bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability in infant frontal asymmetry as a predictor of toddlerhood internalizing and externalizing behaviors
Authors: Smith Cynthia L. , Bell Martha Ann
Published: February 2010

Stability in frontal brain electrical activity (i.e., electroencephalographic or EEG) asymmetry at 10 and 24 months was examined with respect to maternal ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviors at 30 months in a sample of 48 children. Children with stable left frontal EEG asymmetry during infancy were rated higher in externalizing behaviors by their mothers, whereas children with stable right frontal EEG asymmetry were rated higher in internalizing behaviors. These findings highlight the need to focus on the early stability in physiological measures that may be implicated later in developing behavioral problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52:158–167, 2010
Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention
Authors: Romer Daniel
Published: February 2010

Individual differences in impulsivity underlie a good deal of the risk taking that is observed during adolescence, and some of the most hazardous forms of this behavior are linked to impulsivity traits that are evident early in development. However, early interventions appear able to reduce the severity and impact of these traits by increasing control over behavior and persistence toward valued goals, such as educational achievement. One form of impulsivity, sensation seeking, rises dramatically during adolescence and increases risks to healthy development. However, a review of the evidence for the hypothesis that limitations in brain development during adolescence restrict the ability to control impulsivity suggests that any such limitations are subtle at best. Instead, it is argued that lack of experience with novel adult behavior poses a much greater risk to adolescents than structural deficits in brain maturation. Continued translational research will help to identify strategies that protect youth as they transition to adulthood. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 263–276, 2010
Recent Advances in Stereodynamics and Conformational Analysis by Dynamic NMR and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Casarini Daniele , Lunazzi Lodovico , Mazzanti Andrea
Published: February 2010

Dynamic NMR spectroscopy can determine energy barriers due to internal motion over the range of about 4.5–23 kcal mol–1. Conformational analysis of the frozen conformations can be simulated and interpreted by reliable theoretical calculations based mainly on density functional theory (DFT). The same calculations can identify transition states and predict the values of energy barriers involved in stereodynamic processes. This review describes recent advances in the experimental and theoretical approaches used in the field of the stereodynamic analysis, reporting a number of examples taken from the recent literature.
Multicomponent C‐Alkylation Reactions of Aromatic Aldimines with Trialkylboranes Reagents
Authors: Valpuesta María , Muñoz Carmen , Díaz Amelia , Torres Gregorio , Suau Rafael
Published: February 2010

The one‐pot three‐component reaction of an aryl aldehyde, an arylamine, and a trialkylborane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide afforded the alkylated arylamines 1 in good yields via oxidized imine–borane complexes. In addition, the versatility of our procedure has been confirmed by the use of enolizable aldehydes, alkylic amines, and cyclic imines.
Ultrastructure, development and histochemistry of the polysaccharide‐containing subcuticular compartments in Origanum dictamnus L. peltate glandular hairs
Authors: Bosabalidis Artemios M.
Published: February 2010

Peltate glandular hairs of Origanum dictamnus at the stage of secretion create two subcuticular chambers; one large and bladder‐like, at the apex of the head (containing essential oil), and one small and ring‐like, at the bottom of the head (containing polysaccharides). In the apical chamber, along with the essential oil, a small lateral compartment containing polysaccharides, also exists. This compartment surrounds peripherally the apical chamber creating a second ring‐like structure. The apical plasmalemma of the head cells exhibits a high electron density and presumably has a specific substructure to facilitate passing to the subcuticular chamber of the secretory product. The latter probably exists in the form of glucosides, which, after passing across the plasmalemma and entering the apical chamber, become hydrolysed into the aglycone fraction (essential oil) and the sugar fraction (polysaccharides). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Primary Macaque Hepatocytes: Crossing the Species Barrier Toward A New Small Primate Model
Authors: Lucifora Julie , Vincent Isabelle E. , Berthillon Pascale , Dupinay Tatiana , Michelet Maud , Protzer Ulrike , Zoulim Fabien , Durantel David , Trepo Christian , Chemin Isabelle
Published: February 2010

The development of new anti–hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies, especially immunotherapeutic approaches, has been limited by the lack of a primate model more accessible than chimpanzees. We have previously demonstrated that sylvanus and cynomolgus macaques are susceptible to

in vivo

HBV infection after intrahepatic HBV DNA inoculation. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of primary macaque hepatocytes (PMHs) to HBV infection with a highly efficient HBV genome–mediated transfer system via a recombinant baculovirus (Bac-HBV). Freshly prepared PMHs, isolated from macaque liver tissue by collagenase perfusion, were transduced with Bac-HBV, and intermediates of replication were followed for 9 days post-transduction. Evidence of HBV replication (hepatitis B surface antigen secretion, viral DNA, RNA, and covalently closed circular DNA) was detected from day 1 to day 9 post-transduction. HBV markers were dose-dependent and still detectable at a multiplicity of infection of 10. Importantly, transduced PMHs secreted all typical forms of HBV particles, as evidenced by a cesium chloride gradient as well as transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand was used to stimulate freshly prepared macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells to generate TLR9-induced cytokines. We then demonstrated the antiviral effects of both TLR9-induced cytokines and nucleoside analogue (lamivudine) on HBV replication in transduced PMHs.

Conclusion:

Baculovirus-mediated genome transfer initiated a full HBV replication cycle in PMHs; thus highlighted both the baculovirus efficiency in crossing the species barrier and macaque susceptibility to HBV infection. Moreover, our results demonstrate the relevance of thus system for antiviral compound evaluations with either nucleoside analogues or inhibitory cytokines. Cynomolgus macaques are readily available, are immunologically closely related to humans, and may therefore represent a promising model for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. (Hepatology 2010)
Reannotation of protein‐coding genes based on an improved graphical representation of DNA sequence
Authors: Yu Jia‐Feng , Sun Xiao
Published: February 2010

Over annotation of protein coding genes is common phenomenon in microbial genomes, the genome of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AmEPV) is a typical case, because more than 63% of its annotated ORFs are hypothetical. In this article, we propose an improved graphical representation titled I‐TN (improved curve based on trinucleotides) curve, which allows direct inspection of composition and distribution of codons and asymmetric gene structure. This improved graphical representation can also provide convenient tools for genome analysis. From this presentation, 18 variables are exploited as numerical descriptors to represent the specific features of protein coding genes quantitatively, with which we reannotate the protein coding genes in several viral genomes. Using the parameters trained on the experimentally validated genes, all of the 30 experimentally validated genes and 63 putative genes in AmEPV genome are recognized correctly as protein coding, the accuracies of the present method for self‐test and cross‐validation are 100%, respectively. Twenty‐eight annotated hypothetical genes are predicted as noncoding, and then the number of reannotated protein coding genes in AmEPV should be 266 instead of 294 reported in the original annotations. Extending the present method trained in AmEPV to other entomopoxvirus genomes directly, such as Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus (MsEPV), all of the 123 annotated function‐known and putative genes are recognized correctly as protein coding, and 17 hypothetical genes are recognized as noncoding. The present method could also be extended to other genomes with or without adaptation of training sets with high accuracy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Hadamard matrices of small order and Yang conjecture
Authors: Ðoković Dragomir Ž.
Published: February 2010

We show that 138 odd values of n<10000 for which a Hadamard matrix of order 4n exists have been overlooked in the recent handbook of combinatorial designs. There are four additional odd n=191, 5767, 7081, 8249 in that range for which Hadamard matrices of order 4n exist. There is a unique equivalence class of near‐normal sequences NN(36), and the same is true for NN(38) and NN(40). This means that the Yang conjecture on the existence of near‐normal sequences NN(n) has been verified for all even n⩽40, but it still remains open. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 18: 254–259, 2010
Thrombin enhanced migration and MMPs expression of human chondrosarcoma cells involves PAR receptor signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Hsien‐Te , Tsou Hsi‐Kai , Tsai Chun‐Hao , Kuo Chien‐Chung , Chiang Yi‐Kai , Chang Chia‐Hao , Fong Yi‐Chin , Tang Chih‐Hsin
Published: February 2010

Thrombin is a multifunctional protease that can activate hemostasis and coagulation through the cleavage of fibrinogen to form fibrin clots. Thrombin also plays a crucial role in migration and metastasis of human cancer cells. However, the effect of thrombin on migration activity in human chondrosarcoma cells is mostly unknown. Here, we found that thrombin increased the migration and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐13 in human chondrosarcoma cells (JJ012 and SW1353 cells). By using pharmacological inhibitors or activators or genetic inhibition by the protease‐activated receptor (PAR), we found that the PAR1 and PAR4 receptor but not PAR3 receptor are involved in thrombin‐mediated cell migration and MMPs expression. Thrombin‐mediated migration and MMPs up‐regulation was attenuated by phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C, and c‐Src inhibitor. Activations of PLCβ, PKCα, c‐Src, and NF‐κB pathways after thrombin treatment was demonstrated, and thrombin‐induced MMPs expression and migration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitors and mutants of PLC, PKC, c‐Src, and NF‐κB cascades. Taken together, our results indicated that thrombin enhances the migration of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing MMP‐2 and MMP‐13 expression through the PAR/PLC/PKCα/c‐Src/NF‐κB signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:737–745, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redefining leader self‐awareness by integrating the second component of self‐awareness
Authors: Taylor Scott N.
Published: February 2010

This article aims to extend the current treatment of what constitutes leader self‐awareness. Discussion of self‐awareness in organizations and leadership research here focused on one component of self‐awareness; awareness of individual self‐resources. Drawing on Objective Self‐Awareness Theory (OSA theory, Duval & Wicklund, 1972), this paper explores a neglected second component of self‐awareness: the ability to anticipate the views of others. Leaders gain awareness of their influence on others through impulses to self‐focus, which leads to self‐evaluation against extrinsic standards, and insight regarding leader influence. Research and practical implications of the second component of self‐awareness are discussed.
Poetic forms of leadership pedagogy: Rediscovering creative leadership through the arts
Authors: Rodgers Emily , Bradley C. Randall , Ward Sherry
Published: February 2010

In his article, “Educational Research: The Hardest Science of All,” policy scholar David Berliner (2002) asserts that “no unpoetic description of the human condition can ever be complete” (p. 20). Berliner's words echo the epistemological and methodological climate of late 1970s and early 1980s social science research, a phase often characterized as the “literary turn.” In this historical moment, social science scholars turned to interdisciplinary sources, most notably literary theory and the humanities, for new means of addressing the ineffable, aesthetic aspects of human activity. This work and emphasis remains a prominent, growing genre within several fields, exemplified by widespread recognition of Margaret Wheatley's poetic approach to leadership inquiry and pedagogy (2009), frequent inclusion of aesthetic works in leading research journals (such as Qualitative Inquiry), and recent creation of arts‐ and humanities‐based educational research criteria for submissions to the American Educational Research Association's annual conference and sponsored journals.

No field of inquiry better illustrates the need to understand human activity as “poetic” than leadership, which is perhaps the quintessential marker of social existence. Accordingly, in this symposium we wish to explore how such interdisciplinary approaches, specifically those grounded in the humanities, have manifested in leadership inquiry and pedagogy. It is our hope that this collection of essays will illustrate the breadth and depth of the field of leadership studies, as well as offer our readers new perspectives and inspiration in their own research and practice.
What can we learn from Shakespeare about “bad” leaders?
Authors: Abbott Philip
Published: February 2010

In his article, “Educational Research: The Hardest Science of All,” policy scholar David Berliner (2002) asserts that “no unpoetic description of the human condition can ever be complete” (p. 20). Berliner's words echo the epistemological and methodological climate of late 1970s and early 1980s social science research, a phase often characterized as the “literary turn.” In this historical moment, social science scholars turned to interdisciplinary sources, most notably literary theory and the humanities, for new means of addressing the ineffable, aesthetic aspects of human activity. This work and emphasis remains a prominent, growing genre within several fields, exemplified by widespread recognition of Margaret Wheatley's poetic approach to leadership inquiry and pedagogy (2009), frequent inclusion of aesthetic works in leading research journals (such asQualitative Inquiry), and recent creation of arts‐ and humanities‐based educational research criteria for submissions to the American Educational Research Association's annual conference and sponsored journals.

No field of inquiry better illustrates the need to understand human activity as “poetic” than leadership, which is perhaps the quintessential marker of social existence. Accordingly, in this symposium we wish to explore how such interdisciplinary approaches, specifically those grounded in the humanities, have manifested in leadership inquiry and pedagogy. It is our hope that this collection of essays will illustrate the breadth and depth of the field of leadership studies, as well as offer our readers new perspectives and inspiration in their own research and practice.
Universally Primed‐PCR indicates geographical variation of Peronospora farinosa ex. Chenopodium quinoa
Authors: Danielsen Solveig , Lübeck Mette
Published: February 2010

In the Andean region of South America downy mildew, caused by Peronospora farinosa, is the most important disease of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Peronospora farinosa, a highly polyphyletic species, occurs on quinoa and wild relatives on all continents. However, very little is known about the geographic diversity of the pathogen. As the interest in quinoa as a novel crop is increasing worldwide, geographical differences in the population structure of the downy mildew pathogen must be taken into consideration in order to design appropriate control strategies under a variety of circumstances. As a step towards understanding the geographic diversity of P. farinosa from quinoa, 40 downy mildew isolates from the Andean highlands and Denmark were characterized using universally primed PCR (UP‐PCR). Eight UP‐PCR primers were tested. A combined analysis of markers separated the Danish and Andean isolates in two distinct clusters. This study raises new questions about the origin and spread of P. farinosa on quinoa, its geographic diversity and host specificity. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lignin‐modifying enzymes in filamentous basidiomycetes – ecological, functional and phylogenetic review
Authors: Lundell Taina K. , Mäkelä Miia R. , Hildén Kristiina
Published: February 2010

Filamentous fungi owe powerful abilities for decomposition of the extensive plant material, lignocellulose, and thereby are indispensable for the Earth's carbon cycle, generation of soil humic matter and formation of soil fine structure. The filamentous wood‐decaying fungi belong to the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and are unique organisms specified to degradation of the xylem cell wall components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins and extractives). The basidiomycetous wood‐decaying fungi form brackets, caps or resupinaceous (corticioid) fruiting bodies when growing on wood for dissemination of their sexual basidiospores. In particular, the ability to decompose the aromatic lignin polymers in wood is mostly restricted to the white rot basidiomycetes. The white‐rot decay of wood is possible due to secretion of organic acids, secondary metabolites, and oxidoreductive metalloenzymes, heme peroxidases and laccases, encoded by divergent gene families in these fungi. The brown rot basidiomycetes obviously depend more on a non‐enzymatic strategy for decomposition of wood cellulose and modification of lignin. This review gives a current ecological, genomic, and protein functional and phylogenetic perspective of the wood and lignocellulose‐decaying basidiomycetous fungi. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biological soil properties in a long‐term tillage trial in Germany
Authors: Ulrich Sebastian , Tischer Sabine , Hofmann Bodo , Christen Olaf
Published: February 2010

After 37 years of different soil‐tillage treatments in a long‐term field experiment in Germany, a number of biological soil characteristics was measured. The field trial comprised six major treatments with different implements and various depths. In this paper, results from a comparison of long‐term use of a plow (to 25 cm depth), a chisel plow (to 15 cm depth), and no‐tillage are presented. The biological soil characteristics measured include the soil‐organic‐carbon (SOC) content, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and the abundance and biomass of earthworms. Long‐term use of a chisel plow and no‐tillage increased the organic‐C content in the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) compared with the plow treatment. The microbial biomass and the enzyme activities arginine‐ammonification, β‐glucosidase, and catalase decreased with depth in all treatments. Arginine‐ammonification and catalase were higher in the plow treatment in soil layers 10 to 30 cm. Additionally, the chisel plow caused an increase in number and biomass of earthworms compared to both other tillage treatments. Differences in earthworm numbers and biomass between plowing and no‐tillage were not statistically significant.
Direct effect of fertilization on microbial carbon transformation in grassland soils in dependence on the substrate quality
Authors: Kaštovská Eva , Šantrůčková Hana , Picek Tomáš , Vašková Martina , Edwards Keith R.
Published: February 2010

Response of microbial metabolism (growth, substrate utilization, energetic metabolism) to fertilization by N and P and resulting changes in soil‐organic‐matter (SOM) decomposition (priming effect) were studied in grassland soils with relatively high organic‐matter content. Treatments with and without glucose addition were studied to simulate difference between rhizosphere and bulk soil. Our expectation was that fertilization would decrease soil respiration in both treatments due to an increased efficiency of microbial metabolism. At first, fertilization activated microbial metabolism in both treatments. In glucose‐nonamended soils, this was connected with a short‐term apparent priming effect but if glucose was available, the higher energetic demand was covered by its mineralization in preference against SOM, causing significant SOM savings as compared to unfertilized soils. After a relatively short period of 1–3 d, however, the phase of deprived microbial metabolism occurred in both treatments, which was characterized by lower soil respiration in fertilized than in unfertilized soils. Fertilization further decreased net microbial growth following glucose addition, shortened turnover time of microbial biomass and changed the partitioning of assimilated glucose within microbial biomass (decreased accumulation of storage compounds and increased the proportion of mineralized glucose). As a result, fertilization reduced soil respiration mainly due to a deprivation of microbial metabolism. The rate and range of microbial response to fertilization and also the amount of saved soil C were larger in the soil with higher SOM content, likely driven by the higher content of microbial biomass.
Influence of fluorescent dye on the linear polarization direction of stimulated Raman Stokes scattering in liquid‐core optical fibers
Authors: Men Zhiwei , Fang Wenhui , Li Zuowei , Qu Guannan , Sun Chenglin , Gao Shuqin , Lu Guohui
Published: February 2010

We present a simple analytical model to describe the stimulated Raman Stokes scattering (SRS) linear polarization spectroscopy of fluorescent dye solutions in liquid‐core optical fibers (LCOFs). In this scheme, the linear polarization direction of the pump pulse is set parallel to the y‐axis through a straight polarization‐maintaining LCOF, in which the energy of the total optical field $\vec{E} = \vec{E}_{\rm {p}} + \vec{E}_{\rm {s}}$ is kept invariant, and different fluorescence dyes are used to generate different first‐order Stokes intensities. We demonstrate the SRS of all‐trans‐β‐carotene and fluorescein in carbon disulfide (CS2) solutions due to the optical field‐induced reorientation effect, which makes the first‐order Stokes polarization direction rotate by an angle of 88° or 61°, respectively. This demonstrates the good agreement between the theory presented and the experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural, thermal and optical study of nanocrystalline silicon produced by ball milling
Authors: Poffo Claudio M. , de Lima João C. , Souza Sergio M. , Trichês Daniela M. , Grandi Tarciso A. , de Biasi Ronaldo S.
Published: February 2010

The ball milling process was used to obtain nanocrystalline cubic silicon. Between 5 and 10 h of milling, amorphous silicon was also formed. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectrum of a powder milled for 10 h showed that the amorphous–crystalline phase transition occurs at about 450 °C. According to Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction results, volume fractions of the crystalline, interfacial and amorphous phases were about 30, 39 and 31%, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microchip electrophoretic separation for the fast diagnosis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cattle
Authors: Oh Doori , Lee Mi‐Jin , Park Jinho , Kang Seong Ho
Published: February 2010

We report a diagnostic method for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) infection in cattle using a nested PCR and microchip electrophoresis (ME). A. phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which are emerging tick‐borne zoonotic diseases. Nested PCR was used to amplify genomic DNA samples extracted from cattle blood. The amplified PCR products were analyzed under a sieving gel matrix of 0.7% poly(ethyleneoxide) (Mr=8 000 000) in a conventional glass microchip. In the ME assay, A. phagocytophilum was analyzed within 35 s with a relative standard deviation of 1.30% (n=5) using a programmed field strength gradient (PFSG) as follows: 615.3 V/cm for 0–24 s, 66.7 V/cm for 24–34 s, 615.3 V/cm for 34–100 s. The ME‐PFSG assay was clinically validated by comparing the 16S rRNA gene levels obtained by this method with those measured using conventional slab gel electrophoresis performed with ten cattle blood samples suspected of A. phagocytophilum infection. In contrast to slab gel electrophoresis, the proposed ME‐PFSG methodology had increased sensitivity (200–450 pg/μL), a faster analysis time (<35 s), and required a smaller sample volume (∼162 fL).
Global gene expression profiles of ischemic preconditioning in deceased donor liver transplantation
Authors: Raza Ali , Dikdan George , Desai Kunj K. , Shareef Asif , Fernandes Helen , Aris Virginie , de la Torre Andrew N. , Wilson Dorian , Fisher Adrian , Soteropoulos Patricia , Koneru Baburao
Published: February 2010

The benefits of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in reducing ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) remain indistinct in human liver transplantation (LT). To further understand mechanistic aspects of IPC, we performed microarray analyses as a nested substudy in a randomized trial of 10-minute IPC in 101 deceased donor LTs. Liver biopsies were performed after cold storage and at 90 minutes postreperfusion in 40 of 101 subjects. Global gene expression profiles in 6 biopsy pairs in IPC and work standard organ recovery groups at both time points were compared using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST array. Transcripts with >1.5-fold change and P < 0.05 were considered significant. IPC altered expression of 82 transcripts in antioxidant, immunological, lipid biosynthesis, cell development and growth, and other groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting validated our microarray data. IPC-induced overexpression of glutathione S-transferase mu transcripts (GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTM4, and GSTM5) was accompanied by increased protein expression and may contribute to a decrease in oxidative stress. However, the increased expression of fatty acid synthase may increase oxidative stress, and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 may promote apoptosis. These changes, in combination with decreased expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, both of which inhibit apoptosis, may increase IRI. In our study of deceased donor LT, IPC induces changes in gene expression, some of which are potentially beneficial but some which are potentially injurious. Thus, our findings of changes in gene expression mirror the outcomes in our clinical trial. Liver Transpl 16:588-599, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Ferreira Joaquim J.
Published: February 2010

Essential tremor (ET) is among the more prevalent neurological disorders, yet prevalence estimates have varied enormously, making it difficult to establish prevalence with precision. We: (1) reviewed the worldwide prevalence of ET in population‐based epidemiological studies, (2) derived as precisely as possible an estimate of disease prevalence, and (3) examined trends and important differences across studies. We identified 28 population‐based prevalence studies (19 countries). In a meta‐analysis, pooled prevalence (all ages) = 0.9%, with statistically significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 99%, P < 0.001). In additional descriptive analyses, crude prevalence (all ages) = 0.4%. Prevalence increased markedly with age, and especially with advanced age. In the meta‐analysis, prevalence (age ≥ 65 years) = 4.6%, and in additional descriptive analyses, median crude prevalence (age ≥ 60–65) = 6.3%. In one study of those age ≥ 95 years, crude prevalence = 21.7%. Several studies reported ethnic differences in prevalence, although more studies are needed. Greater than one‐third of studies show a gender difference, with most demonstrating a higher prevalence among men. This possible gender preference is interesting given clinical, epidemiological, and pathological associations between ET and Parkinson's disease. Precise prevalence estimates such as those we provide are important because they form the numerical basis for planned public health initiatives, provide data on the background occurrence of disease for family studies, and offer clues about the existence of environmental or underlying biological factors of possible mechanistic importance. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Incidental Lewy body disease: Clinical comparison to a control cohort
Authors: Adler Charles H. , Connor Donald J. , Hentz Joseph G. , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Caviness John N. , Shill Holly A. , Noble Brie , Beach Thomas G.
Published: February 2010

Limited clinical information has been published on cases pathologically diagnosed with incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD). Standardized, longitudinal movement and cognitive data was collected on a cohort of subjects enrolled in the Sun Health Research Institute Brain and Body Donation Program. Of 277 autopsied subjects who had antemortem clinical evaluations within the previous 3 years, 76 did not have Parkinson's disease, a related disorder, or dementia of which 15 (20%) had ILBD. Minor extrapyramidal signs were common in subjects with and without ILBD. Cognitive testing revealed an abnormality in the ILBD group in the Trails B test only. ILBD cases had olfactory dysfunction; however, sample size was very small. This preliminary report revealed ILBD cases have movement and cognitive findings that for the most part were not out of proportion to similarly assessed and age‐similar cases without Lewy bodies. Larger sample size is needed to have the power to better assess group differences. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The effect of substrate temperature on optoelectronic characteristics of surface‐textured ZnO:Al films for micromorph silicon tandem solar cells
Authors: Kang Dong‐Won , Kuk Seung‐Hee , Ji Kwang‐Sun , Ahn Seh‐Won , Han Min‐Koo
Published: February 2010

ZnO:Al films were deposited on the low cost soda lime glass substrates by d.c. magnetron sputtering from ZnO:Al (2 wt.%) ceramic target. The electrical and optical properties of surface textured ZnO:Al film deposited at the substrate temperatures of room temperature, 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C were studied. The deposition rate and etch rate of ZnO:Al films was decreased with an increase of substrate temperature, implying that the film density was increased. The electrical resistivity was also decreased. The ZnO:Al film deposited at 300 °C showed low electrical resistivity of about 2×10–4 ohm cm. The refractive index at 550 nm was increased with substrate temperature. It is attributed to Al content increase in the film measured by energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The surface morphologies, wet‐chemical etching profiles, and haze characteristics of surface textured ZnO:Al films were analyzed as a function of substrate temperature. The ZnO:Al film deposited at 200 °C showed the largest craters in ZnO:Al film surface and highest haze values in any other sample although the ZnO:Al films deposited at over 200 °C showed higher transmission and lower resistivity than ZnO:Al film deposited at 200 °C. In a further increase of substrate temperature over 200 °C, the film density was increased and wet‐chemical etching was not efficient. So, small craters or pinholes which cause low haze values were formed in the ZnO:Al film. The ZnO:Al film deposited at optimum substrate temperature of 200 °C showed high transmittance of 90.3% and 86.2% at the wavelength of 550 nm and 800 nm, respectively. It also showed high haze values of about 70% and 36% at 550 nm and 800 nm, respectively. The Al content in the film was 1.59 (at.%), and refractive index at 550 nm was 2.1. The ZnO:Al film deposited at 200 °C showed low resistivity of about 2.3×10–4ohm cm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of exogenous contaminants of fingerprints using ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Szynkowska M. I. , Czerski K. , Rogowski J. , Paryjczak T. , Parczewski A.
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study is to present an application of ToF‐SIMS in forensic research, especially in the imaging of fingerprints and detection of traces of various substances, which do not exist in natural skin excretion, but can be connected with a crime scene. Exemplary ToF‐SIMS images of fingerprints from fingers contaminated with traces of different substances (arsenic, nickel, gunshot residues, amphetamine drugs, etc.) using three kinds of bases (aluminum, stainless steel and brass) are showed. The results of the study show the potential of ToF‐SIMS technique in the analysis of fingerprints with a view to use in forensic science. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and structural changes of porous templates obtained by anodising aluminium in phosphoric acid electrolyte
Authors: Le Coz F. , Arurault L. , Fontorbes S. , Vilar V. , Datas L. , Winterton P.
Published: February 2010

Ordered anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) films were first prepared by anodising in a phosphoric acid electrolyte and then studied extensively and characterised by field emission gun‐scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM), X‐ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopy at a macroscopic scale. These analyses showed that the as‐prepared AAO film is in fact amorphous, partially hydrated and that its initial global chemical composition can be described, in agreement with previous works, as: Al2O3, 0.186AlPO4 · 0.005H2O. Additional analyses (thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis and FEG‐SEM) showed geometrical changes of the film structure at different scales, explained by various steps of dehydration and allotropic transformations of the resulting crystallised alumina. However, because their structure remains unchanged up to 900 °C, the phosphoric templates appear to be particularly suitable for applications or processes at medium or high temperatures, such as the preparation of carbon nanotubes or oxide rods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of metal‐assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry: a mixed theoretical and experimental study
Authors: Restrepo O. , Prabhakaran A. , Hamraoui K. , Wehbe N. , Yunus S. , Bertrand P. , Delcorte A.
Published: February 2010

This article compares the experimental results obtained in metal‐assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymers, with molecular dynamics simulations involving hybrid metal–organic surfaces. The theoretical sputtering yields are in agreement with the trends highlighted in recent experiments, in which different projectiles (Ga+, C$_{60}^{+}$) were used to bombard pristine and Au‐covered polymer samples. In the experiments, the link between the organic ion yield enhancement/decrease and the fraction of the surface covered by the metal is clearly established. On the other hand, the simulations show that the position of the impact point on the metal‐covered surface critically influences the calculated yields of metal and organic material, in a manner that depends on the projectile. The discussion analyzes the information obtained from the simulations and the experiments to propose a mechanism of yield enhancement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients Undergoing Partial Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Xiaohong Shen , Huikai Li , Feng Wang , Ti Zhang , Yunlong Cui , Qiang Li
Published: February 2010

Background

There are few detailed clinical reports about perihepatic lymph node (LN) assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the incidence, site, and impact on survival of LN metastasis in patients with HCC amenable to curative liver resection and routine regional lymphadenectomy.

Methods

From January 2001 to June 2004, a total of 523 HCC patients undergoing curative hepatic resection and routine regional lymphadenectomy were included in this study. The incidence, site of LN metastasis in HCC patients, and its influence on survival were analyzed.

Results

A total of 3433 lymph nodes were dissected from the 523 patients enrolled in this study and examined by pathologists. Among these patients, LN metastasis was found in 39 (7.45%) patients. Hepatic pedicle, retropancreatic space, and common hepatic artery stations were conventionally removed. The incidence of LN metastasis in the hepatic pedicle station was higher than that in the other stations (p < 0.01) The overall cumulative survival rate was significantly worse for patients with LN metastasis than for those without LN metastasis (p < 0.01). The median survival time was 28 months among the patients with LN metastasis and 53 months among those without LN metastasis. Tumors had recurred in 82.05% (32/39) of patients with LN metastasis and in 57.64% (279/484) of those without LN metastasis (p < 0.01). Regional lymphadenectomy was considerably safe with a low intraoperative complication rate (0.95%).

Conclusions

Lymph node metastasis in patients with HCC is closely related to a lower survival rate. Regional lymph node dissection should always be performed to determine the precise stage of the disease. Hepatic resection with regional lymphadenectomy is a safe procedure in patients with HCC.
Five‐year Follow‐up of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Total Thyroidectomy versus Dunhill Operation versus Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Multinodular Nontoxic Goiter
Authors: Barczyński Marcin , Konturek Aleksander , Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk Alicja , Gołkowski Filip , Cichoń Stanisław , Nowak Wojciech
Published: February 2010

Background

The extent of thyroid resection in multinodular nontoxic goiter (MNG) is controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate results of various thyroid resection modes, with special emphasis put on the recurrence rate and morbidity rate, in a 5‐year follow‐up.

Materials and methods

From 01/2000 through 12/2003, 600 consenting patients with MNG qualified for thyroidectomy at our institution were randomized to three groups equal in size, n = 200 in each. Patients in group A underwent total thyroidectomy (TT); patients in group B underwent Dunhill operation (DO), whereas patients in group C underwent bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy (BST). All patients were subjected to ultrasonographic, cytological, and biochemical follow‐up at least for 60 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was prevalence of recurrent goiter and need for redo surgery. The secondary outcome measure was the postoperative morbidity rate (hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury).

Results

Recurrent goiter was found in 0.52% TT versus 4.71% DO versus 11.58% BST (p = 0.01 for TT versus DO, p = 0.02 for DO versus BST, p < 0.001 for TT versus BST), and completion thyroidectomy was necessary in 0.52% TT versus 1.57% DO versus 3.68% BST (p = 0.03 for TT versus BST). Transient postoperative hypoparathyroidism was present in 10.99% versus 4.23% versus 2.1% (p = 0.007 for TT versus DO, p < 0.001 for TT versus BST), whereas the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury rate was 5.49% and 1.05% TT versus 4.23% and 0.79% DO versus 2.1% and 0.53% BST (transient and permanent, respectively; p = 0.007 for transient events TT versus BST).

Conclusions

Total thyroidectomy can be regarded as the procedure of choice for patients with MNG. It is associated with a significantly lower incidence of goiter recurrence and less frequent need for completion thyroidectomy than other more limited thyroid resections. However, TT involves a significantly higher risk of postoperative transient but not permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis.
Examining the role of physical appearance in Latino adolescents' ethnic identity
Authors: Gonzales‐Backen Melinda A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: February 2010

Guided by ecological theory, the current study examined physical appearance as a moderator of the relation between familial ethnic socialization (FES) and ethnic identity among 167 Latino adolescents. Results indicated that FES was positively associated with ethnic identity exploration and resolution. Furthermore, as expected, physical appearance moderated the relation between FES and ethnic identity affirmation such that this relation was positive among adolescents who were rated as having a more Latino appearance, a less European appearance, and darker skin, and it was non‐significant among adolescents with a less Latino appearance, a more European appearance, and lighter skin. Findings underscore the importance of considering within‐group variation when studying ethnic identity. In addition, this study highlights the importance of examining ethnic identity as a multidimensional construct.
The effect of hypoxia on the functional and structural development of the chick brain
Authors: Rodricks Candice L. , Gibbs Marie E. , Castillo‐Melendez Margie , Miller Suzanne L.
Published: February 2010

Decreased oxygen availability during gestation is linked with altered structural development of the brain and cognitive deficits after birth. Prehatch hypoxia can induce gross neuropathology such as brain lesions or more subtle injury including selective neuronal cell loss, white matter injury and gliosis. In the current study we used the developing chick embryo to determine whether 24 h of hypoxia at different prehatch ages, embryonic day 10, 12 or 14 (E10, E12 or E14), resulted in an alteration in neuronal cell number or astrocyte density in brain areas associated with learning and memory. Twenty‐four hours of hypoxia (14% oxygen) commencing at E10 resulted in an increase in the density of GFAP‐positive astrocytes in the medial striatum (MSt) (P < 0.05) and a significant reduction in the number of NeuN‐positive neuronal nuclei in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) (P < 0.02). Hypoxia at E14 resulted in an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus (P ≤ 0.02) and a significant decrease in the number of NeuN‐positive cells in the IMM (P < 0.04). Memory was tested soon after hatch using a bead discrimination learning task and results showed that E10 hypoxia significantly reduced short‐term memory, which subsequently affected all stages of memory formation (P < 0.001), whereas 24 h of hypoxia at E14 did not alter short‐term memory, but impaired consolidation into long‐term memory (P < 0.02). Interestingly, 24 h of hypoxia at E12 did not alter GFAP immunoreactivity or NeuN‐positive cells, nor did it result in memory deficits. We find that an alteration in the number or a disruption in the normal development of astrocytes and neurons significantly affects memory formation and consolidation in the young chick.
Computed tomographic angiography with three‐dimensional reconstruction for transoral laser microsurgery
Authors: Salassa John R. , Ozgursoy Ozan B. , Weindling Steven M. , Casler John D.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To identify major arteries in relationship to large pharyngeal tumors during transoral laser microsurgery.

Study Design

Case series with planned data collection.

Setting

Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.

Subjects and Methods

We developed a new technique that combines three‐dimensional CT angiography and enhanced soft‐tissue neck CT for evaluation of pharyngeal tumors before transoral laser microsurgery. Data from CT angiography were used to create three‐dimensional images of the tumor and adjacent arterial branches to better orient the surgeon to the spatial relationships of major arteries and pharyngeal tumors. Included were selected patients who had large tumors involving the pharynx and who underwent transoral laser microsurgery.

Results

Eighteen patients were studied from June 2008 through January 2009. Tumor enhancement was absent or modest in four of 18 patients. Three of these four patients had superficial squamous cell carcinomas and one had adenoid cystic carcinoma. The remaining 14 patients had good tumor enhancement. The tumor involved the lingual artery in three and displaced the lingual or facial artery in two of these 14 patients. One anomalous right inferior thyroid artery was identified. Compared with routine enhanced soft‐tissue neck CT, three‐dimensional CT angiography greatly enhanced the anatomical relationships of the major arteries. In one patient, the surgeon's approach was changed after three‐dimensional CT angiography demonstrated an encased lingual artery.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional CT angiography was useful in identifying the anatomical orientation of major arteries and the planning of transoral laser microsurgery to treat tumors involving the pharynx.
Pediatric otogenic intracranial abscesses
Authors: Isaacson Brandon , Mirabal Christine , Kutz J. Walter , Lee Kenneth H. , Roland Peter S.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To describe the presentation and management of otogenic intracranial abscesses in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Study Design

Case series and chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Subjects and Methods

An inpatient database was queried for the following diagnostic codes from 2000 to 2008: [383.2] petrositis, [383] acute mastoiditis, [386.3] labyrinthitis, [351.0] facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), [351.9] facial nerve disorder unspecified, [351.8] other facial nerve disorders, [383.01] subperiosteal abscess, [383.02] Gradenigo's syndrome, [320] meningitis, [324.9] extradural or subdural abscess, [324.0] intracranial abscess, [325] thrombosis of intracranial venous sinus, and [348.2] otic hydrocephalus. Presenting signs and symptoms, microbiology, length of stay, surgical findings, and outcomes were recorded for each patient.

Results

Forty patients were identified with an otogenic intracranial complication. Thirty patients had evidence of an intraparenchymal, epidural, subdural, or petrous apex suppurative complication of otitis media. Twenty‐four of 30 (80%) patients had a canal wall up mastoidectomy, three (10%) patients had a craniotomy without a mastoidectomy, and three (10%) patients were managed with intravenous antibiotics with or without pressure equalization tubes. There were no mortalities in this series of patients.

Conclusion

Patients with intracranial abscesses, in selected cases, can be managed with intravenous antibiotics without mastoidectomy. The use of canal wall up mastoidectomy is an acceptable alternative to radical mastoidectomy when surgical intervention is necessary.