bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXXVIII. Effects of Ionized Air on the Performance of a Vigilance Task
Authors: Brown G. Carroll , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of positively or negatively ionized air on the performance of a visual vigilance task were investigated. The ion level was 100,000 ions/cm3, ± 10,000. Also investigated were the effects of task-induced stress and nonstress. 40 male college students were required to press a hand-held switch as soon as they detected a signal on a simulated cathode-ray display. Each subject monitored the display continuously for 3 hr. in a room specially equipped for ion exposure and for control of light and noise. All subjects received continuous identical false feedback about their performance. Half of the subjects (the stress group) were told that they would receive an electric shock when their performance fell below an acceptable level. The false feedback was programmed so subjects in this group believed that they were in danger of receiving a shock, but none were actually administered. Analysis indicated that the percentage of signals detected was higher in the presence of negatively ionized air than in the presence of positively ionized air. Also, performance-contingent stress resulted in better performance than nonstress.
Eye Color and Motor Performance in Physical Education Activities in Elementary School Children
Authors: Beer John , Fleming Paula
Published: September 2011

251 elementary school children in Grades 1 to 6 performed a variety of motor tasks in physical education classes to investigate whether eye color was associated with performance on the expectation that dark-eyed individuals generally perform better at reactive type tasks (boxing, hitting a baseball, defensive football) while light-eyed individuals perform better at self-paced tasks (bowling, golf, pitching baseballs). Eye color was not associated with standing-long jump, soft-ball throw, or 50-, 75-, 100-yd. dashes. Boys generally performed better than girls and older children in upper grades generally performed better than younger children in lower grades. As measured, all motor performances cannot be classified as either self-paced or reactive.
Relationship between Quantitative and Qualitative Measures of Motor Development
Authors: Steffens Kathleen M. , Semmes Robert , Werder Judy K. , Bruininks Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The correlation between a qualitative curriculum-referenced and a norm-referenced quantitative measure of motor development was assessed for 142 girls and 139 boys who ranged in age between 3 and 16 yr. Correlations between the two measures were relatively high, mostly in the .70 to .83 range. These results suggest consistent relationships between qualitative and quantitative measures of motor development in young children and the feasibility of integrating such assessments in planning educational programs.
A Child Learns a Word: Effects of the Principle of Informativeness
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary
Published: September 2011

An 18-mo. old normally developing child was taught a word under informative and noninformative conditions. There were no differential effects observed on the child's use of the new word to label the referent object and a potential explanation is provided. Other aspects of the child's word learning are consistent with results of previous research.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XII. the View from Betwixt and Between: J. M. Barrie and Humankind
Authors: Swartz Paul , Madison Greg
Published: September 2011

In the world of betwixt and between nothing is ever so firmly fixed that it may not desert its proper post in space and time. From the far side of manhood, where the way opens into boyhood again, Barrie evolved ideas of considerable psychological value. General constructions, such as the lost middle act of life, the surrogate self, and the unlikely second chance, counsel courage to control the innate enemy, human frailty. Courage is “the lovely virtue.” The entrancing life has self-mastery for its goal. “Go out and fight,” he argues.
Effects of Employment Relationship, Response of Recipient and Sex of Rater on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Jones Tricia S. , Remland Martin S. , Brunner Claire C.
Published: September 2011

The effects of the employment relationship (superior vs coworker), recipient's response (positive vs negative), and sex of the rater (male vs female) on perceptions of sexual harassment, appropriateness of the initiator's behavior, and appropriateness of the recipient's behavior were investigated. Subjects were 82 female and 76 male undergraduate students. The results of a 2 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated main effects for response of the recipient and sex of the rater. Univariate analyses indicated that women rated the initiator less favorably than men, that men perceived the situation as more harassing and approved of the recipient more than women when the recipient's responses were positive, although there was no difference between men and women when the recipient's responses were negative.
Cognitive Sex Differences: Speed and Problem-Solving Strategies on Computerized Neuropsychological Tasks
Authors: Klinteberg Britt Af , Levander Sten E. , Schalling Daisy
Published: September 2011

Skill, strategy, and laterality measures obtained through computerized neuropsychological tasks, a reaction time (RT) test, and a visuospatial problem-solving test, the Perceptual Maze Test, were analyzed in relation to sex and handedness of 56 high-school students. Boys were significantly faster than girls on most RT subtasks (including a response-inhibition task) and made more two-choice RT response errors for right-sided stimuli, which may be interpreted as resulting from a less cautious strategy. In maze performance, boys were superior to girls. An analysis of separate phases of the maze-solution process suggested that boys preferentially used an impulsive-global strategy. Girls, using a more reflective-sequential task-solving strategy, were significantly slower, without hitting more targets. Compared to all other groups, left-handed girls (strongly left-handed) had lower performance on maze tasks with no target information, particularly in left-sided solution pathways. Results were interpreted as reflecting differences in hemispheric competence and activation patterns between the sexes. Signs of a less differentiated lateralization and slight dysfunction of visuospatial skills in the left-handed girls were discussed.
Perceptions of the Ideal Child among Employed and Nonemployed American and Filipino Mothers
Authors: Paguio Ligaya Palang , Skeen Patsy , Robinson Bryan E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differences in 64 American and 58 Filipino employed and nonemployed mothers' perceptions of the ideal child, measured on Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist. There were no differences in perceptions of the ideal boy and girl among these groups: however, significant differences were found in perceptions of the ideal girl between employed and nonemployed mothers, regardless of culture. Employed mothers desired the ideal girl to be more confident, aggressive, well-adjusted than did the nonemployed mothers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Overt vs Covert Problem Solving: 3. Reversing the Direction of a “Swimming Fish”
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

Twenty college students, equally divided into overt- and covert-problem-solving groups were individually asked to reverse the swimming direction of a “fish” formed with 8 match-sticks already on a table by relocating only 3 of those matches. Time was taken with a stop-watch. Results are: (1) Overt solving is significantly more efficient than the covert method in terms of both group mean and median times as well as paired comparisons between individuals holding equivalent ranks in the two groups. (2) There are individual differences in times to solve among subjects within groups; the range is wider in the covert than in the overt solving group. Relative advantages of the two methods are discussed.
Mobility-Fixity Dimension in Witkin's Theory of Field-Dependence/Independence and its Implications for Problem Solving in Science
Authors: Niaz Mansoor
Published: September 2011

Various studies have shown the advantage of field independence for problem solving in science courses. The mobility-fixity dimension of Witkin's theory suggests that, although field-independent subjects are successful in science courses, field-independent subjects who ate mobile are expected to be more successful. Mobile subjects are those who have available to them both a developmentally advanced mode of functioning (field independence) and a developmentally earlier mode (field dependence). To test the hypothesis that mobile subjects would obtain a better performance than fixed subjects in freshman chemistry, mathematics, and biology courses, the Group Embedded Figures Test was used along with the Figural Intersection Test to classify subjects as mobile or fixed ( ns = 0–24 per group). As predicted, subjects' performance in chemistry, mathematics, and biology courses showed the advantage of the mobile group. Necessary is a replication with a larger number of subjects, inclusion in content of course tests of items requiring scientific analysis, and use of a psychometrically rigorous Figural Intersection Test.
Relationship of Field Dependence/Independence to Adaption-Innovation in Alcoholics
Authors: Robertson E. D. , Fournet G. P. , Zelhart P. F. , Estes R. E.
Published: September 2011

Using alcoholics as subjects, the present study attempted a replication of Kirton's 1978 study in which he demonstrated a relationship between his adaption-innovation theory and Witkin's concept of field dependence/independence. Correlations obtained in the present study paralleled those of Kirton. As a group, alcoholics tended to be field-dependent in orientation. Innovators were less field-dependent than adaptors and “average” individuals. It was suggested that the varied characteristics of alcoholics should be considered when planning therapeutic strategies.
Locus of Control, Fitness Values, Success Expectations and Performance in a Fitness Class
Authors: Carter Jo A. , Lee Amelia M. , Greenockle Karen M.
Published: September 2011

A 12-min. run, a subjective estimate of success, and rated effort for 76 students indicated those who placed high value on fitness were more fit. Health locus of control and fitness were related to effort subjects were willing to exert and interact with confidence.
Constancy of Individual Exponents for Category Production of Inspired Lung Volume
Authors: Harver Andrew
Published: September 2011

Individual exponents for production of inspired lung volume were compared both within experimental sessions (after a delay of 5 to 10 min.) and between sessions (after a delay of 1 yr.). Reliable correlations were observed between pairs of individual exponents regardless of the time elapsed between repetitions of the task. Constancy of exponents may reflect a propensity for subjects to respond in characteristic ways to psychophysical scaling tasks.
Movement Precuing Altered Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Forearm Supination
Authors: Hosokawa Toru , Nakamura Ryuichi , Yamada Yoshiaki
Published: September 2011

Electromyographic reaction time (EMG-RT) of the biceps brachii muscle for elbow flexion and forearm supination was investigated in 10 healthy subjects under two conditions of movement precuing and nonprecuing with a constant foreperiod. Analysis showed that the precuing significantly reduced EMG-RT of both movements, especially the supination, and confirmed previous finding that the supination had an advantage in initiation over the flexion when the movement pattern was prepared in advance. When not prepared, on the contrary, EMG-RT of supination significantly prolonged as compared with flexion.
An Enlarging Hole on the Palm Illusion and a Theory of the Moon on the Horizon
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

An illustration that both the palm illusion and the moon's illusory size on the horizon are explained by the context which provides a contrast created by perceptual constancy.
Visual Demonstration and Movement Production: Effects of Motoric Mediation during Observation of a Model
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: September 2011

The effect of three observational strategies, namely, passive observation, enactive mediation, and delayed mediation, on the accuracy of imitating a modelled throwing action was assessed with a sample of 12-yr.-old schoolboys in a mixed factorial design. 9 boys were assigned to use one of the strategies to produce the pattern of arm movements displayed on a large video-monitor when the speed of the model's movements was varied at three levels. Accuracy of limb displacemeent and timing of limb movement relative to the model were the performance measures. The results indicated that limb displacement was most accurate when delayed mediation was used with the slowest display. The production of timing was most accurate when enactive mediation was used with the fastest display. Over-all, the use of the passive observation strategy provided the least accurate performance.
Counting Strategies and Assimilation Effects in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Information
Authors: Guay Michel , Salmoni Alan W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present research was to examine proactive interference in general and assimilation effects (i.e., shifts in constant error caused by prior responses) in particular, when subjects used covert counting to aid their retention of the temporal information. Visually presented durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals (i.e., immediate, 15, and 30 sec.) and three intertrial intervals (i.e., immediate, 15, and 30 sec.) were employed. Analysis of constant error provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in the retention of temporal information as there was no increase in error across trials, no increase in error for longer retention intervals, and no interaction between trials and retention intervals. Also, there was no change in variable error as the retention intervals lengthened for any temporal duration except for the 4-sec. criterion. Finally, the rate of counting (counting units/sec.) was different across the durations to be remembered. The major conclusion of the present research was that counting greatly facilitates retention of temporal information as compared to retention without such a time-aiding strategy.
Cognitive Strategies for Monitoring Auditory Signals
Authors: Wittlieb-Verpoort Elke , Perret Etienne
Published: September 2011

The discrimination of pitches (pure tones) was tested in three experiments with different arrangements of target and distractor tones in a frequency range of 300 to 800 hertz. Subjects had to identify targets in series of 10 to 28 tones with targets and distractors at random. In the first experiment, either one, two, three, or four different targets were given with only one frequency for the distractor tones placed in the middle of the frequency range. In Exp. 2 an alternating frequency arrangement was used, and in Exp. 3 the distractors were frequencies at the beginning and the end of the tone range. Subjects tended to recode target and distractor tones if more than three individual targets had to be rehearsed simultaneously. However, subjects were able to monitor up to five different pitches if the arrangement suggested the recoding of stimuli to reduce memory load (Exps. 1 and 3) and facilitated auditory discrimination (Exp. 3). If not, subjects' performance deteriorated significantly (Exp. 2).
Effects of Electromyographic Biofeedback on Reaction Time and Movement Time
Authors: Schultz Richard B. , Etnyre Bruce , Mc Arthur John M. , Brelsford John W.
Published: September 2011

The effects of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback on reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) were investigated utilizing 42 right-handed, male subjects from a university population. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups, a control group and two experimental groups. Both experimental groups were exposed to their EMG signals from their triceps brachii during the task, one experimental group received written information explaining the purpose of the EMG was to improve performance through biofeedback. Reaction times of the first block of 25 trials were significantly faster than those on the subsequent three blocks of trials for all groups. This provided evidence of learning. No other significant effects for reaction times were observed. Mean movement time for the EMG-only group was significantly slower than the means of either the Control group or EMG-Biofeedback group, with no difference between the latter two. The differences between experimental groups may have been related to alteration of strategy, anxiety, or motivation.
Latency of Head Movements of Normal Hearing and Auditorially Handicapped Children
Authors: Netelenbos J. Bernard , Savelsbergh Geert J. P.
Published: September 2011

19 auditory handicapped and 19 hearing children (4- to 12-yr.-old) were compared for performance on a visual localization task during which visual stimuli were presented both within and beyond the initial field of view. In the latter situations the localization response depends, initially on a cognitive map of the surrounding environment. The youngest group (4-and 5-yr.-old) of auditorially handicapped children showed, relative to their non-deaf peers, slower latencies of head movements to stimuli beyond their initial field of view. This finding is interpreted as these subjects having at their disposal a less precise, less adequate, cognitive map of the environment, possibly arising from a disturbed crossmodal integration as a consequence of the absence of auditory input.
Comparison of Two Reaction-Time Tasks and Their Relation to Intelligence
Authors: Small Mark A. , Raney J. F. , Knapp Terry J.
Published: September 2011

Two reaction time tasks were compared as measures of information-processing speed. A multiple R between the WAIS—R Full, Performance, and Verbal scales and several reaction time parameters was calculated for 28 college students. Results indicate that the reaction-time task used in exploring the relationships between speed of information processing and IQ can be less complex than those used to date.
Event-Related Brain Potentials to Nonwords and Semantically Different Words
Authors: Katayama Jun'Ichi , Fujiwara Yoshimi , Yagi Akihiro
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of N2 component in event-related brain potentials (ERPs) which was associated with the deviation from the internal model of the semantic environment. Of the visually presented stimuli 60% were nouns belonging to the same semantic category (C), 20% belonged to other categories (NC), and the other 20% were nonwords (NW). 10 subjects were asked to detect NW and to press a key. The NW elicited central N2 with peak latency about 440 msec. and parietal P3 around 590 msec. Furthermore, smaller and later N2 peaked at about 480 msec. and distributed front-centrally, appeared in response to other categories. Differences of N2 in amplitudes and latencies may reflect differences of mismatches among nonwords, other categories, and the same semantic category.
Influence of Heartbeat on Voluntary Movement
Authors: Miyaoka Yozo , Sato Seisaku , Takahashi Yoshihiro , Shimada Kyuhachiro
Published: September 2011

The phase relationship between heartbeat and self-paced voluntary movement was evaluated on a key-tapping task while recording an electrocardiogram (ECG). The task was performed by either a rhythmic or a random manner with either the right or the left hand. The frequency of key-tapping movements was most just after the R-peak of the ECG in all conditions and decreased with increasing the interval from the R-peak in the left-hand conditions. The results suggest that the key-tapping movement might be paced by afferent signals arising from heartbeat.
Dimensionality of the Body-Image: The Body-Image Questionnaire
Authors: Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou
Published: September 2011

A body-image questionnaire was administered to 619 French subjects between the ages of 10 and 40 yr. A principal factor analysis of item correlations yielded four meaningful factors. Some of them are associated with personality traits of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, age, and sex.
Effects of Eye Color on Typing Speed
Authors: Beer John , Neeley Marty
Published: September 2011

51 high school students enrolled in a typing class were categorized according to eye color. Dark-eyed individuals are reportedly better at reactive activities and light-eyed individuals are reportedly better at self-paced activities. Speed typing was assumed to be a reactive activity. No differences were observed between light-eyed and dark-eyed individuals or between boys and girls for 1- and 5-min. speed-typing and grades.
Repetitive Escape Nightmares of Refugees
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire responses of 38 Czechoslovak refugees indicated that 84.2% experienced, at least once, a nightmare about being back in their ex-homeland and trying to escape again. The escape nightmares were most frequent within the first 2 years after escape. A significant decrease in frequency was noted 4 years after escape and during the subsequent years.
Comparison of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery—Children's Revision and the WISC—R with Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven I. , Naglieri Jack A. , Tingstrom Daniel H.
Published: September 2011

This investigation concerned the relationship between the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery—Children's Revision and the WISC—R for a sample of 32 children identified as learning disabled. The children's mean age was 9 yr., 11 mo.; they were identified as learning disabled on the basis of ability (WISC—R)/achievement discrepancy test scores. The sample was of low average intellectual ability according to the WISC—R and the Luria-Nebraska T-scores. Intercorrelations between scores on the WISC—R and Luria-Nebraska lists were generally nonsignificant, with the exception of language and arithmetic measures on each test. Also, 84% or 27 of the present sample of 32 were correctly identified as learning disabled using a criterion of three or more Luria-Nebraska subscale scores greater than one SD above the mean.
Modifying Acute Pain by Matching Cognitive Style with Cognitive Treatment
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Pfost Karen S. , Rapp Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

To test whether congruence between cognitive style and cognitive coping would facilitate the attenuation of pressure pain, 30 verbalizers and 50 visualizers were assigned in equal numbers ( ns = 10) to pleasant imagery, rational thoughts, and expectancy conditions. Separate 2 × 3 (cognitive style X experimental condition) analyses of covariance on pain tolerance and subjective discomfort indicated that imagery was superior to expectancy in raising tolerance. These findings are discussed in terms of the flexibility of cognitive coping and the content of the images and thoughts which were used.
Investigating Sex-Related Differences in Mathematical Problem-Solving Strategies of Elementary School Students
Authors: Waxman Hersholt C.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated whether there were significant differences between boys and girls on the problem-solving strategies they report using during mathematical word problems. The Problem-solving Strategy Survey was administered to 210 boys and 201 girls in Grades 3, 4, and 5 from several public elementary schools. Boys reported making or constructing a model when solving mathematical problems significantly more often than girls, while girls reported using objects like coins and fingers and solving an easier problem within the problem first significantly more often than boys.
Effects of Baker-Miller Pink and Red on State Anxiety, Grip Strength, and Motor Precision
Authors: Profusek Pamela J. , Rainey David W.
Published: September 2011

7 male and 39 female undergraduates were alternately assigned to rooms painted red or Baker-Miller Pink. After 5 min., measures were taken of state anxiety, grip strength, and motor precision. Subjects in the pink room had significantly lower state anxiety, but strength and precision scores did not differ, providing minimal support for the hypothesized calming effects of Baker-Miller Pink.
Skill Development and Temperament in Kindergarten Children: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Barclay Lisa K.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between temperament characteristics and skill deficits in two groups of kindergarten children, one in Ohio and one in Taipei, Taiwan. The purposes of the study were to estimate the relationship between temperament and levels of skills manifested and to explore possible cross-cultural differences. Teachers and parents assessed children on the Barclay Early Childhood Assessment System to determine deficits in particular skill areas. Teachers also rated the same children on the Martin Temperament Assessment Battery. Pearson correlations between the two measurements were calculated separately for the two cultural groups. Almost half of the predictors of skill deficits were common to both groups. Children with high skill deficits from both cultures were more distractible, less sociable, more emotional, and likely to be male. This study suggests that there are close relationships between skill deficits in kindergarten children and certain temperament characteristics and that these relationships are quite similar across these two cultures.
Sex and Racial Differences in Color and Number Preferences
Authors: Silver N. Clayton , Mc Culley William L. , Chambliss Lana N. , Charles Carmen M. , Smith Andrea A. , Waddell Wanda M. , Winfield Evelyn B.
Published: September 2011

582 undergraduates were asked to write down their favorite color and choose a number from 0 to 9. The color blue and the number seven were chosen most frequently by both sexes and races, supporting Simon's (1971) “blue-seven” phenomenon. Compared with women, men chose red and blue more frequently. Women showed a preference for yellow, purple, black, and less frequent colors more often than men. White subjects chose blue and green more often than black subjects, while black subjects showed a preference for red, purple, black, and less frequent colors. There was little relationship between color preferences and scores on the Luscher Color Test.
Lingual Vibrotactile Screening: An Investigation of Normal Sensitivity Based on Multiple Threshold Determinations
Authors: Telage Kal M. , Powell Emily , Courtney Margie , Denmeade Patricia
Published: September 2011

This report describes a standardized training and sensory screening procedure which was used to obtain 7 separate lingual vibrotactile thresholds for each of 5 normal subjects during a 30-day interval. Baseline observations of lingual sensitivity were highly consistent and occurred within a narrow range of contractor displacements. The authors conclude that the screening method provides a quick and reliable clinical tool for general diagnostic use and discuss directions for continued research applications.
Guidelines for Measuring Reaction Time
Authors: Crabtree Darryl A. , Antrim Laura R.
Published: September 2011

Although reaction time is one of the most common measures of neurological function, protocols often do not take into consideration many of the extraneous factors that may invalidate such assessments. This paper discusses several issues related to matters of instrumentation, subject control, design of assessment, and interpretation. Twenty recommendations are provided as a guideline for those who assess reaction time of clients or patients. While these suggestions are not proposed as definitive or complete, the points should serve as a guide to young researchers as well as a checklist for more seasoned experimenters.
Copying Span as an Index of Written Language Ability
Authors: Mori Chizuru , Yamada Jun
Published: September 2011

Since copying span has been said to reflect text difficulty, copying span may reflect learners' written language ability when text is held constant. The present study investigated this hypothesis, using as subjects 43 adult women who were learning English as a second language. Analysis showed that copying span moderately correlates with reading, dictation, and spelling ability. Individual differences in imbalance between reading and writing abilities seem to lower the magnitude of the correlation. An optimal text in terms of difficulty and length for the copying task is needed and remains an important matter for further research.
Visual Elaboration Scale as a Measure of Imagery
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Pérez María José
Published: September 2011

We studied the correlation of one measure of imagery ability, the Visual Elaboration Scale, with two others, absorption of image and effort required to form a mental image. Significant correlations were obtained between the Visual Elaboration Scale and the other scales, with the exception of Absorption for women.
Human Emotion Communication by Touch: A Modified Replication of an Experiment by Manfred Clynes
Authors: Trussoni Steven J. , O'Malley Anthony , Barton Anthony
Published: September 2011

In 1973 Manfred Clynes wrote a paper about the biocybernetics of emotion communication in which he described an experiment which seemed to point to a universal metalanguage with which human beings communicate specific emotions by touch. In an attempt to confirm Clynes's findings by replicating his experiment, a flaw was discovered in the design of his apparatus for detecting tactile patterns, and the replication study was undertaken using an improved pressure-detection instrument. Data from the replication study were analysed using various techniques but no correlations were found to confirm Clynes's original work.
Comparison of Attitudes of Regular and Adapted Physical Educators toward Disabled Individuals
Authors: Tripp April
Published: September 2011

The Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (Form B) and a ranking survey of 10 disabling conditions were administered to 38 physical education teachers and 47 adapted physical education teachers. Both groups of teachers' attitudes toward the disabled were below the scale median. Both groups of teachers were more accepting of individuals with physical disabilities such as, amputee, harelip, and epilepsy, than individuals who were mentally retarded, cerebral palsied, and emotionally disturbed.
Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval
Authors: Wisner Betsy L. , Lombardo John P. , Catalano John F.
Published: September 2011

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.
Hypersomnia and the Perception of Sleep-Wake States: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Browman Carl P. , Mitler Merrill M.
Published: September 2011

35 hypersomniacs (20 with obstructive sleep apnea and 15 with narcolepsy) and 15 controls estimated sleep latency during systematic trials of attempting to remain awake during the day. The error in subjective assessment of sleep latency was more variable for both patient groups than for controls. In addition, narcoleptics could not provide a determination of sleep latency or differentiate sleep-wake states on nearly 23% of all trials. Ratings on a subjective sleepiness scale did not covary with objective sleep latency for any hypersomniac. The findings suggested that patients with either sleep apnea or narcolepsy had difficulty differentiating sleep and quiet wakefulness during the day.
Differences in Cohesion between High School and College Football Teams and Starters and Nonstarters
Authors: Granito Vincent J. , Rainey David W.
Published: September 2011

The Group Environment Questionnaire was administered at the end of the season to 44 football players from a large high school, 25 players from a medium-sized high school, and 52 players from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III university. It was hypothesized that starters would be more cohesive than nonstarters and that high school teams would be more cohesive than the university team. Scores from the four sub-scales were analyzed with two-way (High School/University X Starter/Nonstarter) analysis of variance. Main effects for Team and for Starter/Nonstarter were significant for the Individual Attraction to Group-Task and Group Integration-Task scales. Starters scored higher than nonstarters on both scales, and high school teams scored higher than the university team on both scales. Results support Widmeyer, Brawley, and Carron's 1985 model, which specifies that teams' characteristics and players' characteristics are antecedents of team cohesion.
Are Monocular Arrays Discriminable from Binocular Arrays?
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Butler William , Pearson Brian
Published: September 2011

On each trial of this experiment, a subject was visually stimulated by one or two shadows on a translucent background in a Telebinocular. For each subject, there were 40 trials of monocular stimulation by one shadow, 40 trials of monocular stimulation by two shadows (one in each hemifield), and 40 trials of binocular stimulation by two shadows (one in the left hemifield of one eye and another in the right hemifield of the other eye). Across these randomly ordered trials, 52 subjects were unable to discriminate two right-eye shadows from two left-eye shadows and were unable to discriminate two monocularly perceived shadows from two binocularly perceived shadows. Generally, subjects tended to misidentify right-hemifield shadows as right-eye shadows and tended to misidentify two-hemifield shadows as two-eye shadows.
Effects of Three Different Instructional Formats on Scuba-Diving Performance in a Swimming Pool
Authors: Green John S. , Powell Shawn David
Published: September 2011

Three different modes of instruction were used to give a series of SCUBA-diving task instructions to three randomly selected groups of 10 subjects each. The first group heard the instructions; the second group read the instructions; and the third group both heard and read the instructions simultaneously. A one-way analysis of variance performed on mean scores yielded a nonsignificant F, suggesting that performance of simple tasks in SCUBA-diving is not dependent on how instructions ate presented.
Comparison of Reading and Listening-Reading Techniques for Administration of Piat Reading Comprehension Subtest: Justification for the Bypass Approach
Authors: Weinberg Warren A. , McLean Anne , Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

The Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) Reading Comprehension subtest was administered to a group of 23 learning disabled children in Grades 5 through 7 who had been classified by the clinical Lexical Paradigm as good readers or poor readers. Using standardized test administration, 14 poor readers scored substantially below the 9 good readers; however, when the child was allowed to listen and read silently while the test item was read aloud, poor readers showed marked improvement in performance compared to only moderate improvement shown by the good readers. This difference in improvement between the groups was significant and resulted in poor readers achieving performance similar to that of the good readers administered the test in the standard manner.
The Last-Weiss Rorschach Ego-Strength Scale as a Prognostic Measure for Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F. , Harder David W. , Ritzler Barry A. , Strauss John S. , Kokes Ronald F.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that the Last and Weiss (1976) Rorschach Ego-Strength Scale (Σ E) would predict outcome among a representative sample of never-hospitalized psychiatric outpatients. 78 patients were assessed with structured symptom, psychiatric history, and social data interviews at the time of initial clinic contact and at 2-yr. follow-up. Outcome measures included the Menninger Health-Sickness Scale, a multidimensional variable involving social and work functioning and recent symptom level, symptom measures, and an index of diagnostic severity. Σ E, controlled for number of responses, correlated significantly with Health-Sickness, neurotic symptoms, diagnostic severity, and psychotic symptomatology. Among the components of Σ E, M +, and FC + had significant relationships or contributed to significant relations with outcome variables. Considered with an earlier study of inpatients, in which S + Σ E component correlated inversely with outcome, this study suggested that Σ E components have differing prognostic significance, depending on adaptational level of the patient.
Skill Analysis in Racquetball
Authors: Salmoni Alan W. , Guay Michel , Sidney Ken
Published: September 2011

To identify some of the tasks demands of racquetball using relative and absolute skill analysis techniques, a stepwise multiple regression was applied to scores on the Wingate Step Test, a measure of anaerobic power. Analysis indicated the test was a good predictor of racquetball skill. Time and motion analysis suggests racquetball is an anaerobic alactic sport.
Memories of Labor and Birth: Reliability of Post Partum Questionnaire Reports
Authors: Cogan Rosemary , Perkowski Susan , Anderson Daniel A.
Published: September 2011

The stability of reports of feelings during vaginal births was assessed in three studies. In Study I, post partum reports from 475 primiparous women who participated in a childbirth preparation program were compared to identify differences between reports completed from the day of the birth to more than six weeks after the birth. In Study II, the post partum reports of 46 primiparous and 95 multiparous women completed 1, 3, or 6 mo. after giving birth were compared. In Study III, test-retest reliabilities were calculated for post partum reports completed by 22 primiparous and 16 multiparous women during the 5th and 7th post partum weeks. In these studies, reports of pain during labor were stable.
What Does “Touch” Mean to Young Children?: An Empirical Study
Authors: Hashima Patricia Y. , Barton Keith , Steward Margaret S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined 40 preschool children's understanding of the word touch. 24 drawings were presented one at a time to each child, and the children were instructed to describe each of the drawings and to classify them into drawings portraying touch or drawings showing no touch. 20 undergraduates were also interviewed. The same procedure was used, but in addition the undergraduates were asked to predict how preschool-age children would do on the same task. The results showed several ways in which the children's understanding of the word touch differed from that of an adult.
Reexamination of Relations between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Field Dependence-Independence
Authors: Schmidt Charles P. , McCutcheon John W.
Published: September 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were administered to 210 undergraduate and graduate students. Bivariate relations between the embedded figures test and the Indicator scales of Extraversion-Introversion (EI), Thinking-Feeling (TF), and Judgment-Perception (JP) were nonsignificant while the relation between scores on embedded figures and Sensing-Intuition (SN) was statistically significant. ESFP, ISFJ, and ESFJ types were significantly more field-dependent than the INFP and ENTP types.
Insightful Solution of a Geometry Problem with Instructional Cues: II. Individual Studies
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , John Randy W.
Published: September 2011

As a sequel to a group experiment, this paper reports a study of the effects of instructional cues on individuals' insightful solutions to a problem in geometry. 96 college freshmen, 28 men and 68 women, were selected from hundreds of volunteers, carefully matched for mathematical background and divided into four equal groups who were given varying graded amounts of suggestive instructional cues. Group I, a control without cues, yielded the lowest percentage of insightful solutions but consumed the longest time; Group II, with an unworkable equation, gave more solutions in shorter time upon stratified analysis, but seemed to show some detrimental effect of the misleading cue on the whole group's gross mean time; Group III, with a solvable equation, produced still better scores both in amount and speed as well as four correct answers by computation; Group IV, with a direct cue that diagonals of a rectangle are equal, achieved the best performance. By manipulating the variables of sampling and procedure, the pooled mean score has been raised from the less than 9% obtained earlier in a group experiment to 50% insightful solutions.
Status Reporting of “Eyes on” and Peripheral Displays during Tracking
Authors: Lehto Mark R. , Buck James R.
Published: September 2011

In response to external requests, pilots often orally report status information read from scattered visual displays while simultaneously controlling an aircraft. For an experimentally controlled “status-reporting” task, we found that the input frequency on a concurrent-tracking task and the task stream-related factors of the rate, uncertainty, and timing of requests showed few significant effects on mean performance times and standard deviations. Tracking performance did vary greatly between the different phases of the “status-reporting” task, the different types of displays and their locations, and the different tracking-input frequencies. An elementary manual control model produced conformal tracking error means and standard deviations when parameters corresponding to behavioral changes were varied. These results indicated that both the performance time statistics of the “status-reporting” task and the influence of concurrent performance on tracking error can be estimated using simple methods.
Recurring Themes and Images in a Series of Consecutive Rem Dreams
Authors: Roberts Ron
Published: September 2011

A consecutive series of REM dreams were collected from one subject over a period of four nights and examined for recurring themes and images. Analysis suggested a nonrandom pattern of dreaming consistent with the proposition that the themes and images are held as elements in a limited capacity storage system from which they can be recycled. One such system can be described by means of a simple testable mathematical model. Some of the implications of this are discussed.
Physiological Arousal of Obese Persons to Food Stimuli
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Urrutia Russell , Morrell James , Espinoza Tracy , Gallegos Venice
Published: September 2011

Physiological arousal was measured in 20 obese and 20 normal-weight subjects during presentation of imagery tasks with food- and nonfood-related stimuli and during presentation and eating of food. No differential arousal, as measured by skin conductance, was obtained between the groups for any of the stimuli. Presentation and eating of the food did produce significant arousal in subjects.
Perceived Police Authority as a Function of Uniform Hat and Sex
Authors: Volpp Janet M. , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: September 2011

Clothing cues affect first impressions and social interactions. Results of a social interaction may depend in part on the influence of clothing cues on the initial first impression. For example, in many instances a policeperson needs to be perceived as authoritarian and formal to accomplish task objectives. A uniform that conveys an image of authority may enhance the ability of the policeperson to accomplish the job tasks. Research shows that the image conveyed by clothing may depend upon the context within which it is worn. Sex of the uniform wearer may be one such context variable. The present exploratory research was designed to study the relationship between uniform hats and perceived authority. A 2 (sex of stimulus person) × 9 (hat style) factorial laboratory experiment with repeated measures on both factors was conducted. Data were analyzed using Friedman's nonparametric analysis of variance. Uniform hats were important perceptual cues conveying differing degrees of authority. Generally, policepersons wearing any of the eight hats were seen as having more authority than policepersons not wearing a uniform hat. Perceived authority was not a function of the hat style per se but was influenced by the sex of the individual wearing the hat. Uniform hats had a greater influence on a policewoman's image than on a policeman's image. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for police attire in general and a policewoman's uniform in particular.
Association of Preference for Modality to Learning of Rhythm Patterns in Music
Authors: Persellin Diane Cummings , Pierce Catherine
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between preferences for learning modality and the learning and short-term retention of musical rhythm patterns. 55 third graders completed the Swassing Barbe Modality Index. These students were also presented two-measure rhythm patterns through their visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modalities. Analysis indicated that children who preferred on the modality index one modality over others tended to prefer that same modality when learning simple musical rhythms.
Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls as Related to Weight
Authors: Martin Sue , Housley Kathleen , McCoy Harriett , Greenhouse Phyllis , Stigger Flavelia , Kenney Mary Alice , Shoffner Sarah , Fu Victoria , Korslund Mary , Ercanli-Huffman F. G. , Carter Eloise , Chopin Lauren , Hegsted Maren , Clark A. J. , Disney Gail , Moak Soon , Wakefield Troy , Stallings Sarah
Published: September 2011

The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was administered to 550 14- and 16-yr.-old (± 6 mo.) girls. Self-esteem scores were categorized by weight and weight by height. Scores on the Quetelet Index for obesity were correlated with self-esteem scores. Mean self-esteem of the low- and middle-weight by height group was significantly higher than the mean of the high-weight by height group. In analyzing weight alone, the self-esteem of the middle-weight group was significantly higher than the self-esteem of the high-weight group. The correlation of the obesity index and self-esteem indicated that as weight increased self-esteem decreased.
Spiral Aftereffects after Long-Term Delay
Authors: Meeker Frederick B. , La Fong Carl
Published: September 2011

Tested the effect of three kinds of postadaptation stimuli on short-and long-term spiral aftereffects. Magnitude and duration of short-term aftereffects were significantly reduced by 5 min. of no visual stimulation preceding inspection of the postadaptation field. Results do not support previous findings of long-term aftereffects.
IES Arrow Dot Performance and Success in a Cocaine Detoxification Program
Authors: Stawar Terry L.
Published: September 2011

The IES Arrow-Dot was administered to 41 cocaine detoxification patients. This group's scores indicated lower ego functioning and higher impulsivity and superego functioning than other clinical samples. No significant differences were noted between the Arrow-Dot scores of patients who successfully completed the program and those who did not.