bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Nanjing to Chongqing
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 looks into the government’s efforts to further centralize the international propaganda system. Hollington Tong became the key person in charge of the process. With the support of Chiang Kai-shek and Madam Chiang, he prevented Chiang’s political rivals from making further inroads into the propaganda system. He established the International Department that oversaw the government’s international propaganda at home and abroad. Based on his personal networks in the treaty ports, Tong effectively expanded China’s propaganda network in the United States and Britain. The propaganda activities organized by Tong after the Nanjing Incident of 1937 testified to the efficacy of the new department.
Conclusion
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

The period between 1928 and 1941 witnessed two marked trends: the growing sympathy for China’s anti-Japanese cause in the English-language press and the development of China’s foreign propaganda system. The two processes were closely connected. Even before China became a military ally of the United States and Britain after Pearl Harbor, it had already become an emotional ally. A change in national image is always a complex process. Other elements, such as the conflict of interests between the Western powers and Japan as well as Japanese atrocities in China, may well have contributed to the shift in public opinion. Yet it is undeniable that China’s continuous propaganda efforts intensified the existing tensions between Japan and the Western powers and strongly promoted the change. History does not allow “what if” questions. Yet some hypothetical scenarios are useful in urging us toward a reevaluation of the significance of certain stories and events that are absent from current history telling. Would the United States have entered the war in 1941 without any propaganda effort from the Nationalist government? Had the United States delayed confrontation with Japan and stayed out of East Asia, could Chiang Kai-shek’s government have survived Japan’s encirclement? If the Chiang Kai-shek regime had collapsed in the early 1940s, would World War II have ended with the same result?...
Introduction
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

Made at a time when confidence was dwindling in Hong Kong due to a battered economy and in the aftermath of the SARS epidemic outbreak,1
Kung Fu Hustle (Gongfu, 2004), the highly acclaimed action comedy by Stephen Chow, can be seen as an attempt to revitalize the positive energy and tenacious resolve—what is commonly referred to as the “Hong Kong spirit” (...
Epilogue
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

An underlying premise of this book is that Hong Kong martial arts cinema from the mid-1960s through the end of the 1970s, marked by new aesthetic and thematic directions as well as by new practices of transnationality, is best conceptualized as a cultural counterpart and response to processes of modernization and modernity that were shaping the former British colony. But despite its specific time focus, the issues explored in the book have broader significance and are useful for understanding martial arts films of more recent times. Without doubt, Hong Kong continued and intensified its march towards urban-capitalist modernization throughout the 1980s, the 1990s, and beyond. The pace of growth—economically, socially, and demographically—showed no signs of slowing during the period. On the one hand, the population expanded from 4 million in 1970 to 6.7 million in 2000. On the other hand, although the economy underwent a process of restructuring in the 1980s when the “Open Door” policy of post–Cultural Revolution China and other factors resulted in the relocation of Hong Kong’s industrial sector to the mainland and triggered its transition from labor-intensive manufacturing to finance- and service-oriented industries, the city continued to enjoy great prosperity and had by the mid-1990s established itself as one of the world’s foremost centers of international trade and finance. Rapid growth spawned more transportation, shops, infrastructure, entertainment, and commodities. As a result, the city became more congested, frantic, and noisy—in short, perceptually busier and more intense—than ever before. Meanwhile, gender relations and identities were also in constant reformulation as both men and women tried to negotiate the changing social, economic, and political contexts of Hong Kong....
“Playing a Game,” Finding a “Lever”
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

The Sino-Soviet conflict, which first surfaced in the late 1950s and degenerated into armed border clashes in 1969, proved to be the main catalyst for Sino-American rapprochement. The China question almost immediately entered into the dialogue of the Kissinger-Dobrynin channel. Publicly, the Nixon administration said it would pursue relationships with both the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. Privately, Nixon and Kissinger hoped to play the Soviets and the Chinese off each other—the concept of triangular diplomacy. Triangular diplomacy had less to do with the concrete and crude move of playing the powers off each other than it did with trying to influence the perceptions and emotions of Communist leaders. The documentary record suggests that it was only after Sino-American rapprochement had been set in motion in April-May 1971, with the Chinese Ping Pong diplomacy and the secret traffic through the Pakistani channel, that U.S. policymakers began to talk of playing the Communist powers off one another for American advantage.
Vietnam in U.S.-Soviet Back Channels, November 1971–April 1972
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the centrality of Vietnam in U.S.-Soviet back channels. By 1971, the White House had used a combination of private and public channels to convey to the Kremlin the deadlocked status of the secret negotiations in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam. The Channel became the primary means to telegraph American intentions, simultaneously applying pressure on the Soviets to restrain the North Vietnamese while warning that there would be serious consequences and drastic action on the part of the United States in the event of a North Vietnamese offensive.
In early 1972, Nixon further consolidated the control of the entire U.S.-Soviet relationship, to the point of preparing sanitized versions of communications with the Soviets for Secretary of State Rogers. The Channel and the Nixon-Brezhnev exchanges allowed both sides to preview, state, and reinforce policy goals. Back channels also ensured that Kissinger and Dobrynin became personally vested in the détente policy of their respective governments, to the point of consulting each other to mitigate the adverse impact of decisions and public pronouncements.
Despite attempts to link a Vietnam settlement to U.S.-Soviet détente, Nixon’s and Brezhnev’s eventual willingness to consider Vietnam outside of U.S.-Soviet relations allowed détente to proceed.
At the Summit, Achieving Détente
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

The Moscow Summit ushered in a period of détente, and the summit itself was a product of the Kissinger-Dobrynin back channel. The back channel became both a brake and an accelerator to moderate the pace of negotiations and to link unrelated areas. The back channel also served as a tool that each side used to play on the other’s anxieties or desires—and as an inadvertent means of signaling those fears or concerns in the first place. Ultimately, the story of achieving détente involved more than back channels; it was about the ambitions of the concerned parties and the policies they pursued. Back channels were not a panacea. Long-term success ultimately depended on some fundamental basis for agreement, and the areas for agreement had begun to dwindle before 1974.
Introduction
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

Being the Change explores how intentional communities such as ecovillages, cohousing communities, and Catholic worker houses have tested alternative models of eating, building, and governing and what these communities can teach the rest of us about sustainable and harmonious living. The introduction lays out the book’s central arguments, introduces the communities, and highlights the language of intention, that we can be intentional about nonviolence, participatory democracy, and voluntary simplicity in our communities. Communities including Catholic Worker houses and farms, ecovillages, and cohousing communities illustrate how some communities have translated these values into practice.
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

Contemporary intentional communities have learned important lessons from the successes and failures of previous communities in areas such as governance, labor, and skill-building. Nonetheless contemporary communities are haunted by the ghosts of the cults and less-structured communities of the 1970s. Communities have functioned as social laboratories to test out new ideas that later spread to the mainstream, e.g., The Farm helped mainstream midwifery, and circulating ideas—rather than longevity—is one indication of a community’s success. Community residents draw from sources including Catholic Worker founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin, homesteaders Helen and Scott Nearing, and Mohandas K. Gandhi as well as foundational communities such as The Farm in Tennessee. Further, the existence of homesteaders and past and present communities in a given area offer social capital and expertise to newer communities.
Choosing a Life
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

Choosing a Life explores who joins intentional communities and what draws these individuals to community life. Millennials and boomers, women in particular, have sought out community life, from communes to looser home-sharing arrangements, not wishing to retire as their parents did. Potential members must decide ‘how much community they desire’, from communal eating arrangements to looser cohousing community structures. This chapter also explores the process of finding and joining communities and the resources of the Federation of Intentional Community. Potential members often spend weeks visiting a community and meeting members; the process is a two-way vetting process, in which both sides must assess suitability long-term residence.
Introduction
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

The US Supreme Court’s 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education prohibited segregation in public schools, correcting a century of injustice and unequal education experienced by generations of young African Americans. But such a necessary correction resounded well beyond its intent, triggering consequences that altered cherished institutions in black communities throughout the country. Few were affected more than the strong tradition of high school basketball, and nowhere was that transformation more graphic than in hoops-mad Kentucky....
“Inherited Tendencies”
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Young's insistence that his students follow a strict code of conduct, which he employed to curb their “inherited tendencies.” Young was diplomatic in dispensing punishment because he knew that many of his students' problems were a result of their home lives and the environments in which they were raised. When an infraction was serious, punishment often came down to a simple choice: get sent to Dr. Young or take a paddling. Hickory-switch discipline was alive at Lincoln, but it was preferable to the ultimate punishment for violating the rules: expulsion. Young taught dignity, self-reliance, discipline, respect for self and others, and practical skills that prepared black boys and girls to become useful members of an often hostile society.
Homeless Tigers
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the fire in early January 1960 that destroyed the Lincoln Institute gymnasium and forced the Tigers to play the remainder of their games on the road. As one player recalled: “The coaches didn't want the program to skip a beat. The basketball team was the catalyst for the whole campus, everything revolved around it. The basketball program could not shut down because of a fire.” Dubbed the “Homeless Tigers” by a local newspaperman, the team continued its torrid pace until it traveled to Campbellsville Durham, where future NBA star Clem Haskins sent them home with their second defeat and the realization that “we are not unbeatable.” Still, the Tigers entered the Thirtieth District tournament as the favorite.
Out of the Ruins
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes Lincoln Institute's run through the Thirtieth District and the challenges it faced in the Eighth Region tournament. Lincoln defeated powerful Oldham County on a last-second shot by Crayton and then breezed to an 85–64 victory in the title game against Carrollton High School. But racism reared its ugly head when Carrollton's players and fans came out onto the floor and refused to let the Lincoln players cut down the nets, a customary practice for the winning team. Two police officers stood by and did nothing as a near riot ensued between the Carrollton fans and the Lincoln supporters, many of whom were white fans from Shelby County. The Carrollton team was suspended and placed on probation by the KHSAA for its actions, and the Homeless Tigers headed to the state tournament.
Epilogue
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

The epilogue discusses the last years of Lincoln Institute's existence as a boarding high school. Gilliard resigned after the 1960 state tournament to launch his own journey as a college administrator and dean. In 1961 Whitney M. Young Jr. was named executive director of the National Urban League and became one of the leading voices for civil rights in America. John N. Cunningham received an honorable discharge from the US Air Force and was hired by IBM in Lexington, where he captained the company basketball team. In a game against University of Kentucky freshmen, the twenty-eight-year-old Cunningham outscored and outrebounded every other player on the floor, drawing the ire of Kentucky's coach Adolph Rupp. The thirty-eight African American schools still operating in 1960 gradually closed over the next several years, and in 1967 only Louisville Central remained, as an integrated high school. Whitney M. Young Sr. retired when Lincoln ceased operations in 1966. He died in 1975 at age seventy-seven.
“The Dream Is Lost”
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

The realization of black governance proved to be one of the freedom struggle’s most enduring legacies. So too was the continuation of white resistance. Chapter 4 describes the unintended consequences of majority–minority districts and black governance. African Americans may have taken control of city hall, but they lacked the types of private relationships needed to govern. The black-majority council and black regimes had inherited a “hollow prize”—the legacy of segregationist policies and demographic forces (e.g., the suburbanization of jobs and people) had taken their toll on predominantly African American cities. As Richmond’s black regime opposed their position as cue takers and tried to redirect resources to impoverished communities, whites embarked on another crusade of obstructionism. This obstructionism was made worse by the black-majority council’s firing of city manager Bill Leidinger and push for the need to redistrict. Between 1978 and 1982, racial factionalism impeded downtown revitalization, undermined the black-majority council in the court of public opinion, and gave rise to anti-VRA sentiment. By 1982, an African American named Roy West not only promised to restore racial harmony to city hall but also beat incumbent Willie Dell. Dell may have emerged as a champion for vulnerable communities, but she was a victim of gendered and racial assumptions about black female leadership and redistricting.
Sabers through the Reich
Authors: Nance William Stuart , Citino Robert M.
Published: September 2017

This work provides a complete battle history of American corps cavalry in World War II. It asserts that these cavalry formations made an outsized contribution to the Allied victory in the European theatre in correlation to their actual size. These cavalry groups made the "90 Division gamble" actually work, allowing American corps and army commanders to mass combat power at the decisive point.
Furthermore, this work also highlights the role of the reconnaissance and security battle at the operational level. It demonstrates how this long-overlooked part of military operations is an absolute essential in maneuver warfare. This “battle before the battle” fundamentally shapes the conditions for the main action, yet a thorough study of this fighting has long been ignored in the literature—a failing that this work remedies.
Cavalry in the Bocage
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers corps cavalry operations from D-Day to the beginnings of the breakout in Operation COBRA. It highlights the difficulties of fighting in the hedgerows as well as how the cavalry had to improvise while fighting in constricted terrain.
The Bitter Fall
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers operations from the end of September 1944 to the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944. It highlights fighting in the Vosges Mountains, the conclusion of the seige of Metz, fighting in the Saar River valley, actions around the battle of Aachen, as well as the fighting in the Hürtgen Forest. It discusses the challenges of cavalry fighting in positional warfare against an entrenched enemy, as well as fleshing out an often-overlooked portion of the war.
Sabers through the Reich
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers operations from each army crossing the Rhine until the end of the war in May 1945. It highlights the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket as well as the fighting in the Harz Mountains. It also discusses the role of cavalry in protecting the truck-mounted infantry, allowing very mobile operations. It shows how cavalry led the U.S. First and Ninth Armies to the Elbe, and the Seventh and Third Armies to Czechoslovakia and Bavaria.
Reinventing the corporation
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: September 2017

The corporation has undergone a fundamental change over the last few decades from an organisation with predominantly tangible assets, such as buildings and equipment, to the ‘mindful corporation’ with intangible assets, such as brands, patents and reputations. While the corporation has made immense contributions to economic prosperity and development, it is also associated with growing levels of income and social inequality. To correct its deficiencies and restore trust, it needs to be reinvented for the 21st century. It should be reconceived as a means of commitment to the promotion of the interests of its customers and communities as well as enhancing the wealth of its investors. This requires a careful reconsideration of the purpose of the corporation and its associated forms of ownership and governance. The humanities have a vital role to play in achieving this.
Thomas Hobbes: Liberal illiberal
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: September 2017

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) has often been regarded as a very illiberal thinker —a defender of ‘despotism’ and an advocate of the principle that ‘might is right’. While those accusations are false, it is true that there are distinctly illiberal elements in his thinking. These include absolutism, authoritarianism, anti-constitutionalism and a hostility to democracy. Yet his political theory also contains some of the most important building-blocks of modern liberal thinking about the state and its citizens: the crucial role of consent; natural rights; egalitarianism; the idea of the state as a device to protect people against oppressors; the homogeneity of legal authority within the state; the concept of the state as a public realm; and the idea that the sovereign acts publicly—above all, through law. (These last three points are preconditions of a Rechtsstaat.) And whilst Hobbes denies that people are ruled by a constitution, his theory does acknowledge the need for rule through a constitution.
Cúchulain in the General Post Office: Gaelic revival, Irish rising
Authors: Leerssen Joep
Published: September 2017

This article looks at the importance of the Gaelic language for the development of Irish nationalism in the decades leading up to, and following the Easter Rising of 1916. This importance was mainly symbolical: the Irish language was used mainly by revivalist activists, in a restricted number of functional registers, and largely as an enabling platform of other consciousness-raising activities. It is suggested, however, that such a symbolical instrumentalisation is by no means inconsequential and should be analysed as an important feature of cultural nationalism, not only in Irish history.
Modernist perambulations through time and space: From Enlightened walking to crawling, stalking, modelling and street-walking
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: September 2017

Analysing diverse modes of walking across a wide range of texts from the Enlightenment period and beyond, this article explores how the practice of walking was discovered by philosophers, educators and writers as a rich discursive trope that stood for competing notions of the morally good life. The discussion proceeds to then investigate how psychological, philosophical and moral interpretations of bad practices of walking in particular resurface in texts by Franz Kafka, Thomas Mann and the interwar writer Irmgard Keun. It is argued that literary modernism transformed walking from an Enlightenment trope signifying progress into the embodiment of moral and epistemological ambivalence. In this process, walking becomes an expression of the disconcerting experience of modernity. The paper concludes with a discussion of walking as a gendered performance: while the male walkers in the modernist texts under discussion suffer from a bad gait that leads to ruination, the new figure of the flâneuse manages to engage in pleasurable walking by abandoning the Enlightenment legacy of the good gait.
Gertrude Bell: Pioneer, Anti-Suffragist, Feminist Icon?
Authors: Berry Helen
Published: September 2017

This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern branch of the Anti-Suffrage League, in the context of recent debates surrounding the various motivations women had to become involved in the fight against political equality. Any attempt to recover Bell as a feminist icon would seem misplaced, considering her own disavowal of ‘women’s causes’. And yet, this study argues that Bell refused to be constrained by the normative expectations of the day for women of her rank. Focusing on Bell’s early life, education and pre-First World War career, the chapter proposes that the tools of gender analysis provide a useful framework for analysing three aspects of Bell’s character that she herself deployed to succeed as a woman in the ‘man’s world’ of high politics and diplomacy: her imperialist politics, her class entitlement and her forceful personality.
Gertrude Bell and the Antiquities Law of Iraq
Authors: Bernhardsson Magnus T.
Published: September 2017

As Director of Antiquities in the nascent Iraq, Gertrude Bell was instrumental in laying the groundwork for all archaeological work in the country, including formulating antiquities legislation. After several years of work and some intense political negotiations, Bell’s law was finally passed in 1924. Bell’s legislation is a hybrid which demonstrates her multiple loyalties – protecting both Iraqi heritage and the interests of foreign archaeologists and institutions. This element is most obvious in controversial Articles relating to the division of finds, where the law does allow, under certain conditions, for archaeological artefacts to leave the country.
The Introduction of Arabic Words in Medieval British Latin Scientific Writings
Authors: Burnett Charles
Published: September 2017

Latin was the key language for scientific discourse in writing in medieval Britain. It frequently had need of new terminology to capture new developments within the various fields. Arabic sources were important in the period for both ideas and terminology. This chapter discusses the stages by which Arabic words were assimilated into British Latin, from being strange foreign words to becoming familiar Latin terms, and addresses the question of at what stage they should be included in a Latin lexicography or dictionary.
Anglo-Norman, Medieval Latin, and Words of Germanic Origin
Authors: Trotter David
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines words of Germanic origin found in the DMLBS and considers them especially with respect to the relationship between three languages of medieval Britain: namely Medieval Latin, Middle English, and Anglo-Norman French. A detailed examination of numerous examples reveals complex routes of transmission of items from Germanic sources which demand consideration of multiple sources over many centuries. In particular, because of the way the vernaculars developed and the nature of the extant evidence, it is often the case that the earliest evidence for an English or French word is found in a Latin word. The circuitous and overlapping interaction and contact between these languages can be seen very clearly in the example of warda, and the discussion shows, by reference to the theory of etimologia prossima and etimologia remota, how the Latin word must be analysed with regard both to etymology and semantics in order to reveal the different layers of influence at different stages of the word’s development in this multilingual society.
The DMLBS and the OED: Medieval Latin and the Lexicography of English
Authors: Durkin Philip , Schad Samantha
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how the DMLBS enriches English lexicography, concentrating on the use of data from the DMLBS in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Data from the DMLBS has often provided a Latin etymon where the OED previously gave a starred form or derived a word directly from its constituent Latin or English elements. It also often provides evidence for Latin words which probably acted as intermediaries in borrowings ultimately from Greek or Arabic. Evidence from the DMLBS has enriched huge numbers of OED etymologies, allowing them to cite Latin forms supported by glosses and dates of first attestation in British sources. In many cases, it is uncertain whether the immediate donor or source was Latin or French; the circumstances of trilingual late medieval English society must be taken into account in assessing the data. It is often unclear whether vernacular words embedded in Latin documents show French or English words, and the printed editions of many of the everyday records in which such evidence occurs often leave uncertainty as to whether a Latin or an embedded vernacular item occurs in a particular location. Dictionary editors need to tread warily in using and interpreting such evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Guillorel Éva
Published: September 2017

The Introduction offers a comprehensive account of the Breton gwerz or narrative song tradition. It situates the discovery of the tradition in the context of a broader European Romantic revival of interest in popular culture, and introduces readers to the major collectors and collections of gwerziou from the early 19th century to the present day. It discusses the strengths and limitations of the corpus as it has come down us—what types of song may or may not have survived. It also examines the main generic characteristics of the Breton ballad form, comparing them briefly with narrative songs from France and the other Celtic-speaking countries. It then considers the songs’ relationship to history: what events are recorded/remembered in the songs, and how are they presented? The Introduction concludes by considering aspects of performance and the social contexts that have given these songs their cultural meaning and ensured their renewal and survival to the present day.
Measuring Household Affordability for Water and Sewer Utilities
Authors: Teodoro Manuel P.
Published: September 2017

Rising costs and recent high‐profile crises have brought renewed and increasing attention to the affordability of water and sewer service. Meaningful, accurate assessment of affordability is critical as utility leaders seek to serve low‐income customers while also raising the revenue necessary to maintain and advance public health and conservation. Unfortunately, the predominant conventional method of measuring household affordability is fundamentally flawed and often misleading. This article advances a more accurate and meaningful method for measuring the affordability of water and sewer service for low‐income households. The proposed method accounts for essential household water needs, income disparities, and core nonwater/sewer costs. After detailing the method, the new approach is used to measure water and sewer service affordability in the 25 largest US cities. The article concludes with a discussion of the new method's limits and general guidelines for its use in policymaking and rate design.
Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict
Authors: Creighton Oliver , Wright Duncan
Published: September 2017

The turbulent reign of Stephen, King of England (1135–54), has been styled since the late 19th century as 'the Anarchy’, although the extent of political breakdown during the period has since been vigorously debated. Rebellion and bitter civil war characterised Stephen’s protracted struggle with rival claimant Empress Matilda and her Angevin supporters over ‘nineteen long winters’ when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘Christ and his Saints slept’. Drawing on new research and fieldwork, this innovative volume offers the first ever overview and synthesis of the archaeological and material record for this controversial period. It presents and interrogates many different types of evidence at a variety of scales, ranging from nationwide mapping of historical events through to conflict landscapes of battlefields and sieges. The volume considers archaeological sites such as castles and other fortifications, churches, monasteries, bishops’ palaces and urban and rural settlements, alongside material culture including coins, pottery, seals and arms and armour. This approach not only augments but also challenges historical narratives, questioning the ‘real’ impact of Stephen’s troubled reign on society, settlement, church and the landscape, and opens up new perspectives on the conduct of Anglo-Norman warfare.
Material Culture: From Arts to Coins
Authors: Creighton Oliver H. , Wright Duncan W. , Fradley Michael , Trick Steven
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the material culture of the twelfth century and assesses evidence for change as a result of the civil war. The period’s pottery shows a myriad of regionally distinctive patterns although towards the end of the twelfth century we see the growth of markets and commercialisation of the industry in a post-war boom. In the sphere of the arts there is no evidence whatsoever of any hiatus nor of declining standards during Stephen’s reign, and instead the period witnessed achievement and innovation in several different areas. While it is difficult to isolate developments in the 1130s, 40s and 50s from longer-term trends, it does seem clear that sculpture in parish churches shows particularly high levels of experimentation, while grave slabs were a modish means of commemoration and expressing identity for emerging parish elites. Coinage provides our best means of mapping the fluid geopolitics of the civil war on the ground. An ever-expanding dataset is highlighting the existence of a short-lived Angevin proto-state in south-west England during the 1140s, but we should also be cautious in assuming that all ‘rival’ coin issues during the period provide straightforward evidence for opposition to Stephen’s rule.
Town, Village and Country
Authors: Creighton Oliver H. , Wright Duncan W. , Fradley Michael , Trick Steven
Published: September 2017

This chapter turns to consider the effects of the conflict on the urban and rural landscape. Despite the almost twenty-year duration of the civil war, its impacts on landscape and townscape had very significant geographical biases. There was a greater effect upon urban rather than rural life, as urban castles, fortified towns and their hinterlands were the foci of sieges and counter-sieges. Behind the image of a slowdown in urban growth, lords were investing in new town plantations, invariably alongside fortifications and often as components within more comprehensive schemes of aggrandisement. Tracing the impact of the Anarchy on the rural landscape archaeology of England is a more difficult proposition, although we have strong evidence for landscape planning and the creation of fortified settlements by newly emboldened lords. Documentary sources catalogue widespread landscape devastation by armies, although on the ground the effects of the war had a strong regional dimension, with some areas, most notably the West Country and Thames Valley, the focus of especially regular and damaging upheaval. Elsewhere, urban and rural populations are likely to have been affected little by the ebb and flow of the conflict, where the political and military fortunes of the social elite did not impinge on everyday life.
The Twelfth-Century Civil War in Context: Assessment and Reassessment
Authors: Creighton Oliver H. , Wright Duncan W. , Fradley Michael , Trick Steven
Published: September 2017

This final chapter presents a self-contained overview of what the material evidence tells us about the twelfth-century civil war and its consequences. Issues with dating archaeological evidence to the period in question mean that conclusions must be cautious, but it seems clear that the Anarchy is not obviously identifiable in the material record as a distinct ‘event horizon’. Archaeology has much more to offer us in terms of illuminating the conduct and psychology of Anglo-Norman warfare and in showing how lordly identity was being transformed through the period, and how it was expressed through castle-building and ecclesiastical patronage. Consideration of these research themes and others can help extricate studies of the twelfth-civil war from the ‘anarchy or not?’ debate. In conclusion: the mid-twelfth century is best regarded not as an age of anarchy but as an age of transition.
Is Theory Good for the Jews?
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: September 2017

For at least fifteen years, any keen observer of European society has been aware that antisemitism is no longer a matter of racial theory, nationalism, or exclusion of the “other.” While in the past antisemites saw Jews as all too modern “rootless cosmopolitans” today's European antisemitism construes them as obsolete precisely because they are attached to their roots, their land, their community, their origin. The Jews are now perceived as a reactionary force that hinders the progress of humankind toward multiculturalism, understood as the peaceful, infinitely enriching coexistence of ethnicities, races, religions, and cultures within the same territory. The antisemite of yore viewed the Jews as an inferior race; today he views them as racist. By looking back to the emergence of a postwar theoretical discourse on trauma, memory, victims, suffering, the Holocaust and the Jews, Is Theory Good for the Jews? explores how “French thought” is implicated in intellectual, literary and ideological components of the global and local upsurge of antisemitism. The author probes the legacy of Heidegger in France and exposes the shortcomings of radical social critique and postcolonial theory confronted to the challenge of Islamic terrorism and Jew hatred. This book is the first effort to analyze French responses that have regrettably played their part in generating the new antisemitism.
The Moralistic Turn
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines what I call the moralistic turn in French letters and social thought, and especially the inversions between victims and perpetrators that I attribute to the rise of radical social critique. French literary modernity extolled evil and anti-morality, and revered transgression and rebellion. By blurring the lines between victims and perpetrators, they awkwardly yet genuinely acknowledged our common inhumanity. By contrast, I argue that our own time has reinjected moralism into literature and social thought. French letters rehabilitate the transgressor in the name of a moralistic sociology that hides its fascination with evil behind a discourse of social justice and victimization. Recent years have seen the development of an ideology of outrage (or “indignation”). I argue that this ideology functions as a psychic shield meant to dispel the return of the repressed—namely, the human inclination to dehumanize the other, the herd mentality exemplified by the Nazi episode. Doomed to fail because it rests on a psychic structure of repetition instead of working through, the ideology of outrage not only hinders any analysis of current antisemitism; it has actually reignited that fading hatred.
Dangerous Parallels
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 3, I probe the theory of multidirectional memory propounded by literary scholars in Europe and the U.S. The multidirectional-memory hypothesis was born from what those scholars call “the colonial turn” in literary and Holocaust studies. Scholars in postcolonial studies are increasingly turning to the Holocaust to approach the history and memory of colonialism, slavery, and more specifically, the events of the Algerian war. Their stated goal is to use the history and memory of the Holocaust to shed light on colonialism, especially in its French incarnation, or rather, to trigger a dialogue among collective memories. I argue that despite a praiseworthy attempt at rejecting the paradigm of competition among victims, that paradigm returns to haunt multidirectional memory. In order to legitimate its effort at finding consensus by uniting collective memories of suffering and persecution, multidirectional memory tones down the specificity of the Holocaust, and ends up neutralizing complex aspects of the Algerian war (notably, conflicting narratives of victimized groups) and more recent manifestations of Islamic terrorism and Islamic antisemitism. Not only do those blind spots prevent vigorous confrontation with resurgent antisemitism, they utterly obliterate that resurgence.
Theory’s Operation Shylock
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 comes as a critique of what I call, as a tribute to Philip Roth’s novel, “theory’s Operation Shylock,” i.e., recent celebrations of Diasporic Jewry, irrational demonization of Zionism and of the Jewish state, and, more seriously, ungrounded condemnation of a contemporary Jewry supposedly turned reactionary due to its support for the U.S. and Israel. Influenced by postcolonial studies and deconstruction, oblivious of the new modalities of antisemitism, theorists actively delegitimize Zionism as a mere product of the European colonial mindset and as a perversion of the Jewish spirit. I suggest that in recent publications, historian Enzo Traverso and philosopher Judith Butler resort to distortion of history and to a betrayal of the most basic principles of hermeneutics to justify their belief in the political and intellectual superiority of Diasporic Judaism (hypostatized as ethical) over Zionism (construed as particularist, imperialistic, and racist).
Bert and Jessie, 1901–1909
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces Lawrence’s family history and relationship with Jessie Chambers over the period 1901-1909, focussing on key episodes in the autobiographical background to the novel, especially the crisis in 1906 when he told Jessie that he did not love her as a man should love his wife, as well as Jessie’s importance as the first reader of Lawrence’s youthful writing. The chapter also traces Lawrence’s early writing career, focussing on his mentoring by Ford Madox Hueffer and early texts such as The White Peacock, ‘Odour of Chrysanthemums’ and the play A Collier’s Friday Night. The play, written before Lawrence began work on Sons and Lovers, dramatises a scene that was to be central to every surviving draft of the novel and can be considered the first draft of the ‘Strife in Love’ chapter. Lawrence’s struggle between notions of bourgeois literary taste and the expectation that he would be a writer of working-class fiction is also an important theme.
‘The Saga of Siegmund’ and the Test on Lawrence, 1909–1910
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

At the end of 1909 Lawrence suddenly decided that he wanted a sexual relationship with Jessie Chambers, after having denied this for years. This chapter examines the background to the failed sexual relationship that forms the biographical basis for Chapter 11 of Sons and Lovers, ‘The Test on Miriam’. One of the factors that prejudiced this attempted consummation was Lawrence’s meeting with Helen Corke and his decision to write ‘The Saga of Siegmund’, the first draft of his second novel The Trespasser, based on her memoir of her tragic relationship. While writing the book Lawrence became sexually fascinated by Helen, and the novel’s theme, the undermining of a man’s will to live because of his lover’s sexual reluctance, chimed all too fatefully with his feelings about making love to Jessie. This is the first example of the close intertwining of writing and biography in this period of Lawrence’s career. The Trespasser is also a key document in Lawrence’s struggle to develop a prose style, being overblown and self-consciously literary, to some extent in imitation of Helen Corke’s own style.
Re-enter Jessie, 1911–1912
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

Jessie’s criticism was crucial to Paul Morel’s transformation into one of the great novels of the twentieth century. She advised Lawrence to stay much closer to actuality, and in particular to include the death of his elder brother Ernest (William in the novel) which had been omitted from the second draft. This plot element is subtle, poignant and thematically resonant, since William's death is imbricated with his inability to choose a suitable sexual partner and by extension with his relationship to his mother. Jessie showed acute critical judgement about the potential of the biographical material and the appropriate style for tackling it. She also had a more personal motive: she hoped that by writing this story 'Lawrence might free himself from his strange obsession with his mother.’ Lawrence agreed to her plan and asked her to write some reminiscences of their times together. But he had barely begun rewriting the novel before he fell seriously ill with pneumonia. He did not continue work on the novel while ill, but he did write a short story, the first version of 'The Shades of Spring', in which he re-imagined his relationship with Jessie.
‘The death-blow to our friendship’, ‘Paul Morel III’, February–June 1912
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: September 2017

Lawrence wrote the third draft between November 1911 and April 1912. Jessie was initially delighted by the realism with which Lawrence rendered working-class family life. Lawrence made use of her reminiscences for some of the most powerful episodes in the novel. For Jessie, the problems began with the portrayal of Miriam. She protested that Lawrence had omitted her devotion to the development of his literary genius, which effectively tore the heart out of their relationship. Her second objection was that Lawrence pre-dated the tensions in their relationship. It was crucial to her understanding of her early life that the difficulties with Lawrence had been imposed from without. Her third complaint is that their attempt at a sexual relationship, which to her represented a sacred bond, is portrayed as a 'test' which Miriam failed. Jessie made detailed annotations to Chapter Seven, which have survived. and wrote three further scenarios which, unlike her earlier ones, have also survived. The breach between Lawrence and Jessie, already severe because of her reaction to the third draft, was made final by his falling in love, during this period, with Frieda Weekley. He and Frieda left England in May. He and Jessie never saw each other again.
American Comédie
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

After several years as a writer of short fiction, during a time when Balzac was receiving increasing reader attention and realism was beginning to change its responses in America to the changes of Balzac’s inheritors in France, Melville wrote The Confidence-Man, a much shorter version of La Comédie humaine where Balzac attempted to be the historian of French morals as secretary. This Melville wanted to do for the United States, and he uses many of the same techniques as Balzac, such as recognizable traits from celebrities, biting satire, and humor worthy of Molière. He as well has his own “Avant-propos” in three intrusive authorial chapters where he discusses the theoretic nature of realistic characters in fiction. Both in language and example the commentary echoes Balzac. Moreover, Melville clearly borrowed the character and situation from Balzac’s Jésus-Christ en Flandre, another story known by Hawthorne, to suggest his “man in cream colors.” Both stories explore the loss of Christian faith in Providence.
Toward the Bouddha chrétien
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

Nearly three decades passed between the stoppage of writing on The Confidence-Man and Melville’s work on Billy Budd, Sailor began in 1885. During that time, particularly after the Civil War, much more of Balzac’s work became available in translation, and numerous important critical works appeared about him, particularly as Henry James began to build his understanding of Balzac’s method into Realism. Moreover, America had taken up New Thought, not the confident cosmopolitan’s “geniality,” and was growing in ideas of spiritualism, paranormal psychology, and most prominently, Theosophy. Melville or members of Melville’s household, bought across this time more than a dozen renditions of Balzac in English along with transatlantic commentaries. Melville himself, in his poetry, began to find particular favor in Eastern thought, and the first successful set of La Comédie humaine in English was made and interpreted through Theosophical Buddhism. Melville read and marked a number of these volumes, particularly Balzac’s personal correspondence, which seemed to affect him profoundly. This combination of reading and rereading opened him to a much deeper resonance with Balzac’s ontological belief than he had comprehended previously: the Christian Buddha of the “Avant-propos.”
The Clue in the Labyrinth
Authors: Haydock John
Published: September 2017

While Melville was composing Billy Budd, Sailor he was reading, according to witnesses, Balzac’s Séraphita, an important mystical Etude Philosophique introduced to him at least by Hawthorne. In it, the innocent and suffering main character is resigned to die in order to fulfill a higher role in humanity. Hawthorne is referenced in Billy Budd, Sailor twice as is his story “The Birth-Mark,” one of the first he wrote under the influence of unité de composition in 1846. In this case, Melville employs the magnetism of forces in perfect balance – instinctive, abstractive, angelic – as Balzac does in Séraphita. In its simplicity the story reflects the profoundest understanding of unitism expressed by Schopenhauer as well, whom Melville was also reading as recommended by the Theosophical commentator in his volume. This process of writing and understanding gave Melville the power to close his life in peace with creative Will, which Balzac maintained was what “the savants called the soul.”