bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charities marketing — more focus on the beneficiary
Authors: Pyne Anthony E. , Robertson Deenagh
Published: February 2011

Academic literature on the marketing of charities is almost always associated with fundraising or the publicising of socially worthwhile causes. Little attention has been paid to the marketing of charitable services to their intended beneficiaries, for traditionally demand always exceeded supply. However, today many charities rely increasingly on fees for services for a substantial part of their income, which the authors believe must lead to more emphasis being placed on reaching potential beneficiaries and their financial supporters.

This paper explores the case of a charity that had insufficient demand for its services. It shows that a lack of understanding of buyer behaviour was a principal cause of the problem. The analysis also shows that the decision process is a complex one that resembles industrial rather than consumer models. The paper goes on to demonstrate that this complex purchase behaviour applies to a large group of charities and that an understanding of it will increase in importance as charities seek new sources of income.
Models of database marketing
Authors: Rodd John
Published: February 2011

Database systems are intimately associated with fundraising effectiveness, but often leave much to be desired in the way they are implemented. This paper looks at the strengths, weaknesses and origins of three main database types: island, integrated and transitional. Observations support the view that database systems are created reactively in the face of strategies for fundraising. Where marketing strategy dictates a holistic approach to donor management, then systems will ten to the integrated or ‘contacts’ model. However, where there is no co‐ordinated view on donoi development and maximised lifetime value, then fragmented island‐type databases will be found.
They shouldn't let them out for us to see': Empathy and affect intensity as determinants of responses to representations of the facially disfigured in charity advertising
Authors: Bennett Roger
Published: February 2011

Test subjects were exposed to made‐up advertisements for a hypothetical facial disfigurement charity. Certain groups saw an advertisement featuring a disfigured young person on his own; others a similar representation but with the addition of either a physically attractive or unattractive female announcer. Responses to a written appeal accompanying the visual imagery were measured and analysed according to test subjects' levels of emotionality and predisposition to experience empathy. The experiment was repeated using control groups who were given comparable advertisements that did not include any sight of a disfigured person — only an attractive or unattractive female announcer. It emerged that advertisements containing both a disfigured individual and a physically attractive announcer evoked the most favourable responses.
Moneyless exchange: Attitudes of participants in Australian community barter systems
Authors: Birch Dawn , Liesch Peter
Published: February 2011

Community‐based barter systems, known as LETS, appear to have become in‐stitutionalised, that is accepted as an alternative exchange system across Australia and in other Western countries. LETS are non‐profit enterprises, which allow members of a community to exchange goods and services without cash. A search of the literature reveals that very little empirical investigation has been conducted on these systems. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide insight on the motivations for the establishment of these systems and to contribute to the literature on community‐based barter. This paper reports the findings of a survey of 371 members of Australian LETS. The findings indicate that LETS are most attractive to the unemployed and those with low household incomes. LETS have been established to empower and build cohesive communities; the benefits of membership are both economic and psycho‐social, and include a better quality of life, increased freedom and opportunities for using skills. The disadvantages of membership in LETS include limited trading opportunities and some trading problems. While pricing varies across transactions, most members report that they generally buy and sell within the system at the equivalent of the cash price. The success of LETS is based on the establishment and maintenance of good trading relationships and these systems are expected to continue irrespective of the economic climate.
Approach to the study of C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic and aromatic acids from Spergularia rubra by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array detection/electrospray ionization multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Ferreres Federico , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel , Vinholes Juliana , Grosso Clara , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula B.
Published: February 2011

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) as working tool for the study of the C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic and aromatic acids has allowed the tentative characterization of these compounds in Spergularia rubra and the establishment of the position of the acylation on the sugar moiety of the C‐glycosylation by use of MS data. The combination of retention time (Rt), ultraviolet (UV) and MSn data of the compounds revealed their C‐glycosyl flavone nature, being luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol derivatives. Ten non‐acylated flavones were identified, from which six are described for the first time (one 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐glycosyl flavone, four 6,8‐diC‐glycosyl flavones and one 2”‐O‐glycosyl‐6‐C‐glycosyl flavone). Twenty‐six acylated derivatives were also found for the first time. These compounds are grouped in three classes, namely, C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic acids, with aromatic acids or with a mixed acylation. The first group is characterized by the presence of one 6,8‐diC‐(acetyl)glycosyl flavone, four 6,8‐diC‐(malonyl)glycosyl flavones and two 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐(malonyl)glycosyl flavones, while in the second one twelve 6,8‐diC‐(acyl)glycosyl flavones and two 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐(acyl)glycosyl flavones are described. The last class contained five 6,8‐diC‐(malonyl,acyl)glycosyl flavones. No previous work has described the presence of C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic acids in this genus. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel circuit for independent control of electron energy and emission current of a hot cathode electron source
Authors: Sikora Jaroslaw , Halas Stanislaw
Published: February 2011

The implementation of a non‐linear combination of two reference voltages to control the anode voltage in the previously described biasing system of an electron source with a hot cathode allows elimination of the correlation between the emission current and the accelerating voltage. The presented system is highly suitable for applications in electron‐impact mass spectrometers, ionization gauges and other instruments (for example, electron microscopes). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry targeted profiling of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Mal Mainak , Koh Poh Koon , Cheah Peh Yean , Chan Eric Chun Yong
Published: February 2011

Cumulative evidence shows that eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes and hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids play an important role in associating inflammation with human colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study an ultra‐pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the targeted profiling of eight relevant eicosanoids and the major metabolic precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in human colon. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments were performed in negative electrospray ionization mode. The metabolites were separated using a C18 column consisting of 1.7 µm ethylene‐bridged hybrid particles (100 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and gradient elution (50 to 95% of solvent B) with a mobile phase comprising water (0.1% formic acid) [solvent A] and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) [solvent B] at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The analysis time for each sample was 5.5 min. Our UPLC/MS/MS method demonstrated satisfactory validation results in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, matrix effect, linearity, extraction efficiency, intra‐ and inter‐day precision, accuracy and autosampler stability. The method was applied for the clinical profiling of matched pairs of cancerous and normal colon mucosae obtained from eight colorectal cancer patients. Endogenous levels of AA and selected eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostacyclin (PGI2) [assayed as its stable hydrolytic product 6‐keto‐prostaglandin1α (6‐k PGF1α)] and 12‐hydroxy‐5Z,8Z,10E,14Z‐eicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE) were found to be significantly different (p <0.05; paired t‐test) between cancerous and normal mucosae. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personalized estimates of breast cancer risk in clinical practice and public health
Authors: Gail Mitchell H.
Published: February 2011

This paper defines absolute risk and some of its properties, and presents applications in breast cancer counseling and prevention. For counseling, estimates of absolute risk give useful perspective and can be used in management decisions that require weighing risks and benefits, such as whether or not to take tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer. Absolute risk models are also useful in designing intervention trials to prevent breast cancer and in assessing the potential reductions in absolute risk of disease that might result from reducing exposures that are associated with breast cancer. In these applications, it is important that the risk model be well calibrated, namely that it accurately predicts the numbers of women who will develop breast cancer in various subsets of the population. Absolute risk models are also needed to implement a ‘high risk’ prevention strategy that identifies a high‐risk subset of the population and focuses intervention efforts on that subset. The limitations of the high‐risk strategy are discussed, including the need for risk models with high discriminatory accuracy, and the need for less toxic interventions that can reduce the threshold of risk above which the intervention provides a net benefit. I also discuss the potential use of risk models in allocating prevention resources under cost constraints. High discriminatory accuracy of the risk model, in addition to good calibration, is desirable in this application, and the risk assessment should not be expensive in comparison with the intervention. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing paired vs non‐paired statistical methods of analyses when making inferences about absolute risk reductions in propensity‐score matched samples
Authors: Austin Peter C.
Published: February 2011

Propensity‐score matching allows one to reduce the effects of treatment‐selection bias or confounding when estimating the effects of treatments when using observational data. Some authors have suggested that methods of inference appropriate for independent samples can be used for assessing the statistical significance of treatment effects when using propensity‐score matching. Indeed, many authors in the applied medical literature use methods for independent samples when making inferences about treatment effects using propensity‐score matched samples. Dichotomous outcomes are common in healthcare research. In this study, we used Monte Carlo simulations to examine the effect on inferences about risk differences (or absolute risk reductions) when statistical methods for independent samples are used compared with when statistical methods for paired samples are used in propensity‐score matched samples. We found that compared with using methods for independent samples, the use of methods for paired samples resulted in: (i) empirical type I error rates that were closer to the advertised rate; (ii) empirical coverage rates of 95 per cent confidence intervals that were closer to the advertised rate; (iii) narrower 95 per cent confidence intervals; and (iv) estimated standard errors that more closely reflected the sampling variability of the estimated risk difference. Differences between the empirical and advertised performance of methods for independent samples were greater when the treatment‐selection process was stronger compared with when treatment‐selection process was weaker. We recommend using statistical methods for paired samples when using propensity‐score matched samples for making inferences on the effect of treatment on the reduction in the probability of an event occurring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian semiparametric multivariate joint model for multiple longitudinal outcomes and a time‐to‐event
Authors: Rizopoulos Dimitris , Ghosh Pulak
Published: February 2011

Motivated by a real data example on renal graft failure, we propose a new semiparametric multivariate joint model that relates multiple longitudinal outcomes to a time‐to‐event. To allow for greater flexibility, key components of the model are modelled nonparametrically. In particular, for the subject‐specific longitudinal evolutions we use a spline‐based approach, the baseline risk function is assumed piecewise constant, and the distribution of the latent terms is modelled using a Dirichlet Process prior formulation. Additionally, we discuss the choice of a suitable parameterization, from a practitioner's point of view, to relate the longitudinal process to the survival outcome. Specifically, we present three main families of parameterizations, discuss their features, and present tools to choose between them. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgO Saturation in Secondary Metallurgical Lime‐aluminate and Lime‐silicate Slags
Authors: Brüggmann C. , Pötschke J.
Published: February 2011

This paper provides an informative basis on MgO saturation in secondary metallurgical slags by conducting thermo‐chemical calculations in the ternary base system Al2O3‐CaO‐SiO2 at 1600 °C, 1650 °C and 1700 °C using FactSageTM6.0. The results for lime‐aluminate and lime‐silicate slag are displayed in a straightforward and illustrative manner. In addition, approximate equations describe the temperature dependencies: a temperature rise of 50 °C increases the MgO saturation limit by about 1 wt. %.
Two New Crystalline Organogermanate‐Based Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Compounds
Authors: Stock Norbert , Jargstorff Christian , Wriedt Steffanie
Published: February 2011

The bifunctional metalloligand bis(carboxyethylgermanium)sesquioxide, (HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3, was employed in the systematic high‐throughput (HT) investigation of the system Zn2+/(HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3/H2O/C4H9OH. Two new metal‐organogermanates Zn[(OOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3] (1) and Zn2(O3GeCH2CH2COO) (2) were discovered that show two new structural motifs for this class of compounds. Whereas in compound 1 a formal intercalation in the structure of (HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3 is observed, 2 exhibits a new layered structure composed of CGeO3 and ZnO4 unit linked by μ3‐oxygen atoms. Both connectivity modes lead to dense three‐dimensional framework structures.
Newborn screening for galactosemia by a second‐tier multiplex enzyme assay using UPLC‐MS/MS in dried blood spots
Authors: Ko Dae‐Hyun , Jun Sun‐Hee , Park Kyoung Un , Song Sang Hoon , Kim Jin Q , Song Junghan
Published: February 2011

Galactosemia is one of the most important inherited metabolic disorders detected by newborn screening tests. Abnormal results during screening should be confirmed by enzyme activity assays. Recently, we developed a multiplex enzyme assay for galactosemia in erythrocytes using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). In this study, we proposed a second‐tier multiplex enzyme assay for galactosemia that can be directly applied to dried blood spots (DBSs). Supernatants from two rehydrated‐punched 3.2‐mm DBSs were incubated with a reaction mixture containing [13C6]galactose, [13C2]galactose‐1‐phosphate, and UDP‐glucose as substrates for three galactose‐metabolizing enzymes. After a 4‐hour incubation, the end products from the combined reaction mixture, [13C6]galactose‐1‐phosphate, UDP‐[13C2]galactose, and UDP‐galactose, were simultaneously measured using UPLC‐MS/MS. Substrates, products, and internal standards from the mixture of the three enzyme reactions were clearly separated in the UPLC‐MS/MS system, with an injection cycle time of 10 min. Intra‐ and inter‐assay imprecisions of the UPLC‐MS/MS were 8.4‐14.8% and 13.2‐15.7% CV, respectively. Enzyme activities in DBSs from 37 normal individuals and 10 patients with enzyme deficiencies were analyzed. DBSs from galactosemia patients showed consistently lower enzyme activities as compared to those of normal individuals. In conclusion, multiplex enzyme assays using UPLC‐MS/MS can be successfully applied to DBS analysis. This method allows a fast and effective second‐tier test for newborns showing abnormal screening results.
Comparison of a Cationic Gemini Surfactant and the Corresponding Monomeric Surfactant for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Mahdavian Mohammad , Tehrani‐Bagha Ali Reza , Holmberg Krister
Published: February 2011

A cationic gemini surfactant, N,N′‐didodecyl‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐butanediammonium dibromide (12‐4‐12) and the corresponding monomeric surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were compared with respect to corrosion inhibition efficiency in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate corrosion inhibition. The 12‐4‐12 surfactant showed an extremely high corrosion inhibition efficiency at very low concentration. Surface tension measurements performed under the strongly acidic conditions revealed that the gemini surfactant is remarkably electrolyte tolerant, which is beneficial for adsorption at the steel surface.
Ethinyl estradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg 24/4 oral contraceptive for the treatment of functional impairment in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Authors: Marr Joachim , Heinemann Klaas , Kunz Michael , Rapkin Andrea
Published: February 2011

Objective

To determine the effects of ethinyl estradiol (EE)/drospirenone in a 24/4 regimen (24 days of active and 4 days of inactive pills) on functional impairment (affecting work, partnership, and social activities) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

Methods

The present study was a secondary analysis of a double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐design multicenter trial. Women received EE 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg (n = 232) or placebo (n = 218) and completed the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) scale daily.

Results

The decrease in mean scores for all 3 DRSP functional impairment items (work, partnership, and social activities) from baseline to cycle 3 mirrored changes in the total DRSP symptom score; the greatest decreases were observed in cycle 1 with further small reductions through to cycle 3. The proportional mean decreases from baseline to cycle 1 for the 3 functional items ranged from 47% to 48%. For all 3 functional items, the mean reductions from baseline to cycle 1 (but not from cycle 1 to cycles 2 and 3) were significantly greater with EE/drospirenone than with placebo (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Ethinyl estradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a 24/4 regimen significantly improved functional impairment in women with PMDD. Symptoms improved in parallel.
English focus inversion
Authors: CULICOVER PETER W. , WINKLER SUSANNE
Published: February 2011

Besides the canonical Subject–I–VP structure, English has several inversion constructions in which the subject follows the inflected verb. The most familiar is Subject Auxiliary Inversion (SAI) which is analyzed as an instance of Head Movement (I–to–C-movement across the subject) in the generative tradition. In this paper we investigate Comparative Inversion (CI), which appears to be a special case of SAI in which ellipsis is required (Merchant 2003). Contrary to this analysis, we show that the subject can stay low in a noncanonical position, violating the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) in exactly those instances where it is under comparison and therefore heavily accented and contrastively focused. Our analysis shows that the non-application of the EPP is tied to regular interactions of syntax with phonology and syntax with semantics. We extend this in depth analysis to other English focus inversions and provide evidence that phonological highlighting and focus on the low subject can suspend the EPP. Thus, our analysis supports research programs which assume minimal syntactic structure and operations in interaction with interface constraints that are independently required for explanation.
THE IMPLICIT LEARNING OF MAPPINGS BETWEEN FORMS AND CONTEXTUALLY DERIVED MEANINGS
Authors: Leung Janny H. C. , Williams John N.
Published: February 2011

The traditional implicit learning literature has focused primarily on the abstraction of statistical regularities in form-form connections. More attention has been recently directed toward the implicit learning of form-meaning connections, which might be crucial in the acquisition of natural languages. The current article reports evidence for implicit learning of a mapping between a novel set of determiners and thematic roles, obtained using a newly developed reaction time methodology. The results conclude that contextually derived form-meaning connections might be implicitly learned.
On continuous branches of very singular similarity solutions of the stable thin film equation. II – Free-boundary problems
Authors: EVANS J. D. , GALAKTIONOV V. A.
Published: February 2011

We discuss the fourth-order thin film equation

with a stable second-order diffusion term, in the context of a standard free-boundary problem with zero height, zero contact angle and zero-flux conditions imposed at an interface. For the first critical exponent

where N ≥ 1 is the space dimension, there are continuous sets (branches) of source-type very singular self-similar solutions of the form

For p ≠ p0, the set of very singular self-similar solutions is shown to be finite and consists of a countable family of branches (in the parameter p) of similarity profiles that originate at a sequence of critical exponents {pl, l ≥ 0}. At p = pl, these branches appear via a non-linear bifurcation mechanism from a countable set of second kind similarity solutions of the pure thin film equation

Such solutions are detected by a combination of linear and non-linear ‘Hermitian spectral theory’, which allows the application of an analytical n-branching approach. In order to connect with the Cauchy problem in Part I, we identify the cauchy problem solutions as suitable ‘limits’ of the free-boundary problem solutions.
SpRET: Highly Sensitive and Reliable Spectral Measurement of Absolute FRET Efficiency
Authors: Levy Shiri , Wilms Christian D. , Brumer Eliaz , Kahn Joy , Pnueli Lilach , Arava Yoav , Eilers Jens , Gitler Daniel
Published: February 2011

Contemporary research aims to understand biological processes not only by identifying participating proteins, but also by characterizing the dynamics of their interactions. Because Förster's Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is invaluable for the latter undertaking, its usage is steadily increasing. However, FRET measurements are notoriously error-prone, especially when its inherent efficiency is low, a not uncommon situation. Furthermore, many FRET methods are either difficult to implement, are not appropriate for observation of cellular dynamics, or report instrument-specific indices that hamper communication of results within the scientific community. We present here a novel comprehensive spectral methodology, SpRET, which substantially increases both the reliability and sensitivity of FRET microscopy, even under unfavorable conditions such as weak fluorescence or the presence of noise. While SpRET overcomes common pitfalls such as interchannel crosstalk and direct excitation of the acceptor, it also excels in removal of autofluorescence or background contaminations and in correcting chromatic aberrations, often overlooked factors that severely undermine FRET experiments. Finally, SpRET quantitatively reports absolute rather than relative FRET efficiency values, as well as the acceptor-to-donor molar ratio, which is critical for full and proper interpretation of FRET experiments. Thus, SpRET serves as an advanced, improved, and powerful tool in the cell biologist's toolbox.
EXACT SOLUTIONS FOR THE POISEUILLE FLOW OF A GENERALIZED MAXWELL FLUID INDUCED BY TIME-DEPENDENT SHEAR STRESS
Authors: AKHTAR W. , FETECAU CORINA , AWAN A. U.
Published: February 2011

The Poiseuille flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid is discussed. The velocity field and shear stress corresponding to the flow in an infinite circular cylinder are obtained by means of the Laplace and Hankel transforms. The motion is caused by the infinite cylinder which is under the action of a longitudinal time-dependent shear stress. Both solutions are obtained in the form of infinite series. Similar solutions for ordinary Maxwell and Newtonian fluids are obtained as limiting cases. Finally, the influence of the material and fractional parameters on the fluid motion is brought to light.
How do Citizens in East Asian Democracies Understand Left and Right?
Authors: JOU WILLY
Published: February 2011

Both general publics and elites have long used labels of left and right as cues for political communication and vote choice in Western democracies. This study examines the utility of these spatial semantics as means of encapsulating major political cleavages in East Asian democracies. Through analysis of public opinion surveys, we investigate the influence of organizational affiliation; views on socio-economic, religious, and ‘new politics’ issues, as well as attitudes toward the political system, as anchors of public understanding of the left–right dimension in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan. Patterns found in these countries are compared with two ‘Western’ nations in the region, Australia and New Zealand. Results show that citizens’ left–right positions in Japan and the Australasian countries are more clearly structured by well-defined cleavages, such as socio-economic issues and post-materialism, and that parties in these countries compete on the basis of clearer ideological profiles. In contrast, despite high rates of cognition of the left–right scale in South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan, left–right orientations are less firmly anchored in attitudes and policy preferences. These differences in publics’ level of ideological conceptualization are likely related to party system development and democratic experience.
The Puzzle of Ineffective Election Campaigning in Japan
Authors: KLEIN AXEL
Published: February 2011

In Japan, electoral campaigning in plurality districts often appears strangely ineffective to observers. In their explanations, political scientists have so far fallen back on the proximate cause, namely the strict Public Office Election Law (Kōshoku senkyo-hō), claiming that it is this law that prohibits different and more effective campaigning. This study, however, is based on the assumption that such an explanation could be insufficient since even those campaign tactics legally allowed are often executed and/or selected in an apparently ineffective way in terms of their appeal to voters. Especially when looked at from the perspective of structural learning theory, which assumes that actors adapt their behavior within stable structures by learning what works well and what does not, these observations invite further investigation.

As a first step, participant observation was used to identify types of apparently ineffective campaigning. In the second step, these types were discussed in qualitative interviews with candidates and other practitioners. The results show that next to appealing to voters there are other campaign goals that can determine the choice of electoral instruments: motivating campaign staffers, maintaining good working relationships with external helpers, presenting political convictions and personal determination. This explains part of the assumed ineffectiveness, but not all of it. When seen through the lens of structural learning theory research findings suggest that the lack of clear feedback regarding the impact of campaign activities on voters inhibits the learning processes of candidates. In combination with constraints regarding time, place and/or resources, these factors shape election campaigning to a considerable degree. Consequently, this study suggests that explanations need to take more factors into account than just the Public Office Election Law in order to solve the puzzle of ineffective campaigning in Japan.
The Asian Values Thesis Revisited: Evidence from the World Values Surveys
Authors: WELZEL CHRISTIAN
Published: February 2011

The thesis that ‘Asian’ cultures oppose the ‘Western’ emphasis on emancipative values and liberal democracy has mostly been criticized for its political instrumentality. By contrast, the empirical claim about most Asians’ dismissal of emancipative values and liberal democracy has not been tested on a broadly cross-cultural basis. Filling this gap, this article uses data from the World Values Surveys to put the values of Asian populations into global perspective. As a result, the differences between Asian and Western populations over emancipative values and liberal democracy appear to be gradual, not categorical. What is more, the forces of modernization that gave rise to emancipative values and a liberal notion of democracy in the ‘West’, are doing the same in the ‘East’, confirming a universal model of human development rather than Asian exceptionalism, or any other form of cultural exceptionalism.
One-step preparation of fluorescent inorganic–organic hybrid material used for explosive sensing
Authors: Hu Xin-Ming , Chen Qi , Zhou Ding , Cao Jie , He Yu-Jian , Han Bao-Hang
Published: February 2011

As a fluorescent inorganic–organic hybrid polymer, TPE-CP is prepared through one-step polycondensation and used for explosive sensing.
Measures of phonological typicality
Authors: Monaghan Padraic , Christiansen Morten H. , Farmer Thomas A. , Fitneva Stanka A.
Published: February 2011

Phonological Typicality (PT) is a measure of the extent to which a word’s phonology is typical of other words in the lexical category to which it belongs. There is a general coherence among words from the same category in terms of speech sounds, and we have found that words that are phonologically typical of their category tend to be processed more quickly and accurately than words that are less typical. In this paper we describe in greater detail the operationalisation of measures of a word’s PT, and report validations of different parameterisations of the measure. For each variant of PT, we report the extent to which it reflects the coherence of the lexical categories of words in terms of their sound, as well as the extent to which the measure predicts naming and lexical decision response times from a database of monosyllabic word processing. We show that PT is robust to parameter variation, but that measures based on PT of uninflected words (lemmas) best predict response time data for naming and lexical decision of single words.
Using a maze task to track lexical and sentence processing
Authors: Forster Kenneth I.
Published: February 2011

A word maze consists of a sequence of frames, each containing two alternatives. Subjects are required to select one of those alternatives according to some criterion defined by the experimenter. This simple technique can be used to investigate a wide range of issues. For example, if one alternative is a word and the other is a nonword, the subject may be required to press a key to indicate where the word is. This provides an interesting variant of the lexical decision task, since the difficulty of the lexical discrimination can be manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis by varying the properties of the nonword alternative. On the other hand, a version of a self-paced reading task is created if each successive frame contains a word that can continue a sentence, and the subject is required to identify which word that is. Once again, by manipulating the properties of the incorrect alternative one may be able to control the mode of processing adopted by the subject. Although this is a highly artificial form of reading, it does allow one to study the sentence processing under more tightly controlled conditions.
Stimulus norming
Authors: Wurm Lee H. , Cano Annmarie
Published: February 2011

Psycholinguists grapple with an ever-increasing list of control variables, in addition to any that are of theoretical interest. Some variables are subjective constructs like familiarity, concreteness, and semantic or affective connotations. Historically researchers approached these by having participants come to a laboratory and provide ratings for each stimulus, but the use of the Internet in data collection has increased in recent years and is likely to continue doing so. In the context of stimulus norms, the equivalence of lab-based and Internet methodologies has not been extensively examined. We discuss some of the pros and cons of online stimulus norming and touch on several issues to consider. We also highlight some important differences between norms obtained online and those obtained in-person.
Optimal Choice in the Face of Risk: Decision Theory Meets Evolution
Authors: Okasha Samir
Published: February 2011

The problem of how to make optimal choices in the face of risk (or uncertainty) arises in both economics/decision theory and also evolutionary biology; in the former, ‘optimal’ means utility maximizing, while in the latter it means fitness maximizing. This article explores the links, thematic and formal, between the economic and evolutionary theories of optimal choice in risky situations, with particular reference to the relationship between utility and fitness. It is argued that the link is strongest between evolution and ‘nonexpected’ utility theory, rather than traditional expected utility theory.
The role of person–environment interactions in increased alcohol use in the transition to college
Authors: Quinn Patrick D. , Fromme Kim
Published: February 2011

Aims  Even among those at risk for problematic alcohol use, there is variability in developmental trajectories of drinking and related problems. This prospective study examined the role of person–environment interactions in increased drinking during the transition to college.

Design  The authors followed a sample of recent high school graduates to test whether protective environmental factors could delay increases in drinking among those high in trait‐level risk factors.

Setting  Participants completed web‐based surveys.

Participants  A sample of 1784 students in the incoming class of 2004 at a large public United States university completed high school and first‐semester‐of‐college assessments.

Measurements  Participants completed self‐report measures of alcohol use, alcohol‐related problems, perceived awareness and caring from parents and other adults, sensation seeking and impulsivity.

Findings  In the transition to college, high sensation seekers from more protective high school parental environments increased their alcohol use and problems more than did other students. Increases in alcohol problems were also high among more impulsive students from less protective environments. Whereas high sensation seekers drank equivalently in college regardless of high school‐perceived awareness and caring, those who had greater high school‐perceived awareness and caring did not experience as many alcohol‐related problems in college.

Conclusions  Differences in drinking trajectories may be a function of person–environment interactions. Risk associated with high sensation seeking may be masked among adolescents in protective environments, but its emergence in the college transition predicts increases in alcohol use and related problems.
Alcohol expectancy moderates attentional bias for alcohol cues in light drinkers
Authors: Field Matt , Hogarth Lee , Bleasdale Daniel , Wright Phoebe , Fernie Gordon , Christiansen Paul
Published: February 2011

Aims  Theoretical models suggest that attentional bias for alcohol‐related cues develops because cues signal the availability of alcohol, and the expectancy elicited by alcohol cues is responsible for the maintenance of attentional bias among regular drinkers. We investigated the moderating role of alcohol expectancy on attentional bias for alcohol‐related cues.

Design  Within‐subjects experimental design.

Setting  Psychology laboratories.

Participants  Adult social drinkers (n = 58).

Measurements  On a trial‐by‐trial basis, participants were informed of the probability (100%, 50%, 0%) that they would receive beer at the end of the trial before their eye movements towards alcohol‐related and control cues were measured.

Findings  Heavy social drinkers showed an attentional bias for alcohol‐related cues regardless of alcohol expectancy. However, in light social drinkers, attentional bias was only seen on 100% probability trials, i.e. when alcohol was expected imminently.

Conclusions  Attentional bias for alcohol‐related cues is sensitive to the current expectancy of receiving alcohol in light social drinkers, but it occurs independently of the current level of alcohol expectancy in heavy drinkers.
Sorting of an integral outer membrane protein via the lipoprotein‐specific Lol pathway and a dedicated lipoprotein pilotin
Authors: Collin Séverine , Guilvout Ingrid , Nickerson Nicholas N. , Pugsley Anthony P.
Published: February 2011

The lipoprotein PulS is a dedicated chaperone that is required to target the secretin PulD to the outer membrane in Klebsiella or Escherichia coli, and to protect it from proteolysis. Here, we present indirect evidence that PulD protomers do not assemble into the secretin dodecamer before they reach the outer membrane, and that PulS reaches the outer membrane in a soluble heterodimer with the general lipoprotein chaperone LolA. However, we could not find any direct evidence for PulD protomer association with the PulS–LolA heterodimer. Instead, in cells producing PulD and a permanently locked PulS–LolA dimer (in which LolA carries an R43L substitution that prevents lipoprotein transfer to LolB in the outer membrane), LolAR43L was found in the inner membrane, probably still associated with PulS bound to PulD that had been incorrectly targeted because of the LolAR43L substitution. It is speculated that PulD protomers normally cross the periplasm together with PulS bound to LolA but when the latter cannot be separated (due to the mutation in lolA), the PulD protomers form dodecamers that insert into the inner membrane.
A novel two‐gene requirement for the octanoyltransfer reaction of Bacillus subtilis lipoic acid biosynthesis
Authors: Martin Natalia , Christensen Quin H. , Mansilla María C. , Cronan John E. , de Mendoza Diego
Published: February 2011

The Bacillus subtilis genome encodes three apparent lipoyl ligase homologues: yhfJ, yqhM and ywfL, which we have renamed lplJ, lipM and lipL respectively. We show that LplJ encodes the sole lipoyl ligase of this bacterium. Physiological and biochemical characterization of a ΔlipM strain showed that LipM is absolutely required for the endogenous lipoylation of all lipoate‐dependent proteins, confirming its role as the B. subtilis octanoyltransferase. However, we also report that in contrast to Escherichia coli, B. subtilis requires a third protein for lipoic acid assembly, LipL. B. subtilis ΔlipL strains are unable to synthesize lipoic acid despite the presence of LipM and the sulphur insertion enzyme, LipA, which should suffice for lipoic acid biosynthesis based on the E. coli model. LipM is only required for the endogenous lipoylation pathway, whereas LipL also plays a role in lipoic acid scavenging. Expression of E. coli lipB allows growth of B. subtilisΔlipL or ΔlipM strains in the absence of supplements. In contrast, growth of an E. coliΔlipB strain can be complemented with lipM, but not lipL. These data together with those of the companion article provide evidence that LipM and LipL catalyse sequential reactions in a novel pathway for lipoic acid biosynthesis.
A test of the relationship between cuticular melanism and immune function in wild‐caught Mormon crickets
Authors: BAILEY NATHAN W.
Published: February 2011

Cuticular melanism and innate immune parameters can share common physiological pathways in insects, and this functional connection may contribute to the maintenance of insect colour polymorphisms. However, evidence linking colouration and immune function has been equivocal, particularly when tested in wild populations. The present study investigates phenotypic links between colouration and immune function in migratory Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex, Haldeman), in which juveniles occur in conspicuous colour variants but mature to become uniformly melanic adults. Wild‐caught insects are used to evaluate the relationship between juvenile colouration and three immune parameters: encapsulation ability, lysozyme‐like activity and phenoloxidase activity. As nymphs, brown crickets are better able to encapsulate an inert implant introduced into the haemocoel than green crickets, although the difference is slight and ceases after they all become darkly‐coloured adults. By contrast, adults that develop from brown nymphs have a higher basal phenoloxidase activity than those that develop from green nymphs, regardless of the fact that all adults are brown. Intrinsic factors other than colouration exert larger effects on immunity: males show stronger encapsulation responses but lower phenoloxidase activity than females, suggesting a sex‐specific trade‐off between these two immune parameters, and adults exhibit higher immune function than nymphs. In summary, modest support is found for a correlation between cuticular melanism and increased immune function in wild Mormon crickets. Additional intrinsic factors such as developmental stage and sex appear to interact with colouration and have a more substantial connection to immune function in the wild.
Randomised controlled clinical trial of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Bacillus coagulans), used as probiotic in clinical practice, on acute watery diarrhoea in children
Authors: Dutta Phalguni , Mitra Utpala , Dutta Shanta , Rajendran Krishnan , Saha Tushar Kanti , Chatterjee Mrinal Kanti
Published: February 2011

Objective  To assess the clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Bacillus coagulans), as probiotic preparation, against dehydrating diarrhoea in children.

Methods  Double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, hospital‐based clinical trial with children aged 6–24 months who had diarrhoea with some dehydration. Children received tablets of L. sporogenes (B. coagulans) or placebo (control group) and oral rehydration salt solution for correction of initial dehydration as well as maintenance therapy. Duration, frequency, volume of diarrhoea and intake of ORS of two groups were compared as outcome variables.

Results  One hundred and forty‐eight children participated, of whom 78 (Study group) received L. sporogenes (B. coagulans) and 70 received placebo (Control group). Differences in recovery rate (P = 0.2), duration (P = 0.5), frequency (P = 0.05), volume (P = 0.1) of diarrhoea, intake of ORS (P = 0.2) and other fluids (P = 0.1) were not significant between both groups. Neither did a subgroup analysis of children who had rotavirus as sole enteropathogens show any significant differences in duration (P = 0.5), frequency (P = 0.6), volume (P = 0.8) of diarrhoea, intake of ORS (P = 0.8) and other fluids (P = 0.8) among both groups.

Conclusion  L. sporogenes (B. coagulans), as an adjunct to ORS, had no therapeutic impact on management of acute dehydrating diarrhoea of diverse etiology including rotavirus associated diarrhoea in children.
Airway inflammation in probiotic‐treated children at 5 years
Authors: Kukkonen Anna K. , Kuitunen Mikael , Savilahti Erkki , Pelkonen Anna , Malmberg Pekka , Mäkelä Mika
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: Kukkonen AK, Kuitunen M, Savilahti E, Pelkonen A, Malmberg P, Mäkelä M. Airway inflammation in probiotic‐treated children at 5 years. Pediatr Allergy and Immunol 2011; 22: 249–251.

Early treatment of new‐born high‐risk children with certain probiotic strains has reduced the risk of atopic eczema. Whether probiotics reduce risk for airway inflammation in long term is not known. We aimed at studying the effect of probiotic treatment during the six first months of life on airway inflammation at age 5 yr. In a randomized double‐blind allergy prevention trial between 2000 and 2007 in Helsinki, Finland, we gave a probiotic combination, plus pre‐biotics, or placebo, to 1018 children during 6 months from birth. At age 5, we measured exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in a randomized sub‐population of 160 children. Allergic diseases and IgE‐sensitization were assessed in all infants. FENO did not differ between probiotic and placebo groups, median (interquartile range, IQR) 5.45 (4.3–7.3) vs. 5.70 (3.9–6.8) ppb, p = 0.22. FENO was elevated among those suffering from asthma during the first 5 yr than in healthy non‐sensitized children (p = 0.009). FENO correlated positively with serum total and allergen‐specific IgE concentrations. Early intervention with probiotics and pre‐biotics does not affect airway inflammation later in childhood.
Allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age in relation to plasma omega‐3 fatty acids and maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Furuhjelm Catrin , Warstedt Kristina , Fagerås Malin , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin , Larsson Johanna , Fredriksson Mats , Duchén Karel
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Fagerås M, Fälth‐Magnusson K, Larsson J, Fredriksson M, Duchén K. Allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age in relation to plasma omega‐3 fatty acids and maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 505–514.

We have previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω‐3 LCPUFA) supplementation in pregnancy and lactation on IgE‐associated eczema and food allergy in the infant during the first year of life. Here we investigate whether the effects of the LCPUFA supplementation on IgE‐associated diseases last up to 2 yr of age and assess the relationship between plasma proportions of ω‐3 PUFAs and the frequency and severity of infant allergic disease. 145 pregnant women, at risk of having an allergic infant, were randomized to daily supplementation with 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or placebo starting in the 25th gestational week and continuing through 3.5 months of breastfeeding. Clinical examinations, skin prick tests and analysis of maternal and infant plasma phospholipid fatty acids and infant specific IgE were performed. No difference in the prevalence of allergic symptoms was found between the intervention groups. The cumulative incidence of IgE‐associated disease was lower in the ω‐3‐supplemented group (6/54, 13%) compared with the placebo group (19/62, 30%, p = 0.01). Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were associated with lower prevalence of IgE associated disease (p = 0.01–0.05) in a dose‐dependent manner. Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were found if the infants presented none, when compared with multiple allergic symptoms, (p < 0.05) regardless of sensitization. In summary, the ω‐3 supplementation offered no obvious preventive effect on the prevalence of clinical symptoms of allergic disease, but the decrease in cumulative incidence of IgE‐associated disease seen during the first year still remained until 2 yr of age. Furthermore, high proportions of DHA and EPA in maternal and infant plasma phospholipids were associated with less IgE‐associated disease and a reduced severity of the allergic phenotype.