bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer for the Vertical U Type Berried Pipe of the Ground Source Heat Pump
Authors: Zhang Yang , Qi Yong Feng
Published: October 2013

Based on transient heat transfer theory and finite element method, a 3D finite element model was created to simulate the heat transfer of the vertical U type berried pipe of the ground source heat pump system. At the same time, the pipe algorithm applied successfully in the numerical simulation of concrete temperature field was introduced. The corresponding program was written. Taking the true experiment conditions as the input data and boundary condition of the computation model, the 3D dynamic simulation of the heat transfer between the berried pipe and sandy soil was carried out. The calculated temperatures of the output water of the pipe and the measure points in soil at different times met the experiment results very well, which verified the effectiveness and the reliability of the algorithm and the model. Beneficial exploration is made for providing more detailed and accurate data for the designer.
Assessment of Biogas Station Impact on Material Productivity of Agricultural Complex
Authors: Pelse Modrite , Pelss Martins
Published: October 2013

In search of alternatives for replacing fossil sources with renewable ones, intensive construction of biogas cogeneration power plants started in Latvia in 2008. Maize silage and manure are the most popular substrates used, yet, other alternatives are searched for and tested. It has to be assessed how the energy sector sustainability strategy can impact resource management in the agriculture sector. The aim of this paper is to determine how the introduction of the biogas station in typical agricultural complex consisting of farm and arable land has affected its material productivity.
In this paper the biogas production impact on material flows and productivity were evaluated by applying material flow analysis to the case study object which is a traditional intensive farm in Latvia but now reoriented towards the production of electrical and thermal energy.
The case study showed that introduction of the biogas station into the traditional farm caused materialization of this economic system, because eco-efficiency (economic output divided by material input) decreased by 41%. The main conclusion is that the biogas production from the biomass is favourable from energetic point of view but current renewable-energy policy in some cases can cause inefficient use of materials putting pressure on surrounding environmental systems and resource depletion.
Feasibility Study on Development of Heavy Oil Reservoir by Steam-Nitrogen Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Mu Han Sheng , Wang Yi Ning Ning , Zhang Zhuang , Zhou Zhong Ya , Liu Ying Xue
Published: October 2013

Currently, the primary method for developing extra heavy oil is the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) characterized by high recovery factor and gas-oil ratio. However, in the course of application of this technology, because the whole reservoir needs to be heated to a very high temperature, too much steam is needed, and simultaneously, the loss of heat of reservoir is also increased. For the purpose of exploiting the extra heavy oil more economically, a SAGP technique, the steam and gas push, is put forward in the oil industry world. This paper takes the adding of nitrogen as an example, conducts reservoir engineering theory analysis, numerical simulation study and physical modeling study, and concludes that when adopting SAGP technique, it is unnecessary to increase the temperature of the whole reservoir to a very high value; compared with SAGD, although the cumulative production of SAGP declines to some extent, the steam injection volume is only 68% of that of SAGD, which indicates that SAGP exploitation technique can save steam and thus reduce the production cost compared with SAGD.
Study on Fluid Solid Coupling of Horizontal Wells in Bottom Water Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Zhang Jia Ming , Wu Xiao Dong , Zhang Zhuang , Zhang Han Han , Zhang Jia , Wang Yi Ning
Published: October 2013

In the development of bottom water sandstone reservoir, the utilization of horizontal wells is economical and reliable but also can delay the bottom water coning and it has the advantages over the conventional vertical wells .The methods adopted in the past have methodological errors. This paper regards the reservoir flow and wellbore flow of horizontal well as a interactional system which considers the fluid friction, momentum change, the mixed interference of wellbore wall inflows and other complex factors and obtains Laplace space solution by using the Laplace transform to establish the coupled model of wellbore pressure drop calculation. It can provide more advanced means for reservoir engineering studies, well completion and production engineering design of horizontal wells on the conditions of bottom water reservoir.
Nonlinear Voltage Control of Photovoltaic Z-Source Inverter DC-Link Based on Zero Dynamic Design
Authors: Chen Yan , Zheng Yong
Published: October 2013

Based on the DC-link voltage-to-shoot-through duty ratio control problem of non-minimum phase in Z-source inverter, the photovoltaic system has been taken as an example, according to the nonlinear characteristics and switching state equation of Z-source inverter, the affine nonlinear model was set, based on the differential geometric, the proper coordinate transformation was constructed. In order to simplify the controller, and ensure the internal dynamic system stability, the zero-dynamic design was used for controlling DC-link voltage of Z-source inverter. Simulation results show that when the change of the output power of photovoltaic cells occurs, this method has better dynamic characteristics.
Research on Photovoltaic System with Supper Capacitor Based on Improved MPPT Algorithm
Authors: Wu Lei , Shi Sha Sha , Hui Jing
Published: October 2013

The output power of photovoltaic (PV) cells would crucially change due to the intensity of solar irradiation and the environment temperature. For the sake of achieving more efficiency of solar power system, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is highly demanded. This paper focuses on analyzing the implemental principle of MPPT with an improved incremental method under the standard conditions. An algorithm is applied to PV system where supper capacitor is chose as energy storage element. Finally, an experimental prototype was designed to verify the validity of the improved increment method. It provides the contrast experiment waveforms between the improved increment method and increment conductance method. The result of experimental shows the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Test Analysis of Performance of the Direct Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioners
Authors: Zhang Jian
Published: October 2013

The direct evaporative cooling conditioner experimental research is carried out in this paper. Analyze the influence of inlet air dry ball temperature and relative humidity to air conditioner cooling capacity and cooling efficiency, which has certain guiding significance to improve the direct evaporative cooling air conditioner performance.
The Study on the Influential Factors of Photocatalytic Performance of Eosin-Sensitized TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: He Shun Jiang , Du Xue Yan , Wang Qiao , Xu Jing
Published: October 2013

The photocatalytic activity of eosin-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles on photocatalytic degradation rate (PDR) of methyl orange under sunlight irradiation was studied. The influential factors on the degradation, such as eosin concentration, TiO2 dosage, sensitization time and sensitization temperature were also investigated. The results show that: The performance of TiO2 nanoparticles for PDR of methyl orange has been improved obviously for eosin sensitizing. The PDR of methyl orange reached 45.28% under the conditions of eosin concentration of 20mg/L, TiO2 dosage of 0.5000g/L, sensitization time of 24h and sensitization temperature of 20°C.
Electrochemical Degradation Pathway of Tricyclazole in Aqueous Solution Using Lead Dioxide Anode
Authors: Zhong Cong Qiang , Sun Yun Long , Guan Ying , Han Wei Qing , Wang Lian Jun
Published: October 2013

The electrochemical degradation of tricyclazole (TC) in aqueous solution on Ti/SnO2Sb/PbO2 anodes was investigated. The degradation efficiency and mineralization rate was studied. Kinetic analyses indicated that the electrochemical degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction. The mineralization intermediates were analyzed by chromatographic techniques. Finally, a pathway for electrochemical degradation of TC in aqueous medium was proposed.
Performance of the Intelligent Building with Solar-Induced Ventilation Wall and Complex Cavity System
Authors: Ma Rong Sheng , Chen Da Jian , Liu Yi , Ding Yi Yang
Published: October 2013

ntelligent building with solar-induced ventilation wall and complex cavity system was proposed which combined the solar-induced ventilation wall technology and complex cavity technology. The buildings working pattern was established. The feasibility of utilizing solar energy to heat in winter was analyzed in theory. The kind of energy efficient building was researched in terms of the design, construction and heating methods in order to promote the development of the energy efficient building industry.
Research and Application on Multi-Branch Wells Based Optimization Technology
Authors: Wang Yi Ning , Wu Xiao Dong , Wang Rui He , Zhang Zhuang
Published: October 2013

The production of a multilateral horizontal well is higher than the production of a vertical well, even than that of a unilateral horizontal well. Nonetheless, the stimulation effect is significantly influenced by the branch parameters, and the impacts of branch parameters on the productivity of a multilateral horizontal well are rather complex. The interference of the main hole with the branches is the primary factor influencing the stimulation effect of the multilateral horizontal well: the larger the angle-building rate of the branch boreholes, the better the stimulation effect. Therefore, longer branches with fewer branch number or shorter branches with more branch number can be used to optimize the stimulation effect of multilateral horizontal wells.
Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide in Hydrogen Peroxide Solution and its Photocatalytic Character
Authors: Wan Su Kim , Dong Seok Rhee
Published: October 2013

TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized from Titanium Tetraisopropoxide in H2O2 solution, and utilized as photocatalysts for degradation of humic acid in aqueous solution. The highly pure TiO2 nanocrystals were obtained by excluding the use of inorganic acids that might consequently cause contamination of active catalytic surface sites of the nanocrystals by Cl-, NO3- and SO42-. Particle size and crystallinity of the nanocrystals were increased with progressing the refluxing time 1 ~ 9 h at 120°C in an oil bath. By varying H2O2/Ti = 5.5 ~ 55, the crystalline phase of anatase/rutile ratio of the nanocrystals was controllable. The photocatalytic properties of the nanocrystals were strongly dependent upon the crystallinity and particle size. The DOC removal of humic acid was most effective for the nanocrystals prepared at H2O2/Ti= 5.5 due to the mixed crystalline phase of anatase/rutile and the increased surface area by smaller particle size. The decreases of UV254 absorbance of HAs solutions were much faster than those of DOC, and not so dependent upon the variations of TiO2 nanocrystals.
Development of Composite Antifreeze to Ecological Slope Protection Substrate
Authors: Hu Huan , Zhou Ming Tao , Hu Xu Dong
Published: October 2013

Referring to the antifreeze improved test of cement-soil and combining with its own characteristics and functions of the ecological slope protection material, the paper selects palm fiber, silicon powder and surface active agent as the antifreeze raw materials to the ecological slope protection substrate. Based on the method of antifreeze on concrete, through the evaluation of relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss rates in the process of freeze-thaw cycles, the results show that the best composite antifreeze to improve the frost resistance property of the ecological slope protection substrate is that palm fiber: silicon powder: surface active agent=1:3:0.05. While the additive amount reaches 1.5% by weight of the dry ecological slope protection substrate, the best effect will be obtained.
Sewage Sludge Thermal Hydrolysis Process
Authors: Li Guang , Ren He , Li Jing , Han Xiang Kui , Wang Lian Peng
Published: October 2013

In 110~190°C for 15~75min excess sludge thermal hydrolysis test, investigated the dissolution rate of the volatile suspended solids, Sludge SCOD, TCOD concentration change in composition of organic acids in the supernatant, and analysis the improvement of the anaerobic digestion performance. The results show that, with the increase of thermal hydrolysis temperature and extension of time, sludge supernatant on SCOD, VFA rising. At 190 °C, 75min conditions, SCOD, VFA reached the maximum 6674mg / L2630mg/ L; Sludge organic solids dissolved and the release of COD, etc. mainly in the first 45 min to complete, little change after 45min. When thermal hydrolysis temperature between 90~170°C, anaerobic digestion performance increase with temperature rise, When the temperature is higher than 170 °C, the sludge anaerobic digestion performance begins to decline.
Low Cost Electro-Deposition of Cuprous Oxide P-N Homo-Junction Solar Cell
Authors: Arith Faiz , Anis S.A.M. , Said Muzalifah Mohd , Idris Cand M. Idzdihar
Published: October 2013

Most of the photovoltaic industry uses wafer of single-crystal and poly-crystal silicon as a material of their photovoltaic (PV) modules. However, the cost of these modules is high due to the material and processing cost. Cuprous oxides (Cu2O) have several features that suitable for future photovoltaic applications. Cu2O can be prepared with simple methods at very low cost. Cu2O p-n homojunction solar cell is a device that converts sunlight to electrical energy, consists of two similar materials for its p-n junction, which is Cu2O. The p-type and n-type of Cu2O thin films are then fabricated to produce solar cells. Other layers aluminium and glass substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) need to be added as a contact for electrons movement. In this study, p-type Cu2O, n-type Cu2O and p-n junction are prepared in order to become accustomed for solar cell applications. To achieve the optimum deposition conditions, p-n junction solar cell is prepared by two-steps electrochemical deposition process. The result from x-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the peak is dominated by CuO (1, 1, 1). P-n junction is in between the p-type and n-type of Cu2O layer. Al has the thickness of 427.5nm. The second and the third layer are p and n type of Cu2O, which have the thickness of 106.9nm and 92.3nm, respectively. Finally the thickness of ITO layer is 131.1nm.An absorption experiment at AM1 light is performed in order to get the I-V curves, and in fact, to study the electrical solar cells p-n homojunction. Based on I-V curve test, the level of energy conversion of cell is 0.00141% with fill factor, FF 0.94813 which proved that Cu2O p-n homojunction solar cell can be fabricated and produced at very low cost and well function.
Research on the Ecological Restoration of Coal Mining Subsidence Area in Shanxi Province
Authors: Tian Jing Yi , Yao Wei
Published: October 2013

Coal mining in Shanxi is characterized by the most severe gob and subsidence in China, so its ecological restoration is strongly typical, exemplary and stimulating for the whole country. At present, most of domestic researches focus on land reclamation rather than the ecological restoration of subsidence area for coal mining. In terms of subsidence area, ecological restoration is no longer to simply restore the subsidence area to the available settlement land, but to establish a natural complex ecosystem which is totally or partially different from the function of original land and can be harmoniously integrated with the surrounding economy, society and economics, thus generating high economic, social and environmental benefits. This paper analyzes the specific causes of environmental problems in mining collapse regions, and learns effective and advanced experience to propose techniques and methods for ecological restoration as well as the countermeasures and suggestions.
Rock Integrity Evaluation Based on Fuzzy Element-Matter Model
Authors: Sun Shi Guo , He Yan Yan , Xin Xiao Ping
Published: October 2013

Considering the characteristics of multi-factor control and ambiguity of rock integrity evaluation, single factor is only a reflection of the rock integrity from the full extent. This paper established a fuzzy matter element model for rock integrity evaluation, after a consideration of multiple evaluation factors, and the model is applied to the project in the literature [. The model is to be evaluated with rock integrity level as a matter element things whose features are the factors of rock integrity evaluation, combined with optimization principles to determine its corresponding fuzzy values, the composite fuzzy matter element is constructed, coefficient compound fuzzy matter-element is established by association transform correlation, by summing normalization method duplicate complex matter element is obtained, and association compound fuzzy matter element was established by adopting the computing model , finally by relevance sort rock stability evaluation results can be obtained. This model was validated by practical engineering and the result was reasonable and reliable.
The result of this method was basically the same as literature [ and it has significant advantages in the calculation and analysis process.
Fractal Feature of Microstructure of Porous Medium in Effective Stress
Authors: Li Hao
Published: October 2013

Basing on fractal geometry theory, establish fractal calculation model in effective stress, analyze and discuss the relationship between microstructure of porous medium and effective stress, reveal the influence law of the latter on the former. The results of the study show that the fractal calculation model of effective stress can describe the relationship between them. With the increase of effective stress, the fractal dimension of porous medium increases exponentially, porosity and pore number in porous medium decrease exponentially and mean radius of pore decreases.
Effect of High Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment on Hot Air Drying Rate of Sea Cucumber
Authors: Bai Ya Xiang , Hu Yu Cai , Yang Ya Xin
Published: October 2013

In order to improve the drying rate and to reduce the energy consumption of aquatic product, sea cucumber were treated with high pulse electric field (HPEF) in different frequency, and different voltage. The hot air drying rate of treated sea cucumber was determined and, meanwhile, several quality parameters such as the shrinkage and rehydration rate of samples with pretreatment were determined to compare with those of untreated samples. The results indicated that the hot air drying rate and rehydration rate of sea cucumber can be improved and the shrinkage of sea cucumber can be decreased by HPEF pretreatment, and while HPEF pretreatment was applied for 22.5kV at a frequency of 70Hz, the drying rate could be increased approximately 58%.
Research on Energy Consumption of Two-Lane Traffic Based on Turn Signal Effect
Authors: Kang Rui , Yang Kai
Published: October 2013

Based on the STCA model, an improved two-lane traffic CA model considering turn signals is proposed. The model designs driver behavior changes because of the effect of turn light of front vehicle,and introduces rules of changing lanes, cutting lanes and yielding the right of way for the rear vehicle. Through computer numerical simulations, this study has presented curve diagrams of relationship between turning rate and energy consumption and also analyzed the effects of driver behavior of the rear vehicles on traffic flow. The results indicate that increased probability of lane change make more turning rate and energy consumption. When probability of lane change is from 0.5 to 1.0, turning rate increases 13.23% and energy consumption increases 22.15% . Compared with the traditional model, STCA model can depict more complex traffic situations and reproduce driver behaviors and more realistic process of traffic.
Based on Partial Least Squares Linear Regression and the Improved Grey Prediction Model of Monthly Load Forecasting in Power System Applications
Authors: Liu Zhi Jian , Yang Zhi Hua , Chen Rong , Zhou Shu Ming
Published: October 2013

Aiming at monthly load of power system, it is forecasted by using the method of partial least squares regression and the model of improving grey prediction.First, using improved grey prediction model to forecast impact factors,then establishing partial least squares model according to the characteristics of the monthly load and the change of the main impact factors. The final fitted out a linear relation between load and impact factors. Practical example shows that the method has higher prediction accuracy, effectiveandfeasible.
Grid Parity Analysis of PV Markets
Authors: Sarasa-Maestro Carlos J. , Dufo-López Rodolfo , Bernal-Agustín José Luis
Published: October 2013

In the following paper, the grid parity is defined as the point of which the retail price of electricity is at least the same as the cost of generation (which is a mix of different generation sources: nuclear, natural gas, coal, petroleum, hydro, wind, photovoltaic, and more). This cost is levelized though a studied formula which considers various cost parameters. The grid parity depends on the photovoltaic (PV) system cost, the interest rate, and the retail cost of the electricity, so there are some variables that when combined can help researchers understand how far a system is from achieving grid parity. This study will consider some vigorous surveys to clarify which the parameters affect the results.
Correlation Analysis of Energy Structure and Economic Growth Based on Information Entropy
Authors: Yang Ming , Liao Hong Zhi , Jiang Rong
Published: October 2013

The energy structure is closely related to economic growth, it is an important index to measure the effect on the economy of energy. Grasp the change tendency of the energy structure and economic growth, it can provide theoretical basis for future structure optimization and the adjustment of industrial structure. This paper, based on information entropy theory, puts forward the concepts of energy structure entropy and industrial structure entropy, and combine with regression analysis method, establishes the correlation analysis model between the energy structure and economic growth, finally through the instance analysis to give the quantitative results for the adjustment of structure.
Empirical Studies on Demand Pull in Photovoltaic Sector of Twenty Countries
Authors: Huo Mo Lin , Shan Bao Guo
Published: October 2013

High cost impedes large-scale deployment of photovoltaics (PV), and the technical innovation is one of most important factors of cost reduction, so how to accelerate the market pull for innovation has practical significance and theoretical value. This paper aims to analyze PV demand pull mechanism based on empirical evidence. According to the features of PV industry and technical innovation theories, make hypotheses of PV market pull and the relationship between diffusion rates and the market pull. Then propose testing method of the market pull and the coefficients assessing diffusion rates, and use historical data of twenty countries to conduct empirical studies. The testing results show that 70% of PV market in the twenty countries pulled technical innovation; at the initial stage of PV diffusion, the market pull was insignificant when the market kept at small scale and the diffusion rate can be indicated by the innovation coefficient; in the acceleration period, the market pull was insignificant when the market grew steeply and the rate can be indicated by the imitating coefficient. So in order to encourage demand pull, policy making is suggested to lead the market growth stable and sustained.
Design of Intelligent Home Energy Management for Demand Response Applications
Authors: Li Tao , Xu Kun Peng , Qi Xue Qing
Published: October 2013

A Home Energy Management (HEM) system is an integral part of a smart grid that can potentially enable demand response applications for residential customers. It provides a homeowner the ability to automatically perform smart load controls based on utility signals, customers preference and load priority. This paper presents an intelligent HEM for managing high power consumption household appliances for demand response (DR) analysis. The proposed HEM manages household loads according to their preset priority and guarantees the total household power consumption below certain levels.Given the lack of understanding about DR potentials in this market, this work serves as an essential stepping-stone toward providing an insight into how much DR can be performed for residential customers.
Mesophilic Fermentation of SOMW in a Micro Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Digester
Authors: Carlini Maurizio , Castellucci Sonia , Cocchi Silvia
Published: October 2013

One of the most promising processes to exploit Solid Olive-Mill Waste (SOMW) for energy production is anaerobic digestion. An experimental study has been carried out on SOMW and inoculum, consisting of Cattle Slurry Digested (CSD) and coming from an anaerobic digestion plant. A substrate with an optimal supply ratio equal to 2:1 has been investigated in a reactor at 37°C by analysing the biogas production. The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test has been carried out, monitoring pH, biogas production (amount and composition). According to the tests results, SOMWs needed to be diluted and inoculated, moreover the pH control is foundamental in order to obtain a significant biogas production. Anaerobic digestion plant of SOMW should be promoted in Mediterranean countries as an environmentally sound option for waste management and energy production, since olive mills are very widespread agro-industries in this area.
Study on Constant Tension Winch with PDF Controller Applications in Ocean Engineering
Authors: Wang Yong Ding , Pan Hai
Published: October 2013

To ensure safe and stable dragging operations of engineering equipments under the complex sea conditions as well as realizing the quick response and precise control of constant tension winch, the design of the hydraulic control system for constant tension winch regards constant tension winch as research objects coupled with a combination of PDF control (pseudo differential control) algorithm. By establishing the PDF mathematical model of hydraulic control scheme, calculateing the appropriate PDF controller parameters and using sumlink simulation analysis. It is safe to draw a conclusion that the PDF based control algorithm of constant tension control system bears a good dynamic response characteristics and robustness to meet control requirements of constant tension winch in operation under complex sea conditions, in order to provide a reference for further research and development of the constant tension control technology.
The Condensation Reaction of 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde and Rhodanine Catalyzed by Papain
Authors: Le Zhang Gao , Ni Kou , Guo Li Tao , Xie Zong Bo
Published: October 2013

Papain was first used as the catalyst for the synthesis of 5-benzylidene rhodanine derivative through the condensation reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and rhodanine. The result showed that the yield could be up to 86% by optimizing the reaction conditions.
A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Azetidine
Authors: Sun Jian , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: October 2013

A novel method for the synthesis of azetidine via phosphoramidate intermediate has been developed. In the key step, cleavage of the PN bond in azetidin-1-ylphosporamidate with hydrochloric acid furnished a high-yielding conversion to azetidine hydrochloride.
A Novel H-Phosphonamidate method for the Synthesis of d4T 5′-Selenophosphoramidates
Authors: Gong Shan Shan , Liu Guo Dong , Li Xing Jian , Sun Qi
Published: October 2013

A series of d4T 5′-selenophosphoramidates were prepared in good yields from d4T 5′-H-phosphonamidates. H-Phosphonamidates were silylated with TMSCl, and then oxidized with selenium in the presence of DBU to afford d4T 5′-selenophosphoramidates. Due to the lowered electron density on the P atom of H-phosphonamidates, these intermediates were less prone to be oxidized than their P–O counterparts.
A Practical Synthesis of 3β-Amino-5-Cholestene
Authors: You Yue Hai , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: October 2013

Derivatives of 3β-amino-5-cholestene are of substantial interest to chemical biologists and have potential medicinal value. A novel and practical method for the preparation of 3β-amino-5-cholestene from inexpensive cholesterol has been developed. To synthesize the epicholesterol intermediate, the KO2 method reported by Corey and coworkers was applied in this synthetic route and solved the problems of the known synthetic route involving epicholesterol intermediate.
Dissolution of Absorbent Cotton in Ionic Liquid and Characterization of the Regenerated Cellulose
Authors: Wu Ri Na , Zhu Hu , He Bei Hai
Published: October 2013

Dissolution of absorbent cotton (DP above 4000) using ionic liquids as solvent and regeneration was investigated. The results show that 1-ally-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) was a good solvent to dissolve absorbent cotton and a solution of 3 wt% can be reached in 18 min at 120°C. Besides, as the dissolving temperature increased the time needed for the cotton linters to dissolve decreased. The physic-chemical properties of the regenerated cellulose films were also characterized by XRD, FTIR and TGA analysis.
Synthesis of Solketal with Catalyst Sulfonic Acid Resin
Authors: Yang Jing , Li Ni , Ma Wen Jie , Zhou Jin Hua , Sun Han Zhou
Published: October 2013

Solketal is widely used as organic solvent, plasticizer and pharmaceutical intermediates. A synthetic technique for solketal, which is characteristic of being catalyzed by sulfonic acid resin, was developed. Experimental results showed that the suitable synthetic conditions for solketal were as follows: mass ratio of two kinds of raw materials, glycerol to acetone, is 1:20, catalyst DT-851 sulfonic acid resin dosage is 5% (wt, calculated by glycerol), reaction temperature is 58 °C and reaction time is 2 h. The product solketals yield is 95% with purity above 99% under the optimal conditions. This new technique features mild reaction conditions, easy purification, high yield, and less pollution and therefore, it is a kind of clean and green production technique.
Synthesis and Properties of a New Photochromic diarylethene 1-(2-methylbenzothiophene-3-yl)-2-[2-methy-5-(4-methoxyl-3-formyl) phenyl-3-thieny perfluorocyclopentene
Authors: Feng Yu Chuan , Li Jie
Published: October 2013

A novel photochromic diarylethene 1-(2-methylbenzothiophene-3-yl)-2- [2-methy-5-(4-methoxyl-3-formyl) phenyl-3-thieny perfluorocyclopentene (1a) has been synthesized. Its properties, including photochromic behavior and fluorescent features, have been investigated in detail. This diarylethene showed good photochromism both in solution and PMMA film and exhibited good fluorescence switching. Its also exhibits optical record property.
Syntheses and Properties of a Symmetrical Photochromic Diarylethene
Authors: Feng Yu Chuan , Li Jie
Published: October 2013

A new photochromic diarylethene compound 1,2-(2-ethyl-3-benzofuryl) perfluorocyclopentene was synthesized. And its properties including photochromism, fluorescence both in hexane and solid films were studied. And its absorption maxima were observed at 489 nm in hexane and at 499 nm in PMMA films, respectively, upon irradiation with 313 nm UV light. The fluorescence intensity of diarylethene decreased upon irradiation with 313 nm UV light. And the fluorescence modulation efficiency was better in PMMA films than that in hexane.
Synthesis and Application of Manganese Oxide Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Li Su Jun
Published: October 2013

Manganese oxide is one of the most attractive inorganic materials because of its structural flexibility and wide applications in catalysis, ion exchange, electrochemical supercapacitors, molecular adsorption, biosensors, and so on. In recently, manganese oxides nanomaterials, including MnO, MnO2and Mn3O4, have attracted great interest as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries and water treatment due to their high theoretical capacity, environmental benignity, low cost, and special properties. Hence, manganese oxides nanostructures with excellent properties and various morphologies have been successfully synthesized. Herein, we provide a recent development of the synthesis of manganese oxides nanomaterials and their application.
Cloud Point Extraction and Spectrophotometry Determination of Lead in Environment Water Using 5-Br-PADAP
Authors: Gao Lin , Chen Sheng Jie , Chen Fang , Zhou Wen Hong , Yao Jun Long
Published: October 2013

A simple, sensitive, green and low cost detection method based on the cloud point extraction (CPE) separation and spectrophotometry was proposed for the determination of lead. In pH=9.0 H3BO3 buffer solution, Pb(II) reacts with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) in the presence of Triton X-100 yielding a hydrophobic complex, which then is extracted into micro-volume surfactant-rich phase. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 20-400 µg/L (at 560 nm). Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 10.94 µg/L and the relative standard deviations(RSD) of 2.0% (n=5) for Lead(II) were found, respectively. The sensitivity and absorbance of this method are at least five times higher when compared with that of usual 5-Br-PADAP spectrophotometry without CPE, and the proposed method has been applied to the determination of Lead in environment water samples with satisfactory results.
Research on Typical Plant Spectral Distinguishable Characteristics by Mann-Whitney U-Test in Wild Duck Lake
Authors: Guo Chao Fan , Guo Xiao Yu
Published: October 2013

Wetlands is a superior way to purify water environment. However monitoring and discriminating among vegetation covers types are critical to understanding population distribution, biogeochemical functioning and the process of wetland recovery. Recently, remote sensing technology has become an important tool to monitor wetland vegetation. Typical wetland plants Bidens Pilosa, Scirpus planiculumis, Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia in Wild duck wetland were chosen, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the spectral characteristics. There were typical vegetation spectral characteristics of dominant species spectral reflectance curve. There are differences among reflective spctral characteristic of species, especially in the green peak and steep reflection. According to the results of Mann-Whitney U-test, the highest frequency bands appeared in702-715732-745747nm, the classification precision of Bidens pilosa , Scirpus planiculumis and Phragmites australis are 100%, 100%, 80%. While It is difficult to distinguish Typha angustifolia from other species effectively using the three spectrum regions.
Environment Study on Liaohe River Basin Ecological Footprint and Ecological Restoration Measures
Authors: Wang Yang , Shi Yu Min , Zhao Jun
Published: October 2013

Liaohe River is one of seven big river in China, its environmental pollution control is an important task all the time. In this paper, Liaohe River basin ecological footprint was introduced, water quality and ecological restoration measures were analyzed in the period of the 9th Five-Year, the 10th Five-Year and the 11th Five-Year, the development on ecological restoration in the 12th Five-Year was put forward.
Study on Energy-Saving Technology of Rural Residential Envelope Structure in Cold Regions
Authors: Cao Ping , Wu Bao Wei , Liu Wei
Published: October 2013

The energy-saving of envelope structure plays an important role in building energy conservation, so the first step to save rural residential energy is energy-saving of envelope structure. Basing on the purpose of building ecological and sustainable new countryside housing, this article intensively studies the present condition of energy-saving rural residential envelope structure in cold regions, proposes corresponding energy-saving measures, calculates the quantity and the rates of energy saving , payback period after taking energy-saving measures on the basis of modeling ,and indicates its feasibility and importance.
A Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PVC Film Aging by Ultraviolet and Thermal Methods
Authors: Li Chen , Xiao Sheng Ling
Published: October 2013

In this article, the changes of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film properties and its law are analyzed during the ultraviolet and thermal aging. Using accelerated aging methods in laboratory,it was found that the tensile strength by ultraviolet aging fell down, on the contrary, it raised by thermal aging. This result indicate that PVC film was not aged to reduce the tensile strength at 50°C for 120h.We found the air permeability curves rose firstly then to decline, and the moisture permeability of PVC film curves declined by the two aging methods. The effects of the ultraviolet aging on the air and moisture permeability were a marked decrease.
A Noise Reduction Method of Interferogram Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform for Quantitative Calibration of near Infrared Spectra
Authors: Wu Xue Mei , Lou Po Yu , Yang Xiao Hui
Published: October 2013

Interferogram is the original measured signal of the Fourier transform spectrometer. A new method addressed the problem of noise reduction in inter-ferogram domain is proposed for multivariate calibration of Fourier transform near infrared spectral signals. The method is based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). It is used to determination of the ethanol as noise reduction tool for partial least square (PLS) modeling. It is shown that the benefit of the proposed method lies not only in its performance to improve the quality of PLS model and the prediction precision, but also in its simplicity and practicability.
The Processing of Laser Signal Based on Spatial Correlation Threshold Filtering in Foggy Media
Authors: Yao Guo Zhong , Ai Li Si , Shen Li Zhong , Wang Gui Yong
Published: October 2013

with the difficulties of extracting the feature of faint laser signal reflecting from non-cooperative target in foggy conditions, the spatial correlation threshold filtering approach was proposed based on spatial correlation filtering. The thought, theory and implementation methods of the spatial correlation threshold filtering was elaborately studied, especially, the selection of the threshold for the filter was analyzed. A comparative study of threshold filtering, spatial correlation filtering and spatial correlation threshold filtering was carried out to verify the filtering effect for the laser signal reflecting in the foggy environment, the experiment results shows that: spatial correlation threshold filtering method has the most effective filtering. The processing results show that the new method can effectively eliminate noise and keep weak laser signal characteristics, which lays solid foundation for identification of target nature.
Research on the High-Speed Data Acquisition System Based on Clock Distribution
Authors: Yao Guo Zhong , Ai Li Si , Shen Li Zhong , Wang Gui Yong
Published: October 2013

In order to digitize the signal of high frequency or ultra-high frequency, clock distribution technology with the same frequency but different phase is utilized as a solution to this difficulty. The principles of high-speed analog-to-digit converter (ADC) by the lower rate ADC module, key technology and key module of the data acquisition systems are studied. From the aspects of system architecture, clock distribution module based on the AD9520, ADC module based on the AD9480 and data processing, the design method of ultra-high-speed ADC by clock distribution mode are explored. The results show that: driving many ADC modules with serial clocks of the same frequency but different phase in parallel to sample the same signal, the sampling frequency of the ADC system is the sum of each ADC sampling frequency. Four AD9480 modules are driven by four-way 250MHz clocks with phase fault 90°, respectively. And 1GHz samples per second can be attained, which is four times of the sampling frequency by monolithic AD9480.
Research and Improvement of Clustering Routing Algorithm in Ad Hoc Network
Authors: Zong Ping , Qin Jun
Published: October 2013

With the expansion of the network, especially in the case of the nodes frequently moving, clustering routing protocol can reduce the impact of the changed topology on routing protocols, and improve the network scalability and reduce routing overhead. Based on the analysis of the problems of CBRP clustering routing protocol, this paper presents a CRBAC clustering routing algorithm based on ant colony algorithm. The simulation results show that, in the circumstance that the algorithm doesnt significantly increase the routing overhead, improved clustering routing protocol CRBAC get better performance than CBRP. They reflect on the clusters structure more reasonable and stable, the average end-to-end delay and network lifetime significantly improved.
Design of Inverter Based on the Soft-Switched of High Frequency Pulse DC Loop
Authors: Huo Zhi Cheng , Ren Guang Xu , Gao Jia Ying , Ding Guo Bao
Published: October 2013

Design a DC/AC converter based on simplex single voltage source high frequency pulse DC loop technology, the output is 115V400Hz, 0.9KVA and the input is three phase alternating current. The forward part is DC/DC converter which provides pulse D.C. to the back part DC/AC converter. Implement soft-switch by changing the on-off state of switching tubes on the inversion arm path at the zero-voltage instant of the pulse direct current, no need of the auxiliary resonant net. The system takes three-state DPM current hysteresis control mode, gets good performance on output wave and efficiency.
Properties of SiO2CuOx Films for Nitrogen Dioxide Detection
Authors: Myasoedova Tatiana , Yalovega G.E. , Petrov V.V. , Zabluda O.V. , Shmatko V.A. , Funik A.O.
Published: October 2013

SiOxCuOythin films were prepared by the deposition on to the Si/SiO2substrates from the alcoholic solutions employing the sol-gel technique. The various analytic techniques were applied to characterize structure and properties of the films under study . The both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies showed the presence CuO as well as CuO2phases and formation of a dual-oxide CuSiO3with the average crystallites sizes of 35-50 nm. The conductance of the films was rather sensitive to the presence of 1-20 ppm NO2concentration at the operating temperatures in the range of 20–200◦C.
A Novel Octave Filter Bank Design Method Based upon Cascaded Filters
Authors: Ren Xue Hai , Yu Fang Qi
Published: October 2013

A novel octave or fractional octave filter design method is presented here. In this method, a cascaded IIR filter is applied to overcome the Finite Word-Length Effect. Compared with the traditional octave filter bank, this method does not require 1/2 extraction or a corresponding anti-aliasing filter. The filter frequency response is improved. Filter attenuation values conform to the standard IEC1260-1995 defined class 0 filters. Simulation and experimental studies shows that the filter bank obtains a more accurate result than does the traditional method, especially in the low-frequency part. The 1/3 octave filter bank can analyze speech signals effectively.
A Novel Coupled-Line Gysel Power Divider for Dual-Band and High-Power applications
Authors: Wang Wei Min , Wu Yong Le , Liu Yuan An
Published: October 2013

A novel coupled-line structure is proposed to design dual-band and high-power Gysel power dividers. Based on traditional even-and odd-mode technique, the analytical design theory is given and the electrical parameters analysis is provided. Four numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the flexible dual-band applications. A practical power divider operating at 1GHz and 2 GHz is designed. The calculated and full-wave simulated results verify our proposed idea.
Design of Local Oscillator Based on DDS of High Performance Short-Wave Receiver
Authors: Chen Yong Tai , Sun Chang Jing , Zang Bin , Cheng Long , Tang Jing , Huang Yang , Xu Dong Hui
Published: October 2013

Phase noise and spurious signals of local oscillator will affect the performance of short-wave receiver. The structure of receiver's front-end part based on DDS is introduced to realize a high-performance local oscillator of short-wave receiver. Then measures were taken to improve the LO's performance, including using external directly frequency multiplier as DDS' clock to improve the purity of frequency spectrum, tracking filter to degrade harmonics and gain control circuit to remain constant amplitude in the desired frequency range. At last, test results show that the above-mentioned measures improve the receiver's performance.
Excess Heat Triggering by 488 nm Laser in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System
Authors: Wang Xing Ye , Shen Bing Jun , Jin Li Hong , Zhao Xin Le , Tian Jian
Published: October 2013

A beam of Argon ion laser (λ = 488 nm and P = 40 mW) was used to irradiate some palladium deuterides with different deuteron loading ratios in a D/Pd gas-loading system (19 different loading ratios ranging from 0 to 0.77). The results showed that there was a maximum excess heat of about 287 J within an hour in the system when the loading ratio was about 0.65. This corresponds to 2.6×103 eV/atom D or 1.7 ×103eV/atom Pd. The results indicate that the proper ratio in the Pd lattice matching a suitable triggering power may be the key factor to excess heat production.
Micro Network Monitoring Technology Research for Smart Grid
Authors: Li De Zhi , Xu Gao Jie , Shi Kun , Wang He , Wang Hao , Tong Rui Ming
Published: October 2013

With the rapid development of economy and electrical load, the social power demand becomes intense. At the same time, the blackout of large areas at home and abroad in recent years has exposed the vulnerability of capacity of anti-external shock of the grid. While, distributed generation has many advantages such as environmentally friendliness, flexibility, decentralizing, high efficiency, good reliability, and it is considered to be a beneficial supplement for large-scale power grid in future. Micro-grid monitoring technology is able to effectively integrate the advantages of distributed generation and improve the capacity of self-healing and anti-external burst interference of the distribution network, in order to achieve grid-connected power generation by more green renewable energy, and minimize its adverse impact to the power grid. This paper firstly introduces the main features and problems of the distribution network monitoring. Then, the main function of the micro-grid monitoring system is described based on concepts and characteristics of micro-grid. At last, there is some suggestions for micro gird monitoring technology.
Dynamic Load of Agricultural Machinery Drive Axle Housing Based on Field Measured Road Roughness
Authors: Zhang Li Xiang , Liu Shou Rong , Mao En Rong , Xie Bin , Meng Xin Jia
Published: October 2013

The dynamic load on drive axle housing has great significance for analyzing the strength of drive axle housing and studying the reliability life of drive axle housing, and road roughness has an important impact on dynamic load of drive axle housing. In this paper, the drive axle housing of agricultural machinery is select as the research object. Firstly, the dynamic model of the drive axle housing is established, and the vibration equation is calculated by Laplace transform and Laplace inverse transform, and then the vibration load time history is given based on the discrete data of road roughness obtained by field experiment. At last, the rainflow counting method is used to generate the load spectrum. The study has a certain reference and application value for the optimization design of drive axle housing of agricultural machinery.