bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computers in Distribution Analysis
Authors: Machis Alfred
Published: February 2018

This article first discusses the fluid network analyzer purchased in 1957 by the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission to determine the size of a new water main. The article discusses a study in 1964 by the Commission on available computers for network analysis to determine the size required for two major supply lines totalling approximately 30 miles and traversing the pressure zone. It was determined that there was no savings over the network analyzer, and it was decided to retain the existing equipment. A computer time‐sharing service was considered, which offered an extraordinary reduction in cost. The equipment used for this service included a stored program data communications processor that controls the remote consoles and maintains the master executive program. It controls a computer with a 6‐microsecond memory cycle and 16 K word storage capacity. Its main function is to compile programs and perform floating point arithmetic. Coupled to the computer is a disc storage unit, which is a large‐capacity random access storage device.
Necessary Modifications for High‐Rate Filtration
Authors: Culbreath Mark C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the conversion of rapid sand filtration plants to high‐rate filtration. The top hydraulic rate of some of these plants can be increased as much as 300 per cent and still produce higher quality water than that of the original rapid sand plant. This article discusses the determination of hydraulic parameters, the required firm capacity in both the low‐ and high‐service pumping to meet those parameters, and the electric power auxiliaries required for this ultimate capacity and their installation in the existing plant or adjacent to it.
Cross‐Connection Control at Los Angeles
Authors: Havlina Ernest J. , Wickser James F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of the cross‐connection control program at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
Utilization of Both Ground and Surface Waters
Authors: Teerink John R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses groundwater basins as a major source of water in California. Due to rapid population growth, water resources were expanded to include not only preservation of the aquifer yield, but also increased use of underground storage in conjunction with locally developed and imported surface water supplies. Local California groundwater basin management studies are discussed, with specific attention on their three phases: a thorough geologic study of the area, aimed at quantitative definition of the geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the groundwater basin; the hydrologic study; and, the formulation and evaluation of alternative plans of management. The article discusses management techniques for related issues that include seawater intrusion, pumping troughs, waste disposal, well construction, and ownership or rights to dead storage water.
New Water Source for Hopi Indian Reservation
Authors: Whitsell W. J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses plans for a new community water supply for New Oraibi, a community on the Hopi Indian Reservation in Arizona. The plans called for construction of a well to a maximum depth of 1,200 feet, penetrating the Cowsprings sandstone formation. The mineral content was acceptable except for fluoride, which exceeded the maximum ppm allowed. Drilling continued, which ultimately penetrated two additional sandstone formations, the Entrada and the Navajo. A mixture of all three sources showed fluoride to be within acceptable ppms. The article discusses the design of the well, which allows for flexibility in adjusting the fluoride concentration.
Determination of Nitrogen Trichloride in Water
Authors: Palin Arthur T.
Published: February 2018

This study compares diethylpara‐ phenylene diamine (DPD) results for chlorine and chloramines in water with total chlorine figures obtained iodometrically. A discrepancy arises whenever NCl3 is present, because only half of this compound is recovered. This half appears in the dichloramine fraction. The remaining half of the NCl3, however, can be made to react in the free chlorine fraction by adding a small amount of potassium iodide. In this way the total NCl3 content may be obtained and the dichloramine reading corrected for the NCl3 that appears with it. These conclusions apply only to the low concentrations of NCl3 that may be formed in the chlorination of waters or obtained by diluting freshly prepared stock solutions. Solutions of NCl3 that have been allowed to stand before dilution give inconsistent results.
Land Subsidence Along the Delta‐Mendota Canal, California
Authors: Prokopovich N. P. , Hebert D. J.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of land subsidence and one of its most common causes ‐ overdraft of confined or artesian groundwaters where pumpage exceeds recharge. The Delta‐Mendota Canal in California's San Joaquin Valley is presented as an outstanding example of subsidence, particularly subsidence “lag”, a condition that is created when little or no pumping occurs, thus decreasing the overdraft.
Filtration Optimization Utilizing Polyphosphates
Authors: Smith C. V. , Medlar S. J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of a range of sodium hexametaphosphate concentrations on the performance of a rapid sand filter, and to determine if jar tests could be correlated with filter behavior. Another objective was to determine whether sodium hexametaphosphate could be used as a filter aid to give a deeper floc penetration into the filter bed, with no corresponding sacrifice in effluent quality resulting, therefore, in a closer to optimum filter performance. Results indicate that a phosphate concentration in excess of 0.01 ppm reduced the efficiency of iron removed by the filter and in the jar tests. At 0.01 ppm phosphate, the amount of iron removed was greater than without any phosphate at all. The general trend of iron removed in the jars and by the filter, when increasing concentrations of sodium hexametaphosphate are added to a suspension containing 1.0 ppm, is the same. The trends for turbidity removals by the filter and the jars are not the same. Hexametaphosphate does not appear to affect the turbidity‐reducing capacity of the filter until the hexametaphosphate concentration exceeds 0.1 ppm. At this concentration, turbidity removals by the jars is reduced significantly.
Toxic Inorganic Materials and Their Emergency Detection by the Polarographic Method
Authors: Offner Harry G. , Witucki Edward F.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this investigation was to find a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for detecting toxic inorganic materials in water in time of emergency, when contamination was suspected. The method had to be sensitive at the toxic level of the contaminant so that it could be used as a warning alarm. The classical polarographic method appears to satisfy these requirements. This method involves electrolysis at controlled (but variable) potential at a dropping mercury electrode.
Nematode Removal by Rapid Sand Filtration
Authors: Seth A. K. , George M. G. , Bewtra J. K. , Sharma V. P.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to obtain the correlation between concentrations of nematodes in filter influent and effluent while using different sizes of filter media at different loading rates. A pilot plant, designed to pretreat 400,000 gpd was used for this study. The raw water was taken from a channel which feeds a part of the Delhi (India) water works. The following conclusions were drawn from these studies on removal of nematodes by filtration: removal of nematodes by rapid sand filtration is independent of the effective size of the filter media between 0.45 and 0.75 mm; variation in the loading rate between 7.4 and 9.8 em/min has very little effect on the efficiency of filters in removing nematodes; about 55‐60 per cent of the mobile nematodes will pass through the filters operated as conventional rapid sand filters; and, nematodes in soil can be activated for such experiments.
Pump Incorporates New Principle
Authors: Bartels H. G.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a new type of in‐line submersible booster pump that eliminates the need for bypass installation and for check valves. Several hundred of the pumps are in use in the systems of major West German utilities.
Distribution System Planning in Denver, Colo.
Authors: McWhinnie Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an analytical approach that provided the Denver Water Board with a sound basis for operational studies and facility planning through a detailed understanding of the capabilities and reactions of the transmission and distribution system. Operation of the system has become more efficient, and operational studies provided a basis for operation by a “data‐logger,” presently being installed at the dispatch headquarters. Operational studies have also provided guides for adapting major new facilities to be placed in operation. Present facilities and their capabilities are evaluated continually, and the economies and efficiency of alternative methods of operation are provided as a basis for decision making on both the operational and management levels.
Biologic Degradation of Rubber Gaskets Used for Sealing Pipe Joints
Authors: Leeflang Karel W. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the examination of a representative number of American gaskets with regard to their resistance to biologic attack, under exactly the same conditions under which the Dutch rings were tested, which was reported in a previous article on the degradation of natural rubber gaskets used for sealing joints of asbestos‐cement pipes in the Netherlands. Sixty‐eight gaskets were tested; with regard to the compounding, 19 gaskets were manufactured from natural rubber or synthetic polyisoprene, 46 from different kinds of synthetic rubber, and three were mixed compounds. The test was carried out with the same dune water used in the experiments with Dutch rings and was continued for two years. All samples were tested in duplicate.
Water Requirements for Manufacturing
Authors: Kollar Konstantine L. , Brewer Robert
Published: February 2018

This article provides statistics on industrial water use in the United States. It suggests some basic guidelines for the nation to continue to develop and prosper with the relatively fixed amount of total water available. These guidelines include reuse of wastewater, the increased use of brackish and seawater for industrial cooling purposes, recharging the groundwater table, and recirculation.
Milestones Along the Way of AWWA
Authors: Filby Ellsworth L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the history of the American Water Works Association, it's organization into different sections, efforts to combat waterborne disease, sewage treatment and pollution control, water reuse, coagulation‐filtration plants, fire protection, chlorination, taste and odor control, public relations, education and training of treatment plant operators, Standard Methods, and planning for the future.
Reactions of Metal Ions in Dilute Aqueous Solution: Hydrolysis of Aluminum
Authors: Sullivan J. H. , Singley J. E.
Published: February 2018

In order to understand the relationship of the hydrolysis reaction to the reactions of other nucleophilic or basic groups with the metal ion, a series of studies were initiated with the overall objective of determining the composition of these complexes under the conditions of concern in water. These conditions included very dilute solutions, and reaction times that may not permit equilibrium to be reached. The system initially studied was the simplest possible, containing only aluminum, hydrogen, hydroxide, and perchlorate ions. The procedures used were essentially the same as those reported by Singley and Black in the studies on the hydrolysis of iron (III), and therefore involved the potentiometric titration of solutions of aluminum perchlorate with sodium hydroxide under N2. The sample was stirred continuously, using a magnetic stirrer, and the pH was monitored, using a recording pH meter. The sodium hydroxide solution was added continuously, using a syringe pump.
Calculation of Water Hammer Pressure Due to Valve Closure
Authors: Wood Don J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to compute the pressure increase in a pipeline generated by closing a valve. The specific problem to be considered herein was the closure of a downstream valve on a line of length L, bounded by a constant pressure reservoir at the inlet. A terminal valve was closed in a prescribed but arbitrary manner over a period of time. The pressure increase at the valve, due to the closure, was computed. This simple hydraulic system that occurs commonly in practice can also adequately represent trunk lines attached to a large principal conduit. This paper presents an “exact” solution to the slow valve closure problem in a very simple form. The solution must necessarily consider the particular closure function for the situation being analyzed. The effects of line friction are not considered, but this effect is usually not large. The additional increase in head at the valve over the waterhammer pressure due to line friction is usually given closely by the initial friction loss in the line.
Los Angeles HVDC Testing and Ground Current Monitoring Program
Authors: Elder George R. , Whitney Dennis B. , Miyoshi Kenneth S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Pacific Northwest‐Southwest Intertie project, a program to provide electrical interconnections between the Pacific Northwest and the Pacific Southwest. When completed, the Pacific Intertie will be the largest interregional tie in North America and the first to make use of Parallel a‐c and d‐c circuits. The article discusses three modes of operation considered in the design of a high‐voltage d‐c transmission system: monopolar ‐ one pole energized, either positive or negative, with earth return; homopolar ‐ two or more poles energized with the same polarity, either positive or negative, operating in parallel with earth return; and, bipolar ‐ two poles energized, one positive, one negative, with the electrical neutral point of the rectifier and the inverter stations connected to earth. The control vault is discussed, along with intertie tests, the Western Interutility Committee, and location selection.
Manager's Role in the Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the position of the manager in the water utility industry, particularly focusing on the nature of the relationship between the manager and the political decision makers.
Effect of Water Conditioning on Wastewater Quality
Authors: Williams James W.
Published: February 2018

Water conditioning is the process of improving water quality for industrial and household uses. This definition includes all conventional operations conducted in a water treatment plant; however, as used in this paper, water conditioning refers to those types of treatment that modify the chemical rather than the physical or biologic character of water. This limits conditioning to ion exchange, precipitation, or membrane methods of treatment. This paper focuses on ion exchange softening, but does provide a discussion on chemical precipitation, regeneration, and reclamation.
Concepts in Ground Water Management
Authors: Mann John F.
Published: February 2018

The goals of groundwater management are part of a general objective of serving present and future demands for water at minimum cost and acceptable quality. The goals should be practical, with the recognition that almost every use of water results in some biological, chemical, or thermal deterioration. In most basins the goal is continued usability. The trend is toward better control of the amounts and patterns of extractions, augmenting recharge to ground storage, decreasing evapotranspirative waste or outflows which go to waste, control of mineral and thermal pollution, intensifying use of groundwater storage, and avoiding damage due to high water tables or land‐surface subsidence. Management objectives are aided by powerful computer techniques, developed mainly within the last 10 years, which permit the prediction and testing of the effects of many assumptions on the groundwater body.
Maintenance Record Systems
Authors: Deem Richard E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an approach that combines pure measurement with statistics to develop realistic maintenance labor time standards at reasonable costs. All manner of standards ‐ quality, production, cost, methods, procedures, and equipment ‐ have been established against which actual results can be compared. Production management has a means for evaluating programs because they are able to effectively measure their production activities.
Wholesale Cost Aspects of Water Supply
Authors: Golzé Alfred. R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the wholesale cost of water, defined as the cost of developing and bringing an adequate supply of potable water to an area of use. It includes the cost of studies to determine available supplies of surface and groundwater, the construction of physical works such as dams, aqueducts, pipelines, pumping plants and storage facilities, right of way, financing, and operation and maintenance after completion of construction. The article presents the California Water Project as an example of determining the wholesale costs of water for a surface water supply system. The article also discusses how the water project was planned, its service areas defined, costs estimated, and arrangements made for financing and for repayment of costs. This example represents a minimum of federal subsidy and a maximum of cost repayment with interest.
Snowpack and Water Supply
Authors: Horn William L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a program of data collection, forecasting, and publishing called the California Cooperative Snow Survey. There are 41 agencies, private and public, that contribute either data or funds to the program. These agencies over the years have identified and maintained over 300 snow courses throughout the mountainous areas of the state at all elevations. From the surveys that are made monthly, forecasts of the flow from 19 major stream basins are prepared from February through May of each year. The forecasts are of spring and summer runoffs, and accuracy is dependent on weather conditions that follow the date of the forecast. During each forecast period, 54 individual forecasts are prepared and a report published. This bulletin is released on the tenth of each month, February through May, and in critical years a bulletin may be published in June. Each fall a report is also released that summarizes state water conditions, after the summer season and before the advent of the new water crop. In addition to water using agencies that need the bulletin for operational purposes, the news media find the report of great public interest. The article also discusses snow survey equipment and methods, snow tubes, river terminal, water recreational uses, and snow pillow.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY PRICING IN ILLINOIS
Authors: Afifi Hamdy H. H.
Published: February 2018

This condensed version of an AWWA prize‐winning study analyzes rate‐making policies in Illinois and suggests a two‐part seasonal rate structure to reflect the economic factors involved.
GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Atkins Callis H.
Published: February 2018

Few problems bedevil developing nations more than inadequate water supplies for population health and industrial use. The World Health Organization, working with many other international agencies, is helping emergent nations to gain optimum benefit from their water by advising on technical facilities, management, organization, and funding.
WATER REUSE FOR PUBLIC SUPPLY
Authors: Haney Paul D.
Published: February 2018

In this review of water reuse practices in the United States, a well‐known consulting engineer outlines the complex problems involved and points to some solutions.
COMPUTER SELECTION BY WATER UTILITIES
Authors: Hann Roy W. , Sparr Ted
Published: February 2018

Electronic computers have found their way into the business and scientific offices of water utilities. Which computer to select, how to make best use of it, and what happens after it is installed depend in large measure on local circumstances, but certain basic considerations apply to all water utilities.
ORGANIC MATTER AND FINISHED WATER QUALITY
Authors: Connors J. J. , Baker R. B.
Published: February 2018

Water quality deterioration can occur because of organic matter after water has left the treatment plant. Minimizing organic material in surface supplies is a rational first step for managing it in the end‐product.
MUNICIPAL FIRE PROTECTION SURVEYS AND GRADINGS
Authors: Carl Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

The fire protection capabilities of cities are evaluated by the American Insurance Association, and other insurance organizations, according to a grading schedule which emphasizes water supply for fire companies. Grading details are analyzed, and suggestions are made for improving a city's rating.
STREAM STANDARDS AND WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: Zeller Howard D.
Published: February 2018

An FWPCA official discusses the recent report on water quality criteria prepared by former Interior Secretary Udall's National Technical Advisory Committee. The article that follows comprises the public water supply section of the committee's report.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEALING WITH CONTRACTORS
Authors: Nolan Paul J.
Published: February 2018

Disputes between contractors and public agencies are becoming more and more frequent; in fact, it often seems that contractors build for litigation before contracts are awarded. There are, therefore, certain matters that public agencies should be aware of to protect themselves properly.
Reactions of Metal Ions in Dilute Solution: RECALCULATION OF HYDROLYSIS OF IRON (III) DATA
Authors: Singley J. Edward , Sullivan James H.
Published: February 2018

In an earlier paper by Singley and and Black (“Hydrolysis Products of Iron (III),” Journal AWWA, 59:1549 (Dec. 1967)) the hydrolysis of iron (III) in dilute aqueous solution was studied by alkalimeteric potentiometric titrations. The data were analyzed by use of a regression analysis to obtain instantaneous concentration quotients for a series of hydrolysis reactions. In this paper, the data of Singley and Black for the hydrolysis of iron (III) in dilute aqueous solution has been reanalyzed to yield a new set of concentration quotients.
REVIEW OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL PRACTICES
Authors: Krasauskas John W.
Published: February 2018

As treatment plant sludge deposits become a larger factor in water pollution, effective methods of sludge disposal become more and more important. Eleven of these methods are reviewed and analyzed.
ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY CONTROL PROJECTS
Authors: Coffey Philip J. , Ortolano Leonard
Published: February 2018

Enhancement of water quality has been decreed by Congress, but is sometimes incompatible with intense consumptive use. A theoretical planning framework has been constructed, comparable to that used in flood control planning, which maximizes net economic benefits of salinity control and indicates a critical level of water quality associated with that goal.
ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR'S ROLE IN WATER QUALITY
Authors: Reilly Thomas L.
Published: February 2018

New reservoirs must go through shakedown periods so their management can discover how best to fit them into regional supplies. The new Allegheny Reservoir has already, in its two years, proved out many of the benefits for which it was planned.
AUTOMATED CHLORINE RESIDUAL CONTROL
Authors: Turtle Q. C.
Published: February 2018

Automated chlorination can be accomplished by a variety of control systems, each of which leaves some margin for error and unbalance. A new system refines accuracy and stability by employing techniques that lead to system performance characteristic of the linear control loop.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL IN WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
Authors: Scott J. Allen
Published: February 2018

Schistosomiasis, a disease afflicting perhaps 200,000,000 people in tropical climes, may spread as more water storage and irrigation projects are begun. But water utility engineers can do a great deal to control it.
INTAKE CONSTRUCTION FOR LARGE LAKES AND RIVERS
Authors: Richardson William H.
Published: February 2018

It's difficult to believe that intake systems, which are essentially open holes in a water source, require so much tender care to design and install correctly. But they do, and the author explains why.
PROTECTING PUMPING STATIONS AGAINST NUCLEAR ATTACK
Authors: Becker Elmer W.
Published: February 2018

Milwaukee's decision to build nuclear blast‐resistant pumping stations proved that such installations can be economical to construct, practical to use, and pleasing to look at.
A WATER HARDENER FOR EXPERIMENTAL USE
Authors: Lemke Armond E.
Published: February 2018

As a switch on an old problem, one experimenter wanted to turn soft water hard. Here's how he did it.
KEEPING CONTROVERSY OUT OF CONTRACTS
Authors: Abplanalp Glen H.
Published: February 2018

Specifying equipment in construction contracts can become a source of controversy when the contending interests of owner, contractor, supplier, and engineer are involved. To steer clear of trouble, the specifications writer must first know the probable pitfalls, which are analyzed here.
NATURE OF TURBIDITY IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER
Authors: Wang Wun‐Cheng , Brabec Daniel J.
Published: February 2018

The dynamics of water turbidity in a river are little understood. In this study, particulate concentrations of phosphorus, silica, and iron (III) were found to have an exact relationship in turbid waters, a fact which may bear further scrutiny.
WATER TREATMENT IN THE SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY
Authors: DeLonge Harry C.
Published: February 2018

The individual soft drink plant is a relatively small consumer of water. Yet, because of industry needs, the water a plant uses must be of very high quality. To achieve that end, PepslCo uses coagulation, distillation, and other equipment.
FINANCING WATER UTILITY TRAINING
Authors: Heffelfinger Donald D.
Published: February 2018

Rapid technological change has brought prosperity and increased opportunity; it also has brought a demand for more worker education. But water works training efforts are far too feeble; persons receiving training are few in number, and many existing programs reach only one job classification.
PLASTIC PIPE AND WATER QUALITY
Authors: Farish Charles A.
Published: February 2018

Lest plastic piping ever pose a health threat, the plastics and water works industries have joined with public health officials to develop standards and to research new compounds, all with the help and coordination of the National Sanitation Foundation.
DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS
Authors: King Paul H. , Yeh H. H. , Warren Pierre S. , Randall Clifford W.
Published: February 2018

Data about pesticide distribution in water have been obtained from a number of studies that utilized a variety of adsorbing media, and are here summarized.
FEDERAL ROLE IN POLLUTION CONTROL
Authors: Agee James L.
Published: February 2018

Mounting water pollution problems have led the Federal government to take a more active part in pollution control—but the states will set water quality criteria.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ADMINISTRATION WATER HYGIENE PROGRAMS
Authors: Hansen Chris A.
Published: February 2018

The Environmental Control Administration is not at all complacent about the state of public water supplies. Its Commissioner tells why, and says what the ECA hopes to do about it.
WATER DESALTING, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Authors: Eliassen Rolf
Published: February 2018

The role of the water works industry in preparing for future urban growth will be a vital one. Presently the industry, through research and governmental aid, is implementing newer methods in the desalting of water. With continued awareness and action on the parts of both the water works industry and the government, our future fresh water needs will be readily met.
SUPERVISORY AND REMOTE CONTROL OF PRESSURE STRUCTURES ON LARGE PIPELINES
Authors: Winn W. Paul
Published: February 2018

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has installed an electronic supervisory and remote control system to eliminate delays in such necessary operations as flow adjustment. The system has performed quite well to date.
EFFECT OF COLORED ORGANICS ON IRON REMOVAL
Authors: Oldham William K. , Gloyna Earnest F.
Published: February 2018

Iron in natural waters has always caused treatment problems although, usually, it can be made insoluble by aeration and then removed by filtration. But if organics are also present, iron removal becomes much more difficult.
CORROSION AND CAST‐IRON MAIN BREAKS
Authors: Smith W. Harry
Published: February 2018

These comments are related to the paper titled “Corrosion As a Primary Cause of Cast‐Iron Main Breaks,” by John H. Fitzgerald III, which appeared in the August 1968 JOURNAL AWWA (Vol. 60, pp. 882‐ 897).
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS—PART 2
Authors: Krasauskas J. W. , Streicher Lee , Weber Edwin C.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this report is to provide current information on the nature of the water treatment plant waste disposal problem, and to assist water utilities in solving the problem. The report describes technology presently available, defines new approaches to the problem, and suggests future directions for the coordination and dissemination of information.
AUTOMATIC RESIDENTIAL METER READING
Authors: Enenbach J. H.
Published: February 2018

Telephone researchers are investigating what role telephone lines may play in remote meter reading. But they make no firm promises yet.
PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO RESEARCH PLANNING
Authors: Berthouex Paul M.
Published: February 2018

Probability theory is used to solve both a complex network situation and a pilot plant evaluation, proving it is an essential tool in decision‐making processes.
OPERATION OF SEA WATER DISTILLATION PLANTS
Authors: Evans Robert H.
Published: February 2018

Commercial desalting plants are now supplying fresh water to industrial users and municipalities throughout the world. What kind of operating experiences have these plants had_ What is a realistic plant availability factor and plant life_ Are actual water production costs close to predicted costs?
RESERVOIR ALTITUDE CONTROL DEVICE
Authors: Saty Dick
Published: February 2018

This article presents a reservoir altitude control‐valve system to control the water supply to reservoirs, developed by the Water Division, Department of Public Works and Utilities, Spokane, Washington.
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS—PART 3
Authors: Adrian Donald D. , Nebiker John H.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this report is to provide current information on the nature of the water treatment plant waste disposal problem, and to assist water utilities in solving the problem. The report describes technology presently available, defines new approaches to the problem, and suggests future directions for the coordination and dissemination of information.
REEVALUATION OF PRADO WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
Authors: Baier Dwight C.
Published: February 2018

California's Prado Dam for many years supplied good quality water for Orange County's agricultural industry, but a quality decline more than a decade ago brought about stated quality objectives for the water. Today, those objectives are not being met.
ADSORPTION OF COPPER BY CLAY MINERALS, HUMIC ACID AND BOTTOM MUDS
Authors: Riemer D. N. , Toth S. J.
Published: February 2018

A recent experiment determining the reaction of pond sediment minerals to copper ionized from copper sulfate, an algae control agent widely used in the US.
THE SOLUBILITY OF FERROUS IRON IN CARBONATE‐BEARING WATERS
Authors: Singer Philip C. , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

Since the solubility of ferrous iron in groundwaters is limited by the solubility of ferrous carbonate and since the 50‐year‐old solubility product cannot account for the high concentrations of Fe(II) found in natural groundwaters, this study was undertaken in order to redetermine the solubility product of ferrous carbonate and to determine what effect, if any, complexation of Fe(II) by bicarbonate or carbonate has on the overall solubility of Fe(II). Experimental results are discussed.
COMPUTER APPLICATION TO WATER CONDITIONING CALCULATIONS
Authors: Thomas Jerome F. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

Quick solutions of calcium carbonate equilibrium equations have been made feasible by computer technology. Formulas for implementation are presented.
A METHOD OF MEASURING AND REMOVING OIL FROM WELLS
Authors: Rossum John R.
Published: February 2018

Lubricating oil from deep well turbine pumps not infrequently accumulates on the surface of the water in wells. If too much oil collects, it can be pumped into the water system with unpleasant consequences. It is desirable to know how much oil has accumulated, and if there is a significant amount present, it should be removed. This paper, submitted to the AWWA Journal on March 13, 1970, describes a method for achieving this goal. The method involves the use of a device called a thermistor, a sensing element whose electrical resistance decreases with increasing temperature.
BACKFLOW PREVENTION AND CROSS‐CONNECTION CONTROL
Authors: Angele Gustave J.
Published: February 2018

Cross‐connection control is generally accepted as the responsibility of the water purveyor. This puts a considerable burden on the water utility, as no installation remains static, and industrial users tend to alter in‐plant piping. The extent of the problem, and some steps toward solutions, are discussed here.
ADVANCE PLANNING SUCCESS IN CHICAGO
Authors: Jardine James W. , Howson Louis R.
Published: February 2018

The need for advance planning in water facilities prompted the city of Chicago to conduct a series of studies to enable them to carry out the planning before the need for an increase in facilities arose, instead of after. This paper outlines the probable construction costs, based on 1969 price levels, and details the steps taken in the planning.
MID‐CONTINENT WATER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
Authors: Sparks Felix L. , Fickessen Jack W.
Published: February 2018

The mid‐western area of the United States needs close cooperation between its states in order that problems caused by an overabundance of water in one area and the complete lack of it in another may be alleviated. The possibilities for such cooperation, and the individual needs of the states involved, were discussed in a symposium held on May 19, 1969, at the Annual Conference, San Diego. Participating in the symposium were Keith S. Krause, Jack W. Fickessen, and Felix L. Sparks. Mr. Krause's paper was published in the Journal in June, 1970; pp. 376‐79.
USE OF BALL VALVE SIMPLIFIES PITOMETER MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Hudson William D.
Published: February 2018

A convenient, permanent fixture giving access to Pitometer measurements where there is no manhole or piping exposure is described.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR BYPRODUCT RECOVERY
Authors: Bovet Eric D.
Published: February 2018

Besides being invaluable in producing potable water from salt water, desalting techniques may be used to recover potentially valuable byproducts from effluents. Economically beneficial, this recovery process would also considerably alleviate pollution problems.
HEAT SHOCKED BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORES AS AN INDICATOR OF VIRUS DISINFECTION
Authors: Toenniessen Gary H. , Johnson J. Donald
Published: February 2018

Although a large‐scale enteric virus disease outbreak has never happened in the US, the possibility remains, to be guarded against. The authors point why conventional methods are inadequate in the determination of removal or killing of viruses, and suggest a new bacteriological index that correlates with virus inactivation.
MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE INNOVATIONS
Authors: Van Nattan William R.
Published: February 2018

When a large number of samples is being processed in a laboratory, it is advantageous to the researcher to have a method for handling them efficiently One such method, using recent innovations for handling and processing, is described herein.
A CORROSION INHIBITOR PROCESS FOR DOMESTIC WATER
Authors: Murray W. Bruce
Published: February 2018

A technique of corrosion inhibition using a special mixture of zinc sulfate, sulfamic acid, and monosodium phosphate, which will minimize pitting and tuberculation, is described.
THE INFLUENCES OF WATER POLLUTION ON UTILITY OF WATER BY INDUSTRY
Authors: Kemmer Frank N.
Published: February 2018

The methods of reusing industrial wastewater are many and varied. This study points out techniques that will be of increasing interest to industrial and municipal treatment operators alike.
QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS BY RESERVOIR AERATION
Authors: Laverty Gordon L. , Nielsen Hubert L.
Published: February 2018

Faced with a need to improve water palatability in one of its standby storage reservoirs, East Bay Municipal Utility District, of Oakland, Calif., resorted to the use of an aeration system and realized some positive results.
MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA FROM A RIVER TO A MUNICIPAL WELL—A CASE HISTORY
Authors: Randall Allan D.
Published: February 2018

Coliform bacteria regularly travel at least 180 ft to a municipal well from a reach of the Susquehanna River polluted by sewage. Excavation of the riverbed, in an area already geologically favorable for induced infiltration, seems responsible for bacteria reaching the well, after 19 yr of trouble‐free operation.
PROBLEMS OF TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS IN TELEMETRY
Authors: Daneker James R.
Published: February 2018

As the amount of data to be telemetered in the water‐wastewater field increases,.it becomes mandatory that long‐range planning be taken into account, bringing together, during the planning stages, the personnel of the municipality, the telephone company, and the manufacturers.
TELEMETERING: FIVE UTILITIES’ EXPERIENCES
Authors: Van Loon Raymond E.
Published: February 2018

The five articles that make up this joint discussion are based on papers originally delivered at a recent California Section meeting.∗ All of them have a common underlying theme: Telemetering makes it possible to accomplish measurement and control in a way that would be inconvenient manually.

The lead article recounts the size of the Sunnyvale system and proceeds to elaborate on the tone transmission adopted to control the various pressures, water levels, and flow rates located throughout the system. Of value to many readers is a description of what can go wrong, how to interpret the malfunctions, and what to do to correct the situation.

The second paper concentrates on explaining the difference between a system designed with electromechanical controllers (hard‐wire) and one that makes use of a digital computer (soft‐wire). The author explains that, initially, the essential difference is cost vs. versatility. However, because water systems are becoming more and more complex, it is increasingly essential to adopt the so‐called softwire technique.

In the third article, the author describes how his company began encountering problems that could not be solved readily using manual methods, how telemetering and remote control gradually were introduced, and how each previous experience was applied to the next expansion phase. One of the prime accomplishments enabled by remote control, according to the author, is the ability to mix, and to avoid mixing, waters from different sources.

The last two articles assay the cost of telemetering for the particular systems with which the authors are involved. Although the systems are radically different (one is a combine), both are said to be operating profitably. In one case, the labor savings have been calculated.
MONITORING NEW YORK'S WATER AUTOMATICALLY
Authors: Maylath Ronald E.
Published: February 2018

New York State has deployed a partial automated water‐and‐air monitoring system. Although the system was designed for high reliability with a minimum of maintenance, the author contends that a need for improvement is indicated for operation as envisioned.
CONTROLS FOR A SMALL WATER UTILITY
Authors: Freeston Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The terms automation and control should not be synonymous with complexity and extravagant costs. The author, dispelling such correlations, explicitly describes the various telemetering and control components—along with some good ideas about their costs—that are becoming vital to the operation of small utilities.
ACTION NOW IN WATER QUANTITY
Authors: Armstrong Ellis L.
Published: February 2018

There is no argument as to the need for additional supplies of potable water. Not only has the US population increased, but, as civilization advances, the per capita need for water advances also. To meet the problem, man can assist nature in several ways—by conservation of natural rain and snowfall, by augmentation of precipitation through cloud seeding, and by desalting of brackish waters.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR URBAN UTILITIES
Authors: Sturman Gerald M. , Gilbert Paul H. , Wolfner Jacques P.
Published: February 2018

Any large city must assess its water‐supply and distribution system and plan changes for the future. Here is an article that describes the methodology employed in the analysis of the Cleveland municipal system along with the reasons for its adoption.
THE CENSUS AND WATER UTILITIES
Authors: Starsinic Donald E.
Published: February 2018

The availability of 1970 census tapes and of numerous tape‐processing centers adds a degree of flexibility in the use of the 1970 census that has never been possible previously. The census indicates that there has been a slowing down of population growth. Growth has been heavily concentrated in the sub‐urban parts of metropolitan areas. The heavy movement of blacks from the South into northern and western cities continues. Housing has increased faster than population. The age makeup of the US population assures a very large increase in the number of young adults over the next twenty years, so that a record number of marriages and babies, and tremendous pressure on the housing supply can be anticipated.
THE BALTIMORE REGION'S WATER‐SUPPLY PLAN
Authors: Stewart Roberf H.
Published: February 2018

During the next 50 years, the population of the Baltimore area is expected to more than double—tripling the demand on the central water‐supply system. To meet this imminent growth the feasibility of four different water‐supply proposals has been studied. One of them is described extensively here.
POPULATION ABSORPTION AND REGIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Smith Lewis Gordy
Published: February 2018

America's cities cannot continue to exist as they have in the past—not if the growing water‐supply problem is not to outpace a solution. The author contends that the growing population stress within the large megalopolises can be relieved by redeploying the population into new, small communities located on several available plains areas. These communities would be developed as part of a total environment and would be located with respect to one another in such a way that they would be served optimumly by existing water supplies.
WATER: THE NEED FOR ACTION NOW
Authors: Love John A.
Published: February 2018

Among other constituents, “Action Now” contains the call for improved water‐works facilities. Modern technology can make the job of achieving modernization an easier one.
MANAGEMENT‐INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Tolle William A.
Published: February 2018

For the manager or supervisor who is not oriented to data processing, the author discusses the need and functions of the computer as a management tool. The Denver Water Dept. is developing a management‐information system, described by the author, in order to provide additional and more meaningful information and to gain use of improved communications techniques.
WATER & THE CHALLENGE OF THE 70s
Authors: Ogilvie James L.
Published: February 2018

Some water‐development experts have become smug about their accomplishments; in fact, however, the jobs that they have done often have been less than adequate.
SECTION EDUCATION COMMITTEES
Authors: Peters Walter
Published: February 2018

AWWA's Director of Education discusses how to organize a section education committee and what a good section education program should include.
THE WESTWIDE WATER STUDY
Authors: Fairchild Warren D.
Published: February 2018

One of the most comprehensive water‐resource investigations ever undertaken in the US, the Westwide Water Study, has as its purpose the development of a general plan to meet the future water needs of the eleven western states.
COVERING OPEN DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
Authors: Chin Ark G.
Published: February 2018

The author discusses the problems relating to the covering of existing open distribution reservoirs. Some solutions are given. Most of the data included are the results of studies and surveys conducted over a three‐year period in connection with the Hoquiam College Hill Reservoir Cover Project.
PILOT‐PLANT STUDIES OF FLOCCULATION
Authors: Argamcrn Y. A.
Published: February 2018

Although the use of traditional jar tests for flocculation control provides some indication of the most appropriate type and concentration of flocculant, pilot‐plant studies are essential if the design of new plants is to be accompanied by some assurance of success.
NEW TRENDS IN WATER‐RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wright Kenneth R.
Published: February 2018

The water‐system engineer will have to adapt to an entirely new set of concepts during this decade if he is not to be supplanted by people with other disciplines.
THE CASE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Whitman Ira L. , Dee Norbeit
Published: February 2018

Every so often, solitary voices in the past proclaimed a need to do something about the environment. Until the last few years, however, environmental‐system analysis was disdained because the environment was not considered important enough by those who made policy. The authors report on the procedures that are being used now that the situation has changed.
THE ARGUMENT FOR WATER‐RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Owen Langdon W.
Published: February 2018

Water is the essence of life; but its use by individuals, institutions, and industries is rapidly achieving parity with the supply. New sources are needed. The author discusses some of them and the benefits that they afford.
ACCOMMODATING UNCERTAIN FORECASTS IN SELECTING PLANT DESIGN CAPACITY
Authors: Berthouex Paul M.
Published: February 2018

Although forecasts of future demand on a treatment plant are inherently risky, some preventative measures may be taken to provide a safety factor that will allow for inaccuracies or poor judgment of future conditions.
RHINE RIVER POLLUTION STUDIES
Authors: Biemond Cornelius
Published: February 2018

As for all rivers of highly developed areas, the pollution of the Rhine has become a serious problem. In the case of the Rhine, however, the problem is for countries to solve, not states or provinces.
QUEST FOR QUALITY CONTROL IN WATER TESTING
Authors: Clarke Frank E.
Published: February 2018

This biographical sketch traces the history and development of the American Society for Testing and Materials' Committee D‐19.
UTILITY RATES FOR WASTEWATER OPERATIONS
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

The aggressive posture of conservationalists eventually may doom the recent, and growing, practice of combining water and sewerage charges. Notwithstanding, the author lists some combined‐charge proposals and then analyzes the virtues of separate rates.
CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR COATED STEEL PIPELINES
Authors: Bailey Edward W.
Published: February 2018

Leakage problems in the water system of Colorado Springs promoted investigation and eventual installation of cathodic protection for the pipelines. The history and progressive steps of that experience are outlined by the author.