bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les prestations versées par les CAF aux 16-29 ans : situation et limites
Authors: Amrouni Isabelle
Published: September 2013

Les 16-29 ans constituent une population relativement concernée par les prestations légales des Caisses d’Allocations Familiales (CAF), puisque près d’une personne sur deux de cette classe d’âge perçoit ce type de revenu de transfert, directement ou indirectement. Cependant, le taux de couverture varie fortement selon l’âge des personnes. Il est de 63 % pour les 16-19 ans, atteint son minimum à 20 ans (32 %), puis progresse régulièrement sur la classe d’âge des 20-29 ans pour atteindre environ 55 % pour les jeunes âgés de 29 ans. Cette évolution du taux de couverture s’explique par la législation des prestations familiales et l’évolution de la situation des jeunes. Entre 16 ans et 19 ans révolus, les jeunes peuvent être couverts en tant qu’enfant à charge. A partir de 20 ans, ils devront être allocataires pour bénéficier de prestation(s): avoir une charge de logement, une charge de famille ou ouvrir droit à un revenu minimum. Malgré la large couverture des prestations légales gérées par les CAF parmi les 16-29 ans, ces dispositifs ont certaines limites. En raison des critères d’âge fixés dans la définition d’enfant à charge, de nombreuses familles ayant de grands enfants perdent le bénéfice des prestations familiales alors même qu’ils demeurent à leur charge effective. Parmi les prestations directement versées aux jeunes en tant qu’allocataire, celles bénéficiant aux jeunes parents sont restreintes. Par ailleurs, les aides au logement sont versées de fait aux jeunes ayant les moyens d’assumer leur indépendance résidentielle. Elles laissent de côté ceux qui n’ont pas les moyens suffisants pour accéder à un logement indépendant.
Les déterminants des trajectoires de décohabitation et d'accès à l'emploi des jeunes peu diplômés
Authors: Dufour-Kippelen Sandrine
Published: September 2013

Cet article analyse les comportements de départ du domicile parental et d’accès à l’emploi de jeunes peu diplômés à partir du panel téléphonique Mesures Jeunes du CEREQ (1989-1993). Il apparaît que les filles sont plus précoces pour la décohabitation et que les garçons ont une meilleure insertion professionnelle. Pour ces derniers, l’accès à l’emploi est plus rapide que la décohabitation. L’accès à un contrat à durée indéterminée (CDI) et le départ du domicile parental semblent répondre à des logiques différentes: la décohabitation est surtout influencée par les facteurs socio-démographiques tandis que l’accès au CDI est plus déterminé par la détention d’un diplôme. On montre également que la spécialisation des filles dans les formations tertiaires n’améliore pas leur insertion professionnelle.
La «liberté de circulation» : un droit aussi de la jeunesse
Authors: Singly François de
Published: September 2013

Grâce à une enquête nationale réalisée auprès d’adolescents urbains âgés de 12 à 14 ans, cet article montre que les jeunes, en s’appropriant la ville, deviennent des individus. A partir des bons âges de la «libre circulation» définis par les parents, des usages de l’espace urbain par les jeunes, cette sociologie de la jeunesse est aussi une sociologie de la construction de l’identité contemporaine. L’auteur retrace la conquête urbaine, par étapes. Pour lui, c’est un élément central du processus d’autonomisation des jeunes vis-à-vis de leur famille, différencié selon le sexe et le milieu social. D’abord limitée au domicile familial - notamment avec la chambre personnelle, la possibilité de téléphoner «en privé» -, cette indépendance s’étend à l’espace urbain où, en contact avec ses copains et au travers de ses activités scolaires et extrascolaires, le jeune gagne un espace de liberté au sein duquel il pourra se construire, en partie, son univers. Cette liberté n’est pas totale, elle est contrôlée par les parents. Le jeune n’accède que progressivement à la possibilité d’avoir un monde qui soit séparé de celui de sa famille d’origine.
Divorce, pension alimentaire et niveau de vie des parents [Une étude à partir de cas types]
Authors: Jacquot Alain
Published: September 2013

L’objet de cet article est de procéder à un examen critique des règles censées être appliquées pour la fixation du montant de la pension alimentaire due par le parent non gardien pour l’entretien des enfants en cas de divorce ou de séparation. Il s’agit également d’évaluer l’impact des pensions alimentaires ainsi calculées sur les niveaux de vie des deux parents et des enfants après la séparation. Dans de nombreuses situations, les montants de pension calculés en application des règles juridiques en vigueur sont relativement modestes, parfois inférieurs au montant de l’allocation de soutien familial - versée par la CAF au parent gardien en cas de défaillance totale du parent non gardien -, parfois même nuls, alors même qu’il est tenu compte explicitement du surcoût des enfants résultant de la situation de monoparentalité. La modestie de ces montants s’explique principalement par trois facteurs: le principe même de calcul de la pension alimentaire, en application du Code civil; la prise en compte des frais exposés, le cas échéant, par le parent non gardien à l’occasion du droit de visite; la prise en compte d’une partie du coût des enfants par la collectivité, par le biais de prestations familiales ou d’économies d’impôt dont bénéficie le parent gardien.
Les orientations générales d'action sociale 2001-2004
Authors: Belmounès Tahar
Published: September 2013

Comme l’ensemble de leurs activités, la politique d’action sociale des caisses d’Allocations familiales (CAF) est de plus en plus intégrée à la convention d’objectifs et de gestion signée entre l’Etat et la branche Famille de la Sécurité sociale. L’auteur présente ici les grandes orientations de cette politique d’action sociale pour la période 2001-2004. Elle s’élabore et se met en oeuvre dans un cadre juridique rénové. Le conseil d’administration de la CNAF a fixé ses priorités dans une nouvelle circulaire d’orientation et, parallèlement, la synergie entre l’Etat et le conseil devient un rouage essentiel d’une politique où l’accent est mis sur le service rendu aux allocataires et aux partenaires des CAF.
Les prestations légales de la branche Famille de la Sécurité sociale à l’orée du siècle
Authors: Steck Philippe
Published: September 2013

L’auteur s’attaque à une gageure: balayer dans un même article les évolutions du système des prestations légales depuis la constitution, après-guerre, de la branche Famille de la Sécurité sociale, et proposer des scénarios construits et argumentés sur ses évolutions à venir. Partant des fondamentaux - les grandes orientations qui sous-tendent la philosophie des prestations légales -, cet article retrace les évolutions du système, sa lente et erratique construction, en les replaçant dans leur contexte politique et social. D’outils au service d’une politique de soutien à la natalité, les prestations légales étendent leur champ d’intervention, se complexifient et se transforment en fonction des changements de la société française jusqu’à coller, avec plus ou moins de difficultés, à ses grandes évolutions socio-économiques. Reprenant les mêmes schémas d’analyse, l’auteur s’essaie à la prospective. Spécialiste du système des prestations, il passe en revue et argumente des scénarios possibles d’évolutions en fonction de divers contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux.
La médiation familiale : une pratique en avance sur son temps ?
Authors: Cardia-Vonèche Laura , Bastard Benoit
Published: September 2013

Cet article retrace les années de constitution de la médiation familiale en France, de son importation d’Amérique du Nord à son acclimatation française, et jusqu’à sa reconnaissance institutionnelle. L’intérêt de cette présentation est de bien mettre en avant ce que les auteurs nomment le paradoxe de la médiation, à savoir l’institutionnalisation d’une pratique qui, dans son fonctionnement quotidien, reste assez peu répandue. Expliquant ce paradoxe, ils démontent et illustrent la conjonction favorable à la médiation familiale. En effet, cette pratique est en phase avec une vision de plus en plus prégnante de l’après-couple où une entente minimale entre les deux ex-conjoints doit prévaloir pour le bien-être de l’enfant. Un paradoxe en amenant un autre, cet article souligne également le fossé existant entre la vision « politique » et « extérieure » du divorce et la situation vécue de l’intérieur où l’écoute et la prise en compte de l’autre, même pour le bien-être de l’enfant, sont parfois difficiles à accepter et à mettre en oeuvre par les divorçants.
Des grands-parents aux petits enfants : trois générations face à la transmission des objets
Authors: Mortain Blandine
Published: September 2013

L’allongement de la durée de vie rend les familles contemporaines plus multigénérationnelles que jamais. L’article analyse la manière dont s’actualisent ces relations à travers une pratique peu étudiée en sociologie de la famille: la transmission des objets de la vie quotidienne. L’exploitation d’entretiens menés dans des familles de cadres moyens ou supérieurs met en lumière, pour ces milieux sociaux, la place paradoxale des petits-enfants dans le processus de transmission familiale des objets. D’un côté, ils en sont un horizon indispensable: c’est leur présence qui donne son plein sens symbolique à cette pratique. D’un autre côté, ils ne sont, en général, que les destinataires indirects d’objets de leurs grands-parents. Quelle que soit la qualité du lien affectif qui unit grands-parents et petits-enfants, les objets transitent nécessairement par la génération intermédiaire, instaurant ainsi une chaîne générationnelle où chacun est successivement receveur et donneur.
Référence au lien familial et accès aux droits sociaux
Authors: Badel Maryse , Gilles Anne-Marie , Laborde Jean-Pierre , Lacoste Valérie , Subrenat Monique
Published: September 2013

Aujourd’hui, le droit social est confronté à une diversification des formes de familles et à l’apparition de nouveaux types de couples. Passant en revue le droit de la Sécurité sociale, de l'aide sociale et du travail, les auteurs analysent la manière dont ces composantes du droit social prennent ou non en compte les différentes formes de familles. Cet examen leur permet d’interroger la légitimité de la référence à la famille traditionnelle fondée sur le mariage à être la seule à conférer des droits complets. Il les amène également à se demander si le droit social est encore adapté à son environnement socioculturel et s’il n’est pas temps pour lui d’accueillir une définition plus large de la famille, ce qui lui permettrait de remplir plus efficacement ses finalités.
Les outils de gestion et de pilotage des équipes de direction des CAF
Authors: Bancel-Charensol Laurence , Jougleux Muriel
Published: September 2013

Encouraged by their tutelary authorities but also on their own initiative, the management teams of the local family allowance funds (CAF) are making increasing use, in all functional areas of management, of indicators, procedures and contextual documents for planning, administering and monitoring the action of their organizations. This article presents the results of research conducted in 2001 and 2002 on the application, contribution and limitations of these management tools used by the executive teams in three medium-sized CAF. It shows that, overall, these teams possess a common core of tools that are judged to be useful, which structure work and facilitate change. Attention is also drawn to the diversified use of the tools, which reflects the management logic particular to the CAF and the personality of the chief executive and the members of his team. The research has also revealed some shortcomings in the general conception of the tools. From an exploration of the possible reasons for and impact of this situation, the authors make a series of proposals intended to help the CAF acquire the tools they need.
L’évaluation des agents de direction de la Sécurité sociale
Authors: Issindou Jean-Claude
Published: September 2013

L’évaluation des agents de direction de la Sécurité sociale est une préoccupation majeure des caisses nationales. Jean-Claude Issindou livre ses réflexions sur la prise en compte de l’évolution des compétences et de la performance dans la rémunération des agents de direction.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND VALIDITY OF A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE PREDICTION OF ARTERY STENOSIS VIA INPUT IMPEDANCE AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE
Authors: Xiao Hanguang
Published: September 2013

The early detection and intervention of artery stenosis is very important to reduce the mortality of cardiovascular disease. A novel method for predicting artery stenosis was proposed by using the input impedance of the systemic arterial tree and support vector machine (SVM). Based on the built transmission line model of a 55-segment systemic arterial tree, the input impedance of the arterial tree was calculated by using a recursive algorithm. A sample database of the input impedance was established by specifying the different positions and degrees of artery stenosis. A SVM prediction model was trained by using the sample database. 10-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the performance of the SVM. The effects of stenosis position and degree on the accuracy of the prediction were discussed. The results showed that the mean specificity, sensitivity and overall accuracy of the SVM are 80.2%, 98.2% and 89.2%, respectively, for the 50% threshold of stenosis degree. Increasing the threshold of the stenosis degree from 10% to 90% increases the overall accuracy from 82.2% to 97.4%. Increasing the distance of the stenosis artery from the heart gradually decreases the overall accuracy from 97.1% to 58%. The deterioration of the stenosis degree to 90% increases the prediction accuracy of the SVM to more than 90% for the stenosis of peripheral artery. The simulation demonstrated theoretically the feasibility of the proposed method for predicting artery stenosis via the input impedance of the systemic arterial tree and SVM.
Knowledge-Based Code Clone Approach in Embedded and Real-Time Systems
Authors: Surendran Anupama , Samuel Philip
Published: September 2013

Even though human beings are using computers in their day-to-day activities, the terms embedded and real-time systems have received much attention only in the last few years, and they have become an inevitable part of our daily activities. The most evident and highlighted feature of embedded systems is the consideration of time. The significance of time constraints in designing each and every feature of embedded systems has made the software and hardware of embedded systems more complicated and entirely different from ordinary systems. Due to these reasons, several challenges exist in developing and maintaining embedded and real time software. Increase in complexity of the embedded system code increases the chance of occurrence of defects in the embedded software. Failure to deliver the software within the stipulated time, economic constraints faced during the development and the maintenance phase, inadequate testing, design of improper code and its reuse are some of the issues faced during the embedded system software development phase. In this chapter, the authors suggest a knowledge-based approach in managing the issues that arise during the coding and testing phase of embedded and real-time software. Program slicing is used to detect the code clones present in the embedded software, and a knowledge repository of code clones is created. This code clone knowledge repository is utilized during the coding and testing phase of real-time and embedded software, which in turn improves the whole software development process.
Effort, Time, and Staffing in Continually Evolving Open-Source Projects
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: September 2013

Scheduling and staffing are important management activities in software projects. In closed-source software development, the relationships among development effort, time, and staffing have been well established and validated: the development effort determines the development time and the best number of developers that should be allocated to the project. However, there has been no similar research reported in open-source projects. In this chapter, the authors study the development effort, development time, and staffing in an open-source project, the Linux kernel project. Specifically, they investigate the power law relations among development effort, development time, and the number of active developers in the Linux kernel project. The authors find the power law relations differ from one branch to another branch in the Linux kernel project, which suggests different kinds of management and development styles might exist in different branches of the Linux kernel project. The empirical knowledge of software development effort obtained in this study could help project management and cost control in both open-source communities and closed-source industries.
Understanding Requirement Engineering Practices
Authors: Saeed Saqib , Iram Ashi , Nazeer Kiran , Ayub Tayyaba
Published: September 2013

Requirement engineering is a main task in software process. In Software Engineering literature, many best practices and guidelines are present to construct quality software. However, adoption of such uniform guidelines is not in practice across the globe. In this chapter, the authors discuss requirement engineering practices followed in Pakistani small- and medium-scale enterprises. In order to understand work practices the authors conducted a survey and analyzed the responses. They found that cost and budgeting is one of the major issues of Pakistani industry: higher management is not willing to invest to adopt state-of-the-art standardized practices. This situation can be improved by enhancing public private partnerships to get desired quality software in the local IT industry.
The Distribution of Testing Activities in Web Services and SOA Environment
Authors: Alsmadi Izzat , Alda Sascha
Published: September 2013

Testing in Web services and SOA environment can be far more distributed in comparison with testing stand-alone or traditional applications. This is because such systems are composed of several hybrid components. These include Web servers and their related components, server side applications, communication services, and client side Web services. In this chapter, the authors focus on challenges and opportunities for software testing in SOA environment. They divide testing activities based on three classifications: testing activities that are going to be similar to those in traditional software development environments, testing activities that will be less usable or popular in SOA, and testing activities that will evolve significantly to adapt to the new environment. The authors believe that most generic testing activities are going to stay in any new software development environment. However, their importance, significance, challenges, and difficulties are going to be dependent on the subject environment. Some tasks will be easier to implement and test and others will either be un-applicable or difficult to test and implement in comparison with testing in traditional software development environments.
Solar Hybrid Power System for Marine Diesel Engine
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman
Published: September 2013

Like all modes of transportation that use fossil fuels, ships produce carbon dioxide emissions that significantly contribute to global climate change and ocean acidification. Additionally, ships release other pollutants that also contribute to the problem and exacerbate climate change. Considering the large volume of ships on the high seas, ship emissions pose a significant threat to human health. The ocean is exposed to vast amounts of sunrays and has a great potential to be explored by the maritime sector and green power industry. Solar energy hybrid assisted power to support auxiliary power for the instruments on board the vessel is explored in a UMT vessel. The vessel that is used in this case study is Discovery XI, which is a 16.50 meter diving boat owned by University Malaysia Terengganu. The study explores the feasibility of using solar energy as a supporting power for marine vessel auxiliaries. The reduction of fuel usage after installing the solar PV system on the boat is determined, as well as an economic analysis. The power requirement for the vessel’s electrical system is estimated. The fuel and money saved is also estimated for comparison purposes of the vessel using the solar PV system and the vessel without the PV system. Economic analyses are performed, the Annual Average Cost (AAC) between a vessel using solar PV system and a vessel without solar PV system is estimated, and the period of the return of investment for the vessel with solar PV system is also estimated. The use of a photovoltaic solar system to assist the boat power requirement will benefit the environment through Green House Gas (GHG) reduction, and the use of solar as a supporting alternative energy could cut the cost of boat operation through fuel savings.
Propellers and Shafting for Sustainable Shipping
Authors: Liviu-Constantin Stan
Published: September 2013

The importance of the line shafting, tailshaft, propeller, and thrust shaft cannot be over-emphasised. Failure of any one of them will rend the ship inoperable with possible disastrous consequences. Single line shafting is used on the majority of ships, but not in passenger ships and on short voyage ro-ro services where twin screws are employed. Propellers, because they are outside the ship, are often neglected and are usually only inspected when the ship is in drydock. More frequent examination can be undertaken when a ship is alongside and the shafting is being rotated with the turning gear. Damage to the propeller blade can lead to vibrations being set up in the line shafting causing overheating of the shafting bearings, main thrust, etc. The selection of shafting and propeller materials is usually within manufacturers’ specifications and complies with the various classification society requirements as well as the statutory requirements of governments.
Risk Requirement for Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy for Marine System
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman
Published: September 2013

The chapter communicates environmental challenges facing the maritime industry. Efforts to integrate sources of alternative energy with existing systems through holistic proactive risk-based analysis and assessment requirements of associated environmental degradation and mitigation of greenhouse pollution are explored. The chapter also discusses alternative selection for hybridization of conventional power with compactable renewable sources like solar/hydrogen for reliable port powering.
Evolving Sustainable Green Ship Technology
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman
Published: September 2013

Man lives in two worlds, the biosphere and the techno-sphere. Over the years, time needs, growth, speed, knowledge, and competition have created demand that necessitated man to build complex institutions. Ship design is not left out of this process. Inland waters are under threat from untreated waste that can feed bacteria and algae, which in turn exhaust the oxygen. The ocean, the seas, and fresh water together cover the largest percentage of planet earth. Many think that everything that runs into it is infinite; the ocean is providing the source of freshening winds and current that is far more vulnerable to polluting activities that have run off too many poisons into them. The ocean may cease to serve these purposes if care is not taking to prevent pollution. The issue of the environment has become so sensitive recently and is linked to infrastructure development work. In the maritime industry, polluting activities from oil bilge to ballast pumping has turned into poison and has an adverse effect on water resources. Some have choked too much estuarine water where fish spawn. In a nutshell, the two worlds of man are currently are out of balance and in potential conflict. Man is in the middle, and since the threats are mostly water related, ships are in the middle too. Historical records of a number of calamities that have resulted in heavy loss and pollution call for environmentally sound ships. This has led to a number of regulations that will subsequently affect policy change and procedure interaction with the system. The current situation has an effect on the design of new ships and modification of existing ships. This chapter discuss regulations design, with an emphasis on new system design drive towards processing waste and emissions on board so that discharges are acceptable. The chapter hopes to give insight into need, response, and research directions for green ship technology.
Applying the Safety and Environmental Risk and Reliability Model (SERM) for Malaysian Langat River Collision Aversion
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman , Kader Ab Saman Ab
Published: September 2013

Collision accident remains a big threat to coastal water transportation operation. Occurrence of a collision event exposes vessel owners and operators as well as the public to risk. The nature of the threat can be worrisome; it may lead to loss of life, damage to the environment, disruption of operation, and injuries. This makes hybrid analysis of accident frequency and consequence for risk quantification of accident scenarios through stochastic tools very imperative for reliable design and exercise of technocrat stewardship of safety and safeguard of the environmental. The study involves a predictive model for collision risk and mitigation option for aversion of collision incident. Accident frequency and consequence are obtained using probability tools. Validity of the result is checked with reliability tools. Findings of the study were checked with subsystem and uncertainty risk-contributing factors in order to arrive at a sustainable decision support for collision aversion for inland water transportation. This chapter discusses the result and validation of implementation of the Safety and Environmental Risk and Reliability Model (SERM) for aversion of collision accident for vessel navigating for inland waterways.
Using AIS Data for Navigational Risk Assessment in Restricted Waters
Authors: Maimun Adi , Nursyirman Istaz F. , Sian Ang Yit , Samad Rahimuddin , Oladokun Sulaiman
Published: September 2013

The Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. It averages 150 ship passes a day and more than 50,000 ships annually. With a high concentration of vessels in a narrow path, multiple risk situations arise. Analyzing traffic density is made harder by cross traffic and an unknown traffic density at the Strait. In 2009, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), through a collaboration with Kobe University, successfully installed an Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver. Through the AIS receiver, data of ship movements in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore could be recorded. A program was established by UTM to retrieve the data for the purpose of marine traffic collision risk analysis. In this research, a risk assessment method using AIS data is proposed for restricted waters such as for the Strait of Malacca and Singapore. The Risk Assessment Methodology requires the estimation of collision probabilities. The collision probability of the proposed method considers the Traffic Density, directions of traffic flow (with respect to a subject vessel), and probability of navigational failure. An area in the Strait of Singapore between the latitudes of 1°13’N and 1°07’N and Longitudes of 103°4’E and 103°56’E was selected to illustrate the method. By analysing the AIS data of traffic flow, the probabilities of collision for the area were determined. The effect of vessel parameters of length and speed on the risks of collision are also shown.
Assessing Human Reliability Behaviour from Use of Technology for Ships Navigating within Coastal Water
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman
Published: September 2013

The traditional approach to the study of human factors in the maritime field involves the analysis of accidents without considering human factor reliability analysis. The main approaches being used to analyze human errors are statistical approach and probability theory approach. Another suitable approach to the study of human factors in the maritime industry is the quasi-experimental field study where variations in performance (for example attention) can be observed as a function of natural variations in performance shaping factors. This chapter analyzes result of modelling for human error and human reliability emanating from the use of technology on board ship navigation in coastal water areas by using qualitative and quantitative tools. Accident reports from marine department are used as empirical material for quantitative analysis. The literature on safety is based on common themes of accidents, the influence of human error resulting from technology usage design, accident reports from MAIB, and interventions information are used for qualitative assessment. Human reliability assessment involves analysis of accidents in waterways emanating from human-technology factors. The chapter reports enhancement requirement of the methodological issues with previous research study, monitoring, and deduces recommendations for technology modification of the human factors necessary to improve maritime safety performance. The result presented can contribute to rule making and safety management leading to the development of guidelines and standards for human reliability risk management for ships navigating within inland and coastal waters.
Utilization of Simulation for Training Enhancement
Authors: Olanrewaju Oladokun Sulaiman , Kader Ab Saman Ab , Saharuddin Abdul Hamid
Published: September 2013

Engineering system design, operation, and maintenance has been handled for a long time through mathematical and real time models. The advent of computers, multimedia age, and improvement in visualization has further proved the reality of fact that picture speaks more than words; also, research in education and training has proven that visualization has a great effect on improving learning. The complexity of real world situation of engineering education has obvious limitations of instructional presentation and training. Simulation gives result from theoretical representation of complex phenomena when hardware for the task is lacking, or in situations when enough time is not available for explanation. This chapter discusses opportunities brought about by simulator as a tool in the training and certification of the Malaysian Maritime Academy cadets training program. The usefulness of simulators in a continuous education program to amplify and enhance competency-based education and instructional training to meet goals of safety, cleaner ocean, and protection of marine environment are highlighted. The chapter also presents the potential of simulators as training tools in other fields of knowledge for enhanced outcomes and competency-based education.
The Accessibility and Problems Associated with the Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by Fish Farmers in Rural Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunremi J. B. , Abraham P.
Published: September 2013

The study evaluated the accessibility and problems associated with the use of information and communication technologies in rural areas of Ondo State. Total sampling was used to select 92 rural fish farmers from three riverine Local Governments in the state between February and April. Questionnaire was used in data collection. Data were analyzed by the use of frequency, percentage, mean and Chi-square test. It was found that radio (96.7%), television (84.4%) and mobile phone (95.7%) were most accessible ICTs to fish farmers of which radio is the most effective (62.0%). Problems associated with the use of ICTs were electric power supply (96.7%), lack of access to ICTs (62.0%) and inadequate information on ICTs (59.8%). There were significant relationship (P<0.05) between problems associated with the use and accessibility of ICTs by fish farmers. It is recommended that the government should allow a wide range of radio broadcast options by giving opportunities for private competition provision of radio content which will allow for development input from relevant agencies.
Human T Cells Engineered To Express a Programmed Death 1/28 Costimulatory Retargeting Molecule Display Enhanced Antitumor Activity
Authors: Ankri Chen , Shamalov Katerina , Horovitz-Fried Miryam , Mauer Shmuel , Cohen Cyrille J.
Published: September 2013

Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express cancer-specific receptors can mediate impressive tumor regression in terminally ill patients. However, T cell function and persistence over time could be hampered by the activation of inhibitory costimulatory pathways, such as programmed death 1 (PD1)/programmed death ligand 1, leading to T cell exhaustion and providing tumor cells with an escape mechanism from immunosurveillance. In addition, the lack of positive costimulation at the tumor site can further dampen T cell response. Thus, as T cell genetic engineering has become clinically relevant, we aimed at enhancing T cell antitumor activity by genetically diverting T cell–negative costimulatory signals into positive ones using chimeric costimulatory retargeting molecules and which are composed of the PD1 extracellular domain fused to the signaling domains of positive costimulatory molecules such as CD28 and 4-1BB. After characterizing the optimal PD1 chimera, we designed and optimized a tripartite retroviral vector that enables the simultaneous expression of this chimeric molecule in conjunction with a cancer-specific TCR. Human T cells, transduced to express a PD1/28 chimeric molecule, exhibited enhanced cytokine secretion and upregulation of activation markers upon coculture with tumor cells. These engineered cells also proliferated better compared with control cells. Finally, we tested the function of these cells in two xenograft models of human melanoma tumors and show that PD1/28-engineered human T cells demonstrated superior antitumor function. Overall, we propose that engineering T cells with a costimulatory retargeting molecule can enhance their function, which bears important implications for the improvement of T cell immunotherapy.
Immunotherapy Targeting Inhibitory Fcγ Receptor IIB (CD32b) in the Mouse Is Limited by Monoclonal Antibody Consumption and Receptor Internalization
Authors: Williams Emily L. , Tutt Alison L. , Beers Stephen A. , French Ruth R. , Chan Claude H. T. , Cox Kerry L. , Roghanian Ali , Penfold Christine A. , Butts Cherié L. , Boross Peter , Verbeek J. Sjef , Cragg Mark S. , Glennie Martin J.
Published: September 2013

Genetic deficiency of the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32b), has been shown to augment the activity of activatory FcγR and promote mAb immunotherapy. To investigate whether mAbs capable of blocking FcγRIIB have similar capacity, we recently generated a panel of specific anti-mouse FcγRIIB mAbs that do not cross-react with other FcRs, allowing us to study the potential of FcγRIIB as a therapeutic target. Previous work revealed a number of these mAbs capable of eliciting programmed cell death of targets, and in the present study we demonstrated their ability to promote target cell phagocytosis. However, in a variety of murine tumor models, anti-FcγRIIB mAbs demonstrated limited therapeutic activity despite optimized treatment regimens. Unexpectedly, we observed that the anti-FcγRIIB mAbs are rapidly and extensively consumed in vivo, both by the tumor and host cells, including B cells, leading to a precipitous loss from the circulation. Closer analysis revealed that the anti-FcγRIIB mAbs become extensively internalized from the cell surface within 24 h in vivo, likely explaining their suboptimal efficacy. Subsequent studies revealed that anti-FcγRIIB mAb immunotherapy was effective when used against FcγRIIB+ tumors in FcγRIIB−/− recipients, indicating that consumption of the mAb by nontumor cells is the primary limitation of these reagents. Importantly, similar rates of internalization were not seen on human target cells, at least in vitro. These studies further highlight the need to determine the propensity of mAb therapeutics to internalize target receptors and also identify potential key differences between human and mouse cells in this respect.
Pastoral care to or with sex-starved pregnant women in an African context
Authors: Baloyi Magezi E. , Manala Matsobane J.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this article is to highlight some African women’s problematic sex life, even in their married lives, as a result of prescribed and lengthy periods of abstinence from sex – especially during pregnancy. Literature studies, especially on Yoruba sexual practices, showed that forced abstinence from sexual activity during pregnancy is rife and that many women seem content with the situation, probably as a result of their internalisation of patriarchal beliefs and values, prescribed as a means of socialisation. This phenomenon of abstinence from sexual intercourse during pregnancy by the women in some African societies is the focus of the study. The article examined the following: views of sex amongst Black African people, medical views of sex and views of sex in Christian tradition. Also examined at length was the phenomenon of abstinence from sex in an African context. The findings led to a critical evaluation of the phenomenon and a search for pastoral guidelines that could facilitate transformation, intimacy and committed sexual life in African families.Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die problematiese seksuele lewens van sommige vrouens in Afrika na vore te bring. Die probleme kom voor ten spyte van die feit dat hulle getroud is omdat lang tydperke van onthouding, veral tydens swangerskap, vir hulle voorgeskryf word. ’n Literatuurstudie, veral oor die Yoruba se seksuele praktyke, dui daarop dat gedwonge onthouding van seksuele aktiwiteite gedurendede swangerskap heersend is. Verder kom dit ook voor asof baie vrouens nie daarmee probleme ervaar nie, waarskynlik as gevolg van hulle geïnternaliseerde patriargale oortuigings en waardes, wat vir sosialiseringsdoeleindes voorgeskryf word. Hierdie studie fokus op die verskynsel van onthouding van geslagsomgang gedurende swangerskap deur vrouens in sommige Afrika-gemeenskappe. Die artikel ondersoek die volgende: Swart Afrikane se tradisionele seksbeskouing, die mediese seksbeskouing en die Christelike tradisie se seksbeskouing. Die verskynsel van seksonthouding in ’n Afrika-konteks word ook ondersoek. Die bevindinge lei tot ’n kritiese evaluering van die fenomeen en die soeke na pastorale riglyne wat transformasie, intimiteit en toewyding in seksuele verhoudings in families in Afrika sou kon fasiliteer.
Non-tame Mice from Tame Failures of the Unique Branch Hypothesis
Authors: Sargsyan Grigor , Trang Nam
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we show that the failure of the unique branch hypothesis (UBH) for tame trees implies that in some homogenous generic extension of V there is a transitive model M containing Ord ∪ℝ such that M ⊧ AD+ + Θ > θ0. In particular, this implies the existence (in V) of a non-tame mouse. The results of this paper significantly extend J. R. Steel's earlier results for tame trees.
Evidence of submarine groundwater nutrient supply to an oligotrophic barrier reef
Authors: Greenwood J. E. , Symonds G. , Zhong L. , Lourey M.
Published: September 2013

Detailed hydrographic survey revealed patches of high nutrients and low salinity in the surface waters over a submerged limestone barrier reef in the oligotrophic coastal waters of the southeast Indian Ocean. The nutrient patches exist throughout the year and represent concentrations that are more than 10 times those in the surrounding water. Numerical model results show that the nutrients originate from the reef and that the patchiness is caused by changes in water circulation. The limestone in the region is known to be solution riddled, and submarine seeps of nutrient‐rich groundwater on the reef are a likely source. Underground conduits represent major routes by which groundwater nutrients can be transported over several kilometers and supplied to barrier reef ecosystems, resulting in “islands” of high productivity.
Zooplankton body composition
Authors: Kiørboe Thomas
Published: September 2013

I compiled literature on zooplankton body composition, from protozoans to gelatinous plankton, and report allometric relations and average body composition. Zooplankton segregate into gelatinous and non‐gelatinous forms, with few intermediate taxa (chaetognaths, polychaetes, and pteropods). In most groups body composition is size independent. Exceptions are protozoans, chaetognaths, and pteropods, where larger individuals become increasingly watery. I speculate about the dichotomy in body composition and argue that differences in feeding mechanisms and predator avoidance strategies favor either a watery or a condensed body form, and that in the intermediate taxa the moderately elevated water content is related to buoyancy control and ambush feeding.
Short‐term displacement of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in a pre‐alpine lake observed using an autonomous sampling platform
Authors: Garneau Marie-Ève , Posch Thomas , Hitz Gregory , Pomerleau François , Pradalier Cédric , Siegwart Roland , Pernthaler Jakob
Published: September 2013

Short‐term changes in temporal and spatial distributions of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens in Lake Zurich were investigated using high‐resolution data sets acquired with an autonomous surface vessel (ASV). Data profiles were recorded with a multi‐parameter probe while the ASV navigated along 1.5 km toward a waypoint located on the other side of the lake by using a global positioning system. We deployed the ASV seven times on five consecutive days during the stratification period (July 2011) to generate cross‐sectional views of temperature, light, oxygen, and phycoerythrin and chlorophyll fluorescence from surface to 18 m. The data were also used to compute daily photosynthetic rates. Data showed a daily reshaping of the P. rubescens distribution in the metalimnion on both horizontal and vertical axes, from patches to a shore‐to‐shore spreading. A thermocline depression observed after 16 h of sustained winds forced the accumulation of P. rubescens on the downwind shore. The compression of the metalimnion and its downward shift by 6 m within 24 h suggested the modulation of a longitudinal seiche following the wind event. This passive transport of the metalimnetic P. rubescens population resulted in a 90% light reduction, and a decrease of the averaged daily photosynthetic rate from +21 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to −10 mmol O2 m−2 d−1. Negative photosynthetic rates were computed on 2 d out of 5 d, meaning that the transport of P. rubescens by seiches significantly affected the balance between oxygen production and utilization in Lake Zurich, especially because it is the dominant primary producer.
Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Class V Composite on Primary and Permanent Dentitions
Authors: Shafiei Leila , Mojiri Parinaz , Ghahraman Yalda , Rakhshan Vahid
Published: September 2013

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the microleakage of Class V restorations filled with a 7th-generation self-adhesive composite.

Materials and methods

In 40 permanent premolars and 80 primary canines, 160 Class V cavities were prepared, which were filled with four restorative materials (n of each material = 20 permanent and 20 primary restorations): control: nonbonded composite (Heliomolar), GI: glass ionomer (Fuji IX GP), BC: bonded Heliomolar, SC: self-adhesive composite (Embrace WetBond). Dye penetration was scored 0 to 4 at 160 coronal and 160 gingival margins under 40× magnification by two examiners. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.01).

Results

The mean microleakages of the materials (in the order of ‘control, GI, BC, SC’) at each margin-dentition (n = 20 margins) were: coronal-permanent (3.25 ± 0.72, 2.75 ± 0.72, 0.35 ± 0.59, 2.7 ± 0.73), coronal-primary (3.3 ± 0.66, 2.85 ± 0.88, 0.55 ± 0.76, 2.65 ± 1.14), gingival-permanent (3.35 ± 0.67, 0.85 ± 0.67, 2.95 ± 0.83, 1.55 ± 1.23), and gingival-primary (3.25 ± 0.72, 0.85 ± 0.59, 2.85 ± 0.89, 2.85 ± 0.93). Compared with the control microleakage at each margin-dentition (each group's n = 20 margins), BC microleakage was significantly lesser at coronal margins only (p = 0.000), GI microleakage was lower at gingival margins only (p = 0.000), and SC microleakage was smaller at gingival margins of permanent teeth only (p = 0.000). After combining coronal/gingival margins, only SC microleakage in primary dentition (n = 40 margins) was not significantly lesser than the control in primary teeth (p = 0.018); and microleakage of all other material-dentitions were lesser than corresponding control-dentitions (p = 0.000). Permanent and primary teeth had similar results for all material-margins (p > 0.5) except for SC at gingival margins (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

SC should be used only at gingival margins of permanent teeth.

Clinical significance

Application of self-adhesive composite should be limited to gingival margins of permanent teeth.

How to cite this article

Shafiei L, Mojiri P, Ghahraman Y, Rakhshan V. Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Class V Composite on Primary and Permanent Dentitions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):461-467.
Experimental quantification of contact freezing in an electrodynamic balance
Authors: Hoffmann N. , Kiselev A. , Rzesanke D. , Duft D. , Leisner T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice in a supercooled water droplet induced by external contact with a dry aerosol particle has long been known to be more effective than freezing induced by the same nucleus immersed in the droplet. However, the experimental quantification of contact freezing is challenging. Here we report an experimental method to determine the temperature-dependent ice nucleation probability of size-selected aerosol particles. The method is based on the suspension of supercooled charged water droplets in a laminar flow of air containing aerosol particles as contact freezing nuclei. The rate of droplet–particle collisions is calculated numerically with account for Coulomb attraction, drag force and induced dipole interaction between charged droplet and aerosol particles. The calculation is verified by direct counting of aerosol particles collected by a levitated droplet. By repeating the experiment on individual droplets for a sufficient number of times, we are able to reproduce the statistical freezing behavior of a large ensemble of supercooled droplets and measure the average rate of freezing events. The freezing rate is equal to the product of the droplet–particle collision rate and the probability of freezing on a single contact, the latter being a function of temperature, size and composition of the contact ice nuclei. Based on these observations, we show that for the types of particles investigated so far, contact freezing is the dominating freezing mechanism on the timescale of our experiment.