bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cytokines on mediator release from human dispersed lung mast cells
Authors: Takaishi T. , Morita Y. , Hirai K. , Yamaguchi M. , Ohta K. , Noda E. , Morita T. , Ito K. , Miyamoto T.
Published: May 2007

To evaluate the contribution of human lung mast cells (HLMC) to allergic inflammation, we investigated whether or not cytokines, including stem‐cell factor (SCF), monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), and RANTES, activate HLMC. SCF induced histamine release from dispersed HLMC in a dose‐dependent fashion (P<0.01). The release was 7.8 ± 1.0% at 500 ng/ml SCF (n= 9). This response was also observed in chopped lung tissue. HLMC from which surface IgE molecules had been removed by treatment with lactic acid responded to SCF, while these cells lost their response to anti‐IgE. The process was relatively rapid and reached a maximum in 5 min. This response required extracellular calcium, and it was observed at 37°C, but not at 4°C or 20°. A brief preincubation (10 min) with lower concentrations of SCF, which were ineffective in releasing histamine, enhanced anti‐IgE‐induced histamine release (P<0.05), while its enhancing effect was lost by the longer preincubation (30 min). SCF did not prime basophils to enhance stimulated‐histamine release. Interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5, granulocyte/macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), MCAF, and RANTES neither induced histamine release nor enhanced the release stimulated by anti‐IgE after a 10‐ or 30‐min preincubation. The combination of IL‐3 and IL‐4 showed no effect on histamine release from HLMC. Leukotriene (LT)C4/D4/E4 production by SCF was negligible, as compared with anti‐IgE‐induced LT production. SCF at 1.5 ng/ml augmented anti‐IgE‐induced LT generation significantly (536+ 117 pg/105 mast cells and 1569 ± 258 pg/105 mast cells; P<0.01). These results provide further evidence that numerous aspects of the phenotype of mast cells and basophils are heterogeneous, including structure, relevant secretagogues, and pharmacologic control.
Sensitization to inhalant allergens in wheezing infants is predictive of the development of infantile asthma
Authors: Delacourt C. , Labbé D. , Vassault A. , Brunet‐Langot D. , de Blic J. , Scheinmann P.
Published: May 2007

Early recognition of infantile asthma in wheezing infants is a major problem for physicians. We investigated whether detection of early Sensitization to inhalant allergens would be useful to identify those wheezing infants who are likely to develop asthma. A total of 67 infants (aged 1–25 months) hospitalized for a wheezing episode were initially tested for reactivity to inhalant allergens by both skin prick test and in vitro measurement of specific IgE antibodies (Phadiatop®). Thirty‐seven of the infants were already considered to have infantile asthma, and 30 presented only their first or second wheezing episode when included in the study. All infants were followed for a mean period of 18 months. Seventeen (25%) infants, including seven infants initially not asthmatic, had positive prick test to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or to cat fur. All of these children were diagnosed as suffering from infantile asthma at the end of the follow‐up. Thus, skin test positivity to inhalant allergens was significantly associated with the diagnosis of infantile asthma (P<0.05) and could be considered to be predictive of the development of infantile asthma (P<0.03). In contrast, Phadiatop was less sensitive than skin prick tests, and only five children had positive in vitro test results, suggesting that specific IgE may primarily bind to tissue mast cells before being detectable in serum. We concluded that Sensitization to inhalant allergens may distinguish wheezing infants who develop asthma from those who do not, and that skin testing may assist the early diagnosis of asthma in wheezing infants.
Clinical efficacy of reduction in house‐dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated “healthy” homes
Authors: Harving H. , Korsgaard J. , Dahl R.
Published: May 2007

In temperate climates, energy‐conserving measures may increase indoor humidity, enhancing house‐dust mite (HDM) growth. Movement of families to “healthy” homes with mechanical ventilation systems reduced HDM exposure. The effect on asthma control of moving to the “healthy” homes was studied in 14 asthmatic patients allergic to HDM. Base‐line evaluations of lung function, asthma symptoms, and medication requirements were made before moving and again after 5 and 15 months’ residence. A control group of 11 mite‐sensitive asthmatic patients who did not move were examined contemporaneously with the study group at base line and at the first follow‐up investigation. After 5 months, the residents of the “healthy” homes improved in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), medicine score, and serum IgE. These changes were significantly different from control group measurements. After 15 months, statistically significant improvements from base line were found in FEV1, average daily peak expiratory flow values, medicine score, symptom score, and serum IgE. Insignificant trends toward improvement were seen in provocation concentration of histamine and blood eosinophils. A significant relation was found between reduction in medicine score and fall in HDM exposure. The present study shows that a specific HDM‐avoidance procedure can result in an overall, clinical improvement in HDM‐sensitive asthmatic patients.
Local side‐effects during 4‐year treatment with inhaled corticosteroids – a com between pressurized metered‐dose in and Turbuhaler®
Authors: Selroos O. , Backman R. , Forsén K.‐O. , Löfroos A.‐B. , Niemistö M. , Pietinalho A. , Äikäs C. , Riska H.
Published: May 2007

Local side‐effects, such as hoarseness and oropharyngeal candidiasis, are often seen during treatment of patients with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). We investigated whether changing from pressurized metered‐dose inhalers (pMDI) to Turbuhaler® influenced the type and frequency of local side‐effects. Local side‐effects were recorded for a 2‐year period in which 154 patients used ICS pMDI with a spacer device. They were followed for an equally long period of time (26.2 ± 5.7 months) while using Turbuhaler, as were 90 patients who received Turbuhaler as their first ICS preparation. After inhalation, all patients rinsed out their mouths with water. In experienced pMDI‐users, the frequency of local side‐effects decreased from 21% to 6%. The reduction was due to a lower incidence of hoarseness. Candidiasis or hoarseness was not seen in patients given Turbuhaler as their first ICS device. Our fear of an increased incidence of local side‐effects when giving ICS in Turbuhaler was unwarranted.
Tissue density and state of activation of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of allergic and nonallergic rhinopathic patients
Authors: Kawabori S. , Nakamura A. , Kanai N.
Published: May 2007

The tissue density of eosinophils and the degree of activation of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of allergic and nonallergic rhinopathic patients were studied by a combination of the immunogold method, which uses EG2 antibody which binds to the secreted form of eosinophils, and the Luna method. The tissue density of eosinophils and the degree of EG2‐positivity were higher in the allergic nasal mucosa than in the nonallergic nasal mucosa. The eosinophils in the tissue were mainly EG2‐positive in contrast with those in the vessels. Epithelial shedding was rarely observed and was not related to the tissue density of eosinophils or EG2‐positivity. Our results suggest that the eosinophils in the allergic nasal mucosa are activated in the tissue, not in the vessel.
Allergen‐induced expression of cell surface markers on lymphocytes of Chi t I‐sensitized patients
Authors: Liebers V. , Raulf M. , Baur X.
Published: May 2007

Lymphocyte cultures of persons sensitized to the hemoglobin allergen Chi t I show a highly significant response to the allergen measured in the lymphocyte stimulation assay by (3H)‐thymidine uptake. In this study, we investigated by flow cytometry the expression of different cell surface markers on lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation for 7 d with or without the allergen Chi t I. We determined the expression of the low‐affinity receptor for IgE (CD23) on lymphocytes of Chi t I‐sensitized patients and Chi t I‐Exposed as well as nonexposed controls. CD23 expression was significantly higher in patients than in nonexposed controls. Exposed but healthy subjects showed intermediate values. We also determined the expression of activation markers CD25 (IL‐2 receptor) and HLA‐DR on the lymphocytes of patients and nonexposed controls. HLA‐DR expression on non‐T cells (CD3–) was significantly higher in patients than in controls. HLA‐DR on T cells (CD3 +), and CD25 as well as CD23 expression, could be significantly enhanced after antigen‐specific stimulation in patients but not in controls, whereas α/β‐T‐cell‐receptor expression was significantly reduced in patients. Differences between patients and controls were not observed in response to tetanus toxid (TT) and phytohemaglutinin (PHA). Our results demonstrate antigen‐specific influences on the expression of cell surface molecules. These findings may be valuable diagnostic information.
Risk factors in early childhood for the development of atopic diseases
Authors: Björkstén B. , Björkstén Bengt
Published: May 2007

Björkstén B. Risk factors in early childhood for the development of atopic diseases.
A comparison of terbutaline inhaled by Turbuhaler® and by a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler in children with exercise‐induced asthma
Authors: Svenonius E. , Arborelius M. , Wiberg R. , Stahl E. , Svensson M.
Published: May 2007

Svenonius E, Arborelius M, Wiberg R, Ståhl E, Svensson M. A comparison of terbutaline inhaled by Turbuhaler® and by a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler in children with exercise‐induced asthma.

The present study compared the bronchodilating effect of inhalation from the Turbuhaler® (0.5 mg terbutaline × 2) with the effect of inhalation from the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler (0.25 mg terbutaline × 4) in children aged 9‐17 years with reproducible, exercise‐induced asthma (EIA). The treatments were given on two occasions, 5 min apart (terbutaline 0.5 mg + 0.5 mg). The study was performed as a double‐blind, double‐dummy, and placebo‐controlled trial in 12 asthmatic children. The study was conducted on three separate days. The bronchoconstriction was induced by steady running on a treadmill. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1,0), vital capacity (VC), and volume of trapped gas (VTG) were measured before and after the exercise test and after treatment. The study showed that the same amount of terbutaline inhaled from the Turbuhaler or from a CFC inhaler is equally effective for reversing EIA, and that the Turbuhaler is possibly more effective for treating spasm in small airways.
Surimi and native codfish contain a common allergen identified as a 63‐kDa protein
Authors: Mata E. , Favier C. , Moneret‐Vautrin D. A. , Nicolas J. P. , Ching L. Han , Guéant J.L
Published: May 2007

We have compared the allergenicity of codfish and surimi (prepared from codfish) by skin testing, specific IgE‐RIA, and leukocyte histamine release (LHR) in six fish‐allergic patients. Prick tests were positive for codfish and, to a lesser extent, surimi. The percentages of labeled anti‐IgE bound to surimi‐Sepharose were 1.55 ± 0.19% and 3‐6% with control and patient sera, respectively. Inhibition of the surimi protein‐Sepharose IgE‐RIA was greatest (80%) at protein concentrations of 13.4 and 408.5 μg/ml for codfish and surimi extract, respectively. The allergenic protein was isolated by gel filtration and subjected to SDS‐PAGE. The eluate from codfish contained several proteins ranging from 13 to 63 kDa, while the eluate from surimi contained a single 63‐kDa protein. It was concluded that surimi contained a single allergenic protein.

Mata E, Favier C, Moneret‐Vautrin DA, Nicolas JP, Han Ching L, Guéant JL. Surimi and native codfish contain a common allergen identified as a 63‐kDa protein.
Cat (Fel dI), dog (Can fI), and cockroach allergens in homes of asthmatic children from three climatic zones in Sweden
Authors: Munir A. K. M. , Björkstén B. , Einarsson R. , Schou C. , Ekstrand‐Tobin A. , Warner A. , Kjellman N.‐I. M.
Published: May 2007

We have investigated the levels of cat (Fel dI), dog (Can fI), and cockroach (Per aI) allergens in dust from bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms from 123 homes of asthmatic children in three zones of Sweden with varying climates. Absolute indoor humidity (AIH), relative humidity (RH), rate of ventilation in air changes per hour (ach), and number of airborne particles were also measured.Fel dI,Can fI, andPer aI allergen contents were determined by mab ELISA, and the levels were related to various environmental factors. The major cat allergen.Fel dI, was detected in all homes, and the concentrations varied between 16 ng and 28000 ng/g fine dust. The dog allergen,Can fI, was detected in 85% of the homes, and the levels varied from 60 ng to 866000 ng/g dust. Cockroach allergen was detected in only one home (40 ng/g).Fel dI andCan fI allergens were equally distributed geographically. Dust from living rooms contained significantly higher (P< 0.05) concentrations of bothFel dI andCan fI allergens than dust from bedrooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. The levels tended to be higher in homes with poor ventilation (<0.5 ach) and in homes with wall‐to‐wall carpets. Significantly higher (P< 0.01) numbers of airborne particles were found in homes with high humidity (i.e., AIH ≥ 7 g/kg or RH ≥ 45%). We conclude that pet allergens are ubiquitous in different climatic regions, being found in bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. Current or previous presence of a cat or dog, high indoor humidity, presence of wall‐to‐wall carpets, and poor ventilation all increase the risk for high allergen exposure. In contrast, cockroach allergens arc rarely found in a temperate climate.
Fungal propagules in house dust. II.
Authors: Verhoeff A. P. , van Wijnen J. H. , van Reenen‐Hoekstra E. S. , Samson R. A. , van Strien R. T. , Brunekreef B.
Published: May 2007

As part of a case‐control study on the relation between home dampness and respiratory symptoms of children, house‐dust samples were collected from bedroom floors and mattresses in 60 homes in The Netherlands. The house‐dust samples were analyzed for the presence of fungal propagules by plating 30 mg of dust directly onto DG18 agar. A checklist and questionnaire were used to obtain information on the home characteristics and occupant behavior that may have an effect on the presence of fungal propagules in house dust. The geometric mean (GM) number of colony‐forming units (CFU)/g dust collected from the floors was 8990. The number of CFU/g dust was significantly higher in dust from carpeted floors than in dust from smooth floors (GM, respectively, 12880 CFU/g dust and 3530 CFU/g dust). The GM number of CFU/g dust collected from mattresses was 6760. Overall, the mean numbers of CFU/g dust collected from floors and mattresses were higher in bedrooms where damp spots mold growth, or both were observed. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The relation between home characteristics and the number of CFU/g dust of the most frequently isolated mold species (n= 17), including Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, was also investigated. Only the type of flooring had a significant and consistent effect on the number of CFU/g floor dust of the different mold species. For P. brevicompactum, the number of CFU/g floor dust was significantly higher in bedrooms where damp spots were observed. The number of CFU/g mattress dust of S. brevicaulis was also significantly higher for bedrooms where damp spots were observed. However, in view of the large number of statistical comparisons made, these two significant relationships might have been caused by chance alone. The total numbers of CFU/g mattress and floor dust were not related to the average relative indoor humidity measured over 6 weeks. Furthermore, there was no association between the presence of fungi in house dust and respiratory symptoms. We conclude that there was only a very weak relationship between the home characteristics and occupant behavior, as determined by checklist and questionnaire, and the presence of fungal propagules in floor dust and mattress dust. Only the type of flooring had a substantial and statistically significant effect on the presence of fungal propagules in floor dust. Therefore, the presence of fungal propagules in house dust cannot be predicted reliably by home characteristics.
Methotrexate in steroid‐dependent asthma: long‐term results
Authors: Shiner R. J. , Katz I. , Shulimzon T. , Silkoff P. , Benzaray S.
Published: May 2007

Treatment of 21 steroid‐dependent asthmatic patients with methotrexate (MTX) 15 mg/week was prospectively evaluated for a mean of 14.7 (SD 3.7) months. Before MTX, therapy consisted of a mean prednisone dose of 16.6 (SD 9.2) mg, in addition to inhaled beclomethasone/budesonide (mean daily dose 1157 (SD 330) μg) and bronchodilators. Thirteen patients were weaned from all regular systemic steroid therapy, a 50% or more reduction was achieved in four patients, and a less than 50% reduction in four patients. Abnormal liver function tests were noted in six of the 21 patients; this resolved despite continuation of MTX in five. In one patient, MTX was stopped because of symptoms as well as a fivefold rise in serum transaminases, and a speedy resolution was noted. Gastrointestinal side‐effects were reported in six patients but were resolved in five with intramuscular MTX. There were no hematologic or pulmonary complications. We conclude that MTX appears to be both safe and efficacious as a steroid‐sparing agent in most steroid‐dependent asthmatic patients when taken over a long period.
Peak‐flow variability in asthmatic children is not related to wall‐to‐wall carpeting on classroom floors
Authors: Voûte P. D. , Zock J. P. , Brunekreef B. , de Jongste J. C.
Published: May 2007

The hypothesis was tested that wall‐to‐wall carpets on school classroom floors have a negative effect on the respiratory health of asthmatic children. Asthmatic patients (n= 98) were selected from the records of the Sophia Children's Hospital in Rotterdam. The patients were between 5 and 11 years old. All children had peak‐flow measurements three times a day for a 1‐month period. The parents of the children completed a diary in which respiratory symptoms and medication use were recorded daily for the same period. Dust samples were taken from classroom floors, living‐room and bedroom floors, and mattresses of the children. The dust samples were analyzed for Der p I content, the major allergen of the house‐dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between children visiting schools with or without carpeted classroom floors in peak‐flow variability, acute respiratory symptoms, or medication use. The Der p I content of dust collected from classroom floors was much lower than of dust collected from homes. There was a significant correlation between peak‐flow variability and mattress dust Der p I content in asthmatic children sensitized to dust mites, but not between peak‐flow variability and classroom floor dust Der p I content. We concluded that carpeted classroom floors do not contribute to asthma symptom severity, possibly because of the low levels of Der p I on them.
The profiles of interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, and interferon‐gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from house‐dust‐mite‐allergic patients: a role for IL‐6 in allergic disease
Authors: McHugh S. M. , Wilson A. B , Deighton J. , Lachmann P. J. , Ewan P. W.
Published: May 2007

We have developed a model to measure cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. In this report, we examine the production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐6, and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) by PBMC of house‐dust‐mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)‐allergic subjects. When stimulated with specific allergen (D. pteronyssinus), PBMC of patients produced significant levels of IL‐2 and high levels of IL‐6, but little or no IFN‐γ. Nonatopic control PBMC also produced IL‐6, although at lower levels, but no IL‐2 or IFN‐γ. A ubiquitous antigen, streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD), induced high levels of IL‐2 in patients, but only low levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐6. Nonatopic controls produced similar levels of IL‐2 and IL‐6, but high levels of IFN‐γ to SKSD. IL‐2 and IFN‐γ levels induced by the T‐cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were similar in patient and control groups, but IL‐6 levels were significantly lower in the patients. IgE synthesis in vitro was shown only in atopic PBMC cultures stimulated with specific allergen. The major points can be summarized as 1) IL‐2 production by atopic patients in response to allergen; 2) IL‐6 production to allergen by both atopic and nonatopic patients, but significantly increased in atopic patients; and 3) defective IFN‐γ production by atopic patients to both allergen and antigen. These findings suggest that IL‐6 may be important in the immune response to inhalent allergens such as D. pteronyssinus, possibly by creating a cytokine environment favourable to a TH2 response, and that atopic patients exhibit a generalized defect of IFN‐γ production, not related to the response to allergen.
Exercise‐induced anaphylactic reaction to hazelnut
Authors: Muñoz F. Martín , López Cazaña J. M. , Villas F. , Contreras J. F. , Díaz J. M. , Ojeda J. A.
Published: May 2007

Reproducible, exercise‐induced anaphylactic reactions occur in some patients only after certain foods have been eaten before exercise. We describe a patient in whom hazelnuts were a triggering factor for exercise‐induced anaphylaxis. Skin tests and RAST were positive for nuts and grass and weed pollen. The exercise challenge test after hazelnut ingestion was positive. Food hypersensitivity should be investigated in all cases of exercise‐induced anaphylaxis.
Studies on Fusarium solani
Authors: Verma J. , Gangal S. V
Published: May 2007

Allergenic cross‐reactivity among three Fusarium species (F. solani, F. equiseti, and F. moniliforme) was determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), ELISA inhibition, and immunoprint‐inhibition analysis. Inhibiting immunoprint was used to assess the cross‐reactivity of individual allergenic proteins in culture filtrate (CF), separated on SDS‐PAGE. Dose‐response inhibition of band 14 kDa in immunoprints of F. solani CF by antigens of F. solani CF, F. equiseti CF, and F. moniliforme CF demonstrated significant cross‐reactivity of allergenic proteins on analysis of densitometric scans. CIE and ELISA inhibition using hyperimmune sera raised in rabbits against F. solani CF antigen also demonstrated shared antigenicity among Fusarium species. Collectively, this study revealed the presence of shared as well as unique antigenic and allergenic determinants in F. solani CF, F. equiseti CF, and F. moniliforme CF antigens.
Comparison of immunologic tests in the diagnosis of occupational asthma and rhinitis
Authors: Räsänen L. , Kuusisto P. , Penttilä M. , Nieminen M. , Savolainen J. , Lehto M.
Published: May 2007

In this study, three immunologic tests, skin prick test, RAST, and basophil histamine‐release test (BHRT), were compared by provocation in the diagnosis of occupational asthma and rhinitis. Twenty‐three positive bronchial or nasal challenges were performed on 16 patients (six farmers, six bakery workers, and four food industry workers) and asthma or rhinitis was diagnosed as caused by cereal flour or grain, cow epithelium, storage mites, garlic, or soy dust. A control group consisted of 12 patients, of whom four (two bakery workers, one food industry worker, and one farmer) were challenge‐negative, and the rest suffered from pollen allergy and seasonal rhinitis and were not challenged. The sensitivity and specificity of the prick test, RAST, BHRT, and a panel of them were as follows: 74 and 89%, 57 and 86%, 78 and 93%, and 91 and 71%, respectively. The overall concordance among these three type I allergy tests or between immunologic tests and challenge was relatively good.
Dexamethasone inhibits basophil migration
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Hirai K. , Nakajima K. , Ohtoshi T. , Takaishi T. , Ohta K. , Morita Y. , Ito K.
Published: May 2007

Glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit the local accumulation of basophils during the allergen‐induced late‐phase reaction (LPR). Since migration is an essential step in the recruitment of basophils from the circulation, we examined whether the widely used glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), directly acts on basophils to inhibit the migration caused by C5a, interleukin (IL)‐3, and IL‐8. When purified basophils were preincubated with various concentrations of DEX, a dose‐dependent inhibition was observed; DEX at concentrations as low as 1 nM reduced the number of migrated basophils by 30–40 %; at higher concentrations, it showed a slightly stronger inhibitory effect. There was no significant difference in the effect of DEX on the migration caused by the three chemoattractants. The action of DEX took place rapidly; apparent inhibition was observed even when migration was initiated without preincubation. Although the inhibitory effect of this agent was not reversed when DEX was removed by washing, the inhibition was not mediated by the toxicity as measured by the trypan‐blue exclusion test. These results indicate that the in vivo blocking effect of glucocorticoids on basophil accumulation during LPR is mediated in part by direct action to inhibit the migration of basophils.
Prediction of sensitization to flour allergens
Authors: Popp W. , Wagner C. , Kiss D. , Zwick H. , Sertl K.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors that may contribute to the sensitization to flour in baker's apprentices, and to predict this type of sensitization with a stepwise logistic regression model. Of the total of 258 baker's apprentices, 54 (20.9%) exhibited specific IgE development against flour allergens (wheat, rye, and/or barley). Allergologic variables, such as the total IgE level and IgE specific to grass pollen, tree pollen, weed pollen, molds, and animal dander, were found to correlate strongly with the sensitization to flour. However, the correlation between the presence of other manifest allergies and the sensitization to flour was weak. The presence of shadowing of the paranasal sinuses on the radiograph (mucosal thickening, opacity, air/fluid levels, and/or polypous shadowing) correlated with flour sensitization as well as with the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood. Of the lung function data, only total lung capacity (in percentage of the predicted values) weakly correlated with the sensitization to flour. We were able to predict flour sensitization with a sensitivity of 63%, a specificity of 90%, and an efficiency of 84% by using the parameters that allow for the presence or absence of IgE specific to grass pollen and tree pollen, the presence or absence of radiographic shadowing, and total lung capacity in percentage of the predicted values.
Dust from carpeted and smooth floors
Authors: Dybendal T. , Elsayed S.
Published: May 2007

The amounts of dust, protein, and allergens in vacuumed floor covering samples taken from both schools and homes in Norway have been investigated. Classrooms contained significantly more crude dust per unit area than homes, while the mean protein content per unit area was somewhat higher in homes. The main allergen exposure problem in classrooms was that of pet allergens; the contents of dog allergens and the major cat (Felis domesticus) allergen Fel d I per unit area were significantly higher in school classrooms than in homes of families who do not keep pets. The mite and food allergens, on the contrary, were more prevalent in homes. Carpeted floors in schools and homes contained significantly more dust, proteins, and allergens than smooth floors (P<0.05). Fel d I was detected in the vacuum cleaners' filter system in concentrations from <1 ng to 1080 ng, confirming that this allergen can pass through the dust bag during vacuuming.
Complement activation on the nasal mucosal surface ‐ a feature of the immediate allergic reaction in the nose
Authors: Andersson M. , Michel L. , Llull J.B. , Pipkorn U.
Published: May 2007

Complement is a system of functionally linked serum proteins that interact to exert biologic effects in inflammatory and immunologic processes. As part of a larger study with a potential topical antiallergic drug, we measured C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg in 13 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and in five nonatopic controls after placebo treatment. After 1 week of placebo treatment, a nasal allergen challenge with increasing doses of pollens was performed in both allergic subjects and controls. A symptom score method was used, and in returned nasal lavage fluid, the activity of C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg was measured. We found that allergen challenge in the allergic subjects induced nasal symptoms concomitantly with increased levels of C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg (P <0.05). No increases either in symptoms or in the very low base‐line levels of C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg were observed in the nonallergic controls. We conclude that the activation of the complement cascade is one part of the vasculature exudative response during the immediate allergic reaction in the upper airways. Because of their biologic potency, these proteins may be an essential part of the exudative response which perpetuates the ongoing inflammatory reaction.
Effect of 3 months’ nasal steroid therapy on nasal T cells and Langerhans cells in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis
Authors: Holm A. F. , Fokkens W.J. , Godthelp T. , Mulder P.G. , Vroom T. M. , Rijntjes E.
Published: May 2007

The effect of nasal corticosteroid therapy on allergic rhinitis is uncertain. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study over 3 months, we investigated the influence of a new corticosteroid spray, fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS), on Langerhans cells (CD1a+ cells), HLA‐DR+ cells, and T cells in nasal mucosa. Efficacy was evaluated by nasal symptom score. This treatment significantly decreased the number of CDla+ cells and HLA‐DR+ cells in the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, a clear trend of decreasing numbers of T cells in nasal epithelium was found. No change in nasal symptom score was found after the treatment period. These findings suggest that fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray decreases the antigen presentation in nasal allergy.
Melon sensitivity shares allergens with Plantago and grass pollens
Authors: Garcia Ortiz J. C. , Martin P. Cosmes , Lopez‐Asunsolo A.
Published: May 2007

Possible associations between allergy to pollen and that to food allergens were studied in 262 patients sensitized to pollen. Forty‐four patients (16.7%) showed some allergic symptoms after testing with fruits and vegetables, melon being the food most frequently involved (24 patients), followed by sunflower seed (12 patients). Skin testing was done by the prick method with natural fruit or vegetable, and also with commercial food extracts. We found in our region that the distribution of sensitivity to pollens in the group of patients with allergy to fruits or vegetables does not coincide with the prevalence in pollen‐allergic subjects in general, since in the first group ‐subjects allergic to food ‐ there was a major prevalence of allergy to Plantago (P < 0.01). In particular, in the group of subjects allergic to melon, the prevalence of sensitivity to grass and especially to Plantago was larger than in pollen‐allergic subjects in general (P < 0.05 and P 0.001, respectively). The use of fresh food produced better results than commercial extracts. A positive skin test to fresh melon closely correlated with positive CAP results. CAP inhibition experiments were carried out, and we found that Dactylis and Plantago extracts inhibited the binding of the melon‐positive pool to solid‐phase melon. The results suggest the existence of common antigenic epitopes in melon and Plantago pollen, and in melon and grass pollen.
Birch‐pollen antigenic activity of settled dust in rural and urban homes
Authors: Yli‐Panula E. , Rantio‐Lehtimäki A.
Published: May 2007

Concentrations of birch‐pollen antigens were measured in 10 homes in southwestern Finland, four in urban and six in rural areas. Dust samples were collected once a week with a vacuum cleaner equipped with a special collection device (ALK, Copenhagen) combined with an exchangeable glass microfiber filter in a filter dish. Control samples were taken from horizontal surfaces outdoors. All samples were analyzed by a modification of the IgG‐ELISA procedure. The birch‐pollen antigenic activity in indoor settled dust was lower than that in dust outdoors. The mean concentration of antigenic activity indoors peaked 3 weeks later than outdoors. The lag indicates that the most important means whereby antigens are carried indoors is via footwear and clothes, rather than, for instance, ventilation. Antigenic activity was still detected 2 months after the peak pollen period. As a source of antigens, both indoor and outdoor dust may be an important cause of pollen‐allergy symptoms after the season.
Increased levels of serum IgE in children of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sasai K. , Furukawa S. , Hashimoto H. , Yabuta K.
Published: May 2007

Various allergic diseases have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the present study, we evaluated the prevalence of allergic disease and serum IgE levels in 36 children of 26 mothers with SLE. None of the subjects had any rheumatic symptoms. There was at least one type of allergic disease in 28 (78%) of the 36 children of mothers with SLE, as compared with 30% in Japanese control children (P<0.01). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma was higher in children of mothers with SLE (64% and 28%) than in controls (19% and 9%) (P<0.01, respectively). Fourteen of the 36 subjects (39%) had higher levels of serum IgE than those of normal range for age‐matched healthy Japanese children with no atopic family disease in the immediate family history, and these children had atopic disease. Among the 14 children with high serum‐IgE levels, seven had neither immediate nor remote family history of atopic disease, while the others had an immediate family history of atopic disease. We think that genetic factors may influence the presence of allergic disease in children of mothers with SLE, and that the increased serum IgE levels in children of SLE mothers with no allergic family history may be a part of subclinical immunologic abnormalities related to SLE.
Is systematic preoperative screening for muscle relaxant and latex allergy advisable?
Authors: Porri F. , Pradal M. , Rud C. , Charpin D. , Alazia M. , Gouin F. , Vervloet D.
Published: May 2007

We investigated a female population prior to general anaesthesia, using skin prick tests with latex and muscle relaxants to appraise the validity and feasibility of a systematic preoperative screening for these substances. Anaesthetists performed skin tests, and positive and doubtful tests were checked in our allergy department. Of 114 patients, 42 had uninterpretable tests because of dermographism (28 patients) or suppression of skin reactivity (14 patients). Among the other 72, nine had a positive or doubtful test to latex, and seven a positive or doubtful test to one or more muscle relaxants. After checking, only four sensitizations to latex and one to muscle relaxant were confirmed. In conclusion, a systematic screening for latex and muscle relaxant allergy is not advisable. In contrast, screening for latex allergy in selected high‐risk groups (spina bifida, health‐care workers) is necessary.
Vineyard snail allergy possibly induced by sensitization to house‐dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)
Authors: De Maat‐Bleeker F. , Akkerdaas J. H. , van Ree R. , Aalberse R. C.
Published: May 2007

A female patient experienced a severe allergic reaction after consumption of vineyard snails. The patient proved to be sensitized to house‐dust mite (HDM) and demonstrated a positive skin test and specific IgE to snail (Eobania vermiculata, Lofarma). The snail RAST was > 80% inhibited by HDM, whereas the mite RAST was < 10% inhibited by snail extract. This is possibly another example of food allergy related to primary sensitization by an aeroallergen.
Assessment of sensitization to holm oak (Quercus ilex) pollen in the Mérida area (Spain)
Authors: Prados M. , Aragon R. , Carranco M. I. , Martinez A. , Martinez J.
Published: May 2007

Sensitization to Quercus ilex(holm oak) was studied in 760 patients with clinical suspected sensitization to aeroallergens. Prick tests with commercial extracts of Q. ilex proved positive in 27 patients; none were monosonsitive. Nasal and conjunctival provocation tests and specific IgE (RAST) performed with Q. ilex extracts in these patients were negative in all hut one patient, who exhibited specific IgE: liter by RAST) of 7 PRU ml (class 3). We conclude that Q. ilex pollen, though obtained in considerable quantities by our collector, docs not cause allergies in our area.
Quantitation of major allergens in dust samples from urban populations collected in different seasons in two climatic areas of the Basque region (Spain)
Authors: Echechipia S. , Ventas P. , Audicana M. , Urrutia I. , Gastaminza G. , Polo F. , Fernández de Corres L.
Published: May 2007

We present the results of allergen content evaluation in 80 dust samples from 31 homes of atopic patients from two climatic areas (humid and subhumid), collected in two seasons of the year (autumn and winter). Monoclonal antibody‐based immunoassays were used to quantify Der p 1, Der f 1, Der 2, Lep d 1, and Pel d 1. The results were compared according to climate, season, and the type of sensitization (Pyroglyphidae mites, storage mites, or grass pollens). We underline the predominance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (89% of samples) over D. farinae (16% of samples) in our environment. Der p 1 rates were higher in the humid area (Mann‐Whitney P <0.001), especially in the autumn (Wilcoxon P <0.05). Lep d 1 was detected in 23 % of samples and Lep d 1 levels were higher in the homes of patients sensitized to storage mites (Mann‐Whitney P <0.05), whereas this allergen was not detected in the homes of pollen‐allergic patients. Pel d 1 was detected in nine of the 31 homes (16% of samples) although there was a cat in only one home.
Interferon‐gamma in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: influence on T‐cell activation
Authors: Musial J. , Milewski M. , Undas A. , Kopinski P. , Duplaga M. , Szczeklik A.
Published: May 2007

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing skin disease characterized by various immunologic abnormalities. Its pathogenesis remains obscure and its treatment difficult. We have studied the efficacy of systemic recombinant human interferon‐gamma (rhIFN‐γ) treatment (0.05 mg/m2 sc on 3 consecutive days, during 4 weeks) in 10 patients with severe AD. Marked clinical improvement was observed starting from the third week of treatment. Erythema, dryness, and lichenification were the most responsive symptoms. Serum immunoglobulin E and IgG4 levels did not change during treatment. Blood eosinophil count decreased only transiently at the end of the first and second series of injections (days 4 and 11; P= 0.02). Patients with AD showed an increase in CD25‐positive cells (11.0% vs 4.88%; P= 0.0001) as compared to 10 age‐matched healthy controls. Moreover, in parallel with clinical improvement, a distinct decrease in CD25‐positive lymphocytes was observed on days 32 and 50 (P= 0.002 and P= 0.006, respectively). We suggest that in AD the beneficial effect of rhIFN‐γ might be related to the inhibition of excessive T‐cell activation, perhaps of the subpopulations, producing interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐5.
IgE‐mediated allergy to wood dusts probably does not explain the high prevalence of respiratory symptoms among Swedish woodwork teachers
Authors: åhman M. , van Hage‐Hamsten M. , Johansson S. G. O.
Published: May 2007

A previous study revealed an increased occurrence of work‐related respiratory complaints among Swedish woodwork teachers. For determination of whether an IgE‐mediated mechanism was the cause of the symptoms, 127 woodwork teachers and 111 reference subjects (other school personnel) in Stockholm gave serum for analysis of total IgE, Phadiatop, and RAST to extract of sawdust from five commonly used Scandinavian woods (pine, birch, juniper, alder, and linden). The total serum‐IgE level was similar in the woodwork teachers (geometric mean 35, range <2–1700 kU/l) and the reference group (34, <2–860 kU/l), and the frequency of positive Phadiatop was equal (29.9% and 31.5%, respectively). RAST was positive only in three cases, two reference subjects (birch and pine) and one woodwork teacher (alder). Hence, no correlation between exposure and sensitization to wood dust was found, and the results do not support the assumption that the complaints related to exposure to dusts from the examined Scandinavian woods are IgE mediated.
Allergy to bumblebee venom I. Occupational anaphylaxis to bumblebee venom: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: de Groot H. , de Graaf‐in‘t Veld C. , van Wijk R. Gerth
Published: May 2007

We describe six patients with severe occasional anaphylaxis, caused by stings of bumblebees. Sensitization to bumblebee venom was confirmed by intracutaneous tests and RAST with purified bumblebee venom. Three patients changed their occupation and will probably not be stung by bumblebees in the future. The other patients started immunotherapy with newly purified bumblebee venom extract. After 1 year of treatment, no severe side‐effects had occurred and clinical benefit in two patients could be demonstrated, as both skin sensitivity or serum IgE to bumblebee venom had decreased. Moreover, both patients were unresponsive to in‐hospital sting challenge.
Predictors of atopy in newborn babies
Authors: Odelram H. , Björkstén B. , Leander E. , Kjellman N.‐I.M.
Published: May 2007

The capacity of laboratory tests and clinical signs to predict allergic manifestations up to 18 months of age was assessed in 129 newborn babies, most of whom had family members with atopic disease. The parameters assessed included family history; skin dryness; erythema toxicum; skin reactivity to histamine and IgE levels; eosinophil counts; and peripheral white blood cell, leukocyte diflferential, and platelet counts in cord blood (CB). Erythema toxicum and white blood cell and platelet counts were of no value as predictors of allergy. The sensitivity of family history, skin dryness, and sensitivity to histamine, as well as IgE levels and eosinophil counts, varied 25–79% and the specificity 40–74%. The efficiency was never higher than 58%. Logistic regression, applied in order to evaluate the joint predictive power of the five parameters, showed a P value of <0.001. The estimated probability for atopy before 18 months of age was 0.33 for neonates with normal skin texture, a CB IgE of less than 0.5 kU/l, and a history of fewer than two family members with atopy. The probability increased to 0.89 for babies with a dry skin, a history of two or more atopic family members, and a CB IgE of ≥0.5 kU/1. In conclusion, not one parameter nor any combination of them seems suitable for general screening. However, a combination of family history and CB IgE and skin assessment may be used to identify babies at high risk of allergy for participation in prevention studies.
Eosinophil cationic protein in tears of normal subjects and patients affected by vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Leonardi A. , Borghesan F. , Faggian D. , Secchi A. , Plebani M.
Published: May 2007

The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) levels of tear eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC); 2) the effect of pharmacologic therapy on ECP release; and 3) the correlation of this mediator with the severity of the disease. Tears were collected from 10 controls and 20 VKC patients before and after therapy for cytologic analysis and ECP measurement by radioimmunoassay. Ocular signs and symptoms were evaluated before tear collection. Mean ECP levels in controls were 7.5 ± 0.4 μg/l, and in VKC patients, 988.3 ± 128 μg/l before therapy (P<0.001) and 566.3 ± 121 μg/l after therapy (P<0.005). In dexamethasone (Dex) 0.1%, or cyclosporin A (CsA) 2%, patients (five per group), tear ECP decreased significantly after 7–14 days of treatment. Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) 4% (five patients) for 14 days did not significantly affect ECP levels. ECP levels were significantly correlated with allergic signs (P<0.001), symptoms (P<0.001), and the number of eosinophils in tears (P<0.005). The results of this study suggest that tear ECP levels accurately reflect the clinical status of VKC patients. The measurement of ECP may prove useful not only in the diagnosis and monitoring of allergic disease, but also as an objective parameter for the evaluation of new antiallergic therapies.
Induction of nitric oxide synthase in a model of allergic occupational asthma
Authors: Yan Z.‐Q. , Hansson G. K. , Skoogh B.‐E. , Lötvall J.O.
Published: May 2007

We have studied the induction of nitric oxide during late allergic responses, using a guinea pig model of trimellitic anhydride (TMA)‐induced airway allergy. TMA is a low molecular weight chemical which can cause occupational asthma. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated by the detection of 3H‐labeled citrulline formation from 3H‐labeled arginine. In sensitized animals, challenge with TMA conjugated to guinea pig albumin (TMA‐GPSA) increased the activity of Ca2+ ‐independent NOS (inducible NOS; iNOS) in lung and bronchial tissues at 15–17 h after challenge compared to nonsensitized animals. The induction of iNOS activity was associated with an increased level of nitrite, an end metabolite of the 1‐arginine‐NO pathway, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In contrast to iNOS, the activity of Ca2+‐dependent NOS (constitutive NOS; eNOS) was not affected by the allergen challenge. These results demonstrate that iNOS in bronchial tissue is induced late after allergen challenge in sensitized guinea pig.
Urticaria from allergy to a purified human anti‐Rh antibody preparation
Authors: Sulakvelidze I. , Evans S. , Switzer I. , Underdown B. , Greenbaum J. , Dolovich J.
Published: May 2007

This case presentation describes a young woman who developed generalized urticaria after receiving the human anti‐RhD(D) preparation, WinRho, intravenously. Allergy skin tests and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for IgE antibodies to the human anti‐D immunoglobulin preparation were positive. Further studies using high‐pressure liquid chromatography and protein A column chromatography implicated a nonimmunoglobulin low‐molecular‐weight contaminant. This case report illustrates an allergic reaction to a highly purified human immunoglobulin preparation, and demonstrates approaches to assessment of such a reaction.