bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between 5 min Apgar scores and planned mode of delivery in diabetic pregnancies
Authors: STUART ANDREA E. , MATTHIESEN LEIF S. , KÄLLÉN KARIN B.
Published: January 2011

Objective. Due to the high incidence of neonatal complications in diabetic pregnancies, the aim of our study was to investigate whether elective cesarean section could prevent adverse neonatal outcome. Design. Population‐based study. Setting. Data were extracted from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. Population. All women (n=13 491) with diabetic pregnancies during the period 1990–2007. Methods. Neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancies was compared after elective cesarean section at 38 completed gestational weeks with planned vaginal delivery at 39 completed weeks of gestation or later. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for Apgar scores <7 at 5 min after birth were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Main Outcome Measures. Apgar score <7 at 5 min after birth. Results. A significantly decreased risk of Apgar score <7 at 5 min after birth in the group who underwent an elective cesarean section at 38 completed gestational weeks was found compared with those who continued pregnancy to 39 completed weeks of gestation or more, irrespective of final mode of delivery. Conclusions. Our results indicate a protective effect of planned cesarean section on the risk of low Apgar scores in diabetic pregnancies.
Photonanodermatology: the interface of photobiology, dermatology and nanotechnology
Authors: Hia Jamie , Nasir Adnan
Published: January 2011

This review focuses on the optical properties of matter on the nanoscale and discusses some of their potential applications in dermatology. The applications will be divided into three main categories: those with consumer potential; those with diagnostic potential; and those with therapeutic potential.
Herpes simplex virus reactivation as a complication of photodynamic therapy
Authors: Nobbe Stephan , Trüeb Ralph M. , French Lars E. , Hofbauer Günther F. L.
Published: January 2011

We report the case of an 81‐year‐old male patient who developed a reactivation of herpes simplex virus localized to the right forehead, where photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratosis was performed. Considering the wide use of PDT, herpes virus infection or reactivation as well as other infections seem to be a very rare but potentially serious complication that has to be distinguished from common inflammatory reactions after PDT. Further applications of PDT under antiviral prophylaxis were well tolerated by our patient, with no further herpetic reactivation and successful treatment of actinic keratoses.
Solar urticaria unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulins
Authors: Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Argila Diego De , Eguren Cristina , García‐Martin Patricia , Ibañes Sara , García‐Diez Amaro
Published: January 2011

The treatment of solar urticaria (SU) can be difficult. Only a few cases of SU have been treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) (as monotherapy or combined with phototherapy), with reported fast and durable increase of solar exposure tolerance. A 61‐year‐old female with severe UVB‐ and UVA‐induced SU and a 62‐year‐old female with severe UVA and visible light‐induced SU were both treated with a single course of IVIg (total dose of 2 g/kg), infused over 3 days. Phototest, performed 3 months after the treatment, showed only a slight minimal urticating dose improvement, and both patients reported just a moderate and ‘transient’ subjective improvement. Our patient's poorer response, compared with previous reports, may be due to differences in IVIg's treatment schedules, which are reviewed.
Multi‐laboratory validation of very high sun protection factor values
Authors: Stanfield Joseph W. , Ou‐Yang Hao , Chen Theresa , Cole Curtis , Appa Yohini
Published: January 2011

Background: High sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreens have multiple benefits but there has not been validation of the test method for determining SPF values higher than 50. This study addresses specifically the accuracy and reproducibility of the high SPF test.

Methods: Two high SPF formulations with a standard reference (SPF 15) were tested at four independent test facilities according to the 2007 FDA proposed amendments to the sunscreen monograph. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the SPF results within each lab as well as the SPF results between different labs.

Results: The test formulations have overall mean values of 90.5 and 70.7. There was no statistically significant difference between the labs for either formulation and all four labs were able to statistically differentiate these two levels of SPF values. The coefficients of variance (CV) for the high SPF formulations were comparable to those of the corresponding SPF 15 reference within each lab.

Conclusions: The data show that SPF values above 50 and up to at least 90 can be measured by multiple laboratories with accuracy and reproducibility.
Reduction of skin‐homing cytotoxic T cells (CD8+–CLA+) in patients with vitiligo
Authors: Antelo Daniela Pereira , Filgueira Absalom Lima , Cunha José Marcos Telles
Published: January 2011

Background: Vitiligo is a frequently acquired, hereditary disease, characterized by achromic macules due to the absence of melanocytes. In contrast with earlier studies, in which the main pathogenic role was attributed to anti‐melanocyte antibodies, recent papers have emphasized a role for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in melanocyte destruction. Fifteen percent of peripheral T cell express cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CLA), responsible for skin‐homing T cell. Phototherapy is used to treat patients with generalized vitiligo and it has been shown to interfere with CLA+ T cells in other skin diseases.

Objective: To describe peripheral blood T cell subpopulations' frequency and ability to express the skin‐homing molecule (CLA) in patients with non‐segmental vitiligo, before and after photochemotherapy (PUVA).

Patients and Methods: Twenty‐two patients with generalized and active spreading vitiligo were submitted to 30 PUVA‐8MOP sessions. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry using anti‐CD3, anti‐CD8 and anti‐CLA monoclonal antibodies. Fifteen healthy volunteers, sex‐ and age‐matched, were included as a control group.

Results: CD8+–CLA+ T cells were significantly reduced in number in untreated vitiligo patients (P=0.008) when compared with control individuals, albeit with a more intense CLA expression (P=0.028). These findings were not altered after PUVA. No significant difference was noticed in CD4/CD8 ratios nor in CD4–CLA+ T cell numbers between vitiligo patients and controls, both before and after PUVA.

Conclusions: CD8–CLA+ T cells are reduced in peripheral blood of patients with non‐segmental vitiligo. This finding may be related to the previously reported increase of CD8+ cells in both lesions and perilesional skin of these patients.
Extramammary Paget disease – clinical appearance, pathogenesis, management
Authors: Wagner Gunnar , Sachse Michael Max
Published: January 2011

Extramammary Paget disease is a rare malignant neoplasm. With regard to the pathogenesis, two prognostically different forms can be distinguished. The primary form of extramammary Paget disease is an in situ carcinoma of the apocrine gland ducts. In contrast, the secondary form is characterized by an intraepithelial spread due to an underlying carcinoma of the skin or other organ systems. Extramammary Paget disease occurs in older patients. The predilection sites include the entire anogenital skin and less often the axillary region. We present five different patients with this disease, thereby demonstrating its variation in clinical morphology. The lesion usually presents as an erythematous sharply defined spot. The polygonal borders, caused by the centrifugal growth of the tumor, may provide a diagnostic clue. The treatment of choice for extramammary Paget disease remains Mohs’ microscopic surgery. However, radiotherapy or topical applications may be alternative treatment options in selected cases. In patients with the secondary form of extramam‐mary Paget disease, treatment of the primary tumor is the main approach.
INTRAOPERATIVE CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF NORMAL CANINE JEJUNUM
Authors: JIMÉNEZ DAVID A. , O'BRIEN ROBERT T. , WALLACE JOHNA D. , KLOCKE EMILY
Published: January 2011

Nine normal juvenile dogs were evaluated with direct jejunal contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography via midline celiotomy. Three different doses of ultrasound contrast medium (Definity®) were injected through a peripheral venous catheter. Time‐intensity curves were used to calculate baseline, time to initial rise, inflow slope, time‐to‐peak, peak intensity (PI), and outflow slope for each administered dose. PI was directly proportional to dose. Outflow slope was similar for all patients, independent of dose. The most favorable images were acquired with a dose of 0.030 ml/kg given as a rapid intravenous manual bolus. The technique and normal jejunal perfusion pattern described herein may provide useful data for evaluation of intestinal vascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic disease in the dog.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FELINE ILEOCECOCOLIC ABNORMALITIES
Authors: TAEYMANS OLIVIER , HOLT NATALEE , PENNINCK DOMINIQUE G. , WEBSTER CYNTHIA R.
Published: January 2011

The clinical signs of 29 cats with ultrasonographic abnormalities at the ileocecocolic junction were reviewed. Twenty‐eight cats had gastrointestinal signs, with acute vomiting and diarrhea being most prevalent. Eighteen of 29 cats had enlarged cecal lymph nodes. Focal hyperechoic mesenteric fat was noted in 18 of 29 cats, and mild focal fluid accumulation was seen in seven of 29 cats. Six cats had a round cecum, and eight cats had cecal content. The cecal wall was thickened in 19 cats, and the ileal wall was mildly thickened in six cats. Three cats had changes involving the ascending colon adjacent to the ileocecocolic junction. Fourteen cats had no ultrasonographic evidence of changes in the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract, and 13 of these 14 cats were symptomatic for gastrointestinal disease. Four cats with resolution of the ultrasonographic changes also had resolution of clinical signs. These results suggest that ultrasonographic abnormalities at the level of the ileocecocolic junction in cats are clinically significant and are seen in cats with acute vomiting or diarrhea. Fine‐needle aspirates and biopsies of the ileocecocolic area had a low diagnostic yield. When no other gastrointestinal abnormalities are detected, we therefore recommend follow‐up ultrasound examinations of these patients.
Comics, Graphic Novels, Graphic Narrative: A Review
Authors: Freedman Ariela
Published: January 2011

Despite the popularity and critical impact of comics and graphic narrative, academics have been late to the examination of the field, and critic‐practitioners like Art Spiegelman and Scott McCloud have been the most influential critics, advocates and spokespeople for the medium. This article presents a brief history of American comics and comics criticism, which has long defined itself as emergent, oppositional and underground, alongside scholarly attempts to frame the impact and importance of the medium. The mixture of advocacy and analysis, fandom and critique, amateur and professional study, and artistic self‐definition and critical examination characteristic of comics criticism poses challenges to the border between high art and popular culture and between word and image; it also confounds the distinction between academic and amateur scholarship. Comics criticism, in other words, has the potential not only to incorporate this new medium into the field of literary criticism, but to challenge and transform some of the basic assumptions of that criticism.
The Crisis of Liberalism and the Politics of Modernism
Authors: Ho Janice
Published: January 2011

This essay gives a brief overview of the different ways in which literary criticism has understood modernism’s response to the crisis of liberalism that occurred in the early 20th century. Beginning with a historical explanation of the crisis and an account of its stakes for modernist art, the essay proceeds to discuss a central debate among critics that had taken place in the 1930s and that was particularly concerned about the ideological values of modernism during such a time of political instability. The essay shows how this early debate continues to frame and inform current criticism on the ‘politics of modernism’, which similarly seeks to analyze modernism’s relationship to the values of liberalism that had been so dominant for most of the 19th century. Focusing subsequently on contemporary criticism, the essay looks at two major thematic concerns that have shaped modernist studies from the 1980s onwards: first, the issue of how modernist aesthetics subverts forms of liberal subjectivity; and second, the issue of the extremist politics – invariably fascism – that modernist authors have frequently embraced. Both these concerns reflect a sense that modernism is fundamentally antagonistic to the 19th‐century heritage of liberalism, imagining alternative models of consciousness from the liberal subject and repudiating the moderation of liberal politics. However, this essay concludes with more recent criticism which seeks to rethink modernism’s relationship to liberalism in more positive ways, focusing in particular on studies that examine modernism’s response to the transformation of liberalism from its classical Victorian form to the modern form of liberal democracy.
Literature and Governmentality
Authors: Marx John
Published: January 2011

Recent scholarship on governmentality promises to reinvigorate literary critical analysis of how novels, poems, and plays help to organize the world’s populations as they interact. In turn, literary criticism helps to illuminate the global implications of Michel Foucault’s lectures at the Collège de France, published in English as Security, Territory, Population (2007) and The Birth of Biopolitics (2008). By privileging varied practice over unifying theory, Foucault’s approach leads scholars to examine the circulation of governmental techniques in conjunction with the circulation of governable populations. An emphasis on mobility and exchange should appeal particularly to specialists in immigrant, imperial, and postcolonial literature. While considering a range of literary critical and social scientific scholarship on governmentality, this essay also shows how literature itself authorizes discrepant forms of administration. I contend that literature and literary criticism engage in imaginative reformulations and reinventions of the art of government, and in so doing contribute to debates about governing that are every bit as cross‐disciplinary as they are transnational.
Essentialism vis‐à‐vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism
Authors: Roca‐Royes Sonia
Published: January 2011

Pace Necessitism – roughly, the view that existence is not contingent – essential properties provide necessary conditions for the existence of objects. Sufficiency properties, by contrast, provide sufficient conditions, and individual essences provide necessary and sufficient conditions. This paper explains how these kinds of properties can be used to illuminate the ontological status of merely possible objects and to construct a respectable possibilist ontology. The paper also reviews two points of interaction between essentialism and modal logic. First, we will briefly see the challenge that arises against S4 from flexible essential properties; as well as the moves available to block it. After this, the emphasis is put on the Barcan Formula (BF), and on why it is problematic for essentialists. As we will see, Necessitism can accommodate both (BF) and essential properties. What necessitists cannot do at the same time is to continue to understanding essential properties as providing necessary conditions for the existence of individuals; against what might be for some a truism.
Essential Properties and Individual Essences
Authors: Roca‐Royes Sonia
Published: January 2011

According toEssentialism, an object’s properties divide into those that are essential and those that are accidental. Whilebeing humanis commonly thought to be essential to Socrates,being a philosopherplausibly is not. We can motivate the distinction by appealing – as we just did – to examples. However, it is not obvious how best to characterize the notion ofessential property, nor is it easy to give conclusive arguments for the essentiality of a given property. In this paper, I elaborate on these issues and explore the way in which essential properties behave in relation to other related properties, likesufficient‐for‐existenceproperties andindividual essences.
Judgment Aggregation
Authors: Cariani Fabrizio
Published: January 2011

Judgment aggregation studies how collective opinions arise from the aggregation of individual ones. This article surveys a variety of aggregation rules (possible ways of aggregating individual judgments into collective ones). Aggregation by majority opinion is known to satisfy some but not all the desiderata for an aggregation rule. More general impossibility results show that not all the natural desiderata can be satisfied by a single aggregation rule. To interpret these results, we focus here on some applications of judgment aggregation models in Epistemology. In particular, we explore their possible role in an account of collective belief and collective reason. The focus on these applications allows us to give precise answers concerning which of the natural desiderata must be abandoned.
The Ethics of Belief
Authors: Marušić Berislav
Published: January 2011

The ethics of belief is concerned with the question what we should believe. According to evidentialism, one should believe something if and only if one has adequate evidence for what one believes. According to classic pragmatism, other features besides evidence, such as practical reasons, can make it the case that one should believe something. According to a new kind of pragmatism, some epistemic notions may depend on one’s practical interests, even if what one should believe is independent of one’s practical reasons. In this paper I recount and briefly assess the debate between evidentialism and pragmatism.
A Wolff in Kant’s Clothing: Christian Wolff’s Influence on Kant’s Accounts of Consciousness, Self‐Consciousness, and Psychology
Authors: Dyck Corey W.
Published: January 2011

In attempts to come to grips with Kant’s thought, the influence of the philosophy of Christian Wolff (1679–1754) is often neglected. In this paper, I consider three topics related to Kant’s philosophy of mind, broadly construed, where Wolff’s influence is particularly visible, namely, consciousness, self‐consciousness, and the doctrine of the soul or psychology. I argue that within this context we can better understand Kant’s particular arguments and positions, and gain a more accurate sense of which aspects of Kant’s accounts derive from the antecedent traditions and which constitute genuine philosophical innovations.
Ambiguous Messianism: The Political Theology of Martin Buber1
Authors: Ohana David
Published: January 2011

In this article I will exmine the complex attitude of Martin Buber (1878–1965) to Messianism in the prism of political theology in Israel. Buber’s intellectual and scholarly interest in Messianism was intense and it can also be said to have been methodical. Messianism and its universal essence were the very foundation of his thought. His methodical treatment of Messianism encouraged the idea that his dialogic approach to philosophical enquiry was an authentic philosophical method.
Biblical Characters in Hellenistic Judaism
Authors: Wyrick Jed
Published: January 2011

The portrayal of biblical characters in Hellenistic Judaism exhibits a consistent, individual‐centered approach to the interpretation of the Bible. Jewish Greek literary traditions (such the Septuagint, apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works composed in Greek, Philo of Alexandria, Josephus, and Greek fragmentary works by Jewish authors) promoted first the historical influence and relevance of biblical characters and subsequently their moral exemplarity or depravity. The latter trend was influenced by Hellenistic biographies, aretalogies, and the ideal of the Stoic sage. An interest in biblical figures and patriarchs as role models and anti‐role models may also be seen in the Hellenized Jewish use of intertextuality, typology, ‘riffing’, or mirror narratives, as well as in pseudepigraphic attribution and composition, as a means to lend scriptural authority to new narratives and moral authority to the heroes and texts of the past. A similar focus on the virtues and vices of biblical characters in texts composed by Jews can be found in the use of the Hellenistic literary form known as theBeispeilreihe, in which exemplars are listed in a carefully crafted genre that argues a consistent theme in a poetic and condensed form.
The Prehistory and Internal Relationships of Australian Languages
Authors: McConvell Patrick , Bowern Claire
Published: January 2011

Australian linguistic prehistory has lagged behind equivalent endeavours on other continents in part because of the dearth of grammars and dictionaries until recent times, when there has been a great deal of high quality work done. Australianist linguists have tended not to use the standard comparative method. In some cases, this was because it was prematurely judged inapplicable in Australia, due to supposed very high levels of diffusion, which did not allow cognates to be distinguished from loans. This view is losing ground as more solid reconstruction work is being done on the Pama‐Nyungan family, Pama‐Nyungan subgroups and Non‐Pama‐Nyungan families. As these results accumulate, together with studies of the linguistic stratigraphy of loanwords, they provide a more solid basis for hypotheses about the sociocultural and environmental prehistory that can then be tested against the results of other disciplines. Gradually a more detailed picture is emerging of an eventful and dynamic last 10,000 years; linguistic evidence is crucial here. This is challenging the former view of relative stasis and equilibrium after the initial human colonisation 40,000–50,000 years ago.
Semantic Reanalysis and Language Change
Authors: Eckardt Regine
Published: January 2011

Reanalysis is a well‐known process of language change in morpho‐syntax. However, the semantic composition of sentence meanings can also undergo reanalysis and lead to meaning changes for parts of the sentence. The article provides the basic notions of compositional semantics/pragmatics that underlie semantic reanalysis, surveys possible constellations and causes of reanalysis, and contrasts the process to other ways of semantic change. I will, moreover, illustrate semantic reanalysis on basis of a case study which highlights some of its typical features.
The Köhler Group Motivation Gain: How to Motivate the ‘Weak Links’ in a Group
Authors: Kerr Norbert L. , Hertel Guido
Published: January 2011

A recurring question of successful group work is how to maintain high task motivation of the individual members. This paper reviews research on one well documented group motivation gain phenomenon, where group members are more highly motivated than comparable individual performers – the Köhler motivation gain effect. The basic effect is attributed to two psychological mechanisms, one involving upward social comparisons and a second involving the indispensability of group members’ efforts. In addition to summarizing research on the discovery and causes of the basic effect, this review identifies probable moderators of each contributing causal mechanism. Moreover, promising topics for future research as well as implications for the application of the Köhler effect in real group work are discussed.
Multiple Perspectives on the Influence of Gender in Online Interactions
Authors: Armentor‐Cota Janet
Published: January 2011

As an information and communication technology, the Internet has contributed to structural changes in social life. This technology has opened up new social spaces for people to communicate across time and space, explore interests and interactions, and form and maintain relationships. Gender is a social structure that matters, but how it matters online is a topic that has intrigued researchers for the last 20 years. Research in the area of online gender interactions is multidisciplinary and addresses a variety of online forums including discussion groups, chat, instant messaging, blogs, virtual worlds and social network sites. Patterns are identified in the literature and examples of gender fluidity, gender reproduction, and a blending of gender fluidity and reproduction are presented. This paper provides a framework for understanding the multidisciplinary research on this topic and discusses how changes in online demographics and recent developments in information and communication technologies, such as social network sites, present new forums in which to explore the role of gender in online interactions.
Male Bodies in Manhood Acts: The Role of Body‐Talk and Embodied Practice in Signifying Culturally Dominant Notions of Manhood
Authors: Vaccaro Christian Alexander
Published: January 2011

New developments in the critical study of men and masculinity, known as the manhood acts perspective, have focused attention on the ways that males collectively and individually engage in identity work to present themselves as men (Schrock and Schwalbe 2009). This review unpacks two central processes through which males use the body to put on a convincing manhood act. First, I review research on institutions and culture in order to explain how various discourses on male bodies provide resources to signify manhood. Second, I demonstrate how males are socialized to use their bodies to symbolize manhood. Overall, I demonstrate how the manhood acts perspective provides a potentially fruitful theoretical framework for understanding previous research on manhood and the body.
Poverty in the Enlarged European Union. A Discussion about Definitions and Reference Groups
Authors: Goedemé Tim , Rottiers Stijn
Published: January 2011

The enlargement of the European Union (EU) has stirred discussion about the relevance of the traditional EU poverty indicator which measures poverty in relative and national terms. As a result of diverging living conditions of the poor in the old and new member states, some authors have argued in favour of alternative poverty measures. One line of thought is that the reference groups people use for evaluating their living standard have Europeanised and that a poverty measure should incorporate this evolution. Bowing on the rich literature on the conceptualisation of poverty and reference group theory, we argue that a distinction must be made between privately oriented reference groups and publicly oriented reference groups. Although research has mainly focused on the former type of reference groups, only the latter offers a norm to define the poverty threshold. We conclude with a research proposal to construct poverty lines driven by publicly oriented reference groups.
Class Identification in Review: Past Perspectives and Future Directions
Authors: Archer Patrick , Orr Ryan
Published: January 2011

The rebirth of class analysis in the last two decades is due, in large part, to a theoretical shift in the field regarding class identification. The notable absence or weakness of class identities has led many theorists to proclaim the death of class, divorce class locations from identification, or rethink class identification as a relative, hierarchical, and individual concept. In each case, assumptions of collective class identification are laid to rest. As a result, some have called for a break from older models of class. In this article, we reexamine the contributions of classical class theory to the debate on collective class identification. By taking a closer look at the works of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Veblen regarding class and collective identification, we suggest that not only are they still relevant to the current debate, but that taken together they form a diverse foundation from which many future directions are possible.
The Paradigm Shift: Pornography Research, Sexualization and Extreme Images
Authors: Attwood Feona
Published: January 2011

In this paper, I focus on what has been called a paradigm shift in pornography research, driven by the development of particular theoretical and political concerns and by changing material conditions, and on the academic work that has emerged from this. I describe the current situation where studies in the area are more diverse than ever before, while public debate continues to draw on a relatively limited approach based on a concern with what media ‘does’ to behaviour. I outline two areas in particular which currently dominate public and political discussions; namely the sexualization of mainstream media and ‘extreme’ imagery on the fringes of culture, and suggest ways in which these present new challenges and opportunities for developing pornography research.
Interpretation of canine and feline blood smears by emergency room personnel
Authors: Lanaux Travis M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Simoni Robert S. , Price Lori Lyn , Buckley Gareth J. , Stockman Cheryl , Knoll Joyce S.
Published: January 2011

Background: Interpretation of blood smears is commonly used to provide rapid laboratory evaluation of animals in veterinary emergency practice, but the accuracy of results of blood smear interpretation by emergency room personnel (ERP) compared with evaluation by trained veterinary clinical pathology personnel is unknown.

Objective: The goal of this study was to compare blood smear evaluation by ERP with that of clinical pathology personnel.

Methods: All animals that had a CBC determined by a diagnostic laboratory and had blood smears evaluated by personnel at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals Emergency Room between September 2008 and July 2009 were eligible for study inclusion. ERP who evaluated blood smears completed standardized forms with estimates of the WBC and platelet counts and evaluation of RBC and WBC morphology. Results from point‐of‐care assessment were compared with automated or manual results reported by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

Results: One hundred and fifty‐five blood smears were evaluated. There was moderate agreement (κ value, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52, 0.74) between estimated platelet counts by ERP and automated counts. Poor agreement was found between estimated WBC counts by ERP and automated counts (κ value, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.60). Specific abnormalities with a high likelihood of clinical significance, eg, toxic change, nucleated RBCs, spherocytes, hemoparasites, and lymphoblasts, were not predictably identified by ERP.

Conclusions: ERP interpretation of canine and feline blood smears should be used cautiously and should not replace evaluation by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
Elastic-Plastic Microcontact Model for Elliptical Contact Areas and Its Application to a Treillis Point in Overhead Electrical Conductors
Authors: Lévesque Frédéric , Goudreau Sylvain , Cloutier Louis
Published: January 2011

Aeolian vibrations represent a threat to the integrity of electrical transmission lines. The fretting fatigue of conductors is thus a major concern. The modelization of the contact conditions at critical points is an important tool in assessing the life of conductors. Treillis points around the last point of contact between the conductor and the pieces of equipment are such critical points. We observe a fully plastic contact condition at these points. Finite element results for the contact between an ellipsoid and a rigid plane and between two wires at different angles are compared with an elastic-plastic microcontact model for elliptical contact areas. These numerical results are then compared with experimental ones for the contact between two wires of a conductor (ACSR Bersfort), showing a very similar relationship between the contact force and the observed contact area. We have a good correlation between the microcontact model and the finite elements ones in the fully plastic contact regime on both the contact area and the contact force for a given interference between bodies. The use of the elastic-plastic microcontact model for elliptical contacts presented in this paper proves to be a strong tool in getting a better understanding of the mechanical behavior at those critical points.
Effect of Pinhole Defects on the Elasticity of Carbon Nanotube Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Joshi Unnati A. , Sharma Satish C. , Harsha S. P.
Published: January 2011

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been regarded as an ideal reinforcements of high-performance composites with enormous applications. In this paper, the effects of pinhole defect are investigated for carbon nanotube based nanocomposites using a 3D representative volume element (RVE) with long CNTs. The CNT is modeled as a continuum hollow cylindrical shape elastic material with pinholes in it. These defects are considered on the single wall (CNTs). The mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus of elasticity are evaluated for various pinhole locations and number of defects. The influence of the pinhole defects on the nanocomposite is studied under an axial load condition. Numerical equations are used to extract the effective material properties for the different geometries of RVEs with nondefective CNTs. The field-emission microscopy (FEM) results obtained for nondefective CNTs are consistent with the analytical results for cylindrical RVEs, which validate the proposed model. It is observed that the presence of pinhole defects significantly reduces the effective reinforcement when compared with nondefective nanotubes, and this reinforcement decreases with the increase in the number of pinhole defects. It is also found from the simulation results that the geometry of RVE does not have much significance on the stiffness of nanocomposites.
The Specific Growth Rates of Tissues: A Review and a Re-Evaluation
Authors: Cowin Stephen C.
Published: January 2011

The first objective of this review and re-evaluation is to present a brief history of efforts to mathematically model the growth of tissues. The second objective is to place this historical material in a current perspective where it may be of help in future research. The overall objective is to look backward in order to see ways forward. It is noted that two distinct methods of imaging or modeling the growth of an organism were inspired over 70 years ago by Thompson’s (1915, “XXVII Morphology and Mathematics,” Trans. - R. Soc. Edinbrgh, 50, pp. 857–895; 1942, On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) method of coordinate transformations to study the growth and form of organisms. One is based on the solid mechanics concept of the deformation of an object, and the other is based on the fluid mechanics concept of the velocity field of a fluid. The solid mechanics model is called the distributed continuous growth (DCG) model by Skalak (1981, “Growth as a Finite Displacement Field,” Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Finite Elasticity, D. E. Carlson and R. T. Shield, eds., Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 348–355) and Skalak et al. (1982, “Analytical Description of Growth,” J. Theor. Biol., 94, pp. 555–577), and the fluid mechanics model is called the graphical growth velocity field representation (GVFR) by Cowin (2010, “Continuum Kinematical Modeling of Mass Increasing Biological Growth,” Int. J. Eng. Sci., 48, pp. 1137–1145). The GVFR is a minimum or simple model based only on the assumption that a velocity field may be used effectively to illustrate experimental results concerning the temporal evolution of the size and shape of the organism that reveals the centers of growth and growth gradients first described by Huxley (1924, “Constant Differential Growth-Ratios and Their Significance,” Nature (London), 114, pp. 895–896; 1972, Problems of Relative Growth, 2nd ed., L. MacVeagh, ed., Dover, New York). It is the method with an independent future that some earlier writers considered as an aspect of the DCG model. The development of the DCG hypothesis and the mixture theory models into models for the predicted growth of an organism is taking longer because these models are complicated and the development and refinement of the basic concepts are slower.
Surface interactions of SO2 and passivation chemistry during etching of Si and SiO2 in SF6/O2 plasmas
Authors: Stillahn Joshua M. , Zhang Jianming , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: January 2011

A variety of materials can be etched in SF6/O2 plasmas. Here, the fate of SO2 at Si and SiO2 surfaces during etching in SF6/O2 plasmas has been explored using the imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces method. The scattering of SO2 at Si and SiO2 surfaces was measured as a function of both the applied rf power and O2 addition to the plasma. For both surfaces, the surface scattering coefficient (S) of SO2 during etching is near unity and is largely unaffected by changing plasma parameters such as power and O2 addition. Notably the etch rate of Si increases monotonically with power, whereas the etch rate of SiO2 appears insensitive to changes in plasma conditions. As a result, the etch selectivity closely follows the trends of the Si etch rate. Etch rates are compared to other fluorine-containing plasma systems such as NF3/O2 and C2F6/O2. Using mass spectral data and optical emission spectra to characterize the gas phase species combined with compositional analysis from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data, the formation and roles of SO2 in Si and SiO2 etching are discussed and correlated with etch rate and other gas phase species such as F, O, and SxOyFz.
Segregation and interlayer relaxation at the NiPd(111) surface
Authors: Derry G. N. , Wan R. , Strauch F. , English C.
Published: January 2011

The composition and structure of the NiPd(111) alloy surface are measured using low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The diffracted intensities are analyzed using tensor-LEED methods with the average t-matrix approximation. The major composition results of the study are that the surface is enriched in palladium (≈80% Pd) while the second layer is enriched in nickel (≈28% Pd). No significant structural changes were found, with all measured interlayer displacements being smaller than the corresponding measurement uncertainties. Comparisons of these results are made with literature for other NiPd low-index surfaces, for the well-studied NiPt(111) surface, and with the growing body of theoretical literature for NiPd alloy surfaces.
Effect of inlet guide vanes and sharp blades on the performance of a turbomolecular pump
Authors: Bird G. A.
Published: January 2011

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is applied to a two-dimensional representation of the flow through a turbomolecular pump. It is shown that a conventional pump with a rotor as the first stage produces a significant disturbance in the vacuum chamber upstream of the pump. This disturbance can be prevented, without any adverse effect on the performance of the pump, by the addition of inlet guide vanes, similar to a stator, upstream of the rotor. In addition, it is shown that the compression ratio across the early stages that are in near free-molecule flow is significantly improved if the blades have sharp leading edges. The calculations required runs of just several hours on an ordinary PC.
Recouping etch rates in pulsed inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Agarwal Ankur , Stout Phillip J. , Banna Samer , Rauf Shahid , Collins Ken
Published: January 2011

Pulsed rf plasmas are increasingly being employed for plasma etching at future technological nodes. Although the plasma uniformity usually improves with pulsing, the lower time-averaged power decreases the etch rate and the lower throughput is undesirable. It is therefore important to evaluate different strategies to restore higher etch rates while retaining the advantages of pulsed plasmas. In this work, the impact of varying pulsing modes in an inductively coupled plasma on plasma characteristics and feature profile evolution are discussed using the results from a two-dimensional reactor scale plasma model coupled to a Monte Carlo based feature profile model. Results are discussed for poly-Si etching in an Ar/Cl2 gas mixture. The consequences of source-only and bias-only pulsing modes on discharge characteristics, ion energy distributions (IEDs) to the wafer, and feature profile evolution are discussed. Although the etch depth rates were found to be higher for source-only pulsing compared to the synchronized (source and bias) pulsing mode, the higher ion energies in the afterglow period during source-only pulsing may also increase ion bombardment damage. Compensation of power may allow for increased etch depth rates while retaining the benefits of synchronized pulsing. Further, power compensation level can be varied to achieve fine tuning of the IEDs to the wafer.
Plasma etching of polydimethylsiloxane: Effects from process gas composition and dc self-bias voltage
Authors: Bjørnsen Geir , Roots Jaan
Published: January 2011

Films made of polydimethylsiloxane elastomers have been etched using reactive ion etching. The elastomers are etched using different mixtures of CF4, SF6, and O2 as process gases. The etch rate and profile of the etched area are measured as function of the process pressure for different process gas compositions. At low pressure the highest etch rate is achieved in SF6+O2 plasma. At high pressure the highest etch rate is achieved in CF4+SF6+O2 plasma. The profile of the etched surface is strongly dependent on the process gas composition and the dc bias voltage in the plasma.
DC reactive magnetron sputtering, annealing, and characterization of CuAlO2 thin films
Authors: Stevens Blake L. , Hoel Cathleen A. , Swanborg Carolyn , Tang Yang , Zhou Chuanle , Grayson Matthew , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. , Barnett Scott A.
Published: January 2011

CuAlO x thin films were prepared at three substrate temperatures (TS=60, 300, and 600 °C) and two oxygen partial pressures (PO2=0.5 and 2 mTorr) via dc reactive magnetron sputtering from Cu–Al 50–50 at. % alloy targets and subsequent annealing. As-deposited films with PO2=0.5 mTorr were oxygen deficient; although the delafossite structure formed upon annealing, electrical properties were poor. Films deposited with PO2=2 mTorr transformed into the delafossite structure and exhibited p-type conductivity after annealing under N2 at temperatures TA≥750 °C. Conductivity generally increased with increasing TS and decreasing TA. A special case of PO2=2 mTorr and low TS (60 °C) resulted in a partially crystalline oxide phase that transformed into the delafossite structure at TA=700 °C and yielded the highest conductivity of 1.8 S cm−1. In general, a TA near the phase formation boundary led to an increase in conductivity. Low-temperature hydrothermal annealing was also investigated and shown to produce mixed phase films exhibiting the delafossite structure along with CuO, AlOOH, and Al2O3.
On the stability of capacitance-diaphragm gauges with ceramic membranes
Authors: Jousten K. , Naef Simon
Published: January 2011

Capacitance-diaphragm gauges with ceramic membranes or diaphragms have been on the market for about 15 years. The long-term stability of these devices with full scales from 13 Pa to 133 kPa has been tested in the past decade by the calibration of gauges used by the manufacturer as reference gauges on the production line. These reference gauges were calibrated annually on a primary standard. It was found that the reproducibility of these devices depends on their full scale. For 13 Pa, the annual reproducibility near full scale varied between 0.02% and 0.04%, and for full scales of 133 Pa and higher, it varied between 0.005% and 0.03% of full scale. The reproducibility of the ceramic capacitance-diaphragm gauges for full scales of 133 Pa and 1.3 kPa was significantly lower than the uncertainty of a primary standard applying the static-expansion method.
Combination of compact nonevaporable getter and small ion pumps for ultrahigh vacuum systems
Authors: Park C. D. , Chung S. M. , Manini Paolo
Published: January 2011

The rapid pumpdown of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems, achieved with a very short and low temperature baking or even without baking, is appealing in a variety of research and industrial applications. The use of small volume, compact pumps delivering very high pumping speed is also attractive since it allows minimizing the overall size and weight of the vacuum system, simplifying its design. In the present article, the authors report the results of the pumping experiments carried out on a vacuum chamber pumped by a compact nonevaporable getter (NEG) pump (Capacitorr D 400-2® model, SAES Getters SpA, Italy) and by a small sputter ion pump (SIP). To measure the effective contribution of the NEG to the overall pumping, vacuum tests were carried out in a wide range of situations, with/without NEG pump, with/without baking, and changing the pumping speed of the SIP from 60 to 10 l/s (N2). Significantly lower pressures and faster pumping could be achieved using the NEG pump. Base pressures of low 10−11 mbar could be obtained in the authors’ experimental system with the compact NEG assisted by the 10 l/s SIPs after a 48 h bake-out. The results also show that the system with NEG reached 10−11 mbar after a very short (few hours) bake-out. The base pressure was 1×10−10 mbar with 60 l/s SIP alone after a 48 h bake-out, whereas it was 7.9×10−11 mbar when combined with the NEG, a better result after only 2 h bake-out. This is quite a remarkable decrease in the bake-out time of a UHV system. It is worthwhile to note that UHV could also be achieved with the NEG even in a fully unbaked system. The pressure of 8×10−9 mbar reached with the SIP alone dropped to 3.9×10−10 mbar after adding the NEG. The other interesting result of the NEG-based system is that the pressure increase is much slower when the SIP is switched off. This is also a good characteristic, required for portable vacuum devices, such as UHV suitcases and more generally for systems hosting sensitive materials or components, which can be affected by the pressure increase following a power interruption.
Varying-G cosmology with type Ia supernovae
Authors: Dungan Rutger , Prosper Harrison B.
Published: January 2011

The observation that type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are fainter than expected given their redshifts has led to the conclusion that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. The widely accepted hypothesis is that this acceleration is caused by a cosmological constant or some dark energy field that pervades the universe. We explore what the supernovae data tell us about this hypothesis by answering the question: Can these data be explained with a model in which the strength of gravity varies on a cosmic timescale? We conclude that they can and find that the supernovae data alone are insufficient to distinguish between a model with a cosmological constant and one in which G varies. However, the varying-G models are not viable when other data are taken into account. The topic is an ideal one for undergraduate physics majors.
A question of mass
Authors: Bernstein Jeremy
Published: January 2011

We present a pedagogical discussion of spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Goldstone theorem, and the Higgs mechanism. If the Higgs boson is found, it might provide an explanation of the origin of mass.
Thermodynamics of heating a room
Authors: Kreuzer H. J. , Payne S. H.
Published: January 2011

A room is not heated by increasing its internal energy but by decreasing its entropy due to the fact that during heating, the volume and pressure remain constant and air is expelled. We first present a simple solution treating the air in the room as an ideal gas. We calculate the differential entropy change and heat transfer and give numbers for a typical room including estimates of heat loss through windows and walls. We also demonstrate the power of thermodynamics to derive the entropy and internal energy changes for any gas.