bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Arc Furnace as a Source of Voltage Disturbances—A Statistical Evaluation of Propagation in the Supply Network
Authors: Klempka Ryszard
Published: February 2021

This article presents the results of measuring Pst indicators at three points of a power system supplying a large source of voltage disturbances—an arc furnace. Measurements were made at three voltage levels: 30, 110, and 400 kV. Recorded values of Pst at each point were subjected to statistical analysis, the probability distributions were adjusted to their histograms, and the nature of changes in the basic parameters of these distributions with the distance from the source of disturbances was indicated. The adjustments of the distributions were made using a modified firefly algorithm.
An Overview on Functional Integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Multi-Energy Buildings
Authors: Canale Laura , Di Fazio Anna Rita , Russo Mario , Frattolillo Andrea , Dell’Isola Marco
Published: February 2021

Buildings are responsible for over 30% of global final energy consumption and nearly 40% of total CO2 emissions. Thus, rapid penetration of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in this sector is required. Integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into residential buildings should not only guarantee an overall neutral energy balance over long term horizon (nZEB concept), but also provide a higher flexibility, a real-time monitoring and a real time interaction with end-users (smart-building concept). Thus, increasing interest is being given to the concepts of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) and Multi-Energy Buildings, in which several renewable and nonrenewable energy systems, the energy networks and the energy demand optimally interact with each other at various levels, exploring all possible interactions between systems and vectors (electricity, heat, cooling, fuels, transport) without them being treated separately. In this context, the present paper gives an overview of functional integration of HRES in Multi-Energy Buildings evidencing the numerous problems and potentialities related to the application of HRESs in the residential building sector. Building-integrated HRESs with at least two RESs (i.e., wind–solar, solar–geothermal and solar–biomass) are considered. The most applied HRES solutions in the residential sector are presented, and integration of HRES with thermal and electrical loads in residential buildings connected to external multiple energy grids is investigated. Attention is focused on the potentialities that functional integration can offer in terms of flexibility services to the energy grids. New holistic approaches to the management problems and more complex architectures for the optimal control are described.
The Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation in an Active Distribution Network with Several Soft Open Points
Authors: Karunarathne Eshan , Pasupuleti Jagadeesh , Ekanayake Janaka , Almeida Dilini
Published: February 2021

A competent methodology based on the active power loss reduction for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generators (DGs) in an active distribution network (ADN) with several soft open points (SOPs) is proposed. A series of SOP combinations are explored to generate different network structures and they are utilized in the optimization framework to identify the possible solutions with minimum power loss under normal network conditions. Furthermore, a generalized methodology to optimize the size and the location of a predefined number of DGs with a predefined number of SOPs is presented. A case study on the modified IEEE 33 bus system with three DGs and five SOPs was conducted and hence the overall network power loss and the voltage improvement were examined. The findings reveal that the system loss of the passive network without SOPs and DGs is reduced by 79.5% using three DGs and five SOPs. In addition, this research work introduces a framework using the DG size and the impedance to the DG integration node, to propose a region where the DGs can be optimally integrated into an ADN that includes several SOPs.
Design and Validation of BAT Algorithm-Based Photovoltaic System Using Simplified High Gain Quasi Boost Inverter
Authors: Rajalakshmi Mani , Chandramohan Sankaralingam , Kannadasan Raju , Alsharif Mohammed H. , Kim Mun-Kyeom , Nebhen Jamel
Published: February 2021

Owing to the intermittent nature of renewable energy systems, an improved power extraction technique and modernized power modulators are to be designed to overcome power quality challenges. Attesting to this fact, this work aims to enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system using the BAT algorithm (BA) and enhances the overall performance of the system using modified inverter topology. Specifically, a new power electronic modulator, i.e., a simplified high gain quasi-boost inverter (SHGqBI), is implemented to eliminate the downsides of the conventional system. The proposed inverter reduces the additional components that can condense the volume of the design with reduced conduction and switching losses. The combination of BA-based PV rated 250 W and novel inverter configuration pick the global peak power with enhanced power quality. Notably, BA extracts the maximum power from the panel meritoriously with about 98.8% efficiency. This is because BA uses the global input parameters to track the maximum power of the PV panel, whereas other conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used limited parameters. Further, the current and voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposed inverter are recorded, which show a commendable range of 2.7% and 10.2%, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of the inverter is found to be 97%. Consequently, the overall system efficiency is calculated and found to be 97.9%, providing greater advantages over a conventional system. The system is mathematically modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and validated through an experimental setup with the laboratory prototype model.
Communication Requirements for a Hybrid VSC Based HVDC/AC Transmission Networks State Estimation
Authors: Ayiad Motaz , Maggioli Emily , Leite Helder , Martins Hugo
Published: February 2021

The communication infrastructure of the modern Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system continues to enlarge, as hybrid High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)/Alternating Current (AC) networks emerge. A centralized SCADA faces challenges to meet the time requirements of the two different power networks topologies, such as employing the SCADA toolboxes for both grids. This paper presents the modern communication infrastructure and the time requirements of a centralized SCADA for hybrid HVDC/AC network. In addition, a case study of a complete cycle for a unified Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimation is tested on a hybrid HVDC/AC transmission network, based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The cycle estimates the elapsed times from the sensors up to the SCADA side, including the data acquisition and the WLS processing times. The case study is carried out on the Cigre B4 DC test case network with 43 virtual Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)s installed and 10 data concentrators, all connected through a fiber-based communication network. It is concluded that the time requirements can be fulfilled for a hybrid HVDC/AC network.
A Review on Production of Light Olefins via Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Authors: Gholami Zahra , Gholami Fatemeh , Tišler Zdeněk , Tomas Martin , Vakili Mohammadtaghi
Published: February 2021

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is an alternative olefin production technology, with lower CO2 emission and higher energy-saving. This process is used for olefin production by almost 60% of the global feedstocks. Different parameters including the operating conditions, feedstock properties, and type of catalyst can strongly affect the catalytic activity and product distribution. FCC catalysts contain zeolite as an active component, and a matrix, a binder, and a filler to provide the physical strength of the catalyst. Along with the catalyst properties, the FCC unit’s performance also depends on the operating conditions, including the feed composition, hydrocarbon partial pressure, temperature, residence time, and the catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTO). This paper provides a summary of the light olefins production via the FCC process and reviews the influences of the catalyst composition and operating conditions on the yield of light olefins.
Diversity and Changes in the Energy Balance in EU Countries
Authors: Rokicki Tomasz , Perkowska Aleksandra
Published: February 2021

The main purpose of the paper was to present the energy balance in the EU countries. The specific objectives were to show the concentration and directions of changes in the demand, production, import, and export of energy in the EU countries, to determine the degree of variability (or stability) of these energy balance parameters, and to establish the correlation between the energy balance parameters and economic parameters. All members of the European Union were determinedly selected for research on 31 December 2018 (28 countries). The research period embraced the years 2004–2018. The sources of materials were the literature on the topic and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, and graphical methods, Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, coefficient of variation, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and constant-based dynamics indicators were used in the analysis and presentation of materials. It was determined that only the demand for energy and its import in EU countries were nearly related to the economic situation. In turn, exports and production were medium and weakly correlated. In these parameters, economic factors had a smaller impact than other factors, such as political development or the level of energy development in the country. It was also found that the EU countries’ energy imports were characterized by lower volatility than its exports. As a rule, the most significant stabilization in the given parameters occurred in countries with a stable economy, the so-called developed economies, while the most significant volatility was in developing countries. Energy security is of great importance in all EU countries.
Applicability of Waste Engine Oil for the Direct Production of Electricity
Authors: Włodarczyk Paweł P. , Włodarczyk Barbara
Published: February 2021

New methods for the use of waste products as input for other technologies are a constant subject of research efforts. One such product is waste engine oil. Due to the constantly increasing number of motor vehicles in the world, the recycling or application of engine oils for energy production purposes is currently of considerable importance. This paper contains research regarding the analysis of the electro-oxidation potential of waste engine oil, and thus the possibility of using such oil as a material in fuel cells. The research demonstrates the basic possibility of the electro-oxidation of this oil emulsion on a platinum electrode in an acid electrolyte (aqueous solution of H2SO4). It was shown that in the temperature range of 20–80 °C, the electro-oxidation of the waste engine oil emulsion occurred for all emulsion concentrations (0.005%, 0.010%, 0.030%, and 0.060% of the reactor volume). The maximum current density obtained in the measurements was 21 mA·cm−2 at the temperature of 60 °C (0.030% waste oil and 0.5 M electrolyte). Although this value is small, it encourages further research on the use of used engine oil for the direct generation of electricity.
Effects of Supercritical CO2 on Matrix Permeability of Unconventional Formations
Authors: Kamali-Asl Arash , Zoback Mark D , Kohli Arjun H.
Published: February 2021

We studied the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) on the matrix permeability of reservoir rocks from the Eagle Ford, Utica, and Wolfcamp formations. We measured permeability using argon before exposure of the samples to scCO2 over time periods ranging from days to weeks. We measured permeability (and the change of permeability with confining pressure) when both argon and scCO2 were the pore fluids. In all three formations, we generally observe a negative correlation between initial permeability and carbonate content—the higher the carbonate content, the lower the initial permeability. In clay- and organic-rich samples, swelling of the matrix resulting from adsorption decreased the permeability by about 50% when the pore fluid was scCO2 although this permeability change is largely reversible. In carbonate-rich samples, dissolution of carbonate minerals by carbonic acid irreversibly increased matrix permeability, in some cases by more than one order of magnitude. This dissolution also increases the pressure dependence of permeability apparently due to enhanced mechanical compaction. Despite these trends, we observed no general correlation between mineralogy and the magnitude of the change in permeability with argon before and after exposure to scCO2. Flow of scCO2 through μm-scale cracks appears to play an important role in determining matrix permeability and the pressure dependence of permeability. Extended permeability measurements show that while adsorption is nearly instantaneous and reversible, dissolution is time-dependent, probably owing to reaction kinetics. Our results indicate that the composition and microstructure of matrix flow pathways control both the initial permeability and how permeability changes after interaction with scCO2. Electron microscopy images with Back-Scattered Electron (BSE) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) revealed dissolution and etching of calcite minerals and precipitation of calcium sulfide resulting from exposure to scCO2.
Harmonic Current Distribution in Grounding Systems of Cabled Medium Voltage Grids during Single-Pole Ground Fault
Authors: Küchler Benjamin , Schmidt Uwe , Hänsch Jonathan
Published: February 2021

The design of every power supply system must guarantee the safety for human life even in the event of a fault. Due to the system change in the electrical power supply, the fault current contains more and more unknown shares of current harmonics. Especially in medium voltage grids, which are operated with resonant grounding, these are determining for the level of the single-pole ground fault current for determination of permissible touch voltages and compliance with the normative requirements of the European standard EN 50522 must therefore be re-evaluated. In its first part, this concept paper presents the frequency dependent principles of earth loops formed by the grounding system. The focus here is on cabled grids and the influence of connected structures of the low voltage grid. The second part deals with the superposition of these loop currents and the resulting earth currents in case of a line to ground fault. The authors address explicitly the frequency dependence of the current distribution and describe the expected behaviour for current harmonics. The proposed approaches result from processing the state of knowledge, research work and the evaluation of several measurements. The aim is to develop an understanding of the influence of the components connected to a grounding system and to derive generally applicable principles. Therefore, the authors present the results of recent measurements in the last part of the handed paper and point out the possibilities and limits of modeling. It is shown that a dedicated treatment of harmonic currents in the case of a single-pole fault is possible with the methods described. This allows these to be neglected in the estimation of touch voltages under specified circumstances, saving costs for the assessment of grounding systems.
A Fuzzy-ANP Approach for Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of Grid-Side Commercial Storage Project
Authors: Yang Huijia , Fan Weiguang , Qin Guangyu , Zhao Zhenyu
Published: February 2021

With the increasing demand for clean and low-carbon energy, high proportion of renewable energy has been integrated into the receiving-end grid. The grid-side energy storage project can ensure the safe and stable operation of the grid, but it still faces many problems, such as high initial investment, difficult operation and maintenance, unclear profit model, lack of business mode. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the comprehensive benefit of energy storage projects in order to guide the sustainable development of large-scale energy storage projects and power system. By studying the technical and economic characteristics of energy storage, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation system from four dimensions of energy efficiency, economic, social, and environmental benefit. Combined with typical business modes and determining the subdivision index system of different modes, the comprehensive benefit evaluation model of grid-side commercial storage project based on Fuzzy-Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach is established. Empirical analysis of a 100-megawatt storage project is carried out to evaluate the project benefits comprehensively, the potential problems of the market development and business mode of the grid-side large-scale storage project are discussed, and the future development orientation and suggestions are put forward.
Classification and Observed Seasonal Phenology of Broadleaf Deciduous Forests in a Tropical Region by Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 Data
Authors: Tran Anh Tuan , Nguyen Kim Anh , Liou Yuei An , Le Minh Hang , Vu Van Truong , Nguyen Dinh Duong
Published: February 2021

Broadleaf deciduous forests (BDFs) or dry dipterocarp forests play an important role in biodiversity conservation in tropical regions. Observations and classification of forest phenology provide valuable inputs for ecosystem models regarding its responses to climate change to assist forest management. Remotely sensed observations are often used to derive the parameters corresponding to seasonal vegetation dynamics. Data acquired from the Sentinel-1A satellite holds a great potential to improve forest type classification at a medium-large scale. This article presents an integrated object-based classification method by using Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 OLI data acquired during different phenological periods (rainy and dry seasons). The deciduous forest and nondeciduous forest areas are classified by using NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) from Landsat 8 cloud-free composite images taken during dry (from February to April) and rainy (from June to October) seasons. Shorea siamensis Miq. (S. siamensis), Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume (S. obtusa), and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (D. tuberculatus) in the deciduous forest area are classified based on the correlation between phenology of BDFs in Yok Don National Park and backscatter values of time-series Sentinel-1A imagery in deciduous forest areas. One hundred and five plots were selected during the field survey in the study area, consisting of dominant deciduous species, tree height, and canopy diameter. Thirty-nine plots were used for training to decide the broadleaf deciduous forest areas of the classified BDFs by the proposed method, and the other sixty-six plots were used for validation. Our proposed approach used the changes of backscatter in multitemporal SAR images to implement BDF classification mapping with acceptable accuracy. The overall accuracy of classification is about 79%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.7. Accurate classification and mapping of the BDFs using the proposed method can help authorities implement forest management in the future.
An On-Demand Dissoluble Chitosan Hydrogel Containing Dynamic Diselenide Bond
Authors: Xu Xingxia , Lu Weihong , Zhu Jian , Pan Xiangqiang , Zhu Xiulin
Published: February 2021

A new kind of on-demand dissolution hydrogel is successfully synthesized by modification of chitosan using γ-selenobutyrolactone. The chitosan hydrogel with different selenium contents is formed by ring opening of γ-selenobutyrolactone with the amines of D-glucosamine units on the chitosan backbone. The structure of the hydrogel was confirmed by 1H NMR, XRD and XPS. Its physical and biological properties were evaluated by rheology characterization, degradation tests and cytotoxicity test. The hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility and good degradation properties under oxidation or reduction conditions. All the evidence demonstrated that this type of material has good prospects for dressing applications.
The Effects of Short-Term Visual Feedback Training on the Stability of the Roundhouse Kicking Technique in Young Karatekas
Authors: Vando Stefano , Longo Stefano , Cavaggioni Luca , Maurino Lucio , Larion Alin , Invernizzi Pietro Luigi , Padulo Johnny
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of using real-time visual feedback (VF) during a one-week balance training intervention on postural sway parameters in young karatekas. Twenty-six young male karatekas (age = 14.0 ± 2.3 years) were randomly divided into two groups: real-time VF training (VFT; n = 14) and control (CTRL; n = 12). Their center of pressure (COP) displacement (path length, COPpl; distance from origin, COPod) was assessed pre- and post-training on a Wii Balance Board platform in two positions (Flex: knee of the supporting leg slightly bent, maximum hip and leg flexion of the other leg; Kick: knee of the supporting leg slightly bent, mawashi-geri posture for the kicking leg). Both groups trained twice a day for seven days, performing a one-legged stance on the non-dominant limb in the Kick position. During the training, VFT received real-time VF of COP displacement, while CTRL looked at a fixed point. No interaction effect was found (p > 0.05). VFT exhibited greater changes pre- and post-training in Flex COPpl (−25.2%, g = 1.5), Kick COPpl (−24.1%, g = 1.3), and Kick COPod (−44.1%, g = 1.0) compared to CTRL (−0.9–−13.0%, g-range: 0.1–0.7). It is possible that superimposing real-time VF to a week-long balance training intervention could induce a greater sport-specific balance-training effect in young karatekas.
Value Conflicts in Designing for Safety: Distinguishing Applications of Safe-by-Design and the Inherent Safety Principles
Authors: Bouchaut Britte , Asveld Lotte , Hanefeld Ulf , Vlierboom Alexander
Published: February 2021

Although both the Inherent Safety Principles (ISPs) and the Safe-by-Design (SbD) approach revolve around the central value of safety, they have a slightly different focus in terms of developing add-on features or considering initial design choices. This paper examines the differences between these approaches and analyses which approach is more suitable for a specific type of research—fundamental or applied. By applying the ISPs and SbD to a case study focusing on miniaturized processes using Hydrogen Cyanide, we find that both approaches encounter internal value-conflicts and suffer from external barriers, or lock-ins, which hinder implementation of safety measures. By applying the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), we gain insight in the matureness of a technology (thereby distinguishing fundamental and applied research) and the extent of lock-ins being present. We conclude that the ISPs are better able to deal with lock-ins, which are more common in applied research stages, as this approach provides guidelines for add-on safety measures. Fundamental research is not subject to lock-ins yet, and therefore SbD would be a more suitable approach. Lastly, application of either approach should not be associated with a specific field of interest, but instead with associated known or uncertain risks.
Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents
Authors: Maraver Francisco , Armijo Francisco , Fernandez-Toran Miguel Angel , Armijo Onica , Ejeda Jose Manuel , Vazquez Iciar , Corvillo Iluminada , Torres-Piles Silvia
Published: February 2021

The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid–liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriatic arthropathy. The clinical experience in these centers shows that the main effects of the application of their peloids are the reduction of pain, an increase in the joint’s functional capacity and an improvement in the quality of life. As thermotherapeutic agents, all the peloids of the me-dical spas studied and the pastes (raw materials with distilled water) examined showed a heat flow rate of up to four times lower than that shown by the same amount of water. The raw materials studied can be used as solid phases for the preparation of peloids with mineral waters.
Oral Prevention and Management of Oral Healthcare
Authors: Vozza Iole
Published: February 2021

Oral health is an important factor in the maintenance of general health, wellbeing, and overall quality of life [...]
Tobacco and E-Cigarettes Point of Sale Advertising—Assessing Compliance with Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Bans in Poland
Authors: Polanska Kinga , Kaleta Dorota
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate compliance with the ban on tobacco and e-cigarette products advertising at point of sale (POS) before and after amendment of the Polish Tobacco Control Act. Data were collected, using an observation checklist, between March and October 2014 (n = 1450 POS) and between March and October 2019 (n = 1320 POS). Ban on tobacco and e-cigarette advertising at POS is commonly violated in Poland. In all POS, at least one form (including tobacco products display) of tobacco advertising was found in 2014 and in 2019. The most common types of tobacco advertising in 2014 were change and counter mats (61%, 42%), posters (38%) and illuminated banners (37%). In 2019, a decrease in promoting tobacco products in the form of mats (p ≤ 0.001), posters and boards (p < 0.001) but an increase in video screens were observed (from 8% in 2014 to 30% in 2019; p < 0.001). A significant increase in the presence of any e-cigarette ads, including e-cigarette displays, illuminated banners and video screens, was observed in 2019 as compared to 2014 (90% vs. 30%; 89% vs. 20%; 31% vs. 2%; 31% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.001). The minimum age or a no-sale-to-minors signs for tobacco and e-cigarettes were not sufficiently placed in POS to comply with the Act. Poor enforcement of the ban on tobacco and e-cigarette ads at POS provides the tobacco industry with an opportunity to promote their products using unlawful ways. There is a need to educate the public, retailers and civil society with respect to their legal responsibilities and roles.
Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients and Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Filipčič Tjaša , Bogataj Špela , Pajek Jernej , Pajek Maja
Published: February 2021

Hemodialysis (HD) patients have lower functional abilities compared to healthy people, and this is associated with lower physical activity in everyday life. This may affect their quality of life, but research on this topic is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between habitual physical activity and quality of life in HD patients and healthy controls. Ninety-three HD patients and 140 controls participated in the study. Quality of life was assessed using a 36-item medical outcomes study short-form health survey (SF-36). Human Activity Profile (HAP) was used to assess habitual physical activity. The adjusted activity score (AAS) from HAP, age, gender, fat tissue index (FTI), lean tissue index (LTI), and Davies comorbidity score were analyzed as possible predictors of the Physical Component Summary (PCS) of the SF-36. Three sequential linear models were used to model PCS. In Model 1, PCS was regressed by gender and age; in Model 2 the LTI, FTI, and Davies comorbidity scores were added. Model 3 also included AAS. After controlling for age and gender (ModelHD 1: p = 0.056), LTI, FTI, and Davies comorbidity score effects (ModelHD 2: p = 0.181), the AAS accounted for 32% of the variation in PCS of HD patients (ModelHD 3: p < 0.001). Consequently, the PCS of HD patients would increase by 0.431 points if the AAS increased by one point. However, in healthy controls, AAS had a lower impact than in the HD sample (B = 0.359 vs. 0.431), while the corresponding effects of age and gender (ModelH 1: p < 0.001), LTI, FTI, and Davies comorbidity score (ModelH 2: p < 0.001) were adjusted for. The proportion of variation in PCS attributed to AAS was 14.9% (ModelH 3: p < 0.001). The current study results showed that physical activity in everyday life as measured by the HAP questionnaire is associated to a higher degree with the quality of life of HD patients than in healthy subjects. Routine physical activity programs are therefore highly justified, and the nephrology community should play a leading role in this effort.
The Interactions of Absorptive Capacity, Buffer Inventory, and Toxic Emissions on Firm Value
Authors: Yiu Lik Man Daphne , Wu Ka Yui Karl
Published: February 2021

A significant amount of research has been conducted on the impacts of emissions reduction, absorptive capacity, and buffer inventory on firm performance. According to the resource-based view (RBV), absorptive capacity and buffer inventory are organizational capabilities and resources to create sustainable competitive advantages. Yet, the resource orchestration perspective (ROP) of the RBV emphasizes that firms need to develop a new capability to orchestrate and deploy their existing capabilities and resources. From an organizational learning perspective, firms with the low-level release of toxic chemicals have established a structured system and systematic organizational routines, strengthening their learning capabilities to share and use internal and external information across functional areas for continuous improvements. This study explores and seeks to understand toxic emissions through systematic operational routines as an organizational mechanism. These routines orchestrate and deploy the firm-specific absorptive capacity and buffer inventory to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. We examine the impacts of the absorptive capacity and buffer inventory on firm value in terms of Tobin’s Q, respectively. We also explore how such impacts are moderated by toxic emissions. Our results show that the absorptive capacity significantly enhances the market value of firms. However, the relationship between the buffer inventory and firm value is insignificant. Our additional analyses indicate that the impacts of the absorptive capacity and buffer inventory on the firm value are both significantly positive when firms release low toxic chemicals. Our results further suggest that firms can maximize their market value with a high absorptive capacity, high buffer inventory, and low toxic emissions.
Is the Relocation of Polluting Industries Prompted by FDI Flow and Stock, Globalisation, Corruption and Regulation?
Authors: Leal Patrícia Hipólito , Caetano Rafaela Vital , Marques António Cardoso
Published: February 2021

Can globalisation and foreign direct investment shape sustainable development? Foreign direct investment is one of the main drivers for the transfer of polluting industries. With this in mind, the main objective of this research is to identify the role played by foreign direct investment (flow and stock), globalisation (de jure and de facto), corruption and regulatory quality in environmental degradation and sustainable development. To accomplish this objective, and to link the relationships under analysis to the level of development, a comparison between a group of developing countries and a group of developed ones was performed. The results confirm the suitability of the division of the countries by revealing various effects. This analysis was conducted from 1996 to 2017 and by recurring to the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. This study proves that foreign investors play a vital role in reaching sustainable development. Measures must be implemented to eliminate the distortions that cause a company based in a country with strict environmental regulations to relocate its production to one with lax environmental regulations. However, these measures need to be combined with complementary measures that encourage developing economies to agree to a possible slowdown in their economic growth if sufficiently compensated for this reduced growth.
Summated Hazard Score as a Powerful Predictor of Fatigue in Relation to Pacing Strategy
Authors: Binkley Sylvia , Foster Carl , Cortis Cristina , de Koning Jos J. , Dodge Christopher , Doberstein Scott T. , Fusco Andrea , Jaime Salvador J. , Porcari John P.
Published: February 2021

During competitive events, the pacing strategy depends upon how an athlete feels at a specific moment and the distance remaining. It may be expressed as the Hazard Score (HS) with momentary HS being shown to provide a measure of the likelihood of changing power output (PO) within an event and summated HS as a marker of how difficult an event is likely to be perceived to be. This study aimed to manipulate time trial (TT) starting strategies to establish whether the summated HS, as opposed to momentary HS, will improve understanding of performance during a simulated cycling competition. Seven subjects (peak PO: 286 ± 49.7 W) performed two practice 10-km cycling TTs followed by three 10-km TTs with imposed PO (±5% of mean PO achieved during second practice TT and a self-paced TT). PO, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate, heart rate (HR), HS, summated HS, session RPE (sRPE) were collected. Finishing time and mean PO for self-paced (time: 17.51 ± 1.41 min; PO: 234 ± 62.6 W), fast-start (time: 17.72 ± 1.87 min; PO: 230 ± 62.0 W), and slow-start (time: 17.77 ± 1.74 min; PO: 230 ± 62.7) TT were not different. There was a significant interaction between each secondary outcome variable (PO, RPE, lactate, HR, HS, and summated HS) for starting strategy and distance. The evolution of HS reflected the imposed starting strategy, with a reduction in PO following a fast-start, an increased PO following a slow-start with similar HS during the last part of all TTs. The summated HS was strongly correlated with the sRPE of the TTs (r = 0.88). The summated HS was higher with a fast start, indicating greater effort, with limited time advantage. Thus, the HS appears to regulate both PO within a TT, but also the overall impression of the difficulty of a TT.
Association between Phthalate Exposure and Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Repeated Panel Data Study
Authors: Kim Hongsoo , Lee Seyune , Jung Young-Il , Hong Yun-Chul
Published: February 2021

Only a few studies have examined the impacts of environmental exposure on frailty. This study investigated the association between phthalates and frailty among community-dwelling older adults. The Korean Elderly Environmental Panel II (KEEP II) study is a repeated panel data study of 800 community-dwelling older adults in South Korea. Frailty was measured with five items defined by Fried and colleagues. Environmental pollutants in the form of two types of metabolites for Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHPs)—Mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)—were obtained from urine specimens. Analyses were performed using repeated linear mixed models. The concentration levels of both MEOHP and MEHHP in urine were significantly higher in the pre-frail or frail group than its counterparts. While adjusting for covariates, MEOHP level was positively associated with the likelihood of being pre-frail or frail in both males and females; the concentration level of MEHHP also had a positive impact on the likelihood of being pre-frail or frail in females. The DEHP metabolite concentrations were significantly lower among adults with daily fruit consumption in both males and females. DEHPs, measured by metabolite concentrations, may increase the risk of frailty among older men and women; further studies are necessary. The preventive effects of nutrition on DEHP risk should also be further investigated.
Substance Use, General Health and Health Literacy as Predictors of Oral Health in Emerging Adult Sexual Minority Men of Color: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Ramos S. Raquel , Lardier David T. , Warren Rueben C. , Cherian Melba , Siddiqui Sarwat , Kershaw Trace
Published: February 2021

There is limited evidence surrounding oral health in emerging adult, sexual minority men of color. This study examined the association between sociodemographic factors, health literacy, cigarette, e-cigarette, and alcohol use on oral health outcomes. Secondary data analysis was conducted with 322 sexual minority men ages 18–34 in the United States. Between-group, mean-level, and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined differences on oral health outcomes. Increased cigarette (aOR = 1.84, p = 0.03), e-cigarette (aOR = 1.40, p = 0.03), and alcohol use (aOR = 2.07, p = 0.05) were associated with extended time away from the dentist. Health literacy (aOR = 0.93, p = 0.05) was negatively associated. Increased cigarette (aOR = 1.17, p = 0.04) and cigarette use (aOR = 1.26, p = 0.04) were associated with tooth loss. Health literacy was negatively associated (aOR = 0.65, p = 0.03). Increased e-cigarette (aOR = 1.74, p = 0.04) and cigarette use (aOR = 4.37, p < 0.001) were associated with dental affordability issues. Lower health literacy and racial identification as Black were associated with dental affordability issues; demonstrating an urgent need to address these factors to improve oral health in emerging adult sexual minority men of color.
Willingness to Receive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Associated Factors among Chinese Adults: A Cross Sectional Survey
Authors: Gan Lin , Chen Yan , Hu Peipei , Wu Dawei , Zhu Yajuan , Tan Jinlin , Li Yufen , Zhang Dingmei
Published: February 2021

Vaccination is a key strategy to prevent the pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to investigate the willingness of Chinese adults to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and further explore the factors that may affect their willingness. We used a self-design anonymous questionnaire to conduct an online survey via the Sojump. A total of 1009 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 74. Among them, 609 (60.4%, 95%CI: 57.4–63.4%) were willing to receive the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Logistic regression analysis results showed that the age of 30–49 (OR = 2.042, 95%CI: 1.098–3.799), universities and colleges education (OR = 1.873, 95% CI = 1.016–3.451), master degree or above education (OR = 1.885, 95%CI = 1.367–2.599), previous influenza vaccination history (OR = 2.176, 95%CI: 1.474–3.211), trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine (OR = 6.419, 95%CI: 3.717–11.086), and close attention to the latest news of the vaccine (OR = 1.601, 95%CI: 1.046–2.449) were facilitative factors that affected their willingness to be vaccinated. More than half of the adults in China would be willing to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Middle-aged people with higher education, those who had been vaccinated against influenza, and those who believed that COVID-19 vaccine was effective and paid close attention to it were more willing to be vaccinated. Our findings can provide reference for the implementation of vaccination and the prevention of COVID-19 in China. More studies are needed after the vaccine is launched.
Using the IPcase Index with Inflection Points and the Corresponding Case Numbers to Identify the Impact Hit by COVID-19 in China: An Observation Study
Authors: Wang Lin-Yen , Chien Tsair-Wei , Chou Willy
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan and rapidly spread around the world. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 is the first and foremost concern. The inflection point (IP) and the corresponding cumulative number of infected cases (CNICs) are the two viewpoints that should be jointly considered to differentiate the impact of struggling to fight against COVID-19 (SACOVID). The CNIC data were downloaded from the GitHub website on 23 November 2020. The item response theory model (IRT) was proposed to draw the ogive curve for every province/metropolitan city/area in China. The ipcase-index was determined by multiplying the IP days with the corresponding CNICs. The IRT model was parameterized, and the IP days were determined using the absolute advantage coefficient (AAC). The difference in SACOVID was compared using a forest plot. In the observation study, the top three regions hit severely by COVID-19 were Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Hubei, with IPcase indices of 1744, 723, and 698, respectively, and the top three areas with the most aberrant patterns were Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tianjin, with IP days of 5, 51, and 119, respectively. The difference in IP days was determined (χ2 = 5065666, df = 32, p < 0.001) among areas in China. The IRT model with the AAC is recommended to determine the IP days during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Neurophysiological Pattern as a Precursor of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Using EEG Combined with EMG
Authors: Segning Colince Meli , Ezzaidi Hassan , da Silva Rubens A. , Ngomo Suzy
Published: February 2021

We aimed to determine the neurophysiological pattern that is associated with the development of musculoskeletal pain that is induced by biomechanical constraints. Twelve (12) young healthy volunteers (two females) performed two experimental realistic manual tasks for 30 min each: (1) with the high risk of musculoskeletal pain development and (2) with low risk for pain development. During the tasks, synchronized electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) signals data were collected, as well as pain scores. Subsequently, two main variables were computed from neurophysiological signals: (1) cortical inhibition as Task-Related Power Increase (TRPI) in beta EEG frequency band (β.TRPI) and (2) muscle variability as Coefficient of Variation (CoV) from EMG signals. A strong effect size was observed for pain measurement under the high risk condition during the last 5 min of the task execution; with muscle fatigue, because the CoV has decreased below 18%. An increase in cortical inhibition (β.TRPI >50%) was observed after the 5th min of the task in both experimental conditions. These results suggest the following neurophysiological pattern—β.TRPI ≥ 50% and CoV ≤ 18%—as a possible indicator to monitor the development of musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder in the context of repeated and prolonged exposure to manual tasks.
A Typology of Poles’ Attitudes toward COVID-19 during the First Wave of the Pandemic
Authors: Boguszewski Rafał , Makowska Marta , Podkowińska Monika
Published: February 2021

(1) Objective: To explore Poles’ attitudes during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 as a contribution toward the creation of effective health policies. (2) Method: Computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) was used to survey a sample of 1001 Poles selected using quota sampling. (3) Results: Using cluster analysis, three types of attitudes were distinguished, people being classified as “involved” (48.1%), “cautious” (27.4%), or “indifferent” (24.6%). The result of greatest interest was the absence of any attitude indicating an extremely dismissive posture toward COVID-19. Three logistic regression analyses, comparing people displaying each attitude with those comparing the other two attitudes combined, showed that an involved attitude was likely to be associated with being female, being in a poorer financial situation, but having relatively high life satisfaction. A cautious attitude was more likely to appear in places with fewer residents and among people in a favorable financial situation, and that an indifferent attitude was more likely to be associated with being male and having lower life satisfaction. (4) Conclusions: The attitudes identified may help to explain why, during the spring of 2020, the virus was spreading slightly more slowly, and on a narrower scale, in Poland than in other countries.
Exploring Factors Influencing Scenarios Evolution of Waste NIMBY Crisis: Analysis of Typical Cases in China
Authors: He Ling , Yang Qing , Liu Xingxing , Fu Lingmei , Wang Jinmei
Published: February 2021

As the impact factors of the waste Not-In-My-Back Yard (NIMBY) crisis are complex, and the scenario evolution path of it is diverse. Once the crisis is not handled properly, it will bring adverse effects on the construction of waste NIMBY facilities, economic development and social stability. Consequently, based on ground theory, this paper takes the waste NIMBY crisis in China from 2006 to 2019 as typical cases, through coding analysis, scenario evolution factors of waste NIMBY crisis are established. Furtherly, three key scenarios were obtained, namely, external situation (E), situation state (S), emergency management (M), what is more, scenario evolution law of waste NIMBY crisis is revealed. Then, the dynamic Bayesian network theory is used to construct the dynamic scenario evolution network of waste NIMBY crisis. Finally, based on the above models, Xiantao waste NIMBY crisis is taken as a case study, and the dynamic process of scenario evolution network is visually displayed by using Netica. The simulation results show that the scenario evolution network of Xiantao waste NIMBY crisis is basically consistent with the actual incident development process, which confirms the effectiveness and feasibility of the model.
Promoting Developmental Potential in Early Childhood: A Global Framework for Health and Education
Authors: Schiariti Verónica , Simeonsson Rune J. , Hall Karen
Published: February 2021

In the early years of life, children’s interactions with the physical and social environment- including families, schools and communities—play a defining role in developmental trajectories with long-term implications for their health, well-being and earning potential as they become adults. Importantly, failing to reach their developmental potential contributes to global cycles of poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. Guided by a rights-based approach, this narrative review synthesizes selected studies and global initiatives promoting early child development and proposes a universal intervention framework of child-environment interactions to optimize children’s developmental functioning and trajectories.