bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The craft of large-scale theory: W. G. Runciman and the neo- traditionalist revival in sociological theory
Authors: McLennan Gregor
Published: March 2007

In this essay, I single out the recent work of W. G. Runciman as emblematic of a possible 'neo-traditionalist' revival in social theory, following the inevitable domestication of postmodernist challenges to the 'classical' sociological imagination. Using as an interpretative grid some suggestions of Nicos Mouzelis and Zygmunt Bauman about the main issues facing sociological theory, I indicate how Runciman's project in his Treatise on Social Theory stands as perhaps the most impressive embodiment of that neo-classical aspiration. Whilst commending and admiring the quality of Runciman's substantive theorising, I nonetheless find this 'conservative' turn questionable in key respects, and use some 'postmodern' concerns to try to get beyond a straight opposition between realist and deconstructive explanatory formats.
Popular views about Australian identity: research and analysis
Authors: Phillips Tim
Published: March 2007

Within the Australian humanities and social sciences, the research field of Australian identity has produced a substantial literature. Yet, notwithstanding the impressive array of scholarship on the topic, empirical research and analysis on how contemporary Australians understand and experience Australian identity has existed in a disparate form. Since studies of popular views about Australian identity remain to be integrated, this paper will review social scientific research and analysis in the area for the first time. Three matters will be considered in reviewing these studies. First, I illustrate the contexts in which research on popular views about Australian identity has been conducted. Second, findings from these studies are pooled for the purpose of documenting current empirical knowledge about Australian identity. Third, some problems with existing research are considered and possible directions for future research proposed.
An investigation into qualitative and quantitative factors concerning the use of automatic speech recognition
Authors: Turner P.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the findings from a small-scale research project involving 14 test subjects. Experiments were conducted with student nurses and their use of speech recognition technologies. Speech and keyboard were compared as input methods. A hypothesis is put forward and questionnaires and experiments were devised to test the hypothesis. The experiments involved a form of software monitoring, which is discussed. Results from the data analysis of the experiments are included but not the results from the analysis of the questionnaires. During the discussion, summary data from the questionnaires are included. Issues such as usability, error rates and hardware problems are discussed. A brief conclusion considers the future of the keyboard as the predominant computer interface.
The Selection, Utilization and Hygienic Operation of Equipment for Cleansing Utensils, Crockery, Etc., in Hotels, Restaurants and Canteens
Authors: Williams Ronald
Published: March 2007

The size of the catering industry and the background to the problem of cleaning of crockery, etc., has been indicated. Current practices in the trade have been discussed. Manual and mechanical methods of dish-washing have been compared.

An attempt has been made to present the factors affecting the choice, use and operation of equipment for cleaning tableware, etc., used in hotels, restaurants and canteens. Criteria for the selection of equipment have been suggested.

The influence of personnel in hygienic operation of equipment has been discussed and the way in which instructions can be improved, suggested.

A recommendation has been made for a subsidized co-ordinated investigation into the whole question of washing-up equipment and procedure.
Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities: a review of literature
Authors: Raghavan R.
Published: March 2007

People with learning disabilities experience anxiety disorders, as do the general population. Many studies have highlighted the incidence of anxiety disorders in this population, but they have fallen short of addressing prevalence and issues associated with anxiety disorders and its impact. This paper brings together major published studies of anxiety disorder on people with learning disabilities. Its purpose is to raise awareness among health professionals in the field of learning disabilities, and to highlight the need for continued research to address this issue effectively.
Supported employment in Northern Ireland: a gateway towards social inclusion for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Anderson G.
Published: March 2007

Services in Northern Ireland for adults with learning disabilities do not place enough emphasis on supported employment as an option of intervention to meet individual needs. There is strong evidence to suggest that employment often acts as a gateway toward increased self-esteem, ascription to adult status, social inclusion and heightened dignity for adults with learning disabilities. This paper explores the 'need' to implement strategies of support with regard to employment and an historical overview of supported employment as a model of intervention. How Triangle Women's Housing Association Ltd in Northern Ireland has managed and developed this challenge by a user-led initiative in the field of service provision is briefly outlined.
A prospective, longitudinal study of functional decline in individuals with Down's syndrome
Authors: McKenzie K. , Murray G. , McKenzie S. , Muir J.
Published: March 2007

This paper used the standardized criteria proposed by Aylward et al I995 for diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease in individuals with learning disabilities to undertake a prospective, longitudinal study of 22 individuals with Down's syndrome. Results show that, after a period of up to 6 years, four individuals showed functional decline. A similar pattern of decline was found to that described in previous studies, although the mean age of onset was later. All four subjects met the criteria for probable Alzheimer's Disease.
Management of children with learning disabilities and behavioural disorders: ethics and law
Authors: Hassiotis A.
Published: March 2007

A significant minority of children with learning disabilities present with severe behavioural disturbance that affects their integration in the community, and may seriously impair their physical and mental health, and cause distress to their carers. Useful interventions, which can reduce the frequency and severity of the behaviour, raise important ethical and legal issues when applied to these individuals. The paper presents a selective review of the literature addressing ethical arguments for and against the use of different interventions for a variety of behavioural disorders and the legal requirements that must be met. Although a balance must be struck between arguments for and against issues of best interest and the nature of the treatment, health professionals need to seek the views of all involved in the care of the child. It is recommended that attempts to obtain consent and the treatment decision-making process must be clearly recorded during routine clinical practice.
Specialist practitioner within community learning disability nursing and the primary health care team
Authors: Bollard M. , Jukes M.J.D.
Published: March 2007

Specialist nurses within learning disability services have been identified and promoted as a result of the National Health Service and Community Care reforms (I990), as well as through intensified debate within the learning disability nursing profession. The Department of Health has further supported the analysis of the role and the function within the context of the health and social care divide, promoting practitioners to concentrate on addressing health gain concerns through the Health of the Nation targets (DOH I995).

It is suggested within this paper that specialist nurses within the community have not been allowed to develop their professional and philosophical base for practice, and instead have been manipulated by economics, policy formulation and through medical and managerial domination.

The philosophy of primary health care is identified as providing these specialist nurses a framework so as to effectively realize true primary health care, as well as recognizing the impact that clinical governance will have on ensuring the need for practitioners to provide evidence-based practice (DOH I997).

Two conceptual models are proposed; a segretative model and an integrative model, which offer the specialist community learning disability nurse a way in which the practitioner can work more effectively within the primary health care arena. Four domains of practice and a preventative crisis intervention approach give the specialist nurse a clinical foundation, to use within the primary health care setting.

The perceived benefits and potential difficulties of making these models workable will also be highlighted.

It is recognized that integrating these models locally will be dependent upon how specialist learning disability services are configured in each locality and how newly formed primary care groups may include community learning disability nurses, and how co-opted members are utilized to examine the health needs of people with learning disabilities.
Engl. PERFORMANCE OF COATED LININGS IN FOOTWEAR IN THE United Kingdom
Authors: Rice G.F.
Published: March 2007

This paper surveys the use of synthetic coated linings in footwear. It covers PVC coatings on woven and non-woven backers, suede materials, rubberised linings, and leather linings.
Tackling Morale
Authors: Lawley Peter
Published: March 2007

From the Secretary, of State to the school union rep., all talk about teachers' "moral'. But what do they mean? This article examines the concept and, through case-studies, suggests how management could treat "low morale" rationally.
Resourcing Accountability - A Systematic Approach to Resourcing Colleges of Further and Higher Education
Authors: Cardy Don , Crisp Paul
Published: March 2007

The traditional processes of allocating resources in F/HE ('last year plus or minus') are breaking down, and the Audit Commission is pressing for 'value for money'. This article discusses a system which helps colleges make real decisions about resources.
Democratised Primary School Government: Conflicts and Dichotomies
Authors: Pascal Christine
Published: March 2007

Research into primary school government illustrated that, even in quite radically democratised systems, power continues to be distributed unevenly with lay governors subordinate to professionals - raising implications for the new governing bodies.
Local Financial Management
Authors: Tuck Dinah
Published: March 2007

This paper was the annual lecture to the South East region of BEMAS and the Society of Education Officers in November 1987.
Consultation and Institutional Change: An LEA's Problems in Coping with Falling School Enrolments
Authors: Spence Brian
Published: March 2007

Public consultations can be problematic for LEAs. In this case, the LEA tried to consult interest groups about secondary reorganisation, under pressure of falling rolls. But the study asks whether the consultative process provided the opportunity for opponents to gather and resist the LEA. The author is in the School of Education at the University of Hull.
Microcomputer Repairs: A Study of Policy and Response in an English LEA
Authors: Ganderton Paul S.
Published: March 2007

Microcomputer repairs are a neglected aspect ofeducational resource management, this article argues. Organisational structure and mnanagement data needed to make rational decisions on repairs are patchy or missing. It shows how LEAs could produce a more efficient and economical repair system. The study was undertaken in the School of Education, University of Reading.
Headteacher Appraisal: Relationships with the LEA and its Inspectorate
Authors: Hellawell D.E.
Published: March 2007

Interviews with primary school heads investigated their perceptions of appraisal and of potential appraisers - CEO, inspector/adviser or colleagues? This article, by the Head of Education Studies at Birmingham Polytechnic, concentrates on headteachers' views of inspectors/ advisers. It then asks 'Who is the boss?' and raises questions about professional status.
Managing Chance: Management Challenges when Integrating Special Needs Teaching in the Primary School
Authors: Smith Michael , Crane Barbara
Published: March 2007

Case study material from research in the University of Nottingham School of Education records how headteachers try to manage an LEA scheme to implement the 'special needs' objectives of the 1981 Act. A headteacher discusses the management challenges she faces and her responses to the problems presented. Maray problems arise from uncertain and, apparently, chance relationships. The article considers recent theoretical work on the significance of 'chance' and its relevance for management.
Going it Alone — Managing Grant- Maintained Schools
Authors: Bush Tony
Published: March 2007

Research in two of the first grant- maintained schools during the first term in their new status helps the author, who is at the Open University, explore topical questions. What factors motivated opting out? What is the role of governing bodies in policy making and management? Will the schools offer 'backdoor' selection? Is their funding too favourable? Is opting out the path to freedom from local bureaucracy or an educational dead end?
School-centred Educational Reforms of the 1990s: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Gamage David T.
Published: March 2007

In this paper David Gamage of the University of Newcastle in Australia examines the school-centred reforms of New South Wales. The study opens with an historical overview, followed by a brief discussion of some of the global and national trends that have shaped the reform package. It discusses the nature of the political ideology and basic principles upon which the reforms were formulated by a Management and School Review Committee. The reform package is described and an attempt made to report on progress during the first year of implementation in the context of a critical evaluation of the major issues which have delayed the process of change. The paper concludes with a bold attempt to predict future outcomes.
ALIS through the Looking Glass: Changing Perceptions of Performance Indicators
Authors: Williamson John , Tymms Peter , Haddow Mel
Published: March 2007

In this article, John Williamson . and his colleagues from the School Education of the University of N ewcastle follow up on their work reported in this journal in Williamson and Fitz-Gibbon (1990). This focused in the impact on secondary school nglish departments of a performance in dicator project known as COMBSE. s ince then COMBSE has grown into another, ALIS (A Level Information s ystem), and this article explores be extent to which the limitations COMBSE have been overcome ? ALIS.
The Evaluation of a Process Designed to Improve Communication on Managerial Performance in a College of Further Education
Authors: Finlay Ian
Published: March 2007

Ian Finlay is a member of the Scottish School of Further Education at the faculty of Education of the University of strathclyde. In this paper he examines whether appraisal is compatible with the professional status of teachers. In doing so, he locates this issue within the wider debate on what constitutes proper relationships between managers and professionals in organisations which are made up mainly of such professionals. He argues that teachers and teacher-managers should be responsible for their performance to fellow professionals, that is to other teachers and teacher-managers, and suggests that appraisal can Provide a context of communication within which this can be enabled.
The School Brochure: A Marketing Tool?
Authors: Headington Rita , Howson John
Published: March 2007

Rita Headington was a student at the School of Education at Oxford Brookes University where she undertook the research upon which this paper is based and John Howson was her tutor there. The paper reports on a study which sought to examine the role of the school brochure as a marketing tool for primary schools. The schools studied were found to have struggled with the production of brochures and the authors suggest a marketing approach which might enable those concerned to improve upon their practice.
Management Decision Support Systems: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Wong Simon C. H.
Published: March 2007

Simon C. H. Wong is Head of Academic Programmes in the School of Continuing Education at Hong Kong Baptist University. He argues that the use of computer-based systems for management decision support has increased rapidly in recent years. In this paper he examines the theoretical aspects of decision support systems. The models of management and decision-making processes and frameworks which such an approach entails are discussed. The possibilities of the use of computers to support effective educational administration using such an approach are illustrated using practical examples.
How not to Schweigen (A Response to my Colleagues)
Authors: Hodgkinson Christopher
Published: March 2007

Christopher Hodgkinson is Professor Emeritus of the University of Victoria. In this paper he responds with characteristic elegance and good humour to some of the points made in the Review Symposium of his book on Educational Leadership: The Moral Art which was undertaken by Margaret Van de Pitte, Richard Williams, Colin Evers and Michael Marland and published by Educational Management and Administration in October 1993.
Identifying need for district nursing: Towards a more proactive approach by practitioners
Authors: Worth Allison
Published: March 2007

The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 heralded a change from service-led to needs-led assessment. A recently published research study concerned with assessment of need for district nursing 1 enquired into the needs assessment process from the practitioners' perspective. This paper draws on interview data from district nurses and GPs in exploring the role of the district nurse in identifying need for district nursing care at individual and community levels. Direct district nurse involvement in the identification of need for their care was found to be limited. The paper presents an argument for a stronger level of practitioner involvement in the needs assessment process at both individual and community level.
Gunnar Myrdal: A Theorist of Modernity
Authors: Eliæson Sven , Eliœson Sven
Published: March 2007

Gunnar Myrdal's contribution to social science could be encapsulated in the following key words: secularization, intellectual migration and trans-Atlantic reciprocity, objectivity and value-intrusion (-bias), the role of philanthropy, Protestant reform creed, social engineering, and national styles of research. Myrdal's central role in the history of social thought is his part in facilitating the diffusion of Weberian value-orientation, despite differences in nuances between Myrdal and his neo-Kantian predecessors. His oeuvre is multi-disciplinary and he could himself be characterized in terms of a number of antinomies, such as the parochial cosmopolitan, the patriotic internationalist, the compassionate 'nihilist'. the elitist egalitarian, the social Darwinist anti-racist, the male chauvinist feminist, the ahistorical 'historicist', the conservative socialist, etc. He never hesitated to take a controversial position. Essentially he is a theorist of modernity, combining ambiguity and antinomies with anti-metaphysics (anti-natural law, instrumental means-end-analyses).
An Axiomatic Model of Self
Authors: Kitahara Michio
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with a hypothetico-deductive model regarding the "self". The model consists of 12 circular propositions, involving the variates of (1) phenomenal field, (2) situational symbol, (3) balance, and (4) conformity. The self organizes a "phenomenal field" under a "situational symbol", and his "balance" depends on the extent he experiences a disturbance in the phenomenal field. The performance of the situational symbol is "con formity". The propositions are then examined in the light of available empirical data. By and large, there are good supporting data, and this model may be useful for further empirical studies.
Public Opinion About the Functioning of Social Institutions
Authors: Blom Raimo
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to measure images concerning the successfulness of the functioning of seven social institutions. The data are based on a nation wide representative Finnish survey. Institutions as attitude-objects were Provincial Governments, Judiciary, Old-Age Pension system, Church, Municipal Social Service Authorities, Parliament, and Taxation Authorities. The study has two specific aims: (1) to descripc the range, averages and dimensionality of the evaluations and, (2) to specify the nature of the ex plaining mechanisms (structural variables, identification variables, and gene ral attitude variables) of these evaluations.
Ecological Preconditions for the Emergence of Capitalist Action
Authors: Karp Herbert H.
Published: March 2007

The present paper is concerned with isolating certain ecological conditions requisite for the development of capitalism defined as an activity pattern characterized by the acquisition of profit through exchange transactions.

In particular it is hypothesized that the emergence of capitalist activity will vary directly with the extent of competition for sustenance. Verification of this hypothesis is attempted by demonstrating that the rise of capitalist activity in western Europe was associated with such competition, whereas in China- where capitalism did not develop-agricultural conditions did not call forth such competition.

It is further hypothesized that a difference between western Europe and China in type of agricultural system accounts, in part, for variation between these two areas in the development of capitalist activity. The argument is developed that the practice of large scale irrigation agriculture is an inhibiting factor in the development of capitalist activity.
Decision Making and the Study of Social Process
Authors: Howard Alan , Ortiz Sutti
Published: March 2007

Within the limits set by structural arrangements and by institutions, individuals choose their course of action. Anthropologists have always been interested in the outcome of these choices either because they reflect ongoing change or because they elucidate interrelations between institu tions. In order for decision-making analysis to be more than anecdotal, however, it needs to be guided by a set of assumptions concerning reasoning and cognitive processes, and the conditions germane to them. Economists. sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and mathematicians have already outlined many useful assumptions. Part of our task in this paper is to con tribute to a systematization of those assumptions that arc most relevant to anthropological interests. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of decision analysis for social anthropology, examine the theoretical and methodological implications of "rationality," and present a sequence of hypothetical steps that we regard as requisites for an adequate decision- making analysis.
Patterns in Mass Media Use and Other Activities
Authors: Augedal Egil
Published: March 2007

This report should be regarded as a contribution to the debate on "cumulative activities", i.e. it endeavours to throw light on the question whcther various kinds of leisure time activity are associated with each other.

To examine these problems, survey data were collected in 1969 for a sample of 322 persons, representing the population of Oslo.

The main conclusions reached are that the data support a hypothesis tor a so-called "partial cumulative pattern" for different activities. In addition it was found that the level of education played a major part in the development of the cumulative activity pattern.
An Experimental Study of Individual Vs. Group Interest
Authors: Watzke G.E. , Doktor R.H. , Dana J.M. , Rubenstein F.D.
Published: March 2007

Societal-level problems often result from many individuals acting in their own self-interest rather than in the interest of the group. This paper describes an experimental game based on continued degradation of the central resource which determines each player's winnings; players elect to allow, to not allow, or to reverse the degradation by spending from their respective scores. The game was begun with either a "pure" or half-degraded central resource and was played with subjects winning amounts based on their personal scores or on the group's combined score. Results under all conditions are examined
Soviet Sociology and the Scientific-Technolo Gical Revolution
Authors: Nyström Kerstin
Published: March 2007

An analysis is made of the Soviet Scientific view of the Scientific-Technological Revolution (STR) in the light of the Marxist-Leninist thesis of a qualitative difference between the socialist and capitalist systems. The argumentation concerns three theses. 1. Socialism alone can use STR for the welfare of humanity. 2. Only socialism can give man the possibility of creative work. 3. STR within capitalism shows more clearly the antagonistic contradictions inherent in capitalism.

A comparison is also made of how the respective system is regarded as regards structural shortage of manpower/unemployment, the changing socio-economic structure of society, migration of labour between countries.
Welfare as a Planning Goal
Authors: Erikson Robert
Published: March 2007

My purpose with this article will be to discuss the consequences that may follow for physical planning if a high level of welfare in the population is

established as the general goal. But let us first consider the concept of welfare itself.
Department of Psychology University of Stockholm Technology, Alienation and Mental Health. Summary of a Social Psychological Study of Technology and the Worker
Authors: Gardell Bertil
Published: March 2007

Two aspects of job content are shown to be of critical importance for the satisfaction of basic human needs at work. These are the degree of discretion given to the individual to determine pace and working methods and the possibility to use a variety of human resources in the performance of work. Workers whose jobs are severely circumscribed in these two respects are shown to react with strain and feelings of monotony and with different signs and symptoms of impaired mental health. Mechanisms of adaptation tend to be characterized by passivity, non-participation and withdrawal of human resources. They may or may not be combined with symptoms of ill-health but appear to come into conflict with values in the larger society related to active participation in democratic processes in working life. It is concluded that the problems of monotony and stress in industrial work call for an organization of work that widens the scope for self-determination, democratic participation and leadership and the exercise of occupational skill.
What Holds Marriages Together?
Authors: Trost Jan E.
Published: March 2007

The question of why some divorce is turned around to the question of why some do not divorce When a number of marital bonds keeping marriages together are weakened, the likelihood of divorce Increases Initially , only an emotional bond exists, by and by more bonds form If the emotional bond disappears, the other bonds might keep the marriage intact. The increase in the divorce rate is explained in the various marital bonds.
The Politics of Economic Vulnerability: A Comparison of Australia and Sweden
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2007

The recent visit of an ACTU delegation to Sweden to See what might be _ learnt from the experience of that country labour movement is yet another example of the perennial fascination that the Swedish model exercises over the mind,, of Australian democratic socialists Sweden's much vaunted achievement, in the field, of welfare provision, labour market policy to minimise unempluyment and corporatist wage bargaining are frequentlv seen as panaceas for all Australia's woes. The desire to emulate such achievement,, is far from irrational and. ot course, Australian socialists have not been alone in admiring the Swedish model, one only has to remember Tony Cros!and's advice to the British Labour party in the fifties that salvation lay in taking the Swedish path of avoiding nationalisation like the plague and piling on the welfare But admiration notwithstanding any serious proposal that we might try to emulate the Swedish example requires a realistic appraisal of the structural antecedents of that achievement and an evaluation of the extent to which other countries are characterised by similar or equivalent circumstances Earlier I argued agamst the Crosland thesis ' Here, I shall contrast some aspects of the development of political economy in Australia and Sweden with a view to establishing whether there is any more reason to suppose that a social democratic strategy might flourish in Australia than in Britain
Nutritional Norms in Long-term Care Analyzed from a Simmelean Perspective
Authors: Sellerberg Ann-Mari
Published: March 2007

When goals for assistance to a group are defined from 'the outside', what happens to the group members' own wishes? In the regulations concerning the food for elderly long-term-care patients in Swedish hospitals, the exact vitamins and nutrients which every meal should contain are indicated very precisely. What happens in this situation to the patients' own wishes? The question was actualized when the author conducted an interview study among long-term-care patients.
Husband's and Wife's Culture Participation and their Levels of Education: A Case of Male Dominance?
Authors: Van Berkel Michel , De Graaf Nan Dirk
Published: March 2007

In this study we seek to broaden the debate on women and class analysis to married women's and men's educational attainment, and its impact on cultural behaviour. Analogous to the earlier discussion, the question is raised whether the husband's education dominates his wife's behaviour. First, to examine spouses' interdependent cultural behaviour, we apply a simultaneous equation model. Our analysis, based on longitudinal data from Dutch household surveys, shows some evidence of a declining male dominance across cohorts. The findings also suggest that the total effect of the wife's education on her husband's cultural behaviour has increased over time. Second, we apply diagonal reference models to study educationally mixed couples more elab orately by testing several interaction effects. Although both women's and men's relative positions are associated with a differential sahence of the spouse's education, there is no evidence indicating that the lower educated spouse is primarily 'borrowing' from his or her higher educated partner. Instead of such a 'status maximimization' effect the higher educated spouse adapts more strongly to the lower educated spouse. In particular, women in the oldest cohort seem to be characterized by this 'status minimization'. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Comparing Drinking Cultures: Finnish and Spanish Drinking Stories in Interviews with Young Adults
Authors: Pyörälä Eeva
Published: March 2007

In this article drinkmg stories among young adults in Finland and Spain are compared. The study is based on qualitative interviews with students attending commercial colleges. The analysis of the drinking stories gives an insight into the interviewees' personal experiences of drinking and drunkenness. Two ideal types of both Finnish and Spanish drinking stories are constructed. It was found that in both Finland and Spain young adults generally had some experience of drunkenness, and that drunkenness coexisted with sociable drinking. In Spam, however, drinking seemed to bring men and women together, whereas in Finland it seemed to set them apart.
Old and New Patterns: The 'No' Majority in the 1972 and 1994 EC/EU Referendums in Norway
Authors: Bjørklund Tor
Published: March 2007

The periphery - defined not only geographically, but also socially (i.e. low socio-economic status) - provided the most significant opposition to Norway's membership of the EU. Normally, the periphery is considered inferior, lacking in strength and influence. However, the Norwegian periphery was strong enough to defeat the centre in the EU referendum. In Sweden and Finland, however, the centre was able to conquer the periphery and became the winner of the referendum concerning membership of the EU. The 'no' majorities in the 1972 and the 1994 referenda are analysed and interpreted according to five different explanations or perspectives: (i) interest explanations, (ii) cultural explanations, (iii) opposing the elite, (iv) the generation perspective and (v) Rokkan and Valen's cleavage model.
Self-reported Psychological Well-being among Adult Children of Divorce in Sweden
Authors: Gähler Michael
Published: March 2007

Data from the 1991 Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) was analysed to study the long-term impact of parental divorce on the adult individual's self-reported psychological well-being. The results show that neither women nor men who experienced parental divorce during childhood fare poorer than women and men from intact families. Instead, the decisive factor is whether or not the individual experienced severe conflict in the family of origin. Respondents who grew up in intact families characterized by serious dissension report the lowest level of psychological well- being, followed by those who experienced conflict and parental divorce. Key words: parental divorce, psychological well-being, long-term consequences, family dissension, Sweden.
Scientific and Technical Creation
Authors: Russo Francois
Published: March 2007

An abstract of "La création scientifique et technique," from ÉTUDES, XCIII (April, 1960), pp. 28-40.
The Complex Web of Urban Governance
Authors: Rich Richard C.
Published: March 2007

The logic inherent in the design of the American political system is based upon a presumption that overlapping jurisdictions will give citizens access to multiple sets of officials to tend their interests. That logic also presumes that authority must be divided or fragmented if those who exercise governmental prerogatives are to be held accountable for their actions. It may well be that the most critical problems of urban government have derived from excessive efforts to simplify political structures [Bish and Ostrom, 1973: 93-94].

[G]iven its present political organization and decision-making processes, the city is fundamentally ungovernable. By ungovernable I mean that the urban policy- making system is incapable of producing coherent decisions, developing effective policies, or implementing state or federal programs.... City government is an intractable jigsaw puzzle because of the inherent fragmentation of urban service delivery and the historical fragmentation of urban policy-making processes [Yates, 1977: 5,7].

Democracy in the United States is subverted at the local level by a unique development-the cordoning off of various subclasses into political units popu lated by their own kind wherein constituents equally escape the costs that might be imposed by participation of those worse off. Central city populations are left the privilege of voting to impose the costs of social-capital and class-containment expenses upon themselves.... Real class differences under capitalism are obscured by a subdifferentiation of class enhanced by segregating residence and by the particular consumption and class-reproduction activities that accompany that residence [Markusen, 1978: 109].
Nuptiality In China
Authors: Lal Amrit
Published: March 2007

Dr. Amrit Lal is a population expert and frequently contribute to this journal.
'Rightist' Dissent in China During I957-58
Authors: Das Naranarayan
Published: March 2007

This article forms part of a larger study on intellectual dissent in China. Concentrating on the intellectuals who were accused, during the anti-rightist campaign of 1957-58, of holding rightist views, an attempt is made to define what constituted rightism in the eyes of the rulers of China at a particular period of time. The primary aim being to examine the nature of dissent, we shall draw largely upon the views of the rightists which were not in favour of the regime. However, rightist views which were in appreciation of the policies, programmes and performance of the regime will not be ignored in assessing the area of difference between the communist rulers and the rightists.
The 'Revolutionary Successor'
Authors: Raddock David M.
Published: March 2007

In the final analysis, the question of training successors for the revolutionary cause is... a matter of life and death for our Party and our country.... They must master the method of leadership based on the principle of 'from the masses to the masses....' They must be modest and prudent and guard against arrogance and impetuosity.... Successors to the revolutionary cause came forward in mass struggles and are tempered in the great storms of revolution. It is essential to test and choose and train successors in the long course of mass struggle. — 'On Khruschov's Phoney Communism, People's Daily, 13 July 1964.
The Political Climate in Beijing
Authors: WEI RAN
Published: March 2007

This article is taken from DONG XIANG, no. 7, 1979 (16 April), pp. 6-8 and translated by KAMINI MISRA, final year student of M.A. Chinese language, Jawaharlal Nehru Uni versity, New Delhi. — EDITOR
Report on the Final State Accounts for 1978 and the Draft State Budget for 1979
Authors: Zhang Jingfu
Published: March 2007

Following are the first two parts of a report delivered by Finance Minister ZHANG JINGFU at the plenary meeting of the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on 21 June 1979. The third and last part 'Inerease Production, Practise Strict Economy and Strive for the Fulfilment of the State Budget for 1979' is omitted. — EDITOR
The Great Powers and the Northern Cap I940-45
Authors: Riste Olav
Published: March 2007

Against the background of general uncertainty and suspicion prevalent in the western world of Russian intentions in foreign policy, this article reviews the history of the Northern Cap - the land mass between the Atlantic and the White Sea north of the Arctic Circle - during the Second World War, and analyses the occasions when the great powers were concerned with the future place of the Cap in international relations. Particular attention is devoted to the events surrounding Roosevelt's suggestions to the Norwegian Foreign Minister for free ports in north Norway to serve as places of transit to and from the Soviet Union. The evidence from the war period is interpreted as confirming the defensive nature of Soviet aims on the Northern Cap, and suggests in particular a tacit agreement which would leave north Norway outside the spheres of direct influence of the great powers - thus reaffirming the long range stability of border relations in the area.
The Study of Current European Integration Problems
Authors: Sæter Martin
Published: March 2007

Functionalist analysis of integration processes requires some prior definition of aim, i.e. some goal conceptualization. There is at present great uncertainty over the question of European integration, causing some of the most prominent theoreticians to abandon the functionalist approach. The author argues that, although the simple fed eralist or supranational model no longer seems valid, functionalist analysis can still be used in a fruitful way, provided that the goal conceptualization is continually read justed, on an empirical basis, to the actual integration policies of the actors implied. This readjustment of analytical model to observable reality can be secured by focusing on the so-called 'functional linkages', i.e. the different factors that lead the actors in the direction of realizing a given goal conception. The author then goes on to describe empirically what he regards as the most important functional linkages in the EC process of today.
Europeanism and its Foreign Policy Attitude Correlates: A Political Belief System?
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

The object of the paper is to analyse 'Europeanism', i.e. attitudes towards the European Communities in the total context of attitudes towards foreign policy issues in the Danish public, using data from two different surveys. First, the inner structure of Europeanism is analysed, and it is shown that attitudes towards European supranational integration had only a limited impact on attitudes towards the membership issue and on the referendum vote. Next, the position of Europeanism in a hypothesized foreign policy belief system consisting of internationalism, Europeanism, Atlanticism, Nordism and Universalism is reviewed. It is shown that these five orientations make up a mo derately constrained and balanced belief system, and that Europeanism seems to be one of its more central features. Another finding is a clear negative relationship between Europeanism and Nordism. Finally, some similarities and differences between the public's view of the world and the foreign policy belief systems of the political elite are discussed.
Non-Use of Force: A Strategy for Peace in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Apunen Osmo
Published: March 2007

Apunen, O. Non-Use of Force: A Strategy for Peace in the Nuclear Age. Cooperation and Conflict, XII , 1977, 171-186.

The author proceeds from the fact that the principle of non-use of force has a central position in the treaties concluded as a part of the present détente in Europe, as well as among the ten principles adopted by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Furthermore, the principle is deeply rooted in the normative structure of peace in the UN Charter and related documents. By comparison and conceptual analysis the author concludes that the principle of non-use of force provides a political structure which unites the abstract principles of the UN Charter with the very concrete and practical recommendations of the CSCE Final Act. The framework thus analysed can be seen as an application of the concept of positive peace.
War and Politics: Clausewitz Today
Authors: Lider Julian
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. War and Politics: Clausewitz Today. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 187-206.

The study reviews the dispute on the nature of war in the West and in the Soviet Union. After a brief description of the Clausewitzian philosophy and his concepts of absolute and real war, three Western schools of thought - the so-called militaristic school, political realism and pacifism - as well as the Soviet concept of war are discussed in relation to the Clausewitzian scheme. Differences between the Western and Soviet philosophies of war are then analyzed. They consist in different inter pretations of the politics of war (emphasis on foreign policy in the West vs. internal war in the Soviet approach), and of the notion of war (focus on interstate war in the West vs. Soviet primacy of civil war), as well as in different perspectives on the future of war (unclear future in the West vs. the Soviet assertion about the disappearance of war after the inevitable world-wide triumph of socialism). The author maintains that the debate over the interpretation of the Clausewitzian formulas on war is useful for revealing basic differences and similarities between the two antagonistic interpreta tions of socio-political reality and may therefore contribute to the prevention of war.
The Evolution of Official Finnish Development Policy
Authors: Antola Esko
Published: March 2007

Antola, E. The Evolution of Official Finnish Development Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XIII, 1978, 231-241.

The author begins by noting that the problems connected with development policy did not become salient to Finnish foreign policy-makers until Finland joined the UN in 1955. In the 1960's diplomatic relations with the developing countries expanded signific antly, and an independent development policy began to be formulated. The author ana lyses three official committee reports on development policy from 1963,1968-69, and 1978, respectively, and concludes that official policy has contained three stable elements: a linkage to the UN system, a tie-up with Scandinavian cooperation, and a concentration on bilateral aid. In conclusion some major problems connected with these stable elements are discussed, among them the gap between promise and performance which poten tially threatens the credibility of Finland's development policy.
Danish Party Policies on European and Nordic Cooperation
Authors: Sørensen Carsten Lehmann
Published: March 2007

Sørensen, C. L. Danish Party Policies on European and Nordic Cooperation. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 171-191.

This article studies in detail the EC policies of eleven Danish parties with special emphasis on their implication for future Nordic cooperation. It is empirically based on election programmes and manifestoes used in the first direct elections to the European Parliament, where Danish parties were forced to state and explain their perceptions in a clear and explicit way on a number of issues related to European and Nordic cooperation. The EC election was an opportunity to discuss the future position of Denmark in international politics, but it largely developed into a repetition of the 1972 referendum on the costs and benefits of EC membership. The conclusion is that Danish political parties have been extremely status quo minded and immobile in their foreign policy perceptions throughout the seventies. If, therefore, Nordic cooperation is to be stimulated in the foreseeable future, initiatives in that direction will most certainly not come from Danish political parties, who seem to be locked in stereotyped perceptions of the foreign policy position of Denmark.
The Development of Cooperation Between the Soviet Union and Three Western Great Powers, 1950-75
Authors: Nygren Bertil
Published: March 2007

Nygren, B. The Development of Cooperation Between the Soviet Union and Three Western Great Powers, 1950-75. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 117-140.

The main aim of this study, which has been inspired by some ideas flourishing in the détente literature, is 40 ascertain whether the development of détente during the period 1950-75 in three Great Power dyads - the Soviet-American, the Soviet-French, and the Soviet-West German - followed any pattern in terms of a reduction of conflict, on the one hand, and the growth of active cooperation, on the other. The indicator variables are two types of governmental interaction called 'conflict-solving' and 'cooperation-creating' in teraction. Conflict-solving interaction is found to have preceded cooperation-creating interaction most clearly in the Soviet-American and Soviet-West German dyads, whereas developments in the Soviet-French dyad are more difficult to characterize in these terms.
The Changing Nature of the Swedish Aid Relationship During the Social Democratic Period of Government
Authors: Barnes Ian R.
Published: March 2007

Barnes, I. R. The Changing Nature of the Swedish Aid Relationship During the Social Democratic Period of Government. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 141-150.

This article analyses the changing nature of Sweden's aid relationship with Third World countries during the Social Democratic period of government. It is shown that, contrary to the reformist argument, Social Democratic ideology has been radicalized with an impact on policy-making and that ideological beliefs about equality actually found their way into aid policy. The article uses a case study which discusses this radicalization process between 1960 and 1972 by analysing Social Democratic party debates in party journals, daily newspapers and party conferences. It is demonstrated how an evolving ideology was manifest in the Swedish aid relationship with an increasingly politicized content to Swedish aid policy.