bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increment of Photocatalytic Killing of Cancer Cells Using TiO2 with the Aid of Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Cai Ruxiong , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Kubota Yoshinobu , Fujishima Akira
Published: May 2006

It was found that the efficiency of photocatalytic killing of cancer cells with TiO2 particles under aerial condition was increased by adding superoxide dismutase (SOD). This enhancement effect of SOD was suppressed when catalase, hydrogen peroxide scavenger, was added to the system. These results can be reasonably explained by the efficient conversion of photogenerated superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide with the aid of SOD.
Discokiolides. Cytotoxic Cyclic Depsipeptides from the Marine Sponge Discodermia kiiensis
Authors: Tada Haruhiko , Tozyo Takehiko , Terui Yoshihiro , Hayashi Fumiaki
Published: May 2006

Cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides discokiolides A-D were isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia kiiensis as methyl esters. The structures were mainly determined by NMR techniques. Discokiolides are the unique depsipeptides containing oxazole ring.
Highly Selective Copper(II) Extraction with Oligoethylene Glycol Bis(hydrazone)s as Several Compositional Complexes
Authors: Sakamoto Hidefumi , Ishikawa Junichi , Nakagami Hiroyuki , Ito Yasuaki , Ogawa Kazuyoshi , Doi Kunio , Otomo Makoto
Published: May 2006

High Cu2+ ion selectivity in the solvent extraction was spectrophotometrically exhibited by using the non-cyclic polyether derivatives bearing a 5-nitro-2-pyridylhydrazone at each end of the bridging chain. The species of Cu2+ complexes extracted were changed with the variation of additional alkali metal salts.
Gas Phase Basicities of Acetophenones toward Trimethylsilyl Cation
Authors: Mishima Masaaki , Kang Chul Hyun , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho
Published: May 2006

The substituent effect on gas phase basicities toward Me3Si+ has been studied for acetophenone bases. It is shown that the magnitude of the ρ value is the same as the corresponding value for the proton basicities while contribution of resonance effect of para π-donors is reduced somewhat in Me3Si+ basicities.
Discrimination of Steroid Hormones by Novel Cage-type Azacyclophanes Bearing Chiral Binding Sites
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hayashida Osamu , Ito Tosihiro , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: May 2006

Novel cage-type azacyclophanes bearing chiral binding sites provided by l- and d-valine residues exhibited discrimination toward steroid hormones in D2O–CD3OD (3:1 v/v), as effected by hydrophobic and π–π interactions. In addition, chirality-based discrimination of α- and β-estradiol was attributed to their different modes of hydrogen bonding with the hosts.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Ketones by SmI2-Mediated Allylation or Benzylation of Ketenes Followed by Enantioselective Protonation
Authors: Takeuchi Seiji , Miyoshi Norikazu , Ohgo Yoshiaki
Published: May 2006

SmI2-mediated allylation or benzylation of alkylarylketenes followed by enantioselective protonation with α,α′-di[(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-o-xylenedioxide gave the corresponding ketones in 61–91%ee.
Diazo Coupling of [2.2]Metacyclophanes
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi
Published: May 2006

[2.2]Metacyclophanes(=MCPs) which carry hydroxy, methoxy or methyl group at the inner position exhibited a stronger reactivity toward diazonium salts than the corresponding phenol, anisole or toluene, respectively. Such a reactivity was also estimated in connection with the UV spectra of the azo benzene component.
Detrapped Valence State of Iron(II)-Iron(III) Complexes with Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Maeda Yonezo , Tanigawa Yuichi , Hayami Shinya , Takashima Yoshimasa
Published: May 2006

Diiron(II)-(III) complexes [Fe2L(pa)2](ClO4)2 and [Fe2L(mpdp)](ClO4)2 were prepared, where HL represents 2,6-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methylphenol, Hpa is pelargonic acid and H2mpdp is m-phenylenedipropionic acid. The valences of the irons are localized at low temperature, and delocalized in the Mössbauer time scale (1 × 10−7s) above 265 K for both of the complexes.
An Ionic Plastic Phase of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazinium Tetrafluoroborate Revealed by 1H and 19F NMR and Thermal Measurements
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki , Takagi Kentaro , Ikeda Ryuichi
Published: May 2006

Three solid phases of (CH3)2NNH3BF4 were found between 200 K and the melting point (415 K) by differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and 1H and 19F NMR measurements. The highest-temperature solid phase obtainable above 268 K was shown to be an ionic plastic phase, where the cations as well as the anions perform rapid translational self-diffusion and overall rotation about their center of gravity.
Pyrolytic Elimination of 1-Aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl Acetates via Two Distinct Pathways
Authors: Watanabe Shin-ichiro , Shimizu Nobujiro , Tsuno Yuho
Published: May 2006

Pyrolysis of 1-aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl acetates, X-C6H4CH(OCOR)CH2SiMe3 (X = m-Cl, H, p-Me, and p-MeO; R = CH3 and CF3), takes two distinct elimination pathways in varying ratios depending on solvent polarity, electron-supply from aryl groups, and nucleofugality of leaving groups.
Significance of Steric Effect in the Heterolysis of Carbon–Carbon σ Bond in Ionically Dissociative Hydrocarbons
Authors: Miyabo Atsushi , Kitagawa Toshikazu , Takeuchi Ken’ichi
Published: May 2006

The standard free energies of heterolysis (ΔG°het) of a carbon–carbon σ bond in sterically congested hydrocarbons R1–R2b–j and a related derivative R1–R2a in DMSO and sulfolane at 25 °C are about 40 kJ/mol smaller than expected from Arnett’s master equations, indicating the importance of steric factor in the heterolytic cleavage.
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkyl-Alkyl Cross-Coupling Reaction of 9-Alkyl-9-BBN Derivatives with Iodoalkanes Possessing β-Hydrogens
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuo , Abe Shigeru , Miyaura Norio , Suzuki Akira
Published: May 2006

9-Alkyl-9-BBN derivatives undergo the cross-coupling reaction with primary iodoalkanes to give the coupling products in fairly good yields in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 and K3PO4.
Photooxygenation of Arylmethylsilanes via Photoinduced Electron-Transfer
Authors: Tamai Toshiyuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Hashida Isao , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: May 2006

The 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA)-sensitized photooxygenation of arylmethylsilanes in acetonitrile and benzene gave aromatic aldehydes and aromatic carboxylic acids in a site-selective manner. This photoreaction involves exciplex and radical ions as reactive intermediates, depending on the solvents.
Monomeric and Cluster States of Water Molecules in Organic Solvent
Authors: Nakahara Masaru , Wakai Chihiro
Published: May 2006

Measurements of the 1H-NMR chemical shifts and their temperature dependence have disclosed that sparingly soluble water is monomeric at room temperature in hydrophobic solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chloroform, and that some water clusters are formed even in dilute solution in the apolar and slightly polar solvents at low temperatures, controlled by energy instead of entropy.
Space Charge Effect on the Transient Current Induced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Nakashima Keiji , Kise Manabu , Ogawa Teiichiro
Published: May 2006

The laser power dependence of the transient current induced by the pulsed laser irradiation on pyrene in n-hexane was measured. The peak time of the current decreased with increasing the produced charge. This result was inconsistent with a theoretical prediction on the space charge effect, and showed the electric field inhomogeneity was important.
Active Species in Zn-Butyl Iodide System for Coal Solubilization
Authors: Yoneyama Yoshiharu , Gonda Kiyoshi , Kato Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

Yubari coal treated with supernatant solution formed from a reaction of Bu2Zn and ZnI2 in the presence of butyl iodide shows 97 wt% of solubility in benzene, which is comparable with that obtained from one treated in a zinc-butyl iodide system. This result suggests that dibutylzinc, butylzinc iodide, and butyl iodide are indispensable species in the zinc-butyl iodide system for coal solubilization.
Crucial Role of the Tropone C=O Group in Preferential Exhibition of Smectic C Phase through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Mori Akira , Nimura Ryuko , Isobe Masahiro , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

New 5-alkoxy-2-(4-alkylaminobenzoyloxy)tropones showing a smectic C phase exclusively were prepared. The corresponding benzenoids were non-mesogenic. The variable-temperature FT-IR spectra of 2-(4-dodecylaminobenzoyloxy)-5-tetradecyloxytropone suggested the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the NH and both the tropone and the ester C=O groups in the mesophase.
Synthesis and 1H NMR Spectral Behavior of a Methano[20]annulenedione Derivative
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Takai Yoshie , Ojima Juro
Published: May 2006

A potential 18π-electron system, 11,16-dimethyl-12,14-bisdehydro-1,6-methano[20]annulene-7,20-dione was synthesized and its 1H NMR spectral behavior in CDCl3, CF3CO2D, and D2SO4 was studied. The energy barrier to the methylene flipping was highly dependent on the medium.
Effects of Salt on Isomerization of Stilbene Cation Radicals. Direct Observation of their Cis → Trans Conversion
Authors: Kuriyama Yasunao , Arai Tatsuo , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: May 2006

Unimolecular cis → trans conversion of stilbene cation radicals generated from 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-biphenyl co-sensitization under air was directly observed in the presence of salt such as LiClO4 in acetonitrile, and the activation parameters of this process were determined by means of transient spectroscopy. It is proposed that the salt reduces the rate of charge recombination between the olefin cation radical and the resulting superoxide anion by complexing with the latter anion.
A New Preconcentration Method for Metal Chelates with Micro Volume of Water Miscible Solvent and Its Application to the Determination of Cobalt by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kaneko Emiko , Hoshino Hitoshi , Yotsuyanagi Takao
Published: May 2006

A new effective and simple method has been developed to concentrate trace analytes from the organic phase after conventional extraction. Micro volume of high boiling-point water miscible solvent (solvent A), such as dimethylsulfoxide, is added to the separated organic phase and the low boiling-point organic solvent (solvent B), such as chroloform, is removed by evaporation to concentrate the analytes in the solvent A. This method has been successfully applied to the ion-pair solvent extraction system of cobalt with 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene as a powerful preconcentration technique for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the metal chelates. The detection limit is 6 × 10−10 mol dm−3.
Synthesis, Chemical Reactivity, and Cytotoxicity of 2-Bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methyliden-1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Systems Related to Antitumor Antibiotic Carzinophilin A
Authors: Hashimoto Masaru , Yamada Kaoru , Terashima Shiro
Published: May 2006

Enantiomeric pairs of the title compounds were synthesized starting from (S)-and (R)-pyroglutamic acid. They were found to be susceptible to nucleophilic ring opening of aziridine moieties and to exhibit weak in vitro cytotoxicity.
Practical Preparation of Chiral 4-Substituted 2-Oxazolidinones
Authors: Ishizuka Tadao , Kimura Koreichi , Ishibuchi Seigo , Kunieda Takehisa
Published: May 2006

A versatile and practical route to both enantiomers of a wide variety of 4-substituted 2-oxazolidinones from the parent heterocycle is provided by regioselective substitutions via 4-methoxy derivative followed by chromatographic separation of the diastereomers derived from N-2-exo-methoxy-1-apocamphanecarbonylation.
Preparation of Palladium(II) and Copper(II) Selective Chelating Resin Bearing 2-Acetylphenol Ligand
Authors: Fujii Yuki , Maie Hajime , Kumagai Seiko , Sugai Toshihiro
Published: May 2006

A new chelating resin bearing 2-acetylphenol ligand was synthesized by the copolymerization of 2-acetyl-5-(p-vinylbenzyloxy)phenol, acrylamide, and methylenediacrylamide. The resin adsorbed rapidly Pd(II) [pH 1–2.5] and Cu(II) [pH 3.5–6] with a high selectivity, and the adsorption ability was promoted by the application of template synthesis method.
Immunolocalization of Full-length NK1 Tachykinin Receptors in Human Tumors
Authors: Schulz Stefan , Stumm Ralf , Röcken Christoph , Mawrin Christian , Schulz Solveig
Published: May 2006

Biological effects of substance P (SP) are mediated by the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor that exists as a full-length and as a carboxy-terminally truncated isoform in humans. Although NK1 receptor mRNA and binding sites have been detected in certain malignancies, little is known about the cellular and subcellular localization of NK1 receptor protein in human neoplastic tissues. We developed and characterized a novel anti-peptide antibody to the carboxy-terminal region of the human full-length NK1 receptor. Specificity of the anti-serum was demonstrated by (1) detection of a broad band migrating at molecular mass 70,000-90,000 Da in Western blots of membranes from NK1-expressing tissues; (2) cell-surface staining of NK1-transfected cells; (3) translocation of NK1 receptor immunostaining after SP exposure; and (4) abolition of tissue immunostaining by preadsorption of the antibody with its immunizing peptide. Distribution of NK1 receptors was investigated in 72 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tumors showing that NK1 receptors were frequently expressed in glioblastomas and breast and pancreatic carcinomas. Immunoreactive NK1 receptors were clearly confined to the plasma membrane and uniformly present on nearly all tumor cells. Development of this novel NK1 receptor antibody allows the efficient localization of NK1 receptor protein in human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. NK1 receptor visualization with this simple and rapid immunohistochemical method will facilitate identification of tumors with a sufficient receptor overexpression for diagnostic or therapeutic intervention using SP analogs.
Prohibition and Cannabis Use in Australia: A Survey of 18- to 29-year-olds
Authors: Weatherburn Don , Jones Craig , Donnelly Neil
Published: May 2006

The prevalence of cannabis use in Australia has increased in the last few years, prompting some to argue that the prohibition against cannabis is both costly and ineffective and should be lifted. Surveys designed to evaluate the effect of reducing or eliminating sanctions for cannabis use, however, have been more concerned about the effect of cannabis law reform on the number of new cannabis users than about its effect on cannabis consumption among existing users. This is a serious oversight because most of the risks associated with cannabis are associated with regular rather than occasional use of the drug. The present research was designed to assess some of the potential effects of lifting the prohibition against cannabis use.The study results suggest that, while the illegal status of cannabis does act to limit its use, it is not a major factor in decisions about whether to use cannabis or to cease using it. Prohibition does, however, appear to limit consumption among existing cannabis users and particularly among those who use the drug on a weekly basis or more frequently.
Women Victims of Assault: Age Differences in Victim-Aggressor Relationship and Location
Authors: Burrows Tamara , Homel Ross , Gallois Cindy
Published: May 2006

This article presents the findings from a secondary analysis of the 1991 Queensland Crime Victim Survey. Although now more than 10 years old, this survey still has validity as it remains the largest of its kind conducted in Queensland, and it is a rich source of information about the experiences of victims of violence. The study investigated how the experiences of younger female assault victims differ from older female victims in terms of their relationship with their aggressor and the assault location. The following factors were examined: whether or not the assault occurred (a) at the hands of a partner or former partner, (b) in a private dwelling, (c) in a public place, and (d) in a leisure venue away from home. Results pointed to important differences between younger and older women in terms of their experiences of violence.Teenage women reported significantly more assaults in public places compared with older women, and were less likely to be assaulted in their own dwelling. Also, trends in the data suggested that compared to older women, teenage women were more likely to be assaulted in leisure venues away from home, and were less likely to be assaulted by partners or former partners. Considering that young women are at a much higher risk than older women of being assaulted, consideration of these age differences may be helpful in the design of violence prevention strategies. In particular, more attention should be paid to the public place prevention of violence against young women.
Reviews
Authors: McCulloch Jude , Newham Gerard
Published: May 2006

Defending the Homeland: Domestic Intelligence, Law Enforcement, and Security By Jonathan R White (2004) Australia:Thomas Wadsworth, 128 pp., ISBN 0534621694

The Enemy Within: Intelligence Gathering, Law Enforcement, and Civil Liberties in the Wake of September 11 By Stephen J Schulhofer (2002) New York:A Century Foundation Report 81 pp., ISBN 087078482X.

Dot.cons: Crime, Deviance and Identity on the Internet Edited by Yvonne Jewkes (2003) Cullompton:Willan Press, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920018
Conferencing and Re-offending in Queensland
Authors: Hayes Hennessey , Daly Kathleen
Published: May 2006

This paper adds to a growing body of Australian research on conferencing and re-offending. We gathered data from conference case files and offending history records for 200 young offenders who were conferenced in southeast Queensland from April 1997 to May 1999 to assess the impact of offender characteristics and conference features on future offending behaviour. After 3 to 5 years following their conference, just over half (56%) of the young offenders in our sample went on to commit one or more offences. Bivariate analyses showed that offenders' age at conference, age at first offence, gender and prior offending history were associated with post-conference offending. Survival analysis demonstrated how these offender characteristics impacted upon estimated probabilities of re-offending. However, the conference measures were not significantly associated with post-conference offending because of little to no variation. We conclude that while there remains uncertainty about how conference features are related to reoffending, what offenders bring to their conference is highly predictive of what they do afterwards.
Watched Over or Over-watched? Open Street CCTV in Australia
Authors: Wilson Dean , Sutton Adam
Published: May 2006

Most developed countries, Australia included, are witnessing increased government and public concerns about crime and security. Amid these anxieties, closed circuit television (CCTV) systems to monitor public spaces are increasingly being touted as a solution to problems of crime and disorder. The city of Perth established Australia's first open street closed circuit television system in July 1991. Subsequently, there has been significant expansion. At the end of 2002 Australia had 33 “open street” CCTV schemes. Based on site inspections, extensive reviews of documentation and interviews with 22 Australian administrators, this article discusses issues relating to system implementation, management and accountability. We also suggest ways relevant authorities might ensure that current and future schemes are appropriately audited and evaluated. We argue that rigorous independent assessment of both the intended and unintended consequences of open street CCTV is essential to ensure this measure is not deployed inappropriately. Finally, this article suggests any potential crime prevention benefits must be carefully weighed against the potential of CCTV to exacerbate social division and exclusion.
Reviews
Authors: Wilson Dean , Stanley Elizabeth , Sugden Natasha , Baker David , Michalowski Raymond , Grabosky Peter
Published: May 2006

Comparative Histories of Crime Edited by Barry Godfrey, Clive Emsley and Graeme Dunstall (2003) Cullompton: Willan, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920360

Maconochie's Gentlemen: The Story of Norfolk Island and the Roots of Modern Prison Reform By Norval Morris (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 213 pp., ISBN 0195146077

Women, Policing and Resistance in Northern Ireland By Sharon Pickering (2002) Northern Ireland: Beyond the Pale, 214 pp., ISBN 1900960206

Women in Charge: Policing, Gender and Leadership By Marisa Silvestri (2003) Devon:Willan, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920492

Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation By Mathieu Deflem (2002) Oxford University Press: Clarendon Studies in Criminology, 301 pp., ISBN 0199259623

Critical Chatter: Women and Human Rights in South East Asia By Caroline Lambert, Sharon Pickering and Christine Alder (2003) Durham, NC, USA: Carolina Academic Press, 193 pp., ISBN 0890891206

Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy Edited by Felia Allum and Renate Siebert (2003) London: Routledge, xv, 238 pp., ISBN 041536972X
The Production of Sovereignty and the Rise of Transversal Policing: People-smuggling and Federal Policing
Authors: Pickering Sharon
Published: May 2006

Border-policing has been the subject of increasing criminological concern in the US and Europe: however, it has garnered relatively little attention in Australia. This article addresses the federal border-policing effort that has contributed to policing out the refugee. It has done so through a focus on people-smuggling that has increasingly relied on public debate depicting people-smuggling as a matter of national security. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) has made significant contributions to debates that have considered people-smuggling a matter for law enforcement. This article argues that through an analysis of AFP reports we can trace how they have contributed to the construction of the people-smuggling problem. In drawing on international-relations theory, notably concepts of statecraft and transversality, the article concludes that the AFP has made a central contribution to a wider attack on refugee protection with far-reaching consequences for the nature of federal law enforcement.
Communities, Crime Prevention and the Politics of Articulation: A Reply to Kit Carson
Authors: Hughes Gordon
Published: May 2006

This article is a rejoinder to Kit Carson's seminal two-part essay, Is communalism dead? Reflections on the present and future practice of crime prevention. It aims to foster further debate on “the communal” in the field of crime prevention specifically, and in criminology more generally. In the first part of the article, an argument is made for a progressive discourse on communities built around the theory and practice of radical communitarianism. In the second part of the article, a debate is opened up on the continuing salience of appeals to communities in the contemporary governance of crime, disorder and safety. In particular, two questions — or provocations — are briefly explored in terms of “the instabilities of community governance” and what we may term the problem of “the stranger in community safety”. Finally, the article argues for the rethinking of the relationship of the communal and the critical criminological imaginary.
Reviews
Authors: McCulloch Jude , McGee Tara Renae , Casey John , Grewcock Mike , Travers Max
Published: May 2006

State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption; By Penny Green and Tony Ward (2004) London: Pluto Press, 255 pp, ISBN 0745317847

Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70 By John H. Laub and Robert J. Sampson; (2003) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 338 pp, ISBN 0674011910

Introducing Policing: Challenges for Police and Australian Communities By Mark Findlay; (2004) Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 190 pp, ISBN 0 19 551621 4

Bin Laden in the Suburbs: Criminalising the Arab Other By Scott Poynting, Greg Noble, Paul Tabar and Jock Collins; (2004) Sydney, Australia, The Sydney Institute of Criminology & Federation Press, 333 pp, ISBN 0975196707

The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (2nd ed.) By Ronet Bachman and Russell Schutt; (2003) Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, xxiii + 405 pp, ISBN 0761928774
Challenges and Prospects for the Development of Inclusive Plural Policing in Britain: Overcoming Political and Conceptual Obstacles
Authors: Kempa Michael , Johnston Les
Published: May 2006

Policing involves state and nonstate agencies. In this article, we focus upon recent government-led efforts to engage the new realities of ‘pluralised’ or ‘nodal’ policing in Britain. Rather than focus on the content and rationale underlying these initiatives, we centre our commentary on the principal obstacles so far exhibited, and likely to persist, for achieving inclusive nodal policing approaches. We then highlight some strategies for overcoming these difficulties.
Police Reform as Foreign Policy
Authors: Bayley David H.
Published: May 2006

This article discusses the worldwide enterprise of assisting in the reform of police institutions in order to support democracy. It describes the current scope of activity, the changing context for this kind of work, and the key lessons, both substantive and tactical, that have been learned about engaging in such assistance. It concludes with two recommendations about the most powerful levers for engendering democratic change in foreign police forces.
Trotsky in Blue: Permanent Policing Reform
Authors: Brodeur Jean-Paul
Published: May 2006

The subject of this article is police reform in North America. The article is divided in two parts. The first part reviews the recent past with respect to reforming the police in Canada. I examine the case of the reform of the Montreal police, which tried to implement an approach modelled on COP-POP principles. The reform process lasted for some 18 years and covers two periods. From 1987 to 1993, the service tried unsuccessfully to reform the mentalities of its officers, without changing the structures of the force. From 1994 until today, it introduced significant changes in its structures but was forced after 2002 to reestablish many of the structures it had abolished.The reform suffered from a split of leadership between police and civilians and produced a divorce between the uniformed patrol and plainclothes criminal investigation. In the second part of the paper, I assess the impact on the police reform movement of the moral panic generated by the 9/11 terrorist attacks. I argue that very deep budgetary cuts in the US, a new reliance on physical coercion and outsourcing to the private sector may bring the COP-POP reform movement to a standstill. I conclude that current developments in policing are deepening the gap between security and justice in policing.
Criminal Justice in Social Contexts
Authors: Maher JaneMaree
Published: May 2006

Psychological Jurisprudence: Critical Explorations in Law, Crime and Society Bruce A.Arrigo (Ed.) (2004) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791461521

Girls' Violence: Myths and Realities Christine Alder and Anne Worrall (Eds.) (2004) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791461106

Partners in Health, Partners in Crime: Exploring the Boundaries of Criminology and Sociology of Health and Illness Stefan Timmermans and Jonathon Gabe (Eds.) (2003) Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405105399
Reviews
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Stobbs Nigel
Published: May 2006

Fair Cop: Learning the Art of Policing J.B.L. Chan, with Chris Devery and Sally Doran (2003) Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press

Refugees and State Crime Sharon Pickering (2005) Sydney, The Federation Press, 232pp, ISBN 1862875413
Breaking New Ground
Authors: Bazemore Gordon
Published: May 2006

New Directions in Restorative Justice: Issues, Practices and Evaluation Elizabeth Elliott and Robert M. Gordon (2005) Willan Publishing, xxvi + 310 pp, ISBN 1843921324
Youth Gangs and Youth Violence: Charting the Key Dimensions
Authors: White Rob , Mason Ron
Published: May 2006

This article examines issues surrounding the relationship between youth gangs and violent behaviour by considering the complex definitional and methodological problems surrounding these matters. By drawing upon a recent survey of school students in Perth, Western Australia, it highlights the importance of and need for developing increasingly sophisticated ways of interpreting youth group formations and group activities. For example, a distinction can be made between gangs and gang-related behaviour. The importance of gang membership and nongang membership in shaping social behaviour also needs to be acknowledged. We argue that most teenagers appear to engage in very similar types of activities, including violence. However, the intensity and dynamics of this behaviour varies greatly depending upon the type of group membership in question. Typologies are presented to show the differences in antisocial behaviour depending upon gang or nongang membership.
Between the Devil and the Deep-Blue Sea: Conceptualising Victims' Experiences of Policing in Domestic Violence in the Singaporean Context
Authors: Ganapathy Narayanan
Published: May 2006

In contextualising victims' experiences of policing in domestic violence situations in Singapore, two extreme but interrelated sets of responses have been observed. At one end of the continuum, criminal justice sanctions are strictly contingent upon victim willingness to initiate criminal proceedings against the perpetrator, and at the other, victims' rights, needs and preferences seem to be usurped by the justice system regardless of victims' choice. Neither of these positions takes victims' interests into account. Nor do they stem from an understanding of the sociocultural, economic and structural circumstances in which victims experienced violence, and continued to experience it, long after a police intervention. Data from the research revealed that criminalisation as an ideological and legally practical tool was not only rendered ineffective but irrelevant to the experiences of women in the Singaporean context.Two factors account for this phenomenon. First, the absence of support structures to achieve criminalisation and address victims' needs in the aftermath of criminalisation; second, the authoritative, paternalistic and patriarchal state impedes processes aimed at the empowerment of women victims.
Genetic Analyses of Teacher Ratings of Problem Behavior in 5-Year-Old Twins
Authors: Polderman Tinca J. C. , Posthuma Daniëlle , De Sonneville Leo M. J. , Verhulst Frank C. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: May 2006

Behavioral problems in young children can be assessed by asking their parents or teachers to rate their behaviors. Genetic analyses of parental ratings show relatively large heritabilities for emotional and behavioral problems in young children, but data from teachers for this age group are scarce. Sources of variation in the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) problem scales were examined. The TRF was completed for 211 Dutch 5-year-old twin pairs and 4 single twins. Twins rated by different teachers had higher means and variances than twins rated by the same teacher, in addition twin correlations were lower in this group. In both groups monozygotic (MZ) correlations were generally higher than dizygotic (DZ) correlations. A model for twin resemblance was tested that allowed for these effects. For 5 problem scales (Withdrawn, Social Problems, Aggressive Behavior, Rule Breaking Behavior and Attention Problems) a model with genetic and unique environmental sources of variation fitted best to the data. For 3 problem scales (Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems and Somatic Complaints) there were familial influences but it was not possible to distinguish between common environmental influences or genetic influences. Heritability was 63% for Attention problems, around 45% for Withdrawn, Social Problems, Aggressive Behavior and Rule Breaking Behavior, and around 30% for Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems and Somatic Complaints.
Being Opposite: Is There Advantage for Social Competence and Friendships in Being an Opposite-Sex Twin?
Authors: Laffey-Ardley Sioban , Thorpe Karen
Published: May 2006

Arecent large-scale study of Finnish adolescent twins (Pulkkinen et al., 2003) reported that individuals from opposite-sex twin pairs were more socially adaptive than individuals from same-sex pairs or singletons. This finding raised questions about the social learning effects of being an opposite-sex twin. The current article predicted on the basis of this finding, and evidence from singleton populations, that having an opposite-sex twin would yield social advantage. It sought to examine the social competencies of opposite-sex twins and compare them with same-sex twins and singletons. The study focused on the preschool years (age 3 to 6), a period in which the majority of children encounter their first large group, nonfamilial social experiences. The study obtained reports from parents and teachers of children aged 3 to 6 years: 72 children (36 pairs) who were dizygotic opposite-sex twins (DZOS), 50 children (25 pairs) who were dizygotic same-sex twins (DZSS), and 85 singletons of the same age and sex as the twins, who had at least one sibling. Reports were made using standardized measures of social competencies, behavior problems, language development and friendships. The main effects found were of differences in social competency between twins and singletons. Twins had lower social competency scores. No differences between same-sex and opposite-sex twins were found. The findings did not support the hypothesis of social advantage for opposite-sex twins in early childhood.
Having a Co-Twin With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: McDougall Megan R. , Hay David A. , Bennett Kellie S.
Published: May 2006

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder which occurs more often in twins than singletons. This article focuses on the psychosocial consequences of having a co-twin with ADHD. Specifically, the level of anxiety (generalized and separation) in non-ADHD children who have a co-twin with ADHD is examined using data from the Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP). Parental report data on 501 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 6 to 15 and their siblings were used to examine (i) anxiety symptoms in twin pairs discordant for ADHD, (ii) how the effects of an ADHD twin on their co-twin and siblings are related to the type of ADHD, and (iii) whether the effects are greater for the nonaffected twin than nontwin siblings. Results show that anxiety was high in co-twins of children with the combined subtype of ADHD, with increased symptoms of both generalized and separation anxiety. Inattentive ADHD had smaller effects, which were confined to generalized anxiety and were specific to the co-twin rather than other siblings. These results have clinical implications in managing the entire multiple birth family where one twin has ADHD, and also has implications for genetic analysis in modeling the relationship of ADHD to internalizing disorders.
Relationship Between Parents' Report Rate of Twin Language and Factors Related to Linguistic Development: Older Sibling, Nonverbal Play and Preschool Attendance
Authors: Hayashi Chisato , Hayakawa Kazuo , Tsuboi Chika , Oda Keiko , Amau Yukiko , Kobayashi Yoko , Kato Kenji
Published: May 2006

The definition and nature of twin language has been a focus of recent studies concerned with the phenomenon. There has been a call for a tighter definition and understanding of the meaning of twin language (Thorpe et al., 2001). This article sought to identify social factors associated with the parent report of twin language and thus provide further understanding of the phenomenon. Data from 583 mothers of twins aged 25 to 59 months were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Factors included in the modeling of parent-report twin language included social experience factors such as presence of siblings, attendance at preschool education and reports of nonverbal play. It was found that twin pairs who didn't have an older sibling, who showed frequent nonverbal play and who didn't attend preschool were more likely to have a twin language. Moreover, in the group not having an older sibling, the influence of whether twins attended preschool or not was strong and the odds ratio was 0.589 (95% confidence intervals 0.360–0.963). The findings suggest that social experience factors are important predictors of the parent reporting of twin language.
The Genetic Architecture of Neuroticism in 3301 Dutch Adolescent Twins as a Function of Age and Sex: A Study From the Dutch Twin Register
Authors: Rettew David C. , Vink Jacqueline M. , Willemsen Gonneke , Doyle Alicia , Hudziak James J. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences to variation in adolescent neuroticism as a function of age and sex. Neuroticism was assessed using the Amsterdamse Biografische Vragenlijst (ABV): a self-report personality instrument similar in content to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Genetic modeling procedures, including age as modifier, were fitted to the total sample of 3301 Dutch adolescent twins aged 12 to 17 years (mean age 15.5). Significant influences of additive genetic factors (.59, 95% confidence intervals [CI] .54–.63) and unshared environmental factors (.41, 95% CI .37–.45) were found. Our data did not support a role of shared environment. Results showed that different genes may influence variation in neuroticism between girls and boys. No interaction was found between the variance components and age. Results generally support prior findings in adults and young children that neuroticism is influenced principally by additive genetic and unique environmental factors. The magnitude of the genetic component appears higher in the present sample of adolescents than in most studies of adults. The present study suggests that, in adolescence, different genes are expressed in boys and girls.
A Twin Study of Lifetime Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Older Adults: Genetic and Environmental Influences Shared by Neuroticism and GAD
Authors: Mackintosh Margaret-Anne , Gatz Margaret , Wetherell Julie Loebach , Pedersen Nancy L.
Published: May 2006

The nature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and worry across the lifespan remains incompletely understood. We investigated genetic and environmental influences on GAD and the proportion of genetic and environmental variation in GAD that is shared with neuroticism in older adult twins. Participants included 1618 monozygotic and 2291 same-sexed dizygotic twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Registry aged 55 to 74. Participants provided personality information in 1973 and also participated in a telephone screening between 1998 and 2002 that included an assessment for lifetime GAD. Univariate biometric models indicated that both GAD and neuroticism were moderately heritable (.27 and .47, respectively), while the balance of variation reflected environmental factors unique to the individual. Bivariate analyses indicated that approximately one third of the genetic influences on GAD were in common with genetic influences on neuroticism, while individual specific environmental influences were virtually unshared between GAD and neuroticism. Analyses of sex effects suggested that men and women differed in the frequency of lifetime GAD and level of neuroticism; however, no sex differences for genetic and environmental influences for either trait were identified.
Examination of the Causes of Covariation Between Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Vulnerability to Drug Dependence
Authors: Button Tanya M. M. , Hewitt John K. , Rhee Soo Hyun , Young Susan E. , Corley Robin P. , Stallings Michael C.
Published: May 2006

Conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and substance dependence commonly co-occur. Both phenotypes are highly heritable and a common genetic influence on the covariation has been suggested. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which genes and environment contribute to the covariance between CD and drug dependence using twins from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Sample and the Colorado Twin Registry. A total of 880 twin pairs (237 monozygotic [MZ] female, 195 MZ male, 116 dizygotic [DZ] female, 118 DZ male and 214 DZ opposite-sex) aged 13 to 18 (mean = 15.65) were included in the analysis. CD was assessed by lifetimeDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) symptom count and a polysubstance dependence vulnerability index was developed from responses to the Composite International Diagnostic Interview — Substance Abuse Module. A bivariate Cholesky Decomposition model was used to partition the cause of variation and covariation of the two phenotypes. No sex-limitation was observed in our data, and male and female parameter estimates were constrained to be equal. Both CD symptoms and dependence vulnerability were significantly heritable, and genes, shared environment and nonshared environment all contributed to the covariation between them. Genes contributed 35% of the phenotypic covariance, shared environment contributed 46%, and nonshared environmental influences contributed the remaining 19% to the phenotypic covariance. Therefore, there appears to be pleiotropic genetic influence on CD symptoms and dependence vulnerability.
False Disease Region Identification From Identity-By-Descent Haplotype Sharing in the Presence of Phenocopies
Authors: Macgregor Stuart , Knott Sara A. , Visscher Peter M.
Published: May 2006

Linkage analysis (either parametric or nonparametric) is commonly applied to identify chromosomal regions using related individuals affected by disease. In complex disease the incomplete relationship between phenotype and genotype can be modeled using a phenocopy parameter, the probability that an individual is affected given they do not carry the disease mutation of interest, and a nonpenetrance parameter, the probability that an individual is not affected given they do carry the disease mutation of interest. If the linkage phase between multiple markers and a putative disease locus is known, then haplotypes carrying the mutation can, in principle, be identified by comparing the chromosome segments that are shared identical-by-descent (IBD) across affected individuals. We consider here the effect of a nonzero phenocopy rate on the linkage peak and hence upon the identification of disease haplotypes that are shared IBD between affected individuals. We show, by theory and computer simulation, that in diseases for which there is a nonzero phenocopy rate, the chromosomal regions identified may not include the true disease locus. We utilize a LOD-1 confidence interval for a widely used nonparametric linkage statistic. We find that in small/moderate samples this confidence interval may be inappropriate. We give specific examples where the phenocopy rates are nonnegligible in some complex diseases. The success of further work to identify the causal mutations underlying the linkage peaks in these diseases will depend on researchers allowing for the presence of phenocopies by examining appropriately wide regions around the initial positive linkage finding.
A genome‐wide screen for nicotine dependence susceptibility loci
Authors: Swan Gary E. , Hops Hyman , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. , Lessov‐Schlaggar Christina N. , Cheng Li S.‐C. , Hudmon Karen S. , Amos Christopher I. , Feiler Heidi S. , Ring Huijun Z. , Andrews Judy A. , Tildesley Elizabeth , Benowitz Neal
Published: May 2006

Genome‐wide model free linkage analysis was conducted for nicotine dependence and tobacco use phenotypes in 607 members of 158 nuclear families consisting of at least two ever smokers (100 or more cigarettes smoked in lifetime). DNA from whole blood was genotyped for 739 autosomal microsatellite polymorphisms with an average inter‐marker distance of 4.6 cM. A peak LOD score of 2.7 was observed on chromosome 6 for scores for the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Exploratory analyses were conducted to determine whether sequence variation at other loci affected other measures of dependence or tobacco use. Four additional loci with LOD scores of 2.7 or more were associated with alternative measures of nicotine dependence, one with current frequency of use, and one with smoking cessation. Several of the corresponding support intervals were near putative loci reported previously (on chromosomes 6, 7, and 8) while others appear to be novel (on chromosomes 5, 16, and 19). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Directed evolution of an industrial biocatalyst: 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose 5‐phosphate aldolase
Authors: Jennewein Stefan , Schürmann Martin , Wolberg Michael , Hilker Iris , Luiten Ruud , Wubbolts Marcel , Mink Daniel
Published: May 2006

Aldolases are emerging as powerful and cost efficient tools for the industrial synthesis of chiral molecules. They catalyze enantioselective carbon‐carbon bond formations, generating up to two chiral centers under mild reaction conditions. Despite their versatility, narrow substrate ranges and enzyme inactivation under synthesis conditions represented major obstacles for large‐scale applications of aldolases. In this study we applied directed evolution to optimize Escherichia coli 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose 5‐phosphate aldolase (DERA) as biocatalyst for the industrial synthesis of (3R,5S)‐6‐chloro‐2,4,6‐trideoxyhexapyranoside. This versatile chiral precursor for vastatin drugs like Lipitor (atorvastatin) is synthesized by DERA in a tandem‐aldol reaction from chloroacetaldehyde and two acetaldehyde equivalents. However, E. coli DERA shows low affinity to chloroacetaldehyde and is rapidly inactivated at aldehyde concentrations useful for biocatalysis. Using high‐throughput screenings for chloroacetaldehyde resistance and for higher productivity, several improved variants have been identified. By combination of the most beneficial mutations we obtained a tenfold improved variant compared to wild‐type DERA with regard to (3R,5S)‐6‐chloro‐2,4,6‐trideoxyhexapyranoside synthesis, under industrially relevant conditions.
Influence of water‐miscible organic solvents on kinetics and enantioselectivity of the (R,‐specific alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis
Authors: Schumacher Jan , Eckstein Marrit , Kragl Udo
Published: May 2006

Using the organic solvents acetonitrile and 1,4‐dioxane as water‐miscible additives for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)‐catalyzed reduction of butan‐2‐one, we investigated the influence of the solvents on enzyme reaction behavior and enantioselectivity. The NADP+‐dependent (R,‐selective ADH from Lactobacillus brevis (ADH‐LB) was chosen as biocatalyst. For cofactor regeneration, the substrate‐coupled approach using propan‐2‐ol as co‐substrate was applied. Acetonitrile and 1,4‐dioxane were tested from mole fraction 0.015 up to 0.1. Initial rate experiments revealed a complex kinetic behavior with enzyme activation caused by the substrate butan‐2‐one, and increasing KM values with increasing solvent concentration. Furthermore, these experiments showed an enhancement of the enantioselectivity for (R,‐butan‐2‐ol from 37% enantiomeric excess (ee) in pure phosphate buffer up to 43% ee in the presence of 0.1 mol fraction acetonitrile. Finally, the influence of the co‐solvents on water activity of the reaction mixture and on enzyme stability was investigated.