bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolving Economy
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 further develops economic evolution powered by informational selection. We observe that in economic evolution, institutions play an important role, and many new issues not encountered in Natural Selection appear. Economic evolution often does not take place by pure selection (choosing or eliminating), but by building an elaborate institution. For giant institutions such as global platforms, the numbers from which to choose are probably very few, but selection is nevertheless always present, as it operates on the smaller units. An important barrier against informational selection is communication costs, which steadily trend downwards and include collecting, transmitting, ranking, sorting, filtering, and analyzing.
From Servants of the Empire to Everyday Heroes
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

In the twentieth century the British Crown appointed around a hundred thousand people, military and civilian, in Britain and the British Empire to honours and titles. For outsiders, and sometimes recipients too, these jumbles of letters are tantalizingly confusing: OM, MBE, GCVO, CH, KB, or CBE. Throughout the century this system expanded to include more different kinds of people, while also shrinking in its imperial scope with the declining empire. Through these dual processes this profoundly hierarchical system underwent a seemingly counter-intuitive change: it democratized. Why and how did the British government change this system? And how did its various publics respond to it? This book addresses these questions directly by looking at the history of the honours system as a whole in the wider context of some of the major historical changes in Britain and the British Empire in the twentieth century. In particular, it looks at the evolution of this hierarchical, deferential system amidst democratization and decolonization. It focuses on the system’s largest—and most important—components: the Order of the British Empire, the Knight Bachelor, and the lower ranks of other Orders. By creatively analyzing the politics and administration of the system alongside popular responses to it using diaries, letters, newspapers, and memoirs, it shows the many different meanings that honours took on for the establishment, dissidents, and recipients. It also shows the ways in which the system succeeded and failed to order and bring together divided societies.
Introduction
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

The introduction discusses existing literature on honours systems around the world and, in particular, in Britain. It draws attention to some of the ways in which people have obscured or downplayed the centrality of honours to important social and political processes in Britain and the British Empire. It also briefly compares the British system to other international honours systems and how scholars have analyzed them. It discusses in some detail the relationship between party politics, the civil service, colonial governments, the monarchy, and civil society institutions in nominating people for honours.
People’s War, People’s Heroes? 1939–1945
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the changes, controversies, and continuities of the Second World War. Unlike the honorific revolution effected by the creation and wide use of the Order of the British Empire in the First World War, the Second was a time of careful control and continuity in the British government’s use of honours. The honours system focused on rewarding technocrats over volunteers, while also being careful to selectively integrate unions and Labour politicians rather than resisting their increased importance. In terms of certain social institutions, including honours, the Second World War was a period of continuity rather than change. Intuitively, the period between 1939 and 1960 seems revolutionary for Britain because of decolonization and the rise of the welfare state. However the “ideological apparatus of the state,” of which honours were an important part, was left intact during the wider “transwar” period, leading to continuities as well as breaks in the power of established institutions.
The Re-enchanted Hierarchy, 1970–2004
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

At the end of the twentieth century there were major reforms to the honours system. These were connected to larger processes of social change following the political and social shifts of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1993 the honours system was revised by John Major and civil servants concerned about its reputation as class-based and automatic for civil servants. The lower ranks of the Order of the British Empire (which make up a majority of total honours given out) were reoriented towards voluntary service and away from professional state service. Honours became a way of paying volunteers to do work once done by the state using social capital rather than money. This chapter also details the relationship between these changes and the role of the monarchy in British society. After 1948, all British recipients of honours at the level of MBE and above were entitled to visit Buckingham Palace and receive their award from a royal personage. Autobiographical writing suggests a set of characteristic experiences and feelings. Many who recorded their experiences not only celebrated their encounter, but also expressed empathy with the monarch, affirming both the normalcy of the royal family and also their special status. John Major’s reforms (and similar ones that followed them in the early 2000s) thus reintegrated two functions of the monarchy—its role as the affirmer of national merit through the honours system and its status as the leader of the voluntary sector in Britain.
The Good Friday Agreement, 1998: Negotiation
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses the process by which the Northern Ireland parties finally engaged in comprehensive negotiations that included Sinn Féin. The Framework Documents offered a blueprint for these discussions. The chapter notes the difficulties of securing Sinn Féin participation, which came only with the advent of a new (Labour) government in 1997, and at the cost of the withdrawal of Ian Paisley’s Democratic Unionist Party in protest at this. The set of interviews that documents this process covers the perspectives of the British and Irish governments and of the two main nationalist and unionist parties. The interviews illustrate vividly the painful process of negotiation and compromise that resulted finally in the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.
Protecting the Value of Investments
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: February 2020

The aim of the chapter is to trace the origin and evolution of the expropriation provision in modern investment treaties. Two main findings stem from the present analysis. First, the original aim of the expropriation provision in modern investment treaties was to afford foreign investors a wide level of protection vis-à-vis a host State’s conduct that deprived the investor of the value of its investments. Second, while many investment treaty tribunals have initially adhered to this broad understanding in line with the ‘sole-effect’ doctrine, an increasing number of investment tribunals have recently adopted a more cautious approach, both restricting the notion of expropriatory effect and increasing the relevance of the public policy of the allegedly expropriatory measure (pursuant to the ‘police powers’ doctrine).
A North American Perspective
Authors: Watkin Kenneth
Published: February 2020

The chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the overlap of the laws of armed conflict and international human rights law from a North American perspective. It adds a regionally focused analysis of the US and Canadian approach to the relationship of IHRL and LOAC in extraterritorial, multinational operations. The chapter explains why exclusionary approaches are favoured both in Northern America and Europe. The United States and Canada apply international humanitarian law while Europe privileges human rights law. These approaches are impacted by the lack of a regional human rights tribunal exerting jurisdiction in these North American countries, their common law roots, as well as the involvement of Canada and the US militaries in expeditionary operations. However, it is evident that military forces, regardless of whether they are deployed from Europe or North America, must apply human rights law as they confront the contemporary insurgent and terrorist threats.
A European Perspective on the International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Relationship in the Context of Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Zyberi Gentian , Andersson Anna
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyses from a European perspective the complex relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) in the context of multinational military operations. In construing a European perspective, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is given specific attention. Due attention is also paid to relevant documents by the Council of Europe (CoE), the EU, UN organs, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), as well as state practice. The chapter adopts an instrumental approach, inquiring whether the interaction between IHRL and IHL helps to ensure a higher level of protection for civilians and civilian objects from the effects of armed conflicts. After discussing their shared foundational value, namely protecting human dignity, the degree of convergence between IHRL and IHL is assessed in four main areas, namely the protection of civilians, the right to humanitarian assistance, detention, and the right to reparations for victims of armed conflicts.
Law Enforcement Activities in Peacekeeping and Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Olásolo Héctor , Tenorio-Obando Felipe , Díaz Sergio Andrés , Varón Antonio
Published: February 2020

The chapter is devoted to the legal difficulties military missions face when fighting crime in times of armed conflict. Organized crime is a destabilizing factor that often interlinks with and is particularly prevalent in situations of armed conflict. Multinational military operations are therefore frequently simultaneously engaged in genuine military operations as well as traditional law enforcement and policing tasks and thereby operate at the intersection of the laws of armed conflict and IHRL. The question which law governs law enforcement operations such as counter-drug operations in the context of an armed conflict, that is, in a scenario in which the laws of armed conflict undoubtedly apply, remains contested. What lessons can be learned and how has this problem been dealt with in practice? Can these lessons be transposed to contemporary multinational military operations?
Detention in the Context of Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Hartmann Jacques
Published: February 2020

The chapter zooms in on the specific issue of detention in the context of multinational military operations. The Serdar Mohammed case (UK), the Hassan case (ECtHR), as well as the ICRC’s ongoing project to strengthen the legal protections in relation to detention in times of non-international armed conflict, have unearthed various loopholes and legal challenges in the contemporary humanitarian legal framework. What is more, even when multinational military operations operate outside the context of an armed conflict, the legal basis and applicable legal constraints with regard to detention are often unclear. The ECtHR’s Medvedyev case as well as discussions in the context of the Copenhagen process on the handling of detainees in international military operations are relevant cases in point. It is against this background that the chapter analyses applicable legal bases, procedures and constraints with regard to detention in the context of multinational military operations.
International Human Rights Law and Extraterritorial Hostilities
Authors: Ronen Yaël
Published: February 2020

This chapter challenges received wisdom that states, operating individually or participating in multinational military operations, are bound by international human rights treaty law when participating in extraterritorial hostilities. It shows that the mechanism for implementing international treaty law is unworkable in such situations. The chapter also demonstrates the shortcomings of the lex specialis doctrine to reach the applicability of international human rights law, by focusing on human rights not explicitly regulated under the laws of hostilities. The chapter suggests that by preserving jurisdiction as a requisite for the applicability of international human rights treaty law, the overreach of the latter into situations of hostilities can be prevented.
The Coordinating and Steering Function of Status of Forces Agreements
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the role of status of forces agreements (SOFAs) in extraterritorial military missions. Addressing typical problems of the negotiation process, the enactment of SOFAs, and their implementation as a cooperative effort, the author highlights the difference between declaratory and constitutive elements of SOFA provisions and emphasizes that practical implementation measures should be considered right from the beginning and throughout the negotiation process. Furthermore, he proposes a development of policy guidelines on important aspects of military operations, such as respecting human rights and protecting the natural environment. To support an effective settlement of possible disputes, SOFAs should exclude recourse to third parties or courts and provide for dispute settlement by negotiation at the lowest possible level.
Accountability and Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Starski Paulina
Published: February 2020

The chapter focuses on the rules on ‘international legal responsibility’ of states and international organizations as one scheme of holding actors of multinational military operations ‘accountable’. It shows that the ‘pluriverse’ of multilevel military operations gravitates in terms of ‘legal accountability’ around three basic sub-problems: the ‘attribution of conduct’, the ‘attribution of responsibility’, and the allocation of secondary obligations stemming from responsibility. With respect to these matters, the actors involved and the various overlapping spheres of control they exercise over multinational military operations pose a major challenge that international legal scholarship has yet to address in a satisfactory manner. In that regard—so the key argument—‘multiple attribution’ and ‘multiple responsibility’ appear as feasible concepts to process the realities of multinational military operations in a manner that would facilitate the accountability of relevant actors.
Protecting the Environment during Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Das Onita
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines issues concerning the protection of the environment during multinational military operations. Taking into consideration the International Law Commission’s (ILC) recent work regarding the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts, this contribution devotes particular attention to the preventive and remedial measures suggested in the Special Rapporteur’s reports. The chapter does, however, go beyond the ILC’s ongoing work on environmental protection in the context of armed conflict by extending its focus on exploring how multinational military operations generally—that is whether within or outside of armed conflicts—are influenced by other bodies of international law, namely international criminal law, international environmental law, and international human rights law.
The Involvement of Private Security Companies in Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Liu Hin-Yan
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines the involvement of private security companies in multinational military operations. It is quite common that various tasks that are relevant to a mission’s mandate are ‘outsourced’ to private military companies and security providers. This involvement of private security providers further adds to the (legal) complexity of the mission because it brings in the legal dimension of the contracting state, the home state, and the territorial state, as well as an additional private actor. The specific focus of this chapter is on the question of how rules (and soft-law standards) applicable to private security providers interact with the legal framework and rules applicable to the mission as a whole.
Performing Epic or Telling Tales
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

Performing Epic or Telling Tales takes the new millennium as a starting point for an exploration of the turn to narrative in twenty-first-century theatre, which is often also a turn to Graeco-Roman epic. However, the dominant focus of Performing Epic is less on ‘what’ the recent epic turn in the theatre consists of than ‘why’ it seems to be so prevalent. The authors explain this turn with reference not only to the translation and scholarly histories of the epics but also to earlier performance traditions and, notably, to recent theoretical debates relating to text-based ‘drama’ and performance based ‘theatre’. What is perhaps most remarkable about this epic turn is not simply the sheer number of outstanding performances that it has produced; it is also that recent practice appears to have outstripped much theoretical discussion about theatre. In chapters ranging from spoken word performances to ballet, from the use of machines and technology, to performances that make space for voices occluded by the ancient epics, Performing Epic seeks to contextualize and explain the ‘narrative’/storytelling (re-)turn in recent live performances—a turn that regularly entails engagement with ancient Graeco-Roman epics, which provide poets, playwrights, artists, and theatre makers with a storehouse of rich, often perceived as ‘raw’, material. Refigured and refracted for the modern era, the epics of ancient Greece and Rome are found to be particularly revealing, and particularly ‘telling’ of the contemporary wider cultural sphere.
Telling Tales with Machines
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

The connections between epic performances and technological innovation are longstanding, dating from the invention of the mechane in the fifth century bce. In the early modern period they encompass Inigo Jones’ extraordinary scenic innovations, which he introduced in direct imitation of the Italians for the Court Masques in England from 1604 to 1640. With his complex machinery, Jones was able to effect movement across time and space and, especially, for the gods in his retellings. These scenic innovations, which were to endure for at least the next two-and-a-half centuries, were in many ways dictated by, and heavily dependent upon, epic’s divine machinery, its spectacular encounters and its multiple locations. Yet in 1781 the philosopher and critic James Harris praises Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus and George Lillo’s Fatal Curiosity (1737) because they both avoid ‘using Machines, Deities, Prodigies, Spectres or anything else incomprehensible, or incredible’. The ‘merveilleux’ of tragedy, and especially the machines used to usher it into the action, were now deemed deeply problematic in the theatre of bourgeois realism. Throughout the nineteenth and for much of the twentieth century, the machinery associated with the gods was confined to ballet and opera. In recent years, however, in what is regularly dubbed the contemporary ‘posthuman’ world, where the boundaries between human and machine are increasingly blurred and artificial intelligences are not merely tools but potentially independent agencies, thinking about gods from machines has taken on new resonances.
Telling Other Tales
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

Chapter 6 examines the various ways in which the Bakhtinian heteroglossia of epic performances has been created: by the use of a participating bardic figure, who extends the Brechtian role of narrator/commentator to assume agency within both the fictional and actual worlds of the spectators; by their space-time settings; and by both their live-ness in, and their aliveness to, the immediate performance context. Since the time of the Modernists, led by Joyce and Woolf in Britain and Oswaldo de Andrade in Brazil, epic has begun to be re-envisioned; rather than a genre in which to retell the heroic narratives of a nation, it has become a place where the voices of those previously overshadowed and neglected are finally given space. Derek Walcott’s The Odyssey: A Stage Version, Suzan-Lori Parks’ Father Comes Home from the Wars, and Lisa Petersen and Denis O’Hare’s An Iliad each do this in different ways, giving voice to those whose narratives were occluded in the ancient epics.
Remains
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 1 explores the smallest-scale expression of the writer’s house museum, the reliquary, through investigating the history of affective investment in the remains of the authorial body. The discussion is framed and exemplified by the biographies of Robert Burns’ skull and John Keats’ hair, but also touches upon ways in which the mortal remains of Ariosto, Petrarch, Shakespeare, and Schiller have been imagined and preserved. The chapter discusses the ways in which the mortal likeness of authors was preserved and transmitted by admirers through acquiring authors’ bones, making casts of their skulls, taking life and death masks, and taking, gifting, and displaying authors’ hair.
Clothing
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 3 investigates ways of figuring the author’s doubled body, physical and textual, through clothing. It contrasts the ways that male and female authorial clothing has been imagined and displayed within the writer’s house museum to animate ideas of the author. It discusses, inter alia, Dorothy Wordsworth’s shoes, William Cowper’s nightcap, Henrik Ibsen’s top-hat, Elizabeth Gaskell’s shawl, Charlotte Brontë’s wedding-bonnet, and Emily Dickinson’s white dress. It argues that the display of clothing within the writer’s museum converts writing into biography. In this common museum trope, clothing is seen to take and preserve the most intimate and truthful form of its wearer, and to survive as witness to it. Clothing displaces the intimacy and truth of writing; text is converted into textile.
Glass
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 6 meditates upon the function of glass as a medium of ‘enchantment’ in the writer’s house museum. It considers how and to what effect objects are co-located and assembled within the vitrine as the basic meme of the museum and, with special reference to Virginia Woolf’s Monk’s House, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Old Manse, and Sigmund Freud’s apartment in Vienna, how eye-glasses, windows, and mirrors relate to tropes of authorial vision and authorial invisibility and immateriality. It argues that glass is the material by which the museum thinks through, dramatizes, and fetishizes impossibilities: the desire to see the writer in the flesh, the desire to see what the writer once saw; the desire to share the writer’s vision.
Outhouses
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 forays into visionary spaces occupied by writers beyond the domestic. It explores how the processes of writing are imagined within, and more usually beyond, the everyday domestic, with time outside the public hours of the day, and space behind, above, or beyond the public spaces of the house. With special reference to William Cowper’s summerhouse, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s hermitage at Ermenonville, Henry Thoreau’s cabin by Walden Pond, Alexandre Dumas’ Gothic folly, and Vita Sackville-West’s tower at Sissinghurst, it considers how writers have dramatized the writing life as an enviable life of the imagination led beyond the everyday and the ordinary, enabling it to plunge its roots deep into wider, national landscapes.
Introduction
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

Science had virtually no public standing before the beginning of the nineteenth century. This chapter illustrates the transformation that occurred in that era, and sets out a case for exploring the kinds of questions raised in the book proper if we are to understand this transformation. It identifies developments from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, and highlights the kinds of issues that we must deal with if we are to understand these developments.
Science and the Origins of Civilization
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the way in which the understanding of civilization shifted away from religious, political, social, and artistic achievements in the direction of science in the course of the modern era. The idea that the uniqueness of the West consisted in its Christian heritage was undermined by Voltaire’s exploration of the values of Chinese culture, and d’Alembert’s argument that learning in Europe had stagnated in the Middle Ages. The answer to this stagnation was perceived to lie in science because science was the only effective weapon against superstition. Underlying the discussion is the question of the relation between science, civilization, and modernity.
The Evolution of Civilization
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries science was promoted as the key to the progress that was now associated with civilization. In Comte’s influential Cours de Philosophie Positive, society was to be reformed on a resolutely scientific basis, and two kinds of development of a Comtean programme are distinguished: Buckle’s explicitly Comtean attempt to place the historical understanding of civilization on a scientific basis, and Spencer’s attempt to account for the evolution of civilization along biological lines. In this chapter the uptake of these ideas in the East is examined, and the question of the role of technology in the development of civilization is raised.
The Unity of the Physical Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter looks at whether the relations between the physical sciences could actually have followed the reductionist, hierarchical approach that many have assumed. The aim is to show in some detail the intractable problems that dogged attempts to unify physics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The importance of an extra-theoretical, experimental tradition in physics is stressed, and significant attention devoted to the development of electromagnetism and energy physics, which has the strongest claim to unificatory ambitions. More generally, the chapter explores the rationales behind unification, distinguishing it from establishing consistency between theories.
The Autonomy of the Life Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the development of physiology and the reductionist aspirations of nineteenth-century physiology. It is shown that the scientific standing of physiology is not dependent on the extent to which it can be reduced to the physical and material sciences, and that the distinctiveness of the life sciences, what marks them out as autonomous with respect to the physical and material sciences, does not depend on their ability to secure the existence of some non-physical force which distinctively shapes and guides biological processes. A central argument is that the notion of emergent properties, rather than being an alternative to reductionism, is actually designed to save it, and that, from an explanatory point of view, it is empty. At the same time, the attempt to formulate questions of emergent properties in terms of ontology is a criticized as a way of thinking about scientific explanation.
Understanding the World
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

Philosophy was redefined at the end of the nineteenth century in response to claims that science exhausted everything that could be known, and that consequently philosophy could no longer continue to play any role in our understanding of the world. In finding a new role for philosophy, the Neo-Kantians construed it as form of clarification and systematization of science. The argument was that the legitimacy of science as the pre-eminent form of understanding the world depended on its unity, but it could not establish this relying on its own resources: for that, philosophy, qua theory of the foundations of science, was needed. Philosophy completes science, by establishing its unity on an a priori basis. But Neo-Kantian attempts to ‘ground’ science in philosophy raise the question whether philosophy is best placed to provide such grounding, and these questions came to a head in the wake of the Great War.
Technology and the Limits of Scientific Theorizing
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

There are two questions central to understanding the nature and role of technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First, there is the problem of how technology engages with science. To the extent to which science and technology can be integrated, what might once have been thought of as scientific developments should in fact be conceived in terms of a mixture of theory, experiment, and theory-free invention. This unstable mixture is what confers on ‘science’ its unruly character. Second, there is a great difference in the values of science and engineering and their approaches to problem solving, evident in physical and engineering approaches to aerodynamics in the early decades of the twentieth century. The association of science and engineering means that we must take seriously the non-discursive products of science, particularly machines, and then we encounter questions very different from those that concern us in the study of ‘pure’ science.
The Modernization of the Population
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

The ‘civilizing process’ comes to be articulated in scientific terms in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Central to this exercise is the establishment of norms for everything from bodily proportions to social behaviour. These developments were linked to worries about the degeneration of the population. Eugenics, which identified favourable and unfavourable inherited traits, promoted the former and advocated measures to inhibit reproduction of the latter. As part of this process, what emerged was the invention of the modern notion of ‘intelligence’, which now becomes a criterion of social standing, notionally replacing those of class, race, and birth. This chapter examines a shift of mentality inherent in these developments, in the concern to shape the population into the kinds of people who can occupy a scientifically modelled form of civilization. At the core of this lies the shift from reason to rationality, and we explore some of the consequences of this shift.
Modern Sentimentalism
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

Modern Sentimentalism examines how American female novelists reinvented sentimentalism in the modernist period. Just as the birth of the modern woman has long been imagined as the death of sentimental feeling, modernist literary innovation has been understood to reject sentimental aesthetics. Modern Sentimentalism reframes these perceptions of cultural evolution. Taking up icons such as the New Woman, the flapper, the free lover, the New Negro woman, and the divorcée, this book argues that these figures embody aspects of a traditional sentimentality while also recognizing sentiment as incompatible with ideals of modern selfhood. These double binds equally beleaguer the protagonists and shape the styles of writers like Willa Cather, Edith Wharton, Anita Loos, and Jessie Fauset. ‘Modern sentimentalism’ thus translates nineteenth-century conventions of sincerity and emotional fulfillment into the skeptical, self-conscious modes of interwar cultural production. Reading canonical and underexamined novels in concert with legal briefs, scientific treatises, and other transatlantic period discourse, and combining traditional and quantitative methods of archival research, Modern Sentimentalism demonstrates that feminine feeling, far from being peripheral to twentieth-century modernism, animates its central principles and preoccupations.
Introduction
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

The Introduction describes the vital rebirth in sentiment’s lived and literary form that occurs in interwar America. The result is an aesthetic of “modern sentimentalism.” The chapter defines this aesthetic of mixed feelings as it captures the conflicted affective dynamics of icons of modern femininity and the stylistic practices of interwar female novelists. The chapter discusses the assumptions that have led scholars to overlook this aesthetic’s purchase in modernist literature and culture, and indicates its consequences for understandings of modernity, sentiment, and interwar gender and affect. The chapter lays out the study’s methodology, which synthesizes traditional and quantitative research methods, features a transatlantic archive of period discourse and critical theory, and establishes a novel approach to evaluating literary affect. The chapter concludes that the crisis in female character can be best understood as a matter of practical experience and lived reality, not a problem of abstract representation.
Willa Cather and the New Woman’s “Un-Sentimental Sort of Success”
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

Chapter 1 discusses a paradigmatic New Woman narrative, Willa Cather’s 1915 The Song of the Lark, in which Cather ostensibly reclaims sentiment for the New Woman, only to place her female opera singer in sentimental relation to art, not domesticity. The chapter analyzes the Künstlerroman’s unorthodox marriage plot as it stages the conflicts of New Woman sexuality. The chapter further explores Cather’s use of a New Woman artist to reconfigure the role of emotion in the aesthetic encounter, and links this representational paradigm to both the nascent neurophysiological concept of empathy and the modernist ideal articulated by T. S. Eliot’s dissociation of sensibility. Reiterating stereotypes of traditional sentimental reading as uncritical, overemotional, and unsophisticated, Lark develops and endorses a self-conscious and discerning alternative.
Elegant Interpretations
Authors: Williams J. Robert G.
Published: February 2020

This chapter is the third of three that sets out a metaphysics of linguistic representation, and the focus here is on the way that correct linguistic interpretation is selected. The correct interpretation is the best theory of the linguistic conventions, and the best theory optimizes simplicity (elegance) and fit with the data. It is argued that elegance should be understood relative to the language-users’ pooled conceptual repertoire, and the combined theory of representation in language and thought is wielded to resolve indeterminacy puzzles. The appeal to simplicity/elegance in this context is compared to appeals to simplicity/elegance in the context of the metaphysics of mental content, where a rather different approach was examined. The compatibility of the two approaches is assessed.
Technē and archē in Plato’s Republic Book 1
Authors: Lane Melissa
Published: February 2020

Socrates’ refutation of Thrasymachus in Republic Book 1 is usually read as hinging on the nature of technē (often translated as ‘craft’ or ‘skill’; I translate as ‘profession’). This paper argues that it hinges at least as much on a link drawn between technē (or at least between a group of therapeutic technai), and the phenomenon of rule (archē, noun; archein, verb). It is this move by Socrates that ultimately enables him to sublate Thrasymachus’ original definition. Whereas Thrasymachus had offered a claim about the political domination by the strong over the weak, Socrates invokes a general claim about rule as such to argue that the advantage of rulers can lie only in exercising their rule as completely and perfectly as possible. It is the nature of rule and not the nature of crafts or professions alone that generates this result.
Practical Truth in Aristotle
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: February 2020

In explaining the nature of phronēsis in Nicomachean Ethics 6, Aristotle invokes what he calls ‘practical truth’. The paper distinguishes and adjudicates between several interpretations of the puzzling phrase, including that of G. E. M. Anscombe. Its main tool of analysis is a distinction between semantic or assertoric truth, and truth in some richer-than-semantic sense. This distinction is illustrated from Aristotelian texts outside the Nicomachean Ethics. In conclusion, the paper reflects on the question of what the notion of practical truth contributes to the argument of the Nicomachean Ethics.
Becoming Bad
Authors: Barney Rachel
Published: February 2020

Aristotle says little about moral badness [kakia], but his four central claims about it suffice to entail a rich and plausible account. Badness is the disposition opposed to virtue, and so symmetrical with it in various ways; it is acquired by habituation; it is unlike akrasia in that the bad person’s reason endorses his wrong actions; and this endorsement involves the exercise of a corrupted reason. The activity of corrupted reason must be a kind of (as we now say) motivated reasoning—rationalization, denial and the like—which serves to conceal the correct ends of action from the corrupt person and to sustain their habitual bad behaviour. Although badness is located in the non-rational soul, it is this corruption of reason which turns it into a stable disposition.
Jacob the Cynic
Authors: Laks André
Published: February 2020

Jacob Burckhardt, the famous historian of Renaissance and Greek culture that Nietzsche highly appreciated, famously said that ‘What is of interest to [him] is not so much to see how far the Greeks took philosophy as to see how far philosophy took them.’ The phrase encapsulates the fascinating tension that pervades Burckhardt’s attitude towards Greek philosophy: whereas he was fundamentally hostile to philosophical doctrines, in particular because philosophers were themselves doctrinally hostiles to art, he also highly praised philosophy in as much as the embodiment of one of the great achievements of Greek culture, the development of the ‘free personality’. This explains why the Cynics, with little doctrine and much life, were his preferred philosophers.
Introduction to the Book
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

This chapter consists of three sections. The first section introduces the book’s overarching aims and scope, and it outlines the key concepts used in the analysis, explaining why the focus is on China and Japan. It explains how the three Parts of the book relate to each other and how the book amounts to more than the sum of its parts. The second section provides brief summaries of the chapters in the rest of the book, and the third section gives the authors’ justification for two outsiders to engage in what is a highly political and personal relationship in this way.
Evaluating Northeast Asian History Collectively
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 3 conducts a detailed historical survey of who did what to whom in Northeast Asia since 1840. The focus is on China, Japan, and the West, and the discussion is organized around the explicit set of normative criteria set up in chapter 2. These are applied systematically to both the local and the global stories. The normative framework aims to be broadly acceptable to the peoples in NEA and consists of five criteria: ridding NEA of Western imperialism/hegemony; increasing the absolute and relative wealth and power of NEA states and societies; restoring respect for NEA nations and their rightful place in global international society; promoting respectful relationships with their neighbours on the basis of sovereign and racial equality; and promoting the broadly Confucian ideal of an orderly, peaceful, and harmonious domestic society. The conclusion is that when NEA’s history is seen through these lenses, there are no obvious heroes or villains. Instead, there is a complex and densely connected joint story in which both countries (and also the West and Korea) have deeply mixed records, making positive contributions in some ways and negative ones in others. NEA’s shared story in its dual encounter is much more important than the stories of the individual countries and the local relationships.
No Bargains
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 5 extends the application of the great power bargain framework to provide a new account of post-Cold War Sino-Japanese relations. It examines the steady breakdown of the partial Cold War constitutive and regulative bargains between Japan and China in the post-Cold War period. In capturing the state of their shared understandings, expectations, and agreed norms of conduct, it shows that these two East Asian great powers have not directly negotiated mutual strategic agreements in their recent history, and probes for the systemic, domestic, and ideational reasons for this state of affairs. The analysis demonstrates the extent to which they fall short of even a minimalist bargain and how this failure deeply impacts regional order. This analysis also suggests that Japan and China are stymied by a deeper socio-normative and socio-political estrangement.
Re-visiting the Historical Context of Sino-Japanese Strategic Relations, 1400–1900
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 6 tackles the question of whether these two troubled neighbours have ever been able to reach strategic bargains to allow peaceful coexistence. It re-visits the longer history of bilateral relations since 1400, the point in the modern era when there was a recognizably ‘Japanese’ state alongside its Chinese imperial counterpart. Befitting the evolving contexts of state formation, regional international society, and patterns of socio-economic exchange, there are four episodes that include mutual agreements about official relations between the two polities and regularized interactions between state and private actors from each side, as well as formal diplomatic accords or treaties. These episodes demonstrate that China and Japan were able to negotiate strategic bargains in very different historical contexts in their relatively long shared history. They are: (1) the establishment of official tributary relations at the beginning of the fifteenth century between the Ming dynasty and the Ashikaga Shogunate; (2) Tokugawa Ieyasu’s attempts to re-open relations with late-Ming China at the beginning of the seventeenth century (c. 1598–1616); (3) the semi-official revival of trade relations and regulations between the Qing dynasty and Tokugawa Japan between 1655 and 1800; and (4) the creation of modern, formal treaty relations between China, Japan, and Korea in the second half of the nineteenth century. It concludes by probing for continuities and disjunctures across the historical record from 1400 to 1900, asking what ‘lessons’ might be kept in mind, and what the significant socio-normative transformations have been in this strategic relationship.
Opportunities for a Great Power Bargain between China and Japan
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 reiterates the authors’ argument that present-day tensions in Northeast Asia stem from an interrupted, partial power transition between China and Japan. It justifies the perspective that there is a longer historical trajectory to this transition, and that there remain opportunities for a great power bargain between them. Using the historical ‘lessons’, the chapter develops four key scenarios for strategic relations between China and Japan in the decades ahead, with explicit attention to their associated socio-normative contexts and distributive and regulative bargains. The scenarios sketch a historically informed evaluation of the prospects for the region, the circumstances under which a new great power bargain between China and Japan might be possible or necessary, and how the history problem plays into these scenarios.
Stochastic Integrals
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We introduce the Wiener process, the Itô stochastic integral, and derive the Itô formula. The connection with martingale theory is discussed, and there are several worked-out examples
Arbitrage Pricing
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

The chapter starts with a detailed discussion of the bank account in discrete and continuous time. The Black–Scholes model is then introduced, and using the principle of no arbitrage we study the problem of pricing an arbitrary financial derivative within this model. Using the classical delta hedging approach we derive the Black–Scholes PDE for the pricing problem and using Feynman–Kač we also derive the corresponding risk neutral valuation formula and discuss the connection to martingale measures. Some concrete examples are studied in detail and the Black–Scholes formula is derived. We also discuss forward and futures contracts, and we derive the Black-76 futures option formula. We finally discuss the concepts and roles of historic and implied volatility.
Completeness and Hedging
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

The concept of market completeness is discussed in some detail and we prove that the Black–Scholes model is complete. We also discuss how completeness and absence of arbitrage is related to the number of risky assets and the number of random sources in the model.
A Primer on Incomplete Markets
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We discuss market incompleteness within the relatively simple framework of a factor model. The corresponding pricing PDE is derived and we relate it to the market price of risk.
The Mathematics of the Martingale Approach
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we present the two main mathematical results which are needed for the application of the martingale approach to pricing and hedging. We first discuss and prove the martingale representation theorem which says that in a Wiener framework, every martingale can be represented as a stochastic integral. We then discuss and prove the Girsanov Theorem which gives us control over the class of absolutely continuous measure transformations. The abstract theory is then applied to stochastic differential equations, and to maximum likelihood estimation.
Multidimensional Models: Martingale Approach
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we study a very general multidimensional Wiener-driven model using the martingale approach. Using the Girsanov Theorem we derive the martingale equation which is used to find an equivalent martingale measure. We provide conditions for absence of arbitrage and completeness of the model, and we discuss hedging and pricing. For Markovian models we derive the relevant pricing PDE and we also provide an explicit representation formula for the stochastic discount factor. We discuss the relation between the market price of risk and the Girsanov kernel and finally we derive the Hansen–Jagannathan bounds for the Sharpe ratio.
Dividends
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We extend the previously derived theory to include the case when the underlying assets are paying dividends. After a short discussion of discrete dividends we mainly study the case of continuous dividends. The theory is derived by reducing the dividend-paying model to an equivalent standard model with no dividends. For the case of a constant dividend yield we derive explicit option pricing formulas.
Forward and Futures Contracts
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

This chapter contains a substantial extension of the more elementary theory of forwards and futures developed in Chapter 7. We derive a general pricing formula for forward contracts. Futures contracts are discussed in some detail and it is shown that a futures contract can be viewed as a certain price dividend pair. Using the dividend theory of Chapter 16 we derive formulas for futures contracts using the martingale approach. As an application we derive the Black-76 futures option pricing formula.