bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial: Looking Back 70 Years Later
Authors: Aurey Xavier
Published: November 2017

On 20 August 1947, the United States Military Tribunal condemned sixteen persons in Nuremberg for crimes committed in the name of science in several concentration camps. Moving away from a dichotomous stance delineating true science/false science, the judges were able to outline ten ethical and legal principles to regulate all clinical experiments, which were subsequently known as the Nuremberg Code. Where most of legal commentaries focus on the mere reading of these ten principles, this paper will highlight some of the steps in the legal journey of the American judges. We will see that, unfortunately, they failed to address one of the most difficult issues in clinical trials and human experimentation: the almost unavoidable context of exploitation of any situation where a person is used as an object for the good of others.
Stress and Hope at the Margins
Authors: Morgan Jonathan , Curtis Cara E. , Laird Lance D.
Published: November 2017

For many people across the world, experiences of depression include features that extend beyond the biopsychiatric model, which predominates in research on the relationship between religious and spiritual coping and depressive symptoms. How does attending to these diverse experiences of depression challenge our understanding of the dynamic between religiosity and depression? This paper presents thirteen qualitative interviews among economically marginalized mothers in the metro-Boston area. Analyzing these narratives presents a complex picture of the way chronic situational stress lies beneath their experiences of depression. From this expanded view of depressive experiences, we analyze the religious coping strategies of social support and meaning making to reveal the holistic, yet often ambiguous, ways these mothers engaged religious and spiritual resources to forge hope amidst chronic stress.
“Road to School: Primary School Participation in Korea, 1911–1960”
Authors: Woo Dae Hyung , Kahm Howard
Published: November 2017

This article situates South Korea’s economic success in the latter part of the 20th Century within the framework of the emergence of universal primary education. In particular, it examines the history of primary school enrollment in Korea from the onset of Japanese colonial rule in 1910 until the emergence of universal primary school education in the early 1960s. A high enrollment rate was unusual for countries that had an annual income similar to South Korea, which was about one hundred u.s. dollars per person in 1960. Although income was a factor in shaping the access of Koreans to primary education, especially in the colonial era, the authors conclude that it was only one and not the most important factor that determined this process. Other important issues that the article assesses are the Japanese colonial legacy, children’s access to schools, Korea’s Confucian legacy, industrialization, and land reform. Of these factors, the authors argue, the colonial legacy had a mixed impact on access to primary schools, while land reform played a significant role in influencing the movement toward universal primary education in the Republic of Korea.
A new species of Eupariini from Eocene Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)
Authors: TAMUTIS VYTAUTAS , ALEKSEEV VITALII I. , BUKEJS ANDRIS
Published: November 2017

Based on 10 specimens from Late Eocene Baltic amber, an extinct species of Eupariini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), Airapus lithuanicus Tamutis, Alekseev, & Bukejs new species, is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with two known fossil representatives of Aphodiinae from Baltic amber. The generic placement of these two species, Saprosites succini (Zang, 1905) and Ataenius europaeus Quiel, 1910, is discussed, as are details of paleoecology for the new species.
Predation, Pain, and Evil
Authors: Kowalsky Nathan
Published: November 2017

The classical problem of natural evil holds that the suffering of sentient beings caused by natural processes is an evil for which a divinity is morally responsible. Theodicies either explain natural evil as a punitive imperfection in nature, which humans ought to avoid and/or purify, or as a constituent part of a greater good whereby the evil is redeemed. The environmental ethics literature has taken the latter route with respect to the secular problem of natural evil, arguing that local disvalues such as predation or pain are transmuted into systemic-level ecological goods. The anti-hunting literature takes the former route, arguing that humans should not participate in the predatory aspects of the natural order. The anti-predation literature, furthermore, argues that nature should be redeemed – so far as is technologically and economically possible – of its unsavoury predatory aspects. While all sides of the debate employ strategies analogous to those found in the philosophy of religion, the immanentizing function of secularism moves the target of ultimate moral evaluation away from the divine and onto the natural. Environmental ethics’ teleological approach culminates with nature as a transcendent good, whereas anti-hunting and anti-predation critiques view nature in the here-and-now as riven with evil, requiring humans to distance themselves while decontaminating it.
Detection of Onset, Systolic Peak and Dicrotic Notch in Arterial Blood Pressure Pulses
Authors: Singh Omkar , Sunkaria Ramesh Kumar
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we proposed an effective method for detecting fiducial points in arterial blood pressure pulses. An arterial blood pressure pulse normally consists of onset, systolic peak and dicrotic notch. Detection of fiducial points in blood pressure pulses is a critical task and has many potential applications. The proposed method employs empirical wavelet transform for locating the systolic peak and onset of blood pressure pulse. The proposed method first estimates the fundamental frequency of blood pressure pulse using empirical wavelet transform and utilizes the combination of the blood pressure pulse and the estimated frequency for locating onset and systolic peak. For dicrotic notch detection, it utilizes the first-order difference of blood pressure pulse. The algorithm was validated on various open-source databases and was tested on a data set containing 12,230 beats. Two benchmark parameters such as sensitivity and positive predictivity were used for the performance evaluation. The comparison results for accuracy of the detection of systolic peak, onset and dicrotic notch are reported. The proposed method attained a sensitivity and positive predictivity of 99.95% and 99.97%, respectively, for systolic peaks. For onsets, it attained a sensitivity and predictivity of 99.88% and 99.92%, respectively. For dicrotic notches, a sensitivity and positive predictivity of 98.98% and 98.81% were achieved, respectively.
Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: 1-Year Locomotor Changes in Relation to a Control Group
Authors: Martini Joyce , Caromano Fátima Aparecida , Carvalho Eduardo Vital , Goya Priscila Albuquerque , Hayasaka Rosana Massae , Nakazune Silvia , Fávero Francis Meire , Voos Mariana Callil
Published: November 2017

We compared the timed performance and compensatory movements of 32 boys (mean age = 10.0 years) with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 38 healthy boys (mean age = 9.2 years) on 10 -meter walking and four-step stair work (climbing and descending). Dependent measures were digital scores on the Functional Evaluation Scale for DMD obtained by watching the boys on film. Groups were compared initially and after 6 and 12 months, using General Linear Models analysis (for two groups and three assessments). Results showed no significant timed performance differences between groups on 10 -m walking at the initial assessment; but boys with DMD showed longer times after 6 and 12 months, and boys with DMD engaged in more compensatory movements while walking. For stair climbing, boys with DMD were significantly slower than healthy controls when both climbing and descending steps in all assessments.
Facial Identity Memory Is Enhanced When Sender’s Expression Is Congruent to Perceiver’s Experienced Emotion
Authors: Mendolia Marilyn
Published: November 2017

The role of the social context in facial identity recognition and expression recall was investigated by manipulating the sender’s emotional expression and the perceiver’s experienced emotion during encoding. A mixed-design with one manipulated between-subjects factor (perceiver’s experienced emotion) and two within-subjects factors (change in experienced emotion and sender’s emotional expression) was used. Senders’ positive and negative expressions were implicitly encoded while perceivers experienced their baseline emotion and then either a positive or a negative emotion. Facial identity recognition was then tested using senders’ neutral expressions. Memory for senders previously seen expressing positive or negative emotion was facilitated if the perceiver initially encoded the expression while experiencing a positive or a negative emotion, respectively. Furthermore, perceivers were confident of their decisions. This research provides a more detailed understanding of the social context by exploring how the sender–perceiver interaction affects the memory for the sender.
Schizotypal Traits and the Dark Triad From an Ecological Perspective: A Nonclinical Sample Study
Authors: Láng András , Birkás Béla , Martin László , Nagy Tünde , Kállai János
Published: November 2017

The Dark Triad is a collection of socially aversive personality traits, namely subclinical psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and subclinical narcissism. These deviant traits, however, contribute to the success of individuals with dark personality traits. Therefore, Dark Triad traits can be conceived as pseudopathologies. Schizotypal traits have also been studies from the perspective of behavioral adaptations. In this study, we investigated whether schizotypal traits were associated with the Dark Triad traits and how schizotypal symptoms can be considered as parts of dark interpersonal strategies that contribute to the individual success of people with dark personality traits. A sample of 277 university students (198 females and 79 males; Mage = 20.64; SDage = 2.15) were recruited to fill out the Short Dark Triad and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised. Statistical analyses revealed that Machiavellianism was positively associated with restricted emotional and social life. Narcissism was negatively associated with interpersonal problems. Psychopathy was positively associated with distorted perceptions/cognitions and disorganization. Results of the study are discussed within a behavioral ecology framework. This perspective emphasizes the adaptive values connected to schizotypal personality traits. We further discuss how these adaptive traits fit into strategies of individuals with Dark Triad traits, and how these schizotypal traits might restrict or further promote their individual success.
A Desire for Social Media Is Associated With a Desire for Solitary but Not Social Activities
Authors: Hill Lauren , Zheng Zane
Published: November 2017

While social media is an aspect of life for many, it brings to light the lack of interpersonal connection when browsing activity occurs. The displacement theory suggests that the quality of one’s offline interactions is affected by how much time an individual allots to those exchanges. Depending on the amount of time spent online, interpersonal connections may suffer and lead to negative psychological consequences. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between the desirability of social media and socialization preferences through a cue-based perceptual judgment task where participants ( N = 136) rated 40 gray-scale images in terms of their desirability. The image categories included social media icons, singular scenes depicting an isolated activity, social scenes representing an interactive activity, and traffic signs as the control. We also included questionnaires to assess depressiveness and aspects of social media usage. Our findings suggest that the immediate desire for social media is potentially linked to one’s desire for social isolation as represented by the singular scene category, the intensity of participant’s reported daily usage, and the extent to which social media is perceived to impact real social life. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the initial desirability judgment of social media and its association with other factors. Further research is needed to distinguish the variability in users’ aim of using social media and if that is related to one’s perceived feelings of social connectedness and solitude.
The changing case-mix of hip fractures in Scotland – evidence from the Scottish Hip Fracture Audit
Authors: Hannah Stephen D , Ferguson KB , Smith R , Hutchison J , Holt G
Published: November 2017

Until discontinued in 2008, the Scottish Hip Fracture Audit collected and reported on data relating to the quality of care of hip fracture patients in Scotland. In 2013, the audit was recommenced under the umbrella of the MSK Audit group, which audits high volume orthopaedic pathways across Scotland. Our aim is to report on the changes in the demographics of hip fracture patients in Scotland between 2003 and 2013. There was an increase in the proportion of male patients from 2003 to 2013 (22.4% to 29.5%; p < 0.0001). An increased percentage of hip fracture patients were admitted from their own home (63.9% to 73.1%; p < 0.0001). Both these factors have deleterious effects on the outcome, and use of necessary resources, following hip fracture. There was also an increase in the percentage of patients who were American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade 3 (52.9% to 56.4%). Over the last decade, there has been a shift in the demographics of Scotland’s hip fracture patients. If hip fracture incidence increases as predicted, this potentially more-challenging case-mix will likely impact on multiple health resources.
Enhanced emotion enabled cognitive agent-based rear-end collision avoidance controller for autonomous vehicles
Authors: Riaz Faisal , Niazi Muaz A
Published: November 2017

Amongst collisions, rear-end collisions are the deadliest. Several rear-end collision avoidance solutions have been proposed recently in the literature. A key problem with existing solutions is their dependence on precise mathematical models. However, real world driving is influenced by a number of nonlinear factors. These include road surface conditions, driver reaction time, pedestrian flow, and vehicle dynamics. These factors involve so many different variations that precise mathematical solutions are hard to obtain, if not impossible. This problem with precise control-based rear-end collision avoidance schemes has also previously been addressed using fuzzy logic, but the excessive number of fuzzy rules straightforwardly prejudices their efficiency. Furthermore, such fuzzy logic-based controllers have been proposed without the use of an appropriate modeling technique. One such modeling technique is agent-based modeling. This technique is suitable because it allows for mimicking the functions of an artificial human driver executing fuzzy rules. Keeping in view these limitations, we propose an enhanced emotion enabled cognitive agent (EEEC_Agent)-based controller. The proposed EEEC_Agent helps autonomous vehicles (AVs) avoid rear-end collisions with fewer rules. One key innovation in its design is to use the human emotion of fear. The resultant agent is very efficient and also uses the Ortony–Clore–Collins (OCC) model. The fear generation mechanism of EEEC_Agent is verified through NetLogo simulation. Furthermore, practical validation of EEEC_Agent functions is performed by using a specially built prototype AV platform. Finally, a qualitative comparison with existing state-of-the-art research works reflects that the proposed model outperforms recent research proposals.
Biocontrol of solid surfaces in hospitals using microbial-based wipes
Authors: Dural-Erem Aysin , Wessman Per , Husmark Ulrika , Nierstrasz Vincent
Published: November 2017

Hospital-acquired infections have become a major challenge which threaten the hospitalized patients’ safety. The presence of nosocomial pathogens is generally reported in connection with solid surfaces near patient environments. These surfaces become significant sources of transmission and lead most often to the contamination and cross-contamination of nosocomial pathogens to the patients and staff. This paper investigates strategies to apply beneficial bacteria on viscose-based nonwoven wipes and the viability of these beneficial bacteria on the wipes along with characterization of the physical properties of the wipes. Major findings include that it is possible to produce dry wipes which contain an adequate number of beneficial bacteria or spores. After these wipes are wetted, they can release a certain number of bacteria from the wetted wipes. These released beneficial bacteria can inhibit pathogens by growing and colonizing on the wiped surfaces.
Study of degradation products and degradation pathways of sulfonated azo dyes under ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Qu Jiangang , Li Nannan , Wang Chunmei , He Jinxin
Published: November 2017

Monitoring the light-induced decomposition course of azo dyes is essential to understand their degradation pathways and mechanisms. In this study, two model dyes are synthesized and used for stimulating the photodegradation processes of azo and hydrazone dyes, respectively. Their intermediates formed during initial and final fading processes are characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. Results reveal that no dramatic differences are observed between the two dyes, although hydrazone dye would undergo a more complicated degradation process. Hydroxyl radicals are the dominant reactive species involved in the photodegradation of both model dyes under ultraviolet irradiation. In the initial steps, the intermediates are almost hydroxylated derivatives, while low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids and their hydroxylated and esterified derivatives, as well as non-volatile inorganic ions, are detected and evidenced in the final steps. Furthermore, photodegradation pathways and mechanisms for the two model dyes are proposed accordingly.
Regretful Decisions and Climate Change
Authors: Livernois Rebecca
Published: November 2017

Climate change has made pressing the question of why we do little to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By analogy to the puzzle of the self-torturer, I argue that even if interpersonal and intergenerational conflicts of interest were resolved, we may still end up in a regretful environmental state when we aim to maximize our net benefit derived from polluting activities. This is because a rational agent with transitive preferences making climate change decisions faces incentives to over-pollute. This is caused by the presence of marginal costs that are uninformative of well-being in an uncertain and intertemporal decision problem.
Social Ontology and Varieties of Interpretation: A Hermeneutic Critique of Searle
Authors: Kögler Hans-Herbert
Published: November 2017

The essay probes the limits of social ontology as a grounding project for interpretation and explanation in the social sciences. The argument proceeds by challenging the exemplary and influential ontology of John Searle by means of Jim Bohman’s hermeneutic approach. While both share the interest in establishing the validity basis of social-scientific claims, Bohman reconstructs in this regard the situated standpoint of the hermeneutic interpreter, in contrast to Searle’s building block approach to social reality. A careful analysis of Bohman’s argumentation reveals the need for differentiating a variety of interpretive stances, which leads back to important revisions of the intentionality-based social ontology of Searle. The discussion results in the need to ground methodological pluralism in a universal hermeneutics of interpretive capabilities to safeguard the social sciences against relativistic as well as metaphysical challenges.
Debating the Reality of Race, Caste, and Ethnicity
Authors: Kincaid Harold
Published: November 2017

There is a lively ongoing debate among philosophers and social scientists about the reality of race and among social scientists about the reality of caste and ethnicity. This paper tries to sort out what the issues are and makes some preliminary suggestions about what the evidence shows. Standard philosophical analyses try to find the necessary and sufficient conditions of our concept of race. I argue that this is not the best way to approach the issue and that the reality of these concepts should be taken as a scientific realism question; that is, do our best social scientific accounts of these phenomena show that appealing to the concepts of race, caste, and ethnicity is essential to successful social science explanation? I argue that in some cases that is the case and lay out the empirical issues involved.
Psychometric properties of the Motivation for Solitude Scale–Short Form in a sample of South African adolescents
Authors: Dankaert Esmarilda S , Guse Tharina , van Zyl Casper JJ
Published: November 2017

With expanding interest in the role of solitude in healthy psychological development during adolescence, there is a need for psychometrically sound solitude measures. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Motivation for Solitude Scale–Short Form by evaluating its internal consistency, factor structure, and convergent and discriminant validity using a group of South African adolescents ( n = 818). Results revealed satisfactory internal consistency for each of the two subscales, as well as good convergent and discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor higher order model as providing the best fit. The Motivation for Solitude Scale–Short Form seems to be a valid measure of motivation for solitude among South African adolescents and provides an avenue for further research on the role of solitude in adolescent well-being.
Numerical simulation on the flow field characteristics and impact capability of liquid nitrogen jet
Authors: Cai Chengzheng , Gao Feng , Huang Zhongwei , Yang Yugui
Published: November 2017

With the rapid progress of petroleum engineering, liquid nitrogen jet is expected to be used for perforation and jet fracturing, and then provide a new method for unconventional reservoirs efficient development. In order to research the flow field characteristics and evaluate the impact capability of liquid nitrogen jet, a computation fluid dynamic model was built by coupling the nitrogen physical property equations to simulate the flow field of liquid nitrogen jet. The results indicated that given the same simulation conditions, the impact pressure of liquid nitrogen jet was equivalent to that of water jet. The liquid nitrogen jet presented more excellent impact capability than water jet because of its higher axial and radial velocities. The impact capability of liquid nitrogen jet increased with the growth of nozzle pressure drop and nozzle diameter, decreased with the increasing of standoff distance, and was slightly influenced by fluid temperature. The confining pressure hardly affected the impact capability of liquid nitrogen jet, so it can be neglected in the engineering application. This study uncovered the flow field characteristics of liquid nitrogen jet and could provide theoretical guidance for the application of perforation and fracturing with liquid nitrogen jet.
Lag Schedules and Functional Communication Training: Persistence of Mands and Relapse of Problem Behavior
Authors: Falcomata Terry S. , Muething Colin S. , Silbaugh Bryant C. , Adami Summer , Hoffman Katherine , Shpall Cayenne , Ringdahl Joel E.
Published: November 2017

We evaluated the effects of lag schedules of reinforcement and functional communication training (FCT) on mand variability and problem behavior in two children with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we implemented FCT with increasing lag schedules and compared its effects on problem behavior with baseline conditions. The results showed that both participants exhibited low rates of problem behavior during treatment relative to baseline during and following schedule thinning (up to a Lag 5 schedule arrangement). Variable and total mands remained high during schedule thinning. With one participant, variable manding persisted when the value of the lag schedule was reduced to zero. The current results are discussed in terms of implications for training multiple mand topographies during FCT for the potential prevention and/or mitigation of clinical relapse during challenges to treatment.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors to Treat Challenging Behaviors Among Children With Autism: A Systematic and Quality Review
Authors: Weston Regan , Hodges Abby , Davis Tonya N.
Published: November 2017

This review summarizes the literature regarding differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) to treat challenging behavior among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and determines the quality of studies among the current literature according to the 2014 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC): Standards for Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education. Studies that focused on the use of DRO in the treatment of challenging behavior for individuals with ASD were included for systematic analysis. Forty-five studies were identified for inclusion in this review and were evaluated using the eight quality indicators described by the CEC. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the only systematic review of the literature that evaluates DRO as an intervention for individuals diagnosed with ASD. Principle findings, practical recommendations, and areas of future research are discussed.
The performance of publicness in social media: tracing patterns in tweets after a disaster
Authors: Matheson Donald
Published: November 2017

This article sets out to contribute to the critical understanding of public communication in social media by studying the use of Twitter after a severe earthquake in Aotearoa New Zealand in 2011. It also sets out to contribute to methodologies for studying this particular kind of publicness. It argues that the contours of the ‘social imaginary’ of the public, which are usually so hard to delineate and can be approached only in fragments or typical form, can be identified a little more clearly in the traces that people leave behind in their social media communication at critical, reflexive moments such as in the aftermath of disaster. The article draws on computer-assisted discourse analysis, specifically a corpus-linguistic-informed analysis of half a million tweets, in order to describe four main public discursive moves that were prevalent in this form of public communication. This is not to claim to describe a stable set of norms, but in fact the reverse. The article suggests that empirical, large-scale analysis of public communication in different situations, media and places opens up a project in which the varying norms of public communication are described and critiqued as they emerge in a range of discursive situations.
Imagination and Creativity in Organizations
Authors: Thompson Neil A.
Published: November 2017

Scholars adopting a relational ontology of organisational creativity have shifted attention away from a preoccupation with individual minds towards that which is enacted, emergent, shared, unpredictable and contingent. This article follows suit, yet breaks new ground by reconsidering how the mind plays an active role in unfolding creative interactions by building a bridge between literature on organisational creativity, aesthetics and philosophy of imagination. I draw on English Romanticism to craft a theoretical model of organisational creativity as an aesthetic and relational process of shared imagining. This model demonstrates how organisational members use primary and secondary modes of imagination and creative expression to develop, materialise and share perceptions and images of possible futures. By elaborating on their interplay, this article contributes to literature by theorising an active and generative role of mind that does not have the ontological shortcomings of leading theories. In turn, this has a number of implications for literature on entrepreneurship and organisational creativity in terms of situating and embodying creative thinking, explaining the intentionality and motivation for creative actions, overcoming perceptual differences and changing practices and routines.
Im/mobilising the migration decision
Authors: Zhang Vickie
Published: November 2017

This paper reconsiders the concept of the decision in geographical research on migration by refracting it through contemporary “mobilities” thinking. In doing so, I seek to develop an approach attentive to the way migrations take hold and persist in space and time. Whilst conceptualisations of the decision in migration have moved beyond their individualist heritage, sovereign models of strong agency remain implicit, often unintentionally conflating intention, effectiveness, cause and outcome. In contrast, I elaborate a relational understanding of the decision to conceptualise a decision’s limited efficacy in generating and sustaining a migration over time. Underscoring the neglected importance of stasis to migration, I trace corollaries of the mobilities dialectic of movement and stasis on the relation between action and outcome, emphasising the finite relevancy of any moment of decision. Focussing empirically on the story of a single migrant worker’s return migration in rural China, I draw on alternative accounts of agency – habit, lateral agency, and the agency of assemblages – to rework the migration decision into an ongoing process of affecting and being affected. Thinking with this case, I reconfigure the relationship between migration, event, decision and place, and affirm the value of the under-used mobilities optic in migration research.
A few words of friendship for Hoshyar Nooshin
Authors: Motro René
Published: November 2017

The aim of this paper is to evoke some events that the author shared with Professor Hoshyar Nooshin during more than forty years. Beyond scientific aspects, human relationships constituted the founding of an enthusiastic cooperation.
Online forums: A tool to enhance experimental engineering laboratories
Authors: Muñoz-Escalona Patricia , McLaren Andrew
Published: November 2017

Asynchronous discussion forums were implemented as an e-learning tool to enhance the teaching of principles in materials science for first year undergraduate students in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Time in the laboratory is restricted and therefore only one experiment can be achieved in the class. Asynchronous discussion forums were used as means of enhancing content, extending student participation and facilitating student discussion subsequent to the laboratory session. From online feedback surveys, conducted at different stages throughout the class, results showed 60% of the students had never used online forums before, 96% of the students engaged in the activity and 80% of the students agreed that online forums are an alternative platform to use to discuss and compare results when time in the laboratory is restricted. The implementations of asynchronous discussion forum encouraged students to conduct deep learning in order to enhance the discussion thread they were involved.
Should I stay or should I go? The association between upward socio-economic neighbourhood change and moving propensities
Authors: Coenen Ad , Verhaeghe Pieter-Paul , Van de Putte Bart
Published: November 2017

Previous research on gentrification almost exclusively focussed on either the gentrifiers or those who are displaced. Those who manage to avoid displacement remain understudied. To shed new light on these original inhabitants, we link upward change in low-income neighbourhoods, measured by the changing socio-economic composition of the neighbourhood, to the propensity to move based on dissatisfaction with the neighbourhood or the home of both lower- or middle-educated people and higher-educated people living in these neighbourhoods. We perform binary logistic multi-level analyses on the Liveability Monitor of Ghent (N = 1037), a midsized city in Belgium. We find that upward neighbourhood change is associated with a higher propensity to move based on dissatisfaction with the home for both the lower- and higher-educated original inhabitants. Focusing on dissatisfaction with the neighbourhood, we find no association between moving propensities and the neighbourhood someone lives in. We therefore conclude that it is not the evaluation of the neighbourhood but the evaluation of one's own house in an improving neighbourhood that is associated with higher moving propensities, for both higher and lower educated respondents. Displacement pressures based on rising housing prices might lead to these moving propensities, but it seems likely that there are other factors at play too, like, e.g. life cycle mobility. We therefore also conclude that both lower- and higher-educated inhabitants of improving neighbourhoods deserve academic attention.
Achieving positive change for children? Reducing the length of child protection proceedings: lessons from England and Wales
Authors: Masson Judith , Dickens Jonathan , Bader Kay , Garside Ludivine , Young Julie
Published: November 2017

Court decisions are required to remove children, compulsorily, from their families, and approve permanent care arrangements which restrict or terminate parents’ rights. The children involved are mostly young, have experienced serious abuse or neglect and may require permanent placement away from their parent(s) for their remaining childhoods. In England and Wales, justice to parents has dominated the rhetoric about these proceedings; this has resulted in lengthy proceedings, long periods of uncertainty for children and reduced placement options. In order to reduce delays, reforms in England and Wales have set a time limit for the completion of care proceedings. The Children and Families Act 2014 limits proceedings to 26 weeks; approximately 60% of care proceedings are now completed within this period. This article will discuss the impact of these reforms on decision-making for children, questioning whether they achieve both good decisions for children and justice for families. It uses the findings of an ESRC-funded study: ‘Establishing outcomes of care proceedings for children before and after care proceedings reform (2015–2018)’.
A systematic review of the school performance and behavioural and emotional adjustments of children adopted from care
Authors: Brown Andrew , Waters Cerith S , Shelton Katherine H
Published: November 2017

Education performance for children adopted from care is worthy of serious, comprehensive and robust investigation. While there is a legal duty on local authorities in England and Wales to collate and monitor the academic achievement and attainment of looked after children, adopted children’s educational progress is not specifically scrutinised. This systematic review addresses a gap in knowledge regarding behavioural and emotional outcomes and academic attainment of school-age children who have been adopted from care. A total of 15 published articles were selected for review, based on a stringent set of inclusion criteria. With one exception, adoption was associated with lower academic attainment and elevated levels of behavioural problems across childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood compared with non-adopted comparison groups. Collectively, the findings suggest that the school performance of adopted children should be routinely monitored. The findings also point to a need to recognise the potential challenges faced by children adopted from care by working with families, schools, practitioners and researchers to identify the means by which children can achieve the best possible outcomes.
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Appraising the ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria
Authors: Mullen Evan , Green Mark , Hersh Eliza , Iloreta Alfred-Marc , Bederson Joshua , Shrivastava Raj
Published: November 2017

Introduction

The term Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome was first used more than half a century ago to describe painful ophthalmoplegia accompanied by cranial nerve palsies. In the decades since, its diagnostic criteria have evolved considerably. The beta version of the 3rd Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders narrows these criteria to require the demonstration of granulomatous inflammation on MRI or biopsy. We believe this may introduce challenges to accurate diagnosis.

Discussion

Requiring the demonstration of granulomatous inflammation for a diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome may introduce the potential for false negative and false positive diagnoses. Although the disorder presents secondary to granulomatous inflammation, MRI technology may not be able to identify it reliably, and biopsy is not always indicated for its symptomatology. Additionally, several cases have been reported of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome diagnosed with MRI-confirmed granulomatous inflammation that later prove to be attributable to other pathologies. The emphasis on neuroimaging may therefore exclude some true Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome cases and include others resulting from other latent pathologies that are not visible on MRI.

Conclusion

We wish to offer several potential modifications to the International Classification of Headache Disorders guidelines for Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome, including making the demonstration of granulomatous inflammation on MRI or biopsy non-mandatory and lengthening patient follow-up to two years for cases in which MRI is unrevealing.
Lichen striatus successfully treated with oral cyclosporine
Authors: Romita Paolo , Ettorre Grazia , Bufano Tamara , Marzullo Andrea , Ballini Andrea , Dipalma Gianna , Inchingolo Francesco , Foti Caterina
Published: November 2017

Lichen striatus is an acquired, benign, linear inflammatory dermatosis characterized by a sudden skin eruption along Blaschko’s lines that usually is not associated with specific etiologic agents. In most cases, it is a self-limited dermatosis, but may relapse. Topical steroids are its first-line therapy, but this treatment is not always effective. We describe the case of a 45-year-old woman affected by a lichen striatus on her right limb resistant to topical corticosteroid therapy. The patient was successfully treated with cyclosporine (4 mg/kg/die) for 4 weeks with no recurrence of the dermatitis during the subsequent 1-year follow-up period.
Social and Contextual Influences on Mental Health Following an Episode of Mass Violence
Authors: Felix Erika D. , Moore Stephanie A. , Meskunas Haley , Terzieva Antoniya
Published: November 2017

Few studies explore how the recovery context following an episode of mass violence affects posttragedy mental health (MH), despite clear implications for developing posttrauma supports. Following a mass murder, this prospective, longitudinal study examined how reactions to media coverage, family reactions, and disappointment in social support influenced posttragedy MH (posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety), above and beyond the influence of pretragedy MH, pretragedy victimization, and objective exposure. University students who participated in a study of college adjustment prior to the mass murder ( n = 593) were recontacted and provided information on their posttragedy life ( n = 142). Students ( n = 84) also responded to open-ended questions about what was the most stressful part of the tragedy and psychological effects of the mass murder. After accounting for pretragedy victimization and MH, and objective exposure to events, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that distress related to media coverage and stronger family reactions contributed to higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, but not depression. Disappointment with social support was not significantly related to posttragedy MH. Common themes in student comments include grief, feeling vulnerable/unsafe, concern for the impact on others, stress related to media coverage, proximity to the events, changes in psychosocial adjustment, and returning to daily life. Results suggest that negative reactions to media coverage and family reactions that are overprotective or distressing negatively affect survivors’ MH, beyond their objective exposure to the violence, pretragedy MH, and pretragedy victimization.
Which Bra Components Contribute to Incorrect Bra Fit in Women Across a Range of Breast Sizes?
Authors: Coltman Celeste E. , Steele Julie R. , McGhee Deirdre E.
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether different components of encapsulation-style bras contribute to incorrect bra fit among women and whether this was influenced by breast size. The fit of five key bra components of 309 women’s own encapsulation bras was assessed using professional bra fit criteria among four breast size categories. Overall, incorrect fit prevalence was greatest among the cups, front band, and strap components of the bra. Although no significant difference was observed in overall bra fit between the four breast size categories, a significant difference was observed between groups for the front band, underwire, and strap components of the bra. Individual components of encapsulation-style bras are associated with incorrect bra fit and these vary with breast size. Incorporation of three-dimensional breast volume/shape and torso dimension data into bra component design could improve bra fit and breast support for women across the size spectrum.
Leading the flying faculty
Authors: Poultney Val
Published: November 2017

This article employs a reflexive methodology to critically examine the opportunities and challenges raised for a leader of a UK EdD programme when the home institution undertakes short periods of intensive teaching abroad – a model known as ‘flying faculty’. The University of Derby had, until 2010–11, a large institutional partnership with Israel via its own Inter-College and UK EdD programme. Academics from the UK made regular trips abroad to teach and tutor doctoral students, working alongside an Israel-based professor. This article identifies two key leadership themes arising from this type of work. The first is related to an academic team working abroad under pressure to deliver an intensive course in a short time period. The second theme looks at issues of sustainability of an EdD programme in this context, namely the maintenance of productive working relationships with the local professor and student cohorts over distance and protracted time of study.
Novel thermoplastic yarn for the through-thickness reinforcement of fibre-reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Dooher Thomas , McGarrigle Cormac , Dixon Dorian , McIlhagger Alistair , Harkin-Jones Eileen , Archer Edward
Published: November 2017

Sewing has attracted a great deal of attention as a method to improve the delamination performance of carbon fibre laminate composites. A critical factor in the commercial exploitation of the technology is the development of a suitable sewing yarn, with other researchers looking at a variety of commercial fibres such as Kevlar. It would appear from the literature that fundamental research into what properties a suitable yarn should have has not been carried out. In this work, a commercial fibre designed for sewing applications was sourced from Toho Tenax (Germany) and used as a control. Unlike in published works, rather than relying on yarns which could be purchased commercially, selection criteria were drawn up and promising polymers identified and then extruded as a yarn. Based on the selection criteria, thermoplastic yarns were extruded using polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone and polyetheretherketone. It was found that despite the fact that the commercial fibre had much better mechanical properties as a straight fibre, when it was knotted or looped (to try and simulate the effects of sewing), there was a dramatic decrease in the mechanical properties (the ultimate tensile strength dropped by 88% due to a single knot). There was no significant change in the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic yarns. As a result, it is concluded the thermoplastic fibres created could potentially be better suited for sewing applications compared to commercial fibres such as Kevlar and further work is planned to sew the yarns and test the delamination performance.
Proneness to Boredom Mediates Relationships Between Problematic Smartphone Use With Depression and Anxiety Severity
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Vasquez Juanita K. , Lustgarten Samuel D. , Levine Jason C. , Hall Brian J.
Published: November 2017

Research demonstrates that depression and anxiety symptom severity are related to problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, less is known about variables mediating these relationships. This study aimed to test whether proneness to boredom increased PSU. We also tested whether boredom proneness mediates relations between both depression and anxiety symptom severity with PSU. Using a cross-sectional design, we surveyed 298 American college students about their frequency of smartphone use, levels of PSU, depression, anxiety, and boredom proneness. Using structural equation modeling, we modeled depression and anxiety symptom severity predicting boredom proneness, in turn predicting levels of PSU and smartphone use frequency (SUF). Results demonstrate that boredom proneness predicted PSU, but not SUF. Boredom proneness mediated relations between both depression and anxiety symptom severity with PSU levels (but not usage frequency). We discuss the phenomenon in terms of depressed or anxious college students having difficulty attending to their schoolwork, subsequently experiencing boredom, and engaging in PSU to relieve their boredom.
Evaluation of Intravenous Vancomycin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Patients With Acute Brain Injury
Authors: Oswalt Allison , Joseph Anny-Claude , Sima Adam , Kurczewski Lisa
Published: November 2017

Background:

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is primarily cleared by renal elimination. Patients with acute brain injury often exhibit augmented renal clearance which has been associated with subtherapeutic vancomycin concentrations.

Objective:

To determine whether population pharmacokinetics accurately predict vancomycin empiric dose frequency in patients with acute brain injury.

Methods:

This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted following institutional review board approval at Virginia Commonwealth University Health System. Data were collected from patients 18 years of age or older admitted with acute brain injury. The primary outcome was the difference in the elimination rate constant of vancomycin between population predicted pharmacokinetics and patient-specific pharmacokinetics.

Results:

A total of 158 patients were included in the analysis. A test of the paired differences between the mean population predicted and patient-specific elimination rate constants showed that the mean population predicted elimination rate constant was larger by 0.0211 h−1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.028 to −0.015). The difference between the mean population predicted and patient-specific half-lives showed that the mean population predicted half-life was shorter by 1.01 hours (95% CI: 0.7-1.3). Vancomycin was administered at a mean initial dose of 15.4 mg/kg (standard deviation [SD] = 2.2), with an average frequency of 12 hours (SD = 1.1). The average trough concentration at steady state was 9.9 µg/mL (SD = 4.9).

Conclusions:

The small clinical difference in population and patient-specific elimination rate constants demonstrates that population pharmacokinetics may be an accurate empiric dosing strategy for determining vancomycin dose frequency in patients with acute brain injury.