bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
microbiological quality of raw milk after introducing the two day's milk collecting system
Authors: GODIČ TORKAR Karmen , GOLC TEGER Slavica
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out to investigate the quality of raw milk after the decision of the dairies to collect the milk every two days and not daily as it has been performed till the year 2005. In wider central Slovenian production area we collected in winter and summer season 203 raw milk samples obtained from farm bulk milk tanks, collecting points and transportation tanks at the entrance to the dairy was studied. The total bacterial count, the number of coliforms, psychrotrophic micro-organisms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts and moulds were analysed using standard methods. The presence of mould species and production of aflatoxins were studied as well. The total bacterial count was higher than 100 000 cfu/ml in 48 (23.6%) out of all tested samples. Its mean value in all milk samples was 4.5 log10 cfu/ml[1]. The mean numbers of coliform bacteria, psychrotrophic micro-organisms, yeasts and moulds together, and coagulase-positive staphylococci were 2.1 log10 cfu/ml, 3.7 log10 cfu/ml, 2.3 log10 cfu/ml and 1.97 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. Nobeden izmed izoliranih sevov iz rodu Aspergillus, ki je kazal značilno rast na gojišču AFPA, ni na gojiščih YES in YGC z metil-β-ciklodekstrinom tvoril aflatoksina M1.
Ugotavljanje prisotnosti ekotipov kranjske čebele (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman) v Sloveniji na podlagi razlik v ožiljenosti prednjih kril
Authors: KOZMUS Peter
Published: December 2023

Kranjska čebela (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman 1879) v Sloveniji, je bila v preteklosti na podlagi morfoloških kriterijev razdeljena na več skupin oz. ekotipov, česar pa genetska analiza ni potrdila. Zaradi neenotnih rezultatov smo populacijo kranjske čebele v Sloveniji še enkrat preučili, tokrat na podlagi ožiljenosti kril. Pregledali smo 273 vzorcev čebel iz Slovenije, za primerjavo pa smo uporabili še 68 vzorcev čebel iz Hrvaške, Češke, Grčije in nekaterih selekcioniranih linij. Na vsakem krilu smo označili 19 točk, na osnovi katerih smo izmerili in izračunali 37 značilnosti. Analizirali smo slovensko populacijoin jo primerjali z vzorci čebel iz tujine. Razlike med slovenskimi in ostalimi skupinami vzorcev so bile statistično značilne, razlike znotraj populacije v Sloveniji pa ne. Med skupinami vzorcev smo ugotovili razlike na podlagi diskriminantne analize, analize glavnih komponent in analize variance. Tudi meritve kubitalnega indeksa so nakazovale razlike med skupinami. Enak pristopi pri analizi populacije čebel v Sloveniji ni podprl teze o obstoju različnih ekotipov. Na podlagi rezultatov sklepamo, da je populacija čebel v Sloveniji homogena in kot taka ne nudi dodatne variabilnosti, ki bi jo bilo mogoče uporabiti za selekcijske ali ohranitvene namene.
Smernice na področju poskusov na živalih
Authors: PERŠE Martina
Published: December 2023

V juniju 2007 je v Italiji potekalo skupno srečanje FELASA (Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations) in ICLAS (International Council for Laboratory Animal Science), katerega se je udeležilo preko 1100 strokovnjakov iz vseh kontinentov. Na simpoziju je bil predstavljen obsežen pregled najnovejših znanstvenih dognanj in tehnologije s področja znanosti o laboratorijskih živalih, ki je potekal v znamenju predstavitev, konzultacij ter pripravljanja smernic za prihodnost. Na srečanju predstavljene teme se nanašajo predvsem na izboljšave in inovativno tehnologijo eksperimentalnih postopkov, oskrbo in uporabo živali v poskusih, zakonodajo, usposabljanje osebja ter etike in so v prispevku podrobneje opisane. V prispevku namenjamo nekaj poudarka tudi evropski zakonodaji, ki je v procesu dopolnjevanja in spreminjanja. Vse v EU sprejete spremembe bodo namreč vplivale tudi na predpise v Sloveniji.
Extraction of phenolic compounds from green walnut fruits in different solvents
Authors: JAKOPIČ Jerneja , VEBERIČ Robert , ŠTAMPAR Franci
Published: December 2023

The extractive efficiency of phenolic compounds from plant material is greatly depended on the solvent. In our research, methanol and ethanol were used for taking out the phenols from green walnut fruits. The total phenolics and some individual phenolics, such as gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, sinapic and protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin and juglone were detected. Total phenolic contents were determined spectrofotometric but individual phenols using HPLC. Amounts of total phenolics were higher when for extraction methanol was used compare to ethanol, in both cultivars, Elit and Franquette. Similar effect of the solvents was observed in the case some individual phenols, such as juglone, (+)-catechin, gallic, protocatechuic and chlorogenic acid. On the contrary, for ellagic and sinapic acid the extraction was better when ethanol was used compare to methanol.
First record of a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei (Steiner) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Slovenia
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TÓTH Tímea , LAKATOS Tamás , VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In preceding researches on occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Slovenia, which started in 2007, we already recorded Steinernema affine (Bovien), S. feltiae (Filipjev) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser). In April 2008, 120 soil samples from 24 locations were collected in Gorenjska, Notranjska and Primorska regions as well as in Ljubljansko barje. The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes was confirmed in 9 samples from 6 locations. Only the sample C46, which was taken in the village Podbrezje in Gorenjska region, was sent to genetic analysis. Molecular biological analysis have proved the identity of the sample with the species Steinernema kraussei (Steiner). This was the first record of Steinernema kraussei in Slovenia.
Influence of row spacing on the yield of ten cultivars of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
Authors: KOCJAN AČKO Darja , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In the period 2001-2005 block field trials with ten soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill): Aldana, Borostyan, Essor, Ika, Kador, Major, Nawiko, Olna, Tarna and Tisa with three repetitions have been designed on the experimental field at the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana with the purpose of studying the influence of sowing density on crop yield. Planting of soybean was performed manually each year in the beginning of May using the 50 cm row spacing (wide rows) and 25 cm spacing (narrow rows), the distance between seeds in a row was 15 cm. In each case of row spacing, the soybean cultivar and the year of the experiment influenced the mean yield of the soybean. For the dense sowing, the significantly higher yield of soybean (3428 kg/ha) was detected compared to the thin sowing (2690 kg/ha). The significant influence of the cultivar was found in every year in case of the thin sowing, where the yield in the 2001 (the year of the drought) was significantly lower compared to other years. For the thin sowing, the most productive cultivar was the Borostyan (3974 kg/ha), the lowest mean yield was recorded for the cultivar Aldana (1472 kg/ha). For the dense sowing, significantly higher soybean yield was confirmed in 2005 (3760 kg/ha), compared to the years 2002 (3145 kg/ha) and 2003 (3239 kg/ha), when the yields were significantly lower. The cultivar Aldana recorded the lowest yield (2110 kg/ha) also in the case of dense sowing, while under the same growing conditions, the cultivar Tisa (5171 kg/ha) proved to be the most productive cultivar. Considering the length of the growing period and the yield, the medium late cultivars Borostyan, Essor, Tarna, Major and Olna and the medium early cultivar Nawiko could be recommended for sowing in central parts of Slovenia. Despite higher productivity of Tisa, Ika and Kador cultivars, their late maturity is less suitable for machine harvesting on lager land areas. Based on our data on productivity, growing period and other economically significant characteristics of soybean cultivars, together with selected row spacing, the experts will be able to suggest to producers cultivars and production practises to ensure high and dependable yields of soybean.
Local inhabitants' opinion about quality of life inside and outside the Triglav National Park
Authors: ZURC Jana , UDOVČ Andrej
Published: December 2023

Article presents results of a research made among local inhabitants inside and outside the Triglav National Park in Slovenia. Including the local inhabitants in the decision making process should have positive influence on further progress of the area. A poll was made among 200 residents for this purpose, in which we wanted to get inhabitants' opinion of quality of life in the area where they live. Results indicate that 36% of interviewees agree that their quality of life is good and 12% claim that it is very good. 68% of inhabitants strongly agree and 25% agree that their area of living needs better employment chances.
first record of Aphidius ervi Haliday in Slovenia
Authors: KOS Katarina , TOMANOVIĆ Željko , ROJHT Helena , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In 2008, a lucerne aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday was first recorded in Slovenia. This oligophagous parasitoid is used as biological control agent against bigger aphid species. By sampling aphid mummies on different locations in Slovenia in 2008, we found parasitoid Aphidius ervi on nine host plants (corn, pea, alfalfa, red clover, winter wheat, oat, onion, potato and winter barley). Among 1812 primary parasitoids found in Slovenia in 2008, there were 46 individuals of Aphidius ervi; 21 male and 25 female parasitoids. In the present paper description of the species, its geographic distribution and host plant-aphid-parasitoid associations are given.
Effect of preceding crops on the winter cereal productivity and diseases incidence
Authors: SKUODIENĖ Regina , NEKROŠIENĖ Rita
Published: December 2023

Experiments were carried out in the Vežaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (West Lithuania region) in 2002-2005. The aim of this research was to estimate the ecological significance of perennial legumes used as green manure for the biological properties of triticale and rye and for diseases resistance. Residues of the perennial grasses tested and ploughed-in aftermath contributed different contents of nitrogen to the soil. The highest content of nitrogen was contributed to the soil with red clover residues and aftermath. Residues of white clover and aftermath ploughed in as green manure determined more favourable soil properties. This had a positive effect on the formation of biological parameters of cereals grown after white clover, which made it possible without mineral and organic fertilisers to produce on average 3.88 t ha-1 of triticale grain and 3.82 t ha-1 of rye grain, or by 1.09 and 0.28 t ha-1 more compared with their growing after red clover managed in the same way as white clover. Different growing conditions of winter cereals, i.e. different preceding crops, had a significant effect on the occurrence of scald and septoriosis.
Vpliv agroekoloških razmer na ekonomsko upravičenost ekološkega pridelovanja solate (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: OPLANIĆ Milan , BAN Dean , TRDAN Stanislav , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

Cilj raziskave je bil primerjati ekonomsko uspešnost gojenja solate v konvencionalnem in ekološkem načinu pridelave v celinskem in sredozemskem delu Republike Hrvaške. V letih 2002 in 2003 je bil poskus postavljen na družinskih kmetijah v okolici Pulja (sredozemsko območje) in v okolici kraja Otočac (celinsko območje). Dobljeni rezultati kažejo na to, da ima gojenje solate v ekološki pridelavi za posledico manjši pridelek, kar je še bolj izrazito v celinskem podnebju. Da bi bila pridelava solate iz takega načina gojenja ekonomsko opravičljiva, je treba zanjo doseči višjo prodajno ceno v primerjavi s solato iz konvencionalne pridelave. Iz istega razloga bi morala biti tudi prodajna cena ekološko pridelane solate na celinskem območju višja kot cena solate, pridelane ob morju.
First massive occurrence of greenhouse whitefly parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood] (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Slovenia
Authors: KOS Katarina , TOMANOVIĆ Željko , ROJHT Helena , VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In 2008, massive population of parasitoid Encarsia formosa was found for the first time in the greenhouses on the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana (Slovenia). This species is known for a long time as effective natural enemy of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and other whiteflies in different parts of the world. 1306 wasps from genus Encarsia were found in nymphs of greenhouse whitefly. The most numerous was E. formosa (934 individuals), following by 367 individuals of E. tricolor, 4 males of E. inaron and a male of E. longicornis. Greenhouse whitefly parasitoid was determined on 14 host plants in the greenhouse and E. tricolor on 11 host plants in the greenhouse and on one host plant in the field. E. inaron and E. longicornis appeared only on one host plant in a greenhouse. For the time being the use of wasp E. formosa is not yet permitted in controlling greenhouse whitefly in Slovenia, but there is possibility to include it in the programs of biological control of pests on ornamentals and vegetable plants in the greenhouses. Consequently, the use of chemical insecticides will be reduced.
Efficacy of two strains of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha [L.], Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TÓTH Tímea , LAKATOS Tamás , VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In a laboratory experiment an efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in controlling third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) was studied. The experiment comprised of commercial product Entonem and indigenous strain C76. The efficacy of both biological agents was tested at 20 and 25 ?C and at four different concentrations of nematode suspension: 0, 250.000 infective juveniles [IJs]/m2, 500.000 IJs/m2, and 1.000.000 IJs/m2. Higher mortality rate (27 %) of white grubs was obtained for strain C76 rather than for commercial product (20 %). In our experiment temperature proved to be the most limiting factor in efficacy of tested biological agents. Meanwhile, mortality rate at 20 ?C was 34 % and only 12 % mortality was achieved at 25 ?C. At highest concentration of nematode suspension and 20 ?C also the highest mortality rate (53 %) with strain C76 was obtained.
Microoxygenation of red wines
Authors: LESICA Marko , KOŠMERL Tatjana
Published: December 2023

Microoxygenation is usually applied to red wines as a cheaper alternative to oak ageing. Utilization of wood cooperage for wine storage has several advantages. Among these are extractions of flavour and aroma active components, as well as controlled oxidative polymerization, a process commonly referred to as ageing. Although stainless steel tanks are, in the long term, less costly than cooperage, stored wines do not benefit from the features offered by wood. The process of microoxygenation in steel tanks utilizes controlled exposure of wines to oxygen provided by a sparger linked via a flow meter to a cylinder of oxygen. Oxygen flow rates vary over the course of treatment. During this period, different chemical reactions take place. For example, wine phenols (tannin precursors and anthocyanins) react to form polymeric species that enhance palate structure and colour stability in the wine. Oxygen also diminishes excessively green, herbaceous characters and reductive aroma of wine.
Parameters affecting calving difficulty of Charolais and Limousin breed at the Educational and Research Centre Logatec
Authors: KOTNIK Barbara , PETRIČ Nežika , ŽGUR Silvester
Published: December 2023

The aim of our study was to analyse parameters effecting calving difficulty of Charolais and Limousin cows at the Educational and Research Centre Logatec. Data from 492 calves, born between 1995 and 2006 were included in the analysis. We estimated calving difficulty with values from 1 to 3, where 1 meant easy calving (without or with minor help), 2 – difficult calving (at least 2 persons or veterinarian help), 3 – caesarean. Breed, sex of calves, parity, single or twin births, year of calving and birth weight had statistically significant effect on calving difficulty. In Charolais breed difficult calving occurred in 18.7% and in Limousin breed in 7.8%. Twins were associated with 4 times more frequent difficult calving than singles. First parity cows exhibited more frequent calving difficulty, whereas among other parities there were no statistically significant differences. The increased birth weight increased the possibility for difficult calving.
Time dependent formation of markers of oxidative stress induced by a high fat diet supplemented or unsupplemented with vitamin E in pigs
Authors: PAJK ŽONTAR Tanja , SALOBIR Janez , REZAR Vida
Published: December 2023

The time dependent formation of oxidative damage induced by polyunsaturated fat in the diet was investigated in an experiment with pigs as a model for humans. The role of vitamin E in the prevention of oxidative stress was also studied. Twenty-four growing pigs were penned individually and after an adaptation period divided into three groups. All groups received isocaloric daily rations composed of a basal diet isocalorically supplemented with: starch, linseed oil or linseed oil and vitamin E. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the degree of lymphocyte and granulocyte nuclear DNA damage, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma, 24-hour urine MDA excretion rate and concentration of vitamin E isomers in the blood at the beginning, after 24 hours, after 6 days and at the end of the 22 day experimental period. The results confirmed that a high proportion of polyunsaturated fat in the diet increased lymphocyte and granulocyte DNA damage only after 6 days. The lymphocytes appear to be more sensitive to this type of oxidative stress than granulocytes. The MDA concentration in the blood and urinary MDA excretion after 24 hours of oxidative stress seem to be more accurate indicators than the rate of lymphocyte and especially granulocyte DNA damage. Vitamin E supplementation effectively protects the blood cells against increased DNA damage during the whole course of the experiment, but failed to reduce MDA formation significantly 24 hours and 6 days after the beginning of oxidative load. The study further suggests that supplementation of vitamin E is able to completely prevent DNA damage of both types of investigated blood cells at any time, but is only able to reduce the formation of lipid peroxidation products after prolonged treatment.
Uporaba DNA označevalcev za preverjanje porekla pri ovcah in določanja očetovstva v čredah z več plemenskimi ovni
Authors: VOLČIČ Tomaž , KOMPAN Drago , DOVČ Peter , HORVAT Simon
Published: December 2023

Rodovniški podatki kontroliranih tropov so bistvenega pomena za rejce ovc in izvajanje selekcijskih programov. V tej študiji smo preverili, če je možno z osmimi molekularno genetskimi označevalci ter uporabo računalniškega programa ATLAS preveriti skladnost podatkov v več-generacijskih rodovnikih jezersko-solčavske in oplemenjene jezersko-solčavske pasme. Ugotovili smo 90,9 % točnost beleženja rodovniških podatkov, medtem ko smo neskladja ugotovili pri štirih družinah od 44-ih. V dveh primerih je bil potomcu nepravilno pripisan oče ali mati, pri ostalih dveh primerih pa sta bila jagnjetu napačno pripisana oba starša. V drugem delu raziskave smo poskušali z istim nizom mikrosatelitnih označevalcev določiti očetovstva štirim jagnjetom istrske pramenke, kjer v času paritev v trop pripuščajo dvajset ovnov in tako jagnje nima poznanega očeta. Trem jagnjetom smo lahko nedvoumno določili očeta z izločitvijo ostalih devetnajstih. V enem primeru smo ugotovili, da niz osmih označevalcev ni dovolj informativen za določitev očeta potomcu, zato smo analizo razširili in z vključitvijo dodatnih štirih mikrosatelitnih označevalcev uspešno določili očetovstvo tudi v tem primeru. Z izbranim nizom molekularnih označevalcev in obdelave podatkov je možno učinkovito preverjati obstoječe rodovniške podatke in napovedati očetovstvo jagnjetom v tropih, kjer pripuščajo večje število ovnov. Rezultati take analize so lahko v pomoč rejcem in selekcijskim službam za izboljšanje točnosti rodovniških podatkov in učinkovitejše načrtovanje reje in selekcije pri ovcah.
search for conjugative transposon in rumen bacterium Prevotella bryantii B14
Authors: GORENC Gregor , ACCETTO Tomaž , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Only few plasmids and bacteriophages have been described to date in ruminal prevotella strains, therefore it appears plausible that the genetic exchange in these organisms must exploit other routes. Large conjugative transposons make possible the gene exchange process in bacteria from the genus Bacteroides, the phylogenetic relatives of ruminal prevotellas. The access to fully or partially finished genome sequences of Bacteroides and Prevotella representatives made possible the search for conserved regions within putative conjugative transposons. Multiple sequence alignment of known and putative conjugative transposon gene sequences of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides fragilis and Tanerella sp. was used to locate partially conserved regions within most preserved conjugative transposition genes, traG, and to construct appropriate degenerated oligonucleotide primers. These were used to amplify genome fragments from ruminal prevotella strains. Sequence analysis of the subcloned PCR products revealed the presence of a hypothetical gene in the genome of Prevotella bryantii B14, similar to the ORF BF2880 from B. fragilis YCH46, which is a part of a large conjugative transposon. Inverse PCRs were designed and performed to confirm the initial findings. A partial map of P. bryantii B14 putative conjugative transposon region was constructed, indicating an intergeneric horizontal gene transfer.
Comparison of tannin concentration in young plants of common and tartary buckwheat
Authors: GADŽO Drena , DJIKIĆ Mirha , GAVRIĆ Teofil , ŠTREKELJ Petra
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to compare the tannin concentration of young common and tartary buckwheat plants. Tannins are a group of polyphenols, formed as secondary metabolites in plants. Tannins are known as antioxidants and have chemoprotective potential. They occur in many fruits and drinks, such as tea, beer, wine and juices, making them significant in human nutrition. Concentration of tannins was high in upper leaves of tartary buckwheat and in young plants of common buckwheat cv. Bosanka. There are interesting differences between tannin concentration in Bosanka young plants and tartary and Darja buckwheat young plants.
Environmental impact evaluation of innovation in traditional food production lines. Part I: methodological framework
Authors: OSOJNIK ČRNIVEC Ilja Gasan , MARINŠEK-LOGAR Romana
Published: December 2023

In order to improve the knowledge on environmental impacts of current production systems and to find the solutions to reduce the negative impacts effective multi-approach environmental assessment methodologies are required. The environmental impacts assessed in complex systems, such as agriculture and food production, are prone to higher uncertainties. Therefore, field-specific standardization of the assessment procedures based on multiple screening studies are required to make the assessment outcome less vulnerable. The procedure array pairing for the formation of production step emission inventory is an important methodological process in environmental impact assessment. Initial production data was coupled with specialized databases, models found in scientific literature and environmental category characterization guidelines in order to construct an environmental impact methodological framework specific to four case studies of traditional food production.
Multivariate analysis of phenotypic differentiation in Bunaji and Sokoto Gudali cattle
Authors: YAKUBU Abdulmojeed , IDAHOR Kingsley Omogiade , HARUNA Hadiza Salihu , WHETO Matthew , AMUSAN Samuel
Published: December 2023

The study aimed at examining morphometric differentiation in two Nigerian breeds of cattle using multifactorial discriminant analyses. Ten morphological traits (withers height, rump height,chest circumference, body length, face length, tail length, rump length, head width, rump width and shoulder width) of 224 Bunaji and 87 Sokoto Gudali cattle were measured. The animals, which were aged 2.5−3.6 years, were subjected to extensive management system. The linear type traits of Sokoto Gudali cattle were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of their Bunaji counterparts, with the exception of body length and face length respectively. The stepwise discriminant analysis gave a better resolution as only three variables, rump width, withers height and face length were more discriminating in separating the two cattle breeds. The Mahalanobis distance (7.19) between the two cattle populations was high and significant, which is an indication that they belong to genetically different groups. This was complemented by the result of the Nearest Neighbour Discriminant Analysis, where 85.48% of Bunaji cattle were classified into their source population while 96.55% of their Sokoto Gudali counterparts were correctly assigned into their source genetic group. The present phenotypic information will be the basis for the establishment of further characterization, conservation and selection strategies for the two Nigerian breeds of cattle.
Foraging behaviour of sheep at pasture with different types of paddock
Authors: ZUPAN Manja , BOJKOVSKI Danijela , ŠTUHEC Ivan , KOMPAN Dragomir
Published: December 2023

This experiment was designed to study the foraging behaviour of ewes on a pasture with paddocks with three different types of vegetation, herbaceous (n = 3), woody (n = 2), and semi open (n = 1). Forty sheep were bred on a farm in the Karst region of Slovenia. Ten sheep were focally observed during day light (5 a.m.–9 p.m.). Ewes were observed for 2 days in each paddock with one rotation, so 12 days in total. Grazing time, circadian rhythm of grazing, drinking frequency, and frequency of salt consumption were the observed behaviours. On average, ewes grazed for 10.5 hours a day (mean ± SD = 626.2 ± 47.2 min), with a significant difference between individual variation  (P < 0.001). Sheep grazed the most in herbaceous paddocks (P < 0.001), with lower yet similar levels observed in woody and semi open paddock. The frequency of drinking and salt consumption was low. Individual grazing sheep would drink slightly less than once per day, while consuming salt on average 1.25 times per day. Drinking frequency was the highest in the semi open paddock with some trees and bushes, whereas salt consumption was most frequently observed in the woody paddocks.
effect of some insecticides, natural compounds and tomato cv. Venezia with Mi gene on the nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica (Nematoda) reproduction
Authors: STRAJNAR Polona , ŠIRCA Saša
Published: December 2023

Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne ethiopica is quite unknown tropical plant parasitic species found in Slovenia and Europe in 2003 for the first time. The species is able to parasitize several economically important agricultural crops and therefore is very difficult to control. In our research, several approaches which can be used for M. ethiopica control were tested in pot experiment. The effects of some insecticides which are often used in the production in greenhouses, natural compounds as aqueous extract of Tagetes erecta, and the commercial natural product Azadirachtin (NeemAzal-T/S) extracted from the seeds of Indian Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on the M. ethiopica reproduction were assessed. Test plants treatments with natural compounds reduced nematode multiplication by nearly 3 – 6 times compared to control while foliar application of Thiacloprid as well as Imidacloprid had no effect on nematode reproduction. The treatment with Volaton G granulates (Phoxim) for ground application resulted in no nematode multiplication. Additionally, M. ethiopica reproduction ability on the tomato cultivar “Venezia” which have a Mi gene for resistance to M. incognita was tested.
Adventitious presence of GMOs in maize in the view of coexistence
Authors: KOZJAK Petra , ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ Jelka , MEGLIČ Vladimir
Published: December 2023

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) demand specific management. The EU recommendations for the management of different agricultural practices are oriented towards the sustainable agriculture in the frame of flexible coexistence. Coexistence may be affected by the adventitious presence of genetically modified organisms (APGM) in non-GM crops along the supply chain. Various biological and environmental parameters as well as technical management have influence on the occurrence and the degree of APGM. These parameters are being used for the development of preventive coexistence measures in individual EU countries. Applicability of the prescribed coexistence measures is critically reviewed, also in the view of possible introduction of GM maize cultivation in Slovenia. From the review, it is concluded that some coexistence measures are not in line with coexistence principles because they demand excessive work and are sometimes difficult to implement in practice. Alternative cooperation of different cropping systems are discussed for potential future implementation. The review is focused on maize, the predominant GM crop cultivated in the EU and an interesting crop for cultivation in Slovenia.
Compatibility of selected herbicides with entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill
Authors: CELAR Franci Aco , KOS Katarina
Published: December 2023

The in vitro effect of five commonly used herbicides viz., pyridate, fluazifop-P-butyl, foramsulfuron, tembotrione and S-metolachlor on mycelial growth of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (ATCC 74040) was evaluated each at different concentrations: 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 0% of recommended field application rate on PDA agar plates at 15 and 25°C. The herbicides tested were classified in 1-4 scoring categories based on reduction in mycelial growth: 1 = harmless (<25% reduction), 2 = slightly harmful (25-50%), 3 = moderately harmful (51-75%), harmful (>75%) in toxicity tests. All the five herbicides had fungistatic effect to B. bassiana at varying intensities depending on their concentrations in medium. The present study showed that B. bassiana is very sensitive to the herbicides tested, particularly at recommended as well as lower field dosage. The selected herbicides foramsulfuron, tembotrione and S-metolachlor have strong fungistatic effect on mycelial growth (> 75% inhibition) at 15 °C and concentrations from 50 to 100%. Foramsulfuron has fungicidal effect at 100 % concentration. Foramsulfuron, tembotrione and S-metolachlor were less inhibitory at 25 than at 15 °C, but the temperature had no influence on reduction of mycelial growth at pyridate and fluazifop-P-butyl. Of the herbicides tested, pyridate and fluazifop-P-butyl showed less adverse effects and are probably compatible with B. bassiana in the field. However, extensive field studies complemented by parallel laboratory experiments should consider assessing the interaction between selected herbicides and B. bassiana isolates to evaluate their ecological impact in cropped environments.
Acclimatization of terrestrial orchid Bletilla striata Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) propagated under in vitro conditions
Authors: LESAR Helena , HLEBEC Barbara , ČERANIČ Nataša , KASTELEC Damijana , LUTHAR Zlata
Published: December 2023

Bletilla striata is a terrestrial sympodial orchid. Substrates used for outdoor growing, differing in the mixture of added components and nutrients, were chosen for acclimatization of the asymbiotic propagated plants. A total of 651 Bletilla striata orchids were planted in 3 commercial substrates: ″Tonsubstrat″ (Ton), ″Baltisches substrat″ (Baltski) and ″Royal-Garden″ (Royal). Prior to acclimatization, the plants were 2.5 cm on average, with at least 2 leaves and 2 - 3 cm long root or roots. Fewest plants (3.1%) died in Ton substrate, 3.2% in Baltski substrate and 5.0% in Royal substrate. There were no statistically significant differences among substrates (p = 0.558) in the percentage of plants that died. Substrates used in combination with the chosen phenophase and established conditions were suitable for acclimatization of Bletilla striata orchids, whereby 95-97% of plants successfully adapted from heterotrophic to autotrophic conditions in a very short period of two months. The basic conditions for success are that plants are large and vital enough prior to acclimatization, that the substrate is appropriate and that appropriate conditions of relative humidity, temperature, light and ventilation without major fluctuations of these factors are ensured during acclimatization.
Izvajanje Mednarodne pogodbe o rastlinskih genskih virih za prehrano in kmetijstvo v Sloveniji
Authors: GRIŽON Primož
Published: December 2023

Mednarodna pogodba o rastlinskih genskih virih za prehrano in kmetijstvo (ITPGRFA) predstavlja mednarodno dogovorjen okvir za ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo rastlinskih genskih virov za prehrano in kmetijstvo. ITPGRFA je bila sprejeta v okviru FAO, Komisije za genske vire za prehrano in kmetijstvo leta 2001 in je skladna s Konvencijo o biološki raznovrstnosti (CBD). Cilji ITPGRFA so usmerjeni v vzpostavitev globalnega sistema za izmenjavo rastlinskih genskih virov ter delitev koristi, ki so posledica uporabe teh virov. Slovenija je ratificirala ITPGRFA jeseni 2005 in postala pogodbenica leta 2006. Implementacija tega mednarodno zavezujočega sporazuma v Sloveniji se je pričela z vzpostavitvijo večstranskega sistema za izmenjavo rastlinskega materiala, ki vključuje 64 najpomembnejših rodov kmetijskih rastlin iz priloge I ITPGRFA. V ta sistem bodo vključene akcesije iz javnih zbirk, ki se vzdržujejo v okviru Slovenske rastlinske genske banke (SRGB) kot tudi akcesije zasebnih zbirateljev. Za centralno izmenjavo akcesij je pristojen Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije. Izmenjava akcesij poteka ob uporabi tipskega sporazuma o prenosu materiala (SMTA), ki določa pogoje za uporabo in plačevanje prispevka od uporabe teh akcesij v določenih okoliščinah. V prvi fazi vzpostavitve večstranskega sistema poteka s strani skrbnikov vrst revizija osnovnih podatkov skladno z mednarodno dogovorjenimi deskriptorji pri vseh akcesijah iz javnih zbirk in vnos manjkajočih podatkov v podatkovno bazo SRGB. Trenutno (15. september 2010) je v podatkovni bazi SRGB zbranih nekaj več kot 2.500 osnovnih podatkov o akcesijah, ki pripadajo 66 rastlinskim rodovom. Izmed teh rodov jih 22 sodi v večstranski sistem.
Genska banka in žlahtnjenje krompirja v Slovenij
Authors: DOLNIČAR Peter , RUDOLF PILIH Katarina
Published: December 2023

Opisana je zgodovina hranjenja in vzgoje novih sort krompirja v Sloveniji, od prvih sortnih poskusov leta 1895 na Ljubljanskem barju, do varietetnega vrta po letu 1935 na Bokalcah. Z vzgojo novih sort so na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije začeli leta 1949 in do leta 1999 vzgojili 15 novih slovenskih sort krompirja. Z novim programom žlahtnjenja smo po letu 1993 vzgojili 9 na PVY odpornih sort krompirja. Slovenske sorte krompirja: 'Igor', 'Cvetnik', 'Dobrin', 'Jubilej', 'Karmin', 'Vesna', 'Matjaž', 'Jana', 'Jaka', 'Meta', 'Tone', 'Kresnik', 'Cita', 'Pšata', 'Bistra', 'KIS Mirna', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Sotla', 'KIS Kokra', 'KIS Mura', 'KIS Vipava' in 'KIS Krka' se hrani na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije v laboratoriju za tkivne kulture in vitro kot rastline in mikrogomolje ter kot rastline v mrežniku in na polju. Sortno pristnost zagotavljamo z metodo mikrosatelitskih markerjev.
Genska banka zelja in žlahtnjenje hibridnih sort (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba )
Authors: RUDOLF PILIH Katarina , BOHANEC Borut , ŠUŠTAR VOZLIČ Jelka
Published: December 2023

V Sloveniji ima pridelovanje zelja stoletno tradicijo, kljub temu pa se danes v glavnem pridelujejo le tuji hibridi in v manjši meri stare domače sorte. Prednost domačih sort je v lastnostih (npr. za kisanje), ki so vezane na zahteve domačega trga, medtem ko so hibridni kultivarji izenačeni, dosegajo veliko višje pridelke in imajo vnesene določene gene za specifične odpornosti proti boleznim. Pri dosedanjem žlahtnjenju zelja smo se na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije kot tudi na Biotehniški fakulteteti osredotočili predvsem na žlahtnjenje hibridnih sort zelja, ki naj bi vključevale dednino domačih ali udomačenih sort ter imeli povečano odpornost na črno žilavko kapusnic (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pammel). Kot izhodiščni material smo uporabili udomačeno sorto 'Varaždinsko' in angleški hibridni kultivar 'Hawke'. Čiste linije smo v preteklih letih dobili z indukcijo haploidov s pomočjo kulture mikrospor. Linije smo ocenili in križali ter križance primerjali z že uveljavljenimi tujimi hibridi. Na osnovi teh rezultatov bo zasnovan nadaljnji postopek. V kolikor bomo določili ugodno kombinacijo dveh ali več linij, bo del projekta usmerjen v razmnoževanje linij s samoopraševanjem, del pa v ugotavljanje izražanja inkompatibilnosti in navzkrižne sposobnosti opraševanja. Na ta način bomo pridelali hibridno seme, ki ga bo možno oddati v sortno testiranje, obenem pa se bo nadaljevalo delo na zagotavljanju možnosti pridobivanja semen izbranih linij. Na novo pridobljene linije bomo vključili v nova križanja in tako pridobili material, ki je potreben za nemoteno nadaljevanje žlahtniteljskega programa.
Pomemben vir dednine za križanja predstavljajo tudi domače avtohtone sorte. V genski banki zelja na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije hranimo 12 različnih akcesij iz različnih predelov Slovenije. Od tega sta dva slovenska kultivarja, 'Emona' in 'Kranjsko okroglo', ki sta bila požlahtnjena na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije. Akcesijam smo v preteklih letih določili tako morfološke kot tudi biokemične lastnosti. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov smo izbrali najprimernejše in le te semenili. Na ta način smo pridobili seme rastlin primernih za selekcijo kot tudi za križanja, ki bodo v nadaljevanju lahko pripeljala do požlahtnitve novih sort in hibridov zelja.
Effect of nitrogen rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars
Authors: AMINPANAH Hashem
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Two canola cultivars (‘Hayola-308’ and ‘RGS-003’) and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha­-1), organized into a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed, protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed different responses to N rates for these traits. In general, the quadratic equation provided a good description of the relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and nitrogen rate. For ‘Hayola-308’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained constant. In contrast, for ‘RGS-003’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha-1. Therefore, at the highest N application rate (200 kg ha-1), ‘RGS-003’ produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than ‘Hayola-308’. Averaged across N application rate, the seed protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of ‘Hayola-308’, while the opposite result was observed for seed oil content. This study demonstrated the differential response of two canola cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.
Cultivar and growth phases – the factors affecting antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)
Authors: MUSILOVÁ Janette , LACHMAN Jaromír , BYSTRICKÁ Judita , VOLLMANNOVÁ Alena , ČIČOVÁ Iveta , TIMORACKÁ Mária
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of cultivar and growth phase on the antioxidant activity (AOA) changes in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), as well as the its distribution in different plant parts. During 4 growth phases (GP) (buds formation - I, beginning of flowering - II, full flowering - III, full maturity - IV) stems, leaves, flowers, seeds were collected sequentially from 6 buckwheat cultivars – ‘Pyra’, ‘Spacinska’, ‘Kasho’, ‘Jana C1’, ‘Hrusowska’, ‘Emka’. The highest values of AOA were measured in flowers (GP III) in ‘Jana C1’ (93.17%) and the lowest value in stems (GP I) in ‘Spacinska’ (46.09%). The highest increase of AOA was observed in GP IV in stems in ‘Pyra’. Differences were compared for statistical significance at the level P < 0.05.
Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars
Authors: PAZUKI Arman , SOHANI Mohammad Mehdi
Published: December 2023

By using amenable MS based medium containing 4 mg l-1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.4 mg l-1 benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), 30 g l-1 sucrose, 8 g l-1 Agar-agar, qualitative and quantitative traits of calluses initiated from four genetically and commercially valuable Northern Iranian rice cultivars including Hashemi, Hasani, Gerdeh, and Gharib were studied. Five seeds were placed in each Petri dish and three replicates of eight Petri dishes per replicate were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ±2 °C in the dark and the averages for every replicate were employed in the analyses. Several important parameters related to callogenesis of the cultivars including rate of non-viable seeds, necrotic, scutellar, slow growing, and non-scutellar calluses, simultaneous callus induction from scutellar and non-scutellar tissues, seeds with appropriate callus, and root emergence were compared. Accordingly, calli of Gharib and Hashemi were highly responsive in callogenesis, while Gerdeh and Hasani produced dissatisfying calluses. Necrotic calluses, scutellar calli, and non-viable seeds were positively correlated with each other; although they were negatively correlated with non-scutellar calli, simultaneous scutellar and non-scutellar calli induction, and root emergence. The results of the present study are expected to be the first promising step to generate genetically manipulated Iranian indigenous rice cultivars.
Tehnike indukcije haploidov in podvojenih haploidov
Authors: MUROVEC Jana
Published: December 2023

Haploidi so samostojne rastline (sporofiti) z gametnim (haploidnim, n) številom kromosomov. Čeprav se spontano v naravi redko pojavijo, so dandanes poznane številne tehnike s katerimi lahko sprožimo njihov nastanek. Indukcija in regeneracija haploidnih (in podvojenih haploidnih) rastlin omogoča pridobivanje popolnoma homozigotnih linij v eni generaciji, kar lahko bistveno pospeši žlahtniteljski proces in genetske študije. Prav zato se haploidi intenzivno uporabljajo pri številnih vrstah za katere so poznani uspešni protokoli kot so pšenica, ječmen, koruza, tobak, čebula, kumara, oljna ogrščica in druge kmetijsko pomembne križnice. Prispevek povzema glavne lastnosti haploidov in podvojenih haploidov, načine njihove indukcije in regeneracije s poudarkom na njihovi uporabnosti v žlahtnjenju rastlin.
Preliminary assessment of genetic diversity between Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Asteraceae) by AFLP markers
Authors: GALLUCCI Alessia , MUSARELLA Carmelo Maria , CANO-ORTIZ Ana , PIÑAR FUENTES José Carlos , QUINTO CANAS Ricardo , VILLANO Clizia
Published: December 2023

Glebionis coronaria is a valuable and medicinal herb native of Mediterranean region. Recently, G. coronaria var. discolor has been elevated to the rank of species as G. discolor (d’Urv.) Cano based on morphological characteristics, distinguishing it from G. coronaria var. coronaria (=G. coronaria). To investigate the genetic basis of this diversity, AFLP markers were applied to genotypes of G. discolor and G. coronaria sampled in three different Mediterranean regions (Italy, Spain, and Portugal). Our results showed that among 1347 fragments identified with five primer combinations 99.55 % were polymorphic. The genetic distance and the Shannon Index values suggested that the two species can be genetically distinguished, but further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Examining students’ intention to use ChatGPT: Does trust matter?
Authors: Rahman Md. Shahinur , Sabbir Md. Mahiuddin , Zhang Dr. Jing , Moral Iqbal Hossain , Hossain Gazi Md. Shakhawat
Published: December 2023

Little knowledge is available on students’ attitudes and behavioural intentions towards using ChatGPT, a breakthrough innovation in recent times. This study bridges this gap by adding two relevant less-explored constructs (i.e., perceived enjoyment and perceived informativeness) to the technology acceptance model and illustrating the moderating effect of trust on the acceptance of ChatGPT. Data was collected from 344 private and public university students from Bangladesh, with the analysis done through structural equation modelling. The results highlight the significance of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived informativeness in understanding students’ attitudes towards using ChatGPT for learning, which subsequently predicts their behavioural intention to use it. Interestingly, students’ level of enjoyment was triggered once the trust issue came into play, meaning perceived enjoyment had no substantial impact on attitude unless trust moderates the relationship between perceived enjoyment and attitude towards using ChatGPT.
Implications for practice or policy

Scholars can get first-hand insights into perceived enjoyment and perceived informativeness with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the context of ChatGPT and education.
Practitioners and educators can comprehensively understand the antecedents affecting students’ attitudes in line with their behavioural intention towards ChatGPT.
Policymakers can design viable strategies to promote the ethical and sustainable usage of ChatGPT in education.