bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis of field experiments shows no change in racial discrimination in hiring over time
Authors: Quillian Lincoln , Pager Devah , Hexel Ole , Midtbøen Arnfinn H.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Many scholars have argued that discrimination in American society has decreased over time, while others point to persisting race and ethnic gaps and subtle forms of prejudice. The question has remained unsettled due to the indirect methods often used to assess levels of discrimination. We assess trends in hiring discrimination against African Americans and Latinos over time by analyzing callback rates from all available field experiments of hiring, capitalizing on the direct measure of discrimination and strong causal validity of these studies. We find no change in the levels of discrimination against African Americans since 1989, although we do find some indication of declining discrimination against Latinos. The results document a striking persistence of racial discrimination in US labor markets.
Local optical control of ferromagnetism and chemical potential in a topological insulator
Authors: Yeats Andrew L. , Mintun Peter J. , Pan Yu , Richardella Anthony , Buckley Bob B. , Samarth Nitin , Awschalom David D.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Ferromagnetic topological insulators (TIs) have promise for applications in spintronics, metrology, and quantum computing. However, TI materials are fragile and often incompatible with nanofabrication techniques. Here, we demonstrate persistent, micron-scale optical control of both magnetization and chemical potential in Cr-(Bi,Sb)2Te3grown on SrTiO3. We show that this system is uniquely positioned to enable arbitrary routing of the quantized edge states recently discovered in magnetic TIs. We also use Kerr and photocurrent microscopies to image magnetic inversion dynamics,p-njunctions, and magnetic recordings that we make in these materials. This work may enable dynamic, reconfigurable control of 1D quantum channels.
The gesture-sign interface in language acquisition
Authors: Guidetti Michèle , Morgenstern Aliyah
Published: September 2017

The aim of this special issue is to present and pursue the challenging discussions about the links between gestures and signs and their theoretical and methodological impact that took place during the GDR ADYLOC workshop (GDR CNRS 3195) on April 4–5 2014 at Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris. The ADYLOC research group (led by Maya Hickmann and financed by the CNRS between 2009 and 2015) assembled a large number of French specialists around the topic Languages, Oral Language and Cognition: Acquisition and Dysfunction. This setting favored high quality scientific exchanges that brought about new questions, opened new fields and lead to a number of collective research projects.
Deaf and hearing children’s picture naming
Authors: Thompson Robin L. , England Rachel , Woll Bencie , Lu Jenny , Mumford Katherine , Morgan Gary
Published: September 2017

Stefanini, Bello, Caselli, Iverson, & Volterra (2009) reported that Italian 24–36 month old children use a high proportion of representational gestures to accompany their spoken responses when labelling pictures. The two studies reported here used the same naming task with (1) typically developing 24–46-month-old hearing children acquiring English and (2) 24–63-month-old deaf children of deaf and hearing parents acquiring British Sign Language (BSL) and spoken English. In Study 1 children scored within the range of correct spoken responses previously reported, but produced very few representational gestures. However, when they did gesture, they expressed the same action meanings as reported in previous research. The action bias was also observed in deaf children of hearing parents in Study 2, who labelled pictures with signs, spoken words and gestures. The deaf group with deaf parents used BSL almost exclusively with few additional gestures. The function of representational gestures in spoken and signed vocabulary development is considered in relation to differences between native and non-native sign language acquisition.
La négation chez les enfants signeurs et non signeurs
Authors: Blondel Marion , Boutet Dominique , Beaupoil-Hourdel Pauline , Morgenstern Aliyah
Published: September 2017

Cet article présente une étude de cas de l’expression de la négation jusqu’à 3 ans chez quatre enfants évoluant dans des environnements langagiers différents : majoritairement monolingue (anglais, français, LSF) ou bilingue (LSF-français), majoritairement unimodal (modalité visuo-gestuelle de la LSF) ou bimodal (visuo-gestuelle et audio-vocale). Nous décrivons l’émergence et le développement d’une expression gestuelle multimodale, selon que la langue cible intègre (LSF) ou non (anglais, français) cette gestuelle dans sa grammaire, et explorons ainsi l’interface geste-signe. Nous nous attardons sur deux formes gestuelles présentes dans les productions de quatre enfants pour en déterminer les invariants kinésiologiques sous forme de « patrons gestuels contrastifs » et nous analysons la façon dont ces patrons dessinent des sous-ensembles sémantiques dans l’expression gestuelle de la négation et son acquisition.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate protects against H2O2-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Nagami Moe , Ito Yoshiaki , Nagasawa Takashi
Published: September 2017

Obesity is associated with systemic oxidative stress and leads to insulin resistance. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural dietary isothiocyanate, has been shown to have beneficial effects in improving cellular defense activities against oxidative stress through activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. However, little evidence exists if the antioxidative activity has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. Here, we tested the preventive potential of PEITC for impaired insulin-induced glucose uptake by oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment with PEITC increased the expression of antioxidative enzymes regulated by Nrf2 such as γ-glutamylcysteine-synthetase, heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase, and reduced oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Furthermore, PEITC restored impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, translocation of glucose transporter 4 and insulin signaling by H2O2. These results indicate that PEITC protected insulin-regulated glucose metabolism impaired by oxidative stress through the antioxidative activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Effect of lysine succinylation on the regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibitor, OdhI, involved in glutamate production inCorynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Komine-Abe Ayano , Nagano-Shoji Megumi , Kubo Shosei , Kawasaki Hisashi , Yoshida Minoru , Nishiyama Makoto , Kosono Saori
Published: September 2017

In Corynebacterium glutamicum, the activity of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (ODH) complex is negatively regulated by the unphosphorylated form of OdhI protein, which is critical for L-glutamate overproduction. We examined the potential impact of protein acylation at lysine (K)-132 of OdhI in C. glutamicum ATCC13032. The K132E succinylation-mimic mutation reduced the ability of OdhI to bind OdhA, the catalytic subunit of the ODH complex, which reduced the inhibition of ODH activity. In vitro succinylation of OdhI protein also reduced the ability to inhibit ODH, and the K132R mutation blocked the effect. These results suggest that succinylation at K132 may attenuate the OdhI function. Consistent with these results, the C. glutamicum mutant strain with OdhI-K132E showed decreased L-glutamate production. Our results indicated that not only phosphorylation but also succinylation of OdhI protein may regulate L-glutamate production in C. glutamicum.
Cdc42 regulates junctional actin but not cell polarization in the Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis
Authors: Zilberman Yuliya , Abrams Joshua , Anderson Dorian C. , Nance Jeremy
Published: September 2017

During morphogenesis, adherens junctions (AJs) remodel to allow changes in cell shape and position while preserving adhesion. Here, we examine the function of Rho guanosine triphosphatase CDC-42 in AJ formation and regulation during Caenorhabditis elegans embryo elongation, a process driven by asymmetric epidermal cell shape changes. cdc-42 mutant embryos arrest during elongation with epidermal ruptures. Unexpectedly, we find using time-lapse fluorescence imaging that cdc-42 is not required for epidermal cell polarization or junction assembly, but rather is needed for proper junctional actin regulation during elongation. We show that the RhoGAP PAC-1/ARHGAP21 inhibits CDC-42 activity at AJs, and loss of PAC-1 or the interacting linker protein PICC-1/CCDC85A-C blocks elongation in embryos with compromised AJ function. pac-1 embryos exhibit dynamic accumulations of junctional F-actin and an increase in AJ protein levels. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism for inhibiting junctional CDC-42 to control actin organization and AJ protein levels during epithelial morphogenesis.
A wound-healing program is hijacked to promote cancer metastasis
Authors: Ellisen Leif W.
Published: September 2017

In this issue of JEM, Sundaram et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20170354) report a mechanism by which the normal epithelial wound healing response is “hijacked” to promote invasion and metastasis in head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCCs), a finding that unveils new markers of poor outcomes and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Preparation of erosion and deposition investigations on plasma facing components in Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Dhard C P , Balden M , Braeuer T , Brezinsek S , Coenen J W , Dudek A , Ehrke G , Hathiramani D , Klose S , König R , Laux M , Linsmeier Ch , Manhard A , Masuzaki S , Mayer M , Motojima G , Naujoks D , Neu R , Neubauer O , Rack M , Ruset C , Schwarz-Selinger T , Pedersen T Sunn , Tokitani M , Unterberg B , Yajima M
Published: September 2017

In the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator with its twisted magnetic geometry the investigation of plasma wall interaction processes in 3D plasma configurations is an important research subject. For the upcoming operation phase i.e. OP1.2, three different types of material probes have been installed within the plasma vessel for the erosion/deposition investigations in selected areas with largely different expected heat load levels, namely, ≤10 MW m−2 at the test divertor units (TDU), ≤500 kW m−2 at the baffles, heat shields and toroidal closures and ≤100 kW m−2 at the stainless steel wall panels. These include 18 exchangeable target elements at TDU, about 30 000 screw heads at graphite tiles and 44 wafer probes on wall panels, coated with marker layers. The layer thicknesses, surface morphologies and the impurity contents were pre-characterized by different techniques and subjected to various qualification tests. The positions of these probes were fixed based on the strike line locations on the divertor predicted by field line diffusion and EMC3/EIRENE modeling calculations for the OP1.2 plasma configurations and availability of locations on panels in direct view of the plasma. After the first half of the operation phase i.e. OP1.2a the probes will be removed to determine the erosion/deposition pattern by post-mortem analysis and replaced by a new set for the second half of the operation phase, OP1.2b.
Kazhdan-Lusztig theory of super type D and quantum symmetric pairs
Authors: Bao Huanchen
Published: September 2017

We reformulate the Kazhdan-Lusztig theory for the BGG category

O

\mathcal {O}

of Lie algebras of type D via the theory of canonical bases arising from quantum symmetric pairs initiated by Weiqiang Wang and the author. This is further applied to formulate and establish for the first time the Kazhdan-Lusztig theory for the BGG category

O

\mathcal {O}

of the ortho-symplectic Lie superalgebra

o
s
p

(
2
m

|

2
n
)

\mathfrak {osp}(2m|2n)

.
Asymptotics of Racah polynomials with fixed parameters
Authors: Wang X.-S. , Wong R.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we investigate asymptotic behaviors of Racah polynomials with fixed parameters and scaled variable as the polynomial degree tends to infinity. We start from the difference equation satisfied by the polynomials and derive an asymptotic formula in the outer region via ratio asymptotics. Next, we find the asymptotic formulas in the oscillatory region via a simple matching principle. Unlike the varying parameter case considered in a previous paper, the zeros of Racah polynomials with fixed parameters may not always be real. For this unusual case, we also provide a standard method to determine the oscillatory curve which attracts the zeros of Racah polynomials when the degree becomes large.
Balanced subdivisions and flips on surfaces
Authors: Murai Satoshi , Suzuki Yusuke
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we show that two balanced triangulations of a closed surface are not necessarily connected by a sequence of balanced stellar subdivisions and welds. This answers a question posed by Izmestiev, Klee and Novik. We also show that two balanced triangulations of a closed surface are connected by a sequence of three local operations, which we call the pentagon contraction, the balanced edge subdivision and the balanced edge weld. In addition, we prove that two balanced triangulations of the

2
2

-sphere are connected by a sequence of pentagon contractions and their inverses if none of them are the octahedral sphere.
Almost sharp nonlinear scattering in one-dimensional Born-Infeld equations arising in nonlinear electrodynamics
Authors: Alejo Miguel , Muñoz Claudio
Published: September 2017

We study decay of small solutions of the Born-Infeld equation in 1+1 dimensions, a quasilinear scalar field equation modeling nonlinear electromagnetism, as well as branes in String theory and minimal surfaces in Minkowski space-times. From the work of Whitham, it is well known that there is no decay because of arbitrary solutions traveling to the speed of light just as linear wave equation. However, even if there is no global decay in 1+1 dimensions, we are able to show that all globally small

H

s
+
1

×

H
s

H^{s+1}\times H^s

,

s
>

1
2

s>\frac 12

solutions do decay to the zero background state in space, inside a strictly proper subset of the light cone. We prove this result by constructing a Virial identity related to a momentum law, in the spirit of works by Kowalczyk, Martel, and the second author, as well as a Lyapunov functional that controls the

H
˙

1

×

L
2

\dot H^1 \times L^2

energy.
Drosophila MIC60/mitofilin conducts dual roles in mitochondrial motility and crista structure
Authors: Tsai Pei-I , Papakyrikos Amanda M. , Hsieh Chung-Han , Wang Xinnan
Published: September 2017

MIC60/mitofilin constitutes a hetero-oligomeric complex on the inner mitochondrial membranes to maintain crista structure. However, little is known about its physiological functions. Here, by characterizing Drosophila MIC60 mutants, we define its roles in vivo. We discover that MIC60 performs dual functions to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. In addition to its canonical role in crista membrane structure, MIC60 regulates mitochondrial motility, likely by influencing protein levels of the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Miro that anchors mitochondria to the microtubule motors. Loss of MIC60 causes loss of Miro and mitochondrial arrest. At a cellular level, loss of MIC60 disrupts synaptic structure and function at the neuromuscular junctions. The dual roles of MIC60 in both mitochondrial crista structure and motility position it as a crucial player for cellular integrity and survival.
Hemodynamic forces can be accurately measured in vivo with optical tweezers
Authors: Harlepp Sébastien , Thalmann Fabrice , Follain Gautier , Goetz Jacky G.
Published: September 2017

Force sensing and generation at the tissue and cellular scale is central to many biological events. There is a growing interest in modern cell biology for methods enabling force measurements in vivo. Optical trapping allows noninvasive probing of piconewton forces and thus emerged as a promising mean for assessing biomechanics in vivo. Nevertheless, the main obstacles lie in the accurate determination of the trap stiffness in heterogeneous living organisms, at any position where the trap is used. A proper calibration of the trap stiffness is thus required for performing accurate and reliable force measurements in vivo. Here we introduce a method that overcomes these difficulties by accurately measuring hemodynamic profiles in order to calibrate the trap stiffness. Doing so, and using numerical methods to assess the accuracy of the experimental data, we measured flow profiles and drag forces imposed to trapped red blood cells of living zebrafish embryos. Using treatments enabling blood flow tuning, we demonstrated that such a method is powerful in measuring hemodynamic forces in vivo with accuracy and confidence. Altogether this study demonstrates the power of optical tweezing in measuring low range hemodynamic forces in vivo and offers an unprecedented tool in both cell and developmental biology.
Random Subgroups of Acylindrically Hyperbolic Groups and Hyperbolic Embeddings
Authors: Maher Joseph , Sisto Alessandro
Published: September 2017

Let $G$ be an acylindrically hyperbolic group. We consider a random subgroup $H$ in $G$, generated by a finite collection of independent random walks. We show that, with asymptotic probability one, such a random subgroup $H$ of $G$ is a free group, and the semidirect product of $H$ acting on $E(G)$ is hyperbolically embedded in $G$, where $E(G)$ is the unique maximal finite normal subgroup of $G$. Furthermore, with control on the lengths of the generators, we show that $H$ satisfies a small cancellation condition with asymptotic probability one.
High-fidelity phenotyping: richness and freedom from bias
Authors: Hripcsak George , Albers David J
Published: September 2017

Electronic health record phenotyping is the use of raw electronic health record data to assert characterizations about patients. Researchers have been doing it since the beginning of biomedical informatics, under different names. Phenotyping will benefit from an increasing focus on fidelity, both in the sense of increasing richness, such as measured levels, degree or severity, timing, probability, or conceptual relationships, and in the sense of reducing bias. Research agendas should shift from merely improving binary assignment to studying and improving richer representations. The field is actively researching new temporal directions and abstract representations, including deep learning. The field would benefit from research in nonlinear dynamics, in combining mechanistic models with empirical data, including data assimilation, and in topology. The health care process produces substantial bias, and studying that bias explicitly rather than treating it as merely another source of noise would facilitate addressing it.
Outcomes in Patients Treated with a Novel, Simple Method for Hemostasis of Dermal Avulsion Injuries
Authors: Dowling Sean Taylor , Lin Brian Wai
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE:

A recently described technique proposes a simple method to achieve permanent hemostasis of distal fingertip dermal avulsion injuries. It is simple to learn and easy to perform with readily available materials found in most emergency departments. However, long-term outcomes for patients treated with this technique have not yet been evaluated. A primary objective of the current article is to provide safety data for the technique using an off-label product indication.

SETTING:

Emergency department of Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, California.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Six patients were treated in the emergency department for fingertip dermal avulsion injuries using a tourniquet and tissue adhesive glue (Dermabond by Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey). Patients were subsequently contacted to assess healing and satisfaction with cosmetic outcome through interview and photographs of their wounds at 9 months following the date of injury.

RESULTS:

All 6 patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome of treatment, and none received a diagnosis of serious complications.

CONCLUSIONS:

This series demonstrates cosmetic outcomes for injuries treated with the technique, highlights potential problems that may be perceived by patients during their clinical course, and creates the groundwork for a larger clinical study examining the use of the technique.
Three-dimensional MRI analyses of prereduced femoral head sphericity in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip after Pavlik harness failure
Authors: Tsukagoshi Yuta , Kamada Hiroshi , Takeuchi Ryoko , Nakagawa Shogo , Tomaru Yohei , Kamegaya Makoto , Nishino Tomofumi , Okamoto Yoshikazu , Mishima Hajime , Yamazaki Masashi
Published: September 2017

We used three-dimensional (3D) MRI to assess the sphericity of the cartilaginous femoral head in developmental dysplasia of the hip. We assessed 21 children using 3D-MRI. The smallest sphere including the femoral head cartilage was drawn, the diameter was measured, and the center of the sphere was defined. We compared the diameters of the femoral heads between unaffected and diseased sides. The diameter of the affected side was smaller, with flattening at the posteromedial area and proximoposterior areas. 3D-MRI showed that the shape of the dislocated femoral head was aspherical with focal growth failure.
Time trends and spatial patterns in the mesothelioma incidence in Slovenia, 1961–2014
Authors: Zadnik Vesna , Primic Zakelj Maja , Jarm Katja , Zagar Tina
Published: September 2017

We aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variations in mesothelioma incidence in Slovenia for the last 50 years and, among these, to evaluate the consequences of asbestos usage. The incidence data from the population-based Cancer Registry of Republic of Slovenia for the period 1961–2014 were analysed. The data of asbestos imported to Slovenia were used as a proxy for asbestos exposure in manufacturing areas. Log-linear joinpoint regression and age–period–cohort Poisson models were used in the time-trend analysis. The mesothelioma maps were produced according to the method of local standardized incidence ratio estimates and are presented together with the map of Slovenian major asbestos-exposed locations. The maximum value of the asbestos import curve corresponds to the peak of mesothelioma curve exactly 30 years later. Both increases before the peak are comparable in time interval and steepness. The highest mesothelioma risk was detected for the cohort born between 1940 and 1944. In maps, the mesothelioma clusters manifest around known asbestos sources predominantly in the years 1980–1990, but in the last few years, the geographical distribution is more dispersed. The data from our long-existing population-based cancer registry provide a good insight into the on-going mesothelioma epidemic in Slovenia. Our results imply that the mesothelioma peak has already been reached in Slovenia. In the future, new cases will emerge more randomly throughout the country.
Family and Environmental Influences on Child Behavioral Health: The Role of Neighborhood Disorder and Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Wang Xiafei , Maguire-Jack Kathryn
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The Adverse Childhood Experiences study suggests childhood adversity is a “root” origin for health and human development. Newer research is examining the more immediate impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on child development and the impact of neighborhood environment on the likelihood of and prevention ACEs. The extent to which all of these aspects of the child context fit together remains unclear. The current study seeks to fill this gap examining the precursors for ACEs and the multitude of ways in which a child's home life can impact his or her development.

Methods:

Using data from 3001 mothers of children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study investigates the relationship between neighborhood disorder, ACEs, and child behavioral health. Using a path analysis, the direct and indirect relations between neighborhood disorder and child behavioral health are estimated, with ACEs as the key mediator.

Results:

The most common ACE in our study was intimate partner violence (IPV), followed by child emotional abuse. Neighborhood disorder is associated with higher levels of ACEs and is both directly and indirectly (through its relation with ACEs) negatively related to child behavioral health.

Conclusion:

Screening for ACEs for children living in disordered neighborhoods may help reduce those experiences and their impacts in this high-risk population. Preventive interventions related to IPV and child emotional abuse may be especially helpful.
Antinociceptive effects of JWH015 in female and male rats
Authors: Craft Rebecca M. , Greene Nicholas Z. , Wakley Alexa A.
Published: September 2017

Despite greater chronic pain prevalence in females compared with males, and the analgesic potential of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonists, CB2 agonists have rarely been tested in females. The aim of the present study was to compare the antinociceptive effects of a CB2-preferring agonist, (2-methyl-1-propyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenylmethanone (JWH015), in female and male rats against acute pain and persistent inflammatory pain. JWH015 (5–20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) produced dose-dependent and time-dependent increases in latency to respond on the tail withdrawal and paw pressure tests that did not differ statistically between the sexes. JWH015 dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity in both sexes, but was more potent in females than males. JWH015 produced little catalepsy in either sex. In females, the antinociceptive effects of JWH015 against acute pain were blocked by rimonabant and SR144528, whereas locomotor suppression was antagonized by rimonabant. When administered 3 days after intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant, JWH015 produced a significantly greater antiallodynic effect in females at the highest dose tested (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Antiallodynic effects of JWH015 were antagonized by rimonabant and SR144528 in both sexes. These studies indicate that systemically administered JWH015 produced antinociception that was both CB1 and CB2 receptor-mediated in both sexes. Unlike ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other nonselective cannabinoid agonists, the CB2-preferring agonist JWH015 may produce more equivalent antinociception in females and males.
Accuracy of tests used to detect infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic pregnant women: a systematic review
Authors: Sahi Siew-Veena , Rogozińska Ewelina , Sobhy Soha , Khan Khalid S.
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy is linked to increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and preterm birth. Currently, PCR or DNA-based tests are the gold standard when detecting the infection; however, they are costly and require access to specialist equipment. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the accuracy of available tests to detect infection in an asymptomatic pregnant population.

Recent findings

There was evidence of the superior accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests to cell culture in nonpregnant asymptomatic women; however, there are multiple commercial nucleic acid amplification tests with varying sensitivities and specificities. There is a gap in current literature on accuracy studies in an asymptomatic pregnant population, particularly within routine antenatal settings.

There is a need for a point-of-care test for Chlamydia in pregnancy. Future test accuracy studies for this population should aim to use a universally established reference standard. Further research should provide relevant evidence to guide practice.
Optimizing Nipple Position following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
Authors: Colwell Amy S. , Taylor Erin , Specht Michelle , Orringer Jay S.
Published: September 2017

Background:

The best treatment for nipple malposition following nipple-sparing mastectomy is prevention. This article reviews basic elements for success in nipple-sparing mastectomy and offers an option to patients with grade 2–3 breast ptosis who strongly desire to preserve the nipple.

Methods:

Retrospective review identified patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction.

Results:

Patient selection centered on realistic goals for postoperative breast size, nipple position, and when not to save the nipple. The choice of device considered projection and nipple centralization as equal components and led to wider, lower profile devices selectively for the first stage of reconstruction. In severe grade 2–3 nipple ptosis, an inferior vertical incision or wedge excision was used to enhance nipple position postoperatively. Eighteen consecutive patients underwent 32 implant-based breast reconstructions following nipple-sparing mastectomy with the vertical incision. The average age was 45 years old, and the average body mass index was 26.7. Direct-to-implant reconstruction was performed in 25%, whereas 75% had tissue expander-implant reconstruction. Overall complications included infection (3%) and nipple necrosis (3%) leading to explant in 1 reconstruction.

Conclusions:

The final nipple position following nipple-sparing mastectomy can be optimized with preoperative planning. The vertical incision, combined with proper patient selection and choice of device, may increase eligibility for nipple-sparing procedures in patients with grade 2–3 ptosis who desire nipple preservation.
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination Before 3 Years of Age and Subsequent Development of Asthma
Authors: Baxter Roger P. , Lewis Ned , Fireman Bruce , Hansen John , Klein Nicola P. , Ortiz Justin R.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are not licensed in children younger than 2 years of age because of a wheezing safety signal that has not been fully elucidated. In 2000, the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center conducted a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) of LAIV in children. As many of these children were still enrolled in Kaiser Permanente in 2014, we could assess the possible long-term association between LAIV and subsequent asthma diagnosis.

Methods:

We identified all children who were originally enrolled into the LAIV RCT at younger than 3 years of age. We followed up subjects until disenrollment from the health plan, a first diagnosis of asthma, or through the end of the study period in 2014. Asthma was defined by a first International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification code (493.*) assigned at an outpatient or emergency department encounter. We performed a survival analysis of time to first asthma diagnosis among children receiving LAIV or placebo with a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:

We identified 1151 children in the original RCT who were 12 through 35 months of age at the time of enrollment and who had received 2 doses of LAIV or placebo. A total of 767 (66.7%) RCT participants were still Kaiser Permanente Northern California members in 2014. There was no evidence of differential dropout by treatment group. The hazard ratio for new-onset asthma for LAIV recipients compared with placebo was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.88–1.41; P = 0.38).

Conclusions:

We found no evidence of increased risk of subsequent asthma diagnosis among children younger than 3 years of age who received LAIV compared with placebo.
Are we ready to treat hepatitis C virus in individuals with opioid use disorder: assessment of readiness in European countries on the basis of an expert-generated model
Authors: Wright Nat , Reimer Jens , Somaini Lorenzo , Roncero Carlos , Maremmani Icro , Simon Nicolas , Krajci Peter , Littlewood Richard , D’Agnone Oscar , Alho Hannu , Rolland Benjamin
Published: September 2017

Individuals with a history of injecting drugs have a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Many have a history of opioid use disorder (OUD). Despite novel treatments with improved efficacy and tolerability, treatment is limited in the group. A faculty of experts shared insights from clinical practice to develop an HCV care-readiness model. Evidence and expert knowledge was collected. Ten experts developed a model of three factors (with measures): ‘healthcare engagement’, ‘guidance’ and ‘place’. Overall, 40–90% of individuals with OUD engage with drug treatment services. Ten of 12 HCV guidelines provided specific advice for the OUD population. Ten of 12 OUD care guidelines provided useful HCV care advice. In 11 of 12 cases, location of HCV/drug treatment care was in different places. This readiness assessment shows that there are important limitations to successful HCV care in OUD. Specific actions should be taken: maintain/increase access to OUD treatment services/opioid agonist therapy, updating HCV guidance, locate care in the same place and allow wider prescribing of anti HCV medicines.
Autoimmune acute liver failure and seronegative autoimmune liver disease in children: Are they different from classical disease?
Authors: Jain Vikas , Srivastava Anshu , Yachha Surender K. , Kumari Niraj , Kathuria Rachana , Sarma Moinak S. , Poddar Ujjal , Krishnani Narendra
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Presentation as autoimmune acute liver failure (AI-ALF) and seronegative autoimmune liver disease (SN-AILD) represents two uncommon variants of AILD. We compared the clinical profile and outcome of AI-ALF with autoimmune-non-acute liver failure (AI-non-ALF) and also SN-AILD with seropositive autoimmune liver disease (SP-AILD).

Materials and methods

Children managed as AI-ALF and AI-non-ALF including SN-AILD and SP-AILD were enrolled and compared. AI-non-ALF was diagnosed by simplified diagnostic criteria and AI-ALF by Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group criteria with positive autoantibody, exclusion of other etiologies, elevated immunoglobulin G and histology when available.

Results

Seventy children [AI-ALF=15 and AI-non-ALF=55 (SN-AILD=11, SP-AILD=44)] were evaluated. Age at presentation [7 (1.2–16) vs. 9 (2–17) years] percentage of female patients (67 vs. 62%), and AILD type (type II, 53 vs. 31%) were similar in AI-ALF and AI-non-ALF patients], respectively. 8/15 AI-ALF cases were treated with steroids (improved-4, liver transplant-1, and death-3) and 7/15 died before initiation of therapy. Hepatic encephalopathy (100 vs. 16.3%; P<0.001), massive hepatic necrosis (60 vs. 0%; P<0.001), and higher pediatric end-stage liver disease [n=53, 29.9 (13.1–56.9) vs. 9.8 (−10–28.7) P<0.001], model for end-stage liver disease [n=17, 38.5 (24–46) vs. 18 (6–24); P=0.005], and Child–Turcotte–Pugh [n=70, 13 (8–13) vs. 9 (5–13); P<0.001] scores were features of AI-ALF. Poorer response to immunosuppression (4/8 vs. 48/55; P=0.02) and higher mortality (11/15 vs. 4/55; P=0.0001) were seen in AI-ALF than in AI-non-ALF patients. Clinicolaboratory profile, therapeutic response, and outcome were similar in SN-AILD and SP-AILD.

Conclusion

AI-ALF is characterized by poorer liver function, lower response to immunosuppression, and higher mortality compared with SP or SN AI-non-ALF, which are similar.
The overlap of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional constipation in children: the efficacy of constipation treatment
Authors: Baran Masallah , Cagan Appak Yeliz , Karakoyun Miray , Yalcinkaya Sevda , Eliacik Kayi , Dundar Bumin N.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

This study was designed to investigate the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children with functional constipation (FC). It was structured to assess the improvement level in reflux symptoms by measuring the acid reflux in these patients after they had received FC treatment.

Methods

Ninety-four children who suffered from constipation were evaluated prospectively. Data forms were completed to assess the GERD symptoms in all the cases. Twenty-four-hour pH meter monitoring was performed in 55 of the patients with GERD symptoms. The cases with abnormal acid reflux were treated by conventional therapy for FC. These cases were re-evaluated for GERD symptoms and weekly defecation frequency, and 24-h pH meter monitoring was performed at the end of a 3-month period.

Results

An abnormal level of acid reflux was determined in 23 of the 55 cases. After the constipation treatment, a significant improvement was achieved in the acid reflux index and GERD symptoms, whereas the weekly defecation frequency increased.

Conclusion

GERD is a frequent problem in children with FC. Treatment of the constipation can improve the reflux symptoms and abnormal acid reflux in these cases. Physicians should bear in mind the co-occurrence of these two prevalent problems for better disease management.
Investigating the Geographic Distribution of Shigellosis Among Men and Women in Massachusetts: Possible Implications for Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Goulart Michael A. , Wurcel Alysse G. , Stopka Thomas J.
Published: September 2017

Shigellosis has emerged as a nontraditional sexually transmitted infection with high rates among men who have sex with men. Although anecdotal evidence has surfaced regarding shigellosis clustering among men who have sex with men in Massachusetts, little scientific research documents these occurrences. We present the first spatial distribution of shigellosis across Massachusetts.
An Application of Syndemic Theory to Identify Drivers of the Syphilis Epidemic Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Ferlatte Olivier , Salway Travis , Samji Hasina , Dove Naomi , Gesink Dionne , Gilbert Mark , Oliffe John L. , Grennan Troy , Wong Jason
Published: September 2017

Background

We applied syndemic theory to explore the degree to which syndemic conditions explain the syphilis epidemic affecting Canadian gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM).

Methods

Data from a national survey comprising 7872 GBMSM were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to measure associations between recent syphilis diagnosis (RSD; in previous 12 months) and the following variables: (1) sociodemographic information (sexuality, HIV status, age, income, ethnicity, relationship status), (2) antigay stigma (bullying, physical violence, sexual violence, career discrimination, health care discrimination), (3) syndemic conditions (suicidality, intimate partner violence, depression, illicit substance use, binge drinking), (4) sexual behaviors, (5) health care discrimination, and (6) the cumulative count of antigay experiences and syndemic conditions.

Results

Three percent (n = 235) of GBMSM surveyed reported an RSD. Men were more likely to report an RSD if they were HIV positive (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.66–8.43). Recent syphilis diagnosis was also positively associated with career discrimination, health care discrimination, substance use, and intimate partner violence. Furthermore, prevalence of RSD increased with each additional form of stigma or syndemic condition. The odds of reporting RSD was 5.2 (95% CI, 1.0–25.9) times higher for men who reported experiencing all 4 forms of antigay stigma compared with those who reported no stigma, after adjusting for sociodemographics. Similarly, the adjusted odds of reporting RSD was 12.2 (95% CI, 2.0%–74.8%) times higher for GBMSM experiencing 5 syndemic conditions compared with those reporting no syndemic conditions.

Conclusions

Evidence from this large cross-sectional study suggests that the Canadian syphilis epidemic among GBMSM is being driven by a syndemic constituted by multiple social and psychological conditions. Interventions addressing specific psychosocial health outcomes that increase the risk for syphilis should be developed and integrated within targeted sexual health services and syphilis prevention initiatives.
There Are No Magic Bullets in Hematopathology: Even Immunostains for CD20 and CD3 Can Get You Into Trouble
Authors: Ferry Judith A.
Published: September 2017

Immunohistochemistry is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and subclassification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. However, the expression of certain markers is not always as expected, and unusual patterns of staining can lead to misdiagnosis. CD20 and CD3 are our most commonly used markers for identification of B cells and T cells, respectively, and they almost always yield reliable, specific staining. This discussion focuses on diagnostic pitfalls related to the use of immunohistochemistry for CD20 and CD3 in hematopathology, and specifically on diagnostic challenges that arise when (1) CD20 is not expressed in B-cell lymphomas, when (2) CD20 is expressed in plasma cell neoplasms and T-cell lymphomas, and when (3) CD3 is expressed in B-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: Moving Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2
Authors: Hoang Lien N. , Gilks Blake C.
Published: September 2017

The recent implementation of next generation sequencing and multigene platforms has expanded the spectrum of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, beyond the traditional genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. A large number of other moderate penetrance genes have now been uncovered, which also play critical roles in repairing double stranded DNA breaks through the homologous recombination pathway. This review discusses the landmark discoveries of BRCA1 and BRCA2, the homologous repair pathway and new genes discovered in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, as well as their clinicopathologic significance and implications for genetic testing. It also highlights the new role of PARP inhibitors in the context of synthetic lethality and prophylactic surgical options.
Factors Associated With Pediatric Ventilator-Associated Conditions in Six U.S. Hospitals: A Nested Case-Control Study*
Authors: Cocoros Noelle M. , Priebe Gregory , Gray James E. , Toltzis Philip , Larsen Gitte Y. , Logan Latania K. , Coffin Susan , Sammons Julia S. , Deakins Kathleen , Horan Kelly , Lakoma Matthew , Young Jessica , Burton Michael , Klompas Michael , Lee Grace M.
Published: September 2017

Objectives:

A newly proposed surveillance definition for ventilator-associated conditions among neonatal and pediatric patients has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality among ventilated patients in cardiac ICU, neonatal ICU, and PICU. This study aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with pediatric ventilator-associated conditions.

Design:

Retrospective cohort.

Setting:

Six U.S. hospitals

Patients:

Children less than or equal to 18 years old ventilated for greater than or equal to 1 day.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

We identified children with pediatric ventilator-associated conditions and matched them to children without ventilator-associated conditions. Medical records were reviewed for comorbidities and acute care factors. We used bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models to identify factors associated with ventilator-associated conditions. We studied 192 pairs of ventilator-associated conditions cases and matched controls (113 in the PICU and cardiac ICU combined; 79 in the neonatal ICU). In the PICU/cardiac ICU, potential risk factors for ventilator-associated conditions included neuromuscular blockade (odds ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.08–4.87), positive fluid balance (highest quartile compared with the lowest, odds ratio, 7.76; 95% CI, 2.10–28.6), and blood product use (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.70–3.28). Weaning from sedation (i.e., decreasing sedation) or interruption of sedation may be protective (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.18–1.11). In the neonatal ICU, potential risk factors included blood product use (odds ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.02–8.78), neuromuscular blockade use (odds ratio, 3.96; 95% CI, 0.93–16.9), and recent surgical procedures (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 0.77–6.28). Weaning or interrupting sedation was protective (odds ratio, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01–0.79).

Conclusions:

In mechanically ventilated neonates and children, we identified several possible risk factors associated with ventilator-associated conditions. Next steps include studying propensity-matched cohorts and prospectively testing whether changes in sedation management, transfusion thresholds, and fluid management can decrease pediatric ventilator-associated conditions rates and improve patient outcomes.
Ganglioneuroblastoma Arising in an Ovarian Dermoid Cyst: First Report in the Literature
Authors: Rajendran Simon , Jensen Debra , McCluggage W. Glenn
Published: September 2017

The development of a somatic neoplasm within an ovarian dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma) is a rare, but well described, phenomenon which occurs in approximately 1% of all cases. Any of the tissue components of a dermoid cyst has the potential to undergo neoplastic transformation with carcinoid tumors and squamous cell carcinomas being among the most common neoplasms. We report a case of a ganglioneuroblastoma arising within an ovarian dermoid cyst, an association which, as far as we are aware, has not been described previously.
The Americleft Project: A Modification of Asher-McDade Method for Rating Nasolabial Esthetics in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using Q-sort
Authors: Stoutland Alicia , Long Ross E. , Mercado Ana , Daskalogiannakis John , Hathaway Ronald R. , Russell Kathleen A. , Singer Emily , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William C.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate ways to improve rater reliability and satisfaction in nasolabial esthetic evaluations of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), by modifying the Asher-McDade method with use of Q-sort methodology. Blinded ratings of cropped photographs of one hundred forty-nine 5- to 7-year-old consecutively treated patients with complete UCLP from 4 different centers were used in a rating of frontal and profile nasolabial esthetic outcomes by 6 judges involved in the Americleft Project's intercenter outcome comparisons. Four judges rated in previous studies using the original Asher-McDade approach. For the Q-sort modification, rather than projection of images, each judge had cards with frontal and profile photographs of each patient and rated them on a scale of 1 to 5 for vermillion border, nasolabial frontal, and profile, using the Q-sort method with placement of cards into categories 1 to 5. Inter- and intrarater reliabilities were calculated using the Weighted Kappa (95% confidence interval). For 4 raters, the reliabilities were compared with those in previous studies. There was no significant improvement in inter-rater reliabilities using the new method. Intrarater reliability consistently improved. All raters preferred the Q-sort method with rating cards rather than a PowerPoint of photos, which improved internal consistency in rating compared to previous studies using the original Asher-McDade method. All raters preferred this method because of the ability to continuously compare photos and adjust relative ratings between patients.