bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arylphosphonic Acid‐Functionalized Polyelectrolytes as Fuel Cell Membrane Material
Authors: Bock Thorsten , Möhwald Helmut , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: June 2007

In comparison to sulfonated polymers, phosphonic acid‐functionalized polyelectrolytes possess higher proton conductivity at elevated temperatures, improved chemical and thermal stabilities, much lower water swelling, decreased fuel permeability, and enhanced proton conductivities in low hydration states. Arylphosphonic acid‐functionalized polymers have been produced by the copolymerization of arylphosphonated monomers, as well as by various polymer‐analogous functionalization reactions on high performance polymer backbones. Among the latter, the catalytic arylphosphonation of brominated high‐performance polymers, such as poly(ethers), poly(sulfones), and poly(etherketones) represents an attractive and versatile synthetic route to arylphosphonic polyelectrolytes for application in polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). This review summarizes available syntheses of arylphosphonic acid‐functionalized polymers, the data on such materials' membrane performance, and introduces special polyelectrolyte blends and new ionomers developed to meet the demands made on PEMFC membranes.

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PGE‐1 in replantation and free tissue transfer: Early preliminary experience
Authors: Vegas José Manuel Rodríguez , Alonso María Elena Ruiz , Saavedra Pedro Pablo Terán
Published: June 2007

Experimental and clinical trials demonstrate the vascular, anti‐ischemic and tissue protective effects of PGE1, which has been used for many years in different macrovascular diseases. However, few reports have addressed its potential use in microvascular surgery. The authors share their early experience with PGE1 in replantations and free tissue transfers. Considering its established benefits and minimal adverse reactions, PGE1 might be included as a first‐line medication in the antithrombotic pharmacologic treatment in replantation and free flap surgery. However, the overall clinical efficacy and safety of PGE1 in microvascular surgery remains to be determined in larger, prospective clinical trials. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Free vascularized fibula and reconstruction of long bones in the child—Our evolution
Authors: Germain Michel A. , Mascard Eric , Dubousset Jean , Nguefack Marcel
Published: June 2007

The aim is to show our evolution for reconstruction of long bones in the child with free vascularized fibula after tumoral resection. Between 1990 and 2004, 78 children were operated on for sarcoma of long bones and one girl with congenital pseudarthrosis. The main applications are illustrated: U‐shaped fibular transplant, fibular epiphysis with growth plate and diaphysis transfer, fibular graft associated to massive allograft. Follow‐up of the children was performed by clinical examination and standard X‐ray. No post operative death occurred. Many benign complications for femoral reconstruction were observed. So our recent evolution is to use vascularized fibula associated with massive allograft; but resorption of allograft was observed 3 years later. Vascularized fibula for reconstruction of long bones is the ideal material. The result is definitive. The future for femur is perhaps vascularized fibula associated with osseous substitute. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Time‐dependent expression of myostatin RNA transcript and protein in gastrocnemius muscle of mice after sciatic nerve resection
Authors: Shao Chenxin , Liu Mei , Wu Xin , Ding Fei
Published: June 2007

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily, has been identified as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. To provide more data on the role of myostatin in denervation‐induced muscle atrophy, we examined the time‐dependent changes in myostatin mRNA and protein as well as Smad2 and phospho‐Smad2 protein levels in the denervated gastrocnemius muscle of mice after sciatic neurectomy, using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. We conducted morphometric analyses to measure the wet weight ratio of the denervated muscle (the operated side/contralateral nonoperated side) and the cross‐sectional area of muscle fibers, and observed the morphology of denervated muscle. The experimental results showed that in the early stage of denervation, the levels of myostatin mRNA and protein in the denervated gastrocnemius muscle increased instantly, reaching a peak at day 3 and day 7 after sciatic neurectomy, respectively, when compared with the normal values. In addition, the phospho‐Smad2 protein was observed to have a similar expression profile to that of the myostatin mRNA. The present study perhaps opens a new window into myostatin modulation in muscle atrophy due to denervation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Mathematical Modeling of Atom‐Transfer Radical Copolymerization
Authors: Al‐Harthi Mamdouh , Soares João B. P. , Simon Leonardo C.
Published: June 2007

A comprehensive mathematical model for atom transfer radical copolymerization in a batch reactor is presented using the concept of pseudo‐kinetic rate constants and the method of moments. The model describes molecular weight, monomer conversion, polydispersity index, and copolymer composition as a function of polymerization time. Model predictions were compared with experimental data for styrene and butyl acrylate copolymerization and excellent agreement was obtained. We have also tested the model with styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymerization data obtained in our laboratory. Finally, we used the model to study the effect of comonomer reactivity ratio, feed composition, activation and deactivation rate constants on the copolymer composition.

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Numerical simulation of ductile shear localization: Plastic‐flow network and slip‐line field
Authors: Wang Sheng‐zu , Sun Jun‐xiu , Ning Jie‐yuan
Published: June 2007

The development of plastic‐flow network (PFN) in plane‐strain elastoplastic medium indented locally is simulated using the finite element method, in which the von Mises criterion and a constitutive relation with post‐yield softening are used. The results of simulations show that the development process of PFN, which is composed of two families of plastic‐flow belts (i.e. ductile shear zones or shear bands) intersecting each other, includes the stages of locally compacting (I), PFN‐spreading (IIa + IIb) and surface‐bulging (III). PFN is similar to but different from the traditional slip‐line network (slip‐line field) that the various solutions of slip‐line field correspond only to some critical states of PFN. PFN occurring in elastoplastic medium can be considered as a PFN in viscoplastic medium with high viscosity or high strain rate and both of them are identical in some basic aspects, such as the conjugate angles equal to or greater than 90°, the direction of the maximum compressive stress in coincidence with the bisector of conjugate angle, the evolution of triangular compacted area, the ingeneration of discontinuity, the weakening effect of the belts and the plastic‐flow background of PFN. The simulations of the simplified models stated in this paper provide a basis for the further studies of numerical simulations of PFN, especially those in viscoplastic medium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting ND keeping good policemen. (A preliminary statement)
Authors: Mandel Arch
Published: June 2007

Detroit's experiment wiht personality tests in selecting and promoting cops.
Leagues of municipalities
Authors: Sowers Don C.
Published: June 2007

A description of the organization and work of the twenty state leagues
Chicago's new mayor
Authors: Fesler Mayo
Published: June 2007

This will tell you about the personality of the man, the campaign he conducted, the traps in his path and his chances of success. He is the most striking figure in municipal government to—day
The march of progress in North Carolina
Authors: Hill Carl K.
Published: June 2007

The story of one state's accomplishments in government, education and well–being. The Review hopes to follow it with similar accounts from other states.
Pennsylania Classifies Her Employees
Authors: King Clyde L.
Published: June 2007

Pennsylvania has taken a bold step in the interest of the taxpayer. Those who know how politics can become entrenched behind a state pay roll understand how redical a movement employee classification can be
Party politics in english local government
Authors: Clarke F.S.S John J. M.A.
Published: June 2007

We are publishing Professor Clarke's article in two installments. The present installment gives us the structure of local government; the next will tell how and to what extent political parties figure in municipal affairs. Many readers will to file the two for reference
What one small city has done Stratford, Connecticut, under the town manager form of government
Authors: Light Bestor
Published: June 2007

The story of steady progress of a New England city of 15,000 population during less than three years of manager government.
The Indian a scheme of central supervision of local exxpenditures
Authors: Zoercher Philip
Published: June 2007

Indiana has gone further than any other state in the way of central administrative control of local finances.
The case for mechanical balloting
Authors: Zukuerman T. David
Published: June 2007

How the Voting Machine Eliminates Fraud and Reduces the Cost of Elections.
Cleveland's city manager
Authors: Shaw Norman
Published: June 2007

In reconstructing city governments we have been concerned chiefly with form and methods; we have largely overlooked the human factors. This article tells how the personality of the manager dominates the city affairs of Cleveland, even to the extent of reversing the theory of the manager form of government.
Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends
Authors: Pawlowski Kristin H , Schartel Bernhard
Published: June 2007

The flame retardancy mechanisms of three aryl phosphates, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), in a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) blend are investigated and compared. Further, the influence of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) on viscosity and thermal decomposition is discussed in the systems PC/ABS and PC/ABS + BDP. Mechanisms are proposed based on the results of various methods. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and kinetics are used to study the pyrolysis. The fire behaviour is studied by means of cone calorimeter measurements at different heat fluxes and the flammability is specified by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94. Rheology measurements are used to illuminate the changed dripping behaviour due to PTFE. TPP shows only a gas phase action. RDP shows mainly a gas phase action and some condensed phase action. BDP shows a crucial condensed phase action in addition to a gas phase action. TPP and RDP are somewhat superior in terms of flammability (LOI), whereas BDP shows superior performance in forced flaming combustion (cone calorimeter). Synergistic effects between PTFE and BDP are found. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Isotactic poly(1‐hexene sulfone)s by stereoselective anionic ring‐opening polymerisation
Authors: Callan John F , Fawcett Allan H
Published: June 2007

Background: Poly(olefin sulfone)s have been shown to form helical regions and to display main‐chain liquid‐crystalline behaviour in the bulk when they possess long side‐chains. It is believed that increasing the tacticity of the backbone could enhance their liquid‐crystalline behaviour. This study aims to produce tactic poly(olefin sulfone)s by stereospecific ring‐opening polymerisation.

Results:T actic polythiranes were successfully obtained from a racemic mixture of thirane monomers using a series of chiral catalyst systems. The isotactic placement (Pi) was determined using 13C NMR analysis of carbons in or near the backbone. The polysulfides were oxidised by peracetic acid to their corresponding polysulfones. Powder X‐ray diffraction studies showed that the isotactic polysulfones formed more ordered structures than their atactic analogues, an effect attributed to a tightening of the helical pitch.

Conclusions: Tactic poly(1‐hexene sulfone)s have been prepared for the first time by stereoselective ring‐opening polymerisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical modification of chitosan: synthesis and biological activity of new heterocyclic chitosan derivatives
Authors: Badawy Mohamed EI
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Numerous works have been published on the chemical modification of chitosan; this polymer is still being modified, leading to various derivatives with improved properties. In the present study, heterocyclic aldehydes including furan‐2‐carbaldehyde, 5‐methylfuran‐2‐carbaldehyde, 3‐pyridine carboxyaldehyde, benzo[d][1,3]dioxole‐5‐carbaldehyde and 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde were reacted with chitosan by a reductive alkylation reaction to produce for the first time five new N‐heterocyclic chitosan derivatives to improve the biological activity of chitosan against the most important economic plant pests including fungi and insects, in particular the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis.

RESULTS: The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the degree of substitution ranged from 0.30 to 0.43. The fungicidal assessment was investigated in vitro using a mycelia radial growth inhibition technique against soil‐borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium debaryanum and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea. The results showed that N‐[(5‐methylfuran‐2‐yl)methyl] chitosan was the most active against P. grisea with an EC50 value of 0.919 mg mL−1 while N‐(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐5‐ylmethyl) chitosan and N‐(methyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one) chitosan exhibited the most potent fungicidal activity against P. debaryanum and F. oxysporum. An insecticidal bioassay against the larvae of S. littoralis showed that N‐(methyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one) chitosan exhibited a significant growth inhibition and antifeedant activity among the synthesized compounds.

CONCLUSION: The chemical modification of chitosan molecule with a heterocyclic moiety led to an enhancement in the biological activity against the plant pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum, P. debaryanum and P. grisea and the cotton leafworm insect S. littoralis. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Mass spectrometry analysis of HIV‐1 Vif reveals an increase in ordered structure upon oligomerization in regions necessary for viral infectivity
Authors: Auclair Jared R. , Green Karin M. , Shandilya Shivender , Evans James E. , Somasundaran Mohan , Schiffer Celia A.
Published: June 2007

HIV‐1 Vif, an accessory protein in the viral genome, performs an important role in viral pathogenesis by facilitating the degradation of APOBEC3G, an endogenous cellular inhibitor of HIV‐1 replication. In this study, intrinsically disordered regions are predicted in HIV‐1 Vif using sequence‐based algorithms. Intrinsic disorder may explain why traditional structure determination of HIV‐1 Vif has been elusive, making structure‐based drug design impossible. To characterize HIV‐1 Vif's structural topology and to map the domains involved in oligomerization we used chemical cross‐linking, proteolysis, and mass spectrometry. Cross‐linking showed evidence of monomer, dimer, and trimer species via denaturing gel analysis and an additional tetramer via western blot analysis. We identified 47 unique linear peptides and 24 (13 intramolecular; 11 intermolecular) noncontiguous, cross‐linked peptides, among the noncross‐linked monomer, cross‐linked monomer, cross‐linked dimer, and cross‐linked trimer samples. Almost complete peptide coverage of the N‐terminus is observed in all samples analyzed, however reduced peptide coverage in the C‐terminal region is observed in the dimer and trimer samples. These differences in peptide coverage or “protections” between dimer and trimer indicate specific differences in packing between the two oligomeric forms. Intramolecular cross‐links within the monomer suggest that the N‐terminus is likely folded into a compact domain, while the C‐terminus remains intrinsically disordered. Upon oligomerization, as evidenced by the intermolecular cross‐links, the C‐terminus of one Vif protein becomes ordered by wrapping back on the N‐terminal domain of another. In addition, the majority of the intramolecular cross‐links map to regions that have been previously reported to be necessary for viral infectivity. Thus, this data suggests HIV‐1 Vif is in a dynamic equilibrium between the various oligomers potentially allowing it to interact with other binding partners. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation and prediction of the HIV–AIDS‐epidemic under conditions of HAART using mixtures of incubation time distributions
Authors: Heisterkamp S. H. , de Vries R. , Sprenger H. G. , Hubben G. A. A. , Postma M. J.
Published: June 2007

The estimation of the HIV‐AIDS epidemic by means of back‐calculation (BC) has been difficult since the introduction of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) because the incubation time distributions needed for BC were poorly known. Moreover, it has been assumed that if the general public is aware that effective treatments are available then the majority of infected people would be known, and therefore a hidden epidemic was assumed not to exist. Nevertheless, it was suspected that not every infected person would come to the attention of health‐care providers, and therefore estimates independent of the patients' registration were necessary. In this paper, the incubation time distributions for HIV treated with the HAART regimen are derived from a cohort study. By using estimates of the proportion treated according to the HAART regimen and the incubation time distributions estimated in the era before the implementation of HAART (pre‐HAART), new marginal population incubation time distributions for each of the three risk groups (homosexuals, drug users and others) were constructed. The BC was performed using an empirical Bayesian approach based on the latter incubation time distribution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of glycine binding site of N‐methyl‐d‐asparate receptors in living human brain using 4‐acetoxy derivative of L‐703,717, 4‐acetoxy‐7‐chloro‐3‐[3‐(4‐[11c] methoxybenzyl) phenyl]‐2(1H)‐quinolone (AcL703) with positron emission tomography
Authors: Matsumoto Ryohei , Haradahira Terushi , Ito Hiroshi , Fujimura Yota , Seki Chie , Ikoma Yoko , Maeda Jun , Arakawa Ryosuke , Takano Akihiro , Takahashi Hidehiko , Higuchi Makoto , Suzuki Kazutoshi , Fukui Kenji , Suhara Tetsuya
Published: June 2007

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are of major interest in brain functions and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, at present there are few suitable radioligands for in vivo imaging of NMDA receptors. 7‐Choloro‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐[3‐(4‐methoxybenzyl) phenyl]‐2(1H)‐quinolone (L‐703,717) is one of the potent ligands for the glycine‐binding site of NMDA receptors. 4‐Acetoxy derivative of L‐703,717 (AcL703) is a candidate, as a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for NMDA receptors, because of its better permeability at the blood–brain barrier compared with L‐703,717. After intravenous injection of 624–851 MBq of [11C]AcL703, dynamic PET scan was performed on six healthy males for 90 min. Regions‐of‐interest were located on the cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex, and cerebral white matter. The binding potential (BP) was calculated from the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) of radioactivities from 40 to 90 min in the target region to that in white matter. Regional radioactivities reached close to equilibrium in all regions after about 40 min postinjection. Regional brain uptake of [11C]AcL703 at 40 min after injection was 0.00028–0.00065% of the injected dose/milliliter. Radioactivity concentration of [11C]AcL703 was highest in the cerebellar cortex and lowest in white matter. AUC in the cerebellar cortex was higher than those of cerebral cortices, thalamus, striatum, and white matter. BP in the cerebellar cortex was twofold higher than in the cerebral cortices (cerebellar cortex: BP = 2.20 ± 0.72; cerebral cortices: BP = 1.05 ± 0.45). Despite the low brain uptake of [11C]AcL703, regional distributions were in good agreement with our previous studies of rodents. This indicates the possibility of in vivo evaluation of NMDA receptors using PET with [11C]AcL703 in living human brain. Synapse 61:795–800, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progressive changes of pre‐ and post‐synaptic dopaminergic biomarkers in conscious MPTP‐treated cynomolgus monkeys measured by positronemission tomography
Authors: Nagai Yuji , Obayashi Shigeru , Ando Kiyoshi , Inaji Motoki , Maeda Jun , Okauchi Takashi , Ito Hiroshi , Suhara Tetsuya
Published: June 2007

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a useful technique for the consecutive investigation of the relationship between changes in neurotransmission biomarkers and behavioral signs in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the threshold of dopamine (DA) neuron damage for the appearance of tremor by observing the longitudinal changes of pre‐ and post‐synaptic DA biomarkers in awake monkeys using PET with multiple tracers. Three cynomolgus monkeys were treated with MPTP every 3–6 weeks until tremor was observed. Brain uptake of [11C]PE2I, [β‐11C]DOPA, and [11C]raclopride for DA transporter (DAT), DOPA utilization, and DA D2 receptor were measured using PET as a single set in awake condition. Sets of PET scans were repeated in parallel with continuous behavioral estimation. The pre‐synaptic biomarkers of DA neuron in the striatum decreased [11C]PE2I binding and [β‐11C]DOPA uptake in an MPTP dose‐dependent manner. Tremor was not observed until striatal [11C]PE2I binding was reduced to about 15% of the pretreatment level and [β‐11C]DOPA uptake was reduced to about 34%. DA D2 receptor measured by [11C]raclopride was not significantly changed throughout the experiment. Our results revealed that it is possible to quantitatively define the threshold of the onset of behavioral PD signs by monitoring spontaneous motor activity, and in vivo PET with DAT marker can be a biomarker for early diagnosis at the presymptomatic stage of PD and for high‐risk groups. Synapse 61:809–819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Pentadesma butyracea sabine Butters of Different Production Regions in Benin
Authors: Tchobo Fidèle P. , Natta Armand K. , Barea Bruno , Barouh Nathalie , Piombo Georges , Pina Michel , Villeneuve Pierre , Soumanou Mohamed M. , Sohounhloue Dominique C. K.
Published: June 2007

Pentadesma butter (Pentadesmabutyracea, sabine, clusiaceae) is an extract of the kernels of tree fruits in West Africa and similar to shea butter. The study of the fatty acid composition, triacylglycerols, sterols and tocopherols of Pentadesma butter was carried out on seeds collected in ten production areas in Benin. The results obtained show that the composition in fatty acids is characterized by the presence of stearic acid and oleic acid, which represent nearly 96% of the total fatty acids. The triacylglycerols profile of the different butters is marked by the overwhelming presence of the triacylglycerols SOS and SOO. The unsaponifiable fraction shows, for the sterolic composition, a predominance of stigmasterol (nearly 68% of the total sterols) whilst the β‐tocopherol is the main tocopherol.
Patients' Self-Care Improvement with Nurse Education Intervention in Spain Assessed by the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale
Authors: Lupón Josep , González Beatriz , Mas Dolors , Urrutia Agustín , Arenas Miquel , Domingo Mar , Altimir Salvador , Valle Vicente
Published: June 2007

The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale (EHFScBS) has been developed for assessing patients' self-care level. We used it to assess our patients' self-care progress after a medium-term period of nurse education intervention.

Patients and method: We prospectively studied 151 patients (111 men and 40 women, mean age 65.4 ± 11.9 years). All patients were evaluated twice with the EHFScBS: during the first visit to the Unit and after 1 year of nurse educational intervention.

Results: Mean score obtained by our patients in the initial evaluation was 24.8 ± 7.6. In the second evaluation patients showed a significant ( p < 0.001) improvement in self-care behaviour (mean score 19.9 ± 5.7). Analyzing item by item of the scale, patients show improvement in all items except in four: “If I am short of breath, I take it easy”, “I take a rest during the day”, “I eat a low salt diet” and “I take my medication as prescribed”.

Conclusions: Improvement in self-care behaviour, assessed with the EHFScBS, was achieved with nurse educational intervention in patients without previous heart failure education. However, in our population, this improvement was not obtained in one important aspect such is low salt diet compliance, although punctuation in this item was quite acceptable already initially.
Congenital cardiac disease and inbreeding: specific defects escape higher risk due to parental consanguinity
Authors: Chehab Ghassan , Chedid Philippe , Saliba Zakhia , Bouvagnet Patrice
Published: June 2007

Aims

To test on a large cohort whether parental consanguinity varies among different types of congenitally malformed hearts.

Methods and Results

Between 1 May, 1999, and 28 February, 2006, a large cohort of 1585 newly diagnosed cases with non-syndromic congenitally malformed heart was enrolled at the National Register of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Lebanese Society of Cardiology, Beirut. Another group, made up of 1979 cases referred to the National Register of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, but free of any malformation, and with a rate of consanguinity similar to a recent survey made by UNICEF in Lebanon, was used for the purposes of control. We used the Chi-squared test, and ratio of risk, to compare the groups.

Subgroups with first degree cousins, first plus second degree cousins, and any degree of consanguinity, are significantly larger in the cohort with congenitally malformed hearts than in the control cohort, with proportions of 19.4%, 25.7%, and 27.4% versus 14.4%, 20.3%, and 23.9%, respectively. Those with tetralogy of Fallot, valvar aortic stenosis, and atrial septal defect have a significantly higher percentage of consanguineous parents than do the controls. By contrast, this is not the case for those with atrioventricular septal defect and common atrioventricular junction (“atrioventricular canal”), or discordant ventriculo-arterial connections (“transposition”). These differences persist when the types of congenital cardiac defect types are pooled according to presumed embryological processes. Those with hypoplasia of the left heart have increased parental consanguinity, but not the group of various types of discordant ventriculo-arterial connections.

Conclusion

Only some types of congenitally malformed hearts have an increased percentage of parental consanguinity, suggesting that those types with no increased risk due to parental consanguinity are determined by genetic factors that are X-linked or exclusively autosomal dominant.
The genesis, evolution and crisis of an institution: the Protected Designation of Origin in wine markets
Authors: BARRÈRE CHRISTIAN
Published: June 2007

This paper addresses a specific institution, the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in wine markets. To understand the present strategic choices in the context of the globalization of wine markets, the paper seeks to explain the economic logic of this specific institution, its genesis and its evolution. Using an evolutionary games approach, we build an evolutionary model of the strategic determination of quality. Four configurations emerge. The PDO can be related to signals and policies of quality in strategic situations. This study also yields general results for use in the evolutionary analysis of other institutions.
The rise, decline and rise of incomes policies in the US during the post-war era: an institutional-analytical explanation of inflation and the functional distribution of income
Authors: SETTERFIELD MARK
Published: June 2007

This paper is based on the premise that at any point in time, macroeconomic performance is best understood in terms of certain ‘fundamental’ features of the income-generating process that are embedded in a relatively enduring institutional framework, that both affects and is affected by macroeconomic outcomes themselves. This results in the evolution of capitalist economies through a succession of discrete, medium-term episodes of macroeconomic performance. The purpose of the paper is to apply this vision to the explanation of inflation and the functional distribution of income in the post-war US economy. A conflicting claims model of inflation is developed, in which inflation is the result of conflict over the functional distribution of income. It is then shown how an account of the different, relatively enduring institutions within which this ‘fundamental’ macroeconomic process has been embedded over the past 50 years can be used to calibrate the analytical model, giving rise to an explanation of inflation and the functional distribution of income in the US as having evolved through three discrete episodes. Moreover, once the institutional context of macroeconomic performance is properly recognized in this manner, inflation and the functional distribution of income in the US over the past 50 years are seen to be explained by the rise, decline, and rise of successive incomes policies.
Der Selbstbeurteilungsbogen des SDQ anhand einer österreichischen Feldstichprobe
Authors: Altendorfer-Kling Ulrike , Ardelt-Gattinger Elisabeth , Thun-Hohenstein Leonhard
Published: June 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Die deutschsprachige Version des Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire-Self-Report (SDQ-S) hinsichtlich ihrer Reliabilität und Dimensionalität für Österreich zu überprüfen. Methodik: Dieser Fragebogen wurde 2529 gesunden Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 11-18 Jahren (im Mittel 12.71 ± 1.4) vorgelegt. Berechnet wurden 4 Problem-Skalenwerte, 1 Gesamtproblemskalenwert sowie 1 Skalenwert prosoziales Verhalten. Deskriptive Statistik, Cronbachs Alpha sowie eine Varimax rotierte Faktorenanalyse nach der Hauptkomponentenmethode wurden berechnet. Ergebnisse: Cronbachs Alpha ist für die Gesamtproblemskala, die Skala emotionale Probleme und die prosoziale Skala > 0.63. Die anderen Skalen liegen unter 0.4. Es ergaben sich 5 Faktoren, die eine Varianz von 41.8% erklären. Die Item-Subskalen-Korrelationen sind ausreichend, die Faktorenstruktur entspricht für 3 Subskalen (Peerprobleme, Hyperaktivität, Verhaltensauffälligkeit) nicht der originalen Faktorenzusammensetzung. Schlussfolgerung: Die Reliabilität der Gesamt- und der erwähnten Subskalen wäre für ein Screeningverfahren gerade noch ausreichend, für die restlichen Subskalen ist dies nicht der Fall. Die Faktorenstruktur war nicht komplett replizierbar. Zusammenfassung: Die SDQ-Selbst-Version in ihrer deutschsprachigen Version wird für die Individualdiagnostik zur Zeit bei gleichzeitiger Verwendung von mehreren Informationsquellen empfohlen.
Constraints on Hadean zircon protoliths from oxygen isotopes, Ti‐thermometry, and rare earth elements
Authors: Trail Dustin , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Harrison T. Mark , Schmitt Axel K. , Watson E. Bruce , Young Edward D.
Published: June 2007

We report zircon oxygen isotope ratios and reconnaissance Ti‐in‐zircon concentrations, guided by cathodoluminescence image studies, for detrital zircons up to 4.34 Ga from the Narryer Gneiss Complex of Western Australia. Zircon oxygen isotope results bolster the view that some Hadean (>3.85 Ga) zircon source melts were enriched in heavy oxygen, a sensitive proxy for melt contamination by sediments altered in liquid water. Zircon crystallization temperatures calculated from Ti concentration in pre‐3.8 Ga zircons yield values around 680°C in all cases except for one lower value in a 4.0 Ga grain. Elevated zircon δ18O values reported here and elsewhere, combined with low minimum‐melt crystallization temperatures, and analysis of zircon/melt partitioning of rare earth elements (REEs) provide mutually consistent lines of evidence that the Hadean Earth supported an evolved rock cycle which included formation of granitic water‐saturated melts, extensive continental crust, hydrosphere‐lithosphere interactions, and sediment recycling within the first 150 million years of planet formation.
Identifying the radiation belt source region by data assimilation
Authors: Koller J. , Chen Y. , Reeves G. D. , Friedel R. H. W. , Cayton T. E. , Vrugt J. A.
Published: June 2007

We describe how assimilation of radiation belt data with a simple radial diffusion code can be used to identify and adjust for unknown physics in the model. We study the dropout and the following enhancement of relativistic electrons during a moderate storm on 25 October 2002. We introduce a technique that uses an ensemble Kalman filter and the probability distribution of the forecast ensemble to identify if the model is drifting away from the observations and to find inconsistencies between model forecast and observations. We use the method to pinpoint the time periods and locations where most of the disagreement occurs and how much the Kalman filter has to adjust the model state to match the observations. Although the model does not contain explicit source or loss terms, the Kalman filter algorithm can implicitly add very localized sources or losses in order to reduce the discrepancy between model and observations. We use this technique with multisatellite observations to determine when simple radial diffusion is inconsistent with the observed phase space densities indicating where additional source (acceleration) or loss (precipitation) processes must be active. We find that the outer boundary estimated by the ensemble Kalman filter is consistent with negative phase space density gradients in the outer electron radiation belt. We also identify specific regions in the radiation belts (L* ≈ 5–6 and to a minor extend also L* ≈ 4) where simple radial diffusion fails to adequately capture the variability of the observations, suggesting local acceleration/loss mechanisms.
Development of multiscale slip inversion method and its application to the 2004 mid‐Niigata Prefecture earthquake
Authors: Uchide Takahiko , Ide Satoshi
Published: June 2007

We present a multiscale slip inversion method for earthquakes as a first attempt to analyze an initial rupture process on a small scale and a whole one on a large scale. A multiscale source model is constructed by renormalizing slip rate distributions on different scales. A multiscale observation equation includes a renormalized kernel matrix. Using the new method and employing theoretical and empirical Green's functions with two small events (Mw 2.3 and 3.3), we analyze the 2004 mid‐Niigata Prefecture earthquake (Mw 6.6). Following a preliminary deconvolution analysis suggesting a complexity of the initial phase, the multiscale analysis reveals details of the initial stage of the rupture process (the first 1 s) successfully. In the multiscale model, the estimated source process is consistent for all scales, while independent slip inversion analyses on three scales (monoscale analysis) result in inconsistent slip distributions with large errors. The maximum slip rate is about 1.0 m/s and the rupture velocity is 2.5–3.0 km/s in the initial rupture process. Four stages of rupture growth with different rupture directivities are found: the first 0.4 s with northeastward directivity; from 0.6 s to 1.0 s with southward directivity; until 2.0 s with northeastward directivity again; and after 2.0 s with southwestward directivity. These stages may represent cascading ruptures, evolving into a large earthquake. The image of the whole rupture process implies self‐similarity of the dynamic rupture process and is a breakthrough in the complete realization of earthquake source scaling.
Amplification of the 2‐day wave from mutual interaction of global Rossby‐gravity and local modes in the summer mesosphere
Authors: Rojas M. , Norton W.
Published: June 2007

The 2‐day wave is a planetary‐scale wave recurrently observed in the summer mesosphere. It is predominantly zonal wave number 3 (though wave numbers 2 and 4 are also observed) and has a period of approximately 2 days. It is generally accepted that the 2‐day wave has characteristics of both global‐scale Rossby‐gravity normal mode and baroclinic/barotropic instability. Here we examine how local instability amplifies the global Rossby‐gravity mode. We perform a two‐dimensional instability calculation to calculate unstable modes. The fastest growing modes have wave number 3, a 35‐hour Rossby mode localized in the summer hemisphere at high latitudes, and a Rossby‐gravity mode with period 42 hours with similar characteristics to the observed 2‐day wave. The Rossby‐gravity mode was examined as the background state was changed from an isothermal atmosphere to realistic conditions. The wave was slowly Doppler shifted toward shorter periods and its spatial structure became distorted. Approaching realistic conditions the mode becomes weakly unstable. Near this point a localized Rossby mode also emerges which exists on the reversed potential vorticity gradients of the summer jet. This has the necessary characteristics to phase lock with the Rossby‐gravity mode. Hence we propose that the 2‐day wave amplifies from the interaction of global‐scale Rossby‐gravity and local modes. A nonlinear model was used to examine the unstable modes as they grow to finite amplitude. It was found that even though the 35‐hour Rossby wave had the largest growth rates, it did not reach large amplitude. It was the slower growing 42‐hour Rossby‐gravity mode which dominated the long time evolution.
Laboratory measurement of saltating sand particles' angular velocities and simulation of its effect on saltation trajectory
Authors: Xie Li , Ling Yuquan , Zheng Xiaojing
Published: June 2007

This paper reports a laboratory observation of spin attitudes and angular velocities of saltating sand particles in wind‐blown sand flux by using the high‐speed and dynamic cinecamera and presents a numerical simulation to show the effect of spin on the saltating trajectories of sand particles. Experiment results show that a saltating sand particle has two basic spin attitudes, rolling spin (Ωx, which is perpendicularity to wind direction and parallel with sand surface) and left/right spin. The percentages of the former and the latter attitude are 5% and 95%, respectively. The left/right spin angular velocities range from 0 revolutions per second (“rev/s” henceforth) to 800 rev/s and obey a single‐peaked distribution, the peak value of which lies in (150 rev/s, 250 rev/s). The rolling spin angular velocity of a saltation sand particle is variational along its entire saltating trajectory. The left/right spin vector is composed of two spin components, Ωy (called lateral spin component, rotating around the wind direction) and Ωz (called up spin component, rotating around the axis perpendicular to the sand bed). The theoretical simulation indicates that lateral and up spin components not only have effects on the trajectories' scales (i.e., heights and lengths) but also have effects on the trajectories' dimensions, especially when they are higher than 2000 rev/s and 200 rev/s, respectively. While the rolling spin angular velocities only change the trajectories' heights and lengths, especially for the rolling angular velocity higher than 300 rev/s.
Interplay of sediment supply, river incision, and channel morphology revealed by the transient evolution of an experimental bedrock channel
Authors: Finnegan Noah J. , Sklar Leonard S. , Fuller Theodore K.
Published: June 2007

In transient landscapes, adjustments in river channel width, roughness, and alluvial cover, in addition to slope, provide potentially important but poorly understood mechanisms by which bedrock channels accommodate changes in external forcing. We used a laboratory flume to investigate experimentally how bedrock channel slope, width, roughness, alluvial cover, and incision rate collectively adjusted during the transient incision of an initially smooth channel with a varying bed load supply rate. When the channel was free of alluvial cover, incision was focused over a fraction of the bed width that varied strongly with both bed load supply and bed load transport capacity. Nondimensionalization yields a relationship for the width of active incision that explicitly incorporates bed load supply rate, sediment grain size, and bed shear stress, which suggests that in natural channels, width may respond dynamically to accommodate changes in bed load sediment supply. Because increases in sediment supply widened the band of active bed load sediment transport and thus the width over which incision took place, mass removal from the bed scaled with sediment supply when the bed was free of cover, consistent with incision being limited by the availability of erosive tools. However, bed roughness growth due to the spatial variation of incision during the experiment eventually inhibited bed load transport efficiency. This, in turn, led to deposition of alluvial cover and the suppression of incision on the bed at high sediment supply rates, consistent with incision being limited by the extent of alluvial cover deposited on the bed. The dynamics of roughness creation and alluvial cover deposition can therefore drive both negative and positive feedbacks on incision rate change following sediment supply perturbations. These experimental results offer several potentially field‐testable hypotheses that together may help explain variability in the width, slope, and bed roughness of bedrock river channels in transient landscapes.
Potential impact of Owens (dry) Lake dust on warm and cold cloud formation
Authors: Koehler Kirsten A. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , DeMott Paul J. , Prenni Anthony J. , Petters Markus D.
Published: June 2007

Owens lake bed is one of the largest sources of particulate matter in the western hemisphere. Because of the fine‐grained nature of this dust, it is easily lofted above the atmospheric boundary layer, where it may affect cloud formation. Further, unlike many other soil types, it has a large fraction of soluble material (∼3–37% of the mass on an organic‐matter‐free basis), so it can impact both warm and cold clouds. In this study, we measure the hygroscopicity, cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity, and ice nucleating ability of Owens (dry) Lake dust. Our studies confirm that a fraction of the Owens (dry) Lake dust (35% by number for particle sizes ∼200 nm) is quite hygroscopic and has CCN activity comparable to that of sodium chloride (50 nm particles activate at 0.33% supersaturation). These hygroscopic dust particles can readily initiate droplet formation at modest supersaturations in the atmosphere and may significantly impact liquid clouds in the southwestern United States. The less hygroscopic fraction had only modest CCN activity. However, such particles may still activate as cloud droplets at atmospheric supersaturations and could potentially modify cloud properties if particles with diameters larger than ∼300 nm are present. The less hygroscopic fraction also was found to nucleate ice heterogeneously at relative humidities significantly lower than required for homogeneous freezing of aqueous particles at temperatures colder than −40°C. In convective systems, this dust may be lofted to the upper troposphere where it may impact convection strength and onset conditions for ice formation in cold clouds.
Impelling and Inhibiting Forces in the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Finkel Eli J.
Published: June 2007

The huge corpus of research identifying risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) has outpaced theoretical models explaining how these risk factors combine to exert their effects. This report presents a 2-stage process model investigating how a previously nonviolent interaction between intimate partners escalates to IPV. The first stage examines whether at least one partner experiences strong violence-impelling forces, which lead the individual to experience action tendencies toward IPV. The second examines whether the partner experiencing violence-impelling forces suffers from weak violence-inhibiting forces, which would otherwise serve to override such action tendencies. This model extends previous research by emphasizing the importance of inhibitory processes in IPV and by imposing a new conceptual structure on the identified IPV risk factors.
The evolution of developmental patterning under genetic duplication constraints
Authors: Fuentes Miguel A , Krakauer David C
Published: June 2007

Of considerable interest are the evolutionary and developmental origins of complex, adaptive structures and the mechanisms that stabilize these structures. We consider the relationship between the evolutionary process of gene duplication and deletion and the stability of morphogenetic patterns produced by interacting activators and inhibitors. We compare the relative stability of patterns with a single activator and inhibitor (two-dimensional system) against a ‘redundant’ system with two activators or two inhibitors (three-dimensional system). We find that duplication events can both expand and contract the space of patterns. We study developmental robustness in terms of stochastic escape times from this space, also known as a ‘canalization potential’. We embed the output of pattern formation into an explicit evolutionary model of gene duplication, gene loss and variation in the steepness of the canalization potential. We find that under all constant conditions, the system evolves towards a preference for steep potentials associated with low phenotypic variability and longer lifespans. This preference leads to an overall decrease in the density of redundant genotypes as developmental robustness neutralizes the advantages of genetic robustness.
The brittle fracture of polycrystalline zinc
Authors: Hughes G.M , Smith G.E , Flewitt P.E.J , Crocker A.G
Published: June 2007

In polycrystalline materials, grain boundaries provide an important contribution to the resistance to the propagation of both brittle and ductile cracks. Initially, in this paper, a three-dimensional geometrical model of the brittle fracture of polycrystalline zinc is developed, assuming a single (0001) cleavage plane in each grain. The model predicts that about one-half of the fracture process of the material will be associated with accommodation effects at grain boundaries. In contrast, experimental work over a range of temperatures shows that at low temperatures very little grain boundary failure occurs. There are two reasons for this discrepancy. Firstly, cleavage occurs on (0001) and also on the three variants of the {10-10} planes and secondly, deformation twinning plays a major role in the fracture process. The characteristics of these phenomena have been investigated in detail using focused ion beam microscopy, including subsurface examinations and metallographic techniques. The models were then extended to incorporate these additional mechanisms. Comparisons between the predictions and the experimental observations are discussed and enable information to be deduced about the relative energies of the different fracture mechanisms.