ЭКОЛОГО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННО РАЗВИТЫХ СТРАНАХ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГЕРМАНИИ И ИТАЛИИ
Authors: Ершов Д.Н. 
Published: February 2025

Рассмотрены процессы формирования государственной политики в области эколого-экономического регулирования в Германии и Италии. В статье представлена трансформация подходов к вопросам экономики природопользования в историческом разрезе под влиянием факторов научно-технического прогресса, общественно-социального развития и международного сотрудничества. Показан процесс усложнения механизмов эколого-экономического регулирования от простых запретительно-ограничительных мер к комплексной государственной политике с использованием механизмов экономического стимулирования. Представлены основные национальные особенности современного состояния экономики природопользования в контексте общей политики Европейского cоюза. Материал данной статьи представляет первую часть исследований проблем эколого-экономического регулирования в промышленно развитых странах.

Introduction. In recent years, environmental issues have firmly taken one of the leading places on the agenda of state bodies, international institutions and the society. Today in addition to technological approaches, methods of environmental and economic regulation are widely used in solving environmental problems. International experience provides many examples of their successful application. For Russia, this experience is highly relevant and allows to evaluate successful approaches, to analyze the progress achieved in other countries, to make comparisons with Russian practice and to elaborate possible ways to improve the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation. The goal of the research was to analyze the approaches to solve the environmental problems by the methods of environmental and economic regulation in the state policy of developed countries (Germany and Italy) at various historical stages, as well as to reveal the factors that influenced the formation of mechanisms for environmental and economic regulation. Analytical, historical, statistical, system-structural and cause-effect methods were used in the research. The results of the study are a structured description of the history of the development of mechanisms for environmental and economic regulation, as well as the factors that determined the characteristics of their formation and changes in the priorities of the state environmental policy of the considered countries. Conclusion. Formation of state environmental policy in Germany and in Italy has taken place and continues to develop under the influence of various factors: scientific and technological progress, social development and international cooperation. The mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation have evolved from simple prohibitive-restrictive measures to a comprehensive state policy using economic incentives. This occurred under the conditions and under the influence of transformation of general legal regulation and formation of comprehensive legislation in the field of environmental management. Currently, national policy of Germany and Italy in this area is being developed in close connection to the general policy of the European Union. In Russia, the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation are used fragmentary and do not form an integrated system. Besides, many tools, environmental insurance and independent environmental audit in particular, are not used. The mechanism used to pay for the negative impact on the environment is not a stimulating one, and its capabilities are far from being fully implemented, while the incentive mechanisms need to be developed and improved. As international experience shows, success can be achieved by improving legal mechanisms and financial tools in the presence of a comprehensive state policy in the field of environmental and economic regulation.