bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geoscience Knowledge Graph (GeoKG): Development, construction and challenges
Authors: Zhang Xueying , Huang Yi , Zhang Chunju , Ye Peng
Published: September 2022

Big earth data is a cross‐domain of geoscience and information science, which provides a novel perspective for solving geoscience problems. Most contemporary research is driven by data but neglect the potential value of knowledge. As a new scientific language in Geoscience, GeoKG is essential for understanding, representing, and mining geoscience knowledge, and can contribute to the integration of big earth data, geoscience knowledge, and geoscience models. However, research on GeoKG lack spatiotemporal perspectives in knowledge cognition, representation, acquisition and management. To this end, this article first outlines a cognitive mechanism from the human–machine double perspective and categorizes the characteristics and content of geoscience knowledge. To express evolution and complex natural rules, a knowledge representation framework is proposed through ‘state‐process’ and ‘condition‐result’ models. Aiming at multimodal data, a workflow is put forward to acquire knowledge from a small sample, a knowledge graph, a map, and a schematic diagram. Furthermore, we discuss the organization of GeoKG by improving existing data models, developing spatiotemporal correlation indexing and advancing knowledge graph completion. The concrete construction process of GeoKG is analyzed thoroughly in this study, which can support the synthetic analysis of big earth data, promote the development of knowledge engineering and provide a foundation for improving intelligent geoscience.
An evaluation of alternative statistical models for predicting habitat suitability for weeds
Authors: Dastres Emran , Edalat Mohsen , Moayedi Gholamreza , Jahangiri Enayat , Pourghasemi Hamid Reza , Tiefenbacher John P.
Published: September 2022

Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) is a competitive weed of oilseed rape in Iran. The spatial distribution of S. arvensis and its habitat suitability zonation in Fars Province, Iran, was studied using frequency ratio (FR) and weights‐of‐evidence (WofE) statistical and probabilistic models in a geographic information system. For this purpose, a dataset was prepared of weed presence/absence in oilseed rape fields across Fars Province and measures of different effective factors, including elevation, distance from roads, distance from rivers, pH, electrical conductivity, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, slope degree, slope aspect, plan curvature and physical properties of the soil were collected from the sites. Boruta machine learning method was used to determine the significance of each variable that was used to map the geographical distribution of wild mustard and the appropriateness of its habitat. Using the area under the curve and receiver operating characteristic, the accuracy of the habitat suitability zonation maps generated from the FR and WofE models was assessed (AUC‐ROC). The results indicated that AUC‐ROC values for the FR and WofE models were 91% and 88% respectively. FR and WofE are good methods for predicting the likelihood of S. arvensis occurring in a oilseed rape field. Finally, the resulting weed distribution map can aid decision makers and managers in identifying areas that require enhanced management in future plans.
DIVINE DESIGN AND EVOLUTIONARY EVIL
Authors: Wahlberg Mats
Published: September 2022

In this article, I first interpret and evaluate the main argument of E. V. R. Kojonen's book, The Compatibility of Evolution and Design. I then address a challenge against this argument (as well as against design arguments in general), namely, the problem of seemingly malevolent and bad designs in nature. Evolutionary theodicists commonly deal with this problem by assuming that the evolutionary process is not fully under God's control. This solution, however, is deeply problematic from the perspective of classical theism. I therefore suggest another approach to the problem, inspired by the thought of Thomas Aquinas.
Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Change from 2000 to 2019 in East Java Indonesia
Authors: Indarto Indarto , Hidayah Entin , Lukman Hakim Farid
Published: September 2022

This study aims to analyse land use, and land cover (LULC) changes in East Java province in Indonesia. The changes are analysed by comparing two maps (the national digital map and the map interpreted from Landsat-8). Supervised classification of Landsat image using maximum likelihood algorithm done an overall and kappa accuracy of 96.62% and 96.02 %, respectively. The classification produces nine (9) classes, i.e.: (1) the pavement or urban area, (2) heterogeneous agricultural land, (3) paddy field, (4) open water, (5) dense vegetation (forest), (6) sparse vegetation (plantation), (7) shrubland, (8) Wetlands, and (9) Sandy-clay-rock. Furthermore, three subsets areas are explored to study the LULC changes caused by the development of the transportation infrastructure; industrial sites; the agricultural sector; tourism; urbanisation and sub-urbanisation. The LULC change is more marked in the most urbanised areas (in and around the big cities), followed by LULC change in and around medium cities and rural areas.  Regional development during the last two decades has increased built-up and plantation areas. Conversely, the development has reduced paddy fields, rural areas, and water bodies. The LULC changes have significantly changed the natural to a human-dominated landscape.
Duel Solutions in Hiemenz Flow of an Electro-Conductive Viscous Nanofluid Containing Elliptic Single-/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes With Magnetic Induction Effects
Authors: Ferdows M. , Tazin Tahia , Bég O. Anwar , Bég Tasveer A.
Published: September 2022

Modern magnetic nanomaterials are increasingly embracing new technologies including smart coatings, intelligent lubricants, and functional working fluids in energy systems. Motivated by studying the manufacturing magnetofluid dynamics of electroconductive viscous nanofluids, in this work, we analyzed the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) convection flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) past a stretching sheet. Magnetic induction effects are included. Similarity solutions are derived where possible in addition to dual branch solutions. Both single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered taking water and kerosene oil as base fluids. The governing continuity, momentum, magnetic induction, and heat conservation partial differential equations are converted to coupled, nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. The emerging control parameters are shown to be Prandtl number (Pr), nanoparticle volume fraction parameter (φ), inverse magnetic Prandtl number (λ), magnetic body force parameter (β) and stretching rate parameter (A), and the type of carbon nanotube. Numerical solutions to the ordinary differential boundary value problem are conducted with the efficient bvp4c solver in matlab. Validation with earlier studies is included. Computations of reduced skin friction and reduced wall heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) are also comprised in order to identify the critical parameter values for the existence of dual solutions (upper and lower branch) for velocity, temperature, and induced magnetic field functions. Dual solutions are shown to exist for some cases studied. The simulations indicate that when the stretching rate ratio parameter is less than 1, SWCNT nanofluids exhibit higher velocity than MWCNT nanofluids with increasing magnetic parameters for water- and kerosene-oil-based CNT nanofluids. Generally, SWCNT nanofluids achieve enhanced heat transfer performance compared to MWCNT nanofluids. Water-based CNT nanofluids also attain greater flow acceleration compared with kerosene-oil-based CNT nanofluids.
Scattering of the Fundamental Lamb Modes in Bent Metallic Plates
Authors: Joglekar D. M.
Published: September 2022

Guided elastic waves, propagating through curved waveguides, have attracted significant attention in the recent past, both from the perspectives of assessment of structural integrity and generating novel designs of acoustic waveguides. This article presents investigation of the interaction of the fundamental Lamb modes with a cylindrical bend in thin metallic plates. A hybrid numerical method is exposited, which combines the computational efficacy of the semi-analytical finite element method in modeling the long straight portions of the plate and the versatility of the conventional finite element method in modeling the bent portion. The predictive capabilities of the proposed method are validated using transient finite element simulations. Appropriate modifications to the hybrid method, needed for simulating the multimodal incidence resulting from the point-force actuation, are discussed. Using the hybrid method, the scattering and mode-conversion behavior, imparted by the cylindrical bend, is studied when the two fundamental Lamb modes are used as the incident interrogation signals. The extents of equi-modal and cross-modal contributions in both the reflected as well as transmitted waveforms are quantified in terms of the respective modal energy ratios. Explicable contour charts are presented for comprehending the scattering behavior over a wide range of frequencies and bend angles that span from 0 deg to 180 deg. For two representative cases, the modal displacement patterns inside the bend region are presented and discussed. The present investigation can find its potential use in the analysis of geometrically irregular structures leading to the design of novel acoustic waveguides.
Framework for the Evolution of Heuristics in Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Fillingim Kenton B. , Fu Katherine
Published: September 2022

This study works toward addressing a knowledge gap in understanding how heuristics are developed, retrieved, employed, and modified by designers. Having a better awareness of one’s own set of heuristics can be beneficial for relaying to other team members, improving a team’s training processes, and aiding others on their path to design expertise. The ability to understand and justify the use of a heuristic should lead to more effective decision-making in systems design. To do this, the heuristics and their characteristics must be extracted using a repeatable scientific research methodology. This study describes a unique extraction and characterization process compared to prior literature. It includes some of the first work towards documenting heuristics for both designers and operators in a hybrid manufacturing setting. Eight participants performed a series of two design journals, two interviews, and one survey. Heuristics were extracted and refined between each method and then verified by participants in the survey. The surveys produced novel statistically significant findings in regard to heuristic characterizations, impacting how participants view how often a heuristic is used, the reliability of the heuristic, and the evolution of the heuristic. Lastly, an alternate perspective of heuristics as an error management bias is highlighted and discussed.
Progress in quantum networks
Authors: Forbes Andrew
Published: September 2022

Once a distant dream, quantum networks are very much a present reality, with an exciting future.
Direct geometric probe of singularities in band structure
Authors: Brown Charles D. , Chang Shao-Wen , Schwarz Malte N. , Leung Tsz-Him , Kozii Vladyslav , Avdoshkin Alexander , Moore Joel E. , Stamper-Kurn Dan
Published: September 2022

A quantum system’s energy landscape may have points where multiple energy surfaces are degenerate and that exhibit singular geometry of the wave function manifold, with major consequences for the system’s properties. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices have been used to indirectly characterize such points in the band structure. We measured the non-Abelian transformation produced by transport directly through the singularities. We accelerated atoms along a quasi-momentum trajectory that enters, turns, and then exits the singularities at linear and quadratic band-touching points of a honeycomb lattice. Measurements after transport identified the topological winding numbers of these singularities to be 1 and 2, respectively. Our work introduces a distinct method for probing singularities that enables the study of non-Dirac singularities in ultracold-atom quantum simulators.
Codiversification of gut microbiota with humans
Authors: Suzuki Taichi A. , Fitzstevens J. Liam , Schmidt Victor T. , Enav Hagay , Huus Kelsey E. , Mbong Ngwese Mirabeau , Grießhammer Anne , Pfleiderer Anne , Adegbite Bayode R. , Zinsou Jeannot F. , Esen Meral , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P. , Adegnika Ayola A. , Song Le Huu , Spector Timothy D. , Muehlbauer Amanda L. , Marchi Nina , Kang Hyena , Maier Lisa , Blekhman Ran , Ségurel Laure , Ko GwangPyo , Youngblut Nicholas D. , Kremsner Peter , Ley Ruth E.
Published: September 2022

The gut microbiomes of human populations worldwide have many core microbial species in common. However, within a species, some strains can show remarkable population specificity. The question is whether such specificity arises from a shared evolutionary history (codiversification) between humans and their microbes. To test for codiversification of host and microbiota, we analyzed paired gut metagenomes and human genomes for 1225 individuals in Europe, Asia, and Africa, including mothers and their children. Between and within countries, a parallel evolutionary history was evident for humans and their gut microbes. Moreover, species displaying the strongest codiversification independently evolved traits characteristic of host dependency, including reduced genomes and oxygen and temperature sensitivity. These findings all point to the importance of understanding the potential role of population-specific microbial strains in microbiome-mediated disease phenotypes.
Loss of a satellite could explain Saturn’s obliquity and young rings
Authors: Wisdom Jack , Dbouk Rola , Militzer Burkhard , Hubbard William B. , Nimmo Francis , Downey Brynna G. , French Richard G.
Published: September 2022

The origin of Saturn’s ~26.7° obliquity and ~100-million-year-old rings is unknown. The observed rapid outward migration of Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, could have raised Saturn’s obliquity through a spin-orbit precession resonance with Neptune. We use Cassini data to refine estimates of Saturn’s moment of inertia, finding that it is just outside the range required for the resonance. We propose that Saturn previously had an additional satellite, which we name Chrysalis, that caused Saturn’s obliquity to increase through the Neptune resonance. Destabilization of Chrysalis’s orbit ~100 million years ago can then explain the proximity of the system to the resonance and the formation of the rings through a grazing encounter with Saturn.
Weak ties, failed tries, and success
Authors: Wang Dashun , Uzzi Brian
Published: September 2022

A large-scale study provides a causal test for a cornerstone of social science
Dos and don’ts for achieving managerial diversity
Getting to Diversity: What Works and What Doesn’t
Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev
Belknap Press, 2022. 272 pp.
Authors: Chang Edward H.
Published: September 2022

A pair of sociologists turn to data to determine how to diversify organizations’ upper ranks
Replication timing and genetic instability
Authors: Méchali Marcel
Published: September 2022

Synchronized activation of DNA replication origins induces genetic instability in lymphoma
High seas treaty within reach
Authors: Gjerde Kristina M. , Harden-Davies Harriet , Hassanali Kahlil
Published: September 2022

The ocean is Earth’s greatest climate mitigator, but it cannot do its work without biodiversity. Yet, accelerating climate change, unsustainable fishing, and widespread plastic and other pollutants, combined with increased resource demands, are threatening life throughout our global ocean. This is particularly acute in the two-thirds of the ocean (the high seas and seabed below) located beyond national boundaries, and as such, no state can solve these problems alone. Since 2018, member states of the United Nations have been crafting an international treaty to protect high-seas biodiversity and to ensure that human pressures are kept to a level that sustains this variety. Last month, the fifth and supposedly final session of the UN Intergovernmental Conference fell short of this goal. Unfortunately, disagreements on fundamental issues meant that negotiators ran out of time. Achieving a timely treaty requires resuming the dialogue as soon as possible with more visible public and political support to surmount remaining hurdles.
In Other Journals
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Uzogara Ekeoma , Yeston Jake , Maroso Mattia , Hurtley Stella M. , Yiu Yuen , Funk Michael A.
Published: September 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Reviewers award higher marks when a paper’s author is famous
Authors: Brainard Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

“Matthew effect” is powerful, unusually large study finds
Riemerella anatipestifer AS87_RS02955 Acts as a Virulence Factor and Displays Endonuclease Activity
Authors: Zhu Min , Chen Zongchao , Shen Ruyu , Niu Pengfei , Feng Yating , Liu Dan , Yu Shengqing
Published: September 2022

R. anatipestifer
AS87_RS02955 was identified as a novel T9SS effector and displayed a nonspecific endonuclease activity in this study. The protein did not contain a conserved His-Asn-His motif structure, which is similar to the endonuclease from
Prevotella
sp.
An Unprecedented Tolerance to Deletion of the Periplasmic Chaperones SurA, Skp, and DegP in the Nosocomial Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Birkle Karolin , Renschler Fabian , Angelov Angel , Wilharm Gottfried , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Maček Boris , Bohn Erwin , Weber Elena , Müller Jennifer , Friedrich Lea , Schütz Monika
Published: September 2022

Acinetobacter baumanniiis a major threat to human health due to its ability to persist in the hospital environment, resistance to antibiotic treatment, and ability to deploy multiple and redundant virulence factors. In a rising number of cases, infections with multidrug-resistantA. baumanniiend up fatally, because all antibiotic treatment options fail.
Enterovirus 3C Protease Cleaves TRIM7 To Dampen Its Antiviral Activity
Authors: Fan Wenchun , McDougal Matthew B. , Schoggins John W.
Published: September 2022

Enteroviruses are significant human pathogens that cause viral myocarditis, pancreatitis, and meningitis. Knowing how the host controls these viruses and how the viruses may evade host restriction is important for understanding fundamental concepts in antiviral immunity and for informing potential therapeutic interventions.
The Novel Oxazolidinone TBI-223 Is Effective in Three Preclinical Mouse Models of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Gordon Oren , Dikeman Dustin A. , Ortines Roger V. , Wang Yu , Youn Christine , Mumtaz Mohammed , Orlando Nicholas , Zhang Jeffrey , Patel Aman M. , Gough Ethan , Kaushik Amit , Nuermberger Eric L. , Upton Anna M. , Fotouhi Nader , Miller Lloyd S. , Archer Nathan K.
Published: September 2022

Staphylococcus aureus
is the predominant cause of bloodstream, skin, and bone infections in humans. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics is a growing concern, making it more difficult to treat staphylococcal infections.
Pn-AqpC-Mediated Fermentation Pattern Coordination with the Two-Component System 07 Regulates Host N-Glycan Degradation of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Shen Kaiqiang , Hu Qingqing , Zhu Lin , Miu Wenshuang , Dong Yuzhu , Ren Fu , Dong Xiuzhu , Tong Huichun
Published: September 2022

Pneumococcus, a human opportunistic pathogen, is capable of metabolizing host complex N-glycans. N-glycan degradation promotes pneumococcus colonization in the nasopharynx as well as invasion into deeper tissues, thus significantly contributing to pathogenesis.
Accessible and Adaptable Multiplexed Real-Time PCR Approaches to Identify SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern
Authors: Yan Ting , Xu Ye , Zheng Rongrong , Zeng Xiaohong , Chen Zehui , Lin Su , Xia Zihan , Liao Yiqun , Zhang Yongyou , Li Qingge
Published: September 2022

Rapid detection and mutation surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs is crucial for COVID-19 control, management, and prevention. We developed two rapid molecular assays based on the real-time PCR platform to identify important variants of concern, including the Omicron variant with a large number of mutations.
Upper gastrointestinal blood cast due to massive oropharyngeal bleeding
Authors: Rajdev Kartikeya , Khauli Samih , El-Kersh Karim
Published: September 2022

We present a case of a patient with recurrent squamous cell cancer of the base of the tongue and right tonsil who developed severe haematemesis. An elongated blood cast of the upper gastrointestinal tract was noted in the emesis. The patient required emergent intubation and blood transfusions. A CT scan with contrast revealed the presence of a pseudoaneurysm of the right lingual artery. Successful control of bleeding was achieved with coil embolisation of the pseudoaneurysm and its feeding artery. This case highlights that oropharyngeal bleeding can mimic gastrointestinal bleeding.
Differences in risk indicators associated with electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking among adolescents and young people in Nigeria
Authors: Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Alade Omolola , Adeyemo Yewande , Sabbagh Heba Jafar , Oyapero Afolabi , Oziegbe Elizabeth O , Popoola Bamidele Olubukola , Quritum Maryam , El Tantawi Maha
Published: September 2022

Introduction

The study determined the proportion of adolescents and young persons (AYP) in Nigeria who use e-cigarettes and smoke tobacco; and identified factors associated with the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco smoking.

Methods

AYP aged 11–23 years were recruited to participate in an online survey. The independent variables were respondents’ health, HIV and COVID-19 status and their level of anxiety. The dependent variables were tobacco smoking and use of e-cigarettes. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, educational level and vulnerability status).

Results

There were 2206 respondents of which 568 (19.8%) used e-cigarettes and 787 (27.4%) smoked tobacco. Individual (18–23 years, having a health condition, high anxiety and being vulnerable) and familial (having father, mother, siblings or friends who used e-cigarettes) factors were associated with both the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoking was a significant risk indicator for e-cigarettes use and vice versa. COVID-19 infection (adjusted OR, AOR: 3.602) and living with HIV (AOR: 1.898) were associated with higher odds of using e-cigarettes. Males (AOR: 1.577), 15–17 years (AOR: 6.621) and moderate anxiety (AOR: 2.500) were associated with higher odds of tobacco smoking. AYP with health conditions had higher odds of using e-cigarettes (AOR: 1.514) while AYP with moderate anxiety had lower odds of using e-cigarettes (AOR: 0.627).

Conclusion

The proportion of AYP in Nigeria who used e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco is high. Public health interventions that target the common risk factors for e-cigarettes use and tobacco smoking among AYP in Nigeria are urgently needed.
Response of primary tumor and lymph node in non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant immunotherapy: a pooled analysis
Authors: Zhai Wen-Yu , Zhao Ze-Rui , Chen Si , Yu Hui , Lin Yao-Bin , Wang Yi-Zhi , Long Hao
Published: September 2022

The good pathological response of primary tumors (PTs) to neoadjuvant immunotherapy has been acknowledged in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, it remains unclear whether neoadjuvant immunotherapy shows consistent effects in metastatic lymph nodes (LNs). We compared the pathological response of PT and nodal downstaging using a pooled analysis to assess the effect of neoadjuvant immunotherapy on LNs. Original articles reporting the tumor major pathological response (ypT(MPR)), pathological complete response (ypT0) and nodal downstaging following neoadjuvant immunotherapy in NSCLC were retrieved. The OR and 95% CI were calculated by Review Manager V.5.3. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the neoadjuvant therapy regimen used. A total of 209 patients from 6 studies were included in this analysis. The frequency of nodal downstaging was comparable to that of ypT(MPR) (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.84 to 2.05; p=0.24). Interestingly, ypN0 was observed more frequently than ypT0 (OR 3.26; 95% CI 2.06 to 5.16; p<0.0001). However, this difference was not observed in the subgroup of cN2 patients who underwent immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy (OR 1.58; 95% CI 0.56 to 4.48; p=0.39). Neoadjuvant immunotherapy results in satisfactory response in metastatic LN. Patients had a high probability of node clearance when ypT0 was confirmed, especially in patients treated with immunochemotherapy.
Impact of febuxostat on visit-to-visit blood pressure variability: insights from the randomised PRIZE Study
Authors: Saito Yuichi , Tanaka Atsushi , Koide Yuji , Yoshida Hisako , Uchida Daigaku , Matsunaga Kazuo , Yokota Naoto , Ueyama Chikara , Kobayashi Yoshio , Node Koichi
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Although uric acid lowering therapies, including xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition, may reduce the absolute level of blood pressure (BP), the effect of XO inhibition on BP variability is largely unknown. The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the impact of febuxostat, an XO inhibitor, on BP variability in a randomised trial setting.

Methods

This was a subanalysis of the PRIZE Study, a randomised trial to evaluate the potential effect of febuxostat on carotid intima–media thickness progression. Patients with hyperuricemia and carotid plaques were randomly assigned to the febuxostat or control group. During a 24-month period, office BP and pulse rate (PR) were measured ≥3 times. BP and PR variabilities were assessed with SD and coefficient of variation (CV). The effect of febuxostat on BP and PR variabilities was adjusted with age, sex and baseline BP or PR, expressed with 95% CIs.

Results

A total of 472 patients were included into the present subanalysis. During the 24-month follow-up period, the febuxostat group had a significantly lower adjusted mean systolic BP (128.4 (126.8–130.0) vs 130.7 (129.1–132.2) mm Hg, p=0.04) and CV of systolic BP (7.4 (6.7–8.0) vs 8.2 (7.6–8.8), p=0.04) than the control group. Adjusted SD of PR was also lower in the febuxostat group than their counterpart (5.95 (4.93–6.97) vs 7.33 (6.32–8.33), p=0.04).

Conclusion

XO inhibition with febuxostat was associated with reduced visit-to-visit BP variability as well as reduced PR variability in patients with hyperuricemia and carotid plaques.

Trial registration numbers

University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000012911 and UMIN000041322).
Use of spur dikes with different permeability levels for protecting bridge abutment against local scour under unsteady flow conditions
Authors: Hakim Mahsa , Yarahmadi Mohammad Bahrami , Kashefipour Seyed Mahmood
Published: September 2022

Local scour around abutments is one of the most important reasons for a bridge collapse, making it a major concern for hydraulic and river engineers. Available studies on scour control around abutments have been limited to steady flow conditions. In this light, the present experimental study investigates using a single spur dike with different levels of permeability (0%, 35%, 50%, and 65%) to reduce scour around a short vertical-wall abutment (abutment length/flow depth ≤ 1) under unsteady flow conditions. The hydrographs with Gaussian distribution and different base flow times (i.e., duration of 15, 30, 60, and 90 min) were used to simulate the unsteady flow. Abutment scour depth variations with time showed that the final scour depth always appeared after the peak discharge of the hydrograph regardless of whether a spur dike was used. It was shown that the spur dike has successfully reduced local scour around the abutment. The maximum depth of scour hole around abutment was reduced by 47%, 32%, and 11%, when spur dikes with 35%, 50%, and 65% permeability were, respectively, used. Using an impermeable spur dike not only prevented the scour upstream nose of the abutment but also led to some deposition that raised the bed level by nearly 0.47 La (where La is the abutment's length) in that area. However, the maximum depth of scour hole around the impermeable spur dike was nearly identical to that occurred around the abutment for the experiments without a spur dike, making it necessary to arrange for scour protection around the spur dike.
Revised proposed classification for human modified soils in Canada: Anthroposolic order
Authors: Naeth M. Anne , Leskiw Leonard A. , Brierley J. Anthony , Warren C. James , Keys Kevin , Dlusskiy Konstantin , Wu Ronggui , Spiers Graeme A. , Laskosky Jorden , Krzic Maja , Patterson Gary , Bedard-Haughn Angela
Published: September 2022

As the global human population and associated anthropogenic activities rapidly increase, so does the areal extent of disturbed soils. Regulatory frameworks must incorporate reclamation criteria and management options for these disturbed soils, requiring consistent descriptions and interpretations. Many human-altered soils cannot be classified using the current Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), thus an Anthroposolic order is proposed. Anthroposols are soils that are highly modified or constructed by human activity, with one or more natural horizons removed and replaced, added to, or significantly modified. Disturbed horizons are anthropic in origin and contain materials significantly modified physically and/or chemically by human activities. Three great groups are defined by the presence of anthropogenic artefacts and organic carbon content. Eight subgroups are based on the amount of organic material, thickness of horizons, material composition, hydrologic regime, and presence of permafrost. Traditional phases and modifiers are used as in the CSSC. The proposed classification has been revised from the original publication in 2012 after field testing and discussion among soil scientists across Canada. This revised classification is proposed for inclusion in the revised CSSC, to account for the very large and expanding aerial extent of disturbed soils in Canada, and to remain current with other global soil taxonomy systems.
The Employment Effects of Technology, Trade, and Consumption in Global Value Chains: Evidence for Developing Asia
Authors: BERTULFO DONALD JAY , GENTILE ELISABETTA , DE VRIES GAAITZEN J.
Published: September 2022

Global value chains (GVCs) have been a vehicle for job creation in developing Asia, but technology can also displace workers through automation or reshoring of production. We use an input–output approach to examine how employment responded to consumption, trade, and technological progress in 16 economies that accounted for about 95% of employment in developing Asia from 2008 to 2018. Structural decomposition analysis based on the Asian Development Bank’s Multiregional Input–Output database combined with harmonized cross-economy occupation by industry data indicates that, other things being equal, technological change within GVCs and task relocation relate to a decline of routine manual, relative to nonroutine cognitive, occupations in manufacturing. We find no evidence of major shifts in labor demand due to reshoring. Domestic consumption expenditure of goods and services is associated with an increase in labor demand that is large enough to offset efficiency changes in GVCs.
Behavior of local quantum Fisher information and local quantum uncertainty in dipolar spin system with DM and KSEA interactions
Authors: Khedif Youssef , Errehymy Abdelghani , Daoud Mohammed
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a two-spin-1/2 particle coupled via dipolar interaction with the interplay of antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya and symmetric Kaplan–Shekhtman–Entin–Wohlman–Aharony interactions is considered at thermal equilibrium. The local quantum uncertainty and local quantum Fisher information are investigated as the pairwise nonclassical correlations quantifiers. The effects of the different system parameters on the quantified quantum correlation are analyzed in detail. Our results showed that the two studied thermal quantum correlation measures have similar qualitative behavior as well as quantitative sometimes. Also, it is shown that the quantumness of correlations is lost as the temperature rises sufficiently. Nevertheless, the antisymmetric and symmetric contributions of spin-orbit coupling considerably improve the amount of quantum correlations. Our analysis emphasized also that the local quantum uncertainty is bounded by local quantum Fisher information.
Mathematical analysis of heat and fluid flow in a square cavity
Authors: Mahmood Tahir , Zaman F. D. , Muhammad Noor
Published: September 2022

Theoretical analysis of heat transfer plays a vital role in updating the quality of heat exchanger products. Experiments cost more compared to computational costs. In this direction, this work is concerned with the unsteady and incompressible fluid flow with a rod inside a square cavity. The disturbance in the flow is induced by the motion of the top and bottom walls of the cavity. The maximum fluid flow will arise, which will help in reducing the temperature of the heated wall or rod in any physical situation. A single wall is considered to be heated, which produces heat in the neighboring fluid layers. A rod is placed to reduce the motion of the heated fluid coming from the heated wall at a high-temperature. The transmission of thermal energy along with fluid flow is carried out using the energy equation and the Navier–Stokes equation of motion, respectively. These equations are transformed to dimensionless form by appropriate parametrization and solved using the finite element method for different parameters such as Rayleigh number and Prandtl number, temperature and velocity fields and are presented graphically
A note on (3,1) and (3,2) separating systems and bound for (3,1) separating system
Authors: Rega B. , Durairajan C.
Published: September 2022

Separating codes have been studied due to their applications to digital finger printing, the state assignments, automata theory and to construct hash functions. In this paper, we study the necessary and sufficient conditions for a code to be a [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-separating systems for q-ary level and also satisfy its intersecting properties. We also construct a bound for [Formula: see text] separating system.
The early evolution of the Neotethys in the eastern Mediterranean area: implication of new evidence from the Levant basin and margin
Authors: Garfunkel Z. , Gardosh M.
Published: September 2022

Analysis and re-evaluation of recently obtained data from seismic reflection surveys and deep offshore and onland boreholes from the continental margin of Israel and the adjacent Levant basin, combined with pre-existing data, provide significant new insight into their early, Triassic to Middle Jurassic, development.

Thick Middle Jurassic and older sediments in the Levant basin next to Israel cover a substantial relief of a pre-existing thin crust that was shaped in the Middle Triassic or earlier times. In the Levant margin near the present-day coastal area and further onshore the early development of the basin was accompanied by two major deformation phases, in the Triassic and in the Middle Jurassic, separated by a period (much of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic) in which deformation and subsidence slowed down considerably or ceased. In contrast, in the Mt Carmel area conspicuous faulting and magmatism took place in the Late Triassic (older history unknown); that is, during the period of tectonic quiescence farther south, implying significantly different evolution of this and the more southern parts of the margin. Few Triassic igneous rocks are known onshore Israel, but widespread Late Triassic submarine volcanic rocks, associated with deep-marine sediments, were documented in the remnants of the northern extension of the Levant basin in the present-day area of Turkey and Cyprus, which probably represent the same regional tectonic phase.

Renewed subsidence of the Levant margin and adjacent lands since the late part of the Early Jurassic was associated with renewed faulting along the Levant margin and in the adjacent lands, involving significant changes in the deformation pattern. A Middle Jurassic continental slope, >1 km high from top to base, developed along the Levant margin and deep-water conditions in the adjacent basin were established. This configuration is expected to have existed also in earlier times, in association with the formation of the basin's thin crust next to the much thicker crust beneath the bordering continental area, but evidence for the earlier depositional history is limited by the lack of deep seismic and well data. In view of the extensive evidence presented here, a Cretaceous age for the formation of the Levant basin and margin that was recently suggested appears to be unlikely.
Latest Oligocene adakitic rocks in western Iran: implications for early crustal thickening and tectonic evolution of the Iran Block
Authors: Liu Yi-Xin , Chen Jian-Lin , Yang Tian-Nan , Hou Zeng-Qian , Zhang Hong-Rui , Yang Zhi-Ming , Yang Zhu-Sen , Aghazadeh Mehraj , Xu Ji-Feng
Published: September 2022

Adakitic rocks occur in a variety of tectonic settings and are key to understanding the tectonic evolution and geodynamics of orogenic belts. We investigated latest Oligocene (23.5–22.5 Ma) quartz monzonites and granites from the western segment of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt in Iran, which are likely to have formed in response to the early stages of Arabia–Eurasia collision. The studied rocks have the geochemical characteristics of typical adakites, such as high SiO
2
(60.18–68.82 wt%) and Sr (499–793 ppm) contents, low Y (8.90–17.1 ppm) and Yb (0.88–1.58 ppm) contents, and high Sr/Y (26.1‒67.8) and (La/Yb)
N
(21.9‒32.9) ratios. They have variable K
2
O (3.88–5.09 wt%), MgO (0.44–2.74 wt%; Mg# = 33.7–52.5), Cr (4.27–40.59 ppm), Ni (4.28–35.68 ppm) and Th (9.56–59.59 ppm) contents, and relatively depleted Sr–Nd isotopic compositions [(
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
i
 = 0.70450–0.70516;

ε

Nd
(
t
) = 2.1–2.7]. These characteristics indicate that the quartz monzonites were derived from the partial melting of delaminated lower crust that interacted with mantle peridotite with high MgO, Cr and Ni contents and depleted Sr–Nd isotopic compositions and suggest that the granites were formed by the fractional crystallization of quartz monzonitic magma. The geochemical features of the studied adakitic rocks could therefore have been affected by magmatic processes (e.g. fractional crystallization), which might be misleading in interpretations of their petrogenesis and related tectonic settings. The geochemical features of the studied rocks indicate that the crust of the western segment of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt was thickened to
c.
50 ± 4.43 km during the latest Oligocene (
c.
23.5 Ma) as a result of Arabia–Eurasia collision.

Supplementary material:
Whole rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, and zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6188328
A Survey on FPGA Cybersecurity Design Strategies
Authors: Proulx Alexandre , Chouinard Jean-Yves , Fortier Paul , Miled Amine
Published: September 2022

This article presents a critical literature review on the security aspects of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices. FPGA devices present unique challenges to cybersecurity through their reconfigurable nature. The article also pays special attention to emerging system-on-chip (SoC) FPGA devices that incorporate a hard processing system (HPS) on the same die as the FPGA logic. While this incorporation reduces the need for vulnerable external signals, the HPS in SoC FPGA devices adds a level of complexity that is not present for stand-alone FPGA devices. This added complexity necessarily hands over the task of securing the device to developers. Even with standard security features in place, the HPS might still have unhindered access to the FPGA logic. A single software flaw could open up a breach that might allow an attacker to extract the FPGA’s configuration data. A robust cybersecurity strategy is thus required for developers. As such, this work aims to provide the groundwork to build a solid threat-based cybersecurity design strategy that is specially adapted to SoC FPGA devices.
Clustering-based Sequence to Sequence Model for Generative Question Answering in a Low-resource Language
Authors: Bidgoly Amir Jalaly , Amirkhani Hossein , Baradaran Razieh
Published: September 2022

Despite the impressive success of sequence to sequence models for generative question answering, they need a vast amount of question-answer pairs during training, which is hard and expensive to obtain, especially for low-resource languages. In this article, we present a framework that exploits the semantic clusters among the question-answer pairs to compensate for the lack of enough training data. In the training phase, the question-answer pairs are clustered, and a cluster predictor is trained to identify the cluster each question belongs to. Then, a sequence to sequence model is trained, where there is a different generator for each cluster in the decoder component. During the test phase, the cluster of the input question is first identified using the trained cluster predictor, and the appropriate decoder is exploited. Our experiments on a Persian religious dataset show that the proposed method outperforms the standard sequence to sequence model by a large margin in terms of ROUGE and BLEU scores. This is traced back to the lower number of words in each cluster, leading to a reduction in the number of effective parameters each generator needs to learn, which help the model learn from fewer training data with less overfitting.
ETAP: Energy-aware Timing Analysis of Intermittent Programs
Authors: Erata Ferhat , Yildiz Eren , Goknil Arda , Yildirim Kasim Sinan , Szefer Jakub , Piskac Ruzica , Sezgin Gokcin
Published: September 2022

Energy harvesting battery-free embedded devices rely only on ambient energy harvesting that enables stand-alone and sustainable IoT applications. These devices execute programs when the harvested ambient energy in their energy reservoir is sufficient to operate and stop execution abruptly (and start charging) otherwise. These intermittent programs have varying timing behavior under different energy conditions, hardware configurations, and program structures. This article presents Energy-aware Timing Analysis of intermittent Programs (ETAP), a probabilistic symbolic execution approach that analyzes the timing and energy behavior of intermittent programs at compile time. ETAP symbolically executes the given program while taking time and energy cost models for ambient energy and dynamic energy consumption into account. We evaluate ETAP by comparing the compile-time analysis results of our benchmark codes and real-world application with the results of their executions on real hardware. Our evaluation shows that ETAP’s prediction error rate is between 0.0076% and 10.8%, and it speeds up the timing analysis by at least two orders of magnitude compared to manual testing.
Decoding the Kodi Ecosystem
Authors: Xiao Yunming , Varvello Matteo , Warrior Marc , Kuzmanovic Aleksandar
Published: September 2022

Free and open-source media centers are experiencing a boom in popularity for the convenience they offer users seeking to remotely consume digital content. Kodi is today’s most popular home media center, with millions of users worldwide. Kodi’s popularity derives from its ability to centralize the sheer amount of media content available on the Web, both
free
and
copyrighted
. Researchers have been hinting at potential security concerns around Kodi, due to
add-ons
injecting unwanted content as well as user settings linked with security holes. Motivated by these observations, this article conducts the first comprehensive analysis of the Kodi ecosystem: 15,000 Kodi users from 104 countries, 11,000 unique add-ons, and data collected over 9 months.

Our work makes three important contributions. Our first contribution is that we build “crawling” software (
de-Kodi
) which can automatically install a Kodi add-on, explore its menu, and locate (video) content. This is challenging for two main reasons. First, Kodi largely relies on visual information and user input which intrinsically complicates automation. Second, the potential sheer size of this ecosystem (i.e., the number of available add-ons) requires a highly scalable crawling solution. Our second contribution is that we develop a solution to discover Kodi add-ons. Our solution combines Web crawling of popular websites where Kodi add-ons are published (LazyKodi and GitHub) and
SafeKodi
, a Kodi add-on we have developed which leverages the help of Kodi users to learn which add-ons are used in the wild and, in return, offers information about how
safe
these add-ons are, e.g., do they track user activity or contact sketchy URLs/IP addresses. Our third contribution is a classifier to passively detect Kodi traffic and add-on usage in the wild.

Our analysis of the Kodi ecosystem reveals the following findings. We find that most installed add-ons are
unofficial
but
safe
to use. Still, 78% of the users have installed at least one
unsafe
add-on, and even worse, such add-ons are among the most popular. In response to the information offered by SafeKodi, one-third of the users reacted by disabling some of their add-ons. However, the majority of users ignored our warnings for several months attracted by the content such unsafe add-ons have to offer. Last but not least, we show that Kodi’s auto-update, a feature active for 97.6% of SafeKodi users, makes Kodi users easily identifiable by their ISPs. While passively identifying which Kodi add-on is in use is, as expected, much harder, we also find that many unofficial add-ons do not use HTTPS yet, making their passive detection straightforward.

1
QCSP Monsters and the Demise of the Chen Conjecture
Authors: Zhuk Dmitriy , Martin Barnaby
Published: September 2022

We give a surprising classification for the computational complexity of the Quantified Constraint Satisfaction Problem over a constraint language Γ, QCSP(Γ), where Γ is a finite language over three elements that contains all constants. In particular, such problems are in P, NP-complete, co-NP-complete, or PSpace-complete. Our classification refutes the hitherto widely believed Chen Conjecture.

Additionally, we show that already on a 4-element domain there exists a constraint language Γ such that QCSP(Γ) is DP-complete (from Boolean Hierarchy), and on a 10-element domain there exists a constraint language giving the complexity class Θ
P
2
.

Meanwhile, we prove the Chen Conjecture for finite conservative languages Γ. If the polymorphism clone of such Γ has the polynomially generated powers property, then QCSP(Γ) is in NP. Otherwise, the polymorphism clone of Γ has the exponentially generated powers property and QCSP(Γ) is PSpace-complete.

1