bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHOMOGENEOUS QUANTUM GROUPS IGLq,r(N): UNIVERSAL ENVELOPING ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Authors: ASCHIERI PAOLO , CASTELLANI LEONARDO
Published: October 2004

A review of the multiparametric linear quantum group GL q,r(N), its real forms, its dual algebra U [ gl q,r(N)] and its bicovariant differential calculus is given in the first part of the paper. We then construct the (multiparametric) linear inhomogeneous quantum group IGL q,r(N) as a projection from GL q,r(N+1) or, equivalently, as a quotient of GL q,r(N+1) with respect to a suitable Hopf algebra ideal. A bicovariant differential calculus on IGL q,r(N) is explicitly obtained as a projection from that on GL q,r(N+1). Our procedure unifies in a single structure the quantum plane coordinates and the q group matrix elements [Formula: see text], and allows one to deduce without effort the differential calculus on the q plane IGL q,r(N)/ GL q,r(N). The general theory is illustrated on the example of IGL q,r(2).
VECTOR FIELDS ON QUANTUM GROUPS
Authors: ASCHIERI PAOLO , SCHUPP PETER
Published: October 2004

We construct the space of vector fields on a generic quantum group. Its elements are products of elements of the quantum group itself with left-invariant vector fields. We study the duality between vector fields and one-forms and generalize the construction to tensor fields. A Lie derivative along any (also non-left-invariant) vector field is proposed and a puzzling ambiguity in its definition discussed. These results hold for a generic Hopf algebra.
ON SUPERSYMMETRIC NONLINEAR σ MODELS AND CLASSICAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: NIEMI ANTTI J. , PALO KAUPO
Published: October 2004

We construct a two-dimensional nonlinear σ model that describes the Hamiltonian flow in the loop space of a classical dynamical system. This model is obtained by equivariantizing the standard N=1 supersymmetric nonlinear σ model by the Hamiltonian flow. We use localization methods to evaluate the corresponding partition function for a general class of integrable systems, and find relations that can be viewed as generalizations of standard relations in classical Morse theory.
THE PROTON SPIN AND GLUEBALL EFFECTS
Authors: MORISITA N. , TESHIMA T.
Published: October 2004

We consider the smallness of the proton spin measured in polarized lepton–proton scattering experiments. The proton spin is expressed by the matrix element of the flavor singlet axial vector current. Under the PCAC assumption, in which the divergence of the flavor singlet axial vector current is replaced by the pseudoscalar meson η, η′ and glueball ι fields, we get a Goldberger–Treiman type relation. We estimate the coupling constants f0η, f0η′ and f0ι using the U (3)× U (3) current-algebraic approach. Because the estimated f0ι is of the same order as f0η′, the smallness of the proton spin results in gNNι being comparable to gNNπ in magnitude.
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL N=2 SUPERSTRING BACKGROUNDS AND THE REAL HEAVENS
Authors: SAKAGUCHI MAKOTO
Published: October 2004

We study N=2 superstring backgrounds which are four-dimensional, non-Kählerian and contain nontrivial dilaton and torsion fields. In particular we consider the case where the backgrounds possess at least one U(1) isometry and are characterized by the continual Toda equation and the Laplace equation. We obtain a string background associated with a nontrivial solution of the continual Toda equation, which is mapped, under the T duality transformation, to the Taub-NUT instanton background. It is shown that the integrable property of the non-Kählerian spaces has a direct origin in the real heavens: real, self-dual, Euclidean, Einstein spaces. The Laplace equation and the continual Toda equation imposed on quasi-Kähler geometry for consistent string propagation are related to the self-duality conditions of the real heavens with “translational” and “rotational” Killing symmetry respectively.
ANYON TRAJECTORIES AND THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE THREE-ANYON SPECTRUM
Authors: MASHKEVICH STEFAN , MYRHEIM JAN , OLAUSSEN KÅRE , RIETMAN RONALD
Published: October 2004

We develop the concept of trajectories in anyon spectra, i.e. the continuous dependence of energy levels on the kinetic angular momentum. It provides a more economical and unified description, since each trajectory contains an infinite number of points corresponding to the same statistics. For a system of noninteracting anyons in a harmonic potential, each trajectory consists of two infinite straight line segments, in general connected by a nonlinear piece. We give the systematics of the three-anyon trajectories. The trajectories in general cross each other at the bosonic/fermionic points. We use the (semiempirical) rule that all such crossings are true crossings, i.e. the order of the trajectories with respect to energy is opposite to the left and to the right of a crossing.
ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF DUAL THEORIES
Authors: SUBBOTIN A. , TYUTIN I.V.
Published: October 2004

We discuss the equivalence of two dual scalar field theories in two dimensions. The models are derived though the elimination of different fields in the same Freedman-Townsend model. It is shown that tree S matrices of these models do not coincide. The two-loop counterterms are calculated. It turns out that while one of these models is single-charged, the other theory is multicharged. Thus the dual models considered are nonequivalent on classical and quantum levels. This indicates the possibility of the anomaly leading to nonequivalence of dual models.
BRAID RELATIONS IN AFFINE TODA FIELD THEORY
Authors: FRING ANDREAS
Published: October 2004

We provide explicit realizations for the operators which when exchanged give rise to the scattering matrix. For affine Toda field theory we present two alternative constructions, one related to a free bosonic theory and the other formally to the quantum affine Heisenberg algebra of [Formula: see text].
ON THE PERTURBATIVE EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THE HAMILTONIAN AND LAGRANGIAN QUANTIZATIONS
Authors: BATALIN I.A. , TYUTIN I.V.
Published: October 2004

The Hamiltonian (BFV) and Lagrangian (BV) quantization schemes are proved to be perturbatively equivalent to each other. It is shown in particular that the quantum master equation being treated perturbatively possesses a local formal solution.
SUPER-τ3QED AND THE DIMENSIONAL REDUCTION OF N=1SUPER-QED2+2
Authors: DE ANDRADE M.A. , DEL CIMA O.M.
Published: October 2004

In this work the supersymmetric gauge-invariant action for the massive Abelian N=1 super-QED 2+2 in the Atiyah-Ward space-time (D=2+2) is formulated. The questions concerning the scheme of the gauge invariance in D=2+2 by means of gauging the massive N=1 super-QED 2+2 are investigated. We study how to ensure the gauge invariance at the expense of the introduction of a complex vector superfield. We discuss the Wess-Zumino gauge and thereupon we conclude that, in this gauge, only the imaginary part of the complex vector field, Bμ, gauges a U(1) symmetry. whereas its real part gauges a Weyl symmetry. We build up the gauge-invariant massive term by introducing a pair of chiral and antichiral superfields with opposite U(1) charges. We carry out a dimensional reduction à la Scherk of the massive N=1 super-QED 2+2 action from D=2+2 to D=1+2. Truncations are needed in order to suppress nonphysical modes, and we end up with a parity-preserving N=1 super-QED 1+2 (rather than N=2) in D=1+2. Finally, we show that the N=1 super-QED 1+2 we have obtained is the supersymmetric version of τ3 QED .
A UNIFIED VIEW OF MULTIMODE ALGEBRAS WITH FOCK-LIKE REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: MELJANAC STJEPAN , MILEKOVIĆ MARIJAN
Published: October 2004

A unified view of general multimode oscillator algebras with Fock-like representations is presented. It extends a previous analysis of the single-mode oscillator algebras. The expansion of the [Formula: see text] operators is extended to include all normally ordered terms in creation and annihilation operators, and we analyze their action on Fock-like states. We restrict ourselves to the algebras compatible with number operators. The connection between these algebras and generalized statistics is analyzed. We demonstrate our approach by considering the algebras obtainable from the generalized Jordan-Wigner transformation, the para-Bose and para-Fermi algebras, the Govorkov “paraquantization” algebra and generalized quon algebra.
DIRAC VERSUS REDUCED PHASE SPACE QUANTIZATION FOR SYSTEMS ADMITTING NO GAUGE CONDITIONS
Authors: PLYUSHCHAY MIKHAIL S. , RAZUMOV ALEXANDER V.
Published: October 2004

The constrained Hamiltonian systems admitting no gauge conditions are considered. The methods for dealing with such systems are discussed and developed. As a concrete application, the relationship between the Dirac and reduced phase space quantizations is investigated for spin models belonging to the class of systems under consideration. It is found that the two quantization methods may give similar, or essentially different, physical results, and moreover a class of constrained systems, which can be quantized only by the Dirac method, is discussed. A possible interpretation of the gauge degrees of freedom is given.
CPT VIOLATION IN STRING-MODIFIED QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE NEUTRAL-KAON SYSTEM
Authors: ELLIS JOHN , MAVROMATOS N.E. , NANOPOULOS D.V.
Published: October 2004

We argue that CPT is in general violated in a non-quantum-mechanical way in the effective low-energy theory derived from noncritical string theory, in which pure states evolve into mixed states in general. It is known that such a dynamical framework violates the strong form of CPT invariance. We relate CPT violation in the effective low-energy theory in our formalism to apparent world-sheet charge nonconservation induced by stringy monopoles corresponding to target-space black-hole configurations. We prove that energy is conserved on the average in this CPT-violating modification of quantum mechanics. The magnitude of the effective spontaneous violation of CPT may not be far from the present experimental sensitivity in the neutral-kaon system. We demonstrate that previously proposed phenomenological modifications to the quantum-mechanical description of the neutral-kaon system violate CPT, although in a different way from that assumed in analyses within conventional quantum mechanics. We sketch the way to constrain the novel CPT-violating parameters using available data on KL→2π, KS→ 3π0 and semileptonic KL,S decay asymmetries. Could non-quantum-field-theoretical and non-quantum-mechanical CPT violation usher in the long-awaited era of string phenomenology?
CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY
Authors: ARDALAN FARHAD , KAVIANI KAMRAN
Published: October 2004

We consider the noncommutative generalization of the chiral perturbation theory. The resultant coupling constants are severely restricted by the model and in good agreement with the data. When applied to the Skyrme model, our scheme reproduces the non-Skyrme term with the right coefficient. We comment on a similar treatment of the linear σ model.
ELECTRON-ELECTRON SCATTERING AT TeV ENERGIES: AN INTEGRAL PART OF ANY LINEAR COLLIDER PROGRAM
Authors: HEUSCH CLEMENS A.
Published: October 2004

We argue that at energies well beyond LEP II, no linear collider program makes sense unless it includes electron-electron scattering. Both their quantum numbers and the high degree of polarization achievable in both incoming beams set this initial state apart from the traditional annihilation channel; these features make experimentation at the edge of, and beyond, the Standard Model particularly promising, and complement the physics program of e+e− interactions in a unique and novel fashion.
MANIFESTATIONS OF STRONG ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING IN e−e− SCATTERING
Authors: CUYPERS FRANK
Published: October 2004

We analyze the incidence on polarized e−e− scattering of the trilinear and quartic anomalous gauge couplings which arise in the realm of a non-linear realization of electroweak symmetry breaking.
HIGGS BOSON AND WLWL SCATTERING AT e−e− COLLIDERS
Authors: HAN TAO
Published: October 2004

We discuss the Standard-Model Higgs boson production in the channels e−e−→e−e−H, e−νW−H, and e−e−ZH. We also illustrate the enhancements in the W–W– cross section that would result from a strongly-interacting Higgs sector or from a H−− resonance in a doublet + triplet scalar field model.
LIKE-SIGN CHARGED HIGGS BOSON PRODUCTION IN e+e– COLLISIONS AT THE NLC
Authors: RIZZO THOMAS G.
Published: October 2004

We consider the production of a pair of like-sign charged Higgs bosons in e−e− collisions at the NLC within the context of several electroweak models with extended symmetry breaking sectors. We find that the rate for this process, which proceeds through W–W– fusion, is a very sensitive probe of the nature of these extended Higgs sectors and that the corresponding cross sections can vary by as much as several orders of magnitude at NLC energies.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Z′ SEARCHES IN e+e− AND e−e− SCATTERING
Authors: CUYPERS FRANK
Published: October 2004

We consider indirect searches for additional neutral vector bosons in e+e– and e−e− collisions, and compare these two linear collider modes with similar analysis procedures and assumptions. Discovery limits and resolving power are discussed in a model-independent way.
ELECTRON COMPOSITENESS LIMITS IN e−e− COLLISIONS
Authors: BARKLOW TIMOTHY L.
Published: October 2004

Electron compositeness limits from an e−e− collider are calculated and compared with the limits from an e+e− collider. We find that the e−e− collider gives significantly better limits than the e+e− collider for all center-of-mass energies if the e−e− and e+e− colliders have the same luminosity.
SELECTRON SEARCHES IN e−e− SCATTERING
Authors: CUYPERS FRANK
Published: October 2004

We review the pair-production and decay of selectrons in e−e− collisions and show how the standard model backgrounds can be virtually eliminated with polarized beams. The exceedingly simple analysis involved and the large sample of background-free supersymmetric events make this linear collider operating mode ideal for discovering selectrons and measuring the mass of the lightest neutralino.
A STRATEGY FOR DISCOVERING HEAVY NEUTRINOS
Authors: HEUSCH CLEMENS A. , MINKOWSKI PETER
Published: October 2004

Same-sign lepton collisions in the TeV energy range may well have the unique capability to search for clear signals for the exchange of heavy Majorana neutrinos. Lepton-flavor-violating transitions e−e−→W−W− can thus contribute to the understanding of two unsolved riddles in particle physics: the neutrino mass problem and the question of the Dirac or Majorana character of heavy neutrinos. This search is not similarly accessible to such effects as neutrinoless double beta decay. The resulting experimental signatures are hard to miss.
NARROW-RESONANCE IN e−e− SCATTERING DUE TO ADDITIONAL GAUGE BOSON
Authors: FRAMPTON PAUL H.
Published: October 2004

It now appears phenomenologically that the third family may be essentially different from the first two. Particularly the high value of the top quark mass suggests a special role. In the standard model all three families are treated similarly [becoming exactly the same at asymptotically high energies] so I need to extend the model to accommodate the goal of a really different third family. In this article I describe one such viable extension, the 331 model which predicts bileptonic gauge bosons.
LEPTOQUARK PRODUCTION IN e−e− SCATTERING
Authors: CUYPERS FRANK
Published: October 2004

We consider the production of scalar and vector leptoquarks in e−e− collisions. Although this reaction is not competitive with, e.g., e−γ scattering for discovering these heavy states, it is the main process susceptible of differentiating two important classes of leptoquarks.
PHYSICS AT γγ AND eγ COLLIDERS
Authors: BAUER DANIEL A.
Published: October 2004

New developments in linear collider and laser technology should soon make it possible to construct a Photon Linear Collider, where high energy photon beams, produced by Compton backscattering laser photons off linac electrons, are brought into collision with electron beams or with other photon beams. High luminosities, along with control over both the energy distribution and polarization of the photon beams, will give such a facility the potential for a very interesting physics program. In particular, a Photon Linear Collider offers a unique environment for the study of Higgs bosons and discovery of new particles such as excited electron states, supersymmetric particles, heavy charged particle pairs, or any particles with appreciable two-photon couplings. Precision electroweak tests also benefit from such a machine, allowing a test of the three-gauge-boson WWγ vertex. The Photon Linear Collider would serve as an excellent laboratory for Quantum Chromodynamics studies involving photon structure functions, jet and hadron production, and resonance production.
γγ PHYSICS WITH VIRTUAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG
Authors: YELLIN S.
Published: October 2004

Collisions of virtual photons will be a useful source of luminosity for two-photon physics before the availability of backscattered laser beams, and are also required for physics that depend on one or both of the photons being off their mass shell.
EXTRAPOLATING EXPERIENCE GAINED WITH THE SLD DETECTOR TO HIGHER ENERGY AND/OR LUMINOSITY
Authors: SCHUMM B.A.
Published: October 2004

The operation of the SLD detector at the SLC, the only existing high energy linear collider, is a good place to address the question of the feasibility of operating a sophisticated cylindrical geometry detector in a high energy and/or luminosity environment. Performance aspects of the SLD relevant to this question are presented, along with a qualitative discussion about the extrapolation to higher energy and luminosity. In particular, the choice of a combined barrel/endcap geometry seems undesirable for operation in a linear collider environment.
BEAM-BEAM EFFECTS and GENERALIZED LUMINOSITY
Authors: SPENCER J.E.
Published: October 2004

The assumption is made that before an NLC is approved, a prototype will be necessary that demonstrates the feasibility of a general purpose linear collider capable of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] incident channels. At an upgraded SLC, such channels could provide new physics over a range of energies upwards of a few GeV. Effects that limit the luminosity of a GLC are discussed together with their possible mitigations. The expected luminosities in the different channels are then predicted in a consistent way for [Formula: see text]
BEAM-BEAM DISRUPTION AND THE CASE FOR A PLASMA LENS IN e−e− COLLISIONS
Authors: CHEN P. , SPITKOVSKY A. , WEIDEMANN A.W.
Published: October 2004

After a short review of the expected beam-beam disruption effects in e−e− collisions we show estimates that a plasma lens will improve the luminosity for a SLC- and NLC-energy e−e− collider.
A LOW αs AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR UNIFIED MODEL BUILDING
Authors: BRAHMACHARI BISWAJOY , MOHAPATRA RABINDRA N.
Published: October 2004

We review various ways of obtaining consistency between the idea of supersymmetric grand unification and an apparent low value of αs~0.112 indicated by several low energy experiments. We argue that to reconcile the low value of αs with the predictions of supersymmetric GUT’s, we need to go beyond the standard minimal supersymmetric GUT scenario and invoke new physics either at 1011–1012 GeV or at the GUT scale.
USING CONSERVATION LAWS TO SOLVE TODA FIELD THEORIES
Authors: HOHLER ERLING G.B. , OLAUSSEN KÅRE
Published: October 2004

We investigate the question of how the knowledge of sufficiently many local conservation laws for a model can be used to solve it. We show that for models where the conservation laws can be written in one-sided forms, [Formula: see text] like the problem can always be reduced to solving a closed system of ordinary differential equations. We investigate the A1, A2 and B2 Toda field theories in considerable detail from this viewpoint. One of our findings is that there is in each case a transformation group intrinsic to the model. This group is built on a specific real form of the Lie algebra used to label the Toda field theory. It is the group of field transformations which leaves the conserved densities invariant.
THEORY OF NEUTRAL PARTICLES: MCLENNAN-CASE CONSTRUCT FOR NEUTRINO, ITS GENERALIZATION, AND A NEW WAVE EQUATION
Authors: AHLUWALIA D.V.
Published: October 2004

Continuing our recent argument where we constructed a FNBWW type spin-1 boson having opposite relative intrinsic parity to that of the associated antiparticle, we now study eigenstates of the charge conjugation operator. Based on the observation that if ϕL(pμ) transforms as a (0, j) spinor under Lorentz boosts, then [Formula: see text] transforms as a (j, 0) spinor [with a similar relationship existing between ϕR(pμ) and [Formula: see text] where w ith Θ[j] the well-known Wigner matrix involved in the operation of time reversal] we introduce McLennan-Case type (j, 0)⊗(0, j) spinors. Relative phases between ϕR(pμ) and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and ϕL(pμ), turn out to have physical significance and are fixed by appropriate requirements. An explicit construction, and a series of physically relevant properties, for these spinors are obtained for spin-1/2 and spin-1 culminating in the construction of a new wave equation and the introduction of Dirac-like and Majorana-like quantum fields.
EVANESCENT X-RAYS PROBING SURFACE-DOMINATED PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: DOSCH H.
Published: October 2004

This article reviews the scattering of evanescent x-ray waves as they occur inside a solid in the regime of total external reflection. The theoretical and experimental details of glancing angle scattering and the use of synchrotron radiation are discussed. It is shown how strong surface disorder and surface roughness affect the Bragg scattering of these exponentially damped waves and how these scattering signals can be interpreted in a straightforward way within the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). The application of this novel surface technique to bulk phase transitions allows the observation of surface-dominated behaviour. This is illustrated via two examples:.

1. The discontinuous order-disorder transition in Cu 3 Au has been studied near the (001) and (111) surface by evanescent x-rays. It turns out that the order parameter close to the free surface of the alloy decays in a very pronounced way upon approaching the transition temperature. The quantitative analysis of the evanescent superlattice intensity is compatible with a wetting phenomenon.

2. The critical phenomena associated with the continuous order-disorder transition in Fe 3 Al become distinctly modified due to the presence of a free surface. By applying the evanescent wave method three new universal surface exponents β1, γ11 and η‖ could be determined. This allows for the first time a critical exprimental test of surface scaling relations which turn out to be in good agreement with the experimental findings.

At the surface of binary alloys surface segregation phenomena occur which complicate the experimental observation of near-surface ordering and disordering phenomena as well as the theoretical models which have to account for these effects. Some implications of these surface effects is briefly presented.
STATUS OF STUDY OF COLOUR CENTERS IN CALCIUM FLUORIDE
Authors: RAVI B. G. , RAMASAMY S.
Published: October 2004

A review is given on studies of different types of colour centres in calcium fluoride crystals. Production, analysis and application of some colour centres like F and F aggregate centres, M A centre, oxygen centre, colloidal centre, and photochromic centre are discussed. The results of ESR, ENDOR, Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD). Raman spectroscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy are reviewed. Irradiation effects on the colourability of pure and doped calcium fluoride crystals are also discussed.
NOISE-INDUCED NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE COLORED LOSS-NOISE DYE-LASER MODEL
Authors: SOLDATOV A. V.
Published: October 2004

A single-mode colored loss-noise dye-laser model is treated by means of a new version of approximate effective Markovian equation for all values of noise intensity and correlation time. The steady-state probability density is derived and various scenarios of possible noise-induced nonequilibrium phase transitions are considered. The proposed method of investigation is proved to be valid for other physical systems driven by the multiplicative colored noise.
WILSON LOOPS AND NON-ABELIAN STATISTICS IN THE QUANTUM HALL EFFECT
Authors: STONE MICHAEL
Published: October 2004

There is a topological connection between the boundary excitations of a quantum Hall fluid and the quantum numbers of its vortex-like bulk quasi-particles. I use this connection to examine the group properties of vortex excitations in a generalized quantum Hall fluid, and show how the vortex trajectories become Wilson lines interacting via Chern-Simons fields. As a result, I argue that non-abelian statistics, if they exist, should be independent of the detailed properties of the many-body wavefunction and will depend only on the bulk Hall conductivity tensor.
USE OF PROJECTORS FOR INTEGRABLE MODELS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Authors: COKER DAVID A.
Published: October 2004

This paper is a discussion of the placement of integrable field theory models on a lattice of arbitrary spacing and the construction of the corresponding quantum integrals of motion. Two methods for producing local lattice models of both fundamental and nonfundamental types are covered. It is shown how projectors can be used to construct quasilocal lattice integrable models from quantum integrable field theories. The advantage of the projector method over other methods is the preservation of the original [Formula: see text]-matrix. The integrable structure of the model is then left unchanged and the continuum integrals of motion are regained in the infinitesimal lattice limit.
PHASE BOUNDARY AND UNIVERSALITY OF THE TRIANGULAR LATTICE ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ISING MODEL
Authors: NOH JAE DONG , KIM DOOCHUL
Published: October 2004

Transfer matrix methods are used to locate accurate phase boundary of the triangular lattice antiferromagnetic Ising model in magnetic field. Universal quantities such as the central charge and the first few scaling dimensions are obtained along the phase boundary except near the zero field point where the crossover effect degrades convergence. Numerical results are fully consistent with the operator content of the 3-state Potts model indicating that whole phase boundary belongs to the 3-state Potts universality class.
EMERGING WITH ALLIES: THE ROLE OF TOP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC CONGRUENCE IN THE CREATION OF INTER-FIRM RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: KICKUL JILL , BELGIO ELIZABETH , GREEN MATT
Published: October 2004

As new and enabling technologies allow for the opening of market and resource opportunities in many industries, the importance of building and developing inter-firm alliances has become a business necessity. Entrepreneurial firms that are able to define their internal core competencies and strategies as well as work side-by-side with complementary partners may be able to exploit many of the opportunities existing in the marketplace. Moreover, those firms able to continuously improve their businesses and competencies as well as their alliance structure will also be at an advantage in meeting the next new opportunity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the value realized from strategic alliances in terms of product/service innovations, future strategic planning, and technology infrastructure advantages. By utilizing strategic alliances, entrepreneurial growth in terms of external capabilities as well as operational effectiveness may be realized.
THE SAGE ENTREPRENEUR: A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL CONFUCIAN PRACTICES APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: YOUNG JOHN E , CORZINE JANICE BAKER
Published: October 2004

Currently, the West is experiencing a surge in the popularity of Eastern philosophies and wisdom and their application to everyday life. This paper applies the philosophies from ancient China as expressed by Confucius and subsequent scholars in the Confucian tradition to contemporary entrepreneurship, Specifically, we explain the notion of the Confucian sage and the attempt to attain sagehood in general terms. We also elaborate on methodologies used by adherents to the Confucian tradition. Next, we introduce the concept of the contemporary sage entrepreneur and suggest traditional Confucian practices for facilitating the transformation of contemporary entrepreneurs into sage entrepreneurs. In addition, we focus on benefits of the entrepreneur's transition to sagehood. Propositions describing the benefits of Confucian practices and eventual sagehood are presented throughout the paper.
THE KUBO EFFECTS IN SMALL PARTICLES OF METALS
Authors: KOBAYASHI SHUN-ICHI
Published: October 2004

This talk is to commemorate Kubo’s pioneering theoretical paper in 1962 on the electronic properties of very small metal particles. We discuss mainly the NMR properties of the particles. Emphasis is placed on factors such as the level quantization, the level statistics, the finiteness of systems, and the single electron charging energy, which are current topics in the field of mesoscopic systems.
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METALLIC FINE PARTICLES
Authors: KAWABATA ARISATO
Published: October 2004

Among the electronic properties of metallic fine particles, the phenomena associated with the interparticle electron transfer are not yet well understood. For example, the temperature dependence of granular films often shows clear deviation from that of the activation type, which can be expected from a simple theory. In this respect, the charge neutrality and the quantum charge fluctuations of fine particles are very important problems, and the studies on those problems will be reviewed mainly from theoretical perspectives.
APPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL PERIODIC ORBIT THEORY TO CIRCULAR BILLIARDS WITH SMALL SCATTERING CENTERS
Authors: REIMANN S.M. , BRACK M. , MAGNER A.G. , MURTHY M.V.N.
Published: October 2004

Mesoscopic systems like metallic clusters in three dimensions as well as quantum dots in two dimensions have raised a particular interest in the semiclassical interpretation of shell effects. We use periodic orbit theory to calculate the density of states for two-dimensional circular billiards. When a singular magnetic flux line is added at the center of the disk, we show that the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect manifests itself through the cancellation of periodic orbits and the appearance of a new signal in the Fourier transform of the quantum density of states. The same effects are also found analytically for a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential with flux line. Finally, we show that a homogeneous magnetic field B perpendicular to the disk plane leads to B-periodic oscillations of the level density, which recently have also been observed experimentally in two-dimensional circular quantum dots.
SMOOTHED DENSITY OF STATES OF ELECTRONS FOR A MESOSCOPIC SYSTEM
Authors: TAMURA A.
Published: October 2004

For finite systems of a sphere, a disc, and a linear line, the smoothed electron density of states (DOS) is derived directly from the distribution of eigenvalues on one-particle model. The DOS for a sphere is expressed as the sum of three terms: volume, surface, and circumference. The change in the DOS from a microsystem to a macrosystem is clarified. Comparison with the results by Balian and Bloch is carried out and it is shown that the present results give better agreement with the exact DOS. The effect of boundary condition on the DOS is investigated.
STRUCTURE AND QUANTUM-SIZE EFFECTS ON THE CHARGING ENERGY OF ALL-METAL ARTIFICIAL ATOMS
Authors: CHEN XIAOSHUANG , ZHAO JIJUN , WANG GUANGHOU
Published: October 2004

The charging and quantum-size effects of all-metal artificial atoms (a tunnel barrier containing a metal particle) are studied by using a Hubbard tight-binding Hamiltonian in the unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation, which includes intra-atomic and interatomic Coulomb interactions. The charging energy as a function of the electron number added to the artificial atom can be modulated by the artificial atoms is predicted. Furthermore, different charge distributions for the nonequivalent atoms effects of quantum size and structure in the cluster and thus the conductance resonances in all-metal in the artificial atoms are found, which have obvious influence on the electronic transport through all-metal artificial atoms.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALS OF SOLID ELECTROLYTE ULTRAFINE PARTICLES
Authors: IDA T. , SAEKI H. , HAMADA H. , KIMURA K.
Published: October 2004

We have investigated the transport properties of polycrystals of solid electrolytes, CuBr(I) , CuCl(I) , and AgI, by compressing submicron particles prepared by the evaporation method. The pellets of asgrown CuBr and CuCl particles tend to be contaminated by Cu(II), which may cause charge transport by hole conduction. After the CuCl particles are treated with acetone, the pellet shows significant ionic conduction. The pellet of purified particles 0.4-μ m CuCl has a conductivity of 5×10−7Ω−1 cm −1 at 25° C , and activation energy for conduction of 0.44 eV. The 0.7-μ m AgI pellet also shows an enhanced conductivity of 5×10−5Ω−1 cm −1 at 25°C, and activation energies of 0.04 eV between 60 and 5° C , and 0.23 eV below −25°C.
GROWTH OF NANOPHASE PARTICLES IN FREE-MOLECULAR REGIME AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON MEDIUM-GAS PRESSURE
Authors: AONO S. , ITOH M. , TAKANO H. , TOHNO S.
Published: October 2004

A clear linear relation between the gas pressure and the diameter of nanophase particles generated from the modified gas-flow/cold-trap method was obtained for several kinds of metallic nanophase particles. This simple relationship was also verified by numerical simulation using a Monte-Carlo method on the diffusion and coagulation of clusters in a free-molecule regime.
GROWTH OF In-Sb FINE PARTICLES BY FLOWING-GAS EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: IWAMA SABURO , MIHAMA KAZUHIRO
Published: October 2004

Fine particles of the In-Sb system were prepared by the FGE technique (flowing-gas evaporation technique). The characteristic of the technique is that the formation of the vapor zone and particle growth zone along the flow of inert gas can be controlled by the inert-gas species and the flow velocity. From single-source evaporations, In fine islands grown on the amorphous carbon in the metal vapor zone showed a fiber structure with [111] and [001] fiber axes. In the particle growth zone In fine particles were formed, showing very frequently a characteristic contrast in them due to a lattice defect. Sb fine particles showed amorphous structure. These results may be attributed to the enhanced quenching effect of the FGE technique, already observed in the ordinary gas-evaporation technique. By coevaporation of In and Sb, granular film grew in the metal vapor zone, and fine particles were formed in the particle growth zone. The crystal structure was assigned to be the zincblende type including the wurtzite type of intermetallic compound InSb.
MODELING METALLIC CLUSTER GROWTH IN GASES
Authors: EASTHAM D.A.
Published: October 2004

The abundance of metal clusters from a gas aggregation source can be calculated using statistical techniques or by direct mechanistic models which average over all the molecular dynamics. The advantage of the latter models is that nonequilibrium situations can be calculated including temporal variations in volume and temperature. By direct modeling of the collisions between all the cluster sizes, a universal equation for the rate of formation of clusters in terms of a dimensionless time parameter can be constructed. The equation is used to compute cluster abundances from cold collisions in two different situations; one in which the monomer concentration is kept constant and another where the monomer is depleted in the buffer gas stream.
STRUCTURE OF Cu-Au ALLOY NANOSCALE PARTICLES AND THE PHASE TRANSFORMATION
Authors: TADAKI T. , KOREEDA A. , NAKATA Y. , KINOSHITA T.
Published: October 2004

Atomic structure of nanoscale particles of a Cu-Au alloy with a nominal composition Cu3Au and the phase transformation therein are studied by means of high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The particles 8.8 nm in diameter on average prepared by simultaneous vacuum deposition of the constituent elements exhibit as a whole an fcc structure of an alloy with a composition of 26.4 at.% Au. The alloy particles are ordered into the L12-type superlattice structure when heat-treated at 563 K for 1 h. The superlattice reflections disappear upon heating up to 773 K. In a particle about 10 nm in size an antiphase domain boundary is observed. It thus appears that the nanoscale particles of the alloy undergo the order-disorder transition, as in the bulk. However, the critical temperature Tc for the order-disorder transition of the nanoscale particles is found to be by about 90 K lower than that of the bulk. The minimum size of the alloy particles in which lattice fringes whose spacing corresponds to the interplanar spacing of the {100}-type superlattice planes are observed is about 4 nm. These facts suggest that a certain critical size and size effects are present for atomic ordering in the Cu-Au alloy particles.
EXAFS STUDY ON THE NONCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF BINARY COMPONENT (BiCu, BiTe) NANOPHASE PARTICLES
Authors: ITOH M. , TOHNO S. , ADACHI M. , KIMURA K.
Published: October 2004

From the viewpoint of the size dependence of the melting point of small particles, the microstructure of nanophase particles is investigated with EXAFS. Two EXAFS spectrum from BiCu and BiTe nanophase particles indicated the specific line shape due to the disorder of atomic structure of the particles, which was not found for corresponding bulk materials. This fact means that a nanophase particle has not only soft surface due to size effect but also a liquid-like inner structure caused by a thermal fluctuation.
PRODUCTION OF SIZE-CONTROLLED Si FINE PARTICLES USING PULSED RF DISCHARGE
Authors: SHIRATANI M. , KAWASAKI H. , FUKUZAWA T. , WATANABE Y.
Published: October 2004

We describe a new method for production of size-controlled Si fine particles that employs a pulsed RF silane discharge. Size, density, and morphology of particles prepared by this method are studied using scanning electron microscopy. Particles with a small size dispersion are produced in the size range from 10 to 120 nm and with densities above 107 cm −3. It is found that particles grow through three phases of nucleation, rapid growth, and growth saturation. Particles in two different size ranges coexist after the initiation of the rapid-growth phase above RF power of 40 W , and coagulation of particles plays a crucial role in the rapid-growth phase.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE STRUCTURE OF SiC−Si3N4 COMPOSITE ULTRAFINE POWDER
Authors: LI X. , NAKATA Y. , NAGAI H. , OKUTANI T. , SUZUKI M.
Published: October 2004

Effect of heat treatment on the structure of SiC−Si3N4 composite ultrafine powder was studied. SiC-Si3N4 composite ultrafine powder synthesized by laser-induced gas-phase reaction was heat-treated at various temperatures below 1773 K in 99% Ar +1% H2 gas mixture. The change of the structure was studied by chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The structure of the powder did not change significantly in lattice constant, particle size, and composition by the treatment up to 1573 K . The structure of the powder changed drastically by the treatment above 1673 K . The broad XRD pattern due to β- Si for the original powder changed to the four phases of β- SiC , Si and α, β- Si 3N4 by the treatment at 1773 K , accompanied by large increases in particle size and lattice parameter, and decreases in nitrogen content and specific surface area.
MAGNETORESISTANCES OF ULTRATHIN FINE Cu-PARTICLE AND CuAu-PARTICLE FILMS
Authors: LIN J.J. , KOBAYASHI SHUN-ICHI
Published: October 2004

We have measured the magnetoresistances in ≈30-Å-thick fine Cu-particle and Au-doped Cu-particle (CuAu-particle) films between 2.1 and 4.2 K and in magnetic fields H up to 6 T, with sheet resistances R□ (4.2 K) of the films ranging from ≈10 kΩ to 2 MΩ. We find that the magnetoresistances are positive, exhibiting broad maxima, at low H, while they can change sign and become negative at high H. The magnitudes of the normalized magnetoresistances, ΔR□(H)/R□(0)=[R□(H)−R□(0)]/R□(0), are of the order of a tenth of a percent, depending on the values of R□. Particularly, the magnetoresistances in pure Cu-particle films are essentially isotropic, regardless of the orientation of H being applied parallel or perpendicular to the film plane. In CuAu -particle films, however, more negative perpendicular magnetoresistances relative to parallel magnetoresistances are observed. There observations are closely connected with the fine-particle structure of our films. Explanation for our experimental results in terms of current theories is presented.
MAGNETIC PROPERTY OF CoO ULTRAFINE PARTICLE
Authors: SAKO SANSHIRO , OHSHIMA KAZUNARI , SAKAI MASAHIRO , BANDOW SHUNJI
Published: October 2004

The effect of the decrease in the coordination number of atoms in surface on the magnetic transition temperature was investigated experimentally and theoretically for CoO ultrafine particles. The decreasing tendency of the Néel temperature T N with decreasing average size was confirmed in the size range from 2.0 to 3.0 nm through the ESR measurement. The similar tendency of T N for size was gained through the calculation of T N in the mean-field theory using the prism model within the Ising thin-film model.
SPECTRAL SHIFTS OF SEMICONDUCTOR CLUSTERS
Authors: TOMASULO ANTONIETTA , RAMAKRISHNA MUSHTI V.
Published: October 2004

The shifts of the electronic absorption spectra of GaAs and GaP semiconductor clusters are calculated using accurate pseudopotentials. In the absence of experimental data at present, these calculations provide estimates for the expected spectral shifts in these clusters. In addition, these calculations show that Coulomb interaction between the electron and hole dominates over the confinement energy in small clusters, with the result that the electronic absorption spectra of small clusters exhibit redshift instead of blueshift as the cluster size is decreased.
ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED SILICON CLUSTERS
Authors: UDA T.
Published: October 2004

Pseudopotential density-functional calculations of structural, electronic, and optical properties of nanoscale silicon clusters are presented. Perfectly hydrogen-saturated clusters are found to be structurally stable. The energy gap shows substantial blueshift and the dipole transition across the gap is allowed. The effect of dehydrogenation upon transition elements is examined, taking into account the lattice relaxation. Temperature dependence of luminescence intensity is also investigated.
QUANTUM CONFINEMENT IN COATED NANOPARTICLES
Authors: ZHOU H.S. , HONMA I. , KIM K.H. , KOMIYAMA H. , SASABE H. , HAUS J.W.
Published: October 2004

We synthesize CdS/PbS -coated nanoparticles and investigate the spectra of their optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL). The experimental results can be explained by the quantum-confinement model in coated semiconductor nanoparticles. We also prepare gold-coated nanoparticles with a nonmetallic core Au 2 S by a two-step colloidal method, and observe the extraordinary optical absorption spectra of the coated samples. The results are consistent with a theoretical approach that includes electromagnetic resonance effects and the quantum confinement of the carriers in the thin gold shell layer.
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF METAL-COATED PARTICLES
Authors: KAWAMURA KIYOSHI , URATA KAZUNORI , ETO MIKIO
Published: October 2004

A theory for the absorption spectrum of light by a metal-coated insulating particle suspended in another insulating medium is described. Electromagnetism of dielectric media is employed to evaluate the strength of a local electric field and electric polarizability is evaluated by using the Kubo formula. The computed absorbance spectrum agrees well with that experimentally observed. Dependence of the absorbance on various combinations of physical parameters for each substance is also presented.
PERSISTENT SPECTRAL HOLE-BURNING IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS
Authors: MASUMOTO YASUAKI
Published: October 2004

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon was observed in semiconductor quantum dots, CdSe , CuCl , and CuBr , embedded in glass and crystal. In inhomogeneously broadened exciton absorption spectra of these dots, the narrow bleaching hole and its associated structure are made by the narrowband laser excitation and are conserved for more than several hours at 2 K after the laser irradiation. The observation of the PSHB phenomenon in these four kinds of samples shows the generality of the phenomenon in semiconductor quantum dots and requires the existence of more than one ground-state configurations of the total system consisting of quantum dots and surrounding matrix. It means that not only the size distribution but also these ground-state configurations give inhomoge-neous broadening to semiconductor quantum dots. Thermally annealing and light-induced hole-filling phenomena were observed. Hole-burning and hole-filling mechanisms are discussed. Quantum dots consisting of 103–104 atoms behave like molecules or ions in matrix to give the PSHB phenomenon.
THEORY OF OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN A SMALL SPHERICAL SHELL: INVESTIGATION OF QUANTUM-SIZE EFFECT
Authors: ETO MIKIO , KAWAMURA KIYOSHI
Published: October 2004

To investigate the quantum-size effect on optical absorption spectra in a small metallic particle of a spherical shell shape, first-principles calculations are performed based on the Kubo formula. The resonant frequency of collective modes and their linewidth are studied systematically with Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations, which are self-interaction-free methods. System-size dependence of the resonant frequency of the modes is in good agreement with the classical theory, while the linewidth reflects the quantum-size effect, which cannot be explained classically. The origin of the line broadening should be attributed to the Landau damping.
STRUCTURAL AND RAMAN SPECTRA STUDIES OF SUPPORTED LiF CLUSTERS
Authors: LIU FENGQI , HAN MIN , GONG YINGCHUN , ZHAO JIJUN , CHEN XIAOSHUANG , WANG QUN , WANG GUANGHOU
Published: October 2004

Electron microscope and Raman scattering spectra are used to study the structures and properties of supported LiF clusters prepared by gas-evaporation technique. The experiments demonstrate that large-size LiF clusters have fcc structure and cubic shape, but have no Raman scattering spectrum. As cluster size decreases, cluster shape deviates from cube and tends to be spherical, fractal structure appears and the size distribution becomes narrow. When clusters size is 10 nm, very conspicuous Raman spectrum is obtained. If clusters size decreases to 5 nm, the fine structure of Raman spectrum is observed. Fine structure in small cluster reflects the dicreteness of the wave vector and the intensity of cluster-substrate interaction.
PHOTOIONIZATION AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF HYDROGENATED LITHIUM CLUSTERS
Authors: VEZIN B. , DUGOURD PH. , RAYANE D. , BROYER M.
Published: October 2004

The ionization-potential measurements of Li n H m clusters with 3≤n≤11 and 0≤m≤6 are presented. Their evolution is dominated by the number of electrons which are delocalized in the cluster. The analysis is in favor of a segregation between a metallic part and an insulating part in the mixed cluster. By comparison with alkali-halide clusters results, the existence of possible cuboid structures is discussed.
STRUCTURE AND BINDING ENERGIES OF SMALL Agn(NH3)m COMPLEXES
Authors: RADLOFF W. , RITZE H.-H. , FREUDENBERG TH. , WEYERS K.
Published: October 2004

We report on results of ionization and fragmentation studies of small silver-ammonia heteroclusters. By comparison of the experimental results with ab-initio calculations we have obtained first information about the structure and binding energies of these complexes.