bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Drop-Out Prevention Program for High-Risk Inner-City Youth
Authors: Lever Nancy , Sander Mark A. , Lombardo Sylvie , Randall Camille , Axelrod Jennifer , Rubenstein Michelle , Weist Mark D.
Published: May 2004

Inner-city youth are at high risk for dropping out of high school. Within this article, risk factors associated with dropout and strategies for effective prevention and intervention are reviewed. An example of a school-based drop-out prevention program is highlighted. The FUTURES Program is a school-based drop-out prevention program designed to address the needs of high-risk youth through smaller classes, character development, career preparation, case management/mentoring, positive incentives, and access to mental health services. Components of the program are described in detail and data evaluating the effectiveness of the program are presented. Directions for the future development of programs and conducting research to prevent dropout by inner-city youth are discussed.
How Does Context Affect Intimate Relationships? Linking External Stress and Cognitive Processes within Marriage
Authors: Neff Lisa A. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: May 2004

Stressors external to the marriage frequently affect the way spouses evaluate their marital quality. To date, however,understanding of the interplay between external stress and internalrelationship processes has been limited in two ways. First,research has generally examined only the short-termconsequences of stress. Second, the mechanisms through whichexternal stressors influence relationship outcomes are unclear. Thisstudy addressed both limitations by examining relationshipcognitions that may mediate the effects of external stressthroughout 4 years of marriage. Analyses confirmed that stressfulexperiences were associated with the trajectory of marital quality overtime. Furthermore, both the content and the organization ofspouses’ specific relationship cognitions mediated this effect.That is, stress negatively influenced the nature of spouses’marital perceptions as well as the way spouses interpreted andprocessed those perceptions. These findings draw attention to waysthat the context of relationships shapes and constrainsrelationship processes.
Culture-Specific Patterns in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction: Roles of Emotion, Relationship Quality, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Kang Sun-Mee , Shaver Phillip R. , Sue Stanley , Min Kyung-Hwan , Jing Hauibin
Published: May 2004

This study was conducted to explore the culture-specific roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem in determining life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that maintaining good interpersonal relationships would make individuals in collectivistic cultures not only feel good about their lives but also feel better about themselves. Furthermore, two emotion variables—emotional expression and emotion differentiation—were proposed as possible determinants of relationship quality. It was hypothesized that emotional expressiveness would be more important for maintaining good interpersonal relationships in individualistic societies but emotion differentiation would be more important in collectivistic cultures. These hypotheses were tested with Euro-American, Asian American, Korean, and Chinese groups using multigroup analyses in a structural equation model. Results supported all proposed hypotheses and indicated that emotion differentiation contributes to maintaining good interpersonal relationships in collectivistic cultures, which contributes to self-esteem and satisfaction with life.
The Role of Collective Identification in Social Movement Participation: A Panel Study in the Context of the German Gay Movement
Authors: Stürmer Stefan , Simon Bernd
Published: May 2004

The authors conducted a panel study with two points of measurement throughout a 12-month interval in the context of the German gay movement to test the predictive power of collective identification in subsequent actual social movement participation. Regression analyses including cross-lagged panel analyses clearly confirmed the hypothesized unique predictive value of identification with a formal social movement organization above and beyond the role the collective, normative, and reward motives traditionally considered in social movement research. Of the three motives, the normative motive was particularly predictive. Moreover, data from an additional telephone follow-up (3 years after the initial measurement) suggests that when the conflict with political opponents becomes particularly fierce, identification with the broader recruitment category, which was previously ineffective as a unique predictor, can politicize to such an extent that it also becomes a strong predictor of participation.
On the Investigation of Primed and Chronic Autonomous and Heteronomous Motivational Orientations
Authors: Levesque Chantal , Pelletier Luc G.
Published: May 2004

Four studies examined primed and chronic autonomous and heteronomous motivations. Study 1 showed that autonomy and heteronomy can be primed and influence perceptions and behavior in a way consistent with consciously regulated motives. In Study 2, a measure of chronic motivation was developed and its construct validity and reliability were assessed. In Study 3, the chronicity measure predicted behavior while consciously regulated motives predicted intention but not behavior. Results of Study 4 replicated results of the priming manipulation in Study 1. However, this effect was moderated by level of motivational chronicity. The priming effect was found to be stronger for non-chronics than for chronics. Overall, the findings suggest that autonomous and heteronomous motivations can be regulated automatically as well as consciously.
Gender-Typical Responses to Sexual and Emotional Infidelity as a Function of Mortality Salience Induced Self-Esteem Striving
Authors: Goldenberg Jamie L. , Landau Mark J. , Pyszczynski Tom , Cox Cathy R. , Greenberg Jeff , Solomon Sheldon , Dunnam Heather
Published: May 2004

The authors propose that gender-differentiated patterns of jealousy in response to sexual and emotional infidelity are engendered by the differential impact of each event on self-esteem for men and women. Study 1 demonstrated that men derive relatively more self-esteem from their sexlives, whereas women’s self-esteem is more contingent on romantic commitment. Based on terror management theory, it is predicted that if gender-differentiated responses to infidelity are motivated by gender-specific contingencies for self-esteem, they should be intensified following reminders of mortality. In Study 2, mortality salience (MS) increased distress in response to sexual infidelity for men and emotional infidelity for women. Study 3 demonstrated that following MS, men who place high value on sexin romantic relationships exhibited greater distress in response to sexual infidelity, but low-ex-value men’s distress was attenuated. The authors discuss the implications for evolutionary and self-esteem-based accounts of jealousy as well as possible integration of these perspectives.
Optimism, Promotion Pride, and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life
Authors: Grant Heidi , Higgins E. Tory
Published: May 2004

The relationship between optimism and two potential sources of optimistic beliefs—promotion pride (based on a history of success in promotion regulation) and prevention pride (based on a history of success in prevention regulation)—was explored. Optimism was more strongly related to promotion pride than prevention pride (controlling for neuroticism), consistent with past work showing that anticipating success increases eagerness motivation but decreases vigilance motivation. This suggests that the psychology of prevention regulators is not captured well by the existing literature on optimism. Although prevention pride does not predict self-reports of well-being, it does predict adaptive functioning independent of optimism, neuroticism, and promotion pride. Promotion pride uniquely predicted a sense of purpose in life or goal directedness. Both promotion and prevention pride predicted active coping. It is argued that promotion and prevention pride tell us something unique and important about the role of successful self-regulation in determining quality of life.
Social Categorization and Fear Reactions to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Dumont Muriel , Yzerbyt Vincent , Wigboldus Daniël , Gordijn Ernestine H.
Published: May 2004

Two experiments were run in The Netherlands and Belgium 1 week after the terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. The aim was to investigate whether social categorization affected emotional reactions, behavioral tendencies, and actual behaviors. Results showed that focusing participants’ attention on an identity that included American victims into a common ingroup led them to report more fear and stronger fear-related behavioral tendencies and to engage more often in fear-related behaviors than when victims were categorized as outgroup members. Results are discussed with respect to appraisal theories of emotion and E. R. Smith’s model of group-based emotions.
Implicit/Explicit Motive Discrepancies and Volitional Depletion among Managers
Authors: Kehr Hugo M.
Published: May 2004

The compensatory model of motivation and volition is based on the assumption that discrepancies between implicit and explicit motives lead to psychological conflict, and that resolution of this conflict requires volitional regulation and consumes volitional strength. This suggests that implicit/explicit motive discrepancies (IED) are responsible for decreases in volitional strength. A longitudinal field study with 82 managers was conducted to test this proposition. Results show that IED longitudinally predicted decreases in volitional strength. Furthermore, structural equation modeling revealed that volitional strength mediated the relation between IED and impaired subjective well-being. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed, particularly with respect to volitional depletion.
Measuring Self-Esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The Role of the Other
Authors: Karpinski Andrew
Published: May 2004

In two experiments, the use of a self-other Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of implicit self-esteem was examined. In Study 1, participants completed two self-other IATs: one in which the other was unspecified and one in which the other was specified to be a close friend. Esteem-IAT scores were significantly higher for the unspecified other-IAT (d =. 82), indicating that the content of the other has a considerable influence on the over-all esteem-IAT scores. Study 2 provided a conceptual replication of these results and provided some initial evidence that the valence of an unspecified other is negative. Across both studies, the nature of the mental representation of the self, as measured by an esteem-IAT, changed as a function of the mental representation of the other. The crucial role of the other-associations in the esteem-IAT calls into question its use and interpretation as a measure of self-esteem.
Masculinity-Femininity Guides Sexual Union Formation in Adolescents
Authors: Udry J. Richard , Chantala Kim
Published: May 2004

The authors test the idea that patterns of masculinity-femininity (MF) help sort adolescents into romantic couples. Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents in Grades 7 to 12 from a probability sample of secondary schools in the United States, an MF measure was constructed by selecting a set of questionnaire items demonstrating sex differences. For each respondent, the probability of being a boy was predicted. Respondents identified opposite-sex romantic partners within their school. When the partner identified also was interviewed, the authors were able to create MF for both members of the couple. Trichotomizing MF scores for each sex, it was determined that couples with a very masculine boy and very feminine girl are most likely to have sex, and to have sex the soonest. The couples for which both members are in the average MF range for their sex are the quickest to break up. The pattern of MF is a strong influence on the behavior of adolescent romantic couples.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Gambling: The Downside of Optimism
Authors: Gibson Bryan , Sanbonmatsu David M.
Published: May 2004

Three studies examined the relation between dispositional optimism and gambling. In Study 1, optimists were more likely than pessimists to have positive gambling expectations and report maintaining these expectations following losses. They also were more likely to indicate that winning money was a primary motivation for their gambling. Study 2 demonstrated that pessimists but not optimists reduce their betting and expectations after poor gaming performance. Study 3 replicated this effect using a more controlled experiment and showed that after losing, optimists report remembering more near wins than do pessimists. Thus, all three studies suggest that optimists, more than pessimists, maintain positive expectations and continue gambling after experiencing negative gaming outcomes. The authors suggest that despite optimism’s many benefits, there are common situations in which the pessimistic tendency to disengage is beneficial.
Using Partially Structured Attitude Measures to Enhance the Attitude-Behavior Relationship
Authors: Vargas Patrick T. , von Hippel William , Petty Richard E.
Published: May 2004

This article recalls a classic scheme for categorizing attitude measures. One particular group of measures, those that rely on respondents’ interpretations of partially structured stimuli, has virtually disappeared from attitude research. An attitude measure based on respondents’ interpretation of partially structured stimuli is considered. Four studies employing such a measure demonstrate that it predicts unique variance in self-reported and actual behavior, beyond that predicted by explicit and contemporary implicit measures and regardless of whether the attitude object under consideration is wrought with social desirability concerns. Implications for conceptualizing attitude measurement and attitude-behavior relations are discussed.
Actions, Intentions, and Self-Assessment: The Road to Self-Enhancement Is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Kruger Justin , Gilovich Thomas
Published: May 2004

Actions and intentions do not always align. Individuals often have good intentions that they fail to fulfill. The studies presented here suggest that actors and observers differ in the weight they assign to intentions when deciding whether an individual possesses a desirable trait. Participants were more likely to give themselves credit for their intentions than they were to give others credit for theirs (Studies 1 and 2). This caused individuals to evaluate themselves more favorably than they evaluated others (Studies 3-5). Discussion focuses on the motivational and information-processing roots of this actor-observer difference in the weight assigned to intentions as well as the implications of this tendency for everyday judgment and decision making.
Consequences of Stereotype Suppression and Internal Suppression Motivation: A Self-Regulation Approach
Authors: Gordijn Ernestine H. , Hindriks Inge , Koomen Willem , Dijksterhuis Ap , Van Knippenberg Ad
Published: May 2004

The present research studied the effects of suppression of stereotypes on subsequent stereotyping. Moreover, the moderating influence of motivation to suppress stereotypes was examined. The first three experiments showed that suppression of stereotypes leads to the experience of engaging in self-control (Study 1), to depleted regulatory resources as indicated by worse performance on an unrelated subsequent task that involves self-regulation (Study 2), and to hyperaccessibility of the suppressed thoughts (Study 3). However, these effects were moderated by internal suppression motivation: Increased self-control, depleted regulatory resources, and hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts only occur for people with low internal suppression motivation. Furthermore, in line with the argument that depletion of regulatory resources after suppression also should result in increased stereotyping in general, it was found that suppression of a specific stereotype leads to an increased use of stereotypes in general, but only for people with low internal suppression motivation (Study 4).
In Search of Information That Confirms a Desired Self-Perception: Motivated Processing of Social Feedback and Choice of Social Interactions
Authors: Sanitioso Rasyid Bo , Wlodarski Rafael
Published: May 2004

The present studies examined how the motivation to see oneself as characterized by desirable attributes may influence feedback seeking and social preferences. In Study 1, participants were first led to believe that extraversion or introversion is conducive of success. Next, they received false feedback about themselves, related to extraversion and to introversion. In a surprise recall, extraversion-success participants remembered extraversion feed-back more accurately and introversion feedback less, compared to introversion-success participants. Study 2 examined preferences for others as potential sources of feedback. The findings revealed that extraversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as extraverted, whereas introversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as introverted. Thus, people appear to rely on how others regard them to realize a desired self-perception. These processes, oriented more toward social and interpersonal aspects of the self, complement the more intrapersonal processes of motivated self-perception studied in the past.
The Independent Effects of Goal Contents and Motives on Well-Being: It’s Both What You Pursue and Why You Pursue It
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Ryan Richard M. , Deci Edward L. , Kasser Tim
Published: May 2004

The assertion that both the content of goals and the motives behind goals affect psychological well-being has been controversial. Three studies examined this issue directly, showing that both what goals people pursue (i.e., whether they strive for extrinsic vs. intrinsic goal contents) and why people pursue them (i.e., whether they strive for autonomous vs. controlled motives) make significant independent contributions to psychological well-being. The pattern emerged in between-person and within-person studies of cross-sectional well-being and also emerged in a year-long study of prospective change in well-being. Implications for prescriptive theories of happiness are discussed.
Reaction in Action: Intergroup Contrast in Automatic Behavior
Authors: Spears Russell , Gordijn Ernestine , Dijksterhuis Ap , Stapel Diederik A.
Published: May 2004

Whereas previous research has shown automatic behavior conforming to outgroup stereotypes, the authors demonstrate automatic behavioral contrast away from a stereotype/trait associated with an outgroup (Study 1 and 2) and point to the importance of an “us-them” intergroup comparison in this process. In Study 1, participants colored pictures more messily when neatness was associated with an outgroup rather than the ingroup. In Study 2, using a different behavior, participants primed with busy business people reacted faster than controls (assimilation) but became slower when their student ingroup identity was activated (contrast). Subliminally priming an “us-them” intergroup comparison set undermined the accessibility of outgroup stereotypic words (Study 3), especially for those higher in prejudice (Study 4). This suggests that people automatically distance themselves from outgroup attributes when intergroup antagonism is cued or chronic. Implications for the role of self and comparison processes in automatic behavior are discussed.
The Effects of Perspective-Taking on Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Self-Evaluation
Authors: Galinsky Adam D. , Ku Gillian
Published: May 2004

Perspective-taking, by means of creating an overlap between self and other cognitive representations, has been found to effectively decrease stereotyping and ingroup favoritism. In the present investigation, the authors examined the potential moderating role of self-esteem on the effects of perspective-taking on prejudice. In two experiments, it was found that perspective-takers, but not control participants, with temporarily or chronically high self-esteem evaluated an outgroup more positively than perspective-takers with low self-esteem. This finding suggests an irony of perspective-taking: it builds off egocentric biases to improve outgroup evaluations. The discussion focuses on how debiasing intergroup thought is often best accomplished by working through the very processes that produced the bias in the first place.
Warm and Homely or Cold and Beautiful? Sex Differences in Trading Off Traits in Mate Selection
Authors: Fletcher Garth J. O. , Tither Jacqueline M. , O’Loughlin Claire , Friesen Myron , Overall Nickola
Published: May 2004

Prior research and theory suggest that people use three main sets of criteria in mate selection: warmth/trustworthiness, attractiveness/vitality, and status/resources. In two studies, men and women made mating choices between pairs of hypothetical potential partners and were forced to make trade-offs among these three criteria (e.g., warm and homely vs. cold and attractive). As predicted, women (relative to men) placed greater importance on warmth/trustworthiness and status/resources in a potential mate but less importance on attractiveness/vitality. In addition, as expected (a) ratings of ideal standards partly mediated the link between sex and mate choices, (b) ideal standards declined in importance from long-term to short-term relationships, with the exception of attractiveness/vitality, and unexpectedly, (c) sex differences were higher for long-term (compared to short-term) mate choice. Explanations and implications are discussed.
On the Assignment of Punishment: The Impact of General-Societal Threat and the Moderating Role of Severity
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Polifroni Mark , Tetlock Philip E. , Scott Amanda L.
Published: May 2004

This article reports experiments assessing how general threats to social order and severity of a crime can influence punitiveness. Results consistently showed that when participants feel that the social order is threatened, they behave more punitively toward a crime perpetrator, but only when severity associated with a crime was relatively moderate. Evidence is presented to suggest that people can correct—at least to a degree—for the “biasing” influence of these inductions. Finally, threats to social order appear to increase punitiveness by arousing a retributive desire to see individuals pay for what they have done, as opposed to a purely utilitarian desire to deter future wrongdoing. The authors suggest that individuals sometimes act as intuitive prosecutors when ascribing punishment to an individual transgressor based on their perception of general societal control efficacy.
Coping Sense of Humor Reduces Effects of Stereotype Threat on Women’s Math Performance
Authors: Ford Thomas E. , Ferguson Mark A. , Brooks Jenna L. , Hagadone Kate M.
Published: May 2004

Two studies demonstrated that coping sense of humor buffered women against the effects of stereotype threat on math performance. Using a correlational design, Study 1 demonstrated that women low in coping sense of humor assessed their performance on standardized math tests lower than did men and lower than did women high in coping sense of humor. Using an experimental design, Study 2 showed that coping sense of humor was positively related to women’s performance on a math test taken under conditions of stereotype threat but not under conditions of no stereotype threat. Mediation analyses suggest that in the stereotype-threat condition, state anxiety mediated the relationship between coping sense of humor and test performance. Women higher in coping sense of humor performed better because they felt less anxiety while taking the test.
Implicit Theories of Relationships: Moderators of the Link Between Conflict and Commitment
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Patrick Heather , Vietor Nathaniel A. , Neighbors Clayton
Published: May 2004

In two studies, implicit theories of relationships were examined as moderators of the association between experienced conflict and commitment. Study 1 involved 128 individuals in hetero-sexual romantic relationships and employed an event-contingent diary procedure in which disagreements were recorded throughout a 10-day period. Study 2 was conducted in the laboratory and involved 75 heterosexual couples who discussed problems in their relationship, with commitment measured before and after discussion. Multilevel random coefficient models revealed that conflict was generally associated with lower commitment but less so with growth belief. Also, growth belief was most beneficial under negative relationship conditions, such as when one possessed a less favorable view of the partner to begin with and when the issue remained unresolved after discussion.
Appraisal-Coping Goodness of Fit: A Daily Internet Study
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Armeli Stephen , Tennen Howard
Published: May 2004

Using an Internet daily diary methodology, this study tested the goodness of fit hypothesis, which highlights the importance of the match between controllability appraisals and coping efforts in adjustment to stressful events. For 28 days, 190 undergraduates described their most stressful event and its controllability, how they coped, and their daily positive and negative mood. Individuals demonstrated fit across situations, with control appraisals associated positively with problem-focused coping and negatively with emotional approach coping and avoidance coping. A pooled within-person interaction indicated that problem-focused coping had a stronger positive association with positive mood when dealing with high versus low control stressors. Significant variation also was found in several other within-person interactions between control appraisals and coping, and some evidence was found for the notion that individual differences in the degree of matching coping to control appraisals were associated with person-level adjustment.
The Power in Your Hand: Gender Differences in Bodily Feedback From Making a Fist
Authors: Schubert Thomas W.
Published: May 2004

Men and women differ in the meaning they attribute to physical coercion and bodily force. Men associate bodily force with gaining power, whereas women associate bodily force with expressing loss of power. It is hypothesized that because of these associations, performing bodily forceful behavior feeds back on appraisals of one’s power and that bodily feedback effects will mirror the gender differences in associations. Supporting these hypotheses, it was found that unobtrusively inducing behavior related to bodily force (making a fist) activated the concept of power in a Stroop task for both genders but that it increased hope for power and positive judgments of an assertively acting target for men, whereas it decreased hope for power and led to negative judgments of an assertively acting target for women.
Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load
Authors: Croizet Jean-Claude , Després Gérard , Gauzins Marie-Eve , Huguet Pascal , Leyens Jacques-Philippe , Méot Alain
Published: May 2004

Research on stereotype threat has repeatedly demonstrated that the intellectual performance of social groups is particularly sensitive to the situational context in which tests are usually administered. In the present experiment, an adaptation of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test was introduced as a measure of cognitive ability. Results showed that individuals targeted by a reputation of intellectual inferiority scored lower on the test than did other people. However, when the identical test was not presented as a measure of cognitive ability, the achievement gap between the target and the control group disappeared. Using heart rate variability indices to assess mental workload, our findings showed that the situational salience of a reputation of lower ability undermined intellectual performance by triggering a disruptive mental load. Our results indicate that group differences in cognitive ability scores can reflect different situational burdens and not necessarily actual differences in cognitive ability.
Who Takes the most Revenge? Individual Differences in Negative Reciprocity Norm Endorsement
Authors: Eisenberger Robert , Lynch Patrick , Aselage Justin , Rohdieck Stephanie
Published: May 2004

The authors report that beliefs favoring the reciprocation of unfavorable treatment form a unitary factor that is distinct from beliefs favoring the reciprocation of favorable treatment. Individual differences in endorsement of this negative reciprocity norm were related to (a) beliefs that people are generally malevolent; (b) inclination toward anger in everyday life; (c) anger, disagreement, and ridicule directed toward a new acquaintance who treated participants unfavorably; and (d) reduced anxiety, positive emotional engagement, and encouragement of a new acquaintance who treated participants favorably. These findings suggest that individual differences in endorsement of the negative norm of reciprocity influence the extent of vengeance.
Translation Terrain and Pied Piper Detour: How Experts Eliminated a Norwegian Digital City Project
Authors: Brosveet Jarle
Published: May 2004

The analysis of contemporary socio-technical processes can benefit greatly, methodologically speaking, from considering past processes and solutions. Obviously, all technological projects have a prehistory upon which they depend to a certain extent. In some cases, the prehistory might even take on the shape of a translation terrain, which technical experts employ explicitly to sidestep inexperienced nonexperts. Also, mechanisms that can best be described as a pied piper detour, rather than as an obligatory passage point, are relied on by technical experts who want to exclude the views and participation of nonexperts for themselves to assume a dominating position in the Machiavellian tradition. The relevance and operation of these socio-technical mechanisms were amply illustrated in the Norwegian town of Fredrikstad, where plans for establishing an IT highway project—a digital city concept developed and supported by users (both bureaucrats and laypersons)—came to nothing after technical experts intervened in the shape of a mediating agency and introduced their own scenarios.
In Memoriam: Robert K. Merton, Dorothy Nelkin, and David Edge
Authors: Bijker Wiebe E.
Published: May 2004

At the occasion of the annual banquet of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), the President commemorated Robert K. Merton, Dorothy Nelkin, and David Edge, who all died in 2003. The address highlights some of the contributions of these three scholars and past presidents to the development of the social studies of science, and to 4S.
Assessment of Communication Barriers in Community Pharmacies
Authors: Paluck Elan C. , Green Lawrence W. , Frankish C. James , Fielding David W. , Haverkamp Beth
Published: May 2004

This study identified previously reported facilitators and barriers to pharmacist-client communication and then evaluated their impact on the observed communication behaviors of pharmacists. Pharmacists (n = 100) completed a seven-page questionnaire collecting information on 11 variables that had been organized according to the Policy, Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Ecological Development (PROCEDE) model as predisposing, enabling, or reinforcing of pharmacist communication with their clients. Demographic variables also were included. “Communication quality” served as the study’s dependent variable, whereas pharmacist responses served as the independent variables. Communication quality scores for each pharmacist were obtained from the analysis of 765 audio recordings of verbal exchanges occurring between the study pharmacists and their consenting clients during 4-hour, on-site observation periods. Four of the variables examined in the study were found to share a unique relationship with communication quality (pharmacists’ attitude, year of graduation, adherence expectations, and outcome expectations). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the variables measured in the questionnaire accounted for 23% of the variance in communication quality scores. Plausible explanations for why the study was unable to capture more of the variance in its proposed relationships and future areas for research are provided.
A Model for Setting Performance Standards for Standardized Patient Examinations
Authors: Talente Gregg , Haist Steven A. , Wilson John F.
Published: May 2004

Setting standards for complex performance assessments is difficult. This report describes and evaluates a model for setting performance standards for standardized patient examinations. A variation of a modified Angoff standard-setting procedure was used to set cutoffs for a standardized patient exercise. Analysis of the procedure was based on evaluation of the impact of the iterative process, the ability of the final standards to accurately classify trainees and the judges’confidence in the procedure and final standards. The practicality of the process also was assessed. The iterative steps in this procedure led to a reduction in the variance between the judges’ratings. All seven judges reported confidence in the final standards. The mean time commitment for each judge was 4.7 work hours. This model for setting performance standards successfully set useful standards for this exam, was practical, and can be utilized to set performance standards for other standardized patient examinations.
The Loss of Idealism Throughout Internship
Authors: Griffith Charles H. , Wilson John F.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this project was to understand how resident attitudes to specific types of patients change throughout their internship. Over a 3-year period all 1st-year internal medicine residents were asked to complete a 15-item survey regarding their attitudes toward certain patient types and the profession. The survey was administered the 1st day of the internship, again in mid-November, and in June in the last month of internship. Sixty-one of 80 interns (76% response) completed all three administrations of the survey. In general, there were statistically significant differences in attitudes from the first administration to the second in all categories (all changes reflecting less idealism), with attitudes remaining the same for the second to third administration. For example, interns believed significantly more patients requesting narcotics were drug seekers (19% vs. 33%/ 37%, p < .0001) and a lesser percentage of the elderly could care for themselves independently(62% vs. 50%/48%, p < .0001). We conclude interns become less idealistic toward patients and the profession throughout internship, with the greatest change within the first 5 months.
Applications of Hierarchical Linear Models for Evaluations of Health Interventions
Authors: O’Connell Ann A. , McCoach D. Betsy
Published: May 2004

Despite the wide availability of statistical programs designed to deal with longitudinal data from a multilevel perspective, many applied researchers remain unfamiliar with the benefits of this methodology, particularly for the evaluation of interventions. The authors present an example of multilevel modeling as part of the analysis of evaluation data from an HIV intervention study. Strategies for understanding multilevel models using longitudinal (panel) data are demonstrated and discussed. The authors illustrate how multiple linear regression models provide a convenient conceptual background to understanding how hierarchical linear models can be developed and interpreted. Multilevel analysis results are compared and contrasted with typical approaches through general linear models for repeated-measures data. Analyses are presented using the SPSS and HLM 5 software.
Utilization and Impact of Cigarette Pack Covers Illustrated with Antismoking Messages
Authors: Christie Derek , Etter Jean-François
Published: May 2004

The authors tested whether smokers would use cigarette pack covers illustrated with antismoking messages. In 2001, visitors to a smoking cessation Web site ordered cigarette pack covers and answered a follow-up questionnaire 52 days later. Participants received by mail cardboard boxes designed to contain cigarette packs and illustrated with antismoking messages. Participants were 393 smokers living in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Participants used their boxes for 21 days out of a possible 28 days, and 31% were still using them at follow-up. Almost one third (32%) said that the boxes often prompted discussions about smoking. The boxes that were submitted to pretests were preferred to the boxes that were not pretested. The authors concluded that the boxes were welcomed by smokers and enabled the display of antismoking messages for 3 weeks in their immediate environments. The intervention had no impact on smoking cessation, but this was not its primary objective.
Factors Affecting Dental Job Satisfaction
Authors: Sur H. , Hayran O. , Mumcu G. , Soylemez D. , Atli H. , Yildirim C.
Published: May 2004

In this cross-sectional study, a randomly selected group of dentists (n = 855) from nine provinces of Turkey were interviewed for their levels of intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall job satisfaction. The proportion of overall job satisfaction was computed as the proportion of dentists who had mean general satisfaction scores 4 on a 5-point, Likert-type scale and was found to be 40.8% for the sample as a whole. The significant factors that affected overall satisfaction were age, the type of social insurance possessed, income level, the presence of dental auxiliaries, and the number of patients examined per day. Multivariate analysis of the data revealed that the type of social insurance, the amount of monthly income, and the number of patients examined per day were the most common and statistically significant predictors of intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall satisfaction in Turkish dentists.
A Simple Logical Solution to Eliminate the Limitations of Using the Number Needed to Treat
Authors: Lui Kung-Jong
Published: May 2004

Because it can be easily understood by clinicians, the “number needed to treat” (NNT) has recently received considerable attention in the clinical sciences. When the NNT is applied to summarize findings, it is important to understand the limitations of its use. First, the important confusion and criticisms found in the past on using the confidence interval of the NNT are summarized. To eliminate the confusion and criticisms, the NNT should be used only when there is some prior knowledge to rank the order of the response rates under comparison. An example is included to illustrate the use of the proposed approach and show how a number of the criticisms, limitations, and undesirable properties of the interval estimator for the NNT can be avoided. To test the equality of two response rates, the use of test statistics based on other well-established indices is recommended in lieu of the NNT.
Understanding Speech Rights: Defensive and Empowering Approaches to the First Amendment
Authors: Stein Laura
Published: May 2004

This article draws on liberal democratic theory to provide a philosophical foundation for understanding the relationship between speech rights and democracy. Utilizing the work of key political theorists, such as Mill, Friedman, Hayek, Green, Dewey and Barber, I argue that two conflicting theories of speech rights coexist within liberal democratic thought. I demonstrate how legal interpretations of the First Amendment manifest and reinforce these theories, which I label ‘defensive’ and ‘empowering’. Analysis of two Supreme Court cases widely recognized as pivotal in determining print and broadcast speech regimes, Red Lion Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission (1969) and Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974), highlights the role these theories play in legal thought. I conclude by arguing that empowering speech rights offer the best foundation for democratic communication, and by proposing a set of legal principles capable of revitalizing the meaning and function of speech rights in the USA.
The Effects of Piracy Upon the Music Industry: a Case Study of Bootlegging
Authors: Marshall Lee
Published: May 2004

The central argument of this article is that it is impossible to interpret how the consumption of pirated music affects the music industry without an understanding of the meanings people give to their uses of such recordings. Recording industry statistics on this topic employ an erratic and simplistic methodology which is more concerned with rhetorical impact than with accuracy. There are different types of musical piracy and each has idiosyncratic effects upon the industry, which must be researched in order to gain a more complete understanding of piracy. This article offers an analysis of one area of illegal musical production and consumption – that of bootleg records – as a case study, and argues that, while industry representatives complain of the economic and social harm caused by bootlegging, its effects are more difficult to ascertain and may even have a positive impact upon legitimate sales.
A World in Retreat: The Reconfiguration of Hybridity in 20th-Century New Zealand Television
Authors: Wood Brennon
Published: May 2004

The blurring of formerly distinct contents is a much-noted feature of contemporary television. By focusing on the development of reality TV, interpreters have misconceived both the complexity of these hybridizations and the novelty of their current forms. Analysis of 20th-century New Zealand television reveals a range of hybrid types whose relative standing has changed over time. Post-war contents were dominated by fiction and by hybrid forms that maintained a distinction between reference and invention. The late 1970s, however, saw the advent of hybridizations that identified fiction with fact. During the 1990s this identification was generalized to televisual discourse through a sharp decline in fiction levels and the ascendance of a new cross between fact and advertisement, the infomercial. Over the course of the 20th century, hybridity moved from the conventional sense of a transformable world to fatalistic and unimaginative cultures of self-improvement.
Telecom, National Development and the Indian State: a Postcolonial Critique
Authors: Chakravartty Paula
Published: May 2004

This article examines how the global discourse of ‘telecom for development’ has clashed with competing discourses that critique Western modernity in the context of the postcolonial Indian state and its changing relationship to science, the market and national development. I draw from recent postcolonial theories of the nation state in order to locate a historically rooted debate on the role of technology in national development, which, I argue, lies at the heart of policy debates over telecom reform in India today. This article provides an historical examination of two distinct periods of telecom policy-making that preceded the era of globalization in the 1990s: a period of techno-nationalism between 1965 and 1980, and a period of techo-populism between 1980 and 1989. I argue that the ruptures in discourse that we trace in between these two periods, set the stage for future battles over reform. At stake in these debates, I argue, are differing claims on the postcolonial state that remain incomprehensible unless we engage with the complex questions of development and modernity.
Long Play: Adult-Oriented Popular Music and the Temporal Logics of the Post-War Sound Recording Industry in the USA
Authors: Keightley Keir
Published: May 2004

While the historiography of post-war popular music has tended to emphasize radical musical stylistic breaks and cultural ruptures, industrial continuities between the adult-oriented popular music of the 1950s and the youth-oriented music of the rock era ( c. 1967 on) have been overlooked or under-analysed. The article examines the rise of the ‘long-play’ (LP) album as the core commodity of the US sound recording industry, which occurred curing the 1950s (and lasted into the 1980s). For its first two decades, the LP was associated primarily with adult consumers and non-rock forms of music. In this period, the increasing importance of the LP back catalogue led to the development of a particular ‘temporal logic’ for this commodity form. The slower rates of turnover for LPs (as opposed to 45 rpm singles) contributed to the heightened cultural esteem associated with adult albums. The temporal logic of the adult-oriented LP subsequently became crucial to the rise to industrial dominance of rock music from the late 1960s onward.
The Relationship between Online and Offline Communities: The Case of the Queer Sisters
Authors: Nip Joyce Y.M.
Published: May 2004

The popularity of Internet communities has raised the question of how they relate to offline communities. Yet there has been hardly any research that focuses on this question. This article examines the relationship between online and offline communities through a case study of the community formed on a bulletin board on the world-wide web and the women’s group in Hong Kong, the Queer Sisters, who created the board. The study finds that the community formed on the bulletin board is largely autonomous in relation to the offline group. Informed by ‘medium theory’, this article highlights the social potential of the Internet in forming communities. However the article also argues that contingent conditions have an important influence on whether online communities are autonomous in relation to the offline communities.
Body Mass, Smoking, and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Older U.S. Adults
Authors: Krueger Patrick M. , Rogers Richard G. , Hummer Robert A. , Boardman Jason D.
Published: May 2004

The authors examine the relationships between body mass, smoking, and overall and cause-specific mortality among U.S. adults aged 60 and older, using data from the National Health Interview Survey linked to the Multiple Cause of Death file and Cox proportional hazard models. The authors find that, compared to those who are normal weight, obese individuals have higher risks of overall, circulatory disease, and diabetes mortality. Furthermore, smoking status suppresses the relationships between obesity and overall, circulatory disease, and cancer mortality, and interacts with lowbody weight to increase mortality risks. Finally, underweight individuals initially face increased risks of death over the follow-up period, although over time their mortality risks diminish to those of normal-weight individuals, likely due to the presence of unobserved illness. Researchers and health practitioners must account for smoking status, body mass, and specific causes of death to understand and improve the health of our increasingly obese elderly population.
The Relationship Between the Trajectory of Body Mass Index and Health Trajectory Among Older Adults
Authors: Kahng Sang Kyoung , Dunkle Ruth E. , Jackson James S.
Published: May 2004

Little is known about the cross-sectional or longitudinal relationships between body weight and health at older ages. Using multilevel modeling analyses, this study examined the trajectories of body mass index (BMI), chronic health conditions (CHC), and functional disability (FD); factors associated with the trajectories; and the relationships between the trajectories. The sample of elders aged 65 and older participated in the Americans Changing Lives longitudinal study. Participants showed decreasing BMI and increasing CHCand FD with time. Current smokers presented lowerBMI at Wave 1 and showed a slower decrease inBMIover time than those who never smoked. Obesity was associated with more CHC and greater FDatWave 1 but did not influence their changes. Elders who experienced a slower decrease in BMI showed a slower increase in CHC and FD; the change in health was not related to the change in BMI.