bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Hypertension and Their Impact on Target Organs
Authors: Yu Fei , Chen Jianshu , Zhang Xiaowei , Ma Zhengke , Wang Jingtao , Wu Qiang
Published: December 2024

Hypertension is the predominant cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) globally, and essential hypertension (EH) represents a significant public health challenge due to its multifactorial etiology involving complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. However, the pathogenesis of EH is still unclear. Hypertension is a dysregulation in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, both regulating saline homeostasis and cardiovascular function. However, current therapeutic interventions targeting these systems have limited efficacy in approximately 40% of cases, suggesting the involvement of alternative mechanisms. Inflammation is associated with the occurrence and progression of hypertension, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive, while chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage, fibrosis, and irreversible organ dysfunction. The development and maintenance of EH are caused by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Neutrophils are involved in both acute and chronic inflammation since they represent the primary line of defense against inflammatory insults once recruited to the inflamed site where they remove harmful impurities. The process involving the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is called NETosis are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of CVDs, including coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Recent investigations demonstrated that NETs facilitate the development of hypertension; however, the precise role of NETs in hypertension remains largely elusive. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding regarding the involvement of NETosis in hypertension and explore the potential therapies targeting NETs for future interventions.
Association between early‐stage diabetic nephropathy and the delayed monophasic glucose peak during oral glucose tolerance test in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhang Han , Tang Hanqing , Gu Yunjuan , Tang Zhuqi , Zhao Xiaoqin , Zhou Ranran , Huang Ping , Zhang Rongping , Wang Xinlei
Published: December 2024

Aims

To explore the relationships between the delayed monophasic glucose peak during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and early‐stage diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), and to speculate its potential as a risk factor for early‐stage DN.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective observational study included 448 participants, all of whom underwent a 3‐h OGTT. Based on peak glucose time, they were categorized into the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n = 76), the early delayed group (n = 98), and the late delayed group (n = 274) for comparison. Furthermore, T2DM patients were subdivided into the non‐DN group (n = 293) and the early‐stage DN group (n = 79) for comparative analysis.

Results

With the delay in glucose peak time, blood glucose levels increased, insulin secretion function and insulin sensitivity decreased. In logistic regression, ISSI‐2 was independently associated with the delay in glucose peak time in patients with T2DM (OR 0.839; 95% CI 0.776–0.907; P < 0.001). Additionally, 2‐h plasma glucose, OGIS, and AUCC‐peptide0–180 min were independently associated with delayed peak glucose time (all P < 0.001). As glucose peak time was delayed, levels of β2‐microglobulin and UACR increased, and the prevalence of early‐stage DN also increased (all P < 0.050). The delayed monophasic glucose peak was positively associated with early‐stage DN (OR 2.230; 95% CI 1.061–4.687; P = 0.034).

Conclusions

In patients with T2DM, the delayed monophasic glucose peak during OGTT may be an early predictor of early‐stage diabetes nephropathy, providing early intervention signals for our clinical work.
When Health Care Needs a Centre, When It Doesn't, and Why It Matters
Authors: Buetow Stephen
Published: December 2024

This paper examines the concept of centredness in health care, with a particular focus on person‐centred care. While the principle of centring care is widely accepted, the concept of a ‘centre’ remains ambiguous, complicating its implementation. The paper defines centredness, questions the necessity of a central focus and explores alternative models. It suggests that while centredness has helped to address historical imbalances, it risks oversimplification, reducing care to a binary structure of centre and periphery. It also excludes non‐persons and lacks cultural sensitivity. Alternative frameworks, such as distributed care, shift away from a singular focus toward a more dynamic, networked approach. Distributed care offers flexibility and inclusivity, but it raises challenges about coordination and the potential emergence of a new implicit centre: distribution itself. Hybrid models combining elements of centred and distributed care offer a path forward. Empirical research is needed to compare these approaches, with the aim of developing more responsive and adaptable systems to address diverse and complex needs for health care.
Changes in skilled nursing and home health admissions associated with Medicare payment reforms and the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Prusynski Rachel A. , Leland Natalie E. , Humbert Andrew , Dahal Arati , Brown Cait , Amaravadi Harsha , Saliba Debra , Mroz Tracy M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Shortly after Medicare implemented post‐acute care payment reforms, the COVID‐19 pandemic began, but little is known about how these reforms and the pandemic impacted admissions to the most common post‐acute settings—skilled nursing facilities (SNF) and home health agencies (HHAs)—for the full Medicare fee‐for‐service population.

Methods

Using 100% of Medicare fee‐for‐service data, we conducted adjusted interrupted time series analyses of 31,730,994 hospital stays of all adult beneficiaries discharged alive from the hospital between 2018 and 2021 to examine whether payment reforms and the pandemic were associated with differences in admissions to SNFs and HHAs compared to pre‐reform and pre‐COVID (baseline) trends.

Results

At baseline, an average 18.0% of hospitalized beneficiaries were admitted to SNFs and 14.8% to HHAs. While SNF payment reform in October 2019 was associated with an immediate reduction in SNF admissions, a positive temporal trend reversed this decrease in admissions. HHA payment reform implemented in January 2020 was associated with increased HHA admissions compared to baseline. Post‐COVID, admissions to SNF declined to 15.5% of patients being discharged from hospitals and HHA admissions increased to 19.2%.

Conclusions

SNF and HHA payment reforms were associated with small increases in admissions to their respective settings, suggesting that Medicare reforms did not negatively impact access. However, the baseline trends of decreasing admissions to SNF and increasing HHA admissions were greatly accelerated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results highlight changes in the demand for these settings, which must be recognized in policy efforts and research examining impacts on specific patient populations.
CXCR2 immunomodulatory therapy protects against microstructural white matter injury and gait abnormalities but does not mitigate deficits of cognition in a preclinical model of cerebral palsy
Authors: Kitase Yuma , Madurai Nethra K. , Boyd Rachel J. , Gerner Gwendolyn , Bibic Adnan , McCallion Andrew S. , Chin Eric M. , Robinson Shenandoah , Jantzie Lauren L.
Published: December 2024

Minimizing central nervous system (CNS) injury from preterm birth depends upon understanding the critical pathways that underlie essential neurodevelopmental and CNS pathophysiology. Signaling by chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) through its cognate receptor, CXCR2 [(C‐X‐C motif) receptor 2] is essential for neurodevelopment. Increased CXCR2 signaling, however, is implicated in a variety of uterine and neuropathologies, and their role in the CNS injury associated with perinatal brain injury is poorly defined. To evaluate the long‐term efficacy of CXCR2 blockade in functional repair of brain injury secondary to chorioamnionitis (CHORIO), we used an established preclinical rat model of cerebral palsy. We tested the hypothesis that transient postnatal CXCR2 antagonism with SB225002 would reduce gait deficits, hypermobility, hyperactivity, and disinhibition concomitant with repair of functional and anatomical white and gray matter injury. CHORIO was induced in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats on embryonic day 18 (E18). SB225002 (3 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally from postnatal day 1 (P1)‐P5. Rats were aged to adulthood and tested for gait, open‐field behavior and cognitive and executive function deficits using a touchscreen cognitive assessment platform. Results show that transient CXCR2 blockade attenuated microstructural white matter injury after CHORIO consistent with improved anatomical connectivity, and mitigated deficits in gait coordination, posture, balance, paw placement, and stepping (p < 0.05). Animals with CHORIO were hyperactive and hypermobile with fMRI deficits in neural circuitry central to cognition. However, CXCR2 antagonism in CHORIO animals did not normalize open‐field behavior, neural activity, or cognition on a touchscreen task of discrimination learning (all p > 0.05). Studies in CXCR2 knockout mice confirmed significantly impaired cognitive performance independent of CHORIO. Taken together, transient postnatal blockade of CXCR2 ameliorates aspects of the lasting neural injury after CHORIO including normalizing gait deficits and white matter injury. However, improvement in essential functional and cognitive domains are not achieved limiting the utility of this therapeutic approach for treatment of perinatal brain injury. This study emphasizes the complex, multi‐faceted role of chemokines in typical neurodevelopment, circuit formation, neural network function, and injury response.

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Early‐life IL‐4 administration induces long‐term changes in microglia in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ferreira Pedro A. , Lebre Carolina , Costa Jéssica , Amaral Francisca , Ferreira Rosário , Martinho Filipe , Paiva Vítor H. , Cardoso Ana L. , Peça João , Guedes Joana R.
Published: December 2024

Microglia are crucial for brain development and their function can be impacted by postnatal insults, such as early‐life allergies. These are characterized by an upregulation of interleukin (IL)‐4 levels. Allergies share a strong comorbidity with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We previously showed that early‐life allergic asthma induces hyperactive and impulsive behaviors in mice. This phenotype was reproduced in animals administered with IL‐4 in the second postnatal week. Mechanistically, elevated IL‐4 levels prevented microglia‐mediated engulfment of neurons in the cerebellum, resulting in a surplus of granule cells and consequent dysfunction in cerebellar connectivity. Here, we aimed to further understand the impact of early IL‐4 administration in microglia of the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), two brain regions with protracted developmental programs and susceptible to immune system malfunction after birth. While IL‐4 administration induced differential short‐term effects on microglia in the cerebellum and PFC, both regions presented similar microglial features in adult mice. Although Sholl analysis did not reveal significant alterations in overall microglia morphology at postnatal day (P)10, the density of microglia was decreased in the cerebellum at this age, especially in the granular layer (GL), but remained unaltered in the PFC. Interestingly, the presence of microglia with phagocytic cups, morphological features important for whole‐cell engulfment, was decreased in both regions. When assessing the long‐term consequences of IL‐4 administration, cerebellar and PFC microglia were hypo‐ramified and exhibited increased overall density. Importantly, microglia alterations were exclusive to the GL of the cerebellum and the infralimbic region of the PFC. Our results show that postnatal elevated levels of IL‐4 impair the percentage of microglia engaged in cell clearing in two brain regions with protracted developmental programs. Interestingly, IL‐4‐exposed microglia adapt a similar phenotype in the adult cerebellum and PFC. Our data suggest that this early‐life increase in IL‐4 levels is sufficient to elicit long‐lasting alterations in microglia, potentially increasing cell susceptibility to later insults.

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Testing cognitive normal for Alzheimer's disease prediction
Authors: Meng Jie , Lei Peng
Published: December 2024

One standing challenge for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is early diagnosis, which provides a time window for early intervention. Sharmin et al recently reported a positive association between plasma ptau181 and plasma metabolites, medium‐ and long‐chain acylcarnitines (ACs) in both cognitively normal (CN) Aβ− and CN Aβ+ older adults, suggesting a link between initial Aβ pathology and acylcarnitine‐mediated energy metabolism pathways. Consistently, ACs could classify PET‐Aβ status in elderly individuals. This study has provided further clues for early biomarker searching for AD, linking metabolic pathways with AD pathogenesis.

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The modulatory role of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in cerebellar synaptic plasticity
Authors: Hirono Moritoshi , Kudo Moeko , Yamada Masahisa , Yanagawa Yuchio
Published: December 2024

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), regulators of bone formation, have been implicated in embryogenesis and morphogenesis of various tissues and organs. BMP signaling plays a role in the formation of appropriate synaptic connections and development of normal neural circuits in the brain. However, physiological roles of BMP signaling in postnatal neural functions, including synaptic plasticity, remain largely unknown. Long‐term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)‐Purkinje cell (PC) synapses in the cerebellum has been suggested one neuronal mechanism underlying cerebellar functions. Here, we explored the contribution of BMP signaling to the induction of mouse cerebellar LTD. We first demonstrated that BMP2 and/or 4 were expressed in GABAergic neurons in mature networks of the cerebellar cortex. mRNA encoding BMP receptor type 1B (Bmpr1b) was expressed in the PC layer. Exogenous application of noggin, a BMP ligand inhibitor, suppressed the induction of cerebellar LTD by conjunctive stimulation, which caused normal LTD under control condition. Furthermore, mice deficient in BMPR1B exhibited attenuation of the extent of LTD induction, whereas they showed normal excitatory synaptic transmission at PF‐PC synapses. These results suggest that after postnatal development, BMP signaling activated by BMPR1B, expressed in the PC layer, plays a crucial role in the facilitation of cerebellar LTD, leading to the modulation of cerebellar functions and behaviors.

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Preparation and Characterization of Injectable Augmentation Gels Containing Polycaprolactone and Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Turkmen Meryem Erken , Ghaffarlou Mohammadreza , Kilic Busra , Karaaslan Cagatay , Aydin Halil Murat
Published: December 2024

Background

Injectable augmentation gels are widely used in the treatment of soft tissue. The composition of these gels has to be continuously improved due to the limitations of the currently available formulations.

Aims

This study focuses on the development of an innovative injectable gel designed to address current trends and specific needs within the field.

Methods

The current study utilized a safer hyaluronic acid (HA) gel carrier, created with a less toxic cross‐linker, in combination with polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres at various concentrations. PCL microspheres were prepared using an emulsification‐solvent evaporation technique. Six different gel formulations were developed using PCL microspheres and biphasic HA gel structures.

Results

The produced microspheres had non‐agglomerated, smooth surfaces with an average particle size of approximately 45 ± 0.14 μm. The rheological results of the PCL‐HA6 such as storage modulus (G', Pa), loss modulus (G", Pa), complex viscosity (η*), and phase angle (°) at 1 Hz frequency were measured as 553.97 ± 32.48, 368.4 ± 12.24, 105.9 ± 5.27, and 33.65 ± 0.92, respectively, and the injection force was measured as 9.64 ± 1.46. In vitro tests revealed that the PCL‐HA6 group showed the highest cell viability compared to the other groups and provided a relative increase in collagen production over time, as demonstrated by the relevant gene expression.

Conclusions

The developed PCL/HA gel exhibited biocompatibility and non‐toxicity, making it a safe option for soft tissue augmentation. It demonstrated potential for medical applications and exhibited favorable rheological characteristics and injectability.
The Role of Patient‐ and Drug‐Related Factors in Oral Minoxidil and Pericardial Effusion: Analyses of Data From the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Bamimore Mary A. , Haber Robert , Williams Greg , Piguet Vincent , Talukder Mesbah
Published: December 2024

Background

While oral minoxidil (OM) has been associated with pericardial effusion (PE), its etiology is presently inconclusive.

Aims

We characterized patient‐ and drug‐related factors across reports from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for PE and OM.

Methods

Our observation period spanned 18.5 years. Parametric and non‐parametric analyses were used; we stratified our findings according to two groups of adverse events (AEs), namely, PE and all other AEs.

Results

Across reports of OM (n = 2747), positive dechallenge (complete resolution or subsiding of AE upon discontinuation of OM) was significantly more likely to occur for PE than for all other AEs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, OM was significantly more likely to play a primary role in PE compared to all other AEs (p < 0.05). The proportion of men was significantly higher in OM reports of PE than in OM reports of all other AEs (p < 0.05). We also identified six reports of PE and topical minoxidil.

Conclusions

Though findings from spontaneously reported data never prove causality, our findings on dechallenge and purported role may suggest one. There were no reports of PE at a dose < 2.5 mg/day, 2/35 reports at 2.5 mg/day, and 8/35 reports at 5 mg/day. Overall, the results of statistical analyses support that the relationship between OM and PE is dose independent. Caution should also be taken when applying minoxidil topically because of reports of PE associated with this route of administration.
The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Proksch Anna‐Lena , Schaefer Sophia , Dreller Vanessa , Langenstein Judith , Fingerhut Ralph , Bauer Natali , Moritz Andreas
Published: December 2024

Background

In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB12met), age and sex effects are limited.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid‐to‐creatinine ratio (uMMA:crea), and determine effects of sex and age.

Methods

Prospective study using healthy dogs (1‐10 years). Cobalamin and markersB12met were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (cobalamin) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (homocysteine, sMMA, uMMA:crea). In dogs with outlying data, changes in health, markersB12met, and onset of gastrointestinal signs were reevaluated after 9‐15 months.

Results

Twelve of 120 healthy dogs had abnormal uMMA:crea ratios. No other cobalamin analyte outliers were found. Outlying data re‐examination (odRE) was performed in 10/12 dogs. Chronic gastrointestinal signs occurred in 64% of odRE‐dogs, whereas 36% remained healthy. In total, 112 dogs (67 females, 45 males; median ages, 3.5 and 3.75 years, respectively) were included in RI analyses. Reference intervals were 178.5‐851 pmol/L (cobalamin), 5.8‐29.0 μmol/L (homocysteine), 45.3‐159.5 μg/L (sMMA), and ≤22.4 mg/g (uMMA:crea). Only age affected cobalamin concentrations (significant decrease). Compared by sex and neuter status, intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios (median, 13.5; range, 1.9‐83.6 mg/g) than the other groups (median, 2.5; range, 0.7‐9.7 mg/g; P < .0001). Sex‐specific RI were ≤58.9 mg/g (intact male) vs ≤5.2 mg/g (females and neutered males).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios than the other groups. Thus, sex‐specific RI are recommended for uMMA:crea. Because of the wide distribution of uMMA:crea ratios, careful interpretation in intact male dogs is advised.
Implementing Equality: State (Non)compliance With Judicial Revisions to Public Policy on Gay Rights
Authors: Peterson Jordan Carr
Published: December 2024

Because the civil rights movement accomplished many successes via litigation, advocacy communities regard courts as bulwarks against the legal enshrinement of oppression targeting vulnerable minorities. Advocates of LGBTQ equality are no different, identifying the judiciary as critical to eradicating discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Standing alone, however, Supreme Court holdings revising the scope of civil rights for sexual minorities represent a change in policy formulation rather than implementation. Judicially directed reformulations of public policy require cooperation by officials responsible for implementation, and compliance rates with judicial directives vary. Here, I analyze state responses to two Supreme Court decisions involving sexual minorities: Lawrence v. Texas, decriminalizing sodomy, and Obergefell v. Hodges, invalidating state same‐sex marriage bans. Although adherence to Obergefell was swift and nearly universal, compliance outcomes for Lawrence have been uneven, as some states continue to enforce statutes that are materially equivalent to the “homosexual conduct” law reviewed in Lawrence. I argue compliance with Lawrence has lagged compared to Obergefell for the following three reasons: (1) linguistic imprecision in Lawrence; (2) divergent views of the right(s) at issue in each case; and (3) the absence of a federal executive regime credibly committed to the case's outcome.
Phenotypic and Genomic Signatures of Latitudinal Local Adaptation Along With Prevailing Ocean Current in a Coastal Goby
Authors: Hirase Shotaro , Nagano Atsushi J. , Nohara Kenji , Kikuchi Kiyoshi , Kokita Tomoyuki
Published: December 2024

In the marine realm, unidirectional ocean currents often lead to high migration rates of marine organisms and, therefore, inhibit the formation of their latitudinal genetic structure. In contrast, cryptic latitudinal structures associated with local adaptation may frequently exist in widespread species generally exposed to a strong environmental heterogeneity. However, our understanding of the evolvability of locally adapted populations in open marine environments still needs to be completed. The coastal area along the Sea of Japan, where the Tsushima Warm Current flows from south to north in the Japanese Archipelago, provides a good model system for exploring this question. This study explored evidence for latitudinal local adaptation along with the prevailing ocean current in the ice goby Leucopsarion petersii at the phenotypic and genomic levels. Common garden experiments clearly showed genetically based clinal variation in growth rate, strongly suggesting local adaptation through conutergradient selection of this fitness‐related trait. Analyses based on reduced‐representation sequencing revealed a slight signal of genetic differentiation between the southern and northern populations, although continuous historical gene flow between them was supported by demographic modelling. Also, whole‐genome resequencing showed their independent demographic history during the last glacial period. Thus, these results suggest that gene flow along with the prevailing ocean current is somewhat limited, and the populations are not completely panmictic. Furthermore, the selection scan based on low‐coverage genome‐wide sequencing detected putative genomic signatures of latitudinal adaptation of growth‐related genes. Thus, our integrative study provided a novel example of marine local adaptation under a large ocean current.
Two‐step rapid inspection of underwater concrete bridge structures combining sonar, camera, and deep learning
Authors: Sun Weihao , Hou Shitong , Wu Gang , Zhang Yujie , Zhao Luchang
Published: December 2024

Underwater defects in piers pose potential hazards to the safety and durability of river‐crossing bridges. The concealment and difficulty in detecting underwater defects often result in their oversight. Acoustic methods face challenges in directly achieving accurate measurements of underwater defects, while optical methods are time‐consuming. This study proposes a two‐step rapid inspection method for underwater concrete bridge piers by combining acoustics and optics. The first step combines macroscopic sonar scanning with an enhanced YOLOv7 to detect and locate piers and defects. Second, the camera approaches the defects for image acquisition, and an enhanced DeepLabv3+ is used for defect identification. The results demonstrate an average mean average precision@0.5 of 95.10% for defect and pier detection, and an mean intersection over union of 0.914 for exposed reinforcement and spalling identification. The method was applied to a real river‐crossing bridge and reduced inspection time by 51.2% compared to traditional methods for assessing a row of 11 piers.
Prevalence of interocular symmetry in corneal astigmatism and the possible influence of age, sex and refractive error
Authors: Salvador‐Roger Raquel , Micó Vicente , Esteve‐Taboada José J.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate, using a power vector approach, whether corneal astigmatism follows a mirror symmetry pattern considering both the magnitude and axis, and whether age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error can influence the pattern.

Methods

The IOLMaster 700 optical biometer was used to measure the radii of curvature of the anterior corneal surface. Refractive error was determined by non‐cycloplegic subjective refraction. Descriptive statistical analyses and inferential logistic regression were applied over the dichotomous variable of mirror symmetry using J0 and J45 power vector components. An evaluation was carried out based on the subject's age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error.

Results

A total of 2974 Caucasian adults were evaluated. This cross‐sectional study revealed that axis orientation follows the isorule symmetry pattern, and in terms of both magnitude and axis orientation, mirror symmetry was present in 70.9% of cases. Age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error were not significant factors and did not contribute to the clinical improvement of the model despite its statistical significance (refractive error, p = 0.001; age and sex, p = 0.23 and 0.36, respectively).

Conclusions

Among an adult Caucasian population, the prevalence of corneal astigmatism mirror symmetry was 70.9% and isorule symmetry was the most common pattern considering axis orientation only. The inclusion of age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error did not improve the model.
Diverse functional interactions between ABA and ethylene in plant development and responses to stress
Authors: Liu Xu‐Dong , Zeng Yuan‐Yuan , Hasan Md. Mahadi , Ghimire Shantwana , Jiang Hui , Qi Shi‐Hua , Tian Xue‐Qian , Fang Xiang‐Wen
Published: December 2024

Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are two essential hormones that play crucial roles throughout the entire plant life cycle and in their tolerance to abiotic or biotic stress. In recent decades, increasing research has revealed that, in addition to their individual roles, these two hormones are more likely to function through their interactions, forming a complex regulatory network. More importantly, their functions change and their interactions vary from synergistic to antagonistic depending on the specific plant organ and development stage, which is less focused, compared and systematically summarized. In this review, we first introduce the general synthesis and action signaling pathways of these two plant hormones individually and their interactions in relation to seed dormancy and germination, primary root growth, shoot development, fruit ripening, leaf senescence and abscission, and stomatal movement regulation under both normal and stress conditions. A better understanding of the complex interactions between ABA and ethylene will enhance our knowledge of how plant hormones regulate development and respond to stress and may facilitate the development of crops with higher yields and greater tolerance to stressful environments through tissue‐specific genetic modifications in the future.
Cannabis Expression Atlas: a comprehensive resource for integrative analysis of Cannabis sativa L. gene expression
Authors: Barbosa‐Xavier Kevelin , Pedrosa‐Silva Francisnei , Almeida‐Silva Fabricio , Venancio Thiago M.
Published: December 2024

Cannabis sativa L., a plant originating from Central Asia, is a versatile crop with applications spanning textiles, construction, pharmaceuticals, and food products. This study aimed to compile and analyze publicly available Cannabis RNA‐Seq data and develop an integrated database tool to help advance Cannabis research in various topics such as fiber production, cannabinoid biosynthesis, sex determination, and plant development. We identified 515 publicly available RNA‐Seq samples that, after stringent quality control, resulted in a high‐quality dataset of 394 samples. Utilizing the Jamaican Lion genome as reference, we constructed a comprehensive database and developed the Cannabis Expression Atlas (https://cannatlas.venanciogroup.uenf.br/), a web application for visualization of gene expression, annotation, and functional classification. Key findings include the quantification of 27,640 Cannabis genes and their classification into seven expression categories: not‐expressed, low‐expressed, housekeeping, tissue‐specific, group‐enriched, mixed, and expressed‐in‐all tissues. The study revealed substantial variability and coherence in gene expression across different tissues and chemotypes. We found 2,382 tissue‐specific genes, including 177 transcription factors. The Cannabis Expression Atlas constitutes a valuable tool for exploring gene expression patterns and offers insights into Cannabis biology, supporting research in plant breeding, genetic engineering, biochemistry, and functional genomics.
Influences of conifer encroachment and removal on oak woodland ecophysiology and biodiversity—a case study from northern California, U.S.A.
Authors: Goff Gabriel S. , Kerhoulas Lucy P. , Beckmann Jill J. , Kerhoulas Nicholas J. , Kane Jeffrey M. , Sherriff Rosemary L.
Published: December 2024

Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands are threatened by conifer encroachment established during decades of fire exclusion. Widespread restoration efforts are underway to remove conifers from many oak woodlands in California, Oregon, and Washington. Using water potential, stomatal conductance, stable isotopes, and three metrics of biodiversity, we investigated the effects of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) encroachment and removal at the ecosystem scale across 3 years in a northern California woodland. We found that heavily encroached stands had the highest water potential and often the lowest stomatal conductance, compared to moderately encroached and open stands. Xylem water stable isotopes indicated that oaks and Douglas‐firs were likely not directly competing for water, as oaks appeared to use a relatively deeper water source. Under certain climatic conditions, heavily encroached oaks were more vulnerable to water stress than oaks in open or moderately encroached stands. Following low‐intensity conifer removal, thinned stands had slightly lower predawn water potential and higher gas exchange compared to unthinned stands, particularly under dry conditions. For ecosystem biodiversity, understory plant and bird diversity did not meaningfully vary with encroachment or thinning, but mammal diversity was greater in encroached stands compared to open stands. Findings from this work demonstrate that negative impacts of conifer encroachment on oaks are not due to increased competition for water, conifer removal is physiologically beneficial for shaded oaks, and that heavier thinning treatments are likely needed to yield long‐term responses and influence biodiversity.
The Impact of Metrics in Mechanical Imaging
Authors: Chabib Ahmed , Witz Jean‐François , Gosselet Pierre , Magnier Vincent
Published: December 2024

Optical flow (OF) is an alternative technique to the more classical digital image correlation (DIC) methods, able to measure the motion between two images. It is a pixel‐wise method, in the sense that the displacement is defined at each pixel and its computation does not require overpixel grids. This paper examines the impact on the identified strain field, the main quantity of interest for solid mechanics, of the metrics used to quantify the conservation of the OF and to impose the regularity of the displacement. The Charbonnier and Lorentzian loss functions are inspected in this work. A new regularization approach is used to locally vary the Tikhonov parameter using a mask in order to preserve the discontinuities and encourage the appearance of local phenomena while smoothing the computed fields elsewhere. Finally, an open‐source GPU‐accelerated python code has been implemented.
Effect of concurrent pathogen reduction (amotosalen/UVA) and gamma/x‐ray irradiation on biochemical characteristics of apheresis platelets in additive solution
Authors: Khoshi M. Reza , Skripchenko Andrey , Seifu Robel , Byrne Karen , West‐Mitchell K. , Conry‐Cantilena Cathy , Villa Carlos H. , Simak Jan , Vostal Jaroslav G.
Published: December 2024

Background

Pathogen reduction (PR) may be used as an alternative to gamma or x‐ray irradiation (I) to prevent transfusion associated graft versus host disease (TA‐GVHD) if the pathogen reduction technology has been shown to inactivate residual lymphocytes. However, as I is considered the gold standard for reducing the risk of TA‐GVHD, some centers continue to perform I in addition to PR. This study investigated the effect of concurrent pathogen reduction and irradiation (PR/I) on the biochemical characteristics of apheresis platelets at day 1, 5, and 7 of storage at room temperature.

Methods

We compared in vitro characteristics of apheresis platelets (PLTs), PR PLTs, I PLTs, and PR/I PLTs at storage day 1, 5, and 7. PLTs from six healthy volunteers were suspended in 65% PAS‐3/35% plasma prior to splitting and treatment with PR, I, or PR/I. Parameters measured were: PLT loss, mean PLT volume (MPV), pH, glucose consumption, lactate production, CD62P, annexin V binding, PLT aggregation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Results

PR/I PLTs did not show significant changes in measured parameters when compared to PR PLTs. However, when compared to control PLTs, PR and PR/I PLTs showed significant declines in PLT content, pH, MMP, aggregation and significant increases in MPV, CD62P, annexin V binding, and ROS production, mostly on day 7 of storage. Irradiation did not cause significant changes in measured parameters in comparison to control PLTs.

Conclusions/Summary

While PR impacts PLTs' biochemical characteristics and function, irradiation of PR PLTs did not cause additional significant changes.
Long‐term outcome following multimodality treatment in a cat with recurrent laryngeal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sesanto Christine , Lawrence Jessica , Holkham Jocelyn , Serra Juan Carlos , Bavcar Spela , Parys Magdalena
Published: December 2024

A 9.5‐year‐old male neutered domestic short‐haired cat received two courses of postoperative, definitive‐intent conformal radiation therapy (RT) for recurrent laryngeal adenocarcinoma (LACA). Adjuvant RT was prescribed (16 × 3.0 Gy, total 48 Gy) following incomplete resection. Following tumor recurrence and subsequent incomplete resection 31.5 months after the first course, a second course was prescribed (20 × 2.5 Gy, total 50 Gy). Acute and late adverse events were mild. No evidence of local recurrence was documented 42 months following the second course when the cat was euthanized for renal disease. This first report of long‐term control in a cat with LACA supports further evaluation of surgery and definitive‐intent RT.
Computed tomographic findings in dogs with ovarian tumors: A tortuous ovarian artery consistently identifies ovarian origin in complex abdominal masses
Authors: Manfredi Martina , Morabito Simona , Fournier Quentin , Panopoulos Ioannis , Thierry Florence , Schwarz Tobias , Lopez Cristobal , Baldinetti Manuela , Massarenti Chiara , Zani Davide Danilo , Longo Maurizio
Published: December 2024

The aim of this retrospective multicentric case series is to describe the CT findings of ovarian neoplasia in dogs. Twenty dogs with pre‐ and postcontrast CT exams and cytological/histological diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia were included. Five dogs presented with bilateral tumors, for a total of 25 neoplasms: 15 carcinomas (4 bilateral), 4 granulosa cell tumors, 2 poorly differentiated malignant neoplasia (bilateral), 2 luteomas, 1 teratoma, 1 dysgerminoma. In two dogs, the tumor developed from an ovarian remnant. Ovarian tumors showed variable size, lobulated shape, and precontrast heterogenous appearance. Mineral foci and/or fat components were rare, observed in teratoma, granulosa cell tumors (2), and ovarian carcinoma. Tumor type was not found to be associated with any CT features. Larger masses were more likely located in the central abdomen ventral to the ipsilateral kidney, demonstrated signs of tumor rupture, and were associated with abdominal or sternal lymphadenopathy and peritoneal effusion. A tortuous ovarian artery was constantly detectable, associated with an enlarged gonadal vein (12 cases). Related cavitary changes were peritoneal effusion (14 dogs) and sternal lymphadenopathy (7 dogs). Presumed or confirmed metastasis was reported in 9 of 20 cases, with CT evidence of transcoelomic (serosal thickening, peritoneal nodules, omental cake, implant lesions to the liver, spleen, and diaphragm), lymphatic and hematogenous spread (lungs, liver, bone, muscles, and spleen). In conclusion, the present study reports the CT features of different canine ovarian neoplasia. A tortuous ovarian artery may be useful to consistently recognize the ovarian origin of a large abdominal mass.
Synergistic effects of incorporated additives in multifunctional dressings for chronic wound healing: An updated comprehensive review
Authors: Sadeghi‐avalshahr Alireza , Nazarnezhad Simin , Hassanzadeh Halimeh , Kazemi Noughabi Mahboubeh , Namaei‐Ghasemnia Negar , Jalali Mehdi
Published: December 2024

Detailed reviewing of the complicated process of wound healing reveals that it resembles an orchestrated symphony via a precise and calculated collaboration of relevant cells at the wound site. The domino‐like function of various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and small biological molecules such as antibacterial peptides all come together to successfully execute the wound healing process. Therefore, it appears that the use of a wound dressing containing only a single additive with specific properties and capabilities may not be particularly effective in treating the complex conditions that are usual in the environment of chronic wounds. The use of multifunctional dressings incorporating various additives has shown promising results in enhancing wound healing processes. This comprehensive review article explores the synergistic effects of integrated additives in such dressings, aiming to provide an updated understanding of their combined therapeutic potential. By analysing recent advancements and research findings, this review sheds light on the intricate interactions between different additives, their mechanisms of action and their cumulative impact on wound healing outcomes. Moreover, the review discusses the importance of utilising combined therapies in wound care and highlights the potential future directions and implications for research and clinical practice in the field of wound healing management.
Sample Fetch Rover: Enabling Technologies for Planetary Mobility
Authors: Ridolfi Paolo , Pecover David , Barclay Chris , Allouis Elie , Zekri Eric , Zwick Martin , Azkarate Martin , Poulakis Pantelis , Baglioni Pietro , Carricato Marco
Published: December 2024

The sample fetch rover (SFR) is a novel surface vehicle studied for Mars sample return (MSR). The rover is designed as a multi-mission transportation system with no scientific payloads on board and the only objective of acquiring sample tubes previously deposited on the surface and delivering them to a lander in a strict timeframe. Its mission imposes demanding requirements, such as traverse distance, timeline, mass, volume, and energy, which necessitate the development of new technologies or the augmentation of existing ones. Following the decision not to implement SFR in the MSR campaign, these technologies are becoming attractive for future rover missions to Mars and to the Moon. This paper summarizes the development of these technologies and their applicability to future use cases. The SFR mission profile and design drivers are described herein, along with the system architecture established in response to them. What follows is an overview of the key technologies studied for SFR, focusing on the most critical or innovative ones, such as locomotion, navigation, and sample tube acquisition. The summary includes the other significant aspects of the design: structure, thermal control, mechanisms, control electronics, power, avionics, and communications. For each of these, the main technological advancements and their relevance to forthcoming rover missions are discussed.
Influence of Left Subclavian Artery Stent Graft Geometry on Blood Hemodynamics in Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair
Authors: Xue Song , Lu Tiandong , Hu Wenqing , Xia Zeyang , Zhang Jun , Lu Xinwu , Xiong Jing
Published: December 2024

The objective of this research is to analyze the hemodynamic differences in five configurations of left subclavian artery (LSA) stent grafts after LSA endovascular reconstruction in thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). For numerical simulation, one three-dimensional thoracic aortic geometry model with an LSA stent graft retrograde curved orientation was reconstructed from post-TEVAR computed tomography angiography (CTA) images, and four potential LSA graft configurations were modified and reconstructed: three straight (0, 2, and 10 mm aortic extension) and one anterograde configuration. The blood perfusion of the LSA, flow field, and hemodynamic wall parameters were analyzed. The vortex evolution process was visualized by the Liutex method which enables accurate extraction of the pure rigid rotational motion of fluid and is highly suitable for identifying the vortex structure of blood flow near the vessel wall. The average flow in the retrograde configuration decreased by 11.2% compared to that in the basic configuration. When the LSA stent graft extends in the aortic lumen, flow separation is observed, and vortex structures begin to form at the proximal inferior arterial geometry and the wall of the extension in late systole. A greater extension length and inflow angle upstream resulted in a greater oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) on the nearby wall of the posterior flow field of the extension. Shorter intra-aortic extension length (<10 mm) and smaller LSA stent graft inflow angle (<120 deg) may be recommended in TEVAR, considering LSA perfusion and minimized flow field disturbance.
Compressor Development for CO2-Based Pumped Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Held Timothy J. , Miller Jason , Sedlacko Kyle , Cameron Joshua , Morris Scott , Kang Jeongseek , Turner Mark
Published: December 2024

Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) offers a cost-effective means to store electrical energy for long duration by utilizing a heat pump cycle to transfer thermal energy from a low temperature reservoir (LTR) to a high temperature reservoir (HTR). A key component of the PTES system is the heat pump compressor, which represents a significant driver to the cost, performance, and operating characteristics of the PTES system. At the power rating of the charging process (>100 MW), traditional compressor scaling charts indicate that the operating conditions needed would be best served by a multistage axial compressor. While frame gas turbine compressors at these power ratings exist and operate at higher pressure ratios than needed for the CO2 PTES system, the inlet pressure and fluid density of this application exceeds experience values. The conceptual design of a large-scale CO2 axial compressor was completed, including mean-line estimates of the compressor performance at full power conditions. At steady-state, full power operation, the isentropic efficiency and mechanical efficiency of the compressor have significant impact on the cycle design and round trip efficiency of the PTES system. The results of the conceptual design were used to refine the PTES cycle design, and updated operating conditions provided for further aero design optimization. An important characteristic of the PTES system is its ability to charge at variable rate, which provides significant challenges on compressor operability, especially for a compressor that will be coupled to a fixed-speed synchronous motor. Cycle studies of variable charging rate processes have been conducted, and the impact of compressor operating map characteristics explored. Based on initial modeling studies, single compressor operation can be achieved down to at least 50% of rated power, with further reductions possible depending on the characteristics of the compressor map speedlines.
Experimental Study on Fatigue Performance of TC4 Titanium Alloy Liner Carbon Fiber Composite Cylinders in Seawater Environment
Authors: Yu Yichen , Li Yuanbing , Li Shujing , Dai Yuchen
Published: December 2024

The corrosive nature of seawater poses significant challenges to the design of gas cylinders in marine environments. Currently, TC4 titanium-alloy cylinders are predominantly used because of their resistance; however, they are costly and challenging to manufacture. To address this issue, this study proposes employing TC4 titanium alloy liner carbon fiber composite cylinders, which can reduce the manufacturing cost and processing difficulty while ensuring excellent protection against seawater corrosion and fatigue resistance. The fatigue life of the cylinders was predicted and analyzed using the finite element method, and a prototype was manufactured for verification. The results show that the composite layer can effectively share the stress load for the liner under the working pressure cycle, which increases the fatigue life of the titanium alloy liner carbon fiber composite cylinders and provides strong support for their application in marine engineering.