bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate variability during the Last Glacial Maximum in eastern Australia: evidence of two stadials?
Authors: Petherick Lynda , McGowan Hamish , Moss Patrick
Published: June 2008

A high‐resolution, multiproxy record encompassing the last glacial–interglacial transition is presented for Native Companion Lagoon, a coastal site in subtropical eastern Australia. Rates of aeolian sedimentation in the lake were established by trace element analyses of lacustrine sediments and used as a proxy for aridity. In conjunction with sediment moisture content, charcoal and pollen these provide a multi‐decadal record of palaeoenvironmental variability for the period 33–18 k cal. yr BP. Results indicate that the Last Glacial Maximum in eastern Australia spanned almost 10 k cal. yr, and was characterised by two distinct cold dry events at approximately 30.8 k cal. yr BP and 21.7 k cal. yr BP. Provenance of selected sediment samples by trace element geochemical fingerprinting shows that continental sourced aeolian sediments originated primarily from South Australia during these cold events and from sites in central Australia during the intervening time. Used in combination with a pollen record, the provenance of long‐travelled dust to mainland sites shows that the two cold events were characterised by frequent meridional dry southwesterly winds rather than zonal westerly airflow as previously believed. The intervening period was cool and humid, which we infer as being associated with more frequent southeasterly winds of maritime origin. These results lend support to previous research that indicates the Southern Hemisphere experienced a period of widespread climatic amelioration at the height of the last glacial known as the Antarctic Isotopic Maximum. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructures and nanostructured substrates for surface—enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
Authors: Brown Richard J. C. , Milton Martin J. T.
Published: June 2008

We review the performance of various nanoscaled structures needed to support the propagation of the surface plasmons responsible for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and assess the potential for the optimisation of the compromise between enhancement and reproducibility that they provide, and hence their utility for relevant applications. We divide these nanostructures into those comprising structured arrays of discrete nanoparticles in two or three dimensions, and those comprising structured or regularly patterned surfaces in two or three dimensions. The most promising in terms of this compromise are those that involve the tethering of functionalised metal nanoparticles to surfaces. They are not only reproducible, but the functionalisation provides a measure of selectivity to relevant target analytes that the majority of SERS applications require. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of ulinastatin for postoperative pancreatitis following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Uemura Kenichiro , Murakami Yoshiaki , Hayashidani Yasuo , Sudo Takeshi , Hashimoto Yasushi , Ohge Hiroki , Sueda Taijiro
Published: June 2008

Background and Objectives

Ulinastatin, an intrinsic trypsin inhibitor, has proved to be effective for the prevention of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of ulinastatin for postoperative pancreatitis following pancreaticoduodenectomy in a randomized clinical trial.

Methods

Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomized to receive perioperative ulinastatin or placebo. Levels of serum amylase, drain amylase, and urine trypsinogen‐2 were measured.

Results

A total of 42 patients were enrolled (20 in the ulinastatin group, 20 in the placebo group, 2 excluded). Two patients in the ulinastatin group and nine patients in the placebo group developed hyperamylasemia (P = 0.013) No patient in the ulinastatin group and five patients in the placebo group developed pancreatitis (P = 0.016). One patient in the ulinastatin group and two patients in the placebo group developed grade A pancreatic fistula (P = 0.548). Serum amylase levels at 4 hr and postoperative days 1, 2, and 3, and drain amylase levels on days 2 and 3 were significantly lower in the ulinastatin group than in the placebo group.

Conclusions

Prophylactic administration of ulinastatin reduced the levels of serum and drain amylase and the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis following pancreaticoduodenectomy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:309–313. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of macrolides, sulfonamides, and other pharmaceuticals in water samples by solid‐phase extraction and LC‐(ESI) MS
Authors: Pedrouzo Marta , Borrull Francesc , Marcé Rosa Maria , Pocurull Eva
Published: June 2008

This paper describes a method for determining 11 pharmaceuticals in various water sources by SPE followed by LC‐(ESI) MS. SPE was carried out with OasisTM HLB and the recoveries were 33–67% for 250 and 100 mL sewage water, 55–77% for 500 mL river water and 72–98% for 1 L tap water, with the exception of sulfamethoxazole and omeprazole which showed lower recoveries in all kinds of sample. The LODs in river water were of 5 ng/L for sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and ranitidine and 10 ng/L for the other compounds. The highest concentrations found in river waters were for sulfamethoxazole (50 ng/L). In influent sewage waters, ranitidine was the most commonly detected compound with a maximum value of 0.24 μg/L.
Determination of tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma using pipette tip solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Xiao‐Pen , Hasegawa Chika , Kumazawa Takeshi , Shinmen Natsuko , Shoji Yukiko , Seno Hiroshi , Sato Keizo
Published: June 2008

A method for the simultaneous extraction of four tricyclic antidepressants from human plasma samples using pipette tip SPE with MonoTip C18tips is presented. Human plasma (0.1 mL) containing four tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, amoxapine, imipramine, and trimipramine) and an internal standard (IS), protriptyline, was mixed with 0.4 mL of distilled water and 100 μL 1 M NaOH solution. After centrifugation of the mixture, the supernatant was extracted to the C18phase of the tip by 20 repeated aspirating/dispensing cycles using a manual micropipettor. The analytes retained in the tip were eluted with methanol by five repeated aspirating/dispensing cycles. Without evaporation and reconstitution, the eluate was directly injected into a gas chromatograph injector and detected by a mass spectrometer with SIM in the positive‐ion electron impact mode. Recovery of the four antidepressants and IS spiked into human plasma was 80.2–92.1%. The regression equations for the four antidepressants showed excellent linearity in the range of 0.2–40 ng/0.1 mL. LODs and LOQs for the four drugs were 0.05–0.2 ng/0.1 mL and 0.2–0.5 ng/0.1 mL, respectively. Intra‐ and interday CVs for the four drugs in plasma were no greater than 9.5%.
Preparative isolation of guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid from Artemisia rupestris L. flowers using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Su Zhen , Wu Hankui , Yang Yi , Aisa Haji Akber , Slukhan Usmanova , Aripova Salimakhon
Published: June 2008

Although the medicinal plant Artemisia rupestris L. has been widely researched for several decades, its alkaloids have never been isolated before. To our surprise, the alkaloids in the plant were not detected in the stems but detected in the flowers. Herein, a novel and strange guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid with a carboxyl group named rupestine was purified successfully from the total alkaloids extracted from the flowers by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC). The two‐phase solvent system used was composed of ethyl acetate‐methanol‐water (8:1:7, v/v/v). Fifty six milligrams of rupestine was obtained at over 97% purity and 95% recovery from 200 mg of the total alkaloids in one‐step separation. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including high resolution ESI‐MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC), Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC), and Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY).
Sample preparation for the determination of steroids (corticoids and anabolics) in feed using LC
Authors: Muñiz‐Valencia Roberto , Ceballos‐Magaña Silvia G. , Gonzalo‐Lumbreras Raquel , Santos‐Montes Ana , Izquierdo‐Hornillos Roberto C.
Published: June 2008

An improved sample preparation procedure for the determination of 17 steroids (corticoids (CC) and androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS)), used potentially as growth promoters, in feed samples has been developed. This procedure is based on two reported LC‐UV methods. The improved procedure includes a leaching process using ACN, saponification, and SPE using polymeric cartridges. The proposed method was validated according to the EU criteria established for quantitative screening methods in PFS. The extraction efficiencies, decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ), for these compounds were in the ranges of 82–100%, 19–40, and 24–53 μg/kg, respectively. The repeatability and the within‐laboratory reproducibility at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 CCβ levels were smaller than 10%. Accuracy was in the 97–101% range. The robustness was evaluated using the Youden robustness test. This method was applied to the analysis of steroids in different kinds of FS with satisfactory results.
Kinetics of elimination reactions of 1,2‐diphenyl ethyl substrates in acetonitrile: A mechanistic change in the presence of a strong base
Authors: Kumar D. Santhosh , Balachandran S.
Published: June 2008

Kinetics of elimination of methanesulfonic acid from 1,2‐diphenylethylmethane sulfonate and its 1‐p‐methylphenyl‐ and 1‐p‐chlorophenyl‐substituted derivatives is studied. The results show that the elimination reaction is unimolecular (E1) as reported in the case of 1‐chloro‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenylethane. The rate of the elimination reaction in the presence of added weak base pyridine is independent of the concentration of the base, but in the presence of a strong base piperidine the rate shows a linear upward drift and this is due to the appearance of a bimolecular component along with the unimolecular pathway. The shift from the unimolecular to bimolecular process takes place independently of the nature of the leaving group and the parasubstituent in the 1,2‐diphenylethyl substrate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 40: 481–487, 2008
Studies on kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of D‐sorbitol and D‐mannitol by cerium(IV) in aqueous micellar sulfuric acid media
Authors: Das Asim K. , Islam Monirul , Bayen Ruhidas
Published: June 2008

The kinetics and mechanism of cerium(IV) oxidation of hexitols, i.e. D‐sorbitol and D‐mannitol, in aqueous sulfuric acid media have been studied in the presence and absence of surfactants. Under the kinetic conditions, [S]T ≫ [Ce(IV)]T, where [S]T is the total substrate (D‐sorbitol or D‐mannitol) concentration, the overall process shows a first‐order dependence on [Ce(IV)]T and [S]T. The process is acid catalyzed and inhibited by [HSO]. From the [HSO] dependence, it has been noted that the both Ce(SO4)2+ and Ce(SO4)2 have been found kinetically active. The different rate constants in the presence and absence of surfactants have been estimated with the activation parameters. N‐cetylpyridinium chloride has been found to retard the oxidation process of hexitols, whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate has been found to accelerate the rate process. All these findings including the micellar effects have been interpreted in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism and partitioning behavior of the kinetically active different species of Ce(IV) between the aqueous and pseudomicellar phase. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 40: 445–453, 2008
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 11/2008
Authors: Keller Thomas , Semmler Christian , Jandt Klaus D.
Published: June 2008

Front Cover: Ultrathin, highly oriented free‐standing diblock copolymer films that show a new morphology are produced by melt drawing. A strain‐induced transformation from P2VP spheres in a PS matrix to a needle‐like domain morphology is observed after melt drawing a high molecular weight PS‐b‐P2VP diblock copolymer, as can be seen on the cover. Annealing the film restores the quasi‐equilibrium morphology. Further details can be found in the article by T. Keller, C. Semmler, and K. D. Jandt* on page 876.
Adding insult to injury: opportunistic treponemal disease in a scalping survivor
Authors: Smith M. O.
Published: June 2008

Although the taking of scalps is arguably a perimortem trophy‐taking behaviour, cases of scalping survival are occasionally reported in the historical documents of the American Colonial Period and the 19th century westward expansion. Survival cases are also detected in pre‐Columbian bioarchaeological contexts. Although scalp avulsion injuries can heal without complication, often the process is compromised by secondary osteomyelitis, usually attributable to environmentally ever‐present Staphylococcal or Streptococcal bacteria. A scalping survivor case from the late prehistoric (AD 1200–1600) Hampton site (40RH41) of East Tennessee unusually displays infectious sequelae in the area denuded by scalp avulsion which are pathognomonic for treponemal disease (caries sicca, stellate scarring). This infection is probably a reflection of the easy opportunity afforded by the large size of the wound bed, poor post‐trauma hygiene, and direct inoculation of the diploë by a ubiquitous Treponema. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amelogenesis imperfecta in an early 20th century population from central Portugal
Authors: Wasterlain S. N. , Dias G. J.
Published: June 2008

This paper details the differential diagnosis of an unusual tooth morphology observed in two adult males from the identified osteological collections held at the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. The differential diagnosis is based on the morphological and radiographic analysis of the teeth of these individuals, and gives rise to several possible pathological conditions, namely: regurgitation erosion, mottled enamel due to fluorosis, dentinogenesis imperfecta, amelogenesis imperfecta, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Of these, amelogenesis imperfecta remains the most probable cause for one individual, and although dentinogenesis imperfecta was considered for the other based on the morphological features, the final diagnosis was changed to the former based on accurate radiological evidence. Since there are only a few reported cases of these conditions in the osteoarchaeological literature, we find it to be interesting and important to report these two cases. The scarcity of reports in the palaeopathological literature, compared with the prevalence of these tooth structure anomalies in living populations, lead us to consider amelogenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta to be probably misdiagnosed, and hence under‐reported. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epiphyseal fusion in brown bears: a population study of grizzlies (Ursus arctos horribilis) from Montana and Wyoming
Authors: Weinstock J.
Published: June 2008

This contribution presents results of a study of the timing of appendicular epiphyseal fusion in brown bears (Ursus arctos) based on the visual examination of 86 modern skeletons of grizzlies (U. a. horribilis) of known age and sex from the greater Yellowstone area, in the States of Wyoming and Montana (US). The timing of fusion in brown bears was compared with the (scant) information available for the black bear (Ursus americanus); both similarities and differences were found. It is still inconclusive whether the discrepancies stem from the methods of study (visual examination vs. X‐rays) or whether they reflect real difference in fusion ages. It is suggested that data derived from U. arctos can be used profitably to investigate mortality patterns of extinct bears such as the cave bear Ursus spelaeus. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nano ZnO on strength and stability of unsaturated polyester composites
Authors: Peng Guirong , Li Qingshan , Yang Yanling , Wang Haifeng , Li Wei
Published: June 2008

ZnO–glass fiber–unsaturated polyester composites have been prepared. On exposure to the metal halide lamp, their resistance to ultraviolet (UV) degradation is evaluated. Experimental results show that ZnO can reduce the UV degradation of the unsaturated polyester matrix. ZnO can significantly retard the UV degradation process of the matrix resin, and can also increase the impact strength of the composites under the experimental conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses also indicate that the addition of ZnO to unsaturated polyester may retard the crosslink process and catalyze the decomposition of the resin. However, after more than 40 hr of UV irradiation, it was crosslinked. SEM fracture morphology shows that nano ZnO could hinder crack growth and induce more cracks, and when the content of ZnO reaches 6 wt%, the impact fracture mechanism changes abruptly and plastic deformation appears, which indicates that 6 wt% for ZnO in unsaturated polyester could be considered as the critical content. Around the critical content, the particles are near enough to interact with each other and this results in the change of fracture mechanism. The results also indicate that the proper content of ZnO added into an unsaturated polyester could prolong the durability and lessen the reject rate of transparent glass fiber–polyester composites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of polymer chain length on the solubility of polystyrene grafted single‐walled carbon nanotubes in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Homenick Christa M , Sivasubramaniam Umakanthan , Adronov Alex
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: While carbon nanotubes are highly interesting materials for a variety of applications, their inherent insolubility limits widespread applications and solution‐phase processing. It is known that chemical functionalization can overcome this insolubility problem, and covalent grafting of polymers to the nanotube surface has been shown to be effective. In this study, the effect of polymer molecular weight on the solubility of polymer–nanotube conjugates was investigated.

RESULTS: A series of nitroxide‐capped polystyrene polymers ranging in molecular weight from 2900 to 105 000 g mol−1 were grafted to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The resulting polystyrene–SWNT conjugates exhibited different degrees of solubility in tetrahydrofuran. Subsequent thermogravimetric and UV‐visible spectroscopy analyses indicated that carbon nanotube solubility reached a maximum when a polymer sample with a weight‐average molecular weight of 10 000 g mol−1 was used. Higher and lower molecular weights resulted in reduced solubilities.

CONCLUSION: Polymer chains of intermediate length maximize SWNT solubility, while lengths that are too low or too high seem to diminish the ability of the polymer–SWNT conjugates to remain in solution. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical study on the nonlinear optical properties of phenylenes and influencing factors
Authors: Koch Rainer , Finnerty Justin J. , Bruhn Torsten
Published: June 2008

A systematic investigation of the hyperpolarisabilities of substituted p‐poly‐phenylenes is presented using different quantum mechanical approaches, including density functional theory and Møller–Plesset (MP2) methods. A medium‐sized basis set Hartree–Fock (HF) hyperpolarisability calculation based on either a density functional theory (DFT) or MP2 geometry gives reliable results at moderate computational costs when comparing with experimental data. A longer phenylene chain leads to a maximum in the per‐unit increase of the investigated property between 3 and 4 repeat units. Changing the underlying geometry from the minimum helix to a planar orientation leads to a significant increase in β, again dependent on the chain length. Terminal para‐substituents and their influence are studied and categorised. For push–pull groups, the substituent effects are mainly additive, allowing the design of functionalised phenylenes as molecular building blocks for nanofibres with tailored nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes encapsulated with polyurethane and its nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Xiao , Du Zhongjie , Zhang Chen , Li Congju , Yang Xiaoping , Li Hangquan
Published: June 2008

Poly(acryloyl chloride) (PACl) was employed to enhance the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). MWCNTs were first acid treated to generate hydroxyl groups on the surface, which was reacted with PACl to obtain an encapsulation. The numerous acryloyl chloride groups on the out layer were esterified with a proper amount of ethylene glycol (EG). Subsequently, 4,4′‐methylenebis (phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) were introduced into the system, and a polyurethane (PU) layer was formed in situ. The formation of PU layers on MWCNTs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The morphology of encapsulated MWCNTs was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the grafted polymer fraction was up to 90%. On introducing the modified MWCNTs into a PU matrix, an increase in tensile strength by 60.6% and improvement in modulus by 6.3% over neat PU was observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4857–4865, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of color‐stable electroluminescent polymers: Poly(dinaphtho[1,2‐a:1′,2′‐g]‐s‐indacene)s
Authors: Guo Xin , Yao Bing , Jiang Guoxin , Cheng Yanxiang , Xie Zhiyuan , Wang Lixiang , Jing Xiabin , Wang Fosong
Published: June 2008

Two new stepladder conjugated polymers, that is, poly(7,7,15,15‐tetraoctyldinaphtho[1,2‐a:1′,2′‐g]‐s‐indacene) (PONSI) and poly(7,7,15,15‐tetra(4‐octylphenyl)dinaphtho[1,2‐a:1′,2′‐g]‐s‐indacene) (PANSI) with alkyl and aryl substituents, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized. In comparison with poly(indenofluorene)s, both polymers have extended conjugation at the direction perpendicular to the polymer backbone because of the introduction of naphthalene moieties. The emission color of the polymers in film state is strongly dependent on the substituents. While PONSI emits at a maximum of 463 nm, PANSI with the same backbone but aryl substituents displays dramatically redshifted emission with a maximum at 494 nm. Both polymers show stable photoluminescence spectra while annealing at 200 °C in inert atmosphere. The PONSI‐based devices with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al turn on at 3.7 V, and emit at a maximum of 461 nm with the CIE coordinates of (0.19, 0.26), a maximum luminance efficiency of 1.40 cd/A, and a maximum brightness of 2036 cd/m2 at 13 V. Meanwhile, the emission color of the devices is independent of driving voltage and keeps unchanged during the continuous operation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4866–4878, 2008
Synthesis of star polymer by atom transfer radical polymerization with resorcinol‐core multifunctional initiator: The construction of nanocapsule via hydrolysis and olefin metathesis reaction of the obtained star polymer
Authors: Nagai Atsushi , Hirabayashi Toshiaki , Kudo Hiroto , Nishikubo Tadatomi
Published: June 2008

Olefin group‐carrying styrene, 1‐but‐3‐enyl‐4‐vinylbenznene (BVB), was polymerized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated from C‐methylcalix [4]resorcinarene‐based multifunctional initiator (CRA‐bib) at low conversion to produce star polymer [poly(BVB)] with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.35). The copolymerization of styrene (St) with poly(BVB) (Mn = 11,000, Mw/Mn = 1.23) as a macroinitiator afforded star block copolymer [poly(BVB‐b‐St)] with Mn = 35,000 and Mw/Mn = 1.44. The BVB layer of poly(BVB‐b‐St), located between the St shell and the CRA core, was crosslinked by olefin metathesis reaction of olefin groups o the BVB moieties. The removal of the CRA core of the crosslinked poly(BVB‐b‐St) by hydrolysis using KOH as a base gave polymeric hollow sphere [poly(cored crossBVB‐b‐St)] with good solubility in organic solvents. The morphological structure of the poly(cored crossBVB‐b‐St) showed spherical aggregates in THF by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the nanocapsule structure of poly(cored crossBVB‐b‐St) with hollow spheres was found to be observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4879–4888, 2008
Synthesis and aggregation behavior of chitooligosaccharide‐based biodegradable graft copolymers
Authors: Gao Ke‐Jing , Li Guangtao , Shi Hongwei , Lu Xinping , Gao Yongbin , Xu Bo‐Qing
Published: June 2008

A series of novel “jellyfish‐like” graft copolymers with chitooligosaccharide (COS) as shorter backbone and poly(ε‐caprolactone) as longer branches were synthesized using ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone via a protection‐polymerization‐deprotection procedure with trimethylsilylchitooligosaccharide as intermediate and triethylaluminum as catalyst precursor. The obtained chitooligosaccharide‐graft‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) polymers possess amphiphilic structure with hydrophilic COS backbone and hydrophobic polycaprolactone branches. Because of this unique “jellyfish‐like” structure, these graft copolymers could self‐assemble to form various morphologies of aggregates in a mixture solution of water and tetrahydrofuran. The transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that the formed aggregates exhibited necklace‐like, flower‐like onion vesicle, and tubular morphologies. It is found that the hydrogen‐bonding formed by the hydroxyl and amino groups remained on the COS backbone played an important role during the aggregation of these graft copolymers, and their morphologies were changed with the varying length of poly (ε‐caprolactone) branches, the concentration of the graft copolymer, and the self‐assembly process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4889–4904, 2008
The addition of aquatic therapy to rehabilitation following surgical rotator cuff repair: a feasibility study
Authors: Brady Bernadette , Redfern Julie , Macdougal Graeme , Williams Jan
Published: June 2008

Background and Purpose. Rotator cuff tears are frequently encountered in medical outpatient settings and often require surgical repair to achieve desirable functional outcomes. However, the optimal form of post‐operative rehabilitation of rotator cuff repairs remains unidentified by the research literature. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing and investigating the effect of a combined aquatic and land‐based rehabilitation programme in the post‐operative rehabilitation of rotator cuff tears. Methods. A cohort of 18 subjects undergoing rotator cuff repair were examined over a treatment period of 12 weeks. Twelve subjects participated in a combined aquatic and land‐based programme, while six subjects received a standard land‐based protocol. Passive range of motion and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index outcomes were measured pre‐operatively and at three, six and 12 weeks, post‐operatively. Subjective responses on patient's assurance and confidence in the value of the exercises (questionnaire using an 11‐point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)) were collected at 12 weeks for both groups. Results. There was a significant improvement in both range of motion and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff scores in all subjects with treatment (p < 0.001). Furthermore, participation in aquatic therapy significantly improved passive flexion range of motion measures at three weeks (mean 46°, 95% CI 17–75, p = 0.005) and six weeks (30°, 95% CI 8–51, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the attendance rates (80% in both groups) or patients perceptions of the programmes (100% confidence and assurance in both groups). Conclusion. The implementation of a combined aquatic and land‐based physiotherapy programme following surgical repair of the rotator cuff is feasible and presents a potential viable alternative to conventional land‐based exercise with comparable outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of antisense RNA targeting of ODC and AdoMetDC on the synthesis of polyamine synthesis and cell growth in prostate cancer cells using a prostatic androgen‐dependent promoter in adenovirus
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Xianxi , Wang Wei , Sun Hui , Hu Yongmei , Lei Hong , Liu Guanghui , Gao Yanyan
Published: June 2008

PURPOSE

This study was designed to investigate the use of a prostatic androgen‐dependent promoter to mediate antisense targeting of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) and its effects on the synthesis of polyamine. We also examined the potential of this construct for prostate cancer therapy.

METHODS

pADxsi‐PSES‐AdoMetDC‐ODC‐PolyA AV was constructed and used to infect various cancer cell lines, including LNCaP, HT‐29, H1299, HepG2. The effects of pADxsi‐PSES‐AdoMetDC‐ODC‐PolyA AV on the expression of ODC and AdoMetDC, in addition to the cell cycle, apoptosis and p21 levels, were analyzed through Western blotting and cytometry. A Matrigel invasion assay was used to analyze the effects of the recombinant virus on tumor cell invasion. The effect on polyamine content was also determined, and the relationship between inhibition of cellular ODC and AdoMetDC and decreases in polyamine were also investigated using a polyamine recovery assay.

RESULTS

Treatment with pADxsi‐PSES‐AdoMetDC‐ODC‐PolyA at an MOI of 90 significantly inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells, which could not be recovered through the addition of exogenous putrescine. The expression of ODC and AdoMetDC was also reduced, as was the polyamine content. The G1 phase of LNCaP cells was delayed, but no increase in apoptosis was detected. The down‐regulation of ODC and AdoMetDC led to increased p21 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

The pADxsi‐PSES‐AdoMetDC‐ODC‐PolyA AV specifically inhibited the expression of ODC and AdoMetDC and the synthesis of polyamine, while it induced p21 expression, resulting in cell growth arrest in the G1 phase in prostate cancer cells but not in other cells. Prostate 68:1354–1361, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Method for the systematical hazard identification
Authors: Lásková Andrea , Tabas Marek
Published: June 2008

Industrial accidents are usually accompanied by negative consequences for human life, property, and environment. Simultaneously, accidents can provide new knowledge of chemical processes and their properties. These accidents and their analysis are usually complicated, but they are important sources of information that highlight the dangers of neglecting safety in chemical companies, and the results are also used to improve risk assessments.

The aim of this hazard identification method is to use past accident results to prioritize efforts by focusing on the critical points of a process, prior to making a detailed quantitative assessment.

The critical points (for example pipelines, vessels, etc.) are identified before making the detailed analyses such as FMEA, HAZOP, etc. Results of this method are the input to quantitative assessments, including: (a) estimation of event frequency, (b) estimation of the consequences, (c) comparison with the hazards, and (d) decisions and actions. The most difficult and timely step is the estimation of the consequences of accident scenarios. This hazard identification method focuses on the critical points of a process before making quantitative assessments; therefore it enhances the quality of risk assessments while reducing the costs.

This article describes a selection method to identify the major sources of potentially serious accidents with consequences beyond the boundaries of the premises. This method can be used to compare different technologies in the assessment process and assist in prioritizing efforts to reduce risks. This method is used for the installation of new equipment and controls, and it is also used to schedule training and maintenance on the systems with the highest potential hazards. The maintenance and training schedules are also prioritized based on the hazard ratings. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Multiwafer atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE reactor for nitride semiconductors and ex‐situ dry cleaning of reactor components using chlorine gas for stable operation
Authors: Tokunaga Hiroki , Fukuda Yasushi , Ubukata Akinori , Ikenaga Kazutada , Inaishi Yoshiaki , Orita Takashi , Hasaka Satoshi , Kitamura Yuichiro , Yamaguchi Akira , Koseki Shuichi , Uematsu Kunimasa , Tomita Nobuyasu , Akutsu Nakao , Matsumoto Koh
Published: June 2008

We describe an atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE reactor with a capacity of 2 inch by 10 or 3 inch by 8. In this reactor, the parasitic reaction of particulate generation is suppressed by adopting a high‐flow‐speed design. As a result of suppressing of the parasitic reaction, we have also grown GaN at a growth rate of more than 28 μm/hr at atmospheric pressure. It is also important to grow a heterostructure of Al‐containing alloys continuously to enable device applications, while maintaining the proper growth conditions for other layers such as GaN:Mg. An Al0.09Ga0.91N layer has been grown at a growth rate of 1 μm/h at atmospheric pressure. In the production environment, it is also essential to operate a reactor under a stable condition. To this end, we have adopted ex‐situ dry cleaning of all reactor components with deposits on them after every growth run. Dry cleaning was conducted using chemical etching of the deposit by chlorine gas in a hot tube reactor at about 800 °C. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic semiconductor [(InGa)Mn]As thin films
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Ohya S. , Tanaka M.
Published: June 2008

We investigated the magnetic anisotropy of a series of 10‐nm‐thick [(Iny Ga1–y )1–x Mnx ]As thin films with the Mn content x of 0.12 and with the In content y of 0.38, 0.40, 0.44, 0.48, and 0.54, grown on InP (001) substrates. The tensile‐strained [(Iny Ga1–y )1–x Mnx ]As thin films with y = 0.38 – 0.44 have the easy magnetization axis perpendicular to the film plane. With the increase of y, the in‐plane component of the magnetic anisotropy becomes more dominant. Using planar Hall effect measurements, we found that the compressively strained [(Iny Ga1–y )1–x Mnx ]As thin films with y = 0.48 and 0.54 have the in‐plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy along the [$ \bar 1 $10] direction. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonradiative processes at low temperature in Er,O‐codoped GaAs grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Fujita A. , Tokuno T. , Hidaka K. , Fujii K. , Tachibana K. , Ichida H. , Terai Y. , Kanematsu Y. , Fujiwara Y.
Published: June 2008

Er‐related photoluminescence (PL) properties have been investigated in Er,O‐codoped GaAs (GaAs:Er,O) grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The GaAs:Er,O which was slightly doped with Er exhibited both strong Er‐related and band‐edge luminescence. In the temperature dependence of the Er‐related PL intensity, the intensity decreased with increasing temperature from 4.2 K to 30 K. The temperature region was quite coincident with the region where the Carbon‐related PL intensity decreased. This behaviour implies the existence of a Carbon‐related nonradiative process in GaAs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface plasmon enhanced light emission from semiconductor materials
Authors: Okamoto Koichi , Scherer Axel , Kawakami Yoichi
Published: June 2008

Surface plasmon (SP) coupling technique was used to enhance light emissions from semiconductor nanocrystals with evaporated metal layers. We found that the SP coupling can increase the internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) of emission from CdSe‐based nanocrystals regardless of the initial efficiencies. This suggests that this technique should be much effective for various materials that suffer from low quantum efficiencies. We also obtained 70‐fold enhancement of emission from silicon nanocrystals in silicon dioxide. Obtained IQE value is 38%, which is as large as that of a compound semiconductor with direct transition. The SP coupling technique would bring a great improvement to silicon photonics. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of deep levels in GaN grown by RF‐MBE on GaN template by capacitance DLTS
Authors: Mitsunaga T. , Yagishita Y. , Kurouchi M. , Kishimoto S. , Osaka J. , Mizutani T.
Published: June 2008

The dependence of deep levels in GaN epitaxial layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy on the V/III ratio was studied by capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Four peaks corresponding to the electron traps were observed in the unintentionally n‐doped GaN films grown at various growth conditions. The deep level concentrations of T1 (0.31 eV) and T4 (0.21 eV) traps increased with decrease of the V/III ratio. This suggests that T1 and T4 traps are related to the N‐vacancies. Those of T2 (0.84 eV) and T3 (1.13 eV) traps did not show obvious dependence on the V/III ratio, but the concentration of the T2 and T3 traps increased with increase of the residual carrier concentration. T2 and T3 traps might have some correlation with the residual donor species. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of Ga2O3‐based (Inx Ga1–x)2O3 alloy thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Oshima Takayoshi , Fujita Shizuo
Published: June 2008

A series of Ga2O3‐based (Inx Ga1–x )2O3 alloy thin films have been grown on c‐plane sapphire substrates with a thin Ga2O3 buffer layer by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. At growth temperatures of 700 °C and higher, even with a slight inclusion of In2O3 to Ga2O3, for example, the film of (In0.08Ga0.92)2O3, exhibited a rough surface and degraded transmission spectrum resulting from phase separation of In2O3. Due to low temperature growth at 600 °C, however, the phase separation was suppressed for the In composition up to 35%, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction measurement, and the films exhibited high transmittance over 85% with sharp absorption edges. The bandgap could be tuned form 5.0 to 4.0 eV. The results encourage the application of (Inx Ga1–x )2O3 thin films in short‐wavelength optical devices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of oxygen deficient amorphous oxide semiconductor a‐InGaZnO4–x: Optical analyses and first‐principle calculations
Authors: Kamiya Toshio , Nomura Kenji , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: June 2008

Defect states in a representative amorphous oxide semiconductor, a‐InGaZnO4, were studied by optical analyses and first‐principle calculations. The optical analyses suggested that the as‐deposited a‐IGZO film have weak subgap absorptions around 0.6 and 2 eV. Local density approximation calculations showed that an oxygen defect works as an electron trap as well as a shallow donor depending on its local structure. It suggests that a large vacancy space remained in an oxygen deficient structure forms a deep levels in the band gap and traps electrons, while if such a large space is annihilated e.g. by a film growth process and post thermal annealing, oxygen deficiency may form a shallow donor level. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An approach for single crystalline zinc oxide thin films with fine channel mist chemical vapor deposition method
Authors: Kawaharamura Toshiyuki , Fujita Shizuo
Published: June 2008

Efforts of fabricating single crystalline ZnO thin films by the mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method have been reported in this paper. In our previous research, by using the water solution of zinc acetate as the Zn source, we have not succeeded in obtaining ZnO thin films of single crystalline structure under the reasonable growth rate. In our recent attempts reported here, the solvent of Zn source (zinc acetate) has been changed from water to methylacetate. This was greatly effective and successive to fabricate single crystalline and high quality ZnO thin films at increased growth rate. As far as X‐ray diffraction 2θ/ω, ω, in‐plane ϕ and 2θχ/ϕ scan spectra have been carefully investigated, it is reasonable to conclude that we could have obtained single crystalline ZnO thin films. The mist CVD technology features high partial pressure of oxygen in the reaction area and this may lead to fabricate high quality ZnO thin films with low density of oxygen vacancies. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of electric double layer and crystal shapes of electrochemically grown zinc oxide
Authors: Uno Kazuyuki , Kanda Tadayuki , Aisu Masashi , Asaoka Takayuki , Ina Tsutomu , Tanaka Ichiro , Yamashita Munenori
Published: June 2008

Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were electrochemically deposited on n‐Si(001) substrates and indium‐tin oxide substrates with various concentrations of electrolytes. The crystal shape and orientation of ZnO were depends both on the type of substrates and the concentration. Denser film was obtained using more concentrated electrolyte or using substrate with lower resistivity. For a unified treatment, we investigate the thickness of the electric double layer (EDL) on the growth surface by measuring the capacitance between two electrodes.

The dependence between the thickness of EDL and the crystal shapes indicates that the mass transport beyond the EDL region would govern the electrochemical growth of ZnO. Selective growths on 1 μm/1 μm line and space patterns were demonstrated as a trial. Crystal shapes were similar to those grown on non‐patterned substrates. Control of the crystal orientation is necessary for the application of optoelectronic devices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InGaAs on SiO2 from (111) Si micro channel areas
Authors: Hoshii Takuya , Deura Momoko , Sugiyama Masakazu , Nakane Ryosho , Sugahara Satoshi , Takenaka Mitsuru , Nakano Yoshiaki , Takagi Shinichi
Published: June 2008

In this paper, we demonstrate that micro selective area growth (μSAG) is effective in improving the crystal quality of InGaAs on (111) Si through the decrease in the number of the nuclei on a selective growth Si area. It is found that smaller selective areas are better in the morphology of the epitaxial films, while the pitch of selective areas yields a trade‐off relationship between the selectivity and the lateral growth length. It is demonstrated that InGaAs films with good morphology and large lateral growth areas have been obtained by μSAG on (111) Si dot areas with the diameter of 2 μm and the pitch of 5 μm using metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). This result suggests that μSAG using MOVPE is a promising technique for III‐V‐On‐Insulator structures on Si substrates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diamond RF FETs and other approaches to electronics
Authors: Kasu Makoto , Ueda Kenji , Kageshima Hiroyuki , Taniyasu Yoshitaka
Published: June 2008

Diamond semiconductor possesses exceptional physical properties, such as high thermal conductivity, high breakdown field, and high mobility, and is therefore expected to offer the highest performance among semiconductors as high‐frequency, high‐power transistors. At present the most critical issue in achieving diamond transistors is the lack of an n‐type or p‐type dopant with low activation energy. This paper reviews approaches towards electronic‐device application of diamond done mainly by NTT Basic Research Laboratories. First it describes our diamond field‐effect transistors with 0.1‐μm gate length, which exhibit high cut‐off frequencies for the current and power gains, fT and fMAX, of 45 GHz and of 120 GHz, and output power density of 2.1 W/mm at 1 GHz. Next it shows how doping efficiency in ion implantation can be improved by using high‐pressure high‐temperature annealing. Finally, it describes our concept of diamond/nitride heterostructure and presents results that confirm its feasibility. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations of ZnO thin films grown on c‐Al2O3 by pulsed laser deposition in N2 + O2 ambient
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Look D. C. , Téhérani F. Hosseini , Minder K. , Razeghi M. , Largeteau A. , Demazeau G. , Morrod J. , Prior K. A. , Lusson A. , Hassani S.
Published: June 2008

ZnO films were deposited on c‐Al2O3 using pulsed laser deposition both with and without N2 in the growth ambient. X‐ray diffraction revealed poorer crystal quality and surface morphology for one‐step growths with N2 in the ambient. A marked improvement in both the crystallographic and surface quality was obtained through use of two‐step growths employing nominally undoped ZnO buffer layers prior to growth with N2 in the ambient. All films showed majority n‐type conduction in Hall measurements. Post‐annealing for 30 minutes at 600 ºC in O2 systematically reduced both the carrier concentration and the conductivity. A base room temperature carrier concentration of ∼ 1016 cm–3 was linked to Al diffusing from the substrate. 4.2 K photoluminescence spectra exhibited blue bands associated with the growths having N2 in the ambient. Temperature dependent Hall measurements were consistent with N being incorporated in the films. Processed devices did not, however, show rectifying behaviour or electroluminescence. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special Issue on “Security and Privacy Preservation in Vehicular Communications” Wiley's Security and Communication Networks Journal
Authors: Ho Pin‐Han , Zhang Zonghua , Lu Rongxing
Published: June 2008

It has been witnessed that the car manufacturers and telecommunication industries gear up to equip each car with the latest wireless communication technologies, most notably the short‐range communication systems and/or networks (vehicle‐vehicle or vehicle‐roadside) based on IEEE 802.11p. The short‐range vehicular communication technologies are expected to evolve into VANETs (Vehicular Ad‐hoc NETworks), which will be supporting various safety and commercial applications that significantly improve the driving experiences and safety. The merits of launching VANETs are obvious; however, it comes with a set of challenges, especially in the aspects of security and privacy preservation, in which any malicious behavior of users, such as a modification and replay attack with respect to the disseminated messages, could be fatal to the other users. In addition, the issues on VANET security become more challenging due to the unique features of such network scenarios, including high‐speed mobility and large amount of network entities (i.e., the vehicles). Furthermore, conditional privacy preservation must be achieved in a sense that the user related privacy information, including the driver's name, the license plate, speed, position, and traveling routes along with their relationships, has to be protected; while the authorities should be able to reveal the identities of message senders in the event of a traffic dispute, such as a crime/car accident scene investigation. This special issue aims to address the aforementioned issues by collecting six technical papers through a peer‐review process, hoping to contribute to the state‐of‐the‐art progress of secure and privacy preserving vehicular communications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Librarians as agents of change: Working with curriculum committees using change agency theory
Authors: Travis Tiffini A.
Published: June 2008

To sustain integration of information literacy into the university curriculum, librarians and faculty need to investigate theories of change. This chapter examines change agency theory as both a planning tool and an implementation process for integrating information literacy into the general education curriculum at CSULB.