bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Foods on the Weight of Infants by the Age of Three Years
Authors: COY J. F. , LONGMORE E. A.
Published: November 2017

Coy, J. F. and Longmore, E. A. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 163–164. Effects of foods on the weight of infants by the age of three years. In 1974 a feeding survey of 396 babies was conducted throughout Tasmania. Subsequent weight measurements were taken when the children reached the ages of one and three years to provide data to relate feeding patterns in Infancy with later weight. There is no indication that overweight in three‐year‐old children is related to high calorie intake of extra food by three months of age, nor to the type of milk feeding by this age. Relationships between weight at different ages confirm that three‐year weight is less highly correlated with weight at birth than with weight at one year.
The Relationship of Perinatal Factors to Breast Feeding
Authors: BOULTON T. J. C. , FLAVEL S. E.
Published: November 2017

Boulton, T. J. C. and Flavel, S. E. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 169–173. The relationship of perinatal factors to breast feeding. A study has been made of 10,149 mothers whose babies were born at a major maternity hospital. The Incidence of breast feeding was related to both maternal and child factors. Mothers' and babies' health in pregnancy and the perinatal period, and existing family size, affected the likelihood of a mother breast feeding her baby. Mothers of high socio‐economic status were more likely to breast feed their babies.
Do Fat Children Think Differently About Food?
Authors: GORDON AMANDA , BOULTON T. J. C.
Published: November 2017

Gordon, Amanda and Boulton, T. J. C. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 174–178. Do Fat Children Think Differently About Food? Samples of 21 obese, 10 diabetic, and 19 normal weight children were tested with the Witkins' Rod and Frame apparatus and the Nowicki‐Strickland Locus of Control scale for children, to test the hypothesis that obese children would be more responsive to external environmental cues, as has been shown to occur In obese adults. Within the limitations imposed by the testing procedures, differences were present between groups, with the obese children being more responsive to external cues, and having a more external locus of control.
Gastric Haemorrhage and Perforation in the Newborn
Authors: JOSEPH T. P.
Published: November 2017

Joseph, T. P. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 180–181. Gastric haemorrhage and perforation in the newborn. Gastric perforation of the newborn is a well documented entity, but very few cases of massive gastric haemorrhage leading to gastric perforation have been documented. The present report is of two such cases.
A Syndrome of Mental Retardation, Wide Mouth and Intermittent Overbreathing
Authors: PITT D. , HOPKINS I.
Published: November 2017

Pitt, D. and Hopkins, I. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 182–184. A syndrome of mental retardation: wide mouth and intermittent overbreathing. Two retarded children are described, with similar facies, consisting of an unusually wide mouth and palate, thick fleshy lips, and a broad‐beaked nose. They also had an unusual respiratory rhythm, clubbing of the fingers, and abnormal electroencephalograms. This may represent a new syndrome.
High rate of adaptive evolution in two widespread European pines
Authors: Grivet Delphine , Avia Komlan , Vaattovaara Aleksia , Eckert Andrew J. , Neale David B. , Savolainen Outi , González‐Martínez Santiago C.
Published: November 2017

Comparing related organisms with differing ecological requirements and evolutionary histories can shed light on the mechanisms and drivers underlying genetic adaptation. Here, by examining a common set of hundreds of loci, we compare patterns of nucleotide diversity and molecular adaptation of two European conifers (Scots pine and maritime pine) living in contrasted environments and characterized by distinct population genetic structure (low and clinal in Scots pine, high and ecotypic in maritime pine) and demographic histories. We found higher nucleotide diversity in Scots pine than in maritime pine, whereas rates of new adaptive substitutions (ωa), as estimated from the distribution of fitness effects, were similar across species and among the highest found in plants. Sample size and population genetic structure did not appear to have resulted in significant bias in estimates of ωa. Moreover, population contraction–expansion dynamics for each species did not affect differentially the rate of adaptive substitution in these two pines. Several methodological and biological factors may underlie the unusually high rate of adaptive evolution of Scots pine and maritime pine. By providing two new case studies with contrasting evolutionary histories, we contribute to disentangling the multiple factors potentially affecting adaptive evolution in natural plant populations.
Posaconazole liquid vs tablet formulation in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Stelzer D. , Weber A. , Ihle F. , Matthes S. , Ceelen F. , Zimmermann G. , Kneidinger N. , Schramm R. , Winter H. , Zoller M. , Vogeser M. , Behr J. , Neurohr C.
Published: November 2017

Posaconazole is an extended‐spectrum triazole antifungal used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Aspergillus infections. It is available as oral suspension (POS‐Liq) and delayed‐release tablets (POS‐Tab). The aim of this longitudinal, retrospective study was to compare the clinical effectiveness, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of POS‐Liq vs POS‐Tab in lung transplant recipients (LTx‐recipients), who were treated with both formulations subsequently. Twenty‐four consecutive LTx‐recipients with 191 documented posaconazole trough levels (PTLs) for POS‐Liq or POS‐Tab were included. The administered daily doses were 300 mg for POS‐Tab and 600 mg (prophylaxis) or 800 mg (therapy) for POS‐Liq. Target PTLs were ≥700 ng/mL (prophylaxis) and ≥1250 ng/mL (therapy). The overall prophylactic and therapeutic response rates were 78% and 67%, respectively. No cases of hepatotoxicity or QT‐prolongation were observed with either formulation. The achieved target PTLs were tripled under POS‐Tab compared to POS‐Liq with fewer risk factors for sub‐therapeutic PTLs. Concomitant administration of POS‐Tab significantly reduced the tacrolimus concentration‐to‐dose ratio (P = .001). We suggest the use of POS‐Tab is appropriate for prophylaxis and therapy of Aspergillus infections in LTx‐recipients, since POS‐Tab displayed more reliable PTLs with no added adverse events. However, we recommend regular drug monitoring for POS‐Liq and for therapy with POS‐Tab and that immunosuppressant levels are monitored closely when the posaconazole formulation is switched.
Frontotemporal dementia with trans‐activation response DNA‐binding protein 43 presenting with catatonic syndrome
Authors: Watanabe Ryohei , Kawakami Ito , Onaya Mitsumoto , Higashi Shinji , Arai Nobutaka , Akiyama Haruhiko , Hasegawa Masato , Arai Tetsuaki
Published: November 2017

Catatonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as immobility, mutism, stupor, stereotypy, echophenomena, catalepsy, automatic obedience, posturing, negativism, gegenhalten and ambitendency. This syndrome occurs mostly in mood disorder and schizophrenic patients, and is related to neuronal dysfunction involving the frontal lobe. Some cases of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with catatonia have been reported, but these cases were not examined by autopsy. Here, we report on a FTD case which showed catatonia after the first episode of brief psychotic disorder. At the age of 58, the patient had a sudden onset of disorganized behavior and meaningless speech. Psychotropic drugs were effective for catatonic symptoms. However, after remission apathy, hyperorality, socially inappropriate behavior, hoarding, and an instinctive grasp reaction appeared and persisted. Brain MRI showed significant atrophy of the bilateral fronto‐temporal lobes. A neuropathological examination revealed extensive trans‐activation response DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) positive neurocytoplasmic inclusions and dystrophic neurites in the brain, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and brainstem. Pathological diagnosis was frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with TDP‐43 (FTLD‐TDP) type C, which was also confirmed by the band pattern of C‐terminal fragments of TDP‐43 on western blotting of sarkosyl‐insoluble fractions extracted from the frozen brain. Dysfunction of the thalamus, globus pallidus, supplementary motor area, amygdala and cingulate cortex have been said to be related to the catatonic syndrome. In this case, these areas were affected, showing abnormal TDP‐43‐positive structures. Further studies are expected to confirm further clinical ‐ pathological correlations to FTLD.
Therapeutic response to domperidone in gastroparesis: A prospective study using the GCSI‐daily diary
Authors: Heckert J. , Parkman H. P.
Published: November 2017

Common symptoms of gastroparesis include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain. Domperidone is used for treatment of gastroparesis. Daily symptom scoring may help document efficacy.

Aim

To determine the effectiveness of domperidone for gastroparesis symptoms using the gastroparesis cardinal symptom index‐daily diary (GCSI‐DD) and to determine which symptoms improve and when with domperidone treatment.

Methods

Symptomatic patients with diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis were enrolled. Gastric emptying was performed using 4 hour scintigraphy. GCSI‐DD recorded symptoms at baseline and during six weeks of treatment with domperidone 10 mg TID. GCSI‐DD records severity of nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal pain, overall gastroparesis symptoms on a scale of 0 (no symptom) to 4 (very severe) and records the number of vomiting episodes per day.

Results

Thirty‐four patients with gastroparesis (5 diabetic, 29 idiopathic) participated in this open label study. Treatment duration averaged 36.9 ± 7.6 days. Improvement in overall gastroparesis symptoms occurred on day 3 of treatment and maintained during the treatment. Early satiety, postprandial fullness, and overall symptom severity significantly improved from baseline to the final week of treatment (P < .05 for all), whereas nausea had borderline improvement (P = .055). Side effects included palpitations (5 patients), headache (5), breast tenderness (2), menstrual bleeding (2), dizziness (1), drowsiness (1), chest pain (1), swelling (1), constipation (1).

Conclusions

Domperidone improves symptoms of gastroparesis, reducing overall gastroparesis symptom severity and decreasing early satiety, postprandial fullness, and nausea. GCSI‐DD is useful to document efficacy of therapy for gastroparesis.
Abnormal esophageal acid exposure on high‐dose proton pump inhibitor therapy is common in systemic sclerosis patients
Authors: Stern E. K. , Carlson D. A. , Falmagne S. , Hoffmann A. D. , Carns M. , Pandolfino J. E. , Hinchcliff M. , Brenner D. M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Esophageal dysfunction and gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) are common among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Although high‐dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) typically normalize esophageal acid exposure, the effectiveness of PPI therapy has not been systematically studied in SSc patients. The aim of this study was to characterize reflux in SSc patients on high‐dose PPI using esophageal pH‐impedance testing.

Methods

In this case‐controlled retrospective analysis, 38 patients fulfilling 2013 American College of Rheumatology SSc criteria who underwent esophageal pH‐impedance testing on twice‐daily PPI between January 2014 and March 2017 at a tertiary referral center were compared with a control‐cohort of 38 non‐SSc patients matched for PPI formulation and dose, hiatal hernia size, age, and gender. Patient clinical characteristics, including endoscopy and high‐resolution manometry findings, were assessed via chart review.

Key Results

On pH‐impedance, SSc patients had higher acid exposure times (AETs) than controls. Sixty‐one percent of the SSc patients and 18% of the control patients had a total AET ≥4.5% (P < .001). Systemic sclerosis patients also had significantly longer AETs, longer median bolus clearance, and lower nocturnal impedance values.

Conclusions & Inferences

Abnormal esophageal acid exposure despite high‐dose PPI therapy was common among patients with SSc. The lack of increased reflux episodes in the SSc patients, and longer bolus clearance times and lower nocturnal impedance, supports ineffective clearance as the potential mechanism. Systemic sclerosis patients may require adjunctive therapies to PPIs to control acid reflux.
Exploring plant root traits and fungal interactions governing plant community structure: re‐focusing long standing questions
Authors: Comas Louise H.
Published: November 2017

This article is a Commentary on Li et al., 216: 1140–1150.
Determining climate change impacts on ecosystems: the role of palaeontology
Authors: Schmidt Daniela N.
Published: November 2017

Climate change is projected to change the ecosystems on land and in the sea at rates that are unprecedented for millions of years. The most commonly used approach to derive projections of how ecosystems will look in the future are experiments on living organisms. By their nature, experiments are unlike the real world and cannot capture the ability of organisms to migrate, select and evolve. They are often limited to a select few species and drivers of environmental change and hence cannot represent the complexity of interactions in ‘real’ ecosystems. The fossil record is an archive of responses to climate change at a global ecosystem scale. If, and only if, fossil assemblage variation is combined with independent information of environmental changes, sensitives of species or higher taxa to a specific magnitude of change of an environmental driver can be determined and used to inform future vulnerabilities of this species to the same driver. While records are often fragmented, there are time intervals which, when thoroughly analysed with quantitative data, can provide valuable insights into the future of biodiversity on this planet. This review provides an overview of projected impacts on marine ecosystems including: (1) the range of neontological methods, observations and their challenges; and (2) the complementary information that palaeontologists can contribution to this global challenge. I advocate that, in collaborations with other disciplines, we should aim for a strong visibility of our field and the knowledge it can provide for policy relevant assessments of the future.
A case of segmental stiff skin syndrome treated with systemic losartan
Authors: Maillet‐Lebel Nicole , Kokta Victor , Coulombe Jerome , Powell Julie
Published: November 2017

Stiff skin syndrome (SSS) is a rare, autosomal dominant cutaneous disorder with progressive, symmetric, sclerotic skin changes of the shoulders, hips, and thighs. In a recent publication, a distinct segmental variant of SSS was proposed. In this report we discuss the case of a boy with segmental SSS and review the current literature.
Identification of 17 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ genotypes based on the diversity of the imp gene sequence
Authors: Bohunická M. , Valentová L. , Suchá J. , Nečas T. , Eichmeier A. , Kiss T. , Cmejla R.
Published: November 2017

Phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group cause diseases in various fruit trees, mainly apples, pears and apricots. Immunodominant membrane protein, or ‘Imp’, shows high inter‐ and intraspecies gene variability, and is thus frequently used for population studies in these organisms. In this investigation, a survey was carried out of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ imp gene diversity in the Czech Republic. In total, 12 imp genotypes that could be clustered into nine groups were identified. Using all publicly available data, 17 distinct imp genotypes (labelled A–K) were defined. Interestingly, genotypes C, H and I were more related to ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ than to other ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ imp genotypes, indicating that some strains may represent a transitional type between the two species. As Imp probably plays an important role in host–pathogen interactions, description of its diversity in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ may help in understanding the epidemiology, symptomatology, and other aspects of pear decline disease. A simple RFLP PCR system is presented for rapid and cost‐effective discrimination of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ imp genotypes.
Responses of an adventitious fast‐growing plant to photodynamic stress: comparative study of anionic and cationic porphyrin effect on Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Issawi Mohammad , Guillaumot Damien , Sol Vincent , Riou Catherine
Published: November 2017

Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) based on the use of a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce cell death could be envisaged to fight against plant pathogens. For setting this strategy, we want to study how plants themselves respond to photodynamic treatment. In previous work we showed that tomato plantlets were able to resist photoactivated tetra (N‐methylpyridyl) porphyrin (CP) or the zinc metalated form (CP‐Zn). To enlarge our plant expertise related to exogenous porphyrins treatment and to further defend this approach, we studied how a weed like Arabidopsis thaliana responded to exogenous supply of anionic and cationic porphyrins. Both types of photosensitizers had no negative effect on seed germination and did not hamper the development etiolated Arabidopsis plantlet under dark conditions. Thus, post‐emergence effects of porphyrin photoactivation on the development of 14 day‐old in vitro Arabidopsis plantlet under light were observed. CP‐Zn was the most efficient photosensitizer to kill Arabidopsis plantlets while anionic tetra (4‐sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin only delayed their growth and development. Indeed only 7% of plantlets could be rescued after CP‐Zn treatment. Furthermore, non‐enzymatic and enzymatic defense components involved in detoxification of ROS generated by CP‐Zn under illumination were downregulated or stable with the exception of sevenfold increase in proline content. As previously demonstrated in the literature for microbial agents and in the present work for Arabidopsis, CP‐Zn was efficient enough to eradicate unwanted vegetation and plant pathogens without at the same time killing plants of agronomic interest such as tomato plantlets.
Treatment with the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126 during the first two hours of in vitro maturation improves bovine oocyte developmental competence
Authors: Shinohara T , Ohta Y , Kawate N , Takahashi M , Sakagami N , Inaba T , Tamada H
Published: November 2017

Contents

This study examined the effects of treatment with U0126, which inhibits MAPK by inhibiting MAPK kinase, during the first 2 hr of in vitro maturation on bovine developmental competence and on gap junction (GAPJ) communication between the oocyte and cumulus cells. The percentage of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage in the group treated with 5 μM U0126 (28%) was significantly higher than that in controls (15%, p < .05), while that in the group treated with 10 μM U0126 (18%) was not. Breakdown of the GAPJs was delayed in the group treated with 5 μM U0126 when compared to controls, as estimated by immunohistochemical examination of connexin 43, which is a primary constituent of the GAPJs. These results indicate that treatment with 5 μM U0126 during in vitro maturation delays GAPJ breakdown and improves bovine oocyte developmental competence.
Fertilizing ability of canine spermatozoa cryopreserved with skim milk‐based extender in a retrospective study
Authors: Abe Y , Yokozawa S , Umemiya‐Shirafuji R , Moumouni PFA , Suwa Y , Suzuki H
Published: November 2017

Contents

We previously reported that skim milk (SM) is an effective cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of canine spermatozoa instead of egg yolk (EY), which is the conventional cryoprotectant. In this study, the fertilizing ability and practical use of frozen canine spermatozoa prepared with SM were evaluated by transcervical insemination. Frozen‐thawed spermatozoa were inseminated one to four times on days 2–9 after the LH surge. In SM group, a single transcervical insemination (TCI) on Day 5 led to higher delivery rate (83%) than any other days (33%–50%) post‐LH surge. In EY group, delivery rate in double TCI on days 5 and 6 (71%) was higher compared to any other experimental groups (0%–44%). Regardless of single or double, TCI on Day 5 or Day 6 led to higher litter sizes in SM or EY groups, respectively. The breeding efficiency and litter size of single TCI on Day 5 (4.2) and double TCI on Day 5 and Day 6 (3.7) were significantly higher than in the other experimental groups in SM and EY groups, respectively (p < .05). These findings suggest that skim milk is a suitable alternative to egg yolk for cryopreservation of canine spermatozoa, and the suitable timing for insemination might be on Day 5 post‐LH surge.
Coping strategies and perceived social support in fibromyalgia syndrome: Relationship with alexithymia
Authors: Di Tella Marialaura , Tesio Valentina , Ghiggia Ada , Romeo Annunziata , Colonna Fabrizio , Fusaro Enrico , Geminiani Giuliano Carlo , Bruzzone Maria , Torta Riccardo , Castelli Lorys
Published: November 2017

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by high levels of psychological distress and alexithymia, a personality disposition affecting emotional self‐awareness. The main aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the relationship between alexithymia and coping strategies on the one hand, and alexithymia and perceived social support on the other, in a sample of FM patients. To reach this aim, 153 FM patients completed a battery of tests assessing coping strategies, perceived social support, alexithymia, psychological distress and pain intensity. Four regression analyses were performed to assess whether alexithymia was still a significant predictor of coping strategies and perceived social support, after controlling for psychological distress. High levels of both psychological distress and alexithymia were found in our sample of FM patients. Regarding coping strategies, FM patients reported higher scores on problem‐focused coping, with respect to the other two coping strategies. The regression analyses showed that the externally‐oriented thinking factor of alexithymia significantly explained both problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping, while the difficulty‐describing feelings factor of alexithymia proved to be a significant predictor of perceived social support. Only the variance of dysfunctional coping ceased to be uniquely explained by alexithymia (difficulty identifying feelings factor), after controlling for psychological distress, particularly anxiety. These results highlight a negative relationship between alexithymia and both the use of effective coping strategies and the levels of perceived social support in FM patients. An adequate assessment of both alexithymia and psychological distress should therefore be included in clinical practice with these patients.
The effect of short range order on the thermal output and gage factor of Ni3FeCr strain gages
Authors: Kieffer T. P. , Peters K. J.
Published: November 2017

The ability of alloy 70Ni‐27.5Fe‐2.5Cr to form an ordered crystalline structure upon application of elevated temperature and the resulting effects on a variety of physical properties such as magnetism, strength, electrical resistance, and specific heat are well known. This paper demonstrates that strain gages made with 70Ni‐27.5Fe‐2.5Cr foil with an ordered crystalline structure have both high gage factors and high thermal outputs. The thermal output for strain gages made of 70Ni‐27.5Fe‐2.5Cr foil is demonstrated to be about 1,374 μΩ/Ω/K. The gage factor is nonlinear ranging in magnitude from about 5.0 to 3.6 for applied strains of 300 and 1,300 μE, respectively. The magnitude of gage factor and thermal output correspond with transformation of the crystalline structure from a state of disorder to a state of order. Comparisons to strain gages made with 36Ni‐57Fe‐7Cr foil are provided because of its use in the manufacturing of metal foil strain gages and their demonstrated high gage factors and high thermal outputs. Practical application for 70Ni‐27.5Fe‐2.5Cr strain gages is demonstrated by dead‐weight loading of shear‐beam load cells at low applied strain levels to minimise the effect of nonlinear gage factor; and Wheatstone bridge cancellation of high thermal output.
Comparison of corneal thickness measurements using ultrasound pachymetry, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and digital caliper in frozen canine corneas
Authors: Jeong Seowoo , Kang Seonmi , Park Sangwan , Park Eunjin , Lim Jaegook , Nam Taekjin , Seo Kangmoon
Published: November 2017

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy among ultrasound pachymetry (UP), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and manual measurement (MM) with digital caliper by comparing corneal thickness (COT) values obtained from frozen canine corneasex vivo.

Procedures

COTwas measured usingUP,UBM, andMMin eight enucleated normal canine eyes frozen at −20 °C for 4 weeks. After thawing at room temperature for 2 h, theCOTvalues were obtained from five sites on each cornea: central corneal thickness (CCOT), thickness at the 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions (3COT, 6COT, 9COT, and 12COT, respectively). For each device, measurements were performed three times at each designated site by one operator. Intraclass correlation coefficient, repeated‐measures analysis of variance, and Bland–Altman plot were performed for statistical analyses.

Results

The meanCCOTwas 839.0 ± 138.2, 857.6 ± 127.9, and 849.1 ± 132.8 μm forUP,UBM, andMM, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among the measurements by all three devices (P > 0.05). The statistical agreement among these devices was also shown to be good according to Bland–Altman plots. In addition, the values measured on the peripheral sites of the cornea (3COT, 6COT, 9COT, and 12COT) also revealed no significant differences among the three devices. The difference betweenCCOTand peripheral corneal thickness was also statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

TheUP,UBM, andMMmeasurements showed statistically similarCOTvalues. TheUBMandUPprovided accurate and reliable measurements comparable toMMand could be used effectively for clinicalCOTmeasurements.
Ocular and periocular hemangiosarcoma in six horses
Authors: Scherrer Nicole M. , Lassaline Mary , Engiles Julie
Published: November 2017

Objective

To determine the characteristics of and prognosis for ocular and periocular hemangiosarcoma in horses.

Animal studied

Six horses treated for ocular or periocular hemangiosarcoma.

Procedure

A retrospective review of medical records from 2007 to 2015 was performed to identify horses with a histologic diagnosis of ocular or periocular hemangiosarcoma. Signalment (age, sex, breed), duration of clinical signs, prior treatment, tumor size and location, medical and surgical treatment including postoperative chemotherapy, follow‐up time, and outcome were obtained from medical records. Histopathology was reviewed by a board‐certified pathologist.

Results

In six horses diagnosed with ocular or periocular hemangiosarcoma, no breed, age, or sex was overrepresented. Sites included the temporal limbus (3), third eyelid (2), and uvea (1). With the exception of one horse with uveal hemangiosarcoma, 5/6 horses had lightly pigmented periocular haircoat. Histologic features of ocular hemangiosarcoma in 6/6 cases included high cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and inflammation with a mitotic index ranging from 0 to 8 mitoses per 10 consecutive 400× fields. Five of six tumors displayed solar elastosis, indicating ultraviolet light‐induced damage to sub‐epithelial collagen. Treatment included surgical excision in all cases and was not associated with recurrence in 4/6. Three cases that received ancillary treatment with topical mitomycin C had no postoperative recurrence. Two cases with postexcisional recurrence had histologic evidence of incomplete excision.

Conclusions

Complete surgical excision may be associated with resolution of periocular and ocular hemangiosarcoma in horses. Etiopathogenesis may include exposure to ultraviolet light.
Heat Transfer Analysis for Three-Dimensional Stagnation-Point Flow of Water-Based Nanofluid Over an Exponentially Stretching Surface
Authors: Ur Rehman Fiaz , Nadeem Sohail
Published: November 2017

The basic theme of this investigation is to analyze heat and mass transport for three-dimensional (3D) stagnation-point flow of nanofluid caused by an exponentially stretched surface when water is treated as base fluid. In this study, we invoked the boundary layer phenomena and suitable similarity transformation of exponential character; as a result, our 3D nonlinear equations of momentum and energy are transmuted into nonlinear and nonhomogeneous differential equations involving ordinary derivatives. Final equations are then puzzled out by applying homotopy analysis technique. Interesting outcomes of aggressing parameters involved in this study, and effecting profiles of temperature field and velocity are explained in detail. Graphical results of involved parameters appearing in considered nanofluid are presented separately. Different aspects of skin friction coefficient as well as Nusselt number are calculated. It is worth mentioning that skin friction (as we go) along x and y-direction is maximal for Cu-water nanofluid and minimal for AL2O3-water nanofluid. Also, the resulting quantity of local Nusselt number came out maximum for Cu-water nanofluid whereas minimum for TiO2-water nanofluid.
Re-Ingestion of Upstream Egress in a 1.5-Stage Gas Turbine Rig
Authors: Scobie James A. , Hualca Fabian P. , Patinios Marios , Sangan Carl M. , Michael Owen J. , Lock Gary D.
Published: November 2017

In gas turbines, rim seals are fitted at the periphery of stator and rotor discs to minimize the purge flow required to seal the wheel-space between the discs. Ingestion (or ingress) of hot mainstream gases through rim seals is a threat to the operating life and integrity of highly stressed components, particularly in the first-stage turbine. Egress of sealing flow from the first-stage can be re-ingested in downstream stages. This paper presents experimental results using a 1.5-stage test facility designed to investigate ingress into the wheel-spaces upstream and downstream of a rotor disk. Re-ingestion was quantified using measurements of CO2 concentration, with seeding injected into the upstream and downstream sealing flows. Here, a theoretical mixing model has been developed from first principles and validated by the experimental measurements. For the first time, a method to quantify the mass fraction of the fluid carried over from upstream egress into downstream ingress has been presented and measured; it was shown that this fraction increased as the downstream sealing flow rate increased. The upstream purge was shown to not significantly disturb the fluid dynamics but only partially mixes with the annulus flow near the downstream seal, with the ingested fluid emanating from the boundary layer on the blade platform. From the analogy between heat and mass transfer, the measured mass-concentration flux is equivalent to an enthalpy flux, and this re-ingestion could significantly reduce the adverse effect of ingress in the downstream wheel-space. Radial traverses using a concentration probe in and around the rim seal clearances provide insight into the complex interaction between the egress, ingress and mainstream flows.
First and Second Law Analysis of Radical Intercooling Concepts
Authors: Thulin Oskar , Petit Olivier , Xisto Carlos , Zhao Xin , Grönstedt Tomas
Published: November 2017

An exergy framework was developed taking into consideration a detailed analysis of the heat exchanger (HEX) (intercooler (IC)) component irreversibilities. Moreover, it was further extended to include an adequate formulation for closed systems, e.g., a secondary cycle (SC), moving with the aircraft. Afterward, the proposed framework was employed to study two radical intercooling concepts. The first proposed concept uses already available wetted surfaces, i.e., nacelle surfaces, to reject the core heat and contributes to an overall drag reduction. The second concept uses the rejected core heat to power a secondary organic Rankine cycle and produces useful power to the aircraft-engine system. Both radical concepts are integrated into a high bypass ratio (BPR) turbofan engine, with technology levels assumed to be available by year 2025. A reference intercooled cycle incorporating a HEX in the bypass (BP) duct is established for comparison. Results indicate that the radical intercooling concepts studied in this paper show similar performance levels to the reference cycle. This is mainly due to higher irreversibility rates created during the heat exchange process. A detailed assessment of the irreversibility contributors, including the considered HEXs and SC, is made. A striking strength of the present analysis is the assessment of the component-level irreversibility rate and its contribution to the overall aero-engine losses.
Toward Higher Micro Gas Turbine Efficiency and Flexibility—Humidified Micro Gas Turbines: A Review
Authors: De Paepe Ward , Montero Carrero Marina , Bram Svend , Parente Alessandro , Contino Francesco
Published: November 2017

Micro gas turbines (mGTs) offer several advantages for small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) production compared to their main competitors, the internal combustion engines (ICEs), such as low vibration level, cleaner exhaust, and less maintenance. The major drawback is their lower electrical efficiency, which makes them economically less attractive and explains their low market penetration. Next to improving the efficiency of the components of the traditional recuperated mGT, shifting toward more innovative cycles may help enhancing the performance and the flexibility of mGTs. One interesting solution is the introduction of water in the mGT cycle—either as auto-raised steam or hot liquid—preheated with the waste heat from the exhaust gases. The so-called humidification of the mGT cycle has the potential of increasing the electrical performance and flexibility of the mGT, resulting in a higher profitability. However, despite the proven advantages of mGT humidification, only few of these engines have been experimentally tested and up to now, no cycle is commercially available. With this paper, we give a comprehensive review of the literature on research and development of humidified mGTs: we examine the effect of humidification both on the improvement of the cycle efficiency and flexibility and on the performance of the specific mGT components. Additionally, we will present the different possible layouts, both focusing on the numerical and experimental work. Finally, we pinpoint the technological challenges that need to be overcome for humidified mGTs to be viable. In conclusion, humidification of mGT cycles offers great potential for enhancing the cycle's electrical efficiency and flexibility, but further research is necessary to make the technology commercially available.
The Wing Foil: A Novel Compliant Radial Foil Bearing Design
Authors: Swanson Erik E. , Shawn O'Meara P.
Published: November 2017

To meet the challenging demands for high performance, affordable compliant foil bearings (CFBs), a novel compliant support element has been developed. This recently patented, novel support element uses a multidimensional array of multiple, formed, cantilever “wing foil” tabs. The wing foil bearing has all the features required to achieve state-of-the-art performance (Gen III for radial bearings). This paper describes two radial foil bearings using the wing foil and the unique design features. Test data for a 31.75 mm diameter bearing operating in air and in steam up to 42 krpm are presented to demonstrate the performance of this bearing. It is shown to have low subsynchronous vibration and reasonable damping through rigid shaft critical speeds.
Irradiation Issues and Material Selection for Canadian SCWR Components
Authors: Walters L. , Wright M. , Guzonas D.
Published: November 2017

The Canadian super critical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) concept requires materials to operate at higher temperatures than current generation III water-cooled reactors. Materials performance after radiation damage is an important design consideration. Materials that are both corrosion resistant and radiation damage tolerant are required. This paper summarizes the operating conditions including temperature, neutron flux, and residence time of in-core Canadian SCWR components. The focus is on the effects of irradiation on in-core components, including those exposed to a high neutron flux in the fuel assembly, the high pressure boundary between coolant and moderator, as well as the low-temperature, low-flux calandria vessel that contains the moderator. Although the extreme conditions and the broad range of SCWR in-core operating conditions present significant materials selection challenges, candidate alloys that can meet the performance requirements under most in-core conditions have been identified. However, for all candidate materials, insufficient data are available to unequivocally ensure acceptable performance and experimental irradiations of candidate core materials will be required. Research programs are to include out-of-pile tests on un-irradiated and irradiated alloys. Ideally, in-flux studies at appropriate temperatures, neutron spectrum, dose rate, duration, and coolant chemistry will be required. Characterization of the microstructure and the mechanical behavior including strength, ductility, swelling, fracture toughness, cracking, and creep on each of the in-core candidate materials will ensure their viability in the Canadian SCWR.
General Modeling and Calibration Method for Cutting Force Prediction With Flat-End Cutter
Authors: Zhang Xing , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jun , Pang Bo , Zhao Wanhua
Published: November 2017

A general calibration method of cutter runout and specific cutting force coefficients (SCFCs) for flat-end cutter is proposed in this paper, and a high accuracy of cutting force prediction during peripheral milling is established. In the paper, the cutter runout, the bottom-edge cutting effect, and the actual feedrate with limitation during large tool path curvature are concerned comprehensively. First, based on the trochoid motion, a tooth trajectory model is built up and an analytical instantaneous uncut chip thickness (IUCT) model is put forward for describing the cutter/workpiece engagement (CWE). Second, a noncontact identification method for cutter runout including offset and inclination is given, which constructs an objective function by using the cutting radius relative variation between adjacent teeth, and identifies through a numerical optimization method. Thirdly, with consideration of bottom-edge cutting effect, the paper details a three-step calibration procedure for SCFCs based on an enhanced thin-plate milling experiment. Finally, a series of milling tests are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the approach is suitable for both constant and nonconstant pitch cutter, and the generalization has been proved. Moreover, the paper points out that the cutter runout has a strong spindle speed-dependent effect, the milling force in cutter axis direction exists a switch-direction phenomenon, and the actual feedrate will be limited by large tool path curvature. All of them should be considered for obtaining an accurate milling force prediction.
Silver-, calcium-, and copper molybdate compounds: Preparation, antibacterial activity, and mechanisms
Authors: Tanasic Dajana , Rathner Adriana , Kollender Jan Philipp , Rathner Petr , Müller Norbert , Zelenka Karl Christian , Hassel Achim Walter , Mardare Cezarina Cela
Published: November 2017

Developing novel compounds with antimicrobial properties can be an effective approach to decreasing the number of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in the context of medical devices and touch surfaces. A variety of molybdate powders (Ag2MoO4, CaMoO4, CuMoO4 and Cu3Mo2O9) were synthesized and characterized, and Escherichia coli was used as a model gram-negative bacterium to demonstrate their antimicrobial properties. Optical density measurements, bacterial colony growth, and stained gel images for protein expression clearly showed that silver- and copper molybdates inhibit bacterial growth, whereas CaMoO4 exhibited no bactericidal effect. All tests were performed in both daylight and darkness to assess the possible contribution of a photocatalytic effect on the activity observed. The main mechanism responsible for the antibacterial effect observed for Ag2MoO4 is related to Ag+ release in combination with medium acidification, whereas for compounds containing copper, leaching of Cu2+ ions is proposed. All these effects are known to cause damage at the cellular level. A photocatalytic contribution to the antibacterial activity was not clearly observable. Based on the pH and solubility measurements performed for powders in contact with various media (ultrapure water and bacterial growth medium), silver molybdate (Ag2MoO4) was identified as the best antibacterial candidate. This compound has great potential for further use in hybrid powder-polymer/varnish systems for touch surfaces in healthcare settings.
Special issue: Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: November 2017

In this issue of
Science Signaling
, three papers uncover molecular mechanisms of neurological dysfunction in animal models of fragile X syndrome.
Effects of Electroacupuncture at Bl33 on Detrusor Smooth Muscle Activity in a Rat Model of Urinary Retention
Authors: Liu Xiaoxu , Liu Kun , Zhi Mujun , Mo Qian , Gao Xinyan , Liu Zhishun
Published: November 2017

Background

Detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) underactivity may lead to urinary retention (UR). Electroacupuncture (EA) at BL33 may be effective in improving DSM contractions.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate: (1) the effect of EA at BL33; and (2) the effect of different manipulation methods at BL33 on the modulation of DSM contractions in UR rats.

Methods

30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised with urethane and modelled by urethral outlet obstruction. First, 2 Hz EA at BL33, SP6 and LI4 wasrandomly applied to the UR rats for 5 min to observe the immediate effects (n=10); second, manual acupuncture (MA) (n=10) and 100 Hz EA (n=10) were applied with the same programme. DSM electromyography (EMG) and cystometrogram data were evaluated.

Results

(1) 2 Hz EA at BL33 and SP6 significantly increased DSM discharging frequency (0.80±0.10 Hz, P<0.001, and 0.22±0.14 Hz, P=0.038), shortened micturation intervals (65.67±20.65 s, P=0.008, and 35.62±15.84 s, P=0.042), prolonged the duration of voiding (2.13±0.61 s, P=0.005, and 0.47±0.16 s, P=0.015), and reduced residual pressure (−0.91±0.31 mmHg, P=0.019, and −0.66±0.27 mmHg, P=0.046). EA at LI4 was not associated with any functional effects (P>0.05). Compared with SP6, EA at BL33 had greater positive effects on DSM discharging frequency, duration of discharging, and duration of voiding (all P<0.05). (2) No statistically significant differences were shown between MA, 2 Hz EA and 100 Hz EA interventions when stimulating at BL33, SP6 or LI4.

Conclusions

EA at BL33 improved DSM contractions to a greater degree than EA at SP6 or LI4. There were no differences in effect when stimulating using 2 Hz EA, 100 Hz EA and MA.
Achievements of an eradication programme against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in South Tyrol, Italy
Authors: Tavella Alexander , Bettini Astrid , Ceol Marco , Zambotto Paolo , Stifter Ernst , Kusstatscher Natashia , Lombardi Rosalba , Nardeli Stefano , Beato Maria Serena , Capello Katia , Bertoni Giuseppe
Published: November 2017

Small ruminant lentivirus infections in goats affect both production and animal welfare. This represents a threat to the qualitative and quantitative growth of goat farming, recently observed in mountainous regions such as the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol (Italy). To monitor and eradicate the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in this goat population, a compulsory eradication campaign was launched, based on a strict census of small ruminants and yearly serological testing of all animals, followed by the consequent culling of seropositive individuals. The campaign succeeded in completely eliminating cases of clinical disease in goats, while drastically reducing the seroprevalence at the herd as well as individual animal level. The serological outcome of the introduced control measures was determined using commercially available ELISA kits, demonstrating their suitability for use in this type of campaign, aimed at reducing seroprevalence as well as clinical manifestations of these infections. However, this clear success is diminished by the failure to achieve a complete eradication of these viruses. The reasons leading to the observed tailing phenomenon and the occurrence of new infections in already sanitised flocks are discussed and implementation of further measures are proposed.
Integrating techniques: a review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on freshwater fish
Authors: Mickle Megan F. , Higgs Dennis M.
Published: November 2017

In recent years, the effects of anthropogenic noise on freshwater fish has been of increasing interest for fishery managers due to rising levels of this background noise. While it is clear that anthropogenic noise can have important impacts on mammals and marine fish, much less is known about these effects in fresh water. The influence of anthropogenic noise on freshwater fish can be quantified using the same methods as with marine species — through measuring changes in behavioural and physiological outputs. Here, we briefly review the literature regarding behavioural and physiological impacts of noise pollution on freshwater fish and further note the lack of incorporation of both behavioural and physiological measures within current studies. We call for an increased research emphasis on possible effects of anthropogenic noise on freshwater fish and further suggest that the integration of behavioural and physiological techniques is critical for a full understanding of these effects. While freshwater fish face many stressors, it is unclear how important anthropogenic noise really is, and this issue can only be properly resolved through careful study.
The Weyl curvature tensor, Cotton–York tensor and gravitational waves: A covariant consideration
Authors: Osano Bob
Published: November 2017

[Formula: see text] covariant approach to cosmological perturbation theory often employs the electric part ([Formula: see text]), the magnetic part ([Formula: see text]) of the Weyl tensor or the shear tensor ([Formula: see text]) in a phenomenological description of gravitational waves. The Cotton–York tensor is rarely mentioned in connection with gravitational waves in this approach. This tensor acts as a source for the magnetic part of the Weyl tensor which should not be neglected in studies of gravitational waves in the [Formula: see text] formalism. The tensor is only mentioned in connection with studies of “silent model” but even there the connection with gravitational waves is not exhaustively explored. In this study, we demonstrate that the Cotton–York tensor encodes contributions from both electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor and in directly from the shear tensor. In our opinion, this makes the Cotton–York tensor arguably the natural choice for linear gravitational waves in the [Formula: see text] covariant formalism. The tensor is cumbersome to work with but that should negate its usefulness. It is conceivable that the tensor would equally be useful in the metric approach, although we have not demonstrated this in this study. We contend that the use of only one of the Weyl tensor or the shear tensor, although phenomenologically correct, leads to loss of information. Such information is vital particularly when examining the contribution of gravitational waves to the anisotropy of an almost-Friedmann–Lamitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) universe. The recourse to this loss is the use Cotton–York tensor.