bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Differences in Human Figure Drawings According to Schizophrenic Subtype
Authors: Kay Stanley R.
Published: September 2011

Human figure drawings were obtained from 136 adult schizophrenics, of whom 63 were mentally retarded. The protocols were evaluated independently by three judges for presence of 14 defined features that stressed the quality rather than specific content of the drawings. Adequate reliability and frequency were established for seven of the parameters, which were then compared for prevalence among subgroups classified by diagnosis, prognosis, chronicity, and level of retardation. Significant differences appeared for all comparisons and each of the analyzed features. The differences among non-retarded schizophrenic subgroups seemed to reflect phenomenological distinctions, while differences associated with intellectual retardation seemed to represent developmental limitations. These data supported the validity of the figure drawing technique for distinguishing among schizophrenic subtypes and underscored the importance of suitable methodology in evaluating projective measures.
Smoking Artifacts: Factors of Source Evaluation
Authors: Powell Larry , Hickson Mark , Hill Sidney R. , Holt Genetta , Flick Hank
Published: September 2011

Responses from 323 students in communication indicated that credibility factors associated with nonverbal smoking artifacts are not the same as those associated with verbal stimuli; a character factor was absent for nonverbal stimuli. Verbosity, however, may permit inferences regarding potential verbal behavior.
Students' Levels of Ego Development and Their Perceptions of Instructional Modes
Authors: De La Serna Marcelo , Scott Owen
Published: September 2011

Implications of Loevinger's theory of ego development suggest that students' levels of ego development should be related to their perceptions of instruction. Using the responses of 144 undergraduate females to a measure of ego development and to measures of perceptions of six instructional modes, the authors investigated the relationship. None was found; however, further research which eliminates some of the defects of the present research seems warranted.
Effects of Persuasion and Autotelic Inquiry Methods on Attitude Change
Authors: Dye Celeste A.
Published: September 2011

Attitude change of nursing students following two group-therapy treatments, involving persuasive communication ( n = 6) and autotelic inquiry ( n = 7), was measured by the Attitude Toward Old People and Opinions About Mental Illness scales. Rotter's Locus of Control scale was used to measure internal vs external orientation. A significant difference from controls ( n = 14) for Interpersonal Etiology on the Opinions About Mental Illness scale was found for the Autotelic Inquiry group ( n = 7) which provided role-induced simulations, but no difference was found for Attitudes Toward Old People or Locus of Control.
“Application for Voluntary Hospitalization” Form: Possible Aid to Diagnosis of Mania
Authors: Jose C. J. , Barton J. L.
Published: September 2011

“Application for Voluntary Hospitalization” signed by 13 manics (33 forms) and 13 paranoid schizophrenics (37 forms) at the time of their admissions were examined to test the validity of the hypothesis that one who writes anything more than his first name, middle name, or initial, and last name is likely to be manic. A physician and a nurse who were blind to the diagnosis were able to differentiate, at a significant level, mania from paranoid schizophrenia, using this criterion.
Effect of Aging on Acquisition and Short-Term Retention of a Motor Skill
Authors: Anshel Mark H.
Published: September 2011

26 elderly ( M = 74.2 yr.) and 26 younger subjects ( M = 23.4 yr.) were compared for their ability to learn and retain a novel motor skill (limb repositioning). Both age groups demonstrated significant improvement in performance, but elders gained statistically significantly better than younger subjects. The young group, however, was significantly superior to elders in terms of performance across trials. No significant differences between the age groups were noted on motor short-term retention trials. Elderly subjects did not retain more or less than younger participants.
Effect of Density and Environmental Noise on Perception of Time, the Situation, Oneself and others
Authors: Levitt Lynn , Leventhal Gloria
Published: September 2011

The effects of density, intrusion of one's personal space, sex of subject, group composition, and environmental noise on the perception of time, the situation, oneself and others were investigated in this study. Generally, the results indicated that (1) both density and the intrusion of personal space concurrently affect the perception of crowding, (2) the physical factors interacted with the social and personal factors to affect the perception of several aspects of the situation, and (3) the environmental noise did not, for the most part, affect the perception of the situation.
Hyperactivity and Related Behavioral Characteristics in a Sample of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth
Published: September 2011

64 learning disabled and 12 minimal brain-damaged children were evaluated by their teachers on 11 categories of behavior. Analysis showed that behavioral characteristics associated with hyperactivity did not differentiate among subjects. Teachers rated poor motor coordination as the outstanding trait of this sample.
Influence of Movement Activities on Shape Recognition and Retention
Authors: Gabbard Carl P. , Shea Charles H.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 4-yr.-old children were asked to complete a form perception assessment instrument prior to, 1 hr. after, and 1 wk. following a treatment. Group 1 participated in a movement-based form perception program, while Group 2 was instructed using a traditional classroom method. A third group which acted as control participated in unrelated movement activities. A repeated-measures analysis of variance gave a main effect of tests and an interaction of groups × tests. Group 2 displayed significantly higher performance on the posttest than Group 1; however, after 7 wk. the performance of Group 2 had decreased to a level below that of Groups 1 and 3, which remained stable.
Lateral Eye-Movements and Indices of Nonanalytic Attending in Right-Handed Females
Authors: Stam Henderikus J. , Spanos Nicholas P.
Published: September 2011

24 right-handed females were assessed on left-moving after participating in a study wherein they were pretested on hypnotic susceptibility and absorption and then attended “nonanalytically” for 20 sessions. Although no significant correlations were found between left-moving and other variables, further analyses indicated a non-linear relationship between left-moving and susceptibility, absorption and self-rated “depth” of attending.
Duration of the Motion Aftereffect as a Function of Retinal Locus and Visual Field
Authors: Beaton Alan A.
Published: September 2011

The duration of the aftereffect induced by viewing a rotating disc was recorded separately for the four hemiretinae of the left and right eyes using a new method of measurement. The results showed duration of aftereffect to differ between nasal and temporal hemiretinae of the right eye and between left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Evidence for Validity of the Scale, Your Style of Learning and Thinking
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Responses of 130 subjects to Your Style of Learning and Thinking using Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Forms A and B as a criterion, show subjects who have a right hemispheric specialization score above the median to have a significantly higher mean than those who score below the median on fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration.
Some Aspects of Sleep Disturbance in Coronary Patients
Authors: Dohno Satoshi , Paskewitz David A. , Lynch James J. , Gimbel Kenneth S. , Thomas Sue A.
Published: September 2011

Of 42 coronary care patients studied during 10 hr. of poly-graphically recorded sleep, 28 were in an open-ward coronary care unit and 14 were in a semi-private telemetry unit. The observed sleep disturbances were not a function of type of unit, length of hospitalization, sex, or medications. Sleep was significantly less fragmented in those patients judged less severe in pathology. These results indicate that alterations in normal sleep patterns occur routinely within coronary care environments, even in the absence of disturbing environmental stimuli and suggest that a closer analysis be made of sleep in these settings in light of the known relationships between sleep and cardiac function.
Effects of Chromatic Targets on a Throwing Task for Subjects Referred for Learning Disability
Authors: Eason Bobby L. , Smith Theresa L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of chromatic and achromatic targets on performing a throwing task for subjects referred for learning disability. 20 boys referred to the Perceptual Motor Development Center practiced under achromatic or chromatic target conditions. After 5 practice bouts, each subject immediately performed on the opposite condition. When subjects were aware of chromatic and achromatic target alternatives, chromatic targets facilitated performance.
Rem Need in Adolescents as Indicated by Resistance to Rem Deprivation
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Orbach Israel , Gross Yigal , Aviram Orit , Frieder Irene , Frieman Meira , Pelled Odeda
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that adolescents have an exceptionally strong need for REM sleep was tested by measuring their resistance to REM deprivation. Ten adolescents (aged 16 to 17 yr.) were compared with 12 young adults (aged 25 to 27 yr.) in a standard REM deprivation procedure. The adolescents had to be awakened significantly more times than the young adults; this is consistent with the hypothesis that adolescents have a greater need for REM sleep.
Application of Signal Detection Theory to Evaluate Personnel Using a Behavioral Levels System
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Giamotti James W.
Published: September 2011

Signal detection theory was applied to evaluate the sensitivity of 15 staff workers while classifying maturity levels of children at a children's home. Stimulus materials were provided to each staff worker in a packet of 30 scenarios describing the behavior of the 30 resident children. The scenarios were then classified by the staff workers into five maturity levels and a confidence rating in the accuracy of each classification was made. A response conditional rating analysis was employed to treat the data. Best performing staff did not exhibit greater confidence in their classifications than did their poorer performing counterparts. Many staff were insensitive to the accuracy of their classifications. Suggestions for improving performance were developed from the results.
Age Differences in Movement Time over Distances Proportional to Size
Authors: Haywood Kathleen M.
Published: September 2011

Investigations of the differences in movement speed over the age span, childhood to early adulthood, have typically confounded age with size differences which bring about mechanical differences in the task. The present study investigated the effect on arm movement time of confounding age and limb length. Young adults and childen 7 to 9 yr. of age were tested over a distance proportional to their arm length. Despite moving over a proportionally shorter distance, the children were significantly slower than the adults, suggesting that age differences in performance are not solely attributable to size differences among subjects.
Monaural Studies Eliciting an Hemispheric Asymmetry: A Bibliography
Authors: Henry Regis G. J.
Published: September 2011

Since 1967, 74 studies reported in the literature using monaural stimulation elicited an hemispheric asymmetry, confirming original findings from dichotic listening studies.
Influences of Alcohol, Interpersonal Feedback, and Drinking Experience upon Performance and Judgment
Authors: Lubin Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The study examined influences of alcohol, social feedback, and drinking experience upon performance, performance awareness, and awareness of intoxication. 24 subjects were selected on the basis of drinking experience. All subjects consumed either a placebo or an alcoholic beverage, i.e., target blood-alcohol concentration of .05% or .10%, prior to each of three experimental sessions. Within groups, subjects were paired and completed a series of cognitive and psychomotor tasks. During each session subjects evaluated both their own and their partner's performance and degree of intoxication. A series of correlations between performance or measures of blood-alcohol concentration and judgments determined relative awareness. Alcohol significantly impaired performance, with inexperienced drinkers being significantly more impaired than experienced drinkers. All groups over-estimated their blood-alcohol concentration, but inexperienced drinkers evaluated themselves as highly intoxicated. Subjects generally under-estimated alcohol impairment and correlations showed awareness decreased as blood-alcohol concentration increased. The implications of the research to drinking/driving problems were discussed.
Pupillary Attributions of College Students to Happy and Angry Faces
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Williams Susan L. , Ferrante Felice
Published: September 2011

As evidence for an hypothesis that pupil size plays an important role in nonverbal communication, Hess (1975) has reported that adults draw in appropriately sized pupils on his happy and angry faces task. However, he did not report a statistical test of his data. In this study, we replicated Hess' research and found congruent with his hypothesis that college students ( n = 223) draw in significantly larger pupils on the happy face.
The Multiple Solitaire Paradigm
Authors: Ruffalo Claude A.
Published: September 2011

Cooperation and competition have not been adequately studied as independent variables. The Multiple Solitaire Paradigm is presented as a method for examining the differential effects of cooperation and competition on personality, situation, and task variables. The rules and procedures for using the paradigm are presented and the usefulness of the paradigm in studying the effects of instructions, reinforcement, and task interdependence on cooperation and competition is discussed.
On Knowing Books by Their Colors
Authors: Boynton Robert M. , Dolensky Stanley
Published: September 2011

In a search and recognition task utilizing real-world objects, the usefulness of color cues is observed to depend upon the availability of alphanumeric information. Following a 45-sec. inspection of a randomly selected collection of 17 books, spread on a table with their titles exposed, subjects were asked to identify as many of these as possible during a test period beginning 3 min. later in which 17 decoys were also present. Some subjects wore glasses with red filters during the test and inspection periods. The color blindness thereby introduced did not impair their performance in comparison with control subjects who were able to utilize normal color vision. Moreover, the introduction of color during the test period impaired the performance of subjects who had been deprived of color cues during inspection. It was concluded that subjects paid attention mostly to book titles and for that reason did not use other cues, including color, to much advantage. In a second experiment, where titles were obscured, subjects with normal color vision performed much better than those who were made color blind during the inspection or test periods. The results of both experiments are generally consistent with predictions based on experiments which have used abstract stimulus materials.
Manifest Anxiety and Two-Point Threshold Sensitivity
Authors: Sherrets S. D.
Published: September 2011

The present study utilized 27 college students (14 females, 13 males) to investigate the effects of anxiety upon the ability to attend to detail (two-point threshold sensitivity). It was hypothesized that subjects both low and high in anxiety would have a smaller threshold than mild or moderately anxious subjects. A curvilinear correlation of .83 ( p < .01) was obtained between anxiety scores and two-point threshold sensitivity. There was no significant difference between mean thresholds for those scoring above or below the median on the anxiety scale. Suggestions for further research are discussed.
Individual Differences in Visual Discrimination of Letters
Authors: Hanley Tom V. , Cox David L.
Published: September 2011

Research on the distinctive features of letters has been inconclusive. Investigators may have overlooked individual variations in their data which would have supported feature-extraction hypotheses but were concealed by analyses which averaged data into group means. Response latencies from a matching discrimination task with the 26 English capital letters were analyzed with INDSCAL, a multidimensional scaling procedure which weights individual contributions to a psychological space. Underlying dimensions were linearity, curvature, angularity, and closure. The solution disclosed that individuals utilized these features differentially in the visual discriminations. The results suggest that future research in visual feature extraction will benefit from the examination of individual variations in the perceptual process.
Alternate Formulas for Chi Square
Authors: Boynton Kathryn M. , Poe Nancy M.
Published: September 2011

Two alternate formulas for chi square are presented in this article. Formula 1 is for two observed frequencies. Formula 2 is for three observed frequencies. The formulas do not require prior calculations of expected frequencies and thus eliminate errors frequently incurred in calculating expected frequencies. Both formulas represent a faster and more economical method for obtaining chi square than the conventional formula and methodology. For example, Formula 1, for two observed frequencies, can yield a chi square value in 10 sec. on a hand calculator equipped with chain functions. Appropriate tables and examples of use are given for both formulas. Degrees of freedom and significance levels required by each formula for chi square are given. The logic of the chi square test and the appropriate null hypothesis are also considered. The two formulas are abridged from a larger series of alternate formulas for chi square developed by the authors.
Participant Evaluation of Two Alcohol Education Courses
Authors: Brown Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Two types of alcohol education courses were evaluated positively by drinking drivers ( n = 40). A controlled drinking course appeared to be of greater personal relevance to participants than did the traditional education course.
Eye Movements Simultaneously Recorded by Electrooculographic and Photoelectric Methods
Authors: Ong Jin , Harman Gene A.
Published: September 2011

Three types of eye movements, saccadic, reading, and pursuit, were recorded from 6 college subjects, two in each by the electrooculographic and photoelectric methods simultaneously. A deviation index (DI), which is the standard deviation divided by the mean, was devised to compare the precision of recording amplitude deflection, and a proportion index (PI), which is M1 divided by M2, was devised to compare the mean amplitude indirectly between these two methods. Results showed that the proportion indexes of three types of eye movements were comparable, and the mean index of 0.54 indicated that the amplification in the electrooculographic method was about half as much as that in the photoelectric. The mean deviation index of 0.132 vs 0.135 was, again, comparable, meaning that these two methods of recording amplitude deflections are of about the same degree of magnitude and precision. Certain qualitative differences regarding the amplitude and velocity peak deflection between these two methods were also noted.
General Utility and Relative Efficacy of Methods for Clustering Situations in Terms of Situational Expectancies
Authors: Edinger Jack D. , Engum Eric S.
Published: September 2011

While modern social learning theory has suggested the importance of situational expectancies in determining behavior, attempts to analyze or classify situations in terms of these variables have been lacking. To test the efficacy of clustering situations in terms of expectancies, 41 male inmates were administered one questionnaire which measured general situational expectancies and a second which measured response-specific situational expectancies. Factor analyses of questionnaire responses indicated two situational factors for the general measure and one factor for the response-specific measure. It is concluded that the measurement of situational expectancies may be useful for clustering situations and that the general measure of expectancies seemed more effective than the response-specific measure. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Effect of Eye Movement on Perception of Flicker
Authors: Fukuda Tadahiko
Published: September 2011

With 3 experienced subjects CFF during eye movements was higher than that obtained by fixing a line of sight. CFF increased with a moving line of sight. With additional subjects CFF during eye movements was related to various factors such as target size and conditions of eye movement. More thorough study is required.
On the Relevance of Literature for Psychology
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Psychologically considered, the art of any given period defines an array of sensibilities imaginatively translated into patterns of sharable experience. These configurations have scientific value not as samples of life but as indices of the advancing edge of man's collective participation in the world. Psychology and literature meet not at the level of data but of myth, at the fons et origo of artistic creation. What the artist has to communicate to the scientist is the metaphysical principle of his works. Distilled and made the focus of scientific study, such material can open windows on man's evolving universal life.
Influences of Environmental Differentiation and Conceptual Tempo on Young Children's Spatial Coordination
Authors: Shlechter Theodore M. , Salkind Neil J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of stimulus differentiation on kindergartners' ability to coordinate spatial perspectives when classified by conceptual tempo. 33 children were asked to identify from an array of pictures the one which best represented a doll's view of the stimulus display. Two stimulus displays were constructed which differed in the degree of differentiation among their items. In one set, low differentiation, three three-dimensional cardboard forms were in the shape of houses, each house having minimal external cues. In the second set, high differentiation, were three three-dimensional house scenes with each house having numerous external cues. The subjects took longer to make an initial response, made more correct, and somewhat fewer egocentric responses under the high differentiation condition than under the low differentiation condition. There also was an interaction between conceptual tempo and environmental differentiation; the impulsive children's egocentric performances were more influenced by the stimulus conditions than were the reflective children's. These findings suggested that organismic and environmental conditions are both important factors in children's spatial cognition.
Flexibility of Accuracy versus Speed Orientation in Reflective and Impulsive Children
Authors: Inagaki Kayoko , Hatano Giyoo
Published: September 2011

To compare the flexibility of accuracy versus speed orientation, 38 reflective and 38 impulsive fifth graders, selected on the basis of latency and errors on Matching Familiar Figures Test, were given three passages for proofreading under neutral, speed-stressing, and accuracy-stressing instructions in that order (Study I). Their performances were described in terms of the number of scanned errata (to be corrected) and the ratio of omissions, which were transformed into comparable T scores, using means and standard deviations of the corresponding measures for another 40 fifth graders who had been given the same three materials all under neutral instructions. When given speed-emphasizing instructions, both reflective and impulsive children showed significant within-style increases in the number of scanned errata. When given accuracy-stressing instructions, only the impulsives showed significant decrease in the omission ratio. Analyses of variance of the differences in T scores indicated that impulsive subjects showed greater variability in the omission ratio than reflective subjects. In a replication study (Study II) with easier passages, both reflective and impulsive fifth graders, who had not participated in Study I, showed significant increases in the number of scanned errata when the instructions stressed speed, but insignificant, nearly equal decreases in the omission ratio when accuracy was stressed. The older impulsive subjects were at least as flexible as their reflective counterparts in modifying their orientation to meet the “situational demands.”
Accuracy of Recall as a Function of Eidetic Imagery
Authors: Kaylor Catherine W. , Davidon Robert S.
Published: September 2011

90 subjects (45 boys and 45 girls) from Grades 3, 4, 5 were screened for eidetic imagery. Using Haber's criteria, 12 subjects were identified as having eidetic imagery. These subjects were randomly divided into two groups of six each with one group designated the experimental group and the other, the control group. Eidetic imagery was evoked in all subjects to the same stimuli. Members of the experimental group were tested for accuracy of recall while maintaining the images and those of the control group were tested for accuracy of recall after blinking their eyes and turning their heads to erase the images. Significantly more correct responses were given by the experimental than by the control group. Also, eidetic images were not always erased by blinking the eyes and turning the head, and eidetic images did not necessarily last longer than afterimages, as Haber has reported.
Cognitive Predictors of Articulation in Writing
Authors: Wormack Leslie
Published: September 2011

Among 106 college students scores on a spontaneous 20-min. essay were regressed on referents of verbal and visual spatial ability. 26% of the variability in writing articulation among males was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores against logical relations and embedded figures tests. 82% of the variability in writing ability among females was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores on visual closure, reading comprehension, spatial visualization, and embedded figures tests. The use of verbal and visual spatial referents as predictors of the degree of articulation in spontaneous writing samples consistent with sex-specific models of cerebral lateralization was described.
Note: Religious Involvement and Anti-Social Behavior
Authors: Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

This paper reports two studies, one of university students and one of high school students, which indicate support for the hypothesis that lack of religious involvement is related to anti-social behavior.
Systematic Replication of Saunders' (1968) Attitude Factors
Authors: Simon Armando
Published: September 2011

A replication of a factor analyzed questionnaire on science and UFOs was carried out. 10 factors were obtained, two of which were similar to the previous ones: Belief in Extraterrestrial Visitation, Belief in the Occult, Psychological Explanations, Disbelief in Contactees, Witnessing, Belief in Possibilities, Reluctance to Report a Sighting, Skepticism of UFOs, Belief in Extraterrestrial Life, Extrapolations of Nature. A second major goal of the study, aside from actual replication, was the relating of a Science factor to the above factors, insofar as in recent years the popularity of science and technology has reportedly declined, with an increase in advocacy of pseudoscience. However, the Philosophy of Science factor from the original study did not replicate.
Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness and Some Epidemiological Indices of Social Behavior and Health
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

A scale, Avoidance of the Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness, was developed to assist the psychometric recorder documentation of choice of avoidance versus confrontation strategy to the issue of loneliness. Analysis showed low scorers (confronters) reported increased use of soft drugs and were absent from employment more often than medium or high scorers. Borderline statistically significant findings hint that high scorers (avoiders) lean toward less alcoholic beverage consumption while low scorers lean toward fewer automobile accidents and less use of medication than medium groupings. These results suggest both advantages and disadvantages to strategies of awareness.
Psychological Characteristics of Age-Group Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Morris Alfred F. , Vaccaro Paul , Clarke David H.
Published: September 2011

Measures of locus of control and self-esteem were gathered from 20 competitive age-group swimmers aged 7 to 17 yr. These young athletes were more internal than their non-athletic contemporaries. Also, on self-esteem the competitive swimmers were significantly elevated.
An Indirect Technique for Establishing Preferences for Categories of Reinforcement for Severely and Profoundly Retarded Individuals
Authors: Rotatori Anthony F. , Fox Bob , Switzky Harvey
Published: September 2011

The development of a reinforcement survey hierarchy is described for programming severely and profoundly retarded individuals. The survey identifies reinforcement preferences of severely and profoundly retarded individuals by means of an indirect categorical technique. The categorical technique views reinforcement as being educationally, environmentally, and developmentally characteristic of severely and profoundly retarded individuals. The survey is a preliminary step to more direct approaches to reinforcement, such as sampling or use of multiple reinforcements. Field data are discussed.
Relative Contributions of Active and Passive Touch to a Child's Knowledge of Physical Objects
Authors: Derevensky Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2011

Literature was examined for contributions of both active and passive touch to a child's knowledge of shape perception. While research suggests that passive touch provides a useful function, haptic exploration or active touch is more effective for information processing. Various models and their educational implications for sensory training are discussed.
A Test of the Validity of Offsprings' Report of Parental Handedness
Authors: Porac Clare , Coren Stanley
Published: September 2011

The question as to whether offspring accurately report parental hand use was examined by comparing the assessment of parental handedness by 159 offspring with a direct assessment of hand-use patterns by the parents themselves. The results indicated that the offspring tend significantly to overestimate the percentage of parental right-handedness. These data suggest caution in future research and should aid interpretation of existing familial data based on offsprings' report of parental handedness.
Human Sound Frequency Preferences
Authors: Patchett Robin F.
Published: September 2011

205 subjects each chose a “most pleasant” sound delivered through an earphone by turning the control knob on a continuously variable audio oscillator. Most subjects chose a frequency in a relatively narrow (approximately 350 Hz) band centered on 399 Hz. The preferences did not appear to be influenced by sex or age.
Estimation of Distance and Preferred State Theory
Authors: Ward Frank E. , Balloun Joseph L.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the application of Preferred State Theory to provide quantitative predictions of a variety of psychological effects, including the prothetic-metathetic distinction, and the expected form of the matching functions between physical stimuli and the estimates produced by magnitude and category subjective estimation methods. The subjective distance from a midwestern university campus to each of 24 American cities was judged by 157 male and female undergraduates. It was hypothesized on the basis of the theory that subjects would process short geographical distances as a metathetic continuum and longer distances as a prothetic continuum. This hypothesis was supported for the method of category judgments but not for the method of magnitude estimation. Based on the theory, the matching functions between physical and subjective distances for short distances were expected to be more nearly linear than for long distances for both judgment methods. The data do not support this hypothesis for either method.
Effect of Familiarity with Background Music on Performance of Simple and Difficult Reading Comprehension Tasks
Authors: Hilliard O. Mark , Tolin Philip
Published: September 2011

For 64 undergraduates varied musical selections did not offset scores on Sequential Tests of Educational Progress but scores on the easier sections were higher than those on more difficult ones. Scores made with familiar music were higher than those with unfamiliar music.
Hereditary Determinants of Manual Torque
Authors: Matheny Adam P.
Published: September 2011

Data from a longitudinal study of twin children and siblings, 155 girls and 134 boys (aged 4 to 9 yr.), on a torque test confirmed that during this age period manually produced circling patterns change from clockwise to counterclockwise orientation. A genetic influence is suggested.
Visual Pattern Perception: A Multidimensional Analysis of Development of Children's Reading Skills
Authors: Kak Anita V. , Brown Donald R.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the extent to which there are visual pattern processing deficits which are related to differential reading skill of young children. Discrimination problems were constructed using visual patterns with features known to be processed differentially by the central nervous system based upon neurophysiological data. Analysis of variance and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze the discrimination latencies of kindergarten through third grade children (12 per grade) who were classified either as good or poor readers. The results show that there are no pattern-specific effects which discriminate good from poor readers. Rather, good readers process all patterns more efficiently than do poor readers, and efficiency improves with age for all readers studied. This suggests that the locus of the reading deficit occurs at levels in the nervous system beyond where pattern-feature processing occurs.
Cognitive and Motor Functioning on the McCarthy Scales by Spanish-Speaking Children
Authors: Shellenberger Sylvia , Lachterman Tina
Published: September 2011

A sample of 30 Puerto Rican children, ages 5 to 8 1/2 yr. from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, were tested on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Information and Comprehension subtests of the WISC-R or WPPSI to investigate their profiles of cognitive and motor functioning. Strengths in perceptual performance and motor skills along with a weakness in verbal comprehension and expression were characteristic of the group. No significant differences were found between the McCarthy Verbal scores and the Wechsler Information and Comprehension scores. In comparison to the McCarthy standardization group, the sample's mean scores in perceptual performance and motor areas were not significantly different from the means of the normative group, but their scores on the Verbal, Quantitative, and Memory Scales were significantly below the norms.
Schematic Concept Formation: Psychophysical Analysis of Early Reading Skill
Authors: Kak Anita V. , Brown Donald R.
Published: September 2011

The relation between the perception of class structure and reading skill was studied within the context of a schematic concept-formation task. Computer generation techniques were utilized to construct visual pattern-classification problems with controlled levels of inter-class pattern similarity or class discrimination difficulty. Children with reading problems were less efficient in their ability to assign patterns to classes than were children without reading problems. It was possible to assess reliably individual subjects' reading skill on the basis of their ability to perform the task.
Dichhaptic Perception of Forms by Normal Adults
Authors: Hannay H. Julia , Smith Anna C.
Published: September 2011

Dichhaptic perception of nonsense forms was examined in familial righthanders. In Exp. 1, 15 males and 15 females performed similarly, obtaining a non-significant right-hand superiority with a 5-sec. memory interval between presentation of stimuli and their choice-recognition response. Individual differences in Block Design scaled scores but not State or Trait anxiety were related to hand performance for both sexes. One strategy on a questionnaire was related to performance of males. Exp. 2 was a replication with the memory interval removed. A significant right-hand superiority was obtained and different strategies were related to performance of males and females.
Perception of the Upright in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Shanker Prem
Published: September 2011

To see the effects of a large angle of frame-tilt, movement of the rod in the clockwise direction, and the difference between the normal and schizophrenic subjects in the perception of the upright, a mixed design (subjects × angle × presentation × trial) was used. 24 normal and 24 schizophrenic subjects were tested in a darkroom with a rod-and-frame test. The results showed a small error with a clockwise movement of the rod, when the frame also was tilted clockwise, and no difference in perception of the upright between the normal and schizophrenic subjects.
Effects of Modification of Conceptual Tempo on Acquisition of Work Skills
Authors: Gow Lyn , Ward James
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of modification of conceptual tempo on the skilled performance of a group of mildly intellectually handicapped adolescents receiving training in a work preparation centre (N, 41). On the basis of performance on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test the group was divided into two subgroups, reflective, impulsive and then further divided through random allocation to control and experimental conditions. The two experimental groups received a training program designed to promote self-generation of strategies, using self-verbalization to induce a more reflective approach. The control groups received the normal training program of the centre. The criterion measure taken at pre- and posttest was a collation task standardized so as to provoke response uncertainty. Analysis of residual gain scores derived from the two testing occasions indicated that the experimental groups improved significantly more than the controls and that the improvement generalized to their performance on the Porteus Maze and Matching Familiar Figures Test. Contrary to expectation, however, the effect of training did not bring about significant differential improvement for impulsive as against reflective subjects. Both benefited from the training. On the basis of delayed posttests, no generalization was apparent.
Unilateral Auditory Stimulation and the Visual Perception of Verticality: One More Time
Authors: Day H. D. , Shelly L. F.
Published: September 2011

The effects of varying conditions of unilateral auditory stimulation on the visual perception of verticality were examined in two experiments using 18 and 42 subjects, respectively. Significant effects of auditory stimulation and hand used to make the verticality adjustments were not found. With only one exception in Exp. 2, the starting position of the rod also had no influence on the ability of the subjects to adjust a rod to its vertical position. The literature pertaining to sensory-tonic field theory of perception was critically reviewed.
Frustration as a Factor in the Height of Low Achievers' Self-Portraits
Authors: Silvern Steven B. , Brooks Douglas M
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the large variance in low achievers' self-portraits may be related to frustration and symbolic acting out. 29 low achievers in Reading and Mathematics were given the Describe Your School inventory. Subjects below the median drew pictures which were taller than pictures drawn by subjects above the median score. It was concluded that frustration must be considered when using height of drawing to analyze low achievers' self-portraits.
Facilitation of Discriminated Rearing-Avoidance in Rats with Hippocampal Lesions
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Ohki Yuji
Published: September 2011

Effects of bilateral hippocampal lesions were investigated in a newly developed discriminated rearing-avoidance task. A significant facilitation of avoidance conditioning was found in rats with hippocampal lesions. The over-all escape topography of the hippocampal-lesioned rats was mostly jumping whereas that of the controls was rearing. These findings suggest that the hippocampal lesion increases reactivity to shock.
Assessment of Drugs' Side Effects: Visual Analogue Scale versus Check-List Format
Authors: Lundberg Paula K.
Published: September 2011

These results suggest that the 12 men were capable of perceiving and reliably reporting the ongoing flow of their bodily experiences. Moreover, for the measurement of side effects, an instrument which employs a visual analogue scale may be a more sensitive measuring device than a typical checklist format.
Intermodal Organization: A Methodological Localization Study
Authors: Warren David H. , Schmitt Terry L.
Published: September 2011

The nature of organization among vision, right hand, and left hand was studied. A target was presented to one of the three modalities, and a response was required by one of the other two modalities. Constant errors from the resulting six conditions were examined to determine whether the three modalities function as an organized system, such that the relation between two modalities may be predicted from the relations of each of the two with the third. Predictions were correct in direction but incorrect in magnitude. The data also were analyzed to bear on the usually implicit assumption in research on localization that a response modality has consistent error characteristics regardless of the nature of the target being localized. It was concluded that such assumptions may not be valid.
Perception of Leadership Behavior of the School Business Manager
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Brown Sidney E. , Dalton Samuel L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the leadership behavior of school business managers as perceived by selected staff and super-ordinates. Perceptions of the leaders' behavior were measured by responses to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire. Board members, superintendents, business managers, and principals-supervisors reliably differentiated “real” and “ideal” Consideration and Initiating Structure with strengths of association (ω2) ranging from .212 to .550 of the variance accounted for. Only one of 24 cross-group comparisons was reliable; board members perceived the business manager's “real” behavior to be more considerate than did principals-supervisors. Thus, perceptions of the four groups were quite similar; in part the small samples and large variability (especially in “real” behaviors) accounted for this agreement.
Luminance Range Effect on Brightness Exponent in the Fovea and Periphery
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: September 2011

Using a method of magnitude estimation, the exponent of the brightness power function has been determined for functions describing the brightness of stimuli presented at the fovea and the following peripheral retinal locations: 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50° nasally eccentric to the fovea along the horizontal meridian of the right eye. The exponent for a 1-sec. flash was significantly increased as a function of increasing eccentricity at the lower luminance ranges whereas slightly increased at the higher luminance ranges.
Change in the Classroom Deportment of Children following Change from Daylight Saving Time
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Lawrence-Davis Janet R. , Guynes Suzanne M.
Published: September 2011

The deportment of each student in a third-grade classroom was rated by the teacher before and after the fall change from Daylight Saving Time (DST), as a test of the hypothesis that change to or from DST has a disruptive effect on behavior. We were surprised to find a significant interaction of sex of student × ratings. Subsequent to the change from DST, the deportment of the boys improved significantly while the deportment of the girls was significantly disrupted.
Experimenter Bias Effects: A Direct Replication
Authors: Cipani Ennio , Waite Vicki A.
Published: September 2011

The present study provides a direct replication of previous research which assessed the effects of experimenter bias on behavioral recordings. The two behaviors targeted for biased statements evidenced more change in observers' scorings from “baseline” to “treatment” tape segments than the two control behaviors. Additional analyses on these changes in observers' scorings indicated an increase in the number of omissions. This study replicated the effects obtained in previous research. Future research should attempt to assess the magnitude of bias effects in single-subject paradigms.
Sensory Images in the Absence of Sight: Blind versus Sighted Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Sensory image scores that were obtained from 91 blind and 91 sighted adolescents aged 10 to 21 yr. were classified into seven sensory categories (visual, auditory, cutaneous, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory, symbolic, and organic sensations) according to a shortened form of the Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Blind adolescents were not restricted in the formation of visual images nor did the relative ordering of the sensory categories differ as a function of ability to see.
Simple Feature Frequency versus Feature Validity Models of Formation of Prototypes
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T.
Published: September 2011

The typicality of a concept instance is related to the frequency with which its constituent features occur among all instances of the focal concept and possibly of other contrasting concepts. According to a simple frequency model, the prototype consists of the features that have occurred most often among instances of the focal concept. But according to a validity model, the prototype has the features that have occurred frequently among focal instances and, at the same time, infrequently among instances of contrast categories. By this account, the extent to which features overlap among focal and contrast instances is important in prototype formation. Here the feature frequencies among focal instances and the degree to which these features overlapped with contrast instances were manipulated. Twenty undergraduate college students first studied instances of the contrast category and then instances of the focal category. Next, they provided typicality ratings, frequency estimates of whole stimuli, and frequency estimates of features. All three measures supported the prediction of a simple frequency model of prototype formation.