bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Concurrency between Industrial and Engineering Design Using CAT Technology Combined with Virtual Reality
Authors: Wickman Casper , Söderberg Rikard
Published: July 2003

These days, when an industrial design concept is evaluated in an aesthetic manner, all models used are nominal. If the design is evaluated with nominal models, variation aspects and design solutions that would greatly influence the overall quality appearance might not be discovered until the first test series are made. By using nonnominal models during the design process, important geometric aspects can be issued, and the need for physical test series can be reduced. In the automotive industry, especially in body design, the relationships between doors, hoods, fenders and other panels are critical for quality appearance.

This article suggests how combining traditional Computer Aided Tolerance (CAT) tools with modern Virtual Reality (VR) tools has the potential to enhance concurrency between industrial and engineering design and provide support for the geometry process in early phases. Traditional nonnominal verification can then already be conducted in the concept phase using digital models instead of physical. A VR-CAT tool supported geometry design process is proposed from a holistic point of view. Results and indications from a case study, where prescribed VR-CAT tool has been tried out in an on going project at Volvo Cars is presented.
Managing Notifications in a Federated S2S Environment
Authors: Lapinski Michael , Sobolewski Michael
Published: July 2003

The goal of the Federated Intelligent Product Environment (FIPER) is to form a federation of distributed services that provide engineering data, applications and tools on a network. A highly flexible software architecture has been developed, in which engineering tools like computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), product data management (PDM), optimization, cost modeling, etc., act as distributed service providers and service requestors. Service providers can enter the federation by registering with a service registry and publish the services through a process of discovery and join. An environment like this requires a mechanism for interprocess message passing from services to clients, services to services, and even clients to clients. The design issues of such a system and its implementation in the FIPER environment are described.
Collaborative System for Cutting Data Management Based on STEP Standard
Authors: Deshayes Laurent , Dartigues Christel , Ghodous Parisa , Rigal Jean François
Published: July 2003

Recent research work concerning cooperative and concurrent engineering, increasingly interest industrial firms. Companies can no longer ignore this approach due to industrial needs such as improvement of quality and reduction of cost and delay. The objective of this paper is to propose an approach allowing the different experts or firms, to cooperate via Internet. To facilitate the communication of information among experts and to suppress the organizational borders of companies, STEP Standards is a viable tool that can be used in this frame. Nevertheless some tools have to be developed to give accessible STEP technology to the different actors. As an application study, the cutting process field is considered. Actually, STEP does not propose any parts for such field, so we have developed different standard models based on STEP methodology. These models have been validated by industrial cases. We have also proposed a methodology for cooperative work and an infrastructure architecture based on internet tools. An example of software prototype interface shows how different experts can share their different points of views at both information models and data. Finally the problems encountered by our proposed approach are explained and future works are presented.
MC as a Means for Supporting Information Flow in Construction Processes
Authors: Čuš-Babič Nenad , Rebolj Danijel , Magdič Aleš , Radosavljević Milan
Published: July 2003

This paper initially presents the potential use of mobile computing in the construction industry. However, it is further assumed that the use of mobile computing can significantly improve the flow of relevant information among the project participants only if the present organisational culture is subject to changes. That is further supported with the results from the experimental study of the potential use of various mobile computing devices in the project information exchange. In this respect only cost effective, commonly available and standardised solutions would prove a project-wide applicability. The final objective of the paper is to show why there should be further research in mobile computing focused on identifying weaknesses in project-related information exchange and how to apply existing optimised IT procedures to alleviate these weaknesses.
Rheological Properties of Batters for Coating Products - Effect of Addition of Corn Flour and Salt
Authors: Salvador A. , Sanz T. , Fiszman S. M.
Published: July 2003

The contributions made by corn flour (0, 3 and 6%) and salt (0 and 5.5%) to the rheological properties of a commercial batter mix were studied. The properties of the wheat flour that are the base of the mix were studied first, then the corn flour, salt and other ingredients were added step by step. All the samples showed a shear-thinning behaviour. An increase in the consistency index was obtained when corn flour was present, while the presence of salt produced a remarkable decrease. No differences in viscoelastic behaviour were found when corn flour up to 6% was added, and the behaviour had a clear elastic component. The addition of salt produced a more viscous behaviour. An increase in the gelatinisation temperature of batters was observed in the formulations with salt.
Changes in Volatile Compounds during Ripening in Grapes of Airén, Macabeo and Chardonnay White Varieties Grown in La Mancha Region (Spain)
Authors: García E. , Chacón J. L. , Martínez J. , Izquierdo P. M.
Published: July 2003

Changes in volatile compounds in musts and skins of grapes of Airén, Macabeo and Chardonnay white varieties were determined during ripening. The musts of the Airén variety contained higher concentrations of c-3-hexenol; musts of the Macabeo variety were the richest in t-3-hexenol and 2,4-hexadienal, while the Chardonnay musts stood out for having higher concentrations of benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. The skins of the three varieties were both qualitatively and quantitatively richer in volatiles than were the musts. The skins of the Airén grapes had the highest levels of nerol. Airén grapes were the only variety in which citronellol was present in the skins. Low concentrations of eugenol were detected in the skins of the Chardonnay grape variety but were not present in the other two varieties. Changes in the concentration of the volatile compounds during ripening were not uniform; this made difficult the determination of the optimum level of ripening for each variety on the basis of the volatile compound content. Nevertheless, results indicated that C6 compounds and terpene concentrations reached a maximum at 6-8 ° Baumé in the Airén grapes and at around 11 ° Baumé in the Chardonnay and Macabeo grapes.
Learning from Difference?
Authors: Reynolds Michael , Trehan Kiran
Published: July 2003

Difference has achieved the status of shibboleth within management education—a social good, a source of richness, a resource to be welcomed, worked with and `managed'. The premise of this article is that contrary to such rhetoric, difference is often experienced as difficult and discomforting, providing the grounds for division and exclusion. With examples from participants on postgraduate programmes in management education, the article illustrates the varied forms difference takes, the ways it is experienced, and some social processes that can result. The concluding section suggests implications for management educators who apply more participative approaches to learning.
Intergenerational Learning
Authors: Tempest Sue
Published: July 2003

This article challenges the normative vocabulary of organizational learning that emphasizes the unilateral transfer of knowledge from experts to less experienced personnel for effective organizational learning. It draws on research into learning in the UK television industry. Concepts such as `expert', `wisdom', and `knowledge worker' imply that experienced workers are more knowledgeable and, thus, more valuable to learning than the novice. However, this assumption may be fundamentally flawed. In practice, such language and its associated power structures may impede upward and horizontal learning to the detriment of organizational learning. Giving primacy to the expert ignores the rapidly shifting definition of who the knowledge-rich are in times of discontinuous change; deters reciprocal intergenerational learning between those who have different hierarchical positions and experience levels associated with varying levels of knowledgeability; and excludes certain categories of workers from the organizational learning process. This article suggests that the egalitarian approach to organizational learning advocated by some theorists requires the development of a more inclusive learning vocabulary.
Learning Strategies of Small and Medium-Sized Chinese Family Firms
Authors: Tsui-Auch Lai Si
Published: July 2003

This article is based on a comparative study of the learning strategies of two Singapore Chinese family firms that are incorporated into the same supplier network. As shown in this study, the firms, which work as suppliers in networks that are organized by global technology leading corporations and face state-driven institutional isomorphism on technological upgrading and quality control, have engaged in the learning of technology and management control procedures regardless of firm size, financial capability or industrial position. However, only the larger firm, with greater financial capability and a higher industrial position, has adopted a professional management system. The study provides the author with a base on which to develop propositions and a political-economic explanation that incorporates the roles of the state and foreign capital, the industrial characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises and the institutional characteristics of Chinese family firms to explicate the learning strategies of these firms.
Learning by Telling
Authors: Abma Tineke A.
Published: July 2003

Organizational learning in this article is understood as a collective and relational process in which groups of persons are gaining knowledge and appreciation of issues through stories and an ongoing dialogue between stories. This notion forms the departure-point for the identification and implementation of an organizational learning intervention that aims to facilitate learning through storytelling workshops. The value and meaning of these storytelling workshops are illustrated with a case that deals with the development of palliative care for cancer patients among various health care organizations in an eastern part of the Netherlands. What kinds of stories were added to the existing set of stories, and how the storytelling process and the confrontation with counter stories contributed to the reflection on and reconstruction of canonized stories are described in detail. The article concludes with insights for organizational learning gained from storytelling in palliative care.
Introduction: Ethics, Politics and Organizing
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: July 2003

This introduction to the special issue consists of some arguments that are intended to fold the concepts `ethics' and `politics' into one another. The aim of this exercise is to take business ethics to task for having a narrowly `ethical' view of its ambitions. Instead, I propose that business ethics needs to embrace political theory in addition to the moral philosophy that it has (up to now) treated as canonical. I argue that such an enlargement will encourage those who currently practise business ethics to ask broader questions about the current legitimacy crisis facing market managerialism, and also seriously to consider alternative forms of organization and exchange. The paper concludes with a short review of the rest of the issue.
A Utility Theory of `Truth'
Authors: Arthur Alex
Published: July 2003

Some important philosophical issues to do with truth, meaning and translation are raised if we attempt to take the language of business seriously. There may be difficulties associated with trying to make sense of what this would amount to, but a preliminary exploration of the territory provides interesting perspectives on business ethics and on the philosophy of language. When we decide that we know what another speaker is saying, we are simultaneously making decisions about the way the world is, the structure of the speaker's language and the speaker's veracity. Since there is an irreducible ethical dimension to translation, a decision to `translate' business language as ethical, but simply having different truth values, is not going to be `right' or `wrong' except in the context of an ethical stance taken by the translator. In other words, it is no different from a decision to adjust one's ethical position into conformity with the values apparently embedded in business practice.
As if Business Ethics were Possible, `within Such Limits'...
Authors: Jones Campbell
Published: July 2003

This paper takes up some of Jacques Derrida's work on ethics, responsibility and justice in order to ask if business ethics is possible within the limits in which it currently finds itself. We begin by discussing the `ethical turn' in Derrida's recent work and then, after setting this in context with a brief discussion of Emmanuel Levinas, survey a selection of Derrida's `ethical' works. This provides the basis for a discussion of the limits of calculative and legalistic business ethics, and the broader problem of the ethics of knowing what to do. Although in this paper we do not pretend to `deconstruct' business ethics, we conclude with a discussion of the prospects of a possible future deconstruction of business ethics.
The Elevation of Work: Pastoral Power and the New Age Work Ethic
Authors: Bell Emma , Taylor Scott
Published: July 2003

This paper seeks to establish the contours of the popular workplace spirituality discourse through analysis of academic and practitioner texts and accounts of organizational practice. We identify several themes, drawing attention to potential contradictions in the notions of meaning, measurement and community, which the discourse seeks to promote. In seeking to understand the means whereby it is embodied as a source of administrative power we draw on a range of historical and contemporary organizational examples, illustrating how pastoral power is reinforced through the construction of disciplinary technologies. We argue that the workplace spirituality discourse shares Weber's acceptance of the structural conditions of capitalism and seeks to resolve the dilemmas this creates for the individual through developing an inner sense of meaning and virtue. In this respect, it represents a revival of the Protestant ethic in a way that involves re-visioning the ambivalent relationship between self and organization. We conclude that the `social ethic' has given way to a New Age work ethic, which relies on the management of individual metaphysics as a source of organizational, as well as personal, transformation.
Balancing Mysterium and Onus: Doing Spiritual Work within an Emotion-Laden Organizational Context
Authors: Boyle Maree V. , Healy Joshua
Published: July 2003

This study uses the neo-Durkheimian conceptual framework of Mysterium and Onus to illustrate how spiritual work is used to accomplish emotional balance within emotion-laden organizational contexts. The constant emotional oscillations experienced by paramedics within an emergency services organization show how spiritual work is accomplished at the level of paramedic-patient interaction, emotional equilibrium within the self, and degrees of connectedness to the organization itself. We contend that in heavily emotion-laden organizational contexts where life-changing events are occurring, spiritual work is an important part of the emotional labor process. In turn, balancing emotions is a major part of `balancing' Mysterium (the sacred) and Onus (the profane). We conclude that emotion-laden organizations need to approach the practice of spirituality as an extremely sophisticated and complex phenomenon. While current trends towards `spiritualizing' the workplace through the legitimizing of corporate spiritualities may result in a more controlled and less enchanted workplace, spirituality may well remain as one of the few ways in which workers can practice resistance in a controlled work environment.
Qualitative Evaluations, Combined Methods and Key Challenges
Authors: Hearn Jeff , Lawler John , Dowswell George
Published: July 2003

This article has a twofold agenda. First, it examines lessons from qualitative evaluative research on a community intervention in stroke rehabilitation. Second, it focuses on more general, fundamental questions in evaluation, particularly in healthcare. This involves addressing the domination of a relatively narrow range of positivist research approaches in much medical research and how this limits understanding. While in the medical field randomized controlled trials are regarded as the gold standard, evaluations that rely on quantitative methods and measuring outcomes alone are inadequate. General themes addressed include: the relative neglect of nonpositivist, qualitative and process-orientated evaluation; the recognition of key distinctions in healthcare evaluation research; the need for greater attention to mixed and combined methods in evaluation; and the recognition of barriers to and key challenges in developing combined methods. This agenda suggests a need for more pluralist mentalities in research funding, evaluation and publication.
Knowledge without Goals? Evaluation of Knowledge Management Programmes
Authors: Hellström Tomas , Jacob Merle
Published: July 2003

How to create and transfer knowledge in organizations is the subject of a rich and stimulating discourse among academics and practitioners. This article focuses on a still relatively unexplored aspect of this issue: the evaluation of the outcomes of programmes designed to stimulate the creation and transfer of knowledge in corporations (sometimes called Knowledge Management [KM] programmes). This is done by taking the concept of organizational goals for development of knowledge, and viewing their relation to evaluation against the backdrop of epistemological concerns. It is argued that the evaluation of programmes for the creation and transfer of knowledge is a complex task for a number of reasons, one of the most important of which is the constitutive character of knowledge itself. As a conclusion the article recommends a constructivist and goal-free framework for KM-programme evaluation, which has the capacity to sensitize the organization to the transformative nature of KM. The article concludes with a number of suggestions as to how such evaluations may be carried out.
Economic Evaluation in the Social Welfare Field
Authors: Sefton Tom A. J.
Published: July 2003

This article argues that economists have a potentially valuable contribution to make to evaluation in the social welfare field, provided they are willing to embrace a more flexible and eclectic approach to economic evaluation. It contrasts the perspectives of mainstream economists and other evaluators working in this field, which often appear to be at opposite ends of the spectrum. This may explain why the role of economists often seems to be marginalized - the ends don't meet. Although different approaches to evaluation are to some extent complementary, the article argues that economists can learn from other perspectives on evaluation and should consider adapting or building on more conventional approaches to economic evaluation, where appropriate. This would help to improve the validity and generalizability of their results and would also facilitate more co-operative working with evaluators from other disciplines - helping to make ends meet.
The Shifting Locus of Control in Participatory Evaluations
Authors: Themessl-Huber Markus T. , Grutsch Markus A.
Published: July 2003

An evaluation project - ongoing for more than three years - will be used to show that shifts of authority between stakeholders are a major criterion for determining the evaluation process. Utilization, process learning, knowledge transfer, evaluative thinking, emancipation and democratization have become increasingly important facets of the evaluative process in participatory evaluations. This implies that greater authority to make decisions and to control the evaluation process has shifted towards the participants. Therefore, the focus is to ascertain who decides the characteristics of the evaluation in the course of its process. This article will look at the effectiveness of an evaluation and the utilization of evaluation results within a charitable organization. The authors analyse to what extent each of the 200 individual employees or the 23 teams within the organization have an impact on, and assume responsibility for, decisions that are crucial to them.
Identifying and Responding to the Mental Health Service Needs of Children Who Have Experienced Violence: A Community-Based Approach
Authors: Drotar Dennis , Flannery Daniel , Day Elsie , Friedman Steve , Creeden Rosemary , Gartland Heidi , McDavid Lolita , Tame Craig , McTaggart Matthew J.
Published: July 2003

Children’s exposure to violence, their psychological response to the violence, and their participation in a community-based intervention service were described. This article describes the provision of mental health services and the process evaluation for the initial phase of the program (1999-2000). A large number ( N = 1739) children were referred to the program over a 17.5-month period for mental health intervention immediately after witnessing and experiencing a range of violent acts, the majority of which ( N = 1355) involved domestic violence. A majority of referred children and adolescents ( N = 946) directly witnessed such violence, and the majority of those who were old enough to provide self-report indicated that they perceived the event as a direct threat to their safety. Many of these children and adolescents also reported high levels of trauma symptoms. The majority of children ( N = 1117) who were referred to the program participated. The findings underscore the feasibility of developing mental health services to meet the needs of children who are exposed to violence, especially family violence, at a critical time following violence exposure.
A Case of a Four-Year-Old Boy with Hyperlexia: Some Considerations for Diagnosis and Treatment from a Psychodynamic Perspective
Authors: Oberschneider Michael S.
Published: July 2003

This article examines a case of a four-year-old boy presenting with hyperlexia who was seen in twice-a-week psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy over a nine-month period. Hyperlexia can be defined as a speech-language disorder with significant problems in language learning and social skills, often accompanied by a fascination with letters, patterns, numbers and logos, and precocious reading and writing. Treatment focused primarily on the boy’s psychological conflicts and relationships, rather than on implementing the typical language and education strategies for hyperlexia. Results of this treatment support the hypothesis that hyperlexia can be usefully conceptualized as a symptom arising from biological predisposition and severe emotional stress or trauma. General issues pertaining to the conceptualization, diagnosis and treatment of hyperlexia are also addressed.
The Primary Mental Health Worker within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Gale Fiona , Vostanis Panos
Published: July 2003

This article describes the development of the primary mental health worker (PMHW) role within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) within the UK, and focuses on services in Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland, an area with a general population of 900,000. The concept behind the PMHW role is described and the application of this to practice is outlined. The role consists of consultation, liaison, direct work and training. The described primary mental health team comprises 13 PMHWs and is an integral part of a comprehensive CAMHS. Its aim is to support and enable primary care professionals in their work with mental health issues in children and families, thus promoting early recognition and management of child mental health problems and filtering appropriate referrals for specialist CAMHS intervention.
Family Distance Matters
Authors: Nøvik Torunn Stene , Solem May-Britt
Published: July 2003

In child psychiatric work strategies for engaging the family in strengthening the child’s coping should be included as part of the treatment plan. As family members experience the reality of the family differently, information from each family member provides a broader picture of the family. Clinicians can help the family achieve insights into relationships and roles by using a figure placement technique, the Kvebaek Family Sculpture Technique (KFST). We examined distances in KFST figure placements made by mothers, fathers and adolescents in order to explore closeness and distance, or family cohesion. We found that families often perceived changes in the perception of distance between family members following family therapy. Assessments by family members, as well as by clinicians, are needed to catch the complexity of family cohesion. A dialogue with the family about the various perspectives presented by family members contributes to a new understanding of family interaction.
Narrating Troubling Experiences
Authors: Garro Linda C.
Published: July 2003

This article presents a process-oriented perspective that relates to the broad question of how self-related experience comes to be endowed with meaning. The approach highlights the implications of `living by' particular culturally based understandings in specific contexts and centers on how jointly cultural, social, and cognitive processes offer potentialities for orienting the experiential self without determining self-related experiences. This process-oriented perspective revolves around the interplay between the range of historically contingent cultural resources available for endowing experience with meaning and the socially and structurally grounded processes through which individuals learn about, orient towards and traffic in interpretive plausibilities - a socially situated experientially based process. This perspective is informed by, and provides an entree for exploring, variability within a cultural setting. The narrative accounts examined are from individuals who grew up speaking either Ojibwa or Cree (both Algonkian languages) in First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada.
Acculturation and Changing Concepts of Mental Disorder: Brazilians in the USA
Authors: Glovsky Viviane , Haslam Nick
Published: July 2003

Forty-three Brazilian citizens living in the USA judged whether a sample of conditions were mental disorders and rated them on proposed features of the concept of mental disorder. Judgments and ratings were correlated with measures of American acculturation and identification with Brazilian culture, and with years of American residence. Consistent with prediction, greater acculturation was associated with a concept of distúrbio mental that was broader in reach and more intrapsychic in focus. However, greater acculturation was also associated with a stronger tendency to understand disorder as a violation of social expectations and to pathologize behavior in excess or `acting out.' American acculturation yielded no convergence of distúrbio mental with the concept of disorder embodied in DSM-IV.
So you are Thinking of having a Gastrostomy?
Authors: Ren Lau , Wheeler Vivienne
Published: July 2003

In this article Lauren, who is 10 years old, writes a letter to Victoria, a friend who is thinking about having a gastrostomy. Lauren describes why she needed a gastrostomy and about the operation she had. In her letter she talks about how much better she feels since she had her gastrostomy placed. She writes about the advantages of having medicines put down the tube, and tries to reassure other children about gastrostomies. One of Lauren's nurses sets the scene and explains why Lauren wrote the letter in the first place.
Relationships between the Family's Way of Functioning and Children's Temperament as Rated by Parents of Pre-Term Children
Authors: Eriksson Birgitta Sandén , Pehrsson Gunnel
Published: July 2003

This study examined the relationships between parents' perceptions of their family's way of functioning and their pre-term child's temperament. Forty-seven parents of infants born before the gestation age (GA) of 28 weeks during 1991, 1994 and 1997 answered the Family Relations Scale (FARS) and the Temperament Scale. One family function factor, enmeshment, was significantly higher in families with pre-term children than in other families, thus indicating certain difficulties in the inner life of the family ( p < 0.001). Parents' perceptions of their pre-term child's temperament did not differ from those of other parents. There was a strong correlation both between temperament dimensions and the family's way of functioning ( p < 0.0001) and between single-dimension impulsivity and the total scores for the family's way of functioning ( p < 0.01).
Minority Ethnic Families and Family-Centred Care
Authors: Ochieng Bertha M.N.
Published: July 2003

Family-centred care has generally treated families as though they were all two-parent families. For most minority ethnic families, this treatment is especially inappropriate because a greater percentage of the children are cared/live in non-traditional households, their families are heterogeneous and are primarily oriented towards extended families. However, the involvement of the extended family in family-centred care remains non-existent. This therefore suggests that there currently exists a lack of appreciation in appropriately implementing the concept of family-centred care among minority ethnic families. For this aspect of family-centred care to be explored, this article will provide an overview of the child-rearing styles of minority ethnic families including the role of extended family in child care, before discussing the need to involve the extended family in family-centred care. This analysis should enhance the general awareness of children's nurses and may facilitate a more comprehensive family-centred care to minority ethnic children and their families.
Reimagining Birmingham
Authors: Parker David , Long Paul
Published: July 2003

This article was sparked by the relative lack of attention the city of Birmingham has received in the global reception of `Birmingham cultural studies'. This oversight may reflect a more general trend in contemporary analysis of urban settings: a tendency to scenography. This refers to the filmic mode of address in recent studies of urban change which privilege a small number of dramatic, cinematic settings. Our article explores the city of Birmingham in its own terms, as an intense example of a wider set of processes: economic restructuring, place marketing amidst globalization. It investigates the politics of memory underlying the dominant competing visions of Birmingham which we call `the urban Arcadia' and `Birmingham forward'. Despite their manifest differences, these two alignments of historical imagery converge on a harmonious conception of community which excludes many of the city's residents.
Feeling Like a Domestic Goddess
Authors: Hollows Joanne
Published: July 2003

This article examines the significance of cookery writer and television cook Nigella Lawson in relation to debates about postfeminism, arguing that her work negotiates a form of feminine identity between the frequently polarized figures of `the feminist' and `the housewife'. It locates Nigella's work within feminist research into the meanings that women bring to their cooking practices within the sexual division of labour, arguing that her work offers an alternative way of imaging women's relationship to food based on the pleasures of cooking and eating rather than pleasing others. The article draws on Ang to explore how the figure of the domestic goddess constructed by Nigella offers a means of negotiating temporal constraints at the level of fantasy.
Reconciling the Two Principal Meanings of the Notion of Ideology
Authors: Chiapello Eve
Published: July 2003

The study of the notion of ideology shows that this corpus lends itself to a wide variety of different definitions. A certain opposition runs all the way through this set of definitions. Ideology would appear to be torn between a conception that emphasises its distortion and dissimulation dimensions and another conception which views as a set of social representations. After rapidly presenting the main characteristics of these two polar extremes, Paul Ricoeur's suggestion that these two conceptions can be united is discussed and illustrated by the concept of the `spirit of capitalism', as defined in the book by Boltanski and Chiapello (1999). It is shown that this constitutes an ideology which is in fact an attempt to encompass both these conceptions. It is also shown that the concept of `trial' as proposed in that book helps greatly to understand how this reconciliation is actually possible.
From Norms to Trust
Authors: Jalava Janne
Published: July 2003

This article explores the concept of trust put forth by Niklas Luhmann and Talcott Parsons. It shows the outline of Luhmann's theory of trust and its connections to his autopoietic systems theory. It also deliberates upon the role of trust in the Luhmannian research of future society as well as examines the role of trust in risk society and shows why norms, values and familiarity play only a peripheral role in today's society. Trust is a way to control everyday interaction of the future. But what are the challenges and limits of Luhmann's concept of trust?
Studying Health Information from a Distance: The Impact of a Multimedia Case Study
Authors: Bacigalupo R. , Bath P.A. , Booth A. , Eaglestone B. M. , Levy P. , Procter P.
Published: July 2003

This paper describes a project to enhance the learning experience of students, in which a multimedia healthcare case study and associated tasks are being developed and evaluated within the Distance Learning MSc in Health Informatics programme at the University of Sheffield. The paper provides background context and motivation for the case study, followed by a description of its content, which is based upon a general practice change management scenario. The way in which this material was researched and developed is reviewed, covering rationale, methodology and the strategy for evaluation. Early evaluation suggests that the introduction of the case study is having a positive effect on the problem of isolation experienced by students on distance learning courses. The paper also reflects on the overheads of this project. Those with substantial experience in computer-assisted learning should be involved at an early stage, and planning and sequencing of both the case study itself and between the case study and the course should be given attention. The paper concludes that benefits of the approach are significant, and include better integration of course modules, shared decision making and group problem solving.
Evaluation of Websites that Provide Information on Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Bouchier H. , Bath P. A.
Published: July 2003

Good quality health-related information on the Internet is important for patients and their carers, enabling them to take greater responsibility in healthcare decisions. Carers of people with Alzheimer's disease require access to high quality medical, personal, practical and financial information. The Internet contains large quantities of health-related information and potentially has an important role to play in providing information for carers of people with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate a sample of Websites that provide information about Alzheimer's disease for carers of people with this condition using a selection of Website evaluation tools. A sample of 15 Websites providing information on Alzheimer's disease were evaluated using each of four evaluation tools. The Websites were ranked according to the scores they achieved with each tool. The correlation coefficient of the rankings of the Websites for each pair of tools was determined. There was a significant correlation between four of the six pairs of evaluation tools. Several Websites were ranked highly across the evaluation tools. The study identified problems in using generic health-information Website evaluation tools for sites providing information about specific diseases. The need to develop specific health-information Website evaluation tools and possibilities of how they might be further refined in the future were highlighted.
Redesigning Health Administration for the Medical Profession
Authors: Preston H. J. , Jackson F. A.
Published: July 2003

This study is based on an analysis of administrative information processes within outpatient clinics within an NHS acute Trust. The aim is to improve outdated practice. Problems had previously been identified but the Trust had considered neither process refinement nor replacement. In order to determine a means for overcoming the emerging cultural obstructions, Ward and Elvin's 1999 framework for managing IT-enabled business change [1] provides a means to assess the likelihood of successful system improvement. This now needs to be updated in the light of the revised framework by Elvin and Davies [2]. The current study concludes that process improvement would not deliver all of the anticipated benefits without process replacement.
The Provision of Information by Health Promotion Units to People of Asian Origin Living in the UK
Authors: Phul A. , Bath P. A. , Jackson M. G.
Published: July 2003

Studies suggest that people with a limited command of English find it difficult to obtain adequate access to healthcare and health information. Language barriers mean that they have insufficient knowledge about the range of health services available, and very little health-related information meets their individual language needs.

The aim of the study discussed in this paper was to examine the potential for new technology to provide better access to health information for Asian people who cannot communicate in English. A questionnaire was sent to a purposive sample of 90 HPUs (health promotion units) to gain some knowledge from health promotion specialists concerning this issue.

The results of this study revealed that there are gaps in information provision for non-English speaking Asian people. Videos and verbal presentations were considered to be the two most effective formats of information for use with this target group. Respondents valued interactivity, as they said that people should be able to ask questions about the health information they see. HPUs are beginning to attempt to use new technology to provide health information in Asian languages, although many respondents are aware of potential problems associated with this. The study concludes that new technology can be useful if simple, user-friendly systems such as touch-screens are used. New technologies can also be made more interactive than leaflets and videos.
Towards a Peopled Ethnography
Authors: Fine Gary Alan
Published: July 2003

This article argues for a distinctive form of participant observation which I label peopled ethnography. I contrast this to two alternative ethnographic approaches, the personal ethnography and the postulated ethnography. In a peopled ethnography the text is neither descriptive narrative nor conceptual theory; rather, the understanding of the setting and its theoretical implications are grounded in a set of detailed vignettes, based on field notes, interview extracts, and the texts that group members produce. The detailed account, coupled with the ability of the reader to generalize from the setting, is at the heart of this methodological perspective. This form of ethnography is most effectively based on the observation of an interacting group, a setting in which one can explore the organized routines of behavior. I demonstrate the use of peopled ethnography through my own ethnographic investigations, contrasting this approach with classic works from other approaches.
Negotiating Blackness, for Richer or for Poorer
Authors: Pattillo Mary
Published: July 2003

For decades, Chicago's South Side has provided the material for the iconic representation of black urban poverty in the USA. Today, the poorest (but best-located) parts of this vast homeland - where land and homes could be had for a pittance two decades ago - are being celebrated by the City, eyed by developers, and featured by the media for their rise from the dust. This article focuses on how they are also being reclaimed by affluent African Americans, and the resulting contests over the representations of blackness. Three years of ethnographic research in North Kenwood - Oakland, located near the heart of black Chicago, highlight the class and lifestyle fractures within black identity, while affirming the persistence of blackness as a collective experience and endeavor. Nonetheless, the distinctions made by affluent blacks, which marginalize the behaviors and interests of their poor black neighbors, have real consequences for the distribution of neighborhood resources.
Silencing Language
Authors: Borchgrevink Axel
Published: July 2003

While the use of interpreters in fieldwork is far from marginal in anthropological practice, it has received curiously little attention in anthropological texts. On the basis of a review of what little has been written, and in consideration of some of the particularities of working with interpreters, the article argues that overlooking this theme has had two unfortunate consequences: concrete steps that can reduce the problems associated with interpreter use have not been discussed; and fundamental issues related to language competence have remained largely unexamined. The article argues that the silence regarding interpreter use is linked to the anthropologist's need for establishing authority and to the position that fieldwork has within the discipline.
What! Me a Spy?
Authors: Owens Geoffrey Ross
Published: July 2003

This article describes and attempts to analyze an incident in which the author, an anthropologist conducting research on the Solar New Year's festival in Zanzibar, is suddenly and without warning ordered out of the country. Like all human beings meaningfully engaged with others, practicing anthropologists are politically positioned within the local and global contexts in which they live and work. But the consequences of such positioning, whether intentional or not, can be most keenly experienced in the context of polarizing political situations. And such situations can substantially influence the collaborative process that shapes an anthropologist's persona in the field. Linking personal narrative, Bourdieu's theory of habitus, and postcolonial studies, the author suggests that the events described and his response to them, which followed an election crisis in 1995, have important implications for anthropologists conducting fieldwork in the postcolonial milieu.
Learning from the Past
Authors: Mitchell Duncan , Smith Pam
Published: July 2003

This article explores learning disability nursing by examining evidence for emotional labour from the past. As such it offers insights into both methodological and political issues connected to emotional labour in nursing and explores issues within learning disability nursing. In particular it addresses the development of learning disability nursing and the way in which its role within institutions was defined in terms of emotional labour. Specific material from textbooks, minutes of curricular development meetings and GNC inspectors' reports are examined. It is suggested that emotional labour provides a shared experience between different branches of nursing as well as different periods of time. Such shared experience is particularly helpful to learning disability nurses in their position on the margins of the nursing profession. It is further suggested that emotional labour as a concept could be used to help develop understanding of work with people with learning disabilities.
Learning Disability Nursing
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Alaszewski Andy , Gates Bob , Ayer Sam , Motherby Elaine
Published: July 2003

It is frequently asserted that the views of patients or service users should inform the structure and delivery of health and social care services. In the UK, patient participation, the expertise of service users and user involvement in the design and outcomes of research have been repeatedly emphasized as producing services which are more responsive, better coordinated and less stigmatizing. The NHS has highlighted the importance of involving service users in education and training. This article reports on user and carer views about learning disability nursing. Data were collected as part of a larger project considering the changing roles and education of learning disability nurses in England. The article concludes with a series of challenges for future educational and service development.
Coping with the Usual Family Diet
Authors: Collins Margaret S. R. , Kyle Rosalind , Smith Suzanne , Laverty Anne , Roberts Sylvia , Eaton-Evans Jill
Published: July 2003

Children with learning disabilities have increased risk of delayed development of oral-motor, feeding and social skills. Questionnaires on the eating behaviour of children 2 to 18 years of age with Down's syndrome, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and cri du chat syndrome and their siblings were completed by their parents. Most children including the preschool children were reported to have some level of self-feeding skills. Chewing problems were reported for some children in all age groups, including not only children with a syndrome but also siblings of children with Down's syndrome and ASD. The lack of chewing skills resulted in parents feeding pureed or mashed food to their children. As no child in the study was under 2 years, the reported feeding skills were at best delayed and at worst deviant. Behavioural problems at meals and with diet were common, particularly in children with syndromes and especially in early childhood.
A Taxonomy of the Image: On the Classification of Content for Image Retrieval
Authors: Burford Bryan , Briggs Pam , Eakins John P.
Published: July 2003

Image database (IDB) systems are at present often designed to test technology and the efficacy of retrieval algorithms, rather than being oriented towards delivering functionality to users. Research is necessary to design interfaces geared towards human usage of images. The starting point of this research needs to be consideration at a fundamental, user-centred level of how people perceive and interpret images. This article considers literature from many disciplines to describe a taxonomy of image content, from direct sensory elements to high-level abstractions. The nine categories derived will later be validated and used to direct the design of visual query interfaces for IDB systems.
Being International, Local and Chinese: Advertisements on the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway
Authors: Lock Graham
Published: July 2003

Advertising in Hong Kong draws on visual and linguistic resources from a number of overlapping cultural contexts, reflecting Hong Kong's multiple identities as an international, Chinese, Cantonese and post-colonial city. Examples of ads from the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway are examined to show how such resources may be deployed to create coherent bimodal and often bilingual texts. It is argued that the visual and linguistic resources in the ads can be interpreted as multiply coded, and different readings depend on interaction between the potential meanings in the texts and the meanings available to the readers from their own cultural contexts.