bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The B/Ca proxy for past seawater carbonate chemistry reconstructions-laser ablation based calibrations for C. mundulus, C. wuellerstorfi and its morphotype C. cf. wuellerstorfi
Authors: Kersten F. , Tiedemann R. , Fietzke J. , Frische M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. B/Ca ratios in Cibicides mundulus and Cibicides wuellerstorfi have been shown to correlate with the degree of calcite saturation in seawater (Δ[CO32−]). In the South Pacific, a region of high importance in the global carbon cycle, these species are not continuously present in down-core records. Small numbers of epibenthic foraminifera in samples present an additional challenge, which can be overcome by using laser ablation-inductively coupled-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). We present a laser ablation based core-top calibration for Cibicides cf. wuellerstorfi, a C. wuellerstorfi morphotype that is abundant in the South Pacific and extend the existing global core top calibration for C. mundulus and C. wuellerstorfi to this region. B/Ca in C. cf. wuellerstorfi are linearly correlated with Δ[CO32−] and possibly display a higher sensitivity to calcite saturation changes than C. wuellerstorfi. Trace element profiles through C. wuellerstorfi and C. mundulus reveal an intra-shell B/Ca variation of ±36% around the mean shell value. Mg/Ca and B/Ca display opposite trends along the shell. Both phenomena likely result from ontogenetic effects. Intra-shell variability equals intra-sample variability, mean sample B/Ca values can thus be reliably calculated from averaged spot results of single specimen. In the global B/Ca–Δ[CO32−] range, we observe an inverse relationship between water mass age and Δ[CO32−].
A Rewarding Medical Internship – Documenting the Case of a Colorectal Cancer Patient with Hematochezia and Melena
Authors: Wang Xinzhu
Published: August 2013

During the summer of 2011, I was a medical intern at 463rd People’s Liberal Army (PLA) Hospital in China. The experience did not only challenge me academically, but it also helped me mature as a person. My beginning of this learning journey was filled with setbacks and criticism that disheartened me tremendously, to the point of fighting back tears on the bus ride home. But, as I learned to find motivation from criticism, prepare research information thoroughly to answer the doctors’ questions, and brighten the patients’ day with a genuine smile and a compassionate attitude, I began to earn the encouragement I previously had not deserved.
I was also able to follow the case of an anemic colorectal patient who had both hematochezia and melena. My role was to confirm melena without relying on a fecal blood occult test that was compromised due to a procedural mistake. The task required me to integrate my research information to realize how medication could be confounded with disease symptom. Specifically, I was required to discern the black tarry stool of melena from the dark greenish black stool caused by iron supplement treatment.
Looking back two years, those seemingly impossible obstacles were just small hurdles compared with what I need to prepare myself for in the future. Obstacles test my ability to understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, and most importantly—create. Obstacles make my life eventful, for I certainly do not intend for it to be as smooth as a straight line on an electrocardiogram.
The Supreme Court of Nevada: Gutierrez v. Nevada, Unpublished Order of Reversal and Remand, No. 53506
Authors: Bettauer Ronald J.
Published: August 2013

Article 36(1) of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations provides that a consular officer shall, if requested by a national of the sending state arrested in the receiving state, be informed of the arrest by the authorities of the receiving state ‘‘without delay [and] shall have a right to visit [and assist the arrested] national.’’ It also provides that ‘‘said authorities shall inform the person concerned without delay of his rights’’ to communicate with the consular officer.
The Food Assistance Convention
Authors: Echols Marsha
Published: August 2013

The Food Assistance Convention (Convention), signed by seven countries and the European Union in April 2012, went into effect on January 1, 2013. The Convention replaces and builds on the 1999 Food Aid Convention (FAC 1999). The use of ‘‘assistance’’ instead of ‘‘aid’’ in the title signals a change in approach from fixed commodity donations to offering a series of options for assisting communities address their particular food needs and goals. The objectives of the Convention are broad, to ‘‘save lives, reduce hunger, improve food security, and improve the nutritional status’’ of the most vulnerable populations. These objectives are in accord with international humanitarian law, which is referred to in the Preamble. The foundation of the Convention is the annual commitment of food, cash, vouchers, equipment, seeds and other assistance by each Party. The flexibility in developing the assistance for each population permits the donor to consider the specific local needs, capabilities and goals, e.g., to avoid interfering with or displacing local production. ‘‘Vulnerable populations’’ and the ‘‘most vulnerable populations’’ receive special attention throughout the Convention. The text refers to improved coordination of multilateral efforts, authorizes increased involvement of other organizations and stakeholders, and expressly gives priority to obligations under the World Trade Organization.
A Gendered Critique of the Copreneurial Business Partnership
Authors: McAdam Maura , Marlow Susan
Published: August 2013

This article explores the gender dynamics of a copreneurial relationship in which the normative gendered order is transposed such that the female partner acts as the lead entrepreneur. This transposition is analysed as an ideological dilemma, given the tensions arising from the conflicting gendered spousal positioning within the business and marital relationships. Drawing on this evidence, the authors explore how entrepreneurship both reflects and reproduces prevailing gendered relationships. Theoretically, the paper contributes to emerging critiques questioning entrepreneurship as a socioeconomic site of agentic emancipation using the conceptual lens of a gendered ideological dilemma.
Influence of the Institutional Environment on Entrepreneurial Intentions in an Emerging Economy
Authors: Urban Boris
Published: August 2013

Building on the literature on institutions, this paper examines the regulatory, normative and cognitive institutional dimensions that may influence entrepreneurial intentions in an emerging market context. Recognizing that idiosyncrasies and barriers in the institutional dimensions of emerging economies contrast with those of the developed market economies, hypotheses are formulated and tested using correlation and regression analyses. Results from a sample of 199 respondents indicate that perceptions of the different institutional dimensions are positively but not significantly correlated with entrepreneurial intentions. These findings suggest that public policy makers and market entrants need to be aware of the less than favourable conditions for entrepreneurship in South Africa, and of the numerous and often conflicting institutional pressures and constraints faced by potential entrepreneurs.
Occurrence of Metopism in Dry Crania of Adult Brazilians
Authors: da Silva Ivan do Nascimento , Fernandes Katharina Jucá de Moraes , Ramalho Antônio José Casado , Bispo Rodrigo Freitas Monte , Rodrigues Célio Fernando de Sousa , Aragão José Aderval
Published: August 2013

The metopic suture is located between the tubercles of the frontal bone. There are divergences regarding the exact time at which it closes, which ranges from the first to the tenth year of life, although it may persist into adulthood. This study was conducted on 134 dry crania from adult Brazilians, of which 95 were male and 39 were female. These were available in the anatomy laboratories of higher education institutions in Maceió, AL, Brazil. All the crania were examined macroscopically with regard to the presence (metopism: M) on absence of the metopic suture. M was considered to be complete (Mc) when it continued uninterruptedly from the nasium to the bregma and incomplete (Mi) when it was not present over its entire length. It was observed that Mc was present in 4.48% (6/134) of the skull examined, of which 50% (3/134) were male and 50% (3/134) were female. An incomplete metopic suture was found in 5.22% (7/144) of the crania and more frequently among males (3.73%; 5/134). Among the crania with a metopic suture, the dolichocephalic type predominated (7.46%) in relation to brachycephalic crania (1.49%) and mesocephalic crania (0.74%).
There was no predominance of metopism between the sexes, while an incomplete metopic suture was slightly more common among males.
Challenging the Canon: LGBT Content in Arts Education Journals
Authors: Freer Patrick K.
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine LGBT-related content across arts education journals in order to identify prevalence, themes, and trends. This study consisted of a content analysis of peer-reviewed articles appearing in the major journals affiliated with professional arts education associations in the United States. A total of 4,193 articles were published from 2000 to 2012 in the 11 journals, of which 70 (1.67%) included LGBT-related content. The percentage of LGBT-related content was steady over time. The most frequent LGBT themes in discipline-specific journal content related to pedagogy, the contributions of LGBT persons to art forms, gender, social justice, and homophobia. A more focused analysis included two pairs of long-running journals purposed for similar audiences and considered all article content since the journals’ inception: Music Educators Journal (1914) and Art Education (1948); and the Journal of Research in Music Education (1953) and Studies in Art Education (1959). The emergence of LGBTrelated content, including letters to the editor, followed similar paths in the two practitioneroriented journals. Music education articles referencing LGBT topics appeared later and are less numerous than in other arts disciplines. Analysis suggests methodological issues to be addressed in future research studies and points toward strategies for introducing LGBT-related content where none has yet been published.
John Terence Coppock 1921–2000
Authors: Clout Hugh
Published: August 2013

Terry Coppock FBA was a pioneer in three areas of scholarship – agricultural geography, land-use management and computer applications – whose academic career was at University College London and the University of Edinburgh, where he was the first holder of the Ogilvie Chair in Geography. He received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographic Society and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1976. Coppock, who was Secretary and then Chair of the Commission on World Food Problems and Agricultural Productivity of the International Geographical Union, served as Secretary Treasurer of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Obituary by Hugh Clout FBA.
Francis James Herbert Haskell 1928–2000
Authors: Hope Charles
Published: August 2013

Publication of Patrons and Painters (1963), which dealt with art in 17th-century Rome and 18th-century Venice, established Francis Haskell as one of the leading art historians of his generation. He held posts at King's College Cambridge and was then appointed Professor of the History of Art at Oxford University with a Fellowship at Trinity College. Haskell turned to studying French painting of the 19th century. Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976) won the Mitchell Prize for Art History. Haskell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971. Obituary by Charles Hope.
James Martin Hollis 1938–1998
Authors: Lukes Steven , Skinner Quentin
Published: August 2013

Martin Hollis, a philosopher with an unshakeable belief in the power of reason, was Professor of Philosophy at the University of East Anglia and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1990. He contributed logical puzzles to the New Scientist, and his most important books included Models of Man and The Cunning of Reason. Obituary by Steven Lukes FBA and Quentin Skinner FBA.
A Third Concept of Liberty
Authors: SKINNER QUENTIN
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyses Sir Isaiah Berlin's theory of liberty, In particular, it focuses on Berlin's most celebrated contribution to the debate, his essay entitled ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. Berlin identifies two concepts of liberty, one positive and the other negative. He assumes that, whenever we speak about negative liberty, we must be speaking about absence of interference. The chapter isolates a third concept of liberty. It attempts to show that we have inherited two rival and incommensurable theories of negative liberty, although in recent times we have generally contrived to ignore one of them.
Gāndhārī and the other Indo-Aryan languages in the light of newly-discovered Kharoṣṭhī manuscripts
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on a language whose very name was first proposed by the great scholar whose career is celebrated in this volume. For it was Harold Bailey's 1946 article whose title ‘Gāndhārī’ introduced that name for the first time. The discussion covers the varieties of literary Gāndhārī, the historical development of Gāndhārī as a literary language, the character of literary Gāndhārī, and Gāndhārī and the modern language of the northwest.
Pāli and the languages of early Buddhism
Authors: Norman K. R.
Published: August 2013

This chapter goes back to the beginnings of Buddhism, in fact to that ancient problem: What language or languages did the Buddha speak? It discusses Old Indo-Aryan and the origin of the Prakrit dialects, the language(s) of the Buddha and the Jina, Old Māgadhī, the migration of the Buddhist teachings, the writing down of the canon in Ceylon, anomalous forms in the Theravādin canon, anomalous forms and the Aśokan inscriptions, and why anomalies remain in the Pāli canon.
The vocabulary of Buddhist Sanskrit: Problems and perspectives
Authors: Hinüber O.Von
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyses the problems associated with Buddhist Sanskrit vocabulary. The obvious reason for these problems is the well-known linguistic diversity that prevailed in the vast area of India in ancient times as it does today. The first to experience them were most likely the early Buddhist monks, when they propagated their faith and tried to make themselves understood beyond Magadha, the original home of Buddhism, and then in the course of time even beyond India. These problems were gradually exported from India, as Buddhists in Central Asia and finally in China started to struggle with strange Sanskrit — or even worse Gāndhārī — words in their attempt to translate new and alien concepts into Chinese and other languages.
Servile Ethnics and Metic Ethnics
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter discusses servile and metic ethnics. Slavery was a normal part of Greek life from the earliest known date. In the Homeric poems, slaves, if more often a serf or a praedial worker than a member of a household, figure prominently, a native δο?λος at times shown in a trusted role as servant or worker. Greek cities recognised the status of the metic, the permanent or long-term, tax-liable, foreign resident, in different ways, at least as far as concerned the forms of legal identification required. Although the duties and privileges attaching to the status might vary, one restriction was general and absolute: no metic might employ the unadulterated ethnic of the host-city for identification.
Stephanus of Byzantium’s Vocabulary
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

The text of the Epitome of Stephanus contains no preliminary statement of principle regarding grammatical rules for individual ethnics, and although reference may be made under individual ethnics to regional or local usage, the information is repetitive and simply ad hoc. We are not in a position to say whether that is how the text was left by Stephanus, or whether an opening section or sections were excised by the epitomator(s). There are two recognisable features of the Epitome as a whole: (a) the inclusion in it, with corresponding ‘ethnics’ or a similar term, of a number of items which cannot by their very nature have had a civic role, and thus could not strictly have generated an ἐθνικόν, since they do not belong to that category of names. Alongside these irregular entries, there is another group of linguistic terms (b), which Stephanus uses to express departure from either an analogistic or local form, in such phrases as ‘it should be … ’. This chapter presents a list of some typical examples of the first class of entry; a second list illustrates different principles of linguistic usage recorded by Stephanus for features which have no independent political (including tribal) existence, but are included by him in his text; that is to say, forms which are justified or rejected by him in terms of the rules of ‘ethnic’ usage.
Vessels of Harnessed Fortune
Authors: Empson Rebecca M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines practices by which a household manages its fortune through attention to its herds and in mountain ceremonies. These practices point to domestic ways of forging a sense of personhood in the present, whereby people are viewed as the custodians of the land in which they currently live. They also involve attention to particular objects and so they highlight the moral means by which fortune is harnessed and contained.
Assemblage at the Household Chest
Authors: Empson Rebecca M.
Published: August 2013

Focusing on objects inside the household, this chapter explores how photographic montages and embroideries project different aspects of the person on to visitors to the house. These objects outwardly display the relations of obligation available to people within the household, while provoking individual memories of absent people and places for those who live in their vicinity.
Boundaries and their Transgression
Authors: Empson Rebecca M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter shows how the creation of hidden pieces, such as umbilical cords and pieces of tail hair from herd animals, contained within the household chest, point to modalities of personhood, quite different to those objectified on the outer surface of the chest. Here, people are brought into being, not though repetition and stasis, but through their separation and movement across time and space.
Tracing Human Ecology: The Archaeobotanical and Malacological Record
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines the ancient plant and other remains recovered from excavations. The purpose of archaeobotanical work was to reconstruct the human utilisation of plants in the past. The excavations focused on archaeological middens — the rubbish of ancient settlement. This is because they offer a record of human ecology, not least of changing human diet as evidenced in food refuse.
The Huarango: The Genus Prosopis on the South Coast
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

The huarango are a species of the genus Prosopis, one of the most common plants found along the watercourses of New World deserts and members of a family of nitrogen-fixing, bean-producing plants — the legumes — whose importance to humankind is second only to that of the cereal grasses and with which our relationship is even older. Today, perceptions of the genus are deeply divided between appreciation of its value on the one hand, and intense dislike of it as a thorny, invasive weed on the other. This chapter sifts through the reasons for this and a history of misidentification, in order to identify the particular characteristics of the huarango and, thereby, its true value as a human resource in the past. It suggests that thousands of years of co-evolution with humans have left their mark on the tree's form on the south coast of Peru.
Segou: Warfare and the Origins of a State of Slavery
Authors: Macdonald Kevin C. , Camara Seydou
Published: August 2013

The Bamana state of Segou (c.1700–1861) has been used as an exemplar of the slave system of economic production amongst Sahelian states by anthropologists and historians such as Bazin (1974), Roberts (1987), and Meillassoux (1991). However, little is known about the nature of Segou's connection to broader slave-trading networks of the time or, from an archaeological perspective, how such slave systems of production may be viewed in terms of settlement types or patterns. This chapter addresses aspects of these two puzzles through the field research of Project Segou, a collaboration between University College London and the Malian Institut des Sciences Humaines. It concentrates on results from the 2006 season directed by the authors — fieldwork which focused on the nature and history of Segou's slave economy. The chapter summarizes findings on the functioning of the Segovian slave system of production, and then briefly considers two case studies: one concerning Segou's first major war of enslavement, and a second examining two of Segou's enigmatic Sifinso (or ‘schools of the black hair’), places which may have played an important role in the mental conditioning of select groups of new captives.
Enslavement and Everyday Life: Living with Slave Raiding in the North-Eastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon
Authors: MacEachern Scott
Published: August 2013

The northern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon have been a focus of slave raiding for the past five centuries, according to historical sources. Some captives from the area were enslaved locally, primarily in Wandala and Fulbe communities, while others were exported to Sahelian polities or further abroad. This chapter examines ethnohistorical and archaeological data on nineteenth- and twentieth-century slave raiding, derived from research in montagnard communities along the north-eastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon. Enslavement and slave raiding existed within larger structures of day-to-day practice in the region, and were closely tied to ideas about sociality, social proximity and violence. Through the mid-1980s at least, enslavement in the region was understood as a still-relevant political and economic process, with its chief material consequence the intensely domesticated Mandara landscape.
Archaeological Perspectives on the Atlantic Slave Trade: Contrasts in Time and Space in Benin and Guinea
Authors: Kelly Kenneth G.
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the impacts of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the European settlements of the New World on two settings along the West African coast. The Atlantic slave trade engaged societies ranging from complexly organised ‘states’ to loosely organised societies based on diverse local leadership. The chapter discusses archaeological investigations of one complex setting, that of the seventeenth- to nineteenth-century Hueda and Dahomey societies of the Bight of Benin, and contrasts those findings with preliminary results from the nineteenth-century sites along the Rio Pongo, Guinea, where the slave trade was conducted by a range of societies of less complex organisation. These investigations demonstrate that the specific responses of local African people to the Atlantic slave trade were highly variable.
Recovering and Remembering a Slave Route in Central Tanzania
Authors: Wynne-Jones Stephanie
Published: August 2013

Tanzania's central caravan route, joining Lake Tanganyika to the East African coast, was an important artery of trade, with traffic peaking in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and associated particularly with ivory, but also with the export of slaves. The central caravan route has recently been chosen as a focus for the memorialisation of the slave trade in eastern Africa, as part of a project headed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency in collaboration with the Antiquities Division of Tanzania, and in response to a wider UNESCO-sponsored agenda. Yet the attempt to memorialise slavery along this route brings substantial challenges, both of a practical nature and in the ways that we think about material remains. This chapter explores some of these challenges in the context of existing heritage infrastructure, archaeologies of slavery, and the development of the region for tourism. It highlights the need for a more nuanced archaeology of this route's slave heritage.
Memory, Oral History and the End of Slavery in Tanzania: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Deutsch Jan-Georg
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores how the end of slavery is remembered in Tanzania. While the subject of ‘The end of slavery in Africa’ has attracted a substantial number of outstanding scholars, few researchers have conducted oral interviews, especially in East Africa. The author undertook field research, collecting contemporary memories of the end of slavery over a period of three months in the mid-1990s in various parts of Tanzania. The interviews were meant to complement archival research. The chapter shows that the memory of the end of slavery and the archival record fail to correspond with each other, and offers an explanation of why this is the case.
From Refugee Assistance to Freedom of Learning: the Strategic Vision of A. V. Hill, 1933–1964
Authors: Weindling Paul
Published: August 2013

The founding of the Academic Assistance Council (AAC) in May 1933 was a rapid and constructive response to the Nazi threat to science and learning. Among the far-sighted academics involved was the physiologist A. V. Hill (1886–1977). He was to be a consistent, effective, and loyal supporter of the AAC and, as it became in 1936, the Society for Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). Hill was remarkable in terms of his scientific achievements and his support of scientific organizations, most notably the Royal Society. Accompanying these activities was a set of social values concerning the scientist as citizen in a parliamentary democracy, and an agenda for science to modernize health care provision. Hill's commitment to the cause of academic refugees can be understood within a broader set of commitments and activities. Apart from many acts of practical assistance, Hill contributed to a broadening of the agenda of the SPSL, making academic freedom a core value. This chapter examines Hill's broader political vision of the defence of learning.
In Defence of Academic Women Refugees: The British Federation of University Women
Authors: Cohen Susan
Published: August 2013

This chapter describes the role of the British Federation of University Women and its relationship to the Academic Assistance Council/Society for the Protection of Science and Learning, or, perhaps more specifically, the relationship of its secretary Dr Erna Hollitscher to Esther Simpson. It highlights how women scholars are almost completely absent from the historiography of the rescue efforts of this period.
Labour, charity and voluntary action
Authors: Deakin Nicholas , Smith Justin Davis
Published: August 2013

This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme throughout Labour's history, particularly on the hard left, the notion of a broad and consistent antagonism is largely a myth, based upon a confusion of charity and philanthropy with other forms of co-operation, mutual aid and active citizenship. Instead, what Attlee called ‘the associative instinct’ has been an overlooked, but nevertheless important, constant in Labour's social thought, from Attlee's experiences as a young man at Toynbee Hall, through the promotion of active and local democracy in the 1940s and the revisionist turn away from macro-economics, and towards quality-of-life issues in the 1950s and 1960s, to the ‘rainbow coalition’ partnerships between local Labour administrations and voluntary groups in the 1980s.
Does brain science change our view of free will?1
Authors: HAGGARD PATRICK
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the interaction between neuroscience and free will. First, it considers how freely willed actions should be defined. Second, it outlines current understanding of brain mechanisms preceding action, showing in what respects these mechanisms meet the philosophical criteria for freely willed action, and in what respects they do not. Finally, it concludes that the philosophical criteria themselves are based on two underlying psychological facts: human action involves complex mappings between environmental stimuli and goal-directed responses, and human action is associated with a range of quasi-perceptual experiences, classically called ‘motor attention’. These facts lie at the heart of our concept of conscious free will, and are directly related to the recent evolutionary development of the brain's frontal lobes.
Libet and the case for free will scepticism1
Authors: BAYNE TIM
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines what is arguably the most influential rebutting objection in the current literature, an objection that appeals to Benjamin Libet's studies concerning the neural basis of agency. Although Libet himself stopped short of endorsing free will scepticism on the basis of his results, other theorists have not been so cautious, and his work is often said to show that we lack free will. It is argued that Libet's findings show no such thing. However, Libet's experiments do raise a number of interesting and important questions for accounts of free will. In particular, Libet's experiments raise challenging questions about the analysis of the concept of free will. In order to determine whether brain science supports free will scepticism we need not only to understand the relevant brain science, we also need to understand just what the common-sense or folk notion of free will commits us to. The latter requirement may be as difficult to meet as the former one is.
Physicalism and the determination of action
Authors: JACKSON FRANK
Published: August 2013

There is no single version of physicalism. There is no single argument for physicalism. There is, accordingly, no standard answer concerning the implications of physicalism for the causation of human action by mental states. This chapter begins by describing a preferred version of physicalism and its implications about the connection between subjects' mental states and what they do, and thereby for the determination and predictability of our actions. This serves as a precursor for a short discussion of the implications of physicalism for the possibility of free action. The chapter also discusses an anomalous physicalism that holds it is a mistake in principle to identify the mental and the physical, in the sense of identifying mental and physical kinds. At first blush, this kind of physicalism might seem good news for those who worry about the implications of physicalism for freedom. However, it is shown that the good news is not that good.
Dualism and the determination of action1
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: August 2013

This chapter argues that it is most unlikely that neuroscientists will ever be able to predict human actions resulting from difficult moral decisions with any high degree of probable success. That result leaves open the possibility that humans sometimes decide which actions to perform, without their decisions being predetermined by prior causes. The chapter begins with two assumptions, which provide a different framework within which to work out how far human actions are predictable from that of Frank Jackson, and which lead to a different kind of conclusion.
Leszek Kolakowski 1927–2009
Authors: LUKES STEVEN
Published: August 2013

Leszek Kolakowski, an eminent philosopher known mainly outside his native Poland for Main Currents of Marxism, was an enormously influential public figure in Poland. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle when Poland was liberated and went into exile in 1968, first to North America, where he continued to give active support and advice to Solidarity, and then to Oxford. Kolakowski, who became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1980, was buried in Poland with military honours and a minute's silence in the national Parliament. Obituary by Steven Lukes FBA.
Peter Hugh Jefferd Lloyd-Jones 1922–2009
Authors: WILSON NIGEL
Published: August 2013

Hugh Lloyd-Jones was an eminent Latin scholar who, during the Second World War, learnt Japanese and was posted to the Wireless Experimental Centre near Delhi. He became Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Oxford and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1966. Obituary by Nigel Wilson FBA.
Douglas Maurice MacDowell 1931–2010
Authors: CAREY CHRIS
Published: August 2013

Douglas Macdowell, one of the most distinguished students of Greek oratory, law and comedy of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, was for 30 years Professor of Greek at Glasgow University. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1993 and was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Obituary by Chris Carey.
Michael Podro 1931–2008
Authors: POTTS ALEXANDER
Published: August 2013

Michael Podro was a scholar who exterted a considerable influence on the study of art history. His first book was The Manifold in Perception: Theories of Art from Kant to Hildebrand (1972). After taking his English degree at Cambridge, Podro studied for a year at the Slade, where he was influenced by the teaching of Ernst Gombrich. His book Depiction was a response to Gombrich. Podro taught art history at Camberwell School of Art and Crafts, then was lecturer in the philosophy of art at the Warburg Institute. Finally, he moved to the University of Essex, where he remained for the rest of his career. Podro was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1992. Obituary by Alexander Potts.
Michael Williams 1935–2009
Authors: CLOUT HUGH
Published: August 2013

Michael Williams was an historical geographer and environmental historian who received international acclaim for his work on mankind's use of the wetlands, forests and other fragile resources. Born in Wales, his first appointment was at the University of Adelaide, South Australia, and then his subsequent career was in the Geography Department of the University of Oxford, based at Oriel College. Williams's book Americans and their Forests: an Historical Geography appeared in 1989 and was hugely influential in encouraging further research into deforestation. Deforesting the Earth: from Prehistory to Global Crisis, published in 2003, was considered his magnus opus. Williams was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1989. Obituary by Hugh Clout FBA.
Comparative institutional advantage in the context of development*
Authors: Hepple QC Bob
Published: August 2013

This chapter discusses how the theory of comparative institutional advantage might be applied in the context of development. In so doing, it draws on the work of Hall and Soskice on Varieties of Capitalism (2001) and the author's own work on Labour Laws and Global Trade (2005), which argued that nations prosper in a globalised economy, not by becoming more similar in their labour laws, but by building their institutional advantages on a floor of fundamental human rights. The chapter develops this argument in the context of national responses to economic crisis. It considers the issue of comparative advantage in trade, questioning assumptions relating to the sources of such advantage, and proposing innovative regulatory means of addressing current shortcomings. It advocates positive interaction of local, national, regional, and international measures which empower workers' voices.
Gender, equality and capabilities*
Authors: Fudge Judy
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers the relationship between women's equality, care work, and sustainable development, and develops a conceptual framework that can be used to understand this complex relationship. The chapter is organized as follows. The second section briefly reviews the relationship between sustainable development, which includes the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) ‘Decent Work’ Agenda, and women's equality. It answers the question on what basis or dimension women's equality should be measured. Instead of assessing a range of potential answers, it focuses on Amartya Sen's notion of substantive freedom and his capabilities approach. The third section argues that women's equality, and especially the relationship between women's equality and responsibility for care work, illustrates both the promise of, and the limitations to, Sen's capabilities approach. The fourth section sketches some of the salient differences between paid and unpaid care work in the North and the South, which also considers the capacity of the ILO 2009 report, ‘Decent Work for Domestic Workers’, to respond to these differences. Drawing upon feminist scholars, the fifth section argues that, supplemented by a theory of choice, deliberative mechanisms, and a social theory of power, the capabilities approach can be a useful tool for conceptualising women's equality and for recognising the significance of socially necessary care work. The chapter concludes by suggesting that a robust capabilities approach designed to address gender inequality and to incorporate care work illuminates the limitations in the current approaches of antidiscrimination law for addressing women's inequality.
Some remarks on the economics of child labour*
Authors: Bhalotra Sonia
Published: August 2013

The responsibility for child labour is often cast as resting with (exploitative) employers. This creates a demand for legislation that bars employers from employing children. However, a careful look at household survey data suggests that the majority of employers are parents and, when not, parents have volunteered the child for work. This chapter focuses on the majority case of children working to help the family survive. It briefly discusses the role of legislation in curbing child labour, while arguing that it is not a substitute for efforts directed at creating income-generating opportunities amongst the poor and improving their access to education. Even when legislation is effective in lowering the incidence of child labour, it remains relevant to consider where children removed from the labour market go, which is why so much of the emphasis in the contemporary development literature is on education.
Child labour*
Authors: Deva Surya
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the responsibility of corporations regarding child labour. This exploration is done at two levels. First, selected regulatory regimes are reviewed to ascertain the corporate responsibility outlined therein. Under international law generally, the responsibility in relation to human/labour rights was traditionally and primarily conceived with reference to states. This state-focal nature, though, seems to be undergoing a change in recent years. For example, more importance is now being given to states' duty to ensure that non-state actors within their respective jurisdictions comply with the goal of eliminating child labour. In addition to this indirect approach, responsibility for child labour is also being directly imposed on corporations. Second, at a normative level, the notion of responsibility is analysed with reference to the idea of being ‘responsive’ to the state of child labour. ‘Responsiveness’ is contrasted with ‘responsibility’ in that the former focuses more on strategy and action rather than outlining what duties corporations have on a given issue.
An afterword*
Authors: Van Der Hoeven Rolph
Published: August 2013

This chapter reviews the various contributions made to this volume and interventions offered at the conference held at the British Academy in May 2009. Reflecting on how theory has been and could be put into practice, it recognises that current trends towards globalisation and the recent economic crisis have forced us ‘to be cognisant of growing (and unsustainable) inequality between and within countries’. We now need to envisage policies to counter this and seize the opportunity to ensure participation in the debates which could shape such policies. A better realisation of labour standards could ‘play an important role in diminishing the social consequences of the crisis and in building a better socio-economic system to avoid or face future crises’, so that it is ultimately sustainable.
Alphabetic Origins
Authors: Pardee Dennis
Published: August 2013

This chapter lays out the peculiarities of the Ugaritic language and hence of its peculiar contributions to our knowledge of the history of culture. It discusses the nature of the language and its place within the languages of the ancient Near East, the nature of the writing system, and the nature of the Ugaritic texts that have been preserved.
Literary Composition in the Hebrew Bible: The View from Ugarit
Authors: Pardee Dennis
Published: August 2013

This chapter illustrates the similarities that exist between the data from Ugarit and the next principal literary corpus, that to be found in the Hebrew Bible. The emphasis is not on the theology or the theological politics of the two corpora, but on their literary qualities. It stresses two aspects of the Ugaritic‐Hebrew parallels: first, the points of resemblance between the two corpora in the aesthetics of poetic structure and imagery; and, second, the evolution visible in the Hebrew Bible in the areas of literary genre, subject matter, and life setting of individual poems or collections of poems. The perspective is not that of a biblical scholar, but that of someone who has spent much of his career attempting to elucidate Ugaritic texts from the epigraphic and philological perspectives.
Tudorism in English Music, 1837–1953
Authors: BANFIELD STEPHEN
Published: August 2013

Between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, a cultivated relationship with the music of a favoured period in the distant national past was a pervasive aspect of high, and sometimes lower, musical culture in England. This chapter first sketches a general picture of that relationship before presenting some particular case studies. It addresses the following questions: to what extent does Tudorism in music refer to the revival of music itself, to what extent to its stylistic emulation in nineteenth- and twentieth-century English compositions? Was it a matter of appealing to the Tudors to set a political agenda for music? Tudorism in English music was many things but also one very definite thing — a conscious modelling of style or atmosphere in musical composition on that of a perceived golden age of national culture. It was in some respects part of the early music movement that Harry Haskell identified as beginning in 1829 with Mendelssohn's revival of J. S. Bach's St Matthew Passion, yet not the same thing insofar as that movement was about reviving discarded old music and Tudorism was about creating new music in an earlier image.
Architecture: The Tudoresque Diaspora
Authors: BALLANTYNE ANDREW , LAW ANDREW
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on the use of Tudoresque architecture overseas, where it began as an expression of Britishness, but since then has come to have other connotations along the way. It describes examples from 1920s America which show that Tudoresque architecture can flourish without the support of a British expatriate community; and Tudoresque buildings at Shimla in the northwest Himalayas, India, which from 1864 became a seasonal capital that served as the seat of government from March to November. Tudoresque architecture has become emblematic of Britishness and can be found around the world wherever quality is valued. It is also found in a less explicitly ‘Tudor’ mode, where the black-and-white colouring of the style is used for the sake of its connection with earlier, more colonial buildings that have come to be seen as smart and authoritative, but where specific evocation of Britishness does not seem to be the point.
Income Inequality and Psychosocial Pathways to Obesity
Authors: Pickett Kate E. , Wilkinson Richard G.
Published: August 2013

Almost all health and social problems that have social gradients (more common further down the social ladder) are very much more common in societies with bigger income differences between rich and poor. Obesity is part of a very general picture to do with class, status and inequality that affects longevity, violence, mental health, teenage births, drug abuse and child well-being, among other outcomes. The causal pathways through which obesity might be affected by inequality are discussed in this chapter.
Introduction: Archaeology, Linguistics, and the Andean Past: A Much-Needed Conversation
Authors: BERESFORD-JONES DAVID , HEGGARTY PAUL
Published: August 2013

This volume is a collection which includes the text of papers presented at the September 2008 Cambridge Symposium on Archaeology and Linguistics in the Andes. The Cambridge symposium sought to bring together the disciplines of linguistics and archaeology, in order to dispel a number of popular myths about the language history of the Andes. This introductory chapter first sets out the structure of the book and introduces its component chapters. Thereafter it clarifies briefly a number of principles from historical linguistics that are indispensable to an understanding of how language data can inform us about prehistory at all, as a general methodological background to the chapters that follow. Next, it reviews the traditional model for associating the linguistic and archaeological records in the Andes, and the problems that attend it. Finally, it looks at one particular cross-disciplinary proposal that has commanded much attention worldwide, but precious little hitherto in the Andes: the ‘farming/language dispersal’ hypothesis.
Central Andean Language Expansion and the Chavín Sphere of Interaction
Authors: BURGER RICHARD L.
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the possibility that the development of the Chavín Horizon may have stimulated the expansion of one of the major central Andean language families, particularly Aymara, once spread much more widely and further north than today. Pre-Chavín cultures on the coast and in the highlands are reviewed and found to be unlikely sources of this expansion. While the Chavín Horizon may provide a possible source for the first expansion of Aymara, in terms of both its chronology and widespread geographical impact, the ‘strong hypotheses’ proposed to explain the expansion are found to be unconvincing, particularly that linking the expansion to the adoption of maize as a staple. Other hypotheses emphasizing the role of religion and cosmopolitanism are proposed as possible alternatives. The current discussion is placed within the larger context of the history of Andean archaeology and historical linguistics and is viewed as an important step forward in resolving this long-standing problem.
The ‘Pictures’ of Jerusalem in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Misc. 156
Authors: Carruthers Mary
Published: August 2013

Imagining structures from the ekphrastic descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple and Temple Mount in I Kings and Ezekiel is an ancient meditation discipline, which was adopted from Jewish practices into early Christian monasticism. Though it could take various forms, ‘imagining/remembering Jerusalem’ was often practised as a devotional exercise throughout the European Middle Ages. Drawings of such an imagined character are significant to late medieval exegesis of these and related scriptural materials, particularly those associated with the commentaries of Nicholas of Lyra and the collection of visual meditations known as the Speculum theologie. This chapter queries a late medieval illuminated manuscript (Bodleian Library MS Laud Misc. 156) that, in the fifteenth century, formed part of the library of St John's Hospital in Exeter, to suggest that its materials were acquired and used for scriptural study and sermon composition by scholars of the hospital and its associated school.