bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PASAL 284 KUHP TENTANG TINDAK PIDANA ZINA
Authors: Hakim M. Aunul
Published: May 2018

Indonesia is a state with a Criminal Code named KUHP. The regulation draft about adultery is especially mentioned at paragraph 284. According to this paragraph, the definition of adultery is sexual intercourse conducted by a man/woman who has valid marriage with another woman/man who is not his/her wife/husband and it is conducted based on the wish of each of them. In Criminal Code, it is stated that such deed may be imposed as a crime if there is a plea from the wife/husband who is harmed. Adultery crime is called as offense that warrants complaint, and punishment is nine months. It is different from the meaning of adultery according to Islamic Law which has meaning a sexual intercourse conducted by a man and woman who are not a valid pair of marriage. Besides, the criminal code was established based on rationale consideration. While the objective of legal realism is to construct the law which is more responsive toward the social need. Therefore KUHP regulation on adultery should be revisited to accomodate the Islamic values held by moslem as the dominant citizen in Indonesia.    

 

Indonesia adalah negara dengan KUHP yang bernama KUHP. Rancangan peraturan tentang perzinahan terutama disebutkan pada paragraf 284. Menurut paragraf ini, definisi perzinahan adalah hubungan seksual yang dilakukan oleh seorang pria / wanita yang memiliki pernikahan yang sah dengan wanita / pria lain yang bukan isteri / suami dan istrinya. dilakukan berdasarkan keinginan masing-masing. Dalam KUHP, dinyatakan bahwa akta tersebut dapat dikenakan sebagai tindak pidana jika ada permintaan dari istri / suami yang dirugikan. Kejahatan perzinahan disebut sebagai pelanggaran yang menjamin pengaduan, dan hukuman sembilan bulan. Hal ini berbeda dengan makna perzinahan menurut Hukum Islam yang memiliki arti hubungan seksual yang dilakukan oleh pria dan wanita yang bukan pasangan perkawinan yang sah. Selain itu, kode pidana didirikan berdasarkan pertimbangan rasional. Sedangkan tujuan realisme hukum adalah membangun undang-undang yang lebih responsif terhadap kebutuhan sosial. Oleh karena itu peraturan KUHP tentang perzinahan harus ditinjau kembali untuk mengakomodasi nilai-nilai Islam yang dimiliki umat Islam sebagai warga negara yang dominan di Indonesia.
INSTITUSI PERSAUDARAAN SUFI
Authors: Malik Abdul
Published: May 2018

Change of the personal mysticism to be an institute is related to the development and spreading of the mysticism (tasawuf) itself. The dissemination of the mysticism invited many more people wanted to learn about the mysticism. Besides, they also met the knowledgeable and experienced people in mysticism which guided them. However, learning with the teaching method that was arranged based on experience of a practical science was a must, therefore, the tasawuf/mysticism teacher formulated a learning tasawuf system based on his experience. Therefore, that learning system was a distinctive feature of the institution. Further, a suficmystic relationship was developing between teacher and student, then the students wanted to keep the teacher’s doctrine. Consequently, it created a distinctive type of this relationship transforming their scientific approach. This paper explores the kind of institution on mysticism which transforms their scientific approach for instance by barakah. 

 

Perubahan mistisisme pribadi menjadi sebuah lembaga terkait dengan perkembangan dan penyebaran mistisisme (tasawuf) itu sendiri. Diseminasi mistisisme mengundang lebih banyak orang ingin belajar tentang mistisisme. Selain itu, mereka juga bertemu dengan orang-orang berpengetahuan dan berpengalaman dalam mistisisme yang membimbing mereka. Namun, belajar dengan metode pengajaran yang disusun berdasarkan pengalaman sains praktis adalah suatu keharusan, oleh karena itu, guru tasawuf / mistisisme merumuskan sistem pembelajaran tasawuf berdasarkan pengalamannya. Oleh karena itu, sistem pembelajaran merupakan ciri khas institusi. Selanjutnya, hubungan suficmystic berkembang antara guru dan siswa, maka siswa ingin mempertahankan doktrin guru. Akibatnya, ia menciptakan jenis hubungan yang berbeda ini mengubah pendekatan ilmiah mereka. Makalah ini membahas jenis institusi tentang mistisisme yang mengubah pendekatan ilmiah mereka misalnya dengan barakah.
PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN ZAMAN ABBASIAH SEBAGAI AKAR TAFSIR ILMY ABAD MODERN
Authors: Wargadinata Wildana
Published: May 2018

The withdrawal process of Islamic science of Alquran and Hadis resulted two current thinking. The first one is bilmanqul (irrational), all sciences which do not use mind to fetch its result, mind activity here to adjust the history from Alquran and Hadis, compare it with others, and summarize from the comparison. Second, bilmaqul (rational); all sciences which are taken by using mind, understanding its framework and later fusing back to be used based on the fact. Here, thinking progress is really strong in science scope and the result depends on the appropriate mind. In this case, we can learn from Abbasiyah era which was the golden phase in Moslem history. Islamic science was born and experienced the maturity process. It was encouraged by social, culture, politic, and spiritual condition in the era which tended to be idealistic in developing science. One of schools born from the exegesis of Birroyis/Bilmaqul in Abbasiyah era was Ilmys in Alquran. This school grows in soeed along with the technology and information era based on rationality.

 

Proses pengambilan ilmu Islam dari Alquran dan Hadis menghasilkan dua pendapat mutakhir. Pertama disebut bilmanqul (irasoinal), semua ilmu yang tidak menggunakan pemikiran untuk memperoleh hasil, proses berpikir di sini untuk menyesuaikan sejarah dari Alquran dan Hadis dan membandingkannya dengan lainnya juga menarik kesimpulan dari perbandingan tersebut. Kedua ialah bilmaqul (rasional), bahwa semua ilmu itu menggunakan pemikiran, memahami kerangkanya dan kemudian disatukan kembali untuk digunakan sesuai dengan fakta. Disini, proses berpikir sangat kuat dalam cakupan keilmuan dan hasil eksperimen berdasar pada pemikiran yang pas. Dalam hal ini kita bisa melihat pada era Abbasiyah yang merupakan masa keemasan dalam sejarah Muslim. Ilmu-ilmu Islam lahir dan mengalami proses kematangan. Ini didorong oleh kondisi sosial, budaya, politik, dan spiritual pada zamannya yang cenderung ideal dalam perkembangan keilmuan. Salah satu aliran yang lahir dari penafsiran Birroyis/Bilmaqul yang tumbuh pada era Abbasiyah dan mengalami perkembangan pesat di awal abad 20 ialah tafsir ilmy dalam Alquran. Aliran ini tumbuh cepat bersamaan dengan era teknologi dan informasi yang berdasar pada rasionalitas.
JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH JIHADIST MOVEMENT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Yasin Raden Cecep Lukman
Published: May 2018

Democratic practice in the post-Soeharto era has widely opened and led to euphoria in the public life. Some social and politics activities which were previously banned are now starting to appear openly. The emergence of Islamic radical community along with their terror acts both psychological and physical which attracts people’s attention may be a cause of this openness. One of communities which is seen as the front guard of radical movement is Jemaah Islamiyah. This article explores the historical background of the aforementioned movement and its development for the last two decades. The discussion also includes the intern dispute and its metamorphosis from just being the under-ground community to be the public community. Despite so many opinions which relate the movement with the powerful Islamism influence from Mid-Eastern, this article argues that those opinions ignore the history of Islamic radical movement in the Social Politics landscape. The precise discussion about Jemaah Islamiyah shows that this community has strong local characteristics.

 

Keran demokrasi yang terbuka lebar pasca-kejatuhan rejim Soeharto telah menciptakan euphoria dalam ruang kehidupan publik. Berbagai aktifitas sosial politik yang sebelumnya dibungkam dan disisihkan, kini mulai memadati ruang publik. Kemunculan kelompok radikal Islam yang telah banyak menyedot perhatian publik dengan aksi-aksi mereka yang bemuasa terror, psikologis maupun fisik, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari keterbukaan ini. Di antara kelompok yang dipandang sebagai garda depan gerakan radikal ini adalah Jemaah Islamiyah.Tulisan berikut berusaha menelurusi akar kemunculan gerakan tersebut dan perkembangannya sepanjang dua dekade terakhir, berikut perpecahan internal dan metamorphosis gerakan bawah tanah itu menjadi gerakan terbuka. Sementara banyak kalangan mengaitkan gerakan tersebut dengan pengaruh islamisme yang kuat dari Timur Tengah, tulisan ini menyodorkan argumentasi bahwa pandangan di atas jelas telah mengabaikan sejarah gerakan radikal Islam dalam lanskap sosial politik Indonesia. Kajian yang cermat terhadap Jemaah Islamiyah menunjukkan bahwa gerakan tersebut memiliki karakteristik lokal yang kental.
PEMINJAMAN KATA (ISTI’ARAH) DALAM ALQURAN
Authors: Ridwan Ridwan
Published: May 2018

Isti'arah is borrowing word (loan words) used in other words because of some factors. Alquran is hardly understood only based on linguistic principles, but it must also be studied using other approaches, such as literary approach that is often used in contemporary studies, well known as literary approach to Alquran. Isti'arah is a part of literature. Alquran with all of its miracles contains literary aspects that are undeniable for those who understand it. Therefore, Moslem scholars agree that Isti'arah in Alquran exactly aims at earning attention from the hearers and the readers of Alquran, in turn, increasing our belief in the miracle of Alquran in literary aspect. For instance the word "saaqin" (calf) is interpreted as a chaotic situation, "al dzulumaat" (darkness) as Islamism. In addition, the word "al ra'su" (head) is considered similar to fuel that means "ista'ala" (bum) on head. There are many other similar examples in Alquran.

 

Isti’arah adalah kata pinjaman yang digunakan dalam kata lain karena beberapa faktor. Alquran sangat sukar dipahami hanya berdasar prinsip Lingusitik tetapi ia juga harus dipelajari menggunakan pendekatan lain, seperti Sastra yang sering digunakan dalam studi kontemporer, lebih dikenal sebagai pendekatan sastra terhadap Alquran. Isti’arah adalah bagian dari sastra. Alquran dengan segala keagungannya berisi aspek kesusasteraan yang tak terbantahkan bagi siapapun yang mengerti. Maka, cendekiawan Muslim setuju bahwa peminjaman kata (Isti’arah) dalam Alquran bertujuan untuk menarik perhatian pendengar dan pembacanya, menambah kepercayaan kita pada keajaiban Alquran dalam aspek sastra. Contohnya kata saaqin (anak sapi) adalah interpretasi situasi yang kacau, al dzulumaat (kegelapan) sebagai Islamisasi. Contoh lainnya, al ra’su (kepala) dianggap sama dengan bahan bakar yang berarti ista’ala (terbakar) di atas kepala. Masih ada banyak lagi contoh serupa yang tertulis di Alquran.
AT-TAGHAYYUR AN-NUTQIY FI MUFRADAT A-L ARABIYAH AD-DAKHILAH FI AL-LUGHAH AL-INDUNISIAH
Authors: Lubis Torkis
Published: May 2018

One of language realities is that Indonesian is affected by Arabic. It is proven by many Arabic vocabulary items which are absorbed in Indonesian. However, after adopting the Arabic words into Indonesian, it has changed in Phonemics, Syntax, and Semantics. In Phonemics, the changing of Arabic to Indonesian can be seen in “ث” which becomes “s”; “ح” to “h”; “ذ” to “z”; “ص” to “s”; “ض” to “d”; “ط” to “t”; “ظ” to “z”; “ع” to “_’_”;  “غ” to “g”; and “ق” to “k”. Besides, there are still many changes in the Phonemics that is the change of alphabetic sound which has harakat becomes non-harakat and vice versa. For example, the sound of “a” becomes “e”, the lost of space and long sound, tasydid becomes non-tasydid, the unsounded of “ء” in the end of the word, and many more.

 

Salah satu realitas bahasa adalah bahwa Bahasa Indonesia terpengaruh dengan Bahasa Arab. Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan banyaknya kosa kata Arab yang diserap Bahasa Indonesia. Tapi kosa kata Arab tersebut setelah diadopsi Bahasa Indonesia mengalami berbagai perubahan di dalam sistem bunyi, sintaksis, dan semantik. Di dalam sistem bunyi kosa kata Bahasa Arab yang diadopsi Bahasa Indonesia mengalami perubahan, seperti bunyi “ث” menjadi bunyi “s”; bunyi “ح” menjadi “h”; bunyi “ذ” beralih ke bunyi “z”; bunyi “ص” menjadi “s”; bunyi “ض” menjadi “d”; bunyi “ط” beralih menjadi “t”; bunyi “ظ” beralih ke bunyi “z”; bunyi “ع” beralih ke bunyi “_’_”;  bunyi “غ” menjadi “g”; dan bunyi “ق” menjadi “k”. Di samping itu, ada perubahan lain yang berkaitan dengan sistem bunyi, yaitu perubahan bunyi huruf yang berharakat menjadi tidak berharakat atau sebaliknya. Bunyi vokal “a” menjadi bunyi vokal “e”. Bunyi jeda lama menjadi biasa, bunyi tasydid beralih ke bunyi tanpa tasydid, dan tidak adanya bunyi “ء” yang ada di akhir kata dan lain sebagainya.
PENDIDIKAN (AGAMA) PLURALIS: Upaya Menciptakan Kerukunan Bangsa
Authors: Walid Muhammad
Published: May 2018

Religious education has to give contribution to form pluralistic attitude that appreciates the truth of other religions. The claim of being the only true religion by various religious followers may result in horrific conflicts. It is dangerous when religion is used to justify sadistic act in many conflicts. Therefore, religious education is very important to develop religiosity and to improve religious tolerance. As a social process, education is a mean of transferring religious values and knowledge to the religious followers that, in turn, form their religious attitudes. Consequently, if religion is learned exclusively, the output will be exclusive. Conversely, if religion is learned openly or inclusively, the output will be open-minded, it means they can understand the others.

 

Pendidikan agama harus memberi kontribusi untuk membentuk pribadi pluralis yang menghargai kebenaran ajaran agama lain. Klaim pengkikut yang menyatakan agama mereka sebagai ajaran yang paling benar akan berakibat pada konflik besar. Sangat berbahaya jika agama digunakan untuk membenarkan perlakuan sadis di banyak konflik. Karenanya, pendidikan agama dirasa penting untuk membangun religiusitas dan menambah toleransi agama. Sebagai proses sosial, pendidikan adalah alat transfer nilai-nilai agama dan pengetahuan kepada pengikutnya yang pada akhirnya membentuk perilaku religius mereka. Akibatnya, jika agama dipelajari secara eksklusif maka hasilnya pun eksklusif. Sebaliknya, jika dipelajari secara terbuka atau inklusif maka akan menghasilkan pribadi yang open-minded, itu berarti mereka dapat memahami ajaran lainnya.
DIFICULDADES ENFRENTADAS NO COTIDIANO DE TRABALHO EM COOPERATIVAS DE TRIAGEM DE MATERIAL RECICLÁVEL
Authors: Silva Pamela Lais Cabral , Nazari Mateus Torres , Hernandes Juliana Carriconde , Corrêa Luciara Bilhalva , Corrêa Érico Kunde
Published: May 2018

A disposição inadequada de resíduos e rejeitos pode acarretar na contaminação do ar, solo e água. Além disso, pode ocasionar a proliferação de vetores de doenças. A fim de gerenciar os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) e minimizar os efeitos negativos provenientes da sua má disposição, em agosto de 2010, foi instituída a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Essa Lei também proporciona avanço social, ao propor que as cooperativas ou associações de catadores de material reciclável participem do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos, no qual o papel destas cooperativas é revalorizar os resíduos, de forma a obter renda. Apesar da PNRS vigorar desde 2010, há diversos obstáculos para que o cumprimento desta Lei seja efetivo. Para que a gestão de resíduos seja eficiente, é fundamental que haja capacidade de organização e cooperação entre todos os atores que participam do ciclo de vida do resíduo. Com base nos aspectos socioeconômicos dos catadores, na necessidade de fomentar a participação destes trabalhadores, no espaço democrático de aprendizagem e na informalidade, foi definida a roda de conversa como método de condução do trabalho, priorizando a participação dos cooperados, de modo a refletir e discutir a temática escolhida com as experiências desses trabalhadores. Através da quantificação das citações nas rodas de conversa, foi possível constatar que o recebimento de resíduos indevidos é o principal problema enfrentado pelos catadores.  Diante disso, recomenda-se ao Poder Público, a elaboração de programas e campanhas eficientes de educação ambiental para a comunidade, tanto no âmbito formal, como no não formal, visando a mudança de atitude e comprometimento com o meio ambiente de todos os atores que atuam na gestão de resíduos sólidos.
RESÍDUOS CONTAMINANTES NO SOLO: POSSIBILIDADES E CONSEQUÊNCIAS
Authors: Souza Eduardo Lorensi de , Damasceno Fabiano , Schirmer Guilherme Karsten , Ramires Maiara Figueiredo , Bisognin Ramiro Pereira , Bohrer Robson Evaldo Gehlen , Vasconcelos Marlon De Castro , Cezimbra Julio Cesar Grasel
Published: May 2018

Desde que o começou a praticar agricultura, o solo tem servido de base para o seu desenvolvimento. Com o aumento da população e o surgimento da industrialização surgiram os resíduos ou rejeitos produzidos pelos mesmos, tendo o solo um dos destinos finais destes contaminantes. Como o solo é um sistema aberto, composto por sólidos, líquidos e gases, possui mecanismos de retenção de água e nutrientes e é reativo, apresentando papel fundamental no descarte desses resíduos. Várias são as formas de resíduos produzidos pela atividade humana, onde cada uma tem peculiaridades diferentes desde sua composição até a sua forma de descarte. Estudos sobre cada rejeito, bem como o seu comportamento no solo, são necessários para que este tipo de poluição seja mitigado. Assim, esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivos caracterizar os principais poluentes do solo, bem como demonstrar seu comportamento e problemas no solo e apresentar algumas formas de mitigação.
ANÁLISE DE BALNEABILIDADE NA PRAIA DE CAMBURI - SÃO SEBASTIÃO – SP: E POSSÍVEIS INFLUÊNCIAS
Authors: Rigueiral Luccas Henrique Gomes
Published: May 2018

A balneabilidade é a qualidade da água para contato primário, onde existe a possibilidade da ingestão de água. A praia de Camburi possui um quilômetro de extensão e o deságue do Rio Camburi se dá em seu canto esquerdo. O objetivo foi avaliar a balneabilidade na Praia de Camburi, verificando os fatores influentes. Foram estabelecidos 4 pontos de amostragem ao longo da praia, em média uma vez ao mês, de abril a setembro de 2014, o material foi analisado pela técnica dos Tubos Múltiplos e qualificado através da CONAMA nº 274/2000, utilizando Escherichia coli como indicadora. A água apresentou um aumento de 15 vezes na média de coliformes fecais do canto direito para o esquerdo, confirmando a influência negativa do Rio Camburi. As fortes chuvas e o aumento demográfico demonstraram ser fatores negativos para a balneabilidade. A legislação brasileira demonstrou ter limites tolerantes, em comparação às internacionais.
PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL E PROGRAMA DE GESTÃO AMBIENTAL PÚBLICA: O CASO DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO
Authors: Guimarães Luiz Fernando Vaz , Melo Ismail Barra Nova de , Fortunato Ivan
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da dissertação de mestrado defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sustentabilidade na Gestão Ambiental, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba/SP. Trata-se de um estudo que teve por objetivo diagnosticar a percepção ambiental dos funcionários e analisar as ações efetuadas no Instituto Biológico (IB). Nos limites deste artigo, trazemos os resultados referentes ao mapeamento da percepção ambiental, realizado por meio de questionário e entrevistas com 210 funcionários. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam que a comunidade do IB está consciente e interessada em participar, ativamente, da gestão ambiental do Instituto.
A SUSTENTABILIDADE NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS DE AVIAÇÃO NO BRASIL
Authors: Garbin Rafael Borne , Henkes Jairo Afonso
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar as diferentes matérias-primas e processos de refino para identificar alternativas sustentáveis para o desenvolvimento e produção de biocombustíveis para aviação no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com procedimentos bibliográficos e documentais, utilizando-se livros, artigos de jornais e revistas, publicações eletrônicas, leis e regulamentos. Foi feita uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa.  A análise dos dados se deu por meio de resumos e fichamentos, avaliados de acordo com a sua relevância para o objetivo da pesquisa e atualidade do tema. Após análise dos dados da pesquisa, verificou-se que o Brasil possui as condições para ser um dos países líderes mundiais no desenvolvimento e produção de biocombustíveis sustentáveis para aviação. Como a indústria da aviação não se utilizará de apenas uma fonte energética, mas de várias e diferentes matérias-primas, diversos processos de refino poderão ser utilizados, dando-se preferência às culturas não alimentares, assim como aquelas produzidas de maneira sustentável. Recomenda-se a  produção de matérias-primas que melhor se adaptem ao clima e solo de cada região, ou seja, diferentes matérias-primas deverão ser cultivadas em diferentes regiões climáticas do Brasil. As dificuldades que foram identificadas na logística do biocombustível de aviação, não são consideradas intransponíveis e poderão ser superadas com maiores investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento.
Editorial L&E 12 (1) 2018. Seleção IX SIIU - Pesquisa em Urbanismo
Authors: Argollo Ferrão André Munhoz de , Sabaté Bel Joaquín
Published: May 2018

O ano de 2018 se inicia para os leitores da Labor & Engenho em grande estilo, neste mês de março, com o lançamento do primeiro da série de 4 números que deverão compor o volume 12 da revista. São 9 artigos de excelente qualidade, sendo 2 brasileiros, 2 argentinos, 2 espanhóis, 1 uruguaio, 1 belga e 1 cipriota. Assim, a revista mantem o seu já tradicional perfil de publicar em diferentes idiomas, no presente caso: 2 artigos em português (os 2 brasileiros), 6 em espanhol (2 argentinos, 2 espanhóis, 1 uruguaio e 1 cipriota), e 1 em inglês (o artigo belga).
A methodology for the design of quasi-optimal monitoring networks for lakes and reservoirs
Authors: Jimênez Néstor , Toro F. Mauricio , Vélez Jaime I. , Aguirre Néstor
Published: May 2018

A methodology for designing data colection networks in lakes and reservoirs is presented. The methodology is supported on numerical models, geostatistics and evolutionary strategies. The authors define four elementary steps for design, as follows: (i) modeling, to generate the data fields, (ii) sectoring, to make independent the regions inside the global domain, (iii) Kriging, to interpolate and get estimates from the available monitoring networks and (iv) optimization, to generate the set of locally optimal (accuracy vs costs) monitoring networks. The application case (Porce II reservoir in Colombia) is studied by splitting up the entire domain into five sub-domains (Dam, Transition, River, Stream A and Stream B). After splitting, outstanding features for each sub-domain strongly suggest further analysis. For instance, the Dam and River sub-domains have proven to be opposite (i.e. lentic vs lotic, respectively). As a result, the study case addresses the surface temperature of the Porce II reservoir and allows the recognition of structural patterns for surface temperatures.
Thames Water's Experiences with Cryptosporidium
Authors: Poulton Madeline , Colbourne Jennifer , Dennis P. J.
Published: May 2018

In February 1989 an outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with contaminated surface water in the upper Thames catchment was identified. Less than 0.01% of the population suffered symptoms sufficient for them to seek medical advice. Nevertheless, the impact of the outbreak on the community and the water undertakers was considerable, and an expert committee was appointed by the Secretary of State for Health to advise on research and measures to control the disease and prevent future waterborne outbreaks. One of the committee's interim recommendations was for the gathering of information on the occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts in the aquatic environment particularly sources used for abstraction and production of drinking water. The results of monitoring in the River Thames catchment will be discussed particularly in light of observations that peak contamination events occur in rivers which pass through agricultural land but do not receive discharges from sewage treatment works.
Use of Risk Assessment for Development of Microbial Standards
Authors: Rose Joan B. , Gerba Charles P.
Published: May 2018

A single-hit exponential model and a β-distributed “infectivity probability” model were used to evaluate the potential health risks from drinking water containing low levels of protozoan cysts and viruses, respectively. The models were based on dose response curves developed from human feeding studies and assumed consumption of 2 L/day. The US EPA has suggested that one infection/10,000/year is an acceptable risk for infectious agents acquired through potable water. Based on this risk, acceptable levels of viruses and cysts were determined using the probability models. Thus poliovirus and rotavirus levels should not be more than 0.1 and 0.3 pfu/100L respectively per day. Giardia levels should be below 0.2 cysts/100L. To achieve a 1:10,000 annual risk, the geometric average should not exceed 10−3 organisms/100L. As monitoring treated water for these levels would be difficult, source waters may be monitored. Geometric averages of 1-100 organisms/100L require 3-5 logs of treatment reduction to achieve the 1:10,000 risk. The risk models for viruses and protozoa can be used to evaluate the occurrence of pathogens in source water and determine the appropriate treatment needed to obtain specific levels of safety for drinking water.
The Need for New Microbiological Water Quality Criteria
Authors: El-Zanfaly Helmy T.
Published: May 2018

The microbiological criteria for water quality have been directed towards protection of consumers from possible microbial pollution which may cause public health hazards. Therefore, the bacteriological standards for drinking water are based mainly on bacterial indicators. Another problem of prime concern to public health is the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water

Antibiotic–resistant bacteria were found among standard plate count populations of Chlorinated drinking water from two districts in Cairo. Most strains appeared to be ampicillin resistant (89%). Those were followed by sulfaguanidine (78%) and streptomycin (57%). The majority of the tested strains (62.4 to 98%) were multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). Identification of 363 MAR strains revealed that Gram-positive rods were dominant, while Gram-negative fermentative rods, Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative nonfermentative rods represent the second, third and fourth group.

A total of 101 strains isolated from underground water pumped from three water works in Cairo were classified and tested for their resistance towards four commonly used antibiotics; chloramphenicol, tetracycline, neomycin, penicillin and one chemotherapeutic agent namely sulfanilamide pyrimidine. Results showed that 77, 64 and 32 isolates have resistance towards penicillin, sulfanilamide pyrimidine and tetracycline, respectively. Only 18 and 8 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and neomycin, respectively. It was also found that 19 isolates belonging to 6 genera or groups were sensitive towards all of the tested compounds.

Therefore, any source of antibiotic~resistant bacteria must be viewed with concern and use of data on MAR bacteria should be made in future water quality deliberations and in regulating effluent quality discharges.
Preliminary Statistical Assessment of UK Water Quality Control Trials
Authors: Tillett H. E. , Lightfoot N. F.
Published: May 2018

In the UK the Public Health Laboratory Service distributes simulated water samples with low or moderate counts of organisms, usually coliforms. Sometimes these include small numbers of E. coli. Statistical analysis can be used to assess the performance of laboratories. The reasoning behind the statistical methodology must be made clear to participants.

In any one trial the counts recorded by participating laboratories can be highly variable, but this may merely reflect the distribution of organisms between samples. Even with carefully prepared batches of water samples, where the aim is for random distribution of the organisms, there is no guarantee that randomness is achieved and greater variation may be observed. It would be unfair to criticise laboratories returning a result at the extreme ends of the range of counts without further evidence.

After a series of trials it is possible to assess whether there are any laboratories which are returning extreme low (or high) counts more often than would be expected by chance. As an example a non-parametric test (Cochran's Q) is used to demonstrate, from a series of ten trials, whether there were any laboratories giving poor results. With coliform organism counts an arbitrary definition of low or high counts is used.

It is important that the statistical assessment uses an approach which aims to detect poor performance when it is present but not when it is absent. The practice of automatically condemning a predetermined proportion (e.g. 5%) seems unfair, since all laboratories may be performing adequately or a large proportion may be inadequate.

The assessment demonstrated here is designed to cope with mixed methods - dilution series or direct counts.
Effect of Heat Shock on Recovery of Escherichia coli from Drinking Water
Authors: Berry C. , Lloyd B. J. , Colbourne J. S.
Published: May 2018

Recent studies on the survival of bacteria in the aquatic environment have suggested that bacteria in water may enter a ‘viable non-culturable' phase in response to stress. Such bacteria are a cause of concern if pathogenic, because they cannot be detected using traditional culture methods. It has been found that mild heat shock causes viable non-culturable Legionella pneumophila to grow on laboratory media.

The survival and culturability of Escherichia coli in sterile drinking water was investigated. The isolates used were from the environment rather than clinical. As expected, the count by culture on nutrient agar declined with time while the microscopy count remained approximately constant. Under laboratory conditions the E. coli isolates survived up to three months or more. After three months a portion of each suspension was heat shocked at 35°C for 20 minutes and then assayed by culture and microscopy immediately. An average increase of three log cycles was noted in the count by culture. There was no corresponding increase in the count by microscopy.

Thus E. coli appears to exhibit viable non-culturable behaviour. Heat shock causes non-culturable bacteria to regain their ability to grow on artificial media. Such a finding may have several implications for the water industry and microbiology in general.
A Study of Campylobacter in Sewage, Sewage Sludge and in River Water
Authors: Stelzer W. , Jacob J.
Published: May 2018

This study is aimed at determining the occurrence of campylobacters in waste water, sewage sludge and in a river system. The selective medium for the isolation of campylobacter consists of blood agar supplemented with the antibiotics vancomycin (10 µg/ml), cephalexin (15 µg/ml), trimethoprim (5 µg/ml), polymycin B (2.5 µg/ml) and rifampicin (5 µg/ml). Raw sewage samples contained about 103 Campylobacter/100 ml while the effluent showed an average concentration of 1.3 × 102/100 ml. Raw sewage from an oxidation pond treatment plant contained an average of 51 Campylobacter/100 ml while none were found in the effluent. No Campylobacter could be found in digested, conditioned sludge. The organism could be detected in 82.1% of river waters examined with the majority showing <10/100 ml. The presence of waterfowl and the faecal contamination from a poultry farm resulted in higher Campylobacter levels. About 50 % of the isolates typed as C. coli were really confirmed as C. jejuni by electrophoretic pattern (whole cell protein profiles).
Determining Giardiasis Prevalence by Examination of Sewage
Authors: Jakubowski Walter , Sykora Jan L. , Sorber Charles A. , Casson Leonard W. , Gavaghan Patrick D.
Published: May 2018

Raw sewage samples were collected monthly for one year from 11 wastewater treatment plants located across the United States. Giardia cyst concentrations in the raw sewage were determined by direct count using criteria of size, shape and the presence of two or more internal morphological characteristics for identification. The data were adjusted based on percentage of industrial wastewater reported processed by each plant.

Although differences in the adjusted annual geometric mean cyst concentrations were noted among the sites (the highest was 3750 cysts/L and the lowest was 683 cysts/L), there was no correlation of cyst concentration with geographical location as determined by either latitude or longitude. However, when the three southernmost sites were grouped and compared against the group of all remaining sites, there was a significant difference in the annual geometric mean cyst concentration with the southernmost sites being higher. There was no significant association of geometric mean cyst concentration with size of the wastewater treatment plant as represented by mean daily flow.

Attempts were made to obtain and correlate giardiasis cases with the monthly cyst levels at each of the sites. Due to reporting problems, low number of cases or unavailability of data, case information was deemed usable for only four of the 11 sites. A significant positive correlation with cases in the community was found at one site. Lack of correlation at other sites was believed to be due to deficiencies in case reporting. The results suggest that sewage examination may be useful for surveillance of Giardia infections in the community.
Elimination of Coliphages, Clostridium perfringens and Human Enteric Viruses during Drinking Water Treatment: Results of Large Volume Samplings
Authors: Payment Pierre
Published: May 2018

Using a single filtration method of 100 L (raw and settled water) or 1000 L (filtered and tap water) volumes, the elimination of human enteric viruses, coliphages and Clostridium perfringens was studied during drinking water treatment. The VIRADEL method was used for the concentration of these microorganisms on electronegative filters. Concentrates were assayed for human enteric viruses on MA-104 cells using two blind passages and our HISG-immunoperoxidase method. Coliphages were assayed by plaque assay using a nalidixic-acid resistant (selected in our laboratory) ATCC 13706 E. coli host strain by thé doulle layer agar method. Clostridium perfringens were enumerated by membrane filtration on m-CP agar (Difco). The water filtration plant studied uses full conventional treatment including ozonation and post-chlorination. The results obtained suggest that, using similar volumes of waters for the detection of these indicators, coliphages and C. perfringens are slightly more resistant than cultivable human enteric viruses and that they could thus serve as rapid indicators for the elimination of human enteric viruses in treated waters.
Recovery of Enterovirus from Primary Sludge Using Three Elution Concentration Procedures
Authors: Albert M. , Schwartzbrod L.
Published: May 2018

Recovery of virus from sewage sludge is usually performed using an elution of adsorbed virus with alkaline pH solution followed by a concentration step before inoculation on cell cultures. In the present study three extraction-concentration procedures have been compared testing 40 g of solid fraction sludge. The highest virus recovery is obtained using an elution with 3 % beef extract - 0.1 M borate buffer pH 9 associated to a polyethyleneglycol precipitation as concentration step. Heterogeneous and lower results are obtained when the elution step uses a 1 % skim milk solution pH 9 or a glycin 0.05 M solution pH 9 and an organic flocculation as concentration step.
Comparative Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Enteroviruses in Water by Iodine
Authors: Sobsey Mark D. , Oldham Carla E. , McCall Donald E.
Published: May 2018

Iodine is used as a disinfectant of small and field water supplies, but little is known about its ability to inactivate important waterborne viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV). In laboratory studies we determined the inactivation of purified, aggregated HAV, poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 by 8 and 16 mg/l doses of iodine in both phosphate buffered, iodine demand-free (clean) water and the same water containing 10 mg/l of a 1:1 mixture of humic and fulvic acids and 5 NTU of bentonite clay turbidity (dirty water). Virus inactivation studies in clean water were done at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.5 and at 5 and 25 C, and in dirty water they were done at the same pH levels but at 5°C only. Iodine doses of 8 and 16 mg/l in clean water produced 99.99% or 4 log10 inactivation of HAV by 60 minutes or less. Four log10 inactivation of polio 1 and echo 1 was not achieved in 60 minutes by 8 mg/l iodine at 5°C ani pH 7.0 and 4.5 or by 16 mg/l iodine at 5°C and pH 4.5. HAV was inactivated more efficiently by iodine than were the other two test viruses, and the overall order of virus inactivation was: HAV > echo 1 > polio 1. Virus inactivation was generally more effective at higher pH, in cleaner water, at higher temperature and at higher iodine dose.
Clostridium Perfringens, as an Indicator Microorganism for the Evaluation of the Effect of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Systems
Authors: Hirata T. , Kawamura K. , Sonoki S. , Hirata K. , Kaneko M. , Taguchi K.
Published: May 2018

In order to evaluate the effectiveness and significance of Clostridiumperfringens as an indicator microorganism for fecal pollution, a series of field investigations were performed on the incidence of several indicator microorganisms as well as C.perfringens. Water samples were collected from several stages of wastewater and sludge treatment processes and natural environmental water bodies, such as rivers and lakes. Beside these field surveys, laboratory experiments were also performed to assess the chlorine resistance of these micrporganisms. Results obtained are as follows:The contact time required for 99% inactivation of C. perfringens with 0.1 mg/L free chlorine at pH 7 was 5 minutes for pure cultured cells. Chlorine resistance of C. perfringens indigenous in sewage was 3 to 5 times higher than that of pure cultured one.A proportional relationship was found between the density of C. perfringens and that of heterotrophic bacteria in environmental waters.C.perfringens was least reduced in almost all unit processes, compared with the other indicator microorganisms studied.

These results suggest that C.perfringens is an attractive indicator microorganism which is useful for the assessment of microbial removal in wastewater and sludge treatment, and for the evaluation of the quality of treated wastewater which is discharged to the rivers and/or reused for industrial purposes.
An Assessment of Methods for the Microbiological Analysis of Shellfish
Authors: Grabow W. O. K. , de Villiers J. C. , Prinsloo N.
Published: May 2018

The efficiency of membrane filtration (MF) techniques and most probable number (MPN) tube dilution assays for the bacteriological analysis of homogenized oyster and mussel meat was compared. Tests were done on naturally contaminated shellfish and on homogenates seeded with sewage. Digested homogenates (5% trypsin for 20 min at 37°C) were prefiltered (pore size 5 um) and then filtered (pore size 0.45 µm) for MF counts. Undigested homogenates and dilutions were inoculated into tubes with growth medium for MPN tests. Homogenates (with or without trypsin) were used directly in a toplayer method for the detection of coliphages. Trypsin digestion significantly reduced counts of total coliform bacteria, but not of faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci or coliphages. Prefiltration considerably reduced counts of bacteria, and to a lesser extent, also of coliphages. As a result, MPN tests using minerals-modified-glutamate broth yielded higher counts of coliform bacteria than MF tests using mEndo LES and mTec agar. The latter yielded higher counts of faecal coliforms than mFC agar. In the case of enterococci, the MF procedure yielded lower counts than a spread plate test using undigested homogenates.
A novel treatment process for dairy wastewater with chitosan produced from shrimp-shell waste
Authors: Selmer-Olsen E. , Ratnaweera H. C. , Pehrson R.
Published: May 2018

Recovery of proteins and fats from dairy wastewater has two advantages: the recovery process results in a pretreatment of wastewater prior to discharge to municipal sewers; and the recovered sludge can be used as a food additive. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) is commonly used for the treatment of dairy wastewater after reducing the wastewater to pH 4.2. A novel application of a non-toxic cationic biopolymer – chitosan – is evaluated as a substitute for CMC. The results indicate that chitosan can achieve results similar to the CMC process even at pH as high as 5.3. Thus, the novel method can save up to 50 % of pH-adjusting chemicals requires for both for acidification and neutralisation. The process sludge contains valuable components which have been evaluated and found to be suitable as a food additive. A stable demand for chitosan is also expected to solve the existing shrimp-shell waste disposal problems along the west and north Norwegian coasts. The process is found to be both environmentally and economically attractive for all partners.
Treatment of wastewater from oil manufacturing plant by yeasts
Authors: Chigusa K. , Hasegawa T. , Yamamoto N. , Watanabe Y.
Published: May 2018

Nine strains of yeasts capable of decomposing oil were isolated in order to directly treat wastewater from oil manufacturing plants with no pretreatment. The oil decomposing ability of these yeast strains was evaluated in terms of lipase activity and β-oxidation activity. Since the mixture of the isolated yeasts was superior to any single strain in the oil removal rate, a pilot plant utilizing the mixed strains was operated at the soybean oil factory. Following a one year pilot plant operation, it was found that 10,000 mgℓ−1 of hexane extracts in the raw wastewater could be reduced by yeast treatment to a concentration of about 100 mgℓ−1. This concentration was further treated by the activated sludge process to 2 mgℓ−1. The dominant yeasts in the pilot plant were found to form mycelial or pseudomycelial pellets and have low fermenting ability.
How appropriate are “appropriate waste management technologies”?—Defining the future challenge
Authors: Bhamidimarri R. , Shilton A.
Published: May 2018

The growing concerns of resource depletion and the consequential environmental degradation coupled with the ever widening gap between the developed and the developing countries has produced a need for a critical evaluation of waste management technologies. The conventional-criteria based definition of appropriate technologies is unsatisfactory. The principles of sustainability must be incorporated along with issues such as infrastructure capacity and the technology gap. It was concluded that a relevant technology based on holistic principles is more “appropriate” than one based on a set of criteria.
Shock loading management with the sequencing batch biofilm reactor technology
Authors: Kaballo Hans-Peter
Published: May 2018

This paper presents one performance of SBBRs to treat wastewater containing the priority organic pollutant para-chlorophenol (p-CP). Batch kinetic studies showed that the biological degradation of p-CP can be described with the model of the substrate inhibition analogue Haldane. The following parameters were found: Ks = 4.4 mg L−1, Ki = 60 mg L−1, rmax = 3.24 h−1. With this information the operation mode of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor was optimized when shock loading appeared. During a short fill of 12 minutes approximately 30 % of the influent amount was eliminated of the bulk. It is assumed that other effects than biodegradation were responsible for this, i.e. biosorption. During the reaction phase the turbulence had an important influence to the elimination rate. At a bulk fluid concentration of more than 60 mg L−1 the elimination process was controlled by microbial kinetics. But with decreasing concentration the mass transfer became more important. The elimination rate could be increased from 7.3 mg L h−1 to 26.3 mg L h−1 with a 5-fold higher air flow rate.
Biodegradation of sulfur mustard hydrolysate in the sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Irvine David A. , Earley James P. , Cassidy Daniel P. , Harvey Steven P.
Published: May 2018

The United States Army is currently examining chemical neutralization followed by biodegradation for disposal of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. The acidic hydrolysis of sulfur mustard (“mustard gas”, 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide), yields a detoxified and biodegradable product typically containing from 80 to 95% thiodiglycol. The hydrolyzed product was typically amended with 1,450 mg/L of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), 280 mg/L of potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4), and mineral salts and fed to aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs). The SBRs were operated with 3-5 hour aerated Fill, 17-18 hour React, 1 hour Settle and 1 hour Draw periods. The efficiency of carbon removal was greater than 90% and the effluent was non-toxic as determined by aquatic toxicity tests.
The influence of different substrates on enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Tasli R. , Artan N. , Orhon D.
Published: May 2018

All models of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) define fermentable readily biodegradable substrate, without emphasizing the significance of its composition and the relative importance of different substrates. On the other hand, it is also known that substrates like glucose may be utilized without requiring poly-P energy, a phenomenon which deteriorates the EBPR performance. This paper reports an experimental study evaluating the effect of different organic substrates and their combinations on EBPR, in a sequencing batch reactor. Experimental data show that the EBPR efficiency is significantly affected by the increase of the glucose fraction in the feed, due to the probable dominance of G bacteria. Results of anaerobic batch tests also support this evaluation.
A successful case study of fine chemical plant wastewater treatment
Authors: Chen C.-H. , Horng R.-Y. , Juang S.-S. , Tzou W.-Y. , Hsin-Shao  , You H.-S. , Cheng S.-S.
Published: May 2018

Assisting the chemical plant to improve its wastewater treatment ability was the primary objective of this study. The main products of the chemical plant were textile chemicals and plastic lubricants. Study items included 1. wastewater quality and quantity investigation, 2. treatability experiments, 3. process planning and functional design, 4. construction consulting, 5. start-up assistance and 6. operator training. Three streams of wastewater in the chemical plant are: 1. rich ammonia sulfate wastewater, 2. high COD concentration wastewater and 3. low COD concentration wastewater. Some non-biodegradable or inhibitive compounds were also found in the wastewater. According to experimental results, rich ammonia sulfate wastewater could be restored and produce reusable products by the crystallization process. Moreover, combined low COD wastewater and chemical pretreated high COD wastewater could be treated by PAC-flocculation followed by Sequencing Batch Reactor process. The effluent could meet the 1993 Effluent Standards of Taiwan