bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of intermittent hypoxia on pulmonary haemodynamics: animal modelsversusstudies in humans
Authors: Zieliński J.
Published: January 2005

The aim of this review was to analyse the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on pulmonary haemodynamics, comparing results of animal experiments with results of clinical studies.

In animal investigations even short hypoxic exposure, continuously or in short repeated episodes mimicking obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), leads to pulmonary artery remodelling and to pulmonary hypertension (PH). Results of investigations on effects of nocturnal IH on pulmonary haemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are discordant. Earlier studies reported the development of mild PH in subjects desaturating during sleep, while more recent investigations did not confirm those findings.

Alveolar IH developing during apnoeic episodes during sleep in OSA patients is a disease-induced model to study its effects on pulmonary haemodynamics. In the majority of studies in OSA patients pulmonary arterial pressure remained within normal values. PH was found in patients with OSA accompanied by COPD and/or extreme obesity.

People commuting between lowland and high altitude due to their employment, are also repeatedly exposed to IH. Results of clinical investigations suggest that it did not lead to the development of permanent PH.

The mechanisms of discrepancies between effects of intermittent hypoxia in animal models and in humans remain to be studied.
Reduced bone density in cystic fibrosis: ΔF508 mutation is an independent risk factor
Authors: King S. J. , Topliss D. J. , Kotsimbos T. , Nyulasi I. B. , Bailey M. , Ebeling P. R. , Wilson J. W.
Published: January 2005

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and identify determinants of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Adults (88) with CF (mean±sdage 29.9±7.7 yrs; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 58.2±21.5% of the predicted value) were studied. BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood and urine were analysed for hormones, bone turnover markers, and the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 and -1β. FEV1 (% pred); CF genotype; malnutrition; history of growth, development or weight gain delays; and corticosteroid use were analysed.

BMD Z-scores were −0.58±1.30 (mean±sd) at the LS and −0.24±1.19 at the FN. Z-scores of <−2.0 were found in 17% of subjects. Subjects who were homozygous or heterozygous for the ΔF508 mutation exhibited significantly lower Z-scores than those with no ΔF508 allele. Multiple linear regression showed that the ΔF508 genotype and male sex were independently associated with lower BMD at both sites. Other factors also independently associated with lower BMD included malnutrition, lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, lower fat-free mass and lower FEV1 (% pred).

In conclusion, reduced bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis is associated with a number of factors, including ΔF508 genotype, male sex, greater lung disease severity and malnutrition.
Accumulation of eosinophils and T-lymphocytes in the lungs after exposure to pinewood dust
Authors: Gripenbäck S. , Lundgren L. , Eklund A. , Lidén C. , Skare L. , Tornling G. , Grunewald J.
Published: January 2005

Exposure to wood dust within the woodworking industry has been shown to cause a variety of respiratory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular effects in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood from healthy individuals exposed to pinewood dust.

Eleven healthy volunteers were exposed to pinewood dust for 1 h in a whole-body exposure chamber. BAL fluid and blood cells were differentially counted and the expression of activation, adhesion and subset markers on alveolar macrophages and T-lymphocytes was determined 2–6 weeks before and 20 h after the exposure.

Following pinewood dust exposure, the total BAL fluid cell concentration increased from 81.4 (64.1–97.5)×106 cells·L−1(median (interquartile range)) to 195.3 (154.6–341.2)×106 cells·L−1. The BAL fluid T-lymphocyte concentration increased from 3.8% (3.5–6.5%) to 7.6% (4.9–11.2%), and BAL fluid eosinophil concentration from 0.0% (0.0–0.2%) to 1.8% (0.6–3.5%).

Inhalation of pinewood dust leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways of healthy individuals. The increase in numbers of eosinophils, T-lymphocytes and mast cells,i.e.cells of crucial importance to airway inflammation, in the lungs may be related to the increased risk of developing respiratory disorders among woodworkers.
Decreased VEGF concentration in lung tissue and vascular injury during ARDS
Authors: Abadie Y. , Bregeon F. , Papazian L. , Lange F. , Chailley-Heu B. , Thomas P. , Duvaldestin P. , Adnot S. , Maitre B. , Delclaux C.
Published: January 2005

Endothelial injury is an important prognostic factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Decreased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ARDS may favour vascular lesions, since VEGF promotes endothelial survival by inhibiting apoptosis.

This study sought to document low VEGF levels in lung tissue from ARDS patients, to determine whether the cause was injury to alveolar type II cells (the main pulmonary source of VEGF) and to evaluate the vascular consequences. Lung specimens were obtained by open biopsy or autopsy from 29 patients with severe ARDS (two survivors) and five controls.

As compared with controls, homogenates of lung tissue from ARDS patients contained less VEGF (median (interquartile range) ARDS 8.2 (4.7–12.2)versuscontrols 28.4 (9.9–47.1) ng·g−1protein). Increased immunostaining with surfactant protein B was seen in ARDS lungs. Extensive cellular apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelling staining), including endothelial and alveolar type II cells, was demonstrated, and vascular bed density (CD31 immunostaining) decreased in ARDS lungs as compared with controls. VEGF levels were negatively correlated to apoptotic endothelial cell counts.

In conclusion, decreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in lung tissue may participate in the decrease in lung perfusion in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Learning disability in the accident and emergency department
Authors: Bradley Elspeth , Lofchy Jodi
Published: January 2005

Generally, people with learning disabilities now live in community settings and use generic health services. Those who develop behavioural or psychiatric disturbances may be taken to a hospital accident and emergency (A&E) department. An A&E visit can be the starting point of a comprehensive assessment of these disturbances. This article provides a framework for the initial assessment, management and disposition of patients with learning disabilities and behavioural disturbance presenting to an A&E department.
Gender differences in brain activity generated by unpleasant word stimuli concerning body image: an fMRI study
Authors: Shirao Naoko , Okamoto Yasumasa , Mantani Tomoyuki , Okamoto Yuri , Yamawaki Shigeto
Published: January 2005

Background

We have previously reported that the temporomesial area, including the amygdala, is activated in women when processing unpleasant words concerning body image.

Aims

To detect gender differences in brain activation during processing of these words.

Method

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate 13 men and 13 women during an emotional decision task consisting of unpleasant words concerning body image and neutral words.

Results

The left medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were activated only among men, and the left amygdala was activated only among women during the task; activation in the apical prefrontal region was significantly greater in men than in women.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the prefrontal region is responsible for the gender differences in the processing of words concerning body image, and may also be responsible for gender differences in susceptibility to eating disorders.
Charcoal-burning suicide in post-transition Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Kathy P. M. , Yip Paul S. F. , Au Jade , Lee Dominic T. S.
Published: January 2005

Background

Charcoal-burning, a new suicide method, emerged in Hong Kong during the latest economic recession. With-in 2 months charcoal-burning had become the third most common suicide method.

Aims

To examine the characteristics of suicides by charcoal-burning, and to delineate the pathways linking macro-level economic and social changes with the subjective experiences of those surviving a charcoal-burning suicide attempt.

Method

Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. In the coroner's records study, the first 160 cases of suicide by charcoal-burning were compared with a control group. In the ethnographic enquiry, we interviewed 25 consecutive informants who had survived serious suicide attempt using charcoal-burning.

Results

People who completed suicide by the charcoal-burning method were more likely to have been economically active and physically healthy, and were less likely to have had pre-existing mental illness. Charcoal-burning suicide was associated with overindebtedness. Media reports were pivotal in linking overindebtedness and financial troubles with charcoal-burning.

Conclusions

The political economy of suicide by charcoal-burning illustrated how historical, socio-economic and cultural forces shaped the lived experience that preceded suicide.
The value of cranial computed tomography in old age psychiatry: A review of the results of 178 consecutive scans
Authors: Fielding Sian
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

To assess the value of computed tomography (CT) in patients presenting to an old age psychiatry service over a 2-year period, and to evaluate a set of clinical prediction rules and the recommendations of the Royal College of Psychiatrists on the selection of patients for scanning. A retrospective review of the reports of 178 consecutive scans and case note reviews was carried out.

Results

Four scan reports (2.3%) suggested potentially reversible causes (PRCs) of dementia. of these, only two showed unequivocal organic brain lesions. Both of these patients were identified by each of the prediction rules tested. There was a high incidence of small vessel disease (32.8%) and infarcts (11.9%).

Clinical Implications

CT is a low-yield investigation in terms of identifying patients with PRCs of dementia. The tested clinical prediction rules appear sensitive in detection of PRCs. CT may demonstrate unsuspected cerebrovascular disease.
Child and adolescent mental health services liaison with primary care services: A training opportunity in consultation
Authors: Wilkinson Gordon
Published: January 2005

Consultation is an important means of service delivery for child and adolescent mental health teams, and this is recognised in a number of recent national documents. For the past 6 years, a formalised training opportunity with a local child and family social work team has been in place on the West of Scotland higher specialist training rotation. The consultation process is described, highlighting the mutually beneficial relationship that has developed for both agencies.
Measurement of risk by a community forensic mental health team
Authors: Dowsett John
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive validity of the HCR–20 risk assessment instrument for the case-load of an inner-city community forensic team. File review and an interview with the keyworker for each patient were used to compile the information, and the author completed the HCR–20 for all patients. Cases were followed up for an average of 2.5 years to collect information on recidivism.

Results

The risk profile for this sample was comparable to published North American studies. Patients who were subsequently charged with or convicted of violent offences all scored highly on the HCR–20.

Clinical Implications

The HCR–20 appears to be a useful instrument for stratifying risk within community forensic samples; this finding has implications for intensity of treatment and supervision. However, the data also suggest that services need to target criminogenic variables more effectively.
Exchange Taboos From an Interpretive Perspective
Authors: Belk Russell W.
Published: January 2005

The relational framing perspective on taboo exchanges addresses a number of issues that have also been the subjects of considerable interpretive research and theorizing. This commentary highlights interpretive work on gift giving, love, sacredness, purity, and boundaries as it pertains to exchange taboos. It suggests that there is a ritual and moral substrate that underlies exchange behaviors. It concludes that the interpretive perspective may deepen relational framing by revealing an ideal moral template that guides behavior and leads to polite ruses in order to reframe behaviors that violate these norms. It further suggests that there is much to be gained by integrating insights from consumer psychology with those of consumer sociology and consumer anthropology.
The Price of Friendship: When, Why, and How Relational Norms Guide Social Exchange Behavior
Authors: Johar Gita Venkataramani
Published: January 2005

This article critically examines McGraw and Tetlock's (2005) notion of relational framing and offers directions for future development of the conceptual model. I begin by discussing the inherent limitations of scenario studies and show how the emergence of attribution analysis in real interpersonal interactions may qualify the results obtained in these studies. I then discuss the norm consistency and social identity maintenance mechanisms proposed in the article and advance several alternative mediators of the phenomenon, including affect and anticipated interaction. I recommend experimental designs that could be used to isolate the role of the different mediators and suggest the incorporation of process measures. I end with a discussion of conditions under which relational framing may not matter and propose a research agenda for consumer researchers interested in building on the solid foundation laid by McGraw and Tetlock.
Theoretically Framing Relational Framing
Authors: Tetlock Philip E. , McGraw A. Peter
Published: January 2005

Our research program on relational framing leaves many process and normative‐prescriptive issues unresolved. We agree with the three commentators on the usefulness of (a) experimental work that probes the cognitive and affective processes underlying relational‐framing effects, (b) ethnographic work that probes the cultural and historical processes that can shift the boundaries of acceptable commercial transactions, and (c) philosophical analyses that probe the views of rationality that guide whether the research community sees human judgments as biased and in need of correction.
Integrating Ad Information: A Text‐Processing Perspective
Authors: Luna David
Published: January 2005

This article utilizes psycholinguistic models to examine text processing in advertising. In particular, the article theorizes that forming an accurate mental representation of the text content of ads is essential for comprehension and can influence evaluations. Two conditions must be met in order to form a mental representation: referential continuity and coherence. A text possesses referential continuity if each of its parts refers, implicitly or explicitly, to an entity introduced in the previous part. A text is coherent if individuals can readily integrate its parts. Four empirical studies suggest that the repetition of certain verbal and pictorial cues can help provide referential continuity and that an ad's structure, or presentation format, can facilitate coherence but only when referential continuity is established.
Size Does Matter: The Effects of Magnitude Representation Congruency on Price Perceptions and Purchase Likelihood
Authors: Coulter Keith S. , Coulter Robin A.
Published: January 2005

The numerical cognition literature suggests that numerical stimuli (and hence prices) are represented and encoded in memory as magnitude representations (i.e., judgments of relative “size”). The magnitude representation associated with the numerical value of a price may be the same as (congruent) or different from (incongruent) the magnitude representation associated with some other related dimension. We conducted 3 experiments to examine the effects of congruent versus incongruent magnitude representations on price perceptions and purchase intentions. We find that congruent magnitude representations result in more favorable price knowledge (i.e., greater value perceptions and lower price judgments) and increased purchase likelihood. Our findings suggest that consumers are not consciously aware of the role of magnitude representations in influencing price perceptions.
Penetrating injury of parotid gland and external auditory canal: a unique combination
Authors: Singh Rakesh Kumar , Bhandary Sangita , Sinha Bimal Kumar , Karki Prahlad
Published: January 2005

A unique case is presented of a penetrating injury of the parotid gland and complete transection of the cartilaginous portion of the external auditory canal by a tree branch. A subsequent superficial parotidectomy along with end-to-end anastomosis of the external auditory canal and appropriate antimicrobial therapy was successful. A review of the literature did not reveal any previous similar cases.
Minimum dataset for the recording of findings of flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy
Authors: Singh Arvind , Lyons Marie
Published: January 2005

A dataset for assessing and recording findings of flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy is proposed.
Circulating Adiponectin and Plasma Fatty Acid Profile
Authors: Fernández-Real José-Manuel , Vendrell Joan , Ricart Wifredo
Published: January 2005

Background: The amount and type of fat in the diet influence the development of obesity and related inflammatory activity. Knowledge of the possible influence of dietary habits on circulating adiponectin, a molecule with putative antiinflammatory properties, may be helpful in preventing atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The association between dietary fat, as inferred from plasma fatty acid composition (gas–liquid chromatography), and circulating adiponectin (RIA) was evaluated in 116 healthy individuals.

Results: The proportion of saturated fatty acids in plasma was significantly associated with circulating adiponectin concentration (r = −0.24; P = 0.01). Specifically, percentage of palmitic acid (C16:0) was significantly associated with lower adiponectin concentration (r = −0.28; P = 0.002), particularly among women (r = −0.37; P = 0.02) and nonsmokers (r = −0.30; P = 0.007). Percentage of myristic acid (C14:0) was also significantly associated with lower adiponectin among nonsmokers (r = −0.26; P = 0.02) and women (r = −0.39; P = 0.01). The other fatty acids were not significantly associated with adiponectin except for eicosanoic acid (C20:1 ω-9), which was significantly and positively associated with adiponectin in all individuals (r = 0.23; P = 0.01). This latter association was most significant in smokers (r = 0.43; P = 0.007). In a multivariate regression analysis to predict circulating adiponectin, after controlling for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and the individual remaining fatty acids, the percentages of palmitic (P = 0.005) and eicosanoic acid (P = 0.03) contributed independently (6% and 3%, respectively) to adiponectin variance. Among nonsmokers, the percentages of palmitic acid (P = 0.01) and ω-3 fatty acids contributed 8% and 7%, respectively, to adiponectin variance. Among smokers, the percentage of eicosanoic acid (P = 0.03) contributed to 10% of adiponectin variance, independently of body mass index, age, waist-to hip ratio, and the remaining individual fatty acids.

Conclusions: Saturated and ω-3 fatty acids of dietary origin (as inferred from plasma fatty acid concentration) are associated with circulating adiponectin concentrations in healthy humans. The proportion of eicosanoic acid also appears to be positively associated with circulating adiponectin. The knowledge of how these interactions occur may be helpful in the planning of dietary measures aimed at the modulation of inflammatory activity.
Out of Touch
Authors: Mangione Salvatore , Basile Maria , Post Stephen G.
Published: February 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the role of touch in medical tradition and its importance in medicine today.
Association of Economic Policies With Hypertension Management and Control
Authors: Zhang Donglan , Lee Jun Soo , Pollack Lisa M. , Dong Xiaobei , Taliano Joanna M. , Rajan Anand , Therrien Nicole L. , Jackson Sandra L. , Popoola Adebola , Luo Feijun
Published: February 2024

Importance

Economic policies have the potential to impact management and control of hypertension.

Objectives

To review the evidence on the association between economic policies and hypertension management and control among adults with hypertension in the US.

Evidence Review

A search was carried out of PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EconLit, Sociological Abstracts, and Scopus from January 1, 2000, through November 1, 2023. Included were randomized clinical trials, difference-in-differences, and interrupted time series studies that evaluated the association of economic policies with hypertension management. Economic policies were grouped into 3 categories: insurance coverage expansion such as Medicaid expansion, cost sharing in health care such as increased drug copayments, and financial incentives for quality such as pay-for-performance. Antihypertensive treatment was measured as taking antihypertensive medications or medication adherence among those who have a hypertension diagnosis; and hypertension control, measured as blood pressure (BP) lower than  140/90 mm Hg or a reduction in BP. Evidence was extracted and synthesized through dual review of titles, abstracts, full-text articles, study quality, and policy effects.

Findings

In total, 31 articles were included. None of the studies examined economic policies outside of the health care system. Of these, 16 (52%) assessed policies for insurance coverage expansion, 8 (26%) evaluated policies related to patient cost sharing for prescription drugs, and 7 (22%) evaluated financial incentive programs for improving health care quality. Of the 16 studies that evaluated coverage expansion policies, all but 1 found that policies such as Medicare Part D and Medicaid expansion were associated with significant improvement in antihypertensive treatment and BP control. Among the 8 studies that examined patient cost sharing, 4 found that measures such as prior authorization and increased copayments were associated with decreased adherence to antihypertensive medication. Finally, all 7 studies evaluating financial incentives aimed at improving quality found that they were associated with improved antihypertensive treatment and BP control. Overall, most studies had a moderate or low risk of bias in their policy evaluation.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this systematic review suggest that economic policies aimed at expanding insurance coverage or improving health care quality successfully improved medication use and BP control among US adults with hypertension. Future research is needed to investigate the potential effects of non–health care economic policies on hypertension control.
Medicare Part D Coverage of Drugs Selected for the Drug Price Negotiation Program
Authors: Patterson Julie A. , Wagner Tyler D. , O’Brien John M. , Campbell Jonathan D.
Published: February 2024

This cross-sectional study describes and historically benchmarks Medicare Part D coverage in 2019 and 2023 for the first 10 drugs selected for negotiation.
Time to Anticoagulation Reversal and Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Sheth Kevin N. , Solomon Nicole , Alhanti Brooke , Messe Steven R. , Xian Ying , Bhatt Deepak L. , Hemphill J. Claude , Frontera Jennifer A. , Chang Raymond C. , Danelich Ilya M. , Huang Joanna , Schwamm Lee , Smith Eric E. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Mac Grory Brian , Fonarow Gregg C. , Saver Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2024

Importance

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the deadliest stroke subtype, and mortality rates are especially high in anticoagulation-associated ICH. Recently, specific anticoagulation reversal strategies have been developed, but it is not clear whether there is a time-dependent treatment effect for door-to-treatment (DTT) times in clinical practice.

Objective

To evaluate whether DTT time is associated with outcome among patients with anticoagulation-associated ICH treated with reversal interventions.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines–Stroke quality improvement registry. Patients with ICH who presented within 24 hours of symptom onset across 465 US hospitals from 2015 to 2021 were included. Data were analyzed from January to September 2023.

Exposures

Anticoagulation-associated ICH.

Main Outcomes and Measures

DTT times and outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression modeling, adjusted for demographic, history, baseline, and hospital characteristics, with hospital-specific random intercepts to account for clustering by site. The primary outcome of interest was the composite inpatient mortality and discharge to hospice. Additional prespecified secondary outcomes, including functional outcome (discharge modified Rankin Scale score, ambulatory status, and discharge venue), were also examined.

Results

Of 9492 patients with anticoagulation-associated ICH and documented reversal intervention status, 4232 (44.6%) were female, and the median (IQR) age was 77 (68-84) years. A total of 7469 (78.7%) received reversal therapy, including 4616 of 5429 (85.0%) taking warfarin and 2856 of 4069 (70.2%) taking a non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. For the 5224 patients taking a reversal intervention with documented workflow times, the median (IQR) onset-to-treatment time was 232 (142-482) minutes and the median (IQR) DTT time was 82 (58-117) minutes, with a DTT time of 60 minutes or less in 1449 (27.7%). A DTT time of 60 minutes or less was associated with decreased mortality and discharge to hospice (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99) but no difference in functional outcome (ie, a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 3; adjusted odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.67-1.24). Factors associated with a DTT time of 60 minutes or less included White race, higher systolic blood pressure, and lower stroke severity.

Conclusions and Relevance

In US hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke, earlier anticoagulation reversal was associated with improved survival for patients with ICH. These findings support intensive efforts to accelerate evaluation and treatment for patients with this devastating form of stroke.
Superior Intermolecular Noncovalent Interactions Empowered Dopant‐Free Hole Transport Materials for Efficient and Stable Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Wangchao , Wu Miaomiao , Chen Xuan , Zhang Zhi , Guo Fuling , Zhang Hong , Wang Yanqing , Ni Gang , Qin Ling , Shi Chengwu
Published: February 2024

Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) solar cells are critically restrained by the Sb2(S,Se)3/charge transport layer interface with scarce carriers transfer ability and high density of deep‐level defect‐induced traps, which are prone to spark the nonradiative recombination and capture the benign photogenerated carriers. Herein, utilizing the intermolecular noncovalent interactions strategy in molecular stereoscopic structural engineering, two dopant‐free hole transport materials (HTMs) are constructed, coded as T‐BDT and F‐BDT, with synergistic hole selectivity and interfacial healing ability. The theoretical simulation and experimental results decipher that the F‐BDT possesses the more favorable planarized conformation, charge delocalization/coupling and molecular stacking pattern, which endow it with the salient hole selection, robust interface passivation and appropriate energy level alignment. Consequently, the Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cell with F‐BDT as dopant‐free HTM realize an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 9.13%, hitting the record high for Sb2(S,Se)3 devices under dopant‐free conditions.
Mesoporous Ternary Nanozymes with Anti‐Senescence and Anti‐Inflammation Activities for Atherosclerosis Management
Authors: Dai Chen , Hu Ruizhi , Cao Shibo , Song Xinran , Feng Wei , Lin Xiangde , Chen Yu , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2024

Numerous anti‐inflammatory agents and corresponding therapeutic strategies have been explored for treating inflammation‐related atherosclerosis, which has struggled with compromised antiatherosclerotic efficacy due to the complex pathogenesis. The senescent endothelial cells participate fundamentally at all stages in atherosclerosis, providing the basis for developing senotherapies to blunt the deleterious effects of senescent cells. In this work, a mesoporous palladium‐boron‐phosphorus ternary nanozyme with intrinsic superoxide dismutase/catalase‐mimicking properties is rationally engineered to co‐load H2 (an anti‐inflammatory agent) within nanozyme's crystal lattice and 4,4′‐dimethoxychalcone (DIM, an anti‐senescence agent) within mesopores, which elicits strong anti‐inflammatory effect in pro‐inflammatory macrophages by elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2 anti‐inflammation and promotion of cholesterol efflux, while simultaneously exerts anti‐senescence capacity in endothelial cells by protection of DNA from ROS damage and degradation of the cellular senescent components via autophagy activation. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results verify the synergy between nanozyme‐based anti‐inflammatory therapy and autophagy activation, demonstrating that such a precise regulation of vascular senescence is applicable to augment antiatherosclerotic efficiency, which provides the nanomedicine‐enabled and senotherapy‐based paradigm for atherosclerosis management.
Degradable and Biocompatible Magnesium Zinc Structures for Nanomedicine: Magnetically Actuated Liposome Microcarriers with Tunable Release
Authors: Peter Florian , Kadiri Vincent Mauricio , Goyal Rahul , Hurst José , Schnichels Sven , Avital Aviram , Sela Mor , Mora‐Raimundo Patricia , Schroeder Avi , Alarcón‐Correa Mariana , Fischer Peer
Published: February 2024

Inorganic therapeutic carriers and implants should not only be biocompatible, but should also degrade under physiological conditions. Ideally, the time of the degradation can be controlled, and ideally the degradation products are fully biocompatible and metabolized by the body. This proves a challenge for carriers used in nanomedicine, including microswimmers and nanorobotic systems destined for targeted delivery, as these generally require inorganic materials to enable coupling to external fields. Taking inspiration from macroscopic orthopedic implants that are made from magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) and that are fully biocompatible and degradable, the growth of complex microstructures is demonstrated, including micropropellers, containing Mg and Zn. By varying the content of Mg, the corrosion time of the microstructures can be tuned from hours to over a month. Incorporation of biocompatible hard‐magnetic iron (Fe)‐platinum (Pt) permits the controlled motion of the micropropellers. The surface of the MgZn structures can be functionalized with liposomes, rendering the structures microcarriers that allow for a time‐dependent release of their cargo as a results of their degradation in aqueous environments. This suggests a powerful platform for targeted drug or gene delivery, that can be integrated with established systems for magnetic actuation and transfection.
Engineering Synthetic Erythrocytes as Next‐Generation Blood Substitutes
Authors: Gomes Francisca L. , Jeong Seol‐Ha , Shin Su Ryon , Leijten Jeroen , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: February 2024

Blood scarcity is one of the main causes of healthcare disruptions worldwide, with blood shortages occurring at an alarming rate. Over the last decades, blood substitutes have aimed at reinforcing the supply of blood, with several products (e.g., hemoglobin (Hb)‐based oxygen (O2) carriers, perfluorocarbons (PFC)) achieving a limited degree of success. Regardless, there is still no widespread solution to this problem due to persistent challenges in product safety and scalability. In this Review, different advances are described in the field of blood substitution, particularly in the development of artificial red blood cells, otherwise known as engineered erythrocytes (EE). The different strategies are categorized into natural, synthetic, or hybrid approaches, and discuss their potential in terms of safety and scalability. Synthetic EEs are identified as the most powerful approach, and describe erythrocytes from a materials engineering perspective. Their biological structure and function are reviewed, as well as explore different methods of assembling a material‐based cell. Specifically, it is discussed how to recreate size, shape, and deformability through particle fabrication, and how to recreate the functional machinery through synthetic biology and nanotechnology. It is concluded by describing the versatile nature of synthetic erythrocytes in medicine and pharmaceuticals and propose specific directions for the field of erythrocyte engineering.
All‐Lanthanide Mechanoluminescence from Transparent Ln‐doped MgF2@Elastomer for Flexible and Stretchable Lighting and Stress Sensing
Authors: Cai Chongyang , Li Leipeng , Li Huimin , Li Pei , Li Tao , Peng Dengfeng , Yang Yanmin
Published: February 2024

Mechanoluminescent materials have gained considerable attention over the past two decades because of their ability to convert wasted mechanical actions, such as friction and compression, into useful light energy. Despite great advances in this field, host matrices that are considered for immobilizing luminescent centers to realize mechanoluminescence are limited mainly to sulfides, oxysalts, and oxysulfides to some extent. To address this shortcoming, a new series of mechanoluminescent materials, i.e., lanthanide‐doped MgF2 (Lanthanide = Yb3+,2+, Tm3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, Eu3+,2+, Sm3+, Ho3+, and Er3+) are presented. Upon stimulation with external mechanical stress, all the materials exhibit mechanoluminescence, covering the spectral range of 385 to 1000 nm. Based on this and transparent Ln‐doped MgF2@Elastomer, the potential value of these mechanoluminescent materials in dynamic pressure visualization is expanded for certain new applications, such as bungee jumping and trampolining. These findings are expected to provide valuable information to the materials community.
Microstructured Organic Cavities with High‐Reflective Flat Reflectors Fabricated by Using a Nanoimprint‐Bonding Process
Authors: Enna Takuya , Adachi Yuji , Hirao Tsukasa , Takahashi Shun , Yamamoto Yohei , Yamashita Kenichi
Published: February 2024

The integration of photonic microstructure into organic microcavities represents an effective strategy for manipulating eigenstates of cavity or polariton modes. However, well‐established fabrication processes for microstructured organic microcavities are still lacking. This study proposes a nanoimprint‐bonding process as a novel fabrication method for microstructured organic microcavities. This process relies on a UV nanoimprint technique utilizing two different photopolymer resins, enabling the independent fabrication of highly reflective reflectors and photonic microstructures without compromising the accuracy of each. The resulting organic microcavities demonstrate spatially localized photonic modes within dot structures and their nonlinear responses on the pumping fluence. Furthermore, a highly precise photonic band is confirmed within a honeycomb lattice structure, which is owing to the high quality factor of the cavity achievable with the nanoimprint‐bonding process. Additionally, a topological edge state is also observable within a zigzag lattice structure. These results highlight the significant potential of the fabrication method for advancing organic‐based photonic devices, including lasers and polariton devices.
Holographic Storage of Ultrafast Photonic Qubit in Molecules
Authors: Voisine Alexis , Billard Franck , Faucher Olivier , Béjot Pierre , Hertz Edouard
Published: February 2024

Herein, it is demonstrated that ultrashort spatially structured beams can sculpt a sample of gas‐phase molecules like a 4D material to produce a spatial pattern of aligned molecules whose shape and temporal evolution allow to restore the spatial light information on a time‐delayed reading pulse. To do so, the spatial phase and amplitude information of ultrashort light beams are encoded into rotational coherences of molecules by exploiting the interplay between spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum. The field‐free molecular alignment resulting from the interaction leads to an inhomogeneous spatial structuring of the sample allowing to transfer the encoded information into a time‐delayed probe beam. The demonstration is conducted in molecules. Besides applications in terms of THz bandwidth buffer memory, the strategy features interesting prospects for establishing versatile optical processing of orbital angular momentum (OAM) fields, for studying various molecular processes, or for designing new photonic devices enabling to impart superpositions of OAM modes to light beams.
Certification Grade Quantum Dot Luminescent Solar Concentrator Glazing with Optical Wireless Communication Capability for Connected Sustainable Architecture
Authors: Meinardi Francesco , Bruni Francesco , Castellan Claudio , Meucci Marco , Umair Ali Muhammad , La Rosa Marcello , Catani Jacopo , Brovelli Sergio
Published: February 2024

Energy sustainability and interconnectivity are the two main pillars on which cutting‐edge architecture is based and require the realization of energy and intelligent devices that can be fully integrated into buildings, capable of meeting stringent regulatory requirements and operating in real‐world conditions. Luminescent solar concentrators, particularly those based on near‐infrared emitting reabsorption‐free quantum dots, are considered good candidates for the realization of semi‐transparent photovoltaic glazing, but despite important advances in optical property engineering strategies, studies of finished devices suitable for real‐world operation are still lacking. In this paper, the first example of a fully assembled quantum dot luminescent solar concentrator‐based photovoltaic glazing is demonstrated that meets all international standards for photovoltaic and building elements. It is also shown that these devices are capable of functioning as efficient Visible Light Communication (VLC) receivers even under full sunlight, thus combining energy and wireless connectivity functions in a realistic solution for smart, sustainable buildings.
Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production by Seawater Splitting Coupled with PET Plastic Upcycling
Authors: Liu Kesheng , Gao Xutao , Liu Chu‐Xuan , Shi Rui , Tse Edmund C. M. , Liu Fulai , Chen Yong
Published: February 2024

Direct seawater electrolysis presents a promising route for grid‐scale green hydrogen (H2) production without reliance on scarce freshwater. However, it is severely hampered by high energy consumption (> 4.3–5.73 kWh m−3 H2) and harmful chlorine corrosion. Herein, an energy‐saving and chlorine‐free H2 production system by coupling seawater splitting and upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste into value‐added glycolic acid (GA) over a Pd─CuCo2O4 catalyst is reported. An ultra‐low potential of 1.15 V versus RHE is required to achieve an industry‐level current density of 600 mA cm−2, which reduces electricity cost to 2.45 kWh m−3 H2. Notably, this system maintains 1.6 A for longer than 100 h, demonstrating excellent stability. Experimental and theoretical results unveil that 1) the specific adsorption of PET‐derived ethylene glycol (EG) on Pd enhances the catalytic performance, and the downshifted d‐band center of Pd accelerates the desorption of GA to prevent over‐oxidation; 2) the strong adsorption of OH− on CuCo2O4 synergistically promotes EG electrooxidation (EGOR) and forms a negative charge layer that effectively repels Cl− by electrostatic repulsion, thus preventing chlorine corrosion. This work may provide new opportunities for H2 production and value‐added GA from vast marine resources and PET waste.
Unveiling the Strain‐induced Microstructural Evolution and Morphology‐Stretchability Correlations of Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Photovoltaic Films
Authors: Peng Zhongxiang , Li Saimeng , Zhou Kangkang , Zhang Yaowen , Li Mingfei , Li Xin , Yang Chunming , Bian Fenggang , Geng Yanhou , Ye Long
Published: February 2024

The progress of stretchable and wearable photovoltaics relies heavily on intrinsically stretchable active layer films. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research clarifying the connections between their microstructure, performance, and their adaptation to large strain in polymer electronic films. The current study utilizes multiple synchrotron X‐ray scattering methods to collectively examine the correlations between morphology and stretchability, as well as the microstructural evolution induced by stretching in three sample cases of highly stretchable ternary blend films. These blends contain over 30% by weight of a polymer elastomer, such as styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene block copolymer, integrated into the high‐performance polymer:nonfullerene small molecule mixture. Specifically, the real‐time microstructural changes of these durable organic photovoltaic films with elastomers are monitored when subjected to tensile stretching through in situ synchrotron X‐ray scattering. The experiments demonstrate that polymeric elastomers can effectively lower the degree of crystallinity in films and deform the crystallites of semiconductor molecules. The elastomeric component aids in stress dispersion during stretching, thereby improving the microstructural durability of blend films. This study provides new recommendations for advancing stretchable organic optoelectronic devices.
The Cutting‐Edge Progress in Covalent Organic Framework‐Based Nanomedicine
Authors: Guo Huaijuan , Liu Yang , Fang Chao , Yan Xuebing , Zhang Kun , Gao Huali
Published: February 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials with exceptional properties, constructed through covalently linked organic units. COFs are extensively applied in the field of biomedicine, particularly in the context of anticancer treatments. First, this review summarizes the diverse synthetic methods of COFs, including solvothermal synthesis, microwave‐assisted synthesis, room temperature synthesis, interface synthesis, ionothermal techniques, mechanical grinding, and electrochemical methods, and their impacts on the material's structure and performance. Second, COFs exhibit tremendous potential in the field of cancer therapy because of their orderly lattice structure, tunable pore sizes, high surface area, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, the article deeply explores the applications of COFs in diverse cancer treatment modalities, encompassing early diagnostic bioimaging, drug delivery, various phototherapies, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, and their combined therapeutic strategies. Finally, the article points out current research challenges and future directions in this field.
1,4‐Aminoarylation of Butadienes via Photoinduced Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Cai Yuan , Gaurav Gaurav , Ritter Tobias
Published: February 2024

A visible‐light‐induced, three‐component palladium‐catalyzed 1,4‐aminoarylation of butadienes with readily available aryl halides and aliphatic amines has been developed, affording allylamines with excellent E‐selectivity. The reaction exhibits exceptional control over chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and high functional group compatibility, as demonstrated by the late‐stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with a photoinduced radical Pd(0)‐Pd(I)‐Pd(II)‐Pd(0) Heck‐Tsuji–Trost allylation cascade.
Porphyrin‐Thiophene Based Conjugated Polymer Cathode with High Capacity for Lithium‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Wu Xing , Zhou Wang , Ye Chao , Zhang Jiahao , Liu Zheyuan , Yang Chengkai , Peng Jinfeng , Liu Jilei , Gao Ping
Published: February 2024

Organic electrode materials are promising for next‐generation energy storage materials due to their environmental friendliness and sustainable renewability. However, problems such as their high solubility in electrolytes and low intrinsic conductivity have always plagued their further application. Polymerization to form conjugated organic polymers can not only inhibit the dissolution of organic electrodes in the electrolyte, but also enhance the intrinsic conductivity of organic molecules. Herein, we synthesized a new conjugated organic polymer (COPs) COP500‐CuT2TP (poly [5,10,15,20‐tetra(2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl) porphyrinato] copper (II)) by electrochemical polymerization method. Due to the self‐exfoliation behavior, the porphyrin cathode exhibited a reversible discharge capacity of 420 mAh g−1, and a high specific energy of 900 Wh Kg−1 with a first coulombic efficiency of 96 % at 100 mA g−1. Excellent cycling stability up to 8000 cycles without capacity loss was achieved even at a high current density of 5 A g−1. This highly conjugated structure promotes COP500‐CuT2TP combined high energy density, high power density, and good cycling stability, which would open new opportunity for the designable and versatile organic electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.
Non‐Fully Conjugated Dimerized Giant Acceptors with Different Alkyl‐Linked Sites for Stable and 19.13 % Efficiency Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yi Fan , Xiao Manjun , Meng Yongdie , Bai Hairui , Su Wenyan , Gao Wei , Yao Ze‐Fan , Qi Guangyu , Liang Zezhou , Jin Conggui , Tang Lingxiao , Zhang Rui , Yan Lihe , Liu Yuhang , Zhu Weiguo , Ma Wei , Fan Qunping
Published: February 2024

Achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability is a major challenge for the practical development of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, three non‐fully conjugated dimerized giant acceptors (named 2Y‐sites, including wing‐site‐linked 2Y‐wing, core‐site‐linked 2Y‐core, and end‐site‐linked 2Y‐end) are developed. They share the similar monomer precursors but have different alkyl‐linked sites, offering the fine‐tuned molecular absorption, packing, glass transition temperature, and carrier mobility. Among their binary active layers, D18/2Y‐wing has better miscibility, leading to optimized morphology and more efficient charge transfer compared to D18/2Y‐core and D18/2Y‐end. Therefore, the D18/2Y‐wing‐based OSCs achieve a superior PCE of 17.73 %, attributed to enhanced photocurrent and fill factor. Furthermore, the D18/2Y‐wing‐based OSCs exhibit a balance of high PCE and improved stability, distinguishing them within the 2Y‐sites. Building on the success of 2Y‐wing in binary systems, we extend its application to ternary OSCs by pairing it with the near‐infrared absorbing D18/BS3TSe‐4F host. Thanks to the complementary absorption within 300–970 nm and further optimized morphology, ternary OSCs obtain a higher PCE of 19.13 %, setting a new efficiency benchmark for the dimer‐derived OSCs. This approach of alkyl‐linked site engineering for constructing dimerized giant acceptors presents a promising pathway to improve both PCE and stability of OSCs.