bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosis, ethnicity and migration
Authors: Hapangama A. , Perera S. R.
Published: December 2019

Migration is a phenomenon occurring throughout the world. It is becoming increasing widespread in the modern context. Migrants are considered a highly vulnerable population group for development of a variety of psychological and social problems. Therefore there is a need to study the relationship between mental health and migrations. These five articles briefly discuss some of the latest updates in this field.
Senegal’s Grand Magal of Touba: Syndromic Surveillance during the 2016 Mass Gathering
Authors: Sokhna Cheikh , Goumballa Ndiaw , Hoang Van Thuan , Mboup Balla M. , Dieng Mamadou , Sylla Ahmadou B. , Diallo Aldiouma , Raoult Didier , Parola Philippe , Gautret Philippe
Published: December 2019

The Grand Magal of Touba (GMT) is an annual 1-day Muslim religious event that takes place in Touba in Senegal. The city of Touba swells from 800,000 to four million people during the GMT. All patients who attended one of the 154 dedicated medical care public healthcare structures of the medical region of Diourbel during the GMT were included in a cross-sectional survey from November 16 to November 21, 2016. Demographic, morbidity, and mortality data were collected on a daily basis using a standardized article form that allows data to be recorded in a free-text format. Data were obtained from a total of 20,850 healthcare encounters, and 30.9% patients were aged ≤ 15 years. The most frequent conditions were gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Most frequent gastrointestinal symptoms were abdominal and gastric pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea, suggesting that most patients suffered gastroenteritis. The predominance of cough, rhinitis, influenza-like illness, and sore throat among patients with respiratory symptoms suggests that most patients suffered from upper respiratory tract infections. Other frequent symptoms were headaches and pain in various organs. Three percentage of patients were considered to have malaria, 29.8% of patients were prescribed antibiotics and 2.6% antimalarial drugs, and 1.5% of patients were hospitalized. Only one death was recorded. Preparedness of the medical infrastructure should target these syndromic features, in terms of diagnostic tools and specific treatments, including pediatric formulations. It is also essential to improve the quality and rapid availability of data to enable real-time analysis of medical events at the GMT and to implement a rapid response, if necessary.
Aproximación al léxico gastronómico dialectal andaluz desde los repertorios de disponibilidad léxica para una propuesta didáctica
Authors: Trigo Ibáñez Ester , Romero Oliva Manuel Francisco , Santos Díaz Inmaculada Clotilde
Published: December 2019

Desde los años 70, con el nacimiento del enfoque comunicativo en la enseñanza de lenguas (García Marcos, 2018), se ha prestado atención no solo al conocimiento de los elementos del sistema lingüístico, sino también a cómo su conocimiento capacita a los individuos para establecer relaciones efectivas de comunicación y, por ende, de relación intercultural. En este escenario, uno de los aspectos esenciales para que un hablante o aprendiz pueda demostrar dominio lingüístico es la competencia léxica, definida en el Marco común europeo de referencia para las lenguas (MCERL, Consejo de Europa, 2002: 126-131) como «el conocimiento del vocabulario de una lengua y la capacidad para utilizarlo».
The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching. Metodologías, contextos y recursos para la enseñanza del español L2
Authors: Santiago Alonso Gemma
Published: December 2019

Con la recién publicación del volumen The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching: metodologías, contextos y recursos para la enseñanza del español L2, estamos ante una obra de referencia obligatoria para académicos y docentes del ámbito de la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua (L2), que aborda el tema de la lingüística aplicada desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria. Se trata de un trabajo ambicioso y exhaustivo donde expertos de la lingüística hispánica, de reconocida proyección internacional, han intentado crear puentes que pongan en contacto “la investigación lingüística y la innovación didáctica” (p. 19) a través de revisiones sistemáticas y panorámicas de los fundamentos teóricos, metodológicos e investigaciones empíricas más novedosos y destacables sobre los diferentes temas desarrollados a lo largo de sus 702 páginas, así como posibles aplicaciones pedagógicas concretas para llevar al aula.
La disponibilidad léxica como instrumento de evaluación léxica de aprendices griegos de ELE
Authors: Palapanidi Kiriakí
Published: December 2019

La prueba de la disponibilidad léxica se concibe como una herramienta de recogida de datos que pueden servir para distintos objetivos. Este trabajo pretende profundizar en la aplicación de esta técnica a la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) y específicamente a la evaluación de la competencia léxica de los estudiantes. En concreto, nuestro objetivo es comprobar si la prueba de disponibilidad léxica puede servir, por un lado, como herramienta de evaluación del desarrollo del tamaño del léxico productivo del área temática analizada, y por otro, como prueba de diagnóstico del conocimiento productivo del léxico temático analizado desde una perspectiva cuantitativa y cualitativa.
Asociaciones prototípicas en la producción y disponibilidad léxica de adolescentes españoles y eslovenos en español y en inglés como lenguas extranjeras
Authors: Mora Jaqueline , Jiménez Catalán Rosa Mª
Published: December 2019

Nuestro artículo compara el léxico disponible en inglés y en español como lenguas extranjeras (LE) a partir de dos centros de interés o categorías semánticas: Partes del cuerpo (Parts of the body) y La ropa (Clothes). En primer lugar, identificamos el número de palabras producidas en inglés por adolescentes españoles para luego comparar dicha producción con la de adolescentes eslovenos aprendientes de español LE. En segundo lugar, identificamos las tres palabras más disponibles en inglés y las comparamos a las tres más disponibles en español. Los prototipos semánticos permiten comprender la manera en que un aprendiente categoriza una LE. Su estudio en dos lenguas extranjeras, provenientes de adolescentes en dos países, nos permite abordar las asociaciones prototípicas en un marco más amplio. Si los resultados son similares, nuestro estudio aportará evidencia de la universalidad de los prototipos en las categorías semánticas analizadas. Por el contrario, de observarse diferencias, los resultados aportarán datos de la existencia de rasgos culturales específicos a cada lengua.
Stomatal Conductance of Cowpea Submitted to Different Hydric Regimes in Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
Authors: Costa Deborah Luciany Pires , Takaki Amanda Yoko , Farias Vivian Dielly Da Silva , Teixeira Erika De Oliveira , Nunes Hildo Giuseppe Garcia Caldas , Souza Paulo Jorge De Oliveira Ponte de
Published: December 2019

Cowpea is a culture of great socioeconomic relevance for northern Brazil, but the knowledge about technology that increases productivity, such as irrigation, is still incipient. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stomatal conductance (gs) of cowpea, in different hydric availabilities, Castanhal-PA. For this, it was planted the cv. BR3 Tracuauteua was planted in 0.5 ha in the year 2013, in the center of this area was instrummented a micrometeorological tower for measurements of atmospheric variables. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 4 treatments, which were: 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the water slide as a function of crop evapotranspiration. The treatments started in the reproductive phase. The gs readings were performed at different phenological stages through a porometer, the data were subjected to analysis of variance (Tukey, p < 0.05). In the reproductive phase, the lowest gs values were found in the 0% 0% of ETc, which were 141.08 and 186.80 mmol m-2 s-1, respectively, in the R7 and R8 stages. In contrast, the highest values were observed in T100%, 777.76 mmol m-2 s-1 (R7) and 754.50 mmol m-2 s-1. The ideal water depth for cowpea stage R7 was 25% of ETc, whereas from R8, the ideal water depth was 50% of crop evapotranspiration.
Description Benefits, Production Benefits, and Context Retrieval for Recognition of Unfamiliar Faces
Authors: Jones Todd C. , Steel Brenna C. , Scott-Smith Thomas
Published: December 2019

Several studies have shown that giving brief descriptions for unfamiliar faces can lead to better episodic recognition memory relative to faces in a view-only (control) condition. More broadly, this finding is consistent with the benefits of elaboration during study on later recognition. Two articles have reported description benefits when participants did not know the study condition (control or description) for a trial until after a face was removed from view (Jones, Armstrong, Casey, Burson, & Memon, 2013; Jones, Robinson, & Steel, 2018). We conducted 3 experiments to shed additional light on the basis for this benefit, and the measures we used were old–new recognition and recognition confidence for the face and the proportion of test faces with recall for descriptive information. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants were explicitly instructed to describe each study face and to type the description or not (control condition). There was a numerical advantage for “old” responses, with the difference being significant in Experiment 1. A significant advantage for the typed condition occurred for “very sure old” and recall responses for both experiments. The advantage occurred across study repetition conditions in Experiment 1 and when participants were given plenty of time to generate a description in Experiment 2. Overall, these findings indicate that physically typing the description leads to a small advantage in recollection relative to a condition without physical production (i.e., a type of physical production effect). However, the production advantage was not obtained on any measure in Experiment 3 when the control condition required participants to type the number of words in the description.
“Josip Tomec, Collector”: Class and Folklore Collection in Nineteenth-Century Croatia
Authors: Jurić Dorian
Published: December 2019

An 1897 collecting guide for a Croatian folklore journal suggests literate peasants as highly privileged lay collectors. In reality, despite their advantageous access to the journal’s quarry, difficulty in mastering practices of knowledge transmission and the privileged language of the journal’s style regularly proved to be insurmountable impediments to their aspirations. The correspondence of peasant collectors reveals the ways they navigated engagement with nineteenth-century folklore collection projects and theoretical paradigms that valorized their social position while at the same time yoking them to it.
Dietary lifestyle modifications for vitiligo patients
Authors: Abd-El Mohsen Sahar A. , Mohamed Azhar A.
Published: December 2019

Background and objective: Changing the patient lifestyle as regarding diet well helped in vitiligo patient cure. Aim: to examine the effect of applying dietary instructions on dietary lifestyle modifications of vitiligo patients.Methods: Research design: Quasi experimental research design with one group (Pre/Post-test) was utilized in this study. Setting: the study was conducted in the ultraviolet unit at the Dermatology Department of Asyut University Hospitals. Study tool: Structured patient interview questionnaire sheet. It included two parts: Part 1: Assessment of patient’s sociodemographic variables. Part 2: Dietary pattern assessment: derived from Patient Life Style Pattern Assessment Sheet (PLSPAS) for Vitiligo.Results: The mean age of the studied sample was (mean ± SD 34.62 ± 12.35), 51.6% were female, 70% were living in rural areas, a highly statistically significant difference in the total mean knowledge scores between pre and post application of the dietary instructions (p value = .002).Conclusions: The present study concluded that there was a great improvement in the dietary lifestyle pattern of the studied sample after application of dietary instructions. Recommendations: Replication of the study on a larger probability sample from different geographical locations for generalization of the results. Printing copies of the dietary instructions for dissemination among all vitiligo patients attending the dermatology ward for treatment or follow-ups.
The Determinations of East Asia’s Automobile Trade Using a Gravity Model
Authors: Abdul-Aziz Shahrun Nizam , Zulkifli Normala , Rambeli@Ramli Norimah , Karim Noor Al-Huda Abdul , Zakariya Zainizam , Jalil Norasibah Abdul
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate empirically the factors that determine the level of automobile trade in East Asian countries by taking into account government policies as well as the role of MNEs. To do so, in this study we include dummies of import substitution industrialisation (ISI) and export orientation industrialisation (EOI) policies as well as Japanese FDI as additional explanatory variables in our augmented gravity models. We found that GDPs, distance, per capita income, FTA, government policies, language and FDI are the determinants for the development of automobile industry in each country in East Asia. In the case of auto P&C, apart from economic size, the role of government through trade policy (i.e., FTA) and industrial policies as well as the role of MNCs are the major contributors to the development both exports and imports of East Asian countries. In the case of final automobiles, the role of FTA and language seems to be unimportant. Nonetheless, the role of government policies and MNCs seem to be important.
Dynamic Relationship Between Real Export, Real Import, Real Exchange Rate, Labor Force and Real Gross Domestic Product in Malaysia
Authors: Hashim Emilda , Rambeli Norimah , Hashim Asmawi , Jalil Norasibah Abdul , Aziz Shahrun Nizam Abdul , Karim Noor Al Huda Abdul
Published: December 2019

This study examined short run and long run relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Specifically, it studied the relationship between real export, real import, labor force participation and real effective exchange rate (REER) and real GDP in Malaysia from 1988 to 2017. These variables were tested in various tests, namely, unit root test, granger causality test, vector autoregressive (VAR), Johansen Juselius test and Error Correction Term (ECT). The result revealed that all variables were non-stationary at the level form and stationary at first difference in ADF unit root test. The findings also exhibited the existence of bilateral relationships between real export and real GDP, real import and real GDP, as well as labor and real GDP. Nonetheless, there were no relationship found between REER and real GDP. On the other hand, in VAR, the lag optimum was lag 10 because it indicated the smallest value of AIC. Moreover, for Johansen Juselius cointegration test, it showed two cointegrated vector at both, 5% and 1%, level in trace test. In addition, Max-Eigen value test indicated two cointegrated vector at 0.05 and one cointegrated vector at 0.01. As for the Wald test, there were long run cointegration relationship between real GDP and its determinants, namely real export, real import, labor and REER. Apparently, Malaysia, as a small open economy, has relied heavily on foreign trade. Consequently, our domestic economic performance is susceptible to the changes in international markets and exchange rate. Therefore, suitable international policy implementation is vital to ensure Malaysian economy will be able to adjust to current global changes.
Economic Development Resiliency: Mobilized Disaster’s Readiness Among Higher Learning Students in Malaysia
Authors: Mahjom Nurhanie , Razak Azila Abd , Muhammad Fidlizan , Hussin Mohd Yahya Mohd , Mansor Siti Salma Syahierah binti
Published: December 2019

Resilient economic development is supported by each and every people as a whole. To deal with disasters, we should not act alone. Readiness is one part of the process of disaster management and natural disasters that disrupt the living system. The study was conducted to measure the level of readiness for emergencies and disasters among youth (eg: high learning students) and to develop items for factors that influence students' ability to serve in disaster areas. To achieve the following objectives, two analyses were conducted: the first analysis was the comparison of mean scores and the second analysis was the factor analysis involving four factors, physical factors, university management factors, financial factors and personal factors. This study uses questionnaire and online form to collect data from respondents. A total of 120 respondents from three higher learning in Malaysia – Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and University of Technology (UiTM) were involved in this study. The level of readiness has a high mean value and indicates a good level of readiness among the respondents. Factor analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the techniques of determining the number of factors or not for all the items that were formed. Nevertheless, the Cronbach Alpha values indicate that the items are constructed and that the overall research tool has internal consistency values. This study is expected to increase the engagement and spirit of volunteerism as it can add value to the students and even produce a high quality national leadership.
Does Export Led Growth Hypothesis Hold Under World Crisis Recovery Regime in Malaysia?
Authors: Hashim Asmawi , Rambeli Norimah , Jalil Norasibah Abdul , Zulkifli Normala , Hashim Emilda , Karim Noor Al-Huda Abdul
Published: December 2019

This paper examines empirically the nature of the impact of the exchange rate on import, export and economic growth in Malaysia from 2009 until 2018. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables and also to identify the effects of exchange rates on dependent variables including imports, exports and the Gross Domestic Product (DGP) that represent the productivity of the country. This study further focuses on investigating the impact or the role of export in drive the county economic growth. In achieving these objectives, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) testing procedure is used to test the presence of unit root. In order to investigate the incidence of long run relationship between the data series, the Johansen Juselius Cointegration Vector is utilized. The Granger Causality in Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework is employed to differentiate between short run and long run causal effects in examining the led growth determinants. The result shows that there is causality between exchange rate, import, export and GDP. Moreover, this study shows that exchange rates responded positively to import and export and negatively to GDP. The result further support for export led growth hypothesis in this study. Thus, confirm for the role of export in motivating the economic growth productivity in after World Crisis regime in year 2008. However, Malaysia must not only relay on international trade to generate income for the country. This is because Malaysia is fortunate to have survived the negative effects of the global crisis; the international trade is exposed to exchange rate instability. If Malaysia wants to succeed in international trade, it may be able to focus on food and services trade. As alternative Malaysia may focuses on agriculture sector by improving the research and development and be a champion on food supply for the world.
The Relationship Between Human Development, Tourism and Economic Growth: Evidence From Malaysia
Authors: Tan Yan-Teng , Gan Pei-Tha , Hussin Mohd Yahya Mohd , Ramli Norimah
Published: December 2019

A remarkable feature of empirical studies is that not many research works investigate the relation between human development and tourism. Although gross domestic product may replace human development to measure economy progress and human well-being in relation to tourism, however, this definition, is narrow, limits to economic side, and ignores the social and cultural factors. To overcome this shortcoming, this study examines the relationship between human development, tourism and economic growth in Malaysia. By using different cointegration approaches, the results indicate that tourism is positively related to human development in the long run. The finding suggests that the known relationship may serve as a guide to policy makers to achieve better development of social and cultural in order to promote the growth.
Statistical correlations in winter triticale hybrids
Authors: Goryanina Tatyana
Published: December 2019

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlations between the hybrids F1, F2, and F3, obtained by different methods, their plasticity and stability, as well as to identify the probability of cytogenetic balances formed in F3 and the possibility to perform selection in this generation. Correlations in 38 triticale hybrids (F1, F2, and F3), obtained by different methods were evaluated in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, Russia. Simple intraspecific, complex and interspecific cross breeding was performed. Thirty-eight hybrids were evaluated. Correlation (68 features), variance, and genetic analyses were conducted. Relatively constant correlations in intraspecific hybrids of the F1, F2, and F3 generations were documented between the length of the ear and its components: the number of spikelets, the mass of one ear, and the number of grains per ear. An increase in spike length in interspecific hybrids leads to an increase in the number of spikelets, but a decrease in fertility productivity. In hybrids of the second generation, the number of significant functional correlations increases significantly. In the third generation, the correlations are almost the same as in the first generation. The interrelation of spike length with internode length decreases (r = 0.12–0.14), while the weight of one spike (r = 0.07–0.12) increases with the number of spikelets (r = 0.82–0.87). The coefficient of variation in the number of kernels per ear in the F3 generation of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids varied from 21.01% to 69.57%. The variance of this feature was lower in simple intraspecies hybrids (21.01–25.15%) and higher in interspecies hybrids with winter wheat (36.40–38.30%) and winter rye (60.0–69.57%). The analysis of the stability and plasticity of the hybrids indicates their instability. The selection of elite ears and plants in the early stages of formation of the hybrid is not effective.
The contribution of the Polish statistical thought to the development of international statistics
Authors: Domański Czesław , Okrasa Włodzimierz
Published: December 2019

The aim of the paper is to present the achievements of selected Polish statisticians, including the precursors of the Polish statistical thought, who significantly contributed to the development of statistics as a scientific discipline with versatile applications to many fields of research. The authors’ intention was to emphasize the value of this input, its significance for science and its considerable impact on the development of the applications of statistical methods to other disciplines. The article is structured around three theses, which concern, respectively: the role of statistics as a key discipline in the processes of the interdisciplinarisation of empirical sciences, diverse conditions in which the Polish statistical thought has developed (e.g. the partitions of Poland), and its influence on the shape of modern statistics.
Regional variation in household income
Authors: Grzywińska-Rąpca Małgorzata , Kobylińska Małgorzata
Published: December 2019

The aim of the paper is to determine the scale of intervoivodship variation in terms of the level of household income, taking into account the sources of this income. To evaluate regional differences related to the economic situation of households, the authors used data on the sources and level of income per person in a household in a voivodship. Average values of income for each identified source were calculated on the basis of microdata from the 2016 Household Budget Survey carried out by Statistics Poland. For the purpose of the study, the authors employed k-medoid method, one of non-hierarchical techniques of division. It was demonstrated that of all the diagnostic features adopted in the study, it was the level of income from permanent employment abroad which differentiated among particular clusters of voivodships to the largest extent. The average value for this feature in cluster 2 was PLN 5000,70 per person in the household. The performed grouping of voivodships showed that the extent to which households search for additional sources of income depends on the economic potential of the region and available opportunities.
Competition in the banking sector in Russia
Authors: Baszyński Adam
Published: December 2019

The Russian banking sector is composed of almost 500 banks, but does it mean it is competitive? The aim of the study is to determine the scale of competition in the Russian banking sector in the light of the undertaken reforms, whose goal has been to reinforce banks’ and to limit their number. The analysis covering the period 2010–2015 was based on the financial statements of banks (balance sheets and profit and loss accounts) drawn from BankScope. The author examined the indicators of concentration and computed non-structural measures of competition, then comparing the scale of competition on the Russian banking services market with three emerging economies of a similar size: Brazil, India and China. The applied unstructured measures of competition (H statistics, Lerner index and Boone index) yielded results indicating that the type of competition on the Russian market of banking services could be defined as monopolistic. The structures of the market for banking services of the three other examined countries also correspond to the model of monopolistic competition, but nevertheless they allow more competition than the Russian one.
Effect of L-carnitine on sperm quality during liquid storage of boar semen
Authors: Yang Kang , Wang Na , Guo Hai-Tao , Wang Jing-Ran , Sun Huan-Huan , Sun Liang-Zhen , Yue Shun-Li , Zhou Jia-Bo
Published: December 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the pig semen characteristics during storage.Methods: Spermatozoa samples were examined for spermatozoa quality and then randomly divided into 5 groups: 0 (control), 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mM L-carnitine. Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and antioxidant parameters (total reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde) were evaluated after 0, 3, 5, and 10 day cooledstorage at 17°C. Moreover, ATP content, mitochondria activity as well as sperm-binding and in vitro fertilizing ability of preserved boar sperm were also investigated.Results: Supplementation with 50 mM L-carnitine could effectively maintain boar sperm quality parameters such as sperm motility and membrane integrity. Besides, we found that L-carnitine had positive effects on boar sperm quality mainly through improving antioxidant capacities and enhancing ATP content and mitochondria activity. Interestingly, by assessing the effect of L-carnitine on sperm fertility and developmental potential, we discovered that the extender containing L-carnitine could improve sperm quality and increase the number of sperms bounding to zona pellucida, without improving in vitro fertility and development potential.Conclusion: These findings suggested that the proper addition of L-carnitine to the semen extender improved boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C.
MicroRNAs regulate granulosa cells apoptosis and follicular development — A review
Authors: Gong Zhuandi , Yang Juan , Bai Shengju , Wei Suocheng
Published: December 2019

Objective: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most abundant small RNAs. Approximately 2,000 annotated miRNAs genes have been found to be differentially expressed in ovarian follicles during the follicular development (FD). Many miRNAs exert their regulatory effects on the apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (FGCs) and FD. However, accurate roles and mechanism of miRNAs regulating apoptosis of FGCs remain undetermined.Methods: In this review, we summarized the regulatory role of each miRNA or miRNA cluster on FGCs apoptosis and FD on the bases of 41 academic articles retrieved from PubMed and web of science and other databases.Results: Total of 30 miRNAs and 4 miRNAs clusters in 41 articles were reviewed and summarized in the present article. Twenty nine documents indicated explicitly that 24 miRNAs and miRNAs clusters in 29 articles promoted or induced FGCs apoptosis through their distinctive target genes. The remaining 10 miRNAs and miRNAs of 12 articles inhibited FGCs apoptosis. MiRNAs exerted modulation actions by at least 77 signal pathways during FGCs apoptosis and FD.Conclusion: We concluded that miRNAs or miRNAs clusters could modulate the apoptosis of GCs (including follicular GCs, mural GCs and cumulus cells) by targeting their specific genes. A great majority of miRNAs show a promoting role on apoptosis of FGCs in mammals. But the accurate mechanism of miRNAs and miRNA clusters has not been well understood. It is necessary to ascertain clearly the role and mechanism of each miRNA or miRNA cluster in the future. Understanding precise functions and mechanisms of miRNAs in FGCs apoptosis and FD will be beneficial in developing new diagnostic and treatment strategies for treating infertility and ovarian diseases in humans and animals.
Эпистемологический поворот в современном естествознании и философия науки А. Эйнштейна
Authors: Мамчур Елена Аркадьевна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

Показано, что современная философия науки вступает в очередной эпистемологический по-ворот. Цель статьи – выявить вклад А. Эйн-штейна в этот поворот, реализуемый им в процессе его научной деятельности. Первый эпистемологический поворот был осуществ-лен американским философом Уиллардом Ку-айном в ходе критики формирующейся фило-софией науки во второй половине ХХ и первой половине ХХI в. метафизики и философской онтологии как основного содержания метафи-зики. Куайн отказался от онтологии как учении о бытии, общей для всего научного знания, в пользу точки зрения, согласно которой онто-логия бывает только у отдельных теорий, и ввел понятие эпистемологии онтологии. Функция эпистемологии онтологии состоит в том, чтобы определить, какая онтология луч-ше для того, чтобы научная теория развива-лась успешно. К вкладу Эйнштейна относятся такие результаты его научного творчества как: 1) Признание не-объектного характера кван-товой механики и теории относительности, с одной стороны, и их объективности в смысле соответствия действительности, с другой. Само признание таким авторитетным ученым, каким был Эйнштейн, необходимости разли-чать между двумя аспектами понятия объек-тивность, внесло позитивный вклад в сложив-шуюся эпистемологическую ситуацию, сделав ее более интеллигибельной. 2) Изменения в объяснительной стратегии в науке. Они сказа-лись на появлении такого явления, как фено-мен естественного» объяснения, которое не требует поиска причин и подрывает статус за-кона достаточного основания Лейбница. 3) Предпринимаемые Эйнштейном шаги к признанию ценности неклассической эписте-мологии. В статье показано, что время от вре-мени Эйнштейн осознанно делал отступления от ньютоновской методологии, где считалось, что теория должна быть основана на экспери-ментальных фактах и соответствовать экспе-риментальным данным, и предположил, что ведущую роль в развитии науки играет теоре-тическое начало.
Возвращение к докантовским способам мышления с точки зрения историко-онтологической концепции А.Н. Уайтхеда
Authors: Столярова Ольга Евгеньевна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

Является ли философская система Канта необ-ходимым и достаточным (или, как минимум, относительно достаточным, открытым, воз-можно, для пополнения и уточнения, но не для опровержения) объяснением (обоснова-нием) познавательного опыта человечества или она сама нуждается в объяснении как часть познавательного опыта человечества? В статье этот вопрос рассматривается через призму пост-критической концепции А.Н. Уайтхеда и провозглашенного им «воз-вращения к докантовским способам мышле-ния». Философский запрос на новизну, выра-зителем которого является, в частности, Уайт-хед, не позволяет мыслить данное «возвра-щение» буквально, то есть как восстановление докритической метафизики. На примере исто-рико-онтологического подхода Уайтхеда де-монстрируется, что возвращение к докантов-ским способам мышления представляет собой не столько прямое опровержение критиче-ской (анти-метафизической) позиции Канта, сколько объяснение «коперниканского пово-рота» посредством раскрытия его онтологиче-ских предпосылок, или условий его возмож-ности. Но исторический подход показывает также, что эти онтологические предпосылки не являются абсолютно устойчивыми. Новый опыт науки и новые онтологии формируют ус-ловия для пересмотра эпистемологических ограничений и косвенным образом опровер-гают «коперниканский поворот».
Incomplete Ideal Theory
Authors: Berg Amy ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: December 2019

What is the best way to make sustained societal progress over time? Non-ideal theory done on its own faces the problem of second best, but ideal theory seems unable to cope with disagreement about how to make progress. If ideal theory gives up its claims to completeness, then we can use the method of incompletely theorized agreements to make progress over time.
Can Bioethanol Lead Pakistan Towards Sustainability and Prosperity? A Narrative Review
Authors: Mohsin Abeer , Fatima Syeda Zehratul
Published: December 2019

Economic recession, power and fuel shortage, waste management and pollution leading to global warming and climate change are few of the major issues faced by Pakistan, a developing country. These issues can be addressed to some extent by implementing policies and programmes by the government that will promote the development of the renewable energy sector in the country. Pakistan being an agricultural country has great potential to produce bioethanol, by using agricultural and municipal waste, and be able to fulfil its fuel requirements. Countries such as Canada, China and Brazil, the top producers of bioethanol in the world, can be followed as examples in terms of making policies for the growth and development of bioethanol industries. The government should make policies to replace traditional petroleum with ethanol-blended fuel to minimize the energy crisis and environmental pollution throughout the country.
Keywords: Renewable energy, pollution, economic growth, sustainable development goals, global warming, waste management.
Spinal signalling of C-fiber mediated pleasant touch in humans
Authors: Marshall Andrew G , Sharma Manohar L , Marley Kate , Olausson Hakan , McGlone Francis P
Published: December 2019

C-tactile afferents form a distinct channel that encodes pleasant tactile stimulation. Prevailing views indicate they project, as with other unmyelinated afferents, in lamina I-spinothalamic pathways. However, we found that spinothalamic ablation in humans, whilst profoundly impairing pain, temperature and itch, had no effect on pleasant touch perception. Only discriminative touch deficits were seen. These findings preclude privileged C-tactile-lamina I-spinothalamic projections and imply integrated hedonic and discriminative spinal processing from the body.
Mörkrets hav
Authors: Johnsson Henrik
Published: December 2019

Artikeln bedriver en litteraturhistoriskt orienterad läsning av Josefine Klougarts Om mørke (2013). Artikeln argumenterar för att Klougarts roman stilistiskt och strukturellt är inspirerad av Virginia Woolfs författarskap, och att Klougart skriver in sig i en tradition av litterär impressionism. Även romanens bruk av stream of consciousness-teknik och dess fragmentestetik sätts i relation till Woolf och impressionismen. Därefter görs en tematisk läsning av romanen, i vilken romanens centrala förgänglighetstematik lyfts fram.
Discovery of new microscopic structures in surface water on graphene using data science
Authors: Kato Koichiro , Maekawa Yuki , Watanabe Naoki , Sasaoka Kenji , Yamamoto Takahiro
Published: December 2019

We present the first-ever application of a statistical data analysis technique based on a persistent homology method combined with molecular dynamics simulations to determine the microscopic structure of water on graphene. This work assessed the rapid transition in the water structure on going from surface water to free water with increasing distance from the graphene surface, which is one of the most fundamental issues to be resolved in the field of water research. The crossover distance was unexpectedly short at approximately 1 nm, equivalent to three water layers. Within this 1 nm thick layer of surface water, the rotational freedom of tetrahedral water clusters was almost zero due to the presence of the graphene surface. Thus, water on hydrophobic surfaces such as graphene was found to contain a newly-discovered type of water cluster.
The effect of varying danger controllability on attention to threat messages
Authors: Herbert Matthew , Notebaert Lies , Parsons Sam , Fox Elaine , MacLeod Colin
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study is to determine whether attention toward fear messages is affected by variation in the controllability of the associated danger. There is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of fear appeals in driving adaptive behaviour, and it may be the case that threat messages fail to capture attention if the associated danger is not explicitly controllable. One hundred and sixty undergraduate university students completed a computer task that involved exposure to threat cues signalling a danger (money loss). In high control blocks, attending to threat cues provided a high chance of avoiding the danger, whereas in low control blocks, attending to threat cues provided little chance of avoiding the danger. Attentional capture by threat was measured. A mixed‐design analysis of variance showed there was greater attentional capture by threat cues in high control blocks compared with low control blocks. This effect was observed with a short stimulus exposure duration and was magnified with a long exposure duration. Fear appeals could capture attention to a greater degree if the danger related to the threat message was communicated as being controllable. This has significant practical implications for the implementation of fear appeals.
Numeracy in the jury box: Numerical ability, meaningful anchors, and damage award decision making
Authors: Helm Rebecca K. , Hans Valerie P. , Reyna Valerie F. , Reed Krystia
Published: December 2019

This project employs an experimental design to test theoretical predictions regarding how numeracy can assist jurors in determining damage awards to compensate a plaintiff for pain and suffering and how the use of meaningful numerical anchors may produce similar benefits. Mock jurors (N = 345) reviewed a legal case and were asked to give a dollar award to compensate the plaintiff for pain and suffering. The presence and nature of a numerical anchor and the duration of pain and suffering were manipulated. Participants' numeracy was measured. Results provided support for predictions. Jurors higher in numeracy gave awards that more appropriately reflected the duration of pain and suffering and showed less variability in awards. Similar benefits were obtained by exposing jurors to meaningful numerical anchors to help them contextualize dollar amounts. Thus, introducing meaningful anchors to jurors may provide similar benefits to numeracy, without the drawbacks associated with selecting only numerate jurors.
The prevalence of cognitive disengagement in automobile crashes
Authors: Wotring Brian , Dingus Tom , Atwood Jon , Guo Feng , McClafferty Julie , Buchanan‐King Mindy
Published: December 2019

The current study analysed crashes identified in a large‐scale naturalistic driving database to assess the prevalence of cognitive disengagement (i.e., purely cognitive distraction and mind wandering/microsleep) or episodes wherein the driver did not look away from the roadway during secondary task completion or wherein another clearly observable contributing crash factor was not present, and the driver's reaction to the crash showed symptoms of cognitive disengagement. The study found that <1% (95% CI [0.45, 1.66]) of higher severity crashes had a potential contributing crash factor of mind wandering/microsleep; ~1.5% (95% CI [0.83, 2.32]) had a potential contributing factor of purely cognitive distraction. The results suggest a relatively low prevalence of cognitive disengagement among automotive crashes compared with visual/manual secondary tasks. However, the current methodology is limited in that it does not account for instances where cognitive disengagement, in combination with other factors, may have led to crashes, potentially leading to conservative estimates.
Modulating Iron Spin States with Radical Ligands: A Density Functional Theoretical Study
Authors: Credendino Ludovica , Sproules Stephen
Published: December 2019

The ground state electronic structures of [FeIIIX(LISQ)2]0 where X is a halide (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) or pseudo‐halide (N3−, NCS−) and (LISQ)1− is the o‐iminobenzosemiquinonato π‐radical ligand, have been calculated using DFT at the B3LYP* level of theory. The modified functional with 15% Hartree‐Fock exchange is required to successfully reproduce the spin ground state of the complex as either S=3/2 for X=F−, Cl− and NCS−, or S=1/2 for X=Br−, I− and N3−. The difference in ground state stems from an SFe=5/2→SFe=3/2 spin transition at the iron ion, prompted by the donor properties of the apical ligand. The computational methodology was validated through accurate calculation of the Mössbauer parameters. The redox chemistry of the o‐aminophenolate ligand was examined for the putative five‐membered electron transfer series for [FeIIIF(LISQ)2]z and [FeIIII(LISQ)2]z (z=2+1+, 0, 1−, 2−). The redox chemistry is entirely ligand‐centered with retention of the ferric ion, where only the strong ligand field provided by a fully reduced o‐anilinophenolate(2−) ligand in conjunction with a soft apical donor will support an intermediate‐spin Fe(III) central ion.
Extending Carrier Lifetimes in Lead Halide Perovskites with Alkali Metals by Passivating and Eliminating Halide Interstitial Defects
Authors: Qiao Lu , Fang Wei‐Hai , Long Run , Prezhdo Oleg V.
Published: December 2019

Defects, such as halide interstitials, act as charge recombination centers, induce degradation of halide perovskites, and create major obstacles to applications of these materials. Alkali metal dopants greatly improve perovskite performance. Using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, it is demonstrated that alkalis bring favorable effects. The formation energy of halide interstitials increases by up to a factor of four in the presence of alkali dopants, and therefore, defect concentration decreases. When defects are present, alkali metals strongly bind to them. Halide interstitials introduce mid‐gap states that rapidly trap charge carriers. Alkalis eliminate the trap states, helping to maintain high current density. Further to charge trapping, the interstitials accelerate charge recombination. By passivating the interstitials, alkalis make carrier lifetimes up to seven times longer than in defect‐free perovskites and up to thirty times longer than in defective perovskites.
High‐Performance Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diode with Enhanced Operational Stability Using Lithium Halide Passivation
Authors: Wu Tian , Li Junnan , Zou Yatao , Xu Hao , Wen Kaichuan , Wan Shanshan , Bai Sai , Song Tao , McLeod John A. , Duhm Steffen , Gao Feng , Sun Baoquan
Published: December 2019

Defect passivation has been demonstrated to be effective in improving the radiative recombination of charge carriers in perovskites, and consequently, the device performance of the resultant perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). State‐of‐the‐art useful passivation agents in perovskite LEDs are mostly organic chelating molecules that, however, simultaneously sacrifice the charge‐transport properties and thermal stability of the resultant perovskite emissive layers, thereby deteriorating performance, and especially the operational stability of the devices. We demonstrate that lithium halides can efficiently passivate the defects generated by halide vacancies and reduce trap state density, thereby suppressing ion migration in perovskite films. Efficient green perovskite LEDs based on all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite with a peak external quantum efficiency of 16.2 %, as well as a high maximum brightness of 50 270 cd m−2, are achieved. Moreover, the device shows decent stability even under a brightness of 104 cd m−2. We highlight the universal applicability of defect passivation using lithium halides, which enabled us to improve the efficiency of blue and red perovskite LEDs.
Single‐Atom Iron Boosts Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Gu Wenling , Wang Hengjia , Jiao Lei , Wu Yu , Chen Yuxin , Hu Liuyong , Gong Jingming , Du Dan , Zhu Chengzhou
Published: December 2019

The traditional luminol–H2O2 electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform suffers from self‐decomposition of H2O2 at room temperature, hampering its application for quantitative analysis. In this work, for the first time we employ iron single‐atom catalysts (Fe‐N‐C SACs) as an advanced co‐reactant accelerator to directly reduce the dissolved oxygen (O2) to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Owing to the unique electronic structure and catalytic activity of Fe‐N‐C SACs, large amounts of ROS are efficiently produced, which then react with the luminol anion radical and significantly amplify the luminol ECL emission. Under the optimum conditions, a Fe‐N‐C SACs–luminol ECL sensor for antioxidant capacity measurement was developed with a good linear range from 0.8 μm to 1.0 mm of Trolox.
5,6,12,13‐Tetraazaperopyrenes as Unique Photonic and Mechanochromic Fluorophores
Authors: Yuan Wei , Cheng Junjie , Li Xiaopei , Wu Mengjiao , Han Yi , Yan Chunmei , Zou Gang , Müllen Klaus , Chen Yulan
Published: December 2019

5,6,12,13‐Tetraazaperopyrenes with different number of tert‐butyl groups (c‐TAPP‐T, c‐TAPP‐H) were synthesized, via four‐fold Bischler–Napieralski cyclization as the key step. As deduced from the single‐crystal structures and optical properties, N‐doping and substitution type allow for a precise control of intermolecular interactions. Compared to the reported 1,3,8,10‐tetraazaperopyrenes, significantly different packing modes were found in 5,6,12,13‐tetraazaperopyrenes. Going from c‐TAPP‐T to c‐TAPP‐H, two additional tert‐butyl groups lead to different preferential growth directions, affording 1D and 2D microcrystals, respectively. Most importantly, both microcrystals exhibit excellent optical waveguide properties with extraordinarily low loss coefficients and unique polarization features. Although c‐TAPP‐H possesses a rigid and planar core, its crystals display an exceptional mechanochromic fluorescence, which, again, depends on the mode of molecular packing.