bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film for tomatoes packaging
Authors: Fadeyibi Adeshina , Osunde Zinash D. , Egwim Evans C. , Idah Peter A.
Published: June 2017

Biodegradable nanocomposite films are novel materials for food packaging because of their potential to extend the shelf life of food. In this research, the performance of cassava starchzinc- nanocomposite film was evaluated for tomatoes packaging. The films were developed by casting the solutions of 24 g cassava starch, 0-2% (w/w) zinc nanoparticles and 55% (w/w) glycerol in plastic mould of 12 mm depth. The permeability of the films, due to water and oxygen, was investigated at 27°C and 65% relative humidity while the mechanical properties were determined by nanoindentation technique. The average thickness of the dried nanocomposite films was found to be 17±0.13 μm. The performances of films for tomatoes packaging was evaluated in comparison with low density polyethylene (LDPE; 10 μm) at the temperature and period ranges of 10-27°C and 0-9 days, respectively. The quality and microbial attributes of the packaged tomatoes, including ascorbic acid, β-carotene and total coliform were analysed at an interval of 3 days. The results revealed that the water vapour permeability increased while the oxygen permeability decreased with the nanoparticles (P<0.05). The hardness, creep, elastic and plastic works, which determined the plasticity index of the film, decreased generally with the nanoparticles. The films containing 1 and 2% of the nanoparticles suppressed the growth of microorganisms and retained the quality of tomatoes than the LDPE at 27°C and day-9 of packaging (P<0.05). The results implied that the film could effectively be used for tomatoes packaging due to their lower oxygen permeability, hardness, elastic and plastic works.
Vineyard pruning residues pellets for use in domestic appliances: a quality assessment according to the EN ISO 17225
Authors: Zanetti Michela , Brandelet Benoît , Marini Diletta , Sgarbossa Andrea , Giorio Chiara , Badocco Denis , Tapparo Andrea , Grigolato Stefano , Rogaume Caroline , Rogaume Yann , Cavalli Raffaele
Published: June 2017

Nowadays many types of biomass are studied to satisfy the increased demand of renewable energy based on pellet combustion. However, only a few biomasses fulfil the high quality standard required for pellet used in domestic appliances. European and International standards in force define this quality of non-industrial use of pellets in term of the origin of biomass, physical, mechanical and chemical parameters. Vineyard residues are a worldwide potential source of energy but their compliance to be used in domestic pellet stoves has not been yet proven according to the new standards in force. In order to meet this need, this study makes an exhaustive characterisation of vineyard based pellets manufactured from residues of Prosecco (Glera variety) vineyards, assessing both the quality of biofuel and its behaviour during combustion in a domestic pellet stove. The quality of biofuel has been evaluated according to the in force standards for wood and non-woody pellets. The results show that vineyard pellets do not meet the type B quality standards required for non-industrial use of wood pellet mainly because of the high amount of ash content (>2%) and the high amount of copper (>10 ppm) but they fulfil the specifications of the type B non-woody pellets. Furthermore, during combustion test of vineyard-based pellet the high emission of CO indicates incomplete combustion; and vineyard- based pellet NOx emissions are more than double compared to those obtained during the control tests, confirming that the analysed vineyard-based pellets are unsuitable, as they are, for use in traditional pellet stoves.
Analysis of the thermal loads required by a small-medium sized winery in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Barbaresi Alberto , Torreggiani Daniele , Tinti Francesco , Tassinari Patrizia
Published: June 2017

Since the Nineties of the previous century winery design has been undergoing deep changes. Some factors are affecting the main design criteria, focusing on a new conception where the winery becomes more and more open to customers, energy demand reduction is a crucial goal driven by economic and environmental reasons, and the whole systems is aimed at the research of a renovate quality of the product. The state of the art in this specific sector highlights how a reduction of the energy consumed by a winery can almost reduce to zero the carbon emissions of the whole wine-making process, as well as the existing lack of specific design criteria addressing the most recent above-mentioned trends and challenges, in particular for small and medium-sized farms, that on the whole account for a huge production in the Mediterranean area. The main aim of this work is to provide information about yearly thermal demand in the wine-making sector, by means of an integrated approach that considers the thermal loads required by room heating and air conditioning, must/juice pre-cooling, and fermentation cooling. Different models have been created and tested on a case study, in order to analyze the contribution of various farm design choices to the total energy demand. The most representative models are described and analyzed in this work: they differ for harvesting modality, and materials and vertical distribution of the building envelope (aboveground vs underground). The results highlight the relevance of the three contributions in terms of total annual energy consumption, power peaks, and time distribution of energy demand over the year. The analysis of the data obtained by the different models have allowed to identify the strengths and potential critical issues, and to provide professionals, oenologists and farmers with useful elements to lend support in their decision making processes, as well as to define the next steps of the research, aimed at defining specific design criteria for small and medium-sized wineries.
Registered nurse tutors Perception of their role
Authors: Brink H. I. L.
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to determine how the registered nurse tutor in the Republic of South Africa perceives her role and how her role perception compares with the role expectations laid down by nurse leaders. A further question was whether a discrepancy existed between the tutors ideal role perceptions and her perceptions of whether the roles are actually performed. A survey by questionnaire was the method of investigation used. A random sample stratified by population group and gender was selected from all nurses who had the additional qualification of nurse tutor entered against their name in the register of the S.A. Nursing Council. The responding sample comprised 233 registered nurse tutors. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis of the responses. The findings suggested that the majority of registered nurse tutors perceived most of the role activities advocated by nurse leaders as ideal rote activities. However, a considerable number of respondents still consider the traditional teacher-centered role as ideal. Only one-half of the respondents considered the scholarly role to be a distinct role component of the nurse tutor. Statistically significant differences between ideal and actually practised role perception scores were found on almost all role activities.
The combating of tuberculosis: health perceptions, intentions and vaccination of children
Authors: Steyn Mariana , Viljoen Marlene
Published: June 2017

This study was part o f a comprehensive research project undertaken at the request o f the SANTA Health Education Committee to evaluate the tuberculosis guidance programme. The aim o f the research was to examine factors influencing black people's health perceptions and intentions concerning the combating o f tuberculosis as well as vaccination o f their children. Data were collected by means o f a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model. The research was conducted in selected areas o f the OFS, the Transvaal and Natal (N=l 198). It was found that factors indicating a greater degree o f development o f the individual (e.g. literacy) were positively associated with positive health perceptions such as that medical treatment can cure TB completely. Some positive associations were also found between perceptions!modifying factors and intentions/vaccination. Indications were also found o f an inability on the part o f health personnel to influence the public positively.
Ter begeleiding
Authors: Van Zyl A. H.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Inleiding tot de Theologie van E. Brunner (vervolg)
Authors: Gijmink G. J.H.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Die toetrede van Lydenbnrg tot die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerkverband 1864 en die Herafskeiding onder F. Lion Cachet 1866
Authors: Botha S. J.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
An evaluation of the conservation areas and their importance to the economy of south west Africa
Authors: De la Bat B.J.G.
Published: June 2017

Introduction During 1975 the tourist industry was worth between R35-R40 million to the economy of South West Africa (SWA). The figures are based on a survey conducted by the Bureau of Economic Research of the University of Stellenbosch.
Marine conservation in the republic of South Africa with special reference to marine parks and reserves
Authors: Robinson G.A.
Published: June 2017

Conservation in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) is dominated by big game and terrestrial reserves. Protecting these, have been in existence for many years. Recently Man has turned his attention more and more to the sea and due to adverse effects of pollution, overexploitation and habitat destruction the marine environment is threatened. However, conservationists have learnt lessons about both terrestrial and marine ecosystem-destruction and are now demanding with increasing persistence the establishment of marine parks and reserves.
‘Everything is autobiographical’: Hans-Ulrich Treichel’s idiolect in Lost (1999)
Authors: Van der Merwe Philip
Published: June 2017

Joachim Dicks writes in his review on Hans-Ulrich Treichel’s latest novel, Frühe Störung,that the author shows continuity by having developed in all of his books a unique and unmistakeable style that he calls ‘the so-called Treichel sound’. Treichel’s style, tone and mixture of thematic concerns in all of his eleven works of prose from Von Leib und Seele: Berichte up to Frühe Störung are indeed recognisable as distinctively Treichel, but has remained an unexplored terrain. The question therefore arises: What is the nature of the so-called ‘Treichel sound’ or his idiolect? Lost is a case in point with regard to Treichel’s idiolect: the narration includes factual historical and autobiographic information that represents both an ‘official life’ and a ‘carnival’, i.e. his representations of lives are determined by two aspects of theworld: the aspect of the piety of seriousness and by the aspect of laughter. This article firstly focuses on the theoretical possibility of using ‘serious’ factual autobiographic and historical information in combination with humour. The most prominent idiolectic traits of Treichel’soeuvre are then introduced, also in order to provide a context for the following discussion of Lost. Here it becomes apparent that Treichel’s humour has a tragicomical and derisive effect with regard to the narrator’s depiction of his childhood, family experiences and his cultural context. The microcosmic family context and the macrocosmic national and international contexts as they were formed because of the Second World War has lead to a loss of the narrator’s identity. The result of Treichel’s manner of dealing with serious contents that includes humour is the creation of a self-concept that can be described as self-exploratory,honest or confessional, self-centred, humorous and critical of German society - and these are also key features of Treichel’s idiolect. This article thus argues that the combination offictionalised serious historical and autobiographic factuality and humour characterises the ‘Treichel sound’.
The emerging need for adolescent-focused HIV care in South Africa
Authors: Jaspan H B , Li R , Johnson L , Bekker L-G
Published: June 2017

No Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in infancy
Authors: McIlleron Helen , Gous Hermien
Published: June 2017

Infancy (from birth until 1 year of age) is a time of rapid changes within the body of a child. These changes affect pharmacokinetics in many ways. The CHER study1 showed that early antiretroviral treatment reduces mortality and disease progression amongst infants acquiring HIV infection before 12 weeks of age. As a result the World Health Organization has recently revised treatment initiation recommendations in children less than one year of age: all infants under 12 months of age with confirmed HIV infection should be started on antiretroviral therapy, irrespective of clinical or immunological stage2. Dosing in infants is challenging because drug concentrations are highly variable, there is frequently scant pharmacokinetic information in young children, and few suitable drug formulations are available. Furthermore, adherence to treatment is reliant on the caregiver, rather than the patient. Peri- and postnatal HIV transmission are reduced by maternal highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). However, the benefits and risks to breast fed infants of exposure to maternal antiretroviral drugs during lactation are poorly understood.

In this article we review the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs relevant to South African infants, and highlight some of the challenges to delivering antiretroviral treatment in safe and effective doses.
Analysis of trends in total deaths and AIDS-related deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, from 2003 to 2008
Authors: Vaughan Williams C H
Published: June 2017

Objectives. To analyse mortality trends from deaths registered at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, and possible impact of programmes to treat and prevent HIV infection.

Design. Longitudinal study of death certifications from 2003 to 2008.

Setting. Mosvold Hospital mortuary, Ingwavuma.

Subjects. Counterfoils of form 83/BI-1663, Notification/Register of Death/Stillbirths (Republic of South Africa, Department of Home Affairs), completed at Mosvold Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008.

Outcome measures. Age at death, cause of death, patterns of deaths grouped by age, gender and cause of death.

Results. AIDS-related deaths were the cause of 53% of deaths, particularly affecting the 20 - 59-year and under-5 age groups. Since 2005 there has been a decline in deaths in the 20 - 59 age group and an increase in average age at death.

Conclusions. The decrease in mortality from 2005 may be associated with antiretroviral roll-out reducing mortality from AIDS-related illnesses.
Children’s palliative care in South Africa: An urgent need for an evidence base
Authors: Campbell Laura Mary
Published: June 2017

Forum
A clinical assessment of antiretroviral-treated patients referred from the private sector to the South African government antiretroviral (ARV) programme: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Gounden Rianna
Published: June 2017

A clinical assessment of antiretroviral-treated patients referred from the private sector to the South African government antiretroviral (ARV) programme: A retrospective analysis
Bilateral lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy due to HIV seroconversion
Authors: Dolan R , Maritz D , Wallis L , Parak M
Published: June 2017

Case Study
Cervical cancer prevention in settings of high HIV prevalence
Authors: Menon Sonia
Published: June 2017

Despite being a preventable disease, cervical cancer is still the second most common cancer in women worldwide. HIV infection is associated with a higher incidence, more rapid progression, and increased recurrence rates of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer. The disease burden in developing countries is the result of inadequate national health care infrastructures that cannot establish or sustain comprehensive screening programmes, together with a high prevalence of HIV infection, particularly in southern Africa. In this article, clinically relevant issues for primary prevention of cervical lesions by a quadrivalent HPV vaccine and the ‘screen-and-treat’ protocol in settings of high HIV prevalence will be explored.
Primary breast lymphoma and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Barnardt Pieter , Narinesingh Dylan
Published: June 2017

Primary extranodal lymphoma of the breast is rare and accounts for 0.04 - 0.53% of all malignant tumours, less than 1% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs) and 1.7% of extranodal NHLs.1 Extranodal lymphoma arises from tissue other than lymph nodes and sites that normally contain no lymphoid tissue. This case describes the clinical and treatment dilemma posed by extranodal presentation in an AIDS-NHL patient.
Prevalence of postnatal depression and associated factors among HIV-positive women in primary care in Nkangala district, South Africa
Authors: Peltzer K , Shikwane M E
Published: June 2017

Background. The prevalence of postpartum depression in South Africa is high, but there is lack of prevalence data on postnatal depression among HIV-infected women.

Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressed mood and associated factors in postnatal HIV-positive women in primary care facilities in Nkangala district, Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 607 HIV-positive postnatal women in 48 primary health care clinics and community health centres in Nkangala district. Postnatal women were recruited by systematic sampling (every consecutive patient over a period of 2 months). Demographic and other data were obtained from all the women who responded to a questionnaire in the local language on male involvement, HIV test disclosure, delivery and infant profile, infant HIV diagnosis, stigma, discrimination, postnatal depression, attendance of support groups and social support.

Results. Overall, 45.1% of women reported a depressed mood in the postnatal period. Depressed mood in a multivariable analysis was significantly associated with internalised stigma (odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 - 1.19; p=0.000), discrimination experiences (OR 1.22, CI 1.03 - 1.46; p=0.023), lack of social support (OR 0.86, CI 0.74 - 0.99; p=0.037) and having had an STI in the past 12 months (OR 2.22, CI 1.21 - 4.04; p=0.010). There were no statistically significant correlations between the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores of the women and age, marital status, level of education, employment status and number of own children.

Conclusion. Depressed mood is common among HIV-positive postpartum women. This is significantly associated with lack of social support, stigma and discrimination. Routine screening to identify those currently depressed or at risk of depression should be integrated into postnatal care settings to target those most needing intervention.
Inter- and intra-laboratory variability of CD4 cell counts in Swaziland
Authors: Mlawanda Ganizani , Rheeder Paul , Miot Jacqui
Published: June 2017

Background. Analytical variability in CD4 enumeration is well known, but few studies from southern Africa have quantified the inter- and intra-laboratory variability in CD4 count measurements. In addition, the possible impact of time lapse after sample collection on CD4 reliability is not well understood.

Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation Hospital and three laboratories, Lab A (comparator), Lab B (national reference) and Lab C (rural hospital). Blood from HIV-infected individuals was collected using routine venepuncture into separate specimens for each of the three laboratories. The samples were further subdivided at each laboratory: one was run at 12 hours and the second at 24 hours after venepuncture. The results of absolute CD4 count and CD4 percentage testing were compared within (intra-laboratory) and between (inter-laboratory) laboratories.

Results. Among 53 participants, the mean CD4 count at 12 hours was 373 cells/μl, 396 cells/μl and 439 cells/μl, and at 24 hours 359 cells/μl, 389 cells/ μl and 431 cells/μl, for laboratories A, B and C, respectively. The coefficient of intra-laboratory variation was 4%, 8% and 20% for CD4 count for laboratories A, B and C, respectively. Comparing 12- and 24-hour measurements, the mean difference (bias) within the laboratories between the two time points (and limits of agreement, LOAs) was 14 (-46 to 73), 8 (-161 to 177) and 7 (20 to 33) cells/μl for labs A, B and C, respectively. Comparing Lab A versus Lab B, lab A versus Lab C and Lab B versus Lab C, the inter-laboratory bias for the CD4 count at 12 hours was -32, -64 and -38 cells/μl, respectively. The corresponding LOAs were -213 to 150, -183 to 55, and -300 to 224, respectively. At 24 hours, the biases and LOAs were similar to those at 12 hours.

Conclusions. CD4 counts appeared reliable at all three laboratories. Lab B and Lab C were clinically interchangeable with the comparator laboratory, Lab A, but not between themselves. Time to measurement does not affect the interlaboratory agreement within 12 and 24 hours.

S Afr J HIV Med 2012;13(2):59-63.
Fixed-dose combination for adults accessing antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Clinicians Society SA HIV
Published: June 2017

This document serves to guide clinicians and programme managers on how to switch from 3 separate antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to the new, single, fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet containing tenofovir (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC) and efavirenz (EFV).

Summary

Transitioning from individual drugs to an FDC tablet needs to be managed carefully, particularly regarding stock management, ordering processes, supply-chain integrity and comprehensive patient counselling.

Priority groups

• Initially, FDC supply will be insufficient to provide for all FDC-suitable patients

• Therefore, the National Department of Health (NDoH) has recommended that the following patient groups be prioritized for FDC initiation/switch:

• Priority group 1: All HIV-positive patients newly initiating ART – adults, adolescents and pregnant women (regardless of CD4 count (amendment to the guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) anticipated in April 2013) – and who do not have contra-indications to the FDC component drugs

• Priority group 2: HIV-positive pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers currently stable on lamivudine (3TC), TDF and EFV

• Priority group 3: Virologically suppressed patients on a stavudine (d4T)-based regimen and who have normal renal function

• Priority group 4: Stable patients receiving individual TDF, 3TC and EFV and who have tuberculosis (TB) co-infection

• Priority group 5: Stable patients receiving individual TDF, 3TC and EFV and who have other co-morbidites (e.g. hypertension, diabetes)

• Priority group 6: Patients receiving individual TDF, 3TC and EFV and who request to switch to the FDC treatment

• Priority group 7: Patients receiving individual TDF, 3TC and EFV and who, after counselling, agree to switch to the FDC treatment.

Important: Clinic staff must co-ordinate this process and only switch as many patients to the FDC tablet as stock allows. This should avoid patients being switched back and forth between FDC and individual drugs due to insufficient stock.

Note: The FDC tablet is not significantly larger than EFV or lopinavir/ritonavir (LOP/r) (Aluvia); therefore, swallowing should not be problematic.

S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(1 Suppl):41-43. DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.913
Disseminated fatal Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in a returning HIV-infected traveller
Authors: Govender N. P. , Magobo R. E. , Du Plooy M. , Corcoran C. , Zulu T. G.
Published: June 2017

We report a case of disseminated fatal Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in an HIV-infected, antiretroviral treatment-experienced South African woman who had travelled to mainland China. The 37-year-old woman was admitted to a private hospital in fulminant septic shock and died within 12 h of admission. Intracellular yeast-like bodies were observed on the peripheral blood smear. A serum cryptococcal antigen test was negative. Blood cultures flagged positive after 2 days; on direct microscopy, yeast-like bodies were observed and a thermally dimorphic fungus, confirmed as T. marneffei, was cultured after 5 days. The clinical features of HIV-associated disseminated penicilliosis overlap with those of tuberculosis and endemic deep fungal infections. In the southern African context, where systemic opportunistic fungal infections such as cryptococcosis are more common among HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ count of <100 cells/µL, this infection is not likely to be considered in the differential diagnosis unless a travel history is obtained.
A case of emmonsiosis in an HIV-infected child
Authors: Lochan Harsha , Naicker Preneshni , Maphanga Tsidiso , Ryan Anthea , Pillay Komala , Govender Nelesh P. , Eley Brian
Published: June 2017

Opportunistic fungal infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We describe a paediatric case of an unusual disseminated fungal infection. A three-year-old HIV-infected child with severe immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count 12 × 106 /L) was admitted to hospital with pneumonia, gastroenteritis and herpes gingivostomatitis. Despite antibacterial and antiviral therapy, he experienced high fevers and developed an erythematous maculopapular rash and abdominal tenderness. The child’s condition progressively worsened during the admission. A thermally dimorphic fungus was cultured from bone marrow and identified as an Emmonsia species on DNA sequencing. The patient made a good recovery on amphotericin B deoxycholate and antiretroviral therapy. Itraconazole was continued for a minimum of 12 months, allowing for immune reconstitution to occur. This case is the first documented description of disseminated disease caused by a novel Emmonsia species in an HIV-infected child in South Africa.
Research gaps in neonatal HIV-related care
Authors: Davies Mary-Ann
Published: June 2017

The South African prevention of mother to child transmission programme has made excellentprogress in reducing vertical HIV transmission, and paediatric antiretroviral therapyprogrammes have demonstrated good outcomes with increasing treatment initiation inyounger children and infants. However, both in South Africa and across sub-Saharan African,lack of boosted peri-partum prophylaxis for high-risk vertical transmission, loss to followup,and failure to initiate HIV-infected infants on antiretroviral therapy (ART) before diseaseprogression are key remaining gaps in neonatal HIV-related care. In this issue of the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, experts provide valuable recommendations for addressingthese gaps. The present article highlights a number of areas where evidence is lacking toinform guidelines and programme development for optimal neonatal HIV-related care.
The issue
Authors: Martin Des
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Clinicians as public health advocates
Authors: Heywood M. J.
Published: June 2017

The Need for Health Professionals to be More Vocal in Campaigns to Extend Access to Effective HIVjAIDS Treatment.
Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
Authors: Gray Glenda E. , McIntre James A. , Jivkov Boris , Violari Avy
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
A time of celebration
Authors: Bekker Linda-Gail
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
The spectrum and prognosis of AIDS-defining illnesses in Cape Town
Authors: Badri M. , Maartens Gary , Bekker Linda-Gail , Wood Robin
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Antiretroviral therapy in children
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Community - Secure the future: seven steps to involve the community in HIV/AIDS treatment support programmes
Authors: Wanless Richard Sebastian
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Undergraduate physiotherapy research training in south africa: the Medunsa experience
Authors: Mothabeng D. J.
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose: Research interest has increased in physiotherapy in the past two decades. During this period, the physiotherapy department at the Medical University of Southern Africa(MEDUNSA) started its degree programme. The first undergraduateresearch projects (UGRP) were produced in 1985. The purpose of this study was to analyze the UGRPs conducted between 1985 and 1999 in terms of methodological trends (qualitative versus quantitative) and subject content.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the 114 UGRPs carried out in the department was conducted. The projects were read and analyzed according to methodology, research context and topic categories. The 15-year period was analyzed in three 5-year phases (1985 - 1989; 1990 - 1994 and 1995 - 1999), using descriptive statistics. Results: There was a gradual increase in the number of UGRPs during the study period in keeping with the increase in student numbers, with the last five years recording the highest number of projects. An interesting finding was a decline in experimental and clinical research, which was lowest in the last five years. Conclusion: The findings are paradoxical, given the need for experimental research to validate current clinical  practice. Non-experimental qualitative research is however important in the view of the national health plan.  A balance between qualitative and quantitative research is therefore important and must be emphasized in student training. Student research projects need to be maximally utilized to improve departmental research output.
The meaning of chronic pain: a phenomenological analysis
Authors: Wade B. L.
Published: June 2017

Chronic pain sufferers are frequently misunderstood and stigmatised. The aim of this investigation was to provide a description of the life-world of people with chronic low back pain, using the phenomenological method. Themes which emerged werethat the persistent nature of chronic pain makes it particularlydifficult to endure, arousing a profound fear of the future. Chronic pain causes a disruption in the relationship between the person and the body. The person is forced to function within the constraints of pain and to find ways of coping. Sufferers are unable to fulfil social roles as expected and are forced to revise their goals and activities to accommodate the pain. The distress of their  experience is mediated by the ability to make sense of their condition, finding meaning in the pain itself. This study highlights the value of the phenomenological method in health psychology. Recommendations are made which may be of benefit to people with chronic pain and their families. The multidimensional nature of chronic pain is highlighted and implications for various professionals who work with chronic pain patients are discussed.
Anterior knee pain: uncommon aetiologies
Authors: Louw Q.
Published: June 2017

The aim of this review is to inform clinicians of less common causes of anterior knee pain. Relatively less common conditions leading to anterior knee pain include infra-patellar contracture syndrome, conditions affecting the fat pad, saphenous nerve entrapment, prepatellar neuromas, increased intraosseous pressure of the patella, ganglions of the anterior cruciate ligament and cysts. The aetiology, clinical presentation, risk factors and management  of each condition are outlined. Due to the common occurrence of anterior knee pain clinicians must remain vigilant in assessing the cause of this clinical presentation.
Effects of an exercise programme on non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mshunqane N. , Cohen D. , Kalk J. K.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The best approach in minimising or delaying thecomplications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in South African physiotherapy rehabilitation services has not been established. Physiotherapists continue to rehabilitate amputees as a result of diabetes mellitus. As hospital costs continue to rise every year, it becomes very costly to keep the patients for longerperiods. A study was undertaken at the Bethlehem Regional Hospital in the Free State to determine the effects of supervised and unsupervised exercise programmes in patients with non insulin dependant (type 2) diabetes mellitus. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the two different exercise programmes i.e. hospital based and home based exercise programmes on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The hospital based programme consisted of supervised walking and cycling whilst the home based programme consisted of walking only. Changes in measures of obesity, exercise capacity, glycaemic control and  plasma lipids were monitored before the exercise programme and 3 months after graded exercise programmes.Results: The exercise programmes significantly improved exercise capacity, anthropometric measurements and bloodglucose levels but had no effect on lipid profiles. There was similar improvements in all the groups but no differencewas found when comparing the results between the groups.Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference between the groups, it is concluded that, any form of low endurance exercise programme, whether supervised or unsupervised is beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus.
Editorial
Authors: Eales C. J.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available
Assesing motor impairment of the trunk in patients with traumatic brain injury: reliability and validity of the trunk impairment scale
Authors: Verheyden G. , Hughes J. , Jelsma J. , Nieuwboer A. , De Weerdt W
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Literature regarding trunk assessment after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is limited. The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) is a newly developed tool which is intended to assess static and dynamic sitting balance and trunk co-ordination.Aim: It was the aim of this study to examine the reliability andvalidity of the TIS in TBI patients.Methods: Thirty TBI subjects were recruited from within arehabilitation setting. Two researchers observed each subjectsimultaneously, but scored independently. Each subject wasre-examined by one of the raters.Results: Kappa and weighted kappa values for all items ranged from 0.34 to 1. All percentages of agreement were 70% or higher. Intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients for the sub-scale scores were between 0.72 and 0.88. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability for the total TIS score (ICC) was 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement for the test-retest and interexaminer measurement error interval were -4,4 and -3,3, respectively. The construct validity was evaluated by means of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the TIS and the Barthel Index (r=0.59, p=.0007).Discussion and conclusion: Fair to perfect item agreement was found but the reliability of certain items requiresfurther attention. Acceptable sub-scale and total TIS reliability and validity justify the use of the TIS in TBI treatmentand research.
Effectiveness of palliative care including physiotherapy in hiv patients a review of the literature
Authors: Uwimana J. , Louw Q
Published: June 2017

It is estimated that 41 million people throughout the world are living with HIV/AIDS and of these 39 million are in sub-Saharan Africa(UNAIDS 2004).  The HIV/AIDS epidemic is devastating the African continent.In Africa poorly resourced health care infrastructure further impairs the quality of life in HIV sufferers. Palliative care is an approach that aims to improve the quality of life of people living with threatening diseases such as cancer and HIV/AIDS. This review aimed to determine the efficacy of palliative care. Complementary therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, peer/counselling group therapy, massage  therapy, and exercise therapy constitute palliative care. Seventeen articles published in peer reviewed journals during the period 1990-2005 were reviewed. The findings of our review demonstrate that there are indications that palliative care can be effective in improving the quality of life in patients with life threatening diseases such HIV/AIDS. Research in this field is complicated by the heterogeneity of study samples, difficulty in patient recruitment, and death before the end of the intervention period. Future research in this area should aim to include larger study samples, using valid tools to assess quality of life and to employ qualitative methods in studies to assess the effectiveness of palliative care.
The epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) – a literature review
Authors: Kalyan S. R.
Published: June 2017

A search of the literature showed limited reported research on the epidemiology of TBI in South Africa. This prompted a search of literature on the epidemiology of TBI in the rest of the world. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in most western countries. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the main cause of TBI, followed by gunshot wounds (GSW) and falls. In South Africa, road accident fatalities are 27,3 per 100 000 of the population.  The causes of death and disability vary with age, race and gender groups. Improved medical emergency care has resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate following TBI, but has increased the morbidity rate. The increase in the number of people living with neurological impairments is a significant economic burden when taking into account hospitalization, rehabilitation, medication and the loss of working hours. The emotional burden is unknown. The purpose of this paper is to place in perspective, the epidemiology of TBI, by looking at the published literature in the rest of the world.  In the developing world it is projected that the burden of disease resulting from interpersonal violence will nearly double by 2020 unless preventive action is taken. Many more people survive acts of interpersonal violence than die from them.
Attitudes of physiotherapists in Botswana to treating people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Kambole M. , Struthers P.
Published: June 2017

Physiotherapists are increasingly treating people living with HIV /AIDS.However, there is little information reported on either their attitudes when providingtreatment to people with HIV /AIDS, or what facilitates positive attitudes. This studyaimed to determine the attitudes of physiotherapists in Botswana towards treating people living with HIV /AIDS. A  qualitative approach was used with a purposive sample of 10 physiotherapists working in hospitals and private clinics in Gaborone and Ramotswa. In-depth interviews were conducted with individual physiotherapists, utilising an interview guide in. The results indicated that most physiotherapists had a positive attitude towards treating people living with HIV /AIDS. The positive attitude was associated with interrelated factors including their experiencewith people living with HIV /A IDS (PLW HA ); knowledge of HIV /AIDS; job satisfaction; and a belief in a duty to treatall. A  few physiotherapists had a negative attitude which was related to being judgmental and to a fear of acquiring HIVthrough occupational infection.
The rehabilitation of stroke patients at community health centres in the Western Cape
Authors: Rhoda A. , Mpofu R. , DeWeerdt W.
Published: June 2017

The structure and process of rehabilitation of stroke patientsaffects the outcomes of the patients. The aim of this study was to determine thestructure and process of rehabilitation of stroke patients at Community HealthCentres  (CHCs) in the Western Cape, South A frica. A  quantitative descriptive study was conducted. Questionnaires and archived records were used to collect the data. The study sample used to collect information related to the structure consisted of therapists (16) employed at the centres; while the study sample used to collect information related to the process consisted of 100 first time stroke patients. Descriptive statistics were conducted using Excel and SPSS. The results of the study revealed that there is a lack of occupational and speech therapy services at the centres forming partof the study sample. At centres where these services are provided the frequency and intensity with which the services are received by the patients is extremely low. Further research is needed to determine if the decreased intensity is onlyas a result of decreased availability of services or if inability of stroke clients to access the services also plays a role.
Reliability of ultrasound imaging for the measurement of abdominal muscle thickness in typically developing children
Authors: Unger M. , Jelsma J.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: A bdominal muscles are key to both posture andgait in both children with typical development (TD) and with disabilities.Ultrasound (US) imaging is a potential non-invasive method for investigatingactivity in these muscles. This study therefore aimed to determine the inter-tester and intra-tester reliability of B-mode US for investigating transverseabdominus (TrA ), rectus abdominus (RA ) and external- (EO) and internaloblique (IO) muscle activity in children with TD. Design: A  prospective cor-relational descriptive study.  Participants:  Eighty six, 6-13year old children from one private and one public mainstream school. Outcome measures: Two sets of B-mode US images where captured per subject during rest and during head-up, resisted head-up and resisted sling activities. Intra-class Correlation Coefﬁcients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used to analyse the data. Results: Good correlation was found for both test - retest condi-tions for all four muscles tested during rest: 0.91(TrA ); 0.90(IO); 0.91(EO); 0.94(RA ) for intra-tester reliability and0.74(TrA ); 0.88(IO); 0.74(EO); 0.83(RA ) for inter-tester reliability. Repeatability of thickness measures during activity however showed variation in recruitment patterns. A  signiﬁcant correlation was found between age and BMI andresting abdominal muscle thickness (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study supports the reliability of US measurement of resting abdominal muscles and of the RA  under active conditions in children aged six to 13. However the stability o measurement of the other muscles under active conditions still needs to be established.
The effectiveness of physiotherapy in cervicogenic headache and concurring temporomandibular dysfunction: a case report
Authors: Lewis F. , Naude B.
Published: June 2017

The aim of this case report is to describe the use of physio-therapy interventions in a patient diagnosed with cervicogenic headache(CGH) and temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). This case study involveda 26 year old male. The subject’s cervical and temporomandibular joint(TMJ) active range of movement; passive accessory movements; headacheintensity, periodicity and response to analgesics; TMJ clicking and discomfort;Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores, were assessed on initial assessment and on discharge 14 weeks later. The physiotherapy interventionincluded cervical and TMJ mobilisation (Maitland approach); trigger pointtherapy and massage; strengthening of the deep cervical neck flexors and scapulothoracic muscles; and posture correction. The subject improved on all outcome measures and was discharged after nine physiotherapy sessions, withfull cervical and TMJ range of movement, improved muscle strength and decreased headache intensity and frequency.This case describes a positive outcome for a patient diagnosed with cervical headaches and temporomandibular dysfunction in which physiotherapy interventions aimed at correcting joint dysfunction, myofascial pain and decreased muscle strength were used effectively.
A daily physical activity and diet intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Van Rooijen Agatha J. , Viviers Christa M. , Becker Piet J.
Published: June 2017

Urbanisation,  a  sedentary  lifestyle  and  increasing  obesity  due  to westernization and changed eating habits have been identified as independent risk factors for diabetes in the South African population. To establish the effectiveness of a daily walk and diet education intervention program. A randomized controlled trial was performed. The study population consisted of men and women of all races, ages 40 to 65 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) of duration at least one year attending the Steve Biko Diabetes Outpatient clinic. Patients of all weights were considered. Patients who had an HbA1c > 8 – 9.5% were included in the sample group.Four  weekly  group  classes  consisted  of  education  considered  essential  for  ongoing  nutrition  self-management  and physical activity. Yamax pedometers and walk prescriptions based on the average number of steps walked in three days were used. The participants had a follow-up assessment at 16 weeks and one year. The intervention and control groups were compared with respect to changes from baseline, using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline values as covariates.The  difference  between  the  intervention  and  control  groups  in  the  change  in  HbA1c  from  the  baseline  was significant at the 16-week follow-up assessment (p=0.041) and in the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol at the  one-year follow-up assessment (p =0.047; p =0.014). These results suggest that HbA1c can be improved over a period of four months. More frequent contact with the patients is necessary.
The association between psychological stress and low back pain among district hospital employees in Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Olivier B. , Mudzi W. , Mamabolo M.V. , Becker P.J.
Published: June 2017

The presence of low back pain (LBP) can be influenced by psychosocial  stress experienced  at  work.  The  aim  of  this  study  was  to  determine the point prevalence for LBP and the psychological stress expe-rienced at work as a factor associated with the presence of LBP amongst staff  employed  at  district  hospital  in  Pretoria,  Gauteng,  South  Africa.  A  self-administered questionnaire was  completed  by  all  participants. Results indicated that the point prevalence for LBP was 47.46%. Sixty five point five seven percent of employees who experienced stress at work all the time, suffered from LBP (p=0.001). Stress experienced at work all the time increased the risk of LBP (OR 3.47 CI 1.46 ; 8.23).  A clinical recommendation resulting from this study is that healthcare providers need to include the provision of education, support and appropriate  referral for patients who perceive themselves to have high levels of stress.