bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les attentats de Madrid de 2004 et l’évolution de la menace d’Al-Qaïda en Europe occidentale
Authors: Reinares Fermando
Published: October 2016

Les attentats à la bombe de 2004 à Madrid ne furent pas le produit d’une cellule indépendante auto-radicalisée. Mais ils doivent être compris comme une manifestation complexe des capacités d’Al-Qaïda en Europe occidental après le 11 septembre. Les conspirations ayant suivi le drame de Madrid ont montré plus récemment combien Al-Qaïda peut jouer un rôle de facilitation et soutien dans la planification et la préparation des attaques assistée des organisations affiliées capables de mobiliser des réseaux djihadistes et des cellules opérationnelles sur place. Ceci met en évidence l’importance des attentats de Madrid sur l’évolution de la menace terroriste globale dans la région.
Comprendre et appréhender le risque terroriste : les faiblesses françaises de la prospective
Authors: Cettina Nathalie
Published: October 2016

La réflexion prospective est insuffisamment développée au sein de la communauté du renseignement. En matière d’antiterrorisme, l’absence d’analyse scientifique des faits et des motivations des acteurs conduit à privilégier une approche globale de la menace, conférant systématiquement une dimension internationale à des phénomènes qui sont à l’origine locaux. Redonner au terrorisme la place qui est la sienne au sein des phénomènes criminels, dédramatiser son emprise sur les démocraties modernes, repenser le discours sur la menace en s’extirpant d’un discours politique partisan et développer une riposte proactive sont les enjeux attachés à un travail de prospective. Mais ce regard renouvelé sur nous-mêmes, l’État a-t-il la volonté de l’affronter ?
Archeologia e storia del cantiere di costruzione
Authors: Mannoni Tiziano , Boato Anna
Published: October 2016

La storia dell’architettura per più di duecento anni ha cercato di capire la costruzione attraverso le fonti scritte, raggiungendo in ciò una notevole specializzazione. La assai più recente archeologia dell’architettura sta cercando di far parlare il costruito stesso sulla sua storia, ivi compresa quella del cantiere di costruzione. I dati archeologici (sequenze stratigrafiche, datazioni archeologiche, materiali e tecniche costruttive), fatti dialogare con i dati archeometrici (orologi naturali, provenienze, caratteristiche e rarità dei materiali), secondo le regole della cultura materiale (apprendimento e trasmissione del saper fare empirico), permettono di affrontare la conoscenza delle scelte effettuate dai costruttori, le loro possibilità e le loro motivazioni (critica archeologica). E’ a questo punto che la ricerca fa un vero salto di qualità e di quantità se si rileggono con l’occhio dell’archeologo i dati scritti provenienti dai contratti di costruzione, dai permessi pubblici, dalla contabilità del cantiere e dalle stime e perizie delle opere compiute.
La Arqueología, en la restauración de la Iglesia de El Salvador en Escaño (Burgos)
Authors: Gutiérrez-Solana Perea Rodolfo
Published: October 2016

La intervención arqueológica en la restauración de la Iglesia de El Salvador en Escaño (Burgos), sirvió aunque se realizara simultáneamente a la restauración, para poder definir sus diversa etapas constructivas, dando la posibilidad de repristinar el templo, aunque no del todo como si hubiera ocurrido de realizarse previamente al proyecto, y como hito en el estudio del primer románico en Castilla.
Arquitectura como percepción
Authors: Mañana Borrazás Patricia
Published: October 2016

Este texto trata de ilustrar los tipos de análisis básicos para investigar una cuestión tan intrínsecamente humana como la percepción. En el análisis de una construcción, los aspectos relativos a la percepción nos permiten acceder a una interesante información de cómo una construcción funciona y qué implican sus distintos espacios, información en directa relación con los aspectos más humanos y vivenciales de la arquitectura. Son unos análisis complementarios a los análisis formales, ya que mientras estos nos permiten describir en el espacio y en el tiempo una construcción, los análisis de percepción tratan de incidir en la relación existente entre el ser humano y la construcción, entendiendo a la arquitectura también como elemento físico a experimentar y que ha sido construido para propiciar ciertas percepciones.

Se exponen en primer lugar las claves más básicas de los análisis de percepción y cómo estos se vertebran dentro de una metodología que trata comprender una construcción en todos sus aspectos (formales, sociales y simbólicos), sirviendo como ejemplo su aplicación a un túmulo del neolítico gallego.
Archeologia dell’edilizia storica e costruzione del documento archeologico. Problemi di popolamento mediterraneo. II. Organizzazione del cantiere di una fortezza rurale di XIII secolo: il cassero di Montelaterone (Monte Amiata - Toscana)
Authors: Nucciotti Michele , Leporatti Silvia
Published: October 2016

No disponible.
Posibilidades de la aplicación de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura en Santa Eulalia de Bóveda (Lugo)
Authors: Vidal Caeiro Lorena
Published: October 2016

El trabajo que presentamos pretende mostrar las posibilidades que ofrece la aplicación de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura en el edificio lucense de Santa Eulalia de Bóveda. La presente síntesis muestra lo que hemos identificado como las diferentes etapas arquitectónicas por las que ha pasado el edificio desde su construcción. Se ha aislado cada uno de los elementos, tanto decorativos como arquitectónicos presentes en la actual construcción, organizándolos en las cinco posibles etapas constructivas por las que ha pasado el edificio, desde la etapa romana hasta la reforma contemporánea.
Experiências em Arqueologia da Arquitectura na Unidade de Arqueologia da Universidade do Minho
Authors: De Oliveira Fontes Luis Fernando , Paes Machado André Manuel , Barroso Catalão Sofia
Published: October 2016

Na Unidade de Arqueologia da Universidade do Minho desenvolvem-se projectos de estudo e/ou de prestação de serviços especializados em Arqueologia de Arquitectura, no quadro de protocolos e/ou contratos celebrados com entidades que tutelam património arquitectónico, designadamente o IPPAR, a DGEMN e Câmaras Municipais. Os primeiros trabalhos iniciaram-se nos finais da década de 80 do século XX, adquirindo-se desde então uma bagagem conceptual e metodológica de tradição italiana, filtrada pelas experências espanholas veiculadas pelos investigadores do CSIC. Os trabalhos realizados constituíram experiências distintas, tanto do ponto de vista institucional, como dos objectivos que orientaram as intervenções ou ainda do ponto de vista dos recursos metodológicos empregues. Apresentam-se aqui algumas reflexões suscitadas pela diversidade das experiências em Arqueologia de Arquitectura da Unidade de Arqueologia, especialmente nas áreas das metodologia e relações interdisciplinares.
Archeologia della produzione architettonica. Le tecniche costruttive
Authors: Mannoni Tiziano
Published: October 2016

La maggior parte delle classificazioni dei modi di costruire murari si basa sugli aspetti formali delle superfici visibili, con certe utilità nel distinguere le unità stratigrafiche murarie e negli aspetti estetici delle superfici stesse. Dal momento però che i muri fanno parte delle strutture portanti più importanti, non si può parlare di tecniche murarie senza cercare di capire come i vari tipi classificati si comportino realmente dal punto di vista statico. Si cerca perciò di verificare e in qualche modo di capire l’intero volume di ogni tecnica muraria, e se vi siano della regole generali o particolari che siano in qualche modo deducibili anche dalle superfici visibili. Si propone infine una classificazione delle «famiglie» di tecniche murarie più note sulla base dei loro sistemi costruttivi e funzionali, oltre che formali.
Tecniche costruttive e forme di potere nella Toscana sud-occidentale (secc. VIII-XIV)
Authors: Bianchi Giovanna
Published: October 2016

Nell’articolo si tratta l’analisi delle tecniche murarie desunta da dati provenienti da ampi progetti di indagine archeologica svolti in ambito rurale nella Toscana occidentale dalla metà degli anni Novanta dello scorso secolo ad oggi. Nel testo si esaminano i cambiamenti dei modi di edificare a partire dall’edilizia in legno dei primi abitati di altura di VII-VIII secolo, sino agli insediamenti più strutturati di seconda metà VIII e IX secolo, caratterizzati da un primo uso della pietra e dalla presenza di maestranze specializzate. In seguito si analizza la più complessa organizzazione del cantiere propria della costruzione dei castelli di XI e XII secolo in rapporto ai poteri politici ed economici delle nascenti signorie territoriali. Un differente uso delle tecniche costruttive caratterizza la successiva formazione di nuovi borghi tra XIII e XIV secolo, spesso impiantati sui preesistenti castelli, legati ai locali organismi comunali, soggetti all’influenza politica ed economica di Pisa in questo territorio.
Le chantier médiéval dans le Sud-Est de la France: regard sur les techniques de construction et l’organisation du chantier à partir de quelques exemples (XIe-XIVe siècles)
Authors: Esquieu Yves , Hartmann-Virnich Andreas
Published: October 2016

Le présent article illustre différents aspects de la recherche sur la construction du XIe au XIVe siècle dans le Sud-Est de la France à l’exemple d’études monumentales menées par ses deux auteurs dans différents contextes architecturaux et scientifiques. Il aborde les questions du savoir-faire et de sa transmission, des changements de projet, et l’organisation du chantier, à partir des indices de la lecture des élévations et, dans le cas de la construction du palais des papes d’Avignon, de l’étude conjointe des sources écrites.
Regards sur un grand chantier ayyoubide: les portes de la citadelle de Damas. L’apport de l’étude archéologique des élévations
Authors: Hartmann-Virnich Andreas
Published: October 2016

Les recherches de l’auteur sur les portes de la citadelle de Damas offrent un exemple pour l’approche du projet architectural par l’étude archéologique fine des élévations et de la chronologie relative des états d’un des monuments majeurs de l’architecture militaire du Proche-Orient médiéval. Construite à la fin du XIe siècle, modifiée à de nombreuses reprises et enfin rebâtie entièrement par l’ajout d’une nouvelle enceinte plus large sous le souverain ayyoubide Al-’Adil, la citadelle, résidence princière et forteresse de grande envergure, permet d’étudier en détail les techniques et l’organisation de la construction et d’approfondir la connaissance de l’évolution de la conception de la fortification islamique du temps des croisades.
La puerta califal del castillo de Gormaz
Authors: Almagro Antonio
Published: October 2016

Este artículo aborda el análisis parcial de un monumento emblemático de la arquitectura militar andalusí, muy citado como ejemplo de la arquitectura califal pero que aún hoy adolece de un estudio en profundidad y con metodología adecuada para identificar sus distintas fases. Se presenta una planimetría fotogramétrica nueva de su puerta, se analiza su estructura y los cánones compositivos que marcaron su diseño y se aborda un tema hasta ahora nunca observado como es la existencia de vestigios de una fortaleza anterior construida seguramente con tapias de tierra y de la que sólo ha llegado hasta nosotros la impronta que dejó en las estructuras del siglo X.
El análisis estratigráfico del baño árabe de Churriana de la Vega (Granada): síntesis del conocimiento como base del proyecto de restauración
Authors: López Osorio José Manuel , Torres Carbonell José Manuel
Published: October 2016

El artículo presenta una síntesis de los estudios previos realizados durante el año 2006 en el hammam o baño árabe de Churriana de la Vega (Granada), edificio declarado Bien de Interés Cultural. Los trabajos, realizados en el marco del proyecto de restauración, se iniciaron con una investigación documental e historiográfica que estudió los paralelos tipológicos y constructivos del edificio, para continuar con un análisis edilicio de los restos emergentes que incluyó la realización de catorce sondeos estratigráficos. Toda la información quedó registrada sobre un modelo tridimensional del edificio. Los estudios previos permitieron conocer la organización general de los espacios del baño y pusieron de relieve la larga evolución de un edificio que, destruido parcialmente en algún momento del siglo XVI, estuvo habitado hasta 1996. El análisis edilicio, con su aspiración a singularizar y describir cada elemento observable, resultó de particular importancia en el proceso de conocimiento del baño, mostrando su valor como punto de partida sobre el que iniciar la reflexión del proyecto de restauración.
Application of a Big Data Platform in the Course of Java Language Programming
Authors: Lin Dingbao
Published: October 2016

This study designs a big data teaching platform that adopts the big data technology of Hadoop as its core. The platform provides a method of searching teaching video data and integrates the technologies of data encryption and intelligent recognition. The teaching functions of this advanced platform include teaching audio–visual presentation, intelligent data recognition, data-mining sharing, and data storage sharing. The method of comparative teaching is adopted to test the actual effect of the teaching platform on teaching Java language programming to students majoring in computer. Results show that the platform exhibits good teaching applicability, significantly improves the examination achievements, learning interest, independent learning ability, and innovation ability of students, and therefore indicates a promising application prospect and research value.
Student Assessment System for Distance Education on Financial Management
Authors: Yu Ying
Published: October 2016

This study designs and develops a student assessment system based on the browser/server architecture using the core technology of ASP.NET, supplemented by SQL Server 2005 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. The system can be used for online testing of distance education on financial management in colleges and universities. In practical teaching assessment, the system includes an experience mode, a friend-shared learning mode, and a direct test mode; provides users with multiple rounds of experiential, collaborative, and simulative academic testing environments; achieves timely updates of assessment indicators; offers online analysis to teachers and students on test sites; and ultimately achieves a 0 error rate of test papers. In the comparative teaching experiment, the system can greatly enhance the quality of education on financial management and is worthy to be used extensively in teaching.
A Multimedia Teaching System with Special Acoustic Effects in the Course of Aerobics
Authors: Zhou Yingbao
Published: October 2016

With the continuous advancement of multimedia technology, multimedia teaching has also posed higher requirements on multimedia playing capabilities. This essay presents the design program for a speaker which could be applied in multimedia classroom to achieve special acoustic effects based on use of the ASP.NET technology. The SQL Server 2005 database technology and Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 technology are combined in the design process. Compared with traditional multimedia speakers, the speak of this program is small, portable, and power-saving, may bring changeable lighting stage effects, could be easily connected to computers, and support playing files stored in U disk and SD card. After the entire program is practically utilized in teaching, it has been found that the system can meet acoustic demand of teachers and students, and improve teaching effectiveness.
Analysis on the Man-Machine-Environment Collaborative Teaching Method for Mining Engineering Major
Authors: Liu Lang , Sun Xuehua , Song Ki-il
Published: October 2016

Man, teaching equipment (machine), and teaching environment in the higher education system constitute the man–machine–environment system in the teaching system. In this study, modern higher pedagogy is combined with man–machine–environment system engineering. The teaching system is analyzed in the point of view of mining engineering profession and a new type of “man-machine-environment collaborative teaching method” is proposed. Also, we conducted a comprehensive discussion about the academic problems in various aspects of composition, theoretical basis, and functional allocation by combining teaching reform features of the mining engineering profession. The practice of man–machine–environment collaborative teaching method strengthens students’ learning of perceptual knowledge, alleviates difficulty of site visit and practice, and enables conducting an indoor interactive dynamic simulation experiment. Moreover, it cultivated the students’ operational ability, spatial thinking, and global concept of industrial mining sites. Furthermore, it improved the autonomous learning ability of undergraduates, which was of great significance to cultivating innovative talents. Lastly, it transformed the teaching method from “teaching” to initiative “exploration” and “discovery” for students.
BATF Modulates the Th2 Locus Control Region and Regulates CD4+ T Cell Fate during Antihelminth Immunity
Authors: Bao Katherine , Carr Tiffany , Wu Jianxuan , Barclay William , Jin Jingxiao , Ciofani Maria , Reinhardt R. Lee
Published: October 2016

The AP-1 factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) is important for CD4+ Th17, Th9, and follicular Th cell development. However, its precise role in Th2 differentiation and function remains unclear, and the requirement for BATF in nonallergic settings of type-2 immunity has not been explored. In this article, we show that, in response to parasitic helminths, Batf−/− mice are unable to generate follicular Th and Th2 cells. As a consequence, they fail to establish productive type-2 immunity during primary and secondary infection. Batf−/− CD4+ T cells do not achieve type-2 cytokine competency, which implies that BATF plays a key role in the regulation of IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast to Th17 and Th9 cell subsets in which BATF binds directly to promoter and enhancer regions to regulate cytokine expression, our results show that BATF is significantly enriched at Rad50 hypersensitivity site (RHS)6 and RHS7 of the locus control region relative to AP-1 sites surrounding type-2 cytokine loci in Th2 cells. Indeed, Batf−/− CD4+ T cells do not obtain permissive epigenetic modifications within the Th2 locus, which were linked to RHS6 and RHS7 function. In sum, these findings reveal BATF as a central modulator of peripheral and humoral hallmarks of type-2 immunity and begin to elucidate a novel mechanism by which it regulates type-2 cytokine production through its modification of the Th2 locus control region.
30 Years Retrospective Review of Tuberculosis Cases in a Tuberculosis Dispensary in Bursa/Nilufer, Turkey (1985-2014)
Authors: PALA Kayıhan , GERÇEK Harika , AYDIN TAŞ Tuncay , ÇAKIR Rukiye , ÖZGÜÇ Sedef , YILDIZ Timur
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate tuberculosis control programmes of patients who applied to the Bursa Nilufer Tuberculosis Dispensary and by investigating the changes in the variables over 3 decades.Method: In this retrospective descriptive study, the records of all tuberculosis cases (1662 people) treated in the last 30 years (1985-2014) at the Bursa Nilufer Tuberculosis Dispensary were examined. In the analysis, the chi-square test, the trend chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used. Results: Males comprised 65.2% of the patients. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 to 87 years, and the mean age was 37.4 (95% CI:36.6-38.2). Among the cases, 86.7% were new and 74.1% were pulmonary tuberculosis. In the last decade, the proportion of women, the education level, the proportion of patients who had received a BCG vaccination and the proportion of active employees among women increased by a statistically significant amount, while the proportion of employees among men decreased. Clinical symptoms, such as weakness, anorexia, weight loss, and cough, decreased to a statistically significant degree. In the last decade, the mortality rate was 3.6%, a statistically significant increase compared with previous decades. Mortality was statistically significant higher among patients who were elderly, male, did not have a BCG scar or had a chronic disease. Conclusion: This study reveals the need for studies that determine the risk factors associated with tuberculosis mortality and examine the effectiveness of tuberculosis control programmes. Direct measures to address mortality risk factors can reduce the number of deaths from tuberculosis.
Providing mentoring for orphans and vulnerable children in internally displaced person camps: The case of northern Nigeria
Authors: Chiroma Nathan H.
Published: October 2016

The challenge of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) has become central to the response of many organisations (UN, UNHCR, AONN, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, etc.) today. The number of OVC throughout northern Nigeria is growing as a result of the Boko Haram pandemic. Mostly, this is caused by the death of parents who have been killed by the insurgents. It has been estimated that by 2015, 200 000 children under the age of 18 had been orphaned by the Boko Haram insurgents. As the number of OVC is growing, it is becoming more and more difficult for their communities to address all their needs, including their need for positive role models and mentors. This article discusses the role that mentoring can play in the development of OVC affected by violence in northern Nigeria, specifically those in internally displaced person (IDP) camps. This article argued that one approach to improve the holistic care of OVC in IDP camps in northern Nigeria is through the use of mentors.
‘Raising righteous billionaires’: The prosperity gospel reconsidered
Authors: Obadare Ebenezer
Published: October 2016

How should we think of development within an ideological format in which individual subjects are abstracted from the constraints and necessities of social policy and the political structure? Using this question as a spark, this article critically deconstructs the Pentecostal prosperity gospel in Africa. Two overlapping arguments are advanced. One is that, in atomising the individual, Pentecostal prosperity gospel discounts power relations and the political, effectively dislocating the individual believer from the social matrix within which his or her agency is forged. Secondly, it is suggested that this attitude towards both the individual and the state puts Pentecostalism firmly within the orbit of neoliberalism. This article leverages this affinity for an understanding of how neoliberal ideas and conceptions of wealth, accumulation and self-actualisation are embedded and reproduced in Pentecostalism. It concludes that, because, on the one hand, it has no lever – historical or philosophical – on which it might be grounded, and on the other hand, since it has developed no cogent political economy to speak of, prosperity gospel, nay Pentecostal spirituality, offers no realistic path out of the African economic crisis.
Noción de emprendimiento para una formación escolar en competencia emprendedora
Authors: Núñez Ladeveze Luis , Núñez Canal Margarita
Published: October 2016

Se entiende la competencia emprendedora como actitud para resolver nuevos problemas mediante respuestas no conocidas,se propone una revisión del concepto de “emprendimiento” para aplicarlo al contexto educativo. Método: Recurriendo a la fenomenología relacional para gestionar la evolución del significado se revisa su origen, las fases de su variación conceptual, las diversas concepciones y estado del arte de la noción de “emprendimiento”. Resultados: El análisis identifica los nexos entre la actividad económica y una educación orientada a incentivar la competencia emprendedora de los alumnos. Orientación que las instituciones mundiales y europeas recomiendan como adecuada para afrontar los problemas económicos en la sociedad digital. Conclusión: Las propuestas de incluir una disciplina curricular de “economía emprendedora” o aplicar una “formación transversal”, no son excluyentes. Desde una perspectiva sincrética, una disciplina concreta es complementaria de una formación transversal en emprendimiento.
Le Corbusier. La dualidad "architecure mâle" y "architecture femelle"
Authors: García González Andrea
Published: October 2016

In the 50´s, Le Corbusier publishes two books, Le Modulor (1950) and Le Poème de l´Angle Droit (1955). They are extremely important given that they represent the synthesis of his architectural thought at the height of his career. In both, references can be observed to the duality of male-female, which do not seem to have been previously part of the architect´s consistent theoretical body. One decade later, duality imbues the architectural critics, who interpret it as the opposition between two residential projects from early 1920´s, the Maisons Monol and the Maisons Citrohan. Both projects are proclaimed as a germ of two genealogical lines which come to an end with the Villas Sarabhai and Shodhan in the 50´s. They are related respectively with two concepts "architecture femelle" and "architecture mâle", cited by Le Corbusier in Le Modulor. However, the exhaustive analysis of the paradigm of both architectures through different periods, a complete reading of both texts and its relationship with Le Corbusier´s  pictorial production, brings to light the importance of ambiguity and polysemy in the architect's work, which is difficult to divide in hermetic categories.
Opening Gijón to Future: The Limited Revision of the Official Urban Catalogue
Authors: Latorre Jorge , Sola Jesús
Published: October 2016

Gijón, also known as Xixón, is an important city that rivals Oviedo, the historical capital of the Autonomous Region and Principality of Asturias (Spain), in historical demographic and economic terms. It has traditionally been a port and, more recently, an industrial city, which experienced very rapid population growth and with little planning. After the industrial crisis of the 80s, the city wanted to become a tourist location more than an industrial harbor. Both its privileged location and the historical urban heritage that still remain are corner stones to make this change possible. However, the late and strict legislation (improvised to protect the last remains of a previously uncontrolled development) impeded a necessary urban re-design in order to shelter the new touristic supplies. This paper proposes some urban solutions to selectively modify the catalogue according with the cultural and touristic potentials of the city. These solutions were agreed by the working group set up by Gijón City Council and ERDU (Estudio de Renovación y Desarrollos Urbanos -Urban Renovation and Development Studio).
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antibiotic Patterns of Lebanese Dentists for the Management of Dentoalveolar Abscesses
Authors: Asmar Ghada , Cochelard Dominique , Mokhbat Jacques , Lemdani Mohamed , Haddadi Ahmed
Published: October 2016

Introduction

General dentists issue approximately 10% of antibiotic prescriptions across the global medical community consummation. The use of antibiotics for the management of dentoalveolar infections should be considered only in the presence of an increased risk of a systemic involvement or to prevent metastatic infections. This study aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription patterns of Lebanese dentists for the management of dentoalveolar abscesses. The aim was to evaluate the influence of the patients’ medical condition and clinical signs data on the patterns of antibiotics prescription.

Materials and methods

Only patients with a dentoalveolar abscess were included in the study. Age, medical history, reason for consultation, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, type of local treatment, and type of antibiotherapy were collected for each patient attending dental clinics in Beirut. The data were analyzed with chi-square test and multivariate regression.

Results

Out of the 563 initial patients, 127 were selected for the study and received a local treatment. The patient's medical condition and age did not affect the decision to prescribe antibiotics 36.2% patients with pain and 11.8% patients with swelling were prescribed antibiotics. Pain and swelling contributed to a higher level of antibiotic prescription compared to other signs and symptoms. Antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately to 51.76 and 38.10% among patients with an acute or chronic dentoalveolar abscess respectively. The main prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin.

Conclusion

This study showed that dentists often did not follow the current prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription guidelines.

Clinical significance

Antibiotics prescriptions in dentistry will be more pertinent, leading to a decrease in inadequacy of prescriptions, microbial resistance, and the development of multiresistant germs against antibiotics.

How to cite this article

Asmar G, Cochelard D, Mokhbat J, Lemdani M, Haddadi A, Ayoub F. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antibiotic Patterns of Lebanese Dentists for the Management of Dentoalveolar Abscesses. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(6):425-433.
Abdomen Abierto y Presión Subatmosférica: Experiencia con un Sistema Artesanal
Authors: Facundo Helena , Troncoso Juan Manuel
Published: October 2016

Antecedentes

La necesidad de mantener la cavidad abdominal abierta ha sido reconocida y empleada desde hace 35 años. El desarrollo del sistema de vacío continuo, ha constituido una nueva manera de abordar este problema quirúrgico.

Los sistemas comerciales son costosos, lo que limita su utilización. Varios grupos han reportado sistemas de fabricación local, con resultados satisfactorios. Aquí mostramos nuestra experiencia al respecto y los detalles técnicos del sistema que usamos.

Materiales y métodos

Se describen los aspectos técnicos del sistema de vacío artesanal y un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, con los pacientes en que se aplicó succión continua abdominal entre enero de 2007 y marzo de 2013.

Resultados

Describimos 77 casos. Los tres primeros diagnósticos de ingreso fueron trauma penetrante abdominal (25 casos); obstrucción intestinal (7 casos) y pancreatitis aguda (6 casos). Hubo 42 casos con fistula enterostomal; 41 con fístula antes del inicio de la terapia. En 12 casos (28,6%) se cerró la fístula con manejo médico y en 14 (33,3%) con cirugía. El porcentaje de cierre de la cavidad abdominal es de 31%.

Conclusión

La complejidad de los pacientes con abdomen abierto y fístulas enterostomales, condiciona una morbimortalidad importante. Consideramos que el principio general de manejo con el sistema de vacío continuo en la cavidad abdominal y particularmente con nuestro sistema es una herramienta valiosa que posibilita la protección de la piel, el drenaje permanente de la cavidad y la cuantificación de drenajes; disminuye el tiempo para lograr el cierre abdominal y el número de intervenciones quirúrgicas.

How to cite this article

Facundo H, Troncoso JM. Abdomen Abierto y Presión Subatmosférica: Experiencia con un Sistema Artesanal. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(1): 11-17.
Small Bowel Obstruction in a Young Female following an Unsafe Abortion: An Unusual Cause
Authors: Goel Apoorv , Agarwal Ayush , Bansal Roli , Goel Sarita
Published: October 2016

The number of unsafe abortions has declined over the years in India but we still come across many cases and few of them with fatal complications. Usually such cases may present as bleeding per vaginum with features of sepsis and often instrumentation causing uterine or bowel injury. Our case is a 16 year old unmarried girl who had a history of 5 months of amenorrhea and underwent abortion by a quack in a village presented with features of frank small bowel obstruction due a rare unusual cause.

How to cite this article

Goel A, Bansal R, Goel S, Agarwal A. Small Bowel Obstruction in a Young Female following an Unsafe Abortion: An Unusual Cause. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(1):61-63.
Refining multi-model projections of temperature extremes by evaluation against land–atmosphere coupling diagnostics
Authors: Sippel Sebastian , Zscheischler Jakob , Mahecha Miguel D. , Orth Rene , Reichstein Markus , Vogel Martha , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The Earth's land surface and the atmosphere are strongly interlinked through the exchange of energy and matter (e.g. water and carbon). This coupled behaviour causes various land–atmosphere feedbacks and an insufficient understanding of these feedbacks contributes to uncertain global climate model projections. For example, a crucial role of the land surface in exacerbating summer heat waves in mid-latitude regions has been identified empirically for high-impact heatwaves, but individual climate models differ widely in their respective representation of land-atmosphere coupling. Here, we combine an ensemble of observations-based and simulated temperature (T) and evapotranspiration (ET) datasets and investigate coincidences of T anomalies with ET anomalies as a proxy for land-atmosphere interactions during periods of anomalously warm temperatures. We demonstrate that a relatively large fraction of state-of-the-art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) archive produces systematically too frequent coincidences of high T anomalies with negative ET anomalies in mid-latitude regions during the warm season and in several tropical regions year-round. Further, we show that these coincidences (high T, low ET), as diagnosed by the land-coupling coincidence metrics, are closely related to the variability and extremes of simulated temperatures across a multi-model ensemble. Thus, our approach offers a physically consistent, diagnostic-based avenue to evaluate these ensembles, and subsequently reduce model biases in simulated and predicted extreme temperatures. Following this idea, we derive a land-coupling constraint based on the spread of 54 combinations of T-ET benchmarking datasets and consequently retain only a subset of CMIP5 models that produce a land-coupling behaviour that is compatible with these observations-based benchmark estimates. The constrained multi-model projections exhibit lower temperature extremes in regions where models show substantial spread in T-ET coupling, and in addition, biases in the climate model ensemble are consistently reduced.
Las reformas de salud en América Latina: procesos y resultados
Authors: Laurell Asa Cristina
Published: October 2016

Se analizan dos tipos de reformas de salud en América Latina: la basada en el aseguramiento y mercantilización y la de los sistemas únicos y públicos de salud de los gobiernos progresistas. El aseguramiento con paquetes explícitos de servicios no ha cumplido sus propósitos de cobertura universal, acceso equitativo a los servicios de salud requeridos y mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud pero ha convertido a la salud en un ámbito de generación de ganancias de los aseguradores y prestadores privados de salud. Los sistemas únicos y públicos de salud como obligación del gobierno han ampliado los servicios territorializados y aumentado sustancialmente el acceso de la población mayoritaria. Su adopción de una política social integral y amplia ha impactado el bienestar de la población. Enfrentan algunos problemas derivados de los sistemas de salud previos y del poder del complejo asegurador y médico-industrial.
Programa Educación para el Éxito 2013–2017
Authors: Zamora Joel
Published: October 2016

El Programa Educación para el Éxito (EduÉxito) perfila, desde 2010, como una propuesta innovadora, para atender necesidades de crecimiento y desarrollo personal de la niñez y juventud en situación de riesgo social en los municipios de Bluefields Kukra Hill y Laguna de Perlas. En octubre del 2012, el programa fue expandido a los municipios de Corn Island y Desembocadura de Río Grande. El presente artículo sintetiza los hallazgos del informe final del Estudio Línea Base que EduÉxito realizó en 2013, para determinar la situación inicial de riesgo social que enfrenta la población juvenil que va a participar durante el ciclo 2013-2017, y observar los cambios, en cada beneficiaria y beneficiario, atribuibles a las actividades que el Programa desarrolle con ellos.Wani Vol.69 2014, pp.11-22KÛL SINSKA LÂKA NANI PAIN BRIAIA DUKIARA WARKA KA YABALKA NANI DAUKAN BANaha ulbanka nara sturi prahni kum ulbi sakan. Kûl sinska lâka nani pain briaia dukiara wark ka yabalka nani daukan ba dukiara. Naha wark ka nani daukan ba wal kaikaia want sa tuktan nani bara wahma tiara nani (mani matawalsip wina yawanaiska walhwalh manka bri nani ba) taura dia sat trabilka brih banghwiba bara witin nani dia daukaia sipba. Kûs tasbaia baiki sakan saut saitka ra (RAAS) municipio nani matsip ra upla nani ûba umpira iwi banghwiba ra naha wark ka nani buki daukaisa. Naha stadi ka daukan na wal laki kaikisa dia sat wark ka satka nani ba daukbia bara upla nani ba kau ai tabaikbia ba dukiara, naku lika sip kabia upla umpira ilp apu nani bara tabaikaia baku sin wark nani takaia lainkara sin trin munbia baku lika witing nani ai tawan ka trabilka nani ba wapni daukbia.KÛL SINSNI LÂNI BALNA YAMNI DUNIN YULNI WARKNI TANI BALNA YAYAMNA KIDIKA. Adika ulna akat yul paranh bin as ulwi yakna. Kûl sinsni lâni balna yamni dunin yulni warkni tâni balna yayamna kidika. Adika warkni balna yayamna munah amanglanin want ki walabis balna dawak wawahma sirarau balna (kurih salap kaupak muih asluih minit kau arunka kurihni duduwa balna) witingna tatuna kau ais tranibil duduwa kidi dawak witingna ais ninin yak sip pa diparasnin. Kûs sauni sahwi yakna wadah saitni kau (RAAS) yak. Municipio balna sinka yak muih balna uba miniknakunni yalalawi bangh yakat adika warkni balna dulauwi yayamwaran ki. Adika laihwi talnin warkni yayamna akarak amanglanin kulwi ais satni warkni balna yayamwarang kat muih balna kidi baisa parasnina duduwaran kidi yulni. Adika yamwa munah laih sip karang muih miniknakun ilp lâni dis balna yak kalparasnin, kapat bik wark kalahnin lainni yak bik lân yamnin kaput laih witingna tawannina tranibil balna kidi alas barangni yayamwaran ki.
Hacia una inserción laboral juvenil efectiva en la RACS
Authors: Fonseca López Roberto
Published: October 2016

En esta investigación se describe la situación actual del contexto laboral juvenil, condiciones críticas, escenarios y propuestas para la efectiva inserción laboral de la juventud en las regiones autónomas.El artículo incluye un análisis sobre la percepción que tiene la juventud en torno al mercado laboral en los municipios de Bluefields, Corn Island, Desembocadura de Rio Grande, Kukra Hill y Laguna de Perlas. El texto concluye con reflexiones sobre el involucramiento interinstitucional necesario para maximizar esfuerzos en materia de mercado laboral y empleabilidad juvenil en el Caribe nicaragüense.Wani Vol.69 2014, pp.33-50PULAIA PLISKA NANI BARA WAHMA TIARA NANI YÛS MUNI BANGHBIA DUKIA NANI BA YABAIA MUNICIPIO MATSIP RA RAAS TASBAIA BILARA Naha stadi munanka nara daukan kan, kulki kaikaia bara laki kaikaia, RAAS municipio ka nani matsip bara kûl sinska lâka wark ka satka kum dauki bara, upla wark ka nani pakaia lainkara, wahma tiara nani pulanka satka nani dauki ba lainka ra, prî lâka kat îwaia bara witin nani nahki natka ra îwi banghwi ba, baku sin, bal pulaia pliska nani lainkara, basket bal pulaia lainkara, latara pulanka nani daukaia lainkara bara blasi pyua sturka bara dukia nani paski briaia watla, baku sin, tawan ra utla nani banghwi ba, upla sut dukia nani, bara upla yakan dukia ba, tuktan sirpi nani ra bara wahma tiara nani ra tabaiki ba watla nani. Baku sin kulki sakan sa pulanka satka nani baha pliska ra dauki banghwi ba, baku sin âpis bara kampani nani tawan uplika nani aikuki wark dauki banghwi ba, naha pliska nani ba paskaia dukiara.
Pathophysiological insights into the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Manukyan Davit , Müller-Calleja Nadine , Lackner Karl
Published: October 2016

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by venous and/or arterial thrombosis and severe pregnancy morbidity in presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). While there is compelling evidence that aPL cause the clinical manifestations of APS, the underlying mechanisms are still a matter of scientific debate. This is mainly related to the broad heterogeneity of aPL. There are three major types of aPL: The first one binds to (anionic) phospholipids, e.g. cardiolipin, in absence of other factors (cofactor independent aPL). The second type binds to phospholipids only in presence of protein cofactors, e.g. ß2-glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) (cofactor dependent aPL). The third type binds to cofactor proteins directly without need for phospholipids. It is widely believed that cofactor independent aPL (type 1) are associated with infections and, more importantly, non-pathogenic, while pathogenic aPL belong to the second and in particular to the third type. This view, in particular with regard to type 1 aPL, has not been undisputed and novel research data have shown that it is in fact untenable. We summarize the available data on the pathogenetic role of aPL and the implications for diagnosis of APS and future research.
Strategic Alliances between Japanese-Western Companies: A Win-Win or Win-Lose Relationship? The Case of the Automobile Industry
Authors: Petruzzellis Luca , Gurrieri Antonia Rosa , Pezzi Alberto , Lenoci Marco Lenoci
Published: October 2016

Inter-firm cooperative arrangements involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous firms based in different countries help in accomplishing both the individual objectives and the collective ones. Through collaboration with foreign partners, firms are able to exploit new market opportunities, minimise investment risks, set up more efficient and effective distribution channels or create products, product features, brands or services and, above all, absorb key capabilities and technologies from the partner. Literature on strategic alliances raised the issue on an alleged appropriation of benefits by Japanese firms when participating in strategic alliances. Japanese companies have experienced higher shareholders’ returns in strategic alliances with Western partners, both in the short term and in the medium one. The choice of Japanese and Western companies calls for a deeper understanding of the drivers of the alliances and the determinants of value creation without misleading influences deriving from different business environments.
This paper analyzes the wealth distribution taking into account the reaction of the market to the alliance as an indicator of a successful strategy. It explores the case of the automobile industry, which is characterised by a high use of inter-firm cooperation, such as strategic alliances and mergers & acquisitions, to effectively compete in the global market and face the global crisis.
The Performance of Foreign Venture Capital Firms in Emerging Economies: A Study of U.S. Firms in China
Authors: Wang Xiaodan
Published: October 2016

Extant research on the international venture capital (VC) firms largely focuses on cross-country comparison; only a limited number of studies have examined the internationalization of VC firms and their strategies in host countries. This study approaches the research topic mainly from an institutional perspective, and intends to understand the performance of foreign VC firms in emerging economies, a topic that has rarely been examined in previous research. Using a sample of U.S. VC firms investing in China, this study finds that U.S. VC firms with more investment experience at home have weaker investment performance in China. The empirical results also show that U.S. VC firms investing in ventures with larger top management team, staging their investments, and syndicating with other U.S. VC firms are likely to achieve better performance in China. Contrary to what was hypothesized, syndicating with Chinese VC firms decreases U.S. VC firms’ investment performance in China.
The Relationship between Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Empirical Study on Saudi Insurance Companies
Authors: Al-Amri Mohammed Saeed
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. To achieve this aim, the study utilized a questionnaire consists of two validated and well established instruments. This questionnaire has been distributed to a sample consist of (500) employees of insurance companies. A total of (327) complete questionnaires has been received back at a response rate of 65%. After analyzing data and testing hypotheses, the results indicated that the level of servant leadership in insurance companies is at the middle and the most prominent practices of servant leadership are associated with the dimension of empowerment, while those associated with the dimension of courage was the less common practice. The results also pointed out that the level of employees’ organizational citizenship behavior was high. Finally the study revealed that there is a relationship between all the dimensions of servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior except courage dimension. Based on these results, certain recommendations were suggested.
Integrated Marketing Communication and Brand Image in Saudi Private Sector Hospitals: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Khalaf Ahmad Ala’Eddin Mohammad
Published: October 2016

This research aims to explore how integrated marketing communication (IMC) impacts on brand image in private hospitals in Saudi Arabia. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 290 patients in four different hospitals. This research showed that IMC dimensions (advertising, personal selling, public relations, and WOM) had a positive effect on brand image of the private hospitals, and only one dimension, represented by sales promotion, had no effect on brand image. The paper contributes to previous research by adding to existing knowledge regarding IMC dimensions and brand image. The paper makes key recommendations towards adoption of IMC dimensions to develop and enhance the brand image of private hospitals in Saudi Arabia. re and communication values (Warner-Søderholm, 2012) are applied in this present study in order to explore to what degree cultural values impact how we form, deliver and receive an organization’s business communication messages within the Nordic cluster. Thus, this supports the proposition that better cross-cultural business communication practices contribute to an organization’s bottom line in the management game of communication today. Moreover, we contribute to the field with an analysis of the differences between managers’ cultural practices and wished for values.
Locus of control and its relationship with some social-demographic factors
Authors: Virmozelova Angelova Natasha
Published: October 2016

The main purpose of the research is to find out the relation of social-demographic factors (education, family status, professional activity and place of residence) and the type of locus of control. Participants for the present study were 608 persons ranged between 15 and 65 years of age. The majority of the participants (472, 77.7%) indicated an external locus of control. Three of four factors – family status, professional activity, and education – had a significant relationship, and place of residence was the only factor without a significant relationship with the locus of control.