bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Climate Change on Life
Authors: M. Heshmati Hassan
Published: December 2020

Climate is changing in an accelerating pace. Climate change occurs as a result of an imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. The global mean temperatures may increase up to 5.4°C by 2100. Climate change is mainly caused by humans, especially through increased greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is recognized as a serious threat to ecosystem, biodiversity, and health. It is associated with alterations in the physical environment of the planet Earth. Climate change affects life around the globe. It impacts plants and animals, with consequences for the survival of the species. In humans, climate change has multiple deleterious consequences. Climate change creates water and food insecurity, increased morbidity/mortality, and population movement. Vulnerable populations (e.g., children, elderly, indigenous, and poor) are disproportionately affected. Personalized adaptation to the consequences of climate change and preventive measures are key challenges for the society. Policymakers must implement the appropriate strategies, especially in the vulnerable populations.
Rational Buddhism
Authors: Patteson James D. ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

This article shows how Buddhist philosophies are consistent with the rational counseling approach of Logic-Based Therapy (LBT), as presented in Elliot D. Cohen’s book, The New Rational Therapy: Thinking Your Way To Serenity, Success, and Profound Happiness. It presents many Buddhist insights as pathways to the “transcendent” or guiding virtues of LBT, and, accordingly, as philosophical antidotes to its eleven “cardinal fallacies.” It therefore helpfully adds to the repertoire of philosophies that can be used by LBT counselors in helping counselees address their problems of living.
A Theocentric Vision of Culture in John Paul II
Authors: Meyer Steven J. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

This essay explores John Paul II’s intellectual legacy as a champion for a theocentric view of culture that emphasizes the human person and human dignity in quest for human self-realization in a community that seeks the transcendence of God. His theopocentric vision for culture is defined in the context of the teaching of the Second Vatican Council. John Paul’s theological anthropology is grounded in personalism, communion, dialogue, and freedom. When God is eclipsed from human activity, particularly via the “shadow” of secularism, it engenders the crisis of culture. John Paul’s articulation of dialogue emphasizes inculturation and evangelization. His Trinitarian and social encyclicals reflect a theocentric and anthropocentric vision for culture, while his Polish and literary background show his thoughts on culture not as teachings but as integrated into his life experience. The essay concludes with reflections on Mary and the challenge of dialogue in a multicultural world.
On Philosophy and Enchantment
Authors: Schall James V. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Philosophy is the work of reason as it seeks to know the truth of what is. Philosophy begins in intuition and ends in argued conclusions. But we can know reality only after its own manner. The inner lives of human beings can only be known by their being told to us, revealed to us. All of reality bears its own fascination if we know how to see it. What life is about is seeing it, then on seeing it, living with it, or perhaps not seeing, to live without what we should have seen. Only individuals who think and who can see relationships between things can be charmed by them. They alone can see in real things intimations of more than they can grasp by themselves. The “enchanted” world was a world in which, everywhere we looked, we found traces, footprints of the divine or at least of story, intelligence, and order. Enchantment and intelligence support each other, both are needed for a knowledge of the whole.
«Deprender el ofiçio...» el acceso y el aprendizaje en los talleres gallegos durante los siglos XVI-XVII: las ciudades de Santiago y Ourense como destino = Learning Artisan Crafts in Santiago and Ourense… The Access to and Learning Process in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Galician Artisan Workshops
Authors: Seijas Montero María , Rodicio Pereira Laura
Published: December 2020

En la Edad Moderna los maestros de oficios avezaban a los muchachos que querían aprender la misma profesión mecánica. Celebraban con los padres o tutores escritura pública y establecían las condiciones de los contratos. Partiendo de esta premisa trataremos de localizar y analizar las escrituras relacionadas con los contratos de aprendizaje en la Galicia de los siglos XVI y XVII. Pondremos la atención en las ciudades de Santiago y Ourense como destino. El objetivo es aportar algunos datos sobre los jóvenes que fueron llevados de sus casas a otros lugares para adquirir formación durante un período de tiempo. Protagonizaron una movilidad que les alejaba de sus familias. A través de los protocolos notariales, estudiaremos diferentes aspectos: condiciones laborales, evolución de los contratos, procedencia geográfica de los muchachos, oficios artesanales o duración de las estancias.AbstractIn the modern era, master craftsmen took on apprentices who wanted to learn their craft. They signed the public deed with the parents or legal guardians and set contract terms. Taking this premise as a starting point, we will try to locate and analyze the writings related to the apprenticeship contracts in Galicia during the 16th and 17th centuries. Attention will be focused on the cities of Santiago and Ourense as destination points.  The aim is to provide information about youths who leave their homes to acquire training over a period of time. They carried out a mobility that took them away from their families. By means of notarial protocols, different aspects will be studied: working conditions, evolution of contracts, geographical origin of the boys, artisan crafts or duration of their stays.
A New Age Interpretation For The Meluhu Formation In Toronipa Peninsula, The Southeast Arm Of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors:   Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Diponegoro No.57 40122 Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, Fahruddin Achmad , Fakhruddin Rakhmat ,   Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Diponegoro No.57 40122 Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, Firdaus Muhammad ,   Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Diponegoro No.57 40122 Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, Saleh Hanif Mersil ,   Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Diponegoro No.57 40122 Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
Published: December 2020

The offshore area in the northeast of Kendari city, the southeast arm of Sulawesi, is an area with favourable hydrocarbon prospectivity shown by numerous oil and gas seeps in the surrounding coastal area. It is a frontier basin in eastern Indonesia, known as the Manui Basin. An exploration well named Abuki-1 was drilled in 1990 suggested a Miocene transgressive sequence as a potential reservoir and source rock at this basin. However, this unit has no analogous exposure in the onshore area resulting in the lack of study and knowledge of this potential Miocene unit. Therefore, we revisit the sedimentary rocks exposure nearby Abuki-1 well in the Toronipa peninsula to study about its sedimentary facies and palynological contents. These outcrops by previous researchers were included in Toronipa Member of Meluhu Formation, and a Triassic age was suggested for this unit. By contrast, our result shows that these exposures are Middle to Late Miocene in age as indicated by the occurrence of the Florschuetzia group pollens (Florschuetzia trilobata, F. levipoli, and F. meridionalis). The absence of Plio-Pleistocene pollen and spores index fossils (Stenochlaena milnei group, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, and Phyllocladus) supports the Middle to Late Miocene age interpretation. A wave-dominated estuary depositional model is proposed based on the presence of river-dominated, mixed-energy, and wave-dominated facies associations. We suggest that the studied sediments are the outcrop analogues for the Middle to Late Miocene transgressive sequence found in Abuki-1 well. Furthermore, we recommend that these Miocene estuary-fill complexes should have excellent hydrocarbon potential. The reservoir potential is the sand deposits of the fluvial, tidal, washover, and shoreface facies with moderately to well-sorted characteristics. The source rocks candidate is the mud of lagoon, tidal flat, floodplain, and marine offshore facies. Moreover, the Manui Basin, with its Miocene estuarine deposits, requires further study to reveal its hydrocarbon accumulation potential.
Pre-Tertiary Basement Subcrops Beneath The Malay And Penyu Basins, Offshore Peninsular Malaysia: Their Recognition And Hydrocarbon Potential
Authors:   Malaysian Continental Shelf Project, National Security Council, Malaysia, Madon Mazlan , Jong John ,   JX Nippon and Gas Exploration (Malaysia) Limited, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Kessler Franz L. ,   Goldbach Geoconsultants O&G and Lithium Exploration, Germany, Damanhuri M. Hafiz ,   PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, Amin Mohd Khairil Azrafy ,   Malaysia Petroleum Management, PETRONAS, Malaysia
Published: December 2020

Following the successful production from fractured basement in similar Tertiary basins, the basement play was pursued in the Malay Basin, particularly during the 2000-2010 period but, unfortunately, that effort fell short of expectations. The only oil discovery in fractured basement reservoir was Anding in the southwestern part of the basin. Despite its development being delayed due to economic reasons, the Anding discovery had been the basis for the basement play concept: namely, a fractured reservoir formed of pre-Tertiary metamorphic rock, charged from overlying Tertiary lacustrine source rocks in an adjacent half-graben and sealed by a transgressive shale unit. This paper examines seismic, gravity and well evidences on the pre-Tertiary basement geology, with the aim of assessing further the hydrocarbon potential of pre-Tertiary basement. The pre-Tertiary basement subcrops beneath the Malay and Penyu basins represent a continuation of the onshore geology of Sundaland Mesozoic terrane. Wells that penetrate the Base-Tertiary Unconformity (BTU) indicate a variety of rock types including igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Seismic data show the widespread presence of layered rocks beneath the BTU which could include potential new plays. Gravity modelling was carried out to help distinguish between pre-Tertiary layered rocks and Tertiary synrift sediments. Fractured reservoirs, like those discovered at Anding, seem to be associated with major strike-slip fault zones which are identifiable on high-quality seismic. Carbonate structures such as paleokarsts and buried hills are also recognisable and could potentially be mapped with seismic. These pre-Tertiary plays also rely on hydrocarbon charge mainly from the overlying Tertiary source rocks. Although Palaeozoic-Mesozoic source rocks may have passed their hydrocarbon generation stage, their gas potential cannot be ruled out.
Cuantificación del Valor Emocional. El caso de Unión de Cooperativas Agrarias de Navarra (UCAN)
Authors: Ruiz-Roqueñi Maite
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto de mayor dimensión, que tiene por objetivo monetizar el Valor Social que generan, o destruyen, las diversas organizaciones y que cuenta desarrolladas a día de hoy con tres propuestas complementarias: Un modelo de contabilidad social del valor integral denominado, Modelo Poliédrico; una metodología procesual, basada en el mencionado modelo poliédrico, denominada SPOLY y la existencia de cierta estandarificación devariables de valor social, así como de los proxys que permiten la monetización de los outputs con ellas vinculados (Retolaza et al., 2014, 2015 y 2016).En línea con dicho modelo de Contabilidad Social, se aborda una nueva dimensión o ecosistema del valor, el valor emocional, y se propone un instrumento para su medición de manera cuantitativa. La propuesta realizada viene determinada por la identificación de un índice, que funcionaría como un factor corrector, permitiendo ajustar al alza o a la baja, el valor social integral. Una adaptación del modelo servqual (Parasuraman, et al., 1988), permitirá la objetivación del factor corrector y la amplitud del rango de corrección, a aplicar al Valor Social Integrado. La aplicación práctica al caso concreto de la Unión de Cooperativas Agrarias de Navarra (UCAN) permitirá cuantificar el valor emocional generado por la entidad, posibilitando su integración con el valor económico y social.
Incrementando la eficiencia de las licitaciones públicas con la contabilidad social
Authors: Bernal  Uribarrena Ramón
Published: December 2020

Con la aprobación de la Ley 9/2017, de Contratos del Sector Público, se presenta en el Estado Español una oportunidad para incorporar la valoración de otros resultados en los procesos de contratación pública, ampliando la perspectiva más allá de los económicos, tenidos en cuenta de manera habitual hasta la fecha. La contratación pública supone casi el 20% del PIB en España, de ahí el interés de este trabajo, centrado en facilitar una herramienta que incorpore una perspectiva más amplia en los procesos de valoración, permitiendo una contratación pública más eficiente socialmente. Las teorías tienden a la inclusión de los aspectos sociales y medioambientales en la actualidad, pero hasta el momento no existen trabajos que aborden explícitamente los aspectos sociales.En un estudio previo, en el que han participado 71 expertos españoles (Bernal, San-Jose & Retolaza, 2019), la objetivación de los procesos de licitación pública se ha identificado como una de las principales propuestas de mejora para los mismos. Este trabajo, utilizando el modelo de Contabilidad Social, desarrollado por Retolaza, San-Jose y Ruiz-Roqueñi, identifica el valor social que generaría cada una las propuestas presentadas por las empresas a un proceso delicitación concreto, permitiendo su incorporación al proceso de valoración con similares criterios que los conceptos cuantificables que el proceso ya recogía. El resultado muestra que el modelo de Contabilidad Social facilita la objetivación en la incorporación del valor social a las licitaciones públicas, favoreciendo el avance hacia una perspectiva más amplia de los mismos.
Stakeholder Accounting: hacia un modelo ampliado de contabilidad
Authors: Freeman Edward , Retolaza José Luis , San José Leire
Published: December 2020

Desde ya hace un tiempo, la narrativa de los stakeholders se ha incorporado de forma decidida en un amplio elenco de organizaciones, contribuyendo al ideario de las principales empresas del mundo. Sin embargo, para un adecuado desarrollo de la misma no es suficiente incorporarla al propósito, es también necesario incorporar dicha perspectiva en los resultados. La transferencia de valor mediante mecanismos no monetarios o incluso emocionales, y la distribución de valor a múltiples stakeholders requiere un sistema más completo del que ofrece la contabilidad financiera. Un instrumento pensado principalmente para identificar el valor monetario residual, es decir, el beneficio; donde el valor distribuido a otros stakeholders, como por ejemplo los trabajadores y proveedores, aparece como un gasto con signo negativo; es decir, como una merma de valor. Para hacer frente a este problema y a la necesidad de una información más completa, tal y como está demandando la teoría de stakeholders, se necesita ampliar el actual sistema de información contable. En el presente artículo se propone una ampliación del concepto de valor, incorporando además de las transacciones basadas en precios, las transferencias realizadas en un entorno de no mercado (sin contraprestación de precio) y aquellas de carácter emocional; así mismo, se propone una ampliación desde una perspectiva unidimensional, centrada en los accionistas a una multidimensional que incorpore a la totalidad de los stakeholders de la organización. En el resto del artículo se reflexiona sobre las experiencias y las implicaciones de este modelo decontabilidad para los stakeholders que, sin duda, tiene un excelente encaje en la Economía Social.
Rethinking experimental music within music education: Thoughts and feelings after a voyage through the Project INsono
Authors: Veloso Ana Luísa
Published: December 2020

This paper tells the story of INsono, an interactive sound installation and workshop created by a group of musicians for the 6th edition of the Big Bang in Lisbon, Portugal. To tell this story I will present my findings throughout a narrative that evolves through the analysis and interpretations of interviews with the musicians and the curator of the Big Bang Lisbon, field notes taken during the creation and the presentation of INsono, and group interviews with children about their lived experiences during the workshop. Describing the process that led to the creation of the final sound installation, I will explore, on one side, what were the main concerns and ideas of the musicians and the curator of the festival in what regards concepts such as education, childhood, music, and art, and, on the other, the perspectives of children that participated in the workshop on their experiences of INsono. This will, hopefully, lead us to a discussion where we might rethink the potentialities of experimental music in both formal and non-formal contexts of learning; moreover, it might lead us also to look at the dynamics, strategies and tools that are used in non-formal contexts as a source of inspiration to reflect on pedagogical approaches in the classroom that might enrich the musical and artistic experiences of children.
Cuando el barrio educa: aprendizaje situado y creación artística colaborativa como herramienta en la formación musical del futuro docente
Authors: Berbel Gómez Noemy , Murillo Ribes Adolf , Riaño Galán María Elena
Published: December 2020

Este estudio describe y analiza una acción artístico-pedagógica en el ámbito de la formación inicial de docentes y desarrollada en un barrio desfavorecido de Palma de Mallorca, España. Participaron 65 estudiantes del Grado de Maestro de Educación Primaria en la asignatura de Música y 3 músicos expertos, responsables de diseñar e implementar la acción. A través de una metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptivo-interpretativo, los resultados muestran: 1) algunas características que determinaron el diseño de la acción como son el aprendizaje situado, la colaboración, la creatividad y el compromiso con la realidad social del barrio; y 2) aspectos emergentes a partir de las valoraciones de los participantes relacionados con las dimensiones metodológica, creativa y social. Las conclusiones sugieren que este tipo de acciones son una oportunidad en la formación, tanto disciplinar como pedagógica, de los futuros docentes, sean estos generalistas o especialistas de Música. Es necesario continuar indagando sobre estrategias docentes que les ayude a poner en práctica experiencias artísticas contextualizadas desde un enfoque creativo y colaborativo.
Stability Analysis of the Disease Free Equilibrium of Malaria, Dengue and Typhoid Triple Infection Model
Authors: Oluwafemi T. J. , Azuaba E. , Kura Y. M.
Published: December 2020

A Mathematical model of a system of non-linear differential equation is developed to study the transmission dynamics of malaria, dengue and typhoid triple infection. In this work, the basic reproduction number is derived using the Next Generation Matrix, also we computed the disease free equilibrium point. The disease free equilibrium (DFE) point is analyzed and was found that the DFE is locally stable but may be globally unstable when R0 < 1.
Study on Assessing the Socio-economic Characters of Banana Cultivating Farmers in Coimbatore and Erode Districts of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Malarkodi M. , Indumathi V. M. , Divya K. , Navaneetham B. , Krishnakumare B.
Published: December 2020

Banana is a staple fruit in almost every Indian meal and also an important commercial crop that adds a considerable amount of dollar in country’s export revenues column. But in recent years the share is in decreasing trend due to some inevitable reasons. So understanding factors influencing banana exporting farmer’s especially among small and marginal farmers is a necessary one. This study tries to understand the socio-economic characteristics of banana farmers in Coimbatore and Erode district. 120 samples were selected randomly and well-structured interview schedule is used to collect data. The results show that most of the farmers were in the age group of 41 – 50 (32.50%) and are illiterate (28.33%) with farm experience of about 26-35 years (35%). Sample farmers largely live as a nuclear family (69.17%) and follow agriculture as a sole occupation (36.67%). Most of the sample farmers were marginal farmers (40.8%) with the annual income range of about 1 lakh to 3 lakh (35.83%). As many of them are small and marginal farmers and are illiterate, it is suggested to conduct number of training programs, tour visit and exhibition to increase the awareness about the export of banana.
Clean Energy Access and Productive Use by Bottom of Pyramid Clients in Ethnic & Tribal Areas of Odisha: An Appraisal
Authors: Das Shiv Sankar , Behera Debashree Debadatta , Mishra Siba Prasad , Pradhan Gautam
Published: December 2020

Ending poverty and ensuring sustainability are the defining challenges of the recent times. Energy has the answer to both [1]. Surged right of entry to the modern energy uses  is perilous but a positive  support to human and their economic expansion through uninterrupted delivery of energy amenities for elementary needs to support both prolific uses and generating employments. Access to modern energy Services like electricity, natural fossil and coal gases, cooking hydrocarbons and wood fuel, etc. are essential for value-added health and agrarian yield [2]. This paper discus on actionable research undertaken for improving the quality of life of countryside individuals (mainly scheduled tribe areas) in some districts of southern zones Odisha by using clean energy systems.
A Comparison of Post-operative Sensitivity in Composite Resin Restorations Using Total-etch and Self-etch Adhesive in Posterior Teeth
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Hussain Samreen , Abdullah Faryal , Baloch Jiand , Soomro Zaheer Ahmed , Sheikh Abubakar , Khan Shoaib
Published: December 2020

Aims: Over the period of time lot of advancement has been done in the field of dentistry. In spite of these newer materials and improvement in the properties of composite material post-operative sensitivity is still a major concern for a dentist after composite restoration placement. Dentine bonding agents; dentine adhesives are either a “total-etch technique” or “self-etch technique” which bond to the tooth structure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of self -etch and total-etch with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Self-etching adhesives are used to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used before placing posterior resin-based composite restorations. The purpose of this study was to see whether self-etch adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch adhesive; Total Etch adhesive would result in a better enamel marginal integrity than Self Etch Adhesive.

Study Design: Clinical Trial.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Jinnah Dental College between October 2019 – February 2020.

Methodology: Sample size was calculated using a WHO sample size determination for health studies software using power 80% and the level of significance 5%. Sample size was calculated in accordance with the literature review. The sample size required was 32 in each group. Sample technique was Non-probability purposive sampling. Total 62 teeth were restored (molars and premolars) 32 in each group, age range 18 to 40 years. Cross tab made for the pain score between self-etch and total etch or pain comparison. Man Whitney test was applied. Both adhesives were handled and applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. The patients were carefully examined at recall appointments at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months.

Results: Total 62 teeth were restored (molars and premolars) 32 in each group. On the basis of frequency and percentage clinically significant difference was found but no significance was found. Patients were evaluated before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment and 3 months after treatment. When compared the sensitivity severity with self-etch technique 19.4% had moderate sensitivity before treatment which was reduced to 0% after 2 weeks and 3 months. While in total etch technique there was 16.1% sensitivity preoperatively which was reduced to 3.2% and 6.5% after 2 weeks and 3 months respectively.

Conclusion: There is lesser degree of sensitivity when total etch technique was used under composite in comparison to self-etch.
Elimination of Crumpled Leadframe Defect through Machine Sensor Enhancement
Authors: Pulido Jonathan C. , Jr. Edwin M. Graycochea , Gomez Frederick Ray I.
Published: December 2020

The paper focused on the improvement done in quad-flat no-leads (QFN) leadframe package assembly to address the quantity of rejection of crumpled leadframe during handling at wirebond process station. Overload sensor at the output magazine handler was found out to be defective, hence a new sensor was installed. With the improvement done, crumpled leadframe strip occurrence was ultimately eliminated.
Reinforced Polymer Blend Membranes with Liposome‐Like Morphology for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Operating under Low‐Humidity Conditions
Authors: Lee So Young , Park Chi Hoon , Chae Ji Eon , Lee Seungju , Lee Hye-Jin , Yoo Sung Jong , Kim Jin Young , Jang Jong Hyun , Kim Hyoung-Juhn
Published: December 2020

Reinforced polymer blend membranes with liposome‐like morphology prepared for applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells from a sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (BPSH), a hydroxylated poly(ether sulfone), and a hydroxylated sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) as a compatibilizer are characterized both experimentally and theoretically (by mesoscale and molecular dynamics simulations). Compared with those prepared from pristine BPSH, blend membranes exhibit improved mechanical strength, lower water uptake, and better dimensional stability, which is ascribed to the presence of hydroxylated polymers and the resulting hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. The blend membranes also show unusual morphologies; e.g., the 60‐811 membrane exhibits a unique nanoscale phase‐separated morphology similar to that of a liposome, featuring hydrophilic spherical ionic clusters (0.5 μm) with the small ionic domains of 15–20 nm at their cores. Hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and sulfonic acid groups in this membrane results in enhanced water retention capability, high proton conductivity, and excellent single‐cell performance superior to that of Nafion 212 under the conditions of both full and insufficient hydration.
Smart Polymers for Microscale Machines
Authors: Tan Liyuan , Davis Aaron C. , Cappelleri David J.
Published: December 2020

Microscale machines are able to perform a number of tasks like micromanipulation, drug‐delivery, and noninvasive surgery. In particular, microscale polymer machines that can perform intelligent work for manipulation or transport, adaptive locomotion, or sensing are in‐demand. To achieve this goal, shape‐morphing smart polymers like hydrogels, liquid crystalline polymers, and other smart polymers are of great interest. Structures fabricated by these materials undergo mechanical motion under stimulation such as temperature, pH, light, and so on. The use of these materials renders microscale machines that undergo complex stimuli‐responsive transformation such as from planar to 3D by combining spatial design like introducing in‐plane or out‐plane differences. During the past decade, many techniques have been developed or adopted for fabricating structures with smart polymers including microfabrication methods and the well‐known milestone of 4D printing, starting in 2013. In this review, the existing or potential active smart polymers that could be used to fabricate active microscale machines to accomplish complex tasks are summarized.
An Ultrahigh‐Field‐Tailored T1–T2 Dual‐Mode MRI Contrast Agent for High‐Performance Vascular Imaging
Authors: Wang Jin , Jia Yinhang , Wang Qiyue , Liang Zeyu , Han Guangxu , Wang Zejun , Lee Jiyoung , Zhao Meng , Li Fangyuan , Bai Ruiliang , Ling Daishun
Published: December 2020

The assessment of vascular anatomy and functions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical for medical diagnosis, whereas the commonly used low‐field MRI system (≤3 T) suffers from low spatial resolution. Ultrahigh field (UHF) MRI (≥7 T), with significantly improved resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio, shows great potential to provide high‐resolution vasculature images. However, practical applications of UHF MRI technology for vascular imaging are currently limited by the low sensitivity and accuracy of single‐mode (T1 or T2) contrast agents. Herein, a UHF‐tailored T1–T2 dual‐mode iron oxide nanoparticle‐based contrast agent (UDIOC) with extremely small core size and ultracompact hydrophilic surface modification, exhibiting dually enhanced T1–T2 contrast effect under the 7 T magnetic field, is reported. The UDIOC enables clear visualization of microvasculature as small as ≈140 µm in diameter under UHF MRI, extending the detection limit of the 7 T MR angiography. Moreover, by virtue of high‐resolution UHF MRI and a simple double‐checking process, UDIOC‐based dual‐mode dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI is successfully applied to detect tumor vascular permeability with extremely high sensitivity and accuracy, providing a novel paradigm for the precise medical diagnosis of vascular‐related diseases.
Endogenous mRNA Triggered DNA‐Au Nanomachine for In Situ Imaging and Targeted Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yu Sha , Zhou Yang , Sun Yao , Wu Shaojun , Xu Tingting , Chang Yu‐Chung , Bi Sai , Jiang Li‐Ping , Zhu Jun‐Jie
Published: December 2020

The development of versatile nanotheranostic platforms that integrate both diagnostic and therapeutic functions have always been an intractable challenge in precise cancer treatment. Herein, an aptamer‐tethered deoxyribonucleic acids‐gold particle (Apt‐DNA‐Au) nanomachine has been developed for in situ imaging and targeted multimodal synergistic therapy of mammary carcinoma. Upon specifically internalized into MCF‐7 cells, the tumor‐related TK1 mRNA activates the Apt‐DNA‐Au nanomachine by DNA strand displacement cascades, resulting in the release of the fluorophore and antisense DNA as well as the aggregation of AuNPs for in situ imaging, suppression of survivin expression and photothermal therapy, respectively. Meanwhile, the controlled released drugs are used for chemotherapy, while under the laser irradiation the loaded photosensitizer produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy. The results confirm that the proposed Apt‐DNA‐Au nanomachine provides a powerful nanotheranostic platform for in situ imaging‐guided combinatorial anticancer therapy.
1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene Enhances Activity of Peroxide Intermediates in Phosphine‐Free α‐Hydroxylation of Ketones
Authors: Wang Yongtao , Lu Rui , Yao Jia , Li Haoran
Published: December 2020

The critical role of double hydrogen bonds was addressed for the aerobic α‐hydroxylation of ketones catalyzed by 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), in the absence of either a metal catalyst or phosphine reductant. Experimental and theoretical investigations were performed to study the mechanism. In addition to initiating the reaction by proton abstraction, a more important role of TBD was revealed, that is, to enhance the oxidizing ability of peroxide intermediates, allowing DMSO to be used rather than commonly used phosphine reductants. Further characterizations with nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) confirmed the presence of double hydrogen bonds between TBD and the ketone, and kinetic studies suggested the attack of dioxygen on the TBD‐enol adduct to be the rate‐determining step. This work should encourage the application of TBD as a catalyst for oxidations.
Fabrication of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/amine modified carbon nanotube composite films for rapid chromate removal
Authors: Aydin Yasar Andelib
Published: December 2020

Composite adsorbent films with amine and hydroxyl functionalities were synthesized from chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and amine‐modified carbon nanotubes (a‐MWCNT) by solvent casting method. Weight proportions of CS to PVA and weight percent of a‐MWCNT were optimized to achieve highest chromate removal capacity. Structural characteristics of the composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Accordingly, incorporation of a‐MWCNT to CS/PVA structure resulted in the generation of nanochannels, which enhanced adsorption capacity. Moreover, the composite comprising 0.4% wt. a‐MWCNT provided over 99% of Cr (VI) removal from 50 mg L−1 Cr (VI) solution within five minutes of contact time. Redlich–Peterson and Radke–Prausnitz isotherm models provided the highest conformity to adsorption data. Maximum chromate sorption capacity of CS/PVA/a‐MWCNT composite film was determined as 134.2 mg g−1 being 172% higher than that of CS/PVA. Regeneration was best achieved in 1.0 M NaOH and the composite was shown to retain at least 70% of its original capacity after five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles.
Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der geotextilen Betonmattentechnologie zur Deckwerksgestaltung
Authors: Wilke Markus , Derksen Jan , Ebbert Simon , Harnisch Jörg
Published: December 2020

Geotextile Betonmatten weisen eine mehr als 50‐jährige Historie auf. Ihre ursprüngliche Anwendung wurde sowohl für den Küsten‐ und Binnenwasserbau als auch für den Gebirgsbachverbau dokumentiert. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre ist der Einsatz von Betonmatten für die verschiedensten Anwendungen, mit einem Schwerpunkt für Kanalauskleidungen, wieder vermehrt zu beobachten. Trotz des jahrzehntelangen Einsatzes und der weltweiten Akzeptanz des Systems gibt es hinsichtlich der grundlegenden Funktionsmechanismen immer noch gewisse Fragestellungen zu klären. Dieser Fachbeitrag erläutert die Grundlagen der Betonmattentechnologie und beschreibt die prinzipielle Wirkungsweise, welche durch großmaßstäbliche Vier‐Punkt‐Biegeversuche, durchgeführt an der Fachhochschule Münster, illustriert werden. Darüber hinaus werden die an der Rheinisch‐Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen ausgeführten Untersuchungen zur hydraulischen Rauheit beschrieben und deren Versuchsergebnisse dokumentiert. Weitere kürzlich abgeschlossene Prüfungen, z. B. Eislastversuche in Russland, vervollständigen den Überblick an wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen. Abschließend wird die Anwendung der Betonmatten als Deckwerkssystem für Kanäle, Wasserstraßen und Überströmstrecken anhand ausgeführter Projekte veranschaulicht.
Infinitesimal calculus: A blunder in mathematics?
Authors: Fazarinc Zvonko
Published: December 2020

This article reveals the fact that considerable study time invested into acquisition of proficiency in infinitesimal calculus leaves behind only the ability to tackle problems of order four or less. Today's problems reaching into orders of thousands are being handled by clever computer‐based algorithms seldom addressed in high school or college. Yet, the calculus teaching will persist as long as physics and some other natural science teachers start their lectures with a differential equation. An alternative method, preparing high school students for serious problem‐solving abilities, is presented with examples. References provided, many published by this author, do apply the method to a broad range of natural sciences.
Improvement of Graphite Interfacial Stability in All‐Solid‐State Cells Adopting Sulfide Glassy Electrolytes
Authors: Maresca Giovanna , Tsurumaki Akiko , Suzuki Naoki , Tsujimura Tomoyuki , Aihara Yuichi , Assunta Navarra Maria
Published: December 2020

A study on the interfacial properties between a solid glassy electrolyte, LiI‐Li3PS4 (LPSI), and graphite (MAG) composite electrodes was carried out with the aim of reducing or even eliminating the irreversible capacity during the 1st charge‐discharge cycle. The performances of all‐solid‐state MAG|LPSI|Li cells were compared with those of conventional liquid cells. To reinforce a well‐distributed conductive path in MAG as well as at the MAG/LPSI interface, the type of electron conducting additive and the pressure during cell preparation were optimized. Specific functions of the conducting additive were demonstrated, where the sub‐micrometric carbon fibers allowed better galvanostatic performance in the solid‐state configuration by virtue of their high aspect ratio. The coulombic efficiency of solid‐state cells was improved from 46 to 99 % and the reversible capacity value from 100 to 270 mAh g−1, by increasing the pressure from 2 to 4 ton. The interfacial stability of LPSI was also evaluated by impedance spectroscopy of MAG|MAG and Li|Li cells over time. Although ionic resistance of LPSI was higher than a conventional liquid electrolyte, LPSI exhibited controlled interfacial resistance.
N, S Co‐Doped Porous Carbon from Antibiotic Bacteria Residues Enables a High‐Performance FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Jing , Zhou Xiangyang , Wang Qian , Luo Chucheng , Yang Juan , Tang Jingjing
Published: December 2020

FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O is considered as a potential candidate cathode material owing to the special structure with one‐dimension (1D) tunnel. However, its practical application is hindered by the poor electric conductivity. In this work, FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O embedded into N, S co‐doped porous carbon (NSPC) derived from antibiotic bacterial residues was synthesized by a facile wet‐impregnation method. Close contact of FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O nanoparticles with NSPC can provide the rapid electron conduction channel and keep the structural stability, which endows that FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O@NSPC electrode achieves excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 164.5 mAh g−1 at 40 mA g−1 after 100 cycles between 2.0 and 4.5 V and good rate performance. This study offers a new method for high‐value utilization of antibiotic bacteria residues (ABRs) for application in energy storage.
Donor–Acceptor Interactions Induced Interfacial Synthesis of an Ultrathin Fluoric 2D Polymer by Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Sun Qingzhu , Pan Qingyan , Ban Yanqi , Liu Hui , Fan Chunyan , Sun Lishui , Zhao Yingjie
Published: December 2020

Two‐dimensional polymers (2DPs) have attracted much interest due to their unique 2D atomic‐thick covalent network with periodically linked monomers. The preparation of mono‐ or few‐layered 2DPs with highly ordered structures is still a big challenge. Herein, we report a preparation of ultrathin 2DP film based on photo‐triggered [2+2] cycloaddition at the air/water interface. The pre‐assembly process induced by the D–A interactions before the polymerization plays a key role in constructing the highly ordered structure. The precise structure and chemical compositions of the continuous 2DP films were proved by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) and molecular‐mechanics‐based structural simulation.
A Generalized Contact Modification for Fixed‐Bed Reactor CFD Simulations
Authors: Eppinger Thomas , Wehinger Gregor D.
Published: December 2020

Particle‐resolved CFD simulations provide detailed insights into fixed‐bed reactors. One of the remaining challenges is the generation of high‐quality computational cells, which is especially challenging near particle‐particle contacts. This contribution presents a generalized and automated contact modification independent of the particle shape by introducing a defined gap of 1 % of the particle diameter. This approach is successfully demonstrated for non‐spherical cylinders, hollow and multi‐hole cylinders, and a novel particle shape in terms of radial void fraction, pressure drop and an illustrative heat transfer study.
Process design of a continuous biotransformation with in situ product removal by cloud point extraction
Authors: Fellechner Oliver , Smirnova Irina
Published: December 2020

In this work, a continuous, heterogeneous extractive biocatalysis was realized with penicillin G hydrolysis as a model reaction. Therefore, commercially available structured packing CY from Sulzer were coated with enzyme‐containing gels and their catalytic activity was examined. Thereby, the potential of aqueous micellar two‐phase systems (ATPMS) as an extraction medium was evaluated. Triton X‐114 was used as model surfactant. It was found that the separation efficiency of the packing is not affected by the coating and ATPMS allows for a good separation yield. With these results, different process concepts for the continuous, heterogeneous extractive biocatalysis were compared. Overall, a countercurrent process with side inlet ( = 78.1% ± 1.3%) has shown a great potential for a selective product separation and thus, higher yields in comparison to a monophasic batch operation ( = 51.9% ± 0.6%) as well as a biphasic batch operation ( = 67.6% ± 1.0%, wTriton X‐114 = 5%) were achieved.
Quantification of palm oil bioactive compounds by ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography and chemometrics
Authors: de Souza Guedes Luciana , Santana Cesar Costapinto , Rutledge Douglas Neil , Pinto Licarion , Jardim Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes , de Melo Lucília Vilela , Beppu Marisa Masumi , Breitkreitz Márcia Cristina
Published: December 2020

Lycopene, beta‐carotene, coenzyme Q10, and lutein are minor constituents of palm oil that are removed during biodiesel production to produce light‐coloured oils. With the aim to investigate the recovery of these valuable compounds, a separation method was developed to quantify carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in palm oil by ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography. Due to the presence of interferents, different clean‐up procedures were evaluated; however, these approaches were ineffective and the separation method was developed without this step. The chemometric method multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares was employed to properly quantify lycopene, beta‐carotene, and coenzyme Q10 in the presence of interferents. Lutein was sufficiently resolved to be quantified by a univariate method. Lycopene concentration was below the limit of quantification 3.12 μg/mL (3.12 × 10−3 kg/m3). Beta‐carotene concentration was determined as being 183.48 ± 1.66 μg/mL (183.48 ± 1.66 × 10−3 kg/m3). Coenzyme Q10 concentration was lower than the limit of detection 4.22 μg/mL (4.22 × 10−3 kg/m3) and lutein concentration 9.24 μg/mL (9.24 × 10−3 kg/m3) was below the limit of quantification. The study showed the analytical challenges associated with the separation and quantification of minor constituents of a highly complex matrix such as palm oil and demonstrated that the recovery of beta‐carotene could be economically viable due to its wide range of application in industry.
Latent profiles of children’s autonomic nervous system reactivity early in life predict later externalizing problems
Authors: Roubinov Danielle , Tein Jenn‐Yun , Kogut Katherine , Gunier Robert , Eskenazi Brenda , Alkon Abbey
Published: December 2020

Prior researchers have observed relations between children's autonomic nervous system reactivity and externalizing behavior problems, but rarely considers the role of developmentally regulated changes in children's stress response systems. Using growth mixture modeling, the present study derived profiles of parasympathetic nervous system reactivity (as indicated by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) and sympathetic nervous system reactivity (as indicated by pre‐ejection period (PEP)) from low income, primarily Mexican American children measured repeatedly from infancy through age 5 (N = 383) and investigated whether profiles were associated with externalizing problems at age 7. Analyses identified two profiles of RSA reactivity (reactive decreasing and U‐shaped reactivity) and three profiles of PEP reactivity (blunted/anticipatory reactivity, reactive decreasing, non‐reactive increasing). Compared to children with an RSA profile of reactive decreasing, those with an RSA profile of U‐shaped reactivity had marginally higher externalizing problems, however, this difference was not statistically significant. Children who demonstrated a profile of blunted/anticipatory PEP reactivity had significantly higher externalizing problems compared to those with a profile of non‐reactive increasing, likely related to the predominantly male composition of the former profile and predominantly female composition of the latter profile. Findings contribute to our understanding of developmental trajectories of ANS reactivity and highlight the utility of a longitudinal framework for understanding the effects of physiological risk factors on later behavior problems.
Investigation of multi‐fuel combustion behavior and synergy effect using improved steady‐state discrete particle model simulation
Authors: Somwangthanaroj Surapoom , Fukuda Suneerat
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a simulation study of municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion using a multi‐fuel combustion model, which was an extended version from the one previously developed by the authors. The model was a steady‐state model with partial transient implementation as user‐defined functions (UDF) developed in ANSYS Fluent platform to investigate the combustion behavior of fuel interacting in the solid and gas phases. The solid phase was simulated using discrete particle model (DPM). The extended simulation model took into consideration the difference of properties and combustion characteristics of different MSW components. The main improvement was the application of a newly developed algorithm that allows the influence of the surrounding particles and environment on the simulating particle and the possible synergy between them. The combustion and furnace zone of an MSW power plant in Hatyai, Thailand was the simulated case study and the measured temperatures from various sensor locations at the plant exhaust were used for model validation. The inputs for volatile combustion were obtained from pyrolysis experiments. For compatibility with GRI‐Mech 3.0, CH3CHO and C2H2 were used to represent the tar component. In the fuel bed zone, the simulated temperatures were higher than the measured temperatures up to 36%, which were the results of the complete combustion of the simulated fuel bed at too early location on the grate. For the fluid phase, the simulated mean temperature at the locations that were not affected by fuel bed combustion was approximately 6% different from the measured values. Synergy between particles was observed and attributed to the effect of nearby particles' properties on the combustion of simulating particle.