bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rich silver-bearing lead ores in the Northern Pennines?
Authors: Dunham K. C. , Young B. , Johnson G. A. L. , Colman T. C. , Fossett R.
Published: December 2009

The main lead ore mineral within the Northern Pennine carbonate-hosted galena-fluorite orefield is silver-bearing galena. Numerous reliable assay and recovery records, from the heyday of lead mining during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, indicate that silver values in the ores then being mined were typically fairly modest, in the range 100–250 ppm Ag. Historical records from the area written during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, although very much less complete and more open to interpretation, indicate levels of silver production which could not have been sustained from such ores. It is suggested that lead ores with much higher silver content may have been available in these earlier times. A few scattered occurrences of galena with enhanced silver content may represent the vestiges of these ores.
Preservation of fossils in clay minerals; a unique example from the Upper Ordovician Soom Shale, South Africa
Authors: Gabbott S. E. , Norry M. J. , Aldridge R. J. , Theron J. N.
Published: December 2009

In the Soom Shale, labile soft tissues have been replaced rapidly after death by authigenic clay minerals which now have an illitic composition. There are two possible pathways for this mineralization: (1) initial replacement of soft tissue by kaolinite which was then diagenetically transformed to illite; or (2) direct replacement of soft tissue by illite. Comparison of the compositions of the authigenic illites that replace the soft tissues and of the detrital illites in the host rock show that the former have higher magnesium numbers and enhanced potassium contents. These compositional differences are better explained if illite directly replaced the soft tissues. Kaolinite and/or illite stability are controlled by the pH and the ratio of K+/H+ in the fluid, expressed as: 2(KAl
3
Si
3
O
10
(OH)
2
) + 3H
2
O + 2H
+
↔ 3(Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
) + 2K
+
. Although the porewaters of the Soom Shale were anoxic and, at times, euxinic, and so might well have favoured kaolinite authigenesis, the conditions within the local environment of the carcasses could have been very different. Ammonia, produced by protein decay, and potassium, concentrated within the tissues, would have been elevated relative to the surrounding pore waters, so that the K
+
/H
+
ratio would have favoured illite authigenesis. Authigenic illites have higher magnesium numbers than detrital sedimentary illites owing to extensive and early pyrite precipitation, indicated by small pyrite framboid diameters (average 4.3 μ), which left the porewaters depleted in iron. The magnesium number in authigenic illites could also have been enhanced by the inclusion of magnesium from seawater.
The stratigraphy of the Namurian Great/Main Limestone on the Alston Block, Stainmore Trough and Askrigg Block of northern England
Authors: Fairbairn R. A.
Published: December 2009

The internal stratigraphy of the Great/Main Limestone over the Alston Block, Stainmore Trough and the Askrigg Block is described. The occurrence and distribution of
Gigantoproductus, Latiproductus, Dibunophyllum
and other macrofossils are recorded. Locations where chert-rich bands have been recorded, and where evidence of bioturbation occurs, are described. Areas of localized thinning and their relationship to thick developments of sandstone and chert above and below the limestone are also noted. These variations are related to the structural features of the region.
The geochemistry and significance of sills within the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group around Black Combe, SW English Lake District
Authors: Kanaris-Sotiriou R. , Mathieson N. A. , Johnson E. W. , Millward D.
Published: December 2009

The Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) in the SW of the English Lake District (SWLD) consists predominantly of subaerial pyroclastic rocks that host syn-volcanic intrusions ranging in composition from basalt to dacite. The petrology and geochemistry of the sills verify a broad compatibility with the BVG in the central Lake District. The geochemistry indicates a marginal continental arc setting, a petrogenesis involving
c.
15% partial melting of a lherzolite mantle source and subsequent fractionation of olivine, ortho- and clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide. Three groups of basaltic sills are recognized in the SWLD, one of which bears a close resemblance, geochemically, to the lower BVG (Birker Fell Formation) basaltic lavas and appears to have been emplaced early in the SWLD succession. The other two groups, which may be cogenetic, appear to be some what geochemically distinct from the first, with trace element and rare-earth characteristics suggesting a source slightly more enriched in incompatible elements. It is suggested that the fault-dominated tectonic setting in the Millom Park area of the SWLD may account for the least-evolved magmas being allowed to migrate directly to a high structural level, accounting for a higher proportion of basic lithologies in the upper BVG succession of the SWLD than is found in other parts of the Lake District.
The Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) of Manchester Airport, Second Runway
Authors: Wilson A. A.
Published: December 2009

The construction of the Second Runway at Manchester Airport generated an extensive drilling programme and created many temporary exposures in the Mercia Mudstone Group. One large natural exposure, the RIGS cliff, was buried under the runway. During infill and benching, good access was gained to this cliff and details are presented. The succession of the upper half of the Bollin Mudstone Formation was recorded in great detail from colour photographs of borehole core from the Terminal Two and Second Runway projects, enabling correlation across the site. Beds formerly placed in the zone of Quaternary halite dissolution were unusually well exposed, revealing breccias, folding and low-angle faulting. Within this subsidence zone, a sequence was established in gently collapsed Byley Mudstone Formation overlying partly brecciated remnants of mudstones formerly placed within the Northwich Halite. The Mobberley Fault was newly exposed in the diversion of Sugar Brook at the western end of the Second Runway. Four other faults, all with easterly downthrow, were detected farther east.
Type belemnites of Simpson’s
Fossils of the Yorkshire Lias
Authors: Doyle P.
Published: December 2009

Martin Simpson was curator of the Whitby Museum in the mid-to late-19th century and was influential in systematically collecting and describing the fossils of the North Yorkshire Lower Jurassic (Lias), exposed in mostly excellent coastal sections still accessible today. His species were published in a range of publications between 1843–1884, but, although well described and located, they were not illustrated. The ammonites have subsequently been illustrated, but no comprehensive work illustrating the belemnites has been published. This is a serious omission and the type specimens of 74 of Simpson’s nominal species, from the Lower, Middle and Upper Lias (Sinemurian-Toarcian) are illustrated and discussed here from the originals held in the Whitby Museum.
Jurassic dinosaur tracks and trackways of the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire: preservation, diversity and distribution
Authors: Romano M. , Whyte M. A.
Published: December 2009

Dinosaur tracks are abundant in the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire and indeed characterize the non-marine sequences developed within the Cleveland Basin. These tracks and associated trackways provide valuable evidence of the possible diversity of the dinosaur communities, their potential makers and behaviour and useful insights into the habitats and palaeoenvironment during the time of deposition. The uneven historical development of research into Yorkshire dinosaur tracks is reviewed and the Middle Jurassic lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the region is outlined. Next, the probable palaeoenvironment of the Middle Jurassic Cleveland Basin, generally regarded as a coastal plain and fluvial complex, is briefly summarized. The terminology used to describe the dominant preservational types of dinosaur tracks, such as surface, transmitted and underprints, is clearly defined, with examples from the Yorkshire sequences. The Yorkshire tracks show considerable morphological diversity and at present 29 different morphotypes have been recognized, which possibly represent at least 15 ichnotaxa. These morphotypes include both quadrupedal and bipedal forms, as well as a distinctive suite of raking prints resulting from swimming activity. The distribution and abundance of the known dinosaur tracks within the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire is described. For the first time, a range chart of dinosaur tracks is presented that illustrates the persistence of some morphotypes throughout the Ravenscar Group (Middle Jurassic) of the Cleveland Basin. Track distribution and diversity data allow reconstruction of the Yorkshire dinosaur communities that were made up of between 7–10 common types, belonging to sauropods, stegosaurids, ornithopods and theropods. The area is a ‘megatracksite’ of global importance.
A Lateglacial pollen record from Hallsenna Moor, near Seascale, Cumbria, NW England, with evidence for arid conditions during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial and early Holocene
Authors: Walker M. J. C.
Published: December 2009

Pollen data from a Lateglacial and Holocene sequence at Hallsenna Moor, Cumbria, NW England are described. The Lateglacial Interstadial pollen spectra indicate plant succession from open-habitat conditions through the development of
Juniperus
and
Salix
and willow scrub to the establishment of open
Betula
woodland. Based on radiocarbon dating evidence, the climatic amelioration marking the onset of the Interstadial occurred at 13 220 ± 180
14
C yrs BP, whereas the phase of maximum birch woodland development is dated to 11 215 ± 65
14
C yrs BP. A return to arctic conditions during the Loch Lomond Stadial led to the re-establishment of a tundra landscape in which steppe and halophytic taxa associated with bare moving soils were the dominant components of the vegetation. Only a partial Holocene record is preserved at the site (post
c.
8200
14
C yrs BP) and indicates mixed
Quercus
woodland with
Alnus, Betula, Ulmus
and
Corylus avellana.
A distinctive feature of the stratigraphical record at Hallsenna Moor is the marked break in sedimentation between the later Loch Lomond Stadial and the middle Holocene, a period spanning more than 2000 years. This appears to reflect a phase of drier climatic conditions, which corresponds with evidence from elsewhere in Britain and NW Europe.
Correlation between the basal part of the Lower Cretaceous Speeton Clay Formation, Yorkshire, and the Purbeck Limestone Group, Dorset: a bentonite tie line
Authors: Jeans C. V. , Wray D. S. , Mitchell J. G. , Ditchfield P.
Published: December 2009

Four beds in the middle and upper parts of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group at Durlston Bay, Dorset, contain acid insoluble residues that suggest a penecontemporaneous volcanogenic origin, probably as sub-aerial ashfalls. Their particle size distribution patterns, mineralogy, geochemistry and K–Ar signatures indicate post-depositional alteration of fine-grained volcanic glass by pore waters. Major and trace element chemistry indicates that: (1) two beds in the Cherty Freshwater Beds (Lulworth Formation) were derived from ashes of trachyandesite-andesite-rhyodacite/dacite composition that were argillized in saline pore waters enriched in Mg
2+
; (2) a bed in the Unio Beds (Durlston Formation) developed from an ash of trachytic composition; and (3) a bed in the Viviparus Shales and Clays (Durlston Formation) originated from an ash of trachyandesite-andesite-rhyodacite/dacite composition within the suboxic zone of brackish pore waters. Comparison of the four Purbeck volcanogenic beds with bentonite beds in the lower part of the Speeton Clay on the Yorkshire coast and offshore in the North Sea suggests that those from the Unio Beds and Viviparus Shales and Clays are equivalent respectively to Beds D7D and D6J at Speeton.
The occurrence of halite in the Permian A Bed Evaporite, Kirkby Thore, Cumbria
Authors: Worley N. E.
Published: December 2009

Borehole investigations carried out in the 1980s east of Kirkby Thore, Cumbria, to locate additional gypsum resources, discovered a 7 m thick halite facies within the upper part of the A Bed. This is the first record of Permian halite in onshore Cumbria. The A Bed comprises a mudstone-dominated sabkha sulphate deposit formed within a continental playa lake setting. The halite is considered to have been deposited sub-aerially within a saltpan centrally located in the A Bed playa.
The cardioceratid ammonite fauna of the Upware Limestone and Dimmock’s Cote Marl (Upper Jurassic) in Cambridgeshire, England
Authors: Wright J. K. , Page K. N.
Published: December 2009

The West Walton Formation (Dimmock’s Cote Marl and Upware Limestone members) of Upware, Cambridgeshire, has yielded an abundant cardioceratid fauna. Three assemblages of
Cardioceras,
comprising eight nominal species, are described and figured. Faunas such as these from Maltonense–Tenuiserratum Subzone boundary beds are rare in the UK, and the Upware ammonites add significantly to our understanding of the manner in which
Miticardioceras,
a subgenus of
Cardioceras
important for correlation of Middle Oxfordian strata across northern Europe, appears in the UK.
A mid-Ordovician Rb–Sr isochron age from the Ingleton Group, North Yorkshire: metamorphism or diagenesis?
Authors: Dodson M. H. , Robinson D.
Published: December 2009

An Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron age of 465 ± 10 Ma (95% confidence level) has been obtained for slates from the Ingleton Group sampled in the Ingleton area. This result is thought to be close to the age of metamorphism, which reached high anchizone grade, though it is impossible to rule out a diagenetic interpretation. The co-linearity of the data points implies a high degree of isotopic homogenization of Sr isotopes within the sample set caused by migration of aqueous fluids expelled from the clay minerals during either the smectite-illite transition or low-grade metamorphism. A previously published isochron age of 494 ± 18 Ma was derived from samples collected in the Horton area. They are coarser-grained and less metamorphosed (low anchizone to high diagenetic grade) than the Ingleton samples, and their older age may reflect their less complete isotopic homogenization. The new Rb–Sr age is consistent with a possible Arenig age of deposition. If interpreted as a metamorphic age, it implies that the Ingleton Group was metamorphosed much earlier than the Devonian (Acadian) metamorphism of the overlying Windermere Supergroup. Whether of metamorphic or diagenetic origin, the survival of the Rb–Sr isochron through the Acadian metamorphism implies that the latter event did not cause significant movement of aqueous fluids through the fine-grained components that were analysed.
Yorkshire jet and its links to Pliny the Elder
Authors: Dean W. T.
Published: December 2009

The mineral name jet is generally employed in western Europe for hard, fossilized coniferous wood capable of being carved and highly polished, particularly that of Early Jurassic (Toarcian) age in NE Yorkshire and geologically related areas. However, the term is derived, by way of the Old French
jaiet,
from the name Gagae, an ancient Greco-Roman town on the coast of south-western Turkey. Diverse properties were attributed to the mineral by ancient writers such as Pliny the Elder, and it is clear that a variety of substances has been described as jet. In the westernmost Taurus Mountains, rocks of the Gagae area belong to the Antalya Nappes and are succeeded by a Cretaceous ophiolitic unit. Associated dark volcanic rocks are not considered compatible with those for which Pliny's term was originally employed, and interbedded, organic-rich, black layers in the Alakir Çay Unit, one of three units in the Middle Antalya Nappes, may provide a more probable candidate, though this is not certain.
Palynology of the Permian succession in the Hilton Borehole, Vale of Eden, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Warrington G.
Published: December 2009

Palynomorphs have been recovered from a 108.28 m sequence, comprising the upper 4.32 m of the Penrith Sandstone, and the lower 103.96 m of the succeeding Eden Shales from the Hilton Plant Beds to the Belah Dolomite inclusive, cored in the 234.54 m-deep Hilton Borehole. This is currently the longest palynological record from a continuous section of Permian rocks in Britain. The palynomorphs are predominantly miospores though remains regarded as algal in origin also occur, mainly in the Hilton Plant Beds and the Belah Dolomite. The miospores are principally bisaccate pollen but some monosaccate pollen and a few pteridophytic spores are also present. The pollen
Crucisaccites
cf.
variosulcatus
and possibly the spore
Proprisporites pococki
are reported for the first time from Britain. The palynomorph assemblages from the Penrith Sandstone Formation are similar to those from the Hilton Plant Beds, supporting the view that a passage exists between these formations, and that their boundary is diachronous. The miospores indicate an age within the range Mid- to Late Permian but the magnetostratigraphy of correlative successions constrains this to the latest Mid-and Late Permian, and other palaeontological evidence favours an early Late Permian age.
Nuclear receptors and hepatic lipidogenic enzyme response to a dyslipidemic sucrose-rich diet and its reversal by fish oil n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Hein Gustavo J. , Bernasconi Ana M. , Montanaro Mauro A. , Pellon-Maison Magali , Finarelli Gabriela , Chicco Adriana , Lombardo Yolanda B. , Brenner Rodolfo R.
Published: December 2009

A sucrose-rich diet (SRD), compared with a starch diet, induces time-dependent metabolic disorders and insulin resistance with hypertriglyceridemia, similar to type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined the effect of SRD, after 8 mo, on nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), and liver X receptor-α (LXRα), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases mRNA and activity, hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, and fatty acid (FA) composition as well as the reversal produced by cod liver oil. SRD induced triglyceride increase in plasma and liver, increasing the anabolic FA synthase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, but not the prooxidative enzymes FA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and correspondingly decreased PPARα and increased LXRα expressions. Results suggest a contribution of both nuclear receptors' interaction on these enzymatic activities. SRD depressed SCD-1 without altering oleic acid proportion and increased Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases and the proportion of n-6 arachidonic acid. Therefore, the data do not support that SRD hypertriglyceridemia is produced by increased SCD-1-dependent oleic acid biosynthesis. The administration of 7% cod liver oil for 2 mo depressed LXRα, enhancing PPARα in control and SRD-fed rats, reversing the activity of the hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and therefore the hyperlipidemia produced by the SRD. Fish oil increased n-3 PUFA and depressed n-6 PUFA of liver lipids without altering the 18:1/18:0 ratio, suggesting that its effects were produced mainly by competition of dietary n-6 and n-3 FA and not through desaturase activity modification.
Similarities and differences between smoking-related gene expression in nasal and bronchial epithelium
Authors: Zhang Xiaoling , Sebastiani Paola , Liu Gang , Schembri Frank , Zhang Xiaohui , Dumas Yves Martine , Langer Erika M. , Alekseyev Yuriy , O'Connor George T. , Brooks Daniel R. , Lenburg Marc E. , Spira Avrum
Published: December 2009

Previous studies have shown that physiological responses to cigarette smoke can be detected via bronchial airway epithelium gene expression profiling and that heterogeneity in this gene expression response to smoking is associated with lung cancer. In this study, we sought to determine the similarity of the effects of tobacco smoke throughout the respiratory tract by determining patterns of smoking-related gene expression in paired nasal and bronchial epithelial brushings collected from 14 healthy nonsmokers and 13 healthy current smokers. Using whole genome expression arrays, we identified 119 genes whose expression was affected by smoking similarly in both bronchial and nasal epithelium, including genes related to detoxification, oxidative stress, and wound healing. While the vast majority of smoking-related gene expression changes occur in both bronchial and nasal epithelium, we also identified 27 genes whose expression was affected by smoking more dramatically in bronchial epithelium than nasal epithelium. Both common and site-specific smoking-related gene expression profiles were validated using independent microarray datasets. Differential expression of select genes was also confirmed by RT-PCR. That smoking induces largely similar gene expression changes in both nasal and bronchial epithelium suggests that the consequences of cigarette smoke exposure can be measured in tissues throughout the respiratory tract. Our findings suggest that nasal epithelial gene expression may serve as a relatively noninvasive surrogate to measure physiological responses to cigarette smoke and/or other inhaled exposures in large-scale epidemiological studies.
An Approach to Pipe Image Interpretation Based Condition Assessment for Automatic Pipe Inspection
Authors: Mashford John , Marlow David , Burn Stewart
Published: December 2009

Condition assessment forms an important part of the asset management of buried pipelines. This is carried out through the use of inspection systems which usually consist of an image acquisition device attached to a mobile robotic platform. Complete or partial automation of image interpretation could increase the efficiency and objectivity of pipe inspection. A key component of an automatic pipe inspection system is the segmentation module. This paper describes an approach to automatic pipe inspection using pixel-based segmentation of colour images by support vector machine (SVM) coupled with morphological analysis of the principal component of the segmented image. The morphological analysis allows the principal component of the segmented image to be decomposed into the pipe flow lines region, the pipe joints, and adjoining defects. A simple approach to detecting pipe connections using fuzzy membership functions relating to defect size and location is also described.
The Data Reduction Pipeline of the Hamburg Robotic Telescope
Authors: Mittag Marco , Hempelmann Alexander , González-Pérez José Nicolás , Schmitt Jürgen H. M. M.
Published: December 2009

The fully automatic reduction pipeline for the blue channel of the HEROS
spectrograph of the Hamburg Robotic Telescope (HRT) is presented. This pipeline is started automatically after finishing the night‐time observations and calibrations. The pipeline includes all necessary procedures for a reliable and complete data reduction, that is, Bias, Dark, and Flat Field correction. Also the order definition, wavelength calibration, and data extraction are included. The final output is written in a fits‐format and ready to use for the astronomer. The reduction pipeline is implemented in IDL and based on the IDL reduction package REDUCE written by Piskunov and Valenti (2002).
Folate Receptor β Is Expressed by Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Constitutes a Marker for M2 Anti-inflammatory/Regulatory Macrophages
Authors: Puig-Kröger Amaya , Sierra-Filardi Elena , Domínguez-Soto Angeles , Samaniego Rafael , Corcuera María Teresa , Gómez-Aguado Fernando , Ratnam Manohar , Sánchez-Mateos Paloma , Corbí Angel L.
Published: December 2009

Macrophage activation comprises a continuum of functional states critically determined by cytokine microenvironment. Activated macrophages have been functionally grouped according to their response to pro-Th1/proinflammatory stimuli [lipopolysaccharide, IFNγ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); M1] or pro-Th2/anti-inflammatory stimuli [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, M-CSF; M2]. We report that folate receptor β (FRβ), encoded by the FOLR2 gene, is a marker for macrophages generated in the presence of M-CSF (M2), but not GM-CSF (M1), and whose expression correlates with increased folate uptake ability. The acquisition of folate uptake ability by macrophages is promoted by M-CSF, maintained by IL-4, prevented by GM-CSF, and reduced by IFNγ, indicating a link between FRβ expression and M2 polarization. In agreement with in vitro data, FRβ expression is detected in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which exhibit an M2-like functional profile and exert potent immunosuppressive functions within the tumor environment. FRβ is expressed, and mediates folate uptake, by CD163+ CD68+ CD14+ IL-10–producing TAM, and its expression is induced by tumor-derived ascitic fluid and conditioned medium from fibroblasts and tumor cell lines in an M-CSF–dependent manner. These results establish FRβ as a marker for M2 regulatory macrophage polarization and indicate that folate conjugates of therapeutic drugs are a potential immunotherapy tool to target TAM. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9395–403]
Deficiency of pRb Family Proteins and p53 in Invasive Urothelial Tumorigenesis
Authors: He Feng , Mo Lan , Zheng Xiao-Yong , Hu Changkun , Lepor Herbert , Lee Eva Y-H.P. , Sun Tung-Tien , Wu Xue-Ru
Published: December 2009

Defects in pRb tumor suppressor pathway occur in ∼50% of the deadly muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas in humans and urothelial carcinoma is the most prevalent epithelial cancer in long-term survivors of hereditary retinoblastomas caused by loss-of-function RB1 mutations. Here, we show that conditional inactivation of both RB1 alleles in mouse urothelium failed to accelerate urothelial proliferation. Instead, it profoundly activated the p53 pathway, leading to extensive apoptosis, and selectively induced pRb family member p107. Thus, pRb loss triggered multiple fail-safe mechanisms whereby urothelial cells evade tumorigenesis. Additional loss of p53 in pRb-deficient urothelial cells removed these p53-dependent tumor barriers, resulting in late-onset hyperplasia, umbrella cell nuclear atypia, and rare-occurring low-grade, superficial papillary bladder tumors, without eliciting invasive carcinomas. Importantly, mice deficient in both pRb and p53, but not those deficient in either protein alone, were highly susceptible to subthreshold carcinogen exposure and developed invasive urothelial carcinomas that strongly resembled the human counterparts. The invasive lesions had a marked reduction of p107 but not p130 of the pRb family. Our data provide compelling evidence, indicating that urothelium, one of the slowest cycling epithelia, is remarkably resistant to transformation by pRb or p53 deficiency; that concurrent loss of these two tumor suppressors is necessary but insufficient to initiate urothelial tumorigenesis along the invasive pathway; that p107 may play a critical role in suppressing invasive urothelial tumor formation; and that replacing/restoring the function of pRb, p107, or p53 could be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy to block urothelial tumor progression. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9413–21]
Dysregulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor β-Receptor Expression by ΔNp73 in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Wetterskog Daniel , Moshiri Abtin , Ozaki Toshinori , Uramoto Hidetaka , Nakagawara Akira , Funa Keiko
Published: December 2009

We have previously characterized how p53 family proteins control the transcriptional regulation of the platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor (PDGFRB) and found that ΔNp73α, acting dominant-negatively to p53 and p73, can upregulate PDGFRB promoter activity. Here, we report that PDGFRB regulation differs between two neuroblastoma cell lines, correlating with the actions of ΔNp73. We found that PDGFRB was highly expressed in IMR-32 cells, and serum stimulation of IMR-32 cells did not downregulate PDGFRB expression, as seen in SH-SY5Y cells. In IMR-32, ΔNp73 was found constitutively bound to the PDGFRB promoter, and silencing of ΔNp73 resulted in repression of PDGFRB promoter activity as well as decreased PDGFRB protein expression. However, the anticancer drug cisplatin, known to stabilize and activate p53 and p73, downregulated PDGFRB expression not only in SH-SY5Y but also in IMR-32. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that cisplatin removed ΔNp73 from the PDGFRB promoter and recruited p53 and p73, leading to binding of histone deacetylase 4. These results suggest a direct role of ΔNp73 in the constantly enhanced PDGFRB expression seen in tumors. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(12):2031–9)
Distinct Effects of Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Mammary Gland Gene Expression in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Padovani Michela , Lavigne Jackie A. , Chandramouli Gadisetti V.R. , Perkins Susan N. , Barrett J. Carl , Hursting Stephen D. , Bennett L. Michelle , Berrigan David
Published: December 2009

Energy balance, including diet, weight, adiposity, and physical activity, is associated with carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that obesity and sedentary and/or active behavior are risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women and survival in both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Thus, understanding the influence of energy balance modulation on changes in gene expression patterns in the normal mammary gland is important for understanding mechanisms linking energy balance and breast cancer. In a 6-week-long study, female C57BL/6 mice (9-week-old) were randomized into four groups: (a) food consumed ad libitum (AL), (b) AL with access to running wheels (AL+EX), (c) 30% calorie restricted (CR), and (d) 30% CR with access to running wheels (CR+EX). CR mice received 70% of calories but 100% of all other nutrients compared with AL mice. Diet and exercise treatments, individually and combined, had significant effects on body composition and physical activity. Affymetrix oligomicroarrays were used to explore changes in gene expression patterns in total RNA samples from excised whole mammary glands. Contrasting AL versus CR resulted in 425 statistically significant expression changes, whereas AL versus AL+EX resulted in 45 changes, with only 3 changes included among the same genes, indicating that CR and EX differentially influence expression patterns in noncancerous mammary tissue. Differential expression was observed in genes related to breast cancer stem cells, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the growth and survival of breast cancer cells. Thus, CR and EX seem to exert their effects on mammary carcinogenesis through distinct pathways.
The Molecular, the Bad, and the Ugly: Preventing Bladder Cancer via mTOR Inhibition
Authors: McConkey David J. , Dinney Colin P.
Published: December 2009

This perspective on Seager et al. (beginning on p. 1008) considers an important advance in the effort to control bladder cancer. Frontline therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder involves instillation of the crude immunomodulatory bacterial extract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin directly into the organ. Seager et al. now show that local administration of a chemical inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin strongly suppressed growth in a novel preclinical mouse model that develops carcinoma in situ, a particularly problematic form of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The results not only support the clinical evaluation of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in this setting, they open the door for the evaluation of additional molecular local therapies as well.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Acute and Chronic Childhood Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura over a Ten-Year Period: An Egyptian Multicenter Study
Authors: Elalfy Mohsen , Elbarbary Nancy , Khaddah Normine , Abdelwahab Magy , El Rashidy Farida , Hassab Hoda , Al-Tonbary Youssef
Published: December 2009

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare but major cause of death in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The authors reviewed data of 1,840 patient with ITP, from 5 pediatric hematology centers in Egypt from 1997 to 2007, to study the incidence and risk factors of ICH. Ten cases of ICH were identified with a median age at presentation of 7.5 years; 4 patients had acute ITP, 2 persistent and 4 chronic. The platelet count was <10 × 109/l in 7 cases, and only 1 patient had a history of head trauma. Seven children were on treatment prior to or at the time of occurrence of ICH and all were treated by pharmacotherapy. Two children died shortly afterwards due to late referral to a specialized center. Our results suggest that treatment does not prevent ICH and that it can occur at any time during the course of the disease. Delayed referral can be considered a risk factor for unfavorable outcome of ICH, highlighting the importance of teaching sessions for patients and their parents to minimize subsequent morbidity and mortality of ICH in children with ITP.
A Noninvasive Method to Identify Ineffective Triggering in Patients with Noninvasive Pressure Support Ventilation
Authors: Cuvelier Antoine , Achour Linda , Rabarimanantsoa Herinaina , Letellier Christophe , Muir Jean-François , Fauroux Brigitte
Published: December 2009

Background: Ineffective inspiratory triggering efforts are a major cause of poor patient-ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilation, but their routine identification requires the insertion of an esophageal catheter. Objectives: We developed a mathematical analysis of ventilatory tracings recorded under noninvasive pressure ventilation in order to identify ineffective triggering efforts and their consequences without recording esophageal pressure. Methods: We assessed 2,183 cycles from 44 pressure support tracings in 14 children with cystic fibrosis treated by noninvasive home ventilation. Airway pressure, flow and esophageal pressure time series were visually analyzed and manually counted. Airway pressure versus time and flow versus time were then analyzed using a dedicated algorithm written by us. Esophageal pressure was only used for validation. Results: A mathematical treatment of flow time series allowed us to draw phase portraits that had specific periodic trajectories for triggered ventilatory cycles and ineffective triggering efforts. From flow and pressure tracings, our algorithm correctly identified 100% of triggered cycles and 53/56 (94.6%) of ineffective triggering efforts. Ineffective triggering was associated with a significant reduction in minute ventilation, inspiratory flows and a significant increase in inspiratory efforts. Conclusions: A noninvasive analysis of flow and airway pressure can reliably identify ineffective triggering efforts during noninvasive pressure support ventilation. This approach may be a valuable tool for evaluating patient-ventilator interactions and their consequences during long-term recordings.
Altered Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles Associated With Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Ootsuji Hiroshi , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi , Usui Soichiro , Okajima Masaki , Okada Hikari , Sakai Yoshio , Takamura Toshinari , Horimoto Katsuhisa , Takamura Masayuki
Published: December 2009

Background—

Acute coronary syndrome is sometimes accompanied by accelerated coagulability, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses, which are not attributable to the cardiac events alone. We hypothesized that the liver plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome. We simultaneously analyzed the gene expression profiles of the liver and heart during acute myocardial ischemia in mice.

Methods and Results—

–Mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion, and myocardial infarction. Mice with liver ischemia/reperfusion were included as additional controls. Marked changes in hepatic gene expression were observed after 24 hours, despite the lack of histological changes in the liver. Genes related to tissue remodeling, adhesion molecules, and morphogenesis were significantly upregulated in the livers of mice with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion or infarction but not in those with liver ischemia/reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia, but not changes in the hemodynamic state, was postulated to significantly alter hepatic gene expression. Moreover, detailed analysis of the signaling pathway suggested the presence of humoral factors that intervened between the heart and liver. To address these points, we used isolated primary hepatocytes and showed that osteopontin released from the heart actually altered the signaling pathways of primary hepatocytes to those observed in the livers of mice under myocardial ischemia. Moreover, osteopontin stimulated primary hepatocytes to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which is important for tissue remodeling.

Conclusions—

Hepatic gene expression is potentially regulated by cardiac humoral factors under myocardial ischemia. These results provide new insights into the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome.
Representations of work—life balance support
Authors: Mescher Samula , Benschop Yvonne , Doorewaard Hans
Published: December 2009

This article explores how employers portray themselves as supporters of work—life balance (WLB) in texts found on 24 websites of 10 different companies. With a theoretical framework based on a critical reflection on strategic HRM, feminist studies of organizational culture and hegemonic power processes, we examine implicit and explicit messages of work, life, and WLB support. We study the cultural norms that can be distilled from these articulations, including the concepts of the ideal worker and the ideal parent and discuss the possible (unintended) effects of the implicit and explicit messages. Our analysis shows the ambiguity of the different messages conveyed on WLB support. In contrast to the explicit supportive messages, implicit messages present WLB-arrangements as a privilege. The majority of websites reproduce traditional cultural norms regarding ideal workers and parents and the power of hegemony is not broken. Apparently, WLB support does not always signify support.
Work—life initiatives and organizational change: Overcoming mixed messages to move from the margin to the mainstream
Authors: Ernst Kossek Ellen , Lewis Suzan , Hammer Leslie B
Published: December 2009

This article examines perspectives on employer work—life initiatives as potential organizational change phenomena. Work—life initiatives address two main organizational challenges: structural (flexible job design, human resource policies) and cultural (supportive supervisors, climate) factors. While work—life initiatives serve a purpose in highlighting the need for organizational adaptation to changing relationships between work, family, and personal life, we argue they usually are marginalized rather than mainstreamed into organizational systems. We note mixed consequences of work—life initiatives for individuals and organizations. While they may enable employees to manage work and caregiving, they can increase work intensification and perpetuate stereotypes of ideal workers. In order to advance the field, organizations and scholars need to frame both structural and cultural work—life changes as part of the core employment systems to enhance organizational effectiveness and not just as strategies to support disadvantaged, non-ideal workers. We conclude with an overview of the articles in this special issue.
Back to the Future: How and Why to Revive the Teachers College Tradition
Authors: Null Wesley
Published: November 2009

In this essay, the author argues for a reconsideration of the teachers college tradition within teacher ed curriculum. The author draws upon history and moral philosophy to make the case that the teaching profession has declined because teacher educators have neglected the philosophical tradition that the author maintains is the key to our future. The author’s thesis is that we must return to the teachers college tradition if we expect to flourish as a real profession and contribute to the civic health of our nation.
Culture, Craft, & Coherence: The Unexpected Vitality of Montessori Teacher Training
Authors: Cossentino Jacqueline
Published: November 2009

This essay examines the how’s why’s and what for’s of Montessori teacher training. Treating the Montessori system as an illuminating case of alternative teacher preparation, three concepts common to the lexicon of teacher education - culture, craft, and coherence - are explored in detail. Drawing both from both mainstream teacher education research and ethnographic studies of Montessori teacher training, the essay probes several conceptual puzzles aimed toward reconsidering key ideas related to the development of cultural and technical expertise.
The Work of Teaching and the Challenge for Teacher Education
Authors: Loewenberg Ball Deborah , Forzani Francesca M.
Published: November 2009

In this article, the authors argue for making practice the core of teachers’ professional preparation. They set the argument for teaching practice against the contemporary backdrop of a teacher education curriculum that is often centered not on the tasks and activities of teaching but on beliefs and knowledge, on orientations and commitments, and a policy environment preoccupied with recruitment and retention. The authors caution that the bias against detailed professional training that often pervades common views of teaching as idiosyncratic and independently creative impedes the improvement of teachers’ preparation for the work of teaching. They offer examples of what might be involved in teaching practice and conclude with a discussion of challenges of and resources for the enterprise.
Pathways to Critical Consciousness: A First-Year Teacher’s Engagement With Issues of Race and Equity
Authors: McDonough Kathy
Published: November 2009

In this article, the author considers the ways in which a White first-year teacher performs critical racial consciousness in the context of her urban fifth-grade classroom. The process of critical racial consciousness engagement is complex as well as understudied outside of preservice courses. The findings of this study fall into three themes—racial identity reflection, awareness of inequity, and challenges to engagement—and demonstrate that most of the ways in which this teacher engages in critical racial consciousness are subtle. The author asserts that “discourses of possibility” related to White racial consciousness can be encouraged in teacher preparation courses and concludes the article with implications for preservice teacher education and in-service teacher development.
Teacher Education for the Schools We Need
Authors: Caillier Stacey L. , Riordan Robert C.
Published: November 2009

The authors, faculty members in the new Graduate School of Education at the High Tech High schools in San Diego, discuss three trends that are reshaping our world and the ways we get work done. They then discuss the implications of these trends, both for how we educate our young and how we train and develop our teachers. Positing a reciprocal relationship between teacher education and school reform, the authors insist that if teacher education is to play a role in changing schools, it must itself change.To that end, they propose an approach to teacher training and professional development situated entirely in K-12 schools. They outline design principles for such an approach, illustrated with examples from the High Tech High Graduate School of Education.
A Pluralistic Approach to the Revitalization of Teacher Education
Authors: Gatlin Davida
Published: November 2009

This article argues that the stifling of innovation in teacher education has threatened the vitality of the field. Departing from the typical debate over the merits of the traditional versus the alternative route, this article encourages a pluralistic approach to teacher preparation that the author believes holds promise for revitalizing the field of teacher education. It highlights an innovative approach to teacher education taken by nonuniversity providers that may serve as models for future teacher education reform efforts and concludes with a challenging agenda for policy makers to create an environment in which multiple providers of teacher education are given the opportunity to innovate with new models for improving teacher education.
Grounded: Practicing What We Preach
Authors: Intrator Sam M. , Kunzman Robert
Published: November 2009

In this article we explore the challenges faced by teacher educators who struggle with the emotional and intellectual distance between their work in the university setting and the K-12 classroom. We consider the benefits of having teacher educators find ways to teach children and youth in K-12 contexts as part of their role as teacher educators--how living and working across both contexts can help revitalize a teacher educator's identity as well as improve the quality of his or her practice with preservice teachers. Finally, we suggest several models that provide teacher educators with the opportunity to work in both contexts.
The Boston Teacher Residency: District-Based Teacher Education
Authors: Solomon Jesse
Published: November 2009

This article describes an effort to create a coherent teacher recruitment, preparation and induction program in a large urban school district, based in part on the medical residency model. The article argues for several core principles in the creation of such a program: a) the program serves the school district, b) the program is structured to blend theory and practice, c) the program emphasizes the selection, recruitment and support of the mentor teacher and treats the mentors as teacher educators, d) the program creates an aligned set of induction supports which extend for the first three years of the new teacher’s career, e) the program treats student achievement as its ultimate outcome.
Predictors of Coparenting Relationship Quality in African American Single Mother Families: An Ecological Model
Authors: Sterrett Emma , Jones Deborah J. , Forehand Rex , Garai Emily
Published: December 2009

Nonmarital coparents, or adults who assist mothers with childrearing, play a significant role in the lives of African American single mothers and their children. Yet relatively little research has examined correlates of the quality of the coparenting relationship in these families. Using a broad ecological framework, the current study examined correlates of maternal-report of coparenting relationship quality in a sample of 242 low-income African American single mother families in the southeastern United States. Cross-sectionally, at each of two time points, neighborhoods characterized by lower levels of risk, higher levels of lax maternal parenting, and higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms were associated with a more compromised coparenting relationship.These findings were partially replicated in longitudinal analyses predicting coparenting relationship quality at Assessment 2 from Assessment 1 variables. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Individualism-collectivism and conceptualizations of interpersonal relationships among Turkish children and their mothers
Authors: Özdikmenli-Demir Gözde , Sayıl Melike
Published: December 2009

This study examined children’s, adolescents’, and their mothers’ individualistic-collectivistic (I-C) tendencies. Specifically, we investigated relationships among mothers’ and children’s socioeconomic characteristics and their I-C responses to interpersonal conflict situations. Participants were 240 students (from fifth, eighth, and tenth grades) and their mothers. To measure I-C tendencies, we used six hypothetical scenarios depicting interpersonal conflict situations. Results revealed that children’s responses were more collectivistic when compared with those made by adolescents. Mothers with higher education and children from relatively higher income families displayed more individualistic tendencies. Although participants generally gave more individualistic responses to home-based scenarios, responses varied depending upon situational factors. Such findings confirm the coexistence approach of I-C.