bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Three‐Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model Applied to Chesapeake Bay Through Long‐Term Simulation of Transport Processes
Authors: Kim Sung‐Chan
Published: September 2013

A numerical model, the Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in 3‐Dimensions, Waterway Experiment Station version (CH3D‐WES), was applied to represent transport processes of the Chesapeake Bay. Grid resolution and spatial coverage, tied with realistic bathymetry, ensured dynamic responses along the channel and near the shoreline. The model was run with the forcing ranges from high frequency astronomical tides to lower frequency meteorological forcing, given by surface wind and heat flux, as well as hydrological forcing given by fresh water inflows both from upstream and distributed sources along the shoreline. To validate the model, a long‐term simulation over seven‐year time period between 1994 and 2000 was performed. The model results were compared with existing observation data including water level time series, which spans over a wide spectrum of time scales, and long‐term variations in salinity structures over varying parts of the Bay. The validated model is set to provide an appropriate transport mechanism to the water quality model through linkage, warranting that the model takes into account the complexity in time and spatial scales associated with the dynamic processes in the Chesapeake.
Diversity of movements by individual anadromous coastal cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii clarkii
Authors: Goetz F. A. , Baker B. , Buehrens T. , Quinn T. P.
Published: September 2013

Wild, downstream‐migrating cutthroat trout,Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, smolts and adults were captured at a weir in Big Beef Creek, Hood Canal, Washington, surgically implanted with acoustic tags and tracked to identify spring and summer movements using stationary receivers in order to test the assumption that the species moves little while in marine waters. Overall, 93–96% migrated from the stream into the east side of the long narrow fjord, where they dispersed north and south along the shoreline. MostO. c. clarkiiwere detected nearshore within 10 km of the release site, with declining detection rates to 77 km. Over one‐third (36%) crossedc. 2–4 km of deep water to the other side but only oneO. c. clarkiileft the Hood Canal basin. Movements and behaviour patterns did not differ between smolts and adults but cluster analysis revealed two modes of distribution, here categorized as residents and migrants. Within these categories of overall distribution, a range of finer‐scale behaviour patterns was observed, including sedentary individuals, daily moving between proximate sites and more continuous long‐distance travel. Diel movement patterns varied markedly among individuals but overall activity increased near dawn, peaked around mid‐day and declined but continued at night. These patterns contrast with sympatric and closely related steelhead trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, providing new insights into the diversity of salmonid behaviour.
Inhaled budesonide therapy in cats with naturally occurring chronic bronchial disease (feline asthma and chronic bronchitis)
Authors: Galler A. , Shibly S. , Bilek A. , Hirt R. A.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES

To describe the long term use of inhaled budesonide in cats with naturally occurring asthma and chronic bronchitis and to measure its effects.

METHODS

Owners of 43 cats diagnosed with asthma or chronic bronchitis, which had been prescribed 400 µg of inhaled budesonide twice daily, were contacted and information was retrieved by a questionnaire. Nineteen cats still receiving inhaled budesonide after more than 2 months were re‐evaluated clinically and underwent barometric whole body plethysmography and adrenocorticotropic hormone‐stimulation testing.

RESULTS

In 20 of the cats, therapy had been withdrawn by the owners. Cats (n=23) still receiving inhaled budesonide improved clinically and 19 cats that were reevaluated had significantly lower basalPENH(P=0·048) and higherPCPenh300(P=0·049) values than before treatment. Corticosteroid‐induced side effects were not observed in any cats but hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression was detected in 3 of 15 cases.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Treatment with inhaled budesonide was well tolerated, resulting in improvement of clinical signs and barometric whole body plethysmography parameters. Although inhaled budesonide therapy was found to cause suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in some cats, no cats showed clinical signs attributable to corticosteroid side effects.
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation improves obstructive sleep apnea: 12‐month outcomes
Authors: Kezirian Eric J. , Goding George S. , Malhotra Atul , O'Donoghue Fergal J. , Zammit Gary , Wheatley John R. , Catcheside Peter G. , Smith Philip L. , Schwartz Alan R. , Walsh Jennifer H. , Maddison Kathleen J. , Claman David M. , Huntley Tod , Park Steven Y. , Campbell Matthew C. , Palme Carsten E. , Iber Conrad , Eastwood Peter R. , Hillman David R. , Barnes Maree
Published: September 2013

Reduced upper airway muscle activity during sleep is a key contributor to obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation activates upper airway dilator muscles, including the genioglossus, and has the potential to reduce obstructive sleep apnea severity. The objective of this study was to examine the safety, feasibility and efficacy of a novel hypoglossal nerve stimulation system (HGNS®; Apnex Medical, St Paul, MN, USA) in treating obstructive sleep apnea at 12 months following implantation. Thirty‐one subjects (35% female, age 52.4 ± 9.4 years) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and unable to tolerate positive airway pressure underwent surgical implantation and activation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulation system in a prospective single‐arm interventional trial. Primary outcomes were changes in obstructive sleep apnea severity (apnea–hypopnea index, from in‐laboratory polysomnogram) and sleep‐related quality of life [Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ)]. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation was used on 86 ± 16% of nights for 5.4 ± 1.4 h per night. There was a significant improvement (P < 0.001) from baseline to 12 months in apnea–hypopnea index (45.4 ± 17.5 to 25.3 ± 20.6 events h−1) and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire score (14.2 ± 2.0 to 17.0 ± 2.4), as well as other polysomnogram and symptom measures. Outcomes were stable compared with 6 months following implantation. Three serious device‐related adverse events occurred: an infection requiring device removal; and two stimulation lead cuff dislodgements requiring replacement. There were no significant adverse events with onset later than 6 months following implantation. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation demonstrated favourable safety, feasibility and efficacy.
Do People Who Believe in God Report More Meaning in Their Lives? The Existential Effects of Belief
Authors: Cranney Stephen
Published: September 2013

I conduct the first large‐N study explicitly exploring the association between belief in God and sense of purpose in life. This relationship, while often discussed informally, has received little empirical attention. Here, I use the General Social Survey to investigate how form of and confidence in belief in God is related to sense of purpose in life, as measured by a Likert item level of agreement with the statement “In my opinion, life does not serve any purpose.” Using logistic regression analysis, I find that those who indicate that they are confident in God's existence report a higher sense of purpose compared to nonbelievers, believers in a higher power, and those who believe but occasionally doubt.
Rejection of Darwinian Evolution Among Churchgoers in England: The Effects of Psychological Type
Authors: Village Andrew , Baker Sylvia
Published: September 2013

Rejection of Darwinian evolution (implying rejection of the common origin of all species, including humans) was assessed among 1,100 churchgoers from a range of Christian denominations in England. The main predictors of rejecting evolution were denominational affiliation and attendance. Individuals from Pentecostal or evangelical denominations were twice as likely to reject evolution compared with those from Anglican or Methodist churches. In all denominations, higher attendance was associated with greater rejection of evolution. Education in general, and theological education in particular, had some effect on reducing rejection, but this was not dependent on having specifically scientific or biological educational qualifications. Psychological type preferences for sensing over intuition and for thinking over feeling also predicted greater rejection, after allowing for the association of type preferences and general religiosity. Reasons for the association between psychological type and rejection of evolution are discussed in the light of the known characteristics of different function preferences.
ITPA genetic variants influence efficacy of PEG‐IFN/RBV therapy in older patients infected with HCV genotype 1 and favourable IL28B type
Authors: Matsuura K. , Tanaka Y. , Watanabe T. , Fujiwara K. , Orito E. , Kurosaki M. , Izumi N. , Sakamoto N. , Enomoto N. , Yatsuhashi H. , Kusakabe A. , Shinkai N. , Nojiri S. , Joh T. , Mizokami M.
Published: September 2013

Inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) genetic variants are strongly associated with ribavirin (RBV)‐induced anaemia during pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) plus RBV therapy. However, the treatment efficacy of ITPA genetic variants has not been fully explored. We enrolled 309 individuals infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1, who were treated with PEG‐IFN plus RBV for 48 weeks. The ITPA SNP: rs1127354 and IL28B SNP: rs8099917 were genotyped. We examined the risk factors for severe anaemia up to week 12 after the start of treatment and treatment efficacy. The incidence of severe anaemia, ≥3 g/dL reduction or <10 g/dL of haemoglobin (Hb) up to week 12, was more frequent in patients with CC at rs1127354 [65% (145/224), 33% (73/224)] than in those with CA/AA [25% (21/85), 6% (8/85)] (P < 0.0001). ITPA genotype, pretreatment Hb level and age were independent predictive factors for severe anaemia: Hb < 10 g/dL. In IL28B favourable type, the sustained virologic response rate was higher in ≥60‐year‐old patients with CA/AA than in those with CC [71% (22/31) vs 40% (26/65), P = 0.005], although there was no significant difference in treatment efficacy according to ITPA genetic variants in the <60‐year‐old patients. The proportion of patients administered ≥80% of the dosage of RBV was significantly higher in the patients with CA/AA than in those with CC (P = 0.025), resulting in a lower relapse rate. In conclusion, ITPA genetic variants were associated with severe RBV‐induced anaemia and could influence the efficacy of PEG‐IFN plus RBV treatment among elderly patients with IL28B favourable type.
Extra‐group mating increases inbreeding risk in a cooperatively breeding bird
Authors: Harrison X. A. , York J. E. , Cram D. L. , Young A. J.
Published: September 2013

In many cooperatively breeding species, females mate extra‐group, the adaptive value of which remains poorly understood. One hypothesis posits that females employ extra‐group mating to access mates whose genotypes are more dissimilar to their own than their social mates, so as to increase offspring heterozygosity. We test this hypothesis using life history and genetic data from 36 cooperatively breeding white‐browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali) groups. Contrary to prediction, a dominant female's relatedness to her social mate did not drive extra‐group mating decisions and, moreover, extra‐group mating females were significantly more related to their extra‐group sires than their social mates. Instead, dominant females were substantially more likely to mate extra‐group when paired to a dominant male of low heterozygosity, and their extra‐group mates (typically dominants themselves) were significantly more heterozygous than the males they cuckolded. The combined effects of mating with extra‐group males of closer relatedness, but higher heterozygosity resulted in extra‐group‐sired offspring that were no more heterozygous than their within‐group‐sired half‐siblings. Our findings are consistent with a role for male–male competition in driving extra‐group mating and suggest that the local kin structure typical of cooperative breeders could counter potential benefits to females of mating extra‐group by exposing them to a risk of inbreeding.
Balloon dilation of the esophago‐gastric junction affects lower and upper esophageal sphincter function in achalasia
Authors: Wauters L. , Van Oudenhove L. , Selleslagh M. , Vanuytsel T. , Boeckxstaens G. , Tack J. , Omari T. , Rommel N.
Published: September 2013

Background

Pneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in achalasia has an unappreciated effect on upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function. We studied UES pressure patterns at baseline and alterations in UES parameters resulting from therapy.

Methods

High‐resolution manometry (HRM) tracings from 50 achalasia patients, seen at a tertiary center between January 2009 and July 2011, were reviewed. Manometric parameters studied were (i) LES: resting pressure (restP), 4‐second integrated relaxation pressure (IRP4); (ii) UES: resting pressure (restP), minimal relaxation pressure (MRP), peak pressure (PP), relaxation interval (RI), intrabolus pressure (IBP), and deglutitive sphincter resistance (DSR). Mixed models analyses with LES and UES parameters as dependent variables and treatment stage as within‐subject independent variable of interest were used. Correlations between treatment‐induced changes in LES, UES, and esophageal body (EB) parameters were performed.

Key Results

Pre‐ and posttreatment HRM tracings were available from 50 patients (mean age 52.7 ± 18.6 years, 29 men). Upper esophageal sphincter parameters MRP (17.9 ± 1.2 vs 15.2 ± 0.9 mmHg; p = 0.02) and IBP (31.5 ± 1.5 vs 27.4 ± 1.2 mmHg; p = 0.009) were significantly reduced after initial balloon dilation and this effect was significant in type II achalasia (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0006). Peak pressure, RI, and DSR were not. The therapeutic effect on LES IRP4 correlated significantly with the change in UES MRP, statistically mediated by the change in EB deglutitive pressure (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0002).

Conclusions & Inferences

We present the first HRM study demonstrating that pneumatic dilation of the LES affects intraesophageal and UES pressures in patients with achalasia.
Effect of general anesthesia on pulmonary function and clinical status on children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Pandit Chetan , Valentin Roumel , De Lima Jonathan , Robinson Paul , Fitzgerald Dominic , van Asperen Peter , Baines David , Cooper Peter , Selvadurai Hiran
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) receive general anesthesia (GA) for a variety of different procedures. Historical studies assessing risk of GA report a high risk of morbidity. There is a paucity of data evaluating the risk of currently available anesthetic agents. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of GA on clinical status and lung function on children with CF.

Methods

Children with CF aged 8–18 years admitted for IV antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation were invited to participate. Spirometry, forced oscillation technique (FOT), and CF clinical score (CFCS) were measured pre‐GA, at 24 and 48 h post‐GA. The nature and duration of the GA were recorded.

Results

Twenty two patients were recruited of which 19 patients (mean age 11.4 years, range 8–18 years, 12 male) required GA. Typically, either propofol or sevoflurane was used as induction agent and maintenance of anesthesia was with sevoflurane. A laryngeal mask was used in most cases. FEV1 mean (±SD) pre‐GA was 75.1% (±23.46) which decreased at 24 h to 74.8 (±23.0) and at 48 h to 74.3 (±20.5). FOT resistance and reactance decreased at 24 and 48 h from baseline. Changes in spirometry and CFCS were not statistically significant. Two adverse events were observed in this cohort.

Conclusion

The results suggest that children with mild to moderate CF lung disease do not experience significant deterioration in central or peripheral airway function following GA. The low rate of complications suggests an improved level of safety for children with CF with modern anesthesia compared with historical published data.
User‐friendly markers linked to Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance Fw gene for marker‐assisted selection in pea
Authors: Kwon Soon Jae , Smýkal Petr , Hu Jinguo , Wang Meinan , Kim Sung‐Jin , McGee Rebecca J. , McPhee Kevin , Coyne Clarice J.
Published: September 2013

Fusarium wilt is one of the most widespread diseases of pea. Resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 was reported as a single gene, Fw, located on linkage group III. The previously reported AFLP and RAPD markers linked to Fw have limited usage in marker‐assisted selection due to their map distance and linkage phase. Using 80 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Green Arrow × PI 179449, we amplified 72 polymorphic markers between resistant and susceptible lines with the target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) technique. Marker–trait association analysis revealed a significant association. Five candidate markers were identified and three were converted into user‐friendly dominant SCAR markers. Forty‐eight pea cultivars with known resistant or susceptible phenotypes to Fusarium wilt race 1 verified the marker–trait association. These three markers, Fw_Trap_480, Fw_Trap_340 and Fw_Trap_220, are tightly linked to and only 1.2 cM away from the Fw locus and are therefore ideal for marker‐assisted selection. These newly identified markers are useful to assist in the isolation of the Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance gene in pea.
We need winners in the race to increase photosynthesis in rice, whether from conventional breeding, biotechnology or both
Authors: LONG STEPHEN P.
Published: September 2013

This article comments on: Can exploiting natural genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis contribute to increasing rice productivity? A simulation analysis
Acclimation to low light by C4 maize: implications for bundle sheath leakiness
Authors: BELLASIO CHANDRA , GRIFFITHS HOWARD
Published: September 2013

C4 plants have a biochemical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that increases CO2 concentration around ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the bundle sheath (BS). Under limiting light, the activity of the CCM generally decreases, causing an increase in leakiness, (Φ), the ratio of CO2 retrodiffusing from the BS relative to C4 carboxylation processes. Maize plants were grown under high and low light regimes (respectively HL, 600 versus LL, 100 μE m−2 s−1). Short‐term acclimation of Φ was compared from isotopic discrimination (Δ), gas exchange and photochemistry. Direct measurement of respiration in the light, and ATP production rate (JATP), allowed us use a novel approach to derive Φ, compared with the conventional fitting of measured and predicted Δ. HL grown plants responded to decreasing light intensities with the well‐documented increase in Φ. Conversely, LL plants showed a constant Φ, which has not been observed previously. We explain the pattern by two contrasting acclimation strategies: HL plants maintained a high CCM activity at LL, resulting in high CO2 overcycling and increased Φ; LL plants acclimated by down‐regulating the CCM, effectively optimizing scarce ATP supply. This surprising plasticity may limit the impact of Φ‐dependent carbon losses in leaves becoming shaded within developing canopies.
Increased food allergy and vitamin D: Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Norizoe Chihiro , Akiyama Naoe , Segawa Takaaki , Tachimoto Hiroshi , Mezawa Hidetoshi , Ida Hiroyuki , Urashima Mitsuyoshi
Published: September 2013

Background

To elucidate whether maternal vitamin D supplementation during lactation improves infantile eczema and other subsequent allergic disorders, a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed.

Methods

Mothers (n = 164) of infants with facial eczema at 1 month check‐up were randomly assigned to receive vitamin D3 supplements (n = 82; 800 IU/day) or placebo (n = 82) for 6 weeks from May 2009 to January 2011. The primary outcome was infantile eczema quantified on Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index at 3 month check‐up, and the secondary outcomes were atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and wheeze diagnosed by doctors up to 2 years of age.

Results

There was no significant difference in SCORAD at 3 month check‐up between the two groups. Doctor‐diagnosed food allergy was significantly more common up to age 2 years in the vitamin D group (10/39, 25.7%) than in the placebo group (3/40, 7.5%; risk ratio (RR), 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–11.77; P = 0.030). Moreover, at least one secondary outcome was also significantly more common in the vitamin D group (17/39, 43.6%) than in the placebo group (7/40, 17.5%; RR, 2.49; 95%CI: 1.16–5.34; P = 0.012).

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation may not decrease the severity of infantile eczema at 3 months of age, but may rather increase the risk of later food allergy up to 2 years of age. Because a large number of subjects was lost to follow up, further study is needed to confirm the findings.
Pediatric surgeon vs general surgeon: Does subspecialty training affect the outcome of appendicitis?
Authors: da Silva Paulo Sérgio Lucas , de Aguiar Vânia Euzébio , Waisberg Jaques
Published: September 2013

Background

The absence of pediatric surgeons in many centers results in restriction of patient access to pediatric subspecialty care. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of children treated for appendicitis by pediatric surgeons (PS) and by general surgeons (GS).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of the charts of all consecutive patients <16 years old who underwent appendectomy during 2 years The primary outcome measure was the overall rate of complications. Secondary outcome measures included length of hospital stay (LOS), symptom duration, time from emergency department diagnosis to surgery, and readmission rate within 30 days.

Results

A total of 94 patients (PS group, n = 66; GS group, n = 28) were included. PS patients were younger. For patients with complicated appendicitis, complications were significantly more prevalent in the GS group (57% vs 15%; P = 0.0001). Median LOS was not significantly different between the two groups for complicated appendicitis, but patients with non‐complicated appendicitis had a significant longer LOS when treated by PS (3.74 ± 1.5 vs 2.57 ± 1.21 days; P = 0.0041). Patients in the PS group had a prolonged use of antibiotics (2 vs 4 days; P = 0.001), and longer LOS (3 vs 4 days; P = 0.0018).

Conclusions

Overall complication rates were similar between PS and GS. Complications were significantly more prevalent in patients with complicated appendicitis who were treated by GS.
Prevalence of malnutrition and obesity among cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Panagopoulou Paraskevi , Fotoulaki Maria , Nikolaou Aristidis , Nousia‐Arvanitakis Sanda
Published: September 2013

Background

Optimal nutritional status (NS) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with better lung function and increased overall survival. This study estimated the prevalence of malnutrition and obesity among CF patients in a tertiary center.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study of 68 CF patients (33 female; 37 children/adolescents) weight, height, body composition, respiratory function (% of the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FEV1%pred) and serum lipids were measured; body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score (BMI‐SDS) and BMI percentiles were calculated; Pseudomonas colonization, pancreatic insufficiency, diabetes mellitus (CFDM), liver disease (CFLD) and genotype were recorded; NS was classified according to the 2005 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) criteria. Frequency distributions and associations between anthropometric and clinical parameters (univariate/multivariate) were calculated.

Results

Mean age (±SD) was 19.81 ± 8.98 years. Regarding NS: 22.1% were malnourished, 13.2% overweight/obese and 29.4% had optimal NS. Pancreatic function (PF), Pseudomonas colonization, CFDM, CFLD and genotype differed significantly among the three groups. FEV1%pred was significantly higher among overweight/obese patients and correlated positively with anthropometric characteristics as well as serum cholesterol and negatively with age. BMI‐SDS was associated with PF, FEV1%pred and CFDM. Among overweight/obese patients 89.9% had adequate PF and 66.7% carried mutations other than F508del. No patient had any traits of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

Despite appropriate management only one‐third of the present patients had optimal NS. One‐fourth were malnourished and a significant percentage were overweight/obese. The latter were mostly carriers of mutations other than F508del and had better pulmonary function. CF patients require intensive monitoring for both malnutrition and overweight/obesity.
Pathophysiology and genetic mutations in congenital sideroblastic anemia
Authors: Fujiwara Tohru , Harigae Hideo
Published: September 2013

Sideroblastic anemias are heterogeneous congenital and acquired disorders characterized by anemia and the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow. Congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA) is a rare disease caused by mutations of genes involved in heme biosynthesis, iron–sulfur [Fe‐S] cluster biosynthesis, and mitochondrial protein synthesis. The most common form is X‐linked sideroblastic anemia, due to mutations in the erythroid‐specific δ‐aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2), which is the first enzyme of the heme biosynthesis pathway in erythroid cells. Other known etiologies include mutations in the erythroid specific mitochondrial transporter (SLC25A38), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette B7 (ABCB7), glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5), thiamine transporter SLC19A2, the RNA‐modifying enzyme pseudouridine synthase (PUS1), and mitochondrial tyrosyl‐tRNA synthase (YARS2), as well as mitochondrial DNA deletions. Due to its rarity, however, there have been few systematic pathophysiological and genetic investigations focusing on sideroblastic anemia. Therefore, a nationwide survey of sideroblastic anemia was conducted in Japan to investigate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this disease. This review will cover the findings of this recent survey and summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology and genetic mutations involved in CSA.
Culture‐proven neonatal sepsis in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit over a 7 year period: Coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus as the predominant pathogen
Authors: Ozkan Hilal , Cetinkaya Merih , Koksal Nilgün , Celebi Solmaz , Hacımustafaoglu Mustafa
Published: September 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the causative agents in early, late‐ and very late‐onset sepsis in preterm infants. The demographic features, risk factors, clinical and laboratory findings in sepsis types were also defined.

Methods

A total of 151 preterm infants with culture‐proven neonatal sepsis were enrolled in this prospective study. The infants were classified into three groups with regard to the onset of sepsis: early onset sepsis (EOS), late‐onset sepsis (LOS) and very late‐onset sepsis (VLOS). A sepsis screen including whole blood count, blood smear, infection markers and cultures was performed before initiating antibiotic therapy.

Results

EOS, LOS and VLOS groups consisted of 23, 86 and 42 infants, respectively. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CONS) was the most common organism in all sepsis groups. The main factors associated with EOS included presence of premature rupture of membranes, antibiotic use in pregnancy and choriamnionitis. Previous antibiotic use was the main factor associated with LOS, while low birthweight was the main factor in infants with VLOS. Although mortality rate due to Gram‐negative bacteria and fungi was higher, CONS was an important cause of mortality in infants with LOS and VLOS.

Conclusions

CONS was found to be the most common causative organism in three sepsis types in preterm neonates. Although the mortality rate due to CONS was lower in EOS, it was an important cause of mortality in LOS and VLOS. CONS seems to be the main pathogen in neonatal sepsis in developing countries, as in developed countries.
Growing experience with mTOR inhibitors in pediatric solid organ transplantation
Authors: Ganschow R. , Pape L. , Sturm E. , Bauer J. , Melter M. , Gerner P. , Höcker B. , Ahlenstiel T. , Kemper M. , Brinkert F. , Sachse M. M. , Tönshoff B.
Published: September 2013

Controlled trials of mTOR inhibitors in children following solid organ transplantation are scarce, although evidence from prospective single‐arm studies is growing. Everolimus with reduced CNI therapy has been shown to be efficacious and safe in de novo pediatric kidney transplant patients in prospective trials. Prospective and retrospective data in children converted from CNI therapy to mTOR inhibition following kidney, liver, or heart transplantation suggest preservation of immunosuppressive efficacy. Good renal function has been maintained when mTOR inhibitors are used de novo in children following kidney transplantation or after conversion to mTOR inhibition with CNI minimization. mTOR inhibition with reduced CNI exposure is associated with a low risk for developing infection in children. Growth and development do not appear to be impaired during low‐dose mTOR inhibition, but more studies are required. No firm conclusions can be drawn as to whether mTOR inhibitors should be discontinued in children requiring surgical intervention or whether mTOR inhibition delays progression of hepatic fibrosis after pediatric liver transplantation. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that use of mTOR inhibitors in children undergoing solid organ transplantation is efficacious and safe, but a number of issues remain unresolved and further studies are required.
Short‐term clinical effects of photodynamic therapy with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid for facial acne conglobata: an open, prospective, parallel‐arm trial
Authors: Yang Gui‐Lan , Zhao Min , Wang Jia‐Mei , He Chun‐Feng , Luo Yang , Liu Hai‐Yan , Gao Jian , Long Chao‐Qin , Bai Jing‐Rui
Published: September 2013

Background

Acne conglobata is hardly curable and easily leads to scar formation after treatment using traditional methods.

Aim

To develop a novel way to treat acne conglobata.

Methods

Seventy‐five patients with facial acne conglobata were included in this clinical study and divided into either a treatment group (n = 35) to receive photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical 5% 5‐aminolevulinic acid and red light once every 10 days for a month or a control group (n = 40) to receive a Chinese herbal medicine mask plus red light once per week for the same duration. Patients in both groups were given oral viaminate capsules, doxycycline, zinc gluconate, and topical metronidazole. Efficacy was evaluated with respect to symptom score, cure rate, and response rate up to 2 weeks following the final treatment, and time points for assessment included baseline (D0), the visit before each treatment (D10 and D20 for the treatment group, and D7, D14, and D21 for the control group), and 2 weeks after treatment (D34 for the treatment group and D35 for the control group). Safety was assessed by recording adverse effects.

Results

Treatment with PDT significantly improved acne lesions and reduced scar formation. The treatment group had a significantly lower symptom score, a higher cure rate, and response rate than the control group. No systemic side effects occurred.

Conclusion

The treatment of acne conglobata with PDT is associated with a high cure rate, short treatment period, few side effects, and reduced scar formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the treatment of acne conglobata with PDT.
Bath psoralen–UVA photochemotherapy for localized scleroderma: experience from a single institute
Authors: Pavlotsky Felix , Sakka Nicole , Lozinski Alina , Barzilai Aviv
Published: September 2013

Background

Localized scleroderma (LS) comprises a spectrum of sclerotic autoimmune diseases primarily affecting the dermis. Various treatment modalities have been recommended for the management of LS, but only a few studies exist regarding the efficacy of bath PUVA photochemotherapy in the treatment of LS.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of bath PUVA photochemotherapy in the management of LS in a retrospective study.

Methods

Twenty‐eight patients (23 women and five men) with a diagnosis of LS, confirmed by histology, were included in the study. Patients were treated with a thrice‐weekly regimen of bath immersion in 0.2 mg/1 water solution of 8‐methoxypsoralen, followed by irradiation with UVA.

Results

Eleven patients (39%) showed complete remission (complete softening of the sclerotic plaques with or without postinflammatory hyper‐ or hypopigmentation) after a mean of 71 treatments (range 33–170) and a mean cumulative dose of 115 J/cm2 (range 11–232). Partial softening and regression of the sclerotic plaques was observed in 14 patients (50%). Three patients (10.7%) showed no effect, and in none of the patients was worsening noted during treatment.

Conclusions

In our experience, bath PUVA photochemotherapy is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for LS and should be considered as one of the first‐line treatment modalities.
Genetic variability and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani associated with black scurf of potato in New Zealand
Authors: Das S. , Shah F. A. , Butler R. C. , Falloon R. E. , Stewart A. , Raikar S. , Pitman A. R.
Published: September 2013

Isolates (a total of 129) of Rhizoctonia solani were collected from black scurf on potato tubers from different potato‐growing regions in New Zealand. Sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA–ITS) regions from these isolates identified three anastomosis groups (AGs), AG‐3PT, AG‐2‐1 and AG‐5. Isolates classified as AG‐3PT were widely distributed, whereas AG‐2‐1 and AG‐5 were confined to distinct locations. Sequence heterogeneity was identified in the ITS regions of 100 AG‐3PT and AG‐2‐1 isolates. Variation in the sequence and length of the rDNA–IGS1 region was also observed for selected isolates of AG‐3PT and AG‐2‐1. Phylogenetic studies found all AG‐2‐1 isolates belong to AG‐2Nt, a subset of AG‐2‐1 previously associated with solanaceous crops in other countries. AG‐2‐1 isolates were consistently more aggressive than those of AG‐3PT. Delayed emergence, severe infection on stolons, formation of aerial tubers and considerable yield losses were associated with AG‐2‐1, but they caused negligible black scurf. In contrast, AG‐3PT caused black scurf on progeny tubers but variable effects on stem emergence and stolons. Furthermore, AG‐2‐1 isolates caused severe tuber malformation, but isolates of other AGs did not. This is the first report on the AG composition, genetic variability and pathogenicity of R. solani isolates associated with black scurf of New Zealand potatoes.
High genotypic and virulence diversity in Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates associated with black foot disease in New Zealand vineyards
Authors: Pathrose B. , Jones E. E. , Jaspers M. V. , Ridgway H. J.
Published: September 2013

A total of 57 Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates were identified by a combination of species‐specific PCR and DNA sequencing from a collection of 174 Ilyonectria‐like isolates recovered from 101 diseased grapevine samples. These samples were representative of the national vineyard, comprising material contributed by 49 grape growers across seven grape growing areas. This species was predominant, representing 33% of the recovered isolates, and has been reported as a major pathogen of grapevines in other countries. The genetic diversity of the 57 New Zealand isolates was compared to that of isolates from Australia and South Africa using universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP‐PCR). A total of 66 informative loci distinguished 52 genotypes, of which five contained up to four clonal isolates. Four main clades were identified in a neighbour‐joining (NJ) tree. The international isolates (Australia and South Africa) were placed in a clade that did not include New Zealand isolates. There was a high level of intra‐ and inter‐vineyard genetic variation indicating the free movement of isolates between regions. A subset of nine isolates from different branches of the NJ tree produced two vegetative compatibility groups and hyphal fusion was observed between non‐self pairings. Pathogenicity tests using isolates from different genetic groups inoculated onto either detached roots or 1‐year‐old potted vines showed variability in virulence; however, no correlations were detected.
Cell and tissue dynamics of olive endocarp sclerification vary according to water availability
Authors: Hammami Sofiene B. M. , Costagli Giacomo , Rapoport Hava F.
Published: September 2013

Endocarp developmental timing in drupe‐type fruits, involving tissue expansion and sclerification processes, is increasingly used as marker for biological studies and crop management. In spite of its wide application, however, little is known regarding how these morphogenetic processes unfold or the factors that modify it. This study evaluates endocarp expansion and sclerification of olive (Olea europaea) fruits, used as an example of drupe‐type fruits, from trees growing under different water regimes: full irrigated, deficit irrigated (moderate reduction of water availability) and rainfed (severe reduction of water availability). Fruits were sampled weekly until pit hardening, and fruit and endocarp areas were evaluated in histological preparations. An image analysis process was tested and adjusted to quantify sclerified area and distribution within the endocarp. Individual stone cells differentiated independently but distribution and timing indicated the overall coordination of endocarp tissue sclerification. Increase in sclerified area was initially gradual, accelerated abruptly the week prior to the end of endocarp expansion and then continued at an intermediate rate. These results suggest that the end of the expansion period is driven by sclerification and the morphogenetic signals involved act first on sclerification rather than endocarp size. Intensification of sclerification and the end of expansive growth occurred first with lowest water supply. Moderate and severe reductions in water availability proportionately decreased endocarp expansion and prolonged the sclerification, delaying the date of physically perceived hardening but not affecting the final degree of endocarp sclerification.
Buddhist Visual Worlds II: Practices of Visualization and Vision
Authors: Hatchell Chris
Published: September 2013

This article discusses Buddhist meditative practices that make use of visual worlds. First among these are practices of “visualization,” which involve visual scenes created in the mind's eye. Buddhist traditions contain a variety of these techniques, and use them for a diverse set of purposes: devotion, cultivating mental focus, generating mindsets and motivations, and transforming personal identity. Though less common, Buddhists also have traditions that involve practices of “vision,” where meditators seek spontaneous experiences of luminosity that are seen with the eyes rather than simply created in imagination. The article examines several of these visionary practices, with particular emphasis on meditative techniques found in the Kālacakra and Great Perfection traditions.
The Jewish Presence in Arabic Writings on Medicine and Pharmacology During the Medieval Period
Authors: Chipman Leigh
Published: September 2013

The Jewish connection to medicine is longstanding and ongoing, as has been the interest in the history of medicine among Jews. This paper will attempt to go beyond the ‘Great Men’ school of historiography, to discuss a number of aspects of the Jewish presence in the fields of pharmacy and medicine in the Arabophone world in the medieval period, and Jews' interactions with the Islamic majority. The emphasis will be on pharmacy and medicine in the Galenic tradition. After an overview of Greco–Arabic medicine, I will discuss the contribution of Jewish physicians and pharmacists to medical writings in Arabic and that of the Cairo Genizah documents to our knowledge of the social history of medicine in the medieval Middle East.
The Concern for Sovereignty in the Politics of Anti‐conversion
Authors: Osuri Goldie
Published: September 2013

Anti‐conversion campaigns and laws have been linked to the mainstreaming of Hindu nationalism in the Indian context since the 1990s. Taking account of the historical and legal genealogies of anti‐conversion, this essay makes the case for highlighting how the concern for sovereignty may shed light on how a politics of anti‐conversion is able to thrive. The essay provides a broad survey of academic literature which references these historical and legal genealogies of anti‐conversion and demonstrates how a discussion of sovereignty may contribute to extant debates on the politics of anti‐conversion.
On Measuring Inequity in Taxation Among Groups of Income Units
Authors: Monti Maria Giovanna , Pellegrino Simone , Vernizzi Achille
Published: September 2013

In this paper a method for analyzing the fairness of an income tax system when portioning the population into heterogeneous socio‐economic groups is proposed. The equitable tax system is defined by the three axioms given by Kakwani and Lambert in 1998 and, as they suggest, inequity is evaluated by the negative influences on the redistributive effect of the tax associated with axiom violations. Measuring the extent of axiom violations among households belonging to different groups, we improve the Kakwani and Lambert analysis, which is able to detect only the existence of overall inequities. We propose a method that allows for evaluation of the contribution of each group to the overall inequity. Moreover, the adopted method enables disentangling the directions of violations. The obtained results allow us to judge how axiom violations discriminate among groups in their reciprocal relationships. An application to the 2010 Italian income tax reveals that inequities disproportionately penalize the household typologies. More precisely, unfairness affects households with children more severely than the other household groups.
Identification and performance of stress‐tolerant phosphate‐solubilizing bacterial isolates on Tagetes minuta grown in sodic soil
Authors: Sahay R. , Patra D. D.
Published: September 2013

Tagetes minuta is moderately adapted to a wide range of climate and due to its tolerance to larger salt, pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in soil it is considered to be a potential crop for salt‐affected soil. Its tolerance to adverse condition and association with halophilic microbes can combine to play a greater role in crop production and improvement in soil health. After screening, the potential phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) RS‐1, RS‐2 and RS‐3 were isolated from sodic soils and tested in pot experiment using a naturally occurring sodic soil of pH 9.3 and an ESP of about 45. Under optimum conditions in the laboratory, these bacteria showed phosphorus solubilization potential in liquid medium containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Inoculation of PSB significantly increased plant growth in terms of height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake. Significant changes were also found in content and quality of essential oil. It was observed that PSB also improved the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. The bacterial strains tested in this study have the potential for use as a biofertilizer in sustaining the growth of Tagetes minuta in salt stress soil and mitigating soil stress problems.
Blood transfusion; additional historical aspects. Part 1. The birth of transfusion immunology
Authors: Boulton F. E.
Published: September 2013

The decades around the turn of the 19th into the 20th centuries covered a seminal period in the history of transfusion medicine as there was an increasing appreciation of a potential role in the management of surgical and obstetric bleeding, and also in severe non‐surgical anaemias. The main obstacles to transfusing human blood were first the occasional devastating adverse reactions due, we now know, to ABO blood group incompatibility; and second the awkward propensity of shed blood to clot. This article describes in more detail how the pioneers in human transfusion immunology in the late 19th century and early 20th century learnt to recognise and avoid ABO incompatibility, and includes some hitherto obscure and rarely cited material. A companion article (Boulton, 2013, Submitted for publication) describes early attempts to find suitable anticoagulants.
Viewpoint: scaling up testing services for non‐communicable diseases in Africa: priorities for implementation research
Authors: Jaffar S. , Amberbir A. , Kayuni N. , Musicha C. , Nyirenda M.
Published: September 2013

The burden of non‐communicable diseases in Africa is rising rapidly and implementation of evidence‐based control strategies is needed urgently. Testing people for hypertension and diabetes will be an important component in the fight against these diseases, as voluntary counselling and testing was for HIV‐infection. We discuss the below the areas where we believe evidence is needed to inform policy.
First report of detection and molecular confirmation of Plasmodium ovale from severe malaria cases in central India
Authors: Singh R. , Jain V. , Singh P. P. , Bharti P. K. , Thomas T. , Basak S. , Singh N.
Published: September 2013

Objective

We report for the first‐time detection of Plasmodium ovale in central India.

Methods

From 2010, all hospitalised suspected malaria cases at the malaria clinic of the Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals in Bastar district, central India, were screened. Plasmodium species were identified by microscopy and species‐specific nested PCR of 18s rRNA.

Results

Of 256 enrolled cases of confirmed P. falciparum malaria by microscopy, P. ovale infection was detected in three cases (1.2%) by PCR and sequencing. Of these three cases, one had cerebral malaria and another had severe malaria anaemia. In both of these cases, P. ovale infection was mixed with P. falciparum, while in third case the infection was mixed with both P. falciparum and P. vivax. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates showed closed homology with West African genotypes.

Conclusion

All three hospitalised patients were originally residents of remote inaccessible forest villages and never moved out of their residence. This finding also has implications in malaria control and elimination as P. ovale causes relapses. This study highlights the need of molecular diagnosis of malaria species for appropriate treatment and control.
The Arabidopsis oligopeptidases TOP1 and TOP2 are salicylic acid targets that modulate SA‐mediated signaling and the immune response
Authors: Moreau Magali , Westlake Timothy , Zampogna Giulio , Popescu George , Tian Miaoying , Noutsos Christos , Popescu Sorina
Published: September 2013

Salicylic acid (SA) is a small phenolic molecule with hormonal properties, and is an essential component of the immune response. SA exerts its functions by interacting with protein targets; however, the specific cellular components modulated by SA and critical for immune signal transduction are largely unknown. To uncover cellular activities targeted by SA, we probed Arabidopsis protein microarrays with a functional analog of SA. We demonstrate that thimet oligopeptidases (TOPs) constitute a class of SA‐binding enzymes. Biochemical evidence demonstrated that SA interacts with TOPs and inhibits their peptidase activities to various degrees both in vitro and in plant extracts. Functional characterization of mutants with altered TOP expression indicated that TOP1 and TOP2 mediate SA‐dependent signaling and are necessary for the immune response to avirulent pathogens. Our results support a model whereby TOP1 and TOP2 act in separate pathways to modulate SA‐mediated cellular processes.