bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graph‐based saliency and ensembles of convolutional neural networks for glaucoma detection
Authors: Serte Sertan , Serener Ali
Published: December 2020

Glaucoma, after cataracts, is the second leading cause of worldwide vision loss. An ophthalmologist may use various tools and methods to diagnose a glaucomatous eye. Computer‐aided methods involving deep convolutional neural networks also made it recently possible to detect glaucoma on fundus images. Previous studies traditionally trained a single convolutional neural network for automatic detection of glaucoma. In this study, a more advanced way of accurate automated glaucoma recognition is proposed. First, a graph‐based saliency region detection is used to crop the optic disc and remove the redundant parts of the fundus images. Then, four methods are used to ensemble convolutional neural network models comprising up to three deep learning architectures for glaucoma classification. The detection performance of this model is better than a recent study that used the same dataset. It is also as good as, or better than, the results reported by other recent research in the literature on glaucoma detection.
Delta tributary network—An efficient alternate approach for bottleneck layers in CNN for plant disease classification
Authors: Gunasekaran Suresh , Gunavathi Kandasamy
Published: December 2020

Currently, numerous research works have been proposed for diagnosing leaf diseases using state of the art convolutional neural networks. In this work, we propose a novel architecture called “Delta Tributary Network” that is built by stacking microarchitecture blocks called delta blocks specifically designed for leaf disease classification. These delta blocks utilize a novel channel split algorithm to reduce the number of channels given as input to 3 × 3 convolution layers. Unlike the existing bottleneck design which uses 1 × 1 convolution layers to decrease channel dimension space, Delta tributary network utilizes the a novel channel split algorithm to control the number of input channels togiven to 3 × 3 convolution layers, thereby preventing the linear stack of layers and henceforth avoiding over fitting and vanishing gradient problems. Delta tributary network when tested on plant village dataset gives an accuracy of 96% with just 0.3 million parameters on 133 MFLOP (Million Floating Point Operations) calculations. Further, delta tributary network tested on other bench mark datasets like CIFAR 10, CIFAR 100, MNIST and Fashion MNIST delivers higher accuracy than the other state of the art models with lesser trainable parameters, proving that delta blocks extract efficient potential features.
Overdensity of VVV galaxies behind the Galactic bulge
Authors: Galdeano Daniela , Pereyra Luis , Duplancic Fernanda , Coldwell Georgina , Alonso Sol , Ruiz Andrés N. , Cora Sofía A. , Perez Noelia , Vega-Martínez Cristian , Minniti Dante
Published: December 2020

Context. The extragalactic vision we have through the Milky Way is very unclear. There is significant extinction of the optical emission from objects located in the region called the zone of avoidance (ZOA). NIR wavelengths are less affected by extinction, and therefore the infrared surveys in this zone are a potential source of astronomical discoveries. Nevertheless, these observations need to be compared with cosmological simulations in order to carry out high−accuracy studies.

Aims. Our aim is to identify extragalactic sources in the ZOA, using infrared images of the VVV survey. We consider mock galaxy catalogues in order to interpret observational results.

Methods. We studied a region of 1.636 square degrees corresponding to the VVV tile b204. Using SExtractor, we analysed photometric data generating a catalogue of extended sources in this area. In order to confirm these sources as galaxy candidates we visually inspected RGB images looking for typical galaxy features. Using 2MASX and GCMW catalogued sources we tested completeness and contamination of our catalogue and define suitable colour cuts to select galaxies. We also compared the observational results with those obtained from two semi-analytical models on Dark Matter simulations. One galaxy catalogue was constructed with the SAG semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, and the other one was constructed with the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model.

Results. By adopting CLASS_STAR < 0.5, r1/2 > 0.7 arcsec and specific colour cuts (J − Ks > 0.97, J − H > 0 and H − Ks > 0) we generated an automatic catalogue of extended sources. After visual inspection we identified 624 sources with 10 < Ks < 17 as galaxy candidates. The contamination of the automatic catalogue is 28% when considering visually confirmed galaxies as reliable objects. The estimated completeness is 87% up to magnitude Ks = 13.5. We analysed the spatial distribution of galaxy candidates, finding a high concentration of galaxies in a small region of 15 arcmin radius. This region has three times higher density than similar areas in the tile. We compared the number of galaxies in this small area with the mean density values obtained from a suitable sample of galaxies from semi-analytic models finding that our results are consistent with an overdensity region.

Conclusions. Using VVV near-infrared data and mock catalogues we detect new extragalactic sources that have not been identified by other catalogues. We demonstrate the potentiality of the VVV survey in finding and studying a large number of galaxy candidates and extragalactic structures obscured by the Milky Way.
L’évolution des biotechnologies pharmaceutiques : faire parler le génome pour développer, améliorer et personnaliser les thérapies et la prise en charge des patients
Authors: Auter Alix , Deplace Aymeric , Freytag Damien , Kern Marion , Plasse Pierre-Grégoire , Walther Lucas , Zimmermann Dorine
Published: December 2020

Grâce à l’accroissement des connaissances associées aux génomes permis par le séquençage à haut débit, à la multiplication des outils d’ingénierie génétique ainsi qu’aux autres technologies « omiques », les biotechnologies pharmaceutiques ont favorisé l’identification et la validation de nombreuses cibles diagnostiques et thérapeutiques et ont ainsi conduit au développement de nombreuses thérapies ciblées. Bien que leur histoire soit récente, les biotechnologies pharmaceutiques évoluent rapidement et offrent des perspectives réjouissantes à l’aube de la médecine de précision.
A review on solid riveting techniques in aircraft assembling
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Xi Jiangjing , Zheng Kailun , Shi Zhusheng , Lin Jianguo , Nikbin Kamran , Duan Shihui , Wang Binwen
Published: December 2020

Solid riveting is the most widely used joining technique in aircraft assembly, and the current key problems affecting practical application and reliable lifting are concentrated on static strength and fatigue. This paper aims to present a practical review on current practice and novel techniques of solid riveting for aircraft applications in order to obtain a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms of defect development to assist industrial users to find pragmatic solutions for safe life extension of components. At first, the current status of solid riveting processes is reviewed, and the key influencing factors on static/fatigue failure of riveted joints are identified. Effects of solid riveting design parameters, manufacturing parameters, residual stress, load transfer and secondary bending on static and fatigue strengths of riveted lap joints are discussed, followed by a review of the state-of-the-art solutions that deal with static/fatigue failures. Furthermore the new development in solid riveting techniques, including the use of different materials and riveting processes, is addressed. Finally, future research perspective and applications industrial riveting is presented.
Linguistic analysis of a humorous dialogic discourse (on the material of German-, English - and Russian everyday joke)
Authors: Tyukina Lydmila , Babayan Vladimir , Lazović Milica
Published: December 2020

The research shows what features and functions distinguish everyday joke from other types of text. It focuses on the genre of joke and its repetitive, dynamic elements in a descriptive context. The leading research question in this paper is: how can general, typical characteristics be used to analyze the joke text in three languages - German, English and Russian? The research is based on the extensive body of texts from the everyday joke, which is a humorous dialogue discourse. The authors of this study have tried to find new approaches to the analysis of everyday jokes. The research aim is not only to find the right way to define and analyze the joke, but also to introduce various approaches, methods and factors that may be relevant to the linguistic description of this type of text, and to compare the texts of the joke in the three above-mentioned languages. In accordance with the specific tasks, the work uses a comprehensive research methodology based on the application of various research methods: comparative analysis of texts in different languages, definition analysis, contextual analysis of lexical unit values, interpretive semantic analysis of contexts in which linguistically specific words and phrases are used, classification and systematizing techniques. More than 450 jokes in the form of dialogues were selected for the analysis method of continuous sampling of language material.
Visual precedence: theoretical and applied aspects
Authors: Mardieva Leyla
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on scientific publications dedicated to visual precedence. The analyzed works reflect a certain irregularity in the terminological designation of precedent visual phenomena (pre-existing visual phenomenа – PVP) and, at the same time, the replenishment of terminological vocabulary in studies of the researchers dealing with visual precedence. A review of works on the declared topic highlights the lack of unanimous opinion on the PVP representation forms in text structures and on the scope of visual precedence. The specific features of the PVP functioning in political and media discourses have been definitively described by the beginning of the 2nd decade of the 21st century; although fragmentary but sufficiently representative information has been obtained about the nature of their existence in advertising; the first steps were being taken in studying of their specific use in artistic and popular science discourse. The researcher s have established sphere sources of PVP, their general and particular functions, described technologies for associative increments actualization through PVP, exciting meanings planned by the addressing speaker. The results of the PVP study are reflected in the forensic linguistic examinations practice and in language teaching at school and the university.
Derivative neologisms as sociocultural dominants in the Russian and Czech languages of the modern period
Authors: Samylicheva Nadezhda , Gazda Jiří
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of word-formation neologisms in modern media speech from the point of view of their sociocultural characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic (on Russian and Czech internet speech). In derivational processes, socially significant, socalled key words play an important role, forming a special socio-cultural space, thereby becoming a kind of dominants in modern speech. Such lexemes give a life to a big quantity of derived units. So, neologisms with initial words reflecting the situation of a pandemic in 2020 in modern Russian and Czech society, clearly enough evidence of public attitudes - a negative assessment and rejection of what is happening and at the same time irony and a language game.
Hashtags as structural elements of digital socio-political agenda: folksonomy analysis
Authors: Malysheva Olga , Ryabchenko Natalia
Published: December 2020

The situation of the recent months, associated with constitutional transformational changes and struggle with coronavirus spread, showed that civic communications outperform the government as regards the speed, directions and the scale of discursive fields generation. The digital socio-political agenda forms new socio-cognitive patterns of civic behavior, which leads to the development of constructive or destructive socio-political practices. The government needs innovational approaches and complex methods to conduct timely predictive analysis of socio-political sentiment. It is necessary to develop computational linguistics that allows for Data Science and relational sociology methods, as well as linguo-discursive analysis to be used in order to assess the current state of the digital socio-political agenda and identify the transformational vector of social action in the offline space. The article reports the results of the study of ‘Коронавирус’ digital socio-political agenda that was conducted through the use of graph visualization method, folksonomy and linguo-discursive analysis. The empirical base for the study comprises a bulk of network data retrieved from Twitter via API. The findings of the study prove that ‘Коронавирус’ digital socio-political agenda has significantly transformed and expanded within a 5 months’ period, with COVID-19 topic receiving twice as much attention from online users.
Evaluation of psychological and pedagogical strategies for creating gender motivation in modern glossy magazines as an “Overton Window” in an electronic and digital society
Authors: Mutalieva Ardak , Savchuk Irina , Orazgaliyeva Laura , Jumazhanova Gulnar , Zhumykbayeva Akmaral , Sheveleva Eugenia
Published: December 2020

The authors consider modern glossy magazines as a tool for constructing and transforming gender attitudes in the context of psychological and pedagogical strategies for constructing gender in the conditions of an electronic-digital society and the specifics of communication in a pandemic situation of self-isolation, when information from the Internet has a dominant influence on modern people. A special aspect belongs to the analysis of the “Overton window” mechanism in preserving and / or transforming established gender roles in the modern electronic information society. Magazine discourse at the beginning of the 21st century acts as a powerful tool for influencing the recipient in a situation where digital communication and electronic advertising discourse prevail. The authors analyze the phenomenon of creating motivation for predictable gender behaviour, which is influenced by electronic glossy magazine discourse, considered from the perspective of psycholinguistics. The authors define this type of discourse as a special type of discursive process that acts as an explicit tool of globalization. The authors use the author’s synergetic approach based on the methods of linguistics, pedagogy, psychology and economic management as a methodology. The authors emphasize the novelty of this discourse in the context of its influence on the formation and transformation of the modern language personality in the context of gender stereotypes. The relevance of the research is emphasized by the fact that glossy mass-media discourse is the latest in terms of the chronology of the historical process. It actualizes the poly-ethno-socio-cultural and educational space of the beginning of the XXI century, demonstrates the processes of transformation of gender attitudes in the context of unification and globalization in the value orientations of the “philosophy of glamour”.
Pedagogical conditions for successful distance learning of foreign students: research results
Authors: Veretennikova Lyudmila , Dugina Galina
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on the study of foreign students’ subjective satisfaction with the results of their education using a video conference. The educational subject is Russian as foreign language. The attitude of students to video lectures was studied using an online questionnaire. The purpose of the study is to assess the methods of organizing video sessions. The study confirmed the general trend towards a decrease in students’ interest in distance learning. According to studies’ results it was stated the pedagogical conditions to ensure satisfaction with video lessons at a sufficient level. To maintain interest in a video lesson, we suggest preparing basic materials and materials for self-study. All texts should be converted to electronic format and placed in special repositories. During the video lesson, it is recommended to alternate activities (listening, speaking, writing, reading) and visualization. Although videoclips, pictures and presentations were received favorably by students it was pointed a decline in interest to these training facilities. It is suggested to record planned and spontaneous explanations in video recordings and text. The results of the study have been applied in educational process for Russian students.
Rational selection of legal specialty texts for students studying law in the aspect of professionally-oriented reading
Authors: Voropaeva Yulia , Zyukina Zulfira , Sapozhnikov Pavel , Razuvanova Svetlana , Yakovleva Tatyana , Sychev Andrey
Published: December 2020

The article deals with topical issues of the practice of teaching specialty language to law students. The authors of the article work with students of different specialties and teach such disciplines as: Russian as a foreign language, Russian in professional activities of international lawyers, the basics of rhetoric and communication, Russian in the field of jurisprudence, Russian and the culture of speech, the oratory of a lawyer.
Use of English internet dictionaries in the learning process at the language faculty
Authors: Grigoryeva Ekaterina
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to online dictionaries of the subject area Food and Drinks and their usage in the educational process in the English lessons at the language faculty.
Academic writing MOOCs – a blended learning approach
Authors: Rudneva Maria , Valeeva Nailya , Faizi Rdouan
Published: December 2020

The paper discusses a blended learning approach to teaching academic writing using an externally created MOOC fully incorporated into the existing pedagogic design. The authors intend to demonstrate potentials and limitations of mixed model learning in the ESP classroom. To this day there has been little research of repurposing MOOCs for language classes, as they are usually more practical and interactive. However, the authors believe that the online component of the blended course creates an additional dimension for language acquisition and allows to address numerous general issues on academic writing which are not traditionally discussed in ESP/EAP classes. Based on the results of the case study conducted at RUDN university, the study outlines numerous benefits of blended learning trajectory. However, the investigation revealed a few challenges, some of which can be easily remedied, whereas others are of more problematic nature.
Translation of special texts from English into Russian: modern approaches to quality assessment
Authors: Kramnaya Ekaterina , Faizi Rdouan , Rudneva Maria
Published: December 2020

Translation quality assessment is an urgent and complex problem, which is widely discussed by both theoretical researchers and practicing translators but today there is no single solution for this task. This article highlights and describes three approaches to assessing the quality of special translation: scientific, normative, including standards as well as practical guides, and formalized. The author demonstrates synergetic effect of combination of these three approaches.
Management of Ala Columella Disproportion in South East Asian Noses
Authors: Yap Eduardo
Published: December 2020

South East Asian noses have a characteristic ala and columella disproportion and mostly manifest as hanging ala. Simultaneous correction during rhinoplasty is recommended to achieve a good aesthetic result. Since hanging ala is a common feature, a classification system is presented as a guide for surgical management. The classification is based on the frontal view showing the alar rim connecting to the columella lobule area simulating the wings of a gull in gentle flight. A mild deformity has the gull's wing in the horizontal direction. A moderate deformity has the gull's wing in a slight inferior direction. A severe hanging deformity has the gull's wing in the inferior direction, ending below the columella lobule area, and this is mostly accompanied by retracted columella. There are various techniques for the surgical correction of hanging ala. The author has made a modification of the internal approach called “sail excision” using the groove within the lateral nasal vestibule as a landmark. The author terms this area as the vestibular groove. Sail excision involves removal of a triangular portion of tissue anterior to this vestibular groove. Another aesthetic deformity noticed in South East Asian noses is that the alar rim base is lower than the columellar base. In correcting hanging ala with involvement of the alar rim base, the sail excision is extended posteriorly following the vestibular groove as its guide to the amount to be excised. To enhance the overall aesthetic outcome, the acute columella labial angle seen in South East Asian noses has to be made fuller through surgery. This is accomplished using septal extension graft for tip projection, with preservation of the posterior angle of the caudal septum. Plumping grafts are used as filler material in the premaxillary area.
The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen in Head and Neck Reconstruction and Facial Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Tamaki Akina , Silverman Dustin A. , Ozer Enver
Published: December 2020

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is a treatment modality with the primary mechanism of therapy being the delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tissues. A review of HBO applications in the field of head and neck reconstruction and facial cosmetic surgery is provided. HBO can be useful in the management of radiation sequelae and treatment of compromised flaps and grafts. It may also have application in tissue compromise following cosmetic surgery and dermal fillers. We provide evidence from the available literature as well as highlight our experience in using HBO in head and neck reconstruction.
Complications of Asian Double Eyelid Surgery: Prevention and Management
Authors: Young Stephanie Ming , Kim Yoon-Duck
Published: December 2020

Double eyelid surgery remains one of the most popular aesthetic surgeries, especially among East Asian populations. Complications related to double eyelid surgery can be divided into various categories: (1) patient dissatisfaction, (2) problems with the eyelid crease, (3) problems with the eyelid height, (4) suture-related complications, and (5) complications related to eyelid surgery in general. As with all eyelid surgeries, it is important to understand and appreciate the normal and abnormal function and anatomy of the Asian eyelid to reduce the risk of complications. It is also important to recognize the various complications and their underlying causes so that the surgeon can confidently revise the surgery to achieve optimal outcomes.
Quality and Reliability of YouTube for Patient Information on Neurotoxins
Authors: Patel Manish , Patel Mit M. , Cristel Robert T.
Published: December 2020

YouTube is a common source of medical information for patients. This is the first study to assess the reliability and educational value of YouTube videos on neurotoxin procedures. YouTube.com was searched on June 15, 2020 using the keyword “Botox” or “neurotoxin.” A total of 100 videos were reviewed. Sixty-one videos met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Video characteristics were noted, and a score was assigned to each video using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the Global Quality Score (GQS) to measure source reliability and educational value, respectively. A total of 61 videos that met the inclusion criteria had an average length of 589 seconds (9 minutes and 49 seconds), 210,673 views, 5,295 likes, 318 dislikes, and 478 comments. A total of 30 videos (49%) were posted with an intention to educate patients while 31 videos (51%) were posted with the intention to detail a personal experience with neurotoxin. Patient education videos were significantly more reliable (P
JAMA< 0.001) and had more educational value (P
GQS < 0.001) but were less popular than “personal experience videos.” Personal-experience videos posted by patients had higher popularity, more likes and comments, yet lower scores on reliability and education. Patients will continue to seek educational material online, and clinicians should utilize this information to help primarily educate patients with standardized and accurate information about their treatment.

Key Points
The Use of Indocyanine Green Angiography for Cosmetic and Reconstructive Assessment in the Head and Neck
Authors: Abdelwahab Mohamed , Patel Priyesh N. , Most Sam P.
Published: December 2020

Reconstructive procedures in the head and neck can be a surgical challenge owing to the complex anatomical and physiological structure. Different locoregional and microvascular flaps are used for various defects to improve both function and cosmesis. Subjective clinical findings have been the mainstay for perfusion monitoring; however, areas of borderline perfusion are much more difficult to assess clinically. Multiple technologies that offer objective perfusion assessment have been developed to improve surgical outcomes. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography has gained popularity owing to its minimal invasiveness and increased sensitivity and specificity in assessing flap perfusion particularly in the head and neck. It has been extensively used in free flaps, pedicled flaps (including nasal reconstruction), facelift procedures, random flaps, skull base reconstruction, and pharyngocutaneous fistula prediction. Its perioperative use has provided valuable qualitative and quantitative data that aid our understanding of flap hemodynamics. Clinically, this impacted decision-making in flap design, harvest, inset, and precocious salvage interventions. Though increased cost and intraoperative time could be limitations, cost-effectiveness studies have supported its use, particularly in high-risk individuals. Limitations include the lack of standardized dosing and consistent methodology agreement for data analysis. Future studies should involve larger cohorts and multi-institute studies to overcome such limitations.
Palatomaxillary Obturation and Facial Prosthetics in Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Weitao , Shokri Tom , Vincent Aurora , Vest Allison , Williams Fayette , Ducic Yadranko
Published: December 2020

Rehabilitation of head and neck defects following trauma, oncologic resection, or congenital malformation is a challenging task. Not only is the restoration of three-dimensional form necessary for acceptable cosmesis, but simultaneous restoration of functional speech and swallow is also essential for optimal reconstruction outcomes. While advances in free tissue transfer have allowed surgical reconstruction of head and neck defects once considered inoperable and associated with poor quality of life, not all patients are ideal surgical candidates. As such, nonsurgical solutions to both functional and cosmetic restoration remain a necessary alternative option. Facial prostheses and palatomaxillary obturators have evolved with increasingly biocompatible materials as well as retention systems to address significant defects that challenge the limits of surgical reconstruction.
A Validation Study of Liver Volumetry Estimation by a Semiautomated Software in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resections
Authors: Kulkarni Suyash S. , Shetty Nitin Sudhakar , Gala Kunal B. , Patkar Shraddha , Narang Amrita , Polnaya Ashwin M. , Patil Sushil , Shetty Neeraj G. , Hota Falguni , Goel Mahesh
Published: December 2020

Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate the use of a semiautomated software for liver volumetry preoperatively by comparing it with the volume of resected specimen in patients undergoing hepatic resections.

Materials and Methods This is a single-center retrospective study of patients who underwent estimation of future liver remnant (FLR) using Myrian XP-Liver which is a semiautomated software for hepatectomy. The estimated resection volume, which is the sum of volume of normal liver to be resected and tumor volume, was compared with actual specimen weight to calculate the accuracy of the software. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 24.

Results Data on FLR estimation using the semiautomated software was available for 200 out of 388 patients who underwent formal hepatic resections. The median resected volume of surgical specimen was 650 mL (interquartile range [IQR] 364–950), while the median estimated volume using the Myrian software was 617 mL (IQR 362–979). There was significant correlation between estimated resection volume calculated using the semiautomated method and actual specimen weight (p-value < 0.0001) with the Spearman’s correlation value of 0.956.

Conclusion The estimated volume of liver to be resected as calculated by the semiautomated software was accurate and correlated significantly with the volume of resected specimen, and hence, the estimation of FLR volume may likely correlate with the true postoperative residual liver volume. In addition, the software-based liver segmentation, FLR estimation, and color-coded three-dimensional images provide a clear road map to the surgeon to facilitate safe resection.
Complications in Facial Esthetic Surgery
Authors: Namin Arya , Shokri Tom , Vincent Aurora , Saman Masoud , Ducic Yadranko
Published: December 2020

Esthetic surgery continues to become increasingly popular both in the United States and globally. Facial esthetic procedures in particular account for a large proportion of procedures performed. This increase in popularity will inevitably result in the number of potential complications associated with these procedures. In this review, the authors describe common complications encountered with frequently performed cosmetic facial procedures and their associated management. This article is meant as a general overview and introduction to potential complications surgeons may encounter, interested readers are encouraged to further review comprehensive subspecialty literature for more detailed discussion.
Consideration in Microvascular Reconstruction during Times of Social Crises: Perspectives on Resource Utilization
Authors: Kent Sean Lloyd , Kim Yohanan , Perez Hector , Frank Ethan , Gentry Vance , LaTour Donn , Inman Jared
Published: December 2020

Reconstruction of head and neck surgical defects can be a complicated, costly process. While the era of cost-effective medicine has begun to broadly question the necessity of high-cost care, times of extraordinary sociomedical demand bring increased scrutiny to even routine costs and resource utilization. Within this context, we reviewed the advantages, drawbacks, and financial costs of both regional and free flap reconstructions, namely the decreased costs and hospital resource utilization that may be associated with reconstruction using regional flaps. Although beset by reports of partial necrosis in certain regional flaps—particularly the submental island, cervicofacial advancement, and supraclavicular artery island flaps—many reports have demonstrated complication and flap failure rates equivalent to those of free flaps. Additionally, regional flaps have been associated with decreased costs for hospital stay, most notably in cases of postoperative complications. In cases necessitating free flap reconstruction, cost-savings strategies such as bypassing postoperative intensive care unit admissions have been shown to provide satisfactory, safe outcomes. As the head and neck surgeon continues to adapt to the medical pressures of a global pandemic, resource-sparing approaches to oncologic care will persist in their newfound importance.
Optimization of a laser plasma-based x-ray source according to WDM absorption spectroscopy requirements
Authors: Martynenko A. S. , Pikuz S. A. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Ryazantsev S. N. , Baird C. D. , Booth N. , Döhl L. N. K. , Durey P. , Faenov A. Ya. , Farley D. , Kodama R. , Lancaster K. , McKenna P. , Murphy C. D. , Spindloe C. , Pikuz T. A. , Woolsey N.
Published: December 2020

X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a well-accepted diagnostic for experimental studies of warm dense matter. It requires a short-lived X-ray source of sufficiently high emissivity and without characteristic lines in the spectral range of interest. In the present work, we discuss how to choose an optimum material and thickness to get a bright source in the wavelength range 2 Å–6 Å (∼2 keV to 6 keV) by considering relatively low-Z elements. We demonstrate that the highest emissivity of solid aluminum and silicon foil targets irradiated with a 1-ps high-contrast sub-kJ laser pulse is achieved when the target thickness is close to 10 µm. An outer plastic layer can increase the emissivity even further.
Calibration of mixer amplitude and phase imbalance in superconducting circuits
Authors: Jolin S. W. , Borgani R. , Tholén M. O. , Forchheimer D. , Haviland D. B.
Published: December 2020

An important device for modulation and frequency translation in the field of circuit quantum electrodynamics is the in-phase and quadrature mixer, an analog component for which calibration is necessary to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, we introduce techniques originally developed for wireless communication applications to calibrate upconversion and downconversion mixers. A Kalman filter together with a controllable carrier frequency offset calibrates both mixers without removing them from the embedding measurement infrastructure. These techniques can be embedded into room temperature control electronics and hopefully find widespread use as circuit quantum electrodynamics devices continue to grow in complexity.
Self-assembled supramolecular nanostructure photosensitizers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhong Yong , Liu Shuanghong , Wang Jiefei , Zhang Wenzhi , Tian Tian , Sun Jiajie , Bai Feng
Published: December 2020

Supramolecular self-assembly as a breakthrough methodology in the nanoscience and nanotechnology fields has attracted increasing attention. Highly ordered self-assembled supramolecular nanostructures aim to emulate natural light-harvesting and energy transfer and electron transfer processes, which have been an active and rapidly developing field for visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications. This Research Update aims to present the recent progress of the self-assembly of π-conjugated molecules, including perylene diimides (PDIs), porphyrin, and co-assembly of peptide–porphyrin as well as the shape-defined functional hierarchical structures. First, the basic principles of π-conjugated molecular structure design are described. The two nitrogen positions and the bay positions of PDIs can effectively regulate their electronic properties and geometric skeleton, and the functional groups and the good solvents of porphyrin effectively determine the choice of self-assembly methods. Then, the key morphology dependent optoelectronic properties and charge-transport and energy-transport functionalities are also discussed. These self-assembled supramolecular nanostructures’ inherent optoelectronic properties correlated with applications in photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen evolution are overviewed. By now, the self-assembled In(III) meso-tetraphenylporphine (InTPP) porphyrin nanostructures exhibited the highest photocatalytic hydrogen generation activity among the reported supramolecular nanostructures owing to the central metal of porphyrin and small size of the InTPP nanostructure. Finally, perspectives on the crucial issues and potential future research directions are addressed. This Research Update will provide a new reference for building high performance, stable, and durable photosensitizers based on the supramolecular assembly.
Direct current powered humidity sensor based on a polymer composite with humidity sensitive electronic conduction
Authors: Hossein-Babaei Faramarz , Akbari Tahereh
Published: December 2020

Solid-state humidity sensors are generally AC powered as they sense the fluctuations in the dielectric polarization and/or ionic conductance of the water layer formed by Kelvin condensation on the effective surface of their hydrophilic sensing elements. DC-powered, printable, and bendable hygrometers, however, are demanded for battery-driven wearable electronics. Here, we demonstrate that the electronic (as opposed to ionic) conduction in the polymer composite poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films constantly decreases with increasing relative humidity (RH) in the surrounding atmosphere and use this property for the fabrication of a DC-powered solid state hygrometer. PEDOT, the conductive component of this composite, is hydrophobic, and the hydrogen bonding of the airborne H2O to the surface available sulfonic acid groups of the non-conductive component, PSS, is verified as the main cause of sensitivity. This hydrogen bonding deters the doping action involving H+ transfer from the sulfonic acid groups to the thiophene groups on the PEDOT chain and decreases the bulk conductivity of the sensing element. As predicted by this model, the electrical resistance measurements carried out by applying DC and AC electric fields lead to different RH dependences; the former demonstrates the positive RH dependence in the full RH range, while the latter results in strongly nonlinear RH sensitivity crossing zero around RH 60%. Our model assists better understanding of the charge conduction mechanisms in PEDOT:PSS. The described sensing mechanism is anticipated to initiate research on many two-component organic composites for the fabrication of varieties of gas and humidity sensors.
AO DIVER: Development of a three-dimensional adaptive optics system to advance the depth limits of multiphoton imaging
Authors: Leemans S. , Dvornikov A. , Gallagher T. , Gratton E.
Published: December 2020

Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can non-invasively measure the dynamic biochemical properties deep in scattering biological samples and has the potential to accelerate clinical research with advances in deep tissue imaging. However, in most samples, the imaging depth of MPM is limited to fractions of a millimeter due to blurring caused by refractive index mismatching throughout tissue and background fluorescence, overshadowing the signal in conventional MPM. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel 3D adaptive optics (AO) system that uses an interpolated network of endogenous guide stars to focus laser light more efficiently into highly scattering samples. The synergistic combination of our AO system with DIVER detection technology enables millimeter-scale imaging with diffraction-limited resolution with optimization times between 15 s and 65 s. We characterized the algorithm and wavefront interpolation performance in a flat 2D sample and in 3D using fluorescent beads embedded in gels of various optical heterogeneity. We also tested the system in biological tissue, improving image brightness by a factor of 5 at depths of ∼0.4 mm in the fresh green fluorescent protein-tagged mouse skin and ∼2 mm in a formalin-fixed yellow fluorescent protein-tagged mouse brain. By collecting forward and back-scattered fluorescence light to optimize the excitation wavefront, AO DIVER allows imaging of the tissue architecture at depths that are inaccessible to conventional multiphoton microscopes.
Excited state diabatization on the cheap using DFT: Photoinduced electron and hole transfer
Authors: Mao Yuezhi , Montoya-Castillo Andrés , Markland Thomas E.
Published: December 2020

Excited state electron and hole transfer underpin fundamental steps in processes such as exciton dissociation at photovoltaic heterojunctions, photoinduced charge transfer at electrodes, and electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers. Diabatic states corresponding to charge or excitation localized species, such as locally excited and charge transfer states, provide a physically intuitive framework to simulate and understand these processes. However, obtaining accurate diabatic states and their couplings from adiabatic electronic states generally leads to inaccurate results when combined with low-tier electronic structure methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory, and exorbitant computational cost when combined with high-level wavefunction-based methods. Here, we introduce a density functional theory (DFT)-based diabatization scheme that directly constructs the diabatic states using absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs), which we denote as Δ-ALMO(MSDFT2). We demonstrate that our method, which combines ALMO calculations with the ΔSCF technique to construct electronically excited diabatic states and obtains their couplings with charge-transfer states using our MSDFT2 scheme, gives accurate results for excited state electron and hole transfer in both charged and uncharged systems that underlie DNA repair, charge separation in donor–acceptor dyads, chromophore-to-solvent electron transfer, and singlet fission. This framework for the accurate and efficient construction of excited state diabats and evaluation of their couplings directly from DFT thus offers a route to simulate and elucidate photoinduced electron and hole transfer in large disordered systems, such as those encountered in the condensed phase.
Queer linguistics and identity
Authors: Jones Lucy
Published: December 2020

In this short essay, I offer some reflections on language and sexuality work over the past decade. My discussion is focused on the increasing influence of queer theory, in particular, and I comment on trends in research into language and queer identities. I take into account not only the work published in theJournal of Language and Sexualityand beyond, but also that presented over the past decade at the annual Lavender Languages and Linguistics conference.
Precise control of the ratiometric fluorescence of dual-emissive B/N-doped carbon dots using pH-dependent bonds
Authors: Liu Fan , Jiang Yuan , Shao HaiBao , Wang Chunlei , Xu Shuhong , Zhang Rong
Published: December 2020

Precise control of the structure and bonds of doped carbon dots (CDs) is important, so that their fluorescence can be tuned as desired. Up until now, there has been a lack of effective ways to control the bonds of doped CDs. In this article, we show that the fluorescence of B/N-doped carbon dots (B/N-CDs) can be precisely tuned just by controlling their precursors’ pH values. The prepared B/N-CDs exhibit two emission bands, including one emission peak at around 450 nm due to the defect state caused by low sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms, as well as another emission peak at around 360 nm caused by the B-N bond. The results for the ratio of the maximum intensity of the two emission peaks above show a linear relationship. Meanwhile, the role of the pH value of the precursors on the luminescence of B/N-CDs is deeply studied. On the one hand, the pH value affects the bonding process of CDs. N-H bonds tend to form at a low pH value, while more competitive B-N bonds exist at much higher pH value, leading to the pH-dependent intensity of the 360 nm emission band. On the other hand, a high pH value causes higher crystallinity, thus suppressing defect-state fluorescence at 450 nm. The dual effects of pH lead to precisely controlled dual-emission intensities as well as ratiometric fluorescence.
Pure and even-aged forestry of fast-growing conifers under climate change: on the need for a silvicultural paradigm shift
Authors: Ols Clémentine , Bontemps Jean-Daniel
Published: December 2020

Pure and even-aged (PEA) forests of fast-growing conifer species have for a long time been key providers of industrial raw material. Despite recent concerns regarding their greater sensitivity to major natural disturbances, their impacts on biodiversity and their funding efficiency, PEA conifer forests could remain a major economic target given the ongoing European strategy for bioeconomy. These forests are encountered in contrasted climates and in both native and introduced contexts across Europe, giving rise to high uncertainties regarding their growth responses to current climate change. Using the French National Forest Inventory data, we studied the radial growth of eight major conifer species in European forestry across 16 regional native and introduced PEA forest systems (n > 10 000 trees). Growth trends over the 2006–2016 period exhibited a significant negative association with the absolute growth level in 2006, with the strongest negative growth trends found for emblematic PEA forestry species (e.g. Norway spruce and Douglas fir), and the strongest positive trends for pine species (e.g. Scots pine). While the greater growth rate advantage of some species may shorten rotation and lower risk exposures for future decades, their recent lowered productivity may affect the forest sector in the long run. The prevalence of PEA forests across European forest landscapes and their increasingly reported lower resilience to climate change compared to more complex forest systems call for the establishment of a long-term European forest policy strategy. Maintaining the environmental, social and economic benefits of forests should remain a priority in the European agenda, regardless of the financial costs at stake.
Evolution of interlayer stacking orders and rotations in bilayer PtSe2 visualized by STEM
Authors: Xu Lei , Liu Huan , Song Chenzhi , Li Xiaomin , Li Feng , Li Delong , Wang Lifen , Bai Xuedong , Qi Junjie
Published: December 2020

Understanding the evolution mechanisms of interlayer stacking structures, particularly at the atomic scale, is of great significance for modulating the physical properties and realizing the full potential of 2D materials in electronics and quantum information applications. Herein, by performing in situ experiments using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, the evolution of diverse interlayer stacking sequences (from 3R to N, N to 3R and N(3R) to AB′-stacked) in bilayer PtSe2 are directly observed. Furthermore, the interlayer rotational angles are tuned (e.g. 13.3° to 9.4°, 16.8° to 11° and 16.1° to 6°) in situ at real time in bilayer PtSe2. Density functional theory calculations reveal a small energy barrier (<0.2 eV per formula unit) for the kinetic evolution of interlayer structures. The illumination electron beam, while being as an atomic-scale probe for imaging, transfers enough energy initiating the transition. The bilayer PtSe2 has show the rich stacking and twisted structures which may create novel physical phenomena. These findings shed new light on the diversity of structural properties of bilayer PtSe2, which may be valuable for constituting a step further toward their potential uses for next generation of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides-based device applications.