bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells in tumour stroma of intestinal-type and solid-type gastric carcinomas
Authors: Nakayama H , Enzan H , Miyazaki E , Kuroda N , Toi M , Hiroi M , Yasui W
Published: January 2004

Aims:To investigate the roles of vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells in tumour stroma, the distribution of vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells was studied in gastric carcinomas.

Methods:In total, 50 surgically resected gastric carcinomas (43 intestinal type, and seven solid type) and their normal tissues were examined. Vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells are positive for CD34 but negative for CD31. To differentiate vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells from vascular endothelial cells, immunostaining for CD34 and CD31 was performed. Immunostaining for high molecular weight caldesmon was also performed to recognise vascular media.

Results:In normal gastric tissues, CD34 positive fibroblastic cells were found just outside the vascular media, namely vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells. In contrast, all of the 43 intestinal-type and seven solid-type gastric carcinomas had no vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells in the tumour stroma.

Conclusions:These results suggest that a lack of vascular adventitial fibroblastic cells is associated with tumour stroma formation in intestinal-type and solid-type gastric carcinomas.
Multifocal angiomyolipoma affecting the liver and lung without tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Saito M , Tsukamoto T , Takahashi T , Sai K , Fujii H , Nagashima K
Published: January 2004

The occurrence of angiomyolipoma (AML) in tissue other than the kidney is uncommon, as is multiple AML developing exclusively in organs other than the kidney. This report describes a case in which AML occurred multifocally in the liver and lung, but spared the kidney, and which might have been associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). A Japanese woman underwent a partial hepatectomy for a suspected malignant liver tumour at the age of 57. The tumour consisted predominantly of a trabecular arrangement of myoid cells with a sinusoidal pattern and inflammatory cell infiltration, and was diagnosed as a primary liver AML by HMB-45 immunoreactivity. Five years later, multiple nodules were found in both lungs, for which video assisted thoracic surgery was performed. The tumour showed a mixture of epithelioid cells containing HMB-45 positive material and mature lipocytes, and was subsequently diagnosed as AML. Molecular analysis of both lesions showed no allelic loss of the TSC1 and TSC2 regions. Molecular analysis of the tumours ruled out an association with TSC, and both liver and lung lesions displayed benign histological features, so that these were probably multifocal lesions of AML without TSC.
Rapid identification ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom BacT/ALERT blood culture bottles by direct Gram stain characteristics
Authors: Murdoch D R , Greenlees R L
Published: January 2004

The rapid identification ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom positive blood cultures provides important clinical and therapeutic information. Using criteria based on direct Gram stain characteristics, an experienced microscopist was able to distinguishS aureusfrom other staphylococci isolated from BacT/ALERT blood culture bottles with an overall sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 98%. Furthermore, this method was readily taught to a clinical microbiologist who had not previously used the method first hand. Laboratories using the BacT/ALERT blood culture system should become familiar with these criteria so thatS aureusbacteraemia can be identified rapidly.
Gastrin releasing peptide and gastrin releasing peptide receptor expression in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours
Authors: Scott N , Millward E , Cartwright E J , Preston S R , Coletta P L
Published: January 2004

Aims:To establish whether gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and the GRP receptor (GRPR) are expressed together in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours.

Methods:Twenty six carcinoid tumours from the stomach, small intestine, appendix, and colorectum were investigated by immunohistochemistry for GRP and GRPR.

Results:GRP was detected in nine of 19 tumours and GRPR in 22 of 26. Coexpression of both the ligand and receptor was seen in six of 19 cases. GRPR but not GRP was more strongly expressed in appendix and colonic tumours.

Conclusions:GRP and GRPR are produced by a large number of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. An autocrine/paracrine pathway may exist for GRP stimulated cell proliferation in some of these neoplasms, analogous to that seen in small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung.
Clinical evaluation of the COBAS Amplicor HBV monitor test for measuring serum HBV DNA and comparison with the Quantiplex branched DNA signal amplification assay in Taiwan
Authors: Dai C-Y , Yu M-L , Chen S-C , Lin Z-Y , Hsieh M-Y , Wang L-Y , Tsai J-F , Chuang W-L , Chang W-Y
Published: January 2004

Aims:To evaluate the performance characteristics and clinical usefulness of the COBAS Amplicor HBV monitor (COBAS-AM) test in Taiwan and to examine its correlation with the Quantiplex branched DNA signal amplification (bDNA) assay for measuring serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA concentrations.

Methods:HBV DNA was measured by the COBAS-AM test in 149 sera from chronic HBV infected patients that had previously been analysed by the bDNA assay.

Results:The COBAS-AM test showed good reproducibility, with acceptable intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation (1.6% and 0.9%, respectively) and good linearity (r2 =  0.98). The overall sensitivity of the COBAS-AM test was significantly higher than that of the bDNA assay (95.3%v83.2%): 69.6% of samples with HBV DNA below the detection limit of the bDNA assay could be measured by the COBAS-AM test. There was a significant correlation between the results of the two assays (r =  0.901; p < 0.0001). On average, the results derived from the COBAS-AM test were 0.55 log lower than those of the bDNA assay. HBV DNA concentrations were significantly higher among HBV e antigen (HBeAg) positive patients than negative ones, and higher among patients with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations than those with normal ALT concentrations (p  =  0.0003).

Conclusions:The COBAS-AM assay, more sensitive in HBeAg negative samples than the bDNA assay, can effectively measure HBV DNA concentrations in Taiwanese patients. HBV DNA values measured by the COBAS-AM test and bDNA assay correlate significantly.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour-like primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: Figure 1
Authors: Cruz J , Reis-Filho J S , Lopes J M
Published: January 2004

Malignant melanoma is known for its protean cytomorphological features, architectural patterns, and stromal changes, in addition to its ability to mimic various benign and malignant non-melanocytic tumours. Anecdotal cases of metastatic malignant melanoma simulating soft tissue sarcomas have been reported. Interestingly, this mimicry is more often seen in recurrent lesions and metastatic deposits. This report describes a case of a primary spindle cell cutaneous malignant melanoma with a prominent neural-like fascicular pattern and nuclear palisading, simulating a conventional malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST). Clinical, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of the different entities included in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous spindle cell malignant tumours, such as MPNST, atypical fibroxanthoma, and spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma are discussed. Of note, the presence of an atypical epidermal or junctional component, cell pigmentation, and cell nesting, in addition to diffuse and strong reactivity for S-100 protein and other melanocytic markers, are helpful in the diagnosis of these troublesome lesions.
Hepatic myospherulosis complicating portal vein embolisation
Authors: Lui P C W , Luk I S C , Lee C K L , Lui Y H , Leung C Y , Choi C H
Published: January 2004

Aims:Myospherulosis is a rare condition characterised by sac-like structures containing spheroid bodies in cysts or cystic spaces in the tissue. This condition has not previously been reported in the liver. The association with previous portal vein embolisation using a mixture of butyl 2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodised oil and the proposed mechanism of pathogenesis are discussed.

Methods:Samples from 8 patients treated by hepatectomy after portal vein embolisation using a mixture of butyl 2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodised oil were retrieved from the archives of the United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong. The histological specimens were reviewed. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains was used.

Results:All cases showed hepatic myospherulosis within the veins. The veins were denuded of endothelium, which was replaced by granulation tissue and fibrous tissue with a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Foreign body-type giant cells (six cases) and eosinophilic infiltrates (seven cases) were noted in most cases. Both parent bodies and endobodies were stained red by Papanicolaou and Masson’s trichrome and stained blue by solochrome cyanine. The endobodies showed immunoreactivity towards glycophorin A. They were negative for Alcian blue, periodic acid Schiff, Grocott, and Ziehl-Neelsen stains.

Conclusions:The endobodies of myospherulosis may be misdiagnosed as fungi or algae by the unwary. The clinical history, intravascular location, lack of staining with periodic acid Schiff and Grocott stains, and positive glycophorin A staining are generally sufficient for a confident diagnosis of myospherulosis.
Normal complement C4 values do not exclude hereditary angioedema
Authors: Karim Y , Griffiths H , Deacock S
Published: January 2004

This report describes a patient with hereditary angioedema (HAE) in whom complement C4 values were consistently normal. There was a family history of HAE, for which the patient had previously been screened, but in view of her normal C4 values she was deemed unaffected. However, at 10 years of age she presented with an eight month history of episodes of swelling affecting her hands and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain over the previous few months. In view of the recent clinical history of swellings and the family history of HAE, C4 and C1 inhibitor (C1inh) were measured. The C4 concentration was found to be within the normal range but the C1inh value was low (0.07 g/litre; normal range, 0.18–0.37). The patient was started on tranexamic acid and at an outpatient review three months later her episodes of swelling were occurring less often and were less severe. Although recent papers have suggested that the diagnosis of HAE can be excluded if complement C4 concentrations are normal, this case highlights the fact that C4 concentrations can be normal in this condition, and it is recommended that both C4 and C1inh concentrations should be measured to exclude HAE.
Demographic study of leukaemia presenting within the first 3 months of life in the Northern Health Region of England: Table 1
Authors: Bajwa R P S , Skinner R , Windebank K P , Reid M M
Published: January 2004

Aims:To determine the incidence and outcome of congenital leukaemia.

Methods:Retrospective population based study of putative leukaemia arising during the first 3 months of life over an 18 year period within the Northern Health Region of England.

Results:Nine infants with putative leukaemia were identified. Five had acute leukaemia and four had transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD). Trisomy 21, either as Down’s syndrome or perhaps restricted to proliferating marrow cells, was present in all four infants with TMD. The incidence of congenital acute leukaemia was 8.6/106live births/year, but would be less than half this value if only patients presenting within 4 weeks of birth were counted. Remission was induced in three of the five patients with acute leukaemia. One patient, who presented at birth, remains well five years after diagnosis. All four patients with TMD survive.

Conclusions:Congenital leukaemia is very rare but is not inevitably fatal. Finding trisomy 21 in spontaneously dividing blood or bone marrow cells of an infant with putative acute leukaemia, particularly within 3 months of birth, should encourage a cautious clinical approach and suggests that the diagnosis might be TMD.
The diagnostic value and cost effectiveness of routine fungal stains in a dermatopathology service of a district general hospital: Table 1
Authors: Murphy J K , O’Donohue L
Published: January 2004

Aims:To evaluate the use and effectiveness of fungal stains in a dermatopathology service of a district general hospital.

Methods:A retrospective analysis of skin biopsies submitted over three years, where fungal stains were used; the results were correlated with clinical history and case notes.

Results:In total, 99 cases were studied for fungi with the periodic acid Schiff stain with diastase. Fungi were present in seven cases; fungi had been suggested in the differential diagnosis of three of these cases but were an unexpected finding in four cases.

Conclusion:Non-specific clinical details should prompt early fungal staining and non-specific microscopic findings or inappropriate well recognised skin reaction patterns should warrant the exclusion of fungal infection. The finding of at least one case of unexpected fungal infection is justified financially and for patient best management where clinical and microscopic findings are non-specific or inappropriate.
α0Thalassaemia as a result of a novel 11.1 kb deletion eliminating both of the duplicated α globin genes
Authors: Jia S-Q , Li J , Mo Q-H , Liao C , Li L-Y , Xu X-M
Published: January 2004

Aims:To characterise a novel 11.1 kb deletion that eliminated both of the duplicated α globin genes, giving rise to a typical α0thalassaemia phenotype in four carriers from a Chinese family.

Methods:Haematological investigations were carried out on all family members. The seven common forms of α thalassaemia were screened for by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting was used to analyse the α globin gene cluster. DNA sequence analysis of the entire α1 and α1 globin gene region was carried out and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to investigate the transcription levels of the α and β globin genes.

Results:The breakpoints were found to lie between coordinates 31695–31724 and 42846–42867 of the α globin gene cluster (NG_000006), with a total of about 11 135 nucleotides deleted. These sequences are involved in (CA)nrepeats, suggesting a homologous recombination event. RT-PCR analysis gave a transcription level of the α globin gene in heterozygotes comparable with that of SEA deletion heterozygotes, confirming no output of α globin from the linked pair of α globin genes. The heterozygosity for this novel deletion was confirmed by PCR diagnosis in all four carriers from this family.

Conclusions:This rare mutation constitutes an additional heterogeneous defect causing α thalassaemia in the Chinese population.
Agreement between preoperative core needle biopsy and postoperative invasive breast cancer histopathology is not dependent on the amount of clinical material obtained
Authors: O’Leary R , Hawkins K , Beazley J C S , Lansdown M R J , Hanby A M
Published: January 2004

Aims:To establish the relation between the amount of breast core needle biopsy (CNB) material examined and agreement between preoperative and postoperative histopathology parameters in invasive breast cancer.

Methods:The CNB and surgical specimen histopathology reports of 113 patients with invasive breast carcinoma were reviewed and the total amount of CNB material examined for each case was determined. Agreement was calculated for tumour type, grade, mitoses, nuclear pleomorphism, and tubule formation. Associations between the amount of CNB material and histopathology agreement before and after surgery were explored using binary logistic regression.

Results:Tumour type and grade agreed in 65.4% and 61.6% of cases, respectively. The components used to calculate grade—nuclear pleomorphism (57.4%), mitoses (59.4%), and tubule formation (55.6%)—agreed slightly less frequently. The proportion of cases with preoperative and postoperative assessments that agreed did not depend on the number of cores collected or the total amount of material examined.

Conclusion:Neither tumour type and grade, nor the individual components used to calculate grade agreed consistently between the CNB and surgical specimen. The number of cores collected and the total amount of material reviewed by the pathologist does not influence the likelihood of agreement between preoperative and postoperative histopathology reports.
FatalPasteurella dagmatisperitonitis and septicaemia in a patient with cirrhosis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ashley B D , Noone M , Dwarakanath A D , Malnick H
Published: January 2004

Pasteurella species cause zoonotic infections in humans. Human pasteurella infections usually manifest as local skin or soft tissue infection following an animal bite or scratch. Systemic infections are less common and are limited to patients at the extremes of age or those who have serious underlying disorders, including cirrhosis. Most human pasteurella infections are caused by the multocida species. We report a case ofPasteurella dagmatisperitonitis and septicaemia in a patient with cirrhosis. The infection followed a scratch inflicted by a pet dog. Despite appropriate antibiotic treatment the infection proved fatal. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused byP dagmatishas not been reported previously.Pasteurella dagmatisis a relatively recently described species, which is rarely reported as a human pathogen. This species may be misidentified unless commercial identification systems are supplemented by additional biochemical tests.
A study of public opinion on the use of tissue samples from living subjects for clinical research
Authors: Goodson M L , Vernon B G
Published: January 2004

Aims:To assess public opinion on the use of tissue samples from living adults and children for clinical research.

Methods:A questionnaire study of 100 healthy volunteers (100% response rate) from a Newcastle NHS dental practice. The issues investigated were the types of tissues that individuals were prepared to donate for research, the type of research donors would be prepared to consent to, and attitudes to research on children’s tissues.

Results:Eighteen per cent of the participants said that they would not give consent for research to be carried out on their tissues, 50% would not give consent for the donation of a child’s tissues. Only 26% of subjects said that they would give consent for research on genetic cloning compared with 82% for cancer research. Sex differences existed in the responses.

Conclusions:Greater research attention needs to be given to public opinion on the use of tissue from living subjects for medical research to facilitate drafting of new legislation.
Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome as a result of non-meningococcal infection: Figure 1
Authors: Hamilton D , Harris M D , Foweraker J , Gresham G A
Published: January 2004

Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome—massive adrenal haemorrhage in the setting of overwhelming clinical sepsis—is usually taken at necropsy to indicate meningococcal infection, and may be the only evidence of this pathogen. This report describes three fatal cases of the syndrome in which the causative organism proved to be a streptococcus. The organisms were detected during routine coroners’ autopsies with histology and microbiological investigations. In two cases, the syndrome followedStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection and in a third β haemolytic streptococcus group A. Thus, adrenal haemorrhage alone cannot be taken to indicate meningococcal disease and other pathogens, particularly streptococcus, must be considered.
Molecular response of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate
Authors: Reichardt P , Schneider U , Stroszczynski C , Pink D , Hohenberger P
Published: January 2004

Bleeding from the tumour site is not uncommon during the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours with imatinib mesylate. It might represent an early reaction of highly vascularised tumour tissue to receptor blockade. Although often requiring emergency surgery, this is not necessarily a deleterious sign. Slow tumour regression and cystic tissue alteration may follow. Using immunohistochemistry and consecutive resection specimens, it was shown that the number of mitoses decreased significantly and MIB-1 as a marker of cell proliferation could no longer be detected. In the few tumour cells still present, the magnitude of expression of the pathognomonic marker CD117 remained unchanged. Decreases in the size of tumours responding to imatinib mesylate cannot be expected to meet the World Health Organisation or RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumours) criteria. This underlines the necessity of functional imaging by positron emission tomography, contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, or magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess the response to treatment.
CATEGORIES AS ALGEBRA, II
Authors: STEINBERG BENJAMIN , TILSON BRET
Published: January 2004

A theory of the semidirect product of categories and the derived category of a category morphism is presented. In order to include division (≺) in this theory, the traditional setting of these constructions is expanded to include relational arrows. In this expanded setting, a relational morphism φ : M → N of categories determines an optimal decomposition [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] denotes semidirect product and D(φ) is the derived category of φ.

The theory of the semidirect product of varieties of categories, V * W, is developed. Associated with each variety V of categories is the collection [Formula: see text] of relational morphisms whose derived category belongs to V. The semidirect product of varieties and the composition of classes of the form [Formula: see text] are shown to stand in the relationship [Formula: see text] The associativity of the semidirect product of varieties follows from this result.

Finally, it is demonstrated that all the results in the article concerning varieties of categories have pseudovariety and monoidal versions. This allows us to furnish a straightforward proof that [Formula: see text] for both varieties and pseudovarieties of monoids.
MULTIPLICATIVE MEASURES ON FREE GROUPS
Authors: BOROVIK ALEXANDRE V. , MYASNIKOV ALEXEI G. , REMESLENNIKOV VLADIMIR N.
Published: January 2004

We introduce a family of multiplicative distributions {μs|s∈(0,1)} on a free group F and study it as a whole. In this approach, the measure of a given set R⊆F is a function μ(R) : s → μs(R), rather then just a number. This allows one to evaluate sizes of sets using analytical properties of their measure functions μ(R). We suggest a new hierarchy of subsets R in F with respect to their size, which is based on linear approximations of the function μ(R). This hierarchy is quite sensitive, for example, it allows one to differentiate between sets with the same asymptotic density. Estimates of sizes of various subsets of F are given.
QUASIVARIETIES OF IDEMPOTENT SEMIGROUPS
Authors: ADAMS M. E. , DZIOBIAK W.
Published: January 2004

It is proved that the lattice L(Bd) of quasivarieties contained in the variety Bdof idempotent semigroups contains an isomorphic copy of the ideal lattice of a free lattice on ω free generators. This result shows that a problem of Petrich [19], which calls for a description of L(Bd), is much more complex than originally expected.
BOUNDING BY CANONICAL FUNCTIONS, WITH CH
Authors: LARSON PAUL , SHELAH SAHARON
Published: January 2004

We show that the members of a certain class of semi-proper iterations do not add countable sets of ordinals. As a result, starting from suitable large cardinals one can obtain a model in which the Continuum Hypothesis holds and every function from ω1 to ω1 is bounded on a club by a canonical function for an ordinal less than ω2.
APPLICATIONS OF THE GROUP CONFIGURATION THEOREM IN SIMPLE THEORIES
Authors: TOMAŠIĆ IVAN , WAGNER FRANK O.
Published: January 2004

We reconstruct the group action in the group configuration theorem. We apply it to show that in an ω-categorical theory a finitely based pseudolinear regular type is locally modular, and the geometry associated to a finitely based locally modular regular type is projective geometry over a finite field.
RAISING TO POWERS IN ALGEBRAICALLY CLOSED FIELDS
Authors: ZILBER B.
Published: January 2004

We study structures on the fields of characteristic zero obtained by introducing (multi-valued) operations of raising to power. Using Hrushovski–Fraisse construction we single out among the structures exponentially-algebraically closed once and prove, under certain Diophantine conjecture, that the first order theory of such structures is model complete and every its completion is superstable.
DEFINABILITY OF THE JUMP OPERATOR IN THE ENUMERATION DEGREES
Authors: Sh. KALIMULLIN I.
Published: January 2004

We show that the e-degree 0'e and the map u ↦ u' are definable in the upper semilattice of all e-degrees. The class of total e-degrees ≥0'e is also definable.
FUNCTIONALECOLOGY OFIMMATUREPARASITOIDS
Authors: Brodeur Jacques , Boivin Guy
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Recently, there has been exciting progress in our understanding of the behavioral and evolutionary ecology of immature parasitoids. Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological constraints, and parasitism success involves decisions and responses made by immature parasitoids to find a host and solve conflicts with five potential antagonists: host, mother, siblings, competitors, and natural enemies. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from studies on (a) the convergent evolution of host selection behavior of first-instar larvae and females in hymenopteran, dipteran, and coleopteran families; (b) the competitive interactions between larval parasitoids and the evolution of gregariousness; (c) the susceptibility of parasitized hosts to predation; and (d) the ability of parasitoids to manipulate the behavior of the host. We discuss how ecological interactions between juvenile parasitoids and their hosts, competitors, and natural enemies influence the evolution of parasitoid life-history strategies, and why the integration of functional aspects of the ecology of immature parasitoids provides a reliable framework for effective host-parasitoid population models and formulation of biological control solutions.
BENJAMIN DANN WALSH: Pioneer Entomologist and Proponent of Darwinian Theory
Authors: Sheppard Carol A.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Many entomologists are generally unacquainted with the life and scientific contributions of Benjamin Dann Walsh, the first State Entomologist of Illinois and an early proponent of Darwinian theory. This historical oversight is unfortunate because Walsh was both a pioneer in entomology and the only entomologist of his and Darwin's generation to support and contribute to Darwin's revolutionary theory of species origin. In this review, I attempt to return Walsh to his rightful place among the more fascinating and progressive scientists of the nineteenth century. The review comprises three sections: the first provides a biographical sketch of Walsh's rich and varied life in England and the United States; the second considers his entomological endeavors and legacy; and the third argues for Walsh's prescient advocacy of, and contributions to, evolutionary theory. Also included are passages from some of Walsh's publications and excerpts from his correspondence with Darwin and notable entomologists.
BIOLOGICALCONTROL OFCEREALAPHIDS INNORTHAMERICA ANDMEDIATINGEFFECTS OFHOSTPLANT ANDHABITATMANIPULATIONS
Authors: Brewer M.J. , Elliott N.C.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The predator and parasitoid fauna associated with cereal aphids is described, emphasizing the fauna associated with classical biological control efforts against the greenbug and Russian wheat aphid. We focus on literature from North America and include work from Europe and elsewhere when it is desirable to draw contrasts between approaches that affect cereal aphid biological control. Effects on natural enemies of cereal aphids are described that appear associated with plant traits that are innate, bred, or induced by aphid feeding. Examples of habitat manipulations, within and bordering cereal fields and within the broader landscape in which cereal production resides, affecting predators and parasitoids of cereal aphids are presented. These mediating effects of host plant and habitat manipulations on cereal aphid biological control provide significant and underexplored avenues to optimize cereal aphid management.
DEFENSIVEBEHAVIOR OFHONEYBEES: Organization, Genetics, and Comparisons with Other Bees
Authors: Breed Michael D. , Guzmán-Novoa Ernesto , Hunt Greg J.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  One key advantage of eusociality is shared defense of the nest, brood, and stored food; nest defense plays an important role in the biology of eusocial bees. Recent studies on honey bees, Apis mellifera, have focused on the placement of defensive activity in the overall scheme of division of labor, showing that guard bees play a unique and important role in colony defense. Alarm pheromones function in integrating defensive responses; honey bee alarm pheromone is an excellent example of a multicomponent pheromonal blend. The genetic regulation of defensive behavior is now better understood from the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with variation in defensiveness. Colony defense in other eusocial bees is less well understood, but enough information is available to provide interesting comparisons between A. mellifera and other species of Apis, as well as with allodapine, halictine, bombine, and meliponine bees. These comparative studies illustrate the wide variety of evolutionary solutions to problems in colony defense in the Apoidea.
ERADICATION OF THE MELON FLY, BACTROCERA CUCURBITAE, IN JAPAN: Importance of Behavior, Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution
Authors: Koyama Juro , Kakinohana Hiroyuki , Miyatake Takahisa
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, is a destructive insect of cucurbit and other fruits. It invaded the Southwestern Islands of Japan from 1919 to 1974. The sterile insect technique (SIT) was successfully applied from 1972 to 1993 to eradicate the melon fly. Technical research into SIT functions, such as suppression of density, mass-rearing, sterilization, shipment, release, evaluation of efficacy, and quality control of mass-reared insects, was conducted for this eradication project. Fundamental research into the dispersion, mating and oviposition behavior, population dynamics and estimation of density, eradication models, spatial distribution, genetics, and evolution of the melon fly was also undertaken and supported the success of the eradication project.
LONG-TERM, LARGE-SCALEBIOMONITORING OF THEUNKNOWN: Assessing the Effects of Insecticides to Control River Blindness (Onchocerciasis) in West Africa
Authors: Resh Vincent H. , Lévêque Christian , Statzner Bernhard
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The control of river blindness (onchocerciasis), a human disease transmitted by black flies, has been an economic and public health success in West Africa. It involved insecticide applications to as many as 50,000 km of rivers, almost weekly, in 11 countries between 1974 and 2002. The long-term biomonitoring of the effects of insecticide use on the nontarget invertebrate (primarily insect) and fish communities was initially designed on the basis of limited knowledge available for West African rivers and on information from other areas. Routine monitoring surveys demonstrated little effect on fish but produced inconclusive results for invertebrates. Research conducted beyond these surveys and current views in river and general ecology indicate that permanent damage to invertebrates from insecticiding was unlikely. The scientific progress made during the 29 years of this biomonitoring program is relevant to future, large-scale, long-term programs worldwide.
GALLINGAPHIDS: Specialization, Biological Complexity, and Variation
Authors: Wool David
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Gall-inducing aphids are host specific in the gall stage. Most species alternate between trees (the primary host), where the gall is induced, and shrubs and grasses (secondary hosts). Parthenogenesis during most of their life cycle is interrupted by a single stage of sexual reproduction on the primary host. Apart from these general characteristics, galling aphids present some of the most complex and diverse life histories in the insect world. In this article I review the specialized characteristics of galling aphids, as well as their complex and diverse life histories, as reported in the past 20 years.
HUMAN LICE AND THEIR CONTROL
Authors: Burgess Ian F.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Current research on human louse biology has focused on the long-standing debate about speciation of head and body lice but using new tools of DNA and enzyme analysis. These studies have indicated that head and body lice from the same geographical zone may be more closely allied than insects inhabiting the same ecological niche in other regions. However, the majority of research over the past decade has involved clinical aspects including transmission, treatment, and the appearance and identification of resistant strains within populations of lice. Despite advances, there is a need for a better understanding of louse biology, as existing therapies fail and lice remain potential vectors of disease for millons of people.
WASPPARASITOIDDISRUPTION OFHOSTDEVELOPMENT: Implications for New Biologically Based Strategies for Insect Control
Authors: Beckage Nancy E. , Gelman Dale B.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Wasp parasitoids use a variety of methods to commandeer their insect hosts in order to create an environment that will support and promote their own development, usually to the detriment of the host insect. Parasitized insects typically undergo developmental arrest and die sometime after the parasitoid has become independent of its host. Parasitoids can deactivate their host's immune system and effect changes in host hormone titers and behavior. Often, host tissues or organs become refractory to stimulation by tropic hormones. Here we present an overview of the manipulative capabilities of wasp-injected calyx fluid containing polydnaviruses and venom, as well as the parasitoid larva and the teratocytes that originate from the serosal membrane that surrounds the developing embryo of the parasitoid. Possibilities for using regulatory molecules produced by the parasitoid or its products that would be potentially useful in developing new, environmentally safe insect control agents are discussed.
PLANT-INSECTINTERACTIONS INFRAGMENTEDLANDSCAPES
Authors: Tscharntke Teja , Brandl Roland
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Population and community ecology need a large-scale perspective because local patterns (of biodiversity) and processes (trophic interactions) are influenced by the regional setting. The ratio of the foraging range and/or dispersal ability to the distance between landscape elements influences local population dynamics. The spatial scale experienced by a species may be linked to its trophic level and also to traits such as body size, resource specialization, rarity, and population size variability. Hence, communities are assemblages of species with different spatial strategies. Effects of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation on plant-herbivore, herbivore-enemy, as well as plant-pollinator interactions are contingent on species and landscape. Metapopulation theory provides a unifying frame to approach plant-insect systems across fragmented landscape, although the landscape context is often ignored. In some cases theory is far ahead of empirical research. We call for more population data on large spatial and temporal scales to better understand plant-insect populations across fragmented landscapes.
POPULATIONGENETICS OFAUTOCIDALCONTROL ANDSTRAINREPLACEMENT
Authors: Gould Fred , Schliekelman Paul
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The concept that an insect species' genome could be altered in a manner that would result in the control of that species (i.e., autocidal control) or in the replacement of a pestiferous strain of the species with a more benign genotype was first proposed in the mid-twentieth century. A major research effort in population genetics and ecology followed and led to the development of a set of classical genetic control approaches that included use of sterile males, conditional lethal genes, translocations, compound chromosomes, and microbe-mediated infertility. Although there have been a number of major successes in application of classical genetic control, research in this area has declined in the past 20 years for technical and societal reasons. Recent advances in molecular biology and transgenesis research have renewed interest in genetically based control methods because these advances may remove some major technical problems that have constrained effective genetic manipulation of pest species. Population genetic analyses suggest that transgenic manipulations may enable development of strains that would be 10 to over 100 times more efficient than strains developed by classical methods. Some of the proposed molecular approaches to genetic control involve modifications of classical approaches such as conditional lethality, whereas others are novel. Experience from the classical era of genetic control research indicates that the population structure and population dynamics of the target population will determine which, if any, genetic control approaches would be appropriate for addressing a specific problem. As such, there continues to be a need for ongoing communication between scientists who are developing strains and those who study the native pest populations.
REGULATION OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND WATER BALANCE OF INSECTS BY NEUROPEPTIDES
Authors: Gäde Gerd
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Neuropeptides regulate all important physiological, developmental, and behavioral processes in insects. Here, I review two major physiological events that are hormonally controlled, namely intermediary metabolism and ion and water transport. Peptides belonging to the family of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) increase hemolymph carbohydrates, lipids, and proline by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase or lipase in the fat body. Moreover, these pleiotropic and multifunctional peptides inhibit protein-, lipid-, and RNA synthesis, and stimulate the frequency of contraction of certain muscles. Diuretic hormones that are related to the vertebrate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-related DHs) or belong to the family of kinins (which also have a myotropic action) or the cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs), which increase the frequency of the heartbeat, all stimulate the secretion of fluid in Malpighian tubules (MTs) in vitro. Only a few true antidiuretic hormones are known: those from mealworms that inhibit the fluid transport in MTs in vitro, probably neuroparsins that stimulate water absorption by everted rectal sacs in vitro, and the desert locust's ion-transport peptide (ITP). Biosynthesis, release, receptors, mode of action, inactivation, structure-activity studies, and biological functions are discussed for the various peptides.
THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE: Factors Contributing to a Successful Biological Invasion
Authors: Scott Schneider Stanley , DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria , Smith Deborah Roan
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The African honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata has colonized much of the Americas in less than 50 years and has largely replaced European bees throughout its range in the New World. The African bee therefore provides an excellent opportunity to examine the factors that influence invasion success. We provide a synthesis of recent research on the African bee, concentrating on its ability to displace European honey bees. Specifically, we consider (a) the genetic composition of the expanding population and the symmetry of gene flow between African and European bees, (b) the mechanisms that favor the preservation of the African genome, and (c) the possible range and impact of the African bee in the United States.
VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Weaver Scott C. , Ferro Cristina , Barrera Roberto , Boshell Jorge , Navarro Juan-Carlos
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus.
PHYLOGENY ANDBIOLOGY OFNEOTROPICALORCHIDBEES(EUGLOSSINI)
Authors: Cameron Sydney A.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Orchid bees (Euglossini), noted for their brilliant iridescence, are elusive pollinators throughout the American tropics. Males are especially important in the pollination of some orchids, from which they collect aromatic fragrances thought to play a role in territorial display and courtship. The tribe contains approximately 190 described species divided among five genera, distributed from Mexico to central Argentina. Relatively intense study of their biology in the 1960s through the mid-1980s shed light on their nesting biology, chemical ecology, and classification. Vigorous taxonomic research led to the naming of many new species, revisions, and checklists, but phylogenetic studies were scarce. In the two decades following the last comprehensive review, phylogenetic research has resulted in new hypotheses of generic relationships, and further examination of male display has led to additional interpretations. Females in natural and artificial nesting cavities have revealed social interactions and additional details of parasitism within the nest. This review emphasizes areas in need of more study, particularly phylogeny, phylogeography, chemosensory ecology, and comparative behavior, and highlights how historical context can guide future research.
POLYDNAVIRUS GENES AND GENOMES: Emerging Gene Families and New Insights into Polydnavirus Replication
Authors: Kroemer Jeremy A. , Webb Bruce A.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Polydnavirus genome sequencing is providing new insights into viral genome organization and viral gene function. Sequence analyses demonstrate that the genomes of these viral mutualists are largely noncoding but maintain genes and gene families that are unrelated to other viral genes. Interestingly, these organizational patterns in polydnavirus genomes are evident in both the bracovirus and ichnovirus genera, even though these two genera are evolutionarily unrelated. The identity and function of some polydnavirus gene families are considered with some functions experimentally supported and others implied by homology relationships with known insect genes. The evidence relative to polydnavirus origins and evolution is considered but remains an area of speculation. However, sequencing of these viral genomes has been informative and provides opportunities for productive investigation of these unusual mutualistic insect viruses.
LANGMUIR CIRCULATION
Authors: Thorpe S.A.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract Since Leibovich's comprehensive review of Langmuir circulation in 1983 there have been substantial advances in modeling (notably the construction of Large Eddy Simulation models) and in observations using novel techniques that together have led to a radical change in understanding the phenomena. It is now regarded as one of the several turbulent processes driven by wind and waves in the upper layers of large bodies of water, influential in producing and maintaining the uniform surface mixed layer and in driving dispersion.
Genetics of Aging in the Fruit Fly,Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Helfand Stephen L. , Rogina Blanka
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Research into the mechanisms underlying the process of aging is emerging as an exciting area of biomedical research. Observations challenging the fundamental assumptions of aging have begun to rejuvenate the field, opening up aging research to fresh ideas and approaches. Genetic approaches, which have been successfully used to understand other complex biological phenomena, are beginning to reveal important patterns and conservations between the processes of aging in a variety of species including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mice. A combination of candidate and random gene alteration approaches, particularly in the fruitfly model system, Drosophila melanogaster, should prove to be especially valuable for elucidating the primary physiological systems involved in aging and life span determination.
The Spindle Assembly and Spindle Position Checkpoints
Authors: Lew Daniel J. , Burke Daniel J.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The mitotic spindle segregates chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell in preparation for cell division. Chromosome attachment to the spindle is monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint, and at least in yeast cells, penetration of one spindle pole into the bud is monitored by the spindle position checkpoint. We review the historical origins of these checkpoints and recent progress in understanding their surveillance pathways. We also highlight fascinating but as yet unresolved questions, and examine crosstalk between the checkpoints.
Error-Prone DNA Polymerases: When Making a Mistake is the Only Way to Get Ahead
Authors: Rattray Alison J. , Strathern Jeffrey N.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  Cells have high-fidelity polymerases whose task is to accurately replicate the genome, and low-fidelity polymerases with specialized functions. Although some of these low-fidelity polymerases are exceptional in their ability to replicate damaged DNA and restore the undamaged sequence, they are error prone on undamaged DNA. In fact, these error-prone polymerases are sometimes used in circumstances where the capacity to make errors has a selective advantage. The mutagenic potential of the error-prone polymerases requires that their expression, activity, and access to undamaged DNA templates be regulated. Here we review these specialized polymerases with an emphasis on their biological roles.
Yeast Vacuole Inheritance and Dynamics
Authors: Weisman Lois S.
Published: January 2004

▪ Abstract  The vacuole/lysosome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is actively divided between mother and daughter cells. Vacuole inheritance initiates early in the cell cycle and ends in G2, just prior to nuclear migration. The process begins with a portion of the vacuole extending into the emerging bud. This tubular-vesicular entity, the segregation structure, enables continued exchange of vacuole contents between mother and daughter vacuoles. Genetic, biochemical, and cytological analyses of vacuole inheritance have provided insight into the molecular basis of membrane movement, the spatial and temporal control of organelle transport, and the molecular basis of membrane fusion and fission.