bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Analysis and Characterization of Li(NiCoMn)O2 Thin Film for Cathode Application Prepared by Li Diffusion on the Ni-Co-Mn Alloy Substrates
Authors: Tak Jin Sung , Chung Jun Ki , Kim Cheol Jin
Published: March 2009

The currently used cathode material for secondary batteries such as LiCoO2 exhibited
limit to further improve the functionality of the batteries, since the screen printing method cannot
reduce the thickness of the battery further with the solid state reacted powder which has the size of
several micrometer. In this study, we have synthesized Li(NiCoMn)O2 thin film to replace LiCoO2
thick film by employing Li-diffusion reaction on the surface of the textured Ni-Co-Mn alloy. The
cube-textured Ni-Mn alloy was prepared by cold-isostatic pressing of mixed Ni-Mn powder,
sintering, repeated rolling process, and annealing heat treatment for texture development. After thin
layer of metallic Li was deposited on the surface of Ni-Co-Mn template using thermal evaporation
method in the glove box or pulsed laser deposition, the Li/Ni-Co-Mn composite tape were heat
treated at 800~900°C for 1~2hrs in oxidizing atmosphere to induce Li diffusion into the Ni-Co-Mn
template and Li(NiCoMn)O2 phase formation. The Li(NiCoMn)O2 phase evolution was confirmed
by XRD and microstructural characteristics such as grain size and surface morphology were analyzed
by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Also the charge and discharge test
was conducted to confirm the electrical characteristics of Li(NiCoMn)O2/Ni-Co-Mn thin film for the
cathode application.
Porous Silicon Layer by Electrochemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell
Authors: Kim Jeong , Park Sang Wook , Moon In Sik , Lee Moon Jae , Kim Dae Won
Published: March 2009

An Electrochemical etching was used to form the porous silicon (PS) layer on the surface of
the crystalline silicon wafer. The PS layer, in this study, will act as an antireflection coating to reduce
the reflection of the incident light into the solar cell. The etching solution (electrolyte) was prepared
by mixing HF (50%) and ethanol which was introduced for efficient bubble elimination on the silicon
surface during etching process. The anodization of the silicon surface was performed under a constant
current (galvanostat mode of the power supply), and process parameters, such as current density and
etching time, were carefully tuned to minimize the surface reflectance of the heavily-doped wafer
with sheet resistance between 20-30 / .
The Activation and Hydrogen Sorption Characteristics of Zr57V36Fe7 Alloy and its Constituent Phases
Authors: Park Je Shin , Kim Won Baek , Park Mi Young , Suh Chang Youl , Woo Saet Byul
Published: March 2009

Zr57V36Fe7 alloy is widely used as non-evaporable getter(NEG) material because of its high
sorption properties for various gases and relatively low activation temperature. Structurally, it is
composed of two phases i.e. AB2 type cubic Laves and hexagonal α-Zr solid solution. The activation
and sorption behavior of Zr57V36Fe7 alloy getter was explained in terms of its component phases. It
was found that the activation of the alloy is stimulated by the presence of cubic-Zr(V, Fe)2 phase. It is
believed that once activated α-Zr solid solution enhance, the sorption of hydrogen.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations on Cu-Mg Alloy Systems
Authors: Nishikawa Ken Ichi , Semboshi Satoshi , Konno Toyohiko J.
Published: March 2009

Environmentally friendly Cu-based alloys with high strength and low electrical resistivity have been much sought in order to replace deleterious Cu-Be alloys for electrical applications. As one of the candidate systems, we have examined age-hardening behaviors of Cu-Mg alloys by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cu-2.26wt.%Mg alloys were solution-treated and annealed at 723K, and their structural changes have been investigated. The Vickers hardness measurements showed that they aged-harden gradually. Our TEM observations showed that annealing for 6h brings about precipitation of numerous needle-like particles of 10 nm in length. The diffraction studies indicated these precipitates consist of the Cu2Mg phase with {111}Cu habit planes. When annealed for 96h, these precipitates become semi-coherent, which was manifested by moiré fringes; while maintaining the orientation relationship of (111)Cu//(111)Cu2Mg, [110]Cu//[110]Cu2Mg.
Oxidation Behavior of SiC/TiAl Composite Material
Authors: Hashimoto Keizo , Fujino Yoko , Kuramata Tomoyuki
Published: March 2009

SiC fiber reinforced intermetallic is one of the promising candidate material for the next
generation space plane, because of its excellent high temperature specific strength and elastic
modulus. Oxidation behavior of the fiber-reinforced intermetallic (FRIM) is one of the most
important properties for the practical use in the severe environment. Recently fabrication process of
CVD-SiC fiber reinforced γ-TiAl matrix composite has been developed. Oxidation behavior of
SiC/γ-TiAl and γ-TiAl was studied. Cyclic oxidation experiments were executed at 900°C under
the dry airflow for 200 hours. Mass gains of the specimens were measured. The cross sections of
specimen were observed by optical microscope. Mass gain of the SiC/γ-TiAl composite material
was two times larger than that of γ-TiAl. Surface of the SiC/γ-TiAl composite was covered with a
comparatively thick oxide scale. Furthermore, formation of the oxide at the vicinity of interface
between SiC fiber and γ-TiAl matrix was observed. Oxidation mechanism of SiC/γ-TiAl composite
was discussed.
Phase Change of Zr-Al-N and Nb-Al-N Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Method
Authors: Makino Yukio , Saito Kesami , Murakami Yoshihiro , Asami Katsuhiko
Published: March 2009

In order to examine the critical content of AlN for phase change from B1 type to B4 type, Zr-Al-N and Nb-Al-N pseudobinary films were synthesized with an inductively combined rf-plasma assisted magnetron sputtering method. From phase identification of these films by XRD and Raman scattering methods, it is found that phase change from B1 structure to B4 one occurs in the range from 30mol%AlN to 35mol%AlN for Zr-Al-N pseudobinary films and from 62mol%AlN to 70mol%AlN for Nb-Al-N pseudobinary films. The critical AlN content for Zr-Al-N pseudobinary films shows excellent agreement with the value (33mol%AlN) predicted by band parameters. The critical content for Nb-Al-N pseudobinary films is larger than the predicted value (53mol%AlN). It is suggested that the disagreement is attributed to a highly defective structure in Nb-Al-N pseudobinary films.
Preparation and Characterization of Hard (Ti,B)N Films by Ion Mixing and Vapor Deposition
Authors: Yamashita M. , Hanaki S. , Iwasaki D. , Uchida H.
Published: March 2009

Titanium boron nitride (Ti,B)N films have been prepared by depositing Ti and B atom
vapor on a (100) Si single crystal and an amorphous glass substrates under simultaneous irradiation
of N ions, that is ion mixing and vapor deposition (IVD) technique. The transport ratio of metals
and ion, (Bva+Tiva)/Nion, was fixed at 4, and the film thickness was supposed to be 1 m. With an
increase in the evaporation ratio of B and Ti, Bva/Tiva, from 0 to 3, microstructure of the film was
changed from fine triangular to granular morphology. It was confirmed by the XPS analysis that N
ions were preferentially coordinated with Ti atoms when the Bva/Tiva was relatively low otherwise
nitriding of B probably occurred. This result was also supported by the XRD spectra of the films.
Knoop hardness of the (Ti,B)N films was strongly dependent on the Bva/Tiva. The highest hardness
of approximately 5000 was observed at the Bva/Tiva=0.3; this implies that a small amount of alloying
B considerably increases the film hardness.
Microstructure and Properties of Brazing Joint between YG8 Cemented Carbide and A3 Steel
Authors: Zhang Jie , Lin L.Y. , Xu J.C. , Liu X.Q.
Published: March 2009

YG8 cemented carbide and A3 steel were jointed by induction brazing using filler alloys of CuZnMn and CuZnMnCo respectively. Microstructure of the joints was analyzed by means of SEM. Shear strength of the brazing joint was measured. The results indicated that the bond strength of the joints which were brazed using the two kinds of filler alloys was all above 200MPa, and all the fractures took place in the cemented carbide near the interface, indicating that there was a large residual stress near the interface. In order to reduce residual stress, the joints were heat treated after brazing. The bond strength of the joint was increased obviously after these treatments. At the same time, the brazing joints were all fractured at the interface between cemented carbide and filler alloy.
Bonding Strength of W-Cu Joint by PECS Method
Authors: Fukuzawa Yasushi , Nagasawa Shigeru , Takaoka Shigehiko
Published: March 2009

To make the tungsten and copper joint, several methods has been tried
using the diffusion bonding system. When the thin plating Ni layer was used as the
interlayer on tungsten surface, it bonded with copper under low bonding temperature
and short holding duration by the pulse electric current sintering (PECS) machine.
The effects of bonding temperature, bonding duration time, bonding pressure and the
difference of specimen shape on the bonding strength were investigated. The tensile
strength of joints depended on these factors. Highest strength attained to the copper
tensile strength.
Controlling of Grain Boundary Structure and Interface Structure of Advanced Materials and their Joints
Authors: Naka Masaaki
Published: March 2009

Strength of nanostructured Cr-B and Cr-Ni alloys prepared by sputtering was related
with grain size. The alloying of B or Ni to Cr reduces the grain size of the alloys. The increase in
volume of grain boundaries or amorphous phase induced by alloying elements causes the
departure of strength of nanostructured Cr alloys from the values estimated by the Hall-Petch
relation. The formation and microhardness of Cr or Ti base amorphous alloys could be discussed
by the chemical bonding between elements. The strength of dissimilar joints was dominated by
the thickness and structure of the interfacial reaction zone between SiC and metal. The formation
of interfacial reaction zone is discussed by the change of chemical potentials of elements between
ceramics and metal.
Distribution of Zn and Interfacial Microstructure of Braze-Welding CMT Joints between Aluminium and Galvanized Steel Sheets
Authors: Feng J.C. , He Peng , Hackl Heinz
Published: March 2009

Distribution of Zn and interfacial microstructure of braze-welding CMT
joints between aluminium and galvanized steel sheets were researched. The results
showed, except the gas porosity contains a little Zn, the other areas of fusion zone
almost have no Zn. Temperature plays a decisive role in the distribution of Zn. The
content of Zn is higher in the dendritic crystal than the intergranular part. The Zn coat
adjacent to the joint is almost evaporated entirely. The Zn coat of steel sheet in the
heat-affected zone around the joint is badly destroyed, and the corrosion resistance of
the joint will decline. There are FeAl3 intermetallics and Al-Fe-Zn triphase solid
solution formed at the interface.
Hybrid Simulations for Desinging of Nano-Interfacial Structures
Authors: Ogata Shuji , Kouno Takahisa
Published: March 2009

There is growing demand to perform dynamic, atomistic computer-simulation of nano-scaled interfaces. For dynamic simulation of interesting processes at the nano-interfaces, we have been developing the hybrid simulation schemes by concurrently coupling the quantum description as the electronic density-functional theory and the classical description as the classical molecular dynamics. A quantum (QM) region composed of a relatively small number of atoms, is embedded with the novel buffered-cluster method in a classical (CL) region of atoms interacting through an empirical inter-atomic potential. The hybrid QM-CL simulation scheme is applied to various kinds of nano-processes including implantation of oxygen atoms to a Si slab relating to SIMOX technology.
On the Fracture Mechanics Theory Called (MN-rp-σθ)
Authors: El-Sheikhy R. , Naka Masaaki
Published: March 2009

This research introduces a review on the advanced fracture mechanics theory called (MN – rp – σθ) theory, and includes the history, the formulation, the predictions, the uses and applications in the different engineering fields.
Time-Resolved Luminescence Characteristics of Cerium Doped YAG Nanocrystals
Authors: Pankratov V. , Grigorjeva Larisa , Millers Donats , Chudoba Tadeusz , Fedyk Robert , Łojkowski Witold
Published: March 2009

Time-resolved luminescence characteristics have been studied for cerium doped YAG nanopowders (NP) and nanostructured ceramics (NC). The results obtained have been compared to the luminescence characteristics for the well studied YAG:Ce3+ single crystal (SC). It was detected that the luminescence decay kinetics of Ce3+ related emission in nanocrystals can be closely approximated by two exponents, whereas a single exponential decay was observed in the single crystal. It was also found that the luminescence decay time and light yield of Ce3+ emission are strongly dependent on the cerium concentration and an unusual concentration quenching of Ce3+ emission was observed in YAG nanocrystals. The origin of the differences of luminescence characteristics for cerium doped nanocrystals and SC are discussed. It is suggested that there are special Ce3+ sites which are closely related to the surface states and that they have a strong influence on the luminescence properties of cerium doped YAG nanocrystals.
Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis as a Rapid Route Towards Manganite Preparation
Authors: Rizzuti Anotnio , Viviani Massimo , Corradi Anna , Nanni Paolo , Leonelli Cristina
Published: March 2009

In this work attempts to prepare strontium-doped lanthanum manganites La1-xSrxMnO3
using microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis were undertaken from a mixture of lanthanum
nitrate, strontium nitrate, manganese(II) nitrate, potassium permanganate and potassium hydroxide
as a mineralizer. For x = 0.3, and x = 0.5, the perovskite obtained is not defined since both
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 phases are consistent with XRD spectra. While with x = 1.0,
for the first time, hexagonal strontium manganite was prepared as blade-shaped crystallites with a
narrow particle length distribution (range 3.75-7.75 μm) at 210°C using a treatment time of only 1
hour. Conventional hydrothermal synthetic routes require at least 24 hrs treatment time.
Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as a Support for Platinum Catalysts for the Hydrodechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride and Dichlorodifluoromethane
Authors: Bonarowska Magdalena , Lin Kuan Nan , Legawiec Jarzyna Marta , Stobinski Leszek , Juszczyk Wojciech , Kaszkur Zbigniew , Karpiński Zbigniew , Lin Hong Ming
Published: March 2009

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as a support for the deposition of highly dispersed platinum. After characterization by several physical techniques, the catalyst was studied in reactions for: hydrodechlorination of carbon tetrachloride and the hydrodechlorination of dichlorodifluoromethane. For the first reaction Pt/MWCNTs were very effective catalysts in terms of both the overall activity and the selectivity to CHCl3; both quantities appeared high and stable. For CCl2F2 hydrodechlorination the catalyst was rather moderate, although very stable, activity and product selectivities were established at a constant level in a relatively short time-on-stream. The MWCNTs-supported Pt particles do not undergo great changes during the reactions, i.e. neither substantial metal sintering occurred nor extensive surface carbonization/chloriding took place.
Doping and Characterisation of Nanocrystalline Materials
Authors: Wichert Th. , Guan Z.
Published: March 2009

The synthesis behaviour and characterisation of nanocrystalline materials is presented. The materials synthesised are ZnO and InP doped with shallow donors and acceptors, respectively. Characterisation was performed with radioactive isotopes using the perturbed γγ angular correlation technique (PAC), thereby yielding local information on an atomic scale. The characterisation was supplemented by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. It was shown that the successful incorporation of dopants in nanocrystalline ZnO and InP requires annealing at temperatures at which the growth of the nanocrystals in the sample becomes a significant process.
Metastabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia by Doping with Low Amounts of Silica
Authors: Adamski Andrzej , Jakubus Pawel , Sojka Zbigniew
Published: March 2009

Nanocrystalline tetragonal zirconia was obtained from ZrOCl2 via the modified forced hydrolysis method combined with aging of the hydrous amorphous precipitate in the mother liquor at 100 °C for 48 h (pH = 9.3). The role of the precipitation and aging temperatures in the metastabilization of the tetragonal ZrO2 polymorph is discussed in terms of the structural and textural data of the resultant oxide. The influence of low concentrations of silica (0.01 – 0.35 wt. % Si), spontaneously leached from the glass vessel or intentionally introduced to the parent solution, was shown to be a vital factor, controlling the phase composition of the final prepared zirconia. Using the concepts of zirconium aquatic chemistry, this effect was explained by incorporation of silicates into hydrous zirconia protostructures.
Bridging Different Length and Time Scales in Diffusion Problems Using a Lattice Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Belova Irina V. , Murch Graeme E.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we show how lattice–based random walks of virtual particles directed by
Monte Carlo methods (Lattice Monte Carlo) can be used to address a variety of complex
phenomenologically mass diffusion problems. Emphasis is put on the practical details of doing the
calculations. It is shown how concentration depth profiles can be determined: this is exemplified
with diffusion in the presence of isolated dislocation pipes, grain boundary slabs, and oxygen
segregation at interfaces in metal-ceramic oxide composites. It is also shown how effective
diffusivities can be determined in materials. We also show how temperature profiles and the
effective thermal conductivity can be determined for the thermal diffusion analogue of mass
diffusion. A detailed comparison is made in one case with the results of the Finite Element method.
Stability of Hollow Nanospheres: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Evteev Alexander V. , Levchenko Elena V. , Belova Irina V. , Murch Graeme E.
Published: March 2009

Molecular dynamics simulation using the embedded-atom method is applied to study defect
formation and distribution in a hollow Pd nanosphere. It is established that besides vacancies, which can
nucleate on the inner or external surfaces, at the external surface, other defects (Shockley partial
dislocations, twins and stacking faults) form due to its significant reconstruction by means of a/6〈112〉
shears of atomic rows. The density of the defects on the external surface grows with decreasing
nanoshell size. It is demonstrated that Shockley partial dislocations can act as vehicles for the transfer of
material from the external surface to the inner surface of the nanoshell thus leading to shrinking. It is
shown that the vacancy concentration is higher near both surfaces than in the bulk of the nanoshell.
Grain Boundary Migration in Nanocrystalline Iron
Authors: Wejrzanowski Tomasz , Spychalski M. , Pielaszek Roman , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof Jan
Published: March 2009

In this study a series of 3D models for curved [100] grain boundaries (GBs) in pure
α-iron have been constructed. Each model consisted of a spherical grain, with an initial size of
about 9 nm, surrounded by a large single-crystal. Different orientations have been assigned to the
grain and the matrix in order to obtain interfaces with misorientation angles in the range of 5-45
degrees in steps of 5 degrees. The molecular dynamics with Embedded Atom Method (EAM)
potential have been performed for investigation of the temporal changes in GB migration and grain
rotations at temperature of 1000 K.
The relationship between GB misorientation and its mobility has been found. It was also discovered
that the density of the material decreases with a reduction of GB area. The effect of a triple junction
on the interface motion has been also studied by introducing a bi-crystal matrix instead of a singlecrystal
one. The results are discussed in terms of grain growth investigations in nanometals.
Orientation of Interstitials in Clusters in α-Fe: A Comparison between Empirical Potentials
Authors: Marinica Mihai Cosmin , Willaime F.
Published: March 2009

We have addressed two issues concerning the relative stabilities of various orienta-
tions of interstitial clusters in iron by making a comprehensive comparison between four recent
empirical potentials. First, we have investigated the effect of finite temperature on the com-
petition between clusters made of a few dumbbells oriented along h111i or h110i. We show
by quasi-harmonic calculations that h111i clusters have much larger vibrational formation en-
tropies and that they are therefore stabilized with respect to h110i clusters at high temperature.
Second, we have compared the formation energies of loops with several hundred atoms with
Burgers vector 1
2 h111i or h100i. The 1
2 h111i loops are found to be always more stable, but the
energy differences with h100i loops depend strongly on the potential.
Characterisation of β Phase in WE54 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Rzychoń Tomasz , Kiełbus Andrzej , Bierska-Piech Bożena
Published: March 2009

Precipitation hardened magnesium-rare earth alloys offer attractive properties for the aerospace and
racing automotive industries. The most successful magnesium alloys developed to date have been
those based on the Mg-Y-Nd system identified as WE54 (Mg-5.0wt%Y-4.1wt%RE-0.5wt%Zr) and
WE43 (Mg-4.0wt%Y-3.3wt%RE-0.5wt%Zr), where RE represents neodymium-rich rare earth
elements. Precipitations sequence in WE-system alloys involved the formation of phases designated
β”, β’, β1 and β depending on the ageing temperature. WE54 alloy with the equilibrium β-phase
exhibits good ductility and medium tensile strength.
The β phase precipitated in Mg-Y-Nd alloy during ageing at 300 °C was studied using X-ray
diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Precipitation at 300 °C for one hour
causes formation of the equilibrium β phase. This phase has an f.c.c. structure (a = 2.2 nm), which
makes it isomorphous with Mg5Gd. With the prolonged ageing time at 300 °C, the volume fraction
of the β phase increases and lattice parameter of the solid solution of α-magnesium decreases.
Influence of Alloying Additions on Enhancement of Soft Magnetic Properties Effect and Crystallization in FeXSiB (X=Cu, V, Co, Zr, Nb) Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Stokłosa Z. , Badura G. , Kwapuliński P. , Rasek Józef , Haneczok G. , Lelątko Józef , Pająk Lucjan
Published: March 2009

The crystallization and optimization of magnetic properties effects in FeXSiB (X=Cu, V,
Co, Zr, Nb) amorphous alloys were studied by applying X-ray diffraction methods, high resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), resistometric and magnetic measurements. The
temperatures of the first and the second stage of crystallization, the 1h optimization annealing
temperature and the Curie temperature were determined for different amorphous alloys. Activation
energies of crystallization process were obtained by applying the Kissinger method. The influence
of alloy additions on optimization effect and crystallization processes was carefully examined.
Bulk Nanostructured Al-Si-Ni-Mishmetal Alloys Produced by High-Pressure Hot Compaction
Authors: Cieślak Grzegorz , Latuch Jerzy , Kulik Tadeusz
Published: March 2009

Nanocrystalline Al-based alloys containing silicon (Si), rare earth metal (RE) and late transition metal (Ni), combine high tensile strength and good wear resistance. The aim of this work was to manufacture high strength bulk nanocrystalline alloys from Al-Si-Ni-Mm system. Bulk nanostructured alloys were produced by ball-milling of nanocrystalline ribbons followed by high-pressure (7.7 GPa) hot compaction (320°C). Nanocrystalline ribbons of investigated alloys were produced by melt-spinning technique. The crystallization process was studied using differential scanning calorimeter. The phase compositions of the ribbons were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Vickers hardness of nanostructured compacted samples, measured with the load of 1 kG, achieved values five times higher than that of commercial 4xxx series Al alloy.
Crystalline Microstructure of Zinc Oxide Powder Sintered into Varistor Body
Authors: Kojdecki Marek Andrzej , Mielcarek Witold , Prociów Krystyna , Warycha Joanna
Published: March 2009

Varistors obtained by sintering zinc oxide with additives were investigated. In this work the crystalline microstructure of ZnO varistor body is studied by X-ray diffraction method, before and after additional annealing. The crystalline microstructure is characterised by the prevalent crystallite shape, the volume-weighted crystallite size distribution, the second-order crystalline lattice strain distribution and the derivative quantities. The evolution of these characteristics, particularly of bimodal size distribution, elucidate some details of the formation of crystalline zinc oxide and provide additional arguments for explaining the change of the electric characteristics of varistors induced by annealing.
Cini-Sawatzky's Model in Studies of Electrodeposited Ni-Mo Alloys with Polymers
Authors: Rówiński Edward , Karolus Małgorzata , Łągiewka Eugeniusz
Published: March 2009

Electronic structures of electrodeposited Ni-Mo layers with polyethylene, polytiophene and polypyrrole were studied by Auger electron spectroscopy using the Cini-Sawatzky's model. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental lines was carried out using the asymmetry parameter of the spectral lines. It is pointed out that the changes of the spectral main lines Ni and Mo are connected with the ways of polymerization. It has been also shown that the application of the Cini-Sawaztky model to the experimental spectral lines can be used to explain the distortion appearing in the materials. Model parameters, i.e., intra-atomic correlation and bandwidth were determined.
Full Pattern Methods for the Analysis of Plastically Deformed Materials
Authors: Scardi Paolo , Leoni Matteo , D'Incau Mirco
Published: March 2009

The recent evolution of powder diffraction line profile analysis toward full pattern methods is discussed. Specific reference is made to the Whole Powder Pattern Modelling (WPPM), as applied to metals and ceramics subjected to strong plastic deformation. Examples concerning three different materials science studies are shown to illustrate features and potentialities of the WPPM approach.
Removal of Nano-Particles by Mixed-Fluid Jet: Evaluation of Cleaning Performance and Comparison with Megasonic
Authors: Vereecke Guy , Veltens T. , Eitoku Atsuro , Sano Kenichi , Doumen G. , Fyen Wim , Wostyn Kurt , Snow James , Mertens Paul W.
Published: March 2009

Cleaning of nano-particles is becoming a major challenge in semiconductor manufacturing as
efficient particle removal must be achieved without substrate loss and without damage to fragile
structures. In this work cleaning performance and structural damage by a mixed fluid-jet technique
were evaluated and directly compared to the performance of several megasonic systems. The test
vehicles were hydrophilic Si wafers contaminated with 78-nm SiO2 particles and 70-nm poly-gatestack
line patterned wafers. The results showed a broader process window for particle removal
without damaging for the mixed fluid-jet technique compared to the megasonic systems.
Impact of Re-Gasified Water on Megasonic Cleaning
Authors: Goh Boon Cheng , Goh Felicia , Lim Christopher , Ismail Zainab , Zhou Mei Sheng
Published: March 2009

Megasonic cleaning using de-gassed water (less than 2ppm N2, O2, CO2) in a 300mm batch
immersion tool often does not give optimal particle performance, with particle streaks and clusters
added onto the wafer, and low particle removal efficiency (PRE). When water was re-gasified with
N2, the resultant stable cavitation activity reduced particle adders and increased PRE. With N2
concentration increased to just above 5ppm, number of particle adders decreased by three folds.
Optimal particle performance could be obtained by operating at an N2 level close to saturation.
The Removal of Silica Particles from Micron Wide Trenches by Megasonic Cleaning
Authors: Wostyn Kurt , Quenette Vincent , Vereecke Guy , Mertens Paul W.
Published: March 2009

In order to obtain high yields during IC manufacturing, particles - added during layer deposition,
etching … - have to be removed. In order to meet the stringent requirements set by the ITRS
roadmap, this cleaning has to occur with minimal substrate etching. This necessitates the use of
physically-assisted particle-removal techniques, e.g. megasonic cleaning. These methods are usually
evaluated on blanket wafers. However, many cleaning steps occur on patterned wafers. The goal of
this paper is to investigate the particle removal efficiency (PRE) for patterned substrates compared
to blanket wafers. A full-wafer contamination and detection protocol was developed to evaluate the
removal efficiencies of micron-wide trenches. The student-t test reveals a significantly lower PRE
for 1μm wide by 2.2 μm deep trenches versus a blanket wafer for megasonic cleaning. This is
relevant for STI cleaning and cleaning of dielectric trenches in damascene patterning.
Acoustic Field Analysis of a T Type Waveguide in Single Wafer Megasonic Cleaning and its Effect on Particle Removal
Authors: Lee Yang Lae , Lim Eui Su , Kang Kook Jin , Kim Hyun Se , Kim Tae Gon , Lee Sang Ho , Park Jin Goo
Published: March 2009

T type megasonic waveguide was analyzed by finite element method (FEM), acoustic pressure
measurements and particle removal efficiency for the single wafer cleaning application. Compared to
conventional longitudinal waves, a transverse waves were generated in a T type waveguide. Not like
longitudinal waves, transverse waves showed changes of direction and phase which increased the
cleaning efficiency.
A Study on Water-Mark Defects in Copper/Low-k Chemical Mechanical Polishing
Authors: Han Ja Hyung , Koo Ja Eung , Choi Kyo Se , Park Byung Lyul , Chung Ju Hyuk , Hah Sang Rok , Lee Sun Yong , Kang Young Jae , Park Jin Goo
Published: March 2009

The prevention of watermark defect after copper/low-k CMP is a critical barrier for the successful
integration of sub-100 nm devices. The water-mark can act as a leakage source and cause electrical
shorts. The mechanism of water-mark formation during Cu/low-k CMP is suggested and its
prevention methods are proposed in this study. A suitable surfactant treatment can improve the
wettability of low-k films and reduce the watermark defects very effectively. The relatively stable
low-k film surface is activated during polishing and prone to adsorb surfactant molecules during
cleaning, which results in the reduction of water-marks after CMP. Another solution to eliminate
water-mark is the application of IPA dryer in post CMP cleaning.
Formation of Hollow Zinc Oxide by Oxidation and Subsequent Thermal Treatment
Authors: Lee Jung Goo , Nakamura Ryusuke , Tokozakura Daisuke , Nakajima Hideo , Mori Hirotaro , Lee Jong Hoon
Published: March 2009

The formation of hollow zinc oxide has been studied by oxidation and subsequent thermal treatment of nanometer-sized zinc particles using in-situ TEM. The zinc particles produced under UHV condition were exposed to air at room temperature for 0.6 ks, which resulted in the formation of oxide layer with thickness of 3 nm. Subsequent heating inside UHV chamber of TEM induced the evaporation of the inner zinc, which resulted in the formation of hollow zinc oxide. The produced hollow zinc oxide had the wurtzite structure. Based upon the vapor pressure of the inner zinc, it seems reasonable to consider that the internal zinc vapor leaks away through the interface between the oxide layer and the amorphous carbon film used as a supporting substrate.
Brazing of Ti Using a Zr-Based Amorphous Filler
Authors: Lee Jung G. , Lee Jong Keuk , Lee Min Ku , Shim Deog Nam , Rhee Chang Kyu
Published: March 2009

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti joints brazed with a
Zr41.2Ti13.8Ni10.0Cu12.5Be22.5 (at.%) amorphous filler were investigated. With a Zr-based amorphous
filler, in this study, Ti joints with a homogeneous composition could be obtained by heating to well
below the α-β transformation temperature for a short time, so that the undesirable effects of the high
temperature heating are considerably diminished. The joints brazed at 790 °C for 10 min consisted of
the coarse acicular structure rather than the fine Widmanstätten structure which generally deteriorates
the ductility of the joints. The joints with the homogenous coarse acicular structure, i.e. without a
residual liquid region, show almost the same mechanical properties as those required for base metals
without heating. Although the residual liquid region in the joints deteriorates the ductility of the joints,
this region could be successfully removed by a diminution in the quantity of the filler.
Influence of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube on Rheological Behavior of Mesophase Pitches
Authors: Lee Young Seak , Park Soo Jin
Published: March 2009

The rheological behaviors of mesophase pitch containing different contents (0, 1.0, 2.0
wt%) of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were studied by using ARES cone-plate rheometer.
The dynamic response of mesophase pitch containing MWNTs was different from that of pure
mesophase pitch due to the MWNTs as a suspension in viscous pitch. The dynamic viscosity
increased with increasing the amount of MWNTs, which is a clear evidence of the interruption of
MWNTs in mesophase pitch. Also, the phase angle result indicates that mesophase pitch containing
MWNT had less elastic nature than pure mesophase pitch.
The Effect of Physicochemical Treatment on Pd Dispersion of Carbon-Supported Pd Catalysts
Authors: Kim Yong Tae , Park Eun Duck , Kang Min , Yie Jae Eui
Published: March 2009

Carbon-supported palladium catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method using palladium chloride and different carbon supports such as activated carbons with different surface oxygen concentrations and a mesoporous carbon, CMK-5.. The different degree of surface oxidation was achieved by the nitric acid and high-temperature heat treatment. The molecular PdCl2 species was stabilized by adding an HCl in an impregnation step.. As the reduction temperature increased, the Pd dispersion decreased for all Pd catalysts. There was no noticeable difference in Pd dispersion among Pd catalysts supported on carbon supports with different physicochemical properties when the reduction temperature was 423 K. Pd catalysts supported on the carbon support with a high concentration of surface oxygen groups showed a better dispersion than did other Pd catalysts when they were reduced at 573 K. The maximum Pd dispersion was observed over Pd catalyst supported on carbon supports with the highest surface area when the reduction temperature was higher than 573 K.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Off-Stochiometric Ni-Mn-Al Heusler Alloy Thin Film
Authors: Srivastava Vijay Kumar , Srivastava Saurabh , Chatterjee Ratnamala
Published: March 2009

The initials results on growth and structural properties of Ni-Mn-Al full Heusler alloy thin films on silicon substrates deposited by RF magnetron sputtering is reported in this paper. Good crystallinity in the film is obtained by optimizing the sputtering parameters. The as-deposited film was post-annealed in vacuum in the temperature range between 150 °C, 250 °C and 450 °C for 60 min. It is observed that as deposited film shows nanocrystalline in nature. The film annealed at 450 °C shows L21 structure. The magnetic properties of the NiMnAl films at room temperature are measured by vibrating sample magnetometer [VSM]. It is found that the annealed samples shows clear saturating loop whereas the as prepared film is paramagnetic in nature.
Surface Roughness and Morphology Analysis Using an Atomic Force Microscopy of Polycrystalline Diamond Coated Si3N4 Deposited by Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Purniawan Agung , Hamzah E. , Toff M.R.M.
Published: March 2009

Diamond is the hardest material and has high chemical resistant which is one form of carbon. In the
present work a study was carried out on polycrystalline diamond coated Si3N4 substrate. The
diamond was deposited by Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPACVD)
under varying deposition parameters namely CH4 diluted in H2, microwave power and chamber
pressure. SEM and AFM are used to investigate the surface morphology and surface roughness.
Nucleation phenomena and crystal width were also studied using AFM. Based on SEM
investigation it was found that the chamber pressure and %CH4 have more significant effects on
nucleation and facet of polycrystalline diamond, In addition microwave power has an effect on the
diamond facet that changed from cubic to cauliflower structure. Surface roughness results show
that increasing the %CH4 has decreased surface roughness 334.83 to 269.99 nm at 1 to 3% CH4,
respectively. Increasing microwave power leads to increase in diamond nucleation and coalescence
which lead to less surface roughness. Increasing gas pressure may eliminate Si contamination
however it reduces diamond nucleation.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Authors: Della Christian N. , Shu Dong Wei
Published: March 2009

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been shown to enhance the engineering properties of
plastic fibers in ballistic-resistant garments enabling the garments to withstand very high impact
forces while remaining to be lightweight. Previous study shows that by reinforcing ultra high
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers with a small amount of carbon nanotubes, the
fibers are simultaneously toughened and strengthened. In this paper, we study the mechanical
properties of carbon nanotube reinforced ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) by
using micromechanics-based Mori-Tanaka model. Results show that the addition of small amount of
carbon nanotubes as reinforcement can substantially improve the mechanical properties of the
UHMWPE fibers.
Development of Lead-Free Piezoceramic
Authors: Chua N.T. , Wang J. , Ma Jan
Published: March 2009

Lead-based piezoceramic, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), is widely used because it has excellent piezoelectric properties near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). However, because of environmental issues associated with lead, the development of lead-free piezoceramics has attracted much attention recently. Solid solution of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN), (K,Na)TaO3 (KNT) and LiNbO3 (LN) is one of the leading candidates. An MPB was formed at composition [(K0.5Na0.5)0.97Li0.03](Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNN-KNT-L0.03N). Its piezoelectric response has been shown to be comparable to that of PZT system. However, complex texturing process is required to achieve the desired property. In this project, we investigated the KNN-KNT-LN system using conventional solid state reaction. The effects of increasing lithium, sintering process and the addition of CuO on the sample structure and electrical properties were studied. Remanent polarization of 28.39 μC/cm 2 was observed for the 0.1 wt% CuO added ceramic, which was sintered under pressureless condition.
A Study on the Electrodeposition Behavior of Cobalt Antimonides in Citric Based Solutions
Authors: Cheng H. , Hng H.H. , Ma Jan
Published: March 2009

Thermoelectric (TE) materials are attracting renewed attention for clean energy
conversion. Reducing the dimension of materials to 2D/1D (e.g. thin film and nanowire) is one
major approach to achieve high figure of merit (ZT) in the existing TE materials system.
Electrodeposition has been widely used in fabricating various low dimensional TE materials.
However, electrodeposition behavior of CoSb3 skutterudites is rarely reported. In this work, we
report the co-deposition behavior of cobalt and antimony in citric based solutions by
electrodeposition. The effects of deposition potential and concentration of cobalt and antimony
containing precursors were studied. The focus of the study will be on the crystalline properties and
chemical composition of the deposited films.
Studies on the Fabrication and Stab Resistance Characterization of Novel Thermoplastic-Kevlar Composites
Authors: Hosur M.V. , Mayo Jr. Jessie B. , Wetzel E. , Jeelani S.
Published: March 2009

Kevlar has demonstrated the ability to protect well against ballistic threats but has low resistance to
puncture. Correctional Kevlar has shown good resistance to puncture. However, the fabric is
expensive, difficult to manufacture because of its tight weave construction, and has limited
protection against ballistic threats. In an effort to produce materials that are less bulky, more
flexible, and resistant to puncture, thermoplastic-Kevlar (TP-Kevlar) composites have been
examined. Kevlar fabric was impregnated with thermoplastic film using a hot press to produce the
composites. Static and dynamic puncture resistant properties of the TP-Kevlar composites were
investigated using a National Institute of Justice (NIJ Standard 0115.00) Stab Tower. The TP-films
used in this study were polyethylene, Surlyn, and co extruded-Surlyn, which is a co extrusion of
Surlyn and polyethylene. Response of the polyethylene (PE)-Kevlar composites, Surlyn-Kevlar
composites, and co extruded (COEX)-Kevlar composites to spike and knife threats under static and
dynamic conditions were compared with that of neat Kevlar. The infusion of thermoplastic films
into the Kevlar fabric was shown to dramatically increase puncture resistance during quasi-static
and dynamic testing with spikes. The TP-film type also made a difference when examining the
resistance on a comparative basis of the TP-Kevlar targets. The TP-Kevlar composite targets
showed more resistance to quasi-static spike testing than quasi-static knife testing. Weapon
comparisons revealed that the TP-Kevlar composite targets had more resistance to dynamic knife
testing than dynamic spike testing.
Functional Graded Material with Nano Coating for Protection
Authors: Leng Sioh Ek
Published: March 2009

Ceramic composite armour in general utilises a front layer of dense ceramic, typically
backed by a second layer of metal. Thereby creating a sharp interface that is the weakest
link within the material system and would result in cracking of the ceramic prematurely and
hence not able to provide the requisite protection. One promising possibility has been found
is the use of functionally gradient materials as armour materials. In such materials, the high
hardness of ceramics is combined with the ductility of metals. Laboratory scale
experiments were being performed to exhibit the potential of this material in terms of
physical and mechanical properties. A comparison was made with the current ceramic
armour system and it was found that the new material system had better ballistic properties.
On the Formation of High Damping State and Optimization of Structure of Industrial Damping Steels
Authors: Udovenko V.A. , Chudakov I.B. , Alexandrova N.M. , Kakabadze R.V. , Perevalov N.N.
Published: March 2009

Industrial high damping steels based on the Fe - Al metallic system have been studied.
The optimization of the crystalline structure of the industrial damping steels has been shown to be
very important for the achievement of high mechanical properties including high fatigue resistance.
In the same time the achievement of high damping properties strongly depends on the magnetic
domain structure of the material and, consequently, on the heat treatment procedure.
Recent Advances in Determination of the Logarithmic Decrement and the Resonant Frequency in Low-Frequency Mechanical Spectroscopy
Authors: Magalas Leszek B. , Majewski M.
Published: March 2009

The advantages of the OMI algorithm to compute the logarithmic decrement and the
resonant frequency from free decaying oscillations is reported. The OMI algorithm is proved to be
the best solution in the computation of the logarithmic decrement and the resonant frequency for
high damping levels.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of Internal Stresses in 60% Mn-40% Cu Alloy Introduced by Ageing
Authors: Sheverev S.G. , Markova G.V. , Sumin V.V.
Published: March 2009

Spinodal decomposition of solid solution in the 60 at.% Mn - 40 at.% Cu alloy was
observed at the temperatures of decomposition (380 – 420 °C) using the neutron diffraction method
in situ. The contribution of residual stresses of third type introduced by further cooling of alloy
and, correspondingly, martensitic tranformation is estimated. The relatively small value of stresses
of third type introduced by martensitic transformation is revealed. Appearance of magnetic
superstructural reflexes typical for antiferromagnetic ordered structure is noted.
Change of Structure and Properties of 51CrV4 Shaft Caused by Thermo-Mechanical Treatment
Authors: Göken Jürgen , Maikranz-Valentin Manuel , Steinhoff Kurt , Pavlova Tatiana S. , Ivleva Tatiana V. , Golovin Igor S.
Published: March 2009

The simultaneous influence of both thermal and mechanical treatment was applied to
produce a geometrically complex shaft from 51CrV4 steel. This special treatment led to the
formation of adjacent microstructures which were significantly different from each other. It was
found that these microstructural changes were accompanied by a change of mechanical properties in
terms of hardness, electrical resistivity and especially internal friction. Specimens for structural
studies and study of mechanical and physical properties were taken out from different places of the
produced shaft and tested in order to verify and understand the obtained gradation. The significant
variations in properties could be explained in terms of structure and dislocation behaviour under
applied cyclic stress using mechanical spectroscopy technique. The cold-work (Snoek-Köster) peak
was recognised and analysed in the structure of this steel.
Phase Heterogeneities of Lipidic Aggregates
Authors: Elnikova L.V.
Published: March 2009

We propose a model for explanation the “domain-wall” type configuration states in
binary lipid mixtures of cationic and neutral lipids, associated with observed relaxation effects in
their aggregates. We apply the analogy with formation of Kibble-Zurek topological defects, which
we suppose connected with structural dynamics of the lipid phases. In frames of the proposed
model, the density of kink-type defects and the energy of the configurations are calculated.
On the History of the Russian School of Anelasticity in Solids
Authors: Golovin S.A.
Published: March 2009

A brief historical review of scientific research in the field of anelasticity in solids carried
out during the last 50-70 years in the USSR, Russia and states of CIS is given.