bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recreational Alpine Skiing An Introduction
Authors: Zhou YiFei
Published: May 2023

Alpine skiing is the most common type of skiing performed on groomed and marked ski slopes. This review aims to help recreational skier improve their skiing ability by identifying conducive conditions for alpine skiing. Physically, strengthening balance, agility, and static leg strength via conditional training (ie. inline skating, roller blading, biking, running, sports stimulator) better prepares skiers for alpine skiing and reduces the chances of injury. Injury in knee and lower leg is the most common alpine skiing injury and the most severe are head injuries, highlighting the importance of wearing helmet, well-adjusted skis and suitable lane choice. Mentally, for beginners, increasing self-efficacy and decreasing fear and worry improves skiing performance. Whereas, for intermediate skiers, increasing worry or caution of the environment, increases performance. Technically, recreational skiers should attempt to perform symmetrical turns with greater range and speed of body movement. Lastly, the review presents recent technical and equipment advances in professional alpine skiing, reinforcing that the learning journey of alpine skiing is never ending. Hence, recreational skiers have a long and bright way to go, and researchers should try to expand their sample beyond adolescents and individuals in their early twenties, especially when investigating topics besides skiing injuries, to better generalize their impactful findings.
Effect of climate change on birds in mangrove
Authors: Wang Yueyang
Published: May 2023

In the past 20 years, global climate change has attracted great attention from scholars around the world. The mangrove ecosystem is mainly situated in the inter-tidal zone of the tropical and subtropical coasts. It is a fragile and sensitive ecosystem, as well as one of the typical marine ecosystems which could be first affected by global climate change. Mangrove birds are an indispensable part of the mangrove food chain, and they are also greatly affected by climate change in mangroves. This article will briefly outline the important role of mangroves in ecosystems and reveal the effect of global climate change on mangrove ecosystems from four main aspects: global warming, seawater chemical composition, increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, and extreme weather, and finally describe responses of mangrove bird to serious climate changes. Global climate change will bring opportunities and challenges to the research and protection of mangrove birds.
A Study of HDAC6 for Ameliorating the Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Li Yuhan
Published: May 2023

One of the most prevalent causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by gradual mental decline and memory loss over time. Several drugs are currently available for the treatment of AD, but they only address the disease's symptoms rather than its underlying pathogenesis. Researchers looked into epigenetic therapy and found that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) could be an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. This paper uses a literature review approach to investigate the roles of HDAC6 inhibition in AD models and HDAC6 inhibitors, as well as the hypotheses surrounding the pathogenesis of AD. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, the tau hypothesis, and the role of oxygen species are identified as the most prominent pathogenesis hypotheses in this paper. A decrease in Hdac6 levels improves associative and spatial memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and reverses the mitochondrial trafficking impairment in hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, inhibiting HDAC6 may represent a novel approach to treating AD-related cognitive decline. As a result of these issues, the FDA has yet to approve any HDAC6 inhibitor for use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (FDA)
Comparison and Development Suggestions about Three Detection Methods for Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Chen Yunghsuan , Zhao Luyao , Zhao Zixuan
Published: May 2023

Tetrodotoxin poisoning cases are widely, frequently occurred by consuming noncompliant seafood such as puffer fish. Through extensively compare the existing detection method, 3 representative ways of detection method are elected. Mouse bioassay and ELISA belong to biological detection method, mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance, which belongs to Physical and chemical assay. We discuss the shortage of those method, compare the pros and cons with other method, and carry out some possible solutions to the current problems intended to provide reference for studies of the relevant area.
The Therapeutic Value of Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Wang Ziyuan , Zheng Hao
Published: May 2023

Tetrodotoxin is a very important toxin to study because there are many cases of intoxication of tetrodotoxin. In this review, we will illustrate the therapeutic value of tetrodotoxin by explaining the mechanism of tetrodotoxin, the importance of tetrodotoxin as a pain treatment, and some clinical evidence. Tetrodotoxin can prevent the neurons from traveling through the voltage-gated sodium ion channel and stop the transmission of the neurons and stimuli, which makes tetrodotoxin able to treat several types of pain such as visceral pain and cancer pain. By blocking the neurons and stimuli in the body, the feeling of pain will not occur in the body. The two clinical examples show that Tetrodotoxin is effective in treating pain but not as effective as morphine. Therefore, the use of tetrodotoxin to treat pain may reduce the use of morphine.
Prevention and Treatment of Acute Coronary Artery Syndrome
Authors: Wu Kexin
Published: May 2023

Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms caused by acute myocardial ischemia, including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden ischemic death. In recent years, studies have shown that the main mechanism of its occurrence is the rupture of plaque and the consequent intravascular thrombosis. Multiple factors may lead to the occurrence of the disease. However, the mechanism of the histomorphological change from pre-fragmentation to post-fragmentation is still unclear. Vasospasm may also play an important role. Prevention of plaque formation and rupture or prevention of thrombosis by antithrombotic therapy is effective in reducing the incidence of acute coronary syndrome, and coronary intervention also reduces the mortality of acute coronary syndrome. Some new therapies, such as gene therapy, are still in the experimental stage. At the same time, people should improve the awareness of disease prevention, and the most active prevention is the best means of disease treatment.
Exploration on the mechanism of TCM treatment for systemic sclerosis based on intestinal flora
Authors: Zhang Xining
Published: May 2023

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic disease, it is characterized by immune dysregulation, vascular lesions, and skin and multi-organ fibrosis. The disease is difficult to cure and it is important to find safe and effective complementary therapies.TCM is one of the important complementary therapies of SSc, however, the specific mechanism of action is unclear. In recent years, studies on intestinal flora have provided new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases. Intestinal flora has been shown to influence the function of the immune system and play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Modifying intestinal flora disorders and regulating inflammation-associated cytokines may be the basic mechanism of action of TCM for disease treatment. This review combines SSc, intestinal flora, and TCM to explore the mechanism of TCM's therapeutic effect on SSc by regulating intestinal flora, to provide a reference for subsequent studies, and offer new ideas for clinical treatment.
Progress and Challenges of PROTAC in the Development of Anti-tumor Drugs
Authors: Liu Chang
Published: May 2023

Proteolytic targeting chimera is a class of heterobifunctional molecules that selectively degrades target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.Protein degradation targeting chimeras can remove some mutated and overexpressed pathogenic proteins.Compared with traditional antitumor drugs, it has good targeting, drug resistance and high degradability, which provides a new idea for the treatment of malignant tumors and has a wide range of application prospects and development space.In recent years, Proteolytic targeting chimera technology has gradually matured in the research and development of anti-tumor drugs, and two Proteolytic targeting chimera small molecule drugs have passed the phase I clinical trial.Based on the existing literature, this paper briefly describes the progress of Proteolytic targeting chimera in anti-tumor research and development, as well as the opportunities and challenges facing it.
Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Glasgow Coma Scale at Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Bibi Afsha , Zeeshan Muhammad , Abbas Ali , Awais Khan Muhammad , Javed Mudasar , Mahmood Saqib , Ali khan Mahboob , Shaikh Muhammad Hasnain , Ali Rizwan , Khan Nasar
Published: June 2023

The "Glasgow Coma Scale" (GCS) is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with brain injuries. GCS measures three aspects of a patient's neurological function: eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response. Each category is assigned a score from 1 to 4 or 1 to 5, depending on the response observed, with a total possible score of 15. Objective: To assess the nurses' knowledge regarding Glasgow Coma Scale at tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: This Quantitative, descriptive Cross-Sectional study was conducted at the tertiary care Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan, from September to December 2022. A total of 50 nurses were recruited through purposive sampling from the hospital's different departments, emergency departments, Neurology, and ICUs. Moreover, those nurses who had three months of experience were included in the study. The data were collected through a valid and reliable tool that was self-administered. Results: This study's findings revealed that Male participants were 64% and females 36%. Furthermore, findings show that 06% of participants had a low level of knowledge,72% had a moderate level of knowledge, and 22% had a high level of knowledge regarding GCS. Conclusions: Overall, these findings highlight the importance of continued education and training on GCS for healthcare professionals and the general public to ensure better outcomes for individuals who experience traumatic brain injuries.
Analysis of Solid Medical Waste Management at the Johan Pahlawan Health Center, West Aceh Regency
Authors: Azmi Nurul , Darmawi Darmawi
Published: May 2023

Community Health Center is one of the functional health service units in which there are activities that produce medical and non-medical waste in the form of solid and liquid. Solid medical waste is the final waste generated from hospital activities or health services consisting of infectious waste, pathological waste, sharp object waste, pharmaceutical waste, cytotoxic waste, chemical waste, radioactive waste. Solid medical waste that is not managed properly on the environment can cause environmental pollution of health facilities and the spread of germs that continue to grow through air, water, floors, food, and medical and non-medical equipment. Based on data from the Aceh Barat District Health Office, there are 14 health care facilities, of which 13 health centers (inpatient and non-inpatient) and 1 hospital. In the District of Johan Pahlawan there are Puskesmas A and Puskesmas B, but the researchers conducted research in 1 puskesmas. In this study, the method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, namely through observation and in-depth interviews. The purpose of this study was to find out how to manage solid medical waste at the Puskesmas in the District of Johan Pahlawan.
THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND TEAMWORK ON SATISFACTION WORK EMPLOYEE WITH ENVIRONMENT WORK AS MODERATING VARIABLES AT PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER X BATAM CITY
Authors: Noviyanti Noviyanti , Khaddafi Muammar
Published: May 2023

Destination Study this is for now and analyze influence style leadership and cooperation team to satisfaction work employee with environment work as moderating variable. Method research used is quantitative correlation. Population is the employee who work at public health center X Batam City with total 40 people, with technique sample is the total sampling. Data in the form of primary data with a questionnaire instrument and a scale likert. Quantitative data analysis techniques with method Partial Least Square (PLS) statistics. Research results got that style leadership take effect positive and significant to variable satisfaction work, Teamwork is influential positive and not significant to variable performance. Environment work take effect positive and not significant to variable satisfaction work. Leadership style with environment work take effect close to satisfaction work, while teamwork _ with environment work take effect weak to satisfaction work. Conclusion that only there is one variable that has influence significant with Pvalue 0.004 < = 0.05 and has connection close with variable the moderator that is variable leadership to satisfaction affected work by closely by variable environment work.
The Impact of the Implementation of Key Audit Matters in the 2022 Independent Auditor Report of PT Bank Amar Indonesia Tbk
Authors: Figa Auli , Santy Santy , Selly Selly , Jenny Jenny
Published: June 2023

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) implemented new auditing standards which became effective on December 15, 2016, which require auditors to disclose Key Audit Matters (KAM) in their reports. KAM was initiated by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) as an international auditing standard setting body, which aims to increase the transparency of audited financial reports. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods which use secondary data sources. The secondary data used in this study is in the form of financial reports obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) via the internet. Based on the results of data analysis of the financial statements of PT Bank Amar Indonesia Tbk Q2 of 2022, in the independent auditor's report, the main audit item disclosed is the allowance for impairment losses on loans. Based on data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), the share price per share at the end of the fourth quarter of 2021 and the share price on June 30, 2022, has fluctuated. It was concluded that in the period following the issuance of the Q2 2022 financial statements with the existence of an independent auditor's report disclosing key audit matters facilitated the flow of company-specific information to the market.
Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS) outbreak in Sogod Bay, Southern Leyte, Philippines
Authors: Ludevese-Pascual Gladys , Napala Jerome Jack , Tomol Ryan , Oyong Lara Jessa , Alfante Jovie Marie , Lumain John Philip Lou
Published: June 2023

Sogod Bay is known for its high diversity and abundance of hard coral. However, this resource is under threat due to the coral predator, crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) Acanthaster spp. The findings of 2021 COTS outbreaks in reefs belonging to territorial waters of Liloan, Libagon, San Francisco, Malitbog, and Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte, are reported here. The lowest COTS count was recorded for Padre Burgos while highest in Malitbog with 13 and 20 COTS 100 m-2, respectively, exceeding the outbreak threshold of 0.25 COTS 100 m-2. COTS collected from Malitbog, although highest in number, weighed lightest (251 ± 128g) while heaviest in San Francisco (621 ± 250g). The majority of COTS collected were in the juvenile stage with sizes ranging from 6-15 cm, corresponding to COTS age of 1-2 years. Regarding COTS sexes, the proportion of female COTS was higher relative to male COTS in Padre Burgos and Malitbog while lower in Libagon, Liloan, and San Francisco. A trend in the low total count of COTS regenerating arm was observed, indicative of the absence of COTS predator. Overall, the findings of this study imply that the COTS outbreak in Sogod Bay is a recurring phenomenon. Thus management efforts should be directed into areas with the over-the-outbreak threshold of COTS. The large quantities of COTS observed in Sogod Bay, Southern Leyte would further necessitate an improved management strategy, to reduce the detrimental impact of COTS outbreaks in the reef ecosystem. Periodic monitoring of COTS along Sogod Bay is recommended to reveal the extent of damage and potential clean-up efforts. Conduct of trainings to include Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign to municipalities categorized under active outbreak status is also recommended. Finally, studies are warranted to look into COTS population replenishment, and outbreak drivers.
The Safety of Human Embryos Following Long-Term Cryopreservation (≥ 6 Years) on Vitrification
Authors: He Hui , Jiang Rui , Ren Xinling , Jin Lei , Jiang Yaping
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND: Vitrification of embryos has become the basic means of assisted reproductive technology (ART) therapy in recent years. Concerns have also been raised about the safety of vitrification and the effect of cryopreservation time. Most of the previous studies were on the
data within 6 years of cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of long-term cryopreservat ion (≥6 years) on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was a single-center, retrospective analysis, including 426
frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Patients who participated in IVF-FET cycles between January 2013 to December 2020 were analyzed. Preferentially matched participants were divided into three groups according to storage time: group A (≥72 months) , group B (0-3 months, propensity
score matching [PSM] according to the age of oocyte retrieval), and group C (0-3 months, PSM according to the age of embryo transfer). RESULTS: Our results revealed that there were no significant differences in human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] positive rate, clinical pregnancy rate,
miscarriage rate, live birth rate, and neonatal outcomes when the embryo storage duration ≥72 months . But the proportion of high birth weight was higher in group A (≥72 months) when matched according to age at embryo transfer. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that
long-term cryopreservation had no effect on the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of vitrification. The results offer evidence for the safety of using long-term cryopreservation embryos after vitrification.
Morphological and biochemical evaluation of effects of Myrtus communis L. extract on heart and aorta in high fat-diet-induced obese rats
Authors: OZYILMAZ YAY Nagehan , BULBUL AYCI Nurdan , KELES KAYA Rumeysa , SEN Ali , SENER Goksel , ERCAN Feriha
Published: May 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the protective effects of Myrtus communis L. (MC) extract on high fat-diet (HFD)
induced heart and aorta damage by evaluating oxidative stress and the endothelial nitric oxide system (eNOS).
Materials and Methods: Wistar albino male rats were divided into 3 groups (n=7) as control, HFD, and HFD+MC. Rats in HFD
and HFD+MC groups were HFD fed for 16 weeks and in the last 4 weeks saline or MC (100 mg/kg) was administered orally (5
days/week). Triglyceride, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were estimated in blood serum. Tissue oxidative stress and
inflammatory parameters were evaluated biochemically. Tissue morphologies, eNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), and NADPH oxidase-2
(NOX-2)-immunopositive and apoptotic cells were evaluated histologically.
Results: Altered serum lipid profiles, degenerated heart, and aorta morphology, increased malondialdehyde, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐
deoxyguanosine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and myeloperoxidase levels, and iNOS, NOX-2
immunopositive and apoptotic cells, decreased NO levels, eNOS-immunopositive cells in both tissues were observed in HFD group.
All these parameters improved in the HFD+MC group.
Conclusion: This study revealed that HFD-induced obesity increased iNOS activation and oxidative stress in the cardiac and aortic
tissues of the rats. MC improved oxidant/antioxidant balance and prevented heart and aorta damage via eNOS involvement.
Healing effects of L-carnitine on experimental colon anastomosis wound
Authors: KANDAS Emel , EDREMITLIOGLU Mustafa , DEMIR Ufuk , ERBIL Guven , SEHITOGLU Muserref Hilal
Published: May 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of L-carnitine on healing of experimental colon anastomosis injury in

early and late period.

Materials and Methods: Forty female Wistar-Albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups (CONT-3, CONT-

7, CARN-3, and CARN-7). Injury healing was evaluated for CONT-3 group on the 3rd day and for CONT-7 group on the 7th day

following the anastomosis. Following the operation, CARN-3 and CARN-7 groups were intraperitoneally administered with 100 mg/

kg/day L-carnitine and injury healing was evaluated on the 3rd and 7th days. Injury strength, histological evaluation and antioxidant

enzyme activities and oxidant damage were determined in tissue samples of anastomosis area.

Results: Bursting pressure levels and histological scoring values of CARN-3 group were found to be higher than the CONT-3 group

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The role of Academic Boredom in Affecting Chinese Secondary School Students EFL Proficiency: A Mediation analysis of Organizational Strategies
Authors: Wu Yajun , Kang Xia
Published: May 2023

Drawing upon the control-value theory (CVT), various subject domains have explored the relationship and mediating mechanism between academic boredom and academic achievement. However, few studies have explored the potential mediating effect of cognitive strategies in the association between academic boredom and achievement, especially intheEnglish as a foreign language (EFL) learning context. A sample of 524 Chinese secondary EFL learners from one middle school using convenience sampling participated in the study. Results of structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses and mediation analysis indicated that organizational strategies partially mediated the link between foreign language boredom (FLB) and foreign language proficiency(FLP). This research further revealed the mediating mechanism between FLB and FLP. Implications, shortcomings, and directions for future research are discussed
Odmietanie privátnej značky spotrebiteľmi
Authors:   Katolícka univerzita v Ružomberku, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra manažmentu, Hrnčiarová Turčiaková Anna
Published: May 2023

The subject of the contribution is the analysis of the private label from the point of view of the consumers and also the identification of the interactions that occur between these subjects in connection with the rejection of the private label by the consumers. By using the available domestic and foreign literature as well as own research, the contribution creates a comprehensive picture of the private brand in the context of consumers and also its influence on their purchase decision. The aim is to identify the attributes of consumers' decision to reject a private label and to provide suggestions for improving business strategies in the management of private labels in the food segment.
Porovnanie motivácie zamestnancov v rodinnom a nerodinnom podniku
Authors:   Univerzita Mateja Bela, Banská Bystrica, Ekonomická fakulta, Škodová Liliana , Vrábliková Mária ,   Katolícka univerzita v Ružomberku, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra manažmentu
Published: May 2023

The identification of differences in managers' approach to motivation, ways of motivating employees and their application in selected family and non-family businesses is the problem addressed in this contribution. The main goal of the contribution is to bring a proposal for improving the motivation of employees in these two companies, considering their nature. We will fill its essence with sub-objectives, which include the analysis of the current state of motivation in both types of companies, the identification of differences in the approach of managers and their mutual comparison, and last but not least, the proposal of a solution. The methods used include: questionnaire survey, analysis, synthesis and comparison. The benefit of the contribution is the proposal of solutions that can improve motivation in family and non-family businesses.
County Transportation Officials’ Perceptions of Timber Transportation Economic Importance, Infrastructure Impact, and Weight Limits in Georgia, USA
Authors: Conrad Joseph L. IV
Published: June 2023

Log truck gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits in the US state of Georgia are among the lowest of any timber-producing state in the US and are far below GVW limits in countries such as Australia, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. In the state of Georgia, log trucks travel on county and state roads between harvest sites and forest industry mills. Most county roads were not constructed to support heavy trucks and so log trucks may damage these roads, even at the low GVW limits allowed in Georgia. Local governments sometimes enact timber harvesting ordinances to constrain timber transportation and often oppose efforts to increase GVW limits. The purpose of this study was to document local transportation officials’ perceptions of timber harvesting and transportation and to measure their support or opposition to alternative log truck weights and configurations. A telephone survey of county transportation superintendents or their equivalent was conducted in Georgia during the summer of 2020. Forty-three county officials responded to the survey, yielding a response rate of 43%. Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported that timber harvesting was important to their local economy, and 86% agreed that local governments were cooperative with log truck owners. County officials were concerned about damage from overweight log trucks and mud on public roads. The average preferred GVW and tandem axle weight limits were approximately 10% lower than the existing limits. County officials opposed six- and seven-axle 45,359 kg (100,000 lbs) GVW configurations but did support allowing log trucks to operate on interstate highways at current state weight limits. Findings suggest that logging businesses and mills should focus on improving compliance with weight laws, improving the condition of log trucks, and maintaining or improving relationships with the public and local government officials.
"CĂI DE REALIZARE A DISPOZITIVULUI DE LUPTÃ AL BRIGÃZII MECANIZATE ÎN OPERAÞIA OFENSIVÃ, UTILIZÂND EFICIENT COMANDA PRIN MISIUNE"
Authors: ȚECU Cristian , PÎNZARIU Sorin ,   Academia Forțelor Terestre „Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu
Published: June 2023

Due to the modern war conditions, governed by the avant-garde technologies, the military actions of all the forces services acquire new features and dimensions with special implications for the participating forces. Carrying out a campaign involves combat-type actions that only a military force can accomplish, and its objectives are achieved both through a wide range of offensive or defensive operations, and through interaction with other military and non-military entities. At the tactical level, commanders must ensure a balance between the various elements of the functional framework to achieve the objectives set, in accordance with the campaign purpose. In line with current trends in the field of modern armed struggle, the issue of the combat disposition of the forces in order to conduct operations must be addressed, in the context of the development of military technology, increasing force mobility, maneuverability and combat power. reconsidering, at the same time, the role of different categories of armed forces, in the sense of ensuring interoperability with NATO partner forces, spatial extension of the direct engagement of supple and mobile combat disposition. Nowdays, in the Romanian military literature, it is considered that the joint tactical large units combat disposition consists of: the command system, maneuver forces, the reserve and the logistics system.
STATELE BALTICE – ÎNTRE PROTECȚIA NATO ȘI AMENINȚAREA RUSIEI –
Authors:   Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative, Bucureșt, MEREACRE Ana
Published: June 2023

The three Baltic countries carry with them the heavy burden of the Soviet past, alongside their positioning in an area of interest to both the North Atlantic Alliance and Russia. The main research directions and the hypothesis of the present paper are grounded on the premise of the realistic approach in the study of international relations, according to which states are rational actors and lead a permanent competition to increase their power towards hegemony, as well as on the theoretical grounds of the balance of power. This article analyses the situation of the three Baltic states in the context of the tense relationship between NATO and Russia, but also in terms of the ability of each actor to project its power in the Baltic Sea. The main research hypothesis is that although the Baltic states are part of NATO and the EU, they are the most exposed members to the threat of Russian aggression, and hence, the more Russia strengthens its presence in the region, the more NATO will try to rebalance the balance of power to ensure the security of its members. The first direction of research consists in analysing the increasing level of risk to the security of the Baltic countries following the annexation of Crimea and, at the same time, the strengthening of military presence and scale of exercises carried out in the region, by both Russia and NATO. Moreover, the Baltic states need to identify potential vulnerabilities while facing the alternative fighting methods Russia may draw upon, such as hybrid actions, and therefore strengthen their defence capacity. Another direction hereby analysed is NATO’s vulnerability to Russia in the context of the Suwalki Corridor, which must be addressed during the forthcoming period. Following these directions, the article mostly relies on the qualitative research method, whilst also including the analysis of quantitative data.
IMPACTUL CRIZEI IMIGRANȚILOR DIN 2015-2016 ASUPRA RELAȚIILOR STATELOR BALCANICE PRIVIND COOPERAREA REGIONALĂ
Authors:   Facultatea de Relații Internaționale, Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative, Bucureșt, NIMARA Nicolae Tudor
Published: June 2023

This article explores the impact of migration on interstate relations of source, transit, and target states by focusing on the Western Balkan migration route post-2015. The theoretic approach of the Copenhagen School is employed as it allows to interpret the securitising logic of discourse acts as well as the logic of regional security complexes. The article identifies the recurring themes of “unmanageable numbers” and “unmanageable integration” which were prevalent in the European discourse. Next, the article recounts a series of Europe wide unilateral border measures which were the result of individual governments attempting to limit the flow of migrants. Unilateral actions can result in flow blockage, diversion, or aggregation. The transnational nature of migration management is explored, as well as why states might act unilaterally or multilaterally and what negative or positive impacts could such actions have on other states involved. The article concludes that the Balkan region’s EU and NATO aspirations played a key role in shaping its response to the crisis synergising with the regional EU’s security overlap. As far as Romania is concerned, it must continue to expand its migration management capacities in order to successfully do its part to mitigate its risk exposure and maximise its strategic diplomatic leverage vis-à-vis the issue of migration, especially in the eventuality of its inclusion into the Schengen area.
MANAGEMENTUL CÂMPULUI DE LUPTĂ AL VIITORULUI. LUPTA ȘI VICTORIA ÎN SPAȚIUL DE OPERAȚII AERIAN DE O COMPLEXITATE SPORITĂ AL VIITORULUI
Authors:   Expert operații aer-sol, JAPCC-Kalkar, Germania, ROSSETTI Livio
Published: June 2023

In the context of technological progress and of the combination between conventional, asymmetric and hybrid capabilities across traditional domains as well as the cyber and space ones, NATO’s freedom of manoeuvre could be compromised, and its effectiveness in deterring potential aggressors could be reduced. Thus, in order to deal correctly with these security threats and to operate effectively in this type of “multi-domain environment”, it is necessary for NATO to have a more comprehensive approach and to develop new strategies that allow a more integrated and synchronised use of forces.
Operațiile și exercițiile maritime – instrumente ale realizării securității regionale la Marea Neagră
Authors:   Comandamentul Forțelor Întrunite „General Ioan Emanoil Florescu”, ROȘU Marius , IONIȚĂ Dorin ,   Comandamentul Forțelor Întrunite „General Ioan Emanoil Florescu”
Published: June 2023

After the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Iron Curtain – realities corroborated by the geopolitical implosion of the former USSR in 1989, the Wider Black Sea Region has experienced a phase of acute transition, now becoming the centre of geopolitical and geostrategic interests of major state and non-state actors with global or regional values, as follows: USA, NATO, EU, Russian Federation, Turkey. The sustained interest in ensuring security in the WBSR is represented by the launch and development of various formats of cooperation and exercises that denote an almost continuous presence of Allied forces in the Black Sea basin, respecting the conditions provided by the Montreux Convention. Ongoing training, achieving a higher degree of interoperability through standard procedures and increasing the responsiveness of military and civilian forces through the planning and conduct of maritime exercises and operations in the WBSR is the projection of political will through military initiatives, CIMIC and law enforcement specific instruments.
Profesionalizarea și performanța forțelor armate – elemente cheie în confruntarea cu tendințele globale în schimbare
Authors:   Baza 91 Logistică a Forțelor Aeriene „General „Andrei Popovici”, Bucureșt, IONAȘCU HULUBA Alina-Elena , PLEȘANU Toma ,   Academia Forțelor Terestre „Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu
Published: June 2023

The changing trends in military organisations have accelerated in recent decades against the background of societal changes, changes in the security environment and the rapid development of technology. These phenomena impose new requirements on armies in terms of effective human resources management and a key role is assigned to the provision of a high quality professionalisation process ensuring the performance of the armed forces and thus the ability of the military to fulfil its missions. By exploring literature, this paper starts with a conceptual background of the field that outlines the framework for transforming the training process from the perspective of interrelated key elements. In addition, the paper highlights challenging trends that have an impact on military organisations, emphasising the exploration of the way in which professionalisation is transformed so that military personnel can respond to challenging contexts, thus contributing to the performance of the armed forces. Finally, we propose some guidelines for future scientific approaches on this subject
Impactul dezvoltării tehnologice asupra rezilienței manageriale în organizația militară
Authors:   Academia Forțelor Terestre „Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu, BADEA Dorel , RANF Diana Elena ,   Academia Forțelor Terestre „Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu
Published: June 2023

The current course of the 21st century has challenged humanity as a whole in terms of the operationalisation of large-scale changes, both quantitative and qualitative, one of the directions for changing social functionality being subsumed under global technological governance. Trends specific to emerging and disruptive technologies, technological superiority, digital diplomacy and sovereignty, innovation ecosystems etc. have a major impact on a macro-indicator of analysis of contemporary global performance, namely resilience. The pace of implementing the solutions characteristic to these advanced technologies is a dynamic one, practically influencing all areas of activity. At the military level, there are concerns of interest at the level of NATO member states regarding space systems, robotics and advanced conventional weapons systems (laser, hypersonic weapons), innovative resources, digitisation, artificial intelligence, cyber security etc. In this context, the present article brings to attention some presumptive aspects regarding the modification of managerial resilience, in terms of military roles and responsibilities, starting from classical managerial theories. Directions for exploring the subject proposed by the title which are of interest to military decision-makers are also presented.
Bătălia Kievului ‒ considerații privind desfășurarea operațiilior militare la nivel tactic ‒
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, NISTORESCU Claudiu Valer
Published: June 2023

"The military operations conducted on the territory of Ukraine during the conflict started by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 show that the chances for large-scale combat operations in Europe have significantly increased. Consequently, the way those operations are carried out must be carefully reconsidered. Adapting to the requirements of the modern battlefield requires a rapid multi-domain integration of new technologies and modern weapon systems. Therefore, doctrinal changes are required. There is no doubt that the Battle of Kiev is a valuable source of information for military leaders, regarding the conduct of military operations at each level. Therefore, a pertinent analysis in relation to the factors that have contributed to the battle’s outcome could be very helpful. The main objective of the analysis is to highlight lessons on the topic of planning and carrying out military operations at tactical level. It emphasises both the determining factors for the failure of the Russian offensive and the features that gave the Ukrainian forces the upper hand, ensuring the successful defence operation. The research methodology is based on the qualitative evaluation of the available information, to enable an assessment of the battle from the combat functions perspective with the aim to identify possible gaps in Western armies’ way to carry out combat operations."
Tendințe strategice ale organizațiilor internaționale de securitate pentru realizarea/consolidarea securității regionale și globale
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, EPARU Alexandru
Published: June 2023

"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems."
Interoperabilitatea doctrinară la nivelul Alianței Nord-Atlantice în raport cu abordarea operațiilor informaționale din perspectivă rusă și chineză
Authors:   Academia Forţelor Aeriene „Henri Coandă”, Braşov, NECULCEA Cosmina-Andreea , RĂPAN Florian ,   Universitatea Creștină „Dimitrie Cantemir”, Bucureşti
Published: June 2023

Interoperability is described as the ability of member states to act together coherently and effectively to achieve tactical, operational and strategic objectives. In particular, interoperability allows forces, units and/or systems to operate together and use shared concepts. At the operational and tactical level, there are numerous challenges regarding interoperability, and one of these challenges consists of doctrinal differences. The purpose of this article is to identify these differences, through the brief analysis of the doctrine projections of NATO, USA and Romania. There are significant differences both in understanding the concept of information operations from a conceptual and practical point of view and in terms of these subsumed operations. Also, in order to identify one’s vulnerabilities, we think that the analysis of strategies and tactics based only on a Western empirical approach is insufficient, and we aim at comparing the effectiveness of information operations from the Russian and Chinese perspectives, as well.
ROMANIA: STEPS TOWARDS SMART POWER
Authors:   “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy, COLDEA Florian
Published: June 2023

A defence strategy for a European state that is both EU and NATO member should be in accordance with the security requirements of those organisations, while also in harmony with the domestic characteristics that define our country’s role within those organisations. Europe 2020 strategy, adopted by the European Commission in 2010, is aimed at smart and sustainable growth, with an obvious focus on economic development, the concept being also applicable to security and defence. NATO’s smart defence concept is rather limited to sharing capabilities, coordinating priorities and efforts in the military sphere, as it is the nature of the Alliance itself. But domestically, in implementing an ambitious National Defence Strategy, it should be considered the extended applicability of the concept of smart power, developed by Joseph Nye, which includes all areas of a country’s social, economic and military existence, in order to promote its security and interests.
THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY ACTION PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESILIENCE CAPACITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   “Carol I” National Defence University, Bucharest, ROMAN Daniel
Published: June 2023

The security and safety in fulfilling the roles of the institutions of a state are essential characteristics of any contemporary society. In order to understand the complex of threats and vulnerabilities, as well as the dynamics of their manifestation in generating crisis situations, it is required to take a comprehensive approach to the decision-makers in the societal domains: political/diplomatic, military, economic, social, critical infrastructural, informational and environmental. In this context, the development of the resilience capacity in the contemporary societal environment takes place in the perspective of the contribution of all the decision-making factors based on efficient inter-institutional planning and their proactive participation. Due to the specifics of each societal field, the situation can be understood under different coordinates, which causes difficulties in developing estimates of the crisis situations and initiating measures to prevent and counteract them. One of the solutions identified for the decision-makers to conduct a proactive behaviour in crisis situations specific to the contemporary societal environment can be expressed within the operational art of military action planning. Thus, we deem appropriate to extend the operational art specific to the military field to other societal fields and redefine the resilience capacity in the contemporary societal environment facing the new complex of threats and vulnerabilities as the COVID-19 pandemic situation.
IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE NATIONAL DEFENCE INDUSTRY
Authors:   Ministry of Internal Affairs, IVAN Lucian
Published: June 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has scientifically proven negative effects in the world industry, which are reflected in declining sales, downsizing productive activities and rising unemployment. The allocation of 2% of the Gross Domestic Product for the defence field, as well as the programmes developed at EU and NATO level, provide the companies from the national defence industry with the possibility to adapt their product range to the procurement programmes developed by the Romanian Armed Forces. Another opportunity for companies in the national defence industry to seize is the use of funds available at EU level, including for research and development, as well as partnerships with large companies in the Euro-Atlantic area. In order to overcome the economic crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, efficient cooperation is needed between state and private entities within the national defence industry and the line ministries, especially with the Ministry of National Defence and the Ministry of Economy
FINANCIAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY – ATHENA MECHANISM –
Authors:   Head of Section, Institute for Defence Policy Studies and Military History, Bucharest, ILINCA Dragoș
Published: June 2023

The efforts on creating, at EU level, a functional mechanism to support the operational commitments got materialised by the establishment, in February 2004, of a new instrument. Much better known as ATHENA Mechanism, it was dedicated to the overall administration of common costs associated with military crisis management operations. This article puts forward a comprehensive picture of the main evolutions meant to lead to the development of this instrument, while analysing the implications for the operational domain, generated by augmenting the procedures for financial management of certain costs under the auspices of Common Security and Defence Policy.
Romania – A Stability Factor by Assuming the Mediator Role in the Conflicts at the Black Sea
Authors:   “Carol I” National Defense University, Bucharest, BĂDULESCU Dorin-Valeriu
Published: June 2023

The slowness with which the European Union asserts its role as a mediator in the international sphere must not be Romania’s own policy. Many EU member states or organisations have developed their own systems to provide stability as a facilitator for peace processes or have developed early warning and conflict prevention mechanisms. Romania’s membership in various external structures enables it to use international expertise in creating and implementing internal structures capable of involving the state in the prevention and resolution of conflicts in the Black Sea region or in other areas of the world. The article analyses Romania’s potential to act regionally as a mediator and to generate stability and security if such a conflict approach is embraced.