bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of low‐quality extra virgin olive oils by fatty acid alkyl esters evaluation: a preliminary and fast mid‐infrared spectroscopy discrimination by a chemometric approach
Authors: Valli Enrico , Bendini Alessandra , Maggio Rubén M. , Cerretani Lorenzo , Toschi Tullia Gallina , Casiraghi Ernestina , Lercker Giovanni
Published: November 2012

A set of eighty‐one extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) was analysed according to the new quality parameters relative to the total amount of methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids [Σ (FAMEs + FAEEs)] and the ratio between ethyl and methyl esters [ratio of FAEEs/FAMEs (RFF)]. Acquisition of the mid‐infrared spectra was also performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Chemical and spectroscopy data were chemometrically elaborated, and FT‐IR coupled by Partial Least Square (PLS) methodology was developed. Results were statistically similar to official procedure in terms of analytical performance for Σ (FAMEs + FAEEs) and RFF in EVOOs: a good agreement between predicted and actual values on calibration data sets was found (0.98 and 0.83, respectively) and the limit of quantification was low enough (29.3 mg kg−1) considering the actual limits for Σ (FAMEs+ FAEEs). This new approach, time‐saving and environmentally friendly, can be considered as a useful tool for screening procedures.
Outcome of small intestinal submucosa graft for repair of anterior urethral strictures
Authors: Xu Yue‐Min , Fu Qiang , Sa Ying‐Long , Zhang Jiong , Song Lu‐Jie , Feng Chao
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of small intestinal submucosa graft for the repair of selected anterior urethral strictures.

Methods

From June 2009 to May 2011, 28 men (mean age 39 years) with anterior urethral strictures underwent urethroplasty using a four‐layer small intestinal submucosa patch graft in an onlay or inlay fashion. The stricture was localized to the bulbar urethra in eight patients, the bulbopenile area in nine patients and the distal penile urethra in 10 patients. Failed hypospadias was observed in one patient. The mean stricture length was 4.6 cm (range 3.5–7.0 cm).

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 24.8 months (range 12–30 months). No postoperative complications, such as infection or rejection, were related to the use of heterologous graft material. The patients voided well postoperatively, with peak flows between 16 and 44 mL/s (mean 25.4 mL/s) in 26 patients. Two patients (7.1%) developed a urethral narrowing; this occurred at 5 months in one patient and 6 months in the other, and cystoscopy, which was carried out at 20 and 24 weeks, respectively, showed clear cicatricial tissue at the proximal anastomotic site. Dilation was carried out once every 4–6 months for recurrent stricture in one patient and lingual mucosal graft urethroplasty was carried out in the other patient at 18 months postoperatively. Biopsies were obtained in four patients at 18, 24, 36 and 42 weeks, respectively. Squamous epithelium with or without hyperkeratosis was observed on histological examination of the small intestinal submucosa‐grafted areas.

Conclusions

The small intestinal submucosa matrix appears to be a safe and effective reconstructive material for selective use in urethral reconstructive surgery.
Responsible Participation, Community Engagement and Policing in Transitional Societies: Lessons from a Local Crime Survey in Northern Ireland
Authors: Ellison Graham , Shirlow Peter , Mulcahy Aogán
Published: November 2012

The new structures of policing in Northern Ireland have been internationally lauded as a success, but the manner in which police‐community relations are unfolding in local settings is less clear. In this article we draw on a local crime survey conducted in a Republican area in Belfast to examine residents' views of policing and to highlight residents' concerns about police effectiveness in dealing with crime and disorder. Drawing on Habermas's concept of ‘responsible participation’, we also consider the role that community organisations can play in helping overcome local scepticism and developing positive forms of engagement with the police.
Bearing the unbearable: ancestral transmission through dreams and moving metaphors in the analtyic field
Authors: Pickering Judith
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  This paper explores how untold and unresolved intergenerational trauma may be transmitted through unconscious channels of communication, manifesting in the dreams of descendants. Unwitting carriers for that which was too horrific for their ancestors to bear, descendants may enter analysis through an unconscious need to uncover past secrets, piece together ancestral histories before the keys to comprehending their terrible inheritance die with their forebears. They seek the relational containment of the analytic relationship to provide psychological conditions to bear the unbearable, know the unknowable, speak the unspeakable and redeem the unredeemable. In the case of ‘Rachael’, initial dreams gave rise to what Hobson (1984) called ‘moving metaphors of self’ in the analytic field. Dream imagery, projective and introjective processes in the transference‐countertransference dynamics gradually revealed an unknown ancestral history. I clarify the back and forth process from dream to waking dream thoughts to moving metaphors and differentiate the moving metaphor from a living symbol. I argue that the containment of the analytic relationship nested within the security of the analytic space is a necessary precondition for such healing processes to occur.
Family myth, the symbolic realm and the ancestors
Authors: Rytovaara Marica
Published: November 2012

Abstract: This paper1takes the shape of a diptych. The first part explores the ancestors as embodied ghosts, internal objects or as mediated through ancestral heritage, as these aspects intertwine in a Möbius strip. The second part looks at ancestral heritage and the different ways in which ‘family myth’ appears in a Jungian context and in Systemic Psychotherapy (family therapy). Both share an interface through the current paradigm shifts towards mutual reflexivity in patient and therapist and a focus on the interpersonal space. The ancestors give substance to the eternal riddle: ‘from whence do we come, who are we and where do we go’, which connects past, present and future. Our ancestors are part of our minds, perhaps in the way Damasio (2010) postulates that ancestral experiences mediated through culture shape our brains. The leitmotiv of individuation through mimesis (sameness) and alterity (difference) runs through both parts.
On Dealing with Euroscepticism
Authors: DUFF ANDREW
Published: November 2012

The article examines if and, if so, why and how political parties opposing the European Union have thrived. It looks at the role of national parliaments and national media in failing to engage convincingly with the European dimension of politics, and asks why the forces of European federalism have been so relatively ineffective. By analyzing the tensions between national and European political parties especially in the conduct of elections to the European Parliament, the article traces the rise of the nationalist forces within the EP and assesses their impact on the legislative and other work of the institution. It concludes by proposing measures to tackle the nationalist challenge to European unification, including more differentiated forms of integration, more direct democracy, the development of federal political parties and the constitutional settlement of a federal union.
Evaluating Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Hadjixenofontos Athena , Schmidt Michael A. , Whitehead Patrice L. , Konidari Ioanna , Hedges Dale J. , Wright Harry H. , Abramson Ruth K. , Menon Ramkumar , Williams Scott M. , Cuccaro Michael L. , Haines Jonathan L. , Gilbert John R. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Martin Eden R. , McCauley Jacob L.
Published: November 2012

Despite the increasing speculation that oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism may play a role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), and the observation that patients with mitochondrial defects have symptoms consistent with ASD, there are no comprehensive published studies examining the role of mitochondrial variation in autism. Therefore, we have sought to comprehensively examine the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation with regard to ASD risk, employing a multi‐phase approach.

In phase 1 of our experiment, we examined 132 mtDNA single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped as part of our genome‐wide association studies of ASD. In phase 2 we genotyped the major European mitochondrial haplogroup‐defining variants within an expanded set of autism probands and controls. Finally in phase 3, we resequenced the entire mtDNA in a subset of our Caucasian samples (∼400 proband‐father pairs). In each phase we tested whether mitochondrial variation showed evidence of association to ASD. Despite a thorough interrogation of mtDNA variation, we found no evidence to suggest a major role for mtDNA variation in ASD susceptibility. Accordingly, while there may be attractive biological hints suggesting the role of mitochondria in ASD our data indicate that mtDNA variation is not a major contributing factor to the development of ASD.
The Integrated Contrastive Model evaluated: The French and Dutch demonstrative determiner in L1 and L2
Authors: Vanderbauwhede Gudrun
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of Granger's Integrated Contrastive Model for describing real language use and predicting correct and incorrect L2 productions with a detailed corpus‐based study of the structural and semantic similarities and divergences between the French and Dutch demonstrative determiner systems in L1 and their precise impact on written L2 productions. This study allows us to formulate six objective recommendations for developing pedagogical grammars and thus illustrates to what extent the combination of L1 and L2 corpora analysis should become an obligatory practical step rather than a theoretical one between primary forged linguistic analyses and the elaboration of well‐balanced and representative didactic material.

Dans cet article, nous évaluons l'efficacité de l'Integrated Contrastive Model de Granger pour décrire la langue réelle et pour prédire les productions L2 correctes et erronées par le biais d'une étude de corpus détaillée des ressemblances et divergences structurelles et sémantiques entre les systèmes du déterminant démonstratif en français et en néerlandais en L1 et leur impact précis sur les productions écrites en L2. Cette étude permet de formuler six recommandations objectives pour le développement de grammaires pédagogiques et illustre, par conséquent, dans quelle mesure la combinaison d'analyses de corpus L1 et L2 devrait devenir une étape pratique obligatoire plutôt qu'une étape théorique entre les premières analyses linguistiques et l'élaboration de matériaux didactiques représentatifs.
Overview and introduction: The blood–brain barrier in health and disease
Authors: Abbott N. Joan , Friedman Alon
Published: November 2012

This article introduces the special issue on “Blood–Brain Barrier and Epilepsy.” We review briefly current understanding of the structure and function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), including its development and normal physiology, and ways in which it can be affected in pathology. The BBB formed by the endothelium of cerebral blood vessels is one of three main barrier sites protecting the central nervous system (CNS). The barrier is not a rigid structure, but a dynamic interface with a range of interrelated functions, resulting from extremely effective tight junctions, transendothelial transport systems, enzymes, and regulation of leukocyte permeation, which thereby generates the physical, transport, enzymatic, and immune regulatory functions of the BBB. The brain endothelial cells are important components of a “modular” structure, the neurovascular unit (NVU), with several associated cell types and extracellular matrix components. Modern methods have helped in identifying a range of proteins involved in barrier structure and function, and recent studies have revealed important stages, cell types, and signaling pathways important in BBB development. There is a growing list of CNS pathologies showing BBB dysfunction, with strong evidence that this can play a major role in certain disease etiologies. The articles that follow in this issue summarize in more detail reports and discussions of the recent international meeting on “BBB in Neurological Dysfunctions,” which took place recently at Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Desert Campus (Beer‐Sheva, Israel), focusing on the link between experimental and clinical studies, and the ways in which these lead to improved drug treatments.
Imaging blood–brain barrier dysfunction in animal disease models
Authors: Wunder Andreas , Schoknecht Karl , Stanimirovic Danica B. , Prager Ofer , Chassidim Yoash
Published: November 2012

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly complex structure, which separates the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system (CNS) from the blood of CNS vessels. A wide range of neurologic conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and brain tumors, are associated with perturbations of the BBB that contribute to their pathology. The common consequence of a BBB dysfunction is increased permeability, leading to extravasation of plasma constituents and vasogenic brain edema. The BBB impairment can persist for long periods, being involved in secondary inflammation and neuronal dysfunction, thus contributing to disease pathogenesis. Therefore, reliable imaging of the BBB impairment is of major importance in both clinical management of brain diseases and in experimental research. From landmark studies by Ehrlich and Goldman, the use of dyes (probes) has played a critical role in understanding BBB functions. In recent years methodologic advances in morphologic and functional brain imaging have provided insight into cellular and molecular interactions underlying BBB dysfunction in animal disease models. These imaging techniques, which range from in situ staining to noninvasive in vivo imaging, have different spatial resolution, sensitivity, and capacity for quantitative and kinetic measures of the BBB impairment. Despite significant advances, the translation of these techniques into clinical applications remains slow. This review outlines key recent advances in imaging techniques that have contributed to the understanding of BBB dysfunction in disease and discusses major obstacles and opportunities to advance these techniques into the clinical realm.
Inflammatory events at blood–brain barrier in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders: Implications for clinical disease
Authors: de Vries Helga E. , Kooij Gijs , Frenkel Dan , Georgopoulos Spiros , Monsonego Alon , Janigro Damir
Published: November 2012

Proper function of the neurovasculature is required for optimal brain function and preventing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Within this review, we discuss alterations of the function of the blood–brain barrier in neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease and address potential underlying mechanisms.
Why and how to target angiogenesis in focal epilepsies
Authors: Morin‐Brureau Mélanie , Rigau Valérie , Lerner‐Natoli Mireille
Published: November 2012

We previously reported that blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption was associated with a pathologic angiogenesis in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in vivo models. This was confirmed by the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neurons and astrocytes and of its receptor vascular endothelial growth factor‐2 (VEGF‐R2) (or flk1) in endothelial cells. Using an original in vitro model, we showed that seizures were sufficient to activate the VEGF/VEGF‐R2 system, which promotes vascularization and tight junction disassembly. Such a BBB dysfunction was shown to contribute to epileptogenesis. Therefore, we postulate that drugs that target the specific VEGF‐R2 pathways involved in permeability are able to repair the BBB, and, therefore, could reduce epileptogenicity.
Missing Drivers with Dementia: Antecedents and Recovery
Authors: Rowe Meredeth A. , Greenblum Catherine A. , Boltz Marie , Galvin James E.
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To determine the circumstances under which persons with dementia become lost while driving, how missing drivers are found, and how Silver Alert notifications are instrumental in those discoveries.

Design

A retrospective, descriptive study.

Setting

Retrospective record review.

Participants

Conducted using 156 records from the Florida Silver Alert program for October 2008 through May 2010. These alerts were issued in Florida for missing drivers with dementia.

Measurements

Information derived from the reports on characteristics of the missing driver, antecedents to missing event, and discovery of a missing driver.

Results

The majority of missing drivers were men aged 58 to 94 who were being cared for by a spouse. Most drivers became lost on routine, caregiver‐sanctioned trips to usual locations. Only 15% were driving when found, with most being found in or near a parked car. Law enforcement officers found the large majority. Only 40% were found in the county where they went missing, and 10% were found in a different state.

Conclusion

Silver Alert notifications were most effective for law enforcement; citizen alerts resulted in a few discoveries. There was 5% mortality in the study population, with those living alone more likely to be found dead than alive. An additional 15% were found in dangerous situations such as stopped on railroad tracks. Thirty‐two percent had documented driving or other dangerous errors, such as driving the wrong way or into secluded areas or walking in or near roadways.
The Impact of Nobel Prize Winners in Economics: Mainline vs. Mainstream
Authors: Boettke Peter J. , Fink Alexander , Smith Daniel J.
Published: November 2012

We assess the impact of two groups of economists: mainline economists, who regard economics primarily as the science of exchange and mainstream economists, who perceive economics primarily as the science of choice. To control for scholarly quality we investigate the citation impact of Nobel Prize winning economists, who we break up into the two groups, mainline and mainstream. We find that over the period from 1970 to 2007 mainline economists had more of an impact than mainstream economists.
Political Influence and Career Judges: An Empirical Analysis of Administrative Review by the Spanish Supreme Court
Authors: Garoupa Nuno , Gili Marian , Gómez‐Pomar Fernando
Published: November 2012

This article develops an empirical analysis of judicial behavior in the Spanish Supreme Court, a court of law dominated by career judiciary. We focus on administrative review. The evidence seems to confirm that a career judiciary is not strongly politically aligned and favors consensus, formalism, and dissent avoidance. Notwithstanding, we detect a significant relationship between the decisions of the Court and the interest of the government. We suggest that our empirical analysis makes a significant contribution to undermine the myth of political insulation by career judges. Unlike previous literature, however, we argue and illustrate that judicial politicization can be consistent with consensus and dissent avoidance.
Race and Selective Enforcement in Public Housing
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey , Davies Garth , Carlis Adam
Published: November 2012

Drugs, crime, and public housing are closely linked in policy and politics, and their nexus has animated several intensive drug enforcement programs targeted at public housing residents. In New York City, police systematically conduct “vertical patrols” in public housing buildings, making tens of thousands of Terry stops each year. During these patrols, both uniformed and undercover officers systematically move through the buildings, temporarily detaining and questioning residents and visitors, often at a low threshold of suspicion, and usually alleging trespass to justify the stop. We use a case‐control design to identify the effects of living in one of New York City's 330 public housing developments on the probability of stop, frisk, and arrest from 2004–2011. We find that the incidence rate ratio for trespass stops and arrests is more than two times greater in public housing than in the immediate surrounding neighborhoods. We decompose these effects using first differences models and find that the difference in percent black and Hispanic populations in public housing compared to the surrounding area predicts the disparity in trespass enforcement and enforcement of other criminal law violations. The pattern of racially selective enforcement suggests the potential for systemic violations of the Fourteenth Amendment's prohibition on racial discrimination.
SOLITAIRE™ with the Intention for Thrombectomy (SWIFT) Trial: Design of a Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study Comparing the SOLITAIRE™ Flow Restoration Device and the MERCI Retriever in Acute Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Saver J. L. , Jahan R. , Levy E. I. , Jovin T. G. , Baxter B. , Nogueira R. , Clark W. , Budzik R. , Zaidat O. O. ,   for the SWIFT Trialists
Published: November 2012

Rationale

Self-expanding stent retrievers are a promising new device class designed for rapid flow restoration in acute cerebral ischaemia. The SOLITAIRE™ Flow Restoration device (SOLITAIRE) has shown high rates of recanalization in preclinical models and in uncontrolled clinical series.

Aims

( 1 ) To demonstrate non-inferiority of SOLITAIRE compared with a legally marketed device, the MERCI Retrieval System®; ( 2 ) To demonstrate safety, feasibility, and efficacy of SOLITAIRE in subjects requiring mechanical thrombectomy diagnosed with acute ischaemic stroke.

Design

Multicenter, randomized, prospective, controlled trial with blinded primary end-point ascertainment.

Study Procedures

Key entry criteria include: age 22–85; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≥8 and <30; clinical and imaging findings consistent with acute ischaemic stroke; patient ineligible or failed intravenous tissue plasminogen activator; accessible occlusion in M1 or M2 middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, basilar artery, or vertebral artery; and patient able to be treated within 8 h of onset. Sites first participate in a roll-in phase, treating two patients with the SOLITAIRE device, before proceeding to the randomized phase. In patients unresponsive to the initially assigned therapy, after the angiographic component of the primary end-point is ascertained (reperfusion with the initial assigned device), rescue therapy with other reperfusion techniques is permitted.

Outcomes

The primary efficacy end-point is successful recanalization with the assigned study device (no use of rescue therapy) and with no symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. Successful recanalization is defined as achieving Thrombolysis In Myocardial Ischemia 2 or 3 flow in all treatable vessels. The primary safety end-point is the incidence of device-related and procedure-related serious adverse events. A major secondary efficacy end-point is time to achieve initial recanalization. Additional secondary endpoints include clinical outcomes at 90 days and radiologic haemorrhagic transformation.
Withdrawal: ‘Strandings, bycatches and injuries of aquatic mammals in China: a review based on national official documents.’ by F. Wang and W. Li
Authors: Wang F. , Li W.
Published: November 2012

The above article has been withdrawn by agreement between the authors, the journal Editorial office, and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. The withdrawal has been agreed due to the usage of restricted data from the Ministry of Agriculture of China.

The article was placed online on 6 November 2012 as an Accepted Article (articles accepted for publication, but not formally published). The withdrawal statement was published on 10 June 2013. The withdrawal statement was then allocated to an issue on 30 July 2015.

[This statement has been amended since first posted online on 10 June 2013 to reflect the article's publication history.]
Electronic Tongue Coupled with Physicochemical Analysis for the Recognition of Orange Beverages
Authors: Liu Miao , Wang Jun , Li Duo , Wang MingJun
Published: November 2012

A potentiometric electronic tongue (E‐tongue) has been used to determine orange beverages of different brands to assess its recognition ability in beverage detection. Physicochemical indexes related to sensory quality have been measured to find correlation between electrochemical signals and physicochemical indexes of orange beverages. Analysis of variance, correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) have been applied in such data processing. The sensor response signals have been analyzed by canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), cluster analysis (CA), and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and their classification effects have been compared. The results indicate that the E‐tongue has good capability to discriminate different brands of orange beverages based on contents of their taste compounds. The correlation between electrochemical signals and physicochemical indexes is significant, and physicochemical indexes may be applied to explain the results of PCA, CDA, CA and SIMCA. CDA has a better classification effect in three methods.

Practical Applications

The detection and control of food quality are important parts in the food industry. Electronic tongue (E‐tongue), as a promising technology, which can provide a simple, rapid and objective determination of food taste quality, is becoming popular in food analysis. This paper focuses on the application of an E‐tongue in the recognition of different brands of beverages and finding the correlation between signals of the E‐tongue and physicochemical indexes of beverages. The feasibility of E‐tongue detection in food analysis is also concerned in our studies. The results presented confirm that the E‐tongue has global discrimination ability, and that there is significant correlation between electrochemical signals and physicochemical indexes of orange beverages. All these results indicate that the E‐tongue may be a potential analysis tool to be applied in food analysis.
Changes of N/L ratio and cortisol levels associated with experimental training in untrained rhesus macaques
Authors: Lee Jae‐Il , Shin Jun‐Seop , Lee Ji‐Eun , Jung Won‐Young , Lee Gaeul , Kim Min‐Sun , Park Chung‐Gyu , Kim Sang‐Joon
Published: November 2012

Background

Animal training prior to beginning an experiment is an essential procedure and a very important course because it may affect the results of hematologic and hormonal variables and the functions influenced by those factors. Because this training inevitably causes animal stress, we wondered how much time is needed for untrained monkeys to recover from stresses associated with experimental training.

Methods

We measured the hematological and stress hormonal (e.g., cortisol) changes on weekly basis before and after experimental monkey chair training in newly acquired rhesus monkeys.

Results

The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte (N/L) ratio significantly increased during the initial phase of the training and then gradually decreased after 3 weeks. Elevated serum cortisol levels in the initial phase also significantly decreased after 3 weeks of chair training.

Conclusions

We conclude that at least a 3‐week period is needed in monkey chair training for recovery from training stress. These results suggest that many researchers using nonhuman primates should provide enough time (>3 weeks) for adaptation to the experimental environment prior to beginning a study.
How do relatives of persons with dementia experience their role in the patient participation process in special care units?
Authors: Helgesen Ann K , Larsson Maria , Athlin Elsy
Published: November 2012

Aims and objective

To explore the role of relatives in the patient participation process for persons with dementia living in special care units in Norwegian nursing homes, with focus on everyday life.

Background

Studies exploring the experience of relatives of persons with dementia as to their role in the patient participation process are limited.

Design

The study had an explorative grounded theory design.

Method

Data collection was carried out by interviews with twelve close relatives. Simultaneously, data analysis was performed with open, axial and selective coding.

Results

The relatives' role in the patient participation process was experienced as transitions between different roles to secure the resident's well‐being, which was understood as the resident's comfort and dignity. This was the ultimate goal for their participation. The categories ‘being a visitor’, ‘being a spokesperson’, ‘being a guardian’ and ‘being a link to the outside world’ described the different roles. Different situations and conditions triggered different roles, and the relatives' trust in the personnel was a crucial factor.

Conclusions

The study has highlighted the great importance of relatives' role in the patient participation process, to secure the well‐being of residents living in special care units. Our findings stress the uttermost need for a high degree of competence, interest and commitment among the personnel together with a well functioning, collaborative and cooperative relationship between the personnel and the relatives of persons with dementia. The study raises several important questions that emphasise that more research is needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Relatives need to be seen and treated as a resource in the patient participation process in dementia care. More attention should be paid to initiating better cooperation between the personnel and the relatives, as this may have a positive impact both on the residents' and the relatives' well‐being.
The Drivers of Multinational Enterprise Subsidiary Entrepreneurship in China: A New Resource‐Based View Perspective
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong
Published: November 2012

This paper extends the resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm, as applied to multinational enterprises (MNEs), by distinguishing between two critical resource dimensions, namely relative resource superiority (capabilities) and slack. Both dimensions, in concert with specific environmental conditions, are required to increase entrepreneurial activities. We propose distinct configurations (three‐way moderation effects) of capabilities, slack, and environmental factors (i.e. dynamism and hostility) to explain entrepreneurship. Using survey data from 66 Canadian subsidiaries operating in China, we find that higher subsidiary entrepreneurship requires both HR slack and strong downstream capabilities in subsidiaries, subject to the industry environment being dynamic and benign. However, high HR slack alone, in a dynamic and benign environment, but without the presence of strong capabilities, actually triggers the fewest initiatives, with HR slack redirected from entrepreneurial experimentation towards complacency and inefficiency. This paper has major implications for MNEs seeking to increase subsidiary entrepreneurship in fast growing emerging markets.
Identification of Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Grapes by ITS‐5.8S rDNA Sequencing Analysis and In Silico RFLP
Authors: Lasram Salma , Oueslati Souheib , Jouira Hatem Ben , Chebil Samir , Mliki Ahmed , Ghorbel Abdelwahed
Published: November 2012

To characterize Aspergillus section Nigri strains involved in the ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of Tunisian wine and table grapes, a total of 33 strains were analysed. A molecular characterization of the isolates was performed by the amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1‐5.8S rDNA‐ITS2) region combined with amplicon sequencing. Analysis of similarity between the obtained sequences and those deposited in the GenBank database was performed. Twelve strains were confirmed to belong to the Aspergillus carbonarius species. Strains belonging to the Aspergillus niger aggregate group were classified by in silico RFLP assay into two patterns N and T, corresponding to A. niger and Aspergillus tubingensis. Among the 21 OTA producing isolates analysed, 13 showed the T‐type pattern and 8 showed the N‐type pattern. The presented method showed to be a reliable alternative to the classic RFLP method. Our findings unambiguously revealed that multiple aspergilli species isolated from wine and table grape in Tunisia are able to produce OTA.
Black and white and read all over: the past, present and future of giant panda genetics
Authors: Wei Fuwen , Hu Yibo , Zhu Lifeng , Bruford Michael W. , Zhan Xiangjiang , Zhang Lei
Published: November 2012

Few species attract much more attention from the public and scientists than the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), a popular, enigmatic but highly endangered species. The application of molecular genetics to its biology and conservation has facilitated surprising insights into the biology of giant pandas as well as the effectiveness of conservation efforts during the past decades. Here, we review the history of genetic advances in this species, from phylogeny, demographical history, genetic variation, population structure, noninvasive population census and adaptive evolution to reveal to what extent the current status of the giant panda is a reflection of its evolutionary legacy, as opposed to the influence of anthropogenic factors that have negatively impacted this species. In addition, we summarize the conservation implications of these genetic findings applied for the management of this high‐profile species. Finally, on the basis of these advances and predictable future changes in genetic technology, we discuss future research directions that seem promising for giant panda biology and conservation.
Growth hormone therapy and craniofacial bones: a comprehensive review
Authors: Litsas G
Published: November 2012

Growth hormone (GH) has significant effects on linear bone growth, bone mass and bone metabolism. The primary role of GH supplementation in children with GH deficiency, those born small for gestational age or with other types of disorders in somatic development is to increase linear growth. However, GH therapy seems to elicit varying responses in the craniofacial region. Whereas the effects of GH administration on somatic development are well documented, comparatively little is known of its effects on the craniofacial region. The purpose of this review was to search the literature and compile results from both animal and human studies related to the impact of GH on craniofacial growth.
The difficult airway trolley in pediatric anesthesia: an international survey of experience and training
Authors: Calder Alyson , Hegarty Mary , Davies Kylie , S. von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta
Published: November 2012

Background

The pediatric difficult airway can be unexpected, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Standardized emergency airway equipment should be available on a regularly checked difficult airway trolley (DAT). We conducted a survey to investigate pediatric anesthetists' knowledge, experience, and confidence with the DAT.

Methods

Members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI), European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA) and their national societies, Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society (CPAS), and Society for Paediatric Anaesthesia in New Zealand and Australia (SPANZA) were invited to complete a survey between January and April 2011.

Results

Six hundred and ninety‐three anesthetists replied to the questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty‐three (92%) stated they have a DAT in their theater suite, with 587 (98%) knowing its location. Three hundred and eight‐seven (56%) anesthetists received formal DAT training. The lowest training levels were observed in Australia and the UK; 42% and 59%, respectively. Those receiving training were more likely to be confident/very confident in knowing the DAT contents (r = −0.321, P = 0.01). Three hundred and fifty‐five (59%) anesthetists had used the DAT in the last 6 months, 82 (14%) in the last 6–12 months, 91 (15%) >1 year ago, and 72 (12%) had never used it. Frequency of use correlated moderately with higher confidence levels (r = −0.398, P = 0.01). One hundred and eight‐three (31%) reported having experienced problems with DAT equipment (missing 20%, faulty 4%, unfamiliarity 7%).

Discussion

Training and recent use of the DAT increases anesthetists' confidence, but is not a universal practice. A significant number of anesthetists reported problems with the DAT, raising issues of equipment maintenance and quality control.
Deep sequencing analysis of the transcriptomes of peanut aerial and subterranean young pods identifies candidate genes related to early embryo abortion
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Zhu Wei , Azam Sarwar , Li Heying , Zhu Fanghe , Li Haifen , Hong Yanbin , Liu Haiyan , Zhang Erhua , Wu Hong , Yu Shanlin , Zhou Guiyuan , Li Shaoxiong , Zhong Ni , Wen Shijie , Li Xingyu , Knapp Steve J. , Ozias‐Akins Peggy , Varshney Rajeev K. , Liang Xuanqiang
Published: November 2012

The failure of peg penetration into the soil leads to seed abortion in peanut. Knowledge of genes involved in these processes is comparatively deficient. Here, we used RNA‐seq to gain insights into transcriptomes of aerial and subterranean pods. More than 2 million transcript reads with an average length of 396 bp were generated from one aerial (AP) and two subterranean (SP1 and SP2) pod libraries using pyrosequencing technology. After assembly, sets of 49 632, 49 952 and 50 494 from a total of 74 974 transcript assembly contigs (TACs) were identified in AP, SP1 and SP2, respectively. A clear linear relationship in the gene expression level was observed between these data sets. In brief, 2194 differentially expressed TACs with a 99.0% true‐positive rate were identified, among which 859 and 1068 TACs were up‐regulated in aerial and subterranean pods, respectively. Functional analysis showed that putative function based on similarity with proteins catalogued in UniProt and gene ontology term classification could be determined for 59 342 (79.2%) and 42 955 (57.3%) TACs, respectively. A total of 2968 TACs were mapped to 174 KEGG pathways, of which 168 were shared by aerial and subterranean transcriptomes. TACs involved in photosynthesis were significantly up‐regulated and enriched in the aerial pod. In addition, two senescence‐associated genes were identified as significantly up‐regulated in the aerial pod, which potentially contribute to embryo abortion in aerial pods, and in turn, to cessation of swelling. The data set generated in this study provides evidence for some functional genes as robust candidates underlying aerial and subterranean pod development and contributes to an elucidation of the evolutionary implications resulting from fruit development under light and dark conditions.
Divergent low water potential response in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Landsberg erecta and Shahdara
Authors: SHARMA SANDEEP , LIN WENDAR , VILLAMOR JOJI GRACE , VERSLUES PAUL E.
Published: November 2012

Arabidopsis thaliana accessions have extensive natural variation in environmental adaptation and Shahdara (Sha) in particular differs substantially from other accessions such as Landsberg erecta (Ler). Metabolite analysis, RNA sequencing and physiological experiments found striking differences in amino acid profile and gene expression between Ler and Sha at low water potential. The data show the differing metabolic response to low water potential of the two accessions and the possible influence of both biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the specific adaptation of Sha.
Shock Treatment: Swimming Pool Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Salvaggio Heather L. , Scheman Andrew J , Chamlin Sarah L.
Published: November 2012

Allergic contact dermatitis to potassium peroxymonosulfate, used as a chemical shock treatment for hot tubs and swimming pools, should be in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with dermatitis triggered by swimming pool or hot tub exposure. We report the first pediatric case of allergic contact dermatitis to potassium peroxymonosulfate after swimming exposure.
Barley lesion mimics, supersusceptible or highly resistant to leaf rust and net blotch
Authors: Wright S. A. I. , Azarang M. , Falk A. B.
Published: November 2012

Lesion mimic mutants of plants have the feature of spontaneously displaying necrotic spots or bands on their leaves. Lesion mimics have often displayed enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens whilst showing increased susceptibility to necrotrophs. This paper identifies three novel, non‐allelic mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare), which spontaneously form necrotic leaf lesions: Necrotic leaf spot 9.3091 (nec9.3091), Mottled leaf 8.1661 (mtt8.1661) and Mottled leaf 9.2721 (mtt9.2721). The Necrotic leaf spot 8.3550 mutant (nec8.3550), formerly known as bst1, was included in the study because it is a lesion mimic mutant belonging to the same original pool. The reactions of the mutants to the biotroph Puccinia hordei and the necrotroph Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres were investigated. Mutants nec8.3550 and mtt8.1661 were more resistant than the parental Bowman near‐isogenic line with the Rph3.c gene (Bowman Rph3.c, NGB 22452) to leaf rust, caused by P. hordei. Mutants nec8.3550, mtt8.1661 and mtt9.2721 were more susceptible than Bowman Rph3.c to net blotch, caused by P. teres f. sp. teres. Autofluorescence was detected in leaf tissues of all mutants. Based on the high expression of the PR1 and Hv‐HIR genes, combined with the low susceptibility to P. hordei, nec8.3550 appears to have entered a state of systemic acquired resistance, which is quite distinct from the resistance expressed in mtt8.1661. The latter mutant has low or no expression of PR1 and Hv‐HIR genes, yet it is highly resistant to rust. It is also extremely susceptible to net blotch. These mutants can serve as genetic sources of novel disease resistance for barley improvement.
Systemic corticosteroids for community‐acquired pneumonia: Reasons for use and lack of benefit on outcome
Authors: POLVERINO EVA , CILLÓNIZ CATIA , DAMBRAVA POVILAS , GABARRÚS ALBERT , FERRER MIQUEL , AGUSTÍ CARLOS , PRINA ELENA , MONTULL BEATRIZ , MENENDEZ ROSARIO , NIEDERMAN MICHAEL S. , TORRES ANTONI
Published: November 2012

Background and objective

Although the benefits of systemic corticosteroids in community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) are not clear, their use is frequent in clinical practice. We described the frequency of this practice, patients' characteristics and its clinical impact.

Methods

We investigated all adult CAP patients visited between June 1997 and January 2008 (n = 3257).

Results

Two hundred and sixty patients received systemic corticosteroids (8%) with a mean daily dose of 45 (33) mg (median, 36 mg/day). Patients receiving corticosteroids were older (74 (13) vs 65 (19) years), had more comorbidities (respiratory, 59% vs 38%, cardiac, 29% vs 16%, etc.), higher Pneumonia Severity Index (Fine IV–V, 76% vs 50%) and had received inhaled corticosteroids (36% vs 15%) and previous antibiotics (31% vs 23%) more frequently (P < 0.01, each). Significant predictors of corticosteroid administration were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio (OR), 1.91), fever (OR, 0.59), expectoration (OR, 1.59), creatinine (+1 mg/dL, OR, 0.92), SaO2 ≥ 92% (OR, 0.46), C‐reactive protein (+5 mg/dL; OR, 0.92) and cardiac failure (OR, 1.76). Mortality (6% vs 7%; P = 0.43) and time to clinical stability (4 (3–6) vs 5 (3–7) days; P = 0.11) did not differ between the two groups, while length of hospital stay was longer for the steroid group (9 (6–14) vs 6 (3–9) days; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The main reasons for administering systemic steroids were the presence of chronic respiratory comorbidity or severe clinical presentation, but therapy did not influence mortality or clinical stability; by contrast, steroid administration was associated with prolonged length of stay. Nevertheless the steroid group did not show an increased mortality as it was expected according to the initial Pneumonia Severity Index score. Influence of steroids on outcomes of CAP need to be further investigated through randomized clinical trial.
Headward retreat of streams in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Swiss Alps
Authors: Schlunegger Fritz , Norton Kevin P.
Published: November 2012

This study uses the widths, the spacing and the grain‐size pattern of Oligo/Miocene alluvial fan conglomerates in the central segment of the Swiss Alpine foreland to reconstruct the topographic development of the Alps. These data are analysed with models of longitudinal stream profile development, to propose that the Alpine topography evolved from an early transient state where streams adjusted to rock uplift by headward retreat, to a mature phase where any changes in rock uplift were accommodated by vertical incision. The first stage comprises the time interval between ca 31 Ma and 22 Ma, when the Alpine streams deposited many small fans with a lateral spacing of <30 km in the north Alpine foreland. As the range evolved, the streams joined and the fans coalesced into a few large depositional systems with a lateral spacing of ca 80 to 100 km at 22 Ma. The models used here suggest that the overall elevation of the Alps increased rapidly within <5 Myr. The variability in pebble size increased either due to variations in sediment supply, enhanced orographic effects, or preferentially due to a change towards a stormier palaeoclimate. By 22 Ma, only two large rivers carried material into the foreland fans, suggesting that the major Alpine streams had established themselves. This second phase of stable drainage network was maintained until ca 5 Ma, when the uplift and erosion of the Molasse started and streams were redirected both in the Alps and in the foreland. This study illustrates that sedimentological archives of foreland basins can be used to reconstruct the chronology of the topographic development of mountain belts. It is suggested that the finite elevation of mountainous landscapes is reached early during orogeny and can be maintained for millions of years, provided that erosion is efficient.
Unrecognised tuberculosis at antiretroviral therapy initiation is associated with lower CD4+ T cell recovery
Authors: Hermans Sabine M. , van Leth Frank , Kiragga Agnes N. , Hoepelman Andy I. M. , Lange Joep M. A. , Manabe Yukari C.
Published: November 2012

Objectives  To investigate whether an unrecognised diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences subsequent CD4+ T cell (CD4) count recovery in an urban HIV clinic in Uganda.

Methods  In a retrospective cohort study, a multivariable polynomial mixed effects model was used to estimate CD4 recovery in the first 96 weeks of ART in two groups of patients: prevalent TB (started ART while on TB treatment), unrecognised TB (developed TB within 6 months after start ART).

Results  Included were 511 patients with a median baseline CD4 count of 57 cells/mm3 (interquartile range: 22–130), of whom 368 (72%) had prevalent TB and 143 (28%) had unrecognised TB. Compared with prevalent TB, unrecognised TB was associated with lower CD4 count recovery at 96 weeks: −22.3 cells/mm3 (95% confidence interval −43.2 to −1.5, P = 0.036). These estimates were adjusted for gender, age, baseline CD4 count and the use of zidovudine‐based regimen.

Conclusions  Unrecognised TB at the time of ART initiation resulted in impaired CD4 recovery compared with TB treated before ART initiation. More vigilant screening with more sensitive and rapid TB diagnostics prior to ART initiation is needed to decrease the risk of ART‐associated TB and sub‐optimal immune reconstitution.