bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelvic floor rehabilitation in patients with levator ani muscle avulsion
Authors: García-Mejido J.A. , Suarez-Serrano C. , Medrano-Sanchez E.M. , Bonomi Barby M.J. , Armijo Sánchez A. , Sainz J.A.
Published: June 2020

Objective: To determine if physiotherapy treatment applied to patients with levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion identified after a vaginal delivery, reduces the LAM hiatus area. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study of 52 nulliparous (26 in the experimental and 26 in the control group). We included patients with LAM avulsion, diagnosed by 3-4D/transperineal ultrasound performed 3 months after delivery. Patients in the experimental group underwent a program of pelvic floor exercises, assisted by biofeedback and lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. Assessment of LAM was carried out at 6 and 9 months postpartum, using 3-4D/transperineal ultrasound, and taking the following measurements: levator hiatus area at rest, during Valsalva and at maximum contraction; LAM area, and thickness of right and left LAM. Results: Patients in the experimental group presented a reduction in the levator hiatus area at rest (17.0, 15.7, 15.9 cm2), during Valsalva (23.0, 20.8, 19.9 cm2) and at maximum contraction (15.6, 14.4 and 13.5 cm2), in comparison with patients in the control group, who presented a levator hiatus area at rest of 17.4, 17.2 and 16.8 cm2, during Valsalva of 21.0, 20.8 and 20.3 cm2, and at maximum contraction of 16.6, 16.1 and 15.6 cm2, at 1, 6 and 9 months postpartum respectively (P < 0.05). However, no changes were appreciated in the successive examinations regarding LAM area between study groups: experimental 9.5, 8.9, 9.6 cm2 versus 8.9, 9.0, 9.2 cm2 in the control group. Conclusions: Physiotherapy treatment based on pelvic floor exercises with lumbopelvic stabilization exercises in patients with LAM avulsion reduces the levator hiatus area at rest, during Valsalva and at maximum contraction.
Mechanistic study of vitamin C attenuation of endometriotic fibrosis
Authors: Shi X.J. , Shi L.B. , Zhang S.Y.
Published: June 2020

Background: Endometriosis is a common disease in females that seriously affects quality of life. The principal pathological process of endometriosis is pelvic inflammation, and local and peripheral fibrosis. Treatment of endometriosis requires both pharmacological and surgical approaches. Vitamin C can scavenge oxygen free radicals and thus accelerate repair of damaged endometrium. This aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin C can reduce fibrosis in endometriotic lesions. Methods: After establishing a rat model of endometriosis, vitamin C solution (vitamin C group) or physiological saline solution (control group) was injected into the abdominal cavity. We compared the indices of fibrotic endometriotic lesions between the two groups. Results: The volume of endometriotic lesions and degree of fibrosis observed in rats within the vitamin C group was significantly reduced compared with those observed in the control group. Immunohistochemistry showed that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-SMA, and collagen type I staining in lesions of the vitamin C group was significantly less than that observed in lesions from the control group (P < 0.05). Quantitative, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) determined that relative mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1, CTGF, α-SMA, and collagen type I in lesions obtained from the vitamin C group were significantly lower than levels measured in lesions obtained from animals in the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin C can reduce the volume of endometriotic lesions and inhibit fibrosis of lesions in rats. This study supports the use of vitamin C in the treatment of endometriosis.
The association between repeated doses of vaginal PGE2 (Dinoprostone, Prostin®) and both maternal and neonatal outcomes among women in the north of Jordan
Authors: Sindiani A.M. , Rawashdeh H.M. , Alshdaifat E.H. , Altal O.F. , Yaseen H. , Alhowary A.A.
Published: June 2020

Objective: To evaluate the association between repeated doses of vaginal PGE2 and the maternal and neonatal outcomes for primigravid and multiparous women. Study design: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted at a teaching university hospital in Jordan. The study involved 885 women with singleton live fetuses; these women had been admitted to the labor ward for an induction of labor by vaginal PGE2 (Dinoprostone, Prostin®) for different indications from January 2015 to December 2016. The women were classified according to parity into two main groups, namely, primigravid and multiparous. In the primigravid group, the women who had received two or fewer doses of a vaginal PGE2 tablet (3 mg Dinoprostone) were compared with those who had received a PGE2 tablet three times. In the multiparous group, the women who had received one or two doses of half the usual vaginal PGE2 tablet (1.5 mg Dinoprostone) were compared with those who had received the same dose three times. The main outcomes studied were the cesarean section rate and the APGAR score. Results: There was a statistically significant association, namely, X2 (1) = 13.96, P = 0.001, between the repeated doses of PGE2 and the mode of delivery. This indicates that primigravid women who received more than two doses of PGE2 were more likely to have a cesarean section (65.5%, n = 57 out of 87) compared with primigravid women who received two or fewer doses of PGE2 (42.9%, n = 132 out of 308). There was no significant association between repeated doses of PGE2 insertion and admission either to the nursery or the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) X2 (1) = 2.11, P = 0.14. Moreover, the results also showed that there was no significant association between repeated doses of PGE2 insertion and the APGAR score X2 (1) = 0.06, P = 0.88. For multiparous women, there was no statistically significant association X2 (1) = 2.15, P = 0.14 between repeated doses of PGE2 insertion and the mode of delivery. Conclusion: In both groups of primigravid and multiparous women, the third dose of vaginal PGE2 was not associated with a significant increase in maternal or neonatal morbidity. In the primigravid group, despite the third dose of PGE2 being associated with a higher rate of cesarean section in comparison with two or fewer doses of it, nearly a third of the women nevertheless achieved vaginal delivery. In the multiparous group, the third dose of PGE2 was not associated with a higher rate of cesarean sections.
Kentsel Rejim Kentsel Dönüşüme Karşı: Kentsel Dönüşümde Konut Sunum Biçimleri
Authors: AKSU ÇAM Çiğdem
Published: June 2020

Bu makale, merkezi bir kamu politikasına kentsel siyaset dinamiklerinin ve aktörlerinin nasıl tepki verdiği ve uyum sağladığı sorusundan hareketle, 2000 sonrası Türkiye konut politikasının odağında bulunan kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarını yerel ölçekte ele almayı amaçlamakta-dır. Kentsel rejim analizi ve İlhan Tekeli’nin “konut sunum biçimleri” kavramsallaştırması birlikte kullanılarak konut siyasetini yapı-aktör ilişkisi temelinde okumayı hedefleyen bir analiz çerçevesi oluşturulmuştur. Bu çerçeve Adana’da 2015-2019 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen saha araştırmasına uygulanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında yerel gazete arşivinde taramalar, konut politikası ve kentteki konut üretim süreçlerine dahil olan çeşitli aktörlerle görüşmeler ve konut üretim alanlarına ziyaretler gerçekleştirilmiş, kurum ve kuruluşlardan raporlar, plan-lar, bilgilendirme sunuları derlenmiştir. Kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarının ürettiği kentsel çevrenin, konutun fiziksel nitelikleri ve üretim sürecinin içinde işlediği ilişki ağları bakımından İlhan Tekeli’nin tanımladığı “toplu konut” ve “yapsatçı” konut sunumuna benzerlikleri ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada “toplu konut” ve “yapsatçı” olarak tanımlanan iki dönüşüm türü dayandıkları mevzuat, aktörler arası ilişkiler ve uygulamaya dönük bulgular temelinde aktarılmıştır. Adana araştırması so-nuçlarına göre, kentsel dönüşüm politikası, özellikle 6306 sayılı kanunun yürürlüğe girmesiy-le beraber, yapsatçı müteahhit eliyle konut sunum biçimi etrafında örgütlenmiş kentsel koalis-yonu (rejimi) pekiştirmiştir.
Peki Ya Genç Bir Meslek İnsanı Olsaydınız? İlhan Tekeli Dersinin Eleştirel Zemininde Bir Senaryo
Authors: AYKAÇ Gülşah
Published: June 2020

Bu makale aktif yurttaşlık ve katılımı genç meslek insanlarının (mimar/plancı/kentsel tasarımcıların) kentsel krizin yaşandığı geçtiğimiz on yıldaki emek ve iş ilişkileri üzerinden sorgulayarak, İlhan Tekeli’nin lisansüstü dersinin eleştirel zeminini yeniden tartışmaya açmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, dersin final ödevi olan kurgu bir kent senaryosu fragmanlara ayrılarak çift yönlü bir çerçeve ile irdelenmektedir. İlk olarak, kentsel mekân ve kentle ilgili bilginin hem formel hem de formel olmayan çoklu aktörler tarafından üretildiğine dikkat çekiyorum. Bu bağlamda, kent üzerine çalışan sivil örgütlenmeler ve inisiyatiflerin bilhassa 2010’dan bu yana Türkiye’de önemli oranda arttığı gözlemine dayanarak; emeğin muhtelif aktörlerce çoğullaştığını söylemek mümkündür. İkincil olarak, genç meslek insanlarının bir kuşak olarak çok yönlü bir kentsel krizin içinden geçmekte olduğuna işaret ediyorum. Kentsel krizin kent mücadelesi ve baskısı, katılımcı olmayan agresif çevre üretim süreçleri, genç meslek insanlarının emeğinin sömürülmesi; buna paralel olarak işsizlik ve meslek kapasitesinin düşmesi gibi farklı boyutları mevcuttur. Bu çift yönlü çerçeve ile temel olarak, genç meslek insanlarının son on yılın nevi şahsına münhasır deneyimi üzerinden yeni eleştirel süreçler oluşturma kapasitesi olduğunu; ve bu kapasitenin sivil örgütlenmelerin formel karar mekanizmalarına eklemlenmesi ve yurttaşların süreçlere aktif katılımı üzerinden üretilebileceğini iddia etmekteyim.
İkinci Konut Turizmi İle Kırsal Alanların Kentleşmesi: Pelitköy Örneği
Authors: CEYLAN Serdar , SOMUNCU Mehmet
Published: June 2020

Araştırmanın amacı, kırsal alanların ikinci konut turizmi ile yeniden üretilerek kentleşme süreci içerisine nasıl girdiğini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Araştırma sahası Balıkesir İli Burhaniye İlçesi’ne bağlı Pelitköy Mahallesi’dir. Nitel araştırma deseninde yürütülen çalışmada farklı paydaşlarla yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşme yapılan kişiler amaçlı örnekleme göre belirlenmiştir. Görüşme verileri, MAXQDA 12 programında alıntılama ve temalaştırma yapılarak betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, 1980 öncesinde yerel halk tarafından tarım (zeytin) arazisi olarak kullanılan Pelitköy kıyı alanı, 1980 sonrası kıyıda görülen ikinci konut yapılaşması ile bir turizm alanına dönüşmüştür. Alan, tarımsal üretim mekânından kentli sınıfın kullandığı tüketim (boş zaman ve eğlence) mekânına dönüşmüştür. Alan, kentli nüfus tarafından ikinci konut turizmi amacıyla yeniden üretilmiştir. İkinci konut sahibi kentli nüfus alanı kullanarak aynı zamanda toprak mülkiyetini de ele geçirmiştir. Zeytinliklerin imara sınırı içinde kalması yerel halkın tarımsal toprağını oluşan ranttan dolayı elden çıkarmasına neden olmaktadır. Toprağını satan köylü, üretici pozisyonunu kaybederek kırdan kente göç etmek durumunda kalmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, kırsal alanlar ikinci konut turizmi baskısı altında kalmakta, tarım toprakları imarlı arazilere dönüşmektedir. Doğru politikalar ve yasal düzenlemeler yapılmazsa, tarım arazileri (zeytinlikler) kentleşme nedeniyle kaybedilecektir.
ADMINISTRASI KETATAUSAHAAN SEKOLAH
Authors: Berasa Sarwita
Published: June 2020

In order to support the smooth learning process at school needed a section that supports these activities, namely governance school business. Basically, administrative activities are all management of correspondence that starts from collecting (receiving),record, manage, organize, send and save. Administration school / madrasa is the spearhead of education services institution, because as a school administration body directly handle services inside and outside the school.
Cyclic elemental signatures suggest nursing adaptations to food stress in Australopithecus africanus,
Authors: Joannes-Boyau Renaud , Adams Justin , Austin Christine , Arora Manish , Moffat Ian , Herries Andy , Tonge Matthew , benazzi stefano , Evans Alistair , Kullmer Ottmar , Wroe Stephen , Dosseto Anthony , Fiorenza Luca
Published: June 2020

Reconstructing the detailed dietary behaviour of extinct hominins is challenging1—particularly for a species such as Australopithecus africanus, which has a highly variable dental morphology that suggests a broad diet2,3. The dietary responses of extinct hominins to seasonal fluctuations in food availability are poorly understood, and nursing behaviours even less so; most of the direct information currently available has been obtained from high-resolution trace-element geochemical analysis of Homo sapiens (both modern and fossil), Homo neanderthalensis4 and living apes5. Here we apply high-resolution trace-element analysis to two A. africanus specimens from Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa), dated to 2.6–2.1 million years ago. Elemental signals indicate that A. africanus infants predominantly consumed breast milk for the first year after birth. A cyclical elemental pattern observed following the nursing sequence—comparable to the seasonal dietary signal that is seen in contemporary wild primates and other mammals—indicates irregular food availability. These results are supported by isotopic evidence for a geographical range that was dominated by nutritionally depauperate areas. Cyclical accumulation of lithium in A. africanus teeth also corroborates the idea that their range was characterized by fluctuating resources, and that they possessed physiological adaptations to this instability. This study provides insights into the dietary cycles and ecological behaviours of A. africanus in response to food availability, including the potential cyclical resurgence of milk intake during times of nutritional challenge (as observed in modern wild orangutans5). The geochemical findings for these teeth reinforce the unique place of A. africanus in the fossil record, and indicate dietary stress in specimens that date to shortly before the extinction of Australopithecus in South Africa about two million years ago.
Administrasi Tata usaha
Authors: Zai Nofe Firman
Published: June 2020

Administrative administration is an organizational subsystem, in this case the school organization. Its main activity is taking care of all forms of school administration, from correspondence to inventory of goods. When viewed from the above understanding, the administration does not only involve correspondence activities but also involves all material information and information in the form of documents.
Administrasi Layanan khusus
Authors: Zai Nofe Firman
Published: June 2020

This article aims to determine the understanding of special service administration, types of special services and their management, and the role of the teacher in the administration of special services. The technique used in this article is to use the literature study method by collecting literature sourced from the article. Special service administration is administration in the world of education that provides special services or a business that is not directly related to the teaching and learning process in the classroom. The Types of Special Services are: (1) Library Services; (2) Laboratory Services; (3) UKS services; (4) Cafeteria services; (5) Religious service facilities; (6) Boarding Services; (7) Cooperative services; (8) Transportation services.
Kepemimpinan Pendidikan
Authors: Zai Nofe Firman
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study is the first objective of this study to find out how leadirship in the education world (principals) discusses to understanding leadership styles in education, to study the leadership role of principals to improve coordination in carrying out tasks related to coordinating goods their item. The reearch method used is the collection of literacy in the form of papers books, articles and other reading. This paper complements the discussion about leadership. The existence of leaders is needed in an organization, in this case the outhor focuses on the field of education. In addition, leadership is needed in supporting the process of improving the quality of education, because the style or characteristics associated with leadership can improev and move individuals or grops within the organization they learning. The current leadirship style in school management is no longer a force of coercion but uses a commintment based on togetherness so that all parties under educational leadership can contribute to achieving the educational goals to be achieved. While the quality of educational outcomes is issued by educational institutions at certain periods of time. A leader from an educational instution will be a support for other educational institutions, community institutions where educational institutions can get quality educational instutions.
KEPEMIMPINAN PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Berasa Sarwita
Published: June 2020

Leadership or activities lead an effort by someone with all the ability they have to influence, encourage, direct and mobilize the people who led them to set to work with enthusiasm and confidence in achieving its goals. Educational leadership is a readiness, the ability of a person in the process of influencing, encouraging, guiding, directing and mobilizing others to do with the implementation and development of education and teaching so that all activities can be run effectively and efficiently in achieving educational goals.
العلاج النفسي المتمركز حول الشخص لكارل روجرز
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: June 2020

منذ تأسيس إدارة الجلسة المتمركزة حول الشخص من خلال عالم النفس الأمريكي كارل روجرز1902-1986) Carl R. Rogers ساعد هذا المبدأ في الإرشاد آلاف الناس كما هو مثبت في دراسات إمبيريقية عديدة. فقد تعرف كارل روجرز من ممارسته العلاجية والإرشادية عن طرق إمبيريقية بالكامل من الأسفل للأعلى bottom-up على شروط أو متطلبات بسيطة ولكنها مهمة للإرشاد الناجح. وعليه فإن التحليل الشامل لمشكلة شخص ما أقل أهمية إلى مدى بعيد من الإصغاء المتفهم والدقيق لهذا الشخص، وإظهار الاحترام تجاهه وإجراء محادثة conversationصريحة وحقيقية
Neutron Irradiation of Alloy N and 316L Stainless Steel in Contact with a Molten Chloride Salt
Authors: Ezell N Dianne Bull , Raiman Stephen , Kurley J Matthew , McDuffee Joel
Published: June 2020

Capsules containing NaCl-MgCl2 salt with 316L stainless steel or alloy N samples were irradiated in the Ohio State University Research Reactor for 21 non-consecutive hours. A custom irradiation vessel was designed for this purpose, and details on its design and construction are given. Stainless steel samples that were irradiated during exposure had less corrosive attack than samples exposed to the same conditions without irradiation. Alloy N samples showed no significant effect of irradiation. This work shows a method for conducting in-reactor irradiation-corrosion experiments in static molten salts, and presents preliminary data showing that neutron irradiation may decelerate corrosion of alloys in molten chloride salts.
Ti6Al4V Hybrid Structure Mechanical Properties – Wrought and Additive Manufactured Powder-Bed Material
Authors: Dolev Ohad , osovski shmuel , Shirizly Amnon
Published: June 2020

The implementation of additive manufacturing techniques in the production of mission critical structural components is challenged by its low throughput and limited build envelope. In recent years, hybrid production methods are emerging to bridge between the build volume and high throughput of conventional production methods and the design freedom enabled by additive manufacturing. The repeatability of material properties and the quality of the interface between the additive manufactured and wrought material are crucial for the adoption of hybrid manufacturing techniques by the industry. Here, the tensile behavior and fracture toughness of a hybrid Ti6Al4V alloy are examined in detail. Ti6Al4V pre-forms were built onto a wrought Ti6Al4V start-plate and extracted via milling. Compact tension and uniaxial tension specimens, extracted from the hybrid pre-forms demonstrated good fracture and properties with no preference for crack growth in neither the AM or wrought materials. Microstructural characterization revealed a sharp interface between the two materials with no evidence of a heat-affected zone. The hybrid manufacturing approach studied here expands the current limitations of large scale critical components with fine features and allow such structures to be produced with a higher thruput.
Longitudinal development of language and fine motor skills is correlated, but not coupled, in a childhood atypical cohort
Authors: Deserno Marie Katharina , Fuhrmann Delia , Begeer Sander , Borsboom Denny , Geurts Hilde , Kievit Rogier
Published: June 2020

BackgroundAutism is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental condition that is often associated with early developmental delays in language and motor domains. However, little is known about the complex dynamic processes that drive the co-development of such difficulties in children at-risk for atypical developmental trajectories. Using a longitudinal design, the aim of the present study was to model the parallel growth of language and motor skills in a cohort of infants at-risk for atypical development, and to explore differences between those who go on to receive a diagnosis and those who do not. MethodsReceptive and expressive language and fine motor skills were assessed at four measurement occasions in a group of 239 infants (122 girls and 117 boys, average age of 6 months at t1 and 36 months at t4) in the BASIS sample (Elsabbagh et al. 2013) consisting of infants with autistic siblings. Latent Growth Curve Analysis was applied to investigate the mutualistic coupling of longitudinal changes in these domains. ResultsOur results showed highly correlated slopes, suggesting that improvements in language go hand-in-hand with improvement in motor skills in the whole sample. We did not find compelling evidence for coupling between these skills, i.e. baseline scores in one domain were not associated with the rate of change in the other. Notably, we observed differences between children who would later go on to receive a diagnosis, compared to those who would not: Both the scores at baseline, as well as the rate of change, were more variable in the atypical group, suggesting the possibility of latent heterogeneity.ConclusionsGreater variability at baseline in the (later diagnosed) atypical group, combined with very strong correlations between the slopes, suggests that dynamic processes amplify small differences between individuals at 6 months result into large individual differences in autism symptomatology at 36 months. Our results also suggest that those children who go on to receive a diagnosis of atypical development at age three are not specifically characterized by stronger or weaker coupling between language and motor skills.
Well-Being and COVID-19 Anxiety: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study in China
Authors: Wang Zhuojun , Luo Shuyi , Xu Jianjie , Wang Yanwei , yunhanqi  , Zhao Zihao , Zhan Haocheng , Wang Yinan
Published: June 2020

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens human beings’ livelihoods and mental health, which lowers their well-being and gives rise to anxiety. This study examines whether there is a causal relationship between people’s well-being and COVID-19 anxiety. Method: 222 participants (54.50% female, Mage = 31.53, SD = 8.17) from 26 provinces of China completed measures of well-being and COVID-19 anxiety at three key nodes of the development of COVID-19 in China. Results: The results showed that people’s well-being and COVID-19 anxiety fluctuated with the peak, decline and trough stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the cross-lagged analysis showed that the participants’ well-being at Time 1 significantly predicted their COVID-19 anxiety at Time 2. However, well-being at Time 2 was not associated with the COVID-19 anxiety at Time 3. Furthermore, COVID-19 anxiety could not predict subsequent well-being. Conclusions: People’s well-being and COVID-19 anxiety fluctuated with the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and people’s well-being at the peak stage of the COVID-19 pandemic predicted their subsequent anxiety. The current findings contribute to clarifying the causal relationship between well-being and anxiety, as well as finding ways to alleviate people’s COVID-19 anxiety.
Scene meaningfulness guides eye movements even during mind-wandering
Authors: Zhang Han , Anderson Nicola C , Miller Kevin
Published: June 2020

During scene viewing, semantic information in the scene has been shown to play a dominant role in guiding fixations compared to visual salience (e.g., Henderson & Hayes, 2017). However, scene viewing is sometimes disrupted by cognitive processes unrelated to the scene. For example, viewers sometimes engage in mind-wandering, or having thoughts unrelated to the current task. How do meaning and visual salience account for fixation allocation when the viewer is mind-wandering, and does it differ from when the viewer is on-task? We asked participants to study a series of real-world scenes in preparation for a later memory test. Thought probes occasionally occurred after a subset of scenes to assess whether participants were on-task or mind-wandering. We used salience maps (Graph-Based Visual salience; Harel et al., 2007) and meaning maps (Henderson & Hayes, 2017) to represent the distribution of visual salience and semantic richness in the scene, respectively. Because visual salience and meaning were represented similarly, we could directly compare how well they predicted fixation allocation. Our results indicate that fixations prioritized meaningful over visually salient regions in the scene during mind-wandering just as during attentive viewing. These results held across the entire viewing time. A re-analysis of an independent study (Krasich et al., 2020) showed similar results. Therefore, viewers appear to prioritize meaningful regions over visually salient regions in real-world scenes even during mind-wandering.
Temporal proximity to the elicitation of curiosity is key for enhancing memory for incidental information
Authors: Murphy Charlotte , Dehmelt Vera , Yonelinas Andrew P. , Ranganath Charan , Gruber Matthias
Published: June 2020

Curiosity states benefit memory for curiosity target information, but also incidental information presented during curiosity states. Curiosity-related activity in dopaminergic regions and the hippocampus predicts such curiosity-enhanced memory for incidental information. However, it is not known whether incidental curiosity-enhanced memory depends on when incidental information during curiosity states is encountered. Here, participants incidentally encoded unrelated face images at different time points while they anticipated answers to trivia questions. Across two experiments, we found memory enhancements for unrelated faces presented during high- compared to low-curiosity states, but only when a face was presented shortly after a trivia question. This incidental curiosity-enhanced memory was independent of the type of encoding judgement and was evident both after a short (Experiment 1) and a 24-hour delay (Experiment 2). The findings suggest that processes associated with the elicitation of curiosity - but not processes preceding the satisfaction of curiosity - enhance memory for incidental information.
Punishment and corruption
Authors: Bahník Štěpán , Vranka Marek Albert
Published: June 2020

Punishment is one of the main methods for preventing corruption. However, studies on the effect of size and probability of punishment on bribe-taking have not yielded conclusive results. We introduce a punishment by a fine or termination of the task, both with varying probabilities, in a laboratory task modeling the decision to take a bribe. The punishment decreased the probability of taking higher bribes, even though the probability of taking lower bribes was unaffected. Participants took fewer bribes when the fine was larger and more probable. We did not observe any clear negative effects of small punishment crowding out intrinsic motivation to behave honestly. However, we found that effects of punishment differ based on emotionality and honesty-humility of participants. The study shows that the prospect of punishment may deter dishonest behavior; however, personality characteristics should be taken into account when devising an effective deterrence policy.
Individual differences in working memory capacity and the regulation of arousal
Authors: Robison Matthew Kyle , Brewer Gene Arnold
Published: June 2020

Previously it has been theorized that differential functioning of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system affects people's ability to regulate arousal, which has impacts on cognitive abilities. In the present study, we investigated three potential mechanisms by which the LC-NE system can fail to regulate arousal appropriately: hypoarousal, hyperarousal, and dysregulation of arousal. Each of these three could potentially account for why arousal affects cognition. To test the contributions of these three mechanisms, the present study examined individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and the regulation of arousal using pupillometry. Participants completed multiple complex span and visual arrays change-detection measures of WMC. An eye-tracker recorded pupil diameter as participants completed the visual arrays tasks. We found rather mixed evidence for the three mechanisms. Arousal dysregulation correlated with lower visual arrays performance and more self-reported attentional lapses. However arousal regulation did not correlate with complex span performance. There was also some evidence for hypoarousal as an explanatory mechanism, as arousal correlated with attentional lapses. We discuss the implications of the results for theories regarding the role of arousal regulation in cognitive performance and individual differences in cognitive abilities.
An overview of penalised regression methods for informing the selection of predictive markers
Authors: Greenwood Christopher , Youssef George Joseph , Letcher Primrose , Macdonald Jacqui A , Hagg Lauryn , Mcintosh Jennifer , Olsson Craig
Published: June 2020

Background: Penalised regression methods are a useful atheoretical approach for identifying key predictive indicators when one’s initial list of indicators is substantial, a process which may aid in informing population health surveillance. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive performance and feature (i.e., variable) selection capability of common penalised regression methods (LASSO, adaptive LASSO, and elastic-net), compared with traditional logistic regression and forward selection methods. Design: Data were drawn from the Australian Temperament Project, a longitudinal cohort study beginning in 1983. The analytic sample consisted of 1,292 (707 women) participants. A total of 102 adolescent psychosocial and contextual indicators were available to predict young adult daily smoking. Findings: Penalised regression methods showed small improvements in predictive performance over logistic regression and forward selection. However, no single penalised regression model outperformed the others. Elastic-net models selected more indicators than either LASSO or adaptive LASSO. Additionally, more regularised models included fewer indicators, yet had comparable predictive performance. Forward selection methods dismissed many indicators identified as important in the penalised regression models. Conclusions: Although overall predictive accuracy was only marginally better with penalised regression method, benefits were most clear in their capacity to select a manageable subset of indicators. Preference to competing penalised regression methods may therefore be guided by feature selection capability, and thus interpretative considerations, rather than predictive performance alone.
The Virtual Field Trip: Investigating How to Optimize Immersive Virtual Learning in Climate Change Education
Authors: Petersen Gustav Bøg , Klingenberg Sara , Mayer Richard E. , Makransky Guido
Published: June 2020

Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) is being used for educational virtual field trips (VFTs) involving scenarios that may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to experience in real life. We implemented an immersive VFT within the investigation phase of an inquiry-based learning (IBL) climate change intervention. Students investigated the consequences of climate change by virtually travelling to Greenland and exploring albedo and greenhouse effects first hand. A total of 102 7th and 8th grade students were randomly assigned to one of two instructional conditions: 1) narrated pre-training followed by IVR exploration or 2) the same narrated training material integrated within the IVR exploration. Students in both conditions showed significant increases in declarative knowledge, self-efficacy, interest, STEM intentions, outcome expectations, and intentions to change behavior from the pre- to post-assessment. However, there was a significant difference between conditions favoring the pre-training group on a transfer test consisting of an oral presentation to a fictitious UN panel. The findings suggest that educators can choose to present important prerequisite learning content before or during a VFT. However, adding pre-training may lead to better transfer test performance, presumably because it helps reduce cognitive load while learning in IVR.
Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online
Authors: Meyers Chanel , Leon Angelica , Williams Amanda
Published: June 2020

With more people using social media on a daily basis and the prevalence of racial discrimination online, it becomes imperative to understand what factors impact minority individuals’ perceptions of these transgressions in an online context. Confrontation to discrimination in the form of comments on social media may meaningfully shape perceptions of racism online. Across three studies, we examine how confrontation type (aggressive vs. passive) and confronter group membership (ingroup vs. outgroup) influence Asian Americans’ perceptions of online prejudice and attitudes towards the confronters. In Study 1, we find that aggressive confrontations alter perceptions of a racist online post to be more offensive as compared to passive confrontations. In Study 2, these findings extend to participants’ likelihood to report the content as offensive. Lastly, in Study 3, we find that aggressive confronters are evaluated more positively than passive confronters. These findings have important implications for understanding racial discrimination in an online context by demonstrating the impact of confrontation type on minority individuals’ perceptions and behaviors.
Scaling up visual attention and visual working memory to the real world
Authors: Brady Timothy F. , Störmer Viola S. , Shafer-Skelton Anna , Williams Jamal Rodgers , Chapman Angus F. , Schill Hayden
Published: June 2020

Both visual attention and visual working memory tend to be studied with very simple stimuli and low-level paradigms, designed to allow us to understand the representations and processes in detail, or with fully realistic stimuli that make such precise understanding difficult but are more representative of the real world. In this chapter we argue for an intermediate approach in which visual attention and visual working memory are studied by scaling up from the simplest settings to more complex settings that capture some aspects of the complexity of the real-world, while still remaining in the realm of well-controlled stimuli and well-understood tasks. We believe this approach, which we have been taking in our labs, will allow a more generalizable set of knowledge about visual attention and visual working memory while maintaining the rigor and control that is typical of vision science and psychophysics studies.
Priming reasoning increases intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Barcelo Hélène
Published: June 2020

Finding mechanisms to promote the use of face masks is fundamental during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic response, when shelter-in-place rules are relaxed and some segments of the population are allowed to circulate more freely. Here we report three pre-registered studies (total N = 1,920), using an heterogenous sample of people living in the USA, showing that priming people to “rely on their reasoning” rather than to “rely on their emotions” significantly increases their intentions to wear a face covering. Compared to the baseline, priming reasoning promotes intentions to wear a face covering, whereas priming emotion has no significant effect. These findings have theoretical and practical implications. Practically, they offer a simple and scalable intervention to promote intentions to wear a face mask. Theoretically, they shed light on the cognitive basis of intentions to wear a face covering.
Computational propaganda on social media where 404 Not Found: how Chinese political astroturf flooding on Twitter
Authors: Zhao Andy , DeDeo Simon
Published: June 2020

Astroturf, or the simulation of grass-roots consensus, is a common component of political propaganda on social media. Previous research of Chinese propaganda has found a complex system of astroturf behind the Great Firewall, but we know little about the corresponding strategies overseas. Here we use machine learning to identify over 18,000 Chinese astroturf accounts, both human- and bot-run, that spread pro-state political propaganda on Twitter from 2017 to 2018. In contrast to internal propaganda, these astroturf accounts focus on internally-censored topics and are preoccupied with the character assassination of critics. Despite the resources spent on the task, the group is remarkably ineffective: content reaches very few people and cannot intimidate ordinary users. This study describes the novel practices of Chinese computational propaganda and demonstrates the setbacks that authoritarian propaganda suffered when entering a new and open digital sphere.
An Empirical Comparison of Four Generalized Trust Scales: Test-Retest Reliability, Measurement Invariance, Predictive Validity, and Replicability
Authors: Robbins Blaine G
Published: June 2020

The Stranger Face Trust scale (SFT) and Imaginary Stranger Trust scale (IST) are two new self-report measures of generalized trust that assess trust in strangers—both real and imaginary—across four trust domains. Prior research has established the reliability and validity of SFT and IST, but a number of measurement validation tests remain. Across three separate studies, I assess the test-retest reliability, measurement invariance, predictive validity, and replicability of SFT and IST, with the misanthropy scale (MST) and generalized social trust scale (GST) serving as benchmarks. First, tests of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and longitudinal measurement invariance established that all four generalized trust scales were acceptably reliable, with SFT and IST yielding greater overall reliability than MST and GST. Second, tests of multiple group measurement invariance revealed that SFT and IST were equivalent across gender, race, education, and age-groups, while MST and GST were non-equivalent across the same sociodemographic groups. Third, an investment game established the predictive validity of SFT and MST, with IST and GST yielding poor predictive validity. Fourth, tests of factor structure and measurement invariance indicated that all four generalized trust scales replicated across samples. The present findings bolster the validity, reliability, and measurement equivalence of SFT and IST, while illustrating the compromised validity and measurement non-equivalence of MST and GST. Implications for the measurement of generalized trust are discussed.
Time-dependent taphonomic site loss leads to spatial averaging: implications for archaeological cultures
Authors: Coco Emily , Iovita Radu
Published: June 2020

Archaeologists typically define cultural areas on the basis of similarities between the types of material culture present in sites. The similarity is assessed in order of discovery, with newer sites being evaluated against older ones. Despite evidence for time-dependent site loss due to taphonomy, little attention has been paid to how this impacts archaeological interpretations about the spatial extents of material culture similarity. This paper tests the hypothesis that spatially incomplete datasets result in detection of larger regions of similarity. To avoid assumptions of cultural processes, we apply subsampling algorithms to a naturally occurring, spatially distributed dataset of soil types. We show that there is a negative relationship between the percentage of points used to evaluate similarity across space and the absolute distances to the first minimum in similarity for soil classifications at multiple spatial scales. This negative relationship indicates that incomplete spatial datasets lead to an overestimation of the area over which things are similar. Moreover, the location of the point from which the calculation begins can determine the size of the region of similarity. This has important implications for how we interpret the spatial extent of similarity in material culture over large distances in prehistory.
Place-Based Campaigning: The Political Impact of Real Grassroots Mobilization
Authors: Bischof Daniel , Kurer Thomas
Published: June 2020

Generations of research have incrementally identified the circumstances under which electoral campaigns matter. Direct, interpersonal contact within local networks is commonly seen as conducive to campaign impact but empirical evidence is scarce due to demanding data requirements. We advance the literature by studying the Movimento Cinque Stelle, an important challenger party in Italy, which followed the unusual practice of coordinating all political activities on a public online platform. We webscraped the entire event history of the Movement's more than 1,000 local branches with over 200,000 geocoded political activities to study the effect and mechanisms of their campaign against the 2016 constitutional referendum -- a watershed moment in Italian politics. Relying on regression, matching, and instrumental variable models, we demonstrate substantial campaign effects. Our results indicate that social networks amplify the effectiveness of a campaign while highlighting both the continued relevance and the particular potency of place-based political mobilization.
Political and Social Correlates of Covid-19 Mortality
Authors: Bosancianu Constantin Manuel , Hilbig Hanno , Humphreys Macartan , KC Sampada , Lieber Nils , Scacco Alexandra
Published: June 2020

What political and social features of states help explain the distribution of reported Covid-19 deaths? We survey existing works on (1) state capacity, (2) political institutions, (3) political priorities, and (4) social structures to identify national-level political and social characteristics that may help explain variation in the ability of societies to limit Covid-19 mortality. Accounting for a simple set of Lasso-chosen controls, we find that measures of interpersonal and institutional trust are persistently associated with reported Covid-19 deaths in theory-consistent directions. Beyond this, however, patterns are poorly predicted by existing theories, and by arguments in the popular press focused on populist governments, women-led governments, and pandemic preparedness. Expert predictions of mortality patterns associated with state capacity, democracy, and inequality, do no better than chance. Overall, our analysis highlights the challenges our discipline's theories face in accounting for political responses to unanticipated, society-wide crises.
Refusing (Mis)Recognition: Navigating Multiple Marginalization in the U.S. Two Spirit Movement
Authors: Davis Jenny L.
Published: June 2020

I focus on the discursive strategies within Two Spirit events and groups that center the definition of ‘Two Spirit’ first and foremost as an Indigenous identity by using both unifying/mass terms (Native American, glbtiq) and culturally & community specific terms (specific tribe names, Two Spirit). Rather than selecting a “right” term, such conversations highlight the constant, simultaneous positionings negotiated by Two Spirit people in their daily lives, and the tensions between recognizability and accuracy; communality and specificity; indigeneity and settler culture; and the burden multiply marginalized people carry in negotiating between all of those metaphorical and literal spaces. Drawing on Simpson’s (2014) concept of the politics of refusal, I demonstrate how Two Spirit individuals utilize available categories of identity, not as either/or binaries but rather as overlapping concepts— differentiated along micro- and macro- scales— to refuse attempts to both reduce the Two Spirit identity to one that is based either in gender or sexuality, and the appropriation of the identity and movement by non-Indigenous individuals and groups within broader national and global queer movements.
Masthead and Table of Contents
Authors: Editors RIAS
Published: June 2020

The masthead and the table of contents of RIAS Vol. 12, Spring–Summer № 1 /2019.
A Note from the New Book Review Editor
Authors: Della Marca Manlio
Published: June 2020

Starting with this issue, our journal will include a completely redesigned Book Review Section, featuring three to five high-quality reviews by leading and emerging scholars from around the world. As for the selection of the books to be reviewed, even though I am a literary scholar, it is my intention as Review Editor to consider books that engage with the U.S. and the Americas as a hemispheric and global phenomenon from a wide range of perspectives and disciplines, including anthropology, art history, and media studies.
Knights Across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland by Steven Parfitt
Authors: Tóth György
Published: June 2020

György Tóth's review of Steven Parfitt's Knights Across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland. Studies in Labour History, 7. LiverpoolUniversity Press, 2016.
Soil management and environmental sustainability of crop-livestock systems
Authors: García Préchac Fernando
Published: June 2020

Uruguay experienced an expansion of the cropped area in the last decades motivated by market conditions: price of grains, differences in the relative land value, and regional tax policies. This change affected the crop-livestock production system, mainly in soil quality and system sustainability. The available information on soil erosion and organic carbon content (soc) allowed to validate the models usle/rusle and century, which demonstrated the advantages of crop-pasture rotations compared to continuous cropping. No-till represented an outstanding advance, by reducing mechanical tillage. The drop in soil organic carbon was correlated with a productivity decrease, mainly due to the lower availability of nutrients and limitations in the physical properties of the soil. The Global Soil Alliance of fao highlights the three most important threats on sustainable soil management: erosion, loss of organic carbon, and nutrient imbalance. The main public policy in Uruguay is the application of the Law of Soil and Surface Water Conservation. The principal measure is that cropping cannot present erosion estimates above the official tolerance for the dominant soil used. It became mandatory in 2013, and currently, 96% of the obliged area has complied with the presentation of the plans, covering 1.6 Mha. In 2018, a proposal for the Environmental Plan for Sustainable Development based on agroecology elements was generated from the Environmental Ministerial Office. Crop-pasture rotations include varied plant and animal production, and comply with most agroecology elements, minimizing erosion and maintaining or recovering soc.