bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos de um programa de educação infantil em famílias de catadores de papel de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Barbosa Beatriz Graveli de Sousa , Duarte Marisa Ribeiro Teixeira , Duarte Adriana Cancela
Published: November 2012

Este artigo apresenta os percursos teórico-metodológicos e os resultados de um estudo sobre a avaliação de impacto do Programa Primeira Escola da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Belo Horizonte sobre as famílias das crianças que se encontravam matriculadas na Unidade Municipal de Educação Infantil - UMEI - Carlos Prates - Danielle Mitterrand, no ano de 2004. A pesquisa buscou dados sobre a situação das crianças e suas famílias no ano de 2004, quando a UMEI foi inaugurada, e em 2008, quando foi realizado o trabalho de campo. Os dados empíricos possibilitaram avaliar o impacto da UMEI na renda e no orçamento familiar, nos hábitos de higiene, na saúde e no desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças.
A gestão da inclusão escolar na rede municipal de São Paulo: algumas considerações sobre o Programa Inclui
Authors: Oliveira Anna Augusta Sampaio de , Drago Silvana Lucena dos Santos
Published: November 2012

Para análise da questão da gestão política do processo de inclusão escolar, este artigo aborda o movimento da rede municipal de São Paulo em direção à uma escola inclusiva através da oferta de respostas educativas aos alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Assim, descreve o Programa Inclui, em andamento na rede municipal de ensino, que busca organizar, através de projetos, a construção e consolidação de um sistema inclusivo, na perspectiva de estar articulado com as práticas e ações político-pedagógicas que ocorrem desde a educação infantil ao ensino médio e se concentra nas ações necessárias para o atendimento às necessidades educacionais especiais para que se garanta a desejável relação entre educação comum e especial no enfrentamento das dificuldades do processo de ensino e aprendizagem daqueles que precisam de recursos, técnicas, metodologias diferenciadas para que sua trajetória escolar esteja garantida, no cotidiano, assim como está garantida no aspecto legal.
Avaliação da aprendizagem de justiça em alunos de Ensino Médio
Authors: Lima Humberto Silva de , Lins Maria Judith Sucupira da Costa
Published: November 2012

Aprendizagem de justiça é fundamental para o cidadão. O problema central desta pesquisa é avaliar como alunos de ensino médio aprendem a virtude Justiça. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar como alunos do Ensino Médio realizam a construção desta virtude. Este artigo apresenta a proposta didática desenvolvida por alunos do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio que por meio de leitura e escritas de textos organizaram seu pensamento e prática sobre justiça. Foi-lhes possibilitado observar o que entendiam por justiça e como chegaram a um conceito desta virtude. A fundamentação teórica tem base na filosofia moral de AlasdairMacIntyre. Este filósofo aponta a desordem moral existente na sociedade atual e chama a atenção para a moral de emotivismo. Ele considera as virtudes aristotélicas numa perspectiva para o século XXI como um paradigma para a vivência moral. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa e a metodologia foi a Escuta Sensível descrita por Rene Barbier. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a teoria de Laurence Bardin. Resultados mostram que os alunos gradualmente mudaram o conceito emotivo de justiça para o conceito de justiça como uma virtude.
Estrutura populacional de Symphonia globulifera L. f. (Clusiaceae) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de baixada periodicamente alagada
Authors: Santos Ezequiel Moraes dos , Nascimento Marcelo Trindade
Published: November 2012

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a estrutura populacional de Symphonia globulifera em fragmentos florestais periodicamente alagados, nas Reservas Biológicas de Poço das Antas (RBPA) e União (RBU), Rio de Janeiro. Uma análise comparativa entre o papel das estratégias reprodutivas (via semente ou via vegetativa) na estrutura populacional foi também realizada. Para a amostragem, foram selecionadas três áreas na RBPA (PORT, CM e ARI) e uma área na RBU. Foram encontrados dois tipos de estrutura populacional para S. globulifera: 1) populações PORT e ARI com baixo recrutamento e predominância de indivíduos oriundos de sementes que podem estar em fase de senescência e 2) populações CM e RBU com grande número de recrutas oriundos de reprodução vegetativa. Plântulas e jovens apresentaram, em geral, um maior número de indivíduos de via vegetativa. Em relação aos adultos, ocorreu um predomínio de indivíduos oriundos de sementes. Esses padrões parecem estar relacionados ao regime hídrico de cada ambiente. A predominância nos pântanos de plântulas e jovens de via vegetativa e árvores oriundas de semente sugere a existência de uma forte mortalidade diferenciada nas fases de plântula e jovens de indivíduos oriundos de reprodução vegetativa.
Contribuições à implantação de polo moveleiro na Região Central do Tocantins
Authors: D'Ambros Jorge , Gonçalez Joaquim Carlos , Angelo Humberto
Published: November 2012

Trata-se de estudo desenvolvido na região central do Tocantins para ouvir atores locais, especialistas no segmento moveleiro, na identificação e análise de fatores positivos, deficiências, oportunidades e ameaças associadas à cadeia produtiva, visando a dar continuidade à formação do polo. Foram ouvidos setenta e cinco atores locais dentre empresários do setor, academia universitária e entidades representantes do governo que opinaram sobre as contribuições econômicas, sociais, políticas e ambientais advindas da constituição de um polo na região. A ferramenta utilizada foi a SWOT Analysis associada ao Método de Juízes, as variáveis foram submetidas à Análise em Componentes Principais - ACP. A Matriz SWOT mostrou-se adequada e eficaz para ser utilizada como ferramenta de diagnóstico junto aos atores locais. O exame do conjunto de fatores associados à produção moveleira local ajudou a compreender a atividade e indicar ações que influenciam esse arranjo produtivo e que trará benéficos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Na opinião dos avaliadores, a implantação de um polo moveleiro na região favorecerá, especialmente, a geração de emprego e renda, o desenvolvimento local e regional sustentável, melhorias na gestão dos negócios elevando o padrão de qualidade e produtividade das indústrias moveleiras e a qualidade de vida da população.
Desnutrição neonatal e produção de IFN-γ IL-12 e IL-10 por macrófagos/linfócitos: estudo da infecção celular, in vitro, por Staphylococcus aureus meticilina sensível e meticilina resistente
Authors: Costa Thacianna Barreto da , Morais Natália Gomes de , Almeida Thays Miranda de , Severo Maiara Santos , Castro Célia Maria Machado Barbosa de
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da desnutrição neonatal sobre a produção de Interferon gama, Interleucina-12 e Interleucina-10 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares e linfócitos infectados, in vitro, com Staphylococcus aureus sensível/resistente à meticilina. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram amamentados por mães cuja dieta, durante a lactação, continha 17% de proteína no grupo nutrido e 8% no grupo desnutrido. Após desmame, ambos os grupos receberam a dieta normoproteica. Os macrófagos foram obtidos após traqueostomia, através da coleta do lavado broncoalveolar. Para obtenção dos linfócitos, foi realizado o procedimento cirúrgico de punção cardíaca. Após o isolamento dos diferentes tipos celulares, procedeuse à realização dos estímulos com as cepas de estudo. A dosagem das citocinas foi realizada pelo método de Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a partir de amostras coletadas do sobrenadante das culturas após 24 horas de incubação. RESULTADOS: A desnutrição acarretou diminuição do crescimento ponderal, redução na produção de Interferon gama em cultura de macrófagos alveolares e linfócitos e diminuição na produção de Interleucina-12 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares. Apenas a produção de Interferon gama e Interleucina-10 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares apresentou diferença entre as cepas analisadas, em ambos os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de desnutrição neonatal produziu sequela no peso corporal e reduziu a produção de citocinas próinflamatórias (Interleucina-12 e Interferon gama), indicando que esse modelo de desnutrição pode comprometer a resolução de um processo infeccioso. A cepa de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina estimulou uma maior produção de Interferon gama e Interleucina-10 por macrófagos alveolares, o que sugeriu estimulação imunológica mais intensa, por essa cepa, nesse tipo celular especificamente.
Percepção de professores e estudante em relação ao perfil de formação de nutricionista em saúde pública
Authors: Pinheiro Anelise Rizzolo de Oliveira , Recine Elisabetta , Alencar Bárbara de , Fagundes Andhressa Araújo , Sousa Jussara Santos de , Monteiro Renata Alves , Toral Natacha
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de professores e estudantes em relação ao perfil de formação do nutricionista em saúde pública. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, foi realizada com participantes do 21° Congresso Brasileiro de Nutrição. Foi aplicado um questionário com estudantes e recémegressos, e feito um grupo focal com professores. Foi estabelecida a análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos, e a análise qualitativa foi desenvolvida por meio da análise do discurso do sujeito coletivo. RESULTADOS: Dentre os estudantes, 35% relataram ter afinidade com a área de saúde pública, e 11% dos egressos disseram atuar em saúde pública. Segundo os professores, as principais barreiras percebidas na formação do nutricionista em saúde pública foram: dificuldade de inserção do profissional na área; relação entre teoria e prática; e relação ensino e serviço de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Os aspectos de saúde pública na formação do nutricionista ainda são incipientes, o que evidencia a necessidade de um maior aprofundamento do tema.
De Boulainvilliers a Tocqueville: da liberdade como defesa de privilégios à liberdade como defesa de diferenças
Authors: Gahyva Helga
Published: November 2012

Desde meados da segunda metade do século XX, parte expressiva do pensamento social e político vem conferindo destaque à obra de Alexis de Tocqueville. Nesta etapa, sua reflexão é revista nos marcos da democracia liberal: haveria em sua abordagem preciosas sugestões quanto aos dilemas das democracias modernas. Tal percepção, porém, pressupõe certo nexo entre os conceitos de liberalismo e democracia distante do universo intelectual próprio às preocupações tocquevillianas. Pretende-se, neste artigo, apontar o viés conservador subjacente às análises de Tocqueville. Para tanto, sua obra será interpretada à luz da tradição liberal francesa na qual ela se insere, e que remonta à Querela das duas raças, protagonizada por Henri de Boulainvilliers no crepúsculo do século XVII. Trata-se da gênese de uma tripla polaridade que informa Tocqueville: em um eixo positivo, liberdade, heterogeneidade e descentralização; no negativo, igualdade, homogeneidade e centralização.
Physiological effects of diet mixing on consumer fitness: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Whalen Matthew A. , Davenport Theresa M. , Stone Joshua P. , Duffy J. Emmett
Published: November 2012

The degree of dietary generalism among consumers has important consequences for population, community, and ecosystem processes, yet the effects on consumer fitness of mixing food types have not been examined comprehensively. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 161 peer‐reviewed studies reporting 493 experimental manipulations of prey diversity to test whether diet mixing enhances consumer fitness based on the intrinsic nutritional quality of foods and consumer physiology. Averaged across studies, mixed diets conferred significantly higher fitness than the average of single‐species diets, but not the best single prey species. More than half of individual experiments, however, showed maximal growth and reproduction on mixed diets, consistent with the predicted benefits of a balanced diet. Mixed diets including chemically defended prey were no better than the average prey type, opposing the prediction that a diverse diet dilutes toxins. Finally, mixed‐model analysis showed that the effect of diet mixing was stronger for herbivores than for higher trophic levels. The generally weak evidence for the nutritional benefits of diet mixing in these primarily laboratory experiments suggests that diet generalism is not strongly favored by the inherent physiological benefits of mixing food types, but is more likely driven by ecological and environmental influences on consumer foraging.
A New Production Model by Considering the Pressure Sensitivity of Permeability in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Ji Bingyu , Li Li , Zheng Xianbao , Cheng Changhui , Yangtze U. , Kewen Li
Published: November 2012

Most of the "easy" oil in high permeability reservoirs has been explored and developed to a great extent. More and more "difficult" oil has been discovered. There are many problems in developing the "difficult" oil in low or extremely low permeability reservoirs. One of the problems is the pressure sensitivity of permeability which declines significantly as pore pressure decreases or net overburden pressure increases. There have been a few mathematical models to calculate oil or gas production by considering the pressure sensitivity of permeability. However most of the models have not been verified using field production data. In this study, a new production model has been derived theoretically with the pressure sensitivity of permeability considered. Using the production data from a low permeability (less than 1.0×10−3μm2) oil field (Yushulin, Daqing), the model has been tested and verified. The pressure sensitivity coefficient of permeability has been calculated by using the new model with the field data. The results calculated using the new model also showed that the permeability near the well bottom decreased significantly because of the drop in pressure in low permeability reservoirs. An obvious permeability decline funnel could be formed even the formation was homogeneous before development. It was found that the productivity index is no longer a constant in low permeability reservoirs with serious pressure sensitivity of permeability. According to this study, it is necessary to consider the pressure sensitivity of permeability when low permeability reservoirs are being developed. Otherwise, the production will be greatly overestimated.
Compressibility Method for Pore Pressure Prediction
Authors: Atashbari Vahid , Tingay Mark , Zareian Mohammad Hossein
Published: November 2012

Pore pressure is a key parameter in controlling the well in terms of reservoir fluid pressure. An accurate estimation of pore pressure yields to better mud weight proposition and pressure balance in the bore hole. Current well known methods of pore pressure prediction are mainly based on the differences between the recorded amount and normal trend in sonic wave velocity, formation resistivity factor (FRF), or d-exponent (a function of drilling parameters) in overpressured zone. The majority of the techniques are based on the compaction of specific formation type which need localization or calibration. They occasionally fail to proper response in carbonate reservoirs.

In this research, a new method for calculating the pore pressure has been obtained using the compressibility attribute of reservoir rock. In the case of overpressure generation by undercompaction (which is the case in most of the reservoirs), pore pressure is depended on the changes in pore space which is a function of rock and pore compressibility. In a simple way, pore space decreases while the formation undergoes compaction and this imposes pressure on the fluid which fills the pores. Generally, rock compressibility has minor changes over a specific formation, but even this small amount must be considered. Thus, the statistical tools should be used to distribute the compressibility over the formation. Therefore, based on the bulk and pore compressibility achieved from the special core analysis (SCAL) or well logs in one well, the pore pressure in the other locations of a formation could be predicted.
Unconventional Execution Strategy of a Mega Offshore Project
Authors: Houchaimi Wassim
Published: November 2012

Unconventional Execution Strategy of a Mega Offshore Project

Introduction

Background

At the turn of the millennium, with demand for oil picking up, & with the price of oil & projected to cross US$ 100/barrel (& even reach US$ 200/barrel by some predictions), all International Oil Companies (IOC's) & National Oil Companies (NOC's) across the globe frantically embarked on production capacity expansion projects.

The difficulties faced by the contractors were compounded by a severe shortage of industry qualified professionals, because of historical factors & as a result of large & un-anticipated demand.

The Arabian Gulf was no exception to this worldwide frenzy & several ambitious development projects were simultaneously launched by the oil field operators in the early & mid 2000's.

Among the many developments that were sanctioned in 2005 in Qatar was a mega offshore development of a field operated by an IOC.
Well Selection Criteria for Water Shut-Off Polymer Gel Injection in Carbonates
Authors: Canbolat Serhat , Parlaktuna Mahmut
Published: November 2012

Polymer Gel Injection is an efficient method for Water Shut-Off (WSO) application in naturally fractured carbonate oil reservoirs with high water cuts. The application of WSO extends the economic life of the field is extended with the decline in water production. Polymer gel injection has become a common application to remediate high water rates in fractured networks replacing the usual procedures of squeeze cementing, landing open-hole packers, and liners.

A well selection procedure is developed for a successful WSO treatment in a given field which is based on the analysis of reservoir rock and fluid properties and production history of the field. The best candidates of wells are chosen with respect to; estimated remaining mobile hydrocarbons in place, productivity index (PI) values, number of fracture intensity, completion types and water cut of the wells. Then, the effects of WSO application simulations run for water-shut-off polymer gel injection application for the selected wells on oil recovery comparison. Finally, application economics for the selected wells are studied for the justification of procedure.

In the candidate field the results showed that the wells having high PI values with high fracture density distributions (number of fractures) located on the apex of the field were the good candidates. Also, the wells, having low cumulative oil recovery with high water cut %, completed as a cased hole or short pay zone under the casing (open hole) were the verified well candidates with the field simulator, for WSO polymer gel application in the field.

Consequently, the results of simulations showed that the treatment was economically more profitable.WSO treatment in candidate field was resulted in immediate payout in 60 days. The selected five wells, after the application gave 2.77 profits to investment ratio at the end of ten months production period with an incremental oil recovery of 15.763 bbls.
Predicting Relative Permeability from NMR Relaxation-Diffusion Responses Utilizing High Resolution Micro Xray-CT Images
Authors: AlGhamdi Tariq M. , Arns Christoph H.
Published: November 2012

NMR relaxation measurements are routinely used in the petroleum industry to estimate permeability and to partition fluids to estimate irreducible water saturation. The shape of the relaxation time distribution is controlled by many mechanisms like pore-coupling in the presence of heterogeneity, internal gradient effects, and signal to noise ratio. However, given an anchoring of the relaxation time distribution, the logarithmic average of the NMR T2 distribution is a relatively robust measure and for rocks where a correlation between pore and throat size exist, a reliable estimate of permeability can often be made. In this work we utilize high resolution X-ray CT images Berea and Bentheimer sandstone and simulate the NMR relaxation-diffusion responses for the case of drainage by a non-wetting fluid at different magnetic field strength (2MHz, 12 MHz, and 400 MHz), calculating internal magnetic fields explicitely. The T2-D responses are projected onto the relaxation axis for each fluid and the SDR model used to predict absolute and relative permeabilities. The resulting correlations between NMR response and relative permeability are surprisingly strong. In particular, reasonable correlations exist between lattice Boltzmann derived relative permeability and NMR estimated relative permeability even for the effective permeability of the oil. This suggests that internal fields help in establishing a surface related/weighted relaxation mechanism for the non-wetting fluid. This methodology allows testing the applicability of SDR type relative permeability estimates for the purpose of log analysis. A variety of cross-correlations including resistivity information can be considered and correlations between relative permeability and NMR response are optimized by finding the best NMR acquisition sequence and interpretation (e.g. choosing optimal cut-offs).
Optimizing Oil-Rim Development of a Tight Reservoir with Large Gas Cap by Minimizing Gas Cusping Phenomenon C"Case StudyC"
Authors: El Gazar Ashraf , Bin Sumaidaa Saleh , El Mahdi Ahmed , Basioni M. , Aoub M. , Dawoud Ahmed , Arslan Izzet
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a case study of developing a significant volume of oil rim with a large gas cap reservoir in Abu Dhabi-UAE.

The reservoir is a low relief heterogeneous carbonate located in a complex environment represented by natural and artificial islands in the surface, shallow and medium water marine areas. The reservoir rock properties showed lateral and vertical heterogeneities as well as variation in reservoir fluid properties.

The static and dynamic data were utilized to construct representative geological and dynamic models for the reservoir. The field development objective focused on producing the oil rim while maintaining the gas cap as long as possible to save the reservoir energy and benefit from the gas cap pressure support.

Five years production dynamic data were available from two oil producers in addition to well testing and MDT data during the appraisal phase "13 wells". These data were used to quality control the initialization and history match phases.

The development options included pressure support using water injection, lean gas injection, miscible gas injection and miscible WAG injection. The predicted reservoir performance of the oil rim indicated considerable gas cusping from the gas cap in all the development options.

It was a challenge to reduce the amount of gas production from the gas cap in all the development options. A new development option was introduced to perform miscible gas / WAG injection underneath the gas cap accompanied with optimization of the wells and completion intervals locations for producers and injectors to minimize the gas cusping from the gas cap. This resulted in significant enhancement of minimizing gas cusping with minor impact of the recovery factor.

The development of the oil rim was suggested to be in phases focusing on the lowest uncertainty segment of the reservoir. This paper provides the methodology followed to guide the development plan to fill in the uncertainty gap by a detailed data acquisition and monitoring programs to better understand the reservoir behavior.
Mega Projects Integrated Readiness Assurance Process
Authors: Nossair Ahmed , Al Tamimi Ali , Al Amri Ali , Al Katheeri Khaled , Hann Tom , Finigan Tim
Published: November 2012

Mega projects development with major increase in the number of assets, facilities, infra-structures and new technologies additional to current existing running facilities, require numerous efforts to ensure organization readiness for these mega projects future operation and support, with least minimum impact on the running business. Therefore well organized, innovative and systematic approach must be established to manage these mega projects readiness from all perspectives, controlling expansion and interfaces across the company towards future operation requirements. This readiness approach should captures major key operation readiness elements, activities, internal interfaces among the company and external with stakeholders achieving operation readiness and ensuring operation experience to be embedded during project development. A Readiness Assurance Process was developed based on previous experience, best practices, lesson learnt and available guide lines, covering 16 main elements of operation readiness which are Operations, Maintenance, Integrity, HSE, Procurement, Inventory, Commissioning, Agreements, Logistics, Human Capital, Automation, Services, Drilling / Reservoir, Finance and Brown Field. This assurance process covers most of the activities across the company and requires heavy involvement of all business units and divisions within the company therefore the word "Integrated" has been added to the title reflecting the reality. Each element of the Integrated Readiness Assurance Process (IRAP) is divided into sub-elements that have comprehensive list of activities, prerequisite documents and definite deliverables scheduled through the "Project Development Value Assurance Process". Integrated Readiness assures the full readiness of the organization from all aspects to company management and shareholders and supports the requirements of the project development; also it will ensure operation disciplines involvement through the mega project life cycle through well-established methodology. Deployment success of the readiness process relies on well-structured deployment methodology through establishment of sub-committees across the company organization with clear roles and responsibilities, Sub-committees consists of accountable focal points having relevant experience and knowledge to ensure well comprehending the readiness requirements and assuring their commitment for implementation. Subcommittees’ meets on quarterly basis to report the execution progress, and identify forthcoming activities, major achievement verses major challenges and any area of concern along with mitigation strategies to a steering committee on six monthly basis looking for their directives on strategic decisions. Maintaining the deployment success requires monitoring and control techniques that enable proactive approach and progress measurement through performance indicators and balance score cards.
Planning for Successful Jarring Operations - Effective Use of Drilling Impact Systems Helps Release Stuck Pipe
Authors: Mercado Jose L.
Published: November 2012

Jarring is a cost effective alternative to free stuck pipe. Impact tools have been used in drilling industry for many decades and the technology has helped operators save significant amounts of time and money. To keep improving this technology, a new Drilling Impact System (DIS) has been developed. The DIS uses innovative double-acting hydraulic Drilling Jar/Drilling Accelerator and BHA analysis software. The unique modeling program enables engineers to identify/recognize the optimum impact/impulse values and key operational considerations during the BHA design process. The optimized BHA with accelerator amplifies the energy created by the drilling jar. As a consequence, it increases the probability of freeing a stuck BHA.

This paper focus on the drilling bottom hole assembly (BHA) design process and best operational practices to ensure a successful drilling operation. The author will discuss effectiveness of the impact system and proper pre-job analysis procedures for optimum jar placement to avoid lost-in-hole (LIH) situations. The planning process includes: 1) operational considerations; 2) QA/QC system and; 3) software analysis. Case studies are presented to illustrate how the utilization of the drilling impact system culminated in the successful execution of a jarring operation to free stuck bottom hole assemblies.
Performance of Inline Separation Technology in Unlocking Restricted/ Shut Down Wet Gas Wells
Authors: Vissers A. J. , van Asperen V. , Akdim R. , Boudi A. A.
Published: November 2012

Inline separation technology has attracted the attention of oil and gas field operators due to the considerable weight, space and cost savings that can be achieved. In addition, inline separation technology can play a major role in de-bottlenecking and upgrading of existing production facilities. In this regard, inline separation technology has been evaluated in separation efficiency and its contribution to an upstream wet gas field development, to unlock the restricted/shut down wet gas wells.

The FMC/CDS InLine DeLiquidiser (Ultra-Compact Cyclonic Gas-Liquid Separator) was trial tested in a remote location of a Saudi Aramco mature gas field to unlock production from restricted or shut-in gas wells currently suffering from high water cut, which was resulting in limited gas production. More importantly, this technology will significantly contribute in developing Saudi Aramco gas fields already restricted or unexploited due to water production increase associated with gas production.

This paper discusses the concept, objectives and results of the commissioning of the Inline Separator application in the Saudi Aramco wet gas field. Furthermore, during the commissioning, noise measurements were executed to determine the noise level of the Inline Separator in the field, which will also be highlighted.
Pitfalls of Oversizing Plant Rotating Equipment
Authors: Soliman Mohamed
Published: November 2012

Many Engineers overdesign (oversize) plant rotating equipment, valves and pipes to account for uncertainty even though they have designed the same equipment a hundred times. An acceptable and encouraging name is given to the overdesign factor for example, safety margin or design factor. It starts with the proponent (operating company), through the design contractor and finally the vendor. It is the mentality of, "the bigger the better." If it is oversized, it will work. However, if it is undersized, it will not and everyone will hear about it and it will be a lesson learned to everyone. Equipment oversizing will increase plant overall energy consumption, equipment corrosion and maintenance cost. Avoiding plant/GOSPs equipment oversizing will not only save the CAPEX but also will save billions of dollars in plant operating costs. Adequately sized plant equipment will improve plant reliability, minimize energy consumption, minimize plant maintenance and improve plant safety through minimizing equipment corrosion.

In this paper, the reasons for adding an overdesign factor and the consequences of overdesigning the plant rotating equipment, pipes and valves will be discussed includingreal life case studies. Also, systematic approach to avoid oversizing will be addressed in details. Furthermore, this paper will focus on a detailed case study of Oversizing the crude charge pump in one of the Gas Oil Separating Plant (GOSP). The oversizing was not only a waste of energy, but it also interrupted the plant operation and caused a continuous opening of off-spec valves.

One of the main reasons for overdesign factor is attributed to the lack of clear guidelines and instruction from the proponent to take responsibility of not adding this factor. The design factor not only increases the capital cost but also increases the operating costs and consequently reduces the plant profitability in addition to the plant safety. Optimization of plant operation starts from early plant design by reducing the overdesign/oversizing factor of the plant rotating equipment.
Offshore First Fiber Optic Enable Coil Tubing Application for Water Shutoff, Cementing and Perforation Operation - Malay Basin Historical Milestone
Authors: Shahril Shakri Shaifi , Abd Rahim Parveen , Fakhrurazi Ishak M , Kasim M Heikal , Ayob Adzlan
Published: November 2012

Dulang is one of the aging fields in Peninsular Malaysia that started its first oil production in March 1991. After 10 years in operations, the field started to show a rapid declination in production. Since then, a lot of Production Enhancement & Idle Well reactivation activities have been conducted despite the presence of high CO2 that post challenges for well intervention jobs. The number of activities keeps increasing over the years in hope to boost production and with a time constraint, each job is planned with a very limited window for execution. The engineers constantly have to find more efficient ways to ensure all these planned activities are completed on time despite these challenges.

One of the Idle Well reactivation that was successfully conducted at Dulang is at Well A-40ST1. The well was 100% watered out from the lowest zone J-36 and uncertain production from the upper zone J-32. Based on the survey data, there is a potential reserve at a new zone that has been identified in above the current zones, namely upper J-32. Amongst the challenges in this well is the interval of each zone is so close and it is located at the highest slope of the well at 74°.

Conventional method to execute such job normally takes 2 months which involved Electric-line and Coiled Tubing packages alternately. The other option is to use electric-coil tubing which can save operation time but with higher cost. Ultimately, field operator has taken fresh new application that can provide more benefits in term of time, cost and deckspace layout.

This paper will describe the details of the complexity of the operation which involves milling, water shut-off, cementing, and perforation at remote platform location. Prior to that, detail evaluation is performed to weigh the pros and cons of conventional method and real-time fiber optic application.
Formation Flow Impairment in Carbonate Reservoirs Due to Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition during Hydrocarbon Gas Flooding
Authors: Syed Fahad I. , Ghedan Shawket G. , Hage Ahmed R. , Tariq Syed M. , Shebl Hesham
Published: November 2012

Hydrocarbon gas injection has proven to be one of the most efficient Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods, especially for tight and heterogeneous reservoirs with light to medium API oil, where water flooding is expected to be inefficient. Asphaltene precipitation and deposition, however, might occur due to pressure and fluids compositional changes with the gas injection. This complex phenomenon requires experimental and numerical investigation to understand the conditions at which flow impairment due to asphaltene formation damage may occur, resulting in lowering well flow capacity and in turn lower ultimate oil recovery.

In this experimental study, low permeability carbonate rock core samples were flooded with hydrocarbon gas under reservoir conditions. The floods were conducted on core samples of two different lengths representing two different rock types based on average rock permeability and Pore Throat Size Distribution (PTSD). Additionally, these core samples were flooded at two different operating conditions to mimic the average reservoir and the wellbore flowing pressure conditions. As a prelude to these experiments, Asphaltene Onset Pressure (AOP) and Asphaltene Onset Concentration (AOC) of the oil under study with the injection gas were established through NIR, SARA and Titration analysis.

Flow impairment due to formation damage by asphaltene precipitation and deposition was analyzed through permeability measurements before and after gas flooding. In all cases permeability reduction was observed. Permeability reduction was found to be function of rock types, reservoir pressure, and length of composite core samples. We assume that pore throat bridging by the larger size asphaltene particles caused higher permeability reduction in the samples of poorer rock types. Experiments conducted at lower pressures showed more damage. This is consistent with the lower AOC at lower pressure. Longer core samples give more time for asphaltene flocculation resulting in more asphaltene formation damage and more permeability reduction. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images of core plugs before and after the gas flooding process were found to be not conclusive with respect to direct detection of asphaltene deposition in the core samples and further work is planned to positively identify asphaltene deposition in the rock samples.
Managing LNG Deliverability: An Innovative Approach Using Neural Network and Proxy Modeling for Australian CSG Assets
Authors: Biniwale Shripad , Trivedi Rajesh
Published: November 2012

Accurate prediction of individual well potential and estimation of field capacity are the key for managing Coal Seam Gas (CSG) wells and its deliverability to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant. Because there are no downhole gauges in these wells there is limited reservoir data. The associated uncertainty, the absence of fast predictive wellbore models and challenges in generating accurate well performance predictions add to the deliverability challenge.

This paper presents a method used to estimate CSG well performance for Australian CSG assets using neural network (NN) and proxy modeling. Traditional methods for prediction of well potential, such as numerical simulation or statistical techniques, have significant limitations. Numerical prediction is traditionally accurate but very complex in setup and computation; statistical techniques have the advantage of being fast but often lack accuracy.

The approach starts with the automatic acquisition, validation, and quality control of static and dynamic production parameters in proxy modeling. Based on the relationship and similarity of key performance indicator (KPI) profiles, the wells are grouped into various clusters using a NN self-organizing map (SOM) technique. For each cluster group, a workflow is defined to estimate various well parameters used to predict individual well potential. A generic proxy model can be designed for each cluster for future prediction and capacity modeling. The workflow also allows tracking of capacity at different operating points on a daily basis for wells, group of wells, and fields and can be leveraged further by generating scenarios for various constraints on production parameters and facility controls. The entire workflow process can be standardized, scheduled to run automatically, and stored in a workflow library for secure deployment and sharing across the organization.
Persistent Approach to Improve Well Performance and Production Sustenance
Authors: Raju Mankala , Al-Sirri Dalal , Al-Husaini Mohammad Harier , Al-Hajeri Nasser , Chetri H B , Al-Ajmi Hussain
Published: November 2012

Sabiriyah Lower Burgan is a clastic reservoir in North Kuwait on continuous production for the last 45 years. The reservoir, on active water drive, has its inherent problem of rapid increase in water cut, the production performance of wells declining drastically after water cut level of 40%. The well production improvement is continuous effort based on understanding of well fundamentals and actual analysis of well's historical performance. This can be enhanced with Well modeling based on latest field real time parameters to predict well performance and production forecast.

The persistent approach to improve well performance was implemented by dividing entire Field into segments based on water encroachment, pressure distribution and fluid properties as each well is located in a segment requiring specific approach and technique's to sustain well production and performance improvement.

To implement production sustenance and enhancement plan, huge well surveillance plan was adopted to acquire TDT/PNC, PLT, FBHP and SBHP, PGOR to get latest well and field data to implement following specific actions a) Quick wins: Rig less water shut-off jobs, additional and re-perforations in dry zones to improve well production; b) Rig work overs to cement squeeze the high water cut zones to reduce water cuts and improve well vertical lift performance on natural flow; c) Selective ESP in low pressure and high water cut field segments to sustain the existing production; d) Use of latest ICD design based on PLT results to sustain well production from the existing horizontal wells with less water cut; e) Recompletion of poor performance wells of other zones after critical evaluation.

The case history of Production management of this giant reservoir in North Kuwait leading to significant increase in production is a successful journey to be shared with International professional community.
A Novel Approach to Handle Continuous Wettability Alteration during Immiscible CO2 Flooding Process
Authors: Al-Mutairi Saad M. , Abu-Khamsin Sidqi A. , Hossain M. Enamul
Published: November 2012

Wettability has been recognized as one of the main parameters that control the remaining oil-in-place. Knowledge of wettability alteration during displacement is essential to understand the displacement mechanisms and to recover oil efficiently. Continuous alteration of wettability and other related properties need to be addressed properly for an effective approach to enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Review of the literature reveals that much laboratory work, including core and micro-model flooding, was conducted to investigate wettability alteration during CO2 flooding process. However, limited research on numerical and/or analytical modeling of such wettability alteration has been reported. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, published numerical and/or analytical models are time-independent solutions. Ignoring this time dimension creates a significant knowledge gap between such solutions and reality. To mitigate this shortcoming, a novel approach was developed to handle wettability alteration on continuous basis during immiscible CO2 flooding process.

A mathematical model was developed to incorporate continuous time function for immiscible CO2 flooding process. During the development of the model equation, Cory relative permeability model was utilized. In this model, a new, modified Corey relative permeability model was incorporated to calculate the phase relative permeability as a function of wettability. A numerical, 1-dimensional, two-phase immiscible simulation scheme was built utilizing MATLAB program to solve the model equations. The results showed that inclusion of continuous wettability alteration model is believed to predict oil displacement and sweep efficiency more realistically.

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Using Real Time Automated Optimisation & Diagnosis to Manage an Artificially Lifted Reservoir - A Case Study
Authors: Cudmore Julian
Published: November 2012

The time taken to safely optimise a reservoir produced by artificial lift can be measured in weeks or months.

Typically the well by well process is as follows:

Well testing Amalgamation of the well test data with down hole gauge and ESP controller data Analysis of the data to find the existing operation conditions Analysis of the ESP pump curve operating point and optimisation limitations Sensitivity studies in software to assess the optimum frequency and WHP Notification for the field operations to action the changes Further well tests to verify the new production data. Analysis of the data to ensure the ESP and well are running optimally and safely at the new set points

New technology enables this process to be performed in real time across the entire reservoir or field, significantly shortening the time to increased production and enabling real time reservoir management.

Each artificially lifted well in the reservoir was equipped with an intelligent data processing device programmed with a real time model of the well. The processors were linked to a central access point where the operation of field could be remotely viewed in real time.

Each well's processor was provided with a target bottom hole flowing pressure to enable the optimum production of the reservoir. The real time system automatically compared the desired target drawdown values with the capability of the pumping system installed in each well, and automatically suggested the optimum operating frequency and well head pressure to achieve the target. Where the lift system was not capable of producing to the target bottom hole pressure, a larger pump was automatically recommended. As production conditions change the system adapted its recommended operating points to compensate and maintain target production.

This paper discusses three case studies where real time optimisation and diagnosis lead to improved production from the reservoir.
Fast Track Development --- Production Achievement from Zubair and Ratawi Reservoir in North Kuwait – Challenges and Lessons Learnt
Authors: AL-Hajeri Noura , Chetri Hom , AL-Ajmi Hussain
Published: November 2012

North Kuwait had discovered several deep reservoirs during 1960s which were not considered for development production till 2010 because of higher priority given to the major reservoirs such as Mauddud and Burgan. Zubair and Ratawi are two such new reservoirs, taken up for fast track development since last 2 years.

In order to achieve the production target for the asset, ZU/RT need to be brought to production. A complete evaluation of all geological/ Geophysical data was done for all penetration through ZU/RT. All testing results available during the exploratory wells were comprehensively gathered and evaluated. Based on the data, fast track well release, drilling & completion were initiated. The objective was to gain production as well as data to reduce the uncertainty for further development and reservoir modeling work. The initial results indicated tremendous challenges in terms of fluid regime as well as reservoir rock properties.

The production, at the beginning of the project, was zero, which has now been increased to about 20 MBOPD within a year. Integrated team work and calculated risks helped to achieve this milestone.

The paper aims to share the challenges and the lessons learnt during the production delivery from the new reservoirs in North Kuwait.
New Technology Drillpipe for Critical Sour Drilling with First Sour Service Friction Welds
Authors: Jellison Michael , El-Rayes Kosay , Fraser Scott , Al-Khanferi Nasser
Published: November 2012

As the severity of sour drilling applications has increased the need for drill stem materials resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) has accelerated. This is especially true in the Middle East with some of the most severe H2S environments in the world. Sour service drillpipe, built with SSC resistant tubes and tool joints, has been available for some time. The friction welds joining the tubes and tool joints were not SSC resistant. This has been acceptable for many sour applications since the weld is not the high stress area of the drillpipe and because the operator has some control over the environment through the drilling fluid properties and additives. As more severe H2S environments were identified for exploration, it became apparent that a fully SSC resistant drillpipe system including the friction welds was necessary. This paper presents the successful development of SSC resistant friction welds for critical sour applications. It describes the engineering and manufacturing philosophy, laboratory testing procedures and results and applications for the SSC resistant drillpipe. Since NACE MR-0175 does not cover friction welds the engineering team developed unique and innovative criteria and testing procedures. A new patent pending four point bending test procedure and fixture were develop that employed unpolished samples that represent the surface finish of the product in service, unlike polished samples typically used in NACE TM-0177 testing. This paper provides background information on the evolution of sour service drillpipe and reviews case histories where sour service drillpipe has been successfully used including the new pipe with SSC resistant friction welds. A preview of some vital planning considerations for an upcoming world-class ERD well in Saudi Arabia with high H2S concentrations is also included. The paper can benefit drilling engineers involved in critical sour drilling operations in the Middle East and other world regions.