bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women, Workers, and Community: Working-Class Visions and Workers' Theatre in the 1930s
Authors: Hyman Colette A.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. In the concluding scene of Paul Peters and George Sklar's play, Stevedore, one of the most powerful plays of the workers' theatre movement of the 1930s, the community of African American dockworkers is fighting off an attack by a vicious White racist mob. Suddenly, the White union organizer and his followers arrive to lend support to the African American community, and Binnie, the community's unofficial leader, who had until then remained in the background, aims a pistol at the mob's ringleader and fires. She shouts exultantly: "I got him! That red-headed son-of-a-bitch, I got him! I got him!" (123). A cry of triumph arises from the crowd, and a few moments later, the final curtain falls.
In Search of Identity in Cisneros's The House on Mango Street
Authors: de Valdés Maria Elena
Published: March 2011

Sandra Cisneros (1954- ), a Chicago-bora poet of Mexican parentage, published her first novel in 1984.1 The House on Mango Street is written in the manner of a young girl's memoirs.2 The forty-four pieces are, however, not the day-to-day record of a preadolescent girl, but rather a loose-knit series of lyrical reflections, her struggle with self-identity and the search for self-respect amidst an alienating and often hostile world. The pieces range from two paragraph narratives, like "Hairs," to the four-page "The Monkey Garden."
"Stand Up and Break Your Chains": A Review Essay of Hammer and Hoe
Authors: Clark Kathleen
Published: March 2011

Robin D. G. Kelley. Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990. The way I caught it and the way I can explain it according to my best ideas, this here organization was workin to bring us out of bad places where we stood at that time and been standin since the colored people has remembrance. They didn't say to us how this was goin to happen—we didn't have time to work up a plan; only I felt it, I could feel it was somethin good. It was goin to rise us out of these old slum conditions which that we had been undergoin since slavery times, bring a clearer life to live, push the white man back.
The Right to Refuse Treatment: A Historical, Legal, and Philosophical Analysis From Canadian and American Perspectives
Authors: Warsh Michael L.
Published: March 2011

If anything increases, diminishes, helps or limits our body's power of action, the idea of that thing increases, diminishes, helps, or limits our mind's power of thought. (Baruch Spinoza) Perhaps no group in society has been more invisible, powerless, and feared than the mentally ill. It has been commonly accepted that institutionalized treatment is the proper course of action for these individuals. With respect to such treatment, many legal questions surface. What is the nature of psy- chiatric treatment? Should the patient have any voice with respect to the treatment to which he is subjected? Does institutionalization deprive the patient of that choice? Should the state of mental health or level of cog- nitive reasoning be the determining factor in the patient's right to refuse treatment? How can the issues be extended to other cases involving incom- petent patients?
Violent Crime in Canada and the United States: A Theoretical Assessment
Authors: Sacco Vincent F.
Published: March 2011

Introduction The present paper reviews and critically assesses dominant accounts of Canadian-American differences in interpersonal criminal violence. Two major types of accounts are identified. The most popular type of account locates the source of these differentials in cultural distinctions that are thought to separate Canadians from Americans. A second form of explana- tion deemphasizes the importance of culture and focuses attention instead on the study of comparative social structure. In so doing, it offers a critique of the cultural approach. It is argued below that neither cultural nor struc- tural accounts can by themselves provide a satisfactory interpretation of Canadian-American patterns of violent crime. It is also argued that any attempt to refine and integrate structural and cultural accounts necessitates a critical reexamination of some of the basic assumptions made by scholars who have attempted to apply these perspectives to the issue in question. A review of the literature that attempts to inteipret the meaning of differ- ences in Canadian and American patterns in violent crime is preceded by a discussion of the empirical evidence around which the theoretical debate revolves.
"The Blues Ain't Nothin' But a Woman Want to be a Man": Male Control in Early Twentieth Century Blues Music
Authors: White Matthew B.
Published: March 2011

Blues music has been the subject of much scholarly and popular debate over the past century. The music has been subdivided and analyzed according to subject matter (songs about work, sex, urban life, rural life, etc.), geographic region/style (Piedmont, Memphis, Delta, etc.) and intended audience (house- hold music, street music, dance music, etc.). There is one aspect of blues music, however, which has been woefully neglected, that is, the bluesmen's presentation of women.1 This omission is particularly glaring when one considers the number of songs which focus upon male-female relationships. In preparing this paper, I analyzed over six hundred blues songs sung by men during the 1920s and 1930s. One hundred and thirteen of these songs depicted women in a manner which allowed for easy categorization (e.g. woman as gold digger, woman as unfaithful wife/lover, etc.). If we were to include all of the songs which dealt with women in a manner outside of the major categories, or dealt with the loss, or absence of women, then the total would increase to more that half of the sample.
The Wild Thoreau
Authors: Bennett Jane
Published: March 2011

H. Daniel Peck. Thoreau's Morning Work. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Henry David Thoreau. The Writings of Thoreau: Journal. Edited by John C. Broderick. Volume 4 (1851-1852) edited by Leonard N. Neufeldt and Nancy Craig Simmons. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Robert F. Sayre, ed. The American Novel: New Essays on Walden. Cam- bridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Edmund A. Schofield and Robert C. Baron, eds. Thoreau's World and Ours: A Natural Legacy. Golden, Colorado: North American Press, 1993. Whatever has not come under the sway of man is wild—In this sense original & independent men are wild—not tamed & broken by society. (Thoreau 1992, 34) Much recent writing on Thoreau aims to free him—both from labels that give his work "classic" stature (e.g., transcendentalism, romanticism, individualism, American exceptionalism), as well as from those that confine him to a single discipline or agenda (naturalist, civil disobedient, writer). The four books under review here, including the one by Thoreau, all participate in this task; all seek to expand Thoreau's range of movement within contemporary culture. I will discuss the two edited texts briefly, and then engage Peck's book and Thoreau's Journal in a more sustained way, focusing on the question of Thoreau's relationship to what he called "the Wild."
"Now Lucifer was not dead": Slavery, Intertextuality, and Subjectivity in Leaves of Grass
Authors: Beach Christopher
Published: March 2011

In a series of his notebook entries from the mid-1850s, Walt Whitman carries on a personal debate concerning questions of liberty, race, and slavery. Having decided to leave aside the practical reasons for opposing slavery ("Will it pay?"), he introduces what he considers the deeper argument at stake—the philosophical question of racial and social inferiority: The learned think the unlearned an inferior race. The merchant thinks his bookkeepers and clerks and sundry degrees below him; they in turn think the porter and carmen common; and they the laborer that brings in coal, and the stevedores that haul the great burdens with them. (Whitman [1854?] 1978, III: 762)
Delineating Maritime Boundaries: The 1977-78 Canada-U. S. Beaufort Sea Continental Shelf Delimitation Boundary Negotiations
Authors: Kirkey Christopher
Published: March 2011

In August 1977, Canada and the United States commenced negotiations for the purposes of resolving four outstanding maritime boundary disputes: the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank area; seaward of the Strait of Juan de Fuca; the Dixon Entrance; and, the Beaufort Sea continental shelf and water column. The purpose of this paper is to examine the negotiations and related outcome involving the final case, that of the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary. Specifically, the following questions will be examined: what were the respective national interests and negotiating objectives of both parties?; were these objectives fulfilled?; how did the negotiation process evolve?; and, what variables account for the outcome reached? It is necessary at the outset, however, to first explain what prompted Canada and the United States to begin negotiations in 1977 over this issue.
Le discours de Clinton: entre l'Amérique comme idéal et l'Amérique comme réalisation
Authors: Armony Victor
Published: March 2011

Abstract This paper is premised on the argument that an analysis of the speeches of American presidents can reveal much of the values of a generation of Americans. In this case, the author examines Bill Cllinton as presidential can- didate and as president to explore what it was in his campaign that appealed to the American electorate, what values and visions he advanced, and the ways in which those values spoke to the American character. He notes that with the end of the cold, war, America has seemed, uncertain of its destiny and. role, so absorbed had it been in the cold war struggle during the generations that followed World War II. In Clinton's speeches, the author finds a call for action, a positive and. sacrificial approach to American life resonant of the New Deal and New Frontier of Franklin Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. He finds in Clinton an appeal to duty and honour, to basic morality and com- mitment to a sense of community, a commitment to the uniqueness of the American experiment and the optimism of the American spirit, a departure from the culture of narcissism that he suggests characterized- American in the 1980s.
Beneath the Underdog: Charles Mingus, Representation, and Jazz Autobiography
Authors: Carmichael Thomas
Published: March 2011

So I'm saying briefly that people don't know what a black man (it's nice to say black man)—people don't know what it took to make a jazz musi- cian. In my younger days, we were raised more on classical music than any other kind. It was the only music we were exposed to, other than the church choir. I wasn't raised in a night club. I wasn't raised in a whore house (there wasn't any music in them, anyway—in the bars). Charles Mingus [1971] 1980 It is perhaps by now a commonplace critical practice to read the tradition of African-American autobiographical writing, particularly the tradition of male African-American autobiographical writing, through the powerful double focus provided by Henry Louis Gates's understanding of the "act of signi- fying" and by Houston Baker's insistent return to the materialist context of the counter-hegemonic "blues" of African-American expressive practice (Gates 1988, 180-91; Baker 1984, 188-96). Certainly Charles Mingus's 1971 autobiography, Beneath the Underdog, might well be read that way, but Mingus's text also presents us with a more devious set of complexities. In contrast, for example, to the consistent double-voicedness that Henry Louis Gates discerns in reading of the fiction of Ishmael Reed against that of Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison, Mingus's jazz autobiography is not governed by the strategies of a subversive mimicry but rather by a com- plicated series of affiliations and disavowals, particularly with respect to the tradition of jazz (Gates 1988, 236-238). And in contrast to the self-conscious and confident counter-hegemonic exchange of cultural capital that Houston Baker finds so emblematic in the Trueblood episode in Invisible Man, Mingus's narrative points to excess and lack and to what Baker, elsewhere in his discussion of Ellison, describes as "the angst assumed to accompany commodity status" as the fundamental lived experience of the subject (Baker 1984, 194-96). This is perhaps best captured in Mingus's text in the ongoing dialogue with the master narrative of psychoanalysis. Charles Mingus is, after all, the composer of a piece entitled "All the Things You Could Be by Now If Sigmund Freud's Wife was Your Mother," and, appropriately, this is one of the few Mingus compositions mentioned in Beneath the Underdog (Mingus [1971] 1980, 245). But if Mingus's text demands its own form of critical attention, as my argument will suggest, it ultimately repays that attention in its intricate negotiations of the relations of dominance and resistance that lie at the heart of the African-American autobiographical tradition. The paths of these negotiations can be traced on many levels, but this discussion properly begins with the series of affiliations and disavowals that connect the trials of the subject in the text with the cultural practices of jazz itself.
Rakes, Coquettes and Republican Patriarchs: Class, Gender and Nation in Early American Sentimental Fiction
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: March 2011

A number of recent studies underline the novel's role in the formation and consolidation of American middle-class identity (Brodhead 1991; Davidson 1986; Hansen 1991 a, 1991b; Lewis 1987). However, when these studies turn to assess the politics of sentimental novels such as William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy ([1789] 1969), Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette ([1794] 1986), and Susanna Rowson's Charlotte Temple ([1797] 1986), they either deny sentimental fiction's particular role in middle-class development (Davidson 1986),1 or fail to elaborate on Ian Watt's claims for sentimental fiction's middle-class affiliations (see Hansen 1991a, 199lb; Lewis 1987; Watt 1963). In particular, those who have followed in Watt's footsteps have avoided grappling with what it means to apply the phrase "middle-class novel" to fictions produced in a culture that still used class terminology only sparingly, and lacked a coherent "middle-class" to which that term might be applied (Blumin 1989, 19).
Language, Culture, and the Courts: Bilingual Education in the United States
Authors: Scassa Teresa
Published: March 2011

In this article, I explore the relationship between language and national identity using U.S. bilingual education law and policy as a case study.1 Language legislation and policy play a dual role: at a functional level, they mediate the relationships between languages in a multicultural society, yet at the same time their mediation serves to reflect prevailing attitudes towards both dominant and nondominant languages. This paper is not meant to be a critique of bilingual education with a view to reforming it, nor is it meant to assess the merits of such programs from a pedagogical point of view. Rather, my focus will be on particular points of contact between bilingual education and legal institutions in order to explore some of the ways in which both individual and national identity are shaped by legal discourse.2 My particular focus will be on judicial opinions as legal and interpretive texts.
"'It's a Great Country, Ma'" - Blind Leads and Shifting Ground: The West in Mark Twain's Roughing It
Authors: Messent Peter
Published: March 2011

American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward . . . furnish the forces dominating American character. . . . The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. . . . The fact is, that here is a new product that is American. (Turner [1893] 1956, 2)
Justice Denied: The Anglo-American Loan Negotiations of 1945
Authors: Mackenzie Hector
Published: March 2011

In the flurry of recent commemorations of the momentous events of fifty years ago, there is one anniversary which may have been overlooked. From September to December 1945, British and American representatives met in Washington to negotiate what was regarded as the crucial financial in- strument to reconstruct international trade. Later developments would dem- onstrate that the unprecedented American loan to Britain would not suffice and that first attempt would be eclipsed by the more comprehensive, more generous, and more imaginative assistance provided under the Marshall Plan. With the advantage of hindsight and the contrast afforded by the later scheme, the agreement signed on 6 December 1945, has acquired the taints of inadequacy and even unfairness.
Travel's Disciplines
Authors: Simpson Mark
Published: March 2011

Our taverns and our metropolitan streets, our offices and our furnished rooms, our railroad stations and our factories appeared to have us locked up hopelessly. Then came the film and burst this prison-world asunder by the dynamite of the tenth of a second, so that now, in the midst of its far-flung ruins and debris, we calmly and adventurously go traveling. (Benjamin 1968, 236) Certainly we are moving faster than before. Or, more correctly, we are being moved faster. (Ford 1926, 4) Introduction In 1904, a cinematic attraction called Hale's Tours debuted to great acclaim at the Saint Louis Exposition; over the next two years, it took the U. S. movie-viewing public by storm.1 Miriam Hansen tells us that "designed like a railroad car, complete with conductor and simulated sways and jolts, clickety-clack and brake sounds, this theater projected scenic views taken from a moving train" (1991, 32). Marshalling the hypnotic bond between travel and cinema, Hale's Tours rendered rail, the great nineteenth-century motor of system and industry, a simulacral commodity realized between motion and stasis, mediation and immediacy. Celluloid limned the repertoire of the written travelogue even as, by the same logic, it encroached on conventional travelling practice. This is one way for capitalism to keep bodies in their proper place, spending money to remain stock still—transfixed by recorded movement. And kinesthesis makes it happen, holding viewers in thrall not only with a simulation of travel, an illusion of motion through space, but indeed with the very fact of motion from reel to reel.2
Translation and Transaction in American Immigrant Phrasebooks
Authors: Murray Laura J.
Published: March 2011

Think about the phrasebook—perhaps one of those infuriating and handy guides you've taken along on a holiday. A phrasebook stages an encounter between two people speaking different languages. It is a script, an ideal scenario, for courteous and intelligible cross-cultural dialogue. The script of the phrasebook may be a product of the cultural and linguistic patterns of either of the languages it includes, or it may represent an attempt by an author from one of the cultures to guess the conversational norms and topics of the other. The phrasebook's downfall is, of course, that it presupposes that the unsuspecting partner in dialogue will also know the script, and agree to follow it. If this does not happen—that is, if the interlocutor, instead of cooperating by saying, "Oui, Monsieur, le train va partir à sept heures moins quart," goes off on a diatribe about the railway strike—then the phrasebook user is stranded. If the interlocutor does cooperate (unlikely as it may be outside of the language classroom), the resulting conversation is not in fact a significantly cross-cultural event, but a trivial or at least controlled encounter on a small piece of shared ground. Either way, the phrasebook represents a very precarious and limited sort of interaction. And this is what interests me. Phrasebooks, to the extent that they display or enable scripted, blocked, or uncomprehending encounters, may serve as a productive meta- phor for scripted, blocked, or uncomprehending encounters between dif- ferent peoples.1
'A Society Made by History': The Mythic Source of Identity in Canada
Authors: Reid Jennifer
Published: March 2011

Two decades ago Sacvan Bercovitch published The Puritan Origins of the American Self. The book, which was praised by his contemporaries, sought to demonstrate how "early New England rhetoric" and, in particular, Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana, "provided a ready framework for inventing later secular [American] values—human perfectibility, technological progress, democracy, Christian socialism, or simply (and comprehensively) the American Way—into the mold of sacred teleology" (Bercovitch 1975, 136).1 Bercovitch thus engaged himself with the issue of the mythic origins and foundations of a particularly American notion of identity.
A Critical Context for the Carver Chronotope
Authors: Lainsbury G.P.
Published: March 2011

Raymond Carver (1938-88) is often credited with single-handedly inspiring a renaissance of the short story in America, and with giving voice to a submerged population, who before his time had not been adequately recognized in the cultural space of American literature.1 Carver devoted his whole career as a writer to working within two genres—the short story and the lyric poem—both of which are, within the context of late twentieth- century literature and culture, assuredly minor artistic genres. And yet, in spite of working within these marginal genres, Carver somehow managed to create some major artistic and cultural effects. His writing has the ability to affect individual readers, including many who do not usually read literature,2 and is a lightning rod for cultural and aesthetic debate surrounding issues of the writer's role in contemporary North American life.
The NAFTA Side-Agreement on the Environment: Domestic Politics in the Making of a Regional Regime
Authors: Duquette Michel
Published: March 2011

The Current Debate on International Regime Formation Political research is increasingly concerned with the influence of domestic politics on the formation of international regimes. It is unclear whether liberal institutionalism fully acknowledges the importance of domestic politics, while neorealism invariably underestimates it. Scholars such as Joseph Grieco and Robert Keohane invite greater efforts in forging the- oretical linkages between domestic determinants of policy choices, and inter- national regime formation. They believe that such determinants are vital to understanding the way in which relative gains concerns are translated into policy through the selection of appropriate diplomatic strategies (Baldwin 1993). It also remains debatable whether a fewer number of state-actors make it easier for international cooperation to materialize on specific issues related to national security and economic welfare.
Stolen Flesh, Borrowed Fresh: Herman Melville's Benito Cereno Deposition
Authors: Anderson Mark C.
Published: March 2011

Historians employ a variety of materials to forge interpretations of the past, and frequently such evidence takes the form of official, legal documents such as the depositions appended to Herman Melville's 1855 novella Benito Cereno1 (hereafter cited as BC) and the memoir upon which it was based, the eighteenth chapter of Amasa Delano's 1817 Voyages and Travels (hereafter cited as VT). One role of historians is to interpret the past in order to make better sense of the present. In Benito Cereno, Melville employed the former, in part, to achieve the latter. However, while this minor classic of American literature has received considerable attention from critics, the question of Melville qua historian remains unexamined. This lapse is curious, given that scholars have applauded Melville's masterful re-rendering of American sea captain Delano's tale of a slave uprising at sea. Few have ventured to ex- amine the actual relationship between the two narratives.2
The Last Temptation of Manhood: Sexual Transformations in Lawrence Block's Matt Scudder Series
Authors: Person Leland S.
Published: March 2011

At the end of Lawrence Block's A Ticket to the Boneyard (1990), the eighth of thirteen hard-boiled detective novels featuring Matt Scudder, the vengeful Scudder executes the serial murderer, James Leo Motley, by placing a gun in the unconscious man's hand and then in his mouth—and then pulling the trigger. "I stayed there at his side, down on one knee, the gun in his mouth, his finger on the trigger, my finger on his," Scudder recalls. "Eventually his breathing changed slightly and he started to stir. My finger moved, and so did his, and that was that" (294). Motley and Scudder have a long history with each other—from before the beginning of the series, in fact—and this is not the first time Scudder has framed Motley with one of his own guns. Nor is there much question either time that Motley deserves what he gets. In A Ticket to the Boneyard, for example, this blow job from hell ends a string of ten brutal murders—and the vicious rape and torture of Scudder's pros- titute girlfriend, Elaine Mardell, who lies near death in a hospital even as Scudder blows away her attacker. Twelve years before, while still a New York City police detective, Scudder had faked an assault on himself in order to send Motley to prison for brutalizing Elaine. At that time, Motley vowed to kill Scudder and all of his women, and it is those serial killings that Scudder interrupts by staging Motley's suicide.
Deceived: The Unreadability of the O.J. Simpson Case
Authors: Walcott Rinaldo
Published: March 2011

Toni Morrsion and Claudia Brodksy Lacour (eds.) Birth of a Nation 'Hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case. New York: Pantheon Books, 1997. Pp. 418. The O.J. Simpson case is really about how we "read." Reading practices are so central to the case, that any discussion of the case without attention to how we "read" would be futile. Furthermore, it does not matter which side of the debate you stand on, your reading of the case can be understood through some notion of deception—you either believe Simpson to be guilty or not. Either reading is a reading fraught with deception. But reading the Simpson case is not an easy reading—if ever reading was easy. Rather reading the Simpson case is about the inability to not read or the unreadability of the O.J. Simpson case. But the very unreadability of the case is the condition of its readability.
The Women's Interwar Peace Movement
Authors: Foster Carrie
Published: March 2011

Rachel Waltner Goossen. Women Against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and. Gender on the American Home Front, 1941-1947. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Pp. xiii + 180 and biblio- graphy and illustrations. Linda K. Schott. Reconstructing Women's Thoughts: The Womett's Inter- national League for Peace and Freedom Before World War II. Stanford: Stan- ford University Press, 1997. Pp. ix + 211 and illustrations. Linked together by similar subjects—women pacifists in the United States during or prior to World War II—both of these books are useful for an understanding of the interwar peace movement. Schott's study of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) should be read in conjunction with Carrie Foster's 1995 work on that group, The Women and the Warriors, and the 1993 biography of long-time WILPF leader Mildred Scott Olmsted by Margaret Bacon entitled One Woman's Passion for Peace and Freedom, both published by Syracuse University Press, as well as Harriet Hyman Alsono's two seminal works, The Women's Peace Union and the Outlawry of War, 1921-1942 (Knoxville, 1989) and Peace as a Women's Issue (Syracuse, 1993). Goossen's study of women in Civilian Public Service (CPS) nicely complements earlier works on conscientious objectors (CO's) like Cynthia Eller's conscientious Objectors and the Second World War (Praeger, 1991) with its religious and moral emphasis.
Culture and Technological Transformations
Authors: Gugliotta Angela
Published: March 2011

Lindy Biggs. The Rational Factory: Architecture, Technology, and Work in America's Age of Mass Production. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xiii + 169 and notes, bibliographic essay and index. Mark H. Rose. Cities of Light and Heat: Domesticating Gas and Electricity in Urban America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Pp. xviii + 201 and bibliographic essay and index. Maureen Ogle. All the Modem Conveniences: American Household Plumbing 1840-1890. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp xii + 160 and notes, bibliographic essay and index. These recent books in the history of technology chronicle the development of some defining material commonplaces of twentieth-century American life: indoor plumbing, gas and electricity, and the mechanized factory. John Staudenmaier, in a 1990 American Historical Review essay on the history of technology highlighted historiographical struggles against the traditional "master narrative" of "the whig reading of Western technological evolution as inevitable and autonomous" (Staudenmaier 1990, 725). Since then, his- torians have redoubled their efforts to understand technology as a product made by human cultures, rather than as an autonomous force determining the unfolding of human history. These three books treat hard cases for tech- nological antideterminism—cases in which we are most inclined to see im- proved quality of life and industrial efficiency as inherent in technologies shaped unproblematically by obvious material needs. The books examine rich bodies of sources and fill important gaps in the history of everyday life and, for this reason alone, are worthwhile and useful contributions. In addition, all three, both through their historical methods and their explicit theoretical discussions, call attention to central historiographical dilemmas concerning the imperatives, limitations, and power of constructivist technology studies. In doing so they make clear the persistent difficulties in exorcizing the determinist ghost from the machine.
Affirmative Action in the United States: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Wright Donald
Published: March 2011

John David Skrentny. The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Pp. xiii + 312. Lydia Chavez. The Color Bind: California's Battle to End Affirmative Action. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Pp. xiv + 305. Richard Delgado. The Coming Race Warf And Other Apocalyptic Tales of America after Affirmative Action and Welfare. New York: New York Univer- sity Press, 1996. Pp. xvii + 198. To the writing of books on affirmative action there will be no end.1 Every year more and more ink is spilled on a public policy question that has divided the United States for some thirty years. The three books selected for review offer a window into the past, present, and future of affirmative action. Al- though open to the charge that what follows is, in effect, more spilled ink, it is nonetheless important for scholars who study contemporary America to follow a debate that shows no sign of letting up.
Taking the Offensive: The Quest for New Politics in Contemporary Black Satire
Authors: Dickson-Carr Darryl
Published: March 2011

In his seminal essay, "The Satirist and Society," Robert C. Elliott writes that ancient satirists' verses were thought to be magical: [t]he ancient Arabic satirist, for example, was the seer, the oracle of his tribe. His enormous prestige derived from his role as magician, for his primary function was to compose magical satires, thought always to be fatal, against the tribal enemy. The Arabs thought of their satires concretely as weapons, and as the satirist led his people into battle— his hair anointed on one side only, his mantle hanging loose, shod with only one sandal—he would hurl his magical verses at the foe just as he would hurl a spear; and indeed the satires might be dodged, just as a spear could be dodged, by ducking and bobbing and skipping off (Elliott 1971, 207).
Public Culture and Economic Liberalism in Post-Revolutionary Northern Virginia, - 1820
Authors: Crothers A. Glenn
Published: March 2011

July 4, 1802 found the residents of northern Virginia and Alexandria in a celebratory mood. In an oration given on that day, A.W. Grayson, scion of the Grayson family of Prince William County and a member of the Alexan- dria Debating Society, articulated in effusive rhetoric the confidence and enthusiasm of the region's inhabitants. Grayson began by reviewing the cause of the American Revolution, the battles of the war, and the political consequences of independence—the creation of a "republican government" situated happily between the extremes of "overbearing aristocracy" and "li- centious jacobinism." More revealing, however, was his focus on the social and economic consequences of the Revolution. Grayson argued that inde- pendence had enabled the United States to establish a "commercial inti- macy" with "the different nations of Europe." The result was "a rapid progress" of American trade; American merchants now "unfurled . . . their canvas" sails on "the shores of distant nations." Manufacturing, too, had "been rap- idly increasing" since the Revolution. And agriculture no longer "languished" as it had before independence, but now the "honest husbandman" enjoyed a well-deserved "domestic felicity." Underlying all these successes was the "enterprizing [sic] spirit of our citizens." "The people of this country," Grayson noted, "are daily opening" the nation's "latent sources of wealth." As a re- sult, Americans could "look forward to the day when America will hold a primary not secondary rank among the nations of the earth." In short, the Revolution had spurred economic development in America (and Virginia), because it enabled all (white male) citizens to pursue their economic self- interest. Here was the message of economic liberalism expressed in its most fundamental terms, and in a way which all politically active residents of the region could understand.1
Turning the Screw of Ordinary Human Virtue: The Governess and the First-Person Narrators
Authors: MACNAUGHTON W. R.
Published: March 2011

Henry James undoubtedly would have been amused - devoted as he was in his fiction to recording the ironic split between intention and achieve- ment - if he had lived to observe the success of "The Turn of the Screw." Soon after he had written a story called "The Next Time" which seemed to mirror his acceptance of his own unpopularity (since the plot of the story centered upon the repeated failures of a "fine" but unsuccessful novelist to write a bad but popular novel), James published a ghost story which has become one of the most frequently read in the language and which has even inspired two movies based upon its plot. What intensifies the irony is that the article I have written is only the latest of dozens of attempts to fathom a story which its author referred to as a "mere jeu d'esprit" - a "pot boiler." Yet the mystery which is the essence of the story's critical appeal continues to perplex and fascinate: are the ghosts of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel objectively real and threats to the exquisite and archetypal children, Miles and Flora? Or are what the governess "sees" only hallucinations, products largely of her subconscious needs and desires?
Theron Ware and the Perils of Relativism
Authors: SPANGLER GEORGE
Published: March 2011

As critical commentary on Harold Frederic's The Damnation of Theron Ware (1896) has slowly accumulated during the last fifteen years, there has emerged something of a consensus about the novel at very general levels of interpretation and evaluation.1 Most critics who have written about the novel at some length are agreed upon its status as at least a minor masterpiece of American literature and the ambitiousness of Fred- eric's effort to dramatize his sense of crucial changes in American values in the second half of the 19th century.2 Everett Carter sees the novel as a "depiction of the fall of intellectual America from innocence to knowl- edge"; Larzer Ziff describes it as "a symbolic tale of America's progress to disunity in the latter half of the nineteenth century," Theron's fate being "symbolic of the national career" and illustrating "the loss of in- nocent purpose in America"; and Stanton Garner writes of "innocent America at last confronting the complexities of Europe and the coming century."3 But if most recent critics have been appreciative of the merit and scope of Frederic's accomplishment and, moreover, have done an excellent job of placing both author and work in their intellectual and literary milieu, the work of close analysis is far from complete. Two mat- ters in particular require further examination: the importance of eco- nomic motives in Theron's behavior, especially as they affect his rela- tion to Celia Madden; and, even more crucial, the meaning of the decisive role of the Soulsbys in Theron's life. Through careful attention to these matters, the vagueness of such phrases as "psychic fall" and "progress to disunity" can be avoided and a definite meaning can be given to the idea that Theron's experience embodies Frederic's evaluation of decisive changes in American life and values in the decades following the Civil War.
Hard Hearts and Gentle People: a Quaker Reply to Persecution
Authors: DITSKY JOHN
Published: March 2011

The witchcraft trials aside, few examples of Puritan intolerance surpass in intensity the persecution of Quakers. The Puritans' defense of their doctrines and action is well known, but little is known of the Quaker re- sponse. Examining a representative document of the Quaker response to persecution allows analysis of both Puritan antipathy and of its causes in Quaker belief and practice. Francis Howgil's The Heart of New England Hardned through Wickedness (London, 1659)1 is a summation of the basic tenets of Quakerism as it then existed, although it is professedly primarily an answer to another specific work: John Norton's The Heart of New England Rent at the Blasphemies of the Present Generation, or a brief tract concerning the Doctrine of the Quakers, shewing the destructive nature thereof to Religion, Churches and State (London, 1660).2 Norton's "brief tract" contains a series of charges against the purported errors and heretical beliefs of the Quakers, ending with Norton's proposal for and approval of punishments considered meet and just for such transgressors. It is still a document startling for its ferocity of attack. Yet the gentle Quakers themselves were capable of counterattacks that in themselves exceed their merely professing, however obnoxiously, their alternative mode of worship in the Puritan colonies.
Agri-Culture
Authors: LE GOFF T. J. A.
Published: March 2011

James T. Lemon. The Best Poor Man's Country. A Geographical Study of Early Southeastern Pennsyl- vania. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1972. $12.00. 295 pp. Dr. Lemon has put together an important contribution to the social history of eighteenth-century North America. His book is a complex study which, despite its subtitle, goes well beyond the limits of an or- dinary geographical study in examining some of the basic social and economic origins of that amorphous conglomerate, American civilization, within a defined region and a limited period of time. Lemon has a particu- lar view of the basic values of American civilization which he uses to illuminate the human geography of southeastern Pennsylvania. This view, and the way he arrives at it, deserve some careful discussion.
"Eloquence Needs No Constable" - Alcott, Emerson, and Thoreau on the State
Authors: STOEHR TAYLOR
Published: March 2011

A, or B. refuses the tax or some tax with solemnity, but eats & drinks & wears & perspires taxation all day. Let them not hew down the state with axe & gunpowder, but supersede it by irresistible genius; huddle it aside as ridiculous & obsolete by their quantity of being. Eloquence needs no constable. Emerson's Journals, March 24,1846.
Ligaments of the craniocervical junction
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Hallock Justin D. , Radcliff Virginia , Naftel Robert P. , Mortazavi Martin , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A.
Published: March 2011

The specialized ligaments of the craniocervical junction must allow for stability yet functional movement. Because injury to these important structures usually results in death or morbidity, the neurosurgeon should possess a thorough understanding of the anatomy and function of these ligaments. To the authors' knowledge, a comprehensive review of these structures is not available in the medical literature. The aim of the current study was to distill the available literature on each of these structures into one offering.
Percutaneus Mitral Valvuloplasty in Adult Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis - Results of 200 Cases
Authors: Anam Md Khairul , Rahman Fazlur , Hussain Khondoker Shahid , Uddin Mir Jamal , Ahmed Chaudhury Meshat , Ahmed Md Khurshed , Banerjee Sajal Krishna , Siddique Md Abu , Hasan ATM Iqbal
Published: March 2011

This prospective study was carried out in the department of cardiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Dhaka between July 2006 to July 2010. Total 200 patients underwent percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. Mitral valve dilatation resulted in increase in mitral valve area from .6±0.26 to 1.70±.38cm2 (p<0.001). Mitral valve mean pressure gradient declined from 23.00±5.38 to 6.8±2.98mmHg (p<0.001). The pulmonary artery systolic pressure decreased from 73.8±19.30 to 29.26±11.80mmHg (p<0.001). Procedural success, as defined as final mitral valve area >1.5cm2 or >50% increase in area, was achieved in 95% patients. Serious complications occured in 10 patients Death occurred in two patient (1%). Minor complication such as vasovagal reaction (5%), balloon rupture without sequel (0.5%), pericardiocentesis (.5%), mitral regurgitation (3%), hypotension (1%), seizure (2%), drug reaction (1%) were also noted. The adverse hemodynamic effect of mitral stenosis may be relieved by percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy but it is not without risk. The morbidity & mortality is very low in properly selected patient. This study demonstrate excellent short term clinical & hamodynamic outcome of this procedure and very low procedure related complications.Key words: Mitral Stenosis; Balloon Valvuloplasty DOI: 10.3329/uhj.v6i2.7246University Heart Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, July 2010 pp.65-69
Heart Surgery in a Male Patient with Blood Group OH (Bombay Phenotype) - A Rare Case Report
Authors: Rahman Md Mazibur , Islam Sheikh Muhammad Shaheedul , Islam Md Sirajul , Khatun Ayesha , Uddin Jala , Sultan Md Ashraf Uddin
Published: March 2011

A 59 years old gentleman with hypertension, type-2 DM, dyslipidemia and atheroschlerotic stenosing coronary artery disease had the rare blood group Oh ((Bombay phenotype). After prophylactic conservation of two units of predeposit autologous blood, myocardial revascularization was successfully accomplished with off pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Postoperative recovery was uneventful.Key words: Bombay phenotype; OPCAB DOI: 10.3329/uhj.v6i2.7258University Heart Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, July 2010 pp.110-113
Polycythaemia Rubra Vera: A Case Report & Review of Literature
Authors: Haq M Maksumul , Nasrin Sahela , Taimur Syed Dawood Md , Gomes Hemanta I , Rahman Mohammad Arifur
Published: March 2011

We report a case of 73 year old woman with known risk factor (hypertension) for cerebrovascular disease who developed a TIA like symptom & vertigo with spontaneous clinical improvement. CT showed left cerebral infarct. Haematological test revealed PRV. Clinical improvement was associated with a reduction in haematocrit levels. Hydroxyurea appears to be the least leukemogenic myelosuppressive agent in long term prospective clinical PRV studies extending observation period of >10 years. Low dose aspirin will prevent the microvascular thrombotic complications of thrombocythaemia associated with PRV in remission after phlebotomy.Key words: Polycythaemia Rubra Vera(PRV); Thrombosis; Ischemic stroke DOI: 10.3329/uhj.v6i2.7259University Heart Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, July 2010 pp.114-116
Labwe (Syrie) : une ville du Bronze ancien du Levant Sud
Authors: Al Maqdissi Michel , Braemer Frank
Published: March 2011

Due to its special geological context and its specific soils, the basaltic region of southern Syria preserves exceptional architectural evidence. A three years survey (2003-2005) undertaken by a Syro-French team in the Leja area has revealed many Bronze Age sites, clarifying our understanding of the initial process of urbanization. Labwe is the most extraordinary of these sites. We have been able to make a complete plan of the urban site at the moment of its abandonment, apparently during the second quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. We here provide a first general description of the site.
Moghanak, Otchounak, Garm Roud 2 : nouveaux assemblages paléolithiques dans le Nord de l’Iran. Premières caractérisations typo-technologiques et attributions chrono-culturelles
Authors: Chevrier B. , Berillon Gilles , Asgari Khaneghah Asghar , Antoine Pierre , Bahain Jean-Jacques , Zeitoun Valéry
Published: March 2011

Abstract: The French-Iranian Paleoanthropological Project (FIPP) conducted in 2005 a survey in the provinces of Teheran and Mazandaran (Northern Iran), which are almost virgin zone of paleolithic discoveries. The FIPP discovered three open-air localities in an alluvial context. The Moghanak and Otchounak localities delivered 59 artifacts collected on surface, attributed to Mousterian or ante-Mousterian. These assemblages showed conceptions of different technical natures, generally not very elaborated. The site of Garm Roud 2 is a good stratigraphic framework and is dated to 28,486 ± 190 cal. BP. The 113 artefacts available clearly present an emphasis on bladelet debitage. Comparisons make possible to bring the assemblage closer to Baradostian, more particularly to Late Baradostian.
La construction ovoïde de Tell Gubba dans le bassin du Hamrin, Iraq (début du IIIe millénaire) : une nouvelle restitution architecturale
Authors: Emery Astrid
Published: March 2011

Résumé: L’occupation sédentaire du bassin du Hamrin (moyenne Diyala), de l’époque de Jemdet-Nasr au début du Dynastique Archaïque II, se distingue des modes d’établissement clairsemés des périodes immédiatement antérieures et postérieures. C’est dans ce cadre que se développe un parti architectural singulier, dont Tell Gubba constitue l’un des exemples les mieux conservés: une série d’édifices circulaires ou ovoïdes a été mise au jour dans le bassin du Hamrin et sur le moyen Tigre. La spécificité de leur plan •radioconcentrique •les différencie des constructions orthogonales d’enveloppe circulaire, plus fréquentes, et en fait les représentants d’un type à part entière, dont l’édifice de Tell Gubba •le plus ancien •constitue vraisemblablement le prototype. Ce constat a été le point de départ d’une nouvelle restitution de l’organisation de ce bâtiment, qui intègre notamment les parallèles architecturaux que l’on peut réaliser entre la construction de Tell Gubba et les autres édifices ronds du bassin du Hamrin.
Studies on Pd/NiFe2O4 catalyzed ligand-free Suzuki reaction in aqueous phase: synthesis of biaryls, terphenyls and polyaryls
Authors: Borhade Sanjay R , Waghmode Suresh Babsaheb
Published: March 2011

Palladium supported on nickel ferrite (Pd/NiF2O4) was found to be a highly active catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction between various aryl halides and arylboronic acids. The reaction gave excellent yields (70–98%) under ligand free conditions in a 1:1 DMF/H2O solvent mixture, in short reaction times (10–60 min). The catalyst could be recovered easily by applying an external magnetic field. The polyaryls were similarly synthesized.