Sea ice drift and wave pattern analysis of the early melt onset during the ARTofMELT cruise 2023
Authors: Desjonquères Thibault , Eriksson Leif E. B. , Johansson Malin , Demchev Denis , Karlsen Truls , Vihma Timo , Cheng Bing 
Published: March 2024

In May-June 2023 the ARTofMELT 2023 expedition took place, with the aim to capture the melt onset in the Arctic Ocean. For the sea ice dynamics part of the cruise, in-situ observations were collected to co-inside with satellite observations, enabling studies of changes in drift patterns, capture the breakup of ice floes and studies of changes in backscatter signatures in satellite images as a consequence of melt onset.&#160;
Seven OpenMETbuoys-v2021 and three SIMBA buoys, were placed on four first-year ice floes, away from the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). The OpenMETbuoys, equipped with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), gyro, and accelerometer, facilitated horizontal motion, rotation, potential deformation, and wave action analysis. SIMBA buoys, with GNSS and thermistor strings, focused on temperature effects connected to melt onset. Three OpenMETbuoys and one SIMBA buoy were deployed on two larger floes. The two remaining drifters were deployed on individual floes. Deploying multiple buoys on each floe allowed detailed examination of small-scale drift changes, convergence, divergence, rotational patterns, frequencies, and connections to satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. This deployment provides insights into the remaining wave energy in the pack ice.&#160;
Low noise Radarsat Constellation Missions (RCM) SAR images in dual polarization (HH+VV or HH+HV) were acquired to overlap with the campaign in space and time. The temperature sensors onboard the SIMBA buoys enables us to connect changes in &#160;backscatter values in the SAR images from the winter conditions into the early melt season and help define limitations for the SAR sea ice drift retrieval algorithm.&#160;
Initial findings from wave and GNSS data offer insights into the condition of ice floes, including dislocation, disintegration, melting, and interactions with neighboring floes. The dislocation of the floes is indicated by the physical dissociation of the buoys present on the same floe. The OpenMETbuoys' recorded wave height and wave period indicate the drifter's location: on ice, in a transition phase on a small piece of ice or floating in the water between pieces of brash ice, or in open water.
Regarding the two bigger floes, on the first one, the drifters were launched 2023-05-22. An OpenMET drifter was dislocated from the rest of the floe on the 26th of May, and was in the transition phase on the 1st of July. The two remaining drifters were separated on the 29th of May. The last OpenMET drifter reached the transition phase on the 25th of May. The drifters on the second floe were launched 2023-05-28. The first dislocation occurred on the 8th of June, the second one on the 18th of June. The two remaining OpenMET drifters on this floe reached the transition phase on the 13th of June and 15th of June. The third floe contained a SIMBA drifter launched 2023-06-06 and the fourth one an OpenMETbuoy launched 2023-05-28. The latter reached the transition phase on the 10th of June.