bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunable photoluminescence of apatite phosphor Ca5.95−xSrxLa4(SiO4)2(PO4)4O2:0.05Eu2+ and its application in light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Yu Haojun , Xia Yufei , Liu Yan‐gai , Wang Baochen , Huang Zhaohui , Fang Minghao
Published: January 2019

A series of new apatite phosphors Ca5.95−xSrxLa4(SiO4)2(PO4)4O2:0.05Eu2+ (x = 0‐5.95) were prepared with the solid‐state method. The variations of the occupation rate and cell parameters were investigated in detail, demonstrating that the phosphors are pure phases and that the different occupation rates of La3+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ ions are due to the different electrostatic bond strengths. The reflectance and photoluminescence excitation spectra prove that the phosphors can be efficiently excited with near‐ultraviolet (n‐UV) light. The broad redshift (50 nm) in the photoluminescence spectra is attributed to the increase in the crystal field splitting when the Ca2+ ion is replaced by the larger Sr2+ ion. At 150°C, the obtained phosphors maintain an emission intensity of ~67%‐77% of that at room temperature (25°C), which indicates relatively the high performance of apatite phosphors in the temperature‐dependence experiment. Because of the substitution of the small Ca2+ ion by the large Sr2+ ion, the emission color changes from green to yellow. Finally, a series of self‐made light emitting diodes lamps were fabricated by coating the Ca5.95−xSrxLa4(SiO4)2(PO4)4O2:0.05Eu2+ phosphors with commercial blue and red phosphors on an n‐UV chip (λex = 370 nm). The self‐made white‐emitting lamps display a continuous changing correlated color temperature (4053‐9353 K) or commission international de L'eclairgae (from [0.29, 0.28] to [0.38, 0.37]), implying that the series apatite phosphors have great potential to meet the different requirements of applications.
Strategies to improve the efficiency of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for reversal of liver fibrosis
Authors: Hu Chenxia , Zhao Lingfei , Duan Jinfeng , Li Lanjuan
Published: January 2019

End‐stage liver fibrosis frequently progresses to portal vein thrombosis, formation of oesophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), when transplanted in vivo, migrate into fibrogenic livers and then differentiate into hepatocyte‐like cells or fuse with hepatocytes to protect liver function. Moreover, they can produce various growth factors and cytokines with anti‐inflammatory effects to reverse the fibrotic state of the liver. In addition, only a small number of MSCs migrate to the injured tissue after cell transplantation; consequently, multiple studies have investigated effective strategies to improve the survival rate and activity of MSCs for the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we intend to arrange and analyse the current evidence related to MSC transplantation in liver fibrosis, to summarize the detailed mechanisms of MSC transplantation for the reversal of liver fibrosis and to discuss new strategies for this treatment. Finally, and most importantly, we will identify the current problems with MSC‐based therapies to repair liver fibrosis that must be addressed in order to develop safer and more effective routes for MSC transplantation. In this way, it will soon be possible to significantly improve the therapeutic effects of MSC transplantation for liver regeneration, as well as enhance the quality of life and prolong the survival time of patients with liver fibrosis.
Masticatory behavior for different solid foods in preschool children according to their oral state
Authors: Linas Natacha , Peyron Marie‐Agnès , Hennequin Martine , Eschevins Caroline , Nicolas Emmanuel , Delfosse Caroline , Collado Valérie
Published: January 2019

Gradual introduction of solid foods in early childhood takes part in the maturation of mastication. The impact of any oral state alteration on food oral processing development is poorly documented for this age group. This study investigated the masticatory behavior in 3 to 6 year‐old children with or without early childhood caries (ECC) for three solid foods of different textures. Twenty‐one children with healthy oral state and 23 children with severe ECC were observed during complete mastication of calibrated samples of raw carrot, cheese and breakfast cereals. Food refusals and kinematic parameters (Ti: chewing time, Nc: number of cycles and Fq: chewing frequency) were used to assess children masticatory behavior. Oral Health‐related Quality of Life and orofacial dysfunctions were evaluated using, respectively the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) and the Nordic orofacial dysfunction test screening (NOT‐S). Children suffering from ECC exhibited significantly higher ECOHIS and NOT‐S scores, in particular for the mastication domain. Accordingly, lower chewing frequencies values were recorded in children with ECC (i.e., carrot Fq: 1.21 ± 0.20 vs 1.35 ± 0.22, p ≤ 0.01), as well as more frequent refusals for carrots. Kinematic parameters were shown to be repeatable in all children for successive samples of the same food, and tended to vary depending on the proposed food. Some masticatory behavior regulation according to food properties could already be present in preschool children. Children with ECC developed alternative behavioral strategies to overcome feeding difficulties. Further studies should investigate food bolus properties according to oral health, as well as nutritional issues.

Practical applications

During childhood, the way solid foods are processed in the oral cavity to be safely swallowed and then digested in available nutrients, is poorly documented. In this study, preschool children have been shown to repeatedly adapt their masticatory behavior to a given food. The collection of various food boli as recorded at the moment of swallowing could then be considered in further food bolus properties research investigations. Moreover, this study suggested that children with altered dentition modified their masticatory kinematic parameters and developed alternative strategies, including food or texture selection, to overcome their feeding difficulties. The development of a mastication evaluation protocol could help medical professionals to detect children masticatory deficiencies and then propose diet adaptations. Considering the importance of food diversity in mastication development and maturation, food industries may consider to develop a range of texture adapted foods for young children, especially designed to gradually rehabilitate the masticatory function.
Retrospective evaluation of clinical outcome after chemotherapy for lymphoma in 15 equids (1991‐2017)
Authors: Luethy Daniela , Frimberger Angela E. , Bedenice Daniela , Byrne Barbara S. , Groover Erin S. , Gardner Rachel B. , Lewis Trisha , MacDonald Valerie S. , Proctor‐Brown Lauren , Tomlinson Joy E. , Rassnick Kenneth M. , Johnson Amy L.
Published: January 2019

Background

Prognosis associated with lymphoma in horses is poorly characterized, and treatment is often palliative. Long‐term outcome after chemotherapy for horses with lymphoma is not well documented.

Objective

To report long‐term outcome of horses with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.

Animals

Fifteen equids.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Medical record search and call for cases on the ACVIM listserv for horses treated with chemotherapy for lymphoma.

Results

Fifteen cases with adequate data were identified. Complete remission was achieved in 5 horses (33.3%), partial response was achieved in 9 equids (60%), and stable disease was achieved in 1 horse. Overall response rate was 93.3% (14/15). Overall median survival time was 8 months (range, 1‐46 months). Nine horses experienced a total of 14 adverse effects attributable to chemotherapy. Adverse effects were graded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group common terminology criteria for adverse events grading system (grade 1 alopecia, n = 2; grade 1 neutropenia, n = 2; grade 1 lymphopenia, n = 3; grade 1 lethargy, n = 1; grade 2 neurotoxicity, n = 1; grade 2 colic, n = 1; grade 1 hypersensitivity, n = 1; grade 2 hypersensitivity, n = 2; grade 5 hypersensitivity, n = 1). Higher grade adverse effects most commonly were associated with doxorubicin administration (n = 4), including 1 horse that died 18 hours post‐administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Chemotherapy can be used successfully for treatment of horses with lymphoma. Adverse effects, most commonly mild, occurred in approximately two‐thirds of treated horses.
Quantification of adherens junction disruption and contiguous paracellular protein leak in human lung endothelial cells under septic conditions
Authors: Wang Lefeng , Chung Justin , Gill Sean E. , Mehta Sanjay
Published: January 2019

Objective

Sepsis is associated with dysfunction of MVEC resulting in organ edema and inflammation. VE‐cadherin, a component of MVEC adherens junctions, may be disrupted in sepsis. However, the direct connection between individual MVEC VE‐cadherin disruption and increased paracellular permeability is uncertain.

Methods

Human pulmonary MVEC were cultured on a biotin matrix and treated with cytomix, as a model of sepsis, vs PBS. MVEC permeability was assessed by trans‐MVEC monolayer leak of Oregon green 488‐conjugated avidin, which bound subcellular biotin to localize sites of paracellular leak. Leak was correlated with individual cell‐specific MVEC surface VE‐cadherin continuity by fluorescence microscopy.

Results

Cytomix treatment reduced total MVEC VE‐cadherin density, disrupted surface VE‐cadherin continuity, was associated with intercellular gap formation, and enhanced paracellular avidin leak. Cytomix‐induced MVEC paracellular avidin leak was strongly correlated temporally and was highly contiguous with focal MVEC surface VE‐cadherin disruption. Total cellular VE‐cadherin density was less strongly correlated with MVEC paracellular avidin leak and individual cell‐specific focal surface VE‐cadherin discontinuity.

Conclusions

These data support a mechanistic link between septic human lung MVEC VE‐cadherin disruption and contiguous paracellular protein leak, and will permit more detailed assessment of individual cell‐specific mechanisms of septic MVEC barrier dysfunction.
Synthetic developmental regulator MciZ targets FtsZ across Bacillus species and inhibits bacterial division
Authors: Araújo‐Bazán Lidia , Huecas Sonia , Valle Javier , Andreu David , Andreu José M.
Published: January 2019

Cell division in most bacteria is directed by FtsZ, a conserved tubulin‐like GTPase that assembles forming the cytokinetic Z‐ring and constitutes a target for the discovery of new antibiotics. The developmental regulator MciZ, a 40‐amino acid peptide endogenously produced during Bacillus subtilis sporulation, halts cytokinesis in the mother cell by inhibiting FtsZ. The crystal structure of a FtsZ:MciZ complex revealed that bound MciZ extends the C‐terminal β‐sheet of FtsZ blocking its assembly interface. Here we demonstrate that exogenously added MciZ specifically inhibits B. subtilis cell division, sporulation and germination, and provide insight into MciZ molecular recognition by FtsZ from different bacteria. MciZ and FtsZ form a complex with sub‐micromolar affinity, analyzed by analytical ultracentrifugation, laser biolayer interferometry and isothermal titration calorimetry. Synthetic MciZ analogs, carrying single amino acid substitutions impairing MciZ β‐strand formation or hydrogen bonding to FtsZ, show a gradual reduction in affinity that resembles their impaired activity in bacteria. Gene sequences encoding MciZ spread across genus Bacillus and synthetic MciZ slows down cell division in Bacillus species, including pathogenic Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. Moreover, B. subtilis MciZ is recognized by the homologous FtsZ from Staphylococcus aureus and inhibits division when it is expressed into S. aureus cells.
YpdA, a putative bacillithiol disulfide reductase, contributes to cellular redox homeostasis and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mikheyeva Irina V. , Thomas Jason M. , Kolar Stacey L. , Corvaglia Anna‐Rita , Gaϊa Nadia , Leo Stefano , Francois Patrice , Liu George Y. , Rawat Mamta , Cheung Ambrose L.
Published: January 2019

The intracellular redox environment of Staphylococcus aureus is mainly buffered by bacillithiol (BSH), a low molecular weight thiol. The identity of enzymes responsible for the recycling of oxidized bacillithiol disulfide (BSSB) to the reduced form (BSH) remains elusive. We examined YpdA, a putative bacillithiol reductase, for its role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. The ypdA mutant showed increased levels of BSSB and a lower bacillithiol redox ratio vs. the isogenic parent, indicating a higher level of oxidative stress within the bacterial cytosol. We showed that YpdA consumed NAD(P)H; and YpdA protein levels were augmented in response to stress. Wild type strains overexpressing YpdA showed increased tolerance to oxidants and electrophilic agents. Importantly, YpdA overexpression in the parental strain caused an increase in BSH levels accompanied by a decrease in BSSB concentration in the presence of stress, resulting in an increase in bacillithiol redox ratio vs. the vector control. Additionally, the ypdA mutant exhibited decreased survival in human neutrophils (PMNs) as compared with the parent, while YpdA overexpression protected the resulting strain from oxidative stress in vitro and from killing by human neutrophils ex vivo. Taken together, these data present a new role for YpdA in S. aureus physiology and virulence through the bacillithiol system.
Antifungal susceptibility of yeast bloodstream isolates collected during a 10‐year period in Austria
Authors: Beyer Reinhard , Spettel Kathrin , Zeller Iris , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Achleitner Dagmar , Krause Robert , Apfalter Petra , Buzina Walter , Strauss Joseph , Gregori Christa , Schüller Christoph , Willinger Birgit
Published: January 2019

Background

Candida‐associated infections put a significant burden on western healthcare systems. Development of (multi‐)resistant fungi can become untreatable and threaten especially vulnerable target groups, such as the immunocompromised.

Objectives

We assessed antifungal susceptibility and explored possible influence factors of clinical Candida isolates collected from Austrian hospitals between 2007 and 2016.

Methods

Thousand three hundred and sixty clinical Candida spp. isolated from blood cultures were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) in a liquid‐handling aided continuous microdilution assay. We tested against fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, isavuconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin according to EUCAST with additional recording of growth curves. We performed rigid quality control on each assay via growth curve assessment and included two standard reference strains. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were quantified according to EUCAST guideline E.DEF 7.3.1, and susceptibility was evaluated using EUCAST clinical breakpoints.

Results

The isolate collection consisted of Candida albicans (59%), C. glabrata (19%), C. parapsilosis (9%), C. tropicalis (5%) and C. krusei (3%) and few other Candida species and fungi (5%). During the observed time period, species abundance and antifungal resistance rates remained constant. Multi‐resistance was rare and we found no single isolate which was resistant to both azoles and echinocandins. Within the antifungal resistance profile of our strain collection, we observed clusters along species boundaries.

Conclusions

Over the last decade, the distribution of Candida species and its level of antifungal resistance remained constant in Austria. Our data compare well with other European countries. Principal component analysis of the susceptibility profile of this collection revealed species‐specific clusters and substantial intra‐species variation, especially for C. glabrata.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of PDGFRβ expression in pericytes and glial scar formation in penetrating brain injuries in adults
Authors: Reeves C. , Pradim‐Jardim A. , Sisodiya S. M. , Thom M. , Liu J. Y. W.
Published: January 2019

Aims

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of reactive cell types following brain injury is important for future therapeutic interventions. We have previously used penetrating cortical injuries following intracranial recordings as a brain repair model to study scar‐forming nestin‐expressing cells. We now explore the relationship between nestin‐expressing cells, PDGFRβ+ pericytes and Olig2+ glia, including their proliferation and functional maturation.

Methods

In 32 cases, ranging from 3 to 461 days post injury (dpi), immunohistochemistry for PDGFRβ, nestin, GFAP, Olig2, MCM2, Aquaporin 4 (Aq4), Glutamine Synthetase (GS) and Connexin 43 (Cx43) was quantified for cell densities, labelling index (LI) and cellular co‐expression at the injury site compared to control regions.

Results

PDGFRβ labelling highlighted both pericytes and multipolar parenchymal cells. PDGFRβ LI and PDGFRβ+/MCM2+ cells significantly increased in injury Zones at 10–13 dpi with migration of pericytes away from vessels with increased co‐localization of PDGRFβ with nestin compared to control regions (P < 0.005). Olig2+/MCM2+ cell populations peaked at 13 dpi with significantly higher cell densities at injury sites than in control regions (P < 0.01) and decreasing with dpi (P < 0.05). Cx43 LI was reduced in acute injuries but increased with dpi (P < 0.05) showing significant cellular co‐localization with nestin and GFAP (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001) but not PDGFRβ.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that PDGFRβ+ and Olig2+ cells contribute to the proliferative fraction following penetrating brain injuries, with evidence of pericyte migration. Dynamic changes in Cx43 in glial cell types with dpi suggest functional alterations during temporal stages of brain repair.
Short Review: Investigating ARSACS: models for understanding cerebellar degeneration
Authors: Artero Castro A. , Machuca C. , Rodriguez Jimenez F. J. , Jendelova P. , Erceg S.
Published: January 2019

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early‐onset neurodegenerative disease that includes progressive cerebellar dysfunction. ARSACS is caused by an autosomal recessive loss‐of‐function mutation in the SACS gene, which encodes for SACSIN. Although animal models are still necessary to investigate the role of SACSIN in the pathology of this disease, more reliable human cellular models need to be generated to better understand the cerebellar pathophysiology of ARSACS. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) has permitted the derivation of patient‐specific cells. These cells have an unlimited self‐renewing capacity and the ability to differentiate into different neural cell types, allowing studies of disease mechanism, drug discovery and cell replacement therapies. In this study, we discuss how the hiPSC‐derived cerebellar organoid culture offers novel strategies for targeting the pathogenic mutations related to ARSACS. We also highlight the advantages and challenges of this 3D cellular model, as well as the questions that still remain unanswered.
Benefits of incorporating urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement in a school urine screening system: The experience of restructuring the school urinary screening system in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Ashida Akira , Shoji Tatsuya , Honda Shiho , Iio Rei , Iga Chihiro , Hayashi Terumasa , Satomura Kenichi , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu
Published: January 2019

Aim

School urine screening has been established in several countries of Asia, including Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In Osaka prefectural schools, the urine screening system had some problematic issues including an unclear referral procedure for students with abnormal urinary findings. Therefore, the school urine screening system was reviewed and restructured in 2004. The aim of this study was to assess the improvement in school urine screening through evaluation of the restructured Osaka prefectural school urinary screening system.

Methods

The Osaka prefectural school urinary screening system was reviewed, mainly considering two points. One was the incorporation of standard urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement instead of the traditional urine dipstick and urine sediment tests; the second point was that all students requiring further examination were referred to regional nephrologists.

Results

After restructuring, the number of students who were referred to a medical institute for detailed examinations decreased to 10%, although the number of students newly diagnosed with kidney disease and the types of diagnosis did not change. The positive predictive value of screening increased to about 8 times the value before the system restructuring. The reductions enabled students who required further examination to be referred to regional nephrologists and has contributed to a decreased cost for these examinations.

Conclusion

Incorporating urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement into the school urinary screening system, and updating the guiding principles, including referral to nephrology specialists, has enabled the school urinary screening system in Osaka Prefecture to become more efficient and have better cost performance.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and trigeminal pain: A preclinical study
Authors: Callai Etiane Micheli Meyer , Scarabelot Vanessa Leal , Fernandes Medeiros Liciane , de Oliveira Carla , de Souza Andressa , Macedo Isabel Cristina , Cioato Stefania Giotti , Finamor Fabrício , Caumo Wolnei , Quevedo Alexandre da Silva , Torres Iraci L. S.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effect on facial allodynia induced by chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve (CCI‐ION) and on the brainstem levels of TNF‐α, NGF, IL‐10, and serum LDH in rats.

Methods

Rats were exposed to the CCI‐ION model. Facial allodynia was assessed by von Frey filaments test at baseline, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days postsurgery and 24 hr and 7 days after the bimodal tDCS sessions for 20 min/day/8 days.

Results

Chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve induced a significant decrease in the mechanical threshold 14 days after surgery. This effect was reversed by tDCS treatment, with the mechanical threshold returning to basal levels at 24 hr after the end of the treatment and it persisted for 7 days after the end of the treatment. tDCS also decreased LDH serum levels compared to those in the control group. There was an interaction between pain and treatment with respect to brainstem levels of NGF, TNF‐α, and IL‐10.

Conclusion

Chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve model was effective in establishing trigeminal neuropathic pain on 14 days after surgery, and tDCS reduced allodynia and LDH serum levels and promoted alterations in NGF, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 brainstem levels. Thus, we suggest that tDCS may be a potential therapy in the trigeminal pain treatment.
Evaluation of the current post‐transplantation Human Leukocyte Antigen antibody screening in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Demirok Aysenur , Ranzijn Claudia , Lardy Junior , Florquin Sandrine , Bouts Antonia
Published: January 2019

The necessity of post‐transplant monitoring for donor‐specific antibodies (DSAs) is unclear. This study evaluates the clinical relevance of post‐transplantation donor‐specific HLA antibodies in pediatric renal transplant recipients, aiming at better stratification of patients at risk of graft dysfunction and better recommendations for post‐transplant monitoring. A cohort of 68 pediatric kidney recipients, involving 76 transplantations between 2004 and 2014, was studied retrospectively. All patients were screened for HLA antibodies at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation and yearly thereafter. Samples testing positive were further analyzed to detect DSA. A biopsy was performed on clinical indication. We studied the baseline characteristics of the patients with biopsy, with DSA, and with rejection. We assessed the effect of post‐transplant DSA on clinical outcome, including antibody‐mediated acute rejection and GFR decrease. In our cohort, the prevalence of DSA was 19% (13/68 transplantations). Most patients with HLA antibodies after transplantation were DSA‐positive (76%; 13/17). A clear association between DSA and subsequent rejection was found. At the end of the study period, a significantly lower GFR was found in patients with biopsy, DSA, or rejection. Based on our observations, we recommend routine post‐transplantation screening for HLA and DSA. The presence of DSA justifies a renal biopsy even in the absence of clinical signs of rejection.
Today and tomorrow: impact of climate change on aphid biology and potential consequences on their mutualism with ants
Authors: Blanchard Solène , Lognay Georges , Verheggen François , Detrain Claire
Published: January 2019

Recent studies about mutualism consider the complexity and versatility of the relationship, in addition to highlighting the importance of the cost/benefit balance between the two protagonists. Because species interactions are highly dependent on the environment, the climate changes foreseen for the coming years are expected to have significant impacts on the evolution of mutualistic interactions. Among mutualisms, the aphid–ant interaction is well documented, partly explained by the pest status of aphids. This literature review focuses on the impact of climate change (particularly atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature) on aphid biology and the potential consequences with respect to their mutualistic interactions with ants. We provide an overview of the published reports concerned with the effects of temperature and carbon dioxide on aphids, for which a positive, a negative or no effect has been highlighted. We then discuss how climatic changes can alter four major components of aphid biology that are shaping their interaction with ants: (i) aphid population growth; (ii) aphid behaviour and mobility; (iii) honeydew production and composition; and (iv) semiochemistry. Finaly, we discuss the limitations of such studies on aphid–ant mutualism, as well as the information that is still needed to predict how climate change might impact this type of relationship.
Differential Photosynthetic Response of a Green Tide Alga Ulva linza to Ultraviolet Radiation, Under Short‐ and Long‐term Ocean Acidification Regimes
Authors: Ma Jing , Wang Wen , Qu Liming , Liu Xiaoyan , Wang Zhiqin , Qiao Sen , Wu Hailong , Gao Guang , Xu Juntian
Published: January 2019

Both ocean acidification (OA) and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation can bring about changes in macroalgal physiological performance. However, macroalgal responses to UV radiation when acclimatized to OA under different time scales are rare. Here, we investigate the response of Ulva linza, a green tide alga, to UV radiation in the form of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or PAB (PAR+UVA+UVB) radiation. Radiation exposures were assessed following long‐term (from spore to adult stage, 1 month) and short‐term (adult stage, 1 week) OA treatments. Results showed that increased CO2 decreased the damage rate (k) and repair rate (r) of thalli grown under short‐term OA conditions with PAB treatment, the ratio of r:k was not altered. Following long‐term OA conditions, r was not affected, although k was increased in thalli following PAB treatment, resulting in a reduced ratio of r:k. The relative level of UV inhibition increased and UV‐absorbing compounds decreased when algae were cultured under long‐term OA conditions. The recovery rate of thalli was enhanced when grown under long‐term OA after UV radiation treatment. These results show that blooming algae may be more sensitive to UV radiation in marine environments, but it can develop effective mechanisms to offset the negative effects, reflecting acclimation to long‐term OA conditions.
Biochar soil amendments in prairie restorations do not interfere with benefits from inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: House Geoffrey L. , Bever James D.
Published: January 2019

Little of the historical extent of tallgrass prairie ecosystems remains in North America, and therefore there is strong interest in restoring prairies. However, slow‐growing prairie plants are initially weak competitors with the fast‐growing yet short‐lived weedy plant species that are typically abundant in recently established prairie restorations. One way to aid establishment of slow‐growing plant species is through adding soil amendments to prairie restorations before planting. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualisms with the roots of most terrestrial plants and are particularly important for the growth of slow‐growing prairie plant species. As prairie ecosystems are adapted to fires that leave biochar (charred organic material) in the soil, adding biochar as well as AM fungal strains from undisturbed remnant prairies into the soil of prairie restorations may improve restoration outcomes. Here, we test this prediction during the first four growing seasons of a prairie restoration. When prairie plant seedlings were inoculated prior to planting into the field with AM fungi derived from remnant prairies, that one‐time inoculation significantly increased growth of five of the nine tested plant species through at least two growing seasons. This long‐term benefit of AM fungal inoculation was unaffected by biochar addition to the soil. Biochar application rates of at least 10 tons/ha significantly decreased Coreopsis tripteris growth but acted synergistically with AM fungal inoculation to significantly improve survival of Schizachyrium scoparium. Overall, inoculation with native AM fungi can help promote prairie plant establishment, but concomitant use of biochar soil amendments had relatively little effect.
Negotiating nature's weather worlds in the context of life with sight impairment
Authors: Bell Sarah L. , Leyshon Catherine , Phoenix Cassandra
Published: January 2019

We have seen longstanding research interest in diverse nature–society relations, including contentious debates regarding what nature is, the role of humans within or apart from it, and how varied types of non‐human nature shape different societies and individuals within society. Within this work, relatively little attention has been paid to an important aspect of nature experienced everyday: people's “weather‐worlds.” These encompass the qualities of sensory experience that are shaped by fluxes in the medium – the air – in which we routinely live and breathe. Such currents, forces and pressure gradients underwrite our capacities to act and interact with both the animate and inanimate materials and beings we encounter as we negotiate our everyday lives. We focus on these weather worlds here, drawing on the findings of an in‐depth qualitative study exploring how people with varying forms and severities of sight impairment describe their nature experiences, with the weather emerging as an immediate and often highly visceral form of everyday nature encounter among all participants. We reflect on the ephemeral qualities of people's weather‐worlds, highlighting their potential to comfort, invigorate and connect, but also to disorientate, threaten and isolate, at times supporting moments of well‐being or exacerbating experiences of impairment and disability. In doing so, we highlight how attending to the weather is essential if we are to fully understand people's emplaced experiences of well‐being, impairment and disability with(in) diverse forms of multi‐elemental, assembled nature.
Entry decisions of multinational firms: The role of competition threats
Authors: Bao Cathy Ge
Published: January 2019

How do multinational corporations (MNCs) influence each other's foreign entry decisions? In this paper, I examine the interactions in MNCs' entry decisions by investigating how MNCs respond to competition threats from their multinational competitors. The analysis shows that entry threats anticipated through foreign investment news encourage MNCs to take preemptive actions by entering the same city after the news, while the actual entry of competitors and the anticipated expansion of incumbents discourage more entry. Incumbent MNCs, on the other hand, respond to entry threats by upgrading productivity. The effect of competition threats depends on each MNC's own existing activity and production network within the region. The effect of entry threats increases with the size of threats, measured by the investment value, expected employment and expected output, the influence of the news, the credibility of the news and the local market orientation of the threats. Across industries, MNCs' entry decisions are found to respond to only the actual entry—not anticipated entry—in vertically linked industries. Further, by exploring the time path, I find that MNCs' preemptive entry is only taken before FDI news expires. The main results are robust to IV analyses that explore unique information from news source and news content.
Facing the Future: A Blueprint for a Resilient and Equitable Society: Connecting the Functional Building Blocks
Authors: Bocken F. , Brennan E. , Claessens N. , Claeys D. , Debeaussaert S. , Dubois T. , Franken A. , Vanwyngaerden B. , Nova Blanco J.R. , Becher K. , Vandenbroeck P.
Published: January 2019

Abstract Contemporary society is plagued by a number of issues and inconsistencies on both an environmental and a socio-economic level. Reliance on bank loans forces debtors to seek means to repay their debts, thus facilitating the current boundless economic growth in which
long-term, environmental considerations typically come second. On the individual level, since virtually nothing is free, everyone has to ensure his or her own livelihood, mostly in the form of wage labour. For fear of poverty, the unemployed must adjust to the needs of the job market and risk
not being able to fully explore their potential. Other socio-economic groups also face stigmatisation, and inequality is rampant as a result of the pervasive market-based pricing mechanisms. In view of these issues, it seems unjustified to accept these terms and conditions in the future, especially
since the West has to cater to its ageing population and the ensuing pressure this will exert on welfare systems. Therefore, as a transdisciplinary team assisted by various experts and armed with insights from a wide variety of sources, we propose
an alternative model of society based on the values of fairness, inclusion and transparency, with the goal of developing a representative systems map for a future, resilient and equitable society. The exact workings of this society are captured by several
building blocks, which together endeavour to cover the full range of functions and responsibilities associated with society today, and jointly promote democratisation while guaranteeing equal political representation for all members of society.
HIV-positive men as a key population for fighting HIVDR in Africa
Authors: Herrmann Jennifer , Lushaba Jenny , Michielsen Lotte , Quirós Nicklas , Saesen Robbe , Louw Coenie , Jordan Michael R , Vandamme Anne-Mieke , Van den Eede Astrid , Kiekens Anneleen
Published: January 2019

Abstract This article is concerned with transdisciplinarity as a framework for addressing the wicked problem of rising HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) rates in Africa and its implications. According to data published by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),
even though the number of AIDS-related deaths has declined by 48% between 2005 and 2016, this significant decrease is now threatened by a rise in resistance of HIV to antiretroviral drugs in several regions, including Africa. Through the application of transdisciplinary research methods, the
team identified various factors with an impact on HIVDR, of which they found adherence to be the one most reasonable to address in the context of their research project. Subsequently, the team sought to characterise factors influencing non-adherence among HIV+ individuals. By identifying the
current state of the problem, existing gaps in knowledge needed to tackle the issue and stakeholders with a pronounced impact on HIV+ individuals’ adherence and beliefs, non-governmental organisations and community health workers were established as particularly important actors. As
a result of discussions with external experts and a review of the literature, the poor health-seeking behaviour of men, who represent a group particularly challenging to engage, became the focal point of the project. Eventually, investigating the possibility of setting up a health helpline
providing peer-to-peer support to men living with HIV in South Africa was agreed upon as a concrete objective of the project in collaboration with Dr. Coenie Louw of the Gateway Health Institute. The attributes such a helpline would need to be
useful and attractive to its target audience will be explored further in the near future by means of interviews with local community health workers as well as through focus group discussions with male HIV+ individuals in South Africa. A transdisciplinary approach to the problem of HIVDR facilitated
the sharing of knowledge across multiple disciplines, which in turn facilitated the exchange of thoughts and ideas between students from different academic backgrounds and various stakeholders with expertise relevant to the project.
How Storytelling Can Combat Vaccine Hesitancy: a Transdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Laura Jacobs , Tarunjose Kattumana , Angelina Konnova , Mojisola Obasa , Enisa Smlatic , Valentine Vandendriessche , Fleur Voragen , Lise Boey , Corinne Vandermeulen
Published: January 2019

Abstract The recent decline in vaccination rates across Europe has led to outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases such as measles. Although there have always been persons opposed to vaccination, in recent years an increasing number of parents are losing confidence in or
are being complacent about vaccinating their children. Given the accessibility of information on the internet, parents are actively and independently researching vaccines. They are exposed to negative claims about vaccines that appeal to their emotions and emotional stories tend make parents
doubt vaccinations. By contrast, most positive vaccine messages focus on providing information through scientific data which has proven to be ineffective for some hesitant parents.Vaccine hesitancy can only be understood by looking at it from different perspectives and by exchanging knowledge
between multiple fields of study. A transdisciplinary approach, in which individuals with different backgrounds search for solutions together, is necessary to be able to provide one or more solutions to the problem. Therefore, we spent eight months trying to solve part of this wicked <target
target-type="page-num" id="p-93"/>problem from a transdisciplinary perspective. Based on literature reviews of different topics within vaccine hesitancy, interviews with hesitant parents, interactions with various stakeholders within and outside academia, and analyses of popular views on
social media concerning vaccines, we question the effectiveness of the current pro-vaccine approaches. We also suggest adopting ‘storytelling’ that incorporates scientific data to inform parents and we argue that narratives are intrinsically persuasive as they are easier to understand
and could prove more effective than traditional scientific communication. We expect that this strategy will contribute to the increase in and maintenance of high vaccination coverage rates and stop the circulation and outbreak of vaccine preventable diseases.
Velocity Decomposition-Enhanced Control for Point and Curved-Foot Planar Bipeds Experiencing Velocity Disturbances
Authors: Fevre Martin , Goodwine Bill , Schmiedeler James P.
Published: January 2019

This paper extends the use of velocity decomposition of underactuated mechanical systems to the design of an enhanced hybrid zero dynamics (HZD)-based controller for biped robots. To reject velocity disturbances in the unactuated degree-of-freedom, a velocity decomposition-enhanced controller implements torso and leg offsets that are proportional to the error in the time derivative of the unactuated velocity. The offsets are layered on top of an HZD-based controller to preserve simplicity of implementation. Simulation results with a point-foot, three-link planar biped show that the proposed method has nearly identical performance to transverse linearization feedback control and outperforms conventional HZD-based control. Curved feet are implemented in simulation and show that the proposed control method is valid for both point-foot and curved-foot planar bipeds. Performance of each controller is assessed by (1) the magnitude of the disturbance it can reject by numerically computing the basin of attraction, (2) the speed of return to nominal step velocity following a disturbance at every point of the gait cycle, and (3) the energetic efficiency, which is measured via the specific cost of transport. Several gaits are analyzed to demonstrate that the observed trends are consistent across different walking speeds.
Dynamic Trajectory Planning and Geometric Analysis of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom Translational Cable-Suspended Planar Parallel Robot Using a Parallelogram Cable Loop
Authors: Longval Jordan M. , Gosselin Clément
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a trajectory planning approach and an analysis of the geometric design parameters for a planar cable-suspended translational parallel robot based on a parallelogram cable loop. The cable robot produces purely translational movements in a planar workspace. Furthermore, this special architecture only requires two actuators, which make it fully actuated. From the dynamic model of the robot, general algebraic inequalities are obtained that ensure that the cables remain taut. A general elliptic trajectory is then defined and substituted into the algebraic inequalities to obtain conditions on the geometrical design parameters that ensure that the cables are always in tension. In addition, a special trajectory-specific oscillation frequency emerges and enables the end effector to dynamically move beyond the boundaries of the static workspace, thus expanding the workspace of the mechanism. Finally, a kinematic sensitivity index is studied in order to determine if the parallelogram structure has any influence on the rotational sensitivity of the mechanism.
Thermal–Hydraulic Performance Analysis of a Convergent Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Authors: Al-Sammarraie Ahmed T. , Vafai Kambiz
Published: January 2019

The present investigation proposes an innovative convergent double pipe heat exchanger (C-DPHE). A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric heat transfer model with counterflow is employed to analyze the thermal and hydraulic performance of this configuration numerically. The impact of convergence in the flow direction, using a wide range of contraction ratio (Cr), is explored. The effect of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers on the flow and heat transfer is addressed, as well. The model results were validated with available data from the literature, and an excellent agreement has been confirmed. In general, the findings of the present study indicate that increasing the contraction ratio increases heat transfer and pressure drop in the C-DPHE. Moreover, this configuration has a prominent and sustainable performance, compared to a conventional double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE), with an enhancement in heat transfer rate up to 32% and performance factor (PF) higher than one. Another appealing merit for the C-DPHE is that it is quite effective and functional at low Reynolds and high Prandtl numbers, respectively, since no high-operating pumping power is required. Further, the optimal operating conditions can be established utilizing the comprehensive information provided in this work.
An Iterative Solution Approach to Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in a Steadily Fed Evaporating Water Droplet
Authors: Akkus Yigit , Çetin Barbaros , Dursunkaya Zafer
Published: January 2019

Inspired by the thermoregulation of mammals via perspiration, cooling strategies utilizing continuously fed evaporating droplets have long been investigated in the field, yet a comprehensive modeling capturing the detailed physics of the internal liquid flow is absent. In this study, an innovative computational model is reported, which solves the governing equations with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties in an iterative manner to handle mass and heat transfer coupling at the surface of a constant shape evaporating droplet. Using the model, evaporation from a spherical sessile droplet is simulated with and without thermocapillarity. An uncommon, nonmonotonic temperature variation on the droplet surface is captured in the absence of thermocapillarity. Although similar findings were reported in previous experiments, the temperature dip was attributed to a possible Marangoni flow. This study reveals that buoyancy-driven flow is solely responsible for the nonmonotonic temperature distribution at the surface of an evaporating steadily fed spherical water droplet.
Errors Control of Constraint Violation in Dynamical Simulation for Constrained Mechanical Systems
Authors: Lyu Guizhi , Liu Rong
Published: January 2019

Function realization of mechanical systems can be considered as a series of constrained motions with the governing equations of mechanical systems constructed as the dynamic equations at the acceleration level. In the process of solving the dynamic equation, small numerical errors may appear on each integration step, and the errors accumulated might result in constraint violation, leading to difficulties in satisfying constraint at the velocity level and position level. Currently, constraint violation errors stabilization can be implemented through correcting acceleration or velocity equation; however, it is difficult to have an accurate control of the violation error threshold with these methods. On the basis of constraint direct correction method, this paper provides a control method of constraint violation errors, which can limit the constraint violation errors within a specific threshold range required by specific numerical simulation accuracy for the mechanical system. A dynamic model of a three-dimensional (3D) RRR (R, rotating) manipulator is constructed, followed by the implementation of dynamic simulation based on Udwadia–Kalaba method. A comparison between the previous methods and the current one is then made to analyze the control of the constraint violation errors in simulations, and the results show that the proposed method is effective in reducing violation errors to a specified range.
Large Scale Pressurized Water Reactor Passive Containment Cooling System Wind Tunnel Test
Authors: Jingyu Huang , Xinxin Pan , Chunjing Song
Published: January 2019

The objective of the current work is to shed light on studying the air flow features of the air path which is part of the passive containment cooling system (PCS) in a pressurized water reactor design. A wind tunnel test using a 1:100 scaled model is established to study the characteristic called “wind-neutrality” of the air flow in the air path, which indicates that the environmental wind should not be beneficial or detrimental to the air flow for containment cooling. Test results show that the pressure distribution in the air path is uniform, and wind speeds, wind angles, and surroundings have little effect on air flow uniformity. These investigations show that it is possible to understand air flows in the air path of PCS with a scale wind tunnel test.