bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Représentation du politique, politique de la représentation : les préfets de Lucien Leuwen
Authors: Bourdenet Xavier
Published: November 2007

Par leur statut de représentants du pouvoir, leur montre excessivement théâtralisée et le lien qu'ils entretiennent avec la pratique de la députation politique à travers l'épisode des élections, les trois personnages de préfets de Lucien Leuwen permettent d'interroger et de mettre à l'épreuve les trois niveaux d'analyse que Roger Chartier propose dans sa définition de la représentation. À savoir une dimension cognitive (au travers de schèmes d'appréciation), théâtrale (par un travail de mise en scène dans lequel s'engendrent les identités sociales) et politique (par l'instauration de représentants qui peuvent être des individus particuliers, des institutions ou des instances abstraites). Si elles ne permettent pas à elles seules d'envisager la dimension valeur de nos trois personnages au sein de Lucien Leuwen, ces distinctions rigoureuses peuvent néanmoins être reprises à son compte par une lecture sociocritique du roman pour immerger le texte dans le discours social qu'il présuppose et dont il porte trace. Elles permettent ainsi de penser comment, pour Stendhal, la représentation, dans son sens politique, est une structure essentielle, conceptuelle de la modernité.
Représentation de la maladie et construction de la différence des sexes. Des maladies de femmes aux maladies nerveuses, l'hystérie comme exemple
Authors: Edelman Nicole
Published: November 2007

Cet article propose l'analyse de l'évolution de deux maladies-miroirs du XIXe siècle, l'hystérie et l'hypocondrie puis celle de l'hystérie seule. Ces maladies sont étudiées à travers les énoncés médicaux et le discours littéraire dans leurs liens avec les changements politiques et sociaux. Il s'agit de mettre au jour le rôle de la médecine et de ses constructions discursives dans le reclassement constant de la place de chaque sexe dans la société. Les étapes d'une étiologie hystérique utérine à une étiologie neuro-cérébrale sont ainsi significatives des réajustements de l'organisation sociale de la différence des sexes.
Progrès et reprise dans l'histoire de Michelet
Authors: Petitier Paule
Published: November 2007

qui s'inspire de la catégorie de l'essai. Le développement de son œuvre, par son rythme et ses ramifications, donne à lire l'ajustement de sa vision du progrès. Après 1850 l'idée que la régression constitue une modalité paradoxale, mais essentielle, du progrès devient déterminante. Toute avancée suppose une démarche réflexive qui justifie d'ailleurs le rôle de l'historien dans l'Histoire.
De l'anecdote à la chronique
Authors: Rannaud Gérald
Published: November 2007

Stendhal is in search for writing «history of the present time» (Romantisme, n° 1/2000), deciding are the years which elapse between Armance and Le Rouge et le Noir. The half failure of his first "novel" induces, following Racine and Shakespeare, a new reflexion on modernism in literature and the possibilities of novelistic writing. From convictions on the progress of history and modernism in arts asserted since L'Histoire de la Peinture en Italie and De l'Amour this "work", by rereading and critical rewriting of all the contemporary Novel, from L.-B. Picard to Mme de Duras, allows him to invent, with Le Rouge et le Noir, the Modem Novel.
Le théâtre romantique polonais
Authors: Maslowski Michel
Published: November 2007

The original form of the romantic drama, which was created in Poland in the thirties of the 19th century, is related to a transcendence crisis and a change of the vision of the world after French Revolution. This theater of participation combines metaphysics and politics and introduces to the stage, beside romantic plots of Nature and History, a new actor: the community, the nation. The monopoly basing of legitimate culture is removed from the institutional power by the commitment of ethical consensus into culture. At the same time the tie of the individual, responsible for the collective life, with the community that grants the individual his identity manages without institutional mediation and becomes direct. These three dramas by creating a form and an ideological tradition influenced not only political events (1968 riots), but also gave birth to many literary and drama masterpieces to follow, from Wyspianski or Gombrowicz to avant-garde artists, like Grotowski or Kantor.
Roman, rhétorique et éloquence chez Madame de Staël, de Delphine à Corinne
Authors: Delpeyroux Marie-Françoise
Published: November 2007

Madame de Stael seems to use the term «rhetoric» not very often. When she does, it generally has the negative meaning already found in Plato: a fallacious use of speech which, in society as well as in the arts, fails to reach the truth of the individual, and even — paradoxically — to accomplish mimesis, that is to say artistic truth. On the other hand, the Ciceronian tradition would incline us to assume that «eloquence» seems the appropriate term to define the use of language by Corinne and her friends, leading to the elaboration of a collective truth in aesthetic and literary matters. Eloquence also was the concept so heartfully sustained by Mme de Stael in her essay. De la litterature as a symbol of intellectual resistance to political oppression, especially when the lutter is helped by a harmful and revengeful rhetoric.
L'écriture de l'histoire grecque en France au XIXe siècle : temporalités historiques et enjeux politiques
Authors: Avlami Chryssanthi
Published: November 2007

Is it pertinent to study the tales of ancient Greece in light of the historic temporalities that govern their narratives ? This author believes that it is, and this article is an attempt to map out the political stakes that, in the 19th century, marked the historical discourse about Athenian democracy. The first of two parts examines Volney and Benjamin Constant's critique of the way in which the Greco-Roman model evoked revolution and assesses the significance of their analysis. The second part analyses the Greek tales written by Victor Duruy and Louis Menard and looks at how the work of George Grote was received in France. At the time of the Revolution, references to the Greco-Roman world drew on a conception of time based on the immutability of nature and a historicity that beat to the rhythm of progress. The ancient world thus emerges both as a role model and as a witness to the distance that separates antiquity from modem times. It is the paradigmatic reference to antiquity that became marginalized in the aftermath of the Reign of Terror. It was denounced not only as an inopportune imitation but, even worse, as being devoid of any historic meaning or, in other words, deeply «anti-historic». How, then, has the writing of history, been affected by the dissolution of the historia magistra vitae and by the Greek world's subsequent introduction into the historical process of the rise of western civilisation ?
Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen et la figure d'Héliogabale
Authors: De Palacio Jean
Published: November 2007

A well-known figure in late XIXth century French literature, Emperor Heliogabalus haunts both the life and writings of Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen (1880-1923). The present article deals with some of the Roman Emperor's impersonations throughout Fersen's work, with special reference to his semi-autobiographical novel Messes Noires. Lord Lyllian (1904), whose main character Lord Renold Lyllian is obviously depicted after Heliogabalus. What is at stake in Fersen's or Jean Lorrain's novels as well is the treatment of homosexuality in contemporary fiction, after Fersen had been prosecuted for playing the Emperor's part during orgiastic parties in a Parisian flat.
Le relativisme culturel : archéologie d'une idée
Authors: Zenkine Serge
Published: November 2007

The concept on cultural relativism, for being introduced into the modem thought, was necessarily founded on some general re-evaluations, bound up systematically and taking place in the culture of the I8th and 19th centuries. These changes privileged 1) the form versus the substance (in the linguistic theory, in the representation of the Nature, in the idea of religion), 2) the creation versus the destruction (a new image of the ruins, the «cult of heroes» as creative persons), 3) the artefact versus the text (the valorisation of architecture, the motif of bibliomanie, the mythology of «pictorial» poetry), 4) the stranger versus the familiar (stranger as foreigner and as a metaphysical «other»).
La science du judaïsme au risque du roman. Heinrich Heine et George Eliot
Authors: Trautmann-Waller Céline
Published: November 2007

La science du judaïsme, qui revendique depuis le début du XIXe siècle une étude sans parti pris de l'histoire et de la tradition juives, est aussi à l'origine de ce qu'on pourrait appeler une entrée de l'histoire juive en littérature. En tant que matrice allemande de la redécouverte du passé juif elle occupe une place essentielle dans la genèse du Rabbin de Bacharach de Heinrich Heine et de Daniel Deronda de George Eliot. Cet article veut montrer combien les contacts que Heinrich Heine et George Eliot ont pu avoir à Berlin, Paris ou Londres avec des représentants de la science du judaïsme ont déterminé leurs projets de réinvention romanesque de la culture juive. C'est grâce à leur utilisation complexe de l'histoire que les deux romans, qui cherchent un équilibre difficile entre description du monde juif et défense de la cause juive, entre érudition et narration, parviennent à conférer au judaïsme une grande force poétique, au-delà de tout exotisme facile.
L'échec d'un nationalisme civil russe
Authors: Maiorova Olga
Published: November 2007

Le nationalisme civil russe, apparu à l'époque des Grandes Réformes des années 1860, considérait ces changements politiques comme un retour aux fondements primitifs de la vie nationale. Sa rhétorique charriait quelques mythes idéologiques (comme par exemple celui d'une entrée volontaire et non-violente des peuples non-Slaves dans l'Empire russe), qui le rendaient incapable de se rendre compte d'une véritable égalité culturelle entre différentes nations. Ce problème devint particulièrement évident lors du «Congrès slave» de 1867, quand l'enthousiasme de fraternisation entre les peuples slaves échoua à cause d'un «complexe du frère aîné», caractérisant les nationalistes russes qui organisaient cette rencontre internationale.
Ethnocentrisme et pragmatisme relativiste. L'Angleterre, l'Italie et l'Allemagne selon Taine
Authors: Whyte Peter
Published: November 2007

Taine is often taken to task for his reductionist deterrninism. In aesthetics his method belongs rather to pragmatic relativism. Unlike certain twentieth-century anthropologists, supporters of the doctrine of cultural relativisin, Taine does not think that cultural values are self-justifying. His « historical and undogmatic » aesthetics is based on a deep-rooted ethnocentrism which is echoed in his travel writings, where he analyses the cultures of Italy, England and Germany in the light of the artistic «perfection» of seventeenth-century France. This exemplary model sometimes leads him to conform to stereotypes and to make value judgements coloured by a questionable apriorism. He is particularly harsh on the Germons, to whom he attributes a primitive and disturbing character. Following the emotional trauma he experiences during the rout of 1870 and the Commune, he tries however to, define more precisely the character of his own country, without necessarily abandoning a certain cultural chauvinism in the fields of art and literature.
Les collectionneurs d'œuvres d'art et la donation au musée à la fin du XIXe siècle: l'exemple du musée du Louvre
Authors: Long Véronique
Published: November 2007

La seconde moitié du XIXe siècle constitue l'âge d'or du collectionnisme et de la création des musées en Europe. L'art et l'histoire deviennent rapidement des enjeux de puissance et de grandeur nationale. Les collectionneurs d'œuvres d'art doivent remplir cet idéal et sont alors conviés à se transformer en mécènes, en contribuant à l'enrichissement du patrimoine artistique de leur pays. Des collections deviennent ainsi propriété publique. Le musée du Louvre est un exemple significatif. Il n'est pas seulement le principal musée de la capitale: il est le premier musée de France. Et dans le contexte français, Paris incarne la nation tout entière. Le don est alors perçu comme un acte patriotique qui permet de conserver à la Ville des Lumières sa place de capitale internationale des arts et des artistes. Ce bel optimisme doit être nuancé. Les archives du musée du Louvre livrent en effet une précieuse documentation qui permet de comprendre les objectifs de la donation et sa signification réelle. Certains collectionneurs constituent des collections pour la postérité et combinent un amour pour l'art avec un souci du statut social.
De «ceci» à «cela» : les Illuminations de Flaubert
Authors: Daunais Isabelle
Published: November 2007

When a special edition for La legende de saint Julien l'Hospitalier was proposed, Flaubert thought of illustrating the book with a drawing of a stained glass window in the cathedral of Rouen representing the saint. By doing so, he wanted to confuse his readers about the relationship between the image and the text, between «ceci» and «cela». Beyond the anticipated confusion however, the reference to the stained glass window can be seen as a key to the reading of the Trois contes as a whole. Both the elliptical and «striking» structure of the stained glass window can help us understand the composition of the Trois contes and the form of art to which they are related.
Tirésias, ou Sainte-Beuve, la critique et le féminin dans les Portraits de femmes
Authors: Pierre Laforgue
Published: November 2007

L'objet de notre étude sera de mettre au jour l'importance et la signification de la présence de La Rochefoucault dans les Portraits de femmes, ce qui nous permettra ensuite d'étudier les rapports qui s'établissent chez Sainte-Beuve entre la critique et le féminin, rapports dont nous avancerons d'ores et déjà qu'ils sont constitutifs du projet de Sainte-Beuve dans son ensemble et que les Portraits de femmes mettent exemplairement en évidence.
L'histoire au féminin : la «vie» de Marie Stuart par Agnès Strickland
Authors: Cadène Nicole
Published: November 2007

The comparison between Victorian historian Agnès Strickland's biography of Mary Stuart and those of her 19th century French male counterparts reveals a gender cleavage in their assessment of the Queen of Scots. Whereas the male authors represent her as an object of fantasy, Strickland approaches her through analogy, if not identification. She rehabilitates her through hitherto unknown testimony given by women and offers an unorientated interpretation of her history, whereas the male historians consider her downfall as a foregone conclusion. Two contrasting representations of queenship and of the Queen of Scots' reign are thus put forward. Unlike her male counterparts, Strickland affirms both women's capacity to exercice power... and to write history.
Paul Alexis Trublot : du vrai et du faux dans le Naturalisme
Authors: Disegni Silvia
Published: November 2007

Paul Alexis — considered the most loyal friend and disciple of Zola - contributed largely to the diffusion of naturalism thanks to his numerous chronicles scatterd in the journals of the time. The most famous ones are in «Cri du Peuple» (1883-1888), for which Alexis used the zolaesque pseudonym «Trublot, » borrowed from Pot-Bouille. In these pages he staunchly advocates for the principles of naturalism in poetry but, in a curious contrast, he does so by unorthodox means, which sometimes border on hoax and blur the line between real and fictional, between serious and comical, between raw documentation and artifice. The idea of mimesis and transparency in naturalist writing, extolled in Alexis' discourse, is therefore broached through a formal fabrication, which owes a lot to romantic practices and to the techniques of the «industrial» novel. The ques- tion then is: Would the journal - less legitimate and at the margins of literature - authorize a freer outlook on the constraining principles of theory? Would it also authorize a more playful form of dispute, which would bring Alexis closer to his friends from Médan and also to those transgressive innovators who used the journal to start a poetic revolution (the group «Chat Noir, » the Hydropates) ?
Dürer kitsch
Authors: Larue Anne
Published: November 2007

La Mélancolie de Dürer est, certes, entrée au XIXe si�cle dans une stratégie de réhabilitation du "gothique" contre l'"antique". Ce n'est pas dans cette logique que nous l'analysons ici, mais en tant que logotype, presque décalcomanie, motif mobile et souple, qui se prête à tous les usages, un peu comme une vignette dans l'illustration romantique. On montre ici comment il en résulte des caractéristiques "kitsch": dévaluation par transfert répété et saturation du motif. L'étude porte sur les domaines français et anglais.
Victor Hugo et les enterrements civils
Authors: Ben-Amos Avner
Published: November 2007

After his return from exile, in 1870, Victor Hugo continued to be involved in Republican politics. One of the important activities in which he participated was civil funerals, with the help of which the Republicans mobilized their supporters against the Moral Order. Hugo took an active part, between 1871 and 1882, in five civil funerals : those of his two sons, Charles and Francois-Victor, and those of Edgar Quinet, Mrs. and Mr. Louis Blanc. To that list we should add his own, national funeral (1885) which, at his request, was conducted as a civil ceremony. These private rites of passage became political, controversial events since the issue of civil funerals was, at the time, one of the battle-fronts between the Republicans and their right-wing adversaries. The attitude of Hugo towards these funerals is analysed in the article with the help of a variety of his texts: his poetry, speeches, letters, and diary entries.
Bataille littéraire et combat politique : la critique littéraire de Jules Vallès du Voltaire au Cri du Peuple (1878-1885)
Authors: Migozzi Jacques
Published: November 2007

The editor of Le cri du peuple, after the Commune and in the light of «the federation of collective pains», obviously acknowledges and emphasizes the futility of «purely literary literature », deeming it more valuable to preserve his energy to defend other causes thon the literary battle waged and staged by the newspapers. One should however consider with greater attention than has so far been the case the public interventions, though relatively rare, that Valles devotes to the literary questions from 1878 until the beginning of 1885 in the leading newspapers. His incisive articles bring out, hammer out the guidelines of literature. Through his cutting positions, Valles exposes and defends a theory which bluntly marks a break with the literary field whose codes, rituals and solipsism he denounces.
L'oblat qui voulait être roi. George Saintsbury critique
Authors: Blaise Wilfert
Published: November 2007

This essay rests on a twofold methodological experiment: look at literary criticism in the periodical press through the case of a critic's trajectoire, by means of an external analysis of criticism's effects on his social development, and follow a roundabout way through the case of english literary and intellectual life, whose variety of interesting figures and burgeoning historiography, badly known in France, could allow to understand in a new way the status and the significance of literary criticism and critics in french periodical press at the end of the nineteenth century. George Saintsbury's trajectoire, from Merton College to Edinburgh University, through the grammar schools of Guernsey, the new Oxbridge and London periodicals of the 1860ies, the London political and literary newspapers of the l870ies and the editorship of the politically conservative Saturday Review, offers the opportunity to understand how the job and status of the literary critic contributed towards his intellectual and social position and what kind of cultural authority his critical periodical writing, allowing manyfold strategies and complex social plays, permitted him to obtain, precisely at a time when the role and place of the intellectual field of activities knew an important reordering, entangled in the pressures of University, State and periodical press. Moreover, George Saintsbury 's case allows us to rate the shortcomings of the notion of criticism in itself, to question the reality of its frontiers with literary history, often said to be one of the pillars of the new scientific university discourses about letters un the fin-de-siècle, and then to understand how some forms of discourses about literature, skillfully performed, could be a crucial means for asserting the importance of being a literary statesman, a crucial though informai social figure in english literature and politics around 1900.
Camille Mauclair ou la vigilance critique
Authors: Carbonnel Marie
Published: November 2007

At the end of the XIXth century, Camille Mauclair undertakes to describe, understand and resolve the topical phenomenon of «crisis» involving French literary criticism. Many of his articles deal with the consequences of democratic and mass culture upon the critic 's function. Press and journalism appear to be the main responsible for creating an increasing gap between critics and readers and for building up walls of contempt around writers: literary criticism suffers then from lack of authority, distrust and hostility on both sides. Unlike his fellow colleagues, though, Mauclair comes up with a plan for a whole new critical «System» in order to reestablish its wounded social and cultural legitimacy. This article analyses some of the most original aspects of Mauclair' s project.
Quand le maître devient chef d'école...
Authors: Diaz José-Luis
Published: November 2007

En élargissant le cadre interpersonnel du duo maître/disciple, il s'agit ici de replacer cette relation dans sa dimension collective. En effet, une des caractéristiques du XIXe siècle semble avoir été la socialisation des relations de hiérarchie entre écrivains, en raison du phénomène des écoles. Alors, le maître devient chef d'école; quant aux disciples, ils se voient attribuer des fonctions hiérarchisées. Cette situation nouvelle, rendue manifeste aux lendemains du 1830 du fait de la haute stature de Hugo, entraîne un concert de protestations contre les «royautés littéraires» et leurs séides aveuglés. Protestations injustes et caricaturales, mais qui n'en éclairent pas moins les nouvelles conditions hiérarchiques qui régissent le champ littéraire : un espace moins ouvert, plus réglé et hiérarchisé qu'on ne croit, en vertu de cet «impérialisme du génie» qui commande aux «chefs» des fonctions imaginaires plus gratifiantes que celle de «maîtres»: rois, empereurs, «maréchaux littéraires», chefs de secte. Mais les maîtres ne tarderont pas à revenir quand, le reflux du romantisme aidant, la génération du Parnasse (Banville, Flaubert, etc.) va insister de nouveau sur la nécessité de l'apprentissage littéraire plus que sur le sacre de l'écrivain. Redescente de la mystique à la technique. Ce qui fait que, dans un champ littéraire recentré, le maître pourra reprendre une stature pédagogique et une autorité de modèle inimitable, au détriment de son aura charismatique.
Stendhal : ni Dieu ni maître
Authors: Ansel Yves
Published: November 2007

A spiritual heir of the Enlightenment, the young Beyle has faith in éducation and believes in the masters' "teachings". As an inveterate educationalist in his letters to Pauline, a man who valued above all didactic developments and who taught his credo extensively — beylism —, Stendhal shows himself to be much less dogmatic in his novels and carefully examines the very foundation of the relationship created through education. Be they models, private tutors, advisers, reasoners or spiritual fathers, they all fail in turn in their earnestness to teach, to lecture, to correct, to guide the young heroes. Why such a long list of educational fiascos? The article attempts to find the answer to this question.
Jules Laforgue, de patronyme en toponyme (questions de filiation)
Authors: Laroche Hugues
Published: November 2007

Laforgue's confrontation with Corbière's works is important in his development of a poetry of "originality at all costs ". It leads him to reject the traditional figure of the author as master or father of his works: like Hamlet Laforgue wants to be the "son of his works". The question of filiations becomes consequently a question of poetics that the opposition between a paternal negative sun and a virginal moon symbolizes.
Louis Pierre Mouillard, aviateur utopiste au Caire
Authors: Lançon Daniel
Published: November 2007

It was on arriving in Cairo in 1866 that this French drawing professor at the highly esteemed Ecole Polytechnique was moved at the sight of vultures circling overhead without flapping their wings. It set him dreaming that one day mankind would be able to inhabit Egypt's blue skies. This was how the technical and political project aviation was conceived. The invention was supposed to give «freedom to the universe». He settled in Le Mouski, a strategic neighbourhood at the meeting point of East and West. It was here that Louis Pierre Mouillard thought out the public works needed to make the country prosperous, and he became the correspondent of Egyptian and French newspapers. The few first-person accounts of his life that exist talk about his incessant thirst for discovery, which his contemporaries soon came to consider as a dangerous chimera. He became famous thanks to the Parisian newspaper L'Aéronaute, and so he was able to survive by acting as a guide to visitors, teaching French, supplying herbal remedies, or writing letters for people, while his writing could soar free in the wake of the birds of prey. He carried out a great many experiments before dying in total poverty in 1897, but he gave his experiment notes to an engineer friend who was able to pass them on to the Wright brothers. In 1901, the professors of the Egyptian Institute began to campaign to recognise his genius, and some French-speaking writers in Cairo held him up as the symbol of their cross- cultural idealism, and of their dream - soon to be smashed - of open communities. So this Utopian inventor, the fore-runner of gliders, delta-wings and other such flight aids, who has been reinvented and reinstated by institutional bodies, declared an honorary «Egyptian» serving his adopted country, and a «French hero», should rather be declared the precursor of aerial imagination, or better still, the poet of a work that was largely unknown to him.
Resorbable Dicalcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes Prepared by 3D Powder Printing
Authors: Gbureck U. , Hölzel T. , Klammert U. , Würzler K. , Müller F. A. , Barralet J. E.
Published: November 2007

Bioceramic bone substitutes with programmed architecture were manufactured at room temperature in this study using a novel 3D printing process that combined 3D powder printing with calcium phosphate cement chemistry. During printing, biphasic α/β‐tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, TCP) powder reacted with a liquid component consisting of phosphoric acid solution to form a matrix of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·H2O, DCPD, brushite) and unreacted TCP. Printed samples showed compressive strengths between 0.9–8.7 MPa after printing depending on the acid concentration. A further strength improvement to a maximum of 22 MPa could be obtained by additional hardening of the samples in phosphoric acid for three one minute washes. After this treatment, the samples mainly consisted of brushite with minor phases of unreacted TCP and a lesser amount of dicalcium phosphate anhydrate (CaHPO4, DCPA, monetite). Hydrothermal conversion of brushite to DCPA resulted in an increase of porosity of approximately 13 % and a decrease of strength to 15 MPa, however the resorption rate in vivo was increased as demonstrated after intramuscular implantation over 56 weeks. Major advantages compared with commonly used sintering techniques are the low processing temperature, which enables the fabrication of thermally instable and degradable matrices of secondary calcium phosphates.
Epiphyseal union at the innominate and lower limb in a modern Portuguese skeletal sample, and age estimation in adolescent and young adult male and female skeletons
Authors: Cardoso Hugo F.V.
Published: November 2007

This study documents the timing of epiphyseal union at the innominate, femur, tibia, and fibula in a sample of modern Portuguese skeletons. The sample was taken from the Lisbon documented skeletal collection and it is comprised of 57 females and 49 males between the ages of 9 and 25. Individuals are mostly representative of the middle‐to‐low socioeconomic segment of the early 20th century Lisbon population. A total of 18 anatomical locations were examined for epiphyseal union using a three‐stage scheme: 1) no union; 2) partial union; and 3) completed union, all traces of fusion having disappeared. Results show that females are ahead of males by 1–2 years and provide similar age ranges for the stages of union than previous studies. Some variations between studies can be explained by methodological differences between dry bone and radiographic observations. However, a review of the literature indicates that socioeconomic status of a given population seems to be of decisive importance to the rate of ossification and most of the differences in skeletal maturation across studies and populations can probably be ascribed to different levels of social and economic development of the societies in which the individuals lived. Although the effects of socioeconomic status in skeletal maturation are greater during childhood than in adolescence, as to make the timing of epiphyseal union a reliable estimate of age at death, they are not negligible and age estimates should take into account the likely socioeconomic status of the individual, whose remains are under examination. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flame retardance of montmorillonite/rubber composites
Authors: Wu Youping , Huang Honghai , Zhao Wei , Zhang Huifeng , Wang Yiqing , Zhang Liqun
Published: November 2007

The effect of dispersion of clay in rubber on the mechanical properties and flame retardance of rubber/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites and rubber/MMT microcomposites were investigated in the present article, and the results were compared with the performance of silica reinforced rubber composites. Cone calorimeter test and limiting oxygen index test were employed to evaluate the flame retardance. From the results, it could be seen that the rubber/MMT nanocomposites always possessed the best flame retardance, such as lower peak heat release rate and higher fire performance index value. In addition, the rubber/MMT nanocomposites also showed better mechanical properties than the pure rubber and the other composites, especially in tear strength. With the rubber/silica composites, as expected, the silica could appropriately endow the rubber with flame retardance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Configurationally Labile Lithiated O‐Benzyl Carbamates: Application in Asymmetric Synthesis and Quantum Chemical Investigations on the Equilibrium of Diastereomers
Authors: Lange Heiko , Huenerbein Robert , Fröhlich Roland , Grimme Stefan , Hoppe Dieter
Published: November 2007

The title compounds were generated by deprotonation of different benzyl‐type carbamates with sec‐butyllithium in the presence of chiral diamines (−)‐sparteine or diisopropyl and di‐tert‐butyl bis(oxazoline)s. These lithiated species exhibit configurational lability at −78 °C. In the case of the chiral di‐tert‐butyl bis(oxazoline), the equilibrium of the epimeric complexes can be used synthetically to obtain highly enantioenriched secondary benzyl carbamates. The enantiodetermining step was proven to be a dynamic thermodynamic resolution. The absolute configurations of the products were determined, and the stereochemical pathways of selected substitution reactions were thus elucidated. High‐level quantum chemical investigations were performed to gain insight into the experimentally investigated system. To obtain an accuracy for the energy difference (ΔΔH) between two epimeric complexes of about 0.5 kcal mol−1 as well as the correct sign, a theoretical procedure was established. It included geometry optimization at the dispersion‐corrected DFT level, computation of zero‐point vibrational energies, and single‐point SCS‐MP2 energy calculations with large atomic‐orbital basis sets.
Birth defects in uncles and aunts from Irish families with neural tube defects
Authors: Byrne Julianne
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND:

Previous studies suggested an excess of matrilineal cases of neural tube defects among distant relatives in NTD families. There is little information on patterns of heredity of other birth defects among distant relatives.

METHODS:

Between 1995 and 2003, 78 nuclear families and 373 uncles and aunts were interviewed about birth defects among uncles and aunts in Irish families with an NTD.

RESULTS:

Among 783 total uncles and aunts, those related through the mother had more birth defects overall than those related through the father (8.4 vs. 4.0%,p= 0.01). The excess persisted after controlling with logistic regression models for maternal and paternal age, gender of uncle/aunt, proband's NTD diagnosis, and year of birth (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.91;p= 0.007). Among individual birth defects, significant excesses over expected rates were seen for spina bifida, congenital heart defects, and syndactyly.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study of reported birth defects suggests that maternal uncles and aunts in Irish families have significantly more birth defects than paternal uncles and aunts. These results, if confirmed, support the hypothesis that NTD relatives carry a susceptibility to other birth defects, preferentially on the mother's side of the family, suggesting opportunities for prevention. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No skin off my back: retribution deficits in psychopathic motives for punishment
Authors: Aharoni Eyal , Weintraub Lisa L. , Fridlund Alan J.
Published: November 2007

When deciding a criminal's punishment, people typically exhibit both retributive and consequentialist motives in their decision making, though retribution's role may be stronger. This study aimed to discern possible functions of retribution by examining a population predicted to be deficient in retributive drive. Participants who rated either high or low in psychopathic traits read stories about a homicide. These stories were designed to evoke both retribution and the consequentialist motive of behavior control by varying, respectively, criminal intent and likelihood of recidivism. The participants then recommended a length of confinement for the offender. Individuals high in psychopathic traits were uniquely insensitive to retributive cues, and they were particularly consequentialist in their punishment of criminal offenders. These results clarify aspects of psychopathic aggression and corroborate the hypothesis that retribution may stabilize cooperative behavior. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catheter‐directed thrombolysis of acute lower extremity arterial thrombosis in a patient with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Turba Ulku C. , Bozlar Ugur , Simsek Serkan
Published: November 2007

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an underdiagnosed problem, and the optimal treatment of arterial thrombosis in patients with HIT remains controversial. There are many angiographic procedures which require heparin as an adjunctive agent; however, some of the heparin‐related complications and their management remains unclear. We are presenting a 77‐year‐old male patient with HIT, who developed acute lower extremity limb threatening ischemia due to arterial thrombosis. In our case, the patient has been successfully treated with percutaneous catheter‐directed thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator and a direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaque composition by automated differential echogenicity
Authors: Bruining Nico , Verheye Stefan , Knaapen Michiel , Somers Pamela , Roelandt Jos R.T.C. , Regar Evelyn , Heller Iddo , de Winter Sebstiaan , Ligthart Jurgen , Van Langenhove Glenn , de Feijter Pim J. , Serruys Patrick W. , Hamers Ronald
Published: November 2007

Objective:

To validate automated and quantitative three‐dimensional analysis of coronary plaque composition using intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS).

Background:

ICUS displays different tissue components based on their acoustic properties in 256 grey‐levels. We hypothesised that computer‐assisted image analysis (differential echogenicity) would permit automated quantification of several tissue components in atherosclerotic plaques.

Methods and Results:

Ten 40‐mm‐long left anterior descending specimens were excised during autopsy of which eight could be successfully imaged by ICUS. Histological sections were taken at 5 mm intervals and analyzed. Since most of the plaques were calcified and having a homogeneous appearance, one specimen with a more heterogeneous composition was further examined: at each interval of 5 mm, 15 additional sections (every 100 μm) were evaluated. Plaques were scored for echogenicity against the adventitia: brighter (hyperechogenic) or less bright (hypoechogenic). Areas of hypoechogenicity correlated with the presence of smooth muscle cells. Areas of hyperechogenicity correlated with presence of collagen, and areas of hyperechogenicity with acoustic shadowing correlated with calcium. None of these comparisons showed statistical significant differences.

Conclusion:

This ex vivo feasibility study shows that automated three‐dimensional differential echogenicity analysis of ICUS images allows identification of different tissue types within atherosclerotic plaques. This technology may play a role as an additional tool in longitudinal studies to trace possible changes in plaque composition. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xylogranatins F–R: Antifeedants from the Chinese Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum, A New Biogenetic Pathway to Tetranortriterpenoids
Authors: Wu Jun , Zhang Si , Bruhn Torsten , Xiao Qiang , Ding Haixin , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: November 2007

Thirteen limonoids with a new carbon skeleton, the xylogranatins F–R (1–13), have been isolated from the seeds of a Chinese mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum; two recently reported compounds, xylogranatins C and D were also isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical methods. The absolute configurations of these compounds were determined by using the modified Mosher MTPA ester method and by quantum chemical circular dichroism (CD) calculations. Xylogranatins F–Q are the first aromatic B‐ring limonoids found in nature. They belong to two substructural classes, of which one (1–3) contains a pyridine ring while the other one (4–12) contains a central furan core. Xylogranatins C and R can be considered to be key biosynthetic intermediates, while xylogranatin D, the only limonoid found so far with a carbon skeleton that conatains a C30C9 linkage, is apparently an artifact. The structures of these compounds suggest a new biogenetic pathway to tetranortriterpenoids. Xylogranatins F, G and R were found to exhibit marked antifeedant activity against the third instar larvae of Mythimna separata (Walker) at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1. The most potent compound tested was xylogranatin G. Its AFC50 (concentration for 50 % antifeedant activity) values at the exposure times of 24 and 48 h were 0.31 and 0.30 mg mL−1, respectively.
Rab6 family proteins interact with the dynein light chain protein DYNLRB1
Authors: Wanschers Bas , van de Vorstenbosch Rinske , Wijers Mietske , Wieringa Bé , King Stephen M. , Fransen Jack
Published: November 2007

The small GTPase Rab6 is a key regulator in the retrograde transfer from endosomes via the Golgi to the ER. Three isoforms of Rab6 have been identified, the ubiquitously expressed Rab6A and Rab6A′, and the brain specific Rab6B. Recent studies have shown that Rab6A′ is the major isoform regulating this retrograde transport. Cytoplasmic dynein is the main motor protein complex for this transport. Dynein consists of two heavy chains, two intermediate chains, four light intermediatechains and several light chains, called roadblock/LC7 proteins or DYNLRB proteins. In mammalian cells two light chain isoforms have been identified, DYNLRB1 and DYNLRB2. We here show with yeast‐two‐hybrid, co‐immunoprecipitation and pull down studies that DYNLRB1 specifically interacts with all three Rab6 isoforms and co‐localises at the Golgi. This is the first example of a direct interaction between Rab6 isoforms and the dynein complex. Pull down experiments showed further preferred association of DYNLRB1 with GTP‐bound Rab6A and interestingly GDP‐bound Rab6A′ and Rab6B. In addition DYNLRB1 was found in the Golgi apparatus where it co‐localises with EYFP‐Rab6 isoforms. DYNLRB is a putative modulator of the intrinsic GTPase activity of GTP‐binding proteins. In vitro we were not able to reproduce this effect on Rab6 GTPase activity. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opposite effects of overexpressed myosin Va or heavy meromyosin Va on vesicle distribution, cytoskeleton organization, and cell motility in nonmuscle cells
Authors: Eppinga Robbin D. , Peng I‐Feng , Lin Jenny Li‐Chun , Wu Chun‐Fang , Lin Jim Jung‐Ching
Published: November 2007

Myosin Va, an actin‐based motor protein that transports intracellular cargos, can bundle actin in vitro. Whether myosin Va regulates cellular actin dynamics or cell migration remains unclear. To address this, we compared Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells that stably express GFP fused to either full length mouse myosin Va (GFP‐M5) or heavy meromyosin Va (GFP‐M5Δ). GFP‐M5 and GFP‐M5Δ co‐immunoprecipitate with CHO myosin Va and serve as overexpression of wild‐type and dominant negative mutants of myosin Va. Compared to non‐expressing control cells, GFP‐M5‐overexpressing cells have peripheral endocytic vesicles, spread slowly after plating, as well as produce robust interior actin stress fibers, myosin II bundles, and focal adhesions. However, these cells display normal cell migration and lamellipodial dynamics. In contrast, GFP‐M5Δ‐expressing cells have perinuclear endocytic vesicles, produce thin interior actin and myosin bundles and contain no interior focal adhesions. In addition, these cells spread rapidly, migrate slowly and display reduced lamellipodial dynamics. Similarly, neurite outgrowth is compromised in neurons cultured from transgenic Drosophila that express M5Δ‐dsRed and in neurons cultured from Drosophila that produce a tailless version of endogenous myosin V. Together, these data suggest that myosin Va overexpression induces actin bundles in vivo whereas the tailless version fails to bundle actin and disrupts cell motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid, high throughput determination of cervical cytology specimen adequacy using a capillary‐based cytometer
Authors: Polina Ryan , Sturgis Charles , Patterson John , Patterson Bruce K.
Published: November 2007

Despite the fact that compact instruments dedicated to counting cells are readily available especially in hematology, liquid‐based cervical cytology specimen adequacy is still determined by pathologist review following the preparation of slides. More than 100 liquid‐based cervical cytology specimens collected in ThinPrep vials were processed into slides for diagnosis and assessment of specimen adequacy using the Bethesda 2001 criteria. Residual liquid (100 μL) was transferred to a single well of a 96‐well plate and run in a capillary cytometer (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA) with forward scatter and side scatter detectors. We determined that the sensitivity and specificity of this assay for unsatisfactory samples was 100% and 97%, respectively, compared with cytopathologic examination. The difference in the concentration of ectocervical cells/μL (EPU) between samples determined to be unsatisfactory by virtue of less than an estimated 5,000 cells per slide and satisfactory samples were statistically significant (P< 0.001). Here, we report the use of this rapid specimen adequacy assay on a small, capillary based, personal cytometer. Use of this instrument reduced the amount of sample required by >90% and reduced the average per sample assay time from 120 s to 10 s compared with flow cytometry. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Cooperative activity of multiple upper layer proteins for thalamocortical axon growth
Authors: Maruyama Takuro , Matsuura Masahiro , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Nobuhiko
Published: November 2007

During development, sensory thalamocortical (TC) axons grow into the neocortex and terminate primarily in layer 4. To study the molecular mechanism that underlies lamina‐specific TC axon termination, we investigated the responsiveness of TC axons to ephrin‐A5, semaphorin‐7A (Sema7A) and kit ligand (KL), which are expressed in the upper layers of the developing cortex. Dissociated cells of the dorsal thalamus from embryonic rat brain were cultured on dishes that were coated with preclustered Fc‐tagged extracellular domains of these molecules. Each protein was found to promote TC axon growth in a dose‐dependent fashion of a bell‐shaped curve. Any combination of the three proteins showed a cooperative effect in lower concentrations but not in higher concentrations, suggesting that their growth‐promoting activities act in a common pathway. The effect of spatial distributions of these proteins was further tested on a filter membrane, in which these proteins were printed at a size that recapitulates the scale of laminar thickness in vivo, using a novel protein‐printing technique, Simple‐To‐mAke Micropore Protein‐Printing (STAMP2) method. The results demonstrated that TC axons grew massively on the laminin‐coated region but were prevented from invading the adjacent ephrin‐A5‐printed region, suggesting that TC axons detect relative differences in the growth effect between these regions. Moreover, the inhibitory action of ephrin‐A5 was enhanced by copresence with KL and Sema7A. Together, these results suggest that the lamina‐specific TC axon targeting mechanism involves growth‐inhibitory activity by multiple molecules in the upper layers and detection in the molecular environments between the upper and deep layers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Inter‐ and Intramolecular C–H···O Bonding in the Anions of 1,3‐Indandione Derivatives
Authors: Sigalov Mark , Krief Pnina , Shapiro Lev , Khodorkovsky Vladimir
Published: November 2007

Derivatives of a series of 1,3‐indandione (1) self‐condensation products (2–4) and their anions (2a–4a) were investigated by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. These compounds exhibit a number of unusual features in their NMR spectra. Parent compound 1 is nearly not ionized in DMSO, whereas 3 is ionized completely. In contrast, derivatives 2 and 4 undergo partial ionization in DMSO and interaction between the neutral and anionic species affords the anionic intermolecular complexes, which exhibit both temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent NMR spectra. The NMR spectra of pure salts 2a and 3a are concentration independent, but temperature dependent. Charge delocalization in anions 2a and 3a gives rise to restricted rotation over the partial double bonds connecting the indane fragments. Energies of barriers to rotation were estimated from the temperature dependence of the 13C NMR spectra. The intramolecular aromatic C–H···O hydrogen bonding found previously in 2–4 is also observed in corresponding anions 2a–4a.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)