bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of the Failed Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Crawford David A. , Berend Keith R. , Lombardi Adolph V.
Published: August 2018

With recent design modifications, proper patient selection, and sound surgical technique, medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has demonstrated long-term success in the management of degenerative joint disease. Nevertheless, complications do occur, most often aseptic loosening, tibial fracture, polyethylene wear, bearing dislocation, disease progression, infection, and unexplained pain. Some failures can be managed with retention of the implant, whereas others require revision to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), possibly including augments and stems. Although outcomes of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty may not match those of a primary TKA, they tend to exceed results of revision of a previous TKA.
Conflicts in contemporary Asia – theoretical approach
Authors: Niedziela Szymon
Published: August 2018

The article attempts to theoretically systematize conflicts in contemporary Asia. At the beginning, attention was paid to the cultural and civilizational determinants of disputes and tensions in the region, which have a direct impact on the sphere of political activity of individual states. It has been found that ethnic and religious heterogeneity is the cause of tensions in Asia in most cases. The critical role of the United States in creating new security architecture across the Asian region has been determined. At the same time, it has been emphasized that multifaceted diversity is not always at odds with conflict-free development and stability. The exemplification of this hypothesis is Malaysia – a country of three cultures (Islamic, Chinese and Hindu). This country gives an example for the whole Asia that diversity does not mean the fatalism of internal conflicts. Malaysia can be an inspiration, especially for the Islamic civilizational circle.
Ergonomic issues: safety, economization and humanization of work
Authors: Skurjat Krystyna
Published: August 2018

The term “ergonomics” means practical learning which determines the conditions for the optimal adjustment of tools, equipment, technology and organizational structures to meet the needs of employees. In an age of scientific-technological progress systematic research on human work supported by technology is indispensable. Technical civilization is not the “non-humanistic” world. Its creators enter into ethical relationships with recipients.
The process of work humanization must be considered on three cognitive levels: theoretical, axiological and practical. This approach is neither contradictory nor competitive to the traditional understanding of ergonomic tasks, but is complementary to it. It is significant as it teaches how to use the achievements of knowledge wisely to facilitate and take human life to a higher level, also in moral terms.
Determination of reliability parameters of HPL and VPL technical safety in the procedure of a non-precision landing approach NPA GNSS with using GPS and GLONASS navigation systems in air transport
Authors: Krasuski Kamil , Wierzbicki Damian
Published: August 2018

The paper presents the results of determining the HPL and VPL safety parameters used to evaluate the reliability of aircraft positioning in air transport. The HPL and VPL security level parameters were determined using GPS and GLONASS systems for the NPA GNSS non-precision landing approach. The work also compares the HPL and VPL values with the technical standards published by ICAO.
Student's opinion on a problem-based learning method of teaching comparative animal physiology
Authors: Baldisserotto Bernardo
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study is to verify the opinion of students in relation to a learning methodology, where emphasis is not placed on the accumulation or memorizationi of specific knowledge, but in the use of dedution to solve problems related to a particular subject. This study was carried out with undergraduate students of the course "Comparative Animal Physiology" (classes of 10 to 15 students each), from the Federal University of Santa Maria, Southern Brazil. During each class the students discussed the answers to a given question, provided by the teacher, with the aid of available references; after which a written report of their conclusions had to be done. The evaluation of the students was basead on these reports. At the end of the semester, the students (44 on the whole) answered (anonymously) a questionnaire to evaluat this method, with relation to lectured-centered classes. According to the students, if compared with lectures, this method offered a restrict vision of the subject, but it is more interesting and improves their performance. There is no difference between these methods in relation to elucidation of doubts. The students did not think that too much time was lost translating English texts. Most students prefer this system instead of lectures, and the evaluation methodology was unanimously approved. Based on these results, it can be concluded that this method can be used to teach Comparative Animal Physiology with good results.
Sensibilidade cromossômica à bleomicina em linfócitos de pacientes com síndrome de down, nas fases G0, G1 e S do ciclo celular
Authors: Bartholomei-Santos Marlise Ladvocat
Published: August 2018

Lymphocytes from patients with Down Syndrome (OS) present an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations after exposition to ionizing radiation at G0 and G1 phases of the cell cycle. However, OS lymphocytes irradiated or treated with bleomycin (BLM) at G2 phase do not present a significant increase of aberration's frequency. BLM is a radiomimetic drug that has been used in cytogenetics experiments to verify the individual capacity of DNA repair. The aim of this study was to analyse. the chromosome sensitivity from OS patients to BLM, at G0, G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. Lymphocytes cultures were set up, with and without the drug, from 4 OS patients and 4 normal individuals, all of the male sex and age below 10. One hundred metaphases were analysed for each kind of culture for each individual and the chromosomal and/or chromatidic aberrations were registered. The results obtained show a higher frequency of dicentrics, rings, acentrics and double minutes in OS cells at G0 and G1 phases, but not at S phase, in relation to cells from normal individuals. Possibly, the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is irradiated or treated is the main factor involved in chromosomal sensitivity of lymphocytes from OS patients.
Anatomia da madeira de Xylosma tweedianum (Clos) Eichler (Flacourtiaceae)
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso , Pozzera Fernanda
Published: August 2018

This study describes the wood anatomy of Xylosma tweedianum (Clos) Eichl. Aside from quantitative and histometric data photomicrographs of the anatomical structure are furnished. The most important features observed in the wood are the same described in the literature to the Flacourtiaceae and genus Xylosma. Among these features are the absence of wood parenchyma and the presence of only simple perforation plates in vessels, of heterogeneus type-I rays, of libriform fibers and of spiral thickenings on the walls of very long vessel members.
A enzima delta-aminolevullnato desidratase
Authors: Emanuelli Tatiana
Published: August 2018

Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D, EC 4.2.1.24) is a sulfhydryl-containing enzyme that asymetrically condenses two molecules of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), catalyzing the formation of porphobilinogen, the monopyrrole precursor of ali biological tetrapyrroles (corrins, porphyrins, chlorins). The two ALA molecules have been termed Aside ALA and P-side ALA in reference to their fates as the acetyl and propionyl halves of the product. P-side ALA binds first and forms a Schiffbase with an active-site Iysine. ALA-D is a cytosolic enzyme present in mammals, plants, fungi and bacteria. Bovine enzyme has a molecular mass of 280 000 Da and is composed of eight similar subunits of 35 000 Da, but only four of the subunits form a Schiff-base with the substrate (half-site reactivity). ALA-D from all organisms requires a bivalent metal ion for activity. Although the considerable sequence conservation among ALA-D enzyme from various organisms, there are species-dependent differences in metal ion requirements for enzyme activity. ALA-D is a zinc-dependent enzyme in animals, yeast and some bacteria. Mammalian enzyme bounds 8 zinc ions/octamer. Bovine ALA-D contains two types of Zn2+ binding sites (A and B), each at a stoichiometry of four per octamer. A-metal-ion-binding sites, with a single cysteine residue among its ligands, bind the four zinc ions essential for ALA-D activity (catalytic zinc), which plays a role in A-side ALA binding, in inter-ALA bond formation and in product binding. B-metal-ion-binding sites, with four cysteine residues among its ligands, bind zinc ions refered to as structural, which seems to be involved in the protection of sulfhydryl groups from oxidation. An A-zinc-ion-binding site has been proposed to be present at a number of four per octamer on the enzyme from plants, but has not been demonstrated yet. ALA-D from plants contains two types of magnesium binding sites: four B-metal-ion-binding sites (bind magnesium essential for ALA-D activity) and eight C-metal-ion-binding sites (bind magnesium that activates the enzyme but is not essential for activity). The cysteine-rich sequence of mammalian ALA-D that presumably corresponds to the B-metalion-binding site is replaced by an aspartate-rich sequence in plant ALA-D, probably accounting for the difference on metal-ion requirement (Mg2+ instead of Zn2+ on B-metal-ion-binding site from plant ALA-D). E. coli ALA-D binds eight Zn2+ (presumably four at A-metal-ion-binding site and four at B-metalion-binding site) and eight Mg2+ (presumably at C-metal-ion-binding site) per octamer. Due to its sulfhydrilic nature ALA-D is inhibited by heavy metals such as lead and mercury, serving as a measure of metal intoxication. In addition the inhibition of this enzyme has been implicated with pathological changes observed in some types of porphyrias, hepatorenal tyrosinemia and after lead or mercury exposure. ALA-D inhibition may impair haeme biosynthesis and leads to ALA accumulation, which besides being a potent agonist of y-aminobutiric acid autoreceptors may act as a prooxidant.
What else is in an evolved name? Exploring evolvable specificity with SignalGP
Authors: Lalejini Alexander , Ofria Charles
Published: August 2018

Tags are evolvable labels that provide genetic programs a flexible mechanism for specification. Tags are used to label and refer to programmatic elements, such as functions or jump targets. However, tags differ from traditional, more rigid methods for handling labeling because they allow for inexact references; that is, a referring tag need not exactly match its referent. Here, we explore how adjusting the threshold for how what qualifies as a match affects adaptive evolution. Further, we propose broadened applications of tags in the context of a genetic programming (GP) technique called SignalGP. SignalGP gives evolution direct access to the event-driven paradigm. Program modules in SignalGP are tagged and can be triggered by signals (with matching tags) from the environment, from other agents, or due to internal regulation. Specifically, we propose to extend this tag based system to: (1) provide more fine-grained control over module execution and regulation (e.g., promotion and repression) akin to natural gene regulatory networks, (2) employ a mosaic of GP representations within a single program, and (3) facilitate major evolutionary transitions in individuality (i.e., allow hierarchical program organization to evolve de novo).
Motoneuron Wnts regulate neuromuscular junction development
Authors: Shen Chengyong , Li Lei , Zhao Kai , Bai Lei , Wang Ailian , Shu Xiaoqiu , Xiao Yatao , Zhang Jianmin , Zhang Kejing , Hui Tiankun , Chen Wenbing , Zhang Bin , Hsu Wei , Xiong Wen-Cheng , Mei Lin
Published: August 2018

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscles to control motor behavior. Unlike extensively investigated postsynaptic differentiation, less is known about mechanisms of presynaptic assembly. Genetic evidence of Wnt in mammalian NMJ development was missing due to the existence of multiple Wnts and their receptors. We show when Wnt secretion is abolished from motoneurons by mutating the Wnt ligand secretion mediator (Wls) gene, mutant mice showed muscle weakness and neurotransmission impairment. NMJs were unstable with reduced synaptic junctional folds and fragmented AChR clusters. Nerve terminals were swollen; synaptic vesicles were fewer and mislocated. The presynaptic deficits occurred earlier than postsynaptic deficits. Intriguingly, these phenotypes were not observed when deleting Wls in muscles or Schwann cells. We identified Wnt7A and Wnt7B as major Wnts for nerve terminal development in rescue experiments. These observations demonstrate a necessary role of motoneuron Wnts in NMJ development, in particular presynaptic differentiation.
Manual restrictions on Palaeolithic technological behaviours
Authors: Key Alastair J.M. , Dunmore Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

The causes of technological innovation in the Palaeolithic archaeological record are central to understanding Plio-Pleistocene hominin behaviour and temporal trends in artefact variation. Palaeolithic archaeologists frequently investigate the Oldowan-Acheulean transition and technological developments during the subsequent million years of the Acheulean technocomplex. Here, we approach the question of why innovative stone tool production techniques occur in the Lower Palaeolithic archaeological record from an experimental biomechanical and evolutionary perspective. Nine experienced flintknappers reproduced Oldowan flake tools, ‘early Acheulean’ handaxes, and ‘late Acheulean’ handaxes while pressure data were collected from their non-dominant (core-holding) hands. For each flake removal or platform preparation event performed, the percussor used, the stage of reduction, the core securing technique utilised, and the relative success of flake removals were recorded. Results indicate that more heavily reduced, intensively shaped handaxes with greater volumetric controls do not necessarily require significantly greater manual pressure than Oldowan flake tools or earlier ‘rougher’ handaxe forms. Platform preparation events do, however, require significantly greater pressure relative to either soft or hard hammer flake detachments. No significant relationships were identified between flaking success and pressure variation. Our results suggest that the preparation of flake platforms, a technological behaviour associated with the production of late Acheulean handaxes, could plausibly have been restricted prior to the emergence of more forceful precision-manipulative capabilities than those required for earlier lithic technologies.
From validity to clinical utility: the influence of circulating tumorDNAon melanoma patient management in a real‐world setting
Authors: Rowe Steven P. , Luber Brandon , Makell Monique , Brothers Patricia , Santmyer JoAnn , Schollenberger Megan D. , Quinn Hannah , Edelstein Daniel L. , Jones Frederick S. , Bleich Karen B. , Sharfman William H. , Lipson Evan J.
Published: August 2018

Melanoma currently lacks a reliable blood‐based biomarker of disease activity, although circulating tumorDNA(ctDNA) may fill this role. We investigated the clinical utility (i.e., impact on clinical outcomes and interpretation of radiographic data) of measuring ctDNAin patients with metastatic or high‐risk resected melanoma. Patients were prospectively accrued into ≥ 1 of three cohorts, as follows. Cohort A: patients with radiographically measurable metastatic melanoma who underwent comparison of ctDNAmeasured by aBEAMing digitalPCRassay to tissue mutational status and total tumor burden; when appropriate, determinations about initiation of targeted therapy were based on ctDNAdata. Cohorts B and C: patients withBRAF‐ orNRAS‐mutant melanoma who had either undergone surgical resection of high‐risk disease (cohort B) or were receiving or had received medical therapy for advanced disease (cohort C). Patients were followed longitudinally with serial ctDNAmeasurements with contemporaneous radiographic imaging to ascertain times to detection of disease activity and progressive disease, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the ctDNAassay were 86.8% and 100%, respectively. Higher tumor burden and visceral metastases were found to be associated with detectable ctDNA. In two patients in cohort A, ctDNAtest results revealed a targetable mutation where tumor testing had not; both patients experienced a partial response to targeted therapy. In four of 30 patients with advanced melanoma, ctDNAassessments indicated evidence of melanoma activity that predicted radiographic evidence of disease progression by 8, 14, 25, and 38 weeks, respectively. CtDNAwas detectable in three of these four patients coincident with radiographic evaluations that alone were interpreted as showing no evidence of neoplastic disease. Our findings provide evidence for the clinical utility of integrating ctDNAdata in managing patients with melanoma in a real‐world setting.
Predictors of response to opicinumab in acute optic neuritis
Authors: Cadavid Diego , Balcer Laura , Galetta Steven , Aktas Orhan , Ziemssen Tjalf , Vanopdenbosch Ludo J. , Leocani Letizia , Freedman Mark S. , Plant Gordon T. , Preiningerova Jana Lizrova , Ziemssen Focke , Massacesi Luca , Chai Yi , Xu Lei ,   the RENEW Study Investigators
Published: August 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate prespecified and post hoc analyses inRENEWsubgroups to identify participants more likely to benefit from opicinumab.

Methods

RENEWassessed the efficacy/safety of opicinumab versus placebo in participants with a first unilateral acute optic neuritis (AON) episode. Difference in visual evoked potential (VEP) latency of the affected eye at 24 weeks versus the fellow eye at baseline was the primary endpoint. Interactions between the primary endpoint and prespecified baseline variables (including age, timing of treatment initiation, and visual impairment) using the median as cut‐off were evaluated in the per protocol population using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); subgroups based on preexisting brain T2 lesion volume were also analyzed. Interactions between the primary endpoint and retinal ganglion cell layer/inner plexiform layer (RGCL/IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were assessed post hoc as was weight gain by treatment.

Results

Treatment benefit of opicinumab (n = 33) over placebo (n = 36) on the primary endpoint was greatest in participants older than the median age at baseline (≥33 years); the difference versus placebo for baseline age ≥33 years was −14.17 msec [P = 0.01] versus −0.89 msec for baseline age <33 years, [P = 0.87]). Post hoc analysis showed thatVEPlatency recovery was significantly associated with lessRGCL/IPLthinning (P = 0.0164), occurring early on.

Interpretation

Age was the strongest prespecified baseline characteristic associated with a treatment effect of opicinumab. A strong association betweenVEPlatency recovery at week 24 and earlyRGCL/IPLpreservation was observed.
Strategies on Phase Control in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Wang Renyan , Yu Yiwei , Zhou Shasha , Li Huiqiao , Wong Hoilun , Luo Zhengtang , Gan Lin , Zhai Tianyou
Published: August 2018

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) consist of dozens of ultrathin layered materials that have significantly different properties due to their varied phases, which determine the properties and application range of TMDs. Interestingly, a controllable phase transition in TMDs is achieved extensively with the use of several methods. Thus, phase control is a promising way to fully exploit the potential of TMDs. This review introduces the recent rapid development of the study of the TMD phase control, starting from the basic conception of the phase and phase transition in TMDs to the strategies for obtaining phase control. The different strategies are roughly classified into several types based on their characteristics: doping, synthesis method, strain, thermal method, and interlayer coupling. Finally, an evaluation on the prospect of the emergent strategies is provided.
Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Thiazoles from Enamines and Elemental Sulfur through C−S Bond Formation
Authors: Wu Mingzhong , Jiang Yong , An Zhenyu , Qi Zhenjie , Yan Rulong
Published: August 2018

An atom economical approach for the synthesis of substituted thiazoles starting from enamines and elemental sulfur through the C−H functionalization/C−S bond formation is described. Under the optimized conditions, various substituted enamines reacted smoothly with elemental sulfur and the desired substituted thiazoles were generated in moderate to excellent yields.

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Ferroelectric Negative Capacitance Field Effect Transistor
Authors: Tu Luqi , Wang Xudong , Wang Jianlu , Meng Xiangjian , Chu Junhao
Published: August 2018

With the progress in silicon circuit miniaturization, lowering power consumption becomes the major objective. Supply voltage scaling in ultralarge‐scale integration (ULSI) is limited by the physical barrier termed “Boltzmann Tyranny.” Moreover, considerable heat is inevitably generated from the ultrahighly integrated circuit. To solve these problems, a ferroelectric negative capacitance field‐effect transistor (Fe‐NCFET) is proposed in order to reduce the subthreshold swing (SS) through internal voltage amplification mechanism, thus effectively scaling the supply voltage and significantly lowering the power dissipation of ULSI. In this Review, representative research results on NCFET are comprehensively reviewed to offer benefits for further study. Here, the background and significance of NCFETs are introduced, and the physical essence of negative capacitance effect is reviewed. Then, physical models and simulation methods of NCFETs are classified and discussed under the consideration of three basic gate structures. Several influencing factors of device performance such as SS, on‐off ratio, and hysteresis, are also theoretically analyzed. Moreover, the experimental results of NCFETs based on different ferroelectric materials are summarized. Finally, with the combination of NC effect and two‐dimentional materials, FinFET, and tunneling FET, respectively, several novel and potential NCFETs are presented, and the outlook of NCFETs is proposed.
Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection and radiation treatment for rectal cancer: Mutually exclusive or mutually beneficial?
Authors: Sammour Tarik , Chang George J.
Published: August 2018

Lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLN) in mid‐/low rectal cancer pose a theoretical and practical challenge for the clinician and the patient, with geographical differences in management based on historical competing priorities. Although there has been a tendency to think of neoadjuvant radiation versus intraoperative LPLN dissection as a binary choice, they should be more constructively seen as complementary options in the personalized management of patients with rectal cancer. Herein we propose one potential algorithm for using these treatment options in this way based on local preoperative staging and the current evidence available. We also outline future research priorities in this area with the aim of answering several residual questions that remain.
Visualization and Modeling of Protein Adsorption and Transport in DEAE‐ and DEAE‐Dextran‐Modified Bare Capillaries
Authors: Xue Aiying , Sun Yan
Published: August 2018

This article reports a microscopic method to directly visualize protein adsorption and transport in bare capillaries modified with ion exchange groups. Silica capillaries were coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) to eliminate nonspecific protein absorption and then functionalized with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) and DEAE‐dextran to prepare anion‐exchange capillaries denoted as D‐C and D‐dex‐C, respectively. Protein concentration profiles acquired from microscopic images were analyzed with a one‐dimensional diffusion‐adsorption model to determine adsorption capacities and effective diffusivities. It revealed that surface diffusion of bound protein on the capillary surface in D‐Cs was negligible, but that of bound proteins markedly contributed to protein transfer in D‐dex‐Cs because of the chain delivery effect of charged dextran chains. The chain delivery was little affected by protein concentration, but significantly increased with ionic capacity. The research thus provided new insight into protein adsorption and transport behaviors on the surfaces modified with ion exchange groups of different structures. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 305–316, 2019
Solution‐Processable, Transparent Polyimide for High‐Performance High‐kNanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Applications in Transistors
Authors: Yu Yang‐Yen , Chiu Chi‐Ting , Chueh Chu‐Chen
Published: August 2018

In this study, a well‐soluble and highly transparent polyimide (PI) consisting of 9,9‐bis (3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) fluorine (BAHPF) and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA)) was synthesized by a high temperature polycondensation reaction. By further reacting with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) through hydrolysis and condensation reaction, high‐kPI/ZrO2hybrid materials were prepared and demonstrated as efficient dielectric materials in the pentacene‐based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). The influence of ZrO2loading amount in the range of 0–50 wt% on the resultant properties was first investigated. It was revealed that the decomposition temperature of the PI/ZrO2hybrid materials was increased from 445 °C to 478 °C as the incorporated ZrO2amount increased. Also, the addition of ZrO2does not impair the overall transparency of the material owing to its small particle size. All the hybrid films showed high transmittance of over 93% across the wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm. The dielectric constant of the hybrid material was increased from 4.0 to 6.1 as the ZrO2content increased from 0 to 50 wt% while the leakage current density (−2MV cm−1) was restrained to less than 5×10−7 A cm−2. Notably, the incorporation of ZrO2in the PI promoted the crystallization of pentacene grown on top of it. The pentacene‐based TFT using a hybrid material with 30 wt% ZrO2(A30) as the dielectric layer yielded the highest mobility of 1.12 cm2 V−1s−1, greatly surpassing the value (0.26 cm2 V−1s−1) of the reference device using pristine PI (A0) as the dielectric layer. To further optimize the device performance, a surface modifying layer based on a cyclic olefin copolymer was introduced at the dielectric/pentacene interface, which simultaneously flattened the dielectric's surface and passivated its surface defects. As a result, the mobility of the A30‐based TFT can be further enhanced to 3.25 cm2 V−1s−1with a much‐increased Ion/Ioffof 1.2×106. This study clearly manifests the promising potential of high‐kPI/ZrO2hybrid dielectric materials for the future development of transparent and stretchable organic components.
Pallidal and thalamic neural oscillatory patterns in tourette's syndrome
Authors: Neumann Wolf‐Julian , Huebl Julius , Brücke Christof , Lofredi Roxanne , Horn Andreas , Saryyeva Assel , Müller‐Vahl Kirsten , Krauss Joachim K. , Kühn Andrea A.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Aberrant oscillatory activity has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently been established as an effective treatment for severe TS. Modulation of symptom‐specific oscillations may underlie the mechanism of action of DBS and could be used for adaptive neuromodulation to improve therapeutic efficacy. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a pathophysiological association of pallidal and thalamic local field potentials (LFPs) with TS.

Methods

Nine medication‐refractory TS patients were included in the study. Intracerebral LFPs were recorded simultaneously from bilateral pallidal and thalamic DBS electrodes. Spectral and temporal dynamics of pallidal and thalamic oscillations were characterized and correlated with preoperative Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scores.

Results

Peaks of activity in the theta (3–12Hz) and beta (13–35Hz) were present in pallidal and thalamic recordings from all patients (3 women/6 men; mean age, 29.8 years) and coupled through coherence across targets. Presence of prolonged theta bursts in both targets was associated with preoperative motor tic severity. Total preoperative YGTSS scores (mean, 38.1) were correlated with pallidal and thalamic LFP activity using multivariable linear regression (R² = 0.96; p = 0.02).

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that pallidothalamic oscillations may be implicated in the pathophysiology of TS. Furthermore, our results highlight the utility of multisite and ‐spectral oscillatory features in severely affected patients for future identification and clinical use of oscillatory physiomarkers for adaptive stimulation in TS. Ann Neurol 2018;84:505–514
2D Organic Photonics: An Asymmetric Optical Waveguide in Self‐Assembled Halogen‐Bonded Cocrystals
Authors: Zhuo Ming‐Peng , Tao Yi‐Chen , Wang Xue‐Dong , Wu Yuchen , Chen Shuo , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Jiang Lei
Published: August 2018

Anisotropic organic molecular construction and packing are crucial for the optoelectronic properties of organic crystals. Two‐dimensional (2D) organic crystals with regular morphology and good photon confinement are potentially suitable for a chip‐scale planar photonics system. Herein, through the bottom‐up process, 2D halogen‐bonded DPEpe‐F4DIB cocrystals were fabricated that exhibit an asymmetric optical waveguide with the optical‐loss coefficients of RBackward=0.0346 dB μm−1and RForward=0.0894 dB μm−1along the [010] crystal direction, which can be attributed to the unidirectional total internal reflection caused by the anisotropic molecular packing mode. Based on this crystal direction‐oriented asymmetric photon transport, these as‐prepared 2D cocrystals have been demonstrated as a microscale optical logic gate with multiple input/out channels, which will offer potential applications as the 2D optical component for the integrated organic photonics.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Plumisclerin A
Authors: Gao Ming , Wang Ye‐Cheng , Yang Kai‐Rui , He Wei , Yang Xiao‐Liang , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: August 2018

The first and enantioselective total synthesis of (+)‐plumisclerin A, a novel unique complex cytotoxic marine diterpenoid, has been accomplished. Around the central cyclopentane anchorage, a sequential ring‐formation protocol was adopted to generate the characteristic tricycle[4.3.1.01,5]decane and trans‐fused dihyrdopyran moiety. Scalable enantioselective LaIII‐catalyzed Michael reaction, palladium(0)‐catalyzed carbonylation and SmI2‐mediated radical conjugate addition were successfully applied in the synthesis, affording multiple grams of the complex and rigid B/C/D‐ring system having six continuous stereogenic centers and two all‐carbon quaternary centers. The trans‐fused dihyrdopyran moiety with an exo side‐chain was furnished in final stage through sequential redox transformations from a lactone precursor, which overcome the largish steric strain of the dense multiring system. The reported total synthesis also confirms the absolute chemistries of natural (+)‐plumisclerin A.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic Ethers by Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Carboetherification of Alkenols
Authors: Karyakarte Shuklendu D. , Um Chanchamnan , Berhane Ilyas A. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: August 2018

Spirocyclic ethers can be found in bioactive compounds. This copper‐catalyzed enantioselective alkene carboetherification provides 5,5‐, 5,6‐ and 6,6‐spirocyclic products containing fully substituted chiral carbon centers with up to 99 % enantiomeric excess. This reaction features the formation of two rings from acyclic substrates, 1,1‐disubstituted alkenols functionalized with either arenes, alkenes, or alkynes, and clearly constitutes a powerful way to synthesize chiral spirocyclic ethers.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Amide Bond Formation from Methyl Esters
Authors: Ben Halima Taoufik , Masson‐Makdissi Jeanne , Newman Stephen G.
Published: August 2018

Despite being one of the most important and frequently run chemical reactions, the synthesis of amide bonds is accomplished primarily by wasteful methods that proceed by stoichiometric activation of one of the starting materials. We report a nickel‐catalyzed procedure that can enable diverse amides to be synthesized from abundant methyl ester starting materials, producing only volatile alcohol as a stoichiometric waste product. In contrast to acid‐ and base‐mediated amidations, the reaction is proposed to proceed by a neutral cross coupling‐type mechanism, opening up new opportunities for direct, efficient, chemoselective synthesis.
Operando X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Shows Iron Oxidation Is Concurrent with Oxygen Evolution in Cobalt–Iron (Oxy)hydroxide Electrocatalysts
Authors: Enman Lisa J. , Stevens Michaela Burke , Dahan Meir Haim , Nellist Michael R. , Toroker Maytal Caspary , Boettcher Shannon W.
Published: August 2018

Iron cations are essential for the high activity of nickel and cobalt‐based (oxy)hydroxides for the oxygen evolution reaction, but the role of iron in the catalytic mechanism remains under active investigation. Operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations are used to demonstrate partial Fe oxidation and a shortening of the Fe−O bond length during oxygen evolution on Co(Fe)OxHy. Cobalt oxidation during oxygen evolution is only observed in the absence of iron. These results demonstrate a different mechanism for water oxidation in the presence and absence of iron and support the hypothesis that oxidized iron species are involved in water‐oxidation catalysis on Co(Fe)OxHy.
Liquid polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes as an effective and facile reinforcement for liquid silicone rubber
Authors: Sun Jiaotong , Kong Junhua , He Chaobin
Published: August 2018

Acrylo polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes (POSS), a liquid POSS derivative with reactive C=C double bond, is used to modify addition‐cured liquid silicone rubber (LSR) as an effective nanofiller for the first time. Significant enhancements on mechanical properties are obtained. With addition of only 1.5 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of acrylo POSS to fumed silica‐strengthened silicones, the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength are increased by 432% and 66%, respectively, and the hardness of resulting LSR composites is improved as well. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies prove the efficient hydrosilylation between Acrylo POSS and hydrosiloxane directly. The thermal stability and morphology investigations also confirm that POSS is covalently incorporated into the network of silicone rubber. The increment of crosslink density is proved by extraction and swelling experiment and dynamic mechanical analysis. It can be envisioned that this simple and effective method could help produce high performance silicone rubber composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46996.
Lost in the labyrinth: Understanding idiosyncratic interpretations of Kubrick's The Shining
Authors: Merced Matthew
Published: August 2018

Stanley Kubrick's The Shining still generates intense interest nearly four decades after its release. There are numerous books, documentary films, websites, blogs, and YouTube videos dedicated to analyzing the film's content. Many of these analyses are wildly speculative. For example, the film is a coded confession by Kubrick that he faked the Apollo 11 moon landing footage. What about The Shining's content may contribute to some viewers generating such unusual interpretations? The present article applies psychoanalytic theory, supported by findings from cognitive science, to answer this question. It is argued that The Shining's ambiguity generates an “intolerance of uncertainty” for some viewers, which leads them to project their own beliefs and experiences onto the film's scenes and narrative. Additionally, the film's oedipally themed content evokes archaic associations that some viewers may struggle to integrate, which promotes cognitive regression to a less demanding mode of thought. Although this article focuses on a fictional film, its method and findings are potentially generalizable to other phenomena in which idiosyncratic interpretations are expressed.
3‐(7‐Azaindolyl)‐4‐indolylmaleimides as a novel class of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase‐1 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
Authors: Hu Yuanyuan , Gao Anhui , Liao Honghui , Zhang Mengmeng , Xu Gaoya , Gao Lixin , Xu Lei , Zhou Yubo , Gao Jianrong , Ye Qing , Li Jia
Published: August 2018

A series of 3‐(7‐azainodyl)‐4‐indolylmaleimides was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)/R132H inhibitory activities. Many compounds such as 11a, 11c, 11e, 11g, and 11s exhibited favorable inhibitory effects on IDH1/R132H and were highly selective against the wild‐type IDH1. Evaluation of the biological activities at the cellular level showed that compounds 11a, 11c, 11e, 11g, and 11s could effectively suppress the production of 2‐hydroxyglutaric acid in U87MG cells expressing IDH1/R132H. Preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) and molecular modeling studies were discussed based on the experimental data obtained. These findings may provide new insights into the development of novel IDH1/R132H inhibitors.
Durrington walls and the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project 2010–2016
Authors: Gaffney Vincent , Neubauer Wolfgang , Garwood Paul , Gaffney Christopher , Löcker Klaus , Bates Richard , De Smedt Phillipe , Baldwin Eamonn , Chapman Henry , Hinterleitner Alois , Wallner Mario , Nau Erich , Filzwieser Roland , Kainz Jakob , Trausmuth Tanja , Schneidhofer Petra , Zotti Georg , Lugmayer Agatha , Trinks Immo , Corkum Alexander
Published: August 2018

Since 2010 the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project (SHLP) has undertaken extensive archaeological prospection across much of the landscape surrounding Stonehenge. These remote sensing and geophysical surveys have revealed a significant number of new sites and landscape features whilst providing new information on many previously known monuments. The project goal to integrate multimethod mapping over large areas of the landscape has also provided opportunities to re‐interpret the landscape context of individual monuments and, in the case of the major henge at Durrington Walls, to generate novel insights into the structure and sequence of a monument which has attracted considerable research attention over many decades. This article outlines the recent work of the SHLP and the results of the survey at Durrington Walls that shed new light on this enigmatic monument including a site ‘hidden’ within the monument.
Deploying multispectral remote sensing for multi‐temporal analysis of archaeological crop stress at Ravenshall, Fife, Scotland
Authors: Moriarty Charles , Cowley Dave C. , Wade Tom , Nichol Caroline J.
Published: August 2018

Diminishing returns of archaeological crop marks in lowland areas from traditional observer‐directed visible spectrum aerial survey with standard photographic cameras highlights a need to explore alternative approaches to maintain the effectiveness of survey programmes. Developments in low‐cost multispectral remote sensing have in part been driven by the growth of precision agriculture and, whilst contributing to the intensification of land use, these technologies may offer new spectral and temporal capacities for detecting, recording and monitoring historic landscapes. However, there are significant challenges to the deployment of such approaches, not least the costs of data acquisition and uncertainty about the best conditions for data collection. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Parrot Sequoia, a relatively low‐cost multispectral sensor recently developed for agricultural applications, for the detection of crop marks to inform archaeological survey. A series of observations were taken with the sensor mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at Ravenshall, Fife, Scotland, between April and July 2017. The resulting reflectance maps are compared to red, green and blue (RGB) photographs taken with a Nikon D800E digital camera during seven light aircraft surveys, with the aim of testing the sensors' comparative ability to record crop mark developments over time. The contrast in reflectance between vegetation samples growing over buried archaeological remains and the surrounding field was assessed through separability in regional histogram values across different image band combinations. Separable values indicative of crop marks were found in both the multispectral and RGB results from June 2017 onwards. Several vegetation index (VI) maps, particularly the Simple Ratio (SR) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were found to be effective for distinguishing crop marks in the multispectral results. The Sequoia is a cost‐effective sensor offering improved spectral resolution over the RGB photographs, showing potential for subtle crop mark detection across compact study areas.
CBP/p300 inhibitor C646 prevents high glucose exposure induced neuroepithelial cell proliferation
Authors: Bai Baoling , Zhang Qin , Wan Chunlei , Li Dan , Zhang Ting , Li Huili
Published: August 2018

Background

Maternal diabetes related neural tube defects (NTDs) are a result of oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism behind the pathogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we report that high glucose exposure‐induced epigenetic changes influence histone H4 acetylation and neuroepithelial cell proliferation. We also show that the acetyltransferase inhibitor C646 can prevent high glucose induced changes in histone H4 acetylation and neuroepithelial cell proliferation.

Methods

By using LC‐MS/MS as an unbiased approach, we screened the histone acetylation profile in an E9 neuroepithelial cell line (NE‐4C) under high glucose exposure. We further explored the mechanism in cells in vitro and in maternal diabetes‐induced mouse embryos in vivo.

Results

We identified 35 core histone acetylation marks in normal E9 neuroepithelial cells, whereas high glucose exposure resulted in novel acetylation sites on H4K31 and H4K44. Acetylation levels of embryonic development associated H4K5/K8/K12/K16 increased in neuroepithelial cells exposed to high glucose in vitro and in brain tissue from maternal diabetes induced exencephalic embryos in vivo. Further, mRNA level of histone acetyltransferase CBP encoded gene Crebbp was significantly increased both in vitro and in vivo. The addition of C646, a selective inhibitor for CBP/p300, significantly rescued increase of H4K5/K8/K12/K16 acetylation levels and H3S10pi‐labeled neuroepithelial cell proliferation induced by high glucose exposure.

Conclusion

Our data provide complementary insights for potential mechanisms of maternal diabetes induced NTDs.
Is exam hell the cause of high academic achievement in East Asia? The case of Japan and the case for transcending stereotypes
Authors: Komatsu Hikaru , Rappleye Jeremy
Published: August 2018

High student achievement across East Asia is often explained as an outcome of highly competitive, stress‐inducing college entrance exams across the region. This ‘exam hell’ drives students to study longer and harder than their peers worldwide, a race that leads—unsurprisingly—to higher marks in international comparisons such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Yet, the race comes at a considerable cost: psychological pressure, forfeited childhoods, regimes of rote memorisation, lack of creativity and private outlays for cram schools. In this article, we seek to refute this outdated narrative by focusing on changes in Japanese education over the past three decades. We first analyse quantitative data for learning time based on three longitudinal surveys conducted by researchers in Japan to show that learning time for Japanese upper secondary students declined during 1980–2000 (Study 1). We then turn to analyse PISA 2015 data to show that now Japanese students study less than their peers in major Anglo‐American countries: the USA, the UK and Australia (Study 2). These findings run counter to well‐worn images frequently rehearsed in both the academic and popular literature. In helping to remove one of the most persistent stereotypes about East Asian education, we seek to help make visible other explanations for East Asian student achievement.
Functional connectivity changes in the entorhinal cortex of taxi drivers
Authors: Peng Limin , Zeng Ling‐Li , Liu Qiang , Wang Lubin , Qin Jian , Xu Huaze , Shen Hui , Li Hong , Hu Dewen
Published: August 2018

Introduction

As a major interface between the hippocampus and the neocortex, the entorhinal cortex (EC) is widely known to play a pivotal role in spatial memory and navigation. Previous studies have suggested that the EC can be divided into the anterior‐lateral (alEC) and the posterior‐medial subregions (pmEC), with the former receiving object‐related information from the perirhinal cortex and the latter receiving scene‐related information from the parahippocampal cortex. However, the functional connectivity maps of the EC subregions in the context of extensive navigation experience remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the functional connectivity of the EC in subjects with long‐term navigation experience and aimed to find the navigation‐related change in the functional properties of the human EC.

Methods

We investigated the resting‐state functional connectivity changes in the EC subregions by comparing the EC functional connectivity maps of 20 taxi drivers with those of 20 nondriver controls. Furthermore, we examined whether the functional connectivity changes of the EC were related to the number of taxi driving years.

Results

Significantly reduced functional connectivity was found in the taxi drivers between the left pmEC and the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right angular gyrus, and bilateral precuneus as well as some temporal regions, and between the right pmEC and the left inferior temporal gyrus. Notably, the strength of the functional connectivity between the left pmEC and the left precuneus, as well as the right ACC, was negatively correlated with the years of taxi driving.

Conclusion

This is the first study to explore the impact of long‐term navigation experience on the connectivity patterns of the EC, the results of which may shed new light on the potential influence of extensive navigational training on the functional organization of the EC in healthy human brains.