bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eosinophilic Enteritis Presenting as Acute Intestinal Obstruction: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Uenishi Takahiro , Sakata Chikaharu , Tanaka Shogo , Yamamoto Takatsugu , Shuto Taichi , Hirohashi Kazuhiro , Kubo Shoji , Kinoshita Hiroaki
Published: June 2003

A 37-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. His abdomen was distended, and there was diffuse tenderness and guarding in all four quadrants. Laboratory examinations revealed leukocytosis without eosinophilia. Abdominal radiograph revealed air-fluid levels in the small intestine. Computed tomography confirmed a dilatation of the small intestine and the presence of ascites. An emergency laparotomy was performed for a diagnosis of peritonitis due to intestinal obstruction. A large amount of yellow transudate was present in the abdominal cavity. An area of induration in the ileum was identified about 40 cm from the ileocecal valve. The ileum proximal to the induration was dilated, and the site of obstruction seemed to be the indurated segment. A partial iliectomy was performed. Histologically, dense infiltration of eosinophils was found transmurally, and eosinophilic enteritis was diagnosed. One year later, the patient was free of gastrointestinal symptoms. The relevant literature on eosinophilic gastroenteritis is discussed.
Transhepatic Placement of an Enteral Stent to Treat Jaundice in a Tumor Recurrence Obstructed Afferent Loop after a Whipple Procedure
Authors: Johnsson Erik , Delle Martin , Lundell Lars , Liedman Bengt
Published: June 2003

Tumour recurrence that obstructs the afferent limb, blocking outflow of bile and pancreatic juice, constitutes a major clinical problem after a Whipple procedure. The endoscopic route is often not a possible alternative. Surgery may be difficult and perhaps dangerous to the often very sick patient and decompression with fine bore catheters may lead to cholangitis. External drainage is inconvenient to the patient. The present case describes a less invasive method to provide adequate drainage of the obstructed jejunal limb by insertion of a 22-mm enteral Wallstent transhepatically. The patient became and stayed anicteric during 7 months’ follow-up.
ABCA1-Deficient Mice
Authors: Aiello Robert J. , Brees Dominique , Francone Omar L.
Published: June 2003

Studies with ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1)–deficient mice have been critical in demonstrating the relation between ABCA1 expression, cellular lipid efflux, and HDL metabolism. The phenotype of the ABCA1-deficient mouse parallels the phenotype observed in human Tangier disease, including substantial reductions in both apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein AI with confounding affects on atherosclerosis.
Study of ABCA1 Function in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Joyce Charles , Freeman Lita , Brewer H. Bryan , Santamarina-Fojo Silvia
Published: June 2003

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), identified in 1999 as the gene defective in Tangier disease, promotes efflux of cellular cholesterol from macrophages and other peripheral tissues to apolipoprotein acceptors. These ABCA1-mediated processes are anticipated to have antiatherogenic properties, prompting the development of pharmacological agents that increase ABCA1 gene expression as well as the establishment of ABCA1-transgenic mouse lines. Preliminary studies of ABCA1-Tg mice seem to validate the selection of this transporter as a therapeutic target for the treatment of low HDL syndromes and cardiovascular disease but have also raised new questions regarding the function of ABCA1. In particular, the relative contribution of hepatic and peripheral ABCA1 to plasma HDL levels and to reverse cholesterol transport, as well as the potential role of ABCA1 in modulating the plasma concentrations of the apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins and protecting against atherosclerosis, seem to be promising areas of investigation. The present review summarizes the most recent studies and discusses insights provided by these transgenic mouse models.
Fidelity Metrics for Virtual Environment Simulations Based on Spatial Memory Awareness States
Authors: Mania Katerina , Troscianko Tom , Hawkes Rycharde , Chalmers Alan
Published: June 2003

This paper describes a methodology based on human judgments of memory awareness states for assessing the simulation fidelity of a virtual environment (VE) in relation to its real scene counterpart. To demonstrate the distinction between task performance-based approaches and additional human evaluation of cognitive awareness states, a photorealistic VE was created. Resulting scenes displayed on a head-mounted display (HMD) with or without head tracking and desktop monitor were then compared to the real-world task situation they represented, investigating spatial memory after exposure. Participants described how they completed their spatial recollections by selecting one of four choices of awareness states after retrieval in an initial test and a retention test a week after exposure to the environment. These reflected the level of visual mental imagery involved during retrieval, the familiarity of the recollection and also included guesses, even if informed. Experimental results revealed variations in the distribution of participants' awareness states across conditions while, in certain cases, task performance failed to reveal any. Experimental conditions that incorporated head tracking were not associated with visually induced recollections. Generally, simulation of task performance does not necessarily lead to simulation of the awareness states involved when completing a memory task. The general premise of this research focuses on how tasks are achieved, rather than only on what is achieved. The extent to which judgments of human memory recall, memory awareness states, and presence in the physical and VE are similar provides a fidelity metric of the simulation in question.
Families and Children
Authors: DeVault Marjorie L.
Published: June 2003

In discussing the construction of gender in family settings and in children's lives, one must consider the relations of these separate but closely connected arenas. Easy assumptions of unity are wrong and inappropriate but studying children in isolation from family life—or vice versa—produces a flawed picture as well. This discussion suggests that literal joinings and separations in time and space should be integral to analyses in both fields because they are integral to the phenomena researchers want to illuminate.
Differences in Children's Construction of Gender Across Culture
Authors: Aydt Hilary , Corsaro William A.
Published: June 2003

The authors examine gender segregation and cross-sex play in a comparative perspective. Although some level of gender segregation seems to be a universal feature in children's play, taking an interpretive view, it was found that children in some peer cultures emphasize gender differences and ritualize cross-sex interactions and in other cultures, children seldom enforce gender boundaries. Gender identity varies in salience and practice among Italian children, lower-class African American children, and upper-middle-class White American children. Thus, studying gender segregation as something that is constructed and negotiated in children's peer cultures rather than a universal phenomenon that is strictly based on biological or cognitive factors provides a clearer picture.
Gender at Play
Authors: Boyle D. Ellen , Marshall Nancy L. , Robeson Wendy W.
Published: June 2003

This study explores the complicated social interactions related to gender that take place at school recess. Using grounded theory methodology and a social constructionist perspective, the researchers observed 67 recesses in New England and then examined the data to determine which themes emerged. Results demonstrate that there is great complexity in preadolescent gender relations and that their incidence and significance is in flux during recess time. Among the results noted were ways in which children reinforce their gender identities; the wide intragender variability in choice of activities especially for girls; and clear evidence of borderwork, that is, those interactions where boys and girls play together but there is something about the play that actually reinforces the gender divisions rather than diminishes them. Future research should examine ways adults can support children in developing relationships based on mutual collegiality and liking, thereby building their sense of competence and self-esteem.
Parental Ideologies and Children's After-School Activities
Authors: Dunn Janet S. , Kinney David A. , Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: June 2003

This article examines parental values among midwestern middle-class families and the role of children's after-school activities in transmitting these values to the younger generation as parents themselves balance work and family life. Sociological research suggests that American parents favor characteristics of independence, autonomy, and self-reliance in their children over simple obedience and conformity. Similarly, the authors' qualitative research among middle-class working families in Michigan suggests that parents of preadolescent children also value the qualities of responsibility, self-discipline, and respect in their children and work to instill these traits both at home and through various after-school activities. In particular, parents of school-age children encourage and support participation in a variety of extracurricular activities that they perceive offer their children the opportunity to have fun, to be physically active, to discover and enhance special skills, and to develop self-esteem, commitment, social skills, teamwork, and helping behaviors.
Constructing Female Athleticism
Authors: Malcom Nancy L.
Published: June 2003

As more female athletes enter the sporting arena, girls and women are finding ways to manage the cultural contradiction of female athleticism. Past research has focused on the apologetic defense as a strategy that allows female athletes to combine athleticism and traditional femininity. Using observations and interviews with a group of preadolescent and adolescent girls participating in a recreational softball league, this study highlights how age affects the social construction of gender. Although the classic apologetic defense is characterized by exaggerated femininity motivated by a fear of perceived masculinization through sports, this study reveals that the girls' overemphasis on traditionally feminine traits is motivated instead by a desire to prove maturity, which is demonstrated through gendered behavior. The younger, preadolescent girls most closely resemble traditional tomboys who embrace masculine activities and demeanors. As the girls enter adolescence, approximately 12 and 13 years of age, their displays of traditionally feminine behavior peak, whereas the older girls' displays of traditional femininity are less vigorous.
Multiple Masculinities?
Authors: Pascoe C. J.
Published: June 2003

Through interviews with 20 teenage boys at two high schools, the author examines the ways in which boys from different school subcultures engage with the most dominantly masculine of the school's peer groups—the Jocks. The author investigates how boys from less “masculine” groups maintain a sense of self as masculine. The boys do this by reworking meanings of group membership and gendered identity to include masculinized attributes associated with Jocks, such as competence, heterosexual success, and dominance. These findings indicate that a simplistic deployment of the “multiple masculinities” model may miss some of the ways gender works in a given setting. The author argues that typologies overlook the complex ways in which masculinity is discursively manipulated so that even boys who are understood as less masculine within a school's social hierarchy maintain or create a sense of self as recognizably masculine.
Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence
Authors: Kimmel Michael S. , Mahler Matthew
Published: June 2003

Since 1982, there have been 28 cases of random school shootings in American high schools and middle schools. The authors find (a) that the shootings were not a national problem but a series of local problems that occurred in “red states” or counties (places that voted Republican in the 2000 election); (b) that most of the boys who opened fire were mercilessly and routinely teased and bullied and that their violence was retaliatory against the threats to manhood; (c) that White boys in particular might be more likely than African American boys to randomly open fire; and (d) that the specific content of the teasing and bullying is homophobia. A link between adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence is proposed. Finally, the authors offer a few possible explanations as to how most boys who are teased and bullied achieve the psychological resilience that enables them to weather adolescence without recourse to random school violence.
Clash of Civilizations and Escalation of Domestic Ethnopolitical Conflicts
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: June 2003

The clash-of-civilizations thesis asserts that differences between civilizations increase the likelihood of escalation of conflicts and that since the end of the cold war, fault lines between civilizations are becoming the sites of the most intense conflicts. The author tests the tenability of this claim concerning domestic ethnopolitical conflicts. Statistical tests employ logit analysis to analyze 1,036 ethnopolitical dyads (linking 130 governments and 631 ethnic groups) from 1980 to 1999. The results strongly support the claim of the clash-of-civilizations thesis that in the first post-cold war decade (1990 to 1999), contacts between civilizations within states were more likely than were contacts that do not cross linguistic or religious lines to escalate to more intense conflicts. Yet, the apparent increase in conflict between civilizations in the 1990s was part of an escalation in all types of cross-cultural conflict that does not in itself portend continued escalation in the clash of civilizations.
Who Recovers First?
Authors: Montinola Gabriella R.
Published: June 2003

This article evaluates conditions that facilitate banking crises resolution using data from 67 developing countries from 1980 to 1995. In particular, the author examines explanatory variables under three categories: external macroeconomic constraints, the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and domestic political conditions. The principal results of the analyses are twofold. First, IMF credits decrease the probability of resolving banking crises. This result holds controlling for potentially confounding variables and in a test for endogeneity. Second, the decisiveness of a political regime significantly influences the probability of emerging from systemic distress. Specifically, in cases of moderate banking distress, decisiveness facilitates resolution of crisis, but during periods of severe crises, less decisive governments (i.e., governments constrained by accountability groups) are likely to recover more quickly than are those with less constrained executives.
Multicultural Competence, Social Justice, and Counseling Psychology: Expanding Our Roles
Authors: Vera Elizabeth M. , Speight Suzette L.
Published: June 2003

The construct of multicultural competence has gained much currency in the counseling psychology literature. This article provides a critique of the multicultural counseling competencies and argues that counseling psychology's operationalization of multicultural competence must be grounded in a commitment to social justice. Such a commitment necessitates an expansion of our professional activities beyond counseling and psychotherapy. While counseling is one way to provide services to clients from oppressed groups, it is limited in its ability to foster social change. Engaging in advocacy, prevention, and outreach is critical to social justice efforts, as is grounding teaching and research in collaborative and social action processes.
Expanding Multicultural Competence through Social Justice Leadership
Authors: Arredondo Patricia , Perez Patricia
Published: June 2003

Social justice and multicultural competence have been inextricably linked for nearly four decades, influencing the development of multicultural competency standards and guidelines and organizational change in psychology. This response provides a historical perspective on the evolution of competencies and offers clarifications regarding their scope, actual counselor behavior, relationship to case conceptualization, and political implications. Advocacy strategies of social justice leaders such as César Chávez, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks are highlighted and recommended for incorporation in a counseling psychology social justice agenda.
Awareness is Good, but Action is Better
Authors: Fox Dennis R.
Published: June 2003

Elizabeth M. Vera and Suzette L. Speight (2003 [this issue]) challenge counseling psychologists to sharpen the field's response to social justice. This challenge is part of a broader effort by critical psychologists who believe that mainstream psychology's values, assumptions, and practices reinforce an unjust status quo. Despite persistent resistance to calls for change, the critical agenda can aid practitioners who seek both to help their diverse clients and to try to transform psychology rather than abandon it for settings more conducive to justice-enhancing work.
Lazarus and Group Psychotherapy: AIDS in the Era of Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Gushue George V. , Brazaitis Sarah J.
Published: June 2003

A new class of medications, protease inhibitors, has dramatically improved the health of many people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This development has had a major impact on the lives of those affected by HIV/AIDS. This article considers how a group is affected by the larger systems of which it is a part. The article examines changes in the content, process, and salient leadership tasks of an ongoing therapy group for people with HIV and AIDS before and following the initial introduction of new medical treatments. It also considers how the group process continues to be affected by the more recent failure of these medications for many patients. Implications for research, practice, and training are discussed.
Asian Cultural Values, Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help, and Willingness to See a Counselor
Authors: Kim Bryan S. K. , Omizo Michael M.
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among Asian American adherence to Asian cultural values, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and willingness to see a counselor. Based on the data from 242 Asian American college students, the results revealed that adherence to Asian cultural values inversely predicted both attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and general willingness to see a counselor, above and beyond the effects of related demographic variables. The results also indicated that attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help were a perfect mediator on the relationship between adherence to Asian cultural values and willingness to see a counselor in general and between adherence to Asian values and willingness to see a counselor for personal and health problems in particular.
Purpose-Driven Leadership
Authors: Dantley Michael E.
Published: June 2003

The educational leadership discourse is being challenged to include a spiritual voice in its conversation. Spirituality is defined as the part of life through which individuals make meaning and understanding of the world. It includes the esoteric exercise of personal critical reflection and forms the basis for values and principles that inform individual personal and professional behavior. This article examines purposive leadership, a concept grounded in what Cornel West called prophetic spirituality. It suggests educational leaders who build their professional practice in purpose-driven leadership clearly understand the multidimensional aspects of their daily challenges and yet find the inner strength to resist hegemonic structures and forms of oppression and systemic inequities in the educational system. These leaders' perceptions are not limited to proficiencies and minimum competencies but are clearly focused on ontological pursuits, academic and intellectual engagements, and projects fostering students' sense of destiny, purpose, and commitment to societal change.
Policy Initiatives to Improve Urban Schools
Authors: Bainbridge William L. , Lasley Thomas J. , Sundre Steven M.
Published: June 2003

The authors address the complex issue of how to improve urban schools. Policy makers have endeavored to use a variety of solutions to help address the problems confronting America's urban schools. The authors outline some of the panaceas and then proffer 14 strategies that urban educators can consider as they seek to deal with the unique problems confronting the young people they educate. Some of the authors' recommendations require little or no cost, whereas others would entail funding obligations. All of the solutions are ones that have considerable research support and offer significant opportunity for success.
Reconstitution—Three Years Later
Authors: Hess G. Alfred
Published: June 2003

Part of a larger study monitoring the effects of a systemwide effort to redesign the city's high schools, this article describes the results of an effort to reconstitute the staffs of seven inner-city high schools in Chicago. The article describes the changes made at these schools and places both the changes and the resulting outcomes in the context of changes happening in high schools across the city. The redesign effort utilized two organizing principles: to enhance personalism at all city high schools and to increase the pressure for academic improvement. Center for Urban School Policy staff found that little of the reorganization intended to enhance personalism actually occurred in the reconstituted schools. On the other hand, students did enroll in more challenging, credit-bearing courses, and achieved higher passing rates and higher scores on standardized reading and math tests. Reconstitution did not prove to be a successful school improvement strategy.
Parents as Governors and Partners in Schools
Authors: Heystek Jan
Published: June 2003

Parents and schools are partners in the education of children because schools are a formalized extension of the family. This partnership is also emphasized by recent legislation, such as the South African Schools Act of 1996. This partnership is in line with the mission of parents to educate their children or assist in the education of their children. In spite of this demand on parental involvement in schools, this research in Black schools indicates that parental involvement in school activities is limited. Negative attitudes toward schools and inferior feelings prevent them from being effective partners of schools. The only official partnership between schools and parents is the school governing body in which the parents are playing an important role. The limited involvement of parents and, specifically, the reasons why they are not involved has a specific impact on the expected functions of parents as governors in the school governing body.
Negative Mood and Adult Place Preference
Authors: Korpela Kalevi M.
Published: June 2003

The association between negative mood and place preferences was studied in an adult sample. The respondents described their experiences of favorite and unpleasant places and their mood in a questionnaire mailed to the residents of three housing areas in the metropolitan area. In comparison with low negative mood scorers, high negative mood scorers were significantly more often alone in their favorite places or only with passers-by. Adults with high negative mood were also more likely to choose natural favorite places than other places. No association between the level of negative mood and type of unpleasant place or reasons for disliking that place was found. Speculatively, people with high levels of negative emotion in comparison with other people may not recognize any different negative environmental features but are more tuned for recognizing the physical environment as an opportunity to improve mood through occasional retreat to favorite settings.
Influence of Sociodemographics and Environmental Attitudes on General Responsible Environmental Behavior among Recreational Boaters
Authors: Cottrell Stuart P.
Published: June 2003

This study examined predictors of self-reported general responsible environmental behavior (GREB) among recreational boaters in Maryland in 1992. Findings show a relationship between cognitive (professed knowledge of environmental issues), affective (environmental concern), and conative (verbal commitment) components of attitudes with pro-environmental behavior. Multiple regression results show that two attitudinal variables explained 23.8% of total variance in GREB. Verbal commitment was the strongest predictor, followed by professed knowledge of environmental issues. Environmental concern was moderately correlated with GREB but did not contribute significantly to the regression model. When sociodemographics were added to the model, stand on political issues added another .2% to the variance explained. A path diagram (AMOS 4.01) was used to reexamine the GREB framework. Results model those of the stepwise regression procedures (23% variance explained) in SPSS, and the path diagram simplifies interpretation of structural relationships among variables in a regression equation.
Territorial Behavior in Residence Halls
Authors: Kaya Naz , Weber Margaret J.
Published: June 2003

This research enhances the understanding of cultural differences in the degree of territoriality in residence halls and how territorial behavior differs based on gender, culture, and knowing one's roommate previously. The present study was conducted in two distinct cultures: American, representing a noncontact culture, and Turkish, representing a contact culture. The sample was representative of male and female freshmen living in double-occupancy rooms at single-sex residence halls. Factor analysis yielded two dimensions of territorial experience: firmness of boundaries and personalization and claiming. In both cultures, men tended to exhibit more nonsharing behavior and less personalization of space than women. Regardless of culture and gender, students who knew their roommates tended to share their personal belongings and other features of the room to a greater extent than students who did not know their roommates previously. American students experienced their rooms as more personal and expressive of the self than did Turkish students.
Person, Environment, and Person-Environment Fit as Influences on Residential Satisfaction of Elders
Authors: Kahana Eva , Lovegreen Loren , Kahana Boaz , Kahana Michael
Published: June 2003

This article extends previous conceptualizations of person-environment fit from institutional to community settings, focusing on neighborhoods. The authors consider applicability of the congruence construct for understanding the impact of neighborhoods, including dwelling units, on older persons' residential satisfaction. They argue that characteristics of person, environment, and person-environment fit are important for determining residential satisfaction. Understanding each of these distinct but interdependent influences should result in better prediction of outcomes. To provide taxonomies of environmental features, the authors consider the following four physical and two social domains of neighborhood environments, which also form counterparts of personal characteristics for community-dwelling older people: physical amenities or aesthetics, resource amenities, safety, stimulation or peacefulness, homogeneity or heterogeneity, and interaction or solitude. In addition, they attempt to specify salient environmental dimensions, which may be best understood in terms of congruence with personal preferences, distinguishing them from personal or environmental influences that individually affect outcomes.
The “Threat Hypothesis,” Personality, and Attitudes toward Diversity
Authors: Strauss Judy P. , Connerley Mary L. , Ammermann Peter A.
Published: June 2003

Multiple regression procedures were used to evaluate the contribution to attitudes toward diversity of three personality-related variables (authoritarianism, tolerance for ambiguity, and self-esteem) for which theory suggests that diversity may be seen as a threat (the “threat hypothesis”) and two dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM) (openness to experience and agreeableness). Participants included 238 undergraduate business students, of whom 47% were female and 36% non-white. For confirmatory purposes, a full path analysis model including attitudes toward diversity, the three threat variables, and all five of the FFM variables was fit to the data. The results of the hierarchical regressions suggest two of the threat traits (authoritarianism and tolerance for ambiguity), as well as the FFM trait of agreeableness, relate to attitudes toward diversity, whereas self-esteem and openness to experience do not. In general, the results of path analyses support the regression results, although significance levels tend to be lower for the path model than for the regression model. This study highlights the importance of agreeableness for jobs where attitudes toward others impact performance.
The Relationship of Key Factors in the Process of Collaboration
Authors: Legler Ray , Reischl Thomas
Published: June 2003

The relationship of organizational factors thought to influence collaboration in school-to-work coalitions is investigated. Independent variables were identified from previous empirical research on interorganizational collaboration. Quantitative data were collected through structured telephone interviews with key informants from 150 school-to-work partnerships in 16 states. Correlation and regression analyses revealed the extent to which stakeholder diversity, interdependence, written agreements, communication, resource sharing, planning, and coordination were related to the activities and organizational climates of the partnerships. Analyses of the data revealed that planning and coordination were significantly related to stakeholder diversity, resource sharing, written agreements, communication, and interdependence. Stakeholder diversity and resource sharing also were related significantly to activities, and written agreements and communication accounted for significant variance in climate. Interdependence explained variance in both activities and climate. The results provide quantitative support for the importance of a set of key factors in the collaborative processes of coalitions and serve as a starting point for understanding the relationships between these key factors. Implications for collaboration in coalitions and future research are discussed.
Reflections on the Future of Organization Development
Authors: Worley Christopher G. , Feyerherm Ann E.
Published: June 2003

This article describes and interprets the results of interviews with 21 pioneering organization development (OD) thought leaders regarding the past, present, and future of the field. Interpretations of the data reveal a pattern of responses that reflects the evolution of the field; adds to our understanding of the definition, values, skills, and trends in the field; and supports recommendations for developing future OD practitioners and reconciling the discipline's currently fragmented state.
Dreaming Ancestors in Eastern Carolina
Authors: Fairley Nancy J.
Published: June 2003

This study examines the ancestral dream, an element of ancestor veneration that has persisted in African American religious life since the arrival of their enslaved ancestors in this country. Although changes have occurred in ancestor veneration, this study demonstrates its continued importance in maintaining harmonious family relations.
Images of African Traditional Religions and Christianity in Joe Turner's Come and Gone and the Piano Lesson
Authors: Rudolph Amanda M.
Published: June 2003

Throughout August Wilson's plays, characters are struggling with and wrestling over their ideas of religion and God. Wilson sets up a dichotomy between the role of Christianity and the African traditional religion (ATR) in two of his plays. Acceptance of one religion resolves the conflict, and Wilson illustrates these two polarized religions by creating images that reflect the tenets of ATR and Christianity. Joe Turner's Come and Gone includes a story of a Shiny Man, rituals, ghosts, a juba, and a self-inflicted cutting, all of which relate to the tenets of ATR, whereas characters of the Shiny Man and Martha represent Christianity. In The Piano Lesson, the ghost of Sutter represents ATR, whereas Avery represents Christianity. In each of these plays, the characters are forced to choose between ATR and Christianity, and Wilson subtly guides his characters to choose ATR and overcome. Wilson's plays are a contemporary commentary on the role of religion in the lives of American Blacks.
Black versus Black
Authors: Jackson Jennifer V. , Cothran Mary E.
Published: June 2003

This study is based on a survey examining the relationships among continental African, African American, and African Caribbean persons. Relationships were explored in terms of contact and friendship, travel to countries of the diaspora, cross-cultural communications, thoughts and stereotypes, and education involving knowledge of the diaspora. The outcome of this survey points to the need for more Afrocentric education in the curriculum (from elementary school to college) as a means of reeducating people to have a better perspective of the African diaspora and to dispel myths and negative stereotypes about African people.
The Afrocentric Paradigm in Health-Related Physical Activity
Authors: Pittman Beverly D.
Published: June 2003

Two separate government documents have established a link between physical activity and health, and both documents provided bleak statistics for African Americans. Although the health statistics are not questionable, the physical activity data are debatable because the role of culture in physical activity has not been adequately explored. This article examines the role that culture potentially plays in health-related physical activity participation. In so doing, the kinesiology profession, which teaches the science of human movement, is discussed, and results from a health-related physical activity study are reported. A recommendation is made for the inclusion of an Afrocentric paradigm in the kinesiology curriculum, and Schiele's Afrocentric paradigm for the human services is employed.
Intimate Risk
Authors: Foreman Faith E.
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this study is to understand and describe the influences associated with sexual risk-taking among African American college women. The study participants included 15 African American women aged 19 to 33 attending a 4-year university in Southeast, Texas. Each of the women self-identified as having engaged in sexual intercourse with at least one male partner within the past year. Data were gathered using semistructured in-depth interviews, each lasting approximately 1.5 hours. Analysis of the interviews revealed that women base their sexual risk-taking behavior on the level of intimacy sought or expected from their partner. The desire to engage in a long-term relationship was also indicative of participating in risky sexual behavior. The implications for intervention programs that are targeted at minimizing sexual risk-taking behavior are discussed in light of these findings.
African American Female Adult Learners
Authors: Coker Angela D.
Published: June 2003

This qualitative study used a series of focus groups to examine the experiences of African American female adult learners in higher education ( N = 10). This article highlights three categories that emerged: the motivations, challenges, and sources of strength the participants experienced as they worked toward their academic goals. The findings are important to professionals working with African American women in academic settings and for those who want to enhance their current understanding of the lives of African American women.
Narrating Acts of Resistance
Authors: Stephens Ronald J.
Published: June 2003

The scholarship analyzing the political career of Robert F. Williams has either misinterpreted him, minimized his effect, or only provided limited information about his legacy as a Black revolutionary nationalist leader. In Tyson's biography, for instance, the treatment on Williams in Lake County, Michigan, raises much skepticism when he writes that Williams spent the last 15 years of his life in a quiet place “where he and his family could recover a life of their own.” Different from Tyson's assessment, this article argues that while living in Western Michigan, Williams continued to fight for rights that the U.S. Constitution guaranteed him, his people, and his community by staging a one-man protest against the editor of the Lake County Star for refusing to publish a letter he requested to be printed as a paid advertisement and by fighting to eliminate prostitution, police brutality, and political corruption in the area. Williams was one of several people who were responsible for organizing the People's Association for Human Rights, a grassroots organization in Lake County dedicated to maintaining the human rights of residents.
Reward Allocation and Culture
Authors: Fischer Ronald , Smith Peter B.
Published: June 2003

A meta-analysis is reported of those cross-cultural reward allocation studies in which the allocator was not a recipient of the allocation. Results from 25 studies in 14 different cultures were included. Previous narrative reviews of the literature have used individualism-collectivism as an explanatory framework. However, it was found that Schwartz's hierarchy and Hofstede's power distance dimensions account best for cross-cultural differences in reward allocation. Individualism-collectivism was not related to effect size. Study designs and participants sampled (students versus employees) were identified as moderator variables. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications for cross-cultural research.
Effect of Culture on Situational Determinants of Exchange Behavior in Organizations
Authors: Thomas David C. , Pekerti Andre A.
Published: June 2003

This study examined the moderating effect of national culture on the relationship between a key situational indicator (job satisfaction) and the exchange behaviors of employees. The main effect of job satisfaction on the outcome behaviors of exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect was consistent in Indonesia and New Zealand suggesting a possible universal relationship. However, the cultural group of participants (Indonesia or New Zealand) moderated the influence of job satisfaction on all outcomes with the exception of voice. The implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed.
Comparison of Models of Acculturation
Authors: Lee Soo-Kyung , Sobal Jeffery , Frongillo Edward A.
Published: June 2003

This study examined whether a unidimensional model or a bidimensional model better explained acculturation of Korean Americans on two levels: (a) separate domains of acculturation and (b) “overall” acculturation. Also, the study examined whether there were meaningfully different forms of acculturation in Korean Americans. Additionally, associations between the acculturation forms and exogenous variables were investigated. On both domain and overall levels, a bidimensional model appeared to more completely explain acculturation of Korean Americans. Three distinct forms of acculturation (assimilation, integration, and segregation) were identified. The three forms were different in acculturation domains as well as in exogenous variables. More research is needed to compare the unidimensional model and the multidimensional model on domain and overall acculturation level.
Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Burnstein Eugene , Krumov Krum , Genkova Petia , Kanagawa Chie , Hirshberg Matthew S. , Erb Hans-Peter , Wieczorkowska Grazyna , Noels Kimberly A.
Published: June 2003

Building on Hofstede's finding that individualism and social hierarchy are incompatible at the societal level, the authors examined the relationship between individualism-collectivism and orientations toward authority at the individual level. In Study 1, authoritarianism was related to three measures of collectivism but unrelated to three measures of individualism in a U.S. sample ( N = 382). Study 2 used Triandis's horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism framework in samples from Bulgaria, Japan, New Zealand, Germany, Poland, Canada, and the United States (total N = 1,018). Both at the individual level and the societal level of analysis, authoritarianism was correlated with vertical individualism and vertical collectivism but unrelated to horizontal collectivism. Horizontal individualism was unrelated to authoritarianism except in post-Communist societies whose recent history presumably made salient the incompatibility between state authority and self-determination.
Cultural and Parenting Cognitions in Acculturating Cultures
Authors: Cote Linda R. , Bornstein Marc H.
Published: June 2003

This longitudinal study evaluated cultural differences and developmental continuity and stability in cultural cognitions (acculturation, individualism, collectivism) and parenting cognitions (attributions, self-perceptions, and knowledge) in 86 Japanese American and South American acculturating mothers when their children were 5 and 20 months of age. South American mothers were more collectivistic than Japanese American mothers. Cultural group and attribution differences emerged for mothers' parenting attributions in successful situations, whereas child age and attribution differences emerged for parenting attributions in unsuccessful situations. Japanese American mothers' feelings of competence increased over time. South American mothers were more satisfied in the parenting role than Japanese American mothers. Mothers' knowledge of parenting increased over time in both groups. Mothers' cultural cognitions were stable, as were Japanese American mothers' parenting cognitions. This study provides insight into the differential influence of cultural background on the acculturation of cultural and parenting cognitions in two U.S. acculturating groups.
Cultural and Parenting Cognitions in Acculturating Cultures
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Cote Linda R.
Published: June 2003

This longitudinal study evaluated prediction and coherence in cultural (acculturation, individualism, collectivism) and parenting cognitions (attributions, self-perceptions, knowledge) in 86 Japanese American and South American acculturating mothers. Mothers' cultural cognitions when their infants were 5 months old predicted some parenting cognitions 15 months later, particularly among Japanese American mothers. Coherence among mothers' attributions obtained in both cultural groups when their infants were both 5 and 20 months of age and among Japanese American mothers' self-perceptions of parenting at both time periods. Although a few relations across types of parenting cognitions were found, domains of parenting cognitions were relatively independent. This study provides insight into the nature and structure of cultural and parenting cognitions in two U.S. acculturating groups.
Do as We Say and as We Do
Authors: Kluth Paula , Straut Diana
Published: June 2003

Researchers contend that to be effective in collaborative work, teachers need opportunities to practice and learn about shared decision making, communication, and planning. For this reason and countless others, teacher-preparation programs have recently been called on to include models of collaboration in their programs. This article provides a description of one collaborative partnership between a special education professor and a general education professor. Our program description specifically highlights the integration of two college courses: Academic Curricular Adaptations and Elementary Social Studies Methods and Curriculum. In this article, we have included details about our coteaching model as well as information related to our integrated curriculum and assessments. We also offer recommendations for those considering the implementation of coteaching partnerships and collaborative models in higher education institutions.
An Exploratory Study of Institutional Change: Personal Control and Environmental Satisfaction in a Gang-Free Prison
Authors: Rivera Beverly D. , Cowles Ernest L. , Dorman Laura G.
Published: June 2003

This study explores inmates' perceptions of institutional change when a Midwestern state converted a minimum-security prison to a gang-free facility. The discussion examines inmates' perspectives of the prison environment using H. Toch's 1992 eight prison environmental dimensions through focus-group interviews with three different subgroups. The first group consisted of inmates imprisoned at the facility pre- and postconversion. The second was composed of inmates transferred to the gang-free facility from other minimum-security facilities as part of the conversion. The third focus group consisted of newly admitted offenders sent directly to the facility from the correctional system's reception and classification centers. The findings suggest that two dimensions of personal control—choice and predictability—influenced inmates' acceptance of major institutional environment change. Implications for program design and institutional management are discussed.
Culturally Competent Programs: The First Family Violence Program for Aboriginal Men in Prison
Authors: Zellerer Evelyn
Published: June 2003

Given the severity and extent of woman abuse, calls are being made to mandate treatment for abusive men. Attention has focused on Caucasian populations; few programs are culturally competent. This article discusses the first Aboriginal family violence program for inmates within the federal correctional system in North America. The Correctional Service of Canada funded a project operated by a community agency, Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Centre, for offenders at Stony Mountain Institution in Manitoba. Numerous issues, including cultural competence, training, and evaluation, are highlighted.
Social Distance and Discretionary Rule Enforcement in a Women's Prison
Authors: Freeman Robert M.
Published: June 2003

The relationship between correctional officer attitudes toward inmates and official reporting of major and minor institutional rule violations is examined. Factor analysis of correctional officer responses to the Klofas-Toch Measure of Professional Orientation produced two dimensions of officer attitude toward inmates: Human Service Orientation (HSO) and Social Distance (SD). HSO reflects belief in rehabilitation activities. SD reflects the preference for adopting a personal, informal, supervisory relationship with inmates. SD was the only dimension that predicted rule violation reporting. Officers who preferred high SD filed a higher number of minor misconduct reports than officers who preferred low SD. Neither dimension predicted the filing of major misconduct reports. Race and gender did not predict rule violation reporting. The relationship between officer education and preference for SD was unexpected, as was the relationship between years of service and SD. Inmate responses to discretionary rule enforcement might be negative. The influence of SD in rule violation reporting should be included in correctional training curricula.