bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Firearm-related Abuse and Protective Order Requests Among Intimate Partner Violence Victims
Authors: Lynch Kellie R. , Boots Denise Paquette , Jackson Dylan B. , Renzetti Claire M.
Published: March 2021

Firearms play a critical role in the murder of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims and there is evidence that laws prohibiting protective order (PO) respondents from possessing a firearm reduce IPV fatalities. However, little research has compared specific abuse tactics involving firearms among victims who have and have not sought a PO against an abuser. This study investigates IPV victims’ experiences with a range of firearm-related abuse tactics across victim race/ethnicity, in addition to the relationship between firearm IPV and PO requests, above and beyond IPV not involving firearms. Questionnaires were administered to 215 female victims recruited from six domestic violence shelters in Texas. Over one-half of victims who sought a PO were threatened to be shot by their abuser and victims who experienced high levels of firearm abuse incurred a 302% increase in the odds of requesting a PO. There were no significant differences between White, Black, and Hispanic victims regarding firearm IPV tactics. The results shed light on the magnitude of risk IPV victims can experience when seeking a PO against an abusive partner.
Reduced graphene oxide/cellulose microfiber hybrid from the Vietnamese Nipa palm tree: Synthesis, properties, and applications for preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) composite
Authors: Nguyen Vy T , Tran Nhan T , Huynh Trung L , Le Duy VH , Hoang DongQuy
Published: March 2021

Cellulose microfibers were successfully fabricated from Vietnamese Nipa palm by mechanical and chemical treatments. The Nipa palm petioles were simply rolled, pressed, and separated. They were then pretreated with an alkaline solution and submitted to acid hydrolysis to remove the impurities (tCell). The microfibers were reinforced with reduced graphene oxide to form a hybrid that was reduced with hydrazine hydrate in the last stage (tCell-rGO). The structure and properties of tCell and tCell-rGO were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, SEM, BET, and the sheet resistance. It was observed that the treated cellulose microfibers exhibited a diameter of 10–20 μm and had good crystallinity in the structure. Both tCell and tCell-rGO exhibited low-density values of 1.52 kg/m3 and 0.58 kg/m3, respectively, and had good specific surface area values of 11.2 m2/g and 13.0 m2/g, respectively. These results supported the decrease in the density and the increase in the specific surface area of the tCell-rGO samples in comparison with the tCell. The existence of rGO sheets in the cellulose microfiber matrix resulted in changes in the structure, arrangement, and crystallization of pristine microfibers. The thermal property and electrical conductivity of the reinforced GO cellulose microfibers were significantly improved. rGO not only showed its role as a surface modification agent that helps the cellulose microfibers disperse better in the non-polar substrate, but also contributed to the increase of the heat-stable and mechanical properties of polymer. The thermal stability of tCell-rGO/PMMA composite was notably improved more than 40°C in maximum decomposition temperature by an emulsion polymerization technique. The material based on cellulose microfibers from the Vietnamese Nipa palm tree and reduced graphene oxide overcame some disadvantages such as the poor heat resistance, poor dispersion of the original fibers in the non-polar polymer and displayed great potential for environmentally friendly future applications.
Analysis of Mortality in Patients Treated With Phenylephrine in Septic Shock
Authors: Patel Vishal V. , Sullivan Jesse B. , Cavanaugh Joseph
Published: March 2021

Background:

Phenylephrine is a selective α1-receptor agonist used to manage shock. Current guidelines for septic shock recommend limited utilization of phenylephrine due to the lack of evidence available. This deviates from previous guidelines, which had recommendations of when utilization may be appropriate.

Objective:

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate mortality in patients receiving phenylephrine for the management of septic shock.

Methods:

This was a retrospective chart review from September 2015 to September 2017 evaluating all adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) on vasopressors for management of septic shock. Patients were divided into 2 groups, those treated with phenylephrine and those treated without phenylephrine. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary objectives included days on vasopressors and ICU length of stay. Two subgroup analyses were performed: 1 for phenylephrine as first-line therapy and 1 for patients with tachycardia at initiation of vasopressors. Patients started on phenylephrine for salvage therapy were excluded from this study.

Results:

499 patients enrolled in the study. 148 (32%) were enrolled in the phenylephrine group. Phenylephrine was associated with an increase in mortality (56% vs 41%; p = 0.003). There was no difference in the days on vasopressors or ICU length of stay. Patients who had ongoing tachycardia were associated with increased mortality with phenylephrine (54% vs 36%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in mortality when phenylephrine was started as the initial vasopressor.

Conclusion:

Utilization of phenylephrine in septic shock patients, especially those with ongoing tachycardia, was associated with an increased rate of mortality.
Correlates of newly diagnosed HIV infection among cisgender women sex workers and transgender women sex workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Wang Melinda , Lim Sin How , Gibson Britton A , Azwa Iskandar , Guadamuz Thomas E , Altice Frederick L , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Wickersham Jeffrey A
Published: March 2021

Globally, cisgender women sex workers (CWSWs) and transgender women sex workers (TWSWs) experience increased vulnerabilities to HIV infection. Unfortunately, there is limited data on the drivers of HIV infection in these two understudied populations, particularly in Southeast Asia. To better understand factors associated with HIV infection, we evaluated correlates of newly diagnosed HIV infection in these two populations in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 469 women (CWSW: n = 283; TWSW: n = 186) were included in this study. Most participants who tested HIV+ were unaware of their infection (59.6%; n = 34/57). Separate binary and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to identify correlates of newly diagnosed HIV in CWSWs and TWSWs. Among CWSWs, Chlamydia trachomatis (aOR = 5.66; p = 0.007) and lifetime use of ecstasy/MDMA (aOR = 5.34; p = 0.03) were associated with newly diagnosed HIV, while condomless vaginal sex with clients was associated with lower likelihood of HIV infection (aOR = 0.98; p = 0.01). Among TWSWs, being single (aOR = 6.76; p = 0.03), using mobile application to solicit clients (aOR = 25.33; p = 0.006), and having C. trachomatis infection (aOR = 88.22, p = 0.02) were associated with newly diagnosed HIV. Expansion of HIV/sexually transmitted infection screening is needed to increase detection of HIV and linkage to care for sex workers. Interventions to reduce HIV infection among CWSWs and TWSWs should be tailored to these populations’ unique vulnerabilities.
Melatonin decreases metastasis, primary tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mice model of breast cancer
Authors: Karadas Asiye Kubra , Dilmac Sayra , Aytac Gunes , Tanriover Gamze
Published: March 2021

The goal of this study was to mechanistically analyze the effects of pre-treatment or post-treatment melatonin on the metastatic spread in a mice model. Consequently, the effects on the tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis were evaluated with immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. 8–10 weeks-old female BALB/c mice (n = 60, 10/group) were used. Liver metastatic cells (4TLM) from 4T1 murine breast carcinoma were previously isolated. Melatonin was administrated either before or after the injection of 4TLM cells into the mammary pad. Tumor and vehicle (%6 ethanol) injections were given to vehicle groups. Tumor group consisted of the mice injected with only 4TLM cells injected to tumor group and no intervention to control group. Necropsies were performed 27 days after injection of 4TLM. Primary tumors and metastatic tissues were removed. Furthermore, changes in lung and liver metastasis and primary tumor growth and angiogenesis were evaluated. In our study neutrophil levels were noted to be increased in peripheral blood of the tumor-bearing mice. Melatonin exerted inhibitory effects on the 4TLM-induced leukocytosis. Melatonin significantly decreased lung and liver metastasis, primary tumor growth and angiogenesis. The results demonstrated that melatonin might have a therapeutic role through reducing systemic inflammatory responses, metastasis, tumor growth and angiogenesis.
Hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles trigger oxidative stress by modulating thiol/disulfide homeostasis
Authors: Kar F , Söğüt İ , Hacıoğlu C , Göncü Y , Şenturk H , Şenat A , Erel Ö , Ay N , Kanbak G
Published: March 2021

Background:

Hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles (hBN NPs) are encouraging nanomaterials with unique chemical properties in medicine and biomedical fields. Until now, the optimal hBN NP’s dosage and biochemical mechanism that can be used for in vivo systems has not been fully revealed. The main aim of this article is to reveal characteristics, serum and tissue interactions and any acute cytotoxic effect of different dose of hBN NPs for the first time.

Methods:

hBN NPs at concentrations varying between 50–3200 µg/kg was administered by intravenous injection to Wistar albino rats (n = 80) divided into seven dosage and control groups. Blood and tissue samples were taken after 24 hours.

Results:

Our findings suggested that higher doses hBN NPs caused oxidative stress on the serum of rats dose-dependently. However, hBN NPs did not affect thiol/disulfide homeostasis on kidney, liver, spleen, pancreas and heart tissue of rats. Furthermore, hBN NPs increased serum disulfide formation by disrupting the thiol/disulfide balance in rats. Also, LOOH and MPO levels increased at high doses, while CAT levels decreased statistically.

Conclusion:

The results revealed that hBN NPs induce oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner by modulating thiol/disulfide homeostasis in rats at higher concentrations
The Non-traditional Security Threat of COVID-19 in South Asia: An Analysis of the Indian and Chinese Leverage in Health Diplomacy
Authors: Saha Swagata , Chakrabarti Sukalpa
Published: March 2021

South Asia has emerged as a major challenge in dealing with COVID-19 virus in terms of its demographics, economy, social values, political ambition and geographical location. The pandemic viewed through the prism of non-traditional security (NTS) threat presents new challenges and demands reworking of conventional governance mechanisms. India is the South Asian hegemon, and China is the single largest immediate neighbour with expansionist ambition in the region. Two most populous countries—one has been the epicentre of the virus, while the other is one of the most widely affected. Their public health and governance trajectory during the pandemic and their health diplomacy in the region have overtures for security architecture of South Asia in post-COVID-19 world. A lone statist approach and legal–institutional officialdom fail to appreciate the instrumentalities of an unconventional security threat like COVID-19. This calls for a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to deal with NTS threat, in general, and epidemiological disease, in particular. This by no means indicating a retreat of the state rather a proactive role in articulating interests of more inclusive categories and, in doing so, the state consolidates its role of governance and becomes a significant point of integration.
Improving Advance Care Planning Documentation Using Reminders to Patients and Physicians: A Longitudinal Study in Primary Care
Authors: Halpert Karen D. , Ward Kimberly , Sloane Philip D.
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Documenting advance care planning (ACP) in primary care requires multiple triggers. New Medicare codes make it easier for providers to bill for these encounters. This study examines the use of patient and provider reminders to trigger advance care planning discussions in a primary care practice. Secondary outcome was billing of new ACP billing codes.

Methods:

Patients 75 years and older scheduled for a primary care appointment were screened for recent ACP documentation in their chart. If none was found, an electronic or mail message was sent to the patient, and an electronic message to their provider, about the need to have discussion at the upcoming visit. Chart review was performed 3 months after the visit to determine if new ACP discussion was documented in the chart.

Results:

In the 3 months after the reminder had been sent to patients and providers, new ACP documentation or billing was found in 28.8% of the patients. Most new documentation was health care decision maker (75.6% of new documentation) with new DNR orders placed for 32.3% of these patients. The new Medicare billing code was filled 10 times (7.8%).

Conclusion:

Reminders sent to both patients and providers can increase documentation of ACP during primary care visits, but rarely triggers a full ACP conversation.
A non-classical theory of elastic dielectrics incorporating couple stress and quadrupole effects: part I – reconsideration of curvature-based flexoelectricity theory
Authors: Qu YL , Zhang GY , Fan YM , Jin F
Published: March 2021

A new non-classical theory of elastic dielectrics is developed using the couple stress and electric field gradient theories that incorporates the couple stress, quadrupole and curvature-based flexoelectric effects. The couple stress theory and an extended Gauss’s law for elastic dielectrics with quadrupole polarization are applied to derive the constitutive relations of this new theory through energy conservation. The governing equations and the complete boundary conditions are simultaneously obtained through a variational formulation based on the Gibbs-type variational principle. The constitutive relations of general anisotropic and isotropic materials with the corresponding independent material constants are also provided, respectively. To illustrate the newly proposed theory and to show the flexoelectric effect in isotropic materials, one pure bending problem of a simply supported beam is analytically solved by directly applying the formulas derived. The analytical results reveal that the flexoelectric effect is present in isotropic materials. In addition, the incorporation of both the couple stress and flexoelectric effects always leads to increased values of the beam bending stiffness.
Prevention of posterior wall puncture with a self-made needle block
Authors: Nelson Tessa , Crespo Maria , Engberg Adam , Gramer Diane , Schrock Jon W , Jones Robert A
Published: March 2021

Vascular access is one of the most commonly performed invasive procedures in medicine. Ultrasound-guided vascular access has been shown to improve patient safety, decrease associated complications and increase first attempt success rates, however, the risk for a posterior venous wall puncture (PVWP) still exists. To reduce this complication, needle guides have been used, though, current methods have limited accessibility and generalizability. Thus, the aim of this article is to describe how a self-made needle block constructed with materials present in a central line kit can reduce the incidence of PVWP and its associated complications in novice POCUS users.
Children’s subversive interactions in the school mealtime
Authors: Stone Samantha , Murakami Kyoko
Published: March 2021

School mealtimes in England are highly orchestrated practices that have a specific temporal order of when and how the meal should be eaten. At the same time, the social conditions of the mealtime offer children opportunities for emergent interactions. In this study, we examine children’s non-legitimate voices and the dynamic conflictual nature of children’s interactions that are no longer fully governed by the established school mealtime order. To illustrate these ideas, data are drawn from the 5 years of ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the first author in a primary school in South West England. The analyses address how children use the school mealtime chronotope as a resource to experiment and challenge predefined rules. Our findings illustrate how children transcend the edges of acceptability and probe social order to form their own social critique and uncovering what is not easily explainable or changeable. As an implication we underline the potential for researching children’s socialisation as part of expanding discussions on the significance of school mealtimes.
Can tourism help to revive shrinking cities? An examination of Chinese case
Authors: Deng Taotao , Liu Shuai , Hu Yukun
Published: March 2021

Urban shrinkage has become a global phenomenon. Although China is still experiencing rapid urbanization, population losses arise in an increasing number of cities. As a booming industry, tourism is expected as a mean to create jobs and curb population loss. Can tourism industry contribute to revive the shrinking cities? Based on panel data of 54 shrinking cities in China, this article explores effects of tourism development on shrinking cities. The results show that there is no evidence that tourism has a significant impact on the population of the shrinking cities. However, tourism shows positive effects on these cities in terms of many aspects, including urban economy, employment, investment, and consumption. This indicates that tourism can revive shrinking cities by economic boom, rather than population growth.
Behaviour of the joint between slabs and walls composed of light steel and foam concrete
Authors: Liu Dianzhong , Liu Han , Zhang Feipeng
Published: March 2021

Aiming at the prefabricated composite structure, a new type of interior joint in the prefabricated slab wall system suitable for light steel-concrete composite structures is proposed. In the paper, the pseudo-static test of the joint was designed and carried out, and its failure pattern was mainly described. In addition, the test data was analysed from the perspectives of load-displacement curve, strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation. The finite element analysis software ABAQUS was used to carry out finite element modelling and calculation of the new joint, and the results were compared and analysed in terms of failure process and load-displacement curve analysis. The results show that it is feasible to apply the joints in this new type of slab wall system to light steel concrete composite structures.
Relationship Between Serum Inflammatory Factor Levels and Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Su , Wang Jinhui , Liu Fubao , Zhao Yong
Published: March 2021

Background:

Some evidence supports that the significance of inflammation is linked to a variety of tumors, including thyroid carcinoma. This work measured the preoperative serum inflammatory factors in thyroid tumors to explore their diagnostic values.

Material and Methods:

Altogether 487 thyroid tumor patients were recruited, their neutrophil (NE), white blood cell (WBC), monocyte (MO), lymphocyte (LY), platelet (PLT) counts, together with monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-27, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were compared with controls. Afterward, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was plotted to further evaluate the values of these inflammatory markers in diagnosis. In addition, multivariable regression analysis was conducted to analyze all these inflammatory factors.

Results:

Serum PLR, NLR, CRP, and IL-27 levels in thyroid adenoma (TA) and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients were higher than those in controls. Only the areas under the curve (AUC) for CRP and IL-27 were significant in the context of DTC. Besides, the AUC for IL-27 was significant between papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) groups, while that for NLR+PLR was also significant between PTC and healthy control groups. According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, IL-27 and CRP were associated with DTC.

Conclusions:

Inflammation plays an important role in TA and DTC progression. Preoperative IL-27 and CRP levels help to differentially diagnose DTC. Moreover, IL-27 assists in distinguishing FTC from PTC, and NLR+PLR is important for the differential diagnosis of PTC.
Study on Relationships of Tumor Status and Gene Polymorphism With Blood Concentration of MTX and Toxicities in 63 Pediatric Mature B Cell Lymphoma in Chinese Population
Authors: Huang Shuang , Jin Lin , Yang Jing , Duan Long Yan , Zhang Meng , Zhou Ju Chun , Zhang Hong Yong
Published: March 2021

Objective:

This study investigated the relationships of tumor status (stage, renal involvement, bone marrow status, bulky disease, liver function), tumor gene polymorphism, and methotrexate (MTX) dosage (stratified by treatment group) with blood MTX levels and adverse reactions (ADR).

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 63 mature B cell lymphoma patients who were treated in our center. Genotyping of the MTHFR 677 and SLCO1B1 genes was carried out, and the relationships between tumor status, polymorphism of the genes, MTX level, and ADR were analyzed.

Results:

Altogether, 63 children were included. The mean blood MTX concentration was 0.25 ± 0.2 umol/L at 45 h. Liver dysfunction and bulky disease were both correlated with MTX level (both P < 0.05). ADRs were higher among patients with blood MTX > 0.5 mmol/l at 45 h than for the groups with lower blood MTX. The MTHFR 677 CT genotype was correlated with liver function damage (P = 0.04); the rs11045879 locus CC genotype of SLCO1B1, stage IV, and bulky disease at the time of diagnosis were correlated with 4° neutropenia (P < 0.05). Stage IV, bulky disease, leukemia stage at the time of diagnosis, and C2 treatment group were correlated with severe anemia (P < 0.05). Stage IV, bulky disease, leukemia stage, renal invasion at the time of diagnosis, and C2 treatment group were associated with severe thrombocytopenia (P < 0.05). Bulky disease and renal invasion at the time of diagnosis were associated with severe mucositis and severe infection (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Taken together, our data demonstrate that gene polymorphism, MTX levels, tumor status, and treatment group might be useful to optimize MTX therapy and estimate toxicity.
Comparing Mid-century Historic Preservation and Urban Renewal through Washington, D.C.’s Alley Dwellings
Authors: Summer Rebecca
Published: March 2021

Some understand mid-century, neighborhood-scale preservation to be a reaction to the destructive impacts of urban renewal. In Washington, D.C., however, neighborhood-scale preservation predated urban renewal. This article investigates the factors that influenced the implementation of both practices in the early 1950s, shedding light on later decisions in other cities, when the strategies were more commonly combined. A focus on the contrasting fates of alley dwellings in Georgetown and Southwest demonstrates that the built environment mattered little on its own; the scale of building conditions, geographies of race, and prevalence of private investment dictated the differential implementation of these planning approaches.
A Rapid Recovery Protocol Applied to Total Joint Arthroplasty Reduced Readmissions for Surgical but Not Medical Reasons Over a 5-Year Period
Authors: Turcotte Justin , Menon Nandakumar , Angeles Jeanne , Zaidi Amina , King Paul , MacDonald James
Published: March 2021

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are commonly performed procedures that are expected to continue increasing in demand. Although they are proven to be safe and effective, emergency room (ER) visits or hospital readmissions within 90 days after these procedures account for more than one-third of the total cost of postacute care. Purpose: We sought to identify changes in reasons for 90-day ER visits and readmissions after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) during a 5-year period over which rapid recovery protocols evolved. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing 1980 patients who had undergone TJA from July 2017 to June 2018 with a previously published cohort of 7466 patients who had undergone TJA from July 2013 to June 2017. All procedures were performed at a single institution. Changes in the proportion of patients returning for medical and surgical reasons were compared using univariate analysis. Results: For patients discharged home, the 2017–2018 cohort showed a significant reduction in the proportion of ER visits due to pain and swelling and wound infection and an increase in visits for medical reasons. This cohort had a higher proportion of readmissions for medical reasons. In patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility (SNF), similar reasons for ER visits were observed across time periods, and a decrease in the proportion of readmissions for wound infections was observed in the 2017–2018 cohort. Falls and nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea increased significantly to account for 9.5% of readmissions each in 2017–2018. Conclusion: The results of a comparison of 2 cohorts demonstrate the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of unplanned return-to-hospital events and the importance of patient support throughout the surgical episode. As we strive toward minimizing ER visits and readmissions after TJA, rapid recovery protocols must continue to evolve to address the complexity of this patient population.
Investigation into the color stripping of the pigment printed cotton fabric using the ozone assisted process: A study on the decolorization and characterization
Authors: Powar Ajinkya , Perwuelz Anne , Behary Nemeshwaree , vinh Hoang Le , Aussenac Thierry , Loghin Carmen , Sergiu Maier Stelian , Guan Jinping , Chen Guoqiang
Published: March 2021

Color stripping is one of the most convenient ways to rectify the various shade faults occurred during printing or dyeing process of textiles. But, the conventional chemical assisted process poses serious risk of the environmental pollution. Secondly, the chemical recycling of the cellulosic fibers may be disrupted due to the presence of the impurities like colorants, finishes, and the additives in the discarded textiles. So, there is a need to study ways to remove such impurities from the discarded cellulosic textiles in a sustainable manner. This work examines the decolorization of the pigment prints on cellulosic fabrics at pilot scale using an ozone-assisted process. The effect of varying pH, ozone concentration and the treatment time on the decolorization of the pigment prints was optimized using the response surface methodology technique. The effects of ozonation process parameters on the mechanical properties of cellulosic cotton fabric were measured. Decolorization of pigment printed samples was studied with respect to the surface effects by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical removal effects of ozonation treatment were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The possible mechanism regarding the action of ozone for the decolorization is discussed.
The interplay between gaze cueing and facial trait impressions
Authors: Mattavelli Giulia , Romano Daniele , Young Andrew W , Ricciardelli Paola
Published: March 2021

The gaze cueing effect involves the rapid orientation of attention to follow the gaze direction of another person. Previous studies reported reciprocal influences between social variables and the gaze cueing effect, with modulation of gaze cueing by social features of face stimuli and modulation of the observer’s social judgements from the validity of the gaze cues themselves. However, it remains unclear which social dimensions can affect—and be affected by—gaze cues. We used computer-averaged prototype face-like images with high and low levels of perceived trustworthiness and dominance to investigate the impact of these two fundamental social impression dimensions on the gaze cueing effect. Moreover, by varying the proportions of valid and invalid gaze cues across three experiments, we assessed whether gaze cueing influences observers’ impressions of dominance and trustworthiness through incidental learning. Bayesian statistical analyses provided clear evidence that the gaze cueing effect was not modulated by facial social trait impressions (Experiments 1–3). However, there was uncertain evidence of incidental learning of social evaluations following the gaze cueing task. A decrease in perceived trustworthiness for non-cooperative low dominance faces (Experiment 2) and an increase in dominance ratings for faces whose gaze behaviour contradicted expectations (Experiment 3) appeared, but further research is needed to clarify these effects. Thus, this study confirms that attentional shifts triggered by gaze direction involve a robust and relatively automatic process, which could nonetheless influence social impressions depending on perceived traits and the gaze behaviour of faces providing the cues.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus stenting for patients with chronic kidney disease and complex coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cui Kongyong , Liu Hong , Yuan Fei , Xu Feng , Zhang Min , Zhang Mingduo , Wang Wei , Zhang Dongfeng , Tian Jinfan , Lyu Shuzheng , Dou Kefei
Published: March 2021

Background:

The relative role of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and complex coronary artery disease (CAD) remains debatable due to the lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We therefore performed this meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of the two strategies in CKD patients with multivessel and/or left main disease.

Methods:

Electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched to identify the eligible subgroup analysis of RCTs and propensity-matched registries. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality during the longest follow-up.

Results:

Five subgroup analyses of RCTs and six propensity-matched registries involving 26,441 patients were analyzed. Overall, the strategy of CABG was associated with lower risks of long-term mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–0.93], myocardial infarction (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27–0.62), and repeat revascularization (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.16–0.39) compared with PCI in CKD patients with complex CAD. However, CABG was slightly associated with higher risk of stroke than PCI (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.00–1.77). Nonetheless, the higher stroke risk in the CABG group no longer existed during long-term follow-up (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.37–2.25) (>3 years).

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis supports the current guideline advising CABG for patients with CKD and complex CAD. At the expense of slightly increased risk of stroke, CABG reduces the incidences of long-term all-cause death, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization compared with PCI.
Comparison of relapsing polychondritis patients with and without central nervous system involvement: A retrospective study of 181 patients
Authors: Cao Xiaoyu , Zhu Lixiu , Li Huijuan , Jiang Li , Xu Dong , Zhao Jiuliang , Zhou Jiaxin , Zhang Fengchun , Hou Yong , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: March 2021

The relapsing polychondritis (RP) patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement were rare. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of RP patients with CNS involvement. The clinical data of 181 RP patients, hospitalized at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between December 2005 and February 2019, were collected. The patients were categorized into two subgroups: 25 RP patients with CNS involvement, and 156 RP patients without CNS involvement. The involvement of the ear was more frequent in RP patients with CNS involvement, compared with those of RP patients without CNS involvement ( P < 0.01). After controlling sex and the admission age, logistic regression analysis revealed hypertension (odds ratio = 4.308, P = 0.006) and involvement of eye (odds ratio = 5.158, P = 0.001) and heart (odds ratio = 3.216, P = 0.025) were correlated with RP patients with CNS involvement, respectively. In addition, pulmonary infection (odds ratio = 0.170, P = 0.020), tracheal involvement (odds ratio = 0.073, P < 0.01), and involvement of laryngeal (odds ratio = 0.034, P = 0.001), costochondral joint (odds ratio = 0.311, P = 0.013), sternoclavicular joint (odds ratio = 0.163, P = 0.017) and manubriosternal joint (odds ratio = 0.171, P = 0.021) were associated with RP patients without CNS involvement, respectively. In contrast to RP patients without CNS involvement, the incidence of ear involvement was higher in RP patients with CNS involvement. After controlling the potential confounding factor sex and the admission age, hypertension and involvement of eye and heart were related with RP patients with CNS involvement, respectively.
Effects and Safety of Lumbar Fusion Techniques in Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Kang Yi-No , Ho Yu-Wan , Chu William , Chou Wen-Shiang , Cheng Shih-Hao
Published: March 2021

Study Design:

Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objectives:

Lumbar spondylolisthesis is a common indication for spinal fusion. Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is popular method to achieve arthrodesis, but previous syntheses usually used head-to-head comparison of 2 surgical methods, and no of them pooled analysis with high-quality. This network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was carried out to simultaneously compare fusion techniques in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Methods:

Three databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on this topic. After critical appraisal, fusion rate, overall adverse events, operative time, Oswestry Disability Index, and pain were extracted for analysis. We conduced network meta-analysis using contrast-based method. Primary outcomes were reported as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results:

Fifteen RCTs (n = 992) met our eligibility criteria. The RCTs treated patients posterolateral fusion (PLF), posterior LIF (PLIF), transforaminal LIF (TLIF), minimally invasive (MIS) TLIF, extreme lateral LIF (XLIF), and circumferential fusion. The pooled estimate showed that circumferential fusion led to significantly higher fusion rate than PLF (RR = 2.15, 95%CI:1.41–3.28), PLIF (RR = 2.11, 95%CI:1.38–3.22), TLIF (RR = 2.13, 95%CI:1.39–3.27), MIS-TLIF (RR = 2.13, 95%CI:1.35–3.35), and XLIF (RR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.25–3.22). Moreover, circumferential fusion exhibited the best balance in probability between fusion rate and adverse event rate. No evidence showed inconsistency or small-study effect in the results.

Conclusions:

Collectively, circumferential fusion might be worth to be recommended because it exhibits the best balance between fusion rate and overall adverse event. PLF is still an inferior procedure and requires shorter operative time.
To Jugaad or Not? How Mumbai’s Gig Workers Thrive Against Psychological Contract Discrepancies
Authors: Sivarajan Rahul , Varma Aparna M. , Reshmi
Published: March 2021

As gig economy based firms increasingly rely upon algorithmic management to regulate their gig workers, we explore how driver-partners’ psychological contacts working for two major ridesharing platforms based on Mumbai evolve. The gig workers’ responses in how they adapt and thrive to the challenges posed by the information asymmetry brought about by the app’s algorithms are qualitatively captured using semi-structured interviews. From the thematic analysis that follows, we learn that the gig workers perceive psychological contract violation when repetitive attempts via problem-focused coping fail to resolve the psychological contract breach induced discrepancies. Though functional coping responses are persisted initially, we find that a collective influenced employee reaction follows soon. This collective attempt at resetting the power asymmetry leads the drivers to disengage with their organisations and resort to counterproductive work behaviour hacks. These temporary and significant quick fixes (identified as jugaad in the local culture) help the gig workers thrive amidst their disengagement states.
Institutional capacity development within the national urban policy formation process – Participants’ views
Authors: Čolić Ratka , Milić Đorđe , Petrić Jasna , Čolić Nataša
Published: March 2021

In 2019, Serbia adopted its first national urban policy. This document was established through a communicative process during 2018–2019, formally encouraging urban governance as a practical innovation in Serbia’s planning doctrine. The main aim of this research is to explore institutional capacity development within a live setting of the policy formation process. The participants of this process are the primary subjects of the research. Data was collected through participatory events in four instances during the process. The concept of institutional capacity development is used in this paper as a basic framework to assess knowledge, relational and mobilisation capacity for urban governance. The main contribution of this paper is providing an understanding of the challenges and potentials for establishing urban governance practices in a post-socialist country planning context. Findings indicate an increase in the participants’ knowledge and understanding of governance instruments such that coordination and cooperation are continually unfolding. The identified challenges relate to the mobilisation capacity and fragility of institutions and resistance to change, while a need to deal with complexity and uncertainty remains present.
A conceptual model to guide research on the activities and effects of innovation champions
Authors: Shea Christopher M
Published: March 2021

Background:

The importance of having a champion to promote implementation efforts has been discussed in the literature for more than five decades. However, the empirical literature on champions remains underdeveloped. As a result, health organizations commonly use champions in their implementation efforts without the benefit of evidence to guide decisions about how to identify, prepare, and evaluate their champions. The goal of this article is to present a model of champion impact that draws upon previous literature and is intended to inform future research on champions and serve as a guide for practitioners serving in a champion role.

Methods:

The proposed model is informed by existing literature, both conceptual and empirical. Prior studies and reviews of the literature have faced challenges in terms of operationalizing and reporting on champion characteristics, activities, and impacts. The proposed model addresses this challenge by delineating these constructs, which allows for consolidation of factors previously discussed about champions as well as new hypothesized relationships between constructs.

Results:

The model proposes that a combination of champion commitment and champion experience and self-efficacy influence champion performance, which influences peer engagement with the champion, which ultimately influences the champion’s impact. Two additional constructs have indirect effects on champion impact. Champion beliefs about the innovation and organizational support for the champion affect champion commitment.

Conclusion:

The proposed model is intended to support prospective studies of champions by hypothesizing relationships between constructs identified in the champion literature, specifically relationships between modifiable factors that influence a champion’s potential impact. Over time, the model should be modified, as appropriate, based on new findings from champion-related research.

Plain language summary

An innovation champion is an individual who works within an organization and who dedicates themselves to promoting a change within the organization, such as implementing a new intervention or a new quality improvement effort. Health organizations commonly rely on innovation champions, and existing literature on champions suggests they are important for successful organizational change. However, many questions remain about what effective champions do and what types of support they need to perform their champion role well. The goal of this article is to present a model of champion impact that draws upon previous literature and is intended to serve as a guide for future research on champions. In doing so, the model could support coordinated research efforts that answer questions about the characteristics, activities, and impacts of champions. Ultimately, this research could lead to development of useful guidance and tools for health system leaders to support champions within their organizations.
Governance challenges of mobility platforms: the case of Merwede, Utrecht
Authors: van den Hurk Martijn , Pelzer Peter , Riemens Rianne
Published: March 2021

Background

Merwede is an envisioned neighbourhood in Utrecht (the Netherlands) that provides an instructive case to learn about the governance challenges of digital mobility platforms. Unique about Merwede is how the development of a mobility platform is envisioned to be integrated into the development of a new neighbourhood.

Methodology

This article discusses the case of Merwede and provides insights into its proposed mobility platform and how it is made. It illuminates governance challenges relevant to the design and operation of an unconventional mobility concept by disentangling outstanding practical issues concerning three key governance dimensions—organizational structures, decision-making processes, and instruments.

Results

The research provides an empirical illustration of governance questions that come up when mobility becomes a service and is integrated into the urban fabric from the very beginning of a development process. Already in the plan development stage, Merwede illustrates that difficult decisions are to be made and competing interests come to the fore.
Relationship between neighborhood census-tract level socioeconomic status and respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in U.S. adults, 2015–2017
Authors: Holmen Jenna E. , Kim Lindsay , Cikesh Bryanna , Kirley Pam Daily , Chai Shua J. , Bennett Nancy M. , Felsen Christina B. , Ryan Patricia , Monroe Maya , Anderson Evan J. , Openo Kyle P. , Como-Sabetti Kathryn , Bye Erica , Talbot H. Keipp , Schaffner William , Muse Alison , Barney Grant R. , Whitaker Michael , Ahern Jennifer , Rowe Christopher , Langley Gayle , Reingold Art
Published: March 2021

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children and adults. Socioeconomic status (SES) is known to influence many health outcomes, but there have been few studies of the relationship between RSV-associated illness and SES, particularly in adults. Understanding this association is important in order to identify and address disparities and to prioritize resources for prevention.

Methods

Adults hospitalized with a laboratory-confirmed RSV infection were identified through population-based surveillance at multiple sites in the U.S. The incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations was calculated by census-tract (CT) poverty and crowding, adjusted for age. Log binomial regression was used to evaluate the association between Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission or death and CT poverty and crowding.

Results

Among the 1713 cases, RSV-associated hospitalization correlated with increased CT level poverty and crowding. The incidence rate of RSV-associated hospitalization was 2.58 (CI 2.23, 2.98) times higher in CTs with the highest as compared to the lowest percentages of individuals living below the poverty level (≥ 20 and < 5%, respectively). The incidence rate of RSV-associated hospitalization was 1.52 (CI 1.33, 1.73) times higher in CTs with the highest as compared to the lowest levels of crowding (≥5 and < 1% of households with > 1 occupant/room, respectively). Neither CT level poverty nor crowding had a correlation with ICU admission or death.

Conclusions

Poverty and crowding at CT level were associated with increased incidence of RSV-associated hospitalization, but not with more severe RSV disease. Efforts to reduce the incidence of RSV disease should consider SES.
Correction to: The effect of the sagittal plane osteotomy inclination on the posterior tibial slope in medial open wedge HTO: experimental study with a square column model
Authors: Moon Sang Won , Ryu Ji Young , Lee Sung-Jae , Woo Sang Won , Park Sin Hyung , Choi Young
Published: March 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Qualitative investigation of patient and carer experiences of everyday legal needs towards end of life
Authors: Close Helen , Sidhu Kamal , Genn Hazel , Ling Jonathan , Hawkins Colette
Published: March 2021

Background

Legal issues are common in chronic illness. These include matters of daily life, such as problems with employment, finances and housing, where rights or entitlements are prescribed by law. They also include planning ahead, for example, making a Lasting Power of Attorney. However, the nature, impact and management of legal needs in the context of end of life care are not known. This study investigated these from the perspectives of patients and carers.

Methods

Patients, with estimated prognosis 12 months or less, and carers were recruited from two sites: day services within an urban hospice and primary care in an area of deprivation in North-East England. Semi-structured interviews explored the nature and impact of legal issues, access to appropriate support and unmet needs. Thematic analysis of data was undertaken.

Results

Twenty-seven interviews were conducted with 14 patients (10/14 hospice) and 13 carers (7/13 hospice). Five were patient-carer dyads. All participants had experienced problems raising legal issues, which generated significant practical and psychological challenges. All had struggled to access support for social welfare legal issues, describing not knowing what, who, or when to ask for help. All participants accessed some support, however routes, timing and issues addressed were variable. Facilitators included serendipitous triggers and informed healthcare professionals who offered support directly, or signposted elsewhere. A range of professionals and organisations provided support; resolution of issues conferred substantial benefit. The majority of participants identified unresolved legal issues, predominantly related to planning ahead. The challenge of facing increased dependency and death proved a key barrier to this; informed and compassionate healthcare professionals were important enablers.

Conclusion

Everyday legal needs are a common and distressing consequence of life-limiting illness, affecting patients and carers alike. This study identified inconsistent approaches but practical and psychological benefit when needs were met. Healthcare professionals were central to meeting social welfare legal needs and facilitating effective planning, with important roles as ‘critical noticers’, trusted intermediaries and compassionate communicators. Increased awareness, clearer pathways to support and closer service integration are needed to meet legal needs as a component of holistic care.