bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to History Matching and Optimization of Shale Completions and EUR - A Case Study of Eagle Ford Well
Authors: Swami Vivek , Settari Antonin , Sahai Raki , Costello Dan , Mercer Ashley
Published: February 2017

Many operators have used in the past various methods to analyze and optimize the horizontal well (HW) completions in the Eagle Ford play with varied results. Typically, such methods focus on different parts of this complex problem in relative isolation and as a consequence do not utilize all available data simultaneously. This paper presents a simulation-based method for analyzing the problem in an integrated fashion by modeling the fracturing and Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV) creation process, followed by well cleanup and production. Consequently, all available data are used to constrain the history match (HM), resulting in a more reliable tool for optimization.

In this work, the authors developed a comprehensive integrated model of a typical Eagle Ford well in the Dimmit County. The HM process showed that injection and production scenarios must be modeled in tandem to get better insights into the flow physics rather than simulating them separately. The best accuracy is obtained when the real sequence of fracturing is modeled. It was found that only a fraction of the created fracture and SRV lengths contribute to production. Whereas fracture half-lengths of ~250 ft were generated during injection, only about ¼ of fracture and ¾ of SRV contributed. Effect of completion efficiency was also investigated. It was shown that the assumption of only 2 perforation clusters per stage is not plausible while assuming some other scenarios offers good HM and prediction very similar to uniform efficiency.

Optimization work considered several scenarios. Cases with larger cluster/stage spacing with the same pumped volume are not desirable. However, the use of double the cluster spacing gives slightly higher estimated ultimate recovery in 30 years, and could offer significant completion cost savings. Use of current injection volumes and current well spacing (500 ft) leaves significant reservoir volume undrained, which is a target for well spacing optimization. Pressure (as opposed to stress) dependent permeability functions adequately capture the permeability variation both for injection and production.

The work shows how the integrated reservoir/fracturing/geomechanics modeling can be used to optimize completions and EUR for shale wells.
Biomass and Habitat Characteristics of Epiphytic Macroalgae in the Sibuti Mangroves, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Hasmidah Md Isa  , Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal  , Mohd Hanafi Idris  , Zamri Rosli  , Johan Ismail
Published: February 2017

Mangroves support diverse macroalgal assemblages as epibionts on their roots and tree trunks. These algae provide nutrients to the primary consumers in the aquatic food web and have been reported to be substantial contributors to marine ecosystems. The species diversity, biomass, and habitat characteristics of mangrove macroalgae were investigated at three stations in the Sibuti mangrove estuary, Sarawak, Malaysia, from November 2012 to October 2013. Three groups of macroalgae were recorded and were found to be growing on mangrove prop roots, namely Rhodophyta (Caloglossa ogasawaraensis, Caloglossa adhaerens, Caloglossa stipitata, Bostrychia anomala, and Hypnea sp.), Chlorophyta (Chaetomorpha minima and Chaetomorpha sp.), and Phaeophyta (Dictyota sp.). The biomass of macroalgae was not influenced (p<0.05) by the season in this mangrove forest habitat. The macroalgal species Hypnea sp. contributed the highest biomass at both Station 1 (210.56 mg/cm2) and Station 2 (141.72 mg/cm2), while the highest biomass was contributed by B. anomala (185.89 mg/cm2) at Station 3. This study shows that the species distribution and assemblages of mangrove macroalgae were influenced by environmental parameters such as water nutrients, dissolved solids, and salinity in the estuarine mangrove habitats of Sibuti, Sarawak.

 

Bakau menyokong himpunan kepelbagaian “epibiont” macroalgal atas akar dan batang terapung pokok bakau. Makroalga membekalkan nutrien kepada pengguna utama dalam rantaian makanan akuatik dan telah dilaporkan menjadi penyumbang besar kepada ekosistem marin. Kepelbagaian spesies, biomass, dan ciri-ciri habitat makroalga bakau telah dikaji di tiga stesen bakau di muara Sibuti, Sarawak, Malaysia, dari bulan November 2012 hingga Oktober 2013. Tiga kumpulan makroalga direkodkan dan telah didapati tumbuh pada akar terapung pokok bakau, iaitu Rhodophyta (Caloglossa ogasawaraensis, Caloglossa adhaerens, Caloglossa stipitata, Bostrychia anomala, dan Hypnea sp.), Chlorophyta (Chaetomorpha minima dan Chaetomorpha sp.), dan Phaeophyta (Dictyota sp.). Biomass makroalga tidak dipengaruhi (p<0.05) mengikut musim di habitat hutan bakau. Spesies makroalga iaitu Hypnea sp. menyumbang biomass yang paling tinggi di kedua-dua Stesen 1 (210.56 mg/cm2) dan Stesen 2 (141.72 mg/cm2), manakala biomass tertinggi disumbangkan oleh B. anomala (185.89 mg/cm2) di Stesen 3. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa taburan dan himpunan spesies daripada makroalga bakau dipengaruhi oleh parameter alam sekitar seperti nutrien dari air, pepejal terlarut, dan kemasinan di habitat muara bakau Sibuti, Sarawak.
CORRUPTION AND NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
Authors: Michael Tomy
Published: February 2017

The increasing corruption in Indonesia occurs because of the indecision of the leader. This is contrary to the 1945 Constitution of the republic of Indonesia that the position of the president is the chief executive. This has repercussions on the position where the president to act without pressure in combating corruption. The leader can apply the Niccolo Machiavelli’s idea that is to take the ideas of the people and focus on those ideas, and then restore those ideas to the people so that they apply them, and to make corrections in case of errors. Such is the basic method of leadership. In conclusion, Niccolo Machiavelli’s ideais appropriate to be applied in combating corruption because in the Law Bo. 20 of 2001 has created a justice for the perpetrators of corruption when declared as the accused of corruption. The main concern is to take advantage with the position of president as the chief executive, in which the president may also be subject to the decisive law. This firm attitude will have an impact on law enforcement to implement legislation fairly. The suggestions that can be put forward in combating corruption is understanding the doctrine of jurisprudence, from countries, that are considered poor should be a critical review in the development of legal science in Indonesia, extending the meaning of gratification by incorporating sexual elements, and applying social sanctions.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD DETECTION USING PERSPECTIVE OF FRAUD TRIANGLE ADOPTED BY SAS NO. 99
Authors: Prasmaulida Shabrina
Published: February 2017

Financial statements generally aim to provide information about the company’s financial position, performance, and cash flows to the interested parties. The motivation to gain trust from the users, especially investors, shareholders and creditors, leads someone to commit fraud in the financial reporting. This study aims to detect and predict financial statement fraud based on the perspective of fraud triangle adopted by SAS No. 99. The dependent variable in this study is financial statement fraud which is proxied by earnings management, while the independent variables in this study are financial stability pressure, personal financial need, ineffective monitoring, effective monitoring, external pressure, and financial targets.Population of this research is manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2012 - 2014. Samples are selected using purposive sampling method and obtained 150 companies out of a total population of 162 companies. The results show that financial stability pressure and external pressurehave significant positive effect on financial statement fraud. Meanwhile, personal financial need, ineffective monitoring, effective monitoring, and financial targets do not have significant effect on financial statement fraud.
Effects of drinking desalinated seawater on cell viability and proliferation
Authors: Macarrão Camila Longhi , Bachi André Luis Lacerda , Mariano Mario , Abel Lucia Jamli
Published: February 2017

Desalination of seawater is becoming an important means to address the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in the world. Seawater has been used as drinking water in the health, food, and medical fields and various beneficial effects have been suggested, although not confirmed. Given the presence of 63 minerals and trace elements in drinking desalinated seawater (63 DSW), we evaluated their effects on the behavior of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Our results showed that cell viability and proliferation in the presence of 63 DSW were significantly greater than in mineral water and in the presence of fetal bovine serum in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 63 DSW showed no toxic effect on murine embryonic fibroblast (NIH-3T3) and murine melanoma (B16-F10) cells. In another assay, we also showed that pre-treatment of non-adherent THP-1 cells with 63 DSW reduces apoptosis incidence, suggesting a protective effect against cell death. We conclude that cell viability and proliferation were improved by the mineral components of 63 DSW and this effect can guide further studies on health effects associated with DSW consumption.
Estimation of the account receivable's duration (case study JSC « Severeleсtro»)
Authors: Bogatova Ksenia Aleksandrovna
Published: February 2017

Keywords: account receivable; turnover ratio; maturity date.
Information technology as an innovation in the management system
Authors: Sarmina Elizaveta Yurievna
Published: February 2017

The article explores the role of information technology in management activities of the enterprise. The essence of the management information system is noted. The authors of the paper run through the adventures of using the management information system.
The quality of tourist service in hotels, as a factor to attract tourists
Authors: Pogorelova Eleonora Igorevna , Sergeev Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2017

In condition of fierce competition, those hospitality businesses win that primarily seek to satisfy the needs of consumers. Successful hotels, seeking their own economic benefits, provide social needs and satisfy the desires of customers. To achieve these goals, they introduce new technology, develop new methods of personnel management and new range of services in the hotel business. Practical experience shows that the service is an important element of management. The article describes practical methods of assessing the quality of customer service.
The results of experimental-industrial works on the redevelopment at the Zhaman-Aibat field (Republic of Kazakhstan)
Authors: Zharaspaev Madiyar Aspandiyarovich
Published: February 2017

This article describes the features of the transition to the redevelopment of the Zhaman-Aibat field. The author presents the results of experimental-industrial works for the redevelopment of the field, shows the various schemes of interchamber and barrier pillars, adopted in the experimental-industrial development. The conclusions are the following: there is a need for further survey work, using computer modeling, to determine the optimal options for redevelopment.
Modern trends in the use of artificial relief in winter recreational and sports centers
Authors: Afonina Marina Igorevna
Published: February 2017

The article presents original design and technological recreational and sports facilities for winter sports with artificial relief. Based on the examples of existing facilities the author examined quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the complexes that determined the scope and relevance of the data of natural and technical systems. The material contains photographs of objects in different periods of their life cycle in the construction and operation. The basic trends of the innovative sports building on the example of Moscow have been identified and formulated.
Introduction of management accounting in the company: aims, goals and stages
Authors: Duishenalieva Ayday Medetbekovna
Published: February 2017

The author of this article considers the main aims and goals of management accounting introduction. The main features of introduction are described. The main stages of introduction of management accounting are presented and each stage is analyzed in detail. An effective introduction and implementation of management accounting is impossible without indicating responsibility centers. In this regard, the main responsibility centers have been identified and described.
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS SETS SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS DALAM PEMECAHAN MASALAH PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Sugiarto Agung , Djukri Djukri
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of SETS-based teaching as an effort to improve creativity in solving the environmental pollution problem  and the effectiveness of teaching based on SETS compare to Problem-Based Learning (PBL). The design of this study was Pretest Posttest Control Group Design. The population was students of SMA N 1 Prambanan, Klaten with the student of class X as a sample. To determine the effect of each study, the data was analyzed using the paired t-test. While to determine the effectiveness of teaching in each class, the data was analyzed using the independent t-test. The result of the study shows that SETS-based teaching and PBL can enhance the creativity of solving problems of environmental pollution and the SETS-based teaching indicated more effective to improve the creativity of the student if compared with the PBL. Key words: SETS, PBL, creativity, environmental
Pengembangan performance assessment untuk mengukur dan memetakan practical skills IPA siswa pada guided-PjBL di SMP
Authors: Pratama Siska , Rosana Dadan
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui karakteristik performance assessment yang valid dan reliabel untuk mengukur practical skills IPA pada guided-PjBL, (2) mendeskripsikan practical skills IPA yang muncul pada guided-PjBL, dan (3) mengetahui peta practical skills IPA siswa SMP menggunakan performance assessment. Penelitian ini merupakan Research & Development dengan menggunakan model 4-D Thiagarajan, et al. (1974). Subjek uji coba adalah siswa kelas VII di SMPN 1 Wonosari, SMPN 4 Playen, dan SMPN 5 Ngawen.Teknik pengambilan data meliputi wawancara, angket, dan nontes. Instrumen pengambilan data meliputi pedoman wawancara, lembar angket, dan lembar observasi. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu performance assessment dalam bentuk lembar observasi dinyatakan valid dan reliabel. Practical skills IPAyang muncul pada guided-PjBL meliputi: merancang proyek; menggunakan termometer dan indikator universal; membaca hasil pengukuran suhu dan pH; membuat tabel; menentukan variabel bebas dan terikat; membuat grafik; mengetahui hubungan antar-variabel; dan membuat kesimpulan. Siswa pada sekolah kategori tinggi memiliki tingkat kemampuan practical skills paling tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan siswa pada sekolah kategori sedang dan rendah. Siswa pada sekolah kategori sedang memiliki tingkat kemampuan practical skills paling rendah.Kata Kunci: performance assessment, lembar observasi, guided-PjBL, practical skills IPA Developing Performance Assessment to Map Science Practical Skills on Guided-PjBL AbstractThis study aims to: (1)find out the characteristic of performance assessment that is valid and reliable to measure science practical skills on guided-PjBL, (2) describe science practical skills that appear on guided-PjBL, and (3) find out the map student’s science practical skills in junior high school to use performance assessment on guided-PjBL. This was a research and development study employing the development model by Thiagarajan et al. (1974).The tryout subjects were junior high school student in SMPN 1 Wonosari, SMPN 4 Playen, and SMPN 5 Ngawen. The data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and nontests. The data collecting instruments included an interview guided, validation questionnaire sheets, and observation sheets. The result of the study was the product of performance assessment in observation sheet form was valid and reliable. Science practical skills that appear on guided-PjBL. included: designing project; using thermometre and universal indicator; reading temperature and pH measurement; creating table; defining independent-dependent variable; creating graph; find out relation between variable; and drawing conclusion. The students in the school with the high category have the highest science practical skills of the three schools. The students in the school with the low category have higher science practical skills than students in high grade school.Keywords: performance assessment, observation sheet, guided-PjBL, science practical skills
Pengembangan media komik IPA model PBL untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir analitis dan sikap ilmiah
Authors: Lestari Devy Indah , Projosantoso Anti Kolonial
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) karakteristik, (2) kriteria kelayakan, dan (3) keefektifan media komik model PBL pada pembelajaran IPA di SMP kelas VII dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir analitis dan sikap ilmiah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan yang mengadaptasi model Borg & Gall yang terdiri dari lima tahap. Subjek coba pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII di SMP Negeri 1 Sentolo. Pengujian lapangan menggunakan kuasi eksperimen nonequivalent control group design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media pembelajaran IPA berbentuk komik: (1) memiliki karakteristik: alur cerita sesuai sintaks PBL, judul komik merupakan integrasi dari KD 4.3, KD 7.3, dan KD 7.4, cerita dalam komik memuat indicator berfikir analitis, tokoh dalam komik diperankan melalui sikap ingi tahu dan berfikir terbuka, (2) layak digunakan dengan kriteria sangat baik dan (3) efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir analitis dan sikap ilmiah siswa.Kata Kunci: media komik, kemampuan berfikir analitis, dan sikap ilmiah Developing Science Comic Media Using the Problem-Based Learning Model to Increase the Analytical Thinking Ability and Scientific Attitude  AbstractThis research aims to knows: (1) the characteristic, (2) feasibility, and (3) effectiveness of natural science teaching media in the form of comic using problem-based learning model to increase the analytical thinking ability and scientific attitude of grade VII students of junior high school. This study was research and development adapting the model from Borg & Gall consisting of five steps. The research subjects were grade VII students of SMP N 1 Sentolo. The main try out used quasi-experimental with the nonequivalent control group design. The results of this research show that (1) the characteristic of comic media are: has a stories according the syntax of Problem Based Learning model, integrated title of KD 4.3, KD 7.3, and KD 7.4, the stories in comics load indicator analytical thinking ability, and the characters in the comics through scientific attitude of curiosity and open minded thinking, (2) the developed science teaching media in the form of comic is in a very good quality category, and (3) it is feasable to use to increase the students’ analytical thinking ability and scientific attitude. The effectiveness of the developed media to increase the analytical thinking ability and science attitude.Keywords: comic media, analytical thinking ability, and scientific attitude
Penerapan project based learning terintegrasi STEM untuk meningkatkan literasi sains siswa ditinjau dari gender
Authors: Afriana Jaka , Permanasari Anna , Fitriani Any
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki pengaruh gender siswa terhadap literasi sains melalui pembelajaran project based learning (PjBL) yang diintegrasikan dengan science, technology, engineering, dan mathematics (STEM) pada tema pencemaran udara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pre-eksperimen dengan desain The static Group Pretest-Posttest Design yang dilaksanakan di kelas VII SMP Islam Terpadu di kabupaten Sukabumi sebanyak 57 siswa yang terdiri dari kelas laki-laki (29 orang) dan kelas perempuan (28 orang). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes awal dan tes akhir untuk literasi sains dan angket siswa terhadap  PjBL STEM. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh peningkatan literasi sains siswa kelompok laki-laki dan kelompok perempuan sama-sama mengalami peningkatan dengan rerata N_Gain yaitu 0,36 dan 0,31 pada kategori sedang untuk aspek pengetahuan dan kompetensi. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan literasi sains kelas laki-laki dan kelas perempuan berbeda tidak signifikan. Pada aspek sikap sains, kelas perempuan berbeda signifikan dari kelas laki-laki. Tanggapan siswa secara keseluruhan menunjukkan hampir seluruh siswa menyatakan senang dengan pembelajaran PjBL STEM dan memperoleh pengalaman yang sangat berkesan mengikuti tahapan pembelajaran sehingga menimbulkan motivasi dan minat dalam belajar.Kata Kunci: project based learning; STEM; literasi sains; gender Implementation Project-Based Learning Integrated STEM to Improve Scientific Literacy Based on Gender AbstractThis study aims to investigate the influence of gender on the students' science literacy through project based learning (PjBL) integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) approach for students junior high school. The theme used in this project was air pollution. The method used was pre-experimental design the static group pretest-posttest design and was implemented in grade VII of the Integrated Islamic school at Sukabumi. The subjects were 57 students divided into two, male group (N = 29) and female group (N = 28). The data collection was done by pretest and posttest for scientific literacy and students' responses to the PjBL STEM. Based on the result it were obtained that an average N_Gain of male group was 0.36 and was 0.31 for female group with medium category on knowledge and competence. T-test results showed that increasing scientific literacy male group and female of different classes do not signifikan. Attitude aspect of science, female group differ significantly from male group. The student responses showed almost all of the students agreed to the implementation of the PjBL STEM and gain great new experiences that stages of learning that lead to be interested and motivated in learning. Keywords: project-based learning, STEM, scientific literacy, gender
Relecturas sobre Wundt y Seashore y nacimiento de la AEPMIM. La psicología en la música y con los músicos
Authors: Fernández Morante Basilio , Casas-Mas Amalia
Published: February 2017

La relación entre la psicología y la música no ha sido todo lo cercana que se podría esperar. La psicología de la música en su mayor parte se sigue entendiendo como cuantativa-experimental. Este estudio revisa el planteamiento de Wundt y Seashore, considerados fundadores de la psicología como ciencia y de la psicología de la música respectivamente, acerca de cómo abordar los procesos superiores, en los que encontraríamos el hecho artístico. Se muestra cómo pese a la importancia que se les atribuye a sus logros, han prevalecido por encima de todos precisamente los más afines al paradigma positivista, cuando en realidad su enfoque era mucho más amplio. En este contexto se explica el reciente nacimiento de la Asociación Española de Psicología de la Música y la Interpretación musical (AEPMIM), hecho tardío muy condicionado por la precaria situación de la disciplina en España. Por último se presentan algunas reflexiones acerca del actual paradigma de la cognición musical y cómo enriquecerlo para hacerlo más musical y no casi absolutamente psicológico, implicando a los músicos de forma más directa, ampliando la difusión del conocimiento más allá de los propios expertos y con el objetivo de cambiar la realidad como otra de las responsabilidades de las asociaciones de psicología de la música.
Omega 3, 6, 9 Enhanced Goat Meat (Omega-Chevon) from Flaxseed and Canola Fed Meat Goats
Authors: Corley M. M. , Bhardwaj H. L. , Abra-Eyob Z. , Hamama A. , Stringfield C. , Corley III R. N.
Published: February 2017

With growing obesity and cardiovascular disease concerns, the meat industry aims to reduce fat content in meat products. Currently Omega Fatty Acid (FA) enhanced beef and eggs are being marketed in the US, but Omega enhanced goat meat (Omega-Chevon) has not been developed. Meat goats were fed ground flaxseed and canola supplemented feed for 90 days. There were no palatability, weight, or health issues in meat goats fed canola and flaxseed supplemented feed. Chevon from goats fed canola and flaxseed had significant (P<0.05) increase in Omega 3, 6 and 9 FA, compared to the control diet. However, Chevon from goats fed flaxseed diets had a marked increase (P<0.05) in Omega 3, 6, and 9 FA compared to those fed control and canola supplemented diets. Chevon from Spanish and Myotonic goats fed flaxseed had increased (P<0.05) Omega, 3, 6 FA compared to control. However, C18:1 (Omega 9) FA was higher in Chevon from Myotonic goats vs. Spanish goats, whereas Chevon from both Spanish and Myotonic goats were higher (P<0.05) in C20:1 (Omega 9) FA compared to Chevon from those fed the control diet. These data demonstrate that Omega Chevon can be produced by supplementation of the meat goat diet with canola and flaxseed.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTITUBERCULAR ACTIVITY OF PIPERIDINE AND MORPHOLINE 1, 8 NAPHTHYRIDINE ANALOGUES
Authors: Badawneh Muwaffag , Aljamal Jalal
Published: February 2017

Objective: The search for new, potentially useful antimycobacterial agents. In continuation with our previous screening for the discovery of novel drugs for tuberculosis, a new series of 1,8-naphthyridines derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Methods: Several 4-morpholinomethyl-1.8-naphthyridine derivatives have been synthesized in excellent yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analyses. They were screened for their antimycobacterial activity. The growth was monitored radiometrically in 7H12 broth with the BACTEC 460 TB system. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for compounds that demonstrated ≥ 90% growth inhibition in the primary screening.

Results: The obtained data suggested that all compounds showed significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv compared to the standard reference drug. Analogues (6-11) having heterocyclic groups in position 7 were the most potent of those we tested.

Conclusion: These findings clearly identify the 1,8-naphthyridine analogue (10) with a 6-amino-2-(4'-methoxy benzylamine-4-morpholinomethyl-7-morpholino-substituent as promising anti-tubercular agents possessing significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
CRUCIAL CHALLENGES IN EPIGENETIC CANCER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY YET TO BE RESOLVED
Authors: Islam Md. Torequl
Published: February 2017

Cancer is considered by both genetic and epigenetic pathways. Although, genetic pathways are straightforward, but the reversibility and numerous unclear talks make epigenetic pathway complicated. DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated gene silencing are the three known consequences in epigenetic alterations. In this context, small ncRNAs such as microRNA are known to regulate various components of cellular epigenetic machinery by up or down-regulating in pathogenesis; those are already known in a number of pathophysiological states. These types of biomarkers can be used in the diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in some instances. Although some epigenetic therapies have been introduced, but a number of challenges in each case are remarkable, encouraging more researchers in this field of novel strategy. This paper will discuss a short note on epigenetics and epigenetic therapeutic interventions along with crucial challenges yet to be resolved.
DETERMINATION OF 2-CYANO-4’-BROMOMETHYL BIPHENYL GENOTOXIC IMPURITY IN IRBESARTAN DRUG SUBSTANCES USING HPLC TECHNIQUE
Authors: Kumar S. Senthil , Srivastava Ritesh Kumar , Rao V. Srinivas
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of present study was to develop and validate a specific and sensitive HPLC method for the quantitative determination of genotoxic impurity 2-cyano-4’-bromomethyl biphenyl present in irbesartan drug substance.

Methods: The development activity was conducted by HPLC with UV as a detector. The impurity was separated on Kromasil C18 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of buffer pH 3.2 and acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 v/v at a flow rate 1.5 ml/min. The effluent was monitored by UV detection at 258 nm with column temperature maintained at 40 °C and the injection volume 30 μl. Acetonitrile was selected as diluent.

Results: Validation activity was planned and completed based on the ICH guideline. The LOD and LOQ value were found to be 0.167 µg/g and 0.506 µg/g and accuracy results were well in the range 98.34 to 103.46 %. The linearity curve showed the correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and method very sensitive.

Conclusion: From validation data, it was confirmed that the developed method is specific, sensitive, linear, precise and accurate for the determination of 2-cyano-4’-bromomethyl biphenyl genotoxic impurity in irbesartan drug substances.
EFFECTS OF FASTING ON PRAVASTATIN DISPOSITION IN PERFUSED RAT LIVER
Authors: Kawase Atsushi , Handa Ayumi , Iwaki Masahiro
Published: February 2017

Objective: Various nutrients such as glucose and cholesterol affect the expression of hepatic transporters. Although the pharmacokinetics of some drugs is affected by fasting, the fasting effects on drug hepatic disposition via alterations in transporters are unclear. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2/Abcc2) expressed in the liver are involved in hepatic disposition of pravastatin.

Methods: An in situ perfused rat liver system was established. The mRNA and protein levels of transporters in the liver were examined by real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. The localization of Mrp2 in hepatocytes was determined by immunostaining.

Results: Pravastatin was rapidly eliminated from the perfusate. The cumulative biliary excretion amounts of pravastatin in fasting rats were significantly lower from 10 min compared with control. In fasting rats, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)0‒∞ of pravastatin in the perfusate was significantly decreased, and hepatic clearance (CLh) and hepatic corrected clearance (CLcor) were significantly increased. The biliary clearance (CLbile) in fasting rats tended to decrease compared with that in control rats. Protein expression levels of transporters were unchanged after fasting. Confocal microscopy revealed a disruption of Mrp2 and ZO-1 colocalization in the liver of fasting rats.

Conclusion: The biliary excretion of pravastatin was inhibited by fasting via decreased Mrp2 localization on the canalicular membrane.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF SOME GALACTOPOIETICS HERBS USED IN INDONESIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Iwansyah Ade Chandra , Damanik Rizal M. , Kustiyah Lilik , Hanafi Muhammad
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objectives of this research were to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity; phenolics and flavonoids contents; and chemical composition of some galactopoietic herbs used in Indonesia and to find a possible relationship between antioxidant activity; phenolics, flavonoids and chemical composition of these plants.

Methods: A wide range of analytical parameters was studied, including yield; pH; water activity (aw); total color difference; phenolics and flavonoids content; moisture; ash; protein; fat; carbohydrate; fiber; calcium; zinc; magnesium; potassium; iron content; and the data were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the correlation between the parameters and classification of the plants. Folin–cioceltaeu assay, aluminum chloride assay and DPPH scavenging assay were used to evaluate of total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of galactopoietic herbs.

Results: All of the galactagogue herbs, viz. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) (PA), Sauropus androgynus (SA), Moringa oleifera (MO), and Carica papaya leaves (CP) exhibited good results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. MO contained the highest average of total phenolics content (53.89 mg GAE/g). SA with a ratio of total flavonoids to total phenolics (TF/TP) which is 1.59 contained the highest average of total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (IC50), 43.63 mg QE/g and 126.13 μg/ml, respectively, followed by MO>CA>PA. Based on PLS and PCA analysis, antioxidant activity correlated with fat, protein, phenolics content, flavonoids content and pH, but only the total flavonoids content correlated strongly with antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: This provides useful data about the studied relationships and chemical patterns in some galactopoietic herbs used and provides a helpful tool for understanding much more about the interpretation of results from the experiments and the mechanism of biosynthesis in plants.
ANTICANCER DRUGS AS PROSPECTIVE EFFLUX PUMP INHIBITORS FOR SALMONELLA TYPHI PRODUCE CONFLICTING RESULTS IN IN SILICO AND IN VITRO STUDIES
Authors: Gupta Pranjali , Gautam Pankaj , Rai Nishant
Published: February 2017

Objective: Anticancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine were tested for their potential as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi-based on in silico and in vitro studies.

Methods: Three-dimensional protein models of AcrAB-TolC of Salmonella Typhi were generated by online server PHYRE-2. The quality of 3D structures was assessed by PROCHECK, SWISS MODEL. Docking analysis of anticancer drugs with AcrA, AcrB and TolC subunits were performed after refining the homology models with Modrefiner. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) efflux pump activity was measured by ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel and semi-automated fluorometry methods respectively. Fluorescence intensity in bacterial colonies was measured under different treatment conditions (with or without drugs) on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) plates containing EtBr in cartwheel assay. EtBr efflux assay was determined following the loading of bacteria with EtBr and fluorescence was recorded over fixed time period with the help of fluorescent spectrophotometer. The results obtained were compared with the control.

Results: Efflux pump inhibitor (EPIs) activity of paclitaxel and vinblastine determined by EtBr cartwheel assay registered no activity whereas semi-automated fluorescent assay revealed marginal activity when compared to control.

Conclusion: We report the conflicting result of in silico and in vitro studies in predicting the antimicrobial effect of mainstream anticancer drugs as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi.
SCREENING FOR PHYTOCHEMICALS AND FTIR ANALYSIS OF MYRISTICA DACTYLOIDS FRUIT EXTRACTS
Authors: Rajiv P. , Deepa A. , Vanathi P. , Vidhya D.
Published: February 2017

Objective: The present investigation focus on screening of phytochemicals and FT-IR analysis of Myristica dactyloids fruit extracts. The fruit extracts were prepared using five different solvents.

Methods: The phytochemical analysis and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis were performed using standard methods.

Results: The results reveals that the alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, proteins, carbohydrates, cardio glycosides and saponins were present in methanolic extract when compared to other solvent extracts. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of different functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aromatics, alkanes, alcohols, phenols, aliphatic amines, alkenes and amine groups in the fruit extracts.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the methanolic extract (M. dactyloides fruit) has potential bioactive compounds.
EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF PUNICA GRANATUM LINN. ON FORCED SWIMMING INDUCED CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME IN MICE
Authors: Devi Tarali , Das Swarnamoni
Published: February 2017

Objective: To study the protective effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Punica granatum Linn. (EEPG) on forced swimming induced chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in mice.

Methods: Male albino mice of 25-40 grams were grouped into five groups taking 5 mice in each. Group A served as naïve control, Group B as stress control, Group C and D received EEPG at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg respectively. Group E was given a standard drug (Imipramine 20 mg/kg). All animals received their respective agent orally daily for 7 d. Except for group A animals, animals in all other groups were subjected to force swimming 6 min daily for 7 d to induce a state of chronic fatigue. Animals were assessed for the duration of immobility on day 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th. Level of anxiety (elevated plus maze and mirrored chamber test) and locomotor activity (open field test) were assessed 24 h after last force swimming which was followed by estimation of oxidative biomarkers in brain homogenate.

Results: Treatment with EEPG (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and imipramine resulted in a statistically significant (p≤0.05) reduction in anxiety and duration of immobility and there was a significant increase in locomotor activity when compared to stress control group. Significant reduction in MDA level and increase in catalase level were seen in EEPG and imipramine-treated group compared to stress control group.

Conclusion: The study confirmed that EEPG has protective action effect against experimentally induced CFS.
PRESCRIPTION PATTERN AND COST OF ILLNESS (COI) OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Ali Baig Mirza Misba , Fatima Sara , Fatima Mehruq , Siddiqui Shaheda , Ali Syed Amir , Ilyas Md Nomaan
Published: February 2017

Objective: Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) centers on agents used to relieve inflammatory process. None of the drugs used for IBD are curative; at best they serve to control the disease process. The potentially high costs of care associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are recognised. The Objective of the present study was to find the Prescription pattern and cost of illness (COI) of IBD in a Tertiary care Hospital.

Methods: 20 IBD patients, in the order they approached the gastroenterology department, were enrolled in the study. Data regarding medication, hospitalisation, physician office visit, diagnostic costs, travel cost, the cost incurred by caregivers, work and non-work days lost were obtained. The cost of medications and other healthcare services was determined. The study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee.

Results: The average cost (direct and indirect) per patient for six months was 26,394Rs. Drugs and medical supplies costs (65%) ranked first in the direct costs category followed by Diagnostic costs (18%), hospitalisation costs (15%) and lastly physician office visit costs (2%). On the other hand, Cost incurred by caregivers accounted for 45% of the total indirect costs followed by work and nonworking days lost (43%) and finally Travel costs (2%). Commonly prescribed drugs were corticosteroids and aminosalicylates followed by mucosal protectants, antibiotics and antiemetics. The most preferred route of drug administration was intravenous followed by oral.

Conclusion: The average COI (direct and indirect) of IBD per patient for six months was 26,394Rs. Drugs and medical supplies accounted for largest contributions to the overall economic impact of IBD on the Healthcare system. Commonly prescribed drugs were corticosteroids and aminosalicylates followed by mucosal protectants, antibiotics and antiemetics. This study represents one of the very few studies conducted on COI of IBD. Large scale studies on economic research are required to further ascertain the impact of Rival therapies and management strategies for IBD.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF 2-SUBSTITUTED-5-NITRO BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Archie Sabrina Rahman , Das Biplab Kumar , Hossain Md. Shahadat , Kumar Uttom , Rouf Abu Shara Shamsur
Published: February 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to synthesise some 2-substituted-5-nitro benzimidazole derivatives to evaluate their antioxidant activity.

Methods: The titled compounds were synthesised by sodium metabisulfite mediated reaction of 4-nitro-1, 2-phenylenediamine with a number of para-substituted benzaldehydes. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method.

Results: All the compounds exhibited good antioxidant activity having IC50 values in the range of 3.17 to 7.59 µg/ml while that of standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was 18.42 µg/ml.
Conclusion: Among the synthesised compounds, compounds 3a-c have been shown to possess the most prominent antioxidant activity which might be attributed due to the presence of chloro, bromo and fluoro substituents in the molecule. The compounds may act as the future lead(s) for the development of potential antioxidant compounds.
 
CEREBROPROTEIN HYDROLYSATE INDUCED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS): A CASE REPORT
Authors: Devi Tarali , Sarma Subhash , Choudhury Urmi
Published: February 2017

Cerebroprotein hydrolysate is a newer pharmacological neurotropic agent and considered as a promising therapeutic agent for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury and acute ischaemic stroke. Studies revealed that most of the side effects are minor. Here, we reported a case of Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) probably due to use of Cerebroprotein hydrolysate in a patient with acute ischaemic stroke.
IN SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING AND PHARMACOKINETIC PREDICTION OF GALLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS PPAR-γ AGONISTS
Authors: Variya Bhavesh C , Modi Siddharth J. , Savjani Jignasa K. , Patel Snehal S.
Published: February 2017

Objective: To perform molecular docking and pharmacokinetic prediction of gallic acid derivatives as Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist for the treatment of diabetes.

Methods: Molecular docking study on gallic acid and different derivatives of gallic acid was performed using GOLD v5.2 software. In addition to this, all the derivatives were analysed for drug likeliness, Lipinski’s rule and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties using online tools like admet SAR, Molinspiration and Medchem designer.

Results: Molecular docking studies reveals that SSP-12, SSP-13 and SSP-40 demonstrated significant binding to the PPAR-γ receptor with good Gold score fitness (73.11, 69.86 and 75.51 respectively) and relative ligand energy (-8.26,-8.33 and-7.82, respectively) as compared to standard drugs i.e. rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, (64.10 and 66.72) and (-4.30 and-2.47) respectively.

Conclusion: The final results of molecular docking along with information gathered from pharmacokinetic parameters of gallic acid derivatives may be utilised further for the development of newer PPAR-γ agonists having anti-diabetic potential with better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.
NON PITTING TYPE PEDAL EDEMA WITH LITHIUM: A CASE REPORT
Authors: C. Parvathypriya , Philip Jeslyn Mary , George Christeena , R. Lakshmi
Published: February 2017

Objective: To report a case of lithium induced bilateral nonpitting pedal edema.

Methods: The clinical data of a bipolar affective disorder patient with current episode of mania and psychotic symptoms who experienced bilateral non pitting pedal edema with lithium.

Results: The patient was a 29 yr old female who developed bilateral non-pitting type pedal edema with lithium therapy with normal plasma lithium level (0.72mEq/l). She is a known case of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) was admitted to psychiatry department with episode of mania with psychotic symptoms. She had history of drug induced hypersensitivity reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) with oxcarbazepine and so the drug was discontinued and was started on tablet lithium 400 mg twice daily. On admission here, the dose of lithium was increased to 1200 mg/day. The patient gradually improved but she developed bilateral non-pitting pedal edema. Serum lithium concentration was normal and there were no other early symptoms of lithium toxicity. But as the patient's distress further increased with increasing pedal edema, it was decided to stop lithium altogether and to maintain the patient on tablet quetiapine 800 mg therapy for BPAD. Within one week of stopping lithium the edema on both her feet decreased significantly. Causality was assessed by naranjo causality assessment scale and a probable relationship was obtained between lithium and pedal edema with a score of 6.

Conclusion: This case emphasises that regular physical examination and laboratory investigations are important for patients who are on lithium therapy. Clinicians should always be careful while initiating lithium treatment in a patient with respect to the initial dose and dose escalation even after a period of successful therapy with lithium, as minor dose escalation can cause major changes in the serum lithium concentration and thereby the patient’s tolerability to lithium.
DESIGN ZOLMITRIPTAN LIQUISOLID ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS AND THEIR IN VITRO EVALUATION
Authors: Egla Mustafa , Hammid Shaimaa N. Abd Al
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of present study is to develop orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of zolmitriptan by liquisolid technique using different types of super disintegrants to enhance the disintegration and dissolution of zolmitriptan to improve the bioavailability of the drug.

Methods: Liquisolid ODTs of zolmitriptan were prepared from; microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-102) as carrier, colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil 200) as a coating material, croscarmellose sodium (CSS), sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and crospovidone (CP) as super disintegrants, and propylene glycol as liquid vehicle. The ratio of carrier to coating material was kept constant in all formulations at 35:1, this ratio was chosen after testing the ratios 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1,30:1, and 35:1. The ratio 35:1 give optimal results relative to other ratios. The pre-compression evaluation includes: flow properties were measured using the angle of repose and the compressibility index and FT-IR. The prepared liquid-solid system compacts were evaluated for their post-compression evaluation which includes: hardness, friability, wetting time, in vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release.

Results: The tabletting properties of the liquid-solid ODTs were within the acceptable limits. Among the three super disintegrants, CP found to be the best in term of showing the fastest disintegration time. The optimized selected formula (F11) was prepared using 5% w/w crospovidone, by direct compression showed the shortest disintegration time (24 s), superior drug release profile [ the time required for 80% of the drug to be released (T80%) and percent drug dissolved in 2 min (D2 min) 1.84 min and 87.59%, respectively]. In addition to that, the selected formula had an acceptable hardness and friability, so it was selected as the best formula.

Conclusion: The overall results showed that CP was the best super disintegrant of showing the shortest disintegration time while loading factor of 0.125 was the best in the preparing of zolmitriptan liquid-solid ODTs, and this suggested the possibility of utilizing the selected best formula (F11) in the preparation of zolmitriptan ODTs as a new dosage form for oral administration. 