bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tensions of Diasporic ‘Return’ Migration
Authors: Nguyen-Akbar Mytoan
Published: February 2014

Propelled by the globalization of work opportunities in the Global South, thousands of Viet Kieu (overseas Vietnamese) 1.5- and second-generation migrants are “returning” to Vietnam to find skilled work. Through a global ethnography in urban Ho Chi Minh City, this article illustrates how these diasporic “returnees” negotiate their contentious relationship with their nonmigrating, often poorer extended family. My research contributes to the migrant gift giving and reciprocity literature by examining the many ways that “return” migration can create tensions and ambiguity within existing transnational family remittance relationships across borders. The increased presence of diasporic “return” migrants also prompts scholars to reconsider the durability of transnational family ties across the generations, as face-to-face encounters reveal how class, generation, age hierarchy, and gender can create micro-level axes of difference and distancing.
Responsibilization and Discipline
Authors: Gradin Franzén Anna
Published: February 2014

Responsibilization has been seen as a major technique for society’s governing of troublesome youth, yet few previous studies have investigated responsibilization in practice. This article explores a behavior modification program at a youth detention home, specifically how involved self-assessment practices can be conceptualized as a responsibilization strategy (aimed at producing free and self-governing subjects). The study documents and explicates this complex discursive setting, where responsibilization practices are combined with rigorous control. Drawing on video-ethnographic methods, the analyses explore how responsibilization is attempted and resisted in interaction. Institutional rules and manuals were used by residents both to enact resistance and to position themselves as responsibilized, in which self-assessment practices make out a kind of technology of the self (Foucault). Further, the study concludes that both staff and residents at times strategically positioned residents as children, something that ultimately could be conceptualized as both parties jointly enacting resistance in response to the dilemmatic discursive setting.
Implications of Family Business Employment for Employees’ Innovative Work Involvement
Authors: Bammens Yannick , Notelaers Guy , Van Gils Anita
Published: February 2014

This study builds on the idea that family businesses perform particularly well in the domain of exploitative innovations and explores a possible source of this strength, namely their employees’ spontaneous involvement in informal innovation activity. Specifically, we develop a mediation model on the interrelationship between family business employment and employees’ innovative work involvement. Analyses are based on a sample of 893 Belgian employees using structural equation modeling. Results suggest that family business employment is positively associated with employees’ innovative work involvement, and that part of this relationship can be attributed to their heightened perceptions of organizational support and work motivation.
Similarities Among Factors Associated With Components of Frailty in Elderly
Authors: Alexandre Tiago da S. , Corona Ligiana P. , Nunes Daniella P. , Santos Jair L. F. , Duarte Yeda A. O. , Lebrão Maria L.
Published: February 2014

Objective: To analyze similarities among factors associated with the components of frailty in elderly. Method: We studied 1,413 elderly from the second wave of the SABE Study in 2006. Each of the five components of the frailty phenotype was considered a dependent variable in the hierarchical logistic regression models. Results: In both genders, age, schooling, sedentary lifestyle, and screening positive for depression were associated similarly with more than one component of frailty. Other similarities were also observed with stroke and screening positive for cognitive decline in men, and number of diseases and gait speed in women. The most similar associations happened between weakness and slowness; weakness, slowness, and LPAL; or weakness, slowness, and exhaustion. Discussion: Encouraging physical activity, screening for and treating depression and treating both diseases of the central nervous system and chronic diseases must be the focus of strategies to avoid, delay, or even remedy frailty.
Validity of a simple videogrammetric method to measure the movement of all hand segments for clinical purposes
Authors: Sancho-Bru Joaquín L , Jarque-Bou Néstor J , Vergara Margarita , Pérez-González Antonio
Published: February 2014

Hand movement measurement is important in clinical, ergonomics and biomechanical fields. Videogrammetric techniques allow the measurement of hand movement without interfering with the natural hand behaviour. However, an accurate measurement of the hand movement requires the use of a high number of markers, which limits its applicability for the clinical practice (60 markers would be needed for hand and wrist). In this work, a simple method that uses a reduced number of markers (29), based on a simplified kinematic model of the hand, is proposed and evaluated. A set of experiments have been performed to evaluate the errors associated with the kinematic simplification, together with the evaluation of its accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. The global error attributed to the kinematic simplification was 6.68°. The method has small errors in repeatability and reproducibility (3.43° and 4.23°, respectively) and shows no statistically significant difference with the use of electronic goniometers. The relevance of the work lies in the ability of measuring all degrees of freedom of the hand with a reduced number of markers without interfering with the natural hand behaviour, which makes it suitable for its use in clinical applications, as well as for ergonomic and biomechanical purposes.
Prediction of risk of fracture in the tibia due to altered bone mineral density distribution resulting from disuse: A finite element study
Authors: Gislason Magnus K. , Coupaud Sylvie , Sasagawa Keisuke , Tanabe Yuji , Purcell Mariel , Allan David B. , Tanner K. Elizabeth
Published: February 2014

The disuse-related bone loss that results from immobilisation following injury shares characteristics with osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and the aged, with decreases in bone mineral density leading to weakening of the bone and increased risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to use the finite element method to: (i) calculate the mechanical response of the tibia under mechanical load and (ii) estimate of the risk of fracture; comparing between two groups, an able-bodied group and spinal cord injury patients group suffering from varying degrees of bone loss. The tibiae of eight male subjects with chronic spinal cord injury and those of four able-bodied age-matched controls were scanned using multi-slice peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Images were used to develop full three-dimensional models of the tibiae in Mimics (Materialise) and exported into Abaqus (Simulia) for calculation of stress distribution and fracture risk in response to specified loading conditions – compression, bending and torsion. The percentage of elements that exceeded a calculated value of the ultimate stress provided an estimate of the risk of fracture for each subject, which differed between spinal cord injury subjects and their controls. The differences in bone mineral density distribution along the tibia in different subjects resulted in different regions of the bone being at high risk of fracture under set loading conditions, illustrating the benefit of creating individual material distribution models. A predictive tool can be developed based on these models, to enable clinicians to estimate the amount of loading that can be safely allowed onto the skeletal frame of individual patients who suffer from extensive musculoskeletal degeneration (including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and the ageing population). The ultimate aim is to reduce fracture occurrence in these vulnerable groups.
Nondestructive microimaging during preclinical pin-on-plate testing of novel materials for arthroplasty
Authors: Teeter Matthew G , Langohr G Daniel G , Medley John B , Holdsworth David W
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of micro-computed tomography to quantify wear in preclinical pin-on-plate testing of materials for use in joint arthroplasty. Wear testing of CoCr pins articulating against six polyetheretherketone plates was performed using a pin-on-plate apparatus over 2 million cycles. Change in volume due to wear was quantified with gravimetric analysis and with micro-computed tomography, and the volumes were compared. Separately, the volume of polyetheretherketone pin-on-plate specimens that had been soaking in fluid for 52 weeks was quantified with both gravimetric analysis and micro-computed tomography, and repeated after drying. The volume change with micro-computed tomography was compared to the mass change with gravimetric analysis. The mean wear volume measured was 8.02 ± 6.38 mm3 with gravimetric analysis and 6.76 ± 5.38 mm3 with micro-computed tomography (p = 0.06). Micro-computed tomography volume measurements did not show a statistically significant change with drying for either the plates (p = 0.60) or the pins (p = 0.09), yet drying had a significant effect on the gravimetric mass measurements for both the plates (p = 0.03) and the pins (p = 0.04). Micro-computed tomography provided accurate measurements of wear in polyetheretherketone pin-on-plate test specimens, and no statistically significant change was caused by fluid uptake. Micro-computed tomography quantifies wear depth and wear volume, mapped to the specific location of damage on the specimen, and is also capable of examining subsurface density as well as cracking. Its noncontact, nondestructive nature makes it ideal for preclinical testing of materials, in which further additional analysis techniques may be utilized.
The horizontal worldview: A Wittgensteinian attitude towards scientific psychology
Authors: van Dijk Ludger , Withagen Rob
Published: February 2014

Many scientific psychologists (implicitly) adopt a vertical worldview. This worldview assumes a layered supervening ontology and thereby invites a reductionist stance on explanation. In the present article we direct attention to an alternative attitude towards reality, the horizontal worldview. We draw on Wittgenstein as an example of this alternative attitude. In his later writings Wittgenstein showed his readers how to resist the urge to derive underlying principles about reality by tirelessly reorienting inquiry “sideways,” to the surrounding circumstances that were excluded from consideration. We go on to identify similar horizontal thinking in scientific psychology and demonstrate its merits by discussing Gibson’s approach to visual perception, a Heideggerian approach to skill acquisition, and by discussing psychological traits and the use of concepts. By clarifying the particular surrounding circumstances that a vertical view neglects to consider, a horizontal attitude can render a vertical analysis superfluous.
The place of theory in assembling the central argument for a thesis or dissertation
Authors: Adams Peter J. , Buetow Stephen
Published: February 2014

While theory plays a variety of roles in forming the central argument of an academic work, it is often assigned a secondary status to that of research methods. The following paper focuses specifically on the benefits for psychology research students in engaging with the capacity of theory to enhance the coherence and originality of their academic works (such as theses or dissertations). Barriers to engagement with theory are identified and contributory factors discussed. General trends in academic environments are seen to play an important part in why many students view theory as difficult, unnecessary, and unconnected with the real world. The article then develops an account for understanding the dynamic and multilayered ways in which theory contributes to research enquiries. A framework involving six different layers of theory is described along with a model for understanding how these layers interact and the order in which they might be best addressed. The paper also considers some of the complications between these layers and possible changes to learning environments in psychology that could promote stronger involvement with theory.
Unions in small- and medium-sized enterprises: A family factor perspective
Authors: Holten Ann-Louise , Crouch Colin
Published: February 2014

Trade unions are commonly weak in small- and medium-sized enterprises, which constitute a majority of European firms and are often family-owned. We investigate the influence of family ownership on employee membership, perceptions and experience with unions in Danish and Italian firms in the textile and clothing sector. Family ownership reduces union membership; and within family firms, the number of family members employed is negatively associated with unionization rates and employee perceptions of unions.
A bibliometric analysis of research productivity of Malaysian publications in leading toxicology journals during a 10-year period (2003–2012)
Authors: Zyoud SH , Al-Jabi SW , Sweileh WM , Awang R
Published: February 2014

Background:

Toxicology in Malaysia has experienced rapid development and made great progress in education and research in conjunction with economic development in Malaysia over the past two decades.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this study were to analyse the research originating from Malaysia and published in toxicology journals and to examine the authorship pattern and the citations retrieved from the Scopus database.

Methods:

Data from 1 January 2003 till 31 December 2012 were searched for documents with specific words in the toxicology field as a ‘source title’ and Malaysia as an affiliation country. Research productivity was evaluated based on a methodology we developed and used in other bibliometric studies by analysing: (a) total and trends of contributions in toxicology fields between 2003 and 2012; (b) Malaysian authorship pattern and productivity; (c) collaboration patterns; (d) journals in which Malaysian researchers publish; (e) the classification of journals to Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) or non-ISI; (f) impact factors (IFs) of all publications; and (g) citations received by the publications.

Results:

In total, 290 documents were retrieved from 55 international peer-reviewed toxicology journals. The quantity of publication increased by around 10-fold from 2003 to 2012. The h-index of the retrieved documents was 20. Of the 55 journal titles, 42 (76.4%) have their IF listed in the journal citation reports 2012. Forty-two documents (14.5%) were published in journals that had no official IF. The total number of citations, at the time of manuscript writing (5 August 2013), was 1707, with a median (interquartile range) of 3 (0–7). Malaysia collaborated mostly with countries in the Asia-Pacific regions (18.3%), especially India and Japan, followed by the Middle East and Africa (10.0%), especially Palestine and Yemen.

Conclusion:

The present data show a promising rise and a good start for toxicology research activity in Malaysia. The sharing of relevant research questions by developed and developing countries can lead to research opportunities in the field of toxicology.
Vestibular effects of lidocaine intratympanic injection in rats
Authors: Lee HH , Kim MJ , Jo YK , Kim JY , Han GC
Published: February 2014

When lidocaine is locally delivered into the inner ear, it rapidly paralyzes the peripheral vestibular afferent neurons and induces unilateral vestibular loss. The goals of this study were to explore the possibility of developing intratympanic injection (IT) of lidocaine as a modality for treating acute vertigo. To evaluate the minimum concentration required, latent time, action duration, and possibility of lidocaine IT readministration to the vestibular system, we compared the development of horizontal nystagmus after IT of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% lidocaine solutions in rats. To identify the induction of vestibular compensation, c-Fos-like protein expression was observed in the vestibular nucleus. Results of our investigation showed that lidocaine IT concentrations greater than 4% induced vestibular hyporeflexia in the injected ear. In order to induce hyporeflexia 4 and 6% lidocaine solutions could also be repeatedly injected. Regardless of concentration, effects of the lidocaine IT dissipated gradually over time. Our findings could be used to develop novel methods for symptom control in vestibular disorder patients.
The relationship between music-related mood regulation and psychopathology in young people
Authors: Thomson Cassandra Jane , Reece John E. , Di Benedetto Mirella
Published: February 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate how music-related mood regulation relates to psychopathology – specifically depression, anxiety, and stress – in young people, through examining the nature of the relationships between individual music-related mood regulation strategies and psychopathology. The sample consisted of 146 (53 male and 93 female) university students aged between 17 and 24 years. Participants completed an online questionnaire addressing levels of psychopathology, music-related mood regulation behaviours, and personal music-related information. Results indicated that, as a whole, music-related mood regulation predicted levels of psychopathology. High use of the mood regulation strategy Discharge (venting of negative emotion through music) predicted high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress; Diversion (distraction from worries and stress) predicted high levels of anxiety and stress; and Entertainment (happy mood maintenance and enhancement) predicted low levels of depression. The results suggest that music-related mood regulation may perform a maladaptive function in certain individuals that promotes psychopathology; however, it is equally plausible that young people experiencing psychopathology are more likely to employ music in an attempt to reduce their symptoms. These are avenues for consideration in future research. The present study has practical implications for the use of music as a self-therapeutic resource and in the treatment of young people with psychopathology in music therapy settings.
Health and Social Care Needs of Somali Refugees With Visual Impairment (VIP) Living in the United Kingdom
Authors: Higginbottom Gina MA , Rivers Kaltum , Story Robin
Published: February 2014

Purpose: To explore the health and social care needs of Somali refugees with visual impairment (VIP). Design: We conducted a three-phased focused ethnography in collaboration with the Horn of Africa Blind Society (HABS) through all stages from research design to findings dissemination. Method: Engaging in participatory research, HABS members ( n = 26), service providers ( n = 10), and two Somali community groups ( n = 8 and n = 7) whose members were sighted (Phase 1) took part in four focus group interviews. Phases 2 and 3 consisted of interviews with Somali refugees with VIP ( n = 32) and their informal carers ( n = 5). We used framework data analysis methodology. Findings: Four major themes emerged: (1) sociocultural perceptions of blindness and visual impairment, (2) access to services, (3) isolation and insecurity, and (4) mobility. Conclusion: Somali people with VIP experience profound unmet social and health care needs related largely to social support, awareness of mobility options, and the stigmatization of visual impairment. Appropriate community outreach may improve access to services and quality of life for Somali people with VIP. Tailored information is needed to increase awareness of mobility and security services. Significant considerations exist when planning discharge from acute care settings to ensure continuity of support.
A modified constitutive model with an enhanced phase diagram for ferromagnetic shape memory alloys
Authors: Shirani Milad , Kadkhodaei Mahmoud
Published: February 2014

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are a class of shape memory alloys which can produce inelastic strains when exposed to magnetic fields. The existing constitutive models for these alloys are mostly accompanied by a phase diagram using which critical stresses and magnetic fields for start and finish of forward and reverse reorientations are determined. In this article, an available model is modified in a continuum framework, and explicit kinetic laws together with the corresponding phase diagram in stress–field space are obtained. The proposed phase diagram is unique for a specified ferromagnetic shape memory alloy although the original model predicts different phase diagrams for different conditions. The model is further improved through a phenomenological approach to be able to capture the reported experimental findings. Numerical predictions for several stress–strain responses at different constant applied magnetic fields are compared with available experimental results. Good agreements are seen between the theoretical and empirical findings, indicating validity of the proposed model and the corresponding phase diagram in studying the magneto-mechanical behaviors of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.
A discrete viscoplastic damage model for time-dependent behaviour of quasi-brittle rocks
Authors: Wang W , Shao JF , Zhu QZ , Xu WY
Published: February 2014

A discrete viscoplastic damage model is proposed for the description of time-dependent behaviour of quasi-brittle rocks. This model is inspired by micromechanical considerations. Rocks are considered as quasi-brittle materials containing a spatial distribution of microcracks. Viscoplastic strains of rocks are generated by the time-dependent frictional sliding of microcracks surfaces while the damage of rocks is related to the growth of microcracks. The two inelastic mechanisms are coupled. The model is formulated in the framework of discrete thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The local strains and stresses applied to microcracks are related to the macroscopic counterparts through appropriate kinematic and static conditions. Specific viscoplastic flow rule as well as damage evolution law is defined for each family of microcracks. The validity of proposed model is verified through comparisons between numerical results and experimental data in triaxial compression tests and creep tests for sandstone.
School Violent Victimization and Recent Alcohol Use and Episodic Heavy Drinking Among Youth
Authors: King Keith A. , Vidourek Rebecca A. , Merianos Ashley L.
Published: February 2014

School violent victimization is a serious public health problem among youth. The current study investigated the association between youth alcohol use and school violent victimization among middle school and high school students ( N = 54,361). The PRIDE national survey for Grades 6–12 was administered to youth in their classrooms. Results indicated that 38.3% of students were involved in school violent victimization. School violent victimization differed significantly based on sex, race, and grade level. Logistic regression analyses indicated that school violent victimization was directly related to elevated alcohol use in the past 12 months and episodic heavy drinking among youth. Findings from this study may be beneficial to school nurses in creating bullying and substance abuse prevention programs for students. Recommendations for future research are included.
K–12 Students With Concussions
Authors: Zirkel Perry A. , Brown Brenda Eagan
Published: February 2014

This article provides a multipart analysis of the public schools’ responsibility for students with concussions. The first part provides the prevailing diagnostic definitions of concussions and postconcussive syndrome. The second and central part provides (a) the legal framework of the two overlapping federal laws—the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the varying state laws or local policies for individual health plans and (b) a summary of the developing body of hearing officer decisions, court decisions, and Office for Civil Rights rulings that have applied this framework to K–12 students with concussions. The final part offers recommendations for proactive return to school policies, with the school nurse playing a central supporting role.
Peroneus Longus Tears Associated With Pathology of the Os Peroneum
Authors: Stockton Kristopher G. , Brodsky James W.
Published: February 2014

Background:

There is a range of different types of tears and pathology of the peroneal tendons. One of the least common types is the tear of the peroneus longus associated with fracture, enlargement, or entrapment at the cuboid tunnel of the os peroneum. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pathologic patterns of these uncommon peroneal tendon tears, to review the treatment, and to report the patient outcomes following treatment with excision of the os peroneum, debridement, and tenodesis of the peroneus longus to the peroneus brevis.

Methods:

A 5-year retrospective review of all patients with peroneal tendon tears identified 12 patients operatively treated for peroneus longus tendon tears with associated pathology of the os peroneum, and in whom there was a viable peroneus brevis. All patients were treated with an operative procedure consisting of excision of the os peroneum, debridement, and tenodesis of the peroneus longus to the peroneus brevis. Mean age was 51.5 (range, 33 to 73) years, including 7 males and 5 females. Operative and radiographic records were reviewed to characterize the nature of the peroneus longus tears and associated pathology. Preoperative and postoperative AOFAS hindfoot, SF-36 questionnaires, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores were compiled and patient records were reviewed for complications. Mean follow-up after surgery was 63.3 (range, 12 to 114) months.

Results:

All of the patients had an os peroneum associated with a complex, irreparable tear of the peroneus longus tendon. The peroneus longus was typically enlarged, fibrotic, and adhered to the surrounding tissues. In 8 patients, the peroneus longus tendon tear was associated with a fracture of the os peroneum, and in 4 patients with an enlarged and entrapped os peroneum which prevented movement at the cuboid tunnel. Of the 12 patients, 9 had partial tears of the peroneus brevis, which were treated with debridement and suture repair. AOFAS hindfoot scores increased from a preoperative mean of 61 (range, 46 to 75) to a postoperative mean of 91.7 (range, 60 to 100). Mean preoperative SF-36 Physical Component Scores (PCS) increased from 36 to 52 postoperatively. Mean VAS pain scores decreased from a preoperative mean of 6.3 (range, 4 to 8) to a postoperative mean of 1.0 (range, 0 to 4). Complications included 2 patients with sural neuritis and 3 with superficial delayed wound healing successfully treated nonoperatively.

Conclusion:

Tears of the distal peroneus longus tendon, which are much less commonly reported than tears of the peroneus brevis, can be associated with pathology of the os peroneum. Excision of the os peroneum, tendon debridement, and tenodesis of the longus to brevis was an effective surgical technique.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Surgical Correction of Severe Deformity of the Ankle and Hindfoot by Arthrodesis Using a Compressing Retrograde Intramedullary Nail
Authors: Brodsky James W. , Verschae Gregorio , Tenenbaum Shay
Published: February 2014

Background:

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail is a widely used surgical technique for the treatment of concomitant tibiotalar and subtalar arthritis and correction of accompanying deformity. This study was undertaken to evaluate the union rate, deformity correction, and clinical outcomes achieved using a compressing retrograde intramedullary nail.

Methods:

Thirty tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodeses with an osseous compressing arthrodesis nail system were studied with a mean follow-up of 26 months. Radiographic data were collected on deformity correction and union rate, and clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle/Hindfoot Score, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. Records were reviewed for complications and concomitant procedures.

Results:

Thirteen of 30 operated limbs had a preoperative coronal plane deformity exceeding 15 degrees. Mean magnitude of correction was 13.2 degrees (range, 0-32 degrees, standard deviation ±9.6). In total, 76% of limbs (23/30) had postoperative coronal deformity of less than 5 degrees. Union was achieved in 96.6% of patients. There were 3 cases of tibial stress reaction, 3 cases of transient plantar nerve irritation, and 3 cases of wound infection. Clinical outcomes demonstrated a reduction in mean VAS score from 6.5 to 1.3 ( P < .01), an increase in mean AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Scores from 29.7 to 74.3 ( P < .01), and an increase in mean total SF-36 scores from 85.6 to 98.8 ( P < .01).

Conclusion:

A compressing retrograde intramedullary nail was effective in achieving deformity correction, a high union rate, and improvement in clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Enhancing Student Learning in Knowledge-Based Courses
Authors: Han Gang (Kevin) , Newell Jay
Published: February 2014

This study explores the adoption of the team-based learning (TBL) method in knowledge-based and theory-oriented journalism and mass communication (J&MC) courses. It first reviews the origin and concept of TBL, the relevant theories, and then introduces the TBL method and implementation, including procedures and assessments, employed in an undergraduate mass communication theory class in a large Midwest research university. Students showed significantly improved group knowledge versus individual knowledge over an entire semester through readiness assurance tests (RAT), which were also demonstrated in a pre–post survey and two peer evaluations. The significance of this study concerning students’ learning effectiveness and outcomes as well as its pedagogical implications for the J&MC field and beyond are discussed.
The OutSMARTers Program for Children With ADHD
Authors: Hannesdottir Dagmar Kristin , Ingvarsdottir Ester , Bjornsson Andri
Published: February 2014

Objective: This study examined the effects of the OutSMARTers program on social skills, self-regulation, and executive functions compared with a Waitlist group and a parent training program. Method: Participants were 41 children with ADHD, aged 8 to 10 years. All groups were assessed with behavioral checklists and neuropsychological measures at baseline and post-treatment. The two treatment groups were reassessed with behavioral checklists after 3 months. Results: Findings revealed decreased ADHD symptoms, improved social skills, and better emotion regulation at post-treatment for the OutSMARTers compared with the Waitlist group on subjective measures. No differences were found on objective tasks or between the OutSMARTers and Parent groups after treatment but both treatment groups showed some improvement. In addition, most of the post-treatment changes were maintained for both groups 3 months later. Conclusion: The results indicate that the OutSMARTers program seems to benefit children with ADHD, but further research and treatment development is needed.
Effective communication at the point of multiple sclerosis diagnosis
Authors: Solari Alessandra
Published: February 2014

As a consequence of the current shortened diagnostic workup, people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are rapidly confronted with a disease of uncertain prognosis that requires complex treatment decisions. This paper reviews studies that have assessed the experiences of PwMS in the peri-diagnostic period and have evaluated the efficacy of interventions providing information at this critical moment. The studies found that the emotional burden on PwMS at diagnosis was high, and emphasised the need for careful monitoring and management of mood symptoms (chiefly anxiety). Information provision did not affect anxiety symptoms but improved patients’ knowledge of their condition, the achievement of ‘informed choice’, and satisfaction with the diagnosis communication.

It is vital to develop and implement information and decision aids for PwMS, but this is resource intensive, and international collaboration may be a way forward. The use of patient self-assessed outcome measures that appraise the quality of diagnosis communication is also important to allow health services to understand and meet the needs and preferences of PwMS.
Educational intervention and functional decline among older people: The modifying effects of social capital
Authors: Poulsen Tine , Siersma Volkert Dirk , Lund Rikke , Christensen Ulla , Vass Mikkel , Avlund Kirsten
Published: February 2014

Aim: To analyse if social capital modifies the effect of educational intervention of home visitors on mobility disability. Earlier studies have found that educational intervention of home visitors has a positive effect of older peoples′ functional decline, but how social capital might modify this effect is still unknown. Methods: We used the Danish Intervention Study on Preventive Home Visits – a prospective cohort study including 2863 75-year-olds and 1171 80-year-olds in 34 Danish municipalities – to analyse the modifying effect of different aspects of social capital on the effect of educational intervention of home visitors on functional decline. The three measures of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) were measured at contextual level. Data was analysed with multivariate linear regression model using generalised estimating equations to account for repeated measurements. Results: We found that 80-year-olds living in municipalities with high bonding ( B=0.089, p=0.0279) and high linking ( B=0.0929; p=0.0217) had significant better mobility disability in average at 3-year follow up if their municipality had received intervention. Conclusions: With the unique design of the Danish Intervention Study on Preventive Home Visits and with theory-based measures of social capital that distinguish between three aspects of social capital with focus on older people, this study contributes to the literature about the role of social capital for interventions on mobility disability.
The Structure and Argument of 1 John: A Survey of Proposals
Authors: Jensen Matthew D.
Published: February 2014

This article outlines and reviews many of the proposals for the structure and argument of 1 John. The article has two elements: first, it groups together scholars who use similar techniques to divide 1 John into its parts and so discern a structure; second, it outlines the methods used to analyse the relationships between the constituent parts of the structure and in so doing evaluates many of the proposed understandings of the argument of 1 John.
Reconceptualizing Prevention of Violence Against Women on College Campuses
Authors: Gillum Tameka L.
Published: February 2014

Research is clear that violence against college women is a problem that warrants alternative prevention approaches to addressing and reducing its prevalence and creating safer campuses for women and men. Banyard’s presentation gave us food for thought as we consider what such novel approaches may look like. New and innovative approaches that are multifaceted, comprehensive, and informed by theory are key. The ecological model can inform our understanding of the issue, the risk and protective factors associated, and the design and implementation of prevention efforts. It is critically important to engage college students in these efforts to create interventions that are culturally appropriate for college students. We must also meet students where they are, utilizing social marketing campaigns and capitalizing on social media and the use of communication technologies. Together, such efforts will facilitate our ultimate goal of reducing, if not eliminating, violence against women on college campuses.
Comparison of Two Word Learning Techniques and the Effect of Neighborhood Density for Late Talkers
Authors: DeVeney Shari L. , Cress Cynthia J. , Reid Robert
Published: February 2014

The investigators compared two techniques for teaching expressive vocabulary to late talkers: modeling with an expectant pause and modeling with an evoked child production. They also explored the influence of neighborhood density on children’s real word learning. Three late talkers (ages 25–33 months) received two alternating vocabulary treatments (expectant pause and evoked production) in the home. Two participants were identified as having an expressive language delay, and one participant was identified as having an expressive and receptive language delay. During the expectant pause treatment, the clinician paused several seconds after each target word model, looking at the child expectantly. In the evoked production condition, after each target word model, a child was prompted to say the word using a cloze procedure of the modeled phrase. Both treatments were effective for all participants; no consistent advantage of one treatment technique over the other was noted. Two participants produced denser words than sparse words, one in early sessions and one in later experimental sessions, but a consistent pattern was not present across all participants. This study provided support for focused vocabulary intervention with late talking toddlers. Receptive language skills and word form characteristics may help explain individual variations in response to treatment for late talkers.
Evaluating Variant Callous–Unemotional Traits Among Noninstitutionalized Youth
Authors: Flexon Jamie L.
Published: February 2014

Variants in the profile of youth with callous–emotional traits have been observed in juvenile and adult populations, and the presence of such traits has been repeatedly linked with violence. Although data on this issue are often culled from institutionalized populations, little is known about the heterogeneous nature of these psychopathic features in the population of youth at large. This research evaluates these variants in a national sample of youth while examining the intersection of violence–crime between those resembling the two subsets of primary and secondary psychopathy. Distinctions based on variant type and promise for more targeted intervention are also discussed.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Mosher Amber L. , Piercy Katrina L. , Webber Bryant J. , Goodwin Stephanie K. , Casavale Kellie O. , Olson Richard D.
Published: February 2014

In the United States, high rates of obesity and chronic disease impose serious consequences on the population’s health and health care system. Primary care providers are critical to broad prevention efforts aiming to reduce the burden of chronic disease in the nation and play an important role in addressing lifestyle behaviors that can result in illness and premature death. Unhealthy dietary behaviors largely contribute to morbidity and mortality in the United States despite national efforts to improve the nutritional quality of the typical American diet. This article discusses a comprehensive set of national evidence-based recommendations known as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans that can support primary care providers’ efforts to improve patient outcomes through optimal nutrition and healthy lifestyle behaviors. This article also describes basic behavioral counseling techniques primary care providers can incorporate into time-limited patient encounters to help improve the dietary and physical activity behaviors of their patients.
Effect of modified clay and Mg(OH)2 on the properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/silicon rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Asaad Jeannette N , El-Nashar Doaa E , Mansour Samia H
Published: February 2014

Ethylene propylene diene monomer and silicon rubber were blended in different ratios, and the physico-mechanical properties and the cure characteristics were studied. It was found that the ratio 60/40 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) of ethylene propylene diene monomer/silicon rubber exhibited the best value. Therefore, this ratio was loaded with the required concentration of each, unmodified clay and the two modified clays (one modified with distilled water and the other with anionic surfactant), to prepare rubber nanocomposites. The modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The properties of nanocomposites were investigated in terms of the cure characteristics, scanning electron microscopy, flammability and mechanical and thermal properties. It was noted that nanocomposites loaded with modified clays resulted in the highest cure and mechanical properties. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed the exfoliation of the nanoclay layers with uniform dispersion and good interaction between the nanoclay particles and rubber matrix. The thermal stability and flammability of nanocomposites were improved by the addition of different concentrations of Mg(OH)2.
Understanding the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition to improve ultrasound training for obstetrics and gynaecology trainees
Authors: Field Alexander
Published: February 2014

There have been significant problems in ultrasound training since the introduction of the new postgraduate curriculum for obstetrics and gynaecology. It is therefore important to understand how the skill of ultrasound is acquired in order to be able to improve the training program. Here, the potential application of the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition has been analysed to map the progression from novice to master and the progressions between each stage analysed. Although the Dreyfus model is not a perfect match for ultrasound scanning, it provides us with a theoretical framework on which to underpin educational practice in this field.
‘Managing’ the rights of gays and lesbians: Reflections from some South African secondary schools
Authors: Bhana Deevia
Published: February 2014

Against the backdrop of South Africa’s policies that guarantee equality on the basis of sexual orientation, this article documents the ways in which school managers negotiate and contest the rights of gays and lesbians at school, analysing the implications. It draws on a queer approach which recognizes relations of heterosexual domination and subordination as well as the material and social realities through which such relations are produced. Of importance, the study finds that the political emphasis on rights has positive effects for raising the homosexual agenda at schools. Yet, this is not the only means through which rights are managed. Discrimination, sexual denial and religious intolerance combined with racialized and cultural practices point to severe restrictions. Nonetheless, the article provides important insights for educational management noting the broadening options amid political and policy emphasis on schools’ responsibilities for sexual rights.
Distinct patterns of health engagement among adolescents and young adults in England: implications for health services
Authors: Hargreaves Dougal S , James David , Goddings Anne-Lise , McVey Dominic , Viner Russell M.
Published: February 2014

Aims:

To compare levels of health engagement between adolescents, young adults and older adults and to investigate the association between health engagement and key health outcomes at different ages.

Methods:

Using the Healthy Foundations study (2008), the responses to three previously validated questions on health engagement were analysed by age group; adolescents (12-15 years; N=452), young adults (16-24 years; N=785) and older adults (25-74 years; N=4136). Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio of poor health outcomes among participants with low versus high health engagement.

Results:

Feeling in control of one’s own health decreased from adolescence (mean score 79.3 (95% CI 77.6,81.0)), through young adulthood (74.6 (73.1,76.1)) into older adulthood (72.2 (71.5,72.9)). In contrast, perceived involvement in health showed a U-shaped trajectory: (adolescents 72.0 (70.2,73.7), young adults 68.6 (67.1,70.1), older adults 73.8(73.1,74.5)), as did perceived importance of health (adolescents 75.0 (73.1,76.9), young adults 62.9 (61.0,64.8), older adults 77.1 (76.4,77.8)). Not feeling involved in health was more strongly associated with poor general health among adolescents (OR 1.81 (1.41,2.32)) than older adults (OR 1.19 (1.11,1.28)). Not feeling in control of health was only associated with poorer general health among young adults (OR 2.33 (1.93,2.83)) and older adults (OR 2.26 (2.10,2.44)). In contrast, lack of control over health was most strongly associated with physical inactivity among adolescents (OR 1.99 (1.49,2.66)) but this was also significant in young adults (OR 1.25 (1.06,1.48)) and older adults (OR 1.11 (1.04,1.19)).

Conclusion:

Young adults feel less involved in their health and rate health a less important priority than adolescents and older adults. Involvement is more strongly linked to key health behaviours among under 25s than older adults.
Pre-operative departmental ultrasound of the rotator cuff: sensitivity and specificity in a regional specialist orthopaedic centre
Authors: Punwar Shahid , Blewitt Neil
Published: February 2014

Background

The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of radiology department ultrasound scans in identifying rotator cuff tears at our institution, a regional specialist orthopaedic centre.

Methods

Pre-operative ultrasound scan reports were obtained from 64 consecutive patients who subsequently underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression and/or rotator cuff repair. The ultrasound reports were compared with the arthroscopic findings as a reference standard.

Results

If both full- and partial-thickness tears are counted as true positives, ultrasound has a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 67% and a positive predictive value of 81%. If only partial tears are counted as true positives, sensitivity decreases to 8% and positive predictive value to 10%. The mean time lag from scan to surgery was 44 weeks.

Conclusions

A positive pre-operative ultrasound scan at our institution predicts an actual rotator cuff tear in 70% of cases. However, it is not accurate with respect to identifying partial-thickness tears or distinguishing them from full-thickness defects. Ultrasound scanning is highly operator dependent and, in addition, its accuracy may be affected by the lengthy time period from scanning to surgery. Clinicians should be cautious in proceeding to surgery based on the ultrasound findings.
Patient-reported outcomes following a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme for atraumatic posterior shoulder subluxation
Authors: Blacknall James , Mackie Ann , Wallace W Angus
Published: February 2014

Background

There is a paucity of research that describes the patient-reported benefits of physiotherapy rehabilitation for atraumatic posterior instability despite non-operative treatment being considered the initial treatment of choice. This retrospective case series review describes the patient-reported outcomes following a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme for atraumatic posterior shoulder instability.

Methods

Nineteen consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of atraumatic posterior shoulder subluxation completed our physiotherapy programme. All patients completed Oxford Instability Shoulder scores (OISS) and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) scores before and after physiotherapy intervention.

Results

Patients reported a statistically significant clinical improvement in the main outcome measures following physiotherapy intervention. The OISS showed a mean improvement of 18.6 points, whereas the WOSI score showed a mean improvement of 37.2%. Following physiotherapy rehabilitation, all patients reported that their shoulder did not prevent them from performing their work/studies or their chosen hobbies/sports.

Conclusions

Our results support the view that specialized physiotherapy rehabilitation is a valuable treatment option for atraumatic posterior shoulder instability and reveal significant clinically important improvements in patient-reported outcomes.