bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of growth parameters in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mynepally Manasa , Yadav Borra Rajesh , Mythili Ayyagari , Vivekananda Bongi , Subrahmanyam Kandregula A. V.
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

Data on anthropometry in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are sparse in India. The study aimed to assess the growth parameters and the effect of age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and insulin regimens on the growth of children with T1D.

Material and Methods:

The study included subjects with T1D between the ages of 1 and 18 years, with a duration of diabetes for at least one year. Height for age Z-scores (HAZ), weight for age Z-scores (WAZ), and body mass index for age Z-scores (BAZ) were calculated using standard Indian Academy of Pediatrics 2015 growth charts for Indian children.The study design was an observational cross-sectional study.

Results:

The number of subjects was 57 (F: M 30:27). The median age (interquartile range) was 13.8 (9–17.1) years, the age at diagnosis was 8 (4–11.5) years, and the mean duration of T1D was 5 (3–7) years. The mean HbA1c was 10.33 ± 1.88%. The growth parameters as assessed by HAZ −0.83 (−1.98–−0.16), WAZ −0.98 (−1.72–−0.11), and BAZ −0.55 (−1.41–0.1) were low in comparison to the population medians. The age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, and the type of insulin regimen did not significantly impact HAZ and WAZ. Children with HbA1c <8.5% had better HAZ −0.21 (−0.94–0.35) versus −1.07 (−2.07–−0.25), (P = 0.069), and WAZ −0.33 (−0.73–0.23) versus –1.07 (−1.77–−0.29), (P = 0.041) compared to those with HbA1c >8.5%.

Conclusion:

Children with T1D were shorter and leaner than age- and sex-matched controls. Age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, and insulin regimens did not significantly impact growth, whereas children with lower HbA1c had better HAZ and WAZ.
Socioeconomic and environmental conditions influence the risk of dengue infection in a subtropical city of Argentina
Authors: Costas Dardo E. , Barrenechea Guillermo G. , Sánchez Rocío , Foguet Javier , Peral María , Chahla Rossana F. , Orosco Julieta , Aráoz Ezequiel
Published: November 2023

The increasing connectivity and urbanization of human population favor the reemergence and spread of dengue fever in subtropical and temperate regions, which poses onerous challenges to health systems. Analyzing the contribution of socioenvironmental conditions to the contagion risk is essential to design preventive strategies. In this retrospective analysis, we aim to assess the effects of social, demographic and environmental factors on the likelihood of becoming infected with dengue virus in Tucumán, the main subtropical city of Argentina. We implemented a case-control study to analyze the 2016 dengue outbreak. The control group included all persons reported with nonspecific febrile syndrome, and the cases were those confirmed with dengue virus after laboratory analyses. We recorded the age, sex and diagnostic date for every patient, and we georeferenced their house. This georeferentiation allowed us to estimate the distance to the nearest previous positive case (to control autocorrelation), population density, proportion of households with insufficient material constructive quality, overcrowding, educational level, NDVI, surface temperature and distance to nearest canal and cemetery. We constructed and compared logistic regression models to identify the combination of variables that best predicted dengue cases. Proximity to previous cases, cemeteries and canals, scarcity of surrounding vegetation, age and educational deficit were associated with an increased probability of being positive for dengue. In Argentina, socioeconomic differences are reflected in environmental inequalities, which reinforce the differential odds of suffering from dengue fever. Our results suggest that improving urban environmental quality may constitute an efficient way of preventing individual contagion of dengue and subsequent outbreaks.
Advanced Considerations Concerning Impact of Applied Call Admission Control Mechanisms on Traffic Characteristics in Elastic Optical Network Nodes
Authors: Głąbowski Mariusz , Sobieraj Maciej
Published: November 2023

Over the past few years, a significant increase in network traffic volumes has been observed. The ever growing bandwidth demands mean that a reliable and optimum service level needs to be ensured in communication systems for specific traffic categories. Optimal allocation and use of resources may be achieved through the use of call admission control (CAC) mechanisms implemented in network systems. The resource reservation mechanism and the threshold mechanism are two of the most popular CAC methods. In the reservation mechanisms, a certain number of resources is reserved for selected (predefined) services only. In the case of threshold mechanisms, the number of resources allocated to individual traffic classes depends on the network load. This article discusses the results of simulations verifying the impact of applied CAC mechanisms on the traffic characteristics in elastic optical network (EON) nodes with a Clos structure. Loss probability results obtained with the use of the simulator are presented as well.
The Impact of Bank Size on Pre- and Post- Merger and Acquisition Performance and Stability: New Evidence from GCC and Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Nazim , Nor Fauzias Mat , Seman Junaidah Abu , Ramli Nur Ainna Binti , Rasedee Ahmad Fadly Nurullah Bin
Published: November 2023

Purpose: This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the complex relationship between level of bank sizes, factors, M&A performance, and stability for banking sectors, Islamic vs conventional banks, and by highlighting the importance of considering the specific characteristics of the banking industry in GCC and Pakistan.
 
Theoretical framework: The conceptual framework is developed and designed based on the theory and in line with the literature review. The theories are resource dependency theory and efficiency theory
 
Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper employs an unbalanced panel data of 24 banks consisting of 10 Islamic banks and 14 conventional banks from GCC and Pakistan, 2004Q1 to 2020Q4. Data is collected from several secondary sources, namely Bloomberg, FitchConnect database, Bank’s financial statement, IMF, and World Bank database.
 
Findings: Our results revealed that bank size has a significant impact on the M&A performance and stability of banks. However, there is no significant difference between pre- and post- M&A performance. Interestingly, smaller banks outperformed larger and medium-sized banks in terms of M&A performance, while larger and medium-sized banks exhibited better bank stability than smaller banks. Interestingly, while looking at Islamic vs conventional banks point of view results show that operational performance of Islamic is better than conventional banks. On the other hand, stability of conventional bank is better than Islamic banks.
 
Research, Practical, & Social implications: The limitations of this research should also be acknowledged and future research should expand the number of observations and including more Islamic banks is essential. Moreover, exploring the impact of cultural and regulatory differences on M&A activities is also an interesting avenue for further research. Additionally, future research should investigate the impact of M&A activities on other performance measures, such as efficiency, productivity, and profitability.
 
Originality/Value: This study aims to fill the theoretical and empirical research gap by examining the impact of level of bank size on pre- and post - M&A activities in the GCC and Pakistan for banking sectors, Islamic banks vs conventional banks
Reorganization of the Warehouse Activities Processes with the Framing of their Problems and Solutions
Authors: Kerouich Abdelilah , Azmani Abdellah , Azmani Monir
Published: November 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine and identify goods processing operations in a warehouse and propose a reorganization of tasks to minimize processing time.
 
Theoretical framework: Current literature highlights the need to reorganize and adapt the operations chain (LOMBA Cédric, 2018). Some areas still need to be studied in depth to improve the supply chain. The literature on warehouse management has not sufficiently studied partial time management or closed-loop time management in the supply chain (CLSC) from goods-in to goods-out. The potential links between the risks of lost time and the management of the quality of the goods handling service have not been studied in depth.
 
Design/Methodology/Approach: The in-depth analysis of recent international studies published on warehouse management and the supply chain enables us to identify the studies that have the greatest impact on research.
 
Findings:  The result of this work is the development of a double typology, one linked to the chain of operations and the other to the constraints linked to the CLSC in a warehouse. Tools will be applied to diagnose the constraints and factors adversely goods handling operations.
 
Research, Practical & Social implications: To help logisticians and researchers, we have proposed an operational reformulation of a warehouse, enriched with a logical framework linking the problems and their potential solutions.
 
Originality/Value: The article proposes an original vision to improve the spatio-temporal organization of warehouses, by synthesizing its different entities, operations, and processes while presenting all the existing problems and identifying their possible solutions.
Revisiting Local Government Auditors’ Burnout upon its Stress Dimensions
Authors: Saraswati Erwin , Ariwibowo Rinto
Published: November 2023

Purpose:  This study aims to ‎determine the effect of three-dimensional stress, known as the roles of stress, to predict ‎the likelihood of occupational stress and burnout complication among local government ‎auditors.
 
Theoretical framework:  This study utilized the Conservation of Resource Theory as a theoretical lens to ‎determine the effect of three-dimensional stress, known as the roles of stress, to predict ‎the likelihood of occupational stress and burnout complication among local government ‎auditors.
 
Design/Methodology/Approach:  Quantitative non-linear modelling involved three hundred and twenty-six ‎questionnaires from being sent to the regional inspectorate in the Bali area between June - July 2022.
 
Findings:  The study successfully proved the significant effect of role ambiguity and role ‎overload as influential factor of auditors’ stress. The study also proves the empirical ‎relationship between auditor stress and burnout. Further, this research concludes that various ‎mediation effects of stress exist between dimensional stress and burnout among auditors.
 
Research, Practical & Social implications:  This ‎study is expected to give strategic recommendations for the respectful government agencies ‎to develop better stress-handling techniques.
 
Originality/Value: The influential factor of the role of ambiguity which is significantly elevated job burnout, might become a novelty for this research’s finding, the complication of ambiguity in the context of forming the passive level of stress known as burnout stipulates the profound problems of ambiguity in the auditor context.
Effect of Psychological Nursing Combined with Health Education on the Quality of Life of Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: Wu Lijuan , Sun Fangming , Tong Yunfeng
Published: November 2023

Objective: To analyze the effect of psychological nursing combined with health education on the quality of life of patients with lung cancer. Methods: 80 patients with lung cancer admitted to our hospital’s Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery from January 2022 to December 2022 were selected as the research objects. Those who received basic nursing care from January to June were classified as the reference group, and those who received psychological nursing and health education from July to December were classified as the combination group, with 40 cases in each group. The combination group was given psychological nursing and health education; the reference group was given primary nursing care. The negative emotions experienced, the nursing satisfaction, the pain levels 1–7 days after operation, and the quality of life of both groups were compared. Results: Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the negative emotions between the two groups of patients (P > 0.05); after the intervention, the combination group experienced significantly less negative emotions compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, the nursing satisfaction evaluation indicators such as targeted measures, nursing effects, individualized treatment, and level of professionalism of the combination group were significantly better than those in the reference group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the pain level of both groups of patients 1 day after surgery (P > 0.05); however, in 3d and 7d after the surgery, the combination group experienced significantly less pain than the reference group (P < 0.05). The social skills, physical pain, health status, physiological function, and other quality of life scores in the combined group were significantly higher than those in the reference group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Psychological nursing and health education can improve the quality of life of patients with lung cancer.
Chemical Characteristics of Gluten-Free Noodle Made from Mocaf and Porang Flour
Authors: Andiani Rosa , Rosida Dedin Finatsiyatull , Kurnianto Muhammad Alfid
Published: November 2023

The development of gluten-free noodles has become an option for those with gluten intolerance or aiming to reduce their gluten intake. Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour), rich in starch and porang flour with glucomannan content, can be used as the base ingredient for making gluten-free noodles. This research aims to determine the optimal proportions of gluten-free noodles based on mocaf and porang flour. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 factor, namely the proportion of mocaf flour and porang flour in 3 levels (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60). Observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's further test at the 5% level. The results showed that the lowest water content of the noodles was found in treatment 60: 40 mocaf and porang flour, with a moisture content of 7.52%. The highest starch content was found in the treatment of 60:40 mocaf and porang flour, with a starch content of 44.04%. The highest crude fibre content was found in the 40:60 mocaf and porang flour treatment, with 6.52% crude fibre content.
Characterization of Biobriquette from Carbonized Durian Peel Using Coconut Shell as the Binder
Authors: Soeherman Giffary Pramafisi , Putri Pridata Gina , Joen Deary Amethy Zahrotinufus , Indrawan Iyan , Pratiwi Nurma
Published: November 2023

This research aimed to study the characteristics of carbonized durian peel biobriquette using tar as a binder. A 1:10 ratio of binder and carbonized durian peel was used. The 25, 50, and 75% (coded as P1, P2, and P3, respectively) tar were used as a binder alongside tapioca flour to produce a binder with different tar concentrations. The briquette characteristics determined moisture content, ash content, calorific value, density, and water-absorbing capacity. Moisture content ranged from 9.32% to 9,41% for treatments P1 to P3, while the ash content ranged from 12,29% to 13,09%, showing no significant difference among the treatments. Massive difference was observed in calorific value, as P1 gives 5106/35 cal g-1 calorific value while P2 and P3 give 9267.56 and 9694.53 cal g-1, respectively. The density observed was relatively low, ranging from 0.5029 g cm-3 to 0,5685 g cm-2. As for water-absorbing capacity, P3 absorbed the least amount of water, 29.43%. From this research, we can conclude that coconut shell tar has the potential to be utilized as a binder in forming biobriquette from carbonized durian peel.
A SHORT NOTE ON CULTIVATION OF MANGOSTEENS IN THE COURTALLAM HILLS
Authors:   Assitant Director of Agriculture, Tinnevelly, R CHOCKALINGAM PILLAY
Published: November 2023

Mangosteen is cultivated in the Courtallam hills in the Thekku- malai Estate, Arivikkarai Estate, Udatram and at Five Falls hills.There are on the whole in the Courtallam hills 76 Mangosteen trees i. e. 50 trees at Thekkumalai, 14 trees at Arivikkarai, 7 at Udatram and 5 at Five Falls hills. It thrives very well in elevations which are from 1,500 to 3,000 feet sbove sea level. It requires a cool atmosphere. Every year out of these 76 trees about 20,000 fruits are brought down and sold at Courtallam during the season from June to September...
CULTIVATION & EXTRACTION OF SUNNHEMP FIBRE SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Authors:   Assitant Director of Agriculture, Tinnevelly, R CHOCKALINGAM PILLAY
Published: November 2023

This crop is largely cultivated for fibre in Nainaragaram, Tenkasi Taluk and also in Aikudi village, 6 miles from Tenkasi (Travancore area). The area under this crop for fibre in Nainaragaram is about 25 acres. This crop is also grown in Elangi in about 10 acres for fibre.
INDIAN CANES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture Visagapatam, A.C EDMONDS
Published: November 2023

On my way down the East-coast of Africa I visited the experiment station of the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe. and I thus had an opportunity of learning something about the re search work heing done on sugarcane in the Union. In the course of my stay at Durban I also saw, in a general way. the agricultural condi- tions prevailing in the main sugar-cane growing area in Natal.. It will be remembered that the Uba cane, which is the only variety grown on any scale in South Africa, was imported some years ago from Northern India, and my visit was of interest in providing an opportunity of seeing the conditions under which this Indian cane has become acclimatised and grown almost to the exclusion of all others. Recently a number of Coimbatore seedlings, which are closely related to the class of cane to which Uha belongs. have been under trial, one of which has already been released for cultivation, and although it is rather early to say how far these seedlings are likely to replace Uba. there is every reason to believe that the work at Coimbatore will be of great value to the industry in South Africa.
THE RELATION OF SIZE & SHAPE OF PLANT TO THE YIELD OF COTTON
Authors:   Assitant  Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, S.N VENKATRAMAN , C JAGANATHA RAO ,   Assitant  Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

The relation of branching habit to economic characters in Cotton has been the subject of study by many workers. Prominent among characters investigated in this connection are earliness (Leake 1914), shedding (Cook 1911, Harland 1917) and yield per plant (Burt 1919, Cook 1911, Patel 1921 and Kottur 1920). Besides such economic relationships. the genetic behaviour has also been studied. The habit of the plant and the production of basal monopodia have been found more or less, heritable in a number of American and Indian types as the Cawnpores (Leake 1914), Kumptas (Kottur 1920) Gujerats (Patel 1921), Cawnpore-Americans (Burt 1919) and Americans. There is however evidence from other sources to show that considerable environmental modification occurs (Hudson 1920) which can even have large economic significances (Cook 1911). Of particular interest in plant breeding is the evolution of special types associated with good vields. Many workers (Cook, Leake, Kottur loc. cit.) prefer a purely sympodial habit in the plants as more of these could be grown per acre to give higher yields. It should however be mentioned that part of the above behaviour is dependent on the variety of cotton examined. The results of such a study on a type of G. indicum, which, along with a variable mixture of G. herbaceum, forms the commercial "Northerns" crop of this Presidency is presented in this paper.
INSECT PESTS OF ORANGES IN THE NORTHERN CIRCARS
Authors:   Assitant Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, V MARGABANDHU
Published: November 2023

In the N. Circars orange cultivation is carried on, on a fairly extensive scale. The citrus gardens round about Ellore, in and around Palacole and in the vicinity of Rajahmundry in the Godaveri District, and those in the districts of Guntur and Kistna furnish a very imposing sight. The chief varieties grown are the Batavian oranges (Citrus sinensis), the Pomelos (Citrus decumana), the Sour lime (Citrus medica var. acida) and the country oranges (Citrus aurantium); of these the Batavian forms the most noteworthy. This variety is found to come up well in almost all soils such as sandy or red loams and typical red soils. It requires timely irrigation and the importance is well evidenced by the presence of large wells in these gardens. Good drainage also appears to be essential, since water-logged condi- tions affect the tap root. The trees are planted 20 to 35 ft. apart. They begin to bear after seven years and normal bearing begins after ten years. Various manures are applied, such as tank and canal silt and horse and cattle manure. This is done during December, and irrigations are given immediately afterwards, the idea being to induce early flowering which commences during December-January. Dur- ing the beginning of July, the fruits are ready for basketing which is done to induce good colour and early ripening. A month or a month and a half after basketing, the fruits will be ready for the market. The price of the fruits usually varies hetween Rs. 30 and Rs. 50 per 1000. each fruit selling for an anna or two. Though a paying crop. there is loss in certain years due to insect attack and as such, the fruit-grower in these parts will do well to get some knowledge of these pests and the possible methods of their control.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF THE ROOT-GALL NEMATODE IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, P.N KRISHNA AYYAR
Published: November 2023

The control of the Root-Gall Nematode worm Heterodera Radicicola, Gr. has been the subject of extensive and earnest investigations for the last fifty years in many countries both in Europe and America. Since this worm has been for long recognised as the cause of one of the most serious diseases which crops are subject to, a good deal of literature has arisen and many useful facts have been accumulated on the question consequently the problem has advanced to a great extent along many and varied paths of enquiry. One of the most interesting and fruitful lines of research among these has heen the increased attention paid to the bionomics of the pest which might provide the key to the problem of its control.
TROPICAL PLANT DISEASES: THEIR IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL
Authors:   Director Imperial, Burea of Mycology Kew, E.J Dr. BUTLER
Published: November 2023

In the great tropical and subtropical plantation industries, such as tea, rubber, onee, cocoa, citrus fruits, etc., large areas of permanent crops are cultivated on capitalistic lines with uniform and usually white control. On an estate of hundreds or even thousands of acres, often under highly intelligent supervision and where the produce may be worth a great deal of money, it is comparatively easy to get adopted improvements which are the results of scientific research, whether in the control of disease or in any other direction. It is quite a different matter, however, when one comes to deal with the crops grown by the indigenous people of the tropics for their own use. Their agricultural practices are rigidly traditional, their standard of intelligence may be low, money is scarce or even absent, and their crops are raised in small holdings, often subdivided to an almost incredible degree. I once had occasion to acquire 17 acres for expansion of an agricultural research station in India and found 30 families and 91 individual plots represented in this piece of arable land. In such conditions and they are those under which a great part of the population of the world lives "the culti vator's ways and the sheep's ways tend to be much the same", as an Indian proverb says, and however wall the traditional agricultural methods are followed, the cultivator is apt to be helpless in an emergency as, for example, an outbreak of epidemic plant disease.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DELAYED GERMINATION IN COTTON
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, R BALASUBRAHMANYAN , V RAMASWAMI MUDALIAR ,   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

During the year 1930, a second generation of an interspecific cross, exhibited poor and delayed germination, while other crosses between different parents had uniform and quick sprou- ting. A large number of seedlings continued to come up even at the end of a month, often with their cotyledons enclosed in the seedcoat, in spite of the adequate moisture in the soil. These contributed very little to the yield, and their behaviour was very much similar to the second sown crop
SOME PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES IN INSECT PEST CONTROL
Authors:   Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR
Published: November 2023

The well-known saying that "Prevention is better than cure" is a very old maxim and is specially appropriate, in many cases, where we have to deal with diseases and pests of various kinds; but, un- fortunately the very sage advice contained in the pithy saying, is more honoured in its breach, than in its observance. It may be affirmed that in the case of many insect pests, prophylactic measures will be found far more practicable and economical, than those adopted to actually fight a disease or pest when it has made its appearance, and when it often becomes too late to employ preventive measures or, too difficult to resort to curative methods. In certain special cases, no other methods other than preventives will be found practicable. The more important preventive methods against crop pests, may be conveniently grouped under one of two kinds, viz., cultural and sanitary. The following is a brief summary of some of the more practicable and advantageous preventive methods which can be adopt- ed against insect pests under South Indian conditions.
THE ECONOMIC DANGER IN THE INTRODUCTION OF SOME FOREIGN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR
Published: November 2023

It is well known that, due to the action and reaction of various factors in nature, there is maintained what is called 'a balance of life' in this world. One of the most potent inflü ences which helps to upset this even equilibrium, and bring about abnormal conditions in nature, is the part played by human agency. And, among the many such human activities, one has been the indis- criminate transportation of plants and animals from one country to another, without in the least realising or forseeing the disadvantages and the often disastrous results of many such introductions. We have some examples of how man, without any evil intention, has been responsible for bringing about a very undesirable state of affairs in different regions of the world, by thoughtless introductions of differ- ent forms of life from one region into another. Though the geogra phical position of India is more or less isolated, situated as she is. clearly separated by natural boundaries of mountain walls or seas from other regions, in these days of quick and easy transport facilities for all sorts of animal and vegetable products not only by land and sea but even by air, there is every likelihood of undesirable and harmful exotic forms, gaining admission into the country without our knowledge. This is the case particularly with insect pests and plants of different kinds. In this paper an attempt is made to survey the present position with regard to some of the important exotic plants and insect pests which are already with us or are likely to be intro- duced, pointing out the evil effects resulting thereby, and to offer some suggestions in the way of preventing such introductions as far as possible in the future.
STUDIES IN POULTRY-KEEPING Part I. SOME ADVANTAGES IN POULTRY-KEEPING.
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture Livestock Osur, R.W LITTLEWOOD , H NARAHARI RAO ,   Poultry Manager Hosur
Published: November 2023

Eggs and poultry for meat are the primary edible products for those who use them in their daily diet. During recent years the demand for poultry-products has considerably increased, especially in places near towns. In such places people take so keen an interest that they are becoming specialised in poultry keeping. Some people keep fowls for hobby, some for the sport of cock fighting and some to realise profit out of them. The subject of this short note is for those who want to keep fowls for profit. Fowls can be reared for home use also, and when there is a chance to realise a little profit from this branch of work there is no reason why greater attention should not be paid to it.
FLUE CURING AND GRADING OF TOBACCO IN THE GUNTUR DISTRICT
Authors:   Cotton Assitant, Agricultural Research Station,Guntur, P GOPALARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a native of Mexico and Brazil (Watt 1908). It gained popularity all over the world by its gradual introduction and acclimatisation. The area under the crop in the Madras Presidency is 268,815 acres, of which the Guntur Dis- trict contributes a third. The crop being an industrial one, is put to varied uses and i broadly classified into (a) cigar wrapper tobaccoes (b) cigar filler tobaccoes (c) pipe tobaccoes and (d) plug tobaccoes. Tobacco in the cured state is chiefly exported to the United States of America and is imported in the form of finished products like cigare- ttes; decoctions; active principles; medicines etc. Madras and Burma contribute their bulk quota in the export of manufactured cigars to Maldives: Straits: Ceylon and Arabia (Watt 1908.) There are three distinct classes of persons connected with the tobacco trade viz., (1) cultivators (2) curers and (3) dealers. The present article is mainly confined to the work of the second class of people though the same embraces in a way the work done by the last- mentioned class of persons.
THE VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO AGRICULTURE.
Authors:   U.S Department of Agriculture, A HENRY WALLACE
Published: November 2023

I appreciate that it is often difficult for the layman to see any earthly use in many of the things that scientists do and talk about doing. Of what value is it to you and to me, for instance, for a man to spend his time trying to discover the workings of nature? How can a man-we are inclined to say-do any thing useful unless he works directly with the things that we all can touch and see. that we know have practical utility? Well, when confronted by questions like that, I think of men like Faraday and Mendel and some of the scientists in the employ of the Federal Government. About a hundred years ago in England Michiel Faraday wis what we might call an experimental philosopher. He never concerned himself with the invention of machines. His sole aim was to learn something about the workings of natura. He discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, and if you remember your high school science, you will recall that without that discovery we would today hava no mains of putting electrical energy to work for us. Without Fara- day, the amazing inventions of Elison and Marconi would not have been possible.. and your radio aud your electric lights would not exist.
MAIN POINTS OF SOME OF THE IMPROVED SUGARCANE VARIETIES FROM THE CULTIVATORS' VIEW POINT
Authors:   Post-Graduate Student , Imperial Institute of Agricultural , Pusa, T.G MΕΝΟΝ
Published: November 2023

The sugarcane station at Coimbatore has evolved a number of new cane varieties which are rapidly ousting the indigenous ones in all the provinces. The thin and the medium thick canes are specially evolved to suit the demands of the North Indian cane cultivators who supply their canes to the mills. With a severe summer, when the temperature goes up to 110-112°F. for several days. and with an in- different system of cultivation as is practised by most of the ryots in North Bihar under non-irrigated conditions, the only possibility of improving the cane supply for a successful cane industry is to evolve drought resistant varieties which give a fairly high tonnage and sucrose content.
MULBERRY CULTIVATION IN KOLLEGAL AND THE SERICULTURAL INDUSTRY
Authors:   Assitant Agricultural Demonstrator Kollegal, P.V HANUMANTHA RAO
Published: November 2023

The cultivation of mulberry is simple and may be done in a wide range of climate and soil provided the latter is fairly fertile; the rear- ing of silkworms is however possible only in temperature ranging between 70° to 90° F. with a humidity of 50 to 70%. During the hot weather the rearing is as a rule stopped and the bushes pruned for a fresh flush of leaves. The above named conditions exist in the Kollegal taluq almost throughout the year and hence the rearing of silkworms is carried on all the year round giving occupation for well over 5000 families in. 36 villages, the mulberry crop being raised on 10,000 acres and raw silk to the value of 10 lakhs of rupees being exported from this taluq.
THE MADRAS AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS' UNION AND ITS JOURNAL (A RETROSPECT AND AN APPEAL)
Authors:   Retired Principal, Agricultural Colelge Coimbatore, M.R RAO BAHADUR RAMASWAMI SIVAN
Published: November 2023

I deem it a privilege to be asked to make this appeal to our en- lightened readers, especially to our Old Boys and the officers of the Department. I have been connected with the Madras Agricultural Students' Union from its inception and with its Journal as its first editor. I have been watching the growth of the Journal as an organ of the Union from year to year until now. It is a child for whom I have the most tender affection, and I would be most proud and happy if the Journal should be even more suc- cessful that it has been so far, in its get-up and appearance, its contributions and general news, its circulation and finance.
INTERNATIONAL AND IMPERIAL CO-OPERATION IN REGARD TO AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS AND THE COMPILATION AND DISSEMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Authors:   Vice Chairman, Imperial Council of Agricultural Reserach India, T DEWAN BAHADUR SIR T. VIJAYARAGHAVACHARYA
Published: November 2023

It is at once a pleasure and a privilege to welcome you to the Agri- cultural Section at the 18th annual meeting of the Indian Science Congress. I propose to depart somewhat from precedent, for instead of choosing for my address a subject connected with some special branch of agricultural science, I have selected one of a somewhat more general nature which, however, is closely concerned with the successful application of science to the improvement of agricultural practice. Agricultural statistics form the basis of studies in the economics of agriculture, whilst the rapid dissemina- tion of scientific, technical and statistical information is becoming more and more important in these days of specialization. The recent depression in agriculture due to the fall in prices of agricultural produce, clearly brings out two points which bear on the subject of my address. Never was there a greater need for improvement in the efficiency of agricultural production than at present since low prices can only be permanently combated by this means. In promoting such an increase in efficiency the rapid dissemination of scientific and technical information is an important factor.
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL SELF- FERTILIZATION ON SOME ECONOMIC CHARACTERS OF THE COTTON PLANT
Authors:   Assitant , Cotton Specialist Nandyal, C JAGANNATHA RAO
Published: November 2023

The cotton flower being large and showy, attracts many insects and this results in a certain amount of cross-fertilization. Experi- mental evidence has been overwhelming to prove that vicinism ranging from nearly 2 to 100 per cent occurs in the various cottons investigated, the amounts being determined by the peculiar environmental conditions in each case (2). In breeding work with cotton, in order to avoid cross-pollination, pro- tection of flowers by artificial means becomes inevitable. Again, to evaluate the purity in the economic characters, the breeder is often forced to examine both the selfed and the naturally pollinated material. It is, therefore, in the fitness of things to know whether selfing affects the characters under study and if so in what direction. No apology is, therefore, needed to devote this paper to a study of the immediate effect of artificial self-fertilization as compared with the natural process.
A PROSPECT FOR THE POROMBOKE OR THE CULTIVATION OF THE CASHEWNUT
Authors:   Student (B.Sc 3), L KRISHNAN
Published: November 2023

Waste lands in many parts of the country can be turned into productive areas by being put to the permanent cultivation of useful trees like the cashewnut. The cashewnut (botanically Anacardium occidentale), thrives well in such lands on account of its hardy nature. The tree claims its heritage originally from South America, and is now well established in the coastal forests of India. It grows in a wild state and can be grown in almost all soils, although gravelly and sandy loams suit it best. The cashewnut of commerce (Tamil-Munthirikottai) is really the fruit of this tree. The flower stalk on which the 'nut' rests, is succulent and edible, and is known as cashew apple, and is mistaken by the layman for the fruit. The tree in its wild state has a spreading habit usually growing to a height of 10 to 15 feet, and rarely to 25 feet, although under cultivation it is said to have attained a height of 40 feet. When well cared for, this is a valuable and promising tree, responding well to irrigation and manuring, though it can also thrive under very adverse conditions. In the Travancore State, it is cultivated in a systematic manner, and the finished product is exported to foreign markets. Around Tanjore and in the Pudukottah State the tree grows wild, and the produce which is collected by the women folk, is either consumed locally or sent to other places through the middlemen of the Tanjore market.
CHAYAPASUPU OR HILL TURMERIC
Authors:   Assitant Agricultural Demonstrator Narasapatam, P.L NARASIMHAM
Published: November 2023

Turmeric is cultivated in the Golugonda hills by the Bagatas and Valmikies, the principal tribes of the tract, who raise it in small patches of land varying from 10 to 30 cents. The crop is grown dry with the help of rainfall which ranges from to 60 to 80 inches per annum. It is grown pure or as a mixture with Pippali (long pepper).
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH COCONUT IN THE WEST COAST
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture 4 Circle, M GOVINDA KIDAVU
Published: November 2023

It is generally the rule in plant life, as in the case of animal life, that the characters of the parent determine the progeny. The object of this study on coconut is to find out how far the visible characters of a tree influence its yielding quality and whether this yielding quality can be improved, modified or altered by cultural and manurial treatments. It is a matter of common observation that, in spite of similar conditions of light, spacing, cultivation and manuring, remarkable differences are often seen between individual trees of any coconut garden, not only in the yielding capacity, but also in the colour, size and shape of nuts. Seed-selection is an important, well-recognized fact in the case of any crop, and especially so in the case of any valuable perennial crop like coconut. The attempt at seed-selection to improve the progeny, in the case of coconuts, has not always been attended with happy results. The writer had read before the Science Congress at Benares in 1924 a paper on Pollination in Coconut where it was stated that Nature has fitted the coconut tree mostly for cross-fertilization, although there is provision for self-fertilization as well. Even under very careful selection of seednuts, one notices all sorts of variations in the trees. In the Government coconut stations at Nileshwar and Pilicode of South Kanara, though the seeds were collected from some of the best trees available on the West Coast under the direct supervision of responsible officers, variations are observed in the young trees. Attempts are, however, being made in the Government coconut stations to make a study of self-pollinated seeds.
COST OF REARING CATTLE
Authors:   Officiating Deputy Directore of Agriculture Livestock, T MURARI , M.P KUNHIKUTTY ,   Agricultural Demonstrator, Livestock
Published: November 2023

The ryot in India like his brothers in the rest of the world has always been an experimenter. While in the temperate climates the farmer has to work under severe winter conditions, the ryot here has equally great or perhaps greater difficulties to face during the hot summer and drought periods. All his work is one long experiment; the weather conditions should be favourable, his ploughings and general cultivation and manuring should be complete in time for sowing, and when he has sown, he is at the mercy of the weather. The severity of the test may be considerably lessened in those parts of the country where water-supply is abundant. Having once grown his crop, he is then faced with the problem of marketing. He is generally indebted to the village money-lender who demands payment when the ryot is not able to dispose of his produce with advantage. If he had facilities with regard to loan from co-operative societies he is temporarily saved and can store his produce until such time as when he can realize the price he wants. Under the present general eco- nomic depression, however, even this prospect is lost to him.
KOYYATHOTAKURA (AMARANTHUS SP.) AS GREEN FODDER
Authors:   District Agricultural Officer , Vizagapatam, G JOGI RAJU
Published: November 2023

This species of Amaranthus is cultivated in many places on a small scale for human consumption. But it is noteworthy that in some villages of the Vizagapatam District, it is raised solely as a fodder crop. A short account of its cultivation at Denkada may interest readers of this journal.
EARLY AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORK IN U.S.A.
Authors:   Student (B.Sc 2), B.S RAO
Published: November 2023

Organizations known as Agricultural Societies were in existence somewhere at the beginning of the 19th century. They were either State or regional societies and their object was primarily to improve agriculture. This they did by disseminating agricultural information through their publications and lectures and by promoting the formation of local organi- zations for people engaged and interested in agriculture. The societies held fairs, where animals were sold, agricultural products were exhibited for prizes, and addresses were made by prominent agriculturists and scientists who were invited to give lectures. A large number of county societies came into existence as a result of their labour. By about the second half of the 19th century State Boards of Agriculture were formed in several States (by legislature). These Boards superseded, and carried on the work done earlier by the above mentioned societies. In addition they held short courses at the County Agricultural College, advocated the formation of Farmers' Clubs and sent lecturers to them.
HINTS FOR FITTING PLOUGHS
Authors:   The Cooper Engineering Works, Satara, J DONALD  BEATON
Published: November 2023

When fitting ploughs, the shares should be fitted first. If the share has more than one bolt, both bolts should be fitted with their respective nuts and tightened up as far as possible with the fingers. In the final tightening up with a spanner, both nuts should be slightly tightened, one at a time until the nuts are bearing the same pressure and a final pull on each in turn will finish the job without fear of breakage. When fitting Chilled cust shares, never lighten one nut up tight and leave the other loose because if there is the very slightest irregularity in the casting, it will crack as soon as the second nut is tightened
MADRAS MILKMEN
Authors:   Assitant Agricultural Demonstrator Livestock, Vetinary College madras, P.K KRISHNAN NAMBIYAR
Published: November 2023

In Madras city, there are several types of men who maintain milking cows, either for commercial purpose or for their own consumption of milk and these can mainly be classified as:- 1. Private cow owners, 2. Milk contractors and rich milkmen, 3. Average milkmen, and 4. Poor milkmen. The private cow owners are men who maintain milch cows for their own use and many permanent officials and well-to-do residents of this city are forced to keep one or two milch cows of their own in their backyards to provide them with pure milk.
PLANTAIN VARIETIES IN THE CIRCARS (AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VARIETIES FOUND IN GODAVARI, VIZAGAPATAM AND GANJAM DISTRICTS)
Authors:   District Agricultural Officer , Vizagapatam, G JOGIRAJU
Published: November 2023

Paccha bontha.-Mostly used for cooking; grown all over the coun- try; trunk 8 to 12 ft. high; leaf sheaths slightly ashy; leaves 5-7 ft. long, 1-2 ft. wide; lower side slightly waxy; throws bunches in 71-8 months under average conditions; inflorescence large; bracts red with an ashy coating; 4 to 6 hands in the bunch; 40 to 70 fruits weighing 20-30 Ibs.; fruit gets fit for cooking in 2 to 2 months after the bunch is thrown; ripens off in another 1 to 1 months; very hardy; withstands drought as well as excess of water better than other varieties; price per bunch As. 10 to Re. 1.
PARTHENOGENESIS IN COTTON
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, R BALASUBRAMANIAM
Published: November 2023

The production of a cross between the American and Asiatic cottons, has been receiving the attention of various breeders in the world, and there was a time when there was no subject on which greater diversity of opinion existed than the possibility of this cross within the genus. Major Trevor Clarke (1870) held that the hybridization between these was not possible, while Gammie (1903) is mentioned as having successfully crossed G. hirsu- tum and G. roscum, G. hirsutum and G. obtusifolium, and probably these crosses are now lost. Zaitzev (1925) of Turkishtan station produced hybrids between G. hirsutum and G. herbaceum, but unfortunately the first generation did not produce any fruit due to sterility of pollen, although the plants produced a large number of flowers. Denham (1924) in his cyto- logical studies in cotton, offers an explanation to this unsolved difficulty, and ventures a solution by way of finding out a diploid mutant of the Indian cotton. It will not be out of place to quote a few lines of his work.
THE COST OF MILK PRODUCTION AT HOSUR AND MADRAS CITY
Authors:   SuperIntendent-in-Charge, Deputy Directore of Agriculture Livestock Osur, T MURARI
Published: November 2023

It is not necessary for us to impress on the readers the importance of milk as a human food. Though consumption of milk per capita, in this country, cannot be compared with that in Sweden, Denmark, England or America, general requirements are becoming gradually, but very slowly, higher. The increase in travel mainly due to the bus service which connects remote places has considerably increased the number of coffee shops and hotels. These eating places have in turn created a demand for a regular supply of milk. This demand, be it noted, is in addition to the usual demand in the cities, towns and villages for general daily household require- ments. Though there is a definite demand for milk, it is, however, to be regretted that there is no strong public opinion for the production of clean milk. When there is demand for milk there appear milk-vendors to satisfy this demand. From the point of view of milkmen as well as of the consumers the transaction depends mainly on costs. The producer wishes to sell his product at a small profit over the cost of production, while the consumer wishes to purchase his requirements at as low a price as possible. We decided to work out the cost of production of milk at Hosur and Madras in order to find out if the dairy industry in this presidency is really paying.