bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conventional Ultrasound Combined With Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Differential Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cholesterol and Adenomatous Polyps (1–2 cm)
Authors: Wang Xue , Zhu Jia‐an , Liu Yue‐jie , Liu Yi‐qun , Che Dong‐dong , Niu Si‐hua , Gao Shuang , Chen Ding‐bao
Published: May 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to determine ultrasonic image characteristics that enable differentiation between cholesterol and adenomatous polyps and to assess the diagnostic efficacy of combining conventional ultrasound (CUS) with contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).

Methods

Eighty‐nine patients with gallbladder polyps of 1–2 cm in diameter were enrolled and examined by CUS and CEUS before cholecystectomy. The appearances on CUS and CEUS were recorded and analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to calculate the optimal size threshold for distinguishing cholesterol from adenomatous polyps. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify diagnostic variables. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the size, the independent variables, and the combined factors.

Results

There were differences in size, number, vascularity on CUS and intralesional vascular shape, wash‐out, and area under the curve on CEUS between the two groups (P < .05). ROC analysis indicated that a maximum diameter of 1.45 cm was the optimal threshold for the prediction of adenomatous polyps. The logistic regression analysis proved that the single polyp, presence of vascularity, and intralesional linear vessels were associated with adenomatous polyps (P < .05). ROC analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve, sensitivity, and specificity for the combination of the three independent variables were 0.858, 87.3%, and 67.6%. The number combined with intralesional vascular shape had the highest diagnostic sensitivity of 91.2%.

Conclusions

The combination of CUS and CEUS demonstrated great significance in the differential diagnosis of cholesterol and adenomatous polyps.
Sharp bounds for eigenvalues of biharmonic operators with complex potentials in low dimensions
Authors: Ibrogimov Orif O. , Krejčiřík David , Laptev Ari
Published: May 2021

We derive sharp quantitative bounds for eigenvalues of biharmonic operators perturbed by complex‐valued potentials in dimensions one, two and three.
More severe phenotype of early‐onset osteoporosis associated with recessive form ofLRP5and combination withDKK1orWNT3A
Authors: Caetano da Silva Caroline , Ricquebourg Manon , Orcel Philippe , Fabre Stéphanie , Funck‐Brentano Thomas , Cohen‐Solal Martine , Collet Corinne
Published: May 2021

Background

Early‐onset osteoporosis (EOOP) is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD), which increases the risk of fracture. Although the prevalence of osteoporosis at a young age is unknown, low BMD is highly linked to genetic background. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 5(LRP5) are associated with EOOP. This study aimed to investigate the genetic profile in patients with EOOP to better understand the variation in phenotype severity by using a targeted gene sequencing panel associated with bone fragility.

Method and Results

We used a sequencing panel with 17 genes reported to be related to bone fragility for analysis of 68 patients with EOOP. We found a high positivity rate of EOOP withLRP5variants (14 patients, 20.6%). The remaining 79.4% of patients with EOOP but withoutLRP5variants showed variable disease severity, as observed in patients with at least one variant in this gene. One patient, with multiple fractures and spine L1‐L4 BMDZ‐score −2.9, carried a novel pathogenic homozygous variant, c.2918T>C, p.(Leu973Pro), without any pseudoglioma. In addition to carrying theLRP5variant, 2 other patients carried a heterozygous variant in Wnt signaling pathway genes: dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1) [NM_012242.4: c.359G>T, p.(Arg120Leu)] and Wnt family member 3A (WNT3A) [NM_033131.3: c.377G>A, p. (Arg126His)]. As compared with single‐variantLRP5carriers, double‐variant carriers had a significantly lower BMDZ‐score (−4.1 ± 0.8) and higher mean number of fractures (6.0 ± 2.8 vs. 2.2 ± 1.9). Analysis of the family segregation suggests the inheritance of BMD trait.

Conclusion

Severe forms of EOOP may occur with carriage of 2 pathogenic variants in genes encoding regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway. Two‐variant carriers of Wnt pathway genes had severe EOOP. Moreover,DKK1andWNT3Agenes should be included in next‐generation sequence analyses of bone fragility.
Quercetin Attenuates Atherosclerotic Inflammation by Inhibiting Galectin‐3‐NLRP3 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Hongxia , Xiao Lin , He Hui , Zeng Hongmei , Liu Jingjing , Jiang Chunjie , Mei Guibin , Yu Jiasheng , Chen Hao , Yao Ping , Tang Yuhan
Published: May 2021

Scope

Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathogenesis of cardiovascular events caused by inflammation, and dietary intervention has been recommended as one fundamental prevention strategy. Herein, the anti‐arteriosclerotic properties of quercetin are investigated by modulating galectin‐3 (Gal‐3)‐NLR family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway.

Methods and results

Plaques from ApoE−/− mice fed by high‐fat diet (HFD) with or without quercetin (100 mg (kg·bw)−1) for 16 weeks, and carotid plaques from patients with carotid stenosis are collected for histopathological examinations and molecular mechanism assays. Quercetin significantly alleviates atherosclerotic lesions and reduces lipid retention caused by HFD. Proteomic technology identified Gal­‐3 increased by HFD but lowered by quercetin. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry exhibit higher expressions of Gal‐3 and NLRP3 in carotid plaques and plaques from HFD‐fed mice, which are concurrently down‐regulated by quercetin. Similar to TD139, quercetin dramatically suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐laden macrophages, and accordingly alleviates cellular steatosis and IL‐1β secretion, which is abolished by recombinant Gal‐3. Co‐immunoprecipitation shows Gal‐3 binding to NLRP3 promotes inflammasome activation.

Conclusion

Gal‐3 initiates inflammatory lesions by activating NLRP3 inflammasome which functions as a candidate target of quercetin exerting favorable anti‐atherogenic effects. The findings highlight a promising strategy for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment by naturally‐occurring quercetin.
Digitalisierung: Blockchain und Innovation
Authors: Geissler Holger
Published: May 2021

Die Informationsmitschrift lässt sich nach dem Schreiben nicht mehr ändern, viele haben Kopien davon und alle können zugreifen. Aber nur wer einen Schlüssel hat, kann sie lesen. So lassen sich Forschungsergebnisse sichern und mit anderen teilen.
Materialien: Immer wieder schäumen und lösen
Authors: Stubenrauch Cosima , Cölfen Helmut , Menold Philipp
Published: May 2021

Eine Alternative zu organischen Kunststoffschäumen für die Wärmedämmung von Gebäuden können Mineralkunststoffe sein. Sie sind nicht brennbar und im Gegensatz zu Silica‐Aerogelen oder Steinwolle gut zu recyceln.
Ein Verlag für die Chemie
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: May 2021

Vor hundert Jahren entschieden sich die chemischen Gesellschaften Deutschlands, ihre Publikationen, darunter die Berichte und die Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, einem Verlag anzuvertrauen: dem Verlag Chemie. Seitdem hat dieser Höhen und Tiefen durchlebt, ist verkauft worden − und hat nebenbei allen gezeigt, wie europäische Zusammenarbeit funktioniert.
Durchflusschemie: Damit nichts explodiert
Authors: Menges‐Flanagan Gabriele
Published: May 2021

Mit Grignard‐Reagenzien entstehen Antiklopfmittel, Feinchemikalien und Arzneistoffe. Bisweilen gefürchtet sind die reaktiven Zwischenprodukte – was garantiert den reibungslosen Umgang damit? Beispielsweise die kontinuierliche Synthese mit Mikroverfahrenstechnik.
Besseres Signal‐Rausch‐Verhältnis in der Ionenchromatographie
Authors: Domröse Andreas
Published: May 2021

Was passiert bei der Suppression in der IC, und wo kann man darauf verzichten? Über die Arbeit eines Suppressors und die Vorteile, die sich daraus für die Anwendung ergeben.
Professioneller Textsatz mit Latex
Authors: Steinmetz Zacharias
Published: May 2021

Das Textsatzsystem Latex fristet ein Nischendasein — zu unrecht. Einmal in die Syntax eingearbeitet, hilft es nicht nur beim korrekten Setzen von Formeln und Einheiten. Mit Paketen wie chemmacros und chemfig stehen zudem Werkzeuge zur Verfügung, um Reaktionsgleichungen und Strukturformeln zu erstellen.
Was Kaffee mit uns macht
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: May 2021

Kaffee löst im Körper viele Reaktionen aus – zum Beispiel regt er Geschmacksrezeptoren an und macht wach. Ob er unterm Strich der Gesundheit nutzt oder eher schadet, ist nicht endgültig geklärt, obwohl neuere Forschung meist auf positive Effekte hinweist.
Bilanz 2020: Merck
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2021

Das Darmstädter Unternehmen Merck hat im Jahr 2020 seinen Umsatz vor allem mit Medikamenten und dem Halbleitergeschäft erhöht. Zudem unterstützte Merck mehr als 50 Impfstoffprojekte.
Bilanz 2020: Clariant
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2021

Das Spezialchemieunternehmen Clariant hat im Jahr 2020 weniger umgesetzt als zuvor. Der Gewinn stieg durch den Verkauf des Geschäftsbereichs Masterbatches.
Machen, zerstören, besser machen
Authors: Göstl Robert
Published: May 2021

Aduc‐Preisträger Robert Göstl erforscht die Polymermechanochemie – einen eigenen Forschungszweig, der Polymersynthese, ‐analytik und Materialwissenschaften verknüpft.
„Ein gewisser Jagdinstinkt“
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke
Published: May 2021

Der Experimentalphysiker Frank Müller sucht in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften nach gefälschten Daten. Ein Gespräch über die Triebkraft für Betrug, was die Wissenschaft weiterbringen könnte und warum Wissenschaftler nicht die besseren Menschen sind.
Meinung in Primärjournalen? Unbedingt!
Authors: Gölitz Peter
Published: May 2021

Führende Primärjournale bieten ein Forum für den Meinungsaustausch unter Chemikern weltweit.
Opinion: The Future of Publishing
Authors: Carreira Erick M.
Published: May 2021

In thinking about how all the various options play into the future of scientific publications, a number of thought‐provoking questions inevitably arise: Will there be a role for traditional publishing houses and associated journals publications in the future? How will quality be assured, and authenticity guaranteed? What is the future of peer review? Is there a need for multiple publishers? What role do developments in artificial intelligence play?
Manipulation of perovskite film by bias‐induced reversible lattice deformation toward tunable photoelectric performances
Authors: Ren Lixia , Wang Min , Wang Shuanhu , Zhao Yang , Jin Kexin
Published: May 2021

Organic lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive interest for potential use in next‐generation photovoltaic devices due to the demonstrated high power conversion efficiency, low materials cost, and low fabrication cost. Besides, the electromechanical properties have also been explored in detail to expand the application potential. Here, we report the reversible photoelectric modulation (including photoresponse and photoresistance modulation, by near 6%) in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) film under an external electric bias (only 0.06 V µm‐1), which stems from the strain response induced by the competition of electrical biasing and light exposure. In addition, accompanied by the use of bias and light, the lattice is found to be deformed in MAPbI3 film. This result does not only shed light on the lattice deformation from external factors but also highlights the dramatic electron/photon‐lattice coupling in perovskite films.
Toughening rigid thermoset films via molecular enforced integration of covalent crosslinking and multiple supramolecular interactions
Authors: Wang Cheng , Zhang Shuai , Li Shanggeng , Zhang Longfei , Zhou Yawen , Ma Jiajun , Zhang Lin
Published: May 2021

Rigid thermosets show great potential application value in several fields; however, enhancing their extensibility without losing the required mechanical strength is always a huge challenge. In this work, a new class of rigid thermosets, poly(triethylenetetramine bisphenol A epoxy phenylimidazole)s, with both multiple supramolecular interactions, including “face–face” π–π stacking, “point–point” hydrogen bond, and ion‐pair electrostatic interaction, and covalent crosslinks is developed by introducing the special functional group 2‐phenylimidazole into the crosslinked thermoset. Owing to the synergistic effect of the strong covalent crosslinks and the multiple supramolecular interactions, synchronously improved tensile strengths and elongation at break have been successfully obtained with these rigid thermosets.
Model‐based evaluation of image‐guided fractionated whole‐brain radiation therapy in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma xenografts
Authors: Husband Hillary R. , Campagne Olivia , He Chen , Zhu Xiaoyan , Bianski Brandon M. , Baker Suzanne J. , Shelat Anang A. , Tinkle Christopher L. , Stewart Clinton F.
Published: May 2021

Radiation therapy (RT) is currently the standard treatment for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), the most common cause of death in children with brain cancer. A pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe the radiation‐induced tumor shrinkage and overall survival in mice bearing DIPG. CD1‐nude mice were implanted in the brain cortex with luciferase‐labeled patient‐derived orthotopic xenografts of DIPG (SJDIPGx7 H3F3AWT/K27 M and SJDIPGx37 H3F3AK27M/K27M). Mice were treated with image‐guided whole‐brain RT at 1 or 2 Gy/fraction 5‐days‐on 2‐days‐off for a cumulative dose of 20 or 54 Gy. Tumor progression was monitored with bioluminescent imaging (BLI). A mathematical model describing BLI and overall survival was developed with data from mice receiving 2 Gy/fraction and validated using data from mice receiving 1 Gy/fraction. BLI data were adequately fitted with a logistic tumor growth function and a signal distribution model with linear radiation‐induced killing effect. A higher tumor growth rate in SJDIPGx37 versus SJDIPGx7 xenografts and a killing effect decreasing with higher tumor baseline (p < 0.0001) were identified. Cumulative radiation dose was suggested to inhibit the tumor growth rate according to a Hill function. Survival distribution was best described with a Weibull hazard function in which the hazard baseline was a continuous function of tumor BLI. Significant differences were further identified between DIPG cell lines and untreated versus treated mice. The model was adequately validated with mice receiving 1 Gy/fraction and will be useful in guiding future preclinical trials incorporating radiation and to support systemic combination therapies with RT.
Low‐carbon energy, sustainable development, and justice: Towards a just energy transition for the society and the environment
Authors: Siciliano Giuseppina , Wallbott Linda , Urban Frauke , Dang Anh Nguyen , Lederer Markus
Published: May 2021

Governments and civil society are increasingly aware that the decarbonization of energy systems needs to be aligned with justice principles of recognition, distribution, and process. This paper establishes a conceptual linkage between “sustainable development”, “low‐carbon energy transitions” and “energy justice” and examines social priorities to address peoples' competing priorities associated with low‐carbon energy interventions. By analyzing a renewable energy project in Vietnam as a case study, the paper shows that linking social priorities to energy justice provides a useful contribution for energy policy makers toward a better understanding of the multidimensional and complex aspects of low‐carbon energy transitions, and how different segments of society prioritize and perceive them for the achievement of socially just energy decisions.
Retracted: Electrically Excited Plasmonic Ultraviolet Light Sources
Authors: Ahmadivand Arash
Published: May 2021

The emission of photons from metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) nanojunctions through inelastic tunneling of electrically driven electrons is a well‐acknowledged approach to develop miniaturized light sources and ultradense photonic instruments. Generally, the existing research in the optimization of electromigrated tunneling junctions is principally centered on the generation of visible and near‐infrared lights. This study reports on the near‐ultraviolet (NUV, λ ≈ 355 nm) light emission from enhanced tunneling of electrons using aluminum nanoelectrodes. Compared to conventional noble metals, the high electron density and low screening of aluminum enable supporting of pronounced local fields at high energies (i.e, ultraviolet (UV)). As the color of light can be straightforwardly determined by the properties of tunneling structures, the exquisite features of aluminum have empowered the fashioning of tunneling devices that are able to effectively sustain plasmons at short wavelengths and emit UV light with high photon yield. This demonstration is a breakthrough in the generation of high‐energy beams using electrically excited aluminum tunneling platforms, which promisingly accelerates the implementation of electrically tunable and ultradense UV light sources.
Synthetic Image Rendering Solves Annotation Problem in Deep Learning Nanoparticle Segmentation
Authors: Mill Leonid , Wolff David , Gerrits Nele , Philipp Patrick , Kling Lasse , Vollnhals Florian , Ignatenko Andrew , Jaremenko Christian , Huang Yixing , De Castro Olivier , Audinot Jean‐Nicolas , Nelissen Inge , Wirtz Tom , Maier Andreas , Christiansen Silke
Published: May 2021

Nanoparticles occur in various environments as a consequence of man‐made processes, which raises concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. To allow for proper risk assessment, a precise and statistically relevant analysis of particle characteristics (such as size, shape, and composition) is required that would greatly benefit from automated image analysis procedures. While deep learning shows impressive results in object detection tasks, its applicability is limited by the amount of representative, experimentally collected and manually annotated training data. Here, an elegant, flexible, and versatile method to bypass this costly and tedious data acquisition process is presented. It shows that using a rendering software allows to generate realistic, synthetic training data to train a state‐of‐the art deep neural network. Using this approach, a segmentation accuracy can be derived that is comparable to man‐made annotations for toxicologically relevant metal‐oxide nanoparticle ensembles which were chosen as examples. The presented study paves the way toward the use of deep learning for automated, high‐throughput particle detection in a variety of imaging techniques such as in microscopies and spectroscopies, for a wide range of applications, including the detection of micro‐ and nanoplastic particles in water and tissue samples.
A displacement based approach for the analysis, development, and design of reinforced concrete
Authors: Oehlers Deric John , Visintin Phillip
Published: May 2021

Prior to cracking, reinforced concrete (RC) has full‐interaction (FI) behavior, that is there is negligible slip between adjacent elements. After cracking, the regions in the vicinity of a crack exhibit partial‐interaction (PI), that is relative slip between elements occurs. RC development has in the past relied heavily on FI strain based approaches and, consequently, they are in general not able to directly simulate the PI behavior associated with RC. Because of this deficiency in simulation, safe design rules have had to be developed either empirically or semi‐empirically using a vast amount of member level testing to calibrate correction factors which are applied to virtually all aspects of RC design. As a result of this reliance on experimental calibration, the application of these empirical rules is limited by the range of testing that has been undertaken and this creates a feedback loop necessitating the further testing of large scale elements. In this paper, it is shown that a displacement based approach, that is a PI approach, can directly simulate through mechanics the RC PI behaviors and, hence, significantly reduces the need for member testing required to develop design rules. It is shown how only material testing is required in order to quantify the member behavior which, consequently, should both reduce the cost of development and expedite the development of safe design rules for a particular type of fiber concrete.
Marham‐Mafasel decrease joint inflammation and IL‐1β gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis animal model
Authors: Majidi Mohammad , Heidarnejad Fatemeh , Naseri Mohsen , Bonakdar Shahin , Salimi Maryam , Yaraee Roya
Published: May 2021

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic disease with synovial membrane, tendon and articular tissue inflammation. Current treatments of RA have many side effects and are quite expensive. Today, new treatments procedures and inexpensive herbal drugs are developed. Marham‐Mafasel is mainly made out of two traditional herbs (Arnebia euchroma and Martricaria chamomilla).

Objective

In this study, for the first time, the impact of Marham‐Mafasel on joint inflammation, histopathological changes and IL‐1β gene expression was evaluated in RA animal model.

Methods

The RA was induced by a single s.c. injection of 0.1 ml Freund's complete adjuvant into the left hind footpad. In continuous, 15 RA male Wistar rats were used in three groups: I: Control; II: Treatment I (Piroxicam) and III: Treatment II (Marham‐Mafasel). The volume of the hind paw was measured every day from 0 to 19 using water changed volume approach. The inflammation in the joint was evaluated using histopathology assay and gene expression of IL‐1β was evaluated with use of Real‐Time PCR.

Results

Hind paw swelling of Marham‐Mafasel at days 10th and 19th was reduced compared with the control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically difference in histological degrading and changes index in three groups (p ≥ 0.05). Relative expression of IL‐1β in Marham‐Mafasel group was significantly decreased compared with other groups.

Conclusion

The co‐administration of M. Chamomile and A. euchroma, called Marham‐Mafasel, decreases IL‐1β gene expression that leads to a reduction in inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) animal model.
Severe chronic idiopathic suppurative lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in a dog
Authors: Cagnasso Federica , Roncone Silvia , Caccamo Roberta , Peano Andrea , Gianella Paola
Published: May 2021

A 5‐year‐old, intact male, Border collie dog was evaluated because of a 10‐day history of right epistaxis. On physical examination, there was no evidence of nasal discharge. A mild depigmentation of the right nasal planum was observed. The infectious panel was negative for Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and tickborne infectious diseases. CT scan of the head, rhinoscopy, histopathologic examination of the right nasal mucosa, fungal culture and PCR sequencing were performed at initial diagnostic workup and follow‐up. A severe and diffuse chronic idiopathic suppurative lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis was diagnosed, along with isolation of Trichosporon ashaii. Because of the unsatisfactory clinical response to marbofloxacin, piroxicam, itraconazole and clotrimazole, oral prednisone was administered. After the initial 2 weeks, prednisone was progressively reduced and discontinued 9 months later. The dog showed complete disappearance of clinical signs, without recurrence after therapy discontinuation.
Convolutional Neural Network to Detect Deep Low-Frequency Tremors from Seismic Waveform Images
Authors: Kaneko Ryosuke , Nagao Hiromichi , Ito Shin-ichi , Obara Kazushige , Tsuruoka Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

The installation of dense seismometer arrays in Japan approximately 20 years ago has led to the discovery of deep low-frequency tremors, which are oscillations clearly different from ordinary earthquakes. As such tremors may be related to large earthquakes, it is an important issue in seismology to investigate tremors that occurred before establishing dense seismometer arrays. We use deep learning aiming to detect evidence of tremors from past seismic data of more than 50 years ago, when seismic waveforms were printed on paper. First, we construct a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the ResNet architecture to extract tremors from seismic waveform images. Experiments applying the CNN to synthetic images generated according to seismograph paper records show that the trained model can correctly determine the presence of tremors in the seismic waveforms. In addition, the gradient-weighted class activation mapping clearly indicates the tremor location on each image. Thus, the proposed CNN has a strong potential for detecting tremors on numerous paper records, which can enable to deepen the understanding of the relations between tremors and earthquakes.
Wronskian indices and rational conformal field theories
Authors: Das Arpit , Gowdigere Chethan N. , Santara Jagannath
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The classification scheme for rational conformal field theories, given by the Mathur-Mukhi-Sen (MMS) program, identifies a rational conformal field theory by two numbers: (n, l). n is the number of characters of the rational conformal field theory. The characters form linearly independent solutions to a modular linear differential equation (which is also labelled by (n, l)); the Wronskian index l is a non-negative integer associated to the structure of zeroes of the Wronskian.

In this paper, we compute the (n, l) values for three classes of well-known CFTs viz. the WZW CFTs, the Virasoro minimal models and the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 super-Virasoro minimal models. For the latter two, we obtain exact formulae for the Wronskian indices. For WZW CFTs, we get exact formulae for small ranks (upto 2) and all levels and for all ranks and small levels (upto 2) and for the rest we compute using a computer program. We find that any WZW CFT at level 1 has a vanishing Wronskian index as does the $$ {\hat{\mathbf{A}}}_{\mathbf{1}} $$

A
̂

1

CFT at all levels. We find intriguing coincidences such as: (i) for the same level CFTs with $$ {\hat{\mathbf{A}}}_{\mathbf{2}} $$

A
̂

2

and $$ {\hat{\mathbf{G}}}_{\mathbf{2}} $$

G
̂

2

have the same (n, l) values, (ii) for the same level CFTs with $$ {\hat{\mathbf{B}}}_{\mathbf{r}} $$

B
̂

r

and $$ {\hat{\mathbf{D}}}_{\mathbf{r}} $$

D
̂

r

have the same (n, l) values for all r ≥ 5.

Classifying all rational conformal field theories for a given (n, l) is one of the aims of the MMS program. We can use our computations to provide partial classifications. For the famous (2, 0) case, our partial classification turns out to be the full classification (achieved by MMS three decades ago). For the (3, 0) case, our partial classification includes two infinite series of CFTs as well as fifteen “discrete” CFTs; except three all others have Kac-Moody symmetry.
Schrödinger Operators with Reverse Hölder Class Potentials in the Dunkl Setting and Their Hardy Spaces
Authors: Hejna Agnieszka
Published: May 2021

For a normalized root systemRin$${\mathbb {R}}^N$$RNand a multiplicity function$$k\ge 0$$k≥0let$${\mathbf {N}}=N+\sum _{\alpha \in R} k(\alpha )$$N=N+∑α∈Rk(α). We denote by$$dw({\mathbf {x}})=\varPi _{\alpha \in R}|\langle {\mathbf {x}},\alpha \rangle |^{k(\alpha )}\,d{\mathbf {x}}$$dw(x)=Πα∈R|⟨x,α⟩|k(α)dxthe associated measure in$${\mathbb {R}}^N$$RN. Let$$L=-\varDelta +V$$L=-Δ+V,$$V\ge 0$$V≥0, be the Dunkl–Schrödinger operator on$${\mathbb {R}}^N$$RN. Assume that there exists$$q >\max (1,\frac{{\mathbf {N}}}{2})$$q>max(1,N2)such thatVbelongs to the reverse Hölder class$$\mathrm{{RH}}^{q}(dw)$$RHq(dw). We prove the Fefferman–Phong inequality forL. As an application, we conclude that the Hardy space$$H^1_{L}$$HL1, which is originally defined by means of the maximal function associated with the semigroup$$e^{-tL}$$e-tL, admits an atomic decomposition with local atoms in the sense of Goldberg, where their localizations are adapted toV.
Behandlungszufriedenheit bei Patienten mit zervikaler Dystonie
Authors: Ip Chi Wang , Schramm Axel , Maisonobe Pascal , Zaragatski Emma , Sycha Thomas
Published: May 2021

Hintergrund

Obwohl Botulinumtoxin‑A (BoNT-A) von Leitlinien als First-line-Therapie der fokalen zervikalen Dystonie (ZD) empfohlen wird, existieren kaum Langzeitdaten zu den Behandlungsmodalitäten in der klinischen Routine.

Fragestellung

Die vorliegende Subgruppenanalyse untersuchte Patientenzufriedenheit und Symptomkontrolle unter Berücksichtigung von Behandlungsmodalitäten der BoNT-A-Therapie zwischen ZD-Patienten in Deutschland und Österreich (DE/AT, n = 79) und der internationalen Gesamtkohorte (n = 995).

Material und Methoden

INTEREST-IN-CD2 war eine prospektive, multizentrische, longitudinale Beobachtungsstudie, die über 3 Jahre der Therapie erwachsener Patienten mit idiopathischer ZD unter BoNT-A-Behandlung folgte. Primärer Endpunkt war die Patientenzufriedenheit mit der Therapie gemessen an der maximalen Zufriedenheit zwischen 2 Injektionen und der Zufriedenheit zum Zeitpunkt der Reinjektion.

Ergebnisse

Die Therapiezufriedenheit im Wirkmaximum war in beiden Populationen im Studienverlauf stabil und vergleichbar gut (82,3–92,7 % bzw. 85,0–89,9 %). Mit nachlassender BoNT-A-Wirkung zum Ende des Behandlungsintervalls sank die Zufriedenheit ab: Zu Studienbeginn in beiden Gruppen ähnlich (54,2 % vs. 51,4 %), fiel sie numerisch in der der DE/AT-Gruppe bis auf 32,7 % ab, blieb dagegen in der Gesamtpopulation stabil. Die Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale(TWSTRS)- und Tsui-Scores zeigten keine wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen der DE/AT-Gruppe und der Gesamtpopulation.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Studie bestätigt insgesamt eine gute klinische Symptomkontrolle durch BoNT‑A. Die im Vergleich von DE/AT zur internationalen Gesamtkohorte gesehenen numerischen Unterschiede in der aktuellen Zufriedenheit sind möglicherweise bedingt durch abweichende Anteile BoNT-A-naiver Patienten beider Gruppen, da diese unterschiedliche Zufriedenheit als vorbehandelte Patienten äußerten.
The effect of cryogenic machining of S2 glass fibre composite on the hole form and dimensional tolerances
Authors: Koklu Ugur , Morkavuk Sezer , Featherston Carol , Haddad Malik , Sanders David , Aamir Muhammad , Pimenov Danil Yu , Giasin Khaled
Published: May 2021

S2 glass fibre reinforced epoxy composites are widely used in aeronautical applications owing to their excellent strength to weight ratio. Drilling glass fibres can be cumbersome due to their abrasive nature and poor thermal conductivity. Moreover, the use of conventional coolants is not desirable due to contamination and additional costs for cleaning the machine part. An alternative is to use environmentally friendly coolants such as liquid nitrogen (LN2) which have been previously employed in machining metals and composites. The current study investigates the effect of drilling S2 glass fibre composite in a bath of LN2. The study aims to evaluate the effect of spindle speed, feed rate and the presence of cryogenic cooling on the form and dimensional tolerances of the hole (hole size, circularity, cylindricity and perpendicularity). Design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the contribution of the input parameters on the analysed hole quality metrics. Results indicated that drilling S2 glass fibre in a cryogenic bath increased hole size significantly beyond the nominal hole diameter. The hole circularity and cylindricity were reduced compared to holes drilled under dry condition under all cutting parameters due to enhanced thermal stability during the drilling process. The current study aims to provide the scientific and industrial communities with the necessary knowledge on whether cryogenic bath cooling strategy provides better hole quality output compared to dry drilling and other cryogenic cooling strategies which were previously reported in the open literature.
Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton
Authors: Bucklin Ann , Peijnenburg Katja T. C. A. , Kosobokova Ksenia N. , O’Brien Todd D. , Blanco-Bercial Leocadio , Cornils Astrid , Falkenhaug Tone , Hopcroft Russell R. , Hosia Aino , Laakmann Silke , Li Chaolun , Martell Luis , Questel Jennifer M. , Wall-Palmer Deborah , Wang Minxiao , Wiebe Peter H. , Weydmann-Zwolicka Agata
Published: May 2021

Characterization of species diversity of zooplankton is key to understanding, assessing, and predicting the function and future of pelagic ecosystems throughout the global ocean. The marine zooplankton assemblage, including only metazoans, is highly diverse and taxonomically complex, with an estimated ~28,000 species of 41 major taxonomic groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of DNA sequences for the barcode region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for identified specimens. The foundation of this summary is the MetaZooGene Barcode Atlas and Database (MZGdb), a new open-access data and metadata portal that is linked to NCBI GenBank and BOLD data repositories. The MZGdb provides enhanced quality control and tools for assembling COI reference sequence databases that are specific to selected taxonomic groups and/or ocean regions, with associated metadata (e.g., collection georeferencing, verification of species identification, molecular protocols), and tools for statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization. To date, over 150,000 COI sequences for ~ 5600 described species of marine metazoan plankton (including holo- and meroplankton) are available via the MZGdb portal. This review uses the MZGdb as a resource for summaries of COI barcode data and metadata for important taxonomic groups of marine zooplankton and selected regions, including the North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The MZGdb is designed to provide a foundation for analysis of species diversity of marine zooplankton based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for assessment of marine ecosystems and rapid detection of the impacts of climate change.
Exploring the molecular content of CHO exosomes during bioprocessing
Authors: Keysberg Christoph , Hertel Oliver , Schelletter Louise , Busche Tobias , Sochart Chiara , Kalinowski Jörn , Hoffrogge Raimund , Otte Kerstin , Noll Thomas
Published: May 2021

In biopharmaceutical production, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells derived from Cricetulus griseus remain the most commonly used host cell for recombinant protein production, especially antibodies. Over the last decade, in-depth multi-omics characterization of these CHO cells provided data for extensive cell line engineering and corresponding increases in productivity. However, exosomes, extracellular vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, are barely researched at all in CHO cells. Exosomes have been proven to be a ubiquitous mediator of intercellular communication and are proposed as new biopharmaceutical format for drug delivery, indicator reflecting host cell condition and anti-apoptotic factor in spent media. Here we provide a brief overview of different separation techniques and subsequently perform a proteome and regulatory, non-coding RNA analysis of exosomes, derived from lab-scale bioreactor cultivations of a CHO-K1 cell line, to lay out reference data for further research in the field. Applying bottom-up orbitrap shotgun proteomics and next-generation small RNA sequencing, we detected 1395 proteins, 144 micro RNA (miRNA), and 914 PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) species differentially across the phases of a batch cultivation process. The exosomal proteome and RNA data are compared with other extracellular fractions and cell lysate, yielding several significantly exosome-enriched species.

Key points

• First-time comprehensive protein and miRNA characterization of CHO exosomes.

• Isolation protocol and time point of bioprocess strongly affect quality of extracellular vesicles.

• CHO-derived exosomes also contain numerous piRNA species of yet unknown function.
Correction to: Gummy Smile: Mercado-Rosso Classification System and Dynamic Restructuring with Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Mercado-García Jorge , Rosso Paula , Gonzalvez-García Mar , Colina Jesús , Fernández José Manuel
Published: May 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02229-z
Evolution of psychosocial burden and psychiatric symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Belz Michael , Hessmann Philipp , Vogelgsang Jonathan , Schmidt Ulrike , Ruhleder Mirjana , Signerski-Krieger Jörg , Radenbach Katrin , Trost Sarah , Schott Björn H. , Wiltfang Jens , Wolff-Menzler Claus , Bartels Claudia
Published: May 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic highly impacts mental health worldwide. Patients with psychiatric disorders are a vulnerable risk population for worsening of their condition and relapse of symptoms. This study investigates the pandemic-related course of psychosocial burden in patients with pre-existing mental disorders. With the newly developed Goettingen psychosocial Burden and Symptom Inventory (Goe-BSI) psychosocial burden has been traced retrospectively (1) before the pandemic (beginning of 2020), (2) at its beginning under maximum lockdown conditions (March 2020), and (3) for the current state after maximum lockdown conditions (April/May 2020). The Goe-BSI also integrates the Adjustment Disorder New Module (ADNM-20), assesses general psychiatric symptoms, and resilience. A total of 213 patients covering all major psychiatric disorders (ICD-10 F0-F9) were interviewed once in the time range from April, 24th until May 11th, 2020. Across all diagnoses patients exhibited a distinct pattern with an initial rise followed by a decline of psychosocial burden (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.09; Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons between all three time-points: p < 0.05 to 0.001). Female gender and high ADNM-20 scores were identified as risk factors for higher levels and an unfavorable course of psychosocial burden over time. Most psychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. Trajectories of psychosocial burden vary in parallel to local lockdown restrictions and seem to reflect an adaptive stress response. For female patients with pre-existing mental disorders and patients with high-stress responses, timely and specific treatment should be scheduled. With the continuation of the pandemic, monitoring of long-term effects is of major importance, especially when long incubation times for the development of mental health issues are considered.
T cell plasticity in renal autoimmune disease
Authors: Soukou Shiwa , Huber Samuel , Krebs Christian F.
Published: May 2021

The presence of immune cells is a morphological hallmark of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, a disease group that includes anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated glomerulonephritis. The cellular infiltrates include cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune responses. The latter includes CD4+and CD8+T cells. In the past, CD4+T cell subsets were viewed as terminally differentiated lineages with limited flexibility. However, it is now clear that Th17 cells can in fact have a high degree of plasticity and convert, for example, into pro-inflammatory Th1 cells or anti-inflammatory Tr1 cells. Interestingly, Th17 cells in experimental GN display limited spontaneous plasticity. Here we review the literature of CD4+T cell plasticity focusing on immune-mediated kidney disease. We point out the key findings of the past decade, in particular that targeting pathogenic Th17 cells by anti-CD3 injection can be a tool to modulate the CD4+T cell response. This anti-CD3 treatment can trigger a regulatory phenotype in Th17 cells and transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into immunosuppressive IL-10-expressing Tr1 cells (Tr1exTh17 cells). Thus, targeting Th17 cell plasticity could be envisaged as a new therapeutic approach in patients with glomerulonephritis.
Identification of low health and cancer literacy in oncology patients: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hyatt Amelia , Drosdowsky Allison , Koproski Trista , Milne Donna , Rametta Meri , McDonald Geri , McKenzie Tanya , Blaschke Sarah-May
Published: May 2021

Objective

Health literacy is a significant public health concern, particularly given the increased complexity of chronic disease health management and health system navigation, and documented associations between low health literacy and poor health outcomes. This study therefore aimed to identify the proportion and characteristics of outpatients visiting a specialist cancer hospital who report low health literacy and/or low cancer health literacy.

Method

This study used a cross-sectional survey administered verbally with patients attending a specialist cancer hospital located in Melbourne, Australia over a two-week period. Process data on conducting health literacy screening within a clinical setting was collected.

Results

Those identified with inadequate general health literacy were different to those identified with low cancer-specific health literacy, although overall both proportions were low. Cross-sectional screening of patients was difficult, despite utilising verbal surveying methods designed to increase capacity for participation.

Conclusion

Health literacy screening using the tools selected was not useful for identifying or describing patients with low health literacy in this setting, given the disparity in those categorised by each measure.

Practice Implications

Until the theoretical construct of health literacy is better defined, measurement of health literacy may not be clinically useful.
Solid-phase synthesis of d-fructose-derived Heyns peptides utilizing Nα-Fmoc-Lysin[Nε-(2-deoxy-d-glucos-2-yl),Nε-Boc]-OH as building block
Authors: Schmutzler Sebastian , Knappe Daniel , Marx Andreas , Hoffmann Ralf
Published: May 2021

Aldoses and ketoses can glycate proteins yielding isomeric Amadori and Heyns products, respectively. Evidently, d-fructose is more involved in glycoxidation than d-glucose favoring the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). While Amadori products and glucation have been studied extensively, the in vivo effects of fructation are largely unknown. The characterization of isomeric Amadori and Heyns peptides requires sufficient quantities of pure peptides. Thus, the glycated building block Nα-Fmoc-Lys[Nε-(2-deoxy-d-glucos-2-yl),Nε-Boc]-OH (Fmoc-Lys(Glc,Boc)-OH), which was synthesized in two steps starting from unprotected d-fructose and Fmoc-l-lysine hydrochloride, was site-specifically incorporated during solid-phase peptide synthesis. The building block allowed the synthesis of a peptide identified in tryptic digests of human serum albumin containing the reported glycation site at Lys233. The structure of the glycated amino acid derivatives and the peptide was confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Importantly, the unprotected sugar moiety showed neither notable epimerization nor undesired side reactions during peptide elongation, allowing the incorporation of epimerically pure glucosyllysine. Upon acidic treatment, the building block as well as the resin-bound peptide formed one major byproduct due to incomplete Boc-deprotection, which was well separated by reversed-phase chromatography. Expectedly, the tandem mass spectra of the fructated amino acid and peptide were dominated by signals indicating neutral losses of 18, 36, 54, 84 and 96 m/z-units generating pyrylium and furylium ions.
Aurora Observations from the Principality of Transylvania from the 16th to the 18th Century CE
Authors: Stangl Martin , Foelsche Ulrich
Published: May 2021

We focused on the period from about 1500 CE to 1800 CE and present a compilation of 78 different auroral sightings for the period from the geographical area of the former Principality of Transylvania, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and we give source quotations in English translation. Of the 78 potential aurorae, 23 are missing from the catalog of Rethly and Berkes (1963) and are introduced here for the first time into the scientific discourse on past solar activity. The region of Transylvania located around 46° northern latitude is a good geographical indicator for an auroral oval extending unusually far towards the Equator. The reports of seven celestial phenomena from Transylvania during the period of the Maunder minimum (1645 – 1715), which are considered genuine northern lights at a medium to very high probability level, suggest that even during this time of greatly reduced solar activity, aurorae penetrated down to near 45° latitude. Three of these potential aurorae, however, fall within the 18th century, when the Sun was already recovering from the deep minimum phase. Comparing the distribution of potential auroral sightings in Transylvania from the 16th to the 18th century clearly shows, in comparison with other aurora catalogs and with reconstructed solar activity, that high selectivity due to the historical-source situation (incomplete chronicles, lost reports, and lack of scientific interest on the part of chroniclers) makes statements about actual long-term distributions almost impossible. Furthermore, the catalog of Rethly and Berkes is shown to be rather incomplete and to contain several doubtful entries.
Mechanisms and Mediators of Pain in Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Di Carlo Marco , Smerilli Gianluca , Salaffi Fausto
Published: May 2021

Purpose of the review

Pain in chronic inflammatory joint diseases is a common symptom reported by patients. Pain becomes of absolute clinical relevance especially when it becomes chronic, i.e., when it persists beyond normal healing times. As an operational definition, pain is defined chronic when it lasts for more than 3 months. This article aims to provide a review of the main mechanisms underlying pain in patients with chronic inflammatory joint diseases, discussing in particular their overlap.

Recent findings

While it may be intuitive how synovial inflammation or enthesitis are responsible for nociceptive pain, in clinical practice, it is common to find patients who continue to complain of symptoms despite optimal control of inflammation. In this kind of patients at the genesis of pain, there may be neuropathic or nociplastic mechanisms.

In the context of chronic inflammatory joint diseases, multiple mechanisms generally coexist behind chronic pain. It is the rheumatologist’s task to identify the mechanisms of pain that go beyond the nociceptive mechanisms, to adopt appropriate therapeutic strategies, including avoiding overtreatment of patients with immunosuppressive drugs. In this sense, future research will have to be oriented to search for biomarkers of non-inflammatory pain in patients with chronic inflammatory joint diseases.
Modeling illegal logging in Brazil
Authors: Chen Bohan , Peng Kaiyan , Parkinson Christian , Bertozzi Andrea L. , Slough Tara Lyn , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: May 2021

Deforestation is a major threat to global environmental wellness, with illegal logging as one of the major causes. Recently, there has been increased effort to model environmental crime, with the goal of assisting law enforcement agencies in deterring these activities. We present a continuous model for illegal logging applicable to arbitrary domains. We model the practice of criminals under influence of law enforcement agencies using tools from multiobjective optimal control theory and consider non-instantaneous logging events and load-dependent travel velocity. We calibrate our model using real deforestation data from the Brazilian rainforest and demonstrate the importance of geographically targeted patrol strategies.