bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human colorectal adenomas demonstrate a size‐dependent increase in epithelial cyclooxygenase‐2 expression
Authors: Elder Douglas JE , Baker Jenny A , Banu Nahida A , Moorghen Moganaden , Paraskeva Christos
Published: November 2002

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are chemopreventive for colorectal cancer. This effect is due in part to their ability to inhibit the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX‐2). However, the cellular expression and role of COX‐2 in the premalignant stages of colorectal tumourigenesis is unclear. COX‐2 expression was assessed in 35 human colorectal adenomas and 38 sporadic invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas. Adenomas were classified as small (<5 mm in diameter), medium (5–10 mm), and large (>10 mm). All tissues were paraffin‐embedded and formalin‐fixed. COX‐2 protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry. COX‐2 was detected in the epithelial cells in 35 of 38 carcinomas (92%) and in 8 of 8 (100%) lymph node metastases. All of the epithelial cells expressed COX‐2 in 30 of 35 (86%) carcinomas and in 100% of the lymph node metastases. Twenty‐three of 35 (66%) adenomas expressed COX‐2 in the tumour epithelium. With an increase in the size of adenoma (<5 mm, 5–10 mm, >10 mm), there was an increase in (i) the proportion of adenomas with immunoreactive COX‐2 in the epithelium (p = 0.036)—this was 38% in small adenomas and 82% in large adenomas; (ii) the extent of epithelial COX‐2 staining within a given tumour (p = 0.003)—100% of epithelial cells were COX‐2‐positive in 15% of small adenomas and in 73% of large adenomas; and (iii) the intensity of epithelial COX‐2 staining (p = 0.009)—strong COX‐2 staining occurred in 8% of small adenomas and in 36% of large adenomas. COX‐2 immunoreactivity was not detected in adjacent normal epithelium but was apparent in fibroblasts and inflammatory mononuclear cells of adjacent normal, adenoma, and carcinoma tissue. These results suggest that epithelial COX‐2 activity is important for the growth and/or survival of adenomatous epithelial cells from an adenoma diameter of less than 5 mm and that there is a selective advantage for adenoma epithelial cells expressing higher levels of COX‐2. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative paucity of gross genetic alterations in myoepitheliomas and myoepithelial carcinomas of salivary glands
Authors: Hungermann Daniela , Roeser Kerstin , Buerger Horst , Jäkel Thorsten , Löning Thomas , Herbst Hermann
Published: November 2002

The diagnosis of salivary gland myoepithelioma, an entity with heterogeneous cytomorphology and inconsistent immunophenotype, rests on conventional histology. However, the clinical course cannot be predicted reliably from cytomorphological and immunophenotypic analysis. The present study determined the immunophenotype of a representative series of 12 myoepitheliomas and 21 malignant myoepitheliomas. Among the seven markers tested, antibodies against cytokeratins 5/6, S‐100 protein, and vimentin produced the most consistent reactivity profile. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) profiles of 12 myoepitheliomas showed chromosomal losses in three of 12 cases. In myoepithelial carcinomas, however, ten of 19 tissues investigated by CGH lacked detectable cytogenetic aberrations. In five cases, aberrations involved chromosome 8, in line with observations in salivary gland carcinomas of other differentiation. One case that was represented in three separately localized manifestations of the disease proved informative as to the relevance of gross aberration for tumour development, as these tumours differed in their CGH profiles. Staining for cytokeratins 5/6 is a useful addition to the established immunohistological marker panel in the work‐up of myoepitheliomas, because of its reliable expression in most cases and because it may underline the epithelial nature of the lesion. CGH proved to be of limited value as a diagnostic adjunct; the presence of numerous gross cytogenetic aberrations should raise the suspicion of malignancy. The low frequency of aberrations detectable by CGH in overtly malignant myoepithelial neoplasms suggests that gross cytogenetic alterations were acquired in the course of tumour progression and points to the relevance of genetic changes not resolved by CGH. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase in lymphoid follicles and leukocyte adhesion molecules emphasizes a role for the gut in spondyloarthropathy pathogenesis
Authors: Demetter P , Van Huysse JA , De Keyser F , Van Damme N , Verbruggen G , Mielants H , De Vos M , Veys EM , Cuvelier CA
Published: November 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and the number of lymphoid follicles in gut mucosa of patients with spondyloarthropathy (SpA) in comparison with controls, in search for early immune alterations in the development of SpA‐related gut inflammation. Histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry were performed on the ileum and colon of 14 SpA patients without macroscopic or microscopic gut inflammation and those of 21 controls. Lymphoid follicles were counted and immunohistochemical staining for leukocyte adhesion molecules, lymphocyte subtypes, macrophages, and plasma cells was scored semi‐quantitatively. The number of lymphoid follicles was increased in both the ileum (p < 0.01) and the colon (p < 0.01) of SpA patients. SpA ileum showed an increase in leukocytes expressing CD11c (p < 0.01), whereas CD11a+ (p < 0.02) and VCAM‐1+ cells (p < 0.05) were increased in SpA colon. Macrophages, characterized by the expression of CD68, were more numerous in colonic mucosa from SpA patients (p < 0.05). The amount of lymphoid follicles and lamina propria mononuclear cells expressing CD11a, CD11c, and VCAM‐1 was increased in non‐inflamed gut mucosa from SpA patients. These findings might point to increased antigen handling and presentation and augmented maturation of naïve T cells towards memory T cells in the SpA gut, which supports the concept that the gut is involved in the pathogenesis of SpA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High numbers of granzyme B/CD8‐positive tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies predict rapid fatal outcome in patients treated with curative intent
Authors: Oudejans Joost J , Harijadi Hari , Kummer J Alain , Tan I Bing , Bloemena Elizabeth , Middeldorp Jaap M , Bladergroen Belinda , Dukers Danny F , Vos Wim , Meijer Chris JLM
Published: November 2002

This study determined whether tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) include activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and whether the numbers of activated CTLs in these biopsies are related to clinical outcome. Moreover, the study investigated whether the numbers of activated CTLs are associated with the expression of MHC class I proteins and the granzyme B antagonist PI‐9 in the tumour cells. Forty‐three Indonesian NPC patients (T1–3, N1–3, M0), who were treated with curative intent by radiotherapy only, were studied. Tumour‐infiltrating activated CTLs were detected using antibodies against granzyme B, CD8, and CD56. Expression of MHC class I proteins and PI‐9 was also determined by immunohistochemistry. Granzyme B‐positive TILs were detected in all NPC biopsies. The presence of a high percentage (>25%) of granzyme B‐positive TILs appeared to be a very strong predictor of a rapid fatal clinical outcome, independent of stage. Complete absence of MHC class I heavy chain expression in tumour cells was observed in 11 of 31 evaluable cases and low levels were observed in seven additional cases. No association between MHC class I expression and the numbers of granzyme B‐positive TILs was observed. Expression of the granzyme B antagonist PI‐9 in tumour cells was detected in three cases. It is concluded that the presence of many granzyme B‐positive TILs in a selected group of Indonesian NPC patients is a strong and stage‐independent marker for a rapid fatal clinical outcome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypermethylation‐associated transcriptional silencing of E‐cadherin in primary sporadic colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Garinis George A , Menounos Panayiotis G , Spanakis Nick E , Papadopoulos Kostas , Karavitis George , Parassi Ismailou , Christeli Evangelia , Patrinos George P , Manolis Evangelos N , Peros George
Published: November 2002

Loss of E (epithelial)‐cadherin expression has been previously documented in sporadic colorectal carcinomas (SCRCs), but not as a consequence of mutations or allelic loss. In this study, the methylation status of the E‐cadherin promoter was examined by utilizing the methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) assay in 63 primary SCRCs and paired adjacent normal tissues. This was correlated with E‐cadherin expression at both the RNA and the protein levels using multiplex reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Data were associated with the patients' clinicopathological features. Methylated alleles were present in 34/61 (56%) of the samples examined. Decreased E‐cadherin mRNA expression was demonstrated in 29/61 carcinomas (47.5%) and was significantly associated with lymph node (LN) metastases (p = 0.03, Kruskal–Wallis) and tumour stages Astler‐Coller B1 and B2 (p = 0.01, chi2). E‐cadherin IHC expression was significantly associated with the absence of LN metastases (p = 0.01, chi2) and tumour stages Astler‐Coller B1 and B2 (p = 0.002, Kruskal–Wallis) in 28/63 (44.4%) of the samples examined. Twenty‐three out of 29 (79.3%) samples with decreased mRNA expression and 20/33 (60.6%) with detected protein expression revealed methylated (p = 0.03, Kruskal–Wallis) and unmethylated (p = 0.01, Kruskal–Wallis) alleles, respectively. In agreement with previous work demonstrating that somatic mutations and loss of heterozygosity of the E‐cadherin gene are rare or absent in the majority of SCRCs studied so far, this study reports a consistent and uniform decrease or absence of E‐cadherin expression, associated with aberrant methylation, in the majority of carcinomas examined, suggesting an epigenetically mediated loss of E‐cadherin function in these carcinomas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of heregulin‐α as a motility factor and amphiregulin as a growth factor in wound healing
Authors: Schelfhout Vera RJ , Coene Elisabeth D , Delaey Bernard , Waeytens Anouk AT , De Rycke Leen , Deleu Mattias , De Potter Christian R
Published: November 2002

Wound healing is a complex process of which growth and motility are essential features. The aim of this study was to search for keratinocyte‐derived secreted factors that may play a role in these mechanisms, and their corresponding receptors. Growth and motility factors were purified from conditioned medium from cultured primary keratinocytes. Receptor and growth factor expression profiles were investigated by immunohistochemical, western blotting, and in situ hybridization analysis on cultured keratinocytes and tissue sections derived from chronic wounds. The most potent autocrine growth factor for keratinocytes, which it was possible to purify and sequence from keratinocyte‐conditioned medium, is amphiregulin. Its receptor HER‐1 is up‐regulated on the membranes of keratinocytes lining the edge of the wound. From the same keratinocyte‐conditioned medium, heregulin‐α was purified as a potent motility factor for keratinocytes. Its receptor is HER‐3, which is up‐regulated on the membranes of keratinocytes lining the edge of the wound and on keratinocytes that had migrated towards the centre of the wound. HER‐4 — another receptor for heregulin‐α — is weakly present in occasional cells near the edge of the wound. The co‐receptor for HER‐3 and HER‐4 is HER‐2/neu, which is also present in epidermal cells but not overexpressed. This study shows that heregulin‐α is a potent motility factor for normal epithelial cells and that it plays a central role in the process of wound healing of stratified epithelia. Heregulin‐α has already been shown to be the motility factor leading to migration of HER‐2/neu‐overexpressing breast cancer cells. The role of amphiregulin as a growth factor and of heregulin‐α as a motility factor for keratinocytes in epidermal and mucosal wound healing parallels their motility and growth induction in carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usual ductal hyperplasia of the breast is a committed stem (progenitor) cell lesion distinct from atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Boecker Werner , Moll Roland , Dervan Peter , Buerger Horst , Poremba Christopher , Diallo Raihanatou Ina , Herbst Hermann , Schmidt Ansgar , Lerch Markus M , Buchwalow Igor B
Published: November 2002

Current classification systems in proliferative mammary gland pathology are based on a two‐cell system, recognizing only glandular and myoepithelial lines of differentiation. A third cell type has recently been characterized in normal breast tissue by double‐immunofluorescence analysis to express cytokeratin 5 (Ck5) only. These cells were shown to represent progenitor or adult stem cells that give rise to the glandular and myoepithelial cell lineage. The double‐labelling technique has been applied to characterize a spectrum of intraductal epithelial proliferations, namely benign usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ, all of which are thought to represent the gradual steps of a sequence in the development of breast cancer. Immunofluorescence studies with specific antibodies against Ck5, Ck8/18/19, and smooth muscle actin were complemented by western blotting analysis of Ck5 and Ck8/18/19 expression in normal breast tissue and in proliferative lesions. Usual ductal hyperplasia appears to be a Ck5‐positive committed stem (progenitor) cell lesion with the same differentiation potential as seen in the normal breast. This is in sharp contrast to atypical ductal hyperplasia/ductal carcinoma in situ, which display the differentiated glandular immunophenotype (Ck8/18/19‐positive, but Ck5‐negative). These data require the abandonment of the idea of an obligate biological continuum of intraductal proliferations from benign to malignant. This study provides evidence that cells undergoing malignant transformation tend to be fairly advanced in the glandular lineage of differentiation. The committed stem (progenitor) cell model may contribute to a better understanding of both benign proliferative breast disease and breast cancer development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutated p53 as a molecular marker for the diagnosis of head and neck cancer
Authors: van Houten Viola MM , Tabor Maarten P , van den Brekel Michiel WM , Alain Kummer J , Denkers Fedor , Dijkstra Janny , Leemans René , van der Waal Isaäc , Snow Gordon B , Brakenhoff Ruud H
Published: November 2002

In total, 10–30% of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) develop local recurrences despite seemingly adequate tumour resection. This may result from minimal residual cancer (MRC): small numbers of tumour cells left behind in the surgical margins, undetectable by routine histopathology. In recent studies, p53 mutations have been considered as selective and sensitive DNA markers of cancer cells. There are two potential problems in using mutated‐p53 DNA as a marker. Firstly, p53 mutations occur early in progression and might therefore detect unresected precursor lesions besides tumour cells. Secondly, DNA is a very stable biomolecule that might lead to false‐positive results. These two potential problems have been evaluated in this study. Fifty patients with a radical tumour resection were included, of whom 30 showed a p53 mutation in the primary tumour. Histopathologically tumour‐free surgical margins were quantitatively analysed for mutated p53 by molecular diagnosis (plaque assay) and subsequent (immuno)histopathology. p53 mutated DNA was detected in the surgical margins of 19/30 patients. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of small tumour foci in 2/19 mutated p53‐positive cases. In 7/19 cases, the tumour‐specific p53 mutation was found in unresected dysplastic mucosal precursor lesions. Moreover, in a number of cases small p53‐immunostained patches were detected, but the mutations found were never tumour‐related. By screening contralateral exfoliated cells and plaque assays on RNA it was shown that detection of mutated‐p53 DNA is prone to false‐positive results. In conclusion, using p53 mutations as a marker, both MRC and unresected mutated p53‐positive mucosal precursor lesions are detected within surgical margins. Molecular assessment of surgical margins using p53 mutations enables the selection of HNSCC patients at high risk for tumour recurrence, but tumour RNA seems at present to be a more specific biomolecule for analysis than tumour DNA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ localization of Propionibacterium acnes DNA in lymph nodes from sarcoidosis patients by signal amplification with catalysed reporter deposition
Authors: Yamada Tetsuo , Eishi Yoshinobu , Ikeda Satoshi , Ishige Ikuo , Suzuki Takashige , Takemura Tamiko , Takizawa Touichiro , Koike Morio
Published: November 2002

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology. Many genomes of Propionibacterium acnes and P. granulosum have been detected in lymph nodes from patients with sarcoidosis. In situ localization of propionibacterial genomes in sarcoid lymph nodes may help to establish an aetiological link between sarcoidosis and these indigenous bacteria. Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded biopsy samples of lymph nodes from nine patients with sarcoidosis, nine patients with tuberculosis, and nine patients with non‐specific lymphadenitis as controls were examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (QPCR) for P. acnes and by in situ hybridization (ISH) that used catalysed reporter deposition (CARD) for signal amplification with digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotide probes that complemented 16S rRNA of P. acnes. The signals per 250 µm2 of tissue sections were counted from inside and outside the granulomas of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis and from control lymph nodes. The number of genomes by QPCR was examined for correlation with the mean signal count by ISH with CARD. In sarcoid samples, one or several signals were detected in the cytoplasm of some epithelioid cells in granulomas and of many mononuclear cells around granulomas. The mean signal counts were higher (p < 0.001) in granulomatous areas than in other areas of sarcoid lymph nodes. Even in their non‐granulomatous areas, counts were higher than in granulomatous areas (p = 0.0023) and non‐granulomatous areas (p < 0.001) of tuberculous lymph nodes and control lymph nodes (p = 0.0071). Correlation between the results by QPCR and ISH with CARD was significant (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). The accumulation of P. acnes genomes in and around sarcoid granulomas suggests that this indigenous bacterium may be related to the cause of granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MYCN gene overrepresentation detected in primary neuroblastoma tumour cells without amplification
Authors: Valent Alexander , Le Roux Gwenaëlle , Barrois Michel , Terrier‐Lacombe Marie‐José , Valteau‐Couanet Dominique , Léon Bernadette , Spengler Barbara , Lenoir Gilbert , Bénard Jean , Bernheim Alain
Published: November 2002

Neuroblastoma is the most frequent solid extracranial neoplasm of childhood, with a median age of presentation of under 2 years. This tumour is highly malignant in patients older than 12 months of age with metastatic disease. Clinical studies have confirmed that amplification of the MYCN proto‐oncogene is one of the best prognostic indicators of poor outcome. Approximately 30% of neuroblastoma tumours present MYCN amplification at diagnosis. Far less is known about the incidence and consequences of overrepresentation of the gene due to duplication or rearrangement of the chromosome arm in which the gene is situated. This study has analysed 110 neuroblastomas by FISH and has detected a gain of 1–3 copies per cell of MYCN in 8% of MYCN‐non‐amplified tumours. In these primary tumours, cells gained small numbers of additional MYCN genes by two mechanisms: formation of an isochromosome 2p, or an unbalanced translocation involving the short arm of chromosome 2 (with MYCN) and various partner chromosomes. Quantitative RT‐PCR showed three‐ to seven‐fold elevated MYCN expression in three tumours. Although the follow‐up time to date is still short, clinical outcome suggests that low‐level overexpression of the MYCN gene does not enhance tumour aggressiveness and rapidity of disease progression, as is often seen in neuroblastoma with MYCN amplification. It is hypothesized that the small elevation in MYCN expression could alter the regulation of apoptosis, as has been shown in experimental models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of crop and non‐crop plants as sensitive indicator species for regulatory testing
Authors: McKelvey Robert A , Wright John P , Honegger Joy L
Published: November 2002

The effectiveness of regulatory non‐target plant testing using crop species to predict the phytotoxicicity of herbicides to non‐crop species was evaluated for eleven herbicides. These herbicides were representative of eight chemical classes and six modes of action. Data for non‐crop plants from pre‐emergence and post‐emergence efficacy screening studies were compared with those for the most sensitive crop species defined by regulatory tests conducted to meet US EPA requirements. Testing under pre‐emergence conditions for ten compounds indicated that for five of the compounds (K‐815910, trifluralin, pyridyloxy A, pyridyloxy B and cyanazine), the most sensitive crop species was more sensitive than all the non‐crop species evaluated. For metsulfuron‐methyl, chlorimuron‐ethyl, hexazinone and bromacil, only one of the non‐crop species evaluated was more sensitive than the most sensitive crop species from regulatory tests. Data for the tenth compound, chloroacetamide, showed that four of 32 non‐crop species tested in efficacy screens had at least one rate at which greater visual effects were observed than were observed for the most sensitive crop response in a regulatory test. The results of post‐emergence exposure comparisons for five of the compounds (pyridyloxy A, cloransulam‐methyl, chlorimuron‐ethyl, cyanazine and hexazinone) indicated that the most sensitive crop species were more sensitive than all the non‐crop species evaluated. Data for pyridyloxy B, metsulfuron‐methyl and bromacil indicated that only one of the non‐crop species evaluated was more sensitive than the most sensitive crop species. For trifluralin, three of the eight non‐crop species were more sensitive than the most sensitive crop species. Data for K‐815910 indicated that four of the fourteen non‐crop species tested were marginally more sensitive than the most sensitive crop, but were within the same range of sensitivity. These results indicate that the current regulatory test batteries and methods using crop species effectively provide suitable sensitive indicator plants for the eleven diverse herbicides evaluated. This comparison indicates that crop species sensitivity to test substances is likely to be representative of non‐crop herbaceous species response, regardless of chemical class, mode of action and magnitude or route of exposure.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Transformation of carrots with mutant acetolactate synthase for Orobanche (broomrape) control
Authors: Aviv Dvora , Amsellem Ziva , Gressel Jonathan
Published: November 2002

Parasitic Orobanche spp are major constraints to vegetable crop production in the Mediterranean basin (to eastern Europe) and in localized places in India, China and the USA. Transgenic target‐site herbicide resistance (eg, to acetolactate synthase inhibitors) allows for movement of un‐metabolized herbicide through the crop to the photosynthate sink in the parasite, as well as through the soil. We report the successful engineering of a mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene into carrot, allowing control of broomrape already in heterozygotes of the first back‐crossed generation, by imazapyr, an imidazolinone ALS inhibitor. It is expected that homozygotes will have higher levels of resistance.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistence and leaching of β‐cyfluthrin in alluvial soil of India
Authors: Gupta Suman , Gajbhiye Vijay T
Published: November 2002

Persistence as affected by rate of application and moisture regimes and leaching of β‐cyfluthrin was studied in alluvial soil under laboratory conditions. The effects of rate of application and moisture regimes on persistence were studied by incubating fortified soil at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg kg−1 under air‐dry, field capacity and submerged moisture regimes. The initial deposits of 0.09, 1.11 and 10.1 mg kg−1 dissipated with time and 78.4–100% loss was recorded at 90 days. The half‐life values varied from 7.8 to 41.8 days. The rate of dissipation decreased as the rate of application increased under field capacity and submerged conditions. However, under air‐dry conditions, the effect was less pronounced, and half‐life values showed a reverse trend. Persistence of β‐cyfluthrin under different moisture regimes followed the trend: air‐dry > field capacity > submerged. The trend could be attributed to the effect of moisture on number and type of microbes. Leaching was studied in a packed soil column under saturated flow conditions. β‐Cyfluthrin was found to be highly immobile in alluvial soil. No residues were detected in any leachate fraction under the experimental conditions. In column soil, residues were detected at 0–10 cm depth and the major amount (>99%) was recovered from 0–5 cm depth. Although β‐cyfluthrin showed moderate persistence in alluvial soil, the possibility of its leaching to ground water is negligible as a result of its immobility.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Fate in the soil of an oil additive of plant origin
Authors: Cecutti C , Agius D , Caussade B , Gaset A
Published: November 2002

The methyl ester of oleic acid, a plant oil derivative, can be used as an additive oil for pesticides. We compared the biodegradability in soil of this oil with that of a mineral oil by means of laboratory experiments using lysimeters of 70 cm height × 20 cm diameter. The migration in soil of the oils and of the metabolites of the plant ester over 120 days was examined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. The plant oil and its metabolites were completely degraded within 60 days, whereas degradation of the mineral oil required 90 days. The molecules did not migrate far into the soil and therefore presented no risk of contaminating groundwater.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of phenyl‐substituted benzoylpyrazoles
Authors: Siddall Thomas L , Ouse David G , Benko Zoltan L , Garvin Gail M , Jackson Johnny L , McQuiston Jeffrey M , Ricks Michael J , Thibault Thomas D , Turner James A , VanHeertum John C , Weimer Monte R
Published: November 2002

A novel series of substituted 3‐phenyl benzoylpyrazoles were prepared and tested as potential grass herbicides. The targeted materials were prepared by three newly developed synthetic routes, which allowed a comprehensive study of the SAR (structure–activity relationships) of this series. The best combination of grass weed activity (Avena fatua L, Setaria viridis (L) Beauv and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) and wheat selectivity was obtained with an alkoxy group in the 4‐position of the phenyl ring. Activity was further enhanced by the presence of tert‐butyl on the pyrazole and a methyl group at the C‐2 position of the benzoyl moiety. The alkoxy‐substituted 3‐phenylbenzoylpyrazoles are a novel class of herbicides with potential utility for control of important grass weeds in cereals.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Pirimiphos‐methyl and benalaxyl losses in surface runoff from plots cultivated with potatoes
Authors: Patakioutas Georgios I , Karras Georgios , Hela Dimitra , Albanis Triantafyllos A
Published: November 2002

Losses of pirimiphos‐methyl and benalaxyl in runoff water from clay soil plots cultivated with potatoes and of differing soil surface slopes were determined over approximately 120 days (1 October 1999–28 January 2000). The plot slopes were 0, 1, 2.5 and 5%, and soil erosion increased with the slope from 610 to 1760 kg ha−1. The runoff of surface water was between 3.1 and 16.6% of the rainfall. Surface runoff was highest for the fifth and seventh runoff events due to rainfall, 51 days and 72 days after the first pesticide application. The maximum concentrations of the two pesticides in runoff occurred in the plots with the greatest slope (5%) during the fifth runoff event, November 21, 1999 reaching 8.4 and 12.3 µg litre−1 for pirimiphos‐methyl and 17.8 and 20.2 µg litre−1 for benalaxyl in tilled and untilled plots respectively. The cumulative losses of pirimiphos‐methyl in surface runoff from tilled and untilled plots with a slope 5% were estimated at only 0.37 and 0.59% of the initial applied active ingredient, respectively, while for plots with a slope 0% the percentages were 0.013 and 0.018%. For benalaxyl the corresponding values from tilled and untilled plots were 1.69 and 1.76% (slope 5%), and 0.062 and 0.085 (slope 0%). Degradation of the pesticides in the topsoil was monitored from October 1999 and May 2000. Cultivation of potatoes decreased the half‐life of the two pesticides compared to the untilled fields, for pirimiphos‐methyl from 16.7 to 9.2 days and for benalaxyl from 26.7 to 12.6 days. The slope of soil surface and the different sorption capacities for the compounds are the main parameters which influenced the transportation of studied pesticides, pirimiphos‐methyl and benalaxyl residues via surface water in soil–water systems.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of anthelmintically active N‐methylated amidoxime analogues of the cyclic octadepsipeptide PF1022A
Authors: Jeschke Peter , Harder Achim , Samson‐Himmelstjerna Georg von , Etzel Winfried , Gau Wolfgang , Thielking Gerhard , Bonse Gerhard
Published: November 2002

The N‐methylated amidoxime analogues of the cyclic octadepsipeptide PF1022A represent novel derivatives with activity against Trichinella spiralis Owen and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Lane in vitro and against parasitic nematodes in mice and sheep. Some of them show better activity against Hymenolepis nana Siebold, Heterakis spumosa Schneider and Heligmosomoides polygyrus Dujardin in mice than the natural product PF1022A. In particular an improved efficacy against Haemonchus contortus Rudolphi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis Giles in sheep compared to the potent cyclic octadepsipeptide PF1022A and its mono‐thionated derivative has been observed. Here we report on a specific modification at the N‐methyl amide linkage by using the mono‐thionated PF1022A, resulting in novel anthelmintically active backbone analogues of PF 1022A.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A refined method for the detection of baculovirus occlusion bodies in forest terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Authors: Ebling Peter M , Holmes Stephen B
Published: November 2002

A sensitive and efficient method was developed for the detection of genetically modified and wild‐type baculovirus occlusion bodies (OB) in forest terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The protocol facilitates the analysis of a large number of samples collected and frozen to maintain viral integrity. Lyophilization was used to standardize the size of both field‐collected soil samples and test substrates inoculated with OBs for the determination of minimum detection threshold. To simulate natural conditions, terrestrial test substrates were inoculated at a standardized moisture content determined using a soil pressure plate apparatus. OBs, extracted from lyophilized test substrates by washing, sieving and centrifugation, were subjected to alkaline lysis and viral DNA isolated using a purchased DNA purification kit. PCR amplified DNA was visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis. Minimum detection thresholds in terrestrial substrates were 103, 102, 102 and 101 OBs from 0.5 g of lyophilized L, F‐H and mineral soil horizons, and 1.0 ml of leachate, respectively. Detection thresholds in aquatic substrates were 100 and 103 OBs from 1.0 ml of pond water and 1.0 g of bottom sediment, respectively.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Weed control in rose‐scented geranium (Pelargonium spp)
Authors: Kothari Sushil K , Singh Chandra P , Singh Kamla
Published: November 2002

Field investigations were carried out during 1999 and 2000 to identify effective chemical/cultural methods of weed control in rose‐scented geranium (Pelargonium spp). The treatments comprised pre‐emergence applications of oxyfluorfen (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 kg AI ha−1) and pendimethalin (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 kg AI ha−1), successive hand weeding, hoeing and mulching using spent of lemon grass (at 5 tonnes ha−1) 45 days after planting (DAP), three hand‐weedings 30, 60 and 90 DAP, weed‐free (frequent manual weeding) and weedy control. Broad‐leaf weeds were more predominant than grass and sedge weeds, accounting for 85.8% weed density and 93.0% weed dry weight in 1999 and 77.2% weed density and 93.9% weed dry weight in 2000. Unrestricted weed growth significantly reduced geranium oil yield, by 61.6% and 70.6% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Pre‐emergence application of pendimethalin (0.75–1.00 kg AI ha−1) or oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg AI ha−1), successive hand‐weeding, hoeing and mulching and three hand‐weedings were highly effective in reducing weed density and dry weight and gave oil yield comparable to the weed‐free check. Application of oxyfluorfen (0.15 or 0.20 kg AI ha−1) and pendimethalin (0.50 kg AI ha−1) were less effective in controlling the weed species in geranium. None of the herbicides impaired the quality of rose‐scented geranium oil measured in terms of citronellol and geraniol content.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives as novel adjuvants for herbicides
Authors: Müller Thomas , Brancq Bernard , Milius Alain , Okori Nathalie , Vaille Claude , Gauvrit Christian
Published: November 2002

Ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil were synthesized and tested as adjuvants for 2,4‐D and phenmedipham. Provided they had less than 6 units of ethylene oxide (EO), 1.0 to 10 g litre−1 ethoxylates in water induced droplet spreading on barley leaves. In an acetone‐based medium all derivatives strongly promoted the foliar uptake of 2,4‐D, with no clear influence of the ethoxylation degree. In the same medium there was a negative influence of ethoxylate chain length on the foliar uptake of phenmedipham. In a water‐based medium, phenmedipham applied with rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil displayed uptake rates close to a commercial preparation. The same was true for phenmedipham applied with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. In bioassays, phenmedipham prepared with methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil was as efficacious on barley as a commercial formulation. The same was true for phenmedipham prepared with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. However, neither rapeseed oil nor methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil conferred good efficacy to phenmedipham. Hence, ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives are promising adjuvants or formulants for herbicides.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and insecticidal evaluation of novel N‐(S‐amino)sulfenylated derivatives of diacylhydrazines
Authors: Wang Qingmin , Cheng Junran , Huang Runqin
Published: November 2002

A series of new N‐(S‐amino)sulfenylated derivatives of diacylhydrazines were synthesized by the reaction of S‐aminosulfenyl chlorides with N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐benzoyl‐N‐substituted benzoylhydrazines in the presence of sodium hydride, and evaluated for moulting hormone mimicking activity. In the course of syntheses, NN bond cleavage in diacylhydrazines was found and the reaction was studied in some detail. The results of bioassay showed that the title compounds exhibit excellent larvicidal activity. Toxicity assays indicated that these compounds can induce a premature, abnormal and lethal larval mount.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticidal activity of N‐arylalkylbenzhydrolpiperidines
Authors: Wierenga Joel M , Warkentin Dennis L , Staetz Charles A , Pitts Daniel L , Dybas Jane A
Published: November 2002

Benzhydrolpiperidine (BZP) insecticides represent a novel class of chemistry. Their specificity and efficacy as well as their low mammalian toxicity give them excellent potential for commercialization. Several N‐arylalkylbenzhydrolpiperidines were tested for activity against a variety of insects in the laboratory and greenhouse. These tests were used to select compounds for field trials and determine rates of application for field tests. The BZP compounds have good activity against Lepidoptera, with modest Coleoptera activity. They are toxic by oral administration and have about 100‐fold lower activity by topical exposure. A methyl carbamate BZP, F4265, was the most active compound, with LC50 values of 6 mg litre−1 or less for most Lepidopteran species tested. F4265 was active in a variety of field trials at 112–224 g AI ha−1. Whole‐plant testing methods conducted in the greenhouse were effective in determining field test rates.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation and characterization of efficient isoxaben‐transforming Microbacterium sp strains from four European soils
Authors: Arrault Sandra , Desaint Stephane , Catroux Colette , Sémon Etienne , Mougin Christian , Fournier Jean Claude
Published: November 2002

Nutrient‐agar plates containing isoxaben (500 mg litre−1) were used to isolate isoxaben‐metabolising bacteria from four European soils incubated with the herbicide under laboratory conditions. In flask experiments, inoculation of a basal salts medium containing nitrogen and [phenyl‐U‐14C]isoxaben with an isolate (B2b) resulted in 33% recovery of the initial radioactivity as [14C]carbon dioxide after 2 weeks. A major metabolite identified by GC–MS and NMR analysis as 3‐(1‐ethyl‐1‐methylpropyl)isoxazol‐5‐ylamine accumulated both in basal salts and nutrient broth media. 2,6‐Dimethoxybenzoic acid, a suspected metabolite of isoxaben, was not detected in either liquid media. However, the capability of the B2b isolate to use 2,6‐dimethoxybenzoic acid as a source of carbon was demonstrated. Soil inoculation with the B2b strain resulted in an increase in the recovery of [14C]carbon dioxide from both [phenyl‐U‐14C] and [isoxazole‐5‐14C]isoxaben. The metabolite identified as 3‐(1‐ethyl‐1‐methylpropyl)isoxazole‐5‐ylamine only accumulated if the soil was autoclaved before inoculation. This metabolite was rapidly mineralized by the microflora of a natural soil without history of isoxaben treatment. Homology patterns of sequenced 16S rDNA between isoxaben‐transforming isolates and reference strains showed that the four isolates identified belonged to the genus Microbacterium.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term effectiveness of grain protectants and structural treatments against Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), a pest of stored products
Authors: Nayak Manoj K , Collins Patrick J , Pavic Hervoika
Published: November 2002

Numerous strains of the psocid pest, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) were collected from farms and central storages and interbred to form three representative strains from three major grain‐growing states of Australia: Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. These were tested against the grain protectants and structural treatments currently registered for use in Australia. Recently, L decolor has become an important pest of stored grain in Australia, particularly in the eastern and southern parts. There is no published information available on management of this pest and the current pest‐management strategy, based predominantly on phosphine fumigation, has failed to control infestations of this pest in numerous grain storages in Australia. Alternative methods of control such as use of contact insecticides were explored in the present work to supplement phosphine fumigation to manage this new pest. From eight grain protectants tested as admixtures, only chlorpyrifos‐methyl, bioresmethrin plus piperonyl butoxide, and fenitrothion were found to provide long term (3–9 months) protection against all three strains of L decolor. Chlorpyrifos‐methyl gave the best protection, providing a minimum of 7.5 to a maximum of 9 months protection, depending on the strains tested. Three structural treatments, azamethiphos, azamethiphos plus carbaryl and permethrin provided long‐term control (8–9 months) of all three strains of L decolor on galvanised steel surfaces, with permethrin delivering 9 months protection against all strains. However, all of these treatments failed to provide long‐term control of any strains on concrete surfaces. We conclude that chlorpyrifos‐methyl as a grain admixture can be incorporated into fumigation strategies to optimise the control of L decolor infestations. Structural treatments, such as permethrin can be used to support a fumigation strategy in storages made of galvanised steel.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Cheap control tracking performance for non‐right‐invertible systems
Authors: Woodyatt A. R. , Seron M. M. , Freudenberg J. S. , Middleton R. H.
Published: November 2002

There exists a well‐known fundamental limitation upon the achievable setpoint tracking performance of a non‐right‐invertible plant. This limitation manifests itself, for example, in the cost associated with the cheap control tracking problem. In this paper, we provide a new interpretation of this limitation. We show that the cheap control cost may be decomposed into the sum of two terms. The first of these depends upon certain non‐minimum phase zeroes that include the non‐minimum phase plant zeroes. The second term depends upon the extent to which the plant direction varies with frequency. To state these results, we first develop a co‐ordinate transformation that may be used to define the notion of frequency dependent plant direction and to display the relevant non‐minimum phase zeroes. We also show that the cheap control cost is connected to an integral relation that constrains the performance of any stable closed‐loop system (not necessarily under cheap control) for which the plant has a single control input and two performance outputs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guaranteed cost inequalities for robust stability and performance analysis
Authors: Bernstein Dennis S. , Osburn Scot L.
Published: November 2002

In this paper, we formulate robust stability and performance bounds in terms of guaranteed cost inequalities. We derive new guaranteed cost bounds for plants with real structured uncertainty, and we reformulate them as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In particular, we obtain a shifted linear bound and a shifted inverse bound, and give LMI forms for a shifted bounded real bound, a shifted Popov bound, a shifted linear bound and a shifted inverse bound. Several examples are used to compare the shifted bounds with their unshifted counterparts and to make comparisons among these new bounds and vertex LMI bounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive/robust time‐varying stabilization of second‐order non‐holonomic chained form with input uncertainties
Authors: Ma B. L. , Tso S. K. , Xu W. L.
Published: November 2002

Adaptive and robust time‐varying control schemes are constructed to stabilize second‐order non‐holonomic chained form in the presence of input uncertainties. The proposed control schemes guarantee that all the state variables converge to zero asymptotically in spite of input uncertainties, and are applied to the stabilization of a planar rigid body driven by active force and torque with unknown inertia and geometric parameters. The basic idea of the proposed stabilization schemes is to first convert the non‐holonomic system into a linear time‐varying form by time‐varying co‐ordinate transformation, and then design control laws to stabilize the converted linear time‐varying system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust stabilization of a class of uncertain system via block decomposition and VSC
Authors: Loukianov Alexander G. , Castillo‐Toledo B. , Dodds Stephen
Published: November 2002

In this paper, a block decomposition procedure for sliding mode control of a class of nonlinear systems with matched and unmatched uncertainties, is proposed. Based on the nonlinear block control principle, a sliding manifold design problem is divided into a number of sub‐problems of lower dimension which can be solved independently. As a result, the nominal parts of the sliding mode dynamics is linearized. A discontinuous feedback is then used to compensate the matched uncertainty. Finally, a step‐by‐step Lyapunov technique and a high gain approach is applied to obtain hierarchical fast motions on the sliding manifolds and to achieve the robustness property of the closed‐loop system motion with respect to unmatched uncertainty. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of censored and incomplete survival data using flowgraph models
Authors: Yau C. Lillian , Huzurbazar Aparna V.
Published: November 2002

Multi‐state stochastic models are widely used to model stages of disease progression in survival analysis. This paper develops flowgraph models for data analysis in survival analysis. We illustrate these methods using data from a study of diabetic retinopathy consisting of 277 subjects with insulin‐dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). These data were collected at the Eye‐Kidney Clinic of the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The origin of DNA replication and Fieller's problem
Authors: Truong Young K. , Scott Rona S. , Vos Jean‐Michel H.
Published: November 2002

The paper considers the statistical problem of estimating the origin of DNA replication within the human ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus and the issue of assessing the standard error of the estimate. Based on mapping the cumulative replication index (CRI), two different modelling schemes are suggested and investigated. The statistical problem of constructing a confidence interval for the origin of DNA replication is related to Fieller's problem of obtaining a confidence interval for the ratio of two normal means. Standard normal theory, the delta and bootstrap methods are used to estimate the standard error of the estimate of the origin of DNA replication, as well as the variation of the replication rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical estimation of parameters in a disease transmission model: analysis of a Cryptosporidium outbreak
Authors: Brookhart M. Alan , Hubbard Alan E. , van der Laan Mark J. , Colford John M. , Eisenberg Joseph N. S.
Published: November 2002

Population dynamic models, commonly used tools in the study of epidemics and other complex population processes, are implicit non‐linear mathematical equations. Inference based on such models can be difficult due to the problems associated with high dimensional parameters that may be non‐identified and complex likelihood functions that are difficult to maximize. To address a problem of non‐identifiability due to collinearity of parameter estimates in a mathematical model of the 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium parvum outbreak, we examined the utility of a constrained profile likelihood approach. This method was used to study two parameters of interest from the mathematical model: (i) the rate of secondary transmission; (ii) the proportional increase in primary transmission due to water treatment failure. The estimated values of these parameters were shown to depend strongly on poorly understood aspects of Cryptosporidium epidemiology such as asymptomatic proportion and the population immune status. Our analysis demonstrated that the combination of a disease transmission model and a constrained profile likelihood procedure provides an effective approach for inference and estimation of important parameters regulating infectious disease outbreaks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.