bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helping the Child with Chronic Disease: Themes and Directions
Authors: Eiser Christine
Published: March 2007

Chronic childhood diseases affect some 10 percent of the population, with 1-2 percent being seriously affected. These conditions involve regular, often daily treatment and can be a potential threat to the quality of life of children and their families. In recent years, there has been much progress in documenting the extent of practical difficulties experienced at specific stress points (diagnosis, termination of treatment) and in understanding psychological and social variables which `buffer' the potential negative experience. However, methodological difficulties remain unresolved and theoretical ideas lack innovation. While there is general agreement that chronic illness affects the whole family, research continues to focus on mothers' concerns. There is however growing interest in the responses of other family members, especially healthy siblings. Work continues to focus on individual members with less attention paid to interactions. It is important that psychosocial work develops more closely in relation to changes in medical practice. In this respect, there is considerable interest in quality of life in children undergoing innovative or invasive procedures. Measurement of quality of life needs to become a routine part of assessment of changes in clinical practice. Alternative methodologies to measure quality of life are considered, and it is concluded that comprehensive assessments often need a more qualitative approach to data collection.
Learning from the Aftermath: The Response of Mental-Health Workers to a School-Bus Crash
Authors: Casswell Geraldine
Published: March 2007

Following a school-bus crash in 1993, involving 59 young people, the major incident alert (Majax) was called for the health services. The response of the mental-health workers is described immediately after the event and for the subsequent months. Reflection on the responses has enabled the Majax plans to be informed more adequately. This includes the suitable preparation of counsellors, the usefulness of psychological debriefing, the importance of close liaison with school staff and good interagency cooperation.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A Guide for Clinicians
Authors: Foote Rebecca C. , Schuhmann Elena M. , Jones Melanie L. , Eyberg Sheila M.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a treatment program for young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. In Part One, PCIT is presented as an interactional approach to parent training and discussed in the context of other behavioral parent training programs. In Part Two, PCIT is described and empirical support for the program's effectiveness is presented. Given the importance of adapting programs to meet the needs of individual families and demonstrating treatment efficacy, Part Three is devoted to the presentation of strategies for modifying PCIT and measuring treatment outcome.
The Experience of Parenting in the Context of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
Authors: Barlow Julie , Harrison Karen , Shaw Karen
Published: March 2007

Caring for a child with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) places considerable demands upon parents. The purpose of this study was to gain greater insight and understanding into the experience of parents in terms of the stressors encountered and the resultant impact on parental well-being. Reflecting this aim, the study utilized a qualitative methodology, focused group technique. Parents expressed the impact of JCA in terms of guilt, anxiety, anger, frustration, helplessness, powerlessness and isolation. Lack of information and inadequate support hindered their efforts to cope with their child's pain and disability. Social barriers, particularly in the school environment, emerged as significant sources of stress. Parents suggested that the burden of care could be eased by greater provision of information, increased support through self-help groups, more opportunities for discussion with health professionals, and education at individual and societal levels.
Translating Health Psychology into Effective Health Communication
Authors: Maibach Edward W. , Maxfield Andrew , Ladin Kelly , Slater Michael
Published: March 2007

This article presents a health lifestyle audience segmentation analysis based primarily on social cognitive theory. Two linked mail surveys were conducted among a representative group of US adults (N = 2967). Segmentation variables included data on five health behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, nutrition and weight control), internal personal and social/ environmental variables associated with each of the health behaviors, as well as health value, sensation- seeking, life satisfaction and age. K-means classification analysis was employed; seven health lifestyles were identified. The majority of the health lifestyles are reliable, and as a whole, all demonstrate both discriminative, construct and predictive validity. The health-lifestyle audience segments are briefly profiled, and an argument is made that health- lifestyle segmentation, more than demographic or behavioral segmentation alone, can advance the goals of public health communication.
Demographic Variables, Control, Stress, Support and Health among the Elderly
Authors: Luo Lu  , Hsieh Ying-Hui
Published: March 2007

This article examines possible psychosocial factors that are expected to influence the health of community elderly people. A probability random sample of 240 Chinese elderly people living in a metropolitan Taiwanese city were interviewed at home. They answered questionnaires including measures for demographic variables (gender, age, marital status and education), locus of control, life stress, perceived social support and various indicators of physical and mental health. Multivariate analyses with structural modeling found that (a) age and education had direct effects on physical health; (b) stress and social support had direct effects on both physical and mental health; (c) control had a direct effect on physical but not mental health; and (d) stress, social support and control were also important mediators in the process of health and adjustment among the elderly people.
The Place of Public Narratives in Reproducing Social Order
Authors: PEELO MOIRA , SOOTHILL KEITH
Published: March 2007

Legal systems work not only to protect individuals and prosecute others in order to maintain `law and order', but they also define the boundaries of what, in a complex and fragmented society, are the agreed social values and symbols which we decide to protect. The complex role of newspaper reporting in these debates forms a part of the public narratives by which law and order are understood. In this article we look at the reporting of the Taylor sisters' trial for murder, for which they were convicted and then, later, released on appeal. The benchmark appeal held that the press coverage of the trial created a real risk of prejudice against the defendants. This example illustrates how mass-circulation newspapers can be seen as agents of conformity, constructing narratives by which it is publicly established what is and is not generally acceptable behaviour surrounding a crime—perhaps at the expense of ensuring effective detection and prosecution of specific criminal behaviour.
Thinking about the `Underclass':
Authors: CROWTHER CHRIS
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines the relevance of behavioural and structural versions of the `underclass' and argues that this distinction should be deepened in order to understand the policing of this population. This task is performed in the context of a society in transition from a Keynesian Welfare State (KWS) to a Schumpeterian Workfare State (SWS). The jobs that are created by the resultant changes in the labour market are not likely to be filled by the `underclass' who will be doubly disadvantaged by the subordination of social policy to economic policy and crimefighting. Also, as a consequence of neo-liberal-led reforms of the police service the organization no longer has the resources and government support to control and manage the `underclass'.
Fin de Siècle Criminology
Authors: STEINERT HEINZ
Published: March 2007

The culture of fin de siècle Vienna was characterized by a struggle for (intellectual) autonomy against social exclusion. One of the manifestations of the latter was the foundation of scientific criminology. It was and has remained a science of social exclusion. The struggle is illustrated by the story of the troubled relation between Hans Gross, one of the founding fathers of criminology, and his son Otto Gross, psychoanalyst and `anarchist'. An interpretation of Kafka's `In the Penal Colony' illustrates the colonialist root of criminology's attitude of exclusion. It is argued that the hopeful beginnings of a `critique of criminology' at different points in this century, particularly in the 1960/70s, have regressed into a `critical' part of criminology, retaining the latter's exclusionary concept of `crime'. Some minimal requirements of the necessary `critique of criminology' are outlined.
Structure, Context, and Agency in the Reproduction of Black-on-Black Violence
Authors: BRUCE MARINO A. , ROSCIGNO VINCENT J. , McCALL PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

Violence has a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality within the African-American community. While certainly providing insight into macro- and micro-level forces, existing conceptualizations of the race and violence linkage are limited. We discuss these limitations and then offer a more comprehensive and integrated theoretical framework for understanding disparate patterns. Rather than reducing race-specific violence outcomes to social-psychological or deterministic structural factors, the theoretical model we construct suggests that violence among African Americans (and other subordinated racial/ethnic groups for that matter) is best conceived of as a dynamic and emergent phenomenon, patterned by the intersection of social structure, local context, and agency.
Rights and Justice on a Shared Planet:
Authors: BENTON TED
Published: March 2007

It is now widely recognized that members of other animal species and the rest of non-human nature urgently need to be protected from destructive human activities. This article evaluates the case for extending the moral and legal scope of rights as a strategy for achieving these aims. It suggests that we require a more pluralistic approach to the moral standing of non-human beings—i.e. one which does not depend entirely on the discourse of rights and its cognates—and that moral argument and legal reform need to be pursued in the context of a wider movement for far-reaching structural changes in social and economic life.
The Contributions of an Interactionist Approach to Research and Theory on Criminal Careers
Authors: ULMER JEFFERY T. , SPENCER J. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The term `criminal career' is treated in different ways by two distinct approaches, with differing ontological assumptions about human social behavior—a positivist approach and a pragmatist/ symbolic interactionist approach. Our major argument is that those interested in criminal careers and in stability and change in `criminal propensity' have much to gain by attending to symbolic interactionist conceptions of careers in crime and deviance, which are based on pragmatist rather than positivist ontological assumptions. These symbolic interactionist conceptions of criminal careers emphasize that continuity and change are inseparable, and that social constraints and opportunities, socialization, and even biology may influence, but never totally determine the contingencies and choices involved in criminal activity throughout the life course. Such symbolic interactionist conceptions would therefore provide those interested in both quantitative and qualitative research on criminal careers with a theoretical framework that makes sense of individual level indeterminacy, and stability and change in criminal activity over the life course.
Reach Out and Heal Someone: Telemedicine and the Globalization of Health Care
Authors: Cartwright Lisa
Published: March 2007

This article considers how telemedicine emerged as an important new means of constructing new geographic and social relationships in health care. Telemedicine is considered in light of the telecommunications revolution of the 1990s and the potential for expanding health markets during this period. An argument is made that telemedicine is part of an actuarial mode of organizing peoples according to the interests of emerging health care corporations. The techniques of the field are central components of a spatial social ordering of subjects into populations within a newly converged global health network. This article argues that telemedicine is not simply a new approach to delivering health care better, it is a method of tailoring health-care communities to match the demands of a global health economy.
‘The Story of My Illness’: Personal Accounts of Illness on the Internet
Authors: Hardey Michael
Published: March 2007

Narratives about health have an established place in the study of the nature of illness and lay encounters with medical expertise. This article is based on research in the electronic realm of the Internet. Within this new and unique space, people have constructed ‘home pages’ that contain accounts of their health and illness. The interactive and dynamic nature of the Internet means that these web pages represent far more than conventional illness narratives. Based on an analysis of home pages a four-fold typology is presented. This framework is used to map the transformation of people from consumers of health information and care to producers of information and care. It is suggested that home pages constitute the emergence of a new genre that forms part of a broader reconfiguration of the relationship between lay and medical expertise.
Can We Afford Better Health? A Study of the Health Differentials in China
Authors: Luo Ye , Wen Ming
Published: March 2007

Using survey data collected in eight provinces of China, this study examines the relationship between income disparities and adult physical health outcomes. It also explores the mechanisms underlying these income differentials in health. Our results show that the association between income and health can be explained largely by income differences in other areas. In the Chinese social context, we find that living conditions, access to health care services and community development are important mediating factors. These findings generally agree with earlier explanations on socioeconomic differentials in health. We also find that the factors that are most important in explaining income differentials in health vary by rural/urban residence. However, the results show that these factors are unable to fully explain income differentials in reported illness and disability. Moreover, we do not find consistent effects of lifestyle and health-related behaviors, such as drinking and smoking, on the link between income and health.
Watching Brian Die: The Rhetoric and Reality of Informed Consent
Authors: Weitz Rose
Published: March 2007

Two years ago, my brother-in-law was injured in a catastrophic industrial accident, which left him with second and third degree burns over 95 percent of his body. Writing both as a family member and as a sociologist, I analyse how his doctors increased their decision-making authority at the expense of informed consent, explore why they did so, and discuss the consequences for families when informed consent is not obtained. I also discuss the difficulties of achieving informed consent when family members have conflicting views on treatment. The conclusions use this story to reflect on the problems of implementing informed consent in clinical practice and on what these problems tell us about US doctors’ continuing power and clinical autonomy.
In Memoriam: William Simon (1930-2000)
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: March 2007

One of the most influential sociologists of sexuality of the 20th century, William Simon, died of cancer on 21 July 2000, aged 70. This is the speech given by Ken Plummer at the memorial Celebration of the Life of Bill Simon held on Friday 20 October 2000 at A.D. Bruce Religious Center Chapel, University of Houston. It is followed by a bibliography of his work, and the article he was completing at the time of his death.
Lesbian Safety Talk: Problematizing Definitions and Experiences of Violence, Sexuality and Space
Authors: Corteen Karen
Published: March 2007

The `Violence, Sexuality and Space' Research Project is the first major research project in Britain to explore how `safe', `public' spaces are created and sustained in response to homophobic violence. The research presented here examines lesbian safety talk and centres on lesbian focus group participants' responses to headline findings from a large-scale survey. The article illustrates the complexities involved in defining and interpreting violence and safety. It highlights the temporal and relative context of space, together with the importance of subjective, social and ideological constructions of violence and safety. The impact of sexuality on risk assessment and safety strategies is discussed alongside the influence of gender presentation, gender deviation and interpretative frameworks.
The Production of Identity and the Negotiation of Intimacy in a `Gentleman's Club'
Authors: Frank Katherine
Published: March 2007

This paper problematizes the concept of `true' intimacy by examining a particular commodified relationship - that between a female dancer and her regular male customers in a heterosexual strip club in the US. Participant observation is used to describe and examine the relationships developed between dancers and their `regular customers' and the mutual manufacture of identities and intimacy which is involved in these relationships. First, it is argued that an illusion of intimacy is produced within the strip club to make an interaction between a dancer and her regular seem more `real' and desirable. Next, it is shown how even such a commodified relationship can generate a high degree of emotional involvement, using the concept of `emotional labor' (Hochschild, 1983) to help break down the barriers between real and manufactured intimacy. Finally, there is a discussion on how an intimate experience draws upon private self-representations that are both real and imaginary, and upon sexual self-identities that are ideologically informed, in an attempt to show how interpersonal intimate relationships are structured within a fantasy-reality which complicates utilitarian notions of emotional engagement.
Postmodern Bisexuality
Authors: Storr Merl
Published: March 2007

Bisexual identity and politics have received unprecedented levels of attention in the US and UK in the last few years. This article begins by asking why it should be precisely now that there has been such an explosion of interest in bisexuality. In doing so it investigates the possible connections between bisexuality and postmodernity, and argues that while bisexuality may be a phenomenon of postmodernity, postmodernist theory - specifically, postmodernist queer theory - has hindered rather than helped our understanding of the relationship between sexual identities, such as queer and bisexual identities, and contemporary social and cultural realities.
An Ethos with a Bite: Queer Appetites from Sex to Food
Authors: Probyn Elspeth
Published: March 2007

In this article I argue that queer theory needs to extend its theoretical reach beyond an increasingly overprivileged and narrow use of sexuality. What could, for instance, a doubled consideration of eating and sex reveal? Following Foucault's description of the dietetic regimen in ancient Greece, I elaborate the necessity of thinking an ethos of existence in terms of the regulation of bodies in alimentary and sexual regimes.
The Comfort of Identity
Authors: Holliday Ruth
Published: March 2007

This article is based on empirical research using video diaries to explore the performance of sexual identities in work, domestic and social spaces. The diaries allow respondents to show the clothes they wear on different occasions, and to talk about the process of performance. The article focuses on the ways in which identity as a concept functions within `academic', `political' and `subcultural' discourses of sexuality, and draws on diarists' discussions of comfort and discomfort in performing their (differently inflected) identities in these spaces, linking this to theories of performativity and and reflexivity.
(Ng)amukRevisited: Emotional Expression and Mental Illness in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Browne Kevin
Published: March 2007

Researchers of ‘amuk’ behavior in Southeast Asia have normally adopted either a psychiatric or ethno-behavioral position, both of which impose an outside theoretical model. An ethnopsychological view of (ng)amuk in Java reveals it to be a poetic idiom of distress, reflecting cultural anxieties about mental illness, aggression, loss of control and vulnerability of the self. Ngamuk as mental/social suffering in Java occurs in a political context that promotes strong repression of emotion and dissent. A model of ngamuk as an exegesis of mental/social distress, reflecting everyday experiences of anxiety, vulnerability, danger and transgression, is proposed.
Qualitative Research, Culture and Ethics: A Case Discussion
Authors: Bƒƒrnhielm Sofie , Ekblad Solvig
Published: March 2007

This article examines ethical issues for qualitative cross-cultural mental health research. Qualitative research methods may give access to intimate aspects of participants’ lives. Data collection can be intrusive and invasive regarding sensitive experiences. The research methods may generate unique and subtle ethical problems. A case illustrating an ethical conflict is presented along with the argument for applying guidelines for biomedical research ethics in qualitative mental health research. This requires consideration of the methodological framework of qualitative methods, the pluralism of morality, and an understanding of research participation, as well as appropriate methodological strategies.
Collective Self-Esteem and Construal of Racism
Authors: Rahimi Sadeq , Fisher Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

Participants from various ethnic groups were included in a study of the effects of collective self-esteem (CSE) on construal of racism. It was hypothesized that low CSE participants are more likely than high CSE participants to construe ambiguous behavior targeted at their group members as racist. Personal self-esteem was hypothesized to not predict construal of racism. It was further hypothesized that low CSE participants are more likely than high CSE participants to attribute higher degrees of racism to the same incident when the victim is an in-group member. Participants interpreted scenarios in which an ‘Active Agent’ was reported to exhibit ambiguous behavior to the disadvantage of a ‘Passive Agent.’ Group membership of passive agents were manipulated to create in-group (same as the subject) and out-group (different group) conditions. Results supported the original hypotheses.
Playing with Limits: Tobie Nathan's Evolving Paradigm in Ethnopsychiatry
Authors: Corin Ellen
Published: March 2007

The specificity of the French contribution to ethnopsychiatry lies in its strong clinical focus and its psychoanalytic inspiration. Nathan's work is approached from the point of view of its evolution from a perspective centred on the exploration of frontiers between culture and psyche, and African traditional and Western psychoanalytic therapeutic theories, toward an emphasis on the role of logical constraints and traumatism within the therapeutic process. Nathan's evolving position towards psychoanalysis is also explored. Having underscored the importance of Nathan's work, the author discusses potential problems entailed by his illocutionary position within the clinical setting and by his explicit goal to reanchor immigrants within their traditional culture.
Manifestations of Emotional Distress among Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel: Patient and Clinician Perspectives
Authors: Youngmann Rafael , Minuchin-Itzigsohn Sara , Barasch Miriam
Published: March 2007

Manifestations of emotional distress among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel were studied through structured individual interviews with 23 Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian service providers to the Ethiopian immigrant community. The information gathered confirmed that Ethiopian immigrants tend to somatize their emotional problems through symptoms usually centered on the head, heart and stomach. The interviewees had difficulty in differentiating between physical and emotional complaints. They confirmed that emotional distress derives principally from ‘external factors’ such as life changes, pressure resulting from the acculturation process and supernatural powers. Non-Ethiopian interviewees tended to attribute problems to acculturation rather than to individual psychopathology and to put more emphasis on behavioral manifestations than on intrapsychic factors. Among the symptoms of emotional distress which were identified, depression aroused the greatest concern of the clinicians and the patients’ families.
Too Costly to Be Ill: Psychiatric Disorders among Hospitalized Migrant Workers in Shenzhen
Authors: Lu Y. W. , Lee Sing , Liu M. L. , Wing Y. K. , Lee T. S.
Published: March 2007

It has been estimated that there are now about 100 million economic migrants ‘floating’ in China’s cities and towns. Although these rural people are subjected to profound discrimination vis-‡-vis employment, welfare, court-ship and legal rights, their mental health problems are largely unknown. The present study examines retrospectively the psychiatric morbidity and treatment of 112 migrant workers who were hospitalized in the only psychiatric hospital in Shenzhen, China’s first special economic zone, over a 2-year period. The most common reason for hospitalization was socially intolerable behaviour and the most common diagnosis was schizophreniform psychosis. More female than male patients seemed to have social precipitants, which were most commonly labour conflicts and love or marital problems. Most patients improved with treatment but, because of the lack of health insurance coverage, 25% of them were discharged against medical recommendation. Since access to health services for less socially disruptive psychiatric disorders among migrants is greatly limited, empowering social and health policies are essential for enhancing their health status. The findings of the present study challenge the Chinese state as to how far it should pursue rapid economic growth without giving adequate attention to its adverse impact on the nation’s health and health care.
Preceptorship: the progression from student to staff nurse
Authors: Pfeil Michael
Published: March 2007

■ Preceptorship assists the development from learner to accountable staff nurse.

■ Time has to be available for preceptorship to be successful.

■ The learning objectives need to be relevant for the individual preceptee.

■ Preceptors require considerable support for their role.

■ Preceptees had difficulty adjusting to being staff nurses and experienced high levels of stress.

■ Most progress was observed after a three month period, when ability and confidence levels had increased and stress levels decreased.
Effects of Perceived Economic Competition on People’s Willingness to Help Empower Immigrants
Authors: Jackson Lynne M. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: March 2007

Based on models of intergroup competition and social dominance, we examined the impact of perceived economic competition with immigrants on support for empowering and non-empowering forms of assistance for immigrants. In Study 1, a manipulation of perceived economic competition with immigrants caused attenuated support for empowerment but not for non-empowering forms of help. In Study 2, people higher in social dominance orientation were less willing to endorse empowerment for immigrants than were people lower in social dominance orientation, and this relation was mediated by the belief that economic and power gains for immigrants result in economic and power losses for members of host populations. It is suggested that people’s desire to maintain a discrepancy in economic and power resources between immigrants and host populations undermines support for empowering forms of help for immigrants.
Effects of Stereotypes and Outcome Dependency on the Processing of Information about Group Members
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Ryan Carey S. , Stefanov Mike
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the effects of stereotype strength and outcome dependency on information processing. Participants' outcomes were either symmetrically independent, symmetrically interdependent, asymmetrically independent, or asymmetrically dependent with respect to a target (a sorority member). Participants whose outcomes depended on the target recalled more stereotype-inconsistent information about her, whereas participants whose outcomes were independent of the target attended to and recalled more stereotype-consistent information. Participants exhibited the least stereotype use when the target was dependent on them. Effects for recall were moderated by stereotype strength. Stronger stereotypes were also associated with more stereotypic target judgments and greater confidence in those judgments, regardless of the dependency relationship. Results are consistent with and extend previous research on outcome dependency and stereotypes.
Mine/not mine: appropriating personal computers in the academic workplace
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Noble Greg
Published: March 2007

Contemporary theoretical perspectives seek to represent consumption as a processual phenomenon, in which there is a mutually constitutive relationship between humans and material artefacts. Strategies of appropriation – the incorporation of an initially ‘alien’ object into subjectivity via everyday use – have been identified as important to these processes. This article addresses the ways in which consumers appropriate a specific mass-produced commodity – the personal computer – in the context of the university workplace. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 40 people about their use of personal computers at work, the article focuses on two major strategies of appropriation of these objects: decoration, including adding other artefacts to the outside of the computer and manipulating the appearance of the screen for purely aesthetic purposes, and configuration, involving such activities as arranging the layout of the computer interface and software, and constructing personal files. It is argued that, over time, and despite the initial highly alienating features of computers and a broader ambivalence concerning the incorporation of technologies like computers into notions of the self, the particular capacities of personal computers and their role in everyday working life tend to render them into highly personalized artefacts that may be significantly invested with selfhood.
Disputing with Care: Analysing Interviewees' Treatment of Interviewers' Prior Turns in Televised Political Interviews
Authors: DICKERSON PAUL
Published: March 2007

A wide range of previous research has pointed out important interactional features of televised political interviews including the cooperative dimensions to encounters between interviewers and interviewees and the extent to which news interviews differ to everyday conversation. Drawing upon an analysis of 29 televised political interviews broadcast in the UK, this article seeks to build on such work. A preliminary quantitative inspection of the data suggested that a sizeable minority of interviewee responses `hearably' challenged the prior interviewer turn. A conversation analytic approach to the turn-response pairs suggested that whilst a wide range of interviewer turns were potentially vulnerable to such problematizing moves - the challenges made were often boundaried. That is, in making challenges, interviewees typically refrained from developing them in highly personalized terms; they often raised them in passing and, in cases where the interviewee refused to cooperate with interviewers, they typically did so by producing a justification. Further analysis suggested that both interviewers and interviewees did not take the steps to ward off disagreement commonly found in everyday conversation - instead both interviewer and interviewee seemed to orientate to the normality of disagreement. This picture of `boundaried but normalized' challenge was made sense of in terms of different preference structures to those found in everyday talk in which both interviewee and interviewer were understood as skilfully orientating to the normativity of challenges whilst safeguarding the interview structure itself.
Authenticating Talk: Building Public Identities in Audience Participation Broadcasting
Authors: THORNBORROW JOANNA
Published: March 2007

Public participation broadcasting has recently become the focus of attention in media studies, as well as from the social interactional perspectives of discourse and conversation analysis, and it has been argued in particular that the talk show genre has given new and enhanced status to the `authentic' voice of lay members of the public. What remains largely unexplored is how lay participants discursively construct authentic positions for their own knowledgeable participation in such discourse. Expert speakers in public participation broadcasts are typically attributed names, rank, institutional affiliation and status, which legitimizes their position, and in so doing provides their warrant to talk about whatever issue they have been brought in to discuss. Lay participants typically do not have this status attributed to them, but need to establish their own position from which to talk. In this article I examine the public identities that lay speakers build for themselves in these broadcasts, and show how they routinely draw on a range of discursive resources to construct situated, local identities which provide a warrant for what they have to say.
How Structural Factors Cause Turnout Variations at European Parliament Elections
Authors: Franklin Mark N.
Published: March 2007

The June 1999 elections to the European Parliament were the fourth to show lower turnout, suggesting to some a decline in support for the European project. This paper shows, however, that turnout decline has been built into the EC/EU enlargement process. In the first EP elections, voting was compulsory in 40% of participating countries; but no more compulsory voting countries have joined the EC/EU, so the effects of this variable have become increasingly diluted. An even more important factor has been the boost to turnout that new member countries generally enjoy at their first EP election. The loss of this boost in subsequent elections joins with the declining proportion of compulsory voting countries to explain virtually all the decline in turnout at EP elections since 1979. This finding emphasizes the importance of keeping track of the changing composition of the entity being studied when trying to understand electoral change.
Strength in Numbers?
Authors: Rodden Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between territorial representation and fiscal redistribution in the European Union. Given that small states are vastly overrepresented in both the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers, models of legislative vote-buying predict that overrepresented member states will be systematically favored in the distribution of EU fiscal transfers. Empirical analysis of each manifestation of the EC or EU from 1977 to 1999 reveals a strong linear relationship between votes and transfers per capita during each period. This is true for both agricultural and regional development transfers as well as total net transfers. The paper concludes by reflecting on the importance of the connection between representation and redistribution as the European Union prepares to enlarge.
Structural Conditions and the Propensity for Regional Integration
Authors: Efird Brian , Genna Gaspare M.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a theory for regional integration based on structural conditions. By applying power transition theory, we are able to account for and anticipate not only the tendency for pairs of countries to participate in integration, but the likely intensity of such integration as well. We find that integration is most likely when there is an asymmetric distribution of power between countries and when they are jointly satisfied after a power transition has occurred. These results hold even after controlling for level of development and trade flows. We test this theory on all politically relevant dyads between 1950 and 1996 using a novel method to measure the level of regional integration. We illustrate the empirical findings through simulations that track the developments leading to Europe's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
From How to Why
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: March 2007

Ethnographers often start fieldwork by focusing on descriptive tasks that will enable them to answer questions about how social life proceeds, and then they work toward explaining more formally why patterns appear in their data. Making the transition from `how?' to `why?' can be a dilemma, but the ethnographer's folk culture provides especially useful clues. By dwelling on their appreciation of especially luminous data, ethnographers can light the path to causal inference. In this, the second of a two-part article, four of seven forms for characterizing the rhetorical effectiveness of ethnographic data are illustrated and the distinctive resources they offer for causal explanation are analyzed.
Police Policies on the Investigation of Sexual Crimes Committed against Adults who Have a Learning Disability
Authors: Bailey Andrew , Barr Owen
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes a project undertaken to gather preliminary information on the existence of policies for investigating sexual crimes against people with learning disabilities to inform the study of attitudes towards learning disability. The researcher surveyed44 police forces in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is clear from the results of this preliminary study that there is variation in policy across the countries involved concerning the investigation of abuse and other crimes committed against adults who have a learning disability. Whilst it is accepted that some further policies may have come into existence since the data for this project were collected, the rates found in this preliminary study show the majority of forces responding did not have clear policies in this area. As a consequence, there remain the previously expressed concerns about the possibility of the individual attitudes and personal values of police officers and other staff leading to major variations in practice, owing to the gap resulting from the lack of policies about sexual and other crimes against people with learning disabilities.
Touch in the Care of People with Profound and Complex Needs
Authors: Dobson Susan , Upadhyaya Shripati , Conyers Ian , Raghavan Raghu
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the existing research on the use of touch with people with learning disabilities. This literature review was undertaken prior to a project to develop a staff training package to increase knowledge of touch. The first part reviews the role of touch in human development and its possible contribution in behavioural manifestations. The second part discusses touch in terms of its therapeutic role and other aspects of its use in behaviour management. The review indicates that there may be an identifiable need for increasing staff perceptions of their use of touch and helping them develop an awareness of the influence of their practice with this group of service users.
Rational Aggregation
Authors: Chapman Bruce
Published: March 2007

In two recent papers, Christian List and Philip Pettit have argued that there is a problem in the aggregation of reasoned judgements that is akin to the aggregation of the preference problem in social choice theory.1 Indeed, List and Pettit prove a new general impossibility theorem for the aggregation of judgements, and provide a propositional interpretation of the social choice problem that suggests it is a special case of their impossibility result.2 Specifically, they show that no judgement aggregation function for a group is possible if the group seeks to satisfy certain `minimal conditions' designed to ensure that the function is both responsive to the individually rational views of its members and collectively rational in the set of judgements it holds.

In this article, I resist the List and Pettit claim that there is the same propensity for collective irrationality or incoherence in the aggregation of reasoned judgements as there is in the aggregation of preference. I argue that reason, because it has a logical structure that is lacking in mere preference, has the effect of giving priority to some aggregations over others, a priority that is not permitted by one of the conditions imposed by List and Pettit. This avoids the incoherence that would otherwise exist if these different aggregations, not consistent with one another, were to compete at the same level of priority. The priority of some aggregations is particularly apparent, I shall argue, if one views the aggregation of judgements through the lens of common law decision-making.
Corporate Environmentalism Across Cultures
Authors: Branzei Oana , Vertinsky Ilan , Takahashi Takuya , Zhang Weijiong
Published: March 2007

This study explores the influence of national culture upon leaders' interpretations of corporate environmentalism. The first part of the paper reviews the theoretical and empirical premises for a common interpretation of corporate environmentalism across countries. Three dimensions of corporate environmental performance are distilled from the qualitative literature developed in North America: organizational embeddedness, capacity to undertake environmental actions, and responsibility for protecting nature. We develop a survey instrument to measure corporate environmentalism and collect data from two random samples of Chinese (Shanghai-based) and Japanese executives. Exploratory factor analyses suggest that North American, Chinese, and Japanese executives employ three similar dimensions to interpret the corporate environmental performance of their companies. Using these dimensions, the second part of the study compares the overall degree of corporate environmental performance reported on the average by Chinese and Japanese executives. The study also investigates the influence of national culture, environmental values and socioeconomic contexts upon firm-level greening in both countries.
Essay on a Word
Authors: Sterin Gloria J.
Published: March 2007

Being diagnosed with dementia has a major impact on social interactions and self-concept. A personal essay explores these issues and demonstrates how people with this diagnosis are still able to cope with life.
Working with Family Carers of People with Dementia
Authors: Nolan Mike , Ingram Prue , Watson Roger
Published: March 2007

Supporting family carers is likely to remain at the forefront of community care policy in dementia care for the foreseeable future. However, despite extensive research in the area there is little evidence for the effectiveness of current interventions. Many authors attribute this to methodological weaknesses and promote larger and more sophisticated trials. Using data from an Australian study of how carers of people with dementia cope with the challenges they face, this article calls for a re-appraisal of the ways in which a successful intervention is defined and promotes an approach based on partnership in which carers themselves play a significant role in determining ‘what works’.
Towards a More Inclusive Vision of Dementia Care Practice and Research
Authors: Nolan Mike , Ryan Tony , Enderby Pam , Reid David
Published: March 2007

Drawing on recent literature this article explores the development of research with family carers and people with dementia and identifies a number of themes that have emerged over time. It raises fundamental questions about the nature and purpose of research and the balance of power between researchers, family carers and people with dementia. Existing notions of expertise and knowledge are called into question and the article concludes with a call for a more empowering and inclusive model of research and practice based upon a relationship-centred approach to care.
Structural Integrity Monitoring of Bonded Composite Patch Repairs of Aging Airframes Using Wavelet Transforms
Authors: Amaravadi Kasi , Rao Vittal , Derriso Mark
Published: March 2007

In recent years there has been a considerable interest in the design and application of bonded composite repairs to restore cracked or corroded metallic airframes. The long-term durability in terms of disbond of composite patch, fracture at the bond-lines, delaminations in composite patches, and structural crack growth is to be thoroughly investigated before the aerospace industry adopts composite repair technology. Many researchers have investigated the use of structural modal response (natural frequencies and mode shapes) for assessing the integrity of structural systems. Although these methods have been successfully employed in some practical systems, there still exist some problems for applications in bonded repair systems such as the high sensitivity of these systems to model and measurement errors. In this paper wavelet maps and neural networks are used to detect and quantify damage in composite bonded repair systems. Two algorithms are presented, one for the location of damage in both single and multiple locations and the other for quantifying the damage. The developed algorithms have been successfully utilized for detecting and quantifying damage in bonded repair systems using simulation and experimental results. These methods can also be used to detect damage at multiple locations in a bonded repair system. The mode shapes of the test structure are obtained analytically using linear elastic finite element analysis and experimentally with a laser vibrometer. The results obtained are satisfactory.
Human Resource Development and the Emergence of Workforce Development
Authors: Jacobs Ron
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The emerging concept of workforce development raises the question of its relationship with human resource development These two fields should be compared to understand the philosophical implications for the HRD profession
Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: CARLSON BONNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Prevalence of children's exposure to intimate partner violence has been estimated at 10% to 20% each year. Many children exposed to domestic violence appear to manifest negative effects. Limited research suggests the possibility of long-term effects such as lowered self-esteem and depression. Factors that moderate children's responses to domestic violence include the nature of the discord, the child's age and gender, exposure to other forms of maltreatment, and the presence of factors that buffer the child, such as social support. Mediating factors that may help explain why exposure to domestic violence is harmful to children include disrupted parenting, inadequate coping responses, and development of posttraumatic stress reactions. Group and individual intervention with children who witness partner abuse should be focused around enhancing safety. Additional goals include better understanding of domestic violence and perpetrator responsibility for abuse, improved coping and problem solving, and facilitation of expression of feelings.