bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluctuations in Populations of 3 Vorticella Species from an Activated‐Sludge Sewage Plant
Authors: REID ROSEMARY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. To evaluate Vorticella populations in an activated sludge sewage‐disposal plant as a) indicators and b) contributors to purification, population behavior in the plant was compared with behavior in clonaI cultures maintained with mixed sludge microflora. In a 12‐month survey of protozoa in the plant, of 37 spp recorded only 9—all ciliates—were indigenous. Ciliate populations fluctuated cyclically. Alternations in dominance of Vorticella convallaria (L.) with V. octava (Stokes) +V. aequitata (Kahl) apparently followed changes in bacterial activity as indicated by changes in reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids of the wastes. This correlation of Vorticella and bacterial activities was also investigated with clonal populations of the vorticellas and their accompanying mixed microflora—the bacteria being isolated together with the vorticellas from sludge samples. The mixed microflora which consistently supported healthy vorticellas was predominantly proteolytic. Varying periods of dominance in Vorticella species thus indicated activity of their supporting microflora. Log‐phase bacteria activity stimulated V. octava; stationary and declining phases stimulated V. convallaria. Thus, V. octava appeared predatory and V. convallaria appeared to require bacterial conditioning of the medium. Bacterial activity was stimulated by V. octava predation. Vorticella activity may thus promote purification.
The Fine Structure of the Macrogametocytes of Adelina tribolii Bhatia, 1937 (Eucoccidia, Telosporea) from the Fat Body of the Beetle Tribolium castaneum Hbst.
Authors: ẐIẐKA ZDENÊK
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Macrogametocytes of the coccidium Adelina tribolii Bhatia, 1937 are described from the time when they settle in the fat body of the host and form periparasitic vacuoles around them to the stage of microgametocyte occurrence and the beginning of syzygy formation.

The macrogametocyte is surrounded by a 2‐layered pellicle 50 mμ thick. Its continuity is interrupted by one or several micropores 40 mμ across and 86 mμ deep.

The cytoplasm of the parasite contains numerous vesicles and lamellae of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria of various sizes have short tubules. The macrogametocyte contains a variable number of dark bodies 1.4‐2.4 μ in diameter. It also contains several vacuoles up to 1.2 μ which are covered with a 3‐layered membrane and enclose a granular material.

In old macrogametocytes in syzygy multivesicular bodies develop which measure up to 2.4 by 1.6 μ. Several smaller vacuoles containing granular material are also a constituent of the electrondense basic substance of these corpuscles.

Paraglycogen granules 1.4 by 0.9 A occur in old macrogametocytes and are situated inside the vacuoles which are not bordered by a membrane. The numbers and size of these granules increase with the age of the parasite. The Golgi complex lies close to the nucleus.

The nucleus, 6‐8.5 μ in diameter, is in the center of the macrogametocyte and contains a large eccentric nucleolus. The nuclear membrane is 2‐layered and has many pores.
The Influence of Dexamethasone on Attempts to Transmit Eimeria meleagrimitis to Chickens and E. tenella to Turkeys
Authors: McLOUGHLIN D. K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria meleagrimitis completed development in chickens given daily intramuscular injections of dexamethasone, but not in chickens fed mash containing dexamethasone, or in unmedicated chickens.

Eimeria tenella did not develop in dexamethasone‐medicated turkeys, or in unmedicated turkeys.
Initiation of Encystment in the Mycetozoan Protostelium mycophaga
Authors: TAYLOR P. , KAHN A. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protostelium was cultured monoxenically with the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on either corn meal agar or in liquid corn meal medium. Nearly synchronous encystment was induced in amoebae by washing them free of yeast and incubating them in an encystment medium devised by Neff et al. (1964) for Acanthamoeba.

The extrinsic requirements for encystment were investigated by replacing various components of the encystment medium with other substances. The results indicate that encystment depends on a high concentration of inorganic monovalent cations and that it occurs best at a basic pH. The effect of the ions does not appear to be strictly osmotic.
The Effect of Colchicine on Regenerating Membranellar Cilia in Stentor coeruleus
Authors: NEVIACKAS JAMES A. , MARGULIS LYNN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stentors treated with toxic substances can be induced to shed their oral bands (19, Fig. 1), complex structures composed of many cilia organized into membranelles. Regenerating membranellar bands were observed in control stentors removed from toxic (urea‐containing) medium at about 3.5 hours. At 8 hours regenerated control organisms were indistinguishable from normal unshed stentors. Experimental animals replaced into colchicine medium were inhibited from regeneration at low, nontoxic concentrations of this mitotic spindle inhibitor. Upon removal of the colchicine and replacement of the shed animals into normal medium or normal medium to which GTP had been added, complete and normal regeneration of the membranellar band ensued. Our observations are consistent with many suggesting that colchicine acts by reversibly binding with a protein during processes involving microtubule formation. Colchicine inhibition of membranellar band formation further indicates that oral membranelles are specialized evolutionary homologs to other centriole (= basal body, = kinetosome) derivatives such as mitotic spindle fibers, cilia and flagella, axopods, etc. (structures containing the ubiquitous microtubules of eukaryotic cells).
Cytochemical Observations on Malic Dehydrogenase, Lipase, Nonspecific Esterase and Monoamine Oxidase in Chick Liver Cell Cultures Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis*
Authors: SHARMA N. N. , HONIGBERG B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In trypsin‐dispersed chick liver cell cultures malic dehydrogenase activity is localized in granules distributed thruout the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and macrophages. A progressive increase of the enzymic activity in all cell culture elements, except for phagocytes whose external or internal surfaces remain in direct contact with the parasites, accompanies infection of the cultures with a relatively pathogenic strain of Trichomonas vaginalis. In such phagocytes most staining for malic dehydrogenase is lost. Epithelial cells and parasite‐free macrophages in experimental cultures also have a diffuse cytoplasmic reaction. No lipase activity is present in fibroblasts, but epithelial cells and macrophages in chick liver cell cultures contain numerous reactive granules. A strong diffuse cytoplasmic reaction is found in the epithelial cells and a weaker one in the control phagocytes. In cultures infected with T. vaginalis the enzyme is lost progressively from the epithelium and from those macrophages which have engulfed the parasites or whose external surfaces are invested with the flagellates; however, no significant changes in lipase activity can be found in parasite‐free experimental phagocytes. In all cell types found in chick liver cultures, the reaction for nonspecific esterase is localized in cytoplasmic inclusions of varying size, some of which tend to accumulate along the cell membranes and around the nuclei. In addition, a weak diffuse cytoplasmic reaction is seen in the epithelial cells. Most cells in cultures infected with T. vaginalis have a significant increase in esterase activity, the exception being the macrophages which contain parasites within their cytoplasm or those with flagellates applied closely to their external surfaces. Only a few specifically stained granules are retained by such phagocytes. Monoamine oxidase activity is limited to fine granules dispersed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and macrophages of control cultures. Infection of chick liver cultures with T. vaginalis results in lowered enzyme activity in non‐phagocytic cells as well as in macrophages with engulfed flagellates and in those whose external surface are invested with the parasites. The number of reactive inclusions appears to increase in trichomonad‐free phagocytes of experimental cultures.
Annulment of Aziridine (Apholate)‐Induced Growth Inhibition in the Estuarine Flagellate Tetraselmis subcordiformis by Some Purines and Pyrimidines1,2
Authors: PRAGER J. C. , MAHONEY J. B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. At 850 ppm apholate [2,2,4,4,6,6‐hexakis (1‐aziridinyl)‐2,2,4,4,6,6‐hexahydro‐1,3,5,2,4,6‐triazatriphosphorine], an insect chemosterilant, reduced growth of the marine flagellate Tetraselmis subcordiformis by 50% in 21 days. Mean cell volume more sensitively indicated cellular response at low apholate concentrations than cell number or biomass. Two other aziridinyl chemosterilants tested were 12 and 120 X more toxic than apholate—values agreeing with those reported for some estuarine animals. Apholate acted directly upon the organisms rather than indirectly on the experimental medium since comparatively small molar additions of orotic acid, adenine, guanine, and thymine to apholate‐poisoned cultures annulled the growth inhibition. Determining the mode of action of aziridinyl chemosterilants by activity annulment is discussed.
Purification and Properties of Purified Hexokinase from the African Trypanosomes and Trypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: RISBY EDWARD L. , SEED JOHN RICHARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Hexokinase was in both soluble and particulate fractions of extracts of Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense and T. equiperdum. These enzymes have been purified some 350‐fold from crude extracts by sonication, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, and DEAE Sephadex column chromatography. Purified hexokinases had: A) temperature optimum 45‐50 C; B) pH optimum 6.5‐7.0; C) Mg++ and ATP requirements; D) inhibition by ADP, p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate, glucose‐6‐phosphate, and competitive inhibition by mannose, glucosamine, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine and xylose; E) ability to phosphorylate glucose, fructose, mannose, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and glucosamine; F) a glucose requirement for stabilization. T. equiperdum hexokinase was inhibited 33% by ADP as compared to 17‐20% with brucei group hexokinase, and showed 22% activity when ITP was substituted for ATP in contrast to 35‐40% with brucei group hexokinase.
Ultrastructural and Other Observations Which Suggest Suctorian Affinities for the Taxonomically Enigmatic Ciliate Cyathodinium*
Authors: PAULIN JEROME J. , CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two species of the taxonomically enigmatic genus Cyathodinium, C. piriforme and C. cunhai, were studied in some detail at both light and electron microscopic levels. Data obtained strongly suggest suctorian affinities for the genus, since a number of structures or features are strikingly reminiscent of similar (if not homologous) structures recently discovered in ciliates belonging to the order Suctorida.

Endosprits (suctorial tentacles?) of Cyathodinium show an arrangement of microtubules not unlike that known for several suctorians, especially Acineta and Tokophrya. Haptocysts or missile‐like bodies, ca. 600 mμ long, have been observed within endosprits and free in the cytoplasm; again this is reminiscent of the complex organelles recently described from several suctorian groups. Mouthlessness, coupled with the presence of a ventral depression (functioning in gathering prey at distal ends of endosprits?) and the presence of food vacuoles in the cytoplasm, further support a suctorian mode of feeding. Finally, stages in the curious life cycle of Cyathodinium suggest neoteny and a basic similarity to endogenous budding processes in certain suctorians.
Heavy Water and Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Tetrahymena pyriformis1
Authors: LOWE‐JINDE LOUISE , ZIMMERMAN ARTHUR M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Heat‐synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL subjected to pulses of high hydrostatic pressure (10,000 psi for 2 min) had increasing division delays during the 1st 40 min after the last heat shock (40 min after heat treatment). Pressure treatment during the subsequent 10‐min interval disrupted cell synchrony. Comparable pressures applied to the cells at later stages, before the 1st synchronous division, caused negligible division delay. Continuous exposure to 10% (v/v) heavy water hardly affected division; higher concentrations delayed or blocked division. Ten‐min pulses with heavy water (40%, 50%, 70%) resulted in increasing division delays depending on the stage of the cell cycle during which the heavy water was applied. Amelioration of the division‐delaying effects of pressure was observed in cells treated simultaneously with pressure (3,000 psi for 30 min), and 30% D2O. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that some of the pressure and D2O effects could be attributed to changes in the sol‐gel state of the cytoplasm.
Phytosterols and Other Lipids as Survival Factors for Tetrahymena at 0–5 C
Authors: REID ROSEMARY , COX DUDLEY , BAKER HERMAN , FRANK OSCAR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis syngen 1, mating type II, (optimal growth temperature ∼ 37 C) ordinarily dies out in 5‐14 days at 0‐5 C. Dying cells were lumpy, suggesting membrane damage. By supplying crude soy lecithin, survival at 0‐5 C was prolonged (after growth in peptone‐yeast‐dextrin) to at least 22 weeks. Crude soy sterols or sitosterol or stigmasterol, and antioxidant, e.g., Ionox 330 or ascorbylpalmitate, permitted survival of cells in suspension or in growth media for at least 16‐22 weeks. These sterols are known to protect against triparanol toxicity, which suggested that triparanol, which blocks cholesterol synthesis in higher animals, might enhance cold‐induced injury. Triparanol was more toxic at 0–5 than at 28 C for cell suspensions and cells in growth medium; this toxicity was annulled by crude soy lecithin or β‐sitosterol, the only phytosterol tested. The synthetic medium intended as a control on the crude media became toxic at 0–5 C. Protection against cold damage is discussed as a means of elucidating the role of sterols—especially phytosterols—and other lipids in maintaining the integrity of the ciliate cell membrane.
Structure and Respiration of Sporulating Eimeria stiedae and E. tenella Oocysts*
Authors: WAGENBACH GARY E. , BURNS WILLIAM C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure and respiration of sporulating Eimeria tenella and E. stiedae oocysts was compared. Oocysts were purified by Clorox digestion and incubated at 29 C. The sporulation events were similar for both species, except for the spindle stage, altho sporulation took longer in E. stiedae. Sporulating oocysts go thru the process with some degree of synchrony.

Oocyst respiration was measured polarographically. An early increase in respiratory rate in both species was followed by a depression in rate that correlated with the appearance of the early spindle stage. The rate again increased and then decreased toward a base rate during and after completion of sporulation.

E. tenella oocysts incubated in air remained viable 4 times longer than those incubated in nitrogen. E. tenella sporozoites excysted and remained motile in the presence of sodium cyanide. These facts suggest that E. tenella sporozoites are facultative anaerobes.
Effect of Mitomycin C on Thymidine‐Methyl‐H3 Utilization by Entamoeba histolytica Propagated in CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Autoradiographic studies were done which tested the effect of a potent DNA inhibitor, mitomycin C (MC) on the utilization of tritium from exogenous thymidine‐methyl‐H3 (TMH3) in Entamoeba histolytica grown with Bacteroides sp. in CLG medium. Concentrations of MC (0.0002%) which inhibited growth of amebae by ca. 50%, caused an overall depression of tritium utilization by both associate cell and amebae. However, no reduction in percent cells with nuclear activity was apparent.

The effect of MC on utilization of tritium in amebae propagated with Bacteroides which were prelabeled with TMH3 was also studied. The extent of labeling and percent amebae with cytoplasmic label was not appreciably depressed by MC. MC did, however, cause a depression of the percent amebae with nuclear label. This would indicate that the utilization of bacterial DNA products for nuclear DNA (reported in a previous communication) is reduced in the presence of MC. These data on the effect of MC on use of exogenous TMH3 and prelabeled Bacteroides provide some evidence that at least some of the nuclear DNA of amebae can be synthesized from the exogenously supplied isotope.

Amebae grown with exogenous TMH3 and resuspended in unlabeled medium for 24–28 hrs. with and without MC had a considerable reduction of the extent of label whether MC was present or not. This suggests that the primary effect of MC is not to degrade DNA.
Ultraviolet‐Microbeam Irradiation of Regenerating Stentor*
Authors: BURCHILL BROWER R. , RUSTAD RONALD C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Regeneration of missing feeding organelles in the ciliate Stentor coeruleus can be delayed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In an attempt to identify the radiation‐sensitive cellular component(s), cells in various stages of regeneration were immobilized, flattened and irradiated with a microbeam of 265 nm UV light. Targets included regions of either the macronucleus or the cytoplasm at varying distances from the ramifying zone of the cortex, which is the region where the new oral organelles are formed. During the early stages of regeneration the macronucleus is more sensitive to UV‐induced regeneration delay than the cytoplasm, but it is not possible to distinguish between direct and indirect effects. Damage to cortical primordia in middle or late stages leading to structural abnormalities appears to result only from direct effects.
Some Effects of Pentamidine Di‐isethionate on Crithidia fasciculata
Authors: GUTTERIDGE W. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Growth‐inhibitory concentrations of pentamidine inhibit to a similar extent net synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and phospholipid by washed cell suspensions of Crithidia fasciculata. The incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into DNA, 14C‐adenine into DNA and RNA and 14C‐lysine into protein is similarly inhibited. The same concentrations of drug have little or no effect on viability, motility, 1‐C metabolism, respiration or K+ content of organisms, altho they do cause increased amounts of intracellular ATP. Lysine uptake (in the absence of arginine) is, however, inhibited. At higher concentrations of drug respiration is inhibited and organisms lose K+. The mode of action of pentamidine is considered in the light of these observations and a mechanism of uptake of pentamidine into organisms is suggested.
Growth Inhibition of Crithidia fasciculata by Serotoninergic and Adrenergic Drugs
Authors: BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Growth of Crithidia fasciculata, a trypanosomatid flagellate known to contain epinephrine and serotonin, is sensitively inhibited by several adrenergically and serotoninergically reactive drugs such as dichloroisoproterenol, desipramine, and cyproheptidine. The pattern of sensitivity of Crithidia to these drugs is contrasted to the pattern of sensitivity of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Ultrastructure of Acrasis rosea, a Cellular Slime Mold, During Development*
Authors: HOHL HANS R. , HAMAMOTO SUSAN T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An ultrastructural study of the myxamoebae of Acrasis rosea in the vegetative, aggregative and culminative stages was made. An intracytoplasmic system of microfibrillar bundles develops as the cells enter the aggregative stage and commence the morphogenetic sequence leading to the construction of a fruiting body. The fibrillar bundles disappear in the cells of the mature fruiting body. No relevant ultrastructural differences were observed between spores, stalk cells and microcysts. Each of these cells is surrounded by a single‐layered coat of fibrillar material that is oriented parallel to the cell surface. Tubular structures were observed between the plasma membrane and the cell coat. The tubules may be layered along the cell periphery or they may be recessed in pockets formed by the plasma membrane. They resemble lomasomes typical of fungal cells. The myxamoebae of A. rosea clearly differ from the Dictyostelium‐type myxamoebae in mitochondrial structure, the presence of lamellate structures in the nucleolus and the absence of prespore vacuoles.
Fine Structural Observations of the Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium chabaudi Landau, 1965*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron microscopic examination of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse erythrocytes revealed many characteristics resembling those observed in other mammalian malarial parasites. A double unit membrane surrounds the trophozoite cytoplasm which contains many ribonucleoprotein particles, a limited amount of endoplasmic reticulum and membraned organelles including sausage‐shaped vacuoles and multilaminated membraned bodies. More or less circular double membraned vacuoles, possibly cross sections of the sausage‐shaped vacuoles, are common. Typical protozoan mitochondria are lacking. The limiting membrane of the merozoites is triple‐layered. Paired organelles and small dense bodies are found in the merozoites along with dense granular masses in the nuclei. Trophozoites have cytostomal structures as well as invaginations of the plasma membrane at sites where no cytostomes are evident. Digestion appears to occur in single membrane‐bound vesicles which contain one to several pigment grains.

P. chabaudi frequently contains multiple food vacuoles and has polymorphism manifested in part by the presence of cytoplasmic extensions and of nuclei with a variety of shapes. Several apparently free forms are noted, often accompanied by a thin rim of host cytoplasm. “Appliqué” forms are common among the trophozoites as are forms in which 2 or more trophozoites are joined together.

Finally, alterations in the host cytoplasm resembling the socalled Maurer's clefts are frequent. Ferritin‐containing vacuoles also appear in the host cell.
Pteridine Requirement of the Hemoflagellate Leishmania tarentolae
Authors: TRAGER WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leishmania tarentolae grown in a defined medium required both folic acid and an unconjugated pteridine. Continuous growth was obtained with folic acid at a minimal level of 0.34 ng/ml and biopterin at 1.7 ng/ml. Neopterin was about 1/100 as active as biopterin.
Mating Type Inheritance in Glaucoma*
Authors: PHILLIPS RUTH , ABRAHAM IRENE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mating was observed in collections of Glaucoma from 2 localities in Illinois. The collections could be divided into 2 syngens on the basis of mating type reactions. Corticotype analysis showed that syngen 1 was intermediate in meridian number between Glaucoma chattoni and Glaucoma scintillans, while syngen 2 had the same range as Glaucoma scintillans (Lee, unpublished).

The major features of mating type inheritance in syngen 1 are that exconjugant clones usually have identical mating types and that mating types I and II appear in an approximately 1:1 ratio in successive generations. This is the result expected in genic mating type inheritance if one of the original parents was a homozygote and the other a heterozygote at the mating type locus. No significant immaturity period was found in these strains.

Only 2 viable pairs were obtained from syngen 2 crosses, but results from these suggest that mating type inheritance may be epigenetic and a longer immaturity period may characterize this syngen.
The Properties of an Enzyme System Degrading Endogenous Phospholipids of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: THOMPSON GUY A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis contains a potent system of lipolytic enzymes which is activated by disruption of the cells. The extent to which endogenous lipids of the homogenate are degraded depends upon the age of the culture and the strain of T. pyriformis used. In their most active form, the enzymes can hydrolyze nearly 60% of the endogenous phospholipids within one hour at room temperature. The products of this reaction are probably responsible for the frequently reported instability of Tetrahymena enzyme systems in vitro. The use of inhibitors and the careful choice of culture conditions can reduce lipid degradation to a negligible level.
Effect of Salt Concentration on Regeneration Rate in Blepharisma Acclimated to High Salt Levels*
Authors: HILDEN SHIRLEY , GIESE ARTHUR C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Individuals of Blepharisma intermedium (Rao A race) acclimated by prolonged growth in axenic medium containing 8X, 16X, 24X and 32X the concentration of salts in unit standard balanced salt solution (USBSS) used for fresh‐water protozoans were tested for rate of regeneration at various salt concentrations, the time for 50% regeneration being used for comparisons. Blepharismas acclimated to axenic medium (of osmolality 10 × USBSS) containing 16X USBSS regenerated at about the same rate as those grown in axenic medium but were delayed at higher salt concentrations. The same was true for those grown in axenic medium containing 32X USBSS, except that the range of higher salt concentration tolerated was much greater. Those acclimated to higher salt concentrations were delayed in regeneration by exposure to lower salt concentrations tolerated by controls. Because growth was very slow in media of higher osmolal concentration, it was not possible to determine the internal concentration of salts in acclimated cells. The morphogenetic process as measured by rate of regeneration, appeared to be less sensitive to increased salt concentration than growth, as measured by cell division.
A New Saurian Malarial Parasite Plasmodium balli from Panama
Authors: TELFORD SAM R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium balli sp. nov. is described from Anolis lionotus and A. poecilopus of central Panama.

Large, elongate gametocytes and segmenters containing up to 100 merozoites are produced by P. balli. Proerythrocytes and normoblasts are more commonly parasitized than erythrocytes. Pigment is uncommon, but when present consists of a minute dot. Hypertrophy, distortion and lysis of host cell nuclei may result from parasitization of immature blood cells by gametocytes, while enucleated host cells are common.
Babesiosoma ophicephali n. sp. from the Freshwater Teleost Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch
Authors: MISRA K. K. , HALDAR D. P. , CHAKRAVARTY M. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Babesiosoma ophicephali n. sp. (Babesiidae; Haemosporidia), from the red blood cells of the freshwater teleost fish Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch, collected from suburbs of Calcutta, is described. Giemsa‐stained films of blood from the caudal region of 20 fishes were examined, and 2 fishes were found to be infected. The genus Babesiosoma is described for the first time in India. The systematic position of the parasite is discussed in detail.
Blood Parasites of Some Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: CLARK GLEN W. , BRADFORD JACK
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three hundred and fifty‐seven reptiles belonging to 15 species (11 genera, 7 families) from the Pacific Northwest were examined for haematozoa. Twenty‐six (7.3%) had parasites. Eleven (3.1%) were infected with haemogregarines, 6 (1.7%) with microfilariae and 9 (2.5%) with unidentified organisms. Four species of snakes and 4 of lizards were positive. Several forms of haemogregarine from the Pacific gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) are described.
Two New Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from Costa Rican Lizards with a Review of the Eimeria from Lizards*
Authors: DUSZYNSKI DONALD W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thirty‐three lizards from Costa Rica were examined for coccidia. Cryptosporidium ctenosauris sp. n. is described from Ctenosaura similis, Eimeria basilisci sp. n. from Basiliscus basiliscus, and additional data are added to the description of Isosporacnemidophori Carini, 1942. Ellipsoidal oocysts of C. ctenosauris averaged 21.7 by 11.5 μ. They had no polar body or micropyle but had an oocyst residuum; the oocysts contained 4 elongate sporozoites with averaged 15.0 by 3.4 μ. The oocysts of E. basilisci were ellipsoidal and averaged 38.0 by 17.8 μ. They had no oocyst residuum or polar body. Their sporocysts were ovoid to ellipsoidal and averaged 12.7 by 7.0 μ. A sporocyst residuum was present.
Isolation of a Strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with Altered Control of Glyceraldehyde 3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase*, †
Authors: HUDOCK G. A. , BART CAROL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described in which the control of glyceraldehyde 3‐P dehydrogenase is altered; the activity of the NADP‐dependent enzyme is apparently independent of chlorophyll content.
Cytoplasmic Distribution of DNA in a Strain of Hartmannellid Amoeba1, 2
Authors: ITO S. , CHANG R. SHIHMAN , POLLARD T. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The distribution of cytoplasmic DNA as determined by H3‐thymidine incorporation in the Fernald strain of Hartmannella rhysodes was studied by electron microscope autoradiography. Of a total of 1,313 silver grains counted over the cytoplasm in thin sections, 488, 271, 202 and 230 were attributed to DNA in mitochondria, cytoplasmic matrix, plasmalemma and ectoplasm, respectively. On the basis of the ratio of grains associated with the relative area occupied by the various compartments, the plasmalemma accounted for 3 times more grains than the mitochondria and about 20 times that attributed to DNA in cytoplasmic matrix and ectoplasm. These findings are interpreted to indicate the presence of endosymbionts in this strain of soil amoeba. Since no definitive microorganism could be seen in this cell, the most likely endosymbiont is defective DNA virus(es) or episome‐like genetic element(s).
Inhibition of Deoxyribonuclease Activity in Synchronized Tetrahymena
Authors: HOLM BORIS J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in crude homogenates of synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL was inhibited by added acidic polymers (which inactivated the enzyme) and polyamines (which blocked enzyme sites on the substrate). The inhibition appeared to be a nonspecific reaction between basic groups on the enzyme and acidic groups on the substrate. The relation between variation in DNase activity and amount of DNA was analyzed by means of puromycin and mitomycin C. DNase activity was lower after addition of each antibiotic, without significant change in amount of DNA. The results suggest that induction of DNase synthesis is governed by the amount of DNA.
The Effects of Temperature on Blepharisma intermedium
Authors: BAI A. R. KASTURI , SRIHARI K. , SHADAKSHARASWAMY M. , JYOTHY P. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An initial rise in temperature increases the reproductive rate in Blepharisma intermedium; after it reaches the maximum, it gradually declines and finally fission is blocked. Cytochemical investigations made on Blepharisma acclimated to 28 C—the temperature at which the reproductive rate is maximum—show that conditions are optimum for cell division. Requisite quantities of glycogen, basic proteins, unsaturated lipids, enzymes alkaline and acid phosphatases are present. At 38 C the cell metabolism is altered, there is a decrease in the quantity of glycogen reserves, proteins and lipids, the enzyme activity diminishes, the free amino acid pattern changes and cell division is blocked. However, this block is transitory. Upon return to room temperature and when fresh culture medium is added, after a lag of 3 days, the cell metabolism becomes normal and the ciliates resume fission.
Isozymes of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Chlamydomonas reinhardi*, †
Authors: RIVIC P. A. , BART CAROL , HUDOCK G. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two electrophoretically distinct forms of glutamate dehydrogenase were found in extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The slower moving of these was detectable only when the cells were grown organotrophically. The other, more active, enzyme copurified with chloroplasts and was not electrophoretically detectable in extracts of organotrophically grown cultures of the y‐2 mutant strain; this absence was not apparent in wild type or in the mutant strain y‐1. Both forms of the enzyme were cofactor non‐specific.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Gregarines (Protozoa, Sporozoa) and Its Contribution to the Theory of Gregarine Movement
Authors: VAVRA JIRI , SMALL EUGENE B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal detailed surface structure of 4 septate (Gregarina cuneata, G. steini, G. rhyparobiae, Pileocephalus blaberae) and one aseptate species (Nematocystis elmassiani) of eugregarines. The epicyte of all these gregarines is differentiated into a system of regular longitudinal folds. In the septate species these folds undulate so that these organisms glide along. The undulatory pattern is absent from Nematocystis, which does not glide. The theories and the mechanism of gregarine gliding are discussed.
Mating Types in Stentor coeruleus
Authors: WEBB TERRY L. , FRANCIS DAVID
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Conjugation in Stentor coeruleus was investigated, using a standardized culture technic which yielded large numbers of mating pairs within a single culture. Spontaneous bursts of selfing occurred during a definite interval in the development of a culture. Structurally distinct preconjugator cells appeared immediately before as well as during the initial stages of a burst of conjugation. Mating pairs were formed by the union of 2 preconjugators.

Mixing 8 stocks in all possible combinations of pairs and observing their subsequent response revealed they were separable into 2 complementary mating types. The majority of mating pairs formed in mixtures of stocks consisted of individuals of different mating types.

It is suggested that control of mating types in the ciliate order Heterotrichida may be of a somewhat different nature from that found in other ciliates.
Regulation der Cilienmetachronie bei der “Fluchtreaktion” von Paramecium*
Authors: MACHEMER HANS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Paramecia induced to perform high rates of avoiding reactions by mechanical stimulation and the action of Ba ions were instantaneously fixed with OsO4. Quantitative evaluation of the preparations revealed, among other things, metachronal stages of the transition between the ciliary patterns of swimming backward and forward. In each of the transitory stages, metachronal waves of swimming forward were found at the anterior end and waves of swimming backward at the posterior end of the animal. This confirms the so‐called Párducz‐scheme of avoiding reaction for the case of homogeneous chemical stimulation as well as for mechanical stimulation.
Prolonged Survival of Tetrahymena at 0.5 C in Citrated, Lecithinized, Defined Media
Authors: COX DUDLEY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A fully defined medium aside, also one with acid‐hydrolyzed casein, both pH 6.2–6.4 permitted survival of Tetrahymena pyriformis (syngen 1, mating type II) for no more than a week at 0.5 C, despite fortification with crude soy lecithin. Lecithin had permitted prolonged survival in crude media (pH 7.2), probably due largely to its phytosterols and antioxidants. Metal imbalances appeared responsible for the poor survival in defined media because additional citrate, histidine or Fe permitted monthlong survival. Al or Ni in the presence of increased citrate were also favorable. The casein‐hydrolysate medium and a fully defined medium, both fortified with lecithin, and with additional citrate or Fe, permitted survival at 0.5 C for at least 2 months. Krebs‐cycle intermediates, uridine, thymidine, adenosine, and guanosine acted as growth substrates in nearly carbohydrate‐free media, which suggests trial of their survival‐promoting properties for cold‐stored cultures. Parallels are noted for survival in the cold between Tetrahymena and erythrocytes and sperm.
Adelphamoeba galeacystis n. g., n. sp., an Amoeboflagellate Isolated from Soil*
Authors: NAPOLITANO JOSEPH J. , WALL MARY E. , GANZ CAROL S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An amoeboflagellate isolated from common soil is described. The amoeboid stage is typically limax and contains a well differentiated uroid region. The flagellate has 2 flagella, which emerge anteriorly and are equal in length. It has a ventral cytostome near the anterior border. The cyst is helmet‐shaped and without opercula. Polar masses are present during nuclear division.
The Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis1
Authors: ELLIOTT ALFRED M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. This paper is a brief account of both amicronucleate and sexually active strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis and their distribution with some comments on their possible evolution.
Amoeboflagellate Transformations and the Gibbs‐Donnan Ratio*
Authors: PERKINS DONALD L. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A number of protozoa may have amoeboid, flagellated, or intergrade forms. At the present time several mechanisms have been proposed for inducing the formation of each of the above forms, but a definite triggering mechanism has not been elucidated. However, some change in the environment precedes the transformation of the cell from one form to another.

Jahn (1962) and Czarska (1964), respectively, correlated ciliary reversal and water expulsion vesicle activity with alterations in the ionic environment. In both cases the processes involved are correlated with changes in the Gibbs‐Donnan (G‐D) relationship rather than direct ratios or molarities. It seems reasonable to assume that additional environmentally induced phenomena may also be based on changes in the relationship.

The assumption is here made that an amoeboid cell, possessing the necessary genetic and physiologic potentials, can respond to certain changes in its environment by enflagellation.

The following hypothesis is being considered: a change in the environment that increases the relative concentration of associated divalent cations is perhaps one of the main triggers for amoeba‐to‐flagellate transformations. Thus, in accordance with the G‐D theory, this transformation would be expected to occur when a given ionic environment is diluted. In addition, the transformation is discussed in relation to pH, population density, and other environmental parameters that alter the Gibbs‐Donnan ratio.
The Role of Membrane Carriers in the Regulation of the Free Glucose Pool in Metabolizing Cells
Authors: CIRILLO VINCENT P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Equations have been derived which relate the intracellular concentration of a metabolized sugar to its extracellular concentration and the kinetic constants for transport and phosphorylation. The equations show that the maximum intracellular, concentration of a metabolized sugar is a constant determined by the kinetic constants for transport and phosphorylation.
The Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Dinoflagellates
Authors: HARRINGTON GLENN W. , BEACH DAVID H. , DUNHAM JOYCE E. , HOLZ GEORGE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eight photosynthetic and one heterotrophic, marine dinoflagellates were cultured axenically in chemically defined media and their fatty acids characterized. Palmitic, octadecatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic were the most typical fatty acids. Photosynthetic forms also contained the polyunsaturates icosapentaenoic acid and α‐linolenic acid, the latter as a relatively minor component. The galactolipids of one photosynthetic species, Glenodinium sp., were isolated and their fatty acids analyzed. Octadecatetraenoic acid was the predominant fatty acid, particularly of the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction.

The relationship of these findings to the body of knowledge of the photosynthesis‐associated lipids of eucaryotic microbes and to the ecology of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine food chains is discussed.
Properties of Partially Purified Malate Synthase from Euglena gracilis
Authors: COOK J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Properties of partially purified malate synthase from Euglena gracilis were characterized. The pH optimum is 7.0 and the temperature optimum about 30 C; the activation energy is 12,000 calories. A Km of 4 × 10−5 M was found for both reactants, glyoxylate and acetyl‐CoA. The reaction is partially inhibited by a number of normal metabolites, suggesting allosteric control; glycolate is severely inhibitory. The enzyme is not active in cells grown with phototrophic nutrition, but is found in all heterotrophic cells grown on a wide range of carbon sources; the specific activity is greatly dependent on carbon source. High rates of oxygen consumption are usually, but not always, correlated with high enzyme levels.
Development of Eimeria callospermophili and E. bilamellata from the Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus in Cultured Cells*
Authors: SPEER CLARENCE A. , HAMMOND DATUS M. , ANDERSON LARRY C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell lines or established cell lines of bovine, ovine or human origin and primary cells from whole embryos of groundsquirrels were used in a study of the in vitro development of Eimeria callospermophili and E. bilamellata from the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus armatus. Monolayers in Leighton tube cultures were inoculated with sporozoites of either of these 2 species and examined with phase‐contrast microscopy at various intervals. After such examination, coverslips were fixed in Schaudinn's or Zenker's fluid and variously stained. E. callospermophi sporozoites penetrated cells and underwent development to mature 1st generation schizonts in most cell types. At different times after inoculation, both species formed sporozoite‐shaped schizonts, which later became spheroidal. Intracellular movements of sporo zoite‐shaped schizonts of E. callospermophili were observed and such schizonts penetrated cells when freed by mechanical disintegration of the host cells. Merozoites were formed at the periphery of the schizont in both species. Mature 1st generation schizonts of E. callospermophili, with 6–14 merozoites, were first seen 15 hr after inoculation; the corresponding values for E. bilamellata were 12–27 merozoites and 4 days. Merozoites of both had anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Exposure to a trypsin‐bile solution stimulated motility in merozoites of E. callospermophili. Second generation trophozoites and immature schizonts of E. callospermophili were seen in cultures of primary cells of whole ground‐squirrel embryos 20–24 hr and 44–48 hr, respectively, after inoculation of sporozoites.
Fine Structure of Mitochondria of Spirostomum ambiguum as Seen in Sectioned and Negatively‐Stained Preparations*
Authors: BURTON PAUL R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Comparisons are made between sectioned and negatively‐stained mitochondria of the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum. Particulate elements 70–80 A in diameter are associated with the surface of tubular cristae of negatively‐stained and disrupted mitochondria; such particles are not seen in sectioned mitochondria fixed in various ways. As measured in sectioned material, the inner mitochondrial membrane forming the tubular cristae is about 100 A thick, while the outer mitochondrial membrane is about 50 A thick and is the more labile of the 2.
Oxaloacetate Production via Carboxylations in Crithidia fasciculata Preparations
Authors: BACCHI CYRUS J. , CIACCIO E. I. , KABACK DAVID B. , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Fractions containing soluble enzymes from Crithidia fasciculata had an ADP‐linked phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase. The enzyme produced ATP and oxaloacetate (OAA) from PEP, ADP and HCO−3. OAA was determined as the endproduct of reactions by forming the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative; the hydrazone was identified by thin‐layer chromatography. Approximate Michaelis constants (PEP, Mg, HCO−3, ADP) were determined spectrophotometrically by linking OAA production to malic dehydrogenase. The PEP carboxykinase did not utilize GDP, UDP or IDP as cofactors; the metal requirement was also satisfied by Mn. The enzyme was inhibited by the biotin antagonists avidin and desthiobiotin.

A pyruvate carboxylase was also present in the preparations, generating OAA from pyruvate and ATP. The role of both enzymes in OAA production and subsequent production of succinate is discussed with regard to C. fasciculata and other trypanosomatids.
Life Cycle of Autogamous Strains of Euplotes minuta*
Authors: LUPORINI PIERANGELO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The life cycles of 5 autogamous strains of Euplotes minuta are reported. Interautogamic intervals (measured as number of fissions) are quite variable among clones belonging to the same strain, while their variability is much reduced (15 fissions) among sublines of the same clone.

By selecting the clone with the shortest immature period to start successive autogamous generations, it has been found that all clones undergo autogamy almost synchronously and have a very short period of immaturity at the 5th autogamous generation.

Both conjugation and autogamy, however, are consistently followed by immature periods in all autogamous strains examined. Mating capacity as well as competence for autogamy are reached almost simultaneously in all clones of the strains studied with the exception of about 1/3 of the A‐31 clones in which autogamy occurs significantly earlier than conjugation.

The results are discussed from the genetic point of view and in relation to the sexual mechanisms operating in nature within different populations of the species.
Development of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from Sheep In Cell Cultures*
Authors: KELLEY GARY L. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayer cell line cultures of ovine trachea, thyroid, thymus, and kidney cells, as well as an established cell line (Madin‐Darby) of bovine kidney cells, were inoculated with sporozoites of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and observed for a maximum of 24 days. Sporozoites were seen penetrating cells within 5 minutes after inoculation, as well as 2 and 3 days after inoculation, and leaving cells 3 days after inoculation. Transformation from sporozoites to trophozoites occurred by a widening or by a lateral outpocketing of the sporozoite body. Trophozoites and schizonts were first seen 3 days after inoculation in all ovine cell types. Large numbers of immature schizonts were observed, but only an estimated 0.4–4.3% of these became mature in the different kinds of cells. Usually, mature schizonts were first seen 10–11 days after inoculation in the ovine cells, but they sometimes occurred as early as 8 days. More mature schizonts were seen in the ovine kidney and trachea cells than in the others; the smallest number occurred in the bovine cells. The nucleoli of cells harboring large schizonts in each type of culture were enlarged and the chromatin clumps normally seen in the nuclei of non‐infected cells were not visible. The cytoplasm of some infected cells was vacuolated. The formation of merozoites occurred by a budding process from blastophores, from the surface of schizonts, and/or from infoldings and invaginations of this surface. Merozoites were observed leaving host cells, but were not seen penetrating new cells. Intracellular first‐generation merozoites were observed 13 and 15 days after inoculation in lamb trachea and kidney cells, respectively. No evidence of further development of such merozoites was found.