bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fenomenología y feminismo
Authors: López Sáenz María del Carmen
Published: April 2015

Este artículo investiga las posibilidades que brinda la interrelación de fenomenología y feminismo; en primer lugar, la visibilidad de las obras de las fenomenólogas. Repara en las potencialidades de la rehabilitación fenomenológica de la experiencia y el cuerpo vivido (Leib), así como de la subjetividad (intencional y relacional) y la intersubjetividad. La crítica feminista de la razón patriarcal se aproxima a la crítica husserliana del objetivismo y reivindica, con Merleau-Ponty, una razón ampliada. La fenomenología proporciona al feminismo categorías operativas que dan sentido a las experiencias de los géneros. Adopta ante éstas la actitud reflexiva que contribuye a configurar identidades procesuales en el seno de las diferencias.
La dialéctica de la Teoría Feminista: lo que nos une, lo que nos separa, lo que nos hace avanzar
Authors: De Miguel Álvarez Ana
Published: April 2015

Tras unas décadas de intensa producción teórica feminista este es un buen momento para detenernos a recapitular. La razón está tanto en la situación mundial, que amenaza con una regresión histórica en términos de derechos, como también en la propia dinámica interna del pensamiento crítico y reflexivo que caracteriza a la teoría feminista. Si hablamos de reacción estamos asumiendo cierto consenso respecto al hecho de que ha habido progreso. La pregunta es ¿cómo lo hemos logrado y cuáles han sido los obstáculos? Qué teorías y políticas han sido las decisivas para los avances?
El artículo defiende que el núcleo específico de la perspectiva feminista reside en saber teorizar lo que une a las mujeres. En modular lo que el sistema patriarcal hace a las mujeres como mujeres. Sólo desde esta perspectiva es luego posible explicar y desarrollar la diversidad e interseccionalidad del sujeto del feminismo y de las vidas concretas de las mujeres.
PERETTI, Cristina de & RODRÍGUEZ MARCIEL, Cristina (eds.), 12 pensadores (y uno más) para el siglo XXI, Madrid, Dykinson, 2014.
Authors: Sánchez Meca Diego
Published: April 2015

Reseña del libro  de PERETTI, Cristina de & RODRÍGUEZ MARCIEL, Cristina (eds.), 12 pensadores (y uno más) para el siglo XXI, Madrid, Dykinson, 2014.
fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain
Authors: Goksan Sezgi , Hartley Caroline , Emery Faith , Cockrill Naomi , Poorun Ravi , Moultrie Fiona , Rogers Richard , Campbell Jon , Sanders Michael , Adams Eleri , Clare Stuart , Jenkinson Mark , Tracey Irene , Slater Rebeccah
Published: April 2015

Limited understanding of infant pain has led to its lack of recognition in clinical practice. While the network of brain regions that encode the affective and sensory aspects of adult pain are well described, the brain structures involved in infant nociceptive processing are less well known, meaning little can be inferred about the nature of the infant pain experience. Using fMRI we identified the network of brain regions that are active following acute noxious stimulation in newborn infants, and compared the activity to that observed in adults. Significant infant brain activity was observed in 18 of the 20 active adult brain regions but not in the infant amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex. Brain regions that encode sensory and affective components of pain are active in infants, suggesting that the infant pain experience closely resembles that seen in adults. This highlights the importance of developing effective pain management strategies in this vulnerable population.
Assessment of reservoir system variable forecasts
Authors: Kistenmacher Martin , Georgakakos Aris P.
Published: April 2015

Forecast ensembles are a convenient means to model water resources uncertainties and to inform planning and management processes. For multipurpose reservoir systems, forecast types include (i) forecasts of upcoming inflows and (ii) forecasts of system variables and outputs such as reservoir levels, releases, flood damage risks, hydropower production, water supply withdrawals, water quality conditions, navigation opportunities, and environmental flows, among others. Forecasts of system variables and outputs are conditional on forecasted inflows as well as on specific management policies and can provide useful information for decision‐making processes. Unlike inflow forecasts (in ensemble or other forms), which have been the subject of many previous studies, reservoir system variable and output forecasts are not formally assessed in water resources management theory or practice. This article addresses this gap and develops methods to rectify potential reservoir system forecast inconsistencies and improve the quality of management‐relevant information provided to stakeholders and managers. The overarching conclusion is that system variable and output forecast consistency is critical for robust reservoir management and needs to be routinely assessed for any management model used to inform planning and management processes. The above are demonstrated through an application from the Sacramento‐American‐San Joaquin reservoir system in northern California.
Flow Curve Evolution During Cyclic Processing of Ultrafine‐Grained Aluminum Alloy by Multiaxial Forging
Authors: Bereczki Peter , Krallics Gyorgy
Published: April 2015

A model to describe the evolution of flow curves during multiaxial forging is presented. Using the Gleeble physical simulator, forging experiments are carried out on EN AW‐6082 aluminum alloy. Three forging schedules with different applied strain amplitudes are performed at room temperature, all subjected to the same level of total accumulated strain. The flow curves are calculated using the previously developed mechanical model. The resultant microstructures are investigated by TEM studies. The flow curves are monotonic. However, the flow stress drops if the direction of the deformation is changed, indicating that the flow curves are cyclic in character. The evolution of flow stress is quantified, as well as the upper and lower limiting curves and the equivalent flow curves are determined. As the applied strain per pass increases, the cyclic flow stress varies from 100 to 150 MPa, from 105 to 170 MPa, and from 115 to 200 MPa for strain amplitudes of 0.2, 0.285, and 0.4, respectively. Comparing the effect of the different strain paths on the resultant microstructure, it becomes finer and more homogeneous with increasing strain amplitude. The average grain size decreased from 1 to 0.5 μm, when the applied strain per pass was doubled.
Squeezing Bulk Plasmon Polaritons through Hyperbolic Metamaterials for Large Area Deep Subwavelength Interference Lithography
Authors: Liang Gaofeng , Wang Changtao , Zhao Zeyu , Wang Yanqin , Yao Na , Gao Ping , Luo Yunfei , Gao Guohan , Zhao Qing , Luo Xiangang
Published: April 2015

Hyperbolic metamaterial composed of SiO2/Al films are explored to squeeze out bulk plasmon polaritons (BPPs) to produce large area and uniform deep subwavelength interference patterns. As examples, two and four BPPs interference lithography with half pitch 45 nm (≈λ/8) are demonstrated in experiments. Much deeper resolution up to 22.5 nm (≈λ/16) and variety of BPPs interference patterns are feasible. The period of grating structures for transferring photons to BPPs is much larger than that of BPPs interference patterns, facilitating the structures fabrication by simple and low cost methods like large area laser interference lithography. It is believed that the method provides a cost‐effective, parallel, and large area nanofabrication way.
Recent Progress on Hole‐Transporting Materials for Emerging Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Ze , Sun Licheng
Published: April 2015

In less than three years, the photovoltaic community has witnessed a rapid emergence of a new class of solid‐state heterojunction solar cells based on solution‐processable organometal halide perovskite absorbers. The energy conversion efficiency of solid‐state perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been quickly increased to a certified value of 20.1% by the end of 2014 because of their unique characteristics, such as a broad spectral absorption range, large absorption coefficient, high charge carrier mobility and diffusion length. Here, the focus is specifically on recent developments of hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) in PSCs, which are essential components for achieving high solar cell efficiencies. Some fundamentals with regard to PSCs are first presented, including the history of PSCs, device architectures and general operational principles of PSCs as well as various techniques developed for the fabrications of uniform and dense perovskite complexes. A broad range of the state‐of‐the‐art HTMs being used in PSCs are then discussed in detail. Finally, an outlook on the design of more efficient HTMs for highly efficient PSCs is addressed.
Ketone bodies mediate antiseizure effects through mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: Kim Do Young , Simeone Kristina A. , Simeone Timothy A. , Pandya Jignesh D. , Wilke Julianne C. , Ahn Younghee , Geddes James W. , Sullivan Patrick G. , Rho Jong M.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Ketone bodies (KB) are products of fatty acid oxidation and serve as essential fuels during fasting or treatment with the high‐fat antiseizure ketogenic diet (KD). Despite growing evidence that KB exert broad neuroprotective effects, their role in seizure control has not been firmly demonstrated. The major goal of this study was to demonstrate the direct antiseizure effects of KB and to identify an underlying target mechanism.

Methods

We studied the effects of both the KD and KB in spontaneously epileptic Kcna1‐null mice using a combination of behavioral, planar multielectrode, and standard cellular electrophysiological techniques. Thresholds for mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) were determined in acutely isolated brain mitochondria.

Results

KB alone were sufficient to: (1) exert antiseizure effects in Kcna1‐null mice, (2) restore intrinsic impairment of hippocampal long‐term potentiation and spatial learning–memory defects in Kcna1‐null mutants, and (3) raise the threshold for calcium‐induced mPT in acutely prepared mitochondria from hippocampi of Kcna1‐null animals. Targeted deletion of the cyclophilin D subunit of the mPT complex abrogated the effects of KB on mPT, and in vivo pharmacological inhibition and activation of mPT were found to mirror and reverse, respectively, the antiseizure effects of the KD in Kcna1‐null mice.

Interpretation

The present data reveal the first direct link between mPT and seizure control, and provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the KD. Given that mPT is increasingly being implicated in diverse neurological disorders, our results suggest that metabolism‐based treatments and/or metabolic substrates might represent a worthy paradigm for therapeutic development. Ann Neurol 2015;78:77–87
[CrIII8MII6]12+ Coordination Cubes (MII=Cu, Co)
Authors: Sanz Sergio , O'Connor Helen M. , Pineda Eufemio Moreno , Pedersen Kasper S. , Nichol Gary S. , Mønsted Ole , Weihe Høgni , Piligkos Stergios , McInnes Eric J. L. , Lusby Paul J. , Brechin Euan K.
Published: April 2015

[CrIII8MII6]12+ (MII=Cu, Co) coordination cubes were constructed from a simple [CrIIIL3] metalloligand and a “naked” MII salt. The flexibility in the design proffers the potential to tune the physical properties, as all the constituent parts of the cage can be changed without structural alteration. Computational techniques (known in theoretical nuclear physics as statistical spectroscopy) in tandem with EPR spectroscopy are used to interpret the magnetic behavior.
Aqueous Manganese Dioxide Ink for Paper‐Based Capacitive Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Qian Jiasheng , Jin Huanyu , Chen Bolei , Lin Mei , Lu Wei , Tang Wing Man , Xiong Wei , Chan Lai Wa Helen , Lau Shu Ping , Yuan Jikang
Published: April 2015

We report a simple approach based on a chemical reduction method to synthesize aqueous inorganic ink comprised of hexagonal MnO2 nanosheets. The MnO2 ink exhibits long‐term stability and continuous thin films can be formed on various substrates without using any binder. To obtain a flexible electrode for capacitive energy storage, the MnO2 ink was printed onto commercially available A4 paper pretreated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The electrode exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 1035 F g−1 (91.7 mF cm−2). Paper‐based symmetric and asymmetric capacitors were assembled, which gave a maximum specific energy density of 25.3 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 81 kW kg−1. The device could maintain a 98.9 % capacitance retention over 10 000 cycles at 4 A g−1. The MnO2 ink could be a versatile candidate for large‐scale production of flexible and printable electronic devices for energy storage and conversion.
Revealing the Charge‐Transfer Interactions in Self‐Assembled Organic Cocrystals: Two‐Dimensional Photonic Applications
Authors: Zhu Weigang , Zheng Renhui , Fu Xiaolong , Fu Hongbing , Shi Qiang , Zhen Yonggang , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2015

A new crystal of a charge‐transfer (CT) complex was prepared through supramolecular assembly and it has unique two‐dimensional (2D) morphology. The CT nature of the ground and excited states of this new Bpe‐TCNB cocrystal (BTC) were confirmed by electron spin resonance measurements, spectroscopic studies, and theoretical calculations, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of the CT interactions in organic donor–acceptor systems. And the lowest CT1excitons are responsible for the efficient photoluminescence (ΦPL=19 %), which can actively propagate in individual 2D BTCs without anisotropy, thus implying that the optical waveguide property of the crystal is not related to the molecular stacking structure. This unique 2D CT cocrystal exhibits potential for use in functional photonic devices in the next‐generation optoelectronic communications.
Reshaping an Enzyme Binding Pocket for Enhanced and Inverted Stereoselectivity: Use of Smallest Amino Acid Alphabets in Directed Evolution
Authors: Sun Zhoutong , Lonsdale Richard , Kong Xu‐Dong , Xu Jian‐He , Zhou Jiahai , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: April 2015

Directed evolution based on saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pocket is a commonly practiced strategy for enhancing or inverting the stereoselectivity of enzymes for use in organic chemistry or biotechnology. However, as the number of residues in a randomization site increases to five or more, the screening effort for 95 % library coverage increases astronomically until it is no longer feasible. We propose the use of a single amino acid for saturation mutagenesis at superlarge randomization sites comprising 10 or more residues. When used to reshape the binding pocket of limonene epoxide hydrolase, this strategy, which drastically reduces the search space and thus the screening effort, resulted in R,R‐ and S,S‐selective mutants for the hydrolytic desymmetrization of cyclohexene oxide and other epoxides. X‐ray crystal structures and docking studies of the mutants unveiled the source of stereoselectivity and shed light on the mechanistic intricacies of this enzyme.
A review on the methods of preparation of elemental boron
Authors: Zhou Jiaojiao , Bai Peng
Published: April 2015

The review presents four main techniques of preparation of elemental boron: molten salt electrolysis, metallic reduction, hydrogen reduction, and decomposition of boron compounds. For electrolysis, the molten salt systems, boron precursors, and mechanisms are summarized. Four kinds of hydrogen reduction of boron compounds are briefly introduced. In chemical vapor deposition process, the purity, conversion rate, morphology, and deposition rate of the produced boron are major concerns. Like hydrogen reduction, decomposition of boron compounds can be used to produce the high‐purity and ultra‐fine boron, but high‐cost and severe reaction conditions limit its applications in large scale. Metal reduction method is improved through new preparation and purification process. All in all, boron powders with high‐purity, small size, and narrow size distribution are preferred in the high‐tech fields. Additionally, the robust boron nanostructures and more effective and greener synthetic strategies are also anticipated. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supernova SN 1006 in two historic Yemeni reports
Authors: Rada W. , Neuhäuser R.
Published: April 2015

We present two Arabic texts of historic observations of supernova SN 1006 from Yemen as reported by al‐Yamānī and Ibn al‐Daybac (14th to 16th century AD). An English translation of the report by the latter was given before (Stephenson & Green 2002), but the original Arabic text was not yet published. In addition, we present for the first time the earlier report, also from Yemen, namely by al‐Yamānī in its original Arabic and with our English translation. It is quite obvious that the report by Ibn al‐Daybac is based on the report by al‐Yamānī(or a common source), but the earlier report by al‐Yamānī is more detailed and in better (Arabic) language. We discuss in detail the dating of these observations. The most striking difference to other reports about SN 1006 is the apparent early discovery in Yemen in the evening of 15th of Rajab of the year 396h (i.e. AD 1006 April 17±2 on the Julian calendar), as reported by both al‐Yamānī and Ibn al‐Daybac, i.e. ∼1.5 weeks earlier than the otherwise earliest known reports. We also briefly discuss other information from the Yemeni reports on brightness, light curve, duration of visibility, location, stationarity, and color. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the history of some explicit formulae for solving Kepler's equation
Authors: Badolati E. , Ciccone S.
Published: April 2015

In this paper we examine, in their historical context, some approximate solutions for Kepler's equation. These explicit formulae, obtained by Trembley, Pacassi, Fergola, and Horrebow, had not a great diffusion and were thus often rediscovered by other astronomers. We will prove that the formulae are equivalent and, moreover, we will give an evaluation of the error. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Element spots in Ap and Hg‐Mn stars from current‐driven diffusion
Authors: Urpin V.
Published: April 2015

The stars of the middle main sequence often have spot‐like chemical structures at their surfaces. We consider the diffusion process caused by electric currents that can lead to the formation of such chemical spots. Diffusion is considered using the partial momentum equations derived by the Chapman‐Enskog method. We argue that diffusion caused by electric currents can substantially change the surface chemistry of stars and form spotted chemical structures even in a relatively weak magnetic field. The considered mechanism can be responsible for a formation of element spots in Hg‐Mn and Ap‐stars. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar activity around AD 775 from aurorae and radiocarbon
Authors: Neuhäuser R. , Neuhäuser D. L.
Published: April 2015

A large variation in 14C around AD 775 has been considered to be caused by one or more solar super‐flares within one year. We critically review all known aurora reports from Europe as well as the Near, Middle, and Far East from AD 731 to 825 and find 39 likely true aurorae plus four more potential aurorae and 24 other reports about halos, meteors, thunderstorms etc., which were previously misinterpreted as aurorae or misdated; we assign probabilities for all events according to five aurora criteria. We find very likely true aurorae in AD 743, 745, 762, 765, 772, 773, 793, 796, 807, and 817. There were two aurorae in the early 770s observed near Amida (now Diyarbakır in Turkey near the Turkish‐Syrian border), which were not only red, but also green‐yellow – being at a relatively low geomagnetic latitude, they indicate a relatively strong solar storm. However, it cannot be argued that those aurorae (geomagnetic latitude 43 to 50°, considering five different reconstructions of the geomagnetic pole) could be connected to one or more solar super‐flares causing the 14C increase around AD 775: There are several reports about low‐ to mid‐latitude aurorae at 32 to 44° geomagnetic latitude in China and Iraq; some of them were likely observed (quasi‐)simultaneously in two of three areas (Europe, Byzantium/Arabia, East Asia), one lasted several nights, and some indicate a particularly strong geomagnetic storm (red colour and dynamics), namely in AD 745, 762, 793, 807, and 817 – always without 14C peaks. We use 39 likely true aurorae as well as historic reports about sunspots together with the radiocarbon content from tree rings to reconstruct the solar activity: From AD ∼733 to ∼823, we see at least nine Schwabe cycles; instead of one of those cycles, there could be two short, weak cycles – reflecting the rapid increase to a high 14C level since AD 775, which lies at the end of a strong cycle. In order to show the end of the dearth of naked‐eye sunspots, we discuss two more Schwabe cycles until AD ∼844. The 14C record (from both Intcal and Miyake et al. 2013a) is anti‐correlated to auroral and sunspot activity, as expected from solar wind modulation of cosmic rays which produce the radiocarbon. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The most distant quasar at z = 7.08: Probable retrograde rotation of an accreting supermassive black hole
Authors: Gnedin Yu. N. , Mikhailov A. G. , Piotrovich M. Yu.
Published: April 2015

We estimate the value of the spin of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) of the high‐redshift quasar ULAS J112001.48 +064124.3 using new observational data for its mass, bolometric luminosity, and X‐ray spectrum. We show that, assuming equilibrium between the magnetic and the accretion gas pressures at the event horizon radius, the spin of the SMBH is negative. This result implies that the SMBH in this quasar is rotating retrograde with respect to the accretion disk. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescent properties of Ca3SiO4Cl2 co‐doped with Ce3+ and Eu2+ for near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Shen Wangqing , Zhu Yiwen , Wang Zhengliang
Published: April 2015

Ca3SiO4Cl2 co‐doped with Ce3+,Eu2+ was prepared by high temperature reaction. The structure, luminescent properties and the energy transfer process of Ca3SiO4Cl2: Ce3+,Eu2+ were investigated. Eu2+ ions can give enhanced green emission through Ce3+ → Eu2+ energy transfer in these phosphors. The green phosphor Ca2.9775SiO4Cl2:0.0045Ce3+,0.018Eu2+ showed intense green emission with broader excitation in the near‐ultraviolet light range. A green light‐emitting diode (LED) based on this phosphor was made, and bright green light from this green LED could be observed by the naked eye under 20 mA current excitation. Hence it is considered to be a good candidate for the green component of a three‐band white LED. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Ortho‐Selective Aromatic CH Borylation of 2‐Arylpyridines with Pinacolborane
Authors: Okada Shinsuke , Namikoshi Takeshi , Watanabe Shinji , Murata Miki
Published: April 2015

The ruthenium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative borylation of 2‐arylpyridines with pinacolborane took place at ortho‐positions of the benzene ring. Density functional theory calculations and kinetic isotope effect experiments suggest that the catalytic cycle should involve oxidative addition of the CH bond, the rate‐determining σ‐bond metathesis of pinacolborane with the ruthenium hydride complex, and reductive elimination of the CB bond.
Mechanistic Aspects of a Highly Active Dinuclear Zinc Catalyst for the Co‐polymerization of Epoxides and CO2
Authors: Kissling Stefan , Altenbuchner Peter T. , Lehenmeier Maximilian W. , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Deglmann Peter , Seemann Uwe B. , Rieger Bernhard
Published: April 2015

The dinuclear zinc complex reported by us is to date the most active zinc catalyst for the co‐polymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and carbon dioxide. However, co‐polymerization experiments with propylene oxide (PO) and CO2 revealed surprisingly low conversions. Within this work, we focused on clarification of this behavior through experimental results and quantum chemical studies. The combination of both results indicated the formation of an energetically highly stable intermediate in the presence of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. A similar species in the case of cyclohexene oxide/CO2 co‐polymerization was not stable enough to deactivate the catalyst due to steric repulsion.
[Cu32(H)20{S2P(OiPr)2}12]: The Largest Number of Hydrides Recorded in a Molecular Nanocluster by Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Dhayal Rajendra S. , Liao Jian‐Hong , Kahlal Samia , Wang Xiaoping , Liu Yu‐Chiao , Chiang Ming‐Hsi , van Zyl Werner E. , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Liu C. W.
Published: April 2015

An air‐ and moisture‐stable nanoscale polyhydrido copper cluster [Cu32(H)20{S2P(OiPr)2}12] (1H) was synthesized and structurally characterized. The molecular structure of 1H exhibits a hexacapped pseudo‐rhombohedral core of 14 Cu atoms sandwiched between two nestlike triangular cupola fragments of (2×9) Cu atoms in an elongated triangular gyrobicupola polyhedron. The discrete Cu32 cluster is stabilized by 12 dithiophosphate ligands and a record number of 20 hydride ligands, which were found by high‐resolution neutron diffraction to exhibit tri‐, tetra‐, and pentacoordinated hydrides in capping and interstitial modes. This result was further supported by a density functional theory investigation on the simplified model [Cu32(H)20(S2PH2)12].
Hilfe – ich übernehme eine Chemiesammlung!
Authors: Ruppersberg Klaus
Published: April 2015

Nach den örtlich geltenden Schulvorschriften darf die Schulleitung Teile ihrer Verantwortung auf Lehrkräfte delegieren, z.B. die Leitung des Fachbereiches Chemie und die Chemiesammlung. Wegen der Größe des Aufgabenbereichs und der daraus hervorgehenden Gefahren ist umsichtiges Denken und arbeitsökonomisches Verhalten erforderlich. Der Autor gibt Empfehlungen bezüglich Überalterung von Chemikalien und deren Überbevorratung, Hinweise für die Aufbewahrung gefährlicher Chemikalien, sichere Experimente sowie eine überschaubare Zusammenstellung wichtiger Quellen und Dokumente.
Torf, lass nach
Authors: Hübner Karl
Published: April 2015

Getorfte Whiskys sind gewöhnungsbedürftig, stehen bei vielen Whisky‐Fans aber hoch im Kurs. Für den strengen und intensiven Geschmackseindruck sind vor allem Phenole verantwortlich. Sie entstehen im Torffeuer, über dem manche Destillerien die keimende Gerste trocknen.
Biotechnologie mit Grünalgen – vielseitige Organismen
Authors: Scherr Dietmar
Published: April 2015

In einem Biotechnologie‐Projekt in unserer Schule wurden Grünalgen und ihre besonderen Fähigkeiten untersucht. Diese einzelligen Organismen werden verwendet, um autotroph Wasserstoff und andere wertvolle Primärprodukte aus Licht, Wasser, Kohlenstoffdioxid und Salzen zu produzieren, eine Möglichkeit für eine nachhaltige Produktion.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of bupropion hydrobromide and metabolites in healthy adolescent and adult subjects
Authors: Oh D. Alexander , Crean Christopher S.
Published: April 2015

Data from 2 pediatric single‐dose studies, conducted at the same center, were combined to evaluate exposure levels of bupropion and metabolites in adolescents 12–17 years old, compared with adults > 18 years. Pharmacokinetic analyses of bupropion and its metabolites were performed using normalization and pharmacological/convulsive weighting methods on exposure. When compared with adults (>18 years), subjects 12–14 years had an increase in weight‐normalized exposure to bupropion (ie, Cmax, 78%; AUC0–t, 83%; and AUCinf, 85%). Variability in this younger age group was also higher, with observations of a 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in exposure. When the changes in metabolites were accounted within pharmacological and convulsive‐weighted exposures, the relative ratio of 12–14 years to adults in body weight‐normalized Cmax was 127% and 110%, respectively. Subjects 15–17 years did not exhibit a difference in exposure compared with adults. The influence of age on bupropion pharmacokinetics demonstrates that, in general, healthy adolescent subjects cannot be considered smaller healthy adult subjects; the increase in exposure is inversely related to age and appears to be solely associated with bupropion, not with its metabolites. Because there are no clinical safety and efficacy data of bupropion in adolescents, this data may shift its risk–benefit profile.
Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Alinari L , Quinion C , Blum KA
Published: April 2015

The B‐cell receptor pathway (BCR) is aberrantly activated in select B‐cell malignancies. This knowledge has allowed for the development of inhibitors of different crucial steps of this pathway. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component of BCR signaling and functions as an important regulator of multiple cell functions including differentiation, proliferation, and survival in various B‐cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is a potent, selective BTK inhibitor that has shown significant activity in specific subtypes of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Given the high response rates, tolerability, and acceptable toxicities, ibrutinib was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with relapsed mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also currently being evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and as frontline therapy in B‐cell NHL. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical development of ibrutinib in the treatment of B‐cell NHL.
Inter‐cell coordinated beamforming with opportunistic scheduling
Authors: Kim Jin W. , Kang Chung G.
Published: April 2015

This paper proposes a distributed coordination framework with opportunistic scheduling among multiple users as opposed to the existing works on the multiple‐cell cooperative beamforming problem that deals with a single active user in each cell. In this cross‐layer design framework that deals with the beamforming in the physical layer and multiuser scheduling in the upper layer, radio resource management and inter‐cell coordination issues are jointly considered to improve the cell‐edge throughput performance by trading off their individual benefit in an optimal manner. Our simulation results demonstrated that its performance can reach up to 85% of its upper bound at the cell boundary. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated Scoring for theTOEFLJunior®Comprehensive Writing and Speaking Test
Authors: Evanini Keelan , Heilman Michael , Wang Xinhao , Blanchard Daniel
Published: April 2015

This report describes the initial automated scoring results that were obtained using the constructed responses from the Writing and Speaking sections of the pilot forms of theTOEFLJunior®Comprehensive test administered in late 2011. For all of the items except one (the edit item in the Writing section), existing automated scoring capabilities were used with only minor modifications to obtain a baseline benchmark for automated scoring performance on theTOEFLJunior task types; for the edit item in the Writing section, a new automated scoring capability based on string matching was developed. A generic scoring model from thee‐rater®automated essay scoring engine was used to score the email, opinion, and listen‐write items in the Writing section, and the form‐level results based on the five responses in the Writing section from each test taker showed a human–machine correlation ofr= .83 (compared to a human–human correlation ofr= .90). For scoring the Speaking section, new automated speech recognition models were first trained, and then item‐specific scoring models were built for the read‐aloud picture narration, and listen‐speak items using preexisting features from theSpeechRaterSMautomated speech scoring engine (with the addition of a new content feature for the listen‐speak items). The form‐level results based on the five items in the Speaking section from each test taker showed a human–machine correlation ofr= .81 (compared to a human–human correlation ofr= .89).
The Predictive Power of Survey‐Based Exchange Rate Forecasts: Is there a Role for Dispersion?
Authors: Cavusoglu Nevin , Neveu Andre R.
Published: April 2015

Previous research has shown that the consensus of individual exchange rate forecasts performs no better than many commonly used forecasting models in predicting future exchange rates. Studies on equity and bond markets have explored the effects of dispersion in forecasts on the predictive power of forecasts; however, no earlier paper has investigated such effects in the context of the foreign exchange market. This study explores the role of consensus forecast dispersion as a factor leading to bias and anchoring in exchange rate forecasts. Our analysis of five currency pairs reveals that consensus forecasts mostly appear to be unbiased predictors of exchange rates in the long run, but most are unable to pass tests for short‐run unbiasedness. In three of the five currencies examined it appears that forecasters should take greater account of reported forecast dispersion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane pilot plant trials of CO2 separation from flue gas
Authors: Scholes Colin A. , Qader Abdul , Stevens Geoff W. , Kentish Sandra E.
Published: April 2015

Industrial trials of membrane separation of CO2 from flue gas generated by a lignite‐fired power station are reported. A hollow fiber Air Products PRISM and a spiral wound Dow Filmtec® NF3838/30FF membrane were separately trialed. The CO2 permeance and selectivity through the PRISM membrane fell significantly in the initial hours of operation, reflecting competitive sorption effects and concentration polarisation. Alternatively, the wet flue gas enabled a facilitated transport mechanism to operate for the NF3838/30FF membrane and the CO2 permeance and selectivity increased significantly compared to the dry membrane. Standard correlations were able to simulate the pressure drops through the modules.© 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Neck recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in unusual sites: Retrospective study of 1658 cases
Authors: Feng Zhien , Niu Li Xuan , Zhang Jian Yun , Gao Yan , Guo Chuan Bin
Published: April 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to explore the frequency and prognosis of irregular neck recurrences in the prelaryngeal, parotid, and lateral retropharyngeal regions in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study.

Results

Twenty‐four patients (1.4%) had irregular neck recurrences: 17 in the parotid (1.0%), 4 in the prelaryngeal (0.2%), and 3 in the lateral retropharyngeal (0.2%) regions. The 1‐year/5‐year overall survival rates after the N‐relapse date for these areas were 40.0%/25.0%, 42.9%/20.0%, and 33.3%/0%, respectively. Patients with irregular neck recurrences had a poorer salvage success rate than controls (21.7% vs 68.8%, respectively; p < .001) as well as a significantly lower 5‐year disease‐specific survival (23.8% vs 60.8%, respectively; p < .001).

Conclusion

Patients with OSCC with irregular neck recurrences were extremely rare and had poor prognoses. The management of irregular metastases in patients with OSCC remains challenging for surgeons. Further study will be worthwhile to evaluate the best diagnostic and management strategies for unusual neck recurrences of OSCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E680–E686, 2016
Genetic polymorphisms in UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 and 1A7 and the risk for benign Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland
Authors: Lacko Martin , Voogd Adri C. , van de Goor Rens C.E. , Roelofs Hennie M.J. , te Morsche Rene H.M. , Bouvy Nicole D. , Peters Wilbert H.M. , Manni Johannes J.
Published: April 2015

Background

Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland are associated with smoking, whereas pleomorphic adenomas are not. Genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes, involved in detoxification of toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke, might modify the corresponding enzyme activity and influence detoxifying capacity. We hypothesize that these genetic polymorphisms may influence the individual risk for Warthin's tumor, but not for pleomorphic adenomas.

Methods

Blood from 146 patients with benign parotid gland tumors and 437 controls were investigated for polymorphisms in several biotransformation enzymes. Based on these polymorphisms, patients and controls were divided according to predicted enzyme activity (low, intermediate, and high).

Results

Prevalence of predicted intermediate and high activity UGT1A7 and UGT1A6 genotypes was significantly higher in the patients with Warthin's tumors, but not in patients with pleomorphic adenomas, compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion

Predicted intermediate and high activity UGT1A7 and UGT1A6 genotypes are associated with an increased risk for Warthin's tumor. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E717–E723, 2016
Intraoral sebaceous carcinoma metastatic to the lung and subcutis: Case report and discussion of the literature
Authors: Rowe Meghan E. , Khorsandi Azita S. , Urken Grant R. , Wenig Bruce M.
Published: April 2015

Background

Intraoral sebaceous carcinoma is a rare form of sebaceous carcinoma with only 9 published cases in the world literature to date. We present a 10th case of intraoral sebaceous carcinoma located in the anterior maxillary gingiva with metastases to the lung and subcutis and discuss 3 possible etiologies for this unique presentation.

Methods

We analyze the clinical presentation, pathology, histology, and genetic testing for a single case study and review relevant literature.

Results

The histologic findings of the lung tumor and surgical excisions of the tumors in the gingiva and subcutis suggest the gingiva is the primary site. There is no evidence for the genetic abnormalities consistent with Muir–Torre syndrome.

Conclusion

The histologic findings suggest the oral cavity is the most likely site of tumor origin. This is the first case of intraoral sebaceous carcinoma reported to arise in the gingiva as well as to spread to cutaneous sites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E20–E24, 2016
Dissociation of MIF‐rpS3 Complex and Sequential NF‐κB Activation Is Involved in IR‐Induced Metastatic Conversion of NSCLC
Authors: Youn HyeSook , Son Beomseok , Kim Wanyeon , Jun Se Young , Lee Jung Sub , Lee Jae‐Myung , Kang ChulHee , Kim Joon , Youn BuHyun
Published: April 2015

Frequent relapse and spreading of tumors during radiotherapy are principal obstacles to treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we aimed to investigate how macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which is expressed at high levels in metastatic and primary lung cancer cells could regulate NSCLC metastasis in response to ionizing radiation (IR). The results indicated that MIF and ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) were shown to be connected to inflammation, proliferation, and metastasis of NSCLC via IR‐induced activation of the NF‐κB pathway. Under unirradiated conditions, MIF physically established a complex with rpS3. MIF‐rpS3 dissociation induced by IR activated NF‐κB and made the expression of target genes of this factor transactivated in two NSCLC cell lines, A549, and NCI‐H358. We also found that IR‐induced dissociation of this complex led to increased secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and modulated the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition marker proteins. Finally, the effects of IR‐induced dissociation of the MIF‐rpS3 complex on tumor metastasis were confirmed by in vivo xenograft studies. Taken together, the present study revealed that dissociation of the MIF‐rpS3 complex and subsequent activation of NF‐κB is a critical post‐IR exposure event that accounts for IR‐induced metastatic conversion of NSCLC. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2504–2516, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Investigation of Depression, Trauma History, and Symptom Severity in Individuals Enrolled in a Treatment Trial for Chronic PTSD
Authors: Bedard‐Gilligan Michele , Duax Jakob Jeanne M. , Doane Lisa Stines , Jaeger Jeff , Eftekhari Afsoon , Feeny Norah , Zoellner Lori A.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To explore how factors such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and trauma history, including the presence of childhood abuse, influence diverse clinical outcomes such as severity and functioning in a sample with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Method

In this study, 200 men and women seeking treatment for chronic PTSD in a clinical trial were assessed for trauma history and MDD and compared on symptom severity, psychosocial functioning, dissociation, treatment history, and extent of diagnostic co‐occurrence.

Results

Overall, childhood abuse did not consistently predict clinical severity. However, co‐occurring MDD, and to a lesser extent a high level of trauma exposure, did predict greater severity, worse functioning, greater dissociation, more extensive treatment history, and additional co‐occurring disorders.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that presence of co‐occurring depression may be a more critical marker of severity and impairment than history of childhood abuse or repeated trauma exposure. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of assessing MDD and its effect on treatment seeking and treatment response for those with PTSD.
GaN Ku‐band low‐noise amplifier design including RF life test
Authors: D'Angelo Sara , Nalli Andrea , Resca Davide , Raffo Antonio , Florian Corrado , Scappaviva Francesco , Vannini Giorgio , Rochette Stephane , Muraro Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2015

As well as largely exploited for microwave high‐power applications, aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technologies have demonstrated promising results for the design of low‐noise, high dynamic range, and highly robust amplifiers. In this manuscript, we describe the design and characterization of a Ku‐band monolithic microwave integrated circuit low‐noise amplifier for telecom space applications, exploiting an industrial AlGaN/GaN 0.25‐µm HEMT on silicon carbide process. In the frequency band 12.75–14.8 GHz, the LNA features over 20 dB linear gain with a noise figure around 1.8 dB. Input and output return losses are nearly 10 dB. Power dissipation is 700 mW in linear operation. An innovative transistor model based on electromagnetic analyses and small‐signal and noise measurements has been developed to improve the predictions of the foundry model on source‐degenerated devices. A systematic radio frequency (RF) life stress test campaign performed on the designed low‐noise amplifier demonstrated a safe operating area of 15 dBm of overdrive input power. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of the phonon confinement effect in arbitrarily shaped Si nanocrystals decorated on Si nanowires and its correlation with the photoluminescence spectrum
Authors: Ghosh Ramesh , Pal Arindam , Giri P. K.
Published: April 2015

Arrays of single‐crystalline Si nanowires (NWs) decorated with arbitrarily shaped Si nanocrystals (NCs) are grown by a metal‐assisted chemical etching process using silver (Ag) as the noble metal catalyst. The metal‐assisted chemical etching‐grown Si NWs exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) emission in the visible and near infrared region at room temperature. Quantum confinement of carriers in the Si NCs is believed to be primarily responsible for the observed PL emission. Raman spectra of the Si NCs decorated on Si NWs exhibit a red shift and an asymmetric broadening of first‐order Raman peak as well as the other multi‐phonon modes when compared with that of the bulk Si. Quantitative analysis of confinement of phonons in the Si NCs is shown to account for the measured Raman peak shift and asymmetric broadening. To eliminate the laser heating effect on the phonon modes of the Si NWs/NCs, the Raman measurement was performed at extremely low laser power. Both the PL and Raman spectral analysis show a log‐normal distribution for the Si NCs, and our transmission electron microscopy results are fully consistent with the results of PL and Raman analyses. We calculate the size distribution of these Si NCs in terms of mean diameter (D0) and skewness (σ) by correlating the PL spectra and Raman spectra of the as‐grown Si NCs decorated on Si NWs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative determination of dopamine in single rat pheochromocytoma cells by microchip electrophoresis with only one high‐voltage power supply
Authors: Sha Cuicui , Fan Yuejuan , Cheng Jieke , Cheng Han
Published: April 2015

We developed a method for the direct identification of dopamine in single cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells by capillary electrophoresis using an end‐channel carbon fiber nanoelectrode amperometric detector. The operation mode was designed to achieve single‐cell injection and lysis in microfluidic chip electrophoresis with only one high‐voltage power supply. The separation and detection conditions were optimized. Four catecholamines were baseline‐separated and determined with this system, and the cell density and liquid height of the reservoirs were accommodated for single cell loading, docking and analysis. The microchip capillary electrophoresis system was successfully applied to determine dopamine in single cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells.
Effect of NaCl concentration, pH value and tensile stress on the galvanic corrosion behavior of 5050 aluminum alloy
Authors: Cui T.F. , Liu D.X. , Shi P.A. , Liu J.J. , Yi Y.H. , Zhou H.L.
Published: April 2015

The effects of NaCl concentration, solution pH value and tensile stress on galvanic corrosion behavior of 5050 aluminum alloy coupled to 45 steel were investigated using a zero resistance ammeter. The influence and mechanism of various factors in the galvanic corrosion process were studied using electrochemical technology. The results show that there are large potential differences between 5050 aluminum alloy and 45 steel, and they have high galvanic corrosion tendency when making up a galvanic couple. The galvanic corrosion increases with increasing NaCl concentration, with decreasing pH of the solution and with increasing tensile stress applied on the material. In distilled water, the 5050 aluminum alloy potential is low at the beginning of test, resulting in the 5050 alloy acting as an anode and suffering corrosion. As the reaction progresses, the 5050 alloy's potential gradually increases and may exceed that of 45 steel. At this time, the electrode polarity reversal occurs and the 5050 aluminum alloy becomes the cathode. When the solution pH value is 2, the passive film loses its protective function for the matrix, resulting in serious corrosion. Tensile stress causes passive film breakdown on the 5050 aluminum alloy surface and increases the electrochemical potential, resulting in the increase of galvanic corrosion potential difference and serious galvanic corrosion.