bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La politique monétaire crée-t-elle des bulles ?
Authors: Blot Christophe , Hubert Paul , Labondance Fabien
Published: February 2016

La mise en place par les banques centrales de politiques monétaires très expansionnistes depuis quelques années fait craindre que ces liquidités alimentent des bulles spéculatives sur différents prix d’actifs. Plutôt que d’évaluer l’effet de la politique monétaire sur les prix d’actifs, qui constitue l’un de ses canaux de transmission habituels, nous estimons la composante « bulle », c’est-à-dire la partie non-expliquée par des déterminants macroéconomiques et financiers, de trois prix d’actifs : actions, obligations et immobiliers, au niveau de la zone euro. Nous évaluons ensuite l’impact de la politique monétaire de la BCE sur ces trois composantes « bulle » et trouvons que leur processus n’est pas déterminé par la politique menée par la banque centrale, qu’elle soit expansionniste ou restrictive.
La justice restauratrice au cœur du conflit des paradigmes de la peine
Authors: van de Kerchove Michel
Published: February 2016

L’objectif est de situer la justice restauratrice par rapport aux principaux « paradigmes » à la lumière desquels le sens de la peine est susceptible d’être caractérisé. Ces paradigmes, conçus dans leur « pureté » analytique, permettent de distinguer au moins quatre approches différentes de la peine. La première, « non-conséquentialiste » ou « déontologique » se fonde sur le paradigme de la rétribution ; elle manifeste une indifférence de principe à l’égard des conséquences découlant de l’adoption de la peine et entend ne justifier celle-ci qu’en raison de l’accomplissement même de l’infraction. Les trois autres, « conséquentialistes », « téléologiques » ou « instrumentalistes », mettent au contraire l’accent sur les conséquences découlant de l’adoption de la peine et entendent justifier celle-ci à la lumière de ses effets positifs. À la pureté des paradigmes susceptibles d’entrer en conflit, se substituent la plupart du temps diverses tentatives de conciliation ou d’hybridation qui seront illustrées à propos de la justice restauratrice.
“Desktop Scientometrics”: una metodología para el uso de datos procedentes de WoS mediante el programa estadístico R
Authors: Efrain-García Preiddy , García-Zorita Carlos
Published: February 2016

Se presenta una metodología de trabajo que permite obtener y tratar datos de la Web of Science con fines bibliométricos. Se usa como herramienta el software estadístico R para crear funciones que faciliten el trabajo bibliométrico; adicionalmente se genera una base de datos relacional que potencia la gestión de los datos y la generación de indicadores bibliométricos.
Sobre la elaboración de una taxonomía de Historia medieval portuguesa: problemas y desafíos
Authors: Medeiros Filipa , Vasconcelos Vilar Hermínia , Moreiro González José Antonio
Published: February 2016

Se ha fijado como objetivo principal diseñar y elaborar una taxonomía sobre Historia medieval portuguesa, y hacerlo mediante un abordaje interdisciplinar y como fruto de las investigaciones de tesis. En su proceso se determinaron, primero, los criterios seguidos para la selección y normalización formal y semántica del vocabulario. Luego se listaron las especies y se caracterizaron las categorías y las respectivas subclases. Como conclusión se destaca el hecho de que se han experimentado con éxito métodos antes ya probados en otros estudios para proyectar, desarrollar y mantener taxonomías, con independencia del nivel de especificidad temática, hecho que plantea otro tipo de retos. Sin olvidarse de avanzar propuestas que le den continuidad hacia su desarrollo ontológico.
Propuesta de un Centro de Archivo del Feminismo tras el análisis de los fondos documentales del Movimiento Feminista
Authors: Codina-Canet María Adelina , San Segundo Manuel Rosa
Published: February 2016

Las fuentes documentales primarias son esenciales para la investigación. El presente estudio realiza una revisión de las fuentes documentales de archivo y estudia la situación del caudal documental generado a partir de la lucha del movimiento de mujeres desde la Transición democrática española. Revelada la vulnerabilidad y desprotección de los archivos del feminismo y de mujeres, analizando las causas. Existe riesgo de desaparición de muchos de estos fondos como consecuencia de la naturaleza efímera tanto de los documentos como de los colectivos estudiados. Se fundamenta la propuesta de creación de un Centro de Archivo del Feminismo para salvaguardar y proteger los documentos que son patrimonio documental y parte de la memoria feminista y de la historia de las mujeres.
High-Impact Educational Practices to Promote International Students' Engagement and Development
Authors: Soria Krista M. , Lueck Shane M.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this chapter was to investigate whether international students' participation in high-impact educational practices was associated with students' development of academic skills and academic engagement. Data from a multi-institutional survey of international students enrolled at 13 large, public research universities in 2013 were analyzed utilizing hierarchical multiple regression. Results suggest that participation in first-year seminars, learning communities, service-learning and community engagement, and common book reading programs are positively associated with international students' academic engagement and academic skills development. Enrollment in diversity-related courses was also associated with students' academic skills development while engagement in creative forms of scholarship was positively associated with academic engagement.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Network Reconfiguration for Improvement of Voltage Stability
Authors: Sarkar Dipu , Roy Joyanta Kumar
Published: February 2016

Issues related to power system voltage levels have become increasingly important issue during last two and half decades. In power networks, low voltage situations may result in the loss of stability, voltage collapse and eventually to cascading power outages. Large number of incidents of voltage collapse has been reported in different countries across the globe. A simple indicator that has the potential in real time, i.e. L indicator has been used to find voltage profile at different switching condition and simulated using ANN in network reconfiguration for the improvement of voltage stability. A method for improving voltage stability in a power network comprising of multiple lines and switches has been suggested in this chapter based on system reconfiguration approach. ANN based fast and efficient methodology has been developed to obtain the optimum switching combination to achieve best voltage stability. The proposed scheme has been tested on an IEEE 14-bus system.
An Epigrammatic View of E-Retailing in India
Authors: Shukla Parag , Vyas Parimal
Published: February 2016

The Internet has changed the way many consumers shop, not just in the digital domain, but also in the physical world. E-tailing is a subset of e-commerce, which encapsulates all “commerce” conducted via the Internet. It refers to that part of e-commerce which entails the sale of product merchandise and does not include sale of services viz. Railway tickets, airlines tickets, job portals, etc. In 2012, the size of India's e-commerce market was USD 10 billion, while that of the e-tailing market was USD 0.6 billion. The current small size of e-tailing has led to it rarely being assessed on standalone basis. It is either clubbed with e-commerce or with brick & mortar retail, which, while not incorrect, does not allow for e-tailing's evaluation on its own merit. Consumer's perception regarding shopping has been changed with the introduction of internet media. Retail industry has witnessed major revolution in the changing technology oriented business scenario of the twenty-first century in India. Internet has shrunk the entire World. The rules of the game in retailing are fast changing with the introduction of Information Technology. The e-Retailing website is the front door of the online store that interacts between the e-retailer and consumers. The electronic retailing (e-Tailing, e-Retailing, internet retailing etc.) is the model of selling of retail goods using electronic media, in particular, the internet. In this research paper the authors propose to explore the factors contributing to the growth of e–Retailing in India and to investigate conceptually the issues and challenges involved in e- Retailing An attempt in this paper will also be made to study the present scenarios of e-tailing opportunities, its market, the viabilities and trends.
Harnessing the Potential of Virtual Communities
Authors: Pandey Dharmendra
Published: February 2016

We are living in a knowledge oriented society where empowered and well informed customers can participate, collaborate, disseminate, and channelize information and opinion among other stakeholders of an organization. Today, we have system and tools through which we can tap the expertise of a virtual group to make rational decisions. Social commerce is enabling collaborative publishing and facilitating in management of common databases for sharing knowledge. A Virtual community is a group of people with some shared interest who connect and interact with each other over a period of time using technology. A Social software regulates the activities of the participants. Prospective customers and existing consumers join these communities because they provide multifaceted opportunities and leanings to the participants. The aim of this exploratory research is to develop strategic approach to virtual communities for effective online community management and user engagement for sustainable growth.
Engaging your Global Social Media Audience
Authors: Samii Leila
Published: February 2016

The global reach of social media provides opportunities for e-Retailers. Implementing a global social media strategy maximizes the efficiency of the exchange of information between the target audience and the brand. Information acquisition provides e-Retailers with knowledge about their target audience, while information dissemination spreads awareness about the brand to the target audience. As a result, e-Retailers leveraging user content on social media enable the development of strategic global engagement to reduce cultural complexities. The REALLY framework develops a foundation to leverage user-generated content using standardization for multilayered social media campaigns for e-Retailers. Roxy's global social media campaign is used as a case example to analyze global social media strategy and internationalization.
Organizational Leadership and Health Care Reform
Authors: Ruffin T. Ray , Hawkins Joyce Marie , Lee D. Israel
Published: February 2016

Policies, health, and government regulations affect various Health Care organizations and their members. One such policy, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, attempts to improve the performance of health care systems through the use of technology, such as Electronic Health Records (Bluementhal, 2010). The most critical task of leadership is to establish a mindset at the top of the organization and function to infuse a culture of excellence throughout the organization (Bentkover, 2012). Health organizations can only progress if their members share a set of values and are single-mindedly committed to achieving openly defined objectives (Bentkover, 2012). This chapter investigates organizational leadership in relation to health care reforms to include trends in health care leadership, Stratified Systems Theory (SST), Systems Thinking, and regulators perspectives. The chapter will consist of the following sections: background; issues controversies, and problems; solutions and recommendation; future research directions; and conclusion.
Effective Engagement and Communication between First-Line Police Supervisors and Police Officers
Authors: Ellis Brian , Normore Anthony H.
Published: February 2016

Leadership is the act of influencing others whereby power comes from things such as referent and reward bases and “have an ethical responsibility to attend to the needs and concerns of followers” (Northouse, 2010, p. 4). In this chapter, the authors highlight the extant literature on organizational leadership and its role in effective communication and engagement processes. The authors focus on first-line supervisors and the impact of communication and engagement on people under their supervision. Employee trait, state, and behavioral constructs coupled with the culture of emotional connection between police officers and the police organization are explored. Further, the authors examine the principles of empowerment including meaningfulness, competence, choice, and impact and its applicability to police leadership. The outcome of the relationship between effective leadership and employee engagement is directly linked to innovation, participation, teamwork, accountability, and the ability to face challenges. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Communicating across the Generations
Authors: Stevenson Carolyn N.
Published: February 2016

Today's workplace is composed of four generational groups of employees, each with varying degrees of technological expertise, career expectations, and professional experience. As such, higher education administrators need to identify differences among generations of workers and develop a strategic plan for managing and motivating across the generations. This case study addresses the following question: “How do higher education administrators lead and motivate multi-generational employees and online students?” An understanding of the common characteristics of each generational group is the first step for developing a strategy for motivating all employees and students in higher education. Communication, mentoring programs, training, respect, and opportunities for career advancement are components valued by all. It is important for higher education administrators to understand the values, work ethic, and communication style of the different generations. The implications for higher education administrators lie in establishing an organizational culture that promotes satisfaction for all individuals in the higher education setting.
The Ethics of Strategic Managerial Communication in the Global Context
Authors: Camillo Angelo A. , Camillo Isabell C.
Published: February 2016

Managerial Communication, in today's hyper communicative global business, is integral to business related disciplines such as strategic management, leadership, strategic marketing, and business ethics, etc. However, within the context of global strategic management, Managerial Communication follows under the broad umbrella of “Business Communication”. Communication with internal and external stakeholders demands careful – ethical considerations, regardless of the industry. Having an inclusive – ethical strategic managerial communication policy in place, allows for strategic information dissemination as well as the protection of transmission of confidential data. This chapter discusses the topic of communication in general with emphasis on ethical managerial communication within the global context. The result of the study confirm that effective – ethical communication strategies and appropriate communications policy implementation is conducive to the firm's success. Within the framework of managerial leadership effectiveness, ethical managerial communication refers solely to managerial communication within the context of ethical global business management and not media communication.
Aluminum-Based MMC Machining with Carbide Cutting Tool
Authors: Szalóki István , Sipos Sándor , Viharos Zsolt János
Published: February 2016

Cutting of metal matrix composites (MMCs) has been considerably difficult due to the extremely abrasive nature of the reinforcements causing rapid tool wear and high machining cost. In this experimental study, three aluminium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were produced using a high pressure infiltration. Machining tests were carried out by face milling on the MMCs using coated carbide (HM) cutting tool at various values of feed rate, width of cut and depth of cut, under a constant cutting speed. The effect of the varied parameters on the surface roughness was investigated. The obtained results indicate that the Rz and Rp parameters are more capable to describe the influence of the milling parameters on the surface quality.
On Atomic Surface Roughness Evaluation
Authors: Oluwajobi Akinjide O. , Chen Xun
Published: February 2016

The atomic surface finish or roughness can be defined as the roughness limit of a surface. Its value has been demonstrated both in theory and in experiments to be non-zero [1, 2]. This parameter is very important in assessing the quality of high performance nanosurfaces, and so its understanding is very crucial. In this study, multi-pass nanometric atomistic simulations were carried out, with a diamond tool on a copper workpiece to create a nanosurface and the results provide the platform from which the atomic surface roughness was evaluated. The estimated surface roughness (Sa) was in the order of 0.3nm.
Grinding of the Alloy INCONEL 718 and Final Roughness of the Surface
Authors: Novák Martin , Naprstkova Natasa , Ohmori Hitoshi
Published: February 2016

Grinding is currently still an important method for surface finishing. At FPTM JEPU is realized the research, which deals with this issue. There are carried out experiments with grinding various materials under different conditions and then are evaluated the selected components of the surface integrity, which are generally roughness Ra, Rz, Rt and Rmax, material ratio curve (Abbott Firestone curve) and also obtained roudness. This article deals with grinding nickel alloy Inconel 718, when selected cutting grinding conditions were used and subsequently the surface roughnesses Ra, Rz, Rt and Rmax were measured and evaluated.
Identification and Analysis of Residual Stresses in the Axisymmetric Workpiece Existing before and after Machining
Authors: Otko Tadeusz , Zębala Wojciech
Published: February 2016

Semi-manufactured parts dedicated for precise machining often have internal stresses which have remained after previous cutting and plastic processing. These stresses reside in a fixed state of balance over the entire volume of the workpiece. Removal of the machining allowance is associated with a change in the state of balance and deformation of the workpiece, which affect its dimensional and shape accuracy. The study, involving non-stress removal of precisely defined volume of the machining allowance and determination of the impact of this treatment on the deformation of the workpiece surface is presented. It is important from the point of view of dimensional tolerance of the axially symmetrical workpiece, finally processed by turning.
Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Tool Rake Angle on Residual Stresses in Precision Hard Turning
Authors: Kundrák János , Szabó Gergely , Markopoulos Angelos P.
Published: February 2016

In precision manufacturing processes surface integrity is of the utmost importance for the performance and life-cycle of the final products. An important aspect of surface integrity is associated with residual stresses induced in the workpiece during machining. According to the relevant literature, tool rake angle plays an important role on the features of residual stresses, regarding their magnitude and distribution within the workpiece. In this paper, numerical investigations with the use of the finite elements method are presented that allow the evaluation of the influence of the tool rake angle on residual stresses for the case of hard turning of stainless steel. The investigation is performed in a wide range of positive and negative rake angles. Numerical results verify the dominant role of tool rake angle on the residual stresses. The proposed models can be used for the a priori evaluation of the characteristics of compressive stresses that are considered favorable for the produced components.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Abrasive Grain Morphology and Orientation in Nanometric Grinding
Authors: Markopoulos Angelos P. , Karkalos Nikolaos E. , Manolakos Dimitrios E.
Published: February 2016

A simulation of the material removal by a single abrasive grain in nanometric grinding is presented in this paper. Molecular Dynamics method is used for modeling the diamond grain and the copper workpiece. The Morse potential function is used to simulate the interactions between the atoms involved in the procedure. The abrasive grain follows a trajectory with decreasing depth of cut within the workpiece to simulate the interaction of the grain with the workpiece. The influence of the grain shape, being either square or rectangular, and of the orientation of the grain, where the grain has rake angle 10o, -10o and-20o, are studied. From the analysis it is apparent that both grain morphology and orientation play a significant role on chip formation, grinding forces and temperatures. With the appropriate modifications, the proposed model can be used for the simulation of various nanomachining processes and operations, in which continuum mechanics cannot be applied or experimental techniques are subjected to limitations.
Characterization and Utilization of the Intelligent Decision Making Methodology to Improve Quality and Precision in the Machining Process
Authors: Bas Gökcen , Durakbasa Numan M. , Bauer Jorge , Poszvek Gunther
Published: February 2016

Today’s manufacturing industry, as the backbone of European manufacturing, faces challenges in improved quality and precision requirements to operate competitively. Due to the complexity of the manufacturing systems, enhancement of the competitiveness can be achieved by systematic modeling, characterization and efficient exploitation of knowledge in the processes integrated with the quality methodology under guidance of the international standards.This paper provides an intelligent decision making methodology enabled by numerical analysis for developing a mechanism in the manufacturing industry firstly by modeling the processes integrated with the quality management approach as well as applying high precision metrology techniques in a laboratory.
Clinico-pathological characteristics of canine gingival squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Namazi Fatemeh , Ranjbar Kohan Neda , Afsar Mina , Allahdin Amir , Nazifi Saeed
Published: February 2016

In the present study, a case of gingival squamous cell carcinoma is described in a 9-yearold sheepdog with a swelling of the left mandible. Plain radiographs of the head revealed a soft tissue mass behind the ventral border of the left mandible. At necropsy, the tumor presented as reddish-brown ulcerated and irregular tumoral masses of the gingiva. In the cytology smear, there were oval to angularshaped squamous epithelial cells with varying immaturity and variable staining and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios (N:C). Some of the cells showed dyskeratosis. Histopathologically, the tissue sections were composed of the cords and islands of squamous epithelial cells with an abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, large and ovoid nuclei with a prominent nucleolus. The mitotic figures were moderate. Based on the histopathological findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a moderately differentiated gingival squamous cell carcinoma.
Normal laparoscopic anatomy of the caprine pelvic cavity
Authors: Fazili Mujeeb Ur Rehman , Shah Riaz Ahmad , Bhat Maajid Hassan , Khan Firdous Ahmad , Khajuria Anubhav , Yaqoob Syed Hilal , Naykoo Niaz Ahmad , Ganai Nazir Ahmad
Published: February 2016

Due to the several advantages over conventional procedures, the laparoscopic disease diagnosis and surgery has now started receiving attention in small ruminants. The normal laparoscopic anatomy needs to be described for comparison with the findings in animals with various diseases. The objective of the present study was therefore to describe the laparoscopic anatomy of the caprine pelvic cavity. Adult Bakerwal and Pashmina goats (n=25) of both the sexes were included in this laparoscopy study. All the animals were restrained in dorsal recumbency and Trendelenburg position under lumbosacral epidural anesthesia and sedation. After creating the pneumoperitoneum, the primary port for 5 mm laparoscope was placed at linea alba (3.0 cm cranial to mammary glands in does), and at right paramedian (3.0 cm cranial to the rudimentary teat in the bucks) site. Secondary port was placed under direct laparoscopic observation 5-6 cm away from the primary port in horizontal plane, to allow insertion of the grasping forceps. Scan was performed first at the primary port and subsequently through the secondary port for orientation and exploration of the pelvic cavity. The ventral laparoscopic approach provided satisfactory exposure of the pelvic cavity in goats. Comprehensive description of the pelvic organs could be obtained. However, dorsal aspect of the urinary bladder neck and accessory genital organs of male animals could not be visualized. Major complications were not encountered during or after laparoscopy. Laparoscopy a minimally invasive procedure has several advantages over alternate methods of understanding anatomy, physiology and pathology of most of the intraperitoneal pelvic structures in goats. The technique has high pedagogic value. The procedure is safe in experienced hands.
Impact of synbiotic diets including inulin, Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus plantarum on intestinal microbiota of rat exposed to cadmium and mercury
Authors: Jafarpour Dornoush , Shekarforoush Seyed Shahram , Ghaisari Hamid Reza , Nazifi Saeid , Sajedianfard Javad
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of two probiotics and a prebiotic (inulin) on intestinal microbiota of rats exposed to cadmium and mercury. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups. All groups except control group were fed standard rat chow with 5% inulin and treated as follows: i) control (standard diet), ii) Lactobacillus plantarum- treated group (1×109 CFU/day), iii) Bacillus coagulans-treated group (1×109 spores/day), iv) cadmium-treated group (200 μg/rat/day), v) L. plantarum and cadmium-treated group, vi) B. coagulans and cadmium-treated group, vii) mercury-treated group (10 μg/rat/day), viii) L. plantarum and mercurytreated group, ix) B. coagulans and mercurytreated group. Cadmium, mercury and probiotics were daily gavaged to individual rats for 42 days. Treatment effects on intestinal microbiota composition of rats were determined. Data showed that cadmium and mercury accumulation in rat intestine affected the gastrointestinal tract and had a reduction effect on all microbial counts (total aerobic bacteria, total anaerobic bacteria, total Lactic acid bacteria, L. plantarum and B. coagulans counts) compared to the control group. It was also observed that application of synbiotics in synbiotic and heavy metals-treated groups had a significant effect and increased the number of fecal bacteria compared to the heavy metals groups. Based on our study, it can be concluded that L. plantarum and B. coagulans along with prebiotic inulin play a role in protection against cadmium and mercury inhibitory effect and have the potential to be a beneficial supplement in rats’ diets.
Afrophobia, moral and political disguises: Sepa leholo ke la moeti
Authors: Koenane M. L.J. , Maphunye K. J.
Published: February 2016

Violent or other attacks on nationals from other African states are a reality we have come to expect time-after-time in post-apartheid South Africa. We are once confronted with the ugly reality of barbaric and cruel acts of attacks on foreign internationals from other African states, which some have labelled “xenophobia” or “xenophobic attacks” while others term this “Afrophobia” (Black-on-Black conflict and violence directed at other Africans). We argue that this unsolicited characteristic of being African (indigenous) will never disappear unless the moral and political disguises thereof are dealt with radically and proactively. Generally, the subject of xenophobia is one which almost everyone has an opinion on – therefore this must be a subject close to every person’s heart, be this controversial or not.
The impact of xenophobia-Afrophobia on the informal economy in Durban CBD, South Africa
Authors: Tshishonga N.
Published: February 2016

The renewed incidents of xenophobia, which engulfed South Africa, dented this country’s image, continentally and internationally. These occurrences invoke an unresolved question, thus: Can xenophobic attacks be attributed to tighter or discriminatory immigration policies or are people caught in quandary for socio-economic survival? Similarly to the pogroms in Poland against Jews, xenophobia left fatal scars, not only amongst Africans and non- Africans, and has affected the informal economy negatively. This article explores the impact of xenophobia on the operations of the informal economy on which the poor depend for socio-economic survival. For the most part of April-May 2015, the streets of Durban were deserted because of the xenophobic attacks on non-South African businesses, particularly those owned by Africans from different parts of the continent. Fear was planted in the city of Durban, which in turn led to the decline in economic activity, both formal and informal sectors, with the later bearing the most brunt. The city was turned into a battle field whereby Afro-hatred was perpetuated with the intention of causing bodily harm and making deportation threats. Nationals from other African countries, mainly Nigerians, Somalis, Malawians, Zimbabweans, Mozambicans, Ethiopians and Congolese were accused of taking jobs meant for locals and suffocating their businesses as well as taking their women. In fear of their lives, non-South Africans were forced to close their businesses and to go into hiding. This article argues that the impact of xenophobia is a double-edged sword and has far- reaching implications for both South Africans and non-South Africans as the local city dwellers depend on the services provided by informal businesses. The article uses both primary and secondary data. The empirical data was extracted mainly from the street traders and hawkers eking a living in the informal sector.
Xenophobic societal attitudes in a “new” South Africanism: Governance of public perceptions, national identities and citizenship
Authors: Tsheola Johannes , Ramoroka Millicent , Muzondi Loretta
Published: February 2016

This article argues that xenophobia is not a natural state of being for any society; instead, it is a product of socialisation which becomes excessive with violent abuses of the out- group immigrants where such conduct is institutionalised through state apparatus. In this context, post-apartheid South Africanisms cannot be generalised as intrinsically xenophobic because the dreadful societal attitudes and violent abuses are evidently products of institutionalized governance for socialization of public perceptions of hostilities and animosities through the politics and struggles of politico-socio-economic resources. The coinage and officialdom of rainbowism was admission that construction of a new national identity around culture was a virtual impossibility; and, the result was usurpation of exclusionary citizenship that came to define insiders away from outsiders. This notion of citizenship promised access to state and pubic resources, which did not materialise, leading to frustration against government and targeting of out-group African immigrants. Hence, the apparent “felt” collective threat among in-group communities against out-group immigrants over the untenable alibi of job and women stealing as well as acceptance of below minimum wages are inherently functions of irrational jealousy. This article frames this argument through a rigorous examination of the theorisation of xenophobia as “new racism”, models of governance of xenophobic societal attitudes for public hostilities, animosities and violent abuse. Furthermore, it examines constructions of new South Africanism, African Renaissance, exclusionary citizenship, exceptionalism, differentness and the society’s frustration with politico-socio-economic resources exclusionism amidst constitutional inclusivity, tolerance, cultural pluralism, inviolate human rights and the political elitism’s hyperbolic public stunts of a better life for all.
Caracterización del interfaz forestal/urbano empleando LiDAR como herramienta para la estimación del riesgo de daños por incendios forestales
Authors: Robles A. , Rodríguez-Garrido M. A. , Alvarez-Taboada M. F.
Published: February 2016

Galicia (NO de España), afectada por alto número de incendios forestales, debería cumplir la normativa vigente en relación a la distancia entre masas forestales y edificaciones. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos identificar y caracterizar las masas forestales y clasificar las edificaciones en función del riesgo en caso de incendio para un área de 36 km2 del municipio de Forcarei (Pontevedra). A partir de los datos LiDAR se obtuvo la imagen de intensidades, modelos espaciales (MDT: Modelo Digital del Terreno, MDS: Modelo Digital de Superficies y MANO: Modelo de Alturas Normalizadas de Objetos) y dos estadísticos para la caracterización de las masas forestales (densidad de pies dominantes por hectárea y altura promedio de dominantes). La identificación de las masas forestales se realizó con un método de clasificación orientado a objetos empleando la imagen de intensidades, el modelo de alturas y ortofotografía de la zona, obteniéndose coeficiente kappa de grado de correspondencia de 0,82 en la validación. Las masas forestales se reclasificaron en función de la magnitud de un posible incendio, basándose en la densidad y la altura promedio de la masa. Se generó la cartografía de las masas según la magnitud de un posible incendio, obteniéndose que 1,18 km2 serían susceptibles de incendios de baja magnitud, 3,75 km2 de magnitud media y 2,25 km2 de elevada. Se determinó si las edificaciones de la zona cumplían la legislación relativa a los 30 metros de distancia mínima a la masa forestal, clasificando el riesgo de daños de aquellas que no cumplían en caso de incendio forestal. El resultado fue que el 43,01% de las edificaciones cumplía la normativa, el 9,95% situación de riesgo muy bajo, el 25,74% en riesgo bajo, el 12,37% en medio y que el 8,93% estaba en una situación de riesgo alto o muy alto.
Classification of forest development stages from national low-density lidar datasets: a comparison of machine learning methods
Authors: Valbuena R. , Maltamo M. , Packalen P.
Published: February 2016

Los métodos de estimación por áreas son ya habituales para el uso de escaneo láser aerotransportado (ALS) en la predicción de atributos forestales descritos por variables continuas: biomasa, volumen, densidad, etc. No obstante, apenas se ha prestado atención a los métodos de clasificación por aprendizaje automático, que por otro lado son frecuentes en diversos campos de la teledetección, como la identificación de coberturas del suelo por sensores multiespectrales. En este artículo hemos centrado la atención en métodos estadísticos destinados a predecir variables discretas, para obtener clasificaciones supervisadas de datos ALS. Varios métodos han sido revisados: clasificadores de análisis discriminante (DA) –máxima verosimilitud, elipsoide de volumen mínimo y Bayesiano ingenuo–, máquinas de vector soporte (SVM), redes neuronales artificiales (ANN), selvas aleatorias (RF), y vecino más próximo (NN). La comparación se ha realizado en el contexto de una clasificación en las etapas de desarrollo (ED) utilizadas en la gestión forestal de los bosques de Finlandia, utilizando para ello datos de baja densidad de su vuelo nacional. RF y NN produjeron las matrices de error más equilibradas, con predicciones por validación cruzada no sesgadas para todas las EDs. Aunque SVM y ANN mostraron las mayores precisiones, obtuvieron resultados muy dispares entre las distintas EDs, siendo óptimas sólo para algunas concretas. DA obtuvo los peores resultados, y sólo se observó que pudieran ser beneficiosas en la predicción de rodales en la etapa de diseminado. Nuestros resultados muestran que, además de la confirmada capacidad del ALS para predecir variables de cuantificación de las masas forestales, también existe potencial en la clasificación de variables categóricas en general, y tipologías forestales en particular. En conclusión, consideramos que estas metodologías se pueden también adaptar a las clases naturales de edad y tipos estructurales que sean relevantes en ecosistemas mediterráneos, abriendo un abanico de posibilidades para investigación en ALS, con mucho potencial.
A comparative study of regression methods to predict forest structure and canopy fuel variables from LiDAR full-waveform data
Authors: Crespo-Peremarch P. , Ruiz L.A. , Balaguer-Beser A.
Published: February 2016

Los métodos de regresión se utilizan ampliamente en el ámbito forestal para la predicción y el cartografiado de las variables de estructura y combustibilidad. En este artículo se evalúan diferentes modelos de regresión (lineal, no lineal, árboles de regresión y ensemble). Como variables independientes se utilizaron métricas extraídas de datos LiDAR full-waveform, mientras que los valores de las variables dependientes se generaron a partir de modelos basados en datos de campo obtenidos para 78 parcelas de 16 m de radio. Se llevaron a cabo transformaciones de las variables dependientes e independientes con selección de atributos para evaluar su influencia en la predicción de la variable respuesta. Con el fin de verificar diferencias significativas y ordenar los modelos de regresión se emplearon los tests no paramétricos de Wilcoxon y Friedman, y el análisis post-hoc o los tests de comparación post-hoc por pares, como el de Nemenyi, para el test de Friedman. Las regresiones basadas en la transformación de la variable dependiente, como raíz cuadrada o logaritmo, o en la transformación de las variables independientes, obtuvieron un incremento de la R2 de hasta un 6% con respecto a la regresión lineal. Mediante el método CART (Classification and Regression Tree) se obtuvieron resultados discretos, si bien su uso puede estar indicado para la categorización o estratificación. Con el método basado en la transformación de la variable dependiente mediante raíz cuadrada se consiguieron los mejores resultados comparativos en la predicción de variables forestales, excepto para el volumen. Sin embargo, su uso no siempre implica una mejora significativa con respecto a los otros métodos de regresión usados en este trabajo.
Anvil microphysical signatures associated with lightning-produced NOx
Authors: Stith Jeffrey L. , Basarab Brett , Rutledge Steven A. , Weinheimer Andrew
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Thunderstorm anvils were studied during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment (DC3), using in situ measurements and observations of ice particles and NOx together with radar and Lightning Mapping Array measurements. A characteristic ice particle and NOx signature was found in the anvils from three storms, each containing high lightning flash rates in the storm core prior to anvil sampling. This signature exhibits high concentrations of frozen droplets (as measured by a Cloud Droplet Probe) coincident with lower NOx on the edges of the anvil. The central portion of these anvils exhibited a high degree of aggregation of these frozen droplets and higher levels of NOx. In contrast, a deep convective cell with low lightning flash rates had high concentrations of both frozen droplets and aggregated frozen droplets in its anvil's central region. A conceptual model for these results is presented and applied to the observations from each of these storms. High NOx concentrations are often found where aggregation of frozen droplets has occurred, which may be a reflection of aggregation by electrical forces in the regions where lightning is occurring, although the level of NOx for a given concentration of aggregates varies from storm to storm. These observations between anvil microphysics and lightning and/or NOx signatures suggest that lightning data may be an important tool to characterize or infer the microphysical, radiative, and chemical properties of thunderstorm anvils.
Impacts of Current and Projected Oil Palm Plantation Expansion on Air Quality Over Southeast Asia
Authors: Silva Sam J. , Heald Colette L. , Geddes Jeffrey A. , Austin Kemen G. , Kasibhatla Prasad S. , Marlier Miriam E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Over recent decades oil palm plantations have rapidly expanded across Southeast Asia (SEA). According to the United Nations, oil palm production in SEA increased by a factor of 3 from 1995 to 2010. We investigate the impacts of current (2010) and future (2020) oil palm expansion in SEA on surface-atmosphere exchange and the resulting air quality in the region. For this purpose, we use satellite data, high-resolution land maps, and the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. Relative to a no oil palm plantation scenario (~ 1990), overall simulated isoprene emissions in the region increase by 13 % due to oil palm plantations in 2010 and a further 11 % by 2020. In addition, the expansion of palm plantations leads to local increases in ozone deposition velocities of up to 20 %. The net result of these changes is that oil palm expansion in SEA increases surface O3 by up to 3.5 ppbv over dense urban regions, and could rise more than 4.5 ppbv above baseline levels by 2020. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol loadings also increase by up to 1 μg m−3 due to oil palm expansion, and could increase a further 2.5 μg m−3 by 2020. Our analysis indicates that while the impact of recent oil palm expansion on air quality in the region has been significant, the retrieval error and sensitivity of the current constellation of satellite measurements limit our ability to observe these impacts from space. Oil palm expansion is likely to continue to degrade air quality in the region in the coming decade and hinder efforts to achieve air quality regulations in major urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.
Sedimentological processes and environmental variability at Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania) between 637 ka and the present
Authors: Francke Alexander , Wagner Bernd , Just Janna , Leicher Niklas , Gromig Raphael , Baumgarten Henrike , Vogel Hendrik , Lacey Jack H. , Sadori Laura , Wonik Thomas , Leng Melanie J. , Zanchetta Giovanni , Sulpizio Roberto , Giaccio Biagio
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania) is thought to be more than 1.2 million years old and host more than 300 endemic species. As a target of the International Continental scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), a successful deep drilling campaign was carried out within the scope of the Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) project in 2013. Here, we present lithological, sedimentological, and (bio-)geochemical data from the upper 247.8 m composite depth of the overall 569 m long DEEP site sediment succession from the central part of the lake. According to an age model, which is based on 11 tephra layers (first-order tie points) and on tuning of bio-geochemical proxy data to orbital parameters (second-order tie points), the analyzed sediment sequence covers the last 637 kyr. The DEEP site sediment succession consists of hemipelagic sediments, which are interspersed by several tephra layers and infrequent, thin (< 5 cm) mass wasting deposits. The hemipelagic sediments can be classified into three different lithotypes. Lithotype 1 and 2 deposits comprise calcareous and slightly calcareous silty clay and are predominantly attributed to interglacial periods with high primary productivity in the lake during summer and reduced mixing during winter. The data suggest that high ion and nutrient concentrations in the lake water promoted calcite precipitation and diatom growth in the epilimnion during MIS15, 13, and 5. Following a strong primary productivity, highest interglacial temperatures can be reported for marine isotope stages (MIS) 11 and 5, whereas MIS15, 13, 9, and 7 were comparably cooler. Lithotype 3 deposits consist of clastic, silty clayey material and predominantly represent glacial periods with low primary productivity during summer and longer and intensified mixing during winter. The data imply that the most severe glacial conditions at Lake Ohrid persisted during MIS16, 12, 10, and 6, whereas somewhat warmer temperatures can be inferred for MIS14, 8, 4, and 2. Interglacial-like conditions occurred during parts of MIS14 and 8.
Modelling nutrient retention in the coastal zone of an eutrophic sea – a model study
Authors: Almroth-Rosell Elin , Edman Moa , Eilola Kari , Meier H. E. Markus , Sahlberg Jörgen
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The Swedish Coastal zone Model (SCM) was used at a test site, the Stockholm Archipelago located in the northern part of the central Baltic Sea, to study the capacity of the coastal filter on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The SCM system is based on the Swedish Coastal and Ocean Biogeochemical model (SCOBI) coupled to the equation solver PROgram for Boundary layers in the Environment (PROBE). In this study the Stockholm Archipelago consisting of 86 sub-basins was divided into three sub-areas: the inner, the intermediate and the outer archipelago. An evaluation of model results to observations showed that the modelled freshwater supply and the nutrient, salinity and temperature dynamics in the SCM model are of good quality. Further, the analysis showed that the Stockholm Archipelago works as a filter for nutrients that enter the coastal zone from land, but the filter capacity is not effective enough to take care of all the nutrients. However, at least 65 % and 72 % of the P and N, respectively, are retained. Highest total amounts of P and N are retained in the outer archipelago where the surface area is largest. The area weighted specific retention of P and N, however, is highest in the smaller inner archipelago and decreases towards the open sea. A major part of the retention is permanent, which for P means burial. For N almost 92 % of the permanent retention is represented by benthic denitrification, less than 8 % by burial, while pelagic denitrification is below 1 %. A reduction scenario of the land loads of N and P showed that the retention capacities of N and P increase and the export of N from the archipelago decreases. About 15 years after the reduction the export of P changes into an import of P from the open sea to the archipelago.
IL-GLOBO (1.0) – development and verification of the moist convection module
Authors: Rossi Daniele , Maurizi Alberto , Fantini Maurizio
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The development and verification of the convective module of IL-GLOBO, a Lagrangian transport model coupled online with the Eulerian general circulation model GLOBO, is described. The online-coupling promotes the full consistency between the Eulerian and the Lagrangian components of the model. The Lagrangian convective scheme is based on the Kain–Fritsch convective parametrization used in GLOBO. A transition probability matrix is computed using the fluxes provided by the Eulerian KF parametrization. Then, the convective redistribution of Lagrangian particles is implemented via a Monte Carlo scheme. The formal derivation is described in details and, consistently with the Eulerian module, includes the environmental flux in the transition probability matrix to avoid splitting of the convection and subsidence processes. Consistency of the Lagrangian implementation with its Eulerian counterpart is verified by computing environment fluxes from the transition probability matrix and comparing them to those computed by the Eulerian module. Assessment of the impact of the module is made for different latitudinal belts, showing that the major impact is found in the Tropics, as expected. Concerning vertical distribution, the major impact is observed in the boundary layer at every latitude, while in the tropical area, the influence extends to very high levels.