bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Determines Cumulative Abnormal Returns? An Empirical Validation in the French Market
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: December 2015

This paper test the factors explaining of cumulative abnormal returns. To this end, we examined a sample of 137 firms in 2007. We tested event study methodology to measure the cumulative abnormal returns. An event window spans from-10 days to 10 days. In our study, we considered an estimation period from -20 days to -10 days. For the dependent variable, and after the announcement date (date of the general meeting), we try to estimate the cumulative abnormal returns of 1 day, 2 days, 6 days and 8 days. The empirical results of the cross sectional model show that the market reacts negatively because of an increase in profitability, firm size and managerial ownership. The opposite effect is observed for leverage. However, the effect of spending on research and development is not statistically significant. 
Taxes and Percentages: Don't Discount Them!;//Toilet Paper Producers on a Roll?
Authors: Hubbell Cara , Phelps Steve
Published: December 2015

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article.
Making Sense of Representations: Card Sorting
Authors: Raymond Kate Meredith
Published: December 2015

Card-sorting activities ask students to simultaneously analyze multiple representations of linear and quadratic functions.
Max the Real Estate Agent
Authors: Moss Diana L. , Sabo W. Max
Published: December 2015

Students take on the role of a real estate agent, decomposing a complex polygon into familiar shapes to calculate a house's square footage based on the exterior-walls floor plan.
December 2015 January 2016 Problems
Authors: Roscoe Matt B. , Pelikan Stephan
Published: December 2015

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Coordinating Units at the CandyDepot
Authors: Norton Anderson , Boyce Steven , Hatch Jennifer
Published: December 2015

A new app helps students learn to construct fractions and develop algebra readiness, to take some of the challenge out of both areas.
Supporting Mathematics Instruction through Community
Authors: Amidon Joel C. , Trevathan Morgan L.
Published: December 2015

An early career mathematics teacher works with the support of a teacher educator toward removing herself as a barrier between mathematics and the collaborative work of her students.
Making the Most of Modeling Tasks
Authors: Wernet Jamie L. , Lawrence Kevin A. , Gilbertson Nicholas J.
Published: December 2015

Most mathematics curricula include contextual problems, but not all these problems have the same potential as modeling tasks. The authors describe how to select tasks that give students opportunities to use modeling.
Ramp It Up
Authors: King Alessandra
Published: December 2015

This real-life activity explores ramps and slope measurements, with the goal of being ADA compliant.
Scaffolding Conceptual Understanding for Linear Measurement
Authors: Erbilgin Evrim
Published: December 2015

Two activities offer students opportunities to practice unit iteration and partitioning as well as apply the transitivity principle of measurement.
The Knight's Move
Authors: Hildebrandt Martha
Published: December 2015

The knight's move in chess has fascinated mathematicians for generations. Problems using this move and various sizes of “chessboards” have been posed—is it possible to visit every square on such boards using the knight's move?
Deweys bvidsthedsbegreb
Authors: Kauffmann Oliver
Published: December 2015

John Dewey har spillet en afgørende rolle for den pædagogiske filosofi og for pædagogikken som sådan. Denne artikel handler om Deweys bevidsthedsbegreb. Dette begreb har været og er fortsat et ganske underbelyst emne i såvel den filosofiske som den pædagogiske behandling af hans tænkning. Dette er der gode forklaringer på, som knytter sig nøje til disse discipliners historiske og systematiske udvikling i det 20. århundrede. Denne artikel er et forsøg på at råde bod på disse discipliners manglende interesse for dette aspekt af Deweys tænkning. Ikke blot er Deweys bevidsthedsbegreb originalt, men det er også ganske aktuelt for både pædagogik og filosofi set i lyset en række nyere forsøg på at forstå kognition og bevidsthed, som knytter mentale fænomener uløseligt sammen med vores kropslige interaktion med omgivelserne.
Kant og den moderne pliktbevissthet
Authors: Nerheim Hjördis
Published: December 2015

Kant’s rejection of rebellion as a political right seems to be problematic for his concept of duty. The paper discusses the trial of the Holocaust perpetrator Adolf Eichmann as a possible case against Kant’s political philosophy. It argues, however, that Kant in his Critique of Judgment and in his philosophy of religion has articulated a very sophisticated point of view.
Rousseau i 2012: De-konstrueret og re-konstrueret
Authors: Tegtmejer Thyge
Published: December 2015

What will become of Rousseau when read in a non-transcendent way, as a line of some of the most prominent contemporary theorists of the philosophy of education would suggest as inevitable? To answer this question, the position and analytical tools of Jacques Derrida are clarified, and Rousseau’s “Émile ou De l’éducation” is read non-transcendentally, which implies a challenge and a deconstruction of the way Rousseau has built the argument for his educational project. The article concludes with a critical discussion of its own method, and challenges the asserted unavoidability of the deconstructive readings of Rousseau’s text
Teori-praksis-distinktionen og pædagogisk filosofi
Authors: Frølund Sune
Published: December 2015

Educational philosopher Wilfred Carr claims that the formation of philosophy of education in accordance with the theory-centered paradigm of modernist philosophy is responsible for the miserable fact that educational practitioners take no interest in philosophy of education. A real contemporary philosophy of education, Carr suggests, would give up theory and the “foundationalist” idea of seeking a firm ground for practice outside of practice.   The paper, firstly, takes up Carr’s debate with Paul Hirst on Carr’s notion of philosophy of education, and, secondly, moves on to inquire the interpretation of Aristotle’s practical philosophy by Hans-Georg Gadamer, whom Carr refers to. Finally, the paper outlines some merits of Gadamer’s hermeneutics that philosophy of education should adapt
Håndens fænomenologi. Til en filosofisk antropologi
Authors: Lysemose Kasper
Published: December 2015

The paper presents a phenomenology of the hand in four declinations: the touching, the grasping, the working and the throwing hands. This selective sequence expresses not only the disposition but also a hypothesis. To be disclosed is a distance already in the intimate doings and a proximity still in the far-reaching operations of the hands. The claim is that this intimate alienness (hetero-affection) and distant proximity (tele-presence) makes the human hands technical and associates the human being originally with technology. It is assumed that pedagogical philosophy will have an interest in this anthropo-technical condition fundamental to the Bildung of man
Mobbing - et forsøk på nye teoretiske perspektiv
Authors: Nome Dag
Published: December 2015

This article discusses the understanding of bullying and how it ﬁrst appears as a phenomenon in early childhood. Empirical research on the social life of young children indicates a capacity for empathy that is independent of social learning. Based upon Merleau-Ponty`s philosophy of the body and Levinas’s existentialist notion of the origin of morality, the article emphasize empathy and the sense of responsibility as a fundamental event in our initial encounter with one another – not learned competence based on cognitive reﬂ ections.
Anti-social behavior like bullying is therefore considered to be a narrowing of the initial openness for others entering our life-world, not a result of a natural urge to power and dominance.
Den uendelige parrhesi – teologiske eftertanker i anledning af en religionspædagogisk ph.d.-afhandling
Authors: Pallesen Carsten Petersen
Published: December 2015

The article examines the role of narrative discourse in religious education and communication as represented in Kirsten M. Andersen’s Kantian approach. In Hegel’s Lutheran perspective figurative thinking is deconstructed in forms of interpretive narrative, the topos of the speculative Good Friday. On this account the words (and deeds) of Jesus should be understood as an unprecedented revolutionary parrhesia. Hegel’s pervasive awareness of the linguistic mediation, translation and appropriation anticipates the role of language and communication in hermeneutics and deconstruction. The proposed alternative to the Kantian account is inspired by Paul Ricoeur, Günter Bader, Niklas Luhmann, Jacques Derrida and Catherine Malabou.
Accounting for Multiculturalism: The Utility of Cultural Indicators and the Politics of Diversity and Participation
Authors: Yue Audrey , Khan Rimi
Published: December 2015

Multiculturalism has become a charged arena in recent times with proponents and critics focusing on the value of its utility. Existing models measuring the outcome of multiculturalism emanate from the social sciences that attempt to assess the degree of inter-cultural integration through cultural indices on ethnicity and tradition. This article argues that arts impact studies in general, and emergent cultural indicator frameworks in particular, provide a more robust arena for considering the utility of multiculturalism to claims of social, cultural and economic wellbeing. This article examines the impact of multicultural arts through the quality of cultural participation. It begins by critically surveying global, national and local indicator frameworks on measuring multiculturalism in recent developments of cultural policy. It suggests that current frameworks for thinking about cultural diversity and cultural participation are inadequate, and there is a need to develop a more nuanced understanding of these relations as they are played out in the context of people’s everyday cultural lives. It proposes a new framework that highlights a bi-directional theory-based approach to cultural citizenship and tests its utility against original fieldwork conducted in the growth corridor outer suburb of Whittlesea in Melbourne, Australia.
Become Immortal!
Authors: Peters Rikke Alberg
Published: December 2015

This paper presents a case study of the German neo-fascist network The Immortals (Die Unsterblichen) who in 2011 performed a flash-mob, which was disseminated on YouTube for the so-called “Become Immortal” campaign. The street protest was designed for and adapted to the specific characteristics of online activism. It is a good example of how new contentious action repertoires in which online and street activism intertwine have also spread to extreme right groups. Despite its neo-fascist and extreme right content, the “Become Immortal” campaign serves as an illustrative case for the study of mediated and mediatized activism.

In order to analyze the protest form, the visual aesthetics and the discourse of The Immortals, the paper mobilizes three concepts from media and communication studies: media practice, mediation, and mediatization. It will be argued that the current transformation and modernization processes of the extreme right can be conceptualized and understood through the lens of these three concepts.
Affective Politics of Sensation: Anonymity and Transtemporal Activism in Argentina
Authors: Brunner Christoph
Published: December 2015

This article deals with the aesthetic mobilization of anonymity in Argentine activist practices. Focusing on the specific intervention of El Siluetazo, the public drawing and placarding of nameless silhouettes during the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983, anonymity will be explored as instigating an affective politics of sensation. Different from the human rights discourse on disappearance, which is concerned with politics of identification of the disappeared and the repressors, anonymity offers forms of affective relaying beyond identity. The logic of identity will be discussed in relation to a “distribution of the sensible” that takes aesthetics of sense perception as the target of control (Rancière, 2004). Through investigating the silhouettes not as a universal signifier of disappearance but as an aesthetic expression potentially moving across space and time, I will unfold a media ecological conception of activist practices and their capacities of activating transtemporal forms of resistance.
The time has come to make cervical cancer prevention an essential part of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for HIV‐positive women in low‐income countries
Authors: Huchko Megan J , Maloba May , Nakalembe Miriam , Cohen Craig R
Published: December 2015

Introduction

HIV and cervical cancer are intersecting epidemics that disproportionately affect one of the most vulnerable populations in the world: women in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Historically, the disparity in cervical cancer risk for women in LMICs has been due to the lack of organized screening and prevention programmes. In recent years, this risk has been augmented by the severity of the HIV epidemic in LMICs. HIV‐positive women are at increased risk for developing cervical precancer and cancer, and while the introduction of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved life expectancies among HIV‐positive women it has not been shown to improve cancer‐related outcomes. Therefore, an increasing number of HIV‐positive women are living in LMICs with limited or no access to cervical cancer screening programmes. In this commentary, we describe the gaps in cervical cancer prevention, the state of evidence for integrating cervical cancer prevention into HIV programmes and future directions for programme implementation and research.

Discussion

Despite the biologic, behavioural and demographic overlap between HIV and cervical cancer, cervical cancer prevention has for the most part been left out of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for HIV‐positive women. Lower cost primary and secondary prevention strategies for cervical cancer are becoming more widely available in LMICs, with increasing evidence for their efficacy and cost‐effectiveness. Going forward, cervical cancer prevention must be considered a part of the essential package of SRH services for HIV‐positive women. Effective cervical cancer prevention programmes will require a coordinated response from international policymakers and funders, national governments and community leaders. Leveraging the improvements in healthcare infrastructure created by the response to the global HIV epidemic through integration of services may be an effective way to make an impact to prevent cervical cancer among HIV‐positive women, but more work remains to determine optimal approaches.

Conclusions

Cervical cancer prevention is an essential part of comprehensive HIV care. In order to ensure maximal impact and cost‐effectiveness, implementation strategies for screening programmes must be adapted and rigorously evaluated through a framework that includes equal participation with policymakers, programme planners and key stakeholders in the target communities.
An extracellular biochemical screen reveals that FLRTs and Unc5s mediate neuronal subtype recognition in the retina
Authors: Visser Jasper J , Cheng Yolanda , Perry Steven C , Chastain Andrew Benjamin , Parsa Bayan , Masri Shatha S , Ray Thomas A , Kay Jeremy N , Wojtowicz Woj M
Published: December 2015

In the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the mouse retina, ~70 neuronal subtypes organize their neurites into an intricate laminar structure that underlies visual processing. To find recognition proteins involved in lamination, we utilized microarray data from 13 subtypes to identify differentially-expressed extracellular proteins and performed a high-throughput biochemical screen. We identified ~50 previously-unknown receptor-ligand pairs, including new interactions among members of the FLRT and Unc5 families. These proteins show laminar-restricted IPL localization and induce attraction and/or repulsion of retinal neurites in culture, placing them in an ideal position to mediate laminar targeting. Consistent with a repulsive role in arbor lamination, we observed complementary expression patterns for one interaction pair, FLRT2-Unc5C, in vivo. Starburst amacrine cells and their synaptic partners, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, express FLRT2 and are repelled by Unc5C. These data suggest a single molecular mechanism may have been co-opted by synaptic partners to ensure joint laminar restriction.
Active zinc-blende III–nitride photonic structures on silicon
Authors: Sergent Sylvain , Kako Satoshi , Bürger Matthias , Blumenthal Sarah , Iwamoto Satoshi , As Donat Josef , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: December 2015

We use a layer transfer method to fabricate free-standing photonic structures in a zinc-blende AlN epilayer grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on a 3C-SiC pseudosubstrate and containing GaN quantum dots. The method leads to the successful realization of microdisks, nanobeam photonic crystal cavities, and waveguides integrated on silicon (100) and operating at short wavelengths. We assess the quality of such photonic elements by micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy in the visible and ultraviolet ranges, and extract the absorption coefficient of ZB AlN membranes (α ∼ (2–5) × 102 cm−1).
Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nitride by microwave plasma CVD
Authors: Tanaka Ippei , Sakamoto Yukihiro
Published: December 2015

Investigation of the low temperature synthesis of carbon nitride was carried out by microwave plasma CVD. Carbon nitride was synthesized using an improved microwave plasma CVD apparatus. Si was used as the substrate. A mixture of CH4 and N2 gas was used as a reaction gas. Synthesis pressure was varied from 1.1 to 4.0 kPa, microwave power was varied from 400 to 800 W. Faceted particles were obtained at a microwave power of 800 W and a substrate temperature of 880 K. Faceted particles were obtained at various synthesis pressures and a substrate temperature of as low as 740 K. Also, β-Si3N4 and α-C3N4 peaks were observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. As a result of studies of the low-temperature synthesis of carbon nitride by microwave plasma CVD, the morphology of deposits was found to depend on substrate temperature, and faceted particles were obtained at a substrate temperature as low as 740 K.
Self-assembled oleamide layer applied for cathode buffer layer of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on PTB7:PC71BM
Authors: Yanagidate Tatsuki , Kiriishi Koudai , Fujii Shunjiro , Kataura Hiromichi , Nishioka Yasushiro
Published: December 2015

In this work, bulk heterojunction solar cells based on poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]-thiophenediyl]] and phenyl-C71-butyric-acid-methyl-ester were fabricated using 1,2-dichlolobenzene solutions containing different weight ratios of oleamide. The oleamide layers were self-assembled on the active layer surfaces during the solidification of the active layer after spin coating. A significant increase in open-circuit voltage was observed after the introduction of oleamide at the expense of short-circuit current density. The optimal performance of the solar cell was obtained by spin coating the active layer at 1000 rpm for 60 s using a 1,2-dichlolobenzene solution containing 3% oleamide. The solar cell exhibited a short-circuit current density, an open circuit voltage, a fill factor, and a power conversion efficiency of 13.95 mA/cm2, 0.79 V, 0.47, and 5.22%, respectively. These solar cell behaviors are discussed on the basis of results of morphological analysis by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface energy analysis.
Sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento em uma área de fronteira: uma aplicação do Barômetro da Sustentabilidade no Oeste do Paraná
Authors: Hachmann Flavia , Rippel Ricardo
Published: December 2015

Em virtude dos efeitos degradantes ao meio ambiente, decorrentes do crescimento econômico e do elevado padrão de consumo, fomentaram-se discussões acerca do Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas últimas décadas pela sociedade, como forma de garantir a qualidade de vida desta e das futuras gerações através da gestão adequada dos recursos naturais. Assim sendo, a pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Mesorregião Oeste do Paraná, em comparação com o restante deste Estado, para os anos de 2000 e 2010, avaliando o Bem-Estar do Sistema Humano e o Bem-Estar do Sistema Ambiental da região, através de um levantamento de dados e a utilização da ferramenta Barômetro da Sustentabilidade. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o quantitativo-qualitativo, na medida em que foram empregadas técnicas para análise, decomposição, agregação e discussão dos dados. Além disso, em seus aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa tem característica exploratória e documental. Os resultados demonstraram que a Mesorregião Oeste do Paraná classificou-se, no ano de 2000, como Quase Insustentável, e, em 2010, como Insustentável.

Código JEL | O18; Q01; Q56.
Indocyanine Green Mediated Photothrombosis (IMP) with Intravitreal Bevacizumab (IVB) for Treatment of Choroidal Neovascular Membrane (CNV) due to ARMD
Authors: Seth Anisha , Pangtey Bhanu , Goel Neha , Ghosh Basudeb
Published: December 2015

Purpose:

Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) is one of the leading causes of blindness among elderly patients. Anti-Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and photodyanamic therapy (PDT) are the only treatment options available for subfoveal and Juxtafoveal CNVM but are extremely costly. Indocyanine Green Mediated Photothrombosis (IMP) has been successfully used for subfoveal CNV due to ARMD and is much cheaper than PDT. Our study aims to evaluate IMP followed by intravitreal Bevacizumab in subfoveal and Juxtafoveal CNV due to ARMD.

Methods:

This prospective interventional study consisted of 15 eyes with subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNV due to ARMD. IMP was performed with low power diode laser augmented with indocyanine green dye (ICG) and followed 24 hours later with intravitreal bevacizumab 1.25 mg/0.05ml. Subjects were followed up at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks for BCVA, IOР, lens status assessment on slit lamp, fundus examination, FFA and SD-OCT.

Results:

Mean visual acuity improved from 0.136 preoperatively to 0.177 at 6 weeks, to 0.183 at 12 weeks and 0.185 at 16 weeks. Mean pre-treatment mean macular thickness (MMT) varied from 284.1 µт to 261.2 µт at 4 weeks post-treatment, to 268.8 µт at 12 weeks and to 267 µт at 16 weeks post-treatment. 10 eyes showed stabilization of vision with treatment till 16 week post treatment. Five eyes showed improvement in vision which was sustained till 16th week post treatment. No eye showed decrease in vision by the end of follow up. The difference was statistically significant at all visits.

Conclusion:

IMP in combination with intravitreal Bevacizumab is an effective treatment modality for CNV in ARMD.
Malik’s Technique of Continuous 2% Hydroxymethylcellulose (HPMC) Infusion Assisted Nuclear Delivery in Manual SICS
Authors: Singh Malik Krishan Pal , Goel Ruchi
Published: December 2015

Manual small incision cataract surgery primarily involves prolapse of nucleus into the anterior chamber followed by its extraction by one of the various methods of nuclear delivery. Large, hard nuclei and certain techniques like phacosandwich/phacofracture predispose to shallowing of anterior chamber, increasing the likelihood of endothelial damage. We describe a simple maneuver to protect this important layer by continuous infusion of 2% hydroxymethylcellulose through the anterior chamber maintainer(ACM)by the assistant during nuclear delivery which can be combined with any method of SICS. This is also useful in preventing endothelial damage by a novice surgeon during the learning phase
Reconstructing the timescale of a catastrophic fan‐forming event on Earth using a Mars model
Authors: Duller Robert A. , Warner Nicholas H. , De Angelis Silvio , Armitage John J. , Poyatos‐Moré Miquel
Published: December 2015

The calculation of formation timescales of alluvial fans and deltas on Mars is important as it has direct implications for understanding the planet's hydrologic history. The robustness of sediment transport models is not in doubt but validation of the broad approach using a terrestrial example of similar scale and likely origin, where hydraulic parameters and timescales are known, is useful. Using a catastrophically formed terrestrial fan, where abundant sedimentological information is available, we find that the modeled hydraulic parameters and formation timescales are in very close agreement with the known values of the event. This supports the general modeling approach as applied to Mars fans but also highlights the added value of detailed sedimentary information when reconstructing hydraulics and timescales on Earth and Mars, which cannot be confidently gleaned from the final snapshot of surface geomorphology alone.
Distinct crustal isostasy trends east and west of the Rocky Mountain Front
Authors: Schmandt Brandon , Lin Fan‐Chi , Karlstrom Karl E.
Published: December 2015

Seismic structure beneath the contiguous U.S. was imaged with multimode receiver function stacking and inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity measurements. Crust thickness and elevation are weakly correlated across the contiguous U.S., but the correlation is ~3–4 times greater for separate areas east and west of the Rocky Mountain Front (RMF). Greater lower crustal shear velocities east of the RMF, particularly in low‐elevation areas with thick crust, are consistent with deep crustal density as the primary cause of the contrasting crust thickness versus elevation trends. Separate eastern and western trends are best fit by Airy isostasy models that assume lower crust to uppermost mantle density increases of 0.18 g/cm3 and 0.40 g/cm3, respectively. The former value is near the minimum that is plausible for felsic lower crust. Location of the transition at the RMF suggests that Laramide to post‐Laramide processes reduced western U.S. lower crustal density.
Observations of a substantial cloud‐aerosol indirect effect during the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn fissure eruption in Iceland
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L.
Published: December 2015

The Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn fissure eruption lasted from 31 August 2014 to 28 February 2015, during which its sulfur emissions dwarfed anthropogenic emissions from Europe. This natural experiment offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the aerosol indirect effect and the effect of effusive volcanic eruptions on climate. During the eruption cloud droplet effective radius (re) over the region surrounding Iceland was at the lowest value in the 14 year Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer data record during September and October 2014. The change in reflected solar radiation due to increased cloud reflectivity during September and October is estimated to exceed 2 W m−2 over the region surrounding Iceland, with increases of 1 W m−2 extending as far south as the Açores. The strength of the aerosol indirect effect diagnosed here reaffirms the ability of volcanic aerosols to affect cloud properties and ultimately the planetary albedo.
Simultaneous observations of F2 layer stratification and spread F at postmidnight over a northern equatorial anomaly region
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Yang Guobin , Deng Chi , Zhou Chen , Zhu Peng , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Song Huan , Lan Ting , Ni Binbin , Zhao Zhengyu , Zhang Yuannong
Published: December 2015

Simultaneous observations of F2 layer stratification and spread F at postmidnight (00:00 LT to 05:00 LT) were carried out on 22, 23, and 28 November 2013, using ionosondes distributed over a northern equatorial anomaly region at three specific locations, i.e., Puer (PUR, 22.7°N, 101.05°E, dip latitude 12.9°N), Chiang Mai (CMU, 18.8°N, 98.9°E, dip latitude 9.04°N), and Chumphon (CPN, 10.7°N, 99.4°E, dip latitude 0.93°N). The results show that both the PUR and CMU stations observed the F2 layer stratification at postmidnight in the Northern Hemisphere, frequently accompanied with gravity waves (the periods~30–100 min). It is reported that F2 layer stratification at postmidnight can be observed in the Northern Hemisphere for the first time. It is suggested that the thermospheric neutral wind triggered by gravity waves strongly contribute to the altitude dependence of the combined vertical plasma velocity, which consequently poses significant impacts on the occurrence of the low‐latitude F2 layer stratification at postmidnight. In addition, the spread F other than F2 layer stratification was observed at the CPN station located at the geomagnetic equator, suggesting that smaller geomagnetic inclination tend to inhibit the postmidnight F2 layer stratification in the equatorial region. Furthermore, on 23 November 2013 a good correlation was identified between the F2 layer stratification at PUR and the spread F at both CMU and CPN, possibly due to that the large‐scale gravity waves originating at middle latitudes contribute to the nighttime spread F observed in the low‐latitude and equatorial regions.
Evidence of dispersion and refraction of a spectrally broad gravity wave packet in the mesopause region observed by the Na lidar and Mesospheric Temperature Mapper above Logan, Utah
Authors: Yuan T. , Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. , Cai X. , Pautet P.‐D. , Fish C. , Zhao Y. , Taylor M. J. , Pendleton W. R. , Wickwar V. , Mitchell N. J.
Published: December 2015

Gravity wave packets excited by a source of finite duration and size possess a broad frequency and wave number spectrum and thus span a range of temporal and spatial scales. Observing at a single location relatively close to the source, the wave components with higher frequency and larger vertical wavelength dominate at earlier times and at higher altitudes, while the lower frequency components, with shorter vertical wavelength, dominate during the latter part of the propagation. Utilizing observations from the Na lidar at Utah State University and the nearby Mesospheric Temperature Mapper at Bear Lake Observatory (41.9°N, 111.4°W), we investigate a unique case of vertical dispersion for a spectrally broad gravity wave packet in the mesopause region over Logan, Utah (41.7°N, 111.8°W), that occurred on 2 September 2011, to study the waves' evolution as it propagates upward. The lidar‐observed temperature perturbation was dominated by close to a 1 h modulation at 100 km during the early hours but gradually evolved into a 1.5 h modulation during the second half of the night. The vertical wavelength also decreased simultaneously, while the vertical group and phase velocities of the packet apparently slowed, as it was approaching a critical level during the second half of the night. A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to simulate the observed gravity wave processes, finding that the location of the lidar relative to the source can strongly influence which portion of the spectrum can be observed at a particular location relative to a source.
The Two‐Column Aerosol Project: Phase I—Overview and impact of elevated aerosol layers on aerosol optical depth
Authors: Berg Larry K. , Fast Jerome D. , Barnard James C. , Burton Sharon P. , Cairns Brian , Chand Duli , Comstock Jennifer M. , Dunagan Stephen , Ferrare Richard A. , Flynn Connor J. , Hair Johnathan W. , Hostetler Chris A. , Hubbe John , Jefferson Anne , Johnson Roy , Kassianov Evgueni I. , Kluzek Celine D. , Kollias Pavlos , Lamer Katia , Lantz Kathleen , Mei Fan , Miller Mark A. , Michalsky Joseph , Ortega Ivan , Pekour Mikhail , Rogers Ray R. , Russell Philip B. , Redemann Jens , Sedlacek Arthur J. , Segal‐Rosenheimer Michal , Schmid Beat , Shilling John E. , Shinozuka Yohei , Springston Stephen R. , Tomlinson Jason M. , Tyrrell Megan , Wilson Jacqueline M. , Volkamer Rainer , Zelenyuk Alla , Berkowitz Carl M.
Published: December 2015

The Two‐Column Aerosol Project (TCAP), conducted from June 2012 through June 2013, was a unique study designed to provide a comprehensive data set that can be used to investigate a number of important climate science questions, including those related to aerosol mixing state and aerosol radiative forcing. The study was designed to sample the atmosphere between and within two atmospheric columns; one fixed near the coast of North America (over Cape Cod, MA) and a second moveable column over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred kilometers from the coast. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF) was deployed at the base of the Cape Cod column, and the ARM Aerial Facility was utilized for the summer and winter intensive observation periods. One important finding from TCAP is that four of six nearly cloud‐free flight days had aerosol layers aloft in both the Cape Cod and maritime columns that were detected using the nadir pointing second‐generation NASA high‐spectral resolution lidar (HSRL‐2). These layers contributed up to 60% of the total observed aerosol optical depth (AOD). Many of these layers were also intercepted by the aircraft configured for in situ sampling, and the aerosol in the layers was found to have increased amounts of biomass burning material and nitrate compared to aerosol found near the surface. In addition, while there was a great deal of spatial and day‐to‐day variability in the aerosol chemical composition and optical properties, no systematic differences between the two columns were observed.
A Bead‐Based Proximity Assay for BRD4 Ligand Discovery
Authors: Roberts Justin M. , Bradner James E.
Published: December 2015

Bromodomain‐containing proteins have emerged as desirable targets for anti‐neoplastic and anti‐inflammatory drug discovery. Toward the development of selective inhibitors of the BET family of bromodomains, we optimized bead‐based assays to detect interactions between bromodomains and poly‐acetylated histone peptides. Donor and acceptor beads bound to target and ligand are brought into proximity by this protein‐protein interaction. After laser illumination, singlet oxygen evolved from donor beads travels to the spatially close acceptor beads, resulting in chemiluminesence. This AlphaScreen assay has proven amendable to high‐throughput screening, secondary validation, and specificity profiling during lead discovery and optimization. Here we report our protocol for assay development to measure inhibition of ligand binding to bromodomain‐containing protein 4 (BRD4). We discuss the discovery of an appropriate probe, optimization of bead, probe, and protein concentrations, and the derivation of protein‐probe inhibition curves. Finally, we explore the implementation of this technology for high‐throughput screening of potential BRD4 inhibitors. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Evolution Directs Protein Translation Using Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Cox Vanessa E. , Gaucher Eric A.
Published: December 2015

Unnatural amino acids have in recent years established their importance in a wide range of fields, from pharmaceuticals to polymer science. Unnatural amino acids can increase the number of chemical groups within proteins and thus expand or enhance biological function. Our ability to utilize these important building blocks, however, has been limited by the inherent difficulty in incorporating these molecules into proteins. To address this challenge, researchers have examined how the canonical twenty amino acids are incorporated, regulated, and modified in nature. This review focuses on achievements and techniques used to engineer the ribosomal protein‐translation machinery, including the introduction of orthogonal translation components, how directed evolution enhances the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and the potential utility of ancient biomolecules for this process. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distributive Negotiation Strategies
Authors: Allen Mike , Burrell Nancy
Published: December 2015

This entry outlines the issues faced in a distributive bargaining situation and describes some of the principles and research. The assumptions about bargaining and the description of various aspects of the negotiation situation (zero sum, prisoner's dilemma, multiple parties, threats, existence of direct communication) all provide a basis for understanding the role of communication on the outcome.
Politeness and Social Influence
Authors: Lim Tae‐Seop , Ahn Seokhoon
Published: December 2015

Politeness is tactical behavior designed to address face wants and promote a supportive atmosphere. As a means of social influence, it has been examined from normative, rationalist, and discursive perspectives.
Attachment and Relationships
Authors: Rosier Jennifer Gill , Munz Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2015

Decades of research have found support for the notion that the attachment style one develops in infancy continues to impact a person's ability to form, develop, and maintain friendships, family relationships, and romantic partnerships throughout the lifespan. Although one's attachment style is not set in stone (i.e., it can potentially change, especially when individuals are faced with traumatic experiences in life), it remains relatively consistent for most individuals, affecting their perceptions of themselves and others and helping shape their communication skills and efforts.
Actor–Partner Interdependence Model
Authors: Priem Jennifer S.
Published: December 2015

The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) is a framework for analyzing interdependent dyadic data. The model improves upon traditional regression and ANOVA analyses by estimating not only the main effects of one individual's variables, but also assessing how members of a dyad influence each other simultaneously within a single model. This entry provides an overview of the basic model specification, considerations that need to be made when using APIM, and options for statistical techniques to test actor–partner effects.
Uncertainty and Relationship Development
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani
Published: December 2015

Uncertainty is inextricably linked to relationship development. People enter initial interactions with a considerable lack of information about their communication partner. Whether partners seek further interaction and develop their relationship depends on their ability to communicate effectively despite this uncertainty and in ways that decrease this uncertainty. As relationships escalate, partners continue to gather and provide information that alleviates uncertainty as they assess the viability and desirability of further relationship escalation. Uncertainty persists within mutually committed relationships, contributing to dialectical tensions and manifesting as questions about a person's own interest in the relationship, the partner's involvement in the association, and the nature of the relationship in general. Because uncertainty can arise whenever conditions within and surrounding a relationship change and because uncertainty complicates interpersonal communication, it influences the development and maintenance of intimacy across the relational lifespan.
Crisis Negotiation
Authors: Donohue William A.
Published: December 2015

This entry reviews research related to the process of crisis negotiation as a distinct form of negotiation. It is argued that crisis negotiation focuses on resolving key relational issues of power and identity rather than the substantive issues that divide negotiators. Resolving these issues requires addressing five paradoxes that can entrap negotiators: dispossession, detachment, face, irrationality, and time. Resolving these paradoxes enables normative bargaining that focuses on substantive problem‐solving.
Hurtful Communication
Authors: Vangelisti Anita L.
Published: December 2015

Hurtful communication takes place when someone says or does something that emotionally injures another. It is relatively common and can shape the way relational partners behave, think, and feel toward each other. This entry describes scholarship conceptualizing hurt feelings. It then provides an overview of studies that describe hurtful interactions, the cognitive processes associated with hurtful communication, the characteristics of interpersonal relationships that are linked to hurtful interactions, and the association between social and physical pain. The entry closes with some issues that might be usefully addressed in future research.
Communication in Workplace Teams
Authors: Russell Tillman , Reimer Torsten
Published: December 2015

Research on communication in workplace teams involves the communication processes amongst team members and how communication impacts team outcomes. Communication is important for a team's concertive effort to act effectively as a unit. Workplace teams often face complex tasks that require teams to share task‐relevant information to coordinate actions and collectively accomplish organizational goals. Research suggests that the development of Shared Mental Models (SMM) and Transactive Memory Systems (TMS) can help workplace teams coordinate their actions. These tools enable teams to implicitly coordinate their actions and to perform tasks in fast‐paced environments.
Family Typologies
Authors: Koerner Ascan F.
Published: December 2015

Family typologies in interpersonal communication scholarship group families that exhibit unique and distinguishing characteristics of relationship and communication behaviors into different types. Ideally, such categorizations, while often based on some external characteristic such as family membership, reveal important differences in the communication behaviors and relationships of different family and thereby clarify general principles that underlie communication and relationship processes. This entry reviews two types of typologies—typologies based on structure and typologies based on processes—with particular attention paid to the basic communication and interpersonal dynamics that these typologies help to clarify.
Relational and Task Conflict
Authors: Brown Lori A. , Roloff Michael E.
Published: December 2015

Conflict constitutes incompatible activity that in some cases results from or leads to disagreement. Scholars have distinguished between relational and task conflict. This entry examines two approaches used to study relational and task conflict. The first is a relational contextual approach and examines conflicts occurring within intimate relationships (e.g., marriage, family) relative to those that are defined primarily by the completion of tasks (e.g., employer–employee, work team). The second approach treats relational and task conflicts as characteristics of a disagreement and examines their effect on close and task‐oriented relationships.
Pragmatics of Human Communication
Authors: Segrin Chris
Published: December 2015

The book
Pragmatics of Human Communication
, published in 1967, was a groundbreaking statement about the functions of interpersonal communication, particularly as it relates to behavioral and psychiatric problems. The two major contributions of the book were its presentation of axioms of human communication and elaboration of the double‐bind hypothesis associated with family interaction and schizophrenia. Some of the axioms of communication were controversial and overstated but have enduring heuristic values to students and scholars of human communication. The double‐bind hypothesis, although never substantiated, played an important role in the formation of the interpersonal paradigm in mental health.
Social Allergens
Authors: Miller Courtney Waite
Published: December 2015

A social allergy is a negative emotional reaction to behavior one finds annoying, termed a social allergen. Social allergens can be categorized by the perceived degree of personalism and intentionality; their intersection results in four types of social allergens. Social allergens can elicit strong negative emotional reactions and impact many types of relationships. Individuals cope with social allergens in various ways. Offender apologies and believing a person will stop their annoying behavior can lessen the negative relational effects of social allergens.
Implicit Relationship Theories and Relational Communication
Authors: Reznik Rachel M.
Published: December 2015

Implicit theories of romantic relationships (ITRs) are beliefs individuals have about how romantic relationships work. Researchers have independently identified two sets of implicit theories of romantic relationships. Destiny and soul mate theorists believe that partners are either compatible or they are not. Growth and work‐it‐out theorists believe that relationships develop over time and take effort. ITRs have implications for how individuals interpret events in their relationships and are related to relational satisfaction, coping with negative relational events, violence, and forgiveness.
Leader–Member Exchange Theory
Authors: Jian Guowei
Published: December 2015

This entry presents an overview of the leader–member exchange (LMX) theory and research. It traces the theory's conceptual evolution from a marginal perspective of supervisor–subordinate relationships to a full‐fledged mainstream leadership model. The entry summarizes key findings with regard to the antecedents and outcomes of LMX and presents major lines of inquiry that have sprung from the theory, including the effects of leader–member agreement of LMX, the influence of similarity and diversity of the dyadic partners, and the communication process in leader–member relationship development.
Marshaling Social Support
Authors: Crowley John P.
Published: December 2015

Support‐marshaling represents the communicative activities individuals employ to either limit interference or enhance support from network members for the achievement of relational or instrumental goals. Early work in this area focused on the strategies individuals use to seek support and the types of strategies that produced satisfactory results. Current research has focused on illustrating how individuals negotiate two dilemmas: (a) whether to confront target network members directly or to influence them through hidden strategies indirectly, and (b) whether to seek to enhance a target network member's support or limit any further interference from the target network member on the achievement of the individual's goal(s). Social contextual theory has proven to be a useful framework from which to conceptualize the support‐marshaling process.
Knowledge Structures and Social Interaction
Authors: Berger Charles R.
Published: December 2015

The ways in which knowledge about people and the roles they play, as well as social interaction conventions and social contexts, is organized in long‐term memory plays a vital role in the understanding of others’ actions and discourse, on the one hand, and the production of messages on the other. Once activated, the cognitive structures that organize this knowledge allow social actors to understand each other's behavior, including what is being said and how it is being said, and to respond to others rapidly and in meaningful ways. When social actors struggle to understand others’ intentions or have difficulty actualizing their intentions in speech and action, social interaction is disrupted; these disruptions may potentiate negative emotional states. Thus, mutual attunement to the knowledge structures guiding social interaction is necessary to promote efficient goal achievement and to ensure that goals are attained in a socially appropriate manner.