bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decontamination of Anodized Implant Surface With Different Modalities for Peri‐Implantitis Treatment: Lasers and Mechanical Debridement With Citric Acid
Authors: Htet Moe , Madi Marwa , Zakaria Osama , Miyahara Takayuki , Xin Wang , Lin Zayar , Aoki Kazuhiro , Kasugai Shohei
Published: March 2016

Background: Although oral rehabilitation with dental implants is a very promising and effective procedure, peri‐implantitis is an emerging concern. Surgical and non‐surgical methods have been applied to treat peri‐implantitis together with various implant surface decontamination methods. However, there is no consensus concerning the most effective treatment for peri‐implantitis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of erbium‐doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and titanium bur with and without citric acid on ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis around an anodized implant surface.

Methods: Thirty dental implants with anodized surface (3.3 × 10 mm) were installed in the mandibles of five beagle dogs. After 3 months, peri‐implantitis was induced by applying cotton ligatures subgingivally. After ligature removal (baseline), the implants were divided into the following treatment groups: 1) Er:YAG laser, 2) PDT, 3) titanium bur alone, and 4) titanium bur with citric acid. Animals were sacrificed after 3 months, and clinical, radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric evaluations were conducted for all treatment modalities. The data were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey test. A value of P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The titanium bur with citric acid group exhibited statistically significantly greater improvement in vertical bone height than the Er:YAG laser group and significantly better bone‐to‐implant contact than the PDT group and the bur‐alone group.

Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the combination of mechanical and chemical treatment proved to be the most effective treatment for disinfection of the anodized implant surface.
Clinical Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Non‐Surgical Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial With 1‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Morales Alicia , Carvajal Paola , Silva Nora , Hernandez Marcela , Godoy Claudia , Rodriguez Gonzalo , Cabello Rodrigo , Garcia‐Sesnich Jocelyn , Hoare Anilei , Diaz Patricia I. , Gamonal Jorge
Published: March 2016

Background: Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide beneficial effects for the host when administered in proper quantities. The aim of this double‐masked placebo‐controlled parallel‐arm randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the clinical effects of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1‐containing probiotic sachet as an adjunct to non‐surgical therapy.

Methods: Twenty‐eight systemically healthy volunteers with chronic periodontitis were recruited and monitored clinically at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after therapy. Clinical parameters measured included plaque accumulation, bleeding on probing, probing depths (PDs), and clinical attachment loss. Patients received non‐surgical therapy, including scaling and root planing (SRP), and were assigned randomly to a test (SRP + probiotic, n = 14) or control (SRP + placebo, n = 14) group. The intake, once a day for 3 months, of an L. rhamnosus SP1 probiotic sachet commenced after the last session of SRP.

Results: Both test and control groups showed improvements in clinical parameters at all time points evaluated. However, the test group showed greater reductions in PD than the control. Also, at initial visits and after 1‐year follow‐up, the test group showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of participants with PD ≥6 mm, indicating a reduced need for surgery, in contrast to the placebo group.

Conclusion: The results of this trial indicate that oral administration of L. rhamnosus SP1 resulted in similar clinical improvements compared with SRP alone.
Evapotranspiration and Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency of Switchgrass and High Biomass Sorghum
Authors: Wagle Pradeep , Kakani Vijaya Gopal , Huhnke Raymond L.
Published: March 2016

Water and energy flux densities of co‐located cellulosic feedstocks, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and high biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), were measured using the eddy covariance technique during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons to quantify and compare evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE). Peak growing season ET from the switchgrass field was approximately 6 mm d−1 in both years; whereas, the sorghum ET reached 6.7 in 2012 and 4.8 mm d−1 in 2013. While both species showed similar water use patterns during the active growing period, seasonal cumulative ET was higher in switchgrass due to a longer growing season. Monthly ET integrals were strongly correlated with monthly integrals of gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) for both species, suggesting a strong linkage between C gain and water loss over the season. Different methods of EWUE estimations yielded different EWUE values. The ratio of seasonal sums of GPP to ET yielded EWUE of 9.41 to 11.32 and 8.98 to 9.17 g CO2 mm−1 ET in switchgrass and sorghum, respectively. The ratio of seasonal sums of NEP to ET was 2.75 to 2.81 and 2.06 to 2.18 g CO2 mm−1 ET in switchgrass and sorghum, respectively. Slightly larger EWUE in switchgrass than sorghum shows that the switchgrass was more efficient than the sorghum on using water to gain C. Results suggest that larger seasonal C uptake by switchgrass was enough to offset its higher water use due to the longer growing season.

Eddy covariance technique can be used to assess bioenergy crops ecosystem water use efficiency.

Swithcgrass has higher ET than sorghum due to longer growing season.

Greater seasonal carbon uptake by switchgrass than sorghum was enough to offset higher water use.
Evaluating Barley for the Emerging Craft Malting Industry in Western Washington
Authors: Brouwer Brook O. , Schwarz Paul B. , Barr John M. , Hayes Patrick M. , Murphy Kevin M. , Jones Stephen S.
Published: March 2016

Craft malting companies are emerging in response to demand from the rapidly growing North American craft brewing industry, and creating a market for malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in production regions considered to be of minor importance for this crop. Growing malting barley in these under‐represented areas, such as western Washington, requires identification of cultivars with suitable agronomic and quality characteristics. Twelve two‐row spring barley cultivars were evaluated for 2 yr at four western Washington locations to assess suitability for craft malt production in the region. Standard North American malting cultivars had lower yield stability than locally adapted feed cultivars. Pre‐harvest sprouting reduced falling number and germination capacity resulting in a high proportion of samples unsuitable for malt quality evaluation. Cultivars with the highest levels of resistance to pre‐harvest sprouting did not meet malt quality standards when malted according to standard micro‐malting methods. However, craft maltsters have more flexibility to alter processing conditions to produce malt from cultivars previously deemed unacceptable for large‐scale malting and brewing. Craft brewer specifications for malt are also different from large‐scale industry. The current work suggests the need to adjust the malting process to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs.

Demand for barley for craft malt production outside of major production regions is increasing.

Standard North American malting barley cultivars are susceptible to preharvest sprouting and foliar pathogens common in nontraditional growing regions such as western Washington.

To meet demand for craft breweries the emerging craft malting industry will need to find ways to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs.
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth, Phosphorus Uptake, Seed Yield, Yield Components, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Oilseed Flax
Authors: Xie Yaping , Niu Xiaoxia , Niu Junyi
Published: March 2016

Improving the seed yield of oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important issue to meet the growing demand for this crop. This study was conducted to determine whether various aspects of oilseed flax growth could be manipulated through P under the arid and semiarid conditions in China. The effects of P on oilseed flax phenological stages, seed yield, yield components, biomass growth rate (BGR), and phosphorus uptake rate (PUR) were investigated at Zhangjiakou, China. The Baxuan 3 flax cultivar was grown on a P deficient soil, to which four rates of P fertilizer were applied (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P ha−1). Our results indicated that the application of P increased the number of capsules per plant, seed weight, seed yield, and the oil yield by 20, 19, 44, and 56%, respectively, compared with the 0P control treatment. At 30 kg P ha−1, the apparent phosphorus recovery efficiency (APE) was higher than those at 45 kg P ha−1. However, at 15 kg P ha−1, agronomic efficiency (AE) was higher than those at 30 and 45 kg P ha−1. The seed‐filling period, the growth rates (biomass, economic, and seed) and the P uptake rates (biomass, economic, and seed) were significantly improved by P application. A linear positive relationship was found between seed yield and number of capsules per plant, seed weight, growth rates, and P uptake rates. The results suggest the addition of P fertilizer enhanced growth and P uptake, and increased seed yield of oilseed flax.

Core Ideas

The effect of P application on key biomass growth rate and P uptake rate indices.

Phosphorus increase number of capsules per plant, mean seed weight, seed‐filling period and days to maturity.

Phosphorus promotes the growth of oilseed flax, P uptake, and increase the seed yield and oil yield.
Mutation in the Non‐coding Sequence of Badh2 Gene Reduces its Transcription and Translation in Fragrant Rice ‘Nankai 138’
Authors: Wang Jun‐feng , Xu Xiao‐long , Luo Qian , Li Jian‐yue
Published: March 2016

It has been previously demonstrated that loss‐of‐function mutations in the coding sequence of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) gene result in the accumulation of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP), the key component of fragrance in most rice cultivars. In this work, a novel allele of the BADH2 gene, badh2‐p‐5′UTR, found in a new fragrant rice cultivar Nankai 138 was studied. In Nankai 138, mutations in the non‐coding sequence of the BADH2 gene result in downregulation of the mRNA. This makes the specific activity of the BADH2 protein in the Nankai 138 decline from 50 to 40% of the value observed in Nipponbare from 12 to 20 d after flowering, and subsequently leading an increase of 2‐AP content to 47.8 ng g–1 in brown rice. In conclusion, the mutations in non‐coding region of BADH2 gene in Nankai 138 weaken transcription of the gene thereby reducing the accumulation of the functional protein and conferring fragrance to rice. These results add to the current knowledge of molecular mechanism of fragrance in rice.
Physiological Basis for Bermudagrass Control with Ethofumesate in Seashore Paspalum and St. Augustinegrass
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Yu Jialin , Johnston Christopher R.
Published: March 2016

Bermudagrass is a problematic weed in seashore paspalum and St. Augustinegrass with limited options for control. Ethofumesate is the only herbicide labeled for bermudagrass control in these turfgrasses, but the physiological basis for selectivity is not well understood. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficacy and fate of ethofumesate in bermudagrass, seashore paspalum, and St. Augustinegrass. In the greenhouse, ethofumesate rate that reduced shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated plants was 3.8, >27, and >27 kg a.i. ha‐1 for bermudagrass, seashore paspalum, and St. Augustinegrass, respectively. In the laboratory, absorption of 14C‐ethofumesate ranked bermudagrass > seashore paspalum > St. Augustinegrass from root uptake, and bermudagrass > seashore paspalum = St. Augustinegrass from foliar uptake. St. Augustinegrass translocated ∼20% less of the total absorbed radioactivity to shoots than the other grasses after root uptake. Metabolism of 14C‐ethofumesate ranked bermudagrass > St. Augustinegrass > seashore paspalum. All grasses metabolized the herbicide to ethofumesate‐2‐keto, methanesulfonic acid, and another polar metabolite. Of all grasses, seashore paspalum produced the highest and lowest levels of ethofumeaste‐2‐keto and methanesulfonic acid, respectively. Radioactivity recovery linearly decreased by 81 to 35% of the applied 14C, from 1 to 7 days after treatment, suggesting volatilization is a major contributor to ethofumesate losses. The susceptibility of bermudagrass to ethofumesate results from greater absorption than seashore paspalum and St. Augustinegrass. The intermediate tolerance of seashore paspalum to ethofumesate results from root absorption rather than foliar uptake. Metabolism rate does not appear to be correlated with tolerance levels of these species to ethofumesate.
Yield Stability and Seed Shattering Characteristics of Brassica juncea Canola in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Gan Yantai , Blackshaw Robert E. , May William E. , Vera Cecil , Johnson Eric N.
Published: March 2016

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (juncea) canola has potential to become an alternative oilseed crop, but the yield stability and harvestability in northern latitudes is largely unknown. In this study, we determined seed yield and yield stability, seed shattering characteristics, and harvestability in comparison with conventional B. napus L. (napus) canola and B. juncea mustard. Six Brassica crops were tested at eight site‐years in western Canada from 2010 to 2011. Plants were harvested using straight combining on both “early” and “late” dates. Two hybrid napus canola cultivars produced seed yield averaging 2180 kg ha−1, which was 33% greater than hybrid juncea canola, 22% greater than ‘Clearfield’ juncea canola, and 80% greater than conventional juncea canola. The early compared with the late harvest reduced shattering yield loss by 16% for napus canola and 8% for the rest of the brassicas. At two sites, plants lost an average of 10,170 seeds m−2 from maturity to harvest, which translates to a seed yield loss of 366 kg ha−1; at the remaining sites, plants lost 2260 seeds m−2, which translates to a yield loss of 82 kg ha−1. We conclude that hybrid juncea canola can be used to diversify oilseed cropping systems, but the currently available juncea canola cultivars with the seed yield 27% lower than hybrid napus canola may limit its large‐scale adoption.
Diallel Analysis of Four Maize Traits and a Modified Heterosis Hypothesis
Authors: Zhang Y.D. , Fan XingMing , Yao Wenhua , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Kang Manjit S.
Published: March 2016

Diallel analysis of quantitative traits has contributed greatly towards improving crops and understanding of heterosis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of heterosis are still unclear. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate whether reciprocal crosses and environments affect heterosis of quantitative traits, such as maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY), kernel number per row (KR), kernel rows per ear (RE), and 100‐kernel weight (KW); (ii) determine whether heterosis of a composite quantitative trait (CQT), such as GY, is impacted by heterosis of its inherent component traits (ICTs; i.e., KR, RE, and KW); and (iii) evaluate if current hypotheses and/or theories of heterosis need to be modified. Data were obtained from a 12‐parent diallel cross (F1 and reciprocal F1). Heterosis varied among crosses, between reciprocal crosses, and across environments. Further, heterosis of GY, a CQT, was greatly impacted by heterosis of its ICTs. Nonsignificant variances for females × males × year and specific combining ability (SCA) × year interactions for heterosis strongly suggested that the gene expression in both parents and their crosses might be similar or that the same genes from two parental lines might complement each other in crosses and offer additional choices for allele selection in hybrids, which could make hybrid performance stable across environments. Study results helped us propose a modification of Goff's ‘energy‐efficient allele selection’ (EEAS) model. We discuss how the modified model not only explains what previous heterosis theories can explain, but additionally how it can explain certain aspects that previous heterosis theories are unable to explain.
Differentiability properties of the family of p-parallel bodies
Authors: Cifre Hernández , Fernández Martínez , Gómez Saorín
Published: March 2016

We investigate the differentiability of the quermassintegrals with respect to
the one-parameter family of the p-parallel bodies. As in the classical case,
we obtain that the volume is always differentiable. Although there is no
polynomial expression for a p-sum, the rest of quermassintegrals are
differentiable on positive values of the parameter too. We prove a sharp
lower bound for the derivative of the support function of the p-inner
parallel bodies along with equality conditions.
Aromatic polyesters with photosensitive side chains: Synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Nechifor Marioara
Published: March 2016

New aromatic polyesters with photosensitive groups in their pendant chains
were prepared from a diphenol carrying as substituent a cinnamoyl group
extended with a flexible oxyethyleneoxy spacer and different aromatic
dicarboxylic acids via direct polyesterification reaction in the presence of
tosyl chloride/pyridine/dimethylformamide system as condensing agent. The
resulting polyesters were characterized using Fourier-transform IR, proton
and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectroscopy,
differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide-angle
X-ray diffractometry, gel permeation chromatography, viscosity measurement
and solubility test. These polyarylates had moderate inherent viscosities
ranging from 0.37 to 0.54 dL g-1, good solubility in polar aprotic solvents,
and afforded transparent, colorless and apparently tough films by casting
from their solutions. Their glass-transition temperatures ranged from 136 to
154?C. All of them did not show significant decomposition below 320?C and
retained 38-47 % weight at 700?C in nitrogen atmosphere. The presence of
cinnamoyl chromophore endowed these polymers with the ability to react to
ultraviolet light which resulted in photodimerization between cinnamoyl side
groups upon irradiation at l = 365 nm and cross-linking the polymers chains
in the absence of photo-initiators or photo-sensitizers. As a consequence,
the polymer films became insoluble in organic solvents.
A case of essential thrombocythemia and ankylosing spondylitis treated with a combination of anagrelide, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and etanercept
Authors: Zeremski Vanja , Savic Aleksandar , Ilic Tatjana , Milosevic Ivana , Maksimovic Marina , Vuckovic Biljana
Published: March 2016

Introduction. A high platelet count, or thrombocytosis, is either a reactive
process or a result of a myeloproliferative disorder. Ankylosing spondylitis
is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting the spine and sometimes
peripheral joints in which reactive mild to moderate thrombocytosis is a
common finding. There have been no previously reported cases of essential
thrombocythemia associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Case Outline. We
report a case of a 32-year-old man with human leukocyte antigen B27-positive
ankylosing spondylitis and Janus kinase 2-positive essential thrombocythemia
who was treated first with a combination of anagrelide and disease-modifying
antirheumatic drugs and, after liver toxicity, with a combination of
anagrelide and etanercept (TNF-? antagonist). Both diseases were gradually
brought under control. Conclusion. Our case of ankylosing spondylitis and
essential thrombocythemia suggests that concomitant etanercept and anagrelide
therapy is safe, as well as effective.
Foreign scientists on the contribution of Serbian physician and scientist dr. Lazar K. Lazarevic to medical science
Authors: Draca Sanja
Published: March 2016

Dr. Lazar K. Lazarevic (1851-1890, Julian calendar / 1891, Gregorian
calendar) was an exceptional Serbian physician, scientist, writer and
translator. During his short life and his close to 11-year-long professional
career (1879-1890), Dr. Lazarevic authored 78 scientific papers and
presentations in various branches of medicine. His greatest contribution to
the field of neurology and to medical science in general is his description
of the straight leg raising test. The article titled ?Ischiac postica
Cotunnii - One contribution to its differential diagnosis? was published in
the Serbian language (in Cyrillic alphabet) in the Serbian Archives of
Medicine in 1880. The article was translated to German and republished in
Vienna in 1884 in Allgemeine Wiener medizinische Zeitung. The straight leg
raising test is usually called Las?gue?s test/sign, after the French
clinician Charles Las?gue, although he never described it. However, there
are numerous authors who admit that Las?gue never published the description
of the straight leg raising test, and instead give full credits for its
discovery to Dr. Lazarevic. Our objective in this article is to highlight
the major literature written by foreign scientists who give credit to Dr.
Lazarevic for his contribution to medical science.
Double trouble: Accessory spleen mimicking renal carcinoma recurrence identified by scintigraphy
Authors: Cvetkovic Zorica , Suvajdzic-Vukovic Nada , Todorovic-Tirnanic Mila
Published: March 2016

nema
Effects of heating rate and heating up time to central biomass particles for bio-oil production
Authors: Ahmed MB , Hasan ATMK , Mohiuddin M , Asadullah M , Rahman MS , Khaleque A
Published: March 2016

Objective of this work was to pyrolysis woody biomass. Experiments were carried out at 300 to 500oC. Relatively bigger particles were used. Special emphasis was given to investigate the effects of heating rate and heating up time of the central mass of the particles on the product distribution. Surface temperature reached to the reactor set temperature immediately while the temperature at the central part was as low as 50oC. The center temperature gradually increased to the final temperature within 3 to 8 minutes, depending on the wood types and the reactor set temperature. For ipil-ipil wood the heating rate of the central mass was much faster than krishnachura and koroi woods, and thus the heating up time was lower. Ipil-ipil wood was experienced higher yield (65%) even at lower reactor temperature 300oC with particle temperature 450oC. In the case of krishnachura and koroi woods, the bio-oil yields were lower under the same condition due to the heating rates of the central parts were much slower. Further researchon different biomasses may be necessary to demonstrate overall process.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(1), 13-22, 2016
Choosing Sampling Interval Durations for Remotely Classifying Rocky Mountain Elk Behavior
Authors: Gaylord Adam J. , Sanchez Dana M. , Van Sickle John
Published: March 2016

Dual-axis accelerometer global positioning system collars can be used to remotely record the activity level and behavior of free-ranging animals, but inter- and intraspecific variations in motion among behaviors necessitate calibration for each species of interest. To date, little work has been done to determine the best duration for sampling intervals when using activity monitors that incorporate dual-axis accelerometers. However, we expected that the duration of behaviors relative to the duration of sampling intervals could affect the accuracy of calibration and behavior classification models. Furthermore, we considered the potential effect of winter diet supplementation (hay) on behavior classification. We used Lotek 4500 global positioning system collars featuring dual-axis accelerometer activity monitors to collect data for calibration and classification trials on Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni. We used discriminant function model structures to determine the number of accurately classifiable behaviors that could be derived from data sampled over three sampling interval durations (5 min, 152 s, and 64 s) while also considering the potential effect of hay supplementation on classification. Our results suggest that investigators should ascertain whether their focal elk herd accesses or might access supplemental hay before deployment and analysis of activity sensor data. Similarly, researchers must weigh priorities when choosing a sampling interval, because no optimal solution emerged from our investigation. For example, of our acceptable models, only those constructed using 64-s intervals were able to distinguish short bouts of running. However, only models constructed with 5-min intervals accurately classified browsing while also maximizing the number of behaviors identified.
Carbon Disulfide (CS2) Interference in Glucose Metabolism from Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction and Processing Emissions
Authors: Rich Alisa L. , Patel Jay T. , Al-Angari Samiah S.
Published: March 2016

Carbon disulfide (CS2) has been historically associated with the manufacturing of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride production. This study is one of the first to identify elevated atmospheric levels of CS2 above national background levels and its mechanisms to dysregulate normal glucose metabolism. Interference in glucose metabolism can indirectly cause other complications (diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and retinopathy), which may be preventable if proper precautions are taken. Rich et al found CS2 and 12 associated sulfide compounds present in the atmosphere in residential areas where unconventional shale oil and gas extraction and processing operations were occurring. Ambient atmospheric concentrations of CS2 ranged from 0.7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) to 103 ppbv over a continuous 24-hour monitoring period. One-hour ambient atmospheric concentrations ranged from 3.4 ppbv to 504.6 ppbv. Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Urban Air Toxic Monitoring Program study as a baseline comparison for atmospheric CS2 concentrations found in this study, it was determined that CS2 atmospheric levels were consistently elevated in areas where unconventional oil and gas extraction and processing occurred. The mechanisms by which CS2 interferes in normal glucose metabolism by dysregulation of the tryptophan metabolism pathway are presented in this study. The literature review found an increased potential for alteration of normal glucose metabolism in viscose rayon occupational workers exposed to CS2. Occupational workers in the energy extraction industry exposed to CS2 and other sulfide compounds may have an increased potential for glucose metabolism interference, which has been an indicator for diabetogenic effect and other related health impacts. The recommendation of this study is for implementation of regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in CS2-exposed populations as a preventative health measure.
Daily Fluoride Intake from Iranian Green Tea: Evaluation of Various Flavorings on Fluoride Release
Authors: Maleki Afshin , Daraei Hiua , Mohammadi Elham , Zandi Shiva , Teymouri Pari , Mahvi Amir Hossien , Gharibi Fardin
Published: March 2016

With increased awareness of the health benefits of the compounds in green tea, especially polyphenols, its consumption is rising. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different additives on the released fluoride into tea liquor and also daily fluoride intake. The concentrations of fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, and chloride were measured in 15 different flavored green teas (Refah-Lahijan). The fluoride and other anion concentrations were measured by ion chromatography method. The data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0. The results showed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride in the green tea infusions were 0.162 mg/L (cinnamon-flavored green tea) and 3.29 mg/L (bagged peach-flavored green tea), respectively. The mean concentration of fluoride in the green tea leaves was 52 mg/kg, and approximately 89% of the fluoride was released from the green tea leaves into the infusions after brewing. The fluoride concentrations varied significantly among the examined green teas ( P < 0.05). However, the additives had no significant effect on the fluoride release into the infusions ( P > 0.05). Finally, drinking of the studied green teas cannot make a significant contribution to the daily dietary intake of F for consumers.
Indices de Trauma: Prediccion del Desenlace
Authors: Macías Silvia Inés Guerrero , Pastrana Juan Paulo Serrano , Lizcano Dairon Gelves , Mateus Laura Juliana Delgado
Published: March 2016

Introduccion

Los índices de severidad del trauma son sistemas para clasificar y codificar lesiones, describen objetivamente las condiciones de cada paciente, indicando aquellos con lesiones de mayor severidad, la probabilidad de sobrevida y ayudando a prever desenlaces mórbidos.

Objetivo

Establecer cual índice de severidad predice mejor la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes con trauma penetrante múltiple.

Diseño del estudio

Estudio prospectivo, observacional, de cohorte. En un periodo de 13 meses, se recopilaron los pacientes que ingresaron por trauma penetrante múltiple del Hospital Universitario de Santander. Evaluamos la relacion de los índices de severidad (RTSc, ISS, TRISS) con los desenlaces mediante curvas de regresion logística y la predicción de la mortalidad de cada uno según la sensibilidad, especificidad y la curva ROC.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 111 pacientes, 72% ingresaron por heridas por arma corto-punzante (HACP) y 28% por arma de fuego (HPAF). La mortalidad fue del 9.9%, siendo mayor en las HPAF (23 vs 5%). En los pacientes con HACP, el área bajo la curva (ROC) para el RTSc fue 0.225, para el TRISS 0.148 y para el ISS 0.68. En el grupo con HPAF, el área bajo la curva para el RTSc fue 0.247, para el TRISS 0.190 y para el ISS 0.735.

Conclusiones

El ISS presentó el valor discriminatorio más significativo, siendo un factor pronóstico adaptable en nuestro medio para evaluar el desenlace (mortalidad). La reanimación inicial previa al ingreso de los pacientes a los centros de atención medica afecta el valor predictivo del RTSc y TRISS.

How to cite this article

Macías SIG, Pastrana JPS, Lizcano DG, Mateus LJD. Indices de Trauma: Prediccion del Desenlace. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(3):172-179.
Firm-specific factors and entry mode choice
Authors: Andreu Rosario , Claver Enrique , Quer Diego
Published: March 2016

The Chinese hotel sector has experienced spectacular growth in recent years. Furthermore, it is expected that Chinese hotel chains will increase their presence abroad in the future. One of the key decisions in the internationalization process of hotel firms is the choice of entry mode into a foreign country. Many different factors influence this strategic decision. From a sample of 185 entries carried out by the largest Chinese hotel firms, this study analyses some of the main firm factors that might influence entry mode choice. The results support the relationship between the entry mode of Chinese hotel chains and firm size, previous international experience and asset intangibility.
The Influence of Monetary Policy on Equity and Volatility Indices in the U.S. and Canada
Authors: Killins Robert
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the reaction of equity and volatility indices in the U.S. and Canada to changes in monetary policy by each respective country. The results confirm previous literature that suggests contractionary changes in monetary policy in the U.S. results in downward pressure on U.S. equity indices. Additionally, this research finds that monetary policy changes do not have any significant impact on the volatilely index in the U.S. (VIX). The results from the Canadian data show a much different picture. Contractionary changes of monetary policy in both Canada and the U.S. seem to drive Canadian equity markets in an upward manner. These monetary policy shocks also have a significant impact on volatilely indices in Canada. This research documents the dynamic relationship monetary policy has on equity markets in the U.S. and Canada.
Impact of High-Frequency Trading on the Stock Returns of Large and Small Companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Sarlak Ahmad , Talei Zahra
Published: March 2016

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of high-frequency trading on stock returns of the Exchange market in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research methodology in this study is in terms of the purpose, functional and in terms of the method of data collection, descriptive and in terms of the type, solidarity.

Statistical society of this research is all companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange which in the past two years had been active in the stock market. In this study, companies are divided into two categories: large and small companies. Large companies that their assets logarithm is greater than the average total sample and small companies that their assets logarithm is less than the average total sample. To collect information has been used from the financial statements of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.

MATLAB software has been used for data analysis.
Used tests in this study are include (DF) Dickey-Fuller test, (ADF) Generalized Dickey-Fuller test, Phillips-Perron test, and time series methods. The results of this study show that the dynamics of stock returns of the Tehran Stock Exchange are non-linear functions and high Frequency trading of the large companies affect the turnover of small companies. As a result, volume of the high-frequency trading and the returns of small and large companies are different from each other.
The Dynamic Linkages among Sector Indices: The Case of the Egyptian Stock Market
Authors: Ahmed Walid M. A.
Published: March 2016

The main thrust of this study is to investigate both the long-term and short-term links among sectors of the Egyptian equity market. The empirical analysis is carried out using Johansen’s multivariate cointegration analysis and Granger’s causality analysis. The investigation period extends from 3 April 2011 to 31 May 2015. The results of cointegration analysis indicate that there exists a single cointegrating vector within the sample sector indices. The Granger’s causality analysis shows that the short-term causal relationships between the sector indices are substantially limited and, where they exist, practically unidirectional. By and large, an important implication of these findings is that there is still possibility to obtain gains from portfolio diversification in the short run. Nonetheless, investors with long-term horizon might not be able to benefit from diversifying into the various sectors of the Egyptian market.
Financial Performance Assessment of Non-Life Insurance Companies Traded in Borsa Istanbul via Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Oner Kaya Emine
Published: March 2016

The analysis of the financial performances of non-life insurance companies traded in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) as of the end of 2014 via the grey relational analysis (GRA) method has been aimed in this study. Financial performances of non-life insurance companies in the 2010 to 2014 period have been examined in terms of the capital adequacy ratios, liquidity ratios, operating ratios, and profitability ratios. The results of the GRA based on 16 financial ratios indicate that Aksigorta has been ranked first and Unico Sigorta has been ranked last in terms of financial performance for the 2010 to 2014 period. The results also show that profitability ratios have the greatest impact on the financial performance of non-life insurance companies traded in BIST.
The Effect of Liquidity on Financial Performance: Evidence from Turkish Retail Industry
Authors: Demirgünes Kartal
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of liquidity on financial performance (in terms of profitability) by using a time-series data of Turkish retail industry (consisting of Borsa Istanbul (BIST) listed retail merchandising firms) in the period of 1998.Q1-2015.Q3. The stationarity of series and the co-integration relationship between them are tested by the unit root test of Carrioni-i-Silvestre et al. (2009) and the co-integration test of Maki (2012), respectively. Co-integration coefficients are estimated by Stock and Watson (1993) dynamic OLS method. Finally, causal relationships between the series are tested by Hacker and Hatemi (2012) bootstrap causality test. Results of Maki (2012) test show that the series are co-integrated in the long-run. While long-run parameters estimated posit a significantly positive relationship between financial performance and liquidity, causality test does not indicate any direction of causality between the series.
Currency Depreciation, Trade Balance and Intra-Industry Trade Interactions in Turkey’s OECD Trade
Authors: Demiral Mehmet
Published: March 2016

This study re-examines the determinants of Turkey’s trade balance in its manufactures trade with 33 OECD-member countries for the short-run and the long-run. Unlike other studies, in the relationships we also control the moderating effects of the availability of import substitutes proxied by intra-industry trade. We analyze quarterly aggregated time-series data of the period spanning from 1998.QI to 2015.QIII, following the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to the cointegration and the error correction modeling. Estimation results reveal that real effective exchange rate, together with domestic and foreign incomes are still among the core determinants of Turkey’s trade balance in the manufacturing sectors. There is no significant impact of domestic final oil prices that also include all the taxes on gasoline. The trade balance depends on domestic income negatively and the aggregated income of the OECD countries positively. The finding that real depreciation of Turkish lira against to those of Turkey’s OECD trade partners improves trade balance in both the short-run and the long-run, indicates no evidence of J-curve adjustment process. Unsurprisingly, the intra-industry trade seems to be an important factor that moderates the elasticities of trade balance to its determinants, especially to real effective exchange rate and domestic income. Overall results underline the importance of import-substitution capability besides the export-oriented production to ease the longstanding large trade deficits for Turkey.
Objective: Winning or Learning? A Study of Marketing Simulation Games
Authors: Ertz Myriam
Published: March 2016

Simulation Games are now broadly used by scores of business schools, especially in marketing. These games favour active, feedback-based learning, normally in groups, and exhibit characteristics of intrinsic motivation channelled into a learning perspective. If Simulation Games clearly spur individuals to “win”, it is more difficult to assess whether they effectively empower them to “learn”. This study is a literature review that examines the limitations of learning effectiveness of Simulation Games. The article then proposes two theses intended to explain the potential causes of Simulation Game ineffectiveness: (1) the incompatibility of evaluation tools and (2) pedagogical deficiency inherent in Simulation Games.
Effects of Complex Price Communication on Fairness: Case of a Sequential Communication
Authors: Ben Amor Imen
Published: March 2016

Nowadays, pricing is one of the most challenging tasks for marketers. Despite its importance for both academics and practitioners, consumers’ reactions to prices remain not clear, especially with the emergence of new forms of prices, among which we can highlight the use of complex prices, which is becoming increasingly popular. Complex prices’ perception is highly dependent on the way they are communicated; consequently, complex prices communication plays a crucial role in shaping perception. This study is a continuity of previous researches that have validated the perceptual effects of complex prices communication. It attempts to show the effects complex prices communication has on its perceived fairness. In addition, the effects of the moderating variables; Seller Credibility and Responsibility Attribution (i.e., inferred motive) are studied. One hundred thirty-five undergraduate students participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to 2 (sequential communication of complex price vs non sequential communication of complex price) x2 (credible seller vs less credible seller) conditions. Manipulation consisted of presenting a scenario of buying an online air ticket. The results of our research highlight that sequential complex price communication has a significant effect on its perceived fairness. In particular, the results show that the perceived fairness of price is more negatively affected when the seller lacks credibility according to consumers. Also, it has been proved that the delayed communication of some of the complex price components could be perceived as a way to get a higher profit, which deepens the negative perceived fairness.
Eye Gazes Based on Associative Relevance Assist in Decision Making Processes during Scene Perception
Authors: Ahmad Gufran
Published: March 2016

Research studies on eye movements in area of information processing task, such as scene perception have recently advanced towards understandings of underlying visual perception mechanism and human cognitive dynamics. Besides, business applications of eye tracking are endlessly revealing groundbreaking trends based on practical scenarios. In this study, we conducted a number of eye tracking experiments to establish our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on the associative relevance found within the contexts of scenes during scene perception significantly supported the processes of decision making. The collected eye movement data from participants who viewed artistic scenes discovered that the tracks of eye gazes traversed along the existing associative relevance among the elements of scenes for decision making processes. These experimental evidences confirmed our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on associative relevance assisted in decision making processes during scene perception.
Numerical Magnitude Skills in 6-Years-Old Children: Exploring Specific Associations with Components of Executive Function
Authors: Gashaj Venera , Uehlinger Yoann , Roebers Claudia M.
Published: March 2016

Little is known about how children learn to associate numbers with their corresponding magnitude and about individual characteristics contributing to performance differences on the numerical magnitude tasks within a relatively homogenous sample of 6-year-olds. The present study investigated the relationships between components of executive function and two different numerical magnitude skills in a sample of 162 kindergartners. The Symbolic Number Line was predicted by verbal updating and switching, whereas the Symbolic Magnitude Comparison was predicted by inhibition. Both symbolic tasks were predicted by visuo-spatial updating. Current findings suggest that visuo-spatial updating underlies young children’s retrieval and processing of numbers’ magnitude.
Program Characteristics Influencing Allopathic Students’ Residency Selection
Authors: Stillman Michael D. , Miller Karen Hughes , Ziegler Craig H. , Upadhyay Ashish , Mitchell Charlene K.
Published: March 2016

Context:Medical students must consider many overt variables when entering the National Resident Matching Program. However, changes with the single graduate medical education accreditation system have caused a gap in knowledge about more subtle considerations, including what, if any, influence the presence of osteopathic physician (ie, DO) and international medical graduate (IMG) house officers has on allopathic students’ residency program preferences. Program directors and selection committee members may assume students’ implicit bias without substantiating evidence.

Objective:To reexamine which program characteristics affect US-trained allopathic medical students’ residency selection, and to determine whether the presence of DO and IMG house officers affects the program choices of allopathic medical students.

Methods:Fourth-year medical students from 4 allopathic medical schools completed an online survey. The Pearson χ2statistic was used to compare demographic and program-specific traits that influence ranking decisions and to determine whether school type (private vs public), valuing a residency program’s prestige, or interest in a competitive specialty dictated results. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Pandit variation of the Glaser and Strauss constant comparison.

Results:Surveys were completed by 323 of 577 students (56%). Students from private vs public institutions were more likely to value a program’s prestige (160 [93%] vs 99 [72%];P<.001) and research opportunities (114 [66%] vs 57 [42%];P<.001), and they were less likely to consider their prospects of being accepted (98 [57%] vs 111 [81%];P<.001). A total of 33 (10%) and 52 (16%) students reported that the presence of DO or IMG trainees, respectively, would influence their final residency selection, and these percentages were largely unchanged among students interested in programs’ prestige or in entering a competitive specialty. Open-ended comments were generally optimistic about diversification of the physician workforce, and 4 of the 709 student comments expressed cynicism or hostility to the presence of DOs or IMGs.

Conclusion:Both overt and subtle variables influence students’ perceptions of residency programs in the United States, but the presence of DO and IMG house officers seems relevant to a small percentage of them.