bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excitation and hedonic valence in the effect of erotica on motivated Intermale aggression
Authors: Zillmann Dolf , Bryant Jennings , Comisky Paul W. , Medoff Norman J.
Published: May 2007

The excitatory potential (low, high), the hedonic valence (negative, positive), and the type of content (erotic, non‐erotic) of visual stimuli were varied in a factorial design. Male subjects were provoked by a same‐sex peer, exposed to communication or, in a no‐exposure control, made to wait for a period of time equal to that of communication exposure, and then provided with an opportunity to retaliate against their annoyer. High excitatory potential and negative hedonic valence were found to combine additively in a facilitative effect on retaliatory aggression. No appreciable differences were found in the effect of excitationally and hedonically matched erotica and non‐erotica. Exposure to either arousing and displeasing erotica or non‐erotica produced levels of aggression significantly above the level associated with the no‐exposure control. Exposure to comparatively non‐arousing and pleasing erotica or non‐erotica failed to reduce aggression, however. The findings were considered to support a model that projects the effect of erotica on retaliatory aggression as a joint function of their excitatory potential and their hedonic valence.
The effects of social comparison on ability evaluations
Authors: Sanders Glenn S.
Published: May 2007

Investigated the effects of comparisons with similar and dissimilar performances on estimates of relative ability. Male and female undergraduates (n = 162) took a test of analogy‐making ability, and received veridical feedback about their own performance and manipulated feedback about the scores of other college students. Supporting Festinger's similarity hypothesis, variations within a range of small discrepancies between self and others' scores produced significant changes in ability estimates, while variations within a range of large discrepancies had no significant impact. This pattern of results only held for discrepancies relative to the modal score of others, and not relative to their highest or lowest scores. There were also indications that subjects with average performances were less influenced by the comparison feedback than were subjects with low or high scores. The discussion focused on the similarities and contrasts between seeking comparison information versus being influenced by it.
The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms on minority influence
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D. , Haberkorn Gerald
Published: May 2007

Investigated how either perceived competency or self‐interest‐and Zeitgeist affect minority influence, or: how Moscovici's theory does apply to actual social minorities. The self‐interest notion predicts that ‘single’ minorities (deviating only in terms of beliefs) are more influential than ‘double’ minorities (deviating also in category membership) while the competency notion predicts the reverse. Further, either minority is expected to be influential only when the Zeitgeist is in favour of the minority position. In a 2 (pro/anti Zeitgeist) × 3 (single/double minority/control) factorial design, 120 conservative male American undergraduates discussed in groups of six‐including two either male (single minority) or female (double minority) consistently liberal con federates‐one of two issues: abortion (pro‐) or death penalty (anti‐ Zeitgeist). The results support the self‐interest notion: double minorities are perceived as having a stronger self‐interest and exerted less influence than single minorities. The Zeitgeist hypothesis is confirmed, too. The underlying attributional processes and the ecological validity of previous studies are discussed.
Three patterns of social categorization in attribution memory
Authors: Arcuri Luciano
Published: May 2007

Studied within the framework of accentuation theory the effects of three categorization conditions on attribution memory. Using the experimental approach proposed by Taylor et al (1978) we have tested the hypothesis that subject's discriminative accuracy in associating the sentences to the pictures of the person who produced them depends on the use of categorical criteria. On the basis of TajteL's model, it is plausible to expect the number of intercategorical errors to be smaller than the number of intercategorical errors. If a relation holds between the number of intercategorical errors and ‘strength’ of categorization criteria, then comparing the data of simple categorization situation with those of a situation of superimposed categorization we should expect a decrease of intercategorical errors in the latter. In the case of crossed categorizations, an increase of this type of errors should be expected. The results support this hypothesis. The data in the crossed categorizations condition are discussed in relation to explanation proposed by Brown and Turner (1979).
Psychological space and regulation of social behaviour
Authors: Reykowski Janusz , Smolenska Zuzanna
Published: May 2007

The theory of social categorization assumes that the social behaviour of people can be explained as a result of cognitive differentiation of social objects into dichotomous categories (in‐group, out‐group). An argument can be put forth that social Categorization is a specific instance of functioning of a cognitive system that operates as multidimensional psychological space. Distances between representations of objects in the space influence the process of application of judgements to the given object and to the degree of involvement instigated by a state of an object and tendency lo produce specific behavioural acts toward the object. Typically, the relationship has a characteristic of an exponential function. There are conditions (social and psychological) that foster a discontinuity in a functioning of a cognitive system and therefore, lead to a dichotomous classification of social phenomena, while in some other conditions a continuity may prevail. Data that seem to support the above conjecture are described.
The social implications of embarrassment displays and restitution behaviour
Authors: Semin Gün R. , Manstead A. S. R.
Published: May 2007

The present study examines the evaluative consequences of two kinds of reaction to committing a social transgression. In an experimental study, embarrassment display and restitution behaviour were manipulated orthogonally in the context of a videotaped incident in which an actor was seen to upset a sales display in a store. Subjects were shown one of the four versions of this incident and asked to rate the actor responsible for the mishap. It was reasoned that both appearing embarrassed and engaging in restitution would have positive, but distinct, effects on social evaluation, and that the beneficial effect of restitution would be mitigated by embarrassment display. Results were consistent with these expectations. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for the social function of embarrassment displays.
Lay theories of delinquency
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Henderson Monika
Published: May 2007

This paper is concerned with the range, structure and determinants of lay people's implicit theories of delinquency. The different explicit psychological and sociological theories were reviewed as were studies on lay beliefs about crime and delinquency. After pilot interviews in which people were asked to list what they believed to be the major causes of delinquency, over 350 people completed a questionnaire in which they rated 30 explanations for their importance in explaining delinquency. The results showed numerous sex, age and voting differences. Conservatives tended to blame a person's poor education for his or her delinquency, while Labour voters tended to explain delinquency in terms of societal factors. A factor analysis revealed six clear explanation types for delinquency some of which were clearly related to explicit theories. Results were discussed in terms of the psychology of explanations and the relationship between explicit and implicit theories. Implications of this research were also noted.
Internalization versus compliance: Differential processes underlying minority influence and conformity
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D.
Published: May 2007

Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be replicated, (2) minorities would trigger more arguments and counter‐arguments, and (3) cognitive activity would mediate internalization but not compliance. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported. The second hypothesis was not supported. However, minorities were found to trigger more arguments and fewer counter‐arguments than majorities. The results were interpreted as supporting the dual process model.
The ‘crisis’ in social psychology, an empirical approach
Authors: Nederhof Anton J. , Zwier A. Gerard
Published: May 2007

The preponderance of empirical research in social psychology has ofren been a central issue in the ‘crisis literature’. However, no extensive empirical study has ever been undertaken vis a vis the ‘crisis’ in social psychology. In two studies, factors effecting the perceptions of social psychologists of their discipline were investigated. Although in the first study, among Dutch social psychologists, four hypotheses were tested and confirmed, a large part of the total variance in the perception of the ‘crisis’ remained unexplained. In the second study, both a worldwide sample of active social psychological researchers as well as a sample of authors of the ‘crisis literature’ were surveyed. The stances of both groups differed considerably. Although a majority of the active researchers did not agree that a crisis is at hand in social psychology, a large minority did. The active researchers agreed with many of the criticisms of social psychological research and theorizing. Attitudes on nine central issues, including the functioning of the editor/reviewer publishing system, predicted a large percentage of the total variance in the subjects' attitude toward the existence of a ‘crisis’ in their discipline.
On the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm
Authors: Bornstein Gershon , Crum Larry , Wittenbraker John , Harring Kathleen , Insko Chester A. , Thibaut John
Published: May 2007

Four procedures for measuring between‐group orientations were described and evaluated. These include the procedures developed by Tajfel and his associates, Brewer and Silver, Locksley et al., Ng, and a revised procedure. The revised procedure was designed to measure seven between‐group Orientations. Use of the new measure and the Tajfel measure with college sophomores revealed somewhat different results. The Tajfel measure revealed evidence for the typically found pulls, but the new measure revealed only evidence for equality between groups and maximizing joint rewards with an advantage to own group. Use of the new meausure with 15 year‐old boys and girls revealed evidence for maximizing own‐group reward for both sexes, equality for girls only, and maximizing relative advantage to own group for boys only. For neither sex was maximizing own relative advantage (analogous to Tajfel's MD) the largest orientation.
Reply to Turner's comments
Authors: Bornstein Gershon , Crum Larry , Wittenbraker John , Harring Kathleen , Insko Chester A. , Thibaut John
Published: May 2007

In response to Turner it was argued that the maximizing outcomes assumption is plausible, his ‘continuous variable’ assumption is implausible, and his assertion that sets of pull scores yield unconfounded measures is incorrect. In addition to considering still further matters, such as the reduction of Tajfel matrices to simplified‐binary matrices, data from two new experiments were presented. One experiment reveals that, contrary to Turner's reservations, the allocution of points (or money) to one own‐group and one other‐group member versus different own‐group and different other‐group members has no differential effect. The second experiment found that Turner's assertion that Bornstein et al.'s cover story created a sense of precedence that reduced fairness is incorrect. In view of the existence of a clearly superior alternative it was concluded that further use of the Tajfel matrices would be unwise.
A second reply to Bornstein, Crum, Wittenbraker, Harring, Insko and Thibaut on the measurement of social orientations
Authors: Turner John C
Published: May 2007

It is argued in response to Bornstein et al. (1983a) that most preferreed outcomes are not restricted to the maximal values of strategies, that the revised matrices are conpromise between maximal discrimination and exact fairness, that strategies can and should be measured as variables, and that their further criticisms of the Taifel matrices again fail to withstand careful examination. Their new data are irrelevant to the measurement issue. It is concluded that the Tajfel matrices are superior to the revised matrices if one wishes to measure strategies as unconfounded variables and without defining subjects' most preferred outcomes a priori.
Attitude extremity, consensus and diagnosticity
Authors: van der Pllgt Joop , Ester Peter , van der Linden Joop
Published: May 2007

Studied the effects of attitude extremity on perceived consensus and willingness to ascribe trait terms to others with either pro or anti nuclear attitudes. Results showed that attitude extremity affected consensus estimates. Trait attributions revealed a clear effect for valence, especially for the extreme attitude groups. Subjects with extreme attitudes also ascribed more traits to both pro and anti others than subjects with relatively moderate attitudes.
Minority influence and musical preference: Innovation by conversion not coercion
Authors: Aebischer Verena , Hewstone Miles , Henderson Monika
Published: May 2007

Studied the effect of social categorization, strength of influence and predisposition to influence on social influence concerning musical preferences. One‐hundred and sixty‐eight French adolescents (age 15 years) were assigned to the eight conditions of a 2 (social categorization: majority/minority) × 2 (strength of influence: strong/weak) × 2 (predisposition to influence: pervious/impervious) design. Influence source was an opinion poll based on pupils from two types of secondary school. Direct influence was exerted from ‘hard‐rock’ to ‘new wave’ music; indirect influence was measured by subjects' preferences for hard‐rock versus ‘contemporary’ music. Ratings of the source were also elicited.

Analyses of variance revealed indirect influence to be significantly greater with the minority than the majority source (p < 0.02). Indirect influence was especially high for subjects with a clear predisposition to influence and when the influence was weak (p < 0.0005). Further analyses confirmed the effect to be due to the actual numbers of subjects influenced. The study thus demonstrated the generalizability of the ‘conversion’ notion (minority influence on an indirect level) from numerical to social minorities.
Minimal majorities and minorities
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: May 2007

This study is one of a series of experiments designed to examine how sociostructural factors such as group numbers, power and status affect intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of Tajfel's ‘minimal group’ paradigm the present study investigated the intergroup behaviour of college students categorized as numerical minority, majority or ‘equal’ group members. The effects of salient (S) versus non‐salient (S̄) group categorizations were also examined. These manipulations yielded a 3 × 2 design matrix consisting of majority/equal/minority × salient (S)/non‐salient (S̄) group conditions. Unlike most previous studies using this paradigm, subjects' responses on Tajfel's point distribution matrices were supplemented with subjects' report of their own and outgroup's point distribution strategies. As expected, minimal group results were replicated in the ‘equal’ group (S̄) condition such that mere categorization into ingroup/outgroup was sufficient to foster intergroup discrimination. However salient (S) equal group members were more fair than discriminatory in their responses. Minorities (S/S̄) were generally less fair than equal groups, showed high levels of absolute ingroup favouritism (S̄) while simultaneously attempting to establish positive distinctiveness from majorities. Though majorities were generally fair (S/S̄), they also appeared to be more concerned than minorities about maintaining positive differentials between themselves and minorities. Although, majority (S/S̄) and equal group (S̄) members accurately reported their actual distribution strategies, minorities (S/S̄) and equal (S) group members were not as accurate in their self reports. Overall the present results are consistent with hypotheses derived from Social Identity Theory. But the results also show that sociostructural variables such as group numbers can have an important impact on intergroup behaviours.
Compliance, conversion and the Asch paradigm
Authors: Mugny Gabriel
Published: May 2007

120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority (the response given by 88 per cent of a parent population of college students) or a minority (12 per cent). Part of the subjects were told that the experiment was investigating perceptual illusions and an example of such illusions was given. An authority condition was also introduced: the experimenter himself gave the incorrect response. A control condition did not involve any influence or illusion. The results show that direct influence increases when there is a stronger symbolic social pressure. They also show that an indirect influence may be induced by a numerical majority (provided that the subjects believe that there is an illusion) as well as a numerical minority (provided that an illusion does not invalidate its response). These results underline how important it is to control the exact significance of experimental situations that are supposed to represent the psychological conditions of majority or minority influence.
Effects of hypothesis and assigned task on question selection strategies
Authors: Meertens Roel W. , Koomen Willem , Delpeut Alfred P. , Hager Gerlof A.
Published: May 2007

Semin and Strack (1980) demonstrated that the findings obtained by Snyder and Swann (1978) with respect to an hypothesis‐confirming strategy in social interaction were due to the assigned task, and not to a person's hypothesis.

In our first experiment we replicated Semin and Strack's results. In a second experiment, employing a more effective manipulation of the subject's hypothesis, support was obtained for an effect of the hypothesis factor. It was concluded that both an assigned task effect and an hypothesis effect can be demonstrated in the laboratory and probably exist in reality.
The judgement of behaviour as aggressive and sanctionable
Authors: Löschper Gabi , Mummendey Amélie , Linneweber Volker , Bornewasser Manfred
Published: May 2007

The influence of the factors norm deviation, intent, and injury, on the judgement of a critical act as aggressive and sanctionable was tested using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design.

Scenarios depicting aggressive interactions represented the experimental conditions. 859 school children rated these scenarios on bipolar rating scales.

The results show that norm deviation, intent, and injury, are important criteria for the interpretation of aggressive behaviour. Judging an action as sanctionable proved to be more sensitive for the variation of factors than the interpretation of behaviour as aggressive.

In addition, an analysis of how the scenarios representing the experimental conditions were subjectively interpreted by the subjects was carried out. This showed that all combinations of the three definition criteria are psychologically meaningful. However, preferences were observed for specific interpretation patterns.
When reactance effects persist despite restoration of freedom: Investigations of time delay and vicarious control
Authors: Schwarz Norbert
Published: May 2007

Two studies are reported indicating that changes in attractiveness induced by psychological reactance are eliminated by a restoration of freedom only if the restoration occurs immediately following the threat. When the restoration was delayed, changes in attractiveness were attenuated but were still significant, no matter whether the restoration occurred by chance or was under subjects' vicarious control. A threat immediately followed by a restoration, however, may be perceived as one event, and thus may not be very threatening. Therefore, the absence of reactance effects after immediate restoration may be due to a weak induction of reactance rather than to a reduction of reactance. To this extent, the incomplete reduction of reactance effects found after delayed restoration, on the other hand, calls into question earlier conclusions (based on immediate restoration) that reactance is completely reduced by restoration of freedom and that reactance effects will no longer be obtained.
Gender dependency of occupational deviance and role overload as determinants of fear of success imagery
Authors: Janman Karen
Published: May 2007

The effects of occupational deviance and role overload on Fear of Success (FOS) scores were investigated following Bremer and Wittig's (1980) finding that these inflate FOS scores when a story cue describing a female character is given to respondents of both sexes. This finding was replicated by the present study. However, stories were also given that described events involving a male character. In this condition occupational deviance and role overload produced no such effect upon the FOS scores. Bremer and Wittig's suggestion that these two variables are independent of the sex of the cue character is therefore refuted and it is argued instead that these variables will be interpreted very differently depending on the sex of the cue character.

The finding that male and female respondents produce very similar FOS scores to the same stories provides further evidence that such measurement techniques evoke sex‐role stereotypes rather than an indication of the individual's motivation. The particular relevance to Parsons and Goff's (1980) emphasis upon the incentive value component of the McClelland/Atkinson Motivational Model is also explored.
Influence of prolonged deprivation, age and culture on the development of future orientation
Authors: Agarwal A. , Tripathi K. K.
Published: May 2007

Prolonged deprivation and future orientation (FO) were studied in 200 Indian and Nepalese students of 14–16 and 18–20 years with verbal measures. In both cultures low deprived subjects were significantly more future‐oriented. In the development of FO both age and deprivation were significant with experiential aspect of socialization exerting greater influence than physico‐economic deprivation.
Interpersonal attraction, social identification and psychological group formation
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Turner John C.
Published: May 2007

Two perspectives on the nature of the social group and psychological group formation are discussed. The traditional social cohesion approach traces group formation to processes of interpersonal attraction, while the social identity approach defines the group in cognitive terms and considers identification, or self‐categorization, to be the mechanism of psychological group formation. On the basis of an experiment by Turner, Sachdev and Hogg (1983) it is hypothesized that interpersonal attraction (positive or negative) is related to group formation only in so far as it enhances intergroup distinctiveness. This hypothesis is experimentally tested in a 2 × 3 (interpersonal liking/disliking per se versus no explicit categorization/random categorization/criterial categorization on the basis of affect) factorial design employing the ‘minimal group’ paradigm. People who like each other and were not explicitly categorized formed a group. This effect was enhanced by criterial categorization but disappeared when categorization was random. Although the results do not support the hypothesis, they are not explicable in social cohesion terms. A social identity explanation is furnished—attraction influences group formation by acting, under certain specifiable conditions, as a cognitive criterion for common category membership. This explanation is located in current theorizing and is proposed as part of a reconceptualization of the relationship between interpersonal attraction and group formation.
Cooperative, competitive and individual problem‐solving
Authors: Georgas James
Published: May 2007

Purpose of this study was the problem‐solving effectiveness and time required for solution under cooperative, competitive, and individual conditions of 108 sixth grade Greek children. Thirty six three‐person groups, half all‐male and half all‐female, were given Mastermind and Questions problems across all three conditions. The sex (2) × conditions (3) A NOVA with repeated measures across conditions resulted in the most effective problem solver working individually was more effective than the cooperative condition or the competitive condition. The least effective problem solver working individually was less effective than the cooperative condition or the competitive condition. The average individual did not differ in problem‐solving from the cooperative condition, as would be predicted by Johnson et al. (1981). Cooperative group interaction was more effective than competitive, but only with Mastermind. Individuals were not necessarily faster than groups. No sex differences were found. In comparing problem‐solving effectiveness of individuals and groups, qualifications should be made regarding comparisons with the average individual or high individual.
Prejudice, categorization and particularization: From a perceptual to a rhetorical approach
Authors: Billig Michael
Published: May 2007

This paper seeks to offer an alternative approach to the study of prejudice than that based upon the notion of categorization which is currently influential in cognitive social psychology. It is argued that the categorization approach assumes the inevitability of prejudice and ignores the issue of tolerance. The assumptions of the categorization approach are criticized, and it is suggested that, by focusing on categorization as a cognitive process, it has overlooked an opposing process—that of particularization. The result has been a rather mechanical and bureaucratic model of cognition. A less mechanical view is possible if the relations between the two processes of categorization and particularization are considered from a rhetorical perspective, which examines the argumentative nature of thought. For theoretical and empirical reasons, this perspective does not equate prejudiced thinking with rigid categorization; instead a rhetorical approach permits a distinction between prejudice and tolerance on the basis of content, rather than form, and thereby avoids assuming the inevitability of prejudice.
Social categorization, visual cues, and social judgements
Authors: Clark N. K. , Rutter D. R.
Published: May 2007

Recent research on social cognition suggests that lifelike visual and vocal information about a person may strongly mediate the impact of prior social categorical knowledge on social judgements. Other research, however, on the contribution of visual cues to impression formation, suggests that they have relatively little impact. This study sought to resolve these conflicting findings by examining the effect of visual cues on social judgements when subjects possess prior social categorical knowledge varying in salience to the experimental task. Videotaped target interviews were monitored by observers in either sound and vision or sound only, and measures were taken of the targets' perceived personality, their ‘actual’ and ‘predicted’ social performance, and social acceptance by observers. Whilst salience of categorization strongly influenced the quality of judgements, visual cues had little if any effect. However, visual cues strongly influenced subjects' confidence in all three sets of judgements, sound and vision subjects being consistently more confident than their sound only counterparts. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research in both social cognition and visual cues.
The scope and generality of self‐other asymmetry. In person perception
Authors: Van Heck Guus L. , Dijkstra Paul
Published: May 2007

The present study was designed to investigate systematically various explanations focusing on information bias, information‐processing bias, self‐determination, false‐consensus bias, quest for positive regard, and self‐presentation strategies, that have been suggested for the Jones—Nisbett (1971) proposition that people describe their own behaviour as relatively more influenced by situational factors as compared to the actions of others. To test the scope and generality of this self—other asymmetry, a new methodology was introduced. Using Stimulus‐Response Inventories of Hostility and Friendliness, the effects of different degrees of familiarity with target persons, of positivity—negativity of behaviours, and of the public—private nature of the rating context, were studied. Generalizability coefficients were used as indices for a dispositional and a situationist view on personality. The results support only explanations in terms of information‐processing bias and self‐determination strivings. Implications of this finding for the conceptualization of self‐judgments and other‐judgments are discussed.
An extension of heiderian balance theory for quantified data
Authors: Mohazab Farzad , Feger Hubert
Published: May 2007

An extension of Heiderian triadic balance (Heider, 1946, 1958) for quantitative data is presented and an algebraic formula is developed: M′ = m ‐ s ‐ 1, s, m, 1 denoting the smallest, medium, and largest of the relations of a triad; lower values indicating more positive relations than higher ones. M′ can be interpreted as a natural structural characterization of a triad which covers the idea that balance is an interaction effect of attraction and agreement in a triad. The formula is applied to the sociometric ratings (P‐O‐Q triads) of the members of seven peer‐groups. AS predicted, the higher the value of M′ the more the empirical frequencies of triads exceed their expected chance frequencies. The formula is compared theoretically and empirically with other balance models for quantitative data (Osgood and Tannenbaum, 1955; Morrissette, 1958; Wiest, 1965). In the P‐O‐Q situation the formula presented is shown to be superior to the other models. Finally some substantial problems related to balance are discussed and a second interpretation of M′ is given: M′ is an equal weight linear combination of four functions which can be seen as group forming forces in triads (forces towards group integration, towards tight friendships, and two clique building forces).
A Q‐methodological study of lesbian identities
Authors: Kitzinger Celia , Rogers Rex Stainton
Published: May 2007

A Q‐methodological study of lesbian identities is reported, which reveals substantive factors representing identity account clusters explicated as the ‘Personal Fulfilment’ identity, the ‘Special Person’ identity, the ‘Individualistic’ identity, the ‘Radical Feminist’ identity, and the ‘Traditional’ identity. These identities are supported and illuminated by the use of accounts given by the same respondents in tape‐recorded interviews and are related to the rather limited previous literature in the field. Further developments in the investigation of accounts of identity are proposed.
Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review
Authors: Nederhof Anton J.
Published: May 2007

Social desirability is one of the most common sources of bias affecting the validity of experimental and survey research findings. From a self‐presentational perspective, social desirability can be regarded as the resultant of two separate factors: self‐deception and other‐deception. Two main modes of coping with social desirability bias are distinguished. The first mode comprises two methods aimed at the detection and measurement of social desirability bias: the use of social desirability scales, and the rating of item desirability. A second category comprises seven methods to prevent or reduce social desirability bias, including the use of forced‐choice items, the randomized response technique, the bogus pipeline, self‐administration of the questionnaire, the selection of interviewers, and the use of proxy subjects. Not one method was found to excel completely and under all conditions in coping with both other‐deceptive and self‐deceptive social desirability bias. A combination of prevention and detection methods offers the best choice available.
Thinking about thinking: Causal, evaluative and finalistic cognitions about social situations
Authors: Abele Andrea
Published: May 2007

The present article is concerned with first considerations and data for a theory of social cognitions. A taxonomy of social cognitions is suggested comprising three classes: causal, evaluative and finalistic thinking. These classes are subdivided according to the social perspective taken, i.e. self‐directed versus other‐directed thinking. The situational preconditions of these social cognition classes are studied in different social episodes each comprising either positive or negative, expected or unexpected events. The results show that the most reasoning about a situation occurs when it is an important private episode with an unexpected and affectively negatively experienced event. The data concerning the natural occurrence of the three cognition classes is interpreted as providing suggestions of their functional meaning: The functions of the three classes of social cognitions are labelled ‘information integration’ (self‐directed evaluative thinking), ‘action planning’ (self‐directed finalistic thinking and other‐directed causal thinking), ‘control of negative feelings’ (self‐directed causal, and finalistic thinking) and ‘understanding’ (other‐directed finalistic and evaluative thinking and self‐directed causal thinking).
Preferences, expectations, and behaviours in interpersonal interaction
Authors: Schul Yaacov , Benbenishty Rami
Published: May 2007

This study is concerned with the relationship between expectations and preferences prior to an interaction, and their effects on behaviours enacted during the interaction. Expectations and preferences of therapists regarding several specific therapist's and client's behaviours were assessed prior to a therapy meeting. After that meeting, the therapists described the behaviours that had occurred during the meeting. It was found that the correspondence between expectations and preferences is affected by the amount of control one has over the behaviours. There seems also to be a clear indication that expectations predict the behaviours better than preferences. Still, it should be noted that preferences do predict behaviours, and this relationship, although weak, holds even after the effect of expectations is removed.
Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect
Authors: Nuttin Jozef M.
Published: May 2007

‘Mere belongingness to self’ is tested as a sufficient condition for the enhancement of the attractiveness of visual letter stimuli. Experimental evidence is presented that, independent of visual, acoustical, aesthetic, semantic and frequency characteristics, letters belonging to own first and/or family name are preferred above not‐own name letters. The effect is obtained in the absence of awareness of the Gestalt of any name, thus challenging current understanding of fundamental affective processes.
Just world beliefs in an unjust society: A cross cultural comparison
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2007

Groups of matched British students(N = 53) and school‐children (N = 70) and South African students(N = 86) and school‐children(N = 69) completed the Rubin‐Peplau Just World scale which yields three scores: beliefs in a just world (JW), beliefs in an unjust world (UJW), difference between just and unjust scores. A three‐way (2 sex, 2 nationality, 2 education status) ANOVA was computed which showed that although there were no sex, and only one educational status difference, nationality yielded a highly significant difference on both just world, and total scores. The results were interpreted in terms of previous studies of just world beliefs and authoritarianism in South Africa. It was argued that beliefs in a just world help people justify the status quo in unjust societies.
Estimating social and nonsocial utility functions from ordinal data
Authors: Messick David M. , Sentis Keith P.
Published: May 2007

This paper reports an experiment testing two hypotheses. The first is that the value or utility associated with a payment to one's self and a payment to a co‐worker can be represented as an additive function of a utility for own payment (nonsocial utility) and a utility for the difference between own and other's payment (social utility). The second hypothesis is that changes in the amount of work accomplished by one's self and/or the other should influence the social, but not the the nonsocial utilities. Support for both hypotheses is reported.
Social categorization and power differentials in group relations
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the independent effects of power differentials on intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of Tajfel's minimal group paradigm (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), subjects were arbitrarily categorized into groups of differing power (0‐100 per cent) at two levels of salience. Subjects were asked to distribute resources to ingroup and outgroup others using Tajfel's matrices. Intergroup perceptions, group identifications and self‐reported strategies constituted our other dependent measures. Minimal group results, replicated in equal power conditions, were systematically eliminated in unequal power conditions on the matrix measures but not on the intergroup perception measures. Dominant group members were more discriminatory, felt more comfortable and satisfied than subordinate group members. Though consistent with Social Identity Theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), results suggest we may also have identified boundary conditions for minimal group discrimination. Without power, social categorization does not lead to effective discrimination.
The steady Navier–Stokes/energy system with temperature‐dependent viscosity—Part 1: Analysis of the continuous problem
Authors: Pérez Carlos E. , Thomas Jean‐Marie , Blancher Serge , Creff René
Published: May 2007

In this first part we propose and analyse a model for the study of two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with a temperature‐dependent viscosity. The flow is supposed in a mixed convection regime and considers an outflow region, leading to a strongly coupled problem between the Navier–Stokes and energy equations, which will be justified theoretically. The coupling in the continuous problem is treated by an outer temperature fixed point strategy. Existence results for a particular variational formulation follows from this study. Further, a particular uniqueness result for small data is also obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dispersal processes within the tide‐modulated Changjiang River plume, China
Authors: Lu Li‐Feng , Shi John Z.
Published: May 2007

The dispersal processes of the tide‐modulated Changjiang River plume, China, are studied by using a three‐dimensional hydrodynamical module of the COHERENS (A COupled Hydrodynamical–Ecological model for REgional and Shelf Seas). The model is driven by the river discharge and the M2 tidal constituent. Modelled results show: (1) the fresh water, which forms the Changjiang River plume expanding southeastwards, is discharged mostly into the North Channel, the North Passage, and the South Passage; (2) the larger horizontal gradient outside the North Channel and the North Passage forms a strong plume front; (3) the Changjiang River plume is homogeneous vertically, and dispersing gradually within the computational domain, with an averaged propagating rate of 3.38 km/day, while the plume front is surface‐to‐bottom type, and trapped between −10 and −18m isobaths; and (4) both the plume length and the plume front intensity vary periodically. The maximum plume length occurs about 2 h after low slack water and the minimum plume length during high slack water. The maximum plume front intensity occurs during high slack water and the minimum plume front intensity during low slack water. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water vapour adsorption on lignin‐based activated carbons
Authors: Bedia Jorge , Rodríguez‐Mirasol José , Cordero Tomás
Published: May 2007

Lignocellulosic wastes are interesting precursors for carbon products. The high amount of Na observed in kraft lignin makes it a promising precursor for the preparation of activated carbons for desiccant applications. Water adsorption capacity and kinetics of kraft lignin‐based chars and activated carbons with different burn‐off and inorganic matter content have been studied. CO2 partial gasification of lignin char develops a wide porous structure. An increase of the micropore volume can be observed at low to medium burn‐offs. At degrees of higher activation the mesoporous structure develops. For very high burn‐off the porous structure is destroyed by coalescence of the pores and reduction of the carbon material. The carbons obtained show atomic surface concentrations of sodium from 7.6–15.4%, as revealed by XPS analysis. Water vapour adsorption isotherms have been obtained in a thermogravimetric system and have been fitted by a DS model, which properly represents the experimental data. The kinetics of water vapour adsorption follows a linear driving force mass transfer (LDF) model. The presence of sodium and oxygen surface groups on the carbon surface enhances water vapour adsorption at low relative pressure. Activated carbon produced at 41% burn‐off shows the highest water vapour adsorption at low relative pressures, as a consequence of the high sodium dispersion on its surface. The sodium dispersed over the carbon surface undergoes clustering as gasification proceeds, decreasing the number of active centres. For burn‐off higher than 41%, this behaviour produces a decrease in the water adsorbed at low relative pressures. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Catalytic performance of Brønsted acid sites during esterification of acetic acid with ethyl alcohol over phosphotungestic acid supported on silica
Authors: A Said Abd El‐Aziz , Abd El‐Wahab Mohamed M M , Alian Alian Mohamed
Published: May 2007

Different ratios of phosphotungestic acid supported on silica gel were prepared by an impregnation method with PWA loadings ranging from 1 to 30% w/w and calcined at 350 and 500 °C for 4 h in a static air atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimety (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurements. The surface acidity and basicity of the catalyst were investigated by the dehydration–dehydrogenation of isopropanol and the adsorption of pyridine (PY) and 2,6‐dimethyl pyridine (DMPY). The gas‐phase estrification of acetic acid with ethanol was carried out at 185 °C in a conventional fixed‐bed reactor at 1 atm using air as carrier gas. The results clearly revealed that the catalyst containing 10% w/w PWA/SiO2 is the most active and delivers reaction selectively to ester with 85% yield. The Brønsted acid site resulting from hydroxylation of tungsten oxide plays the main role in the formation of ester. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo analysis of low-power laser effects irradiation at stimulation of reactive dentine
Authors: Villa G E P , Catirse A B C E B , Lia R C C , Lizarelli R F Z
Published: May 2007

Investigate and compare the amount of reactive dentine formation after application of two different flunkies of low level laser. Rapid formation of reparative dentine is convenient, mainly when pulp is almost exposed. Several studies have shown that the use of correct fluency of low level laser can enhance cellular proliferation and seems to stimulate the production of reactive dentine. Using 780 nm infrared laser, twelve swine were tried using 3 teeth each. Three treatments groups were classified: GI – control group: without irradiation; GII – irradiation using fluency of 12.8 J/cm2; and, GIII – irradiation using fluency of 89.7 J/cm2. Laser irradiation was performed on dentine (class V standardized) of the upper and lower incisors and on the apex of each tooth for 3 consecutive times, with a 72 h break of time. Histological studies were conducted at 4 distinct periods of time (8, 14, 28, and 52 days). GII showed increase on the formation of reparative dentine with significant difference (p< 0.01) between GI and GIII. Comparison between GI and GIII shows that there was no significant difference at 4 periods of time. After 52 days, the amount of reparative dentine was similar between GI, GII, and GIII. The dentinal matrix formation equal primary dentine occurred earlier in the GIII, GII, and GI, respectively. Our results suggest that into a twenty eight days period, the 12.8 J/cm2laser group was able to positively stimulate it, accelerating the odontoblast process and after 52 days, the formation of reactive dentine seems stabilized.
Single-polarization cladding-pumped Yb-doped fiber laser
Authors: Paramonov V M , Kurkov A S , Medvedkov O I , Tsvetkov V B
Published: May 2007

Yb-doped cladding-pumped fiber laser with linearly-polarized output emission was realized. To obtain linear-polarization operation we have applied Bragg grating written in the fiber with high birefringence as the input reflector. The polarization extinction ratio was of 17 dB. A maximum output power of 12 W was achieved with an efficiency slope of 69%. The laser linewidth was less than 0.1 nm even for maximum output power.
A general approach to the modelling of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners with intact or leaking geomembranes
Authors: El‐Zein Abbas
Published: May 2007

Finite‐element models of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners require highly refined meshes around the interface between the geomembrane and the clay layer, especially if leakage through holes in the geomembrane is considered. In addition, no general formulation for transport through leaking geomembranes can be found in the literature.

The paper develops a general approach to time‐dependent contaminant migration through composite liners with intact or leaking geomembranes. Equations are derived for various combinations of system conditions including Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions in the waste, constant mass of contaminants in the waste, steady state or transient transport in the geomembrane, and steady state or transient seepage velocities in the mineral liner. The effect of the geomembrane on transport in the soil is converted into an equivalent boundary condition applicable at the top of the clay layer. Hence, only the media underlying the top geomembrane are explicitly represented in the numerical model, yielding a computationally efficient algorithm.

The new formulation is validated in conjunction with finite‐layer, finite‐element and boundary‐element methods, by comparing its predictions to those of more conventional approaches which represent the geomembrane explicitly. The scope of the method is illustrated by modelling a landfill liner with a geomembrane leaking in five locations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.