bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Toste Synthesis of ( + )-Fawcettimine
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

The tetracyclic Lycopodium alkaloid fawcettimine 3 and its derivatives are of interest as inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase. F. Dean Toste of the University of California, Berkeley recently reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7671) the first enantioselective synthesis of 3. The key to the synthesis was the rapid assembly of the enantiomerically-enriched hydrindane 2. The preparation of 2 began with the enantioselective Robinson annulation of the β-keto ester 4 with crotonaldehyde 5, mediated by the organocatalyst 6. In this protocol, originally developed by Karl Anker Jørgensen, the single stereogenic center was established by conjugate addition, presumably to the chiral iminium salt generated by the condensation of 5 with 6. Subsequent aldol (or more likely Mannich) cyclization followed by elimination gave 7. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation by heating with p-TsOH converted 7 to 1. This procedure was robust enough to allow preparation of a ten gram batch of 1. This Jørgensen annulation is the current method of choice for the enantioselective preparation of 2,5-dialkyl cyclohexenones. Conjugate addition of the propargyl anion equivalent 8 to 1 proceeded with the expected > 95:5 axial diastereoselectivity, to give the silyl enol ether 9. Exposure of the derived iodide 10 to catalytic [Ph3 PAu]Cl and AgBF4 induced smooth cyclization to the cis hydrindane 2. Before constructing the nine-membered ring amine of fawcettimine 3, it was first necessary to protect the ketone as the ketal. Pd-mediated coupling of the alkenyl iodide with the organoborane derived from 11 then proceeded smoothly, as did the subsequent hydroboration of the terminal alkene. Neither the mesylate nor the tosylate derived from 12 could be induced to cyclize. In contrast, intramolecular displacement of the iodide proceeded well, to give 13. Hydroboration followed by oxidation then gave 15, which on deprotection cyclized to (+)-fawcettimine 3. Several aspects of this synthesis are attractive. While the stereochemical outcome of the hydroboration of 14 could not necessarily be predicted with confidence, in fact it did not matter, as the stereogenic center adjacent to the ketone could be epimerized under the trifluoroacetic acid deprotection conditions, and only the desired diastereomer would be able to add in an intramolecular fashion to the cyclohexanone.
The Bergman-Ellman Synthesis of (-)-Incarvillateine
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

The monoterpene alkaloid (-)-incarvillateine 3 has interesting symmetry properties. The central cyclobutane diacid core is not itself chiral, but the appended alkaloids are. The key step in the total synthesis of 3 recently (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6316) described by Robert G. Bergman and Jonathan A. Ellman of the University of California, Berkeley was the diastereoselective Rh-catalyzed cyclization of 1 to 2. The cyclobutane diacid core 5 was assembled from ferulic acid 4 following the procedure of Kibayashi (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16553). The starting point for the preparation of 1 was the commercial aldehyde 6. Enantioselective allylation followed by silylation delivered 7, which on cross metathesis with methacrolein gave the diene aldehyde 8. Imine formation then completed the construction of 1. The cyclization of 1 was effected by warming (45 °C, 6 h) with 2.5 mol % [RhCl(coe)2]2 and 5.5 mol % (DMAPh)Pet2 ligand. While eight products were possible from the cyclization (four diastereomers, two geometric isomers of the exo alkene), only two were observed, with one predominating. Since the product mixture was easily susceptible to tautomerization, it was carried on directly to reduction and cyclization, to form the lactam 8. Hydrogenation of 8 to 9 required high temperature and pressure, but delivered 9 as a single diastereomer. Reduction and desilylation then set the stage for Mitsunobu coupling with 5, to give 11. Dissolving metal conditions removed the tosyl groups from 5 to give (-)-incarvillateine 3. It will be interesting to see how general this Rh catalyzed cyclization will be. It will also be interesting to establish the mechanism. The authors described the cyclization of 1 as proceeding via initial metalation of the alkene C-H bond, followed by insertion of the ester-bearing alkene into the C-Rh bond to form a new C-Rh bond, and finally reductive elimination. Their previous observation of metalation of such an unsaturated imine with maintenance of the alkene geometry suppported this mechanism. The high diastereocontrol also suggested intramolecular C-C bond formation. Whatever the mechanism, the enantiomerically-pure cyclopentane 2, having four of its five carbons functionalized, is a versatile intermediate for further transformation.
An American Classic in the Global Era
Authors: Broughton Chad
Published: November 2020

In April 1974, Admiral was absorbed into Rockwell International’s growing empire. The Vietnam War contractor was, according to the New York Times, on a “debt-financed acquisition binge that lasted almost a decade” as it spread its reach into aircraft, defense, aerospace, electronics, and appliances. Admiral, meanwhile, was still churning out televisions, radios, and home appliances at factories across the Midwest. Productive as it was, the little company couldn’t afford the massive capital outlays required to modernize, market, and survive in the increasingly brutal electronics and appliance businesses. Accustomed to the massive revenues and fat profits of big government contracts, Rockwell International trimmed employment at the plant, investing $25 million to automate the chest-freezer line. In 1975 Rockwell added a 60,000-square-foot microwave oven facility, and in 1978 it spent $12 million to retool the top-mount refrigerator line and erect the “Blue Goose,” a massive machine the length of a football field that spat out finished metal cabinets. In earlier times, investment meant more jobs. Under Rockwell’s rigorous ethic of scientific management, it usually meant fewer. Admiral accounted for about an eighth of Rockwell’s revenues. “We weren’t even peanuts to Rockwell,” Michael Patrick said. It was a new era for Appliance City. One afternoon in the mid-1970s, Dave Bevard was let out of work an hour and a half early. Production workers were instructed to gather in the vast parking lot across the street from the factory. Under a circus tent, a Rockwell representative and the Admiral plant manager told workers about the importance of the B-1 bomber to the nation’s defense, to Rockwell’s future, and, consequently, to Galesburg jobs. By this time Rockwell had production of the B-1 in over forty states, making itself the model practitioner of militaryindustrial growth. The plan was to use its nonmilitary production facilities in a lobbying campaign to maintain one of the most lucrative military contracts in history—around $10 billion at the time. Workers signed premade postcards for their congressman and went home early that day.
The Mike Allen Question
Authors: Broughton Chad
Published: November 2020

From the Moment she started at Planta Maytag III in December 2004, Laura Flora’s financial circumstances turned bleak. She had earned much more during her peripatetic travels through tobacco fields and orange groves in the United States. In fact, Veracruzanos could sometimes earn an even better wage harvesting limes or picking chiles back in their rural villages than they did at the border. Flora felt demeaned by the low wages Maytag paid and found the work tedious and the factory culture oppressive and demoralizing. Yet she stayed. As a single mother, Flora lived on the razor’s edge of survival, but she had something her friends back in Tierra Blanca did not: steady work. Back in Veracruz, work ebbed and flowed with the weather, the seasons, and the rhythms of rural life. At the border, work was unrelenting, driven by the demands of global competition, time-discipline, and the ravenous consumer market to the north. It was the sheer volume of available jobs for unskilled workers—and the promise of overtime—that lured people like Flora to Reynosa. Based on income figures in 2004, about 50 million people in her country, 47 percent of the population, lived in poverty. With overtime Flora could cross the poverty threshold to move into the nonpoor half. The border was also where Flora, who turned 41 the week she began at Maytag, thought she could be a better parent. She had failed to sneak her three young girls into the United States in September, and now they were stuck in a place where they knew no one. But at least they would be together, unlike when Flora was in the United States with her two older children. And here in modernizing Reynosa, her daughters—if not herself—had a much better chance at getting ahead than they had had in Veracruz. “The education is better here, a lot better,” Flora reflected over a glass of sweet lemonade on a hot July afternoon in 2007. Her boyfriend, Arturo Mireles Guzman, agreed. The girls needed a technical profession, in his view.
Max/MSP/Jitter for Music
Authors: Manzo V. J
Published: November 2020

In Max/MSP/Jitter for Music, expert author and music technologist V. J. Manzo provides a user-friendly introduction to a powerful programming language that can be used to write custom software for musical interaction. Through clear, step-by-step instructions illustrated with numerous examples of working systems, the book equips you with everything you need to know in order to design and complete meaningful music projects. The book also discusses ways to interact with software beyond the mouse and keyboard through use of camera tracking, pitch tracking, video game controllers, sensors, mobile devices, and more. This book will be of special value for everyone who teaches music at any level, from classroom instructors to ensemble directors to private studio instructors. Whether you want to create simple exercises for beginning performers or more complex programs for aspiring composers, this book will show you how to write customized software that can complement and even inspire your instructional objectives. No specialist foreknowledge is required to use this book to enliven your experience with music technology. Even musicians with no prior programming skills can learn to supplement their lessons with interactive instructional tools, to develop adaptive instruments to aid in composition and performance activities, and to create measurement tools with which to conduct research. This book allows you to: -Learn how to design meaningful projects for composition, performance, music therapy, instruction, and research -Understand powerful software through this accessible introduction, written for beginners -Follow along through step-by-step tutorials -Grasp the principles by downloading the extensive software examples from the companion website This book is ideal for: -Music educators at all levels looking to integrate software in instruction -Musicians interested in how software can improve their practice and performance -Music composers with an interest in designing interactive music -Music therapists looking to tailor programs to the needs of specific groups or individuals And all who are interested in music technology. Visit the companion website at www.oup.com/us/maxmspjitter
A Great Aridness
Authors: deBuys William
Published: November 2020

With its soaring azure sky and stark landscapes, the American Southwest is one of the most hauntingly beautiful regions on earth. Yet staggering population growth, combined with the intensifying effects of climate change, is driving the oasis-based society close to the brink of a Dust-Bowl-scale catastrophe. In A Great Aridness, William deBuys paints a compelling picture of what the Southwest might look like when the heat turns up and the water runs out. This semi-arid land, vulnerable to water shortages, rising temperatures, wildfires, and a host of other environmental challenges, is poised to bear the heaviest consequences of global environmental change in the United States. Examining interrelated factors such as vanishing wildlife, forest die backs, and the over-allocation of the already stressed Colorado River--upon which nearly 30 million people depend--the author narrates the landscape's history--and future. He tells the inspiring stories of the climatologists and others who are helping untangle the complex, interlocking causes and effects of global warming. And while the fate of this region may seem at first blush to be of merely local interest, what happens in the Southwest, deBuys suggests, will provide a glimpse of what other mid-latitude arid lands worldwide--the Mediterranean Basin, southern Africa, and the Middle East--will experience in the coming years. Written with an elegance that recalls the prose of John McPhee and Wallace Stegner, A Great Aridness offers an unflinching look at the dramatic effects of climate change occurring right now in our own backyard.
Sherlock Holmes: Chemist
Authors: O'Brien James
Published: November 2020

The previous chapter discussed Sherlock Holmes as a scientifically oriented detective. He was also knowledgeable about science in general. Practically every story contains at least some mention of one of the sciences. Having explored how Holmes used science in his detective work, we now look at his interest in research and his love of things scientific. In The “Gloria Scott” (GLOR), one of just two of the sixty stories narrated by Holmes instead of Watson, he says, “during the first month of the long vacation. I went up to my London rooms where I spent seven weeks working out a few experiments in organic chemistry.” Watson tells us in The Three Students (3STU) that without his chemicals, Holmes was “an uncomfortable man.” So there are clear indications that Holmes was devoted to science and that his first love was chemistry (see figure 4.1).Commentators disagree about Holmes’s chemistry abilities. Most praise Holmes as a chemist (see Cooper 1976; Gillard 1976; Graham 1945; Holstein1954; Michell and Michell 1946). The most notable critic of Holmes’s chemistry is Isaac Asimov. His objections are discussed in section 4.4. Dr. Watson even disagrees with himself about Holmes the chemist! Before Watson even meets Holmes, at the very outset of A Study in Scarlet (STUD), he is told by Young Stamford that Holmes is “a first-class chemist.” Stamford then performs the historic role of introducing Holmes and Watson. It doesn’t take Watson long to realize that his new roommate is a unique mixture of knowledge and ignorance. When he learns in STUD that Holmes is unfamiliar with the Copernican theory and the composition of the solar system, Watson is stunned. . . . Holmes: you say we go round the sun. If we went round the moon it would not make a pennyworth of difference to me or to my work. Watson: But the Solar System. Holmes: What the deuce is it to me?. . . Holmes believes the brain has a limited capacity. Therefore useless facts like the nature of the solar system should be forgotten, lest they crowd out important things.
Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: November 2020

Many authors have explored the ideas of philosophy and educational theory and how those ideas can serve as a foundation for teaching practices. Philosophy is a broad subject, and it is not the purpose of this book to create a new philosophy of music teaching and learning; however, we can beneficially draw on philosophical and theoretical works of others to form some foundations. By necessity, a theory of technology-based music instruction begins with a theory of music education. To deviate from this would be to neglect the important theoretical work that forms the guiding foundation of teaching in our chosen art form. The critical role of theory in this new method of teaching is to help technology-based music instructors develop dispositions that make this type of teaching less forced, more natural than it might otherwise be. The most successful technology-based music teachers are those who recognize the capacities of their students to engage with technology, to be creative, and who are willing to modify some beliefs—possibly long-held ones—to allow their students the freedom to explore and construct their musical skills and knowledge. These are difficult dispositions to develop. Understanding some important theoretical and philosophical work can help in treading that path by helping teachers acknowledge findings that have come before, and by letting us make critical decisions about the ways we teach and our students learn. The teacher in the following Profile of Practice has developed trust in his students and himself, assurance that he can promote students’ creativity, and confidence in his TBMI abilities. He knows that students come to his classes with unique worldviews, and with experiences, both musical and otherwise, accumulated over each of their lifetimes. While he does not place great emphasis on theoretical models of creativity or on articulating his own music teaching philosophy, his teaching reflects some of the most important philosophical dispositions found in effective TBMI teachers. Mr. E teaches middle school music in a relatively affluent suburb. He is fortunate to have experiences teaching music at many levels and has a wealth of formal training in music technology from both his undergraduate and graduate degree work.
Dirty, Sacred Rivers
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

Dirty, Sacred Rivers explores South Asia's increasingly urgent water crisis, taking readers on a journey through North India, Nepal and Bangladesh, from the Himalaya to the Bay of Bengal. The book shows how rivers, traditionally revered by the people of the Indian subcontinent, have in recent decades deteriorated dramatically due to economic progress and gross mismanagement. Dams and ill-advised embankments strangle the Ganges and its sacred tributaries. Rivers have become sewage channels for a burgeoning population. To tell the story of this enormous river basin, environmental journalist Cheryl Colopy treks to high mountain glaciers with hydrologists; bumps around the rough embankments of India's poorest state in a jeep with social workers; and takes a boat excursion through the Sundarbans, the mangrove forests at the end of the Ganges watershed. She lingers in key places and hot spots in the debate over water: the megacity Delhi, a paradigm of water mismanagement; Bihar, India's poorest, most crime-ridden state, thanks largely to the blunders of engineers who tried to tame powerful Himalayan rivers with embankments but instead created annual floods; and Kathmandu, the home of one of the most elegant and ancient traditional water systems on the subcontinent, now the site of a water-development boondoggle. Colopy's vivid first-person narrative brings exotic places and complex issues to life, introducing the reader to a memorable cast of characters, ranging from the most humble members of South Asian society to engineers and former ministers. Here we find real-life heroes, bucking current trends, trying to find rational ways to manage rivers and water. They are reviving ingenious methods of water management that thrived for centuries in South Asia and may point the way to water sustainability and healthy rivers.
Introduction
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

Red, hand-painted letters in Devanagari script inscribed on a yellow background tell visitors, in Hindi, “This water is as pure as the water from Ganga. Please keep it clean.” The sign is painted on a wall near the entrance to a spring housed in a small temple in the Indian town of Almora. A shiva lingam painted red sits atop the tile roof that shelters a rectangular pool of clear water, embraced on three sides by white stucco walls below street level. Most of the people who come to this spring in the Himalayan foothills of eastern Uttarakhand obediently remove their shoes before descending the stairway to the stone pool. The spring, called a nola in this part of India, is several hundred years old, locals say. Until fairly recently all the water used in this area came from hundreds of springs; some are small ponds like this one, others are spouts or dhara from which water flows. Now many of the springs are contaminated by trash and sewage. New construction destroyed some of them or blocked the sources that fed them. The river that flows at the bottom of the valley below Almora does not have enough water both to support the region’s agriculture and to supply household water for the city of more than forty thousand, where many people are now accustomed to water piped into their homes. Besides, it’s expensive to pump water uphill into the town. Almora will soon have a full-blown water crisis. Already people go to the old springs that are still functioning. They need water because the supply in the city pipes sometimes dwindles; and many still prefer the taste and coldness of the spring water and believe it’s good for their health. The nola and dhara of Almora suggest some of the contradictions in South Asia’s growing water crisis. Traditional systems have been neglected or abandoned, even abused, in favor of the promised convenience of modern ones. But those twentieth-century replacements have sometimes turned out to be unreliable and have left many people unserved.
Delhi’s Yamuna
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

As challenging as I often found living in Kathmandu, my home base as I explored South Asia, I felt as if I had left a safe retreat and entered a maelstrom when I flew down to Delhi. By January of 2010 I had visited several times and had learned to negotiate the immense city to some extent. Still, the morning after I arrived, just the process of obtaining a SIM card for my phone sapped my energy. The tall man at the tiny general store near my guesthouse was quite pleasant. He apologized several times for all the forms I had to fill out to purchase a prepaid SIM card: the government was requiring even more documentation since the 2008 attacks in Mumbai. I had to go back to my room for a photo, then find a shop to make photocopies of my passport and visa. Then the store owner had to call the guesthouse owner, whom he knew, to vouch for me. I made a small mistake on one of the forms and had to start over. Yet this was only part of what taxed my equanimity. As I stood on the sidewalk at the shop counter negotiating the details, the store owner dexterously handled a couple of dozen other customers who crowded up on both sides and behind me to demand soap, toothpaste, recharge cards for their cell phones, potato chips, or little plastic pouches of milk. The man yelled for one of the boys who worked for him to bring a desired item from a shelf in back and bag it; he fanned through little stacks of recharge cards to find the right one for a customer; he took money and made change and still kept the process of my SIM card moving along, however slowly. Most of the other customers were yelling too, some of them quite close to my ear. I don’t understand much Hindi, but these were not angry exchanges. It was just business, just the pace of Delhi.
Bioorganic Synthesis
Authors: Morrow Gary W.
Published: November 2020

Building on the foundation of a one-year introductory course in organic chemistry, Bioorganic Synthesis: An Introduction focuses on organic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of naturally-occurring organic compounds with special emphasis on natural products of pharmacological interest. The book is designed specifically for undergraduate students, rather than as an exhaustive reference work for graduate students or professional researchers and is intended to support undergraduate courses for students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pre-medicine, and bioengineering programs who would benefit from a deeper understanding of the chemical logic of reactions carried out in organisms and the origins and uses of the important organic compounds they often produce. The book assumes no prior background in biochemistry and consists of eight chapters: i) a brief review of relevant topics from introductory organic chemistry; ii) presentation of essential organic and biochemical reactions used throughout the book along with a brief introduction to coenzymes; iii) review of basic carbohydrates and the biosynthesis of amino acids; iv) the terpenoid pathway for biosynthesis of all important classes of terpenoids and steroids; v) the acetate pathway for biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and acetate-derived polyketide natural products; vi) the biosynthesis of the shikimate pathway products derived from aromatic amino acids; vii) an introduction to biosynthesis of major alkaloids and related nitrogenous compounds; and viii) an overview of laboratory organic synthesis as it relates to the challenges faced by synthetic and medicinal chemists who must recreate intricate natural product structures in the laboratory.
The Shikimate Pathway: Biosynthesis of Phenolic Products from Shikimic Acid
Authors: Morrow Gary W.
Published: November 2020

Like other amino acids, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are vitally important for protein synthesis in all organisms. However, while animals can synthesize tyrosine via oxidation of phenylalanine, they can synthesize neither phenylalanine itself nor tryptophan and so these essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet, usually from plant material. Though many other investigators made significant contributions in this area over the years, it was Bernhard Davis in the early 1950s whose use of mutant stains of Escherichia coli led to a full understanding of the so-called shikimic acid pathway that is used by plants and also by some microorganisms for the biosynthesis of these essential amino acids. The pathway is almost completely devoted to their synthesis for protein production in bacteria, while in plants the pathway extends their use to the construction of a wide array of secondary metabolites, many of which are valuable medicinal agents. These secondary metabolites range from simple and familiar compounds such as vanillin (vanilla flavor and fragrance) and eugenol (oil of clove, a useful dental anesthetic) to more complex structures such as pinoresinol, a common plant biochemical, and podophyllotoxin, a powerful cancer chemotherapy agent. Earlier in Chapter 3, we encountered two important intermediates, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), each of which was derived from a different pathway utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Erythrose-4-P was an intermediate in one of the steps of the pentose phosphate pathway while hydrolysis of PEP to pyruvic acid was the final step in glycolysis. These two simple intermediates provide the seven carbon atoms required for construction of shikimic acid itself. The two are linked to one another via a sequence of enzyme-mediated aldol-type reactions, the first being a bimolecular reaction and the second an intramolecular variant that ultimately leads to a cyclic precursor of shikimic acid known as 3-dehydroquinic acid as shown in Fig. 6.3. Subsequent dehydration of 3-dehydroquinic acid leads to 3-dehydroshikimic acid which then leads directly to shikimic acid via NADPH reduction.
Wind Power Politics and Policy
Authors: Valentine Scott
Published: November 2020

The wind power development policy community faces a conundrum. On the one hand, as the most commercially viable form of utility-scale renewable energy, the wind power industry has experienced in excess of ten-fold growth in total installed capacity over the past decade. On the other hand, installed wind power capacity still accounts for less than 2% of global electricity-generation capacity, despite the prevalence of studies indicating that, in certain situations, wind power can be a cheaper form of electricity than most fossil fuel alternatives. Accordingly, the most puzzling aspect of wind power development policy can be summed up in the following manner: given the global imperative to facilitate an expedient transition away from CO2-intensive energy technologies and the commercial viability of wind power, what is stopping the wind power industry from capturing higher market shares around the world? In Wind Power Politics and Policy, Scott Valentine examines this question from two angles. First, it presents an analysis of social, technical, economic and political (STEP) barriers which research shows tends to stymie wind power development. Case studies which examine phlegmatic wind power development in Japan, Taiwan, Australia and Canada are presented in order to demonstrate to the reader how these barriers manifest themselves in practice. Second, the book presents an analysis of STEP catalysts which have been linked to successful growth of wind power capacity in select nations. Four more case studies that examine the successful development of wind power in Denmark, Germany, the USA and China are put forth as practical examples of how supportive factors conflate to produce conditions that are conducive to growth of wind power markets. By examining its impediments and catalysts, the book will provide policymakers with insight into the types of factors that must be effectively managed in order to maximize wind power development.
Wind Power in Denmark
Authors: Valentine Scott
Published: November 2020

In technological policy literature, the term “path dependency” frequently emerges in attempts to explain why a given technological track develops. The premise behind the notion of technological path dependency is that historical social, technological, economic, and political forces foster conditions for a particular technology to thrive. Once a technology becomes dominant, vested interests—which profit from the technology—hinder radical change, because change carries an implicit threat that those benefitting from the status quo might suffer an erosion of economic benefits. To illustrate path dependency, consider the history of the QWERTY keyboard (referring to the sequencing of letters from left to right on the top row of a standard computer keyboard). Keyboards on typewriters were designed in this way to reduce mechanical type hammers from clashing with each other. Over time, type hammers were made obsolete by type-balls. Nevertheless, the QWERTY keyboard remained unchanged (even in this day of computerized word processing)—despite the fact that research has shown the QWERTY layout to be inferior in terms of optimizing typing speed. This layout has perpetuated because legions of typists have learned on the QWERTY keyboard; therefore, technological familiarity has insulated this design feature from change. The notion of path dependency is relevant to the story of wind power development in Denmark because, as will be described in this chapter, a number of social, economic, technological, and political forces shepherded Denmark’s ascent to the top position as the nation with the world’s highest percentage of wind power contributing to national electricity generation. In addition to illustrating the influence of technological momentum, there are two other contemplative policy insights to be gleaned from studying wind power diffusion in Denmark. First, Denmark’s wind power development experience demonstrates that grassroots support mechanisms which engage communities and individuals in the development process bolster the effectiveness of economic incentives. Second, Denmark’s wind power story demonstrates that establishing a technological foothold is never a guarantee of uncontested market entrenchment. As any technology matures, its impact on society, business and political fortunes evolves.
Who Rules the Earth?
Authors: Steinberg Paul F.
Published: November 2020

Worldwide, half a million people die from air pollution each year-more than perish in all wars combined. One in every five mammal species on the planet is threatened with extinction. Our climate is warming, our forests are in decline, and every day we hear news of the latest ecological crisis. What will it really take to move society onto a more sustainable path? Many of us are already doing the "little things" to help the earth, like recycling or buying organic produce. These are important steps-but they're not enough. In Who Rules the Earth?, Paul Steinberg, a leading scholar of environmental politics, shows that the shift toward a sustainable world requires modifying the very rules that guide human behavior and shape the ways we interact with the earth. We know these rules by familiar names like city codes, product design standards, business contracts, public policies, cultural norms, and national constitutions. Though these rules are largely invisible, their impact across the planet has been dramatic. By changing the rules, Ontario, Canada has cut the levels of pesticides in its waterways in half. The city of Copenhagen has adopted new planning codes that will reduce its carbon footprint to zero by 2025. In the United States, a handful of industry mavericks designed new rules to promote greener buildings, and transformed the world's largest industry into a more sustainable enterprise. Steinberg takes the reader on a series of journeys, from a familiar walk on the beach to a remote village deep in the jungles of Peru, helping the reader to "see" the social rules that pattern our physical reality and showing why these are the big levers that will ultimately determine the health of our planet. By unveiling the influence of social rules at all levels of society-from private property to government policy, and from the rules governing our oceans to the dynamics of innovation and change within corporations and communities-Who Rules the Earth? is essential reading for anyone who understands that sustainability is not just a personal choice, but a political struggle.
Bronze Age Warriors
Authors: Price T. Douglas
Published: November 2020

The European Bronze Age took place during the third and second millennia BC. This same period witnessed the first civilizations and empires in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley—the first cities, the first states, the first writing systems, and many other innovations. Europe unquestionably felt the impact of these changes. Partially in response to these developments, and 1,000 years before the classical civilizations of Greece, 2,000 years before Rome, the Aegean area witnessed the emergence of more complex societies on Crete and the Greek mainland. The Minoan palaces and Mykenean (also known as Mycenaean) citadels were urban centers of these civilizations and the focal points of industry, commerce, religion, military power, and central accumulation. North of the Alps, there was much less political integration; societies operated on a smaller scale. This pattern continued essentially until the Roman conquest of France and much of Britain, shortly before the Common Era. More details on the developments in southern and northern Europe are provided in subsequent sections of this chapter. Bronze defines this period and becomes the dominant metal in Europe. As noted earlier, it has several advantages over copper. Because it holds an edge much better, most of the early bronze objects were weapons: swords, daggers, spearheads, and arrowheads, in the context of continuing warfare. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or arsenic. Initially it was made from copper and arsenic to form arsenic bronze. Some copper ores naturally contain a good bit of arsenic, and smelting these ores may have accidentally created an early form of bronze. Copper ores are available and fairly widespread in Europe from Ireland to Bulgaria. Sources are concentrated in mountainous regions and more often found in the Alps and to the south and east. Some of these copper sources were incredibly productive. The Mitterberg mines near Salzburg in Austria, with tunnels up to 100 m (330 m) in length, may have produced as much as 18,000 tons of copper. Bronze production in Europe began in the Aegean region with the rise of early civilizations on Crete and mainland Greece.
The Risk-Taking Character of Wilderness Reading
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: November 2020

Spiritual reading can be dangerous. I’m not talking about the devotional pabulum you find in most religious bookstores, but the truly risky stuff—from Hāfez and Eckhart to Toni Morrison and Oscar Romero. This is especially true of the spiritual “classics,” says theologian David Tracy. They confront us with the disturbing notion that “something else might be the case.” They haunt us with fundamental questions, overthrowing our previous ways of viewing the world. Reading a potentially dangerous book in a landscape perceived to be dangerous can be doubly hazardous. The place heightens the vulnerability occasioned by the text. Challenging books lose their bite when they’re read comfortably at home in a favorite armchair. Their riskiness increases, however, when read by firelight in a forest glade, ten miles from the nearest road. The place where you encounter a book indelibly affects the way you receive it. Claus Westermann read the Psalms in a Russian prison camp, discovering patterns that changed his life as well as his approach to biblical scholarship. Eldridge Cleaver read Thomas Merton in Folsom Prison. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn read Dostoyevsky in a Soviet cancer ward. Karl Marx read the history of capitalism in the elegance of the British Museum. Potentially revolutionary changes occur when people read explosive texts in unsettling places. The stories of the saints are filled with instances of this. Isaac of Nineveh’s world was turned upside down as he read the Scriptures in the desert solitude of the Zagros Mountains in sixth-century Persia. He allegedly made himself blind through his constant pondering of the tear-stained pages. Near the end of his life, Francis of Assisi read the story of Christ’s passion not simply from the pages of the Gospels, but from the huge, split rocks atop Mt. La Verna. He said these cracks had appeared on Good Friday when the stones on Calvary were also rent. He experienced their truth in the opening of wounds in his body through the gift of the stigmata. The mountainous terrain and his body’s interaction with it became active participants in his reading of the text.
Nerves as a Problem
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: November 2020

In 1996 the Wall Street Journal noted, “The nervous breakdown, the affliction that has been a staple of American life and literature for more than a century, has been wiped out by the combined forces of psychiatry, pharmacology and managed care. But people keep breaking down anyway.” Indeed they do keep breaking down. Kitty Dukakis, wife of former presidential candidate Michael Dukakis, remembered lying in bed doing nothing. “I couldn’t get up and get dressed, but I couldn’t sleep either.” What was the matter with Kitty Dukakis and millions of sufferers like her? Depressed? What does psychiatry think? In psychiatry there are a few distinct, sharply defined diseases that would be difficult to miss, such as melancholia and catatonia. These tend to be psychotic illnesses, involving loss of contact with reality in the form of delusions and hallucinations, though not always. Then there is the great mass of nonpsychotic ill-defined illnesses whose labels are constantly changing and that are very common. Today these are called depression, oft en anxiety, and panic as well. These are all behavioral diagnoses, suggesting that the main problem is in the mind rather than the brain and body. Yet there is a tradition, now almost lost, of viewing psychiatric symptoms as a result of body processes, and it has always been convenient to speak of these as “nervous” diseases, even though much more of the body than the physical nerves may be involved. Writing in 1972, English psychiatrist Richard Hunter directed attention toward the body as a whole. “Many diseases are ushered in by a lowering of vitality which patients appreciate as irritability and depression. The mind is the most sensitive indicator of the state of the body. An abnormal mental state is equivalent to a physical sign of something going wrong in the brain.” The term symptom cluster is popular today, but that is jargonish, so let us call these patients “nervous.” Their distinguishing characteristic is that they do not have the “C” word, as Eli Robins at Washington University in St. Louis used to call it, meaning that they are not “crazy.”
Fatigue
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: November 2020

Let us try to unpack nervous disease. What does it consist of? For one thing, most of the patients are tired, even exhausted, and one of the main components of the nervous picture is fatigue. Today, psychiatrists do not think of fatigue as a terribly important symptom. After such obvious sources as iron deficiency have been eliminated— and it has been determined that the patient is not suffering from one of those quasidelusional disorders such as “chronic fatigue syndrome”—most clinicians would be inclined to ascribe fatigue to depression. For patients, however, fatigue remains a hugely important matter. A study of Stirling County in Canada’s Atlantic provinces in 1970 found that only 6% of psychiatrists considered fatigue to be serious; by contrast, people in the community reported “feeling weak all over” as one of the most serious symptoms among a list of 46. In hospital charts today it is not uncommon to see the acronym “TATT,” Tired All The Time. The complaints of the fatigued and weary echo across the ages. In 1712 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, en route in a journey, complained to a correspondent, “This is what writing tackle the Inn affords, and my head and hand are both disorder’d with fatigue, both of mind and body.” Lest psychological fatigue be thought mainly a women’s complaint, one of the “grand asthenics” of all time was Parisian novelist Marcel Proust, who, around the turn of the century, was so droopy with fatigue—his medical father had written a book on the subject! —that he barely made it from his bedchamber. His correspondence from 1909, for example, mentions fatigue throughout. On Friday, November 26, after his guests had departed, “I set about demolishing what I had written. And over my heart, fatigued from this absence of repose, voilà the fog that rolls in again. It’s about three in the afternoon and [another nervous] crisis seems to be starting up.” Whatever period or social class is under discussion, fatigue simply tumbles from the page.
Paradigm Shift
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: November 2020

Kraepelin’s influence in renaming melancholia “depression” was enormous. But that alone would not suffice to explain why, an ocean away and a hundred years later, everybody became depressed. Mediators were needed to carry the doctrine of depression to the discipline of psychiatry, and then to individual patients. Those mediators were the American psychoanalysts, many of them distinguished migrants from Europe, and they gave pride of place to neurotic depression. Other mediators extracted depression and anxiety from the pool of nerves and yoked them together, making mixed depression-anxiety the favored disorder. To gain some perspective: In the first third of the twentieth century, in a great paradigm shift that transferred behavioral disorders from neurology to psychiatry, the spotlight shift ed from nerves, a diagnosis that implicated the whole body, to mood, a diagnosis that implicated mainly the mind. Mental illness triumphed over nervous illness, and depression became the main mood diagnosis. In 1908, Oswald Bumke, a psychiatrist then at the university psychiatric hospital in Freiburg, Germany (later to become professor of psychiatry in Munich), scolded the family physicians who never suspected depression in their wealthy patients whom they sent from spa to spa and sanatorium to sanatorium for the treatment of nondisease (symptoms without organic causes). The family doctors, who doubtlessly suspected the symptoms were of psychological origin, focused on the symptoms themselves; Bumke, more interested in mental than in physical symptoms, focused on what he believed the underlying cause to be: “depression,” as manifest in symptoms such as tiredness or an anxious preoccupation with their bodily health. For clinicians of Bumke’s generation, depression was a familiar concept. In understanding the rise of depression there are two questions that have to be sorted out: Why the depression diagnosis becomes so common and why depressive symptoms become divorced from the nervous syndrome and take on a life of their own as an affective disorder. Because events on both tracks happen around the same time, the narratives interblend, but they are separate stories. To foreshadow, it was American psychoanalysis that first put depression in the spotlight.
Women and Wise Use: 1905– 1909
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

New Haven, Connecticut, where the Yale campus stretched its ivy-hung halls, was a far larger, busier, less countrified place than Lawrenceville. The Yale Forest School granted only graduate degrees, so Aldo enrolled in the Sheffield Scientific School on the Yale campus for his undergraduate studies. The college offered students a program of preparatory courses for the Forest School: physics, chemistry, German, mechanical drawing, and analytical geometry. In a room at 400 Temple Street, Aldo set up a lifestyle as frugal and selfreliant as he had in Lawrenceville. He stayed loyal to his plan for studying, working out in the gymnasium, and running cross-country track, while attending a variety of special lectures and expanding his reading list. In his reading as in his running, he covered great distances in a short time. He read Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter by Theodore Roosevelt alongside the Bible; books on forestry accompanied the works of Longfellow, Emerson, Thoreau, Cicero, and others. A tome inspiring “much interest and surprise” was Charles Darwin’s Vegetable Mould and Earthworms. (A year or so earlier, he had read A Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World and proclaimed it “very instructive.”) Aldo had far less time for tramping now. The countryside was farther away, and his four-to seven-a-week treks dwindled to one or two. Though he enjoyed the outings just as much, they were becoming a hobby rather than a way of life. His courses were more challenging, and he was beguiled by Ivy League activities and a new group of friends. Descriptions of football games and college parties began to fill his letters. He even let his sister Marie arrange a Christmastime schedule of dances and social engagements for him in Burlington, and then surprised himself by enjoying it all. Women, many of them Marie’s friends, had entered his domain of interest with a flourish, and his dancing lessons finally proved useful. Ham, from Lawrenceville, teased Aldo for his new fancies: “You have decayed into what I used to be— the lover with his ballad, the devoted sweetheart; the passionate letter-writer. Ah me!”