bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universality of fragment shapes
Authors: Domokos Gábor , Kun Ferenc , Sipos András Árpád , Szabó Tímea
Published: March 2015

The shape of fragments generated by the breakup of solids is central to a wide variety of problems ranging from the geomorphic evolution of boulders to the accumulation of space debris orbiting Earth. Although the statistics of the mass of fragments has been found to show a universal scaling behavior, the comprehensive characterization of fragment shapes still remained a fundamental challenge. We performed a thorough experimental study of the problem fragmenting various types of materials by slowly proceeding weathering and by rapid breakup due to explosion and hammering. We demonstrate that the shape of fragments obeys an astonishing universality having the same generic evolution with the fragment size irrespective of materials details and loading conditions. There exists a cutoff size below which fragments have an isotropic shape, however, as the size increases an exponential convergence is obtained to a unique elongated form. We show that a discrete stochastic model of fragmentation reproduces both the size and shape of fragments tuning only a single parameter which strengthens the general validity of the scaling laws. The dependence of the probability of the crack plan orientation on the linear extension of fragments proved to be essential for the shape selection mechanism.
ANGPTL2 increases bone metastasis of breast cancer cells through enhancing CXCR4 signaling
Authors: Masuda Tetsuro , Endo Motoyoshi , Yamamoto Yutaka , Odagiri Haruki , Kadomatsu Tsuyoshi , Nakamura Takayuki , Tanoue Hironori , Ito Hitoshi , Yugami Masaki , Miyata Keishi , Morinaga Jun , Horiguchi Haruki , Motokawa Ikuyo , Terada Kazutoyo , Morioka Masaki Suimye , Manabe Ichiro , Iwase Hirotaka , Mizuta Hiroshi , Oike Yuichi
Published: March 2015

Bone metastasis of breast cancer cells is a major concern, as it causes increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Bone tissue-derived CXCL12 preferentially recruits breast cancer cells expressing CXCR4 to bone metastatic sites. Thus, understanding how CXCR4 expression is regulated in breast cancer cells could suggest approaches to decrease bone metastasis of breast tumor cells. Here, we show that tumor cell-derived angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) increases responsiveness of breast cancer cells to CXCL12 by promoting up-regulation of CXCR4 in those cells. In addition, we used a xenograft mouse model established by intracardiac injection of tumor cells to show that ANGPTL2 knockdown in breast cancer cells attenuates tumor cell responsiveness to CXCL12 by decreasing CXCR4 expression in those cells, thereby decreasing bone metastasis. Finally, we found that ANGPTL2 and CXCR4 expression levels within primary tumor tissues from breast cancer patients are positively correlated. We conclude that tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 may increase bone metastasis by enhancing breast tumor cell responsiveness to CXCL12 signaling through up-regulation of tumor cell CXCR4 expression. These findings may suggest novel therapeutic approaches to treat metastatic breast cancer.
Indirect electroanalytical detection of phenols
Authors: Kolliopoulos Athanasios V. , Kampouris Dimitrios K. , Banks Craig E.
Published: March 2015

A novel indirect electrochemical protocol for the electroanalytical detection of phenols is presented for the first time. This methodology is demonstrated with the indirect determination of the target analytes phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol through an electrochemically adapted optical protocol. A critical comparison with the direct electrochemical detection of the phenols is also given.
The effect of Li+ ions on the luminescent properties of a single-phase white light-emitting phosphor α-Sr2P2O7:Dy3+
Authors: Han Bing , Li Pengju , Zhang Jingtao , Zhang Jie , Xue Yongfei , Shi Hengzhen
Published: March 2015

Two series of phosphors, α-Sr2(1−x)Dy2xP2O7 and α-Sr2(1−2x)Dy2xLi2xP2O7, with different x values were synthesized successfully using a conventional solid-state method at high temperature for the first time, and their luminescence properties were investigated comparatively.
Preparation of magnetic core–shell iron oxide@silica@nickel-ethylene glycol microspheres for highly efficient sorption of uranium(vi)
Authors: Tan Lichao , Zhang Xiaofei , Liu Qi , Wang Jun , Sun Yanbo , Jing Xiaoyan , Liu Jingyuan , Song Dalei , Liu Lianhe
Published: March 2015

We report a facile approach for the formation of magnetic core–shell iron oxide@silica@nickel-ethylene glycol (Fe3O4@SiO2@Ni-L) microspheres.
Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a new heteropolysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris
Authors: Li Chao , You Lijun , Fu Xiong , Huang Qiang , Yu Shujuan , Liu Rui Hai
Published: March 2015

A new heteropolysaccharide, here called P1, was isolated from the fruit clusters of Prunella vulgaris using a hot water extraction method.
Observation of polarized gain from aligned colloidal nanorods
Authors: Gao Yuan , Ta Van Duong , Zhao Xin , Wang Yue , Chen Rui , Mutlugun Evren , Fong Kah Ee , Tan Swee Tiam , Dang Cuong , Sun Xiao Wei , Sun Handong , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: March 2015

We demonstrated the highly polarized whispering-gallery mode lasing from aligned nanorods as a polarized gain medium formed in a capillary tube.
Experimental and theoretical studies on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by some sulphonamides in aqueous HCl
Authors: Murulana Lutendo C. , Kabanda Mwadham M. , Ebenso Eno E.
Published: March 2015

Corrosion inhibition studies of mild steel in aqueous HCl by some sulphonamides have been investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT).
Recent development of plant products with anti-glycation activity: a review
Authors: Chinchansure Ashish A. , Korwar Arvind M. , Kulkarni Mahesh J. , Joshi Swati P.
Published: March 2015

This review article summarizes the plant natural products that inhibit glycation at different stages leading to the AGEs formation.
Recovery of acetone from aqueous solution by ZIF-7/PDMS mixed matrix membranes
Authors: Ying Yunpan , Xiao Yuanlong , Ma Jing , Guo Xiangyu , Huang Hongliang , Yang Qingyuan , Liu Dahuan , Zhong Chongli
Published: March 2015

Mixed matrix membrane containing ZIF-7 exhibits the excellent performance in the recovery of acetone from fermentation broths.
Synthesis, characterization and gas sensing properties of porous flower-like indium oxide nanostructures
Authors: Xu Xiumei , Li Xin , Zhang Haijiao , Feng Changhao , Wang Chong , Liu Fangmeng , Sun Yanfeng , Sun Peng , Lu Geyu
Published: March 2015

Porous flower-like indium oxide nanostructures were synthesized and exhibited remarkably enhanced response to NO2.
Elucidation of acid strength effect on ibuprofen adsorption and release by aluminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Authors: Kamarudin N. H. N. , Jalil A. A. , Triwahyono S. , Sazegar M. R. , Hamdan S. , Baba S. , Ahmad A.
Published: March 2015

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with 1–10 wt% loading of aluminum (Al) were prepared and characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, 29Si and 27Al NMR, FT-IR and FT-IR preadsorbed pyridine.
Electrochemical detection and photochemical detoxification of hexavalent chromium (Cr(vi)) by Ag doped TiO2nanoparticles
Authors: Ravishankar T. N. , Muralikrishna S. , Suresh kumar K. , Nagaraju G. , Ramakrishnappa T.
Published: March 2015

Schematic representation of electrochemical reduction and photochemical detoxification of Cr(vi).
Selective determination of mefenamic acid in the presence of 1000-fold excess paracetamol and caffeine using a multiwalled carbon nanotube–polymer composite electrode
Authors: Rajalakshmi K. , John S. Abraham
Published: March 2015

This article describes the selective and sensitive determination of mefenamic acid (MA) using a carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube nanostructured conducting polymer composite modified glassy carbon electrode in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2).
Dithiol-based modification of poly(dopamine): enabling protein resistance via short-chain ethylene oxide oligomers
Authors: Vaish Amit , Vanderah David J. , Richter Lee J. , Dimitriou Michael , Steffens Kristen L. , Walker Marlon L.
Published: March 2015

A facile strategy to modify surface properties of poly(dopamine)-coated substrates.
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cleavage of C–C bonds in epoxides leading to aryl nitriles and aryl aldehydes
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng
Published: March 2015

Novel copper-catalyzed aerobic synthesis of aryl nitriles and aldehydes from epoxidesviaC–C single bond cleavage has been discovered.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of GeTe-rich germanium antimony tellurides through the control of composition and structure
Authors: Sankar Raman , Wong Deniz P. , Chi Chiao-Song , Chien Wei-Lun , Hwang Jih-Shang , Chou Fang-Cheng , Chen Li-Chyong , Chen Kuei-Hsien
Published: March 2015

Enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of GeTe-rich germanium antimony telluride (GeSbTe or GST) is demonstrated through marginal changes in composition and subsequent quenching of crystal structure.
Proton uptake in the H+-SOFC cathode material Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Zn0.2O3−δ: transition from hydration to hydrogenation with increasing oxygen partial pressure
Authors: Poetzsch Daniel , Merkle Rotraut , Maier Joachim
Published: March 2015

Thermogravimetric investigations on the perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Zn0.2O3−δ (BSFZ, with mixed hole, oxygen vacancy and proton conductivity) from water vapor can occur by acid–base reaction (hydration) or redox reaction (hydrogen uptake), depending on the oxygen partial pressure, i.e. on the material's defect concentrations. In parallel, the effective diffusion coefficient of the stoichiometry relaxation kinetics also changes. These striking observations can be rationalized in terms of a defect chemical model and transport equations for materials with three mobile carriers. Implications for the search of cathode materials with mixed electronic and protonic conductivity for application on proton conducting oxide electrolytes are discussed.
Activating cellulose via its reversible reaction with CO2 in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene for the efficient synthesis of cellulose acetate
Authors: Yang Yunlong , Song Longchu , Peng Chang , Liu Enhui , Xie Haibo
Published: March 2015

Reversible reaction of cellulose with CO2 in DMSO/DBU results in a derivative dissolution of cellulose, which can be applied for the efficient acetylation of cellulose to afford cellulose acetates with degrees of substitution from 1.78–2.89.
Does a nitrogen matter? Synthesis and photoinduced electron transfer of perylenediimide donors covalently linked to C59N and C60 acceptors
Authors: Martín-Gomis Luis , Rotas Georgios , Ohkubo Kei , Fernández-Lázaro Fernando , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Tagmatarchis Nikos , Sastre-Santos Ángela
Published: March 2015

Photoexcitation of PDI in both PDI-C59N and PDI-C60 results, by photoinduced electron transfer, in formation of long-lived charge-separated states with a lifetime of 400 ps for the former and 120 ps for the latter dyads, respectively.
A study of pH-dependence of shrink and stretch of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures
Authors: Wang Ping , Xia Zhiwei , Yan Juan , Liu Xunwei , Yao Guangbao , Pei Hao , Zuo Xiaolei , Sun Gang , He Dannong
Published: March 2015

Conformational changes of the DNA assembly layer on the surface of a gold coated quartz crystal due to the pH change (pH 8.5–pH 4.5).
Dye-free near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes for bioimaging and high-performance photothermal cancer therapy
Authors: Liu Zhiming , Ye Binggang , Jin Mei , Chen Haolin , Zhong Huiqing , Wang Xinpeng , Guo Zhouyi
Published: March 2015

Conducting polymer coated gold nanorods are synthesizedviafacile aqueous routes. The core-shell nanostructures can serve as novel theranostic nanoagents for near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging and high-performance photothermal therapy.
Enhancement of fluorescent properties of near-infrared dyes using clickable oligoglycerol dendrons
Authors: Redy-Keisar Orit , Huth Katharina , Vogel Uwe , Lepenies Bernd , Seeberger Peter H. , Haag Rainer , Shabat Doron
Published: March 2015

Oligoglycerol dendrons effectively enhance the fluorescence properties of a cyanine NIR dye by increasing the solubility in water and the prevention of aggregate formation.
A divergent synthesis of 3,10-dialkylpicenes
Authors: Chen Xi-Chao , Nishinaga Shuhei , Okuda Yasuhiro , Zhao Jia-Ji , Xu Jie , Mori Hiroki , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: March 2015

A series of 3,10-dialkylated picenes has been synthesized through sequential Ni-catalyzed alkynylation of a C–O bond, alkylation, and hydrogenation.
Expedient synthesis of benzimidazoles using amides
Authors: Kattimani Pramod P. , Kamble Ravindra R. , Meti Gangadhar Y.
Published: March 2015

In the present report an efficient, rapid, facile and inexpensive route for the synthesis of benzimidazoles using 1,2-arylenediamines and amides in acidic medium under thermal/microwave conditions is developed.
Band engineering and charge separation in the Mo1−xWxS2/TiO2heterostructure by alloying: first principle prediction
Authors: Faraji M. , Sabzali M. , Yousefzadeh S. , Sarikhani N. , Ziashahabi A. , Zirak M. , Moshfegh A. Z.
Published: March 2015

The composition dependent electronic properties of the Mo1−xWxS2monolayer deposited over a TiO2(110) substrate were investigated based onab initiodensity functional calculations by applying periodic boundary conditions.
Speed versus stability – structure–activity effects on the assembly of two-component gels
Authors: Rohner Stefan S. , Ruiz-Olles Jorge , Smith David K.
Published: March 2015

Modifying the peripheral peptides dramatically changes the time required for gelation under ambient conditions, whilst an enthalpy–entropy balance means that as the temperature increases, the thermal stability of the gels is very similar.
Luminescent, ferromagnetic silver glyconanoparticles: synthesis to annealing-induced substrate specific transformation
Authors: Mitra Jaba , Sharma Ashutosh
Published: March 2015

Sugar cane juice has been harnessed as a green reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, followed by annealing of the latter into helical and rod-like structures on polymer and silicon surfaces respectively.
Fabrication, characterization and photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 coupled with FeVO4 nanorods
Authors: Nong Qingyan , Cui Min , Lin Hongjun , Zhao Leihong , He Yiming
Published: March 2015

The coupling of FeVO4 nanorods with g-C3N4 promotes the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and subsequently enhances its photocatalytic activity in rhodamine photodegradation.
An unprecedented deoxygenation protocol of benzylic alcohols using bis(1-benzotriazolyl)methanethione
Authors: Kumar Dhananjay , Singh Anoop S. , Tiwari Vinod K.
Published: March 2015

A new method of silane or Bu3SnH promoted radical deoxygenation of benzylic alcohols using bis(1-benzotriazolyl)methanethione has been developed.
Bio-templated fabrication of hierarchically porous WO3 microspheres from lotus pollens for NO gas sensing at low temperatures
Authors: Wang Xiao-Xue , Tian Kuan , Li Hua-Yao , Cai Ze-Xing , Guo Xin
Published: March 2015

Lotus pollen was used as a template to prepare WO3 microspheres. The porous structure of the microspheres is ideal for gas sensing. The microsphere-based sensor has high sensitivity (S = 46.2) to 100 ppm NO gas with fast response and recovery speed 62 s/223 s) at 200 °C.
Synthesis of 4-quinolones, benzopyran derivatives and other fused systems based on the domino ANRORC reactions of (ortho-fluoro)-3-benzoylchromones
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Gevorgyan Ashot , Grigoryan Tatevik , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: March 2015

This method provides a valuable one-pot shortcut for the synthesis of 4-quinolones, benzopyran derivatives and other fused systems from (ortho-fluoro)-3-benzoylchromones.
Visible light induced hydrogen production over thiophenothiazine-based dye sensitized TiO2 photocatalyst in neutral water
Authors: Tiwari Amritanjali , Mondal Indranil , Pal Ujjwal
Published: March 2015

Novel thiophenothiazine sensitized TiO2 photocatalysts show high photocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting under visible light illumination.
Anomalous impact and strain responses in helical carbon nanotube foams
Authors: Thevamaran Ramathasan , Karakaya Mehmet , Meshot Eric R. , Fischer Andre , Podila Ramakrishna , Rao Apparao M. , Daraio Chiara
Published: March 2015

We describe the quasistatic and dynamic response of helical carbon nanotube (HCNT) foams in compression.
Tunable dipolar capillary deformations for magnetic Janus particles at fluid–fluid interfaces
Authors: Xie Qingguang , Davies Gary B. , Günther Florian , Harting Jens
Published: March 2015

We present theory and simulations describing the behaviour of magnetic Janus particles adsorbed at fluid–fluid interfaces interacting with an external magnetic field. We show that the particles deform the interface in a dipolar manner and suggest how to utilise capillary interactions to create novel, reconfigurable materials.
Foam drainage placed on a porous substrate
Authors: Arjmandi-Tash O. , Kovalchuk N. , Trybala A. , Starov V.
Published: March 2015

Direct numerical simulations were performed to identify the kinetics of liquid release from a foam into a porous substrate like skin or hair.
Flow-induced 2D protein crystallization: characterization of the coupled interfacial and bulk flows
Authors: Young James E. , Posada David , Lopez Juan M. , Hirsa Amir H.
Published: March 2015

Predictive modeling of biofilm flows, based on first principles, is used to quantify 2D protein crystallization on a ligand-bearing phospholipid film at the air–water interface.
Enhanced hydrogen storage properties of a Mg–Ag alloy with solid dissolution of indium: a comparative study
Authors: Si Tingzhi , Cao Yu , Zhang Qingan , Sun Dalin , Ouyang Liuzhang , Zhu Min
Published: March 2015

Both thermodynamics and kinetics of the Mg5.7In0.3Ag–H2 system were significantly destabilized by combining Ag alloying with In dissolution.
A flexible zinc tetrazolate framework exhibiting breathing behaviour on xenon adsorption and selective adsorption of xenon over other noble gases
Authors: Xiong Shunshun , Liu Qiang , Wang Qian , Li Wei , Tang Yuanming , Wang Xiaolin , Hu Sheng , Chen Banglin
Published: March 2015

We present a flexible zinc tetrazolate framework with breathing behaviour on Xe adsorption and significantly high Xe/Kr selectivity under flow condition.
Construction of Z-scheme carbon nanodots/WO3 with highly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Yang Pengju , Zhao Jianghong , Wang Jian , Cao Baoyue , Li Li , Zhu Zhenping
Published: March 2015

Z-scheme is a very effective strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of CNDs.
Gold–palladium bimetallic nanoalloy decorated ultrathin 2D TiO2 nanosheets as efficient photocatalysts with high hydrogen evolution activity
Authors: Xin Yongji , Wu Linen , Ge Lei , Han Changcun , Li Yujing , Fang Siman
Published: March 2015

In this work, a novel AuPd bimetallic nanoalloy decorated ultrathin 2D titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosheet with high H2 evolution activity was prepared via a facile in situ synthesis method.
Core–shell structured Li0.33La0.56TiO3 perovskite as a highly efficient and sulfur-tolerant anode for solid-oxide fuel cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Qu Jifa , Zhao Bote , Yang Guangming , Shao Zongping
Published: March 2015

Core–shell structured Li0.33La0.56TiO3 perovskite is proved to be an active and sulfur-tolerant anode for solid oxide fuel cells.
Understanding the behavior of Li–oxygen cells containing LiI
Authors: Kwak Won-Jin , Hirshberg Daniel , Sharon Daniel , Shin Hyeon-Ji , Afri Michal , Park Jin-Bum , Garsuch Arnd , Chesneau Frederick Francois , Frimer Aryeh A. , Aurbach Doron , Sun Yang-Kook
Published: March 2015

This work deals with core issues of Li–oxygen battery systems; intrinsic stability of polyether electrolyte solutions and the role of important redox mediators such as LiI/I2.
Atypical multiferroicity of HoCrO3 in bulk and film geometry
Authors: Ghosh A. , Pal A. , Dey K. , Majumdar S. , Giri S.
Published: March 2015

We report ferroelectricity in antiferromagnetic HoCrO3 with a reasonably large value of spontaneous electric, which appears due to structural transition from Pbnm to nonsymmetric Pna21 space group.
Thermal phonons and defects in semiconductors: The physical reason why defects reduce heat flow, and how to control it
Authors: Estreicher S. K. , Gibbons T. M. , Bebek M. B.
Published: March 2015

It is generally accepted that heat-carrying phonons in materials scatter off each other (normal or Umklapp scattering) as well as off defects. This assumes static defects, implies quasi-instantaneous interactions and at least some momentum transfer. However, when defect dynamics are explicitly included, the nature of phonon-defect interactions becomes more subtle. Ab initio microcanonical molecular-dynamics simulations show that (1) spatially localized vibrational modes (SLMs), associated with all types of defects in semiconductors, can trap thermal phonons; (2) the vibrational lifetimes of excitations in SLMs are one to two orders of magnitude longer (dozens to hundreds of periods of oscillation) than those of bulk phonons of similar frequency; (3) it is phonon trapping by defects (in SLMs) rather than bulk phonon scattering, which reduces the flow of heat; and (4) the decay of trapped phonons and therefore heat flow can be predicted and controlled—at least to some extent—by the use of carefully selected interfaces and δ layers.
New application of predictive direct torque control in permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine
Authors: Yang Shih-Yu , Wu Yuan-Kang , Lin Huei-Jeng
Published: March 2015

This paper concerns the application of the predictive direct torque control (PDTC) method to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In classical methods for controlling a PMSG, the sampling frequency of the controller must be precisely determined. However, the use of PDTC in this study enables three optimal duty cycles to be predicted at the moment of sampling, significantly reducing the ripple of the electromagnetic torque and the amplitude of the stator flux below those caused by conventional control methods. Therefore, the new method allows a lower sampling frequency than the traditional method. To operate the machine side converter, the DC bus capacitor voltage must be maintained within an acceptable and stable range. Voltage-oriented vector control is used to control the active power and the reactive power, which are delivered from the DC bus capacitor, as well as to control the voltage. In this study, a complete wind turbine system is considered, including a focus on the aerodynamics and structure of each wind turbine, using Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence (FAST). Also, to prevent the rotor speed of the wind turbine from exceeding the rated rotor speed too much, a very simple pitch controller system is considered.
Optical transportation and controllable positioning of nanospheres using a microfiber
Authors: Hu Yanjun , Li Ying , Deng Yonghe , Peng Ping
Published: March 2015

We experimentally demonstrate an optical transportation and controllable positioning of polystyrene nanospheres using a 3 μm diameter microfiber. By placing the microfiber in a microfluidic channel and injecting a 980 nm laser light into the fiber, nanospheres suspended in the water were stably trapped to the microfiber and delivered along the direction of light propagation. Furthermore, by increasing the velocity of the fluid in the opposite direction of the laser light, it was found that, once the fluid velocity increased to 6 μm/s, spheres stopped their forward progress and halted on the microfiber, so the controllable positioning of spheres along the microfiber was realized.
Quantitative Moisture Measurement with a Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer using Telecom Diode Lasers
Authors: Chen Bing , Kang Peng , Li Jian-ying , He Xiao-lei , Liu An-wen , Hu Shui-ming
Published: March 2015

Moisture measurement is of great needs in semiconductor industry, combustion diagnosis, meteorology, and atmospheric studies. We present an optical hygrometer based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). By using different absorption lines of H2O in the 1.56 and 1.36 μm regions, we are able to determine the relative concentration (mole fraction) of water vapor from a few percent down to the 10−12 level. The quantitative accuracy is examined by comparing the CRDS hygrometer with a commercial chilled-mirror dew-point meter. The high sensitivity of the CRDS instrument allows a water detection limit of 8 pptv.
Encountering Occupy London: Boundary Making and the Territoriality of Urban Activism
Authors: Halvorsen Sam
Published: March 2015

In this paper I examine the practices of encountering of Occupy London, and argue that they provide a means for rethinking the production of territoriality. Specifically, I argue that boundary making not only involves hierarchical relations of power-over but also the articulation of bottom-up power-to. I first examine literature on boundary making, and propose encountering as a more appropriate vocabulary to represent this practice in the context of urban activism. I then conceptualise encountering as the articulation of power-to, a moment in the production of territoriality from below, bringing together Holloway's dialectical understanding of power and Lefebvre's writings on territorial autogestion and urban encounters. In the remainder of the paper I examine practices of encountering in Occupy London on the basis of militant research with the movement that combined ethnography, interviews, and archive analysis. The paper focuses on the spaces of the General Assembly and the protest camp, exploring how encounters were productive of new social relations and highlighting key tensions. In particular I note the inevitable ephemerality of activist encounters and tensions over institutionalising encounters, and I end by calling for greater attention to the power relations involved, warning against assumptions that encounters of power-to necessarily lead to positive outcomes.
Future of specialised roles in allied health practice: who is responsible?
Authors: Skinner Elizabeth H. , Haines Kimberley J. , Hayes Kate , Seller Daniel , Toohey Jessica C. , Reeve Julie C. , Holdsworth Clare , Haines Terry P.
Published: March 2015

Allied health professions have developed specialised advanced and extended scope roles over the past decade, for the benefit of patient outcomes, allied health professionals’ satisfaction and to meet labour and workforce demands. There is an essential need for formalised, widely recognised training to support these roles, and significant challenges to the delivery of such training exist. Many of these roles function in the absence of specifically defined standards of clinical practice and it is unclear where the responsibility for training provision lies. In a case example of physiotherapy practice in the intensive care unit, clinical placements and independence of practice are not core components of undergraduate physiotherapy degrees. Universities face barriers to the delivery of postgraduate specialised training and, although hospital physiotherapy departments are ideally placed, resources for training are lacking and education is not traditionally considered part of healthcare service providers’ core business. Substantial variability in training, and its evaluation, leads to variability in practice and may affect patient outcomes. Allied health professionals working in specialised roles should develop specific clinical standards of practice, restructure models of health care delivery to facilitate training, continue to develop the evidence base for their roles and target and evaluate training efficacy to achieve independent practice in a cost-effective manner. Healthcare providers must work with universities, the vocational training sector and government to optimise the ability of allied health to influence decision making and care outcomes for patients.
Changes in the prevalence of lipodystrophy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-infected men
Authors: Price Julia , Hoy Jennifer , Ridley Emma , Nyulasi Ibolya , Paul Eldho , Woolley Ian
Published: March 2015

Background
Although it significantly improves HIV-related outcomes, some components of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) cause lipodystrophy syndrome. The composition of combination ART has changed over time but the impact on lipodystrophy prevalence is unknown. Methods: One hundred HIV-infected males underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, serum lipid testing and completed a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study in 2010. Thirty-four participants of a 1998 study cohort were re-evaluated in 2010. The same parameters were used to define and compare lipodystrophy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the two time periods. Results: In 2010, the prevalence of lipodystrophy was lower when compared with 1998 (53% v. 69%, P = 0.012), despite higher mean age (51.8 v. 42.1 years, P < 0.0001), duration of HIV (165 v. 86 months, P < 0.0001), ART exposure (129 v. 38 months, P < 0.0001), CD4+ cell count (601 v. 374 cells µL−1, P < 0.0001) and waist circumference (95.5 v. 89.9 cm P < 0.0001). Cholesterol (5.0 v. 5.6 mmol L−1, P = 0.0001) and triglycerides (1.9 v. 3.7 mmol L−1, P < 0.0001) were significantly lower in 2010. Factors associated with an increased risk of lipodystrophy in 2010 were duration of HIV infection and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas current tenofovir or abacavir use was associated with a decreased risk of lipodystrophy. On multivariate analysis low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 2.65; CI, 1.4–4.9) remained significant for an increased risk and current tenofovir or abacavir use with reduced risk of lipodystrophy (OR, 0.096; CI, 0.011–0.83). In 2010 there was a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (33 v. 28%) and higher median Framingham CVD risk (9.9% (5.7–14.6) v. 8.2% (4.5–12.9). Conclusion: Despite ageing and longer duration of HIV infection and ART exposure, the prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected men significantly declined over a 12-year period. However, a trend exists toward a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and increased CVD risk.
Adolescent Initiation of Cannabis use and Early-Onset Psychosis
Authors: Bagot Kara S. , Milin Robert , Kaminer Yifrah
Published: March 2015

Background

It is important to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on onset and course of psychotic illness, as the increasing number of novice cannabis users may translate into a greater public health burden. This study aims to examine the relationship between adolescent onset of regular marijuana use and age of onset of prodromal symptoms, or first episode psychosis, and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms in those adolescents who use cannabis regularly.

Methods

A review was conducted of the current literature for youth who initiated cannabis use prior to the age of 18 and experienced psychotic symptoms at, or prior to, the age of 25. Seventeen studies met eligibility criteria and were included in this review.

Results

The current weight of evidence supports the hypothesis that early initiation of cannabis use increases the risk of early onset psychotic disorder, especially for those with a preexisting vulnerability and who have greater severity of use. There is also a dose-response association between cannabis use and symptoms, such that those who use more tend to experience greater number and severity of prodromal and diagnostic psychotic symptoms. Those with early-onset psychotic disorder and comorbid cannabis use show a poorer course of illness in regards to psychotic symptoms, treatment, and functional outcomes. However, those with early initiation of cannabis use appear to show a higher level of social functioning than non-cannabis users.

Conclusions

Adolescent initiation of cannabis use is associated, in a dose-dependent fashion, with emergence and severity of psychotic symptoms and functional impairment such that those who initiate use earlier and use at higher frequencies demonstrate poorer illness and treatment outcomes. These associations appear more robust for adolescents at high risk for developing a psychotic disorder.
The Influence of Supervisory Neglect on Subtypes of Emerging Adult Substance use after Controlling for Familial Factors, Relationship Status, and Individual Traits
Authors: Snyder Susan M. , Merritt Darcey H.
Published: March 2015

Background

This study is the first to explore how child supervisory neglect influences patterns of substance use among young adults. This study investigated patterns of substance use among males and females, 18 to 24 years old, after controlling for adolescent parental drinking, living with parents, relationship status, delinquency, and depression.

Methods

The study sample ( N = 10,618) included individuals who participated in Waves I (1994–1995) and III (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The study used latent class analysis to ascertain how patterns of substance use emerged as distinct classes.

Results

For both males and females, we identified the following 4 classes of substance use: (1) heavy polysubstance use, (2) moderate polysubstance use, (3) alcohol and marijuana, and (4) low-use substance use patterns. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that, for both males and females 18 to 24 years old, experiencing supervisory neglect, being depressed, being single, and engaging in adolescent delinquency serve as risk factors for heavy polysubstance use class membership. Conversely, being black or Hispanic lowered the likelihood of polysubstance use for males and females. For females only, living with parents served as a protective factor that reduced the risk of membership in heavy polysubstance use, moderate polysubstance use, and alcohol and marijuana classes. For males only, being less educated increased the risk of heavy polysubstance use class membership.

Conclusions

Results from this exploratory study underscore the enduring effect of supervisory neglect on substance use among male and female young adults. Future studies should explore whether these relationships hold over time.
Bidirectional Relationship between the Body Mass Index and Substance use in Young Men
Authors: N'Goran Alexandra A. , Studer Joseph , Deline Stéphane , Henchoz Yves , Baggio Stéphanie , Mohler-Kuo Meichun , Daeppen Jean-Bernard , Gmel Gerhard
Published: March 2015

Background

Obesity and substance use are major concern in young people. This study explored the bidirectional longitudinal relationships between the body mass index (BMI) of young men and their use of (1) 4 classes of nonmedical prescription drugs; (2) alcohol; (3) tobacco; and (4) cannabis.

Methods

Baseline and follow-up data from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors were used ( N = 5007). A cross-lagged panel model, complemented by probit models as sensitivity analysis, was run to determine the bidirectional relationships between BMI and substance use. Alcohol was assessed using risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD); tobacco, using daily smoking; and cannabis, using hazardous cannabis use (defined as twice-weekly or more cannabis use). Nonmedical prescription drugs use (NMPDU) included opioid analgesics, sedatives/sleeping pills, anxiolytics, and stimulants.

Results

Different associations were found between BMI and substance use. Only RSOD (β = −.053, P = .005) and NMPDU of anxiolytics (β = .040, P = .020) at baseline significantly predicted BMI at follow-up. Baseline RSOD predicted a lower BMI at follow-up, whereas baseline NMPDU of anxiolytics predicted higher BMI at follow-up. Furthermore, BMI at baseline significantly predicted daily smoking (β = .050, P = .007) and hazardous cannabis use (β = .058, P = .030).

Conclusions

These results suggest different associations between BMI and the use of various substances by young men. However, only RSOD and NMPDU of anxiolytics predicted BMI, whereas BMI predicted daily smoking and hazardous cannabis use.
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Adolescents: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practice of New York School-Based Health Center Providers
Authors: Harris Brett R. , Shaw Benjamin A. , Sherman Barry R. , Lawson Hal A.
Published: March 2015

Background

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics as an evidence-based strategy to address risky substance use among adolescents in primary care. However, less than half of pediatricians even screen adolescents for substance use. The purpose of this study was to identify variation in SBIRT practice and explore how program directors’ and clinicians’ attitudes and perceptions of effectiveness, role responsibility, and self-efficacy impact SBIRT adoption, implementation, and practice in school-based health centers (SBHCs).

Methods

All 162 New York State SBHC program directors and clinicians serving middle and high school students were surveyed between May and June of 2013 (40% response rate).

Results

Only 22% of participants reported practicing the SBIRT model. Of the individual SBIRT model components, using a standardized tool to screen students for risky substance use, referring students with substance use problems to specialty treatment, and assessing students’ readiness to change were practiced least frequently. Less than 30% of participants felt they could be effective at helping students reduce substance use, 63% did not believe it was their role to use a standardized screening tool, and 20–30% did not feel confident performing specific aspects of intervention and management. Each of these factors was correlated with SBIRT practice frequency ( P < .05).

Conclusions

Findings from this study identify an important gap between an evidence-based SBIRT model and its adoption into practice within SBHCs, indicating a need for dissemination strategies targeting role responsibility, self-efficacy, and clinicians’ perceptions of SBIRT effectiveness.
Is children's reading “good enough”? Links between online processing and comprehension as children read syntactically ambiguous sentences
Authors: Wonnacott Elizabeth , Joseph Holly S. S. L. , Adelman James S. , Nation Kate
Published: March 2015

We monitored 8- and 10-year-old children's eye movements as they read sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity to obtain a detailed record of their online processing. Children showed the classic garden-path effect in online processing. Their reading was disrupted following disambiguation, relative to control sentences containing a comma to block the ambiguity, although the disruption occurred somewhat later than would be expected for mature readers. We also asked children questions to probe their comprehension of the syntactic ambiguity offline. They made more errors following ambiguous sentences than following control sentences, demonstrating that the initial incorrect parse of the garden-path sentence influenced offline comprehension. These findings are consistent with “good enough” processing effects seen in adults. While faster reading times and more regressions were generally associated with better comprehension, spending longer reading the question predicted comprehension success specifically in the ambiguous condition. This suggests that reading the question prompted children to reconstruct the sentence and engage in some form of processing, which in turn increased the likelihood of comprehension success. Older children were more sensitive to the syntactic function of commas, and, overall, they were faster and more accurate than younger children.
The nucleoporin gp210/Nup210 controls muscle differentiation by regulating nuclear envelope/ER homeostasis
Authors: Gomez-Cavazos J. Sebastian , Hetzer Martin W.
Published: March 2015

Previously, we identified the nucleoporin gp210/Nup210 as a critical regulator of muscle and neuronal differentiation, but how this nucleoporin exerts its function and whether it modulates nuclear pore complex (NPC) activity remain unknown. Here, we show that gp210/Nup210 mediates muscle cell differentiation in vitro via its conserved N-terminal domain that extends into the perinuclear space. Removal of the C-terminal domain, which partially mislocalizes gp210/Nup210 away from NPCs, efficiently rescues the differentiation defect caused by the knockdown of endogenous gp210/Nup210. Unexpectedly, a gp210/Nup210 mutant lacking the NPC-targeting transmembrane and C-terminal domains is sufficient for C2C12 myoblast differentiation. We demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-specific caspase cascade is exacerbated during Nup210 depletion and that blocking ER stress-mediated apoptosis rescues differentiation of Nup210-deficient cells. Our results suggest that the role of gp210/Nup210 in cell differentiation is mediated by its large luminal domain, which can act independently of NPC association and appears to play a pivotal role in the maintenance of nuclear envelope/ER homeostasis.
Somatic CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations reveal roles of embryonically essential dynein chains in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia
Authors: Li Wenjing , Yi Peishan , Ou Guangshuo
Published: March 2015

Cilium formation and maintenance require intraflagellar transport (IFT). Although much is known about kinesin-2–driven anterograde IFT, the composition and regulation of retrograde IFT-specific dynein remain elusive. Components of cytoplasmic dynein may participate in IFT; however, their essential roles in cell division preclude functional studies in postmitotic cilia. Here, we report that inducible expression of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas9 system in Caenorhabditis elegans generated conditional mutations in IFT motors and particles, recapitulating ciliary defects in their null mutants. Using this method to bypass the embryonic requirement, we show the following: the dynein intermediate chain, light chain LC8, and lissencephaly-1 regulate retrograde IFT; the dynein light intermediate chain functions in dendrites and indirectly contributes to ciliogenesis; and the Tctex and Roadblock light chains are dispensable for cilium assembly. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these components undergo biphasic IFT with distinct transport frequencies and turnaround behaviors. Together, our results suggest that IFT–dynein and cytoplasmic dynein have unique compositions but also share components and regulatory mechanisms.
Altering nuclear pore complex function impacts longevity and mitochondrial function in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Lord Christopher L. , Timney Benjamin L. , Rout Michael P. , Wente Susan R.
Published: March 2015

The eukaryotic nuclear permeability barrier and selective nucleocytoplasmic transport are maintained by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), large structures composed of ∼30 proteins (nucleoporins [Nups]). NPC structure and function are disrupted in aged nondividing metazoan cells, although it is unclear whether these changes are a cause or consequence of aging. Using the replicative life span (RLS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we find that specific Nups and transport events regulate longevity independent of changes in NPC permeability. Mutants lacking the GLFG domain of Nup116 displayed decreased RLSs, whereas longevity was increased in nup100-null mutants. We show that Nup116 mediates nuclear import of the karyopherin Kap121, and each protein is required for mitochondrial function. Both Kap121-dependent transport and Nup116 levels decrease in replicatively aged yeast. Overexpression of GSP1, the small GTPase that powers karyopherin-mediated transport, rescued mitochondrial and RLS defects in nup116 mutants and increased longevity in wild-type cells. Together, these studies reveal that specific NPC nuclear transport events directly influence aging.
Global existence for Schrödinger–Debye system for initial data with infinite 𝐿²-norm
Authors: Corcho Adán , Ferreira Lucas
Published: March 2015

In this paper we study global-in-time existence for the Cauchy problem associated to the Schrödinger–Debye system for a class of initial data with infinite

L

2

L^{2}

-norm, namely weak-

L

p

L^{p}

spaces. This model appears in nonlinear optics as a perturbation of the classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS). Our results exhibit differences between both models in that setting, e.g. the Debye perturbation imposes restrictions in the spatial dimension. We also analyze the asymptotic stability of the solutions.
Genesis of a Society
Authors: Lloyd Alan B.
Published: March 2015

This chapter discusses the prehistoric evolution of Egyptian society. It begins by summarizing current archaeological knowledge of Egyptian Prehistory. It then confronts these data with a macrostructure model of the stages through which a prehistoric society could be expected to develop. This methodology should provide the basis for making an informed assessment of what the social evolution of the period is likely to have been.
Kingship
Authors: Lloyd Alan B.
Published: March 2015

This chapter analyses the most significant institutional creation of Egypt's prehistoric cultures, i.e. kingship, the pivotal institution of Egyptian society and the embodiment of the Pharaonic state system throughout its history. It examines the concept of divine kingship which embraces both the concept of the divinity of the king in life and death, and the distance between that conceptualization and the ways in which that divinity did or did not impact on those who came into contact with it.
Government of the Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd Alan B.
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes the evolution of the administrative machinery through which the Egyptian state operated to determine the ways in which the power of Pharaoh was articulated within the kingdom at large and, at some periods, beyond its frontiers. Royal authority was exercised through two main mechanisms: a central administration based on a palace located in the capital city and a provincial system integrated with it that could be organized in a variety of ways, depending on the period in question.
The Hopkins Touch
Authors: Roll David
Published: March 2015

This book offers a portrait of the most powerful man in Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. It shows how Harry Hopkins, an Iowa-born social worker who had been an integral part of the New Deal's implementation, became the linchpin in FDR's—and America's—relationships with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, and spoke with an authority second only to the president's. Hopkins could take the political risks his boss could not, and proved crucial to maintaining personal relations among the Big Three. Beloved by some—such as Churchill, who believed that Hopkins “always went to the root of the matter”—and trusted by most—including the paranoid Stalin—there were nevertheless those who resented the influence of “the White House Rasputin”.
Moving In
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This book is about Harry Hopkins, an Iowa-born social worker who played a key role in the implementation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, and how he became the most powerful man in the Roosevelt administration. It tells the story of Hopkins's improbable yet crucial role in helping to create and preserve the Anglo-American-Soviet coalition that ultimately won World War II. It also explores the complexities underlying Hopkins's relationship with FDR and how he became the linchpin in FDR's—and America's—relationships with Winston Churchill of Great Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.
Ambitious Reformer
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's early life and education, from his childhood in Grinnell, Iowa, to his graduation from Grinnell College and his marriage to Ethel Gross. It also considers Hopkins's work for the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor and his emergence as a coalition builder. Hopkins and Ethel permanently separated in 1929 and divorced a year later. In 1939, Hopkins joined Franklin D. Roosevelt's cabinet as secretary of commerce.