bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perinatal factors and respiratory health in children
Authors: Brew B. K. , Marks G. B. ,   the CAPS (Childhood Asthma Prevention Study) Investigators
Published: June 2012

Background

There is conflicting evidence regarding the associations between anthropometric birth measures and asthma and lung function in children, particularly for apparently healthy infants born at term.

Objective

Our objective was to elucidate these relationships paying particular attention to features of study design and analysis that may threaten the validity of previous studies in this field.

Methods

We analysed data from a cohort of children with a family history of asthma who were recruited antenatally. Anthropometric birth measures and potential confounders were recorded at birth and within the first year of life. Lung function and asthma outcomes were measured at 8 years of age. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was measured by methacholine challenge. The potential for a reversal paradox, due to inclusion of covariates on the causal pathway, was investigated.

Results

Four hundred and fifty (73% of the initial cohort) children were tested at age 8 years. Birth weight in the lowest tertile was associated with current asthma (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.08, 3.54) and recent wheeze (OR 1.87, 95%CI 1.08, 3.24), but not with AHR (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.68, 2.78). Birth weight was positively associated with lung function. Current height modified the relationship between birth length and lung function suggesting that post‐natal growth has an effect on this relationship.

Conclusions

Low birth weight is associated with a greater risk of current asthma and lower lung function at 8 years in children with a family history of asthma. Current height should be treated as an effect modifier when investigating the fetal origins hypothesis.
Asymmetric relationship between grasses and forbs: results from a field experiment under nutrient limitation
Authors: Šmilauer P. , Šmilauerová M.
Published: June 2012

We compared the role of grasses and forbs in managed grassland under nutrient‐poor conditions via the experimental removal of one of these two species groups and an evaluation of the removal effects over a 5‐year chronosequence (beginning 4 years after removal start), focusing on above‐ground biomass and community composition. There was evidence for the complementarity of grasses and forbs, as shown by better relative performance of both groups in the mixture, measured as the proportional deviation of their above‐ground biomass from that predicted using single‐group plots. Relative performance of forbs was better than that of grasses and did not change significantly throughout the experiment. Relative performance of grasses decreased, reaching a minimum value of 0·03, but then increased to 0·71, in parallel with increasing legume proportion in the above‐ground biomass (from 0·9 to 5·1%). The botanical composition of the grass group did not respond to forb removal. Among the forbs, subordinate species sensitive to light competition became more abundant after removal of grasses; the forb species richness increased on average by 1·6 species per plot. Our results show that the composition and diversity of the forb group is affected by the presence of grasses, and the presence of forbs in a grassland community assures higher temporal stability in above‐ground production. Under increasing depletion of soil nutrients, the grasses derive substantial benefits from the presence of legume species and possibly also from the other forb species. The study supports the need for realistic, long‐term experiments to better understand plant community dynamics.
The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments
Authors: Wilkinson J. M. , Davies D. R.
Published: June 2012

When silage is exposed to air on opening the silo, or after its removal from the silo, fermentation acids and other substrates are oxidized by aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The aerobic stability of silage is a key factor in ensuring that silage provides well‐preserved nutrients to the animal with minimal amounts of mould spores and toxins. In this paper, key findings and recent developments are reviewed, and findings of recent research are integrated in terms of four themes: (i) the most significant biochemical and microbiological factors, (ii) physical and management factors, (iii) type of additive and (iv) silo sealing. The development of yeasts and moulds during plant growth, and during field wilting or storage, and the concentration of undissociated acetic acid in silage are important microbiological and biochemical factors affecting aerobic stability. Silage density and porosity are key physical factors that affect the rate of ingress of oxygen into the silage mass during the feed‐out period. A target for potential silage aerobic stability is 7 d including time in the feed trough. To achieve this target, speed of harvest should be coordinated with packing tractor weight to achieve a minimum silage density by the time of feed‐out of 210 kg DM m−3, maximum proportional porosity of 0·4 and a rate of silage removal, which matches or exceeds the depth of air penetration into the silo. The use of additives to increase aerobic stability is advisable when there is the risk of these objectives not being met. Novel microbial approaches to solving the problem of silage aerobic deterioration are needed.
Cape buffalo mitogenomics reveals a Holocene shift in the African human–megafauna dynamics
Authors: HELLER RASMUS , BRÜNICHE‐OLSEN ANNA , SIEGISMUND HANS R.
Published: June 2012

Africa is unique among the continents in having maintained an extraordinarily diverse and prolific megafauna spanning the Pleistocene–Holocene epochs. Little is known about the historical dynamics of this community and even less about the reasons for its unique persistence to modern times. We sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes from 43 Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) to infer the demographic history of this large mammal. A combination of Bayesian skyline plots, simulations and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) were used to distinguish population size dynamics from the confounding effect of population structure and identify the most probable demographic scenario. Our analyses revealed a late Pleistocene expansion phase concurrent with the human expansion between 80 000 and 10 000 years ago, refuting an adverse ecological effect of Palaeolithic humans on this quarry species, but also showed that the buffalo subsequently declined during the Holocene. The distinct two‐phased dynamic inferred here suggests that a major ecological transition occurred in the Holocene. The timing of this transition coincides with the onset of drier conditions throughout tropical Africa following the Holocene Optimum (∼9000–5000 years ago), but also with the explosive growth in human population size associated with the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic cultural stage. We evaluate each of these possible causal factors and their potential impact on the African megafauna, providing the first systematic assessment of megafauna dynamics on the only continent where large mammals remain abundant.
Fibrinogen‐binding and platelet‐aggregation activities of a Lactobacillus salivarius septicaemia isolate are mediated by a novel fibrinogen‐binding protein
Authors: Collins James , van Pijkeren Jan‐Peter , Svensson Lisbeth , Claesson Marcus J. , Sturme Mark , Li Yin , Cooney Jakki C. , van Sinderen Douwe , Walker Alan W. , Parkhill Julian , Shannon Oonagh , O'Toole Paul W.
Published: June 2012

The marketplace for probiotic foods is burgeoning, measured in billions of euro per annum. It is imperative, however, that all bacterial strains are fully assessed for human safety. The ability to bind fibrinogen is considered a potential pathogenicity trait that can lead to platelet aggregation, serious medical complications, and in some instances, death. Here we examined strains from species frequently used as probiotics for their ability to bind human fibrinogen. Only one strain (CCUG 47825), a Lactobacillus salivarius isolate from a case of septicaemia, was found to strongly adhere to fibrinogen. Furthermore, this strain was found to aggregate human platelets at a level comparable to the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. By sequencing the genome of CCUG 47825, we were able to identify candidate genes responsible for fibrinogen binding. Complementing the genetic analysis with traditional molecular microbiological techniques enabled the identification of the novel fibrinogen receptor, CCUG_2371. Although only strain CCUG 47825 bound fibrinogen under laboratory conditions, homologues of the novel fibrinogen binding gene CCUG_2371 are widespread among L. salivarius strains, maintaining their potential to bind fibrinogen if expressed. We highlight the fact that without a full genetic analysis of strains for human consumption, potential pathogenicity traits may go undetected.
An integrated stratigraphic record of the Palaeocene–lower Eocene at Gubbio (Italy): new insights into the early Palaeogene hyperthermals and carbon isotope excursions
Authors: Coccioni Rodolfo , Bancalà Giuseppe , Catanzarit Rita , Fornaciari Eliana , Frontalini Fabrizio , Giusberti Luca , Jovane Luigi , Luciani Valeria , Savian Jairo , Sprovieri Mario
Published: June 2012

Terra Nova, 24, 380–386, 2012

A high‐resolution, integrated stratigraphic framework (stable isotope stratigraphy, standard calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy) together with geochemical and rock magnetic properties’ analyses of a complete and well‐preserved succession at Contessa Valley (Gubbio, central Italy) have offered an excellent opportunity to identify and constrain the Palaeocene to early Eocene hyperthermals and carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). In addition, we provide the first evidence in the Tethys Ocean of CIEs, previously identified in the Pacific, Atlantic and Southern Oceans, highlighting their global significance and of some unknown CIEs. Their characteristics are compared with those reported for deep‐sea cores and other land‐based sections to test whether the signature associated with CIEs documented in our composite section might give evidence for tracing them over wider areas. The Contessa composite section thus represents a reference succession also for insight into the magnetobiochronostratigraphy and the magnitude of early Palaeogene hyperthermals and CIEs.
An intermolecular disulfide‐based light switch for chloroplast psbD gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Schwarz Christian , Bohne Alexandra‐Viola , Wang Fei , Cejudo Francisco Javier , Nickelsen Jörg
Published: June 2012

Expression of the chloroplast psbD gene encoding the D2 protein of the photosystem II reaction center is regulated by light. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, D2 synthesis requires a high‐molecular‐weight complex containing the RNA stabilization factor Nac2 and the translational activator RBP40. Based on size exclusion chromatography analyses, we provide evidence that light control of D2 synthesis depends on dynamic formation of the Nac2/RBP40 complex. Furthermore, 2D redox SDS–PAGE assays suggest an intermolecular disulfide bridge between Nac2 and Cys11 of RBP40 as the putative molecular basis for attachment of RBP40 to the complex in light‐grown cells. This covalent link is reduced in the dark, most likely via NADPH‐dependent thioredoxin reductase C, supporting the idea of a direct relationship between chloroplast gene expression and chloroplast carbon metabolism during dark adaption of algal cells.
Systematic silencing of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes reveals the major route to papaverine in opium poppy
Authors: Desgagné‐Penix Isabel , Facchini Peter J.
Published: June 2012

Papaverine, a major benzylisoquinoline alkaloid in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), is used as a vasodilator and antispasmodic. Conversion of the initial intermediate (S)‐norcoclaurine to papaverine involves 3′‐hydroxylation, four O‐methylations and dehydrogenation. However, our understanding of papaverine biosynthesis remains controversial more than a century after an initial scheme was proposed. In vitro assays and in vivo labeling studies have been insufficient to establish the sequence of conversions, the potential role of the intermediate (S)‐reticuline, and the enzymes involved. We used virus‐induced gene silencing in opium poppy to individually suppress the expression of six genes with putative roles in papaverine biosynthesis. Suppression of the gene encoding coclaurine N‐methyltransferase dramatically increased papaverine levels at the expense of N‐methylated alkaloids, indicating that the main biosynthetic route to papaverine proceeds via N‐desmethylated compounds rather than through (S)‐reticuline. Suppression of genes encoding (S)‐3′‐hydroxy‐N‐methylcoclaurine 4‐O‐methyltransferase and norreticuline 7‐O‐methyltransferase, which accept certain N‐desmethylated alkaloids, reduced papaverine content. In contrast, suppression of genes encoding N‐methylcoclaurine 3′‐hydroxylase or reticuline 7‐O‐methyltransferase, which are specific for N‐methylated alkaloids, did not affect papaverine levels. Suppression of norcoclaurine 6‐O‐methyltransferase transcript levels significantly suppressed total alkaloid accumulation, implicating (S)‐coclaurine as a key branch‐point intermediate. The differential detection of N‐desmethylated compounds in response to suppression of specific genes highlights the primary route to papaverine.
S‐deficiency responsive accumulation of amino acids is mainly due to hydrolysis of the previously synthesized proteins – not to de novo synthesis in Brassica napus
Authors: Lee Bok‐Rye , Muneer Sowbiya , Kim Kil‐Yong , Avice Jean‐Christophe , Ourry Alain , Kim Tae‐Hwan
Published: June 2012

To characterize the mechanisms of amino acid accumulation under sulphur (S)‐deficiency and its physiological significance in Brassica napus, stable isotopes 15N and 34S were employed. The plants were exposed for 9 days to S‐deficient conditions (0.05 mM vs 1.5 mM sulphate). After 9 days of S‐deficiency, leaf‐osmotic potential and total chlorophyll content significantly decreased. S uptake decreased by 94%, whereas N uptake and biomass were not significantly changed. Using 15N and 34S labelling, de novo synthesis of amino acids and proteins derived from newly absorbed NO3− and SO42− and the content of N and S in the previously synthesized amino acids and proteins were quantified. At the whole plant level, S‐deficiency increased the pool of amino acids but resulted in strong decrease of incorporation of newly absorbed NO3− and SO42− into amino acids by 22.2 and 76.6%, respectively, compared to the controls. Total amount of N and S incorporated into proteins also decreased by 28.8 and 62.1%, respectively. The levels of 14N‐ and 32S‐proteins (previously synthesized proteins) strongly decreased, mainly in mature leaves. The data thus indicate that amino acid accumulation under short‐term S‐deficiency results from the degradation of previously synthesized proteins rather than from de novo synthesis.
Conservative surgical treatment for toxic megacolon due to Clostridium difficile infection in a transplanted pediatric patient
Authors: Castillo A. , López J. , Panadero E. , Cerdá J. , Padilla B. , Bustinza A.
Published: June 2012

Severe disease caused by
Clostridium difficile is frequently encountered in transplant recipients and carries a high mortality. Numerous studies have been published on this subject in the adult population, but few in the pediatric setting. A 4‐year‐old boy who had undergone heart transplant 20 months earlier was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after humoral rejection. Seven days after admission, he developed septic shock, abdominal distension, and paralytic ileus without diarrhea. Pseudomembranous colitis due to
C. difficile was confirmed by microbiological and radiological studies. Despite treatment with rectal vancomycin and intravenous metronidazole, the patient did not improve and required decompressive laparotomy; because of the poor subsequent clinical course, terminal ileostomy and cecostomy were performed in a second operation. Recovery was satisfactory, and surgical reconstruction of intestinal tract was performed 3 months later without complications. Although early surgery with total colectomy is indicated, when there is a poor response to medical treatment in cases of
C. difficile toxic megacolon, the case we present responded favorably to a conservative surgical approach that enabled intestinal integrity to be restored 3 months later. In the pediatric population, less aggressive therapeutic options should be considered, as they have benefits on the subsequent quality of life of the patient.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs reduce the stress response during sevoflurane anesthesia
Authors: LIU Z. , LU H. , HE G. , MA H. , WANG J.
Published: June 2012

Background

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are analgesics commonly used for post‐operative pain. However, their effect on dosages of inhaled anesthetics during surgery is unclear. We investigated the effect of flurbiprofen axetil and parecoxib sodium on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane required to blunt stress responses to skin incision under general anesthesia.

Methods

One hundred and five adult patients were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each receiving sevoflurane: control (sevoflurane only), lidocaine (1 mg/kg bolus, followed by continuous infusion of 20 μg/kg/min after intubation), Intravenous (IV) flurbiprofen (1 mg/kg before skin incision), and IV parecoxib (40 mg before skin incision). Following anesthetic induction and stabilization of end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded 2 min before and at 5‐min intervals after skin incision. The stable end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration was calculated using an up‐and‐down method.

Results

The minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane required to blunt the stress responses to skin incision in the control, lidocaine, flurbiprofen, and parecoxib groups was 4.63 ± 0.08%, 2.67 ± 0.08%, 3.33 ± 0.08%, and 3.80 ± 0.11%, respectively. These figures for the later three groups were all significantly less than that of the control group (P = 0.021, P = 0.037, and P = 0.011, respectively); that of the flurbiprofen group was significantly less than the parecoxib (P = 0.034).

Conclusion

The non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs flurbiprofen axetil and parecoxib sodium decreased the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane required to blunt the stress response to skin incision during general anesthesia.
Fine mapping of Co, a gene controlling columnar growth habit located on apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) linkage group 10
Authors: Moriya Shigeki , Okada Kazuma , Haji Takashi , Yamamoto Toshiya , Abe Kazuyuki
Published: June 2012

With 2 figures and 3 tables

Tree architecture and shoot morphology are important factors in apple production systems. Because a columnar growth habit facilitates high‐density planting and labour‐saving fruit production methods, columnar apple breeding programmes are spreading worldwide. Columnar growth habit is controlled by a single dominant gene, Co, on linkage group 10. Fine mapping of Co was conducted using 1000 F1 progeny plants from 31 populations. Novel simple sequence‐repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the genome sequence of apple ‘Golden Delicious’ and analysed for linkage to Co. Graphical genotyping of 22 progeny with recombination event in the vicinity of Co identified three SSR markers (Mdo.chr10.12, Mdo.chr10.13 and Mdo.chr10.14) that co‐segregated with Co. Mdo.chr10.12 and Mdo.chr10.14 are well suited for marker‐assisted selection because the sizes of the alleles linked to Co are different from those found in common ancestors of current apple breeding germplasm. The Co region was delimited to a 196‐kb region of the apple genome, between markers Mdo.chr10.11 and Mdo.chr10.15.
Melanotan‐associated melanoma in situ
Authors: Ong Suyin , Bowling Jonathan
Published: June 2012

Injectable synthetic melanotropic peptides (often called melanotan) to enhance tanning are available over the Internet despite being unlicensed compounds with an unproven safety record. There have been reports of dysplastic naevi and melanoma associated with the use of melanotropic peptides. We report a case of melanotan‐associated melanoma in situ.
Metoprolol‐induced psoriatic nail disease
Authors: Gin Alexander , Gin Douglas , Sinclair Rodney
Published: June 2012

We describe the development of psoriatic nail disease due to metoprolol in a 58‐year‐old woman who was being treated for cardiac arrhythmias. The nail condition was unresponsive to topical and systemic treatments but resolved completely with the withdrawal of metoprolol. The reaction recurred with drug rechallenge and resolved when the drug was ceased.
Secluded/restrained patients' perceptions of their treatment: Validity and reliability of a new questionnaire
Authors: Noda Toshie , Sugiyama Naoya , Ito Hiroto , Soininen Päivi , Putkonen Hanna , Sailas Eila , Joffe Grigori
Published: June 2012

Aim:  To develop a standardized self‐reporting questionnaire to evaluate patients' perceptions of their overall treatment in specific relation to the use of seclusion and/or restraint (SR) measures as part of the treatment program.

Methods:  A 17‐item self‐rating questionnaire was given to 56 patients with experience of SR‐related treatment to develop a new scale, the Secluded/Restrained Patients' Perceptions of their Treatment (SR‐PPT). Concurrent validity was examined against the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire‐8 Japanese Version (CSQ‐8J). In addition, Patient burden induced by answering the SR‐PPT was evaluated.

Results:  On factor analysis, two factors named as Cooperation with Staff (nine items) and Perceptions of SR (two items) were derived. Cronbach's coefficient alphas were 0.928 and 0.887, and correlation coefficients against the CSQ‐8J were 0.838 and 0.609, respectively. Answering the SR‐PPT was found to induce little burden on the patients.

Conclusion:  Adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity of the final version of the SR‐PPT, which consists of 11 items, indicate that it is acceptable as a measurement scale. Use of this questionnaire will add the patient's view to the assessment of overall treatment involving SR.
Treating patients with schizophrenia deficit with erythropoietin?
Authors: Fond Guillaume , Macgregor Alexandra , Attal Jérome , Larue Aurore , Brittner Marie , Ducasse Deborah , Capdevielle Delphine
Published: June 2012

This systematic review summarizes and critically appraises the literature on the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) in schizophrenia patients and the pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain the potential of its use in this disease. EPO is mainly known for its regulatory activity in the synthesis of erythrocytes and is frequently used in treatment of chronic anemia. This cytokine, however, has many other properties, some of which may improve the symptoms of psychiatric illness. The review follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane) were searched combining the search terms ‘erythropoietin AND (psychotic disorders OR schizophrenia)’. Seventy‐eight studies were included in qualitative synthesis, a meta‐analytic approach being prohibited. The findings suggest that several EPO cerebral potential properties may be relevant for schizophrenia treatment, such as neurotransmission regulation, neuroprotection, modulation of inflammation, effects on blood–brain barrier permeability, effects on oxidative stress and neurogenesis. Several potentially detrimental side‐effects of EPO therapy, such as increased risk of thrombosis, cancer, increased metabolic rate and mean arterial blood pressure leading to cerebral ischemia could severely limit or halt the use of EPO. Overall, because the available data are inconclusive, further efforts in this field are warranted.
Effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor on stroke, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Mogi Masaki , Horiuchi Masatsugu
Published: June 2012

Here, we briefly review the role of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease, mainly discussing our experimental studies on the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor. Ischemic brain damage is enhanced in mice with overexpression of angiotensin II, with reduced cerebral blood flow in the penumbra and an increase in oxidative stress in the ischemic area. Angiotensin II binds two types of receptors, type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2). Our previous experiments showed that AT1 receptor signaling has a harmful effect, and AT2 receptor signaling has a protective effect on the brain after stroke. AT2 receptor signaling in bone marrow stromal cells or hematopoietic cells was shown to prevent ischemic brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion. In contrast, AT2 receptor signaling also affects cognitive function. We showed that direct stimulation of the AT2 receptor by a newly generated direct AT2 receptor agonist, Compound 21 (C21), enhanced cognitive function in wild‐type (C57BL6) mice and an Alzheimer's disease mouse model with intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid β (1–40). Finally, we carried out clinical research by investigating the levels of RAS components in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We observed a reduction of angiotensin II and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 levels, and an increase in ACE level in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. These results suggest that RAS is also involved in neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, regulation of RAS might be a new therapeutic target to protect neurons from neural diseases. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; ••: ••–••.
Effect of residual stresses on crack behaviour in single edge bending specimens
Authors: FARAHANI M. , SATTARI‐FAR I. , AKBARI D. , ALDERLIESTEN R.
Published: June 2012

Residual stresses due to manufacturing processes, such as welding, change the load bearing capacity of cracked components. The effects of residual stresses on crack behaviour in single edge bending specimens were investigated using Finite element analyses. Three parameters (J, Q and R) were used to study the crack behaviour. The J‐integral predicts the size scale over which large stresses and strains exist, the constraint parameter Q describes the crack‐tip constraint as a result of geometry, loading mode and crack depth and the constraint parameter R is used to describe the constraint resulting from residual stresses. To carry out a systematic investigation on the effect of residual stresses on the J‐integral and crack‐tip constraints, models under different combinations of residual stresses and external loads with different crack depths were analysed. It has been shown that the crack‐tip constraint R increased by tensile residual stresses around the crack‐tip. On the other hand, the constraint parameter R decreased and tended to zero at high external load levels.
Identification and characterization of candidate Rlm4 blackleg resistance genes in Brassica napus using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Tollenaere Reece , Hayward Alice , Dalton‐Morgan Jessica , Campbell Emma , Lee Joanne R.M. , Lorenc Michal T. , Manoli Sahana , Stiller Jiri , Raman Rosy , Raman Harsh , Edwards David , Batley Jacqueline
Published: June 2012

A thorough understanding of the relationships between plants and pathogens is essential if we are to continue to meet the agricultural needs of the world’s growing population. The identification of genes underlying important quantitative trait loci is extremely challenging in complex genomes such as Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape or rapeseed). However, recent advances in next‐generation sequencing (NGS) enable much quicker identification of candidate genes for traits of interest. Here, we demonstrate this with the identification of candidate disease resistance genes from B. napus for its most devastating fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg fungus). These two species are locked in an evolutionary arms race whereby a gene‐for‐gene interaction confers either resistance or susceptibility in the plant depending on the genotype of the plant and pathogen. Preliminary analysis of the complete genome sequence of Brassica rapa, the diploid progenitor of B. napus, identified numerous candidate genes with disease resistance characteristics, several of which were clustered around a region syntenic with a major locus (Rlm4) for blackleg resistance on A7 of B. napus. Molecular analyses of the candidate genes using B. napus NGS data are presented, and the difficulties associated with identifying functional gene copies within the highly duplicated Brassica genome are discussed.
Collective Wage Contracts, Opt‐Out Clauses, and Firm Wage Differentials: Evidence from Linked Employer–Employee Data
Authors: GARLOFF ALFRED , GUERTZGEN NICOLE
Published: June 2012

Using a large linked employer–employee data set, this article studies whether the existence and use of flexibility provisions within centralized collective wage agreements alter the structure of pay across employers. Using level regressions and first‐difference methods, we find that—compared with contracts without any flexibility—wages under opt‐out clauses are more responsive to local profitability conditions in below‐average‐performing establishments. In contrast, the sensitivity of wages to local profitability is smaller in high‐performance establishments. Our results provide further evidence for a threat potential of the existence of opt‐out clauses whose impact on flexibility is larger than the real application.
An Assessment of Robert Jenson's Hermeneutics on Divine Im/Passibility and the Emotions of God
Authors: Song John Byung‐Tek
Published: June 2012

The term apatheia, ‘impassibility’, has had varied meanings in Christian history. While some theologians have dismissed this attribute due to its Greek origins – as Paul Gavrilyuk states, a classic case of committing the genetic fallacy – Robert Jenson has prudently noted that for some of the church Fathers impassibility did not mean God was affectionless as the Greeks proposed; rather, it meant eternal faithfulness. This essay examines whether Jenson's appropriation of the early church's understanding of apatheia is true to the Fathers' original intentions. I first identify Jenson's assumptions regarding his interpretation of Scripture that causes him to conclude that God is im/passible. I then assess the validity of Jenson's claim that his own view is the same as the early church Fathers.
Immunohistochemical and functional studies for M3 muscarinic receptors and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 expressed in the mouse atrium
Authors: Harada N. , Ochi K. , Yaosaka N. , Teraoka H. , Hiraga T. , Iwanaga T. , Unno T. , Komori S. , Yamada M. , Kitazawa T.
Published: June 2012

In mouse atrium, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors (M2R and M3R) are involved in biphasic (negative and positive) inotropic actions of muscarinic agonists, and the positive inotropic action is reduced by indomethacin. The aim of our study was to determine the localization of M2R, M3R and cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) in mouse atrium and to characterize muscarinic receptor‐mediated positive inotropy.

M2R immunoreactivity was found only on atrial myocardium, but M3R immunoreactivity was localized on both the myocardium and endocardial endothelium. COX‐1 and COX‐2 immunoreactivities were identified in both myocardial and endocardial endothelium.

In electrically stimulated left atria, carbachol caused M2R‐mediated negative inotropy followed by M3R‐mediated positive inotropy. Removal of atrial endothelium reduced the positive inotropy without affecting the negative inotropy, suggesting that stimulation of endothelial M3R mediates the positive inotropy.

N‐[2‐(cyclohexyloxy)‐4‐nitrophenyl]‐methanesulfonamide (NS398, COX‐2 inhibitor) decreased the carbachol‐induced positive inotropy; however, 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐trifluoromethylpyrazole (SC560, COX‐1 inhibitor), 1‐[[4,5‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐thiazolyl]carbonyl]‐4‐methylpiperazine (FR122047, COX‐1 inhibitor) and l‐nitroarginine methylester did not affect the inotropic response.

M3R activation caused positive chronotropy in spontaneously beating right atria when M2R‐mediated negative chronotropy was suppressed and rate of contraction was low, <350 beats min−1.

Our results indicate that although M3Rs are located on both myocardial cells and endocardial endothelial cells, only endothelial M3Rs mediate positive inotropy in response to muscarinic agonists via activation of COX‐2 in the mouse atrium. M3R‐mediated positive chronotropy counteracting M2R‐mediated negative chronotropy was also demonstrated.
Aβ1‐42‐mediated down‐regulation of Uch‐L1 is dependent on NF‐κB activation and impaired BACE1 lysosomal degradation
Authors: Guglielmotto Michela , Monteleone Debora , Boido Marina , Piras Antonio , Giliberto Luca , Borghi Roberta , Vercelli Alessandro , Fornaro Michele , Tabaton Massimo , Tamagno Elena
Published: June 2012

Amyloid‐β 1‐42 accumulation is the major pathogenetic event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), believed to be responsible for synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death. However, the physiologic activity of Aβ peptides remains elusive: Aβ might not only play a toxic role, but also act as a functional signaling intermediate. We recently reported that Aβ1‐42 promotes BACE1 transcription through the activation of the JNK‐c‐jun pathway. Here, we show that the Aβ1‐42‐mediated increase in BACE1 expression is accompanied by a decrease in ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase L1 (Uch‐L1) expression and activity in different cellular models such as neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y as well as NT2 neuronal cells. We also found that the increase in BACE1 and the decrease in Uch‐L1 are related events and depend on NF‐κB pathway; thus, Aβ1‐42 is able to activate NF‐κB pathway and the pretreatment with a pharmacological inhibitor, able to block the nuclear translocation of the transactivating unit p65, almost completely prevents both the decrease in Uch‐L1 and the increase in BACE1 expression. In addition, the decrease in Uch‐L1 activity interferes with the lysosomal degradation of BACE1, as demonstrated by the decrease in Cathepsin D activity and the partial accumulation of BACE1 in lysosomes after Aβ1‐42 treatment as well after Uch‐L1 inhibition. In support of the in vitro data, we observed low protein levels of Uch‐L1 associated with high protein levels of BACE1 in sporadic AD brains. Our data suggest that Uch‐L1 could be an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic approaches for AD.
Cardiovascular disease risk reduction by raising HDL cholesterol – current therapies and future opportunities
Authors: Ali K Mahdy , Wonnerth A , Huber K , Wojta J
Published: June 2012

Since the first discovery of an inverse correlation between high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels and coronary heart disease in the 1950s the life cycle of HDL, its role in atherosclerosis and the therapeutic modification of HDL‐C levels have been major research topics. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL‐C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL‐C of only 10 mg·L−1 leads to a risk reduction of 2–3%. While statin therapy and therefore low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) reduction could lower coronary heart disease considerably; cardiovascular morbidity and mortality still occur in a significant portion of subjects already receiving therapy. Therefore, new strategies and therapies are needed to further reduce the risk. Raising HDL‐C was thought to achieve this goal. However, established drug therapies resulting in substantial HDL‐C increase are scarce and their effect is controversial. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly evident that HDL particle functionality is at least as important as HDL‐C levels since HDL particles not only promote reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery (mainly macrophages) to the liver but also exert pleiotropic effects on inflammation, haemostasis and apoptosis. This review deals with the biology of HDL particles, the established and future therapeutic options to increase HDL‐C and discusses the results and conclusions of the most important studies published in the last years. Finally, an outlook on future diagnostic tools and therapeutic opportunities regarding coronary artery disease is given.
Behavioral response of male mantidTenodera aridifolia(Mantodea: Mantidae) to windy conditions as a female approach strategy
Authors: WATANABE Hiroshi , YANO Eizi
Published: June 2012

When sexual cannibalism presents a sexual conflict, one expects to find male traits that reduce the risk of cannibalism. In sexually cannibalistic species, selection is thought to have favored the evolution of male approach behaviors that reduce the probability that the female will kill the male. We tested the hypothesis that male mantids change their approach behavior in response to wind to reduce the risk of being noticed by females. Time between detection of the female by the male and mating was shorter under windy than windless conditions. Sexual approach behavior was observed more frequently under windy than windless conditions. Moreover, this behavior was observed more frequently when the female was walking than when the female was not walking under windy conditions. The detection rate of male mantids by females was significantly lower on swaying leaves than on fixed leaves. Our results thus indicate that male mantids were more active in response to wind. Therefore, we suggest that the male's quick approach strategy toward females when the wind is blowing at short range is adaptive in reducing the risk of detection by females.
Quantifying the Gender Gap: An Empirical Study of the Underrepresentation of Women in Philosophy
Authors: Paxton Molly , Figdor Carrie , Tiberius Valerie
Published: June 2012

The lack of gender parity in philosophy has garnered serious attention recently. Previous empirical work that aims to quantify what has come to be called “the gender gap” in philosophy focuses mainly on the absence of women in philosophy faculty and graduate programs. Our study looks at gender representation in philosophy among undergraduate students, undergraduate majors, graduate students, and faculty. Our findings are consistent with what other studies have found about women faculty in philosophy, but we were able to add two pieces of new information. First, the biggest drop in the proportion of women in philosophy occurs between students enrolled in introductory philosophy classes and philosophy majors. Second, this drop is mitigated by the presence of more women philosophy faculty.
Mixing an Energy Drink with an Alcoholic Beverage Increases Motivation for More Alcohol in College Students
Authors: Marczinski Cecile A. , Fillmore Mark T. , Henges Amy L. , Ramsey Meagan A. , Young Chelsea R.
Published: June 2012

Background

There has been a dramatic rise in the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) in social drinkers. It has been suggested that AmED beverages might lead individuals to drink greater quantities of alcohol. This experiment was designed to investigate whether the consumption of AmEDs would alter alcohol priming (i.e., increasing ratings of wanting another drink) compared with alcohol alone.

Methods

Participants (n = 80) of equal gender attended 1 session where they were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 doses (0.91 ml/kg vodka, 1.82 ml/kg energy drink, 0.91 ml/kg vodka mixed with 1.82 ml/kg energy drink [AmED], or a placebo beverage). Alcohol‐induced priming of the motivation to drink was assessed by self‐reported ratings on the Desire for Drug questionnaire.

Results

The priming dose of alcohol increased the subjective ratings of “desire” for more alcohol, consistent with previous research that small doses of alcohol can increase the motivation to drink. Furthermore, higher desire ratings over time were observed with AmEDs compared with alcohol alone. Finally, ratings of liking the drink were similar for the alcohol and AmED conditions.

Conclusions

An energy drink may elicit increased alcohol priming. This study provides laboratory evidence that AmED beverages may lead to greater motivation to drink versus the same amount of alcohol consumed alone.
Relating 7‐Month‐Olds Visuo‐Spatial Working Memory to Other Basic Mental Skills Assessed With Two Different Versions of the Habituation–Dishabituation Paradigm
Authors: Ropeter Anna , Pauen Sabina
Published: June 2012

This study examines the relationship between various basic mental processing abilities in infancy. Two groups of 7‐month‐olds received the same delayed‐response task to assess visuo‐spatial working memory, but two different habituation–dishabituation tasks to assess processing speed and recognition memory. The single‐stimulus group (N = 32) was familiarized with only one abstract stimulus, whereas the categorization group (N = 32) received varying exemplars of the same kind. In the categorization group, infants high on working memory showed stronger habituation and dishabituation responses than infants scoring low in working memory. No corresponding relations were found for the single‐stimulus group. This suggests that working memory performance is systematically linked to other basic mental skills in 7‐month‐olds, but that corresponding relations may not get evident in any kind of habituation–dishabituation procedure. Implications for understanding the complex interplay of basic mental abilities in infancy will be discussed.
Prevalence of Adverse Reactions to Radiopaque Contrast Reported by Patients Presenting for Interventional Pain Procedure
Authors: Mishra Rahul K. , Heavner James E. , Day Miles
Published: June 2012

Introduction:  Adverse reactions to radiopaque contrast media (RCM) are well documented with a wide range of incidences reported. The objective of this study was to determine how many patients in a sample of 200 who presents for interventional pain treatments report a history of adverse reactions to RCM.

Methods:  Data from 200 outpatients were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information about prior exposure to RCM and any adverse events plus other general information about allergic reactions including known risk factors for allergic reactions. Demographic data and information about past medical history were obtained from each patient.

Results:  Of the 200 patients surveyed, 16 reported having had an allergic reaction to RCM. The events met criteria for immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Chemotoxic reactions cannot be ruled out. Of factors associated with risk of allergic reaction, none were clearly more prevalent in subjects reporting an allergic reaction vs. subjects who did not. Atopic patients generally considered susceptible to contrast allergy reported no hypersensitivity reaction. The number of medications and foods the subjects reported caused them to have allergic reactions was extensive.

Conclusion:  Patients with a history suggestive of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to RCM may report for interventional pain procedures normally performed with RCM. Patients who have experienced an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to RCM have increased risk for another reaction if injected again with contrast agent. Therefore, facilities should be prepared to implement measures to prevent recurrent reactions.
The Effect of the Top Two Primary on the Number of Primary Candidates
Authors: Beck John H. , Henrickson Kevin E.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

Washington State held its first “top two primary” in 2008. Under this system, the two candidates receiving the most votes move on to the general election, regardless of party affiliation. This study empirically examines the potential incentive under this top two primary system for each political party to discourage “excess” party candidates from entering primary contests.

Methods

We examine this possibility by looking at the Washington State Legislative Primaries in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. With these data, we estimate the factors impacting the number of primary candidates in a race for each political party, including the change in the primary format in 2008.

Results

Our results indicate that the switch to the top two primary reduced the likelihood of having multiple Democratic candidates in a race, reduced the number of “excess” Democratic candidates, but did not have a significant impact on Republican candidates.

Conclusion

With many states revising their primary systems, an understanding of the incentives present under alternative systems is critical. As such, the results presented in this study provide evidence that the top two primary gives the political parties an incentive to discourage excess primary candidates.
Secularization, Modernization, or Population Change: Explaining the Decline of Prohibition in theUnitedStates
Authors: Frendreis John , Tatalovich Raymond
Published: June 2012

Objective

While previous cross‐sectional research has suggested a relationship between the prohibition of alcohol sales and the presence of distinctive patterns of religious adherence, the relationship between policy adoption and social change is best evaluated through longitudinal analysis. We assess the extent to which a policy decision by a county to shift away from or toward a policy of prohibition is related to underlying changes in the composition of the countywide population.

Methods

Multinomial logistic regression analyses are used to describe the relationship between county‐level demographic and cultural variables and changes in a county's prohibition policy status from dry to wet and wet to dry between 1970 and 2008.

Results

The results demonstrate that certain kinds of social change are associated with changes in a county's public policy with respect to prohibition. By far, the strongest factor explaining shifts from dry status to wet status is an increase in a county's religious diversity. Conversely, there is also a relationship between a county's religious character and movement from wet status to dry status, specifically, the strongest factor associated with movement from wet status to dry status is an increasing rate ofEvangelical adherence in the county.

Conclusions

There is a relationship between the religious character of a county and the preference for this particular policy option. While religious change is most important in explaining public policy on prohibition, changes in the religious milieu are one element of a broader process of modernization and other social change that involves such demographic variables as income, education, and urbanization.
Examining the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy: A Cross‐National Analysis, 1980–2005
Authors: Clark Rob , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: June 2012

Objectives

This study examines predictors of the gender gap in life expectancy across a large cross‐national sample.

Methods

We employ random effects and fixed effects models of the gender difference (female–male) and gender ratio (female/male) in life expectancy during the 1980–2005 period.

Results

Women's status, traditional male hazards, and development/modernization processes tend to widen the gender gap in life expectancy. In addition, income inequality expands the gender gap, while female representation in parliament reduces it. We argue that these latter effects are a function of (1) the steeper socioeconomic gradient for men in predicting mortality and (2) the protection of economically vulnerable groups by female parliamentarians, which provides greater health returns to males.

Conclusion

Advances in gender equity along economic, political, and cultural lines appear to exert countervailing effects, both expanding and reducing the gender gap in mortality.