bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Genus
Lonsdaleia and Dibunophyllum Rugosum
(McCoy)
Authors: Smith Stanley
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Lonsdaleia
is a genus of the Rugose Corals of colonial habit belonging to the Clisiophyllidæ;
Dibunophyllum rugosum
is also a colonial coral and a member of the same family; but the other species of the genus
Dibunophyllum
are, with very rare exceptions, simple corals. My reasons for including a description of
Dibunophyllum rugosum
in a communication primarily dealing with
Lonsdaleia
are—the fact that the former was originally described by McCoy as
Lonsdaleia rugosa,
and that considerable confusion has arisen between it and the fasciculate forms of
Lonsdaleia
.

An acknowledgment of thanks is due, in the first place, to those gentlemen who have generously assisted me with the material of research. To Dr. A. Smith Woodward, Dr. F. L. Kitchin, Prof. T. McK. Hughes, and Mr. Leonard Gill, I am indebted for the use of specimens preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), the Museum of Practical Geology, the Sedgwick Museum (Cambridge), and the Hancock Museum (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). I am under special obligation to Dr. Smith Woodward and Prof. Hughes for access to the holotypes of species named by Phillips, Lonsdale, and McCoy. For placing at my disposal the results of their own collecting, I thank Mr. John Bishop, Mr. R. G. Carruthers, Mr. C. H. Cunnington, Mr. J. A. Douglas, Prof. E. J. Garwood, Prof. O. T. Jones, Mr. T. Herdman, Dr. Wheelton Hind, Prof. S. H. Reynolds, Prof. T. F. Sibly, Mr. C. T. Trechmann, Dr. A. Vaughan, Dr. A. Wilmore, and Dr. D. Woolacott.

I have myself
The Geology of the District between Abereiddy and Abercastle (Pembrokeshire)
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The area with, which this paper is mainly concerned is a strip of country about 5 miles long, bordering on the north-western coast of Pembrokeshire. The eastern end of this strip is about 6 miles south-west of Fishguard, while its western end lies some 4 miles north-east of St. David's. The country is represented on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Pembrokeshire Sheets 8 S.W. & S.E., 15 N.W. & N.E., and comes within Sheet 40 (Old Series) of the 1-inch Geological Survey Map.

The district is one of low relief, lying as it does for the greater part between the 100- and the 300-foot contour-lines. The ground rarely falls below the former level, and accordingly the very irregular coast-line is largely formed by precipitous cliffs. The valleys are broad, and choked with Drift or alluvium; and, as the watershed (the average elevation of which is between 300 and 400 feet) lies only about 2 miles south of the coast, the few north-ward-flowing streams have very short courses and little or no erosive power. The streams are hence almost lost in boggy ground. The surface configuration has no very direct bearing on the geological structure, while inland exposures are poor and none too plentiful.

The district is several miles distant from the nearest railway. The population is scanty, and the only industry, apart from farming, is that connected with the diabase- or ‘granite’-quarries at Porth Gain, where there is a small harbour, the only one now used on this
The Paradoxidian Fauna of a Part of the Stockingford Shales
Authors: Illing Vincent Charles
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction and Previous Literature.

The strata which form the subject of this paper make up a small part of the Cambrian succession cropping out near Nuneaton, in the very heart of the Midlands. Here, an inlier of Cambrian age forms a narrow belt of country about 9 miles long, running in a general north-westerly and south-easterly direction, between the towns of Atherstone and Bedworth. On the north-eastern side lies the rolling plain of down-thrown Trias, while on the opposite, or south-western side, the highly-dipping Cambrian shales are unconformably overlain by the Coal Measures.

In the early Geological Survey publication of 1859, by H. H. Howell, these lower strata were not differentiated from the overlying Carboniferous System. The Lower Cambrian Quartzites were correlated with the Millstone Grit Series, while the immediately overlying shales were included in the Coal-Measure Shales proper. The next noteworthy contribution was the brilliant work of Samuel Allport in 1879, on the intrusive igneous rocks. To these he applied the term ‘diorites,’ distinguishing them from the doleritic type that usually occurs in the Carboniferous of the Midlands.

However, it was not until 1882 that Prof. Charles Lapworth and W. J. Harrison, noting the similarity of the quartzites of Lickey and Hartshill, investigated the area, and proved the bedded nature of the Lower Caldecote igneous rocks. Finally, by the discovery of Cambrian Lingulæ in the overlying shales at Stockingford Cutting, Prof. Lapworth was able to establish the true age of these beds. The same author divided the succession
The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the Doulting-Milborne-Port District (Somerset)
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In a paper communicated to the Society in 1907, I gave an account of the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the district between Bath and Doulting. In another paper, also communicated to this Society, but fourteen years earlier, Mr. S. S. Buckman described the same series as developed in the neighbourhood of Sherborne. Between these two districts, however, is one concerning the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of which comparatively little has been published. The object of the present paper is to make good this deficiency.

(i) Previous Literature.—The earliest reference to the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of this district is contained in Conybeare & Phillips, ‘Outlines of the Geology of England & Wales’ 1822. These authors, however, only note (p. 255) that

‘Doulting hill is celebrated for its quarries of the Inferior Oolite, which here affords a valuable freestone,’

and describe the course of the main escarpment to the south—past Bruton, Castle Cary, and the Cadburys to Yeovil.

Sir Henry De la Beche gave a generalized section of the Jurassic rocks at Scale Hill, near Batcombe, a village between Doulting and Bruton (see map, fig. 1, p. 488). He estimated the thickness of the Inferior Oolite there at 55 feet, remarking that the upper part was ‘rubbly limestone’ and the lower part ‘oolitic [limestone].’ It is interesting to notice, in view of the occurrence of a clay-bed immediately below the Inferior Oolite in the railway-cutting at Doulting, that De la Beche also observed ‘thin seams
Some Inferior-Oolite Pectinidæ
Authors: Paris E. Talbot , Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

During the course of the field-work of one of the present authors (L. R.) in connexion with the
unravelling of the detailed stratigraphy of the Inferior Oolite of the district between Stonesfield,
in Oxfordshire, and Burton Bradstock, in Dorset—which is now completed a large number of
lamellibranchs have been found, many
in situ
. Some of the
Gervilliæ
and
Pernæ
have already been dealt with by
one of us (E. T. P.)

1

.

The present paper deals with the members of the Pectinidæ that have been found during the
investigations mentioned above, and these Pectinidæ are enumerated in the following list:—

Æquipecten Fischer.

Æ.
barbatus
(J. Sowerby).

Æ.
bouchardi
(Oppel).

Æ.
spinicostatus
(G. F. Whidborne).

Æ.
symmetricus
(Morris).

Camptonectes Meek.

C. aalensis
, sp. nov.

C.
cf.
annulatus
(J. de C. Sowerby).

C. lens
(J. Sowerby).

Chlamys Bolten.

Chl. articulata
(auctt.).

Chl. articulata
(auctt.), var.
notgroviensis
nov.

Chl. articulata
(auctt.), var.
sauzeana
nov.

Chl. ambigua
(Münster).

Chil.
cf.
ambigua
(Münster).

Entolium Meek.

E. demissum
(J. Phillips).

E. demissum
(J. Phillips), var.
inutile
Whidborne.

Variamussium Sacoo.

V. fenestrale
(Whidborne).
The Accessory Minerals of the Granitic Rocks of theEnglish Lake District
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Wilcockson W. H.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

For some time past both of us have been engaged in investigating the mineral composition of certain sands and sandstones. These researches, although quite independent, were carried on in the same laboratory, and in both cases similar problems were encountered as to the derivation of certain minerals, notably those that frequently occur as accessories in igneous rocks. It was found desirable, therefore, to make a study of these minerals in their original habitat: for this purpose certain typical granites and other rocks were treated by the methods described in the following pages, and the accessory minerals were isolated for detailed study and comparison. The results obtained were so interesting, and in some instances so unexpected, that it was determined to make a joint study of the accessory minerals of some well-defined group of rocks. For various reasons, the granitic intrusions of the English Lake District seemed to offer a promising field. In nearly all instances abundant material was already available, collected at various times within the last twelve years, in the course of work already published and for various other purposes.

The most important intrusions of the Lake District are, as is well known, the granites of Shap, Skiddaw, and Eskdale, and the Buttermere-Ennerdale granophyre. Most of these possess numerous apophyses, some acid, others more basic in character, as well as, in some instances, interesting variations within the mass of the rock. The intrusions generally known as the ‘microgranites’ or ‘felsites’ of Threlkeld and St. John's Vale, being
Note on the Well-Section at Rock Mills and the Fauna associated with
Edestus
Authors: Pringle John
Published: October 2009

The well at Rock Mills (Messrs. Joseph Sykes & Co.) is situated in the mill-grounds in the valley of the River Hohne at Brockholes, about 4 miles south of Huddersfield. According to the Geologiqal Survey-map (Quarter-Sheet 88 S.E.), the alluvimn in the valley at this point rests on shales which underlie the Rough Rock, the uppermost member of the Millstone Grit. The shales appear to vary considerably in thickness in this district. Green states that 100 feet of shales are present between the Rough Rock and Grit A about Holmfirth, which lies 2 miles south of Brockholes; while on Holestone Moor, west of Huddersfield, he estimates that thev are 200 feet thick between the same horizons. Spencer has shown that in the district embraced in the next sheet to the north (Quarter-Sheet 88 N.E.) the shales contain a marine fauna; and the discovery of
Edestus
should stimulate the efforts of the local geologists to further work on this horizon.

During the excavation of the well no record of the various strata passed through was made by the sinkers; but it appears, from notes supplied by Mr. J. R. Simpson, of Banks, Honley, that the rocks were mainly shales, with some thin beds of sandstone. At the depth of 120 feet the specimen of
Edestus
was obtained by Mr. H. H. Freer in a bed of rock—rather friable shale,—which also contained numerous fragments of marine shells. Among the specimens the following have been identified:—
Posidoniella lœvis
(Brown),
Gastrioceras
sp.,
Glyphioceras reticulatum
(Phill.)
The Picrite-Teschenite Sill of Lugar (Ayrshire)
Authors: Tyrrell George Walter
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The association of teschenite and ultrabasic rocks (picrite and peridotite) in a single rock-body has now been established for several occurrences in the lowlands of Scotland. The Barnton occurrence, near Edinburgh, has been described by Sir Archibald Geikie,1 by Mr. J. Henderson & Mr. J. G. Goodchild, and by Mr. H. W. Monckton. At Blackburn, near Bathgate, occurs a picrite, which has been described by the first-named writer as a lava, but has recently been shown to be intrusive and associated with teschenite by the officers of the Geological Survey of Scotland. The famous picrite of Inchcolm, in the Firth of Forth, is well known from the descriptions of several observers. Dr. R. Campbell and Mr A. Stenhouse, however, in a recent detailed investigation of the island, have shown that at both the upper and lower contacts the picrite passes into teschenite. On the west coast, Dr. J. D. Falconer has described a picrite-teschenite sill at Ardrossan, intrusive into the Carboniferous Limestone Series: here again the ultrabasic rock occupies the central part of the mass. Recently the late R. Boyle drew attention to still another occurrence at Lugar, near Old Cumnock (Ayrshire). He described the passage of dolerite and basalt [teschenite] through doleritic picrite [theralite] to ‘segregated’ masses of peridotite or picrite. The ultrabasic rock occurs in the central parts of the mass, find passes gradually to less basic varieties towards both upper and lower contacts. A picrite associated with teschenite has-been discovered by Mr. E. M. Anderson
The Morphology and Development of the Ammonite Septum
Authors: Swinnerton Henry Hurd , Trueman Arthur Elijah
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Several years ago one of us noted with particular interest the appearance of the sutures upon some badly-weathered ammonites. They were characterized by an absence of frilling and a simplicity of curvature strongly suggestive of the early stages in development. A preliminary enquiry was immediately made into the development of the sutures of
Dactylioceras
, and into the changes produced in the adult suture by filing the surface away in imitation of the process of weathering. This made it evident that the similarity already noted was not merely superficial, but had a widely-extended significance. It was with the view of establishing the extent and limitations of this similarity, as determined by variations in the shape of the whorl in different ammonites, that the present investigation was undertaken.

As the work advanced, the problem resolved itself into a study of the morphology and development of the septum as opposed to the suture-fine. The value of the latter has long been recognized, and a distinguished succession of workers, including Sowerby, Hyatt, Neumayr, and Buckman, have made very effective use of it in solving problems of ammonite affinities. On the other hand, and apart from the suture-line, the septum itself has been comparatively neglected, and much of the information which exists concerning it must be gleaned from figures, frequently undiscussed.

There has also been a limited discussion upon the mechanical conditions which have been concerned in modelling the septum, and upon the relations of newly-formed septa to their predecessors.

II. Methods of
The Carboniferous Limestone bordering the Leicestershire Coalfield
Authors: Parsons Leonard Miles
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The area containing eight inliers of Lower Carboniferous rocks with which this paper deals is situated north and east of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. These inliers of Avonian rocks lie within a radius of 6 miles from Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and the area forms a quadrant with the line Ashby-Ticknall as the south-to-north radius, and the line from Ashby passing through Thringstone as the west-to-east radius.

The westernmost inliers, Ticknall and Calke, are in Derbyshire, as is also part of the Dimminsdale inlier. The Heath End stream which flows through the last inlier is there the county boundary. The eastern side of Dimminsdale and all of the remaining inliers, from Breedon to Grace Dieu inclusive, are situated in Leicestershire.

The Carboniferous Limestone of the area has been mentioned but briefly in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, and the relations of the Lower Carboniferous to the Millstone Grit have not been definitely stated.

The original survey of the district was made by Edward Hull, and his results were published in 1860.
1
His map shows a ninth Carboniferous Limestone inlier situated north of Breedon-on-the-Hill, and south-east of Melbourne, but no description of it is given in the Memoir, and it is not shown in maps published more recently by the Geological Survey.

In the same Memoir (1860) a list of fossils obtained from Breedon and Breedon Cloud is given; but Hull considered the two Breedons to be alike stratigraphically, and the names of the fossils from the two places were put together
The Carboniferous Limestone Series on the South-Eastern Margin of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Dixey Frank , Sibly Thomas Franklin
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone which is the subject of this communication extends from the valley of the Ewenny River about 3 miles east of Bridgend (Glamorgan) to the valley of the Ebbw River at Risca (Monmouth), a distance of about 19 miles from west-south-west to east-north-east.
1
It lies on the south-eastern margin of the South Wales coal-basin, and belongs in its western portion to the northern limb of the Cardiff-Cowbridge anticline (see map, fig. 1, p. 112).

The area within which this outcrop is comprised was mapped by the officers of H.M. Geological Survey (Dr. A. Strahan, Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, and Mr. T. C. Cantrill), in the course of the re-survey of the South Wales Coalfield, and the results were embodied in the official maps and memoirs.
2
The present paper supplements the description of the Carboniferous Limestone Series given in those publications, in the light of recent researches on the Carboniferous rocks of this country and Belgium by the late Dr. A. Vaughan and others.

The nature and significance of the broad variations shown by the Carboniferous Limestone Series in the extensive South Wales outcrops have been admirably defined by Dr. Strahan in the following words:—

‘The Carboniferous Limestone Series presented a succession of stages in development. The fullest development was exhibited in the southernmost occurrences, as regarded both the sequence and the thickness of zones. A second stage, showing an incomplete sequence and considerable attenuation, with indications of near-shore origin, was presented along parts of the
Jurassic Chronology: I Lias
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

During the last few years
1
I have been engaged to examine a series of ammonites and brachiopods—some thousands of specimens—collected by the officers of the Geological Survey of Scotland in the islands of the Inner Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland—Mull, Skye, Raasay. As the thickness of these Oolite-Lias deposits is very considerable and specimens are in many places numerous, the faunal sequence is often observable to great advantage; and, as new faunal elements have been disclosed in some cases, the Oolite-Lias chronology requires a certain amount of elaboration and revision. By the kind permission of the Director of the Geological Survey I am allowed to give an abstract of certain results. These data, when compared with those which have been gradually accumulating about other districts, throw an interesting light on the faunal sequence in certain strata, and, though admitting that all suppositions are not yet proved, I venture to offer to the Society an epitome of evidence and surmise with the idea of drawing the attention of other workers to the particular points about which further investigation is desirable.

The classical paper on the Scottish area is that by J. W. Judd.
1
He proposed the terms ‘Scalpa Sandstone’ and ‘Pabba Shales,’ and, though working under great difficulty, showed considerable acumen in his zonal classification: he recognized the presence of the zones of
humphriesianum, murchisonae, spinatus, margaritatus, ibex, jamesoni, armatus, oxynotus, semicostatus
, and
bucklandi
.

A more elaborate faunal sequence is put forward at
The Pre-Cambrian and Associated Rocks of the District of Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. General Description of the Area.

Beyond the coastal and volcanic belts of Mozambique—already described in a previous contribution
1
—the country assumes the form of a gently undulating plateau that gradually rises towards the west. As one proceeds inland its surface becomes increasingly diversified by inselberge and clusters of abrupt hills until, west of Ribawe, where the plateau reaches an elevation of nearly 2000 feet, the scenery becomes more typically of a highland character and the stretches of unbroken plateau less extensive. Throughout the whole area traversed by the staff of the Memba Minerals Ltd. (after the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations had been left behind) no rocks were found that were not of igneous or metamorphic origin, or that, like laterite,
1
could not be traced immediately back to an igneous or metamorphic parent-rock or to solutions percolating through such rocks. (See index-map, fig. 1, p. 32.) The dominant rock of the country, persistent to a degree that often becomes monotonous, is a grey biotite-gneiss. Interfoliated with the gneiss are occasional lenticular masses of hornblende-gneiss and amphibolite, and with these, smaller bands and lenticles of crystalline limestone are sometimes intimately associated. Elsewhere the gneisses become coarse and garnetiferous, and in some places eclogites and basic granulites occur.

Schists were found very sparingly, and the known exposures are limited to three areas: the north-east of the territory behind the broadened coastal plain in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Lurio, the district around Memba, and the central coastal region between the Mitikiti
The Kelestominæ: a Subfamily of Cretaceous Cribrimorph Polyzoa
Authors: Lang William Dickson
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In 1906, under the name
Cribrilina jukes-brownei
, Mr. Brydone
1
described a Cretaceous cribrimorph Polyzoan of remarkable structure. There is little beyond its cribrimorph intraterminal frontwall to connect it with
Cribrilina
;
2
indeed, at the time of the establishment of
C. jukes-brownei
its affinities were unknown for lack of correct interpretation of certain of its more specialized features; and, were it not for the subsequent discovery of an allied species,
Morphasmopora brydonei
,
3
connecting the highly-specialized
M.
[
Cribrilina
]
jukes-brownei
with a less-specialized form from Rügen described by Marsson under the name of
Kelestoma elongatum
,
4
the extraordinary modifications of
Morphasmopora jukes-brownei
might still be unexplained.

Kelestoma
and
Morphasmopora
are quite separate, though allied, genera of Pelmatoporidæ, isolated from the rest of the family and constituting the subfamily Kelestominæ. The Pelmatoporidæ are a very large assemblage of Cretaceous cribrimorph Polyzoa, that is, of Cheilostome Polyzoa whose intraterminal front-wall is built of more or less fused terminal spines. The family consists of those whose fused spines (costæ) are produced as hollow outgrowths upwards beyond their fusions; the broken ends of these form rows of pelmata (when of small diameter, pelmatidia) on the surface of the intraterminal front-wall. The complete family was dealt with in summary detail in 1916,
5
and its largest section, the subfamily Pelmatoporinæ, in a more expanded manner in [1919].
6
Its various subfamilies may be derived from a hypothetical ancestral Pelmatoporid, and, in order to explain the structure and evolution of the Kelestominæ, it is convenient first to examine this hypothetical Pelmatoporid
On the Occurrence of Extensive Deposits of High-Level Sands and Gravels resting upon the Chalk at Little Heath near Berkhamsted
Authors: Gilbert Charles Jesse
Published: October 2009

The deposits hereafter described occur at Little Heath, on the north-east side of the valley of the Bulbourne, near Berkhamsted, at 550 feet above sea-level and in latitude 51° 45′ 45″ N.; longitude 0° 31′ 30″ W. (See D on the map, p. 34.) They rest upon the Chalk of the extensive tableland, which, gradually rising towards the north, culminates at the scarp of the Chiltern Hills. This scarp hereabouts has an average height of about 700 feet, but rises at the Ivinghoe Beacon to 808 feet.

The section to which attention is specially directed occurs in a pit that has been recently opened on Little Heath Common by the Heinel Hempstead Corporation, with the permission of Lord Brownlow, for obtaining supplies of road-metal.

A generalized section of this pit shows the following beds in descending order:—

Thickness in feet.

6. Surface-soil, with bleached Reading pebbles…bout
2

5. Pebbly clay and other glacial deposits, varying from
2 to 20

4. Stratified loamy sand
5 to 6

3. Stratified coarse gravel
17

2. Dark clay, with black-coated unworn flints and small well-rounded pebbles
6 inches

1. Chalk.

No. 6. Surface-soil, with bleached Heading pebbles.—This appears to be made up of a portion of the underlying beds, which has become disintegrated.

No. 5. The Glacial deposits.—These are somewhat
On a Deposit of Interglacial Lœss, and some Transported Preglacial Freshwater Clays on the Durham Coast
Authors: Trechman Charles Taylor
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. The object of this paper is to describe some phenomena connected with the earlier Glacial deposits that are exposed on the Durham coast. The beds to which attention is more particularly directed form part of, or are connected with, a recently-discovered deposit of Scandinavian Drift. They comprise the following:—

(1)

A bed of material that, in chemical, physical, and stratigraphical characters, presents every appearance of complete identity with the true loess of the European Continent.

(2)

Some deposits of brown, grey, and bluish clay containing a varied assortment of organic remains, including shells of non-marine mollusca, ostracod valves, mammalian bones and teeth, trees, seeds, mosses, and other plant-remains: the whole having been transported by the advancing Scandinavian ice-sheet.

Both the above-mentioned deposits, in common with other phenomena connected with the earliest advance of the Scandinavian ice-sheet, are preserved in Preglacial hollows, valleys, and fissures in the Magnesian Limestone. All of them are earlier than, and completely underlie the later local Glacial accumulations, to which I gave the appellation of Main Drift, and containing local English and Scottish erratics. These erratics are completely wanting in the underlying earlier deposits with which this paper deals.

A few words in recapitulation of matter already published are necessary, in explanation of the peculiar features and mode of occurrence of the bed of Scandinavian Drift which is exposed on the Durham coast. Up to the year 1914, when I investigated and described this bed
Preliminary Description of the Plant-Remains
Authors: Keid Eleanor Mary
Published: October 2009

The material sent to me has proved of the greatest interest. When washed and sifted from the matrix the total amount of vegetable matter was very small, not much more than a large tablespoonful, but it has yielded important results. I regret that I have not yet had an opportunity of working out the species in full detail, and of photographing the specimens. To do so would take more time than I can at present spare, but I hope to be able to complete the investigation in the near future.

Forty or more species have been found, exclusive of most of the
Cyperacecæ
, which number about twelve species. Of the total number rather more than half are exotic. Some may be extinct, but to decide this question further work is needed. Such plants, as have been identified all point to a temperate climate, and therefore to a Pliocene age for the deposit. The large proportion of exotic species shows that the flora must be of an age earlier than the Cromerian. In the Cromerian about 10 per cent, of the flora was found to be exotic; in the Teglian about 50 per cent.; and in the Keuverian about 90 per cent. It is not easy to estimate the exact percentages, unless one has a complete collection of all British seeds; and this I do not possess. By comparing the percentages as given, it will be seen that the Castle-Eden flora corresponds very closely, in respect of the exotic element which
Description of the Mosses
Authors: Dixon Hugh Neville
Published: October 2009

I have identified the following:—

Neckera complanata
(L.) Huebn.

Homalia trichomanoides
(Schreber) B. & S.

Thuidium (?tamariscenium
) (L.) B. & S.

Eurhynchium sicartzii
(Turn.) Hobk.

Eurhynchium prælongum
(L.) Hobk.

Also a fragment ehich may be something different, but possibly also
Eurhynchium swartzii
.

The first two are arboreal mosses, the others terrestrial. They are all ordinary species that one might meet in a wood, or a lane-side now, in any lowland part of England.
Description of the Bones of
Elephas
Authors: Andrews Charles William
Published: October 2009

I have examined the bones sent to me by Dr. Trechmann, and find that they are parts of a rib and an atlas vertebra of an Elephant. Comparison shows that the atlas is not that of
Elephas primigenius
, but that it approaches very nearly to specimens of the atlas of
E. meridionalis
, with which I have been able to compare it. The material is not good enough for absolute certainty in determination, but I do not think that there is much doubt.
A Rift-Valley in Western Persia
Authors: Shand S. James
Published: October 2009

A rift-valley so small that its whole extent can be surveyed from the top of one of the bounding walls, so free from soil and vegetation that each fault can be traced by the eye and its hade and displacement measured directly, and so perfectly preserved that the fault-scarps retain the grooves produced by the friction of the sliding rocks, is surely a structure of no little interest. If the valley which I have to describe were in Europe instead of Persia, I do not doubt that it would attract its geological pilgrims and supply illustrations for the text-books for many years to come.

Asmari Mountain, near the oilfields of Maidan-i-Naftun in the Bakhtiari country of Western Persia, is an inlier of Oligocene limestone among the beds of the Fars System (Miocene). The only division of the latter system that comes into the question is the lower or gypsum series, consisting of bedded gypsum with intercalated shales and a few thin limestones. These beds are locally conformable to the Asmari Limestone, although the higher members of the system overlap the lower. The mountain is a ‘whaleback,’ 16 miles long and 3 wide at the middle, formed by a simple symmetrical anticline plunging at both ends. The northwestern end plunges rather steeply, and shows no abnormal structures; but the south-eastern end disappears more gradually, the axis dipping some 5° or 6° only, and here for a distance of 3 miles the fold has collapsed along its length, letting the gypsum-beds down
The Petrography of the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire
Authors: Gilligan Albert
Published: October 2009

The term ‘Millstone Grit’ is applied to a series of beds which attain a thickness of 5500 feet in Lancashire, consisting of conglomerates, grits, sandstones, and shales with occasional thin impure limestones and beds of chert. It occupies a position in the geological sequence between the Yoredale or Pendleside Group and the Coal Measures. For the purposes of this investigation the base of the Millstone Grit in West and North-West Yorkshire has been taken at the base of the Ingleborough Grit, following the precedent of the Geological Survey as pointed out in the Memoir on the Ingleborough District, 1890, pp. 74–75. Since this is a coarse grit, easily traceable on account of its lithological characters and the bold escarpments to which it gives rise, it forms a good datum-line. The top of the series has been taken at the top of the Hough liock, where it can be seen to be overlain by the Lower Coal Measures, as at Whitehall Quarries, Horsforth, near Leeds. However, as no questions of correlation are involved in this work, the exact delimitations of the various beds is a matter of minor importance.

The Millstone Grit Series covers an area in Yorkshire alone of no less than 840 square miles, and is important physiographically, as it forms the capping of most of the hills of the Pennine Chain, such as Mickle Fell. Whernsicle, Ingleborough, Penygent, etc., and by its presence there preserves the more easily denuded strata below from a more rapid destruction.

Economically the
On
Syringothyris
Winchell, and certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to
Spiriferina
D'Orbigny
Authors: North Frederick John
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In this paper an attempt is made to remove the uncertainty which has hitherto existed in the naming of the British species of
Syringothyris
and of certain Carboniferous brachiopoda referred to the genus
Spiriferina
.

Recent zonal work on the Carboniferous Limestone has demonstrated the desirability of (1) a more accurate knowledge of the essential characters of
Syringothyris
, and (2) of distinguishing names for the forms occurring at various horizons. In the case of the Spiriferids with a lamellose surface-ornament, it has been customary to refer them all to
Spiriferina
, because there was no other genus for their reception—although it had long been recognized that few, if any of them, really belonged to that genus.

When this investigation was commenced some years ago, it was intended to deal exhaustively with all the British Carboniferous shells referred to
Syringothyris
and
Spiriferina
, together with the relation of the latter to their pre-Carboniferous and post-Carboniferous representatives, and a preliminary paper dealing with the generic characters of
Syringothyris
was published in 1913.
1
Since that time, however, various circumstances have prevented its completion; and, when I resumed the work after returning to civil life, it seemed desirable to publish the results already obtained, leaving certain undecided matters relating to the extra-Carboniferous forms to be dealt with in a subsequent paper.

As it now stands, the paper includes:—

(1)

A general account of the genus
Syringothyris
.

(2)

A discussion of the British species of that genus and their classification: the detailed consideration
The Devonian of Ferques, (Lower Boulonnais)
Authors: Robinson John William Dudley
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

The Palæozoic rocks of the Boulonnais are classic ground, and received the attention, among others, of De Verneuil, Murchison, Rigaux, and above all Godwin-Austen and Gosselet. Owing to the occurrence of coal, however, most attention has been given to the Carboniferous deposits, and, except for palaeontological work by Rigaux, the Devonian seems to have been comparatively neglected for the last forty years. The classic description is that published by Godwin-Austen in 1853, which has been slightly amended by Gosselet and Rigaux, while the beds have been correlated with those of other areas by Gosselet.

The published maps are poor, and of little use in the field. This is partly due to the lack of a good topographical map, but also to the apparent absence of detailed mapping. The accompanying map (Pl. XIV) suffers from the first defect, but was prepared on a scale of 1:1000 over an area extending across the outerop along the Nord Railway, and on a scale of 1:10,000 for the remainder.

All the beds are referred to the Upper and to part of the Middle Devonian (Famennian, Frasnian, and Givetian). They consist of limestones, sandstones, shales, dolomites, and conglomerate.

Physical Aspect.

The Lower Boulonnais may be regarded as forming the southern-most extension of the Weald. It is ringed round by Chalk hills; but the denudation in the centre has been more extensive, exposing a considerable expanse of Jurassic rocks and a smaller one of the Palaeozoic. The district is drained by a number of small
The Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Arthog - Dolgelley District Merionethshire
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert , Wells Alfred Kingsley
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The district to be considered in this paper is situate on the southern flank of the Harlech Dome, and is underlain by strata of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician age. The area is bounded on its northern side by the Mawddach Estuary, which separates it from the Harlech-Barmouth area of Lower Cambrian rocks. On its southern side the whole district is overlooked by the great escarpment of Cader Idris, from which, however, it is separated by a long straight fault-valley—the Llyn Gwernan Valley. The western boundary is formed by the valley of the Afon Arthog, while the eastern boundary lies near the town of Dolgelley. The area thus defined is about 8 miles long by 2 miles broad. The ground is represented on the Ordnance Survey maps, 1-inch (large-sheet series) 59 (Barmouth), and on the 6-inch quarter-sheets Merioneth 36 N.E., S.E., 37 N.W., with portions of sheets 33 S.W. and 37 N.E., S.W., and on the Geological Survey Map, Sheet 59 N.E. 1-inch (Old Series).

(
a
) Physical Features of the Area.

The ground between the two boundary-valleys, the Mawddach Estuary and the Llyn Gwernan Valley, is occupied by a hill-range, or rather by a series of ranges, made by the scarps of the various harder beds, and having a general west-south-westerly trend. The hills average 900 to 1000 feet in height, attaining their greatest, elevation on Bryn Brith (1259 feet). They fall into two main groups, which are separated one from the other by a broad upland hollow
The Cambrian Horizons of Comley (Shropshire), and their Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, etc.
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The objects of this paper are to define the horizons of the Cambrian system at Comley, to describe and illustrate the species of brachiopoda, pteropoda, and gasteropoda, and to discuss the relationships of the faunas one to the other and to those of other Cambrian areas.

The majority of the specimens now described were obtained from the excavations carried out between the years 1907 and 1914, on behalf of the Committee for the Excavation of Critical Sections in Palaeozoic Rocks, appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Some specimens were collected in 1892 for H.M. Geological Survey by Mr. J. Rhodes, and others have been obtained by myself or other observers at various dates since 1890.

II. The Comlet Horizons.

Details of the sections opened by excavation have been given in the reports of the meetings of the British Association held at Dublin in 1908, Winnipeg in 1909, Sheffield in 1910, Portsmouth in 1911, Dundee in 1912, and Manchester in 1915.

In Table I (facing p. 326) the various horizons from which different assemblages of fossils have been obtained are set out in descending order, with the proposed nomenclature in spaced type, followed by index-letters, thicknesses, general lithological characters, and suggested correlations. The designations used by me in previous communications and in my reports to the British Association are inserted in ordinary type in the first column.

Since these differ considerably from those now proposed, a few words of explanation seem to be necessary.

As
The Arctic Flora of the Cam Valley at Barnwell, Cambridge
Authors: Chandler Marjorie Elizabeth Jane
Published: October 2009

A section in Pleistocene gravels at Barnwell, Cambridge, was described by Prof. Marr & Miss E. W. Gardner in 1916. They drew attention to the occurrence there of peat-seams yielding definite plant-remains, which were submitted to the late Clement Reid for identification. His preliminary report, showing the Arctic nature of the flora, was incorporated by Prof. Marr in a paper read before the Geological Society; but, unfortunately, death prevented Mr. Reid from undertaking the full examination of the beds which he had, no doubt, intended to make.

I lately had the opportunity of investigating the Barnwell pit, and the examination of fresh material revealed the existence of a far larger fossil flora than was suspected originally. The records of such Arctic floras in low latitudes are few, and in the present instance a number of plants identified had not been recognized previously in the fossil state. It was thought desirable, therefore, that the results of this fuller study should be placed on record, in order that they might be available to other workers in the same field.

Owing to the great kindness of Mrs. E. M. Reid, I was able to use the unique collection of recent seeds made by Mr. Reid in his lifetime, and that collection (referred to as the Reid Collection throughout this paper) was the standard for all my systematic work.

As the stratigraphical details were dealt with in 1916, no full account of the beds is given here, but the accompanying section, drawn to scale,
A New Species of Blattoid (
Archimylacris
) from the Keele Group (Radstockian) of Shropshire
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to the Geological Survey for the opportunity of examining a fragment of an insect-wing discovered by Mr. J. Pringle, F.G.S., while engaged in the examination of core-material collected in 1919 by Mr. T. C. Cantrill, B.Sc, F.G.S., from a new borehole for water at Slang Lane, Wellington (Shropshire).

The core-material came from some level between the surface and 97 feet, the actual depth being undeterminable because the chisel was used in boring. From an examination of the plant-remains, Mr. Pringle is of opinion, and Mr. Cantrill's field-observations bear him out, that the beds belong to the Keele Group.

The wing-fragment and its impression lie upon the surfaces of two pieces of red marl, and are not easily recognizable. Its discovery by Mr. Pringle is testimony to the thoroughness of his search of the material.

Enough of the wing is present to enable us to determine the genus, and to show that the form is new to British Coal Measures, and sufficiently distinct from Continental species to merit specific distinction. The characters of the subcosta and the interstitial neuration clearly indicate that the wing belongs to the genus
Archimylacris
, and as such I describe it.

Archimylacris pringlei, sp. nov.

Holotype. The basal two-thirds, and impression of a tegmen or forewing, lying upon the irregular surface of two small pieces of red marl, and partly obscured by plant-remains. Length=18 mm. Collection of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street, Reg. Nos. 30725-426.

Horizon and locality.—Keel Group, Upper Division of the Coal
The Ecology of the Westphalian and the Lower Part of the Staffordian Series of Clydach Vale and Gilfach Goch (East Glamorgan)
Authors: Davies David
Published: October 2009

The evidence collected for this paper was obtained from the shales overlying the different seams of coal worked at Clydach Vale and Gilfach Goch.

As a result of 25 years' close examination of the plant-remains in an extensive collection of fossils from the shales in the Westphalian and the lower portion of the Staffordian Series (commonly known in South Wales as the ‘Lower Coal Measures’), it was decided to compile a strict record of their distribution. The extent of roadways open for examination amounted to 60 miles at Clydach Vale, and 20 miles at Gilfach Goch, and these roadways gave access to the nine different seams of coal. The evidence for the tenth horizon was collected from the spoils brought out of the Abergorky Colliery, Blaenclydach. The shales overlying the several seams of coal were closely examined
in situ
for all the evidence that they might contain, and they were afterwards sent to the surface for a further and closer examination. Here each slab of shale was split into small fragments, in order to obtain an exact record of the number of plants in each block. A considerable variation in this number was observed.

Specimens of the plants were set apart to form a separate collection relative to each horizon. In this manner, 2500 specimens were brought together, representing 45,000 plants which had been recorded in the field for ecological purposes. Prior to the method of investigation just described, 1500 specimens of plants possessing some real value were brought home
The Granite-Gneisses of Southern Eyre Peninsula (South Australia) and their Associated Amphibolites
Authors: Tilley Cecil Edgar
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The basement platform which forms the foundation of Southern Eyre Peninsula, and on which the much younger Tertiary and Recent sediments repose, consists of a complex of igneous and metamorphic rocks, which in their lithological and petrographical characters bear not only a remarkable resemblance to rocks of known Pre-Cambrian age in other parts of the State, but also to the well-known Pre-Cambrian tracts in other regions of the world.

The evidences for the Pre-Cambrian age of the Eyre Peninsula rocks cannot rest on palaeontological evidence, for there are no known deposits of Lower Palaeozoic age that have been recognized within the area. The data from which the Pre-Cambrian age is deduced are, therefore, of a comparative kind.

The older rock series of Yorke Peninsula to which these Eyrian rocks bear a close lithological and petrographical resemblance are of definite Pre-Cambrian age, as proved by the presence of Cambrian sediments on an eroded platform of the series, in the Moonta and Wallaroo region. Apart from this local correlation, the complex bears a noteworthy similarity to the Pre-Cambrian tracts of the Northern Hemisphere, and to none more than the Laurentian of Canada.

Superposed with a marked angular unconformity on the meta-morphosed members of this older complex, and resting horizontally on the deeply-eroded igneous types, are Upper Tertiary sands and travertine. These deposits form a mantle to a considerable portion of the region, and hinder the study of the older series over large areas of country. Inland, in the hilly regions
On
Saccammina carteri
Brady, and the Minute Structure of the Foraminiferal Shell
Authors: Sollas William Johnson
Published: October 2009

This remarkable foraminifer, which contributes so largely to the formation of some of our Carboniferous Limestone beds, was first described by H. B. Brady in 1871, and assigned by him to the existing arenaceous genus
Saccammina
(Sars). His views on its structure and taxonomic affinities have been accepted without question by all subsequent writers, and are embodied in our text-books on palæontology. Brady himself, however, was evidently puzzled by certain features presented by the structure of the shell: thus, in his latest description, n3 after stating that the shell is compact and arenaceous with a nearly smooth exterior, he remarks (p. 60) of the interior surface that it ‘varies a good deal in different specimens,’ sometimes being ‘smooth or roughened only by the projecting angles of the constituent sand-grains [and at others] covered with a network of short delicate labyrinthic growths.’ Of the minute structure of the shell he finds it ‘difficult to speak in positive terms, owing to peculiar conditions of infiltration.’ Finally, he calls attention to certain ‘minute circular scars, too frequent and uniform not to have a meaning, [and suggests] … that they may result from the repair of an injury to the test.’

As a specimen of the
Saccammina
Limestone, from the classic locality of Elfhills in Northumberland, crowded with remains of this organism, forms part of the teaching collection in the University of Oxford, it devolved upon me to make myself familiar with its structure. My examination led me to recognize the fidelity of Brady's