bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opting Back In: The Influence of Time at Home on Professional Women's Career Redirection after Opting Out
Authors: Lovejoy Meg , Stone Pamela
Published: January 2011

Limited research on professional women's labour force re‐entry after a career break (so‐called ‘opting out’) finds that women redirect away from former careers. Little is known about why this occurs. Our study, based on in‐depth interviews with 54 at‐home mothers, extends prior research to address this question. We find that among women who intended to return to work (who constitute the majority), most planned to pursue alternative careers, typically in traditionally female‐dominated professions or were uncertain about their career direction; few planned to return to their former employers. The reasons for this redirection were women's negative experiences in family inflexible occupations, skill depreciation and perceived age discrimination. Equally or more important, however, was their adaptation to new constraints and opportunities at home (such as increased involvement in mothering and community work), which engendered an aspirational shift towards new, care‐oriented professions that were lower paid and had lower status. We discuss the policy implications of these findings.
Taxation, developmental state capacity and poverty reduction
Authors: Di John Jonathan
Published: January 2011

Di John J. Taxation, developmental state capacity and poverty reduction

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 270–279 © 2011 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

This article argues that policy instruments in taxation are likely to be more effective when one views taxation not only in terms of administrative capacity, but also when tax is viewed in wider developmental processes. Much of the literature and policy on taxation explores how to improve taxation in terms of administrative capacity without examining what policies are needed to improve the incentives of taxpayers to comply. The article provides examples of how tax reform can be more usefully employed when linked to explicit production strategies. It also argues that the success of improved tax collection needs to be assessed, not simply in terms of revenue increases, but also how these increases affect distributional outcomes and political stability.
Labour market policies, poverty and insecurity
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: January 2011

Standing G. Labour market policies, poverty and insecurity

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 260–269 © 2011 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

The article sets out to evaluate the performance of the conventional labour market and social policies in the era of globalised labour markets in terms of poverty alleviation, equality and security. To this end, it develops a framework based on three key policy evaluation principles, centred on the normative notion of social justice, whereby the expansion of full freedom requires basic economic security for all. After summarising main labour market trends, the article proceeds by analysing conventional labour market policies, targeted labour schemes, regulatory interventions and cash transfers as labour market policy.
Welfarism and the multidimensionality of welfare state legitimacy: Evidence from The Netherlands, 2006
Authors: van Oorschot Wim , Meuleman Bart
Published: January 2011

Oorschot W van, Meuleman B. Welfarism and the multidimensionality of welfare state legitimacy: evidence from The Netherlands, 2006

Is it possible that citizens who support a substantial role for government in the provision of welfare are, at the same time, critical about specific aspects of such provision? Based on confirmatory factor analyses, and using a 2006 Dutch survey, this study shows that welfare state legitimacy is indeed multidimensional, i.e. that opinions tend to cluster together in several dimensions referring to various aspects of the welfare state. There is partial evidence for the existence of a single, underlying welfarism dimension which consists basically of views regarding the range of governmental responsibility, as well as of the idea that these governmental provisions do not have unfavourable repercussions in economic or moral spheres. However, the separate dimensions cannot be reduced entirely to this overall welfarism dimension. This is illustrated by the finding that the various attitude dimensions are affected differently by socio‐structural position and ideological dispositions.
Associative dreaming: reverie and active imagination
Authors: Cwik August J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The idea of countertransference has expanded beyond its original meaning of a neurotic reaction to include all reactions of the therapist: affective, bodily, and imaginal. Additionally, Jung's fundamental insight in ‘The psychology of the transference’ was that a ‘third thing’ is created in the analysis, but he failed to demonstrate how this third is experienced and utilized in analysis. This ‘analytic third’, as Ogden names it, is co‐created by analyst and analysand in depth work and becomes the object of analysis. Reverie, as developed by Bion and clinically utilized by Ogden, provides a means of access to the unconscious nature of this third. Reverie will be placed on a continuum of contents of mind, ranging from indirect to direct associative forms described as associative dreaming. Active imagination, as developed by Jung, provides the paradigm for a mode of interaction with these contents within the analytic encounter itself. Whether the analyst speaks from or about these contents depends on the capacity of the patient to dream. Classical amplification can be understood as an instance of speaking about inner contents. As the ego of the analyst, the conscious component, relates to unconscious contents emerging from the analytic third, micro‐activations of the transcendent function constellate creating an analytic compass.
Psychosomatic disorders: the canalization of mind into matter
Authors: Kradin Richard L.
Published: January 2011

Abstract: Psychosomatic disorders represent a therapeutic conundrum. Despite compelling evidence to suggest the integrity of mind and body, humans are famously prone to experiencing them as separate. This paper explores the scientific challenges posed by psychosomatic disorders and how changing cultural notions contribute to their perplexing presentations. Excerpts of cases from patients with chronic pelvic pain, chronic fatigue, and a factitious disorder are presented as examples of the challenges that these patients pose in analysis. An explanatory model of mind/body interaction based on early maternal‐infant interactions and theplacebo response complex is proposed as the basis for how psychosomatic pathologies may develop. Finally, therapeutic approaches to the psychological treatment of patients with psychosomatic issues are considered.
Winnicott on Jung: destruction, creativity and the unrepressed unconscious
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  This paper considers Winnicott's critique of Jung, principally expressed in his review of Memories, Dreams, Reflections, which asserts that Jung's creative contribution to analysis was constrained by his failure to integrate his ‘primitive destructive impulses’, subsequent to inadequate early containment. It is argued that although Winnicott's diagnosis illuminates Jung's shadow, particularly his constraints vis‐à‐vis the repressed Freudian unconscious, it fails to appreciate the efficacy of the compensatory containment Jung found in the collective unconscious.

This enigmatic relationship between destruction and creativity—so central to late Winnicott—is illuminated by Matte Blanco's bi‐logic, and further explored in relation to William Blake. Winnicott's personal resolution through his Jung‐inspired ‘splitting headache’ dream of destruction—previously considered in this Journal by Morey (2005) and Sedgwick (2008)—is given particular attention.
Empirical study of Kanji as archetypal images: understanding the collective unconscious as part of the Japanese language
Authors: Sotirova‐Kohli Milena , Rosen David H. , Smith Steven M. , Henderson Patti , Taki‐Reece Sachiko
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Chinese characters originated as a semiotic system independent from spoken language and in the Japanese language they function non‐phonetically with speakers exhibiting right‐hemispheric advantage in their processing. We tested the hypothesis that Chinese characters are archetypal images and therefore part of our collective unconscious memory.

Our study builds on the first empirical study of archetypal memory of Rosen et al. (1991) which demonstrated that archetypal symbols presented matched with their correct meaning were better learned and recalled. In a series of three experiments we used 40 Chinese characters instead of the archetypal symbols used by Rosen, et al. (1991). The results provided empirical evidence that Chinese characters matched with their correct meaning were significantly better recalled than the ones that were mismatched. Thus, we demonstrated that there appears to be unconscious knowledge of the meaning of the Chinese characters which was triggered as a result of priming when the characters were correctly matched with their meaning. On this basis, we suggest that Chinese characters exhibit the same cognitive qualities as archetypal symbols. Thus, in the Japanese language an archetypal image is integrated non‐phonetically into the system of language and signifies the concept independent from the phonetic signifier and is equal to it.
HIF‐1 modulates longevity and healthspan in a temperature‐dependent manner
Authors: Leiser Scott F. , Begun Anisoara , Kaeberlein Matt
Published: January 2011

The hypoxia‐inducible factor HIF‐1 has recently been identified as an important modifier of longevity in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Studies have reported that HIF‐1 can function as both a positive and negative regulator of life span, and several disparate models have been proposed for the role of HIF in aging. Here, we resolve many of the apparent discrepancies between these studies. We find that stabilization of HIF‐1 increases life span robustly under all conditions tested; however, deletion of hif‐1 increases life span in a temperature‐dependent manner. Animals lacking HIF‐1 are long lived at 25°C but not at 15°C. We further report that deletion or RNAi knockdown of hif‐1 impairs healthspan at lower temperatures because of an age‐dependent loss of vulval integrity. Deletion of hif‐1 extends life span modestly at 20°C when animals displaying the vulval integrity defect are censored from the experimental data, but fails to extend life span if these animals are included. Knockdown of hif‐1 results in nuclear relocalization of the FOXO transcription factor DAF‐16, and DAF‐16 is required for life span extension from deletion of hif‐1 at all temperatures regardless of censoring.
Cretaceous diplodocids in Asia? Re‐evaluating the phylogenetic affinities of a fragmentary specimen
Authors: WHITLOCK JOHN A. , D’EMIC MICHAEL D. , WILSON JEFFREY A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract: The recent description of an anterior caudal vertebra purportedly belonging to a diplodocid sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of China has the potential to drastically alter our interpretation of the evolution and timing of geographical dispersal of a major dinosaur lineage. However, comparison with a wider taxonomic sample points more strongly towards titanosauriform affinities for this specimen, which is in keeping with the affinities of all other sauropods known from the Cretaceous of Asia. We explain the disparity in phylogenetic interpretation of this isolated vertebra as a by‐product of scoring differences and analysis of fragmentary material using repurposed data matrices. Rescoring the isolated vertebra based on our interpretation of the anatomy and rerunning the original analyses removes the specimen from Diplodocoidea but does not place it within Titanosauriformes, because of inadequacy in taxon and character sampling inherited from the repurposed data matrices. We suggest that phylogenetic analysis must begin with an initial hypothesis of affinity, based on comparative anatomy and spatiotemporal distributions, that must be adequately tested by the data matrix employed – i.e. data matrices should be tailored to sample anatomically, geographically and temporally relevant clades, and new characters should be added in tandem with new taxa so that the potential synapomorphy pool is not diluted. This is especially important for analyses of fragmentary specimens, which are likely to return coarse phylogenetic results with general evolutionary and palaeobiogeographical implications.
Hair shaft abnormalities in alopecia areata evaluated by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Garcia Bartels Natalie , Jahnke Irina , Patzelt Alexa , Richter Heike , Lademann Jürgen , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is able to provide highly reproducible measurements of hair shaft thickness, including hair shaft diameter, cross‐sectional surface area and hair shape, similar to histology but in vivo. Variations in the caliber of hair shafts have been described in patchy hair loss like alopecia areata (AA) using electron microscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether OCT is useful for the evaluation of hair shaft abnormalities in AA.

Methods: The measurements were performed on patients with AA (n=9), aged 2–66 years. Fifty hairs from the border of an alopecic area and 50 hairs from an unaffected area without hair loss were examined using the OCT technique. The hair parameters were characterized by the cross‐section (CS) and the form factor. The ratio of the maximal and minimal diameters of the hair at a fixed measuring distance from the scalp surface determined the form factor (dmax/dmin).

Results: In all cases, the CS of hairs from an AA patch was significantly lower compared with hairs of an unaffected area. However, the form factor did not indicate any disturbances in hair growth.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate that structural abnormalities of hair shafts are found in active lesions of AA, but not in clinically unaffected hairs. The OCT technique is a promising method to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of AA in a non‐invasive way.
Periodontal health status in the elderly with different levels of education: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Siukosaari Päivi , Ajwani Shilpi , Ainamo Anja , Wolf Juhani , Närhi Timo
Published: January 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00437.x

Periodontal health status in the elderly with different levels of education: a 5‐year follow‐up study

Objective:  To assess the association between the periodontal health status and level of education over a 5‐year period among the elderly aged 75 years and older.

Background:  Oral health among the higher educated is known to be better than among the less‐well educated. On the other hand, the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease has been found to grow with increasing age.

Methods:  The participants were derived from a population‐based Helsinki Aging Study, a random sample of 76‐, 81‐ and 86‐year‐old elderly. The 170 dentate elderly who underwent clinical oral examinations at baseline and 71 who participated in the follow‐up were included in this study. The data was collected from intraoral and radiological examinations and from a structured questionnaire.

Results:  Subjects with a higher level of education had more retained teeth than subjects with a lower level of education. According to CPITN index, better‐educated participants had more healthy sextants, but they also had more sextants with periodontal pockets. Radiographic examination showed similar results.

Conclusion:  Level of education has a clear effect on the periodontal health status in the elderly. More treatment need seems to polarise into those elderly who are better educated as they retain more teeth into old age.
Parents' satisfaction concerning their child's hospital care
Authors: MATZIOU Vasiliki , BOUTOPOULOU Barbara , CHRYSOSTOMOU Anthi , VLACHIOTI Efrosini , MANTZIOU Theodora , PETSIOS Konstantinos
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To explore parents' satisfaction concerning their child's care during hospitalization and its determinants.

Methods:  A descriptive, non‐experimental correlational design was used. The data collection was based on interviews using a 63 item questionnaire, the Swedish Pyramid Questionnaire. The parents of 206 children (hospitalized in two pediatric and two surgical units) participated in the study.

Results:  The independent t‐test results demonstrated that the parents showed greater satisfaction with staff attitudes and medical treatment, whereas they were less satisfied with the information concerning routines and the staff work environment. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that adequacy of care, adequate pain management, parents' involvement in care, a trusting relationship, and staff attitudes were the most important determinants of parental satisfaction.

Conclusion:  Interventions in pediatric care should include measurements of parental and child satisfaction as a tool to assess the quality of care.
Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS) in 45 Dutch Caucasian Males: Clinical Characteristics and Evidence for an Immunogenic Pathogenesis (Part 1)
Authors: Waldinger Marcel D. , Meinardi Marcus M.H.M. , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Schweitzer Dave H.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a combination of local allergic symptoms and transient flu-like illness. In this study, the investigators propose five preliminary criteria to establish the diagnosis.

Aim

To describe the clinical details in 45 males being suspected of having POIS and to test an immunogenic hypothesis as the underlying mechanism of their presentations.

Methods

Forty-five males were studied according to standardized protocol, including neuropsychiatric and medical sexological evaluations; their complaints were categorized using their own words, and their self-perceived intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT). Skin-prick testing with autologous diluted semen in 33 men were also performed.

Main Outcome Measures

Clinical features of POIS including self-perceived IELTs and the results of skin-prick testing with autologous diluted seminal fluid.

Results

Of the 45 included men, 33 subjects consented with skin-prick testing. Of them, 29 (88%) men had a positive skin-prick test with their own (autologous) semen, and four had a negative test. In 87% of men, POIS symptoms started within 30 minutes after ejaculation. Complaints of POIS were categorized in seven clusters of symptoms, e.g., general, flu-like, head, eyes, nose, throat, and muscles. Local allergic reactions of eyes and nose were reported in 44% and 33% of subjects, a flu-like syndrome in 78% of subjects, exhaustion and concentration difficulties in 80% and 87% of subjects. Of all subjects, 58% had an atopic constitution. Lifelong premature ejaculation, defined as self-perceived IELT <1 minute, was reported in 25 (56%) of subjects.

Conclusions

The combination of allergic and systemic flu-like reactions post-ejaculation together with a positive skin-prick test in the majority of males underscores the hypothesis of an “immunogenic” etiology of POIS, e.g., that POIS is caused by Type-1 and Type-IV allergy to the males’ own semen, as soon it is triggered by ejaculation.
The record of cavity-dwelling (coelobiontic) organisms in the Paleozoic
Authors: Kobluk David R.
Published: January 2011

In modern marine environments coelobiontic (cavity-dwelling) organisms are ubiquitous and abundant. However, little is known of modern coelobionts and even less of their geologic history.The oldest known coelobionts are found in archaeocyathid patch reef cavities from the Lower Cambrian of Nevada and Labrador, where the cavity communities are dominated by algae; foraminifera, brachiopods, pelmatazoans, sponges, archaeocyathids, Bija, Archaeotrypa, and an infauna of burrowers in cavity sediments are accessories in upper Lower Cambrian cavities from the Forteau Formation of Labrador. Earlier cavities in patch reefs from the Poleta Formation of Nevada are much less diverse and are dominated by algae and an infauna of burrowers.From the Lower Cambrian to the present day the history of coelobionts has not been one of major innovation but rather has been conservative. Even as far back as the early Cambrian, coelobiontic communities were similar to their modern counterparts if viewed in terms of community organization and trophic structure.Dans les milieux marins modernes, les organismes coelobiontiques (habitant les cavités) se retrouvent partout et en abondance. Toutefois, on connaît peu de choses sur les coelobiontes modernes et encore moins sur leur histoire géologique.
Metamorphism of the Thompson nickel belt gneisses: Paint Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Russell J. K.
Published: January 2011

Gneisses mapped in the Thompson nickel belt are the product of a Hudsonian metamorphic (M3) overprinting of an Archean granulite terrain. Pikwitonei region granulites may be partially preserved in amphibolite facies migmatite gneisses of the Thompson nickel belt. Temperatures attending the earlier Archean (M2) metamorphic event have been estimated to be 910 ± 70 °C. More detailed work on the younger overprinting suggests that the metamorphic conditions were relatively constant during the M3 metamorphism. Estimated temperature and pressure during the Hudsonian metamorphism are 650 ± 50 °C and 4–5 kbar (4–5 × 105 kPa), respectively.Although total pressure may have been constant, calculated values for [Formula: see text] during the retrograde overprinting indicate a variability due to lithologic control. This variability in [Formula: see text] is shown to be a controlling factor in the development of hydrous retrograde mineral assemblages. Metapelitic gneisses are characterized by [Formula: see text] values of 0.05Ptotal, which may explain the absence of muscovite as a stable M3 mineral phase. Enderbitic gneisses exhibit higher values of [Formula: see text] (0.25Ptotal) due to the emplacement of syn-M3 pegmatite dykes producing a more hydrous stable M3 mineral assemblage.
Heat flow in the Garibaldi volcanic belt, a possible Canadian geothermal energy resource area
Authors: Lewis J. F. , Jessop Alan M.
Published: January 2011

The geothermal heat flow has been determined in four boreholes drilled within the area of the Garibaldi volcanic belt of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The program was designed to investigate a suspected geothermal reservoir and the surrounding area as part of a continuing program of the Canadian Federal Government to assess the geothermal energy potential in western Canada.The measurements, after application of corrections for sediment diffraction, topography, Pleistocene thermal history, and uplift and erosion, fall into two distinct catagories. Three of the measurements, at distances greater than 10 km from Mt. Meager, have a mean of 79 mW m−2 with a standard deviation of 10 mW m−2, and the single measurement near Mt. Meager indicates a heat flux of 132 mW m−2. All these measurements are suspect to a certain degree because of groundwater movement at and around the measurement sites. The three distant observations are similar to others in the Cordilleran thermal zone, whereas the result at Mt. Meager appears to be anomalous. This pattern suggests that near the Mt. Meager area heat is being transported by means other than simple thermal conduction, consistent with other studies that indicate the presence of a geothermal reservoir of unknown size.
Wave-tilt characteristics of TE-mode waves
Authors: Singh Ramesh P. , Lal Tarkeshwar
Published: January 2011

The dependence of TE-mode wave-tilt on frequency and altitude of measurement, and the resistivity and dielectric constants of the ground have been investigated. Computational results showing the influence of these parameters on the amplitude and phase of the wave-tilt over a homogeneous half-space earth model have been presented. In contrast to TM-mode waves, the wave-tilt effects for TE-mode are stronger in the lower frequency region. In the lower frequency range, the amplitude decreases with the increase in resistivity of the ground, whereas it increases for an increase in dielectric constant value. When the displacement currents are ignored, the magnitude of amplitude of wave-tilt is reduced considerably. The altitude of measurement has minimal effect on the amplitude, but the phase changes appreciably in some cases.
Petrology of the Gillis Mountain pluton, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Barr S. M. , O'Beirne A. M.
Published: January 2011

The Gillis Mountain pluton is a small composite granitoid intrusion in southeastern Cape Breton Island. It is one of the few plutons of known Devonian age in Cape Breton Island and is particularly significant because of the presence of Cu–Mo mineralization with porphyry affinities. The pluton consists of three main phases (quartz monzodiorite, porphyritic granite, and fine-grained granite) with minor late dykes of granite, granitic porphyry, and aplite. These phases probably represent a differentiation sequence from an 'I-type' parent magma of calc-alkalic affinity. All phases have been affected by phyllic and possibly potassic alteration, presumably related to the mineralization processes. However, this hydrothermal activity appears to be little reflected in the bulk chemistry of the pluton, except possibly in increased barium content and large standard deviations in the metallic elements and sulphur.
Silurian Archaeoscyphia from the Canadian Arctic: a case for simplified generic taxonomy in the anthaspidellid lithistids (Porifera)
Authors: Freitas Tim A. de
Published: January 2011

Abundant anthaspidellid orchoclad lithistids occur in thin biostromes of Wenlockian age of the Canadian Arctic. The sponges are well preserved, and many have similar internal architecture. Synonymization of Calycocoelia Bassler, 1927, Rhopalocoelia Raymond and Okulitch, 1940, Somersetella Rigby and Dixon, 1979, and Steliella Hinde, 1889 under the genus Archaeoscyphia Hinde, 1889 is necessary in light of continuous morphological variation of the more than 100 specimens in the study collection. Synonymization takes into consideration various features formerly used to define the five taxa, including parietal width, canal diameter, annulation, presence of monaxons in trabs, dermalia, position of the trab-pinnation surface, spicule dimension, and canal disposition. Several features previously thought to be distinctive generically are shown to be species significant or to be a result of variation within a single species or specimen.
The Cypress Hills Formation (Upper Eocene to Miocene): a semi-arid braidplain deposit resulting from intrusive uplift
Authors: Leckie D. A. , Cheel R. J.
Published: January 2011

The Upper Eocene – Miocene Cypress Hills Formation of the Cypress Hills plateau, in southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, is interpreted as a braidplain deposit. The regional paleoslope dipped to the northeast, and the east–west distribution of outcrop exposes facies representing lateral variation across the slope of the braidplain. Overall, the average clast size of the deposits decreases from west to east, with western area sediments dominated by boulder-sized gravels deposited on longitudinal bars. The eastern outcrop area contains deposits of braided channels cut into and interbedded with finer interchannel material including lacustrine marlstones, silcretes, and debris-flow deposits, the latter commonly containing abundant fossils.The gravels of the Cypress Hills Formation are multicyclic; they were originally derived from the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains during Laramide orogenesis and later shed farther into the basin during rebound due to unloading of the Laramide thrusts by erosion. Most recent transport resulted from uplift by intrusive activity of the Sweetgrass Hills, the Bearpaw Mountains, and the Highwood Mountains in northern Montana. Transport from the uplifted source areas was largely restricted to valley-confined rivers with the braidplains beginning beyond the valley termini. The lateral extent of the gravel braidplain was limited by the position of valleys and resulted in the observed variation in facies. Climate, as indicated by the sedimentology, faunal assemblages, silcretes, and palynology, was semi-arid with seasonal rainfall.
Fission-track evidence for Cenozoic uplift of the Nelson batholith, southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Sweetkind Donald S. , Duncan Ian J.
Published: January 2011

Apatite and zircon fission-track data from the Nelson batholith in southeastern British Columbia reveal that a significant amount of uplift has occurred since Paleocene time, including an episode of rapid uplift during Eocene time. Age versus elevation curves for apatite and zircon, combined with a calculated present depth to the 105 °C apatite-annealing isotherm, suggest that some 6 km of apparent uplift has occurred in the vicinity of the Nelson batholith since Paleocene time. A period of rapid cooling and uplift occurred from 59 to 45 Ma, when the bounding faults of the adjacent Valhalla gneiss dome, the Valkyr shear zone, and the Slocan Lake fault zone were active. The rapid uplift is interpreted as being related to Eocene extension and the rise of the adjacent Valhalla gneiss dome during Eocene time.
Contemporary Squamish River sediment flux to Howe Sound, British Columbia
Authors: Hickin Edward J.
Published: January 2011

Squamish River drains 3600 km2 in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia to Howe Sound at Squamish, some 50 km north of Vancouver. This study uses differencing of digitized bathymetric surfaces based on the Canadian Hydrographic Services surveys of 1930, 1973, and 1984 at the head of Howe Sound to yield a long-term sedimentation rate for Squamish River delta. The sediment flux from Squamish River to Howe Sound is determined to be 1.29 × 106 m3 a−1 or 1.81 × 109 kg a−1, rates consistent with loads calculated from flow and sediment-concentration regimes measured in the estuary in 1973 – 1975 and 1987 – 1988. The latter data indicate that the modal discharge-effectiveness class is 600 – 700 m3 s−1, moving 13% of the annual suspended-sediment load. Discharges up to 1400 m3 s−1 constitute 99.8% of all flows and are responsible for transporting 81.5% of the annual load. A very significant 18.5% of the load is moved by large-magnitude floods (> 1400 m3 s−1), which occur less than 0.2% of the time.Squamish Delta is prograding downfjord at an average rate of 3.86 m a−1 although local extensions of the delta front in a given year may approach 20 m. Some of the geomorphic implications of extrapolating these contemporary rates of fjord infilling over the Holocene are discussed briefly.
Structural petrology along a transect across the Thompson Belt, Manitoba: dip slip at the western Churchill–Superior boundary
Authors: Fueten Frank , Robin Pierre-Yves F.
Published: January 2011

Early Proterozoic rocks and Archean gneisses of the Thompson Belt, east of the Churchill Province – Superior Province boundary, record the history of the Hudsonian Orogeny in this area. A structural study has been undertaken along a 45 km long corridor cutting across the width of the belt.Three blocks are defined along this transect, each characterized by a specific structural style and metamorphic history, Foliation and lineation data and the analysis of kinematic indicators from these blocks show that (i) the Thompson Belt has been an area of predominantly dip-slip movement for its recognizable ductile deformation history; (ii) the sense of shear for most of that history corresponds to the Superior side moving up with respect to the Churchill side; (iii) the shearing emplaced rocks of progressively higher metamorphic grade towards the southeast, away from the Churchill–Superior boundary; and (iv) there appears to have been a period of movement at the later stages of the Hudsonian Orogeny during which the sense of movement was Churchill side up.Structural and metamorphic data support a tectonic model in which the Superior Province has been thrust over the Churchill Province, with a convergence direction approximately perpendicular to the Thompson Belt.
Paragenesis of veins of the Duck Pond tin prospect, Meguma Group, East Kemptville, Nova Scotia
Authors: Pitre Christian V. , Richardson Jean M.
Published: January 2011

The Duck Pond tin prospect is a vein- and strata-bound cassiterite prospect that is located 2 km west of the East Kemptville open-pit tin mine in southwestern Nova Scotia. The host rocks of the Duck Pond prospect are interbedded metawacke and meta-argillite that belong to the transition unit of the Meguma Group. These rocks contain quartz, sericite, chlorite, hematite, rutile, manganese oxides, feldspar, and porphyroblastic garnet, but not detrital cassiterite. The prospect is structurally controlled and contains several cross-cutting vein sets that have alkalic, chloritic, or argillic alteration assemblages. Muscovite is the main indicator mineral for alkalic alteration and occurs in veins that contain anorthoclase or quartz. Cassiterite is associated with chloritic alteration and occurs as subhedral to euhedral grains, acicular needles, and colloform layers in veins in meta-argillite and as strata-bound disseminations in metawacke. Most cassiterite precipitated under externally buffered conditions with respect to oxygen. Fe, Cu, Zn, and As sulphide minerals and quartz were deposited during argillic alteration. Late-stage processes such as recrystallization, sulphidation, and oxidation also occurred. Chalcopyrite is replaced by bornite and covellite; pyrite is replaced by marcasite.Unlike the F-rich East Kemptville deposit, fluorine-rich and tin-sulphide minerals are not present in the Duck Pond prospect. Trace tourmaline, absent at East Kemptville, is found at Duck Pond. However, the source of tin-mineralizing fluids at Duck Pond and East Kemptville was likely the granitic magma of the Davis Lake complex, which also hosts the East Kemptville deposit. From the mineral assemblages and textural relationships, it appears that as the temperature dropped from 425–405 °C to less than 200 °C at Duck Pond, the pH dropped from 5.2 to no lower than 3. Log [Formula: see text] dropped from at least −19 to −43. Log [Formula: see text] rose from < −15 to > −10. Cassiterite precipitated at the higher ends of the temperature and pH ranges and the lower end of the log [Formula: see text] range.
Rb–Sr age and geochemical distinctions between the Carboniferous tin-bearing Davis Lake complex and the Devonian South Mountain batholith, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia
Authors: Richardson Jean M. , Bell Keith , Blenkinsop John , Watkinson David H.
Published: January 2011

The Davis Lake complex (DLC), composed of biotite monzogranite, leucomonzogranite, and cassiterite–topaz greisen, hosts the East Kemptville tin mine in southwestern Nova Scotia. The DLC monzogranite contains glomeroporphyritic biotite with ilmenite and many rare-earth-element (REE) bearing accessory minerals, zircon-bearing quartz phenocrysts, and xenoliths of biotite granite. Primary muscovite is rare. Major- and trace-element geochemical trends indicate well-defined, but limited, magmatic differentiation trends. REE patterns of the least-evolved granites are flat and show a Ce/Yb ratio of 10.The DLC was previously considered cogenetic with the Devonian South Mountain batholith (SMB) on the basis of its location, lithologies, and similarities in major- and trace-element geochemistry. However, new Rb–Sr whole-rock isotopic data indicate an Rb–Sr date of 330 ± 7 Ma (mean square of weighted deviates (MSWD) = 2.8) for the DLC, implying that it is at least 35 Ma younger than the SMB. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.727 ± 0.004 is significantly higher than those for other Meguma Terrane granites and is the highest yet reported from Appalachian granitoid rocks. Rb–Sr data from biotite indicate open-system behaviour between 260 and 240 Ma and provide more evidence for previously documented tectonothermal events after 300 Ma in the Meguma Terrane.The peraluminous nature of the DLC, its high Rb/Sr and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios, high P, F, and Sn contents, low Ca and B contents, and high differentiation indices indicate that the complex was derived from a highly evolved felsic source. Geochemical distinctions indicate that the DLC is neither derived from nor cogenetic with the SMB. A more probable source for the DLC magma is a dehydrated felsic granulite from which a previous H2O-, B-, Cl-, and Zn-rich granitic magma (perhaps the SMB) had been extracted. Such a source is analogous to that postulated for A-type granites and topaz rhyolites.The DLC shows more similarities to the "stitching" Carboniferous Appalachian volatile- and metal-rich granites than to Devonian Meguma granites. Unlike most of these Appalachian plutons, which occur marginal to terrane boundaries and were probably crystallized from locally generated, anatectic magmas, the DLC was emplaced in the centre of the most-outboard Meguma Terrane, adjacent to the Tobiatic shear zone.
An 40Ar/39Ar study of the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia: thermal histories and tectonic implications
Authors: Reynolds P. H. , Jamieson R. A. , Barr S. M. , Raeside R. P.
Published: January 2011

Forty new 40Ar/39Ar age spectra on micas and amphiboles from both granitic and metamorphic rocks show that two geologically distinct terranes in the Cape Breton Highlands (Nova Scotia) have had contrasting thermal histories. Some plutons in the Bras d'Or Terrane in the southeastern highlands apparently cooled through the hornblende (or muscovite) closure temperature immediately following Precambrian to Cambrian intrusion. Other rock units in this terrane, particularly in the west, have been variably overprinted by a Silurian tectonothermal event, probably associated with juxtaposition of the Bras d'Or Terrane with the Aspy Terrane to the northwest. Gneisses at Kellys Mountain in the southeastern Bras d'Or Terrane apparently were not overprinted by this event.Argon data from the Aspy Terrane suggest that Silurian deposition, deformation, and metamorphism were followed by rapid cooling through hornblende and biotite closure temperatures in the Middle Devonian. This probably resulted from uplift and exhumation of the terrane as it collided with the Appalachian Orogen to the northwest. The Cheticamp Pluton in the western part of the Aspy Terrane, which does not appear to have been significantly affected by Silurian–Devonian tectonothermal events, may represent an outlier of the Bras d'Or Terrane. The Aspy Terrane records an Acadian tectonothermal history similar to that of the Gander Zone in southwestern Newfoundland.
Lacustrine sedimentary record of ice-dammed Neoglacial Lake Alsek
Authors: Schmok Jeffrey P. , Clarke Garry K. C.
Published: January 2011

Neoglacial Lake Alsek is an ice-dammed lake in the southwest Yukon that forms when Lowell Glacier rapidly advances from a side valley to block the Alsek River. A sedimentary record of past fillings and catastrophic drainages is preserved in small lakes lying within the Lake Alsek basin. Sediment cores from some of these small lakes were retrieved and studied. The cores were subjected to facies analysis involving description, classification, and interpretation of depositional processes, leading to assessment of depositional environment. Despite a relatively sparse set of sedimentary data, five distinctive deposits and associated environments can be recognized: (1) matrix-supported diamicton interpreted as a deposit of iceberg-rafted sediment; (2) sand and coarse silt interpreted as tractive current deposits; (3) massive silt and clay interpreted as rapidly deposited, lake margin derived sediment; (4) laminated silt and clay interpreted as glaciolacustrine deposits; and (5) carbonaceous muds interpreted as eutrophic pond deposits. Facies sequence analysis reveals that the sedimentary sequences are nonrandomly ordered, but cyclicity of the deposits was not found. Erosional unconformities reflecting gaps in the sediment record and difficulties with basin-wide stratigraphic correlations hamper further definition of the Lake Alsek filling and draining chronology. These problems could be overcome in future studies if either greater exposures could be studied or sufficient chronostratigraphic information could be obtained.
Sm–Nd and trace-element characterization of shales from the Abitibi Belt, Labrador Trough, and Appalachian Belt: consequences for crustal evolution through time
Authors: Dia Aline , Dupré Bernard , Gariépy Clément , Allègre Claude J.
Published: January 2011

Nd-isotopic compositions and Sm, Nd, Li, K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Ni, and Cr abundances are reported for 25 shale samples from the Canadian Shield (late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt and the mid-Proterozoic Labrador Trough) and from the Quebec Appalachians (lower Paleozoic Humber Zone). The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the samples are used to monitor the rate of generation and the compositional evolution of continental crust through time. The Nd crustal-residence ages record preferential time of continental growth around 2.7 and 1.7 Ga. The Nd model ages of the Appalachian shales do not record evidence for the formation of large crustal volumes through mantle extraction since 1.3 Ga. Consequently, crustal recycling was the dominant process taking place at their source areas in the Grenville Province.The trace-element distributions of shales show systematic trends as a function of time: Li, K, Ba, Sm, and Nd contents regularly increase in the post-Archean record; in comparison, the Cr and Ni contents reached a maximum towards the end of the Archean and regularly decreased thereafter. These observations could reflect two classes of processes: (a) the development of infracrustal K-rich granitoid magmatism at the expense of mantle-derived Na-rich magmatism, which dominated the Archean period; or (b) differential erosion effects, which reduced the sampling of the old, smooth crustal parts in comparison to the younger, recycled segments. In the latter case, (b), shale formation involved components whose nature and respective proportion changed after Archean time.
Open-system evolution versus source control in basaltic magmas: Matachewan–Hearst dike swarm, Superior Province, Canada
Authors: Nelson Dennis O. , Morrison Donald A. , Phinney William C.
Published: January 2011

The 2.45 Ga Matachewan–Hearst dike swarm was emplaced over 250 000 km2 in diverse granitoid–greenstone and metasedimentary terranes of the Superior Province of Canada. The Fe-rich tholeiitic dikes host large, uniform plagioclase megacrysts and display significant trace-element variations, e.g., (La/Sm)N = 0.62–2.23, not correlated to terrane lithologies.Fractional crystallization alone cannot produce these variations or simultaneously account for both major- and trace-element abundances. Combined periodic replenishment–fractional crystallization (RFC) in shallow magma chambers is consistent with major- and trace-element concentrations and with field evidence for periodic magma injection within the dikes. RFC cannot, however, produce the observed variation in incompatible-trace-element ratios, e.g., (La/Sm)N. Models invoking mixed mantle sources are unsuccessful at reproducing trace-element trends. Combined assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) models, assuming depleted parental magmas and using crustal rock data from xenoliths and from the Kapuskasing Structural Zone, can accommodate the trace-element variations, including the light-rare-earth-element enrichment and the observed relative depletions of the high-field-strength elements. The AFC process apparently took place in the lower crustal regions from where evolved magmas were periodically transported to shallow chambers dominated by RFC.
Alkali gabbro fragments in Sudbury breccia
Authors: Dupuis L. , Whitehead R. E. S. , Davies J. F.
Published: January 2011

Alkali gabbro fragments in Sudbury breccia have been misinterpreted as potash-enriched greywacke. Because of differing proportions of arenaceous and argillaceous components, greywackes vary widely in chemical composition. However, on plots of SiO2/Al2O3 against TiO2, greywacke-argillites fall along a hyperbolic sorting curve. Alkali gabbro fragments fall well off the curve. The distinction between the two rock types is supported by other chemical data.
U–Pb geochronology of basement gneisses in the Thompson Belt (Manitoba): evidence for pre-Kenoran and Pikwitonei-type crust and Early Proterozoic basement reactivation in the western margin of the Archean Superior Province
Authors: Machado N. , Krogh T. E. , Weber W.
Published: January 2011

A U–Pb study of basement gneisses in the Thompson Belt yields the following results: a gneiss from the Thompson pit contains zircon, monazite, and titanite dated at 2772 ± 7, 1770 ± 2, and 1720 ± 5 Ma, respectively. An amphibolite boudin in the gneiss contains zircon dated at 2725 ± 9 and 1770–1760 Ma. A banded gneiss from the Manasan River area contains zircon with minimum ages of 3029–3078 and 2905–3112 Ma and monazite 1786 ± 2 Ma old. The paleosome of a lit-par-lit migmatite in the Sasagiu Rapids area contains zircon defining a discordia with intercepts at 3038 ± 6 and 1809 ± 14 Ma, whilst two types of titanite yield apparent ages of 1768 ± 5 and 1737 ± 5 Ma. Zircons from the granitic neosome define a discordia between 2655 ± 10 and 1726 ± 12 Ma.These data indicate that the Thompson Belt is underlain by two types of Archean crust: a "Pikwitonei-type" represented by 2.65–2.8 Ga old gneisses and a pre-Kenoran type older than 3000 Ma, possibly as old as 3.2–3.4 Ga. Basement reactivation lasted for 80–100 Ma and took place during the collision between the Trans-Hudson Orogen and the Superior Province.
Paleomagnetism of the Flores volcanics, Vancouver Island, in place by Eocene time
Authors: Irving E. , Brandon M. T.
Published: January 2011

The Eocene Flores volcanics of the Insular Belt of southwestern Vancouver Island have U–Pb zircon ages of 51–50 Ma and a mean direction of magnetization (D, I) of 349.8°, 69.6 °(12 collecting sites, k = 41, α95 = 7.0°). The paleopole (81.1°N, 188.0°E, K = 20, A95 = 9.9°) agrees well with Early to Middle Eocene (54–48 Ma) paleopoles from cratonic North America and with two Early to Middle Eocene paleopoles (49 and 52 Ma) from the Intermontane Belt of the Canadian Cordillera. This shows that both the Vancouver Island section of the Insular Belt and the Intermontane Belt were in their present positions with respect to ancestral North America at that time. The data can be used as a reference for estimating tilts in bodies that themselves contain no geological evidence of paleohorizontal; as an illustration, tilts of two Eocene intrusions on Vancouver Island are estimated.
Three new fossil phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber
Authors: Brown Brian V. , Pike E. M.
Published: January 2011

Three new species of Canadian Late Cretaceous amber phorids are described: Prioriphora intermedia, Prioriphora longicostalis, and Prioriphora setifemoralis. A key to the species of the fossil genus Prioriphora is provided, and the paleoecology of the amber sites is discussed. One piece of amber contained an unusually large number (~30) of specimens.