bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Kin Groups and Wages in the Ghanaian Labour Market
Authors: Collier Paul , Garg Ashish
Published: March 2003

A common feature of African societies is that individuals belong to kin groups which impose reciprocal obligations upon their members. In the modern economy, where large scale production is required, forms must employ multiple kin groups. In such cases kin groups will try to favour their own members in the assignment of good jobs. We analyze the effects of kin group patronage in the modern sector. We set out a model in which kin group favouritism is shown to give rise to a wage premium for the largest kin group. We then use an unusually rich data set from Ghana to test for kin group favouritism, empirically distinguishing it from ‘taste for discrimination’. We find that in the private sector there is no evidence for kin group patronage and earning functions (corrected for selection into the various sectors) reveal that workers are paid according to their human capital attributes. By contrast, public sector workers are rewarded for their credentials and membership of the right kin group, not for their productive characteristics. The kin group premium is about 25 percent and is statistically robust to alternative specifications.
Cointegration Testing in Single Error‐Correction Equations in the Presence of Linear Time Trends
Authors: Hassler Uwe
Published: March 2003

Banerjee, Dolado and Mestre (J. Time Ser. Anal. 19 (1998) 267−283)introduce an error‐correction test for the null hypothesis of no cointegration. The present paper supplements their work. They provide critical values forregressions with and without detrending. Here it is shown that the latter arenot appropriate if the series display linear trends. This does not mean thatdetrending is required. Correct percentiles are suggested for the case thatseries follow linear time trends but tests are based on regressions withoutdetrending. They are readily available from the literature.
The Instability of the Money Demand Function: An I(2) Interpretation
Authors: Fiess Norbert , MacDonald Ronald
Published: March 2003

Some studies have suggested that although money and prices appear to be I(2) processes, real money balances are I(1) and this transformation preserves an important long‐run relationship between money and prices. In this paper we present evidence indicating that the success of such a nominal‐to‐real transformation depends upon the particular monetary aggregate under consideration. It turns out that imposing long‐run price homogeneity does not remove all I(2) components from a model of aggregate broad UK M4, but it does prove successful in the case of sectoral components of M4. Since recent research on money demand functions finds more stable relationships between sectoral components of M4 and aggregate demand, our analysis seems to point to a direct link between the existence of I(2) components and the stability of different money demand functions.
Bell Beakers in the Southern Meseta of the Iberian Peninsula: Socioeconomic Context and New Data
Authors: Pena Rafael Garrido
Published: March 2003

An updated summary of the Bell Beaker problem in the Southern Meseta of the Iberian Peninsula is presented, following the great increase of new finds resulting from the latest surveys and excavations. Totalling 181 sites, this is one of the biggest concentrations of Beaker sites in Europe. High‐quality information, however, is still restricted to the one extensively excavated and recently published site, the settlement of El Ventorro (Madrid). The available information is compared with that of the Northern Meseta, and a model is presented of the role Beakers played, as a ritual drinking‐set, in the development of ranked societies in the inner regions of Iberia.
Land, Kinship Relations and the Rise of Enclosed Settlement in First Millenium B.C. Britain
Authors: Thomas Roger
Published: March 2003

Enclosed settlements are characteristic of the first millennium B.C. in Britain, contrasting with the predominantly open settlements of the fourth to second millennia. Settlement enclosures have recently been interpreted in symbolic terms, the enclosure marking social divisions between social groups. Anthropological studies indicate that divisions between groups may be more clearly marked in societies which use land intensively than in ones which use it extensively, because of the need to prevent valuable land from passing outside the group by out‐marriage and inheritance. The earlier first millennium B.C. was a period of agricultural intensification in Britain. It is suggested that settlement enclosure became widespread at this time because agricultural intensification led to land becoming more valued as a form of property. This in turn led to changes in kinship relations, with the division between ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’ becoming more significant than before. Apparently ‘special’ deposits of material in enclosure ditches have been interpreted as a way of reinforcing such a division.
Who Built the Scythian and Thracian Royal and Elite Tombs?
Authors: Tsetskhladze Gocha R.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the complex and controversial problems of Scythian and Thracian royal and élite tombs of the fifth/fourth centuries BC. The similarities beween them are too great to be explained simply as coincidence. Although the inspiration for the type of chamber tomb might have been local, the architecture, painting and many other features show that Ionian Greeks were constructing them for the local élite. This conclusion is strongly supported by the close similarities between these tombs and those of the rulers and élite of the Bosporan Kingdom in the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas of a similar date.
York and its Region in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries AD: An Archaeological Study
Authors: Naylor John
Published: March 2003

The archaeological study of the early medieval economy, and especially the emporia, has traditionally focused on aspects of long‐distance exchange. The paper highlights the need for a more regional focus, by assessing the role and impact of the emporia on the surrounding areas, using York and its region as the basis for the study. Coinage, pottery, and stone artefacts are examined through their regional distributions, and implications for trade and exchange (long‐distance, regional and local) discussed. The concluding discussion suggests that York, whilst probably the main centre for long‐distance trade, may have been only one of a number of trading centres, and that during the later eighth and ninth centuries, regional exchange may have become increasingly important with the rise of potential markets at a number of inland sites.
Cross‐cultural Links in Ancient Iberia: Socio‐economic Anatomy of Hospitality
Authors: Sánchez‐Moreno Eduardo
Published: March 2003

This study is concerned with hospitality in central Spain during the Late Iron Age. First the main characteristics of this Indo‐European institution are presented, paying especial attention to the background of indigenous tesserae hospitalis (small epigraphic plaques referring to social links among different communities). An attempt is then made to juxtapose hospitality with the economic basis of Celtic Hispania and with other possible systems of regional interaction, such as transhumance.
The First Century Historians of Roman Britain
Authors: Black E.W.
Published: March 2003

The ‘stratigraphy’ of literary sources is a matter that archaeologists need to bear in mind if or when they attempt to employ them in supplementing or interpreting archaeological material. The work of earlier historians is ‘redeposited’ in that of later writers in a great variety of ways and in a variable state of completeness. This can be seen in the different treatments by Tacitus and Dio Cassius of the Boudican rebellion, and their use of earlier material revealed in this comparison should alert us to the need for extreme care in assessing events for which only one literary source exists such as the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43.
Contexts of Monumentalism: regional diversity at the Neolithic transition in north‐west France
Authors: Scarre Chris
Published: March 2003

The origins of funerary monumentalism in north‐west France remain inextricably linked to questions surrounding the Neolithic transition in that region. Debate continues over the relative importance of influences from earlier Neolithic communities in north‐east or southern France on the Mesolithic communities of western France. An alternative interpretation places these influences within the context of broad processes of change affecting indigenous communities throughout northern and western France during the fifth millennium BC. The evidence from several regions of northern and western France is reviewed in this perspective, with emphasis on the regional character of monument traditions. Though at one level these regional narratives must have been interrelated, the regional diversity of the process must also be underlined. The argument moves us away from simplistic notions of extraneous influences to a more nuanced understanding of change within the context of individual communities at the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition.
Camps and forts of units and formations of the Roman army
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: March 2003

A previously outlined paradigm for laying out Roman camps was used to fit particular auxiliary units to certain small camps. A spreadsheet for estimating the numbers of cavalry and infantry within camps is described and illustrated by reference to the putative camps of a two‐legion army group, a one‐legion group and two subdivisions of a legionary army group. The same paradigm with different constants applied to forts and legionary fortresses with, on average, the intervallum 1/16th of the sq. root of the area it enclosed in the fort and 1/32nd in the fortress. In the forts of both auxiliary units and legionary vexillations, each notional cohort (480 infantry or 240 cavalry) was almost certainly intended to have eight actus quadrati (a.q.) within the intervallum. This allowed the forts later to contain larger auxiliary units. Dividing a fort’s acreage by 3.25 indicates the number of notional cohorts for which it was probably first made. The vexillation fort at Longthorpe was probably intended for half a legion and the reduced fort built for two auxiliary units. In legionary fortresses each notional cohort had 12 a.q. The paradigm applied to the Heidenheim fort suggested that an ala milliaria comprised 24 turmae of 42 men. The fortress at York was probably first built as a legionary fort.
The Artist and the Archaeologist: A Presentation in Memory of Christopher and Sonia Hawkes
Authors: Hawkes Nicolas
Published: March 2003

The paper is an adapted version of a talk given in December 2001 at the Institute of Archaeology in Beaumont Street in dedication of a plaque and the lithograph ‘Landscape of the Megaliths’ by Paul Nash to the memory of the late Professor Christopher Hawkes, the founder of the Institute and first professor of European Archaeology from 1946 to 1972, and Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, Lecturer in Anglo–Saxon Archaeology from 1973 to 1994, by Christopher’s son.
R&D Spillovers and Location Choice under Cournot Rivalry
Authors: Van Long Ngo , Soubeyran Antoine
Published: March 2003

A model of location choice by Cournot oligopolists is presented, under the assumption that R&D spillovers depend on the distance between firms. It is shown that a variety of patterns emerge. Agglomeration is optimal under certain assumptions. Geographical dispersion in a two‐dimensional plane is another possible outcome.
Efficiency and Income Shares in High‐Demand Energy Networks: Who Receives the Congestion Rents when a Line is Constrained?
Authors: Backerman Steven R. , Rassenti Stephen J. , Smith Vernon L.
Published: March 2003

We create an experimental spot market for electricity with demand side bidding, and use experimental methods to study the efficiency of the market and the income shares of the generators, wholesale buyers and transmission line operators. Nodal and line prices are computed on the basis of short run marginal costs, energy losses in transmission, and network opportunity costs when a line is constrained. We find that a traditional, competitive model, which yields congestion rents for the transmission line owners, does not explain the observed bidding behavior; and that subtle differences in institutional rules can cause changes in market efficiency.
Rates of Return to Schooling in China
Authors: Johnson Emily N. , Chow Gregory C.
Published: March 2003

This study uses data from a 1988 survey of Chinese individuals to estimate rates of return to schooling in China. The Mincer‐type rate of return to schooling was estimated at 4.02 percent in the rural areas and 3.29 percent in the urban areas; these are fairly low estimates compared with similar estimates in other countries. The rate of return to schooling for females was significantly higher than that for males in urban areas. In addition, members of the Communist Party in urban areas had significantly lower returns to schooling compared with non‐members.
The Ontological Status of Cartesian Natures
Authors: Nolan Lawrence
Published: March 2003

Abstract: In the Fifth Meditation, Descartes makes a remarkable claim about the ontological status of geometrical figures. He asserts that an object such as a triangle has a ‘true and immutable nature’ that does not depend on the mind, yet has being even if there are no triangles existing in the world. This statement has led many commentators to assume that Descartes is a Platonist regarding essences and in the philosophy of mathematics. One problem with this seemingly natural reading is that it contradicts the conceptualist account of universals that one finds in the Principles of Philosophy and elsewhere. In this paper, I offer a novel interpretation of the notion of a true and immutable nature which reconciles the Fifth Meditation with the conceptualism of Descartes’ other work. Specifically, I argue that Descartes takes natures to be innate ideas considered in terms of their so‐called ‘objective being’.
We Live Forwards But Understand Backwards: Linguistic Practices and Future Behavior
Authors: Jackman Henry
Published: March 2003

Ascriptions of content are sensitive not only to our physical and social environment, but also to unforeseeable developments in the subsequent usage of our terms. The paper argues that the problems that may seem to come from endorsing such ‘temporally sensitive’ ascriptions either already follow from accepting the socially and historically sensitive ascriptions Burge and Kripke appeal to, or disappear when the view is developed in detail. If one accepts that one’s society's past and current usage contributes to what one’s terms mean, there is little reason not to let its future usage to do so as well.
Infinite “Backward” Induction Arguments
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: March 2003

A large family of paradoxical arguments have been subsumed under the label “backward induction arguments”. These include the iterated prisonerÃs dilemma, the centipede game, and the surprise test paradox. They are described as backward because they begin by considering a future hypothetical alternative, rule it out, and then rule out each predecessor. Thus they go backward in time ruling out finitely many alternatives. I present examples that go forward in time and eliminate infinitely many alternatives. These pose problems for solutions that focus on common knowledge assumptions.
The Impact of a Decade of Educational Change on Pastoral Care and PSE: A Survey of Teacher Perceptions
Authors: Best Ron
Published: March 2003

This paper reports an investigation via questionnaire into the changes in pastoral care and PSE since 1988 and the Reform Act. The author outlines the key changes since 1988 and constructs several hypotheses. These hypotheses predict that the effects on these two areas will have been negative. However, the results obtained from the survey were more positive than expected. Many respondents saw the changes as having increased the perceived importance of pastoral care.
Is There a Place for Death Education in the Primary Curriculum?
Authors: Bowie Lynne
Published: March 2003

Teachers have always had to deal with pupils experiencing bereavement and loss. Recent tragedies such as the shootings at Dunblane have highlighted the need for ‘death education’ to be considered in schools, although previous research has revealed that issues of confidence and effectiveness are the main barriers to the adoption of death education. However, it appears that pupils’ opinions on this issue, including their views on the inclusion of death education into their curriculum, have generally not been sought.

This paper describes some small‐scale research, which sought to determine pupils’ views on this subject, as well as those of the professionals who teach them. The study revealed some significant differences of opinion between pupils and their teachers. The conclusion highlights important implications for professionals involved in caring for children.
Priesthood and the Epistle to the Hebrews
Authors: Isaacs Marie E.
Published: March 2003

Current controversies about the ordination of women have shown the need for a re‐examination of what the Christian Church means by priesthood. This article looks at the Epistle to the Hebrews’ contribution to our understanding. To that end it focuses on the institution of priesthood in its first‐century Jewish context and shows the use made of it by the author of Hebrews in his presentation of Christian faith.

Section 1 emphasizes some all‐important differences between the NT’s use of the language of priesthood and ours. Not least, it nowhere uses “priest” to designate Christian ministers. All the more striking, therefore, is Hebrews’ depiction of Jesus as “high priest”.

Section 2 discusses Judaism’ Day of Atonement ceremonies – Hebrews’ dominant cultic model. In the comparison drawn between Christ’s death and exaltation with these rites, he becomes not only the high priest but also the expiatory victim.

As far as Judaism’ cultic institutions are concerned, however, Jesus was not and never could be a priest, since he was of the tribe of Judah rather than Levi. Hence Hebrews appeals to Melchizedek. How this non‐Israelite model is used by Hebrews to subvert the whole notion of priesthood as caste is discussed in section 3.

Finally, in section 4 Isaacs concludes that for Hebrews there is no longer a role for an ongoing priesthood, since Jesus has definitively achieved access to God, which was its raison d’être. Melchizedekian high priesthood is unique to Christ; neither inherited nor transmitted. Hence, unlike other NT authors, for Hebrews even the church as a corporate body is not a priesthood. As its closing chapters show, in this Epistle the cultic model gives way to the more inclusive one of pilgrimage.
Arendt, Augustine And Evil
Authors: Grumett David
Published: March 2003

The publication of Hannah Arendt's doctoral these Love and Saint Augustine forces reappraisal of the view that Arendt's concept of evil originates in her experience of totalitarianism and coverage of the Eichmann trial. Augustine's account of the original nature of evil in the contexts of ontology, society and divine providence in fact provides the basis for Arendt's analysis of the banality of evil in the individual, the social, and the political spheres. Augustine's internal and external mental triads moreover contribute to Arendt's own thinking‐willing‐judging triad and allow a clearer understanding of its dynamics. The fact that Arendt's analysis derives much of its power from her appropriation of Augustinian theological concepts suggests a need for the increased diffusion of theological concepts in political thought.
Cement or Solvent? Kinship and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Case of the Nevilles
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: March 2003

This article examines the significance of kinship among the late medieval English nobility through a case study of the Nevilles of Middleham, one of the most prolific and best‐matched noble houses which also, notoriously, failed to co‐operate in politics. It argues that it is wrong to treat the whole kinship network (lineage) as a family, an approach which raises unreal expectations of solidarity among quite distant relatives, substitutes instead the nuclear family, and suggests a life‐cycle of evolution from family of origin to new family. It illustrates the development of distinct and even contradictory identities with the Warwick inheritance dispute of 1449–61 and Edward IV's fostering of political divisions among the Neville brothers in 1469–70. Kinship was a cement that dissolved with the passage of time. It was not itself a source of division.
‘Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place’: Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879
Authors: Lieven Michael
Published: March 2003

The Anglo‐Zulu War of 1879 has been represented in popular culture as a heroic struggle between well‐matched opponents and this has, until recently, been reflected in the historiography of the war. Incidents in which wounded Zulus were killed by the British are represented as regrettable examples of individual vengefulness. This article re‐examines contemporary accounts and argues that the war should be seen rather as an example of total war in which the British systematically destroyed the economic basis of Zululand and carried out a policy of refusing to take prisoners and massacring the wounded; towards the end of the war they were only saved from a policy of genocide by the capture of the Zulu king. The article concludes that these events resulted not from the actions of individuals but rather from the logic of European imperialism faced with the possibility of defeat by a black African kingdom.
Revenge her Foul and Most Unnatural Murder? The Impact of Mary Stewart’s Execution on Anglo‐Scottish Relations
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: March 2003

No sooner had Mary Stewart been put on trial than James VI tried to persuade Elizabeth to pardon or reprieve his mother. His efforts were not half‐hearted or insincere, because of his ambition to secure the English succession, as many historians have suggested. On the contrary, he pursued Mary’s case energetically and forcefully, for he believed that his own personal honour and that of the Scottish nation were at stake. Similarly, concern about the succession did not prevent James from protesting about Mary’s execution after February 1587. James refused to communicate with the queen directly, refused entry to her envoy, encouraged border incursions and appeared to be listening to the voices in Scotland calling for vengeance. Until the spring of 1588 there were justifiable fears in England that the Anglo‐Scottish defensive league negotiated at Berwick in July 1586 would not survive the crisis. Mary’s execution, moreover, did not resolve the English succession question by leaving James as the only viable candidate for the throne on Elizabeth’s death. Uncertainty about the future existed on both sides of the border and was an important cause of Anglo‐Scottish friction until the closing years of the reign.
Sleeping with the Enemy: Britain, Japanese Troops and the Netherlands East Indies, 1945–1946
Authors: Roadnight Andrew
Published: March 2003

Between September 1945 and November 1946, up to 35,000 surrendered Japanese troops were assimilated into Lord Louis Mountbatten’s South East Asia Command in the Netherlands East Indies. Although under the ultimate control of British officers,the Japanese retained their wartime unit structures, were led by their own officers and remained armed. As a measure of their acceptance by the British, one of them was recommended for the Distinguished Service Order in November 1945, only three months after the war’s end. The Japanese fought alongside the British despite the anger felt against them as the perpetrators of wartime atrocities and as a former enemy. These sentiments, however, did not prevent senior military personnel and politicians from using the Japanese to assist in the restoration of pre‐war European empires in Asia. Crucially,the United States government tacitly supported the use of the Japanese. Aware of the sensitivity of using former enemy troops, the British and Americans tried to conceal the extent of Japanese involvement. Their success in achieving this hid not just their own hypocrisy but also the important part played by the Japanese in securing Allied post‐war aims in Asia.
History, Memory, and the Law: The Historian as Expert Witness
Authors: Evans Richard J.
Published: March 2003

There has been a widespread recovery of public memory of the events of the Second World War since the end of the 1980s, with war crimes trials, restitution actions, monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism appearing in many countries. This has inevitably involved historians being called upon to act as expert witnesses in legal actions, yet there has been little discussion of the problems that this poses for them. The French historian Henry Rousso has argued that this confuses memory with history. In the aftermath of the Second World War, judicial investigations unearthed a mass of historical documentation. Historians used this, and further researches, from the 1960s onwards to develop their own ideas and interpretations. But since the early 1990s there has been a judicialization of history, in which historians and their work have been forced into the service of moral and legal forms of judgment which are alien to the historical enterprise and do violence to the subleties and nuances of the historian’s search for truth. This reflects Rousso’s perhaps rather simplistically scientistic view of the historian’s enterprise; yet his arguments are powerful and should be taken seriously by any historian considering involvement in a law case; they also have a wider implication for the moralization of the history of the Second World War, which is now dominated by categories such as “perpetrator,”“victim,” and “bystander” that are legal rather than historical in origin. The article concludes by suggesting that while historians who testify in war crimes trials should confine themselves to elucidating the historical context, and not become involved in judging whether an individual was guilty or otherwise of a crime, it remains legitimate to offer expert opinion, as the author of the article has done, in a legal action that turns on the research and writing of history itself.
Feeling Sorry? – Tell Someone Who Cares: The Irrelevance of Remorse in Sentencing
Authors: Bagaric Mirko , Amarasekara Kumar
Published: March 2003

A fundamental moral proscription is that people should not violate the important interests of others, such as the right to life, physical integrity and property. Minimum standards of human decency require that when people breach this important proscription by breaking the criminal law, the least that is expected of them is that they show some contrition. It follows that offenders who are remorseful should not be treated more leniently. The purpose of this article is to debunk the widely held intuitive view that remorseful offenders should be dealt with less harshly than other offenders. We argue that irrespective of which of the main theories of punishment one adopts, remorse is irrelevant to sentencing, and that it should henceforth be disregarded as a sentencing consideration. Even in the context of restorative theories of justice, remorse only has a marginal role.
Homicide and the Media: Identifying the Top Cases in The Times
Authors: Soothill Keith , Peelo Moira , Francis Brian , Pearson Jayn , Ackerley Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Recent work on homicide and the media has focused on the United States. This study considers the British context and examines the coverage of homicide by a leading British newspaper (The Times) over a period of 23 years (1977 to 1999 inclusive). The focus is on the newspaper coverage of the top cases each year and over the whole period. This approach allows for an exploration of the hierarchy within ‘media–homicides’ that are distinguished in terms of ‘mega–cases’, ‘mezzo–cases’ and ‘routine cases’. Hence, this issue is shown to be a more complex social and cultural phenomenon than is usually understood through the traditional binary ‘reported–non reported’ approach. The importance of unusualness and cultural context is emphasised in fully understanding how homicides become, particularly, mega–cases.
Labor Market Conditions and the Economic Status of Black Men: A Note
Authors: Mclennan Michele C.
Published: March 2003

I study the effects of local employment to population ratios on the relative position of blacks to evaluate whether tight labor markets reduce the differences in economic status between young blacks and whites. I find evidence that blacks receive greater employment advantages than whites in tight labor markets, but the effect is small. Blacks with 12 or fewer years of education experience higher earnings in tight labor markets, but this effect is also small.
Fiscal and Monetary Policy Interactions in an Endogenous Growth Model With Financial Intermediaries
Authors: Espinosa‐Vega Marco A. , Yip Chong K.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a framework that can help reconcile conflicting findings in the growth‐inflation literature. Here, the behavior of financial intermediaries plays a crucial role in the determination of the economy's inflation and real growth rates. Absent any restrictions on financial intermediation, there will be a unique equilibrium when agents are fairly risk averse. In this case, an increase in seigniorage‐financed government spending will always be inflationary and detrimental to growth. When agents exhibit a low degree of risk aversion, multiple equilibria emerge and a positive relation between inflation and growth à la Tobin can be observed.
Holdups and Efficiency with Search Frictions
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Shimer Robert
Published: March 2003

A natural holdup problem arises in a market with search frictions: Firms have to make a range of investments before finding their employees, and larger investments translate into higher wages. In particular, when wages are determined by ex post bargaining, the equilibrium is always inefficient: Recognizing that capital‐intensive production relations have to pay higher wages, firms reduce their investments. This can only be prevented by removing all the bargaining power from the workers, but this, in turn, depresses wages below their social product and creates excessive entry of firms. In contrast to this benchmark, we show that efficiency is achieved when firms post wages and workers can direct their search toward more attractive offers. This efficiency result generalizes to an environment with imperfect information where workers only observe a few of the equilibrium wage offers. We show that the underlying reason for efficiency is not wage posting per se, but the ability of workers to direct their search toward more capital‐intensive jobs.
Aggregation in Matching Markets
Authors: Dagsvik John K.
Published: March 2003

This article develops aggregate relations for a matching market of heterogeneous suppliers and demanders. Under particular assumptions about the distribution of preferences and the matching game, asymptotic aggregate relations for the number of realized matches of different types in the presence of flexible contracts (such as a price) are derived. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the model also provides excellent predictions in small populations. The potential for applications within demographic, labor market, and welfare analyses is discussed.
Monopoly Price Dispersion Under Demand Uncertainty
Authors: Dana James D. Jr.
Published: March 2003

When a monopolist sets its price before its demand is known, then it may set more than one price and limit the availability of its output at lower prices. This article adds demand uncertainty and price rigidities to the standard model of monopoly pricing. When there are two states of demand and the ex post monopoly price is greater when demand is high then the monopolist's optimal ex ante pricing strategy is to set two prices and limit purchases at the lower price.
On Sustained Growth Under Uncertainty
Authors: De Hek Paul , Roy Santanu
Published: March 2003

We analyze a stochastic one‐sector model of economic growth and investigate the conditions under which long‐run growth occurs almost surely. In contrast to the deterministic version of the model, the utility function plays a crucial role in determining the long‐run behavior of output.
The Stability of Price Dispersion under Seller and Consumer Learning*
Authors: Hopkins Ed , Seymour Robert M.
Published: March 2003

In many markets, it is possible to find rival sellers charging different prices for the same good. Earlier research has attempted to explain this phenomenon by demonstrating the existence of dispersed price equilibria when consumers must make use of costly search to discover prices. We ask whether such equilibria can be learned when sellers adjust prices adaptively in response to current market conditions. With consumer behavior fixed, convergence to a dispersed price equilibrium is possible in some cases. However, once consumer learning is introduced, the monopoly outcome first found by Diamond (Journal of Economic Theory3 (1971), 156–68) is the only stable equilibrium.
Institutionalization and EMU: Implications for European Financial Markets
Authors: Davis E. Philip
Published: March 2003

Whereas institutional investment accounts for a small proportion of total financing in many EU countries, growth is expected to accelerate in the future, in part owing to pension reform. Such growth may result in important changes in the demand for financial assets and qualitative developments in capital markets, which may impinge on banking's comparative advantages, corporate finance and corporate governance. Simultaneously, the onset of EMU can be expected to give rise to an increased role for securities markets and a lesser role for traditional banking, as well as giving a further boost to institutionalization. The forces unleashed by institutionalization and EMU may complement one another in shifting Europe in the direction of a securitized financial system, characterized by market‐based corporate governance practices and away from ‘relationship banking’. The transformation would raise a number of policy issues, such as the risk of a ‘vacuum’ in corporate governance during the transition to a market‐based system, the danger of increased risk‐taking by banks under competitive pressure and an evolution in the response of the European economy to monetary policy.
Managing Capital Market Reactions to Corporate Social Resposibility
Authors: Richardson Alan J. , Welker Michael , Hutchinson Ian R.
Published: March 2003

We develop a model of the process linking corporate social responsibility to capital market responses. The model recognizes that corporate social responsibility behaviours and the disclosure of information about those behaviours can impact on capital market processes, have cash flow consequences for the firm and affect the discount rate used by investors to value that stream of cash flows. We use this model to review the literature on this relationship and to identify continuing gaps in our knowledge.
Poverty amid Plenty: Lessons from Botswana’s Social Assistance Scheme
Authors: Bar‐On A.A.
Published: March 2003

Social assistance programmes are making a strong comeback after social policy analysts had predicted their demise, as is the use of the budget standards approach to identifying poverty and to establishing the generosity of social assistance benefits. Using the example of Botswana, this article highlights some pitfalls in using the budget standards approach in social assistance schemes, and especially the parsimonious help the poor can expect from this approach. It suggests, however, that conventional explanations for the increasing popularity of social assistance, such as economic constraints and the pathologizing of the poor, are not universal. Greater attention needs to be given, therefore, to the context of poverty rather than to the customary focus of poverty studies on measuring poverty “objectively”.
The United States: welfare, work and development
Authors: Midgley James
Published: March 2003

It has long been claimed that social welfare programmes harm economic development. These programmes, it is alleged, depress work incentives, divert scarce investment resources to ‘unproductive’ social services and create a large underclass of dependent individuals. Welfare reform in the United States intends to reverse these allegedly negative economic effects by requiring welfare clients to work. It also hopes to reduce poverty. This article examines these claims. It discusses the welfare reform programme and concludes that its impact on both economic development and poverty has been minimal. Policies that transcend the current obsession with work, promote sustained economic development and invest in human capabilities are more likely to succeed.
Do HRD investment strategies pay? Exploring the relationship between lifelong learning and psychological contracts
Authors: Martin Graeme , Pate Judy , McGoldrick Jim
Published: March 2003

In the context of the debate over the returns on investment from company‐level HRD strategies, this article explores the relationship between a programme of lifelong learning and employee perceptions of their psychological contracts. It does so through an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data drawn from a longitudinal case study of a well‐known Scottish company. The data provide evidence of a positive relationship between the lifelong learning programme and employee perceptions of careers, fairness, and certain key outcomes of psycho‐logical contracts, even when the company reduced its previous commitment to job security. This finding allows us to speculate on the positive relationship between HRD and trust relations and the importance of this relationship for future organisational change in the plant.
International briefing 8 Training and development in France
Authors: Géhin Jean‐Paul , Jobert Annette
Published: March 2003

Two main features characterise training and development in France: the influence of the school‐based model and a strong institutionalisation of continuing vocational training which is regulated by law and collective bargaining at national and sectoral levels. In the last decade training has been affected by four major changes: the development of alternating training programmes for young people and unemployed persons; a process of decentralisation which gives to regions an essential role of coordination; strengthening of links between training and employment; and an increasing responsibility of firms in the management of training. As a result, training is on an upward trend yet large inequalities in access still exist.
Regional Production Relationships and Developmental Impacts: A Comparative Study of Three Production Networks
Authors: Tsui‐Auch Lai Si
Published: March 2003

This article assesses contending regional perspectives on Pacific‐rim divisions of labour based on a comparative study of production networks organized by three electronics firms (from Japan, the USA and Hong Kong) for manufacturing in the sub‐regional context of Hong Kong and Shenzhen (PRC). The author argues that the flying geese model rightly discerns the possibility of upward mobility of late industrializing countries. This model, in combination with network analyses on the characteristics of Japanese firms, helps distinguish the developmental role of Japanese capital. However, the model has a disregard for the specific roles of US and overseas Chinese capital, and the filling of this gap can benefit from the regional rivalry perspective. The negative impacts of foreign investment are succinctly reflected in the regional dependence argument. Nevertheless, its exogenous bias needs to be avoided and the analysis of the endogenous factors, particularly the role of the state, can draw on the statist approach. As the regional economic reality is changing rapidly, future regional research will need to investigate how governments and firms develop strategies to cope with the continued Asian economic slow‐down and political changes and reshape the regional political economy.

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Cet article, basé sur une étude comparative de réseaux de production organisés par trois entreprises d’électronique (du Japon, des États‐Unis et de Hong‐Kong) pour la fabrication dans le contexte sous‐régional de Hong‐Kong et Shenzhen, évalue les différentes perspectives régionales quant à la division du travail sur la bordure du Pacifique. L’auteur soutient que le modèle d’’oies volantes’ reconnait correctement la possibilité de mobilité sociale vers le haut dans les pays d’industrialisation tardive. Ce modèle, allié aux analyses de réseaux des caractéristiques des firmes japonaises, aide à identifier le rôle du capital japonais dans le développement. Néanmoins, il néglige les rôles spécifiques du capital des États‐Unis et du capital d’outre‐mer chinois. Les perspectives régionales rivales peuvent aider à remédier à cette lacune. Les effets négatifs des investissements étrangers sont reflétés de fa??on concise dans le débat sur la dépendance régionale. Néanmoins, son parti pris exogène doit être évité et l’analyse des facteurs endogènes, en particulier le rôle de l’état, peut faire appel à l’étatisme. La réalitééconomique régionale change rapidement et les recherches régionales devront à l’avenir étudier comment les gouvernements et les entreprises développent des stratégies pour faire face au ralentissement de l’économie et aux changements politiques continus en Asie, et pour remodeler l’économie politique régionale.
Class Formation and Localism in an Emerging Bureaucracy: British Bank Workers, 1880–1960
Authors: Savage Mike , Stovel Katherine , Bearman Peter
Published: March 2003

This article uses a case study of the spatial and career mobility of bank workers from Lloyds, a leading British bank, to explore the relationship between class formation and spatial mobility. The article argues against the idea that the large‐scale concentration and bureaucratization of the British banking industry in the early years of the twentieth century saw the emergence of a mobile middle‐class spiralist or cosmopolitan. We use archival data from Lloyds Bank to argue that the emergence of Lloyds as a large‐scale national bank involved a compromise with localized interests rather than a detachment of the bank from local concerns. We use data on the career histories of a representative sample of male bank employees to argue that spatial mobility was organized largely within regions and helped to consolidate the prospects of rural bank workers. We argue that London emerged as a distinctive ‘hub’ for banking careers, with significant amounts of movement to and from London from all regions. We therefore demonstrate how localized and rural cultures were sedimented within a large, national bureaucracy, and that a genuine ‘spiralist’ structure did not emerge.

En s’appuyant sur une étude de cas relative à la mobilité géographique et professionnelle du personnel de la Lloyds, l’une des premières banques britanniques, cet article examine le lien entre la formation d’une classe et la mobilité spatiale. Il combat l’idée que la concentration et la bureaucratisation à grande échelle du secteur bancaire britannique au début du XXe siècle a fait na?tre une classe moyenne mobile en spirale ou cosmopolite. Les données d’archives de la Lloyds révèlent que son développement en tant que grande banque nationale s’est accompagné d’un compromis avec les intér?ts locaux plutôt que d’une indifférence à l’égard de ces préoccupations. Les informations sur les carrières d’un échantillon représentatif d’employés de banque masculins permettent d’établir que la mobilité géographique a été organisée largement au plan régional, contribuant à consolider les perspectives des employés en zone rurale. Londres est apparu comme un ‘pôle’ particulier dans les carrières bancaires, avec un nombre considérable de mutations vers et de la capitale à partir de toutes les régions. L’article montre ainsi comment des cultures locales et rurales se sont sédimentées au sein d’une importante bureaucratie nationale et qu’aucune structure ‘en spirale’ pure n’en est issue.
The Ambiguous Terrain of Rights: Civic Stratification in Italy's Emergent Immigration Regime
Authors: Morris Lydia
Published: March 2003

In a period marked by heightened interest in the domain of rights, this article focuses on the delivery of rights with respect to cross‐national migrants and, in particular, on the position of non‐EU migrants in Italy. Italy is chosen as a special case, having moved quickly and recently to establish a regime of both rights and controls with respect to migration, culminating in its 1998 legislation. The article considers the emerging picture of rights, alongside impediments to their realization, and a set of associated ambiguities related to delivery and implementation. The outcome is viewed as a pattern of stratified rights – or ‘civic stratification’– which operates along both formal and informal dimensions. Underpinning this picture is a hybrid system whose chief characteristics are: a bureaucratized framework of rights and controls; the permeation of this formal system with informal practices; and the continuing presence of irregular migrants. For them, reasonable chances of clandestine employment and last‐resort provisions are the basis of a survival existence not rooted in formal rights, but subject to minimal formal control.

Dans une période marquée par un regain d'intér?t dans le domaine des droits, cet article s'attache à la signification de ceux‐ci auprès des migrants transnationaux et, notamment, à la situation des migrants non‐ressortissants de l'UE en Italie. Ce pays est choisi comme cas particulier puisqu'il est passé rapidement et récemment à un régime de droits et de contrôles vis‐à‐vis de la migration, aboutissant à la législation de 1998. L'article examine le tableau des droits qui se dessine, parallèlement aux obstacles à leur concrétisation, tout en étudiant un ensemble d'ambiguïtés connexes liées à leur signification et leur mise en application. Il dépeint les droits comme un motif en couches – ou ‘stratification civique’– fonctionnant à la fois dans le sens officiel et officieux. Etayant cette représentation, se trouve un système hybride dont les principales caractéristiques sont un cadre bureaucratisé de droits et de contrôles, l'infiltration dans ce système officiel de pratiques officieuses, et la présence persistante de migrants irréguliers. Ces derniers se fondent sur des chances raisonnables de trouver un travail clandestin et de bénéficier de dispositions de dernier recours pour une survie qui ne s'appuie pas alors sur la légalité, mais dépend d'un contrôle officiel minimal.