bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital Heart Disease With and Without Cyanotic Potential and the Long‐term Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Population‐Based Follow‐up Study
Authors: Madsen Nicolas L. , Marino Bradley S. , Woo Jessica G. , Thomsen Reimar W. , Videbœk Jørgen , Laursen Henning Bœkgaard , Olsen Morten
Published: July 2016

Background

Long‐term survival for persons born with congenital heart disease (
CHD
) is improved, but limited knowledge exists of this growing population's acquired cardiovascular risk profile. This study's purpose was to assess
CHD
survivors’ risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with attention to the impact of cyanotic
CHD
.

Methods and Results

This population‐based cohort study included Danish subjects with CHD who were born between 1963 and 1980 and were alive at age 30 years. For each
CHD
case, we identified 10 individuals from the general population matched by sex and birth year, by using the Danish Civil Registration System. Complete follow‐up was obtained through Danish public registries for death, emigration, and T2
D
M (diagnosis and prescriptions record). We computed cumulative incidences and hazard ratios of developing T2
DM
after age 30 for 5149
CHD
subjects compared with the general population. After adjusting for
CHD
severity, as well as age, sex, preterm birth, and extracardiac defects, we analyzed the impact of cyanotic compared with acyanotic
CHD
. By age 45 years, the cumulative incidence of T2
DM
after age 30 was 4% among subjects with CHD. Subjects with
CHD
were more likely to develop T2
DM
than the general population (hazard raio 1.4, 95%
CI
1.1–1.6). Subjects
CHD
who had cyanotic defects were more likely to develop T2
DM
than were subjects with acyanotic
CHD
(hazard ratio 1.9, 95%
CI
1.1–3.3).

Conclusions

CHD
survivors had an increased risk of developing T2
DM
after age 30. Patients with cyanotic
CHD
are at particular risk. Given the cardiovascular health burden of T2DM, attention to its development in
CHD
survivors seems warranted.
Design and Rationale of the Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST‐CLI) Trial
Authors: Menard Matthew T. , Farber Alik , Assmann Susan F. , Choudhry Niteesh K. , Conte Michael S. , Creager Mark A. , Dake Michael D. , Jaff Michael R. , Kaufman John A. , Powell Richard J. , Reid Diane M. , Siami Flora Sandra , Sopko George , White Christopher J. , Rosenfield Kenneth
Published: July 2016

Background

Critical limb ischemia (
CLI
) is increasing in prevalence, and remains a significant source of mortality and limb loss. The decision to recommend surgical or endovascular revascularization for patients who are candidates for both varies significantly among providers and is driven more by individual preference than scientific evidence.

Methods and Results

The Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST‐CLI) Trial is a prospective, randomized, multidisciplinary, controlled, superiority trial designed to compare treatment efficacy, functional outcomes, quality of life, and cost in patients undergoing best endovascular or best open surgical revascularization. Approximately 140 clinical sites in the United States and Canada will enroll 2100 patients with
CLI
who are candidates for both treatment options. A pragmatic trial design requires consensus on patient eligibility by at least 2 investigators, but leaves the choice of specific procedural strategy within the assigned revascularization approach to the individual treating investigator. Patients with suitable single‐segment of saphenous vein available for potential bypass will be randomized within Cohort 1 (n=1620), while patients without will be randomized within Cohort 2 (n=480). The primary efficacy end point of the trial is Major Adverse Limb Event–Free Survival. Key secondary end points include Re‐intervention and Amputation‐Free‐Survival and Amputation Free‐Survival.

Conclusions

The
BEST
‐
CLI
trial is the first randomized controlled trial comparing endovascular therapy to open surgical bypass in patients with
CLI
to be carried out in North America. This landmark comparative effectiveness trial aims to provide Level I data to clarify the appropriate role for both treatment strategies and help define an evidence‐based standard of care for this challenging patient population.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02060630.
Advanced Left Atrial Remodeling and Appendage Contractile Dysfunction in Women Than in Men Among the Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Mechanism for Stroke
Authors: Yu Hee Tae , Lee Jihei Sara , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Uhm Jae‐Sun , Joung Boyoung , Hong Geu‐Ru , Lee Moon‐Hyoung , Shim Chi Young , Pak Hui‐Nam
Published: July 2016

Background

The risk of stroke imposed by atrial fibrillation (
AF
) is significantly greater in women than men; however, the mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesized that left atrial (
LA
) remodeling and poor contractile function of
LA
appendage (
LAA
) would be more predominant in women than men among
AF
patients.

Methods and Results

A total of 579
AF
patients (216 women vs age‐,
AF
type–, and incidences of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, and vascular disease–matched 363 men, 61.3±10.2 years old, 70.1% paroxysmal
AF
) who underwent
AF
catheter ablation were included. Sex differences in
LA
volume index (
LAVI
) and
LAA
emptying flow velocity (
FV
) were analyzed in risk factor 0, 1, and ≥2 groups, according to their
CHA
2
DS
2
‐
VAS
c scores beyond sex category.
LAA
‐
FV
was more significantly reduced in women with risk factor ≥2 than in men of the same risk group (
P
=0.022). Women showed greater
LAVI
than their male counterparts in the risk factor ≥2 group (
P
<0.001). The majority of female patients with a history of stroke had a large
LAVI
and low
LAA
‐
FV
(
P
<0.001); however, no such distribution was observed in men (
P
=0.596).
LA
volume index (odds ratio [
OR
], 1.038; 95%
CI
, 1.003–1.075,
P
=0.035) or
LAA
‐
FV
(
OR
, 0.976; 95%
CI
, 0.952–0.999;
P
=0.047) was significantly associated with a history of stroke in women.

Conclusions

More‐extensive
LA
remodeling and deterioration in
LAA
function were noted in women than in men with high calculated risk of stroke in
AF
.
Catheter Ablation as a Treatment for Vasovagal Syncope: Long‐Term Outcome of Endocardial Autonomic Modification of the Left Atrium
Authors: Sun Wei , Zheng Lihui , Qiao Yu , Shi Rui , Hou Bingbo , Wu Lingmin , Guo Jinrui , Zhang Shu , Yao Yan
Published: July 2016

Background

Autonomic modification through catheter ablation of ganglionated plexi (
GPs
) in the left atrium has been reported previously as a treatment for vasovagal syncope. This study aimed to observe the long‐term outcome in a larger cohort.

Methods and Results

A total of 57 consecutive patients (aged 43.2±13.4 years; 35 women) with refractory
vasovagal syncope
were enrolled, and high‐frequency stimulation and anatomically guided
GP
ablation were performed in 10 and 47 cases, respectively. A total of 127
GP
sites with positive vagal response were successfully elicited and ablated, including 52 left superior, 19 left lateral, 18 left inferior, 27 right anterior, and 11 right inferior
GP
s. During follow‐up of 36.4±22.2 months (range 12–102 months), 52 patients (91.2%) remained free from syncope. Prodromes recurred in 16 patients. No statistical differences were found between the high‐frequency stimulation and anatomically guided ablation groups in either freedom from syncope (100% versus 89.4%,
P
=0.348) or recurrent prodromes (50% versus 76.6%,
P
=0.167). The deceleration capacity, heart rate, and heart rate variability measurements demonstrated a reduced vagal tone lasting for at least 12 months after the procedure, with improved tolerance of repeated head‐up tilt testing. No complications were observed except for transient sinus tachycardia that occurred in 1 patient.

Conclusions

Left atrial
GP
ablation showed excellent long‐term clinical outcomes and might be considered as a therapeutic option for patients with symptomatic
vasovagal syncope
.
Time Dependence of the Effect of Right Ventricular Dysfunction on Clinical Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction: Role of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Shahar Keren , Darawsha Wisam , Yalonetsky Sergey , Lessick Jonathan , Kapeliovich Michael , Dragu Robert , Mutlak Diab , Reisner Shimon , Agmon Yoram , Aronson Doron
Published: July 2016

Background

The clinical importance of right ventricular (
RV
) function in acute myocardial infarction is well recognized, but the impact of concomitant pulmonary hypertension (
PH
) has not been studied.

Methods and Results

We studied 1044 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of
RV
dysfunction and
PH
, defined as pulmonary artery systolic pressure >35 mm Hg: normal right ventricle without
PH
(n=509), normal right ventricle and
PH
(n=373),
RV
dysfunction without
PH
(n=64), and
RV
dysfunction and
PH
(n=98). A landmark analysis of early (admission to 30 days) and late (31 days to 8 years) mortality and readmission for heart failure was performed. In the first 30 days,
RV
dysfunction without
PH
was associated with a high mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio 5.56, 95%
CI
2.05–15.09,
P
<0.0001 compared with normal RV and
no PH
). In contrast, after 30 days, mortality rates among patients with
RV
dysfunction were increased only when
PH
was also present. Compared with patients having neither
RV
dysfunction nor
PH
, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 1.44 (95%
CI
0.68–3.04,
P
=0.34) in
RV
dysfunction without
PH
and 2.52 (95%
CI
1.64–3.87,
P
<0.0001) in
RV
dysfunction with
PH
.
PH
with or without
RV
dysfunction was associated with increased risk for heart failure.

Conclusion

In the absence of elevated pulmonary pressures, the risk associated with
RV
dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction is entirely confined to the first 30 days. Beyond 30 days,
PH
is the stronger risk factor for long‐term mortality and readmission for heart failure.
Online Course-taking and Student Outcomes in California Community Colleges
Authors: Hart Cassandra M.D. , Friedmann Elizabeth , Hill Michael
Published: July 2016

This paper uses fixed effects analyses to estimate differences in student performance under online versus face-to-face course delivery formats in the California Community College system. On average, students have poorer outcomes in online courses in terms of the likelihood of course completion, course completion with a passing grade, and receiving an A or B. These estimates are robust across estimation techniques, different groups of students, and different types of classes. Accounting for differences in instructor characteristics (including through the use of instructor fixed effects) dampens but does not fully explain the estimated relationships. Online course-taking also has implications for downstream outcomes, although these effects are smaller. Students are more likely to repeat courses taken online, but are less likely to take new courses in the same subject following courses taken online.
Post-Islamism or Veering Toward Political Modernity?
Authors: Vicini Fabio
Published: July 2016

In this article I assess the suitability of exploring the entanglement of state and Islam in Turkey under the rubric of post-Islamism. This is achieved through an exploration of the composite intertwining of religious discourse, historical and teleological imaginaries, and ideals of civic engagement within the Gülen movement. In my view not only does the post-Islamist thesis appear to be limited in regard to analyzing this and similar cases, but it also dangerously echoes recurrent neo-orientalist narratives, which in essence circumscribe how Islam can be “inclusive” and open to ideals of “individual freedom,” “pluralism,” and to Western ideals of democracy. In this paper I argue that it is instead the ideologization of religious discourse – a specific product of political modernity – which hinders Islamic movements such as the Gülen and others from realizing the full potential of Islam as an alternative global civilizational discourse to that of liberal modernity.
Cultural Opportunity and Social Movements
Authors: Reisinezhad Arash , Farhadi Parisa
Published: July 2016

The emergence of the Arab Spring in 2010 heralded a deep transformation within Muslim societies as well as the geopolitical arrangement of the region. These movements emerged after a non-Arab movement, the Iranian Green Movement in 2009, with which they shared various characteristics, ranging from its broad use of virtual space to movement without a classic leadership. While a large body of movement literature links the formation of social movement to either the structural opportunities or rational choice theory, the present paper addresses the cultural opportunity as a main facilitator-constraint in the movement formation. Given this fact that mediating between opportunities and mobilization are the shared meanings, the article seeks to empirically investigate cultural factors that construct and drive protests. From this perspective, the present study argues that movements tend to cluster in time and space because they are not independent of one another. Thus, it goes deep down in the way that different movements have had tremendous impacts on each other through examining the presence of the Master of Protest Frame (mpf). Transgressing the geographical borders and chronological phases, this factor has shaped movements strategies. Finally and to place recent events in a generalizable analysis, the paper employs a cross-national analysis, with focusing on Iran in 2009 and Egypt in 2010.
Review and Assessment of China’s Nonprofit Sector after Mao
Authors: Smith David Horton , Zhao Ting
Published: July 2016

Published research in English is reviewed on the Nonprofit Sector (nps) in China since Mao’s death in 1976. A large, diverse, and rapidly growingnpsexists, but openly political Nonprofit Organizations (npos) outside the Communist Party and its control are prohibited. China has civil society in thenarrowersense that a substantial civil society sector ornpsexists. However, the party-state in China continues to play a dominating role in regard to thenps, especially for registerednpos. Freedom of association is still limited in China, especially for national associations, which are nearly all Government Organized Non-Governmental Organizations (gongos), not genuinengos/npos. Genuine associational freedom at lower territorial levels, especially the neighborhood level, is widespread though incomplete, but present far more significantly than under Mao. A 1989 law madenpos legal for the first time after Mao, butonlyif they are registered with the government (Article 7 of 1989 law states that nationalnpos can only be registered with Ministry of Civil Affairs, and localnpos can only be registered with the local Bureau of Civil Affairs).

Millions of small, largely unregulated, Unofficial orUnregistered Social Organizations(orusos), as grassroots organizations (grassroots associations/gas) are important evidence for some significant associational freedom at the local level. Technically, all theseusos are illegal under Chinese law, but they have substantial social legitimacy and relative freedom of action nonetheless. Mostnpos, even registerednpos, can freely structure their internal governance, although nearly all the national associations are clearly controlled by the party-state. For the vast majority ofnpos, especially small and usually localusos, membership and levels of individual participation are now essentially voluntary. There is also a surprising range of volunteering, voluntary citizen participation, andorderly activism(restrained advocacy) throughnpos, especially at the local level.

All the above facts constitute substantial progress for thenpsandnpos in China since Mao. Thebroaderscope definition of civil society focuses on the general autonomy of thenpsin relation to the government, with functioning civil liberties, and on the ability ofnpos in general to influence significantly the government on various policy issues. In these terms, China has a comparatively weak but perhaps slowly emerging civil society. The party-state in China does not have either full associational freedom and civil liberties nor participatory or strong democracy as current, stated or operative goals. Indeed, the government has an ambivalent attitude and policies toward thenpsandnpos. But such ambivalence is at least a huge improvement over Mao’s totalitarian repression of thenpsandnpos.
Limnocentropus kritsaneepaibooni new species (Limnocentropodidae: Trichoptera) from Shan State, Myanmar, with faunistic data for the family
Authors: LAUDEE PONGSAK , MALICKY HANS
Published: July 2016

A new species of Limnocentropus, Limnocentropus kritsaneepaibooni n. sp. from Keng Tung Province, Shan State, Myanmar, is described and figured. Three other, previously described species of Limnocentropus are newly recorded for Myanmar, including L. apollon Malicky 1999, L. sammuanensis Malicky & Chantaramongkol 1989, and L. siribhumensis Malicky & Chantaramongkol 1989, resulting in 7 species of the family found in Myanmar.
Two new species of Onciderini Thomson, 1860 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) from South America
Authors: NEARNS EUGENIO H. , SANTOS-SILVA ANTONIO
Published: July 2016

Two new species of Onciderini are described and illustrated: Oncideres tavakiliani, from Brazil (Pará), and Clavidesmus egeri, from Peru. Oncideres defectiofasciata Gilmour, 1950 is a junior synonym of O. chevrolatii Thomson, 1868. The following four new country records are reported: O. crassicornis Bates, 1865 (Paraguay); O. glebulenta Martins, 1981 (Paraguay); O. gutturator (Fabricius, 1775) (Venezuela); and O. repandator (Fabricius, 1793) (Peru).
Two new species and new records of Cerambycidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Monné Marcela L. , Monné Miguel A. , Botero Juan P. , Carelli Allan
Published: July 2016

The descriptions of two species of Lamiinae, Lepturges (Lepturges) batesi sp. nov. (Acanthocinini) and Onocephala chicomendes sp. nov. (Onocephalini) and an addendum of Cerambycinae and Lamiinae to the list of species of Cerambycidae in the Itatiaia National Park are presented. The data are based on fieldwork conducted over the last six years. Eighteen species of Cerambycinae and 21 of Lamiinae are recorded, with a total of 39 new distribution records.
New species and a record of myrmecophilous mites of the families Neopygmephoridae and Microdispidae (Acari: Heterostigmatina:
Pygmephoroidea) associated with Lasius umbratus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Western Siberia, Russia
Authors: KHAUSTOV ALEXANDER A.
Published: July 2016

Two new myrmecophilous species of the family Neopygmephoridae (Acari: Pygmephoroidea), Petalomium brevicaudus sp. nov. and P. kurganiensis sp. nov. are described from the ant Lasius umbratus Nylander (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) in Western Siberia, Russia. Another myrmecophilous species of the family Microdispidae (Acari: Pygmephoroidea), Caesarodispus brevipes Mahunka, 1981, was also collected from the ant L. umbratus in Western Siberia, Russia. It is recorded from Russia for the first time and is redescribed in the present paper.
New species of Evaniodini (Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Brazil
Authors: VALERIO ALEJANDRO A
Published: July 2016

A new species, Evaniodes costatus Valerio sp. nov., belonging to the tribe Evanoidini is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with the five species currently known to occur in the genus Evaniodes Szépligeti.
Predictability of Arctic Annual Minimum Sea Ice Patterns
Authors: GRUNSEICH GARY , WANG BIN
Published: July 2016

Prediction of the arctic annual sea ice minimum extent and melting patterns draws interest from numerous industries and government agencies but has been an ongoing challenge for forecasters and climate scientists using statistical and dynamical models. Using the dominant independent modes of interannual sea ice concentration (SIC) variability during September–October, a new approach combining statistical analysis with physically derived links to natural climate variability sources is used to predict each mode and the total anomaly pattern. Sea ice patterns associated with each mode are predominantly shaped by the wind-driven advective convergence, forced by circulation anomalies associated with local and remote forms of naturally occurring climate variability. The impacts of the Arctic Oscillation, beginning from the preceding winter, control the leading mode of SIC variability during the annual minimum. In the three final months of the melting period, the broad impacts of the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons produce unique SIC impacts along the arctic periphery, displayed as the second and third modes, respectively. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) largely shapes the fourth SIC mode patterns through influencing variability early in the melting period. Using physically meaningful and statistically significant predictors, physical–empirical (P–E) models are developed for each SIC mode. Some predictors directly account for the circulation patterns driving anomalous sea ice, while the monsoon-related predictors convey early season sources of monsoonal variability, which subsequently influences the Arctic. The combined SIC predictions of the P–E models exhibit great skill in matching the observed magnitude and temporal variability along the arctic margins during the annual minimum.
Fighting Back
Authors: Xu Xiaowen , Zhu Xun , Bresnahan Mary
Published: July 2016

This study investigated perceptions of stigma stemming from food insecurity experienced by residents of an inner-city community described as a food desert. Sixty inner-city residents were interviewed about their difficulty in providing healthy food for their families. The study measured four kinds of structural barriers which contributed to the experience of stigma. Participants agreed that welfare created a barrier and reported experiencing health disparities, neighborhood stigma, and welfare stigma. Participants who read high-stigma messages agreed more with health-stigma beliefs compared with participants who read low-stigma messages. Low-income White residents perceived more nutritional and neighborhood barriers compared with other racial groups. In spite of these perceptions of being stigmatized, the people included in this study engaged in stigma resistance in their efforts to secure nutritious food for their families.
Economic Expert Evidence
Authors: Lopatka John E.
Published: July 2016

Expert economic evidence has become increasingly important in antitrust cases, largely because the Supreme Court in embracing certain strains of economic authority has adopted rules that make economic effects in individual cases decisive. Some economic evidence is accessible to antitrust decision makers, even if it is cognitively challenging. The danger posed by this kind of evidence, as Roger Blair has pointed out, is that witnesses will make assertions unsupported by theory. Traditional litigation devices can adequately address this danger. But economic analysis has become increasingly technical, and typical antitrust decision makers are incapable of understanding it. When decision makers confront information they do not understand, they avoid reaching decisions altogether or they use heuristic processing and peripheral cues, which results in bias and cognitive illusions. Neither reaction is desirable. Proposals for addressing the hazards of testimony that is not understood, including the increased use of court-appointed experts, are unsatisfactory. Perhaps some benefit can be had by encouraging more rigorous appellate review.
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Sensor for Calibration Free Humidity Measurements in Pure Methane and Low CO2 Natural Gas
Authors: Nwaboh Javis Anyangwe , Pratzler Sonja , Werhahn Olav , Ebert Volker
Published: July 2016

We report a new direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS) sensor for absolute measurements of H2O in methane, ethane, propane, and low CO2 natural gas. The sensor is operated with a 2.7 µm DFB laser, equipped with a high pressure single pass gas cell, and used to measure H2O amount of substance fractions in the range of 0.31–25 000 µmol/mol. Operating total gas pressures are up to 5000 hPa. The sensor has been characterized, addressing the traceability of the spectrometric results to the SI and the evaluation of the combined uncertainty, following the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). The relative reproducibility of H2O amount of substance fraction measurements at 87 µmol/mol is 0.26% (0.23 µmol/mol). The maximum precision of the sensor was determined using a H2O in methane mixture, and found to be 40 nmol/mol for a time resolution of 100 s. This corresponds to a normalized detection limit of 330 nmol mol−1·m Hz−1/2. The relative combined uncertainty of H2O amount fraction measurements delivered by the sensor is 1.2%.
Optimal Experimental Condition of IR pMAIRS Calibrated by Using an Optically Isotropic Thin Film Exhibiting the Berreman Effect
Authors: Shioya Nobutaka , Norimoto Shingo , Izumi Naoki , Hada Miyako , Shimoaka Takafumi , Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: July 2016

Infrared (IR) p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS) is a useful spectroscopic tool for revealing the molecular anisotropic structure in a thin film, which is used for the molecular orientation analysis of many functionalized organic thin films. Infrared pMAIRS provides both in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) vibrational mode spectra, which are influenced by the choice of the angles of incidence, i.e., angle set. To obtain quantitatively reliable pMAIRS spectra, therefore, the optimal angle set must be revealed. In a former study, an optimization study was carried out on a silicon substrate by using the band intensity ratio of the IP and OP spectra of highly oriented molecules in a thin film, which has a problem that the optimized results cannot be used for another substrate. In the present study, a totally new idea using an optically isotropic thin film as a standard sample is proposed to comprehensively explore the optimal angle set on various substrates: the band shift due to the Berreman effect of a strongly absorbing compound is used, instead of the band intensity. This new approach makes the pMAIRS calibration for various substrates a much easier task. With the optimal angle set, the molecular orientation angle in the film calculated by the pMAIRS spectra is also found to be reliable quantitatively. This technique opens a user-friendly way to a reliable molecular orientation analysis in an ultrathin film using IR pMAIRS.
Occupational injustice: A critique
Authors: Hammell Karen R. Whalley , Beagan Brenda
Published: July 2016

Background.

Although the idea of occupational injustice pervades the occupational therapy literature, there has been little scholarly debate concerning this construct or the parameters of the five identified forms of occupational injustice.

Purpose.

The aims of this paper are to highlight conceptual confusions, foreground some inherent questions that have been neither acknowledged nor addressed, and question the theoretical and practical utility of five manifestations of occupational injustice.

Key Issues.

Few theorists have contributed to the occupational injustice literature. Significant definitional confusion exists concerning the five forms of occupational injustice with some forms described as subsets of others. The inherent problems of judging occupational injustice have not been addressed.

Implications.

If occupational injustice were understood as a violation of occupational rights—human rights to achieve well-being through occupation—many of the problems of identifying a situation of occupational justice or injustice would be resolved. Using the capabilities approach to human rights would facilitate this endeavour.
Critical reflections on occupational justice: Toward a rights-based approach to occupational opportunities
Authors: Hammell Karen R. Whalley
Published: July 2016

Background.

Occupational justice is cited throughout the occupational science and occupational therapy literatures despite little scholarly attention either to its definition or to how situations of occupational justice are identifiable.

Purpose.

This paper aims to contribute a critique of occupational justice, explore the concepts of justice and (occupational) rights, and support a capabilities approach to inform rights-based occupational therapy practices.

Key Issues.

No clear definition of occupational justice or differentiation from social justice exists despite the longevity of the concept, and theorists frequently confuse the concepts of justice and rights. A rights-based focus provides an unambiguous mandate for occupational therapists, with the capabilities approach offering a cross-disciplinary framework to inform rights-based practices.

Implications.

The concept of occupational rights is consistent with the rights-based focus advocated by the disabled people’s movement, articulated by the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, and affirmed by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ position on the centrality of occupation to health, well-being, and human rights.
Characteristics of 1616 Consecutive Dog Bite Injuries at a Single Institution
Authors: Golinko Michael S. , Arslanian Brian , Williams Joseph K.
Published: July 2016

Dog bite injuries remain a common form of pediatric trauma. This single-institution study of 1616 consecutive dog bite injuries over 4 years revealed a much higher prevalence of dog bites as compared with other similar centers. Though inpatient admission was rare (9.8%), 58% of all patients required laceration repair, primarily in the emergency department. Infants were more than 4 times as likely to be bitten by the family dog and more than 6 times as likely to be bitten in the head/neck region. Children ≤5 years old were 62% more likely to require repair; and 5.5% of all patients required an operation. Pit bull bites were implicated in half of all surgeries performed and over 2.5 times as likely to bite in multiple anatomic locations as compared to other breeds. The relatively high regional prevalence and younger age of injured patients as compared with other centers is a topic of further study but should draw attention to interventions that can minimize child risk.
Resident Notes in an Electronic Health Record
Authors: Aylor Megan , Campbell Emily M. , Winter Christiane , Phillipi Carrie A.
Published: July 2016

Adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has forced a transition in medical documentation, yet little is known about clinician documentation in the EHR. This study compares electronic inpatient progress notes written by residents pre- and post introduction of standardized note templates and investigates resident perceptions of EHR documentation. A total of 454 resident progress notes pre– and 610 notes post–template introduction were identified. Note length was 263 characters shorter ( P = .004) and mean end time was 73 minutes later ( P < .0001) with new template implementation. In subanalysis of 100 notes, the assessment and plan section was 46 words shorter with the new template ( P < .01). Among survey respondents, 89% liked the new note templates, 78% stated the new templates facilitated note completion. The resident focus group revealed ambivalence toward the EHR’s contribution to note writing. Note templates resulted in shorter notes. Residents appreciate electronic note templates but are unsure if the EHR supports note writing overall.
Characteristics of Students in Traditional Versus Alternative High Schools: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Enrollment in One Urban District
Authors: Perzigian Aaron B. , Afacan Kemal , Justin Whitney , Wilkerson Kimber L.
Published: July 2016

Urban school districts are comprised of many diverse high school environments including comprehensive neighborhood schools as well as a variety of smaller alternative models that focus on innovative practices, behavior remediation, or academic recovery. In terms of enrollment distribution, urban school districts are increasingly offering nontraditional school placement options for students presenting academic and behavioral difficulty or for students seeking specific curricular emphasis or pedagogy, including—but not limited to—use of school choice voucher programs. In this study, we examined student distribution across school types in one large urban district to investigate enrollment patterns with regard to gender, race, socioeconomic status, and disability status. The results of this cross-sectional analysis indicated significant disproportionality in student demographics within different school types, including overrepresentation of African American students, male students, and students with disabilities in restrictive and segregated alternative schools; overrepresentation of White students and female students in self-selected and innovative alternative schools; and underrepresentation of Hispanic and Asian students in remedial alternative schools. Implications of this disproportionality for policy and practice are discussed.
Extrinsic work values and feedback: Contrary effects for performance and well-being
Authors: Merriman Kimberly K
Published: July 2016

This article investigates the interactive effects of extrinsic value orientation and competence supportive feedback on the work outcomes of in-role and extra-role performance, and employees’ subjective well-being at work. Two studies are presented with samples consisting of a cross-section of employees and, for Study 1, their managers. In keeping with established theory and findings, competence supportive feedback demonstrated positive and significant main effects. In support of this article’s unique predictions, these relationships were amplified (in-role and extra-role performance) and attenuated (subjective well-being) at higher levels of individual extrinsic value orientation. Findings for well-being were more closely examined with the second sample, and an underlying mechanism of experienced work demands was identified. Thus, it seems that motivational sensitivity to the instrumental value of competence supportive feedback, in addition to its recognized psychological value, may drive work engagement all too well. Implications for future research and performance management are discussed.
Understanding the needs and rights of Arab Muslim youth: The case of Jordan
Authors: Al Gharaibeh Fakir M
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this research is to understand the barriers that prevent Arab Muslim youth from fulfilling their needs. In total, 1078 Jordanians aged 18–24 years were asked to rate the importance of various barriers via a structured questionnaire. Barriers to economic needs were found to be ranked highest, followed by barriers in the political, social, educational and health domains. Women were more likely than men to perceive barriers, particularly in the economic and social domains. Participants who reported a stronger wish to emigrate were more likely to rate economic barriers highly. A rights-based approach is used to interpret the findings, in order to inform strategies to assist youth to address life challenges and enhance well-being.
Synergistic effects of hybrid conductive fillers on the electrical properties of carbon fiber pultruded polypropylene/polycarbonate composites prepared by injection molding
Authors: Jang Myung Geun , Cho Choonglai , Kim Woo Nyon
Published: July 2016

In this study, the effects of filler characteristics and composite preparation methods on the morphology, mechanical property, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the polypropylene/polycarbonate (70/30, wt%)/hybrid conductive filler composites were investigated. Nickel-coated carbon fiber (NCCF) was used as main filler and TiO2, multi-walled carbon nanotube, and graphite were used as second fillers in the composites. The pultruded NCCF/polypropylene composite was used in the preparation of the polypropylene/polycarbonate/NCCF/second filler composites. The electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the polypropylene/polycarbonate/NCCF/second filler composites were compared with the type of second filler. The superior value of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness was observed to be 51.6 dB (decibel) when the hybrid fillers such as NCCF (5.2 vol% or 20 wt%) and TiO2 (1.2 vol% or 5 wt%) were added in the polypropylene/polycarbonate (70/30) composite. The electrical properties of the polypropylene/polycarbonate (70/30)/NCCF/TiO2 composites was compared with the composite preparation methods, which were injection molding and screw extrusion. The results suggested that fiber length of the NCCF affected significantly to the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the polypropylene/polycarbonate (70/30)/NCCF/TiO2 composites.
Confucian Culture Still Matters
Authors: Yang Xueling , Zhang Peining , Zhao Jingbo , Zhao Jiubo , Wang Jiaqi , Chen Yu , Ding Siyuan , Zhang Xiaoyuan
Published: July 2016

Zhongyong thinking (Doctrine of the Mean) is a traditional Confucius interpersonal style with emphasis on interpersonal harmony and connection. In contemporary society, is Zhongyong thinking beneficial to, or has Zhongyong thinking become an old-fashioned idea with trivial or even detrimental influence on mental health? The current study explored the relationship of Zhongyong thinking and mental health measures in two studies. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey involving a large representative sample of 8,178 Chinese undergraduate students. We found that Zhongyong thinking was negatively associated with anxiety ( r = −.23, p < .01) and depressive symptoms ( r = −.32, p < .01), but positively associated with self-esteem ( r = .28, p < .01). Compared with low-Zhongyong group, those who scored high on the Zhongyong Thinking Scale had substantially lower scores on anxiety and depressive symptoms, and had higher scores on self-esteem and life satisfaction. In Study 2, we experimentally intervened in Zhongyong thinking in 30 mildly depressed students, comparing mental health outcomes with a randomized control group ( n = 30) who received regular supportive group intervention. We found that training in Zhongyong thinking was more effective in alleviating depressive symptoms compared with the control group. The two studies prove from different aspects that Zhongyong thinking still plays an important role in regulating mental distress and maintaining subjective well-being among contemporary Chinese young adults. Why Zhongyong thinking is beneficial, and how to transmit this traditional cultural heritage to promote emotion regulation strategies are discussed.
‘Neither motorists nor pedestrians obey the rules’: Transit law, public safety, and the policing of Northern Mexico’s roads, 1920s–1950s
Authors: Bess Michael K.
Published: July 2016

In the first half of the twentieth century, Mexican authorities implemented transit laws to regulate motor traffic and address concerns about road safety. The northern city of Monterrey, Nuevo León serves as a case study for this process. Monterrey’s location at the junction of two major national highways, as well as its proximity to the United States, made it an important site for cross-border trade and tourism. Local officials in Monterrey developed US-inspired rules to modernise traffic patterns and bolster tourism. This essay examines how state authorities in Nuevo León coped with an influx in regional motor traffic, passing transit laws that reflected ideological priorities in favour of US-style economic development and technological modernisation.
Voicing Assimilation in Czech and Slovak Speakers of English: Interactions of Segmental Context, Language and Strength of Foreign Accent
Authors: Skarnitzl Radek , Šturm Pavel
Published: July 2016

This study focuses on voicing assimilation across word boundaries in the speech of second language (L2) users. We compare native speakers of British English to speakers of two West Slavic languages, Czech and Slovak, which, despite their many similarities, differ with respect to voicing assimilation rules. Word-final voicing was analysed in 30 speakers, using the static value of voicing percentage and the voicing profile method. The results of linear mixed-effects modelling suggest an effect of first language (L1) transfer in all L2 English speaker groups, with the tendency to assimilate being correlated with the strength of foreign accent. Importantly, the two language groups differed in assimilation strategies before sonorant consonants, as a clear effect of L1-based phonetic influence.
Bolam with the benefit of hindsight
Authors: Barton-Hanson Jem , Barton-Hanson Renu
Published: July 2016

The aims of this article are to consider the effects of hindsight bias on findings of negligence in medico-legal litigation and of the potential of the original Bolam direction to eliminate bias from the decision-making process. The Bolam test may have been expanded beyond its appropriate scope in the past, but these excesses have now largely been undone. It will be shown that Bolam still has an important role to play in tort cases. By considering breach of duty cases in which the Bolitho ‘gloss’ has been applied, attention is drawn to the potential dangers of disregarding practices within the medical profession.
Three Models of Republican Rights: Juridical, Parliamentary and Populist
Authors: Aitchison Guy
Published: July 2016

The republican tradition in political theory offers a distinct approach to thinking about rights that addresses long-standing objections to the depoliticising logic of the discourse through its attention to power relations and the socially embedded nature of moral claims. However, the most systematic republican theories of rights-based citizenship translate these theoretical commitments into a tame set of institutional proposals that largely affirm existing states. In this article, I critique the limits of Philip Pettit’s juridical republicanism and Richard Bellamy’s parliamentary republicanism and set out an alternative populist account of republican citizenship based on the notion of rights as ‘claims’ – a form of speech act that empowers agents with self-respect to mobilise popular support and challenge arbitrary power when political institutions are unresponsive or unavailable. Populist citizenship takes place whenever social groups and classes mobilise directly outside constitutional structures in order to contest the legitimacy of the political regime and lay claim to new rights through direct appeal to the sovereign authority of the people themselves.
Violence, Self-Worth, Solidarity and Stigma: How a Dissident, Far-Right Group Solves the Collective Action Problem
Authors: Meadowcroft John , Morrow Elizabeth A
Published: July 2016

How do dissident, far-right groups overcome the collective action problem inherent to political organisation in order to recruit sufficient activists willing to bear the costs of participation and not free-ride on the participation of others? An original ethnographic study of the UK anti-Islamic street protest organisation, the English Defence League, shows that it solved the collective action problem by supplying selective incentives to members in the form of the club goods of access to violence, increased self-worth and group solidarity. These benefits were offset against the costs of stigma, time, money and unwanted police attention that also accompanied English Defence League membership. The personal benefits the English Defence League provided to its members enabled it to supply what Mancur Olson has termed the first unit of collective action, but limited its ability to supply the additional units required to build a broader, more mainstream movement.
Nanofiber bundles and nanofiber yarn device and their mechanical properties: A review
Authors: Wei Liang , Qin Xiaohong
Published: July 2016

Electrospinning technology has great advantages in the preparation of nanofiber materials. To improve actual usage of nanofibers for innovative applications, these nanofibers can be assembled into nanofiber yarn. Nanofiber yarn devices can be divided into different types based on the different principles, which are as follows: the auxiliary electrode collecting device, self-bundling spinning device, water bath method collecting device, single needle electrospinning yarn device, double electrode disc twisting electrospinning yarn device, and other nanofiber yarn devices. As for the different preparation methods and devices of nanofiber yarn, the mechanical properties of nanofiber yarn are compared and analyzed.
Beyond sweat equity: Community organising beyond the Third Way
Authors: Watkins Heather M
Published: July 2016

This paper explores the ambivalent nature of community organisation as a response to a ‘crisis of authority’ in post-industrial areas subject to urban regeneration. In the discourse of the Third Way, activism has been increasingly discursively framed as ‘participation’, legitimising a shift in welfare provision from the state onto civil society and a proliferation of private actors. As part of the process, existing local solidarities based on long-term shared interests and histories of conflict with the parts of the state, have been transformed (in theory) into social networks, forms of short-term instrumental co-operation based on consensus. Community activists are brought into contact with what Rose (after Foucault) describes as the ‘technologies’ of power which are deployed to produce governable subjects, co-opting and dividing them from their base communities. However, local participation also provides our most immediate experience of political economy, what Gramsci identifies as a sometimes fierce sense of difference, and the practical, historically acquired local knowledge, or ‘good sense’ which can form the basis of a challenge to hegemonic thinking. Engaging empirically with local organisers in the East Midlands, I conclude that the potential of this as a source of contestation depends on two dimensions of practice: (1) the development by activists of a critical understanding of how to foster or maintain long-term collective interests, identity and practices within their communities and (2) maintaining a clear sense of separation from the state which allows power to be confronted.
Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions: Mobilising Berlin’s cycling renaissance
Authors: Sheldrick Alistair , Evans James , Schliwa Gabriele
Published: July 2016

Cities are increasingly seeking to learn from experiences elsewhere when planning programmes of sustainable transition management, and the contingencies of policy-learning arrangements in this field are beginning to receive greater attention. This paper applies insights from the field of policy mobilities to the burgeoning field of transition management to critically explore a proposed ‘learning relationship’ between Berlin (Germany) and Manchester (UK) around cycling policy. Drawing on qualitative data, the paper casts doubt over the existing consensus attributing recent growth in bicycle use in Berlin to concerted governmental interventions. A multi-actor analysis suggests that contextual factors caused the growth in cycling and that policy has been largely reactive. The emergence and circulation of the Berlin cycling renaissance as a policy model is then traced through policy documents and interviews with actors in Manchester, UK, to understand why and how it has become a model for action elsewhere. It is concluded that Berlin’s cycling renaissance has been simplified and mobilised to demonstrate the requisite ambition and proficiency to secure competitive funds for sustainable urban transport. The paper develops an original study of the role policy knowledge and learning play in sustainable urban transition management, and argues that attending to the dynamics of policy learning can enhance our understanding of its successes and failures.