bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surveillance Systems and Intergovernmental Cooperation
Authors: Henderson donald a
Published: November 2023

The recent emergence of AIDS and dengue hemorrhagic infections, among others, are serving usefully to disturb our ill-founded com placency about infectious diseases. Such complacency has prevailed in this country throughout much of my career. Indeed, it is a matter of record that in 1969 the Surgeon General, in a speech given at Hopkins, assured his audience that in this country we had effectively probed most frontiers of knowledge in the infectious disease field, that the remaining problems in this country were marginal, and that attention should now turn to the chronic diseases. It is evident now, as it should have been then, that mutation and change are facts of nature, that the world is increasingly interdependent, and that human health and survival will be challenged, ad infinitum, by new and mutant microbes, with unpredictable pathophysiological manifestations. Moreover, as we see with the Hantaviruses and others, their manifestations may be the chronic diseases. How are we to detect these at an early date so as to be able to devise appropriate preventive and therapeutic modalities? What do we look for? What types of surveillance and reporting systems can one devise?
Ways of Knowing and Community Research
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Community Psychology Has benefited greatly from adopting theories and methods developed by organizational psychology. Organizational psychologists use multiple perspectives when they analyze organizations: for example, structural theory, a human resources approach, political theories, and cultural analysis. For community psychologists, then, the organizational perspective contains a wealth of frameworks with which to look at community. Typically, we have adopted these frameworks to study advocacy, neighborhood organizations, and the experience of people who work in social service agencies. What we have in common with organizational psychologists (and others) is agreement on a basic paradigmatic assumption. To understand people, you must understand the settings in which they operate.
What’s Wrong with Empowerment
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Community Psychologists Have long emphasized the importance of context for understanding human behavior. Leaders in our field have persuasively argued that human actors play out their roles in particular environments that offer specific constraints and opportunities and that serve as stimuli for action. Yet, despite our awareness of context for those we study, we do not always apply that understanding to ourselves. My purpose here is to point out how our context—that is, the assumptions and values underlying the discipline of psychology in the United States—shape, sometimes without our awareness, how we define and study key ideas in our field.
The Impact of Welfare Reform on Men’s Violence against Women
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Welfare “Reform” (or “recision,” as some critics call it) is perhaps the most important social policy change in our lifetimes, reversing more than sixty years of government support for the poor. The federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 includes strict time limits on receiving public aid and rigid requirements for moving from welfare to work. These changes are likely to have a powerful impact on women who are battered by intimate partners. Advocates of battered women argue that welfare helps women escape violent relationships; consequently, restricting access to public aid may add to the difficulties of leaving abusers. New child support enforcement provisions that pressure men to acknowledge paternity may provoke them to retaliate against the mothers of their children. In addition, many abusive partners do not want women to become independent and will sabotage their employment or participation in job training programs. Accordingly, work participation requirements may inadvertently increase violence.
Tabernacles
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

A tabernacle was an important unifying element in maintaining the Mormon concept of Zion and the Saints’ requirements to bring it about. Its size and central position within the community reminded the Saints of their covenants and obligations. Tabernacles were specifically de signed to meet the congregational needs of a stake, a term used to describe a Mormon ecclesiastical unit roughly equivalent to a diocese.’ A stake is composed of wards, smaller ecclesiastical units roughly equivalent to parishes. A typical stake, in the nineteenth century, often en compassed an entire community and a number of outlying areas, including other towns, whereas a ward encompassed a single settlement or ecclesiastical subdivisions in cities where there were larger concentrations of church members.
Suicide
Authors: Shaffer David , Hicks Roger
Published: November 2023

Although formal definitions of suicide are available, for epidemiologic purposes the most useful definition is an administrative one, i.e., whether or not death has been determined by a medical examiner, coroner or equivalent official to be a self-inflicted and intended death. The definition of attempted suicide, how ever, varies from study to study. In the work of the authors cited in this chapter, the definition requires that a behavior should have been self-initiated with the intent of causing death, but that, with or without outside intervention, death did not result. In some research on this topic, the terms “gestures” or “parasuicide” are found. These terms are used variably to define either very mild attempts, usually ingestions, or attempts in which the apparent intention was not to cause death, but rather to communicate in some fashion with an important other. In practice, it is difficult to gauge retrospectively the precise motivation of an individual patient. Most adolescents seen in the emergency room will say that they had intended to die, but will then minimize lethal intent when seen weeks or months later.
Economies of Morality and Power: Reading “Race” in Two Colonial Texts
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: November 2023

The historical record documents, if nothing more certain, a continual and dynamic dialogue over issues of “race” among the Anglo Europeans in colonial America. Current historical and social theory continue to reflect the disagreement of the historical record. Winthrop Jordan’s comments of 1968 regarding the inception of slavery still hold:
The American Indian as Humorist in Colonial Literature
Authors: Keuren Luise van
Published: November 2023

If, at some distant time, our probings of outer space reach another planet sustaining flora, fauna, and an unknown race of people, the imagination of our earthly globe with be galvanized. Curiosity afire, writers of every description will hasten to record the story. One can scarcely imagine the media coverage The entrepreneurs among us might await word of deposits of oil, gold, diamonds, or uranium. For most of us, however, the richest vein of interest would be the people of this newfound planet. What extraordinary light such a new race might shed on the mystery of our own existence.
Red, White, and Black: Indian Captivities, Colonial Printers, and the Early African-American Narrative
Authors: Sekora John
Published: November 2023

How black writing began in America has been a topic of growing interest for several decades. In a major example, we know that the earliest slave narrative, by Briton Hammon, was published in Boston in 1760 by Green and Russell. Years of speculation notwithstanding, we know virtually nothing else: about Hammon, his printers, circumstances of publication, or the social climate his narrative entered. Even the mere fact of publication is a thorny issue. For, given the views of most historians of early America, the mid-eighteenth century was a very harsh time for all people of color—slave, free black, or Indian.
Cosmopolitanism and the Anglo-Jewish Elite in British America
Authors: Shields David S
Published: November 2023

During the eighteenth century, cosmopolitanism contributed to the attenuation of ethnicity as a ground of self-understanding. My concern here is to determine how literary neoclassicism assisted in the cosmopolite project of overcoming indigenous identity. I will also illustrate some effective limits of cosmopolitanism by examining the self-expression of members of the Levy-Franks family, British America’s wealthiest and most articulate Jewish clan. In particular, I will show how cosmopolitanism enabled the Jewish elite to participate in the conversation and commerce of the public sphere but provoked a crisis of identity when it enabled the intermarriage of Jew and gentile, threatening the traditionalism of the Jewish family.
Psychosocial Impact of Cholesterol Screening and Management
Authors: Gilboy Karen Glanz Mary Beth
Published: November 2023

Elevated blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHO) and a significant public health problem. This highly prevalent, asymptomatic risk factor affects one fifth to one half of all American adults (Sempos et al., 1993) and can usually be prevented or controlled once it is identified. Although mean total cholesterol levels in U.S. adults aged 20 to 74 have consistently declined between 1960 and 1991, an estimated 52 million Americans, or 29% of all adults, have levels that warrant dietary change and 7% are candidates for drug therapy (Johnson et al., 1993; Sempos et al., 1993).
American Holocaust
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

David Stannard's book focuses on the larger social and cultural issues involved in the invasion of America by European nations. The first two chapters of the book describe the Americas prior to this invasion and detail the variety of rich cultures that existed then. Another chapter deals with the Spanish and Portuguese invasion of Central and South America and describes the devastation left inthe wake of these invasions. A fourth chapter describes the effects of English invaders in North America and of the further suppression of native peoples in American colonial times. In the final section, titles ‘Sex, Race, and Holy War,’ two chapters examine the kind of people who waged these "holy" wars and focus on the cultural sources and the ideological content of their invasion efforts. There is also an Epilogue, and an Appendix titled ‘On Racism and Genocide.’ This is a highly controversial book that is certain to have a major place in the Columbus Anniversary discussions next year. It is an angry, provocative book. In contrast to other recent books on the subject, however. Stannard's book is by a recognized scholar (who has already written a well-received monograph Before the Horror on the South Pacific aspects of the subject) and has based his study on wide historical research.
Coast Al Land Loss In The Chesapeake Bay Region: An Historical Analog Approach To Global Change Analysis
Authors: Leatherman Stephen P
Published: November 2023

Although the debate on global warming continues, it is clear that relative sea-level rise (SLR) is occurring along most of the world’s coasts. Over the long term, global warming and rising sea level must be linked. Although some politicians and the public are unaware of or have largely ignored these warnings, the evidence for global change and its impacts is mounting.
Assessing Physical And Societal Responses To Global Warming
Authors: Glantz Michael H
Published: November 2023

Because current atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) are not yet able to produce credible, reliable regional detail of the consequences of global climate change, research into environmental and societal impacts must seek other ways to gain a glimpse of possible consequences of future regional climatic changes. The use of analogies (and analogical reasoning) has been at the center of attempts to understand what future climate change might be like, and to provide an insight into some aspects of societal responses to climate change at the regional level. Such glimpses provide only a first approximation of regional impacts and responses, but they can aid societies at all levels of economic development in their attempts to identify their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and limitations, in coping with climate change, as well as with inter annual climate variability.
The Problem Of Soil Moisture With Global Warming
Authors: Vinnikov Konstantin Ya.
Published: November 2023

No single conclusion about possible changes in climate conditions as a result of anthropogenic global warming has produced such a strong impression on the public as the one about summer desiccation of the continents. Probably no international statement on climate variation, calling for coordinated international efforts to mitigate or prevent further increases in atmospheric pollution by greenhouse gases, could avoid dramatizing the possibility of aridization of the continents. Thus, the problem of soil moisture changes has often assumed a significant place in the minds of politicians and public representatives.
Global Warming And Forests Of The Great Lakes States: An Example Of The Use Of Quantitative Projections In Policy Analysis
Authors: Botkin Daniel B
Published: November 2023

Part of the reason that we seem to be so unsuccessful in dealing with large scale environmental issues is that we operate under the wrong worldview, the wrong beliefs about how natural ecological systems function. Over the years, our management policies developed as if nature undisturbed achieved a single state of equilibrium that would continue indefinitely, and which was both “good” for all life and “desirable” to people. Our policies developed as if biological resources could be harvested at a constant rate indefinitely, without variation, as if nature ran like a diesel engine (Botk in, 1990).
New York City Life and Popular Speech
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

The hundreds, even thousands, of words and phrases of slang and other popular speech about life in New York, especially Manhattan, are a treasure trove of social and cultural history. A distinctive word culture of social life in the city flowed from the modern cycle of urban growth that started significantly in the 1840s. These words about the city, individually and taken together, retell in a new voice the story of metropolitan life down to the 1950s, when so much national attention began to tum away from the culture of the old metropolitan core and toward the suburbs. Many of these word images of the city are still in our speechways and, more important, in our thoughtways.
The Social Meaning of City Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

Word images of city streets in popular speech have in several ways echoed the major tensions of New York social life. First of all, the fundamental opposition of public and private social worlds is abundantly apparent in many references to city streets in the historical lexicon. Many popular expressions imaged the peculiarly American grid-iron plan of city streets. In Manhattan especially, the grid served as metaphors and mental maps of social class and social mobility. The grid and deviations from it gave social meanings to its main thoroughfares, intersections, cross streets, and backstreets. Even the physical constructions of the modern city street—sidewalks, curbs, gutters, and sewers—have stood for increments of social status at the lower end of the scale. In a number of other popular expressions the grid served as a larger, more implicit metaphor for the advances, frustrations, deviations, successes, and failures in competitive urban life.
The Contempt for Provincial Life
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

The disdain of city people for their country cousins is an ancient story that reoccurs in every urbanizing society. The perennial drama was played out in the century and a half from the emergence of the early industrial city in the United States, through its evolution into a metropolis in the decades around 1900, its maturing after 1920, and its decentralization after the late 1940s down to the present time. The cultural and political conflict between the City of New York and upstate is a classic case in point. The cultural conflict between the center and the periphery arising from these changes was widely reflected in literature and folklore, including the slang of the day. City people expressed their contempt for rural and small-town people and places with more than a hundred pejorative names. Some of the oldest terms are borrowed from British English and were given new turns of meaning in the American urban setting.
Before the Television Bonanza
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Professional football is more than 100 years old, but for its first SO-odd years the sport was the sad-sack cousin of college football. When the National Football League (NFL) was born in 1920, crowds as small as 800 turned out for some games. Average attendance was probably on the order of 3,000, one-tenth to one twentieth of the number at major college games that year.
Glimmers of Glory
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Harold E. (Red) Grange could not walk on water, but you would have had a hard time convincing the student body at the University of Illinois in 1925. Grange was a 5-foot, 11-inch, 175 pound, swivel-hipped halfback with great speed, shiftiness, and peripheral vision that made him the finest running back of his time. He was called the Galloping Ghost. In his senior year at Illinois in 1925, Grange destroyed Penn-then a football power-almost singlehandedly.
Introduction
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

In 1981, five homosexual men were reported to have developed a rare illness, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1981a). Within a few months, 26 cases of a rare tumor, Kaposi’s sarcoma, had been identified among homosexual men (CDC, 1981b), and public health officials soon had evidence that both of these rare diseases were related to an underlying deficiency in the immune system (Gottlieb, Schroff, Schanker, et al., 1981; DeWys, Curran, Henle, and Johnson, 1982), reflected in a reduced number of helper T lymphocytes (CD4+ T lymphocytes). In 1982, the new and frightening “acquired immune deficiency syndrome” (AIDS) was defined as “a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include Kaposi’s sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and serious opportunistic infections” (CDC, 1982a). A specific list of AIDS defining conditions was elaborated, and some new AIDS defining conditions were added later in response to additional epidemologic evidence and changes in diagnostic practice resulting from the availability of serologic tests for the AIDS virus.
The World of The Autistic Child
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

This is by far the most complete and comprehensive study ever written for parents of autistic children, and for teachers, child specialists, and other professionals who care for them. It provides help and hope not only for the autistic child, but also for their family and other care givers who must come to grips with their own grief, confusion, and self-doubt following a diagnosis of autism or other related disorder. Siegel believes that the parent’ best defence against the devastation of the diagnosis of autism or PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder) is to acquire as early as possible the knowledge and the parenting skills to work with the professionals who are there to help their child fulfil their potential. Bryna Siegal discusses how to understand the diagnosis of autism, the available treatments, and how to decide what is best for the an autistic child, and pulls together a wealth of information on the latest educational and medical advances. The result is a superb guide and resource that noone who cares about autistic young people will want to be without.
Social Development in Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

This chapter will detail the signs and symptoms of autism that affect a child’s social development. Atypical social relating takes many forms, as we’ll discuss, and it is considered the core of the autistic syndrome. Often children with many signs of autism but relatively little impairment in relating to others are diagnosed as having PDD. As the information in this chapter is laid out, it will become clearer where boundaries between autism and PDD meet, and when it is useful to distinguish between the two. Figure 3 shows the various aspects of social development we’ll be discussing in this chapter.
Communication Skills in Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

It is when autistic and PDD children begin (or fail to begin) to use language, parents begin to detect how different their children are. Most obvious is when a child does not begin to speak at all. Because all children vary in their developmental patterns and use first words at somewhat different ages, the presence of a language delay alone is not the easiest way to detect a problem like autism or PDD. First words are just one indication of how communication skills are taking shape. A careful history can reveal whether other related milestones in development, such as pointing and certain forms of imitating, are developing on time. These related milestones give the clinician a way of predicting what types of language problems can be anticipated, and how they can be helped. In the first part of this chapter, we look at spoken language as well as forms of nonverbal communication that toddlers learn to use. Both verbal and nonverbal ways of communicating are assessed when a clinician considers whether a child may have autism or PDD. Figure 4 shows the various aspects of communication skills that will be discussed in relation to autism in this chapter.
Getting a Diagnosis
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Getting a diagnosis really has two important purposes. First, a diagnosis is a label. It means that what is wrong is a recognizable problem that has happened before. The “label” is important insofar as it is a shorthand for a treatment plan. The second very important purpose of a “label” or a diagnosis it that it is a ticket to services. If your child is very young and you are just starting to think about going to doctors to find out what is wrong, and what you need to do, this is an important chapter for you to read. For professionals involved at the time of diagnosis, this chapter is intended to illustrate questions parents often focus on, and the support and guidance that are helpful in assuring parents that helpful treatments are available.
“A Sort of Absolutely Independent Little Republic at the Center of the State”
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Throughout the seventeenth century, the barristers’ amaeties over the “decadent” status of their profession had two distinct sources: the fragility of their own place within the legal system, and the broader political and religious changes affecting this system. Until 1713, with the brief exception of the Fronde, it was the daily snubs and vexations of life in the courts that preoccupied them. After the promulgation of the bull Unigenitus, however, the quarrels between king and parlement, Jansenists and Molinists, all came to the fore with a vengeance.As a consequence of this shift, from 1713 onwards the political and institutional histories of the Order of Barristers became almost indistinguishable.
The Seminary of Publicists
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Histories of France customarily divide the reign of Louis XV into two halves, the first placid and prosperous, the second buffeted by the winds of intellectual turmoil, financial crisis, constitutional stalemate, and military defeat.1 This generalization may be valid for most of French society, but as the previous chapter makes clear, for a small but important minority of the French, the early years of” Louis le bien aime” seemed anything but placid; in fact, they seemed to be years of a deadly twilight struggle for the very soul of the kingdom.
The Black Stork
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

In the late 1910s Dr. Harry J. Haiselden, a prominent Chicago surgeon, electrified the nation by allowing the deaths of at least six infants he diagnosed as “defectives”. Seeking to publicize his efforts to eliminate the “unfit”, he displayed the dying infants to journalists, wrote about them for the Hearst newspapers, and starred in a feature film about his crusade. Prominent Americans from Clarence Darrow to Helen Keller rallied to his support. The Black Stork tells this startling story, based on newly-rediscovered sources and long-lost motion pictures, in order to illuminate many broader controversies. The books shows how efforts to improve human heredity (eugenics) became linked with mercy-killing (euthanasia) and with race, class, gender and ethnic hatreds. It documents how mass culture changed the meaning of medical concepts like “heredity” and “disease”, and how medical controversies helped shape the commercial mass media. It demonstrates how cultural values influence science, and how scientific claims of objectivity have shaped modern culture. While focused on the formative years of early 20th century America, The Black Stork traces these issues from antiquity to the rise of Nazism, and to the “Baby Doe”, “assisted suicide” and human genome initiative debates of today.
... And Occasional Visitors from Outer Space
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

All it takes is a pair of binoculars to see that the Moon is a pretty inhospitable place, but a quick survey also suggests that it was even more inhospitable in the past. Its surface, and in particular its highlands, is pocked by craters great and small. There are craters within craters, bespeaking devastating events about which astronomers still argue. Clavius, for example, the largest crater visible to us, is 140 miles in diameter, and is itself pocked by more than a half-dozen good-sized craters. Some of these craters were probably the result of major volcanic eruptions, but some are surely the result of a titanic battering by the debris that was zipping around in the Solar System when it was forming. Since there never was any water or any atmosphere to speak of on the Moon, probably not much plate tectonic movement, and little erosion, all of these giant pockmarks remain. It would seem unreasonable to imagine that the Earth-the larger of this two-planet system-was not subject to the same disturbances in its youth as the Moon. Of course, the Moon still is struck by debris, but far less so than formerly, now that the Sun’s gravity (among other physical forces) has swept up the neighborhood, so to speak, and imposed a more orderly pattern on this tiny region of the universe.
The Earth’s Climate Changes on a Variety of Time Scales
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Early in the fifteenth century, around the time of Joan of Arc, the world began to turn cold. All over Europe, the relatively warm and moist climate of what is now called the Medieval Warm Period was replaced by temperatures that averaged 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit lower, a decrease in rainfall to about 90 percent of the previous average, and a greater variability in the seasonal weather from year to year. One hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-sixteenth century, the Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel could paint his countrymen skating on frozen canals; the Thames in London frequently froze over and was closed to all traffic. Called the Little Ice Age, this downturn in world temperatures lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century. It was colder in Valley Forge when Washington overwintered his troops there than it is now, and dwellers in the small southern town that was to become the nation’s capital could skate across the Potomac River virtually every winter. By the time the Little Ice Age came to an end, the entire world had been opened up to European investigation and dominance.
Coleman Hawkins Some Comments on a Phoenix
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Periodically jazz musicians and listeners rediscover tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins. Even during the time of major changes in the mid-‘forties, the avid bebop partisan accepted Hawkins as a part of the jazz scene, as he accepted no others of Hawkins ‘s contemporaries of the ‘twenties and few of his companions of the ‘thirties. One might call Hawkins a thorough professional, but he was also a major performer and he belonged to a generation in which these two things might go together as a matter of course.
Governmental Health Agencies
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

In all countries, government plays a substantial role in the structure and functioning of national health systems. All but the very smallest countries have several jurisdictional levels of government, passing from central to provincial to local, with other levels frequently operating between these; at each level some health activities are carried out. The distribution of authority and responsibility among the several levels, of course, differs greatly among countries, and they tend to change over time within most countries.
Hospital Services
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

In every national health system there are structures to accommodate in bed seriously ill patients who require medical or surgical treatment. Hospitals are constructed to hold varying numbers of patients (with various types of illness). As shown in Chapter 3, the supply of hospital beds in relation to the population of a country generally varies with the national income level-from 65 beds per I 00,000 in Indonesia, for example, to 2,000 beds per I 00,000 in Sweden. The size of a hospital building, furthermore, may vary from accomodations of IO or 20 up to 1,000 beds or more.
Programs for Special Health Services
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

A third dimension by which special-purpose health programs may be defined is by their provision of special types of service. These programs are concerned with all types of persons and with any type of disorder, for which the service is provided. The list of such special services is long; it results from the many subdivisions of technology that have been developed to diagnose and treat disease or to prevent it.
International Health Activities
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

As communications and trade have increased among nations in all parts of the world, people have come to recognize the interdependence of each country’s health with the disease problems of other countries. In its broadest sense, international health work concerns the many health activities that must be carried out across national boundaries.
World Trends in Health Systems
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

There is abundant evidence that in spite of all the difficulties, the health systems of the world are contributing to improved health in the population. Exploration of the reasons for this is a large subject, and we shall consider them along different lines. Because of the great problems in acquiring data from recent years, the review of trends must generally apply up to about the mid-1980s.
The PRAM model and a sorting algorithm
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we will consider some simple algorithms that can be implemented when we have a SIMD computer in which every processor can access common RAM. In general, a computer in which many processors can access common RAM in a single program-step is called the PRAM model of computation. There are, of course, many forms of the PRAM-model: The PRAM-SIMD model of computation, in which all processors execute the same instructions in each program-step. To some extent, we can view the Con nection Machine as falling into this category. See section 2 for a discussion of the differences between the operation of the Connection Machine and the PRAM-SIMD model of computation.
The Shuffle-Exchange Network
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Many parallel computers have been built using the hypercube network architecture including: The Cosmic Cube. the Connection Machines (CM-1 and CM-2) from Thinking Machines Corpora tion. These are SIMD computers discussed in more detail later in this book (see 2 on page 114). the Intel iPSC series, including the iPSC/1, iPSC/2, iPSC/860, and the Touch stone Gamma. the Caltech Mark II. the MasPar MP-1 computer. Most of these are MIMD computers Prove the statement that an n-dimensional hypercube is equivalent to an order n butterfly network with all of the columns collapsed to single vertices, and half as many edges.
The Granularity Problem
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In all of the simulation algorithms described above we assumed that the unbounded parallel computer had an amount of memory that was proportional to the number of processors (this factor of proportionality is the term /3 that appears so prominently). Suppose we want to simulate an unbounded parallel computer with a large amount of RAM-much larger than the number of processors. Also suppose that the processors in the network used to carry out the simulation together have enough memory between them to accomplish this. We then encounter the so-called Granularity Problem -how is this distributed memory to be efficiently accessed? This is an interesting problem that has been considered before in the context of distributed databases - suppose a database is broken up into many pieces in distinct computers that are networked together. Suppose people use all of the computers in the network to access the database. Under some (possibly rare) circumstances it is possible that all of the users want data that is be located on the one computer in the network and response time will slow down tremendously because each individual computer in the network can only handle a small number of requests for data at a time. The question arises: Is is possible to organize the data in the database (possibly with multiple copies of data items) so that access to data is always fast regardless of how users request it? The term granularity comes from the fact that the number of processors is much lower than the amount of memory available so that each processor has a sizable chunk of local memory that must be accessed by all of the other processors.
Women in the CourtsConformity and Dissonance before the War, 1821–1846
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

Compared with many of her Spanish-Mexican relatives and friends, Manuela Baca was a wealthy woman. She owned several properties in and around Santa Fe. With her husband, the well-known Miguel Sena, she controlled an indeterminable, but large, portion of Santa Fe’s developing merchant economy. The partners owned three homes and pasture outside the town; they were active in the trading market between Missouri and Chihuahua, Mexico, which had made Santa Fe its nucleus. Sena made his money by buying property with cash raised from selling livestock, trading with the surrounding Indian communities, and operating a mercantile store in town. Despite her up- per-middle-class position, however, Baca’s life was far from idyllic. From April 6 through September 13, 1832, she appeared in court on several occasions to answer charges brought against her by a Euro-American merchant, Alexander (or Alejandro, as he was referred to in the court documents) Le Grand. During that period, her wealth or status provided her little consolation and, indeed, was the source of her vexing troubles.
Demosthenes and His Time
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

Professor Sealey studies the political history of Greece, especially Athens, from 386 to 322 BC. Although Demosthenes figures largely in the middle and later chapters, the book is not intended to be purely biographical, and a good deal of attention is paid to social and international factors bearing on Athenian political activity during this period. The story is one of two-fold failure: by launching a league of a novel type in 378 the Athenians tried to bring a new order into Greek affairs, but were eventually overcome by Macedon; Demosthenes discovered his mission as a statesman and failed because of Macedonian power. The narrative begins in 387/6 BC, when the Spartans and their allies secured financial help from Persia, gained control of the Hellespont and cut the Athenians off from one of their main sources of grain. Sealey describes the events of the turbulent years which followed, the threat to Athens posed by Philip II and the rise of Demosthenes to power in Athens. The book concludes with an analysis of the defeat of Athens and its allies in 322, and ends with the suicide of Demosthenes.
Perceptions and Criticisms of Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We live at a time in which science and technology are moving forward at dizzying rates; knowledge—although perhaps not wisdom—is being generated so fast that today in one year we are accumulating more information than was acquired in the first fifty years of the twentieth century. This information avalanche results from the enormous increase in scientific activity: perhaps 90% of the scientists who have ever lived are alive today. New discoveries challenge long-held beliefs, ideas, and facts, and there are too many new findings to assimilate. The blizzard of scientific revelations becomes incomprehensible, threatening to our sense of place in the world, and perhaps even irrelevant. Science is regarded by many, perhaps as Jehovah was by the Israelites, with respect, fear, and utter incomprehension (Tuomey 1996); we might add skepticism to that list.
How To Be an Ethical Anti-Realist
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Some philosophers like to call themselves realists, and some like to call themselves anti-realists. An increasing number, I suspect, wish to turn their backs on the whole issue. Their strengths include those of naturalism, here counseling us that there is none except a natural science of human beings. From this it follows that there is no ‘first philosophy’ lying behind (for instance) physics, or anthropology, enabling the philosopher to know how much of the world is ‘our construction’ (anti-realism) or, on the contrary, ‘independent of us’ (realism).
Attitudes and Contents
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

G. F. Schueler’s article puts in a forceful way various reservations about my treatment of indirect contexts, on behalf of the position I have called ‘quasirealism.’ His opposition is, I think, as complete as could be: it is not only that my treatment has been incomplete, which I happily concede, or that its formulation has been defective, which I am prepared to believe, but also that nothing like it could possibly succeed. That at least is the proper consequence of some of his views—on logical form, on validity, and on the nature of commitment. For example, if showing that an inference has ‘the logical form’ or ‘is an instance’ of modus ponens involves taking it as ‘the realist picture’ has it, then no attempt to explain it in other terms will be compatible with its having that form. Again, if validity is (‘as it is used in logic’) defined in terms of the impossibility of premises being true and conclusions false, then persons reluctant to apply truth and falsity to any of the elements of an inference will have to admit that the inference is not valid, as the term is used in logic. Third, if ‘talk of “commitments” is problematic for the antirealist’, then antirealism will make no headway by thinking of a class of commitments more general than those with representative or realistic truth conditions. Fortunately, none of these contentions seems to me correct. Since the survival of quasi-realism even in spirit demands their rebuttal, I shall start by considering them in turn.
Just Causes
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In this essay I reflect mainly upon some difficulties that have been urged against a ‘projective’ explanation of ethical discourse. These difficulties in turn introduce wider problems about explanation and natural kinds, and perhaps indicate further things to be said about the ongoing realism versus antirealism debate in ethics and elsewhere.
Losing Your Mind: Physics, Identity, and Folk Burglar Prevention*
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In this essay I introduce a paradox in much current thinking about physics. The paradox is that physics (and indeed any human thought) never identifies causes—real causes. It may give us causal explanations, but these are only ways of pointing toward the real causes, or features in virtue of which effects follow causes. The paradoxical conclusion is that the predicates we use do not express or refer to the causally powerful properties or states. We can head toward the engine room, perhaps, but never get there. I diagnose current eliminativism in the philosophy of mind as largely the upshot of the paradoxical way of thinking. If I am right, its proponents have done a great service, giving us an outward and visible sign of an inner spiritual tangle. I start by saying a little about eliminativism, by way of introducing the way of thinking about physics that, according to me, it depends upon, and thence identifying the paradox.
Empowering People Through Friendly Technology: Psychology in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Bower Gordon H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present some speculations regarding what people in Western civilization might be like a hundred years from now. This is a matter of some curiosity to contemporary psychologists as well as of great concern to those future psychologists who will study these people and treat them for their psychological problems. Although people are assuredly limited by their biology and brain in what they can do, I believe that technological innovations of the coming century will greatly expand the power of individuals to control their environment, to control themselves and guide their children, and thereby to better direct their own destiny. As a consequence of this greater power, people will be better able to improve the quality of their lives, and increase the intelligence, creativity, and humanity of themselves and their children. It is my contention that psychologists will play a pivotal role in helping design such technologies to be “user-friendly,” in field-testing their efficacy, and in refining the technological designs until they achieve a proper fit to the capabilities and talents of individual users. That, at least, is the hope that I express in the following pages. If any profession knows the hazards and pitfalls of predicting people’s moment-to moment behavior, it is assuredly experimental psychologists. Even in their closely controlled laboratory experiments, psychologists are continually frustrated by their failed predictions about human behavior.
Chapters of Psychology
Authors: Levelt Willem J M
Published: November 2023

Sehr geehrter Herr Professor Wundt, what is your opinion about the place of psychology among the sciences of mind?1 As the science of the universal forms of direct experience, it is the foundation of the sciences of mind. Psychology is at the same time the most general science of mind and the foundation of all others, such as philology, history, economics, law, etc.a  Are these special sciences of the mind, then, “chapters of human psychology,” just like, for instance, developmental psychology or general psychology? The psychological analysis of the most general products of mind, such as language, mythical representations, moral norms, is psychology’s due, in part as a necessary expansion of its territory over the phenomena of shared mental life, in part as an aid in grasping complex psychological phenomena at all.
The Future of the Mind Liesn Technology
Authors: Norman Donald A
Published: November 2023

Physical technologies make us warmer, faster, and more powerful. But there is a more important technology-a cognitive technology-that makes us smarter. Elsewhere, I have called this technology “cognitive artifacts” (Norman, 1991, 1993). Through our technologies we have changed the normal forces that affect natural evolution. No longer do the weak, the frail, and the injured die. Now it is those with technology who thrive, those without who do not: Whether desirable or not, it is the state to which we have now evolved.
The Oath
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The Hippocratic Oath is one of those documents that is omnipresent in discussions of the foundations of medicine but seldom gets thought about in day-to-day medical practice. Therefore, when the subject came up during a classroom discussion on medical ethics, prompted by reading and analysis of the novel Arrowsmith, I was not able to quote it with accuracy. For the next class, copies were made available to everyone, and we began a critical reading.
Autism And Authority
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

In The United States Today, major intellectual and scientific decisions are often made by judges and jurors who are not free to step back and endlessly debate conflicting viewpoints but must render decisions sharply and definitively, often causing appreciable amounts of money to change hands. Such a case was that of Daniel Kunin, plaintiff, versus Benefit Trust Life Insurance Company, defendant, an action brought in United States District Court, Central District of California, Judge Irving Hill presiding. Opinion was rendered on September 19, 1988.
Just Say No
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The Sudden Death of Baseball Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti within a week of President Bush’s announcement of the war on drugs brings back some personal memories. It also evokes some thoughts on substance abuse and the magnitude of the problem of dealing with our addictive habits. A series of events during the years 1981 to 1986 occasioned several conversations between Bart and me dealing with alcohol control, tobacco use, and related matters. There were other things both of us would have preferred to discuss, but our job responsibilities had brought us to these matters.
Deliver Us
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

This Essay may get some people irritated with me, but I feel a need to write it. It is a nonprofessional’s look at the practice of obstetrics. After 10 years of holding back, what finally prompted me to consider stepping in where angels fear to tread was an article in the Washing ton Post reporting that the rate of cesarean births in the District of Columbia is currently 30.1%. The national average is 24%, and one hospital in Maryland has reported a rate of 42%. The article also noted that “the chance of a woman dying during a cesarean section is two to four times greater than during a vaginal delivery, and the surgery involves a longer hospital stay, higher complication rates, and a longer recovery time.”
Clitoridectomy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

My Earliest Knowledge of East Africa came from a childhood hobby of stamp collecting and an attraction to the strangesounding names. Somewhere I have tucked away an album with a few stamps from Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. These three states were under British government and became independent in the early 1960s. They have traveled radically different routes since then. Kenya, under Jomo Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel Moi, has become a successful, Western-style, free-enterprise state. Tanzania (the former Tanganyika and the island of Zanzibar), under Julius Nyerere, has followed a Chinese style of communism, and Uganda, under a series of leaders, has followed a path of intertribal strife and chaos.