bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of accurate coresets
Authors: Jubran Ibrahim , Maalouf Alaa , Feldman Dan
Published: September 2021

A coreset of an input set is its small summarization, such that solving a problem on the coreset as its input, provably yields the same result as solving the same problem on the original (full) set, for a given family of problems (models/classifiers/loss functions). Coresets have been suggested for many fundamental problems, for example, in machine/deep learning, computer vision, databases, and theoretical computer science. This introductory paper was written following requests regarding the many inconsistent coreset definitions, lack of source code, the required deep theoretical background from different fields, and the dense papers that make it hard for beginners to apply and develop coresets. The article provides folklore, classic, and simple results including step‐by‐step proofs and figures, for the simplest (accurate) coresets. Nevertheless, we did not find most of their constructions in the literature. Moreover, we expect that putting them together in a retrospective context would help the reader to grasp current results that usually generalize these fundamental observations. Experts might appreciate the unified notation and comparison table for existing results. Open source code is provided for all presented algorithms, to demonstrate their usage, and to support the readers who are more familiar with programming than mathematics.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Big Data Mining

Technologies > Machine Learning
Micro‐RNAs: A safety net to protect hematopoietic stem cell self‐renewal
Authors: Crisafulli Laura , Ficara Francesca
Published: September 2021

The hematopoietic system is sustained over time by a small pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). They reside at the apex of a complex hierarchy composed of cells with progressively more restricted lineage potential, regenerative capacity, and with different proliferation characteristics. Like other somatic stem cells, HSCs are endowed with long‐term self‐renewal and multipotent differentiation ability, to sustain the high turnover of mature cells such as erythrocytes or granulocytes, and to rapidly respond to acute peripheral stresses including bleeding, infections, or inflammation. Maintenance of both attributes over time, and of the proper balance between these opposite features, is crucial to ensure the homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. Micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) are short non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally upon binding to specific mRNA targets. In the past 10 years they have emerged as important players for preserving the HSC pool by acting on several biological mechanisms, such as maintenance of the quiescent state while preserving proliferation ability, prevention of apoptosis, premature differentiation, lineage skewing, excessive expansion, or retention within the BM niche. miRNA‐mediated posttranscriptional fine‐tuning of all these processes constitutes a safety mechanism to protect HSCs, by complementing the action of transcription factors and of other regulators and avoiding unwanted expansion or aplasia. The current knowledge of miRNAs function in different aspects of HSC biology, including consequences of aberrant miRNA expression, will be reviewed; yet unsolved issues will be discussed.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Jet quenching from heavy to light ion collisions
Authors: Zakharov B. G.
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We perform an analysis of jet quenching in heavy and light ion collisions for scenarios without and with quark-gluon plasma formation in pp collisions. We find that the results for these scenarios are very similar, and both of them are in reasonable agreement with data for heavy ion collisions. However, their results become differ significantly for light nuclei. Using the parameters fitted to heavy ion data on the nuclear modification factor RAA, we make predictions for 0.2 and 7 TeV O+O collisions that can be verified by future experiments at RHIC and the LHC.
Operator lifetime and the force-free electrodynamic limit of magnetised holographic plasma
Authors: Poovuttikul Napat , Rajagopal Aruna
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Using the framework of higher-form global symmetries, we examine the regime of validity of force-free electrodynamics by evaluating the lifetime of the electric field operator, which is non-conserved due to screening effects. We focus on a holographic model which has the same global symmetry as that of low energy plasma and obtain the lifetime of (non-conserved) electric flux in a strong magnetic field regime. The lifetime is inversely correlated to the magnetic field strength and thus suppressed in the strong field regime.
Gedanken experiments at high-order approximation: Kerr black hole cannot be overspun
Authors: Sang Aofei , Jiang Jie
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Sorce and Wald proposed a new version of gedanken experiments to examine the weak cosmic censorship conjecture (WCCC) in Kerr-Newmann black holes. However, their discussion only includes the second-order approximation of perturbation and there exists an optimal condition such that the validity of the WCCC is determined by the higher-order approximations. Therefore, in this paper, we extended their discussions into the high-order approximations to study the WCCC in a nearly extremal Kerr black hole. After assuming that the spacetime satisfies the stability condition and the perturbation matter fields satisfy the null energy condition, based on the Noether charge method by Iyer and Wald, we completely calculate the first four order perturbation inequalities and discuss the corresponding gedanken experiment to overspin the Kerr black hole. As a result, we find that the nearly extremal Kerr black holes cannot be destroyed under the fourth-order approximation of perturbation. Then, by using the mathematical induction, we strictly prove the nth order perturbation inequality when the first (n − 1) order perturbation inequalities are saturated. Using these results, we discuss the first 100 order approximation of the gedanken experiments and find that the WCCC in Kerr black hole is valid under the higher-order approximation of perturbation. Our investigation implies that the WCCC might be strictly satisfied in Kerr black holes under the perturbation level.
Novel wall-crossing behaviour in rank one $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2* gauge theory
Authors: Rüter Philipp , Szabo Richard J.
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We study the BPS spectrum of four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SU(2) and a massive adjoint hypermultiplet, which has an extremely intricate structure with infinite spectrum in all chambers of its Coulomb moduli space, and is not well understood. We build on previous results by employing the BPS quiver description of the spectrum, and explore the qualitative features in detail using numerical techniques. We find novel and unexpected behaviour in the form of wall-crossings involving interactions between BPS particles with negative electric-magnetic pairings, which we interpret in terms of the reverse orderings of the usual wall-crossing formulas for rank one $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 field theories. This identifies new a priori unrelated states in the spectrum.
Audit of the first > 7500 noninvasive prenatal aneuploidy tests in a Swiss genetics center
Authors: Bajka Anahita , Bajka Michael , Chablais Fabian , Burkhardt Tilo
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is actually the most accurate method of screening for fetal chromosomal aberration (FCA). We used pregnancy outcome record to evaluate a complete data set of single nucleotide polymorphism-based test results performed by a Swiss genetics center.

Materials and methods

The Panorama® test assesses the risk of fetal trisomies (21, 18 and 13), gonosomal aneuploidy (GAN), triploidy or vanishing twins (VTT) and five different microdeletions (MD). We evaluated all 7549 test results meeting legal and quality requirements taken in women with nondonor singleton pregnancies between April 2013 and September 2016 classifying them as high or low risk. Follow-up ended after 9 months, data collection 7 months later.

Results

The Panorama® test provided conclusive results in 96.1% of cases, detecting 153 FCA: T21 n = 76, T18 n = 19, T13 n = 15, GAN n = 19, VTT n = 13 and MD n = 11 (overall prevalence 2.0%). Pregnancy outcome record was available for 68.6% of conclusive laboratory results, including 2.0% high-risk cases. In this cohort the Panorama® test exhibited 99.90% sensitivity for each trisomy; specificity was 99.90% for T21, 99.98% for T18 and 99.94% for T13. False positive rate was 0.10% for T21, 0.02% for T18 and 0.06% for T13.

Conclusion

SNP-based testing by a Swiss genetics center confirms the expected accuracy of NIPT in FCA detection.
The clinical relevance of formal thought disorder in the early stages of psychosis: results from the PRONIA study
Authors: Oeztuerk Oemer Faruk , Pigoni Alessandro , Wenzel Julian , Haas Shalaila S. , Popovic David , Ruef Anne , Dwyer Dominic B. , Kambeitz-Ilankovic Lana , Ruhrmann Stephan , Chisholm Katharine , Lalousis Paris , Griffiths Sian Lowri , Lichtenstein Theresa , Rosen Marlene , Kambeitz Joseph , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Liddle Peter , Upthegrove Rachel , Salokangas Raimo K. R. , Pantelis Christos , Meisenzahl Eva , Wood Stephen J. , Brambilla Paolo , Borgwardt Stefan , Falkai Peter , Antonucci Linda A. , Koutsouleris Nikolaos ,   the PRONIA Consortium
Published: September 2021

Background

Formal thought disorder (FTD) has been associated with more severe illness courses and functional deficits in patients with psychotic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of FTD characterises a specific subgroup of patients showing more prominent illness severity, neurocognitive and functional impairments. This study aimed to identify stable and generalizable FTD-subgroups of patients with recent-onset psychosis (ROP) by applying a comprehensive data-driven clustering approach and to test the validity of these subgroups by assessing associations between this FTD-related stratification, social and occupational functioning, and neurocognition.

Methods

279 patients with ROP were recruited as part of the multi-site European PRONIA study (Personalised Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management; www.pronia.eu). Five FTD-related symptoms (conceptual disorganization, poverty of content of speech, difficulty in abstract thinking, increased latency of response and poverty of speech) were assessed with Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS).

Results

The results with two patient subgroups showing different levels of FTD were the most stable and generalizable clustering solution (predicted clustering strength value = 0.86). FTD-High subgroup had lower scores in social (pfdr< 0.001) and role (pfdr < 0.001) functioning, as well as worse neurocognitive performance in semantic (pfdr< 0.001) and phonological verbal fluency (pfdr < 0.001), short-term verbal memory (pfdr = 0.002) and abstract thinking (pfdr = 0.010), in comparison to FTD-Low group.

Conclusions

Clustering techniques allowed us to identify patients with more pronounced FTD showing more severe deficits in functioning and neurocognition, thus suggesting that FTD may be a relevant marker of illness severity in the early psychosis pathway.
A Survey of Physicians' Perception of the Use and Effectiveness of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Chronic Cough Patients
Authors: Puente-Maestu Luis , Molina-París Jesús , Trigueros Juan A. , Gómez-Sáenz J. Tomás , Cea-Calvo Luis , Fernández Sabela , Sánchez-Jareño Marta , Domínguez-Ortega Javier
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to understand the perception of family physicians, pulmonologists, and allergists with respect to diagnostic tests performed on patients with chronic cough and treatments prescribed to patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough. We also assessed how these health professionals perceived the effectiveness of these treatments.

Methods

An anonymous survey was distributed by the scientific societies SEPAR, SEAIC, SEMERGEN, semFYC, and SEMG. Respondents were asked how often they perform diagnostic tests and prescribe treatments (responses from 1 = never to 10 = always) and how they perceived the effectiveness of the drugs used (from 1 = not at all to 10 = very effective). The correlation between perceived effectiveness and frequency of prescription was analyzed.

Results

The respondents comprised 620 family physicians, 92 pulmonologists, and 62 allergists. The most frequently performed diagnostic tests were chest x-ray and, among pulmonologists and allergists, simple spirometry and bronchodilator tests. The most frequently prescribed drugs were bronchodilators (percentages scoring 8–10 for each specialty: 43.2%, 42.4%, and 56.5%;p = 0.127), inhaled corticosteroids (36.9%, 55.4%, and 54.8%;p < 0.001), and antitussives (family physicians, 33.4%). Regarding perceived effectiveness, only bronchodilators, inhaled or oral corticosteroids, and opioids obtained a median effectiveness score > 5 (between 6 and 7). Correlation coefficients (ρ2) suggested that approximately 45% of prescription was related to perceived effectiveness.

Conclusion

Although chronic cough is a common problem, diagnosis and treatment differ among specialists. The perceived effectiveness of drugs is generally low.
Safety und Security – ein Spannungsfeld in der industriellen Praxis
Authors: Hollerer Siegfried , Kastner Wolfgang , Sauter Thilo
Published: September 2021

Die Grenzen zwischen Informationstechnologie (IT) und Betriebstechnik (OT) verschwimmen zunehmend, wodurch die Schutzziele Informations- und Datensicherheit (Security) und Betriebssicherheit (Safety) ebenfalls immer stärker voneinander abhängen. Beispielsweise können Cyber-Angriffe Safety-Funktionen verändern und dadurch Menschen und die Umgebung gefährden. Umgekehrt kann der Missbrauch einer Safety-Funktion zum Stopp einer Maschine oder Produktionslinie führen und so die Verfügbarkeit beeinträchtigen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich damit, wie verschiedene österreichische Stakeholder der Industrie aktuell mit Security- und Safety-Risiken umgehen, um unerwünschte Situationen zu vermeiden oder zu verhindern. Bei dieser Analyse werden sowohl Hersteller von Produkten oder Komponenten als auch Integratoren und Betreiber industrieller Systeme befragt. Es werden dabei die Themengebiete sichere Infrastrukturen und Systemarchitekturen sowie Risikomanagement betrachtet. Die daraus abgeleiteten Ergebnisse bieten Einblicke in den aktuellen Stand beim Umgang mit Safety und Security in der Industrie.
Utility-based operation management for low voltage distribution grids using online optimization
Authors: Ipach Hanko , Fisser Leonard , Becker Christian , Timm-Giel Andreas
Published: September 2021

We present an operation management controller for low voltage (LV) grids that coordinates a multitude of distributed energy resources (DER) in real time to maximize the utilization of renewable energy production. It utilizes an LTE radio network that connects the DERs to the distribution system operator. In our approach, utility functions are assigned to the DERs, and the utility maximization is formulated as an optimization problem. The optimization problem is solved by an iterative algorithm that performs incremental updates of the DER power set values to achieve the optimum. In order to take the state of the grid in the optimization process into account, the state of the grid is estimated. During the simulation of a use case, we demonstrate the applicability and identify the benefits of our approach compared to an established optimal power flow (OPF) method. Particular emphasis is put on evaluating the communication delay and feasibility of the required communication network, as the iterative approach leads to a high communication load.
Prevalence and trends in obesity among Austrian conscripts from 1983 to 2017
Authors: Yang Lin , Juan Alfred , Waldhoer Thomas
Published: September 2021

This article describes the recent prevalence and trend in weight status in young men over three and half decades among Austrian conscripts overall and by subgroups defined by education and smoking behavior. We extracted medical record data from six medical examination stations across the country of all Austrian military conscripts (aged 17–19 years) recruited between 1983 and 2017 (n = 1.5 million). Weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Mean BMI increased from 22.7 to 24.3 kg/m2 between 1983 and 2017. Over time, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) increased from 1.6% (95% CI 1.6–1.7%) to 8.2% (95% CI 8.1–8.3%). The prevalence of obesity among Austrian young men increased remarkably in the past 35 years. Higher levels of education appeared to be associated with lower prevalence of obesity, particularly among the non-smokers.
Fortentwicklung des unionalen Infrastrukturrechts – Gedanken zur integrativen räumlichen Steuerung auf EU-Ebene
Authors: Erbguth Wilfried
Published: September 2021

Aus den unionalen Verträgen folgt eine allgemeine Pflicht zu einem dem Nachhaltigkeitsprinzip
verpflichteten und damit integrativen Handeln. Das richtet sich auch an die EU-Organe im Rahmen der räumlichen
Verkehrs- und Energieplanung. Wie zur nationalen Ebene dargelegt, bedarf es hier gleichermaßen einer
“Raumordnerisierung” der raumplanerischen Agenden. Der Beitrag geht dem nach und entwickelt
Vorschläge zur entsprechenden rechtlichen Fortentwicklung, zur diesbzgl. Harmonisierung des mitgliedstaatlichen
Rechts, aber auch mit Blick auf die Einführung einer EU-Kompetenz zur Raumordnung.
How do Fines and Their Enforcement on Counterfeit Products Affect Social Welfare?
Authors: Biancardi Marta , Di Liddo Andrea , Villani Giovanni
Published: September 2021

We consider a differential game which models the competition between a genuine and a counterfeit producer. The genuine manufacturer acts as a leader, first announcing the price of the product and the investments in advertising. After observing the leader’s decisions, the counterfeiter sets the selling price of the fakes. We assume that the demand of the good is driven by the brand-name goodwill. We calculate the Stackelberg feedback equilibria and the social welfare, defined by the unweighted sum of the genuine and fakes consumers, the profit of the genuine firm, minus the enforcement costs borne by the social planner. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly we study the dependence of social welfare on the amount of the fines established in the IPR law and monitoring efforts. Then, we compare prices, profits and social welfare under Nash and Stackelberg framework.
The strong law of large numbers for sums of randomly chosen random variables
Authors: Gdula Agnieszka M. , Krajka Andrzej
Published: September 2021

Let {Xn,n ≥ 1} be a sequence of independent or identically distributed dependent random variables, and let {An,n ≥ 1} be a sequence of random subsets of natural numbers independent of {Xn, n ≥ 1}. In this paper, we describe the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) of the form $$ {\sum}_{i\in {A}_n}\left({X}_i-\mathrm{E}{\sum}_{i\in {A}_n}{X}_i\right)/{b}_n\to 0\ \mathrm{a}.\mathrm{s}. $$

∑

i
∈

A
n

X
i

−
E

∑

i
∈

A
n

X
i

/

b
n

→
0

a
.
s
.
as n → ∞ for some sequence of nondecreasing positive numbers {bn, n ≥ 1}. There often arises an assumption that {An, n ≥ 1} are almost surely increasing: An ⊂ An + 1, a. s n ≥ 1.
Drawingvoice 2.0: classroom joint designing and Facebook interactions to develop reflexivity and awareness
Authors: Carnevale Stefania , Di Napoli Immacolata , Esposito Francesca , Arcidiacono Caterina
Published: September 2021

Drawingvoice 2.0 is an instructional method of collaborative pencil and paper drawing to use in the school classroom, followed by Facebook interaction on the drawing produced in class. It is based on a participatory and meta reflective approach, explicitly aimed at deconstructing, negotiating, and reconstructing the meaning that students attribute to themselves regarding their professional expectations and educational pathways. In particular, the collaborative pencil and paper drawing allows for the student’s emotional symbolisation processes underlying their educational pathway. Drawingvoice 2.0 induces a multidimensional cognitive and meta-cognitive process further supported by the following interaction on Facebook. Therefore, the World Wide Web is the added resource for sharing and deepening the classmates’ discussion. Finally, Drawingvoice 2.0 supported structural group interaction and was an important supportive and instructional method to bring about transformational and developmental training practices. As the main result, in our experience, psychology students increased their reflectivity about their strengths and threats in being psychologists within their cultural contexts and potential positive resources underlying their choice. Drawingvoice 2.0 thus enhanced their self-awareness about the lights and shadows of their training and future professional career.
Role of CT angiography in detecting acute pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: Masselli Gabriele , Almberger Maria , Tortora Alessandra , Capoccia Lucia , Dolciami Miriam , D’Aprile Maria Rosaria , Valentini Cristina , Avventurieri Giacinta , Bracci Stefano , Ricci Paolo
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Recently coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic, characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of our study was to detect pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with severe form of COVID-19 infection using pulmonary CT angiography, and its associations with clinical and laboratory parameters.

Methods

From March to December 2020, we performed a prospective monocentric study collecting data from 374 consecutive patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. We subsequently selected patients with at least two of the following inclusion criteria: (1) severe acute respiratory symptoms (such as dyspnea, persistent cough, fever > 37.5 °C, fatigue, etc.); (2) arterial oxygen saturation ≤ 93% at rest; (3) elevated D-dimer (≥ 500 ng/mL) and C-reactive protein levels (≥ 0.50 mg/dL); and (4) presence of comorbidities. A total of 63/374 (17%) patients met the inclusion criteria and underwent CT angiography during intravenous injection of iodinated contrast agent (Iomeprol 400 mgI/mL). Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum and Chi-square tests.

Results

About, 26/60 patients (40%) were found positive for PE at chest CT angiography. In these patients, D-dimer and CRP values were significantly higher, while a reduction in SaO2 < 93% was more common than in patients without PE (P < 0.001). Median time between illness onset and CT scan was significantly longer (15 days; P < 0.001) in patients with PE. These were more likely to be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (19/26 vs. 11/34 patients; P < 0.001) and required mechanical ventilation more frequently than those without PE (15/26 patients vs. 9/34 patients; P < 0.001). Vascular enlargement was significantly more frequent in patients with PE than in those without (P = 0.041).

Conclusions

Our results pointed out that patients affected by severe clinical features of COVID-19 associated with comorbidities and significant increase of D-dimer levels developed acute mono- or bi-lateral pulmonary embolism in 40% of cases. Therefore, the use of CT angiography rather than non-contrast CT should be considered in these patients, allowing a better evaluation, that can help the management and improve the outcomes.
Identifying human trafficking indicators in the UK online sex market
Authors: Giommoni Luca , Ikwu Ruth
Published: September 2021

This study identifies the presence of human trafficking indicators in a UK-based sample of sex workers who advertise their services online. To this end, we developed a crawling and scraping software that enabled the collection of information from 17, 362 advertisements for female sex workers posted on the largest dedicated platform for sex work services in the UK. We then established a set of 10 indicators of human trafficking and a transparent and replicable methodology through which to detect their presence in our sample. Most of the advertisements (58.3%) contained only one indicator, while 3,694 of the advertisements (21.3%) presented 2 indicators of human trafficking. Only 1.7% of the advertisements reported three or more indicators, while there were no advertisements that featured more than four. 3, 255 advertisements (19.0%) did not contain any indicators of human trafficking. Based on this analysis, we propose that this approach constitutes an effective screening process for quickly identifying suspicious cases, which can then be examined by more comprehensive and accurate tools to identify if human trafficking is occurring. We conclude by calling for more empirical research into human trafficking indicators.
Characterization of flow units, rock and pore types for Mishrif Reservoir in West Qurna oilfield, Southern Iraq by using lithofacies data
Authors: Al-Dujaili Ahmed N. , Shabani Mehdi , AL-Jawad Mohammed S.
Published: September 2021

This study has been accomplished by testing three different models to determine rocks type, pore throat radius, and flow units for Mishrif Formation in West Qurna oilfield in Southern Iraq based on Mishrif full diameter cores from 20 wells. The three models that were used in this study were Lucia rocks type classification, Winland plot was utilized to determine the pore throat radius depending on the mercury injection test (r35), and (FZI) concepts to identify flow units which enabled us to recognize the differences between Mishrif units in these three categories. The study of pore characteristics is very significant in reservoir evaluation. It controls the storage mechanism and reservoir fluid properties of the permeable units while pore structure is a critical controlling factor for the petrophysical properties and multiphase-flow characteristics in reservoir rocks. Flow zone indicator (FZI) has been used to identify the hydraulic flow units approach (HFUs). Each (HFU) was reproduced by certain FZI and was supposed to have similar geological and petrophysical properties. The samples were from four lithofacies, mA, CRII, mB1, and mB2. Because of the wide range of cored-wells samples (20 wells), this paper is updated the previous studies and indicated some differences in the resulting categories. It was noticed as results of this study that the rocks types of the lower Mishrif were mostly ranged from wackestone to packstone in the upper part of mB2 which reflected mid-ramp facies while the upper part of mB2 referred to shoal facies and for the mB1 unit the rocks types mostly range from packstone to grainstone with some points as wackestone marked as shoal and rudist bioherm facies. Grainstone relatively decreases with the increasing of depth from upper to lower Mishrif while wackestone and packstone indicated increasing in the same direction. The unit mA is marked as mesopores and macropores, while megapores and macropores feature increased in mB1 which has been noticed in the northern part of West Qurna oilfield due to increasing shoal and rudist bioherm facies, the mB2 unit revealed increasing in mesoporous and decreasing in megaporous. The upper Mishrif (mA) has three flow units, while the lower Mishrif (mB1, mB2) has eight flow units four for each reservoir unit.
The David-And-Goliath-esque Problematic of “Unfair Advantage” in Trade Mark Law: Is the EU Moving Towards a Categorical Protection of Famous Brands?
Authors: Taylor Heather
Published: September 2021

The extended protection of trade marks with a reputation is losing its “exceptional” character, making way for an almost categorical bar to the registration of any competing sign; indeed, the “unfair advantage” requirement appears to have been confounded with that of similarity. Certainly, trade marks are recognized as a legitimate restriction of the freedom of commerce and, arguably, in principle, competitors can and should invest their own efforts into conceiving and promoting an original sign under which they can market their goods and services. Nevertheless, trade mark law, insofar as it protects the investment function of a reputed mark, does not for as much shield the proprietor from all competition, even if this means that he must work harder in order to preserve this reputation. Indeed, the use of a similar sign is sometimes deemed to be ineluctable, where the applicant demonstrates that he cannot reasonably be required to abstain from using such a sign as, for example, it would be made necessary for the marketing of his products. This is especially true where the sign makes use of descriptive terms or elements in order to indicate the type of goods or services offered by the applicant under the mark applied for. This paper aims to critically discuss the most recent EU and UK jurisprudence on “unfair advantage” in the context of trade mark registration and infringement, focussing primarily on the components of this EU creation and how they are interpreted by courts on both a national and EU level.
Jack C Richards' 50 Tips for Teacher Development
Authors: Richards Jack C.
Published: September 2021

This book offers 50 practical ideas for teachers to use for professional development. The tips cover a wide range of activities that can be carried out individually or in collaboration with others, including self and peer observation, journal writing, on-line forums, classroom research, action research, team teaching, lesson review, materials review, lesson study, mentoring, peer coaching, reading groups, and workshops. Each tip is described in a 2 two-page format that gives the rational for the activity and step-by-step procedures for implementing it. The Tips can be used with both novice and more experienced teachers and are intended to provide a basis for teachers to review the current state of their professional learning and to develop and implement goals for their professional development.
The Partisan Next Door
Authors: Busby Ethan C. , Howat Adam J. , Rothschild Jacob E. , Shafranek Richard M.
Published: September 2021

In the United States, politics has become tribal and personalized. The influence of partisan divisions has extended beyond the political realm into everyday life, affecting relationships and workplaces as well as the ballot box. To help explain this trend, we examine the stereotypes Americans have of ordinary Democrats and Republicans. Using data from surveys, experiments, and Americans' own words, we explore the content of partisan stereotypes and find that they come in three main flavors—parties as their own tribes, coalitions of other tribes, or vehicles for political issues. These different stereotypes influence partisan conflict: people who hold trait-based stereotypes tend to display the highest levels of polarization, while holding issue-based stereotypes decreases polarization. This finding suggests that reducing partisan conflict does not require downplaying partisan divisions but shifting the focus to political priorities rather than identity—a turn to what we call responsible partisanship.
'To Save the People from Themselves'
Authors: Steinfeld Robert J.
Published: September 2021

In this expansive history, Robert J. Steinfeld offers a thorough re-interpretation of the origins of American judicial review and the central role it quickly came to play in the American constitutional system. Beginning with Privy Council review of American colonial legislation, the book goes on to provide detailed descriptions of the character of the first American constitutions, showing that they drew heavily on traditional Anglo/American constitutional assumptions, which treated legislatures as the primary interpreters of constitutions. Steinfeld then expertly analyses the central role lawyers and judges played in transforming these assumptions, creating the practice and doctrine of American judicial review in a half dozen state cases during the 1780s. The book concludes by showing that the ideas formulated during those years shaped critical decisions taken by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which turned the novel practice into a permanent, if still deeply controversial, feature of the American constitutional system.
Homophobia and national collective narcissism in populist Poland
Authors: Mole Richard C. M. , Golec de Zavala Agnieszka , Ardag Mahmut Murat
Published: September 2021

Opposition to sexual minority rights in Poland is among the highest in the EU. Populist political actors in the country repeatedly scapegoat gays and lesbians, presenting them as a threat to the Polish nation and its shared norms and values, particularly those derived from religion. Building upon previous research which shows how discourse constructing homosexuality as a threat to the nation has been used by social and political actors to legitimize homophobic rhetoric and behaviour, our paper shows whether nationalism—understood here as national collective narcissism—predicts prejudice towards gays and lesbians at the level of individual beliefs.
The Portuguese mediterranean diet wheel: development considerations
Authors: Rodrigues Sara Simões Pereira , Franchini Bela Maria , Pinho Inês Santos Martins de , Graça Antonio Pedro Soares Ricardo
Published: September 2021

Scientific evidence has been reporting the health and environmental benefits of the Mediterranean diet. However, countries of the Mediterranean region, Portugal included, are gradually abandoning this traditional food pattern. The aim of the present work was to develop the Portuguese Mediterranean diet wheel. Three main steps were followed: (1) establishment of the most relevant Mediterranean diet and lifestyle principles to improve this pattern among the Portuguese population; (2) converting those principles into a captivating and easy to understand tool and (3) obtaining experts’ opinion. By a matter of consistency, the preservation and transmission of the Mediterranean heritage was represented through an upgrade of the current Portuguese food wheel guide. This complementary tool highlights the Mediterranean diet enlarged character that encompasses a healthy lifestyle and reinforces sociocultural and environmental features. It was launched at the end of 2016 and was nationally disseminated with the support of the Portuguese Health Directorate. Initially it was presented in a poster format image that was subsequently spread in different communication formats. This newly developed Mediterranean food guide is a complementary educational tool that will support health and education professionals in the never ending mission of promoting healthy food choices.
LITERAL BODIES (SOMATA): A TELESTICH IN OVID (METAMORPHOSES 1.406–11)
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: September 2021

This article draws attention to the presence of a previously unnoticed transliterated telestich (SOMATA) in the transformation of stones into bodies in the episode of Deucalion and Pyrrha in Ovid's Metamorphoses (1.406–11). Detection of the Greek intext, which befits the episode's amplified bilingual atmosphere, is encouraged by a number of textual cues. The article also suggests a ludic connection to Aratus’ Phaenomena.
“An Experiment in Optimism Was Coming to an End”: Gift Exchange and Giftedness in Two Novels of the Occupy Era
Authors: LAWRIE ALEXANDRA
Published: September 2021

This article examines the role of “gifts” and “giftedness” in two recent novels about Occupy Wall Street, Barbara Browning's The Gift and Caleb Crain's Overthrow. Together these novels explore how projects designed to offset the effects of neoliberal individualism very often end up replicating, rather than disrupting, aspects of capitalist exchange: the authors temper their own utopian impulses by interrogating the factors which prevent systemic change, such as individual complacency and governmental intervention. The article considers the cycle of gift giving launched by Browning's narrator, a project which falters because her understanding of economization is inadequate, and because she refuses to take account of her own class position. Crain's group of young Brooklynites believe that mind reading draws people together and prevents social isolation. While the vagueness of their aims can be taken as an implied narrative criticism of their impractical plans, the reason they abandon the project is because it encroaches on the government's surveillance programme, which identifies them as security threats.
The mechanics of mitotic chromosomes
Authors: Man T. , Witt H. , Peterman E. J. G. , Wuite G. J. L.
Published: September 2021

Condensation and faithful separation of the genome are crucial for the cellular life cycle. During chromosome segregation, mechanical forces generated by the mitotic spindle pull apart the sister chromatids. The mechanical nature of this process has motivated a lot of research interest into the mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes. Although their fundamental mechanical characteristics are known, it still remains unclear how these characteristics emerge from the structure of the mitotic chromosome. Recent advances in genomics, computational and super-resolution microscopy techniques have greatly promoted our understanding of the chromosomal structure and have motivated us to review the mechanical characteristics of chromosomes in light of the current structural insights. In this review, we will first introduce the current understanding of the chromosomal structure, before reviewing characteristic mechanical properties such as the Young's modulus and the bending modulus of mitotic chromosomes. Then we will address the approaches used to relate mechanical properties to the structure of chromosomes and we will also discuss how mechanical characterization can aid in elucidating their structure. Finally, future challenges, recent developments and emergent questions in this research field will be discussed.
Migrants’ pathways to aged care: the role of local relationships of care in facilitating access for super-diverse older populations
Authors: Carlsson Hanna
Published: September 2021

The literature on older migrants often focuses on identifying the characteristics of ethnic groups that constitute ‘barriers’ for members of these populations to access care. This paper offers an alternative conceptualisation of access to care, by combining relational approaches to place and the notion of super-diversity. From this perspective, ‘access to care’ is perceived as an outcome of an individual's embeddedness in relationships of care in urban places. The objective of the study is to identify relationships of care that facilitate access to aged care for older first-generation migrants. Thirty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with older migrants who were residents of Nijmegen or The Hague, The Netherlands. All interviewees had accessed home care, home aid and/or day care. Both relationships with minority-specific services and informal relationships of care, particularly those within local minority communities, were found to facilitate access to aged care. Past experiences with health and social care were also found to influence current relationships with formal care providers. This study, therefore, suggests that policy makers and care organisations should build long-term positive relationships with new and incoming migrant groups. In addition, it argues that policy makers and care providers should identify locally relevant shared migration-related (rather than ethnic) identities around which communities can be mobilised and targeted with appropriate services.
Legal justifications for gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice: An argument for evolutive interpretation of Article 9 of the ICJ Statute
Authors: Corsi Jessica Lynn
Published: September 2021

The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council should amend their rules of procedure to create gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice. Only 3.7 per cent of all judges on the ICJ have been women. The UN Charter, ICJ Statute, and long-standing practice of the Court underscore the importance of representation, but the focus has been on geographical representation. Using the law of international organizations, combined with the law of treaty interpretation and international human rights law, this article argues that Article 9 of the ICJ Statute should be interpreted to include a requirement of gender parity. Established practice, subsequent practice, and the UN’s multi-decade gender parity in staffing policy establish an evolutive interpretation of what is required to fulfil equality at the UN and the ICJ. The nomination and election procedures for ICJ judges are sufficiently flexible to facilitate this interpretation.
Transmembrane H+fluxes and the regulation of neural induction inXenopus laevis
Authors: Leung Ho Chi , Leclerc Catherine , Moreau Marc , Shipley Alan M. , Miller Andrew L. , Webb Sarah E.
Published: September 2021

It has previously been reported that inex vivoplanar explants prepared fromXenopus laevisembryos, the intracellular pH (pHi) increases in cells of the dorsal ectoderm from stage 10.5 to 11.5 (i.e. 11–12.5 hpf). It was proposed that such increases (potentially due to H+being extruded, sequestered, or buffered in some manner), play a role in regulating neural induction. Here, we used an extracellular ion-selective electrode to non-invasively measure H+fluxes at eight locations around the equatorial circumference of intactX. laevisembryos between stages 9–12 (˜7–13.25 hpf). We showed that at stages 9–11, there was a small H+efflux recorded from all the measuring positions. At stage 12 there was a small, but significant, increase in the efflux of H+from most locations, but the efflux from the dorsal side of the embryo was significantly greater than from the other positions. Embryos were also treated from stages 9–12 with bafilomycin A1, to block the activity of the ATP-driven H+pump. By stage 22 (24 hpf), these embryos displayed retarded development, arresting before the end of gastrulation and therefore did not display the usual anterior and neural structures, which were observed in the solvent-control embryos. In addition, expression of the early neural gene,Zic3, was absent in treated embryos compared with the solvent controls. Together, our newin vivodata corroborated and extended the earlier explant-derived report describing changes in pHithat were suggested to play a role during neural induction inX. laevisembryos.
Food environments and the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of changes observed in 2020
Authors: Mendes Larissa Loures , Canella Daniela Silva , Araújo Melissa Luciana de , Jardim Mariana Zogbi , Cardoso Letícia de Oliveira , Pessoa Milene Cristine
Published: September 2021

Evidence of changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in food security and nutrition conditions, as well as in different food environments, has called researchers’ attention to substantial changes taking place in individuals’ dietary habits. The aim of this study is to present and address changes that have already happened in food environments, during the first COVID-19 pandemic year, in a middle-income country. Multiple changes were observed and had direct impact on the population, among them, worsened health and nutrition indicators and advanced dietary inequalities, as well as on its food profile in different life cycles, if one takes into consideration aspects such as food availability, financial access and dietary quality.
Crisis, Resilience, and Civic Engagement: Pandemic-Era Census Completion
Authors: Denny Elaine K.
Published: September 2021

How do economic shocks and financial resilience shape civic engagement, especially for the economically insecure? I turn to the early months of the coronavirus pandemic for insights. In April 2020, with more than 23 million adults unemployed, the US government asked residents to participate in the constitutionally mandated decennial census. I test how variations in income shocks from the shutdown and sources of financial resilience predict disparities in census completion, a civic act designed to minimize participation barriers. First, I use nationally representative survey data to demonstrate that policies that protect the economically vulnerable from the full impacts of economic shocks also predict higher census completion rates. Then, I use Google Trends data to show that high unemployment search volume interacted with low resilience to predict depressed census completion. Findings shed light on how economic crises can widen participation gaps—with representation and resource consequences—and how policies that lessen acute economic shocks may reduce participation disparities.
New Insights Into the Clinical and Nonclinical Effects of Psychedelic	Substances
Authors: Forstmann Matthias , Sagioglou Christina
Published: September 2021

Abstract. After decades of stagnation, research on psychedelic substances (such as lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT]) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short- and long-term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological well-being as well as changes in personality, nature-relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding the long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics and conclude with a summary and outlook.
Morphology of the Io Plasma Torus From Juno Radio Occultations
Authors: Moirano A. , Gomez Casajus L. , Zannoni M. , Durante D. , Tortora P.
Published: September 2021

The jovian moon Io disperses about 1 ton/s of material in the planetary magnetosphere, mainly by sublimation of SO2 from the surface and by its intense volcanic activity. The ejected material supplies the plasma cloud surrounding Jupiter known as Io Plasma Torus (IPT). The radio communication between Juno and the Earth DSN station crosses the IPT near the closest approach. Being a dispersive medium, the IPT introduces a path delay in the signal, which can be analyzed to retrieve the density distribution of electrons. We used radio tracking data from the first 25 orbits to investigate the morphology of the IPT and its variability. We adopted a static and axisymmetric model for the electron density and we updated it including temporal and longitudinal variability. We found that our best fit model must include both variabilities, even though on average the morphology of the IPT agrees with previous analyses. Our results suggest that the density of the outer region of the IPT fluctuates over 50% the average value over a typical time scale of about 420 days.