bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal phenotypes of Mendelian disorders: A descriptive study from India
Authors: Saini Neelam , Venkatapuram Vijaya Sree , Vineeth Venugopal Satidevi , Kulkarni Aditya , Tandon Ashwani , Koppolu Gayatri , Patil Siddaramappa Jagdish , Dalal Ashwin , Aggarwal Shagun
Published: May 2022

Objective

Exome sequencing (ES)‐based diagnosis of Mendelian diseases in the fetus is limited by paucity of phenotypic information. This study reports the comprehensive phenotypes of some fetuses with Mendelian disorders.

Methods

Next generation technology‐based sequencing of all coding regions of the genome (Exome sequencing) or targeted gene sequencing using Sanger or next generation platforms was performed in a cohort of deeply phenotyped, cytogenetically normal fetuses with morphological defects. Prenatal ultrasonographic phenotypes and postmortem details including dysmorphology, histopathology, and radiography were ascertained. Novel candidate genes, novel/unusual findings, and unusual genotypes in cases with confirmed Mendelian disorders are described.

Results

Of the 102 fetuses sequenced, 45 (44%) achieved definitive diagnosis of a Mendelian disorder with 50 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants. The majority (87%) were autosomal recessive, 69% families were consanguineous, and 54% variants were novel. Dysmorphic syndromes, skeletal dysplasias, and metabolic disorders were the commonest disease categories, ciliopathies and dystroglycanopathies, commonest molecular categories. We describe the first fetal description of six monogenic diseases, and nine cases with novel histological findings. Nineteen cases had novel/unusual findings.

Conclusion

This cohort demonstrates how deep fetal phenotypes of some Mendelian disorders can show novel/unusual findings, which have important implications for prenatal diagnosis of these conditions.
Comprehending Metal Particle Combustion: a Path Forward
Authors: Altman Igor , Pantoya Michelle
Published: May 2022

The paper discusses the physics required for accurate modeling of metal particle combustion and includes aspects previously neglected. Specifically, three physical phenomena are emphasized: 1) internal boiling on the condensed oxide‐metal interface; 2) condense‐luminescent loss during nano‐oxide formation; and, 3) suppressed heat transfer on the metal particle surface due to a low energy accommodation coefficient (EAC) are essential. The last two phenomena were explored in previous work. Internal particle interface boiling detailed in the current work enables the semi‐heterogeneous combustion of Al particles, an important process needing attention for accurate modeling. The interface boiling mechanism allowing for the semi‐heterogeneous combustion explains a number of experimental puzzles related to metal particle combustion. In particular, the semi‐heterogeneous combustion justifies the coexistence of two burning regimes of Al particles (slow and fast) recently observed. Based on reported findings, revising current numerical models for metal particle combustion to include these three physical phenomena is necessary. Implications toward enhancement of energetic performance for metal‐containing formulations are also discussed.
Fabrication of Bariumtrisulphide Thin Films as Precursors for Chalcogenide Perovskites
Authors: Freund Tim , Cicconi Maria Rita , Wellmann Peter J.
Published: May 2022

Chalcogenide perovskites are a promising and novel class of materials in the fields of solar cells and related subjects. However, the synthesis of thin films of these materials still is troublesome. This work attempts to utilize a phase in the Ba‐S phase system with low melting point, namely, BaS3, for the thin‐film synthesis of BaZrS3. The successful synthesis of BaS3 thin films is presented and confirmed by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman analysis. The microstructure of the synthesized BaS3 thin films shows defects and cracks and therefore needs further optimization for the use for BaZrS3 thin‐film synthesis. However, the successful synthesis of BaS3 thin films is potentially a great step toward a facile BaZrS3 thin‐film synthesis.
Systematic Evolution of Optical Bandgap and Local Chemical State in Transparent MgO and HfO2 Resistive Switching Materials
Authors: Das Om Prakash , Pandey Shivendra Kumar
Published: May 2022

Herein, a comprehensive investigation into the optical, local chemical state, and electrical properties of the less explored magnesium oxide (MgO) are presented for resistive switching data storage applications in reference to the well‐documented hafnium oxide (HfO2). The observed local chemical state from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis yields a nonlattice oxygen peak in O 1s spectra, indicating the resistive switching potential of polycrystalline MgO analogous to the amorphous HfO2 as‐deposited thin films. The optical investigation through UV–visible spectroscopic and photoluminescence examination reveals the high transmissivity of HfO2 (84–98%) and MgO (86–88%) thin films in visible and near‐infrared domains, with a high bandgap of 5.6 and 4.2 eV, respectively, implying the possibility of two distinct stable states essential for resistive switching phenomena. Additionally, the electrical characterization manifests bipolar switching phenomena in HfO2 and MgO metal–oxide–metal stacks with SET transitions at 0.6 and 0.5 V, followed by RESET transitions at −0.6 and −0.5 V, respectively. Both oxides in respective stacks exhibit dominant Ohmic conduction in high‐resistive and low‐resistive regions during positive and negative bias. These observations propose MgO as a preferable resistive switching material for nonvolatile data storage applications, showing similar properties of widely studied HfO2.
Fabrication of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes ‐ Wrapped Mesoporous NiO Hollow Spheres for Asymmetric Supercapacitors applications
Authors: Purushothaman Kamatchi K.
Published: May 2022

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) ‐ wrapped mesoporous NiO hollow spheres (MNHS) have been successfully synthesized via hydrothermal route using carbon spheres as templates. Structural, textural, morphological and electrochemical properties of MNHS were investigated. Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) analysis reveals the maximum specific capacity of 566 C g−1 at 1 A g−1.Furthermore,An Asymmetric supercapacitor (MNHS//RGO) has been fabricated and delivers the specific capacity of 75 C g−1 with an energy density of 121.17 W h kg−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1. The device shows excellent cyclic stability ie.,94 % of retention even after 3000 cycles.
Synthesis of BiSI/Ag2CO3 Composite Material for Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B under Visible Light**
Authors: Zhang Rui , Chen Ziyin , Zhao Chen , Cai Lu , Yu Junrong , Yang Ze , Jiang Jiacheng
Published: May 2022

A novel binary BiSI/Ag2CO3 photocatalyst with excellent visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic performance was prepared. The products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under the irradiation of visible light. The results showed that the BiSI improves the photocatalytic activity of BiSI/Ag2CO3. Moreover, when the mass ratio of BiSI in BiSI/Ag2CO3 composites was 40 %, the as‐prepared BiSI/Ag2CO3 composite exhibited the best photocatalytic activity for degrading RhB. Finally, the possible mechanism for photodegradation over the BiSI/Ag2CO3 composites is also proposed.
Carbon Dioxide Captured on a Wet Si−C Composite Material with a Surfactant‐derived Carbon Film
Authors: Liu Xiuwu , Zhu Shijie , Chen Xueqing , Cui Xiaoyuan , Cao Jilin
Published: May 2022

The storage capacity of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the wet SBA‐15 material can be greatly improved by forming gas hydrates. The presence of generous polar groups (hydroxyl groups) on the surface of SBA‐15 hinders the formation of CO2 hydrates. In order to further improve its CO2 adsorption capacity, the polar surfaces of SBA‐15 material are changed into non‐polar carbon surfaces by covering with carbon film, and Si−C composite is obtained. Compared with the SBA‐15 material, the pore size and pore volume of the Si−C composite material reduces but its morphology and structure are unchanged. Whether pre‐adsorbed water or not, the experiment results showed that the Si−C composite material is more conducive to the adsorption of CO2 than the SBA‐15 material. In a comparison of the Si−C composite material and the SBA‐15 material at 2.5 MPa, the CO2 adsorption capacity increased from 3.8 mmol/g to 8.5 mmol/g with dry samples, and the CO2 adsorption capacity increased from 20.1 mmol/g to 26.9 mmol/g with wet samples at Rw=2.0.
Mo2C Nanoparticles Embedded in Carbon Nanowires with Surface Pseudocapacitance Enables High‐Energy and High‐Power Sodium Ion Capacitors
Authors: Jiang Yalong , Wang Hao , Dong Jun , Zhang Qingxun , Tan Shuangshuang , Xiong Fangyu , Yang Wei , Zhu Shaohua , Shen Yuanhao , Wei Qiulong , An Qinyou , Mai Liqiang
Published: May 2022

Electrochemical sodium‐ion storage technologies have become an indispensable part in the field of large‐scale energy storage systems owing to the widespread and low‐cost sodium resources. Molybdenum carbides with high electron conductivity are regarded as potential sodium storage anode materials, but the comprehensive sodium storage mechanism has not been studied in depth. Herein, Mo2C nanowires (MC‐NWs) in which Mo2C nanoparticles are embedded in carbon substrate are synthesized. The sodium‐ion storage mechanism is further systematically studied by in/ex situ experimental characterizations and diffusion kinetics analysis. Briefly, it is discovered that a faradaic redox reaction occurs in the surface amorphous molybdenum oxides on Mo2C nanoparticles, while the inner Mo2C is unreactive. Thus, the as‐synthesized MC‐NWs with surface pseudocapacitance display excellent rate capability (a high specific capacity of 76.5 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and long cycling stability (a high specific capacity of 331.2 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 1500 cycles). The assembled original sodium ion capacitor displays remarkable power density and energy density. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the sodium storage mechanism of Mo2C materials, and constructing pseudocapacitive materials is an effective way to achieve sodium‐ion storage devices with high power and energy density.
Designing a Mucoadhesive ChemoPatch to Ablate Oral Dysplasia for Cancer Prevention
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Li Qian , Wang Yang , Crawford Madeleine , Bhupal Parnit K. , Gao Xiuqing , Xie Huan , Liang Dong , Cheng Yi‐Shing L. , Liu Xiaohua , Tsai Robert Y. L.
Published: May 2022

Oral cancer has a high mortality rate, and its treatment often causes debilitating complications. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) that may develop from clinically recognizable oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). To eradicate OPLs before they turn into cancers, a non‐invasive topical formulation is developed based on a novel combination of synergistically acting oxaliplatin (OXP) and mycophenolate (MPS) embedded in a controlled‐release mucoadhesive patch fabricated by computer‐aided 3D printing. After multiple rounds of testing and optimization, a v6.4 ChemoPatch is designed, which shows sustained release of OXP and MPS in vitro, minimal side leakage of drugs, an average elastic modulus of 2.38 MPa, and suitable drug stability at 4 °C or below for up to 12 months. In vivo analyses show almost all patches adhere to the dorsal tongue surface for 4 hours, and display a sustained release of OXP and MPS to tongue tissue for 3–4 hours. When applied in the 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide‐induced OPL rat model, the OXP‐MPS patch significantly ablates dysplastic lesions with no damage to normal epithelial cells and minimal systemic absorption and side effects. This study reports the design of a novel mucoadhesive ChemoPatch as a noninvasive therapy to treat OPLs.
Realizing Interfacial Electron/Hole Redistribution and Superhydrophilic Surface through Building Heterostructural 2 nm Co0.85Se‐NiSe Nanograins for Efficient Overall Water Splittings
Authors: Ye Fei , Zhang Lin , Lu Chengjie , Bao Zhuoheng , Wu Zeyi , Liu Qiang , Shao Zongping , Hu Linfeng
Published: May 2022

Electrochemical overall water splitting using renewable energy input is highly desirable for large‐scale green hydrogen generation, but it is still challenged due to the lack of low‐cost, durable, and highly efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, 1D nanowires composed of numerous 2 nm Co0.85Se‐NiSe nanograin heterojunctions as efficient precious metal‐free bifunctional electrocatalyst are reported for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution with the merits of high activity, durability, and low cost. The abundant microinterface among the ultrafine nanograins and the presence of lattice distortion around nanograin interface is found to create a superhydrophilic surface of the electrocatalyst, which significantly facilitate the fast diffusion of electrolytes and the release of the formed H2 and O2 from the catalyst surface. Furthermore, synergic effect between Co0.85Se and NiSe grain on adjusting the electronic structure is revealed, which enhances electron mobility for fast electron transport during the HER/OER process. Owing to these merits, the rationally designed Co0.85Se‐NiSe heterostructures display efficient overall water splitting behavior with a low voltage of 1.54 V at 10 mA cm−2 and remarkable long‐term durability for the investigated period of 50 h.
Anaesthesia for non‐cardiac surgery of a dog with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia
Authors: Ferrari Desiree , Kriström Karin , Dirven Mark , Ljungvall Ingrid , Nyman Görel
Published: May 2022

Tetralogy of Fallot with atresia of the pulmonary artery (ToF‐PA) is a rare congenital cardiac malformation. The life expectancy of affected canine individuals is short: in fact, only puppies or young adults with ToF‐PA are described in literature. Typically, these patients require general anaesthesia for diagnostic procedures, and are considered at high risk for anaesthesia‐related complications. The present report describes successful anaesthesia for dental surgery of a 12‐year‐old dog affected by ToF‐PA and an extracardiac shunting vessel connecting aorta and pulmonary artery. The echocardiographic findings are described and the anaesthetic protocol and the complications encountered during anaesthesia are discussed.
Review on the lithium transport mechanism in solid‐state battery materials
Authors: Fu Zhong‐Heng , Chen Xiang , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2022

The growing demands to mitigate climate change and environmental degradation stimulate the rapid developments of rechargeable lithium (Li) battery technologies. Fast Li transports in battery materials are of essential significance to ensure superior Li dynamical stability and rate performance of batteries. Herein, the Li transport mechanisms in solid‐state battery materials (SSBMs) are comprehensively summarized. The collective diffusion mechanisms in solid electrolytes are elaborated, which are further understood from multiple perspectives including lattice dynamics, crystalline structure, and electronic structure. With the exponentially improving performance of computers, atomistic simulations have been playing an increasingly important role in revealing and understanding the Li transport in SSBMs, bridging the gap between experimental phenomena and theoretical models. Theoretical and experimental characterization methods for Li transports are discussed. The design strategies toward fast Li transports are classified. Finally, a perspective on the achievements and challenges of probing Li transports is provided.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Pivotal role of municipal wastewater resource recovery facilities in urban agriculture: A review
Authors: Wang Jiefu , Sun Yuepeng , Xia Kang , Deines Allison , Cooper Ross , Pallansch Karen , Wang Zhi‐Wu
Published: May 2022

Urban agriculture provides a promising, comprehensive solution to water, energy, and food scarcity challenges resulting from the population growth, urbanization, and the accelerating effects of anthropogenic climate change. Their close access to consumers, profitable business models, and important roles in educational, social, and physical entertainment benefit both developing and developed nations. In this sense, Urban Water Resource Reclamation Facilities (WRRFs) can play a pivotal role in the sustainable implementation of urban agriculture. Reclaimed water as a recovered resource has less supply variability and in certain cases can be of higher quality than other water sources used in agriculture. Another recovered resource, namely, biosolids, as byproduct from wastewater treatment can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives. The renewable electricity, heat, CO2, and bioplastics produced from WRRFs can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture operation with enhanced sustainability. In short, this review exhibits a holistic picture of the state‐of‐the‐art of urban agriculture in which WRRFs can potentially play a pivotal role.

Practitioner Points

Reclaimed water can be of higher quality than other sources used in urban agriculture.

Biosolids can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives.

The renewable electricity, heat, CO2, and bioplastics produced can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture.
Effect of Ag, Sb and Se co‐doping on the thermoelectric performance of SnS
Authors: Li Songlin , Sun Jinchang , Zhang Yu , Fan Yuting , Tang Xinfeng , Tan Gangjian
Published: May 2022

As an inexpensive and non‐toxic binary layered compound, SnS shows great potential in thermoelectric applications. In this work, we performed a systematical study on how minute co‐doping of Ag, Sb and Se in a mole ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 (namely AgSbSe2) affects thermoelectric transport properties of p‐type SnS. It is found that AgSbSe2 has a high solid solution limit (at least 4 mol %) in the matrix, and the band gap of SnS gets reduced upon Ag, Sb and Se co‐doping. The strong anharmonic chemical bonding and reinforced point defect scattering synergistically contribute to a low thermal conductivity of ∼0.88 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature for the sample Sn0.92Ag0.04Sb0.04S0.92Se0.08. An abnormal decrease of hole concentration in the co‐doped SnS is established, which is attributed to the generation of more Sn4+ ions in the lattice. Fine tuning of Ag/Sb ratio might populate more charge carriers and yield higher thermoelectric performance.
Numerical solution of magnetohydrodynamics radiative flow of Oldroyd‐B nanofluid toward a porous stretched surface containing gyrotactic microorganisms
Authors: Khan Muhammad Riaz , Mao Shipeng
Published: May 2022

In this article, we explore an incompressible steady flow of Oldroyd‐B nanofluid near a plan porous stretched surface considering the influence of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and thermal radiation. Moreover, the constant magnetic field of intensity B0 is implemented with a low Reynolds number as well as the induced magnetic effect and the electric fields are ignored. The suitable similarity variables are applied to the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) which yield the dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The MATLAB function bvp4c has been used to resolve the resulting ODEs. The attributes of various flow parameters on the transfer rate of mass, heat, density number of motile microorganisms, motile density, temperature, velocity, and nanoparticles concentration have been explored. It is determined that the boosting values of Prandtl number, solutal stratified, and the radiation parameter supports the boosting of heat transfer rate, and their reduction is assisted by the boosting values of thermal stratified and Brownian motion parameter. Moreover, the higher values of Brownian motion parameters and Schmidt number are more effective in the boosting of Sherwood number, although an opposite behavior is spotted for the boosting values of the thermophoresis and solutal stratified parameter. In the same way, the fluid velocity declines with the escalation of Deborah numbers, Hartmann number, and porosity parameter as well as the fluid temperature minimizes for the inclination of Prandtl number and thermal stratified parameter although it is magnified for the inclination of radiation parameter.
Spatial Compatibility of Visual and Tactile Stimulation in Shared Haptic Perception
Authors: Uemura Kimihiro , Yukawa Hikari , Kitamichi Kota , Shibasaki Mina , Minamizawa Kouta , Tanaka Yoshihiro
Published: May 2022

Tactile sharing with others facilitates improving communications and augmenting cooperative tasks. An increase of persons sharing tactile sensations increases the effectiveness whereas the area of tactile stimuli given should be investigated for intuitive perception. This study investigated the effect of spatial correspondence between tactile and visual stimuli in identifying tactile stimuli. In the experiment, participants viewed simultaneously two videos of other agents’ hands each rubbing one of three textures and felt their vibrotactile stimuli in two locations. The videos were presented at different locations on the screen (Scene 1$$:$$:left-right side or Scene 2 & 3$$:$$:top-bottom) and the vibrotactile stimuli were presented either at the wrists of the left and right hand (Scene 1) or at the upper arm and the wrist of the right arm which either rested on the table (Scene 2) or was hanging down along the body (Scene 3). For each scene, visual and tactile stimuli were either spatially aligned (left and right video with tactile stimuli at the left and right wrist, and top and bottom video with top and bottom location on the right arm) or not. The result showed shorter response times for left-right spatial correspondence and for far (top) and close (bottom) visual stimuli corresponding to distal (wrist) and proximal (upper arm) locations on the body. This implied that the body schematic is an important factor for spatial compatibility of visual and tactile stimuli.
Haptic Rattle: Multi-modal Rendering of Virtual Objects Inside a Hollow Container
Authors: Hummel Emilie , Pacchierotti Claudio , Gouranton Valérie , Gaugne Ronan , Nicolas Theophane , Lécuyer Anatole
Published: May 2022

The sense of touch plays a strong role in the perception of the properties and characteristics of hollow objects. The action of shaking a hollow container to get an insight of its content is a natural and common interaction. In this paper, we present a multi-modal rendering approach for the simulation of virtual moving objects inside a hollow container, based on the combination of haptic and audio cues generated by voice-coils actuators and high-fidelity headphones, respectively. We conducted a user study. Thirty participants were asked to interact with a target cylindrical hollow object and estimate the number of moving objects inside, relying on haptic feedback only, audio feedback only, or a combination of both. Results indicate that the combination of various senses is important in the perception of the content of a container.
A Database of Vibratory Signals from Free Haptic Exploration of Natural Material Textures and Perceptual Judgments (ViPer): Analysis of Spectral Statistics
Authors: Toscani Matteo , Metzger Anna
Published: May 2022

We recorded vibratory patterns elicited by free haptic exploration of a large set of natural textures with a steel tool tip. Vision and audio signals during the exploration were excluded. After the exploration of each sample, participants provided judgments about its perceptual attributes and material category. We found that vibratory signals can be approximated by a single parameter in the temporal frequency domain, in a similar way as we can describe the spatial frequency spectrum of natural images. This parameter varies systematically between material categories and correlates with human perceptual judgements. It provides an estimate of the spectral composition of the power spectra which is highly correlated with the differential activity of the Rapidly Adapting (RA) and Pacinian Corpuscle (PC) afferents.
Neutral Point in Haptic Perception of Softness
Authors: Metzger Anna , Lotz Anna , Drewing Knut
Published: May 2022

Haptic perception of objects’ softness plays an important role in the identification and interaction with objects. How softness is represented in the brain is yet not clear. Here we investigated whether there is a neutral point in the perceptual representation of haptically perceived softness relative to which the objects are represented as being “soft” or “hard”. We created a wide range of softness stimuli, varying from very hard (ceramic) to very soft foam with differently soft foam and silicone stimuli in between. Participants were assigned to one of three different stimulus set conditions: full set (18 stimuli), soft set (13 softest stimuli) or the hard set (13 hardest stimuli). They categorized each stimulus as “hard” or “soft” and we estimated the neutral point as the point of subjectively equal categorization as “hard” or “soft”. We found that neutral points were different from the middle stimulus of each set. Furthermore, during the course of the experiment neutral points rather moved away from the middle of the stimulus set than towards it. Our results indicate that there might be a neutral point in the representation of haptically perceived softness, however range effects may play a role.
Holographic complexity in dSd+1
Authors: Jørstad Eivind , Myers Robert C. , Ruan Shan-Ming
Published: May 2022

Abstract

We study the CV, CA, and CV2.0 approaches to holographic complexity in (d + 1)-dimensional de Sitter spacetime. We find that holographic complexity and corresponding growth rate presents universal behaviour for all three approaches. In particular, the holographic complexity exhibits ‘hyperfast’ growth [1] and appears to diverge with a universal power law at a (finite) critical time. We introduce a cutoff surface to regulate this divergence, and the subsequent growth of the holographic complexity is linear in time.
Indexing, enriching, and understanding Brazilian missing person cases from data of distributed repositories on the web
Authors: Gomes Jorão , Bernardino Heder Soares , de Souza Jairo Francisco , Rajabi Enayat
Published: May 2022

For decision making in government, it is necessary to have well-structured sources of information. In several countries, it is difficult to access government data as the information are dispersed, disconnected, and poorly structured. For this reason, this work presents a framework to gather, unify, and enrich missing person data from distributed web sources. The framework allows inserting new tasks specific to the user’s domain to improve data quality. In this study, Brazilian missing person data from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental websites were collected and semantically enriched. To enhance the understanding of the gathered missing people cases, we create interpretive models using machine learning techniques to extract knowledge and to encourage the use of standards for publishing the data that are frequently ignored by organizations, hindering analysis and decision-making on data. After the collection and semantic enrichment process, there was an increase of approximately 11% in the data present in the base. Also, the mining process evidenced the disappearance and reappearance of a person in Brazil according to several factors such as age, state initiatives, skin tone, hair colors, etc.
Self-employment career patterns in the Netherlands: exploring individual and regional differences
Authors: Bay Franziska , Koster Sierdjan
Published: May 2022

Although the self-employed represent 16.7% of the Dutch labor force (OECD 2020), their internal heterogeneity in profiles regarding motivations, characteristics and career trajectories remains unclear. Yet, understanding self-employment profiles and their spatial distribution may help understand differences in career progression of the self-employed. This study identifies and describes patterns in long-term career trajectories of the Dutch self-employed, and it explores spatial differences along the urban hierarchy. The study uses a life-course approach and register data of the whole population to find common patterns of careers among a sample of Dutch self-employed (N = 42,028) and their spatial distribution. We investigated careers through sequence and cluster analysis of individuals’ socio-economic statuses between 2003–2018. The analysis identifies 7 career clusters that collapse into three main career profiles: Mixed self-employment careers that combine self-employment with wage-employment, stable self-employment, and precarious self-employment. The clusters differ importantly in terms of the individual characteristics of the self-employed including age, gender, educational level and income. In terms of spatial distribution, the study shows that self-employment career profiles follow the urban hierarchy. Urban regions give way to all types of self-employment, while rural regions mainly exhibit stable self-employment. Precarious self-employment presents differently in urban and rural areas; in urban labor markets, we find self-employed individuals vulnerable to economic shocks, losing their jobs as a consequence of the financial crisis in 2007/08. In rural regions, formerly inactive workers become self-employed following the crisis.
Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis as potential tool to follow Alzheimer’s disease progression
Authors: Carota Angela Gilda , Campanella Beatrice , Del Carratore Renata , Bongioanni Paolo , Giannelli Roberta , Legnaioli Stefano
Published: May 2022

Raman spectroscopy is an emerging tool in the research and diagnosis of different diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, blood serum samples collected from healthy controls and dementia patients were analysed by Raman spectroscopy to develop a classification model for the diagnosis of dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Raman spectra were processed by means of multivariate tools for multivariate analysis. Lower concentration levels of carotenoids were detected in blood serum from patients, which allowed for a good discrimination with respect to controls, such as 93% of correct predictions on the test set with random forest. We also hypothesize that carotenoid levels might be informative about the severity and progression of the disease, since the intensity of carotenoid signals decreased from the early stage to more severe patients. These encouraging results suggest the possibility to use Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of alternative biofluids (e.g. saliva) and the unobtrusive diagnosis of other neurodegenerative disorders.

Graphical abstract
Critical Intermittency in Random Interval Maps
Authors: Homburg Ale Jan , Kalle Charlene , Ruziboev Marks , Verbitskiy Evgeny , Zeegers Benthen
Published: May 2022

Critical intermittency stands for a type of intermittent dynamics in iterated function systems, caused by an interplay of a superstable fixed point and a repelling fixed point. We consider critical intermittency for iterated function systems of interval maps and demonstrate the existence of a phase transition when varying probabilities, where the absolutely continuous stationary measure changes between finite and infinite. We discuss further properties of this stationary measure and show that its density is not in $$L^q$$

L
q

for any $$q>1$$

q
>
1

. This provides a theory of critical intermittency alongside the theory for the well studied Manneville–Pomeau maps, where the intermittency is caused by a neutral fixed point.
Komputer kreiert Wissenschaft
Authors: Bibel Wolfgang
Published: May 2022

Die Erfindung des universellen Komputers hat für die Naturwissenschaft insgesamt eine völlig neue Welt eröffnet, in der eine neue Naturwissenschaft entstanden ist, die vor allem von der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) als Disziplin repräsentiert wird. In dieser Arbeit wird sie inhaltlich genauer als Theoriebildung über repräsentierende Objekte (ROBs) charakterisiert, welche sich umfassend nur mit Komputern experimentell überprüfen läßt. Dies wird an unterschiedlichsten Beispielen illustriert, herausragende Aspekte ihrer historischen Entwicklung in den letzten hundert Jahren werden aufgezeigt und ihr aktueller Status wird problematisiert.
Elasticity problems of beams on reaction-driven nonlocal foundation
Authors: Pinnola Francesco Paolo , Vaccaro Marzia Sara , Barretta Raffaele , Marotti de Sciarra Francesco , Ruta Giuseppe
Published: May 2022

A challenging task in nonlocal continuum mechanics consists in formulating constitutive relations leading to well-posed structural problems. Several strategies have been adopted to overcome issues inherent applicability of Eringen’s pure nonlocal theory to nanostructures, such as local/nonlocal mixtures of elasticity and integral models involving modified averaging kernels. These strategies can be applied to the ill-posed problem of flexure of a beam on Wieghardt nonlocal foundation without considering any fictitious boundary forces of constitutive type. A consistent formulation of nonlocal elastic foundation underlying a Bernoulli–Euler beam is thus conceived in the present paper by requiring that transverse displacements are convex combination of reaction-driven local and nonlocal phases governed by Winkler and Wieghardt laws, respectively. The proposed integral mixture is proven to be equivalent to a more convenient differential problem, equipped with nonlocal boundary conditions, which can be effectively exploited to solve nonlocal problems of beams resting on mixture reaction-driven continuous foundation. Effectiveness of the developed nonlocal approach is illustrated by analytically solving simple elasto-static problems of structural mechanics.
Surgeons’ physical workload in open surgery versus robot-assisted surgery and nonsurgical tasks
Authors: Fan Xuelong , Forsman Mikael , Yang Liyun , Lind Carl M. , Kjellman Magnus
Published: May 2022

Background

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among surgeons, and its prevalence varies among surgical modalities. There are conflicting results concerning the correlation between adverse work exposures and MSD prevalence in different surgical modalities. The progress of rationalization in health care may lead to job intensification for surgeons, but the literature is scarce regarding to what extent such intensification influences the physical workload in surgery. The objectives of this study were to quantify the physical workload in open surgery and compare it to that in (1) nonsurgical tasks and (2) two surgeon roles in robot-assisted surgery (RAS).

Methods

The physical workload of 22 surgeons (12 performing open surgery and 10 RAS) was measured during surgical workdays, which includes trapezius muscle activity from electromyography, and posture and movement of the head, upper arms and trunk from inertial measurement units. The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery was compared to that in nonsurgical tasks, and to the chief and assistant surgeons in RAS, and to the corresponding proposed action levels. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the differences.

Results

Open surgery constituted more than half of a surgical workday. It was associated with more awkward postures of the head and trunk than nonsurgical tasks. It was also associated with higher trapezius muscle activity levels, less muscle rest time and a higher proportion of sustained low muscle activity than nonsurgical tasks and the two roles in RAS. The head inclination and trapezius activity in open surgery exceeded the proposed action levels.

Conclusions

The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery, which exceeded the proposed action levels, was higher than that in RAS and that in nonsurgical tasks. Demands of increased operation time may result in higher physical workload for open surgeons, which poses an increased risk of MSDs. Risk-reducing measures are, therefore, needed.
Attenuation of near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared light in sound and carious human enamel and dentin
Authors: Berghammer Katrin , Litzenburger Friederike , Heck Katrin , Kunzelmann Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2022

Objectives

This in vitro study aimed to investigate the optical attenuation of light at 405, 660 and 780 nm sent through sound and carious human enamel and dentin, including respective individual caries zones, as well as microscopically sound-appearing tissue close to a carious lesion.

Materials and methods

Collimated light transmission through sections of 1000–125-µm thickness was measured and used to calculate the attenuation coefficient (AC). The data were statistically analysed with a MANOVA and Tukey’s HSD. Precise definition of measurement points enabled separate analysis within the microstructure of lesions: the outer and inner halves of enamel (D1, D2), the translucent zone (TZ) within dentin lesions and its adjacent layers, the enamel side of the translucent zone (ESTZ) and the pulpal side of the translucent zone (PSTZ).

Results

The TZ could be distinguished from its adjacent layers and from caries-free dentin at 125 µm. Sound-appearing dentin close to caries lesions significantly differed from caries-free dentin at 125 µm. While sound and carious enamel exhibited a significant difference (p < 0.05), this result was not found for D1 and D2 enamel lesions (p > 0.05). At 405 nm, no difference was found between sound and carious dentin (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Light optical means enable the distinction between sound and carious tissue and to identify the microstructure of dentin caries partially as well as the presence of tertiary dentin formation. Information on sample thickness is indispensable when interpreting the AC.

Clinical relevance

Non-ionising light sources may be suitable to detect lesion progression and tertiary dentin.
Advanced method of including housing stiffness into calculation of gear systems
Authors: Schweigert Daniel , Weinberger Uwe , Otto Michael , Stahl Karsten
Published: May 2022

One of the central goals during the design of helical gear systems is the achievement of a well-distributed contact load in the gear mesh. An equal load distribution is a key factor for a high load carrying capacity, the economic use of materials and a long lifetime. Mesh misalignment can be caused by tooth deflections, manufacturing deviations or elastic deformation of the shaft-bearing system and the gearbox housing. Those deformations have to be taken into account during the design process of adequate tooth-flank geometry. Elastic deformations of gearbox housings can be significant, especially in the case of automotive applications with aluminium cases. This paper presents an advanced method of including housing stiffness into the calculation of gear systems. A validation of the approach is carried out by comparing the calculated deformations with measurements of a static test rig of a hypoid gearbox.

Many calculation programs offer the opportunity to analyse the deformation behaviour of the shaft-bearing-housing system. Most of the components in these programs are described by analytic approaches. However, components that are geometrically more complex, like the housing or planet carriers cannot be represented as easily as that by analytic expressions. There are several alternatives to take into account the elasticity of those objects. One way is to model the stiffness of the bores using imported stiffness matrices. These matrices contain the elasticity of the bores itself as well as crossover influences between the bearings. The reduced stiffness matrices may be the result of a static reduction of the geometry using the finite element method (FEM). As state of the art, the reduction is mostly carried out at the centre points of the bearing bores. The proposed advanced method uses the static reduction of geometries on several points at the bores, distributed over the circumference. This approach offers a more detailed modelling of the elastic behaviour of complex geometries within the analytic deformation calculation of gear systems. To validate the advanced approach, the calculation results of the elastic deflections of the shaft-bearing-housing system is compared with measurements of a static test rig. In the course of these comparisons, the influence of different modelling methods of gearbox housings on the accuracy of the calculation results is discussed.
Eigendamage: an eigendeformation model for the variational approximation of cohesive fracture—a one-dimensional case study
Authors: Auer-Volkmann Veronika , Beck Lisa , Schmidt Bernd
Published: May 2022

We study an approximation scheme for a variational theory of cohesive fracture in a one-dimensional setting. Here, the energy functional is approximated by a family of functionals depending on a small parameter$$0 < \varepsilon \ll 1$$0<ε≪1and on two fields: the elastic part of the displacement field and an eigendeformation field that describes the inelastic response of the material beyond the elastic regime. We measure the inelastic contributions of the latter in terms of a non-local energy functional. Our main result shows that, as$$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$$ε→0, the approximate functionals$$\Gamma$$Γ-converge to a cohesive zone model.
The Soundscapes of the Lower Chuya River Area, Russian Altai: Ethnographic Sources, Indigenous Ontologies and the Archaeoacoustics of Rock Art Sites
Authors: Díaz-Andreu Margarita , Jiménez Pasalodos Raquel , Rozwadowski Andrzej , Álvarez Morales Lidia , Miklashevich Elena , Santos da Rosa Neemias
Published: May 2022

The acoustics of the Lower  Chuya River area rock art landscape are analyzed through both the exploration of its acoustic properties and the ethnographic information gathered about the region. The results obtained in the acoustics tests undertaken in the area, in particular at the rock art sites of Kalbak-Tash I, Kalbak-Tash II, and Adyr-Kan, are examined. They indicate that the perceived loudness resulting from a natural amplification of sound (strength parameter) and music and speech clarity may have been some of the reasons behind the selection of these locations for rock art production. The ethnographic sources related to the Altai and other Siberian areas are then reviewed as a way of providing an ontological framework for the study of Altaian sonic concepts and behaviors in nature. As the sources indicate, at least for the historical period and presumably earlier, in the prehistoric period, all existing beings are entangled by sound, and they mimic each other in endless ways. We argue that these sites were selected in a non-linear relational ontological framework. It is suggested that the multidisciplinary perspective combining archaeology, physical acoustics, and ethnography has considerable potential for providing a new, richer understanding of rock art landscapes.
Transfection of Heat Shock Protein 70 kDa (HSP70)
Authors: Gestin Maxime , Falato Luca , Ciccarelli Michela , Cerrato Carmine Pasquale , Andréasson Claes , Langel Ülo
Published: May 2022

Heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) is a major protein family in the cell protections against stress-induced denaturation and aggregation and in the folding of nascent proteins. It is a highly conserved protein that can be found in most organisms and is strongly connected to several intracellular pathways such as protein folding and refolding, protein degradation and regulation, and protection against intense stress. Cellular delivery of HSP70 would be of high impact for clarification of its role in these cellular processes.

PepFect14 is a cell-penetrating peptide known to be able to mediate the transfection of various oligonucleotides to multiple cell lines with a higher efficacy than most commercially available transfection agents and without inducing significant toxic effects.

In this study we demonstrated that PepFect14 was able to form a complex with HSP70 and to deliver it inside cells in the same fashion with oligonucleotide delivery. The delivered HSP70 showed an effect in the cell regulation indicating that the protein was biologically available in the cytoplasm and the interactions with PepFect14 did not impeach its active sites once the plasma barrier crossed.

This study reports the first successful delivery of HSP70 to our knowledge and the first protein transfection mediated by PepFect14. It opens new fields of research for both PepFect14 as a delivery agent and HSP70 as a therapeutic agent; with potential in peptide aggregation caused diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
$$\Gamma $$-evaluations of hypergeometric series
Authors: Beukers Frits , Forsgård Jens
Published: May 2022

In this paper we explore special values of Gaussian hypergeometric functions in terms of products of Euler $$\Gamma $$
Γ
-functions and exponential functions of linear functions of the hypergeometric parameters. They include some classical evaluations, but the main inspiration is from the contiguity method recently applied by Akihito Ebisu.
Testing the Internal Consent Scale for Measurement Invariance Across Women and Men
Authors: Willis Malachi , Jozkowski Kristen N. , Marcantonio Tiffany L.
Published: May 2022

The Internal Consent Scale (ICS) was created to measure feelings associated with a person’s willingness to engage in partnered sexual activity. Although previous studies using the ICS have assessed gender differences, evidence has not been provided to suggest that the ICS functions similarly for women and men. Using data from an online cross-sectional survey of adults (N = 874; 53.1% women), we subjected the 25-item ICS to tests of measurement invariance across gender. We found that only partial measurement invariance was tenable, which indicated that direct comparisons across gender should be interpreted with caution when using the ICS. Therefore, we created a gender-invariant short form. In support of construct validity, we found that this 15-item ICS–Short Form demonstrated similar associations with measures of sexual consent communication as the full 25-item ICS. If researchers aim to compare women and men on internal sexual consent, we recommend using the 15-item ICS–Short Form. Cognitive interviews should be conducted to further understand how women and men might differentially interpret ICS items.