bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Worlds Collide: Observations on the Integration of Epidemiology and Transportation Behavioral Analysis in the Study of Walking
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , Coogan Matthew A.
Published: November 2011

Since obesity has emerged as a public health crisis in the United States, the factors that influence physical activity are of interest to both epidemiologists and transportation researchers. This article describes different approaches taken by the two disciplines to this issue. “Utilitarian” walking to accomplish a task, as opposed to structured exercise, could be a highly sustainable way for people to achieve recommended levels of physical activity. Transportation planners have begun to investigate factors of urban form and transportation services that influence the choice to walk. Epidemiologists have become more aware of the importance of factors in the built and social environment that could influence health behaviors like walking. Few transportation studies focus on the generation of the utilitarian walk trip as the key variable; rather, they include it in more general discussions of urban form. Likewise, most epidemiologic studies have not focused on utilitarian walking, but have folded it into an overall measure of physical activity that emphasizes structured exercise. Further transportation research should examine the effects of improved mobility services in addition to alterations of the built environment. Integration of epidemiologic and transportation behavioral research could enhance our understanding of the role of urban and transportation factors on physical activity.
Urban Form and Older Residents' Service Use, Walking, Driving, Quality of Life, and Neighborhood Satisfaction
Authors: Patterson Patricia K. , Chapman Nancy J.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study explored the relationship between pedestrian-friendly urban form as reflected in new urbanism design guidelines, and neighborhood service use, walking, driving, quality of life, and neighborhood satisfaction among older women.

Design.

A cross-sectional survey compared residents of census tracts similar in demographic characteristics but differing in urban form.

Setting.

The setting was urban and suburban areas of Portland, Oregon.

Subjects.

The sample consisted of 372 females living alone over age 70 in six census tracts; 133 (36%) completed surveys.

Measures.

The New Urbanism Index rated the physical features of respondents' neighborhoods. The Neighborhood Resident Survey assessed travel modes and neighborhood satisfaction. The Quality of Life Index measured resident well-being. The Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Charts measured health status. Group comparisons were made with t-tests and regression analysis.

Results.

Although limited by the cross-sectional design, the study showed that new urbanism partially explained several differences in service use and activity: distance to a grocery store (r2 change = .11, p = .001), number of services used within 1 mile from home (r2 change = .06, p = .007), number of walking activities (r2 change = .08, p = .001), number of services accessed by walking (r2 change = .14, p = .000), and number of services accessed by driving (r2 change = .05, p = .001).

Conclusions.

Traditional urban neighborhoods with mixed services and good pedestrian access were associated with increased walking among older residents.
The Relationship of Stage of Change for Smoking Cessation to Stage of Change for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Physical Activity in a Health Plan Population
Authors: Garrett Nancy A. , Alesci Nina L. , Schultz Monica M. , Foldes Steven S. , Magnan Sanne J. , Manley Marc W.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between stage of change for smoking cessation and stage of change for (1) fruit and vegetable consumption and (2) physical activity.

Design.

The data come from a cross-sectional telephone survey administered to a stratified random sample of health plan members (n = 9675).

Setting.

This study was conducted at a mixed-model health plan with approximately 1 million adult members.

Subjects.

Respondents were adults age 18 and older, who were randomly selected from five health plan product groups: commercial fully insured, commercial self-insured, two publicly subsidized plans, and Medicare supplemental insurance. Response rates ranged from 74.7% to 90.1% across these groups.

Measures.

The assessment included demographics and stage of change for smoking cessation, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable intake. Bivariate relationships among variables were analyzed with the use of contingency tables. Ordered logistic regression was used to examine the effects of stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity on stage of change for smoking while controlling for other factors.

Results.

Stage of change for smoking is more clearly related to stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption (χ2 = 161.3, p < .001; Cramer's V = .11, p < .001) than to stage of change for physical activity (χ2 = 89.7, p < .001; Cramer's V = .08, p < .001). However, stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity are not strong predictors of stage of change for smoking.

Conclusions.

This study indicates that stage of change for both fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity are independent constructs from stage of change for smoking cessation.
Goal Setting as a Strategy for Dietary and Physical Activity Behavior Change: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Shilts Mical Kay , Horowitz Marcel , Townsend Marilyn S.
Published: November 2011

Objective.

Estimate effectiveness of goal setting for nutrition and physical activity behavior change, review the effect of goal-setting characteristics on behavior change, and investigate effectiveness of interventions containing goal setting.

Data source.

For this review, a literature search was conducted for the period January 1977 through December 2003 that included a Current Contents, Biosis Previews, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ERIC search of databases and a reference list search. Key words were goal, goal setting, nutrition, diet, dietary, physical activity, exercise, behavior change, interventions, and fitness.

Study inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The search identified 144 studies, of which 28 met inclusion criteria for being published in a peer reviewed journal and using goal setting in an intervention to modify dietary or physical activity behaviors. Excluded from this review were those studies that (1) evaluated goal setting cross-sectionally without an intervention; (2) used goal setting for behavioral disorders, to improve academic achievement, or in sports performance; (3) were reviews.

Data extraction and synthesis.

The articles were categorized by target audience and secondarily by research focus. Data extracted included outcome measure, research rating, purpose, sample, sample description, assignment, findings, and goal-setting support.

Results.

Thirteen of the 23 adult studies used a goal-setting effectiveness study design and eight produced positive results supporting goal setting. No adolescent or child studies used this design. The results were inconclusive for the studies investigating goal-setting characteristics (n = 7). Four adult and four child intervention evaluation studies showed positive outcomes. No studies reported power calculations, and only 32% of the studies were rated as fully supporting goal setting.

Conclusions.

Goal setting has shown some promise in promoting dietary and physical activity behavior change among adults, but methodological issues still need to be resolved. The literature with adolescents and children is limited, and the authors are not aware of any published studies with this audience investigating the independent effect of goal setting on dietary or physical activity behavior. Although, goal setting is widely used with children and adolescents in nutrition interventions, its effectiveness has yet to be reported.
Reliability of Two Color Selection Devices in Matching and Measuring Tooth Color
Authors: Llena Carmen , Lozano Esther , Amengual Jose , Forner Leopoldo
Published: November 2011

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the intra and interdevice reliability of two tooth color measurement devices: EasyShade (ES) and SpectroShade Micro (SSM).

Materials and methods

Tooth color was measured in six maxillary and mandibular. L*, a* and b* values and shade matches to VITA Classical and Vitapan 3D-Master shade guide systems were determined for all teeth. ÄE was assessed. Paired t-test and correlation coefficient (ICC) were used.

Results

Intradevices no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between L*, a*, b*. Interdevice L* and b* were significantly higher for ES (p < 0.05), while a* was significantly higher for SSM (p < 0.05). ÄE showed no significant interdevice difference (p > 0.05). Intradevices ICC values were higher for ES but not significant (p > 0.05).

Discussion

The null hypotheses that they present no differences in their color measuring within devices or shade systems is accepted, but the results allow to reject the null hypotheses that they present no differences in their color measuring or shade systems between devices.

Conclusion

Both EasyShade (ES) and SpectroShade Micro (SSM) show excellent repeatability and so they can be used in office to evaluate tooth color or to assess color changes after treatment.

Clinical significance

Dental color can be diagnosed using dental spectrophotometers, allowing to detect in an objective way therapeutic dental color changes.

How to cite this article

Llena C, Lozano E, Amengual J Forner L. Reliability of Two Color Selection Devices in Matching and Measuring Tooth Color. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12(1):19-23.
Effect of Two Types of Composite Fibers on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Premolars: An in vitro Study
Authors: Oskoee Parnian Alizadeh , Esmaeel Ebrahimi Chaharom Mohammad , Kimyai Soodabeh , Oskoee Jafar Sadjadi , Varasteh Sahar
Published: November 2011

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the use of composite fibers (glass fiber and polyethylene fiber) at the gingival third of mesio-occlusodistal (MOD) cavities on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars.

Materials and methods

A total of 45 extracted premolars underwent endodontic treatment. MOD cavities, 2.5 ± 0.2 mm thick at the buccal and lingual heights of contour, were prepared, with the gingival cavosurface margin 1.5 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. Then the teeth were randomly divided into three groups. In group 1, the cavities were restored with Z250 composite resin without the use of any fibers. In groups 2 and 3, the teeth were restored in the same manner as that in group 1 after placement of glass fiber and polyethylene fiber at the gingival third of the cavities, respectively. Subsequent to thermocycling, fracture resistance of the specimens was measured in Newton (N).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey test at a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results

There were significant differences in the means of fracture resistance values between the three groups (p = 0.001). Statistically significant differences were observed in the fracture resistance between group 2 and groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.05). However, the differences between groups 1 and 3 were not significant (p = 0.25).

Conclusion

The type of fiber influenced the fracture resistance of endodontically treated human premolars.

Clinical significance

Using glass and/or polyethylene fibers in the gingival third of composite restorations leads to different results in fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars.

How to cite this article

Oskoee PA, Chaharom MEE, Kimyai S, Oskoee JS, Varasteh S. Effect of Two Types of Composite Fibers on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Premolars: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):30-34.
Frictional Resistance between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwire: An in vitro Study
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Husain Nadeem
Published: November 2011

Aim

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the kinetic frictional resistance offered by stainless steel and Titanium bracket used in combination with rectangular stainless steel wire during in vitro translatory displacement of brackets.

Materials and methods

In this study. Brackets: (All brackets used had a torque of – 7° and an angulation of 0°): (1) Dynalock (Unitek) 0.018” slot, 3.3 mm bracket width, (2) Mini Uni-Twin (Unitek) 0.018” slot, 1.6 mm bracket width, (3) Ultra-Minitrim (Dentaurum) 0.022” slot 3.3 mm bracket width, (4) Titanium (Dentaurum) 0.022” slot, 3.3 mm bracket width. WIRES: (1) 0.016 × 0.022” stainless steel (Dentaurum), (2) 0.017 × 0.025’'stainless steel (Unitek), (3) 0.018 × 0.025” stainless steel (Dentaurum), elastomeric modules (Ortho Organisers), 0. 009” stainless steel ligature wires, hooks made of 0.021 × 0.025” stainless steel wires, super glue to bond the hooks to the base of the bracket, acetone to condition the bracket and wires before testing and artificial saliva. Brackets were moved along the wire by means of an Instron universal testing machine (1101) and forces were measured by a load cell. All values were recorded in Newtons and then converted into gms (1N-102 gm). 200 gm was then subtracted from these values to find out the frictional force for each archwire/bracket combination. For each archwire/ bracket combination three readings were taken under wet and dry condition and also with stainless steel ligature and elastomeric modules separately.

Results

The results showed that narrow brackets generated more friction than wider brackets. Frictional force was directly proportional to wire dimension. Titanium brackets generated more friction than stainless steel brackets. Archwire and bracket ligated with elastomeric module generated more friction than when ligated with stainless steel ligature wire. Frictional forces in the wet condition were greater than in the dry condition for all archwire to bracket combinations.

Conclusion

Frictional force was seen to be inversely proportional to bracket width, frictional force was inversely proportional to bracket width, and in the wet condition were greater than in the dry condition for all archwire to bracket combinations.

Clinical significance

This study of friction is its role in lessening the force actually received by a tooth from an active component such as a spring, loop or elastic. Hence greater applied force is needed to move a tooth with a bracket archwire combination demonstrating high magnitudes of friction compared with one with a low frictional value.

How to cite this article

Husain N, Kumar A. Frictional Resistance between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwire: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):91-99.
Serum and Saliva Levels of Cathepsin L in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Mirzaii-Dizgah Iraj , Riahi Esmail
Published: November 2011

Aim

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death nearly all over the world, and accurate and rapid diagnosis of CAD is of major medical and economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Materials and methods

In a cross-sectional study, 39 patients with ACS and 28 with controls were recruited to the study, and cathepsin L levels were measured in serum, resting saliva, and stimulated saliva obtained 12 and 24 h after the onset of ACS by ELISA method. Statistical analyses of Fisher's exact test, the Student's t-test or Kruskal-Wallis test were performed.

Results

Stimulated saliva cathepsin L levels in patients with ACS 12 hours but not 24 hours after admission showed significant decrease compared with that in control subjects. However, there were no significant differences in serum and unstimulted saliva cathepsin L levels between groups.

Conclusion

Serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L remain unchanged in patients with ACS and hence may not be a promising factor in CAD risk assessment.

Clinical significance

It seems that serum and saliva cathepsin L may not be a good biomarker for CHD.

Abbreviations

CAD: Coronary artery disease, ACS: Acute coronary syndrome, CHD: Coronary heart disease, EU: Emergency unit, MI: Myocardial infarction.

How to cite this article

Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Riahi E. Serum and Saliva Levels of Cathepsin L in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):114-119.
Flare-up Incidence and Related Factors in Nigerian Adults
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Udoye Christopher I , Aguwa Emmanuel N , Habibi Mehdi
Published: November 2011

Aim

To determine the incidence of flare-up and the effect of age, gender, visit type, treatment duration, preoperative pain and intraoperative pain on flare-up in Nigerian adults.

Materials and methods

A total of 175 participants, aged 18 to 60 years with a necrotic central incisor, with or without preoperative pain, participated. They received postoperative paracetamol tablets and were asked to report back if unbearable pain/swelling developed.

Results

A 10% flare-up rate was recorded, while none of the studied factors had a significant relationship with flare-up.

Conclusion

The relationships between flare-up and studied related factors were not proven.

Clinical significance

Age, gender, visit type, treatment duration, preoperative pain and intraoperative pain have no effect on flare-up incidence.

How to cite this article

Udoye CI, Jafarzadeh H, Aguwa EN, Habibi M. Flare-up Incidence and Related Factors in Nigerian Adults. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):120-123.
Photoelastic Comparison of Single Tooth Implant-Abutment-Bone of Platform Switching vs Conventional Implant Designs
Authors: Zavanelli Adriana Cristina , Zavanelli Recardo Alexandre , Rossi Fabiana
Published: November 2011

Objectives

The maintenance and stability of peri-implantar soft tissue seem to be related to the crestal bone around the implant platform and different implant designs connections might affect this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate by photoelastic analysis the stress distribution in the cervical and apical site of implant-abutment interface of conventional implant joints (external hex, internal hex and cone morse) and compare to the novel platform switching design.

Materials and methods

It was fabricated photoelastic models using five different implant-abutment connection, one set of external hex (Alvim Ti, Neodent, Curitiba, Brazil), one set of internal hex (Full Osseotite, Biomet 3i, Florida, USA), one cone morse set (Alvim CM, Neodent, Curitiba, Brazil), and two sets of internal hex plus platform switching concept (Alvim II Plus, Neodent, Curitiba, Brazil) (Certain Prevail, Biomet 3i, Florida, USA). These models were submitted to two compressive loads, axial from 20 kgf (load I) and another (load II), inclined 45° from 10 kgf. During the qualitative analysis, digital pictures were taken from a polariscope, for each load situation. For the quantitative analyses in both situations of load, the medium, minimum and maximum in MPa values of shear strain were determined in the cervical and apical site. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between the different systems and between cervical and apical site were compared using Mann-Whitney U test.

Conclusion

The minor stress concentration strongly suggest the use of platform switching design as a manner to prevent bone loss around the implant-abutment platform.

Clinical Significance

From the result of this study its possible to make clinical decision for implant system which provides implant components with platform switching characteristics.

How to cite this article

Rossi F, Zavanelli AC, Zavanelli RA. Photoelastic Comparison of Single Tooth Implant-abutment- Bone of Platform Switching vs Conventional Implant Designs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):124-130.
Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on pH Changes of the External Medium after Intracoronal Bleaching
Authors: Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , de Sá Patrícia Marra , Jeronymo Raffaela Di Iorio , Yui Karen Cristina Kazue , da Silva Eduardo Galera , Huhtala Maria Filomena Rocha Lima , Gomes Ana Paula Martins
Published: November 2011

Aim

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of calcium hydroxide on pH changes of the external medium after intracoronal bleaching.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 extracted human premolars were prepared and filled with gutta-percha and endodontic sealer. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the bleaching agents employed: (a) Sterile cotton pellet with distilled water (control group); (b) sodium perborate and distilled water; (c) sodium perborate and 10% carbamide peroxide; (d) sodium perborate and 35% hydrogen peroxide; (e) 35% hydrogen peroxide. The teeth were stored in vials containing distilled water and the pH values of the medium surrounding the teeth were analyzed. After 7-day storage, the bleaching agent was removed and replaced by calcium hydroxide, and the distilled water was changed, in which the teeth were kept stored for further 14 days. Measurement of pH of the external medium (distilled water) was performed 7 days after insertion of the bleaching agents, immediately, 7 and 14 days after insertion of the calcium hydroxide. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by the two-way ANOVA and Tukey, s test.

Results

There were pH changes of the external medium at 7- day period after bleaching procedures. These results confirmed the diffusion of bleaching agents to the external medium.

Conclusion

Calcium hydroxide increased the external medium pH and was effective for pH alkalinization after intracoronal bleaching.

Clinical significance

Intracoronal bleaching of endodontically treated teeth may cause cervical root resorption. A possible explanation for this process is the passage of bleaching agents to the periodontal tissues yielding an inflammatory process. In an attempt to keep the neutrality of the periodontal pH, the calcium hydroxide has been recommended. Results of this study showed that this material should be always used after intracoronal bleaching.

How to cite this article

de Sá PM, Jeronymo RDI, Yui KCK, de Silva EG, Huhtala MFRL, Torres CRG, Gomes APM. Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on pH Changes of the External Medium after Intracoronal Bleaching. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3): 158-163.
Revisiting Amalgam: A Comparative Study between Bonded Amalgam Restoration and Amalgam Retained with Undercuts
Authors: Gupta Indra , Gupta Satyendra , Kothari Anjali
Published: November 2011

Aim

To compare the retention of amalgam restorations in bonded amalgam restoration and restorations with undercuts.

Background

With improvement in adhesive technology problem associated with conventional preparation for amalgam restorations mainly compromised resistance form of tooth structure have been largely overcome.

Materials and methods

Forty caries free extracted molars were used. A basic box preparation was done proximally with buccoproximal and linguoproximal walls diverging at 45° angle and the axial wall is 1.3 mm in dentin.

Group 1 – Teeth with basic box preparation.

Group 2 – Teeth with box preparation for bonded amalgam.

Group 3 – Teeth with box preparation and proximal retention grooves.

Group 4 – Teeth with box preparation and occlusal dovetail.

Group 1, 3 and 4 were restored with silver amalgam and group 2 restored with resin-bonded amalgam. All samples were subjected to simulated occlusal load against marginal ridge using a blunt stainless steel point in an Instron testing machine. The force in kilogram required to dislodge the restorations as well as the type and location of failure were recorded.

Result

The main force required to dislodge the restoration was least in group 1 and 3 and maximum in group 2.

Conclusion

The in vitro study showed that the amalgam bonding technique, using an adhesive resin liner in proximal box form preparation, was more effective than either box form with proximal grooves or dovetails or proximal box only in providing resistance to displacement.

Clinical significance

Amalgam bonding eliminates the unnecessary removal of sound tooth structure during cavity preparations.

How to cite this article

Gupta I, Gupta S, Kothari A. Revisiting Amalgam: A Comparative Study between Bonded Amalgam Restoration and Amalgam Retained with Undercuts. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):164-170.
Thirty Years Clinicopathological Study of 60 Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumors in Iranian Population
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Habibi Ataollah , Saghravanian Nasrollah , Salehinejad Jahanshah
Published: November 2011

Aim

To reevaluate all cases previously diagnosed as calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology at Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry from 1978 to 2008.

Materials and methods

Clinical histories and microscopic slides of all cases diagnosed as COC were reviewed and analyzed statistically. The information about patients such as age, sex, clinical features, radiographic view and other necessary data was gathered from biopsy files.

Results

The majority of cases occurred in mandible and four cases were peripherally. Thirteen cases were associated with other odontogenic tumors and 11 cases were odontoma type. In two cases, recurrence was reported after surgical treatment which underwent malignant transformation.

Conclusion

Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) in Iranian population occurs in younger age group with slightly male predilection and more mandibular, unicystic and simple type.

Clinical significance

It is better to address the noncystic CCOT lesions with their specific terms in order to make histopathological characteristics clear.

How to cite this article

Habibi A, Saghravanian N, Salehinejad J, Jafarzadeh H. Thirty Years Clinicopathological Study of 60 Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumors in Iranian Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):171-173.
Unstimulated Whole Saliva Parathyroid Hormone in Postmenopausal Women with Xerostomia
Authors: Mirzaii-Dizgah Iraj , Agha-Hosseini Farzaneh
Published: November 2011

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of xerostomia severity with unstimulated saliva parathyroid hormone (PTH) and to compare unstimulated whole saliva PTH between postmenopausal women with/without xerostomia.

Methods

A case-control study was carried out in 60 (30 as case and 30 as control) selected postmenopausal women with/ without xerostomia conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Xerostomia inventory (XI) score was also used as an index of xerostomia severity. PTH concentration was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis of Student's t-test and Spearman correlation was used.

Results

The mean unstimulated saliva PTH concentration was significantly higher but flow rate was lower in the case group compared with control. XI score correlated significantly with saliva PTH (r = 0.688, p = 0.001) and flow rate (r = – 0.529, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Xerostomia severity correlated positively with unstimulated whole saliva PTH and negatively with saliva flow rate in this group of postmenopausal women. Thus, salivary flow rate and PTH levels appear associated with xerostomia and menopause.

Clinical significance

Salivary PTH level appears to be associated with xerostomia and menopause.

How to cite this article

Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I. Unstimulated Whole Saliva Parathyroid Hormone in Postmenopausal Women with Xerostomia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):196-199.
Fast sulfur dioxide measurements correlated with cloud condensation nuclei spectra in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Thornton D. C. , Bandy A. R. , Hudson J. G.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. During the Rain in (shallow) Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) project simultaneous high rate sulfur dioxide (SO2) measurements and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra were made for the first time. For research flight 14 (14 January 2005) the convective boundary layer was impacted by precipitation and ship plumes for much of the midday period but not in the late afternoon. Number densities of accumulation mode aerosols (0.14 to 0.2 μm diameter) were a factor of two greater in the later period while CCN were 35% to 80% greater for aerosols that activate at supersaturations >0.1%. Linear correlations of SO2 and CCN were found for SO2 concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 parts-per-trillion (pptv). The greatest sensitivities were for SO2 and CCN that activate at supersaturations >0.1% for both clean and polluted air. In a region unaffected by pollution SO2 was linearly correlated only with CCN at >0.2% supersaturation. These correlations imply that the smallest CCN may be activated by SO2 through heterogeneous conversion. Evidence for entrainment of CCN from the cloud layer into the CBL was found.
Wind tunnel experiments on the retention of trace gases during riming: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: von Blohn N. , Diehl K. , Mitra S. K. , Borrmann S.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Laboratory experiments were carried out in a vertical wind tunnel to study the retention of different atmospheric trace gases during riming. In the experiments, the rimed ice particles floated in a laminar air stream carrying a cloud of supercooled droplets with radii between 10 and 20 μm. Ice particles, dendritic ice crystals, and snow flakes with diameters between 6 mm and 1.5 cm were allowed to rime at temperatures between −5 and −12 °C where riming mainly proceeds in the atmosphere and with cloud liquid water contents between 1 and 1.5 g m−3 which are values typically found in atmospheric mixed-phase clouds. Three trace species were investigated, nitric and hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. They were present in the supercooled liquid droplets in concentrations from 1 to 120 ppmv, i.e. similar to the concentrations measured in cloud drops. The chemical analyses of the rimed ice particles allow one to determine the trace species concentration in the ice phase. Together with the known liquid phase concentration the retention coefficients were calculated in terms of the amount of the species which remained in the ice phase after freezing. It was found that the highly soluble trace gases, nitric and hydrochloric acid, were retained nearly completely (98.6±8% and 99.7±9%, respectively) while for hydrogen peroxide a retention of 64.3±11% was determined. No influence of the riming temperature on the retention was found which can be explained by the fact that in the observed range of temperature and liquid water content, riming proceeded in the dry growth regime.
CRISTA-NF measurements with unprecedented vertical resolution during the RECONCILE aircraft campaign
Authors: Ungermann J. , Kalicinsky C. , Olschewski F. , Knieling P. , Hoffmann L. , Blank J. , Woiwode W. , Oelhaf H. , Hösen E. , Volk C. M. , Ulanovsky A. , Ravegnani F. , Weigel K. , Stroh F. , Riese M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers (CRISTA-NF), an airborne infrared limb-sounder, was operated aboard the high-flying Russian research aircraft M55-Geophysica during the Arctic RECONCILE campaign from January to March 2011. This paper describes the calibration process of the instrument and the employed retrieval algorithm and then proceeds to present retrieved trace gas mixing ratio cross-sections for one specific flight of this campaign. We are able to resolve the uppermost troposphere/lower stratosphere for several trace gas species for several kilometres below the flight altitude (16 to 19 km) with an unprecedented vertical resolution of 400 to 500 m for the limb-sounding technique. The observations are also characterised by a rather high horizontal sampling along the flight track that provides a full vertical profile every ≈15 km. Assembling the vertical trace gas profiles derived from CRISTA-NF measurements to cross-sections depicts filaments of vortex and extra-vortex air masses in the vicinity of the polar vortex. During this campaign, the M55-Geophysica carried further instruments, which allows for a validation of trace gas mixing ratios derived from CRISTA-NF against measurements by the in situ instruments HAGAR and FOZAN and observations by MIPAS-STR. This validation suggests that the retrieved trace gas mixing ratios are both qualitatively and quantitatively reliable.
Critical loads of nitrogen deposition and critical levels of atmospheric ammonia for mediterranean evergreen woodlands
Authors: Pinho P. , Theobald M. R. , Dias T. , Tang Y. S. , Cruz C. , Martins-Loução M. A. , Máguas C. , Sutton M. , Branquinho C.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) has emerged in recent years as a key factor associated with global changes, with impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems functioning and human health. In order to ameliorate the effects of excessive N, safety thresholds have been established, such as critical loads (deposition fluxes) and levels (concentrations). For Mediterranean ecosystems, few studies have been carried out to assess these parameters. Our objective was therefore to determine the critical loads of N deposition and long-term critical levels of atmospheric ammonia for Mediterranean evergreen woodlands. For that we have considered changes in epiphytic lichen communities, which have been shown to be one of the most sensitive to excessive N. Based on a classification of lichen species according to their tolerance to N we grouped species into response functional groups, which we used as a tool to determine the critical loads and levels. This was done under Mediterranean climate, in evergreen cork-oak woodlands, by sampling lichen functional diversity and annual atmospheric ammonia concentrations and modelling N deposition downwind from a reduced N source (a cattle barn). By modelling the highly significant relationship between lichen functional groups and N deposition, the critical load was estimated to be below 26 kg (N) ha−1 yr−1, which is within the upper range established for other semi-natural ecosystems. By modelling the highly significant relationship of lichen functional groups with annual atmospheric ammonia concentration, the critical level was estimated to be below 1.9 μg m−3, in agreement with recent studies for other ecosystems. Taking into account the high sensitivity of lichen communities to excessive N, these values should be taken into account in policies that aim at protecting Mediterranean woodlands from the initial effects of excessive N.
Optimal rain rate estimation algorithm for light and heavy rain using polarimetric measurements
Authors: Elmzoughi A. , Abdelfattah R. , Santalla Del Rio V. , Belhadj Z.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. In this paper, we propose an ameliorated physically-based rain rate estimation algorithm for semi-arid regions using the Rayleigh approximation. The proposed algorithm simultaneously uses the reflectivity and the specific differential phase to provide an accurate estimation for both small and large rain rates. In order to validate the proposed estimator, simulated polarimetric rain rate data based on a dual approach, referring to both physical and statistical models of the rain target, are used. Moreover, experimental radar data (the same as used in Matrosov et al., 2006) taken in light to moderate stratiform rainfalls with rain rates varying between 2 and 15 mm h−1 were collected as part of the GPM pilot experiment. It is shown that the proposed algorithm for rain rate estimation based on the full set of polarimetric radar measurements agree better with in situ disdrometer ones.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the “Autoconcepto Forma 5” Questionnaire in Young Adults from Spain and Chile
Authors: García José Fernando , Musitu Gonzalo , Riquelme Enrique , Riquelme Paula
Published: November 2011

The aim of this work is to examine the pentafactorial validity of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in Spanish and Chilean young adults. From the responses of a total of 4,383 young adults aged 17 to 22 years (1,918 Spanish, 44%, and 2,465 Chilean, 56%) it was analyzed the reliability of the instrument, the compared validity of the 5 oblique factor model proposed by the authors versus the unifactorial and the orthogonal alternative models, and was studied the invariance of one Chilean sample. The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the authors' pentafactorial model. The multi-group factorial invariance showed that Chilean sample of the AF5 does not change neither the Spanish factor weights, nor the variances and covariances of the factors, or the error variances of items. Finally, the internal consistency of the five scales was good in the samples of both countries.
Personality Patterns of Suicide Attempters: Gender Differences in Ukraine
Authors: Rozanov Vsevolod A. , Mid'ko Andrey A.
Published: November 2011

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the complete ‘pattern’ of a suicide attempter (SA) within the set of Big Five traits. Two models were used: M1, which includes the five main dimensions of Big Five in the analysis; and M2, which includes facets of those dimensions which were identified as important in M1. The study consisted of a group of SA (men – 326, women – 299) and a group of healthy volunteers (HV) (men – 143, women – 190) with a similar age range. Discriminant analysis (DA) showed that the factors most significant in discriminating the personality pattern of a male SA are (in decreasing order): (E) Extraversion, (N) Neuroticism, (C) Conscientiousness and (O) Openness; and for a female SA these factors were (E) Extraversion, (C) Conscientiousness and (A) Agreeableness. In M2 for men, the largest contribution to pattern recognition is (N3) Depression. Moreover, in M2 for men significant characteristics were (in descending order): (E6) Positive Emotions, (O1) Fantasy, (E4) Activity, and also (N2) Angry Hostility, (C3) Dutifulness, (C4) Achievement Striving, (C2) Order and (O6) Values; and for women: (E4) Activity, (C6) Deliberation, (C2) Order, (A6) Tender-Mindedness, (E5) Excitement Seeking, (E6) Positive Emotions, (C4) Achievement Striving, (A2) Straightforwardness, (C5) Self-Discipline and (E1) Warmth. Analysis of the obtained data demonstrates that suicide attempts amongst males, can largely be associated with personality variables reflecting negative emotions; while female suicide attempts are primarily associated with variables regarding activity and self-regulation.
Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Consumption of Substances and Eating Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Quiles-Marcos Yolanda , Balaguer-Solá Isabel , Pamies-Aubalat Lidia , Quiles-Sebastián María José , Marzo-Campos Juan Carlos , Rodríguez-Marín Jesús
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between adolescents with a high or low risk of developing an eating disorder (ED) in different health behaviors (eating habits, physical activity and the consumption of substances) per gender. The EAT-40 and the Inventory of Behavioral Health in Scholars were applied to 2142 middle school students from Alicante (Spain), of whom 52.8% were girls and 47.2% were boys, with an average age of 13.92 years old (Sd = 1.34). Results indicated that girls with a high risk of developing an ED consumed fewer meals, ate fewer unhealthy foods, followed more diets and paid more attention to nutritional components. Furthermore, they also performed more physical activity with the objective of losing weight, and consumed more tobacco, alcohol and medicines. Boys at high risk of developing an ED followed more diets and paid more attention to nutritional components. For boys, no more differences were found. These results suggest that any program directed at the prevention of ED should not only include nutritional education, but should also seek to promote regular physical activity with objectives other than weight loss or the burning of calories.
Drug Awareness in Adolescents Attending a Mental Health Service: Analysis of Longitudinal Data
Authors: Arnau Jaume , Bono Roser , Díaz Rosa , Goti Javier
Published: November 2011

One of the procedures used most recently with longitudinal data is linear mixed models. In the context of health research the increasing number of studies that now use these models bears witness to the growing interest in this type of analysis. This paper describes the application of linear mixed models to a longitudinal study of a sample of Spanish adolescents attending a mental health service, the aim being to investigate their knowledge about the consumption of alcohol and other drugs. More specifically, the main objective was to compare the efficacy of a motivational interviewing programme with a standard approach to drug awareness. The models used to analyse the overall indicator of drug awareness were as follows: (a) unconditional linear growth curve model; (b) growth model with subject-associated variables; and (c) individual curve model with predictive variables. The results showed that awareness increased over time and that the variable ‘schooling years’ explained part of the between-subjects variation. The effect of motivational interviewing was also significant.
I Control therefore I am: Effects of Mortality Salience on Control Attributions
Authors: Willis Guillermo B. , Tapia-V Alejandro , Martínez Rocío
Published: November 2011

Terror Management Theory posits that when individuals are faced with their own mortality, they use several defense mechanisms to reduce the existential anxiety caused by the thought of their own death. In this paper, we examined one such mechanism: Control attributions. To do so, we ran an experiment (n = 140) in which we manipulated mortality salience and type of failure (relevant vs. irrelevant consequences) with which participants were faced. Participants were then instructed to evaluate the possible causes of their failure. The results indicated that participants assigned to the mortality salience condition, compared to those assigned to the control group, were more prone to making controllable attributions. That is, even in situations in which individuals are motivated to avoid responsibility (i.e., a relevant failure), mortality salience increased perceived controllability. These results suggest that attributions might serve as a control mechanism to compensate for the sheer uncontrollability of death.
Predicting Team Output Using Indices at Group Level
Authors: Andrés Amara , Salafranca Lluís , Solanas Antonio
Published: November 2011

The present study explores the usefulness of dyadic quantification of group characteristics to predict team work performance. After reviewing the literature regarding team member characteristics predicting group performance, percentages of explained variance between 3% and 18% were found. These studies have followed an individualistic approach to measure group characteristics (e. g., mean and variance), based on aggregation. The aim of the present work was testing whether by means of dyadic measures group output prediction percentage could be increased. The basis of dyadic measures is data obtained from an interdependent pairs of individuals. Specifically, the present research was intended to develop a new dyadic index to measure personality dissimilarity in groups and to explore whether dyadic measurements allow improving groups' outcome predictions compared to individualistic methods. By means of linear regression, 49.5 % of group performance variance was explained using the skewsymmetry and the proposed dissimilarity index in personality as predictors. These results support the usefulness of the dyadic approach for predicting group outcomes.
Effective Behaviors to De-escalate Organizational Conflicts in the Process of Escalation
Authors: Medina Francisco J. , Benítez Miriam
Published: November 2011

The goal of the present study was to determine what behaviors negotiators can use to help to quell an escalating conflict. In doing so, we formed a sample of professionals who took on the role of negotiator when we provoked an organizational conflict between a superior and subordinate that escalates due to the intervention of research confederates. Trained judges analyzed the negotiators' behaviors that most effectively mitigated the intensity of the conflict in which they were involved. The results demonstrate that the behaviors most effective at de-escalating an escalating conflict are problem-solving and accommodation, especially when said conflict has escalated considerably. Similarly, jointly employing problem-solving and direct fighting behaviors also seems to help de-escalate conflict. The results do not, however, consistently support using a forceful behavioral strategy to de-escalate a conflict in the early stages of escalation.
Perceptions of Breastfeeding in Mothers of Babies Born Preterm in Comparison to Mothers of Full-Term Babies
Authors: Padovani Flávia Helena Pereira , Duarte Geraldo , Martinez Francisco Eulógio , Linhares Maria Beatriz Martins
Published: November 2011

The purpose of the present study was: a) to describe the theme of verbalizations about breastfeeding in mothers' pre-term (M-PT) and full-term (M-FT) infants; b) to examine the association between these themes and mother's anxiety and depression indicators and socio-demographic characteristics and, neonatal characteristics of the infants. The sample consisted of 50 M-PT and 25 M-FT. The mothers were assessed through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory and were interviewed using a Guide focusing breastfeeding issues. The M-PT group had significantly more mothers with clinical symptom of anxiety than the M-FT group. The M-PT reported more uncertainties and worries about breastfeeding and figured out more obstacles for the successful breastfeeding than the M-FT. These reports were associated positively with the infants' risk neonatal status; lower birth-weight, higher neonatal clinical risk, and more length time stay in NICU were associated with more mothers' worries and seeing obstacles for breastfeeding. In conclusion, the strategies to enhance the breastfeeding rate in the preterm population have to take into account the mothers' psychological status and their ideas in addition to offering information about the advantages of breastfeeding for child development.
Objective Assessment of Gender Roles: Gender Roles Test (GRT-36)
Authors: Fernández Juan , Quiroga Mª Ángeles , del Olmo Isabel , Aróztegui Javier , Martín Arantxa
Published: November 2011

This study was designed to develop a computerized test to assess gender roles. This test is presented as a decision-making task to mask its purpose. Each item displays a picture representing an activity and a brief sentence that describes it. Participants have to choose the most suitable sex to perform each activity: man or woman. The test (Gender Roles Test, GRT-36) consists of 36 items/activities. The program registers both the choices made and their response times (RTs). Responses are considered as stereotyped when the chosen sex fits stereotyped roles and non-stereotyped when the chosen sex does not fit stereotyped roles. Individual means (RTs) were computed for stereotyped and non-stereotyped responses, differentiating between domestic and work spheres. A “D” score, reflecting the strength of association between activities and sex, was calculated for each sphere and sex. The study incorporated 78 participants (69% women and 31% men) ranging from 19 to 59 years old. The results show that: (a) reading speed does not explain the variability in the RTs; (b) RTs show good internal consistency; (c) RTs are shorter for stereotyped than for neutral stimuli; (d) RTs are shorter for stereotyped than for non-stereotyped responses. Intended goals are supported by obtained results. Scores provided by the task facilitate both group and individual detailed analysis of gender role, differentiating the gender role assigned to men from that assigned to women, at the domestic and work spheres. Obtained data fall within the scope of the genderology and their implications are discussed.