bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of the Use of Wrist and Forehead Temperatures in Screening the General Population for COVID-19: A Prospective Real-World Study
Authors: CHEN Ge , XIE Jiarong , DAI Guangli , ZHENG Peijun , HU Xiaqing , LU Hongpeng , XU Lei , CHEN Xueqin , CHEN Xiaomin
Published: July 2020

Background: We aimed to compare the accuracy of individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures with their tympanic temperature under different circumstances.
Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in a real-life population in Ningbo First Hospital in China. We consecutively recorded individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures in Celsius (°C) using a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT). We also measured individuals’ tympanic temperature using a tympanic thermometer (IRTT) and defined fever as a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C.
Results: We enrolled 528 participants, including 261 indoor and 267 outdoor participants. We grouped the outdoor participants into four groups according to their means of transportation to the hospital: by foot, by bicycle/electric vehicle, by car, or as a passenger in a car. Under different circumstances, the mean difference in the forehead measurement ranged from -1.72 to -0.56 °C across groups, and that in the wrist measurement ranged from -0.96 to -0.61°C. Both measurements had high fever screening abilities in indoor patients. (Wrist: AUC 0.790; 95% CI: 0.725-0.854, P<0.001; forehead: AUC 0.816; 95% CI: 0.757-0.876, P <0.001). The cut-off value of the wrist measurement for detecting a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C was 36.2 °C, with 86.4% sensitivity and 67.0% specificity, and the best threshold for the forehead measurement was 36.2 °C, with 93.2% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity.
Conclusion: Wrist measurements are more stable than forehead measurements under different circumstances. Both measurements have favorable fever screening abilities in indoor patients. The cut-off values were both 36.2 °C.
COVID-19 with a Public Health Perspective: Measures Taken in Turkey and Public Compliance with the Measures
Authors: DOĞAN Mehmet , BAYRAKTAR Muhammet
Published: July 2020

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 as seen worldwide from a public health perspective and evaluate the measures taken across Turkey against the virus and to determine the compliance of people with these measures.
Methods: WHO's official COVID-19 cases were evaluated up to 27 Mar 2020. Public measures adopted by Turkey in combating the COVID-19 were examined. The compliance of those applying to Family Health Centers (FHC) with these measures was also evaluated.
Results: Overall, 178 people who applied to the FHC were included in the study. Of the participants, 65.2% were women, and the average age was 56.47±17.27 (Min:18, Max:92). The most frequently used personal protection (96.1%) against the epidemic was liquid soap. According to the participants, avoiding patients (99.7%) and frequent hand washing (97.2%) were stated to as the most effective measures to protect against COVID-19. One of the first and most influential bodies in the fight against COVID-19 in Turkey is the Scientific Committee consisting of academicians. Turkey has taken measures such as closing land borders, stopping all flights, vacationing schools, closing places of worship, and stopping sports events.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 has affected societies in many areas such as health, education, sports, and trade. Countries should take appropriate and timely measures to combat COVID-19. The public must comply with the precautions taken to fight COVID-19. Besides, all countries should take general precautions for public health against increasing epidemics.
"Five-Early" Model: The Magic Weapon against COVID-19
Authors: YI Qingjie , FANG Wei , LANG Chunhui , MOU Huaming , LV Jinglong , WAN Suxin , GUO Lian , WANG Yilin , LIU Huawen , XIAO Qing , LIU Chunqiu , HUANG Min , ZHANG Bangshuo
Published: July 2020

Background: COVID-19(2019 novel coronavirus disease)has brought tremendous pressure to the prevention and control of the national epidemic due to its concealed onset, strong infectivity and fast transmission speed.
Methods: In this retrospective study, 226 patients diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in the Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital were included. The patients' clinical data, including general information, initial symptoms at the onset, time of disease diagnosis, time to treatment in hospital, time of nucleic acid conversion to negative, disease classification, total time of hospitalization were collected. The clinical data of the mild and severe patients were compared.
Results: Fever, cough, sore throat, poor appetite andfatigue were the main symptoms of the diagnosed patients. The time of diagnosis was significantly shorter in the mild patients (4.96 ± 4.10 days) than severe patients (7.63 ± 9.17 days) (P=0.004). Mild patients had shorter time to treatment in hospital (6.09 ± 4.47 vs. 8.71 ± 9.04 days) and less time of nucleic acid conversion to negative (7.58 ± 2.51 vs. 11.6 ± 4.67 days) compared to the severe patients.
Conclusion: The above results can be used as a quantitative basis for the “five-early"(early detection, early screening, early diagnosis, early isolation treatment, and early recovery) model. The government, the masses, and the hospitals' joint prevention and optimization of the "five-early" model will provide important scientific reference for further prevention and control of the epidemics.
Discussion on the Management Method of COVID-19 Infection Prevention in Medical Residents
Authors: ZHOU Yun , FANG Jing-Jing , WANG Shan-Shan
Published: July 2020

Background: To explore the homogenized management method of infection prevention and control in medical resident under COVID-19 epidemic situation.
Methods: Overall, 268 members in Ningbo Medical Group which was participating in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China were managed homogeneously in terms of personal cleaning and disinfection of articles, prevention and control of infection in life, training and assessment of relevant infection knowledge in hospitals.
Results: In the epidemic situation, the homogenization management of infection prevention and control in the resident of medical team is an important measure to block the transmission link.
Conclusion: 1. Conduct homogenization management on the training of hospital infection knowledge for medical staff. 2. Conduct homogeneous management of effective assessment of training knowledge. 3. Conduct homogenization management from personal cleaning and disinfection, as well as infection prevention and control in daily life.
Application of Geographic Information System in Monitoring and Detecting the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: REZAEI Mehdi , NOURI Abbas Ali , PARK Gyun Seok , KIM Doo Hwan
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Iranian First-Line Health Care Providers Practice in COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: AZIZI Hosein , DAVTALAB-ESMAEILI Elham
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Vulnerability and Fragility Expose Older Adults to the Potential Dangers of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: BENKSIM Abdelhafid , AIT ADDI Rachid , CHERKAOUI Mohamed
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
COVID-19: Perspectives from a Clinical Doctor and Health Authority Officer
Authors: YU Yu-Ling , FENG Wei-Li
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Tele-Nursing New Opportunity for Nursing Care in COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
Authors: PURABDOLLAH Majid , GHASEMPOUR Mostafa
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Social and Academic Responsibility Given COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: GHAREBAGHI Reza , HEIDARY Fatemeh
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Could SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 Be a Biological Weapon?
Authors: DEHGHANI Arezoo , MASOUMI Gholamreza
Published: July 2020

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Interacción entre Salmonella sp. y aceites esenciales: actividad bactericida y adaptabilidad
Authors: De Abreu Pereira Alcilene , Pamplona Pagnossa Jorge , Paulo Alcântara João , Rodrigo Isidoro Silas , Hilsdorf Piccoli Roberta
Published: July 2020

La bacteria Salmonella, responsable de numerosos brotes de intoxicación alimentaria, puede formar biopelículas en varias superficies utilizadas en la industria alimentaria. La exposición constante de estas bacterias a concentraciones subletales de agentes desinfectantes los hace tolerantes a muchos de estos agentes. Buscando alternativas para el control de biofilms adaptadas a condiciones subletales, este estudio evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites esenciales Thymus vulgaris (tomillo) y Origanum vulgare (orégano) y sus componentes principales timol y carvacrol contra Salmonella enterica serovares Enteritidis y Typhimurium. Carvacrol 0.25% (v/v) fue más eficiente contra las células planctónicas de S. Enteritidis y su biopelícula fue más sensible al 2.0% (v/v) de orégano EO. S. Typhimurium en forma planctónica fue inhibida por el tomillo EO a una concentración de 0.25% (v/v) y su biopelícula fue más susceptible al carvacrol (2.5% v/v). S. Enteritidis y S. Typhimurium se adaptaron a todas las concentraciones subletales de los antimicrobianos probados. Este estudio confirma el uso potencial de EO y sus componentes principales como desinfectantes en la industria alimentaria para controlar bacterias patógenas como Salmonella spp. y su capacidad para adaptarse a concentraciones subletales.
Propuesta de sistema de gestión de residuos sólidos domésticos en la comunidad Waorani Gareno de la Amazonía ecuatoriana
Authors: Vélez Alberto Germán , Peñafiel Pedro Andrés , Heredia Marco , Barreno Stefany Natali , Chávez Joselyn Fernanda
Published: July 2020

La comunidad Waorani Gareno, ubicada en la parroquia rural Chonta Punta de la provincia de Napo, Amazonía ecuatoriana, ha presentado un incremento en la generación de residuos sólidos domésticos (RSD) debido principalmente a la apertura de vías para el asentamiento del campo petrolero bloque 21 de la empresa operadora ecuatoriana Petroamazonas EP. Todo ello ha provocado un mayor acceso a los bienes y servicios prestados en las ciudades, cambiando su modo de vida y generando un nuevo tipo de residuos. En el presente trabajo se determinó la dinámica cuantitativa y cualitativa de generación, y la producción per cápita diaria (PPC) de residuos sólidos en la comunidad mediante la metodología usada para el análisis de los residuos sólidos establecida por la Organización Panamericana de Salud (OPS). Para tal actividad se consideró como muestra a toda la población, es decir a los 174 habitantes distribuidos en 32 viviendas y se obtuvieron como resultados que la quema de los residuos es el proceso principal para su eliminación y que no existe un sistema de manejo adecuado de los mismos. La PPC calculada fue de 0.26 kg/hab/día con una generación total diaria de 45.39 kg, lo cual demuestra todavía un bajo acceso de la población a materiales y productos urbanos. En cuanto a la caracterización física de los residuos se determinó que la mayor parte corresponde a contenido orgánico con un 74.8%, y la parte inorgánica aprovechable a un 18.1%. Además, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se plantearon alternativas de recolección, transporte, tratamiento y disposición final de los residuos sólidos en la comunidad Gareno, dentro del diseño de un sistema de gestión integral.
El potencial de tres energías renovables en la Amazonía
Authors: Leib Simón
Published: July 2020

Las energías renovables que se encuentran en recursos o fenómenos naturales en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana son una base fundamental del desarrollo sostenible de la región y del país. Mediante el estudio de las tecnologías de energías renovables se orienta el diseño de centrales energéticas para casas, comunidades hasta pueblos lo que sirve para aumentar la producción propia de energía alrededor de Puyo y en comunidades que se ubican aislados lejos de la red de electricidad o vías de transporte. La Amazonía se dinstigue por alta precipitación, mucha energía potencial por la altura de las cordilleras y por un gran número de ríos. Por eso se propone represas o captaciones para generar electricidad con turbinas hidráulicas en centrales hidráulicas. Para electricidad residencial de un pueblo de 1000 personas abastece un río con un caudal de 30 m3/s y una represa con un desnivel de 6 metros. También se dimensiona paneles fotovoltáicos para casas o pueblos donde se usa el sol según la irradiación y el clima regional en la Amazonía para cumplir una producción de electricidad. Una familia con una energía sugerida de 3000 kWh/año que instala 7 paneles de 320 Watt debería ser autárquica y en comunidades se cuenta aproximadamente 1,1 paneles por habitante para sumar el número total. Además, biodigestores a bajo costo sirven en el uso de residuos orgánicos de agricultura o de residencias y de estiércol de ganadería. En una lista de especies se demuestra que todos los animales, aún pequeños como cuyes o aves, sirven para producir un volumen considerable de biogás (con metano) para cocinar o transformar a electricidad. Se concluye que la Amazonía podría producir su propia energía más independiente de recursos fósiles o de la red interconectada.
Turismo científico una alternativa para conservar el patrimonio del CIPCA, Amazonia - Ecuador.
Authors: Silva Paola , Gamboa Germania , Chávez Dunia
Published: July 2020

La investigación se enmarcó en la identificación del patrimonio natural y cultural del Centro de Investigación Posgrado y Conservación Amazónica (CIPCA), en la selección de atractivos con potencial científico y en el análisis de los criterios que inciden en su potencial. El propósito radica en enlazar al turismo con la ciencia, en una modalidad que fomenta una cultura científica, ideal para territorios frágiles y que cuidan del medio ambiente. De esta manera insertar al CIPCA en la actividad turística enfocada, en el descubrimiento de su patrimonio, conformado por unidades socios ambientales anexados a proyectos de investigación. La investigación se desarrolló en CIPCA-UEA. La identificación del patrimonio se realizó en base a la metodología: MINTUR (2017a), que establece una jerarquización de los atractivos turísticos en base a las condiciones que presentan. La selección de los atractivos con potencial científico se desarrolló a través del criterio de expertos y método Delphi. El análisis de la incidencia de los criterios con el potencial científico de los atractivos se realizó con estadística descriptiva, tablas de contingencia y la prueba Chi cuadrado. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: 14 manifestaciones culturales y 2 naturales, en total 16 atractivos turísticos; de los cuales 2 atractivos responden a jerarquía II y 14 a jerarquía I. Mediante la valoración se estableció que el CIPCA cuenta con 9 atractivos culturales con mediano nivel de potencial científico, que expone la necesidad en el fortalecimiento de los criterios con alta incidencia en la determinación del potencial científico de los atractivos, los cuales son: valor pedagógico, producción científica, recurso humano, infraestructura y equipamiento tecnológico.
Diversidad de Araceae en el paisaje forestal del noroccidente del Ecuador
Authors: Núñez Castro Marlon , Benavides Ordoñez Gladys , Argotti Valencia Eduardo , Heredia Rengifo Marco , López-Tobar Rolando
Published: July 2020

Araceae en Ecuador tiene gran endemismo. Se estima que en las estribaciones occidentales de Los Andes, se podrían encontrar especies que desaparecerían antes de ser descritas. De acuerdo a la UICN, el alto porcentaje de este endemismo se encuentra bajo alguna categoría de amenaza. El objetivo es evaluar la diversidad y ecología de la familia Araceae, como potencial para complementar políticas de conservación de los bosques de esta región. La investigación se la realizó en: 1. Bosque de Sarapullo, 2. Bosque de la Comunidad Tsáchila Peripa y, 3. Bosque Protector La Perla. Se implementaron 10 transectos de 50x2 m en cada sector. Los resultados muestran que la abundancia de especies fue similar entre Sarapullo y La Perla, pero en el Sector Peripa fue inferior a las dos, cabe anotar que este sector, ha sido sometido a extracción selectiva por parte de la comunidad Tsáchila, aunque aquí se presentó la mayor diversidad. Existe mayor similitud entre Peripa y La Perla que podría ser debido a que se encuentran cercanas geográfica y altitudinalmente, mientras que entre los pares Sarapullo-Peripa y Sarapullo-La Perla la similitud fue menor debido a la gran diferencia en estas dos variables. Algo similar ocurre con las especies compartidas entre Peripa y La Perla que es mayor comparando cualquiera de ellas con Sarapullo. Los géneros de hábitos hemiepífitos y epífitos se presentan en mayor porcentaje frente a los géneros de hábitos terrestres, probablemente los fustes brindan mayor garantía de supervivencia. Adicionalmente se encontraron 8 especies endémicas compartidas entre los tres sectores y 3 especies nuevas aún por confirmar. Las colecciones botánicas, reposan en Herbarios de Ecuador y de Estados Unidos
Almacenamiento de carbono en plantaciones de Juglans neotropica Diels, con y sin asocio de Coffea arabica L.
Authors: Ramírez López Jorge Luis , Oyos Proaño Edwin Andrés , Chagna Avila Eduardo Jaime
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de la investigación fue estimar el contenido de carbono almacenado en plantaciones y sistemas agroforestales de Juglans neotropica de la sierra norte ecuatoriana, como un aporte a las estrategias de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Se estimó el carbono de dos plantaciones de 20 años de Juglans neotropica, una pura y otra en asocio con Coffea arabica. La biomasa de árboles y detritus se determinó mediante la relación entre materia fresca y seca. Con un factor de 0.5 se transformó la biomasa en carbono y se realizó fórmulas alométricas para determinar el carbono total de la plantación. El carbono de detritus sobre el suelo se determinó en laboratorio y se extrapoló a unidad de superficie. El carbono almacenado por la plantación pura fue de 13.17 Mg ha-1, mientras que con asocio fue de 16.11 Mg ha-1. Se registraron diferencias en el contenido de carbono de todos los componentes, siendo el fuste el componente que más carbono almacena. Los detritus fue el componente que mostró mayores diferencias entre los sistemas. Se concluye que la plantación en asocio almacenó mayor cantidad de carbono, lo que muestra que la inclusión del café favorece el crecimiento y la producción de biomasa de J. neotropica. El fuste fue el componente de mayor almacenaje, hecho que contribuyó a la relación lineal con la regresora DAP2Ht, obteniéndose ecuaciones con más de un 90% de ajuste que permiten estimar el carbono almacenado en condiciones silviculturales y edafoclimáticas similares a las del estudio.
MARIA DO CARMO E LENITA: A REPRESENTAÇÃO DA PROFESSORA E DA LEITORA EM A NORMALISTA (1895) E A CARNE (1888)
Authors: Rodrigues de Oliveira Marina
Published: July 2020

Inserido em um contexto histórico de muitas mudanças, o Realismo-Naturalismo tornou-se um movimento literário que, além de mostrar os costumes da sociedade brasileira do século XIX, também teceu fortes críticas à mesma. Nesta realidade, as obras A carne (1888), escrita por Júlio Ribeiro, e A normalista (1895), por Adolfo Caminha, irão se destacar, uma vez que abordam, respectivamente, a figura da mulher enquanto leitora, representada pela protagonista Lenita, e da professora, simbolizada por Maria do Carmo, mostrando como ambas, devido à educação que recebem, acabam por transcender os papéis sociais geralmente delegados às mulheres da época (mãe / esposa), seja na ficção, ou na realidade. Para tanto, este estudo buscará relacionar a temática em questão ao contexto educacional do século XIX, utilizando referenciais teóricos da História da Educação - Ana de Oliveira Galvão (1998), Dermeval Saviani (2013), Guacira Lopes Louro (2015), Heloísa de O. S. Vilela (2016) e Luciano Mendes de Faria Filho (2016) – , de estudo sobre a leitura–  Eliana M. Yunes (1995), João Wanderley Geraldi (2002) e Annie Rouxel (2012) – e Crítica Literária  - Jeová Santana (1998), Roberto Schwarz (2003), Regina Zilberman (2004), Sarah Maria  Forte Diogo (2011), Angela Maria Rubel Fanini e Gabrielle Mendes (2014) –
UMA ABORDAGEM DO POEMA EM MATERIAL DIDÁTICO
Authors: Duarte Cristina Rothier , Marques Formiga Girlene
Published: July 2020

Apresentamos como proposta de estudo para este trabalho a análise do material didático do curso de Letras, modalidade EaD, do Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, no que diz respeito ao ensino do gênero poema para o Ensino Fundamental II. Metodologicamente, empregamos a pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo-interpretativo para a realização do exame do material aludido utilizado como referência básica na formação docente inicial do referido Instituto. Como base teórica deste estudo, utilizamos, entre outros, Rouxel (2012, 2013a, 2013b), Aguiar e Bordini (1993) e Cosson (2014a, 2014b).
PESQUISADOR É NOME, O QUE PESQUISA É AÇÃO
Authors: Amorim Coelho Eduardo
Published: July 2020

Discurso apresentado por ocasião do II Seminário Integrado de Estudos em Língua e Literatura (SIELL), em mesa redonda a propósito “dos desafios da prática e da pesquisa nos estágios supervisionados em Letras”. As dificuldades enfrentadas por estudantes, professores e pesquisadores aumentam em grau e complexidade nos últimos anos, bem como retornam as ameaças às liberdades individuais. As universidades e os sujeitos que as constituem e integram são alvos dos atuais líderes do governo, e qualquer projeto de educação crítica, questionadora e emancipatória está ameaçada.
O BRASIL NA REPÚBLICA DA BRUZUNDANGA
Authors: Assis Lucia Maria de , Rocha Carneiro André
Published: July 2020

Neste trabalho, examina-se o livro Os Bruzundangas, composto por crônicas ficcionais escritas por Lima Barreto. Nele, há um narrador brasileiro que morou na Bruzundanga, um país distante e diferente do Brasil. Trata-se de uma visão satirizada, pois, como o próprio nome diz, Bruzundanga é um país de palavrório que não leva a nada. Nesta obra, o literato critica a língua preciosista; a literatura empolada e fútil; as instituições de ensino dedicadas à aristocracia; o ensino público; a reforma urbana em nome de um retrato afrancesado do país; e a República que deseja um Rio de Janeiro sem negros e pobres.
 
Palavras-chave:    Lima Barreto; Bruzundanga; crônica ficcional; literatura militante.
LETRAMENTO DIGITAL NO JOGO LEAGUE OF LEGENDS
Authors: De Leon Carriconde Letícia , Biondo Fabiana Poças
Published: July 2020

Este trabalho investiga o letramento digital no jogo League of Legends (LOL), analisando a interação entre as multissemioses percebidas na produção de sentidos no e sobre este jogo. Em perspectiva interpretativista, reúne dados obtidos a partir do site oficial do LOL, de conversas com jogadores e interações em fóruns no site e no Facebook, de forma a discutir os modos de produção e consumo simultâneos no jogo. Problematizando a forma como o letramento remix aparece nessas práticas, verificamos que ele responde pela produção de sentidos e subjetividades entre os prossumidores e pela definição do jogo como um todo.
PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE O ENSINO DE LITERATURA EM REVISTAS BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Penha Dias Ana Crelia , Fabiano Annibal Sérgio , De Rossi Martin Vima Lia
Published: July 2020

Este artigo apresenta um balanço de discussões publicadas em três periódicos científicos brasileiros acerca do ensino de literatura. Tal iniciativa se justifica pela possibilidade de buscar, de forma organizada e sistematizada, e assim avaliar, o que se vem discutindo recentemente sobre o tema no campo das Letras (biênio 2015-2016). Trata-se de um levantamento sobre o assunto, que será focalizado de forma panorâmica a partir dos editoriais, dos resumos, das palavras-chave e das referências bibliográficas de textos que abordam diretamente as questões de ensino da literatura. Ressalta-se que o material aqui apresentado é fruto de pesquisa inicial, com opção de abordagem qualitativa (análise documental). Como resultados, tem-se a organização dos dados sobre literatura e ensino em importantes instâncias de divulgação científica no campo das Letras, bem como a possibilidade de contribuir para os debates sobre as vertentes desse ensino no Brasil.
A PRODUÇÃO ESCRITA A PARTIR DO GÊNERO DISCURSIVO NOTÍCIA POR MEIO DE SEQUÊNCIA DIDÁTICA.
Authors: Da Silva Santana Cristiane Maria
Published: July 2020

Neste artigo apresentamos o resultado de uma prática pedagógica com o gênero discursivo notícia por meio de sequência didática. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante o Mestrado do PROFLETRAS. A pesquisa teve como fundamentação teórica, a concepção de gênero discursivo de Bakhtin e aplicação da sequência didática. Esta investigação de caráter aplicado e intervencionista propôs o desenvolvimento de atividades que contribuíram para a produção e a reescrita, considerando o contexto situacional e sua característica linguística - discursiva. Após a intervenção, verificamos que os alunos participantes apresentaram um avanço significativo.
O SUJEITO LEITOR, ESSE ENIGMA
Authors: Souza Raquel Cristina de Souza e
Published: July 2020

A partir da contribuição teórica de Michel Picard (1986) e Vincent Jouve (1992), pretendemos analisar os diários de leitura de três turmas de sétimo ano de uma escola federal de educação básica, nos quais os estudantes registraram sua recepção das obras Édipo, o maldito (reconto de Marie-Thérèse Davidson) e O cão dos Baskervilles (de Conan Doyle). Nosso objetivo é encontrar pistas sobre a formação do leitor literário na escola, tendo como premissa o papel da subjetividade no processo de elaboração semântica que ocorre durante a leitura, o qual exige permanente ação (meta) cognitiva e afetiva. Do leitor implícito, inscrito na obra e assimilado pelo leitor especialista, chegamos ao leitor implicado, cuja contribuição pessoal afeta o texto, ao mesmo tempo em que é afetado por ele.
DUAS DÉCADAS DE AMADURECIMENTO
Authors: Zilberman Regina
Published: July 2020

Os primeiros livros brasileiros dirigidos ao público infantil e juvenil apareceram ao final do século XIX, patrocinados pela Livraria Quaresma. A nacionalização e o encorpamento dessa chegaram com Monteiro Lobato, que, em 1921, lançou A menina do narizinho arrebitado. Embora não tenha cessado a produção de novos livros destinados a crianças e jovens durante os anos 1950 e 1960, personagens, cenários escolhidos, temas e enredos permaneciam caudatários do universo imaginário criado por Lobato. A década de 1960 abre com a renovação da poesia, graças a Ou isto ou aquilo, de Cecília Meireles. No âmbito da narrativa, a renovação ficará por conta de O rei de quase-tudo, de Eliardo França, O reizinho mandão, de Ruth Rocha, História meio ao contrário, de Ana Maria Machado, Flicts, de Ziraldo, Os colegas, de Lygia Bojunga, obras lançadas entre 1969 e 1979, marcando o período de amadurecimento da produção para crianças em nosso país.
VOZ Y REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA INFANCIA EN EL PROYECTO LITERARIO DE LYGIA BOJUNGA
Authors: Lugo Colina María de Los Ángeles
Published: July 2020

Este trabalho estudará como a narrativa de Lygia Bojunga emerge no palco da literatura para dar voz e representar o discurso da infância. A representação será estudada a partir de duas abordagens: o de -representar- como -falar em nome de- e -representar-, a partir de uma perspectiva performática, compreendendo que na obra dessa autora a forma narrativa se articula com a forma teatral para, a partir de um discurso metaliterário, estimular a emergência de uma consciência crítica e promover a ruptura da subalternidade à qual a infância está sujeita. Para este trabalho, foi implementada uma metodologia de recorte bibliográfico, fazendo-se uma revisão de dez livros da autora, publicados entre 1972 e 1988, sendo consideradas as ideias de Djamila Ribeiro, Gayitri Spivak, Antonio Cándido, Paulo Freire, Regina Zilberman, Maria Teresa Anduetto, entre outros autores para dar suporte teórico às abordagens expressadas.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Figueiredo César Alessandro Sagrillo , Fleck Gilmei Francisco , Silva Luiza Helena Oliveira da
Published: July 2020

Apresentação.
CRÔNICAS DO ARAGUAIA:
Authors: Da Silva Santos Jacielle , Macêdo Luiz Janailson , Oliveira da Silva Luiza Helena , Figueiredo Cesar Alessandro Sagrillo
Published: July 2020

Entrevistamos para esse dossiê da ENTRELETRAS o escritor Janailson Macêdo Luiz que publicou, em 2015, o livro Crônicas do Araguaia, o qual remete diretamente a acontecimentos relacionados ao que a história convencionou denominar como Guerrilha do Araguaia. Estamos diante de uma produção inserida na classificação de “literatura de testemunho”, mais próxima às vertentes latino-americanas do testimonio e que transita entre a ficção e o fato histórico. Janailson é docente da Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (UNIFESSPA) e doutorando em História Social pela USP. A entrevista com o autor se deu pelo Whatsapp, em abril de 2020, durante o período da quarentena relativa à pandemia do Covid-19. Seu trabalho se mostra bastante relevante por trazer à memória uma parte da história que, até mesmo por orientação das diretrizes do governo ditatorial (1964-1985) e por uma justiça de transição que não se efetivou, deveria ser lançada ao esquecimento. Em seu relato, trata de seu processo de criação, a relação entre ficção e história, trazendo personagens que perpassam suas narrativas e aludem à memória social em torno dos acontecimentos relacionados à Guerrilha, à tortura, à resistência.
Much in Little: The Umbrella Clause that Changes the International Investment Protection Standard
Authors: Paramita Kartika
Published: July 2020

The umbrella clause of a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) establishes an obligation for the State parties to respect all commitments entered into by an investment contract between an investor and the host country. It extends the jurisdiction of a BIT forum to the breach-of-contracts matters and changes the nature of a private issue to an international affair. The polemic over the clause's interpretation has become a controversial issue over the years. It comes as a backlash for the Contracting States as a foreign investor could quickly bring an investment problem to an international forum. After more than a decade since its first discussion in the case of SGS v Pakistan, the clause grows to be one of the reasons for many countries to leave or reform their BIT model and changes the trend of international investment protection standard. This article addresses the different episodes of the umbrella clause alongside over the past decade. It projects the debate over the clause’s scope, its development, the governments' action, and their perception over it, and finally, how it changes the standard of investment protection in international treaties.
Letter of Credit Disputes from an Arbitration Perspective
Authors: Aladwan Zaid
Published: July 2020

In a recent study, it might not be possible to refer letter of credit fraud cases to arbitration instead of litigation. Alavi’s research suggested that there could be some obstacles, such as obtaining banks’ response and cooperation; the different and high standards of proof of fraud required; and the difficulty in obtaining an injunction. His study answered a question proposed by Blodgett and Mayer as to whether arbitration would ever take place in letter of credit disputes.  This short research paper will answer this question, but from a different angle: whether arbitration will provide more appropriate judgments (award) than litigation regarding letter of credit disputes. This question arises from the writer’s observation that, in the past twenty years, different judgments have been issued for similar disputes.
The Miserable Loss from Yemeni Conflict: Can International Law Provide Reparation for Mental Injury?
Authors: Nuriasih Komang Ayu , Arsika I Made Budi
Published: July 2020

As the home of the world’s worst humanitarian crisis, Yemen can be an example to reveal how horrifying the mental health issues in conflicting areas can be. Since 2014, the ongoing conflict in Yemen has been resulting not merely in physical losses and injuries, but also mental catastrophe as its inevitable consequence. This article is a legal research that aims to analyze how mental injuries or psychological damages are being acknowledged as a real impact of armed conflict, to further be considered as a precondition for the reparation at the end of the conflict. The article suggests that the acknowledgment of the mental impacts of armed conflict needs to be taken into concern and consideration, especially from the perspective of  hard laws related to the IHL. Besides, the approach of soft law can be applied in attribution with the ongoing conflict in Yemen.
Upholding the Impartiality of Judges in Judicial Systems
Authors: Nurudin Agus
Published: July 2020

Free and impartial justice is a characteristic and ideal of a constitutional State. In societies with a free and open judiciary system, individuals are permitted to challenge a judge's verdict, ability to remain impartial, and conduct. This article a doctrinal research with statute, comparative, and conceptual approaches. Meanwhile, data were analyzed descriptively, consisting of quotes. The results show that impartiality legal process (free from pressure, both physical and psychological and impartial) is a characteristic of a constitutional State. In the criminal justice system has received a full principle of free and impartial justice. At the lowest level, this principle in criminal justice is played by the judge as the core apparatus of judicial power, the principle of freedom and impartiality of judges in examining, hearing and deciding cases. The treatment in a crime must always be brought to the application of the principle of impartiality or treatment as referred in the principles of impartiality. Likewise, the principle of impartiality must not only be applied to suspects or defendants, it must be interpreted including the treatment of crown witnesses, victim witnesses and their families and also cannot be ignored about the existence of the community as legal subjects who have an interest in the implementation of public law.
EFFECTIVENESS OF BLENDED LEARNING BASED ON CONSTRUCTIVE FEEDBACK IN IMPROVING RATIONAL THINKING ABILITY OF STUDENTS
Authors: Nurachman Dita Eviana , Irawan Edi
Published: July 2020

This research is motivated by efforts to increase capacity, especially in learning science through increasing rational thinking skills. One learning model that can be used to improve students' rational thinking skills is a blended learning model based on constructive feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of constructive feedback based blended learning models on students' rational thinking abilities on science subjects excretory system material. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design using pre-test and post-test. The population of this research is VIII grade students of SMPN 4 Ponorogo. As a sample, class VIII-G was randomly selected as the experimental class and class VIII-F as the control class. Data analysis used t-test with the help of SPSS 23 software. The results of the analysis showed that the students' rational thinking ability data were normally distributed and had a homogeneous distribution. T-test results show that H0 is rejected, so it can be concluded that the rational thinking skills of students in the experimental class are better than students in the control class. This shows that the blended learning model based on constructive feedback is effective in improving students' rational thinking skills.
STUDENTS’ RESPONSE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CASE BASED LEARNING (CBL) BASED HOTS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Arianto Handika , Fauziyah Hanin Niswatul
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon peserta didik terhadap model pembelajaran Case Based Learning (CBL) berbasis HOTS di salah satu SMP Negeri Kabupaten Ponorogo. Instrumen dalam penelitian adalah kuisioner dan wawancara. Data yang telah diperoleh ditabulasi dalam Microsoft Excel kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, nilai rata-rata kuisioner peserta didik sebesar 3,2. Nilai tersebut menunjukkan bahwa respon peserta didik terhadap model pembelajaran Case Based Learning (CBL) berbasis HOTS sangat baik. Model pembelajaran Case Based Learning (CBL) berbasis HOTS membuat peserta didik senang, termotivasi, dan semakin aktif dalam pembelajaran.
ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS TOPIC
Authors: Zulfa Alfi Rodhiyah , Rosyidah Zuhriyatur
Published: July 2020

This study aims to determine the level of communication skills of students at SMPN 2 Ponorogo. This research was conducted in October 2019 at SMPN 2 Ponorogo. The method is a qualitative study with a sample of VII H class students in SMPN 2 Ponorogo consisting of 31 students obtained from random sampling. The design of this study used a survey design or the provision of written tests to students and interviews. The data collection technique is carried out by providing a description test to measure students' communication skills and non-structured interviews to students and teachers. Analysis of the data in this study was using qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive techniques. The results showed that the level of communication skills of VII grade students of SMPN 2 Ponorogo was still relatively low. The average value obtained is generally 56.9. So, the communication skills of students at SMPN 2 Ponorogo still need to be improved. Some efforts to train students in improving their communication skills are by conducting teaching and learning processes with learning models that are oriented towards students, conducting learning with active discussion, accustoming students to read, providing interesting learning facilities and media, and conducting learning activities with experiment or student worksheets.
Análise da Distribuiçao Espacial da COVID-19 em Minas Gerais
Authors: Braga Carvalho Paulo Fernando , Pardini Herbert
Published: July 2020

A COVID-19 é uma doença respiratória aguda que foi classificada como pandemia em 11 de março de 2020, pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Muitos esforços têm sido despendidos com o intuito de acompanhar e apresentar a distribuição espacial dos casos dessa doença e em várias escalas. São observadas abordagens metodológicas das mais diferenciadas, como mapas coropléticos e cartogramas, mapas com símbolos proporcionais, dinâmicos ou estáticos, além de gráficos e tabelas. Cada recurso adaptado às especificidades da escala ou do contexto regional. Com o objetivo de apresentar contribuições metodológicas para a representação de dados epidemiológicos, apresentamos a distribuição espacial dos casos confirmados da COVID-19 em Minas Gerais, até a data de 21 de junho de 2020, com uso de Cartogramas de Áreas Contíguas Univariados, de um Mapa Coroplético Bivariado e de um Mapa de Símbolos Proporcionais para a representação de dados relativos e absolutos. Os resultados evidenciaram a tendência de municípios com maiores populações ou maiores densidades demográficas apresentarem mais casos confirmados da doença e as medidas que relativizam os números absolutos de casos confirmados com a população residente, quando representados pelos cartogramas ou pelo mapa Coroplético Bivariado, revelaram informações que ficavam visualmente ocultadas pelas diferenças das áreas dos municípios.
River flow sequence feature extraction and prediction using an enhanced sparse autoencoder
Authors: Qian Lipeng , Li Junfeng , Liu Changzheng , Tao Junhong , Chen Fulong
Published: July 2020

For the prediction of river flow sequence, owing to the non-stationariness and randomness of the sequence, the prediction accuracy of extreme river flow is not enough. In this study, the sparse factor of the loss function in a sparse autoencoder was enhanced using the inverse method of simulated annealing (ESA), and the river flow of the Kenswat Station in the Manas River Basin in northern Xinjiang, China, at 9:00, 15:00, and 20:00 daily during June, July, and August in 1998–2000 was considered as the study sequence. When the initial values of the sparse factor β0 are 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the experiment is designed with 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 neurons, respectively, in the hidden layer to explore the relationship between the output characteristics of the hidden layer, and the original river flow sequence after the network is trained with various sparse factors and different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer. Meanwhile, the orthogonal experimental groups ESA1, ESA2, ESA3, ESA4, and ESA5 were designed to predict the daily average river flow in September 2000 and compared with the prediction results of the support vector machine (SVM) and the feedforward neural network (FFNN). The results indicate that after the ESA training, the output of the hidden layer consists of a large number of features of the original river flow sequence, and the boundaries of these features can reflect the river flow series with large changes. The upper bound of the features can reflect the characteristics of the river flow during the flood. Meanwhile, the prediction results of the orthogonal experiment groups indicate that when the number of neurons in the hidden layer is 90 and β0 = 15, the ESA has the best prediction effect on the sequence. In particular, the fitting effect on the day of ‘swelling up’ of the river flow is more satisfactory than that of SVM and FFNN. The results are significant, as they provide a guide for exploring the evolution of the river flow under drought and flood as well as for optimally dispatching and managing water resources.
Coliform bacteria and salt content as drinking water challenges at sand dams in Kenya
Authors: Graber Neufeld Doug , Muendo Bernard , Muli Joseph , Kanyari James
Published: July 2020

Sand dams can be an effective community-scale solution to increasing water supplies in some arid and semi-arid regions, but there are few studies that have investigated water quality at sand dams. This study investigated the levels of coliform bacteria and salt content as parameters of potential concern. Most water taken from sand dam sources had fecal coliforms present. Median fecal coliforms were in the range of 150–800 cfu/100 ml for unprotected sources (scoop holes, surface water or hand dug wells), levels which are considered high or very high health risk. Pump wells had less contamination, with fecal coliforms detected in one-third of samples in the dry season. Despite this contamination, user surveys indicated that 74% of communities generally view water as clean for drinking, and 72% reported that no or few people in their community treat their water. Salt content in the dry season was in the poor or unacceptable range (above 900 ppm as total dissolved solids) in 33% of water samples. Results suggest that fecal coliforms and salt content represent two types of challenges to water quality at sand dams: fecal coliforms are a health hazard, whereas high salt content potentially reduces the amount of usable water that is available.
Characterization of landfill leachate by spectral-based surrogate measurements during a combination of different biological processes and activated carbon adsorption
Authors: Shao Chenjia , Yang Yongyuan , Liu Ze , Wang Qiaoling , Ji Zengwen , Wang Shijie , Demeestere Kristof , Guo Yaping , Hulle Stijn Van
Published: July 2020

Surrogate measurements based on excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (EEMs) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) were used to monitor the evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate during a combination of biological and physical-chemical treatment consisting of partial nitritation-anammox (PN-Anammox) or nitrification-denitrification (N-DN) combined with granular active carbon adsorption (GAC). PN-Anammox resulted in higher nitrogen removal (81%), whereas N-DN required addition of an external carbon source to increase nitrogen removal from 24% to 56%. Four DOM components (C1 to C4) were identified by excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). N-DN showed a greater ability to remove humic-like components (C1 and C3), while the protein-like component (C4) was better removed by PN-Anammox. Both biological treatment processes showed limited removal of the medium molecular humic-like component (C2). In addition, the synergistic effect of biological treatments and adsorption was studied. The combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption could remove C4 completely and also showed a good removal efficiency for C1 and C2. The Thomas model of adsorption revealed that GAC had the maximum adsorption capacity for PN-Anammox treated leachate. This study demonstrated better removal of nitrogen and fluorescence DOM by a combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption, and provides practical and technical support for improved landfill leachate treatment.
New formulations for prediction of velocity at limit of deposition in storm sewers based on a stochastic technique
Authors: Tafarojnoruz Ali , Sharafati Ahmad
Published: July 2020

Sedimentation in storm sewers strongly depends on velocity at limit of deposition. This study provides application of a novel stochastic-based model to predict the densimetric Froude number in sewer pipes. In this way, the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) is used to develop two parametric equations, called GLUE-based four-parameter and GLUE-based two-parameter (GBTP) models to enhance the prediction accuracy of the velocity at the limit of deposition. A number of performance indices are calculated in training and testing phases to compare the developed models with the conventional regression-based equations available in the literature. Based on the obtained performance indices and some graphical techniques, the research findings confirm that a significant enhancement in prediction performance is achieved through the proposed GBTP compared with the previously developed formulas in the literature. To make a quantified comparison between the established and literature models, an index, called improvement index (IM), is computed. This index is a resultant of all the selected indices, and this indicator demonstrates that GBTP is capable of providing the most performance improvement in both training () and testing () phases, comparing with a well-known formula in this context.
Aerobic biodegradation pathways of pentabromobiphenyl ethers (BDE-99) and enhanced degradation in membrane bioreactor system
Authors: Zhang Ke , Yang Siqiao , Luo Hongbing , Wang Wei , Wu Xiangling , Chen Jian , Chen Wei , Chen Jia
Published: July 2020

A bacterial strain capable of efficiently degrading pentabromobiphenyl ether (BDE-99) was isolated from activated sludge and named as NLPSJ-22. This strain was highly close to Pseudomonas asplenii with 100% similarity. The degradation products of BDE-99 were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The biochemical degradation pathways analysis indicated that BDE-99 gradually transformed to diphenyl ether by meta-, para- and ortho-debromination. It became phenol under the action of ring-opening cracking and finally entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The degradation of BDE-99 by strain NLPSJ-22 conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics. Rhamnolipid significantly improved the cell-surface hydrophobicity and the degradation of BDE-99. The highest degradation efficiency (96%) was achieved when diphenyl ether as co-metabolic substrate was added. In the bioaugmentation membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, BDE-99 was intensively degraded, and the reactor reached a steady state in about 35 days. The degradation rate of BDE-99 was over 80%, which was significantly higher than that of the control system. MiSeq sequencing results indicated that the genera of Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Sphingobium were the predominant bacterial communities responsible for BDE-99 biodegradation in the MBR. Pseudomonas increased significantly in the bioaugmented reactor with the relative abundance increasing from 5% to 24%.