bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the integration of AI competencies in undergraduate public administration curricula in selected South African higher education institutions
Authors: Kamukapa Tinaye Des , Lubinga Stellah , Masiya Tyanai , Sono Lerato
Published: July 2024

There is an increasing call to include Artificial Intelligence (AI) competencies in academic disciplines such as Public Administration, which are not obviously related to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). However, the literature on the integration of AI in non-STEM curricula in South African higher education institutions (HEIs), especially in Public Administration curricula, is limited. To address this lacuna, this research assessed the integration of AI competencies in undergraduate Bachelor of Administration (BAdmin) curricula in three HEIs randomly selected from the six offering such a programme. The chosen qualitative research approach focused on human and technical competencies. The findings show that AI competencies are not adequately integrated into the Public Administration curricula of the assessed HEIs in the form of core modules supporting AI competencies. These competencies are only loosely supported by elective (optional) modules. This general AI competency gap in the Public Administration curricula of the assessed South African HEIs must be bridged to achieve a digital public sector by introducing focused AI competency training into the BAdmin curriculum. This will help to create a public sector workforce equipped to handle the opportunities and challenges presented by AI, and maximise the potential of this transformative technology.
Tension in Financial Reporting: Reacting to a Peer Bankruptcy Announcement
Authors: Delshadi Mahmoud , Hammami Ahmad , Magnan Michel
Published: July 2024

We investigate if and how a peer’s bankruptcy affects financial reporting by other firms within the industry. Prior research documents that the bankruptcy filing of a peer firm has negative capital market effects on other firms within the industry (lower stock market value and higher cost of debt). We argue that firms within an industry experiencing peer bankruptcies modify their financial reporting to mitigate such negative capital market effects. However, tension arises as to whether such modification is toward more conservative accounting or the opposite. Using a large sample of firms from 1980 to 2018, we find that following a peer firm bankruptcy filing, other firms within the industry exhibit a rise in conditional conservatism in their financial reporting. Our findings are robust to a battery of tests including the exclusion of distressed industries, the 2000 dot-com crash period, and the 2008 financial crisis period as well as employing an alternative proxy for conditional conservatism. The results are not significant for placebo bankruptcies 1 and 2 years before actual bankruptcies. Further analyses show that the spillover effects are more pronounced for firms in homogeneous industries, which exhibit higher leverage, with strong governance mechanisms, and in industries that experience strong market reaction following peer bankruptcy announcements. We also find that the bankruptcy filing of larger and older firms leads to stronger spillover effects.
A Survey and Content Analysis of the Quality of Behavior Guidance Policies in Tennessee Early Childhood Programs
Authors: Clayback Kelsey A. , Yang Hsiu-Wen , Domingo Maddisen , Barton Erin E. , Hemmeter Mary Louise
Published: July 2024

Developmentally and culturally appropriate program behavior policies that are clearly communicated and implemented successfully can prevent exclusion and positively impact teachers, children, and families. However, it is unclear if policies are high quality or designed to equitably support positive behavior. We examined behavior policies from 41 child care programs in Tennessee. Using a rating tool, we found that policies were very low quality and lacked information on family engagement, staff training, and the use of data. Policies also exhibited several red flags, including using euphemisms for exclusion, using soft exclusion, and articulating three strikes or zero tolerance policies for certain child behaviors. Finally, leaders reported no formal staff training on the policy, though staff were expected to discuss policies with families. From these findings, it is clear that we need to provide more support and guidance to program leaders and other staff related to creating and implementing behavior policies.
Hybrid trajectory planning of two permanent magnets for medical robotic applications
Authors: Brockdorff Michael , da Veiga Tomas , Davy Joshua , Lloyd Peter , Chandler James H , Pittiglio Giovanni , Mathew Ryan K , Valdastri Pietro
Published: July 2024

Independent robotic manipulation of two large permanent magnets, in the form of the dual External Permanent Magnet (dEPM) system has demonstrated the possibility for enhanced magnetic control by allowing for actuation up to eight magnetic degrees of freedom (DOFs) at clinically relevant scales. This precise off-board control has facilitated the use of magnetic agents as medical devices, including catheter-like soft continuum robots (SCRs). The use of multiple robotically actuated permanent magnets poses the risk of collision between the robotic arms, the environment, and the patient. Furthermore, unconstrained transitions between actuation inputs can lead to undesired spikes in magnetic fields potentially resulting in unsafe manipulator deformation. This paper presents a hybrid approach to trajectory planning for the dEPM platform. This is performed by splitting the planning problem in two: first finding a collision-free physical path for the two robotically actuated permanent magnets before combining this with a path in magnetic space, which permits for a smooth change in magnetic fields and gradients. This algorithm was characterized by actuating each of the eight magnetic DOFs sequentially, eliminating any potential collisions and reducing the maximum undesired actuation value by 203.7 mT for fields and by 418.7 mT/m for gradients. The effect of this planned magnetic field actuation on a SCR was then examined through two case studies. First, a tip-driven SCR was moved to set points within a confined area. Actuation using the proposed planner reduced movement outside the restricted area by an average of 41.3%. Lastly, the use of the proposed magnetic planner was shown to be essential in navigating a multi-segment magnetic SCR to the site of an aneurysm within a silicone brain phantom.
A Comprehensive Business Location Choice Model Leveraging Machine Learning in Systematic Choice Set
Authors: Mahmud Niaz , Habib Muhammad Ahsanul
Published: July 2024

This study develops a comprehensive two-stage location choice framework for business establishments as part of a goods movements modeling. This study aims to formulate a systematic methodology for investigating the location choice of business establishments within Halifax Regional Municipality. This study presents a novel approach that leverages machine learning techniques to generate a systematic choice set, thereby improving the representation of realistic and reasonable location alternatives. Info Canada Business Establishments dataset 2022 is employed to achieve the aim of this study. Combining an unsupervised machine learning technique with the mixed multinomial logit model facilitates a data-driven approach to enhance the precision and robustness of business establishment location choice models. This approach possesses the potential to unveil latent patterns and heterogeneity among potential choice alternatives that may remain obscured when utilizing a conventional multinomial logit model. This thorough analysis offers robust insights into the factors influencing the location choice of business establishments. The findings obtained from this comprehensive study suggest that wholesalers prioritize proximity to highways and positions within business parks for their operations while avoiding higher population density and central business district proximity. Transportation businesses seek larger sites and locations near highways, favoring clustering with related transport companies and valuing accessibility and cost-effectiveness over proximity to business parks or rural settings. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights for commercial vehicle and goods movement modeling, business location strategies, and policymaking concerning sustainable urban development.
Introduction to the Third Generation Simulation Dataset: Data Collection and Trajectory Extraction
Authors: Ammourah Rami , Beigi Pedram , Fan Bingyi , Hamdar Samer H. , Hourdos John , Hsiao Chun-Chien , James Rachel , Khajeh-Hosseini Mohammdreza , Mahmassani Hani S. , Monzer Dana , Radvand Tina , Talebpour Alireza , Yousefi Mahdi , Zhang Yanlin
Published: July 2024

This study aims to provide accurate trajectory datasets capable of characterizing human–automated vehicle interactions under a diverse set of scenarios in diverse highway environments. Distinct methods were utilized to collect data from Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 automated vehicles: (1) fixed location aerial videography (a helicopter hovers over a segment of interest); (2) moving aerial videography (a helicopter follows the automated vehicles as they move in a much longer segment than in the first method); and (3) infrastructure-based videography (multiple overlapping cameras located on overpasses creating a comprehensive image of the study area). Utilizing the fixed location aerial videography approach, trajectories were extracted on I-90/I-94 in Chicago, IL. The moving aerial videography approach was adopted to extract four datasets on I-90/I-94 and I-294 in Chicago, IL. Finally, two datasets were collected on I-395 and George Washington University Campus in Washington, D.C., using the infrastructure-based videography approach. Extracting multiple complete and accurate vehicle trajectories raises a set of methodological and practical challenges that vary across the three data measurement approaches. The methodological details to extract these trajectories are presented in this paper along with the lessons learned with respect to data collection setup, instrumentation, and experimental design efforts.
A review on textile solid waste management: Disposal and recycling
Authors: Sanjrani Manzoor Ahmed , Gang Xue , Mirza Syed Nasir Ali
Published: July 2024

Due to global population growth and living standards improvements, textile production and consumption are increased. Textile solid waste has become challenging issue for waste management authority. It is reported that textile materials are discarded daily, representing approximately 1.5% of the generated waste around the world. Over the past few decades, special attention has been given to the used clothes in all regions globally, which can reduce energy costs by 80% and also represent a source of raw materials economically profitable and environmentally responsible. This review article attempted to address different topics including: source of solid textile waste, environmental impact of textile waste as a result of massive consumption of clothing, textile waste management processes such as recycling, reuse of textile waste, landfill and incineration and energy recovery from textile waste. Narrative review with collection of recent quantitative information was carried to reflect the status of textile solid waste. In this article, the possibilities of bio-ethanol production from textile waste as valuable cellulosic raw material are investigated and presented. Results show that developing countries lack of systematic waste management. On another side of the globe, some countries are trying to recover energy these days by incineration. The heat and power that recovered from this process can be used instead of other energy sources. Throughout the incineration process, flue gases (CO2, H2O, O2, N2) are generated so it should be properly designed to avoid pollution. During energy recovery, different pre-treatment methods and different enzymatic hydrolysis parameters are recommended to be implied for better results.
Where Do I Go from Here? Evaluating Professional Development in Undergraduate Planning Education
Authors: Keyes Laura M. , Ames Fischer Lauren
Published: July 2024

Urban planning education emphasizes professional development and career preparedness. Undergraduate programs can recruit a broader diversity of students to planning but require different approaches to professional development than graduate programs. In this paper, we evaluate existing research on undergraduate and graduate planning education in the United States. Using a survey of undergraduates and an assessment of studio learning outcomes, we explore student perspectives on professional development. Students see value in technical skills and networking but less in community-based projects. We also find that using individual development plans in studio learning helps undergraduate students see the value of ongoing professional development.
Did the First COVID-19 National Lockdown Lead to an Increase in Domestic Abuse in the U.K.’s Capital City of London?
Authors: Gray Chelsea , Hansen Kirstine
Published: July 2024

On March 23, 2020, the United Kingdom went into national lockdown to stop the spread of COVID-19. In this paper, we examine whether a policy aimed at minimizing the health consequences of the pandemic had unintended negative consequences for domestic abuse. Using data from the Metropolitan Police in England we estimate the impact of lockdown on domestic abuse in the 32 boroughs that make up the London metropolitan area. Using a before and after approach, and controlling for other factors, we show an increase in the probability of being a victim of domestic abuse during lockdown similar in magnitude to the increase experienced over the Christmas holidays. However, the overall picture masks inequalities across groups: with women, younger and older people, and people of Asian, Arab, and Middle Eastern ethnicity subject to the highest increases, reflecting vulnerabilities and existing inequalities. Of the domestic abuse-related crimes, it is the most violent crimes that saw the greatest increases during lockdown. Once lockdown restrictions are eased, rates decline but remain slightly higher than prior to lockdown up to 3 months later. The results present a clear message for policy makers: a policy adopted to alleviate one problem, even in times of crisis, must factor in the impact this may have in other areas. Failure to do so in this situation, despite existing evidence linking domestic abuse to stress, confinement, and crisis situations prior to lockdown, has resulted in an increase in domestic violence in the U.K.’s capital city, during lockdown and beyond.
Trauma, PTSD, and Self-Efficacy: Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening in Sexual Violence Survivors
Authors: Bengtson Lillian , Lynch Shannon
Published: July 2024

Sexual violence is highly prevalent in the United States and is associated with a host of negative physical and mental health outcomes. Specifically, sexual violence is associated with increased rates of cervical cancer, one of the most common cancers found in women. Furthermore, sexual violence survivors report reduced participation in preventive healthcare behaviors (e.g., Pap tests) which may reduce individuals’ risk of developing reproductive health conditions such as cancer. Sexual violence exposure is also associated with increased symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reduced trauma-coping self-efficacy (TCSE), two factors that may impact trauma-exposed individuals’ level of avoidance of cervical cancer screens. Current research on the connection between sexual violence and reproductive healthcare often fails to examine potential underlying mechanisms behind this association, nor does it account for confounding factors such as healthcare accessibility and need. Accordingly, the present study tested a proposed moderated mediation model to explore the association between sexual violence and cervical cancer screening participation, including analysis of the indirect effect of TCSE and potential moderation of this effect by PTSD symptoms. Participants were 554 participants who reported experiences of sexual violence on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Severity of sexual violence was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of participation in recommended cervical cancer screening. TCSE did not mediate nor did PTSD moderate this association. Findings of this study suggest that individuals’ reproductive healthcare behaviors are influenced by their experiences of sexual trauma, as well as by structural factors such as insurance and income. Limitations, directions for future research, and clinical implications of study findings are discussed.
The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Mental Health and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Talebisiavashani Fatemeh , Mohammadi-Sartang Mohsen
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To assess whether mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) affect mental health and cognitive abilities in older adults.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to June 2023. Weight mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were provided as summary statistics.

Results

In total, 26 articles were eligible. Overall, MBIs showed a statistically significant improvement in depression, anxiety, quality of life, and working memory compared to controls. However, no significant effects of MBIs on other cognitive parameters were found. In moderator analysis, less than eight weeks of MBIs showed greater improvement in anxiety and quality of life than longer periods. There was no evidence for publication bias.

Discussion

Mindfulness-based interventions can be an encouraging alternative in place of conventional treatments in improving depression, anxiety, quality of life and working memory in cognition among older adults. However, findings strongly recommend future research to have definite conclusion.
Design optimization of a wearable chair using The Bees Algorithm
Authors: Ayğahoğlu Mert Eren , Çakan Abdullah , Kalyoncu Mete
Published: July 2024

A wearable chair is designed to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in workers. Two-staged optimization process using The Bees Algorithm is conducted to determine the lowest operable height of the chair and minimize the maximum force among the three supports. Geometric, dimensional, and rotational angle constraints are defined accordingly. A CAD model of the chair is imported into ADAMS software for simulation. The simulation results identified the most stressed rod in the chair. A spring is selected and implemented in ADAMS to counteract the applied force on this rod. A comparison between the force on the most stressed support and the spring force through a defined motion revealed minimal differences, indicating that the spring effectively counteracted the applied force. The results demonstrated the successful application of The Bees Algorithm to wearable chairs and the successful implementation of a spring to counteract applied force, thereby achieving the objectives of this study.
Above the roads: Unleashing unmanned aerial vehicles and image processing for traffic analysis
Authors: Gheorghe Carmen , Boboc Răzvan Gabriel , Gîrbacia Florin , Şoica Adrian
Published: July 2024

Road traffic surveillance using unmanned aerial vehicles is a practice that can be found especially in the field of intelligent vehicle management, which is still in the early stages of research and application. This paper presents three methods of analyzing traffic data. One method is a conventional one, based on Doppler radar detection and the other two methods analyze images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles, being based on deep learning techniques. After acquiring the images, they went through a complex processing process to eliminate noise and improve the clarity of the image, then the identification of the vehicles was done by recognizing moving objects and highlighting them either through a bounding box or through labelling. The quality of images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles is similar to the quality of images obtained from fixed surveillance cameras. The comparative analysis of the results obtained through image processing, together with those obtained through a conventional method of traffic analysis, the Doppler radar, highlighted the fact that video detection used in intelligent vehicle management is a method that both researchers and local authorities can rely on the performance of traffic studies or the analysis of traffic incidents and accidents.
Defending an interceptor with lure role scenario: A finite-time cooperative guidance method
Authors: Guo Yang , Zhang Shuai , Wang Shaobo , Wang Shicheng , Liu Zhiguo
Published: July 2024

The problem of multi-aircraft cooperative intercepting maneuvering targets is focused in the study. To effectively save the required cost of interception, a cooperative guidance scheme with different roles is considered, and a cooperative guidance method is proposed based on H2 norm performance index under finite-time boundedness conditions. First, a cooperative interception model is established based on the relative motion equation and first-order dynamics characteristics. Second, by considering the system state and finite-time stability characteristics of the output, sufficient conditions for the synthesis of the H2 norm performance of the system under the finite-time bounded conditions are derived. Then, under the finite-time boundedness conditions, a cooperative guidance method with lure roles is designed based on the H2 norm performance index synthesis method. The proposed method can ensure that the defender satisfies the output finite-time convergence characteristic with a small energy consumption. Furthermore, the intermediate state does not exceed the predetermined limit value and effectively saves the overload required for interception during the guidance process. Additionally, simulation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Strategic labour inspection in fissured workplaces and transnational employment relations: Lessons from co-enforcement approaches and transgovernmental cooperation
Authors: Haidinger Bettina , Lillie Nathan , Sanz de Miguel Pablo , Saksela-Bergholm Sanna , Arasanz Juan
Published: July 2024

This paper examines strategic enforcement approaches relying on co-enforcement and transgovernmentalist. It examines three cases in the construction industry in Austria, Asturias (Spain), and Poland, as well as three cases in maritime shipping in Finland, Spain, and Poland, focussing on Labour Inspection’s (LI)s motivations for engaging in co-enforcement and transnational cooperation. Data collection involved desk research, semi-structured interviews (39 construction and 14 in maritime), observation of inspections, and participant observation in EU seminars we organised together with regulatory actors (specific details are provided in the appendix). Findings show that LI’s selection of co-enforcement and transnational alliances are driven by the specific and highly contingent challenges each organisation faces. LI organisations are seeking to exploit synergies, but both the material reality and perception of these depends on diverse pre-existing infrastructures and organisation-specific assets.
A qualitative investigation of the experiences of patients living with antiphospholipid antibodies
Authors: Cardwell Francesca S , Kobza Alexandra O , Elliott Susan J , Gibson Paul S , Soliman Nancy , Skeith Leslie , Clarke Ann E , Barber Megan RW
Published: July 2024

Objective

Substantial morbidity and mortality affect those with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), yet patient experiences remain poorly understood. This research investigated patient experiences of aPL/APS diagnosis; effects on daily life; and healthcare and treatment.

Methods

Patients aged ≥18 years with APS per the Revised Sapporo criteria or with ≥1 positive aPL on ≥2 occasions were recruited from a Canadian multidisciplinary APS clinic to participate in semi-structured in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted virtually and transcribed verbatim for subsequent thematic analysis.

Results

Twenty-one patients with aPLs/APS participated; 95.2% were female, mean (SD) age was 45.6 (15.0) years. Most (71.4%) had APS, and 71.4% had aPLs/APS with SLE. Results are presented around patient experiences of aPL/APS diagnosis, effects on daily life, and healthcare and treatment. Participants described medical complications/physical symptoms and the healthcare, lifestyle, and emotional impacts experienced around the time of aPLs/APS diagnosis. In addition to the physical and psychosocial impacts of living with aPLs/APS, patients reported modified leisure activities, altered employment trajectories, and positive and negative impacts on relationships. Impacts on family planning were also a critical component of the aPL/APS lived experience; participants shared experiences of miscarriage, other pregnancy complications, and medication-related challenges (e.g., with low-molecular-weight heparin injections). Challenging aspects of aPL/APS healthcare and treatment were also discussed, particularly related to the lifestyle, physical, and emotional burden of medication use. Although a lack of resources was described, participants expressed trust in healthcare providers when making management decisions or when seeking information. Suggestions for resources included the need for additional medication-related information, examples to help contextualize management behaviours, and additional information for those with aPLs/APS without SLE.

Conclusion

Patients highlighted how the diverse manifestations of aPLs/APS, accentuated by management-related challenges, impose considerable physical and psychosocial burdens. Results will inform the development of patient resources aligned with patient priorities.
The growth of nursing professional values – A grounded theory
Authors: Li Jialin , Li Xiaohan
Published: July 2024

Background

The formation of nursing professional values is crucial to the development of the nursing profession, but it is influenced by various factors. The process of shaping nursing professional values in different growth contexts has been overlooked. In order to establish professional values in the context of Chinese nursing, it is necessary to investigate the evolution of nursing professional values throughout history.

Purpose

To develop a theory of professional values growth from a nursing context. Design: This study adopted a grounded theory approach from Strauss and Corbin.

Participants

From November 2021 to March 2022, a total of 33 participants were included.

Methods

Data were collected using a semi-structured interview over telephone or online or face to face and were analysed using open, axial, and selective coding, with the help of MAXQDA 2020.

Ethical Considerations

The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the China Medical University. All participants signed the informed consent and agreed to be interviewed before the study.

Findings

The study has developed a theoretical construct of nursing professional values growth that consists of five dimensions: key aspects, decisive opportunities, drivers, embodiment, and shaping outcomes. And key aspects include four subcategories (the initial stage, the consciousness stage, the core stage, and the action stage). Decisive opportunities come from organisations and individuals. Drivers consist of social culture and self-trait, and embodiment covers two subcategories (humanism and ethical emotions). The last dimension is shaping outcomes, which consists of three subcategories (maintaining the original intention, professionalism, and instilling professional values).

Discussion

The theory demonstrates the individual development process of nursing professional values in different interactive contexts, the context of its interaction with social and personal values is revealed, and the dynamics and mechanisms of the formation of personal psychological qualities in professional values from a nursing context are discovered.

Conclusions

This theory reveals the mechanisms that shape nursing professional values and can provide guidance for the growth of nursing students’ professional values.
A Look at External Political Efficacy and the Role of Digital Skills in the Adults U.S. Population
Authors: Punksungka Wonmai , Yamashita Takashi , Narine Donnette , Helsinger Abigail , Cummins Phyllis A. , Kramer Jenna W. , Karam Rita
Published: July 2024

The ability to effectively use digital technology and problem-solve are critical skills for maintaining democratic health, particularly as civil society and the modern digital landscape continuously evolve. However, information on whether individuals have the critical problem-solving skills to use digital technology and confidently affect change is yet to be further explored. Using data from the 2017 Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies ( n = 2749), we examined the associations between digital problem-solving skills and the three levels (low, neutral, high) of external political efficacy in the U.S. adult population. We used multinomial logistic regression and found a positive association between digital problem-solving skills and external political efficacy, while explanations for the three levels of efficacy are nuanced. Continuous development of digital problem-solving skills through adult education has implications for political efficacy, and ultimately for the promotion of a variety of civic engagement in the adult life stages.
Development of a semi-active MR inerter for seismic protection of civil structures
Authors: Jin Shida , Chen Zexin , Sun Shuaishuai , Deng Lei , Yang Jian , Du Haiping , Li Weihua
Published: July 2024

Civil engineering structures are susceptible to collapsing when exposed to severe vibrations. Therefore, it is essential to protect them from undesirable vibrations triggered by natural calamities like earthquakes or strong winds. This paper proposes an innovative semi-active Magnetorheological (MR) inerter system with a compact structure for seismic protection. The inerter system consists of four rubber bearings and the semi-active MR inerter. The inertance of the semi-active MR inerter can be switched according to different working scenarios. This unique operating principle enhances the adaptability of the system. To assess the performance of the proposed inerter system, a scaled three-storey building was constructed following scaling laws. Four scaled earthquake signals with different dominant frequencies were used as ground motion excitations. An inertance switch controller based on short-time Fourier transformation (STFT) methodology was built to determine the desired inertance of the inerter. Both the simulation and experimental results indicated that the proposed semi-active MR inerter system provides superior vibration mitigation capacity over the passive inerter systems. Specifically, the employment of the semi-active MR inerter effectively reduces the acceleration responses of the structures under different seismic excitations.
A Battery-Powered Tool to Move Utility Manhole Covers: Field Data and Proof of Concept
Authors: Marklin Richard W. , Schabelski Jay , Gallagher Sean , Nail-Ulloa Iván , Shober John
Published: July 2024

A new tool was designed and fabricated for workers to remove and replace electric utility manhole and vault covers. This tool, which is portable and weighs 7.26 kg (16 lb.), employs a battery-powered electric motor to raise and lower the cover, reducing the manual force. The design was based on field observations and biomechanical measurements of utility workers who moved manhole covers. Biomechanical data from the pilot study reveal the tool’s potential to reduce risk of a back injury. Field observations and data demonstrate the proof of concept, and the design will be further developed.
Fed Up: The Determinants of Public Opposition to the U.S. Federal Reserve
Authors: Anson Ian G.
Published: July 2024

The U.S. Federal Reserve plays a major role in the global economy, despite low public awareness of its functions and responsibilities. Scholars have recently noted three ongoing developments in the politics of the Fed: A dramatic increase in the size of the Fed’s balance sheet, a decrease in the Fed’s insulation from partisan politics, and evidence that the Fed has struggled to manage inflation in recent times. Despite the contributions of recent studies, little is known about how Americans’ levels of diffuse and specific public support for Federal agencies are influenced by trends in agencies’ size and scope, politicization, and performance. In this study, I use a survey experimental design to evaluate the effects of emphasis frames on support for the Federal Reserve. Results demonstrate that while specific support declines in reaction to frames that associate Fed actions with rising inflation, messages about the Fed’s growing balance sheet erode diffuse support for the Fed. However, when reminded of the Fed’s declining political independence, partisans’ levels of support diverge. These results imply the potential for substantial future declines in public support for the operation of this critical, yet largely overlooked, Federal institution, especially among partisans of the presidential out-party.
Clarifying the Relationship Between Political Consumerism and Political Persuasion Over Time
Authors: Scheffauer Rebecca , Medina Lana , Gil de Zúñiga Homero
Published: July 2024

Political consumerism has emerged as a popular form of participation among lay citizens. For the most part, research has delved into the main antecedents that explain this type of consumption. However, research has generally neglected to consider political consumerism as an independent variable, and its role influencing and igniting other forms of political behavior. This study theoretically argues that politically motivated consumerism will incite people to generally seek to persuade others of political issues. Using causal order tests and Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Structural Equation Models from a two-wave panel survey from the United States, the study shows robust empirical evidence that this is the case.
The American Peace Movement’s Use of Religious Influence and “The Pulpit” as a Public Relations Strategy in the Early 1800s
Authors: Wilson Christopher , Page Tyler G. , Adams Edward E.
Published: July 2024

In response to calls for more public relations historical research in sectors outside business and before the 20th century, this research examines the communication efforts of American peace societies from the early to mid-1800s. It finds that peace societies demonstrated strategic intent, honored human agency, and employed full-time public relations practitioners. In addition, this research documents a nondenominational reform movement applying the strategic communication systems developed by American evangelical Christianity. Moreover, it pushes back the boundaries of the earliest known use of a religious public relations strategy by a social reform movement by 65 years.
Funding (In)security and Challenges: Non-Profit Literacy Programming and Neoliberal Contradictions in Canada
Authors: Gallagher Tiffany L. , Gosine Kevin , Parker Darlene Ciuffetelli
Published: July 2024

Increasingly, the non-profit sector is expected to provide services for which the state previously took responsibility, and plays a vital role in providing key supports, such as those related to literacy and building social capital. In a jurisdiction of Ontario, Canada, local funding for literacy programs ceased without warning. In this qualitative study, stakeholders consisting of program users ( n = 72), staff ( n = 11), and program leads ( n = 8) shared their experiences regarding the goals, activities, impacts, and needs of the programs through interviews and focus groups. Findings illuminate both challenges and recommendations for future implementation in three themes: (1) Identifying and reconciling funding gaps and restrictions; (2) requiring supports for human resources; and (3) communicating, cooperating, and collaborating to survive. The challenges faced by financially strapped, non-profit entities highlight a fundamental contradiction within neoliberal ideology: Neoliberal-induced funding scarcity within the non-profit sector can undermine the capacity of community organizations to promote neoliberal ideals related to self-reliance and resilience.
Safety Assessment of Vinylpyrrolidone Polymers as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Johnson Wilbur , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Fiume Monice , Heldreth Bart
Published: July 2024

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of 30 vinylpyrrolidone polymers as used in cosmetic products; most of these ingredients have the reported cosmetic function of film former in common. The Panel reviewed data relevant to the safety of these ingredients, and determined that 27 vinylpyrrolidone polymers are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment. The Panel also concluded that the available data are insufficient to make a determination that 3 vinylpyrrolidone polymers (all urethanes) are safe under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.
MicroRNA Transcriptomes Reveal Prevalence of Rare and Species-Specific Arm Switching Events During Zebrafish Ontogenesis
Authors: Oliveira Arthur Casulli de , Bovolenta Luiz Augusto , Figueiredo Lucas , Ribeiro Amanda De Oliveira , Pereira Beatriz Jacinto Alves , de Almeida Talita Roberto Aleixo , Campos Vinicius Farias , Patton James G , Pinhal Danillo
Published: July 2024

In metazoans, microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression, affecting critical cellular processes from differentiation and proliferation, to homeostasis. During miRNA biogenesis, the miRNA strand that loads onto the RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC) can vary, leading to changes in gene targeting and modulation of biological pathways. To investigate the impact of these “arm switching” events on gene regulation, we analyzed a diverse range of tissues and developmental stages in zebrafish by comparing 5p and 3p arms accumulation dynamics between embryonic developmental stages, adult tissues, and sexes. We also compared variable arm usage patterns observed in zebrafish to other vertebrates including arm switching data from fish, birds, and mammals. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that variable arm usage events predominantly take place during embryonic development. It is also noteworthy that isomiR occurrence correlates to changes in arm selection evidencing an important role of microRNA distinct isoforms in reinforcing and modifying gene regulation by promoting dynamics switches on miRNA 5p and 3p arms accumulation. Our results shed new light on the emergence and coordination of gene expression regulation and pave the way for future investigations in this field.
Perspectives on relationality in online Indigenous language learning
Authors: Tennell Courtney , Chew Kari AB
Published: July 2024

This study focuses on perspectives and experiences of Indigenous community members who have either created or are in the process of creating computer-assisted language learning courses for Indigenous languages and how these community members center relationality in the creation of the courses. We engaged a decolonizing and relational methodology to document Indigenous language courses and co-create knowledge with Indigenous language course creators. We conducted qualitative interviews with creators of 11 asynchronous Indigenous language computer-assisted language learning courses to learn how these creators enact relationality and cultural values in online language courses. From analysis of these interviews, five key themes emerged related to: (a) language planning; (b) partnering with technology providers; (c) Indigenous expertise; (d) decolonizing praxis; and (e) relational epistemologies. The researchers share ways that communities can center relational epistemologies when creating their own computer-assisted language learning courses.
Foodborne Microbiological Hazards in Ghana: A Scoping Review
Authors: Ahiabor Wisdom K , Kotey Fleischer C N , Tetteh-Quarcoo Patience B , Donkor Eric S
Published: July 2024

Background:

Foodborne diseases pose a significant public health threat, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and food handling practices. These diseases, mainly caused by microbiological hazards like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, affect millions globally. Despite the global burden, the true extent of these hazards remains underestimated, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Ghana. This study aimed to map the available literature on foodborne microbiological hazards in Ghana, providing an overview of the evidence and identifying areas where further research is needed.

Method:

This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews. A detailed search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and articles were exported to Rayyan for screening. A three-phase screening process was used to identify relevant articles. Data from the included articles were extracted and analysed, with specific information related to food type, specific hazards, sample population, and hazard groups summarised using proportions and tables.

Results:

This review included 72 studies which were published between 2001 and 2023. Eighty-five percent of these studies (85%) reported on bacterial hazards, while 19%, 11%, and 6% reported on fungi, parasites, and mycotoxins, respectively. The most reported bacterial, fungal, and parasitic hazards were Escherichia coli, Aspergillus spp. and Trichuris trichiura, respectively. Aflatoxins were reported in maize, groundnut, and spices, with prevalence ranging from 61% to 100% and at levels exceeding standards set by Ghana Standards Authority and European Food Safety Authority.

Conclusion:

This review highlighted the spectrum of microbiological hazards in foods in Ghana. The hazards identified pose significant public health risks, particularly among vulnerable populations. It is crucial that stricter enforcement of food safety laws and improved food handling practices are implemented in the country, particularly in the informal food sector, to protect consumers.
Development and Outcomes of Returning Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure Results in the Washington Heights, NYC Community
Authors: Riley Kylie W , Burke Kimberly , Dixon Holly , Holmes Darrell , Calero Lehyla , Barton Michael , Miller Rachel L , Bramer Lisa M , Waters Katrina M , Anderson Kim A , Herbstman Julie , Rohlman Diana
Published: July 2024

Report-back of research results (RBRR) is becoming standard practice for environmental health research studies. RBRR is thought to increase environmental health literacy (EHL), although standardized measurements are limited. For this study, we developed a report back document on exposure to air pollutants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, during pregnancy through community engaged research and evaluated whether the report increased EHL. We used focus groups and surveys to gather feedback on the report document from an initial group of study participants (Group 1, n = 22) and then sent the revised report to a larger number of participants (Group 2, n = 168). We conducted focus groups among participants in Group 1 and discussed their suggested changes to the report and how those changes could be implemented. Participants in focus groups demonstrated multiple levels of EHL. While participant engagement critically informed report development, a survey comparing feedback from Group 1 (initial report) and Group 2 (revised report) did not show a significant difference in the ease of reading the report or knowledge gained about air pollutants. We acknowledge that our approach was limited by a lack of EHL tools that assess knowledge and behavior change, and a reliance on quantitative methodologies. Future approaches that merge qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate RBRR and methodologies for assessing RBRR materials and subsequent changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, may be necessary.
Investigating Microbial Contamination of Indoor Air, Environmental Surfaces, and Medical Equipment in a Southwestern Ethiopia Hospital
Authors: Belay Mekdes Mekonen , Ambelu Argaw , Mekonen Seblework , Karbana Gedeno , Yemane Bethlehem
Published: July 2024

Introduction:

Healthcare-associated infections, primarily caused by microorganisms, are widespread in healthcare facilities. These infections pose a significant challenge, especially in low and middle-income countries, and have a detrimental impact on patient outcomes. It is crucial to assess the level of microbial load and associated factors to prevent the spread of these infections. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial load and identify the factors associated with it in various wards at Jimma Medical Center.

Method:

A cross-sectional study conducted at Jimma Medical Center. Indoor air samples were collected using the settle plate method with a 1/1/1 scheme. Inanimate surfaces and medical equipment were sampled using Swabs from a 10 × 10 cm area. A total of 268 samples were collected from 10 rooms. Pertinent information regarding the associated factors was gathered using an observational checklist. A multiple linear regression model was used to identify any associations with the microbial load.

Result:

Out of the total samples, 181 (67.5%) tested positive for culture, and 270 microbes were isolated. The average load of bacteria and fungi in the indoor air ranged from 124.4 to 1607 and 96 to 814.6 Colony-forming unit (CFU)/m3, respectively. The mean total aerobic colony counts of bacteria and fungi from all surfaces in the wards ranged from 5.25 to 43.3 CFU/cm2. Crowdedness [β = 2.748 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.057-4.44)], the presence of waste material [β = 1.747 (95% CI: 0.213-3.282)], and an unclean room [β = 2.505 (95% CI: 0.990-4.019)] were significantly associated with the microbial load.

Conclusion:

The microbial load detected in indoor air, inanimate surfaces and medical equipment was posing potential health risks. Consequently, it is recommended to implement regular microbial surveillance of the hospital environment and enhance the infection prevention program to mitigate these concerns.
The Effect of Economic Growth on the Utilisation of Childhood Immunisation: New Evidence From 50 African Countries
Authors: Immurana Mustapha , Abdul Rahman Abdul Mumin
Published: July 2024

Africa bears the greatest brunt of under-five mortality in the world. Among the major approaches used in tackling under-five deaths is childhood immunisation. While income is regarded as a major determinant of demand for child health inputs including immunisation, the existing studies are microlevel analyses, which do not provide a bigger picture of how an enhancement in economic growth (aggregate income) contributes to the utilisation of childhood immunisation in an economy as a whole. Since Africa has experienced economic growth in the recent decades, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by examining the contribution of economic growth to the utilisation of childhood immunisation in selected African countries. The study uses a panel design involving data on 50 African countries over the period, 2002 to 2019. Utilisation of DPT (diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough) and tetanus) and measles immunisation are used as proxies for childhood immunisation while the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regression is used as the estimation technique. We find economic growth to have a positive significant effect on the utilisation of childhood immunisation. Thus, it is imperative to intensify the enablers of economic growth in Africa in order to increase the utilisation of childhood immunisation.