bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on oxygen independent fitness (anaerobic capacity) in pre-collegiate boys of Vijayapur, North Karnataka, India
Authors: Siddiq Mohamed , Dhundasi Salim A. , Aslam Mohammed
Published: April 2017

Background: The anaerobic capacity is a useful concept, its application during exercise testing should considerably increase the information gained regarding cardiovascular function in health and disease. The objective was to evaluate oxygen independent fitness (anaerobic capacity) in pre-collegiate boys (age group of 16-18 years) of Vijayapur, North Karnataka, India.Methods: Eighty seven young adolescent healthy pre-collegiate boys volunteered for this study. The following parameters were recorded: Physical anthropometric parameters: body surface area, body mass index, body fat percentage, Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, physical fitness index test and anaerobic fitness step test. Correlation analysis and Z tests were used to analyze the obtained data.Results: Physical anthropometric parameters of the subjects were found within normal range. Statistically significant exercise induced rise in blood pressure were observed in physical fitness step test. Anaerobic capacity was correlated with body surface area, body mass index, body fat percentage and pre and post exercise blood pressure. Physical fitness index was not correlated with anaerobic capacity.  Conclusions:The physical fitness index was in good category, normal physiological response to exercise but physical fitness index not correlated with anaerobic capacity. Anaerobic capacity was found within normal range in pre-collegiate boys of age 16-18 years in study area. Ideal body mass index may not be possible in this age group.
Comparison of saftey and cost effectiveness of atorvastatin 40 mg daily, rosuvastatin 20 mg daily and rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Upadhyay Durgesh Mani , Ahmad Minhaz , Misra Mukul , Chawdhary Sandeep , Maurya S. C.
Published: April 2017

Background: Diabetes is recognized as a “coronary heart disease risk equivalent”. This happens because high rates of dyslipidemia among diabetic patients which is thought to be one of the major factors leading to the high percentage of deaths among diabetics due to cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods: The study aims to compare the cost effectiveness and tolerance or safety profile of atorvastatin 40 mg daily and rosuvastatin 20 mg daily and on alternate day. This prospective observational study was conducted in 300, type-2 diabetes mellitus patients between November 2013 and 2014.Results: The total CK level increased after 6 weeks among patients on atorvastatin 40 mg, rosuvastatin 20 mg, and rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day was stastically significant although it was within accepted normal range. None of the patients reported to have muscle symptoms i.e. myalgia. SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin levels with atorvastatin 40 mg were statistically insignificant. Same was the case with rosuvastatin 20 mg daily. However the SGOT and bilrubin level increased with rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day was statistically significant, but was within normal range, we attribute it to chance. The cost obviously has shown to half in rosuvastatin 20 mg on alternate day.Conclusions: Atorvastatin 40 mg, rosuvastatin 20 mg and rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day was statically significant (p<.0010). SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin with atorvastatin 40 mg were statistically insignificant. Same was case with rosuvastatin 20 mg daily. SGOT, bilirubin level increased with rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day was statistically significant. Cost obviously shown to half in rosuvastatin 20 mg alternate day.
Management of fracture upper end humerus with proximal humerus internal locking system
Authors: Sreen Sanjeev , Vashisht Deepak , Daroch Manjit S.
Published: April 2017

Background: Fracture of proximal humerus is the second most common fracture of the upper extremity, following distal forearm fractures. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of proximal humerus internal locking system (PHILOS) plate fixation for proximal humerus fractures.Methods: Functional outcomes of 12 men and 18 women aged 22 to 78 (mean, 58) years who underwent PHILOS plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures were reviewed. Indications for surgery were 2 part (n=9), 3 part (n=14) or 4-part (n=7) closed proximal humeral fractures with angulation of more than 45 degrees or displacement of more than 1 cm. Functional outcomes and shoulder range of movement were assessed based on the Constant scoring system.Results: All patients will be followed up at monthly intervals for 6 months. During this period patient, will be motivated for physiotherapy and gradual normal use of the affected limb. Fracture union will be assessed clinically and radiologically. In our study of fracture proximal humerus union in most of the cases (24) occurring between 10-14 weeks. Range of union time was 8 to 18 weeks. one case of avascular necrosis of head occur in our case. In out of 30 cases excellent result in 7 cases, Good in16 cases Satisfactory in 5 cases and Poor in 2 cases were obtained.Conclusions: The PHILOS plate fixation is effective treatment for proximal humeral fractures particularly in osteoporotic bones.
A comparative study of lip print patterns in monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Authors: Thakur Bhawna , Ghosh Buddhadeb , Puri Nidhi , Bansal Rimple , Yadav Suman , Sharma Ravi Kant
Published: April 2017

Background: External surface of lips has many elevations and depressions forming a characteristic pattern called lip prints, the study of which is known as cheiloscopy. This is unique for the individuals like in fingerprints.Methods: The present study was conducted in 40 pairs of twins and their families to evaluate the possibility of variation of lip print patterns in twins and their parents to find out any similarity among twins and their families.  The twins were taken as the primary subject and their parents as the secondary subjects.Results: The subjects with congenital lip deformity and any inflammation were excluded from the study. The lip prints were taken on the cello tape and highlighted with the black printer powder of Oddyessy make. the photographs were taken for the permanent record. The prints were studied on Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software and classified under Tsuchihashi classification.Conclusions: Comparison of lip prints showed that they are unique to each individual and among twins revealed that they are similar but not identical and their characteristics resembled either parent. Since the lip print patterns are unique, lip print analysis can be considered as a tool for personal identification.
Evaluation of burnout in medical interns: an institutional study
Authors: Niranjan Vijay , Udey Bharat , Razdan Ram Ghulam
Published: April 2017

Background: Burnout is a psychological syndrome characterised as state of emotional exhaustion, negative attitude towards the recipient of care (depersonalisation) and a feeling of low accomplishments in human service professionals. However, there is very limited literature about Burnout syndrome among medical interns from India. Thus, this study aimed to found out the prevalence of burnout syndrome among medical interns and to find any gender differences between male and female interns.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study with a convenient sample of 100 medical Interns. Subjects filled a pretested semi-structured questionnaire, which consisted of demographic data and measures of assessment. Burnout was assessed by application of Masalach Burnout Inventory. Definition of burnout was taken as high score (>27 points) on Emotional exhaustion subscale, along with high scores (>10 points) on depersonalization subscale and Low score (<33 points) on personal accomplishment subscale.Results: Mean age of the sample was 23.9 years. 48 % were males and 52% were females. Burnout syndrome was found to be present in 22% subjects. 34% scored High on Emotional exhaustion subscale, while 46% scored High on depersonalization subscale and 77% scored Low on personal accomplishment subscale. Burnout status and subscales scores did not vary significantly with gender.Conclusions: Considering the higher ratings on various domains of Burnout among medical interns there is a need for targeted action and further research for a healthy workforce development in field of Medical care.
Lipid profile and its correlation with C-reactive protein in patients of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Rathore Vedika , Singh Neelima , Rastogi Puneet , Mahat Roshan Kumar , Mishra Mritunjay Kumar , Shrivastava Reetika
Published: April 2017

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which results from occlusion of coronary artery. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor of AMI. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein, synthesized by hepatocytes in response to cytokines released into circulation by activated leukocytes and has been found to increase after AMI. The objective of the present study is to investigate lipid profile in AMI patients and correlate it with inflammatory marker i.e. CRP.Methods: The present study includes 150 AMI patients and 100 normal healthy individuals as controls. In all the cases and controls, serum lipid profile and inflammatory marker were measured by diagnostic kits supplied by ERBA.Results: The levels of lipid profile and inflammatory marker were significantly altered in the AMI cases compared to controls. We found significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, CRP and lower level of HDL in AMI compared to that of control subjects. We also found strong positive correlation of CRP with total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and VLDL-C and significant negative correlation with HDL-C in AMI patients.Conclusions: We found alterations in the lipid profile and inflammatory marker in AMI cases; hence, all the people should undergo regular check up including lipid profile evaluation and inflammatory marker such as CRP to decrease the incidence, morbidity and mortality from the disease.
Open reduction and internal fixation of fracture femur in a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis utilizing continuous caudal epidural anaesthesia
Authors: Thakur Aman , Sood Priyanka , Rana Shelly , Kumar Sudarshan
Published: April 2017

We describe a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis scheduled to undergo open reduction and internal fixation. We emphasise on alternative anaesthetic management in view of non-availability of fiberoptic bronchoscope and unwillingness of patient to go to higher centre. Regional (continuous caudal epidural) anesthesia has been used as technique of choice.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma of submandibular gland in a seropositive case – a rare presentation
Authors: Binayke Rachana S. , Deshpande Kalpana A.
Published: April 2017

Lymphomas account for 2%-5% of salivary gland neoplasms. The parotid gland is the most commonly involved, constituting 70% of the cases, followed by submandibular gland (25%), sublingual and minor salivary glands (<10%). In present study a 56 years old seropositive male presented with a submandibular gland swelling of 2 months duration; along with multiple cervical lymphadenopathy. Grossly a single, well encapsulated, grayish-white tissue measuring 3x2.5x2 cms was received. It was solid, grayish-white on cut section. Histology revealed features of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with myoepithelial sialadenitis. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for LCA & CD20, thus confirming the histopathological diagnosis. Primary malignant lymphoma of salivary glands is uncommon. Inspite of malignant lymphoma being the second most common AIDS-associated neoplasm, it’s occurrence in submandibular gland is extremely rare.
Micropulse diode laser versus bevacizumab in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study
Authors: Khan Mansur Ali , Joshi Sadhana , Gupta Ashutosh
Published: April 2017

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is an idiopathic condition with an illdefined aetiopathogenesis and no clearly effective treatment. The choice of treatment include thermal laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy (PDT), subthreshold micropulse laser and anti VEGF.

Methods: In a prospective nonrandomized pilot trial we evaluated two of these modalities subthreshold micropulse laser treatment and intravitreal anti VEGF in 20 consecutive cases of non-resolving CSC of duration 3 to 6 months with vision below 6/12 treated with either Bevacizumab for leakage close to fovea or subthreshold micropulse 810 diode laser for extrafoveal leakage (10% duty cycle, 100 µ spot size) as seen on fluorescein angiography.

Results: At 6 months follow up complete resolution was seen in 9/10 in laser and 6/10 in Avastin group. The mean visual acuity improved from  Log MAR 0.61 ± 0.17  at baseline to Log MAR 0.07± 0.11  post treatment in laser group and from Log MAR 0.59 ± 0.17  to Log MAR 0.18 ± 0.09   in the Avastin group . Similarly mean central macular thickness decreased from 607 µ ± 162.1 to 206 µ ± 55   in laser group and from 601 µ ± 182 to 262 µ ± 75 in those receiving Avastin. Both visual outcome and resolution of serous detachment was better with Micropulse laser as compared to Bevacizumab.  

Conclusions: Micropulse diode laser treatment of CSC has higher rate of resolution and better visual outcome as compared to Bevacizumab injections.
Newborn care practices in a tribal community in tamilnadu: a qualitative study
Authors: S. Latha , S. Kamala , S. Srikanth
Published: April 2017

Background: Neonatal mortality is high in tribal areas. Cultural practices influence the newborn health outcomes in tribal communities. Each tribe has its own unique practices on newborn rearing. Little scientific information is available on the beliefs and practices related to essential newborn care among tribes in Tamilnadu. An understanding of the tribe specific newborn care practices by health workers could facilitate them to provide effective newborn care.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Sittilingi tribal area in Dharmapuri district of Tamilnadu during the period August and September 2016. The data was collected by In-Depth interviews of 10 mothers with infants, selected by Snow ball sampling method. Local newborn care beliefs and practices were explored and analysis of their beneficial or harmful effects was carried out.Results: The findings show that beneficial practices like utilizing antenatal services, institutional deliveries, delayed bathing and measures to prevent infection were adopted. Harmful practices being followed included late initiation of breastfeeding, denying colostrum, feeding prelacteals, improper thermal care and application of indigenous substances on umbilical cord stump.Conclusions: In spite of utilization of health services, traditional beliefs still play a crucial role in influencing neonatal care practices in the study area. The findings necessitate a need for accessing the prevalence of cultural practices by quantitative studies. Midwives being a vital source of information should be aware of local cultural practices in their work place, to plan for effective behavior change among the mothers to preserve safe practices and avoid harmful practices.
Nutrient deficiencies (Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium) among children with SIRS/sepsis-a hospital based cross sectional study
Authors: Kartheek Kiran , S. Baliga B. , Subodhshetty . , Mithra Prasanna , Yadav Charu
Published: April 2017

Background: In developing countries sepsis is a major etiological factor contributing to 60-80 % of annual mortality. SIRS/sepsis rates are high among children admitted to hospitals particularly in intensive care units. Oxidative stress plays important role in etio-pathogenesis of SIRS/sepsis. Nutrients with antioxidant activity enhance immune system there by decreasing severity of SIRS/sepsis. Estimation of such nutrient levels might establish relationship with oxidative stress in children with SIRS/sepsis.Methods:A hospital based cross-sectional study was done on consecutive samples of 96 children diagnosed with SIRS/sepsis. Serum copper, iron zinc, magnesium levels of children diagnosed with sepsis/SIRS included in the study were estimated, data were represented as median with inter quartile range and proportions. Mann Whitney u test and Karl Pearson’s correlation tests were used to see correlation between clinical paramaters.Results: Zinc and magnesium deficiency were seen in 68.8% and 59.4% children with SIRS/sepsis. Median serum magnesium levels were 1.24mg/dL in children with illness <1 week and 1.51mg/dL with illness >1week duration prior to hospitalization (p=0.017). Hospital acquired infections were higher with zinc (P=0.001) and copper deficiency(P=0.002). Zinc deficiency correlated with need for longer hospitalization (P= 0.017).  Mortality due to SIRS/sepsis increased as number of nutrient deficiencies increased (P =0.009).Conclusions:Significant number of children with SIRS/sepsis had nutrient deficiencies. These deficiencies correlated significantly with duration of illness prior to hospitalization. Children with nutrient deficiency had higher incidence of hospital acquired infections. Children with normal nutrient levels have decreased length of hospitalization. Children with multiple nutrient deficiency had higher risk of death.
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among obese children in North Kerala, India
Authors: G. Reetha , P. Mahesh
Published: April 2017

Background: Obesity and related co-morbidities are increasing at an alarming pace all over the world. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the asymptomatic involvement of the liver mainly seen in obese individuals. NAFLD can progress to chronic liver disease and has to be identified early. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among obese children in our local population. To determine the prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes in obese children.Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study in a tertiary care center among children aged 5-18 years for a 1 year period. NAFLD was diagnosed based on ultrasonography. Alanine amino transferase more than 40IU/l was taken as abnormal.Results: A total of 65 patients were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of NAFLD in the study group was 60%. 20% had elevated alanine amino transferase levels.Conclusions: The prevalence of fatty liver in Kerala is comparable to that in the West. Since this is a public health issue more population based studies are needed on a larger group to find out the exact magnitude of the problem.
Ebola virus disease: epidemiology, clinical feature and the way forward
Authors: Balami Lawan Gana , Ismail Suriani , S. M. Saliluddin , S. H. Garba
Published: April 2017

The Ebola virus disease is a zoonotic, acute viral syndrome which occurs by infection with one the strains of the Ebola virus. It is primarily endemic in Africa however the recent outbreak in the year 2014 spanned from West Africa all the way to Europe and America. This shows the virus possess a global threat and should not be considered localized to only certain parts of the world. The social and economic impact of zoonotic diseases today is high as 80% of human pathogens are of zoonotic origin. Human to human transmission happens when there is contact with bodily fluids of infected humans during the infectious phase of the disease. This spread could be through nosocomial means or community spread. Poor knowledge of the syndrome among health care workers coupled with lack of funding and deficient resources has crippled their ability to diagnose and break the chain of transmission of the disease at its early stages. The virus undergoes pathogenesis by immune evasion, immune suppression, coagulopathy, and hypovolemic shock, multiple organ failure and death in up to 90% of cases. The unavailability of a cure or vaccine for this syndrome makes it a recurrent threat due to high risk behavior practiced in endemic countries such as bush meat consumption. Thus this study gives the reader a review of current literature on this deadly disease with the aim of increasing knowledge and aiding its prevention and control.
Knowledge on dietary patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal care check-up in Narayani hospital, Nepal
Authors: Shah Sunil , Sharma Ghanashyam , Shris Lalkaji , Shah Sanjay Kumar , Sharma Mamata , Sapkota Niraj Khatri
Published: April 2017

Background: Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth during which there is the requirements of diet that provide the required essential nutrients to keep the mother healthy and allow the fetus to grow and develop in favorable conditions. The objective of the study was to identify the knowledge on dietary pattern among pregnant women attending ANC checkup in Narayani sub-regional hospital. Methods: The study was of descriptive, cross sectional type. The random sampling technique was applied. The study design was conducted in Narayani sub-regional hospital in Parsa district, Nepal. Participants included 96 pregnant women using semi structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Data analysis was done both manually and with the help of SPSS. Results: The study showed that there were more women 56(58.3%) from rural areas than that of urban. About seven out of 10 pregnant women were between the ages of 20 to 35 years of age and the study showed that one-fifth of the pregnant women were married before legal age. The mean age of pregnant women was 24. 1 year. There were 6.2% of pregnant women who were illiterate and six out of 10(59.4%) pregnant women had agriculture as their main occupation. The total sampled 96 pregnant women interviewed all knew about nutrition and mostly the source of information was family, neighbors and friends (34.4%). Almost two-fourth (45.8%) of pregnant women still have the wrong perception regarding consumption of green vegetables and coldness (61.4%) is the main reason behind not consumption of green vegetables. The reason for consumption of processed food was because of easy availability and nine in ten pregnant women replied media influenced them to eat processed food. Two-third pregnant women replied right answer for reason of taking iron tabs. In the study found that there is no association between women literacy and knowledge on nutrition. About 6 in 10 (59.3%) sampled women had moderate knowledge on nutrition whereas only one forth-pregnant woman had high knowledge on nutrition. One-sixth pregnant women had low knowledge. Conclusions: The study revealed that, although every pregnant woman had some sorts of knowledge on nutrition, still there is lack of sufficient knowledge on dietary patterns during pregnancy and some wrong perceptions following diet consumption during pregnancy was found. Health education and awareness programs that influences to develop positive attitude can only ultimately brings changes in the behavior.
Patient’s satisfaction regarding directly observed treatment short course under RNTCP in a district of North India
Authors: Srivastava Kuldeep , Gupta Abhishek , Saxena Ruchi , Sharma R. P. , Midha Tanu
Published: April 2017

Background: In 2015, RNTCP covered a population of 1.28 billion. A total of 9132,306 TB suspects were examined by sputum smear microscopy and 14, 23, 181 cases were registered for treatment. Most peripheral unit under the RNTCP network is the designated microscopy centre (DMC) which serves a population of around 100,000 (50,000 in tribal and hilly areas). Treatment compliance and patients satisfaction is important concern for quality service success of RNTCP. Objectives of this study were to assess the treatment compliance and patient’s satisfaction regarding directly observed treatment short course chemotherapy (DOTS).Methods: It was an observational study conducted among DMCs of Kanpur district. Multistage random sampling technique was used for selection of DMC in both rural and urban area. 300 subjects interviewed in this study.Results: Most of the study subjects (87%) were satisfied with the services provided at the DMC. Compliant status was better in rural DMC (94.50%). Non-compliance was more in urban DMC (18.4%). Majority of the study subjects (67%) were satisfied due to availability of free medicines at the centres. Difficulty to come on alternate days was the most common reason for dissatisfaction among study subjects (43.6%) followed by wastage of time (23.1%).Conclusions: About 13 percent patient was not satisfied with DMC services. Among urban DMCs 18.4 percent patient were not compliant where it was 5.5 percent among rural DMCs. About 22.0 percent patient was unaware about duration of treatment. Whereas important reason for dissatisfaction with service was ‘difficulty to come on alternate day’.
Determinants of hypertension among urban adult population in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu
Authors: S. Gopalakrishnan , R. Rama , A. K. Savitha
Published: April 2017

Background: Hypertension affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide and around 7.1 million deaths per year (13% of the total) may be attributable to it. In India, the overall prevalence of raised blood pressure among adults aged 18 years and above was estimated to be 25.9% among males and 24.8% among females. Keeping in mind the growing burden of NCDs like hypertension, this study was conducted with the objective to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its associated determinants so as to understand the gravity of the problem and to plan possible corrective measures.Methods: This community based cross sectional study was done among adult population in an urban area in Kancheepuram district using a sample size of 1634 calculated based on the prevalence of a previous study. Probability Proportion to Size and simple random sampling method was used. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 15 by calculating appropriate percentages and strength of association of variables.Results: This study results shows that the prevalence of pre – hypertension was 51.3% (males 54.2% and females 48.5%). Overall prevalence of stage I hypertension was 17.2% (males 20.2% and females 14.4%), stage II hypertension was 5.2% (males 6.3% and females 4.2%). A statistical significant association was found between hypertension and its associated determinants such as increasing age, gender (male predominance), history of diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity (P value <0.05).Conclusions: This study outcome shows that the prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension is high among the adult population. For non-communicable diseases like hypertension every level of preventive care plays a major role to bring about a healthy behaviour and lifestyle change among the population which in turn will help in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases.
Lifestyle factors and lifestyle diseases among rural population of Bengaluru rural district
Authors: H. Deepadarshan , Hiremath Shweta D.
Published: April 2017

Background: Rapid urbanization and industrialization is leading to increased lifestyle risk factors and thus lifestyle diseases. Lifestyle diseases are causing more number of deaths and disability worldwide in recent years. Recent studies have shown a higher risk of lifestyle diseases among rural population. Hence this study was conducted to assess the lifestyle factors and lifestyle diseases and to know the prevalence of lifestyle diseases among rural population. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study in Rural Health Training Centre, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru.Methods: For a sample size of 108, systematic sampling was done and a questionnaire was administered. Data collected regarding lifestyle risk factors and diseases and analyzed using SPSS v 20. Results: 66 out of 108 participants (61.1%) had one or more lifestyle risk factors. Prevalence of lifestyle diseases was 37.03%. Hypertension was the most common disease with 27 (25%) cases followed by diabetes mellitus (16.7%) and asthma/COPD (7.5%). There was significant association between lifestyle factors like Tobacco and cigarette use, junk foods, overweight and obesity with lifestyle diseases. Conclusions: There is a need for population based program at primary level on lifestyle modification in the prevention of lifestyle diseases.
Study on item and test analysis of multiple choice questions amongst undergraduate medical students
Authors: Ingale Abhijeet S. , A. Giri Purushottam , Doibale Mohan K.
Published: April 2017

Background: Item analysis is the process of collecting, summarizing and using information from students’ response to assess the quality of test items. However it is said that MCQs emphasize recall of factual information rather than conceptual understanding and interpretation of concepts. There is more to writing good MCQs than writing good questions. The objectives of the study was to assess the item and test quality of multiple choice questions and to deal with the learning difficulties of students, identify the low achievers in the test. Methods: The hundred MBBS students from Government medical college were examined. A test comprising of thirty MCQs was administered. All items were analysed for Difficulty Index, Discrimination Index and Distractor Efficiency. Data entered in MS Excel 2007 and SPSS 21 analysed with statistical test of significance. Results: Majority 80% items difficulty index is within acceptable range. 63% items showed excellent discrimination Index. Distractor efficiency was overall satisfactory. Conclusions: Multiple choice questions with average difficulty and also having high discriminating power with good distracter efficiency should be incorporated into student’s examination.
A study on awareness and practices of mitanin (ASHA) in rural areas of Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Baghel Ashish , Jain Kamlesh K. , Pandey Sachin , Soni Gopal Prasad , Patel Anubha
Published: April 2017

Background: The mitanin programme is a Community Health volunteer programme which was initiated by the Government of Chhattisgarh, India in 2002. The mitanin programme further progressed to lay foundation for the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) programme by the National Rural Health Mission. There is robust indication that the community health workers could significantly contribute towards the betterment of health outcomes. The objective was tostudy the awareness and practices of mitanins (ASHA) in rural areas of Bilaspur district.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out among 180 mitanins selected through multistage random sampling in Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh, India during March to August 2015. A predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. SPSS 21.0 version software was used to analyze the data.Results: Most of the mitanins had good knowledge regarding antenatal visits (62.2%) & HBNC visits (52.2%). About (62.8%) had an average knowledge regarding basic cleans to be followed for safe deliveries & regarding danger signs of pregnancy (46.7%). About (36.1%) had poor knowledge regarding symptoms of diabetes & contraceptive advice for spacing (35.6%). About (82.2%) of mitanins had opinion that fast breathing is an indicator of immediate referral of child followed by child unable to drink or breast feed (61.1%). In case of pregnancy, mitanins considered indicators of immediate referral should be swelling of face/hands (90.6%) followed by vaginal bleeding (74.4%). Major activities that they have conducted in last six months includes; accompanying pregnant women for institutional deliveries (92.2%) & participation in immunization sessions (87.8%).Conclusions: Mitanins play vital role in providing primary health care but still they need to put into practice their knowledge about services. Despite the training given to mitanins, lacunae still exists in their knowledge regarding various aspects of health care. Many of them were not aware about family planning, diabetes, tuberculosis, danger signs for pregnancy & newborn that indicate the need for immediate referral.
A study to assess the knowledge of mothers on home based neonatal care at selected area of rural Bangalore
Authors: H. Mohini , B. Sumanth Shetty
Published: April 2017

Background: The new born signifies the beginning of life and provides a foundation for future health of the nation.  New born care is strongly influenced by women’s social status, health status, home care practices for mother and new born care services. Therefore, the present study has been designed to assess the Knowledge of mothers on home based neonatal care especially among rural mothers.Methods: After the institutional ethical clearance, five hundred mothers having infants belong to Rural Bangalore were selected by a purposive sampling technique. The structured interview schedule containing demographic variables, knowledge of mothers on home based neonatal care with 27 MCQs having four answers was used. The data collected was analysed using SPSS and minitab. The p value less than 0.05 were considered as the level of significance.Results: Mother’s education, occupation, source of information has highly significant relationship with their knowledge (p=0.01). However, religion and family income of the mothers are not associated with their knowledge (p>0.05). The mother’s knowledge, education, occupation, source of information and dietary pattern have significantly associated with their knowledge on home based neonatal care (p<0.05). Conclusion: 64.6% had moderate, 21.8% had inadequate and 14.2% had adequate knowledge on home based neonatal care.  The aspect wise mean knowledge score ranged between 55.3% and 65.3%. Though majority had moderate knowledge on neonatal care, mothers need a regular follow up care in the area of practicing neonatal care.
Open garbage dumps and knowledge of rabies among sanitary workers
Authors: Abedi Ali Jafar , Khan Samreen , Mehnaz Saira , Ansari M. Athar
Published: April 2017

Background: Rabies is a potentially fatal disease with significant public health importance. Awareness among sanitation workers is a key component for prevention, and needs to be addressed. Therefore, a study was conducted with the objectives to determine the awareness of rabies and role of open garbage dumps in the spread of rabies among sanitary workers.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to February, 2017. All of the 65 sanitation workers employed by the University Health Office, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh were included in the study after taking their verbal consent. A total of 26 Open Garbage Dumps were studied and classified. The knowledge of rabies was assessed by evolving a scoring system. The data were then analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 24.0.Results: The mean age of the study population is 32.93 years (mean 38 years, SD 9.74). 62 (95.4%) were males. Mean duration of work was 8.14 years (SD 7.45). Maximum number of study participants had received education uptil high school and belonged to social class II. Mean knowledge score paired with different socio-demographic variables show a highly significant association with age, sex, duration of work, education, religion, socio-economic status and whether they owned a pet or not.Conclusions: Our study revealed that knowledge regarding OGDs and their role in the spread of rabies is poor. OGDs near residential houses and stray dogs increase the risk factors for canine rabies. Therefore, sustained efforts to decrease the stray dog population in residential areas should be advocated.
To assess the nutritional status among elderly and factors influencing it, in an urban area, Bengaluru - a cross sectional study
Authors: M. S. Ramya , T. S. Ranganath , Jadhav Jyothi , N. B. Swetha
Published: April 2017

Background: Elderly population is on raise globally and in India. Malnutrition in old age, significantly increases the susceptibility to infection, compromises the outcomes of other underlying conditions and diseases and hence increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The malnourished elderly are more likely to require more hospitalizations, cause burden to caregivers and possess a huge economic cost to society. This facilitates the need for early detection of malnourishment among elderly by assessing the nutritional status as a part of geriatric evaluation therefore appropriate measures can be taken to overcome the malnourishment and associated complications. Hence this study attempts to assess the nutritional status and factors influencing it among elderly, in an urban area, Bengaluru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 elderly population aged ≥60 years in an urban area, Bengaluru during April to August 2016. Results: Among the study participants majority 182 (60.66%) were females and 64(21.33%) were malnourished. Nutritional status was found to worsen significantly with advancing age (χ²=42.12, P value <0.0001), Illiteracy (χ²=16.19, P value 0.0003), dependent financial status (χ²=16.45, P value 0.0003) and living arrangements without spouse and/or children (χ²= 14.17, P value 0.0278). Good awareness but low utilization levels of the old age social security scheme was noted among the study population. Conclusions: Old age can only be protected, promoted and extended by adding quality to life. Geriatric nutritional status assessment helps to detect the malnourished and those at risk of malnutrition at an early stage, following which an early corrective interventions can improve their quality of life.
Histórias em quadrinhos como fonte de pesquisa: uma análise sócio-histórica acerca do graphic novel “Batman: a piada mortal”
Authors: Silva Júnior Ailton Da Costa
Published: April 2017

Este trabalho propõe uma discussão acerca da utilização de histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) como fontes de pesquisa sócio-histórica. Tal debate promoverá uma análise sobre alguns aspectos referentes à criação do graphic novel Batman: A Piada Mortal de Alan Moore como ponto de referência. A criação, e sua estética e ainda uma reflexão sobre alguns personagens principais da trama exposta nesta história em quadrinhos permitirão uma observação mais detalhada da relevância existente em sua narrativa, e sua importância como fonte documental. Para este fim, será realizada uma investigação sobre a arte sequencial mediante um estudo nos campos científicos da história, com Chartier e da semiologia, com Barthes, com o objetivo de demonstrar como os aspectos visuais e “não visuais” (escrita) interligam-se na construção de diferentes sentidos.
Jornada do herói nos quadrinhos: o leitor e a leitura no processo de autodescoberta e conhecimento
Authors: Roberto André
Published: April 2017

Histórias em quadrinhos flertam com a realidade e oferecem parâmetros para que novos conhecimentos e informações sejam adquiridos. Através da revisão teórica e estudos em comunicação e cultura, busca-se resposta para o pressuposto de que este tipo de leitura possibilita crescimento crítico social e representa importante ferramenta de incentivo à leitura. Aliado a isto, há os estudos do mitólogo Joseph Campbell e sua jornada do herói, no o qual o leitor atravessa um processo de autodescoberta, em que cada indivíduo enfrenta desafios para adquirir valores morais mais elevados.
Atuação brasileira no sitema de saúde do Haiti como política internacional
Authors: Perdigão Daniel , Ipolito Michelle Zampieri
Published: April 2017

Desde 2004, o Haiti, considerado um quase-Estado, assiste à ação de uma missão militar das Nações Unidas liderada pelo Brasil em seu território. Desde então, o Brasil tem atuado mais intensamente no país caribenho como parte de uma política externa de cooperação horizontal, ou Sul-Sul. Este trabalho busca analisar uma fração representativa desta operação: a atuação do Brasil no sistema de saúde do Haiti. A referida análise é realizada sob o ponto de vista da política internacional.
Da antipolítica ao acontecimento: o anarquismo dos corpos acontecimentais
Authors: Prado José Luiz Aidar
Published: April 2017

O acontecimento que rompe com a ordem estabelecida, com os estados de coisas com representações estáveis, só pode surgir a partir de uma visão pós-fundacional de política em que esta não é gestão condominial dos seres a partir dos biopoderes midiatizados, mas surgimento da voz dos que não têm voz, do povo, a partir das demandas diferenciais que, de início, não dialogavam. A teoria materialista da comunicação é aqui pensada a partir de um antagonismo de base, de uma negatividade da ordem pulsional que circula em um campo tensivo a partir do qual as partes buscam performativamente, na luta pelo reconhecimento (Honneth) e pela visibilidade, a emergência de acontecimentos disruptivos (Badiou). Como os discursos pela democracia radical podem, nessa perspectiva, ser constituídos fora dos arautos corrompidos do sistema tradicional? Como, no momento do acontecimento, emergem corpos anarquistas dispostos a mergulhar no processo de verdade que aí se inicia? Em termos de uma lógica dos afetos ou das paixões, o caminho da política se faz do medo para a alegria, da retenção para a libertação/emancipação. Nesta direção é que pensaremos a comunicação entendida como campo tensivo de emergência da política performativa acontecimental.
Worksheets that Teach: Spanish I, Volume I
Authors:   Quantum Scientific Publishing
Published: April 2017

Worksheets That Teach are completely different than normal classroom worksheets because they actually teach the content!

Each content-based worksheet begins by actually teaching all of the content in the stated learning objective(s) before moving into the set of exercises that are normally found in a classroom worksheet.

Worksheets That Teach are ideal for:
1. Classroom use to reinforce a topic
2. Student test preparation
3. Homeschooling
4. Individual tutoring sessions
5. Successful students that would like the additional challenge of exploring a new topic on their own
6. Substitute teachers that need to teach a class in an unfamiliar discipline

Worksheets That Teach Series Areas of Study:
Foreign Languages
General Studies
History
Language Arts
Mathematics
Science
Industry Clustering, Industry Specialization, and the Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land：Evidence from Prefectural-Level Cities in China
Authors: Liu Zhangsheng , Song Deyong , Gong Yuanyuan , Li Dongfang
Published: April 2017

In this paper, a land utilization efficiency evaluation model, which takes environmental loss into consideration, has been structured via taking advantage of the slack-based measure (SBM) model. Meanwhile, based on the panel data from 280 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2013, the paper thoroughly probed into, and discussed, the effect imposed by industry clustering and specialization on the utilization efficiency of urban land. Research results indicate several conclusions, as follows: (1) Taking environmental loss into account, the land utilization efficiency of prefecture-level cities in China is generally low. During the research period, the average value of the land utilization efficiency of prefecture-level cities in China is only 0.349, with, first, a declining trend, and then a rise. Geographically speaking, the land utilization efficiency presents a “depression in the center” phenomenon which means the land utilization efficiency of prefecture-level cities in the central China are relatively lower than in the east and west. Now, the difference among the urban land utilization efficiency in China significantly reflects the distinctions among Eastern, Western, and Central China. Moreover, the contribution degree of the difference of the land utilization efficiency among cities of central China to the aggregation difference shows an ascending momentum. Additionally, the relation between the population scale and land utilization efficiency in cities manifests as a U shape; (2) theoretically speaking, the relation between industry clustering and urban land utilization efficiency presents an inverted-U shape. However, this kind of relation is not significant in Western and Central China and medium-sized cities. Moreover, most of cities are still relatively far away from the inflection point or the critical value; and (3) the industry professional level has imposed a positive influence on urban land utilization efficiency. However, that influence is not significant in Eastern China and large cities. Consequently, strengthening the industry professional development of Western and Central China and small and medium-sized cities, facilitating diversified development of industries in Eastern China and large cities, and accelerating industrial clustering, all of these measures above will be conducive to improving urban land utilization efficiency in China.
Energy, Momentum, Mass and Velocity of a Moving Body
Authors: Fedosin Sergey G.
Published: April 2017

In the weak-field approximation of covariant theory of gravitation the problem of 4/3 is formulated for internal and external gravitational fields of a body in the form of a ball. The dependence of the energy and the mass of the moving substance on the energy of field accompanying the substance, as well as the dependence on the characteristic size of the volume occupied by the substance are described. Additives in the energy and the momentum of the body, defined by energy and momentum of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields associated with the body are explicitly calculated. The conclusion is made that the energy and the mass of the body can be described by the energy of ordinary and strong gravitation, and through the energies of electromagnetic fields of particles that compose the body.
Treatment of Intrusive Suicidal Imagery Using Eye Movements
Authors: Van Bentum Jael S , Sijbrandij Marit , Huibers Marcus , Huisman Annemiek , Arntz Arnoud , Holmes Emily , Kerkhof Ad
Published: April 2017

Suicide and suicidal behavior are major public health concerns and affect 3-9% of the population worldwide. Despite growing evidence, there are still few effective interventions available to reduce suicide risk. In this article, we describe theoretical models of suicide ideation and behavior and propose to examine the possible effectiveness of a new and innovative preventive strategy. A model of suicidal intrusion (mental imagery related to suicide, also referred to as suicidal flash-forwards) is presented describing one of the assumed mechanisms in the etiology of suicide and the mechanism of therapeutic change. We provide a brief rationale for an Eye Movement Dual Task (EMDT) treatment for suicidal intrusions describing techniques that can be used to target these suicidal mental images and thoughts to reduce overall behavior. Based on the available empirical evidence for the mechanisms of suicidal intrusions, this approach appears to be a promising new treatment to prevent suicidal behavior as it potentially targets one of the linking pins between suicidal ideation and suicidal actions.
Estresse Ocupacional: Um Estudo com Gestores de uma Empresa Mineira de Logística de Transportes
Authors: Resende Aline Marcelina
Published: April 2017

O artigo é um estudo de caso sobre o estresse ocupacional em gestores de logística de transportes. O objetivo geral foi identificar os elementos que pressionam os gestores de uma empresa de logística de transporte no município de Betim. O instrumento para coleta de dados da pesquisa foi parte do questionário aderente ao modelo explicativo de estresse em gestores (MTEG) desenvolvido por Zille (2005). A metodologia adotada foi quantitativa com aplicação de questionário. Como resultado foi possível perceber sintomas significativos de estresse nos gerentes.