bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coordination of -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting by Transcript and Nascent Chain Features Revealed by Deep Mutational Scanning
Authors: Carmody Patrick J. , Zimmer Matthew H. , Kuntz Charles P. , Harrington Haley R. , Duckworth Kate E. , Penn Wesley D. , Mukhopadhyay Suchetana , Miller Thomas F. , Schlebach Jonathan P.
Published: March 2021

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) is a translational recoding mechanism that enables the synthesis of multiple polypeptides from a single transcript. In the alphavirus structural polyprotein, -1PRF is coordinated by a “slippery” sequence in the transcript, an RNA stem-loop, and a conformational transition in the nascent polypeptide chain. To characterize each of these effectors, we measured the effects of 4,530 mutations on -1PRF by deep mutational scanning. While most mutations within the slip-site and stem-loop disrupt -1PRF, mutagenic effects upstream of the slip-site are far more variable. Molecular dynamics simulations of polyprotein biogenesis suggest many of these mutations alter stimulatory forces on the nascent chain through their effects on translocon-mediated cotranslational folding. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting the coupling between cotranslational folding and -1PRF depends on the translation kinetics upstream of the slip-site. These findings demonstrate how -1PRF is coordinated by features within both the transcript and nascent chain.
Surf4 Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit of the Lysosomal Prosaposin-Progranulin Complex
Authors: Devireddy S. , Ferguson S.M.
Published: March 2021

Progranulin is a lysosomal protein whose haploinsufficiency causes frontotemporal dementia while homozygous loss of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a lysosomal storage disease. The sensitivity of cells to progranulin deficiency raises important questions about how cells coordinate intracellular trafficking of progranulin to ensure its efficient delivery to lysosomes. In this study, we discover that progranulin interacts with prosaposin, another lysosomal protein, within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that prosaposin is required for the efficient ER exit of progranulin. Mechanistically, we identify an interaction between prosaposin and Surf4, a receptor that promotes loading of lumenal cargos into COPII coated vesicles, and establish that Surf4 is critical for the efficient export of progranulin and prosaposin from the ER. Collectively, this work demonstrates a network of interactions occurring early in the secretory pathway that promote the ER exit and subsequent lysosomal delivery of newly translated progranulin and prosaposin.
Evolutionary trajectories of three independent neo-sex chromosomes inDrosophila
Authors: Nozawa Masafumi , Minakuchi Yohei , Satomura Kazuhiro , Kondo Shu , Toyoda Atsushi , Tamura Koichiro
Published: March 2021

Dosage compensation (DC) on the X chromosome is a mechanism to counteract the deleterious effects by gene loss from the Y chromosome. However, DC cannot work efficiently if the X chromosome also degenerates. This indeed occurs in the neo-sex chromosomes inDrosophila miranda, where neo-X as well as neo-Y chromosomes are under accelerated pseudogenization. To examine the generality of this pattern, we investigated the evolution of two additional neo-sex chromosomes that independently emerged inD. albomicansandD. americanaand compared their evolutionary processes with that inD. miranda. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the pseudogenization rate on neo-X is also accelerated in the two species (though lesser extent inD. americana). We also found that neo-X-linked genes whose neo-Y homologs are pseudogenized tend to be upregulated more stringently than those whose neo-Y homologs remain functional. Moreover, the genes under strong functional constraints and highly expressed in the testis tended to remain functional on neo-X and neo-Y, respectively. Focusing on theD. mirandaandD. albomicansneo-sex chromosomes that independently emerged from the same autosome, we further found that the same genes tend to have been pseudogenized in parallel on neo-Y. Those genes includeIdgf6andJhI-26whose functions seem to be unnecessary or could be even harmful for males. These results indicate that neo-sex chromosomes inDrosophilashare a common evolutionary trajectory after their emergence, which may be applicable to other sex chromosomes in a variety of organisms to avoid being an evolutionary dead-end.
Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation and antigenicity
Authors: Gobeil Sophie M-C. , Janowska Katarzyna , McDowell Shana , Mansouri Katayoun , Parks Robert , Stalls Victoria , Kopp Megan F. , Manne Kartik , Saunders Kevin , Edwards Robert J , Haynes Barton F. , Henderson Rory C. , Acharya Priyamvada
Published: March 2021

New SARS-CoV-2 variants that have accumulated multiple mutations in the spike (S) glycoprotein enable increased transmission and resistance to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we study the antigenic and structural impacts of the S protein mutations from four variants, one that was involved in transmission between minks and humans, and three that rapidly spread in human populations and originated in the United Kingdom, Brazil or South Africa. All variants either retained or improved binding to the ACE2 receptor. The B.1.1.7 (UK) and B.1.1.28 (Brazil) spike variants showed reduced binding to neutralizing NTD and RBD antibodies, respectively, while the B.1.351 (SA) variant showed reduced binding to both NTD- and RBD-directed antibodies. Cryo-EM structural analyses revealed allosteric effects of the mutations on spike conformations and revealed mechanistic differences that either drive inter-species transmission or promotes viral escape from dominant neutralizing epitopes.

Highlights

Cryo-EM structures reveal changes in SARS-CoV-2 S protein during inter-species transmission or immune evasion.

Adaptation to mink resulted in increased ACE2 binding and spike destabilization.

B.1.1.7 S mutations reveal an intricate balance of stabilizing and destabilizing effects that impact receptor and antibody binding.

E484K mutation in B.1.351 and B.1.1.28 S proteins drives immune evasion by altering RBD conformation.

S protein uses different mechanisms to converge upon similar solutions for altering RBD up/down positioning.
Characterization of the utility of three nebulizers in investigating infectivity of airborne viruses
Authors: Niazi Sadegh , Philp Lisa K. , Spann Kirsten , Johnson Graham R.
Published: March 2021

Laboratory-generated bioaerosols are widely used in aerobiology studies of viruses, however few comparisons of alternative nebulizers exist. We compared aerosol production and virus survival for a Collison nebulizer, vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN), and hydraulic spray atomizer (HAS). We also measured the dry size distribution of the aerosols produced, calculated the droplet sizes before evaporation and the dry size distribution from normal saline solution. Dry count median diameters of 0.25, 0.63 and 0.76 µm were found for normal saline from the Collison nebulizer, VMN and HSA, respectively. The volume median diameters were 2.91, 3.2 and 2.43 µm, respectively. The effect of nebulization on the viability of two influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1, H3N2) and human rhinovirus (HRV)-16, was assessed by direct nebulization into an SKC Biosampler. The HSA had least impact on surviving fractions (SFs) of H1N1 and H3N2 (89±5%, 94±3%), followed by the Collison nebulizer (82±2%, 82±3%). The VMN yielded SFs of 78±2% and 76±2%, respectively. Conversely, for HRV-16, the VMN produced higher SFs (86±15%). Our findings indicate that although the VMN had the greatest impact on IAV survival, it produced higher aerosol concentrations within the airborne-size range making it more suitable where high aerosol mass production is required.

Importance

Viral respiratory tract infections cause millions of lost days of work and physician visits globally, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Respiratory droplet and droplet nuclei from infected hosts are the substantial potential carriers of such viruses within indoor environments. Laboratory-generated bioaerosols are applied in understanding the transmission and infection of viruses, simulating the physiological aspects of bioaerosol generation in a controlled environment. However, little comparative characterization exists for nebulizers used in infectious disease aerobiology, including Collison nebulizer, Vibrating mesh nebulizer, and hydraulic spray atomizer. This study characterized the physical features of aerosols generated by laboratory nebulizers, and their performance in producing aerosols at a size relevant to airborne transmission used in infectious disease aerobiology. We also determined the impact of nebulization mechanisms of these nebulizers on the viability of human respiratory viruses, including IAV H1N1, IAV H3N2 and HRV-16.
Google Trends as a method to predict new COVID-19 cases
Authors: Jurić Tado
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we develop a method that can detect and predict the emergence of new cases of COVID-19 at an early stage. With this method, we try to lay the empirical basis for the development of the model of digital monitoring and prediction of the occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 in Croatia, relying on the analytical tool Google Trends (GT).

Results

In Croatia search activities using GT for terms such as ‘‘PCR +Covid”, “PCR + test”, and symptoms “cough + corona”, “pneumonia + corona”; “muscle pain + corona” correlate strongly with officially reported cases of the disease. Google Trends tools are suitable for predicting the emergence of new COVID-19 cases in Croatia, and that the data collected by this method correlate with official data.

The benefit of this method is reliable estimates that can enable public health officials to prepare and better respond to the possible return of a pandemic in certain parts of the country. If a region experiences an early, sharp increase in Covid-19-like-illness Google searches, it may be possible to focus additional resources on that region to identify the etiology of the outbreak, providing extra medical capacity or raising local media awareness as necessary.

Because the relative frequency of certain queries is highly correlated with the percentage of physician visits in which a patient presents with Covid-19 symptoms, this method can serve as an early alarm to predict the emergence of new cases of COVID-19 in the specific area in Croatia.
The mechanism leads to successful clickbait promotion in WeChat social media platforms
Authors: Liu Matthew Tingchi , Xue Jin , Liu Yongdan
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study aims to examine how the clickbait headlines influence the perceived source credibility, subjective norm, perceived benefit and purchasing intention of customers on social commerce through social media platforms in different interpersonal relationship strength scenarios.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of three studies were employed online to test the hypotheses. Study 1 used a single-factor, two-condition (clickbait: yes vs no) between-subject design. Both study 2 and study 3 employed a 2 (clickbait: yes vs no) × 2 (relationships: close friend vs stranger) between-subject design. All data were sourced randomly from 729 respondents in China. Data and models were analyzed by using SPSS and Mplus.

Findings

Study 1 illustrated that clickbait has a negative effect on perceived credibility and purchase intention, and the perceived credibility mediated the relationship between clickbait and purchase intention. Study 2 replicated such finding and demonstrated that the interpersonal relationship strength interacts with the influence from clickbait to purchase intention. Study 3 enhanced the mechanism of source credibility found in the above studies and further revealed that perceived benefit and perceived norm had a mediating role in the purchase-making process online.

Originality/value

Research efforts to date concentrate on how to detect and reduce clickbait headlines. This paper adopts a different perspective, considering the consequences of clickbait in the marketing domain. This study reveals the effects of clickbait on purchase intention and the mechanism behind this process under different scenarios.
The effect of consumers' religiosity on consumer ethics: the mediating role of ethical ideology
Authors: Arli Denni , Tjiptono Fandy
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Religious doctrines generally encourage people to behave ethically. However, in daily life, individuals notice inconsistencies between religious beliefs and behavior, leading them to ask, in the context of commerce, why religious consumers would behave unethically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of consumers' intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on their ethical behavior. Specifically, the moderating effect of ethical ideology on the relationship between Indonesian consumers' religiosity and their ethics was examined by means of a survey.

Design/methodology/approach

The data derived from the questionnaire were complemented by convenience samples of Indonesians living in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) in central Java. The researchers distributed 600 questionnaires in two major shopping malls and several housing areas in the region, of which 467 were completed and returned, for an overall response rate of 77.8%.

Findings

The results indicated that the participants' intrinsic religiosity negatively impacted their ethical beliefs and was mediated by their idealistic ethical ideology. The present study also found that idealism had negative effects on three of the four dimensions of the consumer ethics scale (CES) (actively benefiting, passively benefiting and questionable behavior), while relativism had positive effects on two of the dimensions (passively benefiting and questionable behavior.

Research limitations/implications

One limitation of the present study was that the analysis did not distinguish among the religions practiced by the respondents to the questionnaire.

Originality/value

This is one of the first few studies investigating the mediating role of ethical ideology in a religious society. This study contributes to the literature on these issues in theoretical and managerial terms by extending the Hunt-Vitell theory (1986) to the context of consumer ethics.
Sustainability engagement in Latin America firms and cost of equity
Authors: Garzón Jiménez Renato , Zorio-Grima Ana
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions are expected to reduce information asymmetries and increase legitimacy among the stakeholders of the company, which consequently should have a positive impact on the financial conditions of the firm. Hence, the objective of this paper is to find empirical evidence on the negative relationship between sustainable behavior and the cost of equity, in the specific context of Latin America. To address this issue, some proxies and moderating variables for sustainability are used in our study.

Design/methodology/approach

The regression model considers a sample with 252 publicly trading firms and 2,772 firm-year observations, from 2008 to 2018. The generalized method of moments is used to avoid endogeneity problems.

Findings

The study finds evidence that firms with higher environmental, social and governance activities disclosed by sustainability reports and assured by external providers decrease their cost of equity, especially if they are in an integrated market as MILA. This finding confirms that agency conflicts between firm's management and stakeholders diminish with higher CSR transparency, leading to a lower cost of capital.

Originality/value

Our research is unique and valuable as, to our knowledge, it is the first study to analyze the impact of sustainable behavior and the cost of equity from companies operating in Latin America.
Theory of self-cultivation based on Confucianism: a supplement to social exchange theory
Authors: Duan Jinyun , Yao Dilin , Xu Yue , Yu Linhan
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Although domestic research on Chinese management is emerging, a suitable domestic theory is still needed to support and explain Chinese management practice. Given that, this paper aims to extract ideas of cultivation from Confucianism and propose a theoretical framework of self-cultivation with a purpose to provide new explanations for domestic (nondomestic as well) management practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing from pre-Qin cultivation discourse and management practice, this paper develops a theoretical framework of self-cultivation and discusses its implications.

Findings

This paper argues that self-cultivation emphasizes self-consciousness, initiative and selflessness. It also includes self-reflection, self-discipline, self-study and self-improvement, as well as self-dedication, all of which reflect the ideal realm of “self-cultivation.” This “realm” refers to the process of pursuing an ideal personality and high moral standards.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the literature by identifying various potential applications of self-cultivation theory to domestic research on organizational behavior in China.
Emotional and social intelligence assessment model for student character reinforcement
Authors: Khilmiyah Akif , Wiyono Giri
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to help teachers resolve the difficulties in assessing the students' characters through the development of valid, reliable, goodness-of-fit statistic instrument of emotional and social intelligence assessment for elementary school students.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a research and development model from Plomp with five phases, such as investigation, design, realization, testing and implementation. The research subjects were 345 students of class IV amongst 20 elementary schools in Yogyakarta. Data collection used questionnaires, documentation, interviews, Forum Group Discussion and an observation. Data analysis used descriptive analysis, Aiken's V, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis formulae.

Findings

The research study helps solve the difficulties of teachers in assessing emotional and social intelligence, which have previously been in only one area of psychomotor. The design of emotional and social intelligence assessment instruments is made from three domains of character, namely, cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The form of the instrument is non-test in three variations. The construct of social and emotional intelligence assessment for a character reinforcement has met the validity, reliability and goodness-of-fit statistic.

Research limitations/implications

This study explains that the Emotional and Social Intelligence (ESI) model is applied for measuring cognitive, affective and psychomotor in children. This study proves that the ESI model is a comprehensive assessment model for evaluating the children's soft skills, includes (1) personal abilities: the ability to make rational decisions, the ability to design the future and (2) social skills: the ability to work together and the ability to understand other people.

Practical implications

Teachers can measure and determine the condition of children's soft skills by operating the ESI model. Based on the knowledge of the correct soft skill conditions, the teacher can adjust the teaching materials and teaching methods that would improve the child's soft skills regarding to their respective conditions. Mastering these soft skills will affect the children's capability in facing the challenge in the upcoming society's life.

Originality/value

The novelty of this study is the design model of the emotional and social intelligence assessment instrument developed comprehensively and practically as it is created from three domains of character and three forms of non-test questions, so that the assessment is not mechanical, and easily practiced by users.
Lessons learned from keeping NSW’s prisons COVID-free
Authors: Blogg James , McGrath Colette , Galouzis Jennifer , Grant Luke , Hoey Wendy
Published: March 2021

Purpose

New South Wales (NSW) correctional system houses 30% of prisoners in Australia and at this time has only had a single documented case of COVID-19 amongst its prisoner population. The coordinated response by Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network (The Network) undertaken with the support of NSW Ministry of Health, in partnership with Corrective Services NSW (CSNSW), Youth Justice and private jails has ensured that the NSW correctional system has remained otherwise COVID-free.

Design/methodology/approach

A research study of how a range of partners which support the operations of NSW Correctional System developed an effective approach for the prevention a COVID-19 epidemic amongst its inmates.

Findings

Establishment of effective partnerships, early coordination of representatives from all aspects of the NSW correctional system, limited access to the correctional environment, reduced prison population and strict isolation of all new receptions have all contributed to maintaining this COVID-free status despite other NSW settings with similar risk profiles, such as aged care facilities and cruise ship arrivals, experiencing serious outbreaks.

Research limitations/implications

Although Australia/New Zealand context of suppressed community infection rates for COVID-19 (which are approaching elimination in some jurisdictions) is in contrast to the situation in other parts of the world, the principles described in this paper will be useful to most other correctional systems.

Practical implications

Modelling was used to underline our approach and reinforced the veracity of following this approach.

Originality/value

The Network and CSNSW has been able to mount an effective, integrated response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been sustainable through the first peak of COVID-19 cases. This case study catalogues the process of developing this response and details each intervention implemented with inventive use of tables to demonstrate the impact of the range of interventions used.
Revisiting copreneurial from a business perspective: theoretical developments
Authors: Rodrigues Margarida , Franco Mário
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The change in couples' personal ambitions concerning their careers, how they look after their family and how they deal with the work–family balance has revolutionized their position in the business world, specifically in family businesses. When couples embark on a joint business, the authors have copreneurial couples or copreneurs, the concept having existed for decades. This study provides mapping and a broad, holistic bibliometric analysis of copreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach

The study presented here followed the literature review for scientific mapping of the topic under discussion.

Findings

The results obtained show that the vast literature on copreneurs refers to other social sciences rather than business and management. Furthermore, final refining of the initial research made indicates that the literature in these areas is still minimal, justifying the need for this study. Also shown is the need to continue to study copreneurs, as fundamental economic actors in the business sector.

Practical implications

One of the study's main contributions lies in building a theoretical framework to explore empirically the success or failure of this business typology. The topics identified in this analysis highlighted copreneurial teams, copreneurial business and copreneurs' success factors.

Originality/value

The review presented here is wide-ranging and holistic, showing there is a shortage of research on the link between family business and copreneurs, whose conceptual difference lies in the construct of business succession since most researchers have studied psychological aspects, these couples' marital relationships and the factors contributing to conflict between work and domestic responsibilities.
Job crafting, a bottom-up job characteristic of academics with an embeddedness potential
Authors: Arachie Augustine Ebuka , Agbaeze Emmanuel Kalu , Nzewi Hope Ngozi , Agbasi Emmanuela Obianuju
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The frequent turnover of academic instructors (lecturers) to other organizations and countries despite the autonomies their job offer them necessitated; this study aims to examine the relationship between job crafting (JC) and embeddedness of lecturers to their jobs.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey research design was adopted. This study is carried out in the south-east region of Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of 8,051 academic staff of six randomly selected public universities in the region and a sample size of 367 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula. The primary and secondary source of data were used in data collection and were analysed using regression analysis at a 5% level of significance.

Findings

Result revealed that task crafting has a statistically significant positive relationship with employee job fit (r= 0.949,R2= 0.900,F= 2699.473,p-value < 0.05), that relational crafting has a statistically significant positive influence on employee links (r= 0.982,R2= 0.964,F= 8112.281,p-value < 0.05) and that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between cognitive crafting and sacrifice links (r= 0.962,R2= 0.926,F= 3729.900,p-value < 0.05).

Practical implications

This study’s practical implication is that it will aid in making academics in Nigeria embedded in their jobs by encouraging them to craft their jobs so as to give them more meaning. In the field of research, this study helps to close the literature gap existing in JC and the role it plays in embedding academics in their jobs, hence, opening up a whole new research area with empirical data to back it up. For management, the study will help in knowing how to appropriately harness the potential of JC in making employees more engaged in their jobs.

Originality/value

Many studies have been carried out in the past in areas of JC and employee performance, non to the best knowledge of the researchers has been extended to studying JC as it relates to the embeddedness of academics to their jobs in Nigeria, this study is, therefore, a new addition to academic literature in this area.
Kombination aus Brentuximab‐Vedotin und hautspezifischen Therapien verlängert bei Patienten mit kutanem T‐Zell‐Lymphom die Zeit bis zur nächsten Therapieeskalation
Authors: Stranzenbach René , Stadler Rudolf
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund und Ziele

Brentuximab‐Vedotin (BV) ist eine wirkungsvolle Therapieoption bei CD30‐positiven kutanen T‐Zell‐Lymphomen. Im Unterschied zu früheren Studien wurde BV bei unseren Patienten häufig mit anderen therapeutischen Maßnahmen kombiniert. In diesem Kontext ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von BV unter Praxisbedingungen zu analysieren.

Patienten und Methoden

Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive monozentrische Studie zur Analyse der Behandlungsergebnisse bei Patienten mit CD30‐positivem kutanem T‐Zell‐Lymphom, die mit BV behandelt wurden.

Ergebnisse

26 Patienten (medianes Alter: 67 Jahre) wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. Die Patienten wurden mit BV (1,8 oder 1,2 mg/kg Körpergewicht) behandelt. Bei 30,8 % der Patienten wurde eine vollständige Remission (CR) erreicht. Die objektive Ansprechrate (ORR) betrug 84,6 %. Nebeneffekte wurden bei 19 der 26 Patienten beobachtet. Als Reaktion auf eine Krankheitsprogression (PD) unter BV‐Monotherapie führten wir bei sechs Patienten zusätzlich hautspezifische Maßnahmen durch, zum Beispiel Tumorexzision, lokale Strahlentherapie oder PUVA. Mit diesem Konzept konnten wir die Erkrankung wieder stabilisieren und die Therapielinie im Median sieben Monate länger ohne zusätzliche Toxizität beibehalten.

Schlussfolgerungen

Zusätzliche hautspezifische Therapien (SDT) nach Progression der Erkrankung unter BV‐Monotherapie konnten das kontinuierliche Fortschreiten der Erkrankung stabilisieren oder führten sogar zu einem partiellen Ansprechen und verlängerten dadurch die Zeit bis zur nächsten therapeutischen Eskalation.
Evidenz‐ und konsensbasierte (S3) Leitlinie: Impfprävention HPV‐assoziierter Neoplasien
Authors: Gross Gerd E. , Werner Ricardo N. , Avila Valle Gabriela L. , Bickel Markus , Brockmeyer Norbert H. , Doubek Klaus , Gallwas Julia , Gieseking Friederike , Haase Heidemarie , Hillemanns Peter , Ikenberg Hans , Jongen Johannes , Kaufmann Andreas M. , Klußmann Jens Peter , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Knuf Markus , Köllges Ralf , Laws Hans‐Jürgen , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Neis Klaus J. , Petry Karl‐Ulrich , Pfister Herbert , Schlaeger Martin , Schneede Peter , Schneider Achim , Smola Sigrun , Tiews Sven , Nast Alexander , Gaskins Matthew , Wieland Ulrike
Published: March 2021

Anogenitale und oropharyngeale Infektionen mit humanen Papillomviren (HPV) sind weit verbreitet. Im Fall einer klinisch manifesten Erkrankung ist die HPV‐Infektion mitunter mit erheblichen Auswirkungen auf die Lebensqualität assoziiert, die Behandlung geht mit einer hohen Rezidivrate einher und invasive Neoplasien (zum Beispiel Zervix‐, Anal‐, Vulva‐, Penis‐, Oropharynxkarzinom) sind zudem durch eine signifikante Morbidität und Mortalität gekennzeichnet. Die Impfung gegen HPV ist eine effektive und sichere Maßnahme zur Primärprävention HPV‐assoziierter Läsionen, allerdings sind die HPV‐Impfraten in Deutschland nach wie vor niedrig. Die vorliegende Publikation ist eine gekürzte Fassung der auf den Seiten der AWMF verfügbaren Langfassung der evidenz‐ und konsensbasierten Leitlinie „Impfprävention HPV‐assoziierter Neoplasien“. Auf der Grundlage eines systematischen Reviews mit Metaanalysen wurden von einem repräsentativen Gremium erstellte und formell konsentierte Empfehlungen zur Vakzinierung verschiedener Alters‐ und Personengruppen erarbeitet. Darüber hinaus wurden konsensbasierte Empfehlungen zu spezifischen, im Praxisalltag relevanten Fragestellungen bezüglich besonderer Situationen erstellt. Diese sollen in einem Themenfeld, in dem vielfach Unsicherheiten bestehen und sowohl Patientinnen und Patienten als auch Gesundheitsdienstleisterinnen und ‐dienstleister teils mit kontroversen und emotional aufgeladenen Standpunkten konfrontiert sind, auf Grundlage der aktuell vorliegenden Studienlage und eines repräsentativen Expertenkonsenses Orientierung und Sicherheit bieten.
Peristaltic contractions help snaring during underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of colonic non‐granular pseudodepressed laterally spreading tumor
Authors: Uchima Hugo , Colán‐Hernández Juan , Binmoeller Kenneth F.
Published: March 2021

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Demographics and management of paediatric dental‐facial trauma in the ‘lockdown’ period: A UK perspective
Authors: Ilyas Nabeel , Green Alexandra , Karia Rishikesh , Sood Sanjeev , Fan Kathleen
Published: March 2021

Background

The United Kingdom entered ‘lockdown’ on the 23 March 2020 due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This resulted in school closures forcing children to remain at home. Dental‐facial trauma was still likely to be common place due to falls and injuries exercising. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on clinical practice in a paediatric population in a tertiary care hospital and a linked Dental Institute.

Method

A proforma was designed to capture the demographics, presenting complaints, type of dental‐facial injury, treatment need and the treatment received for all paediatric patients presenting face to face with dental‐facial trauma to King's College Hospital during the ‘lockdown’ period (23 March‐ 14 June 2020).

Results

Four hundred and twenty calls were triaged, converting to 102 patients seen face‐to‐face for dental‐facial trauma. The remainder were able to be triaged ‘virtually’. Injuries seen included 56 (54.9%) dentoalveolar injuries, 37 (36.2%) lacerations, five (4.9%) suspected facial fractures and four (3.9%) dog bites. Males and females were equally affected. The majority of incidents occurred in the home environment (n = 60, 58.8%), with the remainder (n = 42, 41.2%) occurring outside the home environment. The main causes of dental‐facial trauma were falls (n = 47, 46.1%) and bicycles/scooters (n = 29, 28.4%). The most common type of dentoalveolar injury was lateral luxation (n = 15, 26.7%), followed by avulsion (n = 12, 21.4%). Only one child required treatment under general anaesthesia (GA).

Conclusion

The demographic, presenting complaints and treatment needs of patients who presented during the lockdown period with dental‐facial trauma were unusual. The overwhelming majority were able to be treated without the use of GA. The attendance protocol in a tertiary care setting and the use of ‘teledentistry’ ensured only the most severe trauma cases were seen. This highlights how more complex trauma can still occur during ‘lockdown’ and requires immediate management.
Handgrip strength: Should repeated measurements be performed in both hands?
Authors: Lee Sang Yoon , Jin Heejin , Arai Hidenori , Lim Jae‐Young
Published: March 2021

Aim

We aimed to determine whether both hands should be tested for handgrip strength and whether it is necessary to perform repeated measurements in each hand.

Methods

The data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2014 to 2018. The participants performed three trials of handgrip strength measurement for each hand alternately, with 60‐s rest between the trials. From this pool of data, we included 23 901 participants aged ≥19 years who had completed surveys on the handgrip strength test, and obtained their medical history.

Results

The dominant hand had a significantly stronger handgrip strength than the non‐dominant hand (32.75 ± 0.10 vs. 30.95 ± 0.09 kg, P < 0.001); however, 26.4% of the subjects had stronger handgrip strength in the non‐dominant hand. During the three repeated measurements, the handgrip strength gradually increased; however, the mean difference between the trials (0.579 and 0.104 kg) was below the noninferiority threshold. In older adults, however, the mean difference in the handgrip strength between the first and the second trial was higher than the noninferiority threshold.

Conclusions

While the handgrip strength gradually increased during three repeated measurements, the difference was clinically important only in older adults. Hence, we suggest that the handgrip strength should be measured in both hands and at least twice in older adults, whereas a single attempt provides a maximal value in younger adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 426–432.
Nomadic breeders Snowy Owls (Bubo scandiacus) do not use stopovers to sample the summer environment
Authors: Brown Andrea , McCabe Rebecca A. , Therrien Jean‐François , Wiebe Karen L. , Weidensaul Scott , Brinker David , Gauthier Gilles , Elliott Kyle H.
Published: March 2021

Whereas most migratory animals, such as many birds of prey, return to the same breeding area each summer, nomadic breeders search over large distances to locate breeding areas that vary greatly in location from year to year. Nomadic breeders are assumed to extensively sample patch quality before selecting a summer settlement site (e.g. breeding site) with a high abundance of prey. In addition, patch selection during migration might vary, with immature birds sampling the summer environment for the first time. Here, we examined the migratory movements of a nomadic breeder, the Snowy Owl, to determine whether there are differences in phenology among age and sex classes, and where stopovers occur along their migratory journey. Each owl (n = 24) was equipped with a GPS‐GSM transmitter during the overwintering period in the USA and Canada from 2014 to 2018. Movement patterns followed a two‐process Poisson distribution, allowing us to separate stopovers from directional flights (i.e. migration). Adults completed migration earlier than immatures, with no difference in number of stopovers or time spent at each stopover. Snowy Owls had a higher probability of having a stopover at the beginning of their migration than at the end. Moreover, stopovers occurred primarily on frozen waterbodies more suitable for foraging or roosting outside of the summer range. We conclude that Snowy Owls use stopovers primarily to build up reserves or to rest during migration and they can potentially select appropriate summer settlement sites via short overflights without extensive sampling of patches during lengthy stopovers.
Public information affects foraging patch use by mixed‐species flocks of tits in high‐risk, open environments
Authors: Barnes Megan J. , Beale Colin M.
Published: March 2021

Social cues can improve estimates of foraging site predation risk beyond that of individual assessment alone, as they provide current, accurate information, and the importance of these cues may be greater in higher risk environments. We assessed the foraging behaviour of mixed‐species flocks of tits in both high‐risk, open environments and lower risk, closed environments in winter by measuring foraging intensity on standardized feeders. Responses to acoustic playback of bird calls differed in open and closed sites, suggesting that reliance on social cues is dependent on the habitat. Audible social cues from known species, and to a lesser extent unfamiliar calls at a similar pitch, were most important in evaluating safety in open, riskier sites, with more seeds eaten when playback was present at open‐site feeders compared with silent controls, but no difference was observed between treatments in closed environments.
Life insurance purchase behaviour: A systematic review and directions for future research
Authors: Bhatia Ritika , Bhat Anil K. , Tikoria Jyoti
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a framework‐based systematic review of existing research to understand the purchase behaviour of consumers for life insurance products. The TCM framework is adopted to provide an organized review of the theory, context and methods used in the articles under review. Antecedents, decisions and outcomes in the context of consumers’ life insurance purchase behaviour are also discussed in detail using the ADO framework. The review aggregates 136 unique antecedents derived from 76 relevant articles and classifies them into eight broad categories. Further, the reasons for obtaining a positive or negative effect of a particular antecedent on life insurance purchase decisions or outcomes are also fully explored. Finally, TCM and ADO frameworks are used to identify the research gaps in the extant life insurance literature. Some of the important future avenues of the research, especially from the perspective of behavioural economics and pandemic scenarios such as COVID‐19, are then explored.
Employment for persons with intellectual disability in the Nordic countries: A scoping review
Authors: Garrels Veerle , Sigstad Hanne Marie Høybråten
Published: March 2021

Background

Persons with intellectual disability remain largely excluded from the labour market in the Nordic countries. A review of the existing knowledge base may inform policymakers who try to address this challenge.

Method

The study uses a scoping review of 23 articles to summarize three decades of research on employment for persons with intellectual disability in the Nordic countries.

Results

Persons with intellectual disability value employment, but school‐related factors may form barriers to labour market participation. Support at the workplace is important but variable. There is a paucity of intervention studies, and few studies focus on supports to bridge the gap between personal capacity and environmental demands.

Conclusions

A better coordination between the educational system and the labour market may facilitate higher levels of employment for persons with intellectual disability. Intervention studies that emphasize individualized supports and follow‐up of older employees with intellectual disability are welcomed.
Functional diversity and trait filtering of insectivorous bats relate to forest biogeography and fragmentation in South Africa
Authors: Moir Monika , Richards Leigh R. , Rambau Ramugondo V. , Cherry Michael I.
Published: March 2021

Aim

Forest fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss causing declines in species richness and functional diversity of biotic communities. Bats are essential components of ecosystems and are useful bio‐indicators of habitat disturbance, yet the response and vulnerability of bats to fragmentation have been poorly studied in Africa. We aim to assess the effects of forest biogeographical history and fragmentation on functional diversity of bats and their functional traits.

Location

Eastern Cape and southern KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.

Taxon

Insectivorous bats.

Methods

We surveyed forest‐utilizing bats to derive four functional diversity indices. Generalized linear models were used to assess the response of diversity indices to biogeographical history and fragmentation, represented by forest type and five landscape fragmentation metrics. RLQ and fourth‐corner analysis were used to investigate the interaction of traits with fragmentation metrics and forest type.

Results

Pondoland Scarp forests displayed high functional richness, while Eastern Cape Dune forests exhibited high functional divergence yet low functional richness and dispersion. Two fragmentation metrics affected functional diversity dynamically: edge density had a positive effect on functional evenness; and dispersion was negatively affected by river length through forests. Results showed stronger interactions of functional traits with forest type than fragmentation metrics, with filtering effects on body size and wing morphology.

Main conclusions

The large‐scale processes related to biogeographical history, and associated forest structure, are important determinants of functional richness, divergence and dispersion of insectivorous bat communities. Scarp forests showed the highest species and functional richness as they experienced less extreme climatic extinction filtering than Mistbelt forests during the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas the low diversity of Eastern Cape Dune forests results from their younger evolutionary history and homogenous vegetation structure. Little is known of the sensitivity of bats to habitat fragmentation in Africa: here, we show larger‐sized insectivorous species; and species exhibiting low wing loading may be more vulnerable to fragmentation.
Pain catastrophising in the oro‐facial pain population
Authors: Dinan John E. , Hargitai Istvan A. , Watson Nora , Smith Alexander , Schmidt John E.
Published: March 2021

Background

Pain catastrophising is a maladaptive cognitive response characterised by an exaggerated negative interpretation of pain experiences. It has been associated with greater disability and poorer outcomes in chronic pain, to include several specific oro‐facial pain conditions. The goal of this study was to examine pain catastrophising at a military oro‐facial pain specialty clinic.

Methods

This retrospective chart review (RCR) examined information collected at initial examination from 699 new patients seen between September 2016 and August 2019 at the Orofacial Pain Center at the Naval Postgraduate Dental School (Bethesda, MD). Pain catastrophising, pain characteristics, psychosocial factors and sleep were assessed using standardised scales. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations of patient characteristics and pain intensity with pain catastrophising. Mediation analyses were done to characterise the extent to which the relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising may be explained by anxiety, depression and insomnia.

Results

Higher pain intensity, depression, anxiety, insomnia and younger age were each associated with higher pain catastrophising (all p < .05). A primary diagnosis of neuropathic pain was the strongest independent predictor of higher pain catastrophising. The relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising was partially mediated by anxiety, depression and insomnia.

Conclusions

In this RCR of a population of oro‐facial pain patients, those diagnosed with neuropathic pain were most likely to display high levels of pain catastrophising, a characteristic which is associated with poor long‐term pain outcomes. This is the first study to show that, independent of other patient characteristics, those suffering from neuropathic pains displayed the highest levels of pain catastrophising. This highlights the importance of also addressing psychosocial factors in the treatment of neuropathic pain conditions, which are commonly treated using a predominantly biomedical approach. Additionally, anxiety, depression and insomnia each partially explains the relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophising.
Play and medical play in teaching pre‐school children to cope with medical procedures involving needles: A systematic review
Authors: Kyriakidis Ioannis , Tsamagou Evangelia , Magos Konstantinos
Published: March 2021

Aim

Most toddlers experience pain and distress during doctor or dental visits. Aim of this systematic review was to investigate the role of play‐based interventions in pain and fear or distress management in pre‐school children (aged from 2 to 6 years old) undergoing needle‐related medical procedures adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines (registration number: CRD42020192161).

Methods

The key database that was searched was PubMed/MEDLINE along with references of relevant review studies. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that fulfilled inclusion and eligibility criteria were selected for analysis. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs and Review Manager version 5.4 was utilised in order to calculate standardised mean differences (SMDs) and create a forest plot for included studies that presented data on self‐reported pain ratings. Primary outcomes refer to pain, anxiety and fear assessments, while secondary outcomes refer to physiological measures and cortisol levels.

Results

All included RCTs suffered from high risk of bias that relied on selection and blinding methodology, while other sources of bias were also present in some cases. Despite low‐quality of evidence, play‐based interventions seem to favour less self‐reported pain (SMD −0.39; 95% CI: −0.67 to −0.12; I2 = 84%).

Conclusion

Limitations of evidence, except from high risk of bias, include inconsistency in reporting primary outcome assessments and study designs that preclude reproducibility. Play‐based techniques seem to contribute to pre‐schoolers' coping towards needle‐related medical procedures and further research is warranted in order to explore clinical benefits.
Global dispersal and diversification of the genus Schoenus (Cyperaceae) from the Western Australian biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Elliott Tammy L. , van Mazijk Ruan , Barrett Russell L. , Bruhl Jeremy J. , Joly Simon , Muthaphuli Ngalirendwe , Wilson Karen L. , Muasya A. Muthama
Published: March 2021

The predominantly austral genus Schoenus L. is the largest genus in tribe Schoeneae and one of the ten most species‐rich Cyperaceae genera, with over 150 accepted species found mostly in Australia, New Zealand, southeast Asia, and southern Africa. Here, we use data based on two nuclear and three plastid DNA regions to present one of the most comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of a genus in Cyperaceae to date, covering over 70% of described species of Schoenus. After recent taxonomic realignments in the last 4 years have both added and removed species from the genus, we show that Schoenus is now monophyletic. In addition, our results indicate that Schoenus originated in Western Australia in the Paleocene and eventually dispersed to surrounding continents, but rarely back. The diversification rate of the genus appears to have slightly decreased over time, and there has not been an increase associated with the establishment of the Cape clade endemic to the sclerophyllous fynbos vegetation type, such as has been reported in other plant lineages endemic to the Cape region. These results will serve as a template to understanding the complex patterns of genome size evolution and to untangle drivers of diversification in this genus.