bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) in eco-friendly concrete
Authors: Febriani Lisa , Sandy Desi
Published: March 2020

Utilization of waste as a material that is useful again becomes a concern for every industry player. The researchers are indirectly invited to innovate in order to preserve the environment. The use of slag as a recycled material in pervious a concrete is one of the sustainable solutions for preserving the environment. The use of viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) is expected to provide good workability in eco-friendly concrete. In this study, the tests carried out on fresh concrete are the air content in the concrete and the weight volume, as well as hard concrete testing including compressive strength test and porosity test of concrete. Eco-friendly concrete uses slag with variations of 0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of the weight of coarse aggregate. In the result of volume weight test, there was a 30.8% increase in the level of 70% slag from 0% slag and air content of 47.7%. Concrete compressive strength test showed optimum results at 70% slag contain an increase of 271% from 0% slag specimens and void rate around 16.7%.
Effect of Mobile Phone Use of Driver to Vehicle Operating Costs
Authors: Radjawane Louise Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Using a cell phone while driving does not only impact traffic safety but also to vehicle operational cost. According to the background, it required to research the effect of mobile phone use of drivers to vehicle operational cost. Purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics of motorists who use a cell phone while driving on street Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar and to determine the effect of mobile phone use of drivers to vehicle operating costs on street Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar. This research will be conducted at street Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar, in front of The Regional Military, with a segment length of 100 m. Methods for vehicle operational cost are Pacific Consultant Indonesia and Department of Public Works, with vehicle components that affect vehicle operating costs, namely fuel consumption, engine oil consumption, mechanical costs, vehicle depreciation, tire usage, spare parts, capital interest, insurance, and unexpected costs. Both of these methods include the speed value as the main parameter for analysis. Male combinations use mobile phones more when driving than women. Where the influence of the use of mobile phones while driving on driving speed is also influenced by factors of age and gender. The effect of the use of mobile phones while driving on vehicle operating costs using the PT.PCI method is IDR. 3261,9088 / km to IDR 4257,822 / km. The effect of using a mobile phone while driving on vehicle operating costs using the 2005 Public Works method varies from IDR 942 / km to IDR 1,147 / km.
Quadratic points on modular curves with infinite Mordell–Weil group
Authors: Box Josha
Published: March 2020

Bruin and Najman [LMS J. Comput. Math. 18 (2015), no. 1, 578–602] and Ozman and Siksek [Math. Comp. 88 (2019), no. 319, 2461–2484] have recently determined the quadratic points on each modular curve

X
0

(
N
)

X_0(N)

of genus 2, 3, 4, or 5 whose Mordell–Weil group has rank 0. In this paper we do the same for the

X
0

(
N
)

X_0(N)

of genus 2, 3, 4, and 5 and positive Mordell–Weil rank. The values of

N
N

are 37, 43, 53, 61, 57, 65, 67, and 73.

The main tool used is a relative symmetric Chabauty method, in combination with the Mordell–Weil sieve. Often the quadratic points are not finite, as the degree 2 map

X
0

(
N
)
→

X
0

(
N

)
+

X_0(N)\to X_0(N)^+

can be a source of infinitely many such points. In such cases, we describe this map and the rational points on

X
0

(
N

)
+

X_0(N)^+

, and we specify the exceptional quadratic points on

X
0

(
N
)

X_0(N)

not coming from

X
0

(
N

)
+

X_0(N)^+

. In particular, we determine the

j
j

-invariants of the corresponding elliptic curves and whether they are

Q

{\mathbb {Q}}

-curves or have complex multiplication.
The role of lateral and vertical herkogamy in the divergence of the blue- and red-flowered lineages of Lysimachia arvensis
Authors: Jiménez-López F J , Ortiz P L , Talavera M , Pannell J R , Arista M
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims

Herkogamy, or anther–stigma separation, is known to reduce self-pollen deposition, but little is known about the relative efficacy of different modes or conformations of herkogamy. We assessed the effectiveness of vertical versus lateral herkogamy in preventing or promoting self-pollen deposition in the annual herb Lysimachia arvensis, a plant with lineages that differ in flower colour, and in which flowers first display lateral and then vertical herkogamy. Because mating between the two lineages compromises fitness through the production of low-quality hybrid offspring, we tested the prediction that individuals sampled from sites occupied by both lineages should have flowers that promote autonomous self-pollen deposition and self-fertilization as a result of selection to reduce deleterious reproductive interference.

Methods

We characterized variation in herkogamy within and among 25 pure and mixed populations of L. arvensis in its European range and assessed the effectiveness of lateral versus vertical herkogamy in avoiding self-pollen deposition.

Results

Lateral herkogamy was more effective than vertical herkogamy in limiting self-pollen deposition. In the case of vertical herkogamy, only approach herkogamy was effective. Lineages showed consistent differences in herkogamy traits. In general, angles were smaller for blue than red flowers in most populations, and blue flowers showed approach herkogamy, while red flowers showed predominantly reverse herkogamy. In sympatry, the red lineage showed a reduction of both herkogamy traits while for the blue lineage only lateral herkogamy was reduced.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that pollen deposition is affected not only by the degree but also the spatial conformation of herkogamy. They also highlight reduced herkogamy as a potential mechanism for promoting reproductive assurance under pollen limitation, as well as for avoiding reproductive interference between genetically divergent lineages.
Extensive plastid-nuclear discordance in a recent radiation ofNicotianasectionSuaveolentes(Solanaceae)
Authors: Dodsworth Steven , Christenhusz Maarten J M , Conran John G , Guignard Maïté S , Knapp Sandra , Struebig Monika , Leitch Andrew R , Chase Mark W
Published: March 2020

Nicotiana section Suaveolentes is the largest section of Nicotiana and is a monophyletic group of allotetraploid species. Most of the species are endemic to Australia, but three species occur on islands in the South Pacific as far east as French Polynesia and one species is native to Namibia. Here, we present phylogenetic results based on genome skimming, with near-complete taxon sampling and multiple accessions sampled for several species. These represent the first phylogenetic results for the section that include most recognized taxa, using wild-sourced material wherever possible. Despite known chromosome number and genome size changes in the section, there is little divergence in the ribosomal DNA operon (26S, 18.S and 5.8S plus associated spacers) and plastid genomes, with little to no taxonomic signal in plastome phylogenetic results and clear plastid-nuclear discordance. These results contrast with strong morphological differentiation (both floral and vegetative) between most of the core Australian taxa and obvious differences in ecological preferences. Together, these initial results portray Nicotiana section Suaveolentes as experiencing recent and ongoing radiation in the arid zone of Australia.
Microglial exosomes facilitate α-synuclein transmission in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Guo Min , Wang Jian , Zhao Yanxin , Feng Yiwei , Han Sida , Dong Qiang , Cui Mei , Tieu Kim
Published: March 2020

Accumulation of neuronal α-synuclein is a prominent feature in Parkinson’s disease. More recently, such abnormal protein aggregation has been reported to spread from cell to cell and exosomes are considered as important mediators. The focus of such research, however, has been primarily in neurons. Given the increasing recognition of the importance of non-cell autonomous-mediated neurotoxicity, it is critical to investigate the contribution of glia to α-synuclein aggregation and spread. Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the brain and have been well-documented as inducers of neuroinflammation. How and to what extent microglia and their exosomes impact α-synuclein pathology has not been well delineated. We report here that when treated with human α-synuclein preformed fibrils, exosomes containing α-synuclein released by microglia are fully capable of inducing protein aggregation in the recipient neurons. Additionally, when combined with microglial proinflammatory cytokines, these exosomes further increased protein aggregation in neurons. Inhibition of exosome synthesis in microglia reduced α-synuclein transmission. The in vivo significance of these exosomes was demonstrated by stereotaxic injection of exosomes isolated from α-synuclein preformed fibrils treated microglia into the mouse striatum. Phosphorylated α-synuclein was observed in multiple brain regions consistent with their neuronal connectivity. These animals also exhibited neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway in a time-dependent manner. Depleting microglia in vivo dramatically suppressed the transmission of α-synuclein after stereotaxic injection of preformed fibrils. Mechanistically, we report here that α-synuclein preformed fibrils impaired autophagy flux by upregulating PELI1, which in turn, resulted in degradation of LAMP2 in activated microglia. More importantly, by purifying microglia/macrophage derived exosomes in the CSF of Parkinson’s disease patients, we confirmed the presence of α-synuclein oligomer in CD11b+ exosomes, which were able to induce α-synuclein aggregation in neurons, further supporting the translational aspect of this study. Taken together, our study supports the view that microglial exosomes contribute to the progression of α-synuclein pathology and therefore, they may serve as a promising therapeutic target for Parkinson’s disease.
Whole-exome Sequencing for the Identification of Rare Variants in Primary Immunodeficiency Genes in Children With Sepsis: A Prospective, Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Borghesi Alessandro , Trück Johannes , Asgari Samira , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa , Agyeman Philipp K A , Bellos Evangelos , Giannoni Eric , Stocker Martin , Posfay-Barbe Klara M , Heininger Ulrich , Bernhard-Stirnemann Sara , Niederer-Loher Anita , Kahlert Christian R , Natalucci Giancarlo , Relly Christa , Riedel Thomas , Kuehni Claudia E , Thorball Christian W , Chaturvedi Nimisha , Martinon-Torres Federico , Kuijpers Taco W , Coin Lachlan , Wright Victoria , Herberg Jethro , Levin Michael , Aebi Christoph , Berger Christoph , Fellay Jacques , Schlapbach Luregn J
Published: March 2020

Background

The role of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in susceptibility to sepsis remains unknown. It is unclear whether children with sepsis benefit from genetic investigations. We hypothesized that sepsis may represent the first manifestation of underlying PID. We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to a national cohort of children with sepsis to identify rare, predicted pathogenic variants in PID genes.

Methods

We conducted a multicenter, population-based, prospective study including previously healthy children aged ≥28 days and <17 years admitted with blood culture-proven sepsis. Using a stringent variant filtering procedure, analysis of WES data was restricted to rare, predicted pathogenic variants in 240 PID genes for which increased susceptibility to bacterial infection has been reported.

Results

There were 176 children presenting with 185 sepsis episodes who underwent WES (median age, 52 months; interquartile range, 15.4–126.4). There were 41 unique predicted pathogenic PID variants (1 homozygous, 5 hemizygous, and 35 heterozygous) found in 35/176 (20%) patients, including 3/176 (2%) patients carrying variants that were previously reported to lead to PID. The variants occurred in PID genes across all 8 PID categories, as defined by the International Union of Immunological Societies. We did not observe a significant correlation between clinical or laboratory characteristics of patients and the presence or absence of PID variants.

Conclusions

Applying WES to a population-based cohort of previously healthy children with bacterial sepsis detected variants of uncertain significance in PID genes in 1 out of 5 children. Future studies need to investigate the functional relevance of these variants to determine whether variants in PID genes contribute to pediatric sepsis susceptibility.
Nominal exchange rate shocks and inflation in an open economy: towards a structuralist inflation targeting agenda
Authors: Bastian Eduardo F , Setterfield Mark
Published: March 2020

This paper develops a model of inflation in an open economy. The model permits analysis of the susceptibility of open economies to permanent inflationary consequences arising from transitory foreign exchange shocks. Sources of structural vulnerability to such events are identified, and means of addressing these structural vulnerabilities are discussed. Ultimately, the paper arrives at a ‘structuralist inflation targeting agenda’. Based on a proper conception of inflation dynamics, this involves ‘getting inflation targeting right’ rather than either accepting mainstream inflation targeting prescriptions or simply neglecting inflation altogether.
Suboptimal dialysis initiation is associated with comorbidities and uraemia progression rate but not with estimated glomerular filtration rate
Authors: Heaf James , Heiro Maija , Petersons Aivars , Vernere Baiba , Povlsen Johan V , Sørensen Anette Bagger , Clyne Naomi , Bumblyte Inga , Zilinskiene Alanta , Randers Else , Løkkegaard Niels , Ots-Rosenberg Mai , Kjellevold Stig , Kampmann Jan Dominik , Rogland Björn , Lagreid Inger , Heimburger Olof , Lindholm Bengt
Published: March 2020

Background

Despite early referral of uraemic patients to nephrological care, suboptimal dialysis initiation (SDI) remains a common problem associated with increased morbimortality. We hypothesized that SDI is related to pre-dialysis care.

Methods

In the ‘Peridialysis’ study, time and reasons for dialysis initiation (DI), clinical and biochemical data and centre characteristics were registered during the pre- and peri-dialytic period for 1583 end-stage kidney disease patients starting dialysis over a 3-year period at 15 nephrology departments in the Nordic and Baltic countries to identify factors associated with SDI.

Results

SDI occurred in 42%. Risk factors for SDI were late referral, cachexia, comorbidity (particularly cardiovascular), hypoalbuminaemia and rapid uraemia progression. Patients with polycystic renal disease had a lower incidence of SDI. High urea and C-reactive protein levels, acidosis and other electrolyte disorders were markers of SDI, independently of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). SDI patients had higher eGFR than non-SDI patients during the pre-dialysis period, but lower eGFR at DI. eGFR as such did not predict SDI. Patients with comorbidities had higher eGFR at DI. Centre practice and policy did not associate with the incidence of SDI.

Conclusions

SDI occurred in 42% of all DIs. SDI was associated with hypoalbuminaemia, comorbidity and rate of eGFR loss, but not with the degree of renal failure as assessed by eGFR.
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate in lung transplant recipients highlights a dramatic loss of renal function after transplantation
Authors: Florens Nans , Dubourg Laurence , Bitker Laurent , Kalbacher Emilie , Philit François , Mornex Jean François , Parant François , Guebre-Egziabher Fitsum , Juillard Laurent , Lemoine Sandrine
Published: March 2020

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) after lung transplantation (LT) is underestimated. The aim of the present study was to measure the loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 1 year after LT and to identify the risk factors for developing Stage ≥3 CKD.

Methods

LT patients in the University Hospital of Lyon had a pre- and post-transplantation measurement of their GFR (mGFR), and GFR was also estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.

Results

During the study period, 111 patients were lung transplant candidates, of which 91 had a pre-transplantation mGFR, and 29 had a mGFR at 1 year after LT. Six patients underwent maintenance haemodialysis after transplantation. Mean mGFR was 106 mL/min/1.73 m2 before LT and 58 mL/min/1.73 m2 1 year after LT (P < 0.05) with a mean loss of 48 mL/min/1.73 m2 per patient. The risk of developing Stage ≥3 CKD after LT was higher in patients with lower pre-LT mGFR (odds ratio for each 1 mL/min/1.73 m2 increase: 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.88–0.99). Receiver operator characteristics curves for the sensitivity and specificity of eGFR and mGFR for the prediction of CKD Stage ≥3 after LT found that pre-LT mGFR of 101 mL/min/1.73 m2 and pre-LT eGFR of 124 mL/min/1.73 m2 were the optimal thresholds for predicting Stage ≥3 CKD after LT.

Conclusion

The present study underlines the value of mGFR in the pre-LT stage and found major renal function loss after LT, and consequently two-thirds of patients have Stage ≥3 CKD at 1 year. All patients with a pre-LT mGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 warrant particular attention.
Efficacy of enoxaparin in preventing coagulation during high-flux haemodialysis, expanded haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration
Authors: Santos Alba , Macías Nicolás , Vega Almudena , Abad Soraya , Linares Tania , Aragoncillo Inés , Cruzado Leonidas , Pascual Cristina , Goicoechea Marian , López-Gómez Juan Manuel
Published: March 2020

Background

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are easily dialysable with high-flow membranes; however, it is not clear whether the LMWH dose should be adjusted according to the membrane type and dialysis technique. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the dialyser on anticoagulation of the extracorporeal dialysis circuit.

Methods

Thirteen patients received the same dose of LMWH through the arterial port via three dialysis techniques: high-flux haemodialysis (HF-HD), online haemodiafiltration (HDF) and expanded haemodialysis (HDx). All dialysis was performed under similar conditions: duration, 4 h; blood flow, 400 mL/min; and dialysate flow, 500 mL/min. Antifactor Xa (aXa) activity and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were measured before and after the dialysis. Clotting time of the vascular access site after haemodialysis, visual clotting score of the dialyser and any complications with the extracorporeal circuit or bleeding were registered.

Results

Post-dialysis aXa activity in HF-HD (0.26 ± 0.02 U/mL) was significantly different from that in HDF (0.21 ± 0.02 U/mL, P = 0.024), and there was a trend in HDx (0.22 ± 0.01 U/mL, P = 0.05). APTT post-dialysis in HF-HD (30.5 ± 0.7 s) was significantly different from that in HDx (28.2 ± 0.64 s, P = 0.009) and HDF (28.8 ± 0.73 s, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

AXa activity in HDF was significantly lower than that in HF-HD, possibly because of more losses of LMWH through the dialyser. Given the higher anticoagulant loss in HDF and probably in HDx than in HF-HD, the enoxaparin dose administered may be adjusted according to the dialysis technique.
Time to Symptom Resolution in Ulcerative Colitis With Multimatrix Mesalazine Treatment: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Schreiber Stefan , Hanauer Stephen B , Sandborn William J , Barrett Karen
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims

Patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] require rapid and complete relief of symptoms, particularly stool frequency and rectal bleeding. The aim of this study was to determine time to symptom resolution in patients with UC during induction treatment with multimatrix mesalazine, and the proportion of patients remaining symptom-free and in endoscopic remission after 12 months of maintenance.

Methods

A pooled analysis of 5 pivotal clinical trials, including >1300 patients, evaluating multimatrix mesalazine for treatment of mild-to-moderate active UC was conducted. Time to symptom resolution was defined as the period between first drug dosage date and first 3 consecutive days of induction therapy when the patient achieved a score of 0 [normal] on a modified UC Disease Activity Index for stool frequency and/or rectal bleeding.

Results

Median [95% confidence interval] time to resolution of stool frequency was 52 (45–not estimable [NE]) days for placebo versus 38 [34–41] days for multimatrix mesalazine [combined dose groups, 2.4 or 4.8 g/day]; time to resolution of rectal bleeding was 35 [20–NE] days for placebo versus 15 [14–17] days for multimatrix mesalazine [combined dose groups]. Among those who achieved resolution of both stool frequency and rectal bleeding during induction, 67.4% maintained symptom scores of 0 at Month 12. No relationship was observed between rapidity of symptom resolution during induction treatment and achievement of endoscopic remission at Month 12.

Conclusions

Induction with multimatrix mesalazine provided rapid and prolonged symptom resolution in addition to endoscopic remission at Month 12.
Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with concomitant solid tumours: early and long-term results
Authors: Garatti Andrea , D’Ovidio Mariangela , Saitto Guglielmo , Daprati Andrea , Canziani Alberto , Mossuto Eugenio , D’Oria Veronica , Scarpanti Matteo , De Vincentiis Carlo , Parolari Alessandro , Menicanti Lorenzo
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Our goal was to analyse a consecutive series of patients with solid organ tumours undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by defining the risk factors for early and long-term outcomes.

METHODS

Between 2005 and 2016, a consecutive series of 4079 patients underwent isolated CABG at our institution. Of 103 patients (2.5%) with active malignancy, we enrolled 82 patients (mean age 71 ± 7 years) with solid organ tumours, divided into 4 subgroups: lung (9 patients—11%), gastroenteric (16 patients—20%), urinary (48 patients—58%) and other solid tumours (9 patients—11%). A deterministic record linkage between the clinical database and the National Hospital Information System allowed identification of long-term survival rates and freedom from major adverse cardiovascular events (acute myocardial infarction, repeated admissions for percutaneous coronary intervention and heart failure).

RESULTS

The most common forms of cancer were prostate, colon and carcinoma of the lung. Compared to patients without cancer, patients with neoplasms were significantly older and had a higher rate of comorbidities, without significant differences among the cancer subgroups. The 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with cancer compared to those without cancer (4.9% vs 1.8%). However, on logistic regression analysis, cancer was an independent risk factor for postoperative pulmonary dysfunction but not for in-hospital death. The median follow-up time was 58 ± 12 months. The overall 5-year survival rate was 60% [95% confidence interval (CI) 47–71%], with a dismal 32% (95% CI 5–65%) survival rate among patients who had lung tumours only. The 5-year freedom from major adverse cardiovascular events was 64% (95% CI 52–74%), without significant differences among subgroups, and was comparable to that of the non-cancer population. Resolution of coronary heart disease allowed safe cancer surgical resection in 80% of the population.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results from the present study, CABG should not be denied to patients with solid organ tumours by claiming a worse prognosis or less graft durability. Further studies with larger numbers are warranted.
Wildlife conflicts: wolves vs. moose
Authors: Skonhoft Anders , Solstad Jan Tore
Published: March 2020

During the last few decades, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) has re-colonised Scandinavia. The current population counts some 430 individuals. With the wolf re-colonisation, several conflicts have arisen. One important conflict is due to wolf predation on moose (Alces alces). This conflict is studied under the assumption of landowner profit maximisation as well as routinised harvesting behaviour. The analysis emphasises how compensation for the predation loss affects landowner management and harvest profitability. The solutions to the landowner problems are also compared to the overall (social planner) management situation, where traffic costs due to moose–vehicle and railway collisions are included.
Endophytic microbial assemblage in grapevine
Authors: Deyett E , Rolshausen P E
Published: March 2020

The plant vascular system has remained an underexplored niche despite its potential for hosting beneficial microbes. The aim of this work was to determine the origin of the microbial endophytes inhabiting grapevine. We focused on a single commercial vineyard in California over a two-year period and used an amplicon metagenomics approach to profile the bacterial (16S–V4) and fungal (ITS) communities of the microbiome across a continuum of six grapevine compartments: bulk soil, rhizosphere, root, cordon, cane and sap. Our data supported that roots are a bottleneck to microbial richness and that they are mostly colonized with soilborne microbes, including plant growth-promoting bacteria recruited by the host, but also saprophytic and pathogenic fungal invaders. A core group of taxa was identified throughout the vine; however, there was clear partitioning of the microbiome with niche adaptation of distinct taxonomic groups. Above- and belowground plant tissues displayed distinct microbial fingerprints and were intermixed in a limited capacity mostly by way of the plant sap. We discuss how cultural practices and human contact may shape the endosphere microbiome and identify potential channels for transmission of its residents.
Variable cell division time and asymmetric division site lead to filament-to-rod cell cycle of Lysinibacillus varians
Authors: Zhu Chunjie , Sun Guoping , Wang Xiaoming , Guo Jun , Li Enze , Yang Yonggang , Xu Meiying
Published: March 2020

All well-established cell size homeostasis paradigms are based on the researches of rod bacteria like B. subtilis and E. coli, suggesting a constant division time (timer model), division size (sizer model) or added size (adder model) before division. However, Lysinibacillus varians, a new species with regular filament-to-rod cell cycle, is inconsistent with existing models. In this study, the cell size parameters of the type strain GY32, were investigated by combing multiple microscopy techniques and single-cell approach. Our results showed that the filaments of strain GY32 were unicellular cells with multiple nucleoids. The division time of GY32 cells was variable and their daughter cells produced by asymmetric binary fission had different birth sizes, which were proportional to their elongation rates, resulting in high heterogeneity among the sister cells. Furthermore, the added size from birth to division was significantly shorter than birth size (p < 0.01) and decreased along generations. The results above revealed that the asymmetric division site and varied cell size parameters resulted in filament-to-rod cell cycle of L. varians and cell size homeostasis could be a more complex and dynamic process than previously assumed. These findings would be helpful in elucidating the open questions in cell division and cell size heterogeneity.
Treatment as insurance: HIV antiretroviral therapy offers financial risk protection in Malawi
Authors: Dickerson Sarah , Baranov Victoria , Bor Jacob , Barofsky Jeremy
Published: March 2020

Many countries have expanded insurance programmes in an effort to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). We assess a complementary path toward financial risk protection: increased access to technologies that improve health and reduce the risk of large health expenditures. Malawi has provided free HIV treatment since 2004 with significant US Government support. We investigate the impact of treatment access on medical spending, capacity to pay and catastrophic health expenditures at the population level, exploiting the phased rollout of HIV treatment in a difference-in-differences design. We find that increased access to HIV treatment generated a 10% decline in medical spending for urban households, a 7% increase in capacity to pay for rural households and a 3-percentage point decrease in the likelihood of catastrophic health expenditure among urban households. These risk protection benefits are comparable to that found from broad-based insurance coverage in other contexts. Our findings show that targeted treatment programmes that provide free care for high burden causes of death can provide substantial financial risk protection against catastrophic health expenditure, while moving developing nations toward UHC.
Confounding and effect measure modification in reproductive medicine research
Authors: Correia Katharine FB , Dodge Laura E , Farland Leslie V , Hacker Michele R , Ginsburg Elizabeth , Whitcomb Brian W , Wise Lauren A , Missmer Stacey A
Published: March 2020

The majority of research within reproductive and gynecologic health, or investigating ART, is observational in design. One of the most critical challenges for observational studies is confounding, while one of the most important for discovery and inference is effect modification. In this commentary, we explain what confounding and effect modification are and why they matter. We present examples illustrating how failing to adjust for a confounder leads to invalid conclusions, as well as examples where adjusting for a factor that is not a confounder also leads to invalid or imprecise conclusions. Careful consideration of which factors may act as confounders or modifiers of the association of interest is critical to conducting sound research, particularly with complex observational studies in reproductive medicine.
Haem oxygenases play a pivotal role in placental physiology and pathology
Authors: Peoc’h Katell , Puy Vincent , Fournier Thierry
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Haem oxygenases (HO) catabolise haem, which is the prosthetic group of numerous haemoproteins. Thus, multiple primary cellular pathways and functions rely on haem availability. HO exists in two isoforms, both expressed in the placenta, namely HO-1 and HO-2, the first being inducible. Haem oxygenases, particularly HO-1, have garnered specific interest in the field of physiological and pathological placental function. These enzymes mediate haem degradation by cleaving the alpha methene bridge to produce biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin, carbon monoxide and iron. HO-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

SEARCH METHODS

An initial literature analysis was performed using PubMed on 3 October 2018 using key terms such as ‘haem oxygenase and pregnancy’, ‘haem oxygenase and placenta’, ‘HO-1 and pregnancy’, ‘HO-1 and placenta’, ‘HO and placenta’, ‘HO and pregnancy’, ‘genetic variant and HO’, ‘CO and pregnancy’, ‘CO and placenta’, ‘Bilirubin and pregnancy’, ‘Iron and pregnancy’ and ‘PPAR and Haem’, selecting consensus conferences, recommendations, meta-analyses, practical recommendations and reviews. A second literature analysis was performed, including notable miscarriages, foetal loss and diabetes mellitus, on 20 December 2019. The three authors studied the publications independently to decipher whether they should be included in the manuscript.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This review aimed to summarise current pieces of knowledge of haem oxygenase location, function and regulation in the placenta, either in healthy pregnancies or those associated with miscarriages and foetal loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and diabetes mellitus.

OUTCOMES

HO-1 exerts some protective effects on the placentation, probably by a combination of factors, including its interrelation with the PGC-1α/PPAR pathway and the sFlt1/PlGF balance, and through its primary metabolites, notably carbon monoxide and bilirubin. Its protective role has been highlighted in numerous pregnancy conditions, including pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus and miscarriages.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

HO-1 is a crucial enzyme in physiological and pathological placentation. This protective enzyme is currently considered a potential therapeutic target in various pregnancy diseases.
Semimechanical anastomosis during oesophagectomy reduces leaks and stenosis: a propensity score matched analysis
Authors: Mazza Elena , Strignano Paolo , Fop Fabrizio , Patrono Damiano , Catalano Giorgia , Salizzoni Mauro , Romagnoli Renato
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Several techniques for oesophageal anastomosis during oesophagectomy have been described, all of which are associated with variable leakage and stricture rates. Given the notable morbidity of oesophageal fistula, reducing its incidence is of paramount importance. We report our single-centre experience with the semimechanical (SM) technique as compared to a totally manual (TM) technique.

METHODS

Three hundred and twelve partial and subtotal oesophagectomies performed between January 1998 and April 2018 were analysed. The series was split into a training period (January 1998–September 2015), when both TM and SM techniques were used, and a validation period (October 2015–April 2018), during which SM technique became standard practice. Propensity score matching was used to reduce confounding.

RESULTS

The training period included 212 oesophagectomies (90 TM, 122 SM); SM technique was initially used in the neck and afterwards also in the thorax, mainly with gastric conduits (92%), whereas the TM group contained a prevalence of jejunal loops (48%). SM anastomosis was associated with a significant reduction in both leak (0.8% vs 12%; P < 0.001) and stricture rate (0% vs 7%; P = 0.005). After propensity score matching, the difference in leak (0% vs 14%; P = 0.013) and stricture rate (0% vs 10%; P = 0.022) was confirmed. During the validation period, which included 100 oesophagectomies performed with SM anastomosis, 1 leak (1%) and 1 stricture (1%) were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

SM technique for oesophageal anastomosis outperforms TM technique and allows achieving very low complication rates.
Factors determining job satisfaction of malaria community microscopists in Palawan, the Philippines: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study
Authors: Matsumoto-Takahashi Emilie Louise Akiko , Tongol-Rivera Pilarita , Villacorte Elena Andino , Angluben Ray Uyaan , Jimba Masamine , Kano Shigeyuki
Published: March 2020

Background

This study was conducted to investigate the overall job satisfaction and its associated factors among microscopists as community health workers who specialize in malaria microscopic diagnosis and treatment in Palawan, the Philippines. The study offered new insights to further lessen the burden of malaria and improve treatment by enhancing their commitment and satisfaction.

Methods

A quantitative study was conducted with 217 microscopists who were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, ability as microscopists (service quality, knowledge of malaria and ability to diagnose malaria by microscopy [malaria microscopy]) and job satisfaction. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted to analyse these factors. A qualitative study was also conducted and four focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out.

Results

SEM identified that the job satisfaction of microscopists was enhanced by ability in malaria microscopy, the annual parasite index and belonging to ethnic minorities. In the FGDs, high job satisfaction was seen in their devotion to the community and increasing knowledge about malaria.

Conclusions

Providing opportunities to improve malaria microscopy ability would increase the overall job satisfaction of microscopists and eventually improve the quality of care.
Hermetia illucens larvae as a Fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets
Authors: Yu Miao , Li Zhenming , Chen Weidong , Wang Gang , Rong Ting , Liu Zhichang , Wang Fengyin , Ma Xianyong
Published: March 2020

Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) are rich in proteins and chitin, and represent an innovative feed ingredient for animals. However, little is known about the intestinal bacteria and immune homeostasis response of HILM as a fishmeal replacement on weanling piglets. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the changes in specific ileal and cecal bacterial populations and their metabolic profiles, and ileal immune indexes in weanling piglets fed with a diet containing HILM. A total of 128 weanling piglets were fed either a basal diet or 1 of 3 diets with 1%, 2%, and 4% HILM (HI0, HI1, HI2, and HI4, respectively). Each group consisted of 8 pens (replicates), with 4 pigs per pen. After 28 d of feeding, 8 barrows per treatment were euthanized, the ileal and cecal digesta, and ileal mucosa were collected for analyzing bacterial population and metabolic profiles, and immune indexes, respectively. Results showed that HILM increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the ileum and cecum, but quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) the number of Escherichia coli. In the cecum, the number of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, and Prevotella showed a quadratic response to increasing (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) HILM levels. Lactate and butyrate concentrations in the ileum and cecum were quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels. In the cecum, the amines, phenol, and indole compounds concentrations were quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels, while total short-chain fatty acids and acetate concentrations were quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2). In the ileum, the TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α mRNA expressions were quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels, while the mRNA expression of IL-10, barrier function (MUC1, ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-2), and development-related genes (IGF-1, GLP-2, and EGF) was quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2). Furthermore, the changes in the mucosal gene expression were associated with changes in the bacterial populations and their metabolites. Collectively, these results showed that a diet supplemented with 2% HILM affected specific bacterial populations and metabolic profiles, and maintained ileal immune status. These findings provide new insights into the use of insect meal as a suitable alternative protein source for swine feeding.
The Effect of Prolonged Storage Time on the Stability of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Hair Samples
Authors: Tsanaclis Lolita , Bagley Kim , Bevan Sian , Wicks John
Published: March 2020

The advantages of analysis of drugs in hair samples are recognized for the long window of detection, alongside easy sampling and long stability after sample collection. Alcohol markers, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and total fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in hair, are widely used for monitoring alcohol consumption for clinical and forensic purposes. Although stability of drugs and EtG in hair samples is documented to a certain extent, stability of FAEEs in hair samples after collection has not been reported. This study covered hair samples that had been tested for FAEEs on the day of arrival at the laboratory and retested between 4 and 80 months later. The statistical analysis of the data set reveals significant lower FAEEs levels including ethyl palmitate (EtPa) ester levels when samples were retested for the second time after 6 days of storage under ideal conditions. Specifically, the results suggest that when measuring total FAEEs or solely EtPa in hair samples, the elapsed time between sample collection and analysis of the sample needs to be considered when interpreting the results. The recommendation is that whenever hair samples need to be tested for total FAEEs or EtPa, the analytical procedure needs to be performed within 1 week after collection in order to obtain meaningful results. The study results substantiate the case for the use of hair samples solely for the analysis of EtG, in conjunction with other measurements such as full blood count, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin test, liver function test or phosphatidylethanol alongside clinical assessment for a more effective evaluation of alcohol consumption.
First Report and Distribution of the Indian Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) in Ghana
Authors: Fening K O , Forchibe E E , Wamonje F O , Adama I , Afreh-Nuamah K , Carr J P
Published: March 2020

The presence of large colonies of aphids is associated with a devastating novel necrotic disease of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) in Ghana that is thought to be of viral etiology. In this study, we used molecular taxonomic tools to identify the aphid species present on these diseased cabbage plants. This was confirmed using two key features for morphological identification, involving the length of cornicles and shape of cauda for the wingless forms of the aphids. Two species of aphids were identified and their distribution in Ghana indicated. One was the generalist aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) but the most abundant was the brassica specialist aphid, Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), which is one of the most destructive pests of brassica crops in some countries in Africa and other parts of the world. L. erysimi has been reported in Benin, Mali, South Africa, India, China, and United States, but this is the first formal report of L. erysimi pseudobrassicae in Ghana. The correct identification of L. erysimi is crucial, suggesting that it has recently become one of the most common species of aphid found on cabbage plants in Ghana.
Small terrestrial mammal distributions in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia: a reassessment after 88 years
Authors: Craig Evan W , Stanley William T , Kerbis Peterhans Julian C , Bryja Josef , Meheretu Yonas
Published: March 2020

Despite the presence of mostly endemic species, the most comprehensive data set on the distribution and ecology of small mammals inhabiting Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP) dated from 1927. The study we carried out and report here provides a unique opportunity to assess the possible role of climate change over the last 88 years on the elevational distribution of mammals in the Ethiopian highlands. Between September and November 2015, three of us (EWC, WTS, YM) collected nonvolant small mammals at four sites (2,900, 3,250, 3,600, and 4,000 m a.s.l.) along the western slope of the Simien Mountains using standardized sampling. Over a 4-week period we recorded 13 species, comprising 11 species of rodents and two of shrews, all endemic to the Ethiopian Plateau. We found the greatest species richness at mid-elevations (3,250 m), consistent with a general pattern found on many other mountains worldwide, but less so in Africa. We compared our species distribution results to the 1927 data set and found upward elevational shifts in species’ ranges, highlighting the role and influence of climate change on the small mammal community. SMNP represents an exceptionally valuable core area of endemism and the best protected natural habitat in northern Ethiopia.
Causes of family separation and barriers to reunification: Syrian refugees in Jordan
Authors: Chandler Hannah , Boothby Neil , McNatt Zahirah , Berrigan Margaret , Zebib Laura , Freels Patricia Elaine , Alshannaq Hamza , Majdalani Noor , Mahmoud Ahmed , Majd Esraa
Published: March 2020

Since 2011, the war in Syria has resulted in the displacement of 12.2 million people. Over 5.6 million have fled Syria to seek asylum in neighbouring countries, while 6.6 million have been internally displaced. Family separation, with significant psychological, social and economic implications, is a key concern for those who flee violence and cross international borders. This qualitative study sought to understand the causes of separation among Syrian families in Jordan and the obstacles to family reunification. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 85 Syrian refugee families identified as having separated family members. We present critical moments during migration when family separation occurs: (1) while fleeing Syria, (2) while residing in Jordan and (3) pre-existing separation due to work or travel that was exacerbated by the conflict. We also highlight the factors that perpetuate separation among families, preventing or delaying them from reuniting. These findings may help to inform more humane family reunification practices as well as identify future research and learning needs.
An interstellar origin for high-inclination Centaurs
Authors: Namouni F , Morais M H M
Published: March 2020

We investigate the possible origins of real high-inclination Centaurs and trans-neptunian objects using a high-resolution statistical search for stable orbits that simulates their evolution back in time to the epoch when planet formation ended 4.5 billion years in the past. The simulation is a precise orbit determination method that does not involve ad hoc initial conditions or assumptions such as those found in planetesimal disc relaxation models upon which their conclusions depend. It can therefore be used to independently test origin theories based on relaxation models by examining the past orbits of specific real objects. Here, we examined 17 multiple-opposition high-inclination Centaurs and the two polar trans-neptunian objects 2008 KV42 and (471325) 2011 KT19. The statistical distributions show that their orbits were nearly polar 4.5 Gyr in the past, and were located in the scattered disc and inner Oort cloud regions. Early polar inclinations cannot be accounted for by current Solar system formation theory as the early planetesimal system must have been nearly flat in order to explain the low-inclination asteroid and Kuiper belts. Furthermore, the early scattered disc and inner Oort cloud regions are believed to have been devoid of Solar system material as the planetesimal disc could not have extended far beyond Neptune’s current orbit in order to halt the planet’s outward migration. The nearly polar orbits of high-inclination Centaurs 4.5 Gyr in the past therefore indicate their probable early capture from the interstellar medium.
Modelling double neutron stars: radio and gravitational waves
Authors: Chattopadhyay Debatri , Stevenson Simon , Hurley Jarrod R , Rossi Luca J , Flynn Chris
Published: March 2020

We have implemented prescriptions for modelling pulsars in the rapid binary population synthesis code Compact Object Mergers: Population Astrophysics and Statistics. We perform a detailed analysis of the double neutron star (DNS) population, accounting for radio survey selection effects. The surface magnetic field decay time-scale (∼1000 Myr) and mass-scale (∼0.02 M⊙) are the dominant uncertainties in our model. Mass accretion during common envelope evolution plays a non-trivial role in recycling pulsars. We find a best-fitting model that is in broad agreement with the observed Galactic DNS population. Though the pulsar parameters (period and period derivative) are strongly biased by radio selection effects, the observed orbital parameters (orbital period and eccentricity) closely represent the intrinsic distributions. The number of radio observable DNSs in the Milky Way at present is about 2500 in our model, corresponding to approximately 10 per cent of the predicted total number of DNSs in the Galaxy. Using our model calibrated to the Galactic DNS population, we make predictions for DNS mergers observed in gravitational waves. The DNS chirp mass distribution varies from 1.1 to 2.1 M⊙ and the median is found to be 1.14 M⊙. The expected effective spin χeff for isolated DNSs is ≲0.03 from our model. We predict that 34 per cent of the current Galactic isolated DNSs will merge within a Hubble time, and have a median total mass of 2.7 M⊙. Finally, we discuss implications for fast radio bursts and post-merger remnant gravitational waves.