bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Détente Equation: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Socialist Experts before Helsinki (1947–1975)
Authors: Pașca Vlad
Published: June 2019

The article explores the main features of cooperation between economic experts during the pre-csce (Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe) period (1947–1975) under the aegis of the most comprehensive all-European organization of the period, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (unece). At scientific and policy levels, contacts and exchanges between socialist and capitalist economic experts were circumscribed by common priorities and challenges faced by the unece staff and governments from both sides of the Iron Curtain. The article presents four types of activities pertaining to East-West cooperation: international conferences, training programs, institutionalized consultations (under the Committee for Trade Development and the group of Senior Economic Advisers to the unece Governments), and direct collaboration with the unece Secretariat and its subsidiary bodies. The contribution focuses on the institutional aspects of the socialist economic experts’ participation in the unece’s cooperative framework and the pan-European epistemic community. The study argues that the unece’s efforts towards détente also took into account community-building in the fields of economics, development of trade, and harmonization of policy-making from a transnational, all-European perspective.
Scenes of Cold War Diplomacy: Romania and the International Theatre Institute, 1956–1969
Authors: Iacob Viviana
Published: June 2019

The article maps Romania’s involvement with the International Theatre Institute during its first decade of membership. The argument revolves around a number of East–West convergence high points such as the 1959 Helsinki Congress or the 1964 Bucharest Symposium. It analyzes the connections developed by Romanian theatre specialists within the framework provided by iti, the specialized networks they helped create and the domestic impact of these interactions. The article examines the multifaceted Romanian involvement with these projects in national and international context. It begins in 1956, Romania’s first participation at the Dramatic Art Festival in Paris, the forerunner of iti’s Theatre of Nations Festival. It closes the arc of the story with the 1969 international symposium on training young theatre directors. The article shows that soon after joining iti ranks, Romanian theatre artist were propelled into the international limelight and were recognized by their Western peers. It advances the idea that East European theatre practitioners had a role in shaping their respective community of knowledge as much as their Western counterparts did.
Global Challenges, Local Knowledges: Politics and Expertise at the World Population Conference in Bucharest, 1974
Authors: Doboș Corina
Published: June 2019

Population dynamics became a key variable of the developmentalist rhetoric during the postwar era. The World Population Conference (wpc) in Bucharest (1974) was marked by open disagreements regarding the interpretation of the relationship between the ‘Third World’s’ underdevelopment and its overpopulation. The main outcome of the wpc 1974, the World Population Plan of Action (wppa) was the product of negotiations and compromises reached by the parties involved. The study deals with the role that the Romanian representatives at wpc 1974 played in the creation of wppa’s final version. The organization of the wpc in Bucharest gave the Romanian delegation a privileged position. The study contextualizes its contribution to the wppa within the particular conditions of population expertise’s emergence in postwar Romania. The study investigates previously unexplored archival fonds (the Archive of Romanian Ministry for Foreign Affairs) and brings into play unknown details of the maneuvers by various actors during the Bucharest conference. The Romanian version of the story adds nuance to the general narrative on the wpc’s outcomes, which presumes a strict separation between the domains of expertise and politics. The article argues that the Romanians’ alternative interpretations of the wppa were not only the result of the political control and ideological conformity, but also an expression of the particular way in which the field of population expertise developed in twentieth-century Romania.
The “Law” of Uneven and Combined Development: Part 2
Authors: Davidson Neil
Published: June 2019

The article begins by reconstructing the theory of uneven and combined development from Trotsky’s own writings in relation to Russia. It then looks more closely at the notion of the “modern” which in Trotsky’s account combines with the “archaic” or “backward,” before arguing that role of modernity suggests that uneven and combined development has been a far more widespread process than solely in the Third World/Global South. Drawing attention first to the English exception, the article then surveys examples from both West and East before concluding with an assessment of the relative durability of both permanent revolution and uneven development in the twenty-first century.
Women’s Industrial Labor in Hungary
Authors: Acsády Judit
Published: June 2019

This study is a part of the RE-WORK research project at the Centre for Social Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and it contributes to the initiative to create a social history overview of Hungarian industrial labor since the last decades of the nineteenth century. Women workers in Hungary have been part of the labor force ever since the beginning of industrialization, and yet they have mostly formed a distinct and in certain ways segregated group of industrial laborers. Based on statistical data, a review of secondary literature, and pointing at some original sources, the study provides an overview of the main characteristics and the tendencies as well as the most relevant features of women’s employment in industry in Hungary.
A Portrait of the Worker against the Backdrop of the Soviet Union’s Collapse
Authors: Koulinka Natalia
Published: June 2019

The coal miners’ strikes of 1989 and 1991 in the ussr have received significant attention from scholars in the country and abroad that peaked in the 1990s. Drawing on the existing scholarship, I argue that our understanding of the strikes remains incomplete unless we consider these events in their proper discursive contexts, which were different for the two waves of strikes. I explore the All-Union daily, Izvestiia, and weekly, Literaturnaia Gazeta, as well as a Belorussian daily, Sovetskaia Belorussiia, in order to restore the discursive contexts and apply them as a tool to explain the miners’ contradictory demands. From this contextualization, the wave of 1989 strikes emerges as a proto-class struggle played out within the peculiar sociopolitical conditions of Soviet society; while the strikes of 1991 appear as a result of the classical merging of the workers’ movement with that of intellectuals and politicians, who at that time aligned themselves with neoliberal ideals.
Approaches to Life Story Analyses of Multigenerational Hungarian Worker Families in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Valuch Tibor
Published: June 2019

The main aim of the research project, that also includes this paper, is the investigation of the social history of Hungarian factory workers from the late nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century in the case of Ózd, a small industrial city in northeast Hungary. For the purpose of this research the author uses not only the traditional historical and statistical sources and methods, but family history, personal history, and life story approaches too. The basic sources of the research are the registers of births, marriages, and deaths, and various kinds of family history and life story interviews. From this material, the author reconstructs a multigenerational worker family life story. Families were one of the determining groups of the Hungarian working class in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The major questions of the research and paper are the following: How is it possible to reconstruct the life stories of ordinary families and people? How can this reconstruction help us gain a deeper insight into the stratification and the internal power/hierarchical structures of the factory and local society? The first part of the study is an outline of the history of the factory and the settlement. The second part reconstructs and analyzes a typical multigenerational family history as a case study. Finally, the article investigates the process of socialization of multigenerational worker families. Through this analysis the author introduces and characterizes the main elements of the value system and the most typical patterns of social behavior of this section of Hungarian workers from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.
The Wild 1990s: “Transformation Nostalgia” Among the Czech Student Generation of 1989
Authors: Pehe Veronika
Published: June 2019

Based on an oral history project that interviewed one hundred former Czech students active during the “Velvet Revolution” of 1989, this study investigates a motif that emerged particularly strongly among respondents. Many evinced positive memories of the perceived unrestrained freedom of the 1990s, here termed “transformation nostalgia.” The study traces the object of positive memories expressed by narrators in the context of their awareness of the increasingly critical public reception of the post-socialist democratic transformation in the Czech Republic and argues they employ two main narrative strategies: extricating their personal experience from wider political developments and performing a form of “self-criticism” in relation to false hopes placed in the political solutions of the time. The article thus aims to contribute to the ongoing process of the historicization of the 1990s and the democratic transformations in the former Eastern Bloc by examining the memories of this decade expressed by members of the generation that came of age and entered adulthood just as the socialist regime collapsed.
SPACING EUROPE: WHAT IS A HISTORICAL REGION?
Authors: TODOROVA MARIA
Published: June 2019

Abstract: The focus of this article is the introduction of the category of historical legacy as the most adequate heuristic device in approaching and describing historical regions. Its central argument is that the notion of historical legacy, insofar as it allows more clearly to articulate the dynamism and fluidity of historical change, has numerous advantages over other more structural categories of analysis utilized thus far in the literature, such as borders, space, territoriality, etc. It therefore appears to be the most appropriate category for analyzing long-term regional developments by avoiding the reification of latter-day regions. The case is made for historical legacy as an analytical tool both theoretically and concretely, by applying the category to Europe in general, and in particular to Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Finally, some practical issues of spacing are addressed, both analytically and politically.
HISTORICAL REGIONS BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION AND PERCEPTION: VIEWING FRANCE AND POLAND IN THE LATE-EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY-NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: STRUCK BERNHARD
Published: June 2019

Abstract: This essay tackles the problem of spatial imaginations, representations, and "mental maps." Its main point of reference is Larry Wolff's thesis that the division of Europe into an Eastern - backward and uncivilized - part, on the one hand, and a Western - modem and civilized - part, on the other, can be traced back to the late-eighteenth century. In the Enlightenment, according to Wolff, philosophers, writers, and above all travelers created this normative and value laden inner-European dichotomy. From the perspective of German travelogues on Poland and France published between roughly 1750 and 1850, Europe and its inner division appears in a completely different light. The perceptions, for instance, of travel infrastructure, rural life, and small provincial towns are widely identical. From the perspective of a bourgeois, educated, mostly Protestant traveler, originating from an urban background, the main dichotomy around 1800 was not the division between Eastern and Western Europe. The cleavages followed the division between urban and rural culture, bourgeois and peasant milieu, or between denominations, such as Protestantism and Catholicism.
MODELS OF EAST EUROPEAN BACKWARDNESS IN POST-1945 POLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: SOSNOWSKA ANNA
Published: June 2019

Abstract: The article discusses the ideas of four Polish historians: Marian Malowist, Witold Kula, Jerzy Topolski, and Andrzej Wyczanski on the nature, causes and effects of the economic backwardness in early modem Poland. The main stress is laid on the debate on the so-called second serfdom. While Malowist and Kula were close to some sort of dependency theory, Topolski and Wyczanski presented the Polish economic development as belated but not necessarily dependent. The concepts developed by the above authors can still be useful as analytical tools for historians and social scientists.
INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS AND GEOPOLITICAL REGIONALIZATION: THE CASE OF THE EAST EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: BRNARDIĆ TEODORA SHEK
Published: June 2019

Abstract: Although Western scholarship in the 1980s and 1990s tended to argue for the disunity of the Enlightenment movement, the so-called "East European Enlightenment" is still mostly taken as a unitary phenomenon. My aim is to describe the state of art of a virtually non-existent historical discipline - "East European Enlightenment studies" - and to reconstruct the intellectual roots of its marginalization. In addition, methodological complements to the macroregionalist approach will be offered by using the concept of the "Venturian Enlightenment" with the example of the Enlightenment in Bohemia and by suggesting some new research topics.
THE CROATIAN SPRING: INTERPRETING THE COMMUNIST HERITAGE IN POST-COMMUNIST CROATIA
Authors: ZUBAK MARKO
Published: June 2019

Abstract: The article focuses on various interpretative traditions dealing with the 1971 Croatian national movement. A taboo theme during Yugoslav communism, the process failed to attract much interest within the post-1990 Croatian academic discourse. After identifying the causes for this scholarly gap, the bulk of the article provides schematic categorization of the few available interpretations, mainly memoirs written by the actual participants, depending on their ideological background. Finally, an analysis of the student participation in the movement is provided in order to suggest one possible approach that could prove helpful to further research.
YUGONOSTALGIA: RESTORATIVE AND REFLECTIVE NOSTALGIA IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: LINDSTROM NICOLE
Published: June 2019

Abstract: Drawing on Svetlana Boym's distinction between "restorative" and "reflective" nostalgia, the essay maps two broad, and often overlapping, ideal types of Yugonostalgia expressed in and through contemporary former Yugoslav film, popular music, and multi-media. The first expresses reconstructive longing for an essential Yugoslav past; the second offers self-consciously ambivalent and critical frames in indulging fantasies of this past. What different forms of Yugonostalgia share in common is challenging symbolic geographies of disunity that have dominated political discourse in former Yugoslavia for the last two decades. The two types can be differentiated by their stance toward the presentpast and the future: while both of them are based on fantasies of the past, the "restorative" Yugonostalgic looks backward towards a seemingly fixed time and space while "reflective" nostalgic restlessly grapples with the dislocation so palpable in the former Yugoslavia to imagine alternative futures.
KRONPRINZENWERK AND THE NATIONALITÄTENPROBLEM IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Authors: BAIERSDORF PAUL
Published: June 2019

Abstract: The review proposes a reconsideration of Die osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, also known as the Kronprinzenwerk (KPW), an ethnographic presentation of Austria-Hungary in 24 volumes which appeared between 1889 and 1902 in two parallel versions, one in German and the other in Hungarian. Besides reference to the renewed attention the KPW met with since 1989, and an overview of its mode of production, I try to formulate some notes of caution for its present-day readers. I argue that its main interest is heuristic. Viewed in context it can add details and vividness to our picture of the latter days of the Habsburg Empire.
Egypt’s Constitution in Question
Authors: Revkin Mara
Published: June 2019

In well-functioning democracies, constitutions are revered as the unwavering backbones of law and order and permanent reservoirs of fundamental rights. But if longevity is the defining test of a successful constitution, then Egypt’s new charter – ratified by popular referendum in December 2012 – is already in danger of failing. This essay, which draws on conversations with Egyptian judges and lawyers in 2013, will argue that the illegitimacy and ambiguity of Egypt’s constitution has undermined rule of law by insufficiently clarifying the balance of powers between rival institutions that are now engaged in fierce competition over the uncertain contours. The effect of the resulting power struggle has been a sharp deterioration of public confidence in judicial institutions which are increasingly perceived as partisan actors prioritizing their own interests over the public good.
Analysis upon the Youth’s Absence from CVS: Based on a Survey of a Community in Beijing
Authors: Zhang Wangcheng , Chen Feng , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: June 2019

This article studies the community’s inappropriate volunteer structure. An examination of the questionnaire of a community in Beijing shows the youth are indeed absent from the voluntary service of their community, but it is not because the youth lack the will or motivation to join in the voluntary service. Actually, it is closely related to the insufficient supply of the voluntary service in the community, which is mainly attributable to the bureaucratization of the community committee. Under the precondition of keeping the current social management system unchanged, to spur more youth on to join in the volunteer team of their community has to rely on upgrading related social techniques to enhance the community’s voluntary service supply capability.
Public Expression of Vulnerable Communities: Grassroots NGOs’ Policy Advocacy Actions and Strategies
Authors: Zhang Chao
Published: June 2019

In Western countries, the grassroots NGO coalition plays a significant role in promoting the public expression of vulnerable communities. Grassroots NGO coalition has gradually become the leading actor of national policy advocacy by resources and scale of community members. However, China’s grassroots NGOs coalition face many restrictions regarding organizational resources and political opportunities structure. Firstly, the grassroots NGOs relatively lack professionalism, funding, and other critical organizational resources. Secondly, the grassroots NGOs themselves and their coalition have difficulty obtaining legal status and have no institutional channels for policy expression. This unfavorable situation requires them to innovate ‘alternative’ strategies for public expression. The article finds that the grassroots NGO coalition of vulnerable communities has built up the political legitimacy of advocacy action by absorbing powerful social and political elites. It has also cooperated with international NGO to make up for the lack of internal and external resources, which also can expand the social impact and public attention on policy advocacy. Then, the grassroots NGO coalition selects the existing institutional channel for individuals as an intermediary to contacting government officials, submitting policy proposals. Meanwhile, the grassroots NGO coalition adopts professional elites to build the professionalism and social legitimacy of proposals. National policy advocacy also expands the political opportunities structure of local advocacy by promoting local citizens and grassroots NGOs to conduct social surveys, providing policy templates, and communicating with daily virtual communities. The changing structure offers the possibility for continuous advocacy action.
The New Strengthened Regulations of INGOs in India and China: Comparative Analysis and Reflections
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan
Published: June 2019

While globalization creates an ambitious space for NGOs to play a large role in policy-making and problem-solving the concern about their accountability always remains there. As the biggest developing countries, India and China have attracted lots of international aid and INGOs’ attention. Recently, both have taken serious efforts to regulate or even to control INGOs’ influence in domestic context despite the difference of their political systems. It is worthy of comparative analysis in a nuanced way on their similarities and differences of why and how to regulate. As a reflection, it is also a good moment for relevant stakeholders to re-imagine the global governance and their relevant role.
A/B Type segregation in mixed-onset phonetic series is the key to early Chinese onset complexity
Authors: SMITH Jonathan
Published: June 2019

There is still little agreement regarding the most important evidence for Old Chinese (OC) onset complexity—Middle Chinese (MC) mixed-onset phonetic series. This study explores a remarkable feature of this evidence first noticed by Sagart (1999). Within series such as those involving mixture of MC labials and velars with l-, x- with m-, velars with hj- (/y/), and d- with y- (/j/), MC onset and so-called A/B (syllable) Type fail to vary independently of one another. An unrecognized but inescapable implication of this association is that these MC onset results and A/B Type require a unified explanation in early Chinese. In light of the phonetic series material, I demonstrate that pre-OC Type involved two contrasting onset configurations. A number of phonetic specifications are conceivable; here, based on ideas of Ferlus (1998), I show how the data can be explained in terms of an early contrast between minor syllable forms **CǝR- (“Type A”) and tautosyllabic clusters **CR- (“Type B”) where R is a sonorant.
Князь Иван Семенович Куракин: исторический силуэт
Authors: Ananiev Vitaly
Published: June 2019

This article is devoted to the biography of Prince Ivan Semenovich Kurakin, the descendant of an old aristocratic family and an active participant in the Time of Troubles of the early seventeenth century. Based on published and archival sources, the author restores Kurakin’s genealogy and corrects and expands his biography.
Южнорусские города на исходе Смутного времени (1611–1613 гг.)
Authors: Воробьев Александр Владимирович
Published: June 2019

This article examines the political and socioeconomic situation in the southern territories of Russia at the beginning of the seventeenth century, during the final years of the Troubles. The crisis of the Time of Troubles disrupted the usual patterns of life in South Russia. The central state breakdown on the one hand forced local communities to be self-sufficient in the socioeconomic and military spheres and on the other hand constrained them to be conservative in the political sphere. The resulting focus on local problems contributed to a growing awareness of the urgent need for unification of all strata of Russian society. In fact, both trends were useful for saving Russia and overcoming the Troubles. Notwithstanding the negative estimation of them by their contemporaries, the population of the south Russian frontier played an important role in overcoming the most perilous crisis of Early Modern Russia.
Князь Дмитрий Петрович Пожарский-Лопата
Authors: Eskin Yuri M.
Published: June 2019

Using archival documents, the author of this article reconstructed the biography of Prince Dmitry Petrovich Shovel-Pozharsky, a relative of the Russian national hero, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. That enabled him to overcome historiographical confusion concerning the lives of both men, each of whom served as a provincial governor during the Time of Troubles. The author also came to the remarkable conclusion that there may still be confusion concerning the true identity of the Prince Pozharsky whose remains were excavated in 1851.
Edification through the Memory of Sins
Authors: Chrissidis Nikolaos A.
Published: June 2019

The article explores the practical uses of Eastern Orthodox indulgences as certificates of absolution with a dual function (as mnemonic tools and as public certificates of good standing with the church) in the early modern period.
The Story and the Myth of the Igor’ Tale
Authors: Goldblatt Harvey
Published: June 2019

Since its discovery in the 1790s and the publication of the editio princeps in 1800, the Igor’ Tale has been defined and examined in many different ways. The aim of the present study is to focus on the beginnings of literary reception (1800–1850) for this masterpiece of Old Rus’ verbal art. This study commences with the assertion that the history of the work’s interpretation serves a double purpose. This dual interpretive vision (1) is grounded in the twofold nature of literary history (i.e., in the distinction between literary history proper and literary reception), (2) obliges us to view the Igor’ Tale against a variety of cultural backdrops (including both medieval Western literary traditions and contemporary European thought), and (3) requires us to reflect on the importance of an emerging nationalist orientation and, in particular, of Herder’s underlying ideas of “national individuality” and “spirit of the people.” The present study treats the following interpretive motifs and their relevance for the analysis of the Igor’ Tale in the first half of the nineteenth century: (1) The Igor’ Tale as a Popular Song and Native Artistic Masterpiece; (2) Publication of the Igor’ Tale and its Reception by the Cultural Elite; (3) Interpretive Legacies of the Editio Princeps and the Place of N.M. Karamzin; and (4) From the Invented Tradition of Ossian to the National Spirit and Veneration of the Igor’ Tale.
Li Jiao’s Songs: Commentary-Based Reading and the Reception of Tang Poetry in Heian Japan
Authors: Steininger Brian R.
Published: June 2019

The poet Li Jiao (ca. 646-715), now largely forgotten, enjoyed unusual success in Heian and Kamakura Japan. In the twentieth century, a lost commentary to Li’s poetry was rediscovered in several different manuscript lineages. This paper argues that the commentary spread to Japan early in the Heian period, and was instrumental in Li Jiao’s popularity there. Analysis of the role of imported commentaries helps to explain the shape of the Chinese canon in Japan, including the tremendous popularity of Bai Juyi. Literacy practices institutionalized in the Daigakuryō (State Academy) led to the success of certain poets over others, directing the local canon as well as local composition in literary Sinitic genres.
Revisiting the Beyşehir Occupation Phase: Land-Cover Change and the Rural Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean During the First Millennium AD
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: June 2019

The latter part of the Beyşehir Occupation Phase (BOP) corresponds in space and time to the Late Roman empire in the eastern Mediterranean. The emphasis on tree crops in pollen records, particularly olive trees, implies long-term investment, stable trade networks and regional economic integration. The onset of the BOP was time-transgressive, starting between the Bronze Age and Hellenistic times in different localities. During the mid 1st millennium AD, the BOP came to an end, often abruptly, with a marked decline in agricultural indicators and an increase in forests, implying partial landscape re-wilding. This termination is most commonly dated to the 7th c. AD, coinciding with Arab attacks on Byzantine territory, and this, rather than climate change, seems the most likely explanation for the regional collapse of the rural agrarian system. The end of the BOP marks the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Medieval era, a transition which appears to have been notably later in date and more dramatic than elsewhere in the Mediterranean.
Invisible Environmental History: Infectious Disease in Late Antiquity
Authors: Harper Kyle
Published: June 2019

This study argues that the biological environment is properly a part of environmental history. The microorganisms— bacteria, viruses, protozoa—that cause infectious disease were the principal cause of mortality in ancient societies, but the particular array of pathogens was both locally specific and unstable over time. Pathogenic microbes are ecologically sensitive, so the background of local climate, and the influence of climate variability and climate change, determined patterns of disease and mortality. The connections between climate variability and climate change, on the one hand, and the disease profile of a population, on the other, are complex, and this paper traces some of the main pathways of influence, with specific reference to a few of the best known diseases and epidemic events in the later Roman period.
Egypt as a Crossroad between Africa and Asia in the Old Bronze Age
Authors: Roccati Alessandro
Published: June 2019

يقدم هذا المقال رؤية متعمقة لعلاقات مصر بالعالم الخارجي خلال عصري الدولة القديمة والوسطى؛ حيث يمكن تصنيف هذا المقال ضمن المقالات العلمية المرجعية التي تعتمد على تجميع معلومات مستقاة من مصادر نصية نُشرت من قبل في مقالات متخصصة. وقمت بمحاولة بناء تصوري اعتمادًا على هذه المصادر؛ لطرح رؤية جديدة حول علاقات مصر بالمناطق المحيطة بها سواء في آسيا أو إفريقيا خلال فترة عصر الدراسة.
The Text of the funerary papyrus of [’Imn] nἰwt nḫt P. Cairo CG 58025 in the Egyptian Museum
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud , Zaid Eman Abu
Published: June 2019

يهدف البحث إلى إلقاء مزيد من الضوء على العقيدة المصرية القديمة خلال العصر المتأخر؛ وذلك من خلال دراسة ونشر البردية رقم CG. 58025 ، المحفوظة بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة. عثر على البردية في خبيئة باب الجاسوس، وتعود للكاهن المرتل [‘Imn] níwt nḫt يقدم البحث دراسة تحليلية للنصوص المسجلة ودراسة خطية للعلامات الهيراطيقية.
Arts rupestres sahariens : état des lieux depuis 2010 et perspectives
Authors: Le Quellec Jean-Loïc
Published: June 2019

نشر الدكتور حمدي عبد المنعم عباس في عام ٢٠٠٩ مقالاً في العدد الرابع من حولية أبجديات، يهدف إلى تعريف الفن الصخري والدور المهم الذي يؤديه هذا النوع من البقايا الأركيولوجية في دراسة جانب مهم من تاريخ الجنس البشري قبل ظهور الكتابة. ويأتي هذا المقال استجابة للدعوة التي أطلقها الدكتور حمدي عباس سلفًا؛ حيث يقدم المقال الذي بين أيدينا قائمة بالأعمال البحثية الخاصة بالفن الصخري في منطقة الصحراء في الفترة بين عام ٢٠١٠ وعام ٢٠١٤ ؛ أما الأعمال التي أجريت قبل تلك الفترة فيمكن الرجوع إليها من خلال الاطلاع على مؤلفات دكتور ألفريد موزوليني في الفترة بين عام ١٩٩٠ وعام ١٩٩٩ ، وكذلك الاطلاع على مؤلفاتي في الفترة بين عام ٢٠٠٠ وعام ٢٠٠٩.
Playing Cosmopolitan: Muslim Self-fashioning, Migration, and (Be-)Longing in the Tajik Dubai Business Sector
Authors: Stephan-Emmrich Manja
Published: June 2019

Linking Central Asian and Gulf studies, this article explores how young, well-educated, and multilingual Tajiks involved in Dubai’s various business fields create, shape, and draw on a sense of cosmopolitanism to convert their uncertain status as “Tajik migrants” into that of economically autonomous “Muslim businessmen.” Specifically, Tajik migrants mobilize religion to claim belonging to Dubai as a “Muslim place,” while they simultaneously make sense of their experiences as Central Asian labor migrants in Russia and pious Muslim travelers in secular Tajikistan. “Playing cosmopolitan” is a transnational social project that merges the political project of branding the Arabian Gulf with the lived realities of a culturally diverse mercantile Persian Gulf. Thus, Tajik Muslims engage in alternative forms of belonging abroad. Pointing to the mutual conditionality of longing and belonging in migrant cosmopolitanism, the article offers a nuanced picture of everyday life in Dubai that goes beyond the “spectacularity” of the city, challenging the prevailing representation of Tajik Muslims’ engagement in transnational Islam as a security matter only.
Does Physical Motion Matter? The Encoding Differences between Fictive and Physical Motion Events
Authors: Ma Sai
Published: June 2019

This study aims to explore linguistic differences between fictive motion expressions and physical motion event expressions in Chinese. Although both types of expressions are associated with dynamic linguistic forms, they describe different types of semantic content. Using authentic data, this study examines motion verbs, motion verb constructions, the complexity of ground elements, and alternative manner expressions for Chinese fictive motion events, the results of which are compared with those of previous studies on physical motion events. It is found that Chinese fictive motion expressions are very different from Chinese physical motion event expressions in terms of the above four aspects. The results lend support to the hypothesis that fictive motion occurs more in verb-framed languages.
“Vaulted with fire”: The Thermodynamics of Infernal Justice in Book 1 of Paradise Lost
Authors: Conlan J.P.
Published: June 2019

Historians of science have noted that Milton’s figurative reference to the “spotty globe” of Satan’s massy shield identifies Milton as an adherent of the New Astronomy promoted by Galileo. Understood in light of the techniques of surveying employed by Galileo, the same shield also speaks to Galileo’s use of parallax, whereby the scientist made his drawings more precise by viewing alternately from the vantage of the heights of Fesole or the valley of the Arno. Milton mentions these places in his epic simile of Satan’s shield: the science behind Satan’s arms in Paradise Lost reveals that Milton’s deep commitment to liberty informs his imagination of how God structured the pains of hell.
Adapting Watercourse Agreements to Developments in International Law
Authors: Gwynn Maria A.
Published: June 2019

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) recommends that states apply and adapt their watercourse agreements to the provisions of the UN Watercourses Convention. To explore the advantages of abiding to crucial developments in international water law, environmental law, and climate change law, this monograph will analyze the most important hydroelectric energy treaty in the South American region, the Itaipu Treaty. The monograph will argue that adapting watercourse agreements to developments in international law provides a way to foster sustainable development for the treaty parties, the countries sharing the watercourse ecosystem, as well as the international community as a whole.
Calm and Violent Passions: The Genealogy of a Distinction from Quintilian to Hume
Authors: Essary Kirk , Haskell Yasmin
Published: June 2019

While the distinction between the calm and violent passions has been treated by Hume scholars from a number of perspectives relevant to the Scottish philosopher’s thought more generally, little scholarly attention has been paid to this distinction either in the works of Hume’s non-English contemporaries (e.g., the French Jesuit Pierre Brumoy) or in the long rhetorical and literary tradition which often categorized the emotions as either calm or violent. This article examines the long history of the distinction between calm and violent, or mild and vehement, emotions from the classical Roman rhetorical tradition through the Renaissance and into the modern period. In doing so, it provides a partial but substantial genealogy of an important heuristic taxonomy in the history of emotions, while suggesting that the philosophical import of the distinction in the eighteenth century owes something to rhetorical and poetic traditions which are often not considered by historians of philosophy.
Biondo Flavio on the Roman Theatre: Topography and Terminology
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: June 2019

In mid-fifteenth century Rome, when interest in the Roman theatre began to revive, Pompey’s theatre, Rome’s most famous, had long vanished from view. Gradually evidence came to light that eventually enabled humanists to locate the site of this great construction. A pioneer in this process of rediscovery, Biondo Flavio in his Roma instaurata and Roma triumphans reported his own and others’ investigations and discoveries, in what amounts to the first early modern attempt to give the theatre at Rome a history. The account in Roma instaurata fed not only into later topography, but also into subsequent lexicographical and architectural works. This paper teases out its interwoven strands of topography, architectural design, and cultural history; it discusses parallel accounts from Biondo’s topographical successors to show how he was understood and how he set the agenda; and it traces Biondo’s terms for the parts of the theatre building through Tortelli to Perotti, suggesting that he may have received help from Alberti.
Finnish Confirmands’ Social Media Use and Experience of the Sense of Community – How They Are Reflected in Confirmands’ Community Perceptions about Their Parish
Authors: Ojala Eveliina
Published: June 2019

Confirmation preparation has maintained its popular position among adolescents in Finland. Therefore, confirmation preparation has been studied widely in recent years. This article approaches the subject through new themes as it takes into consideration both social media and post-modern theories of the sense of community. The research was implemented quantitatively (N= 468) and respondents were Finnish confirmands. Research results indicated the heterogeneous group of confirmands to whom, as a challenge to future confirmation preparation planning, perceptions about their own parish, social media use and the sense of community were understood diversely.
National Styles in Science, Diplomacy, and Science Diplomacy: a Case Study of the United Nations Security Council P5 Countries
Authors: Krasnyak Olga
Published: June 2019

Science diplomacy is becoming an important tool by which states can more effectively promote and secure their foreign policy agendas. Recognising the role science plays at national and international levels and identifying a state's national diplomatic style can help to construct a ‘national style' in science diplomacy. In turn, understanding science diplomacy can help one evaluate a state's potential for global governance and to address global issues on a systematic scale. By using a Realist framework and by testing proposed hypotheses, this study highlights how different national styles in science diplomacy affect competition between major powers and their shared responsibility for global problems. This study adds to our general understanding of the practice of diplomacy as it intersects with the sciences.
The Rainbow Isle and the City of Rain
Authors: Rohatgi Rashi
Published: June 2019

Deleuze and Guattari’s conception of a minor literature—linguistically deterritorialised, thoroughly political, and collectively charged—can allow us to draw parallels between distant, diverse literatures; demographic and historical similarities, such as numerical ultra-smallness, do so as well. This essay compares literatures which are both minor and ultrasmall: ultraminor, as Bergur Moberg has recently coined. It looks at the ways in which attitudes towards diversity have shaped the representation of foreigners and “the foreign” in genre fiction. It argues that the emergence and popularity of the respective genres—romance in Mauritius and thriller in Norway—is tied to societal responses to demographic concerns. Focusing on two representative novels, Natacha Appanah’s Blue Bay Palace and Gunnar Staalesen’s We Shall Inherit the Wind, it further argues that Mauritians view the instability of diversity as an inescapable starting point, while Bergenseres view this instability as a frightening, however welcomed, resolution.
The Ultraminor to be or Not to be
Authors: Moberg Bergur Rønne
Published: June 2019

The article is divided into three steps: a) the ultraminor size of Faroese literature; b) ultraminor size as a felt and experienced reality of deprivation and c) ultraminor size as a compensation turning deprivation into notions of greatness. Deprivation and compensation pervade all kinds of literary Faroese expressions. Deprivation manifests itself in a broader context as lack of resources within cultural and research institutions, as a weak public sphere, low degree of specialization, and a highly limited market. The focus is on one of the most significant compensation strategies, that is to say: totalization. The article deploys an approach crossing the fields of World Literature, Island Studies, and Place Studies. Faroese literature is at the same time a limited space and a space enlarged by totalizing “litmaps.” The ultraminor aspects of the Faroese archipelago are demonstrated with particular references to the writings of William Heinesen and Gunnar Hoydal.
Anthologizing Race
Authors: Muenchrath Anna
Published: June 2019

This article reads the introductions of two anthologies of Harlem Renaissance poetry published in the Weimar Republic in 1929 and 1932 respectively. Taking into account the history of the concept of Volk and its changing connotations in the interwar years, I argue that both editors problematically and subversively interpret the Harlem Renaissance as an American Volk tradition for their German readers. I contend that this act of interpretation questions and critiques the limits of not only the linguistic meaning of Volk, but also the limits of the concept of political belonging that the word represents in the German inter-war years. The article argues, concomitantly, for closer attention to anthologies of world literature and the paratexts of translations.
The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries)
Authors: Allegranzi Viola
Published: June 2019

Archaeological investigations in Ghazni, the ancient capital city of the Ghaznavid dynasty (late 10th-12th c.), delivered a large corpus of monumental inscriptions. Official and religious texts are executed in Arabic, though many occurrences attest to the epigraphic use of Persian. Presented in this paper are some preliminary analyses concerning Ghaznavid inscriptions in Persian, their alleged chronology and function. This overview reveals that, in all likelihood, the tradition of decorating buildings with Persian epigraphy had developed in Ghazni since the early 11th century. Persian seems to be particularly used for inscribing poetic texts, which allow us to highlight the Ghaznavid contribution to the development of an artistic tradition destined to persist in the eastern Islamic lands.
Mapping Khwārazmian Connections in the History of Sufi Traditions
Authors: DeWeese Devin
Published: June 2019

The history of Sufi traditions in Khwārazm reveals patterns of development that broadly correlate with patterns and alignments evident in the region’s social, political, and economic history; this is not unexpected, of course, but this correlation provides a convenient vantage point from which to explore Khwārazmian Sufi traditions, and it also lends significance to the literary and folkloric legacies of those traditions, which can illuminate aspects of Khwārazmian history for periods otherwise poorly represented in written sources. The present study offers a broad outline of Sufi activity in Khwārazm, from the 12th century to the 19th, noting the sometimes alternating, sometimes overlapping patterns of locally-rooted Sufi communities, deeply embedded in Khwārazmian social topography, and of regionally- and internationally-connected Sufi groups reflecting large-scale networks; in the latter case, particular attention is given to ‘mapping’ the links of Sufi communities based in Khwārazm with other groups – both in distinctive configurations of regional Central Asian frameworks (i.e., northern Khurāsān, Manghïshlāq, the Syr Daryā valley, the Dasht-i Qïpchāq), and in wider ‘global’ frameworks connecting Khwārazm with the broader Muslim world (the holy cities, Istanbul, Crimea, Kashmīr and India). Consideration of the initial phase of Sufi history in the region, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, is followed by a focus on the sparse but significant evidence on Khwārazmian Sufis of the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps the most poorly known era of Khwārazmian history in the Muslim era, and to the much richer source base for the flourishing of ‘Kubravī’ communities – in Khwārazm and in the regions closely connected with it – during the 16th century; the continuation of these patterns, but also the emergence of distinctively local Khwārazmian variants of other Sufi traditions (‘Yasavī’ and Naqshbandī), from the 17th century to the early 19th will also be addressed.
Artisans’ Signatures from Pre-Mongol Iranian Metalwork. An Epigraphic and Palaeographic Analysis
Authors: Laviola Valentina
Published: June 2019

The paper focuses on Iranian and Eastern Iranian artisans who signed metalwork datable up to the Mongol period. An updated list gathers 37 names, for the most already known but scattered in many different publications. The epigraphic and palaeographic analysis, supported by drawings of signatures, highlights general rules and specific exceptions.
Making Tools for Transmission: Mamluk and Ottoman Cairo’s Papermakers, Copyists and Booksellers
Authors: Quickel Anthony T.
Published: June 2019

A growing body of scholarship regarding the nature of book production and ownership has greatly aided in advancing understandings of the intellectual and cultural history of the Middle East. The majority of these studies, however, focuses on the technical and art historical aspects of book production. This article seeks to take such scholarship a step further and explore the nature of the actual places where books were obtained in Mamluk and Ottoman Cairo. Using chronicles and annalistic sources, it will show that the traditionally understood paper markets had a far more extensive role in book production. Furthermore, the article will show that multiple centers in medieval Cairo were engaged in various tasks related to the creation of texts. A discussion of the extant corpus of secondary literature will be offered on the basis of these conclusions.
“From Shahristān to Medina” Revisited
Authors: Whitcomb Donald
Published: June 2019

The title is taken from an article published in 2006 by Hugh Kennedy that is an examination of the Sasanian city. This subject is re-examined with a presentation of archaeological information on Sasanian cities in Fars province and the city of Jundi Shapur in Khuzistan. The urban form and key institutions are presented with consideration of changes introduced with the Islamic period. In contrast to the Classical polis, the problem is limited information on urban element in Sasanian cities and some of these elements are described.
Medieval Lexicography on Arabic and Persian Terms for City and Countryside
Authors: Mottahedeh Roy P.
Published: June 2019

Medieval Arabic to Persian dictionaries are a relatively untapped source for the conceptual world in the time of their authors. This essay closely examines four such dictionaries from the late fifth/eleventh century to the seventh/thirteenth century written in eastern Iran. These dictionaries are quite rich in terminology for cities, towns, farmland, pasture and desert. They also describe architectural features of buildings. They offer scant but valuable information on markets and social structure. The information from these dictionaries combined with the rich detail available in the Islamic geographers of the third/ninth and fourth/tenth century allows us to form a more perfect picture of medieval Iranian society.