bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac function in 10‐year‐old twins following different fetal therapies for twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Gardiner H. M. , Matsui H. , Roughton M. , Greenwald S. E. , Diemert A. , Taylor M. J. O. , Hecher K.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To compare cardiac function at 10 years of age in four groups of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pairs: uncomplicated MCDA twins (n = 6) (Group 1); twins that had had twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) managed by amnioreduction (TTTS‐amnio, n = 9) (Group 2) or laser photocoagulation (TTTS‐laser, n = 10) (Group 3); and dichorionic diamniotic controls (DCDA, n = 6) (Group 4).

Methods

Echocardiograms optimizing apical four‐chamber and short‐axis left ventricular views were stored for offline speckle‐tracking analysis, blinded to twin type. Myocardial long‐axis shortening and lengthening velocities were measured using pulsed Doppler ultrasound at the cardiac base. M‐mode measurements of fractional shortening (short axis) and maximal excursion of the atrioventricular annulus (four‐chamber) were recorded. Syngo Vector Velocity Imaging software tracked left ventricular myocardial motion offline to produce free wall strain, strain rate and rotation. Intertwin pair and group differences were investigated using ANOVA.

Results

Cardiac measurements were within the normal ranges for 10‐year‐olds. No significant within‐twin‐pair and intergroup differences were found in current size, heart rates, strain or strain rate. Compared to DCDA controls, TTTS twins showed less cardiac rotation (TTTS‐laser, P < 0.001 and TTTS‐amnio, P = 0.054) with significant intertwin reduction in the ex‐recipient (TTTS‐amnio, P = 0.006) and larger MCDA twins (P = 0.027) compared with their cotwins. A similar pattern was seen in left ventricular early diastolic mitral valve tissue velocity (MVE′) in all monochorionic groups, but only achieving significance in TTTS‐amnio twins (P = 0.037). Intrapair differences in rotation and MVE′ were significantly different following treatment at Quintero stages III or IV.

Conclusions

Within‐twin‐pair patterns of left ventricular rotation and diastolic function differ at 10 years of age in ex‐recipients of TTTS twins treated with amnioreduction compared with those treated by laser photocoagulation and controls. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Oxidative stress response ofBlakeslea trisporainduced by H2O2 during β-carotene biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Hong-Bo , Luo Jun , Huang Xiao-Yan , Lu Ming-Bo , Yu Long-Jiang
Published: December 2013

The cellular response of Blakeslea trispora to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in shake flask culture was investigated in this study. A mild oxidative stress was created by adding 40 μm of H2O2 into the medium after 3 days of the fermentation. The production of β-carotene increased nearly 38 % after a 6-day culture. Under the oxidative stress induced by H2O2, the expressions of hmgr, ipi, carG, carRA, and carB involving the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway all increased in 3 h. The aerobic metabolism of glucose remarkably accelerated within 24 h. In addition, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly increased. These changes of B. trispora were responses for reducing cell injury, and the reasons for increasing β-carotene production caused by H2O2.
Systematic review of the use of intravenous amiodarone and nifekalant for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Japan
Authors: Amino Mari , Yoshioka Koichiro , Kanda Shigetaka , Deguchi Yoshiaki , Nakamura Mari , Kobayashi Yoshinori , Inokuchi Sadaki , Tanabe Teruhisa , Ikari Yuji
Published: December 2013

Background

Intravenous amiodarone is considered to be the first‐line drug for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. However, in Japan, nifekalant had been used before the introduction of amiodarone; therefore, most clinical studies on amiodarone use have been small‐scale studies. The aim of the present study was to review the literature concerning the actual use of amiodarone and nifekalant in order to evaluate the effects of both drugs and the most appropriate mode of administration.

Methods

The Japan Medical Abstracts Society, PubMed, and Scopus databases were used to identify the reports. The resulting data were used for a systematic review focusing on the effectiveness of amiodarone in comparison with that of nifekalant and the dose differential effect of amiodarone.

Results

The search returned 9 studies, including 310 patients, that compared the effectiveness of amiodarone and nifekalant, as well as 3 studies, including 108 patients, that analyzed the effectiveness of treatment according to amiodarone dose. Of 418 patients, 187 in whom amiodarone was used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were included in a review that compared the doses recommended by Japanese guidelines 2009 (125 mg intravenous [i.v.] over 10 min) and the American Heart Association guidelines (300 mg bolus i.v.). Amiodarone and nifekalant were equally effective in preventing electrical storm (67% vs. 67%). The defibrillation effect for CPR was also equal in the 2 groups (60% vs. 54%). Hypotension and bradycardia were recorded as adverse effects in the amiodarone group (9.5% and 5.3%), whereas torsades de pointes was observed in the nifekalant group (1.4%). In the analysis of the dose‐differential effect of amiodarone, the rates of successful return of spontaneous circulation and discharge survival were higher in the 125‐mg slow i.v. group than in the 300‐mg bolus i.v. group (76% vs. 53% and 54% vs. 26%, respectively).

Conclusions

Amiodarone and nifekalant were equivalent in their prophylactic and defibrillation efficacy. Concerning the initial amiodarone dose, the 125 mg intravenous [i.v.] over 10 min seemed to be more appropriate for the Japanese population.
Religious Networks in the Roman Empire
Authors: Collar Anna
Published: December 2013

The first three centuries AD saw the spread of new religious ideas through the Roman Empire, crossing a vast and diverse geographical, social and cultural space. In this innovative study, Anna Collar explores both how this happened and why. Drawing on research in the sociology and anthropology of religion, physics and computer science, Collar explores the relationship between social networks and religious transmission to explore why some religious movements succeed, while others, seemingly equally successful at a certain time, ultimately fail. Using extensive epigraphic data, Collar provides new interpretations of the diffusion of ideas across the social networks of the Jewish Diaspora and the cults of Jupiter Dolichenus and Theos Hypsistos, and in turn offers important reappraisals of the spread of religious innovations in the Roman Empire. This study will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of ancient history, archaeology, ancient religion and network theory.
Balancing Constitutional Rights
Authors: Bomhoff Jacco
Published: December 2013

The language of balancing is pervasive in constitutional rights jurisprudence around the world. In this book, Jacco Bomhoff offers a comparative and historical account of the origins and meanings of this talismanic form of language, and of the legal discourse to which it is central. Contemporary discussion has tended to see the increasing use of balancing as the manifestation of a globalization of constitutional law. This book is the first to argue that 'balancing' has always meant radically different things in different settings. Bomhoff uses detailed case studies of early post-war US and German constitutional jurisprudence to show that the same unique language expresses both biting scepticism and profound faith in law and adjudication, and both deep pessimism and high aspirations for constitutional rights. An understanding of these radically different meanings is essential for any evaluation of the work of constitutional courts today.
Archaeology and the Senses
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: December 2013

This book is an exciting new look at how archaeology has dealt with the bodily senses and offers an argument for how the discipline can offer a richer glimpse into the human sensory experience. Yannis Hamilakis shows how, despite its intensely physical engagement with the material traces of the past, archaeology has mostly neglected multi-sensory experience, instead prioritising isolated vision and relying on the Western hierarchy of the five senses. In place of this limited view of experience, Hamilakis proposes a sensorial archaeology that can unearth the lost, suppressed, and forgotten sensory and affective modalities of humans. Using Bronze Age Crete as a case study, Hamilakis shows how sensorial memory can help us rethink questions ranging from the production of ancestral heritage to large-scale social change, and the cultural significance of monuments. Hamilakis points the way to reconstituting archaeology as a sensorial and affective multi-temporal practice.
The Stoic Sage
Authors: Brouwer René
Published: December 2013

After Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics, from the third century BCE onwards, developed the third great classical conception of wisdom. This book offers a reconstruction of this pivotal notion in Stoicism, starting out from the two extant Stoic definitions, 'knowledge of human and divine matters' and 'fitting expertise'. It focuses not only on the question of what they understood by wisdom, but also on how wisdom can be achieved, how difficult it is to become a sage, and how this difficulty can be explained. The answers to these questions are based on a fresh investigation of the evidence, with all central texts offered in the original Greek or Latin, as well as in translation. The Stoic Sage can thus also serve as a source book on Stoic wisdom, which should be invaluable to specialists and to anyone interested in one of the cornerstones of the Graeco-Roman classical tradition.
Applications of Group Theory to Atoms, Molecules, and Solids
Authors: Wolfram Thomas , Ellialtıoğlu Şinasi
Published: December 2013

The majority of all knowledge concerning atoms, molecules, and solids has been derived from applications of group theory. Taking a unique, applications-oriented approach, this book gives readers the tools needed to analyze any atomic, molecular, or crystalline solid system. Using a clearly defined, eight-step program, this book helps readers to understand the power of group theory, what information can be obtained from it, and how to obtain it. The book takes in modern topics, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes and isotopic frequencies of molecules, as well as more traditional subjects: the vibrational and electronic states of molecules and solids, crystal field and ligand field theory, transition metal complexes, space groups, time reversal symmetry, and magnetic groups. With over 100 end-of-chapter exercises, this book is invaluable for graduate students and researchers in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and materials science.
Adventures in the Rifle Brigade in the Peninsula, France and the Netherlands, from 1809 to 1815
Authors: Kincaid John
Published: December 2013

Adventures in the Rifle Brigade is probably the best-known and most popular of the many memoirs written by the men who served under Wellington in the Peninsular War and Waterloo Campaign. The author, John Kincaid (1787–1862), served as an officer in what was then the 95th Foot, the most famous of Wellington's regiments, which was 'first in the field and last out'. Kincaid fought in most of the great campaigns in the Iberian peninsula between 1809 and 1814 and at Waterloo in 1815. Originally published in 1830, this book is history at its best: informative, enlightening and perceptive, hard fact mixed with humour, a vivid description of life on campaign with one of the most famous regiments in the British army. It is, furthermore, highly readable and engaging: a contemporary review noted that Kincaid's book 'has one fault, the rarest fault in books, it is too short'.
Cartels, Markets and Crime
Authors: Wardhaugh Bruce
Published: December 2013

This study of the normative justification for the use of criminal sanctions as a means of cartel control goes beyond the historical and economic viewpoints by adding a normative evaluation of anti-cartel regimes and analysing cartel control in the USA, Europe and the UK. The analysis is unique in seeking to establish why, in a liberal society, criminal sanctions should apply to individuals who participate in this sort of activity. Although cartels have been rhetorically likened to theft and fraud, there are significant differences. Notwithstanding these differences, Cartels, Markets and Crime presents an argument for the criminalisation of economic collusion and, with this argument in mind, analyses the regimes of the USA, EU and UK and considers the possibility of global convergence.
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Authors: Carroll Lewis , Tenniel John
Published: December 2013

An accomplished mathematician and photographer, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832–98), writing under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, transformed children's literature with this world-famous classic. First published in 1865, this tale of the topsy-turvy was originally created to entertain the young Alice Liddell and her sisters during a picnic in the summer of 1862. The humour with which Dodgson enlivened his mathematical works is exploited to the full here: many of the now-familiar nonsense songs and poems in the story are parodies of contemporary works, and there are a number of allusions to mathematical concepts in the text. The illustrations by Punch cartoonist Sir John Tenniel (1820–1914) depict the cast of much-loved characters - including the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Hatter - with a brilliance which perfectly enhances Dodgson's gently satirical fantasy. In its universal appeal, the story remains unsurpassed.
Stability of film flow over inclined topography based on a long-wave nonlinear model
Authors: Tseluiko D. , Blyth M. G. , Papageorgiou D. T.
Published: December 2013

The stability of a viscous liquid film flowing under gravity down an inclined wall with periodic corrugations is investigated. A long-wave model equation valid at near-critical Reynolds numbers is used to study the film dynamics, and calculations are performed for either sinusoidal or rectangular wall corrugations assuming either a fixed flow rate in the film or a fixed volume of fluid within each wall period. Under the two different flow assumptions, steady solution branches are delineated including subharmonic branches, for which the period of the free surface is an integer multiple of the wall period, and the existence of quasi-periodic branches is demonstrated. Floquet–Bloch theory is used to determine the linear stability of steady, periodic solutions and the nature of any instability is analysed using the method of exponentially weighted spaces. Under certain conditions, and depending on the wall period, the flow may be convectively unstable for small wall amplitudes but undergo transition to absolute instability as the wall amplitude increases, a novel theoretical finding for this class of flows; in other cases, the flow may be convectively unstable for small wall amplitudes but stable for larger wall amplitudes. Solutions with the same spatial period as the wall become unstable at a critical Reynolds number, which is strongly dependent on the period size. For sufficiently small wall periods, the corrugations have a destabilizing effect by lowering the critical Reynolds number above which instability occurs. For slightly larger wall periods, small-amplitude corrugations are destabilizing but sufficiently large-amplitude corrugations are stabilizing. For even larger wall periods, the opposite behaviour is found. For sufficiently large wall periods, the corrugations are destabilizing irrespective of their amplitude. The predictions of the linear theory are corroborated by time-dependent simulations of the model equation, and the presence of absolute instability under certain conditions is confirmed. Boundary element simulations on an inverted substrate reveal that wall corrugations can have a stabilizing effect at zero Reynolds number.
Does where you stand depend on how you behave? Networking behavior as an alternative explanation for gender differences in network structure
Authors: Gremmen Ine , Akkerman Agnes , Benschop Yvonne
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the relations between gender, networking behavior and network structure, in order to investigate the relevance of gender for organizational networks. Semi-structured interviews with 39 white, Dutch, women and men account managers were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our study's results show that the men account managers employ exchange and affect-based trust networking and, to a lesser extent, authoritative networking, whereas the women account managers employ affect-based trust and also use exchange. Authoritative networking appears to foster higher status ties, exchange networking behavior fosters lower status ties and affect-based trust networking fosters equal status ties. Gender differences in network structure may be explained by networking behavior rather than by gender. Our study is limited by the size of our group of respondents (n= 39). A larger sample is needed to test hypotheses concerning the relations between networking behavior, network structure and gender in a more rigorous manner than our study allowed. However, our research material enabled us to test these relations in a sound, be it preliminary way. Our study suggests to focus less on gender as a demographic bivariate category to explain gender differences in network structures and outcomes. In so doing, organizational network research will gain more insight into how gender expectations are negotiated in networking. In organizational practice, this will support organization members to employ the diversity of networking behaviors necessary to generate optimal network structures and outcomes. While most organizational network research focuses on network structures, we introduce the relational process of fostering network relations as central to women's and men's networking behavior. Networking behavior may have greater explanatory power for differences in network structure, than gender as a demographic, bivariate variable.
Privacy, Publicity, and Reputation: How the Press Regulated the Market in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: Taylor James
Published: December 2013

Many commentators believe that the business press “missed”thestory of the twenty-first century—the 2008 economic crisis. Condemned for being too close to the firms they were supposed to be holding to account, journalists failed in their duties to the public. Recent historical studies of business journalism present a similarly pessimistic picture. By contrast, this article stresses the importance of the press as a key intermediary of reputation in the nineteenth-century marketplace. In England, reporters played an instrumental role in opening up companies' general meetings to the public gaze and in warning investors of fraudulent businesses. This regulation by reputation was at least as important as company law in making the City of London a relatively safe place to do business by the start of the twentieth century.
Reputation and Social Ties: J. P. Morgan & Co. and Private Investment Banking
Authors: Pak Susie J.
Published: December 2013

Focusing on the private investment bank of J. P. Morgan & Co., this article examines the unique perspective that the history of private investment banking offers the study of reputation with regard to the role of social ties. Drawing from a larger study that looks at intersecting social and economic networks of New York private bankers before the Second World War, the article studies the ways in which the Morgan partners' social networks worked to maintain their reputation by creating an institutional structure for firm cohesion, establishing access to information and resources outside the firm, and fostering a culture of exclusivity that signaled the firm's standing and its ties relative to their competitors or other elite bankers.
Reputation and Political Legitimacy: ITT in Chile, 1927–1972
Authors: Bucheli Marcelo , Salvaj Erica
Published: December 2013

The literature on multinational corporations argues that a foreign firm can legitimize its activities, improve its reputation in a host country, and reduce the risk of hostile actions by the host government (including expropriation) by approaching and incorporating influential members of the domestic elite in its business. By using the concept of obsolescing political legitimacy, we argue that this legitimating strategy can lead to a loss of reputation and eventual illegitimacy when the host country undergoes significant social and institutional changes. When these changes take place, the domestic society can perceive that the multinational benefited from a previous social and institutional order increasingly considered as illegitimate. Under these circumstances, the new order will question the legitimacy of the multinational's operations, increasing the risk of expropriation. We illustrate our hypothesis with the case of the political strategies of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT) in Chile in the twentieth century.
Wars, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792–1815
Authors: Crouzet François
Published: December 2013

The wars which raged almost continuously from 1792 to 1815 and which are generally, but not quite properly, called in English the Napoleonic wars, are the longest period of warfare which Europe has known since the early eighteenth century, and as they took place at a crucial stage of economic development, when the Industrial Revolution had just taken off in England and when its preliminary stirrings were showing in various places of the Continent, their impact upon the growth of industry in Continental Europe was quite serious. Unlike the twentieth-century world wars, the Napoleonic wars were not marked by large-scale physical destruction; though the productive potential of some towns or districts suffered from military operations or civil disturbances, such destruction was quite limited in space and time. On the other hand, most European countries suffered during the wars from bouts of paper-money inflation, which had undoubtedly serious consequences—especially in France during the Revolution, when the working capital of many merchants and manufacturers was destroyed through the combination of a sharp rise in their costs, of price control under the maximum, and of payment of government orders in depreciated assignats. Also, the diversion of resources to military purposes and the heavy burden of taxation and exactions must not be underestimated.
The Joint Dynamics of Equity Market Factors
Authors: Christoffersen Peter , Langlois Hugues
Published: December 2013

The 4 equity market factors from Fama and French (1993) and Carhart (1997) are pervasive in academia and practice. However, not much is known about their joint distribution and dynamics. We find striking evidence of asymmetric tail dependence across the factors. While the linear factor correlations are small and even negative, the extreme correlations are large and positive, so that the linear correlations drastically overstate the benefits of diversification across the factors. We model the nonlinear factor dependence dynamics and explore their economic importance in a portfolio allocation experiment showing that significant economic value is earned when acknowledging nonlinear dependence.
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, and otolaryngology: review of the evidence
Authors: Aval S , Pabla L , Flood L M
Published: December 2013

Background:

The adoption of evidence-based practice is fundamental to good medical care; it ensures that intervention is clinically effective and safe. In a world of limited healthcare resources, consideration of cost-effectiveness must, unfortunately, restrict clinicians' choice. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has, for over 10 years, developed guidance to achieve a national consensus on best practice.

Objectives:

This review describes the Institute's methodology, examines guidance relevant to otolaryngology and presents more recent research to update the evidence.
XL.—The Linear Difference-differential Equation with Constant Coefficients
Authors: Wright E. M.
Published: December 2013

Under the condition that one at least of the leading coefficients amn, a0n differs from zero, the equation

has as solution a series convergent for all x greater (or all x less) than a fixed number. The coefficients of the various terms in the series are expressed in terms of the arbitrary values of the solution and its first n derivatives in an initial interval of appropriate length.

This paper was assisted in publication by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
Use of laboratory-based surveillance data to estimate the number of people chronically infected with hepatitis B living in Scotland
Authors: SCHNIER C. , WALLACE L. , TEMPELTON K. , AITKEN C. , GUNSON R. N. , MOLYNEAUX P. , McINTYRE P. , POVEY C. , GOLDBERG D. , HUTCHINSON S.
Published: December 2013

It is paramount to understand the epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B to inform national policies on vaccination and screening/testing as well as cost-effectiveness studies. However, information on the national (Scottish) prevalence of chronic hepatitis B by ethnic group is lacking. To estimate the number of people with chronic hepatitis B in Scotland in 2009 by ethnicity, gender and age, the test data from virology laboratories in the four largest cities in Scotland were combined with estimates of the ethnic distribution of the Scottish population. Ethnicity in both the test data and the Scottish population was derived using a name-based ethnicity classification software (OnoMAP; Publicprofiler Ltd, UK). For 2009, we estimated 8720 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7490–10 230] people aged ⩾15 years were living with chronic hepatitis B infection in Scotland. This corresponds to 0·2% (95% CI 0·17–0·24) of the Scottish population aged ⩾15 years. Although East and South Asians make up a small proportion of the Scottish population, they make up 44% of the infected population. In addition, 75% of those infected were aged 15–44 years with almost 60% male. This study quantifies for the first time on a national level the burden of chronic hepatitis B infection by ethnicity, gender and age. It confirms the importance of promoting and targeting ethnic minority groups for hepatitis B testing.
Imaging of Lipids, Metabolites and Drugs with Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lanekoff I. , Chu R. , Anderton C. , Mahoney C. , Paša-Tolić L. , Smith J. , Timchalk C. , Thomas M. , Carson J. , Burnum K. , Konopka A. , Laskin J.
Published: December 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Rivaroxaban Does Not Increase Hemorrhage after Thrombolysis in Experimental Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ploen Robert , Sun Li , Zhou Wei , Heitmeier Stefan , Zorn Markus , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Veltkamp Roland
Published: December 2013

The management of acute ischemic stroke during anticoagulation with a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) is challenging because intravenous thrombolysis is contraindicated because of a putative increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhagic complications. We examined the risk of secondary postischemic hemorrhage after thrombolysis in rodents pretreated with rivaroxaban or warfarin. Mice were pretreated with either rivaroxaban (30 mg/kg), warfarin (target international normalized ratio 2 to 3) or vehicle. After 2 or 3 hours, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), mice received 9 mg/kg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, secondary hemorrhage was quantified using a macroscopic hemorrhage score and hemoglobin spectrophotometry. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability was measured by Evans Blue spectrofluorometry. To increase the validity of our findings, experiments were also performed using a thromboembolic model in anticoagulated rats. Infarct size did not differ among groups. Pretreatment with warfarin led to significantly more secondary hemorrhage compared with rivaroxaban and nonanticoagulated controls after 2- and 3-hour ischemia in mice as well as in rats. Blood–brain barrier permeability was significantly higher in the warfarin group compared with rivaroxaban and control. Thus, rivaroxaban in contrast to warfarin does not increase secondary hemorrhage after thrombolysis in experimental cerebral ischemia. Less effects of rivaroxaban on postischemic BBB permeability may account for this difference.
Observation of possible topological in-gap surface states in the Kondo insulator SmB6 by photoemission
Authors: Jiang J. , Li S. , Zhang T. , Sun Z. , Chen F. , Ye Z.R. , Xu M. , Ge Q.Q. , Tan S.Y. , Niu X.H. , Xia M. , Xie B.P. , Li Y.F. , Chen X.H. , Wen H.H. , Feng D.L.
Published: December 2013

SmB6, a well-known Kondo insulator, exhibits a transport anomaly at low temperature. This anomaly is usually attributed to states within the hybridization gap. Recent theoretical work and transport measurements suggest that these in-gap states could be ascribed to topological surface states, which would make SmB6 the first realization of topological Kondo insulator. Here by performing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments, we directly observe several dispersive states within the hybridization gap of SmB6. These states show negligible kz dependence, which indicates their surface origin. Furthermore, we perform photoemission circular dichroism experiments, which suggest that the in-gap states possess chirality of the orbital angular momentum. These states vanish simultaneously with the hybridization gap at around 150 K. Together, these observations suggest the possible topological origin of the in-gap states.
Early urban impact on Mediterranean coastal environments
Authors: Kaniewski David , Van Campo Elise , Morhange Christophe , Guiot Joël , Zviely Dov , Shaked Idan , Otto Thierry , Artzy Michal
Published: December 2013

A common belief is that, unlike today, ancient urban areas developed in a sustainable way within the environmental limits of local natural resources and the ecosystem's capacity to respond. This long-held paradigm is based on a weak knowledge of the processes underpinning the emergence of urban life and the rise of an urban-adapted environment in and beyond city boundaries. Here, we report a 6000-year record of environmental changes around the port city of Akko (Acre), Israel, to analyse ecological processes and patterns stemming from the emergence and growth of urban life. We show that early urban development deeply transformed pre-existing ecosystems, swiftly leading to an urban environment already governed by its own ecological rules and this, since the emergence of the cities.
Surface topography regulates wnt signaling through control of primary cilia structure in mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: McMurray R. J. , Wann A. K. T. , Thompson C. L. , Connelly J. T. , Knight M. M.
Published: December 2013

The primary cilium regulates cellular signalling including influencing wnt sensitivity by sequestering β-catenin within the ciliary compartment. Topographic regulation of intracellular actin-myosin tension can control stem cell fate of which wnt is an important mediator. We hypothesized that topography influences mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) wnt signaling through the regulation of primary cilia structure and function. MSCs cultured on grooves expressed elongated primary cilia, through reduced actin organization. siRNA inhibition of anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT88) reduced cilia length and increased active nuclear β-catenin. Conversely, increased primary cilia assembly in MSCs cultured on the grooves was associated with decreased levels of nuclear active β-catenin, axin-2 induction and proliferation, in response to wnt3a. This negative regulation, on grooved topography, was reversed by siRNA to IFT88. This indicates that subtle regulation of IFT and associated cilia structure, tunes the wnt response controlling stem cell differentiation.
A microstereolithography resin based on thiol-ene chemistry: towards biocompatible 3D extracellular constructs for tissue engineering
Authors: Barker Ian A. , Ablett Matthew P. , Gilbert Hamish T. J. , Leigh Simon J. , Covington James A. , Hoyland Judith A. , Richardson Stephen M. , Dove Andrew P.
Published: December 2013

A new class of degradable aliphatic poly(carbonate) resins for use in microstereolithographic process is described.
Production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by light irradiation of a nitrosyl phthalocyanine ruthenium complex as a strategy for cancer treatment
Authors: Heinrich Tassiele A. , Tedesco Antonio Claudio , Fukuto Jon M. , da Silva Roberto Santana
Published: December 2013

Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species originated from [Ru(pc)(pz)2{Ru(bpy)2(NO)}2](PF6)6(I) have been postulated to act synergistically against cancer cells. NO is released from (I) by the reduction process and singlet oxygen formation by light irradiation at 660 nm.
Role of different platinum precursors on the formation and reaction mechanism of FePt nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic performance towards methanol oxidation
Authors: Sahu Niroj Kumar , Prakash Anand , Bahadur D.
Published: December 2013

Schematic representation of the formation of FePt NPs from different platinum precursors and a fixed iron precursor and their electrochemical activity towards methanol oxidation.
On-demand, competing gradient arrays for neutrophil chemotaxis
Authors: Cho Hansang , Hamza Bashar , Wong Elisabeth A. , Irimia Daniel
Published: December 2013

We designed a large-scale, pneumatic valve-controlled microfluidic platform to quantify human neutrophil hierarchical responses to competing chemoattractant gradients.
Catalytic and mechanistic studies into the epoxidation of styrenes using manganese complexes of structurally similar polyamine ligands
Authors: Ilyashenko Gennadiy , De Faveri Giorgio , Follier Thomas , Al-Safadi Rawan , Motevalli Majid , Watkinson Michael
Published: December 2013

The synthesis and catalytic activity of manganese(ii) complexes of two polyamine ligands is reported which highlights how a small structural change in the ligand affects the overall catalytic behaviour.
Organocatalytic enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes
Authors: Alegre-Requena Juan V. , Marqués-López Eugenia , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: December 2013

We report our results concerning the first squaramide-catalysed hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes.
Hierarchically porous graphene sheets and graphitic carbon nitride intercalated composites for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Qiu Kaipei , Guo Zheng Xiao
Published: December 2013

The hierarchically porous graphene sheets/graphitic carbon nitride intercalated composites are promising alternatives to platinum-based oxygen reduction catalysts.
The effect of alloying on the oxygen reduction reaction activity of carbon-supported PtCu and PtPd nanorods
Authors: Tseng Yi-Chia , Chen Hong-Shuo , Liu Chen-Wei , Yeh Tzu-Hau , Wang Kuan-Wen
Published: December 2013

The one-dimensional structure and the electronic modification effect result in the excellent ORR activity and durability of Pt3Pd nanorods synergistically.
Asymmetric supercapacitors based on nano-architectured nickel oxide/graphene foam and hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh-rate performance
Authors: Wang Huanwen , Yi Huan , Chen Xiao , Wang Xuefeng
Published: December 2013

An asymmetric supercapacitor with ultrahigh-rate performance is fabricated using NiO/GF and hierarchical N-doped CNTs as positive and negative electrodes, respectively.
Milking permission and milking intervals in a pasture-based automatic milking system
Authors: Lyons N. A. , Kerrisk K. L. , Garcia S. C.
Published: December 2013

In a pasture-based, automatic milking system, a proportion of milking events occur with milking intervals (MI) >16 h (extended MI). Additionally, cows necessarily walk longer distances than in indoor-based systems. The decision to milk a cow is based on milking permission criteria, which are generally based on time since last milking but can often take into account expected yield as well. Any cow arriving at the dairy and that does not receive milking permission is drafted to a pasture allocation, but it is not known whether milking refusal influences total time of return and therefore MI. Data from a 33-day period from the FutureDairy pasture-based, automatic milking system research farm using a prototype robotic rotary were analysed to investigate the hypothesis that a greater proportion of milking events occurring with extended MI would correspond to cows that had experienced a previous milking refusal. If this were the case then management practices could be implemented to deal with cows that visit the dairy soon after the last milking event. Results indicate that one-third of milking events had extended MI, although only 16% of them had a previous milking refusal. The average refusal took place 3 h after the last milking event and caused extended MI in >60% of the cases. This indicated that although attention should be placed on cows that returned to the dairy before milking permission (because they were likely to have an extended MI), milking refusals were not the main cause of extended MI. Therefore, cows that visit the dairy facility earlier than expected could be sorted to a feeding area close to the dairy, yet the greatest impact on overall MI will probably be achieved by reducing time spent in any one pasture allocation.
Covalent EGFR inhibitor analysis reveals importance of reversible interactions to potency and mechanisms of drug resistance
Authors: Schwartz Phillip A. , Kuzmic Petr , Solowiej James , Bergqvist Simon , Bolanos Ben , Almaden Chau , Nagata Asako , Ryan Kevin , Feng Junli , Dalvie Deepak , Kath John C. , Xu Meirong , Wani Revati , Murray Brion William
Published: December 2013

Significance

Covalent kinase inhibition strategies are reemerging, but critical gaps in the understanding of molecular determinants of potency still persist. A kinetic approach is developed to describe the components of overall inhibitor potency (reversible binding and chemical reactivity). Detailed kinetic descriptions of EGFR covalent drugs are provided. Reversible interactions of covalent inhibitors are found to be essential to biochemical and cellular potency. A dynamic linkage between available affinity and necessary reactivity is proposed. Cysteine oxidation is an emerging type of posttranslational modification. Specific oxidation of the EGF receptor cysteine nucleophile causes highly variable effects on inhibitor potency. Two mechanisms of drug resistance are identified (reversible cysteine–inhibitor warhead interactions and specific cysteine oxidation) as well as a rational framework for understanding and designing covalent inhibitors.
Salmonella
exploits NLRP12-dependent innate immune signaling to suppress host defenses during infection
Authors: Zaki Md. Hasan , Man Si Ming , Vogel Peter , Lamkanfi Mohamed , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
Published: December 2013

Significance

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium (
S. typhimurium
) is a bacterial foodborne pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptor family pyrin domain containing 12 NLRP12 is a key innate immune molecule that regulates intestinal inflammation and cancer. However, its physiological function in microbial infection is not fully understood. We found that NLRP12 is a key suppressor of innate immune signaling during salmonellosis. Mice lacking NLRP12 are hyperresistant to
S. typhimurium
infection, and macrophages deficient in NLRP12 produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other molecules contributing to pathogen clearance. Our work revealed that NLRP12-mediated dampening of host immune defenses is used by
S. typhimurium
to ensure its persistence and survival in host tissues. Modulation of NLRP12 activity could be useful in the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis.
Divisors, line bundles and Jacobians
Authors: Donaldson Simon
Published: December 2013

This chapter first examines cohomology and line bundles, covering sheaves and cohomology, line bundles and projective embeddings, and divisors and unique factorisation. It then turns to Jacobians of Riemann surfaces, covering the Abel-Jacobi Theorem; abstract theory; and the geometry of symmetric products. It concludes by examining the special case when Σ has genus 2, so that Jac(Σ) is a complex surface and there is a surjective map j : Sym2( Σ) → Jac.
Surfaces, interfaces and reflectivity
Authors: Sivia D. S.
Published: December 2013

This chapter focuses on the case of specular reflectivity as an example of elastic scattering. This type of experiment is used in the study of layered materials, and is a good starting point because it simplifies to a one-dimensional problem. The geometrical setup for specular reflectivity comprises a beam of X-rays, or neutrons, of wavelength impinges at a grazing angle on a planar sample, and the fraction that bounce back with the same attributes is ascertained. These measurements are repeated for different angles at a given wavelength, or the other way around with a multichromatic source, and yield the reflectivity curve R(Q). An example presented here involves three alternating layers of two materials deposited on a substrate. For simplicity, all the thicknesses have been made the same. Rather than relating the corresponding reflectivity curve to the SLD depth profile analytically, it is understood qualitatively through the help of the physical insight into Fourier transforms.
Motion in a spherically-symmetric potential
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter covers problems that deal with discrete spectrum states in central fields; low-energy states; symmetries of the Coulomb problem; and systems with axial symmetry.
Spin
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter analyzes problems on spin s = ½; spin-orbital states with spin s = ½ (higher spins); spin density matrix (angular distributions in decays); bound states of spin-orbit-coupled particles; and coherent-state spin path-integral.
Motion in a magnetic field
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter analyzes issues that deal with stationary states in a magnetic field; time-dependent quantum mechanics in a magnetic field; and the magnetic field of the orbital currents and spin magnetic moment.
Identical particles; Second quantization
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter analyzes issues that deal with quantum statistics (symmetry of wavefunctions); elements of the second quantization formalism (the occupation-number representation); and the simplest systems with a large number of particles.
Particle collisions
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter looks at problems that deal with the Born approximation; scattering theory (partial-wave analysis); low-energy scattering (resonant scattering); scattering of fast particles (Eikonal approximation); scattering of particles with spin; analytic properties of the scattering amplitude; and scattering of composite quantum particles (inelastic collisions).
Relativistic wave equations
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter deals with problems related to the Klein-Gordon equation and the Dirac equation.
The Grand Unified Theory of Computation
Authors: Cristopher Moore
Published: December 2013

This chapter explores a universal notion of computation, first by describing Charles Babbage's vision of a mechanical device that can perform any calculation as well as David Hilbert's dream of a mechanical procedure capable of proving or refuting any mathematical claim. It then considers the universality of modern computers and the undecidability of certain problems, explores diagonalization and the Halting Problem, and discusses Kurt Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem. It also looks at the three models of computation proposed in the early twentieth century — partial recursive functions, the lambda-calculus, and Turing machines — and show that they are all equivalent to each other and can carry out any conceivable computation. The chapter concludes by considering universal computation and undecidability in tilings of the plane, products of fractions, and the motions of a chaotic system.
Memory, Paths, and Games
Authors: Moore Cristopher , Mertens Stephan
Published: December 2013

Both time and memory are limited resources in the real world, but a fundamental difference between the two is that the latter can be reused. The gap between determinism and nondeterministic computation — that is, between finding a solution and checking one — is considerably smaller with memory than it is with time. This chapter explores how various amounts of memory can be used to solve complexity classes of problems either deterministically or nondeterministically. It shows how these classes highlight the difficulty of finding a path through an enormous graph, or finding a winning strategy against a clever opponent. It illustrates computational complexity in mazes, wooden puzzles, and board games thousands of years old. The chapter first discusses the computer's state space, the relationship between space-bounded computation and reachability, paths, and symmetric space. It then examines how nondeterminism works in the space-bounded case and proves that reachability is NL-complete. It also considers middle-first search and nondeterministic space, along with the word game Geography and the Asian game of Go.
Physical-chemical environment of microbes
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: December 2013

Many physical-chemical properties affecting microbes are familiar to ecologists examining large organisms in our visible world. This chapter starts by reviewing the basics of these properties, such as temperature effects and the importance of water for microbes in soils. Another important property – pH – has direct effects on organisms and indirect effects via how hydrogen ions determine the chemical form of key molecules and compounds in nature. Oxygen content is also critical, as it essential to the survival of all but a few eukaryotes. Light is used as an energy source by phototrophs, but it can have deleterious effects on microbes, especially ultraviolet light. In addition to these familiar factors, the small size of microbes sets limits on their physical world. Microbes are said to live in a ‘low Reynolds number environment’. When the Reynolds number is smaller than about one, viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. For a macroscopic organism like us, moving in a low Reynolds number environment would seem like swimming in molasses. The chapter also provides an overview of the physical environment of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and ends with a discussion of how the physical-chemical environment of microbes in biofilms is quite different from that of free-living organisms.