bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Alkoxylation of Phenols with Urea and 1,2‐Glycols
Authors: Lin Hsing‐Yo , Dai Shenghong A.
Published: October 2013

A one‐pot epoxide‐free alkoxylation process has been developed for phenolic compounds. The process involves heating phenols and urea in 1,2‐glycols at 170‐190 °C using Na2CO3/ZnO as co‐catalysts under atmospheric conditions. During the course of this new alkoxylation reaction, a five‐membered ring cyclic carbonate intermediate, ethylene carbonate (EC) or propylene carbonate (PPC), was produced in‐transit as the key intermediate and was subsequently consumed by phenols to form alkoxylated ether alcohols as final products in excellent yields. For instance, phenol, bisphenol A (BPA), hydroquinone and resorcinol were converted into their respective mono‐alkoxylated ether alcohols on each of their phenolic groups in 80‐95% isolated yields. In propoxylation of phenols, this approach shows great product selectivity favoring production of high secondary alcohols over primary alcohols in isomeric ratios of nearing 95/5. Since ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolving from the reaction can be re‐combined in theory into urea for re‐use, the overall net‐alkoxylation by this approach can be regarded as a simple condensation reaction of phenols with 1,2‐glycols giving off water as its by‐product. This one‐pot process is simple, safe and environmentally friendlier than the conventional alkoxylated processes based on ethylene oxide (EO) or propylene oxide (PO). Moreover, this process is particularly well‐suited for making short chain‐length alkoxyether alcohols of phenols.
Comparison of timing abnormalities leading to penetration versus aspiration during the oropharyngeal swallow
Authors: Nativ‐Zeltzer Nogah , Logemann Jeri A. , Kahrilas Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Penetration and aspiration during the oropharyngeal swallow have different clinical implications. This study examined temporal measures made from modified barium swallow examinations that might differentiate the two events.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Temporal measures of swallows of male patients with penetration only on the modified barium swallow study, those who showed aspiration (during the swallow), and normal control subjects were compared.

Results

Significantly longer durations of temporal measures (glossopalatal junction opening until laryngeal vestibule closure and laryngeal lifting onset until laryngeal vestibule closure) were found for the penetration and aspiration groups compared to the normal group. No significant differences were found between the penetration and aspiration groups for any temporal measure.

Conclusions

Both aspiration and penetration cases showed abnormal timing measures compared to normal. However, aspiration during the swallow was not associated with a more extreme abnormality of temporal measures than penetration. Therefore, in the aspiration cases, there may be an additional neuromuscular disorder at the vocal fold level, allowing for deeper invasion of material into the airway. In addition, findings point to slow laryngeal elevation, and not a delayed onset of laryngeal elevation, as the dominant cause for the prolonged intervals seen with aspiration during the swallow.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 124:935–941, 2014
Automated Image Analysis Method for Detecting and Quantifying Macrovesicular Steatosis in Hematoxylin and Eosin–Stained Histology Images of Human Livers
Authors: Nativ Nir I. , Chen Alvin I. , Yarmush Gabriel , Henry Scot D. , Lefkowitch Jay H. , Klein Kenneth M. , Maguire Timothy J. , Schloss Rene , Guarrera James V. , Berthiaume Francois , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: October 2013

Large-droplet macrovesicular steatosis (ld-MaS) in more than 30% of liver graft hepatocytes is a major risk factor for liver transplantation. An accurate assessment of the ld-MaS percentage is crucial for determining liver graft transplantability, which is currently based on pathologists' evaluations of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained liver histology specimens, with the predominant criteria being the relative size of the lipid droplets (LDs) and their propensity to displace a hepatocyte's nucleus to the cell periphery. Automated image analysis systems aimed at objectively and reproducibly quantifying ld-MaS do not accurately differentiate large LDs from small-droplet macrovesicular steatosis and do not take into account LD-mediated nuclear displacement; this leads to a poor correlation with pathologists' assessments. Here we present an improved image analysis method that incorporates nuclear displacement as a key image feature for segmenting and classifying ld-MaS from H&E-stained liver histology slides. 52,000 LDs in 54 digital images from 9 patients were analyzed, and the performance of the proposed method was compared against the performance of current image analysis methods and the ld-MaS percentage evaluations of 2 trained pathologists from different centers. We show that combining nuclear displacement and LD size information significantly improves the separation between large and small macrovesicular LDs (specificity = 93.7%, sensitivity = 99.3%) and the correlation with pathologists' ld-MaS percentage assessments (linear regression coefficient of determination = 0.97). This performance vastly exceeds that of other automated image analyzers, which typically underestimate or overestimate pathologists' ld-MaS scores. This work demonstrates the potential of automated ld-MaS analysis in monitoring the steatotic state of livers. The image analysis principles demonstrated here may help to standardize ld-MaS scores among centers and ultimately help in the process of determining liver graft transplantability. Liver Transpl 20:228-236, 2014. © 2013 AASLD.
Vitamin D Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Patients With Advanced Liver Disease Enrolled in the Solid Organ Transplantation in HIV: Multi-Site Study
Authors: Branch Andrea D. , Barin Burc , Rahman Adeeb , Stock Peter , Schiano Thomas D.
Published: October 2013

An optimal vitamin D status may benefit liver transplantation (LT) patients. Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] mitigate steroid-induced bone loss after LT, correlate with better hepatitis C virus treatment responses, and increase graft survival. This study investigated 25(OH)D levels and assessed strategies for vitamin D deficiency prevention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive patients with advanced liver disease who were enrolled in the Solid Organ Transplantation in HIV: Multi-Site Study. 25(OH)D was measured in banked specimens from 154 LT candidates/recipients with the DiaSorin assay; deficiency was defined as a 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL. Information about vitamin D supplement use after LT was obtained from medication logs and via surveys. Logistic regression, Cox regression, and linear repeated measures analyses were performed with SAS software. We found that none of the 17 academic medical centers in the United States routinely recommended vitamin D supplements before LT, and only a minority (4/17) recommended vitamin D supplements to all patients after LT. Seventy-one percent of the 139 patients with pre-LT values had vitamin D deficiency, which was significantly associated with cirrhosis (P = 0.01) but no other variable. The vitamin D status improved modestly after LT; however, the status was deficient for 40% of the patients 1 year after LT. In a multivariate linear repeated measures model, a higher pre-LT 25(OH)D level (P < 0.001), specimen collection in the summer (P < 0.001), a routine vitamin D supplementation strategy after LT (P < 0.001), and the time elapsing since LT (P = 0.01) were significantly associated with increases in the post-LT 25(OH)D level; black race was associated with a decreased level (P = 0.02). In conclusion, the majority of patients awaiting LT were vitamin D deficient, and approximately half were vitamin D deficient after LT. More extensive use of vitamin D supplements, more sun exposure, or both are needed to prevent this deficiency in HIV-positive LT candidates and recipients. Liver Transpl 20:156-164, 2014. © 2013 AASLD.
Determinants of classical SG‐pseudodifferential operators
Authors: Maniccia L. , Schrohe E. , Seiler J.
Published: October 2013

We introduce a generalized trace functional TR in the spirit of Kontsevich and Vishik's canonical trace for classical SG‐pseudodifferential operators on and suitable manifolds, using a finite‐part integral regularization technique. This allows us to define a zeta‐regularized determinant for parameter‐elliptic operators , , . For , the asymptotics of as and of as are derived. For suitable pairs we show that coincides with the so‐called relative determinant .
Discrete compound poisson processes and tables of the geometric poisson distribution
Authors: Sherbrooke Craig C.
Published: October 2013

This paper discusses the properties of positive, integer valued compound Poisson processes and compares two members of the family: the geometric Poisson (stuttering Poisson) and the logarithmic Poisson. It is shown that the geometric Poisson process is particularly convenient when the analyst is interested in a simple model for the time between events, as in simulation. On the other hand, the logarithmic Poisson process is more convenient in analytic models in which the state probabilities (probabilities for the number of events in a specified time period) are required. These state probabilities have a negative binomial distribution.

The state probabilities of the geometric Poisson process, known as the geometric Poisson distribution, are tabled for 160 sets of parameter values. The values of mean demand range from 0.10 to 10; those for variance to mean ratio from 1.5 to 7. It is observed that the geometric Poisson density is bimodal.
Optimal capacity expansion
Authors: Howard G. T. , Nemhauser G. L.
Published: October 2013

We consider the problem of temporal expansion of the capacity of, say, a plant or road given estimates of its desired usage (demand). The basic problem is: given a sequence of predicted demands for N time periods, determine the optimal investment decision in each period to minimize a linear investment cost and a strictly convex cost of capacity. The relationship between capacity and the investment decisions is assumed to be linear, but time varying. Constraints on both the individual decisions and on the sum of the decisions are considered. An algorithm for solving this problem is derived.
Computational results for a stopping rule problem on averages
Authors: Nemhauser G. L. , Pierce D. A.
Published: October 2013

Suppose x1, x2, … are independently distributed random variables with Pr (xi = 1) = Pr(xi = −1) = 1/2, and let sn =

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xi. The random variables are observed sequentially and after n observations, n = 1, 2, …, we can either stop and receive a return of sn/n or observe another random variable. Chow and Robbins [3] have shown that there exists a stopping rule that maximizes the expected return over all rules for which the probability of stopping is one. The optimum policy is characterized by a sequence of non‐decreasing integers kn, such that sn ≥ kn implies a stop. Calculations based upon lower bounds on kn developed by Chow and Robbins and upper bounds developed herein yield a substantial part of the optimal policy.
An application of statistical techniques to estimate engineering man‐hours on major aircraft programs
Authors: Owen D. B. , Reynolds D. F.
Published: October 2013

Data on 23 lots of various aircraft programs were gathered. Total engineering man‐hours, and information on performance, weight, area, avionics systems, data, and schedule were subjected to least squares analysis. An equation is presented which indicates a relationship between total engineering manhours and a set of seven predictor variables. While the equation derived could only be used with confidence by the manufacturer whose data was analyzed, this article should be looked upon as demonstrating a method of data analysis which others may also find useful, not only for predicting engineering manhours in major aircraft programs, but also in other situations where there is an abundance of possible predictor variables, and the problem is to sort out a meaningful subset of these variables. In order to demonstrate the viability of the formula obtained, comparisons were made with various bid programs.
A note on cycling in the simplex method
Authors: Marshall K. T. , Suurballe J. W.
Published: October 2013

Although cycling in the simplex method has long been known, a number of theoretical questions concerning cycling have not been fully answered. One of these, stated in [3], is to find the smallest example of cycling, and Beale's example with three equations and seven variables is conjectured to be the smallest one. The exact bounds on dimensions of cycling examples are established in this paper. We show that Beale's example is the smallest one which cycles at a non‐optimal solution, that a smaller one can cycle at the optimum, and that, in general (including the completely degenerate case), a cycling example must have at least two equations, at least six variables, and at least three non‐basic variables. Examples and geometries are given for the extreme cases, showing that the bounds are sharp.
The queueing system MX/G/1 and its ramifications
Authors: Chaudhry M. L.
Published: October 2013

This paper deals with the bulk arrival queueing system MX/G/1 and its ramifications. In the system MX/G/1, customers arrive in groups of sizeX(a random variable) by a Poisson process, the service times distribution is general, and there is a single server. Although some results for this queueing system have appeared in various books, no unified account of these, as is being presented here, appears to have been reported so far. The chief objectives of the paper are (i) to unify by an elegant procedure the relationships between the p.g.f.'s

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wherePnandPn+are the limiting probabilities of queue lengths beingnat random and departure epochs respectively, (ii) to correct an error in the paper by Krakowski and generalize his results and (iii) to discuss some other interesting cases of the system MX/G/1 and its special cases.
Estrogen or raloxifene during postmenopausal weight loss: Adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes
Authors: Van Pelt R.E. , Gozansky W.S. , Wolfe P. , Kittelson J.M. , Jankowski C.M. , Schwartz R.S. , Kohrt W.M.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Estrogen‐based hormone therapy (HT) attenuates abdominal fat gain after menopause, but whether HT improves abdominal fat loss during weight loss is unknown. It was hypothesized that HT or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene) would augment reductions in abdominal visceral fat during weight loss when compared to placebo, potentially increasing improvements in glucose tolerance and lipid profile.

Methods

Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 119; age 50‐70 yr) underwent a 6‐month weight‐loss (primarily exercise) intervention with randomization to raloxifene (60 mg/d), HT (conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/d), or placebo. Outcomes were change in total and abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat mass, lipid profile, and fasting and post‐challenge glucose and insulin.

Results

Neither HT nor raloxifene augmented loss of total or abdominal fat mass during exercise‐induced weight loss when compared with placebo. Weight loss‐induced improvements in risk factors were similar among the three groups, except for a greater reduction in fasted glucose in the HT group (difference in change [95%CI] from placebo; −0.40 [−0.76, −0.05]) and greater reductions in LDL (−0.36 [−0.63, −0.09]) and increases in HDL (0.15 [0.07, 0.24]) in both treatment groups.

Conclusions

Postmenopausal HT and raloxifene did not increase abdominal fat loss during weight loss, but did improve some cardiometabolic outcomes.
Decrease of circulating SAA is correlated with reduction of abdominal SAA secretion during weight loss
Authors: Yang Rong‐Ze , Blumenthal Jacob B. , Glynn Nicole M. , Lee Mi‐Jeong , Goldberg Andrew P. , Gong Da‐Wei , Ryan Alice S.
Published: October 2013

Objective

The study goal was to determine the effect of weight loss (WL) alone and with aerobic exercise (WL + AEX) on serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and adipose SAA secretion from gluteal and abdominal depots.

Methods

Ninety‐six overweight or obese postmenopausal women undertook a 6‐month WL alone (n = 47) or with AEX training (n = 49) (6 months WL and WL + AEX are considered WL when groups were combined). Their serum SAA levels, body weight, and adipose SAA secretion ex vivo from gluteal and abdominal depot were measured before and after WL interventions.

Results

The participants lost an average of 8% body weight with a 10% decrease of serum SAA. Serum SAA levels remained significantly correlated with body weight before and after WL. However, the changes of serum SAA level did not correlate with changes of body weight. The gluteal adipose tissue secreted ∼50% more SAA than the abdominal tissue, but the changes of abdominal, but not gluteal, SAA secretion correlated (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.01) with those of serum SAA levels during WL.

Conclusions

No linear correlation between the decrease in systemic SAA and WL was found. There is a depot‐dependent difference in adipose SAA secretion and abdominal SAA secretion, which may partially account for the systemic SAA reduction during WL.
Glass fibers reinforced poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate)/ethylene propylene diene monomer composites: Structure, mechanical, and thermal properties
Authors: Xu Chuanhui , Cao Liming , Chen Yukun
Published: October 2013

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) was blended with glass fibers (GFs)‐filled poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) composites to improve the impact properties of PEN. The impact strength of PEN/EPDM/GF composite (PEN/EPDM = 60/40) was about 62 J/m, which was nearly four times higher than the PEN/GF composite without EPDM. At the same time, the tensile strength and flexural modulus were still maintained at considerable values since the GFs compensated the loss of mechanical properties of PEN by incorporation of EPDM. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the GFs were orientated and homogenously dispersed in the PEN matrix and, after incorporation of EPDM, the surface of GFs were covered by a matrix layer which became coarse and thick with increasing EPDM content. The dynamic mechanical analysis results showed the poor compatibility between PEN and EPDM. The thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that the PEN matrix protected the dispersed EPDM domains, resulting in an increased maximum peak temperature (Tmax) of the EPDM phase. At last, the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that incorporation of EPDM led to an increase in crystallization rate and improvement in crystallization temperature. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:939–947, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Self‐healing nanocomposites from silica − polymer core − shell nanoparticles
Authors: Engel Tom , Kickelbick Guido
Published: October 2013

A copolymer containing butyl methacrylate in a 10‐fold excess and furan‐protected maleimidopropyl methacrylate was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Maleimide functionalities served as dienophiles for reversible crosslinking by Diels − Alder (DA) reactions. As counterpart to the linear polymer, silica − polymer core − shell nanoparticles with grafted furfuryl groups were prepared by surface‐initiated ATRP. Rheological measurements during the DA reaction at 80 °C showed an increase in storage modulus due to crosslinking within the nanocomposite. DSC allowed the detection of the endothermic retro‐DA reaction above 120 °C, which provided the possibility to self‐heal scratches. Repeated curing/de‐crosslinking was detected using UV−visible spectroscopy and revealed the reproducibility of the thermoreversible crosslinking reaction, which is a prerequisite for the self‐healing mechanism. Finally, the scratch‐healing abilities of the material were verified on composite films. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Association, emulsifying, and solubilization properties of amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) with short polystyrene stickers
Authors: Li Lianwei , Wang Xu , He Chen , He Weidong
Published: October 2013

Amphiphilic hyperbranched copolymer chains made of large hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) cores grafted with short polystyrene stickers (HB‐PAAn‐g‐PSn + 1) with different n values (n = 1, 10, 47) were well prepared and confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The study on the interchain association behavior of these amphiphilic chains indicates that larger HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 copolymer chains have a less tendency to undergo interchain association. Moreover, the simple vial‐inversion and rheological experiments show that the apparent critical gel concentration (Cg) decreases with n, but no sol–gel transition was observed for triblock PS‐PAA‐PS even when the concentration is up to 200 g L−1. Further transmission electron microscopy study of the latex particles prepared with HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 as surfactant reveals that the latex particles are spherical and narrowly dispersed; while the measured latex particle number (Np) indicates the surfactant efficiency of HB‐(PAA)47‐g‐(PS)48 is poorer than that of triblock PS‐PAA‐PS (n = 1). Finally, pyrene solubilization measurement shows the solubilization efficiency of HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 copolymers decreases with n, consistent with the previous observed interchain association result. The present study demonstrates that both the chain topology and the styrene weight fraction dominates the final solution properties of amphiphilic HB‐(PAA)n‐g‐(PS)n + 1 chains in aqueous solution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 128–138
Self‐aligning liquid crystals in polymer composite systems
Authors: De Sio Luciano , Tabiryan Nelson
Published: October 2013

Soft composite materials combined with a holographic photopolymerization process are used for realizing an innovative switchable periodic structure made of slices of almost pure polymer alternated with films of well aligned nematic liquid crystals named POLICRYPS. It exhibits negligible scattering losses, while the effect of the spatial modulation of the refractive index (from polymer to nematic liquid crystal) can be switched on and off by applying a low (few V/μm) electric field. The diffractive properties of the POLICRYPS structure are characterized in terms of cell thickness, impinging probe angle and wavelength revealing a strong correlation between the diffraction efficiency and all the above mentioned parameters. These results are very attractive for many applications such as switchable Bragg gratings for telecom devices, phase modulators, and displays. Other advantages of the technology include absence of an alignment layer, absence of haze, robust structure, and inexpensive manufacturing. In addition, no special alignment layers are required. This is a unique opportunity and a big advantage compared to conventional liquid crystal devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2014,52, 158–162
Effects of Low Temperature Plasmas on Cancer Cells
Authors: Barekzi Nazir , Laroussi Mounir
Published: October 2013

Biologically tolerant plasmas (BTPs) are plasmas with gas temperatures less than 40 °C that are generated near atmospheric pressures and in non‐toxic gases such as air or helium. BTPs have recently garnered great interest as a therapeutic for cancer. Here, we review and discuss conventional cancer treatments, some of the plasma devices that are currently used and the influence of BTPs on cancer cells such as melanomas, carcinomas, and leukemia. The active agents of BTPs have been investigated and reveal the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O, O2−, O3, and OH as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO and NO2. ROS and RNS exhibit oxidative properties and trigger signaling pathways in biological cells. In cancer cells, different doses and plasma induce signaling pathways including apoptosis.
The Influence of Molecular Structure on the Self‐Assembly of Phenanthroline Derivatives into Crystalline Nanowires
Authors: Grzelczak Marek , Kulisic Niksa , Prato Maurizio , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio
Published: October 2013

The progressive linear expansion of conjugation with fused aromatic rings provides phenanthrolines with increasing amphiphilic behavior and larger π‐contact, and thus with an enhanced ability to self‐organize into crystalline nanowires of different dimensions.
A method to rationally increase protein stability based on the charge–charge interaction, with application to lipase LipK107
Authors: Zhang Lujia , Tang Xiaomang , Cui Dongbing , Yao Zhiqiang , Gao Bei , Jiang Shuiqin , Yin Bo , Yuan Y. Adam , Wei Dongzhi
Published: October 2013

We report a suite of enzyme redesign protocol based on the surface charge–charge interaction calculation, which is potentially applied to improve the stability of an enzyme without compromising its catalytic activity. Together with the experimental validation, we have released a suite of enzyme redesign algorithm Enzyme Thermal Stability System, written based on our model, for open access to meet the needs in wet labs. Lipk107, a lipase of a versatile industrial use, was chosen to test our software. Our calculation determined that four residues, D113, D149, D213, and D253, located on the surface of LipK107 were critical to the stability of the enzyme. The model was validated with mutagenesis at these four residues followed by stability and activity tests. LipK107 mutants D113A and D149K were more resistant to thermal inactivation with ∼10°C higher half‐inactivation temperature than wild‐type LipK107. Moreover, mutant D149K exhibited significant retention in residual activity under constant heat, showing a 14‐fold increase in the half‐inactivation time at 50°C. Activity tests showed that these mutants retained the equal or higher specific activity, among which noteworthy was the mutant D253A with as much as 20% higher activity. We suggest that our protocol could be used as a general guideline to redesign protein enzymes with increased stabilities and enhanced activities.
Traditional Plant Aphrodisiacs and Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Bella Anthony J , Shamloul Rany
Published: October 2013

Introduction: There has been a long history of man's fascination with better and stronger sex drive and performance across different cultures. Several literature texts from the Hindu, Egyptian, Chinese and Roman civilizations document the human endless search for substances that can enhance sexual experiences and/or treat erectile dysfunction. Aim: This review will discuss the current research done on the most popular plant aphrodisiacs and provide evidence to support or discourage the use of any of them to enhance sexual desire and/or function in men. Methods: We review the current evidence on the use of natural substances as aphrodisiacs. Results: We found very little evidence to support the use of plant aphrodisiacs in the treatment of male sexual dysfunction. The vast majority of studies were conducted on animals with very few clinical studies. Available data suggest a beneficial effect of ginseng as a pro‐sexual supplement and not an independent treatment for male sexual dysfunction. Conclusions: Trans‐culturally, many herbal therapies show some potential benefits in improving men's sexual function; however, adequate studies on the specific benefits and health risks associated with their use are needed. We strongly recommend the design and execution of well‐controlled clinical studies to determine the efficacy and safety of plant aphrodisiacs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MIMO conditional integrator control for unmanned airlaunch
Authors: Nguyen Van Cuong , Damm Gilney
Published: October 2013

A nonlinear MIMO controller based on the conditional integrator technique is designed for the robust stabilization of a new satellite launching strategy called (unmanned) airlaunch. This control technique concerns an integrator performing similar to a sliding mode controller when the system is outside a boundary layer defined by the controller, and performing as a linear controler that provides the integral term when the system enters into the boundary layer. Satellite airlaunch strategy consists in using a two‐stage launching system. The first stage is composed of an airplane (manned or unmanned) that carries a rocket launcher, which constitute the subsequent stages. The control objective is to stabilize the aircraft in the launch phase. It is developed separately for the two nonlinear (one MIMO and one SISO) motion modes of the model, the longitudinal mode and lateral mode, and is then applied to the full model of the aircraft. The considered system is highly nonlinear, mostly as a consequence of a possible large angle of attack, sideslip, and roll angle. Finally, the present work illustrates through simulations, the good performance of the proposed control algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(II) Complexes Supported by a Tetradentate Ligand Providing a Strained Equatorial Coordination Environment: Geometric and Electronic‐Structural Implications
Authors: Schmidt Sven Olaf , Kisslinger Sandra , Würtele Christian , Bonnet Sylvestre , Schindler Siegfried , Tuczek Felix
Published: October 2013

Searching for SCO compounds with tetradentate equatorial ligands suitable to surface attachment we decided to synthesize iron(II) complexes with the ligand o‐bpy [o‐bpy = 1,2‐bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl‐6‐yl)ethane]. For coordination in axial position three different ligands with increasing ligand field strength were considered: isothiocyanate, pyridine, and imidazole. The new iron(II) complexes [Fe(o‐bpy)(NCS)2], [Fe(o‐bpy)(py)2](BPh4)2, and [Fe(o‐bpy)(im)2](BPh4)2 were characterized with the help of Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and X‐ray crystallography. The Mössbauer data and magnetic susceptibility measurements show that all three synthesized compounds are in the high‐spin state between 300 and 2 K. To explain these findings DFT calculations are employed. The experimental and theoretical results indicate the presence of distortions from octahedral symmetry due to steric restrictions imposed by the o‐bpy ligand, which reduce its ligand‐field strength, leading to the observed S = 2 ground states.
A Case‐matched Series of Immediate Total‐body CT Scanning Versus the Standard Radiological Work‐up in Trauma Patients
Authors: Sierink Joanne C. , Saltzherr Teun Peter , Beenen Ludo F. M. , Russchen Marjolein J. A. M. , Luitse Jan S. K. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Goslings J. Carel
Published: October 2013

Background

In recent years computed tomography (CT) has become faster and more available in the acute trauma care setting. The aim of the present study was to compare injured patients who underwent immediate total‐body CT (TBCT) scanning with patients who underwent the standard radiological work‐up with respect to 30‐day mortality.

Methods

Between January 2009 and April 2011, 152 consecutive patients underwent immediate TBCT scanning as part of a prospective pilot study. These patients were case‐matched by age, gender, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) category with control patients from a historical cohort (July 2006–November 2007) who had undergone X‐rays and focused assessment with sonography for trauma, followed by selective CT scanning.

Results

Despite comparable demographics, TBCT patients had a lower median Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) than controls (10 vs. 15; p < 0.001) and on‐scene endotracheal intubation was performed more often (33 vs. 19 %; p = 0.004). 30‐day mortality was 13 % in the TBCT patient group versus 13 % in the control group (p = 1.000). A generalized linear mixed model analysis showed that a higher in‐hospital GCS [odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.745–0.86; p < 0.001] and immediate TBCT scanning (OR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.236–0.895; p = 0.022) were associated with decreased 30‐day mortality, while a higher ISS (OR 1.054, 95 % CI 1.028–1.08) p < 0.001) was associated with increased 30‐day mortality.

Conclusions

Trauma patients who underwent immediate TBCT scanning had similar absolute 30‐day mortality rates compared to patients who underwent conventional imaging and selective CT scanning. However, immediate TBCT scanning was associated with a decreased 30‐day mortality after correction for the impact of differences in raw ISS and in‐hospital GCS.
Teaching the Management of Surgical Emergencies Through a Short Course to Surgical Residents in East/Central Africa Delivers Excellent Educational Outcomes
Authors: Dreyer Jacob , Hannay Jonathan , Lane Robert
Published: October 2013

Background

In Africa surgical trainees (residents) are often ‘at the coalface’ in managing surgical emergencies. A practical course on management of surgical emergencies was developed, as requested and guided by the learning needs of surgical trainees in East/Central Africa, to teach structured thinking processes in surgical emergencies; to thoroughly assess participants’ knowledge, technical and non‐technical skills; and to correlate assessment scores with participants’ feedback on course quality.

Methods

Curriculum design was aimed at learners’ needs, as guided by local trainers and previous teaching. A 5‐day course was developed on emergencies in critical care and trauma, general surgery, orthopaedics, obstetrics and urology; delivered through lectures, tutorials and practical sessions, with individual mentoring. Participants’ knowledge was assessed through end‐of‐course tests and, with their practical and non‐technical skills, evaluated formatively. Opportunity for immediate detailed feedback was provided, and for follow‐up 6 months later.

Results

All participants completed the course successfully, passed knowledge tests, and received satisfactory scores in continuous assessment. There was good correlation between formative and summative assessment scores. Candidates rated course content, delivery and usefulness very highly; ‘open text’ noted no such previous training. After six months 90 % of course participants indicated that the course had significantly improved their ability to manage surgical emergencies.

Conclusions

An intensive course on management of surgical emergencies can be effectively delivered by a small core faculty for each specialty. Feedback from participants and local faculty indicated that this course filled a specific learning niche. Effective assessment can be based on continuous evaluation during course participation.
Concept Possession, Cognitive Value and Anti-Individualism
Authors: VERDEJO VÍCTOR M.
Published: October 2013

Concept-individuating possession conditions constitute one of the fundamental, albeit rather unattended, polemical territories between Fregean and anti-individualistic standpoints. In this paper, I outline a compatibilist theory of cognitive value that encompasses both anti-individualistic and individualistic possession conditions. I argue that this general approach to the compatibility of Fregean and anti-individualistic accounts of concept possession suffices to call into question the claims that cognitive value must have deference and transparency among its fundamental features.
Kitcher’s Explanatory Demand and the Appropriate-Means Requirement on Successful Action
Authors: LEE BYEONG D.
Published: October 2013

The most important challenge to the deflationary views of truth is the success argument. Kitcher defends this argument by demanding that a proper account of successful action should explain why one and the same action can be not only psychologically pertinent but also effectively pertinent, and by arguing that correspondence truth is required to meet this explanatory demand. In this paper, I argue that a proper account of successful action should explain why an agent’s action is an appropriate means to attain his goal, and that a deflationist can meet Kitcher’s explanatory demand by this appropriate-means requirement.
Effect of electron-ion recombination on self-focusing/defocusing of a laser pulse in tunnel ionized plasmas
Authors: Misra Shikha , Mishra S. K. , Sodha M. S. , Tripathi V. K.
Published: October 2013

A formalism for investigation of the propagation characteristics of various order short duration (pico second) Gaussian/dark hollow Gaussian laser pulse (DHGP) in a tunnel ionized plasma has been developed, which takes into account the electron-ion recombination. Utilizing the paraxial like approach, a nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation characterizing the beam spot size in space and time has been derived and solved numerically to investigate the transverse focusing (in space) and longitudinal compression (in time) of the laser pulse; the associated energy localization as the pulse advances in the plasma has also been analyzed. It is seen that in the absence of recombination the DHGP and Gaussian pulse undergo oscillatory and steady defocusing respectively. With the inclusion of recombination, the DHGP and Gaussian pulse both undergo periodic self-focusing for specific parameters. The DHGPs promise to be suitable for enhancement of energy transport inside the plasma.
How to make ad hoc proof automation less ad hoc
Authors: GONTHIER GEORGES , ZILIANI BETA , NANEVSKI ALEKSANDAR , DREYER DEREK
Published: October 2013

Most interactive theorem provers provide support for some form of user-customizable proof automation. In a number of popular systems, such as Coq and Isabelle, this automation is achieved primarily throughtactics, which are programmed in a separate language from that of the prover's base logic. While tactics are clearly useful in practice, they can be difficult to maintain and compose because, unlike lemmas, their behavior cannot be specified within the expressive type system of the prover itself.

We propose a novel approach to proof automation in Coq that allows the user to specify the behavior of custom automated routines in terms of Coq's own type system. Our approach involves a sophisticated application of Coq'scanonical structures, which generalize Haskell type classes and facilitate a flexible style of dependently-typed logic programming. Specifically, just as Haskell type classes are used to infer the canonical implementation of an overloaded term at a given type, canonical structures can be used to infer the canonicalproofof an overloadedlemmafor a given instantiation of its parameters. We present a series of design patterns for canonical structure programming that enable one to carefully and predictably coax Coq's type inference engine into triggering the execution of user-supplied algorithms during unification, and we illustrate these patterns through several realistic examples drawn from Hoare Type Theory. We assume no prior knowledge of Coq and describe the relevant aspects of Coq type inference from first principles.
Observations on the Bone Bed at Clacton
Authors: Picton Harold
Published: October 2013

The estuarine peaty shale still to be seen in the cliff section below the Martello tower at Clacton has a thickness of 10 or 12 feet, and seems to pass gradually into a dark clay which we find as the top layer of the shore deposit. On the shore below the Martello, and east of the stone groyne, the following layers were observed:—

1. Dark, stiff clay, without shells. To be seen only on the upper part of the shore, near the sea-wall. Further down, it. has been denuded. Thickness, c. 9 in. from shore sand.

2. A shelly layer, containing much Unıo littoralis: more sandy than the last. c. 3 in.

3. A dark layer with occasional shells. Lower limit variable. c. 4 in.

4. Blue loam: one of the most characteristic features of the deposit. Shells of Unio occur. Helix was also found. There is also in some parts much wood. Partly embedded in this layer most of the bones are found on the shore surface. Eastwards the layer grows less homogeneous and comes to rest directly on the London Clay. I am not sure what is the full thickness of this layer, but, where it is covered by others, I have dug 18 in. into it without reaching anything else. Accumulation of water and return of the tide prevented deeper trenching, but I think if we gave 2 feet as the total thickness we should not be far wrong.

5. A very thin layer, made up almost wholly of fragments of Unio.

6. Sand, shells, and broken flints. Thickness varies; 3 in. and 5 in. were measured in two trenches.

7. Stony layer. Flint pebbles, broken flints, some sand, some shells. Astragalus of deer, horn core (probably of deer), tibia of deer were found in trenching this layer.
An Achill Island Tumulus
Authors: Robarts N. F.
Published: October 2013

On the southern shore of Achill Island, Co. Mayo, between the cathedral rocks of Menawn and the village of Keel, lies Keel strand, a flat grass-grown plain of blown sand, some few feet above high water mark. Rather nearer to the village of Keel than to the rocks of Menawn the sand is being gradually removed by the wind, leaving a low cliff three to four feet in height facing the sea, the high water mark when I was there in September, 1911, being some three to four hundred yards away from the cliff.

A few yards nearer the sea than the cliff, numerous fossil or semi-fossil bones were exposed, almost all, as far as I could tell, being of horse with a few of pig, together with a quantity of shells evidently forming a kitchen midden. A few pebbles amongst the shells showed signs of use as hammer stones. At about the same distance from the sea as the midden, and at a short distance from it, was a low mound of sand and pebbles about 27 feet in diameter, rising about 18 inches above the surrounding sand. In the centre was a boulder standing upon end, but too heavy for me to move, and there were indications that a ring of stones surrounded the mound, but the sand drift made it impossible to ascertain this positively.
Some Implements of “Cissbury Type” found in Norfolk
Authors: Warburton J. S.
Published: October 2013

Grimes' Graves and the peculiar type of implements associated with them being very much discussed at the present time, our Hon. Sec. has invited me, as the finder of a good many of these implements, to give a short paper describing them and some details of the localities.

My first two visits to the “Graves” were practically fruitless as far as implements were concerned. However, I stumbled across the pit excavated by Canon Greenwell and brought back a large bone from the debris surrounding it. Subsequent visits showed the best place to search was on the arable land. Every year since then, by the kindness of the agent for the Weeting Estate, I have been enabled to spend several days searching, and have brought away some heavy loads of spoil.
The Red Crag Shell Portrait: a Comment on the Report of the Committee
Authors: Christy Miller
Published: October 2013

I have read with much interest the Report of the Committee appointed on 12th February, 1913, to examine such evidence as exists bearing upon the question whether the shell from the Red Crag of Walton-on-the-Naze (a single valve of Pectunculus glycimeris which belonged to the late Mr Henry Stopes, and has rude human features engraved upon it) is a genuine work of art of the Crag or pre-Crag period or a modern fabrication; and I desire to offer a few remarks thereon.

I may say at the outset that I have been familiar with this very puzzling shell for a long period; for I was present, on the 6th September, 1881, in the Anthropological Section of the British Association, during its Jubilee Meeting at York, when Mr. Stopes exhibited the shell and read an account of its known history. As to the Walton Cliffs and the Red Crag sections appearing therein, I knew them well years before.

The Committee has not only examined minutely and discussed fully in its Report the shell itself, the amount of staining it presents, the manner of the cutting of the lines incised upon it, the amount of sand lodged in them, and other points of interest which it presents, but has also enquired exhaustively into the history of the discovery of the shell, so far as this can now be ascertained. It has done all this with an amount of care and thoroughness which deserves high praise.
Some Suggestions for Organised Research on Flint Implements
Authors: Schwartz Alfred
Published: October 2013

The flint implements with which we are concerned as prehistoriaus, and to which we look for evidence of the existence of early man and of the degree of culture to which he had attained, may owe their origin either to the agency of nature or to that of man.

It is of the greatest importance to us that we should be able to distinguish clearly between the products of these two agencies, and the problem of differentiating between them can be approached from two distinct directions. Thus, in dealing with the origin of a given group of implements, we may bring to bear upon the problem our knowledge as to the manner in which flint is fractured and fissured by natural forces, or we may seek for traces of humanity in the method exhibited in the flaking of the implement, the contours of its edges, the evidence of specific design, and the traces of the usage to which the tools have been put.

In approaching the problem from the standpoint of natural forces, we are faced with the fact that our knowledge of the character and the magnitude of the natural forces which have acted, or are acting, upon the flints in question is extremely limited.
The Clay with Flints
Authors: Jamieson Colonel A. W.
Published: October 2013

I have the pleasure to submit for your information some conclusions which I have arrived at after two years' work among the flints of Hampshire, in a district contained between the Meon, West Sussex, and the south of the Isle of Wight. The point I wish to urge is that in very great probability the earliest pages of the History of the Stone Age will be found written, not in pits of transported gravel but at the fountain head and parent source of these gravels—the Clay with Flints of the chalk downs. That has been my hypothesis, and as I went along I found things fitting into it. I feel convinced that Professor Prestwich had some such idea when he recommended Mr. Benjamin Harrison to devote his attention to the flints of the North Downs at their highest points.

I would ask you to undertake a flight of imagination and to place yourselves in some modern aerial contrivance a few hundred feet above Alton in Hampshire, and to survey the horizon north, south and west. You will find below you the western extremity of the Wealden Pericline in the form of a truncated cone fading away to the horizon of Tertiaries which once wrapped round and spread over it, but which now have shrunk away to form the London and Hampshire Basins north and south of the Pericline. What was once a deposit of Reading Beds became in Eo., Mio, Plio. and Pleistocene time a smear of Remanié over the entire surface, before the excavation of the chalk valleys, a residue which we call Clay with Flints, and which is known in France as the Argile à Silex.