bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Packing of the Ice in the River St. Lawrence; the occurrence of Landslips in the Modern Deposits of its Valley; and the existence of Marine Shells in them and on the Mountain of Montreal.
Authors: Logan W. E.
Published: October 2009

The island of Montreal stands at the confluence of the rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence, and is the largest of several islands splitting up these mighty streams, which cannot be said to be thoroughly mingled until they have descended some miles below the whole cluster. The rivers first come in contact in a considerable sheet of water called Lake St. Louis, which separates the upper part of the island of Montreal from the southern main. But though the streams here touch, they do not mingle. The waters of the St. Lawrence, which are beautifully clear and transparent, keep along the southern shore, while those of the Ottawa, of a darker aspect, though by no means turbid, wash the banks of the island; and the contrast of colour they present strongly marks their line of contact for many miles.

Lake St. Louis is at the widest part about six miles broad, with a length of twelve miles. It gradually narrows towards the lower end, and the river as it issues from it becoming compressed into the space of half a mile, rushes with great violence down the Rapids of Lachine, and, although the stream is known to be upwards of eight feet deep, it is thrown into huge surges of nearly as many feet high as it passes over its rocky bottom, which at this spot is composed of layers of trap extending into floors that lie in successive steps.

At the termination of this cascade the river expands to a
On the Geology of the Western States of North America
Authors: Owen David Dale
Published: October 2009

The remarks here submitted will be confined chiefly to that part of the Western States of North America watered by the rivers Ohio, Wabash, Illinois, Rock, Wisconsin, Cumberland and Tennessee, lying between the 35th and 43rd degree of N. latitude and the 81st and 91st of W. longitude. The district includes the states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Du Buque and Mineral Point districts of Iowa and Wisconsin. This territory occupies an area of about half a million of square miles, but its geological features are remarkably uniform, belonging, with a few partial exceptions, to the periods of the bituminous coal and carboniferous limestone as found in Europe, and the Silurian rocks as described by Sir R. Murchison; the exceptions are the superficial deposits which occasionally cover up these from view over considerable tracts, and these must either be referred to the age of gigantic mammalia and formations of a much newer date, or belong to a marl and greensand found in the western district of Tennessee, probably a portion of the greensand and other members of the cretaceous group. A general idea of the geological formations of the whole tract may be obtained from the annexed diagram.
Notice of the occurrence of the
Elephas primigenius
at Gozo, near Malta
Authors: Smith James
Published: October 2009

The fragment which accompanied the specimen was given to Mr. Smith by Mr. St. John of Valetta, who stated that he found it, encrusted with stalagmite and adherent to the rock, in the island of Gozo. According to Dr. Falconer, it consists of two plates of a young grinder of the true
Elephas primigenius
.

The occurrence of so large an animal in a locality of such limited extent seems to point to a period when it was connected with a continent.
On the extinct Fossil Viverrine Fox of Œningen, showing its specific characters and affinities to the Family Viverridæ
Authors: Owen
Published: October 2009

In compliance with the request of Sir R. Murchison, I have examined the fossil Fox described and figured in Dr. Mantell's appendix to the ‘Memoir on the Œningen Deposits,’ in which formation was discovered that interesting and remarkably perfect specimen*.

The number and kind of teeth in the fossil are there shown (
loc. cit.
p. 291) to agree with the dental formula of the Fox and the rest of the genus
Canis
of Linnæus.

On comparing the well-preserved specimens of the teeth in the right ramus of the lower jaw, the inner surfaces of which are exposed in the right moiety of the skeleton, with the corresponding teeth of a Common Fox (
Canis Vulpes
, Linn.) of equal size with the fossil, the following well-marked differences are seen.

The first premolar (fig. 1.
p
1) is relatively smaller, the third (
p
3) and fourth (
p
4) relatively larger than in the Fox, and all the premolars are placed closer together, and occupy, therefore, less space in the fossil than in the Common Fox, the Arctic Fox, or the

Italian Fox (
Canis melanogaster
*). The fossil
Canis
differs also from these and from every existing species of Dog, Wolf and Jackal with which I have been able to compare it, in the greater development of the anterior and posterior tubercles at the base of the crown of the third and fourth premolårs.

The singular Hyænoid subgenus of
Canis
, represented by the South African species (
Lycaö pictus
), presents the above character of the fossil,
Appendix.—On the Fossil collected by Lieut. Spratt, R.N., in the Islands of Samos and Eubœa
Authors: Forbes E.
Published: October 2009

The collections accompanying Lieut. Spratt's papers include a number of very interesting fossils.

From Samos he has sent several fossil shells and plants, collected in the lacustrine tertiaries of that island. The plants appear to be the remains of large reeds, and impressions of leaves resembling those of the Oleander. The shells consist of a Paludina, closely resembling one in the Eubœa collection, but in bad condition; a Helix, allied to some existing Levant forms, but undeterminable, since the preservation of colour only could enable us to be certain of the species in the section of the genus to which it belongs; and a large cylindrical shell, mentioned in the paper as a Melania, but most probably of terrestrial origin; I regard it as probably a large extinct species of Bulimus, allied to
B. decollatus
. As Lieut. Spratt mentions the occurrence of species of Lymneus and Planorbis in these beds, identical with those found on the tertiaries of the Gulf of Smyrna, the Samos formation may be regarded as most probably eocene.

The collections sent from Eubœa and the neighbouring mainland are of great interest.

The specimens in the freshwater limestone of Oripo are undoubtedly
Lymneus longiscatus
and a Paludina, both characteristic of the Smyrna freshwater tertiaries, and indicating an eocene epoch.

But those from Koumi have a much more recent aspect. In the strata there we find a Planorbis, which is most probably the existing
P. orientalis
; a Paludina, nearest an existing Greek species; also a Cyclas, very near
On the Classification of the Fossiliferous Slates of North Wales, Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire (being a Supplement to a paper read to the Society, March 12, 1845)
Authors: Sedgwick A.
Published: October 2009

Before I proceed to the examination of details (and I wish to avoid details as far as possible), I may state in a few words what are the leading objects of the following paper.

1. I wish to describe some new facts (observed during the past summer) that appear to connect together, and give a consistency to, various sections through the older Palæozoic rocks, which have been exhibited and explained during the meetings of former years, and several of which have been published in the Proceedings and the Journal of the Society. Under the term
Cambrian System
I at present include (in accordance with the original use of the words) all the rocks in the uncoloured portions of Sir R. I. Murchison's Silurian Map; indeed all the older slate rocks of North and South Wales beyond the limits of the Silurian system, as well as all the older slate groups of the Cumbrian mountains.

2. I shal endeavour to give an approximate view of the successive older groups in South Wales, so as to put these groups in approximate coordination with those of North Wales.

3. I wish to explain the evidence on which we may approximate to the thickness and natural grouping of the successive Cambrian deposits, so as to put them in their true relation to the lower groups of the Silurian system, as published by its author.

4. From a review of the leading facts, physical and zoological, and a comparison of them with the development of
On the Geology of the Calf of Man
Authors: Cumming J. G.
Published: October 2009

The Calf of Man is an islet of about 800 acres in superficial extent, situated at the south-western extremity of the Isle of Man, and separated from it by a narrow channel, in breadth not more than 500 yards, called “the Race” or “Sound” of the Calf. Nearly in the centre of this channel, but rather towards its northern side, lies the small rocky islet of Kitterland, between which and the Isle of Man the channel is fordable at low water, and between it and the Calf islet the passage is rendered dangerous by several sunken rocks, the tide rushing through the channel at certain periods of ebb and flow at the rate of nine miles per hour.

Geologically, the islet of the Calf must be considered simply as a prolongation of the Mull hills, separated from them by a chasm at right angles to the general axis of elevation, and which corresponds, in fact, with the larger chasms, which, when the sea was at a higher relative level, formed channels at Port Erin, Fleshwick and Peel. It rises gradually from the south-western extremity, the northern and south-eastern side presenting to the sea precipices to the height of 470 feet, the highest point being at the pile near the ruins of Bushel's house. Off the western point is the dangerous reef of the Hen and Chickens, the two revolving lights on the Calf, when brought in line, bearing upon them.

The Stack is a singular pile of rocks near the
On the Neighbourhood of Bombay, and certain beds containing Fossil Frogs
Authors: Clark G. T.
Published: October 2009

The island of Bombay is composed of five or six bands of trap rock, chiefly greenstone and amygdaloid, conformable, and dipping west at about 10° or 15°, and separated by beds that have every appearance of being of sedimentary origin, though there is no actual proof of the fact. The highest and most western of these beds have been laid open in some engineering operations, and in these the fossils sent to the Society have been found.

The batrachian beds are a mass of blue rock, weathering into a shale not unlike ordinary coal shale, and containing what I have no doubt will turn out to be vegetable impressions. The upper beds are interstratified with thin seams of sandstone and argillaceous rock, and over the whole is a mantle of basalt which cannot have been less than 70 feet thick. This basalt has in parts caused imperfect fusion of the fossil beds, obliterating their stratification and superimposing something of its own columnar, or at least prismatic structure.

These fossil were discovered, a few days ago, by Dr. Leith of the Bombay Service, and as he is an acute and diligent observer and well-acquainted with his subject, I think, before very long, these beds will be thoroughly investigated.

I am preparing an account of the geology of the island, but it is so closely connected with that of the main land, that I am loath to say much upon the one until I am better acquainted with the details of the
Extract from Mr. Conybeare's Report on the Country between the Summit of the Malsej Ghaut and the Gungathuree, dated Bombay, Oct. 1846
Authors: Hamilton W. J.
Published: October 2009

Numerous spurs everywhere extend from the Sahadry range to the eastward, and the distance to which they extend is proportionate to the importance of the streams which run between them. The ranges which separate the smaller class of tributaries soon cease; those which intervene between the rivers which result from the junction of such tributaries have a greater extent, and the ranges which form the watersheds dividing the great river systems, sometimes extend 200 or 300 miles into the interior.

To the latter class belongs the range forming the northern boundary of the valley at the head of the Malsej Ghaut; that valley is the most northern of the river system of the Kristna, and the waters of the Kristnawuttee, which rise in it near the crest of the Ghaut, reach the main trunk by flowing successively along the Kokree, the Goor and the Beema; the precipitous range which bounds and hedges in this valley on the north is the southernmost member of a hilly tract thirty miles in depth, which separates the Kristnawuttee from the level plains of the Gunga or Godavery, and in which rise the most southern affluents of the latter river.

No eligible opportunity occurs for traversing this range and thereby entering the Bramanwarree hills, until the Alleh Khind is reached about twenty-two miles E. of the Malsej. A few miles beyond this point the southernmost range becomes almost impracticable, expanding into broken table-land, and barring all further progress to the east, by pushing out towards
On recent Depression in the Land
Authors: Smith James
Published: October 2009

The human period may be subdivided into the present, or that in which geological events are subjected to our own observation; the historieal, or that in which they have been observed and recorded; stud the antiquarian, in which, although we cannot assign a date to them, we can prove from human remains or works of art that they must have taken place since the earth was inhabited by man.

Having recently observed proofs of movements of depression in each of these periods, I proceed to notice them in their retrograde order.

When I visited Pozzuoli in 1819, the floor of the temple of Serapis was dry, but I remarked that the channels cut across it for the purpose of draining the waters of the thermal spring which rises within i t s predncts were nearly filled with sea-water, with a sensible current flowing inwards, or from the sea ; when I returned in 1845, I found that the high-water mark stood at 28 inches above the pavement, exhibiting a rise of about an inch yearly.

As there is a rise and fall of tide of nearly 10 inches within the building, and as I have no means of knowing the state of the tide at my first visit, I cannot speak with certainty as to the exact change of level which had taken place during the interval between my observations ; I am however satisfied that it could not be much more or less than one inch yearly.

Professor Forbes
Notes on the Palæozoic Formations of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: October 2009

The county of Cumberland, in which the city of Sydney is situated, and parts of the adjacent counties, are composed almost entirely of a palæozoic formation of great thickness and extent. The principal materials of this formation are certain shales and sandstones, with a few associated beds of coal. In the close of the year 1845 I made a short excursion across a portion of this district, in company with the Rev. W. B. Clarke. We carried with us a mountain barometer, and by taking the means of the two sets of observations made in going and returning, got such an approximate estimate of the heights of the ground and the thickness of the rocks, as to enable us to construct a section with a sufficient approach to accuracy to be relied on for my present purpose. This section runs from Liverpool (a town just at the head of the tidal waters of George's River, which falls into Botany Bay) by a slightly winding line, first S.S.W. for about twenty miles, through Campbelltown to Appin, and then about S.S.E. for about eighteen miles to Wollongong in the Illawarra district. Wollongong is on the coast about forty-five miles to the northward of Sydney.

From Paramatta by Liverpool to Campbelltown the country is low, gently undulating, and composed (P1. VII.) almost entirely of (No. 1) black and brown shales, with a few thin interstratified beds of sandstone in their lower portion. From Campbelltown to Appin the country rises into bolder undulations, and
On the Structure of Trinucleus, with Remarks on the Species
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

Having met with some unexpected reslflts during a study of the Trilobites, more especially with regard to the genus
Trinucleus
, so eminently characteristic of the
Lower Silurian
and
Cambrian
deposits, I wish to offer a few observations on some changes now necessary in nomenclature, and also on the structural peculiarities arrived at.

It is to classical feeling we owe the name of this genus, for Llhwyd's
Trinucleus
, published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' so far back as 1698, meant no more than the general term
Trilobite
, and could not, except by courtesy, set aside the name
Cryptolithus
, first proposed, with characters, by Green. Sir R. I. Murchison has revived the old and far more expressive name, and all subsequent European naturalists have adopted it.

The genus can hardly be confounded with any other—the peculiar perforated border and the small number of segments in the body, together forming an animal dissimilar from all related genera. Thus the genus
Harpes
, which has a broad puncture border, has numerous body-segments and a minute tail; while
Ampyx
, another close ally, though similar in the body, wants entirely, the ornamented margin. The absence of eyes in the most common species has been supposed genetic, and it may be so, for we only have a prominent tubercle in their place in the
Tr. seticornis
, which probably has only minute scattered lenses upon it ; at all events vision seems not to be essential to this curiously constructed animal. Ampyx is equally destitute.

The facial suture,—stated by Lovën
On the Structure and Probable Age of the Coal-Field of the James River, near Richmond, Virginia
Authors: Lyell Charles
Published: October 2009

There are two regions in the state of Virginia (a country about equal in area to the whole of England proper) in which productive coal-measures occur. In one of these, which may be called the Western Coal-field, the strata belong to the ancient carboniferous group, characterized by fossil plants of the same genera, and to a great extent the same species, as those found in the ancient coal-measures of Europe. These strata form an integral part of the system of rocks constituting the Appalachian chain, and have been disturbed by the same movements, and subsequently exposed to the same denuding action. Another coal-field, wholly disconnected from the above in its geographical and geological relations, is found to the east of the Appalachian mountains, in the middle of that granitic region sometimes called the Atlantic Slope. This district of granite, gneiss, hornblende, schist, and other hypogene rocks, intervenes between the palæozoic rocks of the Alleghanies and the low country bordering the Atlantic, which is composed of cretaceous and tertiary deposits. In consequence of the isolated position of these eastern coal-beds, the lowest of which rest immediately on the fundamental granite, while the uppermost are not covered by any overlying fossiliferous formations, we have scarcely any means of determining their relative age, except by the characters of their included organic remains. The study of these induced Prof. W. B. Rogers, in his memoirs published in 1842 (Trans. of American Geologists, p. 298), to declare his opinion that this coal was of newer
A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from Atherfield to Rocken End, on the South-west coast of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Fitton William Henry
Published: October 2009

The remarkable section which is the subject of the following pages had been described in papers which I published in 1824 and 1833, with such lists of the fossils as I could then supply; but the great attention which the corresponding portion of the strata beneath the chalk has of late years excited, under the name of
Terrain Néocomien
, made me wish to examine the place anew, and to obtain a more adequate collection. Having made some progress, I employed a very active collector of specimens during the last year, and was about to return to the Island to continue my work, when I found that I should interfere with the operations which Captain Ibbetson had then begun for the purpose of extending his well-known model of the “Back” of the Isle of Wight, to Atherfield. My task has been since concluded, and I now lay the result before this Society.

It is necessary to mention here, that the collection of specimens upon this coast is impracticable without able assistance; so that it is only by residence, or frequent visits, and the aid of a quarryman, that a collection fairly representing the contents of the strata can be obtained‡. Until experience convinced me of this difficulty, I was disappointted by finding that so few additions had been made to my lists of fossils, published many years before*; and though my present collection, from the time and labour employed upon it, is probably the most complete that has yet been made
Introduction to a Second Memoir of Capt. Vicary on the Geology of parts of Sinde
Authors: Murchison R. I.
Published: October 2009

Geologists are indebted to the enterprising and lamented Burnes for the first general sketch of the structure of the region watered by the Indus. In subsequent years we were furnished with more detailed information by Capt. Grant, who, collecting fossils in the Run of Cutch, gave us the means of ascertaining that in addition to the nummulitic and conglomerate rocks partially described by Burnes, other portions of that tract were of Jurassic or Oolitic age (Oxford clay, &c.).

When the brilliant victories gained by Sir Charles Napier added Sinde to the British possessions, that officer resolved to ascertain more precisely the geological structure and real mineral condition of the new province. Having driven back the Belooches into their mountains, he directed Capt. Vicary, whom he selected for the purpose, to prepare a report on the geological relations of these tracts, which, with the exception of the partial and rapid journeys of Pottinger, Grant and Christie, were unknown to Europeans. The report of Capt. Vicary on the previously unexplored Muree country, from Shakpoor to the Degra valley*, was accompanied by a case of fossils collected under circumstances of unusual difficulty.

Having had the honour of being entrusted by the Earl of Ellen-borough and Sir Charles Napier with that report of Capt. Vicary and with his fossils, I laid them before this Society, and an account of them is printed in the second volume of our Quarterly Journal, p. 260.

I have recently been favoured with another letter from Sir Charles Napier
On the main points of Structure and the probable Age of the Bagshot Sands, and on their presumed equivalents in Hampshire and France
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

In continuation of the paper I had the honour of reading before the Society on the 3rd of February last, I purpose now to examine another division of the Eocene series, frequently incumbent upon the
London clay
in the neighbourhood of London, and commonly termed the “
Bagshot Sands
.”

Forming usually barren sandy districts, and rising, over great part of their area, into ranges of heath-covered hills, the
Bagshot sands
have attracted but little attention, having, although so near London, remained comparatively unexplored since Mr. Warburton described them in 1821*.

Without any permanent natural sections, and with few artificial ones beyond an occasional sand or clay-pit, and the curious grave-shaped excavations often scattered over the surface of the gravelly heaths on some the hills, where they are formed in the process of digging out of the sands the occasional masses of conretionary sandstone, the almost only opportunities for studying the structue of the
Bagshot sands
are afforded by fresh roadside sections and railway cuttings.

The fossils are as rare as the sections. The three genera† (for the species were not distinguishable) of testacea found by Mr. Warburton at Chobham; and the subsequent notice by Dr. Buckland in 1838 of the remains of fishes (including the determination of three new genera) at Goldsworthy, near Woking, comprise I believe all‡ at present known of the palæontology of the Bagshot sands§.

Notwithstanding however the scantiness of their recent flora and the poverty of their ancient fauna, the
Bagshot sands
present many features of much
On the Age of the Tertiary Beds of the Tagus, with a Catalogue of the Fossils
Authors: Smith James
Published: October 2009

During a recent visit to Portugal my attention was chiefly directed to an examination of the testaceous fossils of the tertiary deposits near Lisbon, with the view of ascertaining their geological age. The result has been to satisfy me that they belong to the second great division in the ascending scale of the tertiary system, the miocene of Lyell, and in particular that they agree more nearly with those of the deposit of the south-west of France, in the environs of Bordeaux and Dax, than with any other which have been hitherto described*. I was at first inclined to consider them to be, strictly speaking, identical and contemporaneous; but a careful comparison of the Portuguese fossils with those described in the catalogues of MM. De Basterot and Grateloup, and also with a collection of shells from Bordeaux in my own possession, shows a greater difference than can be ascribed to geographical distance alone. But whether they are more or less ancient we have no means, in the present state of our knowledge, of determining, and the proportion of recent shells to extinct species does not throw any light upon the subject. M. de Basterot makes the proportion of recent shells in the Bordeaux fossils twenty-three per cent., whilst M. Grateloup makes it thirty-seven per cent.; according to the annexed catalogue, there are twenty-eight per cent. of recent species in the Lisbon fossils, which is somewhat below the mean, and may perhaps indicate an earlier date. But although I am fully
Microscopical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus Giganteus and other Fossil Animals
Authors: Bowerbank J. S.
Published: October 2009

On the 14th of May 1845 I had the honour of exhibiting to the Geological Society a portion of the head and other bones of a gigantic Pterodactylus from the lower chalk near Maidstone, Kent, and subsequently these specimens were engraved and published, accompanied by a short description, in vol. ii. p. 7. Pl. I. of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. In that memoir I expressed an opinion, that the bone represented by fig. 6 in the Plate illustrating my paper was of the same description of animal, and corresponding in position with that figured and described by Prof. Owen in the Transactions of the Geological Society, 2nd Series, vol. vi. Pl. 39, as a portion of the shaft of the humerus of a longipennate bird, and consequently that it was probable that the latter bone would ultimately prove to belong to a Pterodactylus. Since the expression of this opinion, I have had the pleasure of seeing several fine specimens of similar bones to those described by Prof. Owen, in the possession of Mr. Charles of Maidstone, Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and Mr. Toulmin Smith, and I have been favoured by the latter two eminent and liberal collectors with the free use for examination and comparison of many beautiful specimens of such remains.
On the relative Age and Position of the so-called Nummulite Limestone of Alabama
Authors: Lyell C.
Published: October 2009

In a former paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London (vol. ii. p. 405, May 1846), I stated that the limestone containing abundantly the
Nummulites Mantelli
, Morton, which occurs near Suggesville, Clarksville, and other places between the rivers Alabama and Tombecbee, in the State of Alabama, was a member of the Eocene tertiary group, and that so far from constituting any part of the cretaceous formation, as had formerly been imagined, it holds in reality a place high up in the Eocene series of the South. In the same memoir I gave a section extending from Claiborne through Suggesville and Macon to the west of Clarksville, Alabama, in which the position of the so-called nummulitic limestone was explained. It was stated to be newer than all the beds of the well-known Claiborne Bluff, and I mentioned that “the bones of the gigantic cetacean called Zeuglodon by Owen were everywhere found in Clarke County, in a limestone below the level of the nummulitic rock and above the beds which contain the greater number of perfectly preserved eocene shells, such as
Cardita planicosta
and others.”
Description of an upright Lepidodendron with Stigmaria Roots, in the roof of the Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton
Authors: Brown Richard
Published: October 2009

Many eminent geologists have long entertained the opinion, that Stigmariæ are nothing more than the roots of Sigillariæ, and this opinion has been supported by so many recorded cases during the last two or three years, amongst which I may include one from the Sydney coal-measures, an account of which appeared in the 8th Number of the Journal of the Geological Society, that I think no further doubts can remain concerning the real nature of those fossils.

Since I forwarded to the Society a description of the Sydney Sigillaria about twelve months ago, I have discovered several upright trees in the coal-measures, evidently
not
Sigillariæ, with roots of Stigmariæ united to them. These trees exhibited so many of the peculiar characteristics of Lepidodendron, that I at once concluded they belonged to that genus; but having never even seen it hinted that Lepidodendron possessed Stigmaria roots, and distrusting my own skill in fossil botany, I determined to wait until I could collect more decisive evidence in confirmation of my opinion. This evidence I have now obtained in another example, fortunately most complete in all its parts, a description of which I hasten to lay before the Society, accompanied with sketches, which I hope will clearly prove that the stem in question is a genuine Lepidodendron united to roots of Stigmaria.
On the Discovery of Coal on the Island of Labuan, Borneo
Authors: Bellot Thomas
Published: October 2009

Coal has been discovered near the river Gooty, on the east coast of Borneo. It resembles the best cannel coal, and burns readily, leaving a little ferruginous ash. The bed is about three feet thick, and is covered by grey shale and red sandstone. The island of Labuan consists of reefs of coral and beds of soft white sandstone with layers of blue clay. Near the north-east point of the island a bed of coal, six feet or more in thickness, has been discovered in several places. Some of this coal has been used on board the ship, and it is found to burn well and leave very little ash.
On Trematis, a new genus belonging to the family of Brachiopodous Mollusca
Authors: Sharpe Daniel
Published: October 2009

In looking over the valuable collection of Palæozoic fossils brought from the United States by Mr. Lyell, I was struck by a small Brachiopod possessing a combination of structure hitherto unobserved, which entitles it to be placed in a separate genus.

The general appearance of the shell is similar to
Orbicula
, in which genus it has hitherto been placed. It is nearly circular, but slightly broader than long and with an irregular outline. The shell is attached by a ligament which passes through an oblong slit in the lower valve, as in the Orbiculæ; this slit reaches from about the centre of the shell to near the posterior margin. Both the valves are slightly and irregularly convex, giving a depressed form to the shell.

The valves are united by a hinge, of which the details cannot be seen in the specimens; but it is probably formed of two diverging lamellar processes in the dorsal valve, for where the shell of that valve has been worn away, we can trace three calcareous plates diverging from the hinge of the dorsal valve, as in the Leptænoid species of
Orthis
this and in many of the Spirifers. Wherever these plates are found in ,the Brachiopoda, the outer pair appear to be continuations of the teeth or lamellar processes of the hinge; so that the presence of such plates is sufficient to show that the valves played upon a hinge.
On the Elevation and Denudation of the District of the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland
Authors: Hopkins W.
Published: October 2009

The general structure of the district of the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland is well known to geologists, more particularly by the labours of Professor Sedgwick. My own task, in the general examination which I have recently made of the district, has been one of inspection and not of discovery ; and the object of the present communication is not the description of phmnomena, but the theoretical discussion of the causes to which they are to be referred. I shall enter into descriptive details only so far as may be necessary for this purpose. In the first part of the memoir I shall consider the structure and elevation of the district, and in the second part the ph~enomena of its denudation.

1. Boundary of the District.--In descriptive geology we may apply the term district to a portion of country comprised within any arbitrary boundary to which our researches may have extended; but in considering the theory of its elevation, a district must include the whole of that space throughout which we recognize a character of continuity in the external configuration and the observed phmnomena. Thus in the case before us, we must not limit ourselves to the group of mountains immediately associated with the lakes, but must extend the district eastward to the great Penine fault, which will thus form its eastern boundary. On the north, from Kirkby Stephen by Hesket round to Egremont and thence to Morcambe Bay, its boundary will be sufficiently marked by that of the New Red
Notes on the Geology of the Coasts of Australia
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: October 2009

In this memoir Mr. Jukes gave a short abstract of all the information collected by various travellers regarding the Australian continent, including his own observations.

The eastern coast is occupied by a great range of high land, appearing like a continuous chain of mountains when seen from the sea, and rising in several places to 5000 feet or more above the sea-level. This chain has an axis of granite, with occasional large masses of greenstone, basalt and other igneous rocks. It is flanked on both sides by thick beds of palæozoic formations, chiefly sandstone, but also containing limestone and coal. In the northern portion of the chain Dr. Leichardt found similar formations, and especially trap and granite near the Burdekin river. In the Port Philip district there are similar igneous rocks, and on the coast tertiary formations, which Mr. Jukes found resting on the edges of upturned palæozoic beds. In West Australia the Darling range consists of granite below, covered by metamorphic rocks; and between it and the sea is a plain composed of tertiary beds. In the colony of North Australia there is a great sandstone plateau, rising about 1800 feet above the sea, and probably of palæozoic age; whilst on the immediate shore and round the Gulf of Carpentaria are beds supposed to belong to the tertiary period. Similar formations constitute the substratum of the central desert, in which Capt. Sturt was compelled to turn, when half-way to the Gulf of Carpentaria, from the southern coast.
A description of a new Species of Nautilus (
N. Saxbii
) from the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Morris John
Published: October 2009

This species is referred to in Dr. Fitton's Memoir on the Section at Atherfield (Quart. Geol. Jour. vol. iii.) under the name of Nautilus Saxbianus (
vide
Table, p. 289). Its general form is like that of
Ammonites Fittoni
(d'Archiac), and
Am. splendens
(Sow.). It also closely resembles the
N. mesodicus
(Quenstedt), but differs from it in being of less breadth, having a smaller umbilicus, and in the greater number of the septa.
On the Agate Quarries of Oberstein
Authors: Hamilton W. J.
Published: October 2009

In the autumn of 1844 I visited the agate quarries of Oberstein, and as I believe that no notice of them has been yet offered to the Geological Society, I trust that the following observations, however slight, will not be altogether uninteresting. Indeed it is rather surprising, considering the interest attached to the origin and formation of agates and of other siliceous nodular deposits, and the different views which have been advanced on the subject, and knowing as we do that these quarries have been visited from time to time by some of our most eminent geologists, that no account whatever has yet been given of this locality in any of the publications of the Society.
On the Organic Remains found in the Skiddaw Slate, with some Remarks on the Classification of the Older Rocks of Cumberland and Westmoreland, &c.
Authors: Sedgwick
Published: October 2009

Although the successive groups into which the rocks of the Lake-mountains of the north of England may be conveniently divided has been the subject of repeated discussions during former meetings of the Society, I think it expedient in the first place (as far as possible suppressing all details) to enumerate these groups in their natural ascending order:—
On the Geology of Ridgway, near Weymouth
Authors: Wesston Charles Henry
Published: October 2009

During the last summer I directed my attention to the geological features of the country in the neighbourhood of Weymouth, not with the idea of adding any fresh information to that which we already possessed of this district, but rather from the desire of working out for myself in the field what had so often interested me in the closet. While examining however this district generally, and those localities where the strata were so considerably exposed by the operations of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, I particularly studied the supposed point of junction of the Portland stone and the chalk of Ridgway Hill. At this spot I saw much to excite my surprise, and what, with my preconceived notions of the theoretic structure of the district, I found difficult to understand.
On the presence of Phosphoric Acid in the subordinate members of the Chalk Formation
Authors: Nesbit J. C.
Published: October 2009

It is well known, that upon certain strata of the upper and lower greensand, the use of bones and other substances containing phosphoric acid has not proved of the slightest benefit for agricultural purposes. I have for some time been engaged in collecting soils and rocks from these formations, for the purpose of chemical investigation into the origin of their fertility. Among others, I obtained from Farnham specimens of a fertile marl which is found on the estate of J. M. Paine, Esq. A cursory examination gave evidence of the existence of an unusual amount of phosphoric acid in the marl, and in November 1847 I communicated to Mr. Paine the discovery I had made.

From the marl was subsequently obtained by washing, substances, evidently coprolitic, containing twenty-eight per cent. of phosphoric acid; the general mass of the marl contained from two to three per cent. of phosphoric acid.
Outline of the principal Geological Features of the Salt-Field of Cheshire and the adjoining districts
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

In the following pages it is proposed to give only a general geological description of the district connected with the Cheshire salt-field. In so doing, such dislocations only as affect the general geological features will be noticed, and it is purposed to avoid as much as possible touching upon any theoretical points, confining this paper to mere description.

The word “fault” will be used as meaning a dislocation causing a general change in the direction of dip : the word “throw” when the direction is not altered.
On Fossil Bones found in the Crag of Suffolk
Authors: Wiggins John
Published: October 2009

The author states, that near Ramsholt Creek, Sutton, and in other parts of Suffolk belonging to the Crag formation, large quantities of fossil teeth, hones, and coprolitic substances are found. These remains are rich in phosphate of lime, and are now collected for agricultural purposes. They are found mixed with sand and gravel from two to four feet below the surface, and about 300 tons had been procured from about a rood of ground which had been turned up.
Sketch of the Structure of the country extending from Cader Idris to Moel Siabod, North Wales
Authors: Jukes J. Beete , Sewlyn Alfred R.
Published: October 2009

The rocks are arranged into the following groups, of which the names are only provisional, and the thicknesses assigned from rough estimation. In the ascending order:—

A.

The Barmouth and Harlech sandstones, 3000 feet. A mass of quartzose sandstone and conglomerate, with some beds of blue and purple slates, and occasionally trap rocks. No organic remains discovered in this group.

B.

The Trappæan group, 15,000 feet: subdivided into—

B 1.

Blue and grey schistose slates and flagstones, interstratified with many beds of a grey calcareo-feldspathic “ash” often crystalline, together with feldspathic trap and greenstone; the slaty rocks predominating.

B 2.

Great masses of feldspar-porphyry and some greenstone, with feldspathic trappsean “ash” arranged in beds a few inches or many feet in thickness. Interstratified with these, and passing into them (especially into the ash) by almost imperceptible gradations, are many beds of black slate, forming often irregular and apparently lenticular-shaped masses. In some parts of B 1, Lingulæ are found in great abundance, and a few other fossils. In B 2 Lingulæ and Graptolites also occur, but not very abundantly.

C.

The Bala group, 9000 feet: subdivided into—

C 1.

Black slates of variable thickness, very fine-grained, brittle, and frequently having their true lamination or stratification entirely obscured by cleavage and numerous joints.

C 2.

Grey, fine-grained, arenaceous
slate-rock
, often passing into a hard, compact, splintery gritstone; in its lower portion are one or two beds of trappæan ash, sometimes crystalline, sometimes flaky and sometimes brecciated, often highly calcareous. About its centre is one thin bed of impure limestone (Bala limestone), and sometimes, but very rarely, another little band in its upper portion (Hirnant limestone). Organic remains are very rare in C 1; but in C 2, as is well known, are very abundant and in great variety.
Palichthyologic Notes, supplemental to the Works of Prof. Agassiz
Authors: Egerton Philip Grey
Published: October 2009

I have been frequently and painfully reminded (since the departure of Agassiz for America), by numerous applications from scientific friends for information on the subject of Fossil Ichthyology, that this branch of Palæontology has not kept pace with the progress that has been made in the collateral departments of the science. In fact, since the publication of the Monograph of the Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, it has been all but stationary. It is much to be regretted that a study so interesting in itself and valuable to the geologist should be so much neglected. The eminent success which rewarded the labours of Professor Agassiz, and the fertility of the ground, ought to have enticed many labourers into the vineyard. Such however has not been the case, and the fruit has accumulated in useless pro- fusion, which might have been made available for the general benefit of the geological community. The extent of these unproductive materials will be partly appreciated on reference to the general table of fossil fishes issued with the last livraison of Agassiz′ great work. The species therein recorded with asterisks prefixed have been neither figured nor described. Deducting the fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, which have been subsequently described in the Monograph, there still remain 389 species under this category. To this list must be added a considerable number known to Agassiz but not yet named, many others which have not come under his cognizance, and all the discoveries since 1844.
Remarks on Sigillaria and some Spores found imbedded in the inside of its Roots
Authors: Binney E. W.
Published: October 2009

A
lthough
Stigmaria may now be unquestionably taken to be the root of Sigillaria, still so little is yet known with respect to the latter plant, that every fact in any way calculated to throw light on its history is worthy of being brought before the public. Many new facts are wanted to support or overturn the numerous hypotheses which have been advanced as to the nature of this singular plant and the situation in which it grew.

In seams of coal, as all persons who have carefully examined them well know, there are frequently found remains of common coal plants, such as Sigillariæ, Lepidodendra, Calamites and others. In a paper by me read before the British Association at Manchester in 1842, this circumstance was particularly alluded to as occurring in the Great Lancashire coal-field. They are generally found in the upper portion of the seam, and for the most part appear merely as impressions on the coal.

In the present communication it is intended to show the occurrence of Stigmaria
in a seam of coal
, not compressed and bitumenized, but exhibiting its vascular system perfectly preserved in iron pyrites, and that portion of the plant which was formerly filled with cellular tissue converted into clay ironstone full of small spores, resembling the spores of the Lepidodendron, as described by Dr. Joseph Hooker in his valuable communication on Lepidodendron lately published in vol. ii. of the ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.’

The seam of coal known by name
On the Microscopic Structure of
Nummulina, Orbitolites
, and
Orbitoides
Authors: Carpenter William B.
Published: October 2009

A
bout
five years since, I was requested by my friend Mr. S. P. Pratt to endeavour to determine by microscopic examination the character of certain discoidal bodies, varying from about four to ten lines in diameter, which he had found in great abundance in the nummulitic deposits of Biaritz, and the nature of which could not be resolved by any ordinary means. Their circular form and limited dimensions seemed to indicate their relation either to the group of
Nummulites
or to that of
Orbitolites
. As they did not present any obvious trace of the chambered interior of the former tribe, they had been referred to the latter, notwithstanding the absence of visible pores on the surface and margins; and had been figured by M. Michelin, in his ‘Iconographie Palæontologique,’ under the designation of
Orbitolites Prattii
, and by M. D'Archiac as O.
submedia
.

Applying to this fossil the same method of investigation with that which had been so successfully employed in the case of teeth, bones, and shells, I was soon able to bring to light its whole interior structure, which, in most specimens, is remarkably well preserved, in spite of its very unpromising external aspect. I found this structure entirely different, however, from anything with which I was at that time acquainted; and having brought it under the observation of many distinguished naturalists and palæontologists, among whom I may mention Professors Ehrenberg and Milne-Edwards, I found them equally unable to assign the place of this body in the animal series,