bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Family Novel in Russia and England, 1800-1880
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

This book offers a new understanding of the relationship between family structures and narrative structure in the nineteenth-century novel. Comparing Russia and England, it argues that the two nations had fundamentally different conceptions of the family and that these, in turn, shaped the way they constructed plots. The English placed primary value on the vertical, diachronic family axis—looking back to ancestors and head to progeny—while the Russians emphasized the lateral, synchronic axis—family expanding outward in the present from nuclear core, to extended and chosen kin. This difference shaped the way authors plotted consanguineal relations, courtship and marriage, and alternative kinship constructions. Idealizing the domestic sphere and emphasizing family continuity, the English novel made family a conservative force, while Russian novels approached it as a backward site of patriarchal tyranny in desperate need of reform. Russian family plots offered a progressive, liberalizing push toward new, nontraditional family constructions. The book's comparative approach calls for a re-evaluation of reigning theories of the novel, theories that are based on the linear English family model and cannot accommodate the more complex, Russian alternative. It reveals where these theories fall short, explains the reasons for their shortcomings, and offers a new way of conceptualizing family's role in shaping the nineteenth-century novel. Classics from Dickens, Eliot, and Trollope, to Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Turgenev are contextualized in the broader literary landscape of their day, and Russia's great women writers regain their rightful place alongside their male counterparts as the book draws together family history, literary analysis, and novel theory.
Introduction
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

The introduction lays out England and Russia’s contrasting family models. The English prioritized the vertical, generational family axis—focusing on origins, lineage, and descent—while the Russians emphasized the lateral axis—focusing on expansive kinship networks in the here and now. These differing conceptions of the family shaped narrative form. Many standard theories of the novel make assumptions based on the English family model and the linear structures it enforces; adding Russia into the picture offers a challenge to these theories. In both countries, the stakes for writing about the family in the nineteenth century were high, as it was often held up as the building block and model in microcosm for the State. Novels and literary criticism were a crucial site of social critique.
Contrasting Family Models
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

Chapter 1 brings readers into the worlds of Russia and England in the nineteenth century, exploring the large structural forces that shaped the two nations’ differing conceptions of the family. The English obsession with lineage was predicated on a sense of stability: rights were inherited like family estates and passed down generation to generation. In Russia, where the Tsar could (and often did) confiscate wealthy families’ property, people lived with a kind of radical uncertainty that made them focus on the present. This opposition underlies the English vertical model of family and the custom of primogeniture versus the Russian partible model of inheritance that spread family concern outward in the present. The chapter also explains the different constructions of social class in Russia and England, making clear the two models for attaining gentry status in Russia (hereditary or earned through service) that also weakened the importance of ancestry.
Brothers
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 explores the plotlines for brothers. In the English novel, when brothers take center stage, their standard plotline is romantic rivalry, and the second brother cannot be accommodated in the novel’s conclusion. Resolution most often comes through removing a brother (usually through his death). The Russians, by contrast, gave brothers a central role in their reconfiguring of family plots. With a partible inheritance system that equalized siblings and reduced structural tensions, they were free to create plots that were not progressive—driven toward the telos of a singular heir—but instead focused on the challenges of lateral bonds in the here and now. Blood kinship (rodstvo) is not only about bloodline, but also about the clan of kin who share in it. The narrative structure this creates is more of a woven mesh than a spun-out line. This type of lateral plotting is directly related to the structure of the Russian family.
Alternative Family Models in Time
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter looks at alternatives to the nuclear family norm: blended, extended, and chosen family. It argues that the vertical family axis, with its focus on ancestry and futurity, is a conservative force that must be weakened for alternative family formations to arise and thrive. The lack of concern for producing a singular heir to continue the line enables family to expand in the present. Such conditions appear frequently in Russia, where many people saw a historical breakdown in the vertical family model. In England, where there was still faith in the patriarchal family ideal, more extreme conditions were needed to remove the emphasis from the bloodline. English novels that embraced alternative family tended to have an absent vertical (e.g. orphaned hero) or a queer challenge to reproductive futurity.
1968, 1969: Social Protest, European ‘Revival’
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara
Published: November 2022

This chapter shows how, at the end of the 1960s, some new concern emerged for the ‘social dimension’ of European integration. First, the uprisings of 1968 and rising economic and monetary turmoil started to alert European political elites of the need to make up the European Community’s (EC’s) social deficit. Second, the late 1960s saw an evolution of many forces of the Left—in particular, socialist and communist parties, and their ‘sister’ trade unions—towards a position of ‘pro-European’ reformism. Finally, this ‘European turn’ occasioned intensifying calls for a more ambitious European social policy and more inclusion of trade unions in European policymaking, and started opening new perspectives. The European revival decided by European governments in 1969 at The Hague, despite its meagre commitment on social issues, paved the way for a broader rethinking of Europe’s social purpose.
Introduction
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna
Published: November 2022

The introduction reconstructs how Italy occupied an ambiguous position in the nuclear age: the position of the bystander. It establishes a parallel between the Italian nation’s irrelevance and complicity and the Italian intellectual’s irrelevance and complicity, framing the bystander as a simultaneously geopolitical and literary category. After setting out the book’s key terms and claims, the introduction outlines five rhetorical strategies for the nuclear age: journalism’s extreme simplification, science-fiction’s use of massively expanded temporal and spatial scales, the koan’s critique of instrumental reasoning, the literary inquiry’s dismantling of historical connections, and the essay-film’s critique of the passive spectator. It is through these tactics that Italian intellectuals tried to counter the metaphysical intractability of the nuclear question, containing it inside forms that made it concretely approachable.
Expand Responsibility
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna
Published: November 2022

This chapter re-examines Italo Calvino’s “lightness” through the filter of his apocalyptic obsession, demonstrating how the science-fiction meta-narrative he employs in his later works is far from being playful; it should be understood instead as the only feasible way to represent a reality imbued with the simulation that characterized the Cold War era. The chapter focuses especially on the collection Cosmicomics, written shortly after the Cuban missile crisis. In it, Calvino contemplates the original possibility of existing precisely at the time when the threat of collective extinction was so deeply engrained in the collective imagination. These stories—whose narrator is non-human but patterned on anthropomorphic categories, and who fluctuates between multiple and incommensurable time scales—also offer the opportunity to reflect on the ethical aspects associated with these constant breaks with the human scale of perception. The collection invites readers to expand their moral imagination and hone their sense of responsibility for the long-term consequences of their actions.
Minority Governments in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Andrew , Whitaker Richard
Published: November 2022

This chapter shows how the office-seeking goals of the Conservative and Labour Parties interact with those of smaller policy-seeking parties to ensure that minority government is the preferred option in minority situations in the UK. The chapter examines two types of minority situation: first, when no party wins a majority in an election and second, when the governing party loses its majority between elections. We show that the same dynamics that see minority governments form in the aftermath of an election also allow governing parties to stay in office after losing their majority. The electoral dominance of the two main parties ensures the largest party often only needs support of one other party, but it also reduces the number of potential support parties. The premium that smaller parties with a geographic base receive under the single-member plurality (SMP) electoral system means larger parties must often look to regional parties for support. The scarcity of such parties, multilevel territorial considerations and the centralized control of government spending in the UK means regional parties look to extract policy rewards without incurring the costs of entering national government. Larger parties then use the strong agenda-setting powers afforded governments in the UK to maintain control over policy-making. This has seen minority governments perform more effectively than might be anticipated. Interestingly, when minority government has performed ineffectively, such as in late-2019, it has resulted as much or more from dissent within the governing party than from divisions between support parties and those in office.
Free Movement
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Butlin Sarah Fraser
Published: November 2022

The area of free movement presents an interesting case study of, on the one hand, autonomy by the member states and, on the other hand, its erosion as the EU tries to exert its influence and control over the operation of a key pillar of the single market project. These tensions and schisms will be explored through two stories: first, the development of free movement of workers under Article 45 TFEU and second, the development of the EU’s approach to social welfare benefits. We wish to argue that these two stories show a historic and continued contestation between autonomy asserted by the member states, especially concerning social welfare benefits, and control asserted by the EU. In the case of the UK, that tension became so great that it ultimately resulted in the dramatic departure of the second largest member state from the EU, as the narrative took hold that, as a result of free movement, the UK was unable to ‘control its own borders’.
A Preacher’s Daughter
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines how going to elementary school in Birmingham gave Margaret Walker a grasp of the South in terms of its symbols, myths, and rituals. Once she began to understand that she was going to school to learn to be a writer, she absorbed the poetic elements that she thought would be useful. Although the contrasting vision of the South as a place to love and hate offered Walker the emotional basis for a relationship with the South that would find fuller expression in Chicago, Birmingham provided her the fragments that her imagination devoured, storing them for her later use. Meanwhile, Rev. Walker continued to serve as the key to his daughter’s intellectual development. Spending these years in the Alabama Black Belt under her father’s watchful eye, seeing herself as her father’s child, and seeking his deliberate approval made it easier to accept her mother's constant reminder that she was a preacher’s daughter. More important, perhaps, she shared her father’s lyrical imagination.
Colleagues and Comrades
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter illustrates how, almost two months after she had begun working at the Writers’ Project, Margaret Walker received a postcard inviting her to the organizing meeting for a group of Negro writers. The card was signed “Richard Wright.” Although they were now coworkers, most of what she knew about Wright came from conversations with others rather than with him. She doubted if he had remembered her from the American Writers Congress meeting where Langston Hughes had introduced them, but she was nonetheless pleased to be identified as part of a group who would soon have its own moniker, “South Side Writers.” Walker connected immediately to Wright’s ideas, after having discovered the power in his prose. In his view, the network of Black intellectuals at the Writers’ Project had an opportunity to envision a different context in which Negro writing could develop. The John Reed Club was the model for the South Side Writers Group, and, in Wright’s view, the ideal of communism did not necessarily have to be unifying factor among them. What communism did for him in part was to demonstrate the importance of collective work.
Jubilee
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter explains that never had there been such fierce competition between the two sides of Margaret Walker’s self than after her return from Iowa: the writer committed to a public art, and the wife and mother on whom her family was almost entirely dependent. The tension between duty and desire was the constant driving force in her life, feeding her creative energies. As she grew older with increased responsibilities, any reconciliation of her separate spheres through her art was harder to achieve. The chapter then looks at Margaret Walker’s Jubilee. Although the novel began as the coming-of-age story of a young girl enslaved from birth, she gave more focus to her interior life as a mature woman, mother, and wife against the backdrop of slavery’s demise, the birth of a free Black community in the South, and the choices that people made, choices that were neither easy nor always clear. Jubilee, as an analogue for historically situated slavery-to-freedom-and-after encounters, verified through painstaking research, defies sentimentality, even with its love triangle.
To Teach, to Lead, to Change the World
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter begins by looking at an unpublished poem written shortly after Margaret Walker returned home to Jackson in June 1969, which reveals ripened insights and a renewal of her creative energies. “The Aquarium,” a rare appearance among pages of critical commentary, social analysis, and planning notes, considers the impact of spatial confinement. The reversal of her own life pattern—starting from the South rather than the North—reflects the psychological moment of the poem’s composition, as much as it privileges her return to her native South. The chapter then considers how a December 1969 police raid of the Black Panther headquarters in Chicago and the resulting death of Illinois leader Fred Hampton fueled some of Walker’s strongest revolutionary rhetoric. Horrified by this overt display of police brutality under government sanction, and having no other outlet to express her rage, she turned again to her journal. In one of her legendary critiques of the US response to race relations, she argued the importance of revolutionary organizations for social change.
Fame and Infamy
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses how Margaret Walker’s activities for the remainder of the 1970s showed a singleness of purpose. She held firm to her belief that education must manifest a liberation agenda. Walker’s focus continued to be providing increased recognition for Black writers and their writing within the South Concerned that even those considered Southern writers had gained recognition writing outside the South, she emphasized what could and should be done within the South. One of the most heated debates of the period was over the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, spurred on by the 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade that protected a woman’s right to have an abortion. Walker’s interest in and writing about the Women’s Movement, however, proceeded from a distance. She had written that all Black women lived in a “male oriented and male dominated white world,” and felt strongly about the need for greater recognition of women. But philosophical and personal reasons removed her from the radical Black feminism that she saw emerging.
Diffusion of News Nerds
Authors: Kosterich Allie
Published: November 2022

This chapter traces the overall objectification and justification of news nerds as a solution to the ongoing challenges faced by the news industry. Furthermore, in addition to the analysis of interviews and industry documents, an examination of this last institutional change factor provides for a supplementary data source. In receiving access to an exclusive data set of journalism industry job listings, the chapter quantitatively and qualitatively provides evidence of the growing diffusion of news nerds throughout the news industry over time. Here again, the case study of journalist employment networks further complements these findings by demonstrating how the diffusion patterns are enacted at the organizational and professional levels.
Institutional Augmentation and the Future of News Nerds
Authors: Kosterich Allie
Published: November 2022

The final chapter reviews the argument in an integrated fashion and then explores the implications of institutional augmentation and news nerds. First, the chapter points to key concerns at the industry level as newsrooms start to think about managing new professional positions (e.g., designing career paths, role evaluation, and newsroom integration). Second, it discusses the implications at a societal level as new skill sets and new ways of understanding and producing news start to collide with the old routines of journalism. Finally, the chapter elaborates on the significance of institutional augmentation as an explanatory framework for change in both theoretical and practical contexts.
Intelligence Support to Diplomacy
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

To prepare for the coming chapters on diplomatic intelligence, this chapter discusses the similarities and differences between military and diplomatic decision-making. “Diplomacy” is discussed in its broadest sense as the development, clarification, and representation of foreign policies to and from foreign governments, including intelligence gathering and negotiation. “Diplomatic operations” are the logistics of diplomacy. Although the requirements for intelligence support to diplomacy and diplomatic operations overlap with support to the military, there are differences: (1) Diplomats bargain, logroll, and trade with adversaries, sometimes to gain win-win outcomes. (2) Chiefs of mission tend to be more wary than their military counterparts are of incompatible, clandestine intelligence operations because such activities put diplomatic decision advantage at risk for the seemingly lesser goal of intelligence advantage. (3) Diplomacy involves the management of global politics, making the terrain of uncertainty and the geographic reach of collection potentially larger than that of the military in peacetime. (4) Unlike military intelligence, diplomacy has traditionally (and wrongly) prioritized policy requirements (negotiations, reporting, and policymaking) over logistics (embassy construction, operations, communications, and logistics) when seeking intelligence support. (5) Unlike in the military, foreign policymaking and diplomacy have informal and sometimes seemingly arbitrary chains of command; decision-makers may change often, requiring a redirection of intelligence flows. Diplomacy involves influencing multiple foreign governments so selective secrecy (agility in the classification and declassification of intelligence) is often more important than it is to military operations, except perhaps when the latter involves conducting joint operations with allies.
Knowledge and Diplomacy in the Era of Total War
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

The years encompassing WWI and WWII, roughly from 1880 to 1945, suffered from a unified but persistently dark terrain of uncertainty. Power relationships were in constant flux due to the effects of the industrial revolution, and decision-making was opaque due to the decline of monarchical authorities. The British Empire was stretched, the Ottoman Empire folding, and Austria-Hungary was tottering in the center of Europe. The greatest uncertainties destined to shape early twentieth-century diplomacy concerned (1) the relationship of industrial advances to military power and planning; (2) the volatility of rebalancing British and German power; (3) decision-making authorities within modernizing governments; (4) the impact on state power of a more educated and mobilized citizenry; and (5) the impact of institutionalized intelligence on diplomacy and state power.
The Twenty-First-Century Terrain of Uncertainty
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

The twenty-first century terrain offers two broad types of uncertainties: those related to traditional forms of power (military, territory, demographics, and wealth), and those having to do with nontraditional forms related to intelligence (capacities to learn, whether through a traditional intelligence system or not). With respect to the former, the United States, Russia, China, and Europe will remain the principal great powers coping with their conflicting interests, changing power relationships and the effects of climate change, such as mass migration and a warming Arctic. The information revolution—the second basket of uncertainties—has affected states’ relative capacities to manage instability and disorder. The rapidly advancing, intelligence-based forms of power will allow hacker-enabled nonstate actors and wealthy corporations such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Alibaba to influence international politics at an unprecedented scale. They will vie with traditional intelligence services over control of competitive learning, and will punch above their weight as they buy and sell intelligence services to states. Countries that foster innovation and private-sector alliances will likely gain intelligence advantages over others. Without wise pursuit and careful management of such alliances, however, authoritarians will have growing capacities for social and political influence, deception, and cyberwar.
Introduction
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: November 2022

The introduction previews the main argument of the book: popular but misleading claims about free speech crises, a lack of intellectual diversity, and coddled students on college campuses are key tenets of misinformation about higher education that emerged in the mid-2010s and continue to grow in popularity today. The introduction explains how subsequent chapters support this argument on two related tracks: by detailing patterns of misinformation about higher education specifically while also emphasizing how such misinformation may indicate rising pro-authoritarian sentiment in the United States. The introduction also explains why the book focuses on the language of campus misinformation, meaning recurrent key terms and lines of argument, and previews chapters to come by explaining how each chapter examines an important term or concept in popular debates about higher education. Such introductory content establishes the book’s aim to promote more constructive public dialogue about the value of higher education to democracy.
Mobs and Shutdowns
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: November 2022

This chapter shows how campus misinformation evolved in the late 2010s to popularize an alternative reality of student mobs that shut down or cancel most outside speakers on most university campuses. That stage of campus misinformation generated intense animus against higher education and lasting false impressions about university affairs. Sensationalized narratives of campus mobs, shutdowns, and cancellations, the chapter argues, project a misleading alternative reality of higher education while mischaracterizing freely exercised rights of protest and social advocacy as inherently radical or dangerous—both on college campuses and in society at large. The chapter supports its main claims by illustrating how campus misinformation relies on abuses of anecdotal evidence. It concludes that sensationalism about student mobs and shutdowns of invited speakers offer dubious methods for substantively addressing incidents of violence and extreme ideological conflict where and when they do appear on college campuses.
Rebuilding a Bridge and a Community
Authors: Low Setha
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4. Rebuilding a Bridge and a Community: Health an Resilience at Walkway Over Hudson, Poughkeepsie, New York tells the story of the rebuilding of a derelict railroad bridge between Poughkeepsie and Highland (in New York State’s Hudson Valley) to create a linear park. The ethnography of Walkway Over the Hudson Historical Park reveals the potential of a resident-initiated intervention to transform the health, well-being, and the resilience of a small city. The over one-mile-long expanse crossing the Hudson River encourages physical exercise and mental health by offering an accessible, safe, and scenic place. The study establishes that this positive relationship is not attributed solely to the presence or absence of green or blue space. Equally important are the social aspects of having a place to walk, socialize, and be with other people.
Happiness, Theirs and Ours
Authors: Austin Emily A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the Epicurean conception of happiness. While Epicurus’ hedonism sets him apart from other Ancient Greek philosophical schools, he agrees with his anti-hedonist competitors on two important fronts: (1) happiness requires virtue, and (2) we can be mistaken about whether we are happy. Both claims might strike us as non-starters. Happiness and ethics appear largely unrelated, as unvirtuous people often seem happy, and virtuous people often appear miserable. We also generally let others be the judge of their own happiness. This chapter contends that we might be more sympathetic than we think to the Ancient Greek conception of happiness as objective, even on the Epicurean assumption that happiness is cashed out in pleasure and the absence of anxiety.
That Old Time Religion
Authors: Austin Emily A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores Epicurus’ distinctive and controversial views about religious belief and observance. Given the central role of piety in Epicurus’ doctrinal texts, it might seem surprising that he has been both celebrated and reviled as an atheist. Epicurus argues that gods exist because humans share a common conception of divine existence—a “basic grasp” of a perfection around which we can orient our lives and values. This commitment to the “basic grasp,” however, leads him to stridently reject some common religious beliefs as impious and unscientific. Specifically, he argues that it is impious to think that the gods concern themselves with rewarding or punishing human beings, and he denies the existence of an afterlife. Epicurus also denies that the gods create, sustain, or destroy the universe, as the universe results from the regular and sometimes spontaneous interaction of atoms. This chapter explains the reasoning underlying Epicurus’ chief criticisms of popular religion and considers what kind of religious belief and practice might remain for an Epicurean.
Practicing Epicureanism
Authors: Austin Emily A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers practical advice for incorporating Epicureanism into daily living. Epicurus did not consider his philosophy an academic exercise—he intended it to be lived. The key to living as an Epicurean is a clear-eyed assessment of our desires and priorities. We each have our own dispositional strengths and weaknesses, so some of the labour of applying Epicureanism to our lives requires self-reflection and practice. Epicurus provides some general tips on evaluating our desires, re-orienting our priorities, and focusing our attention on what matters for stable happiness. Sometimes we need to change our mind, sometimes we need to change our environment, and sometimes we need to study the world.
King of All the Scots
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The victory of Mac bethad (Macbeth) over Duncan in 1040 united the Scots. For the next seventeen years, he faced challenges to his rule and showed innovation. There was a rebellion by Duncan’s family, the flight of Duncan’s sons from the kingdom, Macbeth’s royal pilgrimage to Rome, his reception of French-speaking émigrés, and an invasion from England. Even so, the most striking testament to Macbeth’s reign was its quiet. He was neither a terrible tyrant nor a slandered saint. To his rivals he was the success that they wished to become. To his subjects, he was the prince who gave them the stability that was so valuable. When he died after a fight with Malcolm Canmore, he had demonstrated a new kind of kingship.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The search for Macbeth—real prince and fictional character—has ranged across more than five centuries. The real prince was an important and unusual person. From a family in danger of extinction, he became the high king of the Scots. Dragged into the Norwegian-Danish conflict, he successfully navigated his path to supremacy. At the end of his reign, he was pulled into the discord at the English court, which ultimately was his undoing. Macbeth the fictional character began his development on the day the historical prince died. Initially remembered as a good king, his decline began in the fourteenth century during the hunt for a national villain. For two and a half centuries, Macbeth the Tyrant overshadowed his contemporaries.
Introduction
Authors: Palley Howard A.
Published: November 2022

This volume examines the public/private sector mix in a number of national healthcare systems and their interface with the goals of health equity and quality of healthcare. Moreover, there is a consideration of public accountability. The unique significance of this collection of national studies involving the public/private sector mix of healthcare services and/or finances is that it provides insights into the factors that enhance the public/private sector mix in fulfilling the goals of health equity and the quality of healthcare services as well as an understanding of the circumstances in which elements of the public/private sector mix may be harmful for the achievement of such goals in a variety of national settings. The contributions to this volume provide a variety of perspectives in dealing with these objectives.
The Public/Private Healthcare Mix in France
Authors: Pierre Aurélie , Or Zeynep
Published: November 2022

France has the reputation of having one of the best healthcare system in the world. Indeed, its responsiveness is rated high; patients have a large choice of public and private providers without chronic waiting time problems, and the health status of the French population ranks among the best in the world. However, promoting a universal health system built on a mix of public and private funding and provision raises numerous challenges for ensuring the equity and efficiency of the system. This chapter presents the unique public/private mix of funding and care delivery in France and discusses how the system has been continuously tailored to face pressures to curb health expenditure growth and ensure equity of access and quality of care while maintaining plurality and choice.
The Public/Private Sector Mix in Healthcare
Authors: Costa Lobato Lenaura de Vasconcelos , Senna Monica de Castro Maia , Burlandy Luciene
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the public/private mix and its relation to equity in health system configuration and service provision in Brazil, with special attention to the most vulnerable groups. Health services and relations between the public and private sectors in Brazil are conditioned by structural inequities in Brazilian society, which affect conditions of life and health and consequently lead to unequal distribution of the risks of falling ill and dying and the possibility of accessing services. Brazil’s mix is characterized by a universal public system coexisting with a powerful private service system, and where private outlays exceed public expenditure. That situation is expressed on the one hand in duplicate coverage and combined use of services, and, on the other hand, in segmented access, leading to complex interactions that undermine equity. The analysis conducted here entails first describing Brazil’s overall characteristics: its historical formation, sociodemographic data, social inequalities, and the background to its health system and public/private mix. The public and private systems are then described, with a view to addressing the interactions between them in coverage, provision, access, and funding, emphasizing how these interactions affect equity and, consequently, quality of healthcare.
Taiwan: Achievements and Challenges in a Single-Payer System
Authors: Gusmano Michael K.
Published: November 2022

Taiwan’s single-payer national health insurance system, adopted in 1995, is often celebrated as a model for other healthcare systems and an example of what a single-payer approach can achieve. Taiwan has achieved a system of universal coverage that is equitable and costs less than most healthcare systems in wealthy countries. This chapter provides a brief history of the Taiwanese healthcare system and identifies its achievements and shortcomings. Overall, the implementation of national health insurance has dramatically increased access to the healthcare system and has reduced inequalities in the use of both ambulatory and hospital care. Some studies have found inequities in the use of specialty care and surgical services, but these disparities are smaller than those that exist in many advanced healthcare systems. Poorer access to healthcare among indigenous populations and those who live in mountainous areas or in outlying islands remains a concern. Two of the biggest challenges faced by the system are the adequacy of its payments to clinicians and the size of the clinician workforce. Taiwan has kept healthcare spending low, but critics argue that its fees to healthcare professionals may be too low, particularly in light of increasing demand for healthcare services as the population ages.
United States
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

During the 20th century the United States became the largest national health care market and the global leader in medical technology. Historical records and archival data for the period before 1960 give specificity to generalizations made in previous chapters. A patchwork financing system based on private employee benefits, Medicare and Medicaid, and local safety net providers was developed during a time of exceptional prosperity. When the oil embargo and inflation hit in 1973, nonprofit hospitals, community-rated premiums, visiting nurse services, and other voluntary institutions struggled to remain viable. Without the universal coverage and national controls over budgets or prices found in most OECD countries, the health financing transition appears to have been incomplete in the United States. Excess growth after 1975 made it an outlier, an expensive exception where NHE rose 50% faster than comparable countries over the next two decades.
The Constructed Linguistic Stratification
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

The difference between tongue(s) and prophecy lies at the core of Paul’s discussion in 1 Cor. 14. What we see in this text is the construction of not just difference but also stratification, which eventually leads to complete silencing. Paul not only differentiates between tongue(s) and prophecy but also argues that prophecy is more important or bigger or greater than tongue(s). This chapter suggests that the distinction between these two phenomena is a linguistic one—that of foreign languages versus the dominant language. Prophecy refers to speaking in the dominant language, while tongue(s) refers to speaking in the foreign languages (i.e., minoritized languages). Both kinds of speech are linguistic through and through. Foreign languages are unintelligible to the ear of the dominant linguistic-speakers, but they are not meaningless.
Postwar Tensions
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

Meyerhof published papers proving that during the anaerobic phase of muscle contraction, glycogen is converted into lactic acid, whereas in recovery with oxygen present, glycogen is resynthesized from lactic acid. It was the first demonstration of the cyclical nature of energy transformations in muscle. Hill decided not to attend an International Congress in Paris in 1920 to show support for Meyerhof and other excluded German scientists. Hill became physiology professor in Manchester: a run-down department with heavy teaching duties. Wallace Fenn, a young American joined him for one year; he showed a quantitative relationship between heat production in a muscle and the work it performs, lifting a load. Hill started to investigate the physiology of human exercise with two young graduates. They acted as their own subjects, undertaking strenuous exercise while measuring blood lactate levels and introduced the concept of oxygen debt.
Stockholm and Beyond
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

In 1922, the Nobel Committee could not agree on a winner, but in 1923 decided to recognize the “colossal” advances in muscle physiology for the held-over prize, ultimately choosing Hill and Meyerhof. Meyerhof could not gain promotion in Kiel and moved to the KWG institute in Berlin. His intellectual fertility attracted several remarkably gifted younger workers to join him. Hill continued his meticulous studies of the tiny quantities of heat released during muscle and nerve activity. Two young scientists at UCL identified a novel, organic phosphate compound in muscle. It soon became known as phosphocreatine, and Meyerhof demonstrated when it is hydrolyzed a large amount of heat is generated, meaning that the molecule is a high-energy source. Karl Lohmann in his lab then identified a novel molecule, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), in muscle that can be replenished from phosphocreatine. It is the ultimate energy source for many processes in all living cells.
1940—Backs against the Wall
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

In February 1940, Hill embarked on a secret tour of North America as a special attaché from the Air Ministry. He wanted to understand American military technology and to assess the degree of pro-British support. Warning Tizard the Americans were catching up on radar development, Hill stated, “our best bargaining position probably exists NOW.” He urged that the Americans should be given complete information without delay to encourage cooperation. This letter was the genesis of the consequential Tizard Mission in the summer. The German invasion forced the Meyerhofs to leave Paris, but they could not leave France. Hill sent a telegram to the Rockefeller Foundation: “Could you get Meyerhof, wife and son away from Toulouse: impossible from here.” The RF managed to obtain a US visa for him, and the Meyerhofs made their way to Marseille. After several chance encounters, Otto and Hedwig were guided across the Pyrenees to safety, leaving Walter behind.
None the Up and Up
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

Nonverts opens with several themes to be developed in the chapters to come: the variation, both demographic and (critically) ideological, of America’s nones, and their being an established feature beyond the expected locales of certain seaboard cities. It also emphasizes the sheer numbers of nones (ca. 58.6 million and growing), and explains the special significance of the “nonvert” subset—as those who, having been brought up religiously (and in the vast majority of cases as Christians) but now identifying as nones, are the principal drivers and shapers of a genuine and far-reaching watershed in American society and culture.
A Myriad of Health Impacts from Fossil Fuel
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 reviews the diverse health effects in children attributable to fossil fuel–related air pollution and climate change, individually and combined. It describes the links between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, cognitive and behavioral problems, mental health disorders, asthma, and effects on the immune system. The chapter also reviews the toll on children from weather disasters, heat, fires, drought and malnutrition, infectious disease, forced migration, and displacement. It explores the mechanisms involved and then focuses on the separate and cumulative effects of these exposures on early brain development and mental health, noting the potential long-term effects. It presents examples of synergy between air pollution and climate change that augment the harm. It describes the additional effects of toxic substances derived from petrochemicals. By reviewing this vast body of research, the chapter shows that all children are being affected in multiple ways.
Children Are Not All Equal
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 reviews the disproportionately heavy burden of climate change and air pollution falling on children in developing countries and socially disadvantaged children in richer countries. It describes the large disparities in air pollution exposure and in rates of adverse birth outcomes, asthma, infectious disease, and mental health disorders linked to air pollution. It reviews how every harmful climate change impact—more frequent severe storms and floods, heatwaves, forest and wildland fires, droughts, malnutrition, vector-borne diseases, contaminated water and food, conflict, displacement, and forced migrations—affects the physical and mental health of marginalized and disempowered children the most. It shows that exposure to toxic petrochemical-based chemicals follows the same pattern. It discusses the cumulative impact of these exposures on mental health. The chapter ends with a discussion of how stress due to poverty or racism and toxic environmental exposures work hand- in- hand to widen health disparities.
Millennials and the Shift toward a Global Identity
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the content of Millennials’ “core persona.” Specifically, it focuses on how Millennial citizens bring a global perspective to the way they view themselves and the political environment around them. The chapter details how the era critical to the socialization of the Millennial Generation was marked by many factors, including global events like 9/11 and advances in technology that made instant communication across the globe available to the average citizen. Under these conditions, Millennials developed a sense of belonging to a global community—what is known as cosmopolitanism. In seven of the eight countries surveyed, Millennials are more likely than non-Millennials to name “citizen of the world” as their most important identity. In contrast, non-Millennials are more likely to pick their national identity as most important. Beyond cosmopolitanism versus nationalism, the chapter examines generational differences based on identities such as age group, race, religion, gender, and class.
A World View of Race
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 addresses Bunche’s experience at Howard; his exploration in London of anthropology; further fieldwork in South and East Africa; his research in the US South with Gunnar Myrdal on what became An American Dilemma, and his major work of the era, A World View of Race.
The War
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 addresses the onset of the Second World War; Bunche’s recruitment into the US government; his experience as an early intelligence analyst; his move to the State Department; and the origins of American planning for the United Nations.
The Path to the Prize
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 10 addresses the global reaction to Bernadotte’s murder; Bunche’s elevation as UN mediator; and his initial efforts in Rhodes to negotiate armistice accords.
Loyalty
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 13 examines rising McCarthyism and its implications for the UN; Bunche’s Loyalty Board hearings; and the arrival of Dag Hammarskjold as secretary general.
The Death of Hammarskjold
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 20 examines Hammarskjold’s death in a mysterious plane crash; the elevation of U Thant as secretary general; the crises in Yemen and Goa; and Bunche’s continuing efforts to bring peace to Congo.
From Saigon to Selma
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 22 focuses on the war in Vietnam; Bunche’s role as interlocutor between Washington and New York; the conflict in Cyprus; and his growing ties to Martin Luther King Jr., including his participation in the Selma march.
The Thermodynamic Basis for Equilibrium Chemistry
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides a basic understanding of chemical thermodynamics, the basis for all chemical equilibria. Part 1 describes the basic concepts, principal functions of state, and laws of thermodynamics. Part 2 shows how these concepts are used to define equilibrium conditions for chemical processes. The effects of the primary state variables, temperature and pressure. on thermodynamic functions of state and on chemical equilibria are developed in Part 3. Examples are provided throughout the chapter to illustrate applications of important thermodynamic principles and equations.
Solving Acid-Base Equilibria and the Carbonate System
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

Three types of tools used to solve ionic equilibria are presented: graphical, algebraic, and numerical (computer-based) techniques. Construction and interpretation of single “master-variable” diagrams (pC-pH diagrams) is explained, and their use to solve acid-base problems is illustrated. Because many ionic equilibria problems are too complicated to solve through graphical or algebraic techniques, emphasis is placed on computer-based solutions. A brief history is presented on computer programs for ionic equilibria and their operating principles. Example-based instructions are given for the program Visual MINTEQ. This knowledge is applied to acid-base systems in natural waters, especially the carbonate system. Factors affecting pH and alkalinity and methods of measuring carbonate forms, including Gran titrations, are described. Other acid-base systems in natural waters are discussed, and the kinetics of acid-base reactions is described.