bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eye development and retinal differentiation in an altricial fish species, the senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858)
Authors: Bejarano‐Escobar Ruth , Blasco Manuel , DeGrip Willem J. , Oyola‐Velasco José Antonio , Martín‐Partido Gervasio , Francisco‐Morcillo Javier
Published: June 2010

We describe the major events in the retinogenesis in an altricial fish species, the Senegalese sole. The major developmental events in the sole retina occurred early after hatching (posthatching day 0, P0). Thus, (1) plexiform layers became recognizable at P1. (2) Proliferative activity disappeared from the central retina at P1, and, as development progressed, became restricted to cells located in the circumferential germinal zone, and to sparse cells dispersed throughout the inner nuclear layer and the outer nuclear layer. (3) Apoptotic cells were sparsely observed, randomly localized in all three nuclear layers of the early posthatching retina from P0 to P4. (4) The first synaptic vesicles were detected at P0 in early postmitotic ganglion cells. However, their appearance in the plexiform layers was delayed until P2. (5) The neurochemical development of most major retinal cell classes occurred between P0 and P5. Thus, although Isl1 immunoreactive ganglion cells were the first to become postmitotic in the vitreal surface of the central retina at P0, the first glutamine synthetase‐expressing Müller cells appeared in the central retina by P5. The onset of expression for other retinal markers, such as rod opsin, calretinin, parvalbumin, α‐tyrosine hydroxylase, and α‐protein kinase C, occurred between P2 and P4. Our results suggest that the most relevant processes involved in Senegalese sole retinogenesis occur during the prolarval and early larval stages (P0–P5). Furthermore, we conclude that altricial fish species may constitute a convenient model organism to address the relationship between the structural and functional development of sensory organs with the acquisition of behavioral repertoires. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:580–605, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climatic precursors of autumn streamflow in the northeast United States
Authors: Gong Gavin , Wang Lucien , Lall Upmanu
Published: June 2010

In this study, statistical linkages between autumn streamflow in the northeast United States and preceding summer sea surface temperatures are developed to establish predictive potential for climate‐informed seasonal streamflow forecasts in this region. Predictor regions with physically plausible teleconnections to local streamflow are identified and evaluated in a multivariate and nonlinear framework using local regression techniques. Three such regions are identified, located in the Bering Sea, the tropical Pacific just west of Mexico, and the tropical Atlantic off the coast of Africa. Asymmetries in each region's univariate local regression result are apparent, and bivariate local regressions are used to attribute these asymmetries to interactions with physical mechanisms associated with the other two regions, and possibly other unaccounted for climatic predictors. A bivariate model including the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic regions yields the strongest local regression result, explaining 0.68 of the interannual streamflow variability. An analogous multivariate linear regression analysis is only able to explain 0.20 of the streamflow variability and thus the use of nonlinear methods' results in a marked improvement in streamflow simulation capability. Cross‐validation considerably weakens the streamflow forecasts using this model; however, forecast skill may improve with a longer period of record or the inclusion of additional predictors. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Clinical experience with the delay phenomenon in autologous breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap
Authors: Christiano J. Guilherme , Rosson Gedge D.
Published: June 2010

Purpose. The delay phenomenon has been used for breast reconstruction with pedicled flaps but has not been widely reported with free flaps. Our goals were to (1) describe our operative technique for vascular delay of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps when a large percentage of the contralateral hemiabdomen would be needed for added volume of a breast reconstruction, (2) document any clinical improvement in flap vascularization after the delay period, and (3) develop a patient selection algorithm for this procedure. Methods. From August 2008 through July 2009, six patients at The Johns Hopkins Breast Center underwent autologous breast reconstruction with vascularly delayed DIEP flaps, a technique that preserves lateral skin bridges to the flap. This technique was used based on preoperative three‐dimensional computed tomography angiograms showing potential vascular compromise. We assessed length of delay, flap weight, length of stay, and outcome. Results. Transfer delay averaged 15.8 ± 4.1 days from the original surgery. Transferred flap weight averaged 620.2 ± 156.7 g. The flaps in all six patients developed adequate arterial inflow and/or venous drainage on reassessment at final transfer. Preoperative screening with three‐dimensional computed tomography angiography of the abdominal wall and modification of the flap harvest technique, including use of the clamp test to establish need for delay, were thought to be paramount for patient selection. Conclusion. In a very select group of patients undergoing breast reconstruction whose DIEP flaps showed vascular compromise before detachment, the delay phenomenon successfully enhanced vascularity and prevented fat necrosis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:526–531, 2010.
Classification schema for anatomic variations of the inferior epigastric vasculature evaluated by abdominal CT angiograms for breast reconstruction
Authors: Katz Ryan D. , Manahan Michele A. , Rad Ariel N. , Flores Jaime I. , Singh Navin K. , Rosson Gedge D.
Published: June 2010

Background. Many studies demonstrate direct patient benefits from use of preoperative computed tomography angiograms (CTA) for abdominal tissue‐based breast reconstruction. We present a novel classification schema to translate imaging results into further clinical relevance. Methods. Each hemiabdomen CTA was classified into a schema that addressed findings of expected anatomy, anatomy that necessitates a change in operative technique and anatomy that suggests less morbid procedures may be considered. Results. Eighty‐six patients (172 hemiabdomens) were available for study. Of the reconstructions performed in this time period, 40 (47%) were bilateral and 46 (53%) unilateral. Based on perforator size and location, relative perimuscular anatomy, and continuity of vessels, five categories were defined: type I “Traditional” anatomy (n = 150, 87%), type II “Highly Favorable” anatomy (n = 11, 6.4%), type III “Altered‐Superiorly Translocated” anatomy (n = 9, 5.2%), type IV “Superficial Dominant” anatomy (n = 26, 15%), and type V “Hostile” anatomy (n = 4, 2.3%). The additive total is greater than 100%, because vessels may fall into more than one category. Discussion. In providing the microsurgeon with a preoperative vascular map that has the potential to influence the preoperative, operative, and postoperative course, abdominal CTAs should be considered a worthy adjunct to the diagnostic armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon. These classifications and their clinical impacts become even more important in centers performing increasing numbers of bilateral reconstructions. We believe that our simple schema can facilitate effective use of this powerful tool, aiding in overall care of the breast reconstruction patient. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:593–602, 2010.
Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the Achilles tendon with rotation flaps, pedicled propeller flaps and free perforator flaps
Authors: Jakubietz Rafael G. , Jakubietz Danni F. , Gruenert Joerg G. , Schmidt Karsten , Meffert Rainer H. , Jakubietz Michael G.
Published: June 2010

Introduction. Soft tissue defects exposing the Achilles tendon are challenging. Local perforator flaps represent a valuable option gaining increasing popularity. Despite preoperative planning an adequate perforator cannot always be found intraoperatively. The free peroneal artery perforator flap can serve as a back‐up option limiting the donor site morbidity to the same extremity without sacrificing major vessels or nerves. Methods. Nine patients with soft tissue defects exposing the Achilles tendon were treated with local perforator flaps, seven were scheduled for 180° propeller flap coverage after Doppler‐ultrasound examination. However, in two patients (22%) no adequate perforators were found intraoperatively. As the perforators for the free peroneal artery perforator flap were routinely mapped out, this flap was harvested for microsurgical reconstruction. Results. One patient with a 180° propeller flap developed a partial flap necrosis, another patient developed superficial epidermolysis, both requiring skingrafting. No complications were seen with free tissue transfer. Conclusion. Pedicled perforator flaps as propeller flaps add options to the armamentarium of microsurgeons. Despite thorough preoperative planning the surgeons must be prepared to perform a different method of reconstruction if inadequate vessels are encountered. To limit additional donor site morbidity, local options are preferred. The free peroneal artery perforator flap represents a good option as it matches the original tissue properties closely. The complication rate of propeller flaps in this series is tolerable. Propeller flaps should therefore be considered an alternative but not as a replacement of local fasciocutaneous flaps. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:608–613, 2010.
Verstehen, wie Kunststoffe altern
Authors: Brüll Robert , Geertz Guru , Maria Raquel , Rode Karsten
Published: June 2010

IR‐Mikroskopie macht die Veränderungen bei alternden Kunststoffen und Verbundmaterialien sichtbar. Mit dem neuen Verfahren lassen sich Schäden an Flugzeugbauteilen früher aufspüren.
Fakten und Stimmungen
Authors: Bengs Holger
Published: June 2010

Biotech‐Ticker: Gemischte Stimmung — Unternehmenszahl stabil — kaum Insolvenzen — Finanzierung am Tiefpunkt — keine Börsengänge — gekürzte Forschungsausgaben. Der Biotech‐Branche könnte es finanziell besser gehen, aber die Protagonisten strahlen Zuversicht aus.
Cattell–Horn–Carroll cognitive‐achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research
Authors: McGrew Kevin S. , Wendling Barbara J.
Published: June 2010

Contemporary Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities has evolved over the past 20 years and serves as the theoretical foundation for a number of current cognitive ability assessments. CHC theory provides a means by which we can better understand the relationships between cognitive abilities and academic achievement, an important component of learning disabilities identification and instructional planning. A research synthesis of the extant CHC cognitive‐achievement (COG‐ACH) research literature is reported. Systematic and operationally defined research synthesis procedures were employed to address limitations present in the only prior attempted synthesis. Nineteen studies met the criteria for inclusion, which yielded 134 analyses. The 134 analyses were organized by three age groups (6–8, 9–13, and 14–19) and by four achievement domains (basic reading skills, reading comprehension, basic math skills, and math reasoning). The results reveal a much more nuanced set of CHC COG‐ACH relations than was identified in the only prior review because of (a) breadth of cognitive abilities and measures (broad vs. narrow), (b) breadth of achievement domains (e.g., basic reading skills and reading comprehension vs. broad reading), and (c) developmental (age) status. The findings argue for selective, flexible, and referral‐focused intelligence testing, particularly in the context of emerging Response to Intervention (RTI) assessment models. The results suggest that narrow CHC abilities should be the primary focus of instructionally relevant intelligence testing. Furthermore, the finding that more than 90% of the available research is based on the Woodcock–Johnson Battery argues for significant caution in generalizing the findings to other batteries. CHC‐based COG‐ACH research with other intelligence batteries is recommended. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Higher‐order factor structure of the Differential Ability Scales–II: Consistency across ages 4 to 17
Authors: Keith Timothy Z. , Low Justin A. , Reynolds Matthew R. , Patel Puja G. , Ridley Kristen P.
Published: June 2010

The recently published second edition of the Differential Abilities Scale (DAS‐II) is designed to measure multiple broad and general abilities from Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory. Although the technical manual presents information supporting the test's structure, additional research is needed to determine the constructs measured by the test and the consistency of measurement across ages. The purposes of this research were to determine whether the DAS‐II measures the CHC abilities it is designed to measure and whether it does so consistently across the 4 to 17 year age span. We analyzed competing higher‐order CFA models using 800 participants, ages 5 through 8, from the DAS‐II standardization. The final validation model from this series of analyses tested for factor invariance across the 4 to 17 year age span by using a reference variable approach. Our findings supported the DAS‐II's intended structure, with minor exceptions. Findings also supported the invariance of the DAS‐II CHC model across the 4 to 17 year age span, again with minor exceptions. Despite the use of different tests at different ages, the DAS‐II measures a consistent set of CHC abilities across the ages: g, Gc, Gf, Gv, Gsm, Gs, and a narrow Glr ability; psychologists should interpret the DAS‐II as measuring these abilities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Ability Scales–II prediction of reading performance: Global scores are not enough
Authors: Elliott Colin D. , Hale James B. , Fiorello Catherine A. , Dorvil Cledicianne , Moldovan Jaime
Published: June 2010

This study investigated the effects of broad cognitive abilities derived from the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) taxonomy, together with the effect of the general factor (g), on Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Second Edition (WIAT‐II) reading achievement. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and commonality analyses were applied to the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS‐II) standardization and clinical sample data. All seven DAS‐II CHC broad cognitive abilities were shown to have significant effects on one or more WIAT‐II reading domains with different patterns found across typical, poor reader, and reading specific learning disability (SLD) groups. In the SEM analyses, the general factor g had only indirect effects on reading achievement variance. In the commonality analyses, after the effects of the seven CHC factors had been accounted for, the six‐factor commonality—which could be considered an alternative measure of global intelligence—accounted for only 1%–2% of reading measure variance. For children who are having difficulties with reading skill acquisition, the data suggest that primary emphasis on g will result in a major loss of DAS‐II predictive validity. Results emphasize the importance of having a comprehensive cognitive assessment with the DAS‐II in the evaluation of reading competency and disability. Links between CHC broad ability factors and neuropsychological constructs may provide a promising foundation for developing specific cognitive, academic, and behavioral interventions for children with reading SLD. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancing practice through application of Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory and research: A “third method” approach to specific learning disability identification
Authors: Flanagan Dawn P. , Fiorello Catherine A. , Ortiz Samuel O.
Published: June 2010

This article demonstrates how the broad and narrow abilities and processes that comprise Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory and their relations to specific academic outcomes have begun to transform our current understanding of the definition of and methods for indentifying specific learning disability (SLD), particularly in the school setting. The manner in which CHC theory has been used to guide evaluation of the academic and cognitive capabilities of students who are suspected of having SLD is described. Current psychometric methods for identifying SLD that have a foundation in CHC theory are highlighted. These newer methods are based on what is known as the “third method,” a provision for SLD identification included in the federal regulations (34 CFR 300.540‐543) accompanying the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act that permits the use of alternative, research‐based approaches. A method based on an integration of existing third‐method approaches, called the Hypothesis‐Testing CHC Approach (HT‐CHC), was proposed. The HT‐CHC method is expected to be carried out within the context of a Response to Intervention (RTI) service delivery model. Benefits of this approach over ability–achievement discrepancy and RTI‐only methods and future directions in SLD identification research are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural and catalytic roles of amino acid residues located at substrate‐binding pocket in Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3–1,4‐β‐D‐glucanase
Authors: Chen Je‐Hsin , Tsai Li‐Chu , Huang Hsiao‐Chuan , Shyur Lie‐Fen
Published: June 2010

We created 12 mutant enzymes (E11L, F40I, Y42L, N44L, N44Q, E47I, L62G, K64A, K64M, R137M, R137Q, and N139A) from the truncated Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3–1,4‐β‐D‐glucanase (TF‐glucanase). The enzymes were used to investigate the structural and catalytic roles of specific amino acid residues located at the catalytic pocket and having direct interactions with glucose subsites of the product β‐1,3–1,4‐cellotriose (CLTR). Fluorescence spectrometry showed no discernible changes in secondary structures among purified TF‐glucanase and the mutants. Kinetic analyses showed E11L, F40I, Y42L, R137M, and R137Q with a >10‐fold decrease of specific activity (11.2‐ to 67.4‐fold), and E11L, N44Q, E47I, K64M, R137M, R137Q, and N139A with a 2.17‐ to 4.3‐fold increase of Km value when compared with TF‐glucanase. Notably, E11L, R137Q, R137M, F40I, and N139A showed the most significant decrease in catalytic efficiency relative to TF‐glucanase, by 2155‐, 84.9‐, 48.5‐, 41.1‐, and 19.1‐fold, respectively; the five mutants showed the greatest changes in comparative energy ΔΔGb, with values of 1.94 to 4.92 kcal/mol. Combined with results from kinetic and structure modeling analyses of all mutant enzymes and X‐ray crystallography of F40I, we elucidate that Glu11, Phe40, Arg137, and Asn139 play a crucial role in the catalysis of TF‐glucanase owing to their local and direct interaction through hydrogen bonds or van der Waals stacking interaction by aromatic rings onto the glucose subsites −3, −2, and −1 of CLTR/substrate. The overall globular structures in the wild‐type and mutant F40I enzymes do not differ. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Many‐body effects on the electronic and optical properties of Si nanowires from ab initio approaches
Authors: Palummo M. , Ossicini S. , Del Sole R.
Published: June 2010

The study of semiconducting nanowires is one of the most rapidly growing research areas in materials science and nanotechnology, not only from the point of view of the possible applications, but also regarding the use of the latest developments in the theory. In this paper, we review the general ab initio many‐body theory and methods and resume some of our very recent results regarding the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Silicon nanowires (Si‐NWs), outlining both the reached achievements and some of the technical aspects necessary to obtain them.
Accuracy of four‐dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects
Authors: Bennasar M. , Martínez J. M. , Gómez O. , Bartrons J. , Olivella A. , Puerto B. , Gratacós E.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of four‐dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) echocardiography for the diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) in a selected high‐risk population.

Methods

Three hundred and sixty‐three pregnant women referred for suspected CHD on screening ultrasound were evaluated by means of conventional echocardiography between 14 and 41 weeks' gestation and 4D‐STIC volumes were obtained (including gray‐scale and color Doppler information). Stored volumes were analyzed, at least 1 year after they had been acquired, by examiners blinded to the patients' identities and outcomes. The STIC diagnoses were compared to those made on conventional two‐dimensional echocardiography and the accuracy of diagnosis was assessed with respect to postnatal examination, or autopsy in cases of termination of pregnancy or perinatal death.

Results

The mean gestational age at volume acquisition was 24 + 5 weeks. STIC evaluation was possible in 98% of cases. Twenty‐one cases were lost to follow‐up, with a total of 167 normal hearts and 175 cases of CHD diagnosed at postnatal evaluation. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of STIC in determining the presence or absence of CHD were 91.6, 94.9, 88.1, 89.7 and 94.0%, respectively. Absolute concordance with the final specific diagnosis among cases with confirmed CHD was 74.3% for STIC echocardiography, compared with 81.7% for real‐time evaluation.

Conclusion

4D‐STIC echocardiography performed by experienced operators can be used in fetuses at risk for cardiac anomalies in order to reliably provide reassurance of normality or to accurately diagnose major structural heart defects. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New semi‐empirical formulas for calculation of K‐shell ionization cross sections of elements from beryllium to uranium by proton impact
Authors: Deghfel B. , Kahoul A. , Nekkab M.
Published: June 2010

Experimental ionization cross sections for K‐shell by protons in target atoms from beryllium to uranium available in the literature from 1953 to 1999 (nearly 5400 values) are collected to deduce the semi‐empirical K‐shell ionization cross sections by fitting the experimental data normalized to their corresponding theoretical values based on the ECPSSR model which accounts for Coulomb deflection, Energy loss of the projectile, Perturbed Stationary State and Relativistic effects, as a function of the reduced velocity parameter. Our results are compared with the experimental data and with the ECPSSR values and reference ionization cross sections obtained by Paul and Sacher [H. Paul and J. Sacher, At. Data. Nucl. Data. Tables 1989, 42, 105]. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Classic Reprint: Why I Hate the Index Finger by William L. White Originally Published in Orthopaedic Review 9:23–29, 1980
Authors: Freshwater M. Felix
Published: June 2010

In 1980, William White published a paper “Why I Hate the Index Finger”. The National Library of Medicine never indexed it so it has been missing for almost 30 years. It is reprinted here for the benefit of the current generation of hand surgeons.
Antioxidant Activity of Potato Peel Extracts in a Fish‐Rapeseed Oil Mixture and in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Koduvayur Habeebullah Sabeena Farvin , Nielsen Nina Skall , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: June 2010

The objectives of the present work were (a) to extract the phenolic fraction from the peels of two Danish varieties of potatoes, viz. Sava and Bintje, and examine their antioxidant capacity in in‐vitro systems (b) to evaluate the effect of these extracts on the storage stability of a fish‐rapeseed oil mixture and oil‐in‐water emulsions. Multiple antioxidant activity of the potato peel extracts was evident from in‐vitro systems as they showed strong reducing power, radical scavenging ability, ferrous ion chelating activity and prevented oxidation in a liposome model system. The Sava variety, which showed strong antioxidant activity in in‐vitro systems, was tested in oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions. Ethanolic extracts of Sava (≥1,600 mg/kg) prevented lipid oxidation in emulsions and in oil. Water extracts showed no antioxidant activity in oil whereas it showed pro‐oxidant activity in emulsions. Thus, the results of the present study show the possibility of utilizing waste potato peel as a promising source of natural antioxidants for retarding lipid oxidation.
Europe 2030: The citizens, the sun and the Union
Authors: Turk Žiga
Published: June 2010

In Europe itself, the EU has been a success. But its new challenges are mostly global: the rise of Asia, climate change, the end of the industrial age, the information revolution and an ageing population. To address these effectively, the EU should draw strength from its values of human rights, freedom, democracy, equality and care for people and the environment. In the years to come, it will need to rely increasingly upon three key resources: the people, the sun as an energy source, and the Union itself. The EU has been perfected through generations. Its strength lies in its openness to enlargement and its readiness to deepen its structures. Rather than going through another institutional change, it should learn to use the tools it has to deepen the common market and extend it to vital new areas of competition.
Science as an ally of religion: a Muslim appropriation of ‘the conflict thesis’
Authors: YALCINKAYA M. ALPER
Published: June 2010

John W. Draper's History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874) is commonly regarded as the manifesto of the ‘conflict thesis’. The superficiality of this thesis has been demonstrated in recent studies, but to read Draper's work only as a text on ‘science versus religion’ is to miss half of its significance, as it also involved evaluations of individual religions with respect to their attitudes towards science. Due to Draper's favourable remarks on Islam, the Ottoman author Ahmed Midhat translated his work into Turkish, and published it along with his own comments on Draper's arguments. Midhat interpreted Islam using the cues provided by Draper, and portrayed it as the only religion compatible with science. While his Christian readers condemned Draper for his approach to Islam, Midhat transformed the ‘conflict thesis’ into a proclamation that Islam and science were allies in opposition to Christian encroachment on the Ottoman Empire. This paper analyses Midhat's appropriation of Draper's work and compares it to the reaction of Draper's Christian readers. It discusses the context that made an alliance between Islam and science so desirable for Midhat, and emphasizes the impact of the historico-geographical context on the encounters between and representations of science and religion.
Effects of dietary lipid, vitamins and minerals on total amounts and redox status of glutathione and ubiquinone in tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): a multivariate approach
Authors: Hamre Kristin , Torstensen Bente E. , Maage Amund , Waagbø Rune , Berge Rolf K. , Albrektsen Sissel
Published: June 2010

The hypothesis of the present study was that Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) would respond to large variations in supplementation of dietary pro- and antioxidants, and marine lipid, with adjustment of the endogenously synthesised antioxidants, glutathione (GSH) and ubiquinone (UQ). An experiment with 27–3reduced factorial design (the number of cases reduced systematically from 27(full design) to 24(reduced design)) was conducted, where vitamins, minerals and lipid were supplemented in the diet at high and low levels. For the vitamins and minerals the high levels were chosen to be just below anticipated toxic levels and the low levels were just above the requirement (vitamin C, 30 and 1000 mg/kg; vitamin E, 70 and 430 mg/kg; Fe, 70 and 1200 mg/kg; Cu, 8 and 110 mg/kg; Mn, 12 and 200 mg/kg). For astaxanthin, the dietary levels were 10 and 50 mg/kg and for lipid, 150 and 330 g/kg. The experiment was started with post-smolts (148 (sd17 g)) and lasted for 5 months. The only effect on GSH was a minor increase ( < 10 %) in total concentration in the liver in response to high dietary lipid. GSH redox state was not affected. UQ responded to dietary lipid, astaxanthin and vitamin E, both with regard to total concentration and redox state. Except for an effect of Fe on plasma GSH, the trace elements and vitamin C had no effect on tissue levels and oxidation state of GSH and UQ. This shows that the endogenous redox state is quite robust with regard to variation of dietary pro- and antioxidants in Atlantic salmon.
Developmental origins of cardiovascular risk in Jamaican children: The Vulnerable Windows Cohort Study
Authors: Boyne Michael S. , Osmond Clive , Fraser Raphael A. , Reid Marvin , Taylor-Bryan Carolyn , Soares-Wynter Suzanne , Forrester Terrence E.
Published: June 2010

Both intra-uterine and early childhood development contribute to the risk of developing CVD in adult life. We therefore evaluated the maternal, placental, fetal, birth, infant and childhood determinants of cardiovascular risk in a cohort of Afro-Jamaican children. The Vulnerable Windows Cohort is a longitudinal survey of 569 mothers and their offspring recruited from the first trimester. The offspring's anthropometry was measured at birth, at 6 weeks, every 3 months to 1 year and then every 6 months. At mean age 11·5 years, fasting blood was sampled for glucose, insulin and lipids. Analyses were confined to 296 women and their offspring who had complete data. Waist circumference (WC) was related to maternal weight and BMI, placental weight and to the size of the offspring in utero, at birth and the rate of growth in childhood (P < 0·05). Total cholesterol, TAG and glucose concentrations were unrelated to maternal, placental, fetal, neonatal and childhood measurements. Fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were related to maternal weight and BMI (P < 0·05), but not after adjusting for WC. HDL-cholesterol was inversely related to placental and birth weight, and inversely related to weight and BMI throughout childhood (P < 0·001), but not after adjusting for WC. Systolic blood pressure was directly related to maternal weight, child's height, weight and BMI (P < 0·05), but not after adjustment for WC. Systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose concentration were inversely related to birth weight in boys but directly associated in girls. We concluded that maternal anthropometry during pregnancy, fetal size, and childhood growth rate contribute to cardiovascular risk factors in childhood.
Metamorphic evolution of the Karimnagar granulite terrane, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India
Authors: PRAKASH D. , SHARMA I. N.
Published: June 2010

The Karimnagar granulite terrane is an integral part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), India, having been the subject of much interest because of the only reported granulite facies rocks in the EDC. It shows a large variety of rock types with a wide range of mineral parageneses and chemical compositions, namely charnockites (Opx+Pl+perthite+Qtz±Bt±Grt), gneisses (Opx+Crd+Bt+Pl+Qtz+perthite±Sil±Grt±Spl; Bt+Qtz+Pl±Crd±Hbl±Spl), mafic granulites (Cpx+Pl+Qtz±Opx±Hbl), quartz-free granulites (Spr+Spl+Bt+Crd+Kfs+Crn; Bt+Crd+Kfs±Crn±Spl±Krn; And+Bt+Kfs+Chl), granites (Qtz+Pl+Kfs±Bt±Hbl), altered ultramafic rocks (Chl+Trem+Tlc), metadolerites (Cpx+Pl±Bt±Qtz±Chl), banded magnetite quartzites and quartzites. Andalusite- and chlorite-bearing assemblages presumably suggest a retrograde origin. Investigation of quartz-free granulites of the area brings out some interesting and important observations, reflecting the presence of refractory phases. These granulites are devoid of sillimanite and contain corundum instead. Reaction textures in the gneisses include breakdown of garnet to form coronas and symplectites of orthopyroxene+cordierite, formation of cordierite from garnet+sillimanite+quartz and late retrograde biotite and biotite+quartz symplectites. In the mafic granulites, inclusions of quartz and hornblende within orthopyroxene are interpreted as being a part of the prograde assemblage. At a later stage orthopyroxene is also rimmed by hornblende. The quartz-free granulites display a variety of spectacular coronas, for example, successive rims on corundum consisting of spinel+sapphirine+cordierite±orthopyroxene, rare skeletal symplectitic intergrowth of sapphirine+cordierite+potash feldspar, and late retrograde formation of chlorite, corundum, spinel and andalusite from sapphirine±cordierite. Based on chemographic relationships and petrogenetic grids, a sequence of prograde, isothermal decompressive and retrograde reactions have been inferred. Quartz-free sapphirine granulites and mafic granulites record the highestP–Tconditions (~7 kbar, 850°C), whereas the gneisses were formed at lowerP–Tconditions (~5 kbar, 800°C). In addition, the presence of andalusite-bearing rocks suggests a pressure of around 2.5 kbar. This change in pressure from 7 kbar to around 2.5 kbar suggests a decompressive path for the evolution of granulites in the study area, which indicates an uplift for the granulite-facies rocks from lower crustal conditions. The implications for supercontinent history are also addressed in light of available geochronological data.
Politics, History, and Culture in Nasser's Egypt
Authors: Crabbs Jack
Published: June 2010

Although the effects of the Revolution of 23 July 1952 on Egyptian politics and the economy are well known, its impact on Egyptian culture has not yet been satisfactorily explained. Politically and economically, the Revolution has gone thrsough two more or less distinct phases. During the first decade of its existence, it moved cautiously on all fronts, and its spokesmen were fond of pointing out that their ‘ideology’ was experimental, pragmatic, and flexible rather than bound to any set of predetermined ideas. Then in 1961 the government veered sharply to the left. The so-called Socialist Laws were issued, altering profoundly the ownership and distribution of wealth in Egypt.
Acoustic and flow fields of an excited high Reynolds number axisymmetric supersonic jet
Authors: SAMIMY M. , KIM J.-H. , KEARNEY-FISCHER M. , SINHA A.
Published: June 2010

An axisymmetric perfectly expanded Mach 1.3 jet, with a Reynolds number based on the nozzle exit diameter (ReD) of 1.1 × 106 and turbulent boundary layer at the nozzle exit, was excited using localized arc filament plasma actuators over a wide range of forcing Strouhal numbers (StDF). Eight actuators distributed azimuthally were used to excite azimuthal modes m = 0–3. Far-field acoustic, flow velocity and irrotational near-field pressure were probed with a three-fold objective: (i) to investigate the broadband far-field noise amplification reported in the literature at lower speeds and ReD using excitation of m = 0 at low StDF; (ii) to explore broadband far-field noise suppression using excitation of m = 3 at higher StDF; and (iii) to shed some light on the connection between the flow field and the far-field noise. The broadband far-field noise amplification observed is not as extensive in amplitude or frequency range, but still sufficiently large to be of concern in practical applications. Broadband far-field noise suppression of 4–5 dB at 30° polar angle peak frequency, resulting in approximately 2 dB attenuation in the overall sound pressure level, is achieved with excitation of m = 3 at StDF ~ 0.9. Some of the noteworthy observations and inferences are (a) there is a strong correlation between the far-field broadband noise amplification and the turbulence amplification; (b) far-field noise suppression is achieved when the jet is forced with the maximum jet initial growth rate frequency thus limiting significant dynamics of structures to a shorter region close to the nozzle exit; (c) structure breakdown and dynamic interaction seem to be the dominant source of noise; and (d) coherent structures dominate the forced jet over a wide range of StDF (up to ~ 1.31) with the largest and most organized structures observed around the jet preferred mode StDF.
Reasons and frequency of visits to the ship's doctor by passengers and crew members of cruise ships in polar waters
Authors: Hoyme Helmut W. , Meyer-Rochow Victor Benno
Published: June 2010

Over a period of 142 days of polar cruising, all visits and reasons for those visits to the on board ship doctor's surgery by 360 crew members and 497 passengers were recorded and analysed. Despite the difference in age structure (passengers were mostly 60 years of age or older, while the crew were predominantly 20–30 years old), typically geriatric problems were seen in only a few passengers. While common cold related complaints dominated in the crew members, the passengers suffered more frequently from sea- and motion sickness and had slightly more respiratory and orthopaedic complaints. Typically cold weather related problems like hypothermia and frostbite were hardly seen at all and total prostheses of hips and knees (which involved several passengers) stood up surprisingly well to the polar climate and terrain. The surprisingly good physical condition of the elderly passengers suggests that the clientele of polar cruises represents an overall ‘fitter’ and healthier sub-population of elderly people. The on board preparatory lectures, warning the passengers of possible risks ashore and on board, must also have helped to keep down incidences requiring medical attention. A doctor, serving as an on-board physician on a cruise ship in polar waters, needs to be aware that the majority of his/her potential patients will be elderly folk. Familiarisation with facilities, medical equipment and drugs on board prior to departure is essential. The cruise ship doctor in addition to emergency experience needs experience in treating dermal disorders and orthopaedic conditions. Skills in chiropractic measures and/or acupuncture are an advantage and a thorough knowledge of cold weather induced conditions is a must.
Young men's intimate partner violence and relationship functioning: long-term outcomes associated with suicide attempt and aggression in adolescence
Authors: Kerr D. C. R. , Capaldi D. M.
Published: June 2010

Background

Longitudinal research supports that suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescence predict maladjustment in young adulthood. Prior research supports links between suicide attempt and aggression, perhaps because of a propensity for impulsive behavior in states of high negative affect that underlies both problems. Such vulnerability may increase risk for intimate partner violence and generally poor young adulthood relational adjustment.

Method

A total of 153 men participated in annual assessments from ages 10–32 years and with a romantic partner at three assessments from ages 18–25 years. Multi-method/multi-informant constructs were formed for parent/family risk factors, adolescent psychopathology (e.g. suicide-attempt history, mother-, father-, teacher- and self-reported physical aggression) and young adulthood relational distress (jealousy and low relationship satisfaction) and maladaptive relationship behavior (observed, self- and partner-reported physical and psychological aggression toward a partner, partner-reported injury, official domestic violence arrest records and relationship instability).

Results

Across informants, adolescent aggression was correlated with suicide-attempt history. With few exceptions, aggression and a suicide attempt in adolescence each predicted negative romantic relationship outcomes after controlling for measured confounds. Adolescent aggression predicted young adulthood aggression toward a partner, in part, via relationship dissatisfaction.

Conclusions

Boys' aggression and suicide-attempt history in adolescence each predict poor relationship outcomes, including partner violence, in young adulthood. Findings are consistent with the theory of a trait-like vulnerability, such as impulsive aggression, that undermines adaptation across multiple domains in adolescence and young adulthood. Prevention and intervention approaches can target common causes of diverse public health problems.
Death, futility, and the proleptic power of narrative ending
Authors: SEACHRIS JOSHUA
Published: June 2010

Death and futility are among a cluster of themes that closely track discussions of life's meaning. Moreover, futility is thought to supervene on naturalistic meta-narratives because ofhowthey will end. While thenatureof naturalistic meta-narrative endings is part of the explanation for concluding that such meta-narratives are cosmically or deeply futile, this explanation is truncated. I argue that the reason the nature of the ending is thought to be normatively important is first anchored in the fact that narrative endingquaending is thought to be normatively important. Indeed, I think futility is often thought to characterize naturalistic meta-narratives because a narrative's ending has significant proleptic power to elicit a wide range of broadly normative human responses on, possibly, emotional, aesthetic, and moral levels towards the narrative as a whole.
Syllable onsets as a factor in stress rules: the case of Mathimathi revisited
Authors: Gahl Susanne
Published: June 2010

Theories of stress assignment commonly assume that syllable onsets do not determine a syllable's ability to attract stress. In the frameworks of McCarthy (1979) and Hayes (1981, 1995), for example, only the rhyme is projected in order to determine the weight of a syllable. In Moraic Theory (Hyman 1985), onsets do not contribute to the weight of a syllable as a consequence of the Onset Creation rule, by which onsets lose their weightbearing unit. In the framework of Hayes (1989), the rule of Weight-by-Position ensures that only coda consonants can ever be weight-bearing.
GUILT, ANGER, AND RETRIBUTION
Authors: Rodogno Raffaele
Published: June 2010

This article focuses primarily on the emotion of guilt as providing a justification for retributive legal punishment. In particular, I challenge the claim according to which guilt can function as part of our epistemic justification of positive retributivism, that is, the view that wrongdoing is both necessary and sufficient to justify punishment. I show that the argument to this conclusion rests on two premises: (1) to feel guilty typically involves the judgment that one deserves punishment; and (2) those who feel guilty after wrongdoing are more virtuous (or less vicious) than those who do not. I shall argue that premise (1) is false on both empirical and conceptual grounds and that there are no particularly good grounds supporting this premise (2). Finally, I consider and reject the claim that anger, as opposed to guilt, can afford the type of epistemic justification needed by positive retributivism.
Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yu Qi , Ma Weichun , Chen Limin
Published: June 2010

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the eastern China seas has been simulated using the MM5/CMAQ model with the 2004 national emission inventory of China. Dry and wet fluxes are 0.05–0.5 and 0.2–0.6 g m−2 yr−1, respectively, with the wet deposition accounting for 79% of the total. The total deposition of inorganic nitrogen species, including NO3−, NH4+, HNO3, NOx, and NH3, to the eastern China seas is 498 GgN yr−1 and accounts for 3.4% of the nitrogen emission by China. Deposition of NO3− and NH4+ dominates. The model results agree well with available in situ measurements. The deposition of NH4+ and NH3 to the East China Sea is up to 166 GgN yr−1, which nearly equals the total input of 184 GgN yr−1 from the mainland, including riverine discharge, industrial wastewater, and domestic wastewater. Deposition of atmospheric ammonium can account for 56% of the external total input, which is 1.1–1.5 times the input from the major rivers to all the eastern China seas. Ammonium deposition to the Yellow Sea accounts for as much as 87% of the total input. The annual total nitrogen deposition can be converted to new primary biological productivity of 100–200 mmol C m−2 yr−1, or 1.1–3.9% of the new productivity in the East China Sea. Our results suggest that atmospheric deposition has important impact on biological productivity in all the eastern China seas.
Eruption of Soufrière Hills (1995–2009) from an offshore perspective: Insights from repeated swath bathymetry surveys
Authors: Le Friant A. , Deplus C. , Boudon G. , Feuillet N. , Trofimovs J. , Komorowski J.‐C. , Sparks R. S. J. , Talling P. , Loughlin S. , Palmer M. , Ryan G.
Published: June 2010

This contribution provides an analysis of the 1995–2009 eruptive period of Soufrière Hills volcano (Montserrat) from a unique offshore perspective. The methodology is based on five repeated swath bathymetric surveys. The difference between the 2009 and 1999 bathymetry suggests that at least 395 Mm3 of material has entered the sea. This proximal deposit reaches 95 m thick and extends ∼7km from shore. However, the difference map does not include either the finer distal part of the submarine deposit or the submarine part of the delta close to the shoreline. We took both contributions into account by using additional information such as that from marine sediment cores. By March 2009, at least 65% of the material erupted throughout the eruption has been deposited into the sea. This work provides an excellent basis for assessing the future activity of the Soufrière Hills volcano (including potential collapse), and other volcanoes on small islands.
The “I's” Have It: A Framework for Serious Educational Game Design
Authors: Annetta Leonard A.
Published: June 2010

Serious educational games have become a topic that has seen increased popularity in recent years. This article describes lessons learned and a framework for people interested in designing educational games. Although there are many critical components of a quality educational game, a nested model of 6 elements for educational game design is presented. These nested elements are grounded in research and theory in both education and psychology, along with instructional technology and the learning sciences. The 6 elements of educational game design are derived from several studies on game design and development from Grade 5 through graduate school.
Virtually Real: A Psychological Perspective on Massively Multiplayer Online Games
Authors: Barnett Jane , Coulson Mark
Published: June 2010

Massively multiplayer games (MMOs) are immersive virtual three-dimensional fantasy worlds in which people cooperate and compete with each other, as well as with the computer-generated denizens of that particular game world. Although typically seen as games, their strong social aspect suggests that they are a form of online communication tool, with which players interact to form friendships, create communities, and work together to accomplish a variety of goals. After an introduction to MMOs, this review explores how social aspects of the game imitate the real world in terms of choices that players make when interacting with others. Furthermore, player-to-player interactions are examined in terms of in-game group formation and how efficient communication is imperative for goal achievement. The review also explores how leadership skills learned in-game may be transferred to real-world scenarios. The reasons why people play MMOs are examined in terms of player motivations and how aspects of game play may have both positive and negative consequences for a player's well-being. The latter half of the review describes how MMOs are used as afterschool virtual teaching environments where students can use aspects of game play to learn, for example, leadership qualities. The review concludes with recommendations for using MMOs as virtual laboratories to explore aspects of human behavior.