bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the thermo‐mechanical properties of chemically synthesized PMMA and PTEGDMA polymer
Authors: Velázquez‐Castillo R. , Galván‐Ruiz M. , Rivera‐Muñoz E.M.
Published: March 2010

The acrylic monomeric couple, methyl methacrylate (MMA)‐triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was mixed and polymerized through bulk polymerization in open test tubes using three different routes. The simplest one was a monomer mixture of 70 wt % of MMA and 30 wt % of TEGDMA. The polymerization reaction was initiated by benzoil peroxide (BPO). The second route used a casting syrup composed of 20 wt % polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dissolved in 80 wt % MMA. This casting syrup was mixed with 30 wt % TEGDMA to initiate the polymerization with BPO. The final synthesis route was carried out using the aforementioned chemical composition with a polymerization initiated with a mixture of BPO and N,N dimethyl p‐toluidine (DMT) at a ratio of 10 : 1. The three synthesis routes produced different types of polymers which have remarkable differences in morphology, thermal behavior, and tensile properties. Several thermal transitions were found in each type of polymer by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography and Fourier transform infrared were employed to determine the cause of each thermal transition revealed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The viscoelastic behavior of rubber under a complex loading. II. The effect large strains and the incorporation of carbon black
Authors: Suphadon N. , Thomas A.G. , Busfield J.J.C.
Published: March 2010

Suphadon et al. (J App Polym Sci 2009, 113, 693) showed using small oscillations of less than 1% strain superimposed on a larger prestrain that the loss modulus, referred to the test piece dimensions after the application of the prestrain, did not vary with prestrain for unfilled rubber materials for a wide range of prestrains up to 100%. Also for unfilled rubbers it was observed that up to 100% prestrain that the loss modulus behavior was isotropic. This paper extends this previous work to larger prestrains for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and natural rubber (NR) compounds some of which incorporate carbon black fillers. Both the storage modulus and the loss modulus are again calculated relative to the dimensions of the test piece after the application of the prestrain. These results show that for materials with 25 phr of carbon black filler, the loss modulus was still independent of the prestrain for normal engineering strains but at filler contents of 50 phr the loss modulus increases with prestrain at extension ratios less than 2. Even so over the typical engineering strains of below 50%, the loss modulus was still independent of strain. This increase in loss modulus at large prestrains can in part be explained by considering the molecular orientation of the polymer in combination with a consideration of the molecular slippage that takes place at the polymer filler interface. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi‐faceted conservation action
Authors: Graham Nicholas A. J. , Spalding Mark D. , Sheppard Charles R. C.
Published: March 2010

The decline of large‐bodied predatory species in the oceans is a concern both from a sustainability perspective and because such species can have important ecological roles. Sharks are particularly vulnerable to fishing as their life histories are characterized by late age at maturity, large body size, and low fecundity.

Substantial shark population declines have been documented for a number of coastal and pelagic systems, with high population abundance limited to a few remote locations. The relative abundance and composition of reef shark populations are assessed from 1975 to 2006 at a remote, largely uninhabited, group of atolls in the central Indian Ocean; the Chagos Archipelago.

Number of sharks observed per scientific dive declined from a mean of 4.2 in the 1970s to 0.4 in 2006, representing a decline of over 90%. Silvertip sharks displayed an increase in abundance from 1996, whereas blacktip and whitetip reef sharks were rarely encountered in 2006.

Poaching in the archipelago, is the most likely cause of these declines, highlighted by a number of illegal vessels containing large numbers of sharks arrested since 1996. The data highlight that shark populations, even in remote, otherwise pristine, marine areas, are vulnerable to distant fishing fleets, and a range of strategies will need to be used in concert for their conservation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritability of vasculopathy, autoimmune disease, and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: A population‐based study
Authors: Frech Tracy , Khanna Dinesh , Markewitz Boaz , Mineau Geraldine , Pimentel Richard , Sawitzke Allen
Published: March 2010

Objective

To investigate the familiality of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in relation to Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) (a marker of vasculopathy), other autoimmune inflammatory disease, and fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods

A genealogic resource, the Utah Population Database (UPDB), was used to test heritability of RP, other autoimmune disease, and ILD. Diseases were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and identified from statewide discharge data, the University of Utah Health Science Center Enterprise Data Warehouse, and death certificates and were linked to the UPDB for analysis. Familial standardized incidence ratio (FSIR), relative risks (RRs) to first‐, second‐, third‐, and fourth‐degree relatives for SSc, RP, other autoimmune disease, and ILD (with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]), and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated.

Results

A software kinship analysis tool was used to analyze 1,037 unique SSc patients. Fifty SSc families had significant FSIRs, ranging from 2.07 to 17.60. The adjusted PAR was ∼8%. The RRs were significant for other autoimmune disease in the first‐degree relatives (2.49 [95% CI 1.99–3.41],P= 2.42 × 10−15) and second‐degree relatives (1.48 [95% CI 1.34–2.39],P= 0.002), for RP in first‐degree relatives (6.38 [95% CI 3.44–11.83],P= 4.04 × 10−9) and second‐degree relatives (2.39 [95% CI 1.21–4.74],P= 0.012), and for ILD in first‐degree relatives (1.53 [95% CI 1.04–2.26],P= 0.03), third‐degree relatives (1.47 [95% CI 1.18–1.82],P= 0.0004), and fourth‐degree relatives (1.2 [95% CI 1.06–1.35],P= 0.004).

Conclusion

These data suggest that SSc pedigrees include more RP, autoimmune inflammatory disease, and ILD than would be expected by chance. In SSc pedigrees, genetic predisposition to vasculopathy is the most frequent risk among first‐degree relatives.
Resistin induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human articular chondrocytes via transcription and messenger RNA stabilization
Authors: Zhang Zhiqi , Xing Xiaoyun , Hensley Gretchen , Chang Li‐Wei , Liao Weiming , Abu‐Amer Yousef , Sandell Linda J.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To elucidate the effects of resistin on human articular chondrocytes and to generate a picture of their regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

Methods

Human articular chondrocytes were cultured with resistin. Changes in gene expression were analyzed at various doses and times. Cells were also treated with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D after resistin treatment or with the NF‐κB inhibitor IKK‐NBD before resistin treatment. Gene expression was tested by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Computational analysis for transcription factor binding motifs was performed on the promoter regions of differentially expressed genes. TC‐28 chondrocytes were transfected with CCL3 and CCL4 promoter constructs, pNF‐κB reporter, and NF‐κB and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression vectors with or without resistin.

Results

Resistin‐treated human articular chondrocytes increased the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐13, and ADAMTS‐4 also increased, while type II collagen α1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan were down‐regulated. The cytokine and chemokine genes could be categorized into 3 groups according to the pattern of mRNA expression over a 24‐hour time course. One pattern suggested rapid regulation by mRNA stability. The second and third patterns were consistent with transcriptional regulation. Computational analysis suggested the transcription factors NF‐κB and C/EBPβ were involved in the resistin‐induced up‐regulation. This prediction was confirmed by the cotransfection of NF‐κB and C/EBPβ and the IKK‐NBD inhibition.

Conclusion

Resistin has diverse effects on gene expression in human chondrocytes, affecting chemokines, cytokines, and matrix genes. Messenger RNA stabilization and transcriptional up‐regulation are involved in resistin‐induced gene expression in human chondrocytes.
Design of nonlinear terminal guidance/autopilot controller for missiles with pulse type input devices
Authors: Yeh Fu‐Kuang
Published: March 2010

This investigation addresses a nonlinear terminal guidance/autopilot controller with pulse‐type control inputs for intercepting a theater ballistic missile in the exoatmospheric region. Appropriate initial conditions on the terminal phase are assumed to apply after the end of the midcourse operation. Accordingly, the terminal controller seeks to minimize the distance between the commanded missile and the target missile to ensure a hit‐to‐kill interception. In particular, a 3D terminal guidance law is initially developed to eliminate the so‐called “sliding velocity, ” thus, constraining the relative motion between the missile and the target along the line of sight. Sliding mode control is adopted to design stable pulse‐type control systems. Then, a quaternion‐based attitude controller is used to orient appropriately the commanded missile, taking into account the fact that the missile is a rigid body, to realize interceptability. The stability of the overall integrated terminal guidance/autopilot system is then analyzed thoroughly, based on Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to verify the validity and effectiveness of the integrated controller with the pulse type inputs developed herein. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Comparison of One‐Step and Two‐Step Meta‐Analysis Models Using Individual Patient Data
Authors: Mathew Thomas , Nordström Kenneth
Published: March 2010

The problem of combining information from separate trials is a key consideration when performing a meta‐analysis or planning a multicentre trial. Although there is a considerable journal literature on meta‐analysis based on individual patient data (IPD),i.e. a one‐step IPD meta‐analysis,versusanalysis based on summary data,i.e. a two‐step IPD meta‐analysis, recent articles in the medical literature indicate that there is still confusion and uncertainty as to the validity of an analysis based on aggregate data. In this study, we address one of the central statistical issues by considering the estimation of a linear function of the mean, based on linear models for summary data and for IPD. The summary data from a trial is assumed to comprise the best linear unbiased estimator, or maximum likelihood estimator of the parameter, along with its covariance matrix. The setup, which allows for the presence of random effects and covariates in the model, is quite general and includes many of the commonly employed models, for example, linear models with fixed treatment effects and fixed or random trial effects. For this general model, we derive a condition under which the one‐step and two‐step IPD meta‐analysis estimators coincide, extending earlier work considerably. The implications of this result for the specific models mentioned above are illustrated in detail, both theoretically and in terms of two real data sets, and the roles of balance and heterogeneity are highlighted. Our analysis also shows that when covariates are present, which is typically the case, the two estimators coincide only under extra simplifying assumptions, which are somewhat unrealistic in practice.
High‐throughput RNAi screening to dissect cellular pathways: A how‐to guide
Authors: Falschlehner Christina , Steinbrink Sandra , Erdmann Gerrit , Boutros Michael
Published: March 2010

RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool to dissect cellular pathways and characterize gene functions. The availability of genome‐wide RNAi libraries for various model organisms and mammalian cells has enabled high‐throughput RNAi screenings. These RNAi screens successfully identified key components that had previously been missed in classical forward genetic screening approaches and allowed the assessment of combined loss‐of‐function phenotypes. Crucially, the quality of RNAi screening results depends on quantitative assays and the choice of the right biological context. In this review, we provide an overview on the design and application of high‐throughput RNAi screens as well as data analysis and candidate validation strategies.
Oral administration of a tri‐therapy for central pattern generator activation in paraplegic mice: Proof‐of‐concept of efficacy
Authors: Guertin Pierre A. , Ung Roth‐Visal , Rouleau Pascal
Published: March 2010

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological condition, for which no cure exists, typically leading to an immediate and irreversible loss of sensory and voluntary motor functions accompanied by significant health problems. We conducted proof‐of‐concept experiments aimed at assessing efficacy upon oral administration of a novel combination therapy for central pattern generator (CPG) activation and corresponding locomotor movement generation in completely paraplegic animals. Co‐administration orally (by gavage) of buspirone, levodopa and carbidopa was found to dose‐dependently induce episodes of steady weight‐bearing stepping in low‐thoracic (Th9/10) spinal cord‐transected (Tx) mice (with no other form of assistance or training). Robust hindlimb stepping with weight‐bearing capabilities was induced with the tri‐therapy but not with clinically relevant doses of these compounds administered separately. These results provide evidence suggesting that this drug combination may be ideally suited to constitute a first‐in‐class therapy (CPG activator) for locomotor activity induction in chronic SCI individuals, given that efficacy was shown using commercially available brain‐permeable small molecules, already known as safe for the treatment of various neurological indications.
Pretreatment of Siam weed stem by several chemical methods for increasing the enzymatic digestibility
Authors: Zhao Xuebing , Zhang Lihua , Liu Dehua
Published: March 2010

Siam weed [Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson], an invasive exotic weed in China, was proposed as a feedstock for bioethanol production. This would be a promising way of using for an invasive weed that needs management and control. It was found that the glucan content of the weed stem was similar to that of sugarcane bagasse, but higher than those of corn stover and wheat straw. Several chemical pretreatment methods were applied to the weed stem to increase its enzymatic digestibility. Mild sulfuric acid (<120°C) or alkali pretreatment did not markedly increase the enzymatic digestibility. However, peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment dramatically enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of the weed stem. Compared to some other common agricultural residues, the weed stem was more difficult to pretreat and digest by cellulase. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis indicated that the cellulose‐related bands became more intensive after pretreatment, especially for PAA‐pretreated samples. According to X‐ray diffraction spectra, the biomass solids had higher crystallinity indices after pretreatment, although these indices were similar for all of the pretreated samples.
On‐chip cell culture on a microarray of extracellular matrix with surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Authors: Hattori Koji , Sugiura Shinji , Kanamori Toshiyuki
Published: March 2010

Microfluidic cell culture chips allow to perform assays of small‐volume samples rapidly and reproducibly. Most of these chips are made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), which is a flexible, durable, transparent and inexpensive polymer that can be easily applied to fabrication of microstructures by photolithography and replica molding. However, not many cells are able to grow on unmodified PDMS because the cells need appropriate scaffolds on the surface. Here we report surface modification of a PDMS substrate with a microarray of extracellular matrix (ECM) for on‐chip cell culture. The ECM proteins collagen and fibronectin were covalently immobilized on an 8 x 8 microarray format by micropatterned UV‐induced graft polymerization through a photomask and dehydration‐condensation reaction through a microfabricated stencil. Identical spots of ECMs were successfully formed and the geometry of the spots accurately corresponded to the micropattern of the photomask and stencil. We demonstrate the culture of CHO‐K1 cells on the ECM microarray chip. Cells proliferated on the fibronectin spots during the 2‐day culture.
Miniemulsion as efficient system for enzymatic synthesis of acid alkyl esters
Authors: de Barros Dragana P.C. , Fonseca Luís P. , Cabral Joaquim M. S. , Aschenbrenner Eugen M. , Weiss Clemens K. , Landfester Katharina
Published: March 2010

The aim of this work is to devise an efficient enzymatic process for the production of linear alkyl esters in aqueous miniemulsion systems. The esterification reactions of linear alcohols and carboxylic acids were performed with three different enzymes, commercial Amano lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepacia, Lipase type VII from Candida rugosa, and lyophilized Fusarium solani pisi cutinase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SU50. The miniemulsion system shows a high potential for the synthesis of linear alkyl esters, for example, hexyl octanoate, which could be synthesized with an ester yield of 94% using Amano lipase PS. Even with hydrophilic alcohols as ethanol, ethyl decanoate could be obtained with a concentration of 0.45 M and a yield of 62% using F. s. pisi cutinase as catalyst. High esterification rates for ethyl‐ and hexyloleate in miniemulsion showed a significant shift in cutinase selectivity towards longer chain length carboxylic acids. The stepwise addition of the alcohol led to an increase of the esterification yield. Moreover, increasing the amount of dispersed organic phase, mainly consisting of the substrates, led to a significant increase of the final ester concentration (e.g., concentration of 1.4 M for ethyl decanoate for the esterification with Amano Lipase PS). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 507–515. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum‐free scaled up expansion and differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells to osteoblasts in suspension bioreactors
Authors: Alfred Roz , Gareau Tia , Krawetz Roman , Rancourt Derrick , Kallos Michael S.
Published: March 2010

The use of embryonic stem cell (ESC) derived cells has emerged as a potential alternative treatment for a number of degenerative diseases, including musculoskeletal diseases. Conventional ESC culturing methods use fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a major supplemental component of culture media, which is undesirable for clinical applications. These cultures are usually performed in small‐scale static vessels (gelatin‐coated dishes), which limit the number of cells that can be generated. It is essential to develop effective, reproducible protocols for efficient scalable production of ESC‐derived cells. Here we present serum‐free bioreactor protocols for (1) expansion and (2) differentiation of embryonic stem cells to osteoblasts. Cultivation of mESCs in serum‐free media, supplemented with 15% knockout serum replacement (KSR) resulted in a 27.1‐ and 48.6‐fold expansion in static culture and suspension respectively by day 5 of culture. Further induction to osteoblasts with a differentiation cocktail was verified by up‐regulation of osterix and osteocalcin. Mineralization was also enhanced, as indicated by an increase in the calcium deposition by osteogenic cells by day 28. These results will serve as the basis for developing protocols with human ESCs as a new treatment alternative for musculoskeletal diseases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 829–840. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOFT‐MI: A novel microfabrication technique integrating soft‐lithography and molecular imprinting for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Vozzi Giovanni , Morelli Ilaria , Vozzi Federico , Andreoni Chiara , Salsedo Elisabetta , Morachioli Annagiulia , Giusti Paolo , Ciardelli Gianluca
Published: March 2010

An innovative approach has been employed for the realization of bioactive scaffolds able to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment for tissue engineering applications. This method is based on the combination of molecular imprinting and soft‐lithography technology to enhance cellular adhesion and to guide cell growth and proliferation due to presence of highly specific recognition sites of selected biomolecules on a well‐defined polymeric microstructure. In this article polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) scaffolds have been realized by using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microstructured molds imprinted with FITC‐albumin and TRITC‐lectin. In addition gelatin, an adhesion protein, was employed for the molecular imprinting of polymeric scaffolds for cellular tests. The most innovative aspect of this research was the molecular imprinting of whole cells for the development of substrates able to enhance the cell adhesion processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 804–817. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic enzyme mixtures for biomass deconstruction: Production and optimization of a core set
Authors: Banerjee Goutami , Car Suzana , Scott‐Craig John S. , Borrusch Melissa S. , Aslam Nighat , Walton Jonathan D.
Published: March 2010

The high cost of enzymes is a major bottleneck preventing the development of an economically viable lignocellulosic ethanol industry. Commercial enzyme cocktails for the conversion of plant biomass to fermentable sugars are complex mixtures containing more than 80 proteins of suboptimal activities and relative proportions. As a step toward the development of a more efficient enzyme cocktail for biomass conversion, we have developed a platform, called GENPLAT, that uses robotic liquid handling and statistically valid experimental design to analyze synthetic enzyme mixtures. Commercial enzymes (Accellerase 1000 +/− Multifect Xylanase, and Spezyme CP +/− Novozyme 188) were used to test the system and serve as comparative benchmarks. Using ammonia‐fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreated corn stover ground to 0.5 mm and a glucan loading of 0.2%, an enzyme loading of 15 mg protein/g glucan, and 48 h digestion at 50°C, commercial enzymes released 53% and 41% of the available glucose and xylose, respectively. Mixtures of three, five, and six pure enzymes of Trichoderma species, expressed in Pichia pastoris, were systematically optimized. Statistical models were developed for the optimization of glucose alone, xylose alone, and the average of glucose + xylose for two digestion durations, 24 and 48 h. The resulting models were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) and indicated an optimum composition for glucose release (values for optimized xylose release are in parentheses) of 29% (5%) cellobiohydrolase 1, 5% (14%) cellobiohydrolase 2, 25% (25%) endo‐β1,4‐glucanase 1, 14% (5%) β‐glucosidase, 22% (34%) endo‐β1,4‐xylanase 3, and 5% (17%) β‐xylosidase in 48 h at a protein loading of 15 mg/g glucan. Comparison of two AFEX‐treated corn stover preparations ground to different particle sizes indicated that particle size (100 vs. 500 µm) makes a large difference in total digestibility. The assay platform and the optimized “core” set together provide a starting point for the rapid testing and optimization of alternate core enzymes from other microbial and recombinant sources as well as for the testing of “accessory” proteins for development of superior enzyme mixtures for biomass conversion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 707–720. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elucidating mechanisms of solvent toxicity in ethanologenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Trinh Cong T. , Huffer Sarah , Clark Melinda E. , Blanch Harvey W. , Clark Douglas S.
Published: March 2010

Ethanol toxicity and its effect on ethanol production by the recombinant ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain KO11 were investigated in batch and continuous fermentation. During batch growth, ethanol produced by KO11 reduced both the specific cell growth rate (µ) and the cell yield (YX/S). The extent of inhibition increased with the production of both acetate and lactate. Subsequent accumulation of these metabolites and ethanol resulted in cessation of cell growth, redirection of metabolism to reduce ethanol production, and increased requirements for cell maintenance. These effects were found to depend on both the glycolytic flux and the flux from pyruvate to ethanol. Pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) activities measured during the batch fermentation suggested that decreased ethanol production resulted from enzyme inhibition rather than down‐regulation of genes in the ethanol‐producing pathway. Ethanol was added in continuous fermentation to provide an ethanol concentration of either 17 or 27 g/L, triggering sustained oscillations in the cell growth rate. Cell concentrations oscillated in‐phase with ethanol and acetate concentrations. The amplitude of oscillations depended on the concentration of ethanol in the fermentor. Through multiple oscillatory cycles, the yield (YP/S) and concentration of ethanol decreased, while production of acetate increased. These results suggest that KO11 favorably adapted to improve growth by synthesizing more ATP though acetate production, and recycling NADH by producing more lactate and less ethanol. Implications of these results for strategies to improve ethanol production are described. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 721–730. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First nine‐month complete invasive assessment (angiography, IVUS, and OCT) of the novel NEVO™ sirolimus‐eluting stent with biodegradable polymer
Authors: Abizaid Alexandre , Costa J. Ribamar , Feres Fausto
Published: March 2010

At present, percutaneous coronary intervention with drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation represents the default strategy to treat coronary artery disease in many institutions around the world. However, concerns regarding long‐term safety of first‐generation DES have prompted the development of novel DES systems such as the NEVO™ (Cordis Corporation, Johnson & Johnson, Warren, NJ) sirolimus‐eluting stent with biodegradable polymer and reservoir technology. In the current report, we present, for the first time, a complete midterm invasive assessment of a patient treated with this novel device in the Res‐Elution I study. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Standardized definitions and clinical endpoints in carotid artery and supra‐aortic trunk revascularization trials
Authors: Nedeltchev Krassen , Pattynama Peter M. , Biaminoo Giancarlo , Diehm Nicolas , Jaff Michael R. , Hopkins L. Nelson , Ramee Stephen , van Sambeek Marc , Talen Aly , Vermassen Frank , Cremonesi Alberto
Published: March 2010

Background: Endovascular therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to open surgery for stroke prevention in patients with obstructive disease of the supra‐aortic arteries. Although most previous studies have used similar safety and efficacy endpoints, differences in definitions, timing of assessments, and standards of reporting have hampered direct comparisons across various trials. Methods and results: The DEFINE group, an informal collaboration of multidisciplinary physicians, involved in the therapy of patients with obstructive disease of the supra‐aortic arteries in Europe and the United States reviewed the current literature and, after extensive correspondence and meetings, proposed the definitions outlined in the present manuscript. Three meetings including all authors of the manuscript, along with representatives of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and commercial device manufacturers were held in Barcelona, Spain, in May 2008, in Munich, Germany, in July 2008, and in New York in November 2008. The proposed definitions encompass baseline clinical and anatomic characteristics, clinical and radiologic outcomes, complications, standards of reporting, and timing of assessment. Conclusions: Considering the broad consensus between the multidisciplinary scientific members and the regulatory authorities, the proposed definitions are expected to find adoption in future clinical investigations. These definitions can be applied to both endovascular and open surgery trials and will allow reliable comparisons between these two revascularization methods. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion in a left anterior descending coronary artery using an ipsilateral intraseptal bridging collateral tracking technique
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Takagi Yaemi , Tsuchikane Etsuo
Published: March 2010

As one of the great breakthrough techniques in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the chronic total occlusions of coronary arteries, the controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking, so called the “CART” technique, has been developed. We present a first case in whom CTO of the mid LAD coronary artery was well‐recanalized using the CART technique via the ipsilateral intraseptal bridging collaterals in the PCI. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Device landing zone” calcification, assessed by MSCT, as a predictive factor for pacemaker implantation after TAVI
Authors: Latsios George , Gerckens Ulrich , Buellesfeld Lutz , Mueller Ralf , John Daniel , Yuecel Seyrani , Syring Joerg , Sauren Barthel , Grube Eberhard
Published: March 2010

Background: After trans‐catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), the need for postinterventional pacemaker (PM) implantation can occur in as many as 10–50% of cases, but it is not yet clear, how this need can be predicted. The aim of this study was to assess the possible predictive factors of post TAVI PM implantation based on Computed Tomography (CT) measured aortic valve calcification and its distribution. Methods: We prospectively analyzed 81 consecutive symptomatic patients with severe AS scheduled for TAVI using the CoreValve prosthesis (Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA). In all patients, a native and contrast‐enhanced multislice cardiac CT was performed preinterventionally, estimating calcification load of the native valve cusps and of the adjacent outflow tract (so called “device landing zone”, DLZ) by the Agatston Score (AgS). Objective, computer‐evaluated, preprocedural ECG‐analysis was performed with regards to pre‐existing conduction abnormalities. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed pre and post TAVI. Results: TAVI was successful in all cases. PM implantation was deemed necessary in altogether 32 patients, out of 67 without a PM pre‐TAVI (32/67, 47%). Various parameters were tested as predictors of post TAVI PM in a multivariate logistic regression analysis model. Female sex (P = 0,005) and depressed EF (P = 0,023) showed a significant correlation. PM implantation correlated also to the DLZ calcification, as assessed by CT (P = 0,004). This model leads to an AUC (area under the ROC—receiver operator characteristics—curve) of 0.83. Conclusion: Calcium amount in the CoreValve DLZ in combination with clinical data could predict the need for post TAVI PM implantation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A technique for hemostasis and closure after percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Authors: Badawi Ramy
Published: March 2010

Access closure is the key to successful retrograde percutaneous aortic valve replacement. It requires large‐bore femoral arterial access (18‐28F) which most operators manage with surgical access and closure under general anesthesia. We report a case example of how, using our center's peripheral interventional experience, we have developed a technique to achieve hemostasis percutaneously. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In‐hospital and nine‐month outcomes among patients with coronary lesions involving a side branch and treated with bare metal stents
Authors: Novack Victor , Battaglia Lisa , Popma Jeffrey J. , Cutlip Donald E.
Published: March 2010

Background: The optimal management of coronary lesions involving side branches is not known. New devices are being developed for dedicated bifurcation stenting or improved side branch access or protection. Several of these devices are bare‐metal stent (BMS) platforms. The risk of side branch compromise and outcome after standard BMS is not known. Methods: We evaluated the frequency of side branch involvement and the rate of side branch compromise in a retrospective analysis of 1,440 patients from three pooled historical BMS clinical trials. The impact of side branch compromise on in‐hospital and nine‐month clinical outcomes was assessed. Results: Side branches >2 mm in diameter were present within the stented segment in 39% of treated lesions. Compromise of a side branch occurred in 27% of 1,440 lesions, including 22% of side branches that were not diseased prior to stenting. Compromise was associated with increased in‐hospital MI (13.5% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.001), a trend for increased nine‐month clinically driven target vessel revascularization (TVR, 17.4% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.058), and increased nine‐month target vessel failure (composite of cardiac death, target vessel MI or TVR, 29.7% vs. 20.2%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: At least moderate‐sized side branches are involved frequently in lesions enrolled in routine clinical trials. Unexpected compromise of these side branches is common and is associated with increased in‐hospital and nine‐month adverse outcomes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visible angiographic complications predict short and long‐term outcomes in patients with post‐procedural creatine‐phosphokinase elevation
Authors: Fefer Paul , Daoulah Amin , Strauss Bradley H. , Chisholm Robert , Sparkes John D. , Segev Amit
Published: March 2010

Objectives: To assess whether visible angiographic complication is related to outcome in patients with elevated creatine phosphokinase (CK‐MB) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: Elevated biomarkers following PCI are associated with increased incidence of adverse events but the absolute risk of such events is low. A more specific marker of risk is needed. Methods: Consecutive patients with elevated post‐PCI CK‐MB were divided into two groups according to presence (n = 115, 43%) or absence (n = 150, 57%) of an angiographic complication. A control group (n = 250) was randomly chosen from 2,403 patients undergoing PCI during the same period without CK‐MB elevation. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were assessed at 30 days and 1 year. Results: Patients with an identifiable angiographic complication and elevated postprocedural CK‐MB had significantly worse outcomes at 30 days and 1 year compared with biomarker positive patients without an identifiable complication and control patients (30 day MACE rate: 8% vs 0% vs 0.4%, respectively, p < 0.001; 1 year MACE rate: 26% vs 11% vs 11%, respectively, p = 0.002, all p‐values for angiographic complication vs no angiographic complication and for angiographic complication vs control). Biomarker positive patients without identifiable angiographic complication had an excellent short and long term outcome, which was no different from biomarker negative patients (1 year MACE rate: 11% vs 11%, p = 0.53). Conclusion: Post‐PCI patients without visible angiographic complications have an excellent short and long term outcome. These findings call into question the need for routine CK‐MB monitoring after PCI in the absence of clinical symptoms or angiographic complication. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disulfide Bond Cleavage: A Redox Reaction Without Electron Transfer
Authors: Hofbauer Florian , Frank Irmgard
Published: March 2010

By using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations we have simulated a mechanically induced redox reaction. Previous single‐molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments demonstrated that the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins with the weak reducing agent dithiothreitol depends on a mechanical destabilization of the breaking bond. With reactive molecular dynamics simulations the single steps of the reaction mechanism can be elucidated and the motion of the electrons can be monitored. The simulations show that the redox reaction consists of the heterolytic cleavage of the SS bond followed by a sequence of proton transfers.
Structural Characterisation of the Li Argyrodites Li7PS6 and Li7PSe6 and their Solid Solutions: Quantification of Site Preferences by MAS‐NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kong Shiao Tong , Gün Özgül , Koch Barbara , Deiseroth Hans Jörg , Eckert Hellmut , Reiner Christof
Published: March 2010

Li7PS6 and Li7PSe6 belong to a class of new solids that exhibit high Li+ mobility. A series of quaternary solid solutions Li7PS6−xSex (0≤x≤6) were characterised by X‐ray crystallography and magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS‐NMR) spectroscopy. The high‐temperature (HT) modifications were studied by single‐crystal investigations (both F$\bar 4$3m, Z=4, Li7PS6: a=9.993(1) Å, Li7PSe6: a=10.475(1) Å) and show the typical argyrodite structures with strongly disordered Li atoms. HT‐Li7PS6 and HT‐Li7PSe6 transform reversibly into low‐temperature (LT) modifications with ordered Li atoms. X‐ray powder diagrams show the structures of LT‐Li7PS6 and LT‐Li7PSe6 to be closely related to orthorhombic LT‐α‐Cu7PSe6. Single crystals of the LT modifications are not available due to multiple twinning and formation of antiphase domains. The gradual substitution of S by Se shows characteristic site preferences closely connected to the functionalities of the different types of chalcogen atoms (S, Se). High‐resolution solid‐state 31P NMR is a powerful method to differentiate quantitatively between the distinct (PS4−nSen)3− local environments. Their population distribution differs significantly from a statistical scenario, revealing a pronounced preference for PS over PSe bonding. This preference, shown for the series of LT samples, can be quantified in terms of an equilibrium constant specifying the melt reaction SeP+S2−⇌SP+Se2−, prior to crystallisation. The 77Se MAS‐NMR spectra reveal that the chalcogen distributions in the second and third coordination sphere of the P atoms are essentially statistical. The number of crystallographically independent Li atoms in both LT modifications was analysed by means of 6Li{7Li} cross polarisation magic angle spinning (CPMAS).
Lanthanide‐Catalyst‐Mediated Tandem Double Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Cyclization of Dialkynyl Dialcohols: Scope and Mechanism
Authors: Seo SungYong , Marks Tobin J.
Published: March 2010

Lanthanide‐organic complexes of the general type [Ln{N(SiMe3)2}3] (Ln=La, Sm, Y, Lu) serve as effective precatalysts for the rapid, exo‐selective, and highly regioselective tandem double intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of primary and secondary dialkynyl dialcohols to yield the corresponding bi‐exocyclic enol ethers. Conversions are highly selective with products distinctly different from those generally produced by conventional transition metal or other catalysts, and the turnover frequencies with some substrates are too large to determine accurately. The rates of terminal alkynl alcohol hydroalkoxylation/cyclization are significantly more rapid than those of internal alkynyl alcohols, arguing that steric demands dominate the cyclization transition state. The hydroalkoxylation/cyclizations of internal dialkynyl dialcohols afford excellent E selectivity. The rate law for dialkynyl dialcohol hydroalkoxylation/cyclization is first‐order in [catalyst] and zero‐order in [alkynyl alcohol], as is observed for the organolanthanide‐catalyzed hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, aminoalkynes, and aminoallenes, and the intramolecular single‐step hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of alkynyl alcohols. An ROH/ROD kinetic isotope effect of 0.82(0.02) is observed for the tandem double hydroalkoxylation/cyclization. These mechanistic data implicate turnover‐limiting insertion of CC unsaturation into the LnO bond, involving a highly organized transition state, with subsequent, rapid Ln–C protonolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Trends in the Frequencies of ν(AsOxHx‐1) [x = 2—4] in Selected As(V)‐Containing Compounds Investigated Using Quantum Chemical Calculations.
Authors: Adamescu Adrian , Gray Holly , Stewart Katherine M. E. , Hamilton I. P. , Al‐Abadleh Hind A.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ab initio Study of the Structural, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of CdAl2Se4 Defect‐Chalcopyrite.
Authors: Ouahrani T. , Reshak Ali H. , Khenata R. , Amrani B. , Mebrouki M. , Otero‐de‐la‐Roza A. , Luana V.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First‐Principle Studies of Ca—X (X: Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Intermetallic Compounds.
Authors: Yang Zhiwen , Shi Dongmin , Wen Bin , Melnik Roderick , Yao Shan , Li Tingju
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron Powder Diffraction and First‐Principles Computational Studies of CuLixMg2‐x (x ≅ 0.08), CuMg2, and Cu2Mg.
Authors: Braga M. H. , Fereira J. J. A. , Siewenie J. , Proffen Th. , Vogel S. C. , Daemen L. L.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of Quadruple Perovskites Ba4LnRu3O12 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm—Gd, Dy—Lu).
Authors: Shimoda Yuki , Doi Yoshihiro , Wakeshima Makoto , Hinatsu Yukio
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sn‐0.4BPO4 Composite as a Promising Negative Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Aboulaich Abdelmaula , Womes Manfred , Olivier‐Fourcade Josette , Willmann Patrick , Jumas Jean‐Claude
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Protonation of HSO3F: Preparation and Characterization of Fluorodihydroxyoxosulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate [H2SO3F]+[SbF6]‐.
Authors: Seelbinder Raphael , Goetz Nadine R. , Weber Johannes , Minkwitz Rolf , Kornath Andreas J.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: CdZn2KB2O6F, a New Fluoride Borate Crystal.
Authors: Zhang Fan , Jiao Zhi‐Wei , Shen De‐Zhong , Shen Guang‐Qiu , Wang Xiao‐Qing
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Gas‐Phase Nanosized Vanadium Oxide Clusters from a Mononuclear Precursor by Solution Nucleation and Electrospray Ionization.
Authors: Zhang Xinhao , Schwarz Helmut
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc2(MoO4)3 and Sc2(WO4)3: Halide Flux Growth of Single Crystals and 45Sc Solid‐State NMR.
Authors: Balamurugan Sarkarainadar , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Harmening Thomas , van Wuellen Leo van Wuellen Leo , Mohr Daniel , Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrolysis of a Three‐Dimensional MnII/MnIII Network to Give a Multifunctional Porous Manganese Oxide Material.
Authors: Nayak Sanjit , Malik Sharali , Indris Sylvio , Reedijk Jan , Powell Annie K.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Extended Structures Built from Condensed Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstates and Copper(II)‐Organic Units.
Authors: Du Dongying , Lan Yaqian , Wang Xinlong , Shao Kuizhan , Wang Haining , Su Zhongmin
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition of Malonates to Enones Catalyzed by a Siloxy Amino Acid Lithium Salt.
Authors: Yoshida Masanori , Narita Mao , Hirama Keisuke , Hara Shoji
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Walphos Ligand in the Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reaction.
Authors: Marinho Vanda R. , Burke Anthony J.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.