bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of dental treatment and the severity of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of Brazilian schoolchildren
Authors: da Silva Rainier Luiz Carvalho , Dias Ribeiro Ana Paula , Almeida Júlio César Franco , Sousa Samantha Jéssica Lopes , Garcia Fernanda Cristina Pimentel
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims

Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are most prevalent during adolescence and infancy, and they have an important impact on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dental treatment and the severity of TDI on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren in public schools in Brazil.

Materials and Methods

This cross‐sectional study evaluated schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 years in Brasilia, Brazil. The criteria used for the examinations were TDI—O’Brien criteria; Dental caries—DMFT criteria; and malocclusion—the Dental Aesthetic Index. The impact of oral health on the children's quality of life was assessed with the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11–14) that was completed by the children while on the school premises. Socio‐demographic information was also collected from the parents. Statistical analysis was performed using non‐parametric and association tests, as well as linear regression.

Results

A total of 20.2% of the students had some TDI in their permanent anterior teeth; 20% of traumatized teeth were treated, and 80% were not treated. Sorting by severity, 75.1% of the schoolchildren had a TDI involving only the enamel, and 24.9% had a TDI extending beyond the enamel. Significant differences were observed between the severity of a TDI and the total scores of CPQ11–14 (Kruskal–Wallis; p = 0.0026), emotional well‐being (p = 0.0006), and social well‐being (p = 0.0001) when the group with TDI extending beyond the enamel was compared with the other groups (control and with TDI involving only the enamel), even after adjustment for socio‐demographic and clinical variables. For oral symptoms and functional limitation, no differences were observed among the groups.

Conclusions

Dental trauma and fractures extending beyond the enamel, treated or not, have a negative impact on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren, suggesting effects on self‐perception and in the social and emotional spheres.
Food plant diversity, distribution, and nutritional aspects of the endemic golden silk producing silkworm, Antheraea assamensis – a review
Authors: Devi Barsha , Chutia Mahananda , Bhattacharyya Nabanita
Published: January 2021

Muga silkworms, Antheraea assamensis (Helfer) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a semi‐domesticated sericigenous insect that produces the costliest golden colored exquisite silk. The silkworm is endemic to Assam and the adjoining areas of northeastern India. This multivoltine silkworm feeds on a variety of perennial food plants. However, less is known about the food plants of the silkworm other than the primary ones, namely Persea bombycina Kost. and Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. (both Lauraceae) in terms of rearing performances, diversity, nutritional aspects, and silkworm‐food plant relationships. Here, we review the utilization and present status of the food plants of Muga silkworm based on published information and field observations. Although 37 species belonging to eight families – namely Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Celastraceae, Verbenaceae, Apocynaceae, Symplocaceae, Rutaceae, and Rhamnaceae – were reported previously, only P. bombycina and L. monopetala have been exploited commercially and are being utilized in silkworm farming. Some other food plants documented previously are six Cinnamomum spp., five Litsea spp., three Symplocos spp., three Zanthoxylum spp., three Persea spp., three Actinodaphne spp., and two Celastrus spp. Systematic documentation, evaluation, and conservation of these food plants of Muga silkworm is urgently needed to preserve their gene pool in wild habitats. Silkworm farming in forest vicinity and tea silkworm‐based farming (as shade tree) may be experimentally tried which will aid the conservation of biodiversity with economic benefit.
Reflect and develop: A pilot study to explore perceptions and to test the impact of a short course on reflective practice amongst dental practitioners undertaking continuing professional
Authors: Nasseripour Melanie , Gallagher Jennifer , Ranauta Amitha
Published: January 2021

Introduction

In 2018, the General Dental Council introduced reflective practice as part of an Enhanced Continuing Professional Development (ECPD) system, mandatory for registrants in the United Kingdom. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate dental professionals’ perceptions and practice of reflection and to explore the benefits of an evidence‐informed reflective practice learning course.

Material and methods

This study was conducted at two dental schools in the United Kingdom (UK). A short course on reflective practice which included pre‐ and post‐course surveys, using closed‐ and open‐ended questions, was afforded to dental professionals attending Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0 software, and responses to open‐ended questions were explored by content analysis.

Results

Fifty‐two dentists attending the short course provided responses; the majority were female (73%, n = 38) and internationally qualified (60%, n = 31). The pre‐course questionnaire revealed that the majority of participants (94%; n = 49) considered reflection as part of their professional practice, with 55% (n = 29) reporting doing so daily. Most (88%; n = 46) had received no formal training. The post‐course questionnaire revealed that 88% (n = 46) found the course useful as it gave a “systematic and schematic” approach enhancing the participants’ understanding of reflective practice.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that a theoretically informed short course on reflective practice was welcomed by participants who showed a strong interest in learning how to reflect supported by mentors. This pilot provides the basis for further research on reflective practice.
A model for a geriatric teaching programme and its impact on self‐rated and tested competencies of undergraduate dental students
Authors: Stuck Anna K. , Schimmel Martin
Published: January 2021

Introduction

In the light of the growing ageing population, it is important that future dentists be taught geriatric competencies to assure good dental care and treatment addressing the special needs of older patients.

Materials and Methods

We developed and evaluated a geriatric teaching programme amongst final year undergraduate dental students (n = 30) at the University of Bern, Switzerland. The geriatric teaching programme was based on the European undergraduate curriculum in geriatric medicine for medical students covering the following eight geriatric domains that were considered relevant to dental care: Analgesics, cognitive impairment, decision‐making capacity, gait and balance disorder, hearing impairment, malnutrition, polypharmacy and vision impairment. Using a pre/post‐design, we administered a structured questionnaire including standardised questions on self‐rated and tested competencies. Both assessments scores were standardised to a maximum score of 100 points. Data were evaluated by comparison of pre‐test and post‐test mean scores.

Results

The geriatric teaching programme proved to be feasible covering eight geriatric domains based on a case‐based didactic approach in totally eight 45‐minute lessons. Both self‐rated and tested competencies of dental students increased in all eight domains in the course of the geriatric teaching programme. After the geriatric teaching programme, both mean self‐rated competency scores (67.9 vs. 49.6,p < .001) and mean tested competency scores (78.7 vs. 56.7 points,p < .001) significantly improved compared to baseline.

Conclusions

Integrating a consolidated refined geriatric teaching programme is a potentially feasible and effective method for dental undergraduate students and is expected to have an impact on better dental care of older patients.
Curriculum setting and students' feedback of pre‐clinical training in different dental schools in China—A national‐wide survey
Authors: Chen Yiyin , Deng Jiuhong , Li Bin , Yang Yang , He Zihan , Ye Ling , Zhang Linglin , Ren Qian , Zheng Qinghua
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Adequate time and effective training facilities are essential for undergraduate dental students participating in pre‐clinical dental practice to ensure them providing safe treatment for patients in the future. The study aimed to explore the current status of pre‐clinical dental training in China in relation to the curriculum setting and students' feedback of pre‐clinical training in different dental schools and thus provide information for further standardise curricula.

Materials and method

An online questionnaire was distributed electronically to undergraduates in 44 Chinese dental schools of different levels according to China Discipline Ranking (CDR). The questionnaire collected information in relation to the training hour and student to facility ratio of four main dental courses (cariology and endodontics, periodontology, prosthodontics and oral surgery), as well as the application and effect of virtual reality (VR) simulator in pre‐clinical dental practice in different schools. Students' feedback was also collected.

Results

A total of 565 valid questionnaires were recruited. Results of this cross‐sectional survey show that training hour of periodontology course was the lowest, and oral surgery course showed most prominent shortage of facilities. The application of VR simulator amongst schools is uneven. Students from A and A+ level schools showed higher satisfaction with their pre‐clinical courses and reported a more positive attitude towards the use of VR simulator than other students. (p < .05).

Conclusion

Pre‐clinical dental training in China remained imperfect in insufficient training time, training facility and students did not have access to standard pre‐clinical training and quality assurance. VR technique has potential values in pre‐clinical dental practice in China.
The spontaneity of emotion
Authors: Müller Jean Moritz
Published: January 2021

It is a commonplace that emotions are characteristically passive. As we ordinarily think of them, emotions are ways in which we are acted upon, that is, moved or affected by aspects of our environment. Moreover, we have no voluntary control over whether we feel them. In this paper, I call attention to a much‐neglected respect in which emotions are active, which is no less central to our pretheoretical concept of them. That is, in having emotions, we are engaged with the world insofar as werespondto aspects of our environment. In this context, to say that an emotion is a response toxis tantamount to saying thatxis a reason for which we have it. Elaborating this claim in light of a historically prominent conception of the active/passive distinction, I will argue that emotions are a form ofspontaneityin virtue of their responsive character and contrast in this respect with perceptions, which are fundamentallyreceptive. While this proposal is prima facie opposed to the ordinary image of emotions as passive, I will show that it actually allows us to make proper sense of it.
Flow resistance in mobile bed rills shaped in soils with different texture
Authors: Carollo Francesco G. , Di Stefano Costanza , Nicosia Alessio , Palmeri Vincenzo , Pampalone Vincenzo , Ferro Vito
Published: January 2021

Rill erosion is considered one of the most important soil processes because of the large amount of soil loss due to the development of a rill network able to promote an efficient transport of both rill flow‐detached particles and those delivered from the inter‐rill areas. Rill flow experiments are useful to overcome the gap in rill hydraulics knowledge and to test the reliability of currently applied uniform open channel flow equations for mobile bed rills. In this paper the applicability of a theoretical flow resistance equation, based on a power‐velocity profile, to rill channels shaped on soils having different textures was investigated. The measurements (437 runs) of water depth, cross‐section area, wetted perimeter, bed slope and flow velocity carried out in rill reaches shaped on experimental plots, having different slope values (9–26%) and soil texture (clay fraction range of 32.7–73%), were carried out. These measurements were jointly examined with 35 experimental runs carried out by other authors in a rill flume having a slope range of 18–84% and a clay content of 3%. The main aim of this paper is to deduce a relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the channel slope and the flow Froude number using a database characterized by a wide range of slope (9–84%) and textural classes (clay ranging from 3 to 73%). The obtained relationship was also verified using 117 experimental runs carried out in this investigation by sloping plots (slope equal to 9 and 15%) with a soil having a clay content of 32.7%. The analysis demonstrated that the applicability of the theoretical flow resistance law is experimentally supported and that the effect of soil grain‐size distribution is represented by silt and clay fractions which take into account the influence of the detachability and transportability properties of the soil particles.

Highlights

Rill flow resistance is affected by interaction between flow, bed morphology and sediment transport.

A new theoretical flow resistance law is tested for rills shaped on different textured soils.

The velocity profile is related to the channel slope, the flow Froude number and the soil texture.

The Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor can be accurately estimated by the proposed theoretical approach.
Density‐dependent natural selection mediates harvest‐induced trait changes
Authors: Bouffet‐Halle Alix , Mériguet Jacques , Carmignac David , Agostini Simon , Millot Alexis , Perret Samuel , Motard Eric , Decenciere Beatriz , Edeline Eric
Published: January 2021

Rapid life‐history changes caused by size‐selective harvesting are often interpreted as a response to direct harvest selection against a large body size. However, similar trait changes may result from a harvest‐induced relaxation of natural selection for a large body size via density‐dependent selection. Here, we show evidence of such density‐dependent selection favouring large‐bodied individuals at high population densities, in replicated pond populations of medaka fish. Harvesting, in contrast, selected medaka directly against a large body size and, in parallel, decreased medaka population densities. Five years of harvesting were enough for harvested and unharvested medaka populations to inherit the classically predicted trait differences, whereby harvested medaka grew slower and matured earlier than unharvested medaka. We show that this life‐history divergence was not driven by direct harvest selection for a smaller body size in harvested populations, but by density‐dependent natural selection for a larger body size in unharvested populations.
Incorporation of dimethyl sulfoxide into experimental hydrophilic and hydrophobic adhesive resins: evaluation of cytotoxic activities
Authors: Salim Al‐Ani Anas Aaqel Salim , Salim Ikram Aqel , Seseogullari‐Dirihan Roda , Mutluay Murat , Tjäderhane Leo , Tezvergil‐Mutluay Arzu
Published: January 2021

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of methacrylate‐based resins containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was incorporated into hydrophobic (R2) and hydrophilic (R5) resins at weight concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 w/w %. Resin discs (n = 10/group) were prepared. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF‐1) were exposed to resin eluates for 24 h. Furthermore, dentin barrier test was performed using 3‐D cultures of odontoblast‐like cells (SV40 transfected pulp derived cells) with dentin slices of 400 µm thickness (n = 8). After acid etching of dentin, DMSO‐modified resins were applied into the cavity part of the device and light‐cured for 20 s. Cell viability (%) was assessed by MTT and analyzed spectrometrically. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Resin eluates showed statistically significantly lower % cell viability for all neat and DMSO‐modified resins than seen for the negative control. Moreover, DMSO‐R5 eluates resulted in significantly lower % cell viability than DMSO‐R2 emulates. The dentin barrier test showed that DMSO‐R2 did not result in significantly lower % cell viability, whereas incorporation of 1‐10 w/w % DMSO into R5 resulted in significantly lower % of cell viability. Incorporating DMSO into hydrophilic self‐etching resins may increase cytotoxicity. The biocompatibility is not influenced by the addition of DMSO into hydrophobic resin.
Egg sac recognition and fostering in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (araneae: lycosidae) and its effects on spiderling survival
Authors: Berry Alexander Dean , Rypstra Ann L.
Published: January 2021

Many animals provide parental care to increase the success of offspring. Parental behaviors can be costly, and should only be directed toward related young. Offspring recognition and differential effort are ways that animals ensure that care is directed toward related individuals. Pardosa milvina is a small wolf spider that provides parental care for their young, carrying first their egg sac and later their spiderlings. This species is known to pick up abandoned egg sacs. We conducted a study to determine whether female P. milvina differentiated between her own egg sac and a conspecific's egg sac and whether there was a benefit to spiderlings in being raised by their biological mother, and whether age, when removed from the mother, influenced the outcome. In one experiment, we removed the egg sac from a female and gave her a choice of items to reattach: their own egg sac, another spider's egg sac, or a plastic bead. Females were more likely to pick up their own egg sac than another spider's. In another experiment, we removed a female spider's egg sac either 1 day or 7 days after the eggs were produced and gave them either their own egg sac or another spider's egg sac to care for. We measured hatching success and offspring survival. Spiders manipulated after 7 days were more likely to be abandoned as eggs, whether cared for by their biological mother, and reached adulthood less often. However, cross‐fostering had no effect on spiderling success whether the transfer occurred after 1 day. Our data showed that P. milvina can recognize their own egg sac, but there was no evidence of differential parental care provided to the biological offspring.
A continuum of genetic mixing for conservation management along the (mal)adaptation spectrum: A comment on Hoffmann et al.
Authors: Crispo Erika , Derry Alison M. , Brady Steven P.
Published: January 2021

When restoring gene flow for conservation management, genetic variation should be viewed along a continuum of genetic divergence between donor and recipient populations. On the one hand, maintaining local adaptation (low divergence between donors and recipients) can enhance conservation success in the short term. On the other hand, reducing local adaptation in the short term by increasing genetic diversity (high divergence between some donors and recipients) might have better long‐term success in the face of changing environmental conditions. Both Hoffman et al. (2020) and a paper we previously published in a Special Issue on Maladaptation in Applied Conservation (Derry et al., 2019) provide frameworks and syntheses for how best to apply conservation strategies in light of genetic variation and adaptation. A key difference between these two studies was that whereas Derry et al. (2019) performed a quantitative meta‐analysis, Hoffman et al. (2020) relied on case studies and theoretical considerations, yielding slightly different conclusions. We here provide a summary of the two studies and contrast of the main similarities and differences between them, while highlighting terminology used to describe and explain main concepts.
Microplastics in freshwater fishes: Occurrence, impacts and future perspectives
Authors: Parker Ben , Andreou Demetra , Green Iain D. , Britton J. Robert
Published: January 2021

Microplastics (MPs) are small, plastic particles of various shapes, sizes and polymers. Although well studied in marine systems, their roles and importance in freshwater environments remain uncertain. Nevertheless, the restricted ranges and variable traits of freshwater fishes result in their communities being important receptors and strong bioindicators of MP pollution. Here, the current knowledge on MPs in freshwater fishes is synthesized, along with the development of recommendations for future research and sample processing. MPs are commonly ingested and passively taken up by numerous freshwater fishes, with ingestion patterns often related to individual traits (e.g. body size, trophic level) and environmental factors (e.g. local urbanization, habitat features). Controlled MP exposure studies highlight various effects on fish physiology, biochemistry and behaviour that are often complex, unpredictable, species‐specific and nonlinear in respect of dose–response relationships. Egestion is typically rapid and effective, although particles of a particular shape and/or size may remain, or translocate across the intestinal wall to other organs via the blood. Regarding future studies, there is a need to understand the interactions of MP pollution with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g. warming, eutrophication), with a concomitant requirement to increase the complexity of studies to enable impact assessment at population, community and ecosystem levels, and to determine whether there are consequences for processes, such as parasite transmission, where MPs could vector parasites or increase infection susceptibility. This knowledge will determine the extent to which MP pollution can be considered a major anthropogenic stressor of freshwaters in this era of global environmental change.
Tramadol‐induced hypoglycemia: A pharmacovigilance study
Authors: De Canecaude Claire , Rousseau Vanessa , Sommet Agnès , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: January 2021

Several papers have reported that tramadol can induce hypoglycemia. However, in some reports, confounding factors can be found, like coadministration of hypoglycemic drugs. We used the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®) to investigate whether tramadol alone could be associated with hypoglycemia. All 2010–2019 ICSRs (Individual Case Safety Reports) with the PT term “hypoglycemia” and tramadol were included. Two disproportionality analyses were performed: 1/after inclusion of all reports, 2/after exclusion of concomitant hypoglycemic drugs. Results are expressed as Reporting Odds Ratios (ROR; 95% CI). Among 10 038 436 ICSRs, 97 639 were included. In comparison with codeine, a significant association was found between tramadol use and reports of hypoglycemia before [ROR = 1.54 (1.43–1.66)] or after [ROR = 1.43 (1.31–1.56)] exclusion of hypoglycemic drugs. Tramadol use is associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia reports than codeine, the other step 2 analgesic, in the presence as well as in the absence of other hypoglycemic drugs. We concluded that hypoglycemia is an adverse drug reaction of tramadol, which can be observed in diabetic as well as in non‐diabetic patients.
Shades of white: new insights into tissue‐resident leukocyte heterogeneity
Authors: Psaila Annalise M. , Vohralik Emily J. , Quinlan Kate G. R.
Published: January 2021

Populations of white blood cells (leukocytes) have been found in tissues and organs across the body, in states of both health and disease. The role leukocytes play within these tissues is often highly contested. For many leukocytes, there are studies outlining pro‐inflammatory destructive functions, while other studies provide clear evidence of anti‐inflammatory homeostatic activities of leukocytes within the same tissue. We discuss how this functional dissonance can be explained by leukocyte heterogeneity. Although cell morphology and surface receptor profiles are excellent methods to segregate cell types, the true degree of leukocyte heterogeneity that exists can only be appreciated by studying the variable and dynamic gene expression profile. Unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing profiling of tissue‐resident leukocytes is transforming the way we understand leukocytes across health and disease. Recent investigations into adipose tissue‐resident leukocytes have revealed unprecedented levels of heterogeneity among populations of macrophages. We use this example to pose emerging questions regarding tissue‐resident leukocytes and review what is currently known (and unknown) about the diversity of tissue‐resident leukocytes within different organs.
Navigating a policy vacuum in the New Latino Diaspora: Teaching Spanish as a heritage language in Tennessee high schools
Authors: Gómez Soler Inmaculada , Fuentes Ronald
Published: January 2021

While much of the literature regarding Spanish as a heritage language has focused on higher education institutions and areas of traditional immigration in the United States, less research has specifically examined Spanish heritage language learner (HLL) policies in states like Tennessee that have recently experienced an exponential rise in the number of Spanish HLLs in schools. Through 22 in‐depth qualitative interviews, this study examines how high school teachers negotiated their institutions' Spanish HLL policies (or lack of them) and how this negotiation informed the implementation of the policies in classroom practices and curricula. Results indicate that teachers worked in a policy vacuum and exerted their agency by creating their own policies and taking initiatives to address issues related to identification, placement, and curriculum that were specific to their contexts and compatible with their pedagogical goals. The study concludes highlighting the importance of bottom‐up language policy and planning in areas of recent immigration.
Low forest productivity associated with increasing drought‐tolerant species is compensated by an increase in drought‐tolerance richness
Authors: García‐Valdés Raúl , Vayreda Jordi , Retana Javier , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi
Published: January 2021

Many temperate forests are changing in composition due to a combination of changes in land‐use, management and climate‐related disturbances. Previous research has shown that in some regions these changes frequently favour drought‐tolerant tree species. However, the effects of these changes in composition on forest functioning (e.g. productivity) are unclear. We studied 25 years of change in individual tree biomass growth, ingrowth and mortality, and community composition and total plot biomass across 2663 permanent forest plots in Catalonia (NE Spain) comprising 85,220 trees of 59 species. We focused on the relationship between community‐level forest productivity and drought tolerance (DT), which was estimated using hydraulic traits as well as biogeographic indicators. We found that there was a small increase (1.6%–3.2% on average) in community‐mean DT (DTcwm) during the study period, concurrent with a strong increase (12.4%–19.4% on average) in DT richness (DTric; i.e. trait range). Most importantly, we found that the mean DT was negatively related to forest productivity, which was explained because drought‐tolerant tree species have lower tree‐level growth. In contrast, DT richness was strongly and positively related to forest productivity, probably because it allowed for a more stable production along wet and dry periods. These results suggest a negative impact of ongoing climate change on forest productivity mediated by functional composition shifts (i.e. selection of drought‐tolerant species), and a positive effect of increased DT richness as a consequence of land‐use legacies. Such a trend towards functional diversification, although temporary, would increase forests’ capacity to resist drought and place them in a better position to face the expected change in climate.
Global fading of the temperature–growth coupling at alpine and polar treelines
Authors: Camarero Jesús Julio , Gazol Antonio , Sánchez‐Salguero Raúl , Fajardo Alex , McIntire Eliot J. B. , Gutiérrez Emilia , Batllori Enric , Boudreau Stéphane , Carrer Marco , Diez Jeff , Dufour‐Tremblay Geneviève , Gaire Narayan P. , Hofgaard Annika , Jomelli Vincent , Kirdyanov Alexander V. , Lévesque Esther , Liang Eryuan , Linares Juan Carlos , Mathisen Ingrid E. , Moiseev Pavel A. , Sangüesa‐Barreda Gabriel , Shrestha Krishna B. , Toivonen Johanna M. , Tutubalina Olga V. , Wilmking Martin
Published: January 2021

Climate warming is expected to positively alter upward and poleward treelines which are controlled by low temperature and a short growing season. Despite the importance of treelines as a bioassay of climate change, a global field assessment and posterior forecasting of tree growth at annual scales is lacking. Using annually resolved tree‐ring data located across Eurasia and the Americas, we quantified and modeled the relationship between temperature and radial growth at treeline during the 20th century. We then tested whether this temperature–growth association will remain stable during the 21st century using a forward model under two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). During the 20th century, growth enhancements were common in most sites, and temperature and growth showed positive trends. Interestingly, the relationship between temperature and growth trends was contingent on tree age suggesting biogeographic patterns in treeline growth are contingent on local factors besides climate warming. Simulations forecast temperature–growth decoupling during the 21st century. The growing season at treeline is projected to lengthen and growth rates would increase and become less dependent on temperature rise. These forecasts illustrate how growth may decouple from climate warming in cold regions and near the margins of tree existence. Such projected temperature–growth decoupling could impact ecosystem processes in mountain and polar biomes, with feedbacks on climate warming.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection decreases risk for dyslipidemia: A cohort study
Authors: Park Yewan , Kim Tae Jun , Lee Hyuk , Yoo Heejin , Sohn Insuk , Min Yang Won , Min Byung‐Hoon , Lee Jun Haeng , Rhee Poong‐Lyul , Kim Jae J.
Published: January 2021

Background

Previous studies have suggested a relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and dyslipidemia; however, large‐scale longitudinal studies have not elucidated this association. This study assessed the longitudinal effects of H. pylori infection and eradication on lipid profiles in a large cohort.

Methods

This cohort study included 2,626 adults without dyslipidemia at baseline, who participated in a repeated, regular health‐screening examination, which included upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, between January 2009 and December 2018. The primary outcome was incident dyslipidemia at follow‐up.

Results

During the 10,324 person‐years of follow‐up, participants with persistent H. pylori infection had a higher incidence rate (130.5 per 1,000 person‐years) of dyslipidemia than those whose infections had been successfully controlled (98.1 per 1,000 person‐years). In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, smoking status, alcohol intake, and education level, the H. pylori eradication group was associated with a lower risk of dyslipidemia than the persistent group (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77–0.95; p = 0.004). The association persisted after further adjustment for baseline levels of low‐density and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79–0.97; p = 0.014).

Conclusions

H. pylori infection may play a pathophysiologic role in the development of dyslipidemia, whereas H. pylori eradication might decrease the risk of dyslipidemia.
Histopathological diagnosis of tumour deposits in colorectal cancer: a Delphi consensus study
Authors: Lord Amy , Brown Gina , Abulafi Muti , Bateman Adrian , Frankel Wendy , Goldin Robert , Gopal Purva , Kirsch Richard , Loughrey Maurice B , Märkl Bruno , Moran Brendan , Puppa Giacomo , Rasheed Shahnawaz , Shimada Yoshifumi , Snaebjornsson Petur , Svrcek Magali , Washington Kay , West Nicholas , Wong Newton , Nagtegaal Iris
Published: January 2021

Aims

Tumour deposits (TDs) are an important prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. However, the classification, and inclusion in staging, of TDs has changed significantly in each tumour–node–metastasis (TNM) edition since their initial description in TNM‐5, and terminology remains controversial. Expert consensus is needed to guide the future direction of precision staging.

Methods and results

A modified Delphi consensus process was used. Statements were formulated and sent to participants as an online survey. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with each statement on a five‐point Likert scale and also to suggest additional statements for discussion. These responses were circulated together with anonymised comments, and statements were modified prior to carrying out a second online round. Consensus was set at 70%. Overall, 32 statements reached consensus. There were concerns that TDs were currently incorrectly placed in the TNM system and that their prognostic importance was being underestimated. There were concerns regarding interobserver variation and it was felt that a clearer, more reproducible definition of TDs was needed.

Conclusions

Our main recommendations are that the number of TDs should be recorded even if lymph node metastases (LNMs) are also present and that nodules with evidence of origin [extramural venous invasion (EMVI), perineural invasion (PNI), lymphatic invasion (LI)] should still be categorised as TDs and not excluded, as TNM‐8 specifies. Whether TDs should continue to be included in the N category at all is controversial, and did not achieve consensus; however, participants agreed that TDs are prognostically worse than LNMs and the N1c category is suboptimal, as it does not reflect this.
Modelling the impact of an HIV testing intervention on HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in China
Authors: Booton Ross D. , Ong Jason J. , Lee Amy , Liu Aifeng , Huang Wenting , Wei Chongyi , Tang Weiming , Ma Wei , Vickerman Peter , Tucker Joseph D. , Mitchell Kate M.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

An intervention developed through participatory crowdsourcing methods increased HIV self‐testing among men who have sex with men [MSM; relative risk (RR) = 1.89]. We estimated the long‐term impact of this intervention on HIV transmission among MSM in four cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Jinan and Qingdao).

Methods

A mathematical model of HIV transmission, testing and treatment among MSM in China was parameterized using city‐level demographic and sexual behaviour data and calibrated to HIV prevalence, diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage data. The model was used to project the HIV infections averted over 20 years (2016–2036) from the intervention to increase self‐testing, compared with current testing rates.

Results

Running the intervention once would avert < 2.2% infections over 20 years. Repeating the intervention (RR = 1.89) annually would avert 6.4–10.7% of new infections, while further increases in the self‐testing rate (hypothetical RR = 3) would avert 11.7–20.7% of new infections.

Conclusions

Repeated annual interventions would give a three‐ to seven‐fold increase in long‐term impact compared with a one‐off intervention. Other interventions will be needed to more effectively reduce the HIV burden in this population.
Perceptions of oral health education and practice among nursing students in Malaysia and Australia
Authors: Ahmad Mas S. , Abuzar Menaka A. , Razak Ishak A. , Rahman Sabariah A. , Borromeo Gelsomina L.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Representing the largest proportion of healthcare workers, nurses play a significant role in oral health (OH) maintenance as part of a larger effort to promote holistic patient care. The study aims to determine nursing students' perceptions of OH education and practice in Malaysian and Australian nursing schools.

Materials and methods

A self‐administered questionnaire (content‐ and face‐validated) survey was undertaken, classroom style, amongst final‐year nursing students from selected Malaysian (n = 122, Response rate=97.6%) and Australian (n = 299, Response rate=54.7%) institutions. Quantitative data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Science software (Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests, p ≤ 0.01).

Results

Significantly more Malaysian nursing students, compared to those in Australia, reported having encountered patients with OH issues (98.4% vs. 82.9%), namely halitosis (87.7% vs. 62.2%), oral ulcers (63.1% vs. 41.1%), oral/dental trauma (36.9% vs. 21.1%) and caries in children (28.7% vs. 7.7%). Less than half of Malaysian and Australian nursing students reported that they received adequate OH training (48.4% vs. 36.6%, p ≤ 0.01), especially in detecting oral cancer (18.0.0% vs. 22.6%, p ≤ 0.01) and preventing oral diseases (46.7% vs. 41.7%, p ≤ 0.01). Students in both countries demonstrated positive attitudes and believed in their role in OH care. Most students agreed that they should receive training in OH, especially in smoking cessation and providing OH care for patients with special needs. They also opined that a standardized evidence‐based oral hygiene protocol is needed.

Conclusion

Support for education and practice in this area of patient care suggested positive implications for further development of nurses' roles in OH promotion and management.
MULTIMODALITY IN MACROFINANCIAL DYNAMICS
Authors: Adrian Tobias , Boyarchenko Nina , Giannone Domenico
Published: January 2021

We estimate the evolution of the conditional joint distribution of economic and financial conditions. Although the joint distribution is approximately Gaussian during normal periods, sharp tightenings of financial conditions lead to the emergence of additional modes. The U.S. economy has historically resolved quickly to the “good” mode, but we conjecture that poor policy choices could lead to prolonged periods of multimodality. We argue that multimodality arises naturally in a macrofinancial intermediary model with occasionally binding financial constraints.
Si‐rich pressureless sintering of the gelcasted Ti3SiC2 bulk ceramic
Authors: Zhao Zhanchong , Li Xianhui , Zeng Xian , Liu Huayan , Zhang Yong , Zhang Xiaoxin , Yan Qingzhi
Published: January 2021

The Si‐rich pressureless sintering was used to fabricate the Ti3SiC2 bulk ceramic. The results show that the optimized Ti3SiC2 suspension could be prepared at the absolute value of zeta potential, pH level, PAA‐NH4 dosage, and solid loading of 62.1 mV, 11, 2.0 wt%, and 50 vol%, respectively. The channels existing in the Si‐free sintered body facilitated the reactants and products to diffuse to the interior and out of the Ti3SiC2 matrix, thereby forming the porous reaction layer of TiC‐Ti3SiC2. The co‐effects of the channels and the reaction layer of TiC‐Ti3SiC2 severely lowered mechanical properties of the Si‐free sintered Ti3SiC2 ceramic. On the contrary, the Si‐rich sintering method isolated the volatile carbon and established a closed Si‐rich atmosphere to sinter the green Ti3SiC2 cylinder. The porosity, density, fracture toughness, hardness, and flexural strength of the Si‐rich sintered Ti3SiC2 ceramic reached 0.74 vol%, 4.36 g/cm3, 5.49 MPa·m1/2, 4.03 GPa, and 383 MPa, respectively.
How do audit team industry and client‐specific experience impact audit effort and audit fees?
Authors: Contessotto Christine , Knechel W. Robert , Moroney Robyn
Published: January 2021

Prior research into the effect of different types of experience on audit fees and audit effort has been primarily conducted at the individual, office or firm level but rarely at the team level. An important motivation for team level research is that within team variation could influence the conduct, quality and pricing of an audit. Audit team industry specialization and client‐specific experience have been associated with higher audit quality. We extend this research by investigating the effect of audit team industry experience and client‐specific experience on audit production hours (effort) and fees. Using proprietary team‐level data provided by two Australian mid‐tier firms, we find that audit team client‐specific experience is associated with higher effort and fees. Although team‐level industry experience is not associated with effort or fees, it is associated with the use of lower ranked auditors. Our results suggest that audit teams with industry experience enjoy cost savings, while audit teams with client‐specific experience incur additional effort, perhaps due to the provision of value‐added services.
Correlation of urinary loss rate after catheter removal and long‐term urinary continence after robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Tatenuma Tomoyuki , Makiyama Kazuhide , Ito Yusuke , Muraoka Kentaro , Hasumi Hisashi , Hayashi Narihiko , Kondo Keiichi , Nakaigawa Noboru , Yao Masahiro
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To assess the correlation of urine loss rate after catheter removal with long‐term continence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.

Methods

We enrolled 163 patients on whom robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy was carried out and whose urine loss rate we were able to evaluate after catheter removal. Urinary incontinence was evaluated from immediately after removal of the catheter to the date of discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Urine loss rate was defined as the urine loss volume divided by the total urine volume.

Results

The continence rates of patients with ≤1% urine loss rate on the day of catheter removal were 100% at 6 and 12 months after surgery. A multivariate analysis proved that ≤10% urine loss rate on the day of catheter removal was a significant predictor of continence at 3 months after surgery. Furthermore, the continence rate at 12 months of patients who did not achieve ≤10% urine loss rate on the day of catheter removal was 79.5%. Among them, the continence rate at 12 months of patients who achieved ≥15% urine loss rate improvement from the day of catheter removal to the next day was 95.2%; the factor differed significantly between the continence and incontinence groups at 12 months after surgery.

Conclusions

The urine loss rate on the day of catheter removal is significantly related to the acquisition of urinary continence. Furthermore, our findings suggest that long‐term urinary continence can be expected, even in the event of poor urine loss rate on the day of catheter removal, if it improves on the next day.
Tacrolimus (FK506) treatment protects allergen‐, IL‐5‐ and IL‐13‐induced mucosal eosinophilia
Authors: Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar , Venkateshaiah Sathisha Upparahalli , Verma Alok Kumar , Mishra Anil
Published: January 2021

Eosinophils are a common clinical feature associated with chronic allergic diseases, and elemental diets, systemic steroids, anti‐IL‐5 and anti‐IL‐13 treatment have shown some therapeutic promise. Herein, we present evidence that pre‐ and post‐intraperitoneal administration of tacrolimus (FK506) is very effective in reducing CCR3/Siglec‐F+ eosinophils in Aspergillus‐challenged asthma and EoE, CD2‐IL‐5 induced global eosinophilia, and DOX regulated IL‐13‐induced asthma. We used flow cytometry and anti‐major basic protein (MBP) immunostaining to examine eosinophils in the spleen, bone marrow, BALF, lung, oesophagus and intestine. Additionally, we also performed ELISA and Western blot analyses to show that tacrolimus treatment also reduces the levels of eosinophil‐specific cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and TGF‐β, eosinophil‐specific chemokines Eotaxin‐1 and Eotaxin‐2, and progenitors of target RCAN1 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, the current investigations also show that the TGF‐β‐mediated oesophageal and lung fibrosis is also reduced in Aspergillus‐challenged, CD2‐IL‐5 transgenic and DOX‐responsive IL‐13 mice. Mechanistically, we show that tacrolimus in vitro treatment inhibited bone marrow‐derived eosinophil proliferation and viability by promoting eosinophil apoptosis that may be associated with downregulation of RCAN1. Taken together, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that tacrolimus ameliorates eosinophil levels and associated pathogenesis in allergen‐, IL‐5‐ and IL‐13‐induced EoE, EG and asthma pathogenesis. Considering tacrolimus side‐effects and reactivity to several other drugs, we propose the topical use of tacrolimus for paediatric and low‐dose oral for adult patients as a novel therapeutic strategy for the clinical trial to reduce mucosal eosinophilia first in steroid‐refractory or elemental diet non‐responsive adult EoE, EG and asthma patients.
Digital platforms for development: Foundations and research agenda
Authors: Bonina Carla , Koskinen Kari , Eaton Ben , Gawer Annabelle
Published: January 2021

Digital platforms hold a central position in today's world economy and are said to offer a great potential for the economies and societies in the global South. Yet, to date, the scholarly literature on digital platforms has largely concentrated on business while their developmental implications remain understudied. In part, this is because digital platforms are a challenging research object due to their lack of conceptual definition, their spread across different regions and industries, and their intertwined nature with institutions, actors and digital technologies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the ongoing debate in information systems and ICT4D research to understand what digital platforms meanfordevelopment. To do so, we first define what digital platforms are and differentiate between transaction and innovation platforms, and explain their key characteristics in terms of purpose, research foundations, material properties and business models. We add the socio‐technical context digital platforms operate and the linkages to developmental outcomes. We then conduct an extensive review to explore what current areas, developmental goals, tensions and issues emerge in the literature on platforms and development and identify relevant gaps in our knowledge. We later elaborate on six research questions to advance the studies on digital platforms for development: on indigenous innovation, digital platforms and institutions, on exacerbation of inequalities, on alternative forms of value, on the dark side of platforms and on the applicability of the platform typology for development.
Paclitaxel coated balloon fibroplasty: A more effective treatment for chronic symptomatic lead/catheter related central venous obstruction?
Authors: Yacob Omar , Worley Seth , Brar Vijaywant , Towheed Arooge , Hadadi Cyrus , O'Donoghue Susan
Published: January 2021

Central venous occlusion is a common complication following transvenous lead or therapeutic catheter placement that can present either acutely or chronically.