bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Total Particulate Measurement in Cotton
Authors: Montalvo Joseph G. , Rousselle Marie-Alice
Published: March 2008

The in situ native standard method is presented to measure total particulate content (nonlint trash plus dust) in cotton. The method is based on first rendering a sample free of particulate by repetitive mechanical cleaning and then spiking the cleaned lint with the recoverable particulate. A calibration curve is generated with property constant λi. The same property is then measured in the uncleaned cotton. An apparent particulate burden, τi, is determined from the calibration curve. By observing different properties and using null hypothesis statistics it is possible to calculate a mean value for the accepted total particulate content, τ. Earlier modeling predicted the null hypothesis error in τi is a function of percentage particulate recovered for spiking and the ratio λi/θ i where θ is the nonrecoverable particulate ith property constant. The model is refined to minimize error contributions from additional sources in the measurement system. A positive bias is expected if particulate size distribution in the spikes is different from that in the stock. A positive or negative error may occur if indigenous fiber material isolated from the cleaned lint is excluded in spike prepara tion. Experimental data is presented. to verify model predictions.
Estimating Quality Components of Natural Fibers by Near-Infrared Reflectance1
Authors: Ramey H.H.
Published: March 2008

Near-infrared reflectance has been used to predict quality components of agricul tural products. Use of this technique for predicting cross-sectional area, specific surface (Arealometer A, mm2/mm 3), Micronaire reading, and causticaire maturity index of cotton fibers was explored. An instrument equipped with 1.53, 1.97, and 2.32 μm wavelength filters was calibrated to the properties of 20 reference samples. The properties of these samples were predicted and compared to values obtained by usual procedures. Correlation coefficients between predicted and observed values were r = 0.90 or greater for properties of the reference samples. Properties of three groups of samples that were not used in the calibration were predicted by the technique. Correlation coefficients between predicted values and those obtained by usual proce dures were r = 0.89 or greater. These data indicate that meaningful estimates of the four fiber properties can be obtained with near-infrared reflectance. Refinements in technique could improve the predictions. When performing near-infrared reflectance measurements, technician and instrument time per specimen is less than that with usual procedures except Micronaire reading. However, estimates of four properties of a specimen can be obtained in the same operation.
Breeding for High Strength Cotton1
Authors: Gannaway John R.
Published: March 2008

Fiber strength is only one of several quality measures of cotton fiber. All of the quality factors influence spinning performance as exhibited by the effect each has on the end product. Fiber strength is more important for open-end than ring spinning. The development of agronomically acceptable cotton cultivars possessing high tensile strength will be a slow and deliberate process. Certain genetic associations exist which will slow the developmental process. Data indicate that the combination of high fiber strength with other favorable agronomic characteristics is being achieved.
Electrodynamic Behavior of Textile Fibers1
Authors: Weiss Louis C.
Published: March 2008

Investigations have shown that electrostatic charge, usually an undesirable attri bute, has the potential of being beneficial in textile processing. A set of parallel electrodes insulated from each other and connected to a poly-phase AC power source sets up an electrical field of non-uniform travelling waves which exerts a dynamic force on a charged particulate and fibrous material. When this device, known as an "electric curtain," is encased in plastic the system becomes an "electric contact curtain" or "electric panel." The electric panel can charge, levitate, and transport materials placed on its surface. These actions occur as if the material is on an invisible conveyor whose direction and speed are under remote control. The movements are readily accomplished with inexpensive and standard equipment and are especially effective when applied to materials approaching a point-mass. Results are reported on the more difficult task of simultaneously charging, levitating, and transporting different types of fibers. The effectiveness of these actions is studied using electrodes or grids encased in four different plastics. A number of natural and manmade fibers of importance in textiles are evaluated. Based on the relative activity of each type of fiber, a triboelectric series is determined. Such effects as the panel's grid spacing, the fiber's length, and the moisture regain of the materials are also evaluated.
Improvements in Wool Scouring to Conserve Energy and Water Use in Process'
Authors: Masri M. Sid
Published: March 2008

Preliminary results of cooperative research on industrial continuous process scour ing to conserve energy and materials and to control pollution are discussed. Procedural changes are effective in reducing fuel, water, and detergent by about 25, 32, and 36% respectively, without adverse effects on the scoured wool. Grease recovery is also improved.
Fire Retardance Treatment of Fabrics for the 80s: Smolder Resistant Cotton Treated with Boric Acid
Authors: Baitinger William F.
Published: March 2008

Laboratory scale demonstrations have shown that cotton fabrics and battings that were treated with boric acid had excellent smolder resistance in upholstery composites when exposed to cigarette ignition. The results presented in this paper illustrate a reduction to practice using trimethylborate vapor as a chemical precursor to boric acid by Cotton Incorporated and a cooperator mill of a developmental, pilot operation of this technology.

Details examined in the paper include requirements for a means of delivering methylborate to fabric in a dynamic system, chemistry and kinetics of the formation of boric acid, and equilibrated moisturization of fabric to ensure proper and complete reaction.
Durable-Press Performance of Fabric from Filament-Wrapped Cotton Yarn
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D.
Published: March 2008

The response to durable-press finishing of a plain weave fabric from polyester filament-wrapped twistless cotton yarn was explored. The actual textile properties and the balance of textile properties were compared to those of a conventional cotton printcloth from ring-spun yarn. The experimental fabric exhibited soft dimpling that distracted from durable-press appearance. Wrinkle recovery angles were near normal, and retentions of strength and abrasion resistance were higher than normal. Perfor mance is discussed in relation to the yarn structure.
Rapid-Cure Catalyst in Pad-Dry-Cure and Low Wet-Pickup Durable Press Finishing
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Marquette Yvonne B.
Published: March 2008

Low wet-pickup durable press finishing was combined with a rapid-cure catalyst (Al (OH) Cl 2) to demonstrate a system for conserving energy. Low wet-pickup was accomplished by fogging. Good wrinkle recovery and durable press ratings were accomplished in 20 s at 163°C on cotton and polyster/cotton fabrics while maintaining breaking and tearing strength values equivalent to those obtained in the conventional pad, dry, and cure process using dihydroxethyleneurea and magnesium chloride.
Formaldehyde Finishing
Authors: Jones Brian W. , Turner John D. , Snyder Lee G. , Luparello Diane O.
Published: March 2008

Although formaldehyde has many advantages as a crosslinking agent, including low chemical cost and high finish durability, formaldehyde processes are notorious for lack of control, high strength loss of treated cotton, and excessive fumes around the treating range. This paper describes attempts to develop techniques that suffer less from these deficiencies. The first experiments were aimed at developing a version of the gaseous formaldehyde/sulfur dioxide process, hitherto successfully used on garments only, for continuous processing of fabric. This led to comparisons of different means of applying formaldehyde and catalysts, both in gaseous form and in aqueous solutions. The preferred systems proved to be based on application of aqueous formaldehyde at very low wet pickup, with one of a variety of catalysts.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of the Permanganate/Salt Shrinkproofing Treatment of Wool
Authors: Tester D.H. , Makinson K. Rachel
Published: March 2008

A number of combinations of staining and embedding procedures have been investigated to determine which are the most suitable for TEM studies of oxidatively shrinkproofed wool fibers. The site of attack on the wool fibers by the KMnO4/salt shrinkproofing treatment, as applied in the laboratory, was found to be the scale tips. The histochemistry of the various staining reactions is discussed.
The Role of Electrolytes in the Cationic Dye-Acrylic Fiber System
Authors: Longo Maria Luisa , Sciotto Domenico , Torre Michele
Published: March 2008

Dyeing rates and sorption isotherms were measured for Basic Red 29 on acrylic fiber in the presence of various electrolytes. The amount of the dye uptake is markedly influenced by the type of the cation, decreasing with increasing size of the ion. The tetrabutylammonium chloride appears to be a strong competitor for dye cation, being much more effective than the alkali metal cations. Moreover, various parameters are operative when different ions are present in the dyebath. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms can adequately be described by the Langmuir-type equation.
Readily-Extracted Proteins from Merino Wool
Authors: Leeder John D. , Marshall Robert C.
Published: March 2008

Treatments of wool with either formic acid or 50% aqueous propanol are known to increase abrasion resistance. The proteins extracted by these treatments have been characterized by amino acid analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea at pH 2.6 and 8.9, and in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). SDS electrophoretic mobilities of the proteins indicated that they have molecular weights below 10,000. The proteins solubilized by propanol contained large amounts of glycine, the aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine), and serine, and a moderate amount of half-cystine. They are shown to be Type I high-tyrosine proteins, possibly derived from the matrix of the cortex. On the other hand, the fraction extracted with formic acid contained virtually no half-cystine and a large amount of glutamic acid, as well as glycine, serine, and the aromatic amino acids, and possibly originated in the cell membrane complex.
Modification of Cotton by Radiofrequency Plasma of Ammonia
Authors: Ward T.L. , Benerito R.R.
Published: March 2008

Cotton printcloth was treated with low-temperature, low-pressure ammonia plasma created by passing ammonia gas through a radiofrequency (rf) electric field of 13.56 MHz. Fabrics were exposed to the plasma for 3600 s. Pressure was maintained at 150 μm Hg and rf power at 40 W. Samples located between the electrodes lost additional weight over that caused by removal of moisture under reduced pressure. Material that was insoluble in cupriethylenediamine was formed in the cotton fibers. Cross sections of these fibers resembled those of conventionally crosslinked cotton cellulose in that they resisted layering. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and multiple internal-reflectance spectroscopy (MIR) showed addition of nitrogen and suggested an amide structure. Free radical sites that produced chemiluminescence were formed. Comparison of ESR spectra with those obtained previously with rf plasmas led to the conclusion that glucoside bonds were broken to form activated carbonyls. The irradiated fabric exhibited a modest increase in conditioned wrinkle recovery with no change in wet recovery.
The Effect of Pad-Bath pH and Storage Period on the Hydrolysis of DMDHEU
Authors: Beck K.R. , Pasad D.M.
Published: March 2008

The effect of pad-bath pH and storage of padded fabric on hydrolysis of DMDHEU has been investigated using aqueous liquid chromatography. The study showed that hydrolysis of DMDHEU during storage of the padded fabric is dependent more on the pH of the pad-bath than on the storage period. The hydrolysis of DMDHEU to MMDHEU is accelerated above pH 6, and at pH 9 subsequent hydrolysis of MMDHEU to DHEU occurs. At pH 10 the rate of hydrolysis of DMDHEU and MMDHEU is very high, relative to the rales at lower pH values, and even DHEU decomposes to unidentified products at this high pH. At pH 3-6 little hydrolysis of DMDHEU on padded fabric is detected, even after 55 days.
A Study of Hairiness and Diameter of Open-End Yarn Processed Through Single- and Double-Cylinder Carding Machines and Its Comparison with Ring Yarn
Authors: Sirang Yang , Dinfon Gou , Behery Hassan M.
Published: March 2008

An investigation was made on the hairiness and diameter of ring and open-end (OE) yarns processed through single- and double-cylinder carding machines. Yarn hairiness was measured with a photoelectric tester designed by the East China College of Textile Technology. When the length and the number of frequency distributions of hairs of both yarns were measured, three conclusions were reached: 1) the total and average length of hairs and the percentage of extremely short and long hairs of OE yarns are both greater than those of ring yarns; 2) Hairiness of OE yarns processed through single- or double-cylinder carding machines is of nearly the same value in both total and average length but differs significantly in coefficient of variation; 3) the between-bobbin coefficient of variation of the hairiness of OE yarn is greater than that of ring yarn, but there is no great difference in the within-bobbin coefficients of variation of the hairiness of these two yarns.

The diameter of OE yarn processed through the double-cylinder carding machine is about 2% smaller than that of yarn processed with the single-cylinder carding machine, which is not very significant. OE yarn has a lower coefficient of variation in diameter than ring yarn. The within-bobbin coefficient of variation in diameter of either OE yarn or ring yarn is higher than its between-bobbin coefficient of variation.
The Effect of Wash Temperature on Removal of Particulate and Oily Soil from Fabrics of Varying Fiber Content
Authors: Morris M.A. , Prato H.H.
Published: March 2008

In the laundry process relatively high wash temperatures have traditionally been used for optimum soil removal. The use of lower wash temperatures could result in a substantial reduction in the amount of energy used in laundering. One of the purposes of this study was to determine soil removal at a range of wash temperatures with detergents of different formulations from cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester fabrics. A second purpose was to evaluate the use of x-ray fluorescence analysis as a quantitative measure for determining particulate soil removal from fabrics. The samples were soiled by application of clay and either unlabeled or doubly-labeled synthetic sebum. Removal of oily soil was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the samples. Clay removal was measured by x-tay fluorescence analyses of iron and silicon, and overall soil removal was measured by changes in reflectance. Both clay and oily soil appeared to be best removed from cotton fabrics by higher wash temperatures. Low wash temperatures were best in removing the nonpolar fraction (triolein) of oily soil from polyester. Use of phosphate-built anionic detergents generally resulted in better soil removal than other types, regardless of wash temperature. Wash temperatures as low as 10°C gave acceptable soil-removal levels. Iron content varied with clay-particle size, thus silicon was the preferred indicator of clay content of fabrics.
Energy Conservation Techniques in Durable Press Finishing
Authors: Pensa Ildo E. , Sello Stephen B.
Published: March 2008

Durable press performance is imparted to cellulosic and cellulose-containing substances by the formation of crosslinks between adjacent cellulose chains. The most widely accepted crosslinking methods are treatments with amide-formaldehyde resins using sequential pad/dry/heat cure techniques. Energy conservation is achieved by selecting the appropriate resin/catalyst system to complete the crosslinking by a rapid, single stage dry/cure cycle. As a result, durable press performance is attained without the undesirable drawbacks of single-end reacted sites such as chlorine retention, reduced durability of the finish, and increased release of formaldehyde. Such a rapid cure system can be coupled with low moisture pick-up application techniques to reduce the evaporative heat load.
A Physico-Chemical Study of the Supercontraction of Spider Major Ampullate Silk Fibers
Authors: Work Robert W. , Morosoff Nicholas
Published: March 2008

Methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol do not radially swell or produce supercontrac tion (SC) of spider major ampullate silk fibers. Their aqueous solutions do so at rates associated with water concentrations, but produce no levels of SC ratios other than those expected of water Itself. Saturated aqueous solutions of NaSCN and LiBr produce swelling and lowered birefringences of axially restrained fibers. On unre strained fibers NaSCN produces further SC. After SC, the wetted fibers can be stretched to their original lengths, and on drying they are in a stable state from which further SC and re-stretching cycles can be repeated. On both unrestrained major and minor ampullate fibers, LiBr causes irreversible gellation. X-ray diffraction measure ments show that the crystallite unit cell rotates due to macro distortion during SC, but is otherwise unchanged. The suggestion is that water ruptures hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxy groups, in the anti-parallel rippled sheet model of silk, to produce radial swelling and allow SC. The internal axial retractive force present in the wetted fibers, which is the driving force for SC, provides axial tension in the restrained condition and in turn prevents access to LiBr, which in the unrestrained condition brings about gellation.
Crease-Resistance Treatments of Cotton Fabrics with Non-Formaldehyde Crosslinking Agents
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: March 2008

Various types of non-formaldehyde crosslinking agents for cotton fabrics were studied. Glyoxal, polyacetal, bis-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone, propylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and glyoxal adducts of urea and its derivatives were used as crosslinkers. Two crosslinking agents, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-dimethyleneurea and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-bis- (β-hydroxyethyl) ethyleneurea were the most promising ones for practical use among the many investigated.
Foam Finishing Technology
Authors: Baker Karlo L. , Bryant George M. , Camp Jesse G. , Kelsey W. Brice
Published: March 2008

The foam finishing technology (FFT) process is a novel application system for treating porous substrates with foamed chemicals at very low wet pickups. It involves the use of a rapidly-breaking low-density foam or froth as the delivery medium for finishing chemicals, precise metering and flow control for delivery of foam to the substrate, pressure-driven impregnation of the foam into the substrate, and an applicator system designed to allow uniform high-speed application and collapse of the foam in a single step. The semi-stable foam is necessary to get spontaneous foam collapse and spreading though the substrate, and is in contrast to stable foams specified in various foam coating processes normally requiring a separate step to break and distribute the foam through the textile material. An analysis of variables in the FFT process is presented. Manipulation and precise control of the key variables make possible the exceptional versatility of the process in applying a wide variety of chemical agents to substrates ranging from lofty to paperlike nonwovens. A production case history of the introduction and evolution of uses of the FFT applicator system in finishing corduroy, bottom weight, and industrial uniform fabrics is presented. Use of a dual head/dual feed FFT applicator allows sequential application of resin and softener to the face pile and hand builder/binder to the back of corduroy without an intervening drying step. Wet-on-wet applications are also run with excellent add-on control. Process savings from reduced energy consumption, higher chemical efliciency, and increased production rates are documented to illustrate the rapid pay-back on investment in the FFT applicator system. Most significant is the improved fabric quality evident from the greater loft and desirable handle of FFT-treated goods.
Electron Microscopical Analysis. of Oily Soil Penetration into Cotton and Polyester/Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Obendorf S. Kay , Klemash Nancy A.
Published: March 2008

A method was developed for microscopical analysis of oily soils on fiber surfaces and in the fiber structure. Triolein, an unsaturated triglyceride which is a dominant consituent of human sebum, was applied to cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics with durable press finishes. Osmium tetroxide was used to label the triolein by reaction with the double bond. Backscattered electron imaging and electron beam X-ray microanalyses were used to study the location of the oil in the interfiber capillaries within yarns and in the fiber structure after 5, 10, and 15 soil-age-wash cycles.

Large amounts of residual triolein accumulated in the interfiber capillaries within the yarns. Cotton fibers also entrapped oil in the crevices of fibers that had bean- shaped cross sections and in the lumen. Retention of oily soil by cotton fibers was thus highly dependent on fiber maturity. For polyester fibers, no triolein was ob served in the interior region of the fiber, although there were large quantities of residual oil on the fiber surfaces.

A powdered detergent containing carbonate and zeolite builders cleaned fiber surfaces better than an unbuilt, liquid laundry detergent. Less residual triolein remained in the interfiber capillaries of cotton fabrics after laundry treatments using longer wash time, increased mechanical action, and a higher concentration of detergent. Treating with a prewash product containing an organic solvent re moved oil from the interfiber capillaries and the crevices of the cotton fibers. Oil in the lumen of the cotton fibers was partially removed by a prewash product followed by laundering, and completely removed by extraction with an organic solvent.
Stabilization of Bulk in Nylon Carpet Yarns Using Radiation Curable Resins
Authors: Gupta B.S. , Greene J.D. , Walsh W.K.
Published: March 2008

Low viscosity, radiation-curable resins were applied to textured nylon continuous filament yarn and polymerized to give deposits that stabilized the yarn with respect to mechanical removal of bulk. Scanning electron microscope studies of single yarns, along with mechanical measurements in tension and lateral compression, were made for a resin system giving a rigid coating and an oligomer system giving a soft elastic coating. Carpets whose face yarns had been treated in this manner underwent an apparent increase in pile height. Increases in fiber bending rigidity and interfiber bonding caused increases in crimp removal forces which, in turn, caused an apparent increase in bulk of yarn, giving a feeling of increased richness and luxuriousness. A new parameter, "sensible thickness," is introduced and defined as the difference in height, in a compression test, between a reference point, at which the yarn is first felt, and the point at which it becomes completely compressed. This parameter, which should be related to carpet luxuriousness, was shown to be influenced by crimp stabilization conferred by various types and levels of polymer treatments.
Influence of Ammonia on Some Chemical Properties of Wool
Authors: Stelmasiak Ewa , Wlochowicz Andrzej
Published: March 2008

Changes in wool chemical structure due to the effects of ammonia were studied. Tests of urea-sulfite and alkaline solubility and analysis of amino acid composition, infrared spectra, and degree of yellowing showed the different mechanisms of re action to 100% liquid or gaseous ammonia and aqueous ammonia solutions.
Modifying Wear Life of All-Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Raheel Mastura , Lien Maureen Dever
Published: March 2008

The modifying effects of liquid ammonia as a final finishing treatment and as a pretreatment for durable press finish on wear performance of all-cotton broadcloth were investigated. Abrasion resistance and appearance retention were taken as indicators of wear life. Abrasion was monitored by Stoll flex abrasion in dry and wet conditions and repeated laundering. Abrasion resistance was assessed from residual breaking strength and elongation-at-break behavior of fabrics, whereas wrinkle recovery, dimensional stability, and whiteness retention gave a measure of appearance retention qualities. Liquid ammonia improved the tensile strength and Stoll flex abrasion in dry condition, as well as dimensional stability of cotton broad cloth. As a pretreatment for durable press finish, liquid ammonia significantly improved abrasion resistance, tensile strength retention, wrinkle recovery, and di mensional stability in cotton broadcloth relative to durable press treatment by itself.
Changes in Cross-Sectional Dimensions of Cotton Fibers on Crosslinking and on Subsequent Wetting
Authors: Hussain G.F.S. , Petkar B.M. , Iyer K.R. Krishna , Patil N.B.
Published: March 2008

Changes in cross-sectional dimensions of cotton fibers resulting from crosslinking treatments were studied. One variety of cotton, Sujata, was subjected to crosslinking in dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and in formaldehyde to different add-on levels. The changes in cross-sectional area and perimeter due to crosslinking, as well as the changes in these dimensions resulting from subsequent wetting, were measured. The results were discussed in the light of available information on fiber morphology and the nature of crosslinking reactions.
A Mixed Flow Thermal Transmittance Tester for Textiles
Authors: Hassenboehler C.B. , Vigo T.L.
Published: March 2008

A laboratory instrument is described that measures thermal transmittance of textiles under a mixed flow state of free convection. The apparatus uses solid state heat flow transducers situated on large flat plate heat sinks that are critically spaced, guarded, and temperature-regulated. A distinctive state of heat transfer is produced for which the ratio of the total transmittance to the conductive heat flow is constant. This controlled, natural convection feature makes it possible to standardize readily thermal transmittance results under defined free convective conditions. This mixed flow state is assumed to resemble actual convection of textiles encountered in use. The textile is placed between the hot and cold sinks, and heat and moisture transport, relative humidity, and air temperature are displayed on a real time basis using a microprocessor which converts millivolt output into the parameters mentioned. Thermal resistance versus fabric thickness relationships obtained with various in strument configurations are compared under different indoor environmental con ditions.
Endotoxin Content and Fiber Properties of Raw Cotton
Authors: Morey P.R. , Fischer J.J. , Sasser P.E.
Published: March 2008

The content of endotoxin was determined for 255 samples of 1979 crop, American upland raw cotton derived from seven grade divisions and five color groups. A bale of raw cotton from the better white grades contained less than one gram ofendotoxin, whereas tinged and yellow stained cottons were found to have five or more grams of this microbial material. Fiber yellowness was significantly and positively correlated with endotoxin content of representative raw cottons from the Southwest. By con trast, the endotoxin content of representative cottons from all other major geo graphical regions was significantly and inversely correlated with fiber maturity. For the 1979 crop there was an absence of significant differences in endotoxin levels among representative sample groups from five major U.S.A. growing regions.
Dust Released by Repetitive Cleaning with the Cotton Particulates Analyzer
Authors: Montalvo J.G. , Delbca L.B.
Published: March 2008

The dust release characteristics of the Southern Regional Research Center's cotton particulates analyzer were studied as a function of repetitive cleaning. Dust released during initial cleaning stages originated primarily from particulate foreign matter in the cotton. Extensive mechanical-pneumatic recleaning resulted in a constant amount of dust released with each successive purification. This steady state mass of observed dust was independent of the particulate burden in the cotton and prob ably originated from fiber fragmentation. Zero cotton dust emission does not appear feasible with mechanical cleaning if only a portion of the dust can be removed from the cotton before a point is reached at which the cleaning produces additional dust due to fiber breakage.
Contributions of Binder and Fiber to Nonwoven Properties
Authors: Besso M.M. , Gillberg G.E. , Stuetz D.E.
Published: March 2008

The contributions of web construction, fiber, binder and interfacial properties. and binder distribution to nonwoven performance were studied. Some of these were found to have no effect on nonwoven strength but to affect modulus and hand. Although adhesive failure has often been regarded as the dominant failure mode. these observations show that the prevalent failure mode was due to the lack of binder cohesive strength. Addition of certain wetting agents, some of which are being used by nonwoven manufacturers, transferred the failure mode of a given binder-fiber combination into an adhesive one.
Effect of Air Permeability on Smoldering Characteristics of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics
Authors: Travers Emadene B. , Olsen Neva F.
Published: March 2008

Differences were determined in smoldering temperatures, smoldering times, char lengths, and char areas produced by nonfiltered cigarettes allowed to burn on selected upholstery fabrics of varying air permeability levels. Three cotton upholstery fabrics, each representing a different construction and weight range, were slit with a modified cutting die to produce three levels of air permeability for each fabric type. Cigarette tests using two substrate materials, fiberglass batting and polyurethane foam, pro duced highly significant smoldering temperature and time differences due to the effect of fabric, substrate, and thermocouple position. Air permeability level failed to produce significant differences in smoldering temperatures but produced highly significant smoldering time differences. The heaviest weight upholstery fabric with a complex construction smoldered at the lowest temperature for the longest time, and the lightest weight fabric with the least complex construction burned at the highest temperature for a shorter time. Polyurethane foam consistently burned lon ger at a higher temperature than did the fiberglass batting. Air permeability level did not yield significant char length or char area differences.
Behavior of Loose Fibrous Beds During Centrifuging
Authors: Hearne E.R. , Nossar M.S.
Published: March 2008

A relationship between the bulk density and the compressive force within a bed of loose fibers rotating inside a centrifuge is derived. The relationship is the same as the one for compressing loose fibrous assemblies with a piston in a vertically mounted cylinder, using an Instron tester. The value of empirical constants in the relationship for a particular type of fiber is practically identical in both cases.
Load-Deformation Behavior of Two-Dimensional Crimped Filaments
Authors: Gupta D.K. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: March 2008

A theoretical analysis is presented of the load-elongation behavior of a crimped filament, whose axes lie in a two-dimensional plane. The crimp shapes considered are ideal and very closely related to those produced by some texturing processes.

A second order nonlinear differential equation describes the deformed shape of the crimped filament, which is subjected to a terminal load in its axial direction. Numerical solution of the equation uses Maclaurin's series. The analysis describes the deformed shape and the load-elongation behavior of two-dimensional crimps. such as zigzag, gear-tooth, semicircular, and knit-de-knit crimps.

The theoretical analysis is verified experimentally by heat setting polyester and nylon 6 monofilaments in zigzag and gear-tooth crimps of different amplitudes and wavelengths. The values obtained from the theoretical analysis have excellent cor relation with the experimental results.
Comparison of Medium and Long Term Irregularities in Ring Spun and Open End Spun Yarns
Authors: Rakshit A.K. , Balasubramanian N.
Published: March 2008

The medium and long term irregularities in ring spun and open end (OE) spun yarns are compared. The medium term irregularity was measured by an inert test in an Uster Evenness Tester using different material speeds, and long term irregu larity was assessed using the cut and weigh method. The results show that not only short and medium term irregularity but also long term irregularity are brought down substantially in OE spinning. This leads to the significant conclusion that the ir regularity added in a ring spinning system comes not only from drafting waves but also from other causes which are absent in OE spinning.
Chemically Texturizing Jute and Jute-Polypropylene Blended Yarns
Authors: Gupta N.P. , Majumdar A. , Bhattacharya G.K. , Sur D. , Roy D.
Published: March 2008

Both all-jute and jute-polypropylene blended yarns were chemically texturized by treating the yarns in 18% w/w sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature. As a result of chemical texturizing, both all-jute and jute-polypropylene blended yarns experienced increases in available air space and breaking elongation. Increase in available air space signified increase in bulk, while increase in breaking elongation signified increase in the stretch of the yams. Incorporation of polypropylene not only resulted in higher bulk and stretch of the texturized yarns but also facilitated its preferential migration to the surface of the yarns during texturizing. The bulk of the texturized jute-polypropylene blended yarn was even greater than that of all- wool yarn spun out of coarse Indian Chokla wool. But the breaking elongation of all-wool yarn was higher and the uniformity of its diameter was better than those of texturized jute-polypropylene yarn having a blend proportion, jute to polypro pylene, of 80 to 20. All-jute and jute-polypropylene blended yarns suffered appre ciable drops in tenacity when they were chemically texturized, but even then, the tenacities of these texturized yarns were greater than that of all-wool yarn. Moreover, wet/dry tenacity ratios of these texturized yarns were much superior to that of all- wool yarn.
Fluoroaromatic Ethers of Cotton
Authors: Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2008

The reactions of cotton with pentafluorobenzoic acid and pentafluorobenzamide under basic conditions to yield 4-substituted tetrafluorophenyl ethers of cellulose are described. Decarboxylation of the carboxy tetrafluorophenyl cellulose to give 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl cellulose also has been accomplished. Properties of these cellulose derivatives were determined with special emphasis on radiation resistance.
Particle Size Distribution of Submicron Cotton Dust Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Netravali A.N. , Tucker P.A. , Hersh S.P.
Published: March 2008

The particle size distribution (PSD) of dust generated while processing cotton on a card and collected on grid substrates by free settling was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dust was collected in a model card room imme diately after stopping the card, as well as when the card was in operation. The air circulation conditions in the room were varied by shutting off, either together or individually, the lint capture system, the air conditioner, and the electrostatic pre cipitator along with the card. Grids were also charged to a potential of 5000 volts, both positively and negatively, to discern the effects of charging on PSD and col lection efficiency. The average particle size of cotton dust collected by this technique was much smaller than that previously measured on dust collected on filters and observed with light or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The higher resolution of TEM revealed a new lower diameter distribution of cotton dust with a mean diameter of approximately 0.09 μm. Previous SEM studies suggested, but could not verify, the existence of this additional distribution of lower mean diameter.
Dyeing of Alkali Swollen and Alkali Swollen Solvent Exchanged Cotton with a Reactive Dye
Authors: Chavan R.B. , Subramanian A.
Published: March 2008

An attempt was made to dye alkali swollen and alkali swollen solvent exchanged cotton with a C.I. Reactive Blue 5 dye from the mixture of dimethylformamide and various nonpolar solvents. At a suitable dimethylformamide-nonpolar solvent ratio and alkali concentration used for cotton pre-swelling, it was possible to get 100% dye bath exhaustion and dye fixation as high as 77%. The dyeability of cotton was dependent on the dielectric constant of the nonpolar solvent and its absence in the internal liquid phase closely associated with the fiber as demonstrated by the im bibition values.
Dependence of Stiffness and Strength of Cotton Fibers on Crystallite Orientation
Authors: Moharir A.V. , Vijayraghavan K.M. , Panda B.C. , Gupta V.B.
Published: March 2008

Twenty-four varieties each of Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium arboreum species from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute's farms at New Delhi and its substation at Sirsa, respectively, were studied for their bundle strength on a Pressley strength tester using zero gauge length and for crystallite orientation using X-ray diffraction. The crystallite orientation was expressed in terms of 40% and 50% angles and the Hermans orientation factor; from the latter an average orientation angle α m was computed. Correlations between bundle strength and these orientation parameters were calculated.
Behavior of Loose Fibrous Beds During Centrifuging
Authors: Hearne E.R. , Nossar M.S.
Published: March 2008

A relationship between the local and the average fiber bulk density and the fiber and centrifuging parameters is derived for both dry and wet fibrous beds subjected to centrifuging. Within the range of variables investigated, denser portions of the fibrous bed retain greater quantities of surface moisture.
Determining Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibers in Blends by Using N,N-Dimethylformamide or N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Authors: Flor Richard V. , Prager Manfred J.
Published: March 2008

An extensive survey of fibers has demonstrated that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25° is suitable for quantitative analysis by selectively dissolving acrylic and modacrylic fibers in blended fabrics. Rayon triacetate is the only other common fiber dissolved by 2-6 hours of treatment at 25 °C. The effect of time, temperature, sample size, and water content in DMF are reported. A brief survey of fibers tested indicates that N,N-dimethylacetamide would also be suitable at 25° and 17 hours.
Dynamics, Air Drag, and Orientation Development in the Spunbonding Process for Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Chin Hung Chen  , White James L. , Spruiell Joseph E. , Goswami Bhuvenesh C.
Published: March 2008

A laboratory apparatus for investigating the spunbonding process is described. Filaments emerging from a spinneret are drawn by high velocity air moving through an aspirator. The dynamics of the process are specified and the air drag is experi mentally determined. Friction factor/Reynolds number relationships are developed for the aspirator and contrasted to the other fiber air drag correlations in the lit erature. Birefringence and WAXS measurements were performed on polypropylene fibers produced in this manner. Hermans-Stein orientation factors fa+, fb, and fc were correlated with spinline stress and agree with the experimental relationships in the literature for traditionally melt spun polypropylene fibers.
Chemical Profiling of Washed and Mechanically Cleaned Cotton
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Montalvo Joseph G. , Baril Albert
Published: March 2008

Cotton samples were analyzed after water washing or mechanical cleaning to com pare the effects of such processes on chemical content of the bulk cotton. Water extracts of the samples were analyzed for organic carbon content by measuring total organic carbon and for ionizable species by measuring conductance. Total solids content and pH of the extracts were also determined before and after washing or cleaning. The level of noncellulosic organic compounds in the bulk samples was evaluated by extraction of the cotton samples with 2-amiftoethanot. The effect of washing and cleaning on volatiles evolved from the bulk samples was compared by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry measurements. All analyses of water extracts showed only slight changes after mechanical cleaning on a Shirley Analyzer, while large decreases in all values were found after water washing. Analyses of water extracts of cottons washed in the laboratory gave results close to those obtained on a "medical grade" cotton.
Effect of Gin Machinery and Moisture on Fine Dust in Cotton
Authors: Columbus Eugene P. , Stanley Anthony W.
Published: March 2008

The influence of specific items of gin machinery and moisture on the fine dust content of ginned lint, nonlint content, and composite grade was investigated using eight cottons, six machines, and four levels of moisture content. Data from this study indicated that initial cotton conditions, gin machinery, and fiber moisture content each had a significant effect on the amount of fine dust remaining in the ginned lint, nonlint content, composite grade, trash grade, grayness, and yellowness. Generally, this investigation showed that fine dust in ginned lint decreased as composite grade and the level of lint cleaning increased and the fine dust decreased as the moisture content during processing decreased. Also, the fine dust content for a specific bale of cotton cannot be satisfactorily estimated from measurements currently made on lint such as composite grade, nonlint content, and high volume instrument mea surements.
An Improved SRRC No-Twist Yarn System
Authors: Salaun Harold L. , Louis Gain L.
Published: March 2008

Progress has continued on the SRRC no-twist yam system since the work was originally announced at the 1979 Natural Fibers Textile Conference. Various me chanical modifications that have allowed the production rate to reach 1.5 m/second (100 yards/minute) are discussed. Yam properties of no-twist yarns made from three different staple length cottons at varying production rates are compared to ring spun and open-end yarns from the same cottons. These results show that the no-twist yams compare favorably in uniformity and grade, but are weaker with lower elongation than the ring or open-end yams. Properties for knitted jersey fabrics from selected no-twist yarns compare favorably with ring and open-end fabrics. Work is continuing on the experimental no-twist yarn system.
Use of Aluminum or Titanium Compounds to Bind Antibacterial Agents to Cotton Fabric
Authors: Morris Cletus E. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2008

Solutions of Al2(OH) 5Cl, tetraisopropyl titanate, or a titanium chelate were used to bind organic antibacterial agents to cotton fabric. Fabric was treated with one of the metal compounds and oxytetracycline, tetracycline, or pyrithione (1-hydroxy-2- pyridinethione), in the same bath or separate baths, by conventional pad-cure pro cedures. At least one such process using each antibacterial agent served to give the fabric excellent bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Some of the fabrics treated with one of the tetracyclines still completely inhibited bacterial growth after twenty launderings. Processes using titanium compounds were less satisfactory than those using Al 2(OH)5Cl because of problems encountered during application to the fabric.
Foam Application of Phosphonium Salt Flame Retardants
Authors: Gregorian R.S. , Namboodri C.G. , Young R.E. , Baitinger W.F.
Published: March 2008

Applications of flame retardant treatments for cotton fabrics using foamed phos phonium salt precondensates are discussed. Examples of applications to cotton twill, jersey knit, flannel, interlock knits, and chambray are used to compare the pad/dry and foam techniques. Using criteria developed specifically for tubular jersey knits, a process for handling double layer fabrics for flame retardant treatments is revealed. While the data do not indicate significant improvements in finish utilization by the foam process, the predrying step can be eliminated and the study provides an alter native to padding and drying for maintaining the critical moisture and finish level on fabric by metering on the foamed finish.
Durable Press Performance and Reagent Distribution from Foam Application of DMDHEU
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D.
Published: March 2008

Textile properties of a special 30 × 30 Osnaburg-type fabric treated by foam ap plication of DMDHEU were studied in relation to durable press (DP) appearance rating and distribution of reagent residues in fabric samples. The foam treated fabrics were compared to a high uniformity DP fabric and to a DP fabric from conventional laboratory scale, pad-rapid-dry-cure treatment. The products from foam application of DMDHEU were generated under two sets of conditions designed to minimize migration and realize high uniformity of wicking and spreading of reagent liquor into fabric, and to realize near maximum economy in energy by minimization of wet pickup. Fabric performance, the distribution of reagent residues in the fabric, and, primarily, the interrelationship between distribution of reagent residues in fabric and fabric performance are considered and discussed in detail.
Optical Properties and Birefringence Phenomena in Fibers
Authors: Hamza A.A. , Abd El-Kader H.I.
Published: March 2008

The Becke-line method, the multiple-beam Fizeau fringes method in transmission to fibers, and the Pluta microscope measurements of optical properties of fibers are discussed. This study uses cellulose triacetate, cuperammonium, nylon, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
Energy Measurements on a Continuous Carpet Dyeing Range
Authors: Carr Wallace W. , Tincher Wayne C.
Published: March 2008

A study in which energy measurements were made on a continuous carpet dyeing range is discussed. One objective of the study was to determine the energy con sumption per mass of carpet dyed on a typical range. To achieve this, the two kinds of energy, thermal and electrical, that are consumed in the continuous process were measured on the range. A second objective of the investigation was to identify the energy conservation potential of each step of the continuous dyeing process. Mea surements were made so that thermal balances on the components of the Kuster Range could be generated.