bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Abdul‐Rahman Toufik , Ghosh Shankhaneel , Kalmanovich Jacob B. , Awuah Andrew Wireko , Zivcevska Marija , Khalifa Samar , Bassey Esther Edet , Ali Namarig Alnil , Ferreira Matheus Mendes dos Santos , Umar Tungki Pratama , Garg Neil , Nweze Victor Nnanna , Inturu Venkata Sai Sulekhya , Abdelwahab Maya Magdy , Kurian Sneha , Alexiou Athanasios , Alfaleh Mohammed , Alqurashi Thamer M. A. , Ashraf Ghulam Md
Published: November 2023

Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
Recent advances for treatment of upper gastrointestinal malignancy
Authors: Sestito Michael , Pratt Hillary , Schmidt Carl , Thomay Alan
Published: November 2023

Recent prospective trials for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are encouraging. This manuscript reviews selected recently published studies. Not surprisingly, immunotherapy dominates the current clinical trial landscape. However, targeted biologic therapies and standard chemotherapy remain critical to the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer while imatinib remains the backbone for advanced or metastatic GISTs. For all three cancers, surgical resection remains important when intent of treatment is potential cure.
A Review of Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of Hydrocele
Authors: Hoang Van Trung , Van Hoang Anh Thi , Hoang The Huan , Nguyen Thanh Tam Thi , Trinh Cong Thao
Published: November 2023

This article summarizes and updates a number of issues related to hydrocele including anatomy, embryology, classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and management. Hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid between the parietal and visceral layers arising from the mesothelial lining of the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testis and spermatic cord directly. Hydroceles result from an imbalance of secretion and reabsorption of fluid from the tunica vaginalis. Hydroceles can be divided into two types as primary and secondary. The diagnosis should be based on medical history, clinical manifestations, and imaging studies. Understanding the causes and types of hydroceles is useful for accurately diagnosing and treatment strategy. Hydroceles can be managed by conservative treatment, fluid aspiration, or hydrocelectomy.
Immediate diagnosis of cutaneous metastases with optical coherence tomography, line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography and dermoscopy: A case series
Authors: Hobelsberger Sarah , Gellrich Frank Friedrich , Laske Jörg , Meier Friedegund , Beissert Stefan , Steininger Julian
Published: November 2023

Background

Cutaneous metastases (CM) are a frequent finding in the follow‐up of malignant tumours.

Objectives

CM were examined with dermoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), dynamic OCT and line‐field confocal OCT (LC‐OCT) to describe common findings.

Methods

In the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Germany, 18 patients with 61 CM were examined with dermoscopy. CM (n = 43, 31 melanoma metastases, two metastases of renal carcinoma, five metastases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and five metastases of pleomorphic dermal sarcoma) were examined with OCT (VivoSight® Michelson Diagnostics). Additional 18 melanoma metastases were examined with LC‐OCT (deepLive™; Damae Medical).

Results

CM were localized on the head, trunk, neck and limbs. Dermoscopy patterns were angioma‐like, nevus‐like nonglobular, nevus‐like globular, blue nevus‐like and unspecific. CM showed an ulceration, hyperkeratosis with increased entrance signal and disturbed architecture of the epidermis in OCT. In deeper metastases, the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) was normal; in most cases it was disturbed. CM were visible as subepidermal hyporeflective roundish area, with septae, with either clear margin and shadowing or blurred margin. DOCT showed dot, coiled, serpiginous and branched vessels; there was a disarray in size and distribution and vessels were converging on the centre of the metastasis. In LC‐OCT, CM showed enhanced entrance signal and disturbed architecture of a thinned epidermis, ulceration, atypical honeycomb or cobblestone pattern as well as a broken DEJ. In the dermis, a hyporeflective roundish area with clusters of hyporeflective cells with septae, clear margin and clefting or blurred margin was visible; the hyporeflective area was surrounded by bundles of connective tissue. Subepidermal vessels differentiated in size and distribution. Inflammatory, dendritic and pagetoid cells were visible.

Conclusions

OCT and LC‐OCT may be useful tools for immediate diagnosis, localization of CM and monitoring under treatment in addition to conventional methods like ultrasound and histopathology.
Stimulation Crosstalk Between Cochlear And Vestibular Spaces During Cochlear Electrical Stimulation
Authors: de Miguel Ángel Ramos , Rodriguez Montesdeoca Isaura , Falcón González Juan Carlos , Borkoski Barreiro Silvia , Zarowski Andrzej , Sluydts Morgana , Falcón Benitez Nadia , Ramos Macias Angel
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Possible beneficial “crosstalk” during cochlear implant stimulation on otolith end organs has been hypothesized. The aim of this case–control study is to analyze the effect of electrical cochlear stimulation on the vestibule (otolith end‐organ), when using a cochleo‐vestibular implant, comparing vestibular stimulation (VI) and cochlear stimulation (CI).

Methods

Four patients with bilateral vestibulopathy were included. A double electrode array research implant was implanted in all cases. Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), VOR gain measured by using vestibular head impulse test (vHIT), acoustic cervical myogenic responses (cVEMP) recordings, and electrical cVEMP were used in all cases. Trans‐impedance Matrix (TIM) analysis was used to evaluate the current flow from the cochlea to the vestibule.

Results

While patients did not have any clinical vestibular improvement with the CI stimulation alone, gait metrics of the patients revealed improvement when the vestibular electrode was stimulated. The average improvement in the DGI was 38% when the vestibular implant was activated, returning to the normal range in all cases. Our findings suggest that any current flow from the cochlear space to the otolith organs was insufficient for effective cross‐stimulation. The functional results correlated with the data obtained in TIM analysis, confirming that there is no current flow from the cochlea to the vestibule.

Conclusion

The only way to produce effective electrical otolith end‐organ stimulation, demonstrated with this research implant, is by direct electrical stimulation of the otolith end organs. No effective cross‐stimulation was found from cochlear electrode stimulation.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:2349–2355, 2024
Effects of nutrient addition on the composition and chemical characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter in a desert steppe in northern China
Authors: Liu Bingqing , Wu Rongjie , Xue Bin , Gao Ruili , An Hui , Liu Lichao , Ndzana George Martial , Du Lingtong , Kamran Muhammad
Published: November 2023

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in ecosystem function and productivity, particularly in carbon (C) cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, changes in the structural complexity of DOM in a desert steppe following long‐term treatment with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) remain unclear; this limits our understanding of the nutrient‐related soil C cycle in a desert steppe. In the present study, soil experiments were conducted in the 0–10 cm soil layer of a desert steppe in northern China from 2017 to 2021, and four treatments were established: P, N, N + P (NP), and no nutrient addition (CK). The content and chemical composition of soil DOM were determined by ultraviolet–visible absorbance, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Compared to CK treatment, nutrient addition increased soil DOM content by 2.86%–53.84%. NP addition increased the average molecular weight, aromaticity, and humification degree of soil DOM. The DOM source was attributed to the combination of foreign and local sources. Fluorescent components of the DOM samples were mainly proteins and humic acids; the humic acid content decreased after N addition and increased after P and NP addition. Nutrient availability and pH were the key factors affecting the changes in the source and average molecular weight of the DOM, respectively. The soil organic matter content was significantly positively correlated with the humification index (r = 0.96). These results imply that nutrient addition accelerates the accumulation of DOM and influences its structural complexity; this potentially benefits soil C sequestration in a desert steppe.
Bacterial biogeography of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Brock Melissa L. , Larkin Alyse A. , Raes Eric J. , Martiny Adam C.
Published: November 2023

Historically, our understanding of bacterial ecology in the Indian Ocean has been limited to regional studies that place emphasis on community structure and function within oxygen‐minimum zones. Thus, bacterial community dynamics across the wider Indian Ocean are largely undescribed. As part of Bio‐GO‐SHIP, we sequenced the 16S rRNA gene from 465 samples collected on sections I07N and I09N. We found that (1) there were 23 distinct bioregions within the Indian Ocean, (2) the southeastern gyre had the largest gradient in bacterial alpha‐diversity, (3) the Indian Ocean surface microbiome was primarily composed of a core set of taxa, and (4) bioregions were characterized by transitions in physical and geochemical conditions. Overall, we showed that bacterial community structure spatially delineated the surface Indian Ocean and that these microbially defined regions were reflective of subtle ocean physical and geochemical gradients. Therefore, incorporating metrics of in situ microbial communities into marine ecological regions traditionally defined by remote sensing will improve our ability to delineate warm, oligotrophic regions.
Advances in Stimuli‐Responsive Chitosan Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Xia Yuhan , Ma Zhiyuan , Wu Xuechen , Wei Huidan , Zhang Han , Li Guang , Qian Yuqi , Shahriari‐Khalaji Mina , Hou Kai , Cao Ran , Zhu Meifang
Published: November 2023

Sustainable and controllable drug transport is one of the most efficient ways of disease treatment. Due to high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and low costs, chitosan and its derivatives are widely used in biomedical fields. Specifically, chitosan hydrogel enables drugs to pass through biological barriers because of their abundant amino and hydroxyl groups that can interact with human tissues. Moreover, the multi‐responsive nature (pH, temperature, ions strength, and magnetic field, etc.) of chitosan hydrogels makes precise drug release a possibility. Here, the synthesis methods, modification strategies, stimuli‐responsive mechanisms of chitosan‐based hydrogels, and their recent progress in drug delivery are summarized. Chitosan hydrogels that carry and release drugs through subcutaneous (dealing with wound dressing), oral (dealing with gastrointestinal tract), and facial (dealing with ophthalmic, ear, and brain) are reviewed. Finally, challenges toward clinic application and the future prospects of stimuli‐responsive chitosan‐based hydrogels are indicated.
Gold Nanoparticles in Disulfide Based Polymer Matrices: Size, Structure and Responsivity
Authors: Wagner Maximilian , Krieger Anja , Gröhn Franziska
Published: November 2023

A disulfide‐based polymer is used as a template for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Three different syntheses are tested: The simultaneous formation of gold nanoparticles and the disulfide polymer (A), the loading of a disulfide polymer matrix with HAuCl4 and then reducing with hydrazine (B), and reducing HAuCl4 with hydrazine in the presence of a cross‐linking thiol follows by oxidative coupling of another thiol to the previously formed structures via disulfide bond formation (C). The ratio of the water‐insoluble pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) and the water‐soluble acids mercaptopropionic acid or mercaptosuccinic acid (MPA or MSA) are varied. The resulting gold nanostructures differ significantly with respect to their synthesis reaching from isolated particles to networks and raspberry‐like structures. Due to the formation of disulfide bonds during the syntheses, the response of the hybrid nanoparticles to UV light and ultrasound is investigated, showing a breakdown of micrometer‐sized structures to 50 nm‐sized hybrid structures in aqueous solution.
Deriving value from branded mobile apps: Exploring the role of brand satisfaction, age, and value‐in‐use subdimensions
Authors: Santos Susana , Gonçalves Helena Martins , Mendes Rita , Gonçalves Vítor
Published: November 2023

The study investigates how value‐in‐use generated on branded mobile apps from supermarkets affects brand satisfaction and loyalty through two models. The first model assesses how value‐in‐use dimensions (i.e., personalization, experience, and relationship) affect the outcomes, and the mediation of satisfaction and the moderation of age on those relations. The second model decomposes experience and relationship into subdimensions. The Structural equation modeling results show that personalization, experience, and relationship influence satisfaction, although experience has a negative effect. Age moderates the relations, where younger individuals value personalization and older individuals value experience and relationship. Regarding the individual subdimensions, only behavioral experience, and app trust and commitment are relevant for satisfaction, whereas behavioral experience has a negative effect. In both models, satisfaction significantly influences loyalty and mostly acts as a full mediator. Two FGDs were conducted to understand the negative effect of experience on brand satisfaction. The results show that experience is mostly utilitarian with grocery apps and apps that require increased effort yield less satisfaction. The study enriches the literature on Service‐Dominant Logic and value‐in‐use. The findings can provide managers with insights on using branded grocery apps to enhance the value co‐created between the consumer and firm.
Life Cycle Assessment in a Nutshell—Best Practices and Status Quo for the Plastic Sector
Authors: Mudersbach Marina , Jürgens Meret , Pohler Merlin , Spierling Sebastian , Venkatachalam Venkateshwaran , Endres Hans‐Josef , Barner Leonie
Published: November 2023

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized methodology to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of products and technologies and assists in lowering their negative environmental consequences. So far, extensive knowledge of LCA—their application and interpretation—is restricted to experts. However, the importance of LCA is increasing due to its application in business, environmental, and policy decision‐making processes. Therefore, general knowledge of LCA is critically important. The current work provides an introduction to LCA for non‐experts discussing important steps and aspects and therefore can be used as a starting point for LCA. In addition, a comprehensive checklist for non‐experts with important content and formal aspects of LCA is provided. Specific aspects of LCA for the plastics sector along the value chain are also discussed, including their limitations.
Immune skeletal dysplasia with neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by a novel variant of EXTL3 gene in a Chinese family
Authors: Tian Xinyuan , Zhang Xiaoni , Zhang Qinghua , Chen Xue , Zhou Bingbo , Ma Panpan , zheng Lei , Hao Shengju , Ling Junhe , Zhang Chuan , Hui Ling
Published: November 2023

Background

Immune skeletal dysplasia with neurodevelopmental abnormalities (ISDNA) is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by various skeletal abnormalities, neurodevelopmental deficits, and abnormal immune system function. ISDNA is caused by variation in the exostosin‐like 3 (EXTL3) gene, located on chromosome 8p21.2, whose primary function is the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) skeleton structure. Only a few variations in the EXTL3 gene have been discovered so far. In these years of development, many pathogenic variants in genetic diseases with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity have been investigated using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) technology.

Methods

In this research, a novel EXTL3 variant was first detected in a patient using WES, which was validated from Sanger sequencing in this family. Family history and clinical information were then collected through comprehensive medical examinations and genetic counseling. In silico prediction was then utilized to confirm the pathogenicity of the variant.

Results

A novel homozygous variant, NM_001440: c.2015G>A (p.Arg672Gln) in the EXTL3 gene, was identified using WES, which has never been reported before. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm that the variant segregated with the disease within the family.

Conclusion

This research identified a novel pathogenic variant in the EXTL3 gene responsible for ISDNA in a Chinese family. It showed the potential diagnostic role of WES in ISDNA, expanded the EXTL3 gene variation spectrum, and demonstrated that the diagnosis of ISDNA using WES is feasible and effective. More comprehensive genetic counseling and precise prenatal diagnosis for the next pregnancy can also be provided to families with genetic disorders.
Determination of self‐diffusion coefficients in mixtures with benchtop 13C NMR spectroscopy via polarization transfer
Authors: Phuong Johnnie , Mross Sarah , Bellaire Daniel , Hasse Hans , Münnemann Kerstin
Published: November 2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an established method to determine self‐diffusion coefficients in liquids with high precision. The development of benchtop NMR spectrometers makes the method accessible to a wider community. In most cases, 1H NMR spectroscopy is used to determine self‐diffusion coefficients due to its high sensitivity. However, especially when using benchtop NMR spectrometers for the investigation of complex mixtures, the signals in 1H NMR spectra can overlap, hindering the precise determination of self‐diffusion coefficients. In 13C NMR spectroscopy, the signals of different compounds are generally well resolved. However, the sensitivity of 13C NMR is significantly lower than that of 1H NMR spectroscopy leading to very long measurement times, which makes diffusion coefficient measurements based on 13C NMR practically infeasible with benchtop NMR spectrometers. To circumvent this problem, we have combined two known pulse sequences, one for polarization transfer from 1H to the 13C nuclei (PENDANT) and one for the measurement of diffusion coefficients (PFG). The new method (PENPFG) was used to measure the self‐diffusion coefficients of three pure solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol and 1‐propanol) as well as in all their binary mixtures and the ternary mixture at various compositions. For comparison, also measurements of the same systems were carried out with a standard PFG‐NMR routine on a high‐field NMR instrument. The results are in good agreement and show that PENPFG is a useful tool for the measurement of the absolute value of the self‐diffusion coefficients in complex liquid mixtures with benchtop NMR spectrometers.
Japanese physical therapist's evidence‐to‐practice gap in knee osteoarthritis clinical practice guidelines: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Imai Ryota , Tanaka So , Moriguchi Koichi , Nishigami Tomohiko , Tsushima Eiki
Published: November 2023

Objective

As management for osteoarthritis, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been published worldwide with the aim of attaining optimal treatment and rehabilitation. However, we suspect a lack of knowledge of and/or adherence to osteoarthritis CPGs in physiotherapists' clinical practice. There may be an evidence‐to‐practice gap in knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation among Japanese physiotherapists. Therefore, we aimed to measure the level of knowledge and adherence to osteoarthritis CPGs within a cohort of Japanese physiotherapists.

Methods

An online survey was created based on three appropriate and high‐quality CPGs. The first two sections comprised 23 statements, and participants responded via a five‐point Likert scale (“completely disagree” to “completely agree”). Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement with a statement. In the second section, participants read clinical scenarios and selected what they considered to be the most appropriate management and interventions.

Results

The survey was completed by 558 Japanese physiotherapists. The mean age of the participants included in the analysis was 34.8 years, 61 participants were female (13.7%). Consensus was attained in just 12 out of 23 items (52%). In the second section, none of the physiotherapists were considered to have good knowledge of CPGs, 85.2% were considered to have only partial knowledge, and 14.8% had no knowledge. Familiarity with the CPGs was therefore poor and there was clearly poor adherence to the recommended rehabilitation guidelines.

Conclusions

The level of knowledge and adherence to osteoarthritis CPGs within our cohort was poor, suggesting an evidence‐to‐practice gap in rehabilitation for knee osteoarthritis among Japanese physiotherapists.
Management of Postthyroidectomy Hypoparathyroidism and Its Effect on Hypocalcemia‐Related Complications: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: van Dijk Sam P. J. , van Driel M. H. Elise , van Kinschot Caroline M. J. , Engel Maarten F. M. , Franssen Gaston J. H. , van Noord Charlotte , Visser W. Edward , Verhoef Cornelis , Peeters Robin P. , van Ginhoven Tessa M.
Published: November 2023

Objective

The aim of this Meta‐analysis is to evaluate the impact of different treatment strategies for early postoperative hypoparathyroidism on hypocalcemia‐related complications and long‐term hypoparathyroidism.

Data Sources

Embase.com, MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the top 100 references of Google Scholar were searched to September 20, 2022.

Review Methods

Articles reporting on adult patients who underwent total thyroidectomy which specified a treatment strategy for postthyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism were included. Random effect models were applied to obtain pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals. Primary outcome was the occurrence of major hypocalcemia‐related complications. Secondary outcome was long‐term hypoparathyroidism.

Results

Sixty‐six studies comprising 67 treatment protocols and 51,096 patients were included in this Meta‐analysis. In 8 protocols (3806 patients), routine calcium and/or active vitamin D medication was given to all patients directly after thyroidectomy. In 49 protocols (44,012 patients), calcium and/or active vitamin D medication was only given to patients with biochemically proven postthyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. In 10 protocols (3278 patients), calcium and/or active vitamin D supplementation was only initiated in case of clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia. No patient had a major complication due to postoperative hypocalcemia. The pooled proportion of long‐term hypoparathyroidism was 2.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.9‐3.0). There was no significant difference in the incidence of long‐term hypoparathyroidism between the 3 supplementation groups.

Conclusions

All treatment strategies for postoperative hypocalcemia prevent major complications of hypocalcemia. The early postoperative treatment protocol for postthyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism does not seem to influence recovery of parathyroid function in the long term.
Adherence to riluzole therapy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in three Italian regions—The CAESAR study
Authors: Giometto Sabrina , Finocchietti Marco , Paoletti Olga , Lombardi Niccolò , Celani Maria Grazia , Sciancalepore Francesco , Lucenteforte Ersilia , Kirchmayer Ursula ,   CAESAR study group
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. Riluzole may increase survival and delay the need for mechanical ventilation. The CAESAR project (‘Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of drugs used in rare neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases’, FV AIFA project 2012‐2013‐2014) involves evaluating prescribing patterns, and analysing effectiveness and comparative safety of drugs, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate adherence to riluzole in patients with ALS during the first year of use, identifying adherence clusters.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative data from Latium, Tuscany, and Umbria. We identified subjects with a new diagnosis of ALS between 2014 and 2019, with the first dispensation of riluzole within 180 days of diagnosis. We considered a two‐year look‐back period for the characterization of patients, and we followed them from the date of first dispensing of riluzole for 1 year. We calculated 12 monthly adherence measures, through a modified version of the Medication Possession Ratio, estimating drug coverage with Defined Daily Dose. Adherence trajectories were identified using a three‐step method: (1) calculation of statistical measures; (2) principal component analysis; (3) cluster analysis. Patient characteristics at baseline and during follow‐up were described and compared between adherence groups identified.

Results

We included 264 ALS patients as new users of riluzole in Latium, 344 in Tuscany, and 63 in Umbria. We observed a higher frequency of males (56.2%) and a mean age of 67.4 (standard deviation, SD, 10.4) in the overall population. We identified two clusters in all regions: one more numerous, including adherent patients (60%, 74%, 88%, respectively), and another one including patients who discontinued therapy (40%, 26%, 12%, respectively). In Tuscany patients discontinuing riluzole more frequently died (28.6% vs. 15.4%, p‐value <0.01). Additionally, low‐adherers had a higher frequency of central nervous system disorders (69.0% vs. 52.5%, p‐value 0.01), and a greater use of non‐pharmacological treatments (p‐values ≤0.01 for invasive ventilation and tracheostomy). We did not observe any differences in Lazio, whereas in Umbria we observed a higher use of drugs for dementia‐related psychiatric problems among low‐adherers (57.1% vs. 7.8%, respectively, p‐value <0.01), although with small numbers.

Conclusion

Most ALS patients who start riluzole adhere to therapy during the first year. Patients who discontinue therapy early show greater fragility and mortality.
Isoprene polymerization catalyzed by iron (II) and cobalt(II) complexes carrying 2,6‐bis(1H′‐allylbenzimidazolyl)pyridyl ligand
Authors: Xu Xueqin , Chen Zhiyan , Zhou Yun , Liu Huijie , Jia Haijiang , Gong Dirong
Published: November 2023

The incorporation of cis‐1,4 and 3,4(+1,2) units is important to the overall properties of polyisoprene. Nevertheless, polymerization to prepare such polymer via coordinative‐insertion method has less reported. In the present study, 2,6‐bis(1H’‐allyl‐benzimidazolyl)pyridine has been installed onto the iron and cobalt prior to heterogeneous supporting. They are shown to be amenable to homogeneous polymerization of isoprene, affording 3,4(+1,2) units enriched polymer. The addition of disulfide carbon into cobalt catalyst is decisive for boosting productivity and elevating 3,4 (+1,2) insertion. Whereas, diethylphosphite external donor merely behaves as a chain transfer agent in iron catalyzed polymerization. The produced polymer with a controlled 3,4(+1,2) ratio and molar mass may find application as a single rubber, in polymer blends, composites, adhesives, and as a versatile platform for transforming to a wide range of functional polymer.

Highlights

Novel iron and cobalt complexes are made.

High activities toward isoprene polymerization are achieved.

3,4(+1,2) incorporated polyisoprene is obtained.
How many species of Rafflesia exist in Java, Indonesia and what are the implications for conservation?
Authors: Kusuma Yayan Wahyu C. , Matsuo Ayumi , Wanke Stefan , Suyama Yoshihisa , Isagi Yuji
Published: November 2023

Societal Impact Statement

Clarifying species status for closely related taxa with similar and overlapping morphology is important for planning conservation efforts. Conservation of Rafflesia goes beyond merely saving species from extinction. It has far‐reaching societal impacts that touch on scientific discovery, cultural heritage, economic development, education, and more. Rafflesia interests many nature lovers, and so protected areas that preserve Rafflesia can become tourism hotspots, contributing to local economies and livelihoods. By conserving biodiversity, we acknowledge and value the interdependence of all living organisms, promoting a holistic understanding of nature. Biodiversity conservation is an investment in the health and well‐being of both ecosystems and human societies.

Species ambiguity could hinder conservation activities. Rafflesia is an endangered, holoparasitic, and endophytic plant genus that grows exclusively on Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) host plants.

Overlapping morphological characters make their species delimitation difficult. Therefore, the number of Rafflesia species has been a major debate until now. On the island of Java, Indonesia, two or three species have been variously recognized.

Here, we aim to illuminate the species status using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marker obtained via a multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq) approach. Clustering analysis with STRUCTURE indicates three different groups. Furthermore, the delimitation of the Javanese Rafflesia into three species is the favored model based on SNAPPER analysis. Phylogenetic analysis using Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) also supports the distinction of the three groups. Although a SplitsTree4 analysis confirms the abovementioned results, it also highlights that Rafflesia patma shows broader gene flow compared to the other two species R. rochusenii and R. zollingeriana.

We conclude that there are likely three species of Rafflesia on Java. Our study highlights the ability of using SNPs markers, in this case derived from a MIG‐seq approach, in approaching species uncertainty. The importance of clarifying the Rafflesia species status on Java Island for conservation planning is also discussed.
A systematic review of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacogenomics in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Moore Claire , Lazarakis Smaro , Stenta Tayla , Alexander Marliese , Nguyen Rachel Phan , Elliott David A. , Conyers Rachel
Published: November 2023

Pharmacogenomics remains underutilized in clinical practice, despite the existence of internationally recognized, evidence‐based guidelines. This systematic review aims to understand enablers and barriers to pharmacogenomics implementation in pediatric oncology by assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of healthcare professionals and consumers. Medline, Embase, Emcare, and PsycINFO database searches identified 146 relevant studies of which only three met the inclusion criteria. These studies reveal that consumers were concerned with pharmacogenomic test costs, insurance discrimination, data sharing, and privacy. Healthcare professionals possessed mostly positive attitudes toward pharmacogenomic testing yet identified lack of experience and training as barriers to implementation. Education emerged as the key enabler, reported in all three studies and both healthcare professionals and consumer groups. However, despite the need for education, no studies utilizing a pediatric oncology consumer or healthcare professional group have reported on the implementation or analysis of a pharmacogenomic education program in pediatric oncology. Increased access to guidelines, expert collaborations and additional guidance interpreting results were further enablers established by healthcare professionals. The themes identified mirror those reported in broader pediatric genetic testing literature. As only a small number of studies met inclusion criteria for this review, further research is warranted to elicit implementation determinants and advance pediatric pharmacogenomics.
An Ab Initio Study of Monolayer Mn2Mg2X5 (X = S, Se), a Novel Family of 2D Half‐Metallic Ferromagnets
Authors: Ershadrad Soheil , Davoudiniya Masoumeh , Machacova Nikola , Sanyal Biplab
Published: November 2023

The recent advances in the synthesis of 2D magnetic materials have raised hopes for their potential use in next‐generation spintronics devices. These candidates, however, still possess relatively low magnetic transition temperatures and small magnetic anisotropy energies to achieve efficient functionality. Aiming to find high‐performance 2D magnetic crystals, the authors predict (X = S, Se) as a novel family of 2D ferromagnets with half‐metallic electronic properties. A single‐channel spin bandgap of ≈2 eV makes them suitable for spin‐filtering applications. Their easy‐plane magnetic anisotropy is relatively high, especially in the case of (MAE = 1.46 meV/Mn). Furthermore, the magnetic transition temperature of these compounds is relatively high ( ≈ 200 K) compared to those of most synthesized 2D magnetic compounds. The existence of nonmagnetic van der Waals analogs of these compounds, such as , accompanied by their energy, dynamic, thermal, and mechanical stability, suggest that they have a good probability of being synthesized.
Emergence of Phonon‐Mediated Superconductivity in Electron‐Doped Monolayer WS2: First‐Principles Study
Authors: Maroju Suman Kalyan , Samudrala Appalakondaiah
Published: November 2023

Herein, the electronic properties for undoped and carrier‐doped tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayer are systematically examined by using ab initio calculations. The results show that the pristine single‐layer WS2 is a semiconductor with a direct bandgap nature and the electronic properties of WS2 are similar to 2H‐MoS2 monolayer, which are consistent with previous reports. Besides, considerable changes are observed in the electron‐doped WS2 monolayer when compared to the hole‐doped. The dynamical stability of pristine and carrier‐doped WS2 monolayer is also investigated by performing the phonon dispersion calculations. Further, the possibility of superconducting nature in carrier‐doped single‐layer WS2 is also studied by using the isotropic Migdal–Eliashberg theory with the combination of Wannier–Fourier interpolation. From the computed Eliashberg function, it has been concluded that electron doping to WS2 monolayer promises electron–phonon coupling strength and maximum critical temperature of around 17 K with doping concentration ranging from 0.4 to 0.16 electrons cell−1.
Convolamine, a tropane alkaloid extracted from Convolvulus plauricalis, is a potent sigma‐1 receptor‐positive modulator with cognitive and neuroprotective properties
Authors: Crouzier Lucie , Meunier Johann , Carles Allison , Morilleau Axelle , Vrigneau Cassandre , Schmitt Martine , Bourguignon Jean‐Jacques , Delprat Benjamin , Maurice Tangui
Published: November 2023

Background and Aim

By using an in vivo phenotypic screening assay in zebrafish, we identified Convolamine, a tropane alkaloid from Convulvus plauricalis, as a positive modulator of the sigma‐1 receptor (S1R). The wfs1abKO zebrafish larva, a model of Wolfram syndrome, exhibits an increased visual‐motor response due to a mutation in Wolframin, a protein involved in endoplasmic reticulum‐mitochondria communication. We previously reported that ligand activating S1R, restored the cellular and behavioral deficits in patient fibroblasts and zebrafish and mouse models.

Experimental Procedures

We screened a library of 108 repurposing and natural compounds on zebrafish motor response.

Key Results

One hit, the tropane alkaloid Convolamine, restored normal mobility in wfs1abKO larvae without affecting wfs1abWT controls. They did not bind to the S1R agonist/antagonist binding site nor dissociated S1R from BiP, an S1R activity assay in vitro, but behaved as a positive modulator by shifting the IC50 value of the reference agonist PRE‐084 to lower values. Convolamine restored learning in Wfs1∆Exon8, Dizocilpine‐treated, and Aβ25‐35‐treated mice. These effects were observed at low ~1 mg/kg doses, not shared by Convolvine, the desmethyl metabolite, and blocked by an S1R antagonist.

Conclusion and Implications

Convolamine therefore acts as an S1R positive modulator and this pharmacological action is relevant to the traditional use of Shankhpushpi in memory and cognitive protection.
Plant‐derived virulence arresting drugs as novel antimicrobial agents: Discovery, perspective, and challenges in clinical use
Authors: Lu Lan , Wang Jingya , Wang Chongrui , Zhu Jie , Wang Hongping , Liao Li , Zhao Yuting , Wang Xiaobo , Yang Chen , He Zhengyou , Li Mingxing
Published: November 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerges as a severe crisis to public health and requires global action. The occurrence of bacterial pathogens with multi‐drug resistance appeals to exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Antivirulence treatment has been a positive substitute in seeking to circumvent AMR, which aims to target virulence factors directly to combat bacterial infections. Accumulated evidence suggests that plant‐derived natural products, which have been utilized to treat infectious diseases for centuries, can be abundant sources for screening potential virulence‐arresting drugs (VADs) to develop advanced therapeutics for infectious diseases. This review sums up some virulence factors and their actions in various species of bacteria, as well as recent advances pertaining to plant‐derived natural products as VAD candidates. Furthermore, we also discuss natural VAD‐related clinical trials and patents, the perspective of VAD‐based advanced therapeutics for infectious diseases and critical challenges hampering clinical use of VADs, and genomics‐guided identification for VAD therapeutic. These newly discovered natural VADs will be encouraging and optimistic candidates that may sustainably combat AMR.
Moringa oleiferaLam. as a potential plant for alleviation of the metabolic syndrome—A narrative review based on in vivo and clinical studies
Authors: Adarthaiya Saikrupa , Sehgal Amit
Published: November 2023

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to the co‐occurrence of risk factors, including hyperglycaemia, increased body weight, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which eventually lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, a common health problem worldwide. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of plant‐based products for the management of MetS, because of their less detrimental and more beneficial effects.Moringa oleifera(Moringaceae), commonly known as drumstick, is cultivated worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This review focuses on the in vivo and human studies concerning the potential ofM. oleiferain the alleviation of MetS and its comorbidities. The search for relevant articles was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Randomised controlled and clinical trials from the PubMed database were included in this review. The results suggested that the administration ofM. oleifera, in vivo, shows clear signs of improvement in MetS indices. Despite fewer human studies, the existing data documented convincing results that uphold the potential ofM. oleiferaagainst MetS. Therefore, future research discussing the probable mechanism of action is much needed which could further assure the usage ofM. oleiferain the treatment regimen of MetS.
Using sulfur stable isotope ratios (δ34S) for animal geolocation: Estimating the delay mechanisms between diet ingestion and isotope incorporation in tail hair
Authors: Kabalika Zabibu , Haydon Daniel T. , McGill Rona A. R. , Morales Juan M. , Morrison Thomas A. , Newton Jason , Hopcraft J. Grant C.
Published: November 2023

Rationale

Metabolism and diet quality play an important role in determining delay mechanisms between an animal ingesting an element and depositing the associated isotope signal in tissue. While many isotope mixing models assume instantaneous reflection of diet in an animal– tissue, this is rarely the case. Here we use data from wildebeest to measure the lag time between ingestion of 34S and its detection in tail hair.

Methods

We use time‐lagged regression analysis of δ34S data from GPS‐collared blue wildebeest from the Serengeti ecosystem in combination with δ34S isoscape data to estimate the lag time between an animal ingesting and depositing 34S in tail hair.

Results

The best fitting regression model of δ34S in tail hair and an individual– position on the δ34S isoscape is generated assuming an average time delay of 78 days between ingestion and detection in tail hair. This suggests that sulfur may undergo multiple metabolic transitions before being deposited in tissue.

Conclusion

Our findings help to unravel the underlying complexities associated with sulfur metabolism and are broadly consistent with results from other species. These findings will help to inform research aiming to apply the variation of δ34S in inert biological material for geolocation or understanding dietary changes, especially for fast moving migratory ungulates such as wildebeest.
Measuring pandemic‐related anxiety and confidence in care in chronic patients using the Psychological Consequences of a Pandemic Event (PCPE) questionnaire
Authors: Moroni Loretta , Bottesi Gioia , Bertolotti Giorgio , Cangiano Azzurra , Rizza Claudia , Malerba Anna , Picozzi Anna , Burro Roberto
Published: November 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic has determined a considerable increase in psychological distress worldwide. Compared with the general population, patients with chronic conditions experience higher stress levels due to the increased risk of worse health outcomes from COVID‐19 infection. Worries and fear of contagion could cause them to avoid going to their health facilities for medical examinations, which results in higher risks of morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Psychological Consequences of a Pandemic Event (PCPE) self‐report questionnaire, and to assess the psychological effects of exposure to a pandemic on mood and on treatment adherence appropriate for patients with chronic diseases. Data were analysed with Rasch analysis after an Exploratory Factor Analysis and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. We identified a final set of 10 items, divided into two independent factors labelled “pandemic‐related anxiety” and “confidence in care”. Finally, we transformed the raw scores of both factors into two interval scales (two rulers) that met the requirements of the fundamental measurement. The PCPE questionnaire has demonstrated to be a short and easy‐to‐administer measure, with valid and reliable psychometric properties, capable of assessing pandemic‐related anxiety and confidence in care in patients with chronic clinical conditions.
Listening to other people's traumatic experiences: What makes it hard and what could protect professionals from developing related distress? A qualitative investigation
Authors: Livanou Maria , Whittenbury Kate , Di Basilio Daniela
Published: November 2023

Listening to people talk about their trauma experiences involves indirect exposure to trauma (IET) and can trigger emotional distress. Existing studies about the risk factors for post‐IET distress have methodological limitations and reported inconsistent results, making their findings difficult to meaningfully synthesise. Also, most of them did not focus explicitly on trauma narratives and did not explore qualitatively the opinions and experiences of professionals who work closely with trauma survivors. The present study involved 36 professionals who worked with trauma survivors and used a qualitative design to investigate: (a) the perceived impact of the survivors' accounts, (b) the factors they deemed as important to be psychologically prepared for trauma accounts, and (c) their strategies for coping with IET. The semi‐structured interviews conducted yielded rich data that was analysed thematically and organised in 13 subordinate themes, and 4 master themes. Listening to trauma narratives was thought to lead to emotional distress when it challenges the listener's ‘basic assumptions’ of safety and justice, when the listener has reduced sense of control and operates outside their ‘window of tolerance’, when empathic responses are too strong, and psychological preparedness for trauma‐narratives is perceived as insufficient. Recommendations for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
The racial gap in entrepreneurship and opportunities inside established firms
Authors: Yang Tiantian , Kacperczyk Olenka
Published: November 2023

Research Summary

Racial disparities in entrepreneurship have been widely discussed in the literature, with most studies focusing on mechanisms that amplify such disparities. However, less attention has been devoted to factors that promote inclusion. We propose that intrapreneurship—launching and operating new ventures inside established organizations—represents a more inclusive entrepreneurial pathway than entrepreneurship involving a standalone venture. We predict that relative to White employees, Black employees will (1) be more likely to engage in intrapreneurship than entrepreneurship and (2) achieve greater financial performance as founders of internal ventures than standalone ventures. Using data on a representative sample of American new business founders in 2005, we found evidence for our theory. Our study highlights the importance of intrapreneurship in leveling the playing field for racial minorities pursuing entrepreneurial activities.

Managerial Summary

Despite the persistent inequalities in the representation of racial minorities in entrepreneurship, how to make the entrepreneurial path more inclusive remains less well understood. In this study, we find that intrapreneurship—or launching and running a new venture within an already established firm—holds the potential to offering a more inclusive route to entrepreneurship, compared to the traditional way of starting a standalone business. Using data from a representative sample of American business founders in 2005, we find that Black employees are more likely to take the intrapreneurship route rather than starting their own independent businesses. We also find that, conditional on founding a new venture, Blacks are more likely to achieve financial success as intrapreneurs than entrepreneurs. Finally, when discrimination is more prevalent and other indicators of quality are lacking, the gaps in founding rates and new‐venture performance between Blacks and Whites are less likely to widen in intrapreneurship compared to standalone entrepreneurship. Overall, these findings have important implications for practices that can help address the racial disparities we see in entrepreneurship.