bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEST ADEQUACY MEASUREMENT USING A COMBINATION OF CRITERIA
Authors: CHOI BYOUNGJU
Published: August 2002

The traditional method of assessing software quality is through software testing. In the past two decades, numerous test criteria have been proposed. Although the generation and evaluation of a test set is important, the ultimate goal is to ensure the quality of the software under test. It is risky to validate software by using test sets with respect to an arbitrarily selected test adequacy criterion as it can lead to incorrect conclusions on the quality of the software. In this paper we examine how different test criteria can be combined into one measurement to assess the adequacy of test sets. Based on the subsumption relation between these criteria, a multi-criterion decision making method, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used to determine the weight of each test adequacy criterion. A case study reported here suggests that the combined criterion so generated provides a more objective and precise measurement of the fault detection capability of test sets than does a single-member test criterion.
Changes in plasma protein binding have little clinical relevance
Authors: Benet Leslie Z. , Hoener Betty‐Ann
Published: August 2002

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 115–121; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121829
Sources of Innovation in China's Manufacturing Sector: Imported or Developed in-House?
Authors: Sun Yifei
Published: August 2002

The author investigates the innovative behavior of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in China. It is revealed that in-house research and development (R&D) efforts, rather than imported technologies, are the primary sources of industrial innovation in China. Regarding in-house R&D efforts, it is found that in-house R&D laboratories are important sources for the creation of new products as measured by patents, though it is enterprise-wide R&D spending rather than the mere presence of in-house facilities that is more likely to lead to market success. Concerning importation of technologies, it is revealed that the limited nature of efforts to absorb imported technologies has become a serious barrier to fulfilling the potential of these technologies and to upgrading China's internal creative capabilities. In addition, domestic technology markets have not been effectively linked to large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, despite China's enduring efforts in this direction since the middle 1980s. It is therefore concluded that the organization of R&D activities in China's industrial enterprises is still fragmented, with only weak linkages between technology importation and assimilation, between industrial R&D and domestic technology markets, and between business and R&D activities within enterprises.
Embedding Inward Investment through Workforce Development: Experiences in Wales
Authors: Huggins Robert
Published: August 2002

The author examines the role of workforce development—in the form of skills upgrading and training—in integrating and embedding foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economy of Wales. He finds that by far the most important deciding factor in choosing Wales as an investment location is the availability of the government grants and subsidies that facilitate the initial location process. If this assistance were not available then the majority of FDI projects would not be attracted to Wales. The perception during the location decisionmaking process by potential FDI plants of the availability and quality of skilled labour in Wales is good compared with that of other potential regions. However, upon locating it appears that there is a significant shortfall between this perception and the actual quality of skilled labour available. Although the large majority of FDI plants utilise ‘aftercare’ training and skills-development initiatives facilitated by regional institutions and agencies the programmes in place in Wales are not always of the standard required by inward investors. The author finds that training budgets are significantly higher among FDI companies in Wales than comparably sized businesses in the United Kingdom as a whole, indicating that their contribution to regional workforce development has been underemphasised. It is concluded that, despite some recent restructuring, inward investors in Wales have attempted to act as ‘local’ agents, exerting an influence on and having an interest in the socioeconomics of their residing localities, suggesting an increasing degree of embeddedness.
Verifying Environmental Cleanup: Lessons from the Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme
Authors: Auer Matthew R , Nilenders Eve
Published: August 2002

In 1992, nations in the drainage basin of the Baltic Sea launched the Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme (JCP) to abate land-based sources of pollution affecting the sea. Some 132 ‘hot spots’ were designated for cleanup and/or environmental restoration. The first phase (phase 1) of the JCP ended in 1997. Analysis of environmental monitoring data from participating states indicate that the first phase failed to meet several pollution-abatement and investment goals prescribed at the outset of the JCP. A key shortcoming of phase 1 was partners' failure to remediate and delist ‘priority hot spots’ that were emphasized at the outset and that reside exclusively in former centrally planned economies. Among key determinants of underperformance in the JCP were the partners' overly optimistic forecasts for program accomplishments. This problem obscured the real achievements of the program, including its mobilization of substantial capital and human resources for hotspot cleanup. The partners' experience offers a cautionary tale to regional environmental program designers who rely on deficient baseline data and who develop program goals with use of crude forecasting methods.
The Political Economy and Regional Implications of Energy Policy in Britain in the 1990s
Authors: Sadler David
Published: August 2002

In this paper I first outline significant developments in the field of energy policy in Britain in the 1990s. Two themes identified by the 1998 White Paper on energy sources for power generation are considered in depth: the related issues of diversity and security of supply; and the operation of the electricity market. The leading fossil-fueled generators have pursued a path of internationalisation in the course of the decade that contrasts markedly with the contraction of the indigenous coal industry. These corporate strategies and their regional implications are considered in a subsequent section. It is concluded that there are contrasting arguments presently being applied by government to different fuel sources. A likely consequence of recent policies will be high levels of imports of coal and gas by the second decade of the 21st century. This in part arises from government preoccupation in the early 1990s with reducing the degree of dependence upon coal as an energy source.
The Spatial Spread of Attentional Modulation of the Motion Aftereffect
Authors: Georgiades Michael S , Harris John P
Published: August 2002

The spatial spread of attentional modulation of selective adaptation was investigated in four experiments in which the duration of the movement aftereffect (MAE) was measured with and without processing of intermittently changing digits at the fixation point. In the first experiment, the effects of diverting attention on MAE duration were found to reduce as the distance between the fixation digits and the inner edge of the surrounding adapt/test grating was increased. A second experiment suggested that eye movements were unlikely to underlie the attentional effects. In experiment 3, the attentional effect stayed constant as the outer diameter of the adapt/test gratings was increased. In experiment 4 (as in experiment 1) the modulatory effects of attention were larger the closer the adapt/test gratings were to the locus of attention, when the area of the grating was held constant but its eccentricity varied. In experiments 1 and 4, an intermittently changing fixation digit was found to reduce MAE durations more than an unchanging digit, even when subjects were not required to process it, suggesting that exogenous as well as endogenous attentional processes modulate early motion processing.
The Pursuit of Leonardo's Constraint
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Wade Nicholas J , Lillakas Linda
Published: August 2002

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) identified two stimulus situations that cannot be painted faithfully on a canvas: (a) when two objects are located in the same direction with respect to the painter's head, and (b) when parts of a surface are visible to one eye, but occluded from the other eye. He analysed these situations in terms of rays being emitted from the two eyes and, aside from the origin of the rays, the projective geometry he used was correct. His analyses showed that what can be seen from two vantage points cannot be represented on a canvas, because a ‘correct’ painting must be created from a single ‘station point’. He was struck by the consequence of this fact that the depth seen on a canvas cannot match that of viewing the scene with two eyes. Subsequent visual scientists focused on Leonardo's observation about the lack of vivid depth in a picture. We argue that a complete understanding of what we see in the two stimulus situations requires consideration of visual direction in addition to visual depth. More specifically, we argue that the visual directions of the two objects, (a) above, and the visual direction of the monocular areas, (b) above, are dependent upon the constraint that two opaque objects cannot be represented in the same direction. Demonstrations that readers can perform, and that support this argument, are provided on the Perception website at http://www.perceptionweb.com/perc0102/ono.html .
Amaurodon aquicoeruleus (Thelephoraceae, Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota), a new species from Australia with spores distinctly blue in water
Authors: Agerer Reinhard , Bougher Neale L.
Published: August 2002

Amaurodon aquicoeruleussp. nov. from Australia is
characterised by rough, subglobose, bright blue spores and blue subiculum
hyphae when mounted in water or KOH. No other species of
Amaurodon with blue spores in water have been reported.
Amaurodon aquicoeruleus has a green hymenium and
superficially resembles
A. viridis.Amaurodon aquicoeruleus
possesses thin rhizomorphs that are formed by runner hyphae with clamp
connections and by other, simple septate hyphae. This contrasts with the
consistently clamp-bearing basidia and hyphae of the trama and subiculum.
Rhizomorph formation is similar to the boletoid rhizomorph type but atypical
of the closely related genus Tomentella. Discrete masses
of structurally undamaged, mature basidiospores on the hymenium and at the
fruit body margin of A. aquicoeruleus may be deposited
by grazing insects.
Sensory Evaluation of Walnut: An Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Sinesio F. , Guerrero L. , Romero A. , Moneta E. , Lombard J. C.
Published: August 2002

This work summarizes an interlaboratory study on full sensory profiling designed with the aim of finding some key attributes relevant to describe the sensory quality of walnuts. The study compared descriptive sensory profiling by different laboratories in different countries (Spain, France and Italy) Three trained panels in those European countries in the characterization of walnuts were used. Samples of walnuts belonging to different cultivars were harvested from experimental fields and some commercial lots. Multivariate methods (generalized procrustes analysis and varclus procedure) of analysis were used for extracting useful sensory information about the products and the variability between the panels. The descriptive profiles generated by the panels independently showed some analogies and provided similar product classification.
Stability Control of Active Compressed Rods with Shape Memory Polymers
Authors: Farshad Mehdi
Published: August 2002

In structural systems, applied compressive force fields cause second-order effects that may not only influence the buckling behavior, but also enhance the internal stress and the deformation field in the structure. Specifically, slender and thin-walled structural elements subjected to compressive force fields may experience buckling instability, which may affect their service life. In the case of imperfection-sensitive systems, loading and geometric imperfections may drastically affect the buckling response and reduce the buckling resistance. This behavior may be positively influenced by a structural adaptation to bending effects. In this connection, an attempt is made to use the potentials of the adaptive systems to influence the second-order as well as the buckling response of the slender compression elements by means of the actuator components. To this end, the stability control problem of adaptive slender rods with embedded Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) actuators is theoretically treated. The main goal of this investigation was to explore the possibility of minimizing the end deflection of a cantilever rod under eccentrically applied force via actuation of an SMP fiber. First, the stability theory of spatial rods is outlined, and the non-linear governing equations of straight rods are derived. The specific case treated is the problem of a cantilever rod with a single eccentric SMP fiber under eccentrically applied end compressive force. Numerical calculations were carried out with the help of the Runge-Kutta method. It is shown that the response of the rod can be effectively controlled by the appropriate action of the SMP actuator. Specifically, the goal of minimizing the end deflection of the eccentrically loaded cantilever rod through the action of the SMP actuator is achieved. In carrying out the computations, the second-order effects arising from the action of SMP fiber as well as the axial force were taken into consideration. Moreover, the follower action of the SMP force was considered.
Thermal Oxidation of Olive Oil, Sunflower Oil and a Mix of Both Oils during Forty Discontinuous Domestic Fryings of Different Foods
Authors: Bastida S. , Sánchez-Muniz F. J.
Published: August 2002

Changes in sunflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) of 0.4º acidity value and a mixture (1:1) of both oils (MO) were studied during forty domestic discontinuous deep-fat frying of various foodstuffs, mostly frozen foods. The replenishment of the oil in the fryer with fresh oil was performed after every ten uses to maintain the oil volume in the fryer. Alteration of oils was evaluated by measuring polar content (PC) and compounds related to thermoxidative and hydrolytic changes. PC increased with different rates in the three oils, thus after twenty fryings, PC was 25.3 g/100 g oil for SO, 22.4 g/100 g oil forMOand 19.7 g/100 g oil for OO. At the fortieth frying, the three oils surpassed the critical level for PC of 25 g/100 g oil, but SO andMOwere abused oils with a PC value = 30 g/100 g oil. Oxidized triacylglycerols (OTG), triacylglycerol dimers (TD) and triacylglycerol polymers (TP) increased after forty fryings 6.1, 34.5 and 260 times, respectively, in SO; 7.8, 50.9 and 115.8 times, respectively, in MO and 19.5, 70 and 149 times, respectively, in OO. The TP+TD/OTG ratio was used to assess the more predominant alteration through frying in the three oils. This ratio increased after forty fryings more in SO followed by MO, and then by OO, showing that oils rich in linoleic acid became more polymerized in frying than those rich in oleic acid. According to PC and the thermoxidative changes, MO behaved as a mix of OO and SO. Data indicated that during the first twenty fryings, olive oil of 0.4 º acidity value and the oil mix performed more satisfactorily than sunflower oil in repeated fryings of frozen foods, however, differences in frying oil behavior decreased during the last twenty fryings.
Three Dimensional Filling Analysis of Gas-Assisted Injection Molding
Authors: Gao D. M.
Published: August 2002

A three-dimensional finite element model combined with a volume tracking technique has been developed to simulate the mold filling phase in gas-assisted injection molding. The model deals with the polymer melt flow having two moving interfaces, i.e., the gas-polymer interface and polymer front. A mixed finite element formulation using four node tetrahedral elements is employed to solve the 3D Navier-Stokes equations. A robust volume tracking technique is developed to track the gas-polymer interface and the polymer front surfaces. When compared to 2D shell models, 3D modeling is capable of predicting accurately the important flow features in complex parts as well as the gas core shapes and locations.
Elasto-Plastic Stress Analysis of Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Laminated Plates Under In-Plane Loading
Authors: Yapici A. , Tarakçioglu N. , Akdem˙ir A. , Avci A.
Published: August 2002

Composite structures consisting of galvanized steel wire as a fiber and low density polyethylene as a thermoplastic matrix were manufactured by hot-press molding. The mechanical properties were experimentally determined. The effect of orientation angle and symmetric-antisymmetric structure was investigated under in-plane forces. An elastic-plastic numerical solution was carried out using finite element modeling (FEM) for some iteration numbers. Residual stresses and expansion of plastic zone have been illustrated in tables and figures.
Evaluation of Discretized Transport Properties for Numerical Modelling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Building Structures
Authors: Galbraith Graham H. , Li Jintang , Guo Jiansong , Kelly David , McLean R. Craig , Grunewald John
Published: August 2002

Over the past decade, a large number of numerical models have been developed to predict heat and moisture transfer within building envelopes. In these models, the moisture transfer mechanism has been described and correlated by reference to the various transport phenomena and corresponding theories, viz. heat transfer and fluid flow. However, predicting the coupled heat and moisture performance of a building construction has never been a straightforward task, since a steady state situation hardly ever occurs and the transport properties (heat and moisture) of a material vary with moisture content and temperature. This paper discusses the transport phenomenon and the various numerical algorithms used in the discretization equations and how different algorithms affect the modelled results. Computer simulations have been conducted for different building materials and material combinations and comparisons have been made to evaluate the selection of discretized transport properties. Discrepancies in results are demonstrated between different mathematical interpolations, namely the Resistance(R) type formula and Linear(L)interpolation. Recommen-dations are given as guidance towards applying the most appropriate formulations for a given modelling scenario.
Vacuum Injection in Aviation Manufacturing Processes
Authors: van Tooren M. J.L. , Dirven M. P. , Beukers A.
Published: August 2002

Application of composites in the aircraft industries is becoming common use. The production techniques often applied are wet hand lay-up for smaller aircraft and high cost techniques for application of composites in civil and military aircraft. Within the family of Resin Transfer Moulding theVacuum Injection production method has been developed as a promising low-cost high quality production technique. Vacuum Injection has been developed for application of large maritime structures and other non-aerospace applications. In this study the application of Vacuum Injection in the aviation industry, focussing on general aviation industry, is investigated. Part of the studywas the production of a full-scale vertical rudder. This rudder has been produced and the Vacuum Injection technique is found to be very suitable for application in general aviation industry.
APPROXIMATING SMOOTH THICKNESS
Authors: RAWDON ERIC J.
Published: August 2002

The thickness of a knot is the radius of the thickest rope with which the knot could be tied. Basic properties of thickness have been established. However, thickness is difficult to compute for all but a few knot conformations. Thus, a continuous polygonal thickness function is needed to approximate its smooth analogue. The most natural definition yields incorrect estimates on a planar circle. Here, a polygonal thickness function is defined and shown to be continuous and to correctly approximate smooth thickness with an elementary inscribing algorithm. Examples of thickness estimations are also given.
A SUSPENSION OF AN ORIENTATION PRESERVING DIFFEOMORPHISM OF D2 WITH A HYPERBOLIC FIXED POINT AND UNIVERSAL TEMPLATE
Authors: KIN EIKO
Published: August 2002

For an orientation preserving homeomorphism φ of the disk into itself, a suspension of a finite union of periodic orbits P of φ represents a link type in the 3-sphere S3. Let φ be a C1 diffeomorphism, and p a hyperbolic fixed point of φ with a homoclinic point. If all the homoclinic points for p are transeverse, then for infinitely many n>0, φn induces all link types, that is, for each link type L in S3, there exists a finite union of periodic orbits [Formula: see text] of φn such that a suspension of [Formula: see text] of φn represents L.
Cholinergic Agents and the Mccollough Effect
Authors: Byth William , McMahon Denis , King David J
Published: August 2002

The strength of the McCollough effect (ME), a pattern-contingent colour aftereffect, has been shown to be inversely related to acetylcholine, being significantly strengthened by (anti-cholinergic) scopolamine and weakened by (cholinergic) physostigmine delivered before adapting to the ME stimuli. The purpose of the present study was (i) to establish whether the effect of pre-adaptation scopolamine is linearly dose-dependent and (ii) to investigate the effects of scopolamine and physostigmine delivered between adaptation and testing. In experiment 1, ten healthy male volunteers who received placebo, or 0.6 mg, 1.2 mg, or 1.8 mg scopolamine before adapting to ME stimuli showed a significant linear dose-dependence over tests repeated from 10 to 70 min after adaptation. In experiment 2 twelve male volunteers adapted to ME stimuli and then received placebo, 1.2 mg oral scopolamine, or 0.75 mg subcutaneous physostigmine. On subsequent repeated testing, strength of the ME was increased by scopolamine and decreased by physostigmine relative to placebo. Both experiments were double-blind double-dummy repeated measures. These data support the view that the ME is a product of inhibitory mechanisms in the visual system rather than processes involved in associative learning.
Transformation of the Visual-Line Value in Binocular Vision: Stimuli on Corresponding Points can Be Seen in Two Different Directions
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Shimono Koichi , Saida Shinya , Ujike Hiroyasu
Published: August 2002

We examined Wheatstone's (1838 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London128 371–394) claim that images falling on retinally corresponding points can be seen in two different directions, in violation of Hering's law of identical visual direction. Our analyses showed that random-dot stereograms contain stimulus elements that are conceptually equivalent to the line stimuli in the stereogram from which Wheatstone made his claim. Our experiment demonstrated that two lines embedded in a random-dot stereogram appeared in two different directions when they stimulated retinally corresponding points, if the disparity gradient value of the lines was infinity relative to adjacent elements. To ensure that the two lines stimulated corresponding points, observers made vergence eye movements while maintaining the perception of the two lines in two different directions.
Large Systematic Deviations in Visual Parallelism
Authors: Cuijpers Raymond H , Kappers Astrid M L , Koenderink Jan J
Published: August 2002

The visual environment is distorted with respect to the physical environment. Luneburg [1947, Mathematical Analysis of Binocular Vision (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)] assumed that visual space could be described by a Riemannian space of constant curvature. Such a space is described by a metric which defines the distance between any two points. It is uncertain, however, whether such a metric description is valid. Two experiments are reported in which subjects were asked to set two bars parallel to each other in a horizontal plane. The backdrop consisted of wrinkled black plastic sheeting, and the floor and ceiling were hidden by means of a horizontal aperture restricting the visual field of the subject vertically to 10 deg. We found that large deviations (of up to 40°) occur and that the deviations are proportional to the separation angle: on average, the proportion is 30%. These deviations occur for 30°, 60°, 120°, and 150° reference orientations, but not for 0° and 90° reference orientations; there the deviation is approximately 0° for most subjects. A Riemannian space of constant curvature, therefore, cannot be an adequate description. If it were, then the deviation between the orientation of the test and the reference bar would be independent of the reference orientation. Furthermore, we found that the results are independent of the distance of the bars from the subject, which suggests either that visual space has a zero mean curvature, or that the parallelity task is essentially a monocular task. The fact that the deviations vanish for a 0° and 90° orientation is reminiscent of the oblique effect reported in the literature. However, the ‘oblique effect’ reported here takes place in a horizontal plane at eye height, not in a frontoparallel plane.
Perception of Animacy from the Motion of a Single Object
Authors: Tremoulet Patrice D , Feldman Jacob
Published: August 2002

We demonstrate that a single moving object can create the subjective impression that it is alive, based solely on its pattern of movement. Our displays differ from conventional biological motion displays (which normally involve multiple moving points, usually integrated to suggest a human form) in that they contain only a single rigid object moving across a uniform field. We focus on motion paths in which the speed and direction of the target object change simultaneously. Naive subjects' ratings of animacy were significantly influenced by (i) the magnitude of the speed change, (ii) the angular magnitude of the direction change, (iii) the shape of the object, and (iv) the alignment between the principal axis of the object and its direction of motion. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that observers classify as animate only those objects whose motion trajectories are otherwise unlikely to occur in the observed setting.
On the Interference of Task-Irrelevant Hue Variation on Texture Segmentation
Authors: Pearson Pauline M , Kingdom Fred A A
Published: August 2002

Although natural images often include discordant information about object boundaries, the majority of research on texture segmentation has involved variation along a single dimension, eg colour, orientation, size. In this study, we examined orientation-based texture segmentation in the presence and absence of task-irrelevant colour variation. Previously, it had been shown that orientation-based texture segmentation was impaired if the elements, normally of one colour, were randomly allocated one of two colours (Morgan et al, 1992 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B248 291–295). We found that this interference disappeared, however, when the spatial pattern of the colour variation was regular, as opposed to random, and when the elements were randomly positioned. We consider four models of how relevant and irrelevant texture information might combine to produce the interference effect, with special regard to these new findings. None of the models could account for the dependency of the interference effect on the spatial arrangement of colour and orientation in the texture. We suggest that inter-element separation and spatial-frequency selectivity are critical variables in the interference effect.
Selection of the persistent, seed-retaining cultivar, Australian II, within the gene pool of Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian
Authors: Oram R. N. , Dowling P. M. , Cunningham P. J. , Anderson M. W. , Culvenor R. A.
Published: August 2002

Crosses were made between Australian and its seed-retaining, but inbred
derivative, Uneta, to develop a vigorous, grazing-tolerant, seed-retaining
phalaris cultivar similar to cv. Australian. Forty-two half-sib families from
seed-retaining F 2 plants were sown in replicated plots
near Orange, NSW, Canberra, ACT, and Hamilton, Victoria, in 1993. These were
compared with 9 different accessions of cv. Australian, 1 certified line of
cv. Uneta (duplicated), and the winter-active cultivars, Holdfast, Sirosa and
Sirolan. Heavy, continuous grazing by sheep was imposed at each site from
autumn, 1994, a drought year at Canberra.
Seedling density was lower (Canberra site) and above-ground seedling dry
weight (Canberra and Orange sites) was higher
(P<0.05) in the winter-active group than in the
Australian-type controls and half-sib families in 1993. At Canberra and
Orange, the winter-active cultivars flowered about the same time as Australian
and Uneta, but the half-sib families flowered 6–8 days later. The
percentage of the ground surface occupied by phalaris tillers as estimated by
point quadrats was similar in the families, Australian and Uneta during the
winters of 1994 and 1995, but the families had denser stands in 1996. Swards
of the winter-active cultivars were sparser
(P<0.05) than those of the others, especially at
Hamilton and Orange, but the winter-active cultivars yielded more, after a
6-week break from grazing, than the other lines at Canberra
(P<0.05) and Hamilton (not significant) in 1995.
Based on these data, 8 half-sib families with high herbage yield and high
ground cover in 1995 were selected. These families flowered 1 week later than
Australian, and to correct this, a ninth, early flowering genotype was added
to form a new cultivar, Australian II. The potential role of this cultivar as
a drought hardy, strongly persistent, grazing tolerant, high ground cover,
seed-retaining replacement for cv. Australian in cooler regions is discussed.
Revision of the Phyllachoraceae (Ascomycota) on hosts in the angiosperm family, Proteaceae
Authors: Pearce Ceridwen A. , Reddell Paul , Hyde Kevin D.
Published: August 2002

A literature review yielded seven Australian taxa within the Phyllachoraceae
recorded from hosts in the angiosperm family Proteaceae, with three taxa from
overseas. New collections and herbarium material were examined by using
traditional microscopic characters. Seven new Australian taxa were identified.
These include Phyllachora banksiae subsp.
westaustraliensis on
Banksia speciosa,
Phyllachora tjapukiensis on
Darlingia darlingiana,
Phyllachora kylei on Dryandra
spp., Phyllachora amplexicaulii on
Hakea amplexicaulis,
Phyllachora grevilleae subsp.
clelandii on Hakea clavata and
H. vittata, Phyllachora hakeicola
subsp. cuttacuttae on
Hakea arborescens and
Phyllachora hakeicola subsp.
tasmaniensis on Hakea lissosperma.
We now recognise nine species, four subspecies and one variety within the
Phyllachoraceae on Proteaceae in Australia, and
Phyllachora rhopalina var.
rhopalina and P. rhopalina var.
macrospora from South America. In this paper, these taxa
are described and illustrated by using interference contrast micrographs. A
key to all known species of Phyllachoraceae on hosts in the Proteaceae is
provided.
Australasian truffle-like fungi. X. Gymnopaxillus (Basidiomycota, Austropaxillaceae)
Authors: Claridge Andrew W. , Trappe James M. , Castellano Michael A.
Published: August 2002

The genus Gymnopaxillus, previously known only from
Chile and Argentina, has been found in south-eastern Australia. Two new
species, G. nudus and G. vestitus,
are described, and the generic description is emended to include hypogeous
species with bilaterally symmetric spores and a peridium.
Gymnopaxillus spp. are characterised by a yellow to
golden-brown, bright cinnamon or ferruginous, loculate, columella-bearing
gleba containing boletoid spores that appear vivid golden-yellow in KOH.
Molecular phylogeny indicates that the genus is related to the Southern
Hemisphere ectomycorrhizal genus Austropaxillus rather
than to Paxillus and is placed in the Austropaxillaceae.
A new species and comparative morphology of Vesselowskya (Cunoniaceae)
Authors: Rozefelds Andrew C. , Barnes Richard W. , Pellow Belinda
Published: August 2002

The vegetative and reproductive morphology of
Vesselowskya Pampanini, southern marara, is described
and illustrated in detail. The variation within
V. rubifolia (F.Muell.) Pampanini
sens. lat. is shown to be greater than has previously
been recognised, with the differences identified supporting the recognition of
a new segregate species, V. venusta Rozefelds,
R.W.Barnes and Pellow sp. nov. Vesselowskya venusta
occurs in the Barrington Tops Plateau of New South Wales and differs from
V. rubifolia in possessing hairs on the abaxial surface
of the sepals and lacking both a prominent distal connective protrusion on the
anthers and colleters at the base of the stipules. The two
Vesselowskya species are dioecious with a vestigial
ovary in staminate flowers and reduced stamens in pistillate flowers. Dioecy
is more pronounced in Vesselowskya, than in some
Weinmannia species, and in both genera is expressed
through reduction in the size of the ovaries in staminate flowers, and stamens
in pistillate flowers. Vesselowskya shares with the
other genera in the tribe Cunonieae (Pancheria,
Weinmannia and Cunonia), a central
column in the fruits, and Cunonia-type stipules, but
differs from these genera in having valvate aestivation, digitate leaves,
craspedodromous secondary venation with secondary veins terminating at a
tooth, tuft domatia along the midrib, adaxial epidermal cells with strongly
sinuous cell walls and the absence of hydathodes.
Tomentella subamyloidea sp. nov. and T. radiosa (Thelephoraceae, Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Australia
Authors: Agerer Reinhard , Agerer Reinhard , Bougher Neale L. , Bougher Neale L.
Published: August 2002

Two species of Australian tomentelloid fungi are described. The new species
Tomentella subamyloidea is characterised by subglobose
spores with evenly distributed echinuli and apiculi plugs that turn slightly
bluish in Melzer’s reagent. A slight amyloid reaction is also apparent
in the walls of very thick-walled hyphae close to the substrate. Other
significant characteristics include blue granules on subicular and subhymenial
hyphae and on basidia and the lack of rhizomorphs.
Tomentella radiosa has triangular, warty spores and
uniform rhizomorphs with rather loosely arranged hyphae. A slight amyloidy is
restricted to cap-like thickenings of the marginal subicular hyphae.
Tomentella radiosa is closely related to the
ectomycorrhizal species Tomentella sublilacina and the
former may also form mycorrhizae as its fruitbodies occur on burnt woody
debris at the soil surface. Tomentella subamyloideahas
some anatomical features that can be regarded as plesiomorphic within the
family Thelephoraceae, e.g. thin farinose fruitbodies, lack of rhizomorphs,
consistent presence of clamps and lack of cystidia. In contrast,
Tomentella radiosa has some anatomical features that can
be regarded as being more advanced, e.g. the formation of rhizomorphs, simple
in this species and distinctly lobed spores.
SOME LINEAR REPRESENTATIONS OF BRAID GROUPS
Authors: HUMPHRIES STEPHEN P.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we exhibit a way of obtaining linear representations of the braid groups Bn over ℤ[t] by studying their action on the set of isotopy classes of sets of simple closed curves on a punctured disc. The cases n=3, 4, 5 are shown to be very different from the cases n>5. We show a connection between representations of B3 and Pascal's triangle. We also show that there is a sequence of polynomials κi(t), i≥0, related to polynomials Pi(t) defined by V. F. R. Jones all of whose roots give values of t for which these representations are not faithful.
CONGENITAL PSEUDARTHROSIS OF THE ULNA TREATED BY FREE VASCULARIZED FIBULAR GRAFT — A CASE REPORT
Authors: Lee Kwang-Suk , Lee Soon-Hyuk , Ha Kyung-Hwan , Lee Seoung-Joon
Published: August 2002

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna is very rare. We have experienced a case of pseudarthrosis of ulna to be treated with the vascularized fibular graft in a seven-years-and-three-month-old boy.
INFOLOD AND LANDMARK: SPATIAL PRESENTATION OF ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION AND COMPUTING REPRESENTATIVE OBJECTS FOR SPATIAL DATA
Authors: KOISO KENGO , MORI TAKEHISA , KAWAGISHI HIROAKI , TANAKA KATSUMI , MATSUMOTO TAKAHIRO
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we will propose a way of visualizing attribute information for spatial objects in the three-dimensional space and a calculation method for extracting a representative object from objects in a given region. In conventional three-dimensional visualizations such as architectural simulations, most of the attention has been paid to image data such as colors, shapes, and textures of spatial objects. In this research, we will focus on the attribute information of spatial objects including image data. We propose InfoLOD concept which introduces the notion of level of detail(LOD) to attribute information as well as image data such as photographs and computer graphics for controlling the visualization of attribute information in a three-dimensional space. The visualization is controlled based on distance and orientation, and we will also discuss the differentiation factor which visualizes the differences among the objects. In addition to visualization control, we will propose the LandMark algorithm for extracting a representative object from the objects in a given region based on their spatial occupancy ratio and the uniqueness of the attribute data. The region for browsing may be specified manually by the user or may be automatically specified by some algorithm. Here, we discuss the spatial glue operation which dynamically retrieves regions containing objects with user-specified attribute information unlike conventional method based on static mesh which are often used in GIS(Geographic Information System). We will also introduce some of our implementations in order to illustrate our ideas.
Evidence-Based Psychiatric Nursing Practice: Rhetoric or Reality
Authors: Stuart Gail W.
Published: August 2002

The most desirable basis to substantiate clinical practice is the evidence of well-established research findings. Developing evidence-based care involves defining the clinical question, finding the evidence, analyzing the evidence, using the evidence, and evaluating the outcome. Practice guidelines and clinical algorithms are useful tools for applying research findings in a practical way. Other mental health professionals are actively incorporating an evidence-based approach into their practice, training, and research activities. This article raises questions about whether psychiatric nursing has evidence-based models of care, is contributing to advancing knowledge related to the nature, process, and outcomes of psychiatric care, and is incorporating evidence-based psychiatric nursing care in its educational programs.
Communicating for the First Time with Delusional Patients
Authors: Wolf Zane Robinson
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Aggression and threats of violence are acknowledged elements of psychiatric settings. One of the most upsetting clinical experiences for nursing students is the psychiatric-mental health practicum in which students are expected to communicate therapeutically with hospitalized, delusional patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the experiences of undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students as they communicate for the first time with delusional, hospitalized patients whom they perceived as frightening and to describe the meaning and essences of their experiences. It was assumed that students would find the delusional patients frightening.

STUDY DESIGN: Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenologic approach was used to investigate the student experience. Participants (N = 35) wrote about their experiences during week 12 of a senior year psychiatric-mental health nursing class.

RESULTS: Students feared the unpredictable behavior of patients and wished to avoid interaction with them; the students also made the transition from fear of patients to empathy and concern for them. The findings indicated that students were reassured by staff proximity.

CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric nursing faculty should develop role-playing scenarios about caring for delusional patients and establish strong alliances with staff to increase the students’ sense of safety.
Demoralization as a Precursor to Serious Depression
Authors: Rickelman Bonnie L.
Published: August 2002

This article explores manifestations of demoralization, addresses the issue of demoralization in relation to depression, and proposes a theoretical definition and model of demoralization as part of a continuum of depressogenic responses. The proposed model links selected person-environment factors, such as negative life events and perceived stress, with deficit coping and selected cognitive-attributional, affective, and social responses. In addition, pertinent psychotherapeutic nursing interventions to assist clients in combating demoralization and implications for research are discussed. With an understanding of the manifestations of demoralization, nurses can better recognize it in their clients and implement interventions to prevent the development of serious depression.
Neo-Marshallian Nodes, Institutional Thickness, and Britain's ‘Motor Sport Valley’: Thick or Thin?
Authors: Henry Nick , Pinch Stephen
Published: August 2002

The authors consider the insights into the concept of institutional thickness provided by the industrial cluster located in southern England commonly referred to as ‘Motor Sport Valley’. It is argued that, although Amin and Thrift's original formulation of the concept of institutional thickness was comprehensive in scope, subsequent debate has focused around a somewhat restricted definition—essentially that of overt regionally based public, or quasi-public, institutions. The success of Motor Sport Valley in the absence of such infrastructure points to other sources of institutional strength and highlights the fact that all economic systems are constituted and mediated through a variety of types of institutional structure. The crucial issue when considering economic development, therefore, is not whether economically successful regions contain sources of institutional thickness, but rather the precise nature of the institutions in the area (and those influencing it from the outside) and their relationship with economic growth.
A Methodology to Incorporate Behavioral Aspects in Trip-Distribution Models with an Application to Estimate Student Flow
Authors: Almeida Lourdes M W , Gonçalves Mirian B
Published: August 2002

In this study we present a method for defining the intervening opportunities incorporated in certain spatial interaction models. The method introduces some behavioral aspects into the models by means of behavioral modeling, using a utility function estimated with stated preference techniques. A practical application of the models for estimating student flows is reported. This application confirmed the adequacy of the method and the results obtained showed that the intervening opportunities model performed better than a standard gravity model in reproducing the real situation being studied.
A GIS–Environmental Justice Analysis of Particulate Air Pollution in Hamilton, Canada
Authors: Jerrett Michael , Burnett Richard T , Kanaroglou Pavlos , Eyles John , Finkelstein Norm , Giovis Chris , Brook Jeffrey R
Published: August 2002

The authors address two research questions: (1) Are populations with lower socioeconomic status, compared with people of higher socioeconomic status, more likely to be exposed to higher levels of particulate air pollution in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada? (2) How sensitive is the association between levels of particulate air pollution and socioeconomic status to specification of exposure estimates or statistical models? Total suspended particulate (TSP) data from the twenty-three monitoring stations in Hamilton (1985–94) were interpolated with a universal kriging procedure to develop an estimate of likely pollution values across the city based on annual geometric means and extreme events. Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure zones, the interpolated surfaces showed more than a twofold increase in TSP concentrations and more than a twentyfold difference in the probability of exposure to extreme events. Exposure estimates were related to socioeconomic and demographic data from census tract areas by using ordinary least squares and simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models. Control for spatial autocorrelation in the SAR models allowed for tests of how robust specific socioeconomic variables were for predicting pollution exposure. Dwelling values were significantly and negatively associated with pollution exposure, a result robust to the method of statistical analysis. Low income and unemployment were also significant predictors of exposure, although results varied depending on the method of analysis. Relatively minor changes in the statistical models altered the significant variables. This result emphasizes the value of geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial statistical techniques in modelling exposure. The result also shows the importance of taking spatial autocorrelation into account in future justice – health studies.
A Level Playing Field? Sports Stadium Infrastructure and Urban Development in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Calvin
Published: August 2002

A number of cities in the United Kingdom have recently placed a policy focus on the ability of sports events and stadia to stimulate economic and physical regeneration. Such development is most often justified from a development and regeneration perspective. Under this paradigm, the urban redevelopment which occurs consequent on stadium construction creates benefits which ‘trickle down’ from property developers, sports teams, and stadium operators to the wider community—largely in the form of employment growth. However, the attraction of the hallmark events which are (in the United Kingdom) the major revenue stream of the stadium can be reread in the context of the constant competition evidenced between cities and between regions to draw in mobile capital resources via a programme of public subsidy for private business. Under such a paradigm, the potential for the stadium to contribute to uneven development, both within and between cities, is problematic. The author examines the arguments for and against stadium development in terms of the likely effects on the economic and social fabric of the city, and identifies likely winners and losers. The role of mobile capital, political elites, and growth coalitions in driving changes in the structure and use of common space in the urban core is examined with the aid of a case study of Cardiff and the Millennium Stadium.
The Interaction between Consumer Response and Urban Design: Empirical Results from Belfast
Authors: Cooper James , Ryley Tim , Smyth Austin , Alayo Juan
Published: August 2002

The authors review evidence on the interaction between consumer response and urban design. They present empirical results from research undertaken in Belfast, in which a variety of techniques, including transportation modelling, hedonic analysis, a household survey, and stated-preference modelling, were used. Theory relating to density is discussed and applied to an inner-city redevelopment scheme. The evidence from the stated-preference analysis offers a tool which can inform not only policies, but also the promotion of sustainable development in viable locations, consistent with the business goals of property developers. The same tool can also help identify areas where intensification of land use should not be promoted. Further research developments are considered, with particular emphasis on future urban policies.