bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Causal Exclusion Puzzle
Authors: Pineda David
Published: March 2003

The article is divided into two parts. The first part offers a careful reconstruction and detailed discussion of the argument of causal exclusion, as well as of the implications it has for physicalism. In its second part the article examines two important objections to the causal exclusion argument: the generalization objection, which holds that the argument is unacceptable since it confers causal efficacy only to ultimate basic properties, which arguably might not exist; and Yablo’s objection, according to which underlying the argument of causal exclusion there is a principle of causal parsimony which leads to strong counterintuitive results and should therefore be abandoned. The article offers grounds for rejecting both objections as well as a new diagnosis of the problem for mental causation generated by the causal exclusion argument.
Privatisation and Pensions: Some Pitfalls for Women?
Authors: Luckhaus Linda
Published: March 2003

This article pursues two themes. The first describes EU pension provision and how this has changed since the early 1980s. The arguments and proposals for further reform by influential organisations such as the World Bank are then examined. In the light of this analysis, the paper argues that while EU pension reform to date has been concerned primarily with adjusting detailed rules, some proposals presently being canvassed point to more radical reform amounting to ‘privatisation’. Privatisation is here taken to mean the end of state and employer financing of pension provision for individuals and the substitution of national and company schemes by individual pension and personal savings plans. The second theme of the article is an evaluation of the extent to which existing and possible future pension provision in the EU facilitates or hinders access by people (predominantly women) who are outside the labour market, who are engaged in certain forms of paid work and who are engaged in unpaid caring work. The paper reveals that while access to existing pension schemes is restricted in respect of the first two groups of people, compensatory rules serve to ensure the continued access of those engaged in unpaid caring work. Bringing together the two themes of women’s access and pension reform, the paper concludes by arguing that women carers would be disadvantaged were privatisation of pensions in the EU to go ahead.
Beyond Technocratic Governance: The Case of Biotechnology
Authors: Landfried Christine
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Decision‐making processes within the European Union are often held to be technocratic in nature. This article challenges this assumption upon conceptual and empirical grounds. Whilst in the European regulatory field of biotechnology, politicians often seek to define political issues as technical questions and so may successfully evade necessary but time‐consuming legislative processes through the means of Comitology; the diverse mixture of national, supranational, technocratic and political interests within the Commission, Council, Parliament and committees, determines that social and ethical criteria do play a role in European regulation. Relating such specific findings to the broader question of European governance, it might thus be argued that the European Union is more than a technocratic regime, and does more than promote negative integration. However, the ‘political’ within European decision‐making needs nonetheless to be strengthened to ensure the necessary and continued inclusion within such regulatory processes of social and ethical rationalities to complement the economic rationality of the internal market.
Community or Communities of Courts in European Integration? Sex Equality Dialogues Between UK Courts and the ECJ
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire
Published: March 2003

“All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them . . . When they heard this sound, a crowd came together in bewilderment, because each one heard them speaking in his own language. Utterly amazed, they asked: ‘Are not all of these men who are speaking Galileans? Then how is it that each of us hears them in his own native language?’ Amazed and perplexed, they asked each other, ‘What does this mean?’” (Acts 2: 4–12)
The Balance of Powers Between National and European Institutions
Authors: Kirchhof Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper details certain fundamental considerations intended to clarify and advance the notion of a ‘co‐operative relationship’ within the current lively debate on the relationship between European law and constitutional law. The argument is set against the background of the constitutional theory of separation of powers.
The European Biotech Directive: Past as Prologue
Authors: Gold E. Richard , Gallochat Alain
Published: March 2003

The directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (the ‘Biotech Directive’) represents the end of a decade‐long dialogue on how best to encourage biotechnology innovation in Europe while addressing ethical concerns. The Biotech Directive represents an interesting compromise between Parliament, Commission, and Council based on divergent policy concerns, treaty limitations, and international trade rules. In this article, the authors explore the meaning and implication of the Biotech Directive by examining its contentious history, its provisions, and its jurisdictional foundations. Drawing on this base, the authors examine questions left unanswered by the Biotech Directive and analyse how the Biotech Directive fits in with existing international law.
Is the Open Method of Coordination Appropriate for Organising Activities at European Level in Sensitive Policy Areas?
Authors: Porte Caroline de la
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the question of the relevance of the most recent soft policy instrument of the EU, the open method of coordination (OMC), for organising actions at European level in politically sensitive areas. In addition to describing its origins and operational principles, we will compare its application to the areas of employment and social inclusion. Two hypotheses make up the structure of the text. The first is that the discourses produced in the framework of OMC in the areas of employment and social inclusion are broad enough to cater to the different welfare models, but that the changes to be made by the Member States to be in line with the European discourses differ considerably, depending on their welfare state family and their initial situation. The second is that the form of OMC is variable, depending on policy area. Our conclusions confirm both of these hypotheses.
Truth Maintenance in Blackboard Environment
Authors: Stanojevic Mladen , Vranes Sanja , Velasevic Dusan
Published: March 2003

Constraint satisfaction and search problems generally fall into the class of problems for which a direct algorithmic solution does not exist. The solution of these problems requires the examination of state spaces. A problem solver (inference engine) alone is not able to organize and maintain state space consistently. For this purpose a so‐called truth maintenance system is required. Our truth maintenance system (MEKON) organizes data within a data abstraction called a context. Each context corresponds to one problem state and contains currently believed data. The truth maintenance system provides believed data retrieval, belief revision, contradiction handling and non‐monotonicity handling, the features that help a problem solver to examine state spaces. MEKON represents an ATMS‐like system implemented within BEST (Blackboard‐based Expert System Toolkit). However, some special MEKON features such as state variables, context sensitive generation of assumptions and explicit context generation, that are not present in standard ATMSs, facilitate not only the solution of constraint satisfaction problems, but also the solution of search problems (not provided by standard ATMSs). Being deeply integrated with Prolog/Rex, BEST’s knowledge representation language, and BEST’s inference engine, MEKON provides a simple and efficient means for the examination of state spaces. Facts, hypotheses (assumptions), and concepts (frames) are used to describe a problem state, contexts are used to represent points in the state spaces, while rules are used to perform state transitions. MEKON is the only truth maintenacne system that provides truth maintenance capabilities on local blackboards thus enabling the solution of complex problems which include different kinds of real constraint satisfaction and search problems concerning diagnosis, allocation tasks, classification tasks, planning or scenario making.
A Fuzzy Statistical Rule Generation Method for Handwriting Recognition
Authors: Peters Liliane , Leja Christoph , Malaviya Ashutosh
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a statistical approach for rule‐base generation of handwriting recognition. The proposed method integrates the heuristic feature selection with the statistical evaluation and thus improves the performance of the rule generation as well as of the fuzzy handwriting recognition system. Fuzzy statistical measures are employed to identify relevant features from a given large handwriting database. First an automatic rule‐base mechanism is presented. To reduce the time needed for this generation mechanism an additional heuristic feature selection step is introduced. Tests show that this generated rule‐base improved the recognition results over previous approaches.
The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
Authors: Earl‐Slater Alan
Published: March 2003

The UK government conditions the pharmaceutical environment with a combination of micro and macro policies and pressures. Drug profits have been controlled since 1969 but it was only in May 1996 that the first report on these regulations were made available by government. The pharmaceutical price regulation scheme (PPRS) is obviously complex, synthesising price cap and profit regulation for example, but what makes matters more difficult is that the regulation has serious problems. The paper identifies and discusses the problems with PPRS regulation. The problems are: a lack of impact analysis; a lack of accountability; no agreement on what is meant by ‘reasonable profits’; problems in apportioning R&D costs to UK sales; disincentives for international trade; whether the drug companies' accounts submitted to government are true and fair; and whether or not the regulation is legal according to EU law. By identifying and discussing these problems this paper aims to open the debate and provide an opportunity for improvements in the regulations.
Charity Accounting Rules and Annual Reports in Hong Kong: A Note
Authors: Miller Gary A.
Published: March 2003

The perceived professionalism of charities is diminished when there is a great diversity in financial reporting practices. In addition, there may be additional regulatory pressure if present reporting practices continue. The purpose of this research was to gather information about the financial reporting practices for charitable organizations in Hong Kong. A brief review of international accounting practices for charities is also provided.
A Study of the Use of Targets in the Planning Documents of Executive Agencies
Authors: Hyndman Noel S. , Anderson Robert
Published: March 2003

The use of quantitative, often non‐financial, targets and performance measures in the plans of both businesses and not‐for‐profit organisations has recently received increasing attention in the academic literature. In the UK public sector this has been particularly important, given the rise of New Public Management. This has resulted in a shift from issues of policy to issues of management, and the break‐up of traditional bureaucratic structures. These changes have been supported by an increasing focus on setting quantitative targets which cover all aspects of an organisation's performance. This paper seeks to examine the possible role of quantitative targets in planning and control in public sector organisations. Furthermore, through an exploratory study of over eighty planning documents from executive agencies, the nature and breadth of targets being used are examined and discussed.
Continuity and Discontinuity in Accounting Technology in Danish State Institutions
Authors: Mouritsen Jan , Bekke Anni
Published: March 2003

The development of accounting technology in the Danish state sector is characterised by episodes of disruption and the longevity of certain principles that define accounting's accountability as involved in producing the state as a unit, as providing a continuous concern for productivity, and as providing the means by which a parliamentary democracy may work. The episodes of disruption may often repair on this trinity of issues. The recent transformations are radical as they introduce a new form of management via individualised ‘accounting‐cultured’ institutions and managers. They do so via a heightened emphasis on a core technology already in place supplemented by a new mode of output orientation rather than input orientation via a Company Accounts. In addition to reporting on spending, this set of accounts introduced a series of non‐financial measures such as productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction.
Performance Audit Scope and the Independence of the Australian Commonwealth Auditor‐General
Authors: McCrae Michael , Vada Henni
Published: March 2003

The introduction of performance auditing through the 1979 Australian Audit Act amendments continues to challenge the Australian Commonwealth Auditor‐General’s independence. By international consensus, performance auditing includes effectiveness issues. In contrast, the Australian amendments omit reference to ‘effectiveness’ issues and do not define ‘efficiency’ audit. Interpretation of these omissions varies. The Australian National Audit Office sees no prohibition on including effectiveness audit. But successive governments have attempted to curb the CAG’s independence by excluding effectiveness auditing as a forbidden intrusion into policy areas; an exclusion that the ANAO rejects in relation to audit of effectiveness at operational levels. This study investigates the practical effect of these conflicts on performance audit scope. The results show that the ANAO consistently goes beyond audit of economy and efficiency to make substantive recommendations on effectiveness issues.
Accounting for the Cost of Central Support Services in UK Universities: A Note
Authors: Pendlebury Maurice , Algaber Nabih
Published: March 2003

A significant part of the total cost of a university is spent on central support services. Traditionally, this has been funded by top‐slicing the various sources of income and, although universities do attempt to ascertain the ‘full cost’ of research and consultancy services for pricing purposes, this practice does not always extend to attempts to determine the ‘full cost’ of academic departments. This survey examines the extent to which universities rely on top‐slicing to recover the cost of central support services or use alternative approaches such as cost allocation, or service level agreements, or internal market prices or even devolution, as far as possible, to faculties. Each of these alternative approaches has been a feature of attempts to achieve better control of, and value for money from, central support services in other parts of the public sector, and yet these have not been widely implemented in universities.
Developing Financial Accountability in British Acute Hospitals
Authors: Jones C. Stuart
Published: March 2003

This paper explains the process of defining, measuring and costing health service outputs (Health Resource Groups – HRGs). It identifies why the introduction of HRGs became necessary and how they were rolled out and became mandatory. The steps followed to achieve national uniformity are explained. Evidence is provided on the extent to which HRGs have been adopted and on the wider roles they may fulfil, such as benchmarking. The possible implications for resource allocation and the power of clinicians are discussed. Finally, attention is turned to the possible consequences of costed HRGs, as a means of achieving detailed financial accountability at operational level and to alternative means of control.
Canadian Provincial Budget Outcomes: A Long–run and Short–run Perspective
Authors: Reddick Christopher G.
Published: March 2003

This paper tests a theory of public budgeting as a long–run and short–run process. In this model, political decision makers strive to achieve budgetary balance over the long–run but are constrained in the short–run and follow incremental decision–making. First, the budget equilibrium theory is elaborated upon and is used to explain the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and debt along with control variables one being provincial general elections. Second, the interaction between these variables is tested with a vector error correction model for each of the Canadian provinces using annual data between 1961 and 2000. The results show that in the long–run the driving force of provincial budgeting was expenditure control initiatives in seven of the ten provinces. In the short–run, incrementalism occurred in all of the provinces and a political business cycle was evident in six provinces.
The Performance of State–Owned Enterprises Revisited
Authors: Bozec Richard , Breton Gaétan , Côté Louise
Published: March 2003

Many theoretical and empirical studies look at the ownership–performance relationship. So far, the literature in finance and in accounting mainly refers to the property rights, agency and public choice theories. Despite the fact that the results of these studies are more or less conclusive, it is usually considered that the private enterprise performs better than the state–owned enterprise. In this article, we argue that these studies suffer from one major limitation. They do not recognize that the goals of the state–owned enterprise are different from the ones espoused by the private firm. Using a sample of state–owned entreprises and private firms for the period 1976–1996, we present empirical evidence that the state–owned enterprises, when their main goal is to maximize profit, perform as well as the privately owned enterprises. Therefore, the alleged under–performance of the state–owned enterprises may only be the result of pursuing other goals while the poor quality of public managers may be another urban myth.
Why Do Companies List Shares Abroad?: A Survey of the Evidence and Its Managerial Implications
Authors: Karolyi G. Andrew
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this monograph is to survey the academic literature on the economic implications of the corporate decision to list shares on an overseas stock exchange. My focus is on the valuation and liquidity effects of the listing decision, and the impact of listing on the company's global risk exposure and its cost of equity capital. The evidence shows:

(1) share prices reacts favorably to cross‐border listings in the first month after listing;

(2) post‐listing price performance up to one year is highly variable across companies depending on the home and listing market, its capitalization, capital‐raising needs and other company‐specific factors;

(3) post‐listing trading volume increases on average, and, for many issues, home‐market trading volume increases also;

(4) liquidity of trading in shares improves overall, but depends on the increase in total trading volume, the listing location and the scope of foreign ownership restrictions in the home market;

(5) domestic market risk is significantly reduced and is associated with only a small increase in global market risk and foreign exchange risk, which can result in a net reduction in the cost of equity capital of about 126 basis points;

(6) American Depositary Receipts represent an effective vehicle to diversify U.S.‐based investment programs globally;

(7) stringent disclosure requirements are the most important impediment to cross‐border listings.
Closed‐End Funds: A Survey
Authors: Dimson Elroy , Minio‐Kozerski Carolina
Published: March 2003

This survey reviews the evolving literature on closed‐end fund discounts. Many studies have attempted to explain the existence and the behavior of the discount to net asset value, emphasizing biases in the calculation of NAV, agency costs, tax‐timing options and market segmentation. None has been able to provide a full explanation. As a result, some researchers have found it necessary to resort to models of limited rationality. This gives rise to potential opportunities for exploiting the discount. We summarize the findings from over 70 studies of closed‐end funds, and present directions for future research.
’When Men Are Weak‘: The Imperial Feminism of Frieda von Bülow
Authors: Wildenthal Lora
Published: March 2003

Frieda von Bülow was a colonialist woman author and activist who also engaged the bourgeois women's movement of pre‐First World War Germany. She is of interest to scholars of German colonialism, racial thought, feminism, and women's literature. This article interprets her life experiences, including travel to German East Africa (mainland Tanzania) and her affair with Carl Peters, together with her feminist non‐fiction and anti‐feminist fiction, to argue that she developed an imperial feminism in which German women's emancipation was predicated on the subordination of racialised ‘others’.
Race and Gender in the United States of America
Authors: Chessum Lorna
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol

Ann D. Gordon (ed.), The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, vol. 1, In the School of Anti‐Slavery 1840‐1866

Ann D. Gordon with Bettye Collier‐Thomas, John H. Bracey, ArleneVoski Avakian and Joyce Avrech Berkman (eds), African AmericanWomen and the Vote 1837‐1965
Gender, Memory and Social Power
Authors: Nelson Janet L.
Published: March 2003

Two books are reviewed here, the first, by a historian of western Europe, Elisabeth van Houts, the second by a Byzantinist, Lynda Garland. Aspects of van Houts's book discussed are: the complementary roles of women and men in the production of historical writing; the role of women in the transmission of oral testimony, especially on genealogies and on property rights claimed through women; and the gender‐specificity of women's transmission of valued objects. The book's contributions to the history of the family are stressed. Lynda Garland's treatment of a series of Byzantine empresses is appreciated as informative, but criticised for lack of reference to historiography on medieval female rulership in western Europe, and insufficient analysis of structural features of the Byzantine polity. A brief conclusion reflects on gender and power in early medieval east and west.
Calamus in Bolton: Spirituality and Homosexual Desire in Late Victorian England
Authors: Cocks Harry
Published: March 2003

In 1885 a small group of men began to meet regularly in Bolton, England, to discuss the poetry of Walt Whitman. They thought that Whitman's writings could provide the basis of a new religion, as well as offering spiritual guidance for the people in an age of mass politics. Intense friendships developed between some of the group as well as an interest in the nature of homosexuality. In order to explain their own quasi‐homosexual attachments, they created a new understanding of spiritual love and of an alternate self. These ideas influenced and were influenced by the work of Edward Carpenter.
The First Wave Washed up on Shore: Reform, Feminization and Gender Resegregation
Authors: Tienari Janne
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to specify the longitudinal relationship between organizational reform and feminization of a managerial position, and thereby elaborate on the nature of gender (re)segregation. Four complementary explanations for increased female representation in middle management in large, established firms are derived from the existing literature. This is done to identify paths for distinguishing the intertwining set of triggers and mechanisms that are mobilized at a given place and time. An in‐depth empirical analysis of a long‐term reform process in two banking firms is presented: transformative leaps (Kansallis, Finland) and gradual prudence (S‐E‐Bank, Sweden). Despite differences in the form of the process, the gender outcomes are similar. The bureaucratic hierarchy is seemingly flexible, but gender segregation is inherently rigid, a self‐fulfilling process.
Work and Employment in Small Businesses: Perpetuating and Challenging Gender Traditions
Authors: Baines Susan , Wheelock Jane
Published: March 2003

More and more women and men are becoming dependent on some form of small business activity for all or part of their livelihoods but there is little research offering insight into gender and working practices in small businesses. In this article we assess some theoretical approaches and discuss these against an empirical investigation of micro‐firms run by women, men and mixed sex partnerships. In the ‘entrepreneurship’ literature, with its emphasis on the individual business owner, we find little guidance. We argue that in the ‘modern’ micro‐business, family and work are brought into proximity as in the ‘in between’ organizational form described by Weber. The celebrated ‘flexibility’ of small firms often involves the reproduction within modernity of seemingly pre‐modern practices in household organization and gender divisions of labour. This is true in the Britain of the 1990s in a growing business sector normally associated neither with tradition nor with the family. Tradition, however, is never automatic or uncontested in a ‘post‐traditional society’. A minority of women and men in micro‐enterprises actively resist traditional solutions and even traditional imagery of male and female behaviour. For this small group alone new economic conditions seem to bring new freedom.
Notes from the Field: Gender Issues in the Management Curriculum: A Survey of Student Experiences
Authors: Smith Catherine R.
Published: March 2003

A major Australian report recently criticized the relationship between the gendered culture of management education and business management practices, in an effort to reduce impediments to equal representation of women in management. It recommended a major overhaul of university management education, whereby institutions would review their own role in shaping corporate management cultures and practices, and raise awareness of gender issues in the classroom. This article reports on a subsequent survey that explored postgraduate business students' perceptions of gender issues in the management curriculum, and their effects on learning experiences. It suggests that a masculine ethos is perceptible in management education, which can disadvantage female and male students in different ways. The study suggests that greater awareness of gender issues should be a major consideration for management educators, to enable future managers to recognize and harness gender diversity in the workplace.
Women in the Construction Professions: Achieving Critical Mass
Authors: Greed Clara
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the question of whether an increased number of women entering the construction professions is resulting in the build‐up of critical mass, with associated changes in the culture of the construction industry, and thus in its organization and conditions of employment. It was found, from recent research, that little such change has occurred so far. Indeed the construction industry seemed to be so self‐contained and separate from wider social changes, that it was helpful to visualize it as constituting ‘Planet Construction’ upon which live a series of male‐dominated professional tribes, each with its own culture and world view. This article discusses the factors and forces limiting change, and then identifies likely change agents. These comprise top‐down agents such as governmental regulatory bodies, and bottom‐up agents such as minority groups and community organizations. The most effective bottom‐up groups are likely to be those that have a foothold within the professional bodies such as the women‐led Equal Opportunities in Construction Taskforce, which has produced and is promoting guidelines for equal opportunities in the industry. But there is still a long way to go before major changes are likely to occur in the employment status, pay and conditions, as women in construction have hardly reached ‘first base’ in terms of being accepted within the industry. This is reflected in high job turnover among women in construction, occupational isolation, and limited promotion prospects, all factors which work against the build‐up of critical mass and culture change.
The Low Status of Female Part‐Time NHS Nurses: A Bed‐Pan Ceiling?
Authors: Lane Nikala
Published: March 2003

Despite increases in female participation rates into the paid working population of Britain women remain concentrated into particular sectors of the economy. Areas of the labour market where women predominate are also characterized by high levels of part‐time employment. The significance of part‐time work is that it is lower paid and offers fewer employment opportunities for women. This article examines the careers of 643 qualified female NHS nurses. It is found that respondents working part‐time are the least likely to occupy the upper echelons of NHS nursing. Explanations for this centre on the actions and strategies of managers who use negative gender role stereotypes regarding part‐time nurses to inform recruitment and promotion decisions. Managers, however, regard the low status of part‐time nurses as a reflection of their own choice strategies, thus failing to recognize the existence of gender‐based disadvantage. The resultant outcome is one where part‐time nurses are confined to the lowest qualified clinical grades, with little opportunity to progress to the higher grades. Critical labour shortages in nursing, however, may mean that the utilization of part‐timers is re‐examined as NHS management seek to retain more qualified nurses. For such a re‐examination to be successful management attitudes also need to change.
Going Against the Historical Grain: Perspectives on Gendered Occupational Identity and Resistance to the Breakdown of Occupational Segregation in Two Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Greene Anne‐marie , Ackers Peter , Black John
Published: March 2003

This article discusses a process of restructuring of working practices within two manufacturing firms with respect to its implications for gendered occupational segregation. A contextualized, historically situated analysis is presented, which is cast within debates on the nature of gendered occupational identity, equality initiatives and arenas of power and influence for women and men, within what were traditionally male‐dominated organizational contexts. Such an analysis serves to highlight the significance of the new restructuring in sweeping away 150 years of practice and embedded ‘ways of doing things’ and offers explanations for the actions of contemporary men and women in opposing what were seen by management and the trade union as emancipatory changes.
Downward Nominal Rigidity in West German Earnings, 1975-95
Authors: Beissinger Thomas , Knoppik Christoph
Published: March 2003

If downward nominal wage rigidity exists, it should affect the distribution of earnings changes. We present a common analytical framework for three distinct and previously unconnected approaches to the analysis of downward nominal rigidity, the skewness±location approach, the symmetry approach and the histogram±location approach. We modify them by dropping the assumption of time-invariant rigidity and apply them to earnings data from the IABB-escha Èftigtenstichprobe (IABS). We find that the distribution of West German log earnings changes is indeed affected by downward nominal rigidity. Our modification of the approaches also allows us to find that the degree of nominal rigidity depends on business cycle conditions, with weaker rigidity in times of rising unemployment. Our findings support the critics of very low inflation targets.
Strategic Trade Policy in the Presence of Network Effects
Authors: Wiese Harald
Published: March 2003

The paper analyzes strategic trade policy for national and international network effect goods. While tariffs are very effective in securing the domestic producer's sales in case of network effects, our results suggest that strategic trade policy does not pay from a welfare perspective. Another interesting result is the possibility of negative tariffs in equilibrium.
‘Überdas Falsche, Schädliche und Kompromittierende des Tagebuch‐Schreibens, das ich unter dem Choc des Exils Wieder begann und fortführte ...’. (Tagebuch, 8. Februar 1942)
Authors: Jens Inge
Published: March 2003

Thomas Manns Tagebücher, in der Hauptsache Notizen des älteren Thomas Mann, mit Ausnahme eines früheren Bandes zwischen 15. März 1933 und Juli 1955 entstanden, müssen gleichzeitig als persönliche Geständnisse und Seelenjournale und als politische Rechenschaft verstanden werden. Sich in die Arena zu begeben, widersprach seiner Natur, daher kommen viele seiner Reflexionen über sein personliches Schicksal und das Schicksal seiner Nation in den Tagebüchern zum Vorschein. Hier werden die Exilsituation in den Tagebüchern und einige Probleme ihrer Herausgabe, die vierzig Jahre nach seinem Tode abgeschlossen wurde, behandelt.
Two Literary Representations of Maidservant Life in Early Twentieth‐century Berlin: Clara Viebig’s Das Tägliche Brot (1901) and Georg Hermann’s Kubinke (1910)
Authors: Weiss‐Sussex Godela
Published: March 2003

This paper contrasts the narrative situation, characterisation, and description of the lives and working conditions of maidservants in two novels set in turn‐of‐the‐century Berlin. Viebig’s detailed depiction of the living and working conditions of servant girls is clearly morally motivated. She contrasts the diligence and humility of one servant with the vanity and misplaced ambition of the other. The narrative situation in Das tägliche Brot is figural, drawing the reader into Viebig’s fictional world and encouraging sympathy with her characters. To this extent Das tägliche Brot is rooted in the naturalist tradition, presenting the servant girls as victims of the moloch Berlin and focusing on their suffering and harsh conditions. Hermann’s Kubinke has an authorial narrator who invites us to adopt a more distanced stance as readers. The living and working conditions of the maidservants are hardly described, and their characterisation remains superficial. They are portrayed not as victims but as representatives of an amoral metropolitan society. As a non‐judgemental panorama of the city, not motivated by social concern, Kubinke can be read as an example of the shift in literary aesthetics from naturalism to impressionism.
Victor Klemperer’s ‘Sprache des Vierten Reiches’: LTI = LQI?
Authors: Watt Roderick H.
Published: March 2003

Victor Klemperer’s LTI: Notizbuch eines Philologen was published in Soviet‐occupied Germany in 1947. It contains a significant inconsistency where his effusive praise of Soviet Russia and Communism seems contradicted by certain very cryptic and undeveloped allusions to the language of the new regime as ‘die Sprache des Vierten Reiches’. The demise of the GDR in 1990 made possible the publication of Klemperer’s diaries for the years 1933 to 1945. These diaries, which include detailed and explicit criticisms of Soviet Communism both during the Third Reich and in the months immediately following the defeat of Nazi Germany, now allow us to reconstruct the history of how and why LTI came to be published in 1947 in its present form. This in turn enables us to understand the above inconsistency and contradiction which have been a bone of contention for commentators since LTI first appeared.
‘Unverhofftes Wiedersehen’: Narrative Paradigms in Christoph Hein’s Nachtfahrt und Fruher Morgen and Exekution eines Kalbes
Authors: Jackman Graham
Published: March 2003

Plot structures in Hein’s two collections of short stories are examined in the context of GDR historiography and in relation to the notion of ‘Chronist’ as developed by Hein himself and also by Hayden White, Jörn Rüsen, Frederic Jameson and Walter Benjamin. The open, chronicle‐like structure found especially in the ‘Berliner Stadtansichten’ in the earlier collection is seen as a corrective to the GDR’s teleological view of history. By contrast, the later collection of stories is marked by repeated use of a plot structure of ironic circularity, similar to that of Der Tangospieler, in which the present is confronted with the past in a kind of ‘poetic justice’, a quasi‐narrative irony present in history itself; it is seen at its clearest in the story ‘Die Vergewaltigung’, which makes explicit allusion to J.P.Hebel’s story ‘Unverhofftes Wiedersehen’. This change in narrative paradigm is interpreted as resulting from the pressures of history, comparable to the change in Benjamin’s view of historiography between ‘Der Erzähler’ and Überden Begriff der Geschichte, and anticipating, or indicating the necessity of, the ‘Wende’. The final story of Exekution eines Kalbes, ‘Ein älterer Herr, federleicht’, sees Hein reverting, in the light of post‐‘Wende’ proclamations of ‘the end of history’, to the corrective openness of the chronicle.
Defining The Genre Of Bonaventura’s Nachtwachen
Authors: Katritzky Linde
Published: March 2003

The enigmatic text of the anonymous Nachtwachen. Von Bonaventura has consistently baffled critics. Its meaning has largely remained elusive and its structure has resisted logical decoding. Yet most interpretative difficulties disappear when the text is considered as a menippean satire, the genre dealing with questions of life and death, and with the tragicomic reaction of mankind to the challenge they represent.

The Nachtwachen fit easily into this tradition originating from Greek philosophy. This view is supported by the literary criticism of Northrop Frye, and particularly by that of the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin, who tabulated a number of generic characteristics and intellectual menippean conventions, all of which relate to Bonaventura’s text and reveal a veritable compendium of eighteenth‐century concerns. Though the identity of the author may remain in doubt, we have, therefore, to focus on a personality of quite unusual erudition and intelligence.
Testimony and Trauma in Herta Müller’s Herztier
Authors: Eddy Beverley Driver
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to distinguish between testimony (an account of one’s personal, limited knowledge of a crime or an atrocity) and trauma (a reconstructed life‐story intended to overcome a troubling, recurring memory by locating that memory within its larger, historical context). It is the author’s contention that Herta Müller’s novel Herztier is a skilful blending of testimony and trauma narrative that illuminates the terrors of the Ceaus¸escu dictatorship and their lasting impact on its survivors. The testimonial aspects of the novel reveal one’s inability to achieve complete knowledge of another’s trauma, while the trauma narrative, through skilful incorporation of recurring, ‘transfinite’ images into the text, links the personal stories of the narrator and her friends by subsuming them and making them part of the history of a larger, national trauma. As Müller’s novel makes clear, neither testimony nor trauma narrative is able to heal or bring closure to the victims of the Romanian state terror.
The Archive and the Artist: The Stefan Heym Archive Revisited
Authors: Attar K. E.
Published: March 2003

In December 1992 Cambridge University Library acquired the Stefan Heym Archive. This is a remarkably complete collection of literary manuscripts, interviews, letters, press clippings, audio and video tapes and miscellaneous material pertaining to a major literary and political figure in East German cultural history. The current article, using insights gained from cataloguing the archive, complements previous work demonstrating how the collection reflects the life of the originator and the historical events in which he participated. The article describes the various categories of manuscripts in the archive with an emphasis on what the collection reveals about Heym’s work, his approach to it, and its reception. The literary manuscripts show the genesis of particular works, the timespan over which Heym’s ideas develop, the method and care in their preparation, and Heym’s greater interest in the creative process than in the end‐product. Similar care is evident in the text of interviews. Media coverage, paper and taped material, shows the reception of Heym’s work, includes Heym’s comments on his own work, and demonstrates the growth of his status over the years. The archive’s cultural value should not obscure its worth in shedding light on Heym as a writer.
‘Not Recommended For Catholic Libraries’: Marie Von Ebner‐Eschenbach and the Turn‐Of‐The‐Century Catholic Revival Movement
Authors: Klostermaier Doris M.
Published: March 2003

Although celebrated during her lifetime as Austria’s greatest woman writer, Marie von Ebner‐Eschenbach endured much harsh criticism from representatives of the Catholic Church. She and her husband were critical of the Church as an institution, especially of the abuse of priestly authority. They were attracted to a secular doctrine of ethics. Meanwhile the Papacy was determined to preserve traditional belief against the influence of liberalism. In this climate, the criticisms of the Church found in Ebner‐Eschenbach’s fiction attracted censure from defenders of a narrowly orthodox Catholic literature, who also opposed the efforts of Karl Muth to promote a modern Catholic literature which dealt with contemporary issues. Caught between these two parties, Ebner‐Eschenbach avoided public controversy but continued to express her beliefs and defend the religiosity of her writings.
‘A Literature of Substitution’: Vicarious Sacrifice in the Writings of Gertrud Von Le Fort
Authors: Saward Helena M.
Published: March 2003

Vicarious sacrifice and substitution are among the central ideas to emerge in Gertrud von le Fort’s prose and verse after her conversion to Catholicism in 1926. The doctrine plays an important thematic role in her writing, but this article will demonstrate how le Fort incorporates its theological ramifications into her fiction as a means of developing a ‘sacramental realism’ within which divine grace is shown to be at work. A precedent for this is to be found in many writings from the French literary renouveau catholique, thus a treatment of Paul Claudel’s drama L’Annonce faite a` Marie (1910) will elucidate an analysis of le Fort’s use of the doctrine of substitution, taking her inner emigration Novelle Die Abberufung der Jungfrau von Barby (1940) as a sample text. An appreciation of the workings of substitution is prerequisite to a reading of le Fort’s creative work, particularly during her inner emigration in the Third Reich, and to an assessment of her overall contribution to twentieth‐century German literature.
A New Modernism or ‘Neue Lesbarkeit’?: Hybridity in Georg Klein's Libidissi
Authors: Taberner Stuart
Published: March 2003

Since unification, critics Ulrich Greiner and Frank Schirrmacher, influenced by Karl Heinz Bohrer, have called for a return to a supposedly repressed modernist tradition in which aesthetic transcendence and subjectivity were valued more highly than any moralising agenda. Other editors and writers such as Uwe Wittstock, Martin Hielscher and Matthias Politycki, however, have promoted a so‐called ‘Neue Lesbarkeit’ based on Anglo‐American models stressing readability and story‐telling. In both cases, the guiding motivation has been the desire to define a space for German writing within the globalised literary market place. Georg Klein's Libidissi presents a model of a possible third way between a form of modernism that would retreat into the ghetto of the German literary tradition and imitation of the Anglo‐American mainstream. The present article thus reveals the manner in which Klein's novel plays with hybridity: hybridity of genre and influences insofar as the book alludes to the Anglo‐American tradition of the spy novel and hybridity as a means of resisting globalisation and the eradication of local cultures.
Long Memories: The German Student Movement in Recent Fiction
Authors: Cornils Ingo
Published: March 2003

This article examines three novels about the German Student Movement published in 2001. While ‘1968’ continues to divide the nation, Leander Scholz's Rosenfest, Erasmus Schoöfer's Ein Frühling irrer Hoffnung, and Uwe Timm's Rot supply the reader with a sensitive ‘Innenansicht’ of the movement. They portray the definitive moments of individual or collective experience at the time, but they also set those experiences in relation to the present. As the process of literary representation is slowly being replaced by one of remembering and re–evaluation, temporal distance paradoxically allows for greater honesty and authenticity when dealing with problematic aspects of the movement such as violence, ‘open’ relationships, and idealism. It becomes clear that these three novels are less nostalgic than the ‘literarisierte Revolte’ is commonly perceived to be. The counter–cultural nature of the movement has certainly left its mark on Scholz, Schöfer and Timm: while consciously contributing to a cultural memory, they assert the continuing relevance of the students’ utopian dream.

Ist es tatsächlich schon 30 Jahre her, daß wir die Revolution machen wollten. Käme es heute zur Revolution, die Leute würden denken, es sei eine Werbeveranstaltung.
Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re–creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Brusis Martin
Published: March 2003

The article studies the impact of the European Union (EU) on the reforms of regional administration in Central and East European (CEE) accession countries. It analyzes the motives, process and outcomes of regional– or mesolevel administrative reforms in five countries—Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia—considering whether the EU has shaped these reforms to a higher degree than in relation to its incumbent member states. The article finds that the EU Commission’s interest in regional self–governments with a substantial fiscal and legal autonomy has provided an additional rationale and an incentive to re–create regional self–governments. Advocates of regional self–government and an institutionalization of regions in the accession countries have referred to European trends and (perceived) EU expectations of regionalization. Thus, the Commission and the preaccession framework have become catalysts for a process in which most CEE regions have already enhanced and will further increase their political salience. However, the trajectories and outcomes of regional–level reforms can be better explained by a combination of domestic institutional legacies, policy approaches of reformers and their adversaries, and the influence of ethnic/historical regionalism.
State Unemployment Differentials: Equilibrium Factors vs. Differential Employment Growth
Authors: PARTRIDGE MARK D. , RICKMAN DAN S.
Published: March 2003

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Differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates were persistent in the early 1990s. In addition, states with higher employment growth did not necessarily have the lowest unemployment rates. Thus, this paper examines the differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates from 1992 to 1994, decomposing them into the parts that were due to differences in recent employment growth, and those that were due to longer‐term equilibrium factors. Also, using the shift‐share model, employment growth differences are decomposed into an industry mix component and a competitiveness component. The decomposition of the 1992 to 1994 unemployment rate differentials is based on an econometric equation estimated using panel data from 1972 to 1991. Explanatory equilibrium factors included in the model are amenities, demographic characteristics, education, industry composition, labor mobility, and wage rates.