bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR SUBCLASS‐SPECIFIC LYMPHOCYTE MARKERS IN MAN
Authors: Ranki Annamari , HäYry Pekka
Published: August 2010

A report is given of the relative and absolute distribution of lymphocytes carrying three T or B cell specific markers in cord blood; in children and in the blood of healthy adult human subjects. The determinations were performed from stained cytological cell smears under conditions where no subclass specific lymphocyte selection or depletion takes place. In adult blood 78 896 (S. D.) (1.2 0.4 109/1) of lymphocytes expressed the acid α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) marker. The percentage distribution of the ANAE marker‐carrying lymphocytes was stable in different age groups. The absolute values in cord blood and in young children were approximately three times higher than in adults. A somewhat smaller fraction of adult lymphocytes (5314%; 1.0 0.4 109/1) formed rosettes with 2‐amino‐ethylisothiouronium bromide‐hydrobromide (AET) sensitized sheep erythrocytes (AET‐SRBC). Although the relative distribution of AET‐SRBC rosette‐forming lymphocytes was slightly lower in children than in adults, the absolute numbers were approximately two to three times higher. The number of surface Ig‐carrying lymphocytes, as detected by rosette formation with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I (StaCw) bacteria in adolescent and adult blood was 19 11 % (0.4 0.2 109/1). The relative number of surface Ig‐carrying lymphocytes varied very little in the different age groups. The absolute numbers in cord blood and in small children were approximately twice as high as in adults. The distribution of lymphocytes carrying the fourth marker, surface receptor for IgG, was investigated by antibody‐coated human erythrocytes (EA). In adults, the number of lymphocytes forming rosettes with EA was 30 10 % (0.7 0.3 109/1). Although the relative values were somewhat lower in children, the absolute values were approximately twice as high as in adults.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF RUBELLA VIRUS, STRAIN RA 27/3, ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES:
Authors: Maller Rolf , Sörén Lars
Published: August 2010

When lymphocytes from humans with serological immunity against rubella were incubated with live rubella virus, supernatants were obtained which when added to non‐infected lymphocytes gave a significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced proliferation. In contrast, supernatants from virus‐infected lymphocytes from donors lacking immunity against rubella gave no inhibition of the PHA response.
STIMULATION OF HUMAN FETAL LYMPHOCYTES BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE B IN CULTURE STUDIES ON CELLS CIRCULATING IN MATERNAL BLOOD
Authors: BjöRkbom S. , Turunen O. , Lundqvist C. , De La Chapelle A.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) was used in attempts to stimulate fetal cells circulating in the maternal blood during pregnancy. Crystalline leukoagglutinin (LA), the mitogenic properties of which are identical with those of phytohemagglutinin, was used as a reference mitogen. When artificial mixtures of varying proportions of lymphocytes from mothers (XX) and their newborn male infants (XY) were co‐cultured in the presence of these mitogens, LPS brought about a definite enrichment of XY mitoses, indicating that even under these conditions of co‐culture, LPS preferentially, though not exclusively, stimulates the infant cells. When cells from the blood of 13 women pregnant in the second trimester with a male fetus were cultured with LPS as a mitogen, all mitoses were found to be XX. Since interphase Y chromatin occurred in uncultured lymphocytes from these women (cells containing Y chromatin were found in 5 out of 6 women tested), we conclude that LPS is unable to stimulate, or at least induce mitoses, in fetal cells circulating in the blood of pregnant women. The nature of these cells is discussed.
ISOLATION OF ENZYMATICALLY DERIVED FRAGMENTS OF GUINEA PIG IgG AND AN EXAMINATION OF THEIR REACTIVITY AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A
Authors: Endresen C. , Grov A.
Published: August 2010

Papain digest of guinea pig IgG2 was separated by ion‐exchange chromatography into five fractions, one containing mainly Fab and four Fc fractions. Covalently linked Fc (cFc) and non‐covalently linked Fc fragments (nFc) were present, both with a molecular weight (Mw) of about 56,000. nFc was split into half fragments by gel filtration under dissociating condition (Mw 25,000 to 27,000). An incomplete Fc fragment (iFc) was also isolated (Mw 36,000), which consisted of a Fc chain (Mw 26,000) non‐covalently linked to a piece of another chain. These preparations all reacted with protein A. In addition, the Fc' fragment (Mw 22,000), which is the C‐terminus of the Fc fragment, was isolated. This fragment did not react with protein A. The cFc was treated with acid and then digested with trypsin at pH 7.8 for 45 s. The digest were separated into four fractions (I‐IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100. Fraction I was indistinguishable from intact Fc, fraction II contained an incomplete covalent Fc fragment (Mw 34,000 to 38,000). Both these fragments reacted with protein A. Fraction IV consisted of fragments belonging to the C‐terminus, and was protein A non‐reactive. Fraction III was shown to contain a mixture of fragments belonging to fractions II and IV.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF HUMAN PREGNANCY ZONE PROTEIN ON H‐2 INCOMPATIBLE MOUSE HEART ALLOGRAFT
Authors: Svendsen P. , Stigbrand T. , Teisner B. , Folkersen J. , Dumber M.‐G. , von Schouilz B. , Kemp E. , Svehag S‐E.
Published: August 2010

Human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) given intraveneously, significantly (p<0.001) prolonged the survival of heterotopic A/J heart transplants in A.CA recipients, compared to untreated control recipients, recipients treated with phosphate buffered saline and recipients treated with a control preparation from male serum. The results support the hypothesis that PZP protein exerts an unspecific immunosuppressive effect in vivo.
DETERMINATION OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA): COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT ASSAYS
Authors: øRjasæter Harald
Published: August 2010

A comparison was made of CEA determination by the CEA‐RIAKIT and our slightly modified CEA‐Roche assays. The normal levels (mean + 2 SD) found in 63 blood donors were 2.3 μg/1 and 3.3 μg/1, respectively. The inter‐assay reproducibility was similar in the range below 15 μg/I, with variations from 0.3 μg/i (I SD, < 5 μg/l) to 1.4 μg/1 (1 SD, 10–15 μg/l). Both methods measured CEA concentrations down to 1 μg/1. The ability of the two assays to discriminate between positive and negative values in patients with urogenital and gastrointestinal cancer was similar. The response to recurrences of colorectal carcinoma was also similar, and the CEA fluctuation was parallel after surgery. The CEA‐Roche assay generally showed good correlation between measured and theoretical values at both low and high levels. Under our test conditions, the disparity between indirect and direct values was 14 μg/1 8 (n = 4) in the range 18–32 μg/1, and this must be taken into consideration in interpreting the CEA‐Roche lest. The CEA‐RIAKIT measured loo low values as compared to both the CEA‐Roche and the theoretical values. The discrepancy increased with increasing CEA values, and Ihe ability to distinguish between high CEA concentrations (>15 μg/l) was poor. The explanation seems to be that the anti‐CEA sera used in this assay show a lower affinity for plasma CEA than for tumour‐extracted CEA. Immunochemical differences between sample CEA and CEA used for calibration of the standard curves must be considered in evaluation of CEA assays.
PURIFICATION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT OF GUINEA‐PIG COMPLEMENT BY GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lyberg Torstein
Published: August 2010

A method has been described for the purification of the first component (CI) of complement from guinea‐pig serum. The procedure consists in euglobulin precipitation followed by gel filtration on agarose columns. The final product has low protein content and high specific activity. The protein obtained by this procedure has a molecular weight of about one million and has been further characterized using immunochemical and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. The protein reacts with anti‐Cl antiserum and forms the EACl,4‐intermediate. The experiments indicated the existence of electrophoretic variants of CI. The dissociation of the CI molecule by increasing the ionic strength is confirmed. The described procedure appears to be a useful method of obtaining functionally purified CI.
LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN MAN. EXPRESSION OF HLA‐DR DETERMINANTS ON HUMAN T CELLS IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: Johnsen H. E. , Madsen M. , Kristensen T. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: August 2010

In a study of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood during infectious mononucleosis the lymphocytosis was found to be of T‐cell origin (i.e. E‐RFC), while the number of non T lymphocytes (i.e. EA‐, EAC‐RFC and Smlg + ve cells) was normal in 7 out of 8 patients. Ten patients were tested for the presence of HLA‐DR determinants on their B and T cells and not only B lymphocytes but also a great part (31–75 96) of T cells were lysed by the anti HLA‐DR testsera, indicating that HLA‐DR determinants are expressed on a population of T cells in IM patients. After recovery all patients were retested and showed a normal pattern of HLA‐DR typing. This indicates an increase of HLA‐DR antigens on T cells or a vigorous proliferation of a small DR‐positive T‐cell subpopulation during the acute stage of IM.
Rapid Identification of Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Kilian M. , Bülow P.
Published: August 2010

β‐glucuronidase activity is an exclusive characteristic of E. coli and some shigellae among Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. An agar medium (PGUA agar) which permits the detection of bacteria with β‐glucuronidase activity in mixed cultures was evaluated as a primary culture medium for clinical samples of urine. The medium was selective for enterobacteria and yielded significantly higher recoveries than MacConkey agar. Based on the examination of 3,460 urine samples, it was found that the use of the PGUA agar has several advantages over conventional methods: 1) 94% of all E. coli cultures could be identified on the basis of their appearance on the primary plates; 2) The use of the PGUA method did not result in any misidentifications as compared to 1% of cultures misidentified by the conventional procedure; 3) Approximately one‐half of the urine samples which contained E. coli as the sole organism could be reported following the reading of primary culture plates; 4) The application of the PGUA medium resulted in a 46% reduction in the cost of media employed and a 67% reduction in the time required for the processing of urine samples.
THE IN VITRO RESPONSE OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM ADENOID VEGETATIONS AND TONSILS TO PPD. INFLUENCE OF AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD MONOCYTES, T LYMPHOCYTES AND UNSEPARATED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: MOGENSEN HANS HENRIK , MEISTRUP‐LARSEN KAREN‐INGER , MEISTRUP‐LARSEN UGGI , ANDERSEN VAGN
Published: August 2010

Thymidine incorporation in lymphocytes obtained from adenoids (AVL), tonsils (TL) and blood (PBL) and stimulated by PPD was compared in 19 BCG‐vaccinated and 17 unvaccinated patients. Responses were approximately tenfold higher in vaccinated than in unvaccinated patients. The responses obtained for AVL/TL were lower than for PBL in BCG‐vaccinated as well as in unvaccinated patients. In autologous mixtures of AVL/TL and PBL a linear increase in thymidine incorporation was obtained with increasing numbers of PBL. The monocyte concentration in cell suspensions obtained from adenoid and tonsil tissue was lower than in cells prepared from blood; addition of autologous monocytes purified from blood to cultures of AVL and TL was followed by a small increase in response to PPD, but not to the level of responsiveness of PBL. Addition of autologous T lymphocytes purified from blood to cultures of AVL and TL was followed by a small increase in thymidine incorporation, of similar proportions in cultures with and without PPD. It is concluded that the proportion of PPD‐sensitized lymphocytes is smaller in AVL/TL than in PBL.
FRAGMENTS AND SUBCLASSES OF IgG IN ELUATES OF HUMAN MALIGNANT TISSUES
Authors: WESENBERG FINN
Published: August 2010

Eluates of 13 malignant tumours were prepared at 56°C using the continuous flow technique. By using immunodiffusion techniques, 50–80 per cent of the IgG detected was found to be of the IgG1 subclass. The ratio of Ig/kappa to Ig/lambda was similar in eluates and in the corresponding extracts, and this ratio was similar to that obtained using pooled human serum. This indicates a normal distribution of IgG subclasses in the eluates. Besides whole IgG, the eluates and corresponding extracts contained fragments of IgG. This was revealed by using sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). However, since parts of the IgG associated with human malignant tumours can be nonspecifically bound, and since fragments of IgG was found in extracts and eluates of normal tissues, although to a lesser degree than in those of malignant tissue, no conclusive evidence was obtained that the malignant tissue could degrade Ig. SDS‐PAGE of extracts and eluates of malignant tissues showed 2–3 constant bands not detected in isolated IgG or in extracts and eluates of most of the normal tissues. These bands were not identified.
ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT BY ANTIBODIES TO THE KERATOSULPHATE‐LIKE HOST ANTIGEN OF SENDAI VIRUS
Authors: FADNES PER , HAUKENES GUNNAR
Published: August 2010

Sendai virus is haemolytic against erythrocytes from different species. Pre‐treatment of Sendai virus with antibody and complement (C) enhances the haemolytic activity of the virus. This property was used to examine the pathway by which C is activated by Sendai virus antigen‐antibody complexes. Antibody against the keratosulphate‐like host antigen was used in a monospecific antigen‐antibody system. Evidence is presented that both the classical and the alternative pathway is activated; the alternative to a much lower extent.
KINETICS OF LOCOMOTION OF HUMAN GRANULOCYTES IN A DOUBLE‐FILTER SYSTEM
Authors: SCHREINER AKSEL , VAULA DAG
Published: August 2010

A new modification of Boyden's millipore filter technique is described in which leukocytes are sandwiched between two filters and allowed to migrate in two directions. This technique offers a better basis for comparison with mathematical models than does single filter methods. Using this technique, casein in low concentrations was leukokinetic in the absence of plasma, but did not show leukotactic activity unless plasma was present. Zymosan‐activated plasma was leukokinetic and strongly leukotactic.
LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
Authors: SCHREINER AKSEL , KALAGER TORE , VAULA DAG
Published: August 2010

In a double‐filter modification of Boyden's method, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) needed the presence of fresh plasma to induce leukocyte locomotor kinetics which compared with a model for directional migration. FMLP, or zymosan‐activated plasma, did not stimulate migration in capillary tubes. The kinetics of leukocyte migration under agarose towards zymosan‐activated plasma were more compatible to a model for increased random motility than for directional migration. Treatment of leukocytes with colchicin reduced their migration under gradient and non‐gradient conditions in millipore filters, capillary tubes, and in under‐agarose experiments.
FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN SUPPRESSOR CELLS GENERATED IN MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: ARNESEN ERIK , THORSBY ERIK
Published: August 2010

Suppressor cells can be generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). The studies reported here show that the cells responsible for suppression belong to relatively radioresistant T cells. Furthermore, to generate suppressor cells in MLC, the cells must be able to proliferate, while this is not necessary for expression of the suppressive capacity.
CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH PURIFIED VISNA VIRUS
Authors: THORMAR H. , KRISTENSSON K. , LIN F. H. , WISNIEWSKI H. M.
Published: August 2010

Visna virus‐sensitized lymphocytes were demonstrated in the peripheral blood of rabbits following immunization with purified, concentrated visna virus. Lymphocyte sensitization was maximal at about 2 weeks and fell to control levels in 5 weeks. A delayed‐type cutaneous hypersensitivity to the virus was observed at 2 weeks and lasted for at least 9 weeks. Both reactions increased after a booster injection. Although sera from immunized rabbits had precipitating antibodies against visna virus protein P25, their lymphocytes were not stimulated by P25. However, there was a slight reaction to P25 in the skin test. Therefore, in contrast to the humoral immune response, P25 is apparently not the most active viral antigen in the CMI response in rabbits.
EFFECT OF IMMUNOSPECIFIC Fab FRAGMENTS OF ANTIRENIN ON PLASMA RENIN AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: LYKKEGÅRD STIG
Published: August 2010

Anti‐mouse renin specific Fab fragment was labelled with 125I and repurified on an affinity‐column with renin as ligand in order to eliminate Fab fragments with a damaged antibody combining site. The 125I‐labelled Fab fragment, with addition of unlabelled Fab fragment, was administered in vivo to sialoadenectomized mice. The serum disappearance curve of the Fab fragments with the intact antibody combining site possessed two components with a half life of 120 min for the slowest component. The renin specific Fab fragments inhibited the enzymatic activity of renin with a K1‐value of 5.5 × 1.5 times 10‐9 M, compatible with competitive inhibition. The same Fab fragments were able to inhibit 99% of the enzymatic active renin. The administration of the Fab fragments caused a 3–4 fold increase in the total concentration of plasma renin, but the enzymatic activity was inhibited. No decrease in blood pressure was demonstrated in the animals.
BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA HAVE HIGH Clq BINDING CAPACITY
Authors: PRELLNER KARIN
Published: August 2010

A simple, rapid and sensitive radioimmunologic method for demonstrating Clq binding to bacteria is described. Various bacteria were shown to bind Clq without the participation of antibodies. Great differences in Clq binding levels between different types and strains of S. pneumoniae were found. A high uptake of Clq was observed for many pneumococcal strains of type VI, XIX and XXIII and also for non‐typable strains of H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis. Other bacteria tested, including H. influenzae types a–f, demonstrated less capacity to bind Clq.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HUMAN EFFUSION MACROPHAGES FROM PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT AND BENIGN DISEASE
Authors: HAMMERSTRØM JENS
Published: August 2010

The inflammatory cell composition of pleural or ascitic effusion fluids from 13 patients with malignant disease and 8 patients with benign disease was analyzed. The macrophage content in the effusions was 4.1 times 105× 1.3 cells/ml (mean × SEM), with large variation (range 0.1 – 27.9 times 105 cells/ml) among patients. Major blood cell contamination was excluded by the finding of low red blood cell/nucleated cell ratios in the effusions. Effusion macrophages were isolated by Ficoll/Isopaque centrifugation and plastic adherence. Monolayers of > 90%α‐napthyl‐esterase‐positive and/or phagocytic cells were produced in most experiments. Adherent effusion cells incorporated low amounts of methyl‐3H‐thymidine (methyl‐3H‐TdR). Most cells in DNA‐synthesis were removed by trypsin, indicating that they were not macrophages. Lymphokine supernatants induced increased methyl‐3H‐TdR incorporation in adherent cells in 3 of 8 experiments, and microscopic proliferation of phagocytic cells was evident in one experiment. Endotoxin and Corynebacterium parvum reduced adherent cell DNA‐synthesis slightly. Effusion macrophages ingested more 125I‐labelled Candida albicans than peripheral blood monocytes. The ability to degrade ingested Candida and the cell adherence after phagocytosis were found to be greater in the macrophages than in monocytes. Effusion macrophages with monocytelike, undifferentiated appearance differentiated like monocytes in vitro. Further in vitro differentiation of macrophages with more differentiated appearance often seemed to be blocked, the cells dying gradually after 4–8 days in vitro.
GROUP B MENINGOCOCCAL OPSONINS IN SERUM MEASURED BY POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE CHEMILUMINESCENCE
Authors: LEHMANN VIDAR , SOLBERG CLAUS OLA
Published: August 2010

Serum opsonic activity against a strain of group B meningococci was measured by the initial increment in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence was markedly enhanced by serum and was dependent upon both thermostable and thermolabile factors. It was higher in convalescent sera from patients with meningococcal disease than from other patients and normal controls. Absorption of sera with the homologous strain substantially decreased the opsonic activity. Convalescent serum from a patient with group C meningococcal pericarditis showed high opsonic activity towards a group B meningococcal strain. A convalescent serum showed significantly higher activity towards its homologous group B strain than towards another group B meningococcal strain. As measured by chemiluminescence, properties besides group specificity are of importance in opsonization of meningococci. The simplicity and precision of the chemiluminescence measurements seem to offer an improved tool for the study of meningococcal disease immunology.
PREGNANCY SPECIFIC BETA‐1 GLYCOPROTEIN (SP1) IN PATIENTS WITH TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE: MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY AND A »SP1 CONSUMING FACTOR«
Authors: WESTERGAARD J. G. , SIZARET PH. , HINDERSSON P. , FOLKERSEN J. , TEISNER B.
Published: August 2010

The reactivity of sera from 19 patients with trophoblastic disease was analyzed in analytic immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti human pregnancy specific beta‐1 glycoprotein (SP1) antisera. Molecular heterogeneity of SP1 was demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and a »SP1 consuming factors« was found in serum from a patient with choriocarcinoma. The »SP1 consuming factor« was precipitated by 1.65 M (NH4)2SO4. The results are discussed in relation to quantification of circulating SP1 in patients with trophoblastic disease.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES OF URINARY AND SERUM ANTIBODIES IN MYCOPLASMAL PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: ERNØ H. , THOMSEN A. C.
Published: August 2010

During 9 attacks of M. hominis pyelonephritis in 8 patients, the presence of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies in urine and serum was studied by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Antibodies were present in the urine for a period of 12 days. One to 4 days after the onset of the attack, IgA was in all cases demonstrable in urine, followed later by IgG. IgM was present in the urine of one patient only during the first 4 days of illness. In serum, IgG appeared as early as 1–4 days after the attack, followed later by IgA and IgM, IgA disappearing after one to two weeks.
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA STUDIED BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC METHODS
Authors: JEPSEN SØREN , AXELSEN NILS H.
Published: August 2010

Soluble plasma antigens in 53 Liberian patients with P. falciparum malaria were analyzed in double diffusion using plasma from 27 immune adults. One immune plasma reacted with 17% of the plasma samples and was used in subsequent quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) studies as antiserum. By fused rocket IE 2 antigens were found in samples with parasitaemia (P) above 0.6% and above 4.5% P the antigens had grossly increasing concentration. In 22 samples of 0.6% P or more, 7 antigens were demonstrated by crossed IE. Two electrophoretically heterogeneous antigens, Ag‐1 and Ag‐2, were found most frequently. Ag‐1 was partly heat‐stable and was in some samples amphiphilic as shown by charge shift crossed IE. Ag‐1 and Ag‐2 did not contain integral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and Ag‐1 is suggested to be a structural protein of P. falciparum. Twenty‐six immune plasma samples were screened for antibodies against 4 antigens in crossed IE with intermediate gel. It is suggested that an index for protective immunity may be obtained by summation of semiquantitative titers obtained by crossed IE with intermediate gel using an antigen pool representing e.g. 20–30 soluble antigens.
THE GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL RECEPTOR FOR HUMAN IgA BINDS IgA VIA THE Fc‐FRAGMENT
Authors: SCHALÉN CLAËS
Published: August 2010

Eight freshly isolated type M4 strains of group A streptococci were found to bind between 60 and 80% of 2.5 μg radiolabelled IgA myeloma protein in a standard test system, while a reference type 4 strain bound only 20%. Commercial human IgG or IgGl myeloma protein did not inhibit the binding of IgA by the reference type 4 strain or one of the freshly isolated type 4 strains, whereas inhibition was obtained by purified polyclonal IgA and IgA I myeloma protein. Fc fragments of purified IgA I myeloma protein, obtained by digestion with gonococcal protease, inhibited binding of radiolabelled IgA I, while the Fab fragments had no inhibitory effect.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ALBUMIN IN SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: SCHIØTZ P. O. , CLEMMENSEN I. , HØIBY N.
Published: August 2010

Sputum sol phase from seventeen cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected in the lungs with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium (CF + P) and 11 CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection (CF‐P) were examined for proteolytic activity in a fibrin plate assay. The proteolytic activity was significantly higher (p < 0.02) in sputum from CF + P patients than in sputum from CF‐patients. This difference was only quantitative since sputum sol phase from both groups degraded fibrinogen to non‐precipitable material. The proteolytic degradation of IgG, IgA, secretory IgA and albumin in the sputum sol phases was investigated by means of gel filtration and the stability of these proteins during various storage conditions was examined. Degradation of IgG, IgA, secretory IgA and albumin in the sputa was not demonstrable and the proteins were stable for at least 4 weeks at 4°C.
HEREDITARY NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS, CHARACTERIZED BY ATAXIA
Authors: PEDERSEN L. , PLATZ P. , RAUN N. E.
Published: August 2010

Nineteen unrelated patients with hereditary ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth's syndrome were investigated for immunological in vitro parameters (lymphocyte transformation with PHA, con A, PWM, antigens, determination of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes and HLA‐typing). When compared with normal controls, no significant deviation was found.
ENCEPHALITIS INDUCED IN RABBITS BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Authors: AASJORD PER , NYLAND HARALD , MØRK SVERRE
Published: August 2010

Rabbits were immunized with staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in Freund's adjuvant. After four injections (six weeks) the rabbits showed decreased activity and unsteadiness of the head. Two weeks after the sixth injection (ten weeks), two of five rabbits developed clinical signs of encephalitis with nystagmus, ataxia, general weakness, decreased activity, and dragging of the hind legs. The other three animals showed only mild symptoms. Neuropathological examination showed inflammatory infiltrates containing small lymphocytes and some plasma cells in the leptomeninges and within the perivascular spaces of the brain.
TISSUE REACTIVITY OF IgG ELUTED FROM HUMAN CARCINOMAS
Authors: WESENBERG FINN
Published: August 2010

Mixed haemagglutination with tissue sections was used to study the tissue reactivity of IgG eluted from human carcinomas. IgG eluted from 21 of 29 tumours, bound to the autologous tissue. The binding was mediated through the Fab‐portion, and the bound IgG had an intact Fc‐portion. Most eluted IgG bound to the autologous tissue, but binding was also seen to other carcinomas of the same type as well as to other types. In addition, the IgG bound to several cancer‐free tissues. Accordingly, the eluates of the 21 tumours contained IgG with a broad tissue reactivity. The eluates of a) the remaining 8 tumours, b)normal tissue, and c) liver tissue from patients with non‐malignant diseases, contained IgG which did not bind to any tissue. The IgG associated with these tissues was probably non‐specifically bound or bound to receptors in vivo.
CYTOLOGICAL EVENTS IN ALLO‐STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES TRIGGERED BY EXPOSURE TO STIMULATORY ALLOANTIGENS
Authors: POULSEN POUL BRIX , NIELSEN LAUST HANGLER
Published: August 2010

H‐2b lymphocytes were sensitized against H‐2d alloantigens by mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR) and incubated with H‐2d target cells in the presence of prednisolone or without prednisolone (control). The interaction between lymphoid cells and target cells was stopped by fixation with glutaraldehyde. Changes in cell size, in numerical density of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA) as well as in areal density of the lysosomes and the mitochondria in the lymphoblasts during the first four hours of interaction with target cells were measured with a Hewlett Packard digitizer. The cell size showed no significant change within the first hour of interaction with target cells, but during the second hour a minor increase in cell diameter was observed whereas the diameter of the control lymphocytes increased a great deal during the first half hour as well as from the second to the third hour. The numerical density of the ER decreased throughout the four hour observation period, whereas the control lymphocytes exhibited a decrease in the numerical density of ER within the first hour after which the density increased. During the first hour of interaction with target cells the numerical density of the GA decreased and there was no increase during the rest of the observation period, whereas in the control lymphocytes the density of GA increased from the second to the third hour of interaction with target cells. There was no lysosome formation, and no significant change in the areal density of mitochondria during the four hour observation period, whereas the density of lysosomes as well as mitochondria increased in the control lymphocytes.
EXPERIMENTAL ESCHERICHIA COLI O6 INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: AHLSTEDT S.
Published: August 2010

Inbred mice of the CBA and A strains were from weaning malnourished on a low protein diet. During a three‐week period their weight increased from about 8 to about 10 g, while mice on normal feeding increased to about 16 g. This malnutrition resulted in a 10‐fold increase of the susceptibility to intraperitoneally injected E. coli 06:K2a,2c:HI bacteria compared to conventionally fed controls. Immunization as well as transfer of fresh immune serum to malnourished or normally‐fed mice resulted in an increase in resistance, 6 to 10 fold that of non‐immunized controls, while transfer of normal serum did not have a great impact on the resistance. Antibody titers to E. coli 06 antigen in mice on poor and normal feeding were similar, as were there non‐specific cellular responsiveness measured as lymphoblast transformation by ConA, PHA and LPS. The effect of the malnutrition seemed to be an impairment of the clearance of live E. coli 06 bacteria 1 h after a sub‐lethal infection compared with that of normally‐fed controls. The noted increased susceptibility to injections in the malnourished mice was rapidly restored by normal feeding for one day.
EXPERIMENTAL ESCHERICHIA COLI 06 INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: AHLSTEDT S.
Published: August 2010

Treatment of CBA mice with cobra venom factor (CVF) decreased their C3 levels to less than 10 per cent of normal and resulted in a simultaneous increase of their susceptibility to intraperitoneal E. coli 06 infection. Animals immunized and treated with CVF had an infection resistance similar to untreated controls but considerably less than mice immunized only. The CVF treatment did not affect the antibody formation after immunization. Untreated or immunized AKR mice deficient in C5 did not show decreased resistance to the infection. Exposure of NMRI mice to preformed antigen‐antibody complexes unrelated to the infection did not increase the susceptibility of the animals to infection, neither did it impair their C3 levels. Two out of five freshly frosen (‐70°C) normal rabbit sera gave significant, heat‐labile protection of mice to the E coli infection without containing any antibodies detectable with the ELISA. This protective capacity was not abolished with zymosan treatment affecting the levels of complement factors and could be »natural antibodies« stimulated from the environment. In testing whether similar protective factors as those found in normal rabbit serum could be raised in CBA mice, such animals were orally given killed E. coli 06 bacteria. This did not affect the resistance to the E. coli infection or to the rise of specific antibodies after immunization.
ENHANCING EFFECT OF SURGICAL BURSECTOMY ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Authors: HIROTA YOSHIKAZU , VAINIO OLLI , TOIVANEN PAAVO
Published: August 2010

Effect of surgical bursectomy on antibody response was studied in chicks injected intrabursally with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus on day 2 of life and challenged intravenously with the same antigens on day 9. Bursectomy performed 2 days after the priming resulted in a significantly decreased anti‐SRBC plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response, whereas bursectomy performed 4 or 5 days after the priming clearly enhanced the PFC response. The enhancing effect of bursectomy on the PFC response was also observed if the priming was made intravenously. In antibody titers against SRBC the enhancing effect was observed only if a secondary and tertiary challenge was performed at the age of 28 and 36 days, respectively. Titers of Brucella antibodies were either reduced by the bursectomy (performed 2 or 4 days after the intrabursal priming) or left unaffected (bursectomy performed 5 days after the priming). These findings are discussed in relation to bursa‐derived suppressor cells.
AGE DEPENDENT CHANGES IN SOME HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE SUB‐POPULATIONS
Authors: ONSRUD M.
Published: August 2010

Age‐dependent changes in natural killer (NK) cell activity was studied using the K 562 cell line as target in a 20 h 51Cr release assay. Fifteen healthy, high‐aged persons (76–93 yrs) were compared with 15 sex‐matched young adults (20–39 yrs). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from one aged and one young person were assayed simultaneously; and in 12 of the pairs the elderly person expressed the highest cytotoxicity (p = 0.008). When the NK cell activity was expressed as lytic units per ml of blood, however, no difference could be found between the two age groups. T enriched cells showed lower NK activity than peripheral blood lymphocytes, but the age‐dependent changes were the same. The NK cell activity was positively correlated to the proportion of lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc part of IgG. The numbers of both Fc receptor positive peripheral lymphocytes and Fc receptor positive T cells (Tγ cells) were significantly elevated in the elderly.
SEROTYPE DETERMINANT PROTEIN OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: HELTING TORSTEN B. , GUTHÖHRLEIN GERHARD , BLACKKOLB FRIEDRICH , RONNEBERGER HANS‐JÖRG
Published: August 2010

Neisseria meningitidis Group B microorganisms, inactivated with phenol and harvested by centrifugation, were subjected to direct treatment with various detergents to solubilize the serotype determinant proteins localized in the outer membrane. Analysis of the data showed that extraction of the cells with detergents provided yields of the serotype protein substantially exceeding those obtained by simple salt extraction of the bacteria. Routinely, more than 2 mg of end product per g of cell mass (wet weight) may be recovered by the present method. By gel chromatographic analysis, the serotype determinant protein was shown to interact with the capsular polysaccharides derived from Group A or C Neisseria meningitidis microorganisms, forming high molecular weight complexes. This interaction markedly enhanced the solubility of the serotype determinant protein. Combined vaccines of the type‐specific protein with the group‐ specific polysaccharides were evaluated for their immunogenic potential in the subcutaneous steel spring implant model. In guinea pigs, amounts corresponding to 10 μg completely prevented infection upon challenge with homologous organisms four weeks after immunization. Partial protection was observed with immunizing doses corresponding to 2 μg or 0.4 μg/animal, respectively. Compared to lyophilized preparations, vaccines adsorbed to a mineral carrier were slightly less effective in inducing protection, whereas inclusion of Bordetella pertussis as a component of the vaccine stimulated the immune response.
AUGMENTATION OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES IN VITROBY PYRIMETHAMINE
Authors: BYGBJERG IB CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2010

Thymidine incorporation by human blood mononuclear cells, unstimulated and stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivate of tuberculin (PPD) was studied with and without addition of pyrimethamine. Responses were increased significantly by pyrimethamine in the PWM and PPD stimulated cultures, in the PPD cultures even by concentrations of pyrimethamine, which can be achieved with therapeutic doses of this drug. The closely related compound trimethoprim did not alter PHA‐, PWM‐ and PPD‐responses significantly. The possibility of using pyrimethamine ‐ a widely used prophylactic antimalarial ‐ as an immunopotentiator is mentioned.
SCREENING FOR DEFICIENCIES IN THE CLASSICAL AND ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS OF COMPLEMENT BY HEMOLYSIS IN GEL
Authors: TRUEDSSON L. , SJÖHOLM A. G. , LAURELL A. B.
Published: August 2010

Two assays based on hemolysis in gel were assessed for screening complement (C) component deficiencies. In one assay sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) were incorporated in agarose gel containing Ca2+ and Mg2+, in the other guinea pig erythrocytes (GpE) were used in the presence of Mg2+ and EGTA. With few exceptions, fresh samples from healthy individuals produced homogenous areas of complete hemolysis in both assays. Clearly aberrant patterns were observed in approximately 4% of healthy blood donors. Sera from patients having complete deficiencies of Clq, C2 or C4 produced clear lysis of GpE only, whereas in sera lacking C3 or C8 lysis was grossly impaired in both assays. Properdin deficient serum produced very slight lysis of GpE but normal lysis of EA. Reconstitution of these C‐deficient sera gave normal lysis. Together, the two assays supplement immunochemical C3 and C4 determinations for screening out C disorders.
A MODIFIED LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION UNDER AGAROSE TECHNIQUE (LMAT) Technical Aspects
Authors: BELSHEIM JUDY
Published: August 2010

Variables influencing the cell environment were investigated and found to have a profound influence on polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration and chemotaxis, using the LMAT (leukocyte migration under agarose technique) as the test system. Temperature, pH. gas mixtures, time allowed for migration and storage of leukocyte suspensions were all found to be critical factors for the migration response. The presence of divalent cations and protein in the leukocyte suspension were found as well to be essential for cell migration. The influence of different chemo‐attractants on cell migration in the LMAT was investigated, and a previously unreported limitation regarding the use of serum was delineated. Serum was found to behave satisfactorily as a chemotactic factor only in freshly‐made agar matrices, a consequence most probably due to the development of anti‐complementary activity in agar. The technical factors influencing the modified LMAT and problems concerned with the test variables are discussed.
STRUCTURE AND ANTIGENIC BEHAVIOUR OF KAPPA I‐IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT‐CHAIN AMYLOID PROTEINS
Authors: WESTERMARK PER , SLETTEN KNUT , NATVIG JACOB B.
Published: August 2010

N‐terminal amino acid sequence analysis of three amyloid fibril subunit proteins from three different patients revealed a primary structure homologous to KI immunoglobulin light chains. In double immunodiffusion an antiserum against one of these amyloid proteins reacted with all three amyloids showing one line of identity, while an antiserum against one of the other amyloid proteins reacted with only one of the nonhomologous amyloids, appearing as partial identity. These two antisera did not react with any amyloid of Λl, ΛIV or ΛVI type. The results confirm previous experiments, in which it has been shown that some antisera against amyloid proteins of immunoglobulin origin give a reaction of identity with other amyloids in the same immunoglobulin subgroup, probably owing to subgroup specific antigenic determinants in the variable segments. It was found that the distribution of amyloid varied widely among the three patients. There does not seem to be any correlation between the type of manifestation of amyloidosis and the type of immunoglobulin light chain forming the amyloid fibril.
β‐MICROGLOBULIN SERUM LEVELS IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: IBSEN K. KAAS , KRABBE S. , HESSE J.
Published: August 2010

A material of fifteen children aged 10 months to 15 years with infectious mononucleosis (IM) was investigated. The diagnosis was established by demonstration of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) specific lgM antibodies. The serum concentrations of β‐microglobulin (β2‐m) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the first sample after onset of disease, compared to control groups of children with other infectious diseases and children without diseases. The serum concentration of β2‐m decreased towards normal range within 3 weeks‐ 3 months. During the same period, IgM antibodies to EBV decreased to unmeasurable levels, and the IgG titers were almost constant. Serum β2‐m may be a parameter of value in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in childhood, replacing tests for heterophile antibodies (Emni test and Paul‐Bunnell test) which are often negative in children suffering from a primary EBV infection, or it may be used for assessment of disease activity.
INHIBITORY EFFECT ON TUMOUR COLONY FORMATION OF MOUSE SERUM ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOUR RESISTANCE IN VIVO IN SEMI SYNGENEIC MICE
Authors: GUNDERSEN STEIN , WIBE EINAR , FUNDERUD STEINAR , GRZENLAK‐PUCZYINSKA IRENA , GODAL TORE
Published: August 2010

Differences in tumour susceptibility between strains of mice (C57B1/6 and C57B1/6 × DBA/2 = B6D2F1) could be demonstrated for several tumours of C57B1 origin, both solid tumours (B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma) and lymphomas (RBL‐5, 136‐3 and ALC). Serum from mice with high tumour resistance in vivo (B6D2F1) showed an inhibitory effect on tumour colony formation in a soft agar colony assay. Serum from mice with lower tumour resistance (C57B1/6) had no effect. When other F1 hybrids of C57B1/6 parental origin were tested, the same correlation between in vitro inhibition of tumour colony formation and in vivo susceptibility was found. The serum factor was species non‐specific, since the activity was expressed against in vitro grown cell lines of human origin. The tumour colony inhibitory activity was heat sensitive (56°C for 30 minutes), precipitable by (NH4)2SO4, and not removed by adsorption on tumour cells. These results demonstrate the existance of a naturally‐ocurring humoral tumerostatic factort(s) which correlates to in vivo susceptibility to tumour cells. Its relationship to NK cell activity is discussed.
SECRETION RATE OF INTESTINAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS, COMPLEMENT FACTOR C3, »ACUTE PHASE« REACTANTS, AND ALBUMIN IN THE PERFUSED ILEUM AND JEJUNUM OF NORMAL MAN
Authors: HØJ LENE , ODDSSON EINAR , KRAG EINAR
Published: August 2010

A new method for assessment of the intestinal secretion rate of immunoglobulins and other proteins is evaluated. The procedure involves a combination of luminal perfusion of a defined intestinal segment and analysis of the aspirated perfusates by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The technique is sensitive and reliable. A material from the normal human jejunum and ileum is presented. The metod is proposed as an investigative tool for characterization of the local immunological system of the small intestine.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS AGAINST AUTOLOGOUS HUMAN BLADDER TUMOR CELLS
Authors: JACOBSEN FLEMMING
Published: August 2010

The in vitro cytotoxicity of unfractionated blood lymphocytes and T and non‐T lymphocytes respectively, was tested against autologous tumor cells from 21 patients with grade III‐IV urothelial bladder carcinomas. Generally, little or no cytotoxicity was seen. However, some differences in autologous cytotoxicity between T and non‐T lymphocytes were detectable. Four of 21 patients had cytotoxic non‐T lymphocytes against autologous bladder tumor cells. The results indicate, that the effector cells are primarily non‐T lymphocytes, and that cytotoxicity appears at lower levels of T lymphocytes in unfractionated lymphocyte preparations.
A MORPHOMETRICAL METHOD FOR ANALYZING GERMINAL CENTERS IN THE CHICKEN SPLEEN
Authors: ROMPPANEN TIMO
Published: August 2010

A morphometric method for the analysis of the germinal centers in the chicken spleen is presented. Based on counts in the two‐dimensional tissue sections, the following three‐dimensional germinal center characteristics were calculated: volume density (Vvgc) numerical density (Nvgc); total number in the spleen (NgCsp); nearest neighbour distance (δ3), and mean diameter (D). The total number of the germinal centers in the spleen of the six‐week‐old and the ten‐week‐old unimmunized chickens was 803 and 642, respectively. The mean diameter of the germinal centers was 102–108 pm, but its size distribution ranged from 50 to 175 μm.
ANTIBODIES TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL LIPOTEICHOIC ACID IN SERUM AND IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: AASJORD PER , NYLAND HARALD
Published: August 2010

Antibodies to staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were determined in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a group of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and a group of healthy individuals. Sera from 11 out of 74 MS patients, i.e. 15 percent, contained precipitating antibodies demonstrated by the double diffusion in agar test, compared to 48 out of 94 control sera, i.e. 51 per cent. By using an indirect haemagglutination test, antibodies to LTA were found in all sera from both patients and controls. On the other hand, LTA antibodies were detected in a higher proportion of the CSF samples from MS patients than from controls. A reduced serum to CSF ratio of LTA antibodies compared with the ratio for a reference antibody was demonstrated in 7 out of 20 MS patients, suggesting a local synthesis within the central nervous system. Absorption of seven MS CSF samples with LTA removed one to three of the cathodic oligoclonal IgG bands demonstrated by agarose electrophoresis and reduced the IgG concentration.
THE EFFECT OF URAEMIC SERUM AND PLASMA ON PROLIFERATING CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: WESSEL‐AAS TERJE
Published: August 2010

Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated lymphocytes from healthy individuals and a malignant cell‐line (K‐562 cells) were cultured in a growth medium of 75 per cent RPM1 1640 (Gibco) supplemented with 25 per cent of uraemic serum or plasma obtained after systemic heparinization. Pooled human A Rh + serum from 3 different donors served as controls. There was a depression of the DNA synthesis in both cell systems measured as uptake of methyl‐3H‐thymidine when the cells were cultured in uraemic milieu. Systemic heparinization markedly increased the depressive effect of uraemic plasma compared with controls. Heparin added to the growth media in concentrations much higher than those usually present in plasma after systemic heparinization had little effect on the cell proliferation. Systemic heparinization thus appears to induce production of toxic substances in plasma acting on proliferating cells.