bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Forecasting Using Stochastic Diffusion Models, With Applications to Cohort Processes of Marriage and Fertility
Authors: Myrskylä Mikko , Goldstein Joshua R.
Published: October 2012

In this article, we show how stochastic diffusion models can be used to forecast demographic cohort processes using the Hernes, Gompertz, and logistic models. Such models have been used deterministically in the past, but both behavioral theory and forecast utility are improved by introducing randomness and uncertainty into the standard differential equations governing population processes. Our approach is to add time-series stochasticity to linearized versions of each process. We derive both Monte Carlo and analytic methods for estimating forecast uncertainty. We apply our methods to several examples of marriage and fertility, extending them to simultaneous forecasting of multiple cohorts and to processes restricted by factors such as declining fecundity.
Spectral optimization problems with internal constraint
Authors: Bucur Dorin , Buttazzo Giuseppe , Velichkov Bozhidar
Published: October 2012

We consider spectral optimization problems with internal inclusion constraints, of the form

\mathrm{\min }\left\{\lambda _{k}(\Omega ):D \subset \Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{d},\:|\Omega | = m\right\},

where the set
D
is fixed, possibly unbounded, and

\lambda _{k}

is the
k
-th eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian on
Ω
. We analyze the existence of a solution and its qualitative properties, and rise some open questions.
Translating Evidence to Practice for Mechanical Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
Authors: Larkin Brenda G. , Mitchell Kimberly M. , Petrie Kathryn
Published: October 2012

Perioperative staff nurses at Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, questioned variations in the use of mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and sought to improve the consistency of prophylaxis care and ensure use of evidence‐based practices. A work group consisting of perioperative clinical nurse specialists, a nurse clinician, and a staff nurse performed a systematic literature review to determine best practices for the implementation of mechanical venous thromboembolism prevention in the perioperative period. Key practices identified included optimal application times for initiating mechanical prophylaxis before the surgical procedure and the use of unilateral mechanical prophylaxis for some orthopedic procedures. We found no published consensus regarding a cumulative benefit from combining sequential compression devices and graduated compression stockings and no clinical evidence to support the use of alternative configurations for specialty procedural tables to prevent venous thromboembolism. We disseminated the best practices that we identified within our hospital and to the greater nursing community through posters and presentations.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Transfer of Patient Care Information
Authors: Seifert Patricia C.
Published: October 2012

The Joint Commission estimates that 80% of serious medical errors are associated with miscommunication during patient transfers. Patient transfers may occur between a wide array of settings: between physicians’ offices or preoperative areas and traditional ORs or ambulatory settings, between emergency departments or interventional suites and the OR, and between other areas where the exchange of patient information occurs. AORN's “Recommended practices for transfer of patient care information” serves as a guide for establishing achievable practices that promote a safe level of care during perioperative patient transfers. Strategies for the successful implementation of the recommended practices include promoting teamwork, including with the patient and the patient's family members; developing effective communication skills; documenting processes; creating and adhering to policies and procedures; and establishing quality management programs.
Cdk1 interplays with Oct4 to repress differentiation of embryonic stem cells into trophectoderm
Authors: Li Lei , Wang Juanjuan , Hou Jie , Wu Zhaojia , Zhuang Yuan , Lu Mengxue , Zhang Yiran , Zhou Xiaohan , Li Zhaoyan , Xiao Wei , Zhang Weiwei
Published: October 2012

Oct4
physically interacts with
Sox2
by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Use of barrier protection for sexual activity among women who have sex with women
Authors: Rowen Tami S. , Breyer Benjamin N. , Lin Tzu‐Chin , Li Chin‐Shang , Robertson Patricia A. , Shindel Alan W.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To assess the frequency and associations of barrier protection use during sexual activity in a population of women who have sex with women (WSW).

Methods

WSW were invited to participate in an international internet‐based survey. Information regarding ethnodemographics, sexual health, and barrier use during sexual activities was collected.

Results

The study cohort comprised 1557 participants. Barrier use was least prevalent during digital genital stimulation (11.3% ever used barriers) and most prevalent during stimulation with a sex toy (34.4% ever used barriers). Univariate analysis revealed that women in non‐monogamous relationships were more likely than monogamous women to always use barrier protection for sexual activity (14.3% vs 3.5%). On multivariate analysis, there was no association between barrier use and frequency of casual sexual activity or history of sexually transmitted infection. Small associations were noted between barrier use and certain sexual activities, age, race, and number of partners.

Conclusion

Many WSW do not use barrier protection during sexual activity, even in the context of potentially risky sexual behaviors. Safer‐sex practices among WSW merit increased attention from healthcare providers and public health researchers.
Dynamical separation of spherical bodies in supersonic flow
Authors: Laurence S. J. , Parziale N. J. , Deiterding R.
Published: October 2012

An experimental and computational investigation of the unsteady separation behaviour of two spheres in Mach-4 flow is carried out. The spherical bodies, initially contiguous, are released with negligible relative velocity and thereafter fly freely according to the aerodynamic forces experienced. In experiments performed in a supersonic Ludwieg tube, nylon spheres are initially suspended in the test section by weak threads which are detached by the arrival of the flow. The subsequent sphere motions and unsteady flow structures are recorded using high-speed (13 kHz) focused shadowgraphy. The qualitative separation behaviour and the final lateral velocity of the smaller sphere are found to vary strongly with both the radius ratio and the initial alignment angle of the two spheres. More disparate radii and initial configurations in which the smaller sphere centre lies downstream of the larger sphere centre each increases the tendency for the smaller sphere to be entrained within the flow region bounded by the bow shock of the larger body, rather than expelled from this region. At a critical angle for a given radius ratio (or a critical radius ratio for a given angle), transition from entrainment to expulsion occurs; at this critical value, the final lateral velocity is close to maximum due to the same ‘surfing’ effect noted by Laurence & Deiterding (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 676, 2011, pp. 396–431) at hypersonic Mach numbers. A visualization-based tracking algorithm is used to provide quantitative comparisons between the experiments and high-resolution inviscid numerical simulations, with generally favourable agreement.
On the transition pattern of the oblique detonation structure
Authors: Teng Hong Hui , Jiang Zong Lin
Published: October 2012

Oblique detonation waves are simulated to study the evolution of their morphology as gasdynamic and chemical parameters are varied. Although two kinds of transition pattern have previously been observed, specifically an abrupt transition and a smooth one, the determining factors for the transition pattern are still unclear. Numerical results show that the transition pattern is influenced by the inflow Mach number, chemical activation energy and heat release. Despite the fact that these parameters were known to influence the detonation instability, the transition pattern variation cannot be predicted according to the instability criterion. In this study, the difference in the oblique shock and detonation angles is proposed as the criterion to determine the transition pattern with the aid of shock-polar analysis. It is found that the smooth transition will appear when the angle difference is small, while the abrupt transition will occur when the difference is large. The shift from the smooth transition to the abrupt transition occurs when the angle difference is about $1{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $–$1{8}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $. The previously proposed criterion using the characteristic time ratio is also examined and compared with the present angle difference criterion, and the latter is proved to provide better results.
AN EVALUATION OF MOROCCO'S CLAIMS TO SPAIN'S REMAINING TERRITORIES IN AFRICA
Authors: Trinidad Jamie
Published: October 2012

Ceuta, Melilla, Vélez de la Gomera, Alhucemas and the Chafarinas Islands are Spanish territories that lie along Morocco's northern coastline. Morocco has claimed the territories since its independence in 1956. The sovereignty of a further territory, the islet of Perejil, remains unresolved after a military confrontation between Morocco and Spain in 2002. The author examines the arguments in the ongoing sovereignty dispute. Morocco's claim to Ceuta and Melilla is found to be weak. However, its claim to the remaining territories may be supported by the analogous case of São João Baptista de Ajudá, an unpopulated Portuguese fortress territory in Dahomey (Benin) that was singled out for ‘statutory decolonization’ by the UN.
BETWEEN SPLENDID ISOLATION AND TENTATIVE IMPERIALISM: THE EU'S EXTENSION OF ITS EMISSION TRADING SCHEME TO INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND THE ECJ'S JUDGMENT IN THE ATA CASE
Authors: Gattini Andrea
Published: October 2012

For the last 15 years the European Union (EU) has been particularly active, both internally and internationally, in the fight against global warming, and it is determined to continue to play a global leadership role in this strategic issue. Among the various market-based measures decided upon, the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) for energy-intensive industrial sectors has been rightly described as the ‘flagship of the EU climate policy’.1Even before proceeding to a general overhauling of Directive 2003/87 in the framework of the 2009 Climate and Energy package, the EU had decided to modify the Directive by including aviation activities in the ETS. Directive 2008/1012provides that all flights from whichever aircraft operator taking off from or landing in the EU territory will be subjected to the ETS from 1 January 2012. For the year 2012 97 per cent of all emissions allowances will be freely assigned, from 2013 the amount will decrease to 95 per cent, whereas 15 per cent of all allowances will be auctioned. In reality the percentage of free allowances is much lower, about 60 per cent, because it takes as parameter the historical aviation emissions of the years 2004–06, when the air traffic was 40 per cent lower than it is now. The idea underlying the Directive is that aircraft operators will either purchase the necessary allowances in the market or will try to reduce their emissions by using bio-fuels (or else reducing the number of flights), with the second option becoming more economically attractive over time.
FROM ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TO ADMINISTRATIVE LEGITIMATION? TRANSNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Authors: Kuo Ming-Sung
Published: October 2012

Globalization redefines the relationship between law and space, resulting in the emergence of transnational administrative law in a globalizing legal space. I aim to shed light on transnational administrative law by examining how administrative law relates to the process of European integration. I argue that the idea of administrative legitimation is at the core of this relationship. In the European Union, transnational administration grounds its legitimacy on the fulfilment of administrative law requirements. However, given that in the European Union, administrative legitimation is rooted in Europe's constitutional transformation, I caution against the projection of Europe's experience onto global governance.
PROPERTY AND THE DEFINITION OF SLAVERY
Authors: Allain Jean , Hickey Robin
Published: October 2012

Currently there is no clear understanding of the meaning of ‘slavery’ in modern international law. While generally it is accepted that the authoritative definition of slavery is provided by Article 1 of the Slavery Convention 1926, in recent times slavery has been understood in such a wide variety of ways that effectively it is a meaningless term. This paper reflects on this interpretation problem and aims to redress this balance by reclaiming the core meaning of the legal definition. It applies property law perspectives to explain the conception of ownership invoked by Article 1, to argue that it remains relevant and to explore how it might be applied in identifying modern cases of slavery.
A QUESTION MODULE FOR ASSESSING COMMUNITY STIGMA TOWARDS HIV IN RURAL INDIA
Authors: VLASSOFF CAROL , WEISS MITCHELL G. , RAO SHOBHA
Published: October 2012

This paper describes a simple question module to assess community stigma in rural India. Fear of stigma is known to prevent people from seeking HIV testing and to contribute to further disease transmission, yet relatively little attention has been paid to community stigma and ways of measuring it. The module, based on a vignette of a fictional HIV-positive woman, was administered to 494 married women and 186 unmarried male and female adolescents in a village in rural Maharashtra, India. To consider the usefulness of the question module, a series of hypotheses were developed based on the correlations found in other studies between HIV-related stigma and socio-demographic characteristics (age, education, discussion of HIV with others, knowing someone living with HIV, knowledge about its transmission and whether respondents acknowledged stigmatizing attitudes as their own or attributed them to others). Many of the study's hypotheses were confirmed. Among married women, correlates of stigma included older age, lack of discussion of HIV and lack of knowledge about transmission; among adolescents, lower education and lack of discussion of HIV were the most significant correlates. The paper concludes that the question module is a useful tool for investigating the impact of interventions to reduce stigma and augment social support for people living with HIV in rural India.
Mastoid subperiosteal abscess in children: drainage or mastoidectomy?
Authors: Psarommatis I , Giannakopoulos P , Theodorou E , Voudouris C , Carabinos C , Tsakanikos M
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To evaluate the management of mastoid subperiosteal abscess using two different surgical approaches: simple mastoidectomy and abscess drainage.

Method:

The medical records of 34 children suffering from acute mastoiditis with subperiosteal abscess were retrospectively reviewed. In these cases, the initial surgical approach consisted of either myringotomy plus simple mastoidectomy or myringotomy plus abscess drainage.

Results:

Thirteen children were managed with simple mastoidectomy and 21 children were initially managed with abscess drainage. Of the second group, 12 children were cured without further treatment while 9 eventually required mastoidectomy. None of the children developed complications during hospitalisation, or long-term sequelae.

Conclusion:

Simple mastoidectomy remains the most effective procedure for the management of mastoid subperiosteal abscess. Drainage of the abscess represents a simple and risk-free, but not always curative, option. It can be safely used as an initial, conservative approach in association with myringotomy and sufficient antibiotic coverage, with simple mastoidectomy reserved for non-responding cases.
Comparison of techniques for identification of peripheral vestibular nystagmus
Authors: West P D B , Sheppard Z A , King E V
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To determine the best clinical method for identifying peripheral vestibular nystagmus, by comparing eye movement examination with optic fixation, and with fixation removed using Frenzel's glasses, infra-red video-Frenzel's goggles or an ophthalmoscope, with results of electronystagmography.

Method:

One hundred patients referred for electronystagmography from the audiovestibular medicine clinic at Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, were examined immediately before undergoing electronystagmography.

Results:

Video-Frenzel's goggles were highly effective at detecting peripheral vestibular nystagmus, with a sensitivity of 85 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 62.1–96.8 per cent) and a specificity of 65 per cent (53.5–75.3 per cent), compared with electronystagmography. Ophthalmoscopy had comparable sensitivity to Frenzel's glasses (used in the dark), i.e. 26.3 per cent (9.1–51.2 per cent) compared with 31.6 per cent (12.6–56.6 per cent), respectively. Frenzel's glasses as normally used in ENT clinics (i.e. in dim lighting) were ineffective, with a sensitivity of just 10 per cent (1.2–31.7 per cent).

Conclusion:

Video-Frenzel's goggles should be used in all clinics with substantial numbers of balance-impaired patients. Traditional Frenzel's glasses have no place in clinical practice unless formal black-out facilities are available.
Cognitive impairment in euthymic major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis
Authors: Bora E. , Harrison B. J. , Yücel M. , Pantelis C.
Published: October 2012

Background

There is evidence to suggest that cognitive deficits might persist beyond the acute stages of illness in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the findings are somewhat inconsistent across the individual studies conducted to date. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing studies that have examined cognition in euthymic MDD patients.

Method

Following a systematic search across several publication databases, meta-analyses were conducted for 27 empirical studies that compared euthymic adult MDD patients (895 participants) and healthy controls (997 participants) across a range of cognitive domains. The influence of demographic variables and confounding factors, including age of onset and recurrent episodes, was examined.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, euthymic MDD patients were characterized by significantly poorer cognitive functions. However, the magnitude of observed deficits, with the exception of inhibitory control, were generally modest when late-onset cases were excuded. Late-onset cases demonstrated significantly more pronounced deficits in verbal memory, speed of information processing and some executive functions.

Conclusions

Cognitive deficits, especially poor response inhibition, are likely to be persistent features, at least of some forms, of adult-onset MDD. More studies are necessary to examine cognitive dysfunction in remitted psychotic, melancholic and bipolar spectrum MDD. Cognitive deficits overall appear to be more common among patients with late-onset depression, supporting the theories suggesting that possible vascular and neurodegenerative factors play a role in a substantial number of these patients.
The relationship of perceptions of tap water safety with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and plain water among US adults
Authors: Onufrak Stephen J , Park Sohyun , Sharkey Joseph R , Sherry Bettylou
Published: October 2012

Objective

Research is limited on whether mistrust of tap water discourages plain water intake and leads to a greater intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). The objective of the present study was to examine demographic differences in perceptions of tap water safety and determine if these perceptions are associated with intake of SSB and plain water.

Design

The study examined perceptions of tap water safety and their cross-sectional association with intake of SSB and plain water. Racial/ethnic differences in the associations of tap water perceptions with SSB and plain water intake were also examined.

Setting

Nationally weighted data from the 2010 HealthStyles Survey (n 4184).

Subjects

US adults aged ≥18 years.

Results

Overall, 13·0 % of participants disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink and 26·4 % of participants agreed that bottled water was safer than tap water. Both mistrust of tap water safety and favouring bottled water differed by region, age, race/ethnicity, income and education. The associations of tap water mistrust with intake of SSB and plain water were modified by race/ethnicity (P < 0·05). Non-white racial/ethnic groups who disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink were more likely to report low intake of plain water. The odds of consuming ≥1 SSB/d among Hispanics who mistrusted their local tap water was twice that of Hispanics who did not (OR = 2·0; 95 % CI 1·2, 3·3).

Conclusions

Public health efforts to promote healthy beverages should recognize the potential impact of tap water perceptions on water and SSB intake among minority populations.
Prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in Korean adolescents: association with age, season and parental vitamin D status
Authors: Kim Shin Hye , Oh Min Kyung , Namgung Ran , Park Mi Jung
Published: October 2012

Objective

We aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adolescents and to determine parent–adolescent association in vitamin D status.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting

Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2009. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured using 125I-labelled RIA kits. Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents was defined as 25(OH)D level <27·5 nmol/l, and 25(OH)D levels between 27·5 and <50 nmol/l were considered insufficient. For the parents, vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D level <50 nmol/l.

Subjects

The study population consisted of 2062 adolescents (1095 boys, 967 girls; aged 10–18 years) and their parents (1005 fathers, 1341 mothers).

Results

Overall, 13·4 % of adolescents (boys 11·7 %, girls 15·4 %) were 25(OH)D deficient, 54·7 % were 25(OH)D insufficient. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased with age (P < 0·0001). Parental vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in vitamin D-deficient adolescents than in non-deficient adolescents (all P < 0·0001). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, predictors for vitamin D deficiency were senior high school students (OR = 3·45–4·33), winter/spring season (OR = 3·18–5·11/5·35–7·36) and parental vitamin D deficiency (OR = 1·78–4·88; all P < 0·05).

Conclusions

Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among healthy Korean adolescents and the parent–offspring association warrants vitamin D screening for family members of deficient individuals.
Origin, formation and variability of the Subpolar Mode Water located over the Reykjanes Ridge
Authors: de Boisséson E. , Thierry V. , Mercier H. , Caniaux G. , Desbruyères D.
Published: October 2012

The origin and formation of the Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) located over the Reykjanes Ridge in the North‐Atlantic Ocean and the variability of its properties over the period 1966–2004 are investigated through the use of a global eddy‐permitting (1/4°) ocean/sea‐ice model and a Lagrangian analysis tool. The SPMW is fed by subtropical and subpolar waters advected by the branches of the North‐Atlantic Current. The SPMW acquires its properties when its source waters enter the winter mixed layer in the Iceland Basin. The SPMW temperature variability is mainly explained by variations of the relative contributions of the subtropical and subpolar water transports to the total transport. Compared to the 1966–2004 mean, lower (higher) subtropical water relative transport contribution leads to colder (warmer) SPMW in the early 1990s (in the late 1960s and late 1990s). The intensity of the winter convection in the Iceland basin also influences the SPMW temperature through the amount of relatively cold intermediate waters of subtropical origin integrated in the SPMW layer. Strong convection partly explains the cold SPMW of the early 1990s. The large increase in the SPMW temperature in the late 1990s is due to both a decrease in the winter convection and an increase in the relative transport of the subtropical waters.
New insights on the offshore extension of the Great Sumatran fault, NW Sumatra, from marine geophysical studies
Authors: Ghosal D. , Singh S. C. , Chauhan A. P. S. , Hananto N. D.
Published: October 2012

Over the last 20 years, the Great Sumatran Fault (GSF) has been studied on land, but we have very little information about its offshore extension NW of Sumatra and its link with the West Andaman Fault to the north. The problem is further complicated by its vicinity to the volcanic arc. Here we present detailed analyses of the offshore extension of the GSF based on recently acquired high‐resolution bathymetry, multichannel seismic reflection data and some old single channel seismic reflection data. Our findings demonstrate that the branches of the GSF near Banda Aceh proceed further northwestward producing two 15–20 km wide adjacent basins. The southwestern transpressional Breueh basin is 1–2 km deep and has a flower structure with a push‐up ridge in the center, suggesting the presence of an active strike‐slip fault. The presence of strike‐slip earthquakes beneath this basin further suggests that one active branch of the GSF passes through this basin. The northeastern transtensional Weh basin is up to 3.4 km deep and the absence of recent sediments on the basin floor suggests that the basin is very young. The presence of a chain of volcanoes in the center of the basin suggests that the Sumatran volcanic arc passes through this basin. The anomalous depth of the Weh basin might be a site of early back‐arc spreading or may have resulted from pull‐apart extension. We examine all these new observations in the light of plate motion, local deformation and possible seismic risk.
Erosional history of the Prydz Bay sector of East Antarctica from detrital apatite and zircon geo‐ and thermochronology multidating
Authors: Tochilin Clare J. , Reiners Peter W. , Thomson Stuart N. , Gehrels George E. , Hemming Sidney R. , Pierce Elizabeth L.
Published: October 2012

Approximately 98% of East Antarctica is covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), which has covered parts of the continent since the early Oligocene (34 Ma) and obscures evidence about the region's tectonic and erosional history. To better constrain the subglacial record, we analyzed geo‐ and thermochronologic dates of Oligocene‐Quaternary sediments from Prydz Bay, which drains ∼16% of the EAIS. We used multidating techniques, measuring U‐Pb, fission track, and (U‐Th)/He dates on apatite and zircon grains and40Ar/39Ar dates on hornblende grains to determine crystallization and cooling ages. Apatite and zircon U‐Pb dates and hornblende40Ar/39Ar dates are dominantly ∼500 Ma, recording Pan‐African metamorphism and magmatism. Zircon fission track dates record cooling at ∼250–300 Ma and ∼120 Ma from Permian‐Triassic (300‐201 Ma) rifting and Cretaceous (120 Ma) magmatic resetting. Mean apatite fission track dates decrease from ∼280‐210 Ma in early Oligocene samples, with lag times decreasing from ∼250‐180 My, indicating increasing erosion rates. Miocene‐Quaternary (10.7‐0 Ma) samples show a smaller range from ∼180 to ∼150 Ma. Youngest measured apatite He ages also decrease from ∼100 Ma to ∼25 Ma in Oligocene‐Miocene samples. These results indicate increasing erosion rates (<0.02 km/My to >0.2 km/My) in catchments draining to Prydz Bay in the early Oligocene, with slower erosion since the late Miocene. This erosion was likely achieved by glacial incision into pre‐existing valleys, reaching depths of ∼2.8–3.0 km by the late Miocene. This is consistent with EAIS models showing a transition to less erosive, cold‐based conditions following the mid‐Miocene climatic optimum.
Ocean temperature response to idealized Gleissberg and de Vries solar cycles in a comprehensive climate model
Authors: Seidenglanz Anne , Prange Matthias , Varma Vidya , Schulz Michael
Published: October 2012

The ∼90‐year Gleissberg and ∼200‐year de Vries cycles have been identified as two distinctive quasi‐periodic components of Holocene solar activity. Evidence exists for the impact of such multi‐decadal to centennial‐scale variability in total solar irradiance (TSI) on climate, but concerning the ocean, this evidence is mainly restricted to the surface response. Here we use a comprehensive global climate model to study the impact of idealized solar forcing, representing the Gleissberg and de Vries cycles, on global ocean potential temperature at different depth levels, after a recent proxy record indicates a signal of TSI anomalies in the northeastern Atlantic at mid‐depth. Potential impacts of TSI anomalies on deeper oceanic levels are climatically relevant due to their possible effect on ocean circulation by altering water mass characteristics. Simulated solar anomalies are shown to penetrate the ocean down to at least deep‐water levels. Despite the fact that the two forcing periods differ only by a factor of ∼2, the spatial pattern of response is significantly distinctive between the experiments, suggesting different mechanisms for solar signal propagation. These are related to advection by North Atlantic Deep Water flow (200‐year forcing), and barotropic adjustment in the South Atlantic in response to a latitudinal shift of the westerly wind belt (90‐year forcing).
Impact of tropical cyclones on the intensity and phase propagation of fall Wyrtki jets
Authors: Sreenivas P. , Chowdary J. S. , Gnanaseelan C.
Published: October 2012

Observations and model simulations are used to study the impact of tropical cyclones (TC) on the fall Wyrtki jets (WJ). These strong narrow equatorial currents peak during November and play a vital role in the energy and mass transport in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Maximum number of TCs is observed over TIO during November with longer than normal life span (8–15 days). These TCs enhance equatorial westerly winds (surface) and amplify monthly mean WJs (both at surface and subsurface) by 0.4 ms−1 (anomalies exceed 0.7 ms−1during TC), which is about half of the climatological amplitude. Intensified WJs increase the heat content of eastern TIO and modulate air‐sea interaction. It is also shown that movement of TCs is mainly responsible for the westward phase propagation of WJs, a previously unexplored mechanism. These features are evident in ECCO2 simulations as well.
Near‐surface marine wind profiles from rawinsonde and NORA10 hindcast
Authors: Furevik Birgitte R. , Haakenstad Hilde
Published: October 2012

With huge investments going into offshore wind farming and strong focus on offshore safety at all levels, there is an increasing demand for high‐resolution wind products in the near‐surface boundary layer. The Norwegian Reanalysis Archive (NORA10) is a dynamical downscaling of ERA‐40 to a spatial resolution of 10–11 km over the northeastern North Atlantic using the High‐Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM). The boundary layer wind speed between 10 and 150 m above the sea surface from NORA10 is used in a large number of applications. In this study, wind speed maps are produced, and the seasonal and decadal variability in wind speed is discussed. The model underestimates the mean wind speed from in situ winds from offshore platforms and 0.5 Hz rawinsonde observations over the sea by 5–10%. One exception is FINO‐1, where there is excellent agreement. Part of the discrepancies may be due to the speed‐up effects over large platform structures. The high sampling rate of the rawinsondes gives good quality recordings of wind speed and temperature in approximately 10 m height intervals for a 10 year period. Mean model wind profile shapes below 150 m above sea level favorable compare with mean wind speed profiles for stable, unstable and neutral conditions from rawinsonde at Polarfront (ocean weather ship in the geographical position 66°N, 2°E). However, in 18% of the cases the wind speed is decreasing with height, which is not reproduced by the model. We suggest that these inverse wind profiles may be related to cold air advection and convection cells, e.g., downstream of cold air outbreaks.
The lunar far‐UV albedo: Indicator of hydration and weathering
Authors: Hendrix Amanda R. , Retherford Kurt D. , Randall Gladstone G. , Hurley Dana M. , Feldman Paul D. , Egan Anthony F. , Kaufmann David E. , Miles Paul F. , Parker Joel W. , Horvath David , Rojas Paul M. , Versteeg Maarten H. , Davis Michael W. , Greathouse Thomas K. , Mukherjee Joey , Steffl Andrew J. , Pryor Wayne R. , Stern S. Alan
Published: October 2012

We present an analysis of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) measurements of the dayside lunar surface at far‐ultraviolet wavelengths. We use the strong 165 nm H2O absorption edge to look for diurnal variations in hydration. We find that diurnal variations in spectral slope are indeed present; they are superimposed on latitudinal and spatial variations related to composition and weathering. We use two different spectral regions (164–173 nm and 175–190 nm) to separate out these effects. Highlands and mare regions have distinct reflectance spectra, with mare regions being spectrally bluer than highlands regions, a consequence of the greater abundance of opaque minerals in mare regions. Bright ray terrains and areas known to be young such as Giordano Bruno crater, are found to be relatively spectrally flat or red in the far‐UV; this is consistent with a lack of space weathering, which tends to make the far‐UV spectrum bluer due to the spectral behavior of nanophase iron. Large‐scale latitudinal variations in FUV slope are distinct and are likely due to a gradient in space weathering. The diurnal variation in hydration is consistent with a solar wind origin and with loss of H2O at temperatures above ∼320 K. Far‐UV spectroscopy is thus shown to represent a viable method for mapping aqueous alteration, even on the dayside of the Moon, and potentially elsewhere in the solar system.
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus EssB, an integral membrane component of the Type VII secretion system: atomic resolution crystal structure of the cytoplasmic segment
Authors: Zoltner Martin , Fyfe Paul K. , Palmer Tracy , Hunter William N.
Published: October 2012

The Type VII protein translocation/secretion system, unique to Gram-positive bacteria, is a key virulence determinant in Staphylococcus aureus. We aim to characterize the architecture of this secretion machinery and now describe the present study of S. aureus EssB, a 52 kDa bitopic membrane protein essential for secretion of the ESAT-6 (early secretory antigenic target of 6 kDa) family of proteins, the prototypic substrate of Type VII secretion. Full-length EssB was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, solubilized from the bacterial membrane, purified to homogeneity and shown to be dimeric. A C-terminal truncation, EssB∆C, and two soluble fragments termed EssB-N and EssB-C, predicted to occur on either side of the cytoplasmic membrane, have been successfully purified in a recombinant form, characterized and, together with the full-length protein, used in crystallization trials. EssB-N, the 25 kDa N-terminal cytoplasmic fragment, gave well-ordered crystals and we report the structure, determined by SAD (single-wavelength anomalous diffraction) targeting an SeMet (selenomethionine) derivative, refined to atomic (1.05 Å; 1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. EssB-N is dimeric in solution, but crystallizes as a monomer and displays a fold comprised of two globular domains separated by a cleft. The structure is related to that of serine/threonine protein kinases and the present study identifies that the Type VII secretion system exploits and re-uses a stable modular entity and fold that has evolved to participate in protein–protein interactions in a similar fashion to the catalytically inert pseudokinases.
Energy transfer from conjugated polymer to bacterial light-harvesting complex
Authors: Buczynska D. , Bujak Ł. , Loi M. A. , Brotosudarmo T. H. P. , Cogdell R. , Mackowski S.
Published: October 2012

Energy transfer from a conjugated polymer blend (poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl):poly (2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene) to a light-harvesting complex 2 from purple bacteria has been demonstrated using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. For our hybrid nanostructure, we observe a 30% reduction of the fluorescence lifetime of the polymer emission as compared to the pure polymer layer. This result is an important step towards integrating naturally evolved biomolecules with synthetic materials into biohybrid organic electronic systems.
Early onset of reproduction in the agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis
Authors: Buckmaster A. J. , Dickman C. R.
Published: October 2012

Ovulation in the agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis, usually occurs when the rate of change of photoperiod in spring is increasing at 127–137 s day–1. We report responses to a much slower rate of change of photoperiod in a population in far east Gippsland, Victoria, and discuss the ecological consequences and management significance of early breeding.
Individual identification of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) using remote cameras
Authors: Hohnen Rosemary , Ashby Jack , Tuft Katherine , McGregor Hugh
Published: October 2012

We have developed a technique to identify individual northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) from their spot patterns using photographs taken by remote infrared cameras. We suggest a method for bait placement and camera set-up to optimise the identification of individual quolls. We compared two methods, which differed in the placement of the bait and number of photographs per trigger, to determine which produced the best images for the purposes of identification. When the bait was positioned so that quolls needed to reach to access it, and a greater number of images were taken per trigger, a higher percentage of individuals were successfully identified. Variation in bait placement did not significantly affect the amount of time the quolls spent around the cameras. The study concludes that individual northern quolls are identifiable from their spot patterns using remote cameras, and adjustments to bait placement and the number of photographs per trigger significantly improves the quality of the information that the cameras provide.
How historic and current wildfire experiences in an Aboriginal community influence mitigation preferences
Authors: Christianson Amy , McGee Tara K. , L'Hirondelle Lorne
Published: October 2012

Peavine Métis Settlement is located in the boreal forest in Northern Alberta, Canada. The objective of this paper was to explore how different wildfire experiences in an Aboriginal community influence wildfire mitigation preferences at the residential and community levels. Residents of Peavine had varying experiences with wildfire over an extended period of time including traditional burning, firefighting employment and bystanders. Despite these different experiences, participants still implemented or supported wildfire mitigation activities, although for differing reasons depending on experience type. Participants were found to have implemented or supported wildfire mitigation activities on the settlement, including their own properties and public land. Experience type influenced why wildfire mitigation had been implemented or supported: primarily wildfire risk reduction (firefighters), primarily aesthetic benefits (bystanders) and for both aesthetic benefits and wildfire risk reduction (historic traditional burners). The extensive fire experiences of residents at Peavine Métis Settlement have provided insights into how experience influences mitigation preferences. The results show it is important to consider predominant wildfire experience types in a community before developing a wildfire mitigation program. The findings of this study may have relevance for other Aboriginal communities that have experience with wildfires.
Polygamous particles
Authors: Wu Kun-Ta , Feng Lang , Sha Ruojie , Dreyfus Rémi , Grosberg Alexander Y. , Seeman Nadrian C. , Chaikin Paul M.
Published: October 2012

DNA is increasingly used as an important tool in programming the self-assembly of micrometer- and nanometer-scale particles. This is largely due to the highly specific thermoreversible interaction of cDNA strands, which, when placed on different particles, have been used to bind precise pairs in aggregates and crystals. However, DNA functionalized particles will only reach their true potential for particle assembly when each particle can address and bind to many different kinds of particles. Indeed, specifying all bonds can force a particular designed structure. In this paper, we present the design rules for multiflavored particles and show that a single particle, DNA functionalized with many different “flavors,” can recognize and bind specifically to many different partners. We investigate the cost of increasing the number of flavors in terms of the reduction in binding energy and melting temperature. We find that a single 2-μm colloidal particle can bind to 40 different types of particles in an easily accessible time and temperature regime. The practical limit of ∼100 is set by entropic costs for particles to align complementary pairs and, surprisingly, by the limited number of distinct “useful” DNA sequences that prohibit subunits with nonspecific binding. For our 11 base “sticky ends,” the limit is 73 distinct sequences with no unwanted overlaps of 5 bp or more. As an example of phenomena enabled by polygamous particles, we demonstrate a three-particle system that forms a fluid of isolated clusters when cooled slowly and an elastic gel network when quenched.
Crystal structure of the
Leishmania major
peroxidase–cytochrome
c
complex
Authors: Jasion Victoria S. , Doukov Tzanko , Pineda Stephanie H. , Li Huiying , Poulos Thomas L.
Published: October 2012

The causative agent of leishmaniasis is the protozoan parasite
Leishmania major
. Part of the host protective mechanism is the production of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide. In response,
L. major
produces a peroxidase,
L. major
peroxidase (LmP), that helps to protect the parasite from oxidative stress. LmP is a heme peroxidase that catalyzes the peroxidation of mitochondrial cytochrome
c
. We have determined the crystal structure of LmP in a complex with its substrate,
L. major
cytochrome
c
(LmCytc) to 1.84 Å, and compared the structure to its close homolog, the yeast cytochrome
c
peroxidase–cytochrome
c
complex. The binding interface between LmP and LmCytc has one strong and one weak ionic interaction that the yeast system lacks. The differences between the steady-state kinetics correlate well with the Lm redox pair being more dependent on ionic interactions, whereas the yeast redox pair depends more on nonpolar interactions. Mutagenesis studies confirm that the ion pairs at the intermolecular interface are important to both
k
cat
and
K
M
. Despite these differences, the electron transfer path, with respect to the distance between hemes, along the polypeptide chain is exactly the same in both redox systems. A potentially important difference, however, is the side chains involved. LmP has more polar groups (Asp and His) along the pathway compared with the nonpolar groups (Leu and Ala) in the yeast system, and as a result, the electrostatic environment along the presumed electron transfer path is substantially different.
Highly potent HIV-specific antibody neutralization in vitro translates into effective protection against mucosal SHIV challenge in vivo
Authors: Moldt Brian , Rakasz Eva G. , Schultz Niccole , Chan-Hui Po-Ying , Swiderek Kristine , Weisgrau Kimberly L. , Piaskowski Shari M. , Bergman Zachary , Watkins David I. , Poignard Pascal , Burton Dennis R.
Published: October 2012

Most animal studies using passive administration of HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnMAbs) have associated protection against high-dose mucosal viral challenge with relatively high serum concentrations of antibody. We recently identified several bnMAbs remarkable for their in vitro potency against HIV. Of these bnMAbs, PGT121 is one of the most broad and potent antibodies isolated to date and shows 10- to 100-fold higher neutralizing activity than previously characterized bnMAbs. To evaluate the protective potency of PGT121 in vivo, we performed a protection study in rhesus macaques. Animals were i.v. administered 5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, or 0.2 mg/kg PGT121 24 h before being vaginally challenged with a single high dose of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)
SF162P3
. Sterilizing immunity was achieved in all animals administered 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg and three of five animals administered 0.2 mg/kg PGT121, with corresponding average antibody serum concentrations of 95 µg/mL, 15 µg/mL, and 1.8 µg/mL, respectively. The results suggest that a protective serum concentration for PGT121 is in the single-digit µg/mL for SHIV
SF162P3
, showing that PGT121 can mediate sterilizing immunity at serum concentrations that are significantly lower than those observed in previous studies and that may be achievable through vaccination with the development of a suitable immunogen.
Correlation between the piezo-Barkhausen effect and the fatigue limit of steel
Authors: Erber T , Guralnick S A , Segre C U , Tong W
Published: October 2012

Many types of ferrous metals can sustain an indefinite number of repeated loading cycles (N ⩾ 107 cycles) provided that the maximum imposed stresses do not exceed certain critical values usually referred to as fatigue or endurance limits. In current practice, these limits are primarily inferred from statistical analyses of numerous fatigue experiments that relate the number of cycles to failure, N
f, to the loading programs. Numerous attempts have been made to bypass these time consuming tests by the direct observation of changes in material microstructures utilizing a variety of physical effects ranging from neutron diffraction, x-ray radiography, acoustic emission and even positron radiation patterns; but none of these approaches has yielded any unambiguous indices of damage. Recently, it has been found that the evolution of piezomagnetic hysteresis, due to magnetization changes induced in ferromagnetic steels by tension and compression, is a reliable indicator of the development of fatigue damage and can lead to practical predictions of service life. Further detailed information concerning processes at the microstructural level can be obtained from measurements of flux jumps associated with the piezomagnetic fields. Sequences of flux variations of the order of 10−3 Mx or 10−11 Wb, comparable to those observed in conventional Barkhausen experiments, appear when ferromagnetic steels are subjected to tension or compression. The amplitude distribution of these piezo-Barkhausen pulses increases markedly in the vicinity of the endurance limit and appears to provide a rapid means for distinguishing between stable, i.e. safe, loading regimes and those terminating in fatigue failure.
Isothermal depolarization current spectroscopy of localized states in metal oxide varistors
Authors: Tonkoshkur Yu A , Glot A B
Published: October 2012

A new method for the processing of time-dependent isothermal depolarization current in oxide varistors is proposed. It involves (i) a new model for kinetics of the depolarization current, which is related to the parameters of the localized states, (ii) an account of the distribution of the relaxation time (which takes place due to the structure inhomogeneity of ceramics) using the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts stretched exponential function and (iii) the determination of the most probable relaxation time. The proposed method was tested using ZnO high-voltage varistors. The ionization energy (0.06 and 0.16 eV) and the electron capture cross-section (∼10−17 and ∼10−16 cm2) of the bulk donor states in two ZnO varistor ceramics were estimated.