bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid sexual and genomic isolation in sympatricDrosophilawithout reproductive character displacement
Authors: Yukilevich Roman , Maroja Luana S. , Nguyen Kim , Hussain Syed , Kumaran Preethi
Published: February 2018

The rapid evolution of sexual isolation in sympatry has long been associated with reinforcement (i.e., selection to avoid maladaptive hybridization). However, there are many species pairs in sympatry that have evolved rapid sexual isolation without known costs to hybridization. A major unresolved question is what evolutionary processes are involved in driving rapid speciation in such cases. Here, we focus on one such system; theDrosophila athabascaspecies complex, which is composed of three partially sympatric and interfertile semispecies:WN,EA, andEB. To study speciation in this species complex, we assayed sexual and genomic isolation within and between these semispecies in both sympatric and allopatric populations. First, we found no evidence of reproductive character displacement (RCD) in sympatric zones compared to distant allopatry. Instead, semispecies were virtually completely sexually isolated from each other across their entire ranges. Moreover, using spatial approaches and coalescent demographic simulations, we detected either zero or only weak heterospecific gene flow in sympatry. In contrast, within each semispecies we found only random mating and little population genetic structure, except between highly geographically distant populations. Finally, we determined that speciation in this system is at least an order of magnitude older than previously assumed, withWNdiverging first, around 200K years ago, andEAandEBdiverging 100K years ago. In total, these results suggest that these semispecies should be given full species status and we adopt new nomenclature:WN—D. athabasca,EA—D. mahican, andEB—D. lenape. While the lack ofRCDin sympatry and interfertility do not support reinforcement, we discuss what additional evidence is needed to further decipher the mechanisms that caused rapid speciation in this species complex.
Heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum
Authors: Lund Lars H. , Claggett Brian , Liu Jiankang , Lam Carolyn S. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Rosano Giuseppe M. , Swedberg Karl , Yusuf Salim , Granger Christopher B. , Pfeffer Marc A. , McMurray John J.V. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: February 2018

Aims

We tested the hypothesis that candesartan improves outcomes in heart failure (HF) with mid‐range ejection fraction [HFmrEF; ejection fraction (EF) 40–49%].

Methods and results

In 7598 patients enrolled in the CHARM Programme (HF across the spectrum of EF), we assessed characteristics, outcomes and treatment effect of candesartan according to EF. Patients with HFmrEF (n = 1322, 17%) were similar to those with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF; n = 4323, 57%) with respect to some characteristics, and intermediate between HFrEF and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF; n = 1953, 26%) with respect to others. Over a mean follow‐up of 2.9 years, the incidence rates for the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization were 15.9, 8.5 and 8.9 per 100 patient‐years in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF. In adjusted analyses, the rates of the primary outcome declined with increasing EF up to 50%. For treatment effect, the incidence rates for the primary outcome for candesartan vs. placebo were 14.4 vs. 17.5 per 100 patient‐years in HFrEF [hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–0.91; P < 0.001], 7.4 vs. 9.7 per 100 patient‐years in HFmrEF (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.96; P = 0.02), and 8.6 vs. 9.1 per 100 patient‐years in HFpEF (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79–1.14; P = 0.57). For recurrent HF hospitalization, the incidence rate ratios were 0.68 in HFrEF (95% CI 0.58–0.80; P < 0.001), 0.48 in HFmrEF (95% CI 0.33–0.70; P < 0.001), and 0.78 in HFpEF (95% CI 0.59–1.03; P = 0.08). With EF as a continuous spline variable, candesartan significantly reduced the primary outcome until EF well over 50% and recurrent HF hospitalizations until EF well over 60%.

Conclusion

Candesartan improved outcomes in HFmrEF to a similar degree as in HFrEF.

ClinicalTrials.gov: CHARM Alternative NCT00634400, CHARM Added NCT00634309, CHARM Preserved NCT00634712
Increased blood lactate is prevalent and identifies poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure without overt peripheral hypoperfusion
Authors: Zymliński Robert , Biegus Jan , Sokolski Mateusz , Siwołowski Paweł , Nawrocka‐Millward Sylwia , Todd John , Jankowska Ewa A. , Banasiak Waldemar , Cotter Gad , Cleland John G. , Ponikowski Piotr
Published: February 2018

Aims

Lactate is produced by anaerobic metabolism and may reflect inadequate tissue perfusion in conditions such as acute heart failure (AHF). We evaluated the prevalence and clinical significance of elevated blood lactate on admission in patients with AHF.

Methods and results

We enrolled 237 patients with AHF (mean age 67 ± 12 years; 70% men) presenting without overt clinical evidence of peripheral hypoperfusion (‘warm haemodynamic profile’). Median (upper and lower quartiles) blood lactate on admission was 1.8 (1.5; 2.4) mmol/L; 103 (43%) patients had an elevated blood lactate (≥2 mmol/L). Patients with an elevated lactate had higher blood high‐sensitivity troponin I [15.4 (8.5; 26.1) vs. 9.9 (4.3; 19.6) pg/mL], aspartate aminotransferase [28 (20; 44) vs 24 (19; 36) IU/L] and endothelin‐1 (12.1 ± 6.2 vs. 9.3 ± 3.9 pg/mL) (all P < 0.05). In this group plasma concentration of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin increased during the first 48 h, whereas values fell for those with normal baseline lactate [1.9 (–3.2; 9.7) vs. –1.3 (–13.9; 5.6) μg/dL; P < 0.05). One‐year mortality was higher amongst patients with an elevated blood lactate (36% vs. 21%; P < 0.05). After adjustment for other well‐established prognostic variables, blood lactate on admission predicted poor outcome (hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.41; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

An elevated blood lactate on admission is common in AHF patients without overt clinical evidence of peripheral hypoperfusion and is associated with markers of organ dysfunction/damage and a worse prognosis.
1,2‐Addition of Diethylzinc to a Bis(Imidazolyl)ketone Ligand
Authors: Folkertsma Emma , Benthem Sanne H. , Jastrzebski Johann T. B. H. , Lutz Martin , Moret Marc‐Etienne , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M.
Published: February 2018

In this study, the selective 1,2‐addition of diethylzinc to the ketone functionality of BMdiPhIK [bis(1‐methyl‐4,5‐diphenylimidazolyl)ketone] is shown. The reaction product is isolated in a dimeric form with a planar Zn2(µ‐O)2‐motif keeping the two monomers together. This compound can serve as a model for reactive intermediates in the catalytic alkylation of ketones with diorganozinc reagents. Hydrolysis of this binuclear zinc compound leads to isolation of the C‐alkylated product in 89 % yield. A reaction pathway is proposed in which BMdiPhIK initially coordinates to diethylzinc as a bidentate bis(nitrogen) ligand. This is followed by the homolytic cleavage of the Zn–Et bond and in‐cage recombination of the Et‐radical and the Zn‐coordinated ligand‐centered radical, which is mainly localized on the carbonyl moiety of the ligand.
Catalytic H2 Evolution with CoO, Co(OH)2 and CoO(OH) Nanoparticles Generated from a Molecular Polynuclear Co Complex
Authors: Gil‐Sepulcre Marcos , Gimbert‐Suriñach Carolina , Aguilà David , Velasco Verónica , García‐Antón Jordi , Llobet Antoni , Aromí Guillem , Bofill Roger , Sala Xavier
Published: February 2018

Electrochemical water reduction by employing first‐row transition‐metal nanoparticles (NPs) constitutes a sustainable way for the generation of H2. We have synthesized Co‐based NPs from a molecular CoII/CoIII precursor after its reductive decomposition at –1.86 V versus NHE in different organic solvents. These NPs are able to electrochemically reduce water at pH 14. SEM, EDX and XPS analyses have allowed the determination of the chemical nature of the as‐deposited NPs: CoO when using MeCN as the solvent and CoO(OH) when employing either dichloromethane (DCM) or MeOH. After 2 h of constant polarization at 10 mA cm–2, the electrocatalytic activity of the NPs obtained in MeCN and DCM decreases, whereas it increases for those obtained in MeOH. In this solvent, the overpotential is reduced by 215–220 mV and the specific current density is tripled. Interestingly, during this activation process in MeOH, the precursor CoO(OH) NPs are converted into Co(OH)2. The implications of these results in the context of the current research in the field are also discussed.
Design of Electroactive Carbon Fibers Decorated with Metal and Metal‐Phosphide Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Evolution Technology
Authors: Streckova Magdalena , Orinakova Renata , Mudra Erika , Dankova Zuzana , Sabalova Maria , Girman Vladimir , Kovalcikova Alexandra , Hovancova Jana , Heckova Maria , Kalavsky Frantisek , Dusza Jan
Published: February 2018

The preparation of noble‐metal‐free electrode materials that enable the effective and economically viable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is proposed by using a needle‐less electrospinning method. Three transition metals (Ni, Co, Cu) capable of creation metal phosphides were stably incorporated into the carbon fibrous matrix. The electrode materials were prepared from low‐cost chemical reagents such as polyacrylonitrile, metal chlorides, and phosphoric acid. The embedded metal phosphides fundamentally influence the composition, microstructure, and porosity as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The possible mechanisms for the formation and localization of nanoparticles were suggested. Linear sweep voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, time of flight (TOF) calculation, and Tafel slope measurements in an acidic environment revealed that the highest electrocatalytic activity for HER was achieved in the carbon fibers decorated either with the cobalt/cobalt phosphide or copper/copper phosphide nanoparticles under heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Barriers to treatment adherence for individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of the literature
Authors: Liu Yisi , Birch Stephen , Newbold K. Bruce , Essue Beverley M.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

We investigated the rates of initiation and completion of treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI), factors explaining nonadherence and interventions to improve treatment adherence in countries with low TB incidence.

Design

A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted.

Results

There were 54 studies included in this review. The proportion of people initiating treatment varied from 24% to 98% and the proportion of people completing treatment varied from 19% to 90%. The main barriers to adherence included the fear or experience of adverse effects, long duration of treatment, financial barriers, lack of transport to clinics (for patients), and insufficient resources for LTBI control. While interventions like peer counseling, incentives, and culturally specific case management have been used to improve adherence, the proportion of people who initiate and complete LTBI treatment still remains low.

Conclusion

To further improve treatment and LTBI control and to fulfill the World Health Organization goal of eliminating TB in low‐incidence countries, greater priority should be given to the use of treatment regimens involving shorter durations and fewer adverse effects, like the 3‐month regimen of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid, supported by innovative patient education and incentive strategies.
In vitro photoacoustic spectroscopy of pulsatile blood flow: Probing the interrelationship between red blood cell aggregation and oxygen saturation
Authors: Bok Tae‐Hoon , Hysi Eno , Kolios Michael C.
Published: February 2018

We investigate the optical wavelength dependence in quantitative photoacoustic (QPA) assessment of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and oxygen saturation (sO2) during pulsatile blood flow. Experimentally, the pulsatile flow was imaged with a 700 to 900 nm laser using the VevoLAZR. Theoretically, the photoacoustic (PA) signals were computed based on a Green's function integrated with a Monte Carlo simulation of radiant fluence. The pulsatile flow created periodic conditions of RBC aggregation/nonaggregation, altering the aggregate size, and, in turn, the sO2. The dynamic range, DR (a metric of change in PA power) from 700 to 900 nm for nonaggregated RBCs, was 5 dB for both experiment and theory. A significant difference in the DR for aggregated RBCs was 1.5 dB between experiment and theory. Comparing the DR at different wavelengths, the DR from nonaggregated to aggregated RBCs at 700 nm was significantly smaller than that at 900 nm for both experiment (4.0 dB < 7.1 dB) and theory (5.3 dB < 9.0 dB). These results demonstrate that RBC aggregation simultaneously affects the absorber size and the absorption coefficient in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of pulsatile blood flow. This investigation elucidates how QPA spectroscopy can be used for probing hemodynamics and oxygen transport by PAI of blood flow.
Remodeling of dermal collagen in photoaged skin using low‐dose 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy occurs via the transforming growth factor‐β pathway
Authors: Wang Peiru , Han Jiatong , Wei Minglei , Xu Yuting , Zhang Guolong , Zhang Haiyan , Shi Lei , Liu Xiaojing , Hamblin Michael R , Wang Xiuli
Published: February 2018

5‐Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) is known to be effective in the treatment of photoaged skin. However, the molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is primarily located in the epidermis while ALA‐PDT affects the dermal collagen, presumably by an indirect mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the molecular communication in low‐dose ALA‐PDT occurring between epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to evaluate collagen expression and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling in human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. The impact on fibroblast proliferation was assessed by morphology and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunofluorescence. Skin biopsies from mice were used to analyze the histological changes in dermal collagen and PpIX distribution. When fibroblasts were cocultured with keratinocytes treated with low‐dose ALA‐PDT, collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation were enhanced. Low‐dose ALA‐PDT stimulated TGF‐β1 expression in keratinocytes. Fibroblasts cocultured with low‐dose ALA‐PDT‐treated keratinocytes also showed activation of the TGF‐β pathway. In vivo, PpIX fluorescence was densely distributed in photoaged mouse epidermis while collagen in the mouse dermis underwent remodeling. This study suggests that low‐dose ALA‐PDT can stimulate keratinocytes to release TGF‐β1, activating the TGF‐β pathway in dermal fibroblasts to remodel collagen in the dermis.
Preparation of diclofenac‐imprinted polymer beads for selective molecular separation in water
Authors: Zhou Tongchang , Kamra Tripta , Ye Lei
Published: February 2018

Molecular imprinting technique is an attractive strategy to prepare materials for target recognition and rapid separation. In this work, a new type of diclofenac (DFC)–imprinted polymer beads was synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization using 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate as the functional monomer. The selectivity and capacity of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were investigated in aqueous solution. Equilibrium binding results show that the MIPs have a high selectivity to bind DFC in a wide range of pH values. Moreover, in liquid chromatography experiment, the imprinted polymer beads were packed into column to investigate the binding selectivity under nonequilibrium conditions. The retention time of DFC on the MIP column is significantly longer than its structural analogues. Also, retention of DFC on the MIP column was significantly longer than on the nonimprinted polymer column under aqueous condition. As the new MIP beads can be used to achieve direct separation of DFC from water, the synthetic method and the affinity beads developed in this work opened new possibilities for removing toxic chemicals from environmental and drinking water.
The role of menopause on the relationship between metabolic risk factors and periodontal disease via salivary oxidative parameters
Authors: Kemer Doğan Esra Sinem , Kırzıoğlu Fatma Yeşim , Doğan Burak , Fentoğlu Özlem , Kale Banu , Çarsancaklı Süleyman Akif , Orhan Hikmet
Published: February 2018

Background

Periodontal disease is shown to be aggravated by an increase in the count of metabolic risk factors. This study aims to evaluate the effects of metabolic risk factors on periodontal parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers related to menopausal status.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐six women were categorized according to menopausal status, either premenopause (Pre/M) (n = 86) or postmenopause (Post/M) (n = 90). The count of metabolic risk factors was evaluated. Sociodemographics and systemic status were determined via questionnaire and medical records. After clinical periodontal measurements and saliva collection, myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and automatic colorimetric method. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated.

Results

The count of metabolic risk factors was higher in the Post/M group than the Pre/M group. Periodontal parameters and TOS levels were elevated by an increase in the count of metabolic risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that periodontal (clinical attachment level and missed teeth) and oxidative (MPO and OSI) parameters increased and TAOC levels decreased due to menopause. Additionally, positive relationships between periodontal and oxidative parameters were determined.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that salivary oxidative stress level may be an indicator of worsened periodontal status related to menopause and the count of metabolic risk factors.
Influence of substrate on molecular order for self‐assembled adlayers of CoPc and FePc
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Naumenko Denys , Cozzarini Luca , Barba Luisa , Cassetta Alberto , Pedio Maddalena
Published: February 2018

Self‐assembled metal phthalocyanine thin films are receiving considerable interest due to their potential technological applications. In this study, we present a comprehensive study of CoPc and FePc thin films of about 50 nm thickness on technologically relevant substrates such as SiOx/Si, indium tin oxide (ITO) and polycrystalline gold in order to investigate the substrate induced effects on molecular stacking and crystal structure. Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals lower intensity for the vibrational bands corresponding to phthalocyanine macrocycle for the CoPc and FePc thin films grown on ITO as compared to SiOx/Si due to the higher order of phthalocyanine molecules on SiOx/Si. Atomic force microscopy analysis displays higher grain size for FePc and CoPc thin films on ITO as compared to SiOx/Si and polycrystalline gold indicating towards the influence of molecule–substrate interactions on the molecular stacking. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction reciprocal space maps reveal that FePc and CoPc molecules adopt a combination of herringbone and brickstone arrangement on SiOx/Si and polycrystalline gold substrate, which can have significant implications on the optoelectronic properties of the films due to unique molecular stacking.
Berries grown in Brazil: anthocyanin profiles and biological properties
Authors: Chaves Vitor C , Boff Laurita , Vizzotto Márcia , Calvete Eunice , Reginatto Flávio H , Simões Cláudia MO
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Phytochemical profiles of two Brazilian native fruits – pitanga (red and purple) and araçá (yellow and red) – as well as strawberry cultivars Albion, Aromas and Camarosa, blackberry cultivar Tupy and blueberry cultivar Bluegen cultivated in Brazil were characterized for total phenolic content and total anthocyanin content by liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array and a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Radical scavenging, antiherpes and cytotoxic activities of these berry extracts were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Blueberry presented the highest total anthocyanin content (1202 mg cyanidin‐O‐glucoside equivalents kg−1 fresh fruit), while strawberry cultivar Aromas presented the highest total phenolic content (13 550 mg gallic acid equivalents kg−1 fresh fruit). Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis resulted in the identification of 21 anthocyanins. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of cyanidin‐O‐glucoside in yellow and red Araçá fruit and the first time eight anthocyanins have been reported in pitanga fruits. DPPH and ABTS assays showed that blueberry cultivar Bluegen, blackberry cultivar Tupy and pitanga (red and purple) showed the most promising antiradical activities, respectively. No relevant cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines or antiherpes activity was detected under the experimental conditions tested.

CONCLUSION

Total anthocyanin content of all fruits had a strong positive correlation with their free radical scavenging activity, suggesting anthocyanins contribute to the antioxidant potential of these fruits. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Communicating risks to infrastructure due to soil erosion: A bottom‐up approach
Authors: Hewett Caspar J. M. , Simpson Carolyn , Wainwright John , Hudson Steve
Published: February 2018

Soil erosion is a major problem worldwide, affecting natural, agricultural, and urban environments through its impact on flood risk, water quality, loss of topsoil, eutrophication of water bodies, sedimentation of waterways, and damage to infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and utility supply networks. Thus, there is a need to identify risks to infrastructure associated with erosion and interventions needed to reduce those risks. Further, inclusive ways of communicating about mitigation strategies with stakeholders such as farmers, land managers, and policymakers are essential if interventions are to be implemented. Applying the Decision‐Support Matrix approach, which combines hydrologic and geomorphic principles with participatory action research, a tool for Communicating and Visualising Erosion‐associated Risks to Infrastructure (CAVERTI) was developed in collaboration with a variety of stakeholders including farmers, private landowners, asset owners, and environmental organisations, focusing on a case‐study area in northern England. The CAVERTI tool synthesises process understanding gained from modelling with knowledge and experience of stakeholders to address the sediment transport problem. Tool development was collaborative, ensuring that the problems and solutions presented are easily recognised by practitioners and decision‐makers. The tool helps to assess, manage, and improve understanding of risk from a multistakeholder perspective and presents mitigation options. We argue that visualisation and communication tools codeveloped by researchers and stakeholders are the best means of influencing decision‐makers to invest in mitigation. The CAVERTI tool is designed to encourage farmers, land, and asset owners to act to reduce erosion, providing multiple benefits from protecting local infrastructure to reducing pollution of waterways.
Directional Optical Travelling Wave Antenna Based on Surface Plasmon Transmission Line
Authors: Ding Yinxing , Song Xiaokang , Jiang Ping , Jiao Rongzhen , Wang Lulu , Yu Li , Zhang Jiasen
Published: February 2018

Highly‐directional optical travelling wave antennas based on Ag nanowires are created, whose half‐power beamwidth is achieved as small as 20°. The radiation direction can be effectively adjusted over a range of up to 45.6° by changing the feeding surface plasmon modes, and they have an ultra‐broad bandwidth due to their nonresonant characteristic. A theoretical model based on mode coupling theory is constructed that can give a full description of the radiation properties, such as the radiation pattern, beam solid angle, radiation efficiency, and working bandwidth. The optical travelling wave antennas are easy to fabricate, control, and integrate with optical transmission lines; thus, they should have great potential applications in nanophotonic devices.
Stochastic attractor bifurcation for the two‐dimensional Swift‐Hohenberg equation
Authors: Li Limei , Hernandez Marco , Ong Kiah Wah
Published: February 2018

The main objectives of this article are to introduce stochastic parameterizing manifolds and to study the dynamical transitions of the two‐dimensional stochastic Swift‐Hohenberg equation. The study is based on the general framework developed by Chekroun, Liu and Wang. The detailed effect of the noise on the transition and on the stochastic low‐dimensional parameterization of the system is obtained.
Nonlinear diffusion equations as asymptotic limits of Cahn‐Hilliard systems on unbounded domains via Cauchy's criterion
Authors: Fukao Takeshi , Kurima Shunsuke , Yokota Tomomi
Published: February 2018

This paper develops an abstract theory for subdifferential operators to give existence and uniqueness of solutions to the initial‐boundary problem for the nonlinear diffusion equation in an unbounded domain
(
), written as

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4760:mma4760-math-0003
which represents the porous media, the fast diffusion equations, etc, where β is a single‐valued maximal monotone function on
, and T>0. In Kurima and Yokota (J Differential Equations 2017; 263:2024‐2050 and Adv Math Sci Appl 2017; 26:221‐242) existence and uniqueness of solutions for were directly proved under a growth condition for β even though the Stefan problem was excluded from examples of . This paper completely removes the growth condition for β by confirming Cauchy's criterion for solutions of the following approximate problem ε with approximate parameter ε>0:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4760:mma4760-math-0005
which is called the Cahn‐Hilliard system, even if
(
) is an unbounded domain. Moreover, it can be seen that the Stefan problem excluded from Kurima and Yokota (J Differential Equations 2017; 263:2024‐2050 and Adv Math Sci Appl 2017; 26:221‐242) is covered in the framework of this paper.
Spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation therapy using proton pencil beam scanning (PBS): Feasibility study and clinical implementation
Authors: Gao M. , Mohiuddin M. M. , Hartsell W. F. , Pankuch M.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

GRID therapy is an effective treatment for bulky tumors. Linear accelerator (Linac)‐produced photon beams collimated through blocks or multileaf collimators (MLCs) are the most common methods used to deliver this therapy. Utilizing the newest proton delivery method of pencil beam scanning (PBS) can further improve the efficacy of GRID therapy. In this study, we developed a method of delivering GRID therapy using proton PBS, evaluated the dosimetry of this novel technique and applied this method in two clinical cases.

Materials/Methods

In the feasibility study phase, a single PBS proton beam was optimized to heterogeneously irradiate a shallow 20 × 20 × 12 cm3 target volume centered at a 6 cm depth in a water phantom. The beam was constrained to have an identical spot pattern in all layers, creating a “beamlet” at each spot position. Another GRID treatment using PBS was also performed on a deep 15 × 15 × 8 cm3 target volume centered at a 14 cm depth in a water phantom. Dosimetric parameters of both PBS dose distributions were compared with typical photon GRID dose distributions. In the next phase, four patients have been treated at our center with this proton GRID technique. The planning, dosimetry, and measurements for two representative patients are reported.

Results

For the shallow phantom target, the depth–dose curve of the PBS plan was uniform within the target (variation < 5%) and dropped quickly beyond the target (50% at 12.9 cm and 0.5% at 14 cm). The lateral profiles of the PBS plan were comparable to those of photon GRID in terms of valley‐to‐peak ratios. For the deep phantom target, the PBS plan provided smaller valley‐to‐peak ratios than the photon GRID technique. Pretreatment dose verification QA showed close agreement between the measurements and the plan (pass rate > 95% with a gamma index criterion of 3%/3 mm). Patients tolerated the treatment well without significant skin toxicity (radiation dermatitis grade ≤ 1).

Conclusions

Proton GRID therapy using a PBS delivery method was successfully developed and implemented clinically. Proton GRID therapy offers many advantages over photon GRID techniques. The use of protons provides a more uniform beamlet dose within the tumor and spares normal tissues located beyond the tumor. This new PBS method will also reduce the dose to proximal organs when treating a deep‐seated tumor.
Early‐Stage Incorporation Strategy for Regioselective Labeling of Peptides using the 2‐Cyanobenzothiazole/ 1,2‐Aminothiol Bioorthogonal Click Reaction
Authors: Chen Kuo‐Ting , Ieritano Christian , Seimbille Yann
Published: February 2018

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Dr. Yann Seimbille at the Life Sciences Division at TRIUMF (Canada). The cover picture shows how a simple and innovative methodology based on the bioorthogonal click reaction between 2‐cyanobenzothiazole and 1,2‐aminothiol has been elaborated to facilitate the labeling of peptide biovectors. Read the full text of their Communication at 10.1002/open.201700191.
Molecular analysis of PALB2‐associated breast cancers
Authors: Lee Jue Er Amanda , Li Na , Rowley Simone M , Cheasley Dane , Zethoven Magnus , McInerny Simone , Gorringe Kylie L , James Paul A , Campbell Ian G
Published: February 2018

PALB2 is established as the most clinically important moderate to high penetrance breast cancer predisposition gene after BRCA1 and BRCA2. Mutations in classical familial cancer predisposition genes are presumed to be recessive at the cellular level and therefore a second inactivating somatic mutation is required in the tumour tissue. However, from the limited data that exist, PALB2 may be an example of a cancer predisposition gene that does not conform to Knudson's ‘two hit’ paradigm. We conducted genome‐wide copy number analysis and targeted sequencing of PALB2 and other breast cancer driver genes in 15 invasive breast cancers from individuals carrying pathogenic germline mutations in PALB2. The majority of cancers showed clear evidence of bi‐allelic inactivation of PALB2 (10/15) either as loss of heterozygosity involving the wild‐type allele (six tumours) or as somatic point mutations (four tumours). All PALB2‐null cancers had high homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores consistent with a homologous recombination repair deficiency. Interestingly, all but one of the PALB2 heterozygous cancers also had high HRD scores, suggesting that alternative mechanisms of PALB2 functional loss might be operating in these cancers. Our findings demonstrate that PALB2 does undergo bi‐allelic inactivation in the majority of breast cancers from PALB2 germline mutation carriers. This feature has implications for the discovery of new moderate to high penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes as it supports using the existence of a ‘second hit’ and mutation signatures as important search criteria. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term side effects and patient‐reported outcomes of bleomycin sclerotherapy in vascular malformations
Authors: Mack Joana M. , Richter Gresham T. , Becton David , Salem Omar , Hill Sarah E. M. , Crary Shelley E.
Published: February 2018

Background

Vascular malformations (VM) are congenital lesions that can be debilitating and cause significant aesthetic and functional limitations. The chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin has been utilized as a sclerosant, directly injected percutaneously into the VM. Unfortunately, little is known about the benefits and short‐term side effects of bleomycin with intralesional injections.

Procedure

An IRB approved, retrospective chart review was performed on patients with VM who had been treated with intralesional bleomycin. Data included type of VM, number of treatments, total bleomycin dose per m², and adverse effects. A questionnaire was administered to available patients to assess subjective outcomes and side effects.

Results

Forty‐six patients were treated with 141 procedures of bleomycin sclerotherapy for VM. Patient ages ranged from 1 to 20 years (median age 10 years). The median cumulative bleomycin dose was 16.3 units/m²/person (range of 1.7–97.0 units/m²/person). Sixty‐three percent of patients were reached for a questionnaire to assess short‐term side effects. Ninety percent of patients surveyed were satisfied to very satisfied with the results from the procedure. About 24% of patients experienced transient nausea, vomiting and/or local hyperpigmentation.

Conclusion

Bleomycin sclerotherapy can be an effective treatment of VM with repeat exposure with minor risk of short‐term side effects, however, long‐term risks are of great concern. Further studies are required to assess systemic absorption and long‐term risks.
The structural invariance of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale across time and culture
Authors: Li Zhi , Shi Hai‐Song , Elis Ori , Yang Zhuo‐Ya , Wang Ya , Lui Simon S. Y. , Cheung Eric F. C. , Kring Ann M. , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: February 2018

The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) is a self‐report instrument that assesses pleasure experience. Initial scale development and validation in the United States yielded a two‐factor solution comprising anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. However, a four‐factor model that further parsed anticipatory and consummatory pleasure experience into abstract and contextual components was a better model fit in China. In this study, we tested both models using confirmatory factor analysis in an American and a Chinese sample and examined the configural measurement invariance of both models across culture. We also examined the temporal stability of the four‐factor model in the Chinese sample. The results indicated that the four‐factor model of the TEPS was a better fit than the two‐factor model in the Chinese sample. In contrast, both models fit the American sample, which also included many Asian American participants. The four‐factor model fit both the Asian American and Chinese samples equally well. Finally, the four‐factor model demonstrated good measurement and structural invariance across culture and time, suggesting that this model may be applicable in both cross‐cultural and longitudinal studies.
A cross‐cultural study testing the universality of basic psychological needs theory across different academic subjects
Authors: Erturan‐İlker Gökçe , Quested Eleanor , Appleton Paul , Duda Joan L.
Published: February 2018

Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) suggests that autonomy‐supportive teachers can promote the satisfaction of students’ three basic psychological needs (i.e., the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and this is essential for optimal functioning and personal well‐being. The role of need satisfaction as a determinant of well‐being is understood to be invariant across contexts and cultures. The aim of this study is to test the invariance in the relationships between students’ perceptions of their teachers’ autonomy support and their psychological need satisfaction, enjoyment, concentration, and boredom across different school subjects (math, English, and physical education lessons) and across different cultures (England and Turkey). Questionnaires tapping the targeted variables in the three different lesson types were completed by students in schools in England and Turkey. Results from multilevel modeling analyses showed some support for the tenets of BPNT, albeit there were inconsistences among the strengths of the hypothesized relationships based on country and/or lesson type.
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Biaxial Strains on the Elastic and Electronic Properties of β‐Si3N4
Authors: Zhu Haiyan , Shi Liwei , Li Shuaiqi , Zhang Shaobo , Tang Tianliang , Xia Wangsuo
Published: February 2018

First principles calculations have been performed to investigate the effects of hydrostatic pressure and biaxial strains (ϵxx) on the electronic and elastic properties of β‐Si3N4. Both bulk modulus and Vickers hardness enhance (decrease) with pressure and compressive (tensile) ϵxx. The evolution of BH/GH ratio indicates that β‐Si3N4 has a better (worse) ductile behavior under pressure and compressive (tensile) ϵxx. The 3D plots of Young's modulus show huge difference in mechanical properties between [0001] direction and a‐b plane and the anisotropy becomes larger by using strain engineering. The sound velocities and Debye temperature are also discussed. The energy gap increases monotonically with pressure, however, strain‐induced changes in band gap are asymmetric and nonlinear. β‐Si3N4 undergoes an indirect to direct band gap transition at biaxial strain of 5%, while β‐Si3N4 is always an indirect band gap semiconductor under pressure and compressive strains.
A Facile Room Temperature Synthesis of Large Silver Nanoplates with Low Cytotoxicity
Authors: Shahzad Aasim , Chung Jiyong , Lee Tae‐Jin , Kim Yeong Hwan , Bhang Suk Ho , Kim Woo‐Sik , Yu Taekyung
Published: February 2018

In this work, a simple, fast, and room temperature aqueous‐phase route was developed to synthesize highly aniotropic silver (Ag) nanoplates with controllable sizes from 1 to 17 μm. Our simple synthetic protocol involves the direct reduction of polyethyleneimine (PEI) stabilized silver chloride (AgCl) nanoparticles with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of pyrrolidone in an aqueous‐phase at room temperature for short reaction time of 10 min. In the growth mechanism study, we found that the AgCl nanoparticles (seeds) were formed by the precipitation reaction of AgNO3 with NaCl in the presence of PEI at the early stage, and after the addition of H2O2, Ag+ in AgCl was reduced to Ag0, making small Ag nanoparticles. Then large Ag nanoplates were formed by attachment and fusion of the small Ag nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity of Ag nanoplates was tested with by human adipose derived stem cells. Ag nanoplates showed no cytotoxicity upto 50 μM/ml while 5 μM/ml of Ag nanoparticles treatment showed high cytotoxicity. Also Ag nanoplates treated cells showed reduced pro‐apoptotic gene expressions copampared to Ag nanoplates treatment. This modality may lead to further bio‐application based on Ag nanoplates.
Ethanol Organosolv Lignin Depolymerization with Hydrogen over a Pd/C Catalyst
Authors: Hakonen K. Johanna , González Escobedo J. Luis , Meriö‐Talvio Heidi , Hashmi Syed F. , Karinen Reetta S. , Lehtonen Juha
Published: February 2018

The effect of a 3% Pd/C catalyst on the depolymerization of the ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) was studied in ethanol at 300–400 °C and 10–50 bar H2 pressure. The EOL depolymerized to monoaromatic compounds, oligomers and larger lignin fragments in both catalytic and non‐catalytic experiments. In addition, char was formed simultaneously due to repolymerization. The commercial Pd/C catalyst influenced the content of the bio‐oil and gas fraction through the secondary reactions of the smaller product molecules. However, the EOL decomposition occurred mainly thermally and possibly autocatalytically due to the inert nature of the catalyst support. The effect of the catalyst on the monoaromatic product distribution was remarkable. With the catalyst, most of the identified products contained a saturated side chain produced by hydrogenation, whereas without the catalyst, the product distribution was wider, with a large portion of products exhibiting unsaturated and carbonyl side chains. Additionally, the monoaromatic compounds formed in the presence of the catalyst had longer side chains than the components formed in non‐catalytic experiments.
Pyridylazo Derivatives with Dicyanovinyl Appendage in Selective Sensing of CN− in Sol‐Gel Medium
Authors: Panja Atanu , Ghosh Kumaresh
Published: February 2018

Pyridyl azo‐based dicyanovinyl coupled chemosensors 1 and 2 have been designed and synthesized. While compound 1 with phenolic –OH is reluctant to form gel, the phenol ether 2, under identical conditions, forms gel in CH3CN. The morphology of the gel indicates closely packed globular microstructure. The rheological study corroborates the significant elastic character of the gel. The gel is thermo reversible and is converted to sol selectively in presence of CN− ions involving nucleophilic addition to the dicyano activated olefinic bond and validates the visual sensing of CN−. Such type of CN− sensing using supramolecular gelators, comprised of dicyano activated olefinic bond, is unknown in the literature although solution phase sensing of the same anion with the molecular receptors having dicyano substituted olefinic segment is quite explored. In addition to gel phase sensing, the gelator 2 selectively senses CN− ions in solution by exhibiting ‘turn on’ emission change with detection limit of 9.36 x 10−6 M.
Convenient Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐Fused Pyrazolopyridine Derivatives
Authors: Li Chunmei , Zhang Furen
Published: February 2018

Concise and efficient three‐component domino reaction for the synthesis of spirooxindole fused pyrazolopyridine derivatives has been established. This domino reaction is a green process and can be easily performed in water by using readily available substrates. The present strategy shows attractive characteristics, such as convenient one‐pot operation, inexpensive and reusable solid acid catalyst, without time‐consuming syntheses and avoiding tedious work‐up or purification procedure. A probable mechanism accounting for the reaction is proposed.
Monoclonal Cell Line Generation and CRISPR/Cas9 Manipulation via Single‐Cell Electroporation
Authors: Yang Ruiguo , Lemaître Vincent , Huang Changjin , Haddadi Abbas , McNaughton Rebecca , Espinosa Horacio D.
Published: February 2018

Stably transfected cell lines are widely used in drug discovery and biological research to produce recombinant proteins. Generation of these cell lines requires the isolation of multiple clones, using time‐consuming dilution methods, to evaluate the expression levels of the gene of interest. A new and efficient method is described for the generation of monoclonal cell lines, without the need for dilution cloning. In this new method, arrays of patterned cell colonies and single cell transfection are employed to deliver a plasmid coding for a reporter gene and conferring resistance to an antibiotic. Using a nanofountain probe electroporation system, probe positioning is achieved through a micromanipulator with sub‐micron resolution and resistance‐based feedback control. The array of patterned cell colonies allows for rapid selection of numerous stably transfected clonal cell lines located on the same culture well, conferring a significant advantage over slower and labor‐intensive traditional methods. In addition to plasmid integration, this methodology can be seamlessly combined with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, paving the way for advanced cell engineering.
Porous Carbon‐Hosted Atomically Dispersed Iron–Nitrogen Moiety as Enhanced Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a Wide Range of pH
Authors: Fu Shaofang , Zhu Chengzhou , Su Dong , Song Junhua , Yao Siyu , Feng Shuo , Engelhard Mark H. , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: February 2018

As one of the alternatives to replace precious metal catalysts, transition‐metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) electrocatalysts have attracted great research interest due to their low cost and good catalytic activities. Despite nanostructured M–N–C catalysts can achieve good electrochemical performances, they are vulnerable to aggregation and insufficient catalytic sites upon continuous catalytic reaction. In this work, metal–organic frameworks derived porous single‐atom electrocatalysts (SAEs) were successfully prepared by simple pyrolysis procedure without any further posttreatment. Combining the X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements, the SAEs have been identified with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability compared with Pt/C catalysts in alkaline condition. More impressively, the SAEs also show excellent ORR electrocatalytic performance in both acid and neutral media. This study of nonprecious catalysts provides new insights on nanoengineering catalytically active sites and porous structures for nonprecious metal ORR catalysis in a wide range of pH.
Intranasal Nanovaccine Confers Homo‐ and Hetero‐Subtypic Influenza Protection
Authors: Qi Mi , Zhang Xian‐En , Sun Xianxun , Zhang Xiaowei , Yao Yanfeng , Liu Siling , Chen Ze , Li Wei , Zhang Zhiping , Chen Jianjun , Cui Zongqiang
Published: February 2018

Cross‐protective and non‐invasively administered vaccines are attractive and highly desired for the control of influenza. Self‐assembling nanotechnology provides an opportunity for the development of vaccines with superior performance. In this study, an intranasal nanovaccine is developed targeting the conserved ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2(M2e). 3‐sequential repeats of M2e (3M2e) is presented on the self‐assembling recombinant human heavy chain ferritin (rHF) cage to form the 3M2e‐rHF nanoparticle. Intranasal vaccination with 3M2e‐rHF nanoparticles in the absence of an adjuvant induces robust immune responses, including high titers of sera M2e‐specific IgG antibodies, T‐cell immune responses, and mucosal secretory‐IgA antibodies in mice. The 3M2e‐rHF nanoparticles also confer complete protection against a lethal infection of homo‐subtypic H1N1 and hetero‐subtypic H9N2 virus. An analysis of the mechanism of protection underlying the intranasal immunization with the 3M2e‐rHF nanoparticle indicates that M2e‐specific mucosal secretory‐IgA and T‐cell immune responses may play critical roles in the prevention of infection. The results suggest that the 3M2e‐rHF nanoparticle is a promising, needle‐free, intranasally administered, cross‐protective influenza vaccine. The use of self‐assembling nanovaccines could be an ideal strategy for developing vaccines with characteristics such as high immunogenicity, cross‐protection, and convenient administration, as well as being economical and suitable for large‐scale production.
Seismic performance evaluation of tall, multitower reinforced concrete buildings with large bottom podiums
Authors: Zhou Ying , Chen Peng , Wang Chengyou , Zhang Lixun , Lu Liang
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the seismic performance of tall reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with a large podium at the bottom. The investigation includes two shaking table tests and numerical simulations. The first model (A model) is a multitower building, which consists of four super towers and a large podium. The second model (B model), with a single tower, is a part of the A model. The two models are confronted with the problem of exceeding the code limits for the floor stiffness ratio. This research conducts a seismic performance evaluation and response comparison of the two models. Based on the results of the experiment and simulation, these types of buildings can achieve favorable seismic performance by adopting concrete beams and columns with inner shape steel to strengthen the transfer floor, notwithstanding when the story lateral stiffness ratio at the transfer floor is outside of code limits. It is predicted that the prototype buildings will suffer slight damage under moderate earthquakes but will not collapse when subjected to major earthquakes. In addition, a seismic response comparison was conducted between the two models. The responses show similarities for some aspects, such as mode shapes and frequency reduction. Considering safety, it is suggested to establish and analyze both single and multitower models and to adopt the envelope value for the seismic design of these types of buildings.