bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atopische Hautdiathese ist stärker mit spezifischen Kontaktallergien assoziiert als atopische Dermatitis
Authors: Forkel Susann , Cevik Naciye , Schill Tillmann , Worm Margitta , Mahler Vera , Weisshaar Elke , Vieluf Dieter , Pfützner Wolfgang , Löffler Harald , Schön Michael P. , Geier Johannes , Buhl Timo
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund

Der Zusammenhang zwischen atopischer Dermatitis (AD) und allergischer Kontaktdermatitis ist nach wie vor nicht abschließend geklärt. Studien ergeben sehr unterschiedliche Resultate; sie reichen vom Fehlen jeglichen Zusammenhangs bis hin zu einer vermehrten Sensibilisierung auf multiple Allergene. Konsistente Assoziationen mit bestimmten Allergenen wurden jedoch bisher nicht gefunden.

Ziel

Wir haben eine große Kohorte von Patienten, stratifiziert nach atopischer Hautdiathese gemäß dem Erlanger Atopiescore (EAS), unabhängig von einer aktiven Hauterkrankung, durch Epikutantests untersucht.

Methoden

Retrospektive Multicenter‐Datenanalyse aus fünf dermatologischen Zentren in Deutschland mit 4.509 Patienten. Die Patienten wurden nach dem EAS eingeteilt in eine Gruppe ohne atopische Hautdiathese (n = 2.165) und eine mit atopischer Hautdiathese (n = 1.743).

Ergebnisse

In der Gruppe mit atopischer Hautdiathese zeigten signifikant mehr Personen mindestens eine positive Epikutantest‐Reaktion in der Standardreihe als in der Gruppe ohne atopische Hautdiathese (49,1 % vs. 38,3 %). In der logistischen Regressionsanalyse war die atopische Hautdiathese mit einem signifikant erhöhten Sensibilisierungsrisiko gegen Methylchloroisothiazolinon/Methylisothiazolinon (OR 2.383) und Methylisothiazolinon (OR 1.891), Thiuram‐Mix (OR 1.614) sowie Nickel (OR 1.530), Kobalt (OR 1.683) und Chrom (OR 2.089) assoziiert.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die atopische Hautdiathese zeigte sich als der wichtigste intrinsische Risikofaktor für eine Kontaktsensibilisierung gegen einige spezifische Antigene. Eine frühere oder derzeit bestehende AD erwies sich als weniger relevante Größe.
Research in practice: Disturbance in intracellular nucleic acid metabolism promotes lupus erythematosus
Authors: Günther Claudia
Published: February 2021

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations. It is characterized by a loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens, including endogenous nucleic acids, autoantibody formation and upregulation of the type I interferon pathway. This can be induced by an immune response to unrestricted extracellular self‐antigens. In addition, the molecular characterization of rare monogenic subtypes of LE has revealed insights into the role of cell‐intrinsic sensing of endogenous self‐nucleic acids in inducing a type I interferon response. This pathway can also initiate and sustain LE. The enhanced understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses in LE is a prerequisite for the development of more targeted therapies.
What does the Chilean Constitution say about euthanasia?
Authors: Álvarez Gálvez Íñigo
Published: February 2021

What does the Chilean Constitution say about euthanasia? When we read the Chilean Constitution we cannot find the word “euthanasia” in the text, and there is no such thing as a right to die, therefore the answer should apparently be that the Constitution does not say anything about euthanasia and, in short, euthanasia is not allowed. However, on a second reading we can find out some statements from which we can infer another answer. My aim is to show that there is room for the acceptance of euthanasia in the Chilean Constitution, and in other similar Constitutions and international regulations in which freedom of conscience is granted.
Trade openness and political distortions
Authors: Grechyna Daryna
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we explore the relationship between international trade openness and two major political distortions, political uncertainty, and political polarization. We consider two measures of trade openness, the trade expenditures and the number of trade partners, as well as their volatility. As political distortions and trade characteristics of the country are endogenously related, we instrument the political uncertainty by the standard deviation of the effective political leaders’ ages of a country and the minimum age of the political leaders of a country's neighbors. We find that political uncertainty reduces the level of trade openness and increases the volatility of trade openness while political polarization negatively affects both the level and the volatility of trade openness. We propose a simple theoretical model that provides the intuition on the relationship between political distortions and trade openness.
Subtyping based on premorbid profile: A strategy to personalize treatment in first‐episode affective psychosis
Authors: Ramain Julie , Conus Philippe , Golay Philippe
Published: February 2021

Aim

Premorbid history may have a major influence on the way patients cope with the onset of psychosis. This issue has been widely studied in the context of early intervention in schizophrenia but considerably less is known regarding affective psychosis. Our first goal was to investigate if subgroups could be identified among affective psychosis patients based on premorbid factors. Our second goal was to compare these subtypes according to the evolution of mood symptoms and outcomes at the end of the program.

Methods

We conducted a 3‐year prospective study on a sample of 74 adults aged 18–35 with a first episode of affective psychosis. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to reveal distinct exploratory subgroups within affective psychosis patients.

Results

Three distinct subgroups could be distinguished. One with later onset of psychosis mainly including women with more severe depressive symptoms in the first 6 months contrasting with two other subgroups with more severe manic symptoms all along the follow‐up and earlier onset of psychosis, with or without many serious antecedents. The subgroup with many serious antecedents was more likely to require several hospitalizations, less likely to achieve recovery, especially regarding professional integration and return to premorbid general functioning.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence of poor functional recovery in the early phase of affective psychosis and shows that premorbid characteristics allow the identification of subgroups with distinct outcome which may require specification of treatment.
Chronic severe methanol intoxication after repeated mask cleansing due to fear of COVID‐19: A new risk of coronaphobia
Authors: Erburu‐Iriarte Markel , Rodrigo‐Armenteros Patricia , Oyarzun‐Irazu Iñigo , Aranzabal‐Alustiza Ines , Silvarrey‐Rodriguez Saul , Antón‐Méndez Lander , García‐Moncó Juan Carlos
Published: February 2021

Background

Disproportionate fear of contracting COVID‐19 (coronaphobia) may result in inappropriate use of preventive measures that could, in turn, result in severe harm to the patient.

Objective

To describe a patient with subacute parkinsonism and cognitive dysfunction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of bilateral deep white matter and basal ganglia damage.

Case presentation

A 56‐year‐old female presented with a 4‐week history of insomnia, cognitive decline, and parkinsonism. Brain MRI revealed a bilateral lesion of both globus pallidus, deep white matter, and cerebellar hemispheres. Her son reported that, for the previous month, she had been cleaning her facial mask three times a day with a pure methanol solution as a disinfectant due to an intense fear of acquiring COVID‐19. Previously, she had used 97% isopropyl alcohol and had inadvertently switched to methanol. After the exposure ended, she slowly improved but 4 months later she remains severely disabled.

Conclusions

The repeated exposure to methanol vapor, the MRI findings, and the absence of other etiologies for her cognitive and parkinsonian features led to the diagnosis of chronic methanol intoxication with severe central nervous system damage. Misinformation is a likely contributory factor to such scenario. Efforts should be made by the scientific community to educate the general public on avoiding self‐damaging behaviors as a result of coronaphobia.
Stress‐associated ectopic differentiation of melanocyte stem cells and ORS amelanotic melanocytes in an ex vivo human hair follicle model
Authors: Rachmin Inbal , Lee Ju Hee , Zhang Bing , Sefton James , Jung Inhee , Lee Young In , Hsu Ya‐Chieh , Fisher David E.
Published: February 2021

Hair greying depends on the altered presence and functionality of hair follicle melanocytes. Melanocyte stem cells (MelSCs) reside in the bulge of hair follicles and give rise to migrating and differentiating progeny during the anagen phase. Ageing, genotoxic stress, redox stress and multiple behaviour‐associated acute stressors have been seen to induce hair greying by depleting the MelSC pool, a phenomenon which is accompanied by ectopic pigmentation of these cells, followed by their depletion from the stem cell niche. This aberrant differentiation produces a state from which a return to stem cell‐like quiescence appears to be lost. The cellular features of stress‐induced hair greying have been extensively studied in murine models. Here, we describe a method to assess and quantify human hair follicle MelSC differentiation by measuring ectopically pigmented MelSCs in isolated human hair follicles exposed to specific stress signal mediators. Ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide and noradrenaline have been shown to cause hair greying in mice. We demonstrate here that isolated, ex vivo cultured human hair follicles exposed to these treatments display similar ectopic pigmentation within the bulge area which is accompanied by induction of differentiated melanocytic markers. This study suggests that as in murine models, stress signalling induces closely matching phenotypic changes in human hair follicles which can be monitored and studied as a surrogate model for early steps in human hair greying.
Signaling and function of cardiac autonomic nervous system receptors: Insights from the GPCR signalling universe
Authors: Lymperopoulos Anastasios , Cora Natalie , Maning Jennifer , Brill Ava R. , Sizova Anastasiya
Published: February 2021

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), adrenergic and cholinergic, exert a multitude of effects on the human myocardium thanks to the activation of distinct G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on the plasma membranes of cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary vascular endothelial cells. Norepinephrine (NE)/epinephrine (Epi) and acetylcholine (ACh) are released from cardiac ANS terminals and mediate the biological actions of the ANS on the heart via stimulation of cardiac adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, respectively. In addition, several other neurotransmitters/hormones act as facilitators of ANS neurotransmission in the heart, taking part in the so‐called nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) part of the ANS's control of cardiac function. These NANC mediators also use several different cell membrane‐residing GPCRs to exert their effects in the myocardium. Cardiac ANS dysfunction and an imbalance between the activities of its two branches underlie a variety of cardiovascular diseases, from heart failure and hypertension to coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias. In this review, we present the main well‐established signaling modalities used by cardiac autonomic GPCRs, including receptors for salient NANC mediators, and we also highlight the latest developments pertaining to cardiac cell type‐specific signal transduction, resulting in cell type‐specific cardiac effects of each of these autonomic receptors.
Crack growth measurement and J‐integral evaluation of additively manufactured polymer using digital image correlation and FE modeling
Authors: Bouaziz Mohamed Ali , Marae‐Djouda Joseph , Zouaoui Marouene , Gardan Julien , Hild François
Published: February 2021

This paper presents and compares two combined experimental‐numerical techniques for the investigation of fracture properties of additively manufactured polymer parts using digital image correlation (DIC) measurements. The first method only uses measured kinematic fields, and the second is based on finite element simulations driven by measured boundary conditions. A mini single edge notched tensile sample manufactured by fused filament fabrication with ABS is studied. It is shown that both methods locally extract J‐integrals, and the crack tip is accurately located by the FE‐based method. By comparing computed displacements to those measured via DIC, it is possible to locally check the validity of the numerical model. The initiation and propagation stages are analyzed independently thanks to two different magnifications of acquired image series.
Vulnerability of global biodiversity hotspots to climate change
Authors: Trew Brittany T. , Maclean Ilya M. D.
Published: February 2021

Motivation

More than half of Earth's species are contained in a mere 1.4% of its land area, but the climates of many of these biodiversity hotspots are projected to disappear as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. There is growing recognition that spatio‐temporal patterns of climate in biodiversity hotspots have shaped biological diversity over a variety of historical time‐scales, yet these patterns are rarely taken into account in assessments of the vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to future climate change. In our review, we synthesize the climatic processes that have led to the diversification of hotspots and interpret what this means in the context of anthropogenic climate change. We demonstrate the importance of mesoclimatic processes and fine‐scale topographical heterogeneity, in combination with climatic variability, in driving speciation processes and maintaining high levels of diversity. We outline why these features of hotspots are crucial to understanding the impacts of anthropogenic climate change and discuss how recent advances in predictive modelling enable vulnerability to be understood better.

Location

Global.

Main conclusions

We contend that many, although not all, biodiversity hotspots have climate and landscape characteristics that create fine‐scale spatial variability in climate, which potentially buffers them from climatic changes. Temporally, many hotspots have also experienced stable climates through evolutionary time, making them particularly vulnerable to future changes. Others have experienced more variable climates, which is likely to provide resilience to future changes. Thus, in order to identify risk for global biodiversity, we need to consider carefully the influence of spatio‐temporal variability in climate. However, most vulnerability assessments in biodiversity hotspots are still reliant on climate data with coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Higher‐resolution forecasts that account for spatio‐temporal variability in climate and account better for the physiological responses of organisms to this variability are much needed to inform future conservation strategies.
An integrated analysis of housing and transit affordability in the Chicago metropolitan area
Authors: Liu Dong , Kwan Mei‐Po , Kan Zihan , Song Yimeng
Published: February 2021

An integrated analysis of housing and transport affordability provides comprehensive insights into the affordability of different locations in a city. By focusing on transit‐based workers, who constitute a significant portion of commuters but are understudied in the affordability literature, this study proposes a new, integrated method for estimating housing and transit (H + T) affordability in the Chicago Metropolitan Area using census data and data from the Google Maps Directions API. Methodologically, the study contributes to the literature by proposing and implementing a new method that estimates H + T affordability in an integrated manner based on census data and data from the Google Maps Directions API across three types of housing occupants (i.e., owners with/without a mortgage and renters). Empirically, the results indicate varying H + T affordability distribution patterns among different types of housing occupants and provide a comprehensive picture of housing and transport affordability in the study area without incurring prohibitive time and cost of data collection. The study indicates that policy‐makers should consider expanding the existing concessionary fare scheme to include low‐income residents and establishing affordable housing programmes that subsidise not only mortgage/rent but also miscellaneous costs related to housing (such as utilities) in order to improve the overall H + T affordability for different types of housing occupants.
Constructing exclusive student communities: The rise of “superior” student accommodation and new geographies of exclusion
Authors: Kenna Therese , Murphy Ailish
Published: February 2021

This paper examines the development of exclusive student communities internationally. These exclusive high‐end residential developments have emerged over the last few years in response to a number of critical developments and drivers in the higher education sector globally, including, but not limited to, increasing commercialisation of the higher education sector, the privatisation of student accommodation and the increasing globalisation and internationalisation of the sector. This has led to the emergence of a new type of purpose‐built student accommodation (PBSA), managed by private or commercial companies that create and maintain exclusive student communities that are redefining student accommodation, as well as the student lifestyle and experience. As a result, new types of students are emerging as very significant actors in the city, especially those seeking and consuming the lifestyles and experiences offered. Based on an analysis of the websites and marketing strategies for 10 case studies and one large global property management company, we offer a discussion about exclusive student communities, with many questions raised here, pointing to new and pressing research trajectories that need to be explored, especially those related to the potential for segregation and intense inequalities within both the city and the wider student body. We argue that this new type of exclusive PBSA, and the associated constructions of a “superior” lifestyle, are generating new frontiers in the geographies of exclusion, not just between students and the wider city but within the student population, and policy responses are required.
Towards a shared understanding of Arctic climate change and urgency in Alaska
Authors: Mustonen Tero , Van Dam Brie
Published: February 2021

Recent years have seen record changes in the Arctic and circumpolar North. Rapid ice loss leading to an unprecedented lack of sea ice in Norton Sound and the greater Bering Sea for two subsequent winters caused cascading impacts on the marine ecosystem and beyond. In this article, we reflect on the underlying causes leading to the urgent situation today, and possible next steps. We argue here that methodological reform is needed to understand the full magnitude of change currently underway in this region. By broadening our evidence base for understanding the present changes, we would be better positioned to detect changes and respond with what needs to be done in the current grave circumstances.
Growth response of alfalfa to Azomite composite micronutrient fertilizer on four lime‐amended Virginia soils
Authors: Kusi Nana Yaw O. , Temu Vitalis W. , Kering Maru K. , Atalay Asmare , Rutto Laban K. , Solomon Juan K. Q.
Published: February 2021

The growth responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to azomite, a natural composite earth mineral, were assessed in a greenhouse experiment at Virginia State University, Chesterfield, VA. Alfalfa plants were raised on lime‐amended Bojac, Bourne, Emporia and Cullen soils that received 224 kg K/ha in 14 × 16 cm pots. Azomite, a natural composite micronutrients fertilizer, was applied at 0, 200, 400, 600 kg/ha and experiment replicated three times. Over 29 weeks, plant heights and forage biomass were recorded and growth rates calculated at four different cuts. The data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.3 to test for effects of soil type and azomite rates on the performance of alfalfa. Results indicate that, compared to the control, azomite application increased plant heights, forage biomass and growth rates of alfalfa and more so on Bojac and Bourne than Emporia and Cullen soils. This was most likely due to good water permeability and high nutrient activity in the semi‐active Bojac and Bourne compared to the sub‐active Emporia and Cullen soils. Plant heights, biomass and growth rates were greatest for plants receiving 200 kg azomite/ha while those on the 600 kg/ha rate performed worse than the control. Alfalfa on lime‐amended and K‐sufficient soils responded positively to 200 kg azomite/ha, but was impacted negatively at the higher rates.
Maping gendered social closure mechanisms through examination of seven male‐dominated occupations
Authors: Ibáñez Marta , García‐Mingo Elisa
Published: February 2021

Using the concept of gendered social closure mechanisms, we aim at identifying the social practices and agents involved in the limited access to what we call men's worlds. To do so, we study the ways that women have to access to seven highly male‐dominated occupations in Spain through the analysis of qualitative data based on in‐depth interviews. We propose an analytical model that integrates the structural approach with the microsociological approach and considers that the social closure mechanisms happen at three levels (structural level, occupational/professional level, and organizational level). We state that the time frame of closure mechanisms (pre‐existing, prior to, or threshold of access) is key to understand the impact of such closure mechanisms. The results enable us to show how the mechanisms are cumulative in character rather than exclusive, and to propose a categorization of occupations according to their closure mechanisms. We conclude that any analysis that aims to understand segregation by sex in each profession or occupation must involve a mapping of the gendered social closure mechanisms, as only through a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms and their specific dynamics can we propose changes in practices and policies addressed to improve women's access to male‐dominated occupations
Postoperative pain after ultrasonically and laser‐activated irrigation during root canal treatment: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Liapis D. , De Bruyne M. A. A. , De Moor R. J. G. , Meire M. A.
Published: February 2021

Aim

To compare the intensity of postoperative pain after primary root canal treatment of asymptomatic teeth when using ultrasonically (UAI) or laser‐activated irrigation (LAI).

Methodology

In this superiority randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03981237) with parallel design, fifty‐six patients with an asymptomatic tooth in need of primary root canal treatment were enrolled. After chemo‐mechanical canal preparation using rotary instruments and NaOCl irrigation, teeth were randomly assigned to two groups and patients were blinded to the final irrigation protocol. In the UAI group (n = 28), 60s activation with an Irrisafe tip was done per canal. In the LAI group (n = 28), NaOCl was activated with a pulsed Er:YAG (2940 nm) laser, equipped with a conical tip, with settings of 50 µs, 20 mJ at 15 Hz for 60 s. Patients recorded their pain intensity 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), as well as their analgesic consumption. Pain levels and incidence were compared across groups using the Mann–Whitney U‐test and chi‐square test.

Results

Overall, mean postoperative pain intensity was low, with the majority of patients having no or minimal pain 24 h postoperatively. At 6 h postoperatively, pain intensity and incidence were significantly higher in the UAI group compared to the LAI group (P < 0.05). For the other time intervals, no significant differences in postoperative pain incidence or intensity were found. The frequency of analgesic intake did not differ significantly between the two groups. Neither of the activation methods resulted in any adverse effects.

Conclusions

Ultrasonically and laser‐activated irrigation resulted in low and comparable levels of postoperative pain in asymptomatic patients receiving primary root canal treatment.
The differential expression of EPHB4 and ephrin B2 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma according to the grade of tumor differentiation: a clinicopathological study
Authors: Oh Shin Taek , Yang Keum Jin , Bae Jung Min , Park Hyun Jeong , Yoo Dong Soo , Park Young Min
Published: February 2021

Background

EPHB4 and its ligand, ephrin B2, which are receptor tyrosine kinases of the erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular (EPH) family, are known to be linked to several human cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate their expression patterns in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in association with tumor differentiation and other variable clinical characteristics.

Materials and methods

Immunohistochemical staining for EPHB4 and ephrin B2 was performed in 32 cases of CSCC with different histologic grades. The clinical characteristics and histologic grades of CSCC were evaluated in association with EPHB4 and ephrin B2 expression patterns.

Results

EPHB4 and ephrin B2 expression levels were significantly inversely proportional to the grade of differentiation of CSCC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

These results indicated that EPHB4 and ephrin B2 can be useful markers for poorly differentiated CSCC.
Work environment of hospital nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brazil
Authors: Santos José Luís Guedes dos , Balsanelli Alexandre Pazetto , Freitas Etiane de Oliveira , Menegon Fernando Henrique Antunes , Carneiro Ieda Aparecida , Lazzari Daniele Delacanal , Menezes Jennifer Aguilar Leocádio De , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini , Camponogara Silviamar
Published: February 2021

Aim

To investigate the nurses' work environment in university hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brazil.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic brought challenging times for nurses worldwide. In Brazil, as well as in several countries, nurses are working hard in hospital settings caring for patients infected with the virus, sometimes with unfavourable work environment conditions.

Methods

This study was a convergent embedded mixed methods research. The sample comprised 104 nurses from three Brazilian university hospitals. Data were collected in April–June 2020 from an online questionnaire with a self‐reporting Likert scale survey designed to measure the nurses' perceptions of their work environment. Qualitative data in the form of written comments were also collected through an open question. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis.

Results

The quantitative results showed that the responses to ‘I received training on the correct use of personal protective equipment’ and ‘I am afraid of being infected’ items had the best and worst evaluations, respectively. The qualitative findings revealed five themes: feeling of insecurity, lack of personal protective equipment, lack of diagnostic tests, changes in the care flow and fear of the unknown.

Conclusion

The study has highlighted the challenges faced by hospital nurses while caring for patients with COVID‐19.

Implications for Nursing and Nursing Policy

The gaps identified will assist the policymakers and hospital managers in developing policies to enhance the support offered to nurses and improve the care provided to patients with COVID‐19 in university hospitals. The results also indicate the need for attention to the mental health of the professionals due to the increasing workload and treatment of an illness hitherto unknown.
Factors associated with parenting self‐efficacy: A systematic review
Authors: Fang Yuan , Boelens Mirte , Windhorst Dafna A. , Raat Hein , van Grieken Amy
Published: February 2021

Aims

To provide an overview of the parental, child, and socio‐contextual factors related to general parenting self‐efficacy (PSE) in the general population.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO Ovid were systematically searched for studies published between January 1980‐June 2020.

Review Methods

Studies were included if they described associations between factor(s) and PSE among parents of children aged 0–18 years old in the general population, and published in an English language peer‐reviewed journal. Studies with participants from specific populations, studies describing the development of instruments for PSE, qualitative studies, reviews, theses, conference papers and book chapters were excluded. Belsky's process model of parenting guided the data synthesis.

Results

Of 3,819 articles, 30 articles met the inclusion criteria. Eighty‐nine factors were identified. There was evidence of associations between child temperament, maternal parenting satisfaction, parenting stress, maternal depression, household income, perceived social support and PSE. Evidence was inconsistent for an association of educational level, parity, number of children in the household and PSE in mothers. There was no evidence of an association for child gender, age, marital status and PSE in both mothers and fathers; ethnicity, age, employment status in mothers; household income in fathers; and educational level, parenting fatigue in parents.

Conclusion

A range of factors studied in relation to PSE was identified in this systematic review. However, the majority of the factors was reported by one or two studies often implementing a cross‐sectional design.

Impact

There is some evidence for an association between some potentially modifiable factors and PSE in the general population, this information may be used by health and social professionals supporting child health and well‐being. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to study parental, child and socio‐contextual factors associated with PSE to inform the development of intervention strategies.
An anatomical approach to determine the location of the sinoatrial node during catheter ablation
Authors: Shimamoto Keiko , Yamagata Kenichiro , Nakajima Kenzaburo , Kamakura Tsukasa , Wada Mitsuru , Inoue Yuko , Miyamoto Koji , Noda Takashi , Nagase Satoshi , Kusano Kengo F.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The sinoatrial node (SAN) should be identified before superior vena cava (SVC) isolation to avoid SAN injury. However, its location cannot be identified without restoring sinus rhythm. This study evaluated the usefulness of the anatomically defined SAN by comparing it with the electrically confirmed SAN (e‐SAN) to predict the top‐most position of e‐SAN and thus establish a safe and more efficient anatomical reference for SVC isolation than the previously reported reference of the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) roof.

Methods and Results

The e‐SAN was identified as the earliest activation site in the electroanatomical map obtained during sinus rhythm. The anatomically defined SAN, the cranial edge of the crista terminalis (CT) visualized with intracardiac echocardiography (CT top), and the RSPV roof, which was obtained from the overlaid electroanatomical image of SVC and RSPV, were tagged on one map. The distance from the e‐SAN to each reference was measured. Among 77 patients, the height of the e‐SAN from the CT top was a median (interquartile range) of −2.0 (−8.0 to 4.0) mm. The e‐SAN existed from 10 mm above the CT top or lower in 74 (96%) patients and from the RSPV roof or below in 73 (95%) patients. The reference of 10 mm above the CT top is more proximal to the right atrium than the RSPV roof and can provide longer isolatable SVC sleeves (30.0 [20.0–35.0] vs. 24.0 [18.0–30.0] mm, p < .001). The e‐SAN tended to be found above the CT top when the heart rate during mapping was faster (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] per 10‐bpm increase: 1.71 [1.20−2.43], p < .01).

Conclusion

The CT top is useful for predicting the upper limit of the e‐SAN and can provide a better reference for SVC isolation than the RSPV roof.
Adaptive intervention for prevention of adolescent suicidal behavior after hospitalization: a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Authors: Czyz Ewa K. , King Cheryl A. , Prouty David , Micol Valerie J. , Walton Maureen , Nahum‐Shani Inbal
Published: February 2021

Background

The need for effective interventions for psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents who have varying levels of postdischarge suicide risk calls for personalized approaches, such as adaptive interventions (AIs). We conducted a nonrestricted pilot Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial (SMART) to guide the development of an AI targeting suicide risk after hospitalization.

Methods

Adolescent inpatients (N = 80; ages 13–17; 67.5% female) were randomized in Phase 1 to a Motivational Interview‐Enhanced Safety Plan (MI‐SP), delivered during hospitalization, alone or in combination with postdischarge text‐based support (Texts). Two weeks after discharge, participants were re‐randomized in Phase 2 to added telephone booster calls or to no calls. Mechanisms of change were assessed with daily diaries for four weeks and over a 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐up. This trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT03838198).

Results

Procedures were feasible and acceptable. Mixed effects models indicate that adolescents randomized to MI‐SP + Texts (Phase 1) and those randomized to booster calls (Phase 2) experienced significant improvement in daily‐level mechanisms, including safety plan use, self‐efficacy to refrain from suicidal action, and coping by support seeking. Those randomized to MI‐SP + Texts also reported significantly higher coping self‐efficacy at 1 and 3 months. Although exploratory, results were in the expected direction for MI‐SP + Texts, versus MI‐SP alone, in terms of lower risk of suicide attempts (Hazard ratio = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.06, 1.48) and suicidal behavior (Hazard ratio = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.10, 1.37) three months after discharge. Moreover, augmentation with booster calls did not have an overall meaningful impact on suicide attempts (Hazard ratio = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.17, 3.05) or suicidal behavior (Hazard ratio = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.23, 2.67); however, boosters benefited most those initially assigned to MI‐SP + Texts.

Conclusions

The current SMART was feasible and acceptable for the purpose of informing an AI for suicidal adolescents, warranting additional study. Findings also indicate that postdischarge text‐based support offers a promising augmentation to safety planning delivered during hospitalization.
Associations between physiological and neural measures of sensory reactivity in youth with autism
Authors: Jung Jiwon , Zbozinek Tomislav D. , Cummings Kaitlin K. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Dapretto Mirella , Craske Michelle G. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Green Shulamite A.
Published: February 2021

Background

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) commonly show sensory over‐responsivity (SOR), an impairing condition related to over‐reactive brain and behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. While individuals with ASD often show atypically high physiological arousal, it is unclear how this relates to sensory reactivity. We therefore investigated how physiological arousal relates to brain and behavioral indices of SOR, to inform understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying SOR and to determine whether physiological measures are associated with SOR‐related brain responses.

Methods

Youth aged 8–18 (49 ASD; 30 age‐ and performance‐IQ‐matched typically developing (TD)) experienced mildly aversive tactile and auditory stimuli first during functional magnetic resonance imaging (N = 41 ASD, 26 TD) and then during skin conductance (SCR) (N = 48 ASD, 28 TD) and heart rate (HR) measurements (N = 48 ASD, 30 TD). Parents reported on their children’s SOR severity.

Results

Autism Spectrum Disorder youth overall displayed greater SCR to aversive sensory stimulation than TD youth and greater baseline HR. Within ASD, higher SOR was associated with higher mean HR across all stimuli after controlling for baseline HR. Furthermore, the ASD group overall, and the ASD‐high‐SOR group in particular, showed reduced HR deceleration/greater acceleration to sensory stimulation compared to the TD group. Both SCR and HR were associated with brain responses to sensory stimulation in regions previously associated with SOR and sensory regulation.

Conclusions

Autism Spectrum Disorder youth displayed heightened physiological arousal to mildly aversive sensory stimulation, with HR responses in particular showing associations with brain and behavioral measures of SOR. These results have implications for using psychophysiological measures to assess SOR, particularly in individuals with ASD who cannot undergo MRI.
Radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiation therapy for small (≤ 3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective comparison analysis
Authors: Jeong Yuri , Lee Kyung Jin , Lee So Jung , Shin Yong Moon , Kim Min‐Ju , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu , Jung Jinhong , Park Jin‐hong , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim So Yeon , Yoon Sang Min
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

We compared the clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in small (≤ 3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

A total of 266 patients treated with RFA (n = 179) or SBRT (n = 87) were reviewed. Local control rates (LCRs), intrahepatic recurrence‐free survival (IHRFS) rates, and overall survival (OS) rates were compared. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to adjust for imbalances in baseline characteristics between the two groups.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 50.3 months, and treatment method (RFA vs SBRT) was not a significant prognostic factor for LCR, OS, and IHRFS in both multivariate and IPTW‐adjusted analyses. The 4‐year LCRs after RFA and SBRT were 92.7% and 95.0%, respectively. Perivascular location was a significant prognostic factor for LCR in the entire patients and in the RFA group, but not in the SBRT group. The 4‐year OS rates in the RFA and SBRT groups were 78.1% and 64.1%, respectively (P = 0.012). After IPTW adjustment, the 4‐year LCRs (90.6% vs 96.3%) and OS rates (71.8% vs 70.2%) were not significantly different between the two groups. The rate of grade ≥ 3 adverse events was 0.6% (n = 1) in the RFA group and 1.1% (n = 1) in the SBRT group.

Conclusions

The two treatment methods showed comparable outcomes in terms of LCR, OS rate, and IHRFS rate after IPTW adjustment. SBRT seems to be a viable alternative method for small hepatocellular carcinomas that are not suitable for RFA due to tumor location.
Factors associated with inaccurate size estimation of colorectal polyps: A multicenter cross‐sectional study
Authors: Utsumi Takahiro , Horimatsu Takahiro , Nishikawa Yoshitaka , Teramoto Akira , Hirata Daizen , Iwatate Mineo , Tanaka Shinwa , Ikezawa Nobuaki , Esaki Masaya , Osera Shozo , Ebisutani Chikara , Agatsuma Nobukazu , Saito Hiroaki , Sano Yasushi , Seno Hiroshi
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Accurate polyp size estimation is essential in deciding the therapeutic strategy of colorectal polyps and endoscopic surveillance intervals. However, many endoscopists frequently make incorrect size estimations without being aware of their errors. This cross‐sectional study aimed to clarify the characteristics of endoscopists associated with inaccurate estimation.

Methods

We previously conducted a web trial involving 261 endoscopists in 51 institutions in Japan to assess their ability to estimate polyp size. Participants answered questions about polyp size using visual estimates in a test involving images of 30 polyps. Here, we investigated the relationships between inaccurate size estimation and the backgrounds of participants. The rates of overestimation and underestimation of polyp size were also compared to clarify any trends in the answers of participants with low accuracy (< 50%).

Results

Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of colonoscopic procedures in the past year was the only factor associated with a low accuracy of polyp size estimation (odds ratio 0.750, 95% confidence interval 0.609–0.925; P = 0.007). Endoscopists with low accuracy had a greater tendency to overestimate polyp size (42.3% overestimation and 21.2% underestimation, P < 0.001) compared with other endoscopists (16.6% overestimation and 17.9% underestimation, P = 0.951).

Conclusions

Endoscopists with limited experience of colonoscopy in the past year were more likely to make frequent errors in size estimation. Furthermore, endoscopists making inaccurate size estimations had a propensity to overestimate polyp size.
The intestinal mycobiota and its relationship with overweight, obesity and nutritional aspects
Authors: García‐Gamboa Ricardo , Kirchmayr Manuel R. , Gradilla‐Hernández Misael Sebastian , Pérez‐Brocal Vicente , Moya Andrés , González‐Avila Marisela
Published: February 2021

Background

The fungal community of the gastrointestinal tract has recently become of interest, and knowledge of its relationship with the development of obesity is scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cultivable fungal fraction from the microbiota and to analyze its relationship with obesity.

Methods

Samples were taken from 99 participants with normal weight, overweight and obesity (n = 31, 34 and 34, respectively) and were cultivated in selective medium, and the cultivable yeasts were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Anthropometric and biochemical measures were also evaluated.

Results

Eutrophic, overweight and obese groups presented concentrations of 1.6, 2.16 and 2.19 log10 colony‐forming units g–1 yeast, respectively. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the two identified phyla. At the genus level, Candida spp. showed a relatively high prevalence, and 10 different species were detected: Candida glabrata, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida lambica, Candida kefyr, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida valida, Candida parapsilosis, Candida utilis and Candida humilis (with relative abundances of 71.72%, 5.05%, 21.21%, 6.06%, 29.29%, 27.27%, 8.08%, 16.16%, 1.01% and 2.02%, respectively).

Conclusions

The obese group presented a higher prevalence of Candida albicans. Furthermore, Candida albicans, Candida kefyr and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa showed a high positive correlation with obesity, weight gain and fat mass and showed a negative correlation with high‐density lipoprotein and lean mass, parameters related to weight loss.
Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review
Authors: Sutherland L. , McGarty A. M. , Melville C. A. , Hughes‐McCormack L. A.
Published: February 2021

Background

Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate in low levels of physical activity. To inform the development of interventions, we need to better understand factors associated with physical activity. The aim of this study was therefore to systematically review correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with ID.

Methods

The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched between 1 January 1990 and 29 February 2020 to identify English‐language studies, which examined correlates of free‐living physical activity in children and adolescents (0–19 years) with ID. Study quality was assessed. Correlates were analysed using a narrative synthesis and classified using the socioecological model as intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational or environmental.

Results

Fifteen studies published between 2010 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Forty‐eight individual correlates were identified. Studies were predominantly focused on intrapersonal‐level correlates. Of those correlates investigated in more than one study (n = 6), having better motor development was positively associated with physical activity. Inconsistent results were found for age and cardiorespiratory fitness. Sex, percentage body fat and body mass index were not correlated. No interpersonal‐level, organisational‐level or environmental‐level correlates were included in more than one study.

Conclusions

To date, we have limited and inconclusive evidence about correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with ID. Only when future studies unravel correlates and determinants, across all domains of the socioecological model, will the potential opportunities to improve health by increasing physical activity levels be achievable.
Congenital short tail in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Meireles Bárbara Cristina da Silva , Goldschmidt Beatriz , Soares Carlos Alberto , Pinto Ana Cristina Araujo , Bouzon Aline Crespo , França Felipe Gonçalves Oliveira
Published: February 2021

In a captive Macaca mulatta breeding colony, a single family group with 39 animals showed 19 individuals being born with dramatic tail shortening. Through clinical, genealogical, radiographic, and cytogenetic evaluation, it was related to a probable dominant autosomal inheritance of the reduction in the number of distal caudal vertebrae.
Removable retropubic uterine compression suture for controlling postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Li Guang‐Tai , Li Xiao‐Fan , Li Guang‐Rui , Wu Bao‐Ping , Zhang Xiu‐Lan , Xu Hong‐Mei
Published: February 2021

Objective

To minimize the adverse events of uterine compression suture in controlling postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and to search for a prophylactic approach to potential PPH.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed in 39 women with removable retropubic uterine compression suture (RRUCS) to stop PPH due to uterine atony during cesarean section (CS). The procedure was to suspend and compress the uterus to the retropubic abdominal wall using an absorbable suture.

Results

The technique was sufficient to stanch bleeding immediately in 36 patients (92.31%, 36/39). No morbidity or abnormalities occurred in women who underwent RRUCS. Subsequent pregnancies occurred in 10 cases, but the others lacked the desire for future pregnancy.

Conclusion

RRUCS is a simple, safe, and effective technique in controlling atonic PPH; it is also used as a prophylactic application in patients with potential PPH after CS.
Effective Critique through Affective Peer Engagement
Authors: Turner Helen
Published: February 2021

The critique in design education is founded on philosophical traditions that have remained embedded in pedagogical practices as a mode for assessing and developing students’ ability to communicate processes and ideas. Research, however, indicates that the traditional critique may not always be effective at aligning with or supporting contemporary learning and professional practice. As a discipline, interior design is inherently related to and reliant on interpersonal relationships, collaboration, communication, and empathy, all of which require cognitive skills along with inclusion of the affective domain. While the term “affect” is typically associated with emotional reaction in absence of reason, as a taxonomy of learning it involves social and emotional development through levels of “receiving,” “responding,” “valuing,” “organizing,” and “characterizing.” Building on research related to design critiques and diverse disciplinary perspectives on peer review, we investigated the affective domain of learning as a framework to reconceive critique pedagogies and practices in a fourth–year (40 students) and a first–year (35 students) interior design studio. As a generative and constructive process to engender dynamic conversation as well as active engagement, results revealed enhanced and effective learning outcomes as well as higher levels of skills and attributes essential for active, critical, and engaged professionals. The process also exposed implications for future research and exploration.