bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costly encounters of the empathic kind: a typology
Authors: Head Naomi
Published: January 2016

While considerable attention is being accorded to emotions in International Relations, this article seeks to integrate empathy into these interdisciplinary debates. It counters the dominant assumption that empathy tends to be largely benign and beneficial by conceptualizing a typology of the costs of empathy. The dimensions of costs addressed are epistemological, cognitive, emotional, material, and embodied. I argue that these costs are frequently tangible for those who make the ethical-political choice to engage in empathy in situations of conflict and political violence. Drawing on social psychology approaches, empathy is located within a framework of collective narratives, emotions, and social structures shaped by both micro- and macro-political processes. A model of empathy, which acknowledges social influences and the psychological mechanisms through which these influences may be mediated, contributes to a deeper understanding of how politics, psychology, and culture shape empathy and, crucially, helps understand the conditions which may affect the successes, limitations, and failures of empathy in the (international) political sphere. The article offers empirical illustrations of the costs of empathy drawing on examples from Israel and Palestine.
Satellites Reveal the History of the Moon's "Frigid Sea"
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: January 2016

The history of aluminum-rich basalts in Mare Frigoris may help scientists better understand the evolution of the lunar mantle.
Vibrational spectroscopy of metal carbonyls for bio-imaging and -sensing
Authors: Lam Zhiyong , Kong Kien Voon , Olivo Malini , Leong Weng Kee
Published: January 2016

Transition metal carbonyls exhibit strong CO absorptions in the 2200–1800 cm−1region, which is free of interference from other functional groups. This feature has led to their applications in bio-imaging and -sensing, in particular through mid-IR, Raman and more recently, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
Capturing metal-support interactions in situ during the reduction of a Re promoted Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst
Authors: Tsakoumis N. E. , Johnsen R. E. , van Beek W. , Rønning M. , Rytter E. , . Holmen A
Published: January 2016

The diffusion of Co2+ cations into the γ-Al2O3 support is probed during the reduction of a Re/Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst by in situ by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction resulting in the expansion of its crystal lattice.
Hierarchical Cu pillar electrodes for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formic acid with low overpotential
Authors: Chung Jaehoon , Won Da Hye , Koh Jaekang , Kim Eun-Hee , Woo Seong Ihl
Published: January 2016

Hierarchical Cu pillar electrodes have shown enhanced electrochemical performance for CO2 reduction due to their increased surface area and controlled lattice property.
The effect of the gas–solid contacting pattern in a high-temperature thermochemical energy storage on the performance of a concentrated solar power plant
Authors: Ströhle S. , Haselbacher A. , Jovanovic Z. R. , Steinfeld A.
Published: January 2016

This work presents a framework for comparing reactor concepts for thermochemical storage and analyzing their impact on the performance of CSP plants.
Adsorption of sucrose on zeolites
Authors: Fornefett Iris , Rabet Davud , Buttersack Christoph , Buchholz Klaus
Published: January 2016

The adsorption of sucrose on FAU type zeolites was measured depending on the ratio of Si/Al and the solvent composition (ethanol–water).
A switchable DNA origami nanochannel for regulating molecular transport at the nanometer scale
Authors: Wang Dianming , Zhang Yiyang , Wang Miao , Dong Yuanchen , Zhou Chao , Isbell Mark Antonin , Yang Zhongqiang , Liu Huajie , Liu Dongsheng
Published: January 2016

A nanochannel with a shutter at one end was built by DNA nanotechnology.
Fluorescent IGF-II analogues for FRET-based investigations into the binding of IGF-II to the IGF-1R
Authors: Cottam Jones J. M. , Harris P. W. R. , Scanlon D. B. , Forbes B. E. , Brimble M. A. , Abell A. D.
Published: January 2016

Convergent-based synthesis of native IGF-II and two IGF-II analogues, with coumarin fluorescent probes incorporated at residues 19 and 28, and their use in FRET-based identification of interactions with the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR).
Pd-Catalyzed regioselective hydroesterification of 2-allylphenols to seven-membered lactones without external CO gas
Authors: Chang Wenju , Li Jingfu , Ren Wenlong , Shi Yian
Published: January 2016

Effective Pd-catalyzed regioselective hydroesterification of 2-allylphenols with phenyl formate is described.
A convenient approach to an advanced intermediate toward the naturally occurring, bioactive 6-substituted 5-hydroxy-4-aryl-1H-quinolin-2-ones
Authors: Simonetti Sebastián O. , Larghi Enrique L. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: January 2016

An advanced intermediate for the total synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one natural products and a 3,4-bisdesoxy analog of peniprequinolone were synthesized.
Highly efficient oil–water separators based on dual superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties of multiwall-carbon nanotube filtration films
Authors: Huang Tsao-Cheng , Li Peng , Yao Haiqing , Sue Hung-Jue , Kotaki Masaya , Tsai Mei-Hui
Published: January 2016

A new alkyl-pyrene has been synthesized and is used to modify multiwall-carbon nanotube to form films. Our results reveal that the modified MWCNT film prepared here is a promising candidate for use in removal of oils from water.
Synthesis of luminescent squaramide monoesters: cytotoxicity and cell imaging studies in HeLa cells
Authors: Fernández-Moreira Vanesa , Alegre-Requena Juan V. , Herrera Raquel P. , Marzo Isabel , Gimeno M. Concepción
Published: January 2016

Luminescent squaramide monoesters functionalised with fluorophore groups have been explored as cytotoxic and imaging agents. The biodistribution behaviour differs depending on the fluorescent moiety; lysosomal and nuclear localisation have been observed.
Controlled synthesis of a dual-emission hierarchical quantum dot hybrid nanostructure as a robust ratiometric fluorescent sensor
Authors: Wang Jing , Jiang Chenxing , Yang Fang , Chen Aimin , Wang Ligeng , Hu Jun
Published: January 2016

A highly stable and biocompatible CdTe@SiO2@CdTe@SiO2 dual-emission hierarchical hybrid nanostructure was synthesized and used as a robust ratiometric fluorescent sensor.
From waste to functional additives: thermal stabilization and toughening of PVA with lignin
Authors: Hu Xiao-Qin , Ye De-Zhan , Tang Jin-Bo , Zhang Lin-Jie , Zhang Xi
Published: January 2016

With the addition of modified lignin, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVA can be greatly improved.
Investigation on electromagnetic characteristics, microwave absorption, thermal and mechanical properties of ferromagnetic cobalt–polystyrene composites in the X-band (8.4–12.4 GHz)
Authors: Ansari Azizurrahaman , Akhtar Mohammad Jaleel
Published: January 2016

The electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of ferromagnetic cobalt–polystyrene composites in the X-band (8.4–12.4 GHz) are investigated in order to explore their usage for wide band microwave absorbers.
Palladium-catalyzed N-arylsulfonamide formation from arylsulfonyl hydrazides and nitroarenes
Authors: Zhao Feng , Li Bin , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo-Jun
Published: January 2016

Various N-arylsulfonamides were prepared from nitroarenes and arylsulfonyl hydrazides via hydrogen transfer methodology.
Bis(perylene diimide) with DACH bridge as non-fullerene electron acceptor for organic solar cells
Authors: Gao Guangpeng , Zhang Xiaolong , Meng Dong , Zhang Andong , Liu Yanxia , Jiang Wei , Sun Yanming , Wang Zhaohui
Published: January 2016

A set of non-fullerene small molecules based on bis(perylene diimide) with chiral DACH bridges were designed, synthesized, and characterized as electron acceptor materials in BHJ inverted organic solar cells.
A demonstration of solid-state white light-emitting electrochemical cells using the integrated on-chip plasmonic notch filters
Authors: Lee Ya-Ju , Lin Chia-Ching , Lee Hsiao-Chin , Yao Yung-Chi , Sarma Monima , Su Hai-Ching , Yang Zu-Po , Wong Ken-Tsung
Published: January 2016

A realization of white light-emitting electrochemical cells by employing the integrated plasmonic notch filter to tailor the electroluminescence spectrum.
On-line solid phase extraction method based on flow injection-FAAS using 1,10-phenanthroline modified chelating resin for chromium speciation in industrial water samples
Authors: Sharma Niharika , Tiwari Shelja , Saxena Reena
Published: January 2016

An online solid phase extraction method for the speciation of chromium in industrial water samples using flow injection-FAAS has been described.
Sitagliptin decreases ventricular arrhythmias by attenuated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dependent resistin signalling in infarcted rats
Authors: Lee Tsung-Ming , Chen Wei-Ting , Chang Nen-Chung
Published: January 2016

Myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with insulin resistance, in which resistin acts as a critical mediator. We aimed to determine whether sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, can attenuate arrhythmias by regulating resistin-dependent nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in postinfarcted rats. Normoglycaemic male Wistar rats after ligating coronary artery were randomized to either vehicle or sitagliptin for 4 weeks starting 24 h after operation. Post-infarction was associated with increased myocardial noradrenaline [norepinephrine (NE)] levels and sympathetic hyperinnervation. Compared with vehicle, sympathetic innervation was blunted after administering sitagliptin, as assessed by immunofluorescent analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase, growth-associated factor 43 and neurofilament and western blotting and real-time quantitative RT-PCR of NGF. Arrhythmic scores in the sitagliptin-treated infarcted rats were significantly lower than those in vehicle. Furthermore, sitagliptin was associated with reduced resistin expression and increased Akt activity. Ex vivo studies showed that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) infusion, but not glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), produced similar reduction in resistin levels to sitagliptin in postinfarcted rats. Furthermore, the attenuated effects of sitagliptin on NGF levels can be reversed by wortmannin (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase antagonist) and exogenous resistin infusion. Sitagliptin protects ventricular arrhythmias by attenuating sympathetic innervation in the non-diabetic infarcted rats. Sitagliptin attenuated resistin expression via the GIP-dependent pathway, which inhibited sympathetic innervation through a signalling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt protein.
Robust optimisation applied to the reconfiguration of distribution systems with reliability constraints
Authors: López Juan Camilo , Lavorato Marina , Franco John F. , Rider Marcos J.
Published: January 2016

This study presents a mixed‐integer second‐order conic programming (MISOCP) model for the robust reconfiguration of electrical distribution systems, considering the minimisation of active power losses and reliability constraints. The uncertainty at the reliability data is considered by using a linear and adjustable robust approach. The indices used to evaluate the reliability of the system are the system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) and the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), both of which are calculated as functions of the switch status (open or closed). Under radiality constraints, the solution generated by the proposed model is robust in terms of the reliability, i.e. the SADI and SAIFI limits imposed by regulators are not violated even if the uncertain data changes stochastically. The use of an MISOCP model guarantees convergence to optimality by using existing convex optimisation solvers. To evaluate the robustness of each solution generated by the proposed model, a set of Monte Carlo simulations were deployed. Finally, all tests were executed in a 136‐node real distribution system.
Global sports governance and corruption
Authors: Forster John
Published: January 2016

This article examines Global Sports Organisations (GSOs) in the light of the recent and numerous allegations and findings of corruption against them. In a seemingly unprecedented step in World sport, FIFA, the global governing body of football (or soccer), has banned its own president (Sepp Blatter) from any activity in the sport for 8 years for not fulfilling his fiduciary duties to the organization. It suggests why this corruption exists and persists, and in this light, it also suggests what form remedies must take. In briefly describing the genesis of the GSOs, it is argued that the roots of the corruption go back to the structures put in place in the early days of the GSOs, most notably a lack of transparency, even though they were not then necessarily corrupt. The current power of the GSOs is then briefly described, and a new argument is made, namely that the GSOs, with few exceptions, have either monopoly or quasi-monopoly status that aggravates the tendency to corruption. Such monopolistic status can be maintained even when it is known or suspected that a GSO is corrupt. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to global governance.
Simplifying the Reinsch algorithm for the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff series
Authors: Van–Brunt Alexander , Visser Matt
Published: January 2016

The Goldberg version of the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff series computes the quantity Z(X,Y)=lneXeY=∑wg(w)w(X,Y), where X and Y are not necessarily commuting in terms of “words” constructed from the {X, Y} “alphabet.” The so-called Goldberg coefficients g(w) are the central topic of this article. This Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff series is a general purpose tool of very wide applicability in mathematical physics, quantum physics, and many other fields. The Reinsch algorithm for the truncated series permits one to calculate the Goldberg coefficients up to some fixed word length |w| by using nilpotent (|w| + 1) × (|w| + 1) matrices. We shall show how to further simplify the Reinsch algorithm, making its implementation (in principle) utterly straightforward using “off the shelf” symbolic manipulation software. Specific computations provide examples which help to provide a deeper understanding of the Goldberg coefficients and their properties. For instance, we shall establish some strict bounds (and some equalities) on the number of non-zero Goldberg coefficients. Unfortunately, we shall see that the number of nonzero Goldberg coefficients often grows very rapidly (in fact exponentially) with the word length |w|. Furthermore, the simplified Reinsch algorithm readily generalizes to many closely related but still quite distinct problems—we shall also present closely related results for the symmetric product S(X,Y)=lneX/2eYeX/2=∑wgS(w)w(X,Y). Variations on such themes are straightforward. For instance, one can just as easily consider the “loop” product L(X,Y)=lneXeYe−Xe−Y=∑wgL(w)w(X,Y). This “loop” type of series is of interest, for instance, when considering either differential geometric parallel transport around a closed curve, non-Abelian versions of Stokes’ theorem, or even Wigner rotation/Thomas precession in special relativity. Several other closely related series are also briefly investigated.
Oscillatory counter-centrifugation
Authors: Xu Shujing , Nadim Ali
Published: January 2016

In ordinary centrifugation, a suspended particle that is heavier than the displaced fluid migrates away from the rotation axis when the fluid-filled container rotates steadily about that axis. In contrast a particle that is lighter than the displaced fluid (e.g., a bubble) migrates toward the rotation axis in a centrifuge. In this paper, we show theoretically that if a fluid-filled container rotates in an oscillatory manner as a rigid body about an axis, at high enough oscillation frequencies, the sense of migration of suspended particles is reversed. That is, in that case particles denser than the fluid migrate inward, while those that are lighter than the fluid move outward. We term this unusual phenomenon “Oscillatory Counter-Centrifugation” or OCC, for short. Through application of the method of averaging to the equations of motion, we derive a simple criterion to predict the occurrence of OCC. The analysis also reveals that the time-average of the Coriolis force in the radial direction is the term that is responsible for this effect. In addition, we analyze the effects of the Basset history force and the Rubinow–Keller lift force on particle trajectories and find that OCC persists even when these forces are active. The phenomenon awaits experimental verification.
Pure and aerated water entry of a flat plate
Authors: Ma Z. H. , Causon D. M. , Qian L. , Mingham C. G. , Mai T. , Greaves D. , Raby A.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the entry of a rigid square flat plate into pure and aerated water. Attention is focused on the measurement and calculation of the slamming loads on the plate. The experimental study was carried out in the ocean basin at Plymouth University’s COAST laboratory. The present numerical approach extends a two-dimensional hydro-code to compute three-dimensional hydrodynamic impact problems. The impact loads on the structure computed by the numerical model compare well with laboratory measurements. It is revealed that the impact loading consists of distinctive features including (1) shock loading with a high pressure peak, (2) fluid expansion loading associated with very low sub-atmospheric pressure close to the saturated vapour pressure, and (3) less severe secondary reloading with super-atmospheric pressure. It is also disclosed that aeration introduced into water can effectively reduce local pressures and total forces on the flat plate. The peak impact loading on the plate can be reduced by half or even more with 1.6% aeration in water. At the same time, the lifespan of shock loading is prolonged by aeration, and the variation of impulse is less sensitive to the change of aeration than the peak loading.
Evidence of minority carrier injection efficiency >90% in an epitaxial graphene/SiC Schottky emitter bipolar junction phototransistor for ultraviolet detection
Authors: Chava Venkata S. N. , Omar Sabih U. , Brown Gabriel , Shetu Shamaita S. , Andrews J. , Sudarshan T. S. , Chandrashekhar M. V. S.
Published: January 2016

In this letter, we report the UV detection characteristics of an epitaxial graphene (EG)/SiC based Schottky emitter bipolar phototransistor (SEPT) with EG on top as the transparent Schottky emitter layer. Under 0.43 μW UV illumination, the device showed a maximum common emitter current gain of 113, when operated in the Schottky emitter mode. We argue that avalanche gain and photoconductive gain can be excluded, indicating minority carrier injection efficiency, γ, as high as 99% at the EG/p-SiC Schottky junction. This high γ is attributed to the large, highly asymmetric barrier, which EG forms with the p-SiC. The maximum responsivity of the UV phototransistor is estimated to be 7.1 A/W. The observed decrease in gain with increase in UV power is attributed to recombination in the base region, which reduces the minority carrier lifetime.
Electromagnetic fluctuations generated in the boundary layer of laboratory-created ionospheric depletions
Authors: Liu Yu , Lei Jiuhou , Cao Jinxiang , Xu Liang
Published: January 2016

Ionospheric depletions, produced by release of attachment chemicals into the ionosphere, were widely investigated and taken as a potential technique for the artificial modification of space weather. In this work, we reported the experimental evidence of spontaneously generated electromagnetic fluctuations in the boundary layer of laboratory-created ionospheric depletions. These depletions were produced by releasing attachment chemicals into the ambient plasmas. Electron density gradients and sheared flows arose in the boundary layer between the ambient and the negative ions plasmas. These generated electromagnetic fluctuations with fundamental frequency f0 = 70 kHz lie in the lower hybrid frequency range, and the mode propagates with angles smaller than 90° (0.3π–0.4π) relative to the magnetic field. Our results revealed that these observed structures were most likely due to electromagnetic components of the electron-ion hybrid instability. This research demonstrates that electromagnetic fluctuations also can be excited during active release experiments, which should be considered as an essential ingredient in the boundary layer processes of ionospheric depletions.
Shell stability and conditions analyzed using a new method of extracting shell areal density maps from spectrally resolved images of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions
Authors: Johns H. M. , Mancini R. C. , Nagayama T. , Mayes D. C. , Tommasini R. , Smalyuk V. A. , Regan S. P. , Delettrez J. A.
Published: January 2016

In warm target direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments performed at the OMEGA laser facility, plastic micro-balloons doped with a titanium tracer layer in the shell and filled with deuterium gas were imploded using a low-adiabat shaped laser pulse. Continuum radiation emitted in the core is transmitted through the tracer layer and the resulting spectrum recorded with a gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (MMI). Titanium K-shell line absorption spectra observed in the data are due to transitions in L-shell titanium ions driven by the backlighting continuum. The MMI data consist of an array of spectrally resolved images of the implosion. These 2-D space-resolved titanium spectral features constrain the plasma conditions and areal density of the titanium doped region of the shell. The MMI data were processed to obtain narrow-band images and space resolved spectra of titanium spectral features. Shell areal density maps, ρL(x,y), extracted using a new method using both narrow-band images and space resolved spectra are confirmed to be consistent within uncertainties. We report plasma conditions in the titanium-doped region of electron temperature (Te) = 400 ± 28 eV, electron number density (Ne) = 8.5 × 1024 ± 2.5 × 1024 cm−3, and average areal density 〈ρR〉 = 86 ± 7 mg/cm2. Fourier analysis of areal density maps reveals shell modulations caused by hydrodynamic instability growth near the fuel-shell interface in the deceleration phase. We observe significant structure in modes l = 2–9, dominated by l = 2. We extract a target breakup fraction of 7.1 ± 1.5% from our Fourier analysis. A new method for estimating mix width is evaluated against existing literature and our target breakup fraction. We estimate a mix width of 10.5 ± 1 μm.
Domain wall dynamics along curved strips under current pulses: The influence of Joule heating
Authors: Raposo Victor , Moretti Simone , Hernandez Maria Auxiliadora , Martinez Eduardo
Published: January 2016

The current-induced domain wall dynamics along curved ferromagnetic strips is studied by coupling the magnetization dynamics to the heat transport. Permalloy strips with uniform and non-uniform cross section are evaluated, taking into account the influence of the electrical contacts used to inject the current pulses and the substrate on top of which the ferromagnetic strip is sited. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that the geometry and the non-ferromagnetic materials in the system play a significant role in the current-induced domain wall dynamics. Due to the natural pinning, domain walls are hardly affected by the spin-transfer torques when placed in uniform cross section strips under current pulses with reduced magnitude. On the contrary, the current-induced domain wall displacement is significantly different in strips with non-uniform cross section, where thermal gradients emerge as due to the Joule heating. It is found that these thermal gradients can assist or act against the pure spin-transfer torques, in agreement with the recent experimental observations.
Work function of few layer graphene covered nickel thin films measured with Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Eren B. , Gysin U. , Marot L. , Glatzel Th. , Steiner R. , Meyer E.
Published: January 2016

Few layer graphene and graphite are simultaneously grown on a ∼100 nm thick polycrystalline nickel film. The work function of few layer graphene/Ni is found to be 4.15 eV with a variation of 50 meV by local measurements with Kelvin probe force microscopy. This value is lower than the work function of free standing graphene due to peculiar electronic structure resulting from metal 3d-carbon 2p(π) hybridization.
Venting temperature determines surface chemistry of magnetron sputtered TiN films
Authors: Greczynski G. , Mráz S. , Hultman L. , Schneider J. M.
Published: January 2016

Surface properties of refractory ceramic transition metal nitride thin films grown by magnetron sputtering are essential for resistance towards oxidation necessary in all modern applications. Here, typically neglected factors, including exposure to residual process gases following the growth and the venting temperature Tv, each affecting the surface chemistry, are addressed. It is demonstrated for the TiN model materials system that Tv has a substantial effect on the composition and thickness-evolution of the reacted surface layer and should therefore be reported. The phenomena are also shown to have impact on the reliable surface characterization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Polarized light modulates light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds
Authors: Muheim Rachel , Sjöberg Sissel , Pinzon-Rodriguez Atticus
Published: January 2016

Significance

Birds have a light-dependent magnetic compass that is suggested to be mediated by light-induced, biochemical reactions in specialized magnetoreceptor molecules in the avian retina. Natural skylight reaching these receptors is always directional and to some degree polarized, which has largely been neglected in biophysical models and behavioral experiments on the magnetic compass sense. Training zebra finches in a spatial orientation assay, we show that overhead polarized light modulates radical pair-based magnetic compass orientation. The magnetic compass is only operational when overhead polarized light is aligned parallel, but not perpendicular, to the magnetic field. These findings reveal fundamentally new properties of the light-dependent magnetoreceptor that significantly advance our understanding of how birds, and animals in general, perceive the Earth’s magnetic field.
Songbirds use spectral shape, not pitch, for sound pattern recognition
Authors: Bregman Micah R. , Patel Aniruddh D. , Gentner Timothy Q.
Published: January 2016

Significance

Past work characterizes songbirds as having a strong bias to rely on absolute pitch for the recognition of tone sequences. In a series of behavioral experiments, we find that the human percepts of both pitch and timbre are poor descriptions of the perceptual cues used by birds for melody recognition. We suggest instead that auditory sequence recognition in some species reflects more direct perception of acoustic spectral shape. Signals that preserve this shape, even in the absence of pitch, allow for generalization of learned patterns.
Dispersal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in overhunted Amazonian forests
Authors: Peres Carlos A. , Emilio Thaise , Schietti Juliana , Desmoulière Sylvain J. M. , Levi Taal
Published: January 2016

Significance

A standardized network of wildlife surveys across 166 Amazonian hunted and nonhunted forests, combined with basin-wide spatial modeling of central-place hunting pressure, reveal the degree to which arboreal frugivores have been extirpated by hunters and the spatial extent of overhunting for harvest-sensitive frugivore species across the Brazilian Amazon. Simulations based on data from 2,345 1-ha tree plots inventoried throughout Brazilian Amazonia then show widespread erosion of forest carbon stocks in the world’s largest tropical forest region.
Cytoplasmic isoforms of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus LANA recruit and antagonize the innate immune DNA sensor cGAS
Authors: Zhang Guigen , Chan Baca , Samarina Naira , Abere Bizunesh , Weidner-Glunde Magdalena , Buch Anna , Pich Andreas , Brinkmann Melanie M. , Schulz Thomas F.
Published: January 2016

Significance

In addition to the well-characterized main nuclear latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) protein of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), cytoplasmic LANA isoforms are known to exist, but their function has thus far been unknown. Here we show that N-terminally truncated cytoplasmic isoforms of LANA play a role in antagonizing the innate response triggered, by means of cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), during the reactivation of KSHV from latency. By directly interacting with cGAS, cytoplasmic LANA variants inhibit the cGAS-STING–dependent induction of interferon and thereby promote the reactivation of KSHV from latency. These findings extend the roles of a γ-herpesvirus latent protein into the lytic replication cycle.
Proinflammatory signal suppresses proliferation and shifts macrophage metabolism from Myc-dependent to HIF1
α
-dependent
Authors: Liu Lingling , Lu Yun , Martinez Jennifer , Bi Yujing , Lian Gaojian , Wang Tingting , Milasta Sandra , Wang Jian , Yang Mao , Liu Guangwei , Green Douglas R. , Wang Ruoning
Published: January 2016

Significance

Macrophages maintain homeostatic proliferation in the presence of mitogens whereas encounters with invading microorganisms inhibit proliferation and engage a rapid proinflammatory response. Such cell fate change requires an extensive reprogramming of metabolism, and the regulatory mechanisms behind this change remain unknown. We found that myelocytomatosis viral oncogen (Myc) plays a major role in regulating proliferation-associated metabolic programs. However, proinflammatory stimuli suppress Myc and cell proliferation and engage a hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF1α)-dependent transcriptional program that is responsible for heightened glycolysis. Our work indicates that a switch from a Myc-dependent to a HIF1α-dependent transcriptional program may regulate the robust bioenergetic support for inflammatory response, while sparing Myc-dependent proliferation.
Native American depopulation, reforestation, and fire regimes in the Southwest United States, 1492–1900 CE
Authors: Liebmann Matthew J. , Farella Joshua , Roos Christopher I. , Stack Adam , Martini Sarah , Swetnam Thomas W.
Published: January 2016

Significance

Debates about the magnitude, tempo, and ecological effects of Native American depopulation after 1492 CE constitute some of the most contentious issues in American Indian history. Was population decline rapid and catastrophic, with effects extensive enough to change even the earth’s atmosphere? Or was depopulation more moderate, with indigenous numbers declining slowly after European colonization? Through a study of archaeology and dendrochronology, we conclude that neither of these scenarios accurately characterizes Pueblo peoples in the Southwest United States. Among the Jemez pueblos of New Mexico, depopulation struck swiftly and irrevocably, but occurred nearly a century after first contact with Europeans. This population crash subsequently altered the local environment, spurring the growth of trees and facilitating the spread of frequent forest fires.
Control of APC/C-dependent ubiquitin chain elongation by reversible phosphorylation
Authors: Craney Allison , Kelly Aileen , Jia Luying , Fedrigo Indro , Yu Hongtao , Rape Michael
Published: January 2016

Significance

How RING-E3s, several of which are required for cell division, differentiation, or survival, achieve E2 activation at the right time and place is poorly understood. Here we used the essential RING-E3 anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) and its E2 Ube2S to dissect the mechanism of E2 recognition and activation by RING-E3s. Our work reveals a dynamic interplay between E2 and E3 that is regulated by reversible phosphorylation; while phosphorylation of Cdc20 inhibits Ube2S binding to the APC/C, dephosphorylation by PP2A
B56
allows for rapid Ube2S activation. Given that the kinetochore-bound PP2A
B56
also silences the spindle checkpoint signal, this work suggests that cells coordinate Ube2S activation with other events in human cell cycle control.
Switch-mediated activation and retargeting of CAR-T cells for B-cell malignancies
Authors: Rodgers David T. , Mazagova Magdalena , Hampton Eric N. , Cao Yu , Ramadoss Nitya S. , Hardy Ian R. , Schulman Andrew , Du Juanjuan , Wang Feng , Singer Oded , Ma Jennifer , Nunez Vanessa , Shen Jiayin , Woods Ashley K. , Wright Timothy M. , Schultz Peter G. , Kim Chan Hyuk , Young Travis S.
Published: January 2016

Significance

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has produced promising results in clinical trials but has been challenged by the inability to control engineered cells once infused into the patient. Here we present a generalizable method of controlling CAR-T cells using peptide-engrafted antibody-based molecular switches that act as a bridge between the target cell and CAR-T cell. We show that switches specific for CD19 govern the activity, tissue-homing, cytokine release, and phenotype of switchable CAR-T cells in a dose-titratable manner using xenograft mouse models of B-cell leukemia. We expect that this method of tuning CAR-T cell responses will provide improved safety and versatility of CAR–T-cell therapy in the clinic.
Augmented efficacy of brentuximab vedotin combined with ruxolitinib and/or Navitoclax in a murine model of human Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Ju Wei , Zhang Meili , Wilson Kelli M. , Petrus Michael N. , Bamford Richard N. , Zhang Xiaohu , Guha Rajarshi , Ferrer Marc , Thomas Craig J. , Waldmann Thomas A.
Published: January 2016

Significance

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) manifests activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway and CD30 expression on Reed–Sternberg cells. Additivity/synergy inhibiting effects were noted with combination treatments in vitro with HL cell line, HDLM-2, when treated with JAK 1/2 inhibitor; ruxolitinib with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/B-cell lymphoma-extra large) (Bcl-xL) inhibitor, Navitoclax; or with anti-CD30 toxin conjugate, brentuximab vedotin (BV). Either ruxolitinib combined with Navitoclax or BV alone prolonged survival period but did not cure HDLM-2 tumor-bearing mice whereas BV combined with ruxolitinib and/or with Navitoclax resulted in sustained complete remissions in this model of HL. These studies provide scientific support for clinical trials to evaluate BV combined with ruxolitinib in select patients with HL.
Three-dimensional manipulation of single cells using surface acoustic waves
Authors: Guo Feng , Mao Zhangming , Chen Yuchao , Xie Zhiwei , Lata James P. , Li Peng , Ren Liqiang , Liu Jiayang , Yang Jian , Dao Ming , Suresh Subra , Huang Tony Jun
Published: January 2016

Significance

We present 3D acoustic tweezers, which can trap and manipulate single cells and particles along three mutually orthogonal axes of motion by recourse to surface acoustic waves. We use 3D acoustic tweezers to pick up single cells, or entire cell assemblies, and deliver them to desired locations to create 2D and 3D cell patterns, or print the cells into complex shapes. This technology is thus shown to offer better performance over prior cell manipulation techniques in terms of both accurate and precise motion in a noninvasive, label-free, and contactless manner. This method offers the potential to accurately print 3D multicellular architectures for applications in biomanufacturing, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, neuroscience, and cancer metastasis research.
Human neural crest cells contribute to coat pigmentation in interspecies chimeras after in utero injection into mouse embryos
Authors: Cohen Malkiel A. , Wert Katherine J. , Goldmann Johanna , Markoulaki Styliani , Buganim Yosef , Fu Dongdong , Jaenisch Rudolf
Published: January 2016

Significance

We generated mouse–human neural crest chimeras by introducing neural crest cells derived from human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in utero into the gastrulating mouse embryo. The cells migrated in the embryo along normal migration routes and contributed to functional pigment cells in the postnatal animal, as demonstrated by coat color contribution. This experimental system represents a novel paradigm that allows studying the developmental potential of human cells under in vivo conditions. Importantly, this platform will allow for the investigation of human diseases in the animal by using patient-derived iPSCs.
The Acquisition of L2 Mandarin Prosody
Authors: Yang Chunsheng
Published: January 2016

This book examines the acquisition of L2 Mandarin prosody, a less explored area in SLA. While acknowledging that tone acquisition is one of the most important aspects in acquiring L2 Mandarin phonology, the book demonstrates that phrase- and utterance-level prosody is equally important. Specifically, this book discusses the acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones and utterance-level prosody, the interaction of tones and intonation, the acquisition of Tone 3 sandhis, the temporal differences between L1 and L2 Mandarin discourse, and the relationship between intelligibility, comprehensibility and foreign accent perception in L2 Chinese. In addition, a whole chapter is exclusively devoted to the pedagogy of L2 Mandarin prosody. Studies in this book further our understanding of speech prosody in L1 and L2 and showcase the interesting interaction of phonetics, phonology, and pedagogy in SLA. This book will be of great interest to SLA researchers and graduate students, applied linguists, Chinese linguists, and Chinese practitioners.
Regions without borders
Authors: Cole Noelene
Published: January 2016

Aboriginal rock art occurs throughout the lands of the Laura Sandstone Basin from Princess Charlotte Bay to the Great Dividing Range, in an ordered continuum of styles. Archaeologists attribute this varied spatial distribution to an Australia-wide trend of cultural differentiation which occurred from mid-to-late Holocene times. Given the links between Aboriginal rock art, cultural identity, land and social systems and the long history and intricate nature of Aboriginal-land relationships in Cape York Peninsula, such variability is predictable. However, there are also underlying strands of homogeneity and relatedness. This study identifies, and attempts to account for, some of the discontinuous and continuous spatial trends in Laura Basin rock art in their natural and cultural contexts, in order to shed light on the origins and role of rock art style in south eastern and south central Cape York Peninsula.
The Flinders Islands and Cape Melville people in history
Authors: Sutton Peter
Published: January 2016

This paper uses evidence from archaeology, early ethnographic reports and primary fieldwork to reconstruct the history and the classical social organization of the Flinders Islands and Cape Melville people, in the south-eastern coastal region of Cape York Peninsula. More generally, the paper also demonstrates the interdisciplinary methods used in ethnographic description, as they are used in various aspects of anthropological work, both fundamental (e.g. in establishing an ethnographic baseline for comparative or theoretical work) and applied (e.g. in native title work or other types of reports). These methods include not just traditional anthropological methods, but also philological, linguistic, historical and archaeological work.
Hyponymy and the structure of Kuuk Thaayorre kinship
Authors: Gaby Alice
Published: January 2016

The Kuuk Thaayorre lexicon of kinship can be divided into four subsystems, each of which is hyponymically related to the others. At the finest level of granularity, the set of referential terms (e.g. kanam ‘[someone’s] elder brother’) distinguishes thirty-four classes of kin. These are hyponyms of the twenty-one vocative terms (e.g. waanhn! ‘Big Brother!’, a term which may also be used to address a male speaker’s son’s son or any speaker’s brother’s son’s son). The vocative forms are in turn hyponyms of the sixteen bereavement terms (e.g. piluump, which may be used to refer to someone bereaved of an elder brother, or elder sister, brother’s son’s daughter, brother’s son’s son and so on), while the seven kinship hand signs – which are hypernyms of the bereavement terms – are the most semantically broad of the system. In this manual register, an elder brother is indicated by a point to the shin, as is any sibling, grandchild or grandparent of the same patriline as ego. The respective semantic ranges of the hand signs can be precisely delimited in terms of three features (patriline, matriline and generational harmony), organizing principles which would otherwise be invisible. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (a) to explore the covert categories that are revealed by a semantic analysis of the four subsystems and the relationships between them; and (b) to outline the structure of kinship in Kuuk Thaayorre.
Multiple views of paradise
Authors: Anderson Chris
Published: January 2016

This paper arises out of my more than 40 years personal experience in the Daintree rainforest region of far north Queensland in Australia. Over this time, I have marveled at the starkly different ways in which people that live and visit think about the land, and particularly about the rainforest itself. I present in this paper my ‘reading’ of what different locals have said to me about the landscape and what it means to them. In particular, I focus on Kuku-Yalanji people, the indigenous residents of the area. I also draw for this paper on my reading of texts created by other, non-indigenous parties with interests in the Daintree: early colonial explorers, contemporary land developers, tourist operators and conservationists.
Shared country, different stories
Authors: Trigger David
Published: January 2016

In 2000 Bruce Rigsby presented a seminar titled ‘Not Indigenous, merely born here’, borrowing from Australian poet Les Murray’s verses. The issues canvassed the application of the concept of nativeness in biology as well as in anthropology and the particular circumstances of this question in the post-settler society of Australia. Around the same time, Rigsby provided an expert opinion in an American legal case about skeletal remains that raised related matters. This chapter presents my own reflections on indigenous identities and overlapping shared histories in the Gulf Country of northern Australia. The vehicle for the discussion is an innovative experimental workshop that brought together writers and locals to consider issues of ancestry, story telling and senses of belonging in the Gulf Country.
Born, signed and named
Authors: Evans Nicholas
Published: January 2016

The rich literature on traditional naming practices in Australia has tended to take a static perspective, yet naming systems can respond in interesting ways to social change. For the Bentinck Islanders (Kaiadilt; language spelled Kayardild) of the South Wellesley Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, the system of naming is intimately connected to the system of country tenure. Traditionally all three types of name (birth-place, conception and lineage names) had implications for country ownership. Since 1940 the Bentinck Islanders have gone through several radical changes in their location and social structure. They were evacuated from their own country by missionaries to Mornington Island, sought to establish new relations with the Mornington people, began to make short-term visits back to the South Wellesleys in the 1980s, and since have begun to reestablish permanent outstations on their own country. Systems of naming practices have undergone interesting changes over this period. This paper traces the interconnections between these changes in naming systems, cultures of connection to country, and the practicalities of securing and maintaining a land-based identity against the powerful outside forces which have impinged upon the lives of Bentinck Islanders since mission contact.
Going forward holding back
Authors: Thompson David
Published: January 2016

There is a certain tension in Aboriginal affairs in northern Australia, as Aboriginal people are attracted to the material aspects of modernisation while at the same time resisting deeper levels of social and cultural transformation. People of remote Aboriginal towns today are far more mobile than were their grandparents’ generation, acquiring four wheel drive vehicles or using other means of transport to greatly extend their range of travel into remote homelands and into regional cities. This mobility, together with the impact of modernisation through government policy and wider social interactions, has led to a varied range of potential and actual life styles, from attempts to live on the land in remote homeland locations, to mixed sedentary/hunter-gatherer living in remote Aboriginal towns, to migration to life in the city. From an analysis of these three settings based on the Aboriginal town of Lockhart River, Cape York Peninsula, it is evident firstly that modern technologies are appreciated for their utility in ‘making life easy’ and interesting. It is also evident, however, that the compelling solidarities of kin ties and obligations bind people in a diasporic community that has priority over the compelling forces of cultural change through Western systems of governance, commercialism, individuality and competition. A variety of emerging bicultural lifestyles is evident.
On the edges of their memories
Authors: Allen Lindy
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the nature of current research models relating to Indigenous collections held by cultural institutions. I present insights into how two museum collections have been pivotal to the aspirations of Lamalama people – those of Herbert Hale and Norman Tindale (South Australian Museum, Adelaide); and of Donald Thomson, whose field material from Port Stewart in 1928 through to 1932 is on loan to Museum Victoria, Melbourne. In this chapter I reveal the value of applying a cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary research framework that brings together academic, curatorial and Indigenous interests, all of which are connected through the long standing relationships and close friendships between anthropologists and key Lamalama elders, many now passed away.
Making gambarr
Authors: Haviland John B.
Published: January 2016

A few years ago I revisited the Hopevale community in North Queensland with the intention of “repatriating” various sorts of materials – mostly photographs and films – from more than forty years of (discontinuous) research among Guugu Yimithirr-speaking people north of Cooktown. Taking as the central focus a short film about the traditional preparation of gambarr, a tar-like substance manufactured from the roots of the biniirr or ironbark tree and an essential traditional material for making spears and woomeras, I reflect on evolving and contested notions of land, kin, and ownership that surfaced in a disconcerting and unexpected way during that journey. The film is based on a compilation of photographs and audio commentaries from the 1970s and 1980s. Although at first the families of the now-deceased participants enthusiastically endorsed their elders’ desire that the knowledge they were trying to impart about making gambarr be widely shared among younger people, over the course of days of discussion and debate, the families concluded that instead the film ought not to be further disseminated or deposited in a shared community archive of traditional custom and practice. I try to untangle some of the contentious logic of such a decision.