bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the Eyes of Uman Pilgrims: A Vision of Place and Its Inhabitants
Authors: Marchenko Alla
Published: December 2017

This article is focused on the visions of pilgrimages to Rabbi Nachman’s site located in Uman, Ukraine. Research results are based on the analysis of in-depth interviews with eighteen Americans who have made the pilgrimage, supplemented by reading in secondary sources about pilgrimage and travel, especially American Jewish travel to Eastern Europe. Emphasis is made on the perception of both place and locals, as well as upon the leading motives and characteristics of pilgrimage. This research sheds light upon the role of existing stereotypes and personal encounters in cross-cultural issues. Dominant attitudes of pilgrims to locals in Uman may be characterized in the frame of the conceptual trio of “background fear,” “historical aftertaste,” and “learned neutrality.” Huge differences between the understanding of Uman as a place for pilgrimage and a space with inhabitants raise the questions of parallel historical heritages bound within the same territory and time.
Aqyn agha? Abai Zholy as socialist realism and as literary history
Authors: McGuire Gabriel
Published: December 2017

In Mukhtar Auezov's 1942 novel Abai Zholy, socialism is an end anticipated not just by history but more specifically by Kazakh literary history. In his earlier scholarly writings, Auezov had presented Abai as a transformational figure in the emergence of written Kazakh literature. In the novel, Abai becomes not only a literary innovator but also a political reformist: Auezov's Abai is horrified by the harsh and feudalistic behavior of his father Qunanbai, a wealthy local leader, and finds companionship and inspiration in his encounters with a series of famous 19th century Kazakh aqyns (bards). Auezov thus used Abai Zholy to argue that Kazakh folk literature had always been animated by a spirit of social critique which, in its laments and desires, had anticipated the Soviet world. This paper compares these aqyns’ depiction in the novel first with Auezov's earlier scholarship on the 19th century and second with the content of the aqyns’ own surviving works. These ideas reflected both contemporaneous shifts in Soviet nationalities policy and the influence of socialist realist literary models, which commonly staged both literary history and generational conflicts as allegories of political change.
“Silk Road” as foreign policy discourse: The construction of Chinese, Japanese and Korean engagement strategies in Central Asia
Authors: Dadabaev Timur
Published: December 2017

Through analysis of the evolution of the Japanese, Chinese and South Korean narratives of the Silk Road, this paper argues that the content and the nature of these Silk Road strategies changed with time and the international environment. Thus, this paper claims that, the notion of the Silk Road has changed from a static concept of a historical trade route into a product of social construction of a number of powerful states – strategies that are constantly shaped, imagined and re-interpreted. In this sense, the Silk Road is not a foreign policy doctrine but rather a discursive strategy of engagement that largely exists in the realm of narration. This narration is also a matter of social construction that is subject to change depending on the international environment of the country (China, Japan, Korea, etc.) that produces such narratives, context of a receiving region, the alternative narratives that compete for wider international acceptance and the country's vision of “self” and the “other” in the international context.
Expanding the framework of the varieties of capitalism: Turkey as a hierarchical market economy
Authors: Kıran Jiyan
Published: December 2017

This article both extends the debate on the varieties of capitalism theory beyond the existing literature to solve the ambiguous position of the variety of capitalism that is found in Turkey and brings a novel approach to the studies of the political economy of Turkey by adopting a firm-centred position using the varieties of capitalism framework. Based on a qualitative comparison with the dependent market economies (DMEs), mixed market economies (MMEs) and hierarchical market economies (HMEs), this article claims that Turkey is a hierarchical market economy with four characteristic features that are also found in Latin American economies. These core features are the dominance of the family-owned diversified business groups, state-regimented and weak industrial relations, low skills and the influence of MNCs.
Manual and Automated Cleaning Are Equally Effective for the Removal of Organic Contaminants From Laparoscopic Instruments
Authors: de Camargo Tamara Carolina , Almeida Alda Graciele Claudio dos Santos , Bruna Camila Quartim de Moraes , Ciofi-Silva Caroline Lopes , Pinto Flávia Morais Gomes , Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effectiveness of manual and automated methods for cleaning laparoscopic instruments.

DESIGN

Experimental laboratory study.

METHODS

We evaluated 4 methods of cleaning laparoscopic instruments: (1) manual-only cleaning and rinsing with potable tap water; (2) manual cleaning and rinsing with potable tap water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning without rinsing; (3) manual cleaning and rinsing with potable tap water followed by ultrasonic cleaning and rinsing with potable tap water; and (4) manual cleaning and rinsing with potable tap water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning and rinsing: first with potable tap water and then with sterile distilled water. Organic residues of protein, hemoglobin, and carbohydrates were evaluated using spectrophotometry.

RESULTS

The various cleaning methods tested did not result in statistically significant differences (P>.05) in the levels of investigated organic residues.

CONCLUSIONS

All cleaning and rinsing methods tested were found to be effective in reducing the levels of organic residues on laparoscopic instruments. Thus, there is no advantage gained by supplementing manual-only cleaning with automated ultrasonic cleaning, nor was there a difference between rinsing with potable tap versus sterile distilled water.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:58–63
The role of the mussel Mytilus spp. in the transmission of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar
Authors: O’ Reilly A. J. , Laide C. , Maloy A , Hutton S. , Bookelaar B. , O’ Sullivan K. , Lynch S. A. , Culloty S. C.
Published: December 2017

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas contributes significantly to global aquaculture; however, C. gigas culture has been affected by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and variants. The dynamics of how the virus maintains itself at culture sites is unclear and the role of carriers, reservoirs or hosts is unknown. Both wild and cultured mussels Mytilus spp. (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and hybrids) are commonly found at C. gigas culture sites. The objective of this study was to investigate if Mytilus spp. can harbour the virus and if viral transmission can occur between mussels and oysters. Mytilus spp. living at oyster trestles, 400–500 m higher up the shore from the trestles and up to 26 km at non-culture sites were screened for OsHV-1 and variants by all the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommended diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), histology, in situ hybridization and confirmation using direct sequencing. The particular primers that target OsHV-1 and variants, including OsHV-1 microVar (μVar), were used in the PCR and qPCR. OsHV-1 μVar was detected in wild Mytilus spp. at C. gigas culture sites and more significantly the virus was detected in mussels at non-culture sites. Cohabitation of exposed wild mussels and naïve C. gigas resulted in viral transmission after 14 days, under an elevated temperature regime. These results indicate that mussels can harbour OsHV-1 μVar; however, the impact of OsHV-1 μVar on Mytilus spp. requires further investigation.
On the coherence of Yasna: a critical assessment of recent arguments
Authors: Ahmadi Amir
Published: December 2017

In recent years a number of scholars have proposed more or less detailed schemas of the formation of the Zoroastrian ritual. These schemas offer accounts of the arrangement of the texts in the liturgy, the process of its formation, and even its function from an endogenous perspective. One way or another, they argue that the official Zoroastrian liturgy is an integrated ritual with a coherent text, and that the function of the ritual and the intention behind the arrangement of the texts can be determined by means of philological, literary and comparative analyses. The questions of formation and meaning of the Zoroastrian liturgy these scholars have placed on the agenda are important not only for the study of Zoroastrianism but also for the history of religions and ritual theory. I consider their accounts with respect to the texts they invoke and the methods they use, and show that their arguments suffer from fatal flaws.
SOCIAL PROGRESS
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2017

The concept of social progress I hope to rehabilitate will be local, far from locally complete, and permit only modest extensions; it will be pragmatic rather than teleological. In this way, it will hope to avoid treating the multiplicity of goods as if there were always the possibility of comparing them on a single scale, to abandon the idea of a final state toward which history is tending or should tend, and to substitute piecemeal accomplishments for utopian ends. Its emphasis on local comparisons will allow it to forgo sweeping historical comparisons, those juxtaposing the “enlightened” with “lesser breeds without the law,” or the “ancients” with the “moderns.” A restrained pragmatic concept of social progress honors the insights of critics of the notion of social progress, seeing them as questioning alleged presuppositions that can be given up.
PROGRESS AND REGRESS: UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX SOCIAL MEASURES AND THEIR TRADE-OFFS
Authors: Green Daniel Austin , Herzberg Roberta Q.
Published: December 2017

What is progress and what is not progress? We can talk about progress in lots of different arenas; we will focus primarily on economic and scientific progress, but also make brief reference to cultural and moral progress. In our discussion, we want to distinguish, especially, between overall, long-term progress and narrower, shorter-term progress or regress. We will refer to these as “global” and “local” progress, respectively. Of course, one can also regress; therefore, we will also look at instances where progress, along some dimension, slows or even moves backwards. Generally, such regress is local, and often still in a context of broader, global progress. In scientific progress, for example, there are many instances of short-term progress which, if not completely discarded or disproved, are at least substantially modified or fundamentally challenged. And yet, those research paths, even when later abandoned, still contributed to the overall progress of the field. In that sense, the regress (that is, rejection or modification of previous theories) is corrected by, but not in conflict with, the overall progress. In the case of economic progress, the concept of regress usually takes on a different form in which things that aren’t advancing progress don’t necessarily stop it, but are simply retarding progress — that is, making the rate of progress less efficient. The consequence, we suggest, is that when talking about economic progress, objections to certain consequences of economic progress (for instance, income inequality — a type of regress, in our terminology) should not be cordoned off and dealt with independently, but should be incorporated into the way we think about economic progress itself — as instances of local regress within a context of global progress. We explore the effects of these different relations between progress and regress to suggest some of the challenges those seeking to broaden the standard measure, GDP, to incorporate other social values of well-being will face moving forward.
Calcium phosphate cements for bone engineering and their biological properties
Authors: Xu Hockin HK , Wang Ping , Wang Lin , Bao Chongyun , Chen Qianming , Weir Michael D , Chow Laurence C , Zhao Liang , Zhou Xuedong , Reynolds Mark A
Published: December 2017

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties, and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering. Much effort has been made to enhance the biological performance of CPCs, including their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, bioactivity, and interactions with cells. This review article focuses on the major recent developments in CPCs, including 3D printing, injectability, stem cell delivery, growth factor and drug delivery, and pre-vascularization of CPC scaffolds via co-culture and tri-culture techniques to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
Selective catalytic synthesis of amino-silanes at part-per million catalyst loadings
Authors: Ríos Pablo , Roselló-Merino Marta , Rivada-Wheelaghan Orestes , Borge Javier , López-Serrano Joaquín , Conejero Salvador
Published: December 2017

Platinum(ii) complex [Pt(ItBu′)(ItBu)][BArF4] (1a) is a highly active and selective catalyst in the dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes at part-per-million catalyst loadings (up to 10 ppm, 0.001 mol%), achieving the highest TON and TOF numbers reported in the literature (up to 1 mmol scale).
IBX as a catalyst for dehydration of hydroperoxides: green entry to α,β-unsaturated ketones via oxygenative allylic transposition
Authors: Kuga Tetsuya , Sasano Yusuke , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: December 2017

A catalytic transformation of allylic hydroperoxides into α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using IBX as a dehydration catalyst is described.
Mild, calcium catalysed Beckmann rearrangements
Authors: Kiely-Collins H. J. , Sechi I. , Brennan P. E. , McLaughlin M. G.
Published: December 2017

A mild calcium catalysed Beckmann rearrangement has been realised, which forgoes the more traditional harsh reactions conditions associated with the transformation.
1,1-Difluoro-3-aryl(heteroaryl)-1H-pyrido[1,2-c][1,3,5,2]oxadiazaborinin-9-ium-1-uides: synthesis; structure; and photophysical, electrochemical, and BSA-binding studies
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Calheiro Tainara P. , Iglesias Bernardo A. , Acunha Thiago V. , Franceschini Steffany Z. , Ketzer Alex , Meyer Alexandre R. , Rodrigues Letícia V. , Nogara Pablo A. , Rocha João B. T. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: December 2017

New fluorinated pyridine-based boron heterocycles were easily prepared and fully characterized.
White light emission in Bi3+/Mn2+ ion co-doped CsPbCl3 perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Shao He , Bai Xue , Cui Haining , Pan Gencai , Jing Pengtao , Qu Songnan , Zhu Jinyang , Zhai Yue , Dong Biao , Song Hongwei
Published: December 2017

Taking advantage of the cooperation between the excitonic transition of the CsPbCl3 perovskite NC host and the intrinsic emissions from Bi3+ and Mn2+ ions, white light emission was developed in the codoped CsPbCl3 NCs.
Correction: Effect of short-chain branching on interfacial polymer structure and dynamics under shear flow
Authors: Jeong Sohdam , Kim Jun Mo , Cho Soowon , Baig Chunggi
Published: December 2017

Correction for ‘Effect of short-chain branching on interfacial polymer structure and dynamics under shear flow’ by Sohdam Jeong et al., Soft Matter, 2017, 13, 8644–8650.
Crystallisation of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) trihalide perovskite using PbI2 and PbCl2 precursors
Authors: Loryuenyong Vorrada , Khiaokaeo Nuchnapa , Koomsin Worrapol , Thongchu Siripat , Buasri Achanai
Published: December 2017

In this work, the effects of halides on the properties of mixed‐halide perovskite films are investigated. The films were prepared by sequential deposition two‐step technique. PbI2 or PbI2‐PbCl2 solution was first spin‐coated on fluorine‐doped tin oxide glasses, and CH3NH3 (Ix Bry) solution, with different molar ratio of I− and Br− (1:0, 2:1, 4:1, 1:4, 1:2, and 0:1), was subsequently coated on top. Then, the films were annealed at 90°C for 1 h and 100°C for 25 min to transform into perovskite structure. The characterisation of perovskite films included X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the incorporation of Br− and/or Cl− in iodine‐based perovskites, i.e. CH3NH3 Pb(I1−x Brx)3 and CH3NH3 Pb(I1−x −y Brx Cly)3, would enlarge their bandgap. However, with the use of PbI2 precursor, excess PbI2 occurred and resulted in minor affects on the structural and optical properties. The use of PbCl2 as chlorine source was also found to affect the quality of the film morphology. The analysis in this study could provide another insightful aspect for understanding the role of halides in the synthesis of mixed‐halide perovskites.
Nonlinear microstructure‐dependent Bernoulli–Euler beam model based on the modified couple stress theory and finite rotation of section
Authors: Huang Kun , Qu Benning , Li Ze , Yao Ji
Published: December 2017

Based on Hamilton's principle and the modified couple stress theory, a Bernoulli–Euler microbeam model is developed with the finite rotation of the cross‐section. The present model includes three couple‐stress‐induced nonlinear terms, and these nonlinear terms have a significant influence on the mechanic response of the beam.
The ABC model of recombination reinterpreted: Impact on understanding carrier transport and efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes
Authors: Hopkins M. A. , Allsopp D. W. E. , Kappers M. J. , Oliver R. A. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: December 2017

The efficiency of light emitting diodes (LEDs) remains a topic of great contemporary interest due to their potential to reduce the amount of energy consumed in lighting. The current consensus is that electrons and holes distribute themselves through the emissive region by a drift-diffusion process which results in a highly non-uniform distribution of the light emission and can reduce efficiency. In this paper, the measured variations in the external quantum efficiency of a range of InGaN/GaN LEDs with different numbers of quantum wells (QWs) are shown to compare closely with the predictions of a revised ABC model, in which it is assumed that the electrically injected electrons and holes are uniformly distributed through the multi-quantum well (MQW) region, or nearly so, and hence carrier recombination occurs equally in all the quantum wells. The implications of the reported results are that drift-diffusion plays a far lesser role in cross-well carrier transport than previously thought; that the dominant cause of efficiency droop is intrinsic to the quantum wells and that reductions in the density of non-radiative recombination centers in the MQW would enable the use of more QWs and thereby reduce Auger losses by spreading carriers more evenly across a wider emissive region.
An Alaska case study: Organic Rankine cycle technology
Authors: Loeffler Ben , Whitney Erin
Published: December 2017

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology is mature for larger-scale power generation, but ORC systems appropriate for smaller-capacity generators, typical of Alaska village and other Arctic community power plants, are still new to the market or in the prototype phase. Many villages are being approached by product developers to invest in this new technology, and there is a significant value in the dissemination of the real world performance and costs of existing systems. In this analysis of ORC installations across Alaska, capacity factors ranged from 33% to 52%. Low utilization levels are attributed to insufficient waste heat resources (in Unalaska and Cordova) and to higher than expected maintenance costs in a prototype pre-commercial model (in Tok). Significant annual fuel savings have been realized for each installation, with annual demonstrated savings of $70 000 in Unalaska and projected annual savings of over $300 000 in Cordova. Modifying existing generation for an ORC system has proven to be challenging and expensive. Project cost data indicate that Alaska projects should expect total capital expenditures to be two to three times the cost of the ORC unit itself. Some systems have been highly reliable and cost-effective, while other installations have been neither. The most cost effective ORC system may be best implemented with a ground-up new generator design and install. Of the installations in Alaska, only the Unalaska Green Machines have achieved reliable operation beyond a few weeks. The smallest reliable system, which operates in Unalaska, has a 50 kW nameplate capacity and requires 500 kW of waste heat, indicating that this technology is best suited for communities with 1 MW or more of diesel generation.
Development of a hybrid fuel cell system operated simplified neuro-fuzzy sliding-mode control based IM drive deploying linearization approach: An effort to enhance the performance
Authors: Mishra Rabi Narayan , Mohanty Kanungo Barada
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the design and implementation of a hybrid fuel cell supply system to deliver the power demanded by the feedback linearization (FBL) based induction motor (IM) drive. The proposed modified simple hybrid neuro-fuzzy sliding-mode control (NFSMC) with intuitive FBL substantially reduces torque chattering and improves speed response, giving optimal drive performance under system uncertainties and disturbances. This novel technique also has the benefit of reduced computational burdens by improving computational efficiency over conventional NFSMC and thus suitable for real-time industrial applications. The parameters of the modified neuro-fuzzy control are tuned by an adaptive mechanism based on sliding-mode control. A fuel cell stack with a dc/dc boost converter is considered here as a separate external source during interruption of main supply for maintaining the supply to the motor drive control through the inverter, thereby reducing the burden and average rating of the inverter. A rechargeable battery used as an energy storage supplements the fuel cell during different operating conditions of the drive system. The effectiveness of the proposed method using the fuel cell-based linearized IM drive is investigated in simulation, and the efficacy of the proposed controller is validated by experiment using DSP2812. It is evident from the results that the system provides optimal dynamic performance in terms of remarkably reduced torque ripple, good load disturbance rejection, and reduced speed settling time responses by around 92%, 50%, and 41%, respectively, compared to the PI-controller. The system is also robust in terms of parameter variation and external load.
Lowering the potential barrier of a bistable energy harvester with mechanically rectified motion of an auxiliary magnet oscillator
Authors: Nguyen Minh Sang , Yoon Yong-Jin , Kwon Ojin , Kim Pilkee
Published: December 2017

In this study, we propose a bistable energy harvester with an auxiliary magnet oscillator (BEH-O), whose motion is mechanically rectified to enhance its broadband energy harvesting performance. The design of the proposed BEH-O system is based on local modification of the double-well potential. The auxiliary oscillator with the mechanical rectifier is designed in such a manner that its rectified half-sine motion tends to reduce the saddle barrier of restoring potential, leading to a possibility of an easier escape from the potential well, while keeping other parts of the potential, thereby maintaining high-energy orbital motion. Consequently, the lower bound of the operating frequency band of the BEH-O is reduced, when compared to its conventional counterpart, i.e., conventional bistable energy harvester (CBEH), while its upper bound remains unchanged. Such a broader frequency band of the BEH-O can be directly compared with that of the CBEH, as there is little difference in the high-energy orbital motion between the two. This beneficial effect of the BEH-O system is theoretically and experimentally supported by bifurcation analyses and frequency response analyses.
Viscoelasticity of new generation thermoplastic polyurethane vibration isolators
Authors: Bek Marko , Betjes Joris , von Bernstorff Bernd-Steffen , Emri Igor
Published: December 2017

This paper presents the analysis of pressure dependence of three thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials on vibration isolation. The three TPU Elastollan® materials are 1190A, 1175A, and 1195D. The aim of this investigation was to analyze how much the performance of isolation can be enhanced using patented Dissipative bulk and granular systems technology. The technology uses granular polymeric materials to enhance materials properties (without changing its chemical or molecular composition) by exposing them to “self-pressurization,” which shifts material energy absorption maxima toward lower frequencies, to match the excitation frequency of dynamic loading to which a mechanical system is exposed. Relaxation experiments on materials were performed at different isobaric and isothermal states to construct mastercurves, the time-temperature-pressure interrelation was modeled using the Fillers-Moonan-Tschoegl model. Dynamic material functions, related to isolation stiffness and energy absorption, were determined with the Schwarzl approximation. An increase in stiffness and energy absorption at selected hydrostatic pressure, compared to its stiffness and energy absorption at ambient conditions, is represented with κk(p, ω), defining the increase in stiffness and κd(p, ω), defining the increase in energy absorption. The study showed that close to the glassy state, moduli of 1190A and 1195D are about 6-9 times higher compared to 1175A, whereas their properties at ambient conditions are, for all practical purposes, the same. TPU 1190A turns out to be most sensitive to pressure: at 300 MPa its properties are shifted for 5.5 decades, while for 1195D and 1175A this shift is only 3.5 and 1.5 decades, respectively. In conclusion, the stiffness and energy absorption of isolation may be increased with pressure for about 100 times for 1190A and 1195D and for about 10 times for 1175A.
Characterization and detection of acceleration-induced cavitation in soft materials using a drop-tower-based integrated system
Authors: Kang Wonmo , Chen YungChia , Bagchi Amit , O’Shaughnessy Thomas J.
Published: December 2017

The material response of biologically relevant soft materials, e.g., extracellular matrix or cell cytoplasm, at high rate loading conditions is becoming increasingly important for emerging medical implications including the potential of cavitation-induced brain injury or cavitation created by medical devices, whether intentional or not. However, accurately probing soft samples remains challenging due to their delicate nature, which often excludes the use of conventional techniques requiring direct contact with a sample-loading frame. We present a drop-tower-based method, integrated with a unique sample holder and a series of effective springs and dampers, for testing soft samples with an emphasis on high-rate loading conditions. Our theoretical studies on the transient dynamics of the system show that well-controlled impacts between a movable mass and sample holder can be used as a means to rapidly load soft samples. For demonstrating the integrated system, we experimentally quantify the critical acceleration that corresponds to the onset of cavitation nucleation for pure water and 7.5% gelatin samples. This study reveals that 7.5% gelatin has a significantly higher, approximately double, critical acceleration as compared to pure water. Finally, we have also demonstrated a non-optical method of detecting cavitation in soft materials by correlating cavitation collapse with structural resonance of the sample container.
Coupling discrete and continuum concentration particle models for multiscale and hybrid molecular-continuum simulations
Authors: Petsev Nikolai D. , Leal L. Gary , Shell M. Scott
Published: December 2017

Hybrid molecular-continuum simulation techniques afford a number of advantages for problems in the rapidly burgeoning area of nanoscale engineering and technology, though they are typically quite complex to implement and limited to single-component fluid systems. We describe an approach for modeling multicomponent hydrodynamic problems spanning multiple length scales when using particle-based descriptions for both the finely resolved (e.g., molecular dynamics) and coarse-grained (e.g., continuum) subregions within an overall simulation domain. This technique is based on the multiscale methodology previously developed for mesoscale binary fluids [N. D. Petsev, L. G. Leal, and M. S. Shell, J. Chem. Phys. 144, 084115 (2016)], simulated using a particle-based continuum method known as smoothed dissipative particle dynamics. An important application of this approach is the ability to perform coupled molecular dynamics (MD) and continuum modeling of molecularly miscible binary mixtures. In order to validate this technique, we investigate multicomponent hybrid MD-continuum simulations at equilibrium, as well as non-equilibrium cases featuring concentration gradients.
Reduction reactions and densification during in situ TEM heating of iron oxide nanochains
Authors: Bonifacio Cecile S. , Das Gautom , Kennedy Ian M. , van Benthem Klaus
Published: December 2017

The reduction reactions and densification of nanochains assembled from γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Morphological changes and reduction of the metal oxide nanochains were observed during in situ TEM annealing through simultaneous imaging and quantitative analysis of the near-edge fine structures of Fe L2,3 absorption edges acquired by spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. A change in the oxidation states during annealing of the iron oxide nanochains was observed with phase transformations due to continuous reduction from Fe2O3 over Fe3O4, FeO to metallic Fe. Phase transitions during the in situ heating experiments were accompanied with morphological changes in the nanochains, specifically rough-to-smooth surface transitions below 500 °C, neck formation between adjacent particles around 500 °C, and subsequent neck growth. At higher temperatures, coalescence of FeO particles was observed, representing densification.
Transition paths in single-molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Cossio Pilar , Hummer Gerhard , Szabo Attila
Published: December 2017

In a typical single-molecule force spectroscopy experiment, the ends of the molecule of interest are connected by long polymer linkers to a pair of mesoscopic beads trapped in the focus of two laser beams. At constant force load, the total extension, i.e., the end-to-end distance of the molecule plus linkers, is measured as a function of time. In the simplest systems, the measured extension fluctuates about two values characteristic of folded and unfolded states, with occasional transitions between them. We have recently shown that molecular (un)folding rates can be recovered from such trajectories, with a small linker correction, as long as the characteristic time of the bead fluctuations is shorter than the residence time in the unfolded (folded) state. Here, we show that accurate measurements of the molecular transition path times require an even faster apparatus response. Transition paths, the trajectory segments in which the molecule (un)folds, are properly resolved only if the beads fluctuate more rapidly than the end-to-end distance of the molecule. Therefore, over a wide regime, the measured rates may be meaningful but not the transition path times. Analytic expressions for the measured mean transition path times are obtained for systems diffusing anisotropically on a two-dimensional free energy surface. The transition path times depend on the properties both of the molecule and of the pulling device.
Impulse and mass removal rate of aluminum target by nanosecond laser ablation in a wide range of ambient pressure
Authors: Tran DucThuan , Yogo Akifumi , Nishimura Hiroaki , Mori Koichi
Published: December 2017

Impulse and mass removal rate of a spherical target irradiated by a nanosecond 1-μm-wavelength pulse laser are measured experimentally in air at ambient pressures from 10 Pa to 100 kPa. Shock waves resulting from expansion of the laser ablation plume are visualized by a Schlieren system. At the pressures between 100 Pa and 10 kPa, the shock wave is found to expand anisotropically affecting the impulse that is generated from both of ablation jet and blast wave energy. The mass removal rate is found constant up to 4 kPa and then peaking at 20 kPa because of the confinement effect.
Proton irradiation effects on minority carrier diffusion length and defect introduction in homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial n-GaN
Authors: Collins K. C. , Armstrong A. M. , Allerman A. A. , Vizkelethy G. , Van Deusen S. B. , Léonard F. , Talin A. A.
Published: December 2017

Inherent advantages of wide bandgap materials make GaN-based devices attractive for power electronics and applications in radiation environments. Recent advances in the availability of wafer-scale, bulk GaN substrates have enabled the production of high quality, low defect density GaN devices, but fundamental studies of carrier transport and radiation hardness in such devices are lacking. Here, we report measurements of the hole diffusion length in low threading dislocation density (TDD), homoepitaxial n-GaN, and high TDD heteroepitaxial n-GaN Schottky diodes before and after irradiation with 2.5 MeV protons at fluences of 4–6 × 1013 protons/cm2. We also characterize the specimens before and after irradiation using electron beam-induced-current (EBIC) imaging, cathodoluminescence, deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS), steady-state photocapacitance, and lighted capacitance-voltage (LCV) techniques. We observe a substantial reduction in the hole diffusion length following irradiation (50%–55%) and the introduction of electrically active defects which could be attributed to gallium vacancies and associated complexes (VGa-related), carbon impurities (C-related), and gallium interstitials (Gai). EBIC imaging suggests long-range migration and clustering of radiation-induced point defects over distances of ∼500 nm, which suggests mobile Gai. Following irradiation, DLOS and LCV reveal the introduction of a prominent optical energy level at 1.9 eV below the conduction band edge, consistent with the introduction of Gai.
Modeling turbulent energy behavior and sudden viscous dissipation in compressing plasma turbulence
Authors: Davidovits Seth , Fisch Nathaniel J.
Published: December 2017

We present a simple model for the turbulent kinetic energy behavior of subsonic plasma turbulence undergoing isotropic three-dimensional compression, which may exist in various inertial confinement fusion experiments or astrophysical settings. The plasma viscosity depends on both the temperature and the ionization state, for which many possible scalings with compression are possible. For example, in an adiabatic compression the temperature scales as 1/L2, with L the linear compression ratio, but if thermal energy loss mechanisms are accounted for, the temperature scaling may be weaker. As such, the viscosity has a wide range of net dependencies on the compression. The model presented here, with no parameter changes, agrees well with numerical simulations for a range of these dependencies. This model permits the prediction of the partition of injected energy between thermal and turbulent energy in a compressing plasma.
Mechanisms of high-gradient microwave breakdown on metal surfaces in high power microwave source
Authors: Xie Jialing , Chen Changhua , Chang Chao , Wu Cheng , Huo Yankun
Published: December 2017

A breakdown cavity was designed to study the high-gradient microwave breakdown on a metal surface. The breakdown cavity can be distinguished into an electron emission boundary and a bombardment boundary as there is an evident difference in amplitude of the electric field between the two planes in the cavity. Breakdown tracks on the cavity were studied with an electron scanning microscope. The tracks on the electron emission boundary with the higher electric field were eroded; a component analysis indicates that these tracks contain an emission boundary material. On the bombardment boundary with a lower electric field, two kinds of tracks exist: an erosion track containing a bombardment boundary material and a sputtered track containing an emission boundary material. From these tracks, the mechanisms of high-gradient microwave breakdown on a metal surface have been analyzed.
Interaction of von Willebrand factor domains with collagen investigated by single molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Posch Sandra , Obser Tobias , König Gesa , Schneppenheim Reinhard , Tampé Robert , Hinterdorfer Peter
Published: December 2017

von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a huge multimeric protein that plays a key role in primary hemostasis. Sites for collagen binding, an initial event of hemostasis, are located in the VWF-domains A1 and A3. In this study, we investigated single molecule interactions between collagen surfaces and wild type VWF A1A2A3 domain constructs, as well as clinically relevant VWF A3 domain point mutations, such as p.Ser1731Thr, p.Gln1734His, and p.His1786Arg. For this, we utilized atomic force microscopy based single molecular force spectroscopy. The p.Ser1731Thr mutant had no impact on the VWF-collagen type III and VI interactions, while the p.Gln1734His and p.His1786Arg mutants showed a slight increase in bond stability to collagen type III. This effect probably arises from additional hydrogen bonds that come along with the introduction of these mutations. Using the same mutants, but collagen type VI as a binding partner, resulted in a significant increase in bond stability. VWF domain A1 was reported to be essential for the interaction with collagen type VI and thus our findings strengthen the hypothesis that the VWF A1 domain can compensate for mutations in the VWF A3 domain. Additionally, our data suggest that the mutations could even stabilize the interaction between VWF and collagen without shear. VWF-collagen interactions seem to be an important system in which defective interactions between one VWF domain and one type of collagen can be compensated by alternative binding events.
Segmented media and medium damping in microwave assisted magnetic recording
Authors: Bai Xiaoyu , Zhu Jian-Gang
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we present a methodology of segmented media stack design for microwave assisted magnetic recording. Through micro-magnetic modeling, it is demonstrated that an optimized media segmentation is able to yield high signal-to-noise ratio even with limited ac field power. With proper segmentation, the ac field power could be utilized more efficiently and this can alleviate the requirement for medium damping which has been previously considered a critical limitation. The micro-magnetic modeling also shows that with segmentation optimization, recording signal-to-noise ratio can have very little dependence on damping for different recording linear densities.
Electronic structure of SmO and SmO− via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy and spin-orbit CASPT2 calculations
Authors: Weichman Marissa L. , Vlaisavljevich Bess , DeVine Jessalyn A. , Shuman Nicholas S. , Ard Shaun G. , Shiozaki Toru , Neumark Daniel M. , Viggiano Albert A.
Published: December 2017

The chemi-ionization reaction of atomic samarium, Sm + O → SmO+ + e−, has been investigated by the Air Force Research Laboratory as a means to modify local electron density in the ionosphere for reduction of scintillation of high-frequency radio waves. Neutral SmO is a likely unwanted byproduct. The spectroscopy of SmO is of great interest to aid in interpretation of optical emission spectra recorded following atmospheric releases of Sm as part of the Metal Oxide Space Cloud (MOSC) observations. Here, we report a joint experimental and theoretical study of SmO using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled SmO− anions (cryo-SEVI) and high-level spin-orbit complete active space calculations with corrections from second order perturbation theory (CASPT2). With cryo-SEVI, we measure the electron affinity of SmO to be 1.0581(11) eV and report electronic and vibrational structure of low-lying electronic states of SmO in good agreement with theory and prior experimental work. We also obtain spectra of higher-lying excited states of SmO for direct comparison to the MOSC results.
Individuals with Psychopathic Traits view Distracting Neutral Information as Negatively Valenced
Authors: Tillem Scott , Baskin-Sommers Arielle
Published: December 2017

Research has shown that psychopathic individuals ignore information that is outside their goal-directed focus of attention. When affective information is goal-irrelevant, ignoring it results in a blunted affective response for psychopathic individuals. In cognitive science, though, an interesting phenomenon named inhibitory devaluation occurs in the context of neutral information. When neutral information is not relevant to a goal, ignoring it actually results in individuals' evaluating the neutral information as negatively valenced. In a sample of adult male offenders ( N = 82), we used a pattern localizer task to examine the relationship between inhibitory devaluation and psychopathy (using scores on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised). Results indicated that individuals high on the interpersonal-affective traits of psychopathy displayed significantly greater inhibitory devaluation, meaning that they ascribed more affective valence to goal-irrelevant neutral information. This finding provides further support for the importance of attention abnormalities in the neurobiology of psychopathy-related affective and interpersonal deficits.
The addiction thought collective: How think tanks foster addiction
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

The rise of think tanks is a key development in the evolution of policy networks. The sheer scale and reach of think tanks is underappreciated: for example, the European Policy Institutes Network has a membership of at least 500 think tanks. In Europe, the conversation about the relationship between think tanks, new policy elites, and the politics of expertise is still at an early stage. Think tanks, however, are widely held to play a fundamental role in the politics of expertise in Brussels. In this chapter we first examine how think tanks appear in our network data and then review the activities and role of five central think tanks in the Brussels arena. Our data show that, empirically speaking, think tanks are an important and underappreciated element of the architecture of corporate policy action in relation to tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling products.
Small ensembles in rehearsal
Authors: Ginsborg Jane
Published: December 2017

Research on music performance as creative practice includes the study of rehearsal and preparation for performance. This chapter investigates creativity as demonstrated both by the individual members of small groups of two to five musicians rehearsing western classical (i.e. notated) music, and between the members of each group. Rehearsal activities—what actually happens when people play and/or sing together—depend on numerous factors, including the group’s goals not only for rehearsal but also for performance, the size of the group, the genre of the music, the performers’ expertise as individual and ensemble musicians, and the length of time available for rehearsal. Long-established groups may prepare for performances by drawing on years of experience, but there are also many examples of ‘instant’, temporary groups or partnerships that have much more limited rehearsal time. Creativity in rehearsal is discussed particularly in the context of research with singer–pianist duos of differing levels of expertise and familiarity, exploring their use of verbal and nonverbal communication and musical behaviours in single rehearsals and series of rehearsals, and with three ensembles made up of student musicians who produced practice diaries.
Reflection and the classical musician
Authors: Hunter Mary , Broad Stephen
Published: December 2017

Reflective practice takes on a particular shape in classical music. The aim of this chapter is to identify some elements of classical music that distinguish it from other genres of music, and to consider how these elements may affect the kind of reflection in which classical musicians—and classical musicians-in-the-making—engage. The chapter, which is partly based on student practice diaries and interviews with professional musicians, argues that the distinguishing elements of classical music performance are a focus on interpretation, interest in following the composer’s intentions, concern about excessive demonstration of the performer’s ego, and a respect for the printed score as the ultimate repository of truth about the work. These elements seem to encourage musicians to frame their choices either with little acknowledgement of their own agency or in terms that reflect some tension between what they feel and what they perceive as the composer’s intentions. Much work remains to be done on the ways in which these self-abnegations or uncertainties play out, but by bringing their underlying ideologies to the surface young performers in particular could fruitfully harness as well as challenge them.
American Exceptionalism in Crime and Punishment: Broadly Defined
Authors: Reitz Kevin R.
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter is a primer on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment (AECP). In the mid- and late twentieth century, the United States diverged markedly from other Western nations first in its high rates of serious violent crime and soon after in the severity of its governmental responses. This has left an appalling legacy of AECP for the new century. The chapter expands on the scholarship in this field first by providing a brief tour of well-known AECP subject areas: incarceration and the death penalty. Next, it introduces claims that a wider menu of punishments should be included in AECP analyses, including probation supervision, parole release and supervision, economic penalties, and collateral consequences of conviction. To conclude, the chapter speaks to the importance of late twentieth-century crime rates to US punitive expansionism.
American Exceptionalism in Crime, Punishment, and Disadvantage
Authors: Lacey Nicola , Soskice David
Published: December 2017

This chapter sets a particular thesis focused on the institutional structure of the American political system within the context of a broader literature in the comparative political economy of crime and punishment. It then considers three possible objections to this analysis. The first argues that increasing American exceptionalism in the postwar period is to be explained primarily in terms of a distinctive history and politics of race. The next is the argument that this exceptionalism is to be attributed primarily to national policy driven by the federal government. The final argument is that American exceptionalism is driven by the interests of political elites who are relatively disconnected from the interests of their electors. Each of these objections, the chapter suggests, can be met.