bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postoperative adverse outcomes after non-hepatic surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Lin C S , Lin S Y , Chang C C , Wang H H , Liao C C , Chen T L
Published: November 2013

Background

Postoperative adverse outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis are not completely understood. This study evaluated the association between liver cirrhosis and adverse outcomes after non-hepatic surgery.

Methods

Reimbursement claims were used to identify patients with preoperative liver cirrhosis who underwent non-hepatic surgery from 2004 to 2007. Control patients without cirrhosis were matched by age, sex, type of surgery and anaesthesia. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) of postoperative adverse events associated with liver cirrhosis were analysed by multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Thirty-day mortality rates among 24 282 patients with cirrhosis and 97 128 control patients were 1·2 per cent (299 deaths) and 0·7 per cent (635 deaths) respectively. Liver cirrhosis was associated with postoperative 30-day mortality (OR 1·88, 95 per cent c.i. 1·63 to 2·16), acute renal failure (OR 1·52, 1·34 to 1·74), septicaemia (OR 1·42, 1·33 to 1·51) and intensive care unit admission (OR 1·39, 1·33 to 1·45). Postoperative mortality increased in patients who had liver cirrhosis with viral hepatitis (OR 2·87, 1·55 to 5·30), alcohol dependence syndrome (OR 3·74, 2·64 to 5·31), jaundice (OR 5·47, 3·77 to 7·93), ascites (OR 5·85, 4·62 to 7·41), gastrointestinal haemorrhage (OR 3·01, 2·33 to 3·90) and hepatic coma (OR 5·11, 3·79 to 6·87).

Conclusion

Patients with liver cirrhosis had increased mortality and complications after non-hepatic surgery, particularly those with cirrhosis-related clinical indicators.
Biotransformation of Saponins by Endophytes Isolated from Panax notoginseng
Authors: Luo Shao‐Liu , Dang Li‐Zhi , Li Jian‐Fang , Zou Cheng‐Gang , Zhang Ke‐Qin , Li Guo‐Hong
Published: November 2013

The biotransformation of the major saponins in Panax notoginseng, including the ginsenosides Rg1, Rh1, Rb1, and Re, by endophytes isolated from P. notoginseng was studied. One hundred and thirty‐six endophytes were isolated and screened for their biotransformational abilities. The results showed that five of the tested endophytes were able to transform these saponins. These five strains were identified based on their ITS or 16S rDNA sequences, which revealed that they belonged to the genera Fusarium, Nodulisporium, Brevundimonas, and Bacillus genera. Ten transformed products were isolated and identified, including a new compound 6‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]‐20‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyldammarane‐3,6,12,20,24,25‐hexaol (3), and nine known compounds, compound K (1), ginsenoside F2 (2), vinaginsenoside R13 (4), vinaginsenoside R22 (5), pseudo‐ginsenoside RT4 (6), (20S)‐protopanaxatriol (7), ginsenoside Rg1 (8), vinaginsenoside R15 (9), and (20S)‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylprotopanaxatriol (10). This is the first study on the biotransformation of chemical components in P. notoginseng by endophytes isolated from the same plant.
A Highly Distributed CuxAuy‐Deposited Nanotube Carbon for Selective Reduction of NO in the Presence of NH3 at Very Low Temperature
Authors: Amrousse Rachid , Moumni Said El
Published: November 2013

CuxAuy Deposited on carbon nanotubes prepared by solution plasma sputtering was used for first time as a catalyst for selective reduction of NO, in the presence of NH3, at low temperature. N2 and H2O are desirable during the NO reduction process; however, N2O is totally absent from the obtained products.
Large yet Flexible N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Meiries Sebastien , Le Duc Gaëtan , Chartoire Anthony , Collado Alba , Speck Klaus , Arachchige Kasun S. Athukorala , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: November 2013

A straightforward and scalable eight‐step synthesis of new N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has been developed from inexpensive and readily available 2‐nitro‐m‐xylene. This process allows for the preparation of a novel class of NHCs coined ITent (“Tent” for “tentacular”) of which the well‐known IMes (N,N′‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), IPr (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(2‐propyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) and IPent (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(3‐pentyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) NHCs are the simplest and already known congeners. The synthetic route was successfully used for the preparation of three members of the ITent family: IPent (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(3‐pentyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), IHept (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(4‐heptyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) and INon (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(5‐nonyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene). The electronic and steric properties of each NHC were studied through the preparation of both nickel and palladium complexes. Finally the effect of these new ITent ligands in Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐couplings was investigated.
An Alternative Mechanistic Paradigm for the β‐Z Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes: The Role of Acetone as a Silane Shuttle
Authors: Iglesias Manuel , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Polo Victor , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: November 2013

The β‐Z selectivity in the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes has been hitherto explained by introduction of isomerisation steps in classical mechanisms. DFT calculations and experimental observations on the system [M(I)2{κ‐C,C,O,O‐(bis‐NHC)}]BF4 (M=Ir (3 a), Rh (3 b); bis‐NHC=methylenebis(N‐2‐methoxyethyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene) support a new mechanism, alternative to classical postulations, based on an outer‐sphere model. Heterolytic splitting of the silane molecule by the metal centre and acetone (solvent) affords a metal hydride and the oxocarbenium ion [R3SiO(CH3)2]+, which reacts with the corresponding alkyne in solution to give the silylation product [R3SiCHCR]+. Thus, acetone acts as a silane shuttle by transferring the silyl moiety from the silane to the alkyne. Finally, nucleophilic attack of the hydrido ligand over [R3SiCHCR]+ affords selectively the β‐(Z)‐vinylsilane. The β‐Z selectivity is explained on the grounds of the steric interaction between the silyl moiety and the ligand system resulting from the geometry of the approach that leads to β‐(E)‐vinylsilanes.
[1,4]‐S‐ to O‐Silyl Migration: Multicomponent Synthesis of α‐Thioketones through Chemoselective Transformation of Esters to Ketones with Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Sun Xianwei , Song Zhenlei , Li Hongze , Sun Changzheng
Published: November 2013

A [1,4]‐S‐ to O‐silyl migration has been exploited to chemoselectively transform esters into ketones by using organolithium reagents, allowing multicomponent synthesis of α‐thioketones. Mechanistic studies reveal that this migration proceeds in an intramolecular manner and is more favorable than the corresponding [1,5]‐S‐ to O‐ and [1,3]‐C‐ to O‐silyl migrations. The resulting α‐thioketones are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of cyclic or multifunctionalized organosulfur compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Explorations of a Series of Second Order Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on Monovalent Metal Gold(III) Iodates.
Authors: Huang Chao , Hu Chun‐Li , Xu Xiang , Yang Bing‐Ping , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: November 2013

Single crystals of α‐NaAu(IO3)4 (I), β‐NaAu(IO3)4 (II), RbAu(IO3)4 (III), α‐CsAu(IO3)4 (IV), β‐CsAu(IO3)4 (V), and AgAu(IO3)4 (VI) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of M2CO3 (M: Na, Rb, Cs), Ag2O, Au(OH)3, and I2O5 (autoclave, 200 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Sn/Mn Zirconium Phosphate as Rare Earth Free Possible White Emitting Phosphor.
Authors: Nishizaki Tsutomu , Shimizu Youichi
Published: November 2013

Sn0.5‐xMnxZr2(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SnO, MnO, ZrO(NO3)2, and (NH4)H2PO4 in air or N2 or a 5%H2/N2 mixture (1200 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Change of Magnetic and Electronic Features Through Subtle Substitution in Cubic, Non‐centrosymmetric Extended Rare‐Earth Metal Cluster Complexes {TR3}X3.
Authors: Steinberg Simon , Valldor Martin , Meyer Gerd
Published: November 2013

[IrCe3]I3 is synthesized by comproportionation reactions of stoichiometric ratios of CeI3, Ce, and Ir (sealed Ta container, 1050 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Properties of the First Lanthanum Selenide Chlorides, LaSeCl and La3Se4Cl.
Authors: Schurz Christian M. , Frunder Susanne , Schleid Thomas
Published: November 2013

Single crystals of LaSeCl and La3Se4Cl are prepared on a 100 mg scale from stoichiometric mixtures of La, LaCl3, and Se (evacuated silica ampules, 900 °C, 4 d and 800 °C, 20 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Three Polymeric Polyoxometalate Compounds Based on Twisted Poly‐Keggin Chains.
Authors: Ren Yuan‐hang , Hu Yi‐chen , Kong Zu‐ping , Gu Min , Yue Bin , He He‐yong
Published: November 2013

Compounds (III) and (V) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2, and (VII) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: A‐Site‐Ordered Perovskite MnCu3V4O12 with a 12‐Coordinated Manganese(II).
Authors: Akizuki Yasuhide , Yamada Ikuya , Fujita Koji , Nishiyama Norimasa , Irifune Tetuo , Yajima Takeshi , Kageyama Hiroshi , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: November 2013

MnCu3V4O12 is prepared by high pressure solid state reaction of MnO, CuO, and VO2 (Pt capsule in high‐pressure cell, 12 GPa, 1373 K, 20 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydroaromatization with V2O5.
Authors: Karki Megha , Araujo Hugo C. , Magolan Jakob
Published: November 2013

Various N‐heterocyclic compounds are readily aromatized using V2O5 as dehydroaromatization reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Pyrrolidine‐2‐ylmethyl‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐aminopinanes as Novel Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Ketones to α‐Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Siyutkin Dmitry E. , Kucherenko Alexander S. , Frolova Larisa L. , Kuchin Alexander V. , Zlotin Sergei G.
Published: November 2013

Novel proline‐pinane bifunctional catalysts are developed for asymmetric Michael reactions between mainly six‐membered cyclic ketones and nitrostyrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Trichloroamidines.
Authors: Dunsford Jay J. , Camp Jason E.
Published: November 2013

A mild platinum‐catalyzed method for the formation of free amidines from the reaction of amines and trichloroacetonitrile (II) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxone‐Mediated Oxidative Cleavage of β‐Keto Esters and 1,3‐Diketones to α‐Keto Esters and 1,2‐Diketones in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Stergiou Anastasios , Bariotaki Anna , Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Smonou Ioulia
Published: November 2013

This highly efficient method allows the synthesis of the title diketones or ketoesters by using inexpensive and nontoxic reagents under mild conditions and in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Iodosuccinimide: A Highly Effective Regioselective Reagent for Iodoesterification of Alkenes.
Authors: Reddy Aleti R. , Sangwan Payare L. , Chinthakindi Praveen K. , Farooq Saleem , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Koul Surrinder
Published: November 2013

Regioselective iodoesterification of several alkenes with different carboxylic acids bearing various functional groups is achieved in excellent yields in the presence of NIS.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Trifluoromethylation of Quinones.
Authors: Wang Xi , Ye Yuxuan , Ji Guojing , Xu Yan , Zhang Songnan , Feng Jiajie , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: November 2013

A novel method using CuI as the catalyst and the hypervalent iodine reagent (II) as both the CF3‐source and the oxidant is developed for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Route for the Synthesis of N,N‐Dialkyl Formamidines Using Phenyl Chloroformate and N,N‐Dialkyl Formamides.
Authors: Kwak Se Hun , Gong Young‐Dae
Published: November 2013

It is discovered that phenyl chloroformate can be used as an efficient dehydrating agent for the synthesis of formamides from a variety of primary amines and N,N‐dialkyl formamides by using short reaction times and mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity of Pyridine, Pyrazole, and Thiazole Derivatives Derived from N‐Alkyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1‐benzothiophene.
Authors: Kamel M. M. , El‐Ansary A. K. , Milad Y. R.
Published: November 2013

All the synthesized compounds are screened for their cytotoxicity against three human tumor cell lines and three normal cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of N‐Unprotected Indoles Using (S)‐C10—BridgePHOS as the Chiral Ligand.
Authors: Li Chao , Chen Jianzhong , Fu Guanghong , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: November 2013

It appears that substituents at the 2‐position play a significant role in the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of indoles in the presence of a macrocyclic PHOS‐type ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Michael Addition Reactions in Water Using a DNA‐Based Catalyst.
Authors: Li Yinghao , Wang Changhao , Jia Guoqing , Lu Shengmei , Li Can
Published: November 2013

A catalyst comprising of double‐strained DNA and a Cu(II)‐complex promote enantioselective Michael reactions of malononitrile and cyanoacetic esters to α,β‐unsaturated 2‐acylimidazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5,6‐Trisubstituted Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: Search for Antihyperlipidemic Agents.
Authors: Patel Harun M. , Noolvi Malleshappa N. , Goyal Anjali , Thippeswamy B. S.
Published: November 2013

A series of novel synthesized imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles is screened for their in vitro antihyperlipidemic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Vicinal Disubstitution of Diaryliodonium Salts by Pyridine N‐Oxides and N‐Amidates by a 1,3‐Radical Rearrangement.
Authors: Peng Jing , Chen Chao , Wang Yong , Lou Zhenbang , Li Ming , Xi Chanjuan , Chen Hui
Published: November 2013

This method allows the synthesis of ortho‐disubstituted benzene derivatives from readily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Recoverable CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles as Highly Active Catalysts for Csp3—Csp and Csp3—Csp3 Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling.
Authors: Hudson Reuben , Ishikawa Shingo , Li Chao‐Jun , Moores Audrey
Published: November 2013

Unlike Fe3O4 which only catalyzes the coupling of nitroalkanes, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles catalyze both the oxidative coupling of aromatic alkynes and nitroalkanes with tetrahydroisoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [3,3′(4H,4′H)‐Bi‐2H‐1,3‐oxazine]‐4,4′‐diones and Their Hydrolysis.
Authors: Korkusuz Elif , Yildirim Ismail
Published: November 2013

With the object to obtain potential biologically active substances, title compounds (III)/(IV) are prepared by [2 + 4] cycloaddition of furan‐2,3‐diones (I) and aromatic aldazines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Promoted Internal Redox‐Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Shaaban Saad , Peng Bo , Maulide Nuno
Published: November 2013

A novel NaH‐promoted redox cyclization of compounds (I) to give 1,3‐benzoxazines in moderate yields is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Benzyl‐TMS Derivatives as Bench Stable Benzyl Anion Equivalents.
Authors: Das Manas , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: November 2013

A general one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of benzyltrimethylsilanes (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins Through a Halogen‐Induced 1,2‐Silyl Migration.
Authors: Barczak Nicholas T. , Rooke Douglas A. , Menard Zachary A. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: November 2013

This method affords tetrasubstituted α‐silyl‐β‐haloenones with high E‐selectivity under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation.
Authors: Matsousek Vaclav , Pietrasiak Ewa , Schwenk Rino , Togni Antonio
Published: November 2013

A simplified synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents (IV) and (VI) is elaborated using trichloroisocyanuric acid for the first step instead of reported oxidants like sodium metaperiodate or tert‐butyl hypochlorite.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids with New Carbon Skeletons from the Resin of Toxicodendron vernicifluum as New Types of Extracellular Matrix Inhibitors.
Authors: He Jiang‐Bo , Luo Jie , Zhang Li , Yan Yong‐Min , Cheng Yong‐Xian
Published: November 2013

Toxicodenanes A‐C (I‐III) as well as their biosynthetic intermediate (IV) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rare One‐Dimensional Dy(III) Complex Exhibiting Slow Magnetic Relaxation
Authors: Na Bo , Wang Yu‐Xia , Han Tian , Shi Wei , Cheng Peng
Published: November 2013

Review: 31 ref.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis: An Overview
Authors: Shanab Karem , Neudorfer Cathanna , Schirmer Eva , Spreitzer Helmut
Published: November 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Modification of Lipids Fortrans‐Free Margarine
Authors: Pande Garima , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: November 2013

Review: 6 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carvone as a Versatile Chiral Building Block for Total Syntheses of Heterocyclic Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro
Published: November 2013

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adventures of an Occasional Click Chemist
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: November 2013

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Aggregates of Calixarenes and Dendrimers on the Protolytic Equilibria of Dyes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Vodolazkaya N. A. , Mchedlov‐Petrossyan N. O. , Bogdanova L. N. , Rodik R. V. , Kalchenko V. I.
Published: November 2013

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: ZnO Nanoparticles Applied to Bioimaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Xiong Huan‐Ming
Published: November 2013

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemically Active Polymers for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Mike Jared F. , Lutkenhaus Jodie L.
Published: November 2013

Review: 65 refs.
Synthesis and DNA Cleavage Properties of Triazacrown Derivatives
Authors: Fang Mingfeng , Wei Li , Lin Zhongxiang , Lu Guo‐Yuan
Published: November 2013

New metal‐free DNA cleaving reagent 1, 1,4,7‐triazacrown (TACN) both with aminoethyl, hydroxyethyl side arms and a planar anthraquinone linked by an alkyl (1,6‐hexamethylene) spacer has been synthesized and characterized by NMR and MS spectrometry. For comparison, the corresponding aminoethyl, hydroxyethyl triazacrown derivative 2 without the anthraquinone has also been synthesized. DNA‐binding properties via fluorescence and CD spectroscopy indicate that the binding affinity of 1 with DNA is much stronger than that of 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess plasmid pUC19 DNA cleavage. Kinetic data of DNA cleavage promoted by 1, 2 and parent triazacrown (TACN) 3 under physiological condition give the 15‐fold and 234‐fold rate acceleration of compound 1 over 2 and parent triazacrown 3. Radical scavenger inhibition study suggests that DNA cleavage promoted by 1 may be a non‐oxidative pathway through the transphosphorylation and then hydrolysis. The dramatic rate acceleration is due not only to the anthraquinone moiety of compound 1 intercalating into DNA base pairs via stacking interaction, but also the cooperative catalysis of the nucleophilic hydroxyl and the electrophilic ammonium group for the cleavage of phosphodiester of DNA.
Crumpled Graphene–Molybdenum Oxide Composite Powders: Preparation and Application in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Seung Ho , Kang Yun Chan
Published: November 2013

Crumpled graphene–MoO2 composite powders are directly prepared by means of spray pyrolysis and from a stable graphene oxide colloidal solution in the presence of Mo ions. The crumpled graphene–MoO2 composite powders are transformed into MoO3‐based composite powders after post‐treatment at 300 °C. The transmission electron microscopy and dot‐mapping images of the post‐treatment composite powders show uniform distribution of MoO3 nanocrystals in the crumpled graphene powders. The two typical D and G bands of graphene are observed at 1350 and 1590 cm−1, respectively, in the Raman spectrum of the graphene–MoO3 composite. In addition, the crumpled graphene–MoO3 powders exhibit superior electrochemical behavior compared to that of pure MoO3 as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. The initial discharge capacities of the graphene–MoO3 composite and bare MoO3 powders at a current density of 2 A g−1 are 1490 and 1225 mA h g−1, respectively. The capacity retention of the graphene–MoO3 composite is 87 % after the first cycle, whereas that of bare MoO3 is 47 %, as measured after 100 cycles. The reversible discharge capacity of the graphene–MoO3 composite decreases slightly from 1228 to 845 mA h g−1 as the current density increases from 0.5 to 3 A g−1.
Antithrombotic Therapy for Prevention of Various Thrombotic Diseases
Authors: Goto Shinya , Tomita Aiko
Published: November 2013

Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing

The majority of sudden onset serious diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are thrombotic diseases. Antithrombotic therapy in general has a potential to reduce the risk of thrombotic diseases, though it increases the risk of serious bleeding events. Of the various antithrombotic agents currently available, the antiplatelet agent aspirin and the anticoagulant agent warfarin have the most robust clinical evidence. Aspirin reduces the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death, recurrence of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke by up to 25%. Aspirin is an established standard of care for patients at risk of atherothrombotic events including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. In addition to aspirin, there is clinical evidence for antiplatelet drugs targeting platelet P2Y12 ADP receptors as represented by clopidogrel. Those agents are commonly used in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and those patients undergo coronary intervention in addition to aspirin. Several newer‐generation anti‐P2Y12 agents were developed mostly for the prevention of CV events in patients with ACS. After 50 years of clinical experience with anticoagulant drugs, warfarin became the standard of care in various disease states, including following heart valve replacement, venous thrombosis, stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, etc. New‐generation oral anticoagulants are now available for limited indications. Those new agents are specific inhibitors of thrombin or Xa. Compared with warfarin targeting PT‐INR 2–3, those new‐generation direct oral anticoagulants are shown not to be inferior to warfarin for reduction of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Efficacy and safety of those agents are being tested in clinical trials for various disease states, but not established yet. Each drug has specific characteristics suitable for specific disease states. It is fortunate for both physicians and patients to have a variety of drug choice. More clinical evidence is required for selection of suitable patients for new‐generation antithrombotic agents.
Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Nitrogen‐Doped ZnO for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Chen Chih Kai , Shen Yen‐Ping , Chen Hao Ming , Chen Chih‐Jung , Chan Ting‐Shan , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: November 2013

Fossil fuels have been used for several decades and have resulted in increased greenhouse gases and pollutants. Currently, clean and renewable energy is in demand. Hydrogen appears to be a good candidate for clean energy because the only product of its reaction with oxygen is water. Water splitting by solar energy is a potential method for the generation of hydrogen in future applications. This study investigates the use of a CdTe quantum‐dot‐sensitized ZnO:N nanowire arrays for water splitting. The proposed method resulted in considerably enhanced photocurrent and stability. The electronic structures of the ZnO:N materials are also determined by O K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The incorporation of nitrogen into the ZnO nanostructure is determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Zn K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy; the nitrogen incorporation changes the electronic state and, thus, increases the water‐splitting performance.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Michael Addition of 3‐Substituted Oxindoles to Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Nitro Olefins Catalyzed by a Cinchona‐Alkaloid‐Derived Squaramide
Authors: Zhao Mei‐Xin , Ji Fei‐Hu , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Han Ze‐Zheng , Shi Min
Published: November 2013

Highly efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective Michael addition reactions between 3‐substituted oxindoles and trifluoromethylated nitro olefins catalyzed by a quinine‐derived squaramide have been investigated. The corresponding adducts, each bearing a chiral tertiary carbon center attached to a trifluoromethyl group and adjacent to a quaternary stereocenter at the C3 position of the oxindole, were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) and with high diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
A Review of Graphene‐Based Electrochemical Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Xiong Guoping , Meng Chuizhou , Reifenberger Ronald G. , Irazoqui Pedro P. , Fisher Timothy S.
Published: November 2013

The rapid development of miniaturized electronic devices has led to a growing need for rechargeable micropower sources with high performance. Among different sources, electrochemical microcapacitors or microsupercapacitors provide higher power density than their counterparts and are gaining increased interest from the research and engineering communities. To date, little work has appeared on the integration of microsupercapacitors onto a chip or flexible substrates. This review provides an overview of research on microsupercapacitors, with particular emphasis on state‐of‐the‐art graphene‐based electrodes and solid‐state devices on both flexible and rigid substrates. The advantages, disadvantages, and performance of graphene‐based microsupercapacitors are summarized and new trends in materials, fabrication and packaging are identified.
On the accuracy of a nonlinear finite volume method for the solution of diffusion problems using different interpolations strategies
Authors: Queiroz L.E.S. , Souza M.R.A. , Contreras F.R.L. , Lyra P.R.M. , de Carvalho D.K.E.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we consider a nonlinear finite volume method to solve the steady‐state diffusion equation in nonhomogeneous and non‐isotropic media. The method is nonlinear even if the original problem is linear. In its original form, the scheme is monotone, because the coefficient matrix is monotone under certain assumptions and, as a consequence, whenever the analytic operator demands, it preserves the positivity of numerical solutions. On the other hand, the scheme is unable to reproduce piecewise linear solutions exactly. In order to recover this interesting feature, we use two different interpolation strategies. In this case, even though we are unable to prove monotonicity, we show some numerical evidences that the combined method has an improved behavior, producing second order accurate solutions, even for nonhomogeneous and strongly anisotropic media. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing robust cognitive dimensions for characterization and differentiation of patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia and depression
Authors: Beck Irene R. , Schmid Nicole S. , Berres Manfred , Monsch Andreas U.
Published: November 2013

Objective

The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia requires detailed neuropsychological examinations. These examinations typically yield a large number of outcome variables, which may complicate the interpretation and communication of results. The purposes of this study were the following: (i) to reduce a large data set of interrelated neuropsychological variables to a smaller number of cognitive dimensions; (ii) to create a common metric for these dimensions (z‐scores); and (iii) to study the ability of the cognitive dimensions to distinguish between groups of patients with different types of cognitive impairment.

Methods

We tested 1646 patients with different forms of dementia or with a major depression with a standard (n = 632) or, if cognitively less affected, a challenging neuropsychological battery (n = 1014). To identify the underlying cognitive dimensions of the two test batteries, maximum likelihood factor analyses with a promax rotation were conducted. To interpret the sum scores of the factors as standard scores, we divided them by the standard deviation of a cognitively healthy sample (n = 1145).

Results

The factor analyses yielded seven factors for each test battery. The cognitive dimensions in both test batteries distinguished patients with different forms of dementia (MCI, Alzheimer's dementia or frontotemporal dementia) and patients with major depression. Furthermore, patients with stable MCI could be separated from patients with progressing MCI. Discriminant analyses with an independent new sample of patients (n = 306) revealed that the new dimension scores distinguished new samples of patients with MCI from patients with Alzheimer's dementia with high accuracy.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that these cognitive dimensions may benefit neuropsychological diagnostics. © 2013 The Authors International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Recognition memory and theta–gamma interactions in the hippocampus
Authors: Trimper John B. , Stefanescu Roxana A. , Manns Joseph R.
Published: November 2013

Neuronal oscillations and cross‐frequency interactions in the rat hippocampus relate in important ways to memory processes and serve as a model for studying oscillatory activity in cognition more broadly. We report here that hippocampal synchrony (CA3–CA1 coherence) increased markedly in the low gamma range as rats were exploring novel objects, particularly those for which the rat subsequently showed good memory. The gamma synchrony varied across phases of the theta rhythm such that coherence was highest at the falling slope and trough of the theta wave. Further, the shape of the theta wave was more asymmetric and elongated at the falling slope during exploration of objects for which the rat subsequently showed good memory as compared with objects for which the rat subsequently showed poor memory. The results showed a strong association between event‐related gamma synchrony in rat hippocampus and memory encoding for novel objects. In addition, a novel potential mechanism of cross‐frequency interactions was observed whereby dynamic alterations in the shape of theta wave related to memory in correspondence with the strength of gamma synchrony. These findings add to our understanding of how theta and gamma oscillations interact in the hippocampus in the service of memory. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytotoxicity and ROS production of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes in hepatoma and leukemia cells
Authors: Avalos Alicia , Haza Ana Isabel , Mateo Diego , Morales Paloma
Published: November 2013

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well‐known antimicrobial properties, are extensively used in various medical and general applications. In spite of the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs. The aim of this study was investigate how AgNPs of different sizes (4.7 and 42 nm) interact with two different tumoral human cell lines (hepatoma [HepG2] and leukemia [HL‐60]). In addition, glutathione depletion, inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were used to evaluate feasible mechanisms by which AgNPs exerted its toxicity. AgNPs of 4.7 nm and 42 nm exhibited a dramatic difference in cytotoxicity. Small AgNPs were much more cytotoxic than large AgNPs. A difference in the cellular response to AgNPs was found. HepG2 cells showed a higher sensitivity to the AgNPs than HL‐60. However, the cytotoxicity induced by AgNPs was efficiently prevented by NAC treatment, which suggests that oxidative stress is primarily responsible for the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. Furthermore, cellular antioxidant status was disturbed: AgNPs exposure caused ROS production, glutathione depletion and slight, but not statistically significant inactivation of SOD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers
Authors: Urrutia Oscar , Erro Javier , Guardado Inaki , San Francisco Sara , Mandado Marcos , Baigorri Roberto , Claude Yvin Jean , Ma Garcia‐Mina José
Published: November 2013

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.
The effect of cooking on the phytochemical content of vegetables
Authors: Palermo Mariantonella , Pellegrini Nicoletta , Fogliano Vincenzo
Published: November 2013

Cooking induces many chemical and physical modifications in foods; among these the phytochemical content can change. Many authors have studied variations in vegetable nutrients after cooking, and great variability in the data has been reported. In this review more than 100 articles from indexed scientific journals were considered in order to assess the effect of cooking on different phytochemical classes. Changes in phytochemicals upon cooking may result from two opposite phenomena: (1) thermal degradation, which reduces their concentration, and (2) a matrix softening effect, which increases the extractability of phytochemicals, resulting in a higher concentration with respect to the raw material. The final effect of cooking on phytochemical concentration depends on the processing parameters, the structure of food matrix, and the chemical nature of the specific compound. Looking at the different cooking procedures it can be concluded that steaming will ensure better preservation/extraction yield of phenols and glucosinolates than do other cooking methods: steamed tissues are not in direct contact with the cooking material (water or oil) so leaching of soluble compounds into water is minimised and, at the same time, thermal degradation is limited. Carotenoids showed a different behaviour; a positive effect on extraction and the solubilisation of carotenes were reported after severe processing. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Grape seed extract and resveratrol prevent 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide induced oral tumorigenesis in mice by modulating AMPK activation and associated biological responses
Authors: Shrotriya Sangeeta , Tyagi Alpna , Deep Gagan , Orlicky David J. , Wisell Joshua , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Sclafani Robert A. , Agarwal Rajesh , Agarwal Chapla
Published: November 2013

Preventive measures against oral carcinogenesis are urgently warranted to lower the high morbidity and mortality associated with this malignancy worldwide. Here, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and resveratrol (Res) in 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO)‐induced tongue tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Following 8 weeks of 4NQO exposure (100 µg/ml in drinking water), mice were fed with either control AIN‐76A diet or diet containing 0.2% GSE (w/w) or 0.25% Res (w/w) for 8 subsequent weeks, while continued on 4NQO. Upon termination of the study at 16 weeks, tongue tissues were histologically evaluated for hyperplasia, dysplasia, and papillary lesions, and then analyzed for molecular targets by immunohistochemistry. GSE and Res feeding for 8 weeks, moderately decreased the incidence, but significantly prevented the multiplicity and severity of 4NQO‐induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, without any apparent toxicity. In tongue tissues, both 4NQO + GSE and 4NQO + Res treatment correlated with a decreased proliferation (BrdU labeling index) but increased apoptotic death (TUNEL‐positive cells) as compared to the 4NQO group. Furthermore, tongue tissues from both the 4NQO + GSE and 4NQO + Res groups showed an increase in activated metabolic regulator phospho‐AMPK (Thr172) and decreased autophagy flux marker p62. Together, these findings suggest that GSE and Res could effectively prevent 4NQO‐induced oral tumorigenesis through modulating AMPK activation, and thereby, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis and autophagy, as mechanisms of their efficacy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infinitely many solutions for a resonant sublinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Bao Gui , Han Zhiqing
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we consider a nonlinear sublinear Schrödinger equation at resonance in . By using bounded domain approximation technique, we prove that the problem has infinitely many solutions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turning Over Patient Turnover: An Ethnographic Study of Admissions, Discharges, and Transfers
Authors: Jennings Bonnie Mowinski , Sandelowski Margarete , Higgins Melinda K.
Published: November 2013

The impact on nursing work of patient turnover (admissions, discharges, and transfers) became evident in an ethnographic study of turbulence. The patient turnover data were generated from extensive observations, 21 formal interviews, and a year of admission and discharge records on one medical and one surgical unit. Timing of turnover events on the two units differed, but on both units admissions typically interrupted workflow more than did discharges, clustered admissions were more disruptive than staggered admissions, and patient turnover during change of shift was more disruptive than during medication administration. Understanding the complexity of patient turnover will elucidate the work involved and improve the evidence base for nurse staffing, a key determinant of quality and safety of care. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 554–556, 2013
A conceptual approach to the masking effect of measures of disproportionality
Authors: Maignen Francois , Hauben Manfred , Hung Eric , Holle Lionel Van , Dogne Jean‐Michel
Published: November 2013

Background

Masking is a statistical issue by which true signals of disproportionate reporting are hidden by the presence of other products in the database. Masking is currently not perfectly understood. There is no algorithm to identify the potential masking drugs to remove them for subsequent analyses of disproportionality.

Objective

The primary objective of our study is to develop a mathematical framework for assessing the extent and impact of the masking effect of measures of disproportionality.

Method

We have developed a masking ratio that quantifies the masking effect of a given product. We have conducted a simulation study to validate our algorithm.

Results

The masking ratio is a measure of the strength of the masking effect whether the analysis is performed at the report or event level, and the manner in which reports are allocated to cells in the contingency table significantly impact the masking mechanisms. The reports containing both the product of interest and the masking product need to be handled appropriately. The proposed algorithm can use simplified masking provided that underlying assumptions (in particular the size of the database) are verified. For any event, the strongest masking effect is associated with the drug with the highest number of records (reports excluding the product of interest).

Conclusion

Our study provides significant insights with practical implications for real‐world pharmacovigilance that are supported by both real and simulated data. The public health impact of masking is still unknown. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclopolymerization of α,ω‐heterodifunctional monomers containing styrene and maleimide moieties
Authors: Zou Lei , Liu Jian'an , Zhang Ke , Chen Yongming , Xi Fu
Published: November 2013

A series of α,ω‐heterodifunctional monomers with styrene (St) and maleimide moieties bridged by a varied length of oligo‐ethylene glycol (OEG) linkers were synthesized. Cyclopolymerizations of these monomers through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer‐mediated alternating radical copolymerization between intramolecular St and maleimide moieties were investigated. For the monomers with three or more ethylene glycol (EG) units, their cyclopolymerizations can be realized properly in low monomer feeding concentrations, affording well‐defined cyclopolymers with crown ether encircled in their main chains. Importantly, the cyclopolymerizations of monomers with six or seven EG units in the presence of KPF6 could be enhanced by the supramolecular effects between the OEG linkers and the potassium metal ion. Thus, the monomer feeding concentration could be largely improved, which may benefit preparation of the cyclopolymers with high degrees of copolymerization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 330–338
Inflation and integrable one‐field cosmologies embedded in rheonomic supergravity
Authors: Fré P. , Sorin A.S.
Published: November 2013

In this paper we show that the new approach to the embedding of the inflationary potentials into supergravity, presented in a quite recent paper [11] of Ferrara, Kallosh, Linde and Porrati can be formulated within the framework of standard matter coupled supergravity, without the use of the new minimal auxiliary set and of conformal compensators. The only condition is the existence of a translational Peccei Quinn isometry of the scalar Kähler manifold. We suggest that this embedding strategy based on a nilpotent gauging amounts to a profound Copernican Revolution. The properties of the inflaton potential are encoded in the geometry of some homogeneous one‐dimensional Kähler manifolds that now should be regarded as the primary object, possibly providing a link with microscopic physics. We present a simple and elegant formula for the curvature of the Kähler manifold in terms of the potential. Most relevant consequence of the new strategy is that all the integrable potentials quite recently classified in a paper [7] that we have coauthored, are automatically embedded into supergravity and their associated Kähler manifolds demand urgent study. In particular one integrable potential that provides the best fit to PLANCK data seems to have inspiring geometrical properties deserving further study.
Quantification of mineral oil accumulation and movement in potato plants and its significance in potato virus Y management
Authors: Fageria Manphool , Boquel Sébastien , Leclair Gaetan , Pelletier Yvan
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Mineral oils are increasingly sprayed to manage potato virus Y (PVY). However, the mode of accumulation and movement of mineral oil in the potato plant has not been understood. This information is important for optimisation of the concentration and frequency of spraying. During the 2012 season, cvs Russet Burbank and Shepody were planted in the field and in the greenhouse, respectively, and were subjected to mineral oil treatments. The plant samples from the treatment plots were collected, and oil was extracted and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Mineral oil stayed in the vicinity of the sprayed leaves and did not move from leaflet to leaflet or from leaflet to stem, stolon, tuber or root. Following spraying, the oil content in the plant leaves diluted as time progressed. At plant maturity, leaves sampled from the greenhouse sprayed plants had about 4 times more oil content than those sampled from the field sprayed plants. Plots treated with regular spray of mineral oil showed low PVY incidences at crop harvest.

CONCLUSION

The information generated in this study on the pattern of accumulation and movement of mineral oil in greenhouse‐ and field‐grown potato plants shows that, as the oil does not move from leaflet to leaflet, frequent mineral oil sprays from crop emergence to harvest are required to prevent PVY infection in newly emerged leaflets and seasonal spread of PVY. The frequency of sprays may be kept higher from early to mid‐stage, when plant growth is faster, and lower close to plant maturity. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Seizing the Opportunities Opened by the ‘Peak oil’ Effect to Reorient ‘Services’ and ‘Systems’ Research Towards ‘Value Co‐Production Systems’ Scholarship
Authors: Ramírez Rafael , Paltschik Mikael
Published: November 2013

The paper reviews the recent decades of activity in the interrelated scholarly fields of ‘services’ and (social) ‘systems’ and examines the reasons why reported decreases in key parts of these research activities might have occurred (which we refer to as ‘peak oil effects’). The following two propositions are explored: Firstly, that these fields have tended to over‐promise and under‐deliver. Secondly, that the overall direction of conceptual development has engaged significant real‐world dynamic complexities less than many expected. A possible explanation for these propositions we explore is the purported ‘scientific’ scholarship in such efforts, with few of the theories that have been produced in doing so offering wisdom for practice. Schools of thought and departments that sprang up in this scholarship have tended to disappear when their founders move on. We revisit the work of Richard Normann in reorienting these fields as ‘value co‐production systems’. This helps explore the notions of value, values and value co‐production designs in systemic terms. The paper suggests three distinct but coherent ways to renew this research: one more oriented towards the arts and humanities and less preoccupied with approximating scientific pursuits; one linking marshalling services and systems with value in value co‐production systems and one that considers significant issues in broader contexts over longer time horizons. These, we suggest, will help to stem the peak oil effects now hampering much research in services and systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actual Time and Possible Change
Authors: Traynor Michael T. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

Sider (2001) and Hawley (2001) argue that, in order to account for the mere possibility of change, temporal parts must be as fine-grained as possible change, and hence as fine-grained as time. However, when dealing with metaphysical possibility, the fine-grainedness of actual time and the fine-grainedness of possible change can come apart. Once this is taken into account, we see that, on certain assumptions about the actual microstructure of time, the modal arguments of Sider and Hawley lead to the problematic claim that temporal parts are more fine-grained than time. The utility of a temporal parts theory thus seems to be sensitive to metaphysically contingent facts concerning the microstructure of time.