bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International travel among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men, San Francisco, USA
Authors: Taylor K D , Raymond H Fisher , Truong H-H M , Ick T , Le B , Rive J , McFarland W
Published: October 2011

We measured the prevalence of international travel, the demographic and risk profile of international travellers and risk and preventive behaviours of travellers among HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), based in San Francisco, CA, USA, through the addition of questions to the local implementation of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey in 2008. Of 270 MSM participating in the survey, slightly more than one-quarter (26.3%) had travelled internationally in the last year. Those with a history of international travel were more likely to be foreign born, of a higher socioeconomic status and HIV uninfected. Of eight HIV-positive MSM who travelled internationally (11.3% of HIV-positive MSM), all were on antiretroviral therapy and only three recalled being vaccinated for hepatitis A and B. Human papillomavirus infection was also higher among international travellers. Travel health services must be improved to address special needs of this population of international travellers.
The Lifting of Corporate Veil Doctrine in Hong Kong: An Empirical, Comparative and Development Perspective
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: October 2011

This paper provides an empirical, comparative, and development perspective on the corporate veil doctrine. It contains a comprehensive survey of the corporate veil cases in Hong Kong. The survey results are then compared with comparable surveys of the US cases to highlight relevant characteristics in the Hong Kong courts' approach to the doctrine. The paper also analyses the doctrine and the limited liability principle in a development perspective to suggest that the Hong Kong courts should apply the doctrine more assertively to address externalization of corporate business costs, which is the inevitable consequence of limited liability.
Not Ordinary Trading Companies: Common Law Responses to Insolvent Utilities in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States
Authors: Wardrop Ann
Published: October 2011

This paper discusses the extent to which the common law recognized public interest considerations when confronted with utility insolvencies in the UK, Australia, and the US in the period 1825 to 1970. Jurisprudence in all three jurisdictions concerning insolvent utilities arose in the nineteenth century out of the difficulties arising from the financial distress of railway companies. It is argued that public interest considerations were mobilized to justify various degrees of restriction on the usual rights of creditors in all jurisdictions. While evidence was found of the use of public interest theory in all jurisdictions, there was little development of it in the UK and Australia compared with the US. This may have been because of the early introduction of statutory schemes of arrangement in both countries and because of the nationalization of the industries for the better part of the twentieth century. In the US, on the other hand, public interest theory in the context of insolvent railways and other utilities was much more developed. In particular, it provided part of the rationale for the judicial development of the equity receivership into a comprehensive corporate reorganization mechanism.
Developments in United States Securities Class Actions: The Status of ‘Fraud on the Market’ Causation and Implications for Australia
Authors: Duffy Michael J.
Published: October 2011

In 1988 the United States Supreme Court handed down the judgment of Basic Inc v Levinson which recognized the ‘fraud on the market’ theory of causation of investor loss in a securities class action. More recently, legislative reform and the US Supreme Court's decision in Dura Pharmaceuticals v Broudo have circumscribed somewhat the permissive approach to such claims by creating more stringent requirements at the pleading and certification stage. The development of behavioural finance also questions somewhat the theory of efficient capital markets on which the ‘fraud on the market’ causation theory partly rests. In Australia meanwhile, market based causation has not been tested yet in their courts. To the extent that causation of loss through the effects of non-disclosures on the market is accepted by Australian courts it is not clear that the gloss developed in Dura would necessarily have application here.
Regulatory Agencies and Regulatory Change: Breaking Out of the Routine
Authors: Kirk Elizabeth A. , Reeves Alison D.
Published: October 2011

From time to time regulators are required by new legislation to radically alter the normative basis of their decisions. Their ability to do so can, however, be undermined both by a lack of appropriate resources and the self-referential nature of regulatory systems. Some aids to adaptation already exist, but, as this paper demonstrates, these either take the forms of reactions to failure, or are inadequate to ensure certainty of result, as they are themselves reliant on the adoption of new norms of behaviour by regulatory agencies. We therefore propose a novel mechanism building on a proven research methodology to break out of this circularity in adaptation: a modified form of Participatory Action Research embedded within regulatory systems.
Municipal Police Officer Job Satisfaction in Pennsylvania: A Study of Organisational Development in Small Police Departments
Authors: Julseth Jason , Ruiz James , Hummer Don
Published: October 2011

Current policing literature indicates that the retention rate of patrol officers is in steady decline. On the whole, various policing factors that include fatigue, stress and workload appear to be major reasons for high turnover rates. In order to substantiate patrol officers' views of contemporary policing, we examined their perceptions of issues related to overall job satisfaction and correlating factors. Municipal police officers from 14 south central Pennsylvania police departments located in one mid-size county were surveyed to determine if there were any significant differences or correlations between perceptions of overall job satisfaction and previous research related to satisfaction with administration, shift work, equipment, community support, department morale and policies and procedures. Results indicate that there is an apparent connection between stress and overall job satisfaction. Most notably, higher stress levels, faster rotating shifts and officers' perceptions of department morale were shown to impact the levels of overall job satisfaction.
Rhetoric or Restoration? A Study into the Restorative Potential of the Conditional Cautioning Scheme
Authors: Braddock Robert A.
Published: October 2011

In December 2007, the conditional caution scheme was introduced as a result of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The aim of this scheme was to provide an additional option to the range of ‘out of court disposals’, which can be imposed on offenders for minor offences without the necessity of court appearances. The conditional caution is an enhanced caution which allows conditions to be imposed, such as reparation, letters of apology or drug and alcohol awareness courses, which must be fulfilled in order for the caution to be completed. Restorative justice is also an option with regard to these cautions. After canvassing stakeholders within this process, it was observed that the concept of introducing victim–offender mediation within the cautioning process was not commonly viewed as a positive step. The majority of victims were not in favour of this, and other criminal justice stakeholders were also divided as to whether this would be beneficial. The motivation behind these responses differed according to the role played within the process, with victims being pessimistic regarding the benefits of this approach, and criminal justice professionals expressing concern with regard to the time-consuming nature of these activities. An additional flaw in this process centred around communication with victims. There appeared to be a disparity between contacts with different victim types, with corporate victims only contacted if time allowed. This indicated that time constraints were a specific deciding factor with regard to the process.
Criminal Responsibility and Children: A New Defence Required to Acknowledge the Absence of Capacity and Choice
Authors: Elliott Catherine
Published: October 2011

When children reach 10 years old they are exposed to the full brunt of the criminal law with no defence available to them to reflect their status as children. Legal theorists have repeatedly argued that criminal responsibility should only be imposed on individuals who have the capacity and freedom to choose how they behave. Children only have limited personal autonomy and therefore lack this capacity and freedom to make a genuine choice about their behaviour. They should therefore benefit from a new defence which moves away from the doli incapax emphasis on moral understanding and is available to children up to the age of 14.
Unfitness to Plead and the Overlap with Doli Incapax: An Examination of the Law Commission's Proposals for a New Capacity Test
Authors: Howard Helen , Bowen Michael
Published: October 2011

The Law Commission published Consultation Paper No. 197 in October 2010 on unfitness to plead. This article will focus on the relationship between the proposed capacity test and the abolition of the defence of doli incapax for children aged 10 or above.
Criminalising the Possession of Extreme Pornography: Sword or Shield?
Authors: Easton Susan
Published: October 2011

This article examines the reasons for the introduction of the extreme pornography provisions in s. 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, whether the provisions can be justified, whether they meet their goals and the problems they raise. It is argued that the provisions should be seen as an expression of benign perfectionism, grounded in respect for individuals, rather than repressive paternalism. The impact of the law is assessed with reference to recent cases and the author considers whether the fears expressed at the time the legislation was passed have been borne out in practice.
Implementing a Problem Solving Approach to Neighbourhood Policing: The Camden Experience
Authors: Lewis Anthony
Published: October 2011

This article reflects on the issues and barriers that had to be overcome during a period of four years to implement an effective problem solving business model in the Safer Neighbourhoods programme within the London Borough of Camden. This includes the Problem Solving Approach used and developed by the Partnership Information Unit in Camden to direct and evaluate its local Neighbourhood Policing initiatives. It demonstrates the methodologies, strengths and benefits, as well as the implications for others considering adopting this model.
SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment
Authors: Moon Rachel Y. ,   Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Published: October 2011

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed October 2020.

Despite a major decrease in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) since the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released its recommendation in 1992 that infants be placed for sleep in a nonprone position, this decline has plateaued in recent years. Concurrently, other causes of sudden unexpected infant death that occur during sleep (sleep-related deaths), including suffocation, asphyxia, and entrapment, and ill-defined or unspecified causes of death have increased in incidence, particularly since the AAP published its last statement on SIDS in 2005. It has become increasingly important to address these other causes of sleep-related infant death. Many of the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SIDS and suffocation are strikingly similar. The AAP, therefore, is expanding its recommendations from focusing only on SIDS to focusing on a safe sleep environment that can reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths, including SIDS. The recommendations described in this policy statement include supine positioning, use of a firm sleep surface, breastfeeding, room-sharing without bed-sharing, routine immunizations, consideration of using a pacifier, and avoidance of soft bedding, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs. The rationale for these recommendations is discussed in detail in the accompanying “Technical Report—SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment,” which is included in this issue of Pediatrics (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/128/5/e1341).
Calla lily inflorescences postharvest: pulsing with different sucrose concentrations and storage conditions
Authors: Almeida Elka Fabiana Aparecida , Paiva Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira , Lima Luiz Carlos de Oliveira , Silva Franklin Cordeiro , Fonseca Juliana , Nogueira Denismar Alves
Published: October 2011

Calla lily is an appreciated specie used for flower arrangements. In spite of its commercial importance, there is little information on calla lily postharvest conservation. Thus, this study aimed to determine the best sucrose concentration for pulsing and cold storage conditions to extend calla lily postharvest durability. Flower stalks were submitted to a pulsing pre-treatment using 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16% sucrose in the solution, for one hour, plus a treatment with direct storage in cold chamber (4ºC), without a prior-treatment. Dry storage or storage in solution with the commercial product Flower® was also tested. A completely randomized design was used with four replicates and three inflorescences per plot. Spathe length and width were daily measured from which the opening and wilting processes were analyzed. It was observed that pulsing with sucrose was efficient in extending calla lily inflorescences opening process and durability. Dry storage for short periods (less than six days) can also be used, but a prior-treatment with 12% sucrose pulsing for one hour or with a water supply for the same period was required. For storage in solution, a pulsing with 5% or 7.5% sucrose was recommended.
Application use, Online Relationship Types, Self-Disclosure, and Internet Abuse among Children and Youth: Implications for Education and Internet Safety Programs
Authors: Blau Ina
Published: October 2011

This study explores the relationships between Internet abuse (IA)—self-disclosure, online application usage, and relationship types—traditional long-distance, purely virtual, and migratory mixed-mode. An online questionnaire was administered to 2884 children and youth. According to the hypotheses, applications differed in their relationships with participant IA and self-disclosure: the usage of some applications was related to both IA and self-disclosure; the usage of others related only to IA or neither to IA nor self-disclosure. IA and self-disclosure correlated with problematic participant online activities (e.g., sending photos of one to online acquaintances, visiting sites with inappropriate contents), but did not affect educational activities (e.g., studying online with classmates, preparing homework, or getting information). Participants reported the highest level of online communication in traditional long-distance relationships, lower level in purely virtual, and the lowest level in migratory mixed-mode relationships. Participant IA and self-disclosure positively influenced online communication, but not interactions with the relationship type.
A Study of a Social Annotation Modeling Learning System
Authors: Samuel Roy David , Kim Chanmin , Johnson Tristan E.
Published: October 2011

The transition from classroom instruction to e-learning raises pedagogical challenges for university instructors. A controlled integration of e-learning tools into classroom instruction may offer learners tangible benefits and improved effectiveness. This design-based research (DBR) study engaged students in e-learning activities integrated into classroom instruction utilizing a Social Annotation Modeling Learning System (SAM-LS). SAM-LS employs Web 2.0 software called HyLighter that allows instructors to implement text-dependent socio-intellectual interactions among students. Twenty students engaged in a HyLighter activity, individually or in groups, analyzed an article by annotating text, providing elaborate answers, and responding to peers' opinions. Their motivation, technical competency, and attitudes toward HyLighter's technical and pedagogical usability were evaluated. Students reported positive perceptions of HyLighter's technical usability but neutral attitudes toward its pedagogical usefulness and future usage. Favorable technical usability perceptions correlated with high computer and assignment self-efficacy, while negative attitudes correlated with high computer anxiety. Groups reported positive collaborative experiences. Finally, students' motivation was high and did not change as a result of the activity. These findings are discussed in relation to future DBR iterations of designing and implementing HyLighter activities within SAM-LS.
Press Performance, Human Rights, and Private Power as a Threat
Authors: Baker C. Edwin
Published: October 2011

The essay concerns the manner private power threatens the proper democratic role of the press or mass media. But first, Part I examines two preliminary conceptual matters involved in locating this discussion in the context of a conference on private power as a threat to human rights: 1) the relation of human rights to private power in general. This relation is complicated due to fact that human rights can themselves be seen as the assertion of private power against government or against collective power while, depending on how conceptualized, human rights can be improperly threatened by private power even while private power operates in a generally lawful manner; 2) involves the relation of press freedom and human rights. Here I argue that human rights are ill-conceived if offered as embodying any particular right in respect to the pressmore specifically, I argue that a free press is not a human rightbut argue instead that an ideal media order that is embodied in a broad conception of free press provides the soil in which human rights can flourish and the armor that offers them protection. Both government power and private power are necessary for and constitute threats to these supportive roles of a free press.Political-legal theoryor in constitutional democracies, possibly constitutional theoryshould offer some guide to how the tightrope between government as threat and government as source of protection against private threats ought to be walked. That is, the goal is to find both proper limits on government power and proper empowerment of government to respond to private threats. Part II examines the variety of private threats to the proper role of the press. It focuses on two forms of threats: first, market failures that can be expected in relatively normal functioning of the market; second, problems related to the purposeful use of concentrated economic power. Responsive policies are multipleno magic bullet but varying different governmental (as well as private) responses are appropriate. However, Part III illustrates this point by considering only two types of governmental policies, both of which I have recently been involved in advocating: first, government promotion of dispersal of concentrated power by means of ownership rules and policies; second, tax subsidies in the form of tax credits for a significant portion of journalists salaries as a means to correct for underproduction of journalism on theory that this journalism generally produces significant positive externalities.
Parents, Government, and Children: Authority over Education in a Pluralist Liberal Democracy
Authors: Galston William
Published: October 2011

The relationship between private and state power in a pluralist liberal democracy raises complex issues that this article explores, focusing on control over childrens education. While rights are the default vocabulary of liberal theory and practice, they do not suffice to characterize either the claims of children or the responsibilities of adults. While many theorists have followed Joel Feinberg in proposing that children have the right to an open future, there are good reasons to doubt that they do. Within limits, parents convictions appropriately enter into the content of their childrens education and instruction, and the integrity of civil associations supplements (without supplanting) the discourse of individual rights. John Stuart Mill points toward a triadic understanding of educational authority that coordinates three sets of intereststhe developmental interests of children, the civil interests of the state, and the expressive interests of parents. To explicate expressive interests, the Article lays out a theory of expressive libertythe value of being able to live in a manner consistent with our deepest understanding of what gives meaning and value to our lives. While raising children is an important aspect of parents expressive liberty, it is limited by the separateness of each childs existence, the fact of human diversity, and the requisites of civil order. Nonetheless, in societies characterized by a deep diversity of moral and religious views, the requirements of both practicality and legitimacy point toward a social order that offers maximum feasible scope for different ways of life to find expression in the choices of parents and civil associations. The Article explores this thesis with particular reference to U.S. history and law.
A novel capacity and trust based service selection mechanism for collaborative decision making in CPS
Authors: Zhang Bo , Xiang Yang , Wang Peng , Huang Zhenhua
Published: October 2011

Cyber-physical system (CPS) provides more powerful service through combining
software service and physical device. It is an effective solution to organize
various CPS services to realize collaborative decision making (CDM). In CPS,
finding out the most competent participators for CDM sponsor is a core
problem. To solve this problem, we propose a novel capacity and trust
computation based CPS service selection mechanism in intelligent and
automatic manners. It comprises three phases, including capacity evaluation,
trust computation and negotiation selection. In the first phase, CDM sponsor
describes formal semantic of decision task and computes the capacity
evaluation values according to participator instructions. In the second
phase, we design a novel trust computation method to calculate the values of
activity trust, subjective belief, objective reputation, physical trust and
recommended trust respectively. In the third phase, service selection is
achieved through a negotiation mechanism according to capacity evaluation and
trust computation.
TRM-IoT: A trust management model based on fuzzy reputation for internet of things
Authors: Chen Dong , Chang Guiran , Sun Dawei , Li Jiajia , Jia Jie , Wang Xingwei
Published: October 2011

Since a large scale Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is to be completely
integrated into Internet as a core part of Internet of Things (IoT) or Cyber
Physical System (CPS), it is necessary to consider various security
challenges that come with IoT/CPS, such as the detection of malicious
attacks. Sensors or sensor embedded things may establish direct communication
between each other using 6LoWPAN protocol. A trust and reputation model is
recognized as an important approach to defend a large distributed sensor
networks in IoT/CPS against malicious node attacks, since trust establishment
mechanisms can stimulate collaboration among distributed computing and
communication entities, facilitate the detection of untrustworthy entities,
and assist decision-making process of various protocols. In this paper, based
on in-depth understanding of trust establishment process and quantitative
comparison among trust establishment methods, we present a trust and
reputation model TRM-IoT to enforce the cooperation between things in a
network of IoT/CPS based on their behaviors. The accuracy, robustness and
lightness of the proposed model is validated through a wide set of
simulations.
A model-based software development method for automotive cyber-physical systems
Authors: Gao Zhigang , Xia Haixia , Dai Guojun
Published: October 2011

The development of automotive cyber-physical systems (CPS) software needs to
consider not only functional requirements, but also non-functional
requirements and the interaction with physical environment. In this paper, a
model-based software development method for automotive CPS (MoBDAC) is
presented. The main contributions of this paper are threefold. First, MoBDAC
covers the whole development workflow of automotive CPS software from
modeling and simulation to code generation. Automatic tools are used to
improve the development efficiency. Second, MoBDAC extracts nonfunctional
requirements and deals with them in the implementation model level and source
code level, which helps to correctly manage and meet non-functional
requirements. Third, MoBDAC defines three kinds of relations between
uncertain physical environment events and software internal actions in
automotive CPS, and uses Model Modifier to integrate the interaction with
physical environment. Moreover, we illustrate the development workflow of
MoBDAC by an example of a power window development.
A case study on REST-style architecture for cyber-physical systems: Restful smart gateway
Authors: Li Qiang , Qin Weijun , Han Bing , Wang Ruicong , Sun Limin
Published: October 2011

Due to several key factors, Cyber-physical systems (CPS) pose great
challenges in software system design, which are dynamic composition,
heterogeneous, adaptation and uncertain in environmental factors. In this
paper we present our research on the development of REST-style architecture
for CPS. We propose a path towards solving requirements of CPS architecture
through Restful principles. By using this architectural style, we have built
a prototyping system called the restful smart gateway, which seamlessly
integrates conceptual and physical resources into the Web and scale better.
Some experiments on the smart gateway are given to illustrate its
performance.
Modeling disease spreading on complex networks
Authors: Kong Xiangjie , Qi Yu , Song Xiumiao , Shen Guojiang
Published: October 2011

Based on complex network approach, a contact network model with scale-free
property is built. By analyzing the fact data of H1N1 influenza provided by
Beijing Health Bureau, contact tracing mechanism is used to research H1N1
virus transmission dynamics with this model. Furthermore, the contact tracing
coefficient and random checking coefficient are studied to analyze their
impact on the peak value of new infections and cumulative number of
infections. The simulation result fits well with the statistical data. It
shows that the model built in this paper is valid and complex network model
to simulate the epidemics of H1N1 influenza is feasible.
An improved spectral clustering algorithm based on local neighbors in kernel space
Authors: Liu Xinyue , Yong Xing , Lin Hongfei
Published: October 2011

Similarity matrix is critical to the performance of spectral clustering.
Mercer kernels have become popular largely due to its successes in applying
kernel methods such as kernel PCA. A novel spectral clustering method is
proposed based on local neighborhood in kernel space (SC-LNK), which assumes
that each data point can be linearly reconstructed from its neighbors. The
SC-LNK algorithm tries to project the data to a feature space by the Mercer
kernel, and then learn a sparse matrix using linear reconstruction as the
similarity graph for spectral clustering. Experiments have been performed on
synthetic and real world data sets and have shown that spectral clustering
based on linear reconstruction in kernel space outperforms the conventional
spectral clustering and the other two algorithms, especially in real world
data sets.
A redistribution method to conserve data in isolated energy-harvesting sensor networks
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhang Song , Qiu Jian , Shen Xingfa , Zhang Jianhui
Published: October 2011

In ambient monitoring applications, the sensing field may be so far away from
the data center that causes the direct relay routes between the sensor
network and the data center impossible. Typically, in such isolated sensor
network, data is stored in a distributed manner and collected by data mule.
To improve the efficiency, sensed data is normally stored near the area where
the mule will pass by with respect to storage limitation. However, previous
researches didn?t consider the energy constraint and energy harvesting
capability of nodes. The purpose of this paper is to design a solution for
fair data storage under space and energy limitation only based on local
information. We propose a heuristic Distributed Energy-aware Data
Conservation method (DEDC), which considers following two issues: i)where to
store data with respect to energy and space storage, ii) how to prioritize
the transmission of important data. Simulation has shown that the method is
effective, energy efficient and robustness.
An energy-efficient localization strategy for smartphones
Authors: Liu Haifeng , Xia Feng , Yang Zhuo , Cao Yang
Published: October 2011

In recent years, smartphones have become prevalent. Much attention is being
paid to developing and making use of mobile applications that require
position information. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a very popular
localization technique used by these applications because of its high
accuracy. However, GPS incurs an unacceptable energy consumption, which
severely limits the use of smartphones and reduces the battery lifetime. Then
an urgent requirement for these applications is a localization strategy that
not only provides enough accurate position information to meet users' need
but also consumes less energy. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient
localization strategy for smartphone applications. On one hand, it can
dynamically estimate the next localization time point to avoid unnecessary
localization operations. On the other hand, it can also automatically select
the energy-optimal localization method. We evaluate the strategy through a
series of simulations. Experimental results show that it can significantly
reduce the localization energy consumption of smartphones while ensuring a
good satisfaction degree.
Effect of thermally active zones and direction of magnetic field on hydromagnetic convection in an enclosure
Authors: Sivasankaran Sivanandam , Bhuvaneswari Marimuthu
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present numerical study is to investigate the effect of
thermally active zones and direction of the external magnetic field on
hydromagnetic convection in an enclosure. Nine different relative positions
of the thermally active zones are considered. Top and bottom of the enclosure
are adiabatic. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume
method. The results are obtained for different directions of the external
magnetic field, thermally active locations, Hartmann numbers, Grashof numbers
and aspect ratios. It is observed that the heat transfer is enhanced for
heating location is either at middle or at bottom of the hot wall while the
cooling location is either at top or at middle of the cold wall. The flow
field is altered when changing the direction of the magnetic field in the
presence of strong magnetic field. The average Nusselt number decreases with
an increase of the Hartmann number and increases with increase of the Grashof
number and aspect ratio.
Heat transfer comparison between a vertical rectangular cavity and an isosceles right-angled triangular cavity of equal cross-sectional area
Authors: Campo Antonio , Chang Jane , Ridouane El
Published: October 2011

This paper addresses the heat transfer performance of natural convection
flows in three different, (but related) cavities in the form of: a square,
isosceles right-angled triangle, and vertical rectangle with aspect ratio
2:1. The isosceles right-angled triangular cavity is derived from a square
cavity when cut in half diagonally, whereas the vertical rectangular cavity
is derived from a square cavity when cut in half vertically. In the three
cavities, the left vertical wall is the common wall heated. The buoyant air
flow is characterized by height-based Rayleigh numbers ranging from a
conduction-dominant to up to 106 for the laminar natural convection regime.
Employing the finite volume method, the velocity and temperature fields as
well as the mean convective coefficients evaluated at the common heated
vertical wall are numerically determined for the isosceles right-angled
triangular cavity. For this cavity, flow streamlines and temperature contours
are presented in graphical form and some numerical results are validated
against published experimental measurements. A one-to-one comparison for the
heat transfer performance of the three interconnected cavities is reported in
tabulated form.
Influence of application of Hottel’s zonal model and six-flux model of thermal radiation on numerical simulations results of pulverized coal fired furnace
Authors: Crnomarkovic Nenad , Sijercic Miroslav , Belosevic Srdjan , Tucakovic Dragan , Zivanovic Titoslav
Published: October 2011

Difference of results of numerical simulation of pulverized coal fired
furnace when mathematical models contain various radiation models has been
described in paper. Two sets of numerical simulations of pulverized coal
fired furnace of 210 MWe power boiler have been performed. One numerical
simulation has contained Hottel?s zonal model, whereas the other numerical
simulation has contained six-flux model. Other details of numerical
simulations have been identical. The influence of radiation models has been
examined through comparison of selected variables (gas-phase temperature,
oxygen concentration, and absorbed radiative heat rate of surface zones of
rear and right furnace walls), selected global parameters of furnace
operation (total absorbed heat rate by all furnace walls and furnace exit
gas-phase temperature). Computation time has been compared as well. Spatially
distributed variables have been compared through maximal local differences
and mean differences. Maximal local difference of gas-phase temperature has
been 8.44%. Maximal local difference of absorbed radiative heat rate of the
surface zones has been almost 80.0%. Difference of global parameters of
furnace operation has been expressed in percents of value obtained by
mathematical model containing Hottel?s zonal model and has not been bigger
than 7.0%. Computation time for calculation of 1000 iterations has been
approximately the same. Comparison with other radiation models is necessary
for assessment of differences.
High-strength flowable mortar reinforced by steel fiber
Authors: Ramli M. , Dawood E.
Published: October 2011

High-strength flowable mortar reinforced by steel fiber

An experimental study was conducted on High-Strength Flowable Mortar (HSFM) reinforced at different percentages of steel fiber (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0% as volumetric fractions) to determine the density, compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. The load-deflection curves under a static flexural load were established, and the flexural toughness indices were obtained in accordance with ASTM C1018. The results indicate that by increasing the fiber content up to 1.75%, the flexural strength and toughness indices are increased. The density, compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity also increased using steel fiber.
Stone Columns - Determination of the soil improvement factor
Authors: Pivarč J.
Published: October 2011

Stone Columns - Determination of the soil improvement factor

A stone column is one of the soil stabilizing methods that is used to increase strength, decrease the compressibility of soft and loose fine graded soils, accelerate a consolidation effect and reduce the liquefaction potential of soils. The columns consist of compacted gravel or crushed stone arranged by a vibrator. This paper deals with Priebe's theory (1976) on the design of an improvement factor, which belongs among the most used analytical methods and also describes the numerical and laboratory models of stone columns. The improvement factors calculated from numerical and laboratory models are compared with the improvement factors resulting from Priebe's theory.
Desorption and use of saturated lightweight aggregate in internal curing
Authors: Briatka P. , Makýš P.
Published: October 2011

Desorption and use of saturated lightweight aggregate in internal curing

Roughly 20 years ago there was a brand new concrete-curing concept presented in the U.S. based on providing "extra curing" water from inside the concrete. The extra water shoul be added to concrete during mixing, but is bound to some kind of carrier, so it does not alter the water-cement ratio. This technique, known as Internal Curing (IC) keeps the cement paste moist from the first moment when it normally would start to desiccate and is not mature enough to apply conventional means of curing. The durability and effectiveness of IC depend on the boundary conditions at the site as well as the properties of the carrier - in this case, Lightweight Aggregate (LWA), which, after the water soaking, replaces some part of the Normalweight Aggregate (NWA). This work deals with LWA (available on the European market) in the context of its properties affecting the efficiency of IC.
Development of Coordination Motor Abilities (CMA) in the System of Long-Term Preparation of Athletes
Authors: Lyakh Vladimir , Sadowski Jerzy , Witkowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2011

Development of Coordination Motor Abilities (CMA) in the System of Long-Term Preparation of Athletes

The article attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the preparation of coordination in combat sports and team games. It has been discussed: the basic principles of CMA training, complexity of coordination exercises, the duration of load and rest breaks, the systematic use of special exercises creating the most important CMA and factor of sensitivity and lateralisation in the development of CMA. The directions for further researches have been marked out.
Tourist Activity of Local Government Employees on the Example of Warsaw Studies
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta
Published: October 2011

Tourist Activity of Local Government Employees on the Example of Warsaw Studies

Introduction.
The aim of this study was to determine the form, nature and level of participation of Warsaw local government employees in tourism. Identification of the relevant characteristics of this group can lead to the knowledge of its behaviour, and ultimately to conduct effective health intervention-promotional activities.
Material and methods.
The questionaire study covered 321 local government employees (121 male, 200 female). The study was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 17 (SPSS). Assessment of the relationship of demographic variables with the type of trip and the level of tourism activity were made using chi-square statistics and adjusted residuals. The level of participation in tourism was determined using principal components analysis.
Results.
Short-term trips reported 87% of local administration employees, long-term - 77% and international - 26%. Average number of short trips was 7.0±7.2, long - 2.1±1.44 and international - 1.4±0.8. Very low levels of tourism activity characterized 32%, low - 15%, moderate - 21%, high - 17% and very high - 14% of the respondents. Education is the main factor that determines the participation and level of tourism activity of respondents.
Conclusions.
Often the trips declared are not compatible with the level of tourist activity - analysis based on the number of trips a year (short, long and international). It follows that for half of the respondents participation in tourism is sporadic.
Tourism Potential of Giełczewska Elevation (Central-Eastern Poland)
Authors: Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa , Świeca Andrzej
Published: October 2011

Tourism Potential of Giełczewska Elevation (Central-Eastern Poland)

Introduction.
This study attempts to assess the tourism potential (natural resources of the geographical environment, cultural resources and tourism infrastructure) of Giełczewska Elevation.
Material and methods.
Based on research conducted in six municipalities, including one urban-rural (Piaski) and five rural (Jabłonna, Wysokie, Krzczonów, Żółkiewka, Rybczewice) the factors affecting the characteristics of tourist space of Giełczewska Elevation were examined. Using 48 features, grouped in four sections (tourist values, recreational and specialist qualities, tourist management, environment condition) the tourist potential of municipalities was assessed. It was expressed by synthetic numerical values of tourist attractiveness measures specified for each municipality.
Results.
Calculated using the method of multidimensional comparative analysis, the synthetic indices of tourist attractiveness ranged from 0.18 (Wysokie) to 0.47 (urban-rural Piaski). Their volume was significantly affected by characteristics of the group of recreational and special qualities and tourist management. Much less important were qualities of sightseeing, while the smallest - the condition of the environment.
Conclusions.
In view of the measures obtained, the tourism potential of Giełczewska Elevation values shapes the diverse recreational, specialist and sightseeing, and considerably varying tourist management. Less important is the environment.
Beyond the 2011 Census in the United Kingdom: With an International Perspective
Authors: Dugmore Keith , Furness Peter , Leventhal Barry , Moy Corrine
Published: October 2011

The recent census in the UK, taken in March 2011, may also have been our last - since the Office for National Statistics has announced that it intends to explore alternative more cost-effective options for ‘census taking’ in the future. In this paper, we consider what the options may be, based on approaches and experiences from other countries, and assess their implications for users. We start by reminding ourselves about the value of the census and the strengths and weaknesses of the current approach. We then identify the principal methods being followed in other countries, together with their advantages and disadvantages. This leads us to review methodological work in the UK, building up to the current ‘Beyond 2011’ ONS project. We focus on administrative records as a possible way of removing the need for a full population survey. Finally, we assess the options and discuss the implications for users in market research.
A New Clinical Protocol for the Pharmacological Management of Acute Behavioural Disturbance
Authors: Emmerson Brett , Moudgil Vikas , Woodbridge Alison , Burrows Diane , Kingswell Bill , Kubler Paul , McMahon Kirsten
Published: October 2011

Objective: Psychiatry is awash with pharmacological acute behavioural disturbance protocols which list oral or intramuscular benzodiazepines and antipsychotics with numerous options. This results in frequent over-sedation and occasional profound sedation and death. This paper describes the development of a simplified sedation protocol for the pharmacological management of acute behavioural disturbance.

Method: Following the wider availability of intramuscular lorazepam in 2008, Metro North Mental Health developed a protocol utilizing only two products – oral or intramuscular lorazepam or olanzapine – which was subsequently developed into a statewide protocol.

Results: The advantage of utilizing only two sedating medications is that it greatly reduces the risk of profound sedation and theoretically reduces the risk of other complications including deaths. Clinical staff who have utilized the protocol report a reduction in over-sedation of inpatients.

Conclusion: A simplified protocol makes the pharmacological management of acute behaviour disturbance safer for both patients and staff.
Pseudodementia, a Term for its Time: The Impact of Leslie Kiloh's 1961 Paper
Authors: Snowdon John
Published: October 2011

Objective: It is 50 years since Leslie Kiloh's paper titled “Pseudo-dementia” was published. The present article aims not only to honour the work and achievements of Professor Kiloh, but also to consider the impact and importance of that 1961 paper.

Conclusions: Kiloh presented vignettes concerning 10 patients, most of whom presented with depressive features. The term “pseudodementia” had been used previously. However, Kiloh's paper gave impetus to psychiatrists to focus on the potential reversibility of cognitive impairments that might be attributable to psychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia and conversion disorder among them). The historical context of the paper needs to be highlighted; it was written at a time when dementia was defined as being irreversible. Outcome studies and ongoing research have shown that cognitive deficits in cases of depression commonly cannot be fully reversed, and commonly herald emergence of an underlying progressive dementing disorder. Nevertheless, it is argued that the term has remained useful in fostering discussion of potentially treatable psychiatric symptoms, even in cases of progressive dementia.
Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Anionic Surfactants in Aqueous Samples
Authors: Larsson Niklas , Otrembska Paulina , Villar Mercedes , Jönsson Jan Åke
Published: October 2011

Hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) from aqueous samples was studied. Ion pair extraction of C10, C11, C12 and C13 homologues was facilitated with trihexylamine as ion-pairing agent, using di-n-hexylether as solvent for the supported liquid membrane (SLM). Effects of extraction time, acceptor buffer concentration, stirring speed, sample volume, NaCl and humic acids were studied. At 10–50 µg L−1 linear R2-coefficients were 0.99 for C10 and C11 and 0.96 for C12. RSD was typically ~15%. Three observations were especially made. Firstly, LPME for these analytes was unusually slow with maximum enrichment observed after 15–24 h (depending on sample volume). Secondly, the enrichment depended on LAS sample concentration with 35–150 times enrichment below ~150 µg L−1 and 1850–4400 times enrichment at 1 mg L−1. Thirdly, lower homologues were enriched more than higher homologues at low sample concentrations, with reversed conditions at higher concentrations. These observations may be due to the fact that LAS and the amine counter ion themselves influence the mass transfer at the water-SLM interface. The observations on LPME of LAS may aid in LPME application to other compounds with surfactant properties or in surfactant enhanced membrane extraction of other compounds.
Targeting the Large Subunit of Human Ribonucleotide Reductase for Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Wijerathna Sanath R. , Ahmad Md. Faiz , Xu Hai , Fairman James W. , Zhang Andrew , Kaushal Prem Singh , Wan Qun , Kiser Jianying , Dealwis Chris G.
Published: October 2011

Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a crucial enzyme in de novo DNA synthesis, where it catalyses the rate determining step of dNTP synthesis. RRs consist of a large subunit called RR1 (α), that contains two allosteric sites and one catalytic site, and a small subunit called RR2 (β), which houses a tyrosyl free radical essential for initiating catalysis. The active form of mammalian RR is an anbm hetero oligomer. RR inhibitors are cytotoxic to proliferating cancer cells. In this brief review we will discuss the three classes of RR, the catalytic mechanism of RR, the regulation of the dNTP pool, the substrate selection, the allosteric activation, inactivation by ATP and dATP, and the nucleoside drugs that target RR. We will also discuss possible strategies for developing a new class of drugs that disrupts the RR assembly.