Cobalt cardiotoxicity – effects on contractile and non‐contractile cells of the heart
Authors: Laovitthayanggoon Sarunya , Tate Rothwelle , Currie Susan , Grant Mary Helen 
Published: November 2023

Exposure to cobalt is known to cause cardiotoxicity and a common source of cobalt exposure is from metal‐on‐metal bearings used in prosthetic joint replacements. Acute and chronic effects of cobalt at a cellular level in the heart are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of cobalt (CoCl2) treatment on contractile and non‐contractile cells of the heart. We have used isolated adult rat ventricular papillary muscles to investigate the effects of CoCl2 on basal and isoprenaline‐stimulated contractile responses. In addition, we used freshly isolated primary adult rat ventricular fibroblasts maintained in short‐term culture to assess the effects of CoCl2 on cell viability and proliferation. Stimulation of isolated ventricular papillary muscles with the positive inotrope isoprenaline (1uM) resulted in a consistent increase (~35% increase) over the basal contractile response as expected. Following treatment with CoCl2 (1uM) for 4h, there was a dramatic reduction in both the basal and isoprenaline‐stimulated contractile responses (both~40% reduction). This effect was not due to a time‐dependent decrease in contractility since in separate parallel control preparations consistent increases in contraction were observed following 1uM isoprenaline challenges at time zero and after 4h without CoCl2. Examination of the effects of CoCl2 on cardiac fibroblast proliferation and viability was performed using a range of assays. To assess effects on proliferation, MTT, neutral red and crystal violet assays were all used to compare effects of increasing concentrations of CoCl2 on the Swiss 3T3 fibroblast cell line and primary cardiac fibroblasts. Over 72h, increasing CoCl2 concentrations (up to 500uM) resulted in decreased proliferation. The MTT and Crystal violet assays showed the most reproducible results with IC50 values for CoCl2 in the range of ~300uM. Interestingly, further experiments using BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation suggested that cardiac fibroblasts were more sensitive to CoCl2 treatment than Swiss 3T3s. In the former, after either 48h or 72h there was ~80% reduction in proliferation with 25uM CoCl2 and almost no proliferation following 100–150uM CoCl2. Cell viability in increasing concentrations of CoCl2 (up to 500uM) was assessed using CFDA and propidium iodide staining. The ratio of live:dead cells decreased dramatically with increasing CoCl2. Phalloidin‐FITC was also used to examine cell viability and structure following treatment. With increasing CoCl2 there was evidence for increased disruption of actin filaments. In conclusion, short‐term low dose CoCl2 treatment of ventricular preparations results in compromised contractile function. Treatment of non‐contractile cardiac fibroblasts with higher concentrations results in decreased ability of cells to proliferate as well as long‐term cell damage and death. It is likely that the cardiotoxic effects of CoCl2 are manifest in both contractile and non‐contractile cells of the heart. The underlying cellular mechanisms involved have yet to be established.