bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrous bone epidermoid cyst caused by penetrating injury to the external ear: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Kalfas Fotios , Ramanathan Dinesh , Mai Jeffrey , Schwartz Seth , Sekhar Laligam
Published: July 2012

Epidermoid cysts are histologically benign, slow-growing congenital neoplasms of the central nervous system that may arise from retained ectodermal implants. The epidermoid lesions are generally caused during the 3 rd to 5 th week of gestation by an incomplete cleavage of the neural tissue from the cutaneous ectoderm, though it can also happen later in life due to introduction of skin elements by skin puncture, trauma or surgery. We present this unique case of a petromastoid epidermoid cyst associated with ipsilateral cerebellar abscesses, presenting 20 years after a penetrating trauma to the external auditory canal. Radical excision of both lesions and revision of the previous fistulous tract was performed. We present the diagnostic challenge and the operative treatment of this unique case, which to our knowledge is the first where an epidermoid cyst and an adjacent brain abscess occurred as a result of a single traumatic event.
Are financing decisions of family-owned SMEs different? Empirical evidence using panel data
Authors: Serrasqueiro Zélia , Nunes Paulo Maçãs , da Silva Jacinto Vidigal
Published: July 2012

This paper analyses if ownership structure is an important determinant of capital structure decisions, on the basis of two sub-samples of family-owned and non-family owned SMEs, and using panel data models. The results suggest that family ownership is an important determinant for: i) the variations of short and long-term debt stimulated by financial deficit; ii) the speed of adjustment of short and long-term debt towards the respective target levels; and iii) the relationships between determinants and short-term debt and long-term debt. In general, the capital structure decisions of family-owned SMEs are closer to what is forecast by trade-off theory than those of non-family owned SMEs, whereas the capital structure decisions of non-family owned SMEs are closer to the forecasts of pecking order theory than those of family-owned SMEs.
Aerosol observations and growth rates downwind of the anvil of a deep tropical thunderstorm
Authors: Waddicor D. A. , Vaughan G. , Choularton T. W. , Bower K. N. , Coe H. , Gallagher M. , Williams P. I. , Flynn M. , Volz-Thomas A. , Pätz H. -W. , Isaac P. , Hacker J. , Arnold F. , Schlager H. , Whiteway J. A.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. We present a case study of Aitken and accumulation mode aerosol observed downwind of the anvil of a deep tropical thunderstorm. The measurements were made by condensation nuclei counters flown on the Egrett high-altitude aircraft from Darwin during the ACTIVE campaign, in monsoon conditions producing widespread convection over land and ocean. Maximum measured concentrations of aerosol with diameter greater than 10 nm were 25 000 cm−3 (STP). By calculating back-trajectories from the observations, and projecting onto infrared satellite images, the time since the air exited cloud was estimated. In this way a time scale of about 3 hours was derived for the Aitken aerosol concentration to reach its peak. We examine the hypothesis that the growth in aerosol concentrations can be explained by production of sulphuric acid from SO2 followed by particle nucleation and coagulation. Estimates of the sulphuric acid production rate show that the observations are only consistent with this hypothesis if the particles coagulate to sizes >10 nm much more quickly than is suggested by current theory. Alternatively, other condensible gases (possibly organic) drive the growth of aerosol particles in the TTL.
Fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAPs) measured with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor WIBS-4: laboratory tests combined with a one year field study
Authors: Toprak E. , Schnaiter M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. In this paper bioaerosol measurements conducted with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor mark 4 (WIBS-4) are presented. The measurements comprise aerosol chamber characterization experiments and a one-year ambient measurement period at a semi-rural site in South Western Germany. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of WIBS-4 to biological and non-biological aerosols, performance of WIBS-4 for discrimination of several types of aerosols, and the detection and identification of biological particles in the ambient aerosol. Several types of biological and non-biological aerosol samples including spores, bacteria, pollen, mineral dust, ammonium sulphate, combustion soot, and fluorescent polystyrene spheres were analysed by WIBS-4 in the laboratory. The results confirm the sensitivity of the Ultra Violet Light Induced Fluorescence (UV-LIF) method to biological fluorophores and show the good discrimination capabilities of the two wavelengths excitation/two wavebands detection method applied in WIBS-4. However, a weak cross-sensitivity to non-biological fluorescent interferers remains and is discussed in this paper. All the laboratory studies have been undertaken in order to prepare WIBS-4 for ambient aerosol measurements. According to the one year ambient aerosol study, number concentration of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) show strong seasonal and diurnal variability. The highest number concentration of FBAP was measured during the summer term and it decreases towards the winter period when colder and drier conditions are prevailing. Diurnal FBAP concentrations start to increase after sunset and reach maximum values during the late night and early morning hours. On the other hand the total aerosol number concentration was always higher during day time than during night time and a sharp decrease after sunset was observed. There was no correlation observed between the FBAP concentration and the meteorological parameters temperature, precipitation, wind direction and wind speed. However a clear correlation was identified between the FBAP number concentration and the relative humidity. Humidity controlled release mechanisms of some fungal spore species are discussed as a possible explanation.
Numerical evidence for cloud droplet nucleation at the cloud-environment interface
Authors: Sun J. , Leighton H. , Yau M. K. , Ariya P.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Cumulus clouds have long been recognized as being the results of ascending moist air from below the cloud base. Cloud droplet nucleation is understood to take place near the cloud base and inside accelerating rising cloudy air. Here we describe circumstances under which cloud droplet nucleation takes place at the interface of ascending cloudy air and clear air. Evaporation is normally expected to occur at this interface. However, continuity of moving air requires cloud-free air above the boundary of rising cloudy air to move upwards in response to the gradient force of perturbation pressure. We used a one and half dimensional non-hydrostatic cloud model and the Weather Research and Forecast model to investigate the impacts of this force on the evolution of cloud spectra. Our study shows that expansion and cooling of ascending moist air above the cloud top causes it to become supersaturated with condensation rather than evaporation occurring at the interface. We also confirm that Eulerain models can describe the cloud droplet activation and prohibit spurious activation at this interface. The continuous feeding of newly activated cloud droplets at the cloud summit may accelerate warm rain formation.
A novel source of atmospheric H2: abiotic degradation of organic material
Authors: Lee H. , Rahn T. , Throop H. L.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry by competing for reactions with the hydroxyl radical (·OH) and contributing to the production of H2O in the stratosphere, indirectly influencing stratospheric ozone concentrations. The dominant pathway for loss of H2 from the atmosphere is via microbially-mediated soil uptake although the magnitude of this loss is still regarded as highly uncertain. Recent studies have shown that abiotic processes such as photochemically mediated degradation (photodegradation) of organic material result in direct emissions of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)-based trace gases as well as H2. This H2 production has important implications on source-sink dynamics of H2 at the soil-atmosphere interface and thus it is important to quantify its variability over a range of plant types and materials. Here, we show quantitative observations of H2 production and its temperature dependence during abiotic degradation of four plant litter types as well as pure cellulose and high lignin content woody material. A greater amount of H2 was produced in the absence of solar radiation than from photodegradation alone, verifying that low temperature thermal degradation of plant litter is a source of H2. In addition, we measured a significant release of H2 in the absence of O2 in addition to H2 release in the presence of O2. Our results suggest that abiotic release of H2 during organic matter is ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. We propose that because these processes occur at the soil-atmosphere interface, they provide a previously unaccounted for proximal source of H2 for microbial uptake and confound interpretation of direct measurements of atmospheric uptake that are important for constraining the global H2 budget.
Nutrient dynamics, transfer and retention along the aquatic continuum from land to ocean: towards integration of ecological and biogeochemical models
Authors: Bouwman A. F. , Bierkens M. F. P. , Griffioen J. , Hefting M. M. , Middelburg J. J. , Middelkoop H. , Slomp C. P.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. In river basins, soils, groundwater, riparian zones, streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs act as successive filters in which the hydrology, ecology and biogeochemical processing are strongly coupled and together act to retain a significant fraction of the nutrients transported. This paper compares existing river ecology concepts with current approaches to describe river biogeochemistry, and assesses the value of these concepts and approaches for understanding the impacts of interacting global change disturbances on river biogeochemistry. Through merging perspectives, concepts, modeling techniques, we propose integrated model approaches that encompass both aquatic and terrestrial components in heterogeneous landscapes. In this model framework, existing ecological and biogeochemistry concepts are extended with a balanced approach for assessing nutrient and sediment delivery on the one hand, and nutrient in-stream retention on the other hand.
Improving statistical forecasts of seasonal streamflows using hydrological model output
Authors: Robertson D. E. , Pokhrel P. , Wang Q. J.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Statistical methods traditionally applied for seasonal streamflow forecasting use predictors that represent the initial catchment condition and future climate influences on future streamflows. Observations of antecedent streamflows or rainfall commonly used to represent the initial catchment conditions are surrogates for the true source of predictability and can potentially have limitations. This study investigates a hybrid seasonal forecasting system that uses the simulations from a dynamic hydrological model as a predictor to represent the initial catchment condition in a statistical seasonal forecasting method. We compare the skill and reliability of forecasts made using the hybrid forecasting approach to those made using the existing operational practice of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 21 catchments in eastern Australia. We investigate the reasons for differences. In general, the hybrid forecasting system produces forecasts that are more skilful than the existing operational practice and as reliable. The greatest increases in forecast skill tend to be (1) when the catchment is wetting up but antecedent streamflows have not responded to antecedent rainfall, (2) when the catchment is drying and the dominant source of antecedent streamflow is in transition between surface runoff and base flow, and (3) when the initial catchment condition is near saturation intermittently throughout the historical record.
Propagation and dissipation of internal tides in the Oslofjord
Authors: Staalstrøm A. , Aas E. , Liljebladh B.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Observations of velocity, pressure, temperature and salinity in the inner Oslofjord have been analysed to provide new information about the relationships between internal tides generated by tidal currents across the Drøbak Sill and dissipation and diffusivity in the fjord. The most energetic vertical displacement of density surfaces inside the sill is associated with the first internal mode that has maximum amplitude around sill depth. The amplitude of the vertical displacement around sill depth correlates with the amplitude of the surface elevation, and, at a distance of 1 km inside the sill, the ratio between the amplitudes is 38, decreasing to 11 at a distance of 10 km. The greatest vertical displacements inside the sill, however, are found at 40 m depth. These latter internal waves are not associated with a first-mode internal tide, but are rather associated with higher internal modes controlled by stratification. The energy flux of the internal wave propagating from the Drøbak Sill into the inner fjord on the east side of the Håøya Island is estimated to vary in the range 155–430 kW. This is the same order of magnitude as the estimated barotropic energy loss over the Drøbak Sill (250 kW), but only 4–10% of the total barotropic flux. Approximately 40–70% of the internal energy flux is lost within a distance of 10 km from the sill. The mean diffusivity below 90 m depth in this area (~20 cm2 s−1) is more than four times higher than in the rest of the fjord (~5 cm2 s−1 or less).
Insight into collision zone dynamics from topography: numerical modelling results and observations
Authors: Bottrill A. D. , van Hunen J. , Allen M. B.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Dynamic models of subduction and continental collision are used to predict dynamic topography changes on the overriding plate. The modelling results show a distinct evolution of topography on the overriding plate, during subduction, continental collision and slab break-off. A prominent topographic feature is a temporary (few Myrs) deepening in the area of the back arc-basin after initial collision. This collisional mantle dynamic basin (CMDB) is caused by slab steepening drawing material away from the base of the overriding plate. Also during this initial collision phase, surface uplift is predicted on the overriding plate between the suture zone and the CMDB, due to the subduction of buoyant continental material and its isostatic compensation. After slab detachment, redistribution of stresses and underplating of the overriding plate causes the uplift to spread further into the overriding plate. This topographic evolution fits the stratigraphy found on the overriding plate of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone in Iran and south east Turkey. The sedimentary record from the overriding plate contains Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene marine carbonates deposited between terrestrial clastic sedimentary rocks, in units such as the Qom Formation and its lateral equivalents. This stratigraphy shows that during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene the surface of the overriding plate sank below sea level before rising back above sea level, without major compressional deformation recorded in the same area. This uplift and subsidence pattern correlates well with our modelled topography changes.
Borehole temperatures reveal a changed energy budget at Mill Island, East Antarctica over recent decades
Authors: Roberts J. L. , Moy A. D. , van Ommen T. D. , Curran M. A. J. , Worby A. P. , Goodwin I. D. , Inoue M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A borehole temperature record from the Mill Island (East Antarctic) icecap reveals a large surface warming signal manifested as a 0.75 K temperature difference over the approximate 100 m depth below the seasonally varying zone. The temperature profile shows a break in gradient between 49 and 69 m depth, which we model with inverse numerical simulations, indicating that surface warming started around the austral summer of 1980/1981 AD ± 5 yr. This warming of approximately 0.37 K per decade is large by Antarctic standards and is only exceeded in regions of the Antarctic Peninsula. While this warming may reflect regional scale air temperature increases, the lack of comparable trends for other East Antarctic sites suggests local influences are largely responsible for the observed trend. Alteration of the surface energy budget arising from changes in radiation balances due to local cloud, the amount of liquid deposition and local air temperatures associated with altered air/sea exchanges potentially play a key role at this location due to the proximity of the Shackleton Ice Shelf and sea-ice zone.
The role of chemokine CC ligand 20 in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Soliman Hanan H. , Nagy Hala , Kotb Nesreen , El-Din Mohamed A. Alm
Published: July 2012

Background and aim

To evaluate the role of chemokine CC ligand 20 (CCL20) as a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Patients and methods

Ninety patients in four groups were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study: 30 with HCC (group I), 30 with liver cirrhosis (group II), 15 with hepatitis C virus infection (group III), and 15 healthy blood donors as controls. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP), CCL20 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured in all groups.

Results

Serum levels of CCL20 were significantly different among the study groups (F=230.979, p<0.001). The highest level was found in HCC patients (57.305 ± 6.386 pg/mL) followed by patients with cirrhosis (45.999 ± 5.165 pg/mL) compared with 22.781 ± 5.986 pg/mL and 18.585 ± 3.554 pg/mL in asymptomatic patients with HCV infection and controls, respectively. In HCC patients, CCL20 significantly correlated with VEGF (r=0.559, p=0.001), AFP (r=0.814, p<0.001), Child score (r=0.748, p<0.001), and tumor size (r=0.825, p<0.001). The cutoff value of CCL20 for the detection of HCC in HCV-infected patients was 54 pg/mL with 93.1% accuracy, 89.6% negative predictive value, 92.6% positive predictive value, 83.3% sensitivity, and 93.3% specificity. In patients with cirrhosis, CCL20 significantly correlated with VEGF (r=0.455, p=0.011), AFP (r=0.975, p<0.001), and Child score (r=0.977, p<0.001).

Conclusion

CCL20 may be used for the detection of HCC in HCV-infected patients with comparable specificity and higher sensitivity than AFP.
Technological and Economic Optimization of Functional Ready to Eat Meal
Authors: Conte Amalia , Stasi Antonio , Pilone Vittoria , Gammariello Daniela , Padalino Lucia , Bimbo Francesco , Lopolito Antonio , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: July 2012

A ready meal based on precooked gluten-free pasta with a yogurt-based sauce enriched with probiotic bacteria was developed and optimized from both the nutritional and sensory point of view. Conceptually, the work aims at understanding the innovation stress in consumers and check whether the “perfect beauty” of a complex food product innovation, which is extremely admirable from a food technology point of view, could be effectively appreciated by consumers. In other words, we are interested in knowing whether there exists a gap between science-based or ”innovation-leading” technologists’ food preferences and consumers’ preferences, which are taste, information, price and promotion driven.
Surgical Management of a Mandible Subcondylar Fracture
Authors: Kang Dong Hee
Published: July 2012

Open reduction and anatomic reduction can create better function for the temporomandibular joint, compared with closed treatment in mandible fracture surgery. Therefore, the double miniplate fixation technique via mini-retromandibular incision was used in order to make the most stable fixation when performing subcondylar fracture surgery. Those approaches provide good visualization of the subcondyle from the posterior edge of the ramus, allow the surgeon to work perpendicularly to the fracture, and enable direct fracture management. Understanding the biomechanical load in the fixation of subcondylar fractures is also necessary in order to optimize fixation methods. Therefore, we measured the biomechanical loads of four different plate fixation techniques in the experimental model regarding mandibular subcondylar fractures. It was found that the loads measured in the two-plate fixation group with one dynamic compression plate (DCP) and one adaption plate showed the highest deformation and failure loads among the four fixation groups. The loads measured in the one DCP plate fixation group showed higher deformation and failure loads than the loads measured in the two adaption plate fixation group. Therefore, we conclude that the selection of the high profile plate (DCP) is also important in order to create a stable load in the subcondylar fracture.
Current Concepts in the Mandibular Condyle Fracture Management Part I: Overview of Condylar Fracture
Authors: Choi Kang-Young , Yang Jung-Dug , Chung Ho-Yun , Cho Byung-Chae
Published: July 2012

The incidence of condylar fractures is high, but the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle continues to be controversial. Historically, maxillomandibular fixation, external fixation, and surgical splints with internal fixation systems were the techniques commonly used in the treatment of the fractured mandible. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced, or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and dental occlusion, and the surgeonnds on the age of the patient, the co-existence of othefrom which it is difficult to recover aesthetically and functionally;an appropriate treatment is required to reconstruct the shape and achieve the function ofthe uninjured status. To do this, accurate diagnosis, appropriate reduction and rigid fixation, and complication prevention are required. In particular, as mandibular condyle fracture may cause long-term complications such as malocclusion, particularly open bite, reduced posterior facial height, and facial asymmetry in addition to chronic pain and mobility limitation, great caution should be taken. Accordingly, the authors review a general overview of condyle fracture.
Current Concepts in the Mandibular Condyle Fracture Management Part II: Open Reduction Versus Closed Reduction
Authors: Choi Kang-Young , Yang Jung-Dug , Chung Ho-Yun , Cho Byung-Chae
Published: July 2012

In the treatment of mandibular condyle fracture, conservative treatment using closed reduction or surgical treatment using open reduction can be used. Management of mandibular condylar fractures remains a source of ongoing controversy in oral and maxillofacial trauma. For each type of condylar fracture,the treatment method must be chosen taking into consideration the presence of teeth, fracture height, patient'sadaptation, patient's masticatory system, disturbance of occlusal function, and deviation of the mandible. In the past, closed reduction with concomitant active physical therapy conducted after intermaxillary fixation during the recovery period had been mainly used, but in recent years, open treatment of condylar fractures with rigid internal fixation has become more common. The objective of this review was to evaluate the main variables that determine the choice of an open or closed method for treatment of condylar fractures, identifying their indications, advantages, and disadvantages, and to appraise the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions that are used in the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle.
Reconstruction of Pretibial Defect Using Pedicled Perforator Flaps
Authors: Shin In Soo , Lee Dong Won , Rah Dong Kyun , Lee Won Jai
Published: July 2012

Background Coverage of defects of the pretibial area remains a challenge for surgeons. The difficulty comes from the limited mobility and availability of the overlying skin and soft tissue. We applied variable pedicled perforator flaps to overcome the disadvantages of local flaps and free flaps on the pretibial area.

Methods Eight patients who had the defects in the anterior tibial area were enrolled. Retrospective data were obtained on patient demographics, cause, defect location, defect size, flap dimension, originating artery, pedicle length, pedicle rotation, complication, and postoperative result. The raw surface created following the flap elevation was covered with a split thickness skin graft.

Results Posterior tibial artery-based perforator flaps were used in five cases and peroneal artery-based perforator flaps in three cases. The mean age was 54.3 and the mean period of follow-up was 6 months. The average size of the flaps was 63.8 cm2, with a range of 18 to 135 cm2. There were no major complications. No patients had any newly developed functional deficit of the lower leg.

Conclusions We suggest that pedicled perforator flaps can be an alternative treatment modality for covering pretibial defects as a simple, safe and versatile procedure.
The Etiology and Treatment of the Softened Phallus after the Radial Forearm Osteocutaneous Free Flap Phalloplasty
Authors: Kim Seok-Kwun , Kim Tae-Heon , Yang Jin-Il , Kim Myung-Hoon , Kim Min-Soo , Lee Keun-Cheol
Published: July 2012

Background The radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap is considered to be the standard technique for penile construction. One year after their operation, most patients experience a softened phallus, so that they suffer from difficulties in sexual intercourse. In this report, we present our experience with phalloplasty by radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap, as well as an evaluation of the etiology and treatment of the softened phallus.

Methods Between March 2005 and February 2010, 58 patients underwent phalloplasty by radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap. Most of their neophallus had been softened subjectively and among them, 12 patients who wanted correction were investigated. We performed repetitive fat injection, artificial dermis grafting, silicone rod insertion, and rib bone with cartilaginous tip graft. Physical examination, plain radiograph, computed tomography, bone scintigraphy, and satisfaction scores were investigated.

Results Most of the participants' penises have been softened after phalloplasty, and the skin elasticity had been also decreased. On plain radiograph, the distal end of the bone was self-rounded; however, the bone shape of the neophallus had no significant interval changes or resorption. Computed tomography showed equivocal density of cortical bone. On bone scintigraphy, the bone metabolism was active at 3 months postoperatively, and remained active 9 years postoperatively.

Conclusions The use of a rib bone with cartilaginous tip graft could be an option for improvement of the softened phallus. Silicon rod insertion is also worth considering for rigidity of the softened phallus. Decreased rigidity due to soft tissue atrophy could be alleviated with repeated fat injection and artificial dermis grafting.
Interprétation et traduction dans les territoires : hors de la polarité traditionnelle des langues officielles
Authors: Nevo Denise , Fiola Marco A.
Published: July 2012

Depuis quelques années au Canada, les activités de traduction et d’interprétation connaissent une recrudescence considérable, et les langues autochtones du Grand Nord ne font pas exception à la règle. Mais pourquoi traduire et interpréter en langues autochtones ou à partir de celles-ci? Le problème de la pertinence des langues autochtones se pose dans toute son acuité au Nunavut, où le gouvernement territorial souhaite que l’inuktitut devienne la langue de l’administration gouvernementale. Or, les défis à relever avant de parvenir à ce but sont nombreux. À l’autre extrémité de l’Arctique canadien, les Premières nations du Yukon travaillent à la revitalisation des huit langues locales dans le but de les amener sur un pied d’égalité avec les langues officielles du Canada. Dans un cas comme dans l’autre, l’interprétation et la traduction permettent dans un premier temps de maintenir la pluralité linguistique et culturelle des territoires et, dans un deuxième temps, de favoriser le développement des langues que l’on dit minoritaires, soit d’un point de vue démographique, soit à l’égard du statut social qui leur est conféré. Le présent article décrit la situation actuelle au Nunavut et au Yukon, deux territoires situés aux antipodes de l’Arctique canadien, aux antipodes à l’égard de l’approche favorisée pour le développement des langues locales, et aux antipodes par rapport à l’industrie de la traduction du Canada, essentiellement axée sur les langues officielles.
Diderot et le temps qu’il fait : portrait de l’écrivain en météorologue
Authors: Belleguic Thierry
Published: July 2012

Dire les histoires de la nature au siècle des Lumières, qui fut l’âge d’or de ces grands récits, c’est nécessairement penser aux temps-vecteurs qui en rendent possibles les divers déploiements. Mais dire ces histoires, ce n’est pas seulement penser le « temps qu’il est » : c’est aussi, en ces temps où émerge une science de la terre qui s’efforce de mesurer les effets des éléments et des climats sur la nature, donner au « temps qu’il fait » la part qui lui échoit. À travers une rapide étude du statut météorologique de la fiction diderotienne, nous proposons de voir dans l’émergence de cette nouvelle science du temps dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle le symptôme d’une interrogation nouvelle sur la place du sujet dans le monde ainsi que sur les modalités et les conditions du savoir de ce sujet sur le monde.
La vulgarisation des sciences naturelles et les écrits pour la jeunesse, de Maxine à Nicole M.-Boisvert : éloge romantique de la nature ou critique du progrès ?
Authors: Guillemette Lucie
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’attarde à la représentation du monde de la nature dans des fictions pour la jeunesse publiées au Québec. Dans le cadre d’une étude consacrée à la vulgarisation des sciences naturelles, l’oeuvre de Nicole M.-Boisvert demeure incontournable dans la mesure où la production romanesque de l’écrivaine s’alimente de ses multiples voyages à travers le monde. À l’encontre de l’homme, qui a tenté depuis des siècles d’affirmer la supériorité de la raison en exerçant un contrôle sur la nature, les jeunes filles représentées dans les récits de Boisvert cherchent à protéger l’environnement et les espèces animales qui y évoluent. Si une telle pratique discursive prend la forme d’une critique de la modernité et de la raison instrumentale, elle confère une portée éthique aux actions des protagonistes engagées dans un processus de création. À l’exemple des naturalistes qui, au fil de leurs découvertes, inventoriaient les espèces animales pour en livrer un classement systématique, les jeunes personnages féminins glanent des données issues de l’encyclopédie des sciences naturelles, afin de montrer que la nature non humaine possède une valeur propre, hors du champ utilitariste, et qu’à ce titre elle doit être respectée.
La Bible des poëtes 1 : une réécriture rhétorique des Métamorphoses d’Ovide
Authors: Viel Marie-France
Published: July 2012

Avec la rédaction de l’Ovide moralisé en vers, la première moitié du xive siècle marque l’avènement des traductions intégrales des Métamorphoses d’Ovide. Le succès du long poème est tel que, jusqu’à la Renaissance, les versions en prose et les remaniements en vers se succéderont régulièrement. Parue en 1484 à Bruges sous la presse de l’imprimeur Colard Mansion, la Bible des poëtes est la première version imprimée des témoins de cette tradition. L’ouvrage hérite de ses prédécesseurs un goût prononcé pour les moralisations qui, au gré des commentaires, traductions et traités mythographiques, n’ont cessé de travailler la matière fabuleuse ovidienne pour l’adapter aux exigences du monde chrétien. L’examen du sort particulier réservé au traitement du mythe de Phaéthon offre l’occasion d’appréhender les dispositifs rhétoriques et les méthodes exégétiques mis en oeuvre dans les quinze livres du texte ovidien.
Réécriture filmique et discours sur l’immigration
Authors: Tcheuyap Alexie , Lassi Étienne-Marie
Published: July 2012

Le gone du Chaâba d’Azouz Begag illustre la difficile cohabitation entre les immigrants maghrébins en France et leur communauté d’accueil. Onze ans après sa publication, Christophe Ruggia réalise une version filmique du roman, déplaçant ainsi du livre à l’écran la problématique de l’immigration. Cet article, qui s’intéresse aux modalités esthétiques et discursives de cette réécriture, identifie et analyse quelques mutations textuelles significatives afin de déterminer quels suppléments de sens différentiels elles apportent au texte tuteur dont l’altération semble inévitable dès que se met en marche le procès de la reprise. Ces diverses transformations, opérées souvent sous le mode de l’hypertrophie, permettent de reformuler le discours romanesque sur l’identité et les trajectoires sociales des populations immigrées.
Le fragmentaire dans le roman francophone africain
Authors: Gbanou Sélom Komlan
Published: July 2012

Au centre des constellations esthétiques dans le roman africain d’expression française est apparue, ces deux dernières décennies, une forme particulière d’écriture qui rompt avec le récit-fleuve linéairement compact des écrivains de la première génération. L’écriture participe désormais d’un travail de plus en plus conscient d’invention et d’intervention tant sur le langage que sur le corps du projet romanesque pour aboutir à un ensemble hétérogène, à la limite hétéroclite, qui échappe à la forme classique du roman. Les transformations annoncées par des auteurs comme Ahmadou Kourouma, Mohamed-Alioum Fantouré ou Henri Lopes se poursuivent avec bonheur chez les écrivains de la postcolonie (Sami Tchak, Kossi Efoui, Abdouhraman Wabéri, etc.), surtout en situation d’exil, et donnent à penser que le romanesque cherche à souscrire aux différents fantasmes et soubresauts qui remuent la conscience des exilés/migrants ou, à l’inverse, veut tirer profit de l’esthétique postmoderne de l’éclatement, de l’émiettement et du chaos découvert dans le nouveau rapport au monde, favorisé par la mondialisation. Chez un grand nombre d’écrivains, l’écriture devient un exercice de sclérose de la forme et est entièrement absorbée par le goût et, peut-être même, l’obsession de la fragmentation, du chaos, du micmac et du non-sens de la vie.
Nationalism Studies Applied to a Register of Mexican Colonial Translations. Interim Report
Authors: Payàs Gertrudis
Published: July 2012

To study translation as a representation of the Mexican nation on the basis of a catalogue of translations spanning three centuries, I propose a classification method inspired by some concepts of nationalism studies. I will try to contribute an analysis of the possible ways of handling such a catalogue while stressing the importance of classifications. I will also highlight the interest of establishing a dialogue between translation studies and other disciplines, such as nationalism studies.
José Lezama Lima : un hamac entre le péremptoire et l’accidentel
Authors: Marcoux Danièle
Published: July 2012

L’affirmation de la raison poétique chez Lezama Lima permet de découvrir la logique de traduction qui anime l’émergence des formes de la connaissance. Inscrite en faux contre la logique mimétique de la représentation, la raison poétique vise à rétablir une vision non antagonique et non hiérarchique des éléments constitutifs de la métaphore. L’Amérique hispanique apparaît pour autant comme un espace entièrement modelé par les associations les plus inattendues, comme le résultat de rapprochements originaux entre le domestique et l’étranger. De l’analogie entre raison poétique et logique de traduction, il découle une conséquence majeure sur le plan épistémologique, comme l’affirme Henri Meschonnic, à savoir qu’il faut traduire pour comprendre et non pas comprendre pour traduire.
The Interpreter and the Canadian Convention Refugee Hearing: Crossing the potentially life-threatening boundaries between “coccode-e-eh,” “cluck-cluck,” and “cot-cot-cot”
Authors: Barsky Robert F.
Published: July 2012

The Interpreter and the Canadian Convention Refugee Hearing: Crossing the potentially life-threatening boundaries between "coccode-e-eh," "cluck-cluck," and "cot-cot-cot" — This paper discusses the obstacles facing interpreters and translators in inter-cultural situations with reference to Canadian Convention refugee hearings, taped in 1987. The author sets forth a theory of interpretation suited to the sometimes comical, but usually tragic elements of failed human interaction as they occur in legal hearings. The article begins with a comparison between a fictional rendering of failed communication from the work of Primo Levi, but then moves on to the plight of persecuted persons who have come to Canada to claim Convention refugee status. Obvious similarities emerge in a comparison of the two processes; but ultimately it is the language of persecution — silence, scars, tears, pleas, and impassioned cries — that is the most difficult to interpret and translate. Given the dynamics of inter-cultural legal discourse and the gravity of the issues at stake, the author argues for a broader mandate for the interpreter, such that s/he will also be permitted to act as a medium through which inter-cultural information can pass, rather than yet another grid into which pained words must fit.
The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2012

The sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts — Discussions of the theory and practice of translating have largely neglected the sociolinguistic factors in translating. This is particularly true in the case of religious texts, in which problems of textual variants, historical criticism, the power of tradition, the tensions between form and content, orality, format, diversities of genres, and interpretive notes play such an important role. As a result, multiple translations of such texts are generally required because of the diverse backgrounds of readers and the various uses of religious texts, for example, study, devotion, proclamation, and liturgy.
À propos d’une expérience de traduction : Désir sous les ormes d’Eugène O’Neill
Authors: Morvan Françoise
Published: July 2012

À propos d'une expérience de traduction: Désir sous les ormes d'Eugène O'Neill. À partir d'une expérience de traduction ponctuelle (Désir sous les ormes d'Eugène O'Neill mis en scène par Matthias Langhoff en 1992), la traductrice s'efforce de rendre compte des solutions qu'elle a trouvées pour transposer l'anglo-irlandais utilisé par O'Neill comme langue de poésie. Il lui a semblé possible de traduire la dualité de cet anglais marqué par les structures du gaélique en utilisant le français marqué par les structures du breton tel qu'on l'entend encore parler en Basse Bretagne. Cependant, le recours à un parler vécu (ayant donc sa cohérence) et à une situation d'élocution semblable (de partage impossible) ont eu pour avantage, non seulement de réaliser un calque mais d'autoriser une rupture avec la norme. C'est cette rupture, acceptée en vue d'un gain d'efficacité, qui a contraint la traduction à partir des éléments ayant précisément été effacés par les autres traductions françaises de la pièce: les récurrences, le système métaphorique, la ponctuation et la graphie du texte, en tant qu'éléments constitutifs, porteurs de sens. Cet exemple très limité amène ainsi à considérer les problèmes que pose la traduction d'un sociolecte comme révélateurs d'une résistance à l'acte de traduire, inhérente à cet acte même, parce qu'issue d'une résistance à l'autre, en ce qu'il a d'étranger.
Dire les sciences et décrire les sens : Entre vulgarisation et lexicographie, le cas des dictionnaires de sciences
Authors: Gaudin François
Published: July 2012

Dire les sciences et décrire les sens : Entre vulgarisation et lexicographie, le cas des dictionnaires de sciences – L'étude des stratégies rédactionnelles utilisées dans les dictionnaires spécialisés scientifiques permet de réfléchir aux façons de faciliter l'appropriation des connaissances. Ainsi, pour éviter les pièges tendus par des signifiants connus aux signifiés inédits, les relations lexicales sont précieuses, en particulier l'isonymie. Sur le plan syntagmatique, les relations predicatives sont utiles pour cerner la signification sur laquelle s'appuie la construction notionnelle. Les stratégies sont à contraster dans la mesure où les branches du savoir possèdent des traditions dénominatives diverses, dont une meilleure connaissance serait nécessaire tant pour une bonne description de ces vocabulaires que pour améliorer les propositions en matière d'aménagement terminologique.
Définition d’une méthode de recensement et de codage des verbes en langue technique : applications en traduction
Authors: L’Homme Marie-Claude
Published: July 2012

Définition d'une méthode de recensement et de codage des verbes en langue technique: applications en traduction – Le présent article aborde le problème de la description terminographique des unités verbales en langue technique. Le problème est traité sous l'angle de la traduction spécialisée. Le traducteur technique doit reproduire un usage spécialisé dans une langue d'arrivée : les renseignements dont il a besoin pour y parvenir sont souvent difficiles à trouver en ce qui concerne les unités verbales. Nous proposons donc un modèle de description des verbes qui rend compte de leurs multiples acceptions en langue technique. Ce modèle est fondé sur les articles du Collins Cobuild et des travaux antérieurs portant sur la définition des verbes qui tient compte de leur contexte d'utilisation.
Stratégie pour la détection semi-automatique des néologismes de presse
Authors: Cabré Maria Teresa , de Yzaguirre Lluís
Published: July 2012

Stratégie pour la détection semi-automatique des néologismes de presse – Les auteurs présentent l'Observatori de Neologia de Barcelona (OBNEB). L'un des objectifs de l'organisme est la détection de la néologie formelle dans la presse écrite. L'article expose les concepts de base qui sont en rapport avec la néologie. Puis il décrit les méthodes de travail de l'OBNEB. Ensuite, les caractéristiques du corpus sont détaillées. Ce corpus est riche de sept millions d'occurrences provenant du dépouillement de textes journalistiques. Les premiers essais d'extraction semi-automatique des néologismes ont été menés à partir de ces données. Enfin, les auteurs expliquent le fonctionnement du logiciel qui est utilisé pour repérer et pour traiter les néologismes. Ce logiciel a été mis au point à l'Institut universitari de lingüística aplicada de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. D'autres informations sur les travaux des auteurs peuvent être consultées à l'adresse suivante : « http://www.iula.upf.es ».
Zionist Ideology and the Translation of Hebrew
Authors: Green Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2012

Zionist Ideology and the Translation of Hebrew — Thelanguage used by the author of a text may be of ideological significance, and this is a feature that may be lost in translation. As with many languages associated with relatively small, emergent nationalities, the choice to write in modern Hebrew may be related to a nationalist ideology, in this case, Zionism. This article maintains that the creation of Hebrew is similar to the creation of other minority languages, whose use is restricted to a relatively small population of native speakers, as opposed to world languages, widely known and used by people of many countries. The development and use of a minority language is an expression of self-assertion that entails a degree of isolation. This article examines a novel by a contemporary Israeli novelist, Aharon Megged, and explores the ideological significance of its being written in Hebrew as a literary feature of the novel. It notes the aspects of that ideological significance that would be lost in translation and suggests that translators should be aware of this issue.
D. G. Jones, poète, comparatiste et traducteur
Authors: Godbout Patricia
Published: July 2012

C’est sur la toile de fond historique de la « crise de la littérature comparée »
qu’est examinée dans cet article de quelle manière Douglas Gordon Jones a conjugué poésie,
comparatisme et traduction au cours des années soixante et au-delà, en réponse à la
situation telle qu’elle se présentait alors à lui. Sa réponse fut la littérature canadienne comparée, dont la traduction littéraire
sera dès le départ un élément constitutif et à laquelle se grefferont bientôt des réflexions
traductologiques.
La poétique de la détection dans Provincetown Playhouse
Authors: Nutting Stéphanie
Published: July 2012

Comment les théories sur la transmission et la création du sens peuvent-elles éclairer la vision de la beauté (et de son pendant, la laideur) dans la pièce de théâtre Provincetown Playhouse, juillet 1919, j'avais 19 ans de Normand Chaurette? De même que le processus de détection fonctionne dans un système basé sur des relations de substitution, la vision esthétique de la pièce passe par la pensée métaphorique. Du coup, la création du sens et la création du sentiment ressemblent au même mécanisme redoutable.
Addressing Ableism in Physician Well-Being Planning
Authors: Quon Michael
Published: June 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the importance of physician well-being for optimizing patient care and current efforts to improve physician well-being, describes how structural ableism affects the well-being of physicians with disabilities, and calls for further efforts to address ableism in the health care workforce.