bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report on a Journey to the Luangwa Valley, North-Eastern Rhodesia, from July to September, 1910
Authors: Neave S. A.
Published: July 2009

Leaving Karonga, at the northern end of Lake Nyasa, on July 15th, I reached Katumbi on the Luwumbu River, the chief tributary of the Upper Luangwa, about a week later. I had made this river my objective, as I had already examined, in 1908, a considerable portion of the Luangwa above its junction with the Luwumbu. After following the Luwumbu down to this point, the Luangwa itself was followed for a considerable distance, chiefly on the left bank.
Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus.—III.
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

The new material received from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology through the kindness of the Director, Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, enables me to prepare this third paper on the Ethiopian fruit-flies. It is a proof of the great richness of the African Trypaneid fauna that of over 41 species received only 10 were referable to previously described species, and that no less than 8 new genera have been erected, most of them for very strikingly characterised forms.
The Mosquitos of Far Eastern Ports with special reference to the Prevalence of Stegomyia fasciata, F.
Authors: Stanton A. T.
Published: July 2009

The danger of the introduction of yellow fever into Oriental countries has been the subject of much discussion since Sir Patrick Manson first drew attention to it in 1903. In 1911 Major (now Lt.-Col.) S. P. James, I.M.S., was deputed by the Government of India to study the conditions in the endemic areas of Central America, and in the principal sea-ports between that country and India. His report, published in 1913, was a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the problems surrounding this subject. Among other recommendations, Major James suggested that further inquiry should be made with reference to the occurrence of Stegomyia fasciata in Far Eastern ports.
Investigations into the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis
Authors: Fiske W F.
Published: July 2009

These studies were made in Uganda on the islands and shores of Victoria Nyanza, in territory which had been depopulated some years before on account of tsetse-fly and sleeping sickness. They were begun in October 1913, and extended over two full years, of which eighteen months were spent in the fly belt on Victoria Nyanza, and three months on a tour into Bunyoro, where for the time being (the spring of 1914) Glossina morsitans was the centre of greater attraction as a possible vector of human trypanosomiasis. Seven tours were made from headquarters at Entebbe—the shortest, of three days only, being interrupted by the War, and the longest, of eight full months, being much prolonged by the War.
On the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the genus Dacus
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

The rather numerous Ethiopian species of Dacus (s.l.) are very homogeneousowing to their reduced chaetotaxy and the very simple pattern of the wings; they have no praescutellar bristles, only a scutellar pair, and very often only twosupra-alar bristles, the anterior one being wanting. There are no species with astalked abdomen, or with spinose femora, or with elongated antennae, or withbanded wings.
African Aphididae.—Part II.
Authors: Theobald Fred. V.
Published: July 2009

The following notes and descriptions of African plant-lice are based mainly on part of the large collection I have received from Mr. F. C. Willcocks, made in Egypt since 1907 ; specimens from Mr. Gerald Bedford, collected in the Transvaal and the Cape ;and a small collection of spirit specimens without any colour notes sent to the ImperialBureau of Entomology by Mr. T. J. Anderson from Nairobi, British East Africa.The collection made by Mr. Willcocks in recent years contains some hundreds of specimens, many in alcohol and many beautifully mounted, with field notes giving the living colours of most of the species. This very valuable collection seems to be almost complete for Egypt, for in a recent letter Mr. Willcocks tells me he is unable to find any new species. It contains a number of new insects and some well-known European and American species, including the corn pest, Aphis maidis, Fitch; the green pea louse, Macrosiphum pisi, Kalt.; Macrosiphum sonchi, L. ; the so-called yellow clover aphis of America, Callipterus trifolii, Monell, which is here shown to be the Aphis (Callipterus) ononidis of Kaltenbach; the water-plant aphid of Europe and America, Siphocoryne (Aphis) nymphaeae, L.; and the European willow aphid, Lachnus viminalis, Boyer. The bean-root aphid, Tychea phaseoli, Pass., was also sent and the alate female is now described, as well as the first alate female of Rhizobius, apparently referable to Buckton's Rhizobius graminis. A large number of specimens in Mr. Willcocks' collection yet remain to be examined, including species from Zizyphus, Duranta, artichokes and sycamore figs; also others from Nairobi and some tubes of specimens sent by Dr. Aders from Zanzibar to the Imperial Bureau.
On some new Acarine parasites of rats
Authors: Hirst Stanley
Published: July 2009

Four undescribed mites from rats are dealt with in the present note, one being a new species of Laelaps (Haemolaelaps), which has a wide distribution, occurring in Ceylon, India, Africa and South America; the three others are larval forms of TROMBIDIIDAE, and they are the first parasites of this kind to be collected in India; my best thanks are due to Dr. Nelson Annandale and Mr. F. H. Gravely for their kindness in sending me these interesting Acari. I must also thank Mr. Engel Terzi for his carefully prepared drawings of these species.
Notes on the Mosquitos of Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

Through the kindness of Mons. E. Séguy, of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, I have recently been enabled to examine a considerable number of mosquitos from Madagascar and the neighbouring French islands, including the types or co-types of all the species described from Madagascar by Ventrillon. As the examination of this material has disclosedthe existence of several species hitherto unrecorded from these islands, aswell as some new synonymy, it has been thought desirable to record the results at once. In the following pages all the species of mosquitos hitherto known from this region are dealt with. The total number is only 28, as compared with about 180 in the African fauna, so that it is highly probable that further collecting would produce many others.
The Campaign against Phytalus smithi in the Colony of Mauritius
Authors: Tempany H. A. , d’Emmerez de Charmoy D.
Published: July 2009

The following paper contains an account of the campaign which has been in progress against Phytalus smithi during the past 8 1½2 years. The history of the pest in Mauritius and the measures which have been adopted for its control are of interest both from an entomological and from an administrative point of view.
Some New West Indian Species of the Melolonthid Genus Lachnosterna
Authors: Arrow Gilbert J.
Published: July 2009

Twenty-four West Indian species of this genus were enumerated in Messrs. Leng and Mutchler’s list of 1914, in addition to which four species from Porto Rico have since been named by Mr. Eugene Smyth (Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, i, 1917). Two other species have been assigned to the genus Phytalus, which is distinguished from Lachnosterna solely by the claw-tooth making an acute instead of a wide angle with the tip. As H. W. Bates found in his attempt to distribute the Central American species, it is impossible to make this the basis of a natural division, especially as in certain species (as in L. dilemma here described) it is confined to the male.
Further Notes on the Lonchaeidae (Dipt.), with Descriptions of New Species from Africa and Asia
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

Having received from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology more material of the family LONCHAEIDAE, I am in a position to give the following additional notes to my previous paper* on the Ethiopian species.
On the British Species of Simulium. —II. The Early Stages ; with Corrections and Additions to Part I
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

In the introduction to the first part of this paper* it was remarked that very little exact work had been published on the adult European SIMULIDAE. This is equally true of the larvae and pupae ; in fact no one has attempted to describe the early stages of more than two or three of the common species. Moreover, in spite of their great interest, and the ease with which they can be collected and reared, they have apparently been almost entirely ignored by collectors, so that whereas in publishing my previous work I was able to acknowledge valuable assistance from a number of fellow entomologists, the results given in the following pages are, unless otherwise stated, due to my own observations. I wish especially to thank Mr. M. E. Mosely for the early stages of S. subornatum, the last species to come under my notice in the pupal stage. While there are still many important gaps in our knowledge which remain to be filled, it has been thought worth while to state without further delay the results that have been obtained so far.
The Habits of a Dipteron predaceous on Mosquitos in Nyasaland
Authors: Lamborn W. A.
Published: July 2009

On 12th September 1919, while watching at a pool near Kotakota, Lake Nyasa, the emergence of mosquitos from their pupae, which in the case of this particular species takes place mostly between 4.30 p.m. and dusk (about 6.30 at that time of year), the writer saw at rest on some scum on the surface of the water, an Anthomyiid fly of the genus Lispa, which after a few minutes made a sudden rush at a mosquito just emerging from its pupa-case. The mosquito with its wings still unexpanded and part of its legs and the hinder segments of its abdomen still within the pupa-case was absolutely at its mercy. The fly grappling it from behind with its front legs proceeded to thrust its proboscis into the thorax. The fly was by no means timid, and it was possible to lean over and approach one’s head to watch the proceedings so closely that it was even possible to determine by its antennae the sex of the unlucky mosquito ; it was a male. The fly was captured before it had finished its meal, lest it should suddenly fly up and escape.
Mosquito Notes.—II
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

Head with the integument rather light yellowish, especially when viewed from in front. Erect scales mostly brown, a small area of white ones in the middle towards the front, and in front of these a few long, narrow recumbent scales, not forming a definite frontal tuft. Many light brown bristles between the eyes; border bristles dark. Antennae with the basal joint yellow; in female with a few small scales on the second joint; male plumes light brown. Female palpi very slightly longer than the proboscis, thin, with appressed scales; narrow whitish rings at the tips of the first three joints, just extending on to the bases of the succeeding joints; tip of last joint dark. Second joint slightly longer than the first, slightly shorter than the third and fourth together; fourth joint less than half as long as the third. [Male palpi missing.\ Proboscis dark, except for the labella.
The Mosquitos of some Ports of China and Japan
Authors: Lamborn W. A.
Published: July 2009

A mosquito survey, having as its object an enquiry into the distribution and prevalence in certain Far Eastern Ports of Stegomyia fasciata, the known carrier of yellow fever, was begun, on behalf of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, by Dr. A. T. Stanton, whose report was published in the Bulletin of Entomological Research (Vol. x, pt. 3). As it seemed unlikely that he would be at leisure to complete the observations by a survey of the ports of China and Japan, as had been planned, the writer was instructed, in April 1921, by the Government of the Federated Malay States, at the suggestion of the Imperial Bureau, to complete the enquiry.
Mosquito Life in Surrey during 1921
Authors: James S. P.
Published: July 2009

Mr. Malcolm E. MacGregor's interesting paper, “The Influence of Drought upon Mosquito Life in Surrey” (Bull. Ent. Res. xii, p. 205), has led me to examine our records of observations made in that county in connection with inquiries into indigenous malaria in England. As regards certain areas of the country during the past year, our experience of the scarcity of some kinds of mosquitos is the same as Mr. MacGregor's, but (if it is desired to draw conclusions for the country as a whole) it seems important also to note that there are other areas in which the findings differ from those in the particular locality upon which he reported. Dorking, Epsom and Arbrook Common, which are within a few miles of Wisley, are examples of such areas. In these and some other localities in the county we have obtained larvae of A. bifurcatus without difficulty throughout the year. At Epsom, large numbers of larvae of this species in the fourth instar were found early in February this year in a well-shaded permanent pool, which we have examined regularly since 1917, and adults were caught in the open in April. Larvae were numerous throughout the year, and adults, both male and female, were captured in the open as late as 22nd October. At Dorking, larvae of bifurcatus were plentiful in several natural collections of water throughout the year. One of them—the “Mill Ponds stream”—is only 100 yards from a row of houses; another—the “Stonebridge stream”—yielded bifurcaus larvae on 19th August at every place examined along a stretch of 400 yards. On the same day many larvae of this species were found, along with larvae of C. pipiens, in the rainwater barrel of a house about 200 yards from the stream.
New Species of African Simuliidae and Further Studies of the Early Stages
Authors: Pomeroy A. W. J.
Published: July 2009

It has been stated by Malloch and other authors that the superficial differences between the various species of Simulium in the adult stage are often so minute as to be discernible only after a very careful study of the genus. Previous studies had led the writer to believe that the characters of the pupal respiratory filaments would prove to be of constant specific value, but further investigation has caused this view to be modified with regard to the actual branching, though the structure of the chitinous wall and the general appearance still seem to be constant specific characters.
Notes on the Coconut Beetle (Oryctes monoceros, Ol.) in Kenya Colony
Authors: Dry F. W.
Published: July 2009

The present notes are a short account of work of a preliminary nature on the Coast of Kenya Colony, mostly between August 1920 and February 1921, at the end of a tour of service, and may serve to indicate some of the chief points calling for investigation. They are concerned with the life-history of the insect and with some field observations. The life-history work was carried out in tents shaded by a large mango tree, on land kindly lent by Sheik Ali bin Salim, on the north side of Mombasa Island. The field work was done on the island and on the neighbouring mainland. For records of the numbers of beetles captured on European plantations I am indebted to three gentlemen owning or managing them.
New Injurious Phytophaga from India and Brazil
Authors: Bryant G.E.
Published: July 2009

Elongate, subcylindrical, black, clothed with yellowish-brown and whitish scales with antennae and legs fulvous, the legs with whitish scales.
A Froghopper damaging Cacao in Panama
Authors: Williams C. B
Published: July 2009

In the course of a search for parasites of Cercopidae in Central America, made on behalf of the Government of Trinidad in 1916 and 1917, I came across a froghopper of the genus Clastoptera destroying the flowers of cacao in various localities in Panama and just over the border in Costa Rica.
Observations on the Oviposition of the House-fly, Musca domestica, L., in Panama.
Authors: Dunn L. H
Published: July 2009

During the past twenty-five years and more the house-fly, Musca domestica, L., has received much attention from entomologists, medical men, sanitarians and other investigators, and many observations on the life-history, habits, etc., of this fly have been made by individuals in different parts of the world. As a result of the investigations carried out during this period much information has been accumulated regarding the biology of this dangerous nuisance to mankind. However, notwith-standing all these observations and the great amount of knowledge that has been gained, there are a few points that have remained more or less indefinite. One of these is concerning the oviposition of the female fly; the number of eggs deposited during her life-period and the time elapsing between depositions.
A Note on a Beetle which preys on Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

Last July (1922) a species of beetle, kindly identified by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall as the Tiger beetle, Cicindela octoguttata, F., a common Tropical African species, was observed to prey on mosquito larvae at Accra, in the Gold Coast. As this habit of the beetle does not appear to have been previously observed, and as it is perhaps remarkable that it should prey on such entirely aquatic insects as mosquito larvae, the following brief note may prove of interest.
An interesting Principle in Economic Entomology and some Useful Applications
Authors: Kunhikannan K.
Published: July 2009

In the course of my investigation of the serious pest of palms, Oryctes rhinoceros, it was observed that a great proportion of the larvae work their way several inches below the floor of the manure pit in which they thrive, for pupation; and it occurred to the writer that attempts should be made to prevent the return journey by the insects as adults. Now the larvae and adults are of about equal girth, but as the former are soft-bodied they can squeeze themselves through holes which are impassable for the rigid-bodied adult. A sheet of expanded metal with meshes 12 by 24 mm. will let the larvae through but not the adults, and therefore should prevent the escape of beetles from manure pits in which the floor has been carefully covered with this metal. How far the idea will be of practical application in the control of the pest under the varying conditions in which manure is stored remains to be seen, but this preliminary note is written to drew attention not to any remedy but to the principle itself, which is important and has a wider application than to the insect from the study of which it was first derived. It has been found, for example, that it operates in the case of flies also, the holes through which the maggots may be able to pass being impassable for the adults. In the case of the house-fly a perforated zinc sheet will let the maggots through, but not the adults, and a trap is under trial in which the flies are attracted to suitable material and the maggots resulting from oviposition have to pass for pupation through a perforated zinc sheet into a chamber from which the flies cannot escape. The success of this trap as well as of the lines of attack now opened up against Oryctes rhinoceros remains to be seen, but the principle is, I believe, of sufficient importance for early attention to be drawn to it in the pages of this journal.
Additional Records of Palestine Tabanidae, with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

The following paper is based upon material received by the British Museum (Natural History) since the publication of the author’s “Further Notes on the Tabanidae of Palestine”* All the specimens referred to, including the types of the two new species described in the following pages, have been presented to the National Collection by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. With the exception of the type of the newTabanus(see p. 428) and a few other specimens, all taken by Mr. O. Theodor, the entire series has been collected by Dr. P. A. Buxton, to whose contribution in the last number of this Bulletin† the reader is referred for important field-notes.
Stored-Product Entomology—The Challenge of the Next Decade
Authors: Prevett Peter F.
Published: July 2009

It is fitting that this, first, Guest Editorial to the new-format Bulletin should be devoted to stored-product entomology since 1990 celebrates 50 years of the formal establishment of stored-product insect research and control programmes in Britain. It was in 1940 that the Pest Infestation Laboratory was established at Slough under the, then, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, consolidating the work begun some 15 years earlier under Professor J. W. Munro in the Entomology Department of Imperial College; almost at the same time, the Infestation Control Division of the Ministry of Food (now MAFF) was set up as an inspectorial and advisory body. Much has been achieved and many organisational changes have taken place since then. The original organisations have come together under the umbrella of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) whilst the group which was initiated at Slough in 1951 to address problems of storage in tropical areas is now the Storage Department of the Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI), the scientific unit of the Overseas Development Administration, UK (ODA). Slough has become synonymous with stored product research in Britain and beyond; sadly, however, the ‘Slough connection’ is destined to end—the ODNRI department will move this year to join its sister departments in the institute's new major laboratory development at Chatham, Kent, whilst plans are in hand for the eventual relocation of the MAFF laboratory as part of the Central Science Laboratory of the Agricultural Development and Advistory Service (ADAS).
A new encyrtid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of the leucaena psyllid (Homoptera: Psyllidae) from Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean
Authors: Noyes John S.
Published: July 2009

Psyllaephagus yaseenisp.n. is described from Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean as a parsitoid of the nymphs of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford. The psyllid is a serious pest of Leucaena leucocephala, a shade tree and animal fodder in the tropics.
Second Report of the Tsetse-fly Investigation in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria
Authors: Lloyd Llewellyn , Johnson W. B. , Young W. A. , Morrison H.
Published: July 2009

This report contains a record of the trypanosome infections, food and breeding of G. morsitans and G. tachinoides obtained by examining the flies at various foci over a period of fourteen months.

It confirms the fact that the breeding of both species is practically confined to the dry season and follows a period of increased food supply. G. tachinoides is well fed through the rains, except in one month of flood, and starts breeding as soon as the rains cease, owing to its habit of feeding on reptiles. G. morsitans starts free breeding about six weeks later, as its increased food supply is due to the ungulates becoming more available.

G. morsitans does not feed on reptiles, but in times of hunger draws a proportion of its food from birds, the largest proportion recorded being 17 per cent, in one month at one focus. It draws the bulk of its food in this locality from small antelope, large game being scarce. G. tachinoides is much less specialised in its diet, and in the wet season nearly one-fifth of its food was drawn from a group of animals which included man, monkey and dog.

The infection of the flies with T. vivax and T. congolense bears a close relation to the amount of blood obtained from antelope, and consequently morsitans is in general nearly four times as heavily infected as tachinoides. Infections with T. brucei and T. gambiense are scarce in this locality. Trypanosome infection rises just before the main breeding season in morsitans in all localities and in tachinoides in places where the fly is largely a mammal feeder. The proportional infection in general falls in the season of most rapid breeding, owing to masking of the actual rise by the number of young flies examined. It rises rapidly when breeding ceases. The total infection is reduced when fly food is hard to obtain, in the time of long grass and flood, owing to T. vivax infections dying out when the flies are starved.

It is shown that in some cases T. grayi may be obtained by tachinoides when it feeds on Varanus, and a somewhat similar infection in the laboratory may be obtained by feeding the flies on toads.

It is shown that in some cases T. grayi may be obtained by tachinoides when it feeds on Varanus, and a somewhat similar infection in the laboratory may be obtained by feeding the flies on toads.

There is just an indication that postponement of grass burning may interfere with the free breeding of morsitans and in some cases that of tachinoides. This possibility is to be tested.

The experiment of excluding game and pig from one of the dry season foci of the flies by means of fencing will be carried out.
Sodium Fluoride as an Insecticide; its Possibilities as a Locust Poison
Authors: Ripley L. B.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to the possibilites of sodium fluoride as an insecticide. Recent investigations of this salt as a stomach poison, which I have undertaken with cutworms and locusts, as well as its few but successful previously known uses as an insecticide against fowl-lice, Mallophaga on mammals, cockroaches, and earwings, indicates that sodium fluoride may, in a number of cases, replace the use of arsenical poisons. During the past decade the use of arsencial insecticides has increased rapidly. We are at present threatened with higher prices and possibly with a shortage of arsenic, a situation accentuated by the present cotton-boll weevil programme of the United States of America, which involves the use of tremendous quantities of arsenicals. Any cheap stomach poison effective against insects and promising as a substitute for arsenicals should therefore be of considerable interest to the entomologist and to the farmer, especially if it carries the additional advantage of being considerably less poisonous to man, stock and birds. Sodium fluoride meets these requirements.
A new Long-horned Grasshopper damaging Coconut Palms in New Britain
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

♂. Pale greyish stramineous. Antennae clothed with short hairs, and with indefinite brownish rings. Face smooth. Fastigium of vertex cylindrical, sulcate above, with the apex rounded, and slightly inflated, viewed in profile almost truncate. Pronotum callosely rugulose; its discovery feebly saddle-shaped, with the median carina scarcely perceptible near the hind margin, which is roundly truncate; the two transverse sulci deep, the anterior one feebly bisinuate, the posterior one broadly arched; anterior margin rounded; lateral lobes sloping, somewhat longer than broad, with the anterior angle obtuse, the posterior one very obtuse and rounded, and the hind margin strongly sinuate, with a deep humeral sinus. Elytra nearly twice as long as the abdomen, with the veinlets whitish green. Prosternum armed with two not long, pointed, somewhat divergent spines. Mesosternal lobes small, rounded; metasternal lobes forming together an equilateral triangle with the angles broadly rounded. Front and middle femora armed with 0–3 small black spinules on the inner lower margin (hind legs missing in the type). Cerci (fig. 1, C) round, feebly incurved, with the apex attenuate, distinctly incurved, pointed. Subgenital plate (fig. 1, A, B) very long and narrow, slightly recurved; the lower surface almost flat, with an incomplete median ridge and two more distinct sublateral ridges running throughout the plate to the bases of the styli; the latter short, cylindrical; hind margin of the plate acutely and deeply excised between the styli.
On some new Species of Coccidae from various Sources
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

This genus was founded to contain the single species— filicum of Maskell, which had been referred by that author to the genus Lecanopsis.
The Action of some Organic Compounds when used as Stomach Poisons for Caterpillars
Authors: Hargreaves E.
Published: July 2009

This work was commenced in 1919 and continued in 1920 and 1923. The writer's thanks are due to Prof. H. Maxwell Lefroy, who provided facilities for the carrying out of the work at Westbrook House, Heston, and showed great interest in its progress. Publication of the results has been delayed in the hope that further experiment could be made in the near future.
A Contribution to the Biology of Ornithodorus moubata, Murray
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: July 2009

In September 1923 I was asked by Dr. C. M. Wenyon to undertake the breeding of the tick, Ornithodorus moubata, female specimens of which were sent to the Wellcome Bureau by Dr. Kelesberger from the Belgian Congo. This gave me an opportunity of carrying out a series of experimental investigations on the biology of the tick which were continued till August 1924. The results obtained from the subject of this paper
The early Stages of Samoan Mosquitos
Authors: Buxton P. A. , Hopkins G. H. E.
Published: July 2009

Most of the early stages described below were previously unknown, and as Aëdes variegatus, Dol. (Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, Theo.) is of great importance in preventive medicine, it seems best to publish these notes and figures at once.
A new Blood-sucking Midge from Singapore
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

♀. Eyes bare. Proboscis long, the stylets strongly chitinised for blood-sucking. Antennae with scanty, short hairs; the last five segments elongated. Without thoracic pits. Wings with both microtrichia and (a few) macrotrichia; a single radial cell; and the fourth vein petiolate. Legs with femora and fifth tarsal segments unarmed; tarsal segments sub-cylindrical. Claws small, equal. Empodium well developed. Spermathecae two. Male not known.
Observations on Palestinian Anopheles
Authors: Theodor Oscar
Published: July 2009

This mosquito has only once been recorded from Palestine, namely, by Mr. P. J. Barraud (Tabgha 1918), and it was thought to have been introduced from Egypt by a transport of E. L. C. Mr. P. A. Buxton and I failed entirely to find it during two years’ collecting.
Two new Species of the Genus Paranastatus Masi (Hym. Eupelmidae) from Fiji
Authors: Eady R. D.
Published: July 2009

Early last year five females of a species of Eupelmid were received from Mr. B. A. O'Connor of the Department of Agriculture in Fiji, where they had been bred in the previous November from eggs of the Phasmid, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou). Although this Phasmid, which is a pest of the coconut crowns, bad been bred many times before, no such parasite had occurred previously. As this species was unknown to the author, more material was requested.
The Control of Chafer Grubs (Schizonycha Sp., Coleoptera, Melolonthinae) in the Sudan
Authors: Pollard D. G.
Published: July 2009

Schizonycha larvae, of a species that cannot yet be named with certainty, are a serious pest of “lubia” (Dolichos lablab) and “dura” (Sorghum vulgare) in the Sudan Gezira. Damage from these grubs has seriously reduced lubia yields at the Gezira Research Farm during the 1946–52 seasons. Soil application of BHC, at rates between 10 and 40 gm. γ isomer per feddan (1·038 acre) give excellent control of this pest on lubia. Application with the seed at the time of sowing (in effect, by drilling) is, in general, more effective than broadcasting or applying the insecticide along the ridges. Seed dressings appear to be ineffective for control, with lubia.

Population estimates show that γ BHC does not kill Schizonycha larvae but repels them or prevents feeding. The larvae occur in the soil to a maximum depth of 60 cm., and are concentrated around the plant roots. The mean depth varies with time of year, and probably with type of plant, between 15 and 30 cm. The mean depth of the pupa is 15 cm.; this does not appear to be influenced by BHC.

Larvae are widely distributed in the Gezira but are most abundant in the South and Centre Groups of the Scheme. There is evidence that, where chafer larvae and termites are associated with groundnuts, the chafer larvae are responsible for initiating damage while the termites are secondary invaders. The beneficial effect of a good lubia crop (resulting from BHC application) is reflected in the cotton crop two years later.
Large-scale Spraying of Cotton in the Gash Delta in eastern Sudan
Authors: Joyce R. J. V.
Published: July 2009

Following increased yields of cotton in the Sudan Gezira by DDT spraying, during the 1952/53 season 22,300 and 6,700 feddans of X1730A cotton were sprayed once and twice, respectively, in the Gash Delta of eastern Sudan, where nearly 60,000 feddans were grown under controlled flush irrigation. Each spray consisted of 1 lb. technical DDT per feddan and was applied by aircraft in 2 gals, of spray per feddan.

Systematic observations were made on the incidence of cotton pests in 30 observation stations scattered throughout the Gash Delta, such stations being selected more or less at random from cotton sprayed once and twice and unsprayed, ten amongst each of these three treatments.

A single DDT spray applied 50–70 days after sowing gave entirely satisfactory control of the Jassid, Empoasca lybica (de Berg.), and the thrips, Hercothrips fumipennis Bagn. & Cam. and H. sudanensis Bagn. & Cam., throughout the growth of the crop. There was little lasting control of the flea-beetle, Podagrica puncticollis Weise. The second spray, applied 70–90 days later, had little effect on any of these pests which were then present in low numbers.

The incidence of bollworms was observed between December and March, covering the important fruiting period. During these months, over 70 per cent, more larvae of Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) and 40 per cent, more larvae of Earias insulana (Boisd.) were observed on sprayed than on unsprayed cotton. Significantly more larvae of D. watersi were recorded on cotton sprayed twice than sprayed once; conversely, significantly fewer larvae of E. insulana were recorded on twice- than on once-sprayed cotton. Moreover the estimated total number of fruits damaged by or shed in association with bollworm attack between January and March was over 30 per cent, greater, and nearly 30 per cent, more bollworm damage to nearly mature bolls was recorded between December and March, on sprayed than on unsprayed cotton.

Yields of seed cotton were significantly less from twice-sprayed than from the other treatments. Once-sprayed cotton yielded less but not significantly so, than unsprayed cotton. Yield was negatively correlated with the number of sprays but the correlation coefficient just failed to reach significance.

Further analysis of the data from stations where yield differences were most marked indicated that D. watersi lowered the yield potential of the crop as expressed by fruit production and retention, as a result of continuous shedding of the damaged fruit. Attack, however, was concentrated on cotton with the best yield potential. The effect of spraying was to increase the numbers of D. watersi and thus to give rise to excessive shedding, increased production of fruit primordia, an increased number of damaged bolls, and finally reduced yield.

It is concluded that any benefits which the crop enjoyed, as a result of elimination of leaf-feeding insects by DDT spray, were completely lost through increased bollworm attack, which moreover reduced the yield below that of unsprayed cotton.
The Anopheline Mosquitos of the Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

The distribution of 29 species and three varieties ofAnophelesin the Sudan is shown on maps. Notes are given on each one with particular reference to distribution. Reasons are given for regardingA. rupicolusLewis as a synonym or local form ofA. rhodesiensisTheo. The former spread ofA. gambiaeGiles into the Palaearctic Region in Egypt is discussed, and notes are given on its distribution in the Wadi Halfa area.

The general distribution of the Sudan Anophelines is discussed.

Notes are given on malaria and onWuchereria bancrofti.
The Insect and Mite Fauna of a Scottish Flour Mill
Authors: Salmond K. F.
Published: July 2009

Insects and mites collected within the various sections of a combined flour, oatmeal and provender mill are listed. The mill in question is one of the most northerly in Britain. Notes are given on the distribution, abundance and associations, within the mill, of the species recorded. The economic importance of those considered to be pests is assessed.

The three most important pests were found to be Ephestia kuehniella Zell., Gnathocerus cornutus (F.) and Tribolium confusum Duv. It is suggested that Endrosis sarcitrella (L.), Tipnus unicolor (Pill. & Mitt.) and Cryptophagus cellaris (Scop.) might be included in the list of “ hardy ” insects given by Solomon & Adamson (1955) in their paper on the powers of survival of storage and domestic pests under winter conditions in Britain.
Some Mosquitos of the Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

One hundred and fifty six species, two subspecies and seven varieties of Culicidae are known to occur in the Sudan. The present paper shows the known distribution of members of the generaDixa, Chaoborus, Toxorhynchites, Harpa-gomyia, Hodgesia, Uranotaenia, Aëdomyia, Theobaldia, Ficalbia, TaeniorhynchusandEretmapodites, and includes taxonomic and other notes on several species.

Some aspects of distribution are discussed, particularly the exchange of species between the Ethiopian and Palaearctic Regions in which movement has been mainly from the latter to the former.

Brief notes are given on the practical importance of some species.
The Rice Root Aphid
Authors: Doncaster J. P.
Published: July 2009

Independent discoveries of an Aphid attacking the roots of rice and other Gramineae in different parts of the world have led to its description under different names, and its affinity with other species has sometimes resulted in its confusion with them. The literature relating to the species is reviewed and it is shown that the correct name for it is Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), of which Prunus is the primary host.

What is believed to be a reasonably complete synonymy is given and this involves the sinking of the two genera Yamataphis Matsumura and Aresha Mordvilko as synonyms of Rhopalosiphum Koch because both of these genera were erected with the Rice Root Aphid as type. A species that was described as Yamataphis rhodesiensis Hall differs in too many respects to permit its inclusion in Rhopalosiphum and a new genus, Hallaphis, is erected for its reception.
New Species and Records of Diatraea Guilding and Zeadiatraea Box from Mexico, Central and South America (Lepid., Pyral.)
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

Records are given of the localities (with altitudes) of approximately 900 specimens representing 21 species of Diatraea Guild, and four species of Zeadiatraea Box, from Mexico, Central and South America. Most of the moths were reared from known food-plants (all Gramineae) and the larvae of several of them are important agricultural pests as stalk-borers in sugar-cane and maize.

Three species of Diatraea are described as new to science and their genitalia are figured, viz., colombiana, sp.n. (Colombia), balboana, sp.n. (Panama) and veracruzana, sp.n. (Mexico). The previously unknown male of D. instructella Dyar (Mexico) is described and its genitalia figured. These moths (except colombiana) are illustrated in the Plate. An attempt is made to clarify the confusion which has existed concerning D. magnifactella Dyar and the closely related D. considerata Heinrich, both of which are endemic in Mexico, but each with its own area of distribution without overlapping. The paper includes additional records and observations on the polytypic D. busckella Dyar & Heinrich and certain of its subspecies in Panama and Venezuela, previously discussed by the writer in this journal in 1951.
The Persistence and Toxicity of Insecticides under tropical Conditions. I.—The Persistence of γ BHC and its Toxicity to Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.)
Authors: Duerden J. C. , Hayward L. A. W. , Somade B.
Published: July 2009

The persistence and toxicity to Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) of initial deposits approximating to 10, 20 and 40 mg. per sq. ft. of γBHC were studied over a period of three weeks in a typical warehouse in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Chemical and biological assessments indicated that the lowest rate of application was inadequate for practical insect control whilst the other two rates showed very similar biological activity up to eight days after treatment. Thereafter small quantities persisted from applications at the highest rate for a further week but the resultant mortalities were inadequate for purposes of field control. It was concluded that to maintain control of T. castaneum, weekly applications of BHC would be required and that the rate of application should approximate to 20 mg. per sq. ft.
Soil Population Studies. I.—The Effects of Cultivation and Treatment with Insecticides
Authors: Sheals J. G.
Published: July 2009

The effects of cultivation and treatments with DDT and BHC on soil Collembola and Acarina were, investigated. Cultivation resulted initially in a drastic reduction of the micro-arthropod population and in the fallow plots this reduction persisted. Re-seeding resulted in rapid recolonisation by Collembola, but the populations of Oribatei and Mesostigmata remained at a low level over a period of 17 months after sowing. Treatment with BHC caused a heavy reduction of most micro-arthropoda. DDT caused reductions of mites, particularly Mesostigmata, but there was a marked increase of Collembola in the plots so treated. Significant increases of Collembola and significant reductions of predacious Mesostigmata were also noted in the comparison of plots treated with a DDT plus BHC mixture with those receiving BHC alone. The increase of Collembola was thus associated with a reduction of predatory pressure. In most cases, the effects of the treatments that included BHC were apparent 17 months later, but a temporary recovery of near-surface dwelling Collembola occurred in the BHC-treated plots in February 1952. Of the groups and species significantly affected by insecticide treatments in October 1951, only in one case did the data of October 1952 produce significant evidence of recolonisation. This recovery was noted in the DDT-treated population ofPunctoribates punctum(Koch).
Experiments with a Systemic Insecticide for the Control of Schoenobius incertulas (Wlk.) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), A Stem Borer of Paddy in West Bengal
Authors: Banerjee S. N. , Basu A. C.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out in West Bengal to ascertain whether the Paddy Stem Borer, Schoenobius incertulas (Wlk.) could be controlled by “Tetrax” 1, a systemic insecticide containing technical schradan equivalent to approximately 42 per cent, octamethyl pyrophosphoramide + approximately 25 per cent, triphosphoric acid pentadimethylamide.

In a preliminary experiment, treatment had little effect on the damage caused by the borer but the yield of grain was higher from a treated plot than from a control plot.

A further experiment was carried out, the following year, in which the seed was soaked in a 0·1 per cent, water solution of “Tetrax” 1 for eight hours before sowing in the seed beds. The seedlings were lifted about 2½ months later and steeped in 0·1 per cent. “Tetrax” 1 for eight hours before transplanting into two plots, each 32 ft. × 32 ft. About three weeks later the plants were sprayed with a solution of the same strength. Two plots of similar size, in which the paddy had received no treatment, were maintained as controls.

Again there was very little difference, between the treated and untreated plots, in the damage caused to the ear heads by the pest, but the treated plots produced 108·68 lb. of grain as against 77·27 lb. for the untreated plots. The increase was largely due to an increase in the number of ear heads per plant.

The incidence of the borer was too low in both experiments to determine whether “Tetrax” 1 exercised any appreciable control, but the treatment did give rise to a higher yield of grain under the conditions of the experiments.
The Periodicity of Aphid Flight in East Africa
Authors: Eastop V. F.
Published: July 2009

Continuous trapping of winged Aphids was carried out with Moericke trays and a suction trap for two years at a site at 6,850 ft. above sea level in Kenya, and with Moericke trays, for four months only, at a site at 1,200 ft. in southern Tanganyika.

The trap data show a marked seasonal periodicity of flight (three-quarters of the annual catch in two months) at the Kenya site. The large catch is a reflection of a large increase in population following the rains. A similar relation between size of catch and the period of the rains is indicated by the data from Tanganyika.

Successive hourly catches with a suction trap show no distinct diurnal double peak of aerial density such as occurs in Europe.
The Effects of a chemical Defoliant on an isolated Tsetse Fly Community and its Vegetation
Authors: Fryer J. D. , Johns D. L. , Yeo D.
Published: July 2009

Three aerial applications of the n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic m acid (2,4,5-T) in diesel oil were made at intervals of six weeks to an isolated woodland community on a peninsula in Lake Victoria, Kenya. The woodland contained two species of tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes Aust. and G. palpalis (R.-D.) (subsp. fuscipes Newst.). The object of the treatment was to defoliate the woodland in order to ascertain whether the reduction in shade would control the tsetse fly. It was also desired to obtain further information on the effect of the spray applications on the woody plant species.

The first application, at an estimated actual dosage of 2·2 lb. 2,4,5·T per acre, resulted in a rapid defoliation of 13 out of the 15 observed leafy species, eight of, which subsequently died during the following nine months. Two succulent species of Euphorbia also died during this period. Of the remaining two species, one was fully defoliated only after the third application but recovered slowly, while the other, Lecaniodiscus vaughaniae, was but slightly affected at any time.

No significant reduction in the numbers of tsetse fly was observed during the nine-month period following the first spraying. The following factors probably account for this lack of effect: the varying rate of defoliation of the different plant species, the resistance to the spray of one locally abundant species, the persistent shade cast by the stems of the thick vegetation after defoliation and the relatively humid climate during the period of maximum defoliation. These factors allowed an environment favourable for the tsetse fly to exist in one part or another of the peninsula in spite of the severe effects on the vegetation.

Nine months after the first spraying, between a third and a half of the vegetation was destroyed during the dry season by an accidental fire. The effect on G. pallidipes was almost immediate, and two months later the population had been reduced to a fairly low level, which was maintained for the last 16 months of the experiment. The fire hardly affected the environment of G. palpalis and the main effect of defoliation was to cause this species to concentrate near the shady lake shore, where the dominant tree was Lecaniodiscus vaughaniae.

There is little doubt that the destruction of the vegetation by fire was made possible by the effects of the spray applications, as the hitherto evergreen thicket would normally have been unburnable. While this suggests a possible new technique for bush clearance, further trials have indicated several factors which may make difficult a satisfactory burn following defoliation.

Details are given of the assessment of the spray droplet performance both in calibration trials and during the applications to the peninsula.