bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous distribution of mRNAs within flight muscle fibers, and implications for function
Authors: Parekh Aditya , Chakraborty Kunal , Purohit Devam J , Pasha Shaik Naseer , Sowdhamini R. , VijayRaghavan K. , Chaturvedi Dhananjay
Published: September 2020

Muscle heterogeneity has been explored in terms of fiber-type distribution, structural organisation, and differences at their junctions with neurons and tendons. We amplify on such observation to additionally suggest that muscle syncytia have nonuniform protein requirements along their length, deployed for developmental and functional uses. An exploration of regionalized proteins or their mRNA across muscle syncytia has not been done. We investigated mRNA localization in regions ofDrosophila melanogasterdorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) syncytia over their entire transcriptome. Dissection of muscle regions, their RNA-seq and stringent Differential Gene Expression analysis indeed reveals statistically significant regionalization of nearly a hundred mRNA over the length of DLMs. Functions of over half of these genes require experimental verification. A preponderance of mRNA coding for catabolic and proteolytic enzymes is conspicuous among transcripts enriched in the posterior of DLMs. Our findings provide a foundation for exploring molecular processes that contribute to syncytial maturation and muscle homeostasis in a spatially non-homogenous manner.
Interaction of human ACE2 to membrane-bound SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 S glycoproteins
Authors: Anand Sai Priya , Chen Yaozong , Prévost Jérémie , Gasser Romain , Beaudoin-Bussières Guillaume , Abrams Cameron F. , Pazgier Marzena , Finzi Andrés
Published: September 2020

A novel severe acute respiratory (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, infecting millions of people and causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. The viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 depends on an interaction between the receptor binding domain of its trimeric Spike glycoprotein and the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. A better understanding of the Spike/ACE2 interaction is still required to design anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Here, we investigated the degree of cooperativity of ACE2 within both the SARS-CoV-2 and the closely related SARS-CoV-1 membrane-bound S glycoproteins. We show that there exist differential inter-protomer conformational transitions between both Spike trimers. Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 spike exhibits a positive cooperativity for monomeric soluble ACE2 binding when compared to the SARS-CoV-1 spike, which might have more structural restrains. Our findings can be of importance in the development of therapeutics that block the Spike/ACE2 interaction.
Adjusting for reporting lags in remote regions to improve malaria surveillance: Guyana as a case study
Authors: Menkir Tigist F. , Cox Horace , Poirier Canelle , Saul Melanie , Jones-Weekes Sharon , Clementson Collette , de Salazar Pablo M. , Santillana Mauricio , Buckee Caroline O.
Published: September 2020

Time lags in reporting to national surveillance systems represent a major barrier for the control of infectious diseases, preventing timely decision making and resource allocation. This issue is particularly acute for infectious diseases like malaria, which often impact rural and remote communities the hardest. In Guyana, a country located in South America, poor connectivity among remote malaria-endemic regions hampers surveillance efforts, making reporting delays a key challenge for elimination. Here, we analyze 13 years of malaria surveillance data, identifying key correlates of time lags between clinical cases occurring and being added to the central data system. We develop nowcasting methods that use historical patterns of reporting delays to estimate occurred-but-not-reported monthly malaria cases. To assess their performance, we implemented them retrospectively, using only information that would have been available at the time of estimation, and found that they substantially enhanced the estimates of malaria cases. Specifically, we found that the best performing models achieved up to two- to four-fold improvements in accuracy (or error reduction) over known cases in selected regions. Our approach provides a simple, generalizable tool to improve malaria surveillance in endemic countries.
Towards molecular stratification of pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas based on Minimal Disseminated Disease andNOTCH1/FBXW7mutational status: the French EURO-LB02 experience
Authors: Trinquand Amélie , Plesa Adriana , Abdo Chrystelle , Aladjidi Nathalie , Rigaud Charlotte , Touzart Aurore , Lhermitte Ludovic , Petit Arnaud , Michaux Katell , Jung Charlotte , Chassagne-Clement Catherine , Asnafi Vahid , Bertrand Yves , Garnier Nathalie , Macintyre Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

While outcome for pediatric T lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) has improved with Acute Leukemia-type therapy, survival after relapse remains rare. Few prognostic markers have been identified and the value of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) is less clear than in T-ALL. Mutations ofNOTCH1and/orFBXW7(N/F) identify good prognosis T-LBL and both MRD and high-level Minimal Disseminated Disease (MDD) are reported to be of poor prognosis. We evaluated MDD status by 8-color flow cytometry (MFC) and/or digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in 86 French pediatric T-LBL, of whichN/Fstatus was known for 65 (61 treated on the Euro-LB02 protocol). Both techniques gave identical results for MDD/MRD values above 0.1%, allowing compilation. While an MDD threshold of 1% had no prognostic significance, the 54% (44/82) of protocol-treated patients with MDD ≥0.1% had a relatively favorable outcome (overall survival/OS; p = 0.026). MDD 0.1% status had no prognostic significance in the 68% of patients withN/Fmutations, whereas low/negative MDD status (9/61) identifiedN/Fgermline patients at a high risk of relapse (5-year OS of 44.4% vs 90% for MDD ≥ 0.1%,p = 0.014; and a 5-year DFS of 50% vs 90.9% respectively, p = 0.041). Combining oncogenetic and MDD status allows identification of 85% of patients with an excellent outcome (5-year OS 91.9% and DFS 95%) and 15% ofN/Fgermline/MDD< 0.1% patients who clearly require early alternative treatment (5-year OS 44.4%; p< 0.0001 and DFS 50%; p = 0.0001).
The structure, function, and evolution of a complete human chromosome 8
Authors: Logsdon Glennis A. , Vollger Mitchell R. , Hsieh PingHsun , Mao Yafei , Liskovykh Mikhail A. , Koren Sergey , Nurk Sergey , Mercuri Ludovica , Dishuck Philip C. , Rhie Arang , de Lima Leonardo G. , Porubsky David , Bzikadze Andrey V. , Kremitzki Milinn , Graves-Lindsay Tina A. , Jain Chirag , Hoekzema Kendra , Murali Shwetha C. , Munson Katherine M. , Baker Carl , Sorensen Melanie , Lewis Alexandra M. , Surti Urvashi , Gerton Jennifer L. , Larionov Vladimir , Ventura Mario , Miga Karen H. , Phillippy Adam M. , Eichler Evan E.
Published: September 2020

The complete assembly of each human chromosome is essential for understanding human biology and evolution. Using complementary long-read sequencing technologies, we complete the first linear assembly of a human autosome, chromosome 8. Our assembly resolves the sequence of five previously long-standing gaps, including a 2.08 Mbp centromeric α-satellite array, a 644 kbp defensin copy number polymorphism important for disease risk, and an 863 kbp variable number tandem repeat at chromosome 8q21.2 that can function as a neocentromere. We show that the centromeric α-satellite array is generally methylated except for a 73 kbp hypomethylated region of diverse higher-order α-satellite enriched with CENP-A nucleosomes, consistent with the location of the kinetochore. Using a dual long-read sequencing approach, we complete the assembly of the orthologous chromosome 8 centromeric regions in chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque for the first time to reconstruct its evolutionary history. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses show that the higher-order α-satellite structure evolved specifically in the great ape ancestor, and the centromeric region evolved with a layered symmetry, with more ancient higher-order repeats located at the periphery adjacent to monomeric α-satellites. We estimate that the mutation rate of centromeric satellite DNA is accelerated at least 2.2-fold, and this acceleration extends beyond the higher-order α-satellite into the flanking sequence.
Microglial signalling pathway deficits associated with the R47H TREM2 variant linked to AD indicate inability to activate inflammasome
Authors: Cosker Katharina , Mallach Anna , Limaye Janhavi , Piers Thomas M , Staddon James , Neame Stephen J , Hardy John , Pocock Jennifer M
Published: September 2020

The R47H variant of the microglial membrane receptor TREM2 is linked to increased risk of late onset Alzheimer’s disease. Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia (iPS-Mg) from patient iPSC lines expressing the AD-linked R47HhetTREM2 variant, common variant (Cv) or an R47HhomCRISPR edited line and its isogeneic control, demonstrated that R47H-expressing iPS-Mg expressed a deficit in signal transduction in response to the TREM2 endogenous ligand phosphatidylserine with reduced pSYK-pERK1/2 signalling and a reduced NLRP3 inflammasome response, (including ASC speck formation, Caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion). Apoptotic cell phagocytosis and soluble TREM2 shedding were unaltered, suggesting a disjoint between these pathways and the signalling cascades downstream of TREM2 in R47H-expressing iPS-Mg, whilst metabolic deficits in glycolytic capacity and maximum respiration were reversed when R47H expressing iPS-Mg were exposed to PS+ expressing cells. These findings suggest that R47H-expressing microglia are unable to respond fully to cell damage signals such as phosphatidylserine, which may contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration in late-onset AD.
Forward genetics inWolbachia: Regulation ofWolbachiaproliferation by the amplification and deletion of an addictive genomic island
Authors: Duarte Elves H , Carvalho Ana , López-Madrigal Sergio , Costa João , Teixeira Luís
Published: September 2020

Wolbachiais one of the most prevalent bacterial endosymbionts, infecting approximately 40% of terrestrial arthropod species.Wolbachiais often a reproductive parasite but can also provide fitness benefits to its host, as, for example, protection against viral pathogens. This protective effect is currently being applied to fight arboviruses transmission by releasingWolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes. Titre regulation is a crucial aspect ofWolbachiabiology. Higher titres can lead to stronger phenotypes and fidelity of transmission but can have a higher cost to the host. SinceWolbachia is maternally transmitted, its fitness depends on host fitness, and, therefore, its cost to the host may be under selection. Understanding howWolbachiatitres are regulated and other aspects ofWolbachia biology has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. Here we developed a forward genetic screen to identify newWolbachiaover-proliferative mutant variants. We characterized in detail two new mutants,wMelPop2 andwMelOctoless, and show that the amplification or loss of the Octomom genomic region lead to over-proliferation. These results confirm previous data and expand on the complex role of this genomic region in the control ofWolbachiaproliferation. Both new mutants shorten the host lifespan and increase antiviral protection. Moreover, we show thatWolbachiaproliferation rate inDrosophila melanogasterdepends on the interaction between Octomom copy number, the host developmental stage, and temperature. Our analysis also suggests that the life shortening and antiviral protection phenotypes ofWolbachiaare dependent on different, but related, properties of the endosymbiont; the rate of proliferation and the titres near the time of infection, respectively. Altogether, we demonstrate the feasibility of a novel and unbiased experimental approach to studyWolbachiabiology, which can be further adapted to characterize other genetically intractable bacterial endosymbionts.
Contributions of h- and Na+/K+pump currents to the generation of episodic and continuous rhythmic activities
Authors: Sharples Simon A. , Parker Jessica , Vargas Alex , Lognon Adam P. , Cheng Ning , Young Leanne , Shonak Anchita , Cymbalyuk Gennady S. , Whelan Patrick J.
Published: September 2020

Developing spinal motor networks produce a diverse array of outputs, including episodic and continuous patterns of rhythmic activity. Variation in excitability state and neuromodulatory tone can facilitate transitions between episodic and continuous rhythms; however, the intrinsic mechanisms that govern these rhythms and their transitions are poorly understood. Here, we tested the capacity of a single central pattern generator (CPG) circuit with tunable properties to generate multiple outputs. To address this, we deployed a computational model composed of an inhibitory half-centre oscillator (HCO). Following predictions of our computational model, we tested the contributions of key properties to the generation of an episodic rhythm produced by isolated spinal cords of the newborn mouse. The model recapitulates the diverse state-dependent rhythms evoked by dopamine. In the model, episodic bursting depended predominantly on the endogenous oscillatory properties of neurons, with Na+/K+ATPase pump (IPump) and hyperpolarization-activated currents (Ih) playing key roles. Modulation of either IPumpMaxor Ihproduced transitions between episodic and continuous rhythms and silence. As IPumpincreased, the episode duration and period increased along with a reduction in interepisode interval. Increasing Ihincreased the episode period along with an increase in episode duration. Pharmacological manipulations of Ihwith ZD7288 and IPumpwith ouabain or monensin in isolated spinal cords produced findings consistent with the model. Our modelling and experimental results highlight key roles of Ihand IPumpin producing episodic rhythms and provide insight into mechanisms that permit a single CPG to produce multiple patterns of rhythmicity.

Significance statement

The ability of a single CPG to produce and transition between multiple rhythmic patterns of activity is poorly understood. We deployed a complementary computational half-centre oscillator model and an isolated spinal cord experimental preparation to identify key currents whose interaction produced episodic and continuous rhythmic activity. Together, our experimental and modelling approaches suggest mechanisms in spinal networks that govern diverse rhythms and transitions between them. This work sheds light on the ability of a single CPG to produce episodic bouts observed in behavioural and pathological contexts.
Non-obese population with the rs7903146 T allele exhibits higher sugar and more dyslipidaemia in subjects with Type-2-diabetes
Authors: Shaibu Sarah , Longdet Ishaya Yohanna , Luka Carrol Domkat , Fanen Ortswen Jesse , Eneọjọ-Abah Gloria Eleọjọ , Oguche Joel Iko-Ojo , Salami Tijani , Akor Shedrack Egbunu , Abah Samuel Eneọjọ
Published: September 2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), the most prevalent type of diabetes has been associated with Transcription-Factor-7-Like-2 gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), rs12255372 and rs7903146 as risk factors, thought to be modulated by obesity status. In sub-Saharan Africa, the onset of T2D in the non-obese is rarely suspected. This study looks into the genetics and the biochemical parameters in non-obese population, with and without T2D and living in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 68 subjects, 40 diabetic patients and 28 healthy control group, all with closely matched age, height, nutrition, family history, Body Mass Index and socioeconomic status, recruited from within the same population were studied. SNPs Genotyping were performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sangers Sequencing. Lipid profiles, Fasting Blood Sugar and C-peptide levels were measured and analysed alongside with demographic data from questionnaire. Odd-ratio at 95% confidence interval at a conventional level of alpha, <0.05 and Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis were used to analyse the data in both groups. The entire population showed the GG genotype for the rs12255372. However, different genotype combination, CC, CT and TT were observed with the rs7903146. Though no significant association was observed between the genotypes and the odd of T2D, healthy subjects with the T allele showed a higher level of two hours postprandial plasma glucose level than those with CC genotype. Patients with T allele shows a more abnormal level of diabetes metabolic syndrome indicators such as Fasting Blood Sugar; two hours postprandial plasma glucose level; C-peptide; Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein and Total Cholesterol. The study suggests that lower sugar metabolism and more dyslipidaemia are observed in subject with T allele. Hence, this could constitute poorer prognosis and a risk factor for non-obese population, particularly with high carbohydrate intake.
Passive surveillance assesses compliance with COVID-19 behavioral restrictions in a rural US county
Authors: Faust Christina L , Lambert Brian , Kochenour Cale , Robinson Anthony C. , Bharti Nita
Published: September 2020

Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, early outbreak response relied on behavioral interventions. In the United States, local governments implemented restrictions aimed at reducing movements and contacts to limit viral transmission. In Pennsylvania, restrictions closed schools and businesses in the spring of 2020 and interventions eased later through the summer. In a rural Pennsylvania county, we use passive monitoring of vehicular traffic volume and mobile device derived visits to points of interest as proxies for movements and contacts. Rural areas have limited health care resources, which magnifies the importance of disease prevention. These data show the lowest levels of movement occurred during the strictest phase of restrictions, indicating high levels of compliance with behavioral intervention. We find that increases in movement correlated with increases in SARS-CoV-2 cases 9-18 days later. The methodology used in this study can be adapted to inform outbreak management strategies for other locations and future outbreaks that use behavioral interventions to reduce pathogen transmission.
Airborne contamination of COVID-19 in hospitals: a scoping review of the current evidence
Authors: Birgand Gabriel , Peiffer-Smadja Nathan , Fournier Sandra , Kerneis Solen , Lescure François-Xavier , Lucet Jean-Christophe
Published: September 2020

Introduction

A controversy remains worldwide regarding the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital settings. We reviewed the current evidence on the air contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in hospital settings, and the factors associated to the contamination including the viral load and the particles size.

Methods

The MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science databases were systematically interrogated for original English-language articles detailing COVID-19 air contamination in hospital settings between 1 December 2019 and 21 July 2020. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and culture were described and compared according to the setting, clinical context, air ventilation system, and distance from patient. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in copies per m3 of air were pooled and their distribution were described by hospital areas. Particle sizes and SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in copies or TCID50 per m3 were analysed after categorization of sizes in < 1 µm, 1–4 µm, and > 4 µm.

Results

Among 2,034 records identified, 17 articles were included in the review. Overall, 27.5% (68/247) of air sampled from close patients’ environment were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, without difference according to the setting (ICU: 27/97, 27.8%; non-ICU: 41/150, 27.3%; p = 0.93), the distance from patients (< 1 meter: 1/64, 1.5%; 1–5 meters: 4/67, 6%; p = 0.4). In other areas, the positivity rate was 23.8% (5/21) in toilets, 9.5% (20/221) in clinical areas, 12.4% (15/121) in staff areas, and 34.1% (14/41) in public areas. A total of 78 viral cultures were performed in three studies, and 3 (4%) were positive, all from close patients’ environment. The median SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations varied from 1.103 copies per m3 (IQR: 0.4.103-9.103) in clinical areas to 9.7.103 (5.1.103-14.3.103) in the air of toilets or bathrooms. The protective equipment removal and patients’ rooms had high concentrations/titre of SARS-CoV-2 with aerosol size distributions that showed peaks in the < 1 µm region, and staff offices in the > 4µm region.

Conclusion

In hospital, the air near and away from COVID-19 patients is frequently contaminated with SARSCoV-2 RNA, with however, rare proofs of their viability. High viral loads found in toilet/bathrooms, staff and public hallways suggests to carefully consider these areas.
China’s outward foreign direct investment and exports diversification: an asymmetric analysis
Authors: Rehman Faheem Ur , Ding Yibing , Noman Abul Ala , Khan Muhammad Asif
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Over the past two decades, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has risen remarkably. Whether such an increase affects the Chinese export diversification (ED) is a significant issue that has surprisingly remained unaddressed. This study aims to explain this issue that how OFDI plays a vital role in symmetric and asymmetric effects on its ED.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors introduce a robust nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Ironically, the purpose of this study is to analyze the symmetric and asymmetric effect of OFDI on ED.

Findings

The authors propose that growing OFDI would be more advantageous to China, rather than the policies of contraction. Therefore, the study provides valuable policy insights to consider the long-run asymmetric momentum given to ED by China’s OFDI.

Originality/value

The results of this study may seem to be an important newsletter for further policy discussion on how China can catch up on the benefits of ED through OFDI.
Integrated thinking: measuring the unobservable
Authors: Malafronte Irma , Pereira John
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to add to the growing literature on integrated thinking and reporting by exploring the challenges of measuring integrated thinking in academic research. It provides a review of previous studies, presents a proxy measure to quantify the level of integrated thinking and investigates companies’ approach towards integrated thinking in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, this study proposes a measure to quantify the level of integrating thinking. Secondly, this study implements factor analysis to identify a parsimonious representation and explore the relevance of each variable in explaining the proposed measure of integrated thinking. Thirdly, this study implements cluster analysis to determine the natural grouping of firms with a certain level of integrated thinking and to identify the existence of distinctive companies’ approaches.

Findings

The findings suggest that the proposed measure of integrated thinking could be reduced into two main principal components that explain the current practices and the future direction. Firms’ integrated thinking practices can be clustered into groups denoting various practices among firms, and exhibit routine over time. Across clusters, firms reveal significantly different characteristics highlighting the existence of systematic demographic differences.

Research limitations/implications

This research does not endeavour to overcome all the measurement issues related to integrated thinking. It attempts to measure the level and companies’ approaches towards integrated thinking that can inspire further empirical studies in this field.

Originality/value

This study answers the call for an empirical investigation of the internal aspects of integration. This paper provides academics, companies, and policymakers with a proxy measure of integrated thinking that can inspire empirical studies and advance the understanding of integrated thinking practices.
A 1-mm2 CMOS-pipelined ADC with integrated folded cascode operational amplifier
Authors: Idros Norhamizah , Abdul Aziz Zulfiqar Ali , Rajendran Jagadheswaran
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the acceptable performance by using the limited input range towards lower open-loop DC gain operational amplifier (op-amp) of an 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for mobile communication application.

Design/methodology/approach

An op-amp with folded cascode configuration is designed to provide the maximum open-loop DC gain without any gain-boosting technique. The impact of low open-loop DC gain is observed and analysed through the results of pre-, post-layout simulations and measurement of the ADC. The fabrication process technology used is Silterra 0.18-µm CMOS process. The silicon area by the ADC is 1.08 mm2.

Findings

Measured results show the differential non-linearity (DNL) error, integral non-linearity (INL) error, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) are within −0.2 to +0.2 LSB, −0.55 LSB for 0.4 Vpp input range, 22 and 27 dB, respectively, with 2 MHz input signal at the rate of 64 MS/s. The static power consumption is 40 mW with a supply voltage of 1.8 V.

Originality/value

The experimental results of ADC showed that by limiting the input range to ±0.2 V, this ADC is able to give a good reasonable performance. Open-loop DC gain of op-amp plays a critical role in ADC performance. Low open-loop DC gain results in stage-gain error of residue amplifier and, thus, leads to nonlinearity of output code. Nevertheless, lowering the input range enhances the linearity to ±0.2 LSB.
Examining the effects of Structured Word Inquiry on the reading and spelling skills of persistently poor Grade 3 readers
Authors: Georgiou George K. , Savage Robert , Dunn Kristy , Bowers Peter , Parrila Rauno
Published: September 2020

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Structured Word Inquiry (SWI; an orthography intervention with a focus on morphology and how morphology interrelates with phonology and etymology) and Simplicity intervention (a novel phonics intervention) on the reading and spelling skills of persistently poor Grade 3 readers.

Methods

Forty‐eight English‐speaking Canadian children (19 females, Mage = 8.73 years) with persistent reading difficulties were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: SWI, Simplicity and Control. Interventions were delivered by trained graduate students over 10 weeks, 3 times a week, for 30 minutes. Children were tested three times (pre‐test, post‐test and delayed post‐test) on measures of phonological awareness, morphological awareness, reading (Word Reading, Morphological Relatedness and Word Attack) and spelling.

Results

Results of hierarchical linear modelling showed a significant main effect of condition for Morphological Relatedness at post‐test favouring SWI and Simplicity over Control and a significant interaction between a latent variable of all secondary decoding measures and morphological awareness. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) showed medium to large effects for both interventions on primary outcomes of Word Reading and Morphological Relatedness.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that SWI and Simplicity can help persistently poor readers improve in some reading skills, but neither programme is a panacea as a number of children continued to struggle after the intervention.
Consequences of information suppression in ecological and conservation sciences
Authors: Driscoll Don A. , Garrard Georgia E. , Kusmanoff Alexander M. , Dovers Stephen , Maron Martine , Preece Noel , Pressey Robert L. , Ritchie Euan G.
Published: September 2020

Suppressing expert knowledge can hide environmentally damaging practices and policies from public scrutiny. We surveyed ecologists and conservation scientists from universities, government, and industry across Australia to understand the prevalence and consequences of suppressing science communication. Government (34%) and industry (30%) respondents reported higher rates of undue interference by employers than did university respondents (5%). Internal communications (29%) and media (28%) were curtailed most, followed by journal articles (11%), and presentations (12%). When university and industry researchers avoided public commentary, this was mainly for fear of media misrepresentation, while government employees were most often constrained by senior management and workplace policy. One third of respondents reported personal suffering related to suppression, including job losses and deteriorating mental health. Substantial reforms are needed, including to codes of practice, and governance of environmental assessments and research, so that scientific advice can be reported openly, in a timely manner and free from interference.
Guyana's Prisons: Colonial Histories of Post‐Colonial Challenges
Authors: ANDERSON CLARE , IFILL MELLISSA , ADAMS ESTHERINE , MOSS KELLIE
Published: September 2020

This article argues that history can play a role in addressing present‐day concerns about the form and function of incarceration in the post‐colonial nation of Guyana. It analyses some of the key features of imprisonment during the British colonial period (1814–1966), and connects them to the challenges faced by the prisons sector since Independence in 1966. The authors suggest that an appreciation of the history of jails in Guyana – including issues connected with prison capacity, overcrowding, training and education, and rehabilitation – can play a role in inspiring and supporting change in the Guyana Prison Service. In this way, the article suggests, historical research can impact on the administration of criminal justice in Guyana – and potentially in other contemporary post‐colonial contexts, both within, and beyond, the Caribbean region.
Relationship between radiation doses and erectile function deterioration in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Shigeta Keisuke , Kikuchi Eiji , Matsushima Masashi , Ogihara Koichiro , Kosaka Takeo , Mizuno Ryuichi , Tanaka Tomoki , Shigematsu Naoyuki , Oya Mototsugu
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between radiation doses in prostate brachytherapy and deterioration of erectile function in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Methods

A longitudinal survey study was carried out among 261 prostate cancer patients who received prostate brachytherapy. A total of 48 patients were potent at baseline and they did not receive any supplemental therapy preoperatively. Dosimetry parameters of the whole prostate gland, prostate apex, urethra and rectum were collected using the VariSeed 8.0 treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA). We carried out a logistic regression analysis to clarify the relationship between radiation doses and erectile function deterioration, which was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function‐15 questionnaire.

Results

The median patient age was 66 years (range 53–70 years) with a median follow‐up time of 44 months (36–71 months). The mean total International Index of Erectile Function‐15 score decreased from 49.9 at baseline to 34.7 after 12 months (P < 0.001), but gradually plateaued within 36 months. Erectile function deterioration was noted in 32 (66.7%) patients 36 months after prostate brachytherapy. In an analysis of risk factors for erectile function deterioration after prostate brachytherapy, age ≥70 years (P = 0.029), prostate V100 ≥95% (P = 0.024), apex V100 ≥95% (P = 0.024), apex V150 ≥70% (P = 0.009) and apex D90 ≥150 Gy (P = 0.011) correlated with erectile function deterioration. A multivariate analysis identified an age of ≥70 years (odds ratio 7.91, P = 0.024) and apex V150 ≥70% (odds ratio 7.75, P = 0.007) as independent risk factors for erectile function deterioration after prostate brachytherapy.

Conclusions

An excessive radiation dose, particularly to the prostate apex area, and an advanced age might have a negative impact on the preservation of potency after prostate brachytherapy.
Trap colour and aggregation pheromone dose affect the catch of western flower thrips in blackberry crops
Authors: Cruz‐Esteban Samuel , Rojas Julio C. , Hernández‐Ledesma Patricia
Published: September 2020

Frankliniella occidentalis causes significant damage to berry crops in Mexico. Traps may be used for monitoring or mass‐trapping thrips populations. Generally, colour traps are used for monitoring thrips, but sometimes a chemical stimulus can be added to the traps. However, there is conflicting information about what colour is the most attractive and efficient for capturing F. occidentalis. In this study, we first evaluated six colours of adhesive traps for catching F. occidentalis in blackberries grown in tunnels or in an open field. Subsequently, using the most attractive trap colour, we assessed the biological activity of neryl (S)‐2‐methylbutanoate and (R)‐lavandulyl acetate, components of the pheromone aggregation of F. occidentalis. Finally, we examined the effect of neryl (S)‐2‐methylbutanoate dosage rates on the number of captured thrips. We found that blue (tunnel) and yellow (open field) followed by violet traps captured a significantly greater number of F. occidentalis compared with the white, black and green traps. Our results confirm that neryl (S)‐2‐methylbutanoate is the only component necessary for enhancing the performance of coloured traps. Blue and yellow traps baited with 200–400 µg of neryl (S)‐2‐methylbutanoate increased the capture 2.5–3 times compared to unbaited traps. In all experiments, traps captured more females than males in blackberries grown in tunnels, whereas the opposite was found in blackberries cultivated in the open field. These results constitute the first step in the development of a monitoring system for F. occidentalis in soft fruit crops in Mexico.
Non‐completion of latent tuberculosis infection treatment among Vietnamese immigrants in Southern California: A retrospective study
Authors: Nguyen Truax Fayette , Morisky Donald , Low Julie , Carson Michael , Girma Haimanot , Nyamathi Adeline
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To examine socio‐demographic and health‐related factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment refusal, non‐initiation, and non‐completion among a cohort of Vietnamese immigrants.

Design

This is a retrospective cohort study in which LTBI charts were reviewed at a public health clinic in Orange County, California between January 2010 and August 2011.

Sample

Altogether, 474 patient charts with documented LTBI treatment were reviewed for patients who met the inclusion criteria.

Measurements

Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify socio‐demographic and health‐related factors associated with LTBI treatment refusal, non‐initiation, and non‐completion.

Results

Of the 474 charts reviewed, 171(36.1%) patients refused LTBI treatment and 21(6.9%) accepted but did not initiate. Of the 282 that started treatment, 62 (22.0%) did not complete the regimen prescribed. The primary barrier documented for treatment refusal and non‐completion was concern about medication side effects. Other barriers to treatment non‐completion include transportation issues and conflicts with travel plans or work schedules.

Conclusions

Community and public health nurses working with the Vietnamese immigrant population can play a vital role in improving patients’ LTBI treatment acceptance, initiation, and completion. A proactive approach to addressing barriers and potential medication side effects can improve overall treatment success.
Oxygen Crossover in Solid-Solid Heat Exchangers for Solar Water and Carbon Dioxide Splitting: A Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Holzemer-Zerhusen Philipp , Brendelberger Stefan , Roeb Martin , Sattler Christian
Published: September 2020

In solar thermochemical redox cycles for H2O/CO2-splitting, a large portion of the overall energy demand of the system is associated with heating the redox material from the oxidation temperature to the reduction temperature. Hence, an important measure to improve the efficiency is recuperation of sensible heat stored in the redox material. A solid-solid heat exchanger can be subject to undesirable oxygen crossover, which decreases the oxygen uptake capacity of the redox material and consequently the system efficiency. We investigate the extent of this crossover in ceria based cycles, to identify, under which conditions a heat exchanger that allows oxygen crossover can improve the system efficiency. In a thermodynamic analysis we calculate the amount of transferred oxygen as a function of the heat exchanger efficiency and show the system efficiency of such a concept. A second law analysis is applied to the model to check the feasibility of calculated points of operation. For the investigated parameter set the heat exchanger design improves the system efficiency by a factor of up to 2.1.
Design, Construction and CFD Modeling of a Banana-Solar Dryer With Double Pass Solar Air Collector
Authors: Mutabilwa Philemon , Nwaigwe Kevin N.
Published: September 2020

A work on the design, construction and computational fluid dynamics modelling of a solar dryer with a double pass solar air collector is presented. Using fundamental relationships, an indirect solar dying system for drying banana was designed and constructed. The system consists of a drying chamber and a double pass solar collector (DPSC), connected together with a flexible aluminum pipe. The system features a unique arrangement, as the drying chamber is underneath the double pass solar collector, and the solar collector itself can be adjusted to an angle of 0° up to 35° the maintenance or research purpose. The DPSC has five longitudinal fins, lying parallel with air flow. The solar dryer is incorporated with a convective DC fan that sucks hot air from the solar collector on to the drying chamber. The DPSC achieved an optimal peak outlet temperature of 345K with a maximum operational efficiency of 72.5%. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is achieved for prediction of the dryer temperature and 3D airflow distribution within the dryer unit using ANSYS 18.2. The CFD model was validated using experimental data. The developed dryer demonstrated improved efficiency over similar dryers, and this is attributable to the unique arrangement of component parts.
Design and Cost Study of Improved Scaled-Up Centrifugal Particle Receiver Based on Simulation
Authors: Frantz Cathy , Buck Reiner , Amsbeck Lars
Published: September 2020

A numerical model of the CentRec® receiver has been developed and validated using the measurement data collected during the experimental test campaign of the centrifugal particle system at the solar tower Jülich. The model has been used to calculate the thermo-optical efficiency of a scaled-up 20 MWth receiver for various receiver geometries. A cost function has been deduced and was used to perform a technoeconomic optimization on an LCOH (levelized cost of heat) basis of the CentRec® receiver concept. Attractive LCOH as low as 0.0209 €/kWhth for a system with thermal storage, or as low as 0.0150 €/kWhth for the LCOH without storage, are predicted. This study has shown that the optimal configuration from an LCOH perspective for a 20 MWth centrifugal particle receiver reaches specific receiver costs of 35 €/kWth. Hereby the costs of the receiver can be reduced by 60 % compared to the original configuration.
Uncertainty in Predicting the Start-Up Time and Losses for a High Temperature Particle Receiver due to Solar Resource Variability
Authors: Rafique Muhammad M. , Nathan Graham , Saw Woei
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the effect of solar resource variability has been assessed on the start-up time and different heat transfer phenomena associated with a high temperature particle receiver. The receiver analyzed in this study has a cylindrical cavity made of three different layers in order to have good absorption, higher durability and lower thermal heat losses. A detailed transient mathematical model is developed, considering the input solar energy to the receiver aperture and all heat losses from the receiver cavity. The developed transient model is employed to study the time required to achieve a receiver start-up temperature from room temperature to 1000°C, under steady-state and transient operation, for the climatic conditions of Pinjarra, Australia. Furthermore, the total energy gain by the receiver and associated heat losses including re-radiation, convection, and conduction have been accounted for, with and without considering the solar resource variability. The results revealed that an uncertainty of about 40% exists in the prediction of the receiver start-up time and associated heat losses during the start-up period under steady state operation, with a constant input heat flux. This uncertainty in the prediction of the receiver start-up time and losses will directly affect the overall performance and design of the receiver, which will result in unscheduled disruption of the industrial process. This indicates a need to analyse the performance of high temperature particle receivers under transient conditions, considering the solar resource variability for practical implementation of this technology to different processes. This will help to investigate better control strategies for the inflow of particles, based on the real-time climatic conditions, to achieve better thermal performance.
Thermal Performance Analysis of a Novel U-Tube Evacuated Tube Solar Collector
Authors: Lim Celine S. L. , Pawar Vivek R. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz
Published: September 2020

Solar water heating (SWH) systems are the most common application of renewable energy technology that converts solar radiation into useful energy for domestic/industrial activities. The novelty of this study is the design of a new SWH that combines the heat transfer and storage both in a single unit. The selected type of collector for this purpose is an evacuated tube solar collector (ETC). The new design of the ETC has been developed by applying a U-tube inside the collector which contains the heat transfer fluid (HTF). The HTF flows into an external heat exchanger that transfers heat to the water. The implementation of sugar alcohol namely Erythritol (C4H10O4) as the HTF for moderate operating temperature applications was investigated. Moreover, the utilization of solid-liquid phase change material, Tritriacontane paraffin (C33H68), inside the ETC, allows direct heat storage on the system and delayed release of heat. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of a single U-tube ETC is performed using ANSYS Fluent in stagnation (on-demand) operation. A 3D model of the ETC is developed and the appropriate boundary conditions are applied. Moreover, the thermal performance comparison of U-tube vs heat pipe ETC has been done. The results from this study shows the maximum fin temperature difference of 46°C of U-tube ETC compared with heat pipe ETC.
Thermal Energy Storage Using Solid Particles for Long-Duration Energy Storage
Authors: Ma Zhiwen , Davenport Patrick , Martinek Janna
Published: September 2020

The rapid growth of renewable energy increases the importance of economically firming the electricity supply from variable solar photovoltaic- and wind-power generators. Energy storage will be the key to manage variability and to bridge the generation gap over time scales of hours or days for high renewable grid integration. The integration of renewable power and storage of excess electricity has several significant and positive impacts including: 1) expanding the renewable energy portion of total electricity generation, 2) improving the peak-load response, and 3) coordinating the electricity supply and demand over the grid. Long-duration energy storage can potentially complement the reduction of fossil-fuel baseload generation that otherwise would risk grid security when a large portion of grid power comes from variable renewable sources. Several energy storage methods are deployed or under development, including mechanical, chemical or electrochemical, and thermal energy storage (TES). Comparing their economic potential for different scales and applications helps identify suitable technology to support high renewable grid integration. Despite the progress of TES technologies developed and deployed with concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, TES has been undervalued for its potential role in electric energy storage. This paper introduces TES methods applicable to grid energy storage and particularly focuses on solid-particle-based TES to serve the purpose of long-duration energy storage (LDES). The objective of this paper is to present a standalone particle-based TES system for electric storage and to show the potential of TES systems for LDES applications over other energy storage methods such as batteries, compressed-air energy storage, or pumped-storage hydropower.
Near Optimal Model Predictive Control of Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Qureshi O. A. , Armstrong P. R.
Published: September 2020

Efficient plant operation can be achieved by properly loading and sequencing available chillers to charge a thermal energy storage (TES) reservoir. TES charging sequences are often determined by heuristic rules that typically aim to reduce utility costs under time of use rates. However, such rules of thumb are in most cases far from optimal even for this task. Rigorous optimization, on the other hand, is computationally expensive and can be unreliable as well if not carefully implemented. Model-predictive control (MPC) that is reliable, as well as effective, in TES application must be developed. The goal is to develop an algorithm that can reach ∼80% of achievable energy efficiency and peak shifting capacity with very high reliability.

A novel algorithm is developed to reliably achieve near optimal control for charging cool storage in chiller plants. Algorithm provides a constant COP (or cost per ton-hour) for 24-hr dispatch plan at which plant operates during most favorable weather conditions. Preliminary evaluation of this novel algorithm has indicated up to 6% improvement in plant annual operating cost relative to the same plant operating without TES. TOU rate used in both cases charges 7.4cents/kWh during off peak hours and 9.8cents/kWh during peak hours (Peak hours are 10 am to 10 pm).
Effect of Waste Vegetable Oil on Cooling Performance and Lifetime of Power Transformers
Authors: Ebrahimnia-Bajestan Ehsan , Arjmand Mohammad , Tiznobaik Hani
Published: September 2020

During the operation of a power transformer, a large amount of heat is generated due to the electrical and magnetic energy losses in its core and windings, causing a temperature rise in transformers. This generated heat is known as the main factor for aging the electrical insulating system of a transformer. In this research, we numerically studied the ability of a vegetable-based oil — as an alternative coolant for the petroleum-based oils — on the cooling performance of a power transformer. The studied oil was a biodiesel produced from waste cooking vegetable oils, having lower viscosity compared to traditional mineral oils. We also calculated the aging rate of the transformer in the presence of the biodiesel. The results indicated that compared to the mineral oil, the average hotspot temperature of the transformer is 3 degrees lower when the biodiesel was used. The life expectancy of the transformer with the vegetable-based oil was also significantly longer than the case with mineral oil. In conclusion, this study provided a sustainable way to use an eco-friendly material produced from a waste resource as an alternative insulating liquid for the cooling of power transformers.