bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microplasma Analysis and Noise Spectroscopy of c-Si Solar Cells
Authors: Vanek Jiri , Dolensky Jan , Chobola Zdenek , Lunak Miroslav
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with comparisons of noise spectroscopy and detection of microplasma noise sources in the three new type of solar cells G1, G3 and G5. When high electric field is applied to PN junction with some technological imperfections like dislocation in PN junction or crystal-grid defect causing non-homogeneity of parameters it produces in tiny areas of enhanced impact ionization called microplasma. It can leads onwards to deterioration in quality or to destruction of PN junction. Microplasma produced noise, which has random spectrum in frequency range. Microplasma noise is measurable even before the creation of light emissions. Due to the comparisons microplasma detection with noise characteristic can full analyzed solar cell.
Anisotropy in Conductivity of Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Barbashov Vladimir I. , Nesova Elizaveta V.
Published: June 2012

Conduction anisotropy was experimentally established in the scandia stabilized zirconia ceramics in the low-temperature region. It is supposed that discovered anisotropy in conductivity may be connected with ordering the crystallites of the rhombohedral phase which became possible in correspondence with co-operative ordered movement of doping scandium ions in the weak electric field.
Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Solid Microbatteries
Authors: N'Dri Narcisse , Megahed Mustafa , Fabre S. Dimitri
Published: June 2012

Micro-batteries are gaining a lot of interest in recent times due to their size and efficiency. Several issues related to thermal management, thermal and mechanical stresses as well as life duration do however remain unaddressed. This paper introduces an innovative 3D modelling platform to capture the electrochemistry of the battery and related heat dissipation. The numerical formulation is discussed prior to summarizing the validation work pursued to ensure accurate numerical predictions. The Lithium ion diffusion in solid state electrodes and separator as well as in liquid electrolyte batteries is modelled. The electrochemistry is resolved using the Bulter-Volmer equation. State of charge and property changes proportional to Li+ concentration distribution in the electrodes of the battery are described to provide reliable predictions about battery hysteresis. Comparisons with experiments show good agreement, showing that the 3D modelling offers a reliable platform to confirm designs and concepts in preliminary stages of product development. Preliminary results showing heat dissipation will also be described.
Surface Diagnostic of Zinc Electrodes in Electrochemical Battery System
Authors: Čudek Pavel , Flodrová Eva , Pléha David
Published: June 2012

This work deals with surface diagnostic of the aging process and electrolyte composition influence on the surface morphology in the electrochemical power sources based on nickel - zinc cell system. The scanning electron microscopy and the atomic force microscopy were used as fundamental diagnostic methods.
Analysis of the Conditions of Surface Roughness Measurements on Stratified Surfaces by Optical and Inductive Methods
Authors: Tran Quang D. , Svoboda Emil , Bartošik Pavel
Published: June 2012

The article describes the conditions of surface roughness measurements by optical and inductive methods and the use of instruments for profile measurement and surface topography. It refers to their analysis and analysis of the influence of changes in the measuring conditions on the surface roughness parameters in 2D and 3D methods of surface texture measurements.
Electrochemical Deposition of Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite/Ag Composite Coatings on Titanium Alloy Surface
Authors: Kadlec Jaromir , Joska Zdenek , Dvorak Milan
Published: June 2012

The described technology makes possible to create hydroxyapatite (HA) nanostructures of various morphology and to create HA nanostructures with Ag particles of various shape, size and frequency. These nanostructures are due to their biocompatibility and potential antibacterial behaviour applicable as surface treatment of dental and other type of implants.
Battery Monitoring System for the Airplane VUT 051 RAY
Authors: Cipin Radoslav , Klima Bohumil , Hutak Petr , Knobloch Jan , Nouman Ziad , Vondrus Jiri
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with the battery monitoring system for the airplane VUT 051 RAY. This monitoring system contains several blocks which take complex care of the lithium ion battery pack operation used in the airplane. It also contains balancing circuit which ensures uniform distribution of voltage on the individual batteries; it prevents overcharging and discharging below allowed limit. The monitoring system measures voltage and temperature of each cell of battery pack (serial-parallel combination). Each monitoring device has its own processor and serial flash memory for the subsequent data processing at control unit. The communication with control unit is done by the CAN bus.
Battery System of Electric Airplane VUT 051 RAY
Authors: Pazdera Ivo , Klima Bohumil , Cervinka Dalibor , Pistek Antonin , Hlinka Jiri
Published: June 2012

The paper deals with an accumulator for experimental fully electric airplane VUT051RAY with rated power 55kW. The preliminary requirements on accumulator capacity and its weight were defined according to a precisely specified flight profile.
Templated Electrodeposition of Si Nanowires from Ionic Liquid
Authors: Homma Takayuki , Komadina Jason , Nakano Y. , Ouchi T. , Akiyoshi T. , Iishibashi Y. , Nishimura Y. , Nishida T. , Fukunaka Y.
Published: June 2012

Electrodeposition of Si has gained interest recently due to the relative simplicity of electrochemical processing over conventional methods of Si deposition. In this report, we present our progress in the development of Si nanowire arrays electrodeposited from SiCl4 in an ionic liquid electrolyte, specifically tri-methylhexyl ammonium (TMHA+) bis(trifluorosulfonyl) amide (TFSA-). Characterization of deposition conditions for nanowires, as well as preliminary results for electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements of planar deposits are discussed as part of our effort to further the understanding of the reaction mechanisms in Si electrodeposition in ionic liquid.
Production of Compensation Free SOG Silicon Feedstock by Metallurgical Refinement
Authors: Kishida Yutaka , Okajima Masaki , Kondo Jiro , Okazawa Kensuke , Tokumaru Shinji , Dohnomae Hitoshi , Hiyoshi Masataka
Published: June 2012

New metallurgical refining process of Si reach to 7N purity is developed in commercial production base. The presented process consists of B reduction by oxidation, P reduction by vacuum and metal reduction by directional solidification. Obtained impurity level of B is < 0.2ppmw and P is < 0.2ppmw, and their fluctuations are enough small to adjust resistivity around 0.8~1.5 ohm cm in user's P-type cast block. Metal impurities are also less than 0.1ppmw. For the sake of low B and P, and its nugget shape, user can use this solar grade feedstock as same as Si made by the Siemens method. And also, because of low precipitates origin elements O, C and N, mono crystal can be grown from this feedstock. To utilize these advantages, NS Solar Material Co., Ltd. started 500 ton/year plant in 2007 and has continued to produce the compensation free SOG Si feedstock.
Effect of High Surface Area Pd Electrodes on SOFC Performance at 350°C
Authors: Komadina Jason , Motoyama M. , Kim Y. B. , Prinz Fritz
Published: June 2012

Nanostructured palladium, a mixed ionic electronic conductor, is investigated as a high surface area electrode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cell polarization studies show a nearly two-fold increase in current and power density at 350°C, although estimation of kinetic parameters suggests that the effect is not related directly to the electrode structuring. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows a significant difference in electrolyte conductivity, and the effects of the electrolyte-electrode interface cannot be ruled out as the source of differences in device performance. Progress in fabrication of vertically aligned nanowires on free-standing thin film electrolyte membranes is discussed briefly. However, the primary focus is on lyotropic phase deposition of mesoporous Pd.
Study of an Innovative Energy Storage and Recovery System based on the W/WO3 Oxidoreduction Reaction
Authors: Haboury Romain , Zink Peter A. , Pal Uday B. , Gopalan Srikanth , Basu Soumendra N.
Published: June 2012

Energy storage and recovery using the redox reaction is proposed. The system will store energy as tungsten metal (W) by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen. Thereafter steam will be used to re-oxidize the metal and recover hydrogen. The volumetric energy density of W for storing hydrogen is 21kWh/L of W based on the LHV of hydrogen. Theoretical treatment of isothermal kinetics has been extended in the present work to the reduction of tungsten oxide in powder beds. Experiments were carried out using a thermogravimetric technique under isothermal conditions at different temperatures. The reactions at 800°C were found to take place in the following sequence: WO3→WO2.9→WO2.72→WO2→W. Expressions for the last three reaction rate constants and activation energies have been calculated based on a model in which the intermediate reactions proceed as a front moving at a certain velocity while the first reaction occurs simultaneously in the entire bulk of the oxide.
Hydrogen Infrastructure Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Ayers Katherine E. , Moulthrop Larry , Anderson Everett B.
Published: June 2012

One of the challenges associated with transitioning a transportation economy to any alternative fuel is bringing online fuel production, storage, transportation and end-customer delivery infrastructure at a pace and in the locations relevant to the parallel effort of bringing the related transportation vehicles into the market. In the case of hydrogen as a transportation fuel, the network of fueling stations may include a combination of centralized and de-centralized fuel production. The continuum of centralized to de-centralized production includes massive centralized hydrocarbon fuel processing plants that may number in the tens to hundreds, to neighborhood fueling stations that may number in the tens to hundreds of thousands, to the ultimate de-centralized solution of home fueling stations that may number in the millions. This talk will discuss recent advances in hydrogen fueling demonstrations and lessons learned for the next stage of implementation.
Dietary 1-monoolein decreases postprandial GIP release by reducing jejunal transport of glucose and fatty acid in rodents
Authors: Shimotoyodome Akira , Osaki Noriko , Onizawa Koji , Mizuno Tomohito , Suzukamo Chika , Okahara Fumiaki , Fukuoka Daisuke , Hase Tadashi
Published: June 2012

Postprandial secretion of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is differentially regulated by not only dietary carbohydrate but also fat. Recent studies have shown that the ingestion of diacylglycerol (DAG) results in lower postprandial insulin and GIP release than that of triacylglycerol (TAG), suggesting a possible mechanism for the antiobesity effect of DAG. The structural and metabolic characteristics of DAG are believed to be responsible for its beneficial effects. This study was designed to clarify the effect of 1-monoacylglycerol [oleic acid-rich (1-MO)], the characteristic metabolite of DAG, on postprandial insulin and GIP secretion, and the underlying mechanism. Dietary 1-MO dose dependently stimulated whole body fat utilization, and reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation in mice, both of which are consistent with the physiological effect of dietary DAG. Although glucose-stimulated insulin and GIP release was augmented by the addition of fat, coingestion of 1-MO reduced the postprandial hormone release in a dose-dependent manner. Either glucose or fatty acid transport into the everted intestinal sacs and enteroendocrine HuTu-80 cells was also reduced by the addition of 1-MO. Reduction of either glucose or fatty acid transport or the nutrient-stimulated GIP release by 1-MO was nullified when the intestine was pretreated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT-1) or fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 inhibitor. We conclude that dietary 1-MO attenuates postprandial GIP and insulin secretion by reducing the intestinal transport of the GIP secretagogues, which may be mediated via SGLT-1 and FAT/CD36. Reduced secretion of these anabolic hormones by 1-MO may be related to the antiobesity effect of DAG.
The kinetics of highly sensitive cardiac troponin T release after prolonged treadmill exercise in adolescent and adult athletes
Authors: Tian Ye , Nie Jinlei , Huang Chuanye , George Keith P.
Published: June 2012

The nature and kinetics of postexercise cardiac troponin (cTn) appearance is poorly described and understood in most athlete populations. We compared the kinetics of high-sensitivity cTn T (hs-cTnT) after endurance running in training-matched adolescents and adults. Thirteen male adolescent (mean age: 14.1 ± 1.1 yr) and 13 male adult (24.0 ± 3.6 yr) runners performed a 90-min constant-load treadmill run at 95% of ventilatory threshold. Serum hs-cTnT levels were assessed preexercise, immediately postexercise, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h postexercise. Serum NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels were recorded preexercise and 3, 6, and 24 h postexercise. Left ventricular function was assessed preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 6 h postexercise. Peak hs-cTnT occurred at 3–4 h postexercise in all subjects, but was substantially higher ( P < 0.05) in adolescents [median (range): 211.0 (11.2–794.5) ng/l] compared with adults [median (range): 19.1 (9.7–305.6) ng/l]. Peak hs-cTnT was followed by a rapid decrease in both groups, although adolescent data had not returned to baseline at 24 h. Substantial interindividual variability was noted in peak hs-cTnT, especially in the adolescents. NT-pro-BNP was significantly elevated postexercise in both adults and adolescents and remained above baseline at 24 h in both groups. In both groups, left ventricular ejection fraction and the ratio of early-to-atrial peak Doppler flow velocities were significantly decreased immediately postexercise. Peak hs-cTnT was not related to changes in ejection fraction, ratio of early-to-atrial peak Doppler flow velocities, or NT-pro-BNP. The present data suggest that postexercise hs-cTnT elevation 1) occurred in all runners, 2) peaked 3–4 h postexercise, and 3) the peak hs-cTnT concentration after prolonged exercise was higher in adolescents than adults.
Diminished muscle growth in the obese Zucker rat following overload is associated with hyperphosphorylation of AMPK and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase
Authors: Katta Anjaiah , Kakarla Sunil K. , Manne Nandini D. P. K. , Wu Miaozong , Kundla Sudarsanam , Kolli Madhukar B. , Nalabotu Siva K. , Blough Eric R.
Published: June 2012

Previous data have suggested that insulin-resistant skeletal muscle may exhibit a diminished ability to undergo hypertrophy and that this result may be mediated, at least in part, from decrements in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling (Katta A, Kundla S, Kakarla SK, Wu M, Fannin J, Paturi S, Liu H, Addagarla HS, Blough ER. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R1666–R1675, 2010). Herein, we attempt to extend these observations by determining if this attenuation in muscle growth is associated with alterations in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, an upstream mediator of mTOR, and changes in the activation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), which functions as an inhibitor of protein synthesis and potential mediator of protein degradation. Compared with that observed in lean Zucker (LZ) rats, the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Thr172 was higher after 3 wk of overload in the insulin-resistant obese Zucker (OZ) soleus ( P < 0.05). This change in AMPKα phosphorylation was accompanied by increases in the amount of phosphorylated PKR (Thr446), elevations in the PKR-dependent phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2α (Ser51), augmented p38 MAP kinase (Thr180/Tyr182) phosphorylation, and increases in the amount of protein ubiquitination ( P < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that the diminished hypertrophic response we observe in the OZ rat may be mediated, at least in part, by the hyperactivation of AMPK- and PKR-related signaling.
Effects of voluntary running on oxygen consumption, RQ, and energy expenditure during primary prevention of diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice
Authors: Brown Jacob D. , Naples Scott P. , Booth Frank W.
Published: June 2012

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) in C57BL/6 mice is the standard model for studying obesity in mice. The few reports of DIO utilizing voluntary running provide contradictory results with respect to prevention of obesity. However, total energy expenditures associated with voluntary running during DIO are unknown. We hypothesized that voluntary running would increase the amount of total energy expended during DIO. Female C57BL/6N mice were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups [high-fat diet with voluntary running (HFRun); high-fat diet without running (HFSed); and low-fat diet without running (LFSed)] for a 10-wk period. We confirmed production of obesity in HFSed, and more importantly demonstrated primary prevention of obesity by voluntary running in a group of cohorts (HFRun). Indirect calorimetry was performed to determine oxygen consumption (V̇o2) and respiratory quotient (RQ). The following novel mechanisms were identified in female C57BL/6N mice: 1) HFRun showed ∼2 times greater total energy expenditures during a day compared with HFSed and LFSed; 2) HFRun had increased V̇o2compared with HFSed and LFSed, lower RQ in the light period than HFSed, and lower RQ in both light and dark periods than LFSed; and 3) in the HFRun group, the magnitude of change in V̇o2and RQ differed in dark and light periods during voluntary running. Our data combined with existing literature point to a potential threshold of physical activity that would prevent DIO in this mouse model. These data give a mechanistic explanation to resolve contradictory reports on whether voluntary running can prevent obesity in the DIO mouse model. In conclusion, voluntary running rescues high-fat fed, female C57BL/6N mice from obesity in DIO by doubling energy expenditure during the dark period and significantly increasing energy expenditure during the light cycle.
Coenzyme Q10reverses mitochondrial dysfunction in atorvastatin-treated mice and increases exercise endurance
Authors: Muraki Ayako , Miyashita Kazutoshi , Mitsuishi Masanori , Tamaki Masanori , Tanaka Kumiko , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: June 2012

Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs widely used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, they are associated with various types of myopathies. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and thus decrease biosynthesis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and may also reduce ubiquinones, essential coenzymes of a mitochondrial electron transport chain, which contain isoprenoid residues, synthesized through an HMG-CoA reductase-dependent pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that statin treatment might influence physical performance through muscular mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency. The effect of two statins, atorvastatin and pravastatin, on ubiquinone content, mitochondrial function, and physical performance was examined by using statin-treated mice. Changes in energy metabolism in association with statin treatment were studied by using cultured myocytes. We found that atorvastatin-treated mice developed muscular mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency and a decrease in exercise endurance without affecting muscle mass and strength. Meanwhile, pravastatin at ten times higher dose of atorvastatin had no such effects. In cultured myocytes, atorvastatin-related decrease in mitochondrial activity led to a decrease in oxygen utilization and an increase in lactate production. Conversely, coenzyme Q10treatment in atorvastatin-treated mice reversed atorvastatin-related mitochondrial dysfunction and a decrease in oxygen utilization, and thus improved exercise endurance. Atorvastatin decreased exercise endurance in mice through mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency. Ubiquinone supplementation with coenzyme Q10could reverse atorvastatin-related mitochondrial dysfunction and decrease in exercise tolerance.
Towards Curative Cancer Immunotherapy: Overcoming Posttherapy Tumor Escape
Authors: Zhou Gang , Levitsky Hyam
Published: June 2012

The past decade has witnessed the evolvement of cancer immunotherapy as an increasingly effective therapeutic modality, evidenced by the approval of two immune-based products by the FDA, that is, the cancer vaccine Provenge (sipuleucel-T) for prostate cancer and the antagonist antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) ipilimumab for advanced melanoma. In addition, the clinical evaluations of a variety of promising immunotherapy drugs are well under way. Benefiting from more efficacious immunotherapeutic agents and treatment strategies, a number of recent clinical studies have achieved unprecedented therapeutic outcomes in some patients with certain types of cancers. Despite these advances, however, the efficacy of most cancer immunotherapies currently under clinical development has been modest. A recurring scenario is that therapeutic maneuvers initially led to measurable antitumor immune responses in cancer patients but ultimately failed to improve patient outcomes. It is increasingly recognized that tumor cells can antagonize therapy-induced immune attacks through a variety of counterregulation mechanisms, which represent a fundamental barrier to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Herein we summarize the findings from some recent preclinical and clinical studies, focusing on how tumor cells advance their survival and expansion by hijacking therapy-induced immune effector mechanisms that would otherwise mediate their destruction.
Acute Hepatitis Induced by Lyprinol, the Lipid Extract of the Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna canaliculus), in a Patient with Polyarthrosis
Authors: Abdulazim Amr , Hädrich Marion , Montani Matteo , Semmo Nasser
Published: June 2012

Lyprinol, the lipid extract of the green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), is a readily and freely available agent with a putative anti-inflammatory impact. It has already found application as a complementary and supplementary treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and cancer. So far no major side effects for Lyprinol have been reported, yet. Here, we present the case of a 76-year-old woman with acutely exacerbating abdominal pain and highly elevated liver transaminases while taking Lyprinol as a complementary treatment of polyarthrosis.
Weight Misperceptions and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adolescent Female Body Mass Index
Authors: Krauss Ramona C. , Powell Lisa M. , Wada Roy
Published: June 2012

This paper investigated weight misperceptions as determinants of racial/ethnic disparities in body mass index (BMI) among adolescent females using data from the National Survey of Youth 1997. Compared to their white counterparts, higher proportions of black and Hispanic adolescent females underperceived their weight status; that is, they misperceived themselves to have lower weight status compared to their clinically defined weight status. Compared to their black counterparts, higher proportions of white and Hispanic adolescent females misperceived themselves to be heavier than their clinical weight status. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis showed that accounting for weight misperceptions, in addition to individual and contextual factors, increased the total explained portion of the black-white female BMI gap from 44.7% to 54.3% but only slightly increased the total explained portion of the Hispanic-white gap from 62.8% to 63.1%. Weight misperceptions explained 13.0% of the black-white female BMI gap and 3.3% of the Hispanic-white female BMI gap. The regression estimates showed that weight underperceptions were important determinants of adolescent female BMI, particularly among black and Hispanic adolescents. Education regarding identification and interpretation of weight status may play an important role to help reduce the incidence and racial disparity of female adolescent obesity.
Spontaneous Relocation of a Posterior Dislocation of Mobile Bearing in a Medial Unicompartmental Knee Replacement
Authors: Noureddine Hussein , Aird Jaimes , Latimer Paul
Published: June 2012

We describe a case of spontaneous relocation of a posterior dislocation of the mobile bearing in a medial unicompartmental knee replacement, prior to surgical intervention. We are unaware of any similar cases in the published literature. This paper highlights some clinical issues around this type of dislocation.
Gangrenous Cecal Volvulus Complicating Puerperium: Is the Delay in Diagnosis Really Inevitable?
Authors: Sharma Chanderdeep , Shekhar Shashank , Kumar Satish , Chaudhary Rajesh
Published: June 2012

Volvulus in puerperium is a rare event. We present a case of cecal volvulus following normal vaginal delivery that ended with cecal gangrene and hemicolectomy.
Assessment and Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Focus on Genetics and Psychiatry
Authors: Butler Merlin G. , Youngs Erin L. , Roberts Jennifer L. , Hellings Jessica A.
Published: June 2012

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurobehavioral disorders characterized by abnormalities in three behavioral domains including social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive stereotypic behaviors. ASD affects approximately 1% of children and is on the rise with significant genetic mechanisms underlying these disorders. We review the current understanding of the role of genetic and metabolic factors contributing to ASD with the use of new genetic technology. Fifty percent is diagnosed with chromosomal abnormalities, small DNA deletions/duplications, single-gene conditions, or metabolic disturbances. Genetic evaluation is discussed along with psychiatric treatment and approaches for selection of medication to treat associated challenging behaviors or comorbidities seen in ASD. We emphasize the importance of prioritizing treatment based on target symptom clusters and in what order for individuals with ASD, as the treatment may vary from patient to patient.
Mathematical Reflections on Acupoint Combinations in the Traditional Meridian Systems
Authors: Schroeder Sven , Epplée Susanne , Zhang Jianwei , Meyer-Hamme Gesa , Friedemann Thomas , Hu Weiguo
Published: June 2012

The meridian system is a systematic order of empirical knowledge functioning as a rational ground for a balanced treatment by combining meridians. In TCM theory, a continuous circulation of Qi through 12 meridians is postulated, described as the Chinese clock (CC). On this basis, combinations of meridians and acupoints had been described in historical writings. The most common is the interior/exterior system beside the neighbouring system, the opposite clock system, and three systems, developed out of the theory of the six stages. All of these represent symmetrical combinations, which were defined by the steps in the CC. We calculated the possible combinations that fit into the systematics of the historical descriptions, leading to 19 systems. Merging the data of the 19 systems, possible steps in the CC clock for balancing a meridian are 1, 2, 3, and 6. Step 4 is not possible. Step 5 is a combinatory possibility but has no widespread tradition except for activating the yin extraordinary vessels. These possibilities can be plotted on the CC as a powerful tool for daily practice. Only two meridians might be excluded as potentially balancing meridians, so it seems almost impossible to define noneffective acupuncture points as controls in clinical trials.
Use of UHPC in Bridge Structures: Material Modeling and Design
Authors: Gunes Oguz , Yesilmen Seda , Gunes Burcu , Ulm Franz-Joseph
Published: June 2012

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a promising new class of concrete material that is likely to make a significant contribution to addressing the challenges associated with the load capacity, durability, sustainability, economy, and environmental impact of concrete bridge infrastructures. This paper focuses on the material modeling of UHPC and design of bridge girders made of UHPC. A two-phase model used for modeling the behavior of UHPC was briefly discussed, and the model was implemented in a preliminary design case study. Based on the implemented design and the reported use of UHPC in bridge applications, the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of UHPC bridges were discussed, highlighting the need for innovative research and design to make optimum use of the favorable properties of the material in bridge structures.
Management of Clinically Insignificant Residual Fragments following Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Authors: Cicerello Elisa , Merlo Franco , Maccatrozzo Luigi
Published: June 2012

Clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRFs) are small fragments (less than 5 mm) that are present in upper urinary tract at the time of regular post-SWL followup. The term is controversial because they may remain silent and asymptomatic or become a risk factor for stone growth and recurrence, leading to symptomatic events, and need further urologic treatment. Although a stone-free state is the desired outcome of surgical treatment of urolithiasis, the authors believe that the presence of noninfected, nonobstructive, asymptomatic residual fragments can be managed metabolically in order to prevent stone growth and recurrence. Further urologic intervention is warranted if clinical indications for stone removal are present.
Role of Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Height and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Prediction of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Zheng Rui-Dan , Chen Zhuo-Ran , Chen Jian-Neng , Lu Yan-Hui , Chen Jie
Published: June 2012

Objective.To investigate the anthropometric indicators that can effectively predict the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods.The height, body weight, waist and hip circumference were measured, and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. M-H chi square test, logistic regression analysis, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve were employed for the analysis of risk factors.Patients or Materials.490 patients were recruited, of whom 250 were diagnosed as NAFLD and 240 as non-NAFLD (control group).Results.Compared with the control group, the BMI, WHR, and WHtR were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD. Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and WHR were effective prognostic factors of NAFLD. In addition, WHR plays a more important role in prediction of NAFLD by the area under curve.Conclusion.WHR is closely related to the occurrence of NAFLD. We assume that WHR is beneficial for the diagnosis NAFLD.
Noncompact Equilibrium Points and Applications
Authors: Al-Rumaih Zahra , Chebbi Souhail , Xu Hong Kun
Published: June 2012

We prove an equilibrium existence result for vector functions defined on noncompact domain and we give some applications in optimization and Nash equilibrium in noncooperative game.
Erythromycin EnhancesCD4+Foxp3+Regulatory T-Cell Responses in a Rat Model of Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation
Authors: Bai Jing , Qiu Shi-Lin , Zhong Xiao-Ning , Huang Qiu-Ping , He Zhi-Yi , Zhang Jian-Quan , Liu Guang-Nan , Li Mei-Hua , Deng Jing-Min
Published: June 2012

Heavy smoking can induce airway inflammation and emphysema. Macrolides can modulate inflammation and effector T-cell response in the lungs. However, there is no information on whether erythromycin can modulate regulatory T-cell (Treg) response. This study is aimed at examining the impact of erythromycin on Treg response in the lungs in a rat model of smoking-induced emphysema. Male Wistar rats were exposed to normal air or cigarette smoking daily for 12 weeks and treated by gavage with 100 mg/kg of erythromycin or saline daily beginning at the forth week for nine weeks. The lung inflammation and the numbers of inflammatory infiltrates in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were characterized. The frequency, the number of Tregs, and the levels of Foxp3 expression in the lungs and IL-8, IL-35, and TNF-α in BALF were determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Treatment with erythromycin reduced smoking-induced inflammatory infiltrates, the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in the BALF and lung damages but increased the numbers of CD4+Foxp3+Tregs and the levels of Foxp3 transcription in the lungs, accompanied by increased levels of IL-35 in the BALF of rats. Our novel data indicated that erythromycin enhanced Treg responses, associated with the inhibition of smoking-induced inflammation in the lungs of rats.
Robust Reliable H∞ Control for Nonlinear Stochastic Markovian Jump Systems
Authors: Chen Guici , Shen Yi
Published: June 2012

The robust reliable H∞ control problem for a class of nonlinear stochastic Markovian jump systems (NSMJSs) is investigated. The system under consideration includes Itô‐type stochastic disturbance, Markovian jumps, as well as sector‐bounded nonlinearities and norm‐bounded stochastic nonlinearities. Our aim is to design a controller such that, for possible actuator failures, the closed‐loop stochastic Markovian jump system is exponential mean‐square stable with convergence rate α and disturbance attenuation γ. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and Itô differential rule, together with LMIs techniques, a sufficient condition for stochastic systems is first established in Lemma 3. Then, using the lemma, the sufficient conditions of the solvability of the robust reliable H∞ controller for linear SMJSs and NSMJSs are given. Finally, a numerical example is exploited to show the usefulness of the derived results.
Pharmacophore Modelling and 3D-QSAR Studies on -Phenylpyrazinones as Corticotropin-Releasing Factor 1 Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Kaur Paramjit , Sharma Vikas , Kumar Vipin
Published: June 2012

Pharmacophore modelling-based virtual screening of compound is a ligand-based approach and is useful when the 3D structure of target is not available but a few known active compounds are known. Pharmacophore mapping studies were undertaken for a set of 50 N3-phenylpyrazinones possessing Corticotropin-releasing Factor 1 (CRF 1) antagonistic activity. Six point pharmacophores with two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrophobic regions, and one aromatic ring as pharmacophoric features were developed. Amongst them the pharmacophore hypothesis AADHHR.47 yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model with 0.803 as value and was considered to be the best pharmacophore hypothesis. The developed pharmacophore model was externally validated by predicting the activity of test set molecules. The squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.91 was observed between experimental and predicted activity values of test set molecules. The geometry and features of pharmacophore were expected to be useful for the design of selective CRF 1 receptor antagonists.
Top‐Down Processing of NaNbO3 Nanopowder
Authors: Koruza Jurij , Malič Barbara , Noshchenko Oleksandr , Kosec Marija
Published: June 2012

We report the processing of NaNbO3 nanopowder by combining the solid‐state synthesis and subsequent milling in the agitator bead mill. The effect of different rotation speeds of the agitator shaft on the comminution process was followed by laser granulometry. The morphology and specific surface area of the powders were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the N2 adsorption method, respectively. With the optimized milling parameters, we obtained NaNbO3 nanoparticles with an average size of 25 nm and a narrow particle size distribution. The result is comparable to other processing techniques, such as solution‐based chemical routes or mechanochemical synthesis; however, the presented method does not require any complicated processing and it can be easily upscaled to yield large quantities of the NaNbO3 nanopowder. Furthermore, the compaction behaviour of the obtained nanopowder was investigated, and a compaction‐response diagram was constructed revealing good compactability of the powder. The green compacts, isostatically pressed at 740 MPa, had a relative density of 70% and a narrow pore size distribution with an average pore radius of 4 nm.
Nanoporous ZnO Photoelectrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Kılıç Bayram , Gür Emre , Tüzemen Sebahattin
Published: June 2012

Nanoporous and macroporous structures were prepared by using self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) onto ZnO thin films in order to investigate the efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) produced using these films. Using SAM on ZnO thin films, it is obtained successfully assembled large‐area, highly ordered porous ZnO thin films. Varying nanoporous radius is observed between 20 and 50 nm sizes, while it is 500–800 nm for macroporous radius. The solar conversion efficiency of 2.75% and IPCE of 29% was obtained using ZnO nanoporous/N719 dye/I−/ electrolyte, while macroporous ZnO given solar conversion efficiency of 2.22% and IPCE of 18%.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia as a Rare Cause of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Nicastro Nicolas , Schnider Armin , Leemann Béatrice
Published: June 2012

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a relatively rare cause of stroke and has a wide spectrum of unspecific symptoms, which may delay diagnosis. There are many etiologies, including hematological disorders, trauma, infection, and dehydration. Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) has been reported as an extremely rare cause of CVT, especially in adults.
Comparison of Duty Cycle Generator Algorithms for SPICE Simulation of SMPS
Authors: Abramovitz Alexander
Published: June 2012

The paper presents and discusses an algorithm for average modeling of the PWM modulator in switch-mode power systems by general purpose electronic circuit simulators such as PSPICE. A comparison with previous theoretical models is conducted. To test the accuracy of the average PWM models comparison to cycle-by-cycle simulation was conducted. The proposed algorithm shows better accuracy than earlier counterparts.
Overexpression of Delayed RectifierK+Channels PromotesIn situProliferation of Leukocytes in Rat Kidneys with Advanced Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Kazama Itsuro , Maruyama Yoshio , Endo Yasuhiro , Toyama Hiroaki , Ejima Yutaka , Matsubara Mitsunobu , Kurosawa Shin
Published: June 2012

Leukocytes, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, predominantly express delayed rectifier K+channels (Kv1.3), and the channels play crucial roles in the activation and proliferation of the cells. Since lymphocytes are activated in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the channels expressed in those cells would contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis in advanced-stage chronic renal failure (CRF). In the present study, using a rat model with advanced CRF that underwent 5/6 nephrectomy followed by a 14-week recovery period, we examined the histopathological features of the kidneys and the leukocyte expression of Kv1.3-channels and cell cycle markers. Age-matched sham-operated rats were used as controls. In the cortical interstitium of advanced CRF rat kidneys, leukocytes proliferatedin situand overexpressed Kv1.3 channel protein in their cytoplasm. Treatment with margatoxin, a selective Kv1.3-channel inhibitor, significantly suppressed the number of leukocytes and the progression of renal fibrosis with a significant decrease in the cortical cell cycle marker expression. This study demonstrated for the first time that the number of leukocytes was dramatically increased in rat kidneys with advanced CRF. The overexpression of Kv1.3 channels in the leukocytes was thought to contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis by stimulating cell cycling and promoting cellular proliferation.
Hardware Design Considerations for Edge‐Accelerated Stereo Correspondence Algorithms
Authors: Ttofis Christos , Theocharides Theocharis
Published: June 2012

Stereo correspondence is a popular algorithm for the extraction of depth information from a pair of rectified 2D images. Hence, it has been used in many computer vision applications that require knowledge about depth. However, stereo correspondence is a computationally intensive algorithm and requires high‐end hardware resources in order to achieve real‐time processing speed in embedded computer vision systems. This paper presents an overview of the use of edge information as a means to accelerate hardware implementations of stereo correspondence algorithms. The presented approach restricts the stereo correspondence algorithm only to the edges of the input images rather than to all image points, thus resulting in a considerable reduction of the search space. The paper highlights the benefits of the edge‐directed approach by applying it to two stereo correspondence algorithms: an SAD‐based fixed‐support algorithm and a more complex adaptive support weight algorithm. Furthermore, we present design considerations about the implementation of these algorithms on reconfigurable hardware and also discuss issues related to the memory structures needed, the amount of parallelism that can be exploited, the organization of the processing blocks, and so forth. The two architectures (fixed‐support based versus adaptive‐support weight based) are compared in terms of processing speed, disparity map accuracy, and hardware overheads, when both are implemented on a Virtex‐5 FPGA platform.
Interplay between Human Cytomegalovirus and Intrinsic/Innate Host Responses: A Complex Bidirectional Relationship
Authors: Rossini Giada , Cerboni Cristina , Santoni Angela , Landini Maria Paola , Landolfo Santo , Gatti Deborah , Gribaudo Giorgio , Varani Stefania
Published: June 2012

The interaction between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and its host is a complex process that begins with viral attachment and entry into host cells, culminating in the development of a specific adaptive response that clears the acute infection but fails to eradicate HCMV. We review the viral and cellular partners that mediate early host responses to HCMV with regard to the interaction between structural components of virions (viral glycoproteins) and cellular receptors (attachment/entry receptors, toll-like receptors, and other nucleic acid sensors) or intrinsic factors (PML, hDaxx, Sp100, viperin, interferon inducible protein 16), the reactions of innate immune cells (antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells), the numerous mechanisms of viral immunoevasion, and the potential exploitation of events that are associated with early phases of virus-host interplay as a therapeutic strategy.
Generalized Fuzzy Quasi‐Ideals of an Intraregular Abel‐Grassmann′s Groupoid
Authors: Davvaz Bijan , Khan Madad , Anis Saima , Haq Shamsul
Published: June 2012

We have introduced a new nonassociative class of Abel‐Grassmann′s groupoid, namely, intraregular and characterized it in terms of its (∈, ∈∨q)‐fuzzy quasi‐ideals.
Proximal Point Methods for Solving Mixed Variational Inequalities on the Hadamard Manifolds
Authors: Noor Muhammad Aslam , Noor Khalida Inayat
Published: June 2012

We use the auxiliary principle technique to suggest and analyze a proximal point method for
solving the mixed variational inequalities on the Hadamard manifold. It is shown that the convergence of this proximal point method needs only pseudomonotonicity, which is a weaker condition than monotonicity. Some special cases are also considered. Results can be viewed as refinement and improvement of previously known results.
Development of Tools, Instrumentation and Codes for Improving Periodic Examination and Repair of SFRs
Authors: Baqué François , Reverdy Frédéric , Augem Jean-Michel , Sibilo Julien
Published: June 2012

In the frame of the CEA, EDF, and AREVA coordinated research program launched in 2007 for the development of Generation IV sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), the improvement of in-service inspection and repair (ISI&R) capabilities was identified as a major issue. Within the French-associated multiannual SFR research program, the periodic examination and repair are looked at through the following main R&D axes: (i) improvement of the primary system conceptual design in order to ease periodic examination and repair, (ii) development of inspection techniques (periodic inspection tools and associated simulation), (iii) accessibility and associated robotics, and (iv) development and validation of repair processes. Associated needs are being defined through an iterative method between designers and inspection specialists: adaptation of the SFR design to ISI&R requirements, validation of the ultrasonic transducers, of associated ultrasonic nondestructive examination techniques, of laser repair processes, of associated robotic equipment. International collaboration is also running for some specific items such as ultrasonic visualization under liquid sodium.
High-Pitch Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography—A New Dose-Saving Algorithm: Estimation of Radiation Exposure
Authors: Ketelsen Dominik , Buchgeister Markus , Korn Andreas , Fenchel Michael , Schmidt Bernhard , Flohr Thomas G. , Thomas Christoph , Schabel Christoph , Tsiflikas Ilias , Syha Roland , Claussen Claus D. , Heuschmid Martin
Published: June 2012

Purpose. To estimate effective dose and organ equivalent doses of prospective ECG-triggered high-pitch CTCA.Materials and Methods. For dose measurements, an Alderson-Rando phantom equipped with thermoluminescent dosimeters was used. The effective dose was calculated according to ICRP 103. Exposure was performed on a second-generation dual-source scanner (SOMATOM Definition Flash, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). The following scan parameters were used: 320 mAs per rotation, 100 and 120 kV, pitch 3.4 for prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch CTCA, scan range of 13.5 cm, collimation  mm with z-flying focal spot, gantry rotation time 280 ms, and simulated heart rate of 60 beats per minute.Results. Depending on the applied tube potential, the effective whole-body dose of the cardiac scan ranged from 1.1 mSv to 1.6 mSv and from 1.2 to 1.8 mSv for males and females, respectively. The radiosensitive breast tissue in the range of the primary beam caused an increased female-specific effective dose of % compared to males. Decreasing the tube potential, a significant reduction of the effective dose of 35.8% and 36.0% can be achieved for males and females, respectively ().Conclusion. The radiologist and the CT technician should be aware of this new dose-saving strategy to keep the radiation exposure as low as reasonablly achievable.
Synthesis of Hierarchical Dorsal Spine Ag2S Structures by a Solid‐Vapor Reaction: The Effect of Reagent Gas Composition
Authors: Muñiz-Lerma J. A. , Hernández-Paz J. F. , Farias-Mancilla J. R. , García Casillas P. E. , Rodriguez González C. A.
Published: June 2012

Silver sulfide hierarchical structures with unique dorsal spine morphology were successfully synthesized on mechanically deformed silver substrates by simple solid‐vapor reactions. It has been found that it is possible to change the structures morphology by changing the reagent gas composition. The carbon monoxide (CO) presence in a reactive sulfur atmosphere was found to be the key for growing the dorsal spine structures. In all cases, the Ag2S structures grew on the edge of the silver substrates where high plastic deformation occurred.