bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Analysis of Single Human Hair Roots
Authors: Henley E. C. , Kassouny M. E. , Nelson J. W.
Published: October 2006

Collimated beams of 3.75 million electron volt protons were used to examine a 2-millimeter length of the root end of human hair; the concentrations of some hair root elements were correlated with the results of standard clinical assays of blood samples. The technique should be useful for the analysis of micro amounts of biological tissue.
Formation of a Serine Enzyme in the Presence of Bovine Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor) and Thrombin
Authors: Vehar Gordon A. , Davie Earl W.
Published: October 2006

Factor VIII is present in plasma in a precursor or inactive form. When bovine factor VIII that has been purified approximately 10,000-fold is incubated with thrombin, an activated product is formed which participates in the conversion of factor X to factor X
a
in the presence of factor IX
a
, calcium ions, and phospholipid. This activated product, which has been tentatively identified as activated factor VIII, was stable when formed in the presence of 0.25M CaCl
2
but was rapidly inactivated in the absence of CaCl
2
. It was inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and antithrombin III, suggesting that it is a serine enzyme. The exact role of this serine enzyme in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation remains to be established.
Event-Related Brain Potentials: Comparison Between Children and Adults
Authors: Courchesne Eric
Published: October 2006

Event-related brain potentials in response to tachistoscopically presented stimuli were recorded from adults and children. Rare, nontarget stimuli (both novel and easily recognized) elicited different brain potentials in children and adults, while equally rare, target stimuli elicited similar potentials in children and adults.
Sperm Autoantibodies in Vasectomized Rats of Different Inbred Strains
Authors: Bigazzi Pierluigi E. , Kosuda Linda L. , Harnick Linda L.
Published: October 2006

An immune response to antigens of spermatozoa occurs after vasectomy in rats of some inbred strains, but not in others. Antibodies to rat spermatozoa were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in some of the serums of vasectomized rats of the following strains: 80 percent of Lewis, 47 percent of Brown Norway, 13 percent of Buffalo, 12 percent of Wistar-Furth, and 11 percent of ACI rats. No such antibodies were detected in the serums of vasectomized Fischer, Dark Agouti, and Sprague-Dawley rats.
Studies on the Fate of Plasma Prothrombin
Authors: Andrus William DeW. , Lord Jere W. , Kauer Joseph T.
Published: October 2006

The level of the plasma prothrombin in the circulating blood is decreased during its passage through the pulmonary capillaries. In 85 per cent. of samples, plasma prothrombin has been found to be less in the blood of the left ventricle than in that from the right ventricle. This difference averaged 10.6 per cent. and ranged from 4 to 19 per cent. In no instance was the level in the right ventricle lower than that in the left. In samples of blood taken from the arterial and venous supply of the head, liver, spleen, intestine, kidney and hind limbs, no significant difference in plasma prothrombin levels was found.

A possible explanation of this role of the lung in the loss of plasma prothrombin is thought to be the production of blood platelets in this organ, as demonstrated by Howell and Donahue. Platelets, as they undergo disintegration, initiate the first stage of the clotting process by releasing thromboplastin, which, in the presence of calcium, changes prothrombin to thrombin.
Radioimmunoassay for Antibodies to Cytoplasmic Ribosomes in Human Serum
Authors: Koffler David , Faiferman Isidoro , Gerber Michael A.
Published: October 2006

A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies in human serum to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was developed with the use of Macaloid for the inhibition of endogenous ribonuclease activity. Antibodies were observed in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in high incidence and titer. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis manifested a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to ribosomes, whereas serums from normal individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and malignant tumors showed no significant reactivity with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Maximum inhibition of the reaction was achieved with unlabeled HeLa cell ribosomes or rat liver ribosomes and partial inhibition by purified ribosomal RNA.
13-
cis
-Retinoic Acid: Inhibition of Bladder Carcinogenesis Induced in Rats by
N
-Butyl-
N
-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine
Authors: Grubbs Clinton J. , Moon Richard C. , Squire Robert A. , Farrow George M. , Stinson Sherman F. , Goodman Dawn G. , Brown Charles C. , Sporn Michael B.
Published: October 2006

Transitional cell carcinoma was induced in the bladders of male Fischer rats by 12 oral doses of the carcinogen
N
-butyl-
N
-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid after completion of carcinogen treatment diminished the number and severity of cancers and other proliferative lesions of the bladder.
Memory Processing of Serial Lists by Pigeons, Monkeys, and People
Authors: Wright Anthony A. , Santiago Hector C. , Sands Stephen F. , Kendrick Donald F. , Cook Robert G.
Published: October 2006

List memory of pigeons, monkeys, and humans was tested with lists of four visual items (travel slides for animals and kaleidoscope patterns for humans). Retention interval increases for list-item memory revealed a consistent modification of the serial-position function shape: a monotonically increasing function at the shortest interval, a U-shaped function at intermediate intervals, and a monotonically decreasing function at the longest interval. The time course of these changes was fastest for pigeons, intermediate for monkeys, and slowest for humans.
A Study of Hormonal Factors Which Influence the Production of Insulin
Authors: Funk Casimir , Chamelin I. M. , Wagreich Harry , Harrow Benjamin
Published: October 2006

1. Insulinotropic effects were obtained with a protein fraction of the anterior pituitary, with estradiol and with stilbestrol.

2. Varying diabetogenic effects were obtained with highly purified prolactin preparations, with progesterone, with testosterone and with a fraction, probably also protein, from the anterior pituitary.
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Polycyclic Hydrocarbons in Sterol Surface Film Systems
Authors: Davis W. W. , Krahl M. E. , Clowes G. H. A.
Published: October 2006

Certain alkyl-1,2-benzanthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons, when irradiated either in bulk aqueous suspensions or in the comparable excess phase under mixed surface films, were converted rapidly by ultraviolet light to photo-oxides. When held in two-dimensional solution or molecular association with sterols in mixed surface films at the air-water interface, the hydrocarbons were protected from such photodecomposition. In the one case where the comparison could be made photo-oxidation was accompanied by a loss of the ability of the hydrocarbon to interact with sterol films.
Copper Supplementation in Quaking Mutant Mice: Reduced Tremors and Increased Brain Copper
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Hurley Lucille S.
Published: October 2006

Mice homozygous for the mutant gene
quaking
(
qk
) with a high frequency of axial tremors had a low concentration of copper in the brain. Supplementation during pregnancy and lactation with a high level of dietary copper greatly reduced the frequency of tremors and brought brain copper level to normal in the offspring. It is suggested that
qk
affects copper metabolism.
Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Trout Bile: A Proposed Monitoring Aid for Some Waterborne Chemicals
Authors: Statham Charles N. , Melancon Mark J. , Lech John J.
Published: October 2006

A technique is proposed for the monitoring of certain xenobiotic pollutants in suspect aquatic enviornments by fish bile analysis. Bile removed from rainbow trout (
Salmo gairdneri
) exposed to nine different radioactive compounds in vivo contained concentrations of radioactivity greater than those in the surrounding water. Bile-to-water radioactivity ratios as high as 10,000 : 1 were found after 24-hour exposures. The results of these experiments suggest that analysis of bile of wild or caged fish from a suspect site may be useful as a qualitative monitoring aid for certain types of xenobiotics in water.
[
3
H]Morphine Localization in Myenteric Plexus
Authors: Diab Ihsan M. , Dinerstein Robert J. , Watanabe Mitsutoshi , Roth Lloyd J.
Published: October 2006

Preferential binding of
3
H-labeled morphine to satellite cells, but not to large neurons in the myenteric plexus, is demonstrated autoradiographically. Microfluorometric spectra of the plexus show nerve fibers that contain norepinephrine and impinge on satellite cells. Cells containing serotonin occur occasionally on longitudinal muscle outside the myenteric plexus.
Photochemotherapy: Identification of a Metabolite of 4,5′,8-Trimethylpsoralen
Authors: Mandula Barbara B. , Pathak Madhu A. , Dudek Gerald
Published: October 2006

A compound, 4,8-dimethyl,5′-carboxypsoralen (DMeCP), has been identified in mouse urine as a major metabolite of the photoactive drug, 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (TMeP). This drug is widely used in the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis. DMeCP is fluorescent, and nonphotosensitizing when tested on guinea pig skin. DMeCP also occurs in the urine of human patients receiving TMeP orally.
Hardy-Weinberg Law: Asymptotic Approach to a Generalized Form
Authors: Stark A. E.
Published: October 2006

The equilibrium frequencies of a generalized Hardy-Weinberg law are approached at a geometric rate under assortative mating, irrespective of the initial genotypic frequencies. The asymptotic form is similar to that of Wright, and the pattern of assortative mating is based on deviations from the mean genotypic value.
Biological Impact of Small Air Ions
Authors: Krueger Albert Paul , Reed Eddie James
Published: October 2006

The thrust of the experimental data presented here is that small air ions are biologically active. There is convincing evidence that both negative and positive ions (i) inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi on solid media; (ii) exert a lethal effect on vegetative forms of bacteria suspended in water when opportunity is provided for contact of cells and ions; and (iii) reduce the viable count of bacterial aerosols. Through physical action, ions of either charge upset the stability of aerosolized bacterial suspensions and, in addition, have a direct lethal effect which is more prominent with negative ions than with positive ions. With regard to the serotonin hypothesis of air ion action, the situation is more complex. The essential fact is that mice and rats display a charge-related metabolic response to air ions and this phenomenon also occurs in humans. Because serotonin is such a potent hormone, the ultimate functional changes incident to air ion action are impressive and account for the signs and symptoms of the sharav syndrome. Alterations in the cumulative mortality rate with three experimental respiratory diseases in the mouse also are charge-dependent, positive ions routinely exercising a detrimental effect. Further, in the case of mice infected with influenza virus, ion deprivation increases the cumulative mortality rate. Since ion depletion is a constant concomitant of modern urban life, one reasonably may speculate about comparable inimical effects on humans.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle: Blockade by High Extracellular Concentrations of Calcium Buffers
Authors: Barrett J. N. , Barrett E. F.
Published: October 2006

High concentrations (80 to 90 millimolar) of the calcium buffers EGTA and citrate (less than 10
-7
molar free calcium ion) reversibly block excitation-contraction coupling in intact frog skeletal muscle fibers, but do not block caffeine-induced contractures. Solutions containing the same free calcium concentration but lower concentrations of calcium buffer (1 millimolar) do not block excitation-contraction coupling. These results suggest that excitation-contraction coupling requires the presence of calcium in a "protected" extracellular compartment, probably the transverse tubular network, and that calcium is actively transported into this compartment from the muscle cell cytoplasm.
Bounds on "Bound Water": Transverse Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Barnacle Muscle
Authors: Foster Kenneth R. , Resing Henry A. , Garroway Allen N.
Published: October 2006

Relatively mobile protons that do not exchange with D
2
O exist in barnacle muscle cells. These are not part of the nonfreezing "bound water" that does exchange. Ninety-seven percent of the muscle water exhibits a single transverse relaxation time of 35 milliseconds: one water molecule per thousand, which is briefly and irrotationally bound, will produce the observed relaxation properties.
Thyroxine-Induced Activation of Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Axis in Neotenic Salamander Larvae
Authors: Norris David O. , Gern William A.
Published: October 2006

Thyroxine injected into the hypothalamus of neotenic
Ambystoma tigrinum
induces metamorphosis by activating hypothalamo-hypophysial stimulatory control of thyroid activity, thereby removing the hypothalamic block to metamorphosis.
Disproportionate Tonotopic Representation for Processing CF-FM Sonar Signals in the Mustache Bat Auditory Cortex
Authors: Suga Nobuo , Jen Philip H.-S.
Published: October 2006

The extent of cortical representation of the peripheral sensory field depends on its importance for species behavior. The orientation sound of the mustache bat (
Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus
) invariably consists of long constant-frequency and short frequency-modulated components and is indispensable for its survival. A disproportionately large part of the auditory cortex of this bat is occupied by neurons processing the predominant components in the orientation signal and Doppler-shifted echoes. This disproportionate cortical representation related to features of biologically significant signals is comparable to that in the somatosensory and visual systems in many mammals, but it has not previously been observed in the auditory system.
Observations on the Biological Value of a Mixture of Essential Amino Acids
Authors: Albanese Anthony A. , Irby Virginia
Published: October 2006

(1) A mixture of "essential" amino acids, fed to rats, was found to be inferior from a nutritional point of view to enzymatic or acid casein hydrolysates or casein fed at comparable levels.

(2) Evidence is presented which suggests that the nutritive inadequacy of the essential amino-acid diet may be due in part to toxic effects of unnatural forms of certain amino acids that can not be utilized.
5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-Ribofuranosylbenzimidazole Inhibits Initiation of Nuclear Heterogeneous RNA Chains in HeLa Cells
Authors: Sehgal Pravinkumar B. , Derman Eva , Molloy George R. , Tamm Igor , Darnell James E.
Published: October 2006

The nucleoside analog 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) at 75 to 150 micromolar concentrations inhibits the synthesis of nuclear heterogeneous RNA (hnRNA) in HeLa cells by 60 to 70 percent. The sedimentation profile of hnRNA labeled with [
3
H]uridine for 45 seconds after brief treatment (45, 90, or 180 seconds) with DRB showed a progressive decrease in the labeling of shorter hnRNA molecules relative to longer molecules. Prior exposure of the cells to actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA chain elongation, did not alter the sedimentation profile of hnRNA. These results suggest that DRB preferentially inhibits the initiation of hnRNA chains so that after exposure to DRB for a brief period the longer nascent chains still remain to be finished and thus incorporate a greater share of the pulse label. By progressively increasing the time of exposure to DRB, and measuring the rate of increase in the average size of the labeled, nascent RNA, it was estimated that the chains were growing at rates between 50 and 100 nucleotides per second.
Regulative Interactions Between Cells from Different Imaginal Disks of
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bryant Peter J. , Adler Paul N. , Duranceau Christine , Fain Margery J. , Glenn Susanne , Hsei Becky , James Anthony A. , Littlefield C. Lynne , Reinhardt Christoph A. , Strub Siegward , Schneiderman Howard A.
Published: October 2006

The regulative behavior of cells from the imaginal wing disk of
Drosophila melanogaster
can be modified by interaction with cells from different disk types. Both thoracic and nonthoracic disks are able to interact, but there are major differences in the effectiveness of interaction. The finding lends experimental support to the idea that cells in different fields within the same organism use the same mechanism for specifying positional information. A similar conclusion has been reached by Wilcox and Smith based on studies of the mutation wingless.
Is tHere Selection Against Wobble in Codon-Anticodon Pairing?
Authors: Fitch Walter M.
Published: October 2006

Among amino acid codons that require a third-position pyrimidine, there is a significant bias favoring the use of cytidine over uracil in MS2 phage RNA. This could arise from selection against wobble pairing in the interaction of transfer RNA and messenger RNA. Among amino acid codons with fourfold degeneracy, there is a bias favoring pyrimidines over purines.
THE EFFECT OF AN ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN FOR ELECTION RESULTS IN AN OPEN COMMUNITY
Authors: GRADOWSKI TOMASZ M. , KOSIŃSKI ROBERT A.
Published: October 2006

In the present paper, the Sznajd model of opinion formation with multi-valued opinions for the temperature T > 0 has been used for investigation of the election results in a population of N individuals represented by the nodes of a square lattice. Presence of temperature means that the population under consideration is open for the effect of external information. The distribution of opinions during the election campaign was found for different values of temperature and length of election campaign preceding the election. Comparison of the results of election to the Polish Parliament in the town with the population consisting 750000 voters, shows quite good agreement with the results of our calculations.
On the Prosody of Orkney and Shetland Dialects
Authors: Leyden Klaske van , Heuven Vincent J. van
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study is to find experimental support for impressionisticclaims that there are prosodic differences between the dialects of Orkney andShetland. It was found that native listeners had no difficulty in discriminatingbetween Orkney and Shetland dialects when presented with speech fragmentscontaining only melodic information. The results of a subsequent acoustic investigationrevealed that there is a striking difference in pitch-peak location, which canbe characterised as a shift in the location of the entire rise, i.e. both the onset andthe peak. Shetland has early alignment, whereas the accent-lending rise in Orkneyoccurs late, so that in disyllabic words with initial stress the pitch peak does notcoincide with the stressed syllable, but is delayed until the post-stress syllable.Finally, the perceptual relevance of the prosodic parameters identified in theacoustic study was investigated.
Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB): An Unsuspected Major Culprit in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis That Is Still at Large?
Authors: Guo Sun-Wei
Published: October 2006

Endometriosis, defined as the ectopic presence of endometrial glandular and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity, is a common benign gynecological disorder with an enigmatic pathogenesis. Many genes and gene products have been reported to be altered in endometriosis, yet some of them may not be major culprits but merely unwitting accomplices or even innocent bystanders. Therefore, the identification and apprehension of major culprits in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are crucial to the understanding of the pathogenesis and would help to develop better therapeutics for endometriosis. Although so far NF-ĸB only has left few traces of incriminating fingerprints, several lines of investigation suggest that NF-ĸB, a pivotal pro-inflammatory transcription factor, could promote and maintain endometriosis. Various inflammatory agents, growth factors, and oxidative stress activate NF-ĸB. NF-ĸB proteins themselves and proteins regulated by them have been linked to cellular transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Interestingly, all existing and nearly all investigational medications for endometriosis appear to act through suppression of NF-ĸB activation. In endometriotic cells, NF-ĸB appears to be constitutively activated, and suppression of NF-ĸB activity by NF-ĸB inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors suppresses proliferation in vitro. Viewing NF-ĸB as a major culprit, an autoregulatory loop model can be postulated, which is consistent with existing data and, more importantly, can explain several puzzling phenomena that are otherwise difficult to interpret based on prevailing theories. This view has immediate and important implications for novel ways to treat endometriosis. Further research is warranted to precisely delineate the roles of NF-ĸB in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and to indict and convict its aiders and abettors.
Selection on knockdown performance inDrosophila melanogasterimpacts thermotolerance and heat-shock response differently in females and males
Authors: Folk Donna G. , Zwollo Patty , Rand David M. , Gilchrist George W.
Published: October 2006

We studied adaptive thermotolerance in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster artificially selected for high and low knockdown temperature (TKD), the upper temperature at which flies can no longer remain upright or locomote effectively. Responses to selection have generated High TKD populations capable of maintaining locomotor function at ∼40°C, and Low TKD populations with TKD of∼35°C. We examined inducible knockdown thermotolerance, as well as inducible thermal survivorship, following a pretreatment heat-shock (known to induce heat-shock proteins) for males and females from the TKD selected lines. Both selection for knockdown and sex influenced inducible knockdown thermotolerance, whereas inducible thermal survivorship was influenced only by sex, and not by selection. Overall, our findings suggest that the relationships between basal and inducible thermotolerance are contingent upon the methods used to gauge thermotolerance,as well as the sex of the flies. Finally, we compared temporal profiles of the combined expression of two major heat-shock proteins, HSC70 and HSP70, during heat stress among the females and males from the selected TKD lines. The temporal profiles of the proteins differed between High and Low TKD females, suggesting divergence of the heat-shock response. We discuss a possible mechanism that may lead to the heat-shock protein patterns observed in the selected females.
The Politics of Postnational American Studies
Authors: Pease Donald
Published: October 2006

The Politics of Postnational American Studies examines the debate over the reorientation of American Studies along postnationalist coordinates within the context of the responses to Janice Radway's 1998 presidential address to the American Studies Association. Postnational American
Studies describes an interdisciplinary formation that would change the epistemological objects and introduce an alternative politics of power and knowledge for the field. But the postnational does not operate on its own; it is a construction that is internally differentiated out of its intersection
with other unfolding relations. The Politics of Postnational American Studies describes a contest between on the one hand the postnational state that serves the transnational corporations and facilitates its needs for exploitable labor and on the other hand the transnational social movements
and subnational collective practices that seek to reorganize gendered and racialized capitalist relations around more equitable social and economic standards.
Cultural differences and heteroethnicization in Portugal: the perceptions of White and Black people
Authors: Vala Jorge , Lopes Diniz , Lima Marcus , Brito Rodrigo
Published: October 2006

An analysis of some socio-psychological processes of discrimination against black people is presented. This analysis is framed on the hypothesis according to which cultural categories are now functional equivalents of racial categories. Folk-cultural categories offer criteria that allow
the organization and the accentuation of differences between human groups, and sustain the implicit process that transforms the difference into inferiority (the process of hetero-ethnicization). In favour of this hypothesis, the first part of the paper analyses the main elements of social
representations of differences between human groups based on the idea of human races, and then the representations of differences based on cultural classifications. Empirical arguments are then presented. The authors revisit data showing that white Portuguese who accentuate the differences
between themselves and black people are more discrimination-oriented than non-differentialists. In this same vein, a study carried out on young black people living in Portugal shows that those who most believe they are perceived to be culturally different by white Portuguese are also those
who most believe themselves to be discriminated against.
Tolerance for uncertainty and perceived risk among women receiving uninformativeBRCA1/2test results
Authors: O'Neill Suzanne C. , DeMarco Tiffani , Peshkin Beth N. , Rogers Sarah , Rispoli Jessica , Brown Karen , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis , Schwartz Marc D.
Published: October 2006

Women who receive uninformativeBRCA1/2genetic test results face ongoing uncertainty about their future cancer risks. This article prospectively examined the influence of intolerance for uncertainty and perceived breast cancer risk on psychological distress following the receipt of uninformativeBRCA1/2test results. Sixty‐four women who received uninformativeBRCA1/2mutation test results completed measures of Intolerance for Uncertainty, perceived breast cancer risk, and measures of cancer‐related, genetic testing, and general distress. Cancer‐related (ΔR2 = 0.18,P ≤ 0.001), general (ΔR2 = 0.04,P ≤ 0.05), and genetic testing distress (ΔR2 = 0.12,P ≤ 0.01) were associated with intolerance for uncertainty at 1 month post‐disclosure. The interaction of intolerance for uncertainty and breast cancer perceived risk predicted cancer‐related (ΔR2 = 0.10,P ≤ 0.001) and genetic testing distress (ΔR2 = 0.09,P ≤ 0.01) at 6 months post‐disclosure. Distress was highest among patients with highest perceived risk and intolerance for uncertainty, suggesting that those who have difficulty coping with their ambiguous risk are at risk for long‐term distress. The clinical and research implications of these results are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the Cognitive Performance Scale (Minimum Data Set) and the Mini‐Mental State Exam for the detection of cognitive impairment in nursing home residents
Authors: Paquay Louis , Lepeleire Jan De , Schoenmakers Birgitte , Ylieff Michel , Fontaine Ovide , Buntinx Frank
Published: October 2006

Objective

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of an outcome measurement scale of the Minimum Data Set of the Resident Assessment Instrument for nursing homes (MDS/RAI‐NH), the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) and the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) for the detection of cognitive impairment. The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly – Revised (CAMDEX‐R) was used as the reference standard.

Study design and setting

This study was part of a larger prospective study (QUALIDEM) involving a diagnostic procedure and two‐year follow‐up on the quality of primary care for demented patients. CAMDEX‐R and MDS/RAI‐NH were administered to 198 residents, aged 65 or more, living in 42 low and high care institutions for aged people.

Main outcome measures

Indicators of diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, odds ratio and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC).

Results

The CAMDEX‐based prevalence of cognitive impairment was 75%. The diagnostic values of a CPS score of two or more for the detection of cognitive impairment were: sensitivity = 0.81; specificity = 0.80; PPV = 0.92; NPV = 0.57. The diagnostic values of a MMSE score of less than or equal 23 were: sensitivity = 0.97; specificity = 0.59; PPV = 0.88; NPV = 0.85. For CPS, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81–0.91), and not significantly different (p = 0.63) from the MMSE score, 0.88 (0.83–0.93).

Conclusions

CPS and MMSE demonstrated similar performance to detect cognitive impairment in nursing home residents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatische Enzephalopathie
Authors: Häussinger
Published: October 2006

Die hepatische Enzephalopathie (HE) ist ein neuropsychiatrisches Krankheitsbild, das im Gefolge akuter und chronischer Leberkrankheiten auftreten kann. Es ist funktioneller Natur und daher potentiell reversibel. Während die Symptomatik bei chronischen Lebererkrankungen durch Neurodepression gekennzeichnet ist, steht bei der HE bei fulminantem Leberversagen die Neuroexzitation mehr im Vordergrund. Im klinischen Alltag unterscheidet man die manifeste von der subklinischen (latenten) HE, wobei die manifeste HE in vier Schweregrade eingeteilt wird, die von leichten Persönlichkeitsveränderungen bis hin zum tiefen Koma reichen können. Während die Diagnose der manifesten HE anhand des klinischen Bildes erfolgt, sind zur Aufdeckung der subklinischen HE (SHE) psychometrische und neurophysiologische Tests erforderlich. Die Durchführung einzelner «Paper-Pencil-Tests» zur Diagnose der SHE ist aber nicht genügend sensitiv, sodass diese Methode bereits von vielen Zentren verlassen wurde. Eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit stellt die Bestimmung der kritischen Flimmerfrequenz (CFF) dar, die eine «low grade»-HE als Kontinuum erfasst, jedoch die Kooperationsfähigkeit des Patienten voraussetzt. Pathogenetisch wird die HE heute als klinische Manifestation eines geringgradigen, chronischen Gliaödems angesehen, welches zu Änderungen der Astrozytenfunktion mit nachfolgender Störung der glioneuronalen Kommunikation führt. Ammoniak, inflammatorische Zytokine, Benzodiazepine und Elektrolytstörungen können die Gliaschwellung auslösen bzw. aggravieren, sodass verständlich wird, weshalb eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Faktoren eine HE auslösen können, wie Infektionen, Medikamente, Traumen, Blutungen etc. Die Erkennung und konsequente Behandlung dieser auslösenden Faktoren ist die wichtigste therapeutische Massnahme, die durch diätetische und medikamentöse Massnahmen ergänzt wird.
Hydroschorlomite in altered basalts from Hole 1256D, ODP Leg 206: The transition from low‐temperature to hydrothermal alteration
Authors: Laverne Christine , Grauby Olivier , Alt Jeffrey C. , Bohn Marcel
Published: October 2006

Hydroschorlomite, a Ti‐, Ca‐, Fe‐rich andraditic garnet present in the deepest cores of basalts (661–749 mbsf) drilled in Hole 1256D during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 206 (equatorial east Pacific), is reported here for the first time in oceanic crust. Detailed petrological and mineralogical studies by optical microscope, electron microprobe, scanning and transmission electron microscope, and micro‐Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize this hydrogarnet and its relationships with other minerals. Hydroschorlomite occurs in Hole 1256D as small (5–50 μm) anhedral or euhedral crystals associated either with celadonite in black halos adjacent to celadonite veins or with brown saponitic phyllosilicate in brown alteration halos adjacent to veins of saponite and iron oxyhydroxides. Both types of halos are formed at low temperature (less than about 100°C). Textural observations suggest that hydroschorlomite formation is contemporaneous with the phyllosilicates. Hydroschorlomite is rich in CaO (22.5–26.5 wt%), TiO2 (22.0–28.6 wt%), and FeOt (6.2–12.9 wt%) and contains significant F (up to 0.85 wt%) and Zr2O3 (up to 0.34 wt%). The presence of OH suggested by the low total percentages of oxides (95.2–97.3 wt%) is confirmed by the OH vibration at 3557 cm−1 in the micro‐Raman spectrum. Chemical mapping indicates that hydroschorlomite is not zoned and is always associated with either celadonitic or saponitic phyllosilicates. Some hydroschorlomite crystals partly include tiny (<10 μm) skeletal titanomagnetite. The occurrence of hydroschorlomite in Hole 1256D basalts coincides with a general downward increase in temperatures and overall intensity of alteration manifest by the alteration of plagioclase and the occurrence of small amounts of mixed‐layer chlorite‐smectite. The titanium necessary to form hydroschorlomite is provided by the breakdown of primary tiny (<10 μm) titanomagnetite, while calcium is provided by the replacement of plagioclase by albite. Hydroschorlomite is thus an indicator of alteration of titanomagnetite under conditions transitional from low‐temperature alteration to hydrothermal metamorphism with formation of titanite and may affect magnetic properties of the rocks.
COMPOSITION OF MOUSE BRAIN MYELIN DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Horrocks L. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Myelin was isolated from the brains of mice at ages of 14, 24, 41, 44, 47, and 182 days and the contents of lipid phosphorus, cholesterol, lipid galactose, alkenyl groups, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, choline phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin, and serine and inositol phosphoglycerides were determined. Significant differences in the composition relative to total lipid phosphorus were found in the myelin. At 14 days of age, the myelin had lower relative amounts of cholesterol, galactolipids, alkenyl groups, and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and a higher relative amount of choline phosphoglycerides.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF HISTOCHEMISTRY OF FRUCTOSE‐1,6‐DIPHOSPHATE d‐GLYCERALDEHYDE‐3‐PHOSPHATE‐LYASE IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Maeda T. , Shimizu N. , Wegmann R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The distribution of fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate‐lyase (I.U.B. 4.1.2.13) (fructose diphosphate aldolase) in brain sections fixed by alcohol was studied using a gelled substrate mixture containing d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase (I.U.B. 1.2.1.12) and phenazine methosulphate. The formazan precipitation pattern in brain sections depends on the experimental conditions determining the affinity of the complex of Nitro‐blue tetrazolium and phenazine methosulphate to tissue components. The complex is unable to precipitate on the white matter in fresh sections but alcohol fixation increases its affinity to the white matter and decreases it to the neuropil. Using the modified histochemical method, aldolase activity in the brain was seen both in the gray and white matter. Although the distribution of this enzyme activity in the gray matter was generally identical with that obtained previously, in the present study enzyme activity was found in the paraventricular structures and in the white matter where negative activity was previously obtained.
PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANE‐BOUND HEXOKINASE IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Teichgráber P. , Biesold D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —‐(1) The total hexokinase activity present in the mitochondrial fraction can be solubilized completely by incubation with salt and Triton X‐100. This activity cannot be entirely released by washing with sucrose or by freezing and thawing.

(2) A part of the particle bound hexokinase exists in a latent form. The latent form is apparent after incubation with high salt concentrations, detergents or by freezing and thawing.

(3) Solubilization of membrane bound hexokinase is pH‐dependent. Incubation in salt solutions increases the specific activity ten‐fold. The salt concentration and pH are con‐current. At pH 7.0 part of the hexokinase is solubilized. The lower the pH the less salt is required to release the same amount of activity.

(4) Triton X‐100 solubilizes particle‐bound hexokinase, but to a less extent than salts. The activation of hexokinase is greater with Triton X‐100 than with salt.

(5) The possible nature of the bonds between hexokinase and mitochondrial membranes is discussed.
PRODUCTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING THIAMINE DEPRIVATION AND TREATMENT WITH THIAMINE ANTAGONISTS12
Authors: Cheney D. L. , Gubler C. J. , Jaussi A. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The effects of thiamine deprivation and of treatment with the thiamine antagonists, oxythiamine and pyrithiamine, on the storage and synthesis of acetylcholine were studied in rats. Rats treated with pyrithiamine always developed ataxia and convulsions, and they died in an average of 36 ± 5.0 hr after onset of convulsions. Injections of sublethal doses of eserine after onset of convulsions had no effect or shortened survival time. If injections were started before the onset of convulsions, the survival time was increased to 56 ± 3.3 hr. The content of total acetylcholine‐like compounds, measured by bioassay, in the brain was decreased in all three types of thiamine deficiency. On the other hand, the amount of parenterally administered [14C]pyruvate converted to [14C]acetylcholine in vivo was affected only by treatment with pyrithiamine. The increase found was probably due to an increased permeability of the blood‐brain barrier to the pyruvate. Conversion of [14C]pyruvate to [14C]acetylcholine in vitro was decreased significantly in homogenates of brains from both oxythiamine and pyrithiamine‐treated animals.
AN IN VITRO SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF MYELIN SYNTHESIS1
Authors: Smith Marion E.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A system for the study of short‐term myelin synthesis in spinal cord tissue in vitro with [U‐14C]glucose as a lipid and protein precursor is described. The rates of lipid and protein incorporation into myelin are age‐dependent, but do not appear to behave similarly. Uptake of labelled carbon is most rapid in monophosphoinositide and lecithin, and slowest in cerebroside sulphate. Myelin protein seems to retain more metabolic activity than does the lipid. These findings are interpreted as support for the unit membrane hypothesis for myelin rather than the subunit model.
COMPARTMENTATION OF GLUTAMATE METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: EXPERIMENTS WITH LABELLED GLUCOSE, ACETATE, PHENYLALANINE, TYROSINE AND PROLINE
Authors: Van den Berg C. J.
Published: October 2006

—(1) Phenylalanine, proline and presumably tyrosine are precursors of the small glutamate pool in brain. This follows from the finding that with these precursors the specific radioactivity of glutamine is higher than the specific radioactivity of glutamate.

(2) Glucose is not as efficient a precursor of glutamate and related amino acids in the brain of 10‐day‐old mice as it is in the adult brain.

(3) Acetate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and proline are incorporated to about the same extent in glutamate, aspartate and glutamine in the brains of 10‐day‐old and adult mice.

(4) The results suggest that the brain of the immature animal uses substrates other than glucose, relative to glucose better than the brain of adult animals.
COLCHICINE‐BINDING ACTIVITY IN PARTICULATE FRACTIONS OF MOUSE BRAIN1
Authors: Feit H. , Barondes S. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Both particulate and soluble fractions of brain homogenates bound [3H]colchicine. Approximately one‐half of the total colchicine‐binding activity in mouse brain was found in the particulate fraction. Of the particulate fractions, the microsomal and nerveending subfractions which sediment at the 1·0–1·2 m interface on sucrose gradients were richest in colchicine‐binding activity. Intact microtubules were not found in these fractions, but colchicine‐binding activity of these fractions may be related to the presence of microtubular protein.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING BRAIN1
Authors: Swaiman K. F. , Daleiden Jeanne M. , Wolfe R. N.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Brain and body weights, contents of DNA and protein and activities of 1,6‐diphosphofructoaldolase (aldolase, EC 4.1.2.13), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD, EC 1.1.1.42) in brain (minus cerebellum and brain stem) were studied in control and food‐deprived rats at 7, 14 and 21 days of postnatal age. Activities of all three enzymes per brain were less in the food‐deprived animals. In both groups of rats the ratios of aldolase/DNA and CPK/DNA increased with maturation, indicating that increasing activity per brain during maturation was the result of both increased activity per cell and increased numbers of cells. The ratio of ICD/DNA decreased with maturation but was essentially the same in both the food‐deprived and control groups. Increase of ICD activity per brain with maturation was attributable to increased numbers of cells. Food deprivation in immature animals resulted in lowered activities per brain for aldolase, CPK and ICD because of diminished cell multiplication.
THE HYALURONIDASE OF BRAIN
Authors: Margolis R. U. , Margolis R. K. , Santella R. , Atherton D. M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.35), with a pH optimum of 3.7, was detected in rat and bovine brain. It degraded hyaluronic acid and, at a slower rate, chondroitin sulphate to a mixture of higher oligosaccharides with N‐acetylhexosamine at the reducing end. The enzyme was enriched 5‐ and 6‐fold in a crude lysosomal fraction of rat brain or bovine cerebral cortex, and was further purified to a total enrichment of 9‐fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation. The enzyme activity in grey matter was more than twice that found in white matter, and there was no significant change in enzyme activity as a function of increasing age from the neonatal to the adult rat brain. The level of hyaluronidase activity in rat brain is considerably greaterthan that required to account for the rate of catabolism of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate measured in vivo.
RELATION OF ATP AND CREATINE PHOSPHATE TO FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN MAMMALIAN NERVE1
Authors: Sabri M. I. , Ochs S.
Published: October 2006

—ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) levels in cat sciatic nerve maintained in vitro were measured. Anoxia produced by N2 or NaCN or the uncoupling of phosphorylation with DNP reduced the combined levels of ATP + CP to approximately one‐half of control levels within 15 min. These agents also blocked fast axoplasmic transport in vitro within 15 min.

A block of glycolysis with iodoacetic acid (IAA) reduced the combined levels of ATP + CP to approximately one half of control levels within 1.5–2 h and exposure of nerve in vitro to IAA caused a block of fast axoplasmic transport within the same interval. The correlation of the time at which block of transport occurred with the fall in the level of high‐energy phosphates is consistent with the hypothesis that ATP supplies the energy required by the mechanism underlying fast exoplasmic transport.
THE ISOLATION OF CHOLINERGIC SYNAPTIC VESICLES FROM BOVINE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION AND ESTIMATION OF THEIR ACETYLCHOLINE CONTENT
Authors: Wilson W. S. , Schulz R. A. , Cooper J. R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A method is described for the isolation of relatively pure cholinergic synaptic vesicles by hypo‐osmotic shock and density gradient centrifugation of a synaptosome fraction prepared from bovine superior cervical ganglia. Vesicles from this source were found to sediment to a density equivalent to 0·3–0·41 M‐sucrose. The vesicle subfraction from the gradient had an acetylcholine (ACh) content of 4.4 nmol/mg of protein and were subject to leakage of ACh. By a ‘tagging’ technique, the vesicles were counted under the electron microscope and their numbers related to their ACh concentration. After correction for leakage, an ACh content of 1630 molecules/vesicle was estimated.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATECHOLAMINE AND HISTAMINE RECEPTOR SITES MEDIATING ACCUMULATION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE IN GUINEA PIG BRAIN1
Authors: Chasin M. , Mamrak F. , Samaniego Sylvia G. , Hess S. M.
Published: October 2006

—Five areas of guinea pig brain were examined to determine the properties of the receptor sites mediating increases in [3H]adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Both epinephrine and histamine were effective in causing increases in cyclic AMP in slices derived from cerebral cortex, hippocampus or amygdala, but not in diencephalon or brainstem. Stimulation of slices of cerebral cortex by either epinephrine or histamine resulted in a small, but reproducible, decrease in specific radioactivity of the [3H]‐cyclic AMP produced, as did stimulation of the hippocampus by epinephrine. The catecholamine receptor was an α‐adrenergic receptor in all three areas where epinephrine was effective; α‐adrenergic stimulation, but not β‐adrenergic stimulation, increased levels of [3H]‐cyclic AMP. Furthermore, α‐, but not β‐adrenergic blocking agents, prevented the epinephrine‐ induced increase of both [3H]‐ and total cyclic AMP in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Only antihistaminic agents were capable of antagonizing the histamine‐induced increase of both [3H]‐ and total cyclic AMP in these two brain areas. The catecholamine receptor in the amygdala also appeared to be an α‐adrenergic receptor. The effects of histamine and epinephrine together were far greater than the sum of effects of either hormone alone in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF HISTIDINE DECARBOXYLASE IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF RAT BRAIN
Authors: Baudry M. , Martres Marie‐Pascale , Schwartz J.‐C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The subcellular distribution of histidine decarboxylase (assayed by two different isotopic methods) and several biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase, DOPA decarboxylase and protein) was determined in rat cerebral cortex. After differential centrifugation, the enzyme activity was found mainly in the crude mitochondrial and soluble fractions. Further separation of the former on discontinuous sucrose gradients showed that the particulate histidine decarboxylase (HD) was found in the synaptosomal fraction. After osmotic shock, HD activity appeared in the supernatant fraction suggesting that a major portion of the enzyme is localized in the cytoplasm of cortical nerve endings. By analogy with other brain amines, this finding, together with the presence of histamine in synaptic vesicles (Kataoka and de Robertis, 1967), can be taken as further support for the hypothesis of a role as neurotransmitter for histamine.

Various brain regions were homogenized under conditions leading to synaptosome formation. The distribution of HD between ‘particulate’ and soluble fractions differed from one region to the other, but did not give any clear‐cut indication of regions rich in cell bodies or nerve terminals.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE OF BRAIN METHIONINE AND S‐ADENOSYLMETHIONINE CONCENTRATIONS ON SERUM AMINO ACID PATTERN
Authors: Rubin R. A. , Ordonez L. A. , Wurtman R. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Animals maintained on rat chow and water ad libitum in quarters illuminated for 12 h/day show diurnal rhythms in serum methionine and brain S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentrations. Brain methionine exhibits no such variation, nor does the ratio of serum methionine to the serum concentrations of six neutral amino acids which are believed to compete with methionine for uptake into brain. Administration of methionine to rats in doses that elevate serum methionine, but keep it within the daily physiological range, significantly increases brain concentrations of both methionine and SAM. The acute feeding of either a protein‐free or a 40% casein meal also increases brain methionine and SAM, but does not affect serum methionine; however, both diets also increase the ratio of serum methionine to tyrosine, an amino acid whose postprandial concentration is indicative of the concentrations of the other amino acids that compete with methionine for transport into brain. These findings suggest that brain methionine levels increase physiologically after eating as a result of changes in the serum amino acid pattern. Furthermore, such naturally occurring increases in brain methionine appear to be associated with elevations in brain SAM.