bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Video Telephony
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Saurav K. , Kondi Lisimachos P. , Schuster Guido M. , Katsaggelos Aggelos K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Multimedia Communication Standards

The
H
.263 Video Compression Standard

The
G
.723.1 Speech Compression Standard

The
H
.324 Multimedia Communication Standard

Commercial Implementations

Advanced Topics
Designing Consumer Products for Ease of Use
Authors: Angiolillo Joel S. , Blanchard Harry , Israelski Edmond W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Human Factors Methods

The Human–Machine Dialog

The Human–Machine Dialog: User Input

The Human–Machine Dialog: Visual and Auditory Output
Digital Amplitude Modulation
Authors: Rohling Hermann , Grünheid Rainer , May Thomas , Brüninghaus Karsten
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modulation and Demodulation

The OFDM Transmission Technique

Channel Coding Aspects

Performance
Automatic Repeat Request
Authors: Elhakeem A. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stop‐and‐Wait Automatic Repeat Request

Selective Reject Automatic Repeat Request

Go‐Back‐NAutomatic Repeat Request

Hybrid of Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request: Type I

Hybrid of Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request: Type II

Mixed‐Mode Automatic Repeat Request

Automatic Repeat Request Techniques for Quality of Service Multicast Applications Over the Internet
Power Line Communication
Authors: Ferreira Hendrik C. , Grové Henricus M. , Hooijen Olaf , Han Vinck A. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Advantages and Disadvantages

Standards

The Channel

Other Communications Considerations

Communication Systems and Solutions
Chirp Modulation
Authors: Wysocki Tadeusz A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classification of Chirp and Relative Modulations

Spectral Analysis

Current and Future Applications
Cochannel Interference
Authors: Petrus Paul , Reed Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Interference Sources in Wireless Communications

Interference Mitigation Techniques

Interference Issues

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Compandors
Authors: Liu Chia‐Horng , Huang Chia‐Chi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analog Companding

Digital Companding

Conclusion
Demodulators
Authors: Nassar Carl R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital Data Demodulators

Analog Data Demodulators

Advanced Issues
Frequency Modulation
Authors: Fertig L. B. , McClellan J. H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Instantaneous Frequency Estimation: Background and Definitions

Measures of Performance for Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Algorithms

Algorithms for Instantaneous Frequency Estimation

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Military Communication
Authors: Wang Charles C. , Nguyen Tien M. , Goo Gary W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Unintentional Interference

Spoofing

Jamming

Antispoofing and Antijamming Techniques

Propagation Channel Characteristics

Fading Mitigation Techniques

Low Probability of Detect/Low Probability of Intercept (LPD/LPI)

Cryptography

Target Recognition or Classification

Global Positioning System

Military Satellite Communication Systems
Minimum Shift Keying
Authors: Boudreau Daniel , Patenaude François
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modulation Framework

Evolution of the MSK Format

Basic Mathematical Theory of MSK and GMSK Signals

Advanced Topics

Acknowledgments

Appendix 1. Complex Baseband Representation of Modulated Signals
Mobile Communication
Authors: Wysocki Tadeusz , Zepernick Hans‐Jürgen , Weber Ralf
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Overview of Concepts

Classification

Mobile Radio Channels

Spectrum Management

Conclusion
Sigma–Delta Modulation
Authors: Fischer Godi , Davis Alan J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts

Modulator Architectures

Design Example
Multipath Channels
Authors: Choi Sunghyun , Kim Sang Wu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Impulse Response of a Multipath Channel

Parameters of Multipath Channels

Classification of Multipath Fading

Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels

Techniques for Multipath Fading
Statistical Multiplexing
Authors: Krunz Marwan M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Operation

Quality of Service in Atm Networks

Priority Mechanisms and Scheduling at a Multiplexer

Burstiness and Traffic Correlations

Performance Analysis of a Statistical Multiplexer

Traffic Models in ATM Networks

Fluid Models

Effective Bandwidth

Open Issues and Challenges
Pulse Compression
Authors: Biegert Jens , Kubecek Vaclav , Diels Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Simple Model of Pulse Compression in Harmonic Generation

Applicability to Various Wavelength Ranges

General Equations and Notation

Results of Numerical Simulations

Experimental Results

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Phase Shift Keying
Authors: Ali Falah H. , Denbigh Philip
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Binary Phase Shift Keying (
BPSK
)

Differential Phase Shift Keying (
DPSK
)

M
‐Ary Phase Shift Keying (
M
‐Ary
PSK
)

Quadriphase Shift Keying (
QPSK
)

Offset Quadriphase Shift Keying (
OQPSK
)

Minimum Shift Keying (
MSK
)

Conclusions and Further Techniques
Radar Equipment
Authors: Ressler Marc , Bennett Matthew , Ton Tuan , Nguyen Lam
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Radar Frequencies

Types of Radars

Radar Nomenclature

Radar Targets

Scanning the Scene

Radar Displays
Spaceborne Radar
Authors: Kwok Ronald , Yueh Simon H. , Fu Lee‐Lueng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Spaceborne Imaging Radar Interferometry

Spaceborne Scatterometry: Ocean Winds

Altimetry: Large‐Scale Ocean Dynamics

Acknowledgment
Spread‐Spectrum Communication
Authors: Paulraj Arogyaswami , Sorelius Joakim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Why Spread Spectrum?

Processing Gain

Pseudorandom Noise Sequences

Spread‐Spectrum Techniques

Military Applications

Commercial Applications

Receiver Structures for SS/MA Systems
Telecommunication Cables
Authors: Sarkar T. K. , Adve R. S. , Salazar‐Palma Magdalena
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Transmission Lines

Cable Performance

Types of Cables

Fiber Optic Cable
Telecommunication Exchanges
Authors: Larsson Tony , Kotsinas Alexander , Kihlblom Björn
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Background

The Exchange From a Network Perspective

The Functions of an Exchange

Architecture of Computer Controlled Exchanges

Characteristics Requirements on the Exchange

Evolution Trends
Telecommunication Traffic
Authors: Rueda Jose A. , Kinsner Witold
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital Data

Digital Speech

Digital Images and Video

Image Compression by Learned Vector Quantization with Neural Networks

Traffic Analysis

Telephony Traffic

Traffic in Computer Networks

Traffic Engineering at the Forefront
Telegraphy, Submarine
Authors: Hempstead Colin A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theoretical and Instrumental Considerations

Collateral Consequences
Telemetry
Authors: Boyadzhyan Victor
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Telemetry Data Encoding

Telemetry System Concept

Telemetry Data Formatting

Telemetry System Description and Rationale

Telemetry Channel Coding
Telephone Traffic
Authors: Scheffer Marten F. , Goodhead Hilton
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sources of Traffic

Teletraffic Theory

Traffic Management and Enforcement Techniques
Transceivers
Authors: Dominique Francis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Communication Systems

Transceiver Characteristics

Radio Architectures

Transceiver Implementation

Conclusion

Abbreviations
Voice Mail
Authors: Caldwell Barrett S. , Paradkar Piyusha V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Advantages of Using Voice Mail

Basic Voice Mail Interface Tasks

Voice Mail Usability Features

Task Utility of Voice Mail Systems

Training and Documentation

Factors Influencing Voice Mail Effectiveness in Organizations

User Constraints on Voice Mail System Performance
Vsat Networks
Authors: Hadjitheodosiou Michael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Evolution of Vsat Networks

Overview of Vsat Networks

VSAT Network Architecture

Multiple Access in Vsat Networks

Provision of Integrated Services Using VSATs

ATM Via Satellite

Examples of Novel VSAT Services

AsymmetricTCP/IPto Support Internet Applications Via Satellite

Summary and Future Developments
Symbol Interference
Authors: Achatz Robert J. , Holloway Christopher L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Band‐Limiting

Channel Filtering

Quantifying Intersymbol Interference Effects

Conclusion
History of Wireless Communication
Authors: Leggatt Pat
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Faraday's Waves

Maxwell's Analysis

The Maxwellians

Oliver Lodge

Heinrich Hertz

Wireless Telegraphy Begins with Marconi

Lodge and Coherers

Lodge Versus Marconi

The Lodge–Muirhead Syndicate

Continuous Wave Telegraphy

Radio Telephony

Vacuum Tubes
Packaging Reliability, Chip‐Scale Semiconductor
Authors: Lall Pradeep
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Package Architecture—An Overview

Thermal Fatigue Reliability

Acknowledgments
Packaging of Optical Components and Systems
Authors: Jiang Wenbin , Lebby Michael S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Optical Components

Packaging

Packaging Philosophy and Roadmap
Encapsulation Materials and Processes
Authors: Rounds Nicholas A. , Wong C. P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Formulation Principles

Epoxy Curing Chemistry

Reliability

Non‐Epoxy‐Based Packaging Polymers

Processing

Hermetic Packages
Known Good Die Technology
Authors: Gilg Larry
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bare Die Technologies

IC Quality and Reliability

Methods of Assuring KGD

KGD Assurance Technology

Glossary
Printed Wiring Board Technology
Authors: Rasul Jad S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

PWB Technology

Printed Wiring Board System Types

Graphically Produced Boards

Materials for Printed Wiring Boards
Circuit Analysis Computing of Semiconductor Packages and Systems
Authors: Palusinski Olgierd A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electrical Package Modeling

Simulation of Signal Transmission
Thermal Analysis and Design of Electronic Systems
Authors: Kraus Allan D. , Bar‐Cohen Avram , Geisler Karl J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Trends and Needs in Thermal Management

Thermal Modeling

Thermal Resistance Networks

Advanced Topics
System Interconnects
Authors: Li Chung‐Sheng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Existing Interconnection Hierarchy

System Interconnect Standards

Optical Interconnects

Architecture of Optical Interconnects

Technologies for Optical Interconnect Systems

Research Activities on Optical Interconnects
Surface Mount Technology
Authors: Trybula Walter J. , Trybula Michael E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Terminology

Surface Mount Assembly Processes

Surface Mount Processing

Conclusion
Environmentally Sound Assembly Processes
Authors: Fang Treliant
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Environmental Awareness

Environmentally Benign Materials Selection

Assembly Process Considerations

Pollution Prevention

Product End‐Of‐Life Management
Active Filters
Authors: Stephenson F. William
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Second‐Order Structures

Higher‐Order Realizations

Integrated Filters
Adaptive Filters
Authors: Verdad Guillermo Espinosa Flores , Méndez José Alejandro Díaz
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Adaptive Filtering

Adaptive Filter Structures

Adaptive Algorithms

Implementations of Adaptive Filters
All‐Pass Filters
Authors: Aronhime Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Properties of All‐Pass Filters

Phase Distortion

Phase Equalizaton

An Application of Delay

A Synthesis Application

All‐Pass Circuit Realizations

Minimum Phase and All‐Pass Filters

Digital All‐Pass Filters
Analog Computer Circuits
Authors: Wait John V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Operational Amplifier Circuits
Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion
Authors: da Franca José Epifânio , Leme Carlos Azeredo , Vital João Calado
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Aspects of A/D Converters

Nyquist Analog‐to‐Digital Converters

Oversampling Converters
Asynchronous Circuits
Authors: Shams Maitham , Ebergen Jo C. , Elmasry Mohamed I.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Motivations for Asynchronous Circuits

Models and Methodologies

Design Techniques

Types of Asynchronous Circuits

An Asynchronous Design Example

Concluding Remarks
Asynchronous Sequential Logic
Authors: Acosta‐Jiménez Antonio J. , Bellido‐Díaz Manuel J. , Barriga‐Barros Angel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Self‐Timed Approach

Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous Approach

Limitations of Synchronous Circuits

Description and Representation Techniques of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

Architectures of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

Macromodule‐Based Circuits

Discussion of Characteristics and Performances
Bandpass Filters
Authors: Ramirez‐Angulo Jaime
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ideal Bandpass Filters

Practical Bandpass Filters

Mathematical Characterization of a Bandpass Filter

Bandpass Filter Implementations
Band‐Stop Filters
Authors: Choi Chiu H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Bipolar and Mos Logic Circuits
Authors: Gutierrez German , Whitaker Sterling
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bipolar Logic Circuits

CMOS Logic Circuits
Bootstrap Circuits
Authors: Embabi Sherif H. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bootstrapping in Digital Circuits

Bootstrapping for Analog Circuits
Bridge Circuits
Authors: Filanovsky I. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bridge Circuit Balance Conditions

Sensitivity

Application of Bridge Circuits for Measurement of Component Parameters

Application of Bridge Circuits in Transducers

Bridge Circuits in Network Synthesis

Bridge Circuits in Electronics

Conclusion
Butterworth Filters
Authors: Calôba Luiz P. , de Campos Marcello L. R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Background

Some Comments on Butterworth Filters

Maximally Flat Approximation

Butterworth Transfer Function

Phase and Group Delay

Synthesizing Butterworth Filters

Designing Butterworth Filters

Conclusions
Cascade Networks
Authors: Schaumann Rolf
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sensitivity

Cascading Condition

The Design Approach and Trade‐Offs

Dynamic Range
Cellular Arrays
Authors: Rekeczky Csaba , Roska Tamás
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Foundations and Mathematical Descriptions

Architectures and Biological Relevance

Physical Implementation

Applications
Chebyshev Filters
Authors: de Queiroz Antônio Carlos M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Chebyshev Polynomials

The Chebyshev Low‐Pass Approximation

Realization of Chebyshev Filters

The Inverse Chebyshev Low‐Pass Approximation

Realization of Inverse Chebyshev Filters

Other Similar Approximations
Circuit Noise
Authors: Leach W. Marshall
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thermal Noise

Noise Resistance and Conductance

Noise Temperature

Shot Noise

Flicker Noise

Excess Noise

Burst Noise

Noise Bandwidth

Measuring Noise

Addition of Noise Signals

v
n
–
i
n
AMPLIFIER NOISE MODEL

Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio

Noise Factor and Noise Figure

Noise in Multistage Amplifiers

Noise Reduction with Parallel Devices

Noise Reduction with an Input Transformer

Junction Diode Noise Model

Noise in Bipolar Junction Transistors

Noise in Feedback Amplifiers

Noise in Field Effect Transistors

Comparison of the Bipolar Junction Transistor and the Field Effect Transistor

Operational Amplifier Noise
Circuit Stability
Authors: Svoboda James A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Feedback Systems and Stability

Stability Criteria

Stability of Linear Circuits

Oscillators

The Root Locus
Combinational Circuits
Authors: Parhami Behrooz
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Implementations With Fixed Logic

Implementations with Memory Devices

Implementations with Programmable Logic
Current Conveyors
Authors: Sinsky Jeffrey H. , Westgate Charles R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nullator–Norator Circuit Analysis and its Application to Current Conveyor Design

Current Conveyor Circuit Architecture

Noise Considerations

Conclusion
DC Amplifiers
Authors: Fabre Alain , Seguin Fabrice , Zouaoui Abouda Hounaida , Barthelemy Herve
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Schema for DC Amplifiers

Analysis of the Bipolar Differential Input Stage

Analysis of MOS Differential Pair

General Criterion for Implementing DC Amplifiers

General Techniques Used to Reduce DC Errors in Amplifiers

Other Available Implementations

Concluding Remarks and Prospective Developments
Data Acquisition and Conversion
Authors: Nair Kavita , Zillmer Chris , Polla Dennis , Harjani Ramesh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sensors

Data Converters

System Designs Examples

Conclusion
Differentiating Circuits
Authors: Newcomb Robert W. , Sellami Louiza
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition

Circuit Implementations

Noise and Signal Swing Considerations

Semistate Equations
Diode‐Transistor Logic
Authors: DeMassa Thomas A. , Ciccone John
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic DTL Inverter

Modified DTL

Transistor Modified DTL

DTL Nand Gate

DTL Fan‐Out

DTL Power Dissipation

Conclusions
Discrete Time Filters
Authors: Martinez Jose Silva , Jovanovic‐Dolecek Gordana
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Discrete‐Time Signals and Systems

s
‐Plane to
z
‐Plane Transform

Discrete‐Time Analog Filters

High‐Order Filters
Distributed Amplifiers
Authors: Ishii T. Koryu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition and Structure

General Governing Equations

Periodically Loaded Active Diode Distributed Amplifiers

Periodically Loaded Transistor Distributed Amplifier

Thermionic Distributed Amplifiers

Quantum Electronic Distributed Amplifiers

Examples of Distributed Amplifiers

Continuous Distributed Amplifiers

Conclusions
Elliptic Filters
Authors: Noren Kenneth V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Approximation Problem

The Elliptic Approximation

Realizations of Elliptic Filters

Frequency and Magnitude Scaling

High‐Pass Elliptic Filters

Bandpass Elliptic Filters

Bandreject Elliptic Filters
Feedback Amplifiers
Authors: Schubert Thomas F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Feedback Concepts

Analysis of Feedback Amplifier Properties

Practical Feedback Configurations

Stability in Feedback Amplifiers
Fir Filters, Design
Authors: Netto Sergio L. , Mendonça Gelson V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Properties of FIR Filters

FIR Filter Design
Hysteresis in Circuits
Authors: Varrientos Joseph E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Hysteresis Function

Hysteresis in Ferromagnetism

Hysteresis in Electronic Systems

Higher‐Order Hysteresis

Mathematical Descriptions

Monolithic Implementations
Integrated Circuits
Authors: Ranganathan N. , Venkataramana Raju D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Technologies

The MOS Switch

IC Design Methodology

Circuit Design

Simulation

Layout

Fabrication

Testing
Integrating Circuits
Authors: Furth Paul M. , Andreou Andreas G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Integrating Circuits

Major Applications of Integrator Circuits

Performance Criteria
Intermediate‐Frequency Amplifiers
Authors: Walker Harold R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Intermediate‐Frequency Amplifiers for AM and FM

Cascading if Amplifier Stages and Filters

AM Stereo (C‐QUAM)
Ladder Filters
Authors: Liu Xiaojian , Bruton Leonard T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Ladder Filters

On the Design of PassiveLCLadder Filters

Active Integrated Circuit Implementations ofLCLadder Filters

Discrete‐Time SC and Digital Implementations ofLCLadder Filters
Lattice Filters
Authors: Newcomb Robert W. , Sellami Louiza
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition

Analog Lattice

Synthesis by the Constant‐
R
Lattice Method

Trade‐Offs and Sensitivity
Majority Logic
Authors: Metra Cecilia
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Majority Logic for Triple Modular Redundancy Systems

Majority Logic for N Modular Redundancy Systems

Problems in Case of Faulty Majority Logic
Matched Filters
Authors: Yin Shizhuo , Yu Francis T. S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Matched Filter for Continuous‐Time Input Signals

The Matched Filter for Discrete‐Time Input Signals

Applications of a Matched Filter

Conclusion
Mixer Circuits
Authors: Kimura Katsuji
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Application to Receivers

Semiconductor Devices for Mixers

Image‐Rejection Mixers

Mixing

Modulation and Frequency Translation

Analog Multiplication

Radio‐Frequency Signal and Local Oscillator

Frequency Synthesizer Figures of Merit
Multipliers, Analog
Authors: Gilbert Barrie
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Multiplier Basics

Multiplier Errors

Linear Error Sources

Nonlinear Errors

Dynamic Errors

Historical Techniques

Variable‐Transconductance Multipliers

Translinear Multipliers

High‐Frequency Translinear Multipliers

Multiplier Applications
Multivibrators
Authors: Newcomb Robert W. , Sellami Louiza
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Generic—Binary Hysteresis Multivibrator

Logic Gate Circuits

The 555 Timer

The Van Der Pol Oscillator

Transistorized Circuits
Nonlinear Filters
Authors: Hardie Russell C. , Barner Kenneth E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Filtering Problem

Nonlinear Weighted Sum Filters

Selection Filters

Filtering Examples

Conclusion
Phase‐Locked Loops, Applications
Authors: Davis William A. , Sweeney Dennis G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Generic Phase‐Locked Loop

Components

Acquisition

Noise Fundamentals

Applications of Phase‐Locked Loops

Conclusions
Phase Shifters
Authors: De Flaviis Franco
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Phase Shifter Classification

Phase Shifter Performance

Fixed Phase Shifters

Mechanically Tuned Phase Shifters

Electrically Tuned Phase Shifters

Acknowledgments
Preamplifiers
Authors: Duque‐Carrillo J. F. , Torelli Guido
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts Related with Preamplifiers

Design Considerations for Preamplifiers
Programmable Filters
Authors: Castor‐Perry Kendall
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Need for Programmability in a Filter Circuit

Programmable Elements Available for Filter Parameter Adjustment

Active Filter Architectures and Programming

Design for Manufacturability
Relaxation Oscillators and Networks
Authors: Wang DeLiang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Relaxation Oscillators

Networks of Relaxation Oscillators

Applications to Scene Analysis

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Switched Capacitor Networks
Authors: Sánchez–Sinencio Edgar
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Building Blocks

Effects of the OP AMP Finite Parameters

Design Considerations for Low‐Voltage, Switched‐Capacitor Circuits
Threshold Logic
Authors: Avedillo María J. , Quintana José M. , Rueda Adoración
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Threshold and Majority Gates

Threshold‐Gate Networks

Application to Median and Stack Filters
Time‐Varying Filters
Authors: da Silva Eduardo A. B. , Diniz Paulo S. R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Decimation, Interpolation, Sampling‐Rate Changes

Filter Banks

Wavelet Transforms

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C
Variable‐Frequency Oscillators
Authors: Gutierrez Germán
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Oscillators

Mechanical Examples

Electrical Resonators

Quality Factor (Q)

Sinusoidal Oscillators

Relaxation Oscillators

Programmability Design Styles: How To Vary The Frequency

Advanced Circuits

Summary and Suggestions for Future Study
Voltage References
Authors: Pease Robert A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Early Measuring Instruments

Standard Cells

Gas Discharge Tubes

Zener Diodes

Integrated Zeners

Bandgap References

Hybrid IC References

Features of Bandgap and Integrated‐Circuit References

The Josephson Junction

The Ampere

The OHM

Precision Measurements

Conclusion

Manufacturers

Acknowledgment
Voltage‐Frequency Converters
Authors: Vidal‐Verdú Fernando , Delgado‐Restituto Manuel , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Angel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts and Models for Oscillator Design

Converters Based on Multivibrators

Schmitt Trigger Converters

Charge‐Balancing Converters

Design Issues and Limitations of Converters Based on Multivibrators

Frequency–Voltage Conversion

Applications

Acknowledgment
Translinear Circuits
Authors: Gilbert Barrie
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Translinear Cells

Translinear Amplifiers

Translinear Design Principles
Bessel Functions
Authors: Gross Frank B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mathematical Foundation and Background of Bessel Functions

Derivation of a New Bessel Function Approximation
Correlation Theory
Authors: Edelblute David J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Physical Measurements and the Decibel Scale

Transformations

The Detection Problem

Least‐Squares Prediction and Estimation

Maximum Likelihood, Cramér–Rao, and Fisher’s Information Matrix

Fourier Transforms and Spectrum Estimation

Stationarity Issues

Bandwidth and Time–Bandwidth Products

Single‐Waveform Testing and Square Law Detectors

Two‐Channel Detection

Gaussian Distributions

Likelihood Detectors for Gaussian Noise

Other Distributions

Future Trends

Acknowledgments
Describing Functions
Authors: Taylor James H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Traditional Limit Cycle Analysis Methods: One Nonlinearity

Frequency Response Modeling

Methods for Analyzing the Performance of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

Limit Cycle Analysis: Systems with Multiple Nonlinearities

Methods for Designing Nonlinear Controllers

Describing Function Methods: Concluding Remarks
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions
Authors: Makarov Yuri V. , Dong Zhao Yang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition of Eigenvalue and Eigenfunction

Some Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalue Analysis for Ordinary Differential Equations

Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions for Integral Equations

Linear Dynamic Models and Eigenvalues

Eigenvalues and Stability

Eigenvalues and Bifurcations

Numerical Methods for the Eigenvalue Problem

Some Practical Applications of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Acknowledgments
Elliptic Equations, Parallel Over Successive Relaxation Algorithm
Authors: Meyer Gerard G. L. , Pascale Michael V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Architecture and Architectural Parameters

The Parameterized Family of SOR Algorithms

Latency Analysis

Conclusions
Fourier Analysis
Authors: Li Xin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fourier Series

Signal Sampling

Numerical Computation

Wavelets Approach

Conclusions
Gaussian Filtered Representations of Images
Authors: Ravela S. , Manmatha R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Gaussian Filtered Representation of Images

Matching Affine Deformed Images

Image Retrieval

Acknowledgment
Geometry
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analytic Geometry

Projective and Analytic Geometry

Differential Geometry
Green's Function Methods
Authors: Jin Jian‐Ming , Chew Weng Cho
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Scalar Green's Functions

Dyadic Green's Functions
Hadamard Transforms
Authors: Mark Jon W. , Barazande‐Pour M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Hadamard Transforms

The Modified Hadamard‐Structured DCT (MHDCT)

Applications of Hadamard Matrices

Acknowledgments
Hankel Transforms
Authors: Rahman M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Hankel Transform

Some Elementary Properties of Hankel Transforms

The Hankel Transforms of Derivatives of a Function

Relation Between Fourier and Hankel Transforms

Parseval's Relation For Hankel Transforms

The Hankel Operator

The Erdelyi–Kober Operators of Fractional Integration

Beltrami‐Type Relations

Dual Integral Equations Involving Hankel Transforms

Triple Integral Equations Involving Hankel Transforms

Quadruple Integral Equations Involving Hankel Transforms

Miscellaneous

Compendium of Basic Formulas

Suggested Further Reading

Acknowledgments
Hartley Transforms
Authors: Kar Dulal C. , Rao V. V. Bapeswara
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions

Hartley Transforms of Energy Signals

Relationship Between the Hartley and the Fourier Transforms

Properties of the Hartley Transform

Hartley Transform of Power Signals

Discrete Hartley Transform

Multidimensional Hartley Transform
Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Massey Frank , Yang Daoqi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Geometry of Hilbert Space

Linear Operators

The Equation
Au
 = 
f

Spectral Theory and Evolution Equations

Applications to Quantum Mechanics

Other Methods

Acknowledgment
Hilbert Transforms
Authors: Bogner Robert E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition

Salient Properties

Brief List of Applications

Hilbert Transformer

Origins

Properties

Implementation of Hilbert Transformers

Applications

Further Reading
Horn Clauses
Authors: Jeffrey John M. , Lobo Jorge , Murata Tadao
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Horn Clause Syntax and Terminology

Informal Horn Clause Semantics

A More Formal Semantics
Integral Equations
Authors: Rao S. M. , Gothard G. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Integral Equations

Method of Moments Solution

Sparse Matrix Methods
Integro‐Differential Equations
Authors: Garcia Manuel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Sample Analysis

Linear Equations

Volterra Animals

Applications
Laplace Transforms
Authors: Ritcey James A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Laplace Transform and Linear time Invariant Systems

First Applications

Basic Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transforms

Advanced Transform Pairs

Applications of the Laplace Transform in Probability
Least‐Squares Approximations
Authors: Mitrovski Zoran I. , Djuric Petar M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Preliminaries

More Basic Concepts

Basic Linear‐Algebra Concepts

Least‐Squares Curve Fitting

The General Linear Least‐Squares Problem

Solving the Linear Least‐Squares Problem

Weighted Least Squares

Polynomial Fitting and Spline Interpolation

Nonlinear Least Squares

Sequential Least Squares

Predictive Least Squares

The Bootstrap Method
Linear Algebra
Authors: Puri N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Vector Spaces

Euclidian Space and Matrix Representation

Matrix Algebra

Rank of a Matrix

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrices

Diagonalization of Matrices

The Jordan Canonical Form

Cayley–Hamilton Theorem

Computation of a Polynomial Function of the Matrix

Companion Matrices

Cholesky Decomposition (Also Known asLUDecomposition)

Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel Methods

Least‐Squares Best‐Fit Problem (Also Known as the Pseudoinverse Problem)

Hermitian (or Symmetric Real) Matrices and Definite Functions

Some Facts and Identities
Lyapunov Methods
Authors: Michel Anthony N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dynamical Systems Determined By Ordinary Differential Equations

Lyapunov and Lagrange Stability Concepts

Lyapunov Functions

Lyapunov Stability Results—Motivation

The Principal Lyapunov and Lagrange Stability Theorems

Some Extensions and Further Results

Some Notes and References
Minmax Techniques
Authors: Lambert‐Torres Germano , Pinto João Onofre Pereira , da Silva Luiz Eduardo Borges
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Operations With Ordinary Sets

Fuzzy Sets

Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Statements

Ordinary and Fuzzy Relations

Composition of Two Relations

An Illustrative Example
Minimization
Authors: Ramesh V. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problem Formulation

A Fuzzy Model

Obtaining Fuzzy Tolerance Parameters

The Algorithm

Conclusion
Number Theory
Authors: Patterson Wayne
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Divisibility

Multiplicative Functions

Congruence

Quadratic Residues

Sums of Squares

Continued Fractions

Algebraic and Transcendental Numbers

Partitions

Prime Numbers

Diophantine Equations

Elliptic Curves

Applications
Probabilistic Logic
Authors: Pittarelli Michael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Probability
Authors: Bell Kristine L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Probability

Discrete Random Variables and Distributions

Continuous Random Variables and Distributions

Expectation

Sums of Independent Random Variables

Special Discrete Distributions

Special Continuous Distributions

Limit Theorems
Random Matrices
Authors: Stephanov M. A. , Verbaarschot J. J. M. , Wettig T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mathematical Methods I: Hermitian Matrices

Mathematical Methods II: Non‐Hermitian Matrices

APplications and Advanced Topics
Homotopy Algorithm for Riccati Equations
Authors: Ge Yuzhen , Watson Layne T. , Bernstein Dennis S. , Collins, Jr. Emmanuel G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Riccati Equations

Homotopy Algorithm Based on Ly's Formulation

Homotopy Algorithm Based on Overparametrization Formulation

Numerical Algorithms

The Distributed Homotopy Algorithm

Numerical Results and Discussion

Acknowledgment
Roundoff Errors
Authors: Dutt Shantanu , Boley Daniel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Representation of Floating‐Point Numbers

Catastrophic Effects of Round‐Off Error

Effect on Algorithms

Synopsis of Fault Tolerance Techniques for Linear Algebra

Analysis of Error Propagation

Integer Checksums for Floating‐Point Computations
Theory of Difference Sets
Authors: Arasu K. T. , Pott Alexander
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Known Families of Difference Sets

Multipliers

Nonexistence Results Via Self‐Conjugacy

Relative Difference Sets

Known Families Of Relative Difference Sets

Difference Sets and Perfect Sequences

Almost Perfect Sequences and Divisible Difference Sets
Switching Functions
Authors: Ilchmann Achim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Universal Adaptive Control

Nussbaum Functions

Switching Decision Functions

Switching Functions

Unbounded Switching Functions

Applications

Acknowledgment
Equation Manipulation
Authors: Kapur Deepak
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Equational Inference

Equation Solving Over Terms: Unification

Polynomial Equation Solving

Acknowledgment
Temporal Logic
Authors: Cohen Ernie , Narain Sanjai
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Transition Systems

Linear‐Time Temporal Logic

Branching‐Time Logics

Reasoning About Real‐Time Systems

Tools

Further Reading
Time‐Domain Analysis
Authors: Teixeira F. L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Time‐Domain Differential‐Equation Modeling

Time Integration Schemes

Convolution and Recursive Functions

Time‐Domain Integral‐Equation Methods

Current Issues
Transfer Functions
Authors: Mattern Duane
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Continuous Time Transfer Functions

Transfer Function Models of First‐ and Second‐Order Linear Systems

Cascading Transfer Functions and the Loading Assumption

Block Diagrams

Properties of Transfer Functions

State‐Space Methods

Simulation of Linear Dynamic Systems

Control System Design and Analysis

Experimental Identification of Discrete Transfer Functions
Traveling Salesperson Problems
Authors: Lin Wei , Delgado‐Frias José G. , Gause Donald C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Evolutionary Computation

Holland's Fundamental Theorem and the TSP Schemata

Hybrid Newton–Raphson Genetic Algorithm
Vectors
Authors: Cantrell C. D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Vector Components in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems

Vector Integration

Vector Operators
Wavelet Transforms
Authors: Deans Stanley R. , Heine John J. , Gangadharan Deepak , Qian Wei , Kallergi Maria , Clarke Laurence P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts

Classification of Signals

Time–Frequency Resolution

Some History

The Continuous Wavelet Transform

Discrete Wavelet Transform

Mechanics of Doing the Transform

Octave Band Tree Structure

Some Interesting Applications

Wavelets on the Internet
z
transforms
Authors: Sullivan Dennis M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition of the
Z
Transform

Convolution Using the
Z
Transform

Convolution of Sampled Signals

Properties of
Z
Transforms

The Inverse
Z
Transform

Stability

Alternative Methods to Formulate the
Z
Transform

An Example from Electromagnetic Simulation
Algorithmic Differentiation and Differencing
Authors: Rall Louis B. , Corliss George F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

An Example

Algorithmic Generation of Taylor Coefficients

Solution of Initial‐Value Problems

First‐Order Partial Derivatives

Gradients in Reverse Mode

Code Lists, Programs, and Computational Graphs

Differentiation Arithmetics

Some Applications of Automatic Differentiation

Implementation of Automatic Differentiation

Algorithmic Differencing
Chaos Time Series Analysis
Authors: Cohen Maurice E. , Hudson Donna L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Methods for Evaluation of Time Series Data

Evaluation of Experimental Data

Continuous Chaotic Modeling Versus Discrete Chaotic Modeling
Wavelet Methods for Solving Integral and Differential Equations
Authors: Goswami Jaideva C. , Miller Richard E. , Nevels Robert D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Wavelet Preliminaries

Integral Equations

Matrix Equation Generation

Intervallic Wavelets

Numerical Results

Semiorthogonal Versus Orthogonal Wavelets

Differential Equations
Linear Network Elements
Authors: De Menna Luciano , Miano Giovanni
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Resistive One‐Ports

Linear Resistive Elements With More Than Two Terminals

Dynamic One‐Ports

Mutually Coupled Circuits

Final Considerations
Network Analysis, Sinusoidal Steady State
Authors: Premoli Amedeo , Storti‐Gajani Giancarlo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Notes

Sinusoids and Phasors

Phasor Domain Analysis of Circuits in Sinusoidal Steady State

Power in Sinusoidal Steady State

Network Functions

Logarithmic Scales and Bode Plots

Resonance
Transient Analysis
Authors: Feely Orla
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Time‐Domain Analysis

Laplace Transform Circuit Analysis

Natural Response and Zero‐State Response

Fourier Transform Circuit Analysis

Hazards for the Unwary
Transmission Using Chaotic Systems
Authors: Dedieu Hervé
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Synchronization of Chaotic Systems

Exploiting Chaos Synchronization for Transmission of Information

Exploiting Chaos for Information Transmission by Means of Statistical Decision

Improving Chaos Transmission by Exploiting the Deterministic Feature of Chaos
Filter Synthesis
Authors: Lueder Ernst
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

An Overview of Classical Filters

The Synthesis of Filters

Surface Acoustic Wave Filters

Areas for Future Study

Acknowledgments
Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Fettweis Alfred
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Importance of the Sensitivity Concept

Sensitivity Definitions

Sensitivity in Passive, Especially Lossless Circuits

Sensitivity Aspects in Other Types of Circuits and in Computation

Some General Sensitivity Properties
Broadband Networks
Authors: Yarman B. Siddik
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Filter or Insertion Loss Problem in View of Broadband Matching

Analytic Solution of the Broadband Matching Problem

Modern Approaches to Broadband Matching Problems: CAD Techniques—Real Frequency Solutions
Nonlinear Network Elements
Authors: Masetti Guido , Speciale Nicolò
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Ideal Elements

Multi‐Terminal Elements

Device Models and Equivalent Circuit Models

Advanced Models
Circuit Stability of DC Operating Points
Authors: Green M. M. , Willson A. N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Definitions

How to Identify Unstable DC Operating Points

Modeling Requirements for Reactive Elements

General Properties of Operating Point Stability in Eventually Passive Circuits

Identifying Unstable Operating Points Using Spice

Application of Operating Point Stability to Nonlinear One‐Ports

Conclusion
Nonlinear Dynamic Phenomena in Circuits
Authors: Kawakami Hiroshi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Mathematical Facts

Local Properties of Circuit Dynamics

Periodic State and Its Stability

Bifurcations of Equilibria Points and Periodic States

Homoclinic Structure of Nonlinear Circuit Dynamics

Further References on Nonlinear Phenomena in Circuit Dynamics
Oscillator Design
Authors: Mathis Wolfgang , Russer Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Foundations

Design Aspects

Advanced Microwave Oscillator Design Tools

Noise in Oscillators

Synchronization of Oscillators

Miscellaneous Problems of Oscillator Design
Phase‐Locked Loops
Authors: Kolumbán Géza
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analog Phase‐Locked Loop

PLL Applications

Phase Detectors

Other PLL Configurations

Closing Remarks
Operational Amplifiers
Authors: Nairn David G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Ideal op amp

Application Issues

Implementation Issues
Nonlinear Circuit Synthesis Using Integrated Circuits
Authors: Delgado‐Restituto Manuel , Vidal Fernando , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Angel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Outline of Intrinsic Primitive Nonlinearities

Basic Continuous Operations

Basic Piecewise Nonlinear Operations

Derived Continuous Nonlinear Operations

Derived Piecewise Nonlinear Operations
Circuit Analysis Computing by Waveform Relaxation
Authors: Ruehli Albert E. , Johnson Thomas A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Structure of VLSI Circuits

Internal WR Algorithms

External Global WR Algorithms

Windowing and Other Efficiency Improvements

Parallel Waveform‐Relaxation‐Based Circuit Simulation

Summary and Conclusions
Periodic Nonlinear Circuits
Authors: Ushida Akio , Okumura Makiko
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Time‐Domain Approach

Frequency‐Domain Approach

Small Signal Analysis Method for Periodic Nonlinear Circuits

Noise Analysis Methods for Periodic Nonlinear Circuits
Filter Approximation Methods
Authors: Szentirmai George
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Approximation Problem

Closed‐Form Solutions

Iterative Solutions

Approximation of Fir Digital Filters

Time‐Domain Approximation

Appendix A: Temes‐Gyi Procedure

Appendix B: Optimization Strategies

Appendix C: Special Functions
Circuit Optimization
Authors: Sapatnekar Sachin S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Optimization Algorithms

Multicriterion Optimization and Pareto Criticality

Discrete Optimization

Application to Circuit Optimization Problems

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Nonlinear System Representation
Authors: Chow Tommy W. S. , Tan Hong‐Zhou , Fang Yong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Input–Output System Representation

Nonlinear Differential Algebraic Representation

Volterra Representation

State‐Space Representation

Bilinear Representation

Narma Representation

Fuzzy‐Logic Nonlinear Representation

Nonlinear Representation Using Neural Networks

Model‐Free Representation

Features of Nonlinear Representations

Example

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Stability of Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Chen Guanrong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stability of Nonlinear Systems

Nonlinear System Preliminaries

Lyapunov, Orbital, and Structural Stabilities

Various Stability Theorems

Linear Stability of Nonlinear Systems

Total Stability: Stability Underpersistent Disturbances

Absolute Stability and Frequency Domain Criteria

Bibo Stability

Concluding Remarks
Volterra Series
Authors: Lamnabhi‐Lagarrigue Françoise
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Functional Representation of Nonlinear Systems

Recursive Computation of the Kernels

Computation of the Response to Typical Inputs

Distortion Analysis
Chaotic Systems Control
Authors: Ogorzałek Maciej
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition of Chaotic Behavior

What Chaos Control Means

Goals of Control

Suppressing Chaotic Oscillations by Changing System Design

External Perturbation Techniques

Control Engineering Approaches

Stabilizing Unstable Periodic Orbits

Chaos Control by Occasional Proportional Feedback

Improved Electronic Chaos Controller

Chaos‐to‐Chaos Control

Control of Spatiotemporal Chaotic Systems

Electronic Chaos Controllers

Conclusions
Automatic Guided Vehicles
Authors: Sproule William J. , McGean Thomas J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Automatic Train Control

New Directions in Automatic Train Control

Development of Standards for AGT Systems

Future Trends
Electronic Components
Authors: de Silva Clarence W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Materials and Passive Components

Active Components

Light Emitters and Displays

Light Sensors
Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Jamshidi Mohammad
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fuzzy Sets Versus Crisp Sets

The Shape of Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy Sets Operations

Fuzzy Logic and Approximate Reasoning