bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing the Identity from the Skeletal Remains of Alum Bheg, a Martyr from the 1857 Indian Freedom Struggle
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Ghosh Sanjib Kumar , Pareek Vikas
Published: October 2019

Introduction The present study was undertaken to analyze the morphological features of a skull supposed to be that of Alum Bheg, a martyr from the 1857 Indian Freedom Struggle (also called the Sepoy Mutiny), using established methods to validate identity with regards to age and height as available in the note found with the skull (∼ 32 years old and 5 feet 7½ inch tall).

Materials and Methods Identification of the gender of the skull was performed based on established criteria. Analysis for closure of skull sutures (cranial and facial) and measurement of orbitomedial (OM) and maxillomedial (MM) facial anthropometric lines were undertaken to provide an estimated age against each examined suture, as well as against a group of sutures through established scoring systems. Furthermore, the approximate height of the individual was estimated from the skull length using regression equations from a reference adult Indian male population. All of the measurements were made on the digital images of the skull using a digital image analyzer (Image J software, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Results Established criteria confirmed that the skull was of a male individual, and the skull sutures and age related morphological changes in the bones indicate that it belonged to an individual in an age range between 20 and 50 years old, with an average of 30 years old, and an approximate height between 5 feet 8.2 inches to 6 feet 1.3 inches.

Conclusion The observed values are in approximation with those mentioned in historical notes, and slight differences may be attributed to gross reporting of the original values or limitations of anthropometric analysis. Further biological tests will be required to validate the identity beyond reasonable doubt.
What’s new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output
Authors: Rose Paul E. , Brereton James E. , Rowden Lewis J. , de Figueiredo Ricardo Lemos , Riley Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

The modern zoo’s roles command empirical enquiry to determine the effectiveness of zoos locally and globally. Ten years ago, published work identified the need for empirical research on a diverse range of species beyond charismatic zoo megafauna. We review zoo-based research published in the decade since this original recommendation. We collectively evaluate zoo-themed research papers from those working in zoos and those external to zoos but studying zoo-housed animals. By systematically searching Web of Science©for zoo-based research and performing inductive content analysis to code year, journal, study animal’s taxonomic classification, and research aims and outputs we evaluate trends in zoo-themed research, contrasted with trends in species holding. Significantly more birds and fish are kept compared to mammals, reptiles and amphibians, but mammals are consistently the primary research focus. Whilst output generally rises, only for birds is a steady increase in publications apparent. Husbandry evaluation is a major aim/output, but papers on pure biology, cognition and health also feature. Most publications lead to “specific advancement of knowledge” including validation of methodologies. We show that: (1) trends in species holdings are unrelated to trends in publication; (2) zoo-themed research makes meaningful contributions to science; (3) zoo researchers should diversify their aim/output categories and chosen study species to close the persisting research gaps that we have identified. Finally, we discuss our findings in the context of evident species biases within research outputs across the broader fields of zoology, conservation and ecology.
Precision medicine in the era of CRISPR-Cas9: evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Semiz Sabina , Aka Philip C.
Published: October 2019

This article explores the possibilities and challenges of genetic testing, genetic counseling, and genome editing (collectively referred to in this piece as precision medicine) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the era of CRISP-Cas9. It is informed by recent developments in the field which reached new heights in the radar of global awareness in the wake of the research scandal from China in November of 2018. The scandal generated intense debates, some of it still ongoing, regarding the appropriate boundaries for scientific research on human DNA. Bearing on independent developments within this country, complemented with global events, the article covers several grounds related to the topic, including: the nature and limits of emerging legislation; measures of genetic testing and genetic counseling; public engagement meant to increase awareness among stakeholders, beginning with the public, regarding these novel technologies; and corresponding bioethical and social implications. BH decision makers must work to ensure that socioeconomic factors do not pose obstacles to healthcare access, including matters bordering on precision medicine, and they must strive to realize standards for citizens, whether in healthcare delivery, research, or general educational services, that do not lag behind the rest of Europe. The route to reaching these governance goals will be through well-timed legislation, level-headed implementation, and diligent legislative oversight of the work of administrative agencies.
Engineering antiphase boundaries in epitaxial SrTiO3 to achieve forming free memristive devices
Authors: Hensling Felix V. E. , Du Hongchu , Raab Nicolas , Jia Chun-Lin , Mayer Joachim , Dittmann Regina
Published: October 2019

We here present a method to engineer Ruddlesden-Popper-type antiphase boundaries in stoichiometric homoepitaxial SrTiO3 thin films. This is achieved by using a substrate with an intentionally high miscut, which stabilizes the growth of additional SrO at the bottom interface. We prove the success of this strategy utilizing transmission electron microscopy. We find that these antiphase boundaries significantly influence the resistive switching properties. In particular, devices based on SrTiO3 thin films with intentionally induced antiphase boundaries do not require a forming step, which is ascribed to the existence of preformed filaments.
Kush-e Pildandān, the Anti-Hero: Polemics of Power in Late Antique Iran
Authors: Gazerani Saghi
Published: October 2019

This study examines the character of Kush-e Pildandān, the anti-hero of theKushnāmeh, by arguing that the protagonist of the poem represents the monarchs of the Kushan dynasty. In order to substantiate this claim, theKushnāmehis introduced and the process of its formation and its reflections of Kushan history are examined. Then the various components of this image of the enemy are discussed. What is revealed is a polemical strategy of creating an enemy, a unique insight into the political ideology of the Sasanian period. The study offers a glimpse into the ideological discourse of political power in the Late Antique period, and how they drew upon a shared conceptualization of the past.
Structural and functional evaluation of single-chain Fv antibody HyC1 recognizing the residual native structure of hen egg lysozyme
Authors: Yamaoka Takanori , Kamatari Yuji O , Maruno Takahiro , Kobayashi Yuji , Oda Masayuki
Published: October 2019

Evaluation of the molecular mechanisms by which an antibody recognizes a specific antigen could help in better understanding of the protein recognition mechanisms. We previously showed that anti-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) monoclonal antibody, HyC1, recognized the structural and hydrodynamic change in HEL. Here, we generated HyC1 single-chain Fv (scFv), and characterized it using different structural and biophysical methods. Similar to HyC1 monoclonal antibody, HyC1 scFv could recognize native HEL from carboxymethylated Cys6 and Cys127 HEL (CM6,127-HEL). Comparison of the binding thermodynamics of HyC1 scFv between HEL and CM6,127-HEL showed that the binding enthalpy change was different, while the binding entropy was remained unchanged. The results indicated that the fluctuation of the residual native structure in both HEL and CM6,127-HEL was similar. The NMR experiments for 15N-labeled HyC1 scFv indicated that the flexibility of HyC1 scFv decreased upon the binding to HEL.
Free‐weight versus weight machine resistance exercise on pulse wave reflection and aortic stiffness in resistance‐trained individuals
Authors: Parks Jason C. , Marshall Erica M. , Tai Yu Lun , Kingsley J. Derek
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the vascular responses to acute free‐weight (FW) resistance exercise (RE) versus weight machines (WM). Thirty‐two resistance‐trained individuals participated in this study. Both modalities involved performing acute RE and a control. Blood pressure and measures of pulse wave reflection were assessed using pulse wave analysis. Aortic stiffness was assessed using carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV). A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of modality (FW and WM) and condition (acute RE and control) across time (rest and 10‐20 min after exercise) on measures of pulse wave reflection and aortic stiffness. Significance was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. There were no modality by condition by time interactions for any variable, such that the FW and WM modalities responded similarly across time after acute RE (p > 0.05). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in heart rate, aortic systolic blood pressure, aortic pulse pressure, augmentation index normalized at 75bpm, and decreases in subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) after acute RE, compared to rest. There was also a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in cf‐PWV after acute RE, compared to rest. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that acute free‐weight and weight‐machine RE are associated with transient increases in measures of pulse wave reflection and aortic stiffness, with reductions in myocardial perfusion. These data demonstrate that both modalities result in significant stress on the myocardium during recovery, while simultaneously increasing pressure on the aorta for at least 10–20 min.
Post-inflationary phases stiffer than radiation and Palatini formulation
Authors: Giovannini Massimo
Published: October 2019

If the inflaton and the quintessence fields are identified, the background geometry evolves through a stiff epoch undershooting the expansion rate of a radiation-dominated plasma. For some classes of inflationary potentials this scenario is at odds with the current observational evidence since the corresponding tensor-to-scalar ratio is too large. Quintessential inflation is analyzed when the gravitational action is supplemented by a contribution quadratic in the Einstein–Hilbert term. In the Palatini formulation the addition of such a term does not affect the scalar modes during the inflationary phase and throughout the course of the subsequent stiff epoch but it suppresses the tensor power spectrum and the tensor-to-scalar ratio. While in the Palatini formulation the power-law potentials leading to a quintessential inflationary dynamics are again viable, the high-frequency spike of the relic graviton spectrum is squeezed and the whole signal is suppressed at least when the higher-order contributions appearing in the action are explicitly decoupled from the inflaton.
A review on stretchable magnetic field sensorics
Authors: Melzer M , Makarov D , Schmidt O G
Published: October 2019

The current establishment of stretchable electronics to form a seamless link between soft or even living materials and the digital world is at the forefront of multidisciplinary research efforts, bridging physics, engineering and materials science. Magnetic functionalities can provide a sense of displacement, orientation or proximity to this novel formulation of electronics. This work reviews the recent development of stretchable magnetic field sensorics relying on the combination of metallic thin films revealing a giant magnetoresistance effect with elastomeric materials. Stretchability of the magnetic nanomembranes is achieved by specific morphologic features (e.g. wrinkles or microcracks), which accommodate the applied tensile deformation while maintaining the electrical and magnetic integrity of the sensor device. The entire development, from the demonstration of the world’s first elastically stretchable magnetic sensor to the realization of a technology platform for robust, ready-to-use elastic magnetosensorics is described. Soft giant magnetoresistive elements exhibiting the same sensing performance as on conventional rigid supports, but with fully strain invariant properties up to 270% stretching have been demonstrated. With their unique mechanical properties, these sensor elements readily conform to ubiquitous objects of arbitrary shapes including the human skin. Stretchable magnetoelectronic sensors can equip soft and epidermal electronic systems with navigation, orientation, motion tracking and touchless control capabilities. A variety of novel technologies, like electronic skins, smart textiles, soft robotics and actuators, active medical implants and soft consumer electronics will benefit from these new magnetic functionalities.
Quantum electrodynamics with magnetic textures
Authors: Martínez-Pérez María José , Zueco David
Published: October 2019

Coherent exchange between photons and different matter excitations (like qubits, acoustic surface waves or spins) allows for the entanglement of light and matter and provides a toolbox for performing fundamental quantum physics. On top of that, coherent exchange is a basic ingredient in the majority of quantum information processors. In this work, we develop the theory for coupling between magnetic textures (vortices and skyrmions) stabilized in ferromagnetic nanodiscs and microwave photons generated in a superconducting circuit. Within this theory we show that this hybrid system serves for performing broadband spectroscopy of the magnetic textures. We also discuss the possibility of reaching the strong coupling regime between these texture excitations and a single photon residing in a microwave superconducting cavity.
Numerical and experimental investigation of metamaterial structures used in non-destructive dielectric material testing
Authors: Faktorová D , Savin A , Steigmann R , Stanciu M D , Špániková G
Published: October 2019

In the paper the investigation of the dielectric properties of dielectric material will be described, using an artificial metamaterial structure over the aperture of waveguide sensor with aim of increasing the sensitivity of classical waveguide sensor. The possibility to use a metamaterial structure for upgrading properties of classical waveguide sensor will be emphasized by numerical simulation of 2D metamaterial structure properties and experimental measurements to determine dielectric properties of dielectric materials. The mechanical properties of the dielectric samples, alder wood in our case, are determined also by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, in order to validate the microwave approach.
Experimental approach and finite element analysis of the behavior of a steel bending tool
Authors: Negrău D C , Indre C I , Grebenișan G
Published: October 2019

This work contains the 3D design and finite element analysis of a manual device for assembly by bending the sheets around an exhaust muffler. As a result of the design of the device, the requested was executed by the information provided by the mechanical designer; only when the device of bending was put into operation, some faults appeared, namely that its parts during the operation has been elastically deformed. For the construction of the elastically yielding parts, the finite element method was used to study the behavior of the tool. Following the FEA analysis, it was concluded that the dimensions and material from which those pieces had been built had to be changed. By making the new parts based on FEA calculations, they no longer elastically yield (elastic deformation less than 0.1%), so the device is accepted by the customer.
Industrial processes efficiency and lower energy consumption initiatives through advanced retrofitting in the wood industry
Authors: Păltan R D , Biriș C , Rădulescu L A M
Published: October 2019

In a modern manufacturing system for furniture production, raw material and material, energy and information flows are directly interconnected to obtain competitive products while increasing the productivity, profitability and environmental performance of the enterprise. In the wood industry manufacturing system, raw wood undergoes physical and biological transformation processes (drying and transformation of the biological properties of wood) as well as disruptive actions that are compensated by the order quantities. Energy as a resource has an important role to play in this production process, and it involves consuming a certain amount of energy. It is one of the biggest and costliest resources involved in the manufacturing process. The required energy is generally transmitted from the outside in the form of electric or thermal energy. From the energy input, only a part becomes useful energy, the rest representing energy losses. By reducing energy consumption, reversing energy losses and integrating materials and material losses into energy recovered through retrofitting, revenue and profit can increase, leading to an increase in employee satisfaction. The easier it is to maximize profits and lower the operating costs, the quicker is the recovery of the investments, and that will change in the operating mode in: “WORKING SMARTER NOT HARDER”.
Study on setting the structural components of the front compartment of the car body
Authors: Manea A M , Iozsa M D , Stan C , David V C
Published: October 2019

During a frontal impact at speeds exceeding 50 km/h, the deformation of the front compartment structure of the car body must absorb a large amount of the impact energy so that the passengers’ compartment remains as undeformed as possible. At low speeds, the structure of this compartment must be deformed so that the body structure and subassemblies in the engine compartment are less affected and the cost of repair is reduced. The paper presents a study on how to set the structural compartments of the front compartment to achieve the best impact at low speed impact. In this analysis is used a simplified model with finite elements of the front compartment structure, made with Ansys software. In order to study the behavior at the front impact and to set the stiffness of the characteristic areas, a series of tests at different low speeds were performed.
Thin-film coating; historical evolution, conventional deposition technologies, stress-state micro/nano-level measurement/models and prospects projection: a critical review
Authors: Mbam Stephen Ogbonna , Nwonu Sunday Emmanuel , Orelaja Oluseyi Adewale , Nwigwe Uzoma Samuel , Gou Xiao-Fan
Published: October 2019

Several modern cutting edge technologies, including the superconducting technology, green energy generation/storage technology, and the emerging 5G networks technology, have some form of thin-film coatings. Hence, this critical review showcased the historical evolution, conventional deposition technologies with its application areas, growth modes, specific thin-film stress-state micro/nano-level measurement and models, and prospects projection of thin-film coatings. Specifically, the authors included simple schematics of the primary thin-film coating methods (chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition methods), growth modes, residual stress evolution behavior from valuable up to date models to enhance in-depth understanding of the underlying principles of thin-film coatings techniques and challenges. Also, the authors pointed out specific deficiencies in the reported thin-film stress measurement/models approaches. It is scientifically shown that no coating technique or model has superior results in all scenarios, selecting a suitable coating technique or model depends on the targeted materials and functions of the thin-film system. According to the evaluated reports, the societal demand and specific challenge in the fabrication/applications of thin-film systems indicated that thin-film coatings and its associated challenges would remain vibrant and active research areas for periods far into the future. Thus, this report would serve as a guide and reference material for potential researchers in these areas for a considerable time.
Matings of cubic polynomials with a fixed critical point, Part I: Thurston obstructions
Authors: Sharland Thomas
Published: October 2019

We prove that ifFFis a degree33Thurston map with two fixed critical points, then any irreducible obstruction forFFcontains a Levy cycle. As a corollary, it will be shown that ifffandggare two postcritically finite cubic polynomials each having a fixed critical point, then any obstruction to the matingf⊥⊥gf \perp \! \! \! \perp gcontains a Levy cycle. We end with an appendix to show examples of the obstructions described in the paper.
Decomposition of persistence modules
Authors: Botnan Magnus , Crawley-Boevey William
Published: October 2019

We show that a pointwise finite-dimensional persistence module indexed over a small category decomposes into a direct sum of indecomposables with local endomorphism rings. As an application of this result we give new, short proofs of fundamental structure theorems for persistence modules.
Grassmannians and the equivariant cohomology of isotropy actions
Authors: Carlson Jeffrey
Published: October 2019

We prove a general structure theorem for the rational Borel equivariant cohomology ring of an equivariantly formal isotropy action, rederiving He’s recent computation of the equivariant cohomology of real Grassmannians as an illustration.
Bounds on the maximal Bochner-Riesz means for elliptic operators
Authors: Chen Peng , Lee Sanghyuk , Sikora Adam , Yan Lixin
Published: October 2019

We investigate

L
p

L^p

boundedness of the maximal Bochner-Riesz means for self-adjoint operators of elliptic-type. Assuming the finite speed of propagation for the associated wave operator, from the restriction-type estimates we establish the sharp

L
p

L^p

boundedness of the maximal Bochner-Riesz means for the elliptic operators. As applications, we obtain the sharp

L
p

L^p

maximal bounds for the Schrödinger operators on asymptotically conic manifolds, elliptic operators on compact manifolds, or the Hermite operator and its perturbations on

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

.
Coup Research
Authors: Thyne Clayton L. , Powell Jonathan , Leo Benjamin
Published: October 2019

From 2008 to 2017, only 28 coup attempts occurred, the lowest total of any 10-year period since at least 1960. Following this prolonged downturn in occurrence, coup attempts are again on the rise, with 11 occurring throughout 2021 and 2022. While this uptick in coup attempts is recent, research on coups has burgeoned since the early 2000s. The increased scholarly interest in coups can likely be attributed to a number of factors. First, high-profile coups like the 2011 ouster of President Mubarak in Egypt during the Arab Spring uprisings and the more autocratic deepening after the 2016 failed coup in Turkey highlight the importance of coups in shaping global politics. Increased attention from the media and policymakers has been coupled with the rise in studies that examine the causes and consequences of coups. Second, while past research largely focused on particular cases, the introduction of new data sets has allowed scholars to examine coups across time and space to reveal more generalizable patterns. Finally, unlike topics like war, democratization, and voting behavior, coup researchers have only begun to tackle even the most basic research questions when it comes to coups.
Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency/Microsatellite Instability Is Rare in Cholangiocarcinomas and Associated With Distinctive Morphologies
Authors: Ju Jennifer Y , Dibbern Megan E , Mahadevan Mani S , Fan Jinbo , Kunk Paul R , Stelow Edward B
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Although germline mutations of mismatch repair (MMR) genes (Lynch syndrome) are not typically associated with cholangiocarcinomas, the US Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors at all sites that show MMR deficiency or associated high microsatellite instability.

Methods

We analyzed 96 cases of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas for morphology using H&E and for MMR status using immunohistochemical staining. We submitted any results with MMR loss for microsatellite instability testing.

Results

We found that 6% of samples showed MMR deficiency. The best predictive factor was a nontypical infiltrating pattern of invasion (P < .0001). No patients with MMR deficiency had a history of a cancer typically associated with Lynch syndrome.

Conclusions

Solid, mucinous, or signet-ring appearance of a cholangiocarcinoma should prompt MMR testing for immunotherapy options but should not necessarily raise concern about Lynch syndrome.
Association Between Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Myocardial Infarction Among People Living With HIV in the United States
Authors: Williams-Nguyen Jessica , Hawes Stephen E , Nance Robin M , Lindström Sara , Heckbert Susan R , Kim H Nina , Mathews W Chris , Cachay Edward R , Budoff Matt , Hurt Christopher B , Hunt Peter W , Geng Elvin , Moore Richard D , Mugavero Michael J , Peter Inga , Kitahata Mari M , Saag Michael S , Crane Heidi M , Delaney Joseph A
Published: October 2019

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV, including myocardial infarction (MI), are a topic of active research. MI is classified into types, predominantly atheroembolic type 1 MI (T1MI) and supply-demand mismatch type 2 MI (T2MI). We examined the association between HCV and MI among patients in the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinical Systems, a US multicenter clinical cohort of PLWH. MIs were centrally adjudicated and categorized by type using the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. We estimated the association between chronic HCV (RNA+) and time to MI while adjusting for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical characteristics, and history of injecting drug use. Among 23,407 PLWH aged ≥18 years, there were 336 T1MIs and 330 T2MIs during a median of 4.7 years of follow-up between 1998 and 2016. HCV was associated with a 46% greater risk of T2MI (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.97) but not T1MI (aHR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.29). In an exploratory cause-specific analysis of T2MI, HCV was associated with a 2-fold greater risk of T2MI attributed to sepsis (aHR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.24). Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV in this high-risk population are an important area for continued research.
The National Cooperative Trial on Multifactorial Prevention of First Heart Attacks and Coronary Mortality in Free-Living, High-Risk, Middle-Aged American Men, Also Known as JUMBO: A Short Story
Authors: Blackburn Henry
Published: October 2019

The concept of a multiple risk-factor intervention trial (MRFIT) originated in mid-20th century efforts to determine whether modifying the “risk factors” established by cardiovascular disease epidemiology would prevent heart attacks. The term “MRFIT” probably first appeared in the 1968 report to the National Heart Institute from investigators of the National Diet-Heart Feasibility Study. Based on their pilot experience, they recommended a trial of diet alone. Aware, however, that authorities might agree with the rationale but not the implementation of such a massive and risky undertaking, they also proposed an alternative: whether coronary heart disease was preventable at all by simultaneous intervention on several risk factors; that is, a multiple risk-factor intervention trial. After some years agonizing by serial expert committees, the National Heart Institute opted against an explanatory diet trial and for a pragmatic multiple risk-factor intervention, one designed by Institute staff and operated under contract. Meanwhile, an impatient community of investigators met together in the Makarska Conference, outlined a broad cardiovascular disease prevention policy, and submitted their idealized version of a multiple risk-factor trial, called JUMBO. But the National Heart Institute, because of the plan for its own trial, had no funds left for an investigator-initiated proposal. Hence, this background and story of the MRFIT that wasn’t.
Invited Commentary: Can You Do Trials of Behavioral Modification, Such as Diet or Exercise Intervention, With Hard Endpoints?
Authors: Kuller Lewis H
Published: October 2019

Blackburn (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(6):491–498) describes the evolution from the Makarska Conference in 1968 to the planning of the JUMBO trial and the decision by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to do the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. He attributes the failure of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial to show a significant reduction in coronary heart disease or total mortality to the design of the trial, the multiple centers involved, and continued bureaucracy. The paper is important in raising 3 issues of continued relevance: 1) What is the relationship of the NIH staff in both development and monitoring of large cooperative studies, especially clinical trials, outside of the walls of the NIH? 2) Can clinical trials that utilize individual randomization to intervention and comparison be successful in evaluating a common-source epidemic, such as diet and coronary heart disease, especially in populations with readily available foods and competing advertising, etc.? 3) How much information obtained from, e.g., observational studies, animal models, and genetic studies, is necessary given limits of human population clinical trials of behavioral intervention to develop recommendations for strong public health programs to reduce morbidity and mortality, and what is the measure of successful intervention?
Arbitration in space disputes
Authors: Frohloff Jan
Published: October 2019

Some 40 years ago, the advent of commercial space activities was expected to usher in an era of disputes between the various actors in outer space. However, these space disputes and potential arbitrations between private or public entities never seemed to materialize. Even until recently it was suggested that disputes in outer space are an emerging issue which needs to be addressed in the future. The author takes the opposite position, arguing that arbitration in space disputes is an active field in commercial and investment arbitration, and discussing the most notable cases and their particularities.
Objectifying the Risk of Vascular Complications in Gluteal Augmentation With Fat Grafting: A Latex Casted Cadaveric Study
Authors: Ordenana Carlos , Dallapozza Edoardo , Said Sayf , Zins James E
Published: October 2019

Background

Fat transfer is the most popular means of gluteal augmentation. However, this procedure may be complicated by pulmonary fat embolisms (PFEs). Of 135 PFEs out of 198,857 cases reported by the Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation task force, 32 were fatal, contributing to the mortality risk of this procedure being as high as 1:2351.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to generate an anatomic map of the 3-dimensional location and variability in size of the gluteal region vessels.

Methods

Twenty cadaveric gluteal regions were dissected. The aorta, venae cavae, popliteal, and saphenous veins were cannulated and injected with colored latex. Dissection was performed subcutaneously, in the gluteus maximus (GM), and submuscularly to evaluate the number and vascular distribution of all the vessels. Vessels were mapped on an XYZ axis.

Results

The subcutaneous plane, containing 25 vessels on average, had the smallest vessel diameters (artery, 0.9 [0.3] mm; vein, 1.05 [0.22] mm). The GM vein diameter was 1.3 [0.3] mm. Branches of the inferior gluteal vessels had arterial and venous calibers of 2.2 [0.04] mm and 3.5 [0.99] mm, respectively. Superior gluteal artery and vein branches were 1.8 [0.2] mm and 3.85 [1.9] mm in diameter, respectively. Superior and inferior gluteal vein diameters were 7.61 [2.24] mm and 13.65 [6.55] mm, respectively.

Conclusions

The deeper and more medial planes of the gluteal region house larger, more prominent vessels. This research objectifies and is consistent with recommendations made by various recent task force reports to limit fat transfer to the subcutaneous plane.
Notes on the International Court of Justice (Part 8)—Interim Accord (FYROM v. Greece) and the Settlement of the Macedonian Name Dispute: Knowing and Seizing upon Many Things or One Big Thing in Treaty Interpretation and International Dispute Settlement in General
Authors: Yee Sienho
Published: October 2019

During the lead-up to the Final Agreement settling the Macedonian name dispute, apparently no or scant mention was made of the Interim Accord (FYROM v. Greece) case that FYROM brought in 2008 and won overwhelmingly in 2011 against Greece at the International Court of Justice (“ICJ” or the “Court”). This paper highlights the structure and main points of the ICJ judgment in the Interim Accord case and analyzes the part of the judgment on the main substantive issue. The paper argues that, even on its own terms, the Court’s judgment did not conduct the interpretation exercise to the full and further that the experience with the Court’s judgment in this case does flash a warning light to any decision-maker that it must not lose sight of “the one big thing”, which may vary from case to case, in a dispute settlement endeavor if it wants to have its decision implemented. This experience also teaches any State party in a dispute that it may have to know and unyieldingly seize upon the one big thing in the dispute settlement effort in order to achieve its goal.
Guideline for Antibacterial Prophylaxis Administration in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Fisher Brian T , Phillips Bob , Alexander Sarah , Ammann Roland A , Beauchemin Melissa , Carlesse Fabianne , Castagnola Elio , Davis Bonnie L , Dupuis L Lee , Egan Grace , Groll Andreas H , Haeusler Gabrielle M , Santolaya Maria , Steinbach William J , van de Wetering Marianne , Wolf Joshua , Cabral Sandra , Robinson Paula D , Sung Lillian
Published: October 2019

Background

Bacteremia and other invasive bacterial infections are common among children with cancer receiving intensive chemotherapy and in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Systemic antibacterial prophylaxis is one approach that can be used to reduce the risk of these infections. Our purpose was to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric patients with cancer and those undergoing HSCT.

Methods

An international and multidisciplinary panel was convened with representation from pediatric hematology/oncology and HSCT, pediatric infectious diseases (including antibiotic stewardship), nursing, pharmacy, a patient advocate, and a CPG methodologist. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to generate recommendations based on the results of a systematic review of the literature.

Results

The systematic review identified 114 eligible randomized trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. The panel made a weak recommendation for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis for children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Weak recommendations against the routine use of systemic antibacterial prophylaxis were made for children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, autologous HSCT and allogeneic HSCT. A strong recommendation against its routine use was made for children whose therapy is not expected to result in prolonged severe neutropenia. If used, prophylaxis with levofloxacin was recommended during severe neutropenia.

Conclusions

We present a CPG for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric cancer and HSCT patients. Future research should evaluate the long-term effectiveness and adverse effects of prophylaxis.
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Incidence and Testing Among Patients in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), 2007−2017
Authors: Li Jun , Armon Carl , Palella Frank J , Novak Richard M , Ward Douglas , Purinton Stacey , Durham Marcus , Buchacz Kate , Li Jun , Buchacz Kate , Durham Marcus D , Akridge Cheryl , Purinton Stacey , Rayeed Nabil , Agbobil-Nuwoaty Selom , Chagaris Kalliope , Carlson Kimberly , Armon Carl , Battalora Linda , Mahnken Jonathan , Palella Frank J , Jahangir Saira , Flaherty Conor Daniel , Bustamante Patricia , Hammer John , Greenberg Kenneth S , Widick Barbara , Franklin Rosa , Ward Douglas J , Thomas Troy , Stewart Cheryl , Fuhrer Jack , Ording-Bauer Linda , Kelly Rita , Esteves Jane , Tedaldi Ellen M , Christian Ramona A , Ruley Faye , Beadle Dania , Davenport Princess , Novak Richard M , Wendrow Andrea , Mayer Stockton , Scott Mia , Thomas Billie , Van Slyke Loraine , Mayer Cynthia , Beitler Terry , Maroney Karen , Franklin Denise
Published: October 2019

Background

Although chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) infections are increasing in the United States, there are limited data on their incidence, testing rates, and associated risk factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH), including by anatomic site among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods

We analyzed 2007–2017 medical records data from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants in care at 9 HIV clinics. We calculated CT (and GC) incidence and testing rates and assessed associations with sociodemographic and clinical factors using log-linear regression.

Results

Among 4727 PLWH, 397 had 881 CT infections and 331 had 861 GC infections, with an incidence of 2.95 and 2.88 per 100 person-years, respectively. From 2007 to 2017, incidence and testing rates increased by approximately 3.0- and 1.9-fold for CT and GC, respectively. Multivariable factors associated with incident CT (GC) included younger age, MSM, and prior diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among 1159 MSM, 583 (50.3%) had 844 CT and 843 GC tests during 2016–2017, and 26.6% of tests were 3-site (urethra, rectum, and pharynx), yielding the highest rates of CT (GC) detection. Multivariable factors associated with CT (GC) testing included younger age, non-Hispanic/Latino black race, and having prior STDs.

Conclusions

Recent CT and GC incidence and testing increased among PLWH; however, only half of MSM were tested for CT or GC during 2016–2017 and less than a third of tests were 3-site. To promote sexual health and STD prevention among PLWH who are MSM, research regarding the added value of CT and GC testing across 3 anatomic sites is needed.
US Immigration Is Associated With Rapid and Persistent Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut
Authors: Le Bastard Quentin , Vangay Pajau , Batard Eric , Knights Dan , Montassier Emmanuel
Published: October 2019

Little is known about the effect of human migration on gut microbiome antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) carriage. Using deep shotgun stool metagenomics analysis, we found a rapid increase in gut microbiome ARG richness and abundance in women from 2 independent ethnic groups relocating from Thailand to the United States.
Kernel estimation for panel data with heterogeneous dynamics
Authors: Okui Ryo , Yanagi Takahide
Published: October 2019

This paper proposes nonparametric kernel-smoothing estimation for panel data to examine the degree of heterogeneity across cross-sectional units. We first estimate the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for each unit and then apply kernel smoothing to compute their density functions. The dependence of the kernel estimator on bandwidth makes asymptotic bias of very high order affect the required condition on the relative magnitudes of the cross-sectional sample size (N) and the time-series length (T). In particular, it makes the condition on N and T stronger and more complicated than those typically observed in the long-panel literature without kernel smoothing. We also consider a split-panel jackknife method to correct bias and construction of confidence intervals. An empirical application illustrates our procedure.
A case report of eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis myocarditis presenting as ST elevation myocardial infarction and showing positive response to immunotherapy
Authors: Gill Jaspal Singh , Fontana Marianna , Knight Daniel , Kalra Sundeep Singh
Published: October 2019

Background

Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a medical emergency and is most commonly due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and occlusion of coronary vessels. This case demonstrates that eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) myocarditis can mimic acute STEMI.

Case summary

A 44-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, and collapse with ST elevation on electrocardiography. Coronary angiogram showed unobstructed coronaries and chest film revealed left-sided consolidation. Together with a thorough history, serum eosinophilia, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and computated tomography imaging, the patient was diagnosed with acute EGPA myocarditis. She responded tremendously to steroid and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression and subsequent CMR imaging demonstrated complete resolution of myocarditis.

Discussion

CMR played a crucial role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this rare presentation. In patients who present as a STEMI but show unobstructed coronary vessels, EGPA may be a possible diagnosis.
A case report of platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome: an interplay of pressure and blood flow
Authors: de Sousa Bispo João , Ramires Irina , Pestana Joana , Café Hugo
Published: October 2019

Background

Platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare condition characterized by onset or worsening of dyspnoea with orthostatism (platypnea) and arterial desaturation (orthodeoxy) that is relieved by returning to a recumbent position. An acute event causing a change in the pressure relationships inside the cardiac chambers can lead to the diagnosis of a previously undiagnosed cardiac anomaly, as the following case illustrates.

Case summary

A previously asymptomatic 80-year-old female patient was admitted in our hospital with a sudden onset ischaemic stroke. Initial evaluation, including 12-lead electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram, was unremarkable. During hospital stay, she develops pulmonary embolism, after which she complains of positional dyspnoea that develops upon sitting up, accompanied with refractory hypoxaemia that reverts on recumbent position. Transoesophageal echocardiogram revealed an interatrial septum with an exuberant hyperdynamic movement, and an abundant passage of contrast from the right atrium to the left, even without performing the Valsalva manoeuvre, compatible with an important patent foramen ovale. A percutaneous closure was performed, and patient has been symptom-free since then.

Discussion

This is a case illustrates how an anomaly that has been present for 80 years can suddenly manifest itself with an array of different symptoms that can make the diagnosis challenging. A high degree of clinical suspicion is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment.
Safety of Combination Biologic and Antirejection Therapy Post–Liver Transplantation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Al Draiweesh Saleh , Ma Christopher , Alkhattabi Maan , McDonald Cassandra , Nguyen Tran M , Beaton Melanie , Chande Nilesh , Colquhoun Patrick , Feagan Brian G , Gregor James C , Khanna Reena , Marotta Paul , Ponich Terry , Quan Douglas , Qumosani Karim , Sandhu Amindeep , Sey Michael , Skaro Anton , Teriaky Anouar , Wilson Aze , Yan Brian , Brahmania Mayur , Jairath Vipul
Published: October 2019

Background

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) post–liver transplant (LT) may have bowel inflammation requiring biologic therapy. We aimed to evaluate the safety of combination biologic and antirejection therapy in IBD patients after LT from a tertiary center case series and an updated literature review.

Methods

Inflammatory bowel disease patients undergoing LT between 1985 and 2018 and requiring combination biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT were identified from the London Health Sciences Transplant Registry (Ontario, Canada). Safety outcomes were extracted by medical chart review. For an updated literature review, EMBASE, Medline, and CENTRAL were searched to identify studies evaluating the safety of combination biologic and antirejection therapy in IBD patients.

Results

In the case series, 19 patients were identified. Most underwent LT for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC; 14/19, 74%) treated with anti-integrins (8/19, 42%) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) antagonists (6/19, 32%). Infections occurred in 11/19 (58%) patients, most commonly Clostridium difficile (4/19, 21%). Two patients required colectomy, and 1 patient required re-transplantation. In the literature review, 13 case series and 8 case reports reporting outcomes for 122 IBD patients treated with biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT were included. PSC was the indication for LT in 97/122 (80%) patients, and 91/122 (75%) patients were treated with TNF antagonists. Infections occurred in 32/122 (26%) patients, primarily Clostridium difficile (7/122, 6%).

Conclusions

Inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving combination biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT appeared to be at increased risk of Clostridium difficile. Compared with the general liver transplant population in the published literature, there was no increased risk of serious infection.
Circulating CD30+CD4+ T Cells Increase Before Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rebound After Analytical Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption
Authors: Prator Cecilia A , Thanh Cassandra , Kumar Shreya , Pan Tony , Peluso Michael J , Bosch Ronald , Jones Norman , Milush Jeffrey M , Bakkour Sonia , Stone Mars , Busch Michael P , Deeks Steven G , Hunt Peter W , Henrich Timothy J
Published: October 2019

Background

Identification of nonviral markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that increase before viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) may affect HIV persistence research. We previously showed that HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is enriched in CD30+CD4+ T cells in many individuals. Here, we studied CD30+CD4+ T-cell dynamics before ATI, during ATI (before detectable plasma RNA), and after HIV rebound.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 participants collected longitudinally from 5 Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies incorporating ATI were included in this study. Flow cytometric characterization of expression of CD30 and markers of T-cell activation and exhaustion were performed along with HIV-1 RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid quantification and measurement of soluble plasma CD30 and CD30 ligand.

Results

The percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD30 significantly increased from pre-ATI to postinterruption time points before detectible viremia (1.65 mean relative increase, P = .005). Seventy-seven percent of participants experienced an increase in CD30+ cells before viral rebound. In contrast, there were no significant differences between pre-ATI and postinterruption pre-rebound time points in percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD69, CD38/HLA-DR, or PD-1 until after HIV recrudescence.

Conclusions

CD30 may be a surrogate marker of early replication or viral transcriptional activity before detection by routine peripheral blood sampling.