bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 2600-Locus Chromosome Bin Map of Wheat Homoeologous Group 2 Reveals Interstitial Gene-Rich Islands and Colinearity With Rice
Authors: Conley E J , Nduati V , Gonzalez-Hernandez J L , Mesfin A , Trudeau-Spanjers M , Chao S , Lazo G R , Hummel D D , Anderson O D , Qi L L , Gill B S , Echalier B , Linkiewicz A M , Dubcovsky J , Akhunov E D , Dvořák J , Peng J H , Lapitan N L V , Pathan M S , Nguyen H T , Ma X-F ,   Miftahudin, Gustafson J P , Greene R A , Sorrells M E , Hossain K G , Kalavacharla V , Kianian S F , Sidhu D , Dilbirligi M , Gill K S , Choi D W , Fenton R D , Close T J , McGuire P E , Qualset C O , Anderson J A
Published: October 2004

The complex hexaploid wheat genome offers many challenges for genomics research. Expressed sequence tags facilitate the analysis of gene-coding regions and provide a rich source of molecular markers for mapping and comparison with model organisms. The objectives of this study were to construct a high-density EST chromosome bin map of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes to determine the distribution of ESTs, construct a consensus map of group 2 ESTs, investigate synteny, examine patterns of duplication, and assess the colinearity with rice of ESTs assigned to the group 2 consensus bin map. A total of 2600 loci generated from 1110 ESTs were mapped to group 2 chromosomes by Southern hybridization onto wheat aneuploid chromosome and deletion stocks. A consensus map was constructed of 552 ESTs mapping to more than one group 2 chromosome. Regions of high gene density in distal bins and low gene density in proximal bins were found. Two interstitial gene-rich islands flanked by relatively gene-poor regions on both the short and long arms and having good synteny with rice were discovered. The map locations of two ESTs indicated the possible presence of a small pericentric inversion on chromosome 2B. Wheat chromosome group 2 was shown to share syntenous blocks with rice chromosomes 4 and 7.
Group 3 Chromosome Bin Maps of Wheat and Their Relationship to Rice Chromosome 1
Authors: Munkvold J D , Greene R A , Bermudez-Kandianis C E , La Rota C M , Edwards H , Sorrells S F , Dake T , Benscher D , Kantety R , Linkiewicz A M , Dubcovsky J , Akhunov E D , Dvořák J ,   Miftahudin, Gustafson J P , Pathan M S , Nguyen H T , Matthews D E , Chao S , Lazo G R , Hummel D D , Anderson O D , Anderson J A , Gonzalez-Hernandez J L , Peng J H , Lapitan N , Qi L L , Echalier B , Gill B S , Hossain K G , Kalavacharla V , Kianian S F , Sandhu D , Erayman M , Gill K S , McGuire P E , Qualset C O , Sorrells M E
Published: October 2004

The focus of this study was to analyze the content, distribution, and comparative genome relationships of 996 chromosome bin-mapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) accounting for 2266 restriction fragments (loci) on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Of these loci, 634, 884, and 748 were mapped on chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D, respectively. The individual chromosome bin maps revealed bins with a high density of mapped ESTs in the distal region and bins of low density in the proximal region of the chromosome arms, with the exception of 3DS and 3DL. These distributions were more localized on the higher-resolution group 3 consensus map with intermediate regions of high-mapped-EST density on both chromosome arms. Gene ontology (GO) classification of mapped ESTs was not significantly different for homoeologous group 3 chromosomes compared to the other groups. A combined analysis of the individual bin maps using 537 of the mapped ESTs revealed rearrangements between the group 3 chromosomes. Approximately 232 (44%) of the consensus mapped ESTs matched sequences on rice chromosome 1 and revealed large- and small-scale differences in gene order. Of the group 3 mapped EST unigenes ∼21 and 32% matched the Arabidopsis coding regions and proteins, respectively, but no chromosome-level gene order conservation was detected.
Competition in the Japanese wholesale potato market
Authors: Higaki Yusuke , Gunjal Kisan , Coffin Garth
Published: October 2004

The Japanese potato market is characterized by regional domination of production and marketing by strong cooperatives exhibiting a high degree of concentration with potential oligopolistic market power. In this research, the level of competition in the Japanese potato market was evaluated using conjectural variations technique on the time series data from 1989 to 1995. Four wholesale markets with eight production sources were analyzed. From the empirical analysis, it can be concluded that, despite the high level of concentration in production, all producing regions including the dominant producer, Hokkaido, seem to have behaved competitively. However, the degree of competition is found to vary depending on the season. Hokkaido, the leading producer, may be setting prices close to marginal costs under pressure of competition from foreign suppliers. {Econ‐Lit citations: L100, L130] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The perceived importance of veal meat attributes in consumer choice decisions
Authors: West Gale E. , Larue Bruno , Touil Chedlia , Scott Shannon L.
Published: October 2004

Animal scientists have recently found a way to produce extremely pale grain‐fed veal, thus achieving high quality grade, while averting concerns over unethical treatment and medication residues in milk‐fed veal production. Consumers, however, may reject pale cuts of veal labeled as “grain‐fed.” This article uses questionnaire data from six groceries in the province of Quebec, Canada, to investigate frequency of veal purchases and perceived importance of price, color, and production type as determinants of veal purchases. Consumers do not appear to have clear preferences for milk‐fed veal characteristics. Frequency of consumption and importance of veal meat attributes were influenced more by variables of habit formation than by price, income, or education. The veal industry might be advised to encourage consumption of veal as a means to diversify consumers' meat menu. [Econ‐Lit citations: D120, Q130] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slotting allowances and price‐cost margins: A note
Authors: Azzam; Azzeddine M.
Published: October 2004

It has become common practice for retail grocers to charge grocery manufacturers a slotting allowance for placing products on the retail shelf. Manufacturers view the allowance as anti‐competitive. Retailers view it as compensation for the risks associated with stocking new products. The largely theoretical literature on the subject is consistent with both views. This article proposes an empirical model to test the effect of slotting allowances on performance, and discusses if and how the model can be tied to the qualitative predictions of existing theoretical literature. [JEL classification: L100, L140, L420] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Racial variation in fasting and random homocysteine levels
Authors: Estrada Dolores A. , Billett Henny H.
Published: October 2004

Homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been shown to be a predeterminant of thrombotic diseases. We measured the Hcy levels of 50 blacks and 50 whites equally divided by gender to determine if there is a significant racial difference in either fasting or random Hcy levels. Dietary, medication, smoking, alcohol, past medical, educational, and occupational histories were obtained, and the body mass index calculated. Total serum fasting and random Hcy levels, B12, folate, BUN, creatinine, and lipid profiles were drawn from each participant. Analysis of the results showed that white males have the highest fasting Hcy levels, 10.5 μM/l, whereas random Hcy levels were not significantly different. Correlation between fasting and random Hcy levels was poor (R = 0.61). B12 levels in black subjects were significantly higher, 490.8 pg/ml, compared to whites, 382.8 pg/ml, P = 0.001, but contributed little to total Hcy levels (R2 = 0.08). Folic acid levels, all within normal range, were not significantly different between the two racial groups and also did not appear to greatly affect Hcy levels (R2 = 0.06). Our study demonstrates that, despite the genetic diversity of these two racial groups in the U.S., white males in this age group have higher fasting Hcy levels than black males, and white males, but not black males, have higher fasting homocysteine levels than females. This discrepancy in Hcy levels may reflect methylene‐tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme polymorphisms, known to be higher in whites, rather than socioeconomic influences. Am. J. Hematol. 66:252–256, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ability to trace migrant farmworkers ten years after initial identification in a Northern State (Wisconsin)
Authors: Nordstrom David L. , Krauska Michelle , DeStefano Frank , Colt Joanne S. , Zahm Shelia Hoar
Published: October 2004

Background

Migrant farmworkers have rarely been included in epidemiologic studies. To assess the feasibility of following farmworkers over extended periods, a critical feature of many study designs, we attempted to trace a sample of Mexican‐American farmworkers identified in a clinic in Wisconsin.

Methods

We randomly chose 100 farmworkers from a migrant health center registration list for 1984–85. In 1995, we searched recent clinic records, made telephone calls, and visited migrant camps to find these farmworkers in Wisconsin during the growing season. We also attempted to find 46 farmworkers at their homes in southwest Texas over a two‐week period in 1996 using the address listed in the clinic records, local phone books, and conversations with next‐door neighbors.

Results

Although 25 farmworkers had reregistered at the clinic in recent years, we found only 6 of them in Wisconsin in 1995. In southwest Texas, we either located or ascertained information about the vital status of 25 of the 46 farmworkers (54%).

Conclusions

Tracing efforts must include extensive contacts in farmworkers' home states and must incorporate a variety of information sources. Tracing farmworkers in epidemiologic studies appears to be feasible but requires more intensive methods over longer periods of time than those used in this study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:592–595, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cumulative exposure to styrene and visual functions
Authors: Castillo Laura , Baldwin Mary , Sassine Marie‐Pascale , Mergler Donna
Published: October 2004

Background

Results from a 1990–1992 longitudinal study of several reinforced plastics plants showed that for those workers whose styrene exposure had decreased, color vision (CV) improved; while near visual contrast sensitivity (CS) was poorer.

Methods

In 1999, we retested these visual functions in 18 workers with good visual acuity. A cumulative exposure index (CEI), corrected for respirator use, was calculated for each worker.

Results

Intra‐individual comparison of mandelic acid (MA) showed a significant decrease over time (Friedman; P = 0.015), but current values were not related to CEI. For CV, no significant difference was observed between 1992 and 1999; present results were not related to MA or CEI. The CS profile decreased over time, with significant differences at 3 cpd (Friedman; P < 0.05). CS did not vary with MA levels, but was significantly depressed at the intermediate frequencies among those in the upper CEIH category (Kruskal–Wallis; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that CS loss increases with long‐term cumulative exposure, reflecting chronic damage to the neuro‐optic pathways. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:351–360, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agreement between clinical examination and quantitative tests of neurologic function among 384 subjects*
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Dick Robert , Fine Lawrence
Published: October 2004

Background

Quantitative neurological tests are often cheaper and easier than clinical examinations, and provide continuous data which may discriminate between exposed and nonexposed groups with more sensitivity than dichotomous (normal/abnormal) examination data.

Methods

We compare clinical examinations and analogous quantitative tests for arm tremor, postural sway, and vibrotactile sensitivity (finger and toe), for 384 subjects.

Results

The “abnormal” clinical outcomes studied were relatively common (range, 3–36%), and did not result in impairment of daily activity for affected subjects. All the quantitative tests were reasonably good predictors of the corresponding clinical outcome. The most predictive test was for toe vibrotactile sensitivity. The probability of an abnormal clinical result for those in the worst quartile for the toe test was 0.63, compared with 0.36 for all subjects.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that certain quantitative tests might be used in epidemiologic studies instead of a physical examination. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:361–368, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms in Swiss farmers: An epidemiological study of risk factors
Authors: Danuser Brigitta , Weber Christoph , Künzli Nino , Schindler Christian , Nowak Dennis
Published: October 2004

Background

The study was undertaken to assess the prevalance and risk factors of self‐reported asthma, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, hay fever, and work‐related respiratory symptoms in Swiss farmers as well as to compare the prevalance rates of respiratory symptoms with the Swiss population (SAPALDIA‐Study).

Methods

An epidemiological study was performed with a representative sample of 1,542 Swiss farmers using a self‐administered questionnaire. To investigate the effect of the type of farming on reported symptoms, the farmers were subdivided into seven groups according to the time farmers spent in different animal confinement buildings. A multivariate analysis was performed by the methods of binary and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and smoking habits.

Results

In farmers the prevalence rate was 16.0% for chronic bronchitis, 15.4% for asthma symptoms, and 42.0% for reporting at least one work‐related symptom. Using logistic regression analysis, it was established that poultry farming and pig/cattle farming was a risk factor for reporting nasal irritation at work [OR 5.33, (1.57–18.0), OR 3.37 (1.04–10.87)]. Poultry farmers experienced the highest symptom rates. In crop farmers, the prevalance for chronic bronchitis was increased [OR 2.32 (1.03–5.23)]. Over 4 hr spent per day in animal confinement buildings more than doubled the risk for reporting chronic bronchitis [OR 2.61 (1.01–6.76)] and phlegm [OR 2.3 (0.99‐5.4)] independent of the type of farming. The comparison of Swiss farmers with the Swiss population showed a twofold elevated risk of reporting chronic bronchitis [OR 1.89 (1.32–2.95)] and a 4.5‐fold elevated risk for bringing up phlegm regularly [OR 4.5 (3.25–6.69)] in farmers. In contrast, the risk of farmers to report nasal allergies was less than half as high [OR 0.40 (0.29–0.56)] as that of the general population.

Conclusions

This study shows that agricultural work in Switzerland is associated with an elevated risk for reporting symptoms of chronic bronchitis and chronic phlegm compared with the general Swiss population. These main results most likely indicate occupational disorders as the exposure‐response relationship (hours spent in animal confinements) was particularly obvious for these symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:410–418, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of MMT in Canadian gasoline: Health and environment issues
Authors: Zayed Joseph
Published: October 2004

Background

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organic derivative of manganese (Mn) used in Canadian gasoline since 1976 as an antiknock agent and to improve octane rating. Combustion products of MMT are mainly a mixture of Mn phosphate and Mn sulfate. In 1997, the Canadian federal government adopted a law (C‐29) which banned both the interprovincial trade and the importation for commercial purposes of manganese‐based substances, including MMT. However, the government reworded this law in July 1998 so that manganese‐based fuel additives were not included in the restrictions. MMT is now approved for use in Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, the United States, France, Russia, and conditionally in New Zealand. Nevertheless, these countries are not using MMT intensively and they are waiting for strong evidence of the absence of effects on human health. Even after several years of use of MMT in Canada, many uncertainties remain.

Methods

Different methods were used in order to assess (1) environmental contamination and human exposure to the parental form of MMT, (2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions associated with the use of MMT, and (3) qualitative and quantitative assessments of Mn emissions to the environment.

Results

The results provide timely information with regard to the impact of MMT on environmental/ecosystem Mn contamination in abiotic and biotic systems as well as on human exposure. Moreover, results raise major concerns with regard to public health effects related to exposure to Mn.

Conclusions

Obviously, there is still an important lack of adequate toxicological information and further studies are needed to provide successful implementation of evidence‐based risk assessment approaches. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:426–433, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benzene and lymphohematopoietic malignancies in humans†
Authors: Hayes Richard B. , Songnian Yin , Dosemeci Mustafa , Linet Martha
Published: October 2004

Background

Quantitative evaluations of benzene‐associated risk for cancer have relied primarily on findings from a cohort study of highly exposed U.S. rubber workers. An epidemiologic investigation in China (NCI/CAPM study) extended quantitative evaluations of cancer risk to a broader range of benzene exposures, particularly at lower levels.

Methods

We review the evidence implicating benzene in the etiology of hematopoietic disorders, clarify methodologic aspects of the NCI/CAPM study, and examine the study in the context of the broader literature on health effects associated with occupational benzene exposure.

Results

Quantitative relationships for cancer risk from China and the U.S. show a relatively smooth increase in risk for acute myeloid leukemia and related conditions over a broad dose range of benzene exposure (below 200 ppm‐years mostly from the China study and above 200 ppm‐years mostly from the U.S. study).

Conclusions

Risks of acute myeloid leukemia and other malignant and nonmalignant hematopoietic disorders associated with benzene exposure in China are consistent with other information about benzene exposure, hematotoxicity, and cancer risk, extending evidence for hematopoietic cancer risks to levels substantially lower than had previously been established. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:117–126, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory effects of exposure to low levels of concrete dust containing crystalline silica
Authors: Meijer E. , Kromhout H. , Heederik D.
Published: October 2004

Background

Dusts containing crystalline silica are generated in mining, construction, glass, granite and concrete production industries. The association between exposure to low levels of concrete dust containing crystalline silica and reduction in lung function, was evaluated in a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

The study was carried out among 144 concrete workers, from two factories, with exposure assessment of respirable dust and silica by personal samplers. Results of respiratory questionnaires and standardized measurements of lung function were compared with the results in a control population. Multiple linear regression analysis was used in selecting factors that predict (age and standing height standardized residual) lung function.

Results

The average concentration of respirable dust in both factories was 0.8 mg/m3 and 0.06 mg/m3 for respirable silica. The average silica content of the dust was 9%. The average cumulative dust exposure was 7.0 mg/m3 year and cumulative silica exposure was 0.6 mg/m3 year. Significant associations between exposure to concrete dust and a small lung function (FEV1/FVC ratio, MMEF) loss were found, independent of smoking habits and of a history of allergy.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that, concrete workers with chronic obstructive pulmonary symptoms and/or work‐related lower respiratory symptoms are at risk of having a reduction in lung function (FEV&1/FVC ratio) outside the 5th percentile of the external reference population, and therefore, of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, at respirable concrete dust levels below 1 mg/m3 with a respirable crystalline silica content of 10% (TWA, 8 hr). Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:133–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health effects among employees in sewage treatment plants: A literature survey
Authors: Thorn Jörgen , Kerekes Erika
Published: October 2004

Background

Over the years, there have been regular reports in the media of work‐related symptoms among employees at sewage treatment plants. Concern has spread among employees over the lack of knowledge of risk agents' symptoms, and diseases in that environment. This paper reviews the investigations of health risks in employees working in the sewage treatment plants.

Methods

A literature search was performed with the search terms; sewage, waste water, health effects, infection, and health hazards. Articles on health effects in relation to sewage were selected.

Results

Work in sewage water plants can involve exposure to different types of microorganisms and chemicals. The bacterial exposure is dominated by bacteria that naturally occur in nature. However, different bacteria and viruses that give rise to infections can be present in this environment and thus there exists a risk of infection, especially of hepatitis A. Investigations suggest that gastrointestinal tract symptoms are more common among employees at sewage treatment plants than among controls. Respiratory symptoms, fatigue, and headache have also been reported in several investigations. The cause of the symptoms is unknown, although certain data suggest that they are caused by inflammation. The results suggest that endotoxin in Gram‐negative bacteria may be one of the causative agents. As regards cancer, some studies report an increased risk of stomach cancer and a few studies report an increased risk of cancer in the larynx, liver or, prostate or of leukemia. The spread of the cancers over a multitude of organs does not support a hypothesis of causality with agents commonly found in sewage treatment plants.

Conclusions

Further investigations are needed to determine the work‐related effects and ascertain the causal agents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:170–179, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant mesothelioma from neighborhood exposure to anthophyllite asbestos
Authors: Rom William N. , Hammar Samuel P. , Rusch Valerie , Dodson Ron , Hoffman Shepard
Published: October 2004

Background

Anthophyllite asbestos has been reported to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and pleural plaques in occupationally exposed workers. Anthophyllite has also been associated with pleural plaques in Finland and Japan among those who live near mines and mills and have neighborhood or environmental exposure.

Methods

We evaluated a 38‐year‐old patient with pleural mesothelioma who lived, attended school, and delivered newspapers near a manufacturing facility that used exclusively anthophyllite asbestos fiber from ages 8–17 years. He had no work exposure to asbestos.

Results

The pleural mesothelioma was an epithelial type with tubulopapillary structures and was treated with an extrapleural pneumonectomy followed by radiation therapy. The malignant cells were positive by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, S100, B72.3, and leu M1 antigen. Anthophyllite fibers were > 5 μm in length in lung tissue compared to 3 μm from a general population study.

Conclusions

Anthophyllite asbestos has been associated with neighborhood environmental exposure and pleural plaques; we now report a neighborhood exposure and pleural mesothelioma. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:211–214, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for assessing occupational pesticide exposures of farmworkers†
Authors: Stewart Patricia A. , Prince Jacqueline K. , Colt Joanne S. , Ward Mary H.
Published: October 2004

Background

The health of farmworkers as related to pesticide exposure is of concern but assessing exposures for epidemiologic studies requires different techniques than approaches used for studies of industrial workers.

Methods

A review of the literature identified possible factors that affect exposure intensity. A model was developed to estimate an exposure score. Exposures in the literature were estimated using the model and compared to the measurements in the literature.

Results

Three studies were found with information appropriate for evaluation of the model. There was a statistical difference between the means of the scores corresponding to above and below the median of the measurements. The correlation coefficient between the scores and the measurements from the literature was 0.77.

Conclusions

Although the evaluation was limited, the model appeared to work well, but more testing is needed. More research is also needed to increase understanding of what affects the exposures of these workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:561–570, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal exposure to pesticides: A feasibility study among migrant and seasonal farmworkers
Authors: Cooper Sharon P. , Burau Keith , Sweeney Anne , Robison Tracy , Smith Mary Ann , Symanski Elaine , Colt Joanne S. , Laseter John , Zahm Shelia Hoar
Published: October 2004

Background

Migrant and seasonal farmworkers have a high potential for pesticide exposures, yet are rarely included in epidemiologic studies. This study examined the feasibility of assessing prenatal exposures to pesticides and other compounds in pregnant Hispanic farmworkers.

Methods

Nine women completed a survey about work experiences during pregnancy. Maternal urine, cord blood, and placenta samples were obtained at delivery for analysis of 51 analytes, including 6 phenoxy acid or triazine herbicides, 21 organochlorine insecticides, 10 PCBs, and 14 volatile organic compounds.

Results

Seven of 51 analytes were found in the biological samples. DDE, DDT, dichlorbenzene, toluene, trimethylbenzene, and endosulfan sulfate were detected in cord blood samples, and 2,4‐D in urine from one or more women.

Conclusions

We documented the feasibility of following farmworkers to assess in utero exposure to pesticides and other contaminants, and demonstrated exposure to these compounds. Difficulties in measuring pesticides with short half lives were noted. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:578–585, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracing migrant farmworkers in Starr County, Texas
Authors: Cooper Sharon P. , Burau Keith , Hanis Craig , Henry Judy , MacNaughton Nancy , Robison Tracy , Smith Mary Ann , Sweeney Anne , Vernon Sally W. , Zahm Shelia Hoar
Published: October 2004

Background

In response to The National Cancer Institute (NCI) concerns about the ability to conduct studies among migrant farmworkers, this study evaluated the feasibility of identifying migrant farmworkers in their home state and tracing them over an extended period of time.

Methods

In 1995, a group of 196 persons who had classified themselves as “migrant farmworkers” in two earlier chronic disease studies was identified. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the proportion of these farmworkers who could be located in 1995–1996.

Results

Of these farmworkers, 163 were located and were living (83.2%), 15 had died (7.6%), and 18 (9.2%) were lost to follow‐up.

Conclusions

The excellent follow‐up rate was due in part to the high participation rates among persons contacted for information, stability of the farmworkers' permanent homes, predictable timing of migration, and a longstanding health research program with established community contacts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:586–591, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for a shared segment on chromosome 10q26 in patients with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia from the Faroe Islands
Authors: Ewald Henrik , Flint Tracey J. , Jorgensen Tove H. , Wang August G. , Jensen Per , Vang Maria , Mors Ole , Kruse Torben A.
Published: October 2004

Previous linkage studies have suggested a new locus for bipolar affective disorder and possibly also for schizophrenia on chromosome 10q26. We searched for allelic association and chromosome segment and haplotype sharing on chromosome 10q26 among distantly related patients with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia and controls from the relatively isolated population of the Faroe Islands by investigating 22 microsatellite markers from a 35 cM region. We used a combined approach with both assumption free tests and tests based on genealogical relationships. The 6.5 cM region between D10S1230 and D10S2322, which has been implied in previous linkage analyses, received some support. A search for segment sharing yielded empiricalP‐values around 0.02 among patients with bipolar affective disorder and around 0.03 for patients with schizophrenia. For both disorders combined allelic association yielded empiricalP‐values around 0.003 at marker D10S1723. A haplotype data mining approach supported haplotype sharing in this region. In another, more distal, 11.5 cM region between markers D10S214 and D10S505, which has received support in previous linkage studies, increased haplotype sharing in patients with bipolar affective disorder was supported by Fisher's exact test, tests based on genealogy and by haplotype data mining. Our findings yield some support for a risk gene for bipolar affective disorder and possibly also for schizophrenia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two siblings with early onset fetal akinesia deformation sequence and hydranencephaly: Further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance of hydranencephaly, fowler type
Authors: Witters I. , Moerman Ph. , Devriendt K. , Braet P. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Van Assche F.A , Fryns J.P.
Published: October 2004

We report a 13‐week‐old female fetus with early onset fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) and hydranencephaly. In a previous pregnancy, the same ultrasonographic findings were noted at 13 weeks. Fetopathological examination of both female fetuses confirmed FADS with severe arthogryposis, multiple pterygia, and muscular hypoplasia. Neuropathological examination showed massive cystic dilatation of the cerebral ventricles (hydranencephaly) with calcification of the basal ganglion and brain stem and a proliferative vasculopathy throughout the central nervous system. The findings in the two female siblings document the earliest echographic diagnosis of hydranencephaly, Fowler type, and this observation further supports autosomal recessive inheritance of this distinct type of hydranencephaly. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Mowat‐Wilson” syndrome with and without Hirschsprung disease is a distinct, recognizable multiple congenital anomalies‐mental retardation syndrome caused by mutations in the zinc finger homeo box 1B gene
Authors: Zweier Christiane , Albrecht Beate , Mitulla Beate , Behrens Rolf , Beese Maike , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Rott Hans‐Dieter , Rauch Anita
Published: October 2004

Recently mutations in the gene ZFHX1B (SIP1) were shown in patients with “syndromic Hirschsprung disease” with mental retardation (MR) and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), but it was unclear if Hirschsprung disease is an obligate symptom of these mutations and if the distinct facial phenotype delineated by Mowat et al. [1998: J Med Genet 35: 617–623] is specific for ZFHX1B mutations. In order to address these open questions we analyzed the ZFHX1B gene in five patients, three of whom had “syndromic Hirschsprung disease” two with and one without the facial phenotype described by Mowat et al. [1998], and two of whom had the distinct facial gestalt without Hirschsprung disease. Analyses of microsatellite markers and newly identified SNPs, and/or FISH with BACs from the ZFHX1B region excluded large deletions in all five patients. Direct sequencing demonstrated truncating ZFHX1B mutations in all four patients with the characteristic facial phenotype, but not in the patient with syndromic Hirschsprung disease without the distinct facial appearance. We demonstrate that there is a specific clinical entity with a recognizable facial gestalt, mental retardation and variable MCAs which we propose be called the “Mowat‐Wilson syndrome.” © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of 22q11 deletion in a three‐generation family with maternal transmission
Authors: Iascone Maria R. , Vittorini Simona , Sacchelli Monica , Spadoni Isabella , Simi Paolo , Giusti Sandra
Published: October 2004

Haploinsufficiency of chromosome 22q11.2 is a well‐established cause of both the DiGeorge anomaly and the velocardiofacial syndrome. This condition shows a continuous spectrum of phenotypic manifestations with a considerable inter‐ and intrafamilial variability. We report on a three‐generation family with four members sharing the same 3 Mb long deletion but showing different phenotypic expression. In the first generation, the deleted patient has hypernasal speech and suffers from recurrent psychotic episodes. Two of her offspring inherited the deletion. One of these, a male, has hypernasal speech, low‐set ears, hypocalcemia, severe development delay, and tetralogy of Fallot. The other, a female, has hypernasal speech, minor facial anomalies, and very mild mental retardation. Her daughter has tetralogy of Fallot, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and mild facial anomalies. This family is an example of the widely variable phenotypic expressivity of the 22q11.2 deletion. There is no correlation between the size of the deletion and the phenotypic manifestations. Genetic background and/or environmental factors could explain the different phenotypes observed in the affected members of the family. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further evidence for a third deafness gene within the DFNA2 locus
Authors: Goldstein Jayne A. , Lalwani Anil K.
Published: October 2004

DFNA2 is a complex locus. Two hearing loss genes have been identified at this site: GJB3, the gene that encodes the gap junction protein connexin 31, and KCNQ4, a voltage‐gated potassium channel gene. A third gene has previously been postulated to explain the hearing loss in an Indonesian family linked to the region but devoid of mutation in either known gene (Van Hauwe et al. [1999: Nat Genet 21:263]). We have identified a large five‐generation family with nonsyndromic, autosomal dominant progressive high‐frequency hearing loss. The hearing impairment maps to 1p34, the site of the DFNA2 locus. Two‐point linkage analysis of microsatellite markers spanning the locus resulted in a lod score of 6.6 at D1S391 at θ = 0. We have investigated both identified deafness genes in affected and unaffected family members and have not found any disease‐causing mutations, suggesting that another hearing impairment gene resides at the DFNA2 locus. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Thai mother and son with distal symphalangism, hypoplastic carpal bones, microdontia, dental pulp stones, and narrowing of the zygomatic arch: A new distal symphalangism syndrome?
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Kinoshita Akira , Limwonges Chanin , Praditsup Oranud , Niikawa Norio
Published: October 2004

A Thai mother and son with distal symphalangism and other associated abnormalities are reported. Distal and middle phalanges of fingers and toes 2–5 were either aplastic/hypoplastic or fused between the corresponding digits. The second fingers and fourth fingernails were most severely affected in both patients. The mother's hands were less severely affected; the middle and distal phalanges of her hands were malformed and fused. Besides the absence of fusion lines, the shape of the fused middle and distal phalanges was quite different from that of other types of fusion, i.e., fused bones in both patients did not maintain the normal configuration of bone, referring to as “middle‐distal phalangeal complex”. Distal symphalangism was observed in toes 2–5 of the mother and in toe 3 of the son. Both patients had additional clinical manifestations such as narrowing of the zygomatic arch, dental pulp stone, microdontia of a mandibular permanent central incisor, cone‐shaped epiphyses of middle phalanges of fingers, and absence of scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, and pisiform bones. Mutation analysis of NOG and ROR2, the genes responsible for proximal symphalangism and brachydactyly type B, respectively, was negative. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age‐ and social group‐related differences
Authors: Stoinski T.S. , Czekala N. , Lukas K.E. , Maple T.L.
Published: October 2004

Urinary androgen and corticoid levels were measured for 52 captive male Western lowland gorillas to examine age‐related variance and potential differences resulting from various social situations. Significant diurnal variation was present in both hormones. Age‐related differences in androgens revealed that males experienced two stages of androgen increase and one stage of decrease: increases occurred from juvenile (less than 10 yr of age) to subadult (between 10–13 yr) and subadult to young adult (14–20 yr), whereas decreases occurred from young adult to adult (> 20 yr). Age‐related differences in corticoid levels varied depending on the time of day, but morning corticoids were greatest in juvenile males, followed by young adult males. The type of social grouping was associated with differences in corticoid levels, as animals housed socially (in either a heterosexual or all‐male group) had similar corticoid levels, whereas solitary males showed greater corticoid levels than their socially‐housed counterparts. The increased levels of corticoids in solitary‐housed males suggest this management strategy might not be optimal, although more data are needed. Additionally, the significantly greater levels of androgens and corticoids in young adult male gorillas may present management challenges, and thus zoos may need to consider increasing the flexibility of their current management practices with respect to males. Am. J. Primatol. 56:73–87, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Park6‐linked parkinsonism occurs in several european families
Authors: Valente Enza Maria , Brancati Francesco , Ferraris Alessandro , Graham Elizabeth A. , Davis Mary B. , Breteler Monique M.B. , Gasser Thomas , Bonifati Vincenzo , Bentivoglio Anna Rita , De Michele Giuseppe , Dürr Alexandra , Cortelli Pietro , Wassilowsky Dietmar , Harhangi Biswadjiet S. , Rawal Nina , Caputo Viviana , Filla Alessandro , Meco Giuseppe , Oostra Ben A. , Brice Alexis , Albanese Alberto , Dallapiccola Bruno , Wood Nicholas W.
Published: October 2004

The Parkin gene on 6q25.2–27 is responsible for about 50% of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism and less than 20% of sporadic early‐onset cases. We recently mapped a novel locus for early‐onset parkinsonism (PARK6) on chromosome 1p35–p36 in a large family from Sicily. We now confirm linkage to PARK6 in eight additional families with Parkin‐negative autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism from four different European countries. The maximum cumulative pairwise LOD score was 5.39 for marker D1S478. Multipoint linkage analysis gave the highest cumulative LOD score of 6.29 for marker D1S478. Haplotype construction and determination of the smallest region of homozygosity in one consanguineous family has reduced the candidate interval to a 9cM region between markers D1S483 and D1S2674. No common haplotype could be detected, excluding a common founder effect. These families share some clinical features with the phenotype reported for European Parkin‐positive cases, with a wide range of ages at onset (up to 68 yrs) and slow progression. However, features typical of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, including dystonia at onset and sleep benefit, were not observed in PARK6‐linked families, thus making the clinical presentation of late‐onset cases indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. PARK6 appears to be an important locus for early‐onset parkinsonism in European Parkin‐negative patients.
Impaired brain GABA in focal dystonia
Authors: Levy Lucien M. , Hallett Mark
Published: October 2004

Patients with task‐specific dystonia (writer's cramp) have impaired cortical inhibition likely arising from striatal dysfunction. However, the levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of these patients are not known. In this study, we evaluated 7 patients with right‐sided focal, task‐specific dystonia and 17 normal control subjects. A novel method using two‐dimensional J‐resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that brain GABA levels are decreased in specific brain regions of the focal dystonia patients compared to normal controls. A significant decrease in GABA level was observed in the sensorimotor cortex and lentiform nuclei contralateral to the affected hand, while there was only a small nonsignificant decrease in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex and lentiform nuclei. GABA changes in the posterior occipital region of patients were not significant. The impaired cortical GABA level correlates with prior physiologic studies showing reduced intracortical inhibition. Reduced GABA in the striatum is consistent with striatal dysfunction since GABA is a principal neurotransmitter in that region. The reduction of brain GABA in dystonia patients may explain the clinical symptomatology of focal dystonia. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be a useful noninvasive tool in the evaluation of regional brain GABA changes and in monitoring the effects of various therapies.
Studies of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft‐drink bottles. II. Factorial experimental design
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Ho , Chen Chuh‐Yean , Lo Yu‐Wen , Mao Ching‐Feng , Liao Wei‐Tung
Published: October 2004

Glycolysis temperature, glycolysis time, and amount of catalyst are important factors affecting the glycolysis of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes. A 23 factorial experimental design is applied to study the main, two‐factor interaction, and three‐factor interaction effects of glycolysis temperature, glycolysis time, and amount of catalyst on the glycolysis of recycled PET flakes. In this study cobalt acetate is used as the glycolysis catalyst. The sequence of the main effects on the glycolysis conversion of the recycled PET flakes in ascending order is glycolysis time < glycolysis temperature < amount of catalyst. The sequence of the two‐factor interaction effects on the glycolysis conversion of the recycled PET flakes in ascending order is glycolysis temperature versus the glycolysis time < glycolysis time versus the amount of catalyst < glycolysis temperature versus the amount of catalyst. The three‐factor interaction effect is significantly related to the glycolysis conversion of the recycled PET flakes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 956–962, 2001
Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of ethylene vinyl acetate based conductive composites containing carbon fillers
Authors: Das N. C. , Chaki T. K. , Khastgir D. , Chakraborty A.
Published: October 2004

Conductive polymeric based composites were derived from ethylene vinyl acetate rubber filled with Vulcan XC‐72, short carbon fiber (SCF), and their blends. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), return loss, and reflection coefficient were studied. The measurements of the SE of the composites were carried out in two different frequency ranges of 100–2000 MHz and 8–12 GHz (X band). It was observed that the SE of the composites was frequency dependent and it increased with increasing frequency. The increasing of filler loading also enhanced the SE of the composites. The 100% SCF filled composites showed a higher SE compared to that of the filler blend or purely carbon black filled composites. The correlation between the SE and bulk conductivity of various composites was also discussed. The compromise between EMI SE, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties was obtained when the composites contained both types of filler like particulate carbon black and SCF. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1601–1608, 2001
Preparation of poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles without surfactant
Authors: Jeong Young‐Il , Cho Chong‐Su , Kim Sung‐Hyun , Ko Kyung‐Soo , Kim Sun‐Il , Shim Yong‐Ho , Nah Jae‐Woon
Published: October 2004

The preparation of poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles was performed by a dialysis method without surfactant or emulsifiers. The size of the PLGA nanoparticles prepared from dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as an initial solvent was smaller than that from acetone. The sizes of the PLGA nanoparticles from DMAc and acetone were 200.4 ± 133.0 and 642.3 ± 131.1 nm, respectively. The effects of the initial solvent selected to dissolve the copolymer and the lactide:glycolide ratio were investigated. The PLGA nanoparticles were spherical as revealed by the results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. From these results it was shown that PLGA nanoparticles could be formed by the dialysis method without surfactant. The drug‐loading contents and efficiency were also dependent on the lactide:glycolide ratio and initial feeding amount of the drug. A higher lactide ratio resulted in higher drug loading and higher loading efficiency. However, a higher initial feeding amount of the drug resulted in higher drug loading and lower loading efficiency. Clonazepam was released for at least 2 days and the release rate was slower with a higher lactide:glycolide ratio and a larger amount of drug‐loading nanoparticles than that with a lower lactide:glycolide ratio and a smaller amount of drug‐loading nanoparticles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2228–2236, 2001
About the Lorentz correction used in the interpretation of small angle X‐ray scattering data of semicrystalline polymers
Authors: Cser F.
Published: October 2004

Lorentz correction is used to correct the intensities of X‐ray scattering of single crystal diffractometry in order to recalculate intensities to obtain structure factors. This correction reduces the intensities to zero at zero diffraction angle. Small angle scattering is used to study the dimensions of heterogeneities in polymeric materials. The scattering intensities near to zero scattering angle originate partly from periodic systems (reciprocal lattice) and partly from dispersed particle systems. Periodic systems should result in individual Gaussian or Lorentzian peaks with the position of a peak maximum depending on the length of the periodicity. Particle scattering results in a Gaussian peak centred at zero scattering angle. The effect of the Lorentz correction on the interpretation of small angle X‐ray scattering data is shown in the case of some semicrystalline polyethylenes (high density, linear low density, and low molecular weight waxy polyethylenes). The data are compared with those for amorphous block copolymers (styrene/butadiene) in which there is a periodic system with homogeneous lamellar thickness. Lorentz correction destroys the characteristics of the particle scattering and can be applied only for periodic systems. It should not be used to produce a peak on scattering data which does not show periodicity (peaks) without correction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2300–2308, 2001