bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Copper/Copper‐Oxide Anchored Mesoporous Fullerene Nanohybrids as Superior Electrocatalysts toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Saianand Gopalan , Gopalan Anantha‐Iyengar , Lee Jun‐Cheol , Sathish CI. , Gopalakrishnan Kothandam , Unni Gautam Eswaran , Shanbhag Dhanush , Dasireddy Venkata D. B. C. , Yi Jiabao , Xi Shibo , Al‐Muhtaseb Ala'a H. , Vinu Ajayan
Published: October 2019

Developing a highly active, stable, and efficient non‐noble metal‐free functional electrocatalyst to supplant the benchmark Pt/C‐based catalysts in practical fuel cell applications remains a stupendous challenge. A rational strategy is developed to directly anchor highly active and dispersed copper (Cu) nanospecies on mesoporous fullerenes (referred to as Cu‐MFC60) toward enhancing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis. The preparation of Cu‐MFC60 involves i) the synthesis of ordered MFC60 via the prevalent nanohard templating technique and ii) the postfunctionalization of MFC60 with finely distributed Cu nanospecies through incipient wet impregnation. The concurrence of Cu and cuprous oxide nanoparticles in the as‐developed Cu‐MFC60 samples through relevant material characterizations is affirmed. The optimized ORR catalyst, Cu(15%)‐MFC60, exhibits superior electrocatalytic ORR characteristics with an onset potential of 0.860 vs reversible hydrogen electrode, diffusion‐limiting current density (−5.183 mA cm−2), improved stability, and tolerance to methanol crossover along with a high selectivity (four‐electron transfer). This enhanced ORR performance can be attributed to the rapid mass transfer and abundant active sites owing to the synergistic coupling effects arising from the mixed copper nanospecies and the fullerene framework.
Flexible service consolidation with nested virtualization and library operating systems
Authors: Kourai Kenichi , Sannomiya Kouta
Published: October 2019

In Infrastructure‐as‐a‐service (IaaS) clouds, users can reduce costs by scale‐in or scale‐down when running services are underutilized. Since these optimizations of instance deployment require at least one minimum instance even for running an underutilized service, cost reduction is limited. For further optimization, multiple services can be consolidated into one instance. However, services have to be stopped temporarily at the consolidation time, and isolation between services becomes weaker after the consolidation. To solve these problems, this paper proposes FlexCapsule, which enables seamless and secure service consolidation in existing IaaS clouds. FlexCapsule runs each service in a lightweight virtual machine (VM) called an app VM, using a library operating system. An app VM runs inside an instance using a technique called nested virtualization. FlexCapsule can optimize instance deployment with negligible downtime by flexibly migrating app VMs. Due to strong isolation provided by app VMs, it can guarantee security between consolidated services. In addition, FlexCapsule provides multiprocess support using app VMs by emulating process fork and process pools. We have implemented FlexCapsule in Xen using both fully virtualized OSv and paravirtualized MiniOS. Then, we examined the effectiveness of FlexCapsule using several applications. Due to the premature implementation of nested virtualization in Xen, the performance of app VMs largely degraded, but we believe that the performance could be improved using several existing optimizations.
Performance of engineered cementitious composites under drop‐weight impact: Effect of different mixture parameters
Authors: Yıldırım Gürkan , Khiavi Farhad Emami , Anıl Özgür , Şahin Oğuzhan , Şahmaran Mustafa , Erdem Recep Tuğrul
Published: October 2019

Current research focuses on the experimental and numerical determination of impact performance of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Performance assessment of ECC beams with different mixture parameters was made. Mixtures were produced with different replacement rates of Class‐F fly ash and slag with Portland cement, water to binder ratios and fiber types (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] and nylon [N]). Experimental works were validated with incremental dynamic analyses performed by ABAQUS finite element software. Impact testing results were further supported by mechanical property results. Results reveal that each individual mixture parameter used is distinctively effective in modifying the properties under both sudden impact and slow static loading. In brief, enhanced impact resistance is noted when ECC is produced with slag, low amounts of pozzolanic materials, low W/B ratio, fiber addition and PVA fibers. Experimental results were also in line with the numerical results from ABAQUS largely. Significantly, cost‐effective N fibers were also shown to be fully replaceable with costly PVA fibers without jeopardizing mechanical/impact performance, if mixture design parameters are adjusted suitably. Current research is likely to attract further research on the development of ECC that is with lower cost and comparable impact/mechanical performance with regards to widely studied more expensive counterparts in the literature.
A novel pole‐changing method with multiple three‐phase inverters
Authors: Hidaka Yuki , Takagi Fumiaki , Komatsu Taiga , Arita Hideaki
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a new pole‐changing method with multiple three‐phase inverters. Since the number of controllable current phases is much larger than that in conventional methods, a higher winding factor can be obtained in both high‐ and low‐pole driving modes. To evaluate the magnetic characteristics of the proposed method, magnetomotive force analysis is conducted based on Fourier series expansion and finite element method (FEM). Moreover, mutual inductance is compared between high‐ and low‐pole drives using FEM. To validate the effectiveness, an efficiency map is evaluated by using a prototype induction motor. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
It's not too late to do the right thing: Moral motivations for climate change action
Authors: Bain Paul G. , Bongiorno Renata
Published: October 2019

While it is too late to avert some dangerous consequences of climate change, it is not “all‐or‐nothing” and our actions can still make a difference. Building on social psychology research showing the importance of seeing one's group as moral, one reason people act on climate change is to help create a more moral and caring society. Considering climate change action through this lens gives rise to several challenges, including how people respond to moral threats, who has moral standing as advocates, the consequences of promoting a moral cause through “immoral” actions (e.g., breaking the law), and moral “blind spots” where some emitting behaviors are excluded from scrutiny. Reviewing social psychological bases for these issues suggests potential responses to these challenges, including the importance of engaging people with diverse views and backgrounds (e.g., through citizens' assemblies), advisory personal carbon budgets, and broad‐based policies that aim to secure the social well‐being of communities as well as the protect the environment (e.g., a Green New Deal). Encouragingly, a recent study suggests that many people are more ready than we might assume to accept the types of changes urgently needed.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses
Distributed governance of Solar Radiation Management geoengineering: A possible solution to SRM’s “free-driver” problem?
Authors: Lockley Andrew
Published: October 2019

Geoengineering (deliberate climate modification) is a possible way to limit Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) (Shepherd, 2009; National Research Council, 2015). Solar Radiation Management geoengineering (SRM) offers relatively inexpensive, rapid temperature control. However, this low cost leads to a risk of controversial unilateral intervention—the “free-driver” problem (Weitzman, 2015). Consequently, this creates a risk of counter-geoengineering (deliberate warming) (Parker et al., 2018), resulting in governance challenges (Svoboda, 2017) akin to an arms race. Free-driver deployment scenarios previously considered include the rogue state, Greenfinger (Bodansky, 2013), or power blocs (Ricke et al., 2013), implying disagreement and conflict. We propose a novel distributed governance model of consensually-constrained unilateralism: Countries’ authority is limited to each state’s fraction of the maximum realistic intervention (e.g., pre-industrial temperature). We suggest a division of authority based on historical emissions (Rocha et al., 2015)—noting alternatives (e.g., population). To aid understanding, we offer an analogue: An over-heated train carriage, with passenger-controlled windows. We subsequently discuss the likely complexities, notably Coasian side-payments. Finally, we suggest further research: Algebraic, bot and human modeling; and observational studies.
Erectile Dysfunction is Predictive Symptom for Poor Semen in Newlywed Men in Japan
Authors: Tsujimura Akira , Hiramatsu Ippei , Nagashima Yuki , Ishikawa Keisuke , Uesaka Yuka , Nozaki Taiji , Ogishima Tatsuya , Shirai Masato , Terai Kazutaka , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Horie Shigeo
Published: October 2019

Introduction

As a continuous decline in semen concentration has been reported, the concept of male infertility has gained increased attention. Although several surveys of semen quality have been conducted in young men in general, no study has reported only on newlywed men.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate semen quality and assess its characteristics in newlywed men.

Methods

This study included 564 men visiting our hospital or clinic for fertility screening just before their wedding or as newlywed men. Based on the World Health Organization criteria, the rates of men who did not have a semen volume of ≥1.5 mL, a sperm concentration of ≥15 million/mL, and a sperm motility rate of ≥40% were calculated. The characteristics of the poor semen findings group with any 1 of the 3 items of semen volume, sperm concentration, or sperm motility rate not reaching the reference value were evaluated.

Main Outcome Measure

Independent factors, which are involved in the poor semen findings group, were evaluated.

Results

The poor findings in semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm motility were found in 11.0%, 9.2%, and 10.6%, respectively. The poor semen findings group included 143 men (25.4%) with any 1 of the 3 items not reaching the reference value. As compared to the normal group, age and body mass index were significantly higher, testicular volume was significantly smaller, and blood gamma-glutamyltransferase and fasting blood sugar levels were significantly higher in the poor semen findings group. Logistic multivariate analysis, including symptom questionnaire scores, blood biochemistry items, and endocrinological items, showed 3 independent factors were involved in the poor semen findings group: age, luteinizing hormone, and erection (Erection Hardness Score).

Conclusion

It was clarified that even among men beginning their attempts at pregnancy, semen findings were poor and erectile dysfunction was involved in poor semen quality in one-quarter of the men.
New directions in clinical trials for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Methods and outcome measures
Authors: Boxer Adam L. , Gold Michael , Feldman Howard , Boeve Bradley F. , Dickinson Susan L.-J. , Fillit Howard , Ho Carole , Paul Robert , Pearlman Rodney , Sutherland Margaret , Verma Ajay , Arneric Stephen P. , Alexander Brian M. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Dorsey Earl Ray , Grossman Murray , Huey Edward D. , Irizarry Michael C. , Marks William J. , Masellis Mario , McFarland Frances , Niehoff Debra , Onyike Chiadi U. , Paganoni Sabrina , Panzara Michael A. , Rockwood Kenneth , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Rosen Howard , Schuck Robert N. , Soares Holly D. , Tatton Nadine
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the most common form of dementia for those under 60 years of age. Increasing numbers of therapeutics targeting FTLD syndromes are being developed.

Methods

In March 2018, the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration convened the Frontotemporal Degeneration Study Group meeting in Washington, DC, to discuss advances in the clinical science of FTLD.

Results

Challenges exist for conducting clinical trials in FTLD. Two of the greatest challenges are (1) the heterogeneity of FTLD syndromes leading to difficulties in efficiently measuring treatment effects and (2) the rarity of FTLD disorders leading to recruitment challenges.

Discussion

New personalized endpoints that are clinically meaningful to individuals and their families should be developed. Personalized approaches to analyzing MRI data, development of new fluid biomarkers and wearable technologies will help to improve the power to detect treatment effects in FTLD clinical trials and enable new, clinical trial designs, possibly leveraged from the experience of oncology trials. A computational visualization and analysis platform that can support novel analyses of combined clinical, genetic, imaging, biomarker data with other novel modalities will be critical to the success of these endeavors.
Emergency department referrals from a provincial medical call centre: Is it more than just 1-800-go-to-emerg?
Authors: Nataraj Jonathon , Stempien James , Netherton Stuart , Wahba Mark Yosri , Oyedokun Taofiq Olusegun
Published: October 2019

Objective

HealthLine is Saskatchewan's provincial 24-hour health information and support telephone line. A proportion of HealthLine's callers are referred to the emergency department (ED) for further assessment. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the appropriateness of these referrals and assess whether they increased the burden on an already strained ED system.

Methods

A list of callers referred from HealthLine to Saskatoon EDs from January 1, 2014, to March 31, 2014 was obtained. This list was cross-referenced with Saskatoon Health Region registration data to determine which of those callers had been registered in one of the three Saskatoon EDs within 48 hours of the original call.

Results

During the 90-day time period in question, 707/3,938 (17.9%) of callers were referred by HealthLine to the ED. Out of those referred, 601 were identifiable and 358 attended the ED. Hospital charts were pulled for full data extraction and analysis of the 276 who met inclusion criteria. Of those who presented to the ED and met inclusion criteria, 60% had investigations performed while 66% received some form of treatment. The overall admission rate for the patient population studied was 12.0% v. 16% for non-referred patients. Referred pediatric patients had fewer investigations and treatments with a lower admission rate compared with the adult patients.

Conclusion

The Saskatchewan HealthLine is doing an effective job at directing callers both to and away from EDs in Saskatoon and not overburdening our local EDs with unnecessary referrals.
Benzodiazepine resistant alcohol withdrawal: What is the clinician's preferred definition?
Authors: Langlois Hugo , Cormier Monique , Villeneuve Eric , Hoffman Robert S. , Longo Cristina , Gosselin Sophie
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Although alcohol withdrawal is common, the recognition of benzodiazepine-resistant alcohol withdrawal is a relatively new concept. To provide a framework for both literature review and future research, we assessed clinicians’ personal definition of resistant alcohol withdrawal.

Method

We developed a cross-sectional web-based survey. Administrators from collaborating toxicology and emergency medicine associations deployed the survey directly to their respective memberships. Only physicians, pharmacists, and other clinicians routinely treating alcohol withdrawal were eligible to participate. Respondents selected their preferred definition among the three most common author sources – JB Hack, NJ Benedict, D Hughes – or provided their own. Additional criteria to define resistant alcohol withdrawal were explored.

Results

384 individuals answered the survey. Respondents were mostly attending physicians (79%), in full-time practice (90%), in emergency medicine (70%), and from North America (90%). The majority (64%) described resistant alcohol withdrawal as a high benzodiazepine dosage. Seizures (26%) and persistent tachycardia (16%) were also main characteristics. The median dose to describe high benzodiazepine dose (n = 146) was 40 mg per hour of diazepam equivalents (IQR 20–50). Available definitions were ranked equally as the preferred one: Hack (27%); Benedict (28%); Hughes (28%).

Conclusion

Our results did not identify one single preferred definition for resistant alcohol withdrawal even though a high total dose of benzodiazepine is a major component. Hourly requirements of 40 mg of diazepam equivalents or more emerged as a possible threshold. These findings serve as a base to explore consensus guidelines or future research.
Understanding spheres of influence in international politics
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: October 2019

Spheres of influence remain one of the most pervasive phenomena in the practice and history of international relations, yet only rarely have they been taken up analytically. To bring conceptual and discursive clarity, this article advances two arguments. First, it argues that spheres of influence are not a distinct form of hierarchy in international relations, but rather practices of control and exclusion that can be found within any ideal-type hierarchy. Second, these hierarchical practices are generally underspecified by those invoking the term. Different theoretical perspectives on international relations offer highly divergent ways of understanding control and exclusion, and all do so with plausible empirical mooring. Spheres of influence do not themselves denote a form of governance even if it does a form of order construction and maintenance. Any given empire, hegemonic order, or alliance may also be a sphere of influence depending on the practices that occur; the key is not to identify whether particular hierarchical traits are dispositive of one of these relational structures, but rather whether, and the extent to which, assertions of control and exclusion define the hierarchy.
How to get Certain Knowledge from Fallible Justification
Authors: Klein Peter D.
Published: October 2019

“Real knowledge,” as I use the term, is the most highly prized form of true belief sought by an epistemic agent. This paper argues that defeasible infinitism provides a good way to characterize real knowledge and it shows how real knowledge can arise from fallible justification. Then, I argue that there are two ways of interpreting Ernest Sosa's account of real knowledge as belief that is aptly formed and capable of being fully defended.On the one hand, if beliefs are aptly formed only if they have a specific causal etiology, namely that they are efficiently caused fully or partially by virtuous characteristics of the epistemic agent, then Sosa's account falls prey to what I call the problem of the Hazard of Empirical Disconfirmation (HED). The HED problem applies to all forms of causal accounts of real knowledge and is simply that as we gain more empirical knowledge about the causal origins of our true beliefs that are the most highly prized we will discover that they do not always (or even hardly ever) satisfy the required efficient causal constraints. Bluntly put, having sufficiently good reasons for our beliefs might not require that the beliefs have the requisite efficient causal etiology.On the other hand, there is a way of interpreting Sosa's views that does not include an efficient causal prerequisite. That interpretation makes Sosa's account of real knowledge almost identical to defeasible infinitism but expressed in an alternate vocabulary. Such a view is not subject to the HED problem and it can solve the deep problem in epistemology, namely how to get epistemically certain (as opposed to psychologically certain) knowledge from fallible justification.
The hydroelastic response of a surface-piercing hydrofoil in multi-phase flows. Part 1. Passive hydroelasticity
Authors: Harwood Casey M. , Felli Mario , Falchi Massimo , Ceccio Steven L. , Young Yin L.
Published: October 2019

Compliant lift-generating surfaces have widespread applications as marine propellers, hydrofoils and control surfaces, and the fluid–structure interactions (FSI) of such systems have important effects upon their performance and stability. Multi-phase flows like cavitation and ventilation alter the hydrodynamic and hydroelastic behaviours of lifting surfaces in ways that are not yet completely understood. This paper describes experiments on one rigid and two flexible variants of a vertical surface-piercing hydrofoil in wetted, ventilating and cavitating conditions. Tests were conducted in a towing tank and a free-surface cavitation channel. This work, which is Part 1 of a two-part series, examines the passive, or flow-induced, fluid–structure interactions of the hydrofoils. Four characteristic flow regimes are described: fully wetted, partially ventilated, partially cavitating and fully ventilated. Hydroelastic coupling is shown to increase the hydrodynamic lift and yawing moments across all four flow regimes by augmenting the effective angle of attack. The effective angle of attack, which was derived using a beam model to account for the effect of spanwise twisting deflections, effectively collapses the hydrodynamic load coefficients for the three hydrofoils. A generalized cavitation parameter, using the effective angle of attack, is used to collapse the lift and moment coefficients for all trials at a single immersed aspect ratio, smoothly bridging the four distinct flow regimes. None of the hydrofoils approached the static divergence condition, which occurs when the hydrodynamic stiffness negates the structural stiffness, but theory and experiments both show that ventilation increases the divergence speed by reducing the hydrodynamic twisting moment about the elastic axis. Coherent vortex shedding from the blunt trailing edge of the hydrofoil causes vortex-induced vibration at an approximately constant Strouhal number of 0.275 (based on the trailing edge thickness), and leads to amplified response at lock-in, when the vortex-shedding frequency approaches one of the resonant modal frequencies of the coupled fluid–structure system.
Edge tracking in spatially developing boundary layer flows
Authors: Beneitez Miguel , Duguet Yohann , Schlatter Philipp , Henningson Dan S.
Published: October 2019

Recent progress in understanding subcritical transition to turbulence is based on the concept of the edge, the manifold separating the basins of attraction of the laminar and the turbulent state. Originally developed in numerical studies of parallel shear flows with a linearly stable base flow, this concept is adapted here to the case of a spatially developing Blasius boundary layer. Longer time horizons fundamentally change the nature of the problem due to the loss of stability of the base flow due to Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves. We demonstrate, using a moving box technique, that efficient long-time tracking of edge trajectories is possible for the parameter range relevant to bypass transition, even if the asymptotic state itself remains out of reach. The flow along the edge trajectory features streak switching observed for the first time in the Blasius boundary layer. At long enough times, TS waves co-exist with the coherent structure characteristic of edge trajectories. In this situation we suggest a reinterpretation of the edge as a manifold dividing the state space between the two main types of boundary layer transition, i.e. bypass transition and classical transition.
Why Local Party Leaders Don't Support Nominating Centrists
Authors: Broockman David E. , Carnes Nicholas , Crowder-Meyer Melody , Skovron Christopher
Published: October 2019

Would giving party leaders more influence in primary elections in the United States decrease elite polarization? Some scholars have argued that political party leaders tend to support centrist candidates in the hopes of winning general elections. In contrast, the authors argue that manylocalparty leaders – especially Republicans – may not believe that centrists perform better in elections and therefore may not support nominating them. They test this argument using data from an original survey of 1,118 county-level party leaders. In experiments, they find that local party leaders most prefer nominating candidates who are similar to typical co-partisans, not centrists. Moreover, given the choice between a more centrist and more extreme candidate, they strongly prefer extremists: Democrats do so by about 2 to 1 and Republicans by 10 to 1. Likewise, in open-ended questions, Democratic Party leaders are twice as likely to say they look for extreme candidates relative to centrists; Republican Party leaders are five times as likely. Potentially driving these partisan differences, Republican leaders are especially likely to believe that extremists canwingeneral elections and overestimate the electorate's conservatism by double digits.
NOTES ON THE TEXT OF CATALEPTON 10
Authors: Franklinos T.E.
Published: October 2019

Catalepton 10 (Sabinus ille) is a unique survival from antiquity: it is the only parody of an entire poem to reach us, and is written in pure iambic trimeters, a near intractable metre. Addressed to Sabinus, an upstart muleteer, the poem launches a stinging attack at him, and draws attention to his status as a parvenu. It remains incredibly close to its charming model—Catullus 4 (Phaselos ille)—in structural, lexical, stylistic and metrical terms, but rather different in purport. In attempting to reassess a number of problems in the text of the poem, the textual critic ought largely to be guided by the relationship of Sabinus ille to its model, as it is clear that the author of Catalepton 10 was an incredibly close reader of the Catullan text and sought not only to imitate through parody but also to subvert and deflate his predecessor's poem.
ORION'S CLUB. A NOTE ON GERMANICUS, ARATI PHAENOMENA 651
Authors: Berti Emanuele
Published: October 2019

In lines 646–60 of his translation of Aratus’ Phaenomena, Germanicus narrates the story of Orion, the mythical hunter killed by a scorpion sent by Diana because of his attempt to rape the goddess, and then transformed into a star. In particular, line 651 describes Orion's hunting:nudabatque feris angusto stipite siluas.
A NOTE ON OVID, HEROIDES 6.117–18
Authors: Martínez Zepeda Baruch
Published: October 2019

At Her. 6.113–18 Hypsipyle lays out for Jason the advantages to be gained by marrying her: the prestige of her noble and even divine family, and the fertile island of Lemnos, which will come as her dowry. She then adds the fact that she is pregnant with twins (6.119–22); this thought introduces a new section, which extends until line 130.
Prevalence and features of spontaneous recurrent images in social anxiety disorder: findings from a Korean community sample
Authors: Suh Da Eun , Chang Kyung-Ah , Hwang Ji Un , Kwon Jung-Hye
Published: October 2019

Background:

Previous studies have indicated that people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often experience spontaneous, recurrent images (SRI). It was assumed that Koreans with interdependent self-views may contain more features related to social contexts in their self-images than those reported in Western cultures.

Aims:

In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence and content of SRIs in individuals with SAD in Korea. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between features of SRIs and variables of SAD.

Method:

Sixty-four individuals with SAD (27.00 ± 7.42 years, 64.1% female), diagnosed with SAD, completed self-report questionnaires related to social anxiety. Afterwards, a semi-structured interview was used to assess features and content of the individuals’ SRI.

Results:

Thirty (47%) of the participants reported experiencing SRIs in social situations. The content of the SRIs were classified under three themes: negative self-images, negative images of others, and abstract images. The distress level of SRIs was positively associated with social phobia scales (r = .385, p < .05) and physical anxiety symptoms (r = .478, p < .05). Frequency of SRIs was positively associated with avoidance scores (r = .402, p < .05).

Conclusions:

The results demonstrated differences in the prevalence and content of the SRIs between Western and non-Western cultures. Fewer individuals with SAD in Korea reported having SRIs, and the content of these SRIs involved people other than the self. Some features of SRIs were associated with variables of SAD.
Representing Australia to the Commonwealth in 1965: Aborigiana and Indigenous Performance
Authors: HARRIS AMANDA
Published: October 2019

In 1965, the Australian government and Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust (AETT) debated which performing arts ensembles should represent Australia at the London Commonwealth Arts Festival. The AETT proposed the newly formed Aboriginal Theatre, comprising songmakers, musicians, and dancers from the Tiwi Islands, northeast Arnhem Land and the Daly River. The government declined, and instead sent the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performing works by John Antill and Peter Sculthorpe. In examining the historical context for these negotiations, I demonstrate the direct relationship between the historical promotion of ‘Australianist’ art music composition that claimed to represent Aboriginal culture, and the denial of the right of representation to Aboriginal performers as owners of their musical traditions. Within the framing of Wolfe's settler colonial theory and ‘logic of elimination’, I suggest that appropriative Australian art music has directly sought to replace performances of Aboriginal culture by Aboriginal people, even while Aboriginal people have resisted replacement.
Comment on “Investigating Earth's Formation History Through Copper & Sulfur Metal–Silicate Partitioning During Core‐Mantle Differentiation” by Mahan et al.
Authors: Jennings Eleanor S. , Wade Jon , Llovet Xavier
Published: October 2019

The physical and chemical conditions of terrestrial core formation play a key role in the distribution of elements between the Earth's silicate mantle and metallic core. To explore this, Mahan, Siebert, Blanchard, Badro, et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015991) present experimentally‐derived partitioning data, showing how Cu distributes itself between metal and silicate at lower‐mantle PT conditions with implications for planetary accretion and core formation. Eight experiments were performed in a diamond anvil cell, and each sample was welded to a copper grid for analysis. An offset in partitioning behavior was subsequently noted between the high‐P experiments and the lower‐P data set. However, when analyzing the diamond anvil cell experiments by electron probe microanalysis, the authors did not account for the secondary fluorescence of Cu that arises from the sample holder. Using Monte Carlo simulations of X‐ray and electron transport, we show that the fluorescence of the Cu grid, originating from high‐energy continuum X‐rays emitted from the sample, makes a significant contribution to the reported measurement of Cu in both the silicate and metallic phases. This is in good agreement with previous measurements made on Cu‐free analogs. On average, around 70% of the published Cu concentrations are attributable to X‐rays that originate externally to the sample. The reported offset in KDmet‐sil at high pressures may reflect the different experimental and analytical protocol used, rather than a true pressure effect. Although adequate post hoc corrections can be made, uncertainties around the exact sample and detector geometries make it difficult to refine simulations and derive accurate correction factors for each experiment.
Complete Three‐Dimensional Coseismic Deformation Field of the 2016 Central Tottori Earthquake by Integrating Left‐ and Right‐Looking InSAR Observations With the Improved SM‐VCE Method
Authors: Liu Jihong , Hu Jun , Xu Wenbin , Li Zhiwei , Zhu Jianjun , Ding Xiaoli , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2019

The three‐dimensional (3‐D) deformation field associated with the 2016 Central Tottori earthquake is retrieved from advanced land observing satellite 2 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations with four different viewing geometries, that is, ascending/descending tracks and left‐/right‐looking modes. The strain model and variance component estimation (SM, VCE, SM‐VCE) method is exploited and improved to integrate the InSAR observations with different viewing geometries so that the 3‐D deformation field is not affected by the inconsistent coverage of SAR footprints or the gross errors in InSAR observations. The obtained results are consistent with GNSS observations, indicating that the improved SM‐VCE method, known as SM‐RVCE in this paper, is capable of retrieving an accurate and spatially complete 3‐D deformation field for this earthquake. In addition, the precision of the InSAR observations and the estimated 3‐D deformation are quantitatively assessed by the SM‐RVCE method. Finally, on the basis of the estimated 3‐D coseismic deformation, the source parameters of this event are inverted, revealing an asperity with a maximum strike‐parallel slip of ~1.1 m concentrated at depths between 2 and 10 km. The estimated seismic moment is 2.4 × 1018 Nm, which corresponds to a Mw 6.2 event.
Spanwise Cylinder Wake Hydrodynamics and Fish Behavior
Authors: Muhawenimana V. , Wilson C. A. M. E. , Ouro P. , Cable J.
Published: October 2019

Flows generated near hydro‐engineering structures are characterized by energetic three‐dimensional flow structures that are markedly different from naturally occurring fish habitats. The current study evaluated the interaction of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with spanwise rollers in the turbulent wake of a cylinder in both the wake bubble and the vortex shedding further downstream. The flow field hydrodynamics were measured using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter for Reynolds number (ReD) regimes ranging from 3,730 to 33,590, over a streamwise length of six diameters downstream of the cylinder, and revealed a pair of alternating vortices rotating about a spanwise axis, which were rendered asymmetric by the bed boundary proximity. Fish avoided areas where vorticity, turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, eddy size, and Reynolds shear stress were highest. Events of stability loss, referred to as spills, were significantly correlated to the turbulence integral length scale relative to fish standard length, with the peak number of spills occurring when the eddy length approached 45% to 50% of the fish length. Spill events significantly depended on ReD, Reynolds stress, and vorticity and varied according to fish length and weight. Among zones of similar Reynolds stress and vorticity magnitude, spills were most frequent when Reynolds shear stress was positive, downward acting and eddies rotated clockwise, which highlights the importance of direction and orientation of flow structures in determining the hydrodynamic forces that affect fish swimming stability. Recommendations are made for the inclusion of these metrics in the design and refinement of hydro‐engineering schemes.
Physical Controls on Salmon Redd Site Selection in Restored Reaches of a Regulated, Gravel‐Bed River
Authors: Harrison Lee R. , Bray Erin , Overstreet Brandon , Legleiter Carl J. , Brown Rocko A. , Merz Joseph E. , Bond Rosealea M. , Nicol Colin L. , Dunne Thomas
Published: October 2019

Large‐scale river restoration programs have emerged recently as a tool for improving spawning habitat for native salmonids in highly altered river ecosystems. Few studies have quantified the extent to which restored habitat is utilized by salmonids, which habitat features influence redd site selection, or the persistence of restored habitat over time. We investigated fall‐run Chinook salmon spawning site utilization and measured and modeled corresponding habitat characteristics in two restored reaches: a reach of channel and floodplain enhancement completed in 2013 and a reconfigured channel and floodplain constructed in 2002. Redd surveys demonstrated that both restoration projects supported a high density of salmon redds, 3 and 14 years following restoration. Salmon redds were constructed in coarse gravel substrates located in areas of high sediment mobility, as determined by measurements of gravel friction angles and a grain entrainment model. Salmon redds were located near transitions between pool‐riffle bedforms in regions of high predicted hyporheic flows. Habitat quality (quantified as a function of stream hydraulics) and hyporheic flow were both strong predictors of redd occurrence, though the relative roles of these variables differed between sites. Our findings indicate that physical controls on redd site selection in restored channels were similar to those reported for natural channels elsewhere. Our results further highlight that in addition to traditional habitat criteria (e.g., water depth, velocity, and substrate size), quantifying sediment texture and mobility, as well as intragravel flow, provides a more complete understanding of the ecological benefits provided by river restoration projects.
Near‐Fault Velocity Spectra From Laboratory Failures and Their Relation to Natural Ground Motion
Authors: Beeler N. M. , McLaskey Gregory C. , Lockner David , Kilgore Brian
Published: October 2019

We compared near‐fault velocity spectra recorded during laboratory experiments to that of natural earthquakes. We fractured crystalline rock samples at room temperature and intermediate confining pressure (50 MPa). Subsequent slip events were generated on the fracture surfaces under higher confinement (300 MPa). Velocity spectra from rock fracture resemble the inverse frequency (1/f) decay of natural earthquake velocity. This spectrum can be attributed to fault creation via seismic fracturing over a wide range of spatial scales. In contrast, subsequent slips on the rough fracture surfaces are depleted in high frequency energy and falloff approximately as 1/f2. The 1/f2 spectrum is more consistent with a slider‐block model obeying static‐kinetic friction than a natural earthquake. The depleted high frequency content precludes the rough fault experiments from being directly analogous to natural sources. The suppression of high frequencies may have resulted from two possible factors: (1) the presence of a well‐developed shear zone and coseismic damping of the fault motion by dissipation within it or, in our favored interpretation, (2) a smaller amount of energy dissipated by shearing relative to the total energy release at elevated confining pressure. In context of the latter explanation, a unifying concept that applies to these experiments, earthquakes, ground motion, and models of complex radiated motion is that high frequency radiated energy is relatively enhanced when total energy release is nearly balanced within the source region by dissipative processes. This near‐critical energy release condition can be accessed at low normal stress in laboratory experiments.
Polarimetric Radar Convective Cell Tracking Reveals Large Sensitivity of Cloud Precipitation and Electrification Properties to CCN
Authors: Hu Jiaxi , Rosenfeld Daniel , Ryzhkov Alexander , Zrnic Dusan , Williams Earle , Zhang Pengfei , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Zhang Renyi , Weitz Richard
Published: October 2019

Hypotheses have been proposed for decades about the effect of activated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on delaying the warm rain process, invigorating deep convective cloud vertical development, and enhancing mixed‐phase processes. Observational support has been only qualitative with mixed results due to the lack of regional measurements of CCN concentration (NCCN), while simulations have not produced a robust consensus. Quantitative assessments of these relationships became possible with the advent of NCCN retrievals from satellites; when combined with measurements by polarimetric radar and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), tracking convective cells observed on radar and examining precipitation properties throughout the cells' life cycle has permitted the study of the impact of NCCN on cloud and precipitation characteristics. We composited more than 2,800 well‐tracked cells in the Houston region and stratified them by NCCN, convective available potential energy (CAPE), and urban/rural locations. The results show that increased NCCN invigorates the convection until saturation near NCCN = 1,000 cm3; increasing NCCN from ~400 to an optimum of ~1,000 cm3 increases lightning activity by an order of magnitude. A further increase in CCN decreases lightning rates. Adding CAPE enhances lightning only under low NCCN (e.g., less than 500 cm3). The presence of the urban area enhances lightning for similar NCCN concentrations, although this applies mainly under low NCCN conditions. The urban heat island as manifested by cloud base height cannot explain this observation. It is suspected that the urban ultrafine aerosols contribute to the storm electrification.
Modeling Soil Wind Erosion From Agroecological Classes of the Pacific Northwest in Response to Current Climate
Authors: Pi Huawei , Huggins David R. , Abatzoglou John T. , Sharratt Brenton
Published: October 2019

Soil wind erosion is a major concern of the agricultural community in the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW) United States. This study quantitatively predicts dust emissions from agroecological classes (AECs) of iPNW based on soil and land use types in response to climate change. The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) was used to simulate daily soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) loss at 29 meteorological stations across the iPNW. From 2009 to 2018, annual soil and PM10 loss decreased 1.18 and 0.05 kg m−2 yr−1, respectively. We presume that this decrease may be due to decreased wind speed, rather than other parameters like precipitation or solar radiation. St. John, WA had not only the highest annual soil loss but also the greatest mean wind speed and number of events with wind speeds >8 m/s. However, Lind, WA appeared to have greater soil surface erodibility in terms of greater rates of hourly soil and PM10 loss. Wind erosion occurred most frequently during March and April. The average maximum annual soil and PM10 loss in the grain‐fallow stable (24.7 and 0.63 kg/m2, respectively) exceeded that of all other agroecosystems. This suggested that maintaining crop cover is critical for protecting the soil surface from erosion.
Experimental Validation of the Near‐Bed Particle‐Borne Stress Profile in Aeolian Transport Systems
Authors: O'Brien Patrick , McKenna Neuman Cheryl
Published: October 2019

Self‐regulation of sediment transport by wind is widely assumed to derive from the partitioning of momentum from the fluid flow to the particle cloud. Consequently, the fluid stress on the bed surface is suggested by some to drop below that required to entrain particles, while the cloud is sustained by particle ricochet and splash that derive from the impacts of particles moving ballistically along the bed surface. While these theoretical constructs underpin present‐day numerical models of aeolian saltation, the particle‐borne stress has never been measured directly in either a laboratory or field setting. Such measurements are required for model validation and calibration of numerical simulations and were undertaken in vertical profile in the Trent Environmental Wind Tunnel using particle tracking velocimetry. Test sand was normally distributed with a median diameter of 590 μm. Particle momentum was calculated from the diameter and velocity of each image pair captured using high‐speed photography and then summed within each elevation band. The median diameter of the air‐borne particles was found to increase with friction velocity (u*), suggestive of sorting of the bed surface, and to decrease with elevation. Within a two‐dimensional framework, the vertical and windward components of the particle velocity were found to increase with elevation, with u* having little to no influence. Confirming the results of previous numerical simulations, these experiments show that the normalized particle‐borne stress increases exponentially toward the bed surface; however, within the lowest few millimeters where particle splash dominates, no consistent change is observed with elevation.
K‐Ar Dating of Fossil Seismogenic Thrusts in the Shimanto Accretionary Complex, Southwest Japan
Authors: Fisher Donald M. , Tonai Satoshi , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Tomioka Naotaka , Oakley David
Published: October 2019

K‐Ar ages of clay‐sized mineral grains are used to determine the timing of activity on fossil seismogenic faults within the Cretaceous‐Paleogene Shimanto accretionary complex, southwest Japan. Samples were collected from three regional faults that separate hanging wall coherent rocks from footwall subduction mélange: the Goshikinohama Fault that caps the Yokonami mélange, the roof thrust of the Okitsu mélange, and the Nobeoka Thrust that caps the Hyuga mélange. The K‐Ar ages of fault rocks decrease with decreasing 2M1 illite polytype component, indicating a mixture of 1Md and 2M1 illite polytypes. Based on illite dating analysis, the extrapolated ages of the pure 2M1 illite polytype from the Goshikinohama Fault, the roof thrust of the Okitsu mélange, and the Nobeoka Thrust are 79.3 ± 5.0, 66.1 ± 8.1, and 46.7 ± 8.2 Ma, respectively, similar to the depositional age of each host rock. Lower intercepts of regression lines, which correspond to samples containing 100% authigenic illite, are calculated as 50.7 ± 1.4, 18.4 ± 1.2, and 24.4 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. These ages are significantly younger than both the depositional ages and the timing of accretion. These results indicate that authigenic illite associated with fault slip is not related to underthrusting along the subduction interface but rather formed during out‐of‐sequence thrusting in the upper plate. Early Miocene slip along faults of the northern Shimanto belt is coincident with major tectonic events along the convergent margin, including collision with elements of the Izu‐Bonin volcanic arc‐backarc system, and opening of the Japan Sea.
Evolutionary Cooperation in Transboundary River Basins
Authors: Yu Yang , Tang Pingzhong , Zhao Jianshi , Liu Bo , Mclaughlin Dennis
Published: October 2019

Cooperation in transboundary river basins can make water resources systems more efficient and benefit riparian stakeholders. However, in a basin with upstream and downstream stakeholders that have different interests, noncooperative outcomes have often been observed. These can be described by a one‐shot prisoners' dilemma game where noncooperation (defection) is a dominant equilibrium strategy. However, cooperative outcomes have also been observed in several transboundary settings, such as the Lancang‐Mekong River Basin in Asia. Such cooperation motivates our research effort to refine relevant game theoretic descriptions to account for the evolution of players' behaviors, from conflict to cooperation. In this study, a repeated game model is proposed to analyze evolutionary transboundary cooperation. A generalized evolutionary cooperation pattern with four stages is summarized, starting with noncooperation and ending with in‐depth cooperation. The Lancang‐Mekong River Basin and three other typical transboundary river management case studies are chosen to validate our theoretical findings. Upstream and downstream stakeholder behaviors are analyzed for these case studies, in accordance with a game payoff matrix that accounts for incentives to cooperate. The results indicate that patience and incremental benefits can lead stakeholders to adopt a cooperative equilibrium strategy if appropriate institutional mechanisms are in place. Such mechanisms can be developed through negotiations that recognize the wide range of stakeholder interests that may influence the decision to cooperate. Our analysis suggests that game theory can provide useful insights into the conditions and institutional mechanisms that foster cooperative strategies for managing transboundary water resources.