self‐concept and self‐esteem in children of alcoholics. The development of children's abilities to describe themselves and others, to understand their feelings, and to evaluate themselves, both in specific areas and on a general sense of self‐worth, is summarized for children in preschool through adolescence. The implications of this typical course of development for children in atypical families are explored, and approaches to assessment and intervention with these children are suggested.
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurses' Beliefs about Therapeutic Paradox
Authors: HIRSCHMANN MARK J.
Published: August 2007

Therapeutic paradox is a subject that elicits divergent opinions among psychiatric and mental health nurses. In a study of a random, systematic sample of psychiatric nurses (N = 1651, more than one‐half of the respondents used paradox and a larger majority of respondents considered paradox to be an appropriate psychotherapeutic intervention, although there were expressions of professional and ethical reservation. In addition to holding more negative beliefs about manipulation, threats to the therapeutic relationship, and deception, the non‐users of paradox were significantly less willing to refer friends for paradoxical treatment.
The Manipulator Reputation in Juvenile Detention
Authors: ANDERSON NANCY LOIS RUTH
Published: August 2007

Adolescent manipulative behaviors are the focus of a combined field study ad literature review. A taxonomy of manipulation generated within the setting of a large metropolitan juvenile detention facility is compared with literature sources and examined from the theoretical construct of a total institutional behavioral environment. Issues are raised which require consideration in planning nursing care for this and similar client populations.
Book Reviews
Authors: FRIEDMAN DIANE
Published: August 2007

Chronic Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents. John G. Looney, MD, Ed

Children Who Don't Want to Live. Israel Orbach.
The Value of Undergraduate Electives for Recruitment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
Authors: SCHWECKE LEE H. , WOOD SANDRA J.
Published: August 2007

The current nursing shortage has focused attention upon the need for the recruitment and retention of nursing students, as well as practitioners, to increase the available supply of nurses. Specialties such as psychiatric nursing which historically have not attracted a large percentage of graduates are at particular risk for nurse shortages. The nursing Literature of the past 15 years has demonstrated that undergraduate electives have served to interest students in particular areas of nursing. The experience of one baccalaureate nursing program which used a grant to institute electives for recruitment into employment and graduate study is described in this article.
Are Adolescents Being Hospitalized Unnecessarily?
Authors: LEWIS JANETTE ENGLE
Published: August 2007

The increasing use of hospitalization in adolescent psychiatric treatment is arousing public and professional concern. Numerous factors may be contributing to inappropriate or unnecessary inpatient care. The misuse of hospitalization ultimately may lead to reduced third‐party coverage for needed care. Nurses can help promote adherence to guidelines for hospitalization, such as those set by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
“Color Your Life:” An Assessment and Treatment Strategy for Children
Authors: RAYNOR CAROL M. , MANDERINO MARY A.
Published: August 2007

The “Color Your Life” technique, a form of play therapy, is designed to help children become aware of the range of feelings possible, to talk about their own feelings and to move from action to verbal forms of expression. In this article, the authors describe the technique and its variations, and provide examples of its application in both assessment and treatment contexts.
Sex‐Role Stereotyping: Implications for the Mental Health of School‐Age Children
Authors: LONG KATHLEEN ANN
Published: August 2007

Theories related to sex‐role stereotyping are reviewed, and the implications of these stereotypes for children's mental health are discussed. Attention is given to the impact of particular social trends, including political conservatism and religious fundamentalism. Case examples of children affected by sex‐role stereotypes are presented and therapy approaches discussed. Overall intervention strategies are summarized.
Coalition of Psychiatric Nursing Organizations
Authors: Wahl Patricia R.
Published: August 2007

JCPN Commentary presents a series of observations, opinions, and analyses of issues and trends in education and practice in psychiatric and mental health nursing, and social policy factors that influence, families, or the delivery of health services to youth and their families.
Neuman's Systems Model for Nursing Practice as a Conceptual Framework for a Family Assessment
Authors: HERRICK CHARLOTTE A. , GOODYKOONTZ LYNNE
Published: August 2007

Neuman's Systems Model was used as a guide to the assessment and intervention for a dysfunctional family. The model gave direction to the selection of family therapy as the appropriate and successful intervention. The case example illustrates the application and use of Neuman's model in child and adolescent nursing practice.
Conduct Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: An Update
Authors: HARNETT NANCY ELIZABETH
Published: August 2007

Conduct disorder is a diagnostic entity that has elicited controversy throughout the years. Classified as a psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence, the syndrome of conduct disorder recently was revised from four to three categories in the DSM‐III‐R (Revised). This article presents an overview of conduct disorders, including diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, treatment approaches and implications for nursing practice.
A Support Group for Inpatient Abused Adolescents
Authors: STANISZ MARILYN M.
Published: August 2007

This article describes a support group of two years' duration for physically, sexually, and emotionally abused adolescents in an inpatient unit at the University of Michigan Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital. Group characteristics, group dynamics, and emotional reactions of the adolescents are discussed. This experience suggests that a support group does not necessarily need a homogeneous membership, as the literature often indicates, to be successful.
Medication Education for Children: Is it Worthwhile?
Authors: KNIGHT MARGARET M. , WIGDER KATHLEEN SALAT , FORTSCH MARTHA M. , POLCARI ANN
Published: August 2007

Child psychiatric inpatients have little or no control over their treatment. Anxiety and fear are normal reactions to the hospitalization and treatment process. Pharmacotherapy is an intervention that the child often perceives as an indicator of pathology. This article presents various methodologies to teach children about their medication treatment. Puppetry, graphics, art, and discussion were techniques used in a peer group to impart knowledge and decrease anxiety, fear, and negativity.
Strategies of Normalization Used by Parents of Chronically Ill School Age Children
Authors: BOSSERT ELIZABETH , HOLADAY BONNIE , HARKINS ANN , TURNER‐HENSON ANNE
Published: August 2007

The concept of normalization is examined in relation to chronically ill children. From this conceptual base, the responses of 365 parents in a survey of chronically ill children's use of time out of school, were analyzed to determine the normalization strategies used pertaining to the life of the child and family. This article discusses the appropriateness and importance of normalization, and presents implications for the professional nurse working with families of chronically ill children.
Issues Facing Child Psychiatric Nursing in the 1990s
Authors: Siantz Mary Lou De Leon
Published: August 2007

JCPN Commentary presents a series of observations, opinions, and analyses of issues and trends in education and practice in psychiatric and mental health nursing, and social policy factors that influence, families, or the delivery of health services to youth and their families.
Challenges and Choices in Child and Adolescent Mental Health‐Psychiatric Nursing
Authors: KILLEEN MAUREEN R.
Published: August 2007

Challenges to the profession of child and adolescent mental health‐psychiatric nursing, and choices available to address these challenges, are examined. The challenges stem from the large numbers of children in need of mental health services, the many risk factors to which children and families are exposed, and society's inadequate responses. Research evidence demonstrates that the gap between mental health needs and services for children results not from ignorance, but rather from a lack of commitment to providing a coordinated system of mental health services. Nurses are among the most appropriate professionals to address these needs for a coordinated system of care, but are not viewed as child mental health experts by the public or by policymakers. Nurses can demonstrate that child mental health nursing programs are effective by choosing to support programs that work, by conducting research projects that test nursing interventions, and by educating students to meet the needs of children and families for coordinated and cost‐effective care. Finally, nurses must publicize their successes so that the public recognizes nursing's role in promoting children's mental health.
Barriers to Disclosure Among Sexually Abused Male Children
Authors: REW LYNN , ESPARZA DELIA
Published: August 2007

This article identifies, through a critical review of current research, several factors that may account for the reluctance of male children to disclose details of sexual abuse. The factors then are related to implications for practice and research that are relevant for child and adolescent mental health nurses.
A Community‐Based Program for Emotionally Disturbed Children and Youth
Authors: FISHEL ANNE HOPKINS
Published: August 2007

The children and youth program is a multidisciplinary multiagency project to train professionals to provide community‐based services for emotionally disturbed children. A coordinating committee provides the central structure to process referrals and establish treatment teams. Nursing has played a significant role in developing this project and in providing services such as crisis intervention, in‐home family therapy/family education, and team collaboration/case management.
A Proposed Model of Relapse Prevention for Adolescents Who Abuse Alcohol
Authors: JONES JACKI
Published: August 2007

Adolescents who abuse alcohol are being admitted to treatment centers in increasing numbers. However, relapse prevention, a critical aspect of recovery, rarely is addressed in this high‐risk population. This article briefly reviews adolescent development, the current literature on adolescent drinking patterns and relapse, and analyzes current models of relapse prevention in adults. This information is then used to propose a relapse prevention model for adolescents.
Using Head Start Centers for Teaching Mental Health Promotion
Authors: KILLEEN MAUREEN R. , SMITH CAROL A. , KILLINGER PEGGY A.
Published: August 2007

Health promotion is an integral aspect of nursing practice and should be included in all levels of nursing education. A practicum focusing on mental health promotion at the undergraduate level is described. Nursing students observe and interact with children in Head Start centers and during home visits with Head Start families. Head Start programs are used because they offer students an opportunity to practice nursing in a setting that is committed to health promotion and that serves a high‐risk population. The nature of the practicum, its congruence with current trends in nursing and nursing education, its relevance to current mental health concerns, and its limitations are described.
A Method of Screening for Communication Disorders in Child Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: SCAHILL LAWRENCE
Published: August 2007

Research indicates that children with speech and language disorders probably are at greater risk for developing emotional and behavior problems. A retrospective review of referral patterns on a child psychiatric inpatient service suggested that some children with speech and language disorders were either being missed or referred late in their hospital stay. A four‐part procedure was developed to screen children for speech or language problems at admission to a child psychiatric inpatient service. A pilot study of the new method showed promise as a screening procedure (estimated sensitivity = 81%; estimated specificity = 90%). The four‐part screening method, referral guidelines and clinical implications are presented.
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: Content of the Specialty
Authors: Koldjeski Dixie
Published: August 2007

JCPN Commentary presents a series of observations, opinions, and analyses of issues and trends in education and practice in psychiatric and mental health nursing, and social policy factors that influence, families, or the delivery of health services to youth and their families.
The Psychologic Costs of Drowning and Near Drowning Clinical Issues in Nursing Intervention
Authors: Coffman Sherrilyn
Published: August 2007

The Clinical Forum Department presents brief reports focused on discussion of clinical issues or innovative practice ideas and programs.
Music Listening Preferences and Preadmission Dysfunctional Psychosocial Behaviors of Adolescents Hospitalized on an In‐Patient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: K. WEIDINGER CAROL , S. DEMI ALICE
Published: August 2007

This study investigated the relationship between music listening preferences and preadmission, dysfunctional psychosocial behaviors (PDPB) of 60 adolescents who were hospitalized on an in‐patient psychiatric unit. Findings were that hospitalized adolescents who primarily listened to music with negative lyrics/themes had a history of more PDPB than hospitalized adolescents who primarily listened to music that did not contain negative lyrics/themes; and hospitalized adolescents who primarily listened to heavy metal music had a history of more PDPB than hospitalized adolescents who primarily listened to other types of music.
Parenting: Categories for Anticipatory Guidance
Authors: GORZKA PATRICIA A. , L. BLAIR CAROL , STECKEL ARLEEN , ESCALLIER LORI
Published: August 2007

A descriptive cross‐sectional study of 174 parents of well children was conducted to elicit parental perceptions of anticipatory guidance needs. An interest in anticipatory guidance was expressed by 69% of the parents. Specific topics identified by parents were coded into three categories of anticipatory guidance for parenting: general parenting, child age‐specific, and parental self‐care. General parenting included the most topics, the majority of which suggested that social and behavioral issues are major concerns for parents.
The Relationship Between Social Support and Depression in Adolescents
Authors: JACOBSON JULIANA M.
Published: August 2007

In a non‐clinical, adolescent sample, this correlational study tested the hypothesis that there will be an inverse correlation between perceived social support and depression. This hypothesis is consistent with the theoretical literature. The results suggest that perceived social support is associated with depression in adolescents.
Developing Problem‐Solving Skills of Adolescents A Model Intervention Program
Authors: Williford Lori W.
Published: August 2007

The Clinical Forum Department presents brief reports focused on discussion of clinical issues or innovative practice ideas and programs.
The Prevalence of Children with a History of Sexual Abuse Hospitalized in the Psychiatric Setting
Authors: MORRIS PATRICIA A. , BIHAN SUZANNE M.
Published: August 2007

This descriptive study systematically sampled 100 closed records of children hospitalized at a children's psychiatric hospital in a midwest city over the past 5 years to determine the prevalence of children identified as having a history of sexual abuse. The symptoms of abuse manifested by these children were compared with the prevalence of children without an identified history of sexual abuse who also had symptoms of sexual abuse. The results address the extent to which symptoms of sexual abuse in a child psychiatric setting are not identified, nor included in treatment plans and suggest that treatment for this problem is an essential component in the care of any child identified as having this history.
Assessment of the Potential for Maladaptive Parenting in Expectant Fathers with the Adult‐Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI)
Authors: TILLER CECILIA M.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if expectant fathers could be assessed for potential maladaptive parenting with the Adult‐Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI). Image factor analysis with matrix rotation by SPSSx was used to replicate Bavolek's (1984) earlier work. It was concluded that the AAPI was appropriate for use with expectant fathers because their responses were not significantly different than those of other populations. The 232 subjects' scores indicated that although they had appropriate attitudes toward empathy and family roles, they had limited knowledge of child growth and development and had strong beliefs in physical discipline. Recommendations include the need for further studies using the AAPI to validate its effectiveness as a predictive tool in the primary prevention of child abuse and neglect.
Altered Parenting and the Reconstituted Family
Authors: WHITLEY GEORGIA GRIFFITH , KACHEL JUDITH M.
Published: August 2007

Reconstituted families are a high incidence phenomena in contemporary society. Because the family continues to be a focus for the delivery of nursing care, nurses must now address the special needs of individuals who are members of reconstituted families. Studies in this area provide important background information regarding behavioral patterns in reconstituted families that can be used for assessment and intervention with these families. Through the use of focused assessment parameters, nurses can collect data that will indicate the special needs of members of reconstituted families. In general, nursing interventions with clients who are a part of a reconstituted family fall into two major categories: (a) developing positive parenting behaviors, and (b) protecting the development of the stepchild.
Perceived Stress and Stress Projected into the Spontaneous Storytelling of Two Groups of Fourth Grade Children
Authors: COLLINS ANN M.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this descriptive correlation study was to describe stress levels in fourth grade children from two geographic locations: an inner city recreation club and a suburban parochial school. The use of spontaneous storytelling and a life events questionnaire provided information about the stress being experienced by the children. This article presents story themes and stressful life events of interest to adult caregivers helping children cope with stressful experiences.
Evaluation of a Teen Parent Program Designed to Reduce Child Abuse and Neglect and to Strengthen Families
Authors: MARSHALL ELAINE , BUCKNER ELLEN , POWELL KATHY
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a teen parent program designed to increase parents' self‐esteem, improve parenting skills, and increase parental knowledge about child development. Subjects (n= 30) in the program were referred from public health services. Control subjects (n= 30) were served by a local health department. Subjects were tested before and on completion of the program (or 6‐9 months later for controls) using the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory (SEI), the Inventory of Parents' Experiences (IPE), and the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST). Findings included (a) intervention subjects scored lower than control subjects on the pretesting in self‐esteem (p < 0.05), parental role satisfaction (p < 0.05), and community support (p < 0.0001); (b) control subjects scored lower on satisfaction with intimate relationships (p < 0.0001); (c) at post‐test, there were no statistically significant differences, and intervention subjects recorded self‐esteem scores had increased to control levels; and (d) no developmental delays were detected in newborns at either pre‐ or post‐testing. Implications of this study include (a) data support effectiveness of the program in enhancing self‐esteem, maintaining satisfaction in parental role, and increasing community support for teen parents; and (b) evaluation of teen parent programs' effects should be done every 3‐6 months to reduce subject attrition.
Exploring the Grief of Adolescents After the Death of a Parent
Authors: KUNTZ BARBARA
Published: August 2007

This study explored the grief of 26 adolescents after the death of a parent during the subjects' adolescent years. Data collection involved a one‐time semi‐structured interview. In addition, the adolescents were asked to write and draw about death. The study identified variables and themes that appeared to have possible significance for how adolescents coped. The study conclusions were that adolescents do grieve differently from children and differently from adults; younger adolescents even grieve differently from older adolescents. No discernible differences in grieving were ascertained on the basis of sex, type of death, or prior loss experiences. The one adolescent who was perceived as grieving in an adaptive manner had the advantage of open communication with family members, had closure with the parent now dead, had seen the parent when dead, and had been involved with the rituals surrounding the death. Implications for future research and recommendations for adults involved with adolescents are included.
Assessing Psychotropic Medication Side Effects Among Children A Reliability Study
Authors: GARVEY CHRISTINE A. , GROSS DEBORAH , FREEMAN LINDA
Published: August 2007

The Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES) is a rating scale for measuring the presence and intensity of psychotropic medication side effects. Studies to evaluate its reliability have not been published. The purposes of this pilot study are to (1) develop a protocol for training raters to use the DOTES, (2) assess inter‐rater agreement, 3) examine the reasons for disagreement among raters to clarify training procedures and symptom definitions, and (4) further refine this instrument for use in clinical and research settings.

Five nurses were trained to use the DOTES to rate the absence or presence and intensity of specific medication side effects. After training, Raters 1,2, and 3 watched a videotape of a nurse interviewing a 13‐year‐old child and completed the DOTES rating scale. There was agreement on the intensities of 6 (67%) of the 9 symptoms identified as present and agreement on 17 (89%) of the 19 symptoms identified as absent.

Process tracings were conducted on the ratings of Nurses 4 and 5 to elicit the criteria they used to determine their ratings. The results of the process tracings were used to identify ambiguities that led to disagreement among raters so that the training protocol and interview could be improved.
Helping Adolescents Choose Safer Behaviors
Authors: SAUNDERS JUDITH M. , UNDERWOOD PETER J.
Published: August 2007

Although adolescents comprise only 1% of the diagnosed cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among this group should not be underestimated. This article discusses how adolescents' behaviors place them at risk for HIV infection. One educational program is described that illustrates an innovative approach to use with adolescents. Nurses who use the Relationship Safety and Vigilance Plan can assist individual adolescents to assess their interpersonal relationship patterns to establish goals and reduce impulsive or destructive behaviors.

HIV infection poses a real and personal threat to adolescents. Although the potential for high risk behaviors emerges from developmental tasks, adolescents can manage their growth and maturation safely. Nurses can provide pivotal assistance to reduce adolescent vulnerability to HIV infection. One intervention that can help individual adolescents to assess and plan for safe and satisfying interpersonal relationships is the Relationship Safety and Vigilance Plan. If not provided with preventive interventions, many adolescents will be vulnerable to HIV infection that may not be detected until years later, when they have become young adults.
Nurses Develop a Plan for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders
Authors: McBride Angela Barron
Published: August 2007

JCPN Commentary presents a series of observations, opinions, and analyses of issues and trends in education and practice in psychiatric and mental health nursing, and social policy factors that influence families, or the delivery of health services to youth and their families.
Child Maltreatment, Stressful Life Events, and Behavior Problems in School‐Aged Children in Residential Treatment
Authors: Kelley Susan J.
Published: August 2007

This study examined the prevalence of child maltreatment, stressful life events, and behavior problems in school‐aged children in residential treatment. The sample included 44 children, ages 5‐13 years; 61% were male and 39% female. Results indicated that the entire sample had experienced one or more types of maltreatment, with physical abuse being more prevalent. Seventy‐four percent of subjects scored in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983). Proportionally more physically abused children scored in the clinical range when compared to non‐physically abused children. The number of stressful life events experienced after admission to the treatment facility was found to be related to increased behavior problems.
Mental Health Care Rights of Adolescents: What Mental Health Nurses Need to Know
Authors: Nixon Mary Wagner
Published: August 2007

Adolescents have certain rights regarding mental health care. There is a need for healthcare professionals, including nurses, to become more aware and knowledgeable of these rights. This article reviews the medical/legal rights of adolescents and their parents, and presents a history of relevant changes that have occurred in the parent‐child relationship. It discusses also current issues pertinent to the mental health care of adolescents and identifies researchable questions.
Informed Consent with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Pieranunzi Vincent R. , Freitas Lorraine G.
Published: August 2007

Nurses are becoming increasingly responsible for obtaining consent from children and adolescents for psychiatric treatment. The current practice of obtaining consent for participation in research is discussed. Consent from minors has implications for clinical treatment. This article examines power and powerlessness, and restrictiveness of the treatment setting in relation to nurses obtaining consent from children and adolescents.
The Challenge of Ritualistic Child Abuse
Authors: Valente Sharon M.
Published: August 2007

Survivors of ritual abuse have endured physical and psychosexual trauma typically compounded by mind‐altering drugs. Some abused children have never known a trustworthy adult to protect them from harm. Children often cope with the anxiety and terror of abuse through psychological defenses such as denial, self‐hypnosis, and dissociation, but more extreme responses such as self‐mutilation or multiple personalities may occur. Reports of ritual abuse of children are so shocking and bizarre that professionals initially respond with confusion and disbelief (Cozolino, 1989). Nurses need to assess clues and detect symbols of abuse in drawings or flashbacks, to build trust, and to monitor their attitudes and countertransference. Nurses are in a critical position to detect and begin healing wounds of ritual abuse.
Shifting the Paradigm: Toward Integrative Research on Mothers and Children
Authors: Hauenstein Emily Jean
Published: August 2007

The mother‐child relationship has been examined extensively but most research has centered on maternal characteristics associated with poor childhood developmental outcomes or maternal response to stressors. The “maternal deficit” model has misdirected research and intervention. Research on maternal depression based on the maternal deficit model has resulted in research designs that do not adequately address maternal outcomes. Research must be conceptualized to address parent‐child relationships and situational factors that influence them.
A Primary Prevention Group for Latency Age Children Dealing with Adoption Issues
Authors: Rosenwald Eleanor , Demi Alice S.
Published: August 2007

The authors describe an eight‐session primary prevention group program for latency age children who were dealing with adoption issues. The structure and the process of the group are described and the effectiveness of the program is evaluated. One of the authors, who is both an adoptive parent and a nurse psychotherapist, was the group leader. The group served to facilitate the lifelong process of dealing with adoption issues.
Homeless Children: Interdisciplinary Drug Prevention Intervention
Authors: Wagner Janet , Melragon Betty , Menke Edna M.
Published: August 2007

Homelessness among children has been called a national tragedy. Homeless children, by virtue of their unique situation, are particularly vulnerable for early initiation of and sustained participation in substance abuse behaviors. The authors describe homeless children in relation to drug abuse etiology research, discuss current prevention strategies, suggest necessary components of an interdisciplinary prevention curriculum for homeless preschool children, and delineate methods for delivering the curriculum to the children. Nurses, given their unique role in the healthcare delivery system as well as a holistic world view, are in an unparalleled position to facilitate the design and implementation of such curricula.
Sexually Abused Boys: Awareness, Assessment, and Intervention
Authors: Bennett Carole
Published: August 2007

The prevalence and consequences of the sexual victimization of young boys is tragically underestimated. The author provides data on the incidence of sexual abuse in boys and girls, ages 3–10, in an inpatient psychiatric children's unit. A retrospective chart review is presented including variables of coexisting maltreatment and symptomatology. Commonly found nursing diagnoses are identified with appropriate nursing interventions. Assessing a sexually abused boy, developing a comprehensive nursing care plan, and intervening effectively in assisting a child to assimilate and cope with his abuse experience are discussed in depth.
A Psychiatric Nursing Admission Assessment Tool for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Meer Joan M. Vander , Gabert Helen
Published: August 2007

To ensure that children and adolescents receive quality care, psychiatric nurses must gather assessment data on admission that is accurate and comprehensive. This step of the nursing process is becoming more crucial as hospital stays decrease, requiring nurses to prioritize patient needs quickly and implement plans of care. The authors describe the development of a nursing admission assessment tool designed to collect data systematically on children and adolescents admitted to acute inpatient psychiatric units. Lewin's change theory (1961) is used as a framework for describing the challenges of instituting a new documentation system.
Child and Family Minority Research: How are we Doing?
Authors: Siantz Mary Lou de Leon
Published: August 2007

Minority children constitute a rapidly growing segment of the population. The understanding and treatment of children and mental health is in its infancy. Ethnic minority children suffer due to a mental health system that is insensitive to race and culture. Misdiagnosis and improper or inadequate treatment often result. Researchers have an obligation to study variables such as race and SES, rather than control for them. This article explores issues related to research addressing minority children and their families. Recommendations for research, education, and service are presented.
Native American Children and Adolescents: Cultural Distinctiveness and Mental Health Needs
Authors: Keltner Bette Rusk
Published: August 2007

Native American families have powerful reservoirs for resilience. Many families experience oppression, exploitation, and poverty that contribute to mental health disturbances. Cultural traditions associated with harmony can promote positive mental health for Native American children and adolescents. Health care providers will benefit from knowing risks, cultural expressions of coping, and a framework for contextual assessment and intervention. The purpose of this paper is to respond to the challenge of developing practices, programs, and policies that are culturally sensitive and helpful for people who need nursing care.
The Nurse's Role in School‐Based Mental Health Promotion: Easing the Transition Into Adolescence
Authors: Niznik Kathleen
Published: August 2007

The developmental phase of adolescence is a critical transition that can be influenced by many factors. The author identifies some of the significant mental health problems for the “high‐risk” adolescent. The importance of the Student Assistance Program and the role that the psychiatric/mental health nurse specialist plays in the context of this program are reviewed.
Beliefs Held by Parents of Autistic Children
Authors: Elder Jennifer H.
Published: August 2007

Autism is an unusual disorder that offers varied and complex challenges. Recent shifts in educational and treatment foci have left many parents of autistic children floundering regarding how best to view and interact with their children. Furthermore, it has become clinically evident that these parents often maintain beliefs that may influence parent‐child interactions and even the prognoses of the children. To date, no published research exists that examines how parental beliefs may affect autistic children. The author's purpose is to identify several common beliefs held by parents of autistic children and discuss implications for clinical practice and research.
Calming an Escalated Psychiatric Milieu
Authors: Delaney Kathleen R.
Published: August 2007

On inpatient psychiatric units, nurses control the tone, pace, and activity level of the environment. But under the influence of factors such as high patient acuity and negative group contagion, a milieu can become unacceptably loud and chaotic. A volatile milieu is a potentially dangerous environment because patients' anxiety and agitation can quickly lead to acting out and aggression. This article focuses on how nurses can regain control of a milieu spiralling into chaos by tightening the structure of the routine, anticipating potential problems, and maintaining a confident calm manner. The charge nurse orchestrates the staff group's response to escalation through detailed planning, decisive interventions, and strategic use of every available resource.
Clinical Forum: Parent Teaching in Impatient Child Psychiatry
Authors: Violand Mary Pizzo , Williams Joyce M.
Published: August 2007

Parents or caretakers of a child hospitalized for psychiatric or behavioral reasons have lost the ability to control the child in the home. The impatient milieu provides a structured environment where parents can observe, model and interact with the staff as they learn the techniques used by the nurses in effectively managing the child's behavior. The authors outline a four‐stage progressive plan for educating parents. The plan is modeled on the nursing process as a format for teaching, and provides step‐by‐step instructions for parents.
Two Weeks Post‐Death Report by Parents of Siblings' Grieving Experience
Authors: Finke Linda M. , Birenbaum Linda K. , Chand Neelam
Published: August 2007

Nurses who work with children and families need to be aware of the impact that the death of sibling has on children. Although many children have experienced losses, the loss of a sibling of course has a tremendous affect. Nurses must educate parents and children about death and the affect on the entire family. Siblings should be involved in the communication about the impending death and in the funeral arrangements. Open communication between the dying child, the siblings and the parents is very important. Young children will have different needs than older children because of their difficulty in understanding the finality of death. It is natural for parents to try to protect their children from unpleasant experiences such as death and dying. Research supports the dying process including the funeral. Children and their families need support through out the dying experience including follow up after the actual death. They need to be assured that their feelings and actions are common to others that have suffered a significant loss.
Seclusion and Restraint: What We Need to Know
Authors: Walsh Elaine , Randell Brooke P.
Published: August 2007

Seclusion and restraint are controversial, restrictive interventions employed by psychiatric nurses in response to patient violence. While these interventions are used widely, relatively little is known about them. There is little support in the literature for the efficacy of seclusion and restraint. Although it seems impractical to suggest that seclusion and restraint be eliminated, many questions about these processes are unanswered. Nurses are in an ideal position to conduct studies related to patients' behavior and the use of seclusion and restraint. This article presents a review of the literature related to seclusion and restraint and suggests areas for future research.
Global and Multidimensional Self‐Concept as a Predictor of Health Practices in Middle Adolescents
Authors: McCaleb Alberta
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE. To describe the relationship between global and multidimensional aspects of self‐concept and the health practices of adolescents.

METHODS. A total of 195 adolescents, ages 14‐17, who attended two Senior high schools within rural county in a Southeastern state completed research questionnaires.

RESULTS. The adolescents in this sample scored average or slightly above average for global self‐concept on the Piers‐Harris Self‐Concept Scale. Adolescents scored lowest in the health‐related behavior of time spent eating a balanced diet and highest in the area of safety.

The single highest correlation between self‐concept and self‐care practices was between the total health practice score and global self‐concept.

CONCLUSIONS. The results suggest that an individual's knowledge, feelings of worth related to status at school, and level of anxiety and stress are important predictors of health behavior.
Understanding Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Dashiff Carol J.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND. When children are acutely ill and life is threatened, separation anxiety can develop in parents and children. Separation anxiety has been studied through two traditions—as a normative phenomenon and as a disorder.

SOURCE. A comprehensive review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE. To analyze and evaluate the literature to derive clinical and research implications.

CONCLUSIONS. Support was found for the development of interventions beyond the developmental stage of early childhood. The need for a family approach was evident.
Adolescents' Perceived Barriers to Healthcare Services
Authors: Rew Lynn
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To explore adolescents' perceptions of information needed to feel both mentally and physically healthy and their perceptions of barriers that exist to obtaining health‐care services related to these needs.

METHODS. A convenience sample of 64 adolescents ages 11‐18 years, living in a metropolitan southern community. Content analysis was used to analyze the written responses of the subjects to open‐ended questions.

FINDINGS. Adolescents wanted information about what activities were defined as healthy and unhealthy, including facts about exercise, nutrition, and expressing feelings. Perceived barriers included money, time, personal characteristics, parents, and unavailability of appropriate resources.

CONCLUSIONS. Findings have implications for designing services to meet the mental health care and educational needs of adolescents. Involving adolescents in the planning of these services is an important step in promoting health and self‐care competence.
Psychological Correlates of Adolescent Depression
Authors: Brage Diane , Campbell‐Grossman Christie , Dunkel Jennifer
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To identify psychological correlates of adolescent depression.

METHODS. The subjects (N = 156) represented a convenience sample of adolescents who were attending public high schools in four Midwestern rural communities. Instruments used were: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of Children, Loneliness Inventory‐Short Form, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Family Strengths Inventory, and Parent‐Adolescent Communication Inventory.

FINDINGS. Higher levels of depression were associated with loneliness (r = .646, p ≤ .002) and low self‐esteem (r = .596, p ≤ .002). Depression was negatively related to family strengths (r = ‐.293, p ≤ .002). Older adolescents were more depressed than younger adolescents (r = .332, p ≤ .002). A stepwise regression identified three pertinent factors associated with depression: loneliness, self‐esteems, and age.

CONCLUSION. Implications for nursing practice include interventions that minimize the exacerbating factors associated with depression in the adolescent population.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fopma‐Loy Joan
Published: August 2007

Opening the Door: A Treatment Model for Therapy With Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse. A. Crowder.
Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy With Children: An Overview and Case Report
Authors: Willoughby Catherine L. , Hradek Elizabeth A. , Richards Nancy R.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has become more common in the treatment ofadults with refractory mood disorders and psychotic disorders but it remains one of the least common therapies for mental illness in children. In a small number of child psychiaty cases, symptoms are severe and unresponsive to standard pharmacological and other therapies. With these patients, ECT might be helpful.

PURPOSE. This article provides an overview of ECT, indications for its use and a case report that illustrates the successful use of ECT with an 8‐year‐old girl with psychotic depression. Implications for multidisciplinary care are discussed, including preparation of the patient and family, assessment of response to ECT, management of adverse effects, preparation for discharge and discharge care.

SOURCES. Existing literature on the use of ECT in adults, adolescents, and children and the clinical experience of providing care to an 8‐year‐old patient on an acute care inpatient unit.

CONCLUSIONS. Nurses and other healthcare personnel should consider ECT in refractory cases of major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders.
Factors in Childhood Drug and Alcohol Use: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Finke Linda M. , Bowman C. Ann
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Drug and alcohol use in children.

PURPOSE. To identify the prevalence of drug and alcohol use in children 12 and younger and the factors associated with this use.

SOURCE. A review of the literature.

CONCLUSIONS. The identified factors include: a) dijferences in use between boys and girls; b) influence of family members' drug and alcohol use; c) influence of peers; d) the child's self‐esteem; and e) the child's knowledge about drug and alcohol use. Awareness by child psychiatric nurses of the identified factors is crucial to prevent, assess, and treat the problem of drug and alcohol use by children.
Self‐Mutilating Behavior
Authors: Kehrberg Corinne
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The phenomenon of self‐mutilating behnvior.

PURPOSE. Self‐mutilating behavior (SMB) creates serious management problems in psychiatric settings and typically begins in adolescence. In order to plan and provide effective nursing interventions, it is necessary nurses be knowledgeable about the phenomenon. This paper provides definitions, historical views, and types of SMB, along with a description of current research and speculations about intent. This framework offers a background to nursing interventions focused on identifying at‐risk adolescents and treating this bewildering behavior.

SOURCES. Published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. Mental health professionals find treatment of SMB a challenge and nursing is in a unique position to provide effective interventions.
Emotional Development in Infancy: Theoretical Models and Nursing Implications
Authors: Kearney Joan A.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Theories of emotional development in infancy that are relevant to clinical practice.

PURPOSE. A discussion of the complementary theories such as EmdeS (1989) psycho‐analytically based developmental model of early socioemotional reorganizations and Stern's (1985a) model of the developing self, with the goal of presenting an integrated view of key socioemotional processes and their developmental foundations during infancy. Concepts such as “emotional availability” and “affect attunement” are examined as vehicles for early socioemotional organization and adaptation.

SOURCES. Relevant literature from nursing, child psychiatry, and developmental psychology.

CONCLUSIONS. Implications are drawn from clinical assessment of high‐risk caregiver‐infant relationships and early causal pathways for later socioemotional dysfunction. Nurses should focus on the importance of assessing interpersonal variables and their ongoing contribution to internalizing patterns of dysfunctional behavior in children.