bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF POST-TREATMENT TEMPERATURE ON THE CONTACT TOXICITY OF CYPERMETHRIN SPRAY TO ADULTS OF THE FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE)
Authors: Burgess L. , Hinks C.F.
Published: November 2009

In 1982, the synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin, was among the insecticides recommended as a spray for control of adult flea beetles attacking canola crops in Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Agriculture 1982). Growers reported some problems with its effectiveness at the recommended rates of 14–20 g AI/ha, however, and the recommendation for its use against flea beetles was subsequently discontinued. Laboratory spray trials were begun in 1982 to determine if post-treatment temperature affected the contact toxicity of cypermethrin to adults of the major pest species, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), and if the dosage that had been recommended was adequate as a contact spray.
SAMPLING STATISTICS AND A SAMPLING SCHEME FOR THE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Raworth D.A.
Published: November 2009

A series of samples of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, from 16 experimental populations on “Totem” strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duch., were examined to determine the index of dispersion, the variance–mean relationship, the distribution, and the relationship between the mean number of T. urticae/leaflet and the proportion of leaflets without T. urticae. The slope of the variance–mean relationship, 1.64 ± 0.0355(SE), did not differ between sample dates but the intercept decreased significantly (p < 0.01) from 2.56 ± 0.0969 before harvest to 1.76 ± 0.140 during harvest. At 0.0136 T. urticae/leaflet before harvest and 0.0644 T. urticae/leaflet during harvest, the variance equaled the mean, implying that at these densities the data followed the Poisson distribution. Above these densities the data were overdispersed, most samples conforming with the negative binomial distribution but some tending towards greater dispersion than the negative binomial. There was no common k for the negative binomial nor did the data fit the expectation for 1/k that was consistent with the variance–mean relationship. A distribution-free sampling scheme based on the sample mean and the proportion of leaflets without T. urticae () was developed. Tetranychus urticae density can be quickly determined in the field using the naked eye, by iteratively observing leaflets for the presence or absence of T. urticae and referring to a small table that gives both the mean density for a given and the number of leaflets required to obtain a specified standard error.
CORRELATION BETWEEN FLIGHT TRAP RESPONSE AND FOLIAR DENSITIES OF CITRUS BLACKFLY, ALEUROCANTHUS WOGLUMI (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Summy K.R. , Gilstrap F.E. , Hart W.G.
Published: November 2009

Translucent fluorescent yellow flight traps were significantly more attractive to citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, than opaque yellow and clear traps. Significant correlations were obtained between trap catches of adult A. woglumi and foliar densities of adults and sedentary immature stages. The biological interpretation of such correlations and potential use of flight traps to monitor population trends of A. woglumi are discussed.
THECOLORADENSIS,XERAMPELINA,LAPPONICA, ANDTESQUORUMGROUPS OF THE GENUSPARDOSA(ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Dondale C.D. , Redner J.H.
Published: November 2009

This paper treats taxonomically 10 North American species of the genusPardosa. Thecoloradensisgroup contains only the three speciesPardosa metlakatlaEmerton, 1917,Pardosa coloradensisBanks, 1894, andPardosa ontariensisGertsch, 1933 (=Pardosa pristinaFox, 1937, new synonym). Thexerampelinagroup contains three Nearctic species, namely,Pardosa diuturnaFox, 1937,Pardosa xerampelina(Keyserling, 1877) (=Pardosops impavidulaRoewer, 1954, new synonym), andPardosa nordicolensChamberlin and Ivie, 1947. Thelapponicagroup comprises the Holarctic speciesPardosa lapponica(Thorell, 1872) (=Pardosa harperiBishop, 1949, new synonym) and the NearcticPardosa concinna(Thorell, 1877). Thetesquorumgroup is composed of the Holarctic speciesPardosa tesquorum(Odenwall, 1901) and the NearcticPardosa mulaikiGertsch, 1934.
ABSENCE OF FATTY ACID GERMINATION INHIBITORS FOR CONIDIA OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON THE INTEGUMENT OF THE BARK BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Hunt D.W.A.
Published: November 2009

Ether extracts from Eurygaster integriceps (Evlakhova and Chekhourina 1962) and Bombyx mori (Koidsumi 1957) have been found to inhibit germination of conidia of the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and of Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Free fatty acids, such as caprylic acid, which inhibit the germination of B. bassiana conidia (Smith and Grula 1981), have been found on the cuticle of several insects (Smith and Grula 1982; Saito and Aoki 1983). However, Smith and Grula (1982) found that the toxicity of free fatty acids to B. bassiana conidia in vitro is dependent on the nutritional conditions present. The germination of B. bassiana conidia onthe integument of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is seldom observed without nutrient enhancement (Hunt et al. 1984). My objective was to determine whether the relative absence of conidial germination on D. ponderosae cuticle is due in part to the action of toxic free fatty acids.
CHANGES IN HEMOLYMPH PROTEINS IN RELATION TO DORMANCY OFBARBARA COLFAXIANAKFT. AND THE INFLUENCE OF ECDYSONE AND PRECOCENE ON THE PROTEIN COMPOSITION
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Peet F.G. , Thomson A.J. , Ibaraki A.
Published: November 2009

Hemolymph proteins of the Douglas-fir cone moth,Barbara colfaxiana(Kft.), in the year of pupation (year P) and the next year (year P + 1) were studied by visual examination and analysis of digitized images of isoelectric focussing patterns. Differences in these proteins between light and dark individuals in year P and P + 1 were not related to dormancy duration but reflected the extent of pharate-adult development. Hormone applications were more effective in changing hemolymph proteins of light insects than those of dark ones. Changes in the hemolymph proteins of light insects in year P + 1 were not very obvious by visual examination of gels but were readily detectable by digital image analysis and showed that development occurred in these insects through June-September leading to visible pigmentation differences observable in relation to dormancy commitments of these insects.
A SPECTRAL ZONE OF COLOR PREFERENCE FOR THE ONION FLY, DELIA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), WITH REFERENCE TO THE REFLECTIVE INTENSITY OF TRAPS
Authors: Vernon R.S.
Published: November 2009

It was hypothesized that Delia antiqua (Meigen), the onion fly, would show high preference in the field for trap colors reflecting visible wavelengths between 400 and 480 nm at reflective intensities above 37%. This preferred spectral zone (PSZ) was tested in an onion field in 1984, using cardboard traps painted with 11 blue, violet, and green hues, and two PSZ reflecting colors of varying intensity. It was found that colors with peak reflective wavelengths occurring between 400 and 470 nm, at or above 30% reflectance intensity, were most preferred. Wavelength-specific reflectance intensity was shown for the first time under field conditions to influence the magnitude of color preference in the onion fly.
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF THE CARPENTER ANT, CAMPONOTUS MODOC (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), IN A GIANT SEQUOIA FOREST,
Authors: Tilles David A. , Wood David L.
Published: November 2009

The proportion of large Camponotus modoc workers returning to the nest with solid food was significantly less than that of smaller workers. The average weight of ants collected at colonies of the aphid Cinara occidentalis was significantly less than the average weight of ants collected in the vicinity of the ant nest. These data and additional observations suggest that small ants are more likely to attend aphids and transport solid food than are large ants. Some large ants may specialize in honeydew transport. Markand-recapture studies showed that workers of Camponotus modoc returned to the same trunk trails and aphid colonies from which they had previously been removed. When relocated to either the base of the tree or to the nest entrance, some workers demonstrated a capacity to recognize the original aphid colony from among as many as eight other colonies in the same tree. Some ants were observed on the same aphid colony for long periods.
GENETIC SELECTION FOR AND EVALUATION OF NONDIAPAUSE LINES OF PREDATORY MIDGE,APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA(RONDANI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Gilkeson Linda A. , Hill Stuart B.
Published: November 2009

Four lines ofAphidoletes aphidimyza(Rond.) were selected for nondiapause (one for 50 generations) under L:D 8:16 and 21 ± 1°C. In three selected lines, diapause incidence dropped rapidly in the first four or five generations, with means of 3–11% thereafter. There was no clear response to selection in the fourth line. Neither morphology nor sex ratio was affected by nondiapause selection in any lines, nor was fecundity affected in the longest-reared line. Reciprocal crosses indicated that the diapause trait was dominant; the effect of relaxing selection pressure was a gradual increase in diapause incidence after eight generations. There was a correlation between increased diapause incidence and slower development in selected lines. Diapause larvae took longer to develop than nondiapause larvae from the same line. Selection for nondiapause under L:D 8:16 with fluctuating thermoperiods was unsuccessful.
SOLAR RADIATION REFLECTIVITY OFCICINDELA REPANDAANDAGONUM DECENTIS(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Natto Christopher Van , Freitag Richard
Published: November 2009

Reflectivity of solar radiation was found to be greater for the diurnal tiger beetleCicindela repandaDéjean than for the nocturnal carabid beetleAgonum decentisSay. Elytra of both species reflected some ultraviolet radiation. The absolute intensity of reflections was not determined and it is not known whether amounts reflected were sufficient to imply any function of body coloration ofC.repanda.
THEATRATA,CUBANA,FERRUGINEA,MOESTA,MONTICOLA,SALTUARIA, ANDSOLITUDAGROUPS OF THE SPIDER GENUSPARDOSAIN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J.H.
Published: November 2009

The North American representatives of seven species groups in the genusPardosaare reviewed and are found to have the following distribution: (1) theatratagroup, represented by the widespread nearctic speciesP.fuscula(Thorell), which may or may not be conspecific withP.atrata(Thorell) of the Palaearctic; (2) thecubanagroup, represented byP.cubanaBryant of the Caribbean area; (3) theferrugineagroup, represented byP.beringianasp.n. from Alaska and Yukon Territory; (4) themoestagroup, represented by the widespread nearcticP.moestaBanks; (5) themonticolagroup, represented by the holarcticP.palustris(Linnaeus); (6) thesaltuariagroup, represented by the holarcticP.hyperborea(Thorell) and the nearcticP.californicaKeyserling; (7) thesolitudagroup, represented by the nearcticP.solitudaLevi and Levi, found only in the high Rockies.
ENERGY ACQUISITION AND ALLOCATION IN PLANTS AND INSECTS: A HYPOTHESIS FOR THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF HORMONES IN INSECT FEEDING PATTERNS
Authors: Gutierrez A.P. , Schulthess F. , Wilson L.T. , Villacorta A.M. , Ellis C.K. , Baumgaertner J.U.
Published: November 2009

A distributed delay age structure model is presented for plants and insects that describes the dynamics of per capita energy (dry matter) acquisition and allocation patterns, and the within-organism subunit (e.g. leaves, fruit, ova) number dynamics that occur during growth, reproduction, and development. Four species of plants (common bean, cassava, cotton, and tomato) and two species of insects (pea aphid and a ladybird beetle) are modeled. A common acquisition (i.e. functional response) submodel is used to estimate the daily photosynthetic rates in plants and consumption rates in pea aphid and the ladybird beetle. The focus of this work is to capture the essence of the common attributes between trophic levels across this wide range of taxa. The models are compared with field or laboratory data. A hypothesis is proposed for the observed patterns of reproduction in pea aphid and in a ladybird beetle.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECT SPECIES IN GRANARY RESIDUES IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES
Authors: Barker P.S. , Smith L.B.
Published: November 2009

The distribution of selected insect species among samples from empty farm granaries in the Prairie Provinces was determined as a guide to determining the number of samples that would have to be collected to obtain reliable estimates of the average number of these species. The number of pest and fungivorous species (adults) per sample followed a negative bionomial distribution for Manitoba data but the number of pest species adults from Sasktachewan followed a Poisson distribution. In Alberta, 39 granary samples contained only one pest species and 507 had none. The number of pests per sample from Manitoba and Saskatchewan and the number of fungivorous species from Manitoba also fitted logarithmic series.

The mean number of individuals of each species found in samples (adults or larvae) was always smaller than the variance and the distribution of insect counts followed the negative binomial distribution. Tribolium audax Halstead adults from Alberta also followed a Poisson distribution.

The numbers of samples required to provide a predetermined measure of precision for the numbers of species per sample (Manitoba data) and for the numbers of individuals per sample of 15 species (adults or larvae) for each of the three Prairie Provinces were calculated.
SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF THE SUNFLOWER STEM WEEVIL, CYLINDROCOPTURUS ADSPERSUS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: Charlet Laurence D.
Published: November 2009

The sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), is a pest of cultivated sunflower in the major production areas of North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and Texas. Adults appeared in sunflower plots between 5 and 25 June in 1980–1985, when plants had 4–14 leaves. Oviposition began soon after adults were present and continued into late August. Peak densities of both eggs and adults occurred in mid-July. Larvae hatched between 6 and 11 July, when plants were in the early flower bud growth stages. Larvae fed in the sunflower stalk and moved to the stalk base or root crown to construct overwintering chambers. The seasonal patterns of the weevil’s life stages in 6 years were similar, but population densities varied. Regression equations were developed to predict larval numbers in stalks from number of adults to aid in making control decisions.
PARASITISM BY SCELIO CALOPTENI RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) IN EGGS OF THE TWO DOMINANT MELANOPLINE SPECIES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mukerji M.K.
Published: November 2009

Parasitism by Scelio calopteni Riley in eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and M. sanguinipes (Fabr.) in Saskatchewan during 1967–1980 was highly aggregated. There was no evidence of any numerical response of the parasites to adult grasshopper density and, furthermore, change in grasshopper population density was independent of percentage parasitism. Thus, it is concluded that parasitism by S. calopteni does not play a significant role in the population dynamics of the two grasshopper species. The relationship between parasitism and wetness in August was highly significant in both grasshopper species and showed that percentage parasitism increased, but at a decreasing rate, up to a certain wetness and levelled off thereafter.
RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SIX INSECTICIDES TO MALE AND FEMALE PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Pree D.J.
Published: November 2009

The susceptibility of male and female Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) to the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, the organophosphorous insecticides azinphosmethyl and phosmet, and the carbamate insecticide methomyl, was compared in the laboratory using two populations from Norfolk County, Ontario. Female P. ornigis were more susceptible than males to permethrin. There was no sexual difference in the susceptibility of P. ornigis to the other five insecticides tested. The implications of these results for the biological control potential of P. ornigis in commercial apple orchards are discussed. The results obtained for permethrin, fenvalerate, azinphosmethyl, and methomyl were compared with those obtained in a study completed 6 years earlier using P. ornigis from another location in Ontario; the results suggest that P. ornigis from Norfolk County have low levels of resistance to permethrin (3.3-fold), fenvalerate (2.2-fold), and methomyl (4.1-fold).
RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA STEPHENS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) ON PEACH GROWN IN A PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT STRUCTURE
Authors: Hagley E.A.C. , Miles N.
Published: November 2009

Research into the feasibility of growing peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in a protected environment structure (PES) was initiated in 1981 by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food at the Horticultural Research Institute, Vineland Station (Leuty and Miles 1983).

The 0.2-ha PES comprised seven gutter-connected greenhouses, each 5.3 by 58.5 m, with 3.4-m gutter height fibreglass walls and a double polyethylene roof. Temperatures suitable for plant growth were obtained by capturing solar energy beneath the plastic enclosure. Diurnal temperatures ranged between 6 and 27°C. Relative humidity varied between 40 and 95% and remained above 90% within the covered structure for greater than 50% of the time period between bloom (March 20) and roof removal sometime in May.
THE BIOLOGY OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM MALLOCH IN ALBERTA. PART I. OBLIGATE ANAUTOGENY IN S. ARCTICUM AND OTHER BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Anderson J.R. , Shemanchuk J.A.
Published: November 2009

The primary follicles of all 291 laboratory-reared Simulium arcticum Malloch females provided with only sucrose and water did not develop beyond stage II. This was true for flies derived from field-collected eggs, larvae, or pupae, and for laboratory-reared larvae that received either standard, concentrated, or unsupplemented river water diets. Conversely, all 59 females that digested a meal of cattle blood had follicles at stage IV by 85 h and stage V (mature eggs) by 109 h post-engorgement. Simulium arcticum populations from the Athabasca and Crowsnest River were thus characterized by obligate anautogeny and gonotrophic concordance. Most non-blood-fed females were dissected and examined when 4–19 days old. The presence or absence of a meconium, quantity of fat body, and other internal features were compared in young and old non-blood-fed females.
REVISION OF THE GENUS SYNOPHROMORPHA ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE)
Authors: Ritchie Alasdair J. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: November 2009

The species of Synophromorpha Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are reviewed. One new species is described (Synophromorpha kaulbarsi; type locality: Naupan, Puebla, Mexico). The previously described species (S. rubi Weld, S. sylvestris (O.S.), and S. terricola Weld) are redescribed, and a key to species is presented. All species are illustrated for the first time. Synophromorpha sylvestris is designated type-species for the genus and a lectotype is chosen. Hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships between the species of Synophromorpha are presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. AND FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , Régnière Jacques
Published: November 2009

The spatial and statistical distribution of Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. and Free. (spruce budmoth) within the crown of white spruce (< 4 m high) was investigated in northern New Brunswick. A 15-cm branch segment, measured distally from the scales of the branch’s apical growth and taken from the upper one-third of the crown, is considered an adequate sample unit for density estimates of spruce budmoth eggs and larvae. Sample sizes required to estimate spruce budmoth larval densities with given levels of precision and confidence were determined. A sequential sampling plan to classify spruce budmoth populations as low or high (potentially leading to growth reduction and deformed leaders in white spruce) was also developed.
AN EVALUATION OF THREE TRAPS AND TWO LURES FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (OLIV.) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN CANADA, NORWAY, AND WEST GERMANY
Authors: McLean J.A. , Bakke A. , Niemeyer H.
Published: November 2009

Multiple funnel, Schlitzfalle, and drainpipe traps baited with Linoprax® or Biolure® semiochemical baiting systems for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) were evaluated in similar experiments in British Columbia, West Germany, and Norway. In British Columbia, the Biolure-baited traps caught more T. lineatum of both sexes than did Linoprax-baited traps. The Linoprax-baited traps caught more male T. lineatum in West Germany and Norway but fewer females than the Biolure system. Low percentages of female T. lineatum were often recorded at drainpipe traps.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF AN ALBERTA POPULATION OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HBN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Struble D.L. , Byers J.R. , McLeod D.G.R. , Ayre G.L.
Published: November 2009

The sex pheromone components of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), from southern Alberta were identified in washes and extracts of abdomen tips from calling female moths. This is a Z strain population as (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetates were isolated in a ratio 100:2.4, and a corresponding synthetic blend in a ratio of 100:3 attracted males in the field. Dodecyl alcohol, tetradecyl alcohol and acetate, and (Z)-11-tetradecenol were also identified, but none of these components nor other "pheromone-like" mono-unsaturated C10 to C16 acetates had any effect on increasing the trap catches of male moths under field conditions. However, the addition of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate to the synthetic pheromone blend significantly reduced the capture of male moths, even though these compounds were not detectable in the female extracts. Pheromone blends used for monitoring the Z strain of the European corn borer must be essentially free, ca.< 0.1%, of these acetates. A commercially available, sticky-surface, delta-type trap was the most satisfactory of several tested for capturing moths under prairie conditions.
CONTROLLED-RELEASE SEX PHEROMONE LURES FOR MONITORING SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS
Authors: Sanders C.J. , Meighen E.A.
Published: November 2009

Five formulations of the primary sex pheromone components of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) were evaluated as lures for monitoring spruce budworm populations: Biolures (Consep Membranes Inc.), Luretape plastic flakes (Hercon, Healthchem Corp.), polyethylene vials (International Pheromone Systems), hollow fibers (Albany International), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pellets. PVC pellets showed significant loss in attractiveness over the required 6-week period. Also, different batches of PVC pellets had very different rates of pheromone release and attraction; the oldest lures, stored for the longest period, were the most attractive. Luretape caught fewer moths than anticipated from the release-rate data and showed wide variation in catch among individual lures. Fibers were inconsistent. Biolures and polyethylene vials showed the lowest decline in attractiveness over time and the lowest variation in catch among individual lures, but their capture rates were higher than necessary.
OMALORPHANUS AENIGMA, AN UNUSUAL NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINEDAE) FROM OREGON
Authors: Campbell J.M. , Chandler D.S.
Published: November 2009

Omalorphanus new genus is described to include the new species O. aenigma from the Cascade Range of Oregon. The species is tentatively assigned to the subfamily Omaliinae, tribe Anthophagini; the characters on which this assignment is based and the morphological features that distinguish it from other Omaliinae are thoroughly discussed.
NOSEMA LOCUSTAE CANNING (MICROSPORIDA) SPORE POPULATIONS IN TREATED FIELD SOILS AND RESIDENT GRASSHOPPER POPULATIONS
Authors: Germida J.J. , Ewen A.B. , Onofriechuk E.E.
Published: November 2009

The survival and persistence of Nosema locustae Canning in field soils and resident grasshopper populations in Saskatchewan were assessed in a 3-year study. Low levels of N. locustae spores persist in soils but not on vegetation from treated fields. Large numbers of spores were sometimes detected in soil depending on the extent of infection in the resident grasshopper populations. Indigenous soil microorganisms appear to prey upon N. locustae spores or utilize nutrients during spore decomposition. Nosema locustae infection in resident grasshoppers varied, depending on the viability of the spores applied, and its level was higher following repeated (3-year) applications. Low numbers of N. locustae spores persist in soil but large populations probably will not accumulate because of leaching and because of their interaction with soil microorganisms. Spores appeared to leach through soil as a function of water movement.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. & FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE: OLETHREUTINAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Turgeon J.J. , Nelson N. , Kettela E.G.
Published: November 2009

Studies on the reproductive biology of the spruce budmoth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. & Free., were conducted in northern New Brunswick. Observations of adults under insectary conditions revealed that peak mating occurred around midnight, and that copulation lasted on average 4.3 h. The age of males and females at mating as well as their longevity is provided for both years. The pre-oviposition period was similar for both years, 6.1 and 6.3 days in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The oviposition period decreased from 6.1 days in 1984 to 4.4 days in 1985. The total fecundity was 32.9 eggs per female in 1984 and 21.8 eggs per female in 1985. The mean age-specific oviposition rate under 1984 field conditions is also presented. The importance of these results in determining the proper timing of adulticidal sprays against Z. canadensis is discussed.
THE METHOD BY WHICH LARVAE OF DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (LINTNER) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) GAIN ACCESS TO THE INTERIOR OF GALLS INDUCED BY PARADIPLOSIS TUMIFEX GAGNÉ (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Akar Hamdi , Osgood E.A.
Published: November 2009

The balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné, oviposits in newly opening buds of balsam fir. Eggs hatch in 2–3 days. First-instar larvae crawl to and usually settle on the proximal adaxial surface of developing needles. Needle tissues near the larva proliferate, and the larva appears to sink into the needle as the gall forms around the feeding site (West and Shorthouse 1982). Another gall midge, Dasineura balsamicola (Lintner), is an inquiline in the gall of P. turnifex. Its eggs are laid at approximately the same time and place as those of P. tumifex, and larvae of both species are often found in the same gall.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLOWER THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA TRITICI (FITCH)) AND ONION THRIPS (THRIPS TABACI LINDEMAN) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON SAFFLOWER IN EASTERN MONTANA
Authors: Weiss Michael John , Beshear Ramona J.
Published: November 2009

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., is an important drought-tolerant oilseed crop, used for the production of vegetable oil and protein meal. It is one of the few broadleaf crops that can be used for crop rotation in the small grains agroecosystem of the Northern Great Plains. Safflower is currently produced on about 60 000 ha in eastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota and about 10 000 ha in Alberta and Saskatchewan. There is little information available on the pest insect species on safflower in the Northern Great Plains; however, four pest species have been reported from California, including the westem flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), lygus bug (Lygus hesperus Knight), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), and the bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) (Carlson 1966, 1972).
NOTE ON OCCURRENCE OF THE LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING MOTH, NOCTUA PRONUBA (LINNAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: November 2009

The large yellow underwing moth, Noctua pronuba (L.), was first recorded as occurring in Canada by Wright and Neil (1983), when a single specimen was taken at a porch light in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 7 July 1979. Since then the species has become prevalent throughout eastern Nova Scotia. In Newfoundland, this moth was first taken at Kilbride in 1984 in a light trap and in subsequent years it was caught in light traps at Goulds and Mt. Pearl (Table 1). A total of 17 moths have been taken in light traps to date, and all but one were males. In the Palearctic, N. pronuba (L.) has been reported from North Africa through western Europe to Finland and Iceland (Wright and Neil 1983).
CAPNIA LICINA JEWETT (PLECOPTERA: CAPNIIDAE): A DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT FEMALE AND REDESCRIPTION OF THE MALE
Authors: Cannings S.G.
Published: November 2009

An extensive collection of adult Capnia licina Jewett was made in the Mount Baker area, Washington, USA, and from this the previously unknown female is described and illustrated, and the male redescribed and reillustrated.
EFFECTS OF SEVERAL INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS ON EGG HATCH AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE CABBAGE MAGGOT DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Young Terry-Lynn , Gordon Roger , Cornect Marcel
Published: November 2009

Eggs (24–28 h old) of Delia radicum (L.) were treated with the same doses of diflubenzuron, methoprene, juvenile hormone I, or precocene II. Diflubenzuron significantly reduced egg hatching compared with untreated and solvent-treated controls. Methoprene had a delayed effect, preventing eclosion of adults from pupae that subsequently developed from treated eggs. A commercial formulation of diflubenzuron, Dimilin®, significantly suppressed and delayed hatching of eggs treated when 3–7 h old but not of eggs treated when 24–48 h old. Diflubenzuron may be as effective as the commercial insecticide carbofuran in protecting rutabaga slices from damage, as all larvae that did hatch died shortly afterwards.
RESPONSE OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS, TO ETHANOL IN A LABORATORY OLFACTOMETER
Authors: Syed A. , Graham K.
Published: November 2009

Graham (1968) demonstrated that logs became attractive to ambrosia beetles after the sapwood was subjected to anaerobic conditions. Pursuing this lead, Cade et al. (1970) and Moeck (1970a, 1970b, 1971) extracted, analyzed, and bioassayed anaerobic products from western hemlock and Douglas-fir trees and ascertained that ethanol was the principal “primary attractant” to the ambrosia beetles, Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), respectively. The demonstration that ethanol enhanced the response of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, to its aggregation pheromones frontalin and seudenol (Pitrnan et al. 1975) suggested that ethanol could also be involved in the primary attraction of or host recognition by bark beetles. We report that the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is arrested to ethanol in a laboratorv olfactometer.
POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT EMERGENCE OF PTEROMALUS VENUSTUS WALKER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) DURING ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE INCUBATION
Authors: Whitfield G.H. , Richards K.W.
Published: November 2009

Pteromalus venustus Walker is the most common parasitoid associated with the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), in western Canada (Richards 1984). Leafcutter beekeepers in Canada and the United States use several methods to control P. venustus during incubation of leafcutter bee larvae, including light traps (Hobbs 1973; Richards 1984), dipping the cells in an insecticide (Brindley 1976; Parker 1979), and placing dichlorvos resin strips in the incubator (Hill et al. 1984). Previously we described the influence of temperature on survival and rate of development of the egg, larval, and pupal stages of non-diapausing P. venustus (Whitfield and Richards 1985). Here we report on the influence of temperature on rate of postdiapause development in P. venustus during leafcutter bee incubation and consider the value of this information for timing control measures for this parasitoid.
THE LOSS OF A GRAIN FUMIGANT MIXTURE OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND CARBON BISULFIDE THROUGH SEALING AND VARIOUS COVERING MATERIALS
Authors: Loschiavo S.R. , White N.D.G.
Published: November 2009

Fumigants that are liquid formulations at room temperature have been widely used to kill insects in stored products, containers, and soil. Carbon bisulfide was one of the first fumigants used on a large scale as early as 1869 and is still the main fumigant used in some parts of the world (Bond 1984). Carbon bisulfide is highly flammable (Fleming and Baker 1935) and is usually formulated with carbon tetrachloride to aid distribution of fumigants in grain masses (Berck 1958) and to reduce the fire hazard. Although carbon tetrachloride is of low toxicity to insects it causes extensive liver damage in humans (Rouiller 1964). Liquid fumigants were widely used to disinfest stored grain in the USA until recently (White et al. 1985), and are still used in many other parts of the world (FA0 1985).
PINE OIL: AN OVIPOSITION DETERRENT FOR THE ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (MEIGEN) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Javer A. , Wynne A.D. , Borden J.H. , Judd G.J.R.
Published: November 2009

Pine oil (Norpine-65, Northwest Petrochemicals) was assessed as an oviposition deterrent for gravid female onion maggots, Delia antiqua (Meigen), in two types of laboratory experiments. When given a choice for 24 h between a control onion half treated with hexane and an onion half treated with pine oil in hexane, the females oviposited preferentially on or around the control onion half. In a no-choice experiment the females laid over three times as many eggs on or around solvent control onions as on or around onions treated with 1.0% pine oil. The DC50 (deterrent concentration50) was calculated to be 0.09%. The results suggest that pine oil (or its constituents) may have potential as an oviposition deterrent under field conditions.
THE IDENTITY OFDONACIA CUPREAKIRBY, 1837, ANDDONACIA QUADRICOLLISSAY, 1827, WITH A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF MEMBERS OF THEDONACIA SUBTILISKUNZE-GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: DONACIINAE)
Authors: Askevold Ingolf S.
Published: November 2009

TheDonacia subtilisspecies-group, comprisingD.subtilisKunze,D.fulgensLeConte,D.confluentaSay, andD.tuberculifronsSchaeffer, is newly defined. A key to species, and genitalic figures of males for the species are given. Types are designated for all names where necessary.Donacia cupreaKirby, 1837 (lectotype female, BMNH, designated herein), the oldest name available forD.quadricollis,auctorum, is revalidated.Donacia quadricollisSay, 1827 (neotype male, MCZ, designated herein) is newly placed as junior subjective synonym ofD.subtilisKunze, 1818.Donacia confluentaSay, 1827 (neotype male, MCZ, designated herein) is removed from synonymy ofD.subtilisKunze on the basis of differences in male genitalic structure.Donacia magistrigataMead, 1938, is transferred from junior subjective synonymy ofD.fulgensLeConte, 1851 (lectotype male, MCZ, designated herein) to junior subjective synonymy ofD.subtilisKunze, on the basis of similarity of male genitalic structure. The collection of Ahrens is lost, therefore a neotype forD.aeneaAhrens, 1810, not Hoppe, 1795, is designated (CNC, male).Donacia aereaLacordaire, 1845 (lectotype, male, BMNH, designated herein) remains as junior subjective synonym ofD.subtilisKunze.
SEASONAL AND HOST PLANT EFFECTS ON PARASITISM OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE BY MYIOPHARUS DORYPHORAE (RILEY) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Horton David R. , Capinera John L.
Published: November 2009

Parasitism of Colorado potato beetle, Leptirwtarsa decemlineata (Say), by the tachinid fly Myiopharus doryphorae (Riley) was monitored over four summers. Beetle larvae were collected from potato and a wild host species, Solanum sarrachoides Sendt., and allowed to complete development in the laboratory. Parasitism rates were high, averaging 67, 58, and 45% over the 4 years, in June, July, and August, respectively. Categorical analyses indicated that parasitism rates were dependent upon year, month, and host plant species of the beetle. During 1983–1985, rates were highest in June, and decreased over the summer; results for 1986 were somewhat atypical, with parasitism rates being low in June and increasing somewhat in August. Host plant effects on parasitism varied with year. During 1983–1984, rates were higher for beetles collected from potato than beetles collected from S. sarrachoides; this tendency was reversed in 1985.
PARASITISM OF LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) EGGS BY EDOVUM PUTTLERI GRISSELL (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE): EFFECTS OF HOST AGE, PARASITOID AGE, AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: Lashomb J. , Krainacker D. , Jansson R.K. , Ng Y.S. , Chianese R.
Published: November 2009

Parasitism of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by Edovum puttleri Grissell, an exotic egg parasitoid, was studied in relation to the age of host eggs, the age of adult, female parasitoids, and temperature. Parasitism was greater in eggs ≤2 days old than in eggs older than 2 days. Eggs older than 2 days were killed primarily by probing and consequent desiccation. The percentage of eggs killed by probing was positively correlated with host age and negatively correlated with percentage parasitism. Total mortality of eggs from parasitism and probing did not differ among age classes. Following a 3-day preoviposition period, parasitism and probing increased with an increase in the age of females, peaked when adults were ca. 13 days old, and subsequently declined. Parasitism and probing were influenced by temperature: at 15 °C, no parasitism or probing was observed; above 15 °C, mortality from parasitism and probing increased with an increase in temperature up to 30 °C; above 30 °C, the number of eggs that were parasitized and probed decreased with an increase in temperature.
FIRST RECORD OF THE MITE FAMILY PODOCINIDAE (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA) IN CANADA, WITH NOTES ON OTHER RECORDS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Wu King Wan
Published: November 2009

Collection of Podocinum pacificum Berlese from southeastern Ontario represents the first record of the mite family Podocinidae in Canada. Other distribution records including the northerly extent of this species in North America are discussed.
INHERITANCE OF GREGARIOUS AND SOLITARY OVIPOSITION INMUSCIDIFURAX RAPTORELLUSKOGAN AND LEGNER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Legner E.F.
Published: November 2009

Inheritance of gregarious or solitary oviposition inMuscidifurax raptorellusKogan and Legner involves two phases: (1) the female parasitoid expresses either trait shortly after mating, the magnitude of which is apparently determined by the male genome; and (2) the trait is then apparently fixed into a genome of her offspring who demonstrate it in the virgin state. In the first phase, less than one-half the magnitude of behavioral expression is shown, full expression occurring in the F1diploid virgin hybrid. In matings with hybrids produced from subsequent backcrosses, more than one-half of the behavior is expressed shortly after mating. Traits related to gregarious oviposition (number parasitoids developed per host and total progeny) were also similarly initially expressed and subsequently inherited. A polygenic mode of inheritance is apparent, with ≥3-22 genes estimated. The extranuclear influences prior to inheritance may involve microorganisms and/or chemicals (enzymes) present in hymenopteran seminal fluid. Natural selection in this system should be accelerated by males causing the expression of a portion of the quantity of heritable behavior within the same generation.
COCCINELLIDS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND SYRPHIDS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF APHIDS IN CEREAL CROPS: A COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS
Authors: Lapchin L. , Ferran A. , Iperti G. , Rabasse J.M. , Lyon J.P.
Published: November 2009

The reliability of three methods for sampling aphidophagous coccinellids and syrphids in a winter wheat field was compared.

In the first method, an observer recorded predators seen during 2 min per 25-m2 sub-plot. In the second, two observers worked successively through each plot, scanning the full height of wheat plants and collecting predators. This method enables calculation of predator density using De Lury’s technique. The third method consisted of collecting wheat plants from each sub-plot for examination in the laboratory.

The first method may be used for appraising populations of adult coccinellids on a large scale. The detailed searching method is appropriate for studies of the population dynamics of adult and fourth-instar coccinellids. The plant sampling method is the most accurate for assesssing densities of syrphid larvae and pupae.
THE GREEN STINK BUG GENUS CHLOROCHROA STÅL (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Scudder G.G.E. , Thomas D.B.
Published: November 2009

This paper reviews the occurrence of the genus Chlorochroa Stål in Canada. It is shown that 10 species occur in this country, namely C. belfragii (Stål), C. faceta (Say), C. congrua Uhler, C. granulosa (Uhler), C. ligata (Say), C. opuntiae Esselbaugh, C. persimilis Horvath, C. rossiana Buxton and Thomas, C. uhleri (Stål), and C. viridicata (Walker). Chlorochroa sayi (Stål) does not occur in Canada. The published records of C. sayi as a pest of agricultural crops and ornamentals in Canada refer to C. uhleri.
DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS FOUND IN GRANARY RESIDUES IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: Smith L.B. , Barker P.S.
Published: November 2009

A distribution study of stored-product and other insects in unswept, empty farm granaries was conducted in Manitoba in 1981, in Saskatchewan in 1982, and in Alberta in 1984.

Thirteen species of stored-product insects were found in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and 12 in Alberta, indicating uniform geographical distribution among the number of pest species throughout the prairies. The most common was Tribolium audax Halstead, followed by Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor L. Nine fungus-feeding species were found in Manitoba, 12 in Saskatchewan, and 12 in Alberta. The most common fungus feeders were Lathridius minutus (L.), Corticarina cavicollis Mann., Cryptophagus varus W.&C., and Corticaria serrata (Paykull). Five non-stored product species of insects that were scavengers, predators, or were sheltering in the granaries were found in Manitoba, 31 in Saskatchewan, and 10 in Alberta.

The distribution of six stored-product species, two fungus-feeding species, and one scavenger did not show a uniform abundance in the three prairie provinces, either in their distribution on farms or in granaries.
A NEW EYELESS, STRIDULATING THERIDION SPIDER FROM CAVES IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Shear William A.
Published: November 2009

Theridion strepitus sp. nov. is described from lava tube caves from Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador. It is the only species known in this worldwide genus that is eyeless and it is the only Galápagos species that has stridulatory picks on the male abdomen. The stridulatory apparatus demonstrates that the species is not a descendant from the other Theridion species known in the Galápagos, but is probably a relict of a lineage now extinct there in epigean habitats.
NEW TAXA OF LIMONIIDAE (DIPTERA: NEMATOCERA) FROM CANADIAN AMBER
Authors: Krzeminski Wleslaw , Teskey H.J.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions are given of adults of three Limoniidae (Tipuloidea) found preserved in Canadian amber (Upper Cretaceous): Trichoneura (Trichoneura) canadensis sp. nov.; Macalpina incomparabilis gen. nov., sp. nov.; and Limonia albertensis sp. nov.
EVOLUTION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE WITHIN A CLOSED CHAMBER USED FOR ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Marcandier S. , Khachatourians G.G.
Published: November 2009

A simple experimental device has been described for controlling relative humidity (RH) using saturated salt solutions. This device was suitable for studies requiring a 14–82% RH (± 3%) at 27 ± 0.7°C. The RH and temperature set points were not affected by the presence of grasshoppers. Perturbations of 1.5 min due to daily insect provisioning introduced a 9- to 60-min disturbance of the RH and temperature equilibria in the chambers containing NaCl and LiCl, and a 7.5-h disturbance in the MgCl2 chamber.
ANNOTATED LIST OFMACROSIPHONIELLA(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH A KEY AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A.G.
Published: November 2009

A key is given for 16 species in the genusMacrosiphoniellaDel Guercio in America north of Mexico, including one new species from Manitoba,Macrosiphoniella paucisetosasp.nov. fromArtemisiaspp. An annotated list is provided which includes tentative identification ofM.oblonga(Mordvilko) intercepted on plants ofChrysanthemumimported into the United States of America from Europe.
FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN FOR CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): AN OVERVIEW OF PILOT TEST RESULTS FROM THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Hajek Ann E. , Soper Richard S. , Roberts Donald W. , Anderson Thomas E. , Biever K. Duane , Ferro David N. , LeBrun Roger A. , Storch Richard H.
Published: November 2009

An overview of data from five research groups participating in a 3-year pilot test on the efficacy of foliar applications of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), populations in the northern United States is presented. Four treatments were used at each site: high and low B. bassiana dosages (5 × 1013 colony forming units (CFU) per hectare (ha) and 5 × 1012 CFU/ha), the recommended insecticide for each region, and an untreated check. The primary response variable was potato yield. For analyses considering test sites as replicates, during all 3 years the highest yields were produced in plots treated with insecticides. Within test sites, yields from plots receiving B. bassiana applications were greater than control plot yields in 8 of 24 trials but in only two of these instances, B. bassiana plot yields also did not differ from insecticide plot yields. Evaluating 1983 data from all states together, no differences were found between either high or low B. bassiana treatments and controls. The 1983 study design allowed no plot replication within states. In 1985, an altered plot design providing within-site replication demonstrated increased yield with increased dosage of B. bassiana when initial egg density was used as a covariate.

Potato yields greater than control plot yields were noted with a minimum of 5.39 and 6.62 × 1011 CFU/ha B. bassiana. The lowest B. bassiana concentration producing yields not significantly different from insecticide plot yields was 6.62 × 1012 CFU/ha (Rhode Island, 1984). Defoliation ratings did not differ between B. bassiana treatments and controls in 1984 and 1985, although variability was found between yields.