bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of major histocompatibility complex class IV (B‐G) genotypes in meat‐type chickens
Authors: UNI Z. , HILLEL J. , WAIMAN R. , CAHANER A. , HELLER D. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used as a molecular genotyping approach to characterize differences in major histocompatibility complex class IV genes in meat‐type chickens. A high level of polymorphism was observed following digestion with each of the two restriction endonucleases Pvu II and BglII. Examination of DNA from 54 chickens revealed 23 polymorphic fragments. Application of RFLP techniques in the analysis of family groups should make possible the determination of B‐G genotypes in the meat type chickens.
Extensive polymorphism of the BOLA‐DRB3 gene distinguished by PCR‐RFLP
Authors: VAN EIJK M. J. T. , STEWART‐HAYNES J. A. , LEWIN H. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method is described for typing of alleles of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BOLA)‐DRB3 gene. A total of 30 DRB3 alleles were distinguished by digestion of PCR amplification products of BoLA‐DRB3 exon 2 with RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII (PCR‐RFLP). All restriction fragment patterns, with the exception of one HaeIII pattern, were consistent with restriction sites that were found among 14 previously sequenced DRB3 alleles. The PCR‐RFLP typing method was evaluated on 168 genomic DNA samples collected from animals of 10 cattle breeds, 48 of which were typed in the Fourth International BoLA Workshop for BOLA‐DRB and ‐DQ by conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using heterologous and homologous DNA probes. Thirty‐one DRB/DQ haplotypes containing 23 DRB3 alleles were identified among the 48 workshop animals analysed. Using PCR‐RFLP, 11 DRB3 alleles were identified in 18 workshop animals for which DRB RFLPs were not informative. PCR‐RFLP typing of additional animals revealed five new DRB3 alleles, of which three contained a putatively located three basepair deletion in the identical position as found for the sequenced allele DRB*2A. PCR‐RFLP was shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of polymorphism in a functionally relevant domain of the BOLA‐DRB3 gene and should be useful for studying the evolution of DRB polymorphism in cattle and other Bovidae.
DNA fingerprinting in horses using a simple (TG)n probe and its application to population comparisons
Authors: ELLEGREN H. , ANDERSSON L. , JOHANSSON M. , SANDBERG K.
Published: July 2010

A synthetic polynucleotide (TG)n was hybridized to equine DNA digested with HinfI and hypervariable hybridization patterns were obtained. Mendelian inheritance of these DNA fingerprinting patterns was confirmed by pedigree analysis. Estimates of the probabilities of identical band patterns in unrelated individuals of different breeds (Swedish Trotters, North Swedish Trotters, Thoroughbreds and Arabians) were in the range 1 times 10‐4‐7 times 10‐6 The variability derived with the (TG)n, probe in horses was higher than what we obtained with several other commmonly used probes for DNA fingerprinting. Individuals within breeds tended to be more similar to each other with regard to DNA fingerprint pattern than to individuals of other breeds. Moreover, a parsimony analysis made on the basis of the hybridization patterns gave clustering of individuals within breeds. The possibility of using hypervariable probes for the identification of breed‐specific characters is discussed.
Analysis of immunoglobulin light chain loci in sheep
Authors: FOLEY R. C. , BEH K. J.
Published: July 2010

A sheep kappa cDNA probe was isolated, characterized by sequence analysis and shown to have significant sequence identity to other kappa light chains. This probe and a sheep lambda light chain probe were used to estimate the extent of various sheep immunoglobulin light chain gene loci by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. The results showed that the sheep has a single hybridizing kappa constant gene and three to five kappa V segment bands. Segregation of three polymorphic bands at the lambda C locus indicated that they were products of separate C segments. Restriction fragment pattern variations were obtained using light chain probes on various sheep breeds, but no pattern or individual band was characteristic for a particular breed.
DNA sequence of the skeletal muscle calcium release channel cDNA and verification of the Arg615→ Cys615 mutation, associated with porcine malignant hyperthermia, in Norwegian Landrace pigs
Authors: HARBITZ I. , KRISTENSEN T. , BOSNES M. , KRAN S. , DAVIES W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Porcine calcium release channel (CRC) cDNA from skeletal muscle has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 97% identity to the corresponding rabbit and human sequences. Using oligonucleotide primers based on the nucleotide sequence, CRC cDNA fragments from seven pigs representing HALNN, HALNn and HALNn genotypes have been amplified. Sequencing and restriction digestion of the amplified cDNA confirm that the reported C→ T mutation, which gives rise to Arg615 →Cys615 change in the calcium release channel, is associated with the halothane sensitive allele in Norwegian Landrace pigs. The mutation may alter the reactivity of a neighbouring serine residue which is potentially phosphorylated.
Genetic linkage analysis between protein polymorphisms and the FecB major gene in sheep
Authors: TATE M. L. , MANLY H. C. , DODDS K. G. , MONTGOMERY G. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A genetically linked marker locus is sought for the Booroola gene (FecB), a major gene which confers increased prolificacy in sheep. We examined 18 polymorphic proteins in sheep and found 10 to be informative in half‐sib families where the Booroola gene was segregating. Recombination was observed between each of the protein loci and the Booroola gene. The loci and exclusion distance for each (calculated as the recombination fraction where the lod score was equal to ‐2.0) are as follows: NADH diaphorase, DIAI (9.2cM); arylesterase, EsA (11.9cM); haemoglobin β chain, HBB (17.5cM); leucine amino peptidase, LAP (19.7cM); malic enzyme, ME1 (14.8cM); ovine plasminogen antigen, OPA (12.6cM); α‐1‐protease inhibitor, PI2 (5.7cM), erythrocyte X protein, Prot‐X (25.3cM); post transferrin, PTF (2.2cM); transferrin, TF(33.8cM).
Characterization of swine short interspersed repetitive sequences
Authors: TAKAHASHI H. , AWATA T. , YASUE H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Swine genomic DNA segments containing repetitive sequences were isolated from a porcine genomic library using genomic DNA as a probe. Three fragments containing the repetitive sequences from two of the primary phage clones were subcloned for sequence analysis, which revealed six new PRE‐1 repetitive families other than those reported earlier by Singer et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 15, 2780, 1987). The frequency of the repetitive sequences in the swine genome was estimated at 2 times 106 per diploid genome. Sequence analysis revealed similarities between these repetitive sequences and that of arginine‐tRNA gene.
Linkage between amylase‐1 locus and a major gene for milk fat content in cattle
Authors: Andersson‐Eklund L. , Rendel J.
Published: July 2010

Summary

Linkage between the amylase‐1 (Am‐1) locus and a quantitative trait locus influencing fat content in milk was studied in offspring from heterozygous sires of the Swedish Red and White dairy breed. The effect on bull breeding values for fat content was estimated as interactions between sire and paternal Am‐1 allele using a model eliminating the direct effects of sire and Am‐1 allele. There were strong indications of linkage, confirming results of previous studies. The interaction was caused by strong associations in 7 out of 14 sire families. A test for within‐family variance heterogeneity performed on the whole population of breeding bulls also supported the presence of a major gene for fat content in milk. The results indicate that there is genetic linkage between the Am‐1 locus and a locus with large effect on milk fat content.
DNA fingerprint bands applied to linkage analysis with quantitative trait loci in chickens
Authors: Plotsky Y. , Cahaner A. , Haberfeld A. , Hillel J. , Lavi U. , Lamont S. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary

An efficient approach to detect association between quantitative traits and bands of DNA fingerprint patterns uses intra‐family tail analysis, which compares fingerprints of DNA mixes from individuals at the two tails of a phenotypic distribution. In analysis of 67 paternal half‐sibs of a meat‐type chicken family, of 57 sire bands generated by two probes, one sire‐specific band (S6–6) was associated with abdominal fat deposition. The band effect was estimated by a linear model analysis to be 0–88 standard deviations, or about 30% of the family mean. The association between band S6–6 and abdominal fat was further examined by testing progeny of paternal half‐sibs of the chickens which were used in the tail analysis, establishing genetic linkage between the DNA marker and a genetic locus affecting abdominal fat deposition.
Localization of the porcine growth hormone gene to chromosome 12pl.2 p1–5
Authors: Yerle M. , Lahbib‐Mansais Y. , Gellin J. , Thomsen P. D.
Published: July 2010

Summary

The gene encoding the porcine growth hormone (GH) has been localized to the q‐arm of chromosome 12 using high‐resolution R‐banded chromosomes for in situ hybridization. We report here the localization of GH on the p‐arm of this chromosome when using in situ hybridization on high‐resolution G‐banded chromosomes. Sequential Q‐ and R‐banding show that this discrepancy is caused by a reversed orientation of chromosome 12 in the R‐banded high‐resolution karyotype published by Rønne et al. (1987) and the G‐banded standard karyotype.
An improved method for typing of plasma α1‐protease inhibitor (PI1) variants in sheep
Authors: Estomba A. , Basaras M. , Aguirre A. , Vicario A. , Jugo B. , Mazon L. I.
Published: July 2010

Summary

Sheep plasma α1‐protease inhibitor (PI1) variants were typed by analysing neuraminidase treated samples by isoelectric focusing in ultra‐thin polyacrylamide gels followed by staining for trypsin inhibition. The 10 different PI1 pheno‐types observed were shown to be controlled by four codominant alleles. The probability of sire exclusion provided by PI1 polymorphism was about 0.45 in both of the studied milk sheep breeds (Latxa and Karrantzar) of the Basque Country.
Kappa‐casein polymorphisms among cattle breeds and bison herds
Authors: Cronin M. A. , Cockett N.
Published: July 2010

Summary

We identified the HindIII restriction site polymorphism of K‐casein in cattle reported by Pinder et al. (Animal Genetics 22, 11, 1991) and found an additonal polymorphism (RsaI) in cattle and bison. The HindIII and RsaI restriction sites were mapped and three haplotypes (alleles) were identified. Preliminary screening of 39 cattle and 71 bison revealed one allele restricted to cattle, one restricted to bison, and one shared by the species. No fixed allelic differences were observed among cattle breeds or among bison herds or subspecies.
Double‐strand DNA conformation polymorphisms as a source of highly polymorphic genetic markers
Authors: Kirkpatrick B. W. , Huff B. M. , Casas‐Carrillo E.
Published: July 2010

The molecular basis for several apparent restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the porcine growth hormone gene was examined through DNA sequence analysis. Electrophoretic and sequence analysis suggest polymorphisms result from 1–3 base substitutions that affect double‐strand DNA conformation and electrophoretic mobility. Two allelic forms of the porcine growth hormone 5'flank and four allelic forms of the second exon/intron region were identified. A marker system was developed which combined conformation polymorphisms with HaeII and DdeI RFLPs. Using this system, nine haplotypes were observed in samples from three US swine breeds. The data presented suggest that double‐strand DNA conformation can be exploited in base substitution detection and development of highly polymorphic genetic marker systems.
Influence of different B‐complex recombinants on the outcome of Rous sarcomas in chickens
Authors: Aeed P. A. , Collins W. M. , Briles W. E. , Zsigray R. M.
Published: July 2010

Seven major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinants were evaluated for anti‐Rous sarcoma response. In experiment 1, the BR5(F21‐G19) recombinant haplotype both homozygous and in heterozygous combinations with B19 and B21 haplotypes were compared to B19/B19 and B21/B21 chickens to determine the relative influence of the BF versus BG chromosomal segments on regression of Rous sarcoma virus‐induced tumours. In experiment 2, six recombinant haplotypes BR1(F24‐G23), BR2(F2‐G23), BR3(F2‐G23), BR4(F2‐G23), BR6(F21‐G23) and BR8(F2‐G2a,23) present in chickens heterozygous for normal haplotypes B19, B23 or B26 were compared for anti‐sarcoma response. A total of 1328 chickens were blood typed for B alloanti‐gens at 17 days of age, inoculated in the wingweb with Rous sarcoma virus at 6 weeks and monitored for anti‐tumour immune response over a 10‐week period. Genotypes which shared the same BF haplotype, but differed in their BG regions, had similar anti‐tumour responses, implicating the BF but not the BG region in tumour regression. Chickens carrying BF2 or BF21 had a strong anti‐tumour response, while BF24 conferred a weaker response, regardless of the accompanying normal haplotype.
Common swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) haplotypes in NIH and Sinclair miniature swine have similar effects on the expression of an inherited melanoma
Authors: Tissot R. G. , Beattie C. W. , Jr M S Amoss , Williams J. D. , Schumacher J.
Published: July 2010

Mixed lymphocyte culture and serological typing of NIH and Sinclair miniature swine indicate that the two herds share a common SLA haplotype. NIH haplotype a (International Haplotype H10) appears identical to Sinclair haplotype B, which has significant effects on the penetrance of Sinclair swine cutaneous malignant melanoma (SSCM). Offspring of crosses between melanoma‐bearing Sinclair swine homozygous for the B haplotype and non‐melanoma NIH aa swine have tumour incidence identical to Sinclair melanoma BB× Sinclair non‐melanoma BB offspring. Our results provide further support for the involvement of the swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) complex in the inheritance of SSCM, and identify a new source of non‐tumour animals that have all of the genes for SSCM except those at the tumour‐initiator locus.
Isolation and characterization of variable (GT)n repetitive sequences from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Slettan A. , Olsaker I. , Lie Ø
Published: July 2010

Microsatellites are islands of long repeats of mono‐, di‐ or trinucleotides evenly distributed in the eukaryotic genome with an average distance of 50–100 kb. They display a high degree of length polymorphism and heterozygosity at individual loci, making them highly useful as markers in the development of genomic maps of eukaryotes. In the present work, we examined the dinucleotide repeat motif (dG‐dT)n in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., genome. The frequency of (dG‐dT)n microsatellites in salmon correlates well with earlier published estimations. Cloning and sequencing of 45 salmon microsatellites revealed perfect and imperfect repeats, but no compound microsatellites. The distribution of number of repeat units in salmon microsatellites differ significantly from that of higher vertebrates. Salmon tends to have more long repeat stretches and less intermediate length repeats.
Detection of genome specific monomorphic loci in Bos taurus and Bubalus bubalis with oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe
Authors: Ali S. , Bala G. , Bala S.
Published: July 2010

A synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe (OAT36) comprising nine repeats of 5'GACA 3′ and several enzymes were used to analyse cow, (Bos taurus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) genomes and a number of monomorphic loci were detected in both the species. Different animals from the same species showed an almost ‘similar’ monomorphic hybridization pattern but animals from two separate species showed a different ‘genome specific’ pattern. The overall hybridization with any enzyme and probe combination was found to be unique to one species. This forms the basis of genome specific hybridization which is substantiated by our zoo‐blot hybridization studies. The evolutionary aspect of these loci in the context of sequence polymorphisms is discussed.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for chicken major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
Authors: Sung A Moon , Nordskog A. W. , Lamont S. J. , Warner C. M.
Published: July 2010

The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the B complex, is being intensively analysed at the DNA level. To further probe the molecular structure of chicken MHC class II genes, cDNA clones coding for chicken MHC class II (B‐L) p chain molecules were isolated from an inbred G‐B2 Leghorn chicken spleen and liver. Twenty‐nine cDNA clones were isolated from the spleen and eight cDNA clones were isolated from the liver. Based on restriction maps, most clones could be clustered into one family of genes. Four cDNA clones were sequenced (S7, S10 and S19 from the spleen and L1, which was identical to S19, from the liver). Complete amino acid sequences of B‐Lβ chain molecules were predicted from the nucleotide sequences of the cDNA clones. Although both the nature and the location of the conserved residues were similar in chicken and mammalian sequences, some species‐specific differences were found, suggesting that the structures of the B‐L molecules of this haplotype are similar, but not identical, to their mammalian counterparts.
Strong association between polymorphisms in an intronic microsatellite and in the coding sequence of the BoLA‐DKB3 gene: implications for micro‐satellite stability and PCR‐based DRB3 typing
Authors: Ellegren H. , Andersson L. , Davies C. J.
Published: July 2010

A highly polymorphic microsatellite in the bovine DRB3 gene was characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. A very strong association between expressed DRB3 polymorphism and microsatellite alleles was revealed by PCR analysis of genomic DNA from 116 animals representing three breeds of cattle. The results indicated a low frequency of microsatellite length mutations as the association was consistent over breeds. The DRB3 microsatellite may be utilized in a PCR‐based typing method of bovine class II alleles. The microsatellite polymorphism did not distinguish all known DRB3 alleles, but it was shown that this method may be complemented by the use of allele‐specific PCR based on the extensive polymorphism in the DRB3 exon 2. The DNA sequences of seven microsatellite alleles, associated with different class II hap‐lotypes, were determined. The DRB3 microsatellite is composed of three repeat motifs, a stretch of at least 10 uninterrupted (TG)n dinucleotides, a long but interrupted stretch of (GA)n dinucleotides, and a few (CAGA)n tetranucleotides. There were pronounced sequence differences beween alleles and the results indicated that the evolution of this microsatellite has involved length mutations of the dinucleotide repeats as well as point mutations causing interruptions in the dinucleotide repeats.
A search for associations between major histocompatibility complex restriction fragment length polymorphism bands and resistance to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep
Authors: Blattman A. N. , Kinghorn B. P. , Gray G. D. , Hulme D. J. , JBeh K. , Woolaston R. R.
Published: July 2010

Polymorphic bands were detected within the DQB and DRB regions of the ovine major histocompatibility complex by probing TaqI digested DNA from three large sheep half‐sib families derived from a highly resistant ram. All animals were phenotypically assessed for Haemonchus contortus resistance by faecal egg counts and associations with RFLP bands and haplotypes were estimated using mixed model, best linear unbiased prediction statistical methods. Although the highly resistant sire was homozygous at the MHC, no significant associations were found between any band or haplotype and faecal egg count.
Mapping of susceptibility to Marek's disease within the major histocompatibility (B) complex by refined typing of White Leghorn chickens
Authors: Hepkema B. G. , Hensen E. J. , Blankert J. J. , van der Zijpp A. J. , Albers G. A. A. , Tilanus M. G. J. , Egberts E.
Published: July 2010

The major histocompatibility (B) complex of a distinct commercial pure White Leghorn chicken line was characterized using serological, biochemical and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. Line B chickens displayed a high recombination frequency within the B complex. Three recombinant haplo‐types were identified. The influence of these haplotypes was determined in relation to the haplotypes Bl9 and B21 on their resistance to Marek's disease (MD) in an experimental infection with the virus. Offspring of sires with a recombinant haplotype in combination with B19 or B21, and dams, which were homozygous B19/B19 or B21/B21 were infected. The B type of the offspring had a significant effect upon survival. Animals with B complex types B21/B21, B134/B21 and B234/B21 were relatively resistant to MD (24–32% mortality), whereas B19/B19 birds were highly susceptible (68% mortality). Animals with a recombinant halpotype B19r21 (B‐G21, B‐F19) were equally susceptible to MD as birds with the complete B19 haplotype. In contrast to earlier publications, resistance was not inherited as a dominant trait. Apparently, B19 was associated with a dominant susceptibility. The gene(s) associated with the B complex and involved in resistance to MD were localized within the B‐F/B‐L region. However, the association with a presumably non‐coding subregion of B‐G could not be excluded.
Silent blood chimaerism in a mare confirmed by DNA marker analysis of hair bulbs
Authors: Bowling A. T. , Stott M. L. , Bickel L.
Published: July 2010

Microsatellite DNA markers in a mare's hair bulbs not concordant with markers in her blood confirmed the hypothesis of chimaerism which had been proposed to explain the apparent parentage exclusion of the mare from her suckling foal. Parentage analysis for this foal based on genetic markers not originating from blood cells of its dam supported a parentage verification conclusion.
A linkage group on pig chromosome 4 comprising the loci for blood group L, GBA, ATP1B1 and three microsatellites
Authors: Marklund L. , Johansson M. , Gustafsson U. , Andersson L. , Winterö A. K. , Fredholm M. , Thomsen P. D.
Published: July 2010

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were described for the porcine loci for β‐glucosidase (GBA) and the β‐polypeptide 1 of the Na+, K+‐transporting ATPase (ATP1B1). Linkage analyses using a three‐generation pedigree provided evidence for the assignment of ATP1B1, GBA and two microsatellite loci (S0001 and S0067) to a previously described linkage group comprising the loci for blood group L (EAL) and an anonymous microsatellite (S0097). The linear order of the six markers was determined with confidence by multipoint analyses and the length of the linkage group was estimated at 88 CM. This linkage group was assigned to pig chromosome 4 on the basis of a previous physical localization of the ATP1B1 gene. In situ hybridization data for S0001 presented in this study were consistent with a localization on chromosome 4 and suggested a regional localization to 4pl2‐pl3. The present study reveals conflicting data concerning the genetic localization of the K88 loci controlling the expression of the receptors for the E. coli pilus antigens. One group has reported data suggesting a loose linkage between K88 and EAL, now mapped to chromosome 4, whereas two other groups have found linkage between K88 and the transferrin locus (TF), mapped to chromosome 13 by in situ hybridization.
Two polymorphic microsatellites in a coding segment of the canine androgen receptor gene
Authors: Shibuya H. , Nonneman D. J. , Ganjam V. K. , Mann F. A. , Johnson G. S. , Huang T H‐M
Published: July 2010

A 0.6‐kb segment of exon 1 of the canine androgen receptor gene contains two polymorphic CAG tandem repeats which encode strings of glutamine homopolymers. The number of CAGs in each tandem repeat was determined by (1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a gene segment containing both repeats, (2) cleavage between repeats with restriction enzyme EcoO109I and (3) fractionation of the restriction fragments containing individual CAG repeats by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Individual genomic DNA samples from 80 unrelated dogs (53 males plus 27 females for a total of 107 X chromosomes) contained 10–12 CAGs in the 5′ repeats and 10–13 CAGs in the 3′ repeats. Thirteen distinct androgen receptor genotypes were identified. Eleven (or 41%) of the 27 unrelated females were heterozygous in one or both repeat regions, whereas all male samples produced single bands as expected for X chromosome markers. A total of seven distinct haplotypes contributed to the 13 genotypes. The ‘polymorphism information content’ or PIC for this seven‐allele X chromosome marker was 0.67.
Sequence‐tagged microsatellite sites as markers in chicken reference and resource populations
Authors: Khatib H. , Genislav E. , Soller M. , Crittenden L. B. , Bumstead N.
Published: July 2010

Two chicken genomic libraries were screened for the presence of poly(TG/AC) microsatellite tracts. The number of positive clones was low, confirming the low frequency of such micro‐satellites in the chicken genome relative to mammalian genomes. Polymorphism of 29 microsatellite tracts, comprising 11 from the library screening and 18 obtained from GenBank, was examined in the East Lansing and Compton reference families, in a resource population formed by a cross between a single White Rock broiler and inbred Leghorn females, and in a panel of birds from five layer stocks. Twenty microsatellites, primarily of the poly(TG/AC) type, were polymorphic in at least one of the populations. Thirteen of the microsatellites were polymorphic in the East Lansing reference family and 13 were also polymorphic in the resource population, confirming that the genetic distance between White Rock and White Leghorn is about as great as between Jungle fowl and White Leghorn. Only six microsatellites were polymorphic in the Compton reference family, formed by a cross between two White Leghorn strains. Twelve of the microsatellites were mapped in the East Lansing and/or Compton reference families. These were well dispersed among the various linkage groups and did not show any indications of terminal clustering.
A panel of bovine, ovine and caprine polymorphic microsatellites
Authors: Kemp S. J. , Brezinsky L. , Teale A. J.
Published: July 2010

We report a set of six new bovine microsatellite polymorphisms based on (CA)n repeats. They are highly polymorphic and thus represent valuable markers for genome mapping. Four of the six are polymorphic in sheep and two are polymorphic in goats. One, which is polymorphic in cattle and sheep and apparently monomorphic in goats, is X‐chromosome specific and has potential value in, for example, sex determination and detection of chimaerism.
High lysozyme activity in a Norwegian bovine family co‐segregates with a restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: Olsaker I. , Mejdell C. M. , Sarensen A. , Lie Ø
Published: July 2010

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the lysozyme gene cluster was performed in a Norwegian bovine family segregating a single dominant Mendelian factor for high lysozyme activity in serum. An RFLP site with allelic bands of 16kb and 5–9 kb turned out to be linked to the locus for the high lysozyme activity factor with a lod score of 6–8 at a recombination fraction of 3.4%. This implies that we have revealed a genetic marker for the high lysozyme activity trait.
Assignment of five polymorphic ovine microsatellites to bovine syntenic groups
Authors: Dietz A. B. , Womack J. E. , Swarbrick P. A. , Crawford A. M.
Published: July 2010

A panel of bovine somatic cell hybrids was used to map ovine microsatellites. Five of seven microsatellites were assigned to five bovine syntenic groups. These microsatellites were designated D5S10 (MAF23), D1S4 (MAF46), D13S1 (MAF18), D4S3 (MAF50), and DXS2 (MAF45), mapped to syntenic groups U3 (chromosome 5), U10 (chromosome 1), U11, U13, and the X chromosome, respectively. Two remaining sheep microsatellites amplified rodent DNA in the hybrid somatic cell panel, and were not assigned to bovine syntenic groups. Assignment of ovine‐derived microsatellites to bovine syntenic groups provides additional evidence of the usefulness of microsatellites for mapping closely related species. The use of ovine and bovine microsatellites will aid in development of comparative genomic maps for these two species.
A new lipoprotein allotype Lprs and allele Lpr1,3 in the pig
Authors: Hojný J. , Janik A. , Jr J Schröffel
Published: July 2010

Specific alloprecipitins were found in blood plasma of pigs, immunized by sera of Lpr1 positive donors. These precipitins detected a new allotype of the lipoprotein Lpr system which was designated Lpr3. Genetic studies confirmed its codominant inheritance and subgroup character. This linear subgroup of allotype Lprl is controlled by the allele Lpr1,3. Investigations in populations of 14 pig breeds showed significant interbreed differences in the frequencies of alleles Lpr1, Lpr2 and Lpr1,3.
Type I interferon genes in cattle: restriction fragment length polymorphisms, gene numbers and physical organization on bovine chromosome 8
Authors: Ryan A M , Womack J E
Published: July 2010

Multiple, superimposed Type I interferon (IFN) restriction fragments were resolved following 72–92 h of horizontal electrophoresis. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for α IFN (IFNA), β IFN (IFNB), ωIFN (IFNW) and trophoblast IFN (IFNT) genes were identified in Hin dill, Eco RI and Taql digestions from 313 cattle. RFLPs with codominant segregation in cattle pedigrees were considered alleles, and 19 distinct polymorphic Type I IFN loci (5 IFNA, 4 IFNB, 8 IFNW and 2 IFNT) were identified. Allele frequencies and observed heterozygosity values were calculated for each locus and several loci were considered highly informative for linkage analysis. Bovine IFN gene numbers (10 IFNA, 6 IFNB, 20 IFNW and 6 IFNT) were estimated from the number of polymorphic loci plus additional monomorphic hybridizing bands present in Eco RI and Hindlll digestions. Physical linkage of the Type I IFN gene families on bovine chromosome 8 was demonstrated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Hybridization of two or more IFN probes to similarly sized PFGE fragments suggested the tentative gene family order: IFNA/IFNW‐IFNT‐IFNB. These studies provide a basis for the development of more detailed genetic and physical maps of the bovine Type I IFNs.
BoLA‐DIB: species distribution, linkage with DOB, and Northern analysis
Authors: Stone R T , Muggli‐Cockett N E
Published: July 2010

The bovine major histocompatibility complex differs from that of other species in that it has a second group of class II genes that are separated from the classical class I/class II complex by 15 to 20 centimorgans. Two class II bovine genes, BoLA‐DYA and BoLA‐DIB, seem to be unique based on sequence analysis. To investigate the occurrence of one of these genes, BoLA‐DIB, in other species, a DIB 2nd domain exon probe was hybridized to Southern genomic blots containing DNA from representatives from a variety of mammalian families. The probe hybridized only with DNA from representatives of the Cervidae, Giraffidae and Bovidae families, indicating that significant sequence similarity to DIB may be confined to these families. Analysis of the linkage relationship between DIB and DOB in cattle half‐sib families did not yield any recombinants among 39 informative offspring, indicating that DIB maps within the second group of class II bovine genes; DOB has previously been mapped to the second group of class II genes. A 1st domain exon probe from BoLA‐DQB hybridized to RNA from either stimulated or unstimulated peripheral bovine lymphocytes, while 1st domain exon probes from BoLA‐DIB and HLA‐DOB gave no hybridization signals, indicating that transcription in peripheral lymphocytes of these genes is at least very minor compared to BoLA‐DQB.
Use of isoelectric focusing to define major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphism in goats
Authors: Joosten I , Sanders M F , Hensen E J , Ruff G
Published: July 2010

We have used biochemical methods to extend and improve serological class I typing using a panel of 77 Swiss goats of the Saanen breed, comprising dam‐offspring combinations from six half‐sib sire families and several unrelated animals. Of these animals class I molecules were precipitated from cell lysates with the mAb B1.1G6 and HC10. Immunoprecipitates were analysed by SDS‐PAGE and 1D‐IEF. There was a good agreement between class I serological types and IEF banding patterns. We have identified three new class I specificities and subdivided the Bel 7 specificity. IEF has enabled us to make planned immunizations to produce antisera to the new specificities. New evidence for the expression of a second class I locus product in the Be7 haplotype has been found.
Association between the bovine major histocompatibility complex and chronic posterior spinal paresis – a form of ankylosing spondylitis – in Holstein bulls
Authors: Park C A , Hines H C , Monke D R , Threlfall W L
Published: July 2010

A highly significant association was found between the bovine MHC class I antigen BoLA‐A8 and a form of vertebral osteophytosis/ankylosing spondylitis known as chronic posterior spinal paresis (PSP) in Holstein bulls (P< 0.001). In a population study, restricted to unrelated bulls, BOLA‐A8 was significantly associated with PSP (P= 0.0015) with a relative risk of 34.6. In a family study, one PSP bull, BoLA A8/A20, sired 13 offspring. BOLA‐A8 was significantly associated with PSP (P= 0–0008). All five PSP sons inherited the A8 allele and the eight healthy sons each inherited the A20 allele. In three other families a complete association of BOLA‐A8 and PSP was observed. Lod score analysis, using all available families, indicated a significant linkage between BoLA and PSP (lod score = 6–9). Based on clinical observation, pathology, age/sex predilection, and a strong association with a class I MHC molecule, this inflammatory disease appears analogous to the human condition known as ankylosing spondylitis.
Zebu‐taurine variation in Y chromosomal DNA: a sensitive assay for genetic introgression in West African trypanotolerant cattle populations
Authors: Bradley D G , MacHugh D E , Loftus R T , Sow R S , Hoste C H , Cunningham E P
Published: July 2010

Owing to increasing scientific and agricultural interest in the disease‐resistant (trypanotolerant), indigenous cattle breeds of West and Central Africa, there is a need for a rational genetically based description of populations in the region. The greatest threat to the invaluable genetic resource represented by these animals is that of extensive genetic introgression of distantly related zebu cattle from northern populations which do not share their inherited tolerances. Southern blotting with a chromosome Y‐specific probe, btDYZ‐1 (locus DYZ1) is shown to be a sensitive assay to detect such introgression. Evidence of historical crossbreeding is reported in two important N'Dama populations previously classed as purely taurine.
Randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms in dogs are reproducible and display Mendelian transmission
Authors: Rothuizen J , VAN Wolferen M
Published: July 2010

Many inherited diseases occur in pure‐bred dogs, but diagnosis at the level of DNA is impossible because the canine genome is largely unknown. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) provides many polymorphisms, but the reproducibility and Mendelian inheritance are not beyond doubt. An optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for canine DNA with respect to the annealing temperature and the concentrations of MgCl2, template DNA and primers. RAPD amplification products were in the range of 100–1500 base pairs. With six primers, 21 different reactions with different electrophoretic patterns were obtained, yielding 9–29 products per reaction. In DNA from dogs of 16 different breeds, 14% of the products were polymorphic; when only beagles were included the rate of polymorphism was 10%. All of the reaction products were completely reproducible in 16 DNA samples. Mendelian transmission was analysed in six beagle families (42 dogs). The segregation of polymorphic amplification products in 21 reactions performed on DNA from all beagles was nearly complete; in only two of the 630 reactions was there a product that could not be traced back to either of the parents. The reproducibility and Mendelian behaviour of polymorphisms generated by RAPD in dogs makes this tool very suitable for development of DNA markers of canine inherited diseases.
Further characterization of a somatic cell hybrid panel: ten new assignments to the bovine genome
Authors: Guérin G , Eggen A , Vaiman D , Nocart M , Laurent P , Béchet D , Ferrara M
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐six partially characterized hamster‐bovine hybrid cell lines were used for the determination of synteny groups. Sixteen additional reference loci, selected for their coverage of the bovine genome, were analysed on these hybrid cells. This increases to 25 the number of synteny groups detected. This panel was then used to make synteny assignments for 10 additional loci, eight by Southern blotting (COL1A1, COL1A2, FAS, CTSB, CTSL, CHRNG, HEXB and HTR1A) and two by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification (HRH1 and ETH1112), These loci were assigned to international synteny groups U12 (HRH1), U13 (COL1A2), U17 (CHRNG), U21 (COL1A1, FAS), U29 (ETHI1112), to chromosome 20 (U14 or U25) for HEXB and HTR1A, and to the same local synteny group (A), which is probably U18, for CTSB and CTSL. For three loci already mapped in humans (COL1A1, COL1A2 and CHRNG), the present results are in accordance with the predictions based on comparative mapping between the human and bovine species.
A new phenogroup in the horse D system of red cell alloantigens found in the Caspian pony
Authors: Cothran E Gus , Long Y G
Published: July 2010

A new D blood group phenogroup consisting of the specificities adeo was observed in a stallion family of Caspian ponies from Iran. An additional six undescribed genetic variants were seen in a total of 82 Iranian horses. This result suggests extensive new genetic variation may be present in domestic horses from geographic regions that have not yet received scientific attention.
Randomly primed PCR amplification of pooled DNA reveals polymorphism in a ruminant repetitive DNA sequence which differentiates Bos indicus and B. taurus
Authors: Kemp S J , Teale A J
Published: July 2010

By amplification of pools of DNA representative of different bovine populations with single short oligonucleotide primers of random sequence, we were able rapidly to identify markers which distinguish the two major subspecies of domestic cattle, Bos taurus and B. indicus. One of the marker polymorphisms was found to be in a novel, dispersed DNA sequence which occurs in several ruminant species. The marker will assist in the detection of crossbreeding between Zebu and B. taurus types where this threatens a potentially valuable trypanosomiasis‐resistant B. taurus genetic resource in West Africa. In addition, the marker will be useful for exploration of the evolutionary relationships of the major subspecies of domestic cattle. The general approach used to identify population‐specific DNA polymorphisms has potentially broad application in definition of species, breeds and populations and will be of generic value in studies of genome evolution.
Characterization of Zebu cattle breeds in Tanzania using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers
Authors: Gwakisa P S , Kemp S J , Teale A J
Published: July 2010

A total of 141 short primers, of arbitrary nucleotide sequence, were used singly in poly‐merase chain reactions to amplify DNA fingerprints in pools of DNA representing three Zebu cattle breeds. Two primers, which discriminated between the breed‐specific DNA pools were used further to amplify individual pool components in order to establish band frequencies of the amplified fingerprints. One of the primers (ILO 1127) amplified a RAPD fingerprint in 61%of TSZ animals but less than 6% in the other breeds, while another primer (ILO 1065) revealed a DNA sequence common to 89% of the Boran animals and less than 30% in the other two breeds. Bandsharing and mean average percentage difference calculated within and between the three breeds using RAPD fingerprint data showed a higher degree of homogeneity within than across the breeds and indicated measurable divergence between the three breeds. It is concluded that RAPD polymorphisms are useful as genetic markers for cattle breed differentiation.
Detection of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency by nonisotopic ligase chain reaction
Authors: Batt C A , Wagner P , Wiedmann M , Luo Jianying , Gilbert R
Published: July 2010

A nonisotopic ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay was developed to detect the mutation (D128G; Shuster et al. (1992) PNAS 89, 9225‐9) for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). Two sets of diagonally opposed discriminating LCR primers that differentiate the normal and BLAD allele were designed so that the 3′ end of each primer overlapped the D128G mutation. These discriminating primers were synthesized with a 5′ biotin and could be captured using streptavidin‐coated microtitre wells. A common set of primers that abut these discriminating primers were also synthesized and 3′‐tailed with digoxigenin‐ddUTP. Captured LCR products were then detected using antidigoxigenin antibodies coupled to alkaline phosphatase. The assay readout was a chemiluminescent signal generated by the hydrolysis of Lumi‐Phos TM 530 and the entire assay including DNA isolation can be completed within 8 h.
Evidence of linkage between high‐glycine‐tyrosine keratin gene loci and wool fibre diameter in a Merino half‐sib family
Authors: Parsons Y M , Cooper D W , Piper L R
Published: July 2010

Candidate genes for quantitative trait loci have been studied in a Medium Peppin Merino flock. Obvious candidates for effects on wool production traits are genes for the major proteins expressed in the wool fibre, the keratin and keratin‐associated protein genes. Two keratin‐associated protein loci, KRTAP6 and KRTAP8, have previously been shown to be linked. The results of analyses between these two loci and production traits gave significant evidence of linkage with wool fibre diameter in one out of eight halfsib groups tested. High‐glycine‐tyrosine proteins (KRTAP6, 7 and 8) are known to vary considerably in abundance in wool fibres and it is possible that a gene for major effect on fibre diameter is located within the same chromosomal region as KRTAP6 and KRTAP8.
Heat shock protein gene HSP108 and a replication histone gene cluster are linked in the chicken
Authors: VAN Hest B J , Molloy P L , Frankham R , Sheldon B L
Published: July 2010

In work aimed at extending the chicken genome linkage map, a heat shock protein gene, HSP108, was shown by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to be linked to one of two replication histone gene clusters located on chromosome 1. Linkage was estimated using the LOD score method, on segregation data from seven pedigreed three‐generation families (245 individuals). The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction (θ) was 0.215.
Chromosomal localization and detection of DNA polymorphisms in the bovine polymeric immunoglobulin receptor gene
Authors: Kulseth M A , Toldo S Solinas , Fries R , Womack J , Lien S , Rogne S
Published: July 2010

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) mediates transcellular transport of secretory antibodies in glandular and mucosal epithelial cells. By use of a bovine‐rodent somatic cell hybrid panel the bovine PIGR locus has been assigned to syntenic group U1. Using in situ hybridization, PIGR was localized to bovine chromosome 16, segment q13, thus confirming the recent assignment of syntenic group U1 to this chromosome. Two common restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with the enzymes Bam HI and MspI were detected using the PIGR cDNA as probe. Direct PCR sequencing of a segment in the PIGR coding region (nucleotides 162–413) from 13 bulls of Norwegian Cattle revealed single nucleotide exchanges at two positions. An efficient PCR‐RFLP method for detection of these mutations was developed.
Assignment of the cation independent mannose 6‐phosphate/insulin‐like growth factor II receptor to bovine chromosome 9q27‐28 by fluorescent in situ hyridization
Authors: Friedl R , Rottmann O
Published: July 2010

A clone of the complete cDNA of the bovine cation independent mannose 6‐phosphate/insulin‐like growth factor II receptor (IGF2R) was used to demonstrate the location of the gene on bovine chromosome 9q27‐28 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. This gene is the first to be localized on BTA 9. The human IGFZR locus maps to HSA 6q25‐27.
Divergent selection for antibody production in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using gynogenesis
Authors: Wiegertjes G F , Stet R J M , VAN Muiswinkel W B
Published: July 2010

A base population (n = 101) of carp, consisting of a single hybrid cross, was immunized with the hapten‐carrier complex DNP‐KLH. to perform a divergent selection for antibody response. Measurement of the DNP‐specific antibody response at 12 and 21 days postimmunization, allowed the classification of a low number of individual carp as early/high (10%) or late/low (13%) responders. Three individuals defined as early/high and three defined as late/low responding, were gynogenetically reproduced to obtain corresponding homozygous progenies within one generation only. Upon immunization with DNP‐KLH, the antibody response was found to be significantly higher in the early/high responder homozygous offspring. Although the homozygosity of the offspring apparently caused a (s)lower antibody response (compared with the base population), the differences between the high and low responder offspring do indicate a genetic influence on the antibody response. The realized heritability (h2) for antibody production was estimated at 0.37 ± 0.36. The present study provides the basis for a divergent selection of homozygous inbred carp lines with a genetically controlled difference in antibody response. These inbred lines will allow us to investigate relationship(s) between immune responsiveness and resistance to infectious diseases in fish.
Genetic analysis of 38XX males with genital ambiguities and true hermaphrodites in pigs
Authors: Pailhoux E. , Cotinot C. , Popescu P. C. , Boscher J. , Legault C. , Fellous M. , Parma P. , Molteni L.
Published: July 2010

In pig, the frequency of intersexuality ranges from 0.1 to O.6%, depending on the breed. In a closed pig herd at INRA an intersex condition was observed in 0.75% of ‘females’. The present study describes 11 animals with a 38XX karyotype and the presence of testicular tissue. Phenotypically, all presented with abnormal external or/and internal genitalia. Southern blot analysis with Y‐specific probes (SRY and ZFY) revealed the absence of Y material in all animals tested. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 10 of 11 intersex pigs lacked the SRY gene in gonad DNA. These data are compatible with an autosomally (or pseudoautosomally) determined mechanism. Moreover, analysis of familial cases seemed to indicate that 38XX male pseudohermaprodites and 38XX true hermaphrodites may represent alternative manifestations of the same genetic defect.