bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
About the new methodological guide for designing fixed parts of reinforced concrete structures
Authors:   NIIZHB named after A. A. Gvozdev JSC Research Center of Construction, Ivanov Sergey , Bolgov Andrey ,   NIIZHB named after A. A. Gvozdev JSC Research Center of Construction, Kuzevanov Dmitry ,   NIIZHB named after A. A. Gvozdev JSC Research Center of Construction
Published: October 2020

СП 63.13330.2018 (Приложение Б) по рас-чету закладных деталей [1] базируется на Рекомендациях 1984 г. [2] и не учитывает ряд важных особенностей работы закладных деталей, которые были выявлены за последние годы. Кроме того, в последнее время широкое развитие получили анкерные крепления, устанавливаемые в готовое строительное основание, механизм работы которых во многом схож с работой закладных деталей. В этой связи для сокращения нормативных требований и их унификации назрела необходимость гармонизации основных положений по расчету закладных деталей с отечественной и зарубежной системой нормативных документов в области проектирования анкерного крепления. В рамках государственной программы стандартизации в 2019 г. в лаборатории «Железобетонных конструкций и контроля качества» НИИЖБ им. А. А. Гвоздева были переработаны Рекомендации [2] по проектированию закладных деталей. Статья содержит описание отличий разработанного Пособия по расчету от действовавших ранее нормативных документов и причины, по которым были введены эти отличия.
Morphological Features Of Microvascular Tissue Of The Brain At Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors:   Assistant To The Department Of Human Anatomy And Surgical Topography Of The Samrkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Ilkhomovna Kamalovamalika , Eriyigitovich Islamov Shavkat ,   Doctor Of Medical Sciences, Department Of Forensic Examination And Pathological Anatomy, Samarkand Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Kadyrovich Khaidarov Nodir ,   Doctor Of Medical Sciences, Department Of Nervous Diseases And Physiotherapy Of Tashkent State Dental Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: October 2020

Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke and is heavier and in most cases has an adverse outcome in the form of death of a patient or permanent disability.Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the frequency of GI, which is increasingly found at a younger age. GI is based on a rupture of blood vessels, the development of hemorrhage and as a consequence - the formation of cerebral edema, ischemia of brain tissue, violation of the integrity of GBS, imbalance of the neuroimmune system, as well as violation of the function of other systems and organs.
Comparative Analysis Of Uzbek And English Proverbs
Authors:   Lecturer Of Kokand State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Umidjon Ahmedov
Published: October 2020

Every language has its own stock of proverbs and proverbs in one language today reflect every age and time. The proverbs show us as the observation of everyday life, constitute popular philosophy of life, and provide an insight into human behavior and character. This article discusses comparative analysis of Uzbek and English proverbs.
Morality and management: an oxymoron? fNIRS and neuromanagement perspective explain us why things are not like this
Authors: Balconi Michela , Fronda Giulia
Published: October 2020

The neuroscience interest for moral decision-making has recently increased. To investigate the processes underlying moral behavior, this research aimed to investigate neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of decision-making in moral contexts. Specifically, functional Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) allowed to record oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) cerebral hemoglobin concentrations during different moral conditions (professional fit, company fit, social fit) and offers types (fair, unfair, neutral). Moreover, individuals’ responses to offers types and reaction time (RTs) were considered. Specifically, from hemodynamic results emerged a difference in O2Hb and HHb activity according to moral conditions and offers types in different brain regions. In particular, O2Hb increase and a HHb decrease were observed in ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, DLPFC) for fair offers in professional fit condition and in superior temporal sulcus (STS) for unfair offers in social fit condition. Moreover, an increase of left O2Hb activity in professional fit condition and in right VMPFC for unfair offers in company fit condition was observed. In addition, from behavioral results, an RTs increase in company and social fit condition for fair and unfair offers emerged. This study, therefore, shows the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of moral decision-making that guide moral behavior in different context, such as company one.
Information technologies and resources of open science: bibliometric, scientometric vision
Authors: Pasmor Yuliya , Kulyk Margarita
Published: October 2020

Problem setting. Today our country joins the European Research Area, in particular, taking into account the experience and successful practices of the European Union in open science, cooperation in digital projects, ensuring access of Ukrainian scientists to international databases, electronic journals, scientific and educational networks and scientometric systems and platforms.
Some analysis issues of the state and prospects of the national system of open science development, the application of information technologies and open science resources for scientometric and bibliometric analysis of modern trends in scientific communication, don`t lose their relevance, were and remain in the center of attention of foreign and national scientists, specialists, practitioners, such as: S. Glibko, Y. Pasmor, A. Strizhkova.
The target of this article is to define tasks and directions concerning scientometric and bibliometric definition of modern problems of scientific activity on the basis of the analysis.
Article`s main body. In the context of Ukraine’s solution of tasks and implementation of long-term plans for integration of achievements and obtainings of scientists into the European information space, EU development strategy until 2020 is aimed at «Innovation Union» and at building open innovation. It seems convincing that the concept of open access has become the basis for the emergence of a number of projects, which were realised in the paradigm of open science through the joint use and dissemination of research results, ideas, innovations for global progress, development and presence of Ukraine in the world scientific community.
Conclusions and prospects for the development. 44.8 % of respondents said that scientometrics is very important. 89.6 % support scientometrics as a new but necessary way to measure scientific achievements. Therefore, in the current trends of global technologies of open science, natural transformations of society, the evolution of forms and research methodologies are obvious. In the paradigm of open innovations, which are also based on scientometric, bibliometric indicators and resources of open science, the following issues are relevant: 1) providing grant support for the best projects of Ukrainian scientists within the competition of the National Research Foundation; 2) implementation of measures for Ukraine accession to the grant program «Horizon Europe»; 3) continuation of work on the creation of the National Scientific Information System «URIS»; 4) stimulation of activities in the field of technology transfer to provide more transparency and accessibility to national science; 5) implementation of a pilot project of the creation a network of startup-school-incubator-accelerator on the basis of higher education institutions and research institutions.
Multi Robot System Dynamics and Path Tracking
Authors: Khairullah Yousif , Marhoon Ali , Rashid Mofeed , Rashid Abdulmuttalib
Published: October 2020

The Leader detecting and following are one of the main challenges in designing a leader-follower multi-robot system, in addition to the challenge of achieving the formation between the robots, while tracking the leader. The biological system is one of the main sources of inspiration for understanding and designing such multi-robot systems, especially, the aggregations that follow an external stimulus such as light. In this paper, a multi-robot system in which the robots are following a spotlight is designed based on the behavior of the Artemia aggregations. Three models are designed: kinematic and two dynamic models. The kinematic model reveals the light attraction behavior of the Artemia aggregations. The dynamic model will be derived based on the newton equation of forces and its parameters are evaluated by two methods: first, a direct method based on the physical structure of the robot and, second, the Least Square Parameter Estimation method. Several experiments are implemented in order to check the success of the three proposed systems and compare their performance. The experiments are divided into three scenarios of simulation according to three paths: the straight line, circle, zigzag path. The V-Rep software has been used for the simulation and the results appeared the success of the proposed system and the high performance of tracking the spotlight and achieving the flock formation, especially the dynamic models.
Development and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Models for Predicting Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel
Authors: Seniorita Latifa , Minami Eiji , Kawamoto Haruo
Published: October 2020

Biodiesel, especially palm oil-based methyl esters (PME), is steadily increasing in consumption in Indonesia and Malaysia as a petroleum diesel substitute. PME has poor cold flow properties due to the presence of saturated bound glycerols. Bound glycerols, such as monoglycerides (MAGs), diglycerides (DAGs), and triglycerides (TAGs), are impurities in biodiesel as a result of incomplete transesterification, and have high melting points. These minor components often solidify even at temperatures higher than the cloud point and thus cause clogging in fuel filters. It is, therefore, essential to predict the solidification temperature for the application of biodiesel, particularly in high blending levels. This study developed and evaluated thermodynamic models for predicting the solidification of biodiesel. Binary and multicomponent mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and bound glycerols were prepared as biodiesel models. The solidification temperature was measured by differential scanning calorimetry and the results were compared with the predicted values. It was discovered that most of the binary mixtures of a FAME and a bound glycerol (MAG, DAG, or TAG) behaved as eutectic systems, in which a solid phase consists of a single component. In the case of the eutectic system, the solidification temperature could be estimated by assuming non-ideal liquid solutions, and the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model helped calculate the activity coefficient. However, the mixtures of MAG/MAG differed from the eutectic system, suggesting that the solid compounds of different types of MAGs were formed. Thus, the compound formation model was developed, which was successful in predicting the solidification temperatures of biodiesel model fuels that consist of several kinds of FAMEs and MAGs.
MHD Stagnation Point Flow in Nanofluid Over Shrinking Surface Using Buongiorno's Model: A Stability Analysis
Authors: Aladdin Nur Adilah Liyana , Bachok Norfifah , Anuar Nur Syazana
Published: October 2020

An analysis has been performed using the Buongiorno model on the nanofluid steady 2D stagnation point flow magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) over the shrinking surface to test its stability. Transforming the governing partial equations into a set of ordinary differential equation (ODE) and solved the equations numerically. In this paper, the impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis has been considered and can be seen in ODE. The physical quantities of interest such as skin friction, local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number as well as the velocity and temperature profiles are acquired by numerical findings for some values of governing parameters such as ?, M, Pr, Le, Nb and Nt. Results show that duality of solutions exist for certain values e <-1 while unique solution exist when e >-1. On the other hand, as the parameter of M increased, the gradient of velocity increased, the rate of transmission heat and mass improved. Throughout the analysis, it demonstrates a linearly stable first solution in comparison to linearly unstable second solution.
Performance Evaluation of Axial Flow Wind Turbine Integrated with The Condenser
Authors: Santoso Budi , Tjahjana Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija , Widodo Purwadi Joko
Published: October 2020

This study investigated the application of an axial flow wind turbine integrated with a condenser. The exhaust air from condenser was used to drive the wind turbine by a ducted turbine system. There were two parameters varied in this work: the blade number and the blade pitch angle. The blade number used was two blades, five blades, and ten blades, while the blade pitch angles were 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 45°. The diameter of the wind turbine was 495 mm. The model of the condenser had a fan diameter of 600 mm and the range of the average air velocity of 2.01 m/s - 7.86 m/s. The maximum mechanical power was 10.72 W for air velocity of 7.86 m/s. The maximum power coefficient recorded was 0.38 for the tip speed ratio of 1.3 on the blade number of five blades and a pitch angle of 10°. The maximum exhaust air energy recovery was 13.64% of the power consumption of the condenser fan.
Real Part of Twisted-by-Grading Spectral Triples
Authors:   Universit&, Filaci Manuele ,   #224,   di Genova, Italy, Martinetti Pierre ,   Università di Genova, Italy
Published: October 2020

After a brief review on the applications of twisted spectral triples to physics, we adapt to the twisted case the notion of real part of a spectral triple. In particular, when one twists a usual spectral triple by its grading, we show that - depending on the KO dimension - the real part is either twisted as well, or is the intersection of the initial algebra with its opposite. We illustrate this result with the spectral triple of the standard model.
The First Robust Constraints on the Relationship between Dust-to-gas Ratio and Metallicity in Luminous Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift*
Authors: Shapley Alice E. , Cullen Fergus , Dunlop James S. , McLure Ross J. , Kriek Mariska , Reddy Naveen A. , Sanders Ryan L.
Published: October 2020

We present rest-optical spectroscopic properties of a sample of four galaxies in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Hubble Ultra Deep Field (ALMA HUDF). These galaxies span the redshift range

and the stellar mass range

. They have existing far-infrared and radio measurements of dust-continuum and molecular gas emission from which bolometric star formation rates (SFRs), dust masses, and molecular gas masses have been estimated. We use new H- and K-band near-infrared spectra from the Keck/Multi-object Spectrometer for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE) to estimate SFRs from dust-corrected Hα emission (SFR(Hα)) and gas-phase oxygen abundances from the ratio [N ii]

/Hα. We find that the dust-corrected SFR(Hα) is systematically lower than the bolometric SFR by a factor of several, and measure gas-phase oxygen abundances in a narrow range,

(

). Relative to a large z ∼ 2 comparison sample from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey, the ALMA HUDF galaxies scatter roughly symmetrically around the best-fit linear mass–metallicity relation, providing tentative evidence for a flattening in the SFR dependence of metallicity at high stellar mass. Combining oxygen abundances with estimates of dust and molecular gas masses, we show that there is no significant evolution in the normalization of the dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) versus metallicity relation from z ∼ 0 to z ∼ 2. This result is consistent with some semi-analytic models and cosmological simulations describing the evolution of dust in galaxies. Tracing the actual form of the DGR versus metallicity relation at high redshift now requires combined measurements of dust, gas, and metallicity over a significantly wider range in metallicity.
Genetic assessment of the variation and distribution of the species of Salinator (Panpulmonata: Amphibolidae) in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Colgan Donald , Lumsdaine Hugo
Published: October 2020

Amphibolidae is one of the most abundant families of gastropods in estuarine environments of south-eastern Australia. However, the range limits of the species of Salinator, one of the family’s two genera in the region, remain unclear partly due to uncertainty of identifications based solely on shell morphology. Insufficient data have been collected to address questions regarding the genetic variability of any of the species of Salinator. Here, DNA sequences from a segment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 28S ribosomal RNA genes were collected to investigate the distribution and variation of the three Salinator species in the region, these being S. fragilis, S. rhamphidia and S. tecta. The results demonstrate a large range extension in S. rhamphidia and suggest that S. tecta may have limited distribution in Tasmania. In contrast to previously-studied estuarine Mollusca in the south-eastern coasts of the mainland and Tasmania, S. rhamphidia has regional differentiation. There is evidence of genetic disequilibrium within S. fragilis, suggesting that it may presently comprise contributions from two distinct sets of populations.
Calamagrostis hongii (Poaceae, Agrostidinae), a new species from southwestern China
Authors: Liu Bing , Paszko Beata
Published: October 2020

Calamagrostis hongii, a new species ofCalamagrostis(Poaceae) from southwestern China (S Chongqing, W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan), is here described and illustrated. It is similar toC. arundinaceaandC. effusiflorain spikelet traits, but can be distinguished by its moderately or densely scabrous upper leaf surface with ribs covered by short, stiff, prickle hairs, and glabrous leaf sheaths, blades and collars. NomenclatureDeyeuxia zhongdianensislacks Latin description or diagnosis and is an unavailablenomen nudum(naked name).
Anti-Racism in Nursing Education: Recommendations for Racial Justice Praxis
Authors: Coleman Tesiah
Published: October 2020

Background:

Studies link racism to higher mortality rates, earlier onset of more severe diseases, and higher comorbidity and impairment. This article explores nursing education as an upstream intervention to addressing racial inequities.

Method:

Six recommendations were created to guide the praxis of anti-racism in nursing education. The recommendations were based on examination of nursing literature and draw on experiences of the author.

Results:

These recommendations include the following: adopt an explicitly anti-racist position, include everyone, institute a power and privilege course for all incoming students, implement intersectionality as a core competency, foster community-academic partnership, and utilize transdisciplinary resources.

Conclusion:

There are no quick fixes to health inequities; they are rooted in racism and discrimination that have been woven into the fabric of American society. However, by implementing the outlined recommendations, schools of nursing, and their nurse educators, can prepare the future workforce to be change agents.

[
J Nurs Educ.
2020;59(11):642–645.]
La littérature congolaise : une première approche quantifiée grâce à LITAF
Authors: Halen Pierre
Published: October 2020

Cette analyse de la place réelle qu’occupe la littérature congolaise à l’échelon global (en fait, elle ne dépasse guère l’« espace littéraire » francophone, en raison du très faible nombre de traductions) s’appuie sur les résultats que donne une consultation de la base de données LITAF. Elle procède par une comparaison avec la production littéraire d’autres pays africains. On peut y mesurer l’importance relative de la production littéraire par pays, par genre littéraire, de même que la légitimité acquise respectivement par les principaux écrivains. Il en ressort que, relativement à son importance démographique, la RDC affiche un palmarès médiocre, voire très faible. Une analyse qui tient compte de l’évolution par décennie permet de relativiser ce bilan et d’exprimer plusieurs hypothèses quant aux facteurs qui pourraient l’expliquer ; parmi ces facteurs, les effets de la dictature et des problèmes de gouvernance, affectant singulièrement l’enseignement, ont sans doute joué un rôle déterminant dans l’affaiblissement de la littéracie.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO CLINOGRÁFICA, DE USO E COBERTURA DO SOLO E PERDA DO SOLO DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO SOCORRO, RS
Authors: Machado Vinícius Gomes , Cemin Gisele , Dos Santos Geise Macedo , Schneider Vania Elisabete
Published: October 2020

A condição fundamental para o gerenciamento de bacias de captação de água é conhecer suas características físicas, entre elas se destacam a declividade, uso e cobertura do solo e perda do solo. Conhecê-las, torna possível o planejamento e tomada de ações que garantam não apenas qualidade e disponibilidade da água necessária para o uso antrópico, mas também a sanidade ambiental e equilíbrio ecológico local. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar e caracterizar a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Socorro, localizada a nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo enfoque na declividade, uso e cobertura do solo e perda do solo local. Para isso, fez-se uso sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG), dados cartográficos, como hidrografia e curvas de nível e dados provenientes de sensores remotos para a geração dos mapas de declividade, uso e cobertura do solo e perda de solos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que se trata de uma bacia em grande parte plana e levemente ondulada. Com relação a perda de solo na bacia, aproximadamente 90% das áreas foram classificadas como a classe de menor suscetibilidade a perda de solo. Quanto ao uso e cobertura do solo, destaca-se a ocupação antrópica de lavouras (258,62 km², 49,10%) substituindo a vegetação nativa, sendo que a última ainda ocupa uma área representativa na foz da bacia (149,22 km², 28,33%). Esses dados servem de base para trabalhos mais aprofundados na área e para gestão da área da bacia.
ABORDAGEM METODOLÓGICA ECOLOGIA DA PAISAGEM: ORIGEM, ENFOQUE E TÉCNICAS DE ANÁLISE
Authors: Pereira Costa Izaura Cristina Nunes
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a origem e o desenvolvimento da abordagem metodológica denominada Ecologia da Paisagem e o papel da paisagem no desenvolvimento de estudos com foco na interação sociedade e natureza. Diferentemente da Ecologia tradicional que tem no estudo das inter-relações verticais entre os ecossistemas o seu foco central de análise, a Ecologia da Paisagem centra-se no estudo das inter-relações horizontais entre as diversas unidades espaciais e nas relações verticais internas a essas unidades. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida da leitura e análise das principais referências sobre o tema. Desse modo, foi possível identificar a origem e sistematizar a evolução histórica dessa abordagem no âmbito das Ciências como um todo, além de compreender a sua estreita relação com a Ciência Geográfica. Nesse processo, visualizou-se também a importância da paisagem e suas métricas na investigação da complexa relação entre homem e natureza, e como suporte à gestão e ao planejamento ambiental. Assim, entendida como uma abordagem holística, a Ecologia da Paisagem que tem como objeto de estudo os padrões e interações da paisagem e suas mudanças ao longo tempo, considera tanto as paisagens naturais quanto às paisagens construídas pela ação do homem. Por se tratar de uma área do saber, relativamente nova, demanda mais estudos, que propiciem o aperfeiçoamento das técnicas já existentes de investigação da paisagem, sobretudo quando a ênfase for no grau de interação e conectividade dos elementos que a compõe.
The dilemma of local participation in the Brazil-France cross-border cooperation (1990-2015)
Authors: Carmentilla das Chagas Martins  , Cavlak Iuri
Published: October 2020

From the 1980s/90s, Brazilian foreign policy adopted a more assertive agenda regarding neighboring countries in northern South America. In this context, the celebration of the Framework Agreement between Brazil and France is inserted, an institutional framework that implemented cross-border cooperation between Amapá and French Guiana. At the time, France was interested in projecting itself politically and commercially in South America. On the other hand, Brazil has also achieved success with this new agenda. However, after twenty-four years in force, cross-border cooperation does not show effectiveness regarding the results expected by the collectives on both sides of the Guyano-Amapá border. This article seeks to discuss that the lack of local participation has become a contender in the development of this cooperation, which has not resulted in a political project capable of promoting the aggregation of cultural matrices that stimulate an identity of objectives.  To development the reflection, non-participant observation, interviews with residents in the city of Oiapoque were used, as well as the examination of some agreements concluded between Brazil and France and the minutes of the meetings of the Joint Cross-Border Commission-CTM. The specificities that make the Guyano-Amapá border interesting to the governments of Brazil and France are found in the temporal experiences of multiple actors, unrelated to chronologies, but rather to the length of life lived.
Il Rapporto 2001/2002 sulla prassi dell’eutanasia nei Paesi Bassi: considerazioni critiche
Authors: Eijk Willem J.
Published: October 2020

Nel mese di giugno di 2003 è stato pubblicato il terzo Rapporto sulla prassi di eutanasia nei Paesi Bassi. Lo scopo dell’indagine era, fra l’altro, di verificare se i medici rispettino la regolamentazione sull’eutanasia. Dal 1998 tutti i casi di eutanasia e suicidio medicalmente assistito devono essere denunciati dal medico alle Commissioni Regionali di Controllo sull’Eutanasia. Questa procedura è stata poi mantenuta nella Legge sul “Controllo della Cessazione della Vita a Richiesta e dell’Assistenza al Suicidio” (2001) secondo cui l’eutanasia e il suicidio medicalmente assistito sono legali a condizione che il medico abbia rispettato una serie di adempimenti. Uno di essi richiede che il medico denunci casi di eutanasia e suicidio medicalmente assistito.

Dal Rapporto, invece, risulta che - sebbene la percentuale di casi di eutanasia e suicidio medicalmente assistito denunciati sia aumentata dal 41% nel 1995 fino al 54% nel 2001, il numero totale tende a calare dal 2000. Il numero dei casi di cessazione intenzionale della vita senza richiesta del malato è rimasto praticamente invariato nel 2001/2002. Siccome i medici denunciano appena questi casi, il controllo sociale su essi è praticamente escluso. Molti casi di cessazione intenzionale della vita sono velati come casi di sedazione terminale.

Rimane inoltre la domanda se il 13% di tutti i decessi (circa 18.200 in totale) in cui una terapia non è stata iniziata o continuata allo scopo esplicito di accelerare la morte, non sia equivalente alla cessazione intenzionale della vita dal punto di vista etico. La prassi dell’eutanasia nei Paesi Bassi non risulta quindi essere controllata, contrariamente a quanto voluto dal legislatore.

Un dato significativo è che l’introduzione delle cure palliative (CP) in Olanda ha avuto luogo abbastanza tardi (nella seconda meta degli anni Novanta del XX secolo), l’introduzione dell’eutanasia invece presto (cioè negli anni Settanta). Medici che svolgono il ruolo di consultatori in casi di eutanasia nei Paesi Bassi, hanno costatato che la frequenza di richieste di eutanasia è diminuita considerevolmente dopo l’introduzione delle CP. La conclusione è che l’applicazione delle CP costituisca la garanzia migliore per un trattamento adeguato della condizione di fine vita e un efficace antidoto contro la richiesta eutanasica.
Considerazioni sulla fondazione teoretica per l’etica infermieristica
Authors: Peroni Antonia
Published: October 2020

L’etica in ambito infermieristico riveste da sempre grande importanza per la peculiare natura disciplinare dell’infermieristica. Proprio per questo l’etica viene variamente interpretata e trattata all’interno del sapere infermeiristico in relazione ai diversi approcci disciplinari ed interpretazioni da parte dei docenti. In questo lavoro non si intende disquisire sulle diverse correnti etiche oggi variamente presenti nella comunità scientifica, bensì fare una panoramica sulle diverse concezioni con le quali si interpreta l’etica in campo infermieristico. Fondamentalmente esse si possono ricondurre a tre filoni principali: l’etica come filosofia, l’etica come norma e l’etica come assistenza, quest’ultima a sua volta articolata in due oreintamenti, l’etica in relazione a “teorie e modelli infermiersitici” e l’etica del “prendersi cura”.

In realtà si evince che tutti gli orientamenti proposti hanno in sé dei limiti poiché sviluppare l’etica infermieristica secondo un orientamento significa tendere a sviluppare un atteggiamento categoriale, interpretato, con il rischio di non andare alla radice della questione etica nell’intento di riconoscere la peculiarità di ogni essere umano.

Si conclude affermando la ricchezza e l’importanza delle diverse concezioni etiche per la professione infermieristica ma non senza aver sviluppato gli elementi che costituiscono la base della fenomenologia etica e cioè la Legge Morale Naturale, la Coscienza e la Moralità.

Perché un infermiere possa esercitare con competenza la sua professione deve sviluppare gli elementi della moralità, in particolare la coscienza etica. Soltanto a queste condizioni egli potrà essere in grado di vivere pienamente la dimensione etica del suo servizio riconoscendo i problemi e dilemmi etici nella quotidianità del suo lavoro nel tentativo di rispondere secondo gli orientamenti che riterrà più conformi alla sua natura etica ma sempre nel rispetto della intrinseca “valorialità” della persona umana.
Lo sviluppo sostenibile: considerazioni etiche
Authors: Tortoreto D. , Sgreccia E.
Published: October 2020

Nell’ambito dell’attuale orientamento delle politiche internazionali, lo sviluppo sostenibile fornisce il programma di azione per lo sradicamento della povertà, la protezione della salute umana, la salvaguardia dell’ambiente. Il principio fondamentale per raggiungere uno sviluppo sostenibile è la dignità della persona umana.

A questo riguardo, il Summit mondiale sullo sviluppo sostenibile adotta un piano pratico e chiaro per costruire una società globale equa e solidale. Lo sviluppo sostenibile attribuisce priorità alla salute umana. Si sente l’urgente bisogno di sviluppare e rafforzare programmi per risolvere le cause delle malattie, comprese le cause ambientali, e in particolare per promuovere l’accesso alle medicine per tutti.

Il Summit di Johannesburg ha confermato gli sforzi per rispondere al problema della degradazione dell’ambiente mediante il miglioramento dell’ecoefficienza, il supporto di programmi per produzioni più pulite e l’incoraggiamento alla diffusione delle tecnologie ambientali in tutti i paesi.

La realizzazione delle tre componenti dello sviluppo sostenibile, sviluppo economico, sviluppo sociale e salvaguardia dell’ambiente, possono essere raggiunte solo mediante l’incremento demografico.

Infine, per rovesciare l’interpretazione ideologica dello sviluppo sostenibile è necessario riconoscere l’importanza dell’etica per lo sviluppo sostenibile focalizzata sulla dignità della persona umana.
Exporting Death or Offering Compassion: Vignettes of the American Experience with Physician Assisted Suicide
Authors: Hogan Frances X. , Rea-Luthin Marianne
Published: October 2020

Not available.
I diritti dell’uomo, la bioetica e l’embrione umano
Authors: Casini Marina
Published: October 2020

L’articolo muove dalla constatazione – documentata dal riferimento a numerosi documenti di carattere giuridico - dell’intenso legame esistente tra la riflessione sui diritti umani e quella sulla bioetica; legame che affonda le sue radici nella metà del secolo scorso e che è a tutt’oggi fecondo tanto da costituire una delle caratteristiche della modernità.

La forza espansiva delle due riflessioni trova uno sbocco ed una prospettiva comune nel biodiritto che sta imponendosi non solo come un settore degli ordinamenti interni, definibile in base a criteri pratici, didattici o sistematici, ma anche come riflessione planetaria sui diritti umani il cui nucleo più profondo è costituito dalla meditazione sulla dignità umana, sul suo contenuto, sulla sua ragione. Il biodiritto, infatti, manifesta l’urgenza di un supplemento di riflessione, uno sforzo speculativo che sappia guardare a fondo per cogliere senso più autentico del diritto e dei diritti umani. Questo supplemento di riflessione viene posto nella prospettiva dell’esistenza umana appena sbocciata e minacciata in molti modi: dall’aborto chirurgico a quello chimico, dalla fecondazione in vitro, all’uso dell’embrione a fini sperimentali o di ricerca.

Sullo sfondo di una panoramica generale dei principali testi giuridici che più o meno direttamente si occupano, con diversi esiti, dell’embrione umano, lo scritto si sofferma sulle ragioni che depongono a favore del riconoscimento del concepito come soggetto. Tali ragioni- squisitamente giuridiche - sono date dalla meditazione sulla dignità umana e sul collegato principio di uguaglianza alla luce delle Costituzioni e delle dichiarazioni di diritti; dal concetto tecnico-giuridico di persona; dalla rilevanza giuridica del dubbio.
La ricerca sulle cellule staminali: la nuova sfida dell’Europa unita
Authors: Altavilla Annagrazia , Dell’Erba Alessandro
Published: October 2020

La ricerca sulle cellule staminali rappresenta uno dei settori più promettenti della biotecnologia, in quanto offre la possibilità di sviluppare nuovi metodi per riparare o sostituire le cellule o i tessuti lesionati o malati e per curare alcune patologie croniche gravi. Tale ricerca può anche fornire un contributo importante alla scienza di base, aiutando a comprendere i meccanismi di proliferazione e differenziazione cellulare.

Gli embrioni umani preimpanto rappresentano una delle possibili fonti di cellule staminali. Tuttavia, laddove questa ricerca prevede l’utilizzo di embrioni umani, essa solleva la questione dei principi etici in gioco e dei limiti e delle condizioni cui questa deve essere soggetta.

Gli stati europei hanno adottato posizioni diverse in merito alla regolamentazione della ricerca sulle cellule staminali embrionali. Tale disparità, che riflette le tradizioni etiche, filosofiche e religiose alle quali gli stati si ispirano, conferma l’esistenza di punti di vista divergenti in Europa su quanto sia o meno eticamente suscettibile di tutela.

Questo articolo esamina le legislazioni e le posizioni etiche esistenti a tal proposito in Europa, oltre che i nuovi orientamenti sui principi da applicare nella concessione di finanziamenti comunitari (nell’ambito del VI Programma quadro di ricerca europeo –FP6) per progetti di ricerca implicanti l’uso di embrioni umani e di cellule staminali embrionali.

Tale studio intende altresì fornire degli spunti di riflessione sui nuovi traguardi dell’integrazione europea nel settore della ricerca biomedica.
Saviour siblings
Authors: Sutton Agneta
Published: October 2020

The creation of saviour siblings to provide umbilical cord blood or bone marrow to save a sick sibling is fraught with moral dangers. This paper discusses the physical and psychological risks involved to saviour siblings and argues that each child ought to be welcomed for its own sake, rather than for the sake of being used as a means to save another.

The argument centres around recent case histories in the United Kingdom and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority’s (HFEA) decision on July 21st 2004 to allow embryos created by IVF to be tested in order to help families to have a child who can serve as a tissue match for a seriously ill sibling. It is argued that The HFEA has not provided sufficient evidence to show that pre-implantation diagnosis itself is free of risks to the child’s longterm health; nor has it substantiated its claim that the creation of saviour siblings may benefit whole families.

The paper also points out that the renowned British fertility expert, Professor Lord Winston, has come out strongly against the creation of saviour siblings. Pointing to an unsavoury scenario, he asked what would happen if the umbilical cord blood of the saviour sibling failed to repair the sick sibling? Would the saviour sibling then have to donate bone marrow? And suggesting and even grimmer situation, he asked what might happen if the kidney of the sick sibling failed? His comments clearly show that a child who is not created for its own sake risks being abused and treated as a supply of spare parts.
Legge n. 40/2004 e disciplina del consenso informato
Authors: Casini C. , Casini M. , Di Pietro M.L.
Published: October 2020

L'art. 4 della Legge n. 40/2004 sulla "procreazione medicalmente assistita" (PMA) considera il consenso informato uno dei principi fondamentali - insieme al principio di gradualità nell'uso delle tecniche - dell'intera normativa. L'art. 6 - il più ampio e dettagliato della legge - entra in merito al consenso informato e si sofferma su una serie di disposizioni particolari che vanno ad integrarne la disciplina.

Lo spazio riservato a questo profilo della materia si spiega alla luce della riflessione, maturata negli ultimi anni, sia in campo etico sia deontologico e giuridico, circa il fondamento dell'atto medico. Accanto alle disposizioni di legge e allo stato di necessità, non vi è dubbio che il consenso informato del paziente è la prima fonte di legittimazione dell'intervento medico sanitario. Il contributo, infatti, muove proprio dalla considerazione del significato del diritto all'informazione per giungere all'esame di ciò che più direttamente riguarda il rapporto medico-paziente nell'ambito delle tecniche di PMA, così come risultano nell'articolato della Legge n. 40/2004.

La legge si fonda sul “principio di destinazione alla nascita” come risulta sin dall’art. 1 che, qualificando il concepito soggetto titolare di diritti, suppone, evidentemente, il suo diritto alla vita.

In particolare, l’irrevocabilità del consenso una volta avvenuta la fecondazione, porta gli Autori a soffermarsi su alcuni profili ampiamente dibattuti: il rapporto tra la legge sulla PMA e la Legge n. 194/1978 sull'interruzione volontaria di gravidanza e la questione della diagnosi genetica preimpianto.
Il concetto di persona tra bioetica e biogiuridica
Authors: Palazzani Laura
Published: October 2020

L’Autore riflette a lungo sul concetto di persona, notando la centralità che tale nozione ha nelle questioni di natura bioetica, specie negli ultimi anni. In realtà, i modi in cui è possibile interpretare il concetto sono diversi; nel contesto della discussione attuale, è possibile, in particolare, individuare due tendenze opposte sul modo di concepire la persona: una tendenza “riduzionista” (per la quale l’essere umano non è sempre persona, anzi, a volte persona è anche chi non è essere umano) e una tendenza “personalista” (in cui si sostiene l’identità tra persona ed essere umano).

L’Autore si sofferma sull’analisi critica della tendenza riduzionista, a sua volta costituita da diverse teorie bioetiche e biogiuridiche, concludendo che la nozione di persona, elaborata in principio dalla filosofia per caratterizzare l’essere umano, rischia di venire usata contro l’uomo stesso creando pericolose forme di “discriminazione”.

L’articolo si conclude con alcune riflessioni che intendono avallare la scelta teoretica del riconoscimento di una dignità intrinseca (etica) e di diritti forti (diritto) ad ogni essere umano che, dunque, possiede uno statuto personale dal suo concepimento fino alla sua morte naturale. In tal senso, una biogiuridica per l’uomo è chiamata a non essere “neutrale”, ma a prendere posizione per proteggere e tutelare l’essere umano che non è ancora (come l’embrione) o non è più (ad es.: il malato in stato vegetativo persistente) in grado di rivendicare i propri diritti.
Personalism in the cultural area of the USA
Authors: Haas John M.
Published: October 2020

L’articolo delinea in modo sintetico la situazione della bioetica negli USA, soprattutto alla luce della posizione personalista. In un contesto attuale carat- terizzato da un pluralismo piuttosto marcato, che si concretizza in un diffuso utilitarismo tradotto in giuspositivismo, le norme morali vengono concepite come o frutto di una convenzione sociale o come arbitrariamente imposte da un’autorità.

Attraverso una serie di esempi concreti, riguardanti soprattutto temi come la contraccezione, l’eutanasia, la sterilizzazione, la fecondazione assistita, l’Autore mostra come un approccio personalista, ossia fondato sulla natura oggettiva e sulla dignità della persona umana, possa ovviare alle incongruen- ze del relativismo e del secolarismo.
Neoplasms of the head and neck in Iranian children and adolescents
Authors: Atarbashi-Moghadam Saede , Ashtiani Mohammad Taghi Haghi , Barati Maryam , Sijanivandi Soran
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Head and neck neoplasms afflict all age groups including children. They manifest with various histological features and clinical behaviors. This study's aim was to provide data and analysis of the prevalence of head and neck neoplasms among the Iranian children and adolescents to help pathologists and clinicians make informed diagnosis and treatment decisions. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was based on medical records of children and adolescents (≤18 years) documented at a prestigious children's medical center stationed in Tehran, Iran. Cases diagnosed with head and neck tumors recorded from 2005 to 2016 were selected. Patients' age and sex, tumors' sites, and microscopic types were assessed. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 41,409 available pediatric patients' records documented over 12 years, 418 cases (1.01%) recorded head and neck tumors. Of these 418 cases, 15 recorded metastatic tumors (3.58%) and 403 recorded primary tumors. Of the primary tumors, 386 were found in the soft tissue (95.78%) and 17 in the bone (4.22%). The primary tumor patients' mean age was 5.46 years, including boys (59.8%) and girls (40.2%). The neck was the most common primary tumors' location (57.32%). Of all the primary tumors, 54.6% were benign neoplasms and 45.4% malignant. The commonest benign tumors were hemangioma/lymphangioma, and the most common malignancy was lymphoma. Mesenchymal neoplasms were the most common microscopic group followed by hematopoietic tumors. Conclusions: The analysis of these data indicates that the prevalence of pediatric head and neck tumors in the Iranian population is similar to other countries.
Ovarian serous carcinoma: A retrospective study of clinicopathological findings and postchemotherapy changes
Authors: Vangala Navatha , Uppin Shantveer G , Uppin Megha S , Paul Tara Roshni , Sadashivudu G
Published: October 2020

Background: Ovarian carcinoma represents 30% of all cancers of the female genital tract, of which high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) are predominant, accounting for 70%. Aims and Objectives: To study the clinicopathological findings and to analyze the postchemotherapy changes in tumors treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Materials and Methods: All cases diagnosed as ovarian serous carcinoma between 2015 and 2017 at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and gross findings were collected, microscopic findings were reviewed, and tumor grade was reassessed as per the World Health Organization 2014 criteria. Chemotherapy response score (CRS) was assessed in cases which received prior chemotherapy. Results: Among malignant ovarian tumors, serous carcinoma was the most common, accounting to 38 cases (44.7%). Of these, six were low-grade serous carcinoma and 32 were HGSC. Among HGSC, six (18.75%) cases showed serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Among 18 (47.4%) cases with prior NACT, CRS-1 was seen in six cases, CRS-2 in seven cases, and CRS-3 in five cases. Cancer antigen (CA)-125 levels were markedly raised in all cases. In six cases postchemotherapy, CA-125 levels were below normal with a CRS-2–3. Omental deposits were seen in 15 (39.47%) cases and showed lesser response to prior NACT compared to tumor in the ovary. Conclusion: HGSC is the most common ovarian serous carcinoma. There is correlation between the biochemical and morphological response to chemotherapy in our study. Pathologists should be well aware of postchemotherapy morphological changes in ovarian serous carcinoma.
COVID-19: A Review of the Pandemic with Emphasis on the Role of Imaging
Authors: Bothra Mohnish , Shera Tahleel Altaf , Bajpai Jyoti , Mahajan Abhishek
Published: October 2020

Heretofore, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to expand costing not just lives but also significant impact on the global economy. More than 212 countries and territories across the globe have been affected till now, causing approximately 4,043,068 confirmed cases and 277,016 deaths, and the numbers are rising expeditiously. The common symptoms are fever, dry cough, fatigue, sputum production, shortness of breath, sore throat, and headache, but atypical symptoms affecting cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, and neurological manifestations are not so uncommon and have been reported. Various governing bodies such as the World Health Organization, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have laid down guidelines and recommendations for the same. In this review article, we have propounded the established knowledge about the causative agent in terms of epidemiological features, the etiopathogenesis, signs and symptoms, methods used for diagnosis, and the latest insight into the treatment and prevention according to the recent published recommendations. The current guidelines and the state-of-the-art updates for various active health-care personnel; allied departments such as radiology and microbiology, and those for the community have also been discussed.
A rare cause for hematuria: Lymphoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Mathew Sherin P , Parikh Sonia , Anand Asha , Srivastava Vaibhava
Published: October 2020

Primary lymphomas of the urinary bladder are rare and majority present with hematuria. Patients are usually elderly females with a history of recurrent cystitis. The diagnosis is clinched after imaging and biopsy of suspicious lesions in the bladder. The prognosis is good irrespective of the modality of treatment. With this background, we report a case of primary marginal zone lymphoma of the urinary bladder (Stage IE) in a young lady with no history of cystitis, who presented with isolated hematuria. After treatment with radiotherapy alone, patient is in complete remission for the past 18 months. The timely diagnosis in a patient with hematuria holds the key to successful treatment and its importance cannot be overemphasized.