bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved convolutional neural network approach for damage localization in composite materials based on modal analysis
Authors: Guo Xiaojie , Cao Jiayu , Gao Bingkun , Jiang Chunlei , Wang Xiufang
Published: September 2023

Damage detection of composite materials using modal parameters has limitations in terms of sensitivity to small or localized damage and limited accuracy in damage localization. To address this issue, an enhanced channel attention residual network (ECARNet) damage detection model for composite laminates is proposed. First, finite element analysis is used to obtain training samples, which are processed as two-dimensional data to take full advantage of the convolutional neural network. Then, the residual module uses a multilayer perceptron instead of the traditional convolutional layers to learn the correlation between channels to enhance the generalization ability of the model, and uses the tanh activation function to retain negative information. Finally, a channel focus mechanism is introduced to enable the network to learn key features adaptively. Experimental results on two datasets with different levels of damage demonstrate the superior detection performance of ECARNet, achieving average detection accuracies of 98.13% and 97.94% respectively. A comparison with other methods verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the new method is validated on real-world test data.
A numerical study of the anisotropic distribution of γ-ray emission from oriented 129m,131m,133mXe
Authors: Kulesz Karolina , Engel Robin Yoël , Jolivet Renaud Blaise , Kowalska Magdalena
Published: September 2023

Spin-polarized radioactive nuclei emit radioactive decay products in an anisotropic manner that is characteristic of their degree of nuclear orientation. This property can be utilized for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. In this manuscript, we present Python and MATLAB numerical simulations that investigate the angular distribution and measurable asymmetry of γ-ray emission from spin-oriented nuclei of the metastable isotopes

129

m

,
131

m

,
133

m

Xe. We examine several cases that represent different degrees of spin alignment and detection geometries. The results of our simulations provide a benchmark for experiments that use γ-decay anisotropy, such as the GAMMA-MRI project, which aims to develop a novel medical-imaging technique combining the strengths of magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine imaging.
Insight into heterogeneous dynamics of growing islands using coherent x-ray scattering
Authors: Dax I , Zaluzhnyy I A , Pylypenko A , Russegger N , Starostin V , Rysov R , Westermeier F , Sprung M , Hinderhofer A , Pithan L , Schreiber F
Published: September 2023

Understanding the non-equilibrium structure formation of thin films is a fundamental challenge with important implications also for technical applications. The interplay between adsorption, desorption, and surface diffusion may result in the formation of nontrivial surface morphologies. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy opens up new possibilities for understanding these processes. In this work, we perform in situ x-ray experiments in grazing incidence geometry to follow the growth of diindenoperylene thin films in real time, revealing details of the dynamics during molecular island formation. Comparison with simulations allows to extract dynamic and kinetic time scales. We observe time scales in the range of a few hundred seconds which occur mainly due to kinetics, i.e. island growth. Importantly, we can relate the observed heterogeneous behavior in dynamics to the number of open layers, revealing information about the change in the roughness, and the growth speed of each layer.
Exciton-induced electric dipole moment in organic ferromagnets
Authors: Li Huixin , Ma Han , Li Dan , Zhang Huiqing , Miao Yuanyuan , Ren Junfeng , Timm Carsten , Hu Guichao
Published: September 2023

Based on an Anderson-like model including electron–lattice interaction and electron–electron (e–e) interactions, charge and spin properties of excitons in quasi-one-dimensional organic ferromagnets with spin radicals are investigated. The results demonstrate the appearance of an unusually large electric dipole moment in the magnetic molecule upon the formation of the exciton. The sign of the dipole moment depends on the spin of the excited electron relative to the magnetization of the spin radicals. The underlying mechanism is analysed based on the different charge distribution and lattice distortion in the two excitation modes with opposite spin. The origin is attributed to the preferred occupation on different domain walls of the exciton distortion for different spin-resolved excitonic levels. The experimental realization of the large dipole moment is discussed. Although the realization of a large dipole moment is impeded by the superposition state formed due to the degeneracy of two excitation modes, we propose an achievable route to break the symmetry and create controllable electric polarization by optical illumination. The dipole moment is robust even if the long-range e–e interaction is included. The effects of the system parameters, including the electron hopping between the main chain and the radicals and the e–e interaction, on the magnitude of the dipole moment are also discussed. This work indicates a novel way to realize organic multiferroic materials with controllable polarization, which can be induced by photon excitation.
Young’s double slit interference with vortex source
Authors: Duan 段 Qilin 琦琳 , Zhao 赵 Pengfei 鹏飞 , Yin 殷 Yuhang 玉杭 , Chen 陈 Huanyang 焕阳
Published: September 2023

The fast and convenient demultiplex of optical vortex (OV) mode is crucial for its further application. We propose a novel approach that combines classic Young’s doublet with an OV source to effectively identify the OV mode through the analysis of interference patterns. The interference patterns of the OV source incident on the double slits can be perfectly illustrated by using both the classical double-slit interference method and the Huygens–Fresnel principle. The interference fringes will twist along the negative or positive direction of x axis when topological charge (TC) l > 0 or l < 0, and the degree of the movement varies with the TC, allowing for a quantitative display of the OV characteristics through the interference patterns. Additionally, we deduce analytically that the zeroth-order interference fringe has a linear relationship with the TC and the vertical position. These findings highlight the ability to identify the OV mode by analyzing the interference patterns produced by Young’s doublet.
The effect of blanket system and port plugs on the harmonic components of error field and optimizing approach investigation
Authors: Liu Zhao , Lei Mingzhun , Wu Qigang , Liu Sumei
Published: September 2023

The fusion plasma is sensitive to the penetration of the toroidal mode numbers

n

harmonic components of the error fields (EFs), and the toroidal mode components of the EFs are closely tied to the toroidal distribution of the magnetic field source. The primary source of EFs within the magnetic field sources is the current source, such as the magnet system, while the magnetic field produced by magnetized ferromagnetic materials may also generate EFs. The ferromagnetic field source, such the reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel, represent a smaller portion of the EFs source. However, the use of ferromagnetic materials is expected to increase significantly as tokamak research transitions from experimental devices to demonstration and commercial reactors, particularly for the structural materials of in-vessel components and port plugs. Predictably, the EFs induced by ferromagnetic materials will increase and may even surpass the design specifications. In this study, the EFs introduced by the water-cooling ceramic breeder blanket system and the vacuum vessel port plugs of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor are comprehensively analyzed by an analytical approach and finite element numerical approach, which is based on the Fourier decomposition. The results reveal a clear linear relationship between the EFs formed by the saturated magnetization module and its rigid displacement deviating from periodic symmetry, as well as the same behavior in EFs and overall magnetization intensity. Compared to the assembly error of the blanket system, the EFs that may be introduced by the equatorial ports and plugs are substantial, including larger

n
⩽
3

toroidal mode harmonic components that can lead to lock mode and disruption. Moreover, using the correlation between harmonic components and symmetrical periods, specific toroidal mode components can be selectively shielded.
Identification of a spatial distribution threshold for the development of a solar radiation model using deep neural networks
Authors: Kang Dae Gyoon , Kim Yean-Uk , Hyun Shinwoo , Kim Kwang Soo , Kim Junhwan , Lee Chung-Kuen , Maruyama Atsushi , Beresford Robert M , Fleisher David H
Published: September 2023

We propose an approach to develop a solar radiation model with spatial portability based on deep neural networks (DNNs). Weather station networks in South Korea between 33.5–37.9° N latitude were used to collect data for development and internal testing of the DNNs, respectively. Multiple sets of weather station data were selected for cross-validation of the DNNs by standard distance deviation (SDD) among training sites. The DNNs tended to have greater spatial portability when a threshold of spatial dispersion among training sites, e.g. 190 km of SDD, was met. The final formulation of the deep solar radiation (DSR) model was obtained from training sites associated with the threshold of SDD. The DSR model had RMSE values <4 MJ m−2 d−1 at external test sites in Japan that were within ±6° of the latitude boundary of the training sites. The relative difference between the outputs of crop yield simulations using observed versus estimated solar radiation inputs from the DSR model was about 4% at the test sites within the given boundary. These results indicate that the identification of the spatial dispersion threshold among training sites would aid the development of DNN models with reasonable spatial portability for estimation of solar radiation.
A new perspective for assessing hydro-meteorological drought relationships at large scale based on causality analysis
Authors: Zhou Zhaoqiang , Ding Yibo , Zhao Yiyang , Chen Peng , Fu Qiang , Xue Ping , Liu Suning , Huang Shengzhi , Shi Haiyun
Published: September 2023

Correlation analysis is the common method to evaluate the relationship between two variables; however, it may sometimes cause spurious correlations. Specifically, in the field of hydrometeorology, with the impacts of climate change and human activities, correlation analysis is difficult to identify the true relationship between variables, and thus, causality analysis should be adopted instead. This study analyzed the causal relationship between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in different climatic regions of China by using convergent cross mapping (CCM). We improved the identification of CCM convergence by using the coefficient of variation and applied it in the field of large-scale hydrometeorology. The results of correlation analysis were compared, and the applicability of causality analysis was explored. The results revealed that: In Southeast China, the correlation and causality between meteorological drought and hydrological drought were both large. In Northeast China and central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was small, but the causality was large. In view of the spurious correlation, introducing causality analysis can better explain the relationship between meteorological drought and hydrological drought, especially in areas with snowmelt runoff. Overall, CCM can provide valuable causal information from common time series in the field of large-scale hydrometeorology and has a wide range of application values. However, causality analysis cannot explain the positive or negative relationship between variables. Therefore, when analyzing the relationship between variables, the advantages of the two methods should be given full play.
Resonances in the Hulthén potential: benchmark calculations, critical behaviors, and interference effects
Authors: Hu Zi Xi , Jiao Li Guang , Liu Aihua , Wang Yuan Cheng , Montgomery Jr Henry E , Ho Yew Kam , Fritzsche Stephan
Published: September 2023

We perform benchmark calculations of resonance states in the Hulthén potential by employing the uniform complex-scaling generalized pseudospectral method. Complex resonance energies for states with the lowest four orbital angular momenta are reported for a wide range of screening parameters where their positions lie above the threshold. Our results are in good agreement with previous J-matrix predictions, but differ significantly from the complex-scaling calculations based on oscillator basis set. By tracing the resonance poles via bound-resonance transition as the screening parameter increases, we successfully identify the electronic configurations of the numerically obtained resonances. The asymptotic laws for resonance position and width near the critical transition region are extracted, and their connections with the bound-state asymptotic law and Wigner threshold law, respectively, are disclosed. We further find that the birth of a new resonance will distort the trajectories of adjacent higher-lying resonances, while even if two resonances are exactly degenerate in real energy position, they can still be treated as near-isolated resonances provided their widths are significantly different in magnitude.
3D computational fluid and particle dynamics simulations: metrics of aerosol capture by impaction filters
*
Authors: Malavé Veruska , Jeerage Kavita , Garboczi Edward , Lovestead Tara
Published: September 2023

Human studies provide valuable information on components or analytes recovered from exhaled breath, but there are limitations due to inter-individual and intra-individual variation. Future development and implementation of breath tests based on aerosol analysis require a clear understanding of how human factors interact with device geometry to influence particle transport and deposition. The computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) algorithm combines (i) the Eulerian approach to fluid dynamics and (ii) the Lagrangian approach to single particle transport and deposition to predict how particles are carried in fluids and deposited on surfaces. In this work, we developed a 3D multiscale CFPD model to provide insight into human factors that could be important to control or measure during sampling. We designed the model to characterize the local transport, spatial distribution, and deposition of polydisperse particles in a single impaction filter of a commercial aerosol collection device. We highlight the use of decoupling numerical strategies to simultaneously quantify the influence of filter geometry, fluid flowrate, and particle size. Our numerical models showed the remarkable effect of flowrate on aerosol dynamics. Specifically, aerosol mass deposition, spatial distribution, and deposition mechanisms inside the filter. This work as well as future studies on the effect of filter geometry and human factors on aerosol collection will guide the development, standardization, and validation of breath sampling protocols for current and emerging breath tests for forensic and clinical applications.
Thinking about democracy: tools for understanding
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the concept and conceptions of democracy, which often refer to nations, societies, forms of government, and political practices. According to founding documents or traditional practices, democracies usually include rule by law and practices that uphold political freedoms. However, the concept of democracy supports multiple conceptions, which coincide with histories of political change. The chapter also considers the internal and external threats to democracy and national structures such as federalism. It elaborates on inclusion and participation as major factors in the structure and conception of contemporary democratic government and society.
Democracy in the medieval and Renaissance world
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers democratic structures in the medieval and Renaissance period. It explains that democratic practices over this period were the results of concrete local negotiations to resolve conflicting interests. But these practices were often limited within their own borders. Medieval and Renaissance democratic institutions were developed throughout Europe, in Scandinavia, France, Germany, Italy, and England. Medieval political thought interconnected with religion, especially when Catholic doctrine and the new ideas of the Protestant Reformation contributed to abstract theories. Disagreements between crown and church had the potential to disrupt government and to crush internal opposition, with the result that religious and political tensions began to shape national governments.
Rights and revolutions: (exclusive) political equality
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores how rights became important goals during the American and French revolutions. The American Revolution and French Revolution are popularly known for being foundations for present-day democracy. Even though the revolutions’ ideologies relied on social contract theory, social contract theorists did not distinguish between the people’s sovereign right and the direct right to influence their government. The American Revolution consisted of ideology, military action, and a constitution that determined the structure and process of the American government, modeled on English rights and government. On the other hand, the French Revolution that upended the social order in France and ignited war abroad was accompanied by a declaration of universal human rights.
Mandela: Story and symbol
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the origins of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, who is one of the best-known leaders of the Global South. Despite his renowned popularity, Nelson’s reputation in South Africa is reduced as he is perceived to have presided over an incomplete political transformation. Mandela’s life narrative was officially elevated as South Africa’s main governing tale, its modern myth, as reflected in government school-readers and children’s cartoon-book histories. Moreover, Mandela’s narrative is also crucially the story of an African quest for modernity. The chapter also mentions Mandela’s personal charisma, also known as Madiba magic, that radiated from him following the combination of his fame, height, good looks, encyclopaedic memory, and qualities.
Impact of analytical imprecision and bias on patient classification
Authors: Loh Tze Ping , Markus Corey , Lim Chun Yee
Published: September 2023

Objectives

An increase in analytical imprecision and/or the introduction of bias can affect the interpretation of quantitative laboratory results. In this study, we explore the impact of varying assay imprecision and bias introduction on the classification of patients based on fixed thresholds.

Methods

Simple spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) were constructed to simulate conditions of assay deterioration, expressed as coefficient of variation and bias (in percentages). The impact on patient classification was explored based on fixed interpretative limits. A combined matrix of imprecision and bias of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% (tool 1) as well as 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (tool 2) was simulated, respectively. The percentage of patients who were reclassified following the addition of simulated imprecision and bias was summarized and presented in tables and graphs.

Results

The percentage of patients who were reclassified increased with increasing/decreasing magnitude of imprecision and bias. The impact of imprecision lessens with increasing bias such that at high biases, the bias becomes the dominant cause for reclassification.

Conclusions

The spreadsheet tools, available as Supplemental Material, allow laboratories to visualize the impact of additional analytical imprecision and bias on the classification of their patients when applied to locally extracted historical results.
A Cautionary Note on Using Propensity Score Calibration to Control for Unmeasured Confounding Bias When the Surrogacy Assumption Is Absent
Authors: Wan Fei
Published: September 2023

Conventional propensity score methods encounter challenges when unmeasured confounding is present, as it becomes impossible to accurately estimate the gold-standard propensity score when data on certain confounders are unavailable. Propensity score calibration (PSC) addresses this issue by constructing a surrogate for the gold-standard propensity score under the surrogacy assumption. This assumption posits that the error-prone propensity score, based on observed confounders, is independent of the outcome when conditioned on the gold-standard propensity score and the exposure. However, this assumption implies that confounders cannot directly impact the outcome and that their effects on the outcome are solely mediated through the propensity score. This raises concerns regarding the applicability of PSC in practical settings where confounders can directly affect the outcome. While PSC aims to target a conditional treatment effect by conditioning on a subject’s unobservable propensity score, the causal interest in the latter case lies in a conditional treatment effect conditioned on a subject’s baseline characteristics. Our analysis reveals that PSC is generally biased unless the effects of confounders on the outcome and treatment are proportional to each other. Furthermore, we identify 2 sources of bias: 1) the noncollapsibility of effect measures, such as the odds ratio or hazard ratio and 2) residual confounding, as the calibrated propensity score may not possess the properties of a valid propensity score.
A Prospective Sociocentric Study of 2 Entire Traditional Korean Villages: The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP)
Authors: Baek Jiwon , Baldina Ekaterina , Sung Kiho , Lee Sung-Ha , Christakis Nicholas A , Bearman Peter , Kim Hyeon Chang , Chu Sang Hui , Lee Eun , Park Yeong-Ran , Chey Jeanyung , Choi Youn-Hee , Lee Dohoon , Youm Yoosik
Published: September 2023

The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) was a multidisciplinary prospective study conducted in South Korea that measured various health biomarkers from blood, hair, and brain magnetic resonance imaging, and we examined their associations with sociocentric (global) social network data of older adults in 2 entire villages (or cohorts). Cohort K included participants aged 60 years or older, and cohort L included participants aged 65 years or older. We performed a baseline survey involving 814 of the 860 individuals (94.7% response rate) in cohort K in 2012 and 947 of the 1,043 individuals (90.8% response rate) in cohort L in 2017. We gathered longitudinal data for 5 waves in cohort K from 2011 to 2019 and 2 waves in cohort L from 2017 to 2022. Here, we describe for the first time the follow-up design of the KSHAP, the changes in social networks, and various biomarkers over a number of years. The data for cohort K are publicly available via the Korean Social Science Data Archive as well as the project website, and the data for cohort L will be shared soon.
Purification and characterization of 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid desulfhydrase involved in ergothioneine utilization in Burkholderia sp. HME13
Authors: Muramatsu Hisashi , Inouchi Daisuke , Yamada Masaaki , Koujitani Akihito , Maguchi Hiroki , Kato Shin-ichiro
Published: September 2023

Recombinant 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid desulfhydrase (ErtC) derived from Burkholderia sp. HME13 was purified to homogeneity. Here, ErtC's kinetic parameters, optimum reaction temperature and pH, and stability at varying temperatures and pH and the effects of various additives on ErtC activity were determined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme assays suggested that ergothioneine induced the expression of ertC.
The Hand and Wrist: AntImicrobials and Infection (HAWAII) trial
Authors: Wormald Justin Conrad Rosen , Rodrigues Jeremy , Bheekharry Rinah , Riley Nicholas , Tucker Sarah , Furniss Dominic , Dunlop Rebecca , Jones Robin , Applebe Duncan , Herbert Kate , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Cook Jonathan , Costa Matthew Lee
Published: September 2023

Background

Hand trauma, comprising injuries to both the hand and wrist, affects over five million people per year in the NHS, resulting in 250 000 operations each year. Surgical site infection (SSI) following hand trauma surgery leads to significant morbidity. Triclosan-coated sutures may reduce SSI in major abdominal surgery but have never been tested in hand trauma. Feasibility needs to be ascertained before a definitive trial can be delivered in hand trauma.

Methods

A multicentre feasibility RCT of antimicrobial sutures versus standard sutures involving adults undergoing surgery for hand trauma to evaluate feasibility for a definitive trial. Secondary objectives were incidence of SSI in both groups, hand function measured with patient-reported outcome measures, health-related quality of life and change in employment. Randomization was performed on a 1:1 basis, stratified by age of the patient and whether the injury was open or closed, using a secure, centralized, online randomization service. Participants were blinded to allocation.

Results

116 participants were recruited and randomized (60 intervention, 56 control). Of 227 screened, most were eligible (89.5 per cent), and most who were approached agreed to be included in the study (84.7 per cent). Retention was low: 57.5 per cent at 30 days, 52 per cent at 90 days and 45.1 per cent at 6 months. Incidence of SSI was >20 per cent in both groups. Hand function deteriorated after injury but recovered to near pre-injury levels during the study period.

Conclusions

Risk of SSI after hand trauma is high. A definitive RCT of antimicrobial sutures in hand trauma surgery is feasible, if retention is improved.

Trial registration

ISRCTN10771059
Improving communication and patient information recall via a question prompt list: randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ey Jesse D , Herath Matheesha B , Reid Jessica L , Bradshaw Emma L , Ting Ying Yang , Treloar Ellie C , Maddern Guy J
Published: September 2023

Background

Patient–surgeon communication is an important component of the success of a consultation and is known to impact patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a document called a question prompt list, containing suggested questions that a patient may like to ask their doctor, improved communication.

Methods

A prospective RCT was conducted from October 2021 to October 2022 at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. Patients 16 years or older, seeing a general surgeon for a pre-surgical consultation, not requiring a translator, were randomized to receive a question prompt list (intervention) or standard care without a question prompt list (control). The primary outcomes were number of questions asked, talk time, and mutual eye gaze. Secondary outcomes were patient recall of information, anxiety, and consultation duration. Randomization was achieved using a computer program, with allocation concealment by opaque sequentially numbered envelopes. Patients were blinded to study group; surgeons were aware of study group, but blinded to outcomes.

Results

Patients (59) were randomly allocated to receive the question prompt list (31) or to the control group (28). A patient from the intervention group withdrew before consultation, resulting in 58 patients being included in the analysis. In the question prompt list consultations, 24 per cent more questions were asked (incidence rate ratio = 1.25, 95 per cent c.i. 1.10 to 1.42; P = 0.001). The intervention group recalled 9 per cent more items than the control group (incidence rate ratio = 1.09, 95 per cent c.i. 1.02 to 1.17; P = 0.012). The control group were 26 per cent less likely to correctly recall information about surgical treatment (OR = 0.26, 95 per cent c.i. 0.10 to 0.68; P = 0.006). No statistically significant differences between study arms for talk time, mutual eye gaze, anxiety, or consultation duration were demonstrated.

Conclusion

The question prompt list was associated with increased question asking and greater patient recall of medical information. It did not increase patient anxiety or consultation duration.

Registration number

ACTRN12623000089639 (http://www.ANZCTR.org.au).
While Prosopanche (Hydnoraceae) flowers gently heat: mutualistic pollination relationships among the perianth-bearing Piperales
Authors: Rocamundi Nicolás , Arce Miller Marina , Maubecin Constanza C , Martel Carlos , Moré Marcela , Marvaldi Adriana , Cocucci Andrea A
Published: September 2023

Flowers of most Piperales do not reward pollinators. However, a few mutualistic pollination relationships have been proposed among the perianth-bearing species. To test the hypothesis of a mutualistic relationship between Prosopanche and beetle pollinators, we studied the pollination biology of three species (P. americana, P. bonacinae, P. panguanensis). For all three species, we recorded flower visitors and flower volatile organic compounds (VOCSs). In addition, for P. americana we investigated flower phases, thermogenesis, visitors’ behaviour, and viability of transported pollen. Using a behavioural experiment, we identified the role of flower heat and fragrance in pollinator attraction. We recorded Neopocadius nitiduloides and Lasiodactylus sp. sap beetles (Nitidulidae) as main pollinators and Hydnorobius hydnorae and H. helleri weevils (Belidae) as occasional pollinators. Thermogenic female flowers heat up to 8°C above the ambient temperature. Flowers only trap the small-sized sap beetles. Methyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate dominated the VOC profile. This was a powerful attractant for sap beetles in controlled bioassays. We conclude that pollination in Prosopanche is mutualistic. This was observed through a pollinator-size-based access limit to the stigmatic chamber and a strong olfactory attractant. Mutualism in Prosopanche therefore contrasts with that of most perianth-bearing Piperales, suggesting it is a novel pollination relationship in early-diverging angiosperms.
Genetic landscape of congenital insensitivity to pain and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies
Authors: Lischka Annette , Eggermann Katja , Record Christopher J , Dohrn Maike F , Laššuthová Petra , Kraft Florian , Begemann Matthias , Dey Daniela , Eggermann Thomas , Beijer Danique , Šoukalová Jana , Laura Matilde , Rossor Alexander M , Mazanec Radim , Van Lent Jonas , Tomaselli Pedro J , Ungelenk Martin , Debus Karlien Y , Feely Shawna M E , Gläser Dieter , Jagadeesh Sujatha , Martin Madelena , Govindaraj Geeta M , Singhi Pratibha , Baineni Revanth , Biswal Niranjan , Ibarra-Ramírez Marisol , Bonduelle Maryse , Gess Burkhard , Romero Sánchez Juan , Suthar Renu , Udani Vrajesh , Nalini Atchayaram , Unnikrishnan Gopikrishnan , Marques Wilson , Mercier Sandra , Procaccio Vincent , Bris Céline , Suresh Beena , Reddy Vaishnavi , Skorupinska Mariola , Bonello-Palot Nathalie , Mochel Fanny , Dahl Georg , Sasidharan Karthika , Devassikutty Fiji M , Nampoothiri Sheela , Rodovalho Doriqui Maria J , Müller-Felber Wolfgang , Vill Katharina , Haack Tobias B , Dufke Andreas , Abele Michael , Stucka Rolf , Siddiqi Saima , Ullah Noor , Spranger Stephanie , Chiabrando Deborah , Bolgül Behiye S , Parman Yesim , Seeman Pavel , Lampert Angelika , Schulz Jörg B , Wood John N , Cox James J , Auer-Grumbach Michaela , Timmerman Vincent , de Winter Jonathan , Themistocleous Andreas C , Shy Michael , Bennett David L , Baets Jonathan , Hübner Christian A , Leipold Enrico , Züchner Stephan , Elbracht Miriam , Çakar Arman , Senderek Jan , Hornemann Thorsten , Woods C Geoffrey , Reilly Mary M , Kurth Ingo
Published: September 2023

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders exclusively or predominantly affecting the sensory and autonomic neurons. Due to the rarity of the diseases and findings based mainly on single case reports or small case series, knowledge about these disorders is limited.

Here, we describe the molecular workup of a large international cohort of CIP/HSAN patients including patients from normally under-represented countries. We identify 80 previously unreported pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in a total of 73 families in the >20 known CIP/HSAN-associated genes. The data expand the spectrum of disease-relevant alterations in CIP/HSAN, including novel variants in previously rarely recognized entities such as ATL3-, FLVCR1- and NGF-associated neuropathies and previously under-recognized mutation types such as larger deletions. In silico predictions, heterologous expression studies, segregation analyses and metabolic tests helped to overcome limitations of current variant classification schemes that often fail to categorize a variant as disease-related or benign.

The study sheds light on the genetic causes and disease-relevant changes within individual genes in CIP/HSAN. This is becoming increasingly important with emerging clinical trials investigating subtype or gene-specific treatment strategies.
Whispers in the waiting room
Authors: Cooper Monica S , McCallum Zoë , Antolovich Giuliana
Published: September 2023

Medical advances have increased the longevity of children living with complex disability, but our capacity to decide whether interventions are helping or hurting has not evolved at the same rate. Cooper et al. capture some of the heartache and practical challenges in providing care for a child with severe neurological impairment.
Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in patients younger than 50 years: a multicentre international clinical–dermoscopic study
Authors: Longo Caterina , Sticchi Alberto , Curti Alex , Kaleci Shaniko , Moscarella Elvira , Argenziano Giuseppe , Thomas Luc , Guitera Pascale , Huang Chen , Tiodorovic Danica , Apalla Zoe , Peris Ketty , del Regno Laura , Guida Stefania , Lallas Aimilios , Kittler Harald , Pellacani Giovanni , Navarrete-Dechent Cristian
Published: September 2023

Background

Lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma (LM/LMM) is usually diagnosed in older patients, when lesions are larger. However, it is important to detect it at an earlier stage to minimize the area for surgical procedure.

Objectives

To determine and define clinical, dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of LM/LMM in patients < 50 years old.

Methods

This was a multicentre study involving tertiary referral centres for skin cancer management. The study included cases of consecutively excised LM/LMM arising in patients < 50 years of age with a histopathological diagnosis of LM/LMM and a complete set of clinical and dermoscopic images; RCM images were considered when present.

Results

In total, 85 LM/LMM of the face from 85 patients < 50 years were included in the study. A regression model showed a direct association with the size of the lesion (R2 = 0.08; P = 0.01) and with the number of dermoscopic features at diagnosis (R2 = 0.12; P < 0.01). In a multivariable analysis, an increasing number of dermoscopic features correlated with increased patient age (P < 0.01), while the presence of grey colour was a predictor of younger age at diagnosis (P = 0.03). RCM revealed the presence of melanoma diagnostic features in all cases (pagetoid cells and atypical nesting).

Conclusions

LM is not a disease limited to older people as previously thought. LM presenting in young adults tends to be smaller and with fewer dermoscopic features, making its diagnosis challenging. Careful evaluation of facial pigmented lesions prior to cosmetic procedures is imperative to avoid incorrectly treating early LM as a benign lesion.
Retrospective review of patients with lentigo maligna treated with topical imiquimod 5% (Aldara®) at a single tertiary UK centre: need for more practical standardised treatment guidelines in the UK
Authors: Afzal Usamah M , Ghadiri Sina J , Sambi Pavan , Muinonen-Martin Andrew , Mitra Angana
Published: September 2023

Lentigo maligna (LM) is an in situ melanoma that arises on chronically sun-damaged skin, predominantly on the head and neck. While surgery is the gold standard treatment for LM, imiquimod 5% (Aldara®), an immune response modifier, is a well-reported off-licence treatment in both primary and adjuvant settings. Although NICE suggests considering treatment with imiquimod, there are, as yet, no formal guidelines.
Tirbanibulin ointment to manage recurrence of superficial basal cell carcinoma of the face: case report
Authors: Martora Fabrizio , Ascierto Paolo Antonio , Scalvenzi Massimiliano , Palla Marco , Costa Claudia , D’Andrea Mirella , Di Trolio Rossella , Scarpato Luigi , Marasca Claudio
Published: September 2023

We present the case of a 64-year-old woman who presented to our clinic with a recurrence of superficial basal cell carcinoma to the left subocular region: the patient had been treated surgically about 4 months previously. Dermoscopy examination showed focal ulceration, linear and arborizing (branch-like) telangiectasia. The patient refused another surgical or topical treatment, such as imiquimod, or photodynamic therapy, for fear of related side effects. After discussing with the patient, we decided to start treatment with tirbanibulin ointment according to the schedule for actinic keratosis, once daily for 5 days.
Wavelet transform-based frequency self-adaptive model for functional brain network
Authors: Ding Yupan , Xu Xiaowen , Peng Liling , Zhang Lei , Li Weikai , Cao Wenming , Gao Xin
Published: September 2023

The accurate estimation of functional brain networks is essential for comprehending the intricate relationships between different brain regions. Conventional methods such as Pearson Correlation and Sparse Representation often fail to uncover concealed information within diverse frequency bands. To address this limitation, we introduce a novel frequency-adaptive model based on wavelet transform, enabling selective capture of highly correlated frequency band sequences. Our approach involves decomposing the original time-domain signal from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging into distinct frequency domains, thus constructing an adjacency matrix that offers enhanced separation of features across brain regions. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superior performance of our proposed model over conventional techniques, showcasing improved clarity and distinctiveness. Notably, we achieved the highest accuracy rate of 89.01% using Sparse Representation based on Wavelet Transform, outperforming Pearson Correlation based on Wavelet Transform with an accuracy of 81.32%. Importantly, our method optimizes raw data without significantly altering feature topology, rendering it adaptable to various functional brain network estimation approaches. Overall, this innovation holds the potential to advance the understanding of brain function and furnish more accurate samples for future research and clinical applications.
The New Normal: Delayed Peak SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads Relative to Symptom Onset and Implications for COVID-19 Testing Programs
Authors: Frediani Jennifer K , Parsons Richard , McLendon Kaleb B , Westbrook Adrianna L , Lam Wilbur , Martin Greg , Pollock Nira R
Published: September 2023

Background

Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, peak viral loads coincided with symptom onset. We hypothesized that in a highly immune population, symptom onset might occur earlier in infection, coinciding with lower viral loads.

Methods

We assessed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A viral loads relative to symptom duration in symptomatic adults (≥16 years) presenting for testing in Georgia (4/2022–4/2023; Omicron variant predominant). Participants provided symptom duration and recent testing history. Nasal swabs were tested by Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV assay and cycle threshold (Ct) values recorded. Nucleoprotein concentrations in SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples were measured by single molecule array. To estimate hypothetical antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag RDT) sensitivity on each day after symptom onset, percentages of individuals with Ct value ≤30 or ≤25 were calculated.

Results

Of 348 newly-diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals (65.5% women, median 39.2 years), 317/348 (91.1%) had a history of vaccination, natural infection, or both. By both Ct value and antigen concentration measurements, median viral loads rose from the day of symptom onset and peaked on the fourth/fifth day. Ag RDT sensitivity estimates were 30.0%–60.0% on the first day, 59.2%–74.8% on the third day, and 80.0%–93.3% on the fourth day of symptoms.

In 74 influenza A PCR-positive individuals (55.4% women; median 35.0 years), median influenza viral loads peaked on the second day of symptoms.

Conclusions

In a highly immune adult population, median SARS-CoV-2 viral loads peaked around the fourth day of symptoms. Influenza A viral loads peaked soon after symptom onset. These findings have implications for ongoing use of Ag RDTs for COVID-19 and influenza.
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Taking Isoniazid Preventive Therapy During the First Trimester
Authors: Gupta Amita , Hughes Michael D , Cruz Jorge Leon , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Mwelase Noluthando , Severe Patrice , Omoz-Oarhe Ayotunde , Masheto Gaerolwe , Moran Laura , Benson Constance A , Chaisson Richard E , Swindells Susan
Published: September 2023

Background

Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for tuberculosis prevention yet data on the safety of first-trimester pregnancy exposure are limited.

Methods

Planned secondary analysis in a TB prevention trial of adverse pregnancy outcomes among participants assigned to 9-month IPT who became pregnant during (IPT-exposed) or after (unexposed) IPT. Regression models compared binary outcomes of a composite adverse outcome (any non-live birth, excluding induced abortion); preterm delivery <37 weeks; and low birth weight <2500 g) among exposure groups. Models were adjusted for latent TB infection, maternal age, CD4 count, and antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Results

In total, 128 participants had a known pregnancy outcome; 39 IPT-exposed and 89 unexposed. At pregnancy outcome, ART use was lower in IPT-exposed (79%) than unexposed women (98%). Overall, 29 pregnancies ended in a composite adverse outcome (25 spontaneous abortions, 2 stillbirths and 2 ectopic pregnancies), 15 preterm deliveries, and 10 infants with low birth weight. IPT was associated with the composite adverse outcome adjusting for covariates at enrollment (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15, 3.41), but the effect was attenuated when adjusted for covariates at pregnancy outcome (aRR 1.47; 95% CI .84, 2.55); IPT was not associated with preterm delivery (relative risk [RR] 0.87; 95% CI .32–2.42) or low birth weight (RR 1.01; 95% CI .29, 3.56).

Conclusions

First-trimester IPT exposure was associated with nearly two-fold increased risk of fetal demise, mostly spontaneous abortion, though the association was attenuated when adjusted for covariates proximal to pregnancy outcome including ART use. Further study is needed to inform TB prevention guidelines.
Estimating Post-treatment Recurrence After Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Among Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Impact of Assumptions About Death and Missing Follow-up
Authors: Sauer Sara M , Mitnick Carole D , Khan Uzma , Hewison Catherine , Bastard Mathieu , Holtzman David , Law Stephanie , Khan Munira , Padayachee Shrivani , Ahmed Saman , Isani Afshan K , Krisnanda Aga , Vilbrun Stalz Charles , Bektasov Sagit , Kumsa Andargachew , Docteur Wisney , Tintaya Karen , McNicol Mark , Atshemyan Hakob , Voynilo Tatiana , Thwe Thin Thin , Seung Kwonjune , Rich Michael , Huerga Helena , Khan Palwasha , Franke Molly
Published: September 2023

Background

Quantification of recurrence risk following successful treatment is crucial to evaluating regimens for multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant (MDR/RR) tuberculosis (TB). However, such analyses are complicated when some patients die or become lost during post-treatment follow-up.

Methods

We analyzed data on 1991 patients who successfully completed a longer MDR/RR-TB regimen containing bedaquiline and/or delamanid between 2015 and 2018 in 16 countries. Using 5 approaches for handling post-treatment deaths, we estimated 6-month post-treatment TB recurrence risk overall and by HIV status. We used inverse-probability weighting to account for patients with missing follow-up and investigated the impact of potential bias from excluding these patients without applying inverse-probability weights.

Results

The estimated TB recurrence risk was 7.4/1000 (95% credible interval: 3.3–12.8) when deaths were handled as non-recurrences and 7.6/1000 (3.3–13.0) when deaths were censored and inverse-probability weights were applied to account for the excluded deaths. The estimated risks of composite recurrence outcomes were 25.5 (15.3–38.1), 11.7 (6.4–18.2), and 8.6 (4.1–14.4) per 1000 for recurrence or (1) any death, (2) death with unknown or TB-related cause, or (3) TB-related death, respectively. Corresponding relative risks for HIV status varied in direction and magnitude. Exclusion of patients with missing follow-up without inverse-probability weighting had a small impact on estimates.

Conclusions

The estimated 6-month TB recurrence risk was low, and the association with HIV status was inconclusive due to few recurrence events. Estimation of post-treatment recurrence will be enhanced by explicit assumptions about deaths and appropriate adjustment for missing follow-up data.
Valuation and emotion according to John Dewey
Authors: Petit Emmanuel , Ballet Jérôme
Published: September 2023

The role of morals, ethics and values in economics is a much-discussed topic. The purpose of this article is to review the pragmatist philosopher John Dewey’s contribution to this debate. He particularly points out the importance of emotion. Indeed, emotion has remained a blind spot in the author’s thinking on values, given the extent to which the debate on rationality and value has taken precedence. We begin by showing the contiguity of the notions of valuation and emotion in the author’s thinking. We then discuss the role of emotion in the conduct of moral inquiry by situating his thinking in relation to emotivism, before more specifically addressing the role of emotion in Dewey’s thinking. Finally, we discuss how Dewey’s thinking can contribute to the debate on values and valuation in economics.