bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I did my own research”: Overconfidence, (dis)trust in science and conspiracy theories endorsement
Authors: Vranic Andrea , Hromatko Ivana , Tonković Mirjana
Published: December 2021

Epistemically suspect beliefs, such as endorsement of conspiracy
theories or pseudoscientific claims are widespread even among highly educated
individuals. The phenomenon of conspiratorial thinking is not new, yet the
COVID-19 pandemic, causing a global health crisis of an unprecedented scale,
facilitated the emergence and rapid spread of some rather radical health
related pseudoscientific fallacies. Numerous correlates of the tendency to
endorse conspiracy theories have already been addressed. However, many of them
are not subject to an intervention. Here, we have tested a model that includes
predictors ranging across stable characteristics such as demographics (gender,
age, education, size of the place of residence), less stable general traits
such as conservatism and overconfidence in one’s own reasoning abilities, to
relatively changeable worldviews such as trust in science. A hierarchical
regression analysis (N=859
participants) showed that included predictors explained a total of 46% of the
variance of believing in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, with only gender,
overconfidence and trust in science yielding significance. Trust in science was
the strongest predictor, implying that campaigns aimed at enhancing public
trust in both science as a process, and scientists as individuals conducting
it, might contribute to the reduction in susceptibility to pseudoscientific
claims. Furthermore, overconfidence in one’s own reasoning abilities was
negatively correlated with an objective measure of reasoning (syllogisms test),
and positively with the endorsement of conspiracy theories, indicating that
so-called Dunning-Kruger effect plays a role in pseudoscientific conspiratorial
thinking regarding COVID-19.
Integrative literature review of the financial fragility hypothesis proposed by Minsky
Authors: Caríssimo Cláudio , Carvalho Francisval Melo , Aveline carlos eduardo Stefaniak , Brito Mozar José de , caetano rafaela maiara
Published: December 2021

This paper
conducts an Integrative Literature Review on the Financial Fragility Hypothesis
presented by Minsky and on Financial Fragility Applied to the Public Sector.
Twenty papers were chosen that addressed the proposed theme in both
quantitative and qualitative procedures. The topics discussed ways of measuring
financial fragility, effects on fiscal policy and need for regulation,
relations between investment, cash flow expectations, the influence of interest
rates and indebtedness on firms, and financial instability. The integration
reinforced the conceptual aspects and propositions presented by Minsky,
broadening in an integrated way the understanding of his theoretical
assumptions regarding financial fragility, addressing the causes, observations,
and economic and institutional consequences, in addition to signaling for
insufficiencies of more empirical studies and the public sector.
Flow visualization and analytical study on the exhaust gas diffusion of a frigate
Authors: Dobrucali Erinc
Published: December 2021

Wind tunnel flow visualization tests were conducted to analyse the efflux velocity impacts and the yaw angle on the smoke dispersion of the exhaust for a generic frigate. An analytical study was also implemented to obtain the exhaust plume trajectories. The 1/100 scale generic frigate, having a platform for helicopters on the aft of the ship, was built and employed during the experimental study. The forward and astern cruises of the frigate were considered. It is found that the plume height and the exhaust gases momentum increase with the velocity ratio. The problem of smoke nuisance was observed for the ratios with low velocity such as K=0.2. The plume was also directed towards the helicopter platform when the yaw angles are higher than 10°. The experimental results are compared with the analytical solutions for three different velocity ratios. The compliance between the experimental and analytical results is found to be consistent.
Methodology for composite materials shrinkage definition for use in shipbuilding and marine technology
Authors: Bolf Davor , Hadjina Marko , Zamarin Albert , Matulja Tin
Published: December 2021

Deformations of steel material in shipbuilding and marine technology applications as a result of mechanical or temperature influences are a well-known problem. However, in the modern shipbuilding industry, the application of alternative materials, especially composite materials, in the structure and for the equipment of the ship is increasingly represented. Consequently, there is a need to determine the deformation and change of characteristics of such composite materials as a result of various mechanical, and especially temperature influences that cause the so-called shrinkage. The basic composite production process involves connecting the matrix with a catalyst and accelerators that create temperature, then the material shrinks by cooling when it can change its dimensions and characteristics. Also, in order to achieve the best possible mechanical properties, composite materials are specially heated and then cooled according to strictly defined processes and curves. The ability to predict the characteristics and parameters of such deformations is important in the context of the application of composite materials. To define such deformations, different methods are used within individual numerical solvers, whose results can differ significantly from each other. Therefore, the authors in this paper present an established methodology for predicting mechanical and temperature deformations, and modelling of composite materials, based on the analysis of analytical methods and numerical solvers with the aim of defining the most accurate numerical solver. By applying the presented methodology, it is expected to raise the level of accuracy and quality of composite materials production as well as to raise the quality of design solutions and efficiency of production procedures during shipbuilding in particular, but also within different marine technology applications and during the product’s life cycle.
Mini project PPM
Authors: Azzahra Narges Fitriah
Published: December 2021

Masalah HIV/AIDS menjadi masalah kontemporer yang berkaitan dengan perilaku berisiko manusia, karena masalah ini bukanlah masalah kesehatan semata. Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) termasuk populasi yang rentan bermasalah secara sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan politik.
Electronic Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Fernando Vincent
Published: December 2021

Organisasi-organisasi yang berjalan dalam setiap industri saling bersaing dalam halnya menarik dan memikat customer potensial untuk melakukan transaksi pada produk atau jasa yang mereka tawarkan serta mencoba mempertahankan loyalitas dari customer tersebut. Berbagai cara dilakukan suatu perusahaan demi menjaga relasi dengan customer supaya dapat mendapatkan nilai lebih yang memberikan organisasi keunggulan yang kompetitif dalam persaingan di pasar atau market yang didalaminya. Seiring berjalannya waktu, perkembangan teknologi tidak hanya merubah cara dari suatu perusahaan melakukan pendekatan terhadap customer potensial tersebut atau biasa kita sebut marketing atau sales, melainkan juga cara mereka mempertahankan atau menjaga relasinya juga berubah dengan adanya campur tangan dari teknologi yang kemajuannya sangatlah pesat.
Pоliticаl Viоlеncе аnd Child Hеight: Еvidеncе frоm thе 2003 Cаsаblаncа Bоmbings
Authors: Nguyеn My
Published: December 2021

This rеsеаrch еxаminеs hоw in-utеrо еxpоsurе tо pоliticаl viоlеncе аffеcts еаrly childhооd hеаlth within thе cоntеxt оf thе 2003 Cаsаblаncа Bоmbings in Mоrоccо. Еxplоiting thе vаriаtiоn аcrоss districts аnd birth mоnths-yеаrs within а diffеrеncе-in-diffеrеncеs frаmеwоrk, wе uncоvеr thе dеtrimеntаl аssоciаtiоn bеtwееn in-utеrо еxpоsurе tо thе bоmbings аnd child hеight. Prеnаtаlly еxpоsеd childrеn аrе 0.743 stаndаrd dеviаtiоns shоrtеr fоr thеir аgе. Childrеn thаt wеrе prеnаtаlly еxpоsеd tо thе bоmbings аrе 0.743 stаndаrd dеviаtiоns shоrtеr fоr thеir аgе. Whеn еxаmining thе rеlаtivе impоrtаncе оf еxpоsurе timing, wе find thаt bеing еxpоsеd tо thе bоmbings during thе first trimеstеr hаd thе mоst impаct оn а child's hеight.
PENERAPAN AKAD MUSAQOT SEBAGAI SOLUSI PENGEMBANGAN KERJASAMA PENGELOLAAN PERKEBUNAN DAN PERTANIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIQH MUAMALAH
Authors: attamimi Muhammad fikri , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: December 2021

Penerapan akad musaqot sebagai solusi pengembangan kerjasama pengelolaan perkebunan dan pertanian dalam perspektif fiqh muamalah.
PRAKTEK KEBIJAKAN MONETER ISLAM
Authors: Nuraeni
Published: December 2021

Kebijakan moneter Islam tidak mengenal adanya money multiplier seperti pada praktik kebijakan moneter konvensional. Dan dengan menerapan kebijakan ekonomi moneter Islam secara optimal diharapkan akan memberikan berbagai dampak positif yaitu, memelihara keselarasan dan keserasian sektor riil dan sektor keuangan, meningkatkan kelancaran aliran distribusi sumber uang, sehingga sektor keuangan akan terhindar dari penumpukan uang, menghindari “penggandaan” uang tanpa adanya pertumbuhan nyata di sektor riil, meningkatkan resistensi ekonomi dan keuangan terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya krisis, menambah saluran untuk adanya surplus dana di sektor perekonomian, memaksimalkan distribusi sumber daya dalam perekonomian.
Gerakan Pencegahan Melawan Osteoporosis (GENOS)
Authors: Jannah Resqy Rhaudatul
Published: December 2021

Gerakan Pencegahan Melawan Osteoporosis (GENOS) ini tidak hanya bertujuan mengobati tetapi yang lebih penting melakukan pencegahan baik dengan aktivitas olahraga maupun asupan nutrisi yang baik setiap hariSaat ini Osteoporosis (penyakit tulang keropos) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di dunia terutama di negara berkembang. Untuk itu, Gerakan Pencegahan Melawan Osteoporosis harus mendapat dukungan dari seluruh lapisan masyarakat di tanah air
ARTIKEL ALGORITMA PEMROGRAMAN NUR SOFIA
Authors: SOFIA NUR
Published: December 2021

Algoritma merupakan akar dari sebuah sistem yang terbentuk dalam duniapemrograman atau susunan langkah – langkah sistematis dan logis dalampemecahan masalah,pengetahuan tentang Struktur Dasar Algoritma Pemrogramannantinya sangat berguna dalam melakukan suatu pemrograman.,terutama bagiorang yang sering merancang atau yang menggunakan algoritma maka stuktur dasarpenulisan algoritma pemprograman ini perlu di ketahui dan juga di kuasai Melaluiserangkaian langkah-langkah secara logis dan sistematis,algoritma ini juga mampumenyelesaikan suatu permasalahan yaitu masalah yang dapat disusun secarasistematis dan logis. Struktur Dasar Algoritma Pemrograman nantinya sangatberguna dalam melakukan pemrograman dalam algoritma. algoritma berisilangkah-langkah penyelesaian sebuah masalah.,langkah – langkah tersebut di sebutdengan struktur dasar, Srtuktur tersebut terbagi atas tiga bagian yaitu Langkahlangkahitu dapat diproses secara beruntun lurus ke bawah.struktur atau di namakanstruktur runtunan(squenstial), atau dapat berpindah ke langkah tertentu jikamemenuhi syarat tertentu atau yang di sebut struktur pemilihan atauseleksi(selection), atau dapat berulang sesuai counter yang dikehendaki atau yangdi sebut dengan struktur perulangan(looping).Kata Kunci : struktur dasar, algoritma,pemprograman
Gerakan Pencegahan Obesitas (GENOBES)
Authors: Jannah Resqy Rhaudatul
Published: December 2021

Obesitas merupakan suatu epidemik global sehingga menjadi masalah kesehatan yang harus segera ditangani. Pencegahan dan pengendalian obesitas dilakukan dengan berfokus pada faktor risiko. Menyikapi hal tersebut kita perlu membuat program kegiatan Gerakan Pencegahan Obesitas (GENOBAS) guna pengendalian obesitas yang bekerja sama dengan Lembaga Kesehatan Indonesia, Organisasi Kesehatan Masyarakat, Lintas Program, Lintas Sektor, Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat, dan Dunia Usaha. Dengan adanya program GENOBES ini diharapkan menjadi acuan khususnya pengendalian obesitas bagi tenaga kesehatan dan instansi terkait di seluruh Indonesia.
Barzanji dalam masyarakat Bugis
Authors: Jamaluddin Sofyan
Published: December 2021

Munculnya pembacaan barzanji menjadi suatu tradisi belum dapat ditelusuri berdasarkan penanggalan secara pasti. Acuan yang berbentuk bukti tulisan yang dapat menguraikan secara rinci tentang kapan pembacaan barazanji diselenggarakan sebagai tradisi belum dapat ditentukan. Tradisi ini diperkirakan muncul pada tradisi peringatan Maulid. Tepatnya pada waktu Perang Salib sedang berkecamuk, yakni sekitar abad ke-6 Hijriah atau pada abad ke-13 Masehi.Barzanji diperlakukan sebagai bentuk seni sastra dan diperlombakan pada peringatan Maulid. Pembacaan barzanji, pada waktu itu, dimaksudkan sebagai upaya menghidupkan dan memelihara syariat Islam serta semangat juang di kalangan Muslim.Kyai Haji Farid Wajdi dalam Aminuddin (1998:2), menyebutkan bahwa barzanji adalah sejarah sosial dari kehidupan Rasulullah. Kyai Haji Farid Wajdi menambahkan bahwa sesungguhnya kitab ini bukanlah kitab tertua. Kitab tentang kehidupan sosial Rasul justru ditulis oleh Muhammad bin Ishak dan Al-Hafidh Ibn Dahiyah. Berbeda dengan Kyai Haji Farid Wajdi, Al-Allamah dalam Wahida (1999:5), ia menafsirkan bahwa barzanji bukanlah judul atau nama sebuah kitab. Barzanji tidak lain adalah nama dari satu suku, sebagaimana al-Makassar, al-Bugis, atau al-Mandar yang berdiam di Sulawesi Selatan.Penafsiran bahwa barzanji adalah nama satu suku didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa barzanji tidak lain adalah nama satu kampung di Irak.Alasan mengapa menjadi nama satu kampung dapat menjelma menjadi nama satu kitab terletak pada kedua nenek Ja’far, yaitu Sayyid Isa dan Sayyid Musa. Kedua Sayyid ini, dengan penjelasan yang kurang memadai, dianggap pernah melarikan diri dari Irak karena diusir oleh khalifah Abbasiah yang memegang kekuasaan pada saat itu.Dalam pelarian, keduanya singgah di satu kampung barazanji dan menghabiskan malam di tempat ini. Pada malam-malam pertama, Sayyid Isa bermimpi berjumpa dengan Nabi Muhammad SAW dan memerintahkan agar keduanya tetap saja tinggal di tempat ini. Melalui mimpi, keduanya juga diperintahkan oleh Nabi untuk membangun masjid, sembari Nabi membuat lingkaran. Di dalam lingkaran itu diperintahkan digali karena di bawahnya terdapat air. Sejak itu, kedua Sayyid ini berdiam di tempat ini. Di tempat yang sama, banyak keturunannya ini menjadi ulama yangbergelar Al-BarazanjiBarzanji ialah suatu doa-doa, puji-pujian dan penceritaan riwayat Nabi Muhammad saw yang dilafalkan dengan suatu irama atau nada yang biasa dilantunkan ketika kelahiran, khitanan, pernikahan dan Maulid Nabi Muhammad saw.Nama Berzanji diambil dari nama pengarangnya, yaitu Syekh Ja’far al-Barzanji bin Hasan bin Abdul Karim. Ia lahir di Madinah tahun 1690 dan meninggal tahun 1766. Barzanji berasal dari nama sebuah tempat di Kurdistan, Barzinj.Karya tersebut sebenarnya berjudul ‘Iqd al-Jawahir (Bahasa Arab, artinya Kalung Permata) yang disusun untuk meningkatkan kecintaan kepada Nabi Muhammad saw, meskipun kemudian lebih terkenal dengan nama penulisnya.
PERAN KEBERHASILAN E-CRM TERHADAP E-LOYALTY
Authors: Panggabean Angelita Nauli
Published: December 2021

Perkembangan teknologi telah mendorong perusahaan untuk menggunakan internet dalam menjangkau pelanggan dan juga mengelola hubungan perusahaan dengan pelanggan. Namun, untuk menjalin hubungan yang lebih dalam dan baik antara perusahaan dan pelanggan tidaklah mudah. Dengan begitu, perusahaan perlu menerapkan strategi E-CRM untuk menarik, mempertahankan, dan meningkatkan hubungan pelanggan. Tujuan dari karya tulis ini adalah untuk melihat peran keberhasilan E-CRM terhadap e-loyalty pelanggan. Untuk mencapai kesimpulan, peneliti menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka, dimana peneliti mencari dan mengumpulkan jurnal-jurnal, baik nasional maupun internasional melalui internet. Hasil yang ditemukan adalah bahwa keberhasilan E-CRM berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap e-loyalty.
The contamination rate of Aflatoxin M1 in milk samples of Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Hajimohammadi Bahador , Nematollahi Amene , Mollakhalili-Meybodi Neda
Published: December 2021

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as a 4-hydroxylated metabolite of carcinogenic mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered as an acute toxic compound found in milk and its derived products (1). Regarding the critical public health issue induced by AFM1 and as milk is essential in human food chain, its maximum limit has been set by regulatory agencies considering the economic status and development of the countries (4). The maximum permissible limit for AFM1 is 50 to 500 ng/kg (5). In Iran, it has been regulated as 100 ng/kg (6). To the best of our knowledge, there is several similar systematic review and meta-analysis about the contamination of AFM1 in milk, globally and specifically in Iran (4, 5, 7-10). However, we will try to examine the mean and prevalence of AFM1 in different type of milk (cow, sheep, goat, raw, processed) in different region of Iran with long time interval (1974-2021). Moreover, more general and specific databases and grey literature with excellent eligibility criteria will be applied to have a more comprehensive review leading to an interesting finding by techniques such as risk of bias assessment (for assessing quality of included studies), publication bias assessment, finding the source of heterogeneity by sub-group analysis in addition to meta-analysis process.
Entanglement vacuum and assymmetry time
Authors: Vit Ku
Published: December 2021

Entanglement vacuum and time
DASAR-DASAR KOMUNIKASI PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Authors: J Rizal
Published: December 2021

KesimpulanPada dasarnya,komunikasi nonverbal dapat mengambil suatu kesimpulan tentang berbagai macam perasaan orang lain, baik rasa senang, benci, cinta, rindu, dan berbagai macam perasaan lainnya. Komunikasi verbal dapat kita bagi menjadi dua tipe, yaitu berdasarkan aktif dan pasifnya peserta komunikasi dalam proses komunikasi.
GSLC PAPER
Authors: Gifary Havitz Shidiq
Published: December 2021

Banyak komersial periode ini memperuntukkan berbagai aparat kepada mempersangat tadbir pertalian konsumen (CRM). Secara khusus, awak berkedai kepada merelakan peservis yang dipersonalisasi kepada merelakan kegembiraan tinggi untuk semua konsumen, pembesar kepentingan, dan pembesar sero awak. Oleh karena itu, awak berpretensi pertalian konsumen akan menulis sengkela etik yang kuat dugaan di kisi-kisi mereka. Untuk mempersangat CRM, komersial tidak sangsi kepada berinvestasi bagian dalam teknologi yang mahal dan cukup canggih kepada menggubris konsumen tambah sebaik-baiknya. Di faktor lain, terdapat berlebihan perusahaan mesin kalem yang mendagangkan dan menyimpan pelaksanaan web serupa perdagangan email dan titik com. Namun, CRM waktu ini lebih hirau tambah transmutasi kebaikan dan strategi kepada mempersangat penjualan dan retensi konsumen di berbagai lingkungan perusahaan.
ARTIKEL HASIL TURNITIN ALGORITMA PEMROGRAMAN NUR SOFIA
Authors: SOFIA NUR
Published: December 2021

Algoritma merupakan akar dari sebuah sistem yang terbentuk dalam duniapemrograman atau susunan langkah – langkah sistematis dan logis dalampemecahan masalah,pengetahuan tentang Struktur Dasar Algoritma Pemrogramannantinya sangat berguna dalam melakukan suatu pemrograman.,terutama bagiorang yang sering merancang atau yang menggunakan algoritma maka stuktur dasarpenulisan algoritma pemprograman ini perlu di ketahui dan juga di kuasai Melaluiserangkaian langkah-langkah secara logis dan sistematis,algoritma ini juga mampumenyelesaikan suatu permasalahan yaitu masalah yang dapat disusun secarasistematis dan logis. Struktur Dasar Algoritma Pemrograman nantinya sangatberguna dalam melakukan pemrograman dalam algoritma. algoritma berisilangkah-langkah penyelesaian sebuah masalah.,langkah – langkah tersebut di sebutdengan struktur dasar, Srtuktur tersebut terbagi atas tiga bagian yaitu Langkahlangkahitu dapat diproses secara beruntun lurus ke bawah.struktur atau di namakanstruktur runtunan(squenstial), atau dapat berpindah ke langkah tertentu jikamemenuhi syarat tertentu atau yang di sebut struktur pemilihan atauseleksi(selection), atau dapat berulang sesuai counter yang dikehendaki atau yangdi sebut dengan struktur perulangan(looping).Kata Kunci : struktur dasar, algoritma,pemprograman
Tradisi Sigajang Laleng Lipa Kota Makassar
Authors: wijaya adri
Published: December 2021

Sigajang Laleng Lipa dilakukan oleh dua orang yang berduel dalam satu sarung menggunakan badik/kawali (senjata tradisional masyarakat bugis). Tradisi ini dilakukan ketika ada pihak yang bertikai yang tidak bisa terselesaikan melalui musyawarah untuk mencapai mufakat, walaupun nyawa jadi taruhannya.
E-commerce Adoption
Authors: Gifary Havitz Shidiq
Published: December 2021

Di zaman modern yang semuanya didukung oleh teknologi, perdagangan elektronik merupakan salah satu inovasi komersial atau bagian dari e-business yang dikenal dan banyak digunakan oleh banyak pengusaha atau perusahaan. E-commerce telah mengubah wajah banyak orang dalam proses kegiatan komersial industri yang memiliki teknologi dampak dan / atau pendukung. Di negara-negara di dunia, sudah banyak perusahaan yang telah mengadopsi e-commerce, bahkan di Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki pengguna lebih banyak terkait dengan e-commerce. Berdasarkan data yang dihasilkan, kita dapat, antaralain, mengklasifikasikan e-commerce terbesar saat ini di Indonesia yaitu, Tokopedia, Bukalapak, Blibli.com, Shopee, Lazada, dll
研究领域执着的执着
Authors: 子 鬼谷
Published: December 2021

用我们研究实验室的语言来说，“心神海绵”原则 （mindsponge principle），似乎向一套完善的技术标准的转变还太困难和僵化。
MENYUSUN LAPORAN KEUANGAN
Authors: H Yuris Huswatun
Published: December 2021

laporan keuangan bagi pesta manajemen perusahaan berfungsi sebagailaporan pertanggungan jawaban keuangan pada pemilik modal.Bagibpemilikmodal,laporan keuangan berfungsi untuk megevaluasi kinerja manajerperusahaan selama satu periode.Dengan adanya laporan keuangan ini,manajer perusahaan akan bekerja semaksimal mungkin agar kinerjanya dinilaibaik.Soemarsono (2004: 34)“Laporan keuangan adalah laporan yangdirancang untuk para pembuat keputusan,terutama pesta diluar perusahaan,mengenai posisi keuangan dan hasil usaha perusahaan”.menurutPSAKNo.1Paragrafke7 (Revisi2009),“laporan keuangan adalah suatu penyajianterstuktur dari posisi keuangan dan kinerja keuangan suatuentitas”.
Puasa Untuk Bumi
Authors: Cahyana Gede H
Published: December 2021

Tema peringatan Hari Bumi (Earth Day) tahun 2021 ini adalah Restore the Earth. Pulihkan Bumi. Satu-satunya planet di tatasurya yang bisa didiami oleh manusia ini sedang sakit. Satu di antara beberapa cara untuk memulihkannya adalah puasa. Puasa dari aktivitas yang mencemari Bumi. Siapa yang harus puasa? Setiap orang sebagai individu dan orang sebagai pengelola masyarakat, yaitu pemerintah (pusat dan daerah). Ada tiga matra yang harus direstorasi dengan cara puasa, yaitu tanah, air dan udara.
Teori Dan Konsep Algoritma Pemrograman Dalam Menghitung Luas Lingkaran Dan Volume Kubus
Authors: Aulia Halimathullah Lufthi
Published: December 2021

Semakin banyak orang yang belajar bahasa pemrograman. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan perkembangan zaman yang menjadikan teknologi sangat penting untuk menunjang kemajuan. Dalam matematika dan ilmu komputer, algoritma adalah urutan atau langkah untuk menghitung atau memecahkan masalah yang ditulis secara berurutan. Jadi algoritma pemrograman adalah urutan atau langkah untuk memecahkan masalah pemrograman komputer. Algoritma juga memiliki alat untuk membantu dalam pemecahan masalah, khususnya dengan diagram alur, diagram alur adalah representasi grafis dari langkah-langkah yang harus diikuti untuk memecahkan masalah yang terdiri dari serangkaian simbol. Saat memprogram, penting untuk memahami logika kita ketika berpikir tentang bagaimana menyelesaikan masalah pemrograman yang muncul. Dalam hal ini, algoritma dan diagram alur sangat penting dalam menyelesaikan masalah.
Quantifying the environmental impact of a major coal mine project on the adjacent Great Barrier Reef ecosystems
Authors: Saint-Amand Antoine , Grech Alana , Choukroun Severine , Hanert Emmanuel
Published: December 2021

A major coal mine project in Queensland, Australia, is currently under review. It is planned to be located about 10 km away from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA). Sediment dispersal patterns and their impact on marine ecosystems have not been properly assessed yet. Here, we simulate the dispersal of different sediment types with a high-resolution ocean model, and derive their environmental footprint. We show that sediments finer than 32 µm could reach dense seagrass meadows and a dugong sanctuary within a few weeks. The intense tidal circulation leads to non-isotropic and long-distance sediment dispersal patterns along the coast. Our results suggest that the sediments released by this project will not be quickly mixed but rather be concentrated where the most valuable ecosystems are located. If accepted, this coal mine could therefore have a far-reaching impact on the GBRWHA and its iconic marine species.
Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control
Authors: Sennesh Eli , Theriault Jordan E. , Brooks Dana H. , van de Meent Jan-Willem , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Quigley Karen S.
Published: December 2021

The brain regulates the body by anticipating its needs and attempting to meet them before they arise – a process called allostasis. Allostasis requires a model of the changing sensory conditions within the body, a process called interoception. In this paper, we examine how interoception may provide performance feedback for allostasis. We suggest studying allostasis in terms of control theory, reviewing control theory’s applications to related issues in physiology, motor control, and decision making. We synthesize these by relating them to the important properties of allostatic regulation as a control problem. We then sketch a novel formalism for how the brain might perform allostatic control of the viscera by analogy to skeletomotor control, including a mathematical view on how interoception acts as performance feedback for allostasis. Finally, we suggest ways to test implications of our hypotheses.
Using Third-Party Evaluations to Assess Socioemotional Skills in Graduate School Admissions
Authors: Klieger David , Bochenek Jennifer , Ezzo Chelsea , Holtzman Steven , Cline Frederick , Olivera-Aguilar Margarita
Published: December 2021

Consideration of socioemotional skills in admissions potentially can increase representation of racial and ethnic minorities and women in graduate education as well as identify candidates more likely to succeed in graduate school. Research on one such assessment, the ETS Personal Potential Index (PPI), showed that the PPI produced much smaller racial/ethnic-gender group mean score differences than undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) and the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) did. Across levels of institutional selectivity, the PPI can promote racial/ethnic and gender diversity in graduate and professional school in ways that UGPA and GRE scores do not. Predictive validity analyses showed that for doctoral STEM programs the PPI dimensions of (i) Planning and Organization and (ii) Communication Skills positively predict graduate school grade point average as well as a lower risk of academic probation, a determinant of degree progress, both alone and incrementally over UGPA and GRE scores.
A lay perspective on prioritization for intensive care in pandemic times: Vaccination status matters
Authors: Sprengholz Philipp , Korn Lars , Felgendreff Lisa , Eitze Sarah , Betsch Cornelia
Published: December 2021

During a pandemic, demand for intensive care often exceeds availability. Experts agree that allocation should maximize benefits and must not be based on whether patients could have taken preventive measures. However, intensive care units (ICUs) are often overburdened by individuals with severe COVID-19 who have chosen not to be vaccinated to prevent the disease. This article reports an experiment that investigated the German public’s prioritization preferences during the fourth wave of the coronavirus pandemic (N = 1,014). In a series of scenarios, participants were asked to decide on ICU admission for patients who differed in terms of health condition, expected treatment benefits, and vaccination status. The results reveal an ingroup bias, as vaccinated individuals preferred to allocate more resources to the vaccinated than to the unvaccinated. Participants also favored admitting a heart attack patient rather than a COVID-19 patient with the same likelihood of benefiting from ICU admission, indicating a preference for maintaining regular ICU services rather than treating those with severe COVID-19. Finally, participants were more likely to admit a patient to intensive care when this meant withholding rather than withdrawing care from another patient. The results indicate that lay prioritizations violate established allocation principles, presaging potential conflicts between those in need of intensive care and those who provide and allocate it. It is therefore recommended that allocation principles should be explained to enhance public understanding. Additionally, vaccination rates should be increased to relieve ICUs and reduce the need for such triage decisions.
Correlational and Experimental Effects of Online Apparel Shopping Behavior on Gaze Behavior, Appearance Attitudes, and Self-Worth in Women
Authors: Hollett Ross C , Panaia Peta Michelle , Smart Aimee Hope
Published: December 2021

Online apparel shopping is popular among women, with possible negative body image consequences, particularly when the website imagery is body-focused. We investigated both correlational and experimental effects of online apparel shopping on women’s (N = 113) explicitly and implicitly measured self-worth, appearance attitudes, and body gaze behavior. Correlational results showed that online apparel shopping correlates negatively with self-esteem, and positively with appearance attitudes and self-objectification. During a simulated online shopping activity, women who were exposed to a body-focused activewear website felt worse than usual about their looks, when compared to women who were exposed to a non-body focused casualwear website. Unexpectedly, exposure to the activewear website primed lower body gaze towards subsequent images of partially and fully clothed women. Furthermore, gaze behavior did not significantly correlate with any of the other measures. Given that women have a natural tendency to gaze at faces, the deprivation of facial stimuli in the activewear condition presumably led to a compensatory gaze effect, whereby subsequent attention toward bodies was comparably low, possibly as a protective mechanism. These results suggest potential implications of short- and long-term exposure to online apparel imagery, as well as highlighting the complexity of interpreting female gaze behavior.
新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーとリスクテイク行動および予防行動との関連
Authors: Hirai Kei , Yamamura Asayo , Kato Mai , Yagihashi Mao , Miura Asako
Published: December 2021

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to confirm the validity of segmentation by health literacy and to examine its relationship with risk-taking behavior and infection prevention behavior.The 6,000 respondents to Survey 1 were asked to answer again, and the 3,800 who responded were targeting in the study.In the results, we found that the fear of infectious diseases and the cognitive bias to believe that they will not be infected led to a regression to each segment, with significant differences between the segments. Significant differences in risk-taking and infection prevention behaviors were also found among the segments. In addition, there was no significant difference in the use of the “ Go to campaign “ among the segments.In risk-taking behavior, "self-judgment and self-protection" is considered to be a risk-taking behavior if the risk of infection is judged to be low based on accurate information obtained by the individual. Threat denial" has the lowest level of infection prevention behavior and is considered to take high-risk behaviors without hesitation. Over-vigilance and social defense" is considered to be a preventive behavior instead of risk-taking behavior due to over-vigilance against infection. In the “Go to campaign” , even if the respondents were highly susceptible to infection and felt threatened by infectious diseases, and even if they had no cognitive bias against infectious diseases, they would use this campaign.
Efficacy of open-label counterconditioning for reducing nocebo effects on pressure pain
Authors: Meijer Simone , Karacaoglu Merve , van Middendorp Henriët , Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S. , Jensen Karin , Peerdeman Kaya , Evers Andrea W.M.
Published: December 2021

Nocebo effects can adversely affect the experience of physical symptoms, such as pain and itch. Nocebo effects on itch and pain have shown to be induced by conditioning with thermal heat stimuli and reduced by counterconditioning. However, open-label counterconditioning, in which participants are informed about the placebo content of the treatment, has not been investigated, while this can be highly relevant for clinical practice. Furthermore, (open-label) conditioning and counterconditioning has not been investigated for pain modalities relevant to musculoskeletal disorders, such as pressure pain. In a randomized controlled trial, we investigated in 110 healthy female participants whether nocebo effects on pressure pain combined with open-label verbal suggestions can be 1) induced via conditioning and 2) reduced via counterconditioning. Participants were allocated to either a nocebo or sham conditioning group. Next, the nocebo group was allocated to either counterconditioning, extinction, or continued nocebo conditioning; sham conditioning was followed by placebo conditioning. Nocebo effects were significantly larger after nocebo conditioning than sham conditioning (d = 1.27). Subsequently, a larger reduction of the nocebo effect was found after counterconditioning than after extinction (d = .99) and continued nocebo conditioning (d = 1.63), with effects similar to placebo conditioning (following sham conditioning). These results show that (counter)conditioning combined with open-label suggestions can modulate nocebo effects on pressure pain, which provides promise in designing learning-based treatments to reduce nocebo effects in patients with chronic pain disorders, particularly for musculoskeletal disorders.
It-which-must-not-be-named: COVID-19 misinformation, tactics to proﬁt from it and to evade content moderation on YouTube
Authors: Machado Dayane Fumiyo Tokojima , de Siqueira Alexandre Fioravante , Shimizu Natielly Rallo , Gitahy Leda Maria Caira
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 misinformation became accessible and proﬁtable through socialmedia platforms, such as YouTube. Here we investigate if Brazilian YouTubechannels previously identiﬁed as vaccine misinformation spreaders would alsomisinform their audience about COVID-19. Our analysis sample consists of6 months of content (3,318 videos) from 50 Brazilian YouTube channels.We establish a protocol to classify the types of COVID-19 misinformationspread by the content creators, describing how the channels evade contentmoderation—disguising, replicating, and dispersing misinformation—and whattactics the content creators use to proﬁt. Our analysis shows that thesechannels exploited COVID-19 misinformation to promote themselves,proﬁting in the process.
Nondeterminacy and Population Ethics
Authors: Herlitz Anders
Published: December 2021

This paper synthesizes a general view out of Derek Parfit’s last views on how to avoid the Repugnant Conclusion and presents the general features of a plausible theory of population ethics based on Parfit’s suggestions. The paper argues that a plausible population axiology provides only partial orderings and implies that some outcomes are nondeterminate in their ranking. The paper shows, first, how the combination of what Parfit calls “imprecise equality” and the “Wide Dual Person-Affecting Principle” allows one to avoid both the Continuum Argument and the Improved Mere Addition Paradox. Second, the paper shows how this is enough to in principle also refute Gustaf Arrhenius’s impossibility theorems. Third, the paper suggests that a plausible population axiology must allow for nondeterminacy, that whatever the substance of the axiology is, it can only provide partial orderings of outcomes, and that if we revise Arrhenius’s adequacy conditions these can condition what a satisfactory population axiology looks like. Finally, the paper illustrates how one can apply normative theories that allow for nondeterminacy and also infer formal constraints on the theories in light of the consequences of their application.
Sovereign States in the Greenhouse: Does Jurisdiction Speak against Consumption- Based Emissions Accounting?
Authors: Duus-Otterström Göran
Published: December 2021

The paper investigates the significance of jurisdiction for the choice of accounting method of greenhouse gases. Making use of the distinction between retrospective and prospective responsibility, it assesses three different arguments from jurisdiction against consumption-based emissions accounting. It argues that one of these arguments, the effectiveness argument, provides a strong potential reason against consumptionbased emissions accounting. To the extent jurisdictional control is needed to reduce some emissions, and production-based accounting incentivizes states to reduce these emissions, there is a reason of environmental effectiveness for sticking with production-based accounting.
Can Parfit’s Appeal to Incommensurabilities Block the Continuum Argument for the Repugnant Conclusion?
Authors: Rabinowicz Wlodek
Published: December 2021

Blocking the Continuum Argument for the Repugnant Conclusion by an appeal to incommensurabilities in value, as suggested in Parfit (2016), is an attractive option. But incommensurabilities (‘imprecise equalities’ in Parfit’s terminology) that need to be posited to achieve this result have to be very thoroughgoing – ‘persistent’ in the sense to be explained. While this persistency is highly atypical, it can be explained if incommensurability is interpreted on the lines of the fitting-attitudes analysis of value, as permissibility of divergent attitudes towards the items that are being compared. More precisely, it can be interpreted as parity – as the permissibility of opposing preferences with respect to the compared items. This account makes room for the persistency phenomena. Nevertheless, some of Parfit’s substantive value assumptions must be given up, to avoid implausible implications. In particular, his Simple View regarding the marginal value of added lives cannot be retained.
Does Climate Change Policy Depend Importantly on Population Ethics? Deflationary Responses to the Challenges of Population Ethics for Public Policy
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Budolfson Mark , Spears Dean
Published: December 2021

Choosing a policy response to climate change seems to demand a population axiology. A formal literature involving impossibility theorems has demonstrated that all possible approaches to population axiology have one or more seemingly counterintuitive implications. This leads to the worry that because axiology is so theoretically unresolved as to permit a wide range of reasonable disagreement, our ignorance implies serious practical ignorance about what climate policies to pursue. We offer two deflationary responses to this worry. First, it may be that given the actual facts of climate change, all axiologies agree on a particular policy response. In this case, there would be a clear dominance conclusion, and the puzzles of axiology would be practically irrelevant (albeit still theoretically challenging). Second, despite the impossibility results, we prove the possibility of axiologies that satisfy bounded versions of all of the desiderata from the population axiology literature, which may be all that is needed for policy evaluation.
Value of cultural worldviews and message framing for the acceptability of sustainable land use zoning policies in post-conflict Somalia
Authors: Diriye Abdishakur W. , Jama Osman M. , Chong Ren , Abdi Abdulhakim M
Published: December 2021

Public acceptability is important for sustainable land use zoning policy to be successfully implemented. This study examined the effectiveness of tailoring messages with cultural worldviews to induce positive attitudes and improve public acceptability of sustainable land use zoning policy in a post-conflict setting. A total of 538 participants were randomly divided into three groups. Two were treatment groups and received promotional information about a hypothetical land-use zoning policy, and one group was the control group and received no promotional information. The results indicate that information provision results in positive attitudes and higher public acceptability of land use zoning policy. Arguments that correspond to participants' cultural worldviews generated more positive attitudes and higher acceptability than arguments that conflict with their cultural worldviews. This study recommends targeting messages with peoples’ cultural worldviews as an effective strategy in inducing positive attitudes and higher acceptability for sustainable land use zoning policy in Somalia.
Restaurant decision-maker perceptions of barriers and opportunities for invasive lionfish consumption
Authors: Burgess Kate , Smith Nathan , Solomon Jennifer N. , Clements Kaylin , Burgess Joanne , Lavoie Anna
Published: December 2021

Lionfish (Pterois volitans, Pterois miles), invasive coral reef fishes in the western Atlantic, cause extensive negative impacts to marine ecosystems. Following their introduction in Florida in the 1980’s, lionfish colonized numerous coral reef ecosystems and have been documented at depths ranging from 1-300m. In addition to depleting native reef fish biomass and threatening macroalgae induced phase shifts on shallow reefs, the invasion of lionfish has caused severe economic damage in the form of reduced native fish yields for local fisher people and high costs of management. While few examples exist of successful management of marine invasive species, studies have shown that lionfish removal can decrease their density and increase prey species biomass. A critical component and challenge for any effective lionfish removal effort is to maintain consistently high levels of lionfish harvesting so as to reduce lionfish abundance to levels that mitigate their negative ecological impacts. One popular market-based option that may achieve this is increasing the demand for the consumption of lionfish. This management solution offers potential benefits to both human livelihoods and marine ecosystems. Our study focuses on Florida’s consumptive lionfish market and fills a gap in understanding the lionfish supply chain for Florida’s restaurant industry. Although lionfish are commercially available in Florida, they are not currently widely consumed with consistency. We conducted interviews with twenty restaurant decision-makers in FL to understand their perceptions of barriers and opportunities for increasing their use of invasive lionfish. The most commonly identified barriers were: price and consistency of supply, while the most prominent opportunities were: improved awareness and culinary potential to increase the demand for lionfish. Conservation managers and policymakers should leverage these findings to facilitate opportunities, address barriers, and promote public education about invasive lionfish and their impacts.
Employment and income implications of transitions towards more sustainable global diets
Authors: Komarek Adam M. , Cenacchi Nicola , Dunston Shahnila , Sulser Timothy B , Wiebe Keith , Willenbockel Dirk
Published: December 2021

The effect of global diet shifts on human health, the natural environment, and the financial cost of obtaining food has been extensively quantified. The current study complements these quantifications by examining the economy-wide consequences of global diet shifts. We used a computable general equilibrium model to quantify the changes in employment and income in all geographic regions of the globe in the year 2050 under a global shift towards more sustainable human diets. These more sustainable diets are lower in livestock-derived foods, higher in fruit and vegetables, and lower in refined sugar than diets under the current trajectory for food demand out to the year 2050. Our results show that transitioning towards more sustainable diets at the global scale in sub-Saharan Africa will decrease employment in the livestock sector and increase employment in the crop sector, with an overall reallocation of labor from the industry and services sectors to the agriculture sector. West Africa was the region of the globe that encountered the greatest decline in income of 14% as a result of the global diet shift, driven by the reallocation of labor into the lower value-added agriculture sector and driven by West Africa’s high share of total household expenditure spent on food. These findings have important implications for understanding trade-offs and developing strategies to equitably improve livelihoods within the broader context of food system transformation.
Positive Egalitarianism
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Mosquera Julia
Published: December 2021

According to Positive Egalitarianism, not only do relations of inequality have negative value, as Negative Egalitarians claim, but relations of equality also have positive value. The egalitarian value of a population is a function of both pairwise relations of inequality (negative) and pairwise relations of equality (positive). Positive and Negative Egalitarianism diverge, especially in different number cases. Hence, an investigation of Positive Egalitarianism might shed new light on the vexed topic of population ethics and our duties to future generations. We shall here, in light of some recent criticism, further develop the idea of giving positive value to equal relations.
Statistical analyses of chemical and physical properties of alluvial soils in the Belaya river valley (Near-Angara region) and its interpretation
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Korshunova S.A. , Kuklina S.L. ,   Irkutsk State University
Published: December 2021

The aim of the study: to describe chemical and physical properties of alluvial soils using a big array of data. Location and time of the study. The study was carried out in the Belaya River valley from 1993 to 2019. Methodology. The data of 237 soil samples collected from genetic horizons of alluvial soils from the Belaya River Valley (52º40'–53º00'N, 103º00'–104º00'E, Priangariye, Russia) were statistically processed by using descriptive statistics, cluster and correlation analyses. To perform statistical analyses soil samples were grouped according to their humus content: all horizons, all humus horizons, all non-humus horizons. Main results. Most of the horizons were characterized as slightly alkaline, sandy loam, medium humus ones. The positive relationship between exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ is due to their joint presence in parent rock material, i.e. dolomite. Cluster analysis allowed identifying groups of horizons (for example, mineral and mineral-organogenic), sharply differing in properties. Conclusion. The presented chemical and physical properties of alluvial soils described using a big array of soil samples, can be used as a reference for monitoring their change in the future due to various natural and anthropogenic factors.