bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Look at High School Programs as Perceived by Youth with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Kortering Larry , Braziel Patricia
Published: April 2006

This study illustrated how youth with learning disabilities (LD) perceive various aspects of their high school program. One hundred and eighty-five students with LD participated in an interview that explored their views of high school. Specifically, they responded to questions about the best and worst parts of school, recommended school, family, or personal changes that would improve their success in school, gave examples of how a teacher had helped them to learn, and offered general recommendations for improving school. The responses provide information on how they, as consumers of services, view their high school program. This information, in turn, offers insight into how educators might better tailor high school interventions to help more youth with LD to complete high school.
Rethinking Assessment: Teachers and Students Helping Each other through the “Sharp Curves of Life”
Authors: Thomas Sally O.
Published: April 2006

Although dramatic changes are taking place in large-scale assessment practices, labeled variously “performance,” “authentic,” and “portfolio,” classroom teachers are realizing that they are responsible for the multidimensional, continuous, contextualized assessment necessary to the ongoing teaching/learning cycles of their particular classrooms. One teacher describes how she learned in dialogue with her students, discovering strengths in them she never fully realized before. She saw patterns of learning in and through time, not as linear and additive, but as recursive and unfolding. As she focused less narrowly on print and traditional academic tasks, she began to see learning as connected across symbol systems and through social interactions. She began to understand that knowledge is socially constructed and powerfully influenced by the personal and sociocultural history of each individual.
“No Deceit Safe in Its Hiding Place”: The Criminal Trial in Eighteenth-Century Spain
Authors: López-Lázaro Fabio
Published: April 2006

The least understood aspect of the punishment of crime in pre-nineteenth-century Spanish society is trial procedure. This is not surprising. Our misapprehensions and misinterpretations of the past are principally the product of eighteenth-century reality being sieved through an uncritical acceptance of nineteenth-century political criticism. The West inherits much of its modern paradigm from the Spain of 1808 to 1834, from Romantic images of Goya as the enlightened individual fighting obscurantism to portrayals of heroic guerrilla patriots seeking to wrest political reform from a reactionary central government. It also inherits, although less consciously, the political rubrics of liberal and conservative (and absolutist) from nationalist polemics during the 1808–1814 French occupation. When looking back half a century later, Spaniards wanted to distinguish themselves clearly from the past.
The Bioarchaeology and Taphonomy of Violence at Castle Rock and Sand Canyon Pueblos, Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Kuckelman Kristin A. , Lightfoot Ricky R. , Martin Debra L.
Published: April 2006

Violence and the role of violence have emerged recently as topics important to understanding the prehistory of the northern Southwest. Recent excavations at Castle Rock and Sand Canyon pueblos, two thirteenth-century sites in the Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado, bring new data to bear on these subjects. Field contexts and the results of bone and myoglobin analyses indicate that nonlethal and lethal violence occurred in both of these villages and that additional modifications to bodies and bones occurred near the time of death. Around A.D. 1280, at least eight individuals at Sand Canyon Pueblo died violently, and at least 41 individuals died at Castle Rock. During or after the warfare event that ended the occupation of Castle Rock, some bodies were dismembered, bones were broken, crushed, and heat altered; a few bones were reamed, and the end of one bone was polished. Several incidents of violence and probable anthropophagy (the consumption of human flesh) have been documented in the Mesa Verde region for the mid-A.D. 1100s; however, this analysis of violent events in the late A.D. 1200s establishes a critical link between probable anthropophagy and warfare, and links both with the depopulation of the region.
Great Basin Prehistory and Uto-Aztecan
Authors: Hopkins Nicholas A.
Published: April 2006

Studies of the Great Basin show that the Desert cultures of 8000 B.C. closely resemble the historic cultures of that area, but linguistic evidence indicates that the ancestors of the historic inhabitants moved into the Great Basin as late as 1000 years ago. The linguistic affiliation of the prehistoric cultures thus cannot be directly inferred. Taylor has proposed that Hokaltecans settled in the Great Basin at an early age and were only recently replaced by Uto-Aztecans who moved in from the northeast—an offshoot from a major Uto-Aztecan movement down the western flanks of the Rocky Mountains. This hypothesis does not satisfactorily account for the distribution of the major subdivisions of Uto-Aztecan and directly contradicts the implications of the distribution of Numic (Plateau Shoshonean) languages. An alternate hypothesis is proposed, namely, that Uto-Aztecans moved southward from the northern Great Basin as the Altithermal began; that they moved in two major branches which skirted the Great Basin, one along the Rocky Mountains, the other along the Sierras; and that, as the Medithermal set in, the Numic branch (northernmost Sierran branch) began to move back into the Great Basin proper, this movement being retarded until about 1000 years ago by the presence of horticulturists. This hypothesis is supported by correlations between lexico-statistical dating of the separation of Uto-Aztecan languages and the dates of climatic periods, and by the distributions of the major Uto-Aztecan branches. Identification of these branches follows recent linguistic studies by Voegelin and Hale. Previous classifications of Uto-Aztecan languages, theories concerning the location of the ancestral Uto-Aztecan community, and the implications of these for the present hypothesis are discussed.
Ceramic Sequences at Tierradentro and San Agustin, Colombia
Authors: Patterson Thomas Carl
Published: April 2006

By utilizing archaeological associations of contemporaneity found at different sites and a few pieces of stratigraphic information, and by examining the patterning - the interrelationships of shape and decoration - of the pottery, it has been possible to define ten chronological units in the southern highlands of Colombia. The ten phases are grouped into two regional sequences: one with four phases at Tierradentro and another with six phases at San Agustin. Seriational as well as stratigraphic evidence suggests that the pottery from the burial caves of the Tierradentro region is older than the pottery associated with the shaft and chamber tombs of both Tierradentro and San Agustin and may date to the seventh or eighth centuries B.C. The earliest known shaft and chamber tombs appeared at San Agustin during the sixth century B.C. and, by the fifth century of the Christian era, were replaced by a new burial pattern, one consisting of interment in rectangular graves that were sometimes lined with stone slabs.
Archaeology and Native North American Oral Traditions
Authors: Mason Ronald J.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists today are being urged from within and outside their profession to incorporate aboriginal oral traditions in reconstructing culture histories. Such challenges usually ignore or at least drastically underestimate the difficulties in doing so. Not least among those difficulties is that of attempting to reconcile inherently and profoundly different ways of conceptualizing the past without violating the integrity of one or the other or both. The pro and con arguments are examined theoretically and as actually employed in discrete instances. These raise such problems of incommensurability as to severely limit the fruitfulness and even desirability of making the attempt.
Weighing vs. Counting Shellfish Remains: A Comment on Mason, Peterson, and Tiffany
Authors: Glassow Michael A.
Published: April 2006

Mason et al. (1998) argue in a recent article that weight as a form of data quantification in the analysis of shellfish remains should be replaced with estimates of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) based on identification of “nonrepetitive” elements (NRE) such as the hinge of a bivalve. Their comparisons of the two forms of shell data quantification lack relevance, and they fail to recognize difficulties in identifying nonrepetitive elements on many kinds of shells. Although weight of shells has its shortcomings, it is still the most appropriate form of quantification in many contexts. A more fruitful viewpoint would be to consider ways in which weight and MNI (or NRE) might complement each other in addressing research questions.
A Hypothesis Concerning the Relationship between Texcoco Fabric-Marked Pottery, Tlateles, and Chinampa Agriculture
Authors: Nunley Parker
Published: April 2006

In his surface survey of the Valley of Mexico, Tolstoy found large quantities of a distinctive type of pottery concentrated in the southwestern portion of Lake Texcoco (Tolstoy 1958: 53). This pottery, called Texcoco Fabric-marked, was almost always found on low mounds, tlateles, lying either within or very near the old lake bed.

Tolstoy offers no explanation for the correlation between the tlateles and the fabric-marked pottery other than that they seem in some way “to be traditionally connected with the Aztec practice of extracting salt.”

Evidence is presented in this paper that shows Tolstoy's explanation of the use of Texcoco Fabric-marked pottery is not a very satisfactory one, and an alternative hypothesis—that this fabric-marked pottery was used in food production—is proposed.
The Interpretation of Archaeological Floor Assemblages: A Case Study from the American Southwest
Authors: Diehl Michael W.
Published: April 2006

Analyses of the assemblages from the floors of Upland Mogollon pithouses show that variation in artifact frequencies may be attributed to differences in the intensity of abandonment and post-abandonment formation processes, such as caching, scavenging and trash dumping. The proportion of pithouses that contain caches or de facto assemblages is provocatively constant across sites—roughly 18 percent. This observation may be useful for refining estimates of the populations of sites or regions, for recognizing the size of social groups, or for identifying the abandonment sequences of pithouse villages. Prior studies that attribute variation in the frequencies of different classes of artifacts to functional differences in the uses of pithouses are rejected on the grounds of methodological inadequacy.
The Reliability and Validity of a Lithic Debitage Typology: Implications for Archaeological Interpretation
Authors: Prentiss William C.
Published: April 2006

Sullivan and Rozen's (1985) debitage typology has been proposed as a method for measuring the effects of variation in lithic reduction by describing “distinctive assemblages.” This is in contrast to many traditional analytical methods oriented toward identifying the effects of lithic reduction techniques on individual flakes. Debate over the use of the typology has focused primarily on the ability of the typology to accurately measure variation in lithic reduction behavior, and secondarily on the role of experimental studies in archaeology. In this paper I present an analysis designed to estimate the reliability and validity of the typology. An experimental design is developed to permit data collection with minimal analyst induced random or systematic error. Principal components analysis and the coefficient theta demonstrate that the typology provides reliable or replicable results when applied to debitage assemblages of similar technological origin. Further principal components analysis suggests that the instrument is of limited utility in recognizing effects of variation in reduction activities associated with highly vitreous lithic raw materials. A means of expanding the typology and increasing its accuracy in archaeological pattern recognition is presented.
Sod Blocks in Illinois Hopewell Mounds
Authors: Nest Julieann Van , Charles Douglas K. , Buikstra Jane E. , Asch David L.
Published: April 2006

Explaining prehistoric mound development requires both anthropological and geoarchaeological perspectives. Illinois Hopewell (Middle Woodland) mounds are remarkable for the range of earthen materials used in their construction. Adding to this variety we document the presence of upturned sod blocks in a mound at the Mound House site. There and at other Illinois sites the sods have dark, 3-10-cm-thick A horizons with minimal or no evidence of B horizon development. They required no more than a few decades to form and did so under a grass cover. Humans probably created the conditions that enabled sods to form, but the sod blocks were not cut from soils adjacent to the mounds (unless from another mound surface nearby) or from soils in habitation areas. In some respects, sod blocks would have been a superior earthen building material, appropriately chosen, for instance, to construct stable, near-vertical walls of above-ground tombs. Their selection and use, however, cannot be explained solely according to principles of sound and efficient mound construction. We argue that sod blocks and other kinds of earth for Illinois Hopewell mounds surely had important symbolic dimensions in addition to their structural properties.
Understanding Variation in Prehistoric Agricultural Productivity: The Importance of Distinguishing among Potential, Available, and Consumptive Yields
Authors: Schroeder Sissel
Published: April 2006

Based on a model derived from an analysis of contemporary maize yields in Tennessee, Baden and Beekman claim that Mississippian yields would have ranged between 8 bu/acre (501.7 kg/ha) and 30 bu/acre (1,881.3 kg/ha). Using nineteenth-century observations of Native American farmers, I noted in 1999 that available maize yields ranged between 3.7 and 42.67 bu/acre (232.1 to 2,676.3 kg/ha), with a mean of 18.9 bu/acre (1,185.4 kg/ha) for groups that did not have plows. Consumptive yields would have been lower, probably closer to an average of 10 bu/acre (627.2 kg/ha). In this paper, I clarify the differences between potential yields, available yields to illustrate the advantages of my approach. I discuss some factors that affect maize plants prior to harvest, leading to available yields that may be lower than potential yields, and conditions that reduce the quantity of maize kernels available for consumption after the harvest. Baden and Beekman argue that modern agricultural technology provides a more reasonable baseline analog for modeling ancient maize productivity than nineteenth-century Native American technologies. In contrast, I explore agricultural yield data for Native Americans and Euroamericans from a number of tribes and states for 1850, 1867, and 1878. A comparison of these data shows that, overall, yields obtained by Native American farmers tend to be lower than yields for contemporaneous Euroamerican farmers. My approach using agricultural productivity data from nineteenth-century Native Americans, coupled with a consideration of potential, available, and consumptive yields, provides a plausible foundation for the evaluation of late prehistoric yields.
The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Eastern North America: A View from Central Arkansas
Authors: Nassaney Michael S. , Pyle Kendra
Published: April 2006

North American archaeologists have long been interested in distinguishing between dart and arrow points in order to establish when bow-and-arrow technology was adopted in the Eastern Woodlands. A quantitative analysis of point form and qualitative reconstructions of bifacial reduction trajectories from Plum Bayou culture sites in central Arkansas indicate that arrow points were abruptly adopted and became widespread about A.D. 600. Moreover, arrow points are metrically discrete entities that were not developed through gradual modification of dart points in this region as appears to be the case elsewhere. Comparisons with patterns observed in other regions of the East show significant variation in the timing, rate, and direction of the adoption of the bow and arrow, as well as the role of this technological change in Native American economies and sociopolitics. These observations suggest that the bow and arrow were: (1) introduced significantly earlier than some researchers have posited; (2) independently invented by some groups and diffused to others; and (3) relinquished and later readopted in some areas of the Eastern Woodlands in response to changing social, historical, and environmental conditions. Our data also call into question simple unilinear or diffusionary models that claim to explain the development and spread of this technological innovation.
Intertaxonomic Variability in Patterns of Bone Density and the Differential Representation of Bovid, Cervid, and Equid Elements in the Archaeological Record
Authors: Lam Y. M. , Chen Xingbin , Pearson O. M.
Published: April 2006

Intertaxonomic differences in skeletal element representation in archaeological faunas may reflect preferences in the procurement, processing, transport, and/or consumption of these species by prehistoric foragers. However, the possibility that they also may result from preservational bias must be addressed before behavioral attributes of human hunters may be inferred. For example, at many archaeological sites, the remains of equids exhibit a different pattern of skeletal element representation than those of bovids and cervids. To evaluate the significance of such differences, this study examines intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density, the attribute most commonly employed as a proxy measure of resistance to destructive processes. Density data derived for a bovid (Connachaetes taurinus), a cervid (Rangifer tarandus), and two species of equid (Equus burchelliandE. przewalskii) exhibited very similar patterns, suggesting that values for one species may be used to interpret the survival patterns for other species of generally similar morphology. The differences in skeletal element representation between bovid, cervid, and equid species observed in archaeological faunas do not correspond with bone density and thus likely indicate selective treatment by human or other biotic agents.
Economic Support of Chaco Canyon Society
Authors: Earle Timothy
Published: April 2006

I propose that Chaco Canyon was a chiefdom that emphasized a corporate political strategy (Blanton et al. 1996). Corporate groups define the relationship of people to resources, especially as the owners of productive land. Groups are materialized by public ceremonies and monuments, but leaders are typically faceless. Chaco's famous road system, the elaborate architecture of the great houses, and the regional procurement of specific resources support the proposal that Chaco was a corporate chiefdom. To create and sustain the regional institutions of a chiefdom requires not only leaders, but a system of finance. Chaco is argued to have had a system of staple finance, where surplus food and everyday technologies were mobilized from a broad supporting population. Mobilization was based on control of food production, but the method of control has not yet been defined for Chaco. The exchange of prestige goods, such as turquoise, shell, and copper bells, was not part of the system of finance for Chaco, but was part of an interpersonal and noncentralized reciprocal exchange network such as those found broadly in egalitarian societies.
A Critical Examination of Data Processing in Archaeology, with an Evaluation of a New Inverted Data System
Authors: Bordaz Jacques , Bordaz Victoria
Published: April 2006

Even a cursory examination of data-processing methods currently used in archaeology indicates that there is a great need for a low-cost system that allows the investigator to study large masses of data without abandoning the units of archaeological analysis with which he is familiar. The authors recommend the use of a new system, Termatrex, which is a simple semiautomatic system that involves perforated cards and a light source for information retrieval. Termatrex is an inverted data-recording and searching system, with a virtually unlimited memory, which can be used at a desk. At present, Termatrex is the only system that provides true random access, continuous feedback between the investigator and his data, and compatibility with the standard digital computers.
The Quantification Problem in Stone-Tool Assemblages
Authors: Shott Michael J.
Published: April 2006

How many tools does a lithic assemblage contain? The question is not as banal as it may seem, because tools were used as wholes but many are found broken. Pottery and faunal analysts have grappled with the problems of counting original wholes from mixed sets of whole and broken objects; lithic analysts lag behind. Assemblage size can change greatly depending on whether we count or ignore tool fragments. To systematize treatment of broken tools, I apply Orton’s pottery quantification method to several lithic assemblages and compare it to Portnoy’s MNT and raw counts. Methods do not agree in all cases, demonstrating that how we count affects our results. Until we know more, both methods should be used to quantify lithic assemblages.
Periods in Pecos Style Pictographs
Authors: Grieder Terence
Published: April 2006

Relative chronology is found in the paintings in twelve Texas rock shelters which have Pecos Style pictographs. Three periods are defined within the Pecos Style. The earliest period comprises large-scale polychrome paintings emphasizing fishing subjects, suggesting a rivercentered life. The second period comprises slightly smaller-scale polychrome paintings in which deer first appear and become progressively more common. Fishermen still appear but tend to be smaller and more geometrically elaborate. The last period shows fewer paintings. They are very small, monochrome, and concentrate on deer and new figure types. These periods merge into each other. They appear to reflect an Archaic Desert Culture whose art began as the expression of a riverine ceremonial cult and changed toward a personal expression centered on deerhunting.
A Miniature Ceremonial
Ballgame Yoke from
Mexico
Authors: de Borhegyi Stephan F.
Published: April 2006

A unique, miniature horseshoe-shaped stone yoke from Papantla, near Tajin in Mexico, is described and illustrated. The undoubtedly ceremonial character of this and other miniature yokes seems to strengthen the hypothesis that the larger-sized stone yokes were used primarily as p r o t e c t i v e gear by pre-Columbian ball players.
The Residues of Feasting and Public Ritual at Early Cahokia
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. , Kelly Lucretia S. , Fritz Gayle J. , Lopinot Neal H. , Elias Scott , Hargrave Eve
Published: April 2006

Archaeological remains excavated from the stratified layers of a pre-Columbian borrow pit in the middle of the Cahokia site inform our understanding of how ritual events were related to the social and political foundations of that enormous center. Ordinary and extraordinary refuse, ranging from foods and cooking pots to craft-production debris and sumptuary goods, are associated with a series of large-scale, single-event dumping episodes related to activities that occurred in the principal plaza. Taken as a set, the layers of ceramic, lithic, zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, osteological, paleoentomological, and sedimentological materials reveal that the construction of Cahokia's Mississippian order was an active, participatory process.
Abandonment Is Not as It Seems: An Approach to the Relationship between Site and Regional Abandonment
Authors: Nelson Margaret C. , Hegmon Michelle
Published: April 2006

Abandonments of residential sites by prehistoric farmers are most often explained as failures or responses to poor social or environmental conditions. These perspectives ignore the role of residential mobility among farmers as a regionally sustainable approach to land use. To understand the various reasons for abandonment of residential sites, movement patterns at both site and regional scales must be empirically linked. In this study of the eastern Mimbres area of southwestern New Mexico, we examine the relationship between site and regional occupation patterns. Rather than assume that site abandonment implies regional depopulation and that site abandonments are responses to stress or crisis, we use multiple lines of evidence to document the occupational histories of sites in an effort to evaluate whether the abandonment of villages correlates with regional abandonment. Architectural, ceramic, and chronometric data provide evidence for occupational continuity and growth of small residential sites during the twelfth century in the eastern Mimbres area in the context of the depopulation of large villages. This regional reorganization in settlement suggests a strategy for maintaining regional occupational continuity.
A Zooarchaeological Signature for Meat Storage: Re-Thinking the Drying Utility Index
Authors: Friesen T. Max
Published: April 2006

Although the practice of food storage is important to many questions addressed by archaeologists, demonstrating its presence in archaeological contexts can be difficult or impossible. One potentially useful approach to meat storage is the concept of the Drying Utility Index, introduced by Lewis Binford (1978) to predict which carcass portions, with attached bone, will be selected for storage by drying. However, this index has not been widely used by zooarchaeologists, at least in part because the calculations involved in its derivation are extremely complex. This paper presents a new, simplified index, the Meat Drying Index, which is easier to calculate and more transparent than the Drying Utility Index, yet which retains all of its key attributes. This new index is applied to caribou bone samples from two regions: Binford's (1978) Nunamiut data from northern Alaska, and the contents of three caches from the Barren Grounds of Canada, near Baker Lake, Nunavut. In both cases, the Meat Drying Index correlates with the observed element frequencies as well as, or better than, the original Drying Utility Index. As a result, the new index may prove applicable to element distributions from a wide range of archaeological contexts in which storage of meat by drying is suspected.
The Thomas Riggs Site (39HU1) Revisited, Hughes County, South Dakota
Authors: Johnston Richard B.
Published: April 2006

Exploratory excavation has confirmed the presence of a fortification system, first detected on aerial photographs, not reported heretofore.
Dialectics, Heterarchy, and Western Pueblo Social Organization
Authors: Saitta Dean J. , McGuire Randall H.
Published: April 2006

Rautman's critique of our article “Although They Have Petty Captains They Obey Them Badly: The Dialectics of Prehispanic Western Pueblo Social Organization” (McGuire and Saitta 1996) provides us with an opportunity to clarify some points about our theoretical perspective. Rautman shares our dissatisfaction with attempts to characterize Prehispanic western pueblo social organization as either egalitarian or hierarchical. She, however, questions our dismissal of processual theory and our advocacy of a dialectical approach to the problem. She proposes instead an alternative approach that relies on the concept of heterarchy. We have little problem with the use of heterarchy as a descriptive label for late Prehispanic pueblo social organization, but we desire a more dynamic understanding of that organization than the concept of heterarchy allows. We find that understanding in a dialectical approach.
A Teotihuacan-Style Vessel from Tikal: A Correction
Authors: Greene Virginia , Moholy-Nagy Hattula
Published: April 2006

Another publication of the uncorrected, transposed, and incomplete design layout of an important Teotihuacan-style pottery vessel from the Maya Lowlands has prompted this publication of the corrected and complete version.
A Clovis Point from Central Utah
Authors: Tripp George W.
Published: April 2006

A well-made Clovis point, found in October, 1964, in central Utah, is the first unequivocal specimen of this type reported from Utah.
Cannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelfth Century A.D.
Authors: Billman Brian R. , Lambert Patricia M. , Leonard Banks L.
Published: April 2006

The existence of cannibalism has emerged as one of the most controversial issues in the archaeology of the American Southwest. In this paper, we examine this issue by presenting the results of our investigation at 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. Battered, broken bones from seven individuals were discovered in two adjacent pithouses at 5MT10010. Mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent were recovered from the floor and ventilator shaft of one pithouse; the remains of two subadults were found on the floor and in various subfeatures of the second. Cut marks and percussion scars implicate humans in the disarticulation and reduction of these bodies. Evidence of heat exposure on some bone fragments and laboratory analyses of a human coprolite recovered from one of the pithouses support the interpretation that people prepared and consumed human body parts. The discovery of disarticulated human remains at 5MT10010 is one of a number of similar finds in the northern Southwest. Analysis of cases from the Mesa Verde region indicates a sharp increase in cannibalism around A.D. 1150, a time of drought and the collapse of the Chaco system. The causes, consequences, and nature of this apparent outbreak of cannibalism are examined in light of 5MT10010 and other recent finds.
The Buhl Burial: A Comment on Green et al.
Authors: Neves Walter A. , Blum Max
Published: April 2006

Green et al.’s (1998) recent contention that the Buhl Paleoindian craniofacial attributes are similar to other North American Indians and East Asian populations is tested here through a principal components analysis based on 16 cranial measurements. The analysis involved the comparison of the cranial morphology of the Buhl specimen with 26 Howells’ modern populations. We also added to the analysis the craniometric data regarding a firmly established South American Paleoindian skull (Lapa Vermelha IV, Hominid I), that shows craniofacial similarities to Africans and Australians. The results corroborate the ideas presented by Green et al.(1998) and Neves et al.(1998a). They suggest that the Americas were colonized in early times by two different populations, one of generalized sapiens, and another of classic Mongoloids, with a short interval of time between the migratory events.
Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Prehistoric California: Chiefs, Specialists, and Maritime Adaptations of the Channel Islands
Authors: Arnold Jeanne E.
Published: April 2006

The Chumash of the Santa Barbara Channel region were among the most economically and politically complex hunter–gatherer cultures of the New World. In recent decades, rich ethnohistorical documents pertaining to Chumash culture were analyzed, thus providing an excellent foundation for understanding the simple chiefdom that was in place as explorers and missionaries arrived in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Current archaeological research on the Channel Islands focuses on the emergence of ranked society in Chumash prehistory, with special emphasis on political developments and environmental stresses that contributed to cultural evolution. A wide range of data acquired from the Channel Islands illuminates a new model of the rise of complexity. This model of chiefdom emergence is based on population-resource imbalances, political opportunism, and the manipulation of labor by rising elites. Diverse lines of evidence must be employed to evaluate the timing, causes, and consequences of increasing complexity.
Correspondence in Tree-Ring and Thermoluminescence Dating: A Protohistoric Navajo Pilot Study
Authors: Dykeman Douglas D. , Towner Ronald H. , Feathers James K.
Published: April 2006

Dating of early Navajo residence and special use sites, ca. A.D. 1500-1775, has been hampered by a lack of datable materials and poor precision in radiocarbon results. Methods described in this paper use materials ubiquitous at early Navajo sites in northwestern New Mexico and employ a dual strategy involving tree-ring dating of nonarchitectural wood and thermoluminescence assay of ceramics and burned rock. Comparison of samples obtained from a number of sites near the Morris Site 1 pueblito indicates remarkable correspondence between tree-ring and thermoluminescence results. These techniques are argued to have considerable reliability for relatively recent cultural manifestations such as these early Navajo sites. Thermoluminescence in particular may be useful in protohistoric contexts where tree-ring dating is unavailable. The thermoluminescence technique has the added benefit of directly dating pottery sherds, which can be useful for developing ceramic cross-dating sequences.
Description for Artifact Analysis
Authors: Whiteford Andrew Hunter
Published: April 2006

Suggestions that archaeologists cease their dalliance with inconsequential minutiae and concern themselves to some extent with conceptualization and problem have appeared a number of times in recent anthropological literature. This injunction is probably justified, and if archaeology is to contribute to our knowledge of the processes of culture and the historical interrelations of peoples it must broaden its scope of understanding and sharpen its tools of analysis. This is not as simple as might be hoped.
Negative-Painted Pottery from Crystal River, Florida
Authors: Willey Gordon R. , Phillips Philip
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of negative painting on two vessels from Florida raises some interesting questions in regard to the significance of this type of decoration in the Southeast. The vessels were excavated by Clarence B. Moore at Crystal River on the Gulf Coast about eighty miles north of Tampa Bay, and are illustrated in his report of 1903, Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Florida Central West Coast.1 Brief references in the text describe them as bowls of excellent ware decorated with black pigment which has grown faint with wear and time. Moore, of course, makes no allusion to the technique of negative painting, since its presence in the Southeast was not suspected at the time.
Archaeological Horizons in the Southern Illinois Region
Authors: Bennett John W.
Published: April 2006

With the recent completion of a number of excavation programs by the University of Chicago, Carbondale State Normal University, and the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, it is now possible to make a preliminary analysis of the aboriginal occupations of southern Illinois and adjoining areas. Much of the data may not be published for several years, so an introductory statement may be useful.

In this paper we will propose a chronological and cultural sequence based upon these excavated materials. Since the final analysis has not been accomplished, the conclusions expressed here are to be taken wholly as a progress report and subject to eventual revision and refinement.

The material will be discussed by period, following the divisions on the charts appended to this paper (Figs. 2 and 3). The horizons will be discussed in order, beginning with the earliest.
Cremation among the Indians of New Mexico
Authors: Toulouse Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of cremations at the ruin of Pueblo Pardo in central New Mexico has added yet another to the multitude of problems concerning the Chupadera Mesa country to be answered by archaeology. Heretofore, most of the data available for this region have been based upon surface survey, and suffer from the inexactitude of that approach; some of the data, also, are based upon the incompletely published excavations at Abó, Quaraí and Gran Quivira National Monument. In the sites of Abó and Quaraí, which consist of important Mission ruins beside ruins of the Indian pueblos, attention has been concentrated upon the former structures almost to the exclusion of the latter. However, some work has been carried on in the pueblo ruins at both Quaraí and Gran Quivira, although, unfortunately, there appears to be little hope for the publication of any reports upon these excavations. The historian's analysis of the area has been ably handled by Scholes.
A Proposed Terminology for Shape Classifications of Artifacts
Authors: Black Glenn A. , Weer Paul
Published: April 2006

It is a very bold individual indeed who will suggest ideas concerning descriptive methods pointing toward a system for the simplification of classifications for archaeological artifacts. The chief difficulty in the way of arriving at simplified classifications lies in the great diversity of irregular forms. Consequently, the problem becomes so intricate, so full of pitfalls, that one is apt to become lost in a maze of detail out of which there is but slight possiblity of gathering together and properly grouping the essentials.

Whether the subject be axes, celts, gorgets, projectile points or any one of the many groups of artifacts, we must recognize at the very start that there are certain forms which almost defy description.
The Family Tree of Chaco Canyon Masonry
Authors: Hawley Florence
Published: April 2006

Southwestern Pueblo pottery of the prehistoric periods has been studied, named with dozens of geographic appellations, and traced back from period to period with genealogic thoroughness. “And La Plata Black-on-White begat Red Mesa Black-on-White, and Red Mesa Black-on-White begat Escavada Black-on-White, and Escavada Black-on-White begat Gallup Black-on-White.” But the family tree of prehistoric Southwestern walls has not been cultivated with the ardor of the potsherd horticulturist; the relation of roots to branches has been largely conjectural.
A West Indian Ax from Florida
Authors: Goggin John M. , Rouse Irving
Published: April 2006

A stone ax of West Indian type is included among the collections from north Florida in the Florida State Museum (cat. no. 3535). In view of the ever-interesting question of Antillean-Floridian relationships, this specimen seems worth considering in some detail.

Information in the Florida State Museum catalog indicates that the ax was received in 1914 from A. W. Sargent of Gainesville who found it on the surface near Newnan's Lake, Alachua County. This is about five miles east of Gainesville. It was accompanied by the base of a spearhead, an arrowhead, and a sherd of St. Johns Check Stamped pottery (cat. nos. 3536-3538).

The ax has a roughly rectangular blade; shallow, grooved neck; and broad butt, with a large ear-like projection on either side of the butt and a pair of smaller ones on top (Fig. 55). In cross section, one side is strongly convex and the other partially flattened, so that the artifact might more properly be called an “adze.” Its length is 15.8 cm. and its width 10.9 cm.
The Deep Creek Region, the Northwestern Frontier of the Pueblo Culture
Authors: Malouf Carling
Published: April 2006

The Deep Creek region is a pleasant Great Basin valley bordering the southwest edge of the Great Salt Lake Desert—that is, it is pleasant in contrast to the 10,000 square miles of stark desert which bound it on three sides. The Deep Creek Mountains, which attain an elevation of 12,101 feet, separate the valley from the desert proper. Two small streams, Fifteen-Mile Creek and Spring Creek, have their sources in these mountains and join at Ibapah, Utah, to form Deep Creek itself.
Distribution and Bibliography of the Petroglyphs of the United States
Authors: Tatum Robert M.
Published: April 2006

Probably the study of petroglyphs and pictographs has been the most neglected field of archaeology. This disregard has prevailed despite the fact that both types of drawings exist in almost every state. Few attempts have been made to study the relations between different sites or between petroglyphs and other remains. Petroglyphs are regarded with little concern because little is known about them and detailed descriptions will not help to solve the problems confronting the investigator.
A Method of Notation for the Description and Comparison of Southwestern Pottery Sherds by Formula
Authors: Gillin John
Published: April 2006

The attention given to the details of pottery description has of recent years absorbed so much of the interest of specialists in Southwestern archaeology that to the outsider it often appears an unduly exaggerated, if amusing, preoccupation which consumes a great deal more time and effort than it deserves. To those who have tried to work in the area, however, it is not necessary to point out the importance which this relatively imperishable trait holds. This is especially true in the case of exploration of new areas by means of surface survey, where broken pieces of pottery make up the larger part of the diagnostic material available, and in the excavation of the less well-preserved sites, especially in the peripheral areas.
Glyphs Z and Y of the Maya Supplementary Series
Authors: Andrews E. Wyllys
Published: April 2006

The Supplementary Series at Yaxchilan is characterized by the presence of two glyphs usually absent at other sites. The two are commonly known as the “extraneous glyphs,” but this is rather a misnomer, for at this site they form an apparently integral part of the lunar count. In this paper, we are assigning the letter Z and Y as names for the two glyphs.
The Taxonomic Position of Stalling's Island, Georgia
Authors: Fairbanks Charles H.
Published: April 2006

Stalling's Island, located in the Savannah River eight miles above Augusta, Georgia, is the site of a large, deep shell midden. Jones mentions the Stalling's Island midden, but the principal source of information has been the report of Clafiin's work. The present report deals with an excavation intended to obtain additional information on the cultural affiliation of this material. Interest was aroused by Clafiin's statement that sherds were absent from the lower levels. It was hoped that some evidence of vertical change would be found and that it would be possible to demonstrate the cultural affiliations of this group. Three stratigraphic blocks were excavated, two in arbitrary six-inch levels, the third in arbitrary one-foot levels.
The Natchezan Culture Type
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Recent excavations and laboratory analyses by the Statewide Archaeological Survey of Louisiana have provided the means for a better definition of the Natchezan culture type and its antecedents. Comparative ethnological data were obtained from Dr. John R. Swanton and Dr. Andrew C. Albrecht.

The archaeological data were obtained from six excavated sites and several surface collections. Only two of these sites were documented; the Fatherland Plantation near Natchez, Mississippi, and the Bayou Goula site in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. The undocumented sites were the Angola Farm in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana; the Laborde site in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana; the Ring site in Warren County, Mississippi; and the Glass site also in Warren County, Mississippi. With the exception of Bayou Goula and Laborde these sites have been mentioned by Ford.
An Unusual Pipe from Hadley, Massachusetts
Authors: Howes William J.
Published: April 2006

This pipe was found in a field east of the old Hoccanum Road in Hadley, Massachusetts, by William Lamb of South Hadley Falls, after the spring freshet of 1936.

It is a most unusual type even for New England territory. It seemingly is of Iroquoian- Mohawk production and bears the decorative motifs used by them in their Champlain Valley home district near the mouth of the Winooski River in Vermont. It might well be considered that it was produced within the territory where it was found, for the clay and graphite mixture of which the pipe is made, the implements used in making this pipe, as well as the stylus markings are characteristic of the work of the Indians of the Connecticut Valley.
Recent Work on Early Man at the Gruta De Cadonga in the Argentine Republic
Authors: Bryan Kirk
Published: April 2006

Numerous finds of human skeletons and artifacts in Argentina, all buried in soft deposits, have led to a large literature and to controversies over the antiquity of man. Investigations of these finds by Hrdlicta and the geologic work of his companion, Bailey Willis, proved: (1) that all the skeletons are those of Homo sapiens; (2) that many occur close to the surface in material subject to recent slumping and wind action; (3) that the stratigraphy of the Pampean series is not so distinctive that horizons determined by vertebrate fossils may always be recognized at localities where the fossils are absent; (4) that none of the finds involve stone cultures sufficiently distinctive from those of the modern Indians to demand recognition as being ancient.
The Antiquity of Man in the New World
Authors: McCown Theodore D.
Published: April 2006

The problem, or rather the series of related problems, which concerns the antiquity of man in the New World is complex and its ramifications involve many different phases of anthropology, as well as a large number of related sciences. I intend to deal only with those aspects of the general problem which have to do with the physical character of the earliest inhabitants of North and South America. In this fashion, any consideration of the antiquity of artifacts or other material which reveals the presence of man in early times will be excluded. For the rest, my consideration of these matters resolves itself into two parts: a discussion of the nature and probable antiquity of skulls and skeletons to which has been attributed some geological antiquity, and then a brief consideration of the related problem of presumed inter-racial differences in both the present and the past Indian population of the New World.
Archaeological Notes on a Midden at Point Sal
Authors: Carter George F.
Published: April 2006

Point Sal is 50 miles north of Santa Barbara, and represents a seaward projection of the Casmalia Hills. Two and a half miles inland from the sea, at an elevation of 1100 feet, there occurs a large flowing spring. On the bench below this spring there is an extensive shell midden of the general type described by D. B. Rogers for the area south of here. Excavation on this site was limited to four small test pits and to the removal of a group of burials from the upper level. The test pits showed a maximum depth of 10 feet near the center, and a thinning towards the edges. Three principal strata were observed, and will be designated as numbers I, II, III, numbering from the bottom up.

Stratum number I was two feet thick. It was of a brown color, of a clayey textured soil streaked with lime. Its shell and ash content was the lowest of the three. Stratum number II was grey colored.
Salt Erosion
Authors: Hayden Julian D.
Published: April 2006

Severe, occasionally disastrous, erosion of the bases of adobe walls in the arid and semiarid regions of the Southwest is a phenomenon which has long been observed and commented upon. In historic times, erosion of this type has caused collapse of adobe buildings in the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico; about Tucson, Arizona, it is serious, as it is in the Salt River Valley. Evidence of similar erosion has been noticed in excavations of prehistoric massive adobe or caliche walls of Hohokam and Salado structures of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries A.D. in the Salt and Gila River valleys of Arizona. Repair to check erosion and prevent collapse of walls was the primary purpose of Cosmos Mindeleff's stay at Casa Grande in the 1890's. Fewkes noticed similar cutting of standing walls at the nearby Adamsville site.