bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A conceptual link among facilities management, strategic management and project management
Authors: Yim Yiu Chung
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To identify a distinctive knowledge‐base of facilities management (FM) based on a conceptual framework of the market‐and‐firm dichotomy.

Design/methodology/approach

By reviewing literatures in classical management and project management, the evolution of the management theories and FM discipline highlights the identity of FM.

Findings

Recognize the lack a distinctive knowledge‐base in FM discipline. This paper puts forward a conceptual link among FM, strategic management and project management from a market‐firm perspective. Four strategic roles of FM are identified for future research, namely the sourcing of services, the sourcing of workspace, the sourcing of funds from infrastructure facilities; and the sourcing of performance.

Research limitations/implications

This conceptual framework paves the road to establish a distinctive knowledge‐base of FM.

Practical implications

To revamp the concepts of FM and to make the discipline sustainable.

Originality/value

To establish an identity of FM and to channel resources to some research domains.
A study of the non‐legal factors that may affect the quantum of land compensation in the Lands Tribunal in Hong Kong
Authors: Fung Leung Hing , Sing Yeung Kiu
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To identify the non‐legal factors that may affect the quantum of compensation determined by the Lands Tribunal and to examine the impacts of the non‐legal factors identified on the quantum of compensation.

Design/methodology/approach

Data are chosen from judgments made by the Lands Tribunal from 1980 to 2005. A total of 52 cases are studied. The amount of compensation granted is treated as the dependent variable. A number of factors such as the size of the claimant's claim in relation to the government's offer are used in turn as independent variables. Multiple regression analysis is then used in studying the functional relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The expression demonstrates whether the independent variables are positively or negatively correlated with the dependent variable, as well as the extent of the correlation.

Findings

It is found that the factors: the ratio of the applicant's claim to the government's offer, the appointments of counsel and theirs seniorities are significant factors affecting the amount awarded by the Lands Tribunal, while the appointment of qualified general practice surveyor as expert witnesses and their respective seniorities are insignificant factors. Among the three significant factors, the ratio of the applicant's claim to the government's offer and the seniorities of counsel have positive impacts on the amount awarded by the Lands Tribunal as expected while surprisingly, the appointment of counsel has a negative impact on the quantum of compensation awarded by the Lands Tribunal.

Research limitations/implications

The first limitation is the relatively small sample size. Hence, there is a question of representativeness of the empirical result. Secondly, the variability of some of the factors is also insufficient, such as the seniority of counsel. Thirdly, there is a possibility of other forms of human bias in the decisions of the Lands Tribunal, which may not be possible to be quantified and taken into account in the model.

Practical implications

The paper will surely arouse the interest of legal academics and practitioners in the study of judicial behaviour which is a most non‐existent in Hong Kong and rare in UK.

Originality/value

The paper is the first one in the area relating to courts in Hong Kong. It is expected to be controversial amongst the judiciary, the legal and the surveying profession and has started a page in the study of judicial behaviour in the Lands Tribunal.
A sustainability evaluation of government‐led urban renewal projects
Authors: Lee Grace K.L. , Chan Edwin H.W.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

This study is founded on an assessment model derived by the authors in previous studies. It aims to identify the applicability of the model by using it to assess the urban design aspects of two local urban renewal projects against a set of pre‐determined performance indicators.

Design/methodology/approach

First of all, a brief on the details of the assessment model is provided. Then, this study introduces how case study can evaluate the effectiveness of the model in assessing the government‐led urban renewal projects in the real world. Afterwards, it identifies the way of selecting appropriate urban renewal projects for the case study, sets out the process of the assessment, and highlights the assessment results and its implication.

Findings

The case study conducted here has proved that the assessment model is able to produce reliable and valid assessment results for evaluation of the sustainability performance of local urban renewal projects. In addition to the assessment of the overall performance, the model also helps to identify the deficiencies of the renewal projects, and the level of satisfaction of the affected persons and the concerned parties to the renewal projects being assessed.

Originality/value

By assessing the design of two pre‐selected urban renewal projects against individual indicators through case study, it can be ensured that the model derived by the authors in previous studies is theoretically and practically feasible. In addition, this study has demonstrated that the model is able to measure the design quality and the sustainability level of individual urban renewal project in real life context.
Energy performance and occupancy satisfaction
Authors: Sawyer Louise , de Wilde Pieter , Turpin‐Brooks Sue
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present research that analyses the energy performance and occupancy satisfaction in two very similar buildings that have been designed, constructed and are in use by one government department within the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

The work presented applies post occupancy evaluation (POE), metered data and benchmarking to evaluate the two case study buildings.

Findings

Findings are related to a (BRE environmental assessment method) BREEAM assessment that was undertaken for one building, but not for the other. Results show that these closely related cases have similar occupancy satisfaction levels, but rather different energy performance. This last aspect is thought to be due to differences in functions of the buildings. Surprisingly, the use of a BREEAM assessment during the design stage has not contributed to making the case involved more energy efficient.

Research limitations/implications

This paper only compares two cases, with all inherent limitations. The methodology is limited to POE and metered data; no full monitoring or thermal simulation efforts have been conducted at this stage.

Practical implications

The project demonstrates that very similar buildings might perform differently. Findings raise some questions over the impact that can be expected from BREEAM ratings.

Originality/value

The study of two closely related buildings provides interesting information to practitioners on factors that might be underrated in current design methods and performance assessment ratings.
Souping up the engine
Authors: Obradovic Ksenija
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe several projects which made use of new technologies in the cataloguing environment at the University of Auckland Library, and emphasise the need for quality bibliographic data, as the basis of successful information retrieval.

Design/methodology/approach

The University of Auckland Library is continually looking for ways to improve access to its resources. Particular attention has been given to exploring opportunities offered by modern technology. The paper describes how tools like MARC Report and MARC Global can be used to improve the quality of existing bibliographic data in library catalogues. It looks at strategies for automated bibliographic data creation. It also describes processes involved in creating gateways to specific parts of existing collections. Emphasis is also given to initiatives aimed at providing access to material that was not traditionally described in the catalogue.

Findings

The need to improve library catalogues is obvious but metadata quality remains essential to effective information retrieval. Advances in computers and information technology have created huge potentials for cataloguing staff to increase efficiency and accuracy, and hold down costs.

Practical implications

The University of Auckland Library believes that empowering cataloguing staff with new technology is critical to efficiently providing access to a wide range of information sources. The Cataloguing Department utilizes technology to automate and manage many of its functions and to streamline its procedures.

Originality/value

The paper argues that it is important to recognise the continued value of the library catalogue. The catalogue is still the main representation of the library's resources, both print and electronic, and an essential aid in finding relevant material on a particular subject. Efficient utilisation of the catalogue means improved access to library collections and better service to patrons.
Spectators, not players: information managers' use of Web 2.0 in New Zealand
Authors: Chawner Brenda
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find out which Web 2.0 applications and new communications technologies were being adopted by members of the New Zealand library and information management professions, and what factors influenced this adoption, such as age, educational level, and employment status.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey asking about respondents' use of a range of Web 2.0 technologies plus basic demographic information was available between 23 February and 8 March 2007. Invitations to complete the survey were sent to three e‐mail discussion lists: nz‐libs, nzrecords, and lim‐students, which resulted in 224 responses.

Findings

Librarians and information managers of all ages are experimenting with these technologies to some extent, particularly reading blogs and using RSS feeds. Active content creation is less common. Personal, technical, and organisational barriers prevent some people from being able to access Web 2.0 applications.

Research limitations/implications

The voluntary nature of participation in the survey means that the results are likely to be biased towards people with an interest in Web 2.0 developments. The data were gathered in early 2007, and represent a snapshot of how the technologies were being used at that time. Invitations were sent only to New Zealand e‐mail discussion lists, and some of the findings might not apply in other countries or regions.

Originality/value

This is the first survey to investigate how members of the library and information management professions in New Zealand are using Web 2.0 technologies. The results reveal patterns of use and significant issues associated with using these technologies within organizations.
Designing a creative learning environment: NTU's new Art, Design and Media Library
Authors: Anandasivam Kasthuri , Fatt Cheong Choy
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Libraries are inevitably becoming both physical and virtual spaces due to the convergence of the traditional and the online environments today. Though the virtual library has been gaining much attention, the “library as a place” is still an important aspect of practical library management. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, planning and implementation of the new Art, Media and Design Library at Nanyang Technological University to meet the needs and aspirations of a new generation of media savvy users.

Design/methodology/approach

A simple questionnaire was used to solicit feedback from staff and students on their impression of the new library during the initial opening period. This was followed up with face‐to‐face interviews with teaching staff.

Findings

This study has enabled some conclusions to be drawn on the interplay between library users and the physical environment, particularly on aesthetics, seating and availability of facilities. An important affirmation from the exercise is that aesthetics and good interior design play important roles in the positive perception of library users.

Originality/value

Librarians who are involved in the building and construction of small art libraries will find the paper useful in providing information and ideas on various aspects of library design and planning.
Diversification … where libraries, riffraff and Crusty Demons meet!
Authors: Bryant Meg , Pengelly Robyn
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues involved with the introduction of theatre and event ticket booking (TicketDirect) into the Hamilton City Libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

The introduction of the ticket booking service into the libraries was a two stage process where two libraries trialled the new system before it was rolled out to the four remaining community libraries. The rationale behind the decision to move ticket booking services to the libraries will be discussed along with the impact on the community and library staff. Sound project management is vital during the addition of a new service and some of the successes and problems encountered during the transformation are discussed.

Findings

The inclusion of a service that can at times generate a very high amount of cash in a traditionally low cash‐generating environment resulted in a review of financial and security processes to ensure the safety of staff remained paramount. Documentation and training in the trial implementation could have been significantly better, but lessons were learned and the second roll‐out went much more smoothly.

Practical implications

Communication between all parties (Hamilton City theatres, TicketDirect, call centres, venues, library staff and customers) and problem resolution is an ongoing improvement opportunity still being worked upon.

Originality/value

More and more libraries are looking at adding additional services as they continually strive to meet the needs of their communities. The aim of this paper is to share experiences with other libraries.
Senior citizens embrace change and make a new technology work for them
Authors: Nasmith Wendy , Parkinson Mary
Published: October 2008

Purpose

New Zealand's population is aging; government agencies realise the impact of this and are factoring it into their planning for the future. There is a perception that “Seniors” are reluctant to change, but a recent Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind (RNZFB) pilot project to test an internet‐connected Digital Talking Book Player with 40 borrowers, most of whom were in their 70s and 80s, has shown the opposite. The purpose of the trial was not only to test an online talking book delivery system but also to ascertain if the RNZFB seniors, some of whom have little or no experience with computers, could cope with an internet capable Digital Talking Book Player. The purpose of this paper is to describe the RNZFB trial.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 39 RNZFB library members between the ages of 60 and 93, most in their 70s and 80s and one 40 year old were selected to participate in a Digital Talking Book Trial. Each of the trialists were loaned a Digital Talking Book Player for approximately four weeks and were asked to read two books and two magazines per week.

Findings

The outcome of the trial was remarkable. The trial showed seniors do have a positive attitude to change and are not afraid of technology.

Originality/value

The trial showed that if the reward is greater independence and a better service, and seniors are given appropriate support they will embrace new technology and make it work for them. By moving ahead and using new innovative technology the library service will be able to provide a greater variety of titles and better access to information and recreational reading.
Biblioblogging: blogs for library communication
Authors: McIntyre Alison , Nicolle Janette
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe two case studies conducted at the University of Canterbury (UC) which demonstrate the potential of blogging as an internal and external communication tool. The internal blog was used to communicate and manage information for service staff across the library system, while the external blog communicated content and service updates to the academic community.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper relates the experience of setting up an internal and external library blog. Selecting blog software and staff training issues are mentioned. The advantages of blogging and the challenges of developing and maintaining readership are discussed, as are criteria for success. A survey of academic staff on their use of information and information technology was also conducted.

Findings

Blogs are a successful strategy for disseminating internal information to library staff working in public services. They provide a convenient medium for the transfer of day‐to‐day communication, facilitate best practice and create an archive of institutional knowledge. Blogs are also a valuable tool to communicate targeted subject specific library information to academic staff.

Originality/value

The experience at UC Library suggests that, although faculty are heavy users of the internet, this does not necessarily generalise to their use of blogs, and librarians need to take a leadership role in promoting blog technology as a way of transforming internal communication and external relationships with library users.
Censorship, new technology and libraries
Authors: Wilson David
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the challenges for New Zealand's censorship system created by developments in entertainment and communications technology. It discusses the impact of these issues for libraries as they provide information that increasingly encompasses new technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes the development of New Zealand's censorship system and how it has responded to the challenges of new technology.

Findings

New Zealand's censorship system has adapted well to changing technology. Ongoing monitoring of technological developments is required and non‐legislative solutions to future challenges will become more important.

Practical implications

New Zealand library and information professionals will need to be aware of their legal obligations. The Office of Film and Literature Classification has taken steps to inform libraries of those obligations.

Originality/value

The paper outlines changes in censorship law that will affect library and information professionals.
Subject change between citing and cited literature on digital libraries
Authors: Tsay Ming‐yueh
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the subject change for both citing and cited literature on digital libraries based on bibliometric techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) was used to retrieve data of journal articles in digital libraries from 1960 to 2002. By employing the thesaurus search function, three descriptors for subject search, namely electronic library concept, digital libraries and virtual library concept, as suggested by LISA, were used to retrieve all relevant literature on digital libraries.

Findings

Most of the citing core journals on digital libraries are devoted to the subject of the application of computer and information technology to library implication, while the cited literature on digital libraries distributes mainly into four types of journals, namely, digital library orientation, general library and information science, new development in librarianship, and library technology. Digital libraries, electronic media and world wide web (WWW) are the three subject terms in common most for both citing and cited core journal literature. They also constitute the core subject for digital library literature. The change of highly used subject terms, such as WWW, internet, library technology, network, university or academic library, from cited to citing literature suggests that these subjects are becoming the main stream of researches in digital libraries.

Research limitations/implications

Most subject terms of this study for both citing and cited literature in digital libraries could be categorized into the technical issues. However, other related issues dealing with copyright, charging and authenticity; social issues; quality of preservation and availability; use and user study; economic issues; education and promotion have not been popular research areas yet by 2002. Further studies are needed.

Originality/value

The present work is unique in its study of the subject and the results obtained provide significant insights into the evolution of digital libraries by identifying the core journals and examining their characteristics, as well as subject changes between citing and cited literature on digital libraries.
Combating cyber crime in Nigeria
Authors: Adomi Esharenana E. , Igun Stella E.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe cyber crime and techniques adopted for combating it in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

Reviews the state of cyber crime in Nigeria, and how it is being stemmed in the country.

Findings

The types of cyber crime in Nigeria are revealed together with the efforts geared towards combating/preventing cyber crime in the country. The paper also draws attention to the possibility of libraries that offer public internet access service being victims of cyber crime as well as unknown perpetrators. The paper recommends how cyber crime can be brought under control.

Originality/value

It reveals factors that contribute to perpetration of cyber crime in Nigeria and efforts being made to combat it. This will enable various countries, in developing and developed world, to be sensitized to the menace of cyber crime and take relevant steps to fight against it.
Interoperability between library software: a solution for Iranian libraries
Authors: Alipour Hafezi Mehdi
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The main purpose of this paper is to propose a solution for data interoperability between library programs in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

The research proceeded through expressing the essence of interoperability in library programs in order to exchange metadata, In this regard, the current situation is analyzed using a researcher‐made checklist, and then the problems and shortcomings are highlighted in the field of the interoperability which in turn enables us to find some ways to overcome them.

Findings

The majority of the library software in Iran do not respect data exchange. They mostly use ISO 2709 as an export format and rarely use other formats. Moreover, most of the library software use Z39.50 client to get information from Library of congress and also Iranian National Library. Therefore, none of them could exchange data between each other because of not using server side service. The proposed model tries to introduce harvesting metadata by OAI service provider and also searching the metadata records by SRU client‐server model.

Originality/value

The findings indicate that Iranian libraries should be aware of the essence of interoperability. Using the proposed model would help them to exchange metadata in a cost‐efficient and cost‐effective manner.
Internet usage in Greek libraries
Authors: Semertzaki Eva
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to point out the utilization, integration and exploitation of the internet among libraries in Greece.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey consisting of 44 questions was distributed to librarians in Greece to collect the data for the study.

Findings

The study reveals that the internet is an essential and rigorous tool for librarians in Greece. It plays an important role for providing quality and quick reference services to users.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations in this study are related to the small sample size, as well as to the number of variables studied.

Practical implications

The findings of the study would provide some interesting insights into measuring user satisfaction after the introduction of the internet and into conducting future studies with comparable results.

Originality/value

This is believed to be a unique paper featuring Greek libraries and internet. The information and communication technologies could have wider implications in all kinds of libraries.
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) in the context of risk management in new product development
Authors: Segismundo André , Augusto Cauchick Miguel Paulo
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Effectively managing risk is an essential element of successful project management. In this sense, the present study seeks to propose a systematisation of technical risk management through the use of FMEA to optimise the decision making process in new product development (NPD).

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological approach adopted in this paper is a case study at an automaker in Brazil. Data were gathered from various sources, mostly participant observation and document analysis of two important NPD programmes. The risk management system was described and its influence on programs development analysed.

Findings

Results included a reduction in the number of project and test planning loopings as well as a reduced number of prototypes needed to approve product components. In addition, there was a positive influence on the product development decision‐making process, evidenced by better allocation of resources among projects at the programme.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to a single case study which considers two major NPD programmes. Replications among other units of analysis are needed to further validate current findings.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few published studies that report and discuss the FMEA within a broad context of risk analysis.
Implementing total quality management with a focus on enhancing customer satisfaction
Authors: Mehra Satish , Ranganathan Sampath
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Aims to examine the role of total quality management (TQM) towards enhancing customer satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Using meta‐analysis, existing research studies on TQM and customer satisfaction were quantified, summarized, and tested for moderators to clarify TQM impact.

Findings

It is found that TQM substantially increases customer satisfaction across diverse industrial and cultural settings.

Originality/value

This research broadens the scope of TQM applicability across varied industrial and cultural settings to achieve higher customer focus, increased customer satisfaction, and stresses the need for more meta‐analytic studies on the subject.
Review processes for improving business excellence frameworks
Authors: Saunders Max , Mann Robin , Grigg Nigel
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To examine the processes used by custodians of business excellence frameworks (BEFs) internationally to review and revise their frameworks, and to present the findings of a review of the design of the Australian business excellence framework (ABEF).

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review, three surveys, and a series of focus groups and key informant interviews were conducted. The study involved input from 16 countries and was part of a larger study of how BEFs are designed, reviewed, promoted and deployed within and across nations.

Findings

The role of stakeholders in business excellence model design and development, the processes involved in framework review and enhancement, and the frequency of minor and major review activities and who led them are presented. We found there was widespread support for the design of the ABEF amongst stakeholders. This review of the ABEF design and its appropriateness to the Australian business environment are discussed.

Research limitations/implications

While the primary focus was on the Australian context, the findings draw upon a range of international sources and hence are of relevance to all BEF custodians.

Practical implications

The findings from the project were used to redesign the ABEF, and are expected to help inform national business excellence strategies worldwide.

Originality/value

The paper updates the current situation regarding the review of BE frameworks in 16 countries, with a focus on Australia.
The impact of internal service quality on customer service behaviour
Authors: Bellou Victoria , Andronikidis Andreas
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The increasing importance of customer satisfaction is uncontested. Yet, banks are currently facing another major challenge, meeting the changing needs of customers. For this reason, the present study aims to examine the effect that internal service quality has on employees' prosocial customer behaviour displayed, which is crucial for customers' perception of service quality. This effect was examined both for publicly and for privately held banks.

Design/methodology/approach

Out of 19 banks that operate in a major Greek city, 16 agreed to cooperate. The researchers personally administered 10 questionnaires to front‐line employees of every branch, on a random basis, and gathered 113 usable questionnaires. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, and regression analyses.

Findings

The findings indicate that employees are more likely to improve their general performance and are more cooperative when internal service quality exists. Despite the fact that employees in both sectors agree to the fact that reliability and access are critical for displaying role‐prescribed customer behaviour, there are significant difference with regards to cooperation and extra‐role customer behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

Since, the study took place in only one Greek city, increasing the sample base both in terms of the number of cities and respondents could provide safer generalizations of findings.

Practical implications

Quality circles, employee involvement and human resource management policies designed to stress internal service quality can enhance employees' willingness to serve customers, and in turn increase service quality provided to external customers.

Originality/value

The paper assesses the impact of internal service quality on customer service behaviour, focusing on the Greek banking sector.
Are boards and institutional investors active monitors? Evidence from CEO dismissal
Authors: Florou Annita , Pope Peter
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the turnover‐performance relation depends on the proportion of outside directors and institutional ownership concentration and to explore the relative roles of accounting‐ and stock‐based performance measures in the process of CEO dismissals.

Design/methodology/approach

Probit analysis using an unbalanced panel of the top 460 UK listed companies from 1990 to 1998 was employed.

Findings

No evidence of effective board monitoring was found. On the other hand, evidence of institutional shareholder activism was found. In particular, when institutional concentration is high, the turnover‐performance link is more negative in relation to stock returns but less negative in relation to accounting performance. This is consistent with institutional investors using a richer set of information than that contained in reported accounting earnings.

Research limitations/implications

Further research may examine the effect of board monitoring on the turnover‐performance relation after considering the endogeneity of board structure and membership. Moreover, further research may examine the complementarity of the two governance mechanisms considered, i.e. the board of directors and institutional investors.

Originality/value

In the aftermath of Enron and other corporate frauds world‐wide, the paper exploits a unique dataset of institutional ownership and provides additional evidence on the controversial role of boards and institutional investors in replacing inefficient CEOs, as well as on the role of accounting information in the effectiveness of governance processes.
An empirical comparison of non‐Big 4 and Big 4 auditors' perceptions of auditor independence
Authors: Law Philip
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Perceived independence is one of the corner‐stones in auditing theory. Despite prior research on auditor independence, the results are inconclusive. The lack of research in the Hong Kong auditing environment motivates this study, particularly following the Enron débâcle. The purpose of this paper is to examine the non‐audit services (NASs), competition, rank and types of auditors, in respect of the independence problem as it relates to the practices of Hong Kong auditors in the post‐Enron environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Four independent variables identified from literature gaps are examined, namely NASs, levels of competition, auditors of different ranks and types of auditors. Mixed ANOVA are employed to analyze survey responses from 207 “Big 4” and 185 “non‐Big 4” auditors.

Findings

Results of the study show that the provisions of NASs and high competition could have a negative influence on auditors' perceptions of independence. Second, auditors' perceptions that the influence of NASs on independence depends on an individual auditor's rank are supported. Senior managers have the highest mean rating on perceptions, while partners have the lowest mean rating. Results support the agency theory that the agent (senior manager) may not always act in the best interests for the principal. Finally, there is no difference between Big 4 and non‐Big 4 auditors' perceptions of the influence of NASs and competition on independence.

Originality/value

The study revokes earlier US research that indicates that NASs provisions favorably influence auditors' perceptions of independence. It would be advantageous for a regulatory body to reconsider professional reforms such as prohibitions of NASs and the repercussions of non compliance of independence.
Why bigger is not always better: the strategic logic of value creation through M&As
Authors: Kalpič Brane
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The strategic thinking behind numerous M&As is: “bigger is more important than better”. Such logic is also followed in the growth strategies of many players who believe that increasing scale via M&As will bring sustainable competitive advantage and generate above‐average financial performance and value creation for their shareholders. But numerous failed M&As and the modest financial performance of many large players compared to smaller ones question the universality of this logic. The aim of this article is to emphasize how important it is in strategic decision‐making to correctly understand and interpret contemporary concepts such as scale‐based completion, industry consolidation, and M&As.

Design/methodology/approach

The discussion is guided by three leading questions which need to be answered in any strategy formulation process: does scale matter, and where? What are the implications of industry concentration? What should be the strategic logic behind M&As? These questions are addressed according to the key assumptions and premises of the merger and industry consolidation theory and the Rule of Three concept, and the discussion is enriched by several cases and examples from various industries.

Findings

Scale does not necessarily bring competitive advantage, improve financial performance, or generate scale‐related synergies per se. To develop sustainable competitive advantage, executives must understand the true nature and mechanisms which drive the industry concentration process, value creation through M&As and the consequent advantages of increasing company scale.

Originality/value

The article discloses key strategic elements to be considered when formulating effective corporate strategies in a complex business environment and a context of rapidly concentrating industries. The discussion also raises awareness regarding the importance of strategic logic, correct interpretation of strategic concepts and sensitivity toward differences in industries in avoiding false conclusions and poorly‐formulated strategies.
Kick the discounting habit: step one for more effective pricing
Authors: Holden Reed K.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Discounting has become the crack cocaine of senior management with terrifying effects on both revenue and profits. The purpose of this paper to show managers how and where to put a stake in the ground to kick the discounting habit and move to a more effective and disciplined approach to pricing.

Design/methodology/approach

The author leverages his research on trust in buyer seller relationships with extensive experience with real world pricing to provide insights in why and when discounting is not appropriate and how business can benefit in terms of both profits and revenue growth by adopting more appropriate pricing tactics.

Findings

Prior research has shown that more effective pricing can lead to an 11 percent improvement in a firm's profitability. By focusing on eliminating unnecessary discounting, managers can improve profits by more than 20 percent. Specific management tactics are identified which reflect the realities of doing business in today's world of increased competition, product commoditization and sophisticated buyers.

Originality/value

Provides insights in why and when discounting is not appropriate and how business can benefit in terms of both profits and revenue growth by adopting more appropriate pricing tactics.
When Porter's generic strategies are not enough: complementary strategies for turnaround situations
Authors: Pretorius Marius
Published: October 2008

Purpose – Porter's generic strategy matrix often proves inadequate for use by distressed firms, because it assumes that ventures operate “normally” in competitive environments. Leaders of troubled ventures facing turnaround situations need to interpret the complex factors involved, as generic strategies alone prove insufficient. Researchers have not yet come up with a model for selecting strategies in turnaround situations to match Porter's model for generic competition. This paper fills this specific void. Design/methodology/approach – A model for strategies which could be applied in the turnaround situation was proposed, based on grounded research methodology. This model was then evaluated by a focus group of expert credit risk managers with turnaround experience. The research answers three questions: What are the key determinants of a turnaround situation? What complementary strategy will result in a turnaround of each situation? What strategic practices support the different complementary strategies? Findings – Resource munificence and causality (origin of distress) are the key determinants in the model, which posits four types of turnaround situation: performing well; underperformance; distress; and crisis. For each associated strategic practices are recommended. Application to the case example of Starbucks illustrates its value. Practical implications – The proposed model was well accepted by the expert panel, in some cases immediately applied. Participants expanded the practices recommended for each strategy. Originality/value – The study breaks new ground in this field and challenges other researchers to dispute the model's assumptions. The model's straightforward application assists turnaround managers to clarify complex situations.
Alignment and follow‐up: steps to strategy execution
Authors: Khadem Riaz
Published: October 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a framework for the successful execution of business strategy in medium to large organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology for the elements required to assure the effective execution of strategy was developed in the field during the implementation of concepts from the author's first book, One Page Management.

Findings

When there is unity around the vision of the organization and a creative strategy is in place, a few key elements work together to assure the excellent execution of strategy.

Research limitations/implications

The data in the examples are all simulated based on learning from implementations in Europe, US, Mexico, and Latin America.

Practical implications

The paper focuses on how individual executives can implement processes to assure the effective execution of their strategies.

Originality/value

The concepts, methodology, and approach are all original to this author. They challenge traditional thinking and serve as a valuable alternative. The paper should be of value to the leadership team of any organization.
Consumer warfare: implications for marketing strategy
Authors: Burns David J. , Warren Homer B.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Instead of being characterized as manufacturers competing among themselves for business, the marketplace today can be best depicted as powerful consumers competing among themselves. The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework of strategies employed by empowered consumers and explore how businesses can relate to each.

Design/methodology/approach

The article examines the changes that have occurred in the business environment and in consumers. The power distribution in channels of distribution has shifted from manufacturers to consumers. Furthermore, consumers find themselves in a culture characterized by materialism. In a materialistic culture, the importance attributed to products arises not from the physical needs they fulfill, but from their ability to establish one's identity. Consumers' possessions become the tools for engaging and competing with other individuals.

Findings

Faced with the empowered consumer, businesses find that they must employ a different set of strategies when reaching consumers. Strategies available to consumers are identified and explored. Approaches available to businesses to successfully target consumers employing each of the strategies are examined.

Originality/value

Catering products and marketing messages to the competitive needs of consumers involves positioning products as tools which consumers can use as they employ consumer warfare strategies. Consequently, by picturing their products as tools to use when employing consumer warfare strategies, businesses can better satisfy the needs of their consumers.
Net shareholder value
Authors: Jackson Stuart E.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Most investors and business leaders understand that the internet has created a few high‐profile success but many more start‐up businesses that have destroyed rather than created value. As a result, many executives have dampened expectations for the transformational potential of internet‐based commerce, and have cut back investments accordingly. In this column, Stuart Jackson makes the observation that while many internet start‐ups have crashed, most of the biggest e‐commerce successes have come from established companies with a loyal base of customers who have added internet capabilities to supplement traditional channels. Traditional retailers and B2B businesses who have yet to grasp the full potential of the internet have untapped opportunities to create what might be called “net shareholder value” by using the Internet to supplement existing channels. The author proposes four key strategies for companies considering going down this path.

Design/methodology/approach

In this article, Jackson considers a number of the assumptions that were used to justify massive (and in many cases, outlandish) valuations of Internet businesses in the late 1990s. Jackson then evaluates the extent to which each of these has been proven true in the light of recent history. The author then draws lessons that can be applied broadly across any business considering e‐commerce strategies to supplement existing channels to market.

Findings

Companies should not think of e‐commerce as a separate business from traditional channels. E‐commerce and off‐line businesses selling the same products are competing in the same strategic market segment. Competitive advantage will go to those who can achieve overall scale benefits (taking account of customer acquisition costs as well as physical infrastructure and operating overheads) superior to the competition. In most situations, the best way to achieve this will be through an integrated offering leveraging multiple channels.

Originality/value

By looking in detail at e‐commerce successes and failures and the reasons behind those, this article provides valuable lessons for companies in how to increase competitive advantage and create shareholder value by leveraging the Internet for their business.
What is your Web 5.0 strategy?
Authors: Kambil Ajit
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The worldwide web continues to evolve as a key capability for commercial and human interactions. This paper lays out how the web is likely to evolve and key capabilities businesses must harness to realize the future value of the web.

Design/methodology/approach

The article defines five stages of evolution of the web. Web 1.0 was primarily a publishing and transactional environment. Web 2.0 as a space where users co‐create value. Web 3.0 as a semantic space where machine intelligence combines with human intelligence to create new insights. Web 4.0 as a mobile space where users and real and virtual objects are integrated together to create value. Web 5.0 a sensory emotive space where we are able to move the web from an emotionally flat environment to a space of rich interactions. The article outlines how companies must adapt to each stage.

Findings

The article presents clear reasons for why the web might evolve across these five stages and what businesses must focus on to harness the web.

Originality/value

Much of the discussion today centers around Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. This article pushes forth to a new space provocatively and with reason to suggest future outlines of the evolution of the internet.
Strategic improvisation
Authors: Marren Patrick
Published: October 2008

Purpose

This paper discusses the parallels between business strategy and improvisational comedy.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an opinion column.

Findings

This column examines certain surprising commonalities between business and strategy on the one hand, and improvisational comedy on the other. Strategy, like improv, is creative reaction to a reality that you cannot control (the actions of other people), in real time.

Originality/value

Injects useful ideas from an unlikely source into the process of business strategy.
A new change model: factors for initiating and implementing personal action learning
Authors: Bennet Alex , Bennet David
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a new frame of reference for considering change.

Design/methodology/approach

Following an introduction and definitions, people and organizations are considered as complex adaptive systems. The relationship between the knowledge worker and the environment is then explored by the mind/brain perspective prior to presenting an explication of the factors included in the personal action learning change model.

Findings

The study finds that the set of factors in the personal action learning change model represent a significant force for energizing action and initiating change.

Originality/value

This paper embraces new ways of thinking about learning, knowledge, action and change to suggest a personal action learning change model. A set of factors is described through which an individual can initiate and implement personal change from the inside out, that is, from their own volition. This is a new frame of reference for considering change.