bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking through the diaspora
Authors: Shome Raka
Published: February 2006

This article re-examines some current theoretical trends through which concepts such as diaspora and hybridity have been theorized in cultural studies in the western academy. It argues that these concepts are being rearticulated in new ways in neoliberal globalization, which has implications for rethinking the politics of race and colonialism. Through an analysis of call centers in India, this article theorizes how the cultural politics of Indian call centers, and global flows of information technology, manifest new and emerging frameworks of hybridity and diaspora. Such frameworks point to new relations of race, belonging, and colonialism and unsettle many of the prevailing assumptions through which diaspora and hybridity have been typically understood.
Beyond Zero Tolerance
Authors: Stinchcomb Jeanne B. , Bazemore Gordon , Riestenberg Nancy
Published: February 2006

Zero tolerance policies in secondary schools now embrace an array of misbehaviors varying widely in seriousness. Their utility has therefore come into question, especially because they do not address causal factors and generally maintain an emphasis on suspension and expulsion. In contrast, responses based on a restorative justice philosophy embrace stakeholders in an interactive process to repair harm by addressing the nature of the misbehavior and resulting damages. In an effort to examine the applicability of restorative justice principles to disciplinary policies in educational settings, the explorative results of a pilot project are presented. Quantitative outcomes indicate reduced behavioral referrals and suspensions. Qualitative descriptions likewise point toward positive directions. Overall, findings are supportive of employing restorative justice principles in response to school-related misbehavior, which could be combined with traditional practices (for more serious offenders) in a synergistic approach to restoring order in our schools, responsibility in our students, and, ultimately, hope in our communities.
Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard
Authors: Patchin Justin W. , Hinduja Sameer
Published: February 2006

Bullying in a school setting is an important social concern that has received increased scholarly attention in recent years. Specifically, its causes and effects have been under investigation by a number of researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. A new permutation of bullying, however, has recently arisen and become more common: Techsavvy students are turning to cyberspace to harass their peers. This exploratory article discusses the nature of bullying and its transmutation to the electronic world and the negative repercussions that can befall both its victims and instigators. In addition, findings are reported from a pilot study designed to empirically assess the nature and extent of online bullying. The overall goal of the current work is to illuminate this novel form of deviance stemming from the intersection of communications and computers and to provide a foundational backdrop on which future empirical research can be conducted.
Evaluating the Effects of the Wendigo Lake Expedition Program on Young Offenders
Authors: Russell Keith C.
Published: February 2006

This study reports an evaluative case study of Wendigo Lake Expeditions (WLE), a continuous intake, open custody program for young offenders that uses a positive youth development approach. Four objectives guided the case study: (a) describe and illustrate WLE's approach to working with adjudicated youth, (b) identify and report perceptions of the program and process, (c) assess changes in their well-being utilizing the Youth-Outcome Questionnaire (Y-OQ), and (d) track postprogram recidivism rates. Results indicated a significant improvement in youth well-being indicated by significant score reductions on the Y-OQ. Of the 40 youths contacted at the follow-up assessment, 21 (53%) had been charged with a criminal offense during this period, including those charged for administrative offences such as breaching conditions of probation, whereas 19 (47%) had not been charged. Implications of positive youth development programming for adjudicated youth are discussed.
Material Selector for LLDPE/LDPE Blends for FFS Applications
Authors: Colls Nelson , Torres Agustín , Méndez Facundo
Published: February 2006

There is a delicate balance between processability, mechanical properties, and seal performance when LDPE/LLDPE blends are used. Choosing the right blend proportion is sometimes a very difficult job, and it can consume much resin and time. An easy-to-use selector that can run in most spreadsheet programs was devised based on the design of experiment (DOE) approach. This selector is intended to reduce the time and material needed to achieve a given set of properties.
Prospective analysis of TEL/AML1-positive patients treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 95-01
Authors: Loh Mignon L. , Goldwasser Meredith A. , Silverman Lewis B. , Poon Wing-Man , Vattikuti Shashaank , Cardoso Angelo , Neuberg Donna S. , Shannon Kevin M. , Sallan Stephen E. , Gilliland D. Gary
Published: February 2006

In a retrospective analysis, we previously reported that children whose leukemia cells harbored the TEL/AML1 gene rearrangement have excellent outcomes. From 1996 to 2000, we conducted a prospective study to determine the incidence and outcomes of children with TEL/AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Children with newly diagnosed ALL were treated on DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01. Patients were risk stratified primarily by current National Cancer Institute (NCI)–Rome risk criteria. With a median follow-up of 5.2 years, the 5-year event-free survival for TEL/AML1-positive patients was 89% compared with 80% for TEL/AML1-negative B-precursor patients (P = .05). The 5-year overall survival rate was 97% among TEL/AML-positive patients compared with 89% among TEL/AML1-negative patients (P = .03). However, in a multivariable analysis, risk group (age and leukocyte count at diagnosis) and asparaginase treatment group, but not TEL/AML1 status, were found to be independent predictors of outcome. We conclude that TEL/AML1-positive patients have excellent outcomes, confirming our previous findings. However, factors such as age at diagnosis and presenting leukocyte count should be taken into consideration when treating this group of patients.
Disturbed Sleep and Its Relationship to Alcohol Use
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Friedmann Peter D.
Published: February 2006

Study Objectives

To review evidence of an association between disturbed sleep and alcohol use.

Design

We searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, ETOH, BIBLIOSLEEP and the Rutgers Alcohol Studies databases between January 1966 and August 2002. Search terms included alcohol-related disorders or alcoholism in combination with sleep, sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, or sleep apnea syndromes. The search produced over 440 citations. We reviewed 107 relevant articles, of which 60 included quantitative measures of both alcohol use and sleep.

Measurements and Results

Behavioral studies suggest that up to 2 to 3 standard drinks before bedtime initially promotes sleep, but these effects diminish in as few as 3 days of continued use. Clinical investigations support a relationship between sleep disturbance and alcohol use, but variability in the definition and measurement of these domains and a preponderance of cross-sectional studies make uncertain the strength and direction of the association.

Conclusions

The association of insomnia with alcohol use disorders suggests that the clinical evaluation of patients with sleep problems should include a careful assessment of alcohol use. Future studies of this relationship should employ prospective designs with standardized, validated measures of both sleep and alcohol use. Rigorous treatment studies for chronic insomnia in alcohol dependent patients are also needed.
Provider Satisfaction with Office-Based Treatment of Opioid Dependence
Authors: Becker William C. , Fiellin David A.
Published: February 2006

Purpose

New federal regulations allow for office-based treatment of opioid dependent patients with opioid agonist medication (e.g., buprenorphine). We sought to evaluate the literature on office-based physicians’ acceptance of this practice.

Methods

We searched the MEDLINE database for original research examining office-based providers’ acceptance or satisfaction with office-based treatment. Articles included in the analysis met the following criteria: (1) discussed the treatment of patients with substance abuse disorders, (2) focused on the treatment of opioid dependent patients, (3) discussed treatment with opioid agonist therapy, (4) discussed treatment by office-based physicians, (5) presented original research, and (6) provided data examining physician acceptance or satisfaction.

Results

Eight studies met the criteria. Their heterogeneity precluded aggregate analysis. Four of 8 studies revealed that providers had a positive perception concerning the efficacy of opioid agonist treatment, 4/8 indicated that providers believed that opioid dependent patients were more complex than others in their practices, and 3/8 studies indicated the need for additional support services.

Conclusions

There are few studies of provider satisfaction with office-based treatment of opioid dependence. This literature reveals overall provider acceptance of this practice but highlights the need for support services. Further research, designed to identify the barriers to provider satisfaction with office-based opioid agonist therapy, is needed to ensure that these barriers do not limit expansion of this practice.
National Estimates of Exposure to Prescription Drugs with Addiction Potential in Community-Dwelling Elders
Authors: Simoni-Wastila Linda , Zuckerman Ilene H. , Singhal Puneet K. , Briesacher Becky , Hsu Van Doren
Published: February 2006

The use of prescription drugs with addiction potential is an overlooked and growing problem among today's elderly. This paper provides national prevalence estimates of exposure to prescription drugs with addiction potential among community-dwelling elders and explores risk factors for such exposure. Using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, a nationally-representative database of Medicare eligibles, we calculated the prevalence of abusable prescription drug use, overall, by therapeutic class, and by drug. Nearly 22% (7.22 million) of all community-dwelling Medicare elders used at least one prescription medication with addiction potential. Opioid analgesics were used most frequently (14.9%; 95% CI 14.0, 15.8%); central nervous system (CNS) depressants were used by 10.4% of the nation's elders (95% CI 9.5,10.8%). Using logistic regression analysis, we examined the association of explanatory variables with three outcome variables: any controlled substances use, any opioid analgesic use, and any CNS depressant use. We found that females, whites, those aged 65–79, and those with non-spousal others, were significantly more likely to use one or more prescription drugs with addiction potential, controlling for health status and severity-of-illness. The significance and magnitude of several explanatory variables, including age, race, ethnicity, living arrangement, and health status, varied by therapeutic category. This paper provides an important first step in acknowledging the widespread use of abusable prescription drugs in elders, and provides a foundation for future research and practical solutions to preventing subsequent problem use of prescription drugs.
A Case of Pheniramine Dependence
Authors: Saatcioglu Omer , Evren Cuneyt
Published: February 2006

Abuse and addiction of histaminergic agonists and antagonists were investigated. The withdrawal signs may become after using drugs such as L-histidine, histamine-N-methyl, promethazine, pheniramine, astemizole, etc. Some medicines which include these active metabolites could lead to dependence cause different side effects. This case suggests that pheniramine abuse also could to dependence. We should pay attention to trend of pheniramine and other histaminergic drugs dependence and need to regulate the market by law more severely.
‘Collaring’ the Crime and the Criminal?: ‘Jury Psychology’ and Some Criminological Perspectives on Fraud and the Criminal Law
Authors: Wilson Sarah
Published: February 2006

This article concerns proposed changes to English criminal law, which will be directed at tackling the problem of fraud. Notwithstanding the considerable energy channelled into the genesis of the Fraud Bill currently before Parliament, this article points to the ways in which far too little attention has been paid to the highly ambivalent nature of fraud in societal consciousness. While drawing extensively upon workings of criminology to illustrate the difficulties apparent in achieving societal recognition of fraud as serious crime, and even ‘real’ crime at all, this article points to a number of problems which might flow from the Fraud Bill's enactment which are far from ‘abstract’, and which could seriously undermine the raison d'être of the proposed legislation.
Bangladesh in 2005: Standing at a Crossroads
Authors: Riaz Ali
Published: February 2006

After an eventful year, Bangladesh stands at a crossroads. Islamist challenges, a crisis of governance, and the absence of the rule of law were the defining characteristics of 2005. The question Bangladeshis can hardly avoid any longer is: will the nation drag itself into a cul-de-sac?
Sri Lanka in 2005: Continuing Political Turmoil
Authors: de Silva Chandra R.
Published: February 2006

The tsunami of December 26, 2004, the biggest natural disaster to strike Sri Lanka in centuries, dominated the scene in the first half of 2005. Disputes within the government on arrangements to distribute international aid in cooperation with the major militant Tamil rebel group resulted in political turmoil. While the economy continued to grow in the absence of open war, both the government and the Tamil Tigers tried to gain military and political advantage. In the second half of the year, a presidential election presented voters with some striking policy alternatives.
Indonesia in 2005: A New Multiparty Presidential Democracy
Authors: Liddle R. William , Mujani Saiful
Published: February 2006

Newly elected President Yudhoyono and Vice President Kalla scored successes despite initial lack of parliamentary support. Kalla took control of Golkar, the largest party, and a tentative peace was achieved in Aceh. Economic policy was entrusted to a strong team of technocrats. Military relations with the United States were fully restored.
Thailand in 2005: The Struggle for Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Albritton Robert B.
Published: February 2006

Peaceful transition of administration through new elections and an elected majority government marked a significant step toward consolidation of democracy in Thailand. An otherwise positive picture was clouded by continuing insurgency in the south. Thailand appears to have weathered economic shocks from a sharp decline in tourism and a spike in oil prices, but relations with Malaysia concerning cross-border issues associated with the southern insurgency are strained.
Vietnam in 2005: Economic Momentum and Stronger State-Society Dialogue
Authors: Luong Hy V.
Published: February 2006

In 2005, Vietnam continued its momentum of economic growth and dialogue between state and society. The highest rate of economic growth since 1997 resulted from a significant increase in exports as well as in consumer and investment spending. The state-society dialogue intensified on many issues.
Cambodia in 2005: Year of Reassurance
Authors: Weggel Oskar
Published: February 2006

Following two years of heated election campaigns and post-electoral rifts, 2005 marked a period of reconciliation and “optimistic imperative” for Cambodia. The economy continued to center on two main sectors, textiles and tourism; the removal of worldwide textile quotas had no impact on the Cambodian industry. The country's foreign policy remained focused on establishing “friendly borders” and firmly integrating the nation into the ASEAN family.
Malaysia in 2005: Moving Forward Quietly
Authors: Derichs Claudia
Published: February 2006

During 2005, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi asserted his grip on domestic affairs, but his government is still linked with perceptions of ineffectiveness. Economic growth slowed and the ringgit was unpegged from the U.S. dollar, yet remained stable. In foreign relations, Malaysia played a proactive role.
The Philippines in 2005: Old Dynamics, New Conjuncture
Authors: Hedman Eva-Lotta E.
Published: February 2006

The year 2005 witnessed much argument and effort—to enact tax reforms, impeach the president, combat terrorism, amend the Constitution, and end long-standing armed insurgencies—and little real change. The outcome of these specific initiatives is likely to remain largely unresolved in 2006, as is the broader issue of the stability and substance of democracy in the Philippines, a question that loomed large throughout 2005.
Japan in 2005: Koizumi's Finest Hour
Authors: Hiwatari Nobuhiro
Published: February 2006

The year 2005 was Prime Minster Koizumi's finest hour. He engineered an extraordinary electoral landslide that destroyed opponents who had been gaining strength in response to his recalcitrance on Yasukuni Shrine visits and the confrontational handling of postal privatization, the centerpiece of his reforms. After Koizumi's electoral victory, he passed postal reform, made another visit to Yasukuni, and broke the “old” Liberal Democractic Party as he had promised five years ago, proving wrong those who had dismissed his reforms as illusionary and the promise as rhetorical. The stage is set for a new chapter in Japanese politics.
Taiwan in 2005: Strategic Interaction in Two-Level Games
Authors: Chan Steve
Published: February 2006

With the intensification of political competition at home and multifaceted interactions abroad, Taiwan's internal politics and its external relations have become more nuanced and complicated. Analysis that assumes a unitary government and that privileges official or military affairs would fail to capture important aspects of the changing reality.
Russia and the CIS in 2005: Promoting East Asian Oil Diplomacy, Containing Change in Central Asia
Authors: Wishnick Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

Oil played a big role in Russia's Asian diplomacy as the Khodorkovsky affair led to a rearrangement of Russian oil assets and pipeline plans, with consequences for China and Japan. China and Russia held their first military exercises, reflecting their concern over the impact of the “colored revolutions.”
Mongolia in 2005: Sharing Power, Dealing with Corruption
Authors: Tuya Nyamosor
Published: February 2006

In 2005, Mongolian politics was dominated by struggles to fence off the “grand coalition” government from the vicissitudes of turbulent parliamentary politics, while citizens were ever more vocal in their demands to check the spread of corruption. Agriculture lost ground to mining as a contributor to GDP.
Afghanistan in 2005: The Challenges of Reconstruction
Authors: Ghufran Nasreen
Published: February 2006

In 2005, Afghanistan experienced parliamentary elections, the disarming of official militias, a budget that aims at improving the economic and fiscal sector, continuing counter-narcotic efforts, curbing of the neo-Taliban insurgency, integration of its displaced population, strengthened diplomatic ties with the U.S., and an improved diplomatic image. Afghanistan is building key institutions in this time of transition, although it faces grave challenges because the task of achieving political and economic stability is monumental.
"The Jester and the Sage"
Authors: BRAHM GABRIEL NOAH , ROBINSON FORREST G.
Published: February 2006

Though Mark Twain and Friedrich Nietzsche were aware of each other, they never met and there is no evidence of influence in either direction. Yet the similarities in their thought are strikingly numerous and close. They were both penetrating psychologists who shared Sigmund Freud's interest in the unconscious and his misgiving about the future of civilization. Both regarded Christianity as a leading symptom of the world's madness, manifest in a slavish morality of good and evil and in a widespread subjection to irrational guilt. They were at one in lamenting the pervasive human surrender to varieties of evasion, disavowel, deceit, and self-deception. Other, lesser similarities abound in thought, style, and patterns of literary production.
Determining "Fluctuating Opinions"
Authors: TOWHEED SHAFQUAT
Published: February 2006

Acknowledged for the originality and scope of her critical writing and recognized as one of the leading intellectuals of her age, Vernon Lee (1856 -1935) has rarely been viewed as a credible novelist, and critics have rarely seen an engagement with fiction as central to her literary craft. In this essay I reexamine Vernon Lee's theory and practice of fiction and argue that she increasingly depended upon access to novel readers in order to disseminate her more complex theoretical ideas and thereby shape an ideal and perceptive readership. In the first section I demonstrate the influence of popular novelists-particularly the romance writer Henrietta Camilla Jackson Jenkin (1805-1885)-on Lee's literary training, and I also show Lee's desire to identify a potential readership for writing both fiction and nonfiction. In the second section I show both Lee's fidelity to the originality of her emerging literary voice and her commitment to the influence of fiction in determining ideas. I locate critical debates over the function of fiction and the formation of the reader in my discussion of her fictional writing (Ottilie[1883] and Miss Brown [1884]) and her nonfictional dialogues (Belcaro [1881],Baldwin [1886], and The Gospels of Anarchy [1908]). In the third section I explore Lee's delineation of a "moral economy of reading" in a close reading of two short stories-"Lady Tal" (1892) and "A Worldly Woman" (1890)-that are explicitly concerned with the influence of the fictional work on the reader.
Effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) released from a scaffold on chondrogenesis in an osteochondral defect model in the rabbit
Authors: Cucchiarini Magali , Sohier Jerome , Mitosch Karin , Kaul Gunter , Zurakowski David , Bezemer Jeroen , Kohn Dieter , Madry Henning
Published: February 2006

Articular cartilage repair might be stimulated by the controlled delivery of therapeutic factors. We tested the hypotheses whether TGF-ß1 can be released from a polymeric scaffold over a prolonged period of time in vitro and whether its transplantation modulates cartilage repair in vivo. Unloaded control or TGF-ß1 poly(ether-ester) copolymeric scaffolds were applied to osteochondral defects in the knee joints of rabbits. In vitro, a cumulative dose of 9 ng TGF-ß1 was released over 4 weeks. In vivo, there were no adverse effects on the synovial membrane. Defects treated with TGF-ß1 scaffolds showed no significant difference in individual parameters of chondrogenesis and in the average cartilage repair score after 3 weeks. There was a trend towards a smaller area (42.5 %) of the repair tissue that stained positive for safranin O in defects receiving TGF-ß1 scaffolds. The data indicate that TGF-ß1 is released from emulsion-coated scaffolds over a prolonged period of time in vitro and that application of these scaffolds does not significantly modulate cartilage repair after 3 weeks in vivo. Future studies need to address the importance of TGF-ß1 dose and release rate to modulate chondrogenesis.
Mechanical Reinforcement of Polymers Using Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Coleman J. N. , Khan U. , Gun'ko Y. K.
Published: February 2006

Owing to their unique mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. However, a large amount of work must be done in order to realize their full potential. Effective processing of nanotubes and polymers to fabricate new ultra‐strong composite materials is still a great challenge. This Review explores the progress that has already been made in the area of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes. First, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and the system requirements to maximize reinforcement are discussed. Then, main methods described in the literature to produce and process polymer–nanotube composites are considered and analyzed. After that, mechanical properties of various nanotube–polymer composites prepared by different techniques are critically analyzed and compared. Finally, remaining problems, the achievements so far, and the research that needs to be done in the future are discussed.
Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Thacker Evan L. , Mirzaei Fariba , Ascherio Alberto
Published: February 2006

Objective

To characterize the association between infectious mononucleosis (IM), a frequent clinical manifestation of primary Epstein–Barr virus infection after childhood, and the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of case–control and cohort studies of IM and MS.

Results

The combined relative risk of MS after IM from 14 studies was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–3.0; p < 10−8). Potential sources of heterogeneity (ie, study design, MS definition, and latitude) barely influenced our results.

Interpretation

We conclude that Epstein–Barr virus infection manifesting as IM in adolescents and young adults is a risk factor for MS. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:499–503
Best practices and future visions for search user interfaces
Authors: Resnick Marc L. , Vaughan Misha W.
Published: February 2006

The authors describe a set of best practices that were developed to assist in the design of search user interfaces. Search user interfaces represent a challenging design domain because novices who have no desire to learn the mechanics of search engine architecture or algorithms often use them. These can lead to frustration and task failure when it is not addressed by the user interface. The best practices are organized into five domains: the corpus, search algorithms, user and task context, the search interface, and mobility. In each section the authors present an introduction to the design challenges related to the domain and a set of best practices for creating a user interface that facilitates effective use by a broad population of users and tasks.
Designing a search user interface for a digital library
Authors: Davis Lynne
Published: February 2006

The author describes some of the challenges, decisions, and processes that affected the design and development of the search user interface for Version 2 of the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE; www.dlese.org), released July 29, 2003. The DLESE is a community‐led effort funded by the National Science Foundation and is part of the National Science Digital Library (NSDL).
Search histories for user support in user interfaces
Authors: Komlodi Anita , Soergel Dagobert , Marchionini Gary
Published: February 2006

The authors describe user interface tools based on search histories to support legal information seekers. The design of the tools was informed by the results of a user study (Komlodi, 2002a) that examined the use of human memory, external memory aids, and search histories in legal information seeking and derived interface design recommendations for information storage and retrieval systems. The data collected were analyzed to identify potential task areas where search histories can support information seeking and use. The results show that many information‐seeking tasks can take advantage of automatically and manually recorded history information. These findings encouraged the design of user interface tools building on search history information: direct search history displays, history‐enabled scratchpad facilities, and organized results collection tools.
“I'm feeling lucky”: The role of emotions in seeking information on the Web
Authors: Kalbach James
Published: February 2006

Recent research highlights the potential relevance of emotions in interface design. People can no longer be modeled as purely goal‐driven, task‐solving agents: They also have affective motivations for their choices and behavior implying an extended mandate for search design. Absent from current Web design practice, however, is a pattern for emotive criticism and design reflecting these new directions. Further, discussion of emotions and Web design is not limited to visual design or aesthetic appeal: Emotions users have as they interact with information also have design implications. The author outlines a framework for understanding users' emotional states as they seek information on the Web. It is inspired largely by Carol Kuhlthau's (1991, 1993, 1999) work in library services, particularly her information searching process (ISP), which is adapted to Web design practice. A staged approach resembling traditional models of information seeking behavior is presented here as the basis for creating appropriate search and navigation systems. This user‐centered framework is flexible and solution‐oriented, enjoys longevity, and considers affective factors. Its aim is a more comprehensive, conceptual analysis of the user's entire information search experience.
Improving Internet interaction: From theory to practice
Authors: Beale Russell
Published: February 2006

The Internet is a medium for education, entertainment, communication, and personal expression. User behavior has developed three main modalities for using this medium effectively—searching, browsing, and monitoring—which are supported to different degrees by conventional tools. Understanding the nature of the interaction allows us to design and implement a system called Mitsukeru to support browsing behaviors, while retaining the free‐form movements between other interaction styles. The system uses agent‐based modeling and look‐ahead to provide informative yet nonintrusive guidance to the user, and is described in detail.
Cross‐Evaluation: A new model for information system evaluation
Authors: Sun Ying , Kantor Paul B.
Published: February 2006

In this article, we introduce a new information system evaluation method and report on its application to a collaborative information seeking system, AntWorld. The key innovation of the new method is to use precisely the same group of users who work with the system as judges, a system we call Cross‐Evaluation. In the new method, we also propose to assess the system at the level of task completion. The obvious potential limitation of this method is that individuals may be inclined to think more highly of the materials that they themselves have found and are almost certain to think more highly of their own work product than they do of the products built by others. The keys to neutralizing this problem are careful design and a corresponding analytical model based on analysis of variance. We model the several measures of task completion with a linear model of five effects, describing the users who interact with the system, the system used to finish the task, the task itself, the behavior of individuals as judges, and the self‐judgment bias. Our analytical method successfully isolates the effect of each variable. This approach provides a successful model to make concrete the “three‐realities” paradigm, which calls for “real tasks,” “real users,” and “real systems.”
Conceptual analysis of parallel corpus collected from the Web
Authors: Li Kar Wing , Yang Christopher C.
Published: February 2006

As illustrated by the World Wide Web, the volume of information in languages other than English has grown significantly in recent years. This highlights the importance of multilingual corpora. Much effort has been devoted to the compilation of multilingual corpora for the purpose of cross‐lingual information retrieval and machine translation. Existing parallel corpora mostly involve European languages, such as English–French and English–Spanish. There is still a lack of parallel corpora between European languages and Asian languages. In the authors' previous work, an alignment method to identify one‐to‐one Chinese and English title pairs was developed to construct an English–Chinese parallel corpus that works automatically from the World Wide Web, and a 100% precision and 87% recall were obtained. Careful analysis of these results has helped the authors to understand how the alignment method can be improved. A conceptual analysis was conducted, which includes the analysis of conceptual equivalent and conceptual information alternation in the aligned and nonaligned English–Chinese title pairs that are obtained by the alignment method. The result of the analysis not only reflects the characteristics of parallel corpora, but also gives insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the alignment method. In particular, conceptual alternation, such as omission and addition, is found to have a significant impact on the performance of the alignment method.
Exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus for unknown query translation
Authors: Wang Jenq‐Haur , Teng Jei‐Wen , Lu Wen‐Hsiang , Chien Lee‐Feng
Published: February 2006

Users' cross‐lingual queries to a digital library system might be short and the query terms may not be included in a common translation dictionary (unknown terms). In this article, the authors investigate the feasibility of exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus source to translate unknown query terms for cross‐language information retrieval in digital libraries. They propose a Web‐based term translation approach to determine effective translations for unknown query terms by mining bilingual search‐result pages obtained from a real Web search engine. This approach can enhance the construction of a domain‐specific bilingual lexicon and bring multilingual support to a digital library that only has monolingual document collections. Very promising results have been obtained in generating effective translation equivalents for many unknown terms, including proper nouns, technical terms, and Web query terms, and in assisting bilingual lexicon construction for a real digital library system.
Heterologous expression of a plant uracil transporter in yeast: Improvement of plasma membrane targeting in mutants of the Rsp5p ubiquitin protein ligase
Authors: Froissard Marine , Belgareh‐Touzé Naïma , Buisson Nicole , Desimone Marcelo , Frommer Wolf B. , Haguenauer‐Tsapis Rosine
Published: February 2006

Plasma membrane proteins involved in transport processes play a crucial role in cell physiology. On account of these properties, these molecules are ideal targets for development of new therapeutic and agronomic agents. However, these proteins are of low abundance, which limits their study. Although yeast seems ideal for expressing heterologous transporters, plasma membrane proteins are often retained in intracellular compartments. We tried to find yeast mutants potentially able to improve functional expression of a whole set of heterologous transporters. We focused on Arabidopsis thaliana ureide transporter 1 (AtUPS1), previously cloned by functional complementation in yeast. Tagged versions of AtUPS1 remain mostly trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and were able to reach slowly the plasma membrane. In contrast, untagged AtUPS1 is rapidly delivered to plasma membrane, where it remains in stable form. Tagged and untagged versions of AtUPS1 were expressed in cells deficient in the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5p, involved in various stages of the intracellular trafficking of membrane‐bound proteins. rsp5 mutants displayed improved steady state amounts of untagged and tagged versions of AtUPS1. rsp5 cells are thus powerful tools to solve the many problems inherent to heterologous expression of membrane proteins in yeast, including ER retention.
Base triplet nonisomorphism strongly influences DNA triplex conformation: Effect of nonisomorphic G∗︁ GC and A∗︁ AT triplets and bending of DNA triplexes
Authors: Rathinavelan T. , Yathindra N.
Published: February 2006

Structural understanding of DNA triplexes is grossly inadequate despite their efficacy as therapeutic agents. Lack of structural similarity (isomorphism) of base triplets that figure in different DNA triplexes brings in an added complexity. Recently, we have shown that the residual twist (Δt°) and the radial difference (ΔrÅ) adequately define base triplet nonisomorphism in structural terms and allow assessment of their role in conferring stability as well as sequence‐dependent structural variations in DNA triplexes. To further corroborate these, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out on DNA triplexes comprising nonisomorphic G∗︁ GC and A∗︁ AT base triplets under different sequential contexts. Base triplet nonisomorphism between G∗︁ GC and A∗︁ AT triplets is dominated by Δt° (9.8°), in view of small Δr(0.2 Å), and is in contrast to G∗︁ GC and T∗︁ AT triplets where both Δt° (10.6°) and Δr(1.1Å) are prominent. Results show that Δt° alone enforces mechanistic influence on the triplex‐forming purine strand so as to favor a zigzag conformation with alternating conformational features that include high (40°) and low (20°) helical twists, andhigh anti(G) andanti(A) glycosyl conformation. Higher thermal stability of this triplex compared to that formed with G∗︁ GC and T∗︁ AT triplets can be traced to enhanced base‐stacking and counterion interactions. Surprisingly, it is found for the first time that the presence of a nonisomorphic G∗︁ GC or A∗︁ AT base triplet interrupting an otherwise mini A∗︁ AT or G∗︁ GC isomorphic triplex can induce a bend/curvature in a DNA triplex. These observations should prove useful in the design of triplex‐forming oligonucleotides and in the understanding the binding affinities of this triplex with proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 443–461, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Chiral Molecular Magnets: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Behavior of the Series [M(L‐tart)] (M = MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII; L‐tart = (2R,3R)‐(+)‐tartrate)
Authors: Coronado Eugenio , Galán‐Mascarós José R. , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Murcia‐Martínez Ana
Published: February 2006

A new series of layered magnets with the formula [M(L‐tartrate)] (M = MnII, CoII, FeII, NiII; L‐tartrate = (2R,3R)‐(+)‐tartrate) has been prepared. All of these compounds are isostructural and crystallize in the chiral orthorhombic space group I222, as found by X‐ray structure analysis. Their structure consists of a three‐dimensional polymeric network in which each metal shows distorted octahedral coordination bound to four L‐tartrate ligands, two of which chelate through an alcohol and a carboxylate group and the other two bind terminally through a monodentate carboxylate group. The chirality of the ligand imposes a Δ conformation on all metal centers. Magnetically, the paramagnetic metal centers form pseudotetragonal layers in which each metal is surrounded by four other metals, with syn,anti carboxylate bridges. These salts show intralayer antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic interactions, depending on the electronic configuration of the metal, and weak interlayer antiferromagnetic interaction. In all cases the magnetic properties are strongly affected by the anisotropy of the system, and the presence of magnetic canting has been found. The Mn derivative behaves as a weak ferromagnet with a critical temperature of 3.3 K. The Ni derivative shows very unusual magnetic behavior in that it exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering below 6 K, the onset of spontaneous magnetization arising from spin reorientation into a canted phase below 4.5 K, and a field‐induced ferromagnetic state above 0.3 T at 2 K, behavior typical of metamagnets. The Fe and Co derivatives show antiferromagnetic interactions between spin carriers, but do not order above 2 K.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembled, Kinetically Locked, RuII‐Based Metallomacrocyles: Physical, Structural, and Modeling Studies (Chem. Eur. J. 8/2006)
Authors: de Wolf Paul , Waywell Phil , Hanson Matt , Heath Sarah L. , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Teat Simon J. , Thomas Jim A.
Published: February 2006

A luminescent sensor for anions is described by J. A. Thomas, S. L. Heath, A. J. H. M. Meijer et al. on page 2188 ff. The sensor is composed of a heterometallic self‐assembled macrocycle that has a palmate anion‐binding pocket. Host–guest studies carried out in organic solvents reveal that the macrocycle functions as a luminescent sensor for anions, and the binding affinity and luminescent modulation are dependent on the structural nature and charge of the guest anion.
The active ingredient in EMDR: is it traditional exposure or dual focus of attention?
Authors: Lee Christopher W. , Taylor Graham , Drummond Peter D.
Published: February 2006

Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study tested whether the content of participants' responses during EMDR is similar to that thought to be effective for traditional exposure treatments (reliving), or is more consistent with distancing, which would be expected given Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention. The responses made by 44 participants with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. An independent rater coded these responses according to whether they were consistent with reliving, distancing or focusing on material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter‐rater reliability. Greatest improvement on a measure of PTSD symptoms occurred when the participant processed the trauma in a more detached manner. Cross‐lagged panel correlations suggest that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that covaried with improvement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of living S. cerevisiae cell states—A three color approach
Authors: Achilles J. , Harms H. , Müller S.
Published: February 2006

Background

Biosyntheses often fluctuate with the state of the cell in the cell cycle and on the capacity of the cell to access and metabolize a carbon source. Visualization of substrate uptake by individual cells, together with the simultaneous analysis of proliferation activity and the proportion of dead cells, facilitate reliable and quasi‐online process optimization.

Methods

Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining were used to follow proliferation activity of living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, whereas 2‐NBD‐glucose was employed to analyze the cells' substrate affinity. Propidium iodide was used to determine the proportion of dead cells. Calibration and verification experiments were performed with cells grown batch‐wise as well as in transient state regimes.

Results

A new and rapid three‐color assay was developed and tested under varying microenvironmental conditions.

Conclusions

Live/dead cell states and the affinity to 2‐NBD‐glucose vs. proliferation states were determined during respiratory and/or fermentative modes of metabolism. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Objective quality evaluation of fluorescence images to optimize automatic image acquisition
Authors: Hiemann Rico , Hilger Nadja , Sack Ulrich , Weigert Martin
Published: February 2006

Background

Because different spectral sensitivities of human eye and image sensor lead to different perception of fluorescence signals, data generation is an important step in image analysis, because following work steps depend on it.

Methods

We developed a method to determine image parameters allowing an objective appraisal of quality of image data as well as a separation of object and background.

Results

Calculated parameters can be used for an automated adjustment of camera parameters in image analysis systems.

Discussion

Our approach for objective adjusted data generation achieves an improvement of analysis quality. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Multiplex analysis of cytokines in exhaled breath condensate
Authors: Sack Ulrich , Scheibe Robert , Wötzel Michael , Hammerschmidt Stefan , Kuhn Hartmut , Emmrich Frank , Hoheisel Gerard , Wirtz Hubert , Gessner Christian
Published: February 2006

Background

To improve monitoring of lung diseases, we analyzed cytokines in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The main challenge in measurement of cytokines in EBC is the low protein content, which requires concentration steps that conflict with the need for excessive fluid required by most commonly used kits.

Methods

Here, a multiplex bead array for the detection of interleukins (IL) ‐1β, ‐6, ‐8, ‐10, TNF‐α, and IL‐12p70 was modified and validated for analysis in EBC samples. Furthermore, 33 healthy volunteers and 11 patients with acute lung injury were investigated.

Results

In patients with inflammatory lung diseases, cytokine levels for all investigated cytokines were higher in comparison to healthy smokers or healthy volunteers.

Discussion

Multiplexed immunoassays in highly sensitive approaches allow for cytokine detection in EBC. We found significant differences between patients and controls for all investigated cytokines. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Cytomics and drug discovery
Authors: Van Osta Peter , Donck Kris Ver , Bols Luc , Geysen Johan
Published: February 2006

Pharmaceutical companies try to develop new drugs that have a high success rate of reaching the market. However, current disease models lack a strong correlation to clinical reality, because of the underestimation of the complexity and variability of clinical disease processes. This leads to high attrition rates late in drug development and soaring costs. Improvement of disease models is an important issue to reduce the high attrition rates in drug development. Using cell‐based disease models, which should take into account the molecular diversity of the human cytome, will improve the predictive value of drug discovery. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
The scientific roots of José A. Campos‐Ortega, a German neurobiologist born in Spain
Authors: Marco Roberto
Published: February 2006

In this review article, we shall focus our attention on the initial steps in the research career of José A. Campos‐Ortega and the studies he undertook. Particular emphasis will be placed on how these early experiences shaped his personality and his future scientific contributions. Developmental Dynamics 235:855–860, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apical localization of ASIP/PAR‐3:EGFP in zebrafish neuroepithelial cells involves the oligomerization domain CR1, the PDZ domains, and the C‐terminal portion of the protein
Authors: von Trotha Jakob W. , Campos‐Ortega José A. , Reugels Alexander M.
Published: February 2006

Neurulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos is characterized by oriented cell divisions and the progressive establishment of cellular polarity. Mitoses in the neural plate and neural tube are planar, but in the neural keel/rod stage, the mitotic spindle rotates by 90 degrees, causing cell divisions to occur perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelium. The mechanisms and molecules that establish cellular polarity and cause the stereotypic orientation of the mitotic spindle during neurulation are largely unknown. In Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, the PAR/aPKC complex has been shown to be involved in both establishment of cellular polarity and spindle orientation. Here, we show that the conserved N‐terminal oligomerization domain (CR1) and the PDZ domains of ASIP/PAR‐3:EGFP are involved in its localization to the apical membrane in zebrafish neuroepithelial cells. We further show that the C‐terminal part of ASIP/PAR‐3 contributes to proper localization and that the apical localization signals in ASIP/PAR‐3 prevent the basolateral localization of a Numb:PAR‐3 fusion protein. The parallel orientation of the mitotic spindle in the neural tube, however, is only weakly impaired upon overexpression of various ASIP/PAR‐3:EGFP constructs. Developmental Dynamics 235:967–977, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.