bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermo-Compression Sinter-Bonding in Air Using Cu Formate/Cu Particles Mixed During Reduction of Cu2O
Authors: Choi Woo Lim , Lee Jong-Hyun
Published: May 2024

A Cu-based paste containing Cu formate and Cu particles was prepared for the compressionassisted sinter-bonding of Cu-finished wide-bandgap power devices onto a Cu-finished substrate at a relatively low bonding temperature of 250 oC in air. A mixture of Cu formate and Cu particles was designed to mitigate the tremendous volume shrinkage during reduction of Cu formate, which approaches approximately 90%, and could be a significant obstacle in the formation of a high-density bond-line. The mixture was spontaneously formed during the 15-min reduction of the initial Cu2O particles by a simple wet process using formic acid. In the bonding, pure Cu generated in situ from the Cu formate at a temperature exceeding 200 °C exhibited significant sinterability, and the generated hydrogen reduced oxide layers on the Cu finishes. Furthermore, the mixed particles resulted in low volume shrinkage in the bond-line during bonding, compared to the use of Cu formate particles alone. Consequently, a robust die shear strength of 22.2 MPa was achieved by sinterbonding for even 10 min at low temperature and the compression of 10 MPa, even though Cu oxide shells were formed in the bond-line because of the long sintering in air. The simple wet process provided an efficient preparation of an effective filler system before the paste formulation for the sinter-bonding.
Mg-Composition Dependent Cycle Stability in Zn1-xMgxO Li-ion Battery: Transition from Electronic Transport-Limited to Ionic Transport Limited Cycles
Authors: Park Byoungnam
Published: May 2024

This study explores Mg-composition dependent cycle stability in a Zn1-xMgxO Li-ion battery, where battery cycles transition from an electronic transport-limited to an ionic transport limited regime. We investigated the impact of Mg doping in Zn1-xMgxO nanocrystals on Li-ion battery performance, focusing on Mg compositions between x=0.05 and x=0.15. Mg composition dependent structural and electrical properties were explored using field effect transistors (FETs) and various microscopic/spectroscopic methods. The electronic conductivity was found to be sensitive to changes in Mg composition. Consistently, the initial capacity decreased with an increase in Mg composition, aligning with the reduction in electronic conductivity due to Mg doping. However, with successive cycles, the capacity became independent of the electronic conductivity, an outcome attributed to the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the conversion reactions. Initially, Mg doping reduces electronic conductivity due to increased carrier trapping, leading to lower discharge capacity. However, as cycling progresses, the impact of Mg doping diminishes. The formation of the SEI layer becomes more influential, significantly affecting Li-ion transport. Over time, factors like SEI formation, conversion reaction dynamics, and structural changes within the electrode start to dominate the battery's capacity, rather than the initial electronic conductivity influenced by Mg doping. This understanding can guide the development of materials with lower resistance, facilitating faster charging and discharging rates. More importantly, this study indicates that the initial capacity is closely tied to the conductivity of the Zn1-xMgxO material.
An Examination of Bronze Vessel Technology in the Unified Silla Period: Case Study on the Bronzes Excavated from Gwanbuk-ri Site in Buyeo
Authors: Kim So Jin , Han Woo Rin , Kim Young Do
Published: May 2024

Archaeological excavations in Buyeo had revealed Bronze vessels interred within a hole in the building at the Gwanbuk-ri site. These bronze vessels are dated to the Unified silla period (9-10th centuries). To identify the bronze vessels’ manufacturing technology, metallurgical analyses were carried out using Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS and EPMA. The results allowed a reconstruction of the manufacturing process of bronze vessels in the Unified silla. It proved that bronze vessels were manufactured with Cu-Sn alloy with varying tin contents, which may be related to the application of uncontrolled procedures in making the bronze alloys. Also a casting process was used to shape the bronze vessels and the strength and hardness of the container were improved through a quenching process. Twins were observed in one of the samples, so it was assumed that hot working had been attempted. Non-metallic inclusions in bronze vessels have circular or polygonal shapes, and Cu and S were detected. The presence of Cu-S inclusions showed the probable use of copper sulphide ores for metal production and smelting. Se and Te in the inclusions of the bronze vessels show that the copper ore is different. From the results of metallurgical analyses of bronze vessels excavated from other regions of the same era, casting and quenching treatments were confirmed, and the sequential relationship of the technological system was revealed.
Effects of Superheating Treatment on the Microstructure, Tensile and Thermal Conductivity Properties of Fe-Bearing Al-10Si-Mg Casting Alloy
Authors: Jang Jin-Hyeok , Kang Tae-Hoon , Euh Kwang-jun , Cho Young-Hee , Lee Kee-Ahn
Published: May 2024

In this study, we designed and manufactured a new Fe-bearing Al-10Si-Mg casting alloy (F alloy) and investigated its microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity. Two types of Fe-bearing Al-10Si-Mg alloys were used: the Conventional-F alloy, injected at 720 ℃ and cooled by water quenching, and the Superheated-F alloy, heated to 820 ℃ and maintained at that temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, it underwent a degassing process at 720 ℃ before being cooled by water quenching. Both the Conventional-F alloy and the Superheated-F alloy exhibited dendritic microstructures and Fe-intermetallic compounds. The Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS) of the Conventional-F alloy measured 32.4 μm, whereas the Superheated-F alloy measured 28.6 μm. Additionally, the average eutectic Si sizes were 10.3 μm for the Conventional-F alloy and 7.7 μm for the Superheated-F alloy. Fe-rich IMCs were observed in the eutectic region, with their size decreasing due to the superheating treatment. Tensile tests at room temperature were conducted at a strain rate of 10-3/s. The Conventional-F alloy exhibited a yield strength (YS) of 93.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 183 MPa, and an elongation (El.) of 6.4%. Conversely, the Superheated-F alloy displayed a YS of 115.4 MPa, UTS of 218.2 MPa, and an El. of 5.1%. The mechanical properties notably improved with the superheating treatment. Regarding thermal conductivity, the Conventional-F alloy exhibited 114.9 W/m·K, while the Superheated-F alloy displayed 153.7 W/m·K. This represents a roughly 14% increase compared to the thermal conductivity of the commercial Al-10Si-Mg material (Silafont36: 135.1 W/m·K). The effects of the Superheating Treatment on microstructural characteristics, deformation behavior, and thermal conductivity of the Fe-bearing Al-10Si-Mg casting alloys were discussed.
The Role of Civil Society in Preventing Children from Smoking at Malaysia
Authors: Kertati Indra , Aeni Candra , Panggabean Christina Innocenti Innocenti Tumiar , Abdullah Dessy , Amelia Rinita
Published: May 2024

Smoking among teenagers has become a global issue that concerns both society and governments. Global data shows that, on average, more than 25 percent of children in each country smoke. In developing countries, this number far exceeds that of developed countries. The latest trend among children under 18 years old is shifting from conventional to electronic cigarettes. The dangers of both are no longer being considered as the trend of electronic cigarettes is on the rise. Statistics from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) indicate that the majority of children who smoke come from smoking families. Children exposed to adult smokers will experience health problems in addition to participating in smoking. The Indonesian School Kuala Lumpur (SIKL) is concerned about children picking up the habit of smoking; therefore, they hope to raise awareness among children to protect them from the dangers of smoking, both conventional and electronic. The aim of this Community Service is to increase awareness among students at SIKL to understand the dangers of smoking. The method used includes lectures and interactive discussions to stimulate children to think positively. The results of the community service show that children were enthusiastic and willing to remind each other if they encounter peers or friends smoking, including reminding their extended family members who smoke. Children were also enthusiastic about avoiding smokers to prevent themselves from becoming passive smokers. Therefore, it can be concluded that raising awareness about the dangers of smoking and the involvement of civil society in preventing smoking among children are crucial in controlling the spread of smoking-related diseases
Meningkatkan Kepedulian dan Peran Aktif Masyarakat dalam Memakmurkan Mushola Al-Taqwa SD Kanyoran di Kec. Semen Kediri Jawa Timur
Authors: Risni Titin Widya
Published: May 2024

This activity is prompted by the declining concern of the community towards Mushola At-Taqwa in Kediri, attributed to social and cultural changes, lack of spiritual understanding, and inadequate physical conditions. The aim of this community service is to enhance awareness towards the mosque through religious education, facility improvements, and the organization of engaging social and religious activities. The Participatory Action Research (PAR) method is utilized, involving active participation from students and the community. The results of this activity indicate that Mushola At-Taqwa has the potential to become a beneficial center for religious activities. Efforts to increase community awareness of various activities at the mosque are carried out through religious education, facility improvements, and other religious social activities. Activities include prayer education, mosque repairs, Friday Blessings programs, and Storytelling Safaris. The activities of Mushola At-Taqwa support SDG 4 Quality Education by enhancing the literacy, numeracy, morality, and character of students. Social and religious activities foster solidarity, tolerance, and patriotism. This contribution helps prepare resilient and moral young generations for a sustainable and prosperous future
Ontological Thoughts about Difference and Diversity on the Autism Spectrum
Authors:   Korean Association For Persons With Autism, Lee Weon-hee
Published: May 2024

This study aims to understand the neurological differences in the autism spectrum and to propose a neurodiversity ontology that enables people with autism and neurotypical people to coexist through human nature. To this end, I first present the neurological differences on the autism spectrum through recent neuroscience research. Based on this, I present the content and limitations of the theory of mind hypotheses related to autism and examine the causal relationship between the theory of mind and difficulties in social interaction and sensory perception. Next, neurodiversity is presented as a new discourse that can coexist with people with autism by leveraging human nature traits such as empathy, cooperative communication, and affinity, as claimed by evolutionary theory. Regardless of how well the individual functions, autism-related challenges should be supported rather than cured. The emphasis was on respecting people with autism for their individuality or identities. Finally, we are all neurodiverse individuals with cognitive and existential differences. Interdependence is described as a way of life in which a community of neurodiverse people can coexist. Neurodiversity is fundamentally an ontology in the sense that it recognizes human differences and respects diversity. Neurodiversity is fundamentally an ontology in the sense that it recognizes human differences and respects diversity. Neurodiversity can be a new discourse that contemplates the meaning of all beings with temporal differences and honors people with autism who live another way of life.
The Subfields of [Regional] Studies
Authors: Walsh Michael
Published: May 2024

The field of regional studies remains a fuzzy branch of knowledge. The structure of regional studies remains the subject of considerable debate within the scholarly community. Such a disagreement over its building blocks and their relationships represents a major barrier to the further development of the field as an interdisciplinary endeavor. In pursuit of progress, it may be helpful to take a closer look at general taxonomies that can be used to classify and/or categorize the core concepts that are located within this field of study., This article attempts to do just that. After considering the relevant core concepts, it proposes a lightweight ontology that could be used to formally define the subfields of regional studies and the relations that exist between them. To be clear, the adoption of this generalized way of thinking would mark a radical departure from the status quo.
Diversity, equity and inclusion in One Health could crucially support prevention of health threats, but a change in mindset is needed
Authors: Robbiati Claudia
Published: May 2024

One Health (OH) has been recognized as an approach to enhance the health of the environment, plants, animals and humans and to promote global health security. However, implementing OH is difficult, since it requires effective and equitable collaboration, communication and sharing. The OH High-Level Expert Panel definition of OH sets principles of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) at its core. We argue that, by addressing the barriers that hamper OH to adhere to these principles, the implementation of the approach could be significantly enhanced. A rapid review of the literature was conducted, followed by semi-structured interviews of twelve OH practitioners from the Women for OH Network. Barriers to full implementation of the OH principles were grouped into the following categories: structural, conceptual, governance, power dynamics, participation and representation, and knowledge systems, with mindset being an overarching barrier. Crucially, a commitment to realize DEI in OH could support a shift to prevention, through the engagement of various disciplines (environmental and social sciences), actors (communities, civil society, donors, private sector) and poorly represented groups (Indigenous people, farmers, individuals from low- and middle-income countries and especially women across these groups), which are intimately connected with the drivers unlaying the emergence of health threats. Priority actions to address these barriers will require a change of mindset at all levels. Therefore, we recommend advocacy, awareness, capacity building and co-development with communities regarding the incorporation of DEI into OH in an iterative process.
The Impact of Social Pressure on High-Income Working Mothers In Academia
Authors: Pokorski Emily , Brew Ranelle L. , Scheidel Tess
Published: May 2024

Working mothers are often displayed as superheroes for all that they manage by taking on roles like mother, professional, and homemaker, which leaves them feeling burnout. The purpose of this study is to explain social pressures impacting working mothers, who is inflicting social pressures, and what areas of their life are being impacted. Additionally, it investigates how the pandemic has changed the work-life balance and where they are spending their time. Researchers used an online Qualtrics survey to collect data from two social media platforms. A total of 272 participants filled out the questionnaire and were eligible for the study. Women who are married, live in the United States, work in academics, have at least 1 child, and bring in an individual income of over $80,000 annually were included in this study. Descriptive analysis and paired t-tests were conducted. The paired t-test was significant for women spending less time working from the office since the pandemic. Additionally, women spent significantly more time with family and working from home. The study found that since the pandemic women were spending more time with their families; however, they are having more difficulty maintaining a work-life balance. This information will help aid workplace policies to establish boundaries for working mothers. Implementing more flexibility for home activities and encouraging disconnecting from work devices are recommendations gleaned to improve this balance. However, societal norms may also need adjustment to remove the self-inflicted stress that mothers feel to be perfect in every role.
Christian Final Year College Student: Preparedness and Consciousness in Adopting Biblical Principles to Survive and Thrive in Exile During the One-Year NYSC Program
Authors: Gilbert N Alaribe , Okwuosa Lawrence , Uroko Favour
Published: May 2024

This research aims to investigate the level of awareness and readiness of final year Christian students in adopting a biblical-based exile lifestyle model. Two research questions and two hypotheses were proposed to guide this study. A descriptive survey research design was employed. The sampling technique used proportional multistage stratified random sampling method to obtain a sample size of 340 final year Christian students in State-owned colleges in Imo Province. The researcher-developed assessment scale titled "Christian Students' Awareness and Readiness Scale for Facing Life Challenges in Exile (CAPLCERS)" was utilized for data collection. This assessment scale comprises two clusters, A and B, with internal consistency reliabilities measured using Cronbach's Alpha of 0.78 and 0.82 respectively. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, while z-test was employed to test hypotheses at a significance level of 0.05. The research findings indicate that the level of awareness among final year Christian students regarding life challenges in exile during the one-year mandatory National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) program is significantly below the expected average. Meanwhile, their readiness level to adopt biblical models for survival and growth in exile is significantly above the expected average. Based on these findings, the research recommends several actions: college authorities need to equip final year students with awareness of potential life challenges they may face during the one-year NYSC program; campus Christian fellowships also need to help prepare their members with biblical models and principles that can assist Christians in surviving and thriving in exile situations; and Christian fellowships or organizations in NYSC training camps need to assist Christian Corps members in integrating and striving for welfare in their placement areas while learning to love and contribute to the growth of communities that may differ in beliefs and cultures.
OGT and OGA gene-edited human induced pluripotent stem cells for dissecting the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation in hematopoiesis
Authors: Luanpitpong Sudjit , Tangkiettrakul Kantpitchar , Kang Xing , Srisook Pimonwan , Poohadsuan Jirarat , Samart Parinya , Klaihmon Phatchanat , Janan Montira , Lorthongpanich Chanchao , Laowtammathron Chuti , Issaragrisil Surapol
Published: May 2024

Hematopoiesis continues throughout life to produce all types of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Metabolic state is a known regulator of HSC self-renewal and differentiation, but whether and how metabolic sensor O-GlcNAcylation, which can be modulated via an inhibition of its cycling enzymes O-GlcNAcase (OGA) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), contributes to hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. Herein, isogenic, single-cell clones of OGA-depleted (OGAi) and OGT-depleted (OGTi) human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were successfully generated from the master hiPSC line MUSIi012-A, which were reprogrammed from CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) containing epigenetic memory. The established OGAi and OGTi hiPSCs exhibiting an increase or decrease in cellular O-GlcNAcylation concomitant with their loss of OGA and OGT, respectively, appeared normal in phenotype and karyotype, and retained pluripotency, although they may favor differentiation toward certain germ lineages. Upon hematopoietic differentiation through mesoderm induction and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, we found that OGA inhibition accelerates hiPSC commitment toward HSPCs and that disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis affects their commitment toward erythroid lineage. The differentiated HSPCs from all groups were capable of giving rise to all hematopoietic progenitors, thus confirming their functional characteristics. Altogether, the established single-cell clones of OGTi and OGAi hiPSCs represent a valuable platform for further dissecting the roles of O-GlcNAcylation in blood cell development at various stages and lineages of blood cells. The incomplete knockout of OGA and OGT in these hiPSCs makes them susceptible to additional manipulation, i.e., by small molecules, allowing the molecular dynamics studies of O-GlcNAcylation.
Climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Senegal’s semi-arid zone: role of socio-economic factors and institutional supports
Authors: Zagre Inoussa , Akinseye Folorunso Mathew , Worou Omonlola Nadine , Kone Mama , Faye Aliou
Published: May 2024

In dryland agricultural systems, developing appropriate climate-smart technology (CST) options is important to adapt agriculture to climate change and transition toward sustainability, as well as increasing productivity and incomes. This study examines the impact of socio-economic and institutional support on community responses to climate change and the impact of changes in three selected regions of Senegal (Meouane, Thiel, and Daga Birame), which fall within different rainfall gradients. It captures community perceptions of climate change, compares them to long-term meteorological data, and identifies site-specific response strategies. Communities are randomly selected from a list of communities within the target sites. We used a two-stage stratified sampling method to select sample households. First, purposive sampling was conducted to select at least six (6) villages as a cluster within each rainfall gradient. Likewise, the selection of households in each cluster was based on the main value chains of crops grown in the study area, namely groundnut, millet, black pea, and livestock. A total of 145 households participated in this study. Data from surveys conducted during the 2022 post-harvest season were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit models. The analysis found that smallholders have a comprehensive understanding of climate indicators, including annual rainfall, shortened crop seasons, and rising temperatures, compared to historical data trends. Additionally, the results highlight how farmers view the negative impacts of seasonal rainfall deficiencies (72%), delayed start of the growing season (88%), frequent dry spells (68%), and longer dry spells (76%), which ultimately lead to decreased grain and fodder yields. The logit model also highlights the importance of socio-economic and institutional factors such as access to credit, extension services, agricultural experience, frequency of interaction with extension workers, and access to government subsidies. These factors play a crucial role in farmers’ decision to adopt CST. Given the specificity of community contexts, these insights have important implications for guiding policymakers and making it easier to reduce climate risk among smallholder farmers.
Integrating inquiry and mathematical modeling when teaching a common topic in lower secondary school: an iSTEM approach
Authors: Manunure Kevin , Leung Allen
Published: May 2024

The world has been increasingly shaped by Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). This has resulted in educational systems across the globe implementing STEM education. To reap maximum benefits, researchers are now advocating for the integration of STEM domains. In recent studies, the integration of science and mathematics has become increasingly popular. The domains are much more suitable for integration because of their fields of application and their mutual approach toward problem-solving. However, there is little empirical evidence to drive the development of a practical model for classroom implementation. This study aims to cover that gap through integrating mathematics and science concepts when teaching a common topic to two classes of Form 1 (13–14 years) students. A mathematics and a science teacher went through two cycles of lesson study, integrating and teaching the concept of density. Results show a strong synergy between the BSCS 5E instructional model of inquiry and mathematical modeling; hence the methodological approaches can be used to integrate common topics like density. Further, teacher collaboration, teacher immersion in the iSTEM practices, teacher’s knowledge, and skills of the other subject and an in-depth understanding of a problem and its contextualization, are variables that can be capitalized on to enhance the teacher’s capacity to implement innovative and integrated STEM programs effectively.
Numerical modeling of mixed convective nanofluid flow with fractal stochastic heat and mass transfer using finite differences
Authors: Arif Muhammad Shoaib , Abodayeh Kamaleldin , Nawaz Yasir
Published: May 2024

This study presents the first comprehensive numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in fractal-like mixed convective nanofluid flows. The flow of non-Newtonian nanofluids over flat and oscillating sheets is modelled mathematically, and a finite difference scheme is used to solve this model. The two-stage scheme can tackle fractal and fractal stochastic mathematical models of partial differential equations. The consistency in the mean square is proved, and Fourier series stability analysis is adopted to find stability conditions for fractal stochastic partial differential equation. The scheme is applied to solve the unsteady Casson nanofluid flow over the flat and oscillatory sheet, which affects thermal radiation, heat source, and chemical reaction. The existence of the solution is also provided for the Navier-Stokes equation of the considered flow model using fractal time derivative. The graph illustrates that the proposed fractal technique achieves faster convergence than the Crank-Nicolson approach. Applications in energy systems, materials science, and environmental engineering are just a few of the domains that could benefit from a better understanding of mixed convective nanofluid flows with fractal features, and that is what this research study hopes to accomplish. Scientists and engineers may better develop efficient and environmentally friendly systems by simulating and analyzing these complicated processes with the suggested finite difference technique.
Stress reduction and psychological therapy for IBS: a scoping review
Authors: Fernandes Anjali J. T. , Farrell Anna L. , Naveh Sara V. , Chakraborty Subhankar
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disease that is commonly associated with psychological comorbidities and maladaptive thought patterns. Previous studies report psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and gut-directed therapy (GDP) improve IBS symptom management and quality of life. This review seeks to understand the effectiveness of various psychotherapies across delivery methods for patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods

A scoping literature review of PubMed articles highlighting psychological and stress reduction treatments for IBS was conducted. 120 studies were included in the title and abstract screening. 32 studies were selected for full text review. Primary and secondary research studies that investigated the benefit of psychological therapies focusing on stress reduction and cognitive therapies for patients with gastrointestinal condition’s symptom relief met inclusion criteria for the review. 12 studies were selected for inclusion.

Results

All 12 reviewed studies reported statistically significant improvements in IBS symptoms with psychological therapies. 8 studies also addressed quality of life and reported statistically significant improvement in intervention groups. 3 studies demonstrated persistent improvement after 12 months. 2 studies compared different types of psychotherapies and reported improvements compared to control groups but no significant differences between psychotherapies. 6 studies that compared face to face therapy with minimal contact or telephone therapy showed no difference in clinical outcomes.

Discussion

Psychological therapies demonstrate reported statistically significant improvements in IBS symptoms and patient quality of life with no reported statistically significant difference across forms of healthcare delivery. Most improvements reportedly persist long-term. Further research with a broader demographic base is needed to assess the economic costs of psychological therapies and their implications for underserved communities.
TAK1 inhibition mitigates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury through reduction of oxidative stress and neuronal pyroptosis via the NRF2 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Jing , Chen Chunli , Ge Lite , Jiang Zheng , Hu Zhiping , Yin Lihong
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) often triggers oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a pivotal role in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation across various diseases. 5Z-7-Oxozeaenol (OZ), a specific inhibitor of TAK1, has exhibited therapeutic effects in various conditions. However, the impact of OZ following ICH and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to explore the possible role of OZ in ICH and its underlying mechanisms by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated pyroptosis.

Methods

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an ICH model, followed by treatment with OZ. Neurobehavioral function, blood-brain barrier integrity, neuronal pyroptosis, and oxidative stress markers were assessed using various techniques including behavioral tests, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and biochemical assays.

Results

Our study revealed that OZ administration significantly inhibited phosphorylated TAK1 expression post-ICH. Furthermore, TAK1 blockade by OZ attenuated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuroinflammation, and oxidative damage while enhancing neurobehavioral function. Mechanistically, OZ administration markedly reduced ROS production and oxidative stress by facilitating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear translocation. This was accompanied by a subsequent suppression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) activation-mediated inflammatory cascade and neuronal pyroptosis.

Discussion

Our findings highlight that OZ alleviates brain injury and oxidative stress-mediated pyroptosis via the NRF2 pathway. Inhibition of TAK1 emerges as a promising approach for managing ICH.
Assessing the potential impact of assimilating total surface current velocities in the Met Office’s global ocean forecasting system
Authors: Waters Jennifer , Martin Matthew J. , Bell Michael J. , King Robert R. , Gaultier Lucile , Ubelmann Clément , Donlon Craig , Van Gennip Simon
Published: May 2024

Accurate prediction of ocean surface currents is important for marine safety, ship routing, tracking of pollutants and in coupled forecasting. Presently, velocity observations are not routinely assimilated in global ocean forecasting systems, largely due to the sparsity of the observation network. Several satellite missions are now being proposed with the capability to measure Total Surface Current Velocities (TSCV). If successful, these would substantially increase the coverage of ocean current observations and could improve accuracy of ocean current forecasts through data assimilation. In this paper, Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are used to assess the impact of assimilating TSCV in the Met Office’s global ocean forecasting system. Synthetic observations are generated from a high-resolution model run for all standard observation types (sea surface temperature, profiles of temperature and salinity, sea level anomaly and sea ice concentration) as well as TSCV observations from a Sea surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) like satellite. The assimilation of SKIM like TSCV observations is tested over an 11 month period. Preliminary experiments assimilating idealised single TSCV observations demonstrate that ageostrophic velocity corrections are not well retained in the model. We propose a method for improving ageostrophic currents through TSCV assimilation by initialising Near Inertial Oscillations with a rotated incremental analysis update (IAU) scheme. The OSSEs show that TSCV assimilation has the potential to significantly improve the prediction of velocities, particularly in the Western Boundary Currents, Antarctic Circumpolar Current and in the near surface equatorial currents. For global surface velocity the analysis root-mean-square-errors (RMSEs) are reduced by 23% and there is a 4-day gain in forecast RMSE. There are some degradations to the subsurface in the tropics, generally in regions with complex vertical salinity structures. However, outside of the tropics, improvements are seen to velocities throughout the water column. Globally there are also improvements to temperature and sea surface height when TSCV are assimilated. The TSCV assimilation largely corrects the geostrophic ocean currents, but results using the rotated IAU method show that the energy at inertial frequencies can be improved with this method. Overall, the experiments demonstrate significant potential benefit of assimilating TSCV observations in a global ocean forecasting system.
Case report: Light-chain amyloidosis responsive to selinexor in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone (SDd) therapy
Authors: Long Xiaolu , An Ning , Li Chunhui , Zhu Hui , Li Haojie , Yu Qiuxia , Que Yimei , Xu Menglei , Li Zhe , Chen Wei , Wang Shuai , Wang Di , Li Chunrui
Published: May 2024

The outcome of AL amyloidosis remains poor, particularly in patients with advanced organ involvement which takes long time to recovery. We conducted an observational study of two patients with AL amyloidosis treated with SDd regimen. Both patients successfully achieved significant hematological and organ responses without severe adverse events, and the time to organ response was remarkably shorter than previously reported. Notably, an over 15% reduction in interventricular septal thickness (IVST) was observed in patient#2 within 6 months. Up to now, SDd therapy has not been previously reported in AL amyloidosis and may be a promising option for these patients.
Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana to Bactrocera dorsalis and effects on its natural predators
Authors: Li Xin-lian , Zhang Jing-jing , Li Dou-dou , Cai Xin-yan , Qi Yi-xiang , Lu Yong-yue
Published: May 2024

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are economical and environmentally friendly, forming an essential part of integrated pest management strategies. We screened six strains of Beauveria bassiana (B1–B6) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), of which B4 was the most virulent to Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). We further assessed the biological characteristics of strain B4 and the environmental factors influencing its ability to infect B. dorsalis. We also evaluated the effects of B4 on two of the natural predators of B. dorsalis. We found that strain B4 was the most virulent to 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adult B. dorsalis, causing mortality rates of 52.67, 61.33, and 90.67%, respectively. B4 was not toxic to B. dorsalis eggs. The optimum B4 effects on B. dorsalis were achieved at a relative humidity of 91–100% and a temperature of 25°C. Among the six insecticides commonly used for B. dorsalis control, 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate had the strongest inhibitory effect on B4 strain germination. B4 spraying affected both natural enemies (Amblyseius cucumeris and Anastatus japonicus), reducing the number of A. cucumeris and killing A. japonicus adults. We found a valuable strain of EPF (B4) that is virulent against many life stages of B. dorsalis and has great potential for the biological control of B. dorsalis. We also provide an important theoretical and practical base for developing a potential fungicide to control B. dorsalis.
Update on feline calicivirus: viral evolution, pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and control
Authors: Wei Yanquan , Zeng Qiaoying , Gou Huitian , Bao Shijun
Published: May 2024

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a prevalent and impactful viral pathogen affecting domestic cats. As an RNA virus, FCV exhibits high mutability and genetic plasticity, enabling its persistence within cat populations. Viral genetic diversity is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infections and mild oral and upper respiratory tract diseases to the potential development of virulent systemic, and even fatal conditions. This diversity poses distinctive challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by FCV. Over the past four decades, research has significantly deepened understanding of this pathogen, with an emphasis on molecular biology, evolutionary dynamics, vaccine development, and disease management strategies. This review discusses various facets of FCV, including its genomic structure, evolution, innate immunity, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and approaches to disease management. FCV remains a complex and evolving concern in feline health, requiring continuous research to enhance understanding of its genetic diversity, to improve vaccine efficacy, and to explore novel treatment options.
Real-world Chinese herbal medicine for Parkinson's disease: a hospital-based retrospective analysis of electronic medical records
Authors: Lyu Shaohua , Zhang Claire Shuiqing , Mao Zhenhui , Guo Xinfeng , Li Zhe , Luo Xiaodong , Sun Jingbo , Su Qiaozhen
Published: May 2024

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Chinese medicine therapies have demonstrated effectiveness for PD in controlled settings. However, the utilization of Chinese medicine therapies for PD in real-world clinical practice and the characteristics of patients seeking these therapies have not been thoroughly summarized.

Method

The study retrospectively analyzed initial patient encounters (PEs) with a first-listed diagnosis of PD, based on electronic medical records from Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine between July 2018 and July 2023.

Results

A total of 3,206 PEs, each corresponding to an individual patient, were eligible for analyses. Approximately 60% of patients made initial visits to the Chinese medicine hospital after receiving a PD diagnosis, around 4.59 years after the onset of motor symptoms. Over 75% of the patients visited the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic at their initial visits, while a mere 13.85% visited PD Chronic Care Clinic. Rest tremor (61.98%) and bradykinesia (52.34%) are the most commonly reported motor symptoms, followed by rigidity (40.70%). The most commonly recorded non-motor symptoms included constipation (31.88%) and sleep disturbance (25.27%). Integration of Chinese medicine and conventional medicine therapies was the most common treatment method (39.15%), followed by single use of Chinese herbal medicine (27.14%). The most frequently prescribed herbs for PD included Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (gan cao), Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (huang qi), Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (bai zhu), Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (dang gui), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (di huang), Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (bai shao), Bupleurum chinense DC. (chai hu), Citrus aurantium L. (zhi qiao/zhi shi/chen pi), Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (ren shen), and Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (fu ling). These herbs contribute to formulation of Bu zhong yi qi tang (BZYQT).

Conclusion

Patients typically initiated Chinese medical care after the establishment of PD diagnosis, ~4.59 years post-onset of motor symptoms. The prevalent utilization of CHM decoctions and patented Chinese herbal medicine products, underscores its potential in addressing both motor and non-motor symptoms. Despite available evidence, rigorous clinical trials are needed to validate and optimize the integration of CHM, particularly BZYQT, into therapeutic strategies for PD.
Testosterone deficiency worsens mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Zhang Tianyun , Chu Yun , Wang Yue , Wang Yu , Wang Jinyang , Ji Xiaoming , Zhang Guoliang , Shi Geming , Cui Rui , Kang Yunxiao
Published: May 2024

Background

Recent studies show testosterone (T) deficiency worsens cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as an early event of AD, is becoming critical hallmark of AD pathogenesis. However, currently, whether T deficiency exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction of men with AD remains unclear.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of T deficiency on mitochondrial dysfunction of male AD mouse models and its potential mechanisms.

Methods

Alzheimer’s disease animal model with T deficiency was performed by castration to 3-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. Hippocampal mitochondrial function of mice was analyzed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. The gene expression levels related to mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics were determined through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot analysis. SH-SY5Y cells treated with flutamide, T and/or H2O2 were processed for analyzing the potential mechanisms of T on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Results

Testosterone deficiency significantly aggravated the cognitive deficits and hippocampal pathologic damage of male APP/PS1 mice. These effects were consistent with exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction by gonadectomy to male APP/PS1 mice, reflected by further increase in oxidative damage and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, complex IV activity and ATP levels. More importantly, T deficiency induced the exacerbation of compromised mitochondrial homeostasis in male APP/PS1 mice by exerting detrimental effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics at mRNA and protein level, leading to more defective mitochondria accumulated in the hippocampus. In vitro studies using SH-SY5Y cells validated T’s protective effects on the H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial biogenesis impairment, and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance. Administering androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide weakened the beneficial effects of T pretreatment on H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells, demonstrating a critical role of classical AR pathway in maintaining mitochondrial function.

Conclusion

Testosterone deficiency exacerbates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction of male APP/PS1 mice by accumulating more defective mitochondria. Thus, appropriate T levels in the early stage of AD might be beneficial in delaying AD pathology by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics.
Hormonal and circuit mechanisms controlling female sexual behavior
Authors: Inoue Sayaka
Published: May 2024

Sexual behavior is crucial for reproduction in many animals. In many vertebrates, females exhibit sexual behavior only during a brief period surrounding ovulation. Over the decades, studies have identified the roles of ovarian sex hormones, which peak in levels around the time of ovulation, and the critical brain regions involved in the regulation of female sexual behavior. Modern technical innovations have enabled a deeper understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms controlling this behavior. In this review, I summarize our current knowledge and discuss the neural circuit mechanisms by which female sexual behavior occurs in association with the ovulatory phase of their cycle.
Blood-brain barrier disruption and hemorrhagic transformation in acute stroke before endovascular reperfusion therapy
Authors: Liang Yuchen , Yu Yang , Liu Jiaxin , Li Xuewei , Chen Xue , Zhou Hongwei , Guo Zhen-Ni
Published: May 2024

Background and purpose

Early blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can be detected on perfusion computed tomography (PCT) images before undergoing reperfusion therapy. In this study, we aimed to determine whether early disruption of the BBB predicts intracranial hemorrhage transformation (HT) in patients with AIS undergoing endovascular therapy and further identify factors influencing BBB disruption.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed general clinical and imaging data derived from 159 consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation stroke who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Hospital of Jilin University, and who underwent endovascular treatment between January 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023. We evaluated the relationship between BBB destruction and intracranial HT before endovascular reperfusion therapy and examined the risk factors for early BBB destruction.

Results

A total of 159 patients with assessable BBB leakage were included. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 63 (54–70) years, 108 (67.9%) patients were male, and the median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS) score was 12 (10–15). Follow-up non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) detected HT in 63 patients. After logistic regression modeling adjustment, we found that BBB leakage in the true leakage area was slightly more than 2-fold risk of HT (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–3.92). Heart rate was also associated with HT (OR, 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00–1.05). High Blood–brain barrier permeability (BBBP) in the true leakage area was positively correlated with infarct core volume (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05).

Conclusion

Early BBB destruction before endovascular reperfusion therapy was associated with HT, whereas high BBBP correlated positively with infarct core volume.
Need of orthogonal approaches in neurological disease modeling in mouse
Authors: Bossini Linda , Sessa Alessandro
Published: May 2024

Over the years, advancements in modeling neurological diseases have revealed innovative strategies aimed at gaining deeper insights and developing more effective treatments for these complex conditions. However, these progresses have recently been overshadowed by an increasing number of failures in clinical trials, raising doubts about the reliability and translatability of this type of disease modeling. This mini-review does not aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in disease mouse modeling. Instead, it offers a brief excursus over some recent approaches in modeling neurological diseases to pinpoint a few intriguing strategies applied in the field that may serve as sources of inspiration for improving currently available animal models. In particular, we aim to guide the reader toward the potential success of adopting a more orthogonal approach in the study of human diseases.