bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THERAPEUTIC ANGIOGENESIS BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION OF FIBRIN PARTICLES INTO ISCHAEMIC HINDLIMBS
Authors: Fan Chun‐Ling , Gao Ping‐Jin , Gu Yuan‐Jun , Tang Xiao‐Feng , Liu Jian‐Jun , Wei Jian , Inoue Kazutomo , Zhu Ding‐Liang
Published: June 2006

Fibrin gel has been used as a carrier of angiogenic molecules to promote neovascularization in animal models of limb ischaemia. However, little is known about the effects of fibrin itself under such pathological conditions. Accordingly, the present study tested the efficacy of fibrin in a rabbit model of acute hindlimb ischaemia.

Unilateral ischaemia was induced by resection of the left femoral artery. Seven days after surgery, fibrin particles (FP), which were free of fibrinogen, thrombin and vascular endothelial growth factor, were injected directly into the ischaemic thigh muscles. Twenty‐four rabbits were divided into four groups, namely a control group receiving phosphate‐buffered saline and three FP‐treated groups receiving 5, 10 or 20 mg FP.

Collateral vessel development and limb perfusion were assessed by angiography, measuring the calf blood pressure ratio (BPR), thermographic scanning and the histological determination of capillary density.

At day 35 post‐surgery, the treatment with 5 mg FP produced an augmentation of collateral vessel development (P < 0.01), increased numbers of capillaries (P < 0.05) and improved perfusion manifested by a higher blood flow (P < 0.01) and calf BPR (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Treatment with 10 and 20 mg FP had similar effects to those observed with 5 mg FP.

The present study reveals that FP promotes angiogenesis in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischaemia, thus providing a feasible approach to therapeutic angiogenesis in ischaemic diseases.
EFFECT OF LOW‐VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS IN ISCHAEMIC RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Nagasaka Makoto , Kohzuki Masahiro , Fujii Toru , Kanno Shinichi , Kawamura Takayuki , Onodera Hiroshi , Itoyama Yasuto , Ichie Masayoshi , Sato Yasufumi
Published: June 2006

Low‐voltage electrical stimulation (LVES) in skeletal muscle at a level far below the threshold of muscle contraction has been reported to promote local angiogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the promotion of local angiogenesis by LVES has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated whether angiogenic factors, such as vascular endotherial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), as well as other disadvantageous factors, such as inflammation (interleukin (IL)‐6) and hypoxia (hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α), contribute to the local angiogenesis produced by LVES.

We completely excised bilateral femoral arteries of male Sprague‐Dawley rats. After the operation, electrodes were implanted onto the centre of the fascia of the bilateral tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, tunnelled subcutaneously and exteriorized at the level of the scapulae. The right TA muscles of rats were stimulated continuously at a stimulus frequency of 50 Hz, with a 0.1 V stimulus strength and no interval, for 5 days. The left TA muscles served as controls.

We found that both VEGF and HGF protein were significantly increased by LVES in stimulated muscles compared with control. The VEGF level of the LVES group was 89.10 ± 17.19 ng/g, whereas that of the control group was 65.07 ± 12.88 ng/g, as determined by ELISA (P < 0.05). The HGF level of the LVES and control groups was 8.52 ± 1.96 and 5.80 ± 2.14 ng/g, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no difference in FGF, IL‐6 and HIF‐1α between the LVES and control groups.

These results suggest that LVES in a hindlimb ischaemia model of rats increases not only VEGF, but also HGF, production, which may be the main mechanism responsible for the angiogenesis produced by LVES.
Life‐threatening sepsis following treatment for haemorrhoids: a systematic review
Authors: McCloud J. M. , Jameson J. S. , Scott A. N. D.
Published: June 2006

Introduction  Haemorrhoids are a common complaint with estimates suggesting a prevalence of 4% of the adult population. Treatments such as rubber band ligation (RBL), sclerotherapy and excisional surgery have been in use for many years, and recently stapled haemorrhoidopexy, or procedure for prolapsing haemorrhoids (PPH) has gained acceptance. However, there have been consistent reports of severe sepsis, including a number of deaths. The purpose of this review was to assess the scale of the problem, and identify any predisposing factors, common presenting features, and treatment options in those who suffer these complications.

Results  Twenty‐nine papers were identified, reporting 38 patients. Of these, 17 had undergone RBL, three had sclerotherapy, one had cryotherapy, 10 had excisional surgery and seven had PPH. Ten died as a result of their sepsis. The cases included 16 with perineal sepsis, seven with retroperitoneal gas and oedema, and six with liver abscesses. Common presenting features were urinary difficulties, fever, severe pain, septic shock and leucocytosis. Most were managed by means of surgery, although a minority survived having received conservative therapy. With the exception of two patients (one of whom was human immunodeficiency virus positive and the other had a drug‐induced agranulocytosis) all were well prior to surgery.

Conclusions  Although extremely uncommon, severe sepsis does occur post‐treatment for haemorrhoids and all surgeons who treat such patients should be aware of the potential complications and alert to their presenting features. Early presentation without evidence of tissue necrosis may be managed conservatively, although most cases are managed by means of surgery.
Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Huang A. , Abbasakoor F. , Vaizey C. J.
Published: June 2006

Objective  Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare clinical entity characterized by recurrent infective and inflammatory complications. Patients are usually assigned to specialist centres, but nonspecialist clinicians may be required to treat these patients in the emergency setting. This review serves as a management guide to those clinicians who are faced with patients presenting with gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease.

Methods  This review is based on a literature search (Medline and NLM PubMed) with manual cross‐referencing of all articles related to gastrointestinal chronic granulomatous disease.

Results  Gastrointestinal tract involvement is present in most affected patients. Clinical presentation can mimic common surgical complications such as colitis, perianal sepsis, gastric outlet obstruction and liver abscess. A history of recurrent infections during childhood is common. Management involves haematological, microbiological, endoscopic and radiological investigations. Treatment modalities include early aggressive empirical antimicrobial therapy for sepsis, immunomodulation for inflammatory complications and surgical drainage of abscesses.

Conclusion  Early involvement of a centre with immunological expertise combined with aggressive management of complications significantly improves morbidity and mortality from this rare condition.
Memory‐Conserving Bounding Volume Hierarchies with Coherent Raytracing
Authors: Mahovsky J. , Wyvill B.
Published: June 2006

Bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) are a popular method for speeding up raytracing, but they can consume a large amount of memory for complex scenes. We investigate a hierarchical scheme for encoding BVHs that reduces the BVH storage requirements by 63%–75%. The computational overhead of the scheme can be reduced to negligible levels by shooting bundles of rays through the BVH (coherent raytracing). This gives the speed of a coherency‐based raytracer combined with substantial memory savings.
Transformation and Normal Vector Calculation of Parametrically Defined Surfaces Based on Dual Vectors and Screw Theory: Application to Phong's Shading Model
Authors: Papageorgiou Stavros G. , Aspragathos Nikos A.
Published: June 2006

This paper presents a new approach for the transformation and normal vector calculation algorithms of parametrically defined surfaces via dual vectors and line transformations. The surface is defined via dual points, the transformation is performed by rotations and translations based on screw theory while normal vector calculation is utilized for shading based on Phong's illumination model. The main benefit of this approach lies into the compactness of the surface's representation since geometrical characteristics, such as tangent vectors, that are necessary for shading algorithms, are included within its definition. An extensive comparison is performed between the proposed approach and the traditional homogeneous model, presenting the merits of our approach. Analytical and experimental determination of the computational cost via computer implementation of 3D surface transformation and shading is presented. Point‐based methods for the representation, transformation and shading of parametrically defined surfaces are compared to the introduced line‐based methods (dual quaternions and dual orthogonal matrices). It is shown that the simplified rendering procedure of 3D objects, is considerably faster using screw theory over the traditional point‐based structures.
Undersampled Light Field Rendering by a Plane Sweep
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen George , Max Nelson , Hofsetz Christian , McGuinness Peter
Published: June 2006

Images synthesized by light field rendering exhibit aliasing artifacts when the light field is undersampled; adding new light field samples improves the image quality and reduces aliasing but new samples are expensive to acquire. Light field rays are traditionally gathered directly from the source images, but new rays can also be inferred through geometry estimation. This paper describes a light field rendering approach based on this principle that estimates geometry from the set of source images using multi‐baseline stereo reconstruction to supplement the existing light field rays to meet the minimum sampling requirement. The rendering and reconstruction steps are computed over a set of planes in the scene volume, and output images are synthesized by compositing results from these planes together. The planes are each processed independently and the number of planes can be adjusted to scale the amount of computation to achieve the desired frame rate. The reconstruction fidelity (and by extension image quality) is improved by a library of matching templates to support matches along discontinuities in the image or geometry (e.g. object profiles and concavities). Given a set of silhouette images, the visual hull can be constructed and applied to further improve reconstruction by removing outlier matches. The algorithm is efficiently implemented by a set of image filter operations on commodity graphics hardware and achieves image synthesis at interactive rates.
A HANDBOOK FOR SCRIPTURAL REASONING
Authors: KEPNES STEVEN
Published: June 2006

The essay includes twelve “rules” to define the nature and goals of the practice of Scriptural Reasoning (SR). These rules are intended for heuristic and pedagogic purposes to introduce Scriptural Reasoning to those who have little experience in and knowledge of the practice of SR. The rules emerged from my observations of SR practice and, taken together, the rules are meant to be a guide or “handbook” for future SR practice.
QURĀNIC REASONING AS AN ACADEMIC PRACTICE
Authors: WINTER TIM
Published: June 2006

The increasing engagement of Muslim theologians with issues of textual criticism raises larger questions relating to the space provided by Western universities for Muslim theological practice. In this essay, these questions are examined in the context of the rapidly‐increasing Muslim participation in the Scriptural Reasoning project. It is suggested that classical Muslim theological and mystical scriptural commentary will demonstrate continued relevance and vitality, particularly in conversation with Jewish readers, despite the considerable difference in method resulting from the distinctive shape of Qur'anic revelation, and the lack of a history of secularisation in most Muslim cultures.
READING THE BURNING BUSH: VOICE, WORLD AND HOLINESS
Authors: DAVIES OLIVER
Published: June 2006

The story of Moses' encounter with God at the Burning Bush has played a central role in the evolution and development of Christian metaphysics. This essay presents a reading which seeks to pay greater attention to the dynamics of the text itself and to the modes of reading which it engenders. These, it is argued, can be shown to be unique in that they confront the reader with an apparatus of attentiveness to the sensible real of the empirical world which, far from being suppressed by the act of reading, is actually foregrounded as a place and time of possible divine disclosure.
THE PROMISE OF SCRIPTURAL REASONING
Authors: HARDY DANIEL W.
Published: June 2006

This Response reintroduces Scriptural Reasoning as portrayed in the essays, showing their various readings and reasonings and how they shed light on SR, while also identifying some lacunae in and between them. The different strengths of these views interact with each other in a highly dynamic and sustaining practice of reading and reasoning Scriptures together, where there is a high degree of mutually responsible hospitality and the possibility of achieving a complex harmony. In conclusion, three tasks for the future of SR are identified: concentrating on the seminal features of the Abrahamic traditions, targeting them and auditing SR performance.
DEVELOPMENT‐DRIVEN ARCHAEOLOGY: BANE OR BOON FOR BIOARCHAEOLOGY?
Authors: HALL ALLAN R. , KENWARD HARRY K.
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Through much of the world there is a move towards policies of in situ preservation of the buried archaeological heritage, typically supported by small‐scale investigative excavations (often called ‘evaluations’). In this review we attempt to judge the success of these policies in England and Wales, from the standpoint of bioarchaeology. We consider particularly the value of data for plant and insect macrofossils from trial excavations associated with development (a) in producing information which contributes towards research agendas, and (b) as a guide to the preservational condition of organic archaeological deposits.
Guidelines for the management of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a systematic appraisal of their quality
Authors: Appleyard T‐L , Mann CH , Khan KS
Published: June 2006

Background  Guidelines exist for the management of endometriosis. Validated and reliable appraisal tools exist to assess the quality of guidelines.

Objectives  To systematically appraise the quality of guidelines for the management of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis.

Search strategy  Guidelines were identified using a prospective protocol through a systematic search of MEDLINE (1951–2005), EMBASE (1974–2005), the Cochrane Library (2005, issue 2), known guideline websites and the World Wide Web.

Selection criteria  Type of document: guideline, consensus statement, care protocol or healthcare technology assessment produced by national or international professional organisations and societies or governmental agencies; subject: managemant of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis.

Data collection and analysis  Two validated appraisal tools, Cluzeau and The Appraisal of Guidelines and Research and Evaluation (AGREE), were used to quantitatively assess the quality of guidelines. Areas evaluated included ‘rigour of development’, ‘context and content’ and ‘application.’

Main results  Eight of 596 potentially relevant citations identified met our inclusion criteria. The Cluzeau instrument quality score were the following: rigour of development, 53% (range 5–65%); context and content, 69% (range 29–79%) and application 20% (range 0–20%). The aplication dimension achieved significantly lower quality scores (P = 0.026 versus rigour of development and P = 0.017 versus context and content). The AGREE instrument quality scores were the following: scope and purpose, 68% (range 17–89%); stakeholder involvement, 33% (range 13–63%); rigour of development, 49% (range 10–81%); clarity of presentation, 55% (range 42–67%); applicability, 14% (range 0–28%) and editorial independence, 28% (range 8–67%). The applicability domain achieved significantly lower quality scores (P = 0.001 versus scope and purpose and P = 0.009 versus rigour of development).

Author’s conclusions  Guidelines for the management of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis do not comply with the recommendations for high‐quality standards.
A prospective double‐blind randomised controlled trial of intraoperative pelvic instillation with bupivacaine for management of pain following laparoscopy and dye
Authors: Sripada S , Roy S , Mathur M , Hamilton M , Cranfield K , Bhattacharya S
Published: June 2006

The aim of this randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine following laparoscopy and dye test. Women received either 15 ml of 0.9% saline (n= 42) or 15 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine (n= 43), which was instilled intraperitoneally. Pain and nausea scores were recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain perception was no different in the bupivacaine group compared with the control group with median values of VAS at 2 hours (18, 19; P= 0.8), 6 hours (21, 22; P= 0.5), 12 hours (19, 25; P= 0.8), 24 hours (27, 27; P= 0.9) and 48 hours (21, 13; P= 0.26). Women in the bupivacaine group were less nauseated than controls in the immediate postoperative period (with median VAS scores of 0, 8; P value = 0.03 at 2 hours and 0, 7; P= 0.01 at 6 hours).
Diagnosis, treatment and follow up of women undergoing conscious pain mapping for chronic pelvic pain: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Swanton A , Iyer L , Reginald PW
Published: June 2006

Objective  To assess the efficacy of conscious pain mapping in diagnosing and treating chronic pelvic pain (CPP).

Design  Prospective cohort study.

Setting  Gynaecology Department, UK District General Hospital.

Population  Forty‐three women diagnosed with CPP.

Methods  The cohort was followed up for 18–24 months after diagnosis and treatment based on conscious pain mapping.

Main outcome measures  Improvement of pain assessed by using visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at 6‐month follow up.

Results  Thirty‐nine women had successful conscious pain mapping. Pelvic pathology was identified in 18, pelvic congestion in 13 and 8 women had normal pelvic organs. In 35 women (90%), conscious pain mapping identified the cause of pain. Five out of eight women (63%) who were judged to have a normal pelvis had positive findings at pain mapping. VAS scores fell significantly from pre‐treatment to post‐treatment values at 6‐month follow up (P < 0.01). Overall, 26 women (74%) felt that their symptoms had improved after treatment based on findings at pain mapping. However, we concluded that pain mapping only contributed to the diagnosis and treatment in seven women (27%), who may not have received appropriate diagnosis and treatment if they had a laparoscopy under general anaesthetic.

Conclusions  Conscious pain mapping is a useful additional investigation in the management of women with CPP. It can be employed in women with a negative laparoscopy or with visible pathology where the conventional treatment has failed.
Topical tacrolimus in the management of lichen sclerosus
Authors: Luesley DM , Downey GP
Published: June 2006

The effective management of vulval lichen sclerosus (LS) currently depends upon the use of topical steroids and emollients. There are concerns with regard to the long‐term toxicity of potent steroids and therefore is a need to consider effective alternatives. Immunomodulatory macrolactams offer an alternative to steroids in the management of some other inflammatory skin disorders and it would seem reasonable therefore to assess their activity in LS. This pilot study of 16 histologically confirmed cases of LS suggests that macrolactams have a positive pharmacological effect.
Do clinical prediction models improve concordance of treatment decisions in reproductive medicine?
Authors: Van Der Steeg JW , Steures P , Eijkemans MJC , Habbema JDF , Bossuyt PMM , Hompes PGA , Van Der Veen F , Mol BWJ
Published: June 2006

Objective  To assess whether the use of clinical prediction models improves concordance between gynaecologists with respect to treatment decisions in reproductive medicine.

Design  We constructed 16 vignettes of subfertile couples by varying fertility history, postcoital test, sperm motility, follicle‐stimulating hormone level and Chlamydia antibody titre.

Setting  Thirty‐five gynaecologists estimated three probabilities, i.e. the 1‐year probability of spontaneous pregnancy, the pregnancy chance after intrauterine insemination (IUI) and the pregnancy chance after in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Subsequently they proposed therapeutic regimens for these 16 fictional couples, i.e. expectant management, IUI or IVF. Three months later, the participant gynaecologists again had to propose therapeutic regimes for the same 16 fictional cases but this time accompanied by pregnancy chances obtained from prediction models: predictions on spontaneous pregnancy, IUI and IVF.

Population  Thirty‐five gynaecologists working in academic and nonacademic hospitals in the Netherlands.

Methods  Setting section.

Main outcome measures  The concordance between gynaecologists of probability estimates, expressed as interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the concordance between gynaecologists of treatment decisions, analysed by calculating Cohen’s kappa (κ).

Results  The gynaecologists differed widely in estimating pregnancy chances (ICC: 0.34). Furthermore, there was a huge variation in the proposed therapeutic regimens (κ: 0.21). The treatment decisions made by gynaecologists were consistent with the ranking of their probability estimates. When prediction models were used, the concordance (κ) for treatment decisions increased from 0.21 to 0.38. The number of gynaecologists counselling for expectant management increased from 39 to 51%, whereas counselling for IVF dropped from 23 to 14%.

Conclusion  Gynaecologists differed widely in their estimation of prognosis in 16 fictional cases of subfertile couples. Their therapeutic regimens showed likewise huge variation. After confrontation with prediction models in the same 16 fictional cases, the proposed therapeutic regimens showed only slightly better concordance. Therefore a simple introduction of validated prediction models is insufficient to introduce concordant management between doctors.
The History of the Indian Princely States: Bringing the Puppets Back onto Centre Stage
Authors: Groenhout Fiona
Published: June 2006

The Indian princely states are now widely, if not yet universally, recognised as being worthy of serious historical analysis. Their rulers occupy a unique position in imperial history: they were major supporters of British imperial rule, yet undermined it by demonstrating that Indian self‐government was not wholly a thing of the past. The article focuses on publications concerned with one or more of three themes which are central to the historiography of the states. These are first, the politics of indirect rule; second, the social, economic and political conditions within the states; and third, the roles pursued by or imposed upon rulers. It suggests that princely India possesses a far broader relevance: not only to ‘mainstream’ modern South Asian history, the history of the British empire and Britain as an imperial nation, but also to debates about the existence of essentially imperial forms of domination, influence and control in an ostensibly post‐imperial world.
Physical modification of polypropylene: preparation of fibres dyeable with disperse dyes
Authors: Son T.W. , Lim S.K. , Chang C.M. , Kim S.S. , Cho I.S.
Published: June 2006

Published literature from the past 30 years concerning the removal of dyes from textile effluent has been reviewed. The relationship between the bioelimination by activated sewage sludge and the molecular structure of anionic, water‐soluble dyes has been examined. Bioelimination of many commercially available dyes as a mechanism for decolorising textile waste waters has been shown to be an inefficient process. However, the information collated will be used as the basis for development of novel reactive dyes for potential commercial application.
Dispersant‐free dyeing of polyester with temporarily solubilised disperse dyes
Authors: Lee W.J. , Kim J.P.
Published: June 2006

In an effort to overcome some of the environmental problems associated with the use of dispersing agents, four temporarily solubilised disperse dyes had previously been synthesised and characterised for use in dispersant‐free polyester dyeing. In this paper the dyeing and fastness characteristics of these dyes on polyester fabrics have been examined. It was found that the optimum pH to guarantee a moderate rate of hydrolysis was 5, which allowed temporarily solubilised disperse dyes to be successfully applied to polyester without the use of dispersants. The dyebath remained stable during the dyeing procedure. The dyes exhibited good levelling and fastness properties on polyester.
Reactive dyes containing a benzimidazolone residue
Authors: Szadowski J. , Niewiadomski Z.
Published: June 2006

During the investigation of dyeing properties of reactive dyes containing a benzimidazolone residue the negative influence of salt concentration on their exhaustion was demonstrated. In the case of model dyes not containing the reactive group, change in aggregation state at various temperatures was investigated. It has been shown that the reactive dyes containing a benzimidazolone residue may undergo excessive aggregation in concentrated sodium chloride solution. This may cause difficulties in the dyeing process.
Determination of colour sensitivity of dye mixtures for disperse dyes
Authors: Chen P.B. , Yuen C.W.M. , Yeung K.W. , Yeung C.K.
Published: June 2006

A method has been developed to quantify the colour sensitivity of a dye mixture. In this method, the concept of the colour sensitivity of matching recipes has been developed so that it covers variations, not only in dye concentrations, but also in dyeing parameters. Firstly, the ‘individual colour sensitivity’ of a dye mixture to a specific dyeing parameter was quantified by comparing the colour difference between the resulting shade from a normal dyeing condition and that produced by giving a change to the parameter. These resultant data were used to calculate the total colour sensitivity covering the factors, temperature, time and liquor ratio, with a model established based on CMC(2:1) equation. This calculated result simulates the reproducibility of a dye mixture in the dyeing application under certain accuracy of the dyeing process control. A set of dye recipes was applied by dyeing to verify the calculation with disperse dyes on polyester.
Synthesis and characterisation of 3‐ketocoumarins: substituent effects on colour
Authors: Tsatsaroni E G , Peters A T , Lin S M , Peters A T
Published: June 2006

Two series of 3‐ketocoumarin dyes, the methyI‐3‐coumarinoylacetates and 3,3‐carbonylbiscoumarins, were synthesised by condensation of salicylaldehyde derivatives with dimethyl‐1,3‐acetonedicarboxylate. The preparation of the corresponding cyanated derivatives of the above compounds is also reported. All compounds are characterised by their 1H‐NMR and mass spectra. Electronic spectra are also recorded and discussed.
Preparation and properties of novel low‐foaming dyeing auxiliaries. Part 2: Preparation and dyeing properties of anionic derivatives of polyoxyethylenated stearylamine
Authors: Yen P H , Chen K M
Published: June 2006

A novel series of anionic derivatives with low‐foaming properties were prepared by the reaction of polyoxyethylenated stearylamine and maleic anhydride. The structure of these surfactants was confirmed by infra‐red, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The surfactants were found to display low‐foaming properties and exhibit good surface‐active properties. The degree of aggregation of direct dyes in dye‐surfactant systems was found to influence the rate of cotton dyeing.
Regression analysis to determine the optimum colour tolerance level for instrumental shade sorting
Authors: Li Y S W , Yuen C W M , Yeung K W , Sin K M
Published: June 2006

An investigation of the correlation between visual colour assessment and instrumental colour acceptance determination using regression analysis has been carried out. Three colour‐difference equations, CIELAB, CMC(2:1) and CIE94(2:1:1), were studied in order to determine which is the best for generating a uniform colour space/microspace for allocating the colour population in shade sorting. Determination of optimum colour tolerance for further shade sorting was also undertaken. Some 1320 pairs of dyed samples distributing around 20 shade standards were measured instrumentally and also evaluated visually by a panel of 32 observers. Percentage rejection was plotted against colour difference and different mathematical regression relationships were then imposed. As a result, both CMC and CIE94 showed better correlation between the two colour assessment methods than the CIELAB colour‐difference equation. Consequently, optimum colour tolerance limits were determined for subsequent development of shade sorting, with the findings being equally applicable to colour acceptance (shade passing).
The colour fastness of dyed fabrics to activated oxygen bleach‐containing detergents: an international interlaboratory trial
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Bevan Geoff , Lloyd John , Hall Robin , Hoffmeister Jurgen
Published: June 2006

The UK‐TO single wash test procedure, developed to be diagnostic of the oxidative bleach response of dyed articles to repeated washing in activated oxygen bleach‐containing detergents, has been subjected to extensive interlaboratory trials. The results indicate that both its repeatability and reproducibility are fully acceptable for the purpose of interlaboratory comparisons.
Aftertreatment of 1:2 metal‐complex acid dyes on conventional and microfibre nylon 6.6 with a commercial syntan/cation system. Part 2: Repeated washing
Authors: Blackburn R S , Burkinshaw S M
Published: June 2006

Dyeings (2% owf) were produced on conventional nylon 6.6 fabric using 1:2 metal‐complex acid dyes. The fastness to the ISO 105:C06/C2 wash test over ten repetitions was determined. Aftertreatment of the dyeings using a commercial syntan improved the wash fastness over ten washes, and the sequential application of a cationic compound to the syntanned dyeings caused a further improvement.
Comparative assessment of textile dyeing technologies from a preventive environmental protection point of view
Authors: Schramm Wilhelm , Jantschgi Jürgen
Published: June 2006

During the 1990s the preventive approach to environmental protection has become more significant world wide. Crucial to its enforcement in Europe has been the EU Council directive on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC), adopted in 1996. In accordance with this directive, criteria concerning prevention have to be taken into account to determine the ‘best available techniques’: the best kind of process technologies. We review how process technologies for textile dyeing can be assessed from a preventive environmental protection point of view. Our conclusion is that, while the technological development in the field of textile dyeing already conforms well to the demands of the IPPC directive, beyond this success there is still considerable potential for further improvement.
The rate of hydrolysis of temporarily solubilised disperse dyes
Authors: Lee W J , Kim J P
Published: June 2006

Four temporarily solubilised disperse dyes were synthesised. To obtain the optimum application conditions for dispersant‐free polyester dyeing, their conversion rates into insoluble derivatives were measured using HPLC and found to be more dependent on pH than on temperature. The results showed that it was possible to use these dyes in dispersant‐free polyester dyeing for which the optimum application pH was between pH 5 and 6 at which the hydrolysis rate of the dyes was moderate.
The development of a new continuous dyeing method based on an aerosol delivery system
Authors: Cork C R , Foster P W , Oulton D P , Chowdhury M D H
Published: June 2006

A continuous method of dyeing polyester yarn has been developed in which yarn is forced into a moving plug within apparatus based on the Fibre‐M texturing system. Dye is then applied in droplet form to the yarn plug. The method relies on the dispersion of low‐molecular‐weight disperse dyes in a solvent medium to provide a uniform application to the core of the plug. The demands of the textile industry require an extension of the method to a wider range of dye types in a water‐based medium. This paper describes a feasibility study of an aerosol method of dye application to a yarn plug.
An international inter‐laboratory trial of the proposed ISO 105‐C08 test procedure: a single wash test protocol using a detergent incorporating a lowtemperature bleach activator
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Lakhanpal Rajesh , Bevan Geoff , Lloyd John
Published: June 2006

A new single wash test procedure, ISO 105‐C08, has been developed using a reference detergent, perborate and TAED (a low‐temperature bleach activator) in order to better reflect domestic practice. Following an international trial, the procedure has been shown to be fully acceptable for the purpose of inter‐laboratory comparisons.
A review of electrochemical treatments for colour elimination
Authors: Gutiérrez M C , Crespi M
Published: June 2006

The application of electrochemical techniques as a tertiary treatment to eliminate colour from textile effluents has increased rapidly in the last few years. In general, the dyes are decomposed by partial oxidation. Studies on electrochemical treatments to decolourise various types of dyes are presented. They indicate that these treatments provide good efficiency in colour removal, although they are still under study at pilot‐plant scale.
150 years of carpet printing: a retrospect
Authors: Dawson T.L.
Published: June 2006

This retrospect of the development of the carpet printing industry, mainly in the UK, traces its origins from the birth of calico hand printing in the late 18th century to the first attempts to apply mechanised methods of producing patterned carpets during the 1840s. The author's involvement with the industry from its rebirth in the 1950s, through the heydays of the 1970s and to the present is then reviewed. Developments both in machinery and dye technology, not all of which enjoyed long‐term commercial success, are described, including the latest introduction of digital printing systems.
High fastness heterocyclic azo disperse dyes bearing ester functions
Authors: Choi J‐H. , Hong S‐H. , Towns A.D.
Published: June 2006

Blue monoazo disperse dyes bearing carboxylic acid ester functions have been synthesised from thiophene diazo components in the search for colorants of high fastness and reduced environmental impact. The colour properties of the dyes in solution and on polyester, as well as the fastness of the dyes when applied to polyester, are examined and rationalised in terms of dye structure.
Evaluation of the reliability of metameric indices using visual assessment
Authors: Chow F.S. , Chan K. , Chong C.L. , Xin J.H.
Published: June 2006

Fifty‐five metameric sample pairs were prepared using computer‐predicted recipes from six different colour centres using cotton knit fabric. The colour difference of each sample pair was measured spectrophotometrically and was assessed visually by a panel of observers against a grey scale under three illuminants: reference illuminant D65, test illuminant A and TL84. In general, there was a positive agreement between observers' assessments although there was some variation due to the spread of ages. The results of illuminant‐specific special indices, CMC(2:1), were better than others, which included CIELAB, CMC(1:1), CIE94(1:1:1) and CIE94(2:1:1). In general, the performance of these five special indices was acceptable. The results of illuminant‐independent general indices failed to show any significant correlation. The effect of residual colour difference under the reference illuminant affected the performance of the special indices to a certain degree, but this was not true of general indices.
Dye and fibre discoveries of the twentieth century. Part 2: Growth of the chemical giants
Authors: Park J. , Shore J.
Published: June 2006

The second part of this paper traces the development of truly synthetic fibres together with the auxiliary chemicals required in processing. Developments in dyes are also reviewed. The emergence of the chemical giants is chronicled together with cartel formation. The development of the American petrochemicals industry, together with war time shortages in Europe, are discussed.
Dyeing of cotton and jute with tea as a natural dye
Authors: Deo H.T. , Desai B.K.
Published: June 2006

Cotton and jute fabrics were dyed with an aqueous extract of tea, containing tannins as the main colorant species. The dyeing was carried out with and without metal salts as mordants, using three different dyeing methods: pre‐mordanting, meta‐mordanting and post‐mordanting. The resulting wash and light fastnesses of the dyed fabrics were good to excellent. The colour of the fabrics was investigated on computer colour matching system in terms of K/S, and CIELAB colour‐difference values. Deep shades (K/S= 3.9) were obtained for jute in acidic media, while cotton fabrics could be dyed in medium depths (K/S= 2.0) under identical conditions of dyeing.
Production of indigo‐related pigments by Nocardia globerula
Authors: Itoh K. , Aoki S. , Yatome C.
Published: June 2006

We have investigated the production of indigo‐related pigments from indoles by Nocardia globerula IFO 13510. Three pigments (indigo, a structural isomer of indigo and an unidentified pigment), coproduced in liquid cultures, were isolated by thin‐layer and high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The production of the pigments was dependent on medium composition and on the indole concentration in the cultures. In addition, the production of NN′‐dimethylindigo from 1‐methylindole was observed in liquid cultures.
Metal ion effect on dyeing of wool fabric with catechu
Authors: Bhattacharya S D , Shah A K
Published: June 2006

Wool fabric was dyed with catechu by two different process sequences using various metal sulphates as mordant. The dyeing behaviour has been assessed by measuring K/S values and different fastness properties. The effect of different metal ions have been studied with respect to their influence on colour and fastness properties. The mechanism of mordant interaction with the fibre has been briefly considered.
An optimisation study of colour measurements on digitised slides of painted works of art
Authors: Sotiropoulou Sophia , Chryssoulakis Yannis
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with the problem of the colorimetric fidelity of digitised colour slides of painted works of art. A six‐matrix conversion model was derived that permitted the transformation of any RGB device‐dependent measurement on digitised colour slides to XYZ CIE 1931 device‐independent values. The model was calibrated against a reference colour chart. Eighty‐one uniformly‐painted colour samples were photographed together with a painting on a 4 × 5 inch colour slide that was digitised using a high resolution scanner. A 3 × 3 transformation matrix, of the corrected R, G and B values and the respective X, Y and Z tristimulus values provided by spectrophotometry, was calculated. The calculated matrix was then applied to a 13th century Byzantine fresco, captured on the same digitised slide, to transform the RGB measurements to XYZ CIE 1931 device‐independent values which were then converted into the L* a* b* CIE 1976 colorimetric system.
Dye distribution in the dyeing of mixed denier polyester fabrics
Authors: Shin Jaesung , Bide Martin
Published: June 2006

Microfibre polyester is sometimes blended with higher denier fibres to achieve good aesthetic effects at lower cost. Two polyester yarns of 1.4 and 0.7 denier were dyed singly and together with a range of depths of CI Disperse Blue 79, and the dye distribution over the course of the dyeings was examined. The uptake is initially greater on the microfibre, but as dyeing is continued the distribution becomes more even, and eventually the same concentration of dye is present on both fibres. Based on the common observation that a given concentration of dye produces a lighter shade on a microfibre, the redistribution of dye during the process causes a continuing shade change even though the bath exhaustion is constant. A mixture of three dyes produced a stable hue on a fabric of 1.0 denier polyester after 20 min at a fixed dyeing temperature, but when dyed on a fabric of 1.0 and 0.5 denier yarns, a change in hue continued for more than 60 min.
Aftertreatment of polyester fabric dyed with temporarily solubilised disperse dyes
Authors: Lee W J , Kim J P
Published: June 2006

Temporarily solubilised disperse dyes derived from aminophenyl‐4‐(β‐sulphatoethylsulphone) are exhausted on the polyester fibre mostly in the vinylsulphone form and to a lesser extent as their hydroxyethylsulphone analogues. After dyeing, to remove the unexhausted dyes on the polyester fibre, sulphite anions were added to the dyebath. The vinylsulphone residue of the dye was attacked by the sulphite anion via an addition reaction converting the dye into a soluble derivative, which then had little affinity for the polyester fibre. The effect of sodium sulphite on the conversion of the dye was investigated using HPLC. The wash and rub fastness properties of the dyed fabric aftertreated with sodium sulphite were similar to those obtained with reduction clearing.
Optimisation of the colour sequence in the dyeing process: industrial applications
Authors: Maldonado F , Ciurlizza A , Radillo R , de León E Ponce
Published: June 2006

In this paper we report, for realistic industrial work conditions, the applicability of the optimisation model developed to obtain the best colour sequence in the process of fabric dyeing. We have resolved the problem of ordering a long series of colours using a personal computer, to establish an optimum order. This takes into account the perceptual response of the human eye. The sequence begins with one specific colour, returning, under certain conditions, from dark to light colours. The algorithm we developed considerably reduces the number of determinations that must be carried out within a colorimeter.
Dye‐uptake behaviour of nylon‐6 filaments and its structural dependence
Authors: Gupta V B , Chavan R B , Kulkarni M , Natarajan K M
Published: June 2006

This article presents results of a study made in two parts on the dye‐uptake behaviour of nylon‐6 filaments. In the first part, nylon‐6 monofilaments were dry heat‐set at temperatures between 80 and 200°C and dyed under similar conditions with two dyes, viz. an acid and a disperse dye. In the second part, dry‐set and steam‐set nylon‐6 multifilament yarns were dyed with an acid dye. The roles played by the physical structure of the fibre and chemical affinity between the dye and the fibre have been examined in an effort to explain the differences in the dye uptake results for the two dyes. It was found that the physical structure has a predominant effect in both cases; however, in the case of the acid dye, chemical affinity also plays an important role. On the basis of structural studies, some comments are made on how structural reorganisation proceeds in nylon‐6 fibre on heat‐setting.
Dyeing of nylon 66 with a disperse‐reactive dye using supercritical carbon dioxide as the transport medium
Authors: Liao S K , Ho Y C , Chang P S
Published: June 2006

Nylon 66 fabric was dyed with a disperse‐reactive yellow dyestuff which was synthesised in our laboratory, using a supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing process. The structure of the disperse‐reactive yellow dyestuff and its covalent bond with nylon 66 fibres were confirmed by FTIR, NMR, EA and MS analysis. The nylon fabric was also dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 3 and the dyeing results compared. Colour yield values were measured for both dyed fabrics, with those of the disperse‐reactive dye showing much better values than CI Disperse Yellow 3. Wash fastness of the fabric dyed with the disperse‐reactive yellow dye was tested by the ISO 2 method and showed excellent results. Light fastness was tested by the ISO 105 B05 method and the results were satisfactory. The results obtained indicate fabric immersed in supercritical carbon dioxide does not undergo any fibre damage.
Substantivity of anthraquinone vat dyes
Authors: Daescu C , Hadaruga D
Published: June 2006

The microcrystalline aggregates model of the adsorption of vat dyes on cellulosic materials is substantiated in this study. The relationships between affinities of some anthraquinone vat dye models and van der Waals molecular areas, hydrophobicity and planar‐like structures are presented in the form of correlation equations.
Influence of the molecular mass of chitosan on shrink‐resistance and dyeing properties of chitosantreated wool
Authors: Julià M R , Pascual E , Erra P
Published: June 2006

Wool fabrics were treated with the biopolymer chitosan under conditions which conferred shrinkresistance and dyeing improvement. In order to enhance chitosan absorption in wool, two different oxidative chemical pretreatments, hydrogen peroxide and permonosulphuric acid, were performed on wool fabrics prior to chitosan application. Chitosans of three different molecular masses, but with the same acetylation degrees of, were applied to unpretreated and oxidated wool and the influence of the molecular mass of chitosan and the oxidative pretreatment on shrink‐resistance and dyeing behaviour was assessed. In conclusion, both molecular mass and oxidative pretreatment exert an influence on shrink‐resistance. However, dyeing behaviour depends only on the presence of chitosan on wool fibre.
The application of chitosan in pigment printing
Authors: Bahmani S A , East G C , Holme I
Published: June 2006

The use of chitosan as a combined thickener and binder in pigment printing has been examined in comparison with a commercial printing system (Alcoprint). Printing pastes made up from mixtures of chitosan, pigment and acetic acid at the appropriate viscosity gave satisfactory prints on polyester and 67:33 polyester/cotton woven fabrics. Rheological data showed the chitosan pigment paste had a much lower yield point than commercial printing paste though no difficulties were found in its use. Curing of the chitosan print at 150°C for 6 min gave samples of comparable colour fastness to the commercial printed samples when subjected to the rubbing and washing tests. The only drawbacks noted in using chitosan in this way were a reduced colour yield and a much higher fabric stiffness.
A new kinetic model for wool dyeing
Authors: Tamime C Fonteneau , Viallier P
Published: June 2006

Previous kinetic models of the dyeing process are reviewed in an attempt to describe the exhaustion profile of acid dyes on wool fibres. A new kinetic model is proposed that describes the dye uptake throughout the whole kinetic period, and that takes into account the amount of dye and acid supplied at the beginning of dyeing. The equation is used to achieve isoreactive dyeing by calculating the amount of dye to add during the dyeing process.