bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halcyon Years, 1612–24
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses Prideaux’s public career from 1612 to 1624. Opening with an account of his relationship with Isaac Casaubon, whose good name and scholarship he defended in his first publication, it goes on to describe his work as regius professor of divinity and to analyse his early Act lectures on the central Calvinist doctrines of grace and predestination. Continuing with this religious theme, it emphasises his high regard for the anti-Arminian decrees of the Synod of Dort. Next comes an account of Prideaux’s relations with the many foreign students and scholars, such as Sixtinus Amama and Matthias Pasor, who were attracted to Exeter by Prideaux’s outstanding reputation as a theologian and teacher. The chapter goes on to outline his and his College’s long conflict with William Lord Petre over nomination to fellowships, and the importance of the earl of Pembroke’s support in securing a favourable outcome for the College. It concludes by surveying Prideaux’s role in the university, particular as the university’s vice-chancellor under Chancellor Pembroke, and by indicating his sources of wealth and attempting to estimate his annual income. These years marked the most satisfying and successful phase in his long career.
Labour Markets in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Employment and job creation are key components in achieving economic growth and sustainable development, particularly in low-income countries. The growing size of the working-age population in many developing regions underscores the need to further strengthen labour market structures in the world’s poorest countries. Despite the importance of studying emerging labour markets, and investigating which policies are more successful, the evidence is rather limited. Against this backdrop, the joint IZA/FCDO Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries (GLM|LIC) programme was established and has taken important steps to close this gap. Covering topics such as poverty, informality and rural labour, skills training and behaviour, gender inequality, youth and child labour, and migration, this volume presents key takeaways from most recent research in the field. Which development policies will work, which strategies will fail? The authors provide an in-depth discussion of current development programmes, based on the results of new evaluation studies, and derive important policy lessons.
Challenges in Rural Labour Markets
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 discusses challenges in rural labour markets in LICs, a fundamental issue given that small-scale farming remains the primary source of income for a majority of the population in low-income countries. GLM|LIC projects spanning a number of African countries show that labour markets in rural areas often do not work efficiently, leaving many distortions in the supply of labour and in productivity. The chapter discusses topics related to credit constraints, the seasonality cycles of lean and harvest season, and the challenge of smoothing consumption over time. It also addresses the important question of whether Public Works Programmes (PWPs) are effective. PWPs are very important in many LICs, receiving large amounts of money from governments and international agencies. These programmes are designed with a number of goals in mind, including employment creation, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development.
Introduction
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

The introduction sets up the mysteries which the book seeks to solve, in terms of why litigation over Warrens Court last for so long and why it fascinated contemporaries. It does so by introducing the key protagonists (John Smyth of Nibley and Benjamin Crokey), by outlining the nature (and fortuitous survival) of the relevant archival sources, and by highlighting both the potential and the pitfalls of different microhistorical approaches. This involves introducing the conceptual and methodological issues involved in studying litigation, not least in terms of the insights provided by legal anthropologists and scholars of dispute resolution. Finally, the introduction sets the scene in terms of the historiography on conflict and consensus in early modern Britain.
‘A Lawyer by Practice’
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the behaviour of, and claims about, John Smyth as a litigant. It examines his aims, expectations, and ‘practice’, utilising his invaluable private papers as well as the allegations made against him by Benjamin Crokey. This involves reconstructing the mechanics of litigation, in terms of the time, money, and energy spent in preparing and reacting to specific episodes; reflecting upon his willingness to micro-manage disputation; and assessing his tactical awareness. However, it also involves recovering claims about, and contestation over, the difference between legal skill and sharp practice, and reflecting upon historiographical debates over the nature and rhetoric of early modern litigation.
‘Country malice’, the ‘inferior sort’, and the Church of England
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

This chapter reassesses the ideological identity of John Smyth of Nibley, who has sometimes been depicted as a Puritan who inclined towards the ‘opposition’ to Charles I in the 1620s. The aim is to suggest that this characterisation rests on shaky foundations, involving claims about his reading habits, his involvement with the Virginia Company and his brief parliamentary career, and to provide an alternative methodology for recovering the views of such gentry figures. This involves concentrating upon his social attitudes and cultural preferences, and his responses to political and religious change, as well as his clerical and electoral patronage. Taken together, such evidence suggests that Smyth approached the Warrens Court dispute—and Wotton school—as a loyal supporter of the Stuart regime and the Church of England.
‘For God’s cause and the public good’
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

This chapter grapples with evidence which suggests that Benjamin Crokey, who left behind much less overt evidence of ideological engagement than his adversaries, can nevertheless be described as some kind of Puritan and parliamentarian. As with previous chapters, this partly involves studying a network of associates and family members, not least the daughter upon whom he proved increasingly reliant in old age, as well as those upon whom he hoped to rely for support. However, it also involves allusive comments and specific political decisions, as well as issues regarding ‘memory’, both in terms of how contemporaries reflected upon the history of Wotton school, and how Crokey related to his ancestors.
The road not taken
Authors: Ganghof Steffen
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s main thesis. In a democracy, a constitutional separation of powers between the executive and the assembly may be a good thing, but executive personalism—the constitutional concentration of executive power in a single human being—is not. Semi-parliamentary government is a way to decouple these two aspects of democratic constitutions. The chapter elaborates on four of the book’s main themes. First, semi-parliamentarism is superior to presidentialism; it can balance different visions of democracy while avoiding executive personalism. Second, to compare semi-parliamentarism to pure parliamentarism, we have to revise our understanding of what the competing visions of democracy are. These visions agree that majorities ought to rule but disagree on how these majorities ought to form. Third, semi-parliamentary government achieves an effective and stable form of horizontal political control and accountability that is not necessarily supermajoritarian. Fourth, there is no meaningful sense in which presidentialism or parliamentarism is inherently more democratic than semi-parliamentarism.
Designing semi-parliamentary democracy
Authors: Ganghof Steffen
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses new and improved ways of designing semi-parliamentary government. This constitutional format provides a flexible framework that can be adapted to different contexts and fine-tuned as an alternative to presidentialism. While the tension between different visions of democracy resurfaces in the design of inter-branch relations, semi-parliamentarism allows for ways of resolving legislative deadlock that would be more problematic under presidentialism and other forms of bicameralism. Because the executive is not personalized, it becomes less risky to allow this branch to dissolve the assembly or to initiate a referendum on a deadlocked bill. And because the second chamber’s democratic legitimacy is at least equal to that of the first chamber, deadlock can be avoided by weakening the veto power of the latter, rather than the former. The chapter also shows that semi-parliamentary government does not require a separate second chamber. The confidence chamber may be turned into a two-party confidence committee embedded in a proportionally elected assembly. The size of this committee may even be determined endogenously, depending on the behavior of parties and voters.
Branchiura
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Originally perceived as siphonostome copepods, the branchiurans, or fish lice, separate phylogenetic status finds strong support from molecular sequences. Only 159 species are known, but this is likely an underestimate; the genus Argulus alone has 129 species. Branchiurans are distinctly flattened and not very large (4–15 mm), possess only a rudimentary abdomen at best, and the thinness of cuticles. Some species begin their development as metanauplii (with seven to nine stages), others as juveniles. They lack a fossil record, and the persistent myth that they are related to the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Cyclida is quite false. Molecular phylogeny based on 16S, 18S, and 28S rRNA links them to another parasitic group, Pentastomida.
Pentastomida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Pentastomids, or tongue worms, bear close relationships to Branchiura, although their body plan more resembles that of a worm. Sperm morphology as well as molecular sequences firmly ally them to the fish lice. Tongue worms are endoparasites in the respiratory systems of tetrapod vertebrates. Tongue worms lack special circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs, but they do have a muscular suctorial pharynx. The brain appears restricted to a circumesophageal ring. The reproductive potential of pentastomidans is enormous. They are purported to have a Cambrian fossil record. Several such species are placed in Archaeopentastomida. However, alternative hypotheses for these fossils occur; they do resemble certain cyclopoid and/or siphonostome copepods.
Rhizocephala
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Rhizocephalans are parasites that as adults lack any appendages, traces of segmentation, and all internal organs except for gonads and degenerated remnants of the nervous system—in fact, they bear no similarities to any arthropods. The taxonomy of the monophyletic Rhizocephala has long been recognized as artificial, taxa being diagnosed as they were largely on the basis of the gross form of the external manifestation of the parasite—that is, the female gonad bag or externa. They do have cirripede nauplii (zero to four stages) and cypris larvae. Sex is determined by size: Larger larvae become males, and smaller ones become females. As in all cirripedes, there is a lack of a functioning abdomen associated with the loss of expression of the Hox gene abdominal A.
Thoracica
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Thoracica, barnacles, present the most successful, most biodiverse radiation of Cirripedia, linked with a body plan wherein the carapace of the sessile adult stage develops protective calcified plates (except in the plateless species). Thoracicans also have no abdomen, lacking as they do expression of the Hox gene abdominal A. Most phylogenetic studies of barnacles have employed patterns of plate anatomy and arrangements. Recently, molecule sequences and new insights into the fossil record and deep sea fauna have resulted in a major revolution in the understanding of their evolution. All thoracicans are either stalked (pedunculated) or unstalked (sessile). They undergo a major metamorphosis from the cyprid to the adult stage. Their fossil record extends from the Cambrian to Recent time, but most fossils are separated plates, whereas articulated capitular plates are rare.
Facetotecta
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Facetotecta is a strange, poorly understood group—one of the last true mysteries among the living crustaceomorphs. There are 12 known species of facetotectans, all of which are placed within the genus Hansenocaris. The recognition of Facetotecta, or Y-forms, is based completely on larval types—y-nauplii and y-cyprids. Molecule sequences confirm that the order resides somewhere within the Thecostraca, which has been suspected for some time. The discovery of the ypsigon stage indicates an endoparasitic adult stage. Currently, however, it is not known where that adult is located, what the adult phase might look like, or inside which animal (or plant?) it completes the life cycle.
Mysida and Stygiomysida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Mysida, ubiquitous in the fresh, brackish, and marine waters of the world, is an order with approximately 1,152 species, whereas Stygiomysida, cave-dwelling and geographically restricted, contains only 16 species. Five genes have proven useful to sort relationships within some genera and subfamilies. Strides have taken place in elucidating the relationships within the possum shrimp, but it has been a long, and still ongoing, analysis. Stygiomysida, however, appear more closely related to mictaceans than they are to the rest of the mysidans. Mysida and Stygiomysida exhibit the classic “caridoid” features. The caridoid facies, however, constitute for the most part primitive, or plesiomorphic, characters—not unique apomorphies.
Mictacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Mictacea demonstrates the confusion that occurs when animals share so many primitive features. Modest Guţu in fact erected a number of orders to accommodate them, but these do not seem entirely justified. Although the two orders erected by Guţu currently do not have much support, in fairness it must be recognized that molecules, or information from yet-to-be-recognized mictacean taxa, could change the situation. In this case, Guţu’s Bochusacea and Cosinzeneacea might yet prove useful. They inhabit anchialine caves and the deep sea. The animals are small, slender, and subcylindrical in outline. The diagnosis of Guţu to the contrary, none of these animals appear particularly “flattened” in cross-section.
Amphipoda and Ingolfiellida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Amphipoda, which lacks a manca stage, has had a tangled history in terms of suggested taxonomic affinities, abetted by the diversity of forms and habitats its members occupy. There is probably no greater “snake pit” in crustacean taxonomy than the classification of Amphipoda. Currently, there are approximately 10,160 species, and more are being described constantly. The Senticaudata are marked by incredible subtle diversity, with gammarideans as an example. Recently, the Ingolfiellida have been separated into their own order, and the subordinal organization of Amphipoda sensu stricto has been revamped into a series of hypotheses to be tested by future work. No fossils exist before the Eocene, yet many biogeographic analyses indicate the amphipods are a very ancient assemblage.
Isopoda
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Isopoda, with more than 10,600 species, exhibits the greatest disparity of forms amongst all the Peracarida. Like the amphipods and ingolfiellidans, isopods lack a carapace. Consideration of morphology as well as molecular sequencing has encouraged a striking alteration in their higher taxonomy. Isopoda, a very ancient group, has fossil phreatoicidans known from the Carboniferous. Suborder Phreatoicida have come to be viewed as a most primitive taxon based on morphology and molecules, but the suborder Scutocoxifera has the greatest disparity and diversity, as well as variety of reproductive habits. Isopoda, besides displaying great diversity and occupying habitats from the deep sea to dry terrestrial habitats, also manifest noteworthy parasitic forms.
Euphausiacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Euphausiacea were once united with “mysidaceans” in a more inclusive taxon, Schizopoda, “split legs,” so named for their biramous thoracopods. Both of these schizopods stood as almost perfect caridoids, expressing the “caridoid facies” that Calman utilized to create the ancestral malacostracan. Calman also united Euphausiacea with the Decapoda as Eucarida with carapaces fused to the thorax. The group is configured simply, only 86 species in 11 genera, and the classification of the order is compact. Currently, the “krill” and allies are critical members of the pelagic food chain. A non-feeding nauplius is followed by a series of non-feeding and then feeding larvae.
Stenopodea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

The infraorder Stenopodea has uniramous pereiopods; the first through third are chelate, with the third being by far the largest in the series, which in life is carried and directed anteriad. The fourth and fifth ambulatory pereiopods are often quite long and slender. The pleomere pleura all overlap those of the next most posterior segment, clearly more reptant-like than caridean-like in this regard. The stenopodeans occupy cryptic environments in reefs, rocky areas, inside glass sponges, and in anchialine caves. The living forms are arranged among 72 species in 12 genera. These are clearly and easily divisible into three families. A common name of the stenopodeans is “barber pole shrimp.”
Reptantia
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

The extremely biodiverse infraorder Reptantia stands as a monophyletic group, albeit displaying incredible anatomical disparity spanning some nine parvorders. It is a highly disparate infraorder of decapods exhibiting wide variations in body plans—in fact, as widely diverse as any of the malacostracans. Despite years of work by research groups throughout the world, with major research programs funded from a variety of sources and nations, and with conferences and gatherings to monitor progress, there is still a lack of understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Reptantia, although still “moving towards a consensus.” Progress is definitely being made, and a great deal has been learned. However, with at least some 10,800 species, we still have a long way to go.
Lipostraca
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

The unique early Devonian fossil, Lepidocaris rhyniensis, has often been linked with Anostraca in an infraclass Sarsostraca. This may or may not be so. The small size of the species, the fragmentary nature of the specimens, and difficulties of preparation all present challenges. Preserved in silicon nodules, the detail originally described was striking and includes larvae as well as adults. The thorax has 11 or 12 somites; this is followed by a limbless abdomen—a situation not unlike that of anostracans. The tubular caudal rami at the tail end resemble similar rami in cephalocaridans and remipedians (Xenocarida). Hence, there are multiple hypotheses regarding the affinities of order Lipostraca available for testing in future research.
Cephalocarida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Cephalocarids have stood in the past as a central group in interpretations of the origins of crustaceomorphs, but recently some authorities have offered alternative hypotheses. Molecular data have suggested a connection with Remipedia in a subclass Xenocarida. Furthermore, xenocaridans emerge in some proximity to the origin of Hexapoda. Cephalocarids are small animals, typically approximately 3 mm in length as adults. The order has eight thoracomeres, with a gonopore on the 6th thoracic somite; a legless abdomen of 11 segments terminates in an anal somite bearing a well-developed pair of tubular caudal rami full of tegumental glands and also bearing terminal setae on the caudal rami.
Pancrustacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan
Published: January 2022

The understanding the evolution of Arthropoda has depended on fossils from localities of unusual preservation, Lagerstätten. Science still tends to view the ever-growing arthropod record in the Cambrian in the shadows cast by the living forms. Stem forms appear to lead to the living Euarthropoda. The living lineages also contain fossils of importance. For example, trilobites may or may not be related to taxa such as chelicerates and pycnogonids. A superclade, Mandibulata, unites the terrestrial myriapods and the pancrustaceans. The origin of the former has problems, but a possible sister group, Euthycarcinida, might provide a solution. The latter, the focus of this book, has a number of fossil conundra. One such is the Hymenocarina, Cambrian crustaceomorphs that resemble crustaceans but exhibit a jumble of primitive and unique features. The evolution of Hexapoda still demands an answer for the origin of wings, the evolution of a labrum, and the origin of their distinctive body plan (their trunk could be a homolog of the thorax of the branchiopods).
Introduction
Authors: Lautz Terry
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the recent history of modern US-China relations and sets the stage for the biographies provided in the rest of the book. The chapter then introduces the lives of the Americans profiled in this book, who encountered China as adversaries and emissaries, mediators and advocates, interpreters and reporters, soldiers, scientists, and scholars. It concludes with an outline of the book: Part One covers the period from Cold War hostility to a resumption of US-China relations in the 1970s. Part Two examines a period of cooperation and engagement up to the current era of competition and growing hostility. Some of the book’s characters were disillusioned by their experiences, while others learned to accept the PRC’s realities. Their lives shed light on the complicated, contradictory, and consequential relationship between the United States and China.
Walter Judd
Authors: Lautz Terry
Published: January 2022

Walter Judd was a ten-term congressman from Minnesota best known for his unyielding Cold War opposition to Communist China. He was a former medical missionary to China who believed that communism was a worldwide conspiracy, directed by the Russians, with conquest of the United States as its ultimate goal. He fought against US diplomatic recognition of Beijing and its entry to the United Nations on the grounds that the PRC was not a law-abiding legal government. Closely identified with the China Lobby, he was a strong advocate for the Nationalist government and Chiang Kai-shek on the island of Taiwan. Judd was, however, also a progressive who spoke out against racism and advocated for immigration reform. His fierce anti-China rhetoric once seemed outdated but now appears familiar in light of the widespread contention that China is an existential threat.
Elizabeth Perry
Authors: Lautz Terry
Published: January 2022

Harvard Professor Elizabeth Perry has made major contributions to the study of the Chinese revolution and its implications for contemporary Chinese politics. Born in Shanghai, where her parents were missionaries, she was raised in Japan. She joined protests against the Vietnam War and was enamored of Maoism, but was disillusioned by the PRC’s “tragic reality” after spending a year doing research at Nanjing University. Unlike a previous generation of scholars who could only follow China from a distance, she studied China from the inside out and the ground up, tracing the roots of peasant rebellions in the countryside and urban labor protests in the city of Shanghai. She has been a trailblazer as a woman in the male-dominated field of political science and an advocate for educational exchange as director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute.
Melinda Liu
Authors: Lautz Terry
Published: January 2022

Melinda Liu was one of the first American foreign correspondents based in the PRC when she opened Newsweek’s bureau in Beijing in 1980. Her parents had emigrated from China after World War II, and Melinda grew up in Ohio. During her four decades in journalism, Liu has written stories on turning points in modern Chinese history, including the trial of the Gang of Four, the Tiananmen massacre, the Sichuan earthquake, the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and the impact of COVID-19. She has reported on the advent of the internet and the Great Firewall, China’s rapid economic growth, and the rise of nationalism. As past president of the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of China, she has contended with censorship in defending freedom of the press.
Mediated (Im)mobilities
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

This chapter illuminates the proposed critical framework to investigate the enactment of transnational family life in the digital age. It specifically charts the processes and outcomes of deploying a mobilities perspective in the context of digital media and transnational communication. To begin with, it presents how the home, as a place, is conceptualized and interrogated in a digital era. This is followed by centering the formation of transnational and intimate family rituals as constitutive of a networked and mobile domestic environment. This approach contributes to advancing our critical understanding of homemaking in a polymedia environment. Furthermore, the chapter articulates the potentialities and limits of digital media use in forging and maintaining ties among fragmented family members through a mediated (im)mobilities lens.
Zones of Reterritorialized Domesticity
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

How has the notion of home been shaped by the uptake of interconnected mobile devices and online platforms? This chapter addresses this inquiry by opening the discussion through mapping the motivations behind the formation of a digital and transnational arrangement among dispersed family members. To begin with, it illustrates the journey of migration among transnational families in Melbourne, Australia. By analysing the mobilization of familial interactions via mobile devices and online platforms, it coins the conceptual term ‘zones of reterritorialized domesticity’, highlighting the liminal, networked, hybridized, and contradictory aspect of a transnational and digital home. This conception builds on unravelling how family norms and values, mobile platforms, and technological infrastructures shape the performance, embodiment, and negotiation of a home from afar. Ultimately, the chapter lays bare the foundation of interrogating the production of transnational homemaking in uneven mobile environments.
Homeland (Dis)connections
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

How has an array of mobile devices and networked communications platforms shaped the experiences of homeland connections among transnational family members? This chapter presents how dispersed family members experience and embody the homeland through the circulation and consumption of homeland news, popular media contents, and personalized information through digital media and online channels. The discussion begins by defining the socio-historically situated notion of ‘homeland’ in the Philippine context. This approach contributes to a critical re-examination of enacting homeland ties in digital environments, leading to the conception of the term ‘translocal cocooning’ or the constant negotiation of positive and disruptive homeland connections through digital communication. Ultimately, this chapter offers a nuanced standpoint in examining the diverse and constantly negotiated homeland connectivity among transnational family members.
Giovanni Battista Fontana (1589 (?)–1630)
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

Brief biographical information on Giovanni Battista Fontana precedes comparisons with his contemporaries, the emerging breed of professional violinist-composers. Notes on appropriate pitch and bow hold for this and the following sonatas are included. Although it is debatable to what extent the conventions of mensural notation and the tactus are applicable to the solo sonata, lengthy explanations of these topics are given, and there is also a section on tempo relationships and proportional notation. The transcription in modern notation is practical for the purpose of the book, but students are encouraged to learn to read the facsimile: more symbols are explained to that aim, and the controversial issue of coloration is discussed. The structure of the sonata is that of a palindrome. Knowledge gained from the previous three lessons is widely applied in the “Observations” section, with an exercise on understanding the time relationship between sections. Suggested ornamentation is mostly based on Rognoni.
François Couperin: Septiéme Concert (III)
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

This lesson concludes our investigation into Couperin’s Concert Royale with detailed “Observations” sections on the Fuguéte, Gavote, and closing Siciliéne. The Fuguéte (Little Fugue) is light-hearted and playful. If the purpose of inégalité is to make the music sound more graceful, one must not lose sight of the overall line of the music or focus too much on each individual pair of notes. Lightening the pressure on the up-bows is another important consideration. The gavotte was a popular dance throughout the Baroque period. Varying tempi are described by the sources, but a gradual slowing of tempi over the last three movements of this Concert seems to be the composer’s intention in order to send Louis XIV to sleep. Advice is given on how to remember tempi in the heat of performance. Background information on the Siciliéne is given and the term “lourer” explained.
Into the Galant: Tartini, Telemann, Quantz, and Zuccari
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The final ornamentation module deals with examples by Giuseppe Tartini, Georg Philipp Telemann, Johann Joachim Quantz, and Carlo Zuccari. Tartini’s treatise on ornamentation contains a clear and systematic approach to ornamentation, dealing with grace notes, trills, vibrato, turns, and mordents, and giving many examples of embellished cadences. Telemann’s Methodical Sonatas contain embellished slow movements in both French and Italian styles. They are categorized, and an exercise is devised for assimilating them. Quantz wrote one of the most comprehensive interval-based ornamentation tables of the entire Baroque period, relevant above all to the Style Galant and including note-by-note instructions for performance. Examples are given with these instructions reproduced. He also composed an Adagio with instructions for almost every note: these have been transcribed from the instructions for ease of study. Quantz also offers advice on cadenzas, of which two are reproduced. To conclude, a page of Carlo Zuccari’s 1760 True Method of Playing an Adagio is reproduced.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

Bach wrote gavottes in both French and Italian styles: the one examined in this lesson is French in inspiration and is Bach’s longest gavotte movement. Choreographies exist showing a variety of rhythmic patterns: common to all is the arrival point (thetis) on the eighth beat of the dance, the downbeat of the fourth bar, as is the case here. The rondo theme is repeated at the beginning and will return four more times: between these statements there are four episodes, differing both in length and in character. The gavotte had pastoral associations, something that did not escape Bach’s notice: one episode is written in imitation of a musette. The movement includes the only written fingering in Sei Solo. By studying the arrangement Bach made for the lute we gain an insight into his polyphonic conception of the single line, implying an element of rhythmic subtlety. As always, a detailed Observations section is included.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The minuet is the Baroque dance “par excellence,” first danced in Louis XIV’s court. One of its intrinsic characteristics is the deliberate contradiction between the movements and the music. Phrase lengths can also vary, thus creating even more intricate ambiguities between music and steps. Choreographic descriptions are given. As to tempo, the sources are by no means unanimous. Minuets in French court dances typically come in pairs, a tradition Bach generally follows: although no dynamic instructions are offered, the two Bach minuets examined here have clear stylistic differences. Minuet I has almost no slurs for the first eighteen bars; Montéclair’s bowings for the minuet are examined and used as an initial blueprint for this example. By contrast, the first half of Minuet II centers around a musette-like drone and is more legato in character. The Observations section provides detailed musical and technical advice, and source-derived quotations.
Capitalist Economics
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: January 2022

Modern economics does not explain, and does not even attempt to explain, capitalism; rather, both introductory texts and advanced scholarship presuppose capitalism as a universal, natural entity. In stark contrast, Capitalist Economics introduces and explains the basic economic forces that shape the present and structure the future of today’s capitalist societies. Rejecting the naive idea that economics is a universal science of “choice” or the “efficient allocation of scarce resources,” this book analyzes economic forces and relations as essential elements of a broader society. This entails understanding “the economic” as a force or a logic that always operates alongside cultural, political, and social forces, and it requires grasping that force as itself a product of historical development. This book explores the unique economic forces found in capitalist societies, offering detailed yet concise analysis of basic concepts—commodities, money, exchange, interest—and investigating broader issues such as the source of profit, the nature of growth, and the role of technology and invention.
How Societies Produce
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2, “How Societies Produce,” shows that the best way to distinguish one social order from another is by focusing on the way a society produces. Feudal societies organize the entire structure of social production completely differently than tributary societies or capitalist societies. By analyzing the way a society produces, and the relation between production and exchange in different societies, we can draw out the specificity of a capitalist system of production.
Capitalist Social Orders
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3, “Capitalist Social Orders,” defines a capitalist society as a social order structured by a capitalist mode of production in which all of production is reorganized so as to produce goods to sell to strangers on markets for profit.
Profit
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6, “Profit,” attempts to answer the question of where profit (in the sense of genuine surplus) comes from by considering the hypothetical case of a “profit commodity,” the use of which produces more value than it costs to buy. The chapter analyzes the uniquely capitalist commodity of “labor-power” (which does not exist in nature, but is created through the capitalist wage relation) and shows that it fits the criteria for the profit commodity.
Bankers and Interest
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 8, “Bankers and Interest,” details the centrality of banks and bankers to a capitalist social order. Banks are not a location of the intermediation of saving and investment, partially because bankers are profit-seeking capitalists who make loans in order to make money.
White Guilt in the Summer of Black Lives Matter
Authors: Spanierman Lisa B.
Published: January 2022

White guilt is a controversial topic that has been criticized on all sides of the political spectrum in the United States. In popular media, white guilt feelings have not been understood as productive, but rather as manipulative, futile, or superficial. In contrast to conventional critiques of white guilt, psychological research elucidates how individual and collective forms of guilt might be a force for good. For example, white guilt has been linked to prosocial outcomes such as support for affirmative action and willingness to confront white privilege. In this chapter, I draw on psychological research to consider under what conditions white guilt helps to explain white individuals’ support for Black Lives Matter during the summer of 2020.
Historical and Survivor Guilt in the Incorporation of Refugees in Germany
Authors: Borneman John
Published: January 2022

In 2015, 1.1 million refugees and migrants entered Germany, and with this entrance began to change the landscape of guilt in Germany. Upon their arrival, Syrian refugees began to interact with Germans amid a landscape that is marked by two kinds of guilt: historical guilt concerning culpability, and survivor guilt concerning victimization and agency. Based on ethnographic research from 2015 to 2019, this chapter analyzes these ongoing changes in the landscape by focusing on how experiences of historical and survivor guilt enter into interactions between Germans and Syrian refugees. It further asks how guilt may be productive in such interactions and facilitate the process of social incorporation.
Making Guilt Productive
Authors: Zisman Valerij
Published: January 2022

What productive role can guilt play in criminal law? Some authors have argued that in the context of a broader penance theory, guilt can offer a plausible justification for criminal punishment. In this chapter, I will argue that such a justification fails. It does so, first, because it grants the state too much authority over the inner feelings of offenders, and second, because such a justification of criminal punishment solely based on the penance rationale allows for disproportionate punishment. Nonetheless, I will argue that guilt within a penance account can play a different, albeit more limited, role in criminal law, namely as a justification for addressing criminal wrongdoing via restorative justice. In restorative justice settings, the productive potential of guilt can be developed, as such settings promote the expression of feelings of guilt, reconciliation between the affected parties, and reparation for the victim.
Rituals of Repentance
Authors: von Kellenbach Katharina
Published: January 2022

Since perpetrators of state-authorized atrocities rarely experience guilt feelings, this essay argues that rituals of repentance are necessary cultural interventions that cultivate moral and intellectual recognition of culpable wrongdoing. Especially in politically motivated crimes, guilt feelings are morally and psychologically elusive. Therefore, the term “contrition” is preferable to guilt feelings, because it is morally loaded. Remorse and contrition are reflective emotional responses that make guilt productive in the form of personal transformation and political change. Joshua Oppenheimer’s 2012 docudrama The Act of Killing serves as example of an “artivist” spectacle that creates a ritual space/time to metabolize personal and political guilt into contrition.
Performing Guilt
Authors: Fischer Saskia
Published: January 2022

Peter Weiss’s controversial play The Investigation (1965) can be understood as an attempt to bring “the question of German guilt,” to quote the philosopher Karl Jaspers, to the center of public discourse. Weiss’s play confronted the entire society with collective guilt and compelled a wide-ranging social and political rethinking and re-examining of guilt and complicity in the 1960s. Weiss’s piece illustrates a process-oriented understanding of guilt that shows guilt as a temporal phenomenon with lasting and even devastating consequences in the present as long as atrocities remain unresolved. His differentiated, self-referential, dynamic, and politically provocative depiction of guilt has lost none of its fascination to this day and is still performed to deal with current war crimes and genocides.
The Absence of Productive Guilt in Shame and Disgrace
Authors: Buschmeier Matthias
Published: January 2022

The chapter argues that by emphasizing shame rather than guilt as an interpretative scheme to respond to the Shoah, German officials, to the present day, have intentionally misrepresented the early guilt campaigns of the Allied Forces in 1945. Fearing legal prosecution and financial penalties, Germans understood collective guilt as a legal concept, and fiercely rejected it. Instead, German officials expressed shame, thereby acknowledging some responsibility. However, shame shifts the burden back to victim groups, who are expected to lift the burden of shame in order to facilitate reconciliation. In their commemorative speeches, West German presidents missed the chance to foster a productive understanding of guilt that depends on open acknowledgment and courage to face juridical and financial consequences. Their emphasis on feelings of shame, instead, instigated aggressive attitudes toward victim group, who were identified as origin and wellspring of the experience of shame.
Introduction
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

How can states react most effectively to the local exercise of power and unresponsive bureaucracy that often comes into play at the “last mile” of implementing a development program? The introductory chapter introduces the last-mile problem of development through discussion of a social audit of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in Bihar. It then describes how existing theories of addressing the last-mile problem require devolving power, which may not always be feasible or desirable. The chapter then presents a novel mechanism called patching development, a top-down, fine-grained, and iterative socio-technical process undertaken by the bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh to make NREGA activities at the last mile visible and able to be intercepted. Drawing on bureaucrats’ precise use of patching in Andhra Pradesh, the chapter posits a politics of information and technology that includes patterns of both contestation and cooperation between members of state bureaucracy and members of civil society.
The Genesis of Rights-Based Governance
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

What led to the passage of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India? What factors explain Andhra Pradesh’s focus on effective implementation of NREGA and being the only state to implement social audits? The chapter documents how RTI and NREGA were passed due to the mobilization from networked civil society actors, and electoral competition produced a coalition government which made it politically feasible. NREGA became a priority in Andhra Pradesh because of active political support from the powerful chief minister. The implementation benefited from a history of committed bureaucrats at the top who were able to take advantage of their autonomy, and also from the historical mobilization by Dalits for rights. The chapter ends with a description of Andhra Pradesh’s informational architecture that was structured to monitor everyday state actions both from the top down and from the bottom up.
Public Meetings at the Last Mile
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

Social audits in Andhra Pradesh face an ongoing conundrum: How can they increase participation from NREGA workers while minimizing confrontation with hostile local elites? To answer this question, this chapter analyzes three different types of public meetings, all aimed at increasing participation from marginalized citizens. The gram sabhas—run by lower-level bureaucrats—are mandated but produce no real outcomes. Apolitical and of very little use, the gram sabhas can be seen as the case of an “anti-politics machine” that serves only to fulfill a bureaucratic requirement. By contrast, the rachabanda meeting, coordinated by the local political party, is useful in bringing state-level bureaucrats closer to the village and helping citizens “see the state,” yet fails to offer a deliberative platform. The experimental audit meeting shows the limits of outside actors intervening in local politics when events spiral out of hand, creating chaos and disorder.
Caste, Class, and Audits
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

How does the NREGA process unfold in a village that is deeply and historically divided by caste and class relations? The analysis in this chapter is based on a study of a large agricultural village that is sharply split in class and caste. The first section describes the sociopolitical context of the village, with a focus on how Dalits have been mobilizing to gain power that predated the introduction of NREGA, a phenomenon that was not just local to the village. The second section discusses how the implementation of NREGA further affects power relations in the village. It then shows how even in the context of entrenched social and economic boundaries, effective implementation of NREGA can improve circumstances for workers, extending beyond outcomes in NREGA to improving their bargaining power in relation to the dominant landowners and resulting in an overall increase in agricultural wages.
Conclusion
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

The book has argued that holding the state accountable requires a continuous series of responses that react to local implementation and information, a process of patching development. The process involves altering power equations through attention to the mundane minutiae of changes in institutions and technology, documents, and other implementation practices and procedures. Patching development is neither a purely technological process nor an exclusively administrative one. While each patch may have only limited local significance, the cumulative impact of continued engagement is transformative in fundamental ways and is more likely to lead to effective and just programs. The Conclusion underlines how the book’s analysis has challenged the way in which the development literature has traditionally interpreted and understood the use of digital technology, citizen participation, and government transparency.
Elizabeth’s and Caty’s Failed Escapes
Authors: Edwards Laura F.
Published: January 2022

Only the Clothes on Her Back tells the history of law and commerce in the United States between the Revolution and the Civil War through textiles and the legal principles associated with them. Those principles existed not in statutes or treatises, but in social and cultural practices, commonly known then, but now long forgotten, which made textiles—clothing, cloth, bedding, and accessories—a form of property that people without rights could own and exchange. Law enabled people on the margins to use textiles not only as currency, credit, and capital, but also as the means of accessing the new republic’s governing institutions. That situation changed, as the federal system elevated the possession of rights over the principles associated with textiles. By the mid-nineteenth century, textiles no longer had the legal power they once had, a situation with profound implications given that most Americans’ claims to rights were uneven at best.