bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—The Cretaceous Rocks of Natal and Zululand and their Cephalopod Fauna
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In the “Third and Final Report, of the Geological Survey of Natal and Zululand” that has just been published the Cretaceous rocks and their fauna receive considerable attention; Mr. William Anderson, F.G.S., the Government Geologist, gives an excellent summary (pp. 47–64) of all the information he had been able to obtain respecting the Cretaceous rocks of Natal and Zululand, and there are two contributions on the fauna of some Cretaceous deposits in Zululand, one by Mr. R. Etheridge and the other by the present writer. Before referring particularly to the Cephalopod fauna of the Cretaceous rocks of Ratal and Zululand it may be of interest to give a brief sketch of the distribution of these rocks as recorded by Mr. Anderson.
V.—A Revision of some Carboniferous Corals
Authors: Carruthers R. G.
Published: May 2009

More than sixty years have now elapsed since the publication of the classical monograph of MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, “Les Polypes Fossiles des Terrains Palæozoïques.” It can only be expected that many of the original descriptions of species in that work have for long been in need of amplification and revision. This applies with added force to the corals of the Carboniferous Limestone, in view of the impetus given to the palæontological study of that formation, by the vigorous revival of zonal work witnessed in the last few years. Those species in most urgent need of revision belong to the lower, or Tournaisian division of the Limestone, since their satisfactory determination affords a basis for evolutionary studies on the succeeding faunas, and an attempt is here made to deal with a few of these forms.
VI.—Note on the Geology of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Halle J.
Published: May 2009

The Swedish Magellanic Expedition spent some time in the Falkland Islands before proceeding to Tierra del Fuego, where important work is being carried on. The writer utilised his stay in the Falklands to study the geology and collect fossils. The following is a brief note of the work there.
I.—Some Problematical Structures in the Holectypoida
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

During a detailed examination of the tests, and in particular of the ambulacra, of the common British species of the Echinoidea Holectypoida, I have found two series of structures the correlation of which, with those known in recent forms, seems difficult. Since I am engaged in the preparation of a description of the British Pygasteridæ, I have thought it advisable to publish now an account of these peculiar features, in the hope that others may be able to throw light on points that seem to me obscure.
VI.—Professor Walther's Erosion in the Desert Considered
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

Section 15 deals with the very interesting subjects of desert films and crusts. Two features are very noticeable in many desert limestone rocks, the production of a hard crust on the outside and of a powdery soft interior. The outer hard layer is often of different colour from the internal portion and highly polished. Professor Walther points out that such hardened crusts occur in buildings in Central Europe, where he suggests that during the dressing of the stone the fine powder produced has been so driven into the pores that chemical agencies are no longer as active. I ventured a suggestion for the production of such sub-crystalline surfaces where much exposed to the sand-blast in which action such as the above was vaguely present to my mind, but whatever external physical effect such external activities may have, the more important is undoubtedly the concentration of solutions near the surface under the influence of the solar heat.
II.—On Remains of a Gigantic Land Tortoise (Testudo Gymnesious, N.Sp.) from the Pleistocene of Menorca
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

The receipt of a grant from the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Fund in 1911 made a return to the Balearic Islands possible in the latter part of the same year. Majorca was visited for the third time while a search for Pleistocene ossiferous remains was undertaken for the first time in Menorca and Ibiza, from which no Pleistocene mammalian remains had previously been recorded. No success attended the search in Ibiza. The deposits discovered in Menorca yielded remains of Myotragus balearicus, those of a gigantic land tortoise, and of a large Eliomys, which proves to be a hitherto undescribed species.
I.—The Chiltern Wind Gaps
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The Geological History of the Thames is still the subject of conflicting hypotheses. Mr. F. W. Harmer (1907) has drawn a very interesting parallel between the basin of the Middle Thames around Oxford and the Vale of Pickering in Yorkshire. The latter, as is well known from Professor Kendall's paper (1902), was occupied by a glacial lake which was due to the Derwent River having had its outlet to the sea south of Scarborough closed by a dam of ice; the water rose in this lake until it overflowed at a gap near Malton; the river thus formed cut a gorge through which the drainage from the Vale of Pickering flows south-westward into the Yorkshire Ouse, and reaches the sea through the Humber. According to Mr. Harmer the Upper Thames originally discharged north-eastward through the Fens into the Wash; this outlet was blocked by the ice; the waters of the Upper Thames collected as a lake, which was discharged by overflow channels cut through the Chiltern Hills, and as the lake-level fell the discharge was maintained only through the Goring Gap at the south-western end of the Chiltern Hills. This view advances a different explanation of the Chiltern wind gaps than that advocated in a paper in 1894, and is opposed to the theory of the evolution of English rivers adopted by Professor W. M. Davis in 1895.
II.—The Base of the Chalk Zone of Holaster planus in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Starting with the bed labelled “Bieavea bed” by Rowe, the following generalized section represents the downward sequence in the Isle of Wight.
I.—Note on the Sedimentary Rocks of Singapore
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Until Mr. R. B. Newton described certain fossils from Singapore found by the writer and Dr. Hanitsch of the Raffles Library and Museum, very little was known of the geology of this island, which is the nearest of the British Malayan possessions to those parts of the Netherlands Indies that have been so ably described by Verbeek, Fennema, Molengraaf, Wing Easton, Martin, and others. This proximity to the islands of the archipelago renders the study of the geology of Singapore doubly interesting, since here may be expected data that will eventually assist materially in connecting the geology of the Malay Peninsula with that of the Malay Archipelago, and more particularly with that of Borneo. The object of the present paper is to show that the sedimentary beds of Singapore may be referred to one of the series of rocks which enter into the structure of the Federated Malay States.
III.—On some minor British Earthquakes of the years 1904–1907
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The four years 1904–1907 were marked by the occurrence of three considerable earthquakes, one of which (the Derby earthquake of July 3rd, 1904) disturbed an area of about 25,000 square miles, another (the Doncaster earthquake of April 23rd, 1905) an area of about 17,000 square miles, while the third (the Swansea earthquake of June 27th, 1906) was felt over an area of 66,700 square miles, and, with the exception of the Hereford earthquake of 1896, was the strongest felt in this country during the last twenty years. Besides these, there were 56 others of less intensity, 9 of which originated in England, 44 in Scotland, and 3 in Wales. The total number for the nineteen years 1889–1907 is thus 214, or 50 in England, 137 in Scotland, and 27 in Wales.
III.—A remarkable instance of Rock Differentiation
Authors: Lowe Harford J.
Published: May 2009

Upon Sheet 339 (Devonshire) of the new Geological Survey maps, one instance out of the very numerous outcrops of igneous rocks thereon indicated proves to be of unusual interest by reason of its peculiar constitutional modifications in different parts of the same mass. The rockin question occurs about four and a quarter miles 15° north of west from Newton Abbot, near to the hamlet of Bickington, within the limits of a farm named Lurcombe. It is an intrusive amidst the shales and grits of the Culm, occurring almost on the junction-line between that series and the Devonian, whose massive limestones and volcanics dominate it in elevation within a quarter of a mile on the south-east.
V.—The Origin of the Upper Keuper of Leicestershire
Authors: Bosworth T. O.
Published: May 2009

The following observations on the Upper Keuper are mainly from the Charnwood district, wherein the relations of the Keuper to the older rock beneath are easily studied. The observations are arranged under three heads.
V.—On the Phyllis Collection of Inferior-Oolite Fossils from Doulting
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

The Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the neighbourhood of Doulting have been described in detail in my paper on “The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the Bath-Doulting District”; but since that paper appeared, through the courtesy of the Urban District Council, I have had the loan of the John-Phyllis. Collection of Inferior-Oolite fossils that are housed in the Shepton-Mallet Museum.
VI.—On a large form of Anthrapalæmon from the Clay-ironstone Nodules of the Middle Coal-measures, Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

As long ago as 1836 Prestwich published his historical paper “On the Geology of Coalbrook Dale”, and in it he figured a Crustacean carapace under the name of Apus dubuis.
I.—The Coniston Limestone Series
Authors: Mark J. E.
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that the Coniston Limestone Series of the English Lake District and surrounding areas is separable into minor divisions. As a knowledge of these will prove useful in settling the question as to the exact relation between the Couiston Limestone beds and the underlying rocks, no apology seems needed for giving a detailed account of the rocks of this series.

The literature of the subject is extensive, but we fortunately possess an excellent bibliography of works referring to the geology of the Lake District, in the appendix supplied by Mr. Whitaker to the late Mr. Ward's Memoir on the Geology of the Northern Half of the English Lake District.
II.—Remarks on the Formation of Landscape Marble
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The Landscape Marble or Cotham Stone is one of the best known of our English ornamental rocks. Polished slabs of it may be seen in most museums; and there are fashioned out of it paperweights, ring-stands, and other useful objects, which may be purchased on Clifton Down and elsewhere.

This stone came into notice when it was quarried, together with other beds, near Cotham House, on the northern side of Bristol; and it was described in considerable detail in 1754 by Edward Owen, who then gave it the name of “Cotham Stone.”

It is a hard, close-grained argillaceous limestone, which breaks with a fracture almost as conchoidal as that of flint; and it is characterized by dark arborescent markings which pervade the stone. These markings rise from a more or less stratified base, and terminate upwards in the wavy banded portion of the limestone, which varies from one to about nine inches in thickness. Thus when slabs, cut at right angles to the planes of bedding, are polished, there may often be discerned (with the aid of the imagination) a landscape with a prominent row of trees and bushes, with clouds above, and perhaps the semblance of water in the foreground.
III.—Note on the Composition and Structure of the Hirnant Limestone
Authors: Fulcher L. W.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1890, Professor Cole and I, whilst geologising in North Wales, were led to examine the Hirnant Limestone. Since then the further examination in the laboratory of the specimens collected by myself have revealed some remarkable characteristics which, as they are as yet undescribed, I think are worthy of notice.

The specimens on which the following observations have been made were obtained from a small cutting opposite to the farm named Cwm-yr-aethnen, in the valley of the Hirnant, which descends towards Bala Lake. The limestone occurs here between two beds of fossiliferous slate. The exposure is very small, and being considerably overgrown, it was only by careful search that we succeeded in finding it. The Survey Memoir mentions that an. outcrop occurs at Trum-y-gwrageda, and also that loose blocks were found by Sedgwick at the Bwlch-y-groes; but after a careful search we failed to find it at either of these localities.
V.—Notes on the Ash-Slates and Other Rocks of the Lake District
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

Whilst studying the sedimentary roofing-slates of North Wales and Cornwall, and allied materials, my attention was also directed to those most interesting rocks, the ash-slates of the Lake District, often externally so closely resembling some of the Welsh and Cornish examples, though differing so much in origin. In course of time I have collected, and had sections prepared from, a considerable number of specimens from many quarries and other places at various parts of the district, both very fine-grained wellcleaved actual roofing-slates and also the attendant coarser beds.
I.—Note on an Iguanodont Tooth from the Lowek Chalk (“Totternhoe Stone”), near Hitchin
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Through the generosity of Mr. W. Hill, the Museum of Practical Geology possesses a tooth found in the “Totternhoe Stone” in the -neighbourhood of Hitchin, which is of especial interest inasmuch as it is undoubtedly closely related to Iguanodon, and is of later date than any British Dinosaurian remains hitherto recorded; the Acanthopholis horridus of Prof. Huxley, from the Chalk Marl, and the Trachodon (Hadrosaurus) Cantabrigensis, of Mr. Lydekker, from the “Cambridge Greensand,” being, up to the present time, the most recent of known British Dinosaurs. Remains of allied forms, however, have been found at a higher horizon of the Chalk of Maestricht, and have been described by Prof. Seeley, and M. L. Dollo.'
V.—On certain Gneisses with Round-grained Oligoclase and their Relation to Pegmatites
Authors: Barrow George
Published: May 2009

In the course of my work in the Highlands of Forfar, I have been much struck with the mode of occurrence of certain light-coloured gneisses, of undoubted igneous origin.

They are intruded into the surrounding rocks in an infinite number of thin bands or sills, generally interlacing, and often not more than two feet thick; sometimes not exceeding an inch. Their bulk in some areas exceeds considerably that of the older rocks, at other times it is far less.

Two points are easily noted; first, they have no selvage edge; secondly, they have a very characteristic aspect, due to rounded grains of oligoclase.
VI.—On the Continuity of the Kellaways Beds over Extended Areas near Bedford, and on the Extension of the Fuller's Earth Works at Woburn
Authors: Cameron A. C. G.
Published: May 2009

During late years, by the opening of new sections, fresh information has been obtained of the geology of different parts of the country, and several fine excavations, the result of railway enterprise, have afforded great sections of the Kellaways beds in localities where only conceptions of them previously prevailed. Gaps have been filled up, and the continuity of the beds over extended areas confirmed. The principal revelations come from the Hull and Barnsley, and from the Swindon and Cirencester railways, opened respectively about 1881 and 1883, and the works now in progress in connexion with the widening of the main line at Oakley, near Bedford.
VIII.—A Reply to Prof. Blake's Comments on Inferior Oolite Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

Prof. Blake's book is a valuable work of reference; but the criticisms appear to be both hurried and inaccurate. In the notice of my Monograph the title is incorrectly given: there are certain other clerical errors; and some mistakes which a little more investigation would have prevented.

While placing his comments in brackets, it is unfortunate that Prof. Blake has not found some means to distinguish between remarks based upon the author's words, and statements of his own. This is especially noticeable in the “critical digest” of Haugia, where remarks, which appear as if they originated with Prof. Blake, are really my statements in another form.
I.—Coral in the “Dolomites” of South Tyrol
Authors: Ogilvie M.M.
Published: May 2009

At the meeting of the British Association in Nottingham,inAugust of last year, a joint discussion on “Coral Reefs” was held by the sections of Zoology and Geology. Prof. Sollas,inopening the discussion, referred to the “ Dolomites of South Tyrol” as a country affording brilliant examples of Fossil Coral Reefs. He demonstrated this by sections taken from the wellknown work of Mojsisovics, and showed several photographs of some of the more imposing dolomite mountains—Schlern, Langkofl, and Sella—which had been explained as reefs of Triassic age. in the course of the discussion, Dr. Hickson said he believed there were no corals in these so-called fossil reefs. Dr. Rothpletz corrected this statement, saying briefly that there were corals in the dolomite and limestone rock, along with other groups of marine animals, but that many of the sections shown by Prof. Sollas were incorrect. Prof. Bonney emphasized the ample evidence of Coral life in many parts of the district which he had visited.
I.—Four Theories of the Age and Origin of the Dartmoor Granites
Authors: Hunt A. K.
Published: May 2009

Four Theories of the Age and Origin of the Dartmoor Granites have been lately current, viz.:—

(1) The ordinary Plutonic of Sir H. de la Beche.

(2) The Laccolitic-Plutonic of Mr. W. A. B. Ussher.

(3) The Volcanic of Mr. K. N. Worth.

The above all assume the exclusively post-Carboniferous age of the granite, owing to its intrusion into the adjacent Carboniferous rocks;one of the best attested facts in geology.

(4) The combined pre-Devonian non-intrusive and post-Carboniferous intrusive (both plutonic), advanced by myselfin1889.

Mr. Ussher has recently withdrawn his provisional laccolitic hypothesis, on stratigraphical grounds,infavour of one which is practically equivalent to No. 4.

As it is impossible to compress the work of some four years into a magazine article, the present paper must be confined to a sketch of my main argument.

My friend Mr. Worth has, with characteristic generosity, lent me the diagrammatic woodcut illustrating bis ideal volcano;accompanied by the following remark:“Please do not limit your views of me;you owe it to yourself to make your case as strong as possible, and we shall not differ outside our theories.”A too generous opponent indeed, and one hard to oppose.
III.—The Rape of the Chlorites
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

I was not present when Dr. Callaway's last paper on the Malvern Rocks was read before the Geological Society, and had not the Opportunity of joining in the discussion that followed the reading of the paper.The author has now given his views regarding the “Conversion of Chlorite into Biotite;” in a condensed form in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (Dec. 1893, p. 535), and has expressly invited criticism on them; I venture, therefore,inresponse to this invitation, to give expression to a difficulty that presents itself to my mind.

It is not necessary to enter into a discussion of the authorities quoted by Dr. Callaway; but I remark in passing that two of the papers referred to prefess to deal with cases of contact metamorphism, and consequently the conditions that must have prevailedinthose cases are altogether different from those which govern Dr. Callaway's supposed case of dynamo-metamorphism.incases of contact action one can readily understand how aqueous acid vapours, or liquids, emanating from the molten igneous rock under high pressure penetrated the adjoining rocks, and carried with them in solution some of the constituents of the igneous magma.
IV.—Some Notes on Gneiss
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Much light has been thrown of late years on the history of gneiss and other foliated rocks. Geological literature is beginning to bristle with such terms as regional–metamorphism, pressure–metamorphism, dynamo–metamorphism, and the like. Yet longer and less intelligible names will probably follow, which, under the guise of precision, will foster confusion. So it may be a little help to students to set down, as far as possible in plain English, the fruits of some years' study of gneisses and allied rocks.inthis work I have taken nothing on trust, and have tested every inference to the best of my ability. Probably there is nothing original in the results, but they are all the outcome of personal observation, for I have always preferred questioning Nature to reading books. So,inorder to economize time in searching for what has been already said, and to save studding the page with references, I will assure the reader that he is quite at liberty to suppose that “everything has been said by somebody, somewhere.”

Let us begin our observations with a rock which is a fairly coarse granite, occurring in a region affected by great earth-movements, such as mountain-making, which, however, for some reason or wither, has escaped with its structure practically unmodified. Such a rock sometimes may be locally indistinguishable from an ordinary granite, but very commonly a small difference is perceptible, especially on a slightly weathered surface. This has a rather fragmental aspect, the quartz and the felspar presenting a superficial resemblance to unrolled clastic grains,—asinan arkose, the materials of which have been transported only for a short distance. This resemblance does not disappear on microscopic examination. The rock,inshort, has been fractured but not crushed. This structure is exhibited (not to mention other examples) locally in the granite at the entrance of the Yal Rosegg (Pontresina), in the granitoid rock of Twt Hill(Carnarvon), and of Llanfaelog (Anglesey); occasionally also in the so-called Dimetian of St. Davids. This, then, may be regarded as the first stage in pressure-modification.
II.—On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Solenopora, together with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Brown Alex
Published: May 2009

“ It presents itself sometimes in the form of small rounded masses, or irregular nodules; or at other times as lobate or ramified masses of considerable dimensions. Viewed with a powerful magnifying-glass, it appears to be quite compact or obscurely fibrous” (Nicholson).

The internal structure is commonly much obscured, or even destroyed by crystallization.invertical section the cells are arranged in radiating fashion.
V.—On Chlorite as a Source of Biotite : a Reply
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: May 2009

I am much obliged to General McMahon for criticising my recent paper in the Geological Magazine (Dec. 1893, p. 535) on the “ Conversion of Chlorite into Biotite,” because I have been puzzled to know the exact nature of the opposition to my views on rock-inetarnorphism at Malvern, and I have been haunted by the fear that perhaps after all I might have overlooked something fundamental. Happily my curiosity is now gratified, and my fear is removed, so far as one important branch of the enquiry is concerned. As my critic is so good a chemist, I may conclude that the worst has been said that can be said from the chemical point of view.
VI.—The Corrugation of the Earth's Surface and Volcanic Phenomena
Authors: Vaughan Arthur
Published: May 2009

It is important, in the first place, to discuss those facts concerning the Earth which must be taken into account in any attempt to deal satisfactorily with the problem before us.

To a depth of about 80 feetinTemperate regions, the earth has its temperature determined by the seasons; being warmedinsummer and cooledinwinter.
II.—Recent Observations on European Dinosaurs
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

During the past summer, it was my privilege to attend the International Congress of Geologists at St. Petersburg, as an official delegate from the United States, and this gave me an opportunity to see a number of museums and collections in Europe which I had not before visited. I thus had the privilege of inspecting personally many interesting reptilian remains that I had not previously known, and of examining others which were more or less familiar to me from figures and descriptions.
II.—The Lakes of Snowdon
Authors: Marr J. E. , Adie R. H.
Published: May 2009

The waterways of Wales owe their directions to a complex series of events which it is not our province to discuss in this place, but the minor features of Snowdonia are largely determined by planes of weakness which were produced in the rocks of the region during the occurrence of the marked earth-movements at the close of Silurian and Carboniferous times. The Post-Silurian earth-movements gave rise to planes of weakness running in a general northeast and south-west direction, and in a direction at right angles to this.
I.—The Earliest Engraved Geological Maps of England and Wales
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

In a previous article, a sketch has been given of what is known concerning the origin and history of the early manuscript maps of William Smith. I have shown that concerning these maps, though they were not published, in the technical sense of that term, there exists a satisfactory body of external evidence with regard to the period of their preparation, while they furnish in themselves abundant proofs that they must have been constructed at the dates inscribed upon them. These facts have been so generally recognized that—since the clear statements on the question which have been made by Fitton, Parey, Sedgwick, and Phillips—no one has ever thought of either questioning the antiquity of the maps or denying to William Smith the honour of being the first to construct a true geological map of England and Wales.
VI.—Notes on the Red-Deer, Cervus elaphus, Linn.
Authors: Hughes G. Pringle
Published: May 2009

The Red-Deer (Cervus elaphus), or common stag, is a native of the more temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, lu Great Britain it has its freedom limited to the Highlands of Scotland, where, however, it is carefully protected, and affords the crême de la crême of British field-sports to the practised rifleman and mountaineer.
VII.—The Contact-Rocks of the Great Whin Sill
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

In describing “An Interesting Contact-Rock” (Geol. Mag., March and April, 1895) I gave its analysis, showing:—

And in this rock also the great relative increase in soda corresponds with the appearance of albite among the new minerals.
II.—A Collection of Egyptian Fossil Echinoidea
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The first collection of Egyptian fossils sent for determination by Captain Lyons, R.E., Director of the Egyptian Geological Survey, to the British Museum, includes an interesting series of Echinoidea, which has been intrusted to me for examination. It is hardly necessary to state that our knowledge of the fossil echinid faunas of Egypt is mainly due to M. P. de Loriol-le-Fort, who has described a large series in two admirable monographs.
IV.—A Revindication of the Llanberis Unconformity
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

This is undoubtedly the most difficult district to deal with, and one in which I have had to change my views on certain details. Still, there is one part of it where the evidence is very clear, namely, the ground between the railway and the road at the Tan-y-pant inlet.
III.—The Origin of Mammals
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The question as to the origin of mammals is not new, but one of a series of similar nature and difficulty. The origin of Birds, of Eeptiles, of Amphibians, and of Fishes really precede it, and offer less difficulties in solution. The answer to each,inmy opinion, belongs to the future, and how far it may profitably be sought in the present limited state of our knowledge is a fair question in itself.
III.—The Age of the Vale of Clwyd
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: May 2009

For many years the New Red Sandstone of the Vale of Clwyd was shown upon the maps as resting generally on Carboniferous Limestone, but frequently overlapping it so as to pass on to the surrounding Silurian strata. No faults were indicated, and the structure of the Vale, as represented, suggested that a pre-Triassic syncline here existed, within which a remnant of Carboniferous rocks had been preserved from denudation and which had formed a bay in the Triassic coastline.
I.—Note on the Molar of a Trilophodont Mastodon from the Base of the Suffolk Crag
Authors: Lankester Ray
Published: May 2009

The tooth figured in the accompanying plate was originally noticed by me in this Magazine thirty years ago, and was more fully described by me a year later in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1870, p. 507.
II.—The Glaucophane Gabbro of Pegli, North Italy
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

In a paper published some years back on the Tuscan and Ligurian Serpentines Professor Bonney has noticed incidentally the occurrence of glaucophane in the gabbro associated with these rocks at Pegli, a village to the west of Genoa; and later added a rather fuller description towards the end of his paper on “The Glaucophane Eclogite of the Val d'Aoste.” Last year I spent a few days at Pegli for the purpose of examining the rocks at the village and in its neighbourhood, when I found the gabbro in some abundance, in consequence, as I think, of blasting for road-making. The specimens then collected have disclosed on examination a few points of interest which may not, I hope, be deemed a superfluous addition to the accounts already published. Those have been rather numerous.
I.—Note on the Discovery of Miolania and of Glossotherium (Neomylodon) in Patagonia
Authors: Moreno Francesco P.
Published: May 2009

Since 1877, when I discovered the Tertiary Mammalian beds of Santa Cruz, in Patagonia, I have been looking for proofs of the ancient connection between the new uplifted lands of the southern part of the American continent and the other lands of the Southern Hemisphere—Africa and Australia. During my subsequent travels in the interior of the Argentine Republic, including Patagonia, my interest in that connection has been increasing, and I have discovered additional evidence, which showed me the former greater extension to the east, in comparatively modern times, of the actual existing lands.
V.—Note on Ammonites calcar, Zieten
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In his work entitled “Die Versteinerungen Würtembergs” C. H. v. Zieten figured and briefly described a species under the name Ammonites calcar. The description is as follows:“Rücken gewölbt, Rückenlinie spornradförmig gezackt; er hat in dem Baa seiner Rippen und dem erhöhten Saum seiner Windungen grosse Aehnlichkeit mit dem vorhergehenden [i.e. Ammonites bipartitus, Zieten], unterscheidet sich jedoch von ihm sogleich durch seine einfach gezackte Rückenlinie. Aus dem untern Oolith bei Guttenberg.”
II.—On the Families of Sauropodous Dinosauria
Authors: Marsh O.C.
Published: May 2009

The subclass Dinosauria, as known to-day, I have divided into three orders: the Theropoda, or carnivorous forms; the Sauropoda, or herbivorous quadrupedal forms; and the Predentata, also herbivorous, and including several suborders, namely, the Stegosauria and Ceratopsia, both quadrupedal, and the Ornithopoda, containing bipedal bird-like reptiles.
III.—Note on Ammonites euomphalus, Sharpe
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The name Ammonites euomphalus was given by Sharpe to an imperfect though unique specimen from the Lower Chalk, Man of War Cove, on the coast of Dorset. This example (according to Sharpe) originally belonged to E. H. Bunbury, Esq., but now forms part of the British Museum Collection [No. 50,158].
I.—Note on a New Australian Pterygotus
Authors: McCoy Frederick
Published: May 2009

I am greatly indebted to Mr. F. Spry for bringing to my knowledge some extremely interesting Upper Silurian fossils collected by him with great care and diligence from the tunnels excavated through the rocks underlying Melbourne during the progress of the new great drainage works for the city, carried out by the Metropolitan Board of Works. The age of the strata containing these fossils was originally determined by me for Selwyn's Geological Survey Maps of Victoria.
VI.—On the Average Composition of British Igneous Rocks
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The subject of the average composition of collections of rocks has been dealt with in a paper published ten years ago by Mr. F. W. Clarke on “The Relative Abundance of the Chemical Elements.” The object of that paper was to arrive at an estimate of the mean chemical composition of the earth's crust, but incidentally the author shows a close correspondence between the mean compositions of groups of miscellaneous rocks from different regions. It appears from his figures that a moderate number of analyses—less than a hundred—if taken without any selection, is enough to give value to their mean. It may therefore be of interest to apply the method to our own country.
VIII.—How Chlorite is Converted into Biotite
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

General Mcmahon's paper in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for June attacks my conclusion that the Malvern biotite is formed from chlorite, but leaves my evidence untouched. Indeed, a large part of the article is occupied in discussing a theory which I do not hold. I have never said that the chlorite was converted into biotite by contact-action only. That there may be no further mistake, let me repeat that, in the Malvern rocks, chlorite is changed to biotite by contact-action plus dynamic deformation.
II.—Notes on the Pleistocene of the North-West Territories of Canada, North-West and West of Hudson Bay
Authors: Tyrrell J. Burr
Published: May 2009

In the extreme northernmost part of Canada, lying between North Latitudes 56° and 68° and West Longitudes 88° and 112°, is an area of about 400,000 square miles, which had up to the past two years remained geologically unexplored.

In 1892 the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada sent the writer to explore the country north of Churchill River, and south-west of Lake Athabasca;in1893 the exploration was continued northward, along the north shore of Athabasca Lake
III.—On some Life Zones in the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the British Areas, as defined mainly by Researches during the Past 30 Years
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Up to the year 1867 the only traces of organisms that had been found in the beds then classed as Cambrian by the Geological Survey (now Lower and part of Middle Cambrian of most authors) were tracks and burrows of Annelids; and the doubtful Trilobite Palæopyge found by Mr. Salterinthe Longmynd rocks of Shropshire.in“Siluria”, fourth edition, 1867, p. 30, Sir R. Murchison refers to them as follows: “These, then, are the only signs of former life we have yet become acquainted with after the most assiduous researches in the Cambrian deposits of such vast dimensions, which are often, I repeat, less altered than much younger rocks replete with organic remains”
IV.—On a Series of Saurian Footprints from the Cheshire Trias (with a Note on Cheirotherium)
Authors: Jeffs Osmund W.
Published: May 2009

Every geologist is familiar with the name of Storeton Quarry, which may fitly be termed the “home of the Cheirotherium”, celebrated as being the scene of the earliest discoveryinEngland of the fossil footprints, first described by Messrs. John Cunningham and James Yatesin1839.

Fifty years' study of these footprints has left their origin, so faras exact identification with any known animal is concerned, a matter of as much mystery as when Sir Eichard Owen gave attention to the subject in his classical work on “Palaeontology”.
II.—Physiographical Studies in Lakeland
Authors: Makk J. E.
Published: May 2009

When working amongst the rocks of Lakeland, one is often confronted with problems connected with the superficial features of the country, and as some of these are of more than local interest I propose to notice them from time to time.

Church Beck, flowing in a south-easterly direction from the eastern slopes of the Old Man range, passes through Coniston Valley to discharge its waters into the head of Coniston Lake, not far from the point of entrance of the more important Yewdale Beck, which flows through the wide valley of Yewdale in a southerly direction. Church Beck, on the other hand, flows through, an upland valley, and is joined by the union of Low Water, Lever's Water, and the Red Dell Becks. Walking up its banks from Coniston Village, one presently comes upon an exposure of the Skelgill graptolitic shales at a height of about 225 feet above sealevel. Above this, one rapidly mounts the hill, and passing a considerable waterfall, reaches Gill Head Bridge at a height of about 540 feet. Above this is an alluvial flat extending to the Coniston copper works at the junction of the Red Dell Beck with that formed by the union of Lever's Water and Low Water Becks. The bottom of this alluvial valley is occupied by stratified deposits, formed by the washings of the copper works, which will, of course, not be confused with the much older deposits about to be described.
III.—Notes on the Osteology of Ancodus (Hyopotamus)
Authors: Scott W. B.
Published: May 2009

It might well appear that the labours of Kowalevsky and Filhol had so completely determined the structure of this genus, that nothing of importance remained to add to their results; but this is very far from being the case. The European material, found principally at Hempstead and at Konzon, near PuyinFrance, is so scattered that its proper association is a matter of great difficulty, and errors are unavoidable.

Mr. J. B. Hatcher, AssistantinGeology, and one of the Curators of this Museum, has during the past two summers been engagedincollecting from the Oligocene beds of South Dakota, and among many other treasures has obtained several all but complete skeletons of Ancodus, belonging to the species which Osborn and Wortman have lately named A. (Hyopotamus) brachyrhynchus. This material proves to be of great interest and importance, and will be fully described in an illustrated monograph which is soon to appear. The object of the present preliminary notice is to call attention to some of the more striking characteristics of this curious animal.

The American species of Ancodus present certain constant differences from the European members of the genus. (1) The muzzle is not drawn out into such an extraordinary rostrum; (2) The skull has greater vertical height, though this difference may be due in part to the crushing which the Ronzon specimens have undergone; (3) The coronoid process of the lower jaw is much more prominent and more decidedly recurved.
VI.—The Yumuri Valley of Cuba—A Rock-Basin
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

Near the city of Matanzas,in Cuba, there is a beautiful valley called the Yumuri, of which the good people of the region are justly proud. Its interest to the geologist is unsurpassed in the island. At its entrance there is the most complete section of Tertiary rocks observed by me in Cuba. This valley is a record of the great erosion of the land during most of the Pliocene period, at the close of which it was partly refilled. The valley was reexcavated during the earlier days of the Pleistocene period, and suffered other changes, but it is the closing of the valley into a rock-basininalmost modern days of which I write.

Upon the northern side of the ridges, of which Pan de Matanzas is the highest point (1277 feet above tide), there are the remains of a former plain, which extended five or six miles to near the sea-shore, with an elevation of about 450 feet. Out of this plateau the Yumuri Valley has been excavated with a breadth of about three miles, and length ot five or six miles, with a further rugged extension of one of the tributary valleys teethe foot of Pan de Matanzas, as shown on Map (Fig. 1). The floor of the basin rises from near tide-level to considerable elevations in its upper part, where there are low ridges produced by the unequal washings of the tropical rains.
VIII.—Problems connected with a Cooling Earth
Authors: Vaughan Arthur
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for June and July of this year, I stated a new theory to account for the inequalities of the earth's surface, and, at the same time, offered a criticism of Mr. Eeade's theory, as epitomised by him in the May Number of the game Journal. in a short reply, contributed by Mr. Eeade to the September Number, he shows so clearly that he has totally misunderstood the physical reasoning upon which my theory is based, that some rejoinder is absolutely demanded.

In criticising my theory, he asks: “How then could the underlayers, by shrinking, exert such a huge pressure on the interior as to actually compress the materials of the earth into a smaller volume?” and, a few lines further on, he proposes that we should “work out the decrease of volume which would result from a given contraction of a shell of steel, 30 miles thick, acting on a sphere of the size and composition of our earth.”

Did I rely upon actual decrease of volume due to pressure, my theory would, of course, be absurdly untenable; but my reasoning is based upon the transference of material from beneath a surface of great pressure to below a surface upon which the pressure is much less. This I have so frequently reiteratedinmy paper that I could quote from almost any page; perhaps the following extract, taken from my first paper, will suffice: “The underlying material will be, so to speak, squeezed out, and this will cause a real transfer from under the sinking area to beneath the surrounding regions.”
II.—On Meshwork-structures observable in Microscopic Sections of Rocks
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

This note deals with a very simple matter, which is perhaps J_ familiar to many workers with the microscope. I believe, however, that it is not referred to in ordinary text-books, and a word or two in reference to it may be useful.
III.—Ancient and Modern “Dene Holes” and their Makers
Authors: Dawson Charles
Published: May 2009

The name “Dene Holes” has been locally given to certain ancient artificial caverns usually found excavated in the Chalk of Essex and Kent. They have deep vertical entrances by shafts, being of varying depth, but the caverns themselves all bear a general similitude in design. They have been chiefly explored in the counties of Essex and Kent, although they undoubtedly exist in many other counties.
I.—Millestroma, a Cretaceous Milleporoid Coral from Egypt
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The wide geographical distribution of the Milleporidæ is a clearer proof of the geological antiquity of the group than any evidence yielded by palæontology. For Millepora has no known Mesozoic or certain Lower Oainozoic representative, and is thus separated by a great gap from the Palsezoic Hydrocorallinas, whence it is probably descended. But the Stromatoporoids disappear at the end of the Palaeozoic, and I am not aware that any coral has been described which helps to connect that group and the Oainozoic Milleporids.
II.—Notes on the Correlation of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of England and Scotland
Authors: Gunn William
Published: May 2009

The substance of the following paper was given at a meeting of the Geological Society of Edinburgh on January 20th this year. Its object is to show that the group of Lower Scottish Limestones about Dunbar and round the Midlothian Coalfield does not represent any part of the Mountain Limestone of Yorkshire, but is the equivalent of the upper part of the Yoredale Series of Phillips, while the Edge Coals and Upper Limestones of Midlothian represent a series of beds which in Yorkshire and Northumberland lie above the true Yoredale Series of Phillips, and which were included by him in the Millstone Grit. It necessarily follows from this correlation that the lower part of Phillips' Yoredale Series, together with the Scar or Mountain Limestone of Yorkshire, are represented in Scotland by the Calciferous Sandstone Series, which is mainly a fresh-water deposit.
II.—Irish Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

The meeting of the British Association in Montreal gave different Irish geologists facilities for examining the Archæan rocks of Canada and the States, while since then they and also American geologists have had opportunities for studying the Irish Metamorphic rocks; it may therefore be allowable to give an epitome of our knowledge in regard to the latter.
II.—An Answer to “Observations on some Imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Cretaceous Formation or England, By R. F. Tomes, Esq., F.G.S.”
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: May 2009

I Heard this communication read at the Geological Society in June last, and I made some remarks upon it which are noticed in the Proceedings of the Society. A considerable portion of the paper consisted of criticisms of some of my work which appeared in the British Fossil Corals (2 ser. Pal. Soc. part ii. Nos. 1 and 2, 1869–70). Some specimens were exhibited, in the author's absence, which were presumed to afford evidence of a satisfactory kind. But it was observed that the very imperfect and bad condition of the fossils did not substantiate the author's statements.
V.—Notes on Some Rocks from Ababia Petræa
Authors: Ritdler F. W.
Published: May 2009

Professor Hull, soon after his return from Palestine, was good enough to place in my hands, for microscopic examination, a collection of twenty sections of rocks prepared from specimens obtained in the course of his expedition. Subsequently I had the advantage of receiving thirteen small specimens of the rocks from which some of the sections had been cut; and respecting these rocks some lithological notes have been published as an appendix to Prof. Hull's Memoir. At a later date I received seven other rockspecimens, representing the remaining sections in my charge; but for want of time these were laid aside unexamined until it was too late to refer to them in the published work. The object of the present notes is therefore to offer brief descriptions of these remaining rocks. At the same time I gladly seize this opportunity of correcting some errors which unfortunately crept into the previous descriptions.
VII.—Preliminary Note on the Volcanic and Associated Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Nuneaton
Authors: Waller H.
Published: May 2009

The relations of the various rocks of the district lying to the North and South of Nuneaton have already been discussed by Prof. Lapworth from the data afforded by investigation in the field. He put into my hands many specimens of the different rocks for the purpose of microscopical examination. I have also received specimens from Mr. W. J. Harrison, and have collected some myself. Mr. J. J. H. Teall has also placed at my disposal a number of slides which he has had prepared from material of his own collecting.
II.—The Lamprophyres of the North of England
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The north-country lamprophyres occur usually as dykes of no great magnitude, sometimes as sills, more rarely as small bosses or laccolites. They are scattered over an area extending from Teesdale to Furness, from Bassenthwaite to Ingleton. A circle thus defined has a diameter of about fifty miles, and embraces all the known occurrences, though others may exist beyond these limits concealed by post-Silurian strata. In the centre of the circle is the Shap granite, and the probable genetic connexion between the lamprophyres and this granitic intrusion has already been urged by Mr. Marr and the present writer.