bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyberchondria
Authors: Müller Astrid , Baumann Eva , Dierks Marie‐Luise
Published: November 2022

Cyberchondria is characterized by excessive online searching for health information and/or digital self‐tracking which is strongly associated with health anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, and dysfunctional meta‐cognitive beliefs. To date, it is unclear if individuals with cyberchondria suffer from excessive health‐related online searching behavior only or also from other forms of Internet use disorders. There seems to be a link between cyberchondria and health literacy, defined as perceived skills at finding, evaluating, and applying (online) health information. However, this interconnection has hardly been investigated so far. When it comes to recognizing symptoms of cyberchondria, the “Cyberchondria Severity Scale” has been developed and validated. However, no standardized diagnosis criteria and threshold values have been established yet. Thus, no reliable epidemiological data for cyberchondria is available to date. Treatment should address the maladaptive health‐ or illness‐related assumptions and beliefs by using existing, well‐established approaches for hypochondria. Furthermore, it should target the problematic Internet use and enable individuals with cyberchondria to reflect on their subjective eHealth literacy and promote a functional use of online health resources and tools.
Health Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Martinez Lourdes S.
Published: November 2022

This entry serves as an introduction to health conspiracies, their components and origins, and elements that increase their likelihood of adoption and proliferation. As part of this introduction, definitions for conspiracy theories in general and health conspiracy theories specifically are discussed. Contrasts with related terms are also provided. Cognitive activities that may increase a person's likelihood toward receptivity of health conspiracy theories as well as a range of motivations (including epistemic, existential, social, egotistic, and political motivations) for why individuals decide to spread health conspiracy theories are offered.
Social Media: Adolescent Health
Authors: Buijzen Moniek , Rozendaal Esther , van Woudenberg Thabo J.
Published: November 2022

Adolescents have been spending more and more time on social media, such as Instagram, TikTok, and WhatsApp. This dramatic shift in adolescents' media use has been followed by a steep rise in academic attention for social media and adolescent health, particularly their socio‐psychological well‐being. Contemporary research has investigated both negative and positive effects of social media on adolescent well‐being, probing personal characteristics and environmental factors that might mitigate or enhance these effects. Overall, the research yields a nuanced picture of social media use and well‐being. On the one hand, social media use can affect adolescent health negatively; for example, relating to decreased self‐image, loneliness, and stress at school and work. On the other hand, social media use can enrich young people's social lives and social skills. For example, social media use relates positively to feelings of empathy and friendships. Moreover, girls and excessive social media users appear to be more susceptible to these negative effects, while boys are more likely to experience positive effects. Overall, the effects of social media appear to be small. Furthermore, an emerging research line focusing on within‐person effects demonstrates that social media effects differ from person to person. That is, for most adolescents social media use does not relate to their well‐being, for some it has small positive effects, and for others it has negative effects. More research is needed to disentangle cause and effect relations, to shed light on underlying explanations and predictors, and to explore implications for media policy and education.
Social Media: Migrant Health
Authors: Ahmed Rukhsana
Published: November 2022

The use of social media for health purposes has grown rapidly around the world, including among migrants who are vulnerable. Depending on access, the level of skills, and preferences for platforms, the use of social media among members of different migrant groups to seek and share health information and/or health social support may vary. Despite the growing problem of the propagation of health misinformation on social media, these platforms are significant sources of public health information. With global migration increasing, what challenges and opportunities are associated with social media use for bridging health disparities among migrant groups? In today's connected world, social media use has an important role in the migrant settlement process by facilitating migrant access to information about the culture of, services, programs, and practices in the host society, including health and health related. Yet, there remains a knowledge gap for clinicians, organizations, and service providers in terms of using, developing, and leveraging social media to address migrant health issues. Social media use for migrant health purposes should be considered in light of migrants' unique contexts, especially the determinants that shape migrant health experiences, including structural and social. Against the backdrop of a dearth of data on social media use of migrants for seeking and sharing health information, now is the time to further research to produce evidence of the positive and negative impacts of social media on migrant health, as well as harness the role of social media platforms to combat health misinformation and promote migrant health.
Health Campaigns: Interpersonal Communication
Authors: van den Putte Bas
Published: November 2022

Health campaigns often have limited effects on health behavior. One reason is that the effects of health campaigns are mediated via interpersonal communication about the campaign topic. These conversations can either strengthen or weaken the campaign effects, depending on a positive or negative conversational valence. Interpersonal communication is more likely if campaign messages contain prompts to discuss their content. Other determinants of interpersonal communication are receiving a message in the presence of others, elicitation of emotions, positive message evaluation, and personal topic relevance. Also, messages that activate brain regions that indicate self‐related or social consequences of sharing are more likely to be shared. Besides having an effect on behavior, conversations have been shown to influence intention and knowledge, but on average no effects are found on attitude and perceived behavioral consequences. Strongest positive effects are found for campaigns on smoking, condom use and HIV‐testing, but not for campaigns on alcohol and drugs use. So far, largely similar effects are found for face‐to‐face communication and online sharing or chatting. Some health campaigns explicitly aim at interpersonal communication as a campaign tool, for example by stimulating parent–child communication. This has positive effects on health behavior, providing these conversations are of high quality, characterized by reciprocal conversations in which children feel that parents take their opinions seriously. Also, parent–child communication should focus on health risks. Regarding substance use, parents should not discuss their own negative experiences and avoid permissive messages that allow alcohol use in specific circumstances or in a limited amount.
Health Campaigns: Multicultural
Authors: Cox Antoon , Schoenmakers Birgitte
Published: November 2022

Tailoring health campaigns to the needs of specific groups (e.g., based on gender, age, ethnicity, culture), and in particular the more vulnerable ones, can help mitigate health disparities. This may require adjusting the source, the message, and the communication channels that are used. Insights from the PEN‐3 model and from behavioral science present valuable resources to draw on. A key element to enhance the effectiveness of health campaigns concerns co‐construction with the target audience.
Common‐Sense Model
Authors: Scherr Courtney L. , Kalke Kerstin
Published: November 2022

The Common‐Sense Model of Self‐Regulation (CSM) is a social cognitive framework that describes lay processes associated with adherence to health protective behavior. The CSM describes how the formation of lay beliefs about health threats (prototypes) and the subsequent parallel processing of cognitions and emotions (representations) related to the health threat give rise to threat management (coping) to assist in threat management. The CSM is an individual‐level model and includes a dynamic feedback mechanism which provides opportunities for people to evaluate their coping strategies and reconsider their mental model or selected coping strategy, should their desired outcome not be achieved. The propositions forwarded by the CSM related to information processing, decision making, and behavior change have direct implications for the design of health messages and communication interventions. The CSM provides a useful framework to guide patient–clinician communication, risk communication, health communication interventions, educational programs, brochures, and decision aids. The systematic approach of the CSM is particularly suited for adaptation in communication research as it considers the interplay of cognition and emotion in the processing of information, and explores influences on the individual from an interpersonal and societal level.
Harm Reduction Theory
Authors: Chavda Bhakti , Mattson Marifran
Published: November 2022

Harm Reduction Theory (HRT) seeks to reduce harms associated with high‐risk behaviors without aiming for the discontinuation of these behaviors. The concept was first introduced in the 1960s for substance abuse prevention, but it gained momentum in the 1970s and 1980s due to the emergence of HIV cases across the world. Ever since, HRT has been successfully implemented for public health issues such as alcohol addiction, tobacco consumption, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Four main beliefs have been identified that guide harm reduction approaches. First, the extent of risk is continuous and not dichotomous. Second, the discontinuation of unhealthy behaviors is a stepwise process with complete abstinence being the last step. Third, the health of affected individuals takes priority over passing moral judgments on their behavior. Fourth, goal setting for harm reduction (HR) practices needs to be realistic. Over the last several years, numerous studies have established the efficacy of HRT integration in health communication campaigns. Some of these include needle exchange programs to prevent infectious disease transmission, opioid substitution programs, and message framing around protected sex. However, ethical, and administrative issues such as allowing the continuation of risky behaviors, and limited awareness about HR resources have also been raised. Despite these limitations, HRT continues to be a part of successful HC campaigns directed toward harm regulation and risk communication.
Language Expectancy Theory
Authors: Averbeck Joshua M.
Published: November 2022

Language Expectancy Theory (LET) provides an explanation for why certain individuals are persuasive when using some language choices while others fail. The expectations we have for certain social categories are predictive of the likelihood of behavior change when sources use intense or otherwise undesirable language strategies. The LET framework has been successfully applied to health campaigns, patient–clinician interactions, and communicative traits that are predictive of language preferences.
Theory of Normative Social Behavior
Authors: Liu Rain Wuyu , Lapinski Maria Knight
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an introduction to the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), proposed and developed by Rimal and Real and expanded by Lapinski and Rimal, including conceptualizations of key constructs, the main propositions in the TNSB, some of its research applications in health communication, as well as future directions for research on the theory. The TNSB explicates the processes by which normative influence on behaviors is exerted and moderated. It posits that the influence of perceived descriptive norms on behaviors is moderated by a series of variables, such as perceived injunctive norms, outcome expectations, group identity, and behavioral attributes. In a recent expansion of the theory, more potential moderators are identified, including individual‐level factors (e.g., involvement, self‐monitoring, self‐efficacy) and interpersonal‐ and societal‐level moderators (e.g., group proximity, interdependence). The TNSB offers a communication‐based perspective in studying the process of social influence as a function of interpersonal and mediated communication. Numerous studies using the TNSB on a variety of health‐related issues (e.g., handwashing, smoking cessation, reducing binge drinking, sunscreen application) provide empirical support to the propositions in this theory. As such, the TNSB remains one of the widely utilized theories in health communication scholarship.
Narrative Medicine
Authors: Davidson Lindy Grief , Cusanno Brianna R.
Published: November 2022

In the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries, scholars from communication, sociology, and anthropology began promoting narrative theory as a means of communicating illness stories. Their work brought to light the function of storytelling as a sense‐making, healing act for people navigating complex health situations. Patient stories emerged and grew in popularity alongside research addressing narratives in clinical contexts. As the body of research focused on narratives and medicine grew, the field of narrative medicine emerged as a new area for clinicians who recognized a need to humanize their practice by attending to the stories of patients. Led by scholars at Columbia University, most notably Rita Charon, the narrative medicine movement has evolved to become a well‐recognized field of study and practice. Methods of narrative medicine rely heavily on communication skills such as close reading, reflective writing, autoethnography, poetic inquiry, and dialogue. Though initially conceived of in the context of clinician–patient communication, narrative medicine is a hallmark of medical humanities programs and has a growing presence in medical education. Narrative medicine is a key component of health activism across the globe, as observed by an increasing focus on applying narrative medicine strategies to advance social justice; building a global community of narrative medicine clinicians; and using narrative medicine to foster reflection and resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Healthcare Organizational Culture
Authors: Bryan Ann L. , Lammers John C.
Published: November 2022

This entry offers a brief introduction to organizational culture studies and the two perspectives that guide scholarly work: prescriptive and emergent. Healthcare organizations are unique environments that are made of up complex subcultures and whose outcomes can mean life or death. Organizational culture has been shown to impact member efficiency, motivation and morale, quality of work, stress, accident rates, burnout, and turnover, all of which have serious implications for both member and patient health. As such, organizational culture offers healthcare organizations an opportunity to manage and prevent these concerns, and instead focus on achieving positive outcomes. Based on this review, directions for future research are suggested.
Narrative Theory
Authors: Davidson Lindy Grief
Published: November 2022

Humans are storytellers, and many disciplines are dedicated to the production, examination, and interpretation of stories. In health communication, narrative theory is particularly interested in meaning‐making as it exists in contexts of health, illness, and wellness. Delving into narrative theory in health communication is a somewhat confounding task considering the hard science frame that dominates biomedicine. Nevertheless, embracing narrative theory in health offers scholars a view of the human experience of health, wellness, and illness not available through other forms. To grasp the magnitude of narrative, one must understand the constitutive nature of communication and the ways stories (co‐, re‐, de‐)construct reality and identity. In health communication, there are innumerable examples of these ideas, so this overview of narrative theory is organized to examine the ideas behind creating and interpreting narratives, followed by a look at what it means to engage in a narrative life and the activism that flows from such a life. Examples of various expressions of health narrative are suggested for further study.
Persuasive Technologies for Health
Authors: Lustria Mia Liza A. , van Weert Julia C. M.
Published: November 2022

Persuasive health technologies are technologies that are designed to change attitudes or health behaviors of users through persuasion and social influence without using coercion. This entry introduces what persuasive health technology is, how it is used to support behavior change interventions, and what the relative advantages are. Technology‐based health interventions have high potential because of the many technological affordances they offer, but problems related to engagement and participation significantly limit their effectiveness. Health communication scholars can contribute to the effectiveness of persuasive health technologies by using theory‐ and evidence‐based approaches in developing and testing them. We describe three different models that can help improve the design and persuasiveness of persuasive health technologies: Fogg's behavioral model (FBM), persuasive system design model (PSD), and behavioral intervention technology model (BIT). We also reflect on the ethical concerns that should be taken into account in the development of persuasive technologies. Future health communication research can play an essential role in understanding how applying persuasive health technology and behavioral intervention technology models can impact the use and effectiveness of persuasive technologies for health.
Mobile Health, Design Of
Authors: Kim Heewon , van Essen Christina
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an overview of mHealth design from a communication perspective. First, this entry offers a typology of core dimensions of mHealth design that classify the existing features into the self‐management dimension, the educational and informational dimension, and the communicative and relational dimension. Next, we review key principles of mHealth design across different phases of planning and preparation, design and prototyping, testing and evaluation, and dissemination and marketing. Finally, this entry proposes future directions that can advance mHealth design.
Social Media: Facebook
Authors: Guidry Jeanine P. D. , Miller Carrie A.
Published: November 2022

Facebook, with 2.8 billion monthly users, is the world's largest social media platform, and is frequently used for health communication purposes. However, this is often used by organizations as a one‐way form of communications. Some of the most frequent uses of Facebook for health communications are providing information or education related to a specific health issue, social support for those dealing with a specific health issue, and social listening. In addition, Facebook increasingly is used to communicate details of health‐related interventions. One of the primary benefits of the use of Facebook for health communication is that the platform can reach the general public, patients, and clinicians. Facebook's use for health communication also has its potential drawbacks. The platform is often associated with the proliferation of health misinformation, particularly related to vaccination and infectious diseases. In addition, conflicting reports exist linking Facebook use to both improvement as well as deterioration in mental health, especially among teen users. Best practices for the use of Facebook for health communication include using two‐way communication, using visuals as part of messaging, and being vigilant dealing with misinformation appearing on the platform.
US National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)
Authors: Blake Kelly D. , Finney Rutten Lila J. , Moser Richard P. , Hesse Bradford W.
Published: November 2022

HINTS (the US National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey) is a cross‐sectional, nationally representative survey of the US noninstitutionalized adult population (18 and older) that collects data on the public's need for, access to, and use of health‐related information and health‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. HINTS was first fielded in 2002–2003, and at the time of this publication, this general population survey has been administered 14 times over 17 years, with the most recent iterations including annual data collection cycles. HINTS data can be used to derive population prevalence estimates, conduct inferential statistics, and to track trends over time using aggregated data to examine health communication and technology‐related phenomena related to cancer prevention and control. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of HINTS and its content, to provide details on the data collection methods used for each iteration of the survey, and to describe public resources that are available for analyzing HINTS data.
Statistical Messages
Authors: Damman Olga , Timmermans Daniëlle
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an introduction to the communication of statistical health messages to the lay public. Statistical health messages are defined in this entry as “messages about numbers of individuals, events or items in the context of health and healthcare.” The lay public is mostly confronted with these messages in probability form, through the news and public health institutions, or through medical information from a doctor or nurse. Such messages are often about health risks, and the field of risk communication is not only concerned with adequately conveying the statistics in question, but also with aligning communication with the public's existing beliefs and values (i.e., dialogue). Communication of statistical health messages is usually aimed at supporting behavior change or at informing decision making. However, statistical health messages, particularly in probability form, are known to be abstract and difficult to understand, especially for those with lower numeracy. There is a large body of literature yielding best practices for communicating probability information and for risk communication. The use of numerical formats is generally recommended over verbal terms only. However, communicators should “do the math” for users, such as specifying a number's evaluative meaning and supporting comprehension of the “gist” message, for example through visualization. In line with best practices for health communication more generally, the message conveying health statistics should be closely aligned to its purpose.
Extended Parallel Process Model
Authors: Roberto Anthony J.
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an overview of the extended parallel process model (EPPM), which was advanced to help explain why fear appeal messages might succeed or fail. In addition to introducing the EPPM, this entry will also (i) define fear appeals, (ii) summarize results from three recent meta‐analyses regarding fear appeals in general and the EPPM in particular, (iii) identify two noteworthy gaps in EPPM research, and (iv) provide a few recommendations for those wishing to develop effective fear appeal messages.
Protection Motivation Theory
Authors: Avalos Brianna L. , Van Ouytsel Joris , Walrave Michel
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an introduction to Rogers's protection motivation theory. While originally established as a theoretical framework concentrating on the promotion of behavioral change, the theory has since been recognized as a persuasive communication theory often used within health communication. When a fearful message is perceived, individuals engage in threat‐appraisal processes (i.e., threat severity, threat vulnerability) by addressing their overall need of behavior change. Once the threat is assessed, individuals employ coping‐appraisal processes (i.e., self‐efficacy, response efficacy) in order to realistically understand their own capabilities and effective measures to change behaviors associated with the threat. Research has applied protection motivation theory to studies in the areas of interpersonal, organizational, and mediated communication in order to best understand the ways in which fearful messages are perceived and predictive of behavioral change.
Chronic Diseases: Pain
Authors: Subramanian Roma
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an introduction to communication issues in patient–clinician interactions in the context of chronic pain, a commonly encountered problem in medical care. Clinician–patient interactions in the context of chronic pain management can be contentious for various reasons, such as contrasting views about the cause of pain and treatment goals. Clinicians often cite patient factors, such as self‐management problems, as barriers to delivering optimal care, whereas patients criticize clinicians for failing to demonstrate empathy and trust. Patient‐centered communication, which is characterized by elements such as shared decision making, epistemic humility, and a holistic view of health, can help foster trust in the relationship between clinicians and chronic pain patients.
Depression
Authors: King Jesse , Gonzales Amy L.
Published: November 2022

Health communication scholars study depression in a number of contexts, including mass media (i.e., news, ads, and media campaigns), interpersonal communication, and computer‐mediated communication. Because depression is often conceptualized from a Western perspective in health communication research, there is still much need for research on depression from a global and intercultural perspective.
Health Disparities: Indigenous: Oceania
Authors: Elers Christine , Dutta Mohan J.
Published: November 2022

A culture‐centered approach is employed to emphasize the importance of Indigenous peoples' and local community voice infrastructures at the “margins of the margins,” in order to foreground local strategies and solutions to health and livelihood as a result of environmental degradation and dispossession. These changes largely stem from the anthropogenic tidal wave of neocolonial capitalist extractive processes on terrestrial and marine ecosystems within Te Moana‐nui‐a‐Kiwa (Pacific Ocean in the Māori language). The processes of colonization have negatively affected Indigenous peoples' health and well‐being around the world. Additionally, environmental degradation is a further assault on the interconnected health systems of Indigenous communities acutely felt in Te Moana‐nui‐a‐Kiwa.
Intergenerational Family Dynamics
Authors: Marsh Jaclyn S.
Published: November 2022

Intergenerational family dynamics are ever changing as our populations around the world are living longer. When multiple generations live together there are many positives to the overall strength of the family. Both younger generations and elderly generations living together simultaneously can be a benefit as each learn from the other. However, this has potential for conflicts to arise and affect the overall health and well‐being of the family members. If merging of the families is not done well it can create issues among the different individuals and, if not dealt with, can fester to create problems for the family as a whole. Communication is very important for the success of intergenerational bonding and if done positively, all members can benefit from the merger and gain important knowledge. There are practical health implications if intergenerational family bonding occurs. For example, family members will have help related to their health issues and/or the aging process in general.
Men's Health
Authors: Bareiss Warren
Published: November 2022

Men face health challenges that are in many ways different from those experienced by women. Disparities between men's and women's longevity, morbidity, and mortality are associated with traditional perceptions of masculinity and lack of government health programs specifically for men, although some differences are, of course, biological in nature. Although the number of studies on health communication pertaining to men is still quite small compared to women's health communication, some studies have started to open doors toward understanding relationships among masculinity, health, and communication. Recent progress has also been made in recognizing diverse challenges to men's health with respect to sexuality, race, and ethnicity. Nevertheless, much more can be done to develop information‐based programs in prevention, treatment, and education specifically pertaining to men's health as informed by health communication scholarship.
Internet Patient vs. Internet‐Informed Patient
Authors: Jäger Simone , Linn Annemiek J. , Brew‐Sam Nicola , Sanders Remco
Published: November 2022

In the ongoing Internet Age, the theory and practice of health communication experience noticeable changes due to advancing technologies. As part of a patient empowerment process in this eHealth era, patients have more options to access relevant health information, share this information with peers or clinicians in patient‐centered communication, and actively participate in shared health decision making. Theories about motivations and drivers to use the Internet, such as the Goals–Plans–Action Model (GPA) or the Optimal Matching Theory (OMT), help grasp two trends in patients' health information behaviors which relate to the Internet as a source of health information on the one hand and as an interaction and communication channel on the other. These are either reflected in the Internet‐informed patient increasingly seeking health information on the web or the Internet patient using various online channels to communicate with clinicians and/or other patients. While the two terms sound similar, they actually differ considerably and thus should not be used interchangeably. In this entry, explanations of the two distinct concepts are provided, considering elements of both and their context of use. Light is shed on resulting effects for patients, clinicians, their encounter, and relationship. Using the Internet for health information purposes may either trigger unreasonable fears (cyberchondria) or better equip patients for coping with their health issues (uncertainty management). Moreover, Internet technology enables different formats for the clinician–patient interaction such as telemedicine consultations, or for patients' self‐management behaviors (e.g., health apps).
Online Health Information Exchange and Privacy
Authors: Börsting Johanna
Published: November 2022

Exchanging personal data and disclosing one's self to others on the Internet is an integral part of everyday life for many users. Social media especially provides many opportunities for exchanging and sharing personal and sometimes even intimate data. Increasingly, users also exchange health information (e.g., concerning physical fitness or even diseases) with other users and institutions, which can bring several positive but also negative outcomes. Advantages of online health information exchange can involve receiving information, social support, or diagnoses independent of time and location. Disadvantages occur if users' privacy is threatened. Users might feel uncomfortable when their private data are not treated confidentially by other users or third parties, which might lead to negative emotions, decreased intention of using online healthcare services in the future, or even serious privacy breaches. Users' willingness to share personal health‐related information via Internet‐based systems depends on the expected positive and negative outcomes related to contextual (e.g., platform) and personal (e.g., concerns) factors. Since health information contains sensitive data, the willingness to exchange such data is always related to users' experienced and actual level of privacy. Analyzing the processes of online health information exchange against the background of users' privacy is valuable for the understanding of users' needs and provides a foundation for improving online healthcare services.
Unique approaches for testicular shielding during total‐body irradiation for pediatric patients
Authors: Agarwal Mohit Shiv , Kelly Kathryn Bales , Papanikolaou Panos , Kirby Neil , Ha Chul Soo
Published: November 2022

Total‐body irradiation (TBI) has been used as a part of the conditioning regimen for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for certain nonmalignant conditions such as sickle cell disease. Although effective, TBI can cause lasting side effects for pediatric patients. One of these potential side effects includes oligospermia or even permanent azoospermia. Although many investigators have studied ways to shield the testicles during the TBI for nonmalignant conditions, there is no set standard. We describe the technical aspects of effective techniques to shield the testicles of male pediatric patients undergoing TBI. We verified that our techniques reduced the testicular dose by approximately 80%–85% of the TBI prescription dose in four male pediatric patients, keeping the dose well below the documented doses that can cause permanent infertility and hypogonadism.
Facile Synthesis of Medium‐Entropy Metal Sulfides as High‐Efficiency Electrocatalysts toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Lei , Shen Xiaoping , Ji Zhenyuan , Yuan Jiaren , Yang Shaokang , Zhu Guoxing , Chen Lizhi , Kong Lirong , Zhou Hongbo
Published: November 2022

Developing highly efficient and durable electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an urgent demand to produce clean hydrogen energy. In this study, a series of medium‐entropy metal sulfides (MEMS) of (NiFeCoX)3S4 (where X = Mn, Cr, Zn) are synthesized by a facile one‐pot solvothermal strategy using molecular precursors. Benefiting from the multiple‐metal synergistic effect and the low crystallinity, these MEMS show significantly enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity compared with the binary‐metal (NiFe)3S4 and ternary‐metal (NiFeCo)3S4 counterparts. Especially, (NiFeCoMn)3S4 delivers a low overpotential of 289 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a decent Tafel slope of 75.6 mV dec−1 and robust catalytic stability in alkaline medium, outperforming the costly IrO2 benchmark electrocatalyst and the majority of the reported metal sulfide‐based electrocatalysts until now. These MEMS with facile synthesis and excellent electrocatalytic performance bring a great opportunity to design desirable electrocatalysts for practical application.
Ultralow Loss and High Tunability in a Non‐perovskite Relaxor Ferroelectric
Authors: Li Ruitao , Xu Diming , Avdeev Max , Zhang Lei , Chen Xinfeng , Gou Gaoyang , Wang Dong , Liu Wenfeng , Zhou Di
Published: November 2022

Dielectric ceramics are fundamental for electronic systems, including energy storages, microwave applications, ultrasonics, and sensors. Relaxor ferroelectrics show superb performance among dielectrics due to their high efficiency and energy density by the nature of nanodomains. Here, a novel non‐perovskite relaxor ferroelectric, Bi6Ti5WO22, with ultralow loss, ≈10−3, highly tunable permittivity, ≈2200 at room temperature with 40% tunability and the superparaelectric region at room temperature is presented. The actual crystal structure and the nanodomains of Bi6Ti5WO22 are demonstrat Various‐temperature neutron powder diffraction and in situ high‐resolution transmission‐electron‐microscopy illustrate the twinning effect, subtle structure change and micro‐strain in the material influenced by temperature, manifesting the actual crystal structure of Bi6Ti5WO22. Compared with dielectric loss of BaTiO3‐based dielectric tunable materials, the loss of Bi6Ti5WO22 is more than an order of magnitude lower, which makes it exhibit a figure of merit (≈240), much higher than that of conventional dielectric tunable materials (< 100), endorse the material great potential for direct applications. The present research offers a strategy for discovering novel relaxor ferroelectrics and a highly desirable material for fabricating energy storage capacitors, microwave dielectrics, and ultrasonics.
Chemical Tuning Meets 2D Molecular Magnets
Authors: Huang Yulong , Zhang Qiang , Li Yuguang C. , Yao Yu , Hu Yong , Ren Shenqiang
Published: November 2022

2D magnets provoke a surge of interest in large anisotropy in reduced dimensions and are promising for next‐generation information technology where dynamic magnetic tuning is essential. Until recently, the crucial metal‐organic magnet Cr(pyz)2·xLiCl·yTHF with considerable high coercivity and high‐temperature magnetic order opens up a new platform to control magnetism in metal‐organic materials at room temperature. Here, an in–situ chemical tuning route is reported to realize the controllable transformation of low‐temperature magnetic order into room‐temperature hard magnetism in Cr(pyz)2·xLiCl·yTHF. The chemical tuning via electrochemical lithiation and solvation/desolvation exhibits continuously variable magnetic features from cryogenic magnetism to the room‐temperature optimum performance of coercivity (Hc) of 8500 Oe and energy product of 0.6 MGOe. Such chemically flexible tunability of room‐temperature magnetism is ascribed to the different degrees of lithiation and solvation that modify the stoichiometry and Cr‐pyrazine coordination framework. Furthermore, the additively manufactured hybrid magnets show air stability and electromagnetic induction, providing potential applications. The findings here suggest chemical tuning as a universal approach to control the anisotropy and magnetism of 2D hybrid magnets at room temperature, promising for data storage, magnetic refrigeration, and spintronics.
High‐Rate Organic Cathode Constructed by Iron‐Hexaazatrinaphthalene Tricarboxylic Acid Coordination Polymer for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yifan , Qiao Zelong , Liu Kexin , Yu Le , Lv Yingying , Shi Liyi , Zhao Yin , Cao Dapeng , Wang Zhuyi , Wang Shitao , Yuan Shuai
Published: November 2022

The sluggish ion‐transport in electrodes and low utilization of active materials are critical limitations of organic cathodes, which lead to the slow reaction dynamics and low specific capacity. In this study, the hierarchical tube is constructed by iron‐hexaazatrinaphthalene tricarboxylic acid coordination polymer (Fe‐HATNTA), using HATNTA as the self‐engaged template to coordinate with Fe2+ ions. This Fe‐HATNTA tube with hierarchical porous structure ensures the sufficient contact between electrolyte and active materials, shortens the diffusion distance, and provides more favorable transport pathways for ions. When employed as the cathode for rechargeable Li‐ion batteries, Fe‐HATNTA delivers a high specific capacity (244 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, 91% of theoretical capacity), excellent rate capability (128 mAh g−1 at 9 A g−1), and a long‐term cycle life (73.9% retention over 3000 cycles at 5 A g−1). Moreover, the Li+ ions storage and conduction mechanisms are further disclosed by the ex situ and in situ characterizations, kinetic analyses, and theoretical calculations. This work is expected to boost further enthusiasm for developing the hierarchical structured metal‐organic coordination polymers with superb ionic storage and transport as high‐performance organic cathodes.
One‐year Medicare costs associated with delirium in older hospitalized patients with and without Alzheimer's disease dementia and related disorders
Authors: Hshieh Tammy T. , Gou Ray Yun , Jones Richard N. , Leslie Douglas L. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Xu Guoquan , Travison Thomas G. , Fong Tamara G. , Schmitt Eva M. , Inouye Sharon K. ,   for the BASIL I Study Group
Published: November 2022

Introduction

One‐year health‐care costs associated with delirium in older hospitalized patients with and without Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) have not been examined previously.

Methods

Medicare costs were determined prospectively at discharge, and at 30, 90, and 365 days in a cohort (n = 311) of older adults after hospital admission.

Results

Seventy‐six (24%) patients had ADRD and were more likely to develop delirium (51% vs. 24%, P < 0.001) and die within 1 year (38% vs. 21%, P = 0.002). In ADRD patients with versus without delirium, adjusted mean difference in costs associated with delirium were $34,828; most of the excess costs were incurred between 90 and 365 days (P = 0.03). In non‐ADRD patients, delirium was associated with increased costs at all timepoints. Excess costs associated with delirium in ADRD patients increased progressively over 1 year, whereas in non‐ADRD patients the increase was consistent across time periods.

Discussion

Our findings highlight the complexity of health‐care costs for ADRD patients who develop delirium, a potentially preventable source of expenditures.

Highlights

Novel examination of health‐care costs of delirium in persons with and without Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).

Increased 1‐year costs of $34,828 in ADRD patients with delirium (vs. without).

Increased costs for delirium in ADRD occur later during the 365‐day study period.

For ADRD patients, cost differences between those with and without delirium increased over 1 year.

For non‐ADRD patients, the parallel cost differences were consistent over time.
Ammonium removal by alkaline‐activated coconut coir from synthetic and ground waters
Authors: Van Do Thi Cam , Pham Thi Thanh Yen , Pham Thi Mai Huong
Published: November 2022

High ammonium concentration in groundwater in Viet Nam is a threaten consequence to Vietnamese people in suburban and rural areas. Coconut coir is an economic waste of Viet Nam's agriculture with million tons generated every year. In this work, NaOH treatment of raw coconut coir (RCC) was implemented to obtain activated biomaterial (NaACC) for evaluation of ammonium adsorption from synthetic and ground waters. First, the effects of adsorbent dosage, initial ammonium concentration, reaction time, temperature on adsorption performance, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics for ammonium‐contained synthetic water were investigated. Second, the ammonium adsorption performance of NaACC from a natural groundwater was also evaluated. The removal efficiencies of ammonium were 49.5, 60.6, and 66.7% with maximum adsorption capacities of 0.51, 0.67, and 0.74 mg/g at temperatures of 30, 40, and 50°C, respectively, at pH 7.0, NaACC dose 40 g/L, initial ammonium concentration 40 mg/L, and reaction time 144 h. The NaACC displayed the best ammonium adsorption following Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9990) and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9989). The NaACC also exhibited a good ammonium adsorption in natural groundwater with removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of 82.6% and 0.77 mg/g, respectively. Particularly, NaACC can be regenerated up to three cycles for consecutive adsorption of ammonium in groundwater without loss of its adsorptive performance. Therefore, NaACC derived from agricultural wastes was a potential biomaterial for cleaning ammonium from contaminated groundwater.
Electron Storage Performance of Hybrid Materials Comprising Polyoxometalates and Carbon Nanohorns as Cathode‐Active Materials
Authors: Wakamatsu Katsuhiro , Sekihara Akinori , Yamaguchi Yoshihiko , Matsushima Ryo , Matsumura Daiju , Kuila Tapas , Yoshikawa Hirofumi
Published: November 2022

Nanohybrid materials comprising polyoxometalates (POMs) and nanocarbons have attracted considerable attention as electrode‐active materials for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). These materials exhibit multi‐electron redox reactions, resulting in an improved battery capacity. This study focuses on carbon nanohorns (CNHs) as a nanocarbon material and evaluates the battery performance using POM/CNH hybrids as cathode‐active materials. X‐ray absorption fine structural analysis was performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of these hybrids. POM/oxidized CNH (CNHox) hybrid materials maintain high capacities at high current densities as the high surface area availability of CNHox leads to high electrical double‐layer capacitances. These findings show an improved performance of the as‐developed material when compared with those reported in previous papers and can contribute toward an improved design of cathode‐active materials for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Potentialities of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials as sensor for food analysis
Authors: Sabui Piyali , Mallick Sadhucharan , Singh Kshitij RB , Natarajan Arunadevi , Verma Ranjana , Singh Jay , Singh Ravindra Pratap
Published: November 2022

Food safety and quality are among the most significant and prevalent research areas worldwide. The fabrication of appropriate technical procedures or devices for the recognition of hazardous features in foods is essential to safeguard food materials. In the recent era, developing high‐performance sensors based on carbon nanomaterial for food safety investigation has made noteworthy progress. Hence this review briefly highlights the different detection approaches (colorimetric sensor, fluorescence sensor, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, and electroluminescence), functional carbon nanomaterials with various dimensions (quantum dots, graphene quantum dots) and detection mechanisms. Further, this review emphasizes the assimilation of carbon nanomaterials with optical sensors to identify multiple contaminants in food products. The insights of carbon‐based nanomaterials optical sensors for pesticides and insecticides, toxic metals, antibiotics, microorganisms, and mycotoxins detection are described in detail. Finally, the opportunities and future perspectives of nanomaterials‐based optical analytical approaches for detecting various food contaminants are discussed.
Prognostic significance of three‐tiered pathological classification for microvascular invasion in patients with combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma following hepatic resection
Authors: Wu Yijun , Liu Hongzhi , Chen Yifan , Zeng Jianxing , Huang Qizhen , Zhang Jinyu , Zeng Yongyi , Liu Jingfeng
Published: November 2022

Background and Objectives

Previous studies have reported that the microvascular invasion three‐tiered grading (MiVI‐TTG) scheme is a better prognostic predictor than the two‐tiered microvascular invasion (MiVI) grading scheme in hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to explore the prognostic significance of MiVI‐TTG in patients undergoing liver resection for combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC) and to explore the risk factors for MiVI in cHCC.

Methods

This research included 208 patients graded as M0, M1, or M2 using the MiVI‐TTG scheme. Predictive performance was assessed by Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier curve with Log rank test, Harrell's c‐index, and time‐dependent areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (tdAUC). The clinical utility of the two schemes was evaluated by decision cure analysis (DCA). The risk factors for MiVI were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among 208 cHCC patients, the proportions of M0, M1 and M2 were 38.9%, 36.5%, and 24.5%, respectively. Patients with severe MiVI status had worse recurrence‐free survival and overall survival (OS) based on Kaplan–Meier analysis. M1, M2, and MiVI‐positive were independent risk factors for early recurrence, while M2 and MiVI‐positive were associated with overall survival (OS). MiVI‐TTG had a larger c‐index, tdAUC, and net benefit rate than the two‐tiered MiVI grading scheme for predicting recurrence free survival and OS. AFP≥400 ng/ml was the independent risk factor for MiVI, and satellite nodules were independent risk factors for M2.

Conclusions

MiVI‐TTG has a greater prognostic value than the two‐tiered MiVI grading scheme in patients undergoing hepatic resection for cHCC.