bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lygus campestris (L.): A New Pest of Carrot Seed Crops
Authors: Handford R. H.
Published: January 2010

Lygus campestris (L.) was a major contributing factor in a disastrous reduction of carrot seed yields in the district of Grand Forks, B.C., during 1947 and 1948.

Knight (1941) lists this species as “common in the northern states and Canada; Holarctic in distribution”. Of its food plants he reports: “Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) and other plants of the family Umbelliferae; Illinois specimens have been collected on wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum). Reported in Massachusetts and New Brunswick as a pest on celery plants”.
Spiders (Order, Aranea) from the District of Mackenzie
Authors: Kurata T. B.
Published: January 2010

The following list contains eighty-six species of spiders collected in the Mackenzie District. The greater portion of species were collected in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake; however, a few of these were from Fort Smith, close to the southern boundary of the Mackenzie District, and Great Bear Lake.

The collection was made during the summers of 1945, '46 and '47. The major portion of the collection was due to the efforts of Dr. D. S. Rawson, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan; Dr. J. G. Oughton, formerly of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Mr. J. R. Vockeroth of the University of Saskatchewan, and Dr. W. A. Kennedy, of the Biological Board of Canada.
Benzene Hexachloride (BHC) as a Rapid Control Agent for White Grubs (Phyllophaga spp.)
Authors: Hammond G. H.
Published: January 2010

The effectiveness of benzene hexachloride (BHC) when applied to pasture sod as a control for June beetles was demonstrated (1) during 1947 at Marmora. Tests were continued during 1948 to determine the control value of the same contact insecticide against second-year, second- and third-instar larvae at the summer-feeding level in sod land.

A block of field plots was laid out in a pasture which was so severely infested by second-year grubs that it was expected to show most extensive destruction of sod before the end of the summer. It was considered as a most suitable area to determine the efficiency of BHC, in terms of sod protection and white grub mortality.
A New Species of Alniphagus (Col. Scolytidae) from Canada
Authors: Schedl Karl E.
Published: January 2010

Checking some North American genera of bark-beetles I found a series of Alniphagus Sw. which does not agree with the common species Alniphagus aspericollis from California and British Columbia and doubtless represents a new species. The genus therefore comprises now three distinct species, Alniphagus alni Nijs. from Japan and the Far East, A. aspericollis from British Columbia down to California and the new species A. hirsutus from Alnus sitchensis in B.C.
The Biology of Phorocera hamata A. & W., a Tachinid Parasite of Sawflies
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Coppel H. C.
Published: January 2010

During the course of investigations dealing with the biological control of insect pests of conifers, several species of sawflies were found to be heavily attacked by the tachinid parasite Phorocera hamata A. & W. The present paper describes the immature stages and indudes the life-history of the parasite under laboratory conditions.
Distribution of Progeny by Cryptus inornatus Pratt (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Ullyett G. C.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper (Ullyett, 1949). the present writer outlined a tentative classification of insects serving as hosts to entomophagous parasites. This scheme was based upon the more obvious relationships that exist between parasite and host insect and those which might conceivably have some hearing upon the degree of efficiency with which the females of the former distribute their progeny among available hosts. Five main groups were recognized which reflected the differences occurring between the various kinds of hosts and parasites encountered in the field. Of these, examples have already been dealt with from two of the groups, viz., Group II, in which the host is normally active but is paralysed by the parasite before oviposition, as exemplified by the distribution of eggs by the Braconid, Microbracon hebetor Say among the larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Ullyett. 1945); Group IIIA, in which the host is stationary and fully exposed as illustrated by the relationship between the eggs of Ephestia and the attack of Chelonus texanus Cress. (Ullyett, 1949).
Orygma luctuosa in North America (Diptera, Coelopidae)
Authors: Sabrosky Curtis W.
Published: January 2010

On August 28, 1949, over beach drift and seaweed at Matane on the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, the writer collected a series of flies presumed to be Coelopa frigida (F.). Later examination revealed the capture of two males of Orygma luctuosa Meigen, a peculiar coelopid fly with small eyes, extremely broad cheeks, and broad, flat facial carina. Inasmuch as this European species had apparently been recorded only once before from North America, it seemed desirabie to place the find on record.
Insect Pathology: The Field Concerned, Training Required, and Opportunities Possible
Authors: Steinhaus Edward A.
Published: January 2010

During the past several vears, the field of insect pathology has “come of age,” so to speak, and has been enjoying somewhat of a revival with regard to the interest taken in it by entomohgists and others. This renewed interest, engendered by several factors, is reflected in the recent establishment of research laboratories and academic courses in various parts of the world. Since there is an increasing demand for information regarding the nature of the field concerned, the type of organization required to maintain it, the training necessary to prepare for it, and the opportunities available to those who wish ro enter it, there is reason to believe that a brief general discussion of these aspects would be of pertinence and value at this time. Although there is a real temptation to wax philosophical concerning our subject, for the present it is perhaps safest to avoid such an approach and to limit our remarks to a rather prosaic presentation of factual material.
Hornia minutipennis Riley: A new Record and some notes on Behaviour. (Coleoptera, Meloidae)
Authors: Hocking B.
Published: January 2010

One female and a damaged male of this rather extraordinary physogastric beetle were brought into the laboratory early in November, 1946. A few days later four further males and three females were collected from the same situation, a roadside bank of hard calcareous clay facing SSW, at Mill Creek, Edmonton. In view of the many references to this insect rn entomological literature, but the scanty information given on it, some laboratory observations were considered worth while.
A novel process for continuous thermal embossing of large‐area nanopatterns onto polymer films
Authors: Fagan Matthew D. , Kim Byung H. , Yao Donggang
Published: January 2010

Hot embossing and nanoimprinting processes are being widely practiced in industry. Fast and reliable production of micro/nanofeatured patterns on large‐area polymer films is of a great importance. In this study, a novel roll‐to‐roll thermal imprinting process was developed, capable of providing a mold‐heating rate of 125°C/s with sufficient temperature control to produce large‐area patterns continuously at a rapid production rate. With this new process, selected micro/nano patterns were produced on a polyethylene terephthalate film at a production rate exceeding 1 m/min. The roller mold temperature played a profound role in affecting the replication quality. To achieve good feature transfer properties, an elevated roller mold temperature approaching the melting temperature of the polymer was found to be critical. Microcavity filling time calculation further revealed that the elevated roller mold temperature is also necessary for achieving a rapid film feed rate as desired in the continuous roll‐to‐roll process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:246–256, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20167
Chemical modification of polypropylene with diisocyanates for improved gas barrier and mechanical properties
Authors: Jagadish R. S. , Raj Baldev , Srinivas P.
Published: January 2010

In this investigation, modification of polypropylene (PP) with an objective to obtain packaging film with improved gas barrier properties has been studied. The chemical reaction of PP resin with hexamethylene diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wherein the appearance of new peaks at 3333 cm−1 for NH stretching, 1620–1641 cm−1 for (CO)NH stretching and 1552–1578 cm−1 corresponding to NH bending in an amide moiety was observed for both the modified PP films. Films of excellent clarity and uniform thickness were obtained by the extrusion of cross‐linked polypropylene. The barrier, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of the modified PP films were studied. The results clearly indicated significant changes in gas barrier and mechanical properties. Food compatibility of the films was evaluated by overall migration in to different food simulants. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:233–245, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20168
The effect of column diameter and bed height on minimum fluidization velocity
Authors: Rao Akhil , Curtis Jennifer S. , Hancock Bruno C. , Wassgren Carl
Published: January 2010

Experiments show that the minimum fluidization velocity of particles increases as the diameter of the fluidization column is reduced, or if the height of the bed is increased. These trends are shown to be due to the influence of the wall. A new, semicorrelated model is proposed, which incorporates Janssen's wall effects in the calculation of the minimum fluidization velocity. The wall friction opposes not only the bed weight but also the drag force acting on the particles during fluidization. The enhanced wall friction leads to an increase in the minimum fluidization velocity. The model predictions compare favorably to existing correlations and experimental data. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Darcy's law‐based model for wicking in paper‐like swelling porous media
Authors: Masoodi Reza , Pillai Krishna M.
Published: January 2010

The wicking of liquid into a paper‐like swelling porous medium made from cellulose and superabsorbent fibers was modeled using Darcy's law. The work is built on a previous study in which the Washburn equation, modified to account for swelling, was used to predict wicking in a composite of cellulose and superabsorbent fibers. In a new wicking model proposed here, Darcy's law for flow in porous media is coupled with the mass conservation equation containing an added sink or source term to account for matrix swelling and liquid absorption. The wicking‐rate predicted by the new model compares well with the previous experimental data, as well as the modified Washburn equation predictions. The effectiveness of various permeability models used with the new wicking model is also investigated. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Overall efficiency evaluation of commercial distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays
Authors: Domingues T. L. , Secchi A. R. , Mendes T. F.
Published: January 2010

The main objective of this work is to establish appropriated ways for estimating the overall efficiencies of industrial distillation columns with valve trays with downcomer and dualflow trays. The knowledge of efficiencies has fundamental importance in the design and performance evaluation of distillation columns. Searching in the literature, a tree of alternatives was identified to compose the tray efficiency model, depending on the mass transfer models, the liquid distribution and vapor flow models on the tray, the liquid entrainment model, the multicomponent mixture equilibrium model, the physical properties models, the height of froth on the tray model and the efficiency definition. In this work, different methods to predict the overall efficiency of distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays were composed and compared with data from three commercial distillation columns under different operating conditions. The models were inserted in the Aspen Plus 12.1 simulator, in Fortran language, together with tray geometrical data, fluid properties and operating data of the distillation columns. For each column, the best thermodynamic package was chosen by checking the temperature profile and overhead and bottom compositions obtained via simulation against the corresponding actual data of industrial columns. A modification in the fraction of holes evaluation that is jetting parameter of the Garcia's hydraulic model of dispersion above the tray was proposed. This modification produced better results than the original model to predict the fraction of holes that are jetting and in the efficiency of dualflow trays and similar results to Garcia model in the efficiency evaluation of valve trays. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Application of heterogeneous adsorbents in removal of dimethyl phthalate: Equilibrium and heat
Authors: Wu Jun , Xu Zhengwen , Zhang Weiming , Lv Lu , Pan Bingcai , Nie Guangze , Li Minghui , Du Qiong
Published: January 2010

Aminated resin (NDA‐101) and oxidized resin (NDA‐702) were synthesized to remove Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from the contaminated water. The equilibrium and heat properties in the course of adsorption process were examined and compared with two commercial heterogeneous adsorbents, namely an acrylic ester resin (Amberlite XAD‐7) and a coal‐based granular activated carbon (AC‐750). The associated equilibrium isotherms can be well fitted by Freundlich equation and the adsorption capacities for DMP followed the order: NDA‐702 > NDA‐101 > AC‐750 > XAD‐7. The surface of XAD‐7 was demonstrated to be relatively homogeneous through surface energy heterogeneity analysis, offering the sole hydrogen bonding interaction. Contrarily, heterogeneous surface of oxidized resins NDA‐702 and the aminated resins NDA‐101 exhibited a promising adsorption capacity and affinity toward DMP probably derived by multiple hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and micropore filling interactions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Prediction of vapor–liquid equilibrium for polymer solutions based on the COSMO‐SAC model
Authors: Yang Li , Xu Xiaochun , Peng Changjun , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying
Published: January 2010

To extend the application of the COSMO‐SAC model to phase‐equilibrium calculations of polymer solutions, a new strategy for estimating the charge‐density profile, the cavity volume and the cavity surface area of polymer molecules is proposed by finding reasonable parameters for the corresponding repeating structure units. The molecular parameters for polymers are obtained by summing up the corresponding COSMO calculated values of the repeating units calculated by the algorithms of DMol3 (a density functional theory) or MOPAC (a semi‐empirical method). Combining with the COSMO‐SAC model, the activities and equilibrium pressures for several typical polymer solutions are satisfactorily predicted indicating that the proposed method can be used for the prediction of vapor–liquid equilibrium of polymer solutions. It was also found that both DMol3 and MOPAC can be used though the results obtained from them are slightly different. The results in this paper show that the method proposed has the potential to predict other phase‐equilibrium properties of polymer systems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Density segregation in vibrated granular beds with bumpy surfaces
Authors: Lim Eldin Wee Chuan
Published: January 2010

Segregation of granular materials by virtue of density or size is a commonly encountered phenomenon in nature. Despite its widespread interest among many researchers in recent years, a complete and unified understanding of granular segregation remains elusive to date. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we report a novel technique of inducing density segregation in a binary mixture of granular materials subjected to vibrations by the use of a bumpy vibrating base. Density segregation in the vertical directions may be induced by oscillating the bumpy base composed of discrete solid particles vertically or horizontally. In both cases, lighter particles tended to rise to the top of the granular bed and form a layer above the heavier particles. We suggest that differences in granular temperature profiles arising from the two different modes of vibrations may play an important role in determining the extent of density segregation occurring in binary granular mixtures. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Molecular dynamics simulation of desulfurization by ionic liquids
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Zhou Guohui , Zhang Xiangping , Zhang Suojiang
Published: January 2010

Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown an excellent performance for removing the sulfur compounds of fuel. In this work, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to screen suitable IL instead of the traditional method which is inefficient. DBT and DBTO2 were used as model compounds to study the mechanism of desulphurization. An all‐atom force field was proposed for dibenzothiophene (DBT) and dibenzothiophene 5,5‐dioxide (DBTO2). The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental value. We investigated the interaction between the model compounds and a series of ILs composed of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations ([Cnmim]+, n = 4, 6, 8, 10) and BF, PF anions. We found that the interaction between hydrogen atoms in imidazolium ring and oxygen atoms in DBTO2 is stronger than that of sulfur atoms in DBT, and it means that DBTO2 is extracted by ILs more easily than DBT. In this work, we also compared and discussed the desulphurization mechanism as a function of different ILs, sulfur contents, temperatures, and inclusion of water or not. The above results may help us design extractant and improve the operating conditions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 56: 2983–2996, 2010
Human Y‐chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula
Authors: Mirabal Sheyla , Varljen Tatjana , Gayden Tenzin , Regueiro Maria , Vujovic Slavica , Popovic Danica , Djuric Marija , Stojkovic Oliver , Herrera Rene J.
Published: January 2010

Southeastern Europe and, particularly, the Balkan Peninsula are especially useful when studying the mechanisms responsible for generating the current distribution of Paleolithic and Neolithic genetic signals observed throughout Europe. In this study, 404 individuals from Montenegro and 179 individuals from Serbia were typed for 17 Y‐STR loci and compared across 9 Y‐STR loci to geographically targeted previously published collections to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships of populations within the Balkan Peninsula and beyond. We aim to provide information on whether groups in the region represent an amalgamation of Paleolithic and Neolithic genetic substrata, or whether acculturation has played a critical role in the spread of agriculture. We have found genetic markers of Middle Eastern, south Asian and European descent in the area, however, admixture analyses indicate that over 80% of the Balkan gene pool is of European descent. Altogether, our data support the view that the diffusion of agriculture into the Balkan region was mostly a cultural phenomenon although some genetic infiltration from Africa, the Levant, the Caucasus, and the Near East has occurred. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Life history space”: A multivariate analysis of life history variation in extant and extinct Malagasy lemurs
Authors: Catlett Kierstin K. , Schwartz Gary T. , Godfrey Laurie R. , Jungers William L.
Published: January 2010

Studies of primate life history variation are constrained by the fact that all large‐bodied extant primates are haplorhines. However, large‐bodied strepsirrhines recently existed. If we can extract life history information from their skeletons, these species can contribute to our understanding of primate life history variation. This is particularly important in light of new critiques of the classic “fast‐slow continuum” as a descriptor of variation in life history profiles across mammals in general. We use established dental histological methods to estimate gestation length and age at weaning for five extinct lemur species. On the basis of these estimates, we reconstruct minimum interbirth intervals and maximum reproductive rates. We utilize principal components analysis to create a multivariate “life history space” that captures the relationships among reproductive parameters and brain and body size in extinct and extant lemurs. Our data show that, whereas large‐bodied extinct lemurs can be described as “slow” in some fashion, they also varied greatly in their life history profiles. Those with relatively large brains also weaned their offspring late and had long interbirth intervals. These were not the largest of extinct lemurs. Thus, we distinguish size‐related life history variation from variation that linked more strongly to ecological factors. Because all lemur species larger than 10 kg, regardless of life history profile, succumbed to extinction after humans arrived in Madagascar, we argue that large body size increased the probability of extinction independently of reproductive rate. We also provide some evidence that, among lemurs, brain size predicts reproductive rate better than body size. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocultural interpretations of trauma in two prehistoric Pacific Island populations from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
Authors: Scott Rachel M. , Buckley Hallie R.
Published: January 2010

Two Pacific Island skeletal samples originating from the inland site of Nebira, Papua New Guinea (1230–1650) and a coastal site on the small island of Taumako, Solomon Islands (1530–1698) were examined for evidence of skeletal trauma using a biocultural approach. The types of trauma identified were cranial trauma, postcranial fractures, and piercing and sharp force trauma. Both samples exhibit trauma (Nebira,n= 9/28, 32.1%; Taumako,n= 17/133, 12.8%). Postcranial fractures are significantly higher in males from Nebira (Fisher ExactPvalue = 0.025). The prevalence of cranial trauma (n= 6/28, 21.4%) is significantly higher in Nebira individuals (Fisher ExactPvalue = 0.007). There is no conclusive evidence of piercing trauma at Nebira unlike Taumako, which has four individuals with evidence of piercing or sharp force trauma. Both samples show evidence of interpersonal violence and warfare. The results suggest the environment may have contributed to the pattern of trauma at these sites. These patterns are discussed within their cultural and environmental contexts. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:509–518, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Walgaard Christa , Lingsma Hester F. , Ruts Liselotte , Drenthen Judith , van Koningsveld Rinske , Garssen Marcel J. P. , van Doorn Pieter A. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Jacobs Bart C.
Published: January 2010

Objective

Respiratory insufficiency is a frequent and serious complication of the Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). We aimed to develop a simple but accurate model to predict the chance of respiratory insufficiency in the acute stage of the disease based on clinical characteristics available at hospital admission.

Methods

Mechanical ventilation (MV) in the first week of admission was used as an indicator of acute stage respiratory insufficiency. Prospectively collected data from a derivation cohort of 397 GBS patients were used to identify predictors of MV. A multivariate logistic regression model was validated in a separate cohort of 191 GBS patients. Model performance criteria comprised discrimination (area under receiver operating curve [AUC]) and calibration (graphically). A scoring system for clinical practice was constructed from the regression coefficients of the model in the combined cohorts.

Results

In the derivation cohort, 22% needed MV in the first week of admission. Days between onset of weakness and admission, Medical Research Council sum score, and presence of facial and/or bulbar weakness were the main predictors of MV. The prognostic model had a good discriminative ability (AUC, 0.84). In the validation cohort, 14% needed MV in the first week of admission, and both calibration and discriminative ability of the model were good (AUC, 0.82). The scoring system ranged from 0 to 7, with corresponding chances of respiratory insufficiency from 1 to 91%.

Interpretation

This model accurately predicts development of respiratory insufficiency within 1 week in patients with GBS, using clinical characteristics available at admission. After further validation, the model may assist in clinical decision making, for example, on patient transfer to an intensive care unit. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:781–787
Primary infection with the Epstein‐Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Levin Lynn I. , Munger Kassandra L. , O'Reilly Eilis J. , Falk Kerstin I. , Ascherio Alberto
Published: January 2010

To determine whether multiple sclerosis (MS) risk increases following primary infection with the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), we conducted a nested case‐control study including 305 individuals who developed MS and 610 matched controls selected among the >8 million active‐duty military personnel whose serum has been stored in the Department of Defense Serum Repository. Time of EBV infection was determined by measuring antibody titers in serial serum samples collected before MS onset among cases, and on matched dates among controls. Ten (3.3%) cases and 32 (5.2%) controls were initially EBV negative. All of the 10 EBV‐negative cases became EBV positive before MS onset; in contrast, only 35.7% (n = 10) of the 28 controls with follow‐up samples seroconverted (exact p value = 0.0008). We conclude that MS risk is extremely low among individuals not infected with EBV, but it increases sharply in the same individuals following EBV infection. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:824–830
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in human muscle: Dysfunction causes abnormal metabolic recovery in exercise
Authors: Lamhonwah Anne‐Marie , Bear Christine E. , Huan Ling Jun , Chiaw Patrick Kim , Ackerley Cameron A. , Tein Ingrid
Published: January 2010

Objective

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have exercise intolerance and skeletal muscle weakness not solely attributable to physical inactivity or pulmonary function abnormalities. CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been demonstrated in human bronchial smooth and cardiac muscle. Using 31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy of skeletal muscle, we showed CF patients to have lower resting muscle adenosine triphosphate and delayed phosphocreatine recovery times after high‐intensity exercise, suggesting abnormal muscle aerobic metabolism; and higher end‐exercise pH values, suggesting altered bicarbonate transport. Our objective was to study CFTR expression in human skeletal muscle.

Methods and Results

We studied CFTR expression in human skeletal muscle by Western blot with anti‐CFTR antibody (Ab) L12B4 and demonstrated a single band with expected molecular weight of 168kDa. We isolated the cDNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced a 975bp segment (c. 3,600–4,575) that was identical to the human CFTR sequence. We showed punctate staining of CFTR in sarcoplasm and sarcolemma by immunofluorescence microscopy with L12B4 Ab and secondary Alexa 488‐labeled Ab. We confirmed CFTR expression in the sarcotubular network and sarcolemma by electron microscopy, using immunogold‐labeled anti‐CFTR Ab. We observed activation of CFTR Cl− channels with iodide efflux, on addition of forskolin, 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐xanthine, and 8‐chlorphenylthio–cyclic adenosine monophosphate, in wild‐type C57BL/6J isolated muscle fibers in contrast to no efflux from mutant F508del‐CFTR muscle.

Interpretation

We speculate that a defect in sarcoplasmic reticulum CFTR Cl− channels could alter the electrochemical gradient, causing dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, for example, ryanodine receptor or sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatases essential to excitation‐contraction coupling leading to exercise intolerance and muscle weakness in CF. ANN NEUROL 2010
Semisynthetic DNA–Protein Conjugates for Biosensing and Nanofabrication
Authors: Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: January 2010

Conjugation with artificial nucleic acids allows proteins to be modified with a synthetically accessible, robust tag. This attachment is addressable in a highly specific manner by means of molecular recognition events, such as Watson–Crick hybridization. Such DNA–protein conjugates, with their combined properties, have a broad range of applications, such as in high‐performance biomedical diagnostic assays, fundamental research on molecular recognition, and the synthesis of DNA nanostructures. This Review surveys current approaches to generate DNA–protein conjugates as well as recent advances in their applications. For example, DNA–protein conjugates have been assembled into model systems for the investigation of catalytic cascade reactions and light‐harvesting devices. Such hybrid conjugates are also used for the biofunctionalization of planar surfaces for micro‐ and nanoarrays, and for decorating inorganic nanoparticles to enable applications in sensing, materials science, and catalysis.
Degradation of aramid fibers under alkaline and neutral conditions: Relations between the chemical characteristics and mechanical properties
Authors: Derombise G. , Van Schoors L. Vouyovitch , Davies P.
Published: January 2010

Aramid fibers are high‐performance materials that have been used in various applications such as heat and cut protection, composites, rubber reinforcement, ropes and cables, and fabrics; today their use is proposed in geotextiles for alkaline ground reinforcement, and they have been used in cables for marine applications for a few years. However, there is a lack of experience with the long‐term behavior of aramid fibers in wet and alkaline environments. Aging studies were therefore performed on Twaron 1000 fibers under different conditions (sea water, deionized water, pH 9, and pH 11). Hydrolytic degradation was evaluated with Fourier transform infrared and viscosimetry measurements, which were correlated with tensile test measurements. The tensile strength followed a logarithmic evolution with the aging time, whereas the modulus remained constant. A linear relation between the tensile strength and the reduced viscosity of the hydrolytically aged fibers is highlighted. Aging indicators are proposed that allow the hydrolytic degradation to be quantified. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Crystallization studies on linear aliphatic polyamides derived from naturally occurring carbohydrates
Authors: Fernández C. E. , Bermúdez M. , Alla A. , Mancera M. , García‐Martín M. G. , Benito E. , Roffé I. , Galbis J. A. , Muñoz‐Guerra S.
Published: January 2010

The thermal behavior of three series of sugar‐derived polyamides (PA‐nSu) made from the arabinaric, mannaric and galactaric acids, respectively, and α,ω‐alkanediamines containing from 6 to 12 methylene units was investigated by DSC supported by polarizing optical microscopy. Crystallization from the melt under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions was studied in detail. Melting temperatures of PA‐nSu were found to decay steadily with the length of the polymethylene segment. Data registered from isothermally crystallized samples were analyzed by the kinetics Avrami approach, which revealed that crystallization initiated by combination of instantaneous and sporadically nucleation. Crystallization half‐times indicated that “crystallizability” of PA‐nSu increases with the number of methylenes in the diamine unit and decreases with the length of the carbohydrate‐derived unit. Higher crystallinities were attained for polyamides made of shorter aldaric acids. The relation between thermal data and the configuration of the sugar moiety present in PA‐nSu was discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synergism effect between modified carbon black and organic ultraviolet absorber in polymer matrix for ultraviolet protection
Authors: Shi Q. F. , Gao J. Y. , Zhao D. D. , Xu S. A.
Published: January 2010

Modified carbon black (MCB) was obtained by oxidization and hydroxymethylation reactions with conductive carbon black (CB); in the MCB, some hydroxyl groups were introduced on the surface of the CB particles. CB, MCB, and a kind of organic ultraviolet absorber (UA) were used as UV antidotes, and binary composites and ternary composites were prepared by solvent casting with polystyrene, styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer, and poly(methyl methacrylate) as the matrix, respectively. In the binary composites, only one kind of UV antidote was used, whereas in the ternary composites, the organic and inorganic UAs were combined. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of the composites were investigated extensively, and it was found that no synergism occurred when CB was combined with the organic absorber; on the other hand, an obvious synergism effect emerged when MCB was combined with the organic absorber in the same matrix, which was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between MCB and UA. The interaction between MCB and UA was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of fiber surface morphology on the hydrophilicity modification of cold plasma‐treated polypropylene nonwoven fabrics
Authors: Ren Wanting , Cheng Chunzu , Wang Rongmin , Li Xin
Published: January 2010

Cold oxygen plasma was employed to give hydrophilicity modification to polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabric (NWF). It was found that, after plasma treatment, PP NWF made from fibers with smooth surfaces can only keep its hydrophilicity for a short time and then shows a quick hydrophobic recovery at room temperature. However, this hydrophilic property can last for a long time in the case of the PP NWF made from fibers with rough surfaces. To prove the contribution of the rough surface to the long‐term hydrophilicity, this PP NWF was treated in an organic solvent to smooth the fiber surface. The hydrophilic feature of this PP NWF no longer lasts for a long time after the same plasma treatment. This observation strongly supports our opinion that the fiber surface morphology of PP NWF is a critical factor for long‐term hydrophilicity improvement after plasma treatment, which gives a positive solution to overcoming the aging effect of hydrophilicity modification often found in this technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Microscopic mechanical properties and injection molding‐induced morphology on polypropylene rubber blend
Authors: Kobayashi Yutaka , Ando Makoto , Kanai Toshitaka
Published: January 2010

A microdeformation of a simple polymer blend of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene butene rubber (EBR) was investigated in this study. Injection molding‐induced morphology close to the surface was analyzed by transmission electron microscope, polarizing optical microscope, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Breakup and coalescence of EBR particles scarcely occurred during the injection process. The EBR particles near the surface were observed as continuous fibers and were gradually changing to the ellipsoidal shape in the depth direction. The morphology in an injection molded specimen was related to depth profiles of mechanical factors, which were microhardness and shear stress measured by a Vickers and a Knoop microindenter and “Surface and Interface Cutting Analysis System,” respectively. Crystal structure of PP matrix affected to the microdeformation more strongly than that of EBR phase. The large oriented EBR domains disconnected continuity of the PP matrix and acted as a weak layer in the specimens. Finally, cohesive fracture occurred in the peel test of painted PP/EBR was discussed from a microdeformation point of view. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Increased COX2 in the Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis Is Involved in Orofacial Pain Induced by Experimental Tooth Movement
Authors: Gao Yuan , Duan Yin‐Zhong
Published: January 2010

Pain is among the major problems during orthodontic treatment. Recent studies have shown that central Cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) pathway was involved in several pain models. The present study investigated whether inducible COX2 within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) contributed to experimental tooth movement pain in freely moving rats. Elastic rubber bands were inserted between the first and second maxillary molars bilaterally to establish tooth movement model. The directed mouth wiping behavior was used to evaluate the pain during tooth movement. COX2 distribution in Vc was studied by immunohistochemistry and the changes of COX2 expression were detected by Western blot at different time point after rubber band insertion. Our results showed that tooth movement significantly increased COX2 expression in Vc and the time spent on mouth wiping, reaching a maximum at 1 day and then decreasing gradually. Furthermore, the rhythm change of COX2 expression in Vc and the mouth wiping behavior were much correlative with each other. All of the COX2‐immunoreactive structures in Vc exhibited NeuN‐immunopositive staining and most of these COX2‐immunoreactive neurons were Fos‐immunopositive. Importantly, the mouth wiping behavior could be attenuated by intracisternal injection of NS‐398 (a selective COX2 inhibitor) but not by periodontal administration of NS‐398. All these results suggested that increased COX2 in Vc was involved in tooth movement pain and thus may be a central target for orthodontic pain treatment. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Reg‐2 on Survival of Spinal Cord Neurons In Vitro
Authors: Fang Marong , Huang Jian‐Ying , Ling Shu‐Cai , Rudd John A. , Yew David T. , Han Shu
Published: January 2010

Regeneration gene protein 2 (Reg‐2) is a small secreted protein expressed in motor and sensory neurons of spinal cord during developmental stages and following injury of peripheral nerves. Reg‐2 appears to act as a neurotrophic factor and protects injured neurons from death during regeneration. To illustrate these potential protective effects in vitro, we investigated the blocking effects of Reg‐2 antibodies on the survival of primary cultured spinal cord neurons and astrocytes, as well as on neurite outgrowth. In addition, the effects of Reg‐2 in neuron injury models induced by peroxide and mitochondrial poisoning were assessed. Our results showed that Reg‐2 antibody markedly reduced survival and neurite outgrowth from neurons, whereas astrocyte survival was unaffected. Addition of Reg‐2 into the culture medium had no effect on neuron survival or neurite outgrowth. However, the addition of the Reg‐2 into culture media after peroxide treatment or cellular hypoxia insult induced by mitochondrial poisoning can reduce lactate dehydrogenase release levels and cell death. Thus, the data suggests that Reg‐2 is essential for the survival and neurite outgrowth of developing spinal cord neurons but not the survival of glial cells, and that Reg‐2 plays protective effects on spinal cord neurons against injury in vitro. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic interactions of spinster with the genes encoding proteins for cell death control in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sakurai Akira , Nakano Yoshiro , Koganezawa Masayuki , Yamamoto Daisuke
Published: January 2010

The spin gene was first identified by its mutant phenotype, which is characterized by extremely strong mate refusal by females in response to male courtship in Drosophila. Spin mutants are also known to be accompanied by a remarkable reduction in programmed cell death in the reproductive and nervous systems. To better understand the molecular functions of spin, we searched for its genetic modifiers. Forced expression of spin+ in somatic cells as driven by ptc‐Gal4 in the testis resulted in the invasion of mature sperm into the anterior testes tip, which is otherwise occupied only by immature germ cells. To obtain genes that modulate spin's effect, the gain‐of‐function spin phenotype was observed in the presence of a chromosome harboring an EP or GS P‐element insertion, which initiates transcription of the genomic sequence neighboring the insertion site. We isolated th and emc as suppressors of spin and atg8a as a gene that reproduces the spin phenotype on its own. th encodes Inhibitor of apoptosis‐1, and mammalian Id genes homologous to emc are known to inhibit apoptosis. atg8a encodes a protein essential for autophagy. These results suggest that spin promotes cell death mechanisms that are regulated negatively by th and emc and positively by atg8a. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An investigation of passenger interchange and train standing time at LRT stations: (i) Alighting, boarding and platform distribution of passengers
Authors: Szplett D. , Wirasinghe S. C.
Published: January 2010

The train standing‐time at a station is a determinant of the line capacity and the necessary fleet‐size. Its determination is usually based on the assumption that boarding and alighting is uniform at all doors of a train. Uniform boarding and alighting is conceivable if passengers distribute themselves uniformly on station platforms while waiting for trains. The validity of the uniformity assumptions is tested using data from two stations (one CBD, one suburban) of the Calgary, Alberta LRT system. It is shown that passenger distribution on the platform, alighting and boarding is not uniform and is closely related to the location of platform access points. Some strategies that will encourage uniformity are discussed. However, procedures that can estimate the standing time for non‐uniform boarding and alighting need to be developed.
Suburban service in North America today—Which way will we go?
Authors: Eisele Donald O.
Published: January 2010

The current situation of suburban rail services is reviewed. Differences between seemingly similar services—urban transit, commuter service, suburban rail service and regional rail ‐are discussed. The suburban rail commuter is described as the true intermodal traveler. Differences of the political backgrounds of the inner‐city compared to the suburbs complicate implementation of programs to improve service and suggest deep problems over the long term. Because the transition of suburban rail service from the private to public sector has been so recent, it is difficult for many to recognize that the profit of the service is in the lower total transportation costs for the community as compared to a cash dividend. Existing railroad lines in many cities have the potential of being a cost‐effective solution to traffic problems, although the specific solutions vary widely, ranging from the operation of new commuter trains over the lines of a heavy duty railroad (Toronto) to a completely new light rail system (San Diego).
A computer model for finding the time‐dependent minimum path in a transit system with fixed schedules
Authors: Tong C. O. , Richardson A. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the development of a computer model and algorithms for finding the time‐dependent minimum path between two stations in a multi‐route, multi‐mode transit system running to fixed schedules. Selection of the minimum path can be based either on journey time or on weighted time. A worked example using a simple transit network is given to illustrate how the model works. The model has several applications in transport planning: it can be used for generating route schedule information to guide transit users, for assisting in route schedule coordination, and for analyzing transit system accessibility.
TRAMS: Transit route animation and modelling by simulation
Authors: Vandebona Upali , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: January 2010

Public transport managers and operators face increasingly difficult problems in providing adequate levels of service at reasonable social and financial costs. A greater demand exists for analytical techniques which allow them to evaluate changes in operational strategies before committing themselves to implementation in the field. This paper describes the development of a discrete event simulation model for the analysis of on‐street transit routes. The structure of the model is described and details are provided of the types of events which are explicitly modelled in the TRAMS package. The input requirements are described, and the modular nature of the simulation model is highlighted. The various options for output format are described, including the use of a computer graphics real‐time animation option. The range of output performance measures are then discussed, and some comments on areas of application conclude the paper.
The role of accident exposure in transport system safety evaluations II: Group exposure and induced exposure
Authors: Hodge G. A. , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: January 2010

Part I of this paper has argued that any meaningful evaluation of transport system safety must include a consideration of the exposure to accidents, and has demonstrated the use and limitations of several measures of exposure at intersections and along links of the network. To complement this treatment of site exposure, this part of the paper will describe the use of group exposure measures in the assessment of risks incurred by people within particular population groupings. The use of induced exposure measures is also briefly reviewed.
A bridge to Fårö—A cost‐benefit analysis
Authors: Andersson Roland
Published: January 2010

A cost‐benefit analysis of a bridge is presented. The bridge is planned to connect Gotland, a Swedish tourist resort in the middle of the Baltic Sea, with Fårö, a small island to the north of Gotland. Persistent unemployment problems on Fårö are a complicating factor considered in the calculations.

The result is that construction of a bridge according to the designs which have been considered so far is not economically efficient. With another design, however, it might be worthwhile.
Optimization of emergency crossovers and signals for emergency operations in rail rapid transit
Authors: Abramovici Marc
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a methodology for designing rail transit systems to meet operating requirements when track maintenance or failure cause sections of tracks to be unavailable for service. The methodology can be also used to establish the requirements for the continuity of operations during construction.

The main objective of the paper is to develop a tool which performs trade‐offs between system costs and level of services during emergencies/construction. Several alternatives, including various signal and control systems, number and types of crossovers and corresponding operating strategies, are developed and evaluated against capital investments.

Operating measures and strategies for the selected alternative can be recommended before the design phase is completed, because the designer, by using this methodology, is aware of the capacities attained during emergencies and construction.