bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Phosphorus Measures: Strategies and Technologies for Achieving Phosphorus Security
Authors: Cordell Dana , White Stuart
Published: January 2013

Phosphorus underpins the world’s food systems by ensuring soil fertility, maximising crop yields, supporting farmer livelihoods and ultimately food security. Yet increasing concerns around long-term availability and accessibility of the world’s main source of phosphorus—phosphate rock, means there is a need to investigate sustainable measures to buffer the world’s food systems against the long and short-term impacts of global phosphorus scarcity. While the timeline of phosphorus scarcity is contested, there is consensus that more efficient use and recycling of phosphorus is required. While the agricultural sector will be crucial in achieving this, sustainable phosphorus measures in sectors upstream and downstream of agriculture from mine to fork will also need to be addressed. This paper presents a comprehensive classification of all potential phosphorus supply- and demand-side measures to meet long-term phosphorus needs for food production. Examples range from increasing efficiency in the agricultural and mining sector, to technologies for recovering phosphorus from urine and food waste. Such measures are often undertaken in isolation from one another rather than linked in an integrated strategy. This integrated approach will enable scientists and policy-makers to take a systematic approach when identifying potential sustainable phosphorus measures. If a systematic approach is not taken, there is a risk of inappropriate investment in research and implementation of technologies and that will not ultimately ensure sufficient access to phosphorus to produce food in the future. The paper concludes by introducing a framework to assess and compare sustainable phosphorus measures and to determine the least cost options in a given context.
Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Are a Promising Therapeutic Target
Authors: Togo Shinsaku , Polanska Urszula , Horimoto Yoshiya , Orimo Akira
Published: January 2013

Human carcinomas frequently exhibit significant stromal reactions such as the so-called “desmoplastic stroma” or “reactive stroma”, which is characterised by the existence of large numbers of stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are rich in activated fibroblast populations exemplified by myofibroblasts, are among the predominant cell types present within the tumour-associated stroma. Increased numbers of stromal myofibroblasts are often associated with high-grade malignancies with poor prognoses in humans. CAF myofibroblasts possess abilities to promote primary tumour development, growth and progression by stimulating the processes of neoangiogenesis as well as tumour cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that CAFs serve as a niche supporting the metastatic colonisation of disseminated carcinoma cells in distant organs. Their contribution to primary and secondary malignancies makes these fibroblasts a potential therapeutic target and they also appear to be relevant to the development of drug resistance and tumour recurrence. This review summarises our current knowledge of tumour-promoting CAFs and discusses the therapeutic feasibility of targeting these cells as well as disrupting heterotypic interactions with other cell types in tumours that may improve the efficacy of current anti-tumour therapies.
Fault Tree Analysis for Safety/Security Verification in Aviation Software
Authors: Kornecki Andrew , Liu Mingye
Published: January 2013

The Next Generation Air Traffic Management system (NextGen) is a blueprint of the future National Airspace System. Supporting NextGen is a nation-wide Aviation Simulation Network (ASN), which allows integration of a variety of real-time simulations to facilitate development and validation of the NextGen software by simulating a wide range of operational scenarios. The ASN system is an environment, including both simulated and human-in-the-loop real-life components (pilots and air traffic controllers). Real Time Distributed Simulation (RTDS) developed at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, a suite of applications providing low and medium fidelity en-route simulation capabilities, is one of the simulations contributing to the ASN. To support the interconnectivity with the ASN, we designed and implemented a dedicated gateway acting as an intermediary, providing logic for two-way communication and transfer messages between RTDS and ASN and storage for the exchanged data. It has been necessary to develop and analyze safety/security requirements for the gateway software based on analysis of system assets, hazards, threats and attacks related to ultimate real-life future implementation. Due to the nature of the system, the focus was placed on communication security and the related safety of the impacted aircraft in the simulation scenario. To support development of safety/security requirements, a well-established fault tree analysis technique was used. This fault tree model-based analysis, supported by a commercial tool, was a foundation to propose mitigations assuring the gateway system safety and security.
Infectious Risk Assessment of Unsafe Handling Practices and Management of Clinical Solid Waste
Authors: Hossain Md. , Rahman Nik , Balakrishnan Venugopal , Puvanesuaran Vignesh , Sarker Md. , Kadir Mohd
Published: January 2013

The present study was undertaken to determine the bacterial agents present in various clinical solid wastes, general waste and clinical sharp waste. The waste was collected from different wards/units in a healthcare facility in Penang Island, Malaysia. The presence of bacterial agents in clinical and general waste was determined using the conventional bacteria identification methods. Several pathogenic bacteria including opportunistic bacterial agent such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes were detected in clinical solid wastes. The presence of specific pathogenic bacterial strains in clinical sharp waste was determined using 16s rDNA analysis. In this study, several nosocomial pathogenic bacteria strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in clinical sharp waste. The present study suggests that waste generated from healthcare facilities should be sterilized at the point of generation in order to eliminate nosocomial infections from the general waste or either of the clinical wastes.
Improving the GIS-DRP Approach by Means of DelineatingRunoff Characteristics with New Discharge Relevant Parameters
Authors: Hümann Marco , Müller Christoph
Published: January 2013

At present it is common to use geographic information system (GIS) applications to assess runoff generation. One of these GIS-based tools to generate maps of dominant runoff processes is the so called GIS-DRP approach. The tool, which has been developed mainly based on agricultural areas, uses commonly available input data like a digital elevation model (DEM), geological information as well as land use information. The aim of this study is to test, validate and improve this GIS-DRP method for forested and silviculture areas. Hence, soil-hydrologic investigations and several mapping techniques of dominant runoff processes were conducted on 25 test-plots in four forested catchments in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. By comparing the results of the mapping techniques and those of the test plots, weak points in the original GIS-DRP method were detected. Subsequently, it was possible to enhance the GIS-DRP approach by incorporating new discharge relevant parameters like topsoil sealing, extreme weather events and semipermeability of the substratum. Moreover, the improved GIS-DRP approach can be widely used in different landscapes and for different fields of application. The adapted method can now support foresters and decision makers in forestry planning, answer questions concerning the landscape water balance and peripheral water retention or provide extra information for sustainable forest planning in times of a changing climate.
Nature’s Timepiece—Molecular Coordination of Metabolism and Its Impact on Aging
Authors: Bednářová Andrea , Kodrík Dalibor , Krishnan Natraj
Published: January 2013

Circadian rhythms are found in almost all organisms from cyanobacteria to humans, where most behavioral and physiological processes occur over a period of approximately 24 h in tandem with the day/night cycles. In general, these rhythmic processes are under regulation of circadian clocks. The role of circadian clocks in regulating metabolism and consequently cellular and metabolic homeostasis is an intensively investigated area of research. However, the links between circadian clocks and aging are correlative and only recently being investigated. A physiological decline in most processes is associated with advancing age, and occurs at the onset of maturity and in some instances is the result of accumulation of cellular damage beyond a critical level. A fully functional circadian clock would be vital to timing events in general metabolism, thus contributing to metabolic health and to ensure an increased “health-span” during the process of aging. Here, we present recent evidence of links between clocks, cellular metabolism, aging and oxidative stress (one of the causative factors of aging). In the light of these data, we arrive at conceptual generalizations of this relationship across the spectrum of model organisms from fruit flies to mammals.
Pharmacological Actions of Multi-Target-Directed Evodiamine
Authors: Yu Hui , Jin Hongwei , Gong Wuzhuang , Wang Zhanli , Liang Huaping
Published: January 2013

Evodiamine, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, is one of the main bioactive ingredients of Evodiae fructus. With respect to the pharmacological actions of evodiamine, more attention has been paid to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, obesity, nociception, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, infectious diseases and themoregulative effects. Evodiamine has evolved a superior ability to bind various proteins, so we also argue that it is good starting point for multi-target drugs. This review is primarily addressed to the description of the recent advances in the biological activity studies of evodiamine, with a focus on pharmacological mechanism. The present review also includes the pharmacokinetics and the detailed exploration of target-binding properties of evodiamine in an attempt to provide a direction for further multi-target drug design.
Development and Molecular Characterization of 55 Novel Polymorphic cDNA-SSR Markers in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Using 454 Pyrosequencing
Authors: Suresh Sundan , Park Jong-Hyun , Cho Gyu-Taek , Lee Ho-Sun , Baek Hyung-Jin , Lee Sok-Young , Chung Jong-Wook
Published: January 2013

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a major food source and fodder legume, popularly known for its high content of seed-protein. Its role is critical in crop rotation, and for fixing nitrogen effectively. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers from transcript sequences (cDNA; simple sequence repeat [SSR]) were developed for faba bean (Vicia faba). We found that 1,729 SSR loci from 81,333 individual sequence reads and 240 primer pairs were designed and synthesized. In total, 55 primer pairs were found to be polymorphic and scorable consistently when screened in 32 accessions. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 15, frequency of major alleles per locus varied from 0.17 to 0.91, the genotypes number ranged from 2 to 17, observed and expected heterozycosity values ranged from 0.00 to 0.44 and 0.17 to 0.89 and overall PIC values ranged from 0.16 to 0.88 respectively. These markers will be a useful tool for assessing the genetic diversity, understanding the population structure, and breeding patterns of faba bean.
Influence of the Sonication Temperature on the Debundling Kinetics of Carbon Nanotubes in Propan-2-ol
Authors: Dumée Ludovic , Sears Kallista , Schütz Jürg , Finn Niall , Duke Mikel , Gray Stephen
Published: January 2013

The effect of sonication temperature on the debundling of carbon nanotube (CNT) macro-bundles is reported and demonstrated by analysis with different particle sizing methods. The change of bundle size over time and after several comparatively gentle sonication cycles of suspensions at various temperatures is reported. A novel technique is presented that produces a more homogeneous nanotube dispersion by lowering the temperature during sonication. We produce evidence that temperature influences the suspension stability, and that low temperatures are preferable to obtain better dispersion without increasing damage to the CNT walls.
Efficient synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene rods and their use as rigid spacers in divalent inhibitors
Authors: Pertici Francesca , Varga Norbert , van Duijn Arnoud , Rey-Carrizo Matias , Bernardi Anna , Pieters Roland J
Published: January 2013

The synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene rods and their use as rigid spacers is described. Alternation of a Sonogashira reaction and silyl group cleavage was used to obtain rigid spacers with even and odd numbers of phenylene units. Preliminary applications of these rods in divalent systems are shown. Inhibition studies with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa lectin LecA showed that the rigid spacer proved greatly beneficial for the inhibitory potency.
Roussettes et requins. Amis et ennemis
Authors: Lachal Christian
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’ami et l’ennemi sont deux figures de l’autre. Pour chaque sujet, la construction de ces figures de l’autre s’effectue tout au long de la vie et prend plus ou moins d’importance, en fonction de l’histoire personnelle et des expériences qu’il a à vivre. Certains contextes, organisés par la culture ou les circonstances (par exemples les situations de guerre), mettent au premier plan l’ennemi ou l’ami. Des figures ambiguës, associant les deux termes, ou la présence simultanée de l’ami et de l’ennemi, organisée en complexe, permettent de mieux comprendre le lien amical, le rapport à l’ennemi, ce qui distingue l’un de l’autre, ce qui les associe. Un des points communs est que la relation amicale, comme le rapport à l’ennemi, sont des liens réversibles. Cette réversibilité explique que le lien à l’ami permet une transition entre des aménagements relationnels plus inscrits dans le tissu social, par exemple pour les adolescents le passage de la famille dont ils sont issus à la famille qu’ils vont fonder. L’effet le plus heureux de la réversibilité du rapport à l’ennemi est de permettre la réconciliation et le processus de paix.
L'ennemie dans l'Europe en guerre au XXe siècle
Authors: Virgili Fabrice
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans le contexte guerrier du XX e siècle, les frontières entre civil et militaire, front et arrière, sont de plus en plus brouillées. Dans chaque camp, c’est la société dans sa totalité qui se trouve mobilisée. Penser alors l’ennemi, c’est également le penser « femme ». Trois aspects de cet ennemi au féminin sont ici soulignés. La féminisation de l’ennemi comme moyen de le rejeter dans le camp de l’altérité en retirant à l’autre-combattant sa virilité. L’attitude vis à vis de celle qui sans être encore des ennemies sont pourtant les femmes de l’ennemi (filles, épouses, mères). Qu’il s’agisse de les nier, de les séduire ou de leur faire subir des violences spécifiques (viols). Enfin, lorsque les femmes du camp adverse sont considérées comme de véritables ennemies, qu’elles soient ou non combattantes.
Pour une histoire de la psychiatrie coloniale française. A partir de l'exemple du Sénégal
Authors: Collignon René
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’histoire de la psychiatrie coloniale française est encore largement méconnue. Les premiers travaux qui lui ont été consacrés en France sont très généralement le fait des seuls psychiatres et se fondent essentiellement sur les écrits publiés. À partir d’une tentative de périodisation de l’histoire de la réponse que le pouvoir colonial a tenté de donner à la question de la folie dans la colonie du Sénégal, nous plaidons pour le développement d’une recherche historique fondée sur la documentation archivistique encore peu explorée sur ces questions, une recherche qui tire parti des voies ouvertes par les développements pluridisciplinaires récents (histoire, anthropologie) des études coloniales renouvelées sur l’Afrique.
Les horizons de la théorie chez Félibien
Authors: Démoris René
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cette étude tente d’analyser les positions complexes de Félibien, comme auteur des Entretiens et préfacier rédacteur des Conférences de 1667, quant à la théorie de la peinture, aux divers sens de ce terme, en prenant en considération l’engagement religieux de l’auteur et son refus d’un système totalisant, qui conduit à une dispersion, dans les Entretiens , des textes théoriques. L’affirmation d’un au delà de la théorie assure chez lui une « liberté » de la peinture, dont la signification politique ne doit pas être négligée.
Penser l'enregistrement musical avec Jean-François Lyotard
Authors: Pouradier Maud
Published: January 2013

Résumé Si Lyotard n’a jamais traité explicitement de l’enregistrement musical, il en propose une pensée en creux dans Des dispositifs pulsionnels et L’inhumain . Contrairement à Adorno ou Benjamin, Lyotard n’accuse pas l’enregistrement de faire de la musique une marchandise comme une autre au sein du système capitaliste. C’est la musique classique occidentale elle-même qui est intrinsèquement mécanique et capitaliste, l’enregistrement ne faisant que renforcer ce processus fondamental, à l’œuvre plus particulièrement dans la « nouvelle musique » de Schoenberg. Mais la loi des séries n’est pas le fin mot de la musique. La plus classique des sonates est toujours postmoderne, en ce qu’un événement sonore inaudible y est présent à travers l’audible, en ce qu’à travers les variations incessantes un thème fondamental toujours absent est présent. Toute musique entendue n’est que l’enregistrement d’un tel événement. Loin de voir dans l’enregistrement musical un accident de la musique, Lyotard pense donc essentiellement la musique comme un enregistrement.
Formalisme et ritualité chez Boulez et Stockhausen
Authors: Dousson Lambert
Published: January 2013

Résumé De nombreuses musiques cherchent à exercer sur les auditeurs une « efficacité symbolique » : transformer l’instant musical en rite d’initiation, faire entrer les corps en transe, convertir les émotions musicales en émotions corporelles, c’est-à-dire les affects en actions. En s’appuyant sur les écrits théoriques de Pierre Boulez et Karlheinz Stockhausen, cet article tente de montrer comment chez ces deux compositeurs cette utopie d’une subjectivation à travers la ritualisation de l’écoute s’articule à l’entreprise formaliste d’autodéfinition de la musique, en vue de la constituer comme une sphère autonome.
Les financements alternatifs des collectivités territoriales
Authors: Gilles William
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans un contexte de raréfaction des ressources publiques, les financements alternatifs permettent aux collectivités territoriales de bénéficier de nouvelles marges de manœuvre financières. Pourtant, si les potentialités sont réelles, elles demeurent insuffisamment exploitées par les élus locaux. Et cela alors même que les financements alternatifs font l’objet d’un renouveau, d’une part à travers une modernisation des ressources traditionnelles et d’autre part, par le biais de nouvelles formes de recettes.
Le péage urbain : une source de financement acceptable ?
Authors: Broussolle Damien
Published: January 2013

Résumé Après avoir brièvement rappelé les raisons par lesquelles la théorie économique justifie traditionnellement le recours au péage urbain, l’article examine, afin d’en comprendre les fondements économiques, les principaux éléments qui expliquent les résistances des usagers. L’article s’intéresse aux divers effets redistributifs du péage urbain, ainsi qu’à l’origine des divergences entre les évaluations individuelles et collectives des variations de bien?être. In fine l’article souligne les conditions essentielles d’un péage acceptable, notamment la préservation de la liberté de circuler, l’importance de compensations tangibles et le retour au domaine des transports de la majeure partie des fonds levés.
La validation des acquis de l'expérience à l'université
Authors: Gauttier Pascal
Published: January 2013

Résumé La validation des acquis de l’expérience a intégré en 2002 l’arsenal des dispositifs permettant d’aboutir à une certification au même titre que les cursus scolaire, universitaire, de formation professionnelle continue et d’apprentissage. De plus en plus utilisée, cette nouvelle modalité de certification permet l’obtention d’un titre grâce à l’expérience acquise dans la vie personnelle et professionnelle. Elle induit de ce fait pour l’université des changements notables par rapport aux modes traditionnels de certification et par rapport aux nouveaux rôles dévolus dans ce cadre aux enseignants?chercheurs.
Une Europe de la santé idéale
Authors: Sauer Fernand
Published: January 2013

Résumé Si la santé des Européens est relativement bonne, elle demeure leur premier idéal dans les sondages d’opinion. Les indicateurs de santé révèlent des disparités entre l’Europe du nord et les nouveaux adhérents. Pour atteindre des performances idéales de santé dans chaque pays, un engagement des citoyens et des professionnels est requis pour la prévention et l’accès à des soins sûrs et de qualité. L’idéal européen en matière de protection et de promotion de la santé consiste à renforcer la coopération avec les autorités nationales et les parties intéressées en disséminant les connaissances accumulées conjointement.
Un hôpital urbain, idéalement implanté dans la ville
Authors: Cantal-Dupart Michel
Published: January 2013

Résumé Analysons la mémoire urbaine des hôpitaux, c’est-à-dire ses rapports avec la ville. Des « quarantaines » qui rejettent les pestiférés hors la ville aux hygiénistes du XIX e siècle, l’hôpital devient un service urbain central parce que la croissance des villes le rattrape. Aborder sa place dans les territoires ne peut se limiter à une approche statistique. Il est le miroir de sa ville et doit répondre à tous les usagers, patients, soignants et visiteurs. Si le plateau technique hospitalier reste innovant et performant, il doit faire tomber les murs virtuels qui le cernent et l’empêchent d’être au plus près des milieux de vie des patients potentiels.
The Impact of Gamification - Recommending Education Scenarios
Authors: Erenli Kai
Published: January 2013

Many students play (computer) games in their leisure time, thus acquiring skills which can easily be utilized when it comes to teaching more sophisticated knowledge. Nevertheless many educators today are wasting this opportunity. Some have evaluated gaming scenarios and methods for teaching students and have created the term â??gamificationâ?. This paper describes the history of this new term and explains the possible impact on teaching. It will take well-researched facts into consideration to discuss the potential of games. Moreover, scenarios will be illustrated and evaluated for educators to adopt and use on their own.
Introduction of eLectures at the Medical University of Graz – Results and Experiences from a Pilot Trial
Authors: Rehatschek Herwig Erich , Aigelsreiter Ariane , Regitnig Peter , Kirnbauer Barbara
Published: January 2013

In autumn 2011 we developed a concept for a new service to be offered for our teachers in connection with virtual lessons: eLectures. eLectures in general are defined as recorded lectures. We offer two kinds of services: InfoSnippets and InfoCasts. InfoSnippets represent short videos visualizing practical skills to be learned by medical students such as measuring the blood pressure or how to make a surgical suture. InfoCasts are recordings of entire lectures including interactive elements. Basic InfoCasts consist of voice recording in combination with synchronized slides. Video is offered only in form of short sections where e.g. practical skills or experiments are shown. With begin of summer semester 2012 we started with four pilot projects of lessons which were fully virtualized. In this paper we present the concept for our eLectures, the selection process of the production software, the realization of the four pilot projects and the evaluation results of the students.
L‘utilisation de l’eau domestique : perception et attitudes à Jakarta (Indonésie)
Authors: Anggrahita Hayuning
Published: January 2013

Les réseaux d’adduction d’eau à Jakarta sont discontinus et inégaux. Par conséquent, les Jakartanais sont desservis par un approvisionnement en eau très variable. En outre, une forte polarisation des classes sociales renforce les inégalités sociales à Jakarta. Ces inégalités socio-spatiales ont des effets sur le quotidien des habitants de Jakarta qui sont liés à l’approvisionnement en eau à Jakarta. Cet article analyse en quoi ces inégalités socio-spatiales influencent les représentations de la ressource en eau et les pratiques de consommation au sein de la population de Jakarta.
Três formas de violência, três formas de paz. A paz, a guerra e a formação social indo-europeia
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: January 2013

Nas formações sociais, as formas de violência coexistem com as formas de paz. O presente artigo analisa a coexistência, na formação social indo-europeia, da violência cultural (produção de ideias justificativas das demais violências) com a paz cultural (cooperação e comiseração com todas as formas de vida); da violência directa (eliminação física do outro) com a paz directa (formas de controlo não-violentas, com sanções positivas); e da violência estrutural (mecanismos sistémicos de injustiça e morte) com a paz estrutural (satisfação das necessidades básicas e distribuição de bens e serviços).
Trabalho, desigualdades sociais e sindicalismo
Authors: Estanque Elísio
Published: January 2013

A área laboral tem vindo, nos últimos anos, a ser fustigada por um vasto conjunto de transformações, no contexto da economia global em que vivemos e sob os efeitos de diversas forças e instituições de âmbito transnacional. Recorrendo a exemplos retirados de estudos empíricos recentes desenvolvidos pelo autor, o presente artigo analisa e discute os processos de mudança em curso, partindo dos problemas ligados ao mundo do trabalho e articulando-os com a questão mais geral das desigualdades e das classes sociais. O principal objectivo é diagnosticar e interpretar criticamente algumas dessas transformações na sociedade portuguesa, mostrando a sua relevância, significado e implicações para o sindicalismo. Assim, após uma reflexão crítica sobre as novas linhas de segmentação do mercado de trabalho e das desigualdades sociais, procura-se apontar um conjunto de questões dirigidas ao campo do sindicalismo, convidando à reflexão e análise crítica das experiências e problemas com que o mesmo se debate.
A política internacional da CGTP e da CUT: Etapas, temas e desafios
Authors: Costa Hermes Augusto
Published: January 2013

Apesar de existir enquanto política no seio das organizações sindicais nacionais, a política de relações internacionais (PRI) configura-se, todavia, como “parente pobre” do sindicalismo nacional. Depois de enunciar brevemente, na primeira parte, alguns dos obstáculos actuais à construção de uma PRI, este texto debruça-se, na segunda parte, sobre o espaço que as duas principais centrais sindicais de Portugal e do Brasil (a CGTP e a CUT, respectivamente) vêm conferindo à PRI. Partindo do trabalho de investigação realizado nos últimos 5 anos junto daquelas organizações sindicais, propõe-se uma distribuição das fases da PRI da CGTP e da CUT, sintetizando-se, na terceira parte, algumas semelhanças e diferenças entre ambas a esse respeito.
Praxe académica e culturas universitárias em Coimbra. Lógicas das tradições e dinâmicas identitárias
Authors: Frias Aníbal
Published: January 2013

As culturas estudantis e universitárias em Portugal, muito pouco estudadas, são objecto de descrição e análise a partir do caso exemplar de Coimbra. Torna‑se para tal necessário defini‑las e entendê‑las dentro de um quadro metodológico, social e histórico. Compreender a Praxe académica pressupõe articular a Academia e a Universidade, apreendidas na sua evolução mútua ou paralela como dois universos indissociáveis, ainda que autónomos. É necessário igualmente ter em conta os usos internos à Academia e as posições políticas, reflectidas parcialmente nas críticas à Praxe como as provenientes das Repúblicas, bem como os interesses económicos, com a repercussão do turismo sobre as “tradições” a conduzir à institucionalização e patrimonialização destas. Todas estas dimensões permitem fazer luz sobre as lógicas e as dinâmicas sociais de um fenómeno complexo em forte expansão, apesar dos excessos e das contestações recentes ecoadas e amplificadas pelos media.
A cidade e a memória na intervenção estudantil em Coimbra
Authors: Bebiano Rui
Published: January 2013

A partir da constatação de uma perda sistemática de memória colectiva ocorrida nas movimentações estudantis, procura-se mostrar como essa amnésia tem relativizado sempre a sua força. Ao concentrar-se a observação no caso de Coimbra, procede-se a um breve inventário histórico de alguns dos momentos decisivos da intervenção reivindicativa dos seus estudantes, em articulação com o lugar político e simbólico da própria cidade. Mencionando também a afirmação gradual de uma subcultura estudantil dotada de crescente autonomia e de alguma capacidade centrífuga em relação ao espaço universitário, apontam-se as tendências essenciais que aquela intervenção tem vindo a materializar.
Europeização ou erosão das relações laborais?
Authors: Hyman Richard
Published: January 2013

Este artigo reflecte sobre o impacto da integração europeia nas relações laborais. Um regime de relações laborais pode ser visto como uma tensão entre o emprego estruturado pelas dinâmicas do mercado e a regulação social mais lata, isto é, uma tensão entre os princípios do contrato e do status. A europeização económica ameaça esta relação, cuja sobrevivência poderá depender de novas formas de regulação supranacional, embora não envolva necessariamente a “dimensão social” da europeização tal como ela é usualmente entendida.
A ousadia da resistência: A luta dos trabalhadores da Ford contra 2800 demissões
Authors: Véras Roberto
Published: January 2013

Analisa‑se o movimento dos trabalhadores da Ford de São Bernardo, em São Paulo, contra o anúncio, pela empresa, de 2800 demissões em Dezembro de 1998. Discutem‑se, sem pretensões conclusivas, as condições e possibilidades de resistência oferecidas pelo sindicalismo CUT aos processos ora em curso no Brasil, que apontam, como tendências principais, para a flexibilização de direitos, a precarização das relações de trabalho, a destituição dos sujeitos colectivos que se colocam numa perspectiva autónoma e, por conseqüência, a desarticulação do espaço público.
A crítica da governação neoliberal: O Fórum Social Mundial como política e legalidade cosmopolita subalterna
Authors: Santos Boaventura de Sousa
Published: January 2013

A governação é hoje apresentada como um novo paradigma de regulação social que veio suplantar o paradigma anteriormente em vigor assente no conflito social e no papel privilegiado do Estado, enquanto ente soberano, para regular esse conflito por via do poder de comando e de coerção ao seu dispor. Neste artigo faço uma crítica radical do novo paradigma, concebendo-o como a matriz regulatória do neoliberalismo, entendido como a nova versão do capitalismo de laissez faire. Centrada na questão da governabilidade, esta matriz regulatória pressupõe uma política de direito e de direitos que tende a agravar a crise da legitimidade do Estado. Algumas das facetas da governação podem ser encontradas no movimento global de resistência contra a globalização neoliberal que tem hoje a sua melhor expressão no Fórum Social Mundial. Ao contrário da governação hegemónica, este movimento assenta na ideia de conflito e da luta contra a exclusão social, o que se torna manifesto nas concepções e políticas de direito que adopta.
Acção colectiva e protesto em Portugal: Os movimentos sociais ao espelho dos media (1992-2002)
Authors: Mendes José Manuel , Seixas Ana Maria
Published: January 2013

Neste artigo apresentamos uma análise das acções colectivas e de protesto ocorridas em Portugal entre 1992 e 2002. O objectivo principal é apreender de forma mais precisa a configuração social e política das acções de protesto, a sua evolução no tempo, as suas características definidoras e o reportório de tecnologias utilizado. A efervescência política e o elevado grau de mobilização detectados contrastam com as habituais afirmações da debilidade da sociedade civil em Portugal. Sendo as acções de protesto marcadas por um localismo acentuado, argumentamos que este localismo pode potenciar uma renovação da vivência política, assente na participação e na proximidade dos poderes aos cidadãos, numa democratização radical da vida social e política. A violência que perpassa muitas das acções analisadas não pode ser lida como a reminiscência de uma qualquer violência primordial ou de lógicas atávicas de actuação política, mas sim como um indicador da maturidade democrática da sociedade portuguesa. A centralidade da escola, a todos os seus níveis de ensino, nas acções de protesto revelam quão importante é a educação e o capital escolar nas estratégias familiares de reprodução e de mobilidade sociais na sociedade portuguesa.
Os novos movimentos de protesto em França. A articulação de novas arenas públicas
Authors: Cefaï Daniel
Published: January 2013

Este artigo traça um panorama crítico da emergência dos novos movimentos de protesto (NMP) em França, nas últimas décadas. Argumenta-se que desde meados dos anos oitenta, novas arenas públicas foram abertas pelos NMP, seguindo as transformações da sociedade salarial e da política pública, e respondendo à mundialização crescente dos mecanismos económicos, estratégicos e sociais. Para quem investe politicamente nos NMP, a importância da sua emergência reside no rearmamento da crítica social e na reconstituição de uma esquerda radical. Novos problemas públicos se impuseram aos cidadãos, aos especialistas e aos decisores políticos, em particular em torno da questão dos “sem documentos”, dos “sem trabalho” e dos “sem abrigo” mas também da saúde pública, da ecologia ou do consumo. Novos actores colectivos, ONGs, movimentos e coordenações tornaram-se os parceiros e os adversários incontornáveis dos poderes públicos. Contudo, alerta-se para o perigo destes movimentos resvalarem para uma acção político-partidária institucional, que poria em causa a acção concertada da esquerda política e a eficácia da sua actuação quer no contexto nacional quer no contexto europeu.
NFATc1 Induction in Peripheral T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Hock Matthias , Vaeth Martin , Rudolf Ronald , Patra Amiya Kumar , Pham Duong Anh Thuy , Muhammad Khalid , Pusch Tobias , Bopp Tobias , Schmitt Edgar , Rost Rene , Berberich-Siebelt Friederike , Tyrsin Dimitri , Chuvpilo Sergei , Avots Andris , Serfling Edgar , Klein-Hessling Stefan
Published: January 2013

NFAT transcription factors control the proliferation and survival of peripheral lymphocytes. We have reported previously that the short isoform NFATc1/αA whose generation is induced by immune receptor stimulation supports the proliferation and inhibits the activation-induced cell death of peripheral T and B cells. We will show in this study that in novel bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice that express EGFP under the control of entire Nfatc1 locus the Nfatc1/Egfp transgene is expressed as early as in double-negative thymocytes and in nonstimulated peripheral T and B cells. Upon immune receptor stimulation, Nfatc1/Egfp expression is elevated in B, Th1, and Th2 cells, but only weakly in T regulatory, Th9, and Th17 cells in vitro whose generation is affected by TGFβ. In naive lymphocytes, persistent immune receptor signals led to a 3–5 increase in NFATc1/αA RNA levels during primary and secondary stimulation, but a much stronger induction was observed at the protein level. Whereas anti-CD3+CD28 stimulation of primary T cells induces both NFATc1/αA and their proliferation and survival, anti-IgM stimulation of B cells induces NFATc1/αA and proliferation, but activation-induced cell death after 3-d incubation in vitro. The anti-IgM–mediated activation-induced cell death induction of B cells in vitro is suppressed by anti-CD40–, LPS-, and CpG-mediated signals. In addition to inducing NF-κB factors, together with anti-IgM, these signals also support the generation of NFATc1/αA. According to these data and the architecture of its promoter region, the Nfatc1 gene resembles a primary response gene whose induction is affected at the posttranscriptional level.
TRIF-Mediated TLR3 and TLR4 Signaling Is Negatively Regulated by ADAM15
Authors: Ahmed Suaad , Maratha Ashwini , Butt Aisha Qasim , Shevlin Enda , Miggin Sinead M.
Published: January 2013

TLRs are a group of pattern-recognition receptors that play a crucial role in danger recognition and induction of the innate immune response against bacterial and viral infections. The TLR adaptor molecule, Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN (TRIF), facilitates TLR3 and TLR4 signaling and concomitant activation of the transcription factors, NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor 3, leading to proinflammatory cytokine production. Whereas numerous studies have been undertaken toward understanding the role of TRIF in TLR signaling, little is known about the signaling components that regulate TRIF-dependent TLR signaling. To this end, TRIF-interacting partners were identified by immunoprecipitation of the TRIF signaling complex, followed by protein identification using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Following stimulation of cells with a TLR3 or TLR4 ligand, we identified a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)15 as a novel TRIF-interacting partner. Toward the functional characterization of the TRIF:ADAM15 interaction, we show that ADAM15 acts as a negative regulator of TRIF-mediated NF-κB and IFN-β reporter gene activity. Also, suppression of ADAM15 expression enhanced polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid and LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production via TRIF. In addition, suppression of ADAM15 expression enhanced rhinovirus 16 and vesicular stomatitis virus–mediated proinflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly, ADAM15 mediated the proteolytic cleavage of TRIF. Thus, ADAM15 serves to curtail TRIF-dependent TLR3 and TLR4 signaling and, in doing so, protects the host from excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. In conclusion, to our knowledge, our study clearly shows for the first time that ADAM15 plays an unexpected role in TLR signaling, acting as an anti-inflammatory molecule through impairment of TRIF-mediated TLR signaling.
Targeting Macrophage Activation for the Prevention and Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infections
Authors: Hanke Mark L. , Heim Cortney E. , Angle Amanda , Sanderson Sam D. , Kielian Tammy
Published: January 2013

Biofilm infections often lead to significant morbidity due to their chronicity and recalcitrance to antibiotics. We have demonstrated that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms can evade macrophage (MΦ) antibacterial effector mechanisms by skewing MΦs toward an alternatively activated M2 phenotype. To overcome this immune evasion, we have used two complementary approaches. In the first, a proinflammatory milieu was elicited by local administration of classically activated M1 MΦs and in the second by treatment with the C5a receptor (CD88) agonist EP67, which invokes MΦ proinflammatory activity. Early administration of M1-activated MΦs or EP67 significantly attenuated biofilm formation in a mouse model of MRSA catheter-associated infection. Several proinflammatory mediators were significantly elevated in biofilm-infected tissues from MΦ- and EP67-treated animals, revealing effective reprogramming of the biofilm environment to a proinflammatory milieu. A requirement for MΦ proinflammatory activity was demonstrated by the fact that transfer of MyD88-deficient MΦs had minimal impact on biofilm growth. Likewise, neutrophil administration had no effect on biofilm formation. Treatment of established biofilm infections with M1-activated MΦs also significantly reduced catheter-associated biofilm burdens compared with antibiotic treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that targeting MΦ proinflammatory activity can overcome the local immune inhibitory environment created during biofilm infections and represents a novel therapeutic strategy.
Addition of Glycosylation to Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Modulates Antibody-Mediated Recognition of H1N1 2009 Pandemic Viruses
Authors: Job Emma R. , Deng Yi-Mo , Barfod Kenneth K. , Tate Michelle D. , Caldwell Natalie , Reddiex Scott , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Brooks Andrew G. , Reading Patrick C.
Published: January 2013

Seasonal influenza A viruses (IAV) originate from pandemic IAV and have undergone changes in antigenic structure, including addition of glycans to the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Glycans on the head of HA promote virus survival by shielding antigenic sites, but highly glycosylated seasonal IAV are inactivated by soluble lectins of the innate immune system. In 2009, human strains of pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm] expressed a single glycosylation site (Asn104) on the head of HA. Since then, variants with additional glycosylation sites have been detected, and the location of these sites has been distinct to those of recent seasonal H1N1 strains. We have compared wild-type and reverse-engineered A(H1N1)pdm IAV with differing potential glycosylation sites on HA for sensitivity to collectins and to neutralizing Abs. Addition of a glycan (Asn136) to A(H1N1)pdm HA was associated with resistance to neutralizing Abs but did not increase sensitivity to collectins. Moreover, variants expressing Asn136 showed enhanced growth in A(H1N1)pdm-vaccinated mice, consistent with evasion of Ab-mediated immunity in vivo. Thus, a fine balance exists regarding the optimal pattern of HA glycosylation to facilitate evasion of Ab-mediated immunity while maintaining resistance to lectin-mediated defenses of the innate immune system.
Antagonizing the α4β1 Integrin, but Not α4β7, Inhibits Leukocytic Infiltration of the Central Nervous System in Rhesus Monkey Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Haanstra Krista G. , Hofman Sam O. , Lopes Estêvão Dave M. , Blezer Erwin L. A. , Bauer Jan , Yang Li-Li , Wyant Tim , Csizmadia Vilmos , ‘t Hart Bert A. , Fedyk Eric R.
Published: January 2013

The immune system is characterized by the preferential migration of lymphocytes through specific tissues (i.e., tissue tropism). Tissue tropism is mediated, in part, by the α4 integrins expressed by T lymphocytes. The α4β1 integrin mediates migration of memory T lymphocytes into the CNS, whereas the α4β7 integrin mediates migration preferentially into gastrointestinal tissue. This paradigm was established primarily from investigations in rodents; thus, the objective of this investigation was to determine if blocking the α4β7 integrin exclusively would affect migration of T lymphocytes into the CNS of primates. The effects of the dual α4β1 and α4β7 antagonist natalizumab were compared with those of the α4β7 antagonist vedolizumab on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rhesus monkey. Animals received an initial i.v. bolus of placebo, natalizumab (30 mg/kg), or vedolizumab (30 mg/kg) before intracutaneous immunization with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and then Ab once weekly thereafter. Natalizumab prevented CNS inflammation and demyelination significantly (p < 0.05), compared with time-matched placebo control animals, whereas vedolizumab did not inhibit these effects, despite saturating the α4β7 integrin in each animal for the duration of the investigation. These results demonstrate that blocking α4β7 exclusively does not inhibit immune surveillance of the CNS in primates.
Analysis of APC Types Involved in CD4 Tolerance and Regulatory T Cell Generation Using Reaggregated Thymic Organ Cultures
Authors: Guerri Lucia , Peguillet Isabelle , Geraldo Yvette , Nabti Sabrina , Premel Virginie , Lantz Olivier
Published: January 2013

Tolerance to self-Ags is generated in the thymus. Both epithelial and hematopoietic thymic stromal cells play an active and essential role in this process. However, the role of each of the various stromal cell types remains unresolved. To our knowledge, we describe the first comparative analysis of several types of thymic hematopoietic stromal cells (THSCs) for their ability to induce CD4 tolerance to self, in parallel with the thymic epithelium. The THSCs—two types of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages (MΦs), B lymphocytes, and eosinophils—were first characterized and quantified in adult mouse thymus. They were then examined in reaggregated thymic organ cultures containing mixtures of monoclonal and polyclonal thymocytes. This thymocyte mixture allows for the analysis of Ag-specific events while avoiding the extreme skewing frequently seen in purely monoclonal systems. Our data indicate that thymic epithelium alone is capable of promoting self-tolerance by eliminating autoreactive CD4 single-positive thymocytes and by supporting regulatory T cell (Treg) development. We also show that both non-Treg CD4 single-positive thymocytes and Tregs are efficiently deleted by the two populations of cDCs present in the thymus, as well as to a lesser extent by MΦs. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and eosinophils were not able to do so. Finally, cDCs were also the most efficient THSCs at supporting Treg development in the thymus, suggesting that although they may share some characteristics required for negative selection with MΦs, they do not share those required for the support of Treg development, making cDCs a unique cell subset in the thymus.
Naturopathic Management of Females with Cervical Atypia: A Delphi Process to Explore Current Practice
Authors: Leaver Cynthia Ann , Miller-Davis Claiborne , Wallen Gwenyth R.
Published: January 2013

Background

Human papillomavirus is the most significant factor contributing to cervical cancer. Naturopathic doctors (NDs) implement an integrative approach to treat cervical atypia. This study explored practice consensus and variance among NDs.

Methods

A purposefully selected panel of six NDs participated in a modified Delphi study to validate practice. Three electronic web-based surveys were completed over nine months.

Results

Local and systemic treatments were included in all ND protocols. Six protocols included cervical cancer screening guidelines, green tea suppositories, and oral folic acid. Five protocols included oral green tea, diindoylemethane (DIM), and cartenoids. Four protocols incorporated Vitamin C. Two NDs considered escharotics when managing cervical atypia. All NDs included health behavior management in their protocols.

Conclusion

Naturopathic management of cervical atypia varies across practitioners. However, in general, elements of management include (1) cervical cancer screening guidelines, (2) local and systemic treatments, (3) health behavior/lifestyle recommendations, and (4) immune system support.
An upper bound for injectivity radii in convex cores
Authors: Bowditch Brian H.
Published: January 2013

Let

N

be a complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group, and let

H

be its convex core. We show that there is an upper bound on the radius of an embedded hyperbolic ball in

H

, which depends only on the topology of

N

. As a consequence, we deduce that limit sets of strongly convergent kleinian groups converge.
The quasi-isometry invariance of commensurizer subgroups
Authors: Vavrichek Diane M.
Published: January 2013

We prove that commensurizers of two-ended subgroups with at least three coends in one-ended, finitely presented groups are invariant under quasi-isometries. We discuss a variety of applications of this result.