bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theophan Prokopovich’s treatise “About reviling of decrees of Peter the Great” (1734): towards the history of disputes about the destiny of monasticism in Russia in the 18th century
Authors:   A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasheninnikova Olga A.
Published: December 2020

This article analyzes for the first time the full text of objection of Theophan Prokopovich (1681–1736) to the work of Markell Radyshevskiy (†1742) on monasticism ([Objection to The announcement of monasticism], 1730), and explains the circumstances and motives for its creation. In his polemical treatise of 1734, Theophan Prokopovich polemicises with the most important provisions of Markell Radyshevskiy’s work, defending the views of Peter’s companions on monasticism and the Church. In his rebuttal, Theophan Prokopovich stands as a staunch supporter of Peter I and his Church reform, a supporter of unlimited autocratic power and unconditional subordination of the Church to the head of state. He polemicises with important arguments of Markell Radyshevskiy’s work, defending all the main provisions of Peter’s 1724 decree on monasticism. The first full publication of Theophan Prokopovich’s objection will give a clear idea of the nature of the ideological and religious disputes of Peter’s time, the essence and intensity of the controversy between Church reformers and conservatives in the era of formation of the Russian state in the 18th century.
Properties and signs of the epic in three novels by Leo Tolstoy
Authors:   A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Andreeva Valeria G.
Published: December 2020

The author of the article raises the question of the genetic relationship of the Russian novel of the second half of the 19th century with the epic, notes that it is precisely on the scale of the epic worldview that the global goal was set for themselves by Russian writers, when arguing about the need for universal coverage and understanding of life, of the insight of Divine laws. The article proves that one of the features of the epic novel included the turn to the popular worldview, but at the same time Russian writers were able to create an artistic world in which the importance of the personality is not diminished. The epic novel “War and Peace” opened up the opportunity for many of Leo Tolstoy’s contemporaries to create an epic novel based on the material of new and recent Russian history and contemporary life. The author analyses the features present in “War and Peace” and Leo Tolstoy’s epic novels “Anna Karenina” and “Resurrection” — the ratio of the personal and the common, the special integrity and totality of the artistic world, the objectivity of the narrative, the wide scope of events, the precedent picture of the world, etc. All the deeds of the heroes in the epic novel are evaluated not only from the position of a specific time, but from the position of eternity, from the point of view of religious consciousness.
Metropolitan Platon (Levshin) — publicist
Authors:   A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Afanasyev Eduard L.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the work of Metropolitan of Moscow Platon II (worldly surname — Levshin) (1737–1812), who became famous not only as an outstanding preacher of the second half of the 18th century, but also as a historical writer. The well-known facts of his life and the creative history of works receive a new sound in the context of a spiritual biography; first of all — a strong connection to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and a deep understanding of the spiritual experience of venerable Sergius of Radonezh. A comparative analysis of the text “On the Road to Schism” (1767) and “Brief History of the Russian Church” (1805) was undertaken, illustrating the path of spiritual growth. The author is presented not just as a widely educated person, but as a hierarch, vigilantly expanding his spiritual horizon. Changes in genre priorities and lexical and stylistic features, adherence to certain literary traditions, the dominance of a national idea, proximity to Church Slavonic sources and ancient Russian literary tradition are traced. One of the key roles of the spiritual heritage of Metropolitan Platon II in the historical and literary process of the second half of the 18th century is confirmed.
A coisificação dos saberes como mercadoria na ideologia do compartilhamento
Authors: Gonçalves Júnior Reynaldo José , Anchieta Wanderley
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo dissertaremos sobre o papel do conhecimento na sociedade do século XXI e como a indústria editorial passou a ditar as regras no que diz respeito à produção e divulgação dos conteúdos científicos. Trabalharemos com a perspectiva de um mercado científico voltado à coisificação dos saberes como mercadoria e ao fortalecimento do senso mercantil da produção de conhecimento. Abordaremos as relações de trabalho dentro da lógica de atuação do mercado proposta pelo oligopólio editorial, assim como mencionaremos a atuação do sujeito pesquisador na construção de sua carreira em meio às regras colocadas pela ideologia do compartilhamento mercantilizado, o que interfere com o próprio ethos científico.
Jornal Hoje E Os Mediadores Da Tragédia De Suzano-Sp
Authors: Negrini Michele , Palermo Arildo
Published: December 2020

Refletir sobre a análise de programas televisivos, principalmente se tratando dos noticiosos, requer a observação da complexidade que perpassa os processos que envolvem a produção audiovisual. A partir disso, achamos que os modos de endereçamento se mostram como uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica importante para análise de telejornais. Este artigo tem como foco principal analisar as primeiras notícias veiculadas a respeito da tragédia de Suzano-SP, no programa Jornal Hoje da Rede Globo, sob a ótica de um dos quatro operadores de análise propostos por Gomes (2007) dentro da teoria dos modos de endereçamento: os mediadores.

Palavras-chave: Modos de endereçamento; Jornal Hoje; telejornalismo; mediadores.
Mídias e Fake News
Authors: Correa Erica
Published: December 2020

Esta resenha apresenta uma introdução às discussões sobre os processos comunicacionais que têm ocorrido, especialmente nos Estados Unidos, em relação a circulação de inverdades na internet e nos programas jornalísticos; um fenômeno que, hoje, é mundialmente reconhecido pelo pseudônimo de Fake News. Nesse sentido, esta resenha se baseia no programa Reliable Source, da rede internacional de notícias CNN, que foca essencialmente em debates sobre como as notícias são construídas no mundo das mídias, como circulam nos meios eletrônicos e como são consumidas por milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Dessa forma, pretende-se, portanto, mostrar um possível ponto de partida para a abordagem desse fenômeno contemporâneo chamado Fake News, que extrapola o ambiente das redes sociais e que se faz presente, de alguma forma, em todos os níveis de interações sociopolíticas do momento.
Midiativismo à brasileira:
Authors: Simeão Denise Anzorena , Amarante Maria de Fátima Silva
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo trata do processo de constituir-se sujeito no capitalismo pós-industrial, da questão da(s) identidade(s) e das formas como essas se articulam nos processos de relação com os poderes, a partir da perspectiva do sujeito ético (Foucault) e do sujeito pessoal (Touraine) e da noção de multidão (Negri). Seu objetivo é delinear aspectos dos modos de subjetivação, identidades e autoria nos movimentos sociais contemporâneos e de seus correlatos nas mídias sociais, apoiando-se nas experiências de mobilizações brasileiras ocorridas em junho de 2013 e no coletivo midiativista Mídia Ninja. Para tanto, realiza análise de narrativas midiáticas, considerando condições de produção e materialidade discursiva, de modo a melhor compreender o sujeito e as relações de poder no midiativismo brasileiro.
Choreographic Process and Skinner Releasing Technique
Authors: Polly Hudson
Published: December 2020

An exploration of Skinner Releasing Technique and its application to choreographic practice.

The research offers a paradigm shift in understanding of Skinner Releasing Technique (SRT) from that of a dance technique to one of choreographic methodology. The primary research question was: Can SRT be not only a dance technique, but also a methodology for creating dance? Thematically the work examines notions of self portraits and questions the culture of 'selfies'.
Performing the compositional act with bouncy castles, soap and shh
Authors: Andy Ingamells
Published: December 2020

The three creative works presented in this exposition are practical examples of ways in which notation can be reframed to become an integral part of the physical theatre of a musical performance. This act of reframing is presented as part of a process of reimagining relationships within musical performances through an interpreatation of a diagram by Fluxus composer George Brecht (1926–2008). In these three works the act of reading is integral to the theatre of musical performance.
Reconstructing Verses by Henry Loosemore and John Coprario
Authors: Helen Roberts
Published: December 2020

This exposition comprises a package of outputs from practice-led research around two unique pieces of instrumental music with winds from early seventeenth-century England. Along with the first critical performance edition and a world premiere recording of these two pieces, I present a detailed discussion of the investigation which informed the editorial process, focussing on three historical artefacts: MS Drexel 5469, the fragmentary source of the music in question; the Christ Church cornetts, two original instruments that may historically have been associated with performance of this type of repertoire; and the St Teilo organ, an instrument reconstructed after Tudor archaeological evidence and representative of the style of instrument in use when MS Drexel 5469 was compiled. I examine each artefact in turn, establishing the wider historical context of each and assessing the connections between all three. This process has not only shed new light on two pieces overlooked by historical performers until now, but raised important questions surrounding the performance of early-seventeenth century liturgical music in general.
Translation as a Compositional Strategy
Authors: Seán Clancy
Published: December 2020

The aim of this body of work is to explore translation, the act of communicating the meaning of one phenomenon (the source) to another phenomenon (the target) through musical composition. This is illustrated by three related works that translate different events/objects into musical experiences:

1. Fourteen Minutes of Music on the Subject of Greeting Cards

2. Forty-Five Minutes of Music on the Subject of Football

3. ireland england

The intention is to create interesting structures through innovative compositional techniques that may be taken up by others. The act of translation imbues the musical work with meaning relating to our lived experiences. As a result, composition as lived experience becomes the overarching narrative, highlighting a departure from more abstract concerns to hyper-personal ones.
Cardiac sarcoidosis: two case reports.
Authors: Awindaogo Felix , Afriyie-Mensah Jane , Ayetey Harold , Tagoe Emmanuella
Published: December 2020

The clinical presentation of cardiac sarcoidosis is variable. We report
two cases of cardiac sarcoidosis to highlight the varied clinical
presentations and diagnostic challenges in our setting and encourage the
consideration of sarcoidosis as a differential in unexplained
arrhythmias and heart failure.
Computational Study of Inversion-topomerization Pathways in 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane and 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane: Ab Initio Conformational Analysis
Authors: Bian Huiting , Zhang Yifan , Wang Yongjin , Zhao Jun , Ruan Xiaohui , Li Jing
Published: December 2020

This work concerns the typical conformational behaviors for
di-substituted cyclohexanes that inherently depend on spatial
orientations of side chains in flexible cyclic ring. The
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane and 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane in both cis- and
trans-configurations were focused here to unravel their conformational
inversion-topomerization mechanisms. Full geometry optimizations were
performed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory to explicitly identify
all distinguishable molecular structures, and thus explore potential
energy surfaces (PES) of the complete interconversion routes for two
stereoisomers of 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane and 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane.
Additional quantum calculations were carried out by separately applying
MP2/6-311++G(d,p), G4, and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) methods to further
refine all PES’ stationary points. With respect to quantum results, the
conformational analysis was conducted to gain insight into the
determination, thermodynamic stabilities, and relative energies of
distinct molecular geometric structures. On base of highly biased
conformational equilibria, the temperature-dependent populations of
stable local minima for four studied dimethylcyclohexanes were obtained
by utilizing Boltzmann distribution within 300-2500 K. Moreover, two
unique interconversion processes for them, including inversion and
topomerization, were fully investigated, and their potential energy
surfaces were illustrated with the rigorous descriptions in two or
three-dimensional schemes for clarify.
Mechanical Circulatory Support - Challenges, Strategies and Preparations
Authors: Awad Wael , Bashir Mohamad
Published: December 2020

Background COVID‐19 is usually mild, but patients can present with
pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and circulatory
shock. Although the symptoms of the disease are predominantly
respiratory, involvement of the cardiovascular system is common.
Patients with heart failure (HF) are particularly vulnerable when
suffering from COVID‐19. Aim of the Review To examine the challenges
faced by healthcare organisations, and mechanical circulatory support
management strategies available to patients with heart failure, during
the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
(ECMO) can be lifesaving in patients with severe forms of ARDS, or
refractory cardio-circulatory compromise. The Impella RP can provide
right ventricular circulatory support for patients who develop right
side ventricular failure or decompensation caused by COVID-19
complications, including pulmonary embolus. HT are reserved for only
those patients with a high short-term mortality. LVAD as a bridge to
transplant may be a viable strategy to get at-risk patients home
quickly. Elective LVAD implantations have been reduced and only patients
classified as INTERMACS profile 1 and 2 are being considered for LVAD
implantation. Delayed recognition of LVAD‐related complications,
misdiagnosis of COVID‐19, and impaired social and psychological
well‐being for patients and families may ensue. Remote patient care with
virtual or telephone contacts is becoming the norm. Conclusions HF
incidence, prevalence, and undertreatment will grow as a result of new
COVID-19-related heart disease. ECMO should be reserved for highly
selected cases of COVID-19 with a reasonable probability of recovery.
Special considerations are needed for patients with advanced HF,
including those supported by durable LVADs.
Building Relationships and Resolving Conflicts: Infusing Critical Thinking into Workplace Practices
Authors: Hester Joseph
Published: December 2020

As we are now living in a world characterized as a “new normal,” nothing is more important than leaders who are adept at critical thinking enabling them to enhance their businesses by making judicious decisions while remaining sensitive to the needs of their employees. When talking about critical thinking, often neglected is the descriptor “critical.” Among other things, “critical” means significant, vital, essential, and analytical, and involving skillful judgment as to truth and merit. From the point of view of commonsense, “critical” may also imply an effort to see a problem or situation clearly and truthfully in order to make fair judgments and wise decisions. Thus, critical thinking is more than learning to use specific thinking skills deemed necessary for business and everyday life. A critical thinker will have a sense of ethics governing his or her decision making and business acumen. Consequently, critical thinking necessitates life-long learning, experience, developing one’s intuitions, and above all, being creative, flexible-minded, sensitive to one’s environment, as well as being trusted and fair-minded. The ethical overtones of becoming a critical thinker are obvious making critical thinking and essential component of values-based leadership.
Interphotoreceptor Retinol-Binding Protein Ameliorates Diabetes-induced Retinal Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration through Rhodopsin
Authors: Admin Ada , Chen Jianglei , Shao Yan , Sasore Temmy , Moiseyev Gennadiy , Zhou Kelu , Ma Xiang , Du Yanhong , Ma Jian-xing
Published: December 2020

Diabetic patients often experience
visual defects before any retinal pathologies are detected. The molecular
mechanism for the visual defects in early diabetes has not been elucidated. Our
previous study reported that in early diabetic retinopathy (DR), rhodopsin
levels were reduced due to impaired 11-cis-retinal
regeneration. Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) is a visual
cycle protein and important for 11-cis-retinal
generation. IRBP levels are decreased in the vitreous and retina of DR patients
and animal models. To determine the role of IRBP downregulation in the visual
defects in early DR, we induced diabetes in transgenic mice overexpressing IRBP
in the retina. IRBP overexpression prevented diabetes-induced decline of
retinal function. Furthermore, IRBP overexpression also prevented decreases of
rhodopsin levels and 11-cis-retinal
generation in diabetic mice. Diabetic IRBP transgenic mice also showed ameliorated
retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and retinal degeneration,
compared to diabetic WT mice. These findings suggest that diabetes-induced IRBP
downregulation impairs the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal and rhodopsin, leading to retinal dysfunction in early
DR. Furthermore, increased 11-cis-retinal-free
opsin constitutively activates the phototransduction pathway, leading to
increased oxidative stress and retinal neurodegeneration. Therefore, restored
IRBP expression in the diabetic retina may confer a protective effect against
retinal degeneration in DR.
Effect of cladding parameters on microstructure and defects in direct laser metal deposition of 24CrNiMo steel
Authors: Ebrahimnia Mohamad , Xie Yujiang , Chi Changtai
Published: December 2020

Direct laser metal deposition of a medium carbon low alloy steel was performed on a round bar sample. Taguchi design was used to investigate the effect of three process parameters with three different levels on the microstructure and properties of single- and multitrack clad samples. Microstructural analysis showed that coalesced bainite and lath martensite exist in the clad area. Two different kinds of cracks occurred in multitrack clad samples. When laser power is not sufficient or scanning speed is high, cracks can occur in the laser clad area because of the accumulation of trapped defects inside the molten pool, e.g., inclusions, voids, and low melting point constituents alongside insufficient molten metal back-filling at interdendritic regions. These cracks can be considered as solidification cracks. Another type of cracks can occur in previous tracks of multitrack clads which actually are the heat affected zones (HAZ) of newly deposited clad tracks, because of high tensile stress on HAZ and the presence of oxide and sulfide constituents at interdendritic regions. These cracks can be considered as reheating cracks. According to the result of Taguchi design experiments, using optimum laser parameters like high laser power, medium scanning speed, and sufficient powder feed rate, crackfree clad layers can be obtained via the prevention of formation of unfavorable constituents at interdendritic regions.
Voltage deviations influence on asynchronous characteristics of powerful asynchronized turbogenerator
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Pokrovskyi Kostiantyn , Muzychak Andriy
Published: December 2020

The widespread applying of electrical grids with voltage classes 330 and 750 kV with powerful units of nuclear and heat power plants creates a set of problems with normal modes ensuring in the Ukrainian energy system. Due to sufficiently great transverse capacitance of such overhead lines, significant amounts of reactive power excess are possible in the system. This phenomenon manifests itself especially in the load reduction hours in the power system through the visible voltage levels deviation at the energy-generating nodes in an upward direction. The application of asynchronized turbogenerators with the ability to work in asynchronous mode could solve the problem of reactive power excesses in the energy-generating nodes during load reduction hours in the power system due to their possibility of deep reactive power consumption. The paper presents the calculated results of the asynchronous modes coordinates for an asynchronized turbogenerator with a capacity 1000 MW based on the parameters of the equivalent circuit, taking into account possible generator stator voltage deviations within ±10%. The influence of voltage deviations on the asynchronous modes coordinates is shown. Due to the obtained characteristics, it is possible to perform engineering estimations of the possible asynchronous mode applying for the asynchronized generator under conditions of nuclear and thermal power plants and taking into account possible voltage deviations.
Thermometric bridge circuits for measuring thermophysical properties
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vasylkivskyi Ihor , Fedynets Vasyl , Yusyk Yaroslav
Published: December 2020

The article presents the designs of a number of devices for measuring the thermal conductivity of solids developed using the new methodological approaches proposed by the authors, which enable measurements in a wide range of thermal conductivity values with better accuracy. The proposed approaches rely on the principle of invariance, which consists in ensuring the compensation of the effect of various non-informative parameters on the measurement result. For calculating the developed thermometric bridge circuits (balanced, unbalanced and partially balanced), there was applied the theory of thermal circuits based on the similarity between heat transfer and electricity transfer. The design of thermometric devices based on thermometric bridge circuits makes it possible to raise significantly the accuracy of measuring thermophysical properties of materials due to the reduced errors stemming from the effect of non-informative parameters on the measurement result. This, in turn, allowed the extended measurement range for the thermal conductivity, increased reliability and reduced cost of the devices owing to the simplified measuring circuit.
Dampak dari Parameter Variasi Koneksi, Node dan Kecepatan Node Terhadap Delay pada Routing Protocol AODV dan BATMAN Jaringan MANET
Authors: Nugrahadi Dodon Turianto , Faisal M Reza , Triyasmono Liling , Janawi Muhammad
Published: December 2020

Mobile ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a multihop wireless network that a many collection of mobile nodes that are dynamic. MANET each node on the network have the same position, so it needs the appropriate routing protocol, to support the exchange of data to be optimal. In this study, the routing protocol to be tested is AODV and BATMAN based scenario increasing the number of connections, nodes and speed. Simulation parameter scenarios is number connection 1 UDP, 2 UDP, 3 UDP, and number of node 25 node, 50 node, 100 node, and then number node speed 20 m/s, 50 m/s. in this AODV routing protocol will establish a rute from the source node to the destination only if there is a request from the source node. BATMAN routing protocols, all decisions and information disseminated throughout the node and will regularly update on each node. The performance parameters to be measured such as delay by using OMNET ++ 4.6. Output of simulation will analysis with two way anova and multivariate to know correlation between variation scenario impact to delay. The results obtained in this study AODV and BATMAN have their respective advantages, analisys with two-way anova show that both AODV and BATMAN get the impact of the scenario from incrising the number of connections, the number of nodes and the number of nodes speed with a p-value of 0.012212 (<0.05) with two-way anova. From all scenarios, the number of UDP connections has the greatest impact, from UDP 1, UDP 2 and UDP 3. Followed by the number of speed 50 and node 100. So it can be concluded that the connection has an effect on increasing delay. The increasing number of speed and nodes can contribute to an increase in delay if number of nodes above 100 and speed above 50. With multivariate analysis, the BATMAN protocol had the most impact on the delay under the scenario then AODV.
Cartographic atlas of frequency variation for 45 pharmacogenetic markers in populations of Russia and its neighbor states
Authors: Balanovska EV , Petrushenko VS , Koshel SM , Pocheshkhova EA , Chernevskiy DK , Mirzaev KB , Abdullaev ShP , Balanovsky OP
Published: December 2020

The lack of information about the frequency of pharmacogenetic markers in Russia impedes the adoption of personalized treatment algorithms originally developed for West European populations. The aim of this paper was to study the distribution of some clinically significant pharmacogenetic markers across Russia. A total of 45 pharmacogenetic markers were selected from a few population genetic datasets, including ADME, drug target and hemostasis-controlling genes. The total number of donors genotyped for these markers was 2,197. The frequencies of these markers were determined for 50 different populations, comprised of 137 ethnic and subethnic groups. A comprehensive pharmacogenetic atlas was created, i.e. a systematic collection of gene geographic maps of frequency variation for 45 pharmacogenetic DNA markers in Russia and its neighbor states. The maps revealed 3 patterns of geographic variation. Clinal variation (a gradient change in frequency along the East-West axis) is observed in the pharmacogenetic markers that follow the main pattern of variation for North Eurasia (13% of the maps). Uniform distribution singles out a group of markers that occur at average frequency in most Russian regions (27% of the maps). Focal variation is observed in the markers that are specific to a certain group of populations and are absent in other regions (60% of the maps). The atlas reveals that the average frequency of the marker and its frequency in individual populations do not indicate the type of its distribution in Russia: a gene geographic map is needed to uncover the pattern of its variation.
Coronavirus: una pandemia hiperreal
Authors: Gadea Carlos A. , Bayce Rafael
Published: December 2020

La euforia global en torno al coronavirus nos ha impuesto repensar ciertos vínculos analíticos entre la incertidumbre y el miedo, la realidad práctica y la falsa certidumbre hiperreal, así como entre ciencia, política, medios de comunicación, sentido común y opinión pública. Nuevas relaciones sociales se han establecido, y es posible identificarlas bajo la forma de una nueva profilaxis social y un mayor temor al contacto entre las personas, aprensiones asociadas a los miedos muy bien internalizados desde los tiempos del sida y la experiencia del terrorismo. La incertidumbre y falsas certidumbres han ganado aún más terreno a pesar del auge de la sociedad de la información y de las medidas políticas emprendidas para su eventual contención. La pionera sociología de Simmel, los análisis en torno a la “teoría penal del enemigo” de Jakobs, la hiperrealidad según Baudrillard y las nociones de catástrofe e incertidumbre sustentan la siguiente reflexión sobre las implicaciones y los cambios recientes suscitados por la pandemia global.
Wild Origin Material - The Sine Qua Non of Botanic Garden Collections?
Authors: Cullen James
Published: December 2020

Botanic gardens make great claims for their content of 'wild origin material' for use in research, education and conservation. But the material included under this heading is very diverse in its nature and origin, covering a broad spectrum of histories. Various types of wild origin material are distinguished, and the effects of these distinctions on botanic gardens record systems briefly considered.
The Cultivation of Victoria amazonica Sowerby in Northern Latitudes
Authors: Clifford Pat
Published: December 2020

Victoria amazonica Sowerby has been cultivated in Britain since the 1830s. In this paper the cultivation of this species at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is outlined with reference to its native environment, including propagation, planting out, general maintenance, flowering and pollination.
Tropical Ginger Cultivation in North American Temperate Climes
Authors: Bordelon Michael , Kress John
Published: December 2020

The popularity of gingers, in the family Zingiberaceae and many native to Southeast Asia, is increasing as more species are brought into cultivation by botanists and as botanic gardens increase their public displays in glasshouses and outside beds. Not only are the foliage and flowers striking in appearance with bright colors and unusual forms, but many have medicinal uses as well. Some species are evergreen while others go dormant during the winter months. Gingers are relatively easy to cultivate and are not prone to insect pests. In regions with freezing temperatures during the winter a glasshouse is required. With proper care and planning, a great variety of species can be successfully cultivated and put on view for the public.
The Winter Garden at Cambridge University Botanic Garden
Authors: Upson Tim , Kerley Peter
Published: December 2020

The history of the Winter Gardens at Cambridge University Botanic Garden is described with particular reference to the one planted in 1978–79 with discussion of the design philosophy, planting and current management practices needed to maintain this maturing garden.
Recycling Wine Corks for Horticultural Use
Authors: Scott Steve
Published: December 2020

No abstract.
Characteristics of an Exemplary Living Collection
Authors: Gates Galen
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyse the characteristics that define a plant collection. In 2002 Chicago Botanic Garden benchmarked the living plant collections in national and international botanic gardens and arboreta in seven countries. The result of the study revealed that there were twelve characteristics of an exemplary living collection. These were:

I. Institutional Collections Policy and Development PlansII. High diversity (breadth in taxa and germplasm)III. Depth or areas of specialization (plant-related areas)IV. Thorough record-keepingV. Care – maintenance practicesVI. An active Verification ProgrammeVII. Plants of wild origin with cultivated plants from their introducerVIII. Taxa of conservation concernIX. Staff expertise (knowledge acquired from the building and study of the Collection)X. Public access (to view and study plants and benefit from associated Programming)XI. Plant Exploration ProgrammesXII. Relevance to science and society for multiple generations
The Oman Botanic Garden (2)
Authors: Patzelt Annette , Al Farsi Khalid , Morris Leigh , Spalton Andrew
Published: December 2020

The first paper in this series outlined the vision for the oman botanic garden and detailed the early plant collections and propagation. this paper focuses on the oman botanic garden collections policy, construction of a new nursery on the site, subsequent expanded production and initial attempts at mature tree translocation.
Cultivation of the genus Pelargonium under glass
Authors: Hughes Kate
Published: December 2020

This paper describes the cultivation under glass of the genus Pelargonium. The difference between Pelargonium and the other four genera in the family Geraniaceae is noted and a list of species grown at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is provided. The use of the genus in the display glasshouses at this botanic garden is described followed by notes on cultivation including watering, nutrition, pruning, pest control, and propagation. The use of pelargoniums in the commercial and medicinal industries follows.
De Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam :
Authors: Frediani Kevin
Published: December 2020

To thrive and stay relevant to the needs of society, botanic gardens need to be able to adapt and change. This is especially the case now that there is such an urgent need to explain the changing world to visitors. There is also a need to accept that their collections and gardens are difficult to change due to their inherent limitations and historical context. This paper seeks to address this issue by providing an overview of one of Europe’s oldest botanic gardens, de Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, as one which has developed a collection policy to provide greater flexibility to shape the organisation while retaining the spirit of place or genius loci. The paper provides a framework to help reconsider the context and content of collection themes and to provide a sustainable basis that best meets the needs of the current organisation. This framework also provides a flexible approach to planning collections in the future.
Amborella trichopoda
Authors: Grosse-Veldmann Bernadette , Korotkova Nadja , Reinken Bernhard , Lobin Wolfram , Barthlott Wilhelm
Published: December 2020

Amborella trichopoda Baill., the most ancestral angiosperm, has been successfully cultivated in the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bonn in Germany (BG Bonn) for more than a decade. The distribution of this plant – limited to the South Pacific island of New Caledonia – and its cultivation has so far only been achieved in a few botanic gardens. This paper provides details about the cultivation and propagation of Amborella, and information on its cultivation in botanic gardens around the world. The authors propose that the collections of this plant in botanic gardens could be used to establish ex situ conservation collections.
The Positive Effects on Mental Health of Visiting Botanic Gardens
Authors: Shaw Sophia
Published: December 2020

This paper continues the Guest Essay theme on the positive contribution that experiences in gardens and nature can make to people. It draws on her own and others’ personal experiences, particularly in Chicago Botanic Garden, to demonstrate that time spent in a garden, whether as a casual visitor or as a participant in specialised horticulture therapy and education programmes, can improve mental health and physical well-being and that this is to the benefit of individuals and society as a whole. The paper finishes with a comment on the value of the scientific work carried out by botanic gardens and how this also contributes positively to mental health by empowering people to do something constructive about the ecological challenges facing society.
Agapetes D. Don Ex G. Don
Authors: Conlon Tony
Published: December 2020

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) holds a number of collections of the family Ericaceae (Conlon, 2010; 2012). One of these is the genus Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don. An overview of the literature on this genus is given with the distribution and a history of the collection at RBGE. Horticultural information for the cultivation and propagation of the genus is included.
The United States Botanic Garden in Washington, DC
Authors: Novy Ari
Published: December 2020

The United States Botanic Garden (USBG) was initially established in 1820, though a tumultuous beginning did not allow it to become a permanent institution until 1850. Nevertheless, it is one of the oldest botanic gardens in North America and one of the most visited. This article provides a brief history of the USBG and an overview of its operations and collections. With its centrallocation in a major US metropolitan region and free entry to visitors, the USBG has a strong focus on visitor services, experience and education. Approaching its 200th year, the Garden is well poised to play a leading role in exciting the American public about the importance of plants to humankind.
Considerations for Commercial Plant Introduction From Public Gardens
Authors: Taylor Matthew
Published: December 2020

Public gardens can benefit from the introduction of new plants to the horticulture industry. There are many ways to develop and discover new plants in the public garden setting, whether it be through plant breeding, exploration or simply discovering a sport or mutation. The characteristics of plants suitable for the commercial display industry include short time to flower, no day-length requirement, easy and fast propagation, natural branching and inherent short height. Over the last 20 years, the process of plant development and introduction has changed enormously. Now, elements such as strong brands and marketing campaigns, plant patents or plant breeders’ rights, trademarks and the ability of a new plant to thrive in mass production settings are important considerations when making a new plant release. In addition, public gardens must evaluate potential commercial partners to ensure that they get the maximum benefits from the process. This paper describes that process and gives recommendations for some of the key stages with reference to plants released by Longwood Gardens in Philadelphia.
Strategy to Conserve Maximum Biodiversity of Limestone Flora in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Rahman Rafidah Abdul , Kiew Ruth
Published: December 2020

The need to exploit limestone products for national development impacts on the conservation of rare and endangered limestone species. To minimise this impact it is necessary to identify which of the 570 limestone outcrops have high conservation importance and whether they have narrowly endemic and/or endangered limestone species. In the absence of detailed checklists for each outcrop, the Gesneriaceae is selected as being biodiverse on limestone, being well collected and outstanding in the number of endemic species and/or species restricted to limestone for mapping. Of the 210 species in the 25 genera of Gesneriaceae in Peninsular Malaysia, 42 species belonging to the genera Damrongia Kerr ex Craib, Emarhendia Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt, Epithema Blume, Microchirita (C.B.Clarke) Yin Z.Wang, Monophyllaea R.Br., Ornithoboea Parish ex C.B.Clarke, Paraboea (C.B.Clarke) Ridl., Senyumia Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt and Spelaeanthus Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt grow on limestone hills. Of these 42 species, 28 are endemic and 16 are restricted to a single or adjacent hills. Mapping their distribution shows that in common with other families there are three distinct phytogeographical provinces (the Northern Province, Perak Province and the Asian Intrusion) but that the narrowly endemic species do not cluster on particular hills, nor does their distribution coincide with those of other narrowly endemic species in other families. This illustrates that a network comprising a large number of hills, not only those within the three provinces but also all those harbouring narrowly endemic species that are at risk of extinction if not conserved, is necessary to maximise conservation of the biodiversity of the limestone flora.
Diversity of Orchidaceae from Murum Dam, Belaga, Sarawak, Borneo
Authors: Yiing Ling Chea , Sang Julia
Published: December 2020

Murum Dam in Sarawak is located about 70 km upstream of Bakun Dam, on the rivers Murum, Danum and Plieran, forming a reservoir over an area of 245 km2. The area consists of mainly lowland to hilly mixed dipterocarp forests, with riparian and alluvial forests along the main rivers and streams, as well as patches of mossy and heath forests. Most of these forests are logged over and some areas have been converted into oil palm plantations. A flora rescue project was carried out to collect selected plant species including orchids from the areas affected by the dam. Most epiphytic orchids were collected from partially submerged trees. Over 2,000 specimens of orchids from 80 genera and c. 276 species were collected from May 2013 to December 2014. The most abundant genus recorded is Bulbophyllum Thouars (c. 44 species). Of these, 37 species are endemic to Borneo, two (Bulbophyllum upupops J.J.Verm., P.O’Byrne & A.L.Lamb and Thrixspermum lingiae P.O’Byrne & Gokusing) are newly described and ten species are new records for Sarawak. The collection of species from this work has provided valuable material for the research and conservation of orchids from vulnerable areas around dams.
Recent Taxonomic Notes and New Distribution Localities of Podocarpus Pers. Species in the Philippines
Authors: Salvaña Florence Roy P , Gruezo Willian Sm , Hadsall Annalee S
Published: December 2020

The taxonomy of plants provides a great contribution to understanding diversity and conservation. This study provides additional taxonomic notes on Podocarpus species in the Philippines using newly collected specimens to determine new distribution localities of these species. This study recognises ten species of Podocarpus in the Philippines. Notable results of this study are: (1) the existence of variable leaf forms in P. pilgeri Foxw. correlated to the type of habitat where the species occurs; (2) variable leaf forms and sizes observed in mature and juvenile leaves of all species; (3) support of the sectional arrangement of P. palawanensis de Laub. & Silba; (4) differences between the wild and cultivated representatives of P. costalis C.Presl based on leaf characters; (5) new distributions for P. ramosii R.R.Mill, P. pilgeri, P. costalis, P. neriifolius D.Don, P. rumphii Blume and P. polystachyus R.Br.; (5) no support for the inclusion of P. neglectus Blume and P. hookeri de Laub. as new species found in the Philippines; and (6) comprehensive examination and identification of numerous herbarium specimens and recently collected material.
Genetic Variation and Genetic Structure of Two Closely Related Dipterocarp Species, Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn. and D. beccarii Dyer
Authors: Harada Ko , Dwiyanti Fifi Gus , Siregar Iskandar Zulkarnaen , Subiakto Atok , Chong Lucy , Diway Bibian , Lee Ying-Fah , Ninomiya Ikuo , Kamiya Koichi
Published: December 2020

Large-scale genetic structure revealed in tree populations in SE Asia, as well as in many temperate forests, has been shaped by climatic fluctuation in the late Pleistocene, most importantly by that in the last glacial period. In a comparative study of the phylogeographic patterns of two closely related dipterocarp species, Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn. and D. beccarii Dyer, we investigated how changes in land area associated with changes in climate affected large-scale genetic structure. We examined the genetic variation of D. aromatica, collected from nine populations throughout the Sundaic region, and of D. beccarii, collected from 16 populations mainly in Borneo, using seven polymorphic microsatellite markers. The two species were clearly distinguishable in the STRUCTURE analysis, although hybridisation probably occurred in sympatric populations and also in several other populations. The D. aromatica populations were divided into two main groups by the STRUCTURE analysis: Malay–Sumatra and Borneo. Mixing of the Sumatra and Borneo clusters occurred on the Malay Peninsula, supporting the hypothesis that tropical rainforests expanded over a dried Sunda Shelf during the last glacial period. The two main genetic clusters might have been formed by repeated cycles of fluctuation in land area. The D. beccarii populations in Borneo were divided into four geographically distinct groups: western Sarawak, central inland Sarawak, central coastal Sarawak and Sabah. The population on the Malay Peninsula (Gunung Panti) was an admixture of the four Bornean clusters. This suggests that this population is a relic of the recent range expansion of D. beccarii during the last glacial period.
Cities :
Authors: Blackmore Stephen
Published: December 2020

Now that more than half of humanity lives in cities, urban greenspace and Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) have never been more important. Although the health benefits and ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are now widely appreciated, the potential for cities to provide refuges for native flora in general and threatened plants in particular, is not. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals provide an internationally agreed framework for tackling the world’s greatest challenges including the biodiversity crisis, climate change and the need to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. This article explores the opportunity provided by these Global Goals for botanic garden horticulture to make cities havens for endangered plants and better places for people to live in. It identifies botanic gardens as the only organisations with the potential to overcome the barriers to conservation in the city.
Conservation Hedges:
Authors: Gardner Martin , Christian Tom , Hinchliffe William , Cubey Rob
Published: December 2020

In May 2014, the first planting of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) conservation hedge took place, when the Reverend Anne Brennan planted a tree which had originated as a cutting from the ancient and historic European yew, Taxus baccata, in the churchyard of her church at Fortingall, Perthshire. This is one of almost 2,000 plants that will eventually form a conservation hedge of significant scientific and conservation value. The International Conifer Conservation Programme (ICCP), based at RBGE, has actively sought other opportunities to establish conservation hedges via its network of ‘safe sites’, using a range of different conifer species. This initiative is being driven by the potential for relatively large numbers of genotypes from a single threatened species to be stored in a linear space. It is well established that seed banks have a great capacity to store large amounts of genetic diversity, so we should simply consider conservation hedges in a similar manner. These super-hedges cram relatively large amounts of genetic material into a small space, capturing a great range of wild traits and potentially contributing to the restoration of wild populations. To date, conservation hedges have been planted at five separate locations at RBGE’s Edinburgh Garden as well as at four ICCP external ‘safe sites’. Although this article focuses on the establishment of conservation hedges using conifers, we have also highlighted some conservation hedges that comprise non-coniferous species.
The Role of Gardens in Integrated Conservation Practice
Authors: Denvir Audrey , Cavender-Bares Jeannine , González-Rodríguez Antonio
Published: December 2020

Gardens and horticulturists play an increasingly important role in plant conservation, both in situ and ex situ. Integrated research and conservation of species intends to work across fields to connect science to conservation practice by engaging actors from different sectors, including gardens. The case of integrated conservation of Quercus brandegeei, a microendemic oak species in Baja California Sur, Mexico, is presented as an example of a collaboration between gardens and academic researchers to create a species-specific conservation plan that incorporates horticultural knowledge.