bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relation between Social Values Perception and Moral Maturity Level of Folk Dancers
Authors: Dogan Pinar Karacan
Published: January 2018

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relation between social values perceptions and moral maturity levels of folk dancers, and evaluate this relation in terms of some variables. The relational screening model was used in the study. The “Multi-dimensional Social Values Scale”, which was developed by Bolat (2013), and the “Moral Maturity Scale”, which was developed by Şengün and Kaya (2007), were used as the data collection tools. The sampling of the study consisted of 251 volunteering individuals who were selected with the Random Selection Technique from among the individuals who participated in Interuniversity Folk Dances Championship in 2016-2017. In the scope of the study, the descriptive statistics were computed for social values perceptions and moral maturity levels of the folk dancers. In evaluating the data of the study, frequencies and percentage distributions were used as statistical method. In addition, the t-test was used for paired groups, the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) was used for multiple groups, and the Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to detect the relation between the variables. The p value of significance was taken as 0,05 in different tests.When the findings of the study were examined, it was determined that the social value perceptions and moral maturity levels of the folk dancers who participated in Interuniversity Folk Dances Championship were at a high level, and there was a significant relation in positive direction between the perceptions in all sub-dimensions of the Multi-Dimensional Social Values Scale and the moral maturity levels of the participants. In this context, it is possible to claim that as the moral maturity levels of the folk dancers increase, so do their social values perceptions. When the social value perceptions were analyzed in terms of sub-dimensions, it was determined that the highest perception was in religious values sub-dimension, and the lowest perception was detected in political values. When the findings of the study were analyzed in terms of demographical variables, it was determined that there were significant differences between some of the sub-dimensions of the Social Values Scale and the “gender, the faculty studied at, folk dances experience, income level and the place where the participant spend most of his/her life” variables.
An Evaluative Study for the Use Reality of E-Learning Systems and Tools in Teaching and Learning by Faculty Members and Students
Authors: Asiri Abdulaziz Aboud Mohammed , Aly Hassan Shawky
Published: January 2018

The present study aimed to identify the reality of E-Learning systems and tools use (Blackboard) by faculty membersand students in teaching and learning courses at the college of education at Najran University. To achieve this aim,two questionnaires for both faculty members and students were developed. A sample of (60) faculty members and(120) students were selected to take part in the present study. Findings showed that the level of Blackboard use bymale and female faculty members was either high or very high in teaching college courses to students. There was nostatistically significant difference (α=0.05) between faculty members regarding the level of E-Learning tools use andits pedagogical practices due to gender and experience. Findings also revealed that male and female students' level ofBlackboard use was very high in studying the college courses. Furthermore, there was no statistically significantdifference (α=0.05) between students regarding the use of E-Learning tools and its pedagogical practices due togender and cumulative average.
Foundations for Spread Page: review of existing concepts, solutions, technologies capabile of improving effectiveness of conveying knowledge
Authors: Tarnawski Tomasz , Kasprzyk Rafał , Waszkowski Robert
Published: January 2018

Spread Page is our code name for a new, more efficient way of conveying technical information and scientific knowledge – freed form the text-centered mindset and focused on graphical, interactive, multidimensional representation. The article presents an overview of current concepts and solutions that seem applicable in crafting the idea of Spread Page. In our discussion we begin with novel, abstract, organizational ideas regarding the process of creating and disseminating scientific knowledge, that break up with the traditional model of (paper) publishing. Then we turn to analyzing methods and conventions used in (graphically) modeling real and abstract constructs, and finally review existing software solutions, technologies and exemplary, concrete products that implement certain functionalities instrumental to our cause. We reach the conclusion that, in certain areas (dealing with read-world entities, e.g. mechanics or anatomy), such desired “Spread-Page” way of representing knowledge is already within our reach. In more abstract fields, like law and legislature, political science, etc. we are still far off, mostly due to lack of appropriate standards and (graphical) notation. The paper is as a part of a larger set of articles presenting the proposed concept of Spread Page.
Experimental use of an extracellular matrix graft in pterygium surgery
Authors: Anderson Erik W. , Dwarakanathan Surendar , Haddadin Ramez
Published: January 2018

A 40-year-old man presented with a primary pterygium of the right eye and underwent pterygium excision using mitomycin C and placement of an extracellular matrix (ECM) adjuvant. As an adjuvant in pterygium surgery, ECM serves as a scaffold while promoting the growth of normal conjunctiva. Perioperatively, the ECM graft was found to be easily manipulated on the surgical field. It attached to the scleral bed with fibrin glue without complication. Postoperatively, there was no inflammation or local tissue reaction to the porcine ECM graft. At the most recent follow-up examination, 6 months postoperatively, there were no signs of recurrence of the pterygium past the limbus. This is the first report describing the use of ECM as an adjuvant to pterygium excision.
Developing the Concept of a Radian
Authors: Wolbert Roger S. , Moss Erin R.
Published: January 2018

Whether you are teaching trigonometry for the first time or you have taught the subject for years, you may be wondering how to get your students more involved in understanding the meaning of a radian. How can you increase student engagement while making radian measures of angles meaningful in a way that provides a solid foundation for future mathematical learning?
Nurturing Persistent Problem Solvers
Authors: Hubacz Meghan
Published: January 2018

Through the use of an online homework platform and embedded homework help videos, second-year algebra students learn to persevere in completing homework assignments.
Testing Delta on the «Disputed Federalist Papers»
Authors: Miranda García Antonio , Calle Martín Javier
Published: January 2018

The Federalist Papers stand out as an excellent proving ground in the field of authorship attribution, being nowadays considered a breaking issue in literary detection. The crucial point of the Federalist Papers is the set of the Disputed Papers, twelve articles traditionally attributed either to Alexander Hamilton or James Madison. This authorial obscurity, together with the existence of undisputed samples, surely explains the proliferation of studies trying to spot the hand responsible for the Disputed Papers, particularly throughout the second half of the 20th century, both with traditional and non-traditional approaches. Since the publication of Mosteller and Wallace’s masterpiece, there has been a consensus as to consider them exclusively Madisonian (Mosteller & Wallace 1963: 300; 1964: 16). Notwithstanding this incessant activity on the Federalist Papers as a test probe for authorial purposes, the use of Burrows’ Delta is still deemed a desideratum in the field, a technique proposing that the salient features which characterize an author’s style can be obtained from the hierarchy of the most common function words (Burrows 2002: 267-87; 2003: 5-32). The present paper then proposes the testing of Burrows’ model in a twofold version: a) modified Delta; and b) simplified Delta. The results come to corroborate the lexical differences between Hamilton and Madison, a fact allowing us to validate the hypothesis of the Madisonian composition of the Disputed Papers, exception being made of Paper 55.
Implementing a Cardiac Skills Orientation and Simulation Program
Authors: Hemingway Maureen W. , Osgood Patrice , Mannion Mildred
Published: January 2018

Patients with cardiac morbidities admitted for cardiac surgical procedures require perioperative nurses with a high level of complex nursing skills. Orienting new cardiac team members takes commitment and perseverance in light of variable staffing levels, high‐acuity patient populations, an active cardiac surgical schedule, and the unpredictability of scheduling patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. At an academic medical center in Boston, these issues presented opportunities to orient new staff members to the scrub person role, but hampered efforts to provide active learning opportunities in a safe environment. As a result, facility personnel created a program to increase new staff members’ skills, confidence, and proficiency, while also increasing the number of staff members who were proficient at scrubbing complex cardiac procedures. To address the safe learning requirement, personnel designed a simulation program to provide scrubbing experience, decrease orientees’ supervision time, and increase staff members’ confidence in performing the scrub person role.
Bone Marrow Micro‐Environment in Normal and Deranged Hematopoiesis: Opportunities for Regenerative Medicine and Therapies
Authors: Sarkaria Shawn M. , Decker Matthew , Ding Lei
Published: January 2018

Various cell types cooperate to create a highly organized and dynamic micro‐environmental niche in the bone marrow. Over the past several years, the field has increasingly recognized the critical roles of the interplay between bone marrow environment and hematopoietic cells in normal and deranged hematopoiesis. These advances rely on several new technologies that have allowed us to characterize the identity and roles of these niches in great detail. Here, we review the progress of the last several years, list some of the outstanding questions in the field and propose ways to target the diseased environment to better treat hematologic diseases. Understanding the extrinsic regulation by the niche will help boost hematopoiesis for regenerative medicine. Based on natural development of hematologic malignancies, we propose that combinatory targeting the niche and hematopoietic intrinsic mechanisms in early stages of hematopoietic malignancies may help eliminate minimal residual disease and have the highest efficacy.
Angiogenesis enhanced by treatment damage to hepatocellular carcinoma through the release of GDF15
Authors: Dong Gang , Zheng Qiong‐Dan , Ma Min , Wu Si‐Fan , Zhang Rui , Yao Rong‐Rong , Dong Yin‐Ying , Ma Hui , Gao Dong‐Mei , Ye Sheng‐Long , Cui Jie‐Feng , Ren Zheng‐Gang , Chen Rong‐Xin
Published: January 2018

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis by TACE is linked to treatment failure; however, whether the chemotherapeutic damage of TACE to HCC could increase tumor angiogenesis has not been explored. The molecular effects of chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells on the neo‐angiogenesis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was significantly upregulated in HCC cells exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. GDF15 from chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells promoted the in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. The pro‐angiogenic effect of GDF15 was through the activation of Src and its downstream AKT, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling, which was blocked by thalidomide. The use of thalidomide significantly attenuated the in vivo chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells‐promoted angiogenesis in nude mice. In conclusion, the chemotherapeutic damage in TACE to HCC could promote tumor angiogenesis via the increased release of GDF15. Thalidomide could reverse these pro‐angiogenic effects.
Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol Using Zr(SO4)2 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Senoymak Tarakcı Melike Imge , Ilgen Oguzhan
Published: January 2018

The influence of reaction parameters like molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, catalyst amount, and reaction temperatures for oleic acid esterification with methanol by using Zr(SO4)2 as a heterogeneous catalyst was investigated. Nearly complete conversion was obtained when the esterification reaction was carried out under optimized reaction conditions in terms of molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, catalyst amount, reflux temperature of methanol, and reaction time. Furthermore, the kinetics of the esterification reaction was also investigated. The experimental data supported the validity of the suggested Eley‐Rideal model.
Accumulation and toxicity of lanthanum and neodymium in horticultural plants (Brassica chinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Rezaee Arefeh , Hale Beverley , Santos Rafael M. , Chiang Yi Wai
Published: January 2018

The dose‐response of two horticultural plant species (Brassica chinensis L., and Helianthus annuus L.) to two light Rare Earth Elements (REEs), namely lanthanum and neodymium, in‐vitro, was investigated. The phytotoxicity of the studied REEs was determined by measuring the aboveground and belowground biomass of the plant parts, and the chlorophyll production. Based on these measurements, inhibition concentration causing 50 % decrease (IC50) in plant biomass and total chlorophyll were calculated. Moreover, the available ionic species of La and Nd in the media for plant uptake were predicted using Visual MINTEQ. The concentration of these elements were measured in different plant tissues to assay the ability of these plants to hyperaccumulate La and Nd. It was observed that La and Nd, at lower dosages (<∼100 mg/kg), had hormetic effects, respectively, on the shoot and root of H. annuus L. Also, Nd had stimulatory effects on the number of leaves and chlorophyll content of B. chinensis L. However, these two elements were toxic to both plants at higher media concentrations. Between the two plant species, H. annuus L. was more resistant to the studied REEs when compared to B. chinensis L. IC50 values of La for the roots and shoots of both plant species (139–201 mg/kg) were markedly smaller when compared to IC50 values of Nd (222–333 mg/kg). Thus, between the two assayed elements, La was more toxic to the plants. Translocation factors for La and Nd were not high enough to consider the plant species as hyperaccumulators.
An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation for fatty acids production from lard oil
Authors: Lv Enmin , Ding Shaoxuan , Lu Jie , Du Lixiong , Li Zhuang , Li Jianxin , Zhang Shuguang , Ding Jincheng
Published: January 2018

An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation was developed for fatty acids (FAs) production from lard oil. Both sulphonated cation exchange resin (SCER) and 0.98 g/g H2SO4 as catalysts were used to produce fatty acids (FAs) from lard oil by three‐step hydrolysis, respectively. Simultaneously, polyethersulphone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane was employed to separate glycerol and water from the products. The hydrophilicity and morphology of the pristine and used PES membranes were characterized by contact angle measurement and field‐emission scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. The final optimal yields of FAs obtained by SCER and H2SO4 catalysis at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure were 85.6 % at 16.0 h of operation and 94.5 % at 18.0 h of operation, respectively. Furthermore, the yield of FAs obtained from an integrated process of SCER‐catalyzed hydrolysis and membrane separation achieved up to 99.9 % at 10.0 h, 90 °C, and operating pressure of 100 kPa.
Synthesis and Properties of Tetranitro‐Substituted Adamantane Derivatives
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Widera Anna
Published: January 2018

Several new nitro‐substituted adamantane compounds based on adamantane‐1,3,5,7‐tetrol were synthesized and the previously only briefly reported tetranitrate was reinvestigated. The materials were completely characterized by spectroscopic methods including some by X‐ray diffraction. The energetic properties, thermal stabilities, and sensitivities of the nitrocarbamate, nitrocarbamate salt, and nitrate were determined and compared to current composites in terms of potential high‐energy dense oxidizers (HEDOs). Furthermore, the enthalpies of all compounds were calculated, and their energetic performances investigated by using the EXPLO5 code.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy
Authors: Goetz Matthew P. , Sangkuhl Katrin , Guchelaar Henk‐Jan , Schwab Matthias , Province Michael , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Symmans W. Fraser , McLeod Howard L. , Ratain Mark J. , Zembutsu Hitoshi , Gaedigk Andrea , van Schaik Ron H. , Ingle James N. , Caudle Kelly E. , Klein Teri E.
Published: January 2018

Tamoxifen is biotransformed by CYP2D6 to 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and 4‐hydroxy N‐desmethyl tamoxifen (endoxifen), both with greater antiestrogenic potency than the parent drug. Patients with certain CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and patients who receive strong CYP2D6 inhibitors exhibit lower endoxifen concentrations and a higher risk of disease recurrence in some studies of tamoxifen adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer. We summarize evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for tamoxifen based on CYP2D6 genotype.
Genome‐wide association studies in Crohn's disease: Past, present and future
Authors: Verstockt Bram , Smith Kenneth GC , Lee James C
Published: January 2018

Over the course of the past decade, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionised our understanding of complex disease genetics. One of the diseases that has benefitted most from this technology has been Crohn's disease (CD), with the identification of autophagy, the IL‐17/IL‐23 axis and innate lymphoid cells as key players in CD pathogenesis. Our increasing understanding of the genetic architecture of CD has also highlighted how a failure to suppress aberrant immune responses may contribute to disease development – a realisation that is now being incorporated into the design of new treatments. However, despite these successes, a significant proportion of disease heritability remains unexplained. Similarly, most of the causal variants at associated loci have not yet been identified, and even fewer have been functionally characterised. Because of the inarguable rise in the incidence of CD in regions of the world that previously had low disease rates, GWAS studies will soon have to shift from a largely Caucasian focus to include populations from other ethnic backgrounds. Future studies should also move beyond conventional studies of disease susceptibility into phenotypically driven ‘within‐cases’ analyses in order to explore the role of genetics in other important aspects of disease biology. These studies are likely to include assessments of prognosis and/or response to treatments and may be critical if personalised medicine is ever to become a reality.
Human FOXP3+ T regulatory cell heterogeneity
Authors: Mohr Audrey , Malhotra Rajneesh , Mayer Gaell , Gorochov Guy , Miyara Makoto
Published: January 2018

FOXP3‐expressing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are instrumental for the maintenance of self‐tolerance. They are also involved in the prevention of allergy, allograft rejection, foetal rejection during pregnancy and of exaggerated immune response towards commensal pathogens in mucosal tissues. They can also prevent immune responses against tumors and promote tumor progression. FOXP3‐expressing Treg cells are not a homogenous population. The different subsets of Treg cells can have different functions or roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and can therefore be differentially targeted in the management of autoimmune diseases or in cancer. We discuss here how Treg cell subsets can be differentiated phenotypically, functionally and developmentally in humans.
Relationship between Deterioration of Epoxy Resin and Change of Space Charge Distribution under Nonuniform Electric Field
Authors: FUJII MASAYUKI , YAMADA MASANORI , FUKUMA MASUMI , MURAKAMI YOSHINOBU , NAGAO MASAYUKI
Published: January 2018

Reliability in the insulating materials is necessary in order to supply stable power. However, the nonuniform electric field is caused by foreign matters or voids in the insulating material. The deterioration of insulating material is accelerated due to the nonuniform electric field and it finally leads to a dielectric breakdown. It is likely that the space charge distribution is related to the deterioration of the insulating material. The pulsed electroacoustic method can make it possible to detect the space charge distribution and to get the valuable information for the deterioration diagnosis. In this study, a line‐plate electrodes system was used to bring nonuniform electric field and the epoxy resin was inserted as the insulating material between the line electrode and the plate electrode. The changes of space charge distribution were observed under nonuniform electric field before the dielectric breakdown. As a result, this study indicates that the charge is injected from the line electrode and the space charge distribution changes due to the deterioration of the epoxy resin.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO2 CONCENTRATION
Authors: Durbin Richard D.
Published: January 2018

Durbin, Richard D. (U. Minnesota, St. Paul.) Factors affecting the vertical distribution of Rhizoctonia solani, with special reference to CO2 concentration. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(1) : 22‐25. Illus. 1959.—Thirty‐three heterogeneous clones of 3 ecological types of Rhizoctonia solani (aerial, surface, and subterranean, based on their vertical distribution on the host plant) were grown in flowing atmospheres containing various levels of CO2. The linear growth rates were compared with those obtained when the clones were grown in normal air. Significant differences were found among the clones with respect to their tolerance of CO2. Those found normally in the soil were more tolerant of CO2 than were clones occurring in either surface or aerial environments. Additional experiments with other plant pathogenic soil fungi, plus data obtained from the literature, indicate that tolerance of CO2 is a common attribute of fungi normally found in the soil and in rotting organic matter, environments where high CO2 concentrations are to be expected. Significant differences were also found in the linear growth rates of 86 clones from the 3 types. The ratio of the mean growth rates for aerial, surface, and subterranean clones was about 4:3:2, respectively. The 2 characteristics, linear growth rate and CO2 tolerance, were negatively correlated (r = +.773). The percentage of the aerial, surface, and subterranean types producing sclerotia was 82, 48, and 21, respectively. In 9 clones tested linear growth rate was not found to be correlated with endogenous O2 uptake rate. Carbon dioxide tolerance, linear growth rate, and sclerotial formation are characteristics which seem to play a part in determining the habitat of clones of this fungus.
THE DIFFERENTIAL ACTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS, ESPECIALLY POLYMYXIN‐B, ON CERTAIN ALGAE, BACTERIA AND FUNGI
Authors: Galloway R. A. , Krauss R. W.
Published: January 2018

Galloway, R. A., and R. W. Krauss (U. Maryland, College Park.) The differential action of chemical agents, especially polymyxin‐B, on certain algae, bacteria and fungi. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(1): 40‐49. Illus. 1959.—Representatives from each of the major groups of compounds exhibiting toxicity toward microorganisms were screened to determine their relative effect on 2 green algae, Scenedesmus obliquas and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, 1 blue green alga, Anabaena variabilis, 4 species of bacteria in the genera Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas, and the fungus Aspergillus sydowii. The objective was the determination of the differential toxicity shown by chemical agents against these microorganisms. Polymyxin‐B sulfate proved to have a high degree of selectivity which warranted detailed examination of its action. Manometric studies were made of the effects of this compound on rates of photosynthesis and respiration. The rate of photosynthesis in Scenedesmus was only slightly diminished by 640 p.p.m. polymyxin‐B, but a rapid reduction in rate to a very low level was observed in Chlorella. The endogenous respiration rate in Scenedesmus was more than doubled. The rate of respiration on glucose, pyruvate, fumarate, and acetate remained unchanged except for a slight transient rise at a low pH or in the absence of magnesium. The effect of 640 p.p.m. of polymyxin‐B on photosynthesis of Chlorella and on respiration, whether endogenous or on any of the substrates mentioned above, was a rapid, permanent reduction to a low level. Similar reduction in rate of respiration at 160 p.p.m. was observed in the bacteria and fungus, when these organisms were utilizing lactose, pyruvate, or fumarate as substrates. Two of the bacteria were exceptions in that no reduction occurred when they were respiring lactose. Inhibition of glucose phosphorylation was not found in the algae. Therefore some system other than an alternative phosphorylation must account for resistance to polymyxin‐B.
THE LABORATORY CULTIVATION OF STEMONITIS
Authors: Alexopoulos Constantine J.
Published: January 2018

Alexopoulos, Constantine J. (State U. Iowa, Iowa City.) The laboratory cultivation of Stemonitis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(2): 140‐142. Illus. 1959.—The cultivation of a species of Stemonitis, probably S. flavogenita, in laboratory culture is reported here for the first time. The organism completed its entire life cycle on artificial media from spore to spore, in the presence of contaminating bacteria, in 36 days. The plasmodium, characteristically different from those of the Physarales, is described and illustrated.
COMPARATIVE ENZYME DIFFERENTIATION IN GRASS ROOTS. I. ACID PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Avers Charlotte J. , Grimm Robert B.
Published: January 2018

Avers, Charlotte J. (U. Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.), and Robert B. Grimm. Comparative enzyme differentiation in grass roots. I. Acid phosphatase. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(3) : 190‐193. Illus. 1959.—There is a correlation between the pattern of acid phosphatase activity and the particular morphogenetic pattern in the root epidermis of festucoid and panicoid grasses. Four festucoid species all showed intensified enzyme activity in trichoblasts and loss of activity in hairless cell initials prior to the maturation of these cells. The 3 panicoid grasses showed no phosphatase‐inactive cells during epidermal development. The festucoid epidermis contains alternating long and short cells which differentiate into hairless and hair cells respectively. The panicoid type shows no such cellular pattern and any epidermal cell seems capable of producing a root hair. Treatment of Phleum roots with 10‐4 M coumarin caused a foreshortening of the growth zones and a concurrent apical shift in differential acid phosphatase activity. This response was interpreted as further evidence of a direct correlation between the morphogenetic and enzymatic differentiations in the root epidermis.
COMPARISON OF DAYLENGTH AND TEMPERATURE RESPONSES IN NICOTIANA AND ITS TAXONOMIC SECTIONS
Authors: Steinberg Robert A.
Published: January 2018

Steinberg, Robert A. (U.S.D.A., Beltsville, Md.) Comparison of daylength and temperature responses in Nicotiana and its taxonomic sections. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(4): 261–268. Illus. 1959.—Fifty‐seven of the sixty species of Nicotiana were grown in the greenhouse under long‐ and short‐day regimes. Supplemental tungsten light of about 30 ft.‐c. (bench) was used to extend natural illumination to 16 hr. daily. Short‐day controls received natural illumination for 9.5–12 hr. daily from about September to March. Two temperature levels were also employed—one with temperature held uniformly at about 25°C. and the other with a day temperature of about 20°C. and a night temperature of about 10°C. Daylength behavior of the species ranged from long‐day to day‐neutral to short‐day. All species were brought into flower and all, except N. acaulis and N. ameghinoi, formed viable seed in at least 1 of the 4 environments. A modified classification of photoperiodic flowering responses based on rapidity and not ability to flower was adopted to permit quantitative comparison of species responses to both daylength and temperature. Very few species flowered equally rapidly (day‐neutral) in both the 10‐ and 16‐hr. day‐lengths. Temperature level caused modifications in response from long‐day to day‐neutral and vice versa, and from short‐day to day‐neutral and vice versa. Data for N. glauca and some other species would indicate that a greater spread between temperature levels could possibly lead to opposite classifications at upper and lower temperatures. Excellent agreement was found between daylength responses of the species and the 14 taxonomic sections of Goodspeed for the genus Nicotiana. Only 2 of the sections (Paniculatae and Undulatae) were heterogeneous in that both included short‐ and long‐day species in the same section. The native habitat of all short‐day species was South America. Certain of the species gave a compensatory response to variations in light duration and low temperature similar to that given by sugarbeets and other biennials. This phenomenon may therefore be of general occurrence. Use of a quantitative expression for photoperiodic flowering responses is proposed to avoid ambiguity. It is the quotient of days from sowing to first blossom on short‐days divided by that on long‐days. The value 0.620°C. (9–12) would read short‐day at 20°C. with 9–12 hr. daylengths. Close agreement was found in daylength flowering ratios in successive tests in the greenhouse. The ratios alter under cold treatment with species susceptible to low‐temperature stimulation or inhibition of blossoming.
DISTRIBUTION OF TARTARIC ACID IN THE LEAVES OF CERTAIN ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Stafford Helen A.
Published: January 2018

Stafford, Helen A. (Reed Coll., Portland, Oregon.) Distribution of tartaric acid in the leaves of certain angiosperms. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 347–352. 1959.—An optically active isomer of tartaric acid has been definitely identified and quantitatively analyzed in the leaves of 9 species of angiosperms, and trace amounts have been tentatively identified in about 22 others out of 49 species examined. In species where identification was positive, the quantity of tartrate varied from 5 to 200 μmoles/g. fresh wt. of leaf tissue; identification was based on paper chromatography and on the metavanadate colorimetric test. The 9 species include Vitis vinifera, V. labruscana, V. californica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, P. quinquefolio, Pelargonium hortorum, Bauhinia malabarica, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Coleus blumei. Optical rotation data of the isolated acid indicate that the tartrate in Pelargonium and Parthenocissus quinquefolio is the (+) ‐isomer similar to that reported for Vitis vinifera, but the opposite to that reported for Bauhinia reticulata. The relationship of tartrate to other organic acids is discussed.
CROSS‐ AND SELF‐FERTILIZATION IN GLOMERELLA
Authors: Wheeler H. E. , Driver C. H. , Campa Carmen
Published: January 2018

Wheeler, H. E. (Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge.), C. H. Driver, and Carmen Campa. Cross‐and self‐fertilization in Glomerella. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 361–365. 1959.—Five mutants, all derived from a single isolate of Glomerella cingulata, were used in a study of the effects of various media and methods of making crosses on cross‐and self‐fertility in this fungus. In single cultures, the highest degree of self‐fertility was obtained on oatmeal agar and, in paired matings, selling was more drastically affected by the composition of the medium than was crossing. A comparison of the results of paired and spermatized crosses indicated (1) that induced selling occurred only in crosses made by pairing cultures and (2) that paired matings gave a more accurate estimate of the total sexual potential of the cultures than that obtained from spermatized matings.
THE EFFECT OF WAVELENGTH AND INTENSITY OF LIGHT ON THE PROPORTION OF PIGMENTS IN PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM
Authors: Brody Marcia , Emerson Robert
Published: January 2018

Brody, Marcia, and Robert Emerson. (U. Illinois, Urbana.) The effect of wavelength and intensity of light on the proportion of pigments in Porphyridium cruentum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(6): 433–440. Illus. 1959.—We specify a medium for Porphyridium cruentum made from distilled water and inorganic salts, without addition of earth extract, sea water or other supplements of uncertain composition, which sustains excellent growth through successive transfers. By control of intensity and wavelength of light used for growing the cultures, we have found it possible to vary the concentrations of chlorophyll and phycoerythrin, and also the proportions of these 2 pigments, over a considerable range. The changes in proportion of red and green pigments, in response to culturing in green and in blue light, are opposite to the changes that would be predicted from Engelmann's theory of complementary chromatic adaptation, when the intensities of the blue and green light are of the order of 104 ergs/cm2/sec. (or greater). However, at about 1/100 of this intensity, the changes are in the direction of complementary chromatic adaptation.
THE SPECIES OF CIBORINIA PATHOGENIC TO HERBACEOUS ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Batra Lekh R. , Korf Richard P.
Published: January 2018

Batra, Lekh R., and Richard P. Korf. (Cornell U., Ithaca, N. Y.) The species of Ciborinia pathogenic to herbaceous angiosperms. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(6): 441–450. Illus. 1959.—On the basis of anatomical studies, 2 distinct species of Ciborinia, a generic segregate of Sclerotinia, are shown to occur on Erythronium. The life history and phytopathology of one of these, C. erythronii, are reported. The species is shown to be homothallic, to develop its sclerotia in nearly all parts of the plant, to overwinter also in the form of mycelium in bulbs, and to form spermatia in the field. Experiments on factors affecting formation of sclerotia and apothecia in the laboratory are reported. Prolonged washing of sclerotia formed in the laboratory proved to be an important factor for development of apothecia. A new species, C. trillii, pathogenic to Trillium is described, as is a new species, C. violae, pathogenic to Viola. The generic diagnosis of Ciborinia is emended on the basis of these studies. A new combination, C. hirtella, is also proposed.
EFFECTS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS ON EARLY LEAF DEVELOPMENT IN TOBACCO
Authors: Tepfer Sanford S. , Chessin Meyer
Published: January 2018

Tepfer, Sanford S. (U. Oregon, Eugene.), and Meyer Chessin. Effects of tobacco mosaic virus on early leaf development in tobacco. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(7): 496–509. Illus. 1959.—At certain stages of infection, tobacco mosaic virus causes the formation of highly abnormal tobacco leaves classified here as narrow‐bladed leaves and “shoestring” leaves. The development and anatomy of these types are described. The “shoestring” leaf in its extreme form is entirely radial in symmetry, with no vestige of a lamina. This suppression of dorsiventrality is expressed to a lesser degree in narrow‐bladed leaves and in transitional forms. The lack of or reduction of dorsiventrality results directly from the absence of or reduced activity of the marginal meristems of the leaf primordium. There is a general reduction in meristematic activity in the primordium that causes reduced length as well as reduced laminal development.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE GERMINATION OF SEED OF THE SAGUARO CACTUS (CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA)
Authors: Alcorn Stanley M. , Kurtz Edwin B.
Published: January 2018

Alcorn, Stanley M. (U. S. Dept. of Agric., Tucson, Ariz.), and Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr. Some factors affecting the germination of seed of the saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(7): 526–529. 1959.—Germination of saguaro cactus seeds is stimulated by red light (approx. 6550 A) or daylight and far‐red light (approx. 7350 A) counteracts this effect. About 0.1% germinate in continuous darkness. A single exposure to red light was most effective when the seeds were imbibed 24 hr., but maximum germination resulted from multiple exposures to red light during a 72‐hr. imbibition period. The optimum temperature for germination was 25°C.; no germination occurred at 15°C. and only slight germination at 35°C. Imbibition of light‐treated seeds in 0.05 to 0.2% KNO3 increased germination. Germination of seeds in either light or dark was increased by imbibing the seeds in 500 to 1000 p.p.m. gibberellic acid.
GLUCOSE DISSIMILATION IN USTILAGO MAYDIS
Authors: McKinsey Richard D.
Published: January 2018

McKinsey, Richard D. (U. Virginia, Charlottesville.) Glucose dissimilation in Ustilago maydis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(8): 566–571. Illus. 1959.—Studies were made of the manner in which glucose is dissimilated in Ustilago maydis. Radioactive isotope experiments utilizing glucose‐1‐C14 and glucose‐6‐C14 gave a C6/C1 ratio of 0.23 indicating that the major portion of the glucose was being metabolized by a direct shunt mechanism. Spectrophotometric and manometric experiments indicated the probable presence of the following enzyme systems: aldolase, 3‐phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceryl kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6‐phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase. Manometric and growth experiments indicated that Ustilago maydis is an obligate aerobe.
STIMULATION OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF PILOBOLUS BY MUCOR PLUMBEUS
Authors: Page Robert M.
Published: January 2018

Page, Robert M. (Stanford U., Calif.) Stimulation of asexual reproduction of Pilobolus by Mucor plumbeus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(8): 579–585. Illus. 1959.—The fact that a culture of Pilobolus kleinii which was contaminated with Mucor plumbeus produced far more sporangia than had ever been observed before on a synthetic medium suggested that M, plumbeus produced a substance which stimulated asexual reproduction in Pilobolus. When grown on a medium containing asparagine, sodium acetate, hemin, thiamine, and salts, P. kleinii consistently produced more trophocysts and sporangia when grown with M. plumbeus than when grown alone. Sterilized filtrate of culture medium in which M. plumbeus had grown also stimulated sporangium formation by P. kleinii. By the use of 2 types of 2‐membered culture in which there was no liquid connection between the 2 fungi, it was shown that the stimulatory substance was volatile. In addition to being volatile at room temperature, the material was soluble in acid but not in alkali, and it gave a positive reaction with Nessler's reagent. Since (1) the material had some of the properties of ammonia, (2) the intensity of asexual reproduction in 2‐membered cultures with absorbents was correlated with the distribution of ammonia, (3) M. plumbeus produced ammonia when grown on asparagine, aspartic acid, or NaNO3, and (4) the effect of the substance could be imitated either with gaseous ammonia or with ammonium salts at appropriate concentrations, it seems highly probable that the substance produced by M. plumbeus which stimulates asexual reproduction of P. kleinii and some other species of Pilobolus is ammonia.
CHANGES IN THE HEAT‐RESISTANCE OF ASCOSPORES OF NEUROSPORA UPON GERMINATION
Authors: Lingappa Yamuna , Sussman A. S.
Published: January 2018

Lingappa, Yamuna, and A. S. Sussman. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) Changes in the heat‐resistance of ascospores of Neurospora upon germination. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46 (9): 671–678. Illus. 1959.—A rapid loss in heat‐resistance accompanies activation of ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma after incubation at 27°C. When activated spores are given a 5‐min. “heat‐flash” at 65°C. after only 5 min. at 27°C., fully % fail to germinate. Such treatment, if administered 25 min. after activation, results in the complete destruction of the spores. By contrast, when incubation at 27°C. is not interposed, more than ½ of the spores will germinate, even when they have been exposed to 65°C. for 30 min. Similar results were obtained with “heat‐flashes” at 50 and 60°C., although exposures of longer duration were required to affect the spores. Conidia respond very differently to “heat‐flashes” in that germination is stimulated if they are provided after an incubation period at 27°C. On the other hand, conidia are killed by short exposures to 60°C., so that they are far more susceptible to such treatment than are ascospores. A study of the cardinal temperatures of germination revealed that the maximum is about 44°C. for both conidia and ascospores. The maximum for the growth of two strains of N. tetrasperma and for one of N. crassa is between 40–45°C.; however, another strain of the latter species grows at 45°C. Dry heat was shown to be less effective than wet in activating ascospores. Removal of the exospore of ascospores results in the loss of considerable heat‐resistance. In addition, the requirement for heat‐activation is considerably mitigated in such spores, suggesting that the exospore, or an associated layer is the locus of the ascospore's heat‐resistance.
SEGREGATION AND RECOMBINATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN A HYBRID SWARM OF BAPTISIA LAEVICAULIS × B. VIRIDIS AND THEIR TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Turner B. L. , Alston Ralph
Published: January 2018

Turner, B. L. (U. Texas, Austin), and Ralph Alston. Segregation and recombination of chemical constituents in a hybrid swarm of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis and their taxonomic implications. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 678–686. lllus. 1959.—Selected plants from a hybrid population of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis and individuals from “pure” populations of the parental species were examined chromatographically. The resulting patterns were then compared with the respective phenotypes by the use of hybrid indices. Although the parental type individuals yielded nearly uniform patterns, hybrid‐type plants showed a striking recombination of chemical components and there was an excellent correlation between chromatographic patterns and hybrid expression. Of particular interest was the detection of a new and distinctive compound in 2 of the hybrid‐type plants which was not observed in either parent. Chromatograms of 3 other Baptisia species also showed distinctive patterns, and their relationship to each other, as indicated by morphological features, was accompanied by similarities in the biochemical pattern. The segregation and recombination of biochemical constituents are discussed with respect to their evolutionary and taxonomic implications. It is suggested that an extension of the techniques utilized might provide for the establishment of “biochemical profiles” which should prove of considerable value to the systematist.
FAR RED REVERSAL OF INTERNODE‐STIMULATING EFFECT OF RED LIGHT ON PEAS
Authors: Thomson Betty F.
Published: January 2018

Thomson, Betty F. (Connecticut College, New London.) Far red reversal of internode‐stimulating effect of red light on peas. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(10): 740–742. Illus. 1959.—Irradiation with red light accelerates the elongation of extremely young pea internodes, reduces the elongation of partly elongated internodes, and has a little of both effects on internodes of intermediate ages. All of these effects are reversed by far red irradiation. The possible nature of the accelerating effect is discussed.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE GOLGI‐APPARATUS OF MAIZE ROOT CELLS
Authors: Whaley W. Gordon , Kephart Joyce E. , Mollenhauer Hilton H.
Published: January 2018

Whaley, W. Gordon (U. Texas, Austin), Joyce E. Kephart, and Hilton H. Mollenhauer. Developmental changes in the Golgi‐apparatus of maize root cells. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(10): 743–751. Illus. 1959.—Golgi‐apparatus comparable to that of animal cells has been observed in electron micrographs of all cells of the maize root tips studied. The central structure consists of a “stack” of cisternae with the edges of which small vesicles are associated. In conspicuously vacuolating inner cortical cells the Golgi‐apparatus resembles that of dividing cells. The possible roles of these vesicles are discussed. As the cells of the epidermis and outer cortical layer mature these vesicles tend to accumulate and increase in size. In necrotic rootcap cells these vesicles are not apparent and the Golgi‐cisternae are hypertrophied.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND SOME MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF VARIOUS SOUTH AFRICAN GRASSES
Authors: de Wet J. M. J.
Published: January 2018

de Wet, J. M. J. (Div. Botany, Pretoria, So. Africa.) Chromosome numbers and some morphological attributes of various South African Grasses. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(1): 44—49. Illus. 1960.– Chromosome numbers are reported for 68 species and varieties of grasses belonging to 40 genera. These include first reports for the genera Megastachya, Lintonia, Plagiochloa, Ctenium, Oropetium and Beckeropsis. Cytological data were correlated with observations from leaf and embryo anatomy. A common ancestor is postulated for the tribes Oryzeae, Ehrharteae and Centotheceae. The genera Lasiochloa, Plagiochloa and Urochlaena appear to belong neither with the tribe Festuceae nor with the Eragrosteae but probably are closer related to the Danthonieae. Lintonia. Entoplocamia, Tetrachne and Fingerhuthia are characterized by the chloridoid‐eragrostoid type of cytology and leaf anatomy but the bambusoid type of embryo anatomy. For these reasons they appear to represent relics of the original Eragostoid and Chloridoid stock. The South African representatives of the genus Crinipes differ from the tropical species in respect to leaf anatomy. The tropical species are typically of the arundinoid type, whereas the South African species appear to be related to the Danthonieae.
STUDIES OF NEW ALBANY SHALE PLANTS. I. STENOKOLEOS SIMPLEX COMB. NOV.
Authors: Beck Charles B.
Published: January 2018

Beck, Charles B. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) Studies of New Albany shale plants. I. Stenokoleos simplex comb, nov. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2): 115—124. Illus. 1960.–A specimen of Stenokoleos from the Falling Run member of the Sanderson formation is described and shown to belong to the same species as Mesoneuron simplex (Read and Campbell, 1939). Among the distinctive features of this species are traces of triangular shape bearing 3 mesarch protoxylem areas, metaxylem tracheids with scalariform pitting, and the presence of fibers in the outer phloem. The new specimen indicates that Stenokoleos had a basically cruciform xylem strand which gave rise to pairs of traces, each trace supplying one of a pair of lateral appendages which occurred on opposite sides of the main axis, but at different levels. The fern‐like nature of Stenokoleos is emphasized and it is suggested that this genus most closely resembles members of the Zygopteridaceae.