bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic Design of Skin-Sparing Mastectomy Incisions for Immediate Autologous Tissue Breast Reconstruction in Asian Women
Authors: Tan Bien-Keem , Chim Harvey , Ng Zhi Yang , Ong Kong Wee
Published: July 2014

Background The advent of skin-sparing mastectomy has allowed for the reconstruction of the breast and nipple with improved cosmesis. However, the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) in Asian patients is more pigmented and scars easily. Therefore, commonly described incisions tend to result in poor aesthetic outcomes in Asian patients with breast cancer.

Methods We describe an algorithmic approach to skin-sparing mastectomy incisions in Asian patients on the basis of the location of the biopsy scar and the tumor site and size. Four incision types are described: peri-areolar, a peri-areolar incision with a second distant skin paddle, "racquet handle," and peri-areolar with adjacent skin excision.

Results 281 immediate breast reconstructions were performed between May 2001 and February 2012 after skin-sparing mastectomy. The mastectomy incisions used included the peri-areolar design (n=124, 44%), peri-areolar design with a second distant skin paddle (n=39, 14%), "racquet handle" (n=21, 7.5%), and peri-areolar design with adjacent skin excision (n=42, 14%). The traditional elliptical incision and other variants where the NAC outline was not preserved were performed in the remaining 55 patients. The average follow-up was 44.7 months during which there was 1 case of total flap loss and 7 cases of partial flap necrosis; all remaining flaps survived. 24% of the patients (68/281) underwent subsequent nipple reconstruction.

Conclusions Our algorithm avoids breast incisions that are randomly placed or excessively long and prevents the unnecessary sacrifice of normal breast skin. This allows skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction to be performed with a consistently achievable aesthetic result in Asian women without neglecting oncological safety.
Clinical Experience with Treatment of Angioleiomyoma
Authors: Woo Kyoung Sik , Kim Sang Hun , Kim Han Seong , Cho Pil Dong
Published: July 2014

Background Angioleiomyoma, a vascular leiomyoma, is a rare, benign smooth-muscle tumor that originates in the tunica media of vessels. It occurs anywhere in the body, most frequently in the lower extremities.

Methods We reviewed the medical records of 16 patients who were treated for angioleiomyoma between 2000 and 2012. The clinical features of angioleiomyoma and the correlation between symptoms and pathological subtypes were investigated.

Results There were 9 males and 6 females. Ages of the patients ranged from 21 to 61. Pain was the primary symptom in 44% of the patients. Tumors were smaller than 2.0 cm in all dimensions and were located in the face in 4 patients, whereas 5 lesions occurred in the upper extremities and the remaining 7 in the lower extremities. Three histologic subtypes were identified: solid, venous, and cavernous. The subtypes did not correlate with the clinical symptoms.

Conclusions Angioleiomyoma appears to be a rare tumor that occurs in the face and the extremities. The tumor usually occurs in middle age. A differential diagnosis of this tumor is difficult, but the tumor should be considered in the diagnosis of painful subcutaneous masses. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in the diagnosis of angioleiomyoma. These tumors can be successfully treated with simple excision, with a low recurrence rate.
An Argument for Ethical, Proactive, Archaeologist-Artifact Collector Collaboration
Authors: Pitblado Bonnie L.
Published: July 2014

This essay addresses the contentious issue of collaboration between archaeologists and artifact collectors. I argue that in many instances, alienating members of the collecting public is not just bad practice; such alienation itself also violates the Society for American Archaeology's (SAA's) Principles of Archaeological Ethics. I make my case by first exploring the SAA's ethical code. I focus initially on “stewardship” and “commercialization,” which many cite as reasons for rejecting relationships with artifact collectors. I then discuss other SAA principles that support the perspective that archaeologists should actively reach out to citizens with private collections whenever possible. Second, I present a case study exploring what the Clovis archaeological record might look like had archaeologists rejected the overtures of a century of collectors who brought Pleistocene finds to the attention of professionals. Had practitioners accepted only those Clovis sites free of collector involvement, our understanding of Clovis lifeways would be quite different from what it is today. This essay has two messages. First, collectors can advance, and have advanced, archaeology by reaching out to archaeologists willing to reach back. Second, our own code of ethics suggests that responsibly engaging artifact collectors is not just “okay,” it is its own ethical imperative.
Contrast Echocardiography for Assessment of Left Ventricular Thrombi
Authors: Abdelmoneim Sahar S. , Pellikka Patricia A. , Mulvagh Sharon L.
Published: July 2014

The diagnosis of intracardiac thrombi remains clinically relevant, with associated risks of systemic embolization and implications for antithrombotic management. Intravenously injected ultrasound contrast agents, composed of microbubbles smaller than red blood cells, have become established essential adjunctive tools for performance of state‐of‐the‐art echocardiography, providing important information on cardiac structure and function. Despite advances in other imaging modalities, echocardiography remains the initial tool for diagnosis and risk stratification in patients predisposed to developing cardiac thrombi. Ultrasound contrast agents are approved for left ventricular (LV) opacification and endocardial border definition. Additionally, the use of contrast echocardiography facilitates LV thrombus detection by providing contrast opacification within the cardiac chambers to clearly show the “filling defect” of an intracardiac thrombus. Furthermore, contrast perfusion echocardiography can provide an assessment of the tissue characteristics of LV masses suspicious for intracardiac thrombi and, by differentiating an avascular thrombus from a tumor, results in improved diagnostic performance of echocardiography. This article presents a clinical vignette highlighting the sound judgment of using contrast echocardiography to aid in the diagnosis of LV thrombi and will review recent advances in imaging modalities for intracardiac thrombus detection.
Real‐time Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Using a Long‐Axis Approach Compared to the Landmark Technique
Authors: Dinh Vi Am , Farshidpanah Siavash , Lu Samantha , Stokes Phillip , Chrissian Ara , Shah Harsh , Giri Paresh , Hecht David , Nguyen H. Bryant
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Sonographic evaluation of neck anatomy before performing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) has been shown to predict PDT success. In this study, we compared the real‐time, long‐axis, in‐plane approach to the traditional bronchoscopically guided landmark technique.

Methods

Data were analyzed from a prospectively maintained PDT database at a university tertiary care medical intensive care unit. A convenience sample of adult patients requiring PDT for prolonged mechanical ventilation dependence was enrolled. Critical care fellows, under direct supervision of an attending intensivist, performed all PDTs. Tracheostomy performance from the sonographically guided and landmark techniques was compared.

Results

Twenty‐three patients were enrolled: 11 in the sonography group and 12 in the landmark group. Initial midline introducer needle puncture was achieved in 72.7% in the sonography group compared to 8.3% in the landmark group (P< .001). The mean number of introducer needle punctures ± SD was significantly lower in the sonography group compared to the landmark group (1.4 ± 0.7 versus 2.6 ± 0.9; P < .001). The total tracheostomy time was 11.4 ± 4.2 minutes in the sonography group versus 15.3 ± 6.8 minutes in the landmark group (P = .12). Sonography accurately predicted tracheal ring space insertion in 90.9% of patients. Procedural complications did not differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusions

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy under real‐time sonographic guidance using a long‐axis approach may increase the rate of midline punctures and decrease the number of needle punctures when compared to the landmark technique. Sonographic guidance can also help guide accurate and efficient placement of a tracheostomy tube into the desired tracheal ring space.
Sonographic Assessment of the Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Distal Ulnar Attachment
Authors: Farrow Lutul D. , Mahoney Andrew P. , Sheppard Joseph E. , Schickendantz Mark S. , Taljanovic Mihra S.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the long distal attachment of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) can be delineated on sonography.

Methods

We used 12 fresh‐frozen cadaveric elbows for this study. We performed sonography of the elbow using a coronal‐equivalent long‐axis view of the MUCL. All sonographic examinations and measurements were performed by a board‐certified, fellowship‐trained musculoskeletal radiologist. Measurements were performed from the anteroinferior aspect of the medial epicondyle to the sublime tubercle and then from the sublime tubercle to the terminal fibers of the MUCL long ulnar attachment. We thenmeasured the length of the MUCL from its attachment at the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the sublime tubercle and then from the sublime tubercle to the distal extent of its terminal fibers at the ulnar attachment with digital calipers.

Results

On sonography, the average length of the MUCL from its humeral attachment to the sublime tubercle (transarticular) was 19.6 mm. The average length of the ulnar attachment was 27.9 mm. The MUCL was thickest (mediolateral dimension) at its humeral attachment and tapered as it coursed distally along the ulnar attachment. The MUCL was clearly identified on sonography and in all anatomic specimens. On gross measurement, the average lengths of the transarticular portion of the MUCL and its ulnar footprint were 21.5 and 30.2 mm, respectively.

Conclusions

We have successfully shown that the distal ulnar attachment of the MUCL can be visualized on high‐resolution sonography. This preliminary work provides a framework for developing protocols for diagnosis of injuries to the distal ulnar collateral ligament.
Types of Sublingual Gland Herniation Observed During Sonography of Plunging Ranulas
Authors: Jain Prabha , Jain Ravi
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Plunging ranulas have been shown to have a common trio of mylohyoid defects, sublingual gland herniation, and submandibular space fluid collections. The herniated sublingual gland may be susceptible to subclinical trauma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of various types of active sublingual gland herniation observed during diagnostic sonographic studies.

Methods

Sonographic findings of sublingual gland herniation from 76 patients with a total of 80 plunging ranulas are presented. All sublingual gland herniations, including those on the contralateral side, were documented at the time of the examinations and reviewed later. The sonographic appearances of active sublingual gland herniation were given the names “slide,” “wobble,” “mushroom,” and “retrusion” to reflect the observed movement.

Results

Mylohyoid defects were found in 98% of plunging ranulas. The different types of sublingual gland herniation observed were as follows: slide in 77.8%, wobble in 11.1%, mushroom in 9.7%, and retrusion in 1.4%. The unaffected contralateral side showed a wobble in 44.8% of cases and slide in 8.9%.

Conclusions

Sublingual gland herniation through mylohyoid defects is easily missed if one is unaware. Prior knowledge of the various types of sublingual gland herniation and their frequencies of occurrence are very helpful during diagnostic sonographic examinations.
Sonographic Appearances of Desmoid Tumors
Authors: Lou Li , Teng Jianbo , Qi Hengtao , Ban Yongguang
Published: July 2014

The medical records of 16 patients (9 female and 7 male; age range, 5–66 years) with 24 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis of desmoid tumors were reviewed at our institution. Six cases were extra‐abdominal, 4 intra‐abdominal, and 6 in the abdominal wall. Lesions ranged from 1.5 to 18.0 cm in diameter (mean, 6.8 cm). All lesions were solid masses, which appeared hypoechoic, isoechoic, or hyperechoic with homogeneous or heterogeneous echogenicity. Posterior acoustic enhancement was seen in 18 lesions. No lesions showed central necrosis. Most lesions had substantial flow and high resistive index values (>0.70). Sonography can show a desmoid tumor's site, size, contour, margin, echogenicity, homogeneity, vascularity, and resistive index value in detail.
Multiscale electromagnetic computations using a hierarchical multilevel fast multipole algorithm
Authors: Wei Jian‐Gong , Peng Zhen , Lee Jin‐Fa
Published: July 2014

A hierarchical multilevel fast multipole method (H‐MLFMM) is proposed herein to accelerate the solutions of surface integral equation methods. The proposed algorithm is particularly suitable for solutions of wideband and multiscale electromagnetic problems. As documented in Zhao and Chew (2000) that the multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) achieves O(NlogN) computational complexity in the fixed mesh size scenario, hk = cst, where h is the mesh size and k is the corresponding wave number, for problems discretized under conventional mesh density. However, its performance deteriorates drastically for overly dense meshes where the couplings between different groups are dominated by evanescent waves or circuit physics. In the H‐MLFMM algorithm, two different types of basis functions are proposed to address these two different natures of physics corresponding to the electrical size of the elements. Specifically, for the propagating wave couplings, the plane wave basis function adopted by MLFMM are effective and they are inherited by H‐MLFMM. Whereas in the circuit physics and for the evanescent waves, H‐MLFMM employs the so‐called skeleton basis. Moreover, the proposed H‐MLFMM unifies the procedures to account for the couplings using these two distinct types of basis functions. O(N) complexity is observed for both memory and CPU time from a set of numerical examples with fixed mesh sizes. Numerical results are included to demonstrate that H‐MLFMM is error controllable and robust for a wide range of applications.
Economic analysis of the water demand in the hotels and restaurants sector: Shadow prices and elasticities
Authors: Angulo Ana , Atwi Majed , Barberán Ramón , Mur Jesús
Published: July 2014

Despite the growing economic importance of tourism, and its impact on relative water shortage, little is known about the role that water plays in the productive process of hotels and restaurants and, therefore, the possible implications of water demand management policy for this sector. This study aims to fill this gap. It is based on the microdata of 676 firms in the sector, operating in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) for a 12 year period. Based on the Translog cost function, we estimate the shadow price of water in the short run and, from a long‐run perspective, its direct price elasticity, its cross elasticities relative to labor, capital, and supplies, and its elasticity with respect to the level of output. The results obtained show that water provides sector firms returns that are on average higher than its price, although in the case of hotels the margin is really narrow. This situation provides policy makers with a margin for applying price increases without affecting the sector's viability, with some caution in the case of hotels. Water demand elasticity equals −0.38 in the case of hotels, but it is not significant in the case of restaurants and bar‐cafes; hence, only in hotels is there potential for influencing water use patterns, encouraging the resource's conservation through pricing policy. Moreover, capital is a substitutive factor of water, and the elasticity of water with respect to output is 0.40, all of which should also be considered by policy makers in water resource management.
Worldwide retention of nutrient silicon by river damming: From sparse data set to global estimate
Authors: Maavara Taylor , Dürr Hans H. , Van Cappellen Philippe
Published: July 2014

Damming of rivers represents a major anthropogenic perturbation of the hydrological cycle, with the potential to profoundly modify the availability of nutrient silicon (Si) in streams, lakes, and coastal areas. A global assessment of the impact of dams on river Si fluxes, however, is limited by the sparse data set on Si budgets for reservoirs. To alleviate this limitation, we use existing data on dissolved Si (DSi) retention by dams to calibrate a mechanistic model for the biogeochemical cycling of DSi and reactive particulate Si (PSi) in reservoir systems. The model calibration yields a relationship between the annual in‐reservoir siliceous primary productivity and the external DSi supply. With this relationship and an estimate of catchment Si loading, the model calculates the total reactive Si (RSi = DSi + PSi) retention for any given reservoir. A Monte Carlo analysis accounts for the effects of variations in reservoir characteristics and generates a global relationship that predicts the average reactive Si retention in reservoirs as a function of the water residence time. This relationship is applied to the Global Reservoirs and Dams database to estimate Si retention by damming worldwide. According to the results, dams retain 163 Gmol yr−1 (9.8 Tg SiO2 yr−1) of DSi and 372 Gmol yr−1 (22.3 Tg SiO2 yr−1) of RSi, or 5.3% of the global RSi loading to rivers.
Increasing summer drying in North American ecosystems in response to longer nonfrozen periods
Authors: Parida Bikash R. , Buermann Wolfgang
Published: July 2014

In snow‐dominated northern ecosystems, spring warming is predicted to decrease water availability later in the season and recent findings suggest that corresponding negative impacts on plant productivity and wildfire frequency are already observable. Here we estimate the overall vulnerability of North American ecosystems to warming‐related seasonal shifts in hydrology through identifying robust interannual linkages between nonfrozen periods, peak‐to‐late summer vegetation greenness, and an indicator of drought for 1982–2010. Our results show that longer nonfrozen periods earlier in the year are persistently associated with declines in peak‐to‐late summer greenness and moisture availability across large portions of North America. Hereby, vulnerabilities increase markedly across the dominant land covers with decreasing annual precipitation rates, lowering contributions of summer rainfall, and increasing altitude. The implications are that in a warmer world, seasonal hydrological shifts may emerge as a leading factor for summer drought in relatively dry temperate‐forested ecosystems and across the northern high latitudes.
Coherent sea level variability on the North Atlantic western boundary
Authors: Thompson P. R. , Mitchum G. T.
Published: July 2014

Interannual to decadal sea level variability on the North Atlantic western boundary is surprisingly coherent over substantial distances stretching from the Caribbean to Nova Scotia. The physical mechanisms responsible for this basin‐scale, low‐frequency coherence are explored in a diagnosis of simulated ocean fields from GECCO, which reproduces the observations to good approximation. Coastal sea level variability on the western boundary is known to be influenced by meridional divergence in the boundary current resulting in a geostrophic tilting of the sea surface. This mechanism is found to be of leading order along some stretches of the boundary, but it does not account for the coherence spanning the western North Atlantic. Instead, the coherence along the entire boundary is accounted for by vertical divergence resulting in the uniform rise and fall of the sea surface west of the 295°E meridian. The vertical divergence is found to be due to net vertically integrated zonal transport across this meridian resulting from meridional variation in the Sverdrup transport over the basin interior.
Reimagining cost recovery in Pakistan's irrigation system through willingness‐to‐pay estimates for irrigation water from a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Bell Andrew Reid , Shah M. Azeem Ali , Ward Patrick S.
Published: July 2014

It is widely argued that farmers are unwilling to pay adequate fees for surface water irrigation to recover the costs associated with maintenance and improvement of delivery systems. In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment to study farmer preferences for irrigation characteristics along two branch canals in Punjab Province in eastern Pakistan. We find that farmers are generally willing to pay well in excess of current surface water irrigation costs for increased surface water reliability and that the amount that farmers are willing to pay is an increasing function of their existing surface water supply as well as location along the main canal branch. This explicit translation of implicit willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for water (via expenditure on groundwater pumping) to WTP for reliable surface water demonstrates the potential for greatly enhanced cost recovery in the Indus Basin Irrigation System via appropriate setting of water user fees, driven by the higher WTP of those currently receiving reliable supplies.
Bio‐Inspired All‐Organic Soft Actuator Based on a π–π Stacked 3D Ionic Network Membrane and Ultra‐Fast Solution Processing
Authors: Cheedarala Ravi Kumar , Jeon Jin‐Han , Kee Chang‐Doo , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: July 2014

Next generation electronic products, such as wearable electronics, flexible displays, and smart mobile phones, will require the use of unprecedented electroactive soft actuators for haptic and stimuli‐responsive devices and space‐saving bio‐mimetic actuation. Here, a bio‐inspired all‐organic soft actuator with a π–π stacked and 3D ionic networked membrane based on naphthalene‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (Ntda) and sulfonated polyimide block copolymers (SPI) is presented, utilizing an ultra‐fast solution process. The π–π stacked and self‐assembled 3D ionic networked membrane with continuous and interconnected ion transport nanochannels is synthesized by introducing simple and strong atomic level regio‐specific interactions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic SPI co‐blocks with cations and anions in the ionic liquid. Furthermore, a facile and ultrafast all‐solution process involving solvent blending, dry casting, and solvent dropping is developed to produce electro‐active soft actuators with highly conductive polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT):polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) electrodes. Ionic conductivity and ion exchange capacity of the π–π stacked Ntda‐SPI membrane can be increased up to 3.1 times and 3.4 times of conventional SPI, respectively, resulting in a 3.2 times larger bending actuation. The developed bio‐inspired soft actuator is a good candidate for satisfying the tight requirements of next generation soft electronic devices due to its key benefits such as low operating voltage and comparatively large strains, as well as quick response and facile processability.
Toward Full Exposure of “Active Sites”: Nanocarbon Electrocatalyst with Surface Enriched Nitrogen for Superior Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactivity
Authors: Tian Gui‐Li , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Bingsen , Jin Yu‐Guang , Huang Jia‐Qi , Su Dang Sheng , Wei Fei
Published: July 2014

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play a decisive role for the efficiency of fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. The nitrogen doped carbon materials with low cost and long durability are potential catalysts to replace precious metal catalyst for oxygen electrochemistry; however, the unexposed active sites induced by the bulk dopant atoms are hardly accessible and consequently scarcely contribute to the catalytic property. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are selected as the platform to demonstrate the potential of full exposure of ‘active sites’ at the surface. Novel N‐doped carbon coaxial nanocables with the pristine CNTs as the core and the N‐doped carbon layers as the shell are proposed. The accessible and efficient utilization of the integrated nitrogen atoms enriched on the surface, together with the undestroyed intact inner walls, render the electrocatalyst much enhanced electrocatalytic activity and high electrical conductivity of 3.3 S cm−1, therefore, N‐doped nanocables afford higher oxygen reduction current, ∼51 mV positively shift onset potential, low peroxide generation, as well as lower overpotential and higher current for oxygen evoluation reaction.
An Easily Sintered, Chemically Stable, Barium Zirconate‐Based Proton Conductor for High‐Performance Proton‐Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Sun Wenping , Shi Zhen , Liu Mingfei , Bi Lei , Liu Wei
Published: July 2014

Yttrium and indium co‐doped barium zirconate is investigated to develop a chemically stable and sintering active proton conductor for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). BaZr0.8Y0.2‐xInxO3‐

δ
possesses a pure cubic perovskite structure. The sintering activity of BaZr0.8Y0.2‐xInxO3‐

δ
increases significantly with In concentration. BaZr0.8Y0.15In0.05O3‐

δ
(BZYI5) exhibits the highest total electrical conductivity among the sintered oxides. BZYI5 also retains high chemical stability against CO2, vapor, and reduction of H2. The good sintering activity, high conductivity, and chemical stability of BZYI5 facilitate the fabrication of durable SOFCs based on a highly conductive BZYI5 electrolyte film by cost‐effective ceramic processes. Fully dense BZYI5 electrolyte film is successfully prepared on the anode substrate by a facile drop‐coating technique followed by co‐firing at 1400 °C for 5 h in air. The BZYI5 film exhibits one of the highest conductivity among the BaZrO3‐based electrolyte films with various sintering aids. BZYI5‐based single cells output very encouraging and by far the highest peak power density for BaZrO3‐based proton‐conducting SOFCs, reaching as high as 379 mW cm−2 at 700 °C. The results demonstrate that Y and In co‐doping is an effective strategy for exploring sintering active and chemically stable BaZrO3‐based proton conductors for high performance proton‐conducting SOFCs.
π‐Extended Narrow‐Bandgap Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Oligomers for Solution‐Processed Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shin Woong , Yasuda Takuma , Hidaka Yu , Watanabe Go , Arai Ryota , Nasu Keiro , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Murakami Wakako , Makita Kengo , Adachi Chihaya
Published: July 2014

A series of narrow‐bandgap π‐conjugated oligomers based on diketopyrrolopyrrole chromophoric units coupled with benzodithiophene, indacenodithiophene, thiophene, and isoindigo cores are designed and synthesized for application as donor materials in solution‐processed small‐molecule organic solar cells. The impacts of these different central cores on the optoelectronic and morphological properties, carrier mobility, and photovoltaic performance are investigated. These π‐extended oligomers possess broad and intense optical absorption covering the range from 550 to 750 nm, narrow optical bandgaps of 1.52–1.69 eV, and relatively low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels ranging from −5.24 to −5.46 eV in their thin films. A high power conversion efficiency of 5.9% under simulated AM 1.5G illumination is achieved for inverted organic solar cells based on a small‐molecule bulk‐heterojunction system consisting of a benzodithiophene‐diketopyrrolopyrrole‐containing oligomer as a donor and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as an acceptor. Transmission electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy reveal that interpenetrating and interconnected donor/acceptor domains with pronounced mesoscopic phase segregation are formed within the photoactive binary blends, which is ideal for efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport in the bulk‐heterojunction devices.
Differential hippocampal gene expression and pathway analysis in an etiology‐based mouse model of major depressive disorder
Authors: Zubenko George S. , Hughes Hugh B. , Jordan Rick M. , Lyons‐Weiler James , Cohen Bruce M.
Published: July 2014

We have recently reported the creation and initial characterization of an etiology‐based recombinant mouse model of a severe and inherited form of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This was achieved by replacing the corresponding mouse DNA sequence with a 6‐base DNA sequence from the human CREB1 promoter that is associated with MDD in individuals from families with recurrent, early‐onset MDD (RE‐MDD). In the current study, we explored the effect of the pathogenic Creb1 allele on gene expression in the mouse hippocampus, a brain region that is altered in structure and function in MDD. Mouse whole‐genome profiling was performed using the Illumina MouseWG‐6 v2.0 Expression BeadChip microarray. Univariate analysis identified 269 differentially‐expressed genes in the hippocampus of the mutant mouse. Pathway analyses highlighted 11 KEGG pathways: the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, which has been widely implicated in MDD, Bipolar Disorder, and the action of mood stabilizers; gap junction and long‐term potentiation, which mediate cognition and memory functions often impaired in MDD; cardiac muscle contraction, insulin signaling pathway, and three neurodegenerative brain disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases) that are associated with MDD; ribosome and proteasome pathways affecting protein synthesis/degradation; and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway that is key to energy production. These findings illustrate the merit of this congenic C57BL/6 recombinant mouse as a model of RE‐MDD, and demonstrate its potential for highlighting molecular and cellular pathways that contribute to the biology of MDD. The results also inform our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the comorbidity of MDD with other disorders. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flame Spray Pyrolysis for Finding Multicomponent Nanomaterials with Superior Electrochemical Properties in the CoOx‐FeOx System for Use in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Jung Hyun , Lee Jong‐Heun , Kang Yun Chan
Published: July 2014

High‐temperature flame spray pyrolysis is employed for finding highly efficient nanomaterials for use in lithium‐ion batteries. CoOx‐FeOx nanopowders with various compositions are prepared by one‐pot high‐temperature flame spray pyrolysis. The Co and Fe components are uniformly distributed over the CoOx‐FeOx composite powders, irrespective of the Co/Fe mole ratio. The Co‐rich CoOx‐FeOx composite powders with Co/Fe mole ratios of 3:1 and 2:1 have mixed crystal structures with CoFe2O4 and Co3O4 phases. However, Co‐substituted magnetite composite powders prepared from spray solutions with Co and Fe components in mole ratios of 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1 have a single phase. Multicomponent CoOx‐FeOx powders with a Co/Fe mole ratio of 2:1 and a mixed crystal structure with Co3O4 and CoFe2O4 phases show high initial capacities and good cycling performance. The stable reversible discharge capacities of the composite powders with a Co/Fe mole ratio of 2:1 decrease from 1165 to 820 mA h g−1 as the current density is increased from 500 to 5000 mA g−1; however, the discharge capacity again increases to 1310 mA h g−1 as the current density is restored to 500 mA g−1.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Addition of Nucleophilic Silicon Across Terminal and Internal Carbon–Carbon Triple Bonds
Authors: Hazra Chinmoy K. , Fopp Carolin , Oestreich Martin
Published: July 2014

The copper(I) alkoxide‐catalyzed release of a silicon‐based cuprate reagent from a silicon–boron pronucleophile is applied to the addition across carbon–carbon triple bonds. Commercially available CuBr⋅Me2S was found to be a general precatalyst that secures high regiocontrol for both aryl‐ and alkyl‐substituted terminal as well as internal alkynes. The solvent greatly influences the regioisomeric ratio, favoring the linear regioisomer with terminal acceptors. This facile protocol even allows for the transformation of internal acceptors with remarkable levels of regio‐ and diastereocontrol.
Modified Eu‐doped Y2O3 nanoparticles as turn‐off luminescent probes for the sensitive detection of pyridoxine
Authors: Zobeiri Eshagh , Bayandori Moghaddam Abdolmajid , Gudarzy Forugh , Mohammadi Hadi , Mozaffari Shahla , Ganjkhanlou Yadolah
Published: July 2014

Europium‐doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y2O3:Eu NPs) modified by captopril were prepared in aqueous solution. In this study, we report the effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride on the photoluminescence intensity of Y2O3:Eu NPs in pH 7.2 buffer solution. By increasing the pyridoxine concentration, the luminescence intensity of Y2O3:Eu NPs is quenched. The results show that this method demonstrates high sensitivity for pyridoxine determination. A linear relationship is observed between 0.0 and 62.0 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 and a detection limit of 0.023 μM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotating cylindrical filters used in perfusion cultures: CFD simulations and experiments
Authors: Figueredo‐Cardero Alvio , Martínez Edel , Chico Ernesto , Castilho Leda R. , Medronho Ricardo A.
Published: July 2014

The particle and fluid dynamics in a rotating cylindrical filtration (RCF) system used for animal cell retention in perfusion processes was studied. A validated CFD model was used and the results gave numerical evidence of phenomena that had been earlier claimed, but not proven for this kind of application under turbulent and high mesh permeability conditions, such as bidirectional radial exchange flow (EF) through the filter mesh and particle (cells) lateral migration. Taylor vortices were shown to cause EF 10‐100 times higher than perfusion flow, indicating that EF is the main drag source, at least in early stages of RCF operation. Particle lateral migration caused a cell concentration reduction (CCR) near the filter surface of approximately 10%, contributing significantly to cell separation in RCF systems and giving evidence that the mesh sieving effect is not the sole phenomenon underlying cell retention in RCF systems. Filter rotation rate was shown to significantly affect both EF and CCR. A higher separation efficiency (measured experimentally at 2,000‐L bioreactor scale) and an enhanced CCR (predicted by the numerical simulations) were found for the same rotation rate range, indicating that there is an optimal operational space with practical consequences on RCF performance. Experimental data of a large‐scale perfusion run employing the simulated RCF showed high cell viabilities for over 100 days, which is probably related to the fact that the computed shear stress level in the system was shown to be relatively low (below 20 Pa under all tested conditions). © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1093–1102, 2014
Origin of the anterior cruciate ligament and the surrounding osseous landmarks of the femur
Authors: Zauleck Max Konstantin , Gabriel Sebastian , Fischmeister Martin Franz , Hirtler Lena
Published: July 2014

The aims of this study were to evaluate the discernibility of the LIR (lateral intercondylar ridge) and the LBR (lateral bifurcate ridge) and show their reliability in femoral tunnel placement in ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction. Additionally, their position to the femoral axis, their course, and the ACL footprint were analyzed. For this study, 235 human femora were evaluated. Of these, 166 specimens originated from the Museum of Natural History (group A), and 69 were obtained from fixed cadavers at the Anatomic Institute (group B). The femoral footprint and the osseous landmarks were identified macroscopically and labeled in the photographs. A coordinate system was outlined, and the dimensions, position, and orientation of the femoral footprint of the ACL were measured. The LBR was found in 24.7% of the specimens in group A and in only 13.2% of the specimens in group B. The LIR was found in 97.9% and 85.3% of the specimens in groups A and B, respectively. The area of the ACL footprint was 127.21 ± 32.54 mm2 in group A and 119.58 ± 34.84 mm2 in group B. The shapes and angles of the osseous landmarks near the line of Blumensaat were highly variable. The LBR is an unreliable intraoperative landmark for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction due to its low incidence. Other anatomical structures, such as the LIR or the osteochondral border, may be more helpful and reliable landmarks to guide proper tunnel placement. Clin. Anat. 27:1103–1110, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distal trisomy 10q syndrome, report of a patient with duplicated q24.31 – qter, autism spectrum disorder and unusual features
Authors: Al‐Sarraj Yasser , Al‐Khair Hakam Abu , Taha Rowaida Ziad , Khattab Namat , El Sayed Zakaria H. , Elhusein Bushra , El‐Shanti Hatem
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical Message

We report on a patient with distal trisomy 10q syndrome presenting with a few previously undescribed physical features, as well as, autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We recommend that patients with distal trisomy 10q syndrome should have a behavioral evaluation for ASD for the early institution of therapy.
gem‐Selective Cross‐Dimerization and Cross‐Trimerization of Alkynes with Silylacetylenes Promoted by a Rhodium–Pyridine–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst
Authors: Azpíroz Ramón , Rubio‐Pérez Laura , Castarlenas Ricardo , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: July 2014

The gem‐selective cross‐dimerization and ‐trimerization of silylacetylenes with alkynes through CH activation using a rhodium(I)–pyridine–N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst have been developed. This reaction is applied to various aliphatic or aromatic terminal alkynes, internal alkynes, and gem‐1,3‐disubsituted enynes to afford the corresponding enynes and dienynes with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities and in good isolated yields (up to 91 %).
Synthesis of LiMn2O4 with Outstanding Lithium‐Insertion Kinetics and Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Laszczynski Nina , von Zamory Jan , Loeffler Nicholas , Cho Gyu Bong , Kim Guk‐Tae , Passerini Stefano
Published: July 2014

A simple route for the synthesis of LiMn2O4 (LMO) at low calcination temperatures is proposed. The calcination temperature is known to influence the structure and surface morphology of LMO; therefore, materials synthesized at different temperatures are characterized by using different techniques. A correlation between the calcination temperature and the structure and surface morphology of the material is shown. The synthesis route described here works at low calcination temperatures (650 °C), which leads to LMO that has an excellent rate performance (110 mAh g−1) at a charge/discharge rate of 100 C, and avoids cation mixing, manganese dissolution, and Jahn–Teller distortion. The obtained morphology of octahedrons showing primarily (111) planes, ensures excellent electrochemical performance and stability.
Strongly Coupled Rhodium/Graphene Hybrids for H2O2 Oxidation with Ultra‐Low Potential and Enhanced Activity
Authors: Chang Hucheng , Lei Dr Yongjiu , He Dongqing , Sheng Xia , Song Zhiqian , Feng Xinjian
Published: July 2014

Developing nanostructured electrocatalysts, with low overpotential and high activity, has fundamental and technical importance in many fields. A new electrocatalyst for H2O2 oxidation based on strongly coupled rhodium nanocrystal/reduced graphene oxide (Rh/RGO) hybrid nanomaterials is described. The Rh/RGO nanohybrids markedly reduce the oxidation potential to about +0.1 V, which is 0.5 V lower than that of a traditional platinum electrode. The nanohybrids have a strong synergetic effect and are catalytically more active than single‐component Rh and RGO and state‐of‐the‐art commercial Rh/C catalysts.
Self‐Organised TiO2 Nanotubes for 2D or 3D Li‐Ion Microbatteries
Authors: Kyeremateng Nana Amponsah
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a Review on the development of thin‐film (all‐solid‐state) Li‐ion microbatteries. The need to move from 2D to 3D configurations, the ever‐increasing necessity to adopt Li‐ion or rocking‐chair technology in microbatteries, and the development of new processing techniques and materials are discussed. Materials based on TiO2 are very promising as negative electrodes for Li‐ion microbatteries. Strong emphasis is placed on the possibility of utilising TiO2, especially self‐supported nanotubular TiO2, as an anode material for commercial 2D or 3D Li‐ion microbatteries. The use of TiO2 is ecologically and economically competitive and provides cells with low self‐discharge while eliminating the risk of overcharging due to its relatively high operating voltage. The high operating voltage of TiO2 also presents the advantage of negligible electrolyte decomposition. Each polymorphic form of TiO2 (anatase, rutile, TiO2(B), or brookite) has an attractive lithium storage behaviour, especially, when nanostructured. Owing to their remarkable nanoarchitecture, TiO2 nanotubes grown by potentiostatic anodization, and their derivatives (cation‐ or anion‐doped and hierarchical composites with nanostructured metals or metal oxides), deserve attention for the fabrication of 2D or 3D Li‐ion microbatteries.
Proton‐Exchange Equilibrium between Bases and [BMIm][BF4]: An Electrochemical Procedure to Evaluate the Presence of Carbenes for Synthetic Applications
Authors: Chiarotto Isabella , Feroci Marta , Forte Gianpiero , Orsini Monica , Inesi Achille
Published: July 2014

The ability of a base to yield an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in a base–ionic‐liquid solution is investigated by using an electrochemical procedure. Accordingly, the equilibrium of proton exchange between different bases (1,5‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐5‐ene, 1,1,2,3,3‐pentaisopropylguanidine, Cs2CO3, 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine, and triethylamine) and the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIm+) cation was studied with the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]) as a solvent. The concentration of NHC, in the different base–[BMIm][BF4] systems, is derivable from the anodic peak current (related to the oxidation of NHC) of the voltammograms recorded in base–[BMIm][BF4] solutions. The electrochemical procedure allows utilisation of base–[BMIm][BF4] solutions as a media that is capable of inducing NHC‐catalysed syntheses. The NHC‐catalysed oxidation of aldehydes to esters is selected as a model reaction. The results of the syntheses are in accordance with electrochemical forecasts.
Ruthenium Porphyrins with Axial π‐Conjugated Arylamide and Arylimide Ligands
Authors: Law Siu‐Man , Chen Daqing , Chan Sharon Lai‐Fung , Guan Xiangguo , Tsui Wai‐Man , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Zhu Nianyong , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: July 2014

A series of ruthenium porphyrins [RuIV(por)(NHY)2] and [RuVI(por)(NY)2] bearing axially coordinated π‐conjugated arylamide and arylimide ligands, respectively, have been synthesized. The crystal structures of [RuIV(tmp)(NHY)2] (tmp=5,10,15,20‐tetramesitylporphyrinato(2−)) with Y=4′‐methoxy‐biphenyl‐4‐yl (ArAr‐p‐OMe), 4′‐chloro‐biphenyl‐4‐yl (ArAr‐p‐Cl), and 9,9‐dibutyl‐fluoren‐2‐yl (Ar^Ar) show axial RuN(arylamide) distances of 1.978(4), 1.971(6), and 1.985(13) Å, respectively. [RuIV(tmp)(NH{Ar^Ar})2] is an example of metalloporphyrins that bind an arylamide ligand featuring a co‐planar biphenyl unit. The [RuIV(por)(NHY)2] complexes show a quasi‐reversible reduction couple or irreversible reduction wave attributed to RuIV→RuIII with Epc from −1.06 to −1.40 V versus Cp2Fe+/0 and an irreversible oxidation wave with Epa from −0.04 to 0.19 V versus Cp2Fe+/0. Reaction of the [RuIV(por)(NHY)2] with bromine afforded [RuIV(por)(NHY)Br]. PhI(OAc)2 oxidation of the [RuIV(por)(NHY)2] gave [RuVI(por)(NY)2]; the latter can be prepared from reaction of [RuII(por)(CO)] with aryl azides N3Y. The crystal structure of [RuVI(tmp)(N{ArAr‐p‐OMe})2] features RuN(arylimide) distances of 1.824(5) and 1.829(5) Å. Alkene aziridination and CH amination catalyzed by “[RuII(tmp)(CO)]+π‐conjugated aryl azides”, or mediated by [RuVI(por)(NY)2] with Y=biphenyl‐4‐yl (ArAr) and ArAr‐p‐Cl, gave aziridines and amines in moderate yields. The electronic structure of [RuVI(por)(NY)2] was examined by DFT calculations.
A Unique Architecture Based on 1 D Semiconductor, Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Chalcogenide with Multifunctional Properties
Authors: Mukherjee Bratindranath , Gupta Satyajit , Peterson Aaron , Imahori Hiroshi , Manivannan Ayyakkannu , Subramanian Vaidyanathan (Ravi)
Published: July 2014

A unique heterostructured optoelectronic material (HOM), consisting of a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) layer with spatially distributed CdS, suspended by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, is presented. The key features of this HOM are the assembly of the components in a manner so as to realize an effective integration between the constituents and the ability to modify the electronic properties of the RGO. For the first time, the location of RGO (as a suspended layer) along with the tuning of its charge‐transport properties (n‐/p‐type) and its influence on the photo(electro)chemical processes has been examined systematically by using this ZnO/RGO/CdS HOM as a case study. The n‐type RGO interlayer facilitates >100 % increase in the photocurrent density and 25 % increase in the photodegradation of a dye, compared to ZnO/CdS, thus demonstrating its multifunctionality. At 3.2 mA cm−2, this HOM architecture helps to achieve the highest photocurrent density utilizing ZnO, RGO, and CdS as building blocks in any form. The work is significant for the following reasons: i) other one dimensional (1D) oxides/chalcogenides or 1D oxides/dyes may be designed with similar architectures; ii) HOMs with tunable optical absorbance and charge‐transport properties could be realized; iii) related application areas (e.g., sensing or solar fuel generation) should be greatly benefited.
Engineered Electron‐Transfer Chain in Photosystem 1 Based Photocathodes Outperforms Electron‐Transfer Rates in Natural Photosynthesis
Authors: Kothe Tim , Pöller Sascha , Zhao Fangyuan , Fortgang Philippe , Rögner Matthias , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Plumeré Nicolas
Published: July 2014

Photosystem 1 (PS1) triggers the most energetic light‐induced charge‐separation step in nature and the in vivo electron‐transfer rates approach 50 e− s−1 PS1−1. Photoelectrochemical devices based on this building block have to date underperformed with respect to their semiconductor counterparts or to natural photosynthesis in terms of electron‐transfer rates. We present a rational design of a redox hydrogel film to contact PS1 to an electrode for photocurrent generation. We exploit the pH‐dependent properties of a poly(vinyl)imidazole Os(bispyridine)2Cl polymer to tune the redox hydrogel film for maximum electron‐transfer rates under optimal conditions for PS1 activity. The PS1‐containing redox hydrogel film displays electron‐transfer rates of up to 335±14 e− s−1 PS1−1, which considerably exceeds the rates observed in natural photosynthesis or in other semiartificial systems. Under O2 supersaturation, photocurrents of 322±19 μA cm−2 were achieved. The photocurrents are only limited by mass transport of the terminal electron acceptor (O2). This implies that even higher electron‐transfer rates may be achieved with PS1‐based systems in general.