bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy in Young Adults with Autism: A Prospective Population‐based Follow‐up Study of 120 Individuals Diagnosed in Childhood
Authors: Danielsson Susanna , Gillberg I. Carina , Billstedt Eva , Gillberg Christopher , Olsson Ingrid
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Little is known about the long‐term outcome of epilepsy in autism and the epilepsy characteristics of adults with autism. This prospective population‐based study was conducted in an attempt to point out differences on a group basis between adults with autism with or without epilepsy, and to describe the occurrence, the seizure characteristics, and the outcome of epilepsy in autism.

Methods: One hundred eight of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood and followed up prospectively for a period of 13–22 years were reevaluated at ages 17–40 years. As adults, the majority had mental retardation and autistic disorder or autistic‐like condition. Interviews were performed with the caretakers of 42 of 43 individuals with a history of epilepsy, and their medical records were reviewed.

Results: Adults with autism and mental retardation constituted a severely disabled group. On a group basis, both the cognitive level and the adaptive behavior level were lower in the epilepsy group than in the nonepilepsy group (p < 0.05). In all, 38% had epilepsy. One third had epilepsy onset before age 2 years. Remission of epilepsy was seen in 16%. Partial seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures were the dominating seizure type.

Conclusions: In a community sample of individuals with autism followed up from childhood through to adult age, one of three had epilepsy since childhood/adolescence. Severe mental retardation and autism are significantly associated with epilepsy, especially in female patients. Seizure frequency has a great impact on the individuals' lives. Specialist medical care is needed in this severely communication‐disabled population.
Calcium‐channel Blocker Verapamil Administration in Prolonged and Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Iannetti Paola , Spalice Alberto , Parisi Pasquale
Published: June 2005

Summary:  We report on an 11‐year healthy boy who presented refractory status epilepticus (SE), which was unresponsive to conventional antiepileptic drugs used in the algorithm of the treatment of SE. Based on evidence that verapamil has anticonvulsant activity in animal models and the fact that the boy had a supraventricular tachycardia (140–160 b/min), i.v. verapamil (0.034 mg/min) was administered on day 37, and after a 3.125 mg cumulative verapamil dose (1.5 hour after initiation of the infusion), the patient regained consciousness was able to breathe spontaneously and the electrical SE promptly disappeared. The apparent dramatic response to i.v. verapamil may be explained by its direct anticonvulsant action on the basis of the potential involvement of calcium channels in epileptic activity and that verapamil, a known Pgp inhibitor in the cerebrovascular endothelium in the epilepticus focus, acted by facilitating the brain penetration of the antiepileptic drugs that our patient was receiving simultaneously.
Spontaneous Epileptic Rats Show Changes in Sleep Architecture and Hypothalamic Pathology
Authors: Bastlund Jesper F. , Jennum Poul , Mohapel Paul , Penschuck Silke , Watson William P.
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between sleep, hypothalamic pathology, and seizures in spontaneous epileptic rats.

Methods: Rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters for measuring electrocorticogram (ECoG) and stimulation electrodes in the hippocampus. Epileptogenesis was triggered by 2 h of electical stimulation–induced self‐sustained status epilepticus (SSSE). After SSSE, ECoGs were monitored over a 15‐week period for the occurrence of interictal high‐amplitude low‐frequency (HALF) acitvity and spontaneous reoccurring seizures (SRSs).

Results: Spontaneous epileptic rats showed clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), such as spontaneous seizures, interictal activity and neuronal cell loss in the dorsomedial hypothalamus, a region important for normal sleep regulation. Interestingly, epileptic rats showed disturbances in sleep architecture, with a high percentage of the seizures occurring during sleep.

Conclusions: Therefore we conclude that a close association exists between epileptiform activity and alterations in sleep architecture that may be related to hypothalamic pathology.
Hyponatremia Associated with Repeated Use of Levetiracetam
Authors: Nasrallah Khalil , Silver Brian
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Levetiracetam (LEV) is increasingly used as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy because of apparent low toxicity. Somnolence, asthenia, headache, dizziness, and nervousness are the most frequently reported side effects (1). We describe a patient, predisposed to the development of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), in whom hyponatremia developed after two challenges of LEV.
Early Thalamic Injury Associated with Epilepsy and Continuous Spike–Wave during Slow Sleep
Authors: Guzzetta Francesco , Battaglia Domenica , Veredice Chiara , Donvito Valeria , Pane Marika , Lettori Donatella , Chiricozzi Francesca , Chieffo Daniela , Tartaglione Tommaso , Dravet Charlotte
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Mechanisms inducing continuous spike–wave during slow sleep (CSWS) in encephalopathy with electrical status epilepticus during sleep are still unclear. Recently, some sporadic cases with early thalamic injury associated with CSWS have been reported. The aim of the study was to investigate in a population of patients with an early thalamic injury the presence of an activation of paroxysmal activities during sleep, their characteristics, and possible relations to neuroimaging and neuropsychological features.

Methods: Thirty‐two patients with prenatal or perinatal thalamic injuries, mostly due to a vascular mechanisms, were fully examined, including neuroimaging, EEG monitoring, and cognitive follow‐up.

Results and Conclusions: Twenty‐nine of 32 patients showed major sleep EEG activation. Among these 29 patients, two different groups were distinguished: the first included the more or less typical CSWS (12 cases), generally with symmetry of spike and waves (SWs) and often with no spindle at all. The other cases had an usual asymmetry of SWs and presence or reduction of spindles, plus other atypical features concerning synchronism and morphology of SWs. Behavioral disorders were significantly more present in patients with a true CSWS; their improvement (and in one case of the three thoroughly followed the improvement of cognitive competence) paralleled the disappearance of CSWS. The generally predominant injury of the lateral aspect of the thalamus included reticular nucleus and ventral nuclei. An imbalance of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)B‐ versus GABAA ‐mediated receptors may be evoked as a cofactor predisposing to CSWS.
First Epileptic Seizure Induced by Occupational Nickel Poisoning
Authors: Denays Roger , Kumba Claudine , Lison Dominique , De Bels David
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Toxic causes of seizures are numerous: alcohol and other substances of abuse, drugs, and industrial and household products. However, in the absence of a clearly suggestive history and/or associated symptoms and signs, identification of the toxic origin of new‐onset seizures may be extremely difficult. We report here the case of a patient admitted in our hospital after a single generalized tonic–clonic seizure. The remarkable coincidence that a colleague of his, with whom he was working to clean the same workshop, had been admitted 1 week earlier for respiratory distress, coma, and de novo nonconvulsive focal status epilepticus, led us to consider a possible toxicologic etiology. Urine analysis revealed a high nickel concentration, suggestive of acute nickel poisoning.
Cerebral Oxygenation During Defibrillator Threshold Testing of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: MCNEILL ELIZABETH , GAGNON ROY E. , POTTS JAMES E. , YEUNG‐LAI‐WAH JOHN A. , KERR CHARLES R. , SANATANI SHUBHAYAN
Published: June 2005

Background: The induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during defibrillator threshold testing of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) provokes global cerebral hypoperfusion and impaired oxygen delivery. Limited data are available on the neurophysiological effects of defibrillator threshold testing. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can noninvasively measure changes in specific chromophores, which reflect cerebral oxygenation at the intravascular and mitochondrial levels. We performed a prospective trial using NIRS to analyze cerebral cortical oxygenation during defibrillator threshold testing.

Methods: Eleven patients (men = 9; age = 64 ± 11 years: LVEF = 44 ± 11%) underwent subpectoral ICD implantation and defibrillator threshold testing under general anesthesia. A NIRO 300 spectrometer was used to measure the absolute changes in the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, de‐oxyhemoglobin, and cytochrome c oxidase copper moiety during each procedure. The mean arterial blood pressure was monitored simultaneously.

Results: The mean number of defibrillator threshold tests was two (range 2–6). Twenty‐six episodes of VF (duration 13.1 ± 9.7 seconds; cycle length 230.2 ± 20.8 ms) and two episodes of VT (duration 15 ± 2.8 seconds; cycle length 320 ± 11.3 ms) were induced. Each episode of VF and VT resulted in a decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure to 23.9 ± 7.5 mmHg (p ≤ 0.05) and oxyhemoglobin (−4.2 ± 1.7 μmol/L; p ≤ 0.05) and an increase in de‐oxyhemoglobn (2.7 ± 1.4 μmol/L). There was no change in the cytochrome c oxidase copper moiety redox status (0.09 ± 0. 30 μmol/L).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that impaired oxygen delivery during induced VF and VT does not affect oxygen availability at the cellular intra‐mitochondrial level.
Supraventricular Tachycardia with a Baseline ECG Pattern of Brugada Syndrome
Authors: MOK NGAI‐SHING , CHAN NGAI‐YIN
Published: June 2005

The typical arrhythmias found in patients with the Brugada syndrome is either ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. We report the case of a patient who presented with supraventricular tachycardia accompanied by ECG features of the Brugada syndrome (BrS) during both tachyarrhythmia and sinus rhythm. This case lends support to the recently reported association between supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and BrS and the hypothesis that the arrhythmogenic substrate in BrS is not limited to the ventricular level.
Electromagnetic Interference of Implantable Unipolar Cardiac Pacemakers by an Induction Oven
Authors: HIROSE MINORU , HIDA MIZUHO , SATO EIJI , KOKUBO KENICHI , NIE MASAKI , KOBAYASHI HIROSUKE
Published: June 2005

Induction ovens have been reported to exert electromagnetic interference on implanted cardiac pacemakers. In an attempt to quantitatively investigate the electromagnetic interference caused by an induction oven on implantable unipolar cardiac pacemakers, we measured the distribution profile of the magnetic field intensity, both with and without a pan on the induction oven. We also performed the inhibition test and asynchronous test using four kinds of pacemakers housed in the standardized Irnich human body model, and measured the maximal distance from the induction oven up to which the interference occurred. In the pan‐detection mode of the oven in the absence of a pan, the distribution profile of the magnetic field intensity peaked at the center of the cooking plate, and during induction heating of a pan placed on the induction oven, it was the largest at the circular top‐edge of the pan. Pacemaker pulses were inhibited by the induction oven, or generated by the reversion mechanism. The maximal interference distance from the oven was 34 cm for one of the pacemakers. Thus, the safe distance from an induction oven of a patient with an implanted cardiac pacemaker is considered to be 50 cm or more. In conclusion, in the pan‐detection mode of the oven in the absence of a pan, the distribution profile of the magnetic field intensity peaked at the center of the cooking plate, and during the induction heating of a pan placed on the oven, it peaked at the circular edge of the pan. The induction oven asynchronized or generated pulses in implantable unipolar cardiac pacemakers up to a maximal distance of 34 cm from the induction oven.
Prevalence and Clinical Course of the Juveniles with Brugada‐Type ECG in Japanese Population
Authors: OE HIROKI , TAKAGI MASAHIKO , TANAKA ATSUSHI , NAMBA MASASHI , NISHIBORI YOSHIHARU , NISHIDA YUKIO , KAWARABAYASHI TAKAHIKO , YOSHIYAMA MINORU , NISHIMOTO MASAKI , TANAKA KUMEO , YOSHIKAWA JUNICHI
Published: June 2005

Background: Although many studies on Brugada syndrome have been done, with many reports of genetic findings and clinical features, little evidence exists to support the role of this syndrome in sudden cardiac death in a juvenile population. We sought to determine the prevalence and clinical course in children exhibiting Brugada‐type ECG in a community‐based population.

Methods: Our study population comprised 21,944 subjects (11,282 boys and 10,662 girls) who underwent ECG during their first‐year elementary school health examinations between 1992 and 2001 in Izumi City, Osaka. Brugada‐type ECG was defined as demonstrating ST‐segment elevation (coved or saddle‐back type, J wave amplitude ≥0.2 mV) in the right precordial leads. We also divided Brugada‐type ECGs into three types according to a consensus report. Type 1: coved ST‐segment elevation displaying high J wave amplitude followed by a negative T wave; Type 2: high take‐off and gradually descending ST‐segment elevation (remaining ≥1 mm) followed by a positive or biphasic T wave; and Type 3: ST‐segment elevation of <1 mm of both types.

Results: Four subjects showed Brugada‐type ECG (0.02%) (2 boys and 2 girls). Only one subject, a girl, met Type 1 criteria (0.005%). No history of structural heart disease was documented in these four subjects. During 6.8 ± 1.0 years of follow‐up, no episode of unexpected sudden death, syncopal attack, and fatal arrhythmia occurred.

Conclusions: The prevalence of Brugada‐type ECG in a juvenile population was extremely low. To investigate when the typical Brugada‐type ECG might be manifested, it could be necessary to check ECGs after adolescence.
Detection of the Defibrillation Threshold Using the Upper Limit of Vulnerability Following Defibrillator Implantation
Authors: KIRILMAZ ATA , DOKUMACI BARBAROS , UZUN MEHMET , KILICASLAN FETHI , DINCKAL M. HAKAN , YUCEL OZCAN , KARACA MUSTAFA
Published: June 2005

Objective: This study was designed to test defibrillation threshold (DFT) with the least number of fibrillation inductions using upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) and to describe the most practical set of ICD during DFT following implantation.

Background: Although the correlation between ULV and DFT has been well described, there has been no uniform DFT testing protocol taking the advantage of ULV after defibrillator (ICD) implantation.

Methods: A total of 26 patients undergoing a new ICD implantation had a DFT induced with scanned T wave shock. The hypothesis that ventricular fibrillation (VF) could be defibrillated with 5 J higher than the highest T wave shock needed to induce VF or with 10 J if the T wave shock needed to induce VF was less than 5 J, was tested and 20 patients fulfilled these criteria. The methodology is improved by detecting peak T wave with 12‐lead ECG, applying biphasic T wave shock and scanning the T wave shock in a wider window.

Results: Five patients in the first group (n = 15) and one patient in the second group (n = 11) did not fulfill the above hypothesis. The common features of six patients who did not fulfill the hypothesis were that T wave shock needed to induce VF was either under 5 J (5 patients) or high (1 patient).

Conclusion: This study revealed the importance of methodology in studies regarding ULV and DFT. Following ICD implantation, we propose the first biphasic T wave detected by 12‐lead ECG and rescue shock set at 10 and 15 J, respectively. If any of the scanned T wave (40 ms before and 40 ms after the peak T wave with decrements and increments of 20 ms) shocks could not induce VF, then the T wave and the first rescue shock should be set at 5 and 10 J, respectively. If the induction of VF has been unsuccessful with T wave shock at 5 J, then a safe defibrillation with 10 J should be expected in majority.
Use of Preshaped Sheath to Plan and Facilitate Cannulation of the Coronary Sinus for the Implantation of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices: Preshaped Sheath for Implantation of Biventricular Devices
Authors: AL‐KHADRA AYMAN S.
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The aim of the study is to describe a new technique for facilitating the implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices.

Background: CRT, by simultaneous pacing of the right and left ventricles has proven to be a useful treatment for patients with advanced heart failure and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, who have concomitant LV dyssynchrony. One of the greatest challenges to the wide applications of this therapy has been the technical difficulty encountered with implantation of the left ventricular lead. This is mainly due to the varied anatomy of the coronary venous system, which is further complicated by distortion of the anatomy in patients with advanced heart failure.

Methods: Details of the coronary venous anatomy are initially assessed by cannulating the coronary sinus (CS) using a specialized long preshaped sheath introduced from the femoral approach. Occlusive venography is performed in three views, and then the guide wire or the deflated balloon catheter is left in the CS for guidance. The most suitable equipment for the anatomy is chosen. Then, the operative site is prepped and the CS is approached from above.

Results: From November 2003 until December 2004, we have used this approach on all patients presenting for CRT device implantation at Prince Sultan Cardiac Center (n = 25). The CS was cannulated using the preshaped catheter in less than 5 minutes in all cases. After delineation of the anatomy, successful CRT implantation was achieved in all patients. Mean procedure time for the implantation was 110 ± 18 minutes. Uncomplicated minor CS dissection related to the use of the preshaped sheath was observed in 1 patient without consequences.

Conclusions: The use of preshaped sheath from the femoral approach facilitates planning the successful and safe implantation of CRT systems.
His‐Bundle Pacing in a Patient with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava
Authors: NG KHENG‐SIANG , FOO DAVID , LIM JIMMY
Published: June 2005

The presence of a persistent left superior vena cava was encountered in a 53‐year‐old woman undergoing a dual‐chamber pacemaker implant for sick sinus syndrome. Active fixation leads were used and positioned in the right atrium and right ventricle via the left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus. The natural course of the right ventricular lead riding up the lateral atrial wall and curving backward toward the septum as it exits from the coronary sinus os was found to facilitate the positioning of the lead tip close to the His bundle without the use of a specially designed guiding catheter.
Intracardiac Ultrasound Detection of Thrombus on Transseptal Sheath: Incidence, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: MALEKI KATANEH , MOHAMMADI REZA , HART DAVID , COTIGA DELIA , FARHAT NADA , STEINBERG JONATHAN S.
Published: June 2005

Background: Transseptal (TS) catheterization is used for left atrial (LA) ablation procedures and a major risk is thromboembolism. The purpose of this study was to assess (1) the value of intracardiac ultrasound (ICUS) monitoring during LA ablation procedures, and (2) a new technique to reduce the risk of thrombus formation.

Methods and Results: One hundred and eighty consecutive patients underwent TS catheterization under ICUS guidance with two sheaths for atrial fibrillation ablation and one for other LA procedures. Group I included the initial 90 patients in whom TS sheaths were flushed with a standard 2 U/cc concentration of heparin; group II consisted of the next 90 patients in whom sheaths were flushed with 1,000 U/cc concentration. All patients received bolus and infusion of heparin to maintain ACT between 250–300 seconds. ICUS was monitored throughout. In group I, echodense material at the tip of the sheath consistent with thrombus was observed on ICUS in 8 of 90 patients (9%) within 5–15 minutes of entering the LA. In group II, only 1 of 90 patient (1%) demonstrated thrombus (P < 0.001). There were no significant clinical differences in group I patients with and without thrombus. In all nine patients, the clot was removed with vigorous aspiration. No patients suffered a neurological event.

Conclusion: Thrombus formation on TS sheath, detected by ICUS, may be more common than expected despite adequate anticoagulation. Using a higher concentration of heparin for the TS system before deployment reduced the risk. The thrombus was retrieved with aspiration without the need to abort the procedure.
Esophageal Temperature Monitoring During Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: REDFEARN DAMIAN P. , TRIM GEOFFREY M. , SKANES ALLAN C. , PETRELLIS BASILIOS , KRAHN ANDREW D. , YEE RAYMOND , KLEIN GEORGE J.
Published: June 2005

Introduction: Ablative strategies for atrial fibrillation have centered on the left atrium, in particular the pulmonary veins. An emphasis on ablating outside the ostia of the pulmonary veins appears to have reduced the risk of pulmonary vein stenosis. Unfortunately, ablation in the posterior left atrium has been reported to result in fatal atrio‐esophageal fistula.

Methods and Results: We monitored esophageal temperatures in 16 consecutive patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation. There were 14 men and 2 women; average age 54.7 ± 10.6 years. Eight patients had a lasso‐guided pulmonary isolation procedure, eight an electroanatomically guided left‐atrial circumferential approach. A commercially available esophageal temperature probe (Mallinckrodt Mon‐a‐therm 12F Esophageal Stethoscope with Temperature Sensor, Thermistor 400 Series) was positioned under general anesthesia. Temperature changes were noted and related to the relative location of the ablation catheter and the temperature probe during the temperature change. The esophagus was midline in three, right sided in three, and left sided in the remaining patients. Temperature rises could be recorded at the posterior aspect of any pulmonary vein. Detailed analysis of six patient maps revealed heating occurred with lesions created within 1 cm of the esophagus.

Conclusion: The location of the esophagus relative to the back of the left atrium displays considerable variability. It is rarely midline and most often lies in close proximity to the left‐sided veins. Ablation in close radiographic proximity (approximately 1 cm) to the esophagus as defined by a radio‐opaque temperature probe can result in heating at the esophageal lumen.
An unusual case of myelodysplastic syndrome with prolonged clonal stability, indolent clinical course over a decade, and spontaneous regression of AML in the terminal phase
Authors: Sonneck Karoline , Mannhalter Christine , Krauth Maria‐Theresa , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Schwarzinger Ilse , Fonatsch Christa , Haas Oskar , Geissler Klaus , Valent Peter
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  An unusual case of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with indolent clinical course is described. The patient, a 67‐yr‐old female, had first been diagnosed to suffer from low‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome, subtype refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, in 1992. In 2001, transformation to secondary AML with an increase in bone marrow blasts (>20%) and thrombocytopenia, was found. The patient did not require cytoreductive drugs. Rather, during the following months, spontaneous improvement of peripheral blood cells with normalization of platelets and decrease in the red cell transfusion frequency, were noted. In October 2002, she even became transfusion independent. However, the bone marrow still showed AML with >20% blasts. These blast cells exhibited a monoclonal pattern in the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) assay. However, no chromosomal defects occurred during a total observation period of 14 yr. We hypothesize that clonal stability may have contributed to the indolent course of the disease in this patient. The exact mechanisms underlying clinical and genetic stability remain unknown, however.
Anti‐angiogenic effects and regression of localized murine AML produced by anti‐VEGF and anti‐Flk‐1 antibodies
Authors: Reichert Fanny , Barak Vivian , Tarshis Marc , Prindull Gregor , Tarshis Elizabeth , Ben‐Ishay Zina
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Reducing the blood supply of tumors is one modality to combat cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate such an approach in the treatment of localized murine AML (acute myelogenous leukemia). For this purpose we designed an experimental model in which leukemic cells were embedded in 1% agar discs before subcutaneous implantation in C57Bl female mice. The C‐1498 AML cell line (Frederick Inst., NCI, MD, USA) was used. Thirty experimental mice received on alternate days injections of 5 × 2.5 μg anti‐VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and 5 × 2.5 μg anti‐Flk‐1 (VEGFR2) antibodies to the site of cell implantation over a period of 10 d. Fifteen control mice received daily PBS injections. All mice were sacrificed 16 d after AML implantation. Of the 30 experimental animals, macroscopic examination showed in 21 animals (70%) small sized, pale tumors (0.5 g); in six mice (20%) the tumors were replaced completely by necrotic tissue, while in three mice (10%), there were large (2.5 g), highly vascularized tumors. In all 15 control mice large highly vascularized tumors were seen. A separate group of mice was studied for total survival following AML implantation. While 12 mice in the control group not treated with antibodies survived for 16 d post‐implantation, survival was prolonged in 15 antibody treated mice by approximate 30 d to a total survival time of 48 d. Tumor specimens were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD31 endothelial cell antigen, and tube‐like formation assay. The small, pale tumors of antibody treated animals consisted of degenerate hyaline material with remnant nests of leukemic cells, whereas large tumors showed sheets of leukemic cells and numerous blood vessels. Specimens processed for CD31 antigen showed scarce or absence of blood vessels in the small, pale tumors in contrast to intensive staining from a rich network of blood vessels in the large, highly vascularized tumors. Tube‐like formation assays disclosed rudimentary Grade 1 endothelial cell tubes in the small, pale tumors as opposed to polygonal Grade 4 tube formation in control animals. In conclusion, this murine model of localized AML allows assessment of anti‐angiogenic tumor regression. Anti‐angiogenic antibodies against VEGF and Flk‐1 have therapeutic effects in murine AML.
Mitogen induced activation, proliferation and surface antigen expression patterns in unmutated and hypermutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Vilpo Juhani , Tobin Gerard , Hulkkonen Janne , Hurme Mikko , Thunberg Ulf , Sundström Christer , Vilpo Leena , Rosenquist Richard
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Objectives: To determine whether the immunoglobulin VH gene mutational status has an effect on the activation, proliferation and surface antigen expression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells when stimulated in vitro. Methods: The proliferation and activation responses of CLL cells were studied in 22‐immunoglobulin gene VH unmutated (UM‐CLL) and 12 hypermutated (M‐CLL) CLL cases in 4‐day cultures. As the mitogen responses have been previously shown to be diverse in CLL, a case‐specific strategy based on optimized mitogen combinations (OMCs) of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC), and human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) was applied in cell stimulation. The expression of 23 surface membrane antigens (CD5, CD11c, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD27, CD38, CD40, CD45, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD79b, CD80, CD95, CD124, CD126, CD130, FMC7, IgD, and IgM) was studied by flow cytometry at days 0 and 4. Results: The proliferation and activation responses were similar in UM‐CLL and M‐CLL when OMCs contained IL‐2, TPA or TNF. SAC induced faster proliferation in UM‐CLL than in M‐CLL. OMC stimulation induced preferential down‐regulation of growth‐ promoting cell surface receptors CD5, CD21, and CD124 and preferential up‐regulation of growth‐inhibiting antigen CD80 in M‐CLL. Conclusions: Difference in immunophenotypic evolution of UM‐CLL and M‐CLL can be demonstrated if appropriate matrix signals are provided. The pathways for CD5, CD21, CD124 (IL4R), and CD80 (B7‐1) regulation should be further explored in relation with somatic hypermutation and outcome of CLL.
Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells (EEC) Constitutively Express More Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)‐1 than Endometrial Stromal Cells (ESC) in Culture
Authors: Defrère Sylvie , Van Langendonckt Anne , Moulin Pierre , Befahy Philippe , Gonzalez Dolores , Martinez‐Madrid Belen , Dolmans Marie‐Madeleine , Donnez Jacques
Published: June 2005

Problem:  Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) is thought to play an important role in pathophysiological processes in endometrial tissue. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the expression of ICAM‐1 mRNA and protein in cultured endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) versus endometrial stromal cells (ESC).

Method of study:  EEC and ESC were isolated from human endometrium and cultured. At confluency, ICAM‐1 mRNA was measured by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, the membrane‐bound form (mICAM‐1) by immunocytodensitometry, and the soluble form (sICAM‐1) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:  At the transcriptional level, we observed a 1.7‐fold increase in ICAM‐1 expression in EEC versus ESC. mICAM‐1 immunostaining in EEC [cell‐relative membrane‐bound signal‐specific optical density (CR‐M‐SOD): 0.056 ± 0.05] was stronger (P < 0.05) than in ESC (CR‐M‐SOD: 0.009 ± 0.07). EEC were found to secrete more (P < 0.01) sICAM‐1 ([sICAM‐1] = 15.59 ± 2.96 ng/mL) than ESC ([sICAM‐1] = 5.14 ± 2.61 ng/mL).

Conclusions:  Cultured EEC constitutively express significantly more ICAM‐1 mRNA and protein than ESC.
Poly I‐C Induces Early Embryo Loss in F344 Rats: a Potential Role for NK Cells
Authors: Arad Michal , Atzil Shir , Shakhar Keren , Adoni Anat , Ben‐Eliyahu Shamgar
Published: June 2005

Problem:  Natural killer (NK) cells were associated with first trimester embryo loss. The current study in the inbred F344 rat assessed the role of NK cells in mediating resorptions caused by poly I‐C, a non‐specific immunostimulator.

Method of study:  On fifth day of gestation, rats were injected intraperitoneally with anti‐NKR‐P1 (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to deplete NK cells, and with mouse serum or saline to control for non‐specific effects. Poly I‐C (4 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle were administered 2 days later. Resorptions were assessed on day 13.5.

Results:  Poly I‐C significantly elevated resorption rates, and anti‐NKR‐P1 abolished this effect. Body weight was reduced in all rats treated with poly I‐C, including NK‐depleted rats. This indicates the ability of NK‐depleted rats to respond to poly I‐C, yet to refrain from the resorption‐promoting effects of poly I‐C.

Conclusions:  This study suggests a role for NK cells in mediating poly I‐C‐induced resorptions.
Evidence for Smoking Cessation: Implications for Gender‐Specific Strategies
Authors: Singleton Joanne K. , Levin Rona F. , Feldman Harriet R. , Truglio‐Londrigan Marie
Published: June 2005

Background: Facilitating smoking cessation requires an evidence‐based approach. The Lienhard School of Nursing Institute for Healthy Aging in the United States, whose focus is providing health information to aging baby boomers, developed an interest in studying strategies for smoking cessation in women.

Approach: Studies were reviewed and critiqued related to the question: What is the relative efficacy of first‐line smoking cessation interventions for women versus men in the 40‐ to 65‐year‐old age group? This article first discusses the procedure used to construct an integrative framework for finding the evidence on smoking cessation, including a literature search and refinement of the problem to be studied, and then a summary of the evidence gathered on the selected variable (gender) and interventions (counseling, pharmacotherapy, nicotine replacement therapy).

Findings: Evidence was found that supports the general efficacy of three first‐line smoking cessation interventions: counseling, bupropion‐sustained release (BSR), and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). What the evidence does not show, however, is which of these interventions may be more effective for women versus men in general or specifically in the 40‐ to 65‐year‐old age group.

Recommendations: Recommendations include the development of a clinical trial and the inclusion from the outset of gender as a major variable in all future intervention studies.

Implications: Practice implications include the fact that since effective treatments already exist for assisting clients to stop smoking, all health‐care providers should offer an intervention that has been found effective to any client who expresses a desire to quit smoking. Further studies of efficacy are needed to develop more focused implications.

Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2005; 2(2):63‐74
From Workshop to Work Practice: An Exploration of Context and Facilitation in the Development of Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Ellis Isabelle , Howard Peter , Larson Ann , Robertson Jeanette
Published: June 2005

Background: This article examines the process of translating evidence into practice using a facilitation model developed by the Western Australian Centre for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery.

Aims: Using the conceptual framework Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS), the aims of the study were (1) to explore the relative and combined importance of context and facilitation in the successful implementation of a new evidence‐based clinical practice protocol and (2) to examine the establishment of more lasting change to individuals and organizations that resulted in greater incorporation of the principles of evidence‐based practice (EBP).

Methods: A pre‐workshop, semi‐structured telephone survey with 16 nurse managers in six rural hospitals; a summative evaluation immediately post‐workshop with 54 participants; and follow‐up, semi‐structured interviews with 23 workshop participants.

Findings: The contexts in each of the participating hospitals were very different; of the six hospitals, only one had not implemented the new protocol. Five had reviewed their practices and brought them in line with the protocol developed at the workshop. The rate of adoption varied considerably from 2 weeks to months. The participants reported being better informed about EBP in general and were positive about their ability to improve their practice and search more efficiently for best practice information. Underlying motivations for protocol development should be included in the PARIHS framework.

Implications for Education: Good facilitation appears to be more influential than context in overcoming the barriers to the uptake of EBP.

Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2005; 2(2):84‐93
ANALYSIS OF STERYL GLUCOSIDES IN FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BY SOLID‐PHASE EXTRACTION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: PHILLIPS KATHERINE M. , RUGGIO DAVID M. , ASHRAF‐KHORASSANI MEHDI
Published: June 2005

A method to quantify β‐sitosterol (BSS) and β‐sitosteryl glucoside (BSSG) in dietary supplements containing added BSS and BSSG was developed and also validated for the analysis of naturally occurring free and esterified sterols and steryl glucosides in foods. Steryl glucosides were extracted with hexane‐diethyl ether (1 : 1, v/v) after the alkaline saponification of a powdered supplement or of total lipid extracts of whole wheat flour, granola bars, soybeans, flaxseed, dried figs, peanut butter, lyophilized mixed vegetables, almonds, pine nuts and a diet homogenate. An oil‐based supplement was analyzed directly. Steryl glucosides were isolated by solid‐phase extraction, derivatized and quantified as trimethylsilyl ethers using capillary gas chromatography (GC) with a 5% diphenyl−95% dimethylpolysiloxane column. Recovery studies using a commercially available mixed steryl glucoside standard and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analyses validated the method. Approximately 2–36 mg/100 g (9–37%) of total sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol in the foods was contributed by the glucosides.
QUALITY CHANGES IN SELECTED FRYING FATS DURING HEATING IN A MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: DANOWSKA‐OZIEWICZ MARZENA , KARPIŃSKA‐TYMOSZCZYK MIROSŁAWA
Published: June 2005

The quality changes in rapeseed and soybean oils and hardened frying fat during heating were investigated. Two kilograms of samples were heated at 180 ± 2C in an open deep‐fat fryer during six consecutive days (2 × 2 h per day) until the total time of heat treatment was 24 h. The samples were evaluated after every 2 h of heating. The indices used for evaluation of quality changes in fat and oils were: acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), carbonyl value (CV) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. The fatty acid compositions of oils and fat before heating were also determined. The lower intensity of hydrolytic and oxidative changes during heating, as measured by selected indices of quality, suggests wider use of hardened frying fat for food frying.
LIQUID HOLDING CAPACITY AND INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TEXTURE PROPERTIES OF HERRING (CLUPEA HARENGUS L.) RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Authors: NIELSEN DURITA , HYLDIG GRETHE , NIELSEN JETTE , NIELSEN HENRIK HAUCH
Published: June 2005

Instrumental texture measurements done on raw herring fillets only partly describe the sensory texture of marinated herring fillets. Sensory texture parameters of marinated fillets were related to instrumental texture measurements of raw fillets by three different data analysis approaches. Uniaxial compression measurements were used as a single parameter, as compression curves or fitted to polynomials. Data from all three methods were related to sensory firmness (r = 0.310–0.366, P < 0.05). Elasticity could be predicted from the maximum compression force (r = 0.181, P < 0.05). The compression curve contained information correlating with all the measured sensory texture parameters (r = 0.102–0.310, P < 0.05), while the fitted polynomials, in addition to firmness, could predict fatty mouthfeel (r = 0.201, P < 0.05). The most information about the sensory texture was obtained from the compression curves. This study shows that the texture properties of herring are highly intercorrelated and can be regarded as a multivariate complex of parameters.

The liquid holding capacity (LHC), defined as the moisture held after a low centrifuge speed expressible moisture measurement, and the texture of herring are influenced by a variety of factors, e.g., spawning time of year, gonad maturity, body size, age and lipid content (P < 0.05). Increases in body weight, age and lipid content are intercorrelated and result in marinated fillets being more firm, elastic, juicy and fatty. Decreases in these factors will give marinated fillets that are perceived to be gritty and with low intensities of firmness, elasticity, juiciness and fatty mouthfeel.
EFFECTS OF SAMPLE THICKNESS ON BITE FORCE FOR RAW CARROTS AND FISH GELS
Authors: KOHYAMA KAORU , HATAKEYAMA EIKO , DAN HARUKA , SASAKI TOMOKO
Published: June 2005

The effects of food thickness on human bite force were investigated using a multiple‐point sheet sensor and electromyography. The total force and contact area were directly measured in real time using the sensor, and the average stress detected between the teeth and a food sample (active stress) was derived from the ratio of the force to the contact area. Raw carrots and fish gels with different thicknesses were bitten between the upper and lower incisors or molars by healthy women. For hard and brittle carrots, the peak force, contact area and active stress at the fracture point were greater in thicker samples when biting with incisors. For soft and tough gels, the peak force and contact area were increased as thickness increased; however, the active stress was similar in incisor bites. These values did not differ significantly with thickness in the molar bites of both samples. Although the force and contact area were greater for molar bites than incisor ones, the active stresses at fracture point were independent of tooth position. The sample thicknesses influenced the bite force of humans and the stress applied to the sample, and the effects differed with sample texture.
Got Milk?
Authors: DiLisi Gregory A. , Winters Colleen M. , DiLisi Lori A. , Peckinpaugh Kristina M.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes an experiment in which students measure the amount of transmitted light passing through different milk specimens. Our experiment tests the validity of Beer's law for these samples and provides a way to determine the concentration of fat in various kinds of milk.
The PASCO Half-Byte Hard Drive
Authors: Anderson Peter S.
Published: June 2005

To provide an interesting application of Faraday's law, Brad Hinaus and Mick Veum1 created an experiment constructing a scaled-up model of a computer hard drive. They mounted permanent magnets on a wooden disk. When the disk was spun, an emf was induced in a “read” head (solenoid) and recorded by a computer. I have found a way to do a similar experiment using only PASCO equipment.2
Organize Your Own Road Show for WYP 2005 and Beyond
Authors: Micklavzina Stanley
Published: June 2005

We know from our summer meetings how entertaining and educational a demonstration show can be. During this World Year of Physics, we need to encourage and support educators in taking physics out of the classroom and into the public arena. Performing a public physics demonstration show is a great way to gather the public's attention, but putting together a show from scratch can be overwhelming and very time consuming. In hopes of getting more shows to the public, I have developed and scripted a show with a theme for 2005 to be used as a template to inspire others to organize their own shows.
The Frozen Lake: A Physical Model Using Calculator-Based Laboratory Technology
Authors: Soletta Isabella , Branca Mario
Published: June 2005

We have created laboratory conditions similar to those present in a lake when the external temperature falls below 0°C. Glaciation in lakes is described in school textbooks and classroom demonstrations.1,2 It is pointed out how the anomalous behavior of water, which reaches maximum density at about 4°C,3 makes life possible on Earth. The proposed model thus describes a physical system that, apart from being of interest in itself, is relevant to the study of biological mechanisms.
The Speed of Sound in Air: An At-Home Experiment
Authors: Pereira da Silva Wilton , Precker Jürgen W. , e Silva Diogo D. P. S. , e Silva Cleiton D. P. S.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes a simple experiment that students can do at home to determine the speed of sound in air. A set of audio files with selected frequencies is first created and stored on the student's computer. Resonances are obtained in a straight pipe partially inserted into a bucket of water. The length of the air-filled part of the pipe is changed by raising and lowering the pipe. Resonances are detected by ear. We present some typical results obtained by students at home. All are in good agreement with the expected value.
Hands-on Experiments on Faraday's Law
Authors: Rodríguez Eduardo E.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes a physics laboratory activity aimed to illustrate Faraday's law in a hands-on fashion. By winding two coils of copper wire on a pen, students can construct a transformer in a short time. The induced emf in the secondary coil is observed as a function of the primary current for different waveforms. I describe how the device is constructed and show the experimental results obtained with the device.
The Potentiometer
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: June 2005

The word potentiometer originally meant a device for measuring electric potential differences. Later, it also was applied to a tapped resistance used as a voltage divider. Although the measuring instrument is no longer used in undergraduate labs, it is the only truly perfect voltmeter, drawing no current and thus appearing to have an infinite impedance. There is some good physics and history connected to it, and so it is an appropriate subject for a historical tutorial.
Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes
Authors: Todorov Alexander , Mandisodza Anesu N. , Goren Amir , Hall Crystal C.
Published: June 2005

We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.
Field Data and Satellite Imagery of Tsunami Effects in Banda Aceh
Authors: Borrero Jose C.
Published: June 2005

After the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami, field data on the extent of the inundation in Banda Aceh, Sumatra, were combined with satellite imagery to quantify the tsunami effects. Flow depths along the shores of Banda Aceh exceeded 9 meters, with inundation reaching 3 to 4 kilometers inland. To the southwest, at Lhoknga, flow depths were more than 15 meters at the shoreline and runup exceeded 25 meters. Erosion and subsidence moved the shoreline of Banda Aceh inland up to 1.5 kilometers, and 65 square kilometers of land between Banda Aceh and Lhoknga were flooded.
Lessons from the HGDP?
Authors: Greely Henry T.
Published: June 2005

Race to the Finish
. Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics.
By Jenny Reardon
. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2005. 251 pp. $55, £35.95. ISBN 0-691-11856-6. Paper, $17.95, £11.95. ISBN: 0-691-11857-4. In-formation Series.

The author explores the history of the Human Genome Diversity Project and discusses its implications for future work in the contentious intersection of genetics, race, and politics.
The Pains of Endometriosis
Authors: Berkley Karen J. , Rapkin Andrea J. , Papka Raymond E.
Published: June 2005

Endometriosis is a disease defined by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. Severe pelvic pain is often associated with endometriosis, and this pain can be diminished with therapies that suppress estrogen production. Many women with endometriosis also suffer from other chronic pain conditions. Recent studies suggest that mechanisms underlying these pains and sensitivity to estrogen involve the growth into the ectopic endometrial tissue of a nerve supply, which could have a varied and widespread influence on the activity of neurons throughout the central nervous system.
Latest Advances in Understanding Preeclampsia
Authors: Redman Christopher W. , Sargent Ian L.
Published: June 2005

Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that originates in the placenta and causes variable maternal and fetal problems. In the worst cases, it may threaten the survival of both mother and baby. We summarize recent work on the causes of preeclampsia, which reveals a new mode of maternal immune recognition of the fetus, relevant to the condition. The circulating factors derived from the placenta, which contributes to the clinical syndrome, are now better understood. This brief review on preeclampsia does not cover all aspects of this intriguing condition but focuses on some new and interesting findings.