bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cepry w górach. Turystyka masowa w krzywym zwierciadle do lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku
Authors: Kolbuszewska Ewa
Published: March 2020

Lowlanders in the mountains: A satirising view of mass tourism until the 1970sThe sense of tourism lies in disinterested move from place to place for purposes relating to entertainment and exploration. In 1841 Thomas Cook organised a train excursion for 570 people in England and thus began the era of collective tourism. In the 20th century mass tourism became passive tourism. Such tourism does not require a lot of physical effort and the only thing tourists expect is appropriate transport, access to interesting sights and infrastructure that will satisfy their basic needs. Another characteristic of this type of tourism is the fact that participants do not have to organise their journeys themselves. It should be stressed, however, that in the 20th century tourism became a substantial social movement of great economic significance. Its essence can be defined in a concise formula: “maximum satisfaction with minimum personal effort”. As a result of economic changes in the interwar period, tourism became increasingly democratic, popular and accessible to the masses. The development of passive tourism, which as time goes by transforms itself into largescale mass tourism, can best be followed in the case of tourism in the Tatras. The Tatras, which were “discovered” quite late, became a tourist destination for an increasing number of people already at the turn of the 20th century. The number of tourists grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. However, the first visitors to the Podhale region and Zakopane were not very well prepared for excursions in the mountains. Such visitors were referred by the term “ceper” or lowlander, from the beginning having negative and, if not contemptuous then certainly disrespectful connotations. Its etymology is not known. The ignorance of non-highlanders, i.e. their naivety and inexperience, was quite irritating for the simple and intellectually uncomplicated, but “sharp” and cunning local inhabitants of the Podhale region. That is why lowlanders were often laughed at and ridiculed by them. Throughout the 20th century interesting sociological and cultural changes happened consistently and systematically in tourism. Initially tourists were representatives of the wealthier classes, but owing to the development of collective tourism tourists began to come from many other groups in society. As a result there emerged the problem of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, which in turn increased the signifi cance of the problem of nature protection.
Od relacji z wypraw do przewodnika — początki karkonoskich poradników dla podróżnych na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku
Authors: Pacholski Jan
Published: March 2020

From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
Przekroczenie granicy. Romantyczna podróż i próba pruskości w okresie przedmarcowym — Wácslawa Wladiwoja Tomka wędrówki po pograniczu śląsko-czeskim
Authors: Řezník Miloš
Published: March 2020

Crossing the border. A Romantic journey and test of Prussianness in the pre-March period: Václav Vladivoj Tomek’s wanderings in the Silesian-Czech borderlandIn the article I analyse, using a specific example from 1830, the identity-shaping perception of the mountains as a border at a time of Czech national agitation. Drawing on the memoirs of a young Prague law student, Václav Vladivoj Tomek, later an eminent Czech historian, I present perception categories he used to reflect on the differences between societies and cultures along the Czech-Silesian   Austrian-Prussian border and to discuss their links with the landscape. This is placed, on the one hand, in the context of the agitation phase of the Czech national movement in its early period, and on the other in the context of individual and collective processes of identification of a young man at a key stage of his personal development. Tomek expressed his observations in the language of cultural, social and confessional diversity. In this he focused on the quality of life, architecture, faith with a tendency to exoticise Protestantism and partly also historical culture in Prussia. Significantly, there  are no comments concerning the problem of the mismatch, so important in later years, between the state and the language border: the transition between predominantly Czech-speaking and predominantly German-speaking regions near the state border in this case the  Broumov region is not even mentioned. The crossing of the border as a practice is not referred to either; the border is seen as a point,  what is mentioned in its crossing are only state symbols. Although strong emotions are visible, the now nationally aware Tomek does not allude to national emotions state border, but to a Romantic view of the landscape accompanied by a fascination, typical of the period, with what is picturesque and extraordinary in the mountains, rocks, sights and traces of the past found in the mountains.
Materialnoprawne aspekty orzekania kary ograniczenia wolności
Authors: Mrozek Kamila
Published: March 2020

Substantive law aspects of imposing the penalty of restriction of libertyNumerous changes introduced within the criminal law have had a significant impact on the final model of the penalty of restriction of liberty. The measures adopted in 2015, following the general reform of the criminal law, have turned out to be rather ineffective. Thus, certain steps have been taken to re-model the penalty of restriction of liberty, which, to a large extent meant returning to previous solutions. This paper is primarily focused on analysing subsequent amendments within the substantive criminal law related to the penalty of restriction of liberty, with particular focus on the amendments introduced in 2016.
Zbrodnia katyńska przed Europejskim Trybunałem Praw Człowieka — refleksje nad wyrokiem z 21 października 2013 roku
Authors: Kulesza Witold
Published: March 2020

The Katyń massacre before the European Court of Human Rights — reflections on the October 21, 2013 judgmentBoth the Nuremberg Tribunal in its judgment of Jan. 1, 1946 as well as the European Court of Human Rights’ Grand Chamber judgment of Oct. 21, 2013 in the case of Janowiec and Others v. Russia abstracted from a substantive decision on Russia’s responsibility for the Katyń massacre and failed to determine the consequences to be borne by the defending state, whose authorities decided upon the performance of the act in question. Contemporary Russian state denies that the murder of 22,000 Polish prisoners of war and inmates at the behest of the highest authorities of the USSR in 1940 was indeed a war crime. According to the position of the Russian government, represented before the ECHR, what took place was solely a crime committed by the administrative personnel who acted beyond their authority, the prosecution of which expired after 10 years, i.e. in 1950. The Russian side also claimed that it was not obliged to conduct an investigation on the matter and refused to disclose the content of the order to discontinue the criminal proceedings issued in 2004 to both the relatives of those who were murdered and to the ECHR. It also refused to recognize the murdered Polish prisoners of war as victims of political repression, claiming that it is unclear according to which criminal code they were sentenced to be shot. Russia’s position in denying the temporal jurisdiction of the ECHR and the ratione materiae with regard to the Katyń massacre which was in fact accepted by the ECHR in its judgment, should be subject to criticism. According to the statement of the court, Russia has not violated Article 2 of the Convention in its procedural aspect or Article 3 in its way of dealing with the relatives of the victims. The Court has lost the chance to contribute to appointing — in terms of human rights — a protection standard for a vital legal interest, which is currently the collective memory of the persecution of people because of their national, racial or religious background, ones who had become victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed in the name of Nazi or communist ideology once pursued in Europe.
Ewolucja regulacji dotyczącej błędu co do znamion typu podstawowego w polskich kodyfikacjach karnych
Authors: Lachowski Jerzy
Published: March 2020

The evolution of regulation of the mistake of fact in Polish criminal codesThe subject of the article is the problem of the mistake of fact in Polish criminal law from historical perspective. It discusses the regulation concerning the mistake of fact in Polish criminal codes of 1932, 1969, 1997 and shows the evolution of this structure. The author puts particular emphasis on the amendments to the section 28th of the Polish Criminal Code of 1997 which were proposed between 2013 and 2015. In the conclusion he criticizes the contemporary shape of the section and gives his own proposal for the amendment in this regulation which limits it only to non-intentional criminal acts and distinguishes properly guilty mind and mens rea which is essential in the light of the normative theory of guilt.
Oszustwo szkodowe i bezszkodowe jako dwie odmiany przestępstwa oszustwa
Authors: Bielski Marek
Published: March 2020

Fraud causing damages and no-damage fraud as two distinctive types of the fraud offenseThis study contains a juridical analysis that presents the grounds for establishing differentiation with respect to the fraud offense regulated in Article 286 § 1 of the Criminal Code. The fraud offense may be divided into two distinctive types — fraud causing damages that results in suffering substantial material damages by an injured party, and so-called no-damage fraud that is limited in its effect to creating a state of exposure to direct danger of financial interest of an injured party. The article includes the analysis of substantive and procedural consequences of differences that arise between those two specified types of the fraud offense.
Morphological similarity and graphological difference
Authors: Kipouràs Pàvlos
Published: March 2020

The Document Examiner’s approach could not be based only on the technical aspect of the analysis, but it must very often be extended in the graphological analysis of the case. The Document Examiner has to also take into consideration the particular historical data in order to orientate the investigation’s hypothesis. In many cases morphological similarity could be tricky and misleading, just because of the simplefact that reflects the main purpose of the forger: the similarity, in which he bases the effort of presenting a forged document genuine.
Remarks on codex crimes of capital fraud art. 311 CC in the background of neighbouring countries
Authors: Ochman Piotr
Published: March 2020

The subject of the article is the presentation of the genesis of criminalisation of capital fraud in the Polish Criminal Code. Further edits of the projects of this crime in the drafts of the current Criminal Code are also analysed, as well as the scope of criminalisation and the problem of repression of capital fraud in Polish criminal law. In addition, solutions proposed to criminalise capital fraud in neighbouring countries are presented. These analyses provide the basis for reporting significant legislative changes.
Uwagi o istocie przestępstwa o charakterze terrorystycznym i jego karaniu. Część I
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt
Published: March 2020

Remarks on the essence of a terrorist crime and penalty for it. Part IThe study attempts to draw attention to some, the most important complex threads — both in the criminological and the dogmatic legal sense — problems of crime of terrorist character. The starting point of considerations conducted in part I of the article is the historical analysis referring to genesis and evolution of dogmatic and normative perception and understanding of the concept of terrorist offense — from the legislation of the interwar period through post-war regulations, until the regulation of the Penal Code of 1969. The central thread of this part of the study is the analysis of the normative shape of a terrorist offense construction in terms of art. 115 § 20 of the Penal Code, legal nature of this institution as well as the consequences at the level of application of the discussed regulations. Considerations taken in part II of the study cover issues regarding the consequences of committing a crime of a terrorist character in the sphere of statutory and judicial punishment and other penal measures. In this part of the analysis, the issue of extraordinary tightening of punishment was subjected in particular to a terrorist crime including doubts that in practice the provisions relating to the rule of progression of punishment of terrorists can cause, as well as the possibility and rules of using other institutions shaping the legal situation of the perpetrator of a terrorist offense.
Z problematyki kary ograniczenia wolności w świetle nowelizacji kodeksu karnego
Authors: Sienkiewicz Zofia
Published: March 2020

On restriction of liberty in the light of the amended Criminal CodeIn the present article the author examines the question of restriction of liberty in the light of the amended Criminal Code of 2015. In the new Civil Code restriction of liberty has become a means of a flexible response to a crime, making it possible to shape the severity of this penalty in a variety of ways. The amended provisions of the Criminal Code have considerably expanded the scope of its application, making it possible to impose this penalty not only in the case of petty and medium-severity but also serious offences. Restriction of liberty has become a penalty competing with fines and, above all, with suspended custodial sentence, the application of which, under the new provisions, should be considerably limited.
Populacja więzienna w Polsce po nowelizacji systemu prawa karnego ustawą z 20 lutego 2015 roku
Authors: Nawój-Śleszyński Aldona
Published: March 2020

Prison population in Poland after the amendment of the criminal law system by the act of 20 February 2015The article discusses the questions of aims and consequences of the change of the criminal law system of 20 February 2015. One of the basic aims of the amendment was to reduce the amount of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment. One of the ways to achieve this aims has been to change the structure of the criminal system with non-freedom-lose penalties. The amended Criminal Law works for two years.Based on the analysis of the statistical data, it was found that during the period under review, from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2017, the structure of imposed penalties by the court has been favorably changed. There was a 33,5% reduction in imprisonment and a 29,3% reduction of suspended sentences.The unfavorable phenomenon is the increase of the sentences of imprisonment with the absolute execution at 2,8%. Favorable and expected changes in the structure of the penalties imposed did not transfer significantly into the reduction of the population sentenced to imprisonment. In 2015 was the imprisonment rate at 184.1, and in 2016 it rose to 186.4. The reason for this was the increase in temporarily detained persons in the prison population.
Diagnoza w postępowaniu karnym wobec nieletnich przestępców we Francji
Authors: Perska-Gradowska Paulina
Published: March 2020

Diagnosis in criminal proceedings against juvenile offenders in FranceThe purpose of the article is to analyse the role of diagnosis in criminal proceedings against juvenile offenders. Firstly, the conditions of juvenile criminal liability in France are presented. It is emphasised that the basic condition is being able to discern the act committed. The second part concerns the measures ordered by a judge for minors to gather information about the minor, their family situation and functioning environment. In the conclusion, the role of diagnosis in criminal proceedings is described. It is worth emphasising that the diagnosis in the French system provides support for a judge and conditions the juvenile criminal liability.
The Literary “No” to Politically Tabooed Topics during the Polish People’s Republic. The Case of Tadeusz Konwicki’s Prose Writing
Authors: Gosk Hanna
Published: March 2020

Using the example of characteristic works by Tadeusz Konwicki, one of the main post-war Polish writers, the article discusses literary ways of taking up topics functioning in the Polish People’s Republic as political taboos. War and post-war relations with the Soviet Union, the fate of Polish inhabitants of the eastern borderlands, the motif of the Home Army struggle against the Soviet army altogether constituted a proscribed area of interest. The analysis shows how the literary resistance against silencing, expressed through allusions, understatements, the poetics of traumatic realism and the grotesque — makes the writer an agent of collective memory.
“We are the People”: The Holodomor and North American-Ukrainian Diasporic Memory in Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s “Enough”
Authors: Ulanowicz Anastasia
Published: March 2020

“We are the People”: The Holodomor and North American-Ukrainian Diasporic Memory in Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s Enough. Although the Holodomor — the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 — has played a major role in the cultural memory of Ukrainian diasporic communities in the United States and Canada, relatively few North American children’s books directly represent this traumatic historical event. One exception, however, is Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s and Michael Martchenko’s picture book, Enough 2000, which adapts a traditional Ukrainian folktale in order to introduce young readers to the historical and polit­ical circumstances in which this artificial famine occurred. By drawing on what scholar Jack Zipes has identified as the “subversive potential” of fairy tales, Skrypuch and Martchenko critique the ironies and injustices that undergirded Soviet forced collectivization and Stalinist famine policy. Additionally, they explicitly set a portion of their fairy tale adaptation in Canada in order to gesture to the role played by the Holodomor in structuring diasporic memory and identity, especially in relation to post-Independ­ence era Ukraine.«Мы — народ»: Голодомор и североамериканско-украинская диаспорная память в книге Enough Марши Форчук Скрыпух. Несмотря на то, что Голодомор — голод в Украине 1932–1933 гoдов — сыграл важную роль в культурной памяти украинских диаспорных общин в Соеди­ненных Штатах и Канаде, относительно мало североамериканских детских книг описывает это травматическое событие. Важное место в этом контексте является книга Марши Форчук Скры­пух и Майкла Мартченко «Достаточно» 2000, которая адаптирует традиционную украинскую сказку для того, чтобы познакомить молодых читателей с историческими и политическими обстоятельствами этого искусственного голода. Опираясь на то, что ученый Джек Зайпс назвал «подрывным потенциалом» сказок, Скрыпух и Мартченко критикуют иронию и несправедли­вость советской принудительной коллективизации и политики сталинского голода. Кроме того, они установили часть своей сказочной адаптации в Канаде, чтобы показать роль Голодомора в структурировании диаспорной памяти и самобытности, и связи последних с независимой Украиной.
Scena a przedstawienie traumy historycznej: dramaty/spektakle, twórcy/odbiorcy we współczesnym teatrze ukraińskim
Authors: Harbuziuk Maja
Published: March 2020

Historic trauma on the stage: dramas and plays, recipients and directors in contemporary Ukrainian theatreThe aim of this article is to analyse theatrical performances based on plays of contemporary Ukrainian authors. The analysis is made from the position of their work with traumatic historical and modern experience of community. A short evaluation of modern state of Ukrainian theatre is made. Ukrainian theatre as “positivist” worldview art excludes pictures and themes of traumatic experiences irrational by nature. The attention is paid to the importance of empathy mechanism in the process of elaboration of collec­tive structural and historic traumas. It is presented how transgressive trauma comes out in the creativity of modern directors, blocking empathy mechanisms and leading to autoaggression. The paper empha­sises the importance of personal experience and worldview maturity of the authors of the texts and performances, as well as their readiness and skill to cross boundaries of various stereotypes imposed by complex collective and historical traumas. Сцена как представление исторической травмы: пьесы/спектакли, создатели/зрители в современном украинском театреВ статье сделано попытку анализа спектаклей профессиональных театров по пьесам со­временных украинских авторов, с позиций их работы с травматическим историческим и со­временным опытом общества. Коротко дана оценка современному состоянию украинского театра как искусства в целом мировоззренчески «позитивистического», исключающего ирраци­ональные по своей природе картины и темы травматических переживаний. Обращено внима­ние на важность механизмов эмпатии в процессе прорабатывания коллективных структурных и исторических травм. Продемонстрировано, как трансгрессивная травма проявляет себя в творчестве современных режиссеров, блокируя механизмы эмпатии, приводя к автоагрессии. Подчеркнуто важность личностного опыта и зрелость мировоззрения авторов текстов и спек­таклей, их готовность и умение выходить за пределы разного характера стереотипов в работе со сложными коллективными историческими травмами.
Dorastanie naznaczone traumą historii. Kilka refleksji nad powieściami Jiříego Kratochvila „Uprostřed nocí zpěv” i Magdaleny Tulli „Włoskie szpilki”
Authors: Żygadło-Czopnik Dorota
Published: March 2020

Growing up marked by trauma in Jiří Kratochvil’s, Uprostřed nocí zpěv and Magdalena Tulla’s, Włoskie szpilkiThe process of political change began in Czechoslovakia at the end of 1989, a few months after the so-called Polish Round Table Talks, and after the events in Hungary, East Germany or Bulgaria, foretelling the political transformations in those countries. Poles and Czechs are nations steeped in history, whose rhythm is defined by traumas, many of which still await their artistic disarmament. Czech history is completely different than that of Poles. As a result of the tangled history, Czech and Polish national identities are not fully defined. The key objective of the proposed paper is to examine how the contemporary Polish and Czech writers confront their totalitarian heritage. We would like to focus on the works of a Mora­vian author Jiří Kratochvil b. 1940 in Brno, who is undervalued and barely known in Poland, and of a Polish writer Magdalena Tulla b. 1955. As a matter of fact, Jiří Kratochvil was truly discovered in the Czech Republic only after November 1989.Взросление в тени исторической травмы в повести Иржи Кратохвила Uprostřed nocí zpěv и Магдалены Тулли Włoskie szpilkiПроцесс политических преобразований начался в Чехословакии в конце 1989 года, спустя несколько месяцев после польских переговоров т. наз. круглого стола и после событий  в Венгрии, ГДР или Болгарии, которые предвещали политико-режимные трансформации в этих странах. Поляки и чехи — это народы, погруженные в историю, а ее ритм в польском и чешском мышлении диктуют травмы. Многие из них еще предстоит обезвредить при помощи инструментов искусства. Чешская история во многом отличается от нашей. По причине непростой истории чешская и польская национальные идентичности не получили своего четкого определения. Основной целью предлагаемого доклада является исследование того, как современные польские и чешские писатели сводят счеты с тоталитарным наследием. Главное внимание будет уделено творчеству моравского писателя Иржи Кратохвила 1940 г.р., Брно, автора малоизвестного в Польше, а также польской писательницы Магдалены Тулли 1955 г.р.. Иржи Кратохвил и в самой Чехии приобрел признание только после ноября 1989 года.
The financial instrument of the Innovation Union — Horizon 2020
Authors: Puślecki Zdzisław W.
Published: March 2020

In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the financial instrument of the Innovation Union — Horizon 2020. Horizon 2020 is the flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe’s global competitiveness. It will combine all research and innovation funding currently provided through the Framework Programmes for Research and Technical Development, the innovation related activities of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme CIP and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology EIT. Horizon 2020 will tackle societal challenges by helping to bridge the gap between research and the market, by helping innovative enterprise to develop their technological breakthroughs into viable products with real commercial potential. This market-driven approach will include creating partnerships with the private sector and Member States to bring together the needed resources. The main objective of the paper is to give a comprehensive analysis of the Horizon 2020 programme as the flagship initiative for the growth of the European Union global competitiveness, the challenges for Horizon 2020 to accelerate technology development, the objectives of the new EU programme for research and innovation, the comparison of options and assessment of cost — effectiveness of Horizon 2020. Instrument finansowy Unii Innowacyjnej — Horyzont 2020W podjętej pracy badawczej autor przedstawia analizę instrumentu finansowego Unii Innowacyjnej — Horyzont 2020. Horyzont 2020 jest sztandarową inicjatywą mającą na celu zabezpieczenie wzrostu konkurencyjności Unii Europejskiej. Obejmuje on ogół działań badawczych i innowacyjnych prowadzonych na bieżąco przez Ramowy Program Badań i Rozwoju Technicznego, działania innowacyjne wynikające z Ramowego Programu Konkurencyjności i Innowacji oraz Instytutu Europejskiego Innowacji i Technologii. Horyzont 2020, uwzględnia wyzwania społeczne w celu pomocy w usuwaniu luki między badaniami naukowymi i rynkiem poprzez pomoc innowacyjną dla przedsiębiorstw aby pomóc w rozwoju technologicznym ich produkt, biorąc pod uwagę rzeczywisty potencjał handlowy. Te pobudzające działania rynkowe obejmują także kreatywność stosunków partnerskich sektora prywatnego z Państwami Członkowskimi, aby wspólnie uzyskać wzajemne korzyści. Celem głównym artykułu jest kompleksowa analiza programu finansowego Horyzont 2020 jako sztandarowej inicjatywy dla wzrostu konkurencyjności globalnej Unii Europejskiej, wyzwań dla instrumentu finansowego Horyzont 2020 mających na celu przyspieszenie rozwoju technologicznego, głównych celów nowego programu UE dla badań naukowych i innowacji, porównanie przewidywanych kosztów i efektywności instrumentu finansowego Horyzont 2020.
Europa Środkowa — od idei literacko-kawiarnianej do koncepcji politycznych
Authors: Zenderowski Radosław , Rudowski Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Europa Środkowa stanowi zarówno ideę wspólnoty kulturowej, przestrzeń geopo­lityczną i geokulturową, jak i pewną koncepcję polityczną. W ostatnich kilku dekadach jesteśmy świadkami przejścia czy raczej interferencji od idei literacko-kawiarnianej ku politycznym formom instytucjonalizacji Europy Środkowej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie owej drogi oraz klu­czowych dylematów stojących przed architektami politycznej Europy Środkowej. W artykule omó­wiono zatem dyskurs środkowoeuropejski w latach 70. i 80. XX w., a następnie poszczególne uwa­runkowania i etapy politycznej instytucjonalizacji Europy Środkowej z naciskiem na okres po 2004 r.Central Europe — from the café literary idea to political concepts Central Europe is both an idea of a cultural community, a geopolitical and geo­cultural space, as well as a concrete political concept. In the last decades, we are the witnesses of tran­sition or rather an interference from the literary-cafeteria idea towards the political forms of institutionalization of Central Europe. The aim of this article is to show this way and key dilemmas facing the political architects of Central Europe. The article discusses the Central European discourse in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, and then the various conditions and stages of the political institu­tionalization of Central Europe with an emphasis on the period after 2004.
Konceptualizacja idei ochrony dziedzictwa europejskiego Wspólnoty Europejskiej jako fundament ustaleń art. 128 traktatu z Maastricht
Authors: Gierat-Bieroń Bożena
Published: March 2020

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba wyjaśnienia genezy oraz roli dziedzictwa europejskiego w kształtowaniu nowej świadomości kulturowej Europejczyków. Dziedzictwo, rozu­miane u podstaw procesu włączania go do polityki wspólnotowej w kategoriach ochrony architekto­nicznych i archeologicznych zabytków starożytnych, stawało się w trakcie procesów decyzyjnych lat 70. i 80. XX w. pojęciem szerszym, asymilującym dobra materialne i niematerialne, takie jak pamięć, pamięć zbiorowa i tożsamość. Okres poprzedzający ustanowienie traktatu z Maastricht 1993 r. był czasem konceptualizowania i powolnego europeizowania pojęcia „dziedzictwo”. Na poziomie zarówno definicyjnym, jak i funkcji pełnionej względem innych obszarów życia przekształcało się ono w dziedzinę, która może podlegać ponadnarodowemu interwencjonizmowi czynionemu w imię dobra zbiorowego oraz niepodważalnych wartości europejskich. To w żadnym stopniu nie koliduje z jego narodowym znaczeniem oraz zachowaniem zasady suwerenności państw, przestrzeganej w UE. Conceptualisation of the idea of the protection of European heritage oftheEC as afoundation of the provisions of art. 128 of the Maastricht Treaty The paper attempts to explain both roots and a role of European heritage in shap­ing cultural awareness in European Union. At its beginning, the heritage was considered solely as a protection of historic sites and architecture. During 70s and 80s, when decisions shaping European Union were voted and made, the term was considerably broadened to include apart from material also non material culture. The ideas of memory, collective memory, or identity became a part of cul­tural heritage at that time. During a period prior to Maastricht Treaty of 1993, the concept of heritage underwent the process of further conceptualization and Europeanization. The heritage started to be perceived as a domain which can be subject, in the name of common good and protection of indisputable and fundamental European values, to over national interventionism. This, however, can­not collide or stay in conflict with national policies protecting local heritage. The latter is compatible with the idea of state members sovereignty and it is fully respected within the EU.
Trzy logiki geopolityczne brexitu
Authors: Grosse Tomasz Grzegorz
Published: March 2020

Artykuł ukazuje proces brexitu w perspektywie geopolitycznej. W tym celu przedstawiono trzy, jak się wydaje, dominujące logiki geopolityczne widoczne wśród elit brytyjskich, a następnie ukazano je w kolejnych etapach działań poprzedzających referendum z 2016 r. i występujących w trakcie negocjacji Zjednoczonego Królestwa z Brukselą, dotyczących wyjścia tego państwa ze struktur UE. Three geopolitical logics of BrexitThe purpose of the article is to show the Brexit process in a geopolitical perspective. To this end, three seemingly dominant geopolitical logics, visible among the British elite, were presented, and then they were examined in the consecutive stages of political activities preceding and following the referendum of 2016, including the negotiations of the United Kingdom with Brussels regarding the exit of that country from European Union structures.
„Wygrani” i „przegrani”. Analiza zmian poparcia uzyskanego przez radnych sejmików wojewódzkich kandydujących do parlamentu
Authors: Dojwa-Turczyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Problematyka kreacji instytucjonalnych elit władzy jest zagadnieniem, które absorbowało i nadal absorbuje przedstawicieli nauk społecznych. Procesy rekrutacji i selekcji, zdobywania poparcia społecznego i oddolnej legitymacji zdają się interesować nie tylko świat ludzi nauki, praktyków sfery politycznej, lecz także obywateli — wyborców. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące udziału radnych sejmików województw wybranych w 2014 r. w wyborach parlamentarnych kolejnego roku. Zastanawiano się nad kwestią samej skali aktywności radnych, problemami ich związania lub nie z poszczególnym blokiem politycznym i z określonym terytorium, wreszcie analizie poddano zmiany dotyczące uzyskanego przez nich poparcia wyborczego. “Winners” and “losers.” Analysis of changes in the support received by provincial assembly councillors running for parliamentThe issues of the creation of institutional elites of the authorities constitute a problem that absorbs representatives of social sciences to this day. The processes of recruitment and selection, gaining social support and bottom-up legitimization seem to absorb not only the world of academics and practitioners of the political sphere but also citizens-electors. In this paper, an attempt has been made to give answers to questions concerning the participation of provincial assembly councillors elected in 2014 in the parliamentary elections held the following year. The issue of the scale of councillors’ activity, problems of their connection or its lack with a specific political bloc and specific territory have been considered, while the rest of the analysis refers to changes regarding the electoral support they gained.
Consumption of sustainable medications and its impact on health
Authors: Stańczyk Piotr , Szalonka Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Consumption of sustainable medications and its impact on healthSustainable consumption of medicines is medically justifi ed medicine consumption, indispensable in the treatment process, which contributes to the quality of life of the patient and extends the patient’s life resulting from the doctor’s recommendations and verifi ed by the pharmacist elimination of medicine interactions. The aim of this paper is to analyze diff erences in the level of medicines consumption in Poland and in the wider world, and its impact on life expectancy and health status. There is a large variation in the per capita medicine intake in certain countries. The following hypothesis was formulated in the paper: the consumption of medicines is not related to the health and longevity of the inhabitants.The article is based on secondary research and a statistical analysis of medicine consumption in selected countries in the years 2015–2018. Also presented are the results of research regarding the consumption of medicines in terms of quantity and value in Poland against the background of selected countries and also in regional location in the context of socio-economic conditions.
Bevordering van interculturele competentie in het universitair vertaalonderwijs
Authors: Waterlot Muriel
Published: March 2020

During the last decades the enhancement of intercultural competence of translators has become one of the main objectives in the training of translators. In Europe, a lot of interesting and diverse theoretical approaches have been developed, offering new insights into the role and importance of this competence in the training of translators. The question put forward in this article is how these insights can be applied in practice, especially in translation colleges. In order to formulate an answer to this question, I will examine the teaching practice of a few translation teachers in order to find out how this competence is being taught in their teaching practice.
Persoonlijke contacten in vooroorlogse receptie van Nederlandstalige literatuur in Tsjechische vertaling
Authors: Engelbrecht Wilken
Published: March 2020

Persoonlijke contacten in vooroorlogse receptie van Nederlandstalige literatuur in Tsjechische vertalingThe paper concerns the influence of personal contacts on what has been translated from Dutch and Flemish literature into Czech before 1989. After ashort introduction about Czech translation culture, the paper gives asurvey of acouple of interesting cases. The first is the series 1000 nejkrásnějších novell 1000 světových spisovatelů The 1000 most beautiful novels of 1000 world authors from the beginning of the 20th century. The second is the translator Jaroslav Kamper from the same pe­riod. The third is the Czech symbolist writer and translator Arnošt Procházka. The last case is the professional translator Lída Faltová, who made the first translations of Willem Elsschot’s work. In all cases, alook is given how their personal contacts partly influenced their translation production.
Asynchronous Embryo Transfer Followed by Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Conceptus Membranes and Endometrium Identifies Processes Important to the Establishment of Equine Pregnancy
Authors: Gibson Charlotte , de Ruijter-Villani Marta , Bauersachs Stefan , Stout Tom A.E.
Published: March 2020

Pre-implantation horse conceptuses require nutrients and signals from histotroph, the composition of which is regulated by luteal progesterone and conceptus-secreted factors. To distinguish progesterone and conceptus effects we shortened the period of endometrial progesterone-priming by asynchronous embryo transfer. Day 8 embryos were transferred to synchronous (day 8) or asynchronous (day 3) recipients, and RNA sequencing was performed on endometrium and conceptuses recovered 6 and 11 days later (embryo days 14 and 19). Asynchrony resulted in many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in conceptus membranes (3473) than endometrium (715). Gene ontology analysis identified upregulation in biological processes related to organogenesis and preventing apoptosis in synchronous conceptuses on day 14, and in cell adhesion and migration on day 19. Asynchrony also resulted in large numbers of DEGs related to ‘extracellular exosome’. In endometrium, genes involved in immunity, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis regulation were upregulated during synchronous pregnancy and, again, many genes related to extracellular exosome were differentially expressed. Interestingly, only 14 genes were differentially expressed in endometrium recovered 6 days after synchronous versus 11 days after asynchronous transfer (day 14 recipient in both). Among these, KNG1 and IGFBP3 were consistently up-regulated in synchronous endometrium. Furthermore bradykinin, an active peptide cleaved from KNG1, stimulated prostaglandin release by cultured trophectoderm cells. The horse conceptus thus responds to a negatively asynchronous uterus by extensively adjusting its transcriptome, whereas the endometrial transcriptome is modified only subtly by a more advanced conceptus.
Strategy for Sustained Growth with Enhancing Facility Experts’ Knowledge-Sharing Intention with Purchasing Decision-Makers
Authors: Noh Quik , Lee Hyoungtark
Published: March 2020

This research focuses on the knowledge-sharing intention of an expert with the purchasing decision-maker in a company as a marketing point for business-to-business transactions, where a company’s facilities expert connects the company’s purchasing decision-maker with the supplier. By providing information about the supplier’s products and companies to this decision-maker, the expert plays an important role in the purchasing decision-maker’s knowledge on suppliers. Therefore, this study aims to improve expert word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions and examines the strategies that influence them. Statistical verification is employed by considering the answers of 103 engineering experts, and a hierarchical multiple-regression analysis is used to test this study’s hypotheses. As a strategy for influencing expert WOM intentions, both the supplier’s and purchasing decision-maker’s expertise and the tie strength with the supplier are examined; the tie strength with the purchasing decision-maker is considered as the moderating variable. Three of the four hypotheses are supported. This paper gives advices to the facility suppliers who want sustained growth. they should not only appeal their expertise to the facility experts who visit their exhibition booth, but also specify who the visitors are and manage the relations with them personally with a long term perspective.
A Review of Gamification Applied to Phishing
Authors: Tchakounté Franklin , Kanmogne Wabo Leonel , Atemkeng Marcellin
Published: March 2020

Phishing is a set of devastating techniques which lure target users to provide critical resources. They are successful because they rely on human weaknesses. Gamification which is a recent and non-traditional learning method with purpose to motivate and engage user to carry out activities, is more and more applied to prevent such cyber threats. This paper provides the first survey of gamified solutions dedicated to educate against phishing from 2007 to 2019. The investigation is conducted on eight proposals in terms of core concepts, game mechanics and learning process. We provide three taxonomies of dimensions to systematically characterize researches on gamified solutions, discuss lacks of surveyed works and opens further orientations to enhance this research area. Some key results are: solutions do not consider elementary level of knowledge and do no offer basic notions; solutions are not adapted to general audience and therefore not reliably applicable in different contexts; platforms partially educate about phishing; learners are evaluated predictably and within a short period. This study constitutes a cornerstone to understand and enhance research on phishing education.
Sharing Is Caring – Data Sharing Initiatives in Healthcare
Authors: Hulsen Tim
Published: March 2020

In recent years, more and more health data are being generated. These data come not only from professional health systems, but also from wearable devices. All these data combined form ‘big data’ that can be utilized to optimize treatments for each unique patient (‘precision medicine’). To achieve this precision medicine, it is necessary that hospitals, academia and industry work together to bridge the ‘valley of death’ of translational medicine. However, hospitals and academia often have problems with sharing their data, even though the patient is actually the owner of his/her own health data, and the sharing of data is associated with increased citation rate. Academic hospitals usually invest a lot of time in setting up clinical trials and collecting data, and want to be the first ones to publish papers on this data. The idea that society benefits the most if the patient’s data are shared as soon as possible so that other researchers can work with it, has not taken root yet. There are some publicly available datasets, but these are usually only shared after studies are finished and/or publications have been written based on the data, which means a severe delay of months or even years before others can use the data for analysis. One solution is to incentivize the hospitals to share their data with (other) academic institutes and the industry. Here we discuss several aspects of data sharing in the medical domain: publisher requirements, data ownership, support for data sharing, data sharing initiatives and how the use of federated data might be a solution. We also discuss some potential future developments around data sharing.
Effects of Phased Rehabilitation Programs after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chao Jing , Lee Mingzhu , Gong Qi , Bai Xuehua , Yang Peilei
Published: March 2020

This multi-center, single-blinded, randomized controlled study assessed the efficacy of phased exercise rehabilitation programs in patients who underwent a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and investigated suitable exercise types, intensities, and frequencies for patients undergoing postoperative rehabilitation. Between January and March 2018, 494 patients who had undergone TKA were treated at two medical centers. Patients were randomized and allocated to the rehabilitation group (n=330) or the control group (n=164; treated with postoperative care). The 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), range of motion, and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) scores were assessed and compared between the two groups. The average WOMAC score was 84.40±15.20 in the rehabilitation group and 108.30±3.90 in the control group (p=0.009). The mean VAS score was 2.54±0.16 in the rehabilitation group and 2.87±0.31 in the control group (p=0.024). Furthermore, the range of motion was 125.02±6.20 in the rehabilitation group and 116.40±1.40 in the control group (p=0.017). The mean SF-36 score was 105.40±21.50 in the rehabilitation group and 83.70±5.01 in the control group (p=0.043). This study suggests that the phase rehabilitation program could be more effective at improving pain, knee function, and quality of life than condition postoperative care after TKA.