bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal abnormalities detected by karyotyping and microarray analysis in twins with structural anomalies
Authors: Li L. , He Z. , Huang X. , Lin S. , Wu J. , Huang L. , Wan Y. , Fang Q.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the incidence and types of chromosomal abnormalities detected in twins with structural anomalies and compare their distribution according to chorionicity and amnionicity and by structural‐anomaly type. The added value of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) over conventional karyotyping in twins was also estimated.

Methods

This was a single‐center, retrospective analysis of 534 twin pregnancies seen over an 11‐year period, in which one or both fetuses were diagnosed with congenital structural anomalies on ultrasound. The ultrasound findings and invasive prenatal diagnostic results were reviewed. Twin pregnancies were categorized as monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA), monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) or dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA). Chromosomal abnormalities detected by G‐banding karyotyping and/or CMA were analyzed by chorionicity and amnionicity and by structural‐anomaly type.

Results

The 534 twin pairs analyzed comprised 25 pairs of MCMA, 112 pairs of MCDA and 397 pairs of DCDA twins. Of the 549 fetuses affected by structural anomalies, 432 (78.7%) underwent invasive prenatal testing and cytogenetic results were obtained. The incidence of overall chromosomal abnormalities in the DCDA fetuses (25.4%) was higher than that in the MCMA (3.7%) and MCDA (15.3%) fetuses. The incidence of aneuploidy was significantly higher in the DCDA group (22.8%) than in the MCMA (0.0%) and MCDA (12.4%) groups. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities detected in fetuses, with anomalies of the cardiovascular, faciocervical, musculoskeletal, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems, was higher in the DCDA group than in the MCDA group. In both the DCDA and MCDA groups, hydrops fetalis was associated with the highest incidence of chromosomal abnormality; of these fetuses, 67.6% had Turner syndrome (45,X). Pathogenic copy‐number variations (CNVs) undetectable by karyotyping were identified by CMA in five (2.0%; 95% CI, 0.3–3.7%) DCDA fetuses. No pathogenic CNVs were found in MCMA and MCDA twins.

Conclusions

Dichorionic twins with structural anomalies have a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities, especially aneuploidies, than do monochorionic twins. The incremental diagnostic yield of CMA over karyotyping seems to be lower (2.0%) in twins than that reported in singleton pregnancy. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Applications of molecular engineering in T‐cell‐based immunotherapies
Authors: McBride David A. , Kerr Matthew D. , Wai Shinya L. , Shah Nisarg J.
Published: April 2019

Harnessing an individual's immune cells to mediate antitumor and antiviral responses is a life‐saving option for some patients with otherwise intractable forms of cancer and infectious disease. In particular, T‐cell‐based engineered immune cells are a powerful new class of therapeutics with remarkable efficacy. Clinical experience has helped to define some of the major challenges for reliable, safe, and effective deployment of T‐cells against a broad range of diseases. While poised to revolutionize immunotherapy, scalable manufacturing, safety, specificity, and the development of resistance are potential roadblocks in their widespread usage. The development of molecular engineering tools to allow for the direct or indirect engineering of T‐cells to enable one to troubleshoot delivery issues, amplify immunomodulatory effects, integrate the synergistic effects of different molecules, and home to the target cells in vivo. In this review, we will analyze thus‐far developed cell‐ and material‐based tools for enhancing T‐cell therapies, including methods to improve safety and specificity, enhancing efficacy, and overcoming limitations in scalable manufacturing. We summarize the potential of T‐cells as immune modulating therapies and the potential future directions for enabling their adoption for a broad range of diseases.

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale
The photon‐ion merged‐beams experiment PIPE at PETRA III—The first five years
Authors: Schippers Stefan , Buhr Ticia , Borovik Alexander , Holste Kristof , Perry‐Sassmannshausen Alexander , Mertens Karolin , Reinwardt Simon , Martins Michael , Klumpp Stephan , Schubert Kaja , Bari Sadia , Beerwerth Randolf , Fritzsche Stephan , Ricz Sandor , Hellhund Jonas , Müller Alfred
Published: April 2019

The Photon‐Ion Spectrometer at PETRA III—in short, PIPE—is a permanently installed user facility at the "Variable Polarization XUV Beamline" P04 of the synchrotron light source PETRA III operated by DESY in Hamburg, Germany. The careful design of the PIPE ion‐optics in combination with the record‐high photon flux at P04 has lead to a breakthrough in experimental studies of photon interactions with ionized small quantum systems. This short review provides an overview over the published scientific results from photon‐ion merged‐beams experiments at PIPE that were obtained since the start of P04 operations in 2013. The topics covered comprise photoionization of ions of astrophysical relevance, quantitative studies of multi‐electron processes upon inner‐shell photoexcitation and photoionization of negative and positive atomic ions, precision spectroscopy of photoionization resonances, photoionization and photofragmentation of molecular ions, and of endohedral fullerene ions.
Second order splitting functions and infrared safe cross sections in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM theory
Authors: Banerjee Pulak , Chakraborty Amlan , Dhani Prasanna K. , Ravindran V. , Seth Satyajit
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We report our findings on the perturbative structure of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theory in the infrared sector by computing inclusive scattering cross sections of on-shell particles. We use half-BPS, energy-momentum tensor and Konishi operators to produce singlet states in the scattering processes to probe the soft and the collinear properties of the cross sections. By appropriately defining the infrared safe observables, we obtain collinear splitting functions up to second order in the perturbation theory. The splitting functions and the infrared finite cross sections demonstrate several interesting connections with those in the perturbative QCD. We also determine the process independent soft distribution function up to third order in the perturbation theory and show that it is universal i.e. independent of the operators as well as the external states. Interestingly, the soft distribution function in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory matches exactly with the leading transcendental part of the corresponding one in the QCD. This enables us to predict the third order soft plus virtual cross section for the production of the on-shell singlet states.
Fiducial polarization observables in hadronic WZ production: a next-to-leading order QCD+EW study
Authors: Baglio Julien , Ninh Le Duc
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We present a study at next-to-leading-order (NLO) of the process pp → W
±
Z → ℓν

l

ℓ
′+
ℓ
′−, where ℓ, ℓ′ = e, μ, at the Large Hadron Collider. We include the full NLO QCD corrections and the NLO electroweak (EW) corrections in the double-pole approximation. We define eight fiducial polarization coefficients directly constructed from the polar-azimuthal angular distribution of the decay leptons. These coefficients depend strongly on the kinematical cuts on the transverse momentum or rapidity of the individual leptons. Similarly, fiducial polarization fractions are also defined and they can be directly related to the fiducial coefficients. We perform a detailed analysis of the NLO QCD+EW fiducial polarization observables including theoretical uncertainties stemming from the scale variation and parton distribution function uncertainties, using the fiducial phase space defined by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. We provide results in the helicity coordinate system and in the Collins-Soper coordinate system, at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The EW corrections are found to be important in two of the angular coefficients related to the Z boson, irrespective of the kinematical cuts or the coordinate system. Meanwhile, those EW corrections are very small for the W
± bosons.
Triangulation of 2-loop MHV amplituhedron from sign flips
Authors: Kojima Ryota
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the triangulation of the 2-loop MHV amplituhedron from “sign flip” definition. Using the isomorphism between the m = 2, k = 2 tree amplituhedron and the 1-loop MHV physical amplituhedron, we found the direct triangulation of the 2-loop MHV amplituhedron from sign flips. This triangulation is different from the BCFW triangulation because of the structure of the cells. And we also found a formula of the canonical form of the n-point 2-loop MHV amplituhedron. This formula looks like a 2-loop version of the Kermit representation of the 1-loop MHV amplitude. We checked that the sum of these cells is consistent with the BCFW up to at least 22-pt numerically.
EFT approach to the electron electric dipole moment at the two-loop level
Authors: Panico Giuliano , Pomarol Alex , Riembau Marc
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The ACME collaboration has recently reported a new bound on the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron, |d

e
| < 1.1 × 10−29 e · cm at 90% confidence level, reaching an unprecedented accuracy level. This can translate into new relevant constraints on theories beyond the SM laying at the TeV scale, even when they contribute to the electron EDM at the two-loop level. We use the EFT approach to classify these corrections, presenting the contributions to the anomalous dimension of the CP-violating dipole operators of the electron up to the two-loop level. Selection rules based on helicity and CP play an important role to simplify this analysis. We use this result to provide new bounds on BSM with leptoquarks, extra Higgs, or constraints in sectors of the MSSM and composite Higgs models. The new ACME bound pushes natural theories significantly more into fine-tune territory, unless they have a way to accidentally preserve CP.
Risk Factors for Incarceration in Patients with Primary Abdominal Wall and Incisional Hernias: A Prospective Study in 4472 Patients
Authors: Sneiders Dimitri , Yurtkap Yagmur , Kroese Leonard F. , Kleinrensink Gert‐Jan , Lange Johan F. , Gillion Jean‐François ,   The Hernia‐Club Members, Antor M. , Beck M. , Barrat C. , Berney C. , Binot D. , Bousquet J. , Blazquez D. , Bonan A. , Cas O. , Champault‐Fezais A. , Chastan P. , Chollet J.‐M. , Cossa J.‐P. , Dabrowski A. , Delaunay T. , Démaret S. , Drissi F. , Demian H. , Dubuisson V. , Dugue T. , Fromont G. , Gillion J.‐F. , Jacquin C. , Jurczak F. , Khalil H. , Launay‐Savary M. , Lepère M. , Lépront D. , Longeville J. H. , Le Toux N. , Loriau J. , Magne E. , Ngo P. , Oberlin O. , Passot G. , Pavis d'Escurac X. , Putinier J. B. , Renard Y. , Romain B. , Soler M. , Roos S. , Thillois J.‐M. , Tiry P. , Vu P. , Verhaeghe R. , Warlaumont M. , Zaranis C.
Published: April 2019

Background

Incarceration of primary and incisional hernias often results in emergency surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation of defect size and location with incarceration. Secondary objectives comprised identification of additional patient factors associated with an incarcerated hernia.

Methods

A registry‐based prospective study was performed of all consecutive patients undergoing hernia surgery between September 2011 and February 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for incarceration.

Results

In total, 83 (3.5%) of 2352 primary hernias and 79 (3.7%) of 2120 incisional hernias had a non‐reducible incarceration. For primary hernias, a defect width of 3–4 cm compared to defects of 0–1 cm was significantly associated with an incarcerated hernia (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.57–5.18, p = 0.0006). For incisional hernias, a defect width of 3–4 cm compared to defects of 0–2 cm was significantly associated with an incarceration (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.07–4.31, p = 0.0324). For primary hernias, defects in the peri‐ and infra‐umbilical region portrayed a significantly increased odds for incarceration as compared to supra‐umbilical defects (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.02–3.85, p = 0.043). Additionally, in primary hernias age, BMI, and constipation were associated with incarceration. In incisional hernias age, BMI, female sex, diabetes mellitus and ASA classification were associated with incarceration.

Conclusion

For primary and incisional hernias, mainly defects of 3–4 cm were associated with incarceration. For primary hernias, mainly defects located in the peri‐ and infra‐umbilical region were associated with incarceration. Based on patient and hernia characteristics, patients with increased odds for incarceration may be selected and these patients may benefit from elective surgical treatment.
Ketamin: Einsatz bei chronischen Schmerzen und Depression
Authors: Jaksch Wolfgang , Likar Rudolf , Aigner Martin
Published: April 2019

Obwohl Ketamin seit langem bekannt und im klinischen Einsatz ist, bleiben nach wie vor Fragen rund um die vielfältigen möglichen Anwendungsfelder als Anästhetikum und Analgetikum offen. Diese betreffen nicht das klassische Einsatzgebiet in der Notfallmedizin und Anästhesie, sondern auch potentielle, neue Indikationen, in denen Ketamin in niedrigen, subanästhetischen Dosierungen zum Einsatz kommt. Der Wirkmechanismus am NMDA-Rezeptor unterscheidet Ketamin deutlich von allen anderen Analgetika. Mögliche Einsatzgebiete sind Prävention chronischer postoperativer Schmerzen sowie die Behandlung neuropathischer Schmerzen. Mit der Behandlung der refraktären Depression könnte sich Ketamin auch in einem gänzlich neuen Feld etablieren.
No-Reference Video Quality Assessment Based on the Temporal Pooling of Deep Features
Authors: Varga Domonkos
Published: April 2019

Video quality assessment (VQA) is an important element of various applications ranging from automatic video streaming to display technology. Furthermore, visual quality measurements require a balanced investigation of visual content and features. Previous studies have shown that the features extracted from a pretrained convolutional neural network are highly effective for a wide range of applications in image processing and computer vision. In this study, we developed a novel architecture for no-reference VQA based on the features obtained from pretrained convolutional neural networks, transfer learning, temporal pooling, and regression. In particular, we obtained solutions by only applying temporally pooled deep features and without using manually derived features. The proposed architecture was trained based on the recently published Konstanz natural video quality database (KoNViD-1k), which contains 1200 video sequences with authentic distortion unlike other publicly available databases. The experimental results obtained based on KoNViD-1k demonstrated that the proposed method performed better than other state-of-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, these results were confirmed by tests using the LIVE VQA database, which contains artificially distorted videos.
Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life and Its Implications on Childhood Health
Authors: Zhuang Lu , Chen Haihua , Zhang Sheng , Zhuang Jiahui , Li Qiuping , Feng Zhichun
Published: April 2019

Trillions of microbes reside in the human body and participate in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes that affect host health throughout the life cycle. The microbiome is hallmarked by distinctive compositional and functional features across different life periods. Accumulating evidence has shown that microbes residing in the human body may play fundamental roles in infant development and the maturation of the immune system. Gut microbes are thought to be essential for the facilitation of infantile and childhood development and immunity by assisting in breaking down food substances to liberate nutrients, protecting against pathogens, stimulating or modulating the immune system, and exerting control over the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the colonization and development of the gut microbiota in early life, highlighting the recent findings regarding the role of intestinal microbes in pediatric diseases. Furthermore, we also discuss the microbiota-mediated therapeutics that can reconfigure bacterial communities to treat dysbiosis.
An Update on Non-Ischemic Priapism
Authors: Ingram Amanda R. , Stillings Stephanie A. , Jenkins Lawrence C.
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Non-ischemic or high-flow priapism is derived from unregulated arterial inflow within the penis, which is significantly less common and, therefore, less well characterized than ischemic or low-flow priapism.

Aim

We collected the most recent available data and summarized the findings.

Methods

All literature related to non-ischemic priapism from 2000–2018 from several databases was reviewed, and 105 articles, including any relevant referenced articles, were ultimately included.

Main Outcome Methods

We evaluated modality success rates, need for repeat procedures, and effects on erectile function.

Results

237 cases of non-ischemic priapism were evaluated. Approximately 27% of patients underwent observation or medical management as the first treatment modality, whereas 73% underwent intervention without observation or medical management beforehand. Angiographic embolization with temporary agents was the most common intervention and generally resulted in both moderate resolution of non-ischemic priapism and moderate preservation of baseline erectile function. Patients who underwent embolization with permanent agents experienced higher rates of resolution, as well as lower rates of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Conclusion

Most of the literature is in the form of case reports and small case series, thus limiting the quality and quantity of evidence available to draw decisive conclusions. However, from the available data, it is reasonable to presume that patients can undergo a trial of conservative management, then pursue embolization first with temporary agents. The analysis of the data demonstrated ED rates were higher with temporary agents than permanent agents. The literature quotes ED rates as low as 5% when using temporary agents and 39% with permanent agents. Our results were, in fact, the opposite, with higher ED rates when using temporary agents vs permanent (17–33% vs 8–17%). Further studies are required to better characterize the success and outcomes of angioembolization.
Factors affecting the geographic variability of antibiotic-resistant healthcare-associated infections in the United States using the CDC Antibiotic Resistance Patient Safety Atlas
Authors: Kubes Julianne N. , Fridkin Scott K.
Published: April 2019

We utilized publicly available data from the Centers for Disease Control to explore possible causes of state-to-state variability in antibiotic-resistant healthcare-associated infections. Outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins explained some variability in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli after adjusting for differences in age and healthcare facility composition.
The Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS): arbitrary diagnostic boundaries across the gene–environment interface and within evolving models of care
Authors: Waddington John L. , Russell Vincent
Published: April 2019

As research into psychotic illness evolves along established lines, insights are emerging that deviate from those lines and challenge more fundamentally our understanding. On the background of a new generation of studies on first-episode psychosis, investigations across the gene–environment interface and the intersection with ‘normal’ human mentation heighten these concerns. Using findings from the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS) as an exemplar, we here review the complexity of these challenges from the perspective of this real-world setting. They range from trans-diagnostic epidemiology and clinical characterisation, through molecular genetics, social milieu, developmental pathobiology and functional outcome across arbitrary diagnostic boundaries, to the evidence base for early intervention and more radical conceptualisations and structures for provision of mental health care.
Malignant otitis externa, an increasing burden in the twenty-first century: review of cases in a UK teaching hospital, with a proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management
Authors: Hutson K H , Watson G J
Published: April 2019

Background

Malignant otitis externa is a potentially fatal infection of the skull base. With an ageing population and increasing prevalence of diabetes, the incidence of malignant otitis externa in the British population is rising. To date, there remain no accepted diagnostic criteria, few prognostic indicators and no consensus treatment pathways.

Method

A prospective case series was conducted at a tertiary referral teaching hospital.

Results

A cohort of susceptible individuals predominates (elderly, male, with immunosuppression and diabetes), with 25 per cent reporting a preceding incident. Otorrhoea, otalgia and canal granulation were the commonest presenting features, alongside positive pseudomonas cultures. No clear markers for predicating disease severity were isolated; however, a high initial haemoglobin A1c level demonstrated a significant moderately positive correlation with length of treatment.

Conclusion

A treatment pathway designed to provide a standardised approach to investigation and treatment is proposed, which aims to increase earlier diagnosis, streamline care and facilitate the development of best practice.
Meta-analytic comparison of robotic and transoral laser surgical procedures in supraglottic carcinoma
Authors: Asik M B , Satar B , Serdar M
Published: April 2019

Objective

To assess published reports of oncological surgical success rates in patients who underwent transoral laser supraglottic surgery and robotic surgery for supraglottic cancer.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted and a meta-analysis of published data was performed. PubMed, Sage, Medline and Cochrane data sources were investigated. Overall survival rates, disease-specific survival rates, additional treatments and recurrence rates were investigated to determine the success of the surgical procedures.

Results

The meta-analysis included 24 studies; 1617 studies were excluded. There were no statistically significant differences between the transoral laser supraglottic surgery and transoral robotic supraglottic surgery groups in terms of overall survival (77.0 per cent and 82.4 per cent respectively) and disease-specific survival (75.8 per cent and 87.0 per cent respectively). There was recurrence in 164 out of 832 patients (19.7 per cent) in the transoral laser supraglottic surgery group and in only 6 out of 66 patients (9 per cent) in the transoral robotic supraglottic surgery group.

Conclusion

Transoral laser surgery and robotic surgery appear to have comparable and acceptable oncological success rates.
Questionnaire survey on helminth control practices in horse farms in Ireland
Authors: Elghryani Nagwa , Duggan Vivienne , Relf Valerie , de Waal Theo
Published: April 2019

Knowledge regarding helminth control strategies and nematode infection of horses in Ireland is limited and only one study has been published recently. This present study was designed to investigate the current helminth control strategies followed by horse owners in Ireland. A questionnaire was formulated to collect data on general grazing, pasture management and deworming strategies including the use of fecal egg counts. Questionnaires were emailed to 700 members of the Irish Thoroughbred Breeders Association and Horse Sport Ireland. Only 78 questionnaires were returned. Respondents indicated that horses are grazed for 16–24 h day−1during the summer and autumn (89% and 65%, respectively). Removing feces from the pasture was implemented by 37.6% of respondents. Few (22.2%) owners kept horses off pasture after worming. Overall, ivermectin and moxidectin were the most commonly administered anthelmintics in 2014 by 75% and 62% of respondents, respectively. Benzimidazole and pyrantel drugs were used by 53% and 35% of respondents, respectively. The majority of farms (81.4%) treated horses 4–5 times per year and 74.2% only estimated the weight of the horses visually. The findings of this study illustrates that many stud managers/owners do not follow best practice with regard to helminth control and more education is needed.
Default stress assignment in Russian: evidence from acquired surface dyslexia
Authors: Mołczanow Janina , Iskra Ekaterina , Dragoy Olga , Wiese Richard , Domahs Ulrike
Published: April 2019

This paper re-examines theoretical constructs used in the analysis of Russian word stress, employing data from speakers with acquired surface dyslexia, a symptom which is characterised by impaired lexical access and preserved grapheme–phoneme correspondence rules. Russian stems have been traditionally analysed as lexically accented or unaccented, with a default rule deriving surface stress in the latter case. In the study reported here, we found no differences in the production of accented and unaccented stems. Instead, the analysis of errors revealed that the significant factors determining stress placement include stress neighbourhood and stress position. The speakers produced fewer errors in consistently spelled words, and there was a strong tendency to shift stress to the final syllable in consonant-final words, and to the penultimate syllable in vowel-final words. These results indicate that distributional properties play an important role in stress assignment in both accented and unaccented stem types.
Ternary vowel length in Shilluk
Authors: Remijsen Bert , Ayoker Otto Gwado , Jørgensen Signe
Published: April 2019

Ternary or three-level vowel length is typologically rare, and supporting evidence is limited. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the hypothesised case of this configuration in Shilluk. We first describe the role of vowel length in Shilluk phonology and morphology, and then report on an acoustic study in which minimal sets for vowel length (short, long, overlong) are measured for vowel duration, coda duration, vowel quality and fundamental frequency. Short, long and overlong vowels differ significantly and substantially in terms of vowel duration: 96% of the items can be classified successfully for vowel length on the basis of this measurement alone. Of the other measurements, only vowel quality is significant, and this effect is considerably smaller. The mean values for vowel duration – 68, 111 and 150 ms for short, long and overlong vowels respectively – are similar to those reported for ternary vowel length in Dinka.
The Constitutional Implications of the Survival of the Diocese of Sodor and Man
Authors: Edge Peter W
Published: April 2019

The Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man is an important member of the Legislative Council, the second chamber of the Manx Tynwald. The shape of Tynwald has changed considerably since the mid-nineteenth century, and there have been frequent reviews of the place of ecclesiastical officers in it. The most recent debates illuminate this form of religious representation, but in particular show the importance of ecclesiastical structures – and the contingent status of the Diocese of Sodor and Man – in the lord bishop retaining a vote, as well as a voice, in the principal organ of governance in the Isle of Man. This article argues that a more critical approach is needed in weighing the ecclesiastical structure argument against other constitutional arguments around the constitutional position of the lord bishop.
Beliefs about safety behaviours in the prediction of safety behaviour use
Authors: Meyer Johanna M. , Kirk Alex , Arch Joanna J. , Kelly Peter J. , Deacon Brett J.
Published: April 2019

Background: Safety behaviours are ubiquitous across anxiety disorders and are associated with the aetiology, maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety. Cognitive behavioural models posit that beliefs about safety behaviours directly influence their use. Therefore, beliefs about safety behaviours may be an important component in decreasing safety behaviour use. Unfortunately, little empirical research has evaluated this theorized relationship.

Aims: The present study aimed to examine the predictive relationship between beliefs about safety behaviours and safety behaviour use while controlling for anxiety severity.

Method: Adults with clinically elevated levels of social anxiety (n = 145) and anxiety sensitivity (n = 109) completed an online survey that included established measures of safety behaviour use, quality of life, and anxiety severity. Participants also completed the Safety Behaviour Scale (SBS), a measure created for the current study which includes a transdiagnostic checklist of safety behaviours, as well as questions related to safety behaviour use and beliefs about safety behaviours.

Results: Within both the social anxiety and anxiety sensitivity groups, positive beliefs about safety behaviours predicted greater safety behaviour use, even when controlling for anxiety severity. Certain beliefs were particularly relevant in predicting safety behaviour use within each of the clinical analogue groups.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that efforts to decrease safety behaviour use during anxiety treatment may benefit from identifying and modifying positive beliefs about safety behaviours.
In Situ High-Temperature EBSD and 3D Phase Field Studies of the Austenite–Ferrite Transformation in a Medium Mn Steel
Authors: Farahani Hussein , Zijlstra Gerrit , Mecozzi Maria Giuseppina , Ocelík Václav , De Hosson Jeff Th. M. , van der Zwaag Sybrand
Published: April 2019

In this research, in situ high-temperature electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping is applied to record and analyze the migration of the α/γ interfaces during cyclic austenite–ferrite phase transformations in a medium manganese steel. The experimental study is supplemented with related 3D phase field (PF) simulations to better understand the 2D EBSD observations in the context of the 3D transformation events taking place below the surface. The in situ EBSD observations and PF simulations show an overall transformation behavior qualitatively similar to that measured in dilatometry. The behavior and kinetics of individual austenite–ferrite interfaces during the transformation is found to have a wide scatter around the average interface behavior deduced on the basis of the dilatometric measurements. The trajectories of selected characteristic interfaces are analyzed in detail and yield insight into the effect of local conditions in the vicinity of interfaces on their motion, as well as the misguiding effects of 2D observations of processes taking place in 3D.
Out of the silence: towards grassroots and trauma-informed support for people who have experienced sexual violence and abuse
Authors: Sweeney A. , Perôt C. , Callard F. , Adenden V. , Mantovani N. , Goldsmith L.
Published: April 2019

To experience sexual violence and abuse is to experience silence. This commentary explores some of the ways in which psychiatry reinforces the silencing of sexual violence survivors. We argue that current psychiatric responses to sexual violence typically constitute iatrogenic harm including through: a failure to provide services that meet survivors’ needs, a failure to believe or validate disclosures; experiences of medicalisation and diagnoses which can delegitimise people's own knowledge and meaning; ‘power over’ relational approaches which can prevent compassionate responses and result in staff having to develop their own coping strategies; and poorly addressed and reported experiences of sexual violence within psychiatric settings. We argue that these multiple forms of silencing have arisen in part because of biomedical dominance, a lack of support and training in sexual violence for staff, inconsistent access to structured, reflective supervision, and the difficulties of facing the horror of sexual violence and abuse. We then describe community-based and grassroots responses, and consider the potential of trauma-informed approaches. Whilst this paper has a UK focus, some aspects will resonate globally, particularly given that Western psychiatry is increasingly being exported around the globe.
Seasonal, Solar Zenith Angle, and Solar Flux Variations of O+ in the Topside Ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Girazian Z. , Mahaffy P. , Lee Y. , Thiemann E. M. B.
Published: April 2019

Using observations from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN's Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, we characterize the seasonal, solar zenith angle (SZA), and solar flux dependent variations of the O+ peak and the O+/O
ratio in the topside ionosphere of Mars. We find that the O+ peak is between 220 and 300 km and forms at a roughly constant neutral atmospheric pressure level of 10( − 8.7 ± 0.4) Pa. The O+ peak altitude also decreases with increasing SZA near the terminator and varies sinusoidally with an amplitude of 26 km over a period of one Mars year in response to the changing solar insolation. The O+ peak altitude reaches a maximum near Northern Winter solstice and Mars perihelion. The O+ peak density on the dayside has an average value of (1.1 ± 0.5) × 103 cm−3, has no dependence on SZA for SZAs up to ∼90°, and is mainly controlled by the thermospheric O/CO2 ratio as predicted by photochemical theory. Above the O+ peak, the O+/O
ratio in the dayside ionosphere approaches a constant value of 1.1 ± 0.6, decreases with increasing SZA, and is highly variable on timescales of days or less. We discuss why the O+ peak is different than the main (M2) peak at Mars and why it is similar to the F2 peak at Earth.
Generalization of Störmer Theory for an Axisymmetric Superposition of Dipole and Quadrupole Fields
Authors: Tsareva O. O.
Published: April 2019

Classical Störmer theory is generalized to the case of an axisymmetric superposition of dipole and quadrupole fields. The basic laws of the charged particle motion in certain azimuthally symmetric magnetic configurations are investigated. The allowed and forbidden regions of particle motion, and also the capture regions, which ensure the stable existence of radiation belts, are identified.
Mars's Dayside Upper Ionospheric Composition Is Affected by Magnetic Field Conditions
Authors: Withers Paul , Flynn C. L. , Vogt M. F. , Mayyasi M. , Mahaffy P. , Benna M. , Elrod M. , McFadden J. P. , Dunn P. , Liu G. , Andersson L. , England S.
Published: April 2019

Previous observations have shown that electron density and temperature in the dayside ionosphere of Mars vary between strongly and weakly magnetized regions of the planet. Here we use data from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft to examine whether dayside ion densities and ionospheric composition also vary. We find that O+, O
, and CO
densities above ∼200 km are greater in strongly magnetized regions than in weakly magnetized regions. Fractional abundances of ion species are also affected. The O+/O
ratio at 300‐km altitude increases from ∼0.5 in strongly magnetized regions to ∼0.8 in weakly magnetized regions. Consequently, the plasma reservoir available for escape is fundamentally different between strongly magnetized and weakly magnetized regions.
Timing of Breakup and Thermal Evolution of a Pre‐Caledonian Neoproterozoic Exhumed Magma‐Rich Rifted Margin
Authors: Kjøll Hans Jørgen , Andersen Torgeir B. , Corfu Fernando , Labrousse Loic , Tegner Christian , Abdelmalak Mohamed Mansour , Planke Sverre
Published: April 2019

During the terminal stages of Wilson cycles, remnants of magma‐poor margins may be incorporated into the orogens, whereas the magma‐rich margins often are lost in subduction due to low buoyancy. The understanding of magma‐rich margins is therefore mostly based on drill holes and geophysical observations. In this contribution, we explore the temporal evolution and the ambient conditions of a magma‐rich rifted margin preserved within the Scandinavian Caledonides. The Scandinavian Dike Complex was emplaced into a sedimentary basin during the initial breakup and opening of the Iapetus Ocean 615 to 590 million years ago. The dike complex constitutes 70–90% of the magma‐rich, syn‐rift basins and is locally well preserved despite the complex Caledonian history. This contribution provides new observations about the geometry, relative timing, and development of the margin. Jadeite‐in‐clinopyroxene geothermobarometry, titanium‐in‐biotite geothermometry, and garnet isopleth modeling show that the ambient pressure and temperature conditions were similar for the entire dike complex at 0.25 to 0.45 GPa, with contact metamorphic temperatures up to approximately 700 °C. In the northernmost part of the study area, U‐Pb dating of magmatic zircon shows that partial melting of the sedimentary host rock, at relatively shallow levels, occurred at 612 Ma. This shows that the crust was molten already 6 million years before the northernmost dike swarm was emplaced at 605.7 ± 1.8 Ma. We propose that the locally pervasive partial melting occurred due to high geothermal gradients and introduction of mafic melt in the lower crust. These processes significantly reduced the strength of the crust, eventually facilitating continental breakup.
A Reassessment of North American River Basin Cool‐Season Precipitation: Developments From a New Mountain Climatology Data Set
Authors: Wrzesien Melissa L. , Durand Michael T. , Pavelsky Tamlin M.
Published: April 2019

Characterizing hydrological processes on large scales is challenging due to limitations of observational networks, remoting sensing platforms, and modeling techniques. Water balances have larger uncertainties in mountain regions, where orographic processes produce high spatial variability in precipitation patterns and snow accumulation. Recent work suggests current water budgets underestimate mountain snow water storage, perhaps indicating biases in modeled precipitation. We assess whether global hydroclimate data sets underestimate precipitation for six North American watersheds, ranging from 3–70% mountainous. By selecting a single representative year for each watershed, we compare relatively high‐resolution precipitation estimates from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model with four global products: Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2, the Global Land Data Assimilation System, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, and the Climate Research Unit's climate data set. Comparisons to WRF precipitation suggest that observation‐based gridded data products do not produce reasonable estimates of watershed‐scale cool‐season precipitation, underestimating by 1–69%. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project and the Climate Research Unit data set have average biases of −26% and −38%, respectively. The Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 and the Global Land Data Assimilation System show smaller underestimates relative to WRF (−17% and −21%, respectively), with nearly all mean bias from the mountains (underestimated by 27% and 39%) rather than the topographically simpler lowlands (underestimated by 5% and 2%). We suggest global products fail to capture orographic enhancement of precipitation, resulting in large underestimates of precipitation, snowfall, and snow water storage in mountains of selected North American watersheds, which highlights the need for more accurate precipitation estimates to accurately assess spatiotemporal variations in the water cycle.
Testing Efficiency of Empirical, Adaptive, and Global MHD Magnetospheric Models to Represent the Geomagnetic Field in a Variety of Conditions
Authors: Kubyshkina M. , Sergeev V. A. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Zheng Y.
Published: April 2019

We used data for eight magnetospheric spacecraft providing magnetic observations in various magnetospheric domains during a six‐day time period, including the June 2015 storm, and a five‐day period including the March 2015 storm. For these time intervals, containing different solar wind regimes and different activity levels, we used three types of metrics to compare predictions of all existing types of magnetospheric magnetic field models, including empirical models (TA15, TS05, and T96), a data‐adapted model (AM03), and a global magnetohydrodynamic model (Space Weather Modeling Framework/Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind–Roe–Upwind Scheme coupled with Rice Convection Model). In total, the models are ranked in the order: AM03, TS05, TA15, Space Weather Modeling Framework, and T96. The regional scores may differ from the average ones (in particular, better scores are obtained at GEO, compared to the inner magnetosphere) and also the model effectiveness varies with activity conditions (for example, TA15 outperforms other models in quiet conditions, but TS05 leads during active times). Quite unexpectedly, although run at modest resolution, the community available global magnetohydrodynamic model closely approached the best scores of empirical statistical models during the moderate/high disturbed periods in the June event, suggesting that this kind of modeling may now compete with other type models. We also carried out the field line mapping from fixed points in the equatorial magnetosphere to the ionosphere, using different models to examine the storm time foot point excursions (which may be as large as ~10° CGLat during storm time sudden commencements) and their uncertainties, quantified by the difference between the model predictions.
Using a Numerical MHD Model to Improve Solar Wind Time Shifting
Authors: Cameron T. G. , Jackel B.
Published: April 2019

We present three solar wind shock events that all occurred at times when Advanced Composition Explorer was near L1 and WIND was in front of the bow shock. We use a 1.5‐D MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) numerical model and the well known MVAB‐0 time‐shifting algorithm to propagate these events from Advanced Composition Explorer to the location of WIND. The results of these two methods are compared to WIND observations. We find that the 1.5‐D numerical model reproduces some important features in the WIND data that are not reflected in the time‐shifted results. We believe that 1.5‐D numerical simulations could supplement traditional time‐shifting methods in some circumstances for time‐shifting solar wind data to the bow shock.
TBX3 represses TBX2 under the control of the PRC2 complex in skeletal muscle and rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Oh Teak-Jung , Adhikari Abhinav , Mohamad Trefa , Althobaiti Aiysha , Davie Judith
Published: April 2019

TBX2 and TBX3 function as repressors and are frequently implicated in oncogenesis. We have shown that TBX2 represses p21, p14/19, and PTEN in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and skeletal muscle but the function and regulation of TBX3 were unclear. We show that TBX3 directly represses TBX2 in RMS and skeletal muscle. TBX3 overexpression impairs cell growth and migration and we show that TBX3 is directly repressed by the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which methylates histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me). We found that TBX3 promotes differentiation only in the presence of early growth response factor 1 (EGR1), which is differentially expressed in RMS and is also a target of the PRC2 complex. The potent regulation axis revealed in this work provides novel insight into the effects of the PRC2 complex in normal cells and RMS and further supports the therapeutic value of targeting of PRC2 in RMS.
Sirt6-induced autophagy restricted TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells: relevance to prognostication of patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Zi Ye , Yi-An Yao , Bing Ji , Yan Lai , Jing Tong , Chun-Yu Guan , Fan Ping , Hao Lin , Jia-Ni Tang , Han-Jin Hou , Fei Chen , Xue-Bo Liu
Published: April 2019

Inflammation mediated by myeloid cells trigger receptors 1 (TREM-1) is important for atherosclerosis development, while sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) levels decrease in atheroscleoritc plaque. Here we demonstrate that oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated endothelial cells (ECs) exhibited increased TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis and decreased Sirt6-induced autophagy. We show that high sTREM-1 and low sSirt6 levels were independent predictors of boosted endothelial microparticles (EMPs) on admission, and were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at median 24 months (interquartile range, 18–26) follow-up in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Additionally, blockage of Sirt6-induced autophagy led to augmented TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis, whereas Sirt6 overexpression attenuated ECs inflammation and pyroptosis following ox-LDL treatment. Our findings indicate that TREM-1 and in a reversed trend Sirt6 appeared to be markers of endothelial inflammation with potential for use in risk stratification.
Steroid receptor coactivator-1 modulates the function of Pomc neurons and energy homeostasis
Authors: Yang Yongjie , van der Klaauw Agatha A. , Zhu Liangru , Cacciottolo Tessa M. , He Yanlin , Stadler Lukas K. J. , Wang Chunmei , Xu Pingwen , Saito Kenji , Hinton Antentor , Yan Xiaofeng , Keogh Julia M. , Henning Elana , Banton Matthew C. , Hendricks Audrey E. , Bochukova Elena G. , Mistry Vanisha , Lawler Katherine L. , Liao Lan , Xu Jianming , O’Rahilly Stephen , Tong Qingchun ,   UK10K Consortium, Inês Barroso  , O’Malley Bert W. , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Xu Yong
Published: April 2019

Hypothalamic neurons expressing the anorectic peptide Pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) regulate food intake and body weight. Here, we show that Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 (SRC-1) interacts with a target of leptin receptor activation, phosphorylated STAT3, to potentiate Pomc transcription. Deletion of SRC-1 in Pomc neurons in mice attenuates their depolarization by leptin, decreases Pomc expression and increases food intake leading to high-fat diet-induced obesity. In humans, fifteen rare heterozygous variants in SRC-1 found in severely obese individuals impair leptin-mediated Pomc reporter activity in cells, whilst four variants found in non-obese controls do not. In a knock-in mouse model of a loss of function human variant (SRC-1L1376P), leptin-induced depolarization of Pomc neurons and Pomc expression are significantly reduced, and food intake and body weight are increased. In summary, we demonstrate that SRC-1 modulates the function of hypothalamic Pomc neurons, and suggest that targeting SRC-1 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy for weight loss.