bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular typing of Shigella sonnei isolates circulating in Nanjing, China, 2007–2011
Authors: Cheng Tingting , Shi Xiaochao , Yong Wei , Wang Jianping , Xie Guoxiang , Ding Jie
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Shigellosis is a major public health concern worldwide. This study intended to assess the baseline genotyping data among local Shigella sonnei strains spanning over five years. Methodology: Fifty non-repeat clinical strains of S. sonnei isolated from stools of patients in different hospitals in Nanjing, China, were studied. Three subtyping tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), were used for routinely subtyping local S. sonnei. Results: DNA sequencing only identified two sequence types (STs) among the 50 isolates in the MLST profiles, whereas PFGE and MLVA both showed suitable discriminatory power and yielded 19 and 30 different patterns, respectively. The major PFGE pattern comprised 21 strains isolated from different years. A total of four complexes were identified by MLVA, with the isolates differing by a single locus (single-locus variants). Conclusions: The S. sonnei strains circulating in Nanjing, China, in 2007–2011 originated from different clones with a degree of diversity. Most of the clones were closely related to each other. Overall, the strains were distinguishable by PFGE and MLVA. MLVA based on eight selected VNTR loci represented a more favorable degree of discrimination than did PFGE and may be a reliable complement for PFGE for routine subtyping of S. sonnei. The problems of MLST in subtyping regarding S. sonnei were also demonstrated.
Cardiovascular Disease-related Hospital Admissions of Patients with Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Ursum Jennie , Nielen Mark M.J. , Twisk Jos W.R. , Peters Mike J.L. , Schellevis François G. , Nurmohamed Michael T. , Korevaar Joke C.
Published: December 2014

Objective.

Patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), suggesting a high rate of CVD-related hospitalizations, but data on this topic are limited. Our study addressed hospital admissions for CVD in a primary care–based population of patients with IA and controls.

Methods.

All newly diagnosed patients with IA between 2001 and 2010 were selected from electronic medical records of the Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research Primary Care database, representing a national network of general practices. Two control patients matched for age, sex, and practice were selected for each patient with IA. Hospital admission data for all patients was retrieved from the Dutch Hospital Data.

Results.

There were 2615 patients with IA and 5555 controls included in our study. CVD-related hospital admissions were observed more frequently among patients with IA as compared with control patients: 48% versus 36% (p < 0.001) in a followup period of 4 years. Patients with IA were more often hospitalized because of ischemic heart disease (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.2) and for day-care admission because of cerebrovascular disease (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.9).

Conclusion.

Increased hospital admission rates confirm the higher CVD burden among patients with IA compared with controls, and underscore the need for proper CVD risk management in patients with IA.
Facilitators and Barriers to Adherence in the Initiation Phase of Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD) Use in Patients with Arthritis Who Recently Started Their First DMARD Treatment
Authors: Pasma Annelieke , van ’t Spijker Adriaan , Luime Jolanda J. , Walter Margot J.M. , Busschbach Jan J.V. , Hazes Johanna M.W.
Published: December 2014

Objective.

To explore themes associated with adherence in the initiation phase for first-time use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in patients with inflammatory arthritis using focus groups and individual interviews.

Methods.

Thirty-three patients were interviewed in focus groups and individual interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and imported into ATLAS.ti software (Scientific Software Development GmbH). Responses that included reasons for adherence or nonadherence in the initiation phase were extracted and coded by 2 coders separately. The 2 coders conferred until consensus on the codes was achieved. Codes were classified into overarching themes.

Results.

Five themes emerged: (1) symptom severity, (2) experiences with medication, (3) perceptions about medication and the illness, (4) information about medication, and (5) communication style and trust in the rheumatologist.

Conclusion.

Perceptions about medication and the communication style with, and trust in, the rheumatologist were mentioned the most in relation to starting DMARD. The rheumatologist plays a crucial role in influencing adherence behavior by addressing perceptions about medication, providing information, and establishing trust in the treatment plan.
Vajilla broncínea tardorrepublicana en El Llano de la Horca (Santorcaz, Madrid)
Authors: Azcárraga Cámara Sandra , Baquedano Pérez Enrique , Märtens Alfaro Gabriela , Contreras Martínez Miguel , Ruiz Zapatero Gonzalo
Published: December 2014

El reciente avance en la investigación de yacimientos de la Segunda Edad del Hierro del interior peninsular está aportando datos reveladores sobre diversos materiales de cronología tardorrepublicana y procedencia itálica. El hallazgo en El Llano de la Horca de diversos elementos de la vajilla de bronce de esta época y origen, supone la mayor concentración de este tipo de materiales en el entorno y añade importante información acerca de la presencia de elementos importados en la Submeseta Sur.
Tisosa: Un establecimiento suburbano de Segisamo (Sasamón, Burgos)
Authors: García Sánchez Jesús , Cisneros Cunchillos Miguel
Published: December 2014

Los trabajos de prospección y de fotointerpretación han permitido localizar un nuevo yacimiento en el entorno de Sasamón, que pudo estar relacionado con la fundación de la ciudad y perduró en el tiempo como indica la presencia de terra sigillata hispánica altoimperial y terra sigillata hispánica tardía. El yacimiento representa un elemento novedoso dentro del proceso de ocupación del espacio en la región, según una estrategia claramente romana. En este trabajo, además de aspectos metodológicos, se aborda el estudio de los materiales, planteando algunas hipótesis sobre su finalidad y cronología.
El agua en Segobriga (Saelices, Hispania Citerior): Las fistulae plumbeae
Authors: Cebrián Rosario , Hortelano Ignacio
Published: December 2014

En este artículo presentamos las tuberías de plomo halladas en el yacimiento arqueológico de Segobriga y su entorno. Algunas de estas fistulae están relacionadas con el sifón del acueducto que condujo el agua potable desde la Fuente de la Mar en Saelices, mientras que otras corresponden a la red de distribución del agua en el interior de la ciudad. Las dos menciones epigráficas con el nombre abreviado del municipio, r(es) p(ublica) S(egobrigensis vel Segobrigensium), documentadas en una fistula y en la tapa de un registro ponen de manifiesto la propiedad pública del sistema hidráulico de Segobriga.
Una propuesta de modulación del Foro Colonial de Astigi y la configuración de su área sacra
Authors: Felipe Colodrero Ana María , Márquez Moreno Carlos
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se da a conocer el estudio metrológico de los restos arqueológicos conservados del foro fundacional de Astigi, que constata la existencia de un cuidadoso diseño sobre proporciones teóricas basadas en el número áureo, completando de forma teórica la configuración urbanística del mismo. Esto nos permite interpretar e integrar estructuras localizadas en las intervenciones arqueológicas.
Reflexiones sobre el uso de mármol en Lusitania central en época romana: La decoración arquitectónica en piedra de Ammaia (São Salvador da Aramenha, Portugal)
Authors: Taelman Devi
Published: December 2014

El presente trabajo presenta los resultados de una valorización cuantitativa y cualitativa de la utilización de las piedras decorativas arquitectónicas importadas de la ciudad romana lusitana de Ammaia (São Salvador da Aramenha, Portugal). Todas las piedras decorativas estudiadas fueron contadas, pesadas, clasificadas y su procedencia fue determinada.
En la época romana se utilizaron seis tipos de piedra para la decoración arquitectónica de la ciudad de Ammaia: mármol blanco, caliza morada–rosa, mármol blanco y gris, dos brechas compuestas de fragmentos de mármol blanco y granito. El granito fue la piedra de construcción principal en Ammaia. Además, el granito se utilizó para la producción de columnas y capiteles. Estudios previos han establecido una fuente local para el granito de Ammaia (Taelman et alii in press). La procedencia de las otras piedras decorativas es principalmente regional (la parte meridional de la Península Ibérica). Las dos brechas son las únicas importadas y provienen del Mediterráneo: africano de Teos (Turquía) y breccia di Sciro de la isla de Skyros (Grecia). Una situación semejante con la utilización predominante de piedras regionales se puede observar en otras ciudades hispánicas localizadas en el interior de la Península, tal como Emerita Augusta, Asturica Augusta y Munigua. Esta se debe principalmente a su emplazamiento geográfico, distante de un puerto de mar y/o río navegable.
Estatuas militares de tipo Sessa Aurunca
Authors: Ojeda David
Published: December 2014

Este artículo retoma el estudio de las estatuas militares de tipo Sessa Aurunca. Propongo la inclusión de una nueva pieza dentro de este grupo: una escultura militar colosal de Lucio Vero procedente de Seleucia Pieria. Su análisis permitirá conocer nuevos detalles acerca de esta tipología estatuaria y su utilización por parte de los emperadores romanos.
¿Fue Cercadilla una villa? El problema de la función del complejo de Cercadilla en Corduba
Authors: Hidalgo Prieto Rafael
Published: December 2014

Tanto por sus dimensiones como por su diseño y, sobre todo, por su carácter de unicum, Cercadilla constituye un conjunto arquitectónico de difícil interpretación. En esta ocasión se analiza la posibilidad de que pudiera haber constituido una villa privada.
IHC 65. Análisis de los argumentos para decidir su autenticidad o falsificación y nuevas aportaciones científicas
Authors: Fernández Martínez Concepción
Published: December 2014

El trabajo presenta un doble análisis cuyas conclusiones aportan argumentos para fijar la datación de la inscripción de Honorato conservada en Sevilla. En primer lugar un análisis comparativo del texto de la inscripción con el de un nuevo manuscrito de la RAH; y en segundo lugar un análisis científico del soporte (superficie e incisión de las letras), con software y equipo de microscopía adecuados, extendido a diversas piezas de características y cronología similares.
A propósito de CIL II 5866 (Ávila): Un epígrafe recuperado, aumentado y corregido
Authors: Hernando Sobrino María del Rosario
Published: December 2014

La reaparición de un epígrafe abulense (CIL II 5866), hasta hace poco conocido sólo de modo fragmentario y a través de la obra titulada Historia de las grandezas de la Ciudad de Avila publicada por el monje benedictino Luis Ariz en 1607, no sólo permite dar más crédito a dicho autor como transmisor epigráfico del que se le venía otorgando, sino, también, plantear una revisión de lectura del propio texto. Dicha revisión aporta al corpus abulense y, en consecuencia, al peninsular, la mención de un eques alae Vettonum que, muy posiblemente, fue también sesquiplicarius. Dada la escasez de textos relativos a los miembros de esta unidad auxiliar, de admitirse la corrección de lectura que aquí presentamos, nos encontraríamos ante un epígrafe de gran valor documental.
Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird, 1857 (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anomopoda): un nuevo invasor planctónico en la península ibérica
Authors: Geraldes A. M. , Alonso M.
Published: December 2014

Se cita Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird, 1857 por vez primera en la península ibérica. Se trata de un cladócero planctónico ampliamente distribuido en la región holártica, que no había sido previamente referido en la península ibérica a pesar de los numerosos e intensivos estudios sobre la fauna planctónica de agua dulce realizados durante las últimas tres décadas en este ámbito geográfico. La especie ha aparecido en cinco embalses situados en el cuadrante noroccidental. Con excepción del Embalse de Valdecañas, que se puede considerar eutrófico, los restantes (Bárcena, Peares, Belesar y Aguieira) fueron clasificados como mesoeutróficos. El único morfotipo encontrado corresponde a Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni ssp. coregoni. La abundancia máxima de la especie ocurrió durante el período del invierno. Es plausible considerar que las aves acuáticas y la presencia de embarcaciones de recreo pudieron ser un vector importante de la dispersión de esta especie en la península ibérica.
Cross-Sectional Study on Differences in Pain Perception and Behavioral Distress During Venipuncture Between Italian and Chinese Children
Authors: Bisogni Sofia , Calzolai Marta , Olivini Nicole , Ciofi Daniele , Mazzoni Nicola , Caprilli Simona , Lopez José Rafael Gonzalez , Festini Filippo
Published: December 2014

Venipuncture is perhaps the scariest aspect of hospitalization for children as it causes pain and high levels of behavioral distress. Pain is a complex experience which is also influenced by social factors such as cultural attitudes, beliefs and traditions. Studies focusing on ethnic/cultural differences in pain perception and behavioral distress show controversial results, in particular with regards to children. The aim of this paper is to evaluate differences in pain perception and behavioral manifestations between Italian and Chinese children undergoing a venipuncture, through a cross-sectional study. Behavioral distress and self-reported pain were measured in Chinese and Italian outpatient children during a standardized blood-drawing procedure, using the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD) and pain scales. We observed 332 children: 93 Chinese and 239 Italian. Chinese children scored higher than Italians on pain scales − mean scores 5.3 (95%CI 4.78-5.81) vs. 3.2 (95%CI 2.86-3.53) − but lower mean OSBD scores − mean 4.1 (95%CI 3.04-5.15) vs. 8.1 (95%CI 7.06-9.14). Our data suggest that Chinese children experience higher levels of pain than their Italian peers, although they show more self-control in their behavioral reaction to pain when experiencing venipuncture.
Evaluating the impact of a fungal-origin chitosan preparation on Brettanomyces bruxellensis in the context of wine aging
Authors: Nardi Tiziana , Vagnoli Paola , Minacci Andrea , Gautier Sandrine , Sieczkowski Nathalie
Published: December 2014

Brettanomyces bruxellensis and the consequences of its development in wines are a continuous threat for wine quality. In this context, chitosan of fungal origin was introduced as a new tool to control B. bruxellensis in the context of winemaking. Recent studies have showed the impact of a fungal origin chitosan application on wines contaminated with B. bruxellensis, leading to the elimination of B. bruxellensis cells. In these studies, the chitosan preparation was added, the wine racked off after 10 days and the efficiency of the treatment was evaluated in a short delay after the treatment. This study focused on the evaluation of the impact of different addition protocols of an enological chitosan preparation on B. bruxellensis population evolution and volatile phenols content along the aging, up to 9 months. The results confirm the interest of fungal origin chitosan as a preventive tool to control B. bruxellensis in the context of wine aging.
Antwoorde op prikkelende geloofsvrae
Authors: Vergeer Wim
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
An analysis of time utilization and cancellations of scheduled cases in the main operation theater complex of a tertiary care teaching institute of North India
Authors: Talati S , Gupta AK , Kumar A , Malhotra SK , Jain A
Published: December 2014

Context:

Operation theater (OT) utilization.

Aims:

To analyze the time utilization and to assess the stated causes of cancellations of scheduled cases in the OT complex of a tertiary care teaching institute.

Settings and Design:

This prospective study was carried out from December 2010 to April 2011.

Materials and Methods:

each of the 16 OT tables was observed for 6 days (total 96 days). The available resource hours were taken as 0800-1600 hrs. (480 min/day; 46,080 min in 96 days). The following parameters were recorded - time spent on supportive services, time spent on actual surgery, room turn over time, time spent for total procedure and time between entry and exit of patient.

Statistical Analysis:

Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 15.

Results:

Of the total 325 scheduled cases, 252 were operated and 73 (22.5%) were cancelled. There were delays on 15 days (15.63%) in starting the OT table at the scheduled time. Of the total resource hours (46,080 min), the mean "Raw utilization" was 37,573 min (81.54%) and the "Adjusted utilization" was 39,668 min (86.09%). The mean time spent on "supportive services" was 5539 min (12.02%) and on "actual surgery"’ was 28,277 min (61.37%), and the "room turn over time" was 2095 min (5.39%). Among the stated reasons for cancellations, lack of operating time - 57 cases (78.1%) - was the most common.

Conclusion:

Study of time utilization and cancellation are important tools in assessing the optimal utilization of available resource hours in an OT.
Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium
Authors: Shevra CR , Ghosh A , Kumar M
Published: December 2014

Background:

Proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells are regulated by various cell cycle promoting and inhibiting factors. Our knowledge about these proteins and mechanisms regulating cell cycle progression has increased dramatically in recent years.

Aim:

The present study was undertaken to examine the expression profile of cell cycle regulatory proteins in normal proliferative endometrium, hyperplasias (simple, complex and atypical) and endometrial carcinoma in a quantitative approach as also to assess correlations of Cyclin D1 expression with Ki-67 a proliferation marker.

Settings and Design:

A retrospective case control study in a tertiary referral centre.

Materials and Methods:

We evaluated and compared the expression profile of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expressions in 61 endometrial samples submitted as either endometrial curetting or hysterectomy specimens, which were diagnosed as simple hyperplasia (n =11), complex hyperplasia (n = 13), atypical hyperplasia (n = 7), and endometrial carcinoma (n = 20).

Results:

There was increased expression of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in patients with endometrial carcinoma relative to proliferative endometrium and simple hyperplasia, but there was no such difference between cases of atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression had a positive correlation with Ki-67 expression. Cyclin D1 together with Ki-67 may be a marker for endometrial carcinogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.
Correlation of renin angiotensin system (RAS) candidate gene polymorphisms with response to Ramipril in patients with essential hypertension
Authors: Gupta S , Chattopadhyaya I , Agrawal BK , Sehajpal PK , Goel RK
Published: December 2014

Background:

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important facet of blood pressure regulation physiology. Treatment of essential hypertension targets the RAS using Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs). However, ACEIs are not uniformly effective and show inter-individual pharmacodynamic variations.

Aim:

To assess the correlation between genetic polymorphisms in the genes coding for RAS components (angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), α-adducin (ADD1) and β1 -adrenoreceptor (β1-ADR)) and response to Ramipril.

Materials and Methods:

We recruited 120 patients with essential hypertension who were administered Ramipril monotherapy initially, followed by combination therapy, if needed, based on their responses. Relationship between genotypes of the three candidate genes and decrease in the blood pressure (BP) was analyzed.

Results:

One hundred and six patients were evaluable at the end of the study period and 21 different genotypes were observed among them. Seven of them were classified as responders after 8 weeks and at the end of 12 weeks, an additional 77 (72.64%) were deemed responders. 19/22 non-responders were treated with combination therapy and 7/19 (36.84%) showed a response to the same. There was a significant difference between the proportions of responders and non-responders among the genotypes of the ADD1 and β1-ADR genes (P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). The best predictors of response to Ramipril 5 mg daily were the II/GG/SS, II/TG/SS, II/GG/SG, ID/GG/SS, ID/GG/SG and ID/TT/SS and DD/GG/SS; II/GG/GG, II/TT/SG, ID/TG/SG, ID/TT/SG, DD/GG/SG and DD/GG/GG were moderately predictive and II/TT/SS, II/TG/GG, ID/TG/GG, DD/TG/SG and DD/TG/GG were poorly predictive of response.

Discussion:

Variable responses to Ramipril may be the result of genetic factors.

Conclusion:

Pre-prescription genotyping may help individualize treatment.
Pediatric meningiomas an aggressive subset
Authors: Hui M , Uppin MS , Saradhi M Vijaya , Sahu BP , Purohit AK , Sundaram C
Published: December 2014

Background:

Meningiomas are uncommon neoplasms in the pediatric age group and differ in various aspects from their adult counterparts. They account for 0.4-4.6% of all primary brain tumors.

Aims:

To retrospectively analyze the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of pediatric meningiomas.

Materials and Methods:

Meningiomas in patients under 18 years of age diagnosed between January 2001 to December 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. The hematoxylin and eosin stained sections and Ki 67 labelling index (LI) were reviewed for all the cases

Results:

The pediatric meningiomas accounted for 1.52% of total meningiomas (15/983). The mean age at presentation was 12 years with male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The presenting symptoms were headache, seizures, and motor deficits. The histology included 9 cases (60%) of atypical meningioma (WHO grade II) followed by 4 cases (26.67%) of WHO grade-I and 2 cases (13.33%) of anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III). Five cases had a recurrence. Ki67 LI ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% in grade I, 0.5% to 15% in grade II and 13% to 24% in grade III meningiomas.

Conclusion:

Meningiomas are rare in children and show a male preponderance. There was a higher incidence of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas in pediatric population.
Hyperimmunoglobulin syndrome due to CD40 deficiency
Authors: Mishra A , Italia K , Gupta M , Desai M , Madkaikar M
Published: December 2014

Hyperimmunoglobulin M (HIGM) type 3 due to CD40 deficiency is a very rare syndrome. Only 16 cases have been reported thus far. The clinical presentation is very variable. We present the first case of this rare disorder from India. The case is of a two-and-a-half-year-old female, with a history of repeated episodes of skin infections and diarrhea since birth. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated absolute lymphocyte count and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 1026/mm 3. The lymphocyte subset analysis showed normal absolute counts of Natural Killer (NK) cells and elevated absolute counts of T-cells (CD4 and CD8) and B-cells. The serum immunoglobulin estimation showed low levels of IgG, IgA, IgE and an elevated level of IgM. The CD154 analysis was normal and expression of CD40 was absent on the B-cells. Molecular analysis showed a novel mutation, with deletion of 3bp (AAG) [p.Glu107GlyfsX84] in the homozygous state, in the CD40 gene. Thus the patient was diagnosed as HIGM type 3. The parents were screened and counseled regarding prenatal diagnosis at the time of next pregnancy.
Equivalent definitions of dyadic Muckenhoupt and reverse Hölder classes in terms of Carleson sequences, weak classes, and comparability of dyadic $L$ log $L$ and $A_\infty$ constants
Authors: Beznosova Oleksandra , Reznikov Alexander
Published: December 2014

In the dyadic case the union of the reverse Hölder classes,

\cup_{p>1} RH_p^d

, is strictly larger than the union of the Muckenhoupt classes,

\cup_{p>1} A_p^d = A_\infty^d

. We introduce the

RH_1^d

condition as a limiting case of the

RH_p^d

inequalities as

p

tends to

1

and show the sharp bound on the

RH_1^d

constant of the weight

w

in terms of its

A_\infty^d

constant.

We also examine the summation conditions of the Buckley type for the dyadic reverse Hölder and Muckenhoupt weights and deduce them from an intrinsic lemma which gives a summation representation of the bumped average of a weight. We also obtain summation conditions for continuous reverse Hölder and Muckenhoupt classes of weights and both continuous and dyadic weak reverse Hölder classes. In particular, we prove that a weight belongs to the class

RH_1

if and only if it satisfies Buckley's inequality. We also show that the constant in each summation inequality of Buckley type is comparable to the corresponding Muckenhoupt or reverse Hölder constant. To prove our main results we use the Bellman function technique.
Historical Pyrogeography of Texas, USA
Authors: Stambaugh Michael C. , Sparks Jeffrey C. , Abadir E. R.
Published: December 2014

Synthesis of multiple sources of fire history information increases the power and reliability of fire regime characterization. Fire regime characterization is critical for assessing fire risk, identifying climate change impacts, understanding ecosystem processes, and developing policies and objectives for fire management. For these reasons, we conducted a literature review and spatial analysis of historical fire intervals in Texas, USA, a state with diverse fire environments and significant fire-related challenges. Limited literature describing historical fire regimes exists and few studies have quantitatively assessed the historical frequency of wildland fire. Written accounts provided anecdotal fire information that is spatially and temporally constrained. Three spatial datasets depicting historic mean fire intervals (MFIs) showed agreement in that the majority of Texas consisted of frequent fire regimes (MFIs = 1 yr to 12 yr), and that a gradient of decreasing fire return intervals existed from west to east. Much potential likely exists for acquiring fire history data in the Piney Woods region, the Oak Woods and Prairies region, and the mountain ranges of the Trans Pecos region. These data will be valuable for improving fire regime characterization to guide fire planning and budget processes, for the restoration and maintenance of fire-adapted landscapes, and for informing fire prevention and education activities.
Middle Mesial Canal: A Common Finding — A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Bhosale Swati , Balasubramanian Akilan , Maroli Rameshkumar , Jayasree S
Published: December 2014

Aims and objectives

To present clinical case report of three mandibular first molar with middle mesial canal of independent and confluent type.

Case Report

Three patients with chief complaint in mandibular first molars were referred for endodontic treatment. All the three mandibular first molar showed presence of middle mesial canal and, in one case, extra root was observed. With aid of proper diagnostic and radiographic techniques, the endodontic treatment was performed.

Conclusion

Good knowledge of the potential aberrant canal morphology in mandibular molar will help clinician to successfully recognize and treat these difficult cases. Morphological variations in root canal system anatomy should always be considered at the beginning of treatment. Once endodontic treatment has been initiated, proper access cavity preparation is a basic prerequisite for the investigation and successful detection of all root canal orifices. Every effort should be made to find and treat all canals for successful clinical results. Better illumination and magnification under microscope help in locating hidden canals.

How to cite this article

Bhosale S, Balasubramanian A, Maroli R, Jayasree S. Middle Mesial Canal: A Common Finding— A Report of Three Cases. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(3):152-156.
An Unusually Large Submandibular Salivary Stone
Authors: Pandey Sushma , Subedi Sushil , Gadda Rohit
Published: December 2014

Sialolithiasis is a condition where a calcified mass forms within a salivary gland, most commonly in the duct of the submandibular gland. Commonly sialoliths measure from 5 to 10 mm in size and stones over 10 mm can be reported as sialoliths of unusual size. They rarely measure more than 15 mm. Reported here is a case of large submandibular sialolith which was diagnosed clinically and radiographically and treated with no postoperative complication.

How to cite this article

Pandey S, Subedi S, Gadda R. An Unusually Large Submandibular Salivary Stone. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(3):160-161.
Management of an Unresponsive Periodontal Lesion in an Endodontic Involved Tooth Complicated by Actinomyces Species
Authors: Kini Vineet , Poonja LS , Padhye Ashvini , Natrajan Srivalli , Mistry Abhishek Ramnik
Published: December 2014

Actinomycosis is an infectious disease caused byActinomycesspecies found as a commensal in oral flora. However, it does cause opportunistic infections with localized granulomatous and suppurative lesions intraorally once the integrity of the oral mucosal barrier is compromized and access to the underlying tissues or jaw bones is gained. The present case report highlights an unresponsive periodontal lesion associated with an actinomycotic infection in an endodontically involved tooth. The gingiva in relation to the tooth showed profuse spontaneous bleeding and suppurative discharge after multiple appointments of initial therapy which required histopathologic and microbiological assessment for diagnosis. On establishing the diagnosis of actinomycosis, treatment involved extraction of the tooth. This highlights the importance of microbiological investigations in unresponsive periodontal lesions.

How to cite this article

Mistry AR, Pereira R, Kini V, Padhye A, Poonja LS, Natrajan S. Management of an Unresponsive Periodontal Lesion in an Endodontic Involved Tooth Complicated byActinomycesSpecies. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(3):167-172.
Meteorological factors controlling low-level continental pollutant outflow across a coast
Authors: Peake D. L. , Dacre H. F. , Methven J. , Coceal O.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Coastal outflow describes the horizontal advection of pollutants from the continental boundary layer (BL) across a coastline. The outflow can ventilate polluted continental BLs and thus regulate air quality in highly populated coastal regions. This paper investigates the factors controlling coastal outflow and quantifies their importance as a ventilation mechanism. Tracers in the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) are used to examine the magnitude and variability of coastal outflow over the eastern United States during summer 2004. Over the 4 week period examined, ventilation of tracer from the continental BL via coastal outflow occurs with the same magnitude as vertical ventilation via convection and advection. The relative importance of tracer decay rate, cross-coastal advection rate, and a parameter based on the relative continental and marine BL heights on coastal outflow is assessed by reducing the problem to a time-dependent box model. The ratio of the advection rate and decay rate is a dimensionless parameter which determines whether tracers are long-lived or short-lived. Long- and short-lived tracers exhibit different behaviours with respect to coastal outflow. Short-lived tracers exhibit large diurnal variability in coastal outflow but long-lived tracers do not. For short-lived tracers, increasing the advection rate increases the diurnally averaged magnitude of coastal outflow, but this has the opposite effect for very long-lived tracers. By using the box-model solutions to interpret the MetUM simulations, a land width is determined which represents the distance inland over which emissions contribute significantly to coastal outflow. A land width of between 100 and 400 km is found to be representative for a tracer with a lifetime of 24 h.
On the importance of cascading moisture recycling in South America
Authors: Zemp D. C. , Schleussner C.-F. , Barbosa H. M. J. , van der Ent R. J. , Donges J. F. , Heinke J. , Sampaio G. , Rammig A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Continental moisture recycling is a crucial process of the South American climate system. In particular, evapotranspiration from the Amazon basin contributes substantially to precipitation regionally as well as over other remote regions such as the La Plata basin. Here we present an in-depth analysis of South American moisture recycling mechanisms. In particular, we quantify the importance of cascading moisture recycling (CMR), which describes moisture transport between two locations on the continent that involves re-evaporation cycles along the way. Using an Eulerian atmospheric moisture tracking model forced by a combination of several historical climate data sets, we were able to construct a complex network of moisture recycling for South America. Our results show that CMR contributes about 9–10% to the total precipitation over South America and 17–18% over the La Plata basin. CMR increases the fraction of total precipitation over the La Plata basin that originates from the Amazon basin from 18–23 to 24–29% during the wet season. We also show that the south-western part of the Amazon basin is not only a direct source of rainfall over the La Plata basin, but also a key intermediary region that distributes moisture originating from the entire Amazon basin towards the La Plata basin during the wet season. Our results suggest that land use change in this region might have a stronger impact on downwind rainfall than previously thought. Using complex network analysis techniques, we find the eastern side of the sub-tropical Andes to be a key region where CMR pathways are channeled. This study offers a better understanding of the interactions between the vegetation and the atmosphere on the water cycle, which is needed in a context of land use and climate change in South America.
Technical Note: Are large error bars desirable? A note on quantitative model-proxy comparison
Authors: Liakka J. , Eronen J. T. , Tang H. , Portmann F. T.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The combined use of proxy records and climate modelling is invaluable for obtaining a better understanding of past climates. However, many methods of model-proxy comparison in the literature are fundamentally problematic because larger errors in the proxy tend to yield a "better" agreement with the model. Here we quantify model-proxy agreement as a function to proxy uncertainty using the overlapping coefficient OVL, which measures the similarity between two probability distributions. We found that the model-proxy agreement is poor (OVL < 50%) if the proxy uncertainty (σp) is greater than three times the model variability (σm), even if the model and proxy have similar mean estimates. Hence only proxies that fulfil the condition σp < 3σm should be used for detailed quantitative evaluation of the model performance.
Thermal evolution of the western South Atlantic and the adjacent continent during Termination 1
Authors: Chiessi C. M. , Mulitza S. , Mollenhauer G. , Silva J. B. , Groeneveld J. , Prange M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. During Termination 1, millennial-scale weakening events of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) supposedly produced major changes in sea surface temperatures (SST) of the western South Atlantic, and in mean air temperatures (MAT) over southeastern South America. It was suggested, for instance, that the Brazil Current (BC) would strengthen (weaken) and the North Brazil Current (NBC) would weaken (strengthen) during slowdown (speed-up) events of the AMOC. This anti-phase pattern was claimed to be a necessary response to the decreased North Atlantic heat piracy during periods of weak AMOC. However, the thermal evolution of the western South Atlantic and the adjacent continent is largely unknown and a compelling record of the BC-NBC anti-phase behavior remains elusive. Here we address this issue, presenting high temporal resolution SST and MAT records from the BC and southeastern South America, respectively. We identify a warming in the western South Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), which is followed first by a drop and then by increasing temperatures during the Bølling–Allerød, in-phase with an existing NBC record. Additionally, a similar SST evolution is shown by a southernmost eastern South Atlantic record, suggesting a South Atlantic-wide pattern in SST evolution during most of Termination 1. Over southeastern South America, our MAT record shows a two-step increase during Termination 1, synchronous with atmospheric CO2 rise (i.e., during the second half of HS1 and during the Younger Dryas), and lagging abrupt SST changes by several thousand years. This delay corroborates the notion that the long duration of HS1 was fundamental to drive the Earth out of the last glacial.
Seismic monitoring of geomorphic processes
Authors: Burtin A. , Hovius N. , Turowski J. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In seismology, the signal is usually analysed for earthquake data, but these represent less than 1% of continuous recording. The remaining data are considered as seismic noise and were for a long time ignored. Over the past decades, the analysis of seismic noise has constantly increased in popularity, and this has led to develop new approaches and applications in geophysics. The study of continuous seismic records is now open to other disciplines, like geomorphology. The motion of mass at the Earth's surface generates seismic waves that are recorded by nearby seismometers and can be used to monitor its transfer through the landscape. Surface processes vary in nature, mechanism, magnitude and space and time, and this variability can be observed in the seismic signals. This contribution aims to give an overview of the development and current opportunities for the seismic monitoring of geomorphic processes. We first describe the common principles of seismic signal monitoring and introduce time-frequency analysis for the purpose of identification and differentiation of surface processes. Second, we present techniques to detect, locate and quantify geomorphic events. Third, we review the diverse layout of seismic arrays and highlight their advantages and limitations for specific processes, like slope or channel activity. Finally, we illustrate all these characteristics with the analysis of seismic data acquired in a small debris-flow catchment where geomorphic events show interactions and feedbacks. Further developments must aim to fully understand the richness of the continuous seismic signals, to better quantify the geomorphic activity and improve the performance of warning systems. Seismic monitoring may ultimately allow the continuous survey of erosion and transfer of sediments in the landscape on the scales of external forcing.
Simple, affordable and sustainable borehole observatories for complex monitoring objectives
Authors: Kopf A. , Freudenthal T. , Ratmeyer V. , Bergenthal M. , Lange M. , Fleischmann T. , Hammerschmidt S. , Seiter C. , Wefer G.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Seafloor drill rigs are remotely operated systems that provide a cost effective means to recover sedimentary records of the upper sub-seafloor deposits. Recent increases in their payload included downhole logging tools or autoclave coring systems. We here report on another milestone in using seafloor rigs: the development and installation of shallow borehole observatories. Three different systems have been developed for the MARUM-MeBo seafloor drill, which is operated by MARUM, University of Bremen, Germany. A simple design, the MeBoPLUG, separates the inner borehole from the overlying ocean by using o-ring seals at the conical threads of the drill pipe. The systems are self-contained and include data loggers, batteries, thermistors and a differential pressure sensor. A second design, the so-called MeBoCORK, is more sophisticated and also hosts an acoustic modem for data transfer and, if desired, fluid sampling capability using osmotic pumps. Of these MeBoCORKs, two systems have to be distinguished: the CORK-A (A = autonomous) can be installed by the MeBo alone and monitors pressure and temperature inside and above the borehole (the latter for reference). The CORK-B (B = bottom) has a higher payload and can additionally be equipped with geochemical, biological or other physical components. Owing to its larger size, it is installed by ROV and utilises a hotstab connection in the upper portion of the drill string. Either design relies on a hotstab connection from beneath which coiled tubing with a conical drop weight is lowered to couple to the formation. These tubes are fluid-saturated and either serve to transmit pore pressure signals or collect pore water in the osmo-sampler. The third design, the MeBoPUPPI (Pop-Up Pore Pressure Instrument), is similar to the MeBoCORK-A and monitors pore pressure and temperature in a self-contained manner. Instead of transferring data upon command using an acoustic modem, the MeBoPUPPI contains a pop-up telemetry with Iridium link. After a predefined period, the data unit with satellite link is released, ascends to the sea surface, and remains there for up to two weeks while sending the long-term data sets to shore. In summer 2012, two MeBoPLUGs, one MeBoCORK-A and one MeBoCORK-B were installed with MeBo on German RV Sonne in the Nankai Trough area, Japan. We have successfully downloaded data from the CORKs, attesting that coupling to the formation worked and pressure records were elevated relative to the seafloor reference. In the near future, we will further deploy the first two MeBoPUPPIs. Recovery of all monitoring systems by ROV is planned for 2016.
Quantification of hydrologic impacts of climate change in a Mediterranean basin in Sardinia, Italy, through high-resolution simulations
Authors: Piras M. , Mascaro G. , Deidda R. , Vivoni E. R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Future climate projections robustly indicate that the Mediterranean region will experience a significant decrease of mean annual precipitation and an increase in temperature. These changes are expected to seriously affect the hydrologic regime, with a limitation of water availability and an intensification of hydrologic extremes, and to negatively impact local economies. In this study, we quantify the hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Rio Mannu basin (RMB), an agricultural watershed of 472.5 km2 in Sardinia, Italy. To simulate the wide range of runoff generation mechanisms typical of Mediterranean basins, we adopted a physically based, distributed hydrologic model. The high-resolution forcings in reference and future conditions (30-year records for each period) were provided by four combinations of global and regional climate models, bias-corrected and downscaled in space and time (from ~25 km, 24 h to 5 km, 1 h) through statistical tools. The analysis of the hydrologic model outputs indicates that the RMB is expected to be severely impacted by future climate change. The range of simulations consistently predict (i) a significant diminution of mean annual runoff at the basin outlet, mainly due to a decreasing contribution of the runoff generation mechanisms depending on water available in the soil; (ii) modest variations in mean annual runoff and intensification of mean annual discharge maxima in flatter sub-basins with clay and loamy soils, likely due to a higher occurrence of infiltration excess runoff; (iii) reduction of soil water content and actual evapotranspiration in most areas of the basin; and (iv) a drop in the groundwater table. Results of this study are useful to support the adoption of adaptive strategies for management and planning of agricultural activities and water resources in the region.
Complex networks, streamflow, and hydrometric monitoring system design
Authors: Halverson M. , Fleming S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Network theory is applied to an array of streamflow gauges located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and Yukon, Canada. The goal of the analysis is to assess whether insights from this branch of mathematical graph theory can be meaningfully applied to hydrometric data, and more specifically, whether it may help guide decisions concerning stream gauge placement so that the full complexity of the regional hydrology is efficiently captured. The streamflow data, when represented as a complex network, has a global clustering coefficient and average shortest path length consistent with small-world networks, which are a class of stable and efficient networks common in nature, but the results did not clearly suggest a scale-free network. Stability helps ensure that the network is robust to the loss of nodes; in the context of a streamflow network, stability is interpreted as insensitivity to station removal at random. Community structure is also evident in the streamflow network. A community detection algorithm identified 10 separate communities, each of which appears to be defined by the combination of its median seasonal flow regime (pluvial, nival, hybrid, or glacial, which in this region in turn mainly reflects basin elevation) and geographic proximity to other communities (reflecting shared or different daily meteorological forcing). Betweenness analyses additionally suggest a handful of key stations which serve as bridges between communities and might therefore be highly valued. We propose that an idealized sampling network should sample high-betweenness stations, as well as small-membership communities which are by definition rare or undersampled relative to other communities, while retaining some degree of redundancy to maintain network robustness.
Continental Portuguese Territory Flood Susceptibility Index – contribution for a vulnerability index
Authors: Jacinto R. , Grosso N. , Reis E. , Dias L. , Santos F. D. , Garrett P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This work defines a national flood susceptibility index for the Portuguese continental territory, by proposing the aggregation of different variables which represent natural conditions for permeability, runoff and accumulation. This index is part of the national vulnerability index developed in the scope of Flood Maps in Climate Change Scenarios (CIRAC) project, supported by the Portuguese Association of Insurers (APS). This approach expands on previous works by trying to bridge the gap between different floods mechanisms (e.g. progressive and flash floods) occurring at different spatial scales in the Portuguese territory through: (a) selecting homogeneously processed datasets, (b) aggregating their values to better translate the spatially continuous and cumulative influence in floods at multiple spatial scales. Results show a good ability to capture, in the higher susceptibility classes, different flood types: progressive floods and flash floods. Lower values are usually related to: mountainous areas, low water accumulation potential and more permeable soils. Validation with independent flood datasets confirmed these index characteristics, although some overestimation can be seen in the southern region of Alentejo where, due to a dense hydrographic network and an overall low slope, floods are not as frequent as a result of lower precipitation mean values. Future work will focus on: (i) including extreme precipitation datasets to represent the triggering factor, (ii) improving representation of smaller and stepper basins, (iii) optimizing variable weight definition process, (iii) developing more robust independent flood validation datasets.