bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey on HIV, HCV, and HBV and Related Factors Among the Homeless Population, Southeast of Iran
Authors: Hashemi Shahri Seyed Mohammad , Ansari-Moghadam Fatemeh , Ansari Moghadam Alireza
Published: March 2021

Background: Homeless people are prone to sexually transmitted and blood-borne infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV due to their risky behaviors and low awareness of various diseases. Objectives: Thus, the present research aimed to examine the epidemiologic patterns of HBV, HCV, HIV, and related factors among the homeless population of Zahedan in 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 329 homeless people. Eligible people were selected using a convenience sampling method from homeless individuals residing in care centers affiliated with the Welfare Organization and the Health Deputy of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Data on the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the cases were collected through a structured questionnaire completed in face-to-face interviews. A 10 cc blood sample was taken from each of the cases for serological tests of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. The test results and collected data were entered in SPSS16 software. Logistic regression analysis and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The majority of the cases (84%) were males, and 59% were in the age-group of 35 - 50 years. Of the subjects, 93% had a history of drug abuse, 74% reported a history of smoking, and 45% had tattoos. The prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV was 13%, 2.7%, and 0.3%, respectively (only one case of HIV was identified). In a multi-variate model, imprisonment history [OR = 2.32 (1.08 - 4.98)], history of sexual abuse [OR = 3.73 (1.36 - 10.26)], being widowed or divorced [OR = 2.83, (1.21 - 6.64)], and history of injection with shared needles and syringes [OR = 5.11 (1.97 - 13.28)] remained the predicting factors of hepatitis C. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results of the study, homeless people are more prone to infections with HCV, HBV, and HIV due to their risky behaviors. Therefore, a need is highlighted for preventive interventions and developing the level of health literacy in this group regarding behaviors contributing to the aforementioned infections.
Group Belief
Authors: Faria Domingos ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

Beliefs are commonly attributed to groups or collective entities. But what is the nature of group belief? Summativism and nonsummativism are two main rival views regarding the nature of group belief. On the one hand, summativism holds that, necessarily, a group g has a belief B only if at least one individual i is both a member of g and has B. On the other hand, non-summativism holds that it is possible for a group g to have a belief B even if no member of g has B. My aim in this paper is to consider whether divergence arguments for non-summativism and against summativism about group belief are sound. Such divergence arguments aim to show that there can be a divergence between belief at the group level and the corresponding belief at the individual level. I will argue that these divergence arguments do not decisively defeat a minimal version of summativism. In order to accomplish this goal, I have the following plan: In section 2, I will analyze the structure of two important counterexamples against the summativist view, which are based on divergence arguments. Such counterexamples are based on the idea that a group decides to adopt a particular group belief, even if none of its members holds the belief in question. However, in section 3, I will show that these counterexamples fail, because they can be explained without the need to posit group beliefs. More specifically, I argue that in these apparent counterexamples, we have only a ‘group acceptance’ phenomenon and not a ‘group belief’ phenomenon. For this conclusion, I advance two arguments: in subsection 3.1, I formulate an argument from doxastic involuntarism, and in subsection 3.2, I develop an argument from truth connection. Thus, summativism is not defeated by divergence arguments. Lastly, in section 4, I will conclude with some advantages of summativism.
Body As an Object of Experimentation and the Emergence of Biomedicine Ethos
Authors: Popova Olga V. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of Nazi experiments on the formation of ideas about the ethos of science in the field of biomedicine. It is shown that the idea of discrediting a value-neutral science was often confronted with the resistance of the scientists themselves, who, in different contexts of condemning Nazi crimes, appealed to the fact that they acted for the good of science, and even of all mankind. The article discusses the strategy of American lawyers adopted at the Nuremberg Trials aimed at demonstrating the perversity of Nazi crimes in the field of biomedicine both ethically and scientifically. In addition, an analysis of individual materials of the Nuremberg process was carried out, which made it possible to give an idea of the scientific and linguistic design of the human body (name correction strategy) as a “correct” scientific object with desired properties. The article considers the influence of the data obtained on Nazi crimes on the formation of the content of the Nuremberg Code and the design of the principle of informed consent in biomedicine. Ethical aspects related to the further use of Nazi scientific data are also considered. In conclusion, the problem of the formation of scientific knowledge in non-violence mode is articulated.
Games With Space
Authors: Lavrenova Olga A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The culture beeing in the geographical space is one of the important problem fields of ontology. The process of understanding the environment has many levels and characteristics. Culture is an universal object of semiotics, in this case it is considered as a subject of the semioticization of geographical space, the formation of the image of the world. Culture inherits and constantly renews the main discourses associated with this ongoing process, the origins of which lie in the deep archaic. As a result, stable representations of geographical objects and/or permanent culturally significant symbols with different degrees of spatial connotations are formed. Much more interesting than the already formed images and symbols is the process of their creation and the patterns and frames that can be traced in it. The meanings created by culture are involved in the process of secondary interpretation. The most common are several areas of interpretation that play an active role in structuring our ideas about the geocultural space. They can be conventionally referred to as “games with space”, because they have a certain amount of arbitrariness, but also have established rules. This article discusses a few of them – games of range, games of geographical modeling, games of structures, of time, of significations, of emotions and institutionalization.
Leptostracans (Crustacea: Phyllocarida) from mud volcanoes at the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic) with description of a new species of Sarsinebalia Dahl, 1985
Authors: Moreira Juan , Esquete Patricia , Cunha Marina R.
Published: March 2021

Three leptostracan species (Crustacea: Phyllocarida) are reported from mud volcanoes at the Moroccan margin of the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). Nebalia strausi Risso, 1826 and N. abyssicola Fage, 1929 were found in experimentally deployed organic substrates in Mercator, Meknès and Darwin mud volcanoes; N. abyssicola was also found among bathymodiolin bivalves and is recorded for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean. The third species was collected from the Gemini mud volcanoes and is described herein as Sarsinebalia ledoyeri sp. nov. The new species is characterised by having the eyes provided with ommatidia and lacking pigment, the ventral margin of the eye is concave along distal half, the antennular scale is more than twice as long as wide, the second article of the mandibular palp bears one seta on lateral surface about 0.5 times as long as the article and one subterminal seta longer than the third article, the distal article of the maxilla II endopod is about 1.8 times as long as the proximal article, the maxilla II exopod is clearly longer than the endopod proximal article, the lateral margin of the pleopod I exopod lacks setae and the posterodorsal border of pleonites VI–VII is provided with rounded to pointed denticles.
JOSE MARIA G. GOMEZ-HERAS, El apriori del mundo de la vida: Fundamentación fenomenológica de una ética de la ciencia de la técnica. Editorial Anthropos. Barcelona,
Authors: Díaz Álvarez Jesús M.
Published: March 2021

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El concepto de Lebenswelt en Husserl
Authors: Føllesdal Dagfin , Sánchez Benítez Sergio
Published: March 2021

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Argiloterapia associada em procedimentos estéticos
Authors: Matola Rubia de Souza Oliveira , Sá Deuselandia de
Published: March 2021

O estudo objetiva analisar os benefícios da argila em procedimentos estéticos. Para tanto, torna-se essencial o estudo da Geoterapia com ênfase nas funções e benefícios que cada tipo de argila proporciona quando aplicadas em tratamentos estéticos. A argila é utilizada desde a antiguidade para limpeza de pele e como máscaras para conservar e destacar a pele no rosto, sua utilização é abrangente e seus resultados são positivos se usada frequentemente de forma correta de acordo com a necessidade e o objetivo do tratamento. O artigo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória bibliográfica, caracterizada como revisão, com busca nas bases de dados científicas Lilacs e Scielo, no período de 2006 até o ano de 2018. De acordo com a pesquisa a argila pode ser utilizada como um complemento em procedimentos estéticos, pois potencializa benefícios, tanto para a estética facial, como corporal, sendo que cada tipo de argila age de uma determinada forma, conforme desenvolvido na presente pesquisa.
Sistemas de información globales 'de ciencia ficción'
Authors: Cobarsí-Morales Josep
Published: March 2021

La comprensión y la gobernanza de un mundo profundamente interconectado plantean retos inéditos. Uno de los principales desafíos cientificotécnicos del futuro cercano es la creación de una nueva generación de sistemas de información globales, radicalmente innovadores, para hacer frente a estos retos.
Sinapsis: la neurociencia social y cultural
Authors: Aranda Dani
Published: March 2021

Recientemente he tropezado con una de las ramas de la ciencia que tiene por objeto de estudio el cerebro y el sistema nervioso: la neurociencia. Sus investigadores están interesados en saber cómo interactúa nuestro organismo con su entorno, de qué manera nuestras neuronas se encargan de transmitir la información necesaria para que nuestro organismo responda de la manera más eficiente posible a multitud de estímulos internos y externos. Hablar de estímulos en neurociencia no sólo significa temperatura, ph, movimiento… sino también creatividad, aprendizaje, lenguaje, atención, razonamiento, empatía o emoción, entre otros. En definitiva, un estímulo tiene la capacidad de promover todos aquellos procesos, respuestas y cambios que nuestro organismo necesita para adaptarse a su entorno biológicamente hablando, pero también cultural y socialmente.
Innovación más software libre: un binomio posible
Authors: Vàzquez Garcia Mercè
Published: March 2021

La innovación pensada en términos de software libre hace posible crear de manera abierta y compartida nuevas opciones de trabajar y relacionarse con el entorno, de organizar y gestionar la información disponible diariamente o construir un nuevo modelo flexible de aprendizaje electrónico.
Elogio de lo inútil: creación poética y tecnologías digitales
Authors: Creus Amalia
Published: March 2021

El arte es inútil. No lo digo yo, lo dijo Oscar Wilde. También lo diría más tarde Paul Auster, hablando de literatura: “Sin duda es una extraña manera de pasarse la vida: encerrado en una habitación con la pluma en la mano, hora tras hora, día tras día, año tras año, esforzándose por llenar unas cuartillas de palabras con el objeto de dar vida a lo que no existe, salvo en la propia imaginación”.
Merangkul karyawan berorientasi power distance tinggi untuk menampilkan voice behavior: Peranan managerial openness
Authors: Rhodes Puji Gufron , Andiyasari Andin , Riantoputra Corina D.
Published: March 2021

This study aims to investigate the moderating role of managerial openness in the relationbetween power distance orientation and voice behavior. We have successfully collected the datathrough online survey with a total of 102 employees in the Organization XYZ Jakarta. Ouranalysis revealed that power distance orientation is negatively related to voice behavior.However, managerial openness weakened the negative relation between power distanceorientation and voice behavior. Thus, managerial openness was a significant moderator of therelationship between power distance orientation and voice behavior. This result supports thesocial exchange theory which assumed that a person’s relationship with other people isdeveloped and evaluated based on the consequences of their behaviors and the efforts exertedin maintaining the relationships. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationshipbetween power distance orientation and managerial openness in constructing voice behavior.
New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow
Authors: Estefa Jordi , Tafforeau Paul , Clement Alice M , Klembara Jozef , Niedźwiedzki Grzegorz , Berruyer Camille , Sanchez Sophie
Published: March 2021

The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) occurs in the limb bones of most tetrapods but is absent in the fin bones of ray-finned fish. When did long bones start producing blood cells? Recent hypotheses suggested that haematopoiesis migrated into long bones prior to the water-to-land transition and protected newly-produced blood cells from harsher environmental conditions. However, little fossil evidence to support these hypotheses has been provided so far. Observations of the humeral microarchitecture of stem-tetrapods, batrachians, and amniotes were performed using classical sectioning and three-dimensional synchrotron virtual histology. They show that Permian tetrapods seem to be among the first to exhibit a centralised marrow organisation, which allows haematopoiesis as in extant amniotes. Not only does our study demonstrate that long-bone haematopoiesis was probably not an exaptation to the water-to-land transition but it sheds light on the early evolution of limb-bone development and the sequence of bone-marrow functional acquisitions.
Integrative frontal-parietal dynamics supporting cognitive control
Authors: Nee Derek Evan
Published: March 2021

Coordinating among the demands of the external environment and internal plans requires cognitive control supported by a fronto-parietal control network (FPCN). Evidence suggests that multiple control systems span the FPCN whose operations are poorly understood. Previously (Nee and D’Esposito, 2016; 2017), we detailed frontal dynamics that support control processing, but left open their role in broader cortical function. Here, I show that the FPCN consists of an external/present-oriented to internal/future-oriented cortical gradient extending outwardly from sensory-motor cortices. Areas at the ends of this gradient act in a segregative manner, exciting areas at the same level, but suppressing areas at different levels. By contrast, areas in the middle of the gradient excite areas at all levels, promoting integration of control processing. Individual differences in integrative dynamics predict higher level cognitive ability and amenability to neuromodulation. These data suggest that an intermediary zone within the FPCN underlies integrative processing that supports cognitive control.
Ciliary neuropeptidergic signaling dynamically regulates excitatory synapses in postnatal neocortical pyramidal neurons
Authors: Tereshko Lauren , Gao Ya , Cary Brian A , Turrigiano Gina G , Sengupta Piali
Published: March 2021

Primary cilia are compartmentalized sensory organelles present on the majority of neurons in the mammalian brain throughout adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that cilia regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, including the maintenance of neuronal connectivity. However, whether ciliary signals can dynamically modulate postnatal circuit excitability is unknown. Here we show that acute cell-autonomous knockdown of ciliary signaling rapidly strengthens glutamatergic inputs onto cultured rat neocortical pyramidal neurons and increases spontaneous firing. This increased excitability occurs without changes to passive neuronal properties or intrinsic excitability. Further, the neuropeptide receptor somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) is localized nearly exclusively to excitatory neuron cilia both in vivo and in culture, and pharmacological manipulation of SSTR3 signaling bidirectionally modulates excitatory synaptic inputs onto these neurons. Our results indicate that ciliary neuropeptidergic signaling dynamically modulates excitatory synapses and suggest that defects in this regulation may underlie a subset of behavioral and cognitive disorders associated with ciliopathies.
Archaeal chromatin ‘slinkies’ are inherently dynamic complexes with deflected DNA wrapping pathways
Authors: Bowerman Samuel , Wereszczynski Jeff , Luger Karolin
Published: March 2021

Eukaryotes and many archaea package their DNA with histones. While the four eukaryotic histones wrap ~147 DNA base pairs into nucleosomes, archaeal histones form ‘nucleosome-like’ complexes that continuously wind between 60 and 500 base pairs of DNA (‘archaeasomes’), suggested by crystal contacts and analysis of cellular chromatin. Solution structures of large archaeasomes (>90 DNA base pairs) have never been directly observed. Here, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations, analytical ultracentrifugation, and cryoEM to structurally characterize the solution state of archaeasomes on longer DNA. Simulations reveal dynamics of increased accessibility without disruption of DNA-binding or tetramerization interfaces. Mg2+ concentration influences compaction, and cryoEM densities illustrate that DNA is wrapped in consecutive substates arranged 90o out-of-plane with one another. Without ATP-dependent remodelers, archaea may leverage these inherent dynamics to balance chromatin packing and accessibility.
A Joke, Mockery, or Something More? The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster – an Invented Religion or a New Movement?
Authors:   Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland, Anoshka Siarhei A.
Published: March 2021

This article attempts to analyse a contemporary phenomenon from the sphere of alternative religiosity in the form of joke religions. The main subject of the analysis is a new religious movement called the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (CFSM), founded in the USA in 2005. By referring to the theory of carnival fun, joining the sacrum and profanum, and passing through the various doctrinal threads of this religious movement, the author attempts to answer the question of whether the CFSM can be considered a genuine religion or only a joke. The article begins with a short reflection on the possibility of joking about religion and faith, and the response to religious humour by people of faith, which may range from anger to disgust and sometimes even to aggression. Then, after a short history of this new (pseudo-)religious movement, a perspective is developed. It emerges that the whole structure of the so-called doctrine of this (quasi-)religion refers to other known religions and beliefs, including other new religious movements.
Jizō in Action: The Role of Jizō Statues in Temple Atmosphere, Seen through the Eyes of Sendai Temple Abbots
Authors:   Tohoku Gakuin University, Sendai, Japan, Donnere Alīse Eishō
Published: March 2021

This article shows how abbots at four Buddhist temples in Japan interpret the image and role of the Bodhisattva Jizō – the most popular folk deity in Japan. Statues of Jizō can be found in almost every Japanese Buddhist temple, but their roles differ significantly due to the folk character of this Bodhisattva and the wide range of its functions. Jizō was granted the role of universal saviour in Japanese folk religion, with more and more functions added throughout the centuries. The author attempts to show that abbots see Jizō statues very differently, and that sometimes the Jizō statues of one temple can be interpreted differently by the abbots of different temples.
Sustaining and Substituting the Sacred: Coin Trees in Britain and Ireland
Authors:   University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Houlbrook Ceri
Published: March 2021

It is the character of a natural holy place to shift and alter. Sometimes the changes are the product of natural causes; other times, they are the result of human intervention. The mutable character of these natural sites, however, does not impair their ability to act as holy sites; instead, it appears to benefit them, for just as nature is not static, neither is the ‘sacred’. In order to explore how appropriate natural sites are as ‘settings’ for the ‘sacred’ because of their very mutability, this paper will focus on coin-trees. These are natural places of pilgrimage in Britain and Ireland, which have sustained themselves as sacred centres for decades – in some cases, centuries – and have, during that time, undergone numerous recontextualisations, adapting themselves to the religious and cultural changes of their surroundings.
The classification of motor imagery response: an accuracy enhancement through the ensemble of random subspace k-NN
Authors: Rashid Mamunur , Bari Bifta Sama , Hasan Md Jahid , Razman Mohd Azraai Mohd , Musa Rabiu Muazu , Ab Nasir Ahmad Fakhri , P.P. Abdul Majeed Anwar
Published: March 2021

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a viable alternative communication strategy for patients of neurological disorders as it facilitates the translation of human intent into device commands. The performance of BCIs primarily depends on the efficacy of the feature extraction and feature selection techniques, as well as the classification algorithms employed. More often than not, high dimensional feature set contains redundant features that may degrade a given classifier’s performance. In the present investigation, an ensemble learning-based classification algorithm, namely random subspace k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) has been proposed to classify the motor imagery (MI) data. The common spatial pattern (CSP) has been applied to extract the features from the MI response, and the effectiveness of random forest (RF)-based feature selection algorithm has also been investigated. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, an experimental study has been implemented using four publicly available MI dataset (BCI Competition III dataset 1 (data-1), dataset IIIA (data-2), dataset IVA (data-3) and BCI Competition IV dataset II (data-4)). It was shown that the ensemble-based random subspace k-NN approach achieved the superior classification accuracy (CA) of 99.21%, 93.19%, 93.57% and 90.32% for data-1, data-2, data-3 and data-4, respectively against other models evaluated, namely linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, Naïve Bayes and the conventional k-NN. In comparison with other classification approaches reported in the recent studies, the proposed method enhanced the accuracy by 2.09% for data-1, 1.29% for data-2, 4.95% for data-3 and 5.71% for data-4, respectively. Moreover, it is worth highlighting that the RF feature selection technique employed in the present study was able to significantly reduce the feature dimension without compromising the overall CA. The outcome from the present study implies that the proposed method may significantly enhance the accuracy of MI data classification.
Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic)
Authors: Bischof Eva Alexandra , Schlüter Nils , Korn Dieter , Lehmann Jens
Published: March 2021

Ammonoids reached their greatest diversity during the Triassic period. In the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) stage, ammonoid diversity was dominated by representatives of the family Ceratitidae. High taxonomic diversity can, however, be decoupled from their morphologic disparity. Due to its high phenotypic variability, the high diversity of ceratitids of the Anisian of Nevada was initially assumed to be caused by artificial over-splitting. This study aims to contribute data to settle this issue by applying geometric morphometrics methods, using landmarks and semi-landmarks, in the study of ontogenetic cross-sections of ammonoids for the first time. The results reveal that alterations in ontogenetic trajectories, linked to heterochronic processes, lead to the morphologic diversification of the species studied herein. Our knowledge, based on these ontogenetic changes, challenge the traditional treatment of species using solely adult characters for their distinction. This study furthermore demonstrates that the high diversity of the Anisian ammonoid assemblages of Nevada based on the traditional nomenclatoric approach is regarded to be reasonably accurate.
Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats
Authors: Liu Xinhe , Wang Ning , Wang Jinyan , Luo Fei
Published: March 2021

Background

Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear.

Methods

In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time perception in the sub- to supra-second (0.6–2.4-s) and supra-second (2–8-s) ranges in rats. Plantar formalin injection was used to induce acute inflammatory pain, and a temporal bisection task was used to measure time perception. Task test sessions were held for five consecutive days (one per day): the day before injection (baseline), immediately after injection, and the three post-injection days. The point of subjective equality (PSE, which reflects the subjective duration) and Weber fraction (which reflects temporal sensitivity) were calculated and analysed.

Results

In the 0.6–2.4-s range, the PSE was significantly lower, indicating prolonged subjective duration, in the formalin group relative to the saline group (p = 0.049) immediately after injection. Formalin-induced pain also tended to lengthened time perception in the 0.6–2.4-s range on post-injection days 2 (p = 0.06) and 3 (p = 0.054). In the 2–8-s range, formalin injection did not affect the PSE or Weber fraction.

Conclusions

The enhanced effect of pain on temporal perception in the sub- to supra-second range is observed in this study and this effect is attenuated with the prolongation of estimated time, even in rats.
Las bifurcaciones: un estado del arte en la sociología
Authors: Tabilo Prieto Ismael
Published: March 2021

Sería necesario una obra completa para analizar rigurosamente los vínculos complejos que los sociólogos, en toda su diversidad, han mantenido con las nociones como contingencia, ruptura, acontecimiento, y todas las otras que se han erigido en torno a la idea de bifurcación. Nos conformaremos aquí con mantenernos en un nivel más general. En un primer momento, volveremos de manera sucinta a los contextos nacionales en los que se constituyó la sociología, ya que nos parece que el rechazo explícito a la contingencia y los eventos es más marcado en la tradición francesa, particularmente en la línea Durkheimiana.
Editorial
Authors: Gloël Matthias
Published: March 2021

En este número de la revista encontrarán un dossier especial que aborda la migración internacional contemporánea en la zona centro -sur del país. La diversidad de temáticas refleja la complejidad del fenómeno migratorio y por ello las distintas aproximaciones que se han realizado desde el mundo académico con la finalidad de comprender el contexto y las estrategias que la población migrante desarrolla. En estos trabajos, se abordan experiencias organizacionales propias de la población migrante, el rol de la política pública, estrategias de inserción laboral y las prácticas transnacionales que emergen de la migración fronteriza, entre otros temas relevantes.
Movilidad cotidiana e interurbana en contextos de exclusión socioespacial al sur de Chile. Aportes para pensar los territorios no metropolitanos en América Latina
Authors: Riquelme Brevis Hernán , Saravia Cortés Felipe , Azócar Weisser Javiera
Published: March 2021

La movilidad permite explorar diversos espacios de la vida cotidiana, transformándose en una categoría de análisis que cada vez adquiere mayor relevancia en las ciencias sociales. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las experiencias de movilidad cotidiana en contextos de exclusión socioespacial en el sur de Chile, cuyas implicancias entrecruzan las subjetividades del viaje y la infraestructura de la movilidad. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, específicamente entrevistas semiestructuradas a 110 personas en el período 2014-2018. Dentro de los resultados destaca la aparición de movilidades interurbanas con ritmos y espacio-temporalidades diferenciadas de las prácticas tradicionalmente urbanas; condiciones de precariedad que trascienden el tiempo destinado a la movilidad, y tácticas de viaje que se complementan con la organización de la movilidad efectuada al alero de sistemas de transporte propios del sur de Chile.
El simbolismo del agua y de la piedra en karra maw’n, de Clemente Riedemann
Authors: Ariz Castillo Yenny Karen
Published: March 2021

El artículo consiste en un análisis del poemario Karra Maw’n (2015) del valdiviano Clemente Riedemann (1953) desde una perspectiva ecocrítica, que profundiza en la geografía poetizada, en especial, en el agua y en la piedra como elementos que determinan el paisaje. Debido a la violencia ejercida en las luchas territoriales y a partir de la explotación desmedida de recursos, la utilización y el significado socio-cultural de ambos elementos se transforma, lo que provoca la reacción de la naturaleza en forma de terremotos y maremotos; vale decir, los cambios experimentados por el agua y la piedra representan la violencia histórica ejercida en el sur chileno.
Free prior and informed consent in the Green Climate Fund: the implementation of a project in the Datém del Marañón, Peru
Authors: Giacomini Giada
Published: March 2021

In the context of implementation of climate change adaptation and resilience projects, Indigenous communities’ right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) is becoming a mandatory requirement. The present paper, after giving an overview of the requirement of FPIC in international law, addresses the issue of a climate resilience project financed by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in Peru. Such project is being implemented in Indigenous territories in the Datém del Marañon region. At the time of approval by the GCF Board, the proposed project raised protests from Indigenous communities as they claimed they were not properly consulted before the disbursement of funding. This episode evidenced how the GCF needed to adopt an ad hoc policy to engage with Indigenous peoples respecting the FPIC requirement as prescribed by international law. The present paper demonstrates that the Indigenous Peoples Policy, adopted in February 2018 by the GCF, is an example of harmonization with international law requirements for FPIC such as those prescribed by the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights. Finally, the paper aims at evidencing the challenge represented by the excessive state-centred structure of the GCF, which needs to be overcome to facilitate a true participatory dialogue with Indigenous peoples.
Dinámicas territoriales mapuches en el cono sur americano: una bibliografía selectiva
Authors: Sepulveda Bastien
Published: March 2021

Se presenta a continuación una selección bibliográfica de trabajos – libros y artículos publicados en revistas académicas – que abordan las dinámicas territoriales mapuches desde perspectivas diversas, en distintos idiomas, y tanto “en” como “a través de” Chile y Argentina. El término “selección” tiene su importancia, pues indica que esta lista no pretende de ninguna manera ser exhaustiva. Es efectivamente posible que algunas referencias no hayan sido integradas pese a su pertinencia con respecto al enfoque definido. No obstante, esta selección se fundamenta en, y da continuidad a, una primera bibliografía publicada en 2012 en un dossier especial de la Revista Geográfica del Sur. La selección aquí presentada resulta por lo tanto de un trabajo desarrollado continuamente desde varios años, a través del cual aquellas referencias pertinentes encontradas en distintas instancias fueron sistemáticamente agregadas a la lista ya existente.
Rediscovering a role for dingoes on Wooleen Station
Authors: Pollock David
Published: March 2021

We have never been able to rest our country. Pastoralists could move the sheep or the cattle from the paddock, but 61 per cent of the grazing by goats and kangaroos remains. This continual grazing of the most valuable plant species, to their local extinction, has left the land unproductive and bleeding. The dingo has allowed this landscape to be effectively rested for the first time in 130 years because, in the past 10 to 15 years, the dingoes have entirely removed the goats from Wooleen and almost entirely removed them from the Murchison, Gascoyne and Goldfields districts. But that’s not the half of it, I estimate the dingoes have also removed 80 to 90 per cent of the kangaroo population. So overall, a 50 to 55 per cent reduction in grazing pressure over the great majority of an area larger than France, in the last 12 years. A stupendous achievement. Dingoes give us the opportunity for the first time in 130 years to manage the unmanageable. Without them, the supposedly renewable resource that is the southern rangelands can only continue its downward spiral.
PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN JAIPUR DISTRICT: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Kumari Priyanka , Ojha Nisha Kumari
Published: March 2021

Globally anemia accounts for a majority of the nutritional problem and it is principally engendered by deficiency of iron. Its prevalence is inordinately higher among developing nations, because of low socioeconomic status and poor access to healthcare services. In developing countries, the adolescent group is more exposed to nutritional challenges and adolescent girls are more vulnerable to the disease. This survey is intended to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls in age group of 12-15 year in Jaipur district, this survey also generated the anemic cases in the adolescent girls of age 12-15 year. A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020 by attending health check-up camps at various areas situated within 20 kilometers in Jaipur district. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using three-part auto analyzer method. Statistical analysis was done using Percentages and Chi-square Test. 75.39% girls were found anemic. Statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was found in anemia in adolescent girls with the history of receiving iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation, deworming, age, habitat, family type and status of menarche. Present study reveals that 75.39% girls were found anemic and the problem is significantly associated with status of IFA supplementation, deworming and family type.
BREAST MILK AFFECTS CHILD MORBIDITY STATUS: AN UNEXPLORED EVIDENCE FROM AYURVEDA
Authors: Sharma Vinay , Ojha Nisha
Published: March 2021

Breast milk is the main diet of infants as it provides all the nutrients for normal growth and development of a baby from the time of birth to the first 6 months of life. This dynamic fluid provides a diverse array of bioactive substances to the developing infant during critical periods of brain, immune system and gut development. In Ayurveda though breast milk is vital for children and infants but it may be vitiated with Dosha (regulatory functional factors of the body) due to the faulty lifestyle of the Dhatri (wet-nurse or mother) which may lead to various type of morbidities in child according to predominance of Dosha. Ancient Ayurveda scholars have also mentioned effect of breast milk according to taste and texture along with management of morbidities caused by these predominance’s of Dosha. Ayurveda have stressed very much on this aspect and have given a detailed account of abnormalities of breast milk and their consequences. Knowledge of this fact is of key significance for the proper growth and development of a child. Therefore, evidences from Ayurveda have been compiled in this article to understand the effect of breast milk on child morbidity status.
AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF PITYRIASIS ALBA (SIDHMA KUSTHA): A CASE STUDY
Authors: Gahalawat Preeti , Kumar Pankaj
Published: March 2021

A skin rash that sometimes begins as a large spot on the chest, abdomen, hands or back followed by pattern of smaller lesions. Pityriasis refers to hypo pigmentation of skin. Pityriasis alba have symptoms like ill-defined patches, round and oval, often with mild scaling and sometimes with mild pruritus. They are most commonly noticeable in people with darker skin type. Clinical examination shows decreased melanin production in affected areas. Pityriasis alba is commonly caused by atrophic sebaceous glands, iron deficiency anemia, low level of serum copper and sun exposure. It occurs commonly in children aged 3-16 years with 90% of occurring in children younger than 12 years. An estimated 5 % of children in US may be affected. Studies have showed a higher prevalence in Egypt 18% and Mali 20%. There is no clear racial predominance of Pityriasis alba found. Duration of the rash is variable. According to Acharya Sushruta Sidhma Kustha is kapha pradhana vyadhi most commonly occurs in Urdhva kaya i.e., hasta, ura, mukha and lalata. Diseases start with mild kandu and result in formation of white thin patches without pain. A female patient of 24 years attended our OPD with complain of various circular, whitish, discoloured patches of irregular edges with moderate pruritis on bilateral upper limbs and neck root region anteriorly. Finally, on the basis of all sign and symptoms it was diagnosed as Sidhma Kustha. In treatment repeated Vamana karma and Virechana karma were done. Given treatment mainly pacifies kapha along with vata dosha.
Assistência de enfermagem à criança em uso de gastrostomia: orientando a família para o cuidado domiciliar - Nursing care for children using gastrostomy: orienting the family to home care
Authors: Santos Thaís Barbosa , De Carvalho Priscila Benevenuti Menezes , Dos Santos Emanuel Pereira , De Andrade Cláudia Oliveira , Da Silva Maria Isabel Jesus , Souza Karla Cristina Da Silva
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: descrever as orientações do enfermeiro aos familiares para o cuidado domiciliar à criança em uso de gastrostomia. Métodos: revisão integrativa por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, através das bases de dados, utilizando os descritores: criança, gastrostomia, plano de assistência de enfermagem e cuidado domiciliar. Resultados: foi realizado um refinamento na busca que resultou no encontro de 8 artigos no cruzamento em dupla e 6 artigos no cruzamento em trio, sendo estes já citados no cruzamento em dupla. Conclusão: A pesquisa evidenciou as dificuldades vivenciadas pelos cuidadores das crianças em uso de gastrostomia no tocante do conhecimento para as praticas do cuidado domiciliar. Nota-se uma deficiência no que se refere a orientação sobre o procedimento, os cuidados pré e pós operatórios e reabilitação após alta da criança para o domicílio. Sendo necessário uma rede de apoio para a criança e sua família, como garantia da qualidade e continuidade da assistência.
Dynamic Behavior of Quay Walls According to N-values of Backfill and Amplitude of Seismic Accelerations
Authors: Yun Seong-Kyu , Kim Seungjong , Kim Jiseong , Kang Gichun
Published: March 2021

Sand soil discharge, which seemed to be the liquefaction damage, was observed in the backfill of a quay wall structure during the Pohang earthquake in 2017. This discharge occurred because the bearing capacity decreased owing to the loss of effective stress, which was caused by the increase in the excess pore-water pressure with the dynamic loads from the earthquake. In this study, the effects of the variations in the N-value of the backfill of the quay structure and the seismic acceleration coefficient were investigated for increasing excess pore-water pressure and decreasing effective stress, owing to the dynamic load from earthquakes.
Weekly carfilzomib plus cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Final results from the MCRN‐003/MYX.1 single arm phase II trial
Authors: Venner Christopher P. , LeBlanc Richard , Sandhu Irwindeep , White Darrell , Belch Andrew R. , Reece Donna E. , Chen Christine , Dolan Sean , Lalancette Marc , Louzada Martha , Kew Andrea , McCurdy Arleigh , Monteith Bethany , Reiman Tony , McDonald Gail , Sherry Max , Gul Engin , Chen Bingshu E. , Hay Annette E.
Published: March 2021

The MCRN‐003/CCTGMYX.1 is a single arm phase II trial of weekly carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (wKCd), exploring a convenient immunomodulator (IMiD)‐free regimen in relapsed myeloma. Weekly carfilzomib (20/70 mg/m2), dexamethasone 40 mg and cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 was delivered over 28‐day cycles. The primary endpoint was overall response after four cycles. Secondary endpoints included toxicity, response depth, PFS and OS. Exploratory endpoints included the impact of cytogenetics, prior therapy exposure and serum free light chain (sFLC) escape; 76 patients were accrued. The ORR was 85% (68% ≥very good partial response [VGPR] and 29% ≥complete response [CR]). The median OS and PFS were 27 and 17 months respectively. High‐risk cytogenetics conferred a worse ORR (75% vs. 97%, p = .013) and median OS (18 months vs. NR, p = .002) with a trend toward a worse median PFS (14 vs. 22 months, p = .06). Prior proteasome inhibitor (PI) or lenalidomide did not influence OS or PFS. The sFLC was noted in 15% of patients with a median PFS of 17 months when included as a progression event. The most common ≥ grade 3 non‐hematologic adverse events were infectious (40%), vascular (17%) and cardiac (15%). The wKCD is a safe and effective regimen in relapse, especially for patients ineligible for lenalidomide‐based therapies.
π‐Extended Push‐Pull‐Type Bicyclic Fluorophores Based on Quinoline and Naphthyridine Frameworks with an Iminophosphorane Fragment
Authors: Umeno Tomohiro , Usui Kazuteru , Karasawa Satoru
Published: March 2021

Emissive quinoline and naphthyridine derivatives, bearing an iminophosphorane (IPP) fragment as an electron‐donating group and two trifluoromethyl groups as electron‐withdrawing groups, were prepared as electron push‐pull‐type bicyclic fluorophores: quinoline‐IPP (1) and naphthyridine‐IPP (2). Compared to those of the precursor bicyclic amines without the IPP moiety, the fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) of 1 and 2 were considerably higher, not only in low polarity solvents but also polar solvents. Moreover, the molar absorption coefficients (ϵ) were enhanced; thus, 1 and 2 are fluorophores with relatively high brightness (Φf×ϵ). Using density functional theory calculations, the t indices were calculated, and these reveal that locally excited character is dominant in both molecules. Because of the sterically bulky IPP fragments, 1 and 2 emitted with moderate Φf values, even in the solid state. Further, by exploiting the low crystallinity of 1 and 2, emissive amorphous thin films were prepared.
A Ge/Carbon Atomic‐Scale Hybrid Anode Material: A Micro–Nano Gradient Porous Structure with High Cycling Stability
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Chen Ting , Chen Dequan , Shi Xinyu , Yang Shan , Zhong Yanjun , Liu Yuxia , Wang Gongke , Zhong Benhe , Song Yang , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong
Published: March 2021

The continuous growth of the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) and material crushing are the fundamental issues that hinder the application of Ge anodes in lithium‐ion batteries. Solving Ge deformation crushing during discharge/charge cycles is challenging using conventional carbon coating modification methods. Due to the chemical stability and high melting point of carbon (3500 °C), Ge/carbon hybridization at the atomic level is challenging. By selecting a suitable carbon source and introducing an active medium, we have achieved the Ge/carbon doping at the atom‐level, and this Ge/carbon anode shows excellent electrochemical performance. The reversible capacity is maintained at 1127 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles (2 A g−1 (2–71 cycles), 4 A g−1 (72–1000 cycles)) with a retention of 84 % compared to the second cycle. The thickness of the SEI is only 17.4 nm after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance and stable SEI fully reflect the application potential of this material.
Viscoelastic behavior of hydrogel‐based xanthan gum/aluminum lactate with potential applicability for conformance control
Authors: Amaral Camila N. R. , Oliveira Priscila F. , Pedroni Lucas G. , Mansur Claudia R. E.
Published: March 2021

Gel systems composed of biopolymers can be used, which block the regions of high water permeability during a previously established period, through the in situ formation of a gel inside the rock pores. Among the biopolymers studied, xanthan gum has attracted the greatest attention due to its viscosifying power and good stability in reservoirs subject to severe salinity and temperature from 27 to 90°C. Xanthan chains have the ability to build up physical networks with metals such as aluminum lactate to form hydrogels. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate, hydrogels made from xanthan gum (XG) cross‐linked with aluminum lactate. Initially, the influence of the gel formulation (biopolymer concentration and cross‐linker) and the reservoir conditions (pH, temperature, salinity) of the gel strength of the system and the injectivity of the gel systems was investigated through rheological tests. Subsequently, was analyzed the morphology of the systems for 30 days by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the systems based on xanthan gum cross‐linked, were able to form strong gels at pH 8, temperature of 70°C and salinity of 29,940 mgL−1 TDS. In general, the evaluated parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, polymer concentration, and cross‐linker) had a direct effect on the initial strength of the gel. However, after aging for 30 days, a drop in gel resistance was observed, since all systems have similar tan (δ) values and these parameters no longer show significant influence The aging analysis of hydrogel systems by SEM showed a difference in the surface microstructure of the dry hydrogel over the 30 days.
Water Conservation During COVID‐19: View From the Front Lines
Authors: Bracciano David
Published: March 2021

Key Takeaways

Early in 2020, when the severity of COVID‐19 became evident, US water utilities implementing conservation programs had to act quickly to determine how to mitigate changes in their conservation programs and staffing.

Prioritization and collaboration helped utility staff settle into their new way of working, which included adapting to online connection with customers and each other. These adaptations might lead to permanent changes.

Thanks in large part to the power of technology, many water conservation and customer education programs have continued, with interest and participation even increasing in some cases.