bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Church and Gaelic–Norse Contact in the Hebrides
Authors: Clancy Thomas Owen
Published: May 2024

Within the context of the unresolved linguistic debate concerning the relationship between Norse and Gaelic in the Hebrides during the Viking Age and Late Norse periods, this chapter explores the sociolinguistic space inhabited by the Hebridean church in the Viking Age. Expanding upon ideas addressed in Vikings in Scotland in 1998, the church is identified as providing a measure of continuity, helping to maintain indigenous Christianity, languages, and place-names through the time of Viking invasion and settlement. Gaelic is also considered as a high-status language, due to its links to the Christianity that Scandinavians in the Hebrides adopted, potentially as early as the initial landnám. As well as some island names indicating early Scandinavian settlers added Gaelic saints to their pantheon, it is also suggested that the Scandinavian settlers may have respected and accommodated churches and church personnel on the islands on which they settled.
Isotope Zooarchaeology in Viking Scotland: Previous Research, Possibilities and Future Directions
Authors: Jones Jennifer R.
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarises the current state of play of Norse isotope zooarchaeology in Scotland, with a focus on the Northern and Western Isles, where bone preservation and intensive excavation campaigns in recent years have allowed detailed isotopic investigations to be conducted. Key themes and research findings are outlined before exploring future directions and areas for research to further enhance understanding of Norse adaptions to the environments that they lived in. Huge advances in stable isotope archaeology that have allowed the exploration of bone assemblages on a biomolecular level, revolutionising understanding of animal management and wider economies in a way that was not possible using solely traditional zooarchaeological methods. Findings on changing land use strategies, control over the landscape, birth seasonality and the use of unusual fodder are all made possible and central to understanding Viking interactions with the contemporary landscape in Scotland.
Carrick, Mid Ross: A Viking Cemetery on Loch Lomond
Authors: Batey Colleen E.
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarises the finding of a cemetery used for centuries along the shores of Loch Lomond. Radiocarbon dates from the site have revealed that use of the cemetery began in the Viking Age and continued for several hundred years. Grave goods and other finds suggest that Scandinavian men were not just passing through to raid or trade but were living in the area with women and children. This site is made all the more important because it is situated in a part of Scotland that has traditionally been considered as outwith the area of Scandinavian settlement.
Introduction
Authors: Somervell Tess
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s argument that in the long eighteenth century the long poem was a medium in which poets could shape and reshape time, question relationships between moments and events, and therefore question causation itself, at the level of form as well as content. Invoking Joseph Frank’s classic theory of spatial forms, the introduction argues that Milton, Thomson, and Wordsworth each developed a binary temporality that incorporated a ‘spatial’ or static model for the structure of time as well as a dynamic model of movement and process. It is through their binary representations of time that these poets stage their interventions into debates about free will, science, and nature, and the role of the poet.
More than Delphic: Miltonic History and Hermeneutics
Authors: Somervell Tess
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines depictions of authorial composition and readerly interpretation across several of Milton’s works. The similes in Paradise Lost are examples of the poet-narrator’s own reading of time, and demonstrate a ‘commonplacing’ of history. Although his drawing together of different points in history suggests a radical restructuring of time, chronology irrupts into the similes to distance the poet from his subject. In Milton’s prose works of scriptural exegesis, and in his depictions of ‘live’ scriptural exegesis in Paradise Regain’d, a similar principle applies: readers must extract pieces of Scripture to compare different parts of the text, but remain alert to the contexts that those pieces had in their original placements.
A Full-grown Beauty: Reading Paradise Lost
Authors: Somervell Tess
Published: May 2024

This chapter turns to the reception history of Paradise Lost, arguing that the question of whether the poem should be approached as a spatial or temporal form distinguishes two important schools of interpretation. The Romantic reading approaches the poem as a spatial form, a region in which to wander, and empowers readers to extract and privilege the early ‘satanic’ books. The ‘Fishian’ reading (after Stanley Fish) that came to prominence in the 1960s stresses the importance of a linear reading that privileges the end of the poem over the beginning. The former approach emphasises the reader’s autonomy and leisure, whereas the latter portrays the reader as a long-distance runner, whose strenuous effort to read the poem culminates in submission to the poet’s intentions.
Conclusion
Authors: Somervell Tess
Published: May 2024

The conclusion reflects on how productive the varied angles of approach available to the long poem can be in exploring the multiple ways in which humans construct temporality. The capacity of the long poem, more than any other type of text, to act simultaneously as a spatial and as a temporal form enables it to figure in its structure multiple experiences of time, and to recreate these in the reader’s experience. The conclusion then considers the future of the long poem, and calls for greater critical attention to this form.
Building Bonds: Secular Club Life
Authors: Cooper Sophie
Published: May 2024

This chapter centres on the idea of ‘civil society’, which emphasises the importance of the middle class in ordering community life. Irish people in both cities used secular associations organised around ethnic belonging to advance their individual ambitions and the position of Irish people throughout society. These societies, which often discouraged mention of religion, provided a focal point for the presentation of an Irish point of view, connections between city leaders and their voters, and social activities. The demands of these ethnic societies changed over the nineteenth century, moving from the exclusive arena of the wealthy and influential to the lower middle class and working classes. These ethnic societies also provide a site of interaction with other ethnic and native-born groups. The shape and organising committees of these groups are used to explore ideas of respectability, class, and belonging particularly in Melbourne. In Chicago, secular Irish societies were used to promote political, cultural, and theatrical pursuits and included members of non-Irish backgrounds in order to expand local and business networks. This chapter considers St Patrick’s societies, theatre and poetry clubs, and sports teams to explore the ways that secular societies used to adapt to these changing ethnic identities and rivalries.
Developing the Countryside: Cather, Hughes, and the Poetics of Rurality
Authors: Avery Tamlyn
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 examines constructs of rurality in naturalist regionalisms after 1919. It considers how the new social politics of rurality engulfing the postwar Midwest informed the denial of rurality as ethnically homogenous spaces in Willa Cather’s My Ántonia and contoured the proletarian regionalism of Langston Hughes’s Not Without Laughter. While these two novelists’ approaches and outlooks differed considerably, both used the Bildungsroman to narrativize the effects of capitalist development within a generational rift instigated by the region’s youth, who struggle to conform to a national destiny guided by capitalist modernity due to their entrenched childhood affiliations with the land and place. Their novels tell the same basic story: a young protagonist must reconcile their cosmopolitan ambitions for growth with their enduring bond to the rural communities that are being profoundly reorganized due to industrial development and the consolidation of national powers after the draft was imposed in 1917. These novels exposed the shifting epistemologies of rurality, creating a poetics of rurality that unsettled the cultural imperialism of national destiny: for Cather, to reflect on the ambivalences of regional modernization; and for Hughes, to map the different expressions and effects of class struggle and segregation at regional and national scales.
Thurman and Fauset’s Portraits of Harlem’s Regional Artist
Authors: Avery Tamlyn
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 contemplates how the young modernist artist’s development is contoured by their ‘regional complex’: their sense of regional difference, within the centralizing imperatives of New York’s culture industry also applied to fictions about the Harlem Renaissance. This chapter examines two Künstlerromane, Jessie Redmon Fauset’s Plum Bun and Wallace Thurman’s Infants of the Spring, which challenged the nationalizing imperatives of the New Negro Renaissance built up of many seemingly contradictory regionalisms. Like the Fitgeralds’ novels, Fauset and Thurman’s development of the regional artist novels also followed the same critical geography: a young character from a parochial regional outpost—either within the Northeast, or elsewhere—arrives in New York City looking to acquire a modern, cosmopolitan identity by joining the culture of rootlessness and newness flowering there, and instead finds themselves “tested” in Bakhtin’s sense by the many unforeseen distractions. However, Fauset and Thurman’s novels recalibrated the notion of the regional complex in ways that simultaneously contended with the difficulties of being relegated to a segregated “region” within American literature’s white-dominant marketplace of ideas.
Mathews at the Limits of the Bildungsroman’s National Framework
Authors: Avery Tamlyn
Published: May 2024

This chapter arrives at this book’s final destination, Section Four, located in the Indigenous borderlands of the Southwest. The concluding discussion of John Joseph Mathews’ Sundown reflects the curious role that region played in the Indigenous critique of the ideologies of nation-formation in the early twentieth century, in the context of the federal Allotment policy. At the limits of the nation and the Bildungsroman, Sundown exemplified the logic of the novel of uneven development, as it contested the viability of the ideologies of civilization, progress, and modernization that the genre’s national-historical time insinuated.
Introduction: Going to Extremes – The Gothic in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Murphy Bernice M. , Fhlainn Sorcha Ní
Published: May 2024

This introduction opens by discussing the relationship between the Gothic genre and the cultural, political and historical contexts of the twentieth-century. It is argued that as a mode dedicated to the cultural and literary exploration of chaos, repression, violence, irrationality, the macabre, haunted architecture, and haunted minds, the Gothic is uniquely positioned to dramatize and interrogate historical and cultural anxieties which mainstream literary and popular culture suppresses, overlooks, or refuses to openly engage with. It is argued that it is highly fitting then that it was during the latter half of the twentieth century that the Gothic emerged as one of the liveliest and most significant areas of academic inquiry within literary, film, and popular culture studies. The introduction also outlines the critical and theoretical rationale behind this volume and also provides a succinct overview of its contents, briefly introducing each of the eighteen chapters featured within.
The Edwardian Supernatural
Authors: Liggins Emma
Published: May 2024

‘The Edwardian Supernatural’ argues that although it has thus far been overshadowed by discussions of the fin de siècle and modernism, the Edwardian supernatural is an important aspect of the twentieth-century Gothic with a distinctive take on haunted modernity. As the author notes, the transition period between 1900 and the outbreak of the First World War was characterised by a fascination with the supernatural and the uncanny, lost worlds, weird creatures, and spiritualism. Authors such as E. Nesbit, Algernon Blackwood, H. G. Wells, Vernon Lee, Arthur Conan Doyle, Henry James and Alice Perrin all feature in her analysis, and it is argued that these authors present us with new ways of thinking about what it means, exactly, to be ‘haunted’ in the early twentieth-century Gothic.
Masks of Sanity: Psychopathy and the Twentieth-Century Gothic
Authors: Murphy Bernice M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter focusses on the rise of the psychopath in the twentieth-century imagination. In his 1941 volume The Mask of Sanity, psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley famously posited that psychopathy could be distinguished from ‘orthodox psychoses’ because it was not readily apparent to the outside observer. Here, Cleckley declared, ‘[t]he observer is confronted with a convincing mask of sanity’. Using this phrase as a starting point, the chapter discusses the cultural impact made by the idea of the psychopath in middle to late twentieth-century gothic fiction, focussing upon post-war texts including Dorothy B. Hughes’ 1947 novel In a Lonely Place, Jim Thompson’s The Killer Inside Me (1952), William March’s The Bad Seed (1954), John Fowles’ The Collector (1963) and Tim Krabbe’s The Golden Egg (aka The Vanishing, 1984). The cold, ruthless, and scheming ‘killer who hides amongst us’ trope fitted in perfectly with the post-WWII move away from horrors of a supernatural nature to those of a very human variety.
The People: Migration and Scottish National Identity
Authors: Westfall Aubrey L.
Published: May 2024

“The People” explores how people living in Scotland understand their national identity, and examines whether Scottish people extend Scottish identity to minoritised groups. It finds that elite-endorsed civic understandings of national identity are supported by the Scottish public, but many Scots also endorse ethnic nationalist sentiment, which can manifest in forms of racism or sectarianism. The amalgamation of ethnic and civic characteristics of Scottish identity means that immigrant and minoritised groups in Scotland have mixed experiences of belonging, which may undermine the objectives of the political elites to attract more migrants to Scotland.
The Problem: Promoting Social Cohesion and Anti-Racism in Scotland
Authors: Westfall Aubrey L.
Published: May 2024

“The Problem” explores whether increased immigration threatens social or community cohesion, which is defined as the ability of a community to foster a sense of belonging. The chapter describes models of immigrant integration and Scotland’s multicultural policy of acculturation, before discussing racism, its variants of Islamophobia and Anglophobia, and the threat they present to Scotland’s community cohesion and immigrant integration. Evidence from the UK and Scotland contradicts the view that diversity resulting from immigration has a corrosive influence on social cohesion, but only where discrimination is suppressed and social connections link members of diverse groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Scottish Government’s anti-racism efforts.
The Politics: Party Competition Over Immigration in Westminster and Holyrood
Authors: Westfall Aubrey L.
Published: May 2024

“The Politics” reviews the immigration policy preferences of Scottish political parties and politicians in Westminster, the site of the Parliament in the UK, and Holyrood, the location of the Scottish Parliament. The chapter opens with a brief summary of partisan approaches to immigration before examining the way Scottish Members of Parliament in Westminster (nearly all of them members of the Scottish National Party) discuss immigration in party manifestos, debates, and maiden speeches. It then reviews the more diverse representation of Scottish interests in Holyrood and the discussion of immigration in Scottish party manifestos. Partisan stances are much clearer and more oppositional in Westminster, where the issue is politicised. In Holyrood, Scottish parties depart from the positions of their parent parties to achieve partisan consensus about the desirability of immigration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the strategic and ideological reasons for persistent political consensus about immigration across Scottish politicians from many different political parties.
Imperious Nationalism in New Turkey: Foreign Policy Discourses in the AKP’s Electoral Manifestos
Authors: Kadıoğlu Ayşe , Cengiz Bengi R.
Published: May 2024

The AKP’s imperious nationalist discourse indicated a shift away from Westernism. It also indicated a shift from a mindset of cooperation and mediation towards conflict as well as a shift from a language of confidence to distrust. Imperious nationalism has been accompanying the AKP’s increasingly belligerent and militarist foreign policy since 2016.
Nothing is Different, but Everything has Changed: Party Politics in Turkey in its Centennial
Authors: Geyikçi Şebnem Yardımcı , Yavuzyılmaz Hakan
Published: May 2024

Since 2002 the emergence of a dominant party system in a regime that already suffers from a lack of agreement on the rules of the game and inter-party trust has further disrupted the balance of power between Turkey’s social and political groups. As such, in a political environment wherein politics is framed as a zerosum game, the dominance of an excluded group, the AKP, led to overcentralisation of power as the party focused on capturing the state at the expense of all other social and political groups. Keeping in mind the fact that this cycle has repeated itself since the establishment of the Republic, we assert that institutions designed irrespective of social structure as well as political elites who failed to accommodate political and social conflicts but rather preferred to rely on existing divisions explain the troubles of the party system in Turkey.
Alevis in Turkey: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Sandal Nukhet A.
Published: May 2024

Although there are occasional disagreements among the different Alevi representative organisations, the community will no doubt continue to fight for equal treatment in a Sunni-majority society, and the Alevi diaspora will probably continue its active involvement in advocacy for recognition and rights for the foreseeable future. It is very unlikely that any meaningful changes will take place under the AKP administration. Even when a new political party or a coalition of parties takes over, the improvement of Alevi rights will likely not be immediate given the decades – even centuries – of exclusion the community has faced. Any regional incident that involves Iran and/or other Shia actors can also create additional challenges for the Alevi community. This is a dynamic which started during the years of the Ottoman Empire – religious minorities were especially seen as potential agents of foreign powers in the country – and will probably continue under future administrations.
The Turkish–Kurdish Peace Process: Reasons for Failure and Future Prospects
Authors: Özerdem Alpaslan , Baser Bahar
Published: May 2024

One thing is clear, the contemporary rulers of the Turkish state are not following a lessonslearned approach. More than thirty years of armed conflict with the PKK have revealed that Turkey’s security approach is not a solution to this problem and that the Kurdish movement cannot be eliminated by intimidation and an escalation of cultural and structural as well as physical violence. Many pro-Kurdish political parties had been formed and banned before the emergence of the HDP and most probably new ones will emerge in the future. Prolonging the conflict will mean the loss of more lives, including civilians. The state is sending a very strong signal to the followers of the Kurdish movement: ‘There is no room for political representation.’ Anyone who is even a little bit familiar with peace and conflict studies literature will immediately guess what this could bring: further radicalisation! This is how non-violent resistance movements lose power and means of violent resistance gain legitimacy in the eyes of the members of the oppressed groups. There is a high possibility that the current state policies will backfire in this regard in the future.
Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Cyprus Issue and Other Determining Factors
Authors: Sozen Ahmet
Published: May 2024

What characterised the 1980s under Özal’s administration in Turkey was the growing use of the term ‘mutual interdependence’ plus a focus on economic activism, and a willingness to pursue dialogue in order to solve regional problems and to generate economic interdependence within the region. Yet it should be noted that these proactive policies were not propounded merely as an alternative to the US-led Western alliance or as a shift from a reactive approach to a vision-based one. Instead, they were designed as part of a strategy to raise Turkey’s profile, especially in the eyes of the US, and by doing so to acquire stronger US backing for Turkey’s foreign policy priorities that had previously served to limit the country’s foreign relations just as the bipolar system once had.
Turkey and Africa: Once Miles Apart, Now Reliable Allies?
Authors: Eyrice-Tepeciklioğlu Elem
Published: May 2024

Turkey’s economic woes are coupled with the criticisms of the opposition highlighting that Turkey should focus on more imminent domestic problems rather than expanding its African outreach. Turkey’s granting of more than $3 million to the International Monetary Fund in 2020 for Somalia’s debt is one of the most loudly criticised actions in this realm. A lack of knowledge towards African issues among ordinary citizens also prevails. Still, it is too soon to make bold predictions for the long run while there is great potential to enhance cooperation with African countries in several areas.
A Century of Agriculture in Turkey: We’ve Come a Long Way
Authors: Giray Fatma Handan
Published: May 2024

In this study covering agriculture in the centenary of the Turkish Republic, the place of agriculture in the process of economic development will be discussed through agricultural statistics and the relevant scientific literature, and policies and implementations will be evaluated in order to draft a companion chapter in a historical framework. However, the chapter will start with analysis of the present situation of the agricultural sector in Turkey, after which it will go back to the first years of the foundation of the Turkish Republic in order to tell the story of how far we’ve come.
Urbanisation in Turkey
Authors: Erensü Sinan
Published: May 2024

Moving into the second century of the Republic, there are at least three relatively new problem areas pertaining to Turkey’s cities. The least voiced of all is climate change. Against the encumbrance of the central government, there is much cities could do in terms of mitigation and adaptation towards climate justice. The second one pertains to how cities can better welcome international migrants and growing ethnic/cultural diversity, and act as shields against exclusion. Finally, urban leaders and activists should develop innovative policies and practices of commoning to heal the wounds of both the neoliberal and the authoritarian urbanisation trends that plagued Turkey’s cities in the first two decades of the twenty-first century.
Social Policy and the Welfare State: From ‘Modernisation’ to ‘De-Europeanisation’
Authors: Aybars Ayşe İdil
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the development of social policies and the welfare state in modern Turkey through four phases that have roughly characterised the different stages of the Republican era: the single-party ‘modernisation’ period between 1923 and 1946; the post-war ‘populist’ period from 1946 to the 1980s; the neoliberal ‘open-market’ period from the 1980s until the early 2000s; and finally, the ‘de-Europeanisation’ period since the 2010s. Each of these periods, while illustrating the general socio-economic and political development trends in the country, at the same time entail significant implications for social policy, in terms of both its conceptualisation and its application. The chapter concludes by exploring possible future scenarios in the field of social policies, implied by intense crises in the social arena triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic and intensifying immigration waves, as well as the domestic political processes in the country.
Disaster Risk Management in Turkey
Authors: Erkan Burcak Basbug
Published: May 2024

The 1992 Erzincan earthquake was the first event for which the Turkish government approached the World Bank and asked for a loan for the recovery process. This long-term, low-interest credit loan borrowing from a multilateral institution was extended to flood recovery after the devastating 1998 Western Black Sea flood. History repeated itself in 2021 in the Western Black Sea region with a severe flood occurrence.
Following the devastating impact of the 1999 Marmara earthquake, there was a paradigm shift from disaster management to disaster risk management in Turkey. There have been new laws introduced for disasters with amendments made in time with changing needs. The disaster risk management system was highly centralised and top-down, at least until 2009, when AFAD was established. Small-scale disasters have been responded to with local capacity at the provincial level. If there is a large-scale event to affect a wider region or the whole country, then the central AFAD has the role and responsibility to take action. Besides everything mentioned and discussed in this chapter, Turkey still lacks the most crucial key for successful and effective disaster risk management, which will build disaster-resilient communities and disaster-resilient country. That is ‘disaster risk governance’.
Turkey’s Civil Society between Repression, Neoliberalisation and Grassroots Mobilisation
Authors: Yabanci Bilge
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers an overview of the evolution of civil society and social movements in Turkey with a special focus on tumultuous state–society relations. It starts with a historical and structural background in the late Ottoman modernisation/early Republic and particularly elaborates on the transformation of civil society during the recent autocratisation through executive aggrandisement under the rule of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP).
Questioning Century-Old Turkish Art through the Polarisation Concept
Authors: Dastarlı Elif
Published: May 2024

The dominance of parsing logic in society has led to a number of art practices that were in the axes of national–universal, figurative–abstract, traditional–modernist, academic–non-academic, modern–contemporary. In art history, which is in the order of a hundred years old in Turkey, the confrontation of people with different views has been seen as a temporary clash of ideas; however, since such conflicts are experienced in the form of taking a hard line, it can also be seen as a kind of polarisation, and it can be claimed that it has now taken the form of a culture war. Today, Turkey is going through a period of culture wars between the East–West and religious–secular axes. This chapter deals with a hundred years of Turkish art on the axis of concepts that are positioned opposite each other in Turkey’s history as determined by political instability, and finally discusses how art can reach a unique point without dwelling on the dilemma of opposition in form or idea.
Sport and Politics in Turkey
Authors: Alpan Basak Zeynep
Published: May 2024

This chapter has shown that the terrain of sport against the background of the history of the Republic of Turkey has been closely intertwined with politics. The focus has been on three specific dimensions that sport has infiltrated (policies, institutions and identities) in order to understand how politics and sport have been intertwined in three specified periods of the Republic (the single-party period, the multi-party period and the post-1980 period).
Turkey’s Migration Management Regimes
Authors: Kirişci Kemal , Yıldız Ayselin
Published: May 2024

Turkey constitutes a unique case for rethinking and contributing to the conceptualisation of migration regimes adopted by states around the world. Juliette Tolay (2012) in a rich survey of Turkey-focused literature points out that conceptual schemes developed for studying Europe’s experience are not always well suited to studying Turkey. Fiona Adamson and Gerasimos Tsourapas (2020) propose three types of migration states; nationalising, developmental, and neoliberal, to study the experience of the Global South. This chapter aims to discuss critically Turkey’s century-long migration governance by employing these three typologies of migration management regimes with some caveats beyond the Global South examples and also by proposing an additional novel type departing from Turkey’s case, that is the ‘religionising migration state’.
‘I prefer to establish myself in my own colony’: The Translation of Aristocratic Thinking on Land and Governance between Highland Scotland and Atlantic Canada, c. 1803–1910
Authors: Tindley Annie
Published: May 2024

This chapter addresses the volume’s theme of land by exploring the intellectual, political and practical impact of Britain’s aristocracy and gentry on emigration, settlement and land reform movements in the Scottish Highlands and Atlantic Canada. It does this through a series of case studies that covers the period from c.1800 to the early twentieth century. It addresses questions of class, diaspora, and the transnational movement of people, ideas and systems.
‘Drochaid eadar mis’ agus mo dhùthaich’ [‘A bridge between me and my country’]: Transatlantic Networks and the Nineteenth-century Gaelic Periodical Press
Authors: Kidd Sheila M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the ways in which Scottish Gaelic periodicals contributed to the creation of literary networks of editors, writers and readers which connected Gaels in Scotland and Canada. It begins by focusing on Glasgow-based periodicals published between 1829 and 1843 and on the importance of the clergy within these networks before examining the role of Glasgow publishers in the middle of the century in reinforcing these links. An Gàidheal (The Gael) (1871−7), a periodical established in Toronto but which subsequently moved to Glasgow, is then discussed alongside some of the key contemporary figures on both sides of the Atlantic who supported one another in their shared aspirations for the revitalisation of the Gaelic language and its literature.
The Scottish Highlands and Warfare in the British Atlantic World, c. 1740–1815
Authors: Dziennik Matthew
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the participation of Highland Scots in warfare in the British Atlantic World between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Napoleonic War. Using Gaelic songs created by and about soldiers, the chapter challenges the assumption that Highland connections with the Atlantic World were overwhelmingly positive and fixated solely upon emigration. In examining songs about war and empire, the chapter demonstrates how and why the Atlantic World was an arena of violence as well as an arena of opportunity for Highland Scots. Examining the production and use of Gaelic military songs, the chapter expands the scope for understanding the place of the Atlantic World in the Highland experience.
Family, Society and Highland Identity in an Industrial World
Authors: Nerbas Don
Published: May 2024

During the later nineteenth century, the kin and social networks of the Highland diaspora that had persisted in the rural settlements of Cape Breton Island were transferred to the Sydney coalfield, as Gaels from the island’s countryside such as William McDonald migrated to the fast-expanding coal district. McDonald’s ascent to prominence at Little Glace Bay and the broader experience of the McDonald family were powerfully shaped by these networks. Reconstructing the making of a prominent family from the composite Highland community that developed in Cape Breton’s coal district, this chapter explores the enduring significance of Highland kin and social networks within new industrial contexts. It provides a case study of how industrialism, class formation and colonial nationalism recast Highland identities in the Atlantic world during the long nineteenth century.
Queer Gothic Visual Art: A Twisted Path from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First
Authors: Westengard Laura
Published: May 2024

This chapter delves into the world of Queer Gothic visual art beginning with an analysis of Henry Fuseli’s 1781 painting The Nightmare and William Blake’s 1819-20 The Ghost of a Flea both of which, the author argues, signal the starting point for an exploration in the emergence of a Queer Gothic aesthetic in visual art. By exploring Fuseli and Blake, the author ties visual art to the emergence of Gothic literature in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. From this starting point, the chapter moves quickly into twenty-first century Queer Gothic art, including the work of Jordan Eagles, a white queer artist who utilises blood as his medium in public spaces such as parks in New York City. His point is to bring awareness to the ongoing unnecessary bans against men who have sex with men from donating blood – a homophobic holdover from the beginning of the AIDS crisis in the 1980’s. Other artists considered in the chapter are intersex Black sculptor Vaginal Davis and her Fountain of Salmacis where she uses cosmetic products to create grotesque images; Kiyan Williams’s installations that use dirt as a medium to interrogate Black trans postcolonial issues; and, M. Lamar’s queer ‘Negrogothic’ installations.
(Digital) Archives
Authors: Drouin Jeffrey
Published: May 2024

This chapter performs a survey and close reading of the archives that house First World War periodicals around the globe. In so doing, it opens a discussion about the benefits and disadvantages that are special to paper and digital archives, the gaps that persist in digital holdings after nearly three decades of digitisation, and the variety of digital surrogates that represent physical collections. The historical and etymological roots of the archive frame the discussion around structures: of state authority and democratic access to knowledge, of the politics of interpretation, of bibliographic cataloguing, of electronic textual editing and metadata markup, of institutional organisational charts and strategic plans, and of public engagement practices that subvert traditional power structures. Due to the lack of substantial electronic editions of First World War periodicals, the conclusion recommends the development of a comprehensive digital research collection, with a few technical specifics in XML encoding and metadata markup. Commemoration was the motivating impulse behind many First World War archives; an internationally composed digital research collection would honour those whose untimely deaths require us to ask new questions and to forge new relationships.
Editors
Authors: Declercq Christophe
Published: May 2024

During the First World War, over one and a half million Belgians sought refuge in foreign countries. This displacement led to the emergence of a complex transnational network of exile press across various host nations. The interconnectivity among these newspapers and journals played a pivotal role in shaping the Belgian history of the First World War. This chapter delves into this transnational history by examining the perspective of De Stem Uit België (SUB), a weekly newspaper published in London. The study focuses on the role and significance of SUB within the Belgian exile community in Britain. It explores how pre-war Belgian editorial networks influenced the adaptation of SUB in its wartime British context, how the editorial team surmounted challenges associated with exile publication, and how the wartime agency translated further into post-war networks.
Hospital Journals
Authors: Meyer Jessica
Published: May 2024

Throughout the First World War, British military and auxiliary hospitals produced publications, edited by and with contributions from both staff and patients. These hospital journals had a specific and important role to play in the media landscape of British wartime society. Combining the roles of organ of communication, rehabilitative tool, psychological pressure valve, historical record, and site of social negotiation, their work was as complex and significant as the trench journals and popular press which have received more attention from historians. Sitting between the front line and the home front, hospital journals helped to bridge the liminal space of military medical care provision which sick and wounded men found themselves in when hospitalised. They also provided space for hospital staff to negotiate the often gendered tensions of their wartime roles through mockery and self-deprecation. This chapter explores a number of home hospital journals to demonstrate the breadth and complexity of their function as a form of wartime communication, between different categories of caregiver, between patient and carer, and between the hospital and the outside world. The hospital, it argues, was the site of negotiation of a range of social relationships during the war, and their journals reflected this fact.
Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Thomas Patricia
Published: May 2024

Belgium’s entry into World War One halted much of the industrial production that was crucial to its economy. Nevertheless, the Royal P.D. Rustless Corset factory continued to produce and export corsets to many parts of the world, including Australia and New Zealand. Newspapers in these antipodean countries rallied home-front citizen participation, encouraging women in particular to support “brave little Belgium” through patriotic societies. This chapter explores a different aspect of home-front support by examining how importers advertised the P.D. corset in the wartime press. It analyses the textual and visual rhetoric of a set of four text-based and often typographically salient advertisements that leveraged the Belgian situation within a strategy to encourage antipodean women to support Belgian workers through purchasing the P.D. corset. It points to the rural and provincial nature of the newspaper placements in Australia and New Zealand while it compares the differences in their respective graphic strategies.
China
Authors: Forster Elisabeth
Published: May 2024

China declared war on the Central Powers in 1917. But the press usually called the First World War the “European War”, that is, a war that was not immediately China’s problem. Over the course of the war years, the press’s assessment of the “European War” changed. In its early years, journals and newspapers largely described it in the spirit of Carl von Clausewitz’s famous dictum that “war is a mere continuation of politics by other means”. China’s entry into the war was of interest mostly in terms of how it could contribute to China’s longstanding politics of ridding the country of Western imperialism. But as European and American politicians and publics distanced themselves from thinking about war in Clausewitzian terms and instead began to discuss it in terms of just and unjust wars towards the end of the First World War, the Chinese press followed this just war turn. The “European War”, in the eyes of some of the Chinese press, now became a battle between good and evil. Soon, however, interest in the war was overshadowed by a focus on the May Fourth Movement of 1919, which would result in the foundation of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.
Conscientious Objection as an Act of Civil Disobedience
Authors: Çaltekın Demet Asli
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 studies the nature of conscientious objection and its relationship with civil disobedience. It examines the conflict between conscience and law. To clarify whether conscientious objection to military service is an act of civil disobedience, it utilises Charles Moskos and Whiteclay Chambers’s classification of conscientious objection and John Rawls’s definition of civil disobedience. It contributes to the current philosophical debate on civil disobedience by providing empirical evidence on the differences and similarities between civil disobedience and conscientious objection in Turkey. It argues that a conscientiously motivated act – namely, conscientious objection to military service – could form a collective act that aims to bring about a change in society.
Towards a Stylistics of Indonesian Film
Authors: Purnama Ari
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an analytical sneak preview that foreshadows what the stylistic analyses will look like in the central part of the book (Chapter 5–7). This chapter fundamentally lays out the poetics of cinema as the book’s primary approach and methodology for examining Indonesian film. This chapter also presents an analytical tool that the book uses to examine visual style in contemporary Indonesian cinema: analytical stylistics.
The Geographies of David Foster Wallace's Novels
Authors: McRae Andrew Laurie
Published: May 2024

The Geographies of David Foster Wallace's Novels takes a fresh look at David Foster Wallace’s novels through the lens of historical geography. It explores the connections between Wallace’s literary practice and the reshaping of American geographical space that resulted from the transition between Fordist and post-Fordist forms of capitalism, presenting critical readings of the novels together with analysis of manuscripts and notebooks from Wallace’s archive. Deploying an innovative methodology that combines aspects of cultural geography and literary criticism, each novel is historically situated through a spatial keyword, expanding our understanding of the connections between social context and formal innovation in Wallace’s work.
‘This strange, occluded place’: Regional Geography, the Midwest and The Broom of the System
Authors: McRae Andrew Laurie
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between The Broom of the System and the changing landscape of American ‘regional’ geography in the 1980s. The chapter begins by discussing the relationship between material regional development and the category of ‘regional’ literature. It then reads Broom’s key narrative spaces – the ‘Great Ohio Desert’ and the architecture and topography of the novel’s version of Cleveland – in terms of the changing economic and political nature of American regional geography in the late twentieth century. Finally, it explores how Broom situates literary practice and textual production within this geographical context, leading to an analysis of a promotional poster produced by Penguin for the series in which the novel appeared.
Expressionism, Existentialism, and Socialism in Scars of the Past
Authors: Hain Milan
Published: May 2024

Milan Hain explores Václav Krška’s Zde jsou lvi (Scars of the Past, 1958) for its subversions of prevailing ideological and aesthetic norms in Czechoslovakia of the late 1950s. Through its unconventional dark approach, the film tackles such sensitive issues as individualism and crises of conscience, making it a welcome target for a threatened Communist system.
Cordelia’s Fire
Authors: Sale Carolyn
Published: May 2024

The chapter proposes new ways of understanding where we do and do not find ‘virtue’ in King Lear. It puts the conduct of Lear’s counsellor, Kent, to the test by situating it in relation to inequitable thinking in Aristotle’s Politics. It also offers a new, phenomenological reading of the scene in Lear that has been called ‘a paradigm not just for Shakespeare’s stage but for all theater’, by attending to how the audience matters to Edgar’s project of letting his father pretend that he throws himself off the cliff at Dover. The rest of the chapter explores various ways in which the play appeals to audience members to understand the theatre as a site of their potential transformation, with various ecological ideas informing what the audience may experience in the time and space of playgoing.
The Art Encounter
Authors: Gibbs Jonathan
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses not on art, nor on its creation and creators, but on its reception, examining in detail the nature of the art encounter in DeLillo’s work. Applying theories of art reception, most prominently the thinking of T. J. Clark, across a variety of media and social contexts in several different novels and short stories, the chapter argues that how DeLillo’s characters (and, through them, his readers) interact with art is crucial not just to his theory of social relations and structures, but to his own aesthetic theory.
This chapter looks also at how art is approached, received, and consumed in DeLillo’s books in ways that fall outside the usual realm of theories of ekphrasis, examining how DeLillo portrays our interactions with artworks as mediated by often unacknowledged theoretical and aesthetic principles and beliefs, i.e. that our ‘seeing’ is prefaced and underwritten by our ‘knowing’.
Finally, this chapter argues that DeLillo’s narration of the art encounter borrows structural techniques from the artwork being viewed, which are then often used throughout the rest of the novel in question: i.e., that DeLillo uses his descriptions of art encounters to guide the reader in how to respond to his own writing, as art, itself.
DeLillo’s Landscapes
Authors: Martucci Elise
Published: May 2024

From the desert to the city, to parks and suburban spaces, landscape is a crucial element of Don DeLillo’s fiction, and analysis of its presentation enables a richer understanding of dominant themes within his fiction, e.g., art, death, technology, simulacra and simulation, violence, and even language. As Dianne Harris explains in “The Postmodernisation of Landscape” the interplay of landscape with culture and people was not fully realized until the end of the 1980’s and early 1990’s (436), a decade after DeLillo’s first books and stories were published. Harris further explains how a shift in studies could not occur until “scholars stopped seeing landscape as passive and started seeing it as active-what [W.J.T. Mitchell] described as the shift from landscape-as-noun to landscape-as-verb.” Yet this type of shift is found in DeLillo’s fiction from his very first novel, Americana (1971). This chapter explores the artistic presentation of various landscapes throughout DeLillo’s oeuvre-- deserts, cities, and suburbs--and examines how each landscape connects to recurring themes in his fiction, as well as gendered differences in landscape’s production and consumption, from his early to late fiction.
DeLillo in Colour
Authors: Jarvis Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter charts the significance of colour in DeLillo’s novels, from Americana to The Silence, examining a varied palette of hues and tones, including black and white. It would be an exaggeration to contend that the curve of DeLillo’s career heads towards chromophobia, but colour is increasingly drained from the later minimalist fiction after 9/11. The chapter therefore explores this trajectory as part of an analysis of colour as it is refracted through the prism of competing visual practices: the eye of the artist (a colourful gallery of painters, photographers, film-makers and graffiti artists crowd the pages of DeLillo’s prose); the scientific stare; the consumer leer; the plagiarised perception of the tourist; and the tentative possibility of a sacred vision. Applying the colour theory of Walter Benjamin and others, the chapter also considers the refraction of colour through specific optical technologies such as the camera and the screen, moving beyond a purely formalist appreciation of DeLillo’s painterly eye to a critical understanding of the blur between perception, technology and cultural politics, offering a chromatically informed reading of race, ethnicity, gender, and class.