bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The combined contribution of social support and coping strategies in predicting post‐traumatic growth: a longitudinal study on cancer patients
Authors: Scrignaro Marta , Barni Sandro , Magrin Maria Elena
Published: June 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of social support and coping strategies in enhancing post‐traumatic growth (PTG) in cancer patients. The study focused on both avoidance and approaching coping and on four distinct types of social support: (a) perceived availability, (b) actual received, (c) satisfaction with received support, and (d) the competence of caregiver to satisfy the patient's basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with a group of 41 cancer patients currently in the treatment and management phase of their illness. Data were collected by means of a written questionnaire, at two time points (T1 and T2) that were 6 months apart. Social support was assessed using the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List and the Need Satisfaction in Relationship Scale. Coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE questionnaire. Social support and coping strategies were assessed only at T1. PTG was assessed using the Post‐Traumatic Growth Inventory at T1 and T2. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the association between social support and coping strategies with short‐term reports of post‐traumatic growth.

Results: Regression analyses showed that autonomy‐supportive caregivers and a problem‐focused strategy of coping significantly predicted greater PTG at T2.

Conclusions: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the type of social support that may specifically aid cancer patients in experiencing PTG. Furthermore, findings confirm the important role of problem‐focused coping strategies in growing psychologically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable remediation at the Massachusetts Military Reservation
Authors: Forbes Rose H.
Published: June 2010

When does remediation do more harm than good? After conducting a sustainability analysis on a large pump‐and‐treat site at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE) found evidence suggesting that the remediation systems were creating more pollution than they were remediating.

For several years, the AFCEE/MMR has had an aggressive “better, cheaper, faster” optimization program intended to expedite aquifer restoration, reduce costs to the taxpayers, and reduce cleanup time frames. An initial sustainability analysis was conducted in 2005 as part of this program. The analysis identified several concerns, one of which was the indirect generation of air emissions from conventional fossil fuel–based power plants used to power the remediation systems. In addition to the environmental impact of these air emissions, the cost of electricity continues to increase. The AFCEE/MMR evaluated options for addressing both of these concerns and opted to employ renewable energy technology in the form of a utility‐scale wind turbine.

This case study presents a more sustainable approach to remediation at the MMR through the use of renewable energy, in the form of a 1,500‐kW wind turbine. Power costs for operating the treatment systems, which processed up to 16 million gallons per day, amounted to over $2.2 million in 2008. The wind turbine is anticipated to reduce the program's electricity costs and offset air emissions, generated indirectly through the use of electricity from fossil fuel–based power plants, by approximately 25 to 30 percent. Based on a range of utility cost projections and an estimate of the turbine's energy production, the $4.6 million project is anticipated to have a payback period between six and eight years. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*

This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
In situ remediation of PCE at a site with clayey lithology and a significant smear zone
Authors: Molin Josephine , Mueller James , Hanson Donald , Fowler Troy , Skrotzki Tim
Published: June 2010

Groundwater at the former Serry's Dry Cleaning site in Corvallis, Oregon, was impacted by chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs). The primary CVOCs impacting the site include tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride, which were detected at concentrations up to 22,000, 1,700, 3,100, and 7 μg/L, respectively, prior to treatment. Large seasonal fluctuations in groundwater CVOC concentrations indicated that a significant fraction of the CVOC mass was present in the smear zone. Field‐scale pilot tests were performed for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's Dry Cleaner Program to evaluate the performance of EHC® in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) technology. The pilot study involved evaluating field performance and physical distribution into low‐permeability soil using basic Geoprobe® injection tooling. The testing results confirmed that bioremediation enhanced by ISCR supported long‐term treatment at the site. This article describes the implementation and results of the tests. Performance data are available from a three‐year period following the injections, allowing for a discussion about sustained performance and reagent longevity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of iron concentration and ph on zero‐valent iron dechlorination of DDT for brownfields
Authors: Ghazali Mirnader , McBean Edward , Shen Hua , Dastous Paul‐André
Published: June 2010

Soil contamination with persistent pesticides such as dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) is a major issue at many brownfield sites. A technology that can be used to treat DDT‐contaminated soil using surfactants is to enhance the migration of the contaminants from the soil phase to the liquid phase, followed by the dechlorinating of the mobilized DDT in the liquid phase using zero‐valent iron (ZVI). The DDT degradation using ZVI occurs under anaerobic conditions via reductive reactions. The effect of the iron concentration on the dechlorination rate is assessed in the range of 1 to 40 percent (weight to volume) for remediation of a DDT‐contaminated site in Ontario, Canada. The optimum percentage of iron is found to be 20 percent at which the dechlorination rates of DDT and 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) were 4.5 and 0.6 mg/L/day, respectively. While mixing of the reaction solution is shown to be important in providing the iron surface available for the dechlorination reaction throughout the reaction solution, there is no significant difference between batch and fed‐batch mode of adding iron to the dechlorination process. Low pH values (pH = 3) increased the dechlorination rates of DDT and DDD to 6.03 and 0.75 mg/L/day, respectively at a 20 percent iron concentration, indicating increased dechlorination rates in acidic conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River
Authors: Guillemette N. , St‐Hilaire A. , Ouarda T. B. M. J. , Bergeron N.
Published: June 2010

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antipsychotic drug binding in the substantia nigra: An examination of high metoclopramide binding in the brains of normal, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis patients, and its relation to tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Chen Sheng , Seeman Philip , Liu Fang
Published: June 2010

This project was done in order to determine why the annual incidence of metoclopramide‐associated tardive dyskinesia is much higher than that for the commonly used antipsychotics. To test the hypothesis that metoclopramide tardive dyskinesia may be associated with high concentrations of metoclopramide in the substantia nigra under clinical conditions, the nonspecific binding of tritiated antipsychotics to the dissected melaninized regions of postmortem human substantia nigra was measured. The nonspecific binding at 1 nM [3H]ligand was 7.3, 4.2, 2.6, 0.91 and 0.66 fmoles/mg for [3H]haloperidol, [3H]clozapine, [3H]raclopride, [3H]metoclopramide, and [3H]olanzapine, respectively. After adjusting these values for the known free concentrations of these drugs in plasma or spinal fluid, the amounts that would be bound under clinical conditions would be 231, 113, 15, 11, and 3.4 fmoles/mg for metoclopramide, clozapine, raclopride, haloperidol, and olanzapine, respectively. Using rat striatum as baseline to define antipsychotic binding to nonnigral tissue, the excess amount of binding to the Alzheimer nigral tissue under clinical conditions would be 209, 19, 0, 3.4 and 0.8 fmole/mg for metoclopramide, clozapine, raclopride, haloperidol, and olanzapine, respectively, with a similar pattern for nigral tissues from Huntington and Multiple Sclerosis patients. The high accumulation of metoclopramide is sufficiently high to cause nigral nerve cell membrane damage by metoclopramide's detergent‐like action, possibly explaining metoclopramide's toxic ability to elicit early tardive dyskinesia. In addition, the nonspecific binding of metoclopramide was much higher in Alzheimer‐diseased substantia nigra, consistent with the fact that older individuals are relatively more vulnerable to metoclopramide tardive dyskinesia. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and monkey PET studies of [18F]MK‐1312, a PET tracer for quantification of mGluR1 receptor occupancy by MK‐5435
Authors: Hostetler Eric D. , Eng Waisi , Joshi Aniket D. , Sanabria‐Bohórquez Sandra , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Ito Satoru , O'Malley Stacey , Krause Stephen , Ryan Christine , Patel Shil , Williams Mangay , Riffel Kerry , Suzuki Gentaroh , Ozaki Satoshi , Ohta Hisashi , Cook Jacquelynn , Burns H. Donald , Hargreaves Richard
Published: June 2010

Two moderately lipophilic, high affinity ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) were radiolabeled with a positron‐emitting radioisotope and evaluated in rhesus monkey as potential PET tracers. Both ligands were radiolabeled with fluorine‐18 via nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding 2‐chloropyridine precursor with [18F]potassium fluoride. [18F]MK‐1312was found to have a suitable signal for quantification of mGluR1 receptors in nonhuman primates and was more thoroughly characterized. In vitro autoradiographic studies with [18F]MK‐1312in rhesus monkey and human brain tissue slices revealed an uptake distribution consistent with the known distribution of mGluR1, with the highest uptake in the cerebellum, moderate uptake in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cortical regions, and lowest uptake in the caudate and putamen. In vitro saturation binding studies in rhesus monkey and human cerebellum homogenates confirmed that [18F]MK‐1312binds to a single site with aBmax/Kdratio of 132 and 98, respectively. PET studies in rhesus monkey with [18F]MK‐1312showed high brain uptake and a regional distribution consistent with in vitro autoradiography results. Blockade of [18F]MK‐1312uptake with mGluR1 allosteric antagonist MK‐5435 dose‐dependently reduced tracer uptake in all regions of gray matter to a similarly low level of tracer uptake. This revealed a large specific signal useful for determination of mGluR1 receptor occupancy in rhesus monkey. Taken together, these results are promising for clinical PET studies with [18F]MK‐1312to determine mGluR1 occupancy of MK‐5435. Synapse 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development platform for system architecture of small service businesses
Authors: Lai Chih‐Chiang , Deng Shigan , Chin Hsiang , Peng Yuan‐Shi
Published: June 2010

This study adapts Hall's 3‐dimensional morphology of systems engineering to develop a platform that has procedure and creativity for the system architecture of small service businesses. The proposed platform prescribes a five‐step procedure for developing and propagating the system architecture, namely, Concept Exploration, System Development, Verification and Validation, Disposition and Delivery, and Maintenance and Distribution. In each step, the business and system requirements are identified and analyzed in order to establish the detailed system architecture. Conventional systems engineering processes are used to determine the correlation between the business objectives, the tactics, the business system requirements, and the business processes, respectively, and to resolve any conflicts which arise. This development platform provides a generic, complete, clear, and systematic procedure to replace the traditional ways of operating for small service businesses, and thus contributes toward their long‐term survival. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 111–128, 2011
Complexity reduction: A pragmatic approach
Authors: Simpson Joseph , Simpson Mary
Published: June 2010

An increasing need for shared communication in disparate domains as well as the production of increasingly dynamic, large‐scale systems has always been at the heart of the practice of systems engineering. As a branch of general systems theory, systems engineering was developed to address practical considerations posed by diverse organizations, environments, and cultures within which systems are designed, developed, and operated. Types and categories of complexity are used in this paper to focus the discussion on complexity and the reduction of complexity. Formal and theoretical foundations of systems science and systems engineering provided the basis upon which many effective systems engineering tools were built. This paper identifies some of the classical tools of systems science and systems engineering that manage complexity. Based on these classical tool components and principles, abstract relation types (ART) were developed to enhance the understanding and application of these tools. A pragmatic approach that is designed to reduce complexity as well as compare relative complexity reduction between and among methods is also presented. The direct value of systems engineering techniques as they are applied in any context is rooted in the ability of systems engineering techniques and systems engineering practitioners to reduce the cognitive complexity associated with the systems problem of interest. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 180–192, 2011
Persistent biliary dilatation and stenosis in postoperative congenital choledochal cyst
Authors: Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Inoue Mikiya , Ohashi Kensuke , Sugito Kiminobu , Ikeda Tarou , Hagiwara Noritsugu , Tomita Ryouichi
Published: June 2010

Background/purpose

Cholangitis and intrahepatic stones occur long after total cyst excision in patients with congenital choledochal cyst (CCC). Our study aimed to characterize morphological features of intrahepatic biliary dilatation and stenosis before and after total cyst excision, based on long‐term follow‐up data.

Methods

Pre‐ and postoperative morphological features of intrahepatic biliary dilatation were determined in 63 patients with CCC.

Results

Postoperatively, hepatic ductal dilatation persisted in 50 patients and hepatic ductal dilatation with stenosis in 35 patients. Hepatic duct stenosis was seen in 35 patients: unilateral hepatic duct stenosis in 21, and bilateral stenosis in 14. Stenosis at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts occurred more often in the cystic type of dilatation than in the cylindrical type and was seen more often on the left side than the right. Cases with postoperative cholangitis or intrahepatic stones featured stenosis at the confluence of left and both hepatic ducts (n = 2); and alternating dilatation and stenosis of left hepatic ducts and branches (n = 3). However, no statistical associations were observed between the hepatic ductal stenosis and cholangitis or stone formation (p = 0.153).

Conclusions

Cystic‐type biliary dilatations persist postoperatively, frequently accompanied by ductal stenosis. Alternating dilatation and stenosis is a common morphological feature for postoperative cholangitis and stones.
Small Shoes, Big Steps! Empowering Children as Active Researchers
Authors: Kellett Mary
Published: June 2010

The concept of children as researchers has gained credence in response to changing perspectives on their status in society, recognition of their role as consumers and increased attention to children's rights. While this has led to greater involvement of children as participant and co‐researchers, research led by children—research they design, carry out and disseminate themselves with adult support rather than adult management—is still relatively rare. Children designing and leading their own research opens up new protagonist frontiers. Children are party to the subculture of childhood which gives them a unique “insider” perspective critical to our understanding of their worlds. Child‐to‐child enquiry generates different data from adult‐to‐child enquiry because children observe with different eyes, ask different questions and communicate in fundamentally different ways. This paper explores some of the issues in empowering children as active researchers and draws on theory relating to participation, empowerment, voice and emancipation. Its primary focus is to celebrate and value children's own research and includes the full text of an original research study by an 11‐year‐old girl.
Treatment of Acute Scaphoid Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Suh Nina , Benson Eric C. , Faber Kenneth J. , MacDermid Joy , Grewal Ruby
Published: June 2010

Background/Methods

The purpose of this review was to assess the current evidence supporting operative fixation versus casting for acute scaphoid fractures through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Results Our search yielded 59 articles that met our inclusion criteria with five studies achieving high, 22 moderate, and 32 low Structured Effectiveness Quality Evaluation Scale scores. Pooled results of the four Sackett level 1 evidence studies showed no significant difference between the operative (114/115, 99%) versus non-operative group (106/112, 95%) ( p=0.07) when the definition of nonunion was based on more definitive criterion versus plain radiographs that may be insufficient to assess bony union. Similar results were found for the Sackett level 2 and 4 articles.

Conclusions

This systematic review reveals that significant weaknesses exist in the literature with respect to the level of evidence and quality of published studies on this topic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the most effective treatment for acute scaphoid fractures.
Aqueous Extended‐Surfactant Based Method for Vegetable Oil Extraction: Proof of Concept
Authors: Do Linh D. , Sabatini David A.
Published: June 2010

The use of hexane to extract vegetable oil from oilseeds is of growing concern due to hexane's environmental impact and because of worker exposure concerns. The goal of our work is to demonstrate that the aqueous extended‐surfactant‐based method is a viable alternative for vegetable oil extraction. In our method, ground oilseeds were dispersed in the aqueous surfactant solution, allowing the oil to be liberated from the seeds as a separate phase from the aqueous phase. The impact of pH, shaking intensity, shaking time and seed to liquid ratio on oil yield are presented. Extended‐surfactants are a new type of surfactant with propoxylate (PO) and/or ethoxylate (EO) groups inserted between the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic alkyl chain of the surfactant molecule. This unique structure of extended‐surfactants enables them to produce ultralow interfacial tension with vegetable oils. We have found that at low aqueous concentrations (less than 0.3 wt%), extended‐surfactant solutions are able to produce ultralow interfacial tension between aqueous extraction and vegetable oil phases. At optimum condition (seed to liquid ratio of 1–5, 30 min extraction at 150 shakes/min and 30 min centrifugation at 2,170×g) we achieved 93–95% extraction efficiency for peanut and canola oils at 25 °C. The oil quality produced from the aqueous extended‐surfactant‐based method was found to be comparable or even superior to that obtained from hexane‐based extraction, further demonstrating the viability of aqueous extended‐surfactant based extraction.
NADPH oxidase is involved in protein kinase CKII down‐regulation‐mediated senescence through elevation of the level of reactive oxygen species in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Jeon Seon Min , Lee Sung-Jin , Kwon Taeg Kyu , Kim Kyung-Jin , Bae Young-Seuk
Published: June 2010

We have shown that protein kinase CKII (CKII) inhibition induces senescence through the p53‐dependent pathway in HCT116 cells. Here we examined the molecular mechanism through which CKII inhibition activates p53 in HCT116 cells. CKII inhibition by treatment with CKII inhibitor or CKIIα small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) increased intracellular hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion levels. These effects were significantly blocked by pretreatment of cells with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine. Additionally, NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor apocynin and p22phox siRNA significantly reduced p53 expression and suppressed the appearance of senescence markers. CKII inhibition did not affect mitochondrial superoxide generation. These data demonstrate that CKII inhibition induces superoxide anion generation via NOX activation, and subsequent superoxide‐dependent activation of p53 acts as a mediator of senescence in HCT116 cells after down‐regulation of CKII.
Prävention von Tabakkonsum und Tabakabhängigkeit
Authors: Maschewsky-Schneider Ulrike
Published: June 2010

Einleitung

Tabak ist ein Suchtmittel mit hohem Abhängigkeitspotenzial. Die Verhinderung des Einstiegs in das Rauchen ist deshalb vorrangiges Präventionsziel. Die Evaluation des nationalen Gesundheitsziels „Tabakkonsum reduzieren“ zeigt, dass in den vergangenen Jahren umfangreiche strukturelle, massenmediale, settingbezogene, und verhaltenspräventive Maßnahmen durchgeführt wurden. Gleichzeitig ist bei den 12-17jährigen die Prävalenz von knapp 30% in 2001 kontinuierlich auf spektakuläre 14,7% bei Jungen und 16,2% bei den Mädchen im Jahr 2008 gesunken. Um der Verantwortung gegenüber der jungen Generation gerecht zu werden, ist eine engagierte Tabakprävention gefordert.
Justifying Toleration
Authors: Mendus Susan
Published: June 2010

This book traces the growth of philosophical justifications of toleration. The contributors discuss the grounds on which we may be required to be tolerant and the proper limits of toleration. They consider the historical and conceptual relation between toleration and scepticism and ask whether toleration is justified by considerations of autonomy or of prudence. The papers cover a range of perspectives on the subject, including Marxist and Socialist as well as liberal views. The editor's introduction prepares the ground by discussing the essential features of the subject and offers a lucid survey of the theories and arguments put forward in the book. The collection arises out of the Morrell Toleration Project at the University of York and all the papers were written as contributions to that project. The discussion will be of interest to specialists in philosophy, in political and social theory and in intellectual history.
Communication in Mechanism Design
Authors: Williams Steven R.
Published: June 2010

Mechanism design is the field of economics that treats institutions and procedures as variables that can be selected in order to achieve desired objectives. An important aspect of a mechanism is the communication among its participants that it requires, which complements other design features such as incentives and complexity. A calculus-based theory of communication in mechanisms is developed in this book. The value of a calculus-based approach lies in its familiarity as well as the insight into mechanisms that it provides. Results are developed concerning (i) a first order approach to the construction of mechanisms, (ii) the range of mechanisms that can be used to achieve a given objective, as well as (iii) lower bounds on the required communication.
Drug War Heresies
Authors: MacCoun Robert J. , Reuter Peter
Published: June 2010

This book provides the first multidisciplinary and nonpartisan analysis of how the United States should decide on the legal status of cocaine, heroin and marijuana. It draws on data about the experiences of Western European nations with less punitive drug policies as well as new analyses of America's experience with legal cocaine and heroin a century ago, and of America's efforts to regulate gambling, prostitution, alcohol and cigarettes. It offers projections on the likely consequences of a number of different legalization regimes and shows that the choice about how to regulate drugs involves complicated tradeoffs among goals and conflict among social groups. The book presents a sophisticated discussion of how society should deal with the uncertainty about the consequences of legal change. Finally, it explains, in terms of individual attitudes toward risk, why it is so difficult to accomplish substantial reform of drug policy in America.
An Introduction to Lie Groups and Lie Algebras
Authors: Kirillov Alexander
Published: June 2010

With roots in the nineteenth century, Lie theory has since found many and varied applications in mathematics and mathematical physics, to the point where it is now regarded as a classical branch of mathematics in its own right. This graduate text focuses on the study of semisimple Lie algebras, developing the necessary theory along the way. The material covered ranges from basic definitions of Lie groups to the classification of finite-dimensional representations of semisimple Lie algebras. Written in an informal style, this is a contemporary introduction to the subject which emphasizes the main concepts of the proofs and outlines the necessary technical details, allowing the material to be conveyed concisely. Based on a lecture course given by the author at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, the book includes numerous exercises and worked examples and is ideal for graduate courses on Lie groups and Lie algebras.
Elements of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Sachs Ivo , Sen Siddhartha , Sexton James
Published: June 2010

This 2006 textbook provides a concise introduction to the key concepts and tools of statistical mechanics. It also covers advanced topics such as non-relativistic quantum field theory and numerical methods. After introducing classical analytical techniques, such as cluster expansion and Landau theory, the authors present important numerical methods with applications to magnetic systems, Lennard-Jones fluids and biophysics. Quantum statistical mechanics is discussed in detail and applied to Bose-Einstein condensation and topics in astrophysics and cosmology. In order to describe emergent phenomena in interacting quantum systems, canonical non-relativistic quantum field theory is introduced and then reformulated in terms of Feynman integrals. Combining the authors' many years' experience of teaching courses in this area, this textbook is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Counter-Democracy
Authors: Rosanvallon Pierre , Goldhammer Arthur
Published: June 2010

Democracy is established as a generally uncontested ideal, while regimes inspired by this form of government fall under constant criticism. Hence, the steady erosion of confidence in representatives that has become one of the major political issues of our time. Amidst these challenges, the paradox remains that while citizens are less likely to make the trip to the ballot box, the world is far from entering a phase of general political apathy. Demonstrations and activism abound in the streets, in cities across the globe and on the internet. Pierre Rosanvallon analyses the mechanisms used to register a citizen's expression of confidence or distrust, and then focuses on the role that distrust plays in democracy from both a historical and theoretical perspective. This radical shift in perspective uncovers a series of practices - surveillance, prevention, and judgement - through which society corrects and exerts pressure.
Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: June 2010

Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000, first published in 2004, is an analysis of the relationship between democratization and contentious politics that builds upon the model set forth in the pathbreaking book, Dynamics of Contention. Using a sustained comparison of French and British histories since 1650 or so as a springboard for more general comparison within Europe Contention and Democracy goes on to demonstrate that democratization occurred as result of struggles during which (as in 19th century Britain and France) few, if any, of the participants were self-consciously trying to create democratic institutions. Consequently, circumstances for democratization vary from era to era, region to region as functions of previous history, international environments, available models of political organization, and predominant patterns of social relations.
A Fundamental Property of Suslin Matrices
Authors: Jose Selby , Rao Ravi A.
Published: June 2010

We describe a homomorphism from the group SUmr (R), generated by Suslin matrices, when r is even, to the special orthogonal group SO2(r+1) (R) by relating the Suslin matrix corresponding to a pair of vectors v, w, with 〈v, w〉 = 1, to the product of two reflections, one w.r.t. the vectors v, w and the other w.r.t. the vectors e1, e1 (of length one). When r is odd we can still associate a product of reflections with an element of SUmr (R), which is well defined up to a unit u, with u2 = 1. This association enables one to study the orbit space of unimodular vectors under the elementary subgroup.
ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENTS' UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AND INDUCED ABORTION IN OWERRI, NIGERIA
Authors: OKEREKE CHUKWUNENYE IHEANACHO
Published: June 2010

This study examines the prevalence and determinants of adolescents' unintended pregnancy and induced abortion in Owerri, Nigeria. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to obtain information from 540 female adolescents of mean age 15.8 years. In addition, four FGDs were held with female adolescents in selected localities and in-depth interviews held with fifteen health-care service providers. Almost all the adolescents (99.8%) were Christians, with 70.3% being Catholics and 68.2% living with their parents. Over half (57.2%) of the adolescents had had sex. Contraceptives were rarely used owing to deep-seated cultural values. The data show that 31.6% of those who had ever had sex had an unintended pregnancy. Of these, 78.9% had recurrent pregnancies and 20.2% had an abortion. Of the latter, 41.8% had a recurrent abortion and 72.7% a post-abortion problem, for which 70.2% never sought treatment, increasing the risk of infertility in later life. The abortion seekers mostly went to patent medicine operators. A more acceptable and cost-effective contraceptive campaign involving use of local vernacular and traditional/local opinion leaders should be explored.
SPOUSAL AGREEMENT ON MATERNAL HEALTH PRACTICES IN KATHMANDU, NEPAL
Authors: MULLANY BRITTA C.
Published: June 2010

Growing recognition of the influential roles that men play in health behaviours and decision-making has prompted a number of couples' agreement studies, particularly in the areas of contraceptive use and household decision-making. While such findings have had important implications on the design, measurement and evaluation of family planning interventions, few studies on couples' agreement on maternal health behaviours have been conducted. Findings from a descriptive analysis of agreement levels regarding maternal health practices among 129 couples that delivered a baby in urban Nepal in 2003–2004 are presented. These data indicate that agreement levels between husbands and wives pertaining to maternal health behaviours are low, with 5–55% of couples disagreeing on whether the behaviour had occurred. These data and the surrounding discussion raise important issues that ought to be taken into consideration when conducting maternal health research and designing and evaluating maternal health programmes.
A new hairy Leptogium from Nepal.
Authors: JØRGENSEN Per M. , OLLEY Louise
Published: June 2010

The new species Leptogium sphaerosporum from Langtang in Nepal is described. It is closely related to L. pedicellatum, but differs in being more delicate with phyllidia and having spheroid spores. It is most probably a local species of the lower montane forests. An emendation to the world key of hairy Leptogium species is presented.
Phylogenetic relationship ofParmelia lindmanii(Parmeliaceae) inferred by analysis of its nuITS rDNA sequence
Authors: ELIASARO Sionara , CRUZ Leonardo M. , IACOMINI Marcello , de OLIVEIRA PEDROSA Fabio , CORDEIRO Lucimara M. C.
Published: June 2010

Using the nuclear ITS (nuITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and an MP/Bayesian approach, a phylogenetic study was carried out to evaluate the relationship ofParmelia lindmaniiwith other members of the parmelioid lichen group. Our results showed thatP. lindmaniidoes not belong to the genusMyelochroa, as previously proposed, but is within the clade containing the type species ofParmelinella.
Additions and corrections of types in the genus Buellia s. lat. (Physciaceae) described by J. Steiner
Authors: ŞENKARDEŞLER Ayhan
Published: June 2010

In this study, types of species in the genus Buellia described by J. Steiner are reviewed. Previously ignored holotypes of B. alboatra var. epipolioides, B. caesioatra, B. leptina, B. procellarum var. continuior, B. skutariensis f. compacta and B. skottsbergii are identified, lectotypes and isolectotypes of B. gotlandica, B. saxorum var. flavescens, B. skutariensis, B. skutariensis f. geographica and B. subtumida are designated, and the presumed holotypes of B. incrustans, B. sardiniensis, B. tergestina, B. trifracta and Diplotomma epipolium var. reagens are corrected to lectotypes. Further, the typification of B. stillingiana is reassessed. Amandinea skottsbergii (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Şenkard. and B. flavescens (J. Steiner) Şenkard. are proposed as new combinations. It is argued that the varieties Buellia alboatra var. epipolioides, B. procellarum var. continuior, B. subdisciformis f. compacta (=B. skutariensis f. compacta) and B. subdisciformis f. geographica (=B. skutariensis f. geographica) should no longer be recognized but regarded as synonyms of these species. Buellia leptina is regarded as a synonym of Diploicia subcanescens and B. subtumida is reduced to being a synonym of B. dispersa. Finally, new locations are provided for B. flavescens from Italy and B. sardiniensis from France.
Comparative analysis of the diet, growth and reproduction of the soles, Solea solea and Solea senegalensis, occurring in sympatry along the Portuguese coast
Authors: Teixeira Célia M. , Cabral Henrique N.
Published: June 2010

Common sole, Solea solea and Senegalese sole, S. senegalensis, were collected between January 2003 and June 2005 from commercial fishing vessels operating with gill-nets and bottom trawls along the Portuguese coast, to examine diet, age and growth and reproduction. Soles fed mainly on crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves. Feeding activity was highest in summer, for males and for the largest individuals. Significant differences were found between the proportion of prey items according to season, sex and size-class. Common sole presented a wider dietary breadth compared to Senegalese sole. Dietary overlap between the two species was higher for the winter period and for females. Age of soles was determined from sagittae otoliths readings. The length of fish analysed varied between 187 mm and 462 mm (oldest fish 9 years), for S. solea, and between 199 mm and 472 mm (oldest fish 8 years), for S. senegalensis. The von Bertalanffy growth equation coefficients differed between sexes. For both species, the asymptotic length L∞ and growth coefficient k obtained for females were higher compared to those estimated for males. The highest values of the gonadosomatic index were obtained for the winter period, when the highest proportion of individuals at spawning stage was recorded.
Generalisation and Phronesis: Rethinking the Methodology of Social Policy
Authors: SPICKER PAUL
Published: June 2010

Social policy research often depends on the application of generalisations from social science. Questions like ‘what works?’ assume that general principles can be translated from specific examples into other contexts. Pawson and Tilley argue that effective policy research has to depend on the idea of a ‘generative mechanism’, or relationships of cause and effect. Explaining issues in terms of causes, however, is problematic. Social phenomena tend to be multifaceted, and even relatively simple phenomena are likely to be influenced by a range of different factors; causal analyses have to be developed by interpretation, and the analyses are frequently wrong. Causal explanations often claim to do more than they can deliver: even if there is a convincing causal explanation, it does not necessarily imply any prescription for policy. There are ways of generalising, however, that do not depend on causal analysis. Phronesis develops principles experientially, setting them against empirical evidence, and it does not need to consider underlying mechanisms to be effective. Phronesis provides the basis for a critique of technocratic approaches, a rationale for action and a focus for the development of alternative methods and approaches. A dependence on phronesis cannot avoid all of the pitfalls associated with generalisation, but it is more flexible, and less presumptuous, than a causal approach.
Adaptive trajectory tracking control of a differential drive wheeled mobile robot
Authors: Shojaei Khoshnam , Shahri Alireza Mohammad , Tarakameh Ahmadreza , Tabibian Behzad
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an adaptive trajectory tracking controller for a non-holonomic wheeled mobile robot (WMR) in the presence of parametric uncertainty in the kinematic and dynamic models of the WMR and actuator dynamics. The adaptive non-linear control law is designed based on input–output feedback linearization technique to get asymptotically exact cancellation for the uncertainty in the given system parameters. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, a non-adaptive controller is compared with the adaptive controller via computer simulation results. The results show satisfactory trajectory tracking performance by virtue of SPR-Lyapunov design approach. In order to verify the simulation results, a set of experiments have been carried out on a commercial mobile robot. The experimental results also show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
The cl-core of an ideal
Authors: FOULI LOUIZA , VASSILEV JANET C.
Published: June 2010

We expand the notion of core to cl-core for Nakayama closures cl. In the characteristic p > 0 setting, when cl is the tight closure, denoted by *, we give some examples of ideals when the core and the *-core differ. We note that *-core(I) = core(I), if I is an ideal in a one-dimensional domain with infinite residue field or if I is an ideal generated by a system of parameters in any Noetherian ring. More generally, we show the same result in a Cohen–Macaulay normal local domain with infinite perfect residue field, if the analytic spread, ℓ, is equal to the *-spread and I is Gℓ and weakly-(ℓ − 1)-residually S2. This last is dependent on our result that generalizes the notion of general minimal reductions to general minimal *-reductions. We also determine that the *-core of a tightly closed ideal in certain one-dimensional semigroup rings is tightly closed and therefore integrally closed.
On the stability of the set of hyperbolic closed orbits of a Hamiltonian
Authors: BESSA MÁRIO , FERREIRA CÉLIA , ROCHA JORGE
Published: June 2010

LetHbe a Hamiltonian,e∈H(M) ⊂ ℝ andƐH, ea connected component ofH−1({e}) without singularities. A Hamiltonian system, say a triple (H,e,ƐH, e), is Anosov ifƐH, eis uniformly hyperbolic. The Hamiltonian system (H,e,ƐH, e) is aHamiltonian star systemif all the closed orbits ofƐH, eare hyperbolic and the same holds for a connected component of−1({ẽ}), close toƐH, e, for any Hamiltonian, in someC2-neighbourhood ofH, and ẽ in some neighbourhood ofe.

In this paper we show that a Hamiltonian star system, defined on a four-dimensional symplectic manifold, is Anosov. We also prove the stability conjecture for Hamiltonian systems on a four-dimensional symplectic manifold. Moreover, we prove the openness and the structural stability of Anosov Hamiltonian systems defined on a 2d-dimensional manifold,d≥ 2.
Stable splittings, spaces of representations and almost commuting elements in Lie groups
Authors: ADEM ALEJANDRO , COHEN FREDERICK R. , GÓMEZ JOSÉ MANUEL
Published: June 2010

In this paper the space of almost commuting elements in a Lie group is studied through a homotopical point of view. In particular a stable splitting after one suspension is derived for these spaces and their quotients under conjugation. A complete description for the stable factors appearing in this splitting is provided for compact connected Lie groups of rank one. By using symmetric products, the colimits Rep(ℤn, SU), Rep(ℤn, U) and Rep(ℤn, Sp) are explicitly described as finite products of Eilenberg–MacLane spaces.
Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation
Authors: FERSE SEBASTIAN C.A. , MÁÑEZ COSTA MARÍA , MÁÑEZ KATHLEEN SCHWERDTNER , ADHURI DEDI S. , GLASER MARION
Published: June 2010

Various management approaches have been proposed to address the alarming depletion of marine coastal resources. Prominent among them are community-based management and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). The overall poor performance of MPAs can be traced to a failure to effectively include local communities in the design and implementation of relevant measures. Recent efforts have incorporated aspects of community-based management into a hybrid form of management, which ideally builds upon existing local management practices. A key challenge lies in the development of appropriate frameworks that allow for the successful participation of local communities in management. A review of studies on MPA design and community-based marine resource management and fieldwork observations provides suggestions on how to address current socioeconomic shortcomings in MPA design and implementation, successfully involving local communities in order to provide a better local basis for effective larger MPA networks. A combination of MPA tools as the formal frame and community-based natural resource management as the adaptive core that recognizes local communities as allies, not aliens, is needed to develop successful conservation approaches.
A microstructural imprint of melt impregnation in slow spreading lithosphere: Olivine‐rich troctolites from the Atlantis Massif, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 30°N, IODP Hole U1309D
Authors: Drouin Marion , Ildefonse Benoit , Godard Marguerite
Published: June 2010

The 1415 m deep IODP Hole U1309D (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 30°N) is the second deepest hole drilled into slow spreading oceanic lithosphere. The recovered section comprises essentially gabbroic rocks, with a large range of compositions. The most primitive end‐members of the gabbroic sequence, herein referred to as olivine‐rich troctolites (ol > ∼70%), have textures and geochemical compositions intermediate between that of mantle peridotites and primitive cumulates, indicative of melt impregnation processes. We carried out a detailed microstructural study to further characterize the petrogenetic processes leading to their formation, as well as discuss their mode of emplacement and relationship with neighboring mantle lithosphere. In olivine‐rich troctolites, olivines range from coarse‐grained subhedral crystals, commonly containing well‐developed subgrains, to medium‐grained rounded crystals with fewer or no substructures. They are embedded in large, undeformed pyroxene and plagioclase poikiloblasts. Olivine substructures reveal dislocation creep that is consistent with activation of the main high‐temperature slip systems, dominantly (010)[100]. Olivine crystallographic preferred orientation is very weak but generally shows a relatively stronger, uncommon [001] concentration. These unusual olivine fabrics are interpreted as resulting from melt impregnation of a previously deformed olivine matrix: the solid olivine framework is disrupted by olivine corrosion along grain and subgrain boundaries, and the high‐temperature plastic fabric is modified in a liquid‐dominated regime. Based on mineral composition and fabrics and in comparison with what is observed in impregnated mantle rocks elsewhere, we posit that olivine represents relicts of mantle peridotites disaggregated by large melt influx, although the mantle origin of olivine is not unequivocally demonstrated yet. Whatever the initial lithology, impregnation by large volumes of melt has strongly modified the original composition and microstructure. If the mantle origin hypothesis is correct, the original olivine fabric could have been efficiently weakened by dunitization prior to disruption of the olivine framework by melt impregnation. Incorporation, at the base of the lithosphere, of small slivers of impregnated dunite into gabbroic sections, trapped between successive igneous units, may be a common mechanism of lower crustal accretion at slow spreading ridges. Extensive melt‐rock interaction processes are expected to contribute significantly to the final chemical composition of erupted lavas.