bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triiodothyronine (T3) Suppression Test
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Graves Thomas K. , Gamble David A.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a T3suppression test to help in the diagnosis of mild hyperthyroidism in cats. We evaluated the response in circulating T4concentrations to exogenous T3(liothyronine) administration in 44 clinically normal cats, 77 cats with hyperthyroidism, and 22 cats with nonthyroidal disease. The test was performed by first collecting blood samples for basal serum T4and T3determinations, administering liothyronine at an oral dosage of 25 μg three times daily for seven doses, and, on the morning of the third day, again collecting serum samples for T4and T3determinations 2 to 4 hours after the seventh dose of liothyronine. The mean basal serum concentrations of T4(53.1 nmol/L) and T3(1.8 nmol/L) were significantly higher in the cats with hyperthyroidism than in the normal cats (T4= 25.3 nmol/L, T3= 1.3 nmol/L) and the cats with nonthyroidal disease (T4= 29.5 nmol/L, T3= 1.4 nmol/L); however, there was a great deal of overlap of basal values between the three groups of cats. Of the 77 cats with mild hyperthyroidism, 41 (53%) had serum T4values and 55 (71%) had T3values that were within the established normal ranges. After administration of liothyronine, mean serum T4concentrations fell much more markedly in the normal cats and the cats with nonthyroidal disease than in the hyperthyroid cats. The mean post‐liothyronine serum T4concentrations were significantly higher (P< 0.001) in the hyperthyroid cats (48.5 nmol/L) than in the normal cats (9.5 nmol/L) and the cats with nonthyroidal disease (9.9 nmol/L). The mean percent decrease in T4concentrations after administration of liothyronine in the hyperthyroid cats (9.1%) was also significantly (P< 0.001) lower than the decrease in either the normal cats (63%) or cats with nonthyroidal disease (67%). The results of this study indicate that the T3suppression test is a useful aid in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats when basal serum T4concentrations are high‐normal or only slightly high. The T3suppression test appears to be of particular value in differentiating between hyperthyroid cats and cats with nonthyroidal disease that have basal serum T4values in the normal to high‐normal range, since there was very little overlap in the amount of T4suppression between these two groups of cats.
Etoposide (VP‐16)
Authors: Hohenhaus Ann E. , Matus Robert E.
Published: May 2009

A retrospective analysis was performed of the effect of VP‐16 (etoposide) in the treatment of 13 dogs with lymphoma. Twelve dogs had achieved partial (two) and complete (ten) responses to combination chemotherapy, but all were out of remission at the time of the trial. One dog had not previously had chemotherapy. There was minimal response to VP‐16 chemotherapy in the 13 dogs studied, and only two of 13 dogs had some response to treatment. For one dog, complete and partial remission durations were one and three months, respectively. In another dog, there was partial remission of eight days. There were no responses in the other 11 dogs. The most serious adverse reaction after administration of VP‐16 was an acute pruritic cutaneous reaction that occurred in 11 of the 13 dogs, which may have been associated with the vehicle of VP‐16, polysorbate 80. Results showed that VP‐16 has minimal activity for treatment of dogs with lymphoma that have experienced relapses after treatment with other anti‐cancer drugs. More trials are needed with higher dosages and the oral form of the drug, which does not contain polysorbate 80.
Right Dorsal Colitis
Authors: Karcher Lance F. , Dill Stephen G. , Anderson Wayne I. , King John M.
Published: May 2009

Moderate to severe ulcerative colitis of the right dorsal colon was diagnosed by necropsy or by exploratory celiotomy and biopsy in 13 horses with a primary clinical complaint of either colic, diarrhea, or weight loss. Clinical signs varied from acute fulminating diarrhea (possibly with fever), colic, dehydration, endotoxic shock and death, to a chronic condition manifested by mild intermittent colic up to several months in duration, and weight loss with or without mild diarrhea. In a large percentage of the horses, those affected had been hypovolemic and received nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or had received inappropriately high doses of phenylbutazone before the onset of illness. Experimental treatment of two horses with high doses of a phenylbutazone oral paste preparation (6 gm once daily for 5 days) and limitation of their water intake to approximately one half of maintenance requirement (for 5 days) resulted in reproduction of ulcerative colitis involving only the right dorsal colon, which was apparent at necropsy examination 11 and 15 days after initiation of drug use. It was concluded that localized ulcerative lesions in the right dorsal colon may be a previously unreported manifestation of toxicity due to the administration of NSAID.
5‐Fluorouracil Toxicosis in the Dog
Authors: Dorman David C. , Coddington Kathleen A. , Richardson Ralph C.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐six cases of accidental 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) ingestions by dogs were reviewed from phone calls to the Illinois Animal Poison Information Center. Cases were collected from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1988. Of the 26 calls involving 5‐FU exposures, 12 were classified as “toxicosis,” 13 as “suspected toxicosis,” and one as “exposure.” Dogs were the only species involved in 5‐FU cases received during this time. Accurate estimates of the amount of 5‐FU ingested by dogs could be made in 17 cases. Ingestion of more than 20 mg/kg of 5‐FU was associated with the development of toxicosis. None of the 12 dogs that ingested oral doses in excess of 43 mg/kg (estimated) survived. Clinical signs associated with 5‐FU poisoning in the dog were death, seizures, vomiting (with and without blood), tremors, diarrhea (with and without blood), ataxia, and depression. Clinical signs generally developed within 45 to 60 minutes after exposure, and deaths occurred 6 to 16 hours after ingestion.
Endotoxic Shock
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Kruse‐Elliott Kris
Published: May 2009

Endotoxic shock is a complex phenomenon resulting from systemic release of inflammatory mediators. Endotoxin interacts with inflammatory cells, platelets, and vascular endothelium. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins, and lipid mediators (platelet activating factor, thromboxane, prostacylin, leukotrienes) are released. These primary mediators act synergistically to cause many of the harmful effects associated with endotoxemia. Multiple secondary mediators are released in response to the primary mediators, compounding the damage. The end result is the species‐specific clinical syndrome recognized as endotoxemia.
Unusual Patterns of Serum Antibodies toStreptococcus Equiin Two Horses with Purpura Hemorrhagica
Authors: Heath Sebastian E. , Geor Raymond J. , Tabel Henry , Mcintosh Kathy
Published: May 2009

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for use in horses to determine serum titers of antibodies of the immunoglobulin classes IgA, IgG, and IgM toStreptococcus equiM‐like protein and culture supernatant protein antigens. Serum antibodies were determined in 28 adult horses, including 9 horses with recentS. equiinfections, 17 horses without known exposure toS. equi, but without a history of respiratory disease in the preceding 4 months, and 2 horses with clinical purpura hemorrhagica. Serum IgA titers to culture supernatant protein antigen were highest in recently infected horses (P <0.001). Serial determinations of antibody titers in the horses with purpura showed that IgG antibodies to bothS. equiM‐like protein and culture supernatant protein antigens were undetectable initially, but later rose coincidental with clinical recovery from the disease. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.
Evaluation of the Calcium Channel‐Blocking Agents Diltiazem and Verapamil for Treatment of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bright Janice M. , Golden A. Lynelle , Gompf Rebecca E. , Walker Michael A. , Toal Robert L.
Published: May 2009

To determine the efficacy of and clinical response to several pharmacologic agents for treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats, 17 symptomatic cats were randomized to treatment with either propranolol, diltiazem, or verapamil. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data were obtained before treatment and after 3 and 6 months of chronic oral therapy. Too few of the cats receiving propranolol or verapamil survived long enough to obtain long‐term data needed to make statistical comparisons between groups. However, all 12 cats ultimately treated with diltiazem became asymptomatic, and no adverse effects from this drug were noted in any of these cats. Treatment with diltiazem was associated with a significant reduction of pulmonary congestion assessed radiographically (P < 0.01), and improved ventricular filling based on echocardiographic measurements of left atrial size (P <0.05), left ventricular internal diastolic dimension (P <0.05), and relaxation time index (P <0.001). There was also a drug‐related improvement in jugular venous oxygen tension (P <0.001) and blood lactate concentration (P <0.01) suggesting improved peripheral perfusion in the cats receiving diltiazem. The results indicate that diltiazem provides an effective and apparently safe treatment for the management of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Comparison of Latex Agglutination, Indirect Hemagglutination, and ELISA Techniques for the Detection ofToxoplasma gondii‐specificAntibodies in the Serum of Cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Powell Cynthia C.
Published: May 2009

The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether commercially available latex agglutination and indirect hemagglutination kits for the detection ofToxoplasma gondii‐specificantibodies were capable of detectingT. gondii‐specificimmunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum of cats. Serum samples from 35 cats containing eitherT. gondii‐specificIgM,T. gondii‐specificimmunoglobulin G (IgG), or both were collected. Each serum sample was assayed using a latex agglutination kit, an indirect hemagglutination kit, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection ofT. gondii‐specificIgG, and an ELISA for the detection ofT. gondii‐specificIgM. When serum samples containing onlyT. gondii‐specificIgM as determined by ELISA were assayed, the latex agglutination kit and the indirect hemagglutination kit detected antibodies in 33.3% and 13.3%, respectively. WhenT. gondii‐specificIgG was present in a serum sample, the results from the latex agglutination kit, the indirect hemagglutination kit, and the IgG‐ELISA were similar; however, there was a wide variation in titer magnitude results between the three assays. It was concluded that the latex agglutination kit and the indirect hemagglutination kit did not adequately detectT. gondii‐specificIgM in feline serum.
Treatment of Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma Using Cobalt 60 Radiation and Intraarterial Cisplatin
Authors: Heidner Greta L. , Page Rodney L. , McEntee Margaret C. , Dodge Richard K. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2009

Twelve dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated with 24–40 Gy of cobalt 60 radiation and two doses of intraarterial cisplatin. Improvement in limb function occurred in four dogs, and three dogs, which had only mild initial lameness, had no worsening of their lameness post‐treatment. In nine dogs in which local control was evaluable, eight had local failure, with the median (95% CI) duration of local control being 5.9 (4.6, 6.7) months. Two dogs had metastatic disease before therapy, and an additional nine dogs had metastatic disease at a median time of 6.4 months. Pathologic fracture was present in four dogs; two fractures occurred before treatment and two were documented at the time of tumor recurrence. Median (95% CI) survival time for all 12 dogs was 4.9 (3.4, 6.8) months. Excluding the two dogs with preexisting metastatic disease, median survival time was 6.7 months. Three dogs survived longer than 1 year. This mode of therapy was well tolerated and may be considered an alternative to amputation or limb‐sparing surgical procedures in selected dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Intrahepatic Postsinusoidal Venous Obstruction in a Dog
Authors: Cohn Leah A. , Spaulding Kathy A. , Cullen John M. , Bunch Susan E. , Metcalf Michael R. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , MacLachlan N. James , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: May 2009

Intrahepatic postsinusoidal obstruction, similar to congenital Budd‐Chiari syndrome in human patients, was diagnosed in a young Basenji dog. Sonographic, radiographic, and manometric studies were used in antemortem localization of this unusual functional lesion, that was believed to be congenital.
Permanent Transvenous Pacemaker Implantation in Forty Dogs
Authors: Sisson David , Thomas William P. , Woodfield Jerry , Pion Paul D. , Luethy Michael , DeLellis Laura A.
Published: May 2009

Permanent transvenous cardiac pacemakers were implanted in 40 dogs. Electrocardiographic diagnoses included persistent atrial standstill (3 dogs), sick sinus syndrome (8 dogs), and high‐grade second‐degree or third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block (29 dogs). Thirteen dogs were alive and well 4 to 42 months after pacemaker implantation (mean, 16.9 months). The mean and median survival times of the 26 dogs that died or were euthanatized during the study were 17.9 months and 13 months, respectively. Most of these dogs succumbed to problems unrelated to the arrhythmia and pacemaker implant. One dog was lost to follow‐up. Complications associated with permanent transvenous pacemaker implantation included lead dislodgement, infection, hematoma formation, skeletal muscle stimulation, ventricular arrhythmia, migration of the pulse generator, and skin erosion. Lead dislodgement was the most common complication, occurring in 7 of 9 dogs paced using untined electrode leads and in 6 of 30 dogs paced using tined leads. Lead dislodgement did not occur in the only dog paced using an actively fixed endocardial lead. It was concluded that permanent transvenous cardiac pacing is a feasible, less traumatic alternative to epimyocardial pacing in dogs, but that successful use of this technique requires careful implantation technique and anticipation of the potential complications.
Hepatic Organelle Pathology in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: Rutgers H. Carolien , Batt Roger M. , Haywood Susan , Riley Jane E.
Published: May 2009

Diversion of portal blood in congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) results in liver atrophy and passage of toxins into the systemic circulation causing hepatic encephalopathy. In some dogs, there is indirect evidence for hepatic insufficiency, but histologic findings are equivocal. This study determined whether hepatocyte integrity in PSS is comprised at a subcellular level using analytical subcellular fractionation of liver biopsies. Six dogs with CPSS had hypoproteinemia (6/6), increased serum alkaline phosphatase (6/6) and alanine aminotransferase (4/6) activity, hypocholesterolemia (6/6), and decreased blood urea (2/6). Liver biopsy specimens had increased activities (mU/mg protein) of alkaline phosphatase (17.9 ± 10.1; controls 5.1 ± 5.3:P <0.01), but not of other plasma membrane enzymes. There were increased activities of endoplasmic reticular (neutral α‐glucosidase: 1.67 ± 0.7; controls 0.86 ± 0.2:P <0.01) and lysosomal enzymes (N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase: 12.6 ± 2.3; controls 6.24 ± 2.7:P <0.01; α‐mannosi‐dase: 0.85 ± 0.5; controls 0.39 ± 0.3:P <0.05). Subcellular fractionation on reorientating sucrose density gradients showed a high‐density peak of alkaline phosphatase suggestive of a specific increase in the biliary canalicular component of enzyme activity. Neutral α‐glucosidase was shifted to denser fractions, indicative of an increase in the proportion of rough‐to‐smooth endoplasmic reticulum and consistent with enhanced synthesis of membranous enzymes. There was also evidence for increased fragility of intracellular organelles, particularly lysosomes. In contrast, histology showed either no abnormalities or minor degenerative changes compatible with hepatic underperfusion. These findings indicate that CPSS may be associated with hepatocellular damage compatible with hepatic dysfunction and potentially overlooked by conventional morphologic criteria.
Collagenolytic Activity in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Canine Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Authors: Rajamaki Minna M. , Jarvinen Anna‐Kaisa , Sorsa Timo , Maisi Paivi
Published: May 2009

We studied and characterized the collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐8 and MMP‐13) in the pathogenesis of canine pulmonary eosinophilia (PE). Twenty dogs with PE and 16 healthy control dogs underwent similar clinical examination and collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Analyses of total cell and differential cell counts and collagen I degradation with and without aminophenyl mercuric acetate (APMA) treatment were performed. Correlations between cell counts and percentage of degraded collagen I in BALF were studied. Collagenase activity detected in BALF was characterized by Western immunoblotting for collagenase‐2 (MMP‐8) and collagenase‐3 (MMP‐13), and their cellular location was studied by immunocy‐tochemical means. Collagenolytic activity was significantly increased in cell‐free and native BALF of PE dogs compared to healthy controls. APMA treatment had no significant effect on BALF collagenase activity, indicating that collagenolytic activity occurred in diseased BALF in vivo in active form. Western immunoblotting identified the presence of MMP‐8 and MMP‐13 immunoreac‐tivities, of which the latter was converted to active form. Major immunoreactivity for MMP‐8 was observed in macrophages and epithelial cells, and major immunoreactivity for MMP‐13 was observed in macrophages. A significant positive correlation was noted between the percentage of degraded collagen I and the counts of eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells. These findings suggest that the up‐regulation of collagenolysis eventually contributes to pulmonary tissue destruction in canine PE.
Copper‐Associated Liver Disease in Dalmatians: A Review of 10 Dogs (1998–2001)
Authors: Webb Craig B. , Twedt David C. , Meyer Denny J.
Published: May 2009

This retrospective study summarizes 10 Dalmatians suspected of having hepatic copper toxicosis. Hepatic copper toxicosis can result from either a primary metabolic defect in hepatic copper metabolism or from altered hepatic biliary excretion of copper. An inherited copper‐associated hepatopathy has been documented in Bedlington Terriers, and there is evidence for familial copper‐associated liver disease in West Highland White (WHW) Terriers and Skye Terriers. Nine of the 10 Dalmatians in this study presented for gastrointestinal clinical signs, including anorexia and vomiting. All animals had increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity, and 9 of 10 had increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity. The relative increase in ALT activity was much greater than the relative increase in ALP activity, suggesting a predominantly hepatocellular rather than cho‐lestatic liver disease. The mean hepatic copper concentration for 9 Dalmatians was 3,197 μg/g dry weight liver (dwl) (normal, <450 μg/g). In 5 of these 9 dogs, hepatic copper concentrations exceeded 2,000 μg/g dwl. Necroinflammatory alterations associated with copper‐laden parenchymal cells were the notable histopathologic finding. The inflammatory infiltrate was either primarily lymphocytic or neutrophilic. Morphologic features of cholestasis generally were not prominent except in those dogs with severe pathology. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that a primary metabolic defect in hepatic copper metabolism occurs in the Dalmatian breed. The mechanism and genetic basis of this condition require further study.
Intestinal Permeability and Absorption in Dogs with Traumatic Injury
Authors: Streeter Elizabeth M. , Zsombor‐Murray Erika , Moore Kari E. , Rush John E. , Steiner Jorg M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Michel Kathryn E. , Williams David A. , Freeman Lisa M.
Published: May 2009

The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of using urinary recovery of sugars to evaluate intestinal permeability and absorption in dogs with traumatic injury and to determine if intestinal permeability and absorption are altered in dogs with traumatic injury. After a 6‐hour fast, a sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, and xylose was administered via nasoesophageal tube. Urine was collected and quantitated over the 6‐hour study period via closed collection urinary catheters. Urinary sugar recoveries were measured by high‐pressure anion exchange liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Urinary sugar recoveries in the trauma group at 24, 48, and 72 hours after trauma were compared to normal controls. In addition, severity of trauma was compared to urinary sugar recoveries. Twelve client‐owned dogs with traumatic injury and 6 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Lactulose recovery and the lactulose: rhamnose recovery ratio were significantly higher in the trauma group at 48 hours but were no longer different from controls by 72 hours. Xylose recovery was significantly higher in the trauma group when compared to controls at 72 hours, whereas 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose recovery was significantly lower in the trauma group at 24 hours. The xylose: 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose ratio was higher in the trauma group at all time points. Significant correlation was found between severity of trauma and xylose and 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose recoveries 24 hours after injury. Results of this study support the hypothesis that intestinal permeability and absorption are altered in dogs with traumatic injury.
Retrospective Analysis of Spinal Arachnoid Cysts in 14 Dogs
Authors: Rylander Helena , Lipsitz David , Berry Wayne L. , Stages Beverly K. , Vernau Karen M. , Dickinson Peter J. , Añor Sonia A. , Higgins Robert J. , LeCouteur Richard A.
Published: May 2009

Spinal cord dysfunction secondary to spinal arachnoid cysts (SACs) has been reported previously in dogs. This retrospective study reviews the clinical signs, radiographic findings, and outcome after surgical resection of SACs in 14 dogs. Plain vertebral column radiographs and myelography were done in all dogs. Computed tomography (CT) was done in 7 dogs and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 3 dogs. Affected dogs were between 1 and 12 years of age, and 8 of 14 were Rottweilers. Abnormalities detected on neurological examination depended on the location of the SAC. Five dogs had bilobed or multiple SACs. SACs were located in the cervical vertebral column in 11 dogs and in the thoracic vertebral column in 4 dogs. All dogs had dorsally or dorsolaterally located SACs. Two dogs also had additional ventrally located SACs. Spinal cord compression secondary to intervertebral disc extrusion or protrusion was demonstrated at the site of the SACs in 2 dogs. Surgical resection of the SACs was completed in all dogs. Eleven dogs were available for follow‐up. Five weeks postoperatively, 7 dogs improved in neurological function, with some residual ataxia and paresis in 6 of these dogs. Neurological function had deteriorated in 4 dogs. It was concluded from this study that Rottweilers have a higher incidence of SACs than other breeds of dog. Furthermore, bilobed or multiple SACs can occur commonly, and myelography effectively localized SACs in dogs. Surgical resection of SACs resulted in improvement in neurological function in the majority of treated dogs.
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy in 33 Horses (1993–2000)
Authors: Walker Anne M. , Sellon Debra C. , Comelisse Comelis Jan , Hines Melissa T. , Ragle Claude A. , Cohen Noah , II Harold C. Schott
Published: May 2009

A retrospective study of the medical records of 33 horses was performed to determine the clinical and diagnostic abnormalities associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Data collected from medical records included signalment, presenting complaints, history, physical examination findings, laboratory data, results of diagnostic imaging studies, and treatments. Follow‐up information was obtained from a review of case records; by telephone conversation with the owner, veterinarian, or trainer; or by both methods. Of 33 horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, 29 presented with facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) deficits and 23 presented with vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) deficits. Guttural pouch endoscopy was more reliable than radiography for diagnosis. Of horses with unilateral clinical signs, 22.6% actually had bilateral disease. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography identified the lesions in all horses in which these tests were performed. Of 30 horses for which follow‐up information was obtained, 20 (67%) were alive. Eight horses were euthanized and 1 died because of problems associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Nineteen of 20 surviving horses (95%) were considered by the owner or trainer to be suitable for athletic use. Twelve surviving horses (60%) had residual facial nerve deficits; 11 horses (55%) had residual vestibulocochlear nerve deficits. Horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy have a fair prognosis for return to some type of athletic function, but there is risk of acute death. The majority of horses would be expected to have some residual cranial nerve dysfunction, and it could take a year or longer for maximal improvement to occur.
Evaluation of a 6‐Month Chemotherapy Protocol with No Maintenance Therapy for Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Garrett Laura D. , Thamm Douglas H. , Chun Ruthanne , Dudley Robert , Vail David M.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare a maintenance‐free chemotherapy protocol based on CHOP (H from hydroxydaunorubicin = doxorubicin, O from Oncovin®= vincristine) to a similar protocol with a maintenance phase for the treatment of canine lymphoma. Fifty‐three dogs with multicentric lymphoma were treated with a 6‐month modified version of the University of Wisconsin (UW)‐Madison chemotherapy protocol (UW‐25). Disease‐free interval (DFI) and survival were compared to a historical control group of 55 dogs treated with a similar protocol with a prolonged maintenance phase. Remission rate for the study dogs was 94.2% (complete remission = 92.3%, partial remission = 1.9%). DFI and survival between the 2 groups did not differ significantly, with median DFI and survival of the study dogs equal to 282 and 397 days compared to 220 and 303 days for the control dogs (P= .2835 and .3365, respectively). Univariate analysis identified substage b (P= .0087), German Shepherd breed (P= .0199), and body weight > 18 kg (P= .0016) as significant for worse survival. Longer survival was associated with thrombocytopenia (P= .0436). Multivariate analysis revealed that substage (P= .0388) and weight (P= .0125) retained significance for DFI, whereas substage (P= .0093), thrombocytopenia (P= .0150), and weight (P= 0 .0050) retained significance for survival. Overall, the protocol was well tolerated by the dogs, with 41.5% (22/53) requiring a treatment delay or dose modification, but only 9.4% (5/53) needing hospitalization. The 6‐month chemotherapy protocol based on CHOP with no maintenance phase provides similar DFI and survival times when compared to a similar protocol with a prolonged maintenance phase.
Treatment of Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia in Cats with Aglépristone
Authors: Görlinger S. , Kooistra H.S. , van den Broek A. , Okkens A.C.
Published: May 2009

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (FAH) is characterized by a rapid proliferation of mammary stroma and duct epithelium of 1 or more glands and predominantly affects younger female cats. Endogenous progesterone and exogenous progestogens play an important role in the genesis of FAH. The presence of progesterone receptors in fibroadenomatous tissue allows for targeted endocrine therapy with progesterone receptor blockers. We report on 22 young cats with FAH, none of which had responded to the withdrawal of progestogens or ovariectomy. The common signs were tachycardia (11 cats); skin ulceration, painful mammary glands, or both (16 cats); lethargy (8 cats); and anorexia (4 cats). The cats were treated with subcutaneous injections of the progesterone receptor blocker aglépristone on 1 (7 cats, 20 mg/kg) or 2 consecutive days (15 cats, 10 mg/kg/d) once weekly. All but 1 cat responded with a complete and lasting remission of signs after 1–4 weeks of treatment. Two cats had a short‐term skin irritation at the site of the aglépristone injection. Two pregnant cats with FAH aborted after treatment with aglépristone and subsequently developed endometritis. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that FAH in cats can be treated successfully with the progesterone receptor blocker aglépristone.
Efficacy of Sodium Borate in the Prevention of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows
Authors: Basoglu Abdullah , Sevinc Mutlu , Birdane Fatih M. , Boydak Murat
Published: May 2009

The effects of sodium borate (100 mg/kg body weight, PO, 15 days) from a month before expected calving until a month after calving were evaluated in dairy cows susceptible to fatty liver. Cows received either sodium borate (n = 13) or no treatment (n = 10). All cows had mild fatty livers and increased plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations at the beginning of the experiment. The control group of cows developed significant fatty liver after calving, and 2 of them had severe fatty liver associated with clinical and biochemical abnormalities. There were no clinicopathological signs related to sodium borate administration. Serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations before calving decreased significantly at calving and after calving in controls, and they were within the normal range only after calving. There were significant alterations during the experiment in some hematological and chemical variables between groups, within period, but they were within the normal range. Unlike treated cows, serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations correlated with liver fat content after calving in untreated cows. Our results document that sodium borate decreases the degree of fatty liver in dairy cows during early lactation.
Voluntary wheel running restores endothelial function in conduit arteries of old mice: direct evidence for reduced oxidative stress, increased superoxide dismutase activity and down‐regulation of NADPH oxidase
Authors: Durrant Jessica R. , Seals Douglas R. , Connell Melanie L. , Russell Molly J. , Lawson Brooke R. , Folian Brian J. , Donato Anthony J. , Lesniewski Lisa A.
Published: May 2009

Habitual aerobic exercise is associated with enhanced endothelium‐dependent dilatation (EDD) in older humans, possibly by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. EDD was measured in young (6–8 months) and old (29–32 months) cage control and voluntary wheel running (VR) B6D2F1 mice. Age‐related reductions in maximal carotid artery EDD to acetylcholine (74 vs. 96%, P < 0.01) and the nitric oxide (NO) component of EDD (maximum dilatation with ACh and l‐NAME minus that with ACh alone was −28%vs.−55%, P < 0.01) were restored in old VR (EDD: 96%, NO: −46%). Nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was increased in aorta with age, but was markedly lower in old VR (P < 0.05). Aortic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was greater (P < 0.01), whereas NADPH oxidase protein expression (P < 0.01) and activity (P= 0.05) were lower in old VR vs. old cage control. Increasing SOD (with 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl) and inhibition of NADPH oxidase (with apocynin) improved EDD and its NO component in old cage control, but not old VR mice. VR increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein expression (P < 0.05) and activation (Ser1177 phosphorylation) (P < 0.05) in old mice. VR did not affect EDD in young mice. Our results show that voluntary aerobic exercise restores the age‐associated loss of EDD by suppression of oxidative stress via stimulation of SOD antioxidant activity and inhibition of NADPH oxidase superoxide production. Increased eNOS protein and activation also may contribute to exercise‐mediated preservation of NO bioavailability and EDD with ageing.
Effect of thermal stress on Frank–Starling relations in humans
Authors: Wilson T. E. , Brothers R. M. , Tollund C. , Dawson E. A. , Nissen P. , Yoshiga C. C. , Jons C. , Secher N. H. , Crandall C. G.
Published: May 2009

The Frank–Starling ‘law of the heart’ is implicated in certain types of orthostatic intolerance in humans. Environmental conditions have the capacity to modulate orthostatic tolerance, where heat stress decreases and cooling increases orthostatic tolerance. The objective of this project was to test the hypothesis that heat stress augments and cooling attenuates orthostatic‐induced decreases in stroke volume (SV) via altering the operating position on a Frank–Starling curve. Pulmonary artery catheters were placed in 11 subjects for measures of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and SV (thermodilution derived cardiac output/heart rate). Subjects experienced lower‐body negative‐pressure (LBNP) of 0, 15 and 30 mmHg during normothermia, skin‐surface cooling (decrease in mean skin temperature of 4.3 ± 0.4°C (mean ±s.e.m.) via perfusing 16°C water through a tubed‐lined suit), and whole‐body heating (increase in blood temperature of 1.0 ± 0.1°C via perfusing 46°C water through the suit). SV was 123 ± 8, 121 ± 10, 131 ± 7 ml prior to LBNP, during normothermia, skin‐surface cooling, and whole‐body heating, respectfully (P= 0.20). LBNP of 30 mmHg induced greater decreases in SV during heating (−48.7 ± 6.7 ml) compared to normothermia (−33.2 ± 7.4 ml) and to cooling (−10.3 ± 2.9 ml; all P < 0.05). Relating PCWP to SV indicated that cooling values were located on the flatter portion of a Frank–Starling curve because of attenuated decreases in SV per decrease in PCWP. In contrast, heating values were located on the steeper portion of a Frank–Starling curve because of augmented decreases in SV per decrease in PCWP. These data suggest that a Frank–Starling mechanism may contribute to improvements in orthostatic tolerance during cold stress and orthostatic intolerance during heat stress.
Determining the direction of vestibular‐evoked balance responses using stochastic vestibular stimulation
Authors: Mian Omar S. , Day Brian L.
Published: May 2009

As a tool for investigating vestibulo‐motor function, stochastic vestibular stimulation (SVS) has some advantages over galvanic vestibular stimulation. However, there is no technique currently available for extracting direction information from SVS‐evoked motor responses. It is essential to be able to measure the direction of response if one wishes to investigate the operation of key spatial transformation processes in the brain. Here we describe and validate a technique for determining the direction of SVS‐evoked balance responses based on the correlation between a random waveform of stimulating current and ground‐reaction shear force.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to acute hypoxia following exposure to intermittent hypoxia in healthy humans
Authors: Foster Glen E. , Brugniaux Julien V. , Pialoux Vincent , Duggan Cailean T. C. , Hanly Patrick J. , Ahmed Sofia B. , Poulin Marc J.
Published: May 2009

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is thought to be responsible for many of the long‐term cardiovascular consequences associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Experimental human models of IH can aid in investigating the pathophysiology of these cardiovascular complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of IH on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular response to acute hypoxia and hypercapnia in an experimental human model that simulates the hypoxaemia experienced by OSA patients. We exposed 10 healthy, male subjects to IH for 4 consecutive days. The IH profile involved 2 min of hypoxia (nadir = 45.0 mmHg) alternating with 2 min of normoxia (peak = 88.0 mmHg) for 6 h. The cerebral blood flow response and the pressor responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were assessed after 2 days of sham exposure, after each day of IH, and 4 days following the discontinuation of IH. Nitric oxide derivatives were measured at baseline and following the last exposure to IH. After 4 days of IH, mean arterial pressure increased by 4 mmHg (P < 0.01), nitric oxide derivatives were reduced by 55% (P < 0.05), the pressor response to acute hypoxia increased (P < 0.01), and the cerebral vascular resistance response to hypoxia increased (P < 0.01). IH alters blood pressure and cerebrovascular regulation, which is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in patients with OSA.
Calsequestrin‐1: a new candidate gene for malignant hyperthermia and exertional/environmental heat stroke
Authors: Protasi Feliciano , Paolini Cecilia , Dainese Marco
Published: May 2009

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and exertional/environmental heat stroke (EHS) in humans present as similar life threatening crises triggered by volatile anaesthetics and strenuous exercise and/or high temperature, respectively. Many families (70–80%) diagnosed with MH susceptibility (MHS), and a few with EHS, are linked to mutations in the gene for the ryanodine receptor type‐1 (RyR1), Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle and a key protein in excitation–contraction (EC) coupling. However, mutations in the RyR1 gene are not found in all MH families, suggesting that alternative genes remain to be identified. In our laboratory we have recently characterized a novel knockout model lacking skeletal muscle calsequestrin (CASQ1), a SR Ca2+‐binding protein that modulates RyR1 function, and investigated whether these mice present a MH/EHS‐like phenotype. Ablation of CASQ1 results in remodelling of the EC coupling apparatus and functional changes, which in male mice causes a striking increase in the rate of spontaneous mortality and susceptibility to trigger MH‐like lethal episodes in response to halothane and heat stress. The demonstration that ablation of CASQ1 results in MH‐ and EHS‐like lethal episodes validates CASQ1 as a viable candidate gene for linkage analysis in MH and EHS families where mutations in RyR1 are excluded.
An investigation of auditory dimensional interaction in a bivariate bilateral conditioning paradigm in the rabbit
Authors: Mauldin Kristin N. , Thomas Robin D. , Berry Stephen D. , O’Brien William P. , Hoedt Christen W.
Published: May 2009

The current study adapted the Garner paradigm for diagnosing separable versus integral perceptual dimensions to the eye-blink classical conditioning paradigm using rabbits. Specifically, this study examined the ability of rabbits to categorize stimuli based on one auditory dimension while ignoring a second, irrelevant dimension by displaying an appropriate eye-blink for bilaterally conditioned discriminative responses. Tones used in training varied along two dimensions, starting frequency and magnitude of frequency sweep upwards from the start. Rabbits first learned to categorize along a single dimension (blinking one eye for one category response and the other eye for the other response) and then continued to categorize tones in a second phase in which the irrelevant dimension was varied. The variation of the irrelevant dimension did not disrupt performance, indicating that rabbits perceive these dimensions as separable.
Dynamic equations for fluid-loaded porous plates using approximate boundary conditions
Authors: Folkow Peter D. , Johansson Martin
Published: May 2009

Systematically derived equations for fluid-loaded thin poroelastic layers are presented for time-harmonic conditions. The layer is modeled according to Biot theory for both open and closed pores. Series expansion techniques in the thickness variable are used, resulting in separate symmetric and antisymmetric plate equations. These equations, which are believed to be asymptotically correct, are expressed in terms of approximate boundary conditions and can be truncated to arbitrary order. Analytical and numerical results are presented and compared to the exact three dimensional theory and a flexural plate theory. Numerical comparisons are made for two material configurations and two thicknesses. The results show that the presented theory predicts the plate behavior accurately.
Low-frequency geoacoustic model for the effective properties of sandy seabottoms
Authors: Zhou Ji-Xun , Zhang Xue-Zhen , Knobles D. P.
Published: May 2009

The debate on the sound speed dispersion and the frequency dependence of sound attenuation in seabottoms has persisted for decades, mainly due to the lack of sufficient experimental data in the low-frequency (LF) to high-frequency speed/attenuation transition band. This paper analyzes and summarizes a set of LF measurements in shallow water that have resulted in the identification of nonlinear frequency dependence of sound attenuation in the effective media of sandy seabottoms. The long-range acoustic measurements were conducted at 20 locations in different coastal zones around the world. The seabed attenuations, inverted from different acoustic field measurements and characteristics, exhibit similar magnitude and nonlinear frequency dependence below 1000Hz. The resulting effective sound attenuation can be expressed by α(dB∕m)=(0.37±0.01)(f∕1000)(1.80±0.02) for 50–1000Hz. The corresponding average sound speed ratio at the bottom-water interface in the 50–600Hz range is 1.061±0.009. Both the LF-field-derived sound speed and attenuation can be well described by the Biot–Stoll model with parameters that are consistent with either theoretical considerations or experimental measurements. A combination of the LF-field-inverted data with the SAX99, SAX04, and other high-frequency measurements offers a reference broadband data set in the 50–400000Hz range for sonar prediction and sediment acoustics modeling.
Closed phase covariance analysis based on constrained linear prediction for glottal inverse filtering
Authors: Alku Paavo , Magi Carlo , Yrttiaho Santeri , Bäckström Tom , Story Brad
Published: May 2009

Closed phase (CP) covariance analysis is a widely used glottal inverse filtering method based on the estimation of the vocal tract during the glottal CP. Since the length of the CP is typically short, the vocal tract computation with linear prediction (LP) is vulnerable to the covariance frame position. The present study proposes modification of the CP algorithm based on two issues. First, and most importantly, the computation of the vocal tract model is changed from the one used in the conventional LP into a form where a constraint is imposed on the dc gain of the inverse filter in the filter optimization. With this constraint, LP analysis is more prone to give vocal tract models that are justified by the source-filter theory; that is, they show complex conjugate roots in the formant regions rather than unrealistic resonances at low frequencies. Second, the new CP method utilizes a minimum phase inverse filter. The method was evaluated using synthetic vowels produced by physical modeling and natural speech. The results show that the algorithm improves the performance of the CP-type inverse filtering and its robustness with respect to the covariance frame position.
Response to a change in transport noise exposure: A review of evidence of a change effect
Authors: Brown A. L. , van Kamp Irene
Published: May 2009

Environmental appraisals of transport infrastructure plans are generally conducted in situations where there will be a step change, or an abrupt change, in noise exposure. While there has been a number of studies of response to step changes in exposure, and seven previous reviews of subsets of these studies, understanding of human response to a change in noise exposure remains limited. Building largely on these previous reviews, this paper examines the evidence that when noise exposure is changed, subjective reaction may not change in the way that would be predicted from steady-state exposure-response relationships. The weight of evidence, while not incontrovertible, is that when exposure changes, responses show an excess response compared to responses predicted from steady-state exposure-response relationships. That is, there is a change effect in addition to an exposure effect—at least for road studies and at least where the change in exposure results from changes at the source. Further, there appears to be little, if any, adaptation of this excess response with time.
Sound absorption by Menger sponge fractal
Authors: Kawabe Tetsuji , Miyazaki Takatsuna , Oka Daisuke , Koyanagi Sin’ichiro , Hinokidani Atsushi
Published: May 2009

For the purpose of investigation on acoustic properties of fractals, the sound absorption coefficients are experimentally measured by using the Menger sponge which is one of typical three-dimensional fractals. From the two-microphone measurement, the frequency range of effectively absorbing sound waves is shown to broaden with degree of fractality, which comes from the fractal property of the homothetic character. It is shown that experimental features are qualitatively explained by an electrical equivalent circuit model for the Menger sponge.
Otoacoustic emissions evoked by 0.5 kHz tone bursts
Authors: Jedrzejczak W. Wiktor , Lorens Artur , Piotrowska Anna , Kochanek Krzysztof , Skarzynski Henryk
Published: May 2009

The aim of this research is to extend previous studies of the time-frequency features of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) using information about the properties of the signals at low frequencies. Responses to 0.5 kHz tone bursts were compared to OAEs that were evoked by click stimuli and by 1, 2, and 4 kHz tone burst stimuli. The OAEs were measured using 20 and 30 ms intervals between stimuli. The analysis revealed no differences in the time-frequency properties of 1, 2, and 4 kHz bursts measured using these two different acquisition windows. However, at 0.5 kHz the latency of the response was affected significantly if a shorter time window was used. This was caused by the fact that the response reached a maximum after an average time of 15.4 ms, and lasted a few milliseconds longer. Therefore, for this particular stimulus, the use of a 30 ms time window seems more appropriate. In addition, as an example of the possible application of low-frequency OAEs, signals were measured in patients suffering from partial deafness, characterized by steep audiograms with normal thresholds up to 0.5 kHz and almost total deafness above this frequency. Although no response to clicks was observed in these subjects, the use of 0.5 kHz tone bursts did produce OAEs.