bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive tourism models: are they suitable in the polar environment?
Authors: Jones C. Scott
Published: October 2009

Polar tourism is a quickly growing, little-studied industry. Understanding tourism's current effects and forecasting future ones is increasingly important. This paper investigates the applicability and usefulness of predictive tourism models for polar environments, by focusing upon Arctic Ship Tourism (AST). R.W. Butler's evolutionary tourism model is presented, with emphasis upon Stanley Plog's version. The strong fit of AST within the framework of these models is established, with emphasis on likely future developments. Usefulness of models in the polar context is limited by several factors, including their origins, their lack of a price/demand element, their deterministic cycle, and vagueness. Still, identifying likely future trends, such as growth levels, passenger characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and environmental impacts, can result in practical advice for polar resource managers and tour operators.
‘The cold of Valparaiso’: the disintegration of William Kennedy's second Franklin search expedition, 1853–1854
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

In the autumn of 1852, convinced that a successful search for her husband's missing expedition via Bering Strait could only be guaranteed by using a steam vessel, Jane, Lady Franklin, decided to dispatch such a vessel herself (this was the third such expedition she mounted). Her choice of vessel fell on the screw schooner Isabel, which Captain E.A. Inglefield had just brought back from his search of Smith Sound and Jones Sound. The captain she selected was William Kennedy, who, with Enseigne-de-vaisseau Joseph-René Bellot as second-in-command, had just returned from an expedition to the eastern Arctic in Prince Albert. After a few brief months of hectic preparations, in which Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft played an unusually active role, Isabel sailed from the Thames on 1 April 1853, bound for Bering Strait via the Strait of Magellan. Despite warnings not to do so (largely due to the danger of losing his crew to the lure of the Californian and Australian gold rushes), Kennedy put into Valparaiso on 26 August 1853. Almost all his officers and crew jumped ship. After more than two years of frustration, during which he generated some revenue by several coastal voyages off Chile, at Lady Franklin's request Kennedy brought Isabel back to England in early December 1855. Isabel was found to have dry rot and was sold. Kennedy fell out with Lady Franklin and did not participate in any further Arctic searches.
Biological processes in cold soils
Authors: Stonehouse Bernard
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a simple model of processes by which soils develop in polar and high-altitude regions. It reviews influences of seasonal freezing, permafrost, and vegetation on soil formation; discusses recently formulated concepts of disturbance and damage; and draws attention to developments in remediation, especially possibilities for encouraging natural soil regeneration and rehabilitation processes.
Fact and fancy in history and biography: the case of Greenstockings
Authors: Davis Richard C.
Published: October 2009

Greenstockings was the name that the members of Sir John Franklin's first Arctic Land Expedition gave to a young Dene woman during their winter residence at Fort Enterprise in 1820–21. All the officers' journals remark on her physical beauty, a reputed beauty that subsequently put her at the centre of numerous rumours and accounts. Historians know little about her other than her physical attractiveness and her age, although Greenstockings might have borne a child to one of Franklin's officers, and male jealousy over her might have put the expedition at serious risk. In spite of the paucity of factual information, Greenstockings has been cast as a central character in a poem by Franklin's first wife and in an award-winning book by Canadian novelist Rudy Wiebe. These and other pieces of information show the way that different perspectives can allow for different representations of historical figures.
Mertvaya Doroga – a railroad as the backbone of Soviet defence in the Arctic, 1943–54
Authors: Mildenberger Florian
Published: October 2009

During World War II, the threat of a German invasion along the north coast of Siberia led to the Soviet High Command developing a plan to build a railroad through the Urals to the port of Salekhard and beyond. Following the War, these plans were reworked to defend against the threat of American aggression. The ‘Mertvaya Doroga’ or great Stalin railroad or polarmagistral was intended to run from Chum, a small station on the Vorkuta railway, through the northern Urals to Salekhard and from there through Nadym to Igarka and Noril'sk. A second railway was to go from Vorkuta to the port of Amderma, while a third included a great net of railroads around Arkhangel'sk. Slave labour was used to construct these railroads, but despite massive programmes run by the Soviet secret police, the railroads were never completed or efficiently constructed. The death of Stalin in 1953 signaled the end of the construction of the Arctic railroads.
Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Vincent W. F. , Gibson J.A.E. , Jeffries M.O.
Published: October 2009

Early explorers in the Canadian high Arctic described a fringe of thick, landfast ice along the 500-km northern coast of Ellesmere Island. This article shows from analyses of historical records, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery (ERS-1, SPOT, RADARSAT-1) that this ancient ice feature (‘Ellesmere Ice Shelf’) underwent a 90% reduction in area during the course of the twentieth century. In addition, hydrographic profiles in Disraeli Fiord (83°N, 74°W) suggest that the ice-shelf remnant that presently dams the fiord (Ward Hunt Ice Shelf) decreased in thickness by 13 m (27%) from 1967 to 1999. Mean annual air temperatures at nearby Alert station showed a significant warming trend during the last two decades of this period, and a significant decline in the number of freezing degree days per annum. The ice-dammed fiord provides a stratified physical and biological environment (epishelf lake) of a type that is otherwise restricted to Antarctica. Extensive meltwater lakes occur on the surface of the ice shelf and support a unique microbial food web. The major contraction of these ice–water habitats foreshadows a much broader loss of marine cryo-ecosystems that will accompany future wanning in the high Arctic.
Further notes about the Antarctic paintings of Edward Seago
Authors: Codling Rosamunde
Published: October 2009

The author has located an Antarctic painting that was not listed in the previously published article ‘The Antarctic paintings of Edward Seago (1910–1974).’ This painting, entitled ‘Antarctic dusk,’ is held by the Royal Geographical Society. An anomaly regarding one of the paintings discussed in the original article is mentioned and clarified.
The Polar Record Glacier
Authors: Cruwys Liz , Rees Gareth
Published: October 2009

The name for the Polar Record Glacier was approved in February 1952. At that time, the glacier was reported to possess an ice tongue that flowed into Sandefjord Ice Bay. In autumn 2000, AVHRR images were examined to assess whether the Polar Record ice tongue was still extant. It was found that there is an ice feature currently about 15 miles in length at the end of the glacier, although its orientation has changed since it was first surveyed in 1947. A fissure indicates that the tongue has calved to form an iceberg that is probably grounded.
Response of cold-adapted microbial populations in a permafrost profile to hydrocarbon contaminants
Authors: Rike A.G. , Børresen M. , Instanes A.
Published: October 2009

Heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations in soils from different depths in a permafrost soil profile at a hydrocarbon-contaminated site at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, were examined and compared to the populations present at a pristine site. The objective was to investigate whether the populations were enhanced after 12 years of exposure to hydrocarbons. Based on air and soil temperature data, it is concluded that the microorganisms living in these environments are cold-adapted. Proliferation of the populations by a factor of 100–1000 was measured in the layers where mineral oil was present in high concentrations. This indicates that the populations responded to the additional carbon source by degradation and growth on hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon metabolites. A high number of intrinsic heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria is a prerequisite forin situbioremediation of contaminated sites. Although the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of the populations are not known, the results show that the population sizes probably do not represent the limiting factor in a bioremedial action at this contaminated Arctic permafrost site.
Age and taphonomy of abandoned penguin rookeries in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Emslie Steven D.
Published: October 2009

Investigations on the age and taphonomy of modern and abandoned penguin rookeries were completed in the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1992–1994. Systematic collection and identification of bones from modern rookeries of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins indicate a bias in element preservation for humeri, furcula, femora, and tibiotarsi. More than 73% of the individuals represented by these elements are juveniles. Bones from abandoned rookeries show similar patterns that can help identify old breeding sites and the species that occupied them. Radiocarbon dates completed on 13 chinstrap and Adélie penguin bones, feathers, and eggshell fragments from five abandoned rookeries suggest that occupation of these sites occurred only during warm intervals of the Little Ice Age (AD 1500–1850). These data also provide information on the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region, which help explain modern distribution patterns and demography.
Antarctica at the United Nations, 1985: the end of consensus?
Authors: Beck Peter J.
Published: October 2009

The question of Antarctica was discussed at the United Nations General Assembly in 1985 for the third successive year. While the content of the debates differed little from that of previous years, the discussions resulted in the adoption, by large majorities, of three resolutions in favour of an expanded and up-dated UN Study on Antarctica, the provision of information for the UN on the Antarctic minerals regime negotiations, and the exclusion of South Africa from the Antarctic Treaty System. The Antarctic Treaty powers, favouring no real UN role in Antarctica, stressed the need to maintain the present arrangements and did not participate in the UN votes on the three resolutions. The apparent breakdown of the consensus approach that was characteristic of 1983 and 1984 raises a question for the future; will 1986 witness bridge-building or continuing divisions on the most appropriate way to manage Antarctica in the future?
Antarctic baleen whales: history and prospects
Authors: Gulland J. A.
Published: October 2009

Whalers and sealers were the first people to visit the southern oceans in numbers, and in the 1930's Antarctic whaling accounted for some 12 per cent (by weight) of the total harvest of fish and other animals from the sea. It was the importance of the whaling industry and the need to know more about the physical and biological system on which it was based that was the justification for the classic work organized by the Discovery Committee between the wars. Since then whale catches have declined in absolute and relative terms, and public concern for the whale as the victim of an outstanding example of bad management of a large natural resource has increased.
Antarctic Krill: a reappraisal of its distribution
Authors: Everson Inigo
Published: October 2009

The past ten years have seen a greatly increased interest in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana (Fig 1). In particular there have been several Russian expeditions whose main aim has been the evaluation of krill as an exploitable resource (Burukovskiy and Yaragov, 1965) and, more recently, Japanese expeditions have ventured into the Southern Ocean with similaraims (Nemoto and Nasu, 1975). It is obviously vital that international agreement should be reached soon to control this potential exploitation of Southern Ocean fisheries. The problem is at present receiving careful consideration by the SCAR Group of Specialists on Living Resources ofthe Southern Ocean.
Thermodynamics of the interaction between ice shelves and the sea
Authors: Doake C. S. M.
Published: October 2009

An ice shelf is a floating ice sheet, attached to land where ice is grounded along the coastline. Nourished both by surface snow accumulation and by glaciers and ice sheets flowing off the land, ice shelves can reach a considerable thickness, varying from up to 1 300 m when the ice starts to float to 200 m or less at the seaward edge (known as the ice front). Nearly all the world's ice shelves are found in Antarctica, where they cover an area of about one and a half million square kilometres. The two largest are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf, each with an area of about half a million square kilometres. Smaller ice shelves fringe other parts of the Antarctic coastline.
Deep-Sea drilling from Glomar Challenger in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Drewry David J.
Published: October 2009

A previous article (Polar Record, Vol 16, No 104, p 7243 5) outlined the current results, principally from polar areas, of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) obtained during the cruises of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) research vessel Glomar Challenger. An indication was given of the considerable contribution made by DSDP coring to fundamental geoscientific research. At that time only three legs had been completed in high latitudes: leg 12 in the North Atlantic Ocean, leg 18 in the North Pactific Ocean, and leg 19 in the Bering Sea. No drilling had been undertaken in Antarctic waters but the plans for such work were outlined in the article.
Cambridge-Hamburg Svalbard Expedition, 1975
Authors: Pickton C. A. G. , Harland W. B.
Published: October 2009

A joint geological expedition from the Department of Geology, University of Cambridge, and the Geologisch-Palontologisches Institut der Universitt Hamburg worked in Svalbard from 27 June to 12 September and was based at the building Mexico in Ny-lesund. The expedition totalled 17 members, was organized from Cambridge by Ailsa B. Reynolds, and was led by W. B. Harland.
The Second Polar Year
Authors: Stagg J. M.
Published: October 2009

Co-operation on an international scale is not easy to arrange in the most prosperous times: in these days of financial stress the difficulties of ensuring sufficiently close collaboration to make the second Polar Year a complete success are very great. Since the July statement of the position, published in The Polar Record, ideas have become appreciably clearer as to what is really likely to be done by the various co-operating countries in the year's programme. It now seems that while the relative completeness of the network of stations in the northern hemisphere is assured, there will be little special activity in the southern hemisphere, except within the domains of each of the countries interested. France may have to abandon her Kerguelen and St Paul projects, and recent events in the Argentine, Brazil and Chile have reduced the expectation of co-operation from these countries in establishing special island stations or even extending their present work in the South Atlantic. New Zealand, however, may still find funds for meteorological observations on Macquarie Island, where the Mawson Expedition of 1912–13 had a station.
Recent Polar Work—Some Criticisms
Authors: Brown R. N. Rudmose
Published: October 2009

The growing output of polar books shows that Arctic and Antarctic regions still exercise a fascination, both to the explorer, and to the reading public; and the disappearance of the two-volume book is a welcome result both of financial stringency, and of a less verbose age. The conquest of the poles has allowed exploration to be diverted into more useful directions than the mere attainment of a high latitude. At the same time there is no denying that it has robbed polar work of a popular zest, and will not make it easy to raise funds for a large-scale expedition in the future. A two years' effort in the Antarctic will have to be done on scantier means than several of the expeditions for pre-war days, for the popular appeal will be restricted. And again, more is now expected, because more is possible with modern methods and technique, and knowledge of past mistakes. Byrd's marvellous flight to the South Pole and back stirred imagination comparatively little, while Greenland can now be crossed without the public taking the slightest interest. Contrast such successful ventures with the world-wide interest in Andrée's abortive attempt to fly in 1897, or the sensation caused by Nansen's crossing of Greenland in 1888.
Auroral sound
Authors: Bates D. R.
Published: October 2009

Systematic optical and radio measurements from ground stations, together with measurements from rockets and satellites, have led to a good general understanding of auroras. However one topic remains conjectural: whether or not there is audible auroral sound.
A forgotten explorer: Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink
Authors: Evans Hugh B. , Jones A. G. E.
Published: October 2009

C. E. Borchgrevink was born in Christiania (present-day Oslo) in 1864. His Norwegian father was a lawyer, and his English mother was a Miss Ridley. Little is known about his early years, but he said he had part of his education at Gjertsen College. He was a full-time student from the winter term 1885 to the winter term 1888 at the Royal Forestry School, Tharandt, Saxony, but seems to have obtained no certificate or diploma; later he mentioned that he had been a pupil of Professor E. Nobbe. When he was in his thirties he told H. J. Bull that he had been educated at Christiania University, but there is no evidence to support this. He also said he had served as a boy or apprentice in the Borghild in 1878, crossing the Atlantic in her, but there are no details.
Polar meteorology: a review of some recent research
Authors: Weller Gunter
Published: October 2009

The general large-scale circulation of the global atmosphere has its basic driving mechanism in the equator-poleward temperature gradients in both hemispheres. It has become increasingly obvious over the last few decades that to understand and predict the behaviour of the atmosphere at any point, it is essential to understand the behaviour of the total global fluid system. The Global Atmospheric Research Project (GARP) is an outcome of this recognition. Studies of the heat sinks (the polar regions) are therefore just as important as studies of the heat source (the equatorial regions) to understand the meteorology of the planet. Interest in polar meteorology has undergone many cyclic fluctuations, peaking during the various international polar years and, more recently, during the International Geophysical Year, 1957–58. At the present, the focus of GARP's first objective (improved extended weather forecasts) is on the tropical heat source, where convection and cloud formation and dissipation are still relatively little understood processes. However, the second GARP objective (better understanding of the physical basis of climate) requires more attention to be devoted to the cryosphere, its long-term interaction with oceans and atmosphere, and its role as an indicator of climatic change. The idea of a polar experiment (POLEX) was initially introduced by Treshnikov and others (1968) and by Borisenkov and Treshnikov (1971). A summary of the early history of POLEX was recently given by Weller and Bierly (1973). The two closely related objectives of POLEX that most directly pertain to GARP may be restated in their simplest terms as (1) a better understanding of energy transfer processes and the heat budgets of the polar regions for the purpose of parameterizing them properly in general circulation models and climate models, and (2) provision of adequate data from the polar regions during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) in 1978.
Radio echo sounding map of Antarctica, (˜90°E–180°)
Authors: Drewry David J.
Published: October 2009

In 1967 the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) undertook the first longrange airborne radio echo soundings of the Antarctic ice sheet. The results of this season were encouraging and led to other programmes being organized in 1969–70, 1971–72, and 1974–75. The initial impetus for this work came from A. P. Crary of the US National Science Foundation (NSF), who suggested that the radio echo equipment that had been developed at SPRI under the direction of S. Evans and G. de Q. Robin, with financial assistance from the Royal Society's Paul Instrument Fund and later from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) should be operated over the Antarctic ice sheet, and he offered the logistic support of the US Antarctic Research Program (USARP). Since those early flights, a productive relationship has been developed between SPRI and that arm of NSF represented by USARP and US Navy Task Force 43 (now 199) and, up to the end of the 1971–72 season, it had resulted in 210000 km of radio echo profiling in the Antarctic. A further 135 000 km was accomplished during the 1974–75 season.
Stareek: the story of a Sledge Dog
Authors: Debenham Frank
Published: October 2009

Every expedition which has employed dog transport will testify to the valiant work performed by their teams and will be ready with stories about their more notable dogs. They will tell of dog heroes who pulled a taut trace to their last breath, of dogs who lost heart early in the journey, of shy dogs and bold dogs, of those who were popular with the whole team and others against whom every fang was turned. Dog personality is, in fact, one of the first things a driver learns and the better he learns it the better driver he will be.
The Michigan Expedition to North-West Greenland, 1932–33
Authors: Belknap R.
Published: October 2009

The University of Michigan Pan-American Airways Greenland Expedition had its base camp, known as Peary Lodge in memory of America's greatest Polar explorer, on the west.coast of Greenland in Lat. 74° 19′ N. The station was located at the base of the Upper Nugssuak Peninsula just 2 miles from the inland ice on the south-east and 3 miles from the ice on the east. This station was maintained for the period from August 1, 1932, through July, 1933. This year was the Second International Polar Year and the expedition was the American representative in Greenland.
Exploration of the Interior of North East Land
Authors: Sandford K. S.
Published: October 2009

In the last sixty years or so there have been only three successful attempts to investigate the interior of North East Land, and at the moment it remains the least known part of the Spitsbergen Archipelago. The Oxford University Exploration Club's expedition, now organised by A. R. Dunlop-Mackenzie and to be led by A. R. Glen, should do much to fill in the major blanks in our knowledge. The party will be the first of its kind to winter there and will have two ice-cap stations.
Completion of the Aerial Survey of Northern Labrador
Authors: Forbes Alexander
Published: October 2009

In 1931 an aerial survey of Northern Labrador was sponsored by the American Geographical Society (see Geographical Review, Jan. 1932). In the summers of 1931 and 1932 photographic flights and ground-control triangulations were made covering the Labrador Peninsula from Nachvak Fiord, north to Cape Chidley, and the shore line from Nachvak south to Port Manvers.
Motor Tractors
Authors: Brown W. E.
Published: October 2009

One of the earliest of the Hudson's Bay Company's experiments in tractor transport work was at Rupert's House in 1924. The machine used was a Citroen modelled after the tractor-type machines which had given such excellent service in the Sahara. It was not successful, however, so details covering its operation would be of little interest.
The Canadian Sledge Dogs of the Eastern and Western Arctic
Authors: Hadwen S.
Published: October 2009

In reading of Arctic exploration one is struck with the ill-fate which has often beset the dogs accompanying the explorers. Recently Baashuus-Jessen (1935) has carefully studied the accounts of many of these important expeditions and, according to this author, the lack of proper food containing right amounts of fat, minerals and vitamins was the principal cause of nervous diseases and malnutrition in the animals. In the Arctic and Antarctic regions, nevertheless, some most successful journeys have been accomplished with the aid of dogs. Unfortunately, it should be added that though the explorers reached their goals, it was often at the expense of their animals. Without doubt, also, when a stage is reached where dogs have to be sacrificed to feed the living, the latter are not in much better condition than those which were killed. Personally I should like to see or hear of an expedition, to one of the Poles or to some other place difficult of access, where all the dogs would return in good condition, to show the world what could be done with proper food and management. This article has been written for the Institute in the hope that the information about sledge-dogs may be of some assistance to those about to undertake expeditions in the Arctic regions. In this connection I should like to say that no other domesticated animal can withstand the hardships of the north better than the dog. He can follow man wherever he goes, and I have wondered why he is not more used, for instance, in mountaineering at the lower levels. The dog, being a native animal, winters well if he is properly fed, and should be at his best when the days begin to lengthen, which is just the time of year long journeys are undertaken. I will conclude by hoping that some of our young men will make a study of this matter: first of all by getting a thorough understanding of the mechanical laws involved in traction and harnessing; secondly, in working out balanced rations with the food available in the different countries where the dogs are to be driven, and also by making a study of hygiene and of preventive measures against disease and parasites; and lastly, by getting some actual practice in dog driving.
West Greenland Sledge Dogs
Authors: Croft Andrew
Published: October 2009

Very little is known of the ancestry of these dogs, but they probably accompanied the Eskimos on their gradual migrations, lasting many hundreds of years, from Mongolia along the Arctic coasts of Canada, and eventually to Greenland itself.

Less than a thousand inhabitants live on the east coast of Greenland, nearly all of them being in the Angmagssalik and Scoresby Sound districts; and the Eskimo there depends mainly on his hunting kayak for his livelihood. The snowfall is comparatively heavy, especially during the spring, and on account of the windless conditions prevalent at this season, surfaces are very soft and heavy. For this and other reasons these Eskimos do not sledge very much, and there are no expert dog-drivers on the whole of the east coast. Their dogs are for the most part poor, and during the summer months, invariably underfed.
The Dogs of the British Graham Land Expedition
Authors: Rymill John
Published: October 2009

This article is in no way meant to be a full account of our dogs and dog driving, but rather to give a rough idea of the methods we found best adapted to the conditions met with in Graham Land.

Surgeon Lieut.-Com. E. W. Bingham, R.N., was in charge of our dogs and sledging equipment, and he is at present engaged on writing a detailed report, including dog management and breeding, which, if not published, will be housed at the Scott Polar Research Institute, together with specimens of our harnesses, traces, whips, sledges, etc.
Antarctic Whaling
Authors: Borley J. O.
Published: October 2009

In most of the years subsequent to the undue expansion of the season 1930–81, mutual agreements were reached between the whaling companies of most of the nations interested in whaling, whereby production was restricted. Owing partly to novel factors, including the increased number of nations participating in the industry, labour friction, and, most fundamental, the rapid rise in the price of whale oil, the achievement of any such arrangement for the season 1936–37 proved unusually difficult. The British and Norwegian Governments, accordingly, arrived at regulations binding on the nationals of each. These regulations curtailed Antarctic pelagic whaling to three months' duration commencing December 1; and in the course of discussion the factory ships to be employed were designated by name, and stations which should operate, and prescribed the number of catchers each might employ, and factory ships (with a few insignificant exceptions) working in the Antarctic were prohibited from operating also between the Equator and Lat. 40° S. These regulations did not affect Japanese or German whaling. The fleet, notwithstanding the limitations, was larger than in any other year since 1930. It included the powerful new factory, Terje Viken, under the British flag, equipped entirely with mechanical boilers; two Japanese and one German factory, and totalled in all thirty ships, served by 173 catchers; but for the regulations many more catchers would have been employed. It is noteworthy that for the first time since the revival of Southern whaling, of the men employed, some 700 were of British nationality. The production of oil was over 2,600,000 barrels or 430,000 tons.
The Newfoundland Seal-Fishery and its Possible Influence on the Greenlanders
Authors: Colman John
Published: October 2009

The culture of most tribes of Eskimo is based largely on the hunting of seals, but the species of seal differ from region to region. The West Greenlanders are dependent on two species, the Harp or Greenland seal, Phoca groenlandica, and the Hood or Bladder-nose, Cystophora cristata, the former being the more abundant. The East Greenlanders make more use of the small fjord seals, Phoca vitulina, which supply the greater part of their food, while the importance to them of the two larger species and of the Bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus lies in the suitability of their skins for covering kayaks and other special purposes. The East Greenlanders, centred on Angmagssalik and Scoresby Sound, are the least touched by European contacts, and can still almost satisfy their needs, except for pipes, tobacco and knives, with drift wood, seals and other animals. The West Greenlanders have been in contact with Europeans for a much longer time, and have modified their primitive culture to some extent. Their kayaks are often made of canvas, and in the south-west they have taken up fishing and sheep farming on a considerable scale, but seal hunting from kayaks is still their most important job in life. The Danes are trying with remarkable success to improve the standard of living of the Greenlanders, while at the same time keeping them as independent as possible of foreign sources of supply. If, for any reason, the number of seals should fall too low to supply the needs of the people, the whole policy of the Danish Administration might have to be altered, and this would almost certainly not be an improvement from the point of view of the Greenlanders.
Norwegian Arctic Expeditions, 1927–36
Authors: G.C.L.B.
Published: October 2009

In 1929 Adolf Hoel summarised Norwegian Arctic work in Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet, No. 1, “The Norwegian Svalbard Expeditions, 1906–1926”. In the recently issued No. 73 of the same series, “Report on the Activities of the Norges Svalbard-og Ishavs-undersøkelser, 1927–1936” (125 pages, photographs and map), Dr Hoel likewise summarises the work of the following decade. The format of the report is that of the earlier issue with minor modifications, including, besides summaries of the work done year by year, such interesting and miscellaneous information as the finances of the various expeditions sent out, the names of the foreign expeditions that have been helped by the N.S.I.U., and many other kindred topics. In addition there are lists and tables that show in brief a mass of information on surveys and survey methods, the ships used, the papers and maps published and so on. The major part of the new report is devoted to a chronological statement of the expeditions sent out to Svalbard and East Greenland, and of the work at home. The arrangements of the reports on both these regions is similar, and the uninitiated might imagine that the ownership of Svalbard and East Greenland is the same. Each expedition account starts with the name of the ship used and the personnel, then follows a brief narrative of the venture, and finally there is a summary of the work done. The great value of this Skrifter, No. 73, lies in the provision it makes for ready reference. It is equally simple to find out where an individual worker has been and what was his work, what ships have been used and where, what papers and maps have been published and when, as it is to read precisely what a certain expedition was able to do in a particular year.
The Sledge Dogs of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1945–46
Authors: James David
Published: October 2009

In early 1945, having had no previous experience of dogs or dog-driving, I was given charge of twenty-five huskies at the Hope Bay base of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. These dogs were purchased in Labrador by Surg.-Cdr. E. W. Bingham, R.N., and Capt. N. B. Marshall in the autumn of 1944, and were transported to the Antarctic via England. Every man develops his own methods and personal preferences for animal management, and there is a welter of conflicting advice and testimony. In such circumstances it is best for the absolute novice to select the system of one acknowledged expert and adhere to it rigidly.
The Management of Sledge Dogs
Authors: C. G.  , Bird E. G. , Glen Alexander R. , Bertram G. C. L.
Published: October 2009

Dog-driving methods are a subject on which no two people think alike, and whenever two or three men meet together in the Arctic, they form the basis for endless discussion and argument. We can remember many a good night's sleep lost when a visitor arrived apparently tired out, but with enough energy left to sit up all night arguing the relative merits of fan or centre trace, or something of that sort. For this reason we feel rather diffident in adding our opinions to those already published recently in The Polar Record. With regard to different equipment, harness, sledges and team formations—these are almost entirely a question of local conditions and, therefore, not really worth arguing about. For instance, in North-East Greenland, we used regularly fan, centre trace and tandem formations to suit differing snow conditions, etc., and each was, under the right conditions, definitely superior to the other two.
Toxin in the Flesh of the Greenland Shark and Other Arctic Animals
Authors: G. C. L. B.
Published: October 2009

The poisonous properties of shark meat have long been a subject of interest to travellers and dwellers in northern regions. In a short but important paper (Medd. om Grønland. Bd. 125, Nr. 5, 1939, pp. 1–16) Ove Bøje gives the results of an investigation at Upernavik. He summarises former knowledge of the subject derived from both European and native sources, and goes on to an account of his experiments on sledge-dogs. Similar in their effect to the flesh of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), though to a lesser extent, are the meat of the “uvac” or Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and the sea scorpion (Cottus scorpius), and sometimes, with weakly subjects, the flesh of the halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossides). Similar, but apparently not the same, are the poisonous qualities of the liver of the polar bear, the bearded seal and the Greenland sledge-dog. The toxin in the shark meat apparently is inactivated, but not destroyed by the drying process to which the flesh is normally subjected before being given by the Eskimo to his dogs. Enzymes present in the fresh tissues of any animal can apparently re-activate the toxin in the shark flesh if the two types of meat be eaten together. A number of hypotheses are discussed, and there seems to be some evidence for believing that the toxin may be derived from the common food of these various fishes on the Greenland coast in the autumn. This consists of a pelagic mollusc (a Pterapod, Limacina helicina), and the “uvac” and even eider ducks sometimes themselves show symptoms of poisoning after feeding on this food. The author regrets that so far he has been unable to undertake detailed chemical analysis of the flesh of the species in question. Judging by symptoms he considers that the toxin is probably related chemically to muscarine (a fungal poison).
Notes on the Selection and Care of Polar Footwear
Authors: Croft Andrew , Roberts Brian
Published: October 2009

An excellent factory-made cheap moccasin may now be obtained from the Hudson's Bay Co. (fig. 26; S.P.R.I., 732). This is made of chrometanned cow-hide. The sole and vamp has the grain left on, while the remainder of the boot is of slightly softer leather without grain. The lacing passes through eyelets in the facings instead of round the foot as in the native patterns.
Sledging and Sledge Dogs
Authors: Bingham E. W.
Published: October 2009

It is with a feeling of diffidence that I start to write on this subject which has been covered in the past by many experts, but as I have been asked to do so by the Editor of The Polar Record, I propose to go into the treatment and care of huskies fairly thoroughly, giving details which I have found useful, and which I hope may prove equally so to those in charge of the dogs of future expeditions.
Crop production in the Soviet Arctic
Authors: Richens R. H.
Published: October 2009

The northern limit of agriculture depends not on physiographical conditions but on economic considerations. This truism is frequently emphasized by Soviet writers, who point out that it is possible to provide the requisite conditions for plant life at any point on the earth's surface. What determines whether or not a crop is to be grown is the extent to which agriculturalists are willing to provide the plant with its appropriate environment. The latter very rarely coincides with the natural environment, and in some cases, as in the far north, may differ greatly from it. The following survey attempts to outline the extent to which Soviet agriculturalists have gone in providing plants with suitable growing conditions north of the arctic circle. The question whether the objective of arctic agriculture, food and fodder for the arctic zone, could not be realized more conveniently by transporting produce from a milder clime, will also be discussed.
The selection of lubricants for use at low temperatures
Authors: Sellers E. S.
Published: October 2009

The essential purpose of a lubricant is to reduce friction and to minimize wear. This object is achieved by preventing the physical contact of moving surfaces by maintaining between them a thin layer of a suitable fluid, the lubricant. The lubricant should adhere strongly to the boundary surfaces, so that when they are in relative motion, a film of lubricant is “dragged along” between them, forcing them apart and keeping them out of physical contact with each other.

The maintenance of this layer during actual movement of the surfaces depends on a property common to all fluids, namely, viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of liquids to shearing forces; for instance, an oil which pours out of a spout slowly is usually termed a “thick oil”, while one which pours easily is described as “thin”. It is more correct to speak of these oils as having “high” and “low” viscosities respectively. In general, the higher the viscosity of the fluid used, the easier it is to maintain a film during movement of the bearing surfaces. But because a high viscosity means a high resistance to shearing forces on the lubricant itself, more power is needed to maintain the desired relative motion of the surfaces.
The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1947–50
Authors: Fuchs V. E.
Published: October 2009

Since the description of the activities of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey for 1946–47 by Surgeon-Commander E. W. Bingham no general account of the Survey's activities has appeared in the Polar Record. The writer's connection with these activities dates from 1948, but in order to bring the story up to date, it is necessary to begin in 1947.
Arctic Travel and Warfare in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Charlesworth M. P.
Published: October 2009

In Rome in the year 1555 a book, written by Olaus Magnus, the Archbishop of Upsala, and Primate of Suetia and Gothia, was published to the world with a fine resounding title. It claimed to be “A History of the Northern Peoples, their different states, conditions, manners, ceremonies, superstitions, training, mode of life, diet, methods of warfare, buildings, tools, mines, and marvels, and also of nearly all the animals that dwell in the North and of their nature. A work, which while varied and crammed with information on many subjects, with examples drawn from other countries and with printed pictures of native affairs, is also full of delight and entertainment, easily flooding the mind of the reader with the greatest pleasure. With a very full index.”—full indeed, for it extends over sixty-five pages. The writer of this remarkable volume, Olaus Magnus, was born at Linköping in 1490, and knew his northern countries well, as became a former canon of Upsala. But already the Reformation was beginning to disturb those parts, and from 1527 onwards Olaus spent most of his time in Rome, so that his Archbishopric of Upsala and Primateship were titular only. This may serve to explain some references to the Lutheranorum detestabilis impostura or to the temeraria praesumptio of the Lutherans, whom he regards as the “spreaders of every kind of crime and impurity”.
Retrospect: The Scott Polar Research Institute, 1920–45
Authors: F. D.
Published: October 2009

It is rarely possible to state exactly when a new idea is born, for such things are apt to take shape gradually, attaining full stature by slow degrees. Yet the germ of a polar institute certainly emerged during November of 1912 on the slopes of Mount Erebus when Raymond E. Priestley and I were making a geological survey of the district round Shackleton's old hut at Cape Royds. We were but amplifying a survey done three years earlier by Professor David, Mawson and Priestley himself, and the question arose as to where their original notes and figures would be when we returned. Naturally that led to a debate upon the need for a central repository for field records. About the same time I had discussions with Charles Wright, our ice-physicist, on the best way of passing on to future explorers the small improvements in sledging gear and camp equipment which we had devised and tested, discussions which veered in the same direction.
Dr H. R. Mill's Antarctic Library
Authors: Wordie J. M.
Published: October 2009

Dr Mill's well-known collection of Antarctic books is without doubt the most extensive and interesting collection of Antarctic books in Britain. The most important volumes reached Cambridge in 1939, but on account of the war the main part of the library remained at Dr Mill's home at Dormans Park. These have now arrived at the Institute and the collection has been placed on the shelves.
The contribution of polar expeditions to the science of glaciology
Authors: Ahlmann Hans W:Son
Published: October 2009

Polar research is significant to glaciologists first because real inland ice is found only in the polar regions, and secondly because most of the glaciers there belongto a distinct geophysical type. It is therefore remarkable that the snow, iceand glaciers of these regions only recently became objects of interest and study.
The Franklin Search in 1850
Authors: Woodward F. J.
Published: October 2009

We ought, in 1950, to be celebrating the centenary of the end of the Franklin Search: so great was the opportunity which one of the 1850 expeditions narrowly missed. As it is, we have nine years left to wait for that celebration; and a hundred years ago there were nine years left in which men were called upon to risk and sometimes to give their lives in the quest for the missing expedition, and in which the relatives of its members were kept in suspense, hope gradually dulling into resignation. The year. 1850 has instead the lesser distinction of being the first year in which traces of the Franklin Expedition were discovered.
Sounding through sea and lake ice in Finland
Authors: Tuori Heikki
Published: October 2009

The coasts of Finland are fringed by vast and labyrinthine archipelagos, in which wooded islands with small hills obstruct visibility. This is a great hind-rance to topographical survey. On the other hand, conditions for carrying out hydrographic survey are excellent, as positions can be fixed on the basis of a rectangular lattice of lines run easily and accurately along the surface of the ice. There was in the past every encouragement to adopt this method of survey, as the coastal waters and the lakes in central Finland are ice-covered for some 5 months every year (from December to April) and in the northern parts of the country for an even longer period. It is true that the work is hindered by the cold, but in early spring (March and April) surveying can generally be carried out in satisfactory conditions.
Lapp reindeer movements across the frontiers of northern Scandinavia
Authors: Elbo J. G.
Published: October 2009

The present northern border of Norway and Sweden was fixed by treaty in 1751 between the United Kingdom of Denmark-Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden, then including Finland. Previous attempts to determine the frontier had failed, largely because of intermittent warfare over a long period between Denmark and Sweden. A codicil to the 1751 treaty laid down the rights of the Lapps in the frontier region and it was expressly stated that movement over the frontier would be permitted according to old usage. The usage here referred to was the movement of Swedish Lapps with their reindeer into Norway for pasture during the summer, and a similar movement of Norwegian Lapps with their reindeer into Sweden for pasture during the winter. The majority of the Norwegian Lapps entering Swedish territory went into Finland. In addition, a few Norwegian Lapps further south, in the present Nord Trøndelag Fylke, traditionally moved into Jämtland in Sweden during the summer.
Pre-war experiences of food storage in Spitsbergen
Authors: Ross H. N.
Published: October 2009

One of the main problems faced by the settlements in Spitsbergen during seven months of winter isolation is that of storing food. During the last thirty years much experiencehas been gained, and food standards have steadily improved. At one time the population had to subsist on salted, tinned and dried food for much of the winter, but fresh meat, fish, vegetables and even fruit are now available throughout the year. Although vegetables become withered by the end of the winter, they meet ordinary household requirements. The vitamin content is presumably retained, as no sign of scurvy has been reported among the miners for many years.
The base of the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949–52
Authors: Reece Alan
Published: October 2009

It was originally planned that the base, which was situated in Dronning Maud Land in lat. 71° 6' S., long. 10° 58' W., should consist of three large and one small huts:

Large hut 1. Accommodation for eight men, radio office, dark room and sick-bay.

Large hut 2. Accommodation for six men, kitchen and mess.

Large hut 3. Workshop, meteorological office and laboratories.

Small hut. Two Diesel generators.