bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Albert Maltz Affair” and the Debate over Para-Marxist Formalism in New Masses, 1945–1946
Authors: BURNETT COLIN
Published: May 2013

This article reexamines the “Albert Maltz affair” in light of debates about art and literature in the journal New Masses (1926–48), as well as in international Marxist aesthetics. I argue for a reexamination of the “para-Marxist” theory of art he developed to clarify the role of leftist criticism and the “citizen writer.” The controversy stirred by the publication of Maltz's “What Shall We Ask of Writers?” (New Masses, 12 February 1946) is only fully appreciated through the aesthetic implications that many historians of the Hollywood Ten have overlooked. The immediate attacks on Maltz by critics like Mike Gold were motivated primarily by the view that a properly Marxist aesthetics must follow the Leninist–Zhdanovite theory of “art as a weapon.” More importantly, the support that Maltz and like-minded authors earned from New Masses readers for expressing the “Engelian” thesis that left-wing critics should evaluate art for dialectical tensions of form (and not solely for proletarian messages) suggests that this episode might be read as a beacon of salutary developments in international Marxist aesthetics rather than as an omen of American communist repression caused by the HUAC trials.
Ectopic fat, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Byrne Christopher D.
Published: May 2013

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognised as the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). NAFLD is an example of ectopic fat accumulation in a visceral organ that causes organ-specific disease, and affects risk of other related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and CVD. NAFLD is a spectrum of fat-associated liver conditions that can culminate in end stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and the need for liver transplantation. Simple steatosis, or fatty liver, occurs early in NAFLD and may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevalence estimates for NAFLD range from 2 to 44% in the general population and it has been estimated that NAFLD exists in up to 70% of people with type 2 diabetes. Although many obese people have NAFLD, there are many obese people who do not develop ectopic liver fat. The aim of this review which is based on a presentation at the Royal Society of Medicine, UK in December 2012 is to discuss development of NAFLD, ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. The review will also describe the relationships between NAFLD, type 2 diabetes and CVD.
Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice
Authors: Bull Joseph W. , Suttle K. Blake , Gordon Ascelin , Singh Navinder J. , Milner-Gulland E. J.
Published: May 2013

Biodiversity offsets are an increasingly popular yet controversial tool in conservation. Their popularity lies in their potential to meet the objectives of biodiversity conservation and of economic development in tandem; the controversy lies in the need to accept ecological losses in return for uncertain gains. The offsetting approach is being widely adopted, even though its methodologies and the overriding conceptual framework are still under development. This review of biodiversity offsetting evaluates implementation to date and synthesizes outstanding theoretical and practical problems. We begin by outlining the criteria that make biodiversity offsets unique and then explore the suite of conceptual challenges arising from these criteria and indicate potential design solutions. We find that biodiversity offset schemes have been inconsistent in meeting conservation objectives because of the challenge of ensuring full compliance and effective monitoring and because of conceptual flaws in the approach itself. Evidence to support this conclusion comes primarily from developed countries, although offsets are increasingly being implemented in the developing world. We are at a critical stage: biodiversity offsets risk becoming responses to immediate development and conservation needs without an overriding conceptual framework to provide guidance and evaluation criteria. We clarify the meaning of the term biodiversity offset and propose a framework that integrates the consideration of theoretical and practical challenges in the offset process. We also propose a research agenda for specific topics around metrics, baselines and uncertainty.
Advances in superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)
Authors: Dertinger Thomas , Pallaoro Alessia , Braun Gary , Ly Sonny , Laurence Ted A. , Weiss Shimon
Published: May 2013

We review the concept of superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI), discuss its attributes and trade-offs (in comparison with other superresolution methods), and present superresolved images taken on samples stained with quantum dots, organic dyes, and plasmonic metal nanoparticles. We also discuss the prospects of SOFI for live cell superresolution imaging and for imaging with other (non-fluorescent) contrasts.
Identifying stylizations in ethnically salient talk among disc jockeys
Authors: Carroll Heather B.
Published: May 2013

Before accepting claims of the function of linguistic stylization, it is imperative that we are certain of what we are examining. Mikhail Bakhtin's widely cited definition that stylization is an “artistic representation of another's linguistic style” (1986:362) leaves unclear what counts as “artistic,” making identifying stylizations simultaneously intuitively obvious and empirically illusive. Drawing from 270 hours of data from a radio program, the current study uses interactional discourse and acoustic analyses to compare one disc jockey's exaggerations of ethnically salient accents (stylizations) with his mundane use of reported speech. The analyses demonstrate that in both types of talk he uses a similar bundle of interactional and acoustic resources to design his talk as belonging to someone else. The link between reported and stylized speech places stylizations in an analytical category distinct from that of crossing and its issues of language ownership. The pertinent questions are those of speaker responsibility. (Crossing, stylization, reported speech, discourse analysis, acoustic analysis)*
Cognition in Hilbert space
Authors: MacLennan Bruce James
Published: May 2013

Use of quantum probability as a top-down model of cognition will be enhanced by consideration of the underlying complex-valued wave function, which allows a better account of interference effects and of the structure of learned and ad hoc question operators. Furthermore, the treatment of incompatible questions can be made more quantitative by analyzing them as non-commutative operators.
The (virtual) conceptual necessity of quantum probabilities in cognitive psychology
Authors: Blutner Reinhard , beim Graben Peter
Published: May 2013

We propose a way in which Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) could strengthen their position. Taking a dynamic stance, we consider cognitive tests as functions that transfer a given input state into the state after testing. Under very general conditions, it can be shown that testable properties in cognition form an orthomodular lattice. Gleason's theorem then yields the conceptual necessity of quantum probabilities (QP).
Beyond quantum probability: Another formalism shared by quantum physics and psychology
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N. , Kujala Janne V.
Published: May 2013

There is another meeting place for quantum physics and psychology, both within and outside of cognitive modeling. In physics it is known as the issue of classical (probabilistic) determinism, and in psychology it is known as the issue of selective influences. The formalisms independently developed in the two areas for dealing with these issues turn out to be identical, opening ways for mutually beneficial interactions.
Quantum probability and cognitive modeling: Some cautions and a promising direction in modeling physics learning
Authors: Franceschetti Donald R. , Gire Elizabeth
Published: May 2013

Quantum probability theory offers a viable alternative to classical probability, although there are some ambiguities inherent in transferring the quantum formalism to a less determined realm. A number of physicists are now looking at the applicability of quantum ideas to the assessment of physics learning, an area particularly suited to quantum probability ideas.
The implicit possibility of dualism in quantum probabilistic cognitive modeling
Authors: Mender Donald
Published: May 2013

Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) argue convincingly that quantum probability offers an improvement over classical Bayesian probability in modeling the empirical data of cognitive science. However, a weakness related to restrictions on the dimensionality of incompatible physical observables flows from the authors' “agnosticism” regarding quantum processes in neural substrates underlying cognition. Addressing this problem will require either future research findings validating quantum neurophysics or theoretical expansion of the uncertainty principle as a new, neurocognitively contextualized, “local” symmetry.
Quantum probability, choice in large worlds, and the statistical structure of reality
Authors: Ross Don , Ladyman James
Published: May 2013

Classical probability models of incentive response are inadequate in “large worlds,” where the dimensions of relative risk and the dimensions of similarity in outcome comparisons typically differ. Quantum probability models for choice in large worlds may be motivated pragmatically – there is no third theory – or metaphysically: statistical processing in the brain adapts to the true scale-relative structure of the universe.
Quantum principles in psychology: The debate, the evidence, and the future
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: May 2013

The attempt to employ quantum principles for modeling cognition has enabled the introduction of several new concepts in psychology, such as the uncertainty principle, incompatibility, entanglement, and superposition. For many commentators, this is an exciting opportunity to question existing formal frameworks (notably classical probability theory) and explore what is to be gained by employing these novel conceptual tools. This is not to say that major empirical challenges are not there. For example, can we definitely prove the necessity for quantum, as opposed to classical, models? Can the distinction between compatibility and incompatibility inform our understanding of differences between human and nonhuman cognition? Are quantum models less constrained than classical ones? Does incompatibility arise as a limitation, to avoid the requirements from the principle of unicity, or is it an inherent (or essential?) characteristic of intelligent thought? For everyday judgments, do quantum principles allow more accurate prediction than classical ones? Some questions can be confidently addressed within existing quantum models. A definitive resolution of others will have to anticipate further work. What is clear is that the consideration of quantum cognitive models has enabled a new focus on a range of debates about fundamental aspects of cognition.
Adjudication and Expectations: Bentham on the Role of Judges
Authors: FERRARO FRANCESCO
Published: May 2013

According to a well-established interpretive line, the Benthamic judge would be allowed no room for autonomous calculations of utility and his or her task would only be that of mechanically applying substantive law, which expresses the legislator's will. For Gerald Postema, in contrast, Bentham's judge would be granted ample power to decide cases by directly applying the principle of utility. This article criticizes both views, by showing that a ‘mechanical’ adjudication was for Bentham utterly impossible, although this does not mean that judges should be free to decide according to direct utility calculations. Judges must be the tutors of the citizens’ expectations, which, under a system of statute law, will focus on the code. However, they can avoid suboptimality in cases where applying a general rule would not maximize utility, without preponderant damage for law-induced expectations: Bentham's suggestion is that they do so by proposing amendments of the code to the legislature.
Effects of testicular interstitial fluid on the proliferation of the mouse spermatogonial stem cellsin vitro
Authors: Wang Peng , Zheng Yi , Li Ying , Shang Hua , Li Guang-Xuan , Hu Jian-Hong , Li Qing-Wang
Published: May 2013

Spermatogenesis is a process in adult male mammals supported by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The cultivation of SSCs has potential value, for example for the treatment of male infertility or spermatogonial transplantation. Testicular interstitial fluid was added to culture medium to a final concentration of 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40%, in order to investigate its effects on proliferation of mouse SSCsin vitro, Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and indirect immunofluorescence of cells were performed to identify SSCs, and the proliferation rate and diameters of the SSCs colonies were measured. The results showed that the optimal addition of testicular interstitial fluid to culture medium was 30%. When medium supplemented with 30% testicular interstitial fluid was used to culture mouse SSCs, the optimum proliferation rate and diameter of the cell colonies were 72.53% and 249 μm, respectively, after 8 days in culture, values that were significant higher than those found for other groups (P< 0.05). In conclusion, proliferation of mouse SSCs could be promoted significantly by supplementation of the culture medium with 30% testicular interstitial fluid. More research is needed to evaluate and understand the precise physiological role of testicular interstitial fluid during cultivation of SSCs.
Registration and credit in seventeenth-century England
Authors: Ito Seiichiro
Published: May 2013

The English law reform movement produced numerous proposals for land registries during the Interregnum, but the idea of land registration took on economic connotations only after the Restoration, when controversy arose over the role of registration as a settled and reliable basis of credit. While the discourse of law reform was confined to the context of English law, the debate over whether and how land registries should be established extended to the economic field, and to international arenas in which England competed with, and sometimes imitated, her rivals in trade, particularly Holland. On one side of the debate, advocates of land registration insisted that registries would clarify the ownership of land, offer a firm foundation for credit, and consequently, improve English trade. On the other side, opponents of registration argued that such excessive openness of information would be hazardous to credit. For both advocates and opponents alike, the central issue was the role of registration in creating more reliable credit.
Estimated prevalence and predictors of undernutrition among children aged 5–17 months in Yerevan, Armenia
Authors: Hovhannisyan Lilit , Demirchyan Anahit , Petrosyan Varduhi
Published: May 2013

Objective

Child undernutrition is a serious public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries. Data on child undernutrition prevalence and its risk factors in Armenia are limited. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and explore the predictors of undernutrition among children aged 5–17 months in Yerevan.

Design

The study was cross-sectional and employed a review of the ambulatory charts of children selected through a multistage cluster sampling. This phase was followed by a case–control study. The cases were undernourished children identified during the record review and randomly matched with normally growing controls of the same age and gender from the same pool of records. Mothers of cases and controls participated in a telephone interview. The study used conditional logistic regression analysis.

Setting

Yerevan, Armenia.

Subjects

Children aged 5–17 months residing in Yerevan, Armenia.

Results

Review of 570 ambulatory charts suggested the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among 5–17-month-old children in Yerevan to be 17·9 %, 7·3 % and 3·1 %, respectively. The case–control study of eighty-nine matched pairs identified four significant predictors of child undernutrition: family's socio-economic status score (P = 0·030), child's length at birth (P = 0·027), duration of predominant breast-feeding (P = 0·046) and food diversity score (P = 0·039).

Conclusions

The factors determining growth patterns of children in Yerevan are mostly behavioral and environmental, hence modifiable. Reducing poverty and inequalities in food availability, promoting breast-feeding and adequate complementary feeding, and ensuring optimal care before, during and after pregnancy are likely to help reduce child undernutrition in Yerevan, Armenia and societies with similar public health concerns.
Identifying and Correcting Scan Noise and Drift in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Jones Lewys , Nellist Peter D.
Published: May 2013

The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope has great sensitivity to environmental or instrumental disturbances such as acoustic, mechanical, or electromagnetic interference. This interference can introduce distortions to the images recorded and degrade both signal noise and resolution performance. In addition, sample or stage drift can cause the images to appear warped and leads to unreliable lattice parameters being exhibited. Here a detailed study of the sources, natures, and effects of imaging distortions is presented, and from this analysis a piece of image reconstruction code has been developed that can restore the majority of the effects of these detrimental image distortions for atomic-resolution data. Example data are presented, and the performance of the restored images is compared quantitatively against the as-recorded data. An improvement in apparent resolution of 16% and an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of 30% were achieved, as well as correction of the drift up to the precision to which it can be measured.
The effects of brain serotonin deficiency on behavioural disinhibition and anxiety-like behaviour following mild early life stress
Authors: Sachs Benjamin D. , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Siesser William B. , Kenan Alexander , Royer Elizabeth L. , Jacobsen Jacob P. R. , Wetsel William C. , Caron Marc G.
Published: May 2013

Aberrant serotonin (5-HT) signalling and exposure to early life stress have both been suggested to play a role in anxiety- and impulsivity-related behaviours. However, whether congenital 5-HT deficiency × early life stress interactions influence the development of anxiety- or impulsivity-like behaviour has not been established. Here, we examined the effects of early life maternal separation (MS) stress on anxiety-like behaviour and behavioural disinhibition, a type of impulsivity-like behaviour, in wild-type (WT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knock-in (Tph2KI) mice, which exhibit ∼60–80% reductions in the levels of brain 5-HT due to a R439H mutation in Tph2. We also investigated the effects of 5-HT deficiency and early life stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, plasma corticosterone levels and several signal transduction pathways in the amygdala. We demonstrate that MS slightly increases anxiety-like behaviour in WT mice and induces behavioural disinhibition in Tph2KI animals. We also demonstrate that MS leads to a slight decrease in cell proliferation within the hippocampus and potentiates corticosterone responses to acute stress, but these effects are not affected by brain 5-HT deficiency. However, we show that 5-HT deficiency leads to significant alterations in SGK-1 and GSK3β signalling and NMDA receptor expression in the amygdala in response to MS. Together, these findings support a potential role for 5-HT-dependent signalling in the amygdala in regulating the long-term effects of early life stress on anxiety-like behaviour and behavioural disinhibition.
Hippocampal and prefrontal dopamine D1/5 receptor involvement in the memory-enhancing effect of reboxetine
Authors: De Bundel Dimitri , Femenía Teresa , DuPont Caitlin M. , Konradsson-Geuken Åsa , Feltmann Kritin , Schilström Björn , Lindskog Maria
Published: May 2013

Dopamine modulates cognitive functions through regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Thus, dopamine dysfunction in depression may be particularly relevant for the cognitive symptoms. The norepinephrine transporter inhibitor reboxetine facilitates memory processing in both healthy volunteers and in depressed patients and increases dopamine release in both the hippocampus and PFC. We investigated the potential involvement of the hippocampal and PFC dopamine D1/5 receptors in the cognitive effects of reboxetine using the object recognition test in rats. Infusion of the D1/5 antagonist SCH23390 into the dorsal hippocampus or medial PFC prior to the exploration of the objects impaired memory. Conversely, infusion of the D1/5 agonist SKF81297 into the dorsal hippocampus or medial PFC facilitated memory. Reboxetine similarly facilitated recognition memory in healthy rats and the D1/5 antagonist SCH23390 reversed this effect when infused into the dorsal PFC, but not when infused into the hippocampus. Moreover, systemic reboxetine increased the levels of the NMDA subunit GluN2A in the PFC but not in the hippocampus. Finally, we demonstrate that a single dose of reboxetine does not affect immobility in the forced swim test but improves recognition memory in the Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rat model for depression. The present data in rats are in line with effects of reboxetine on memory formation in healthy volunteers and depressed patients and indicate the involvement of PFC dopamine D1/5 receptors.
Assessing Diagnosis and Symptoms Profiles of Late-Life Psychosis
Authors: Javadpour Ali , Sehatpour Maryam , Mani Arash , Sahraian Ali
Published: May 2013

Background: There are many controversies with regard to the nosology and conditions causing psychosis in old age people. This study defines a symptom profile and differential diagnosis of late-onset psychosis. Method: 201 elderly persons with psychotic symptoms were recruited. All patients were interviewed based on SCID-1 to confirm the possible diagnosis. Results: The most delusional symptom reported by the subjects was persecutory delusion, and visual hallucinations were the most common hallucination. The most repeated diagnosis was dementia, followed by psychosis due to mood disorders, primary psychotic disorders, delirium, and psychosis due to medical conditions. Conclusions: Results from the current study indicate that late-life psychoses form a heterogeneous group of disorders with varying symptom profiles and etiologies.
Permutation Tests in the Educational and Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Huo Ming , Heyvaert Mieke , Van den Noortgate Wim , Onghena Patrick
Published: May 2013

Over the past two decades, permutation tests (PTs) have received much attention in the educational and behavioral sciences. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical developments of PTs, the active areas in the educational and behavioral research using PTs, and the types of analysis under which PTs have been applied. We obtained 224 published articles, which included 141 theoretical articles and 83 application articles. After scrutinizing each article, we are happy to see that (1) some researchers began to advocate introducing PTs into basic statistics training; (2) computing load for PTs may be reduced dramatically by some intelligent algorithms; (3) PTs began to be applied in new areas such as studies on the relationship between brain and behavior and the relationship between gene and behavior; (4) besides simple types of analysis such as independent two-group comparison, PTs can also be carried out under more complex situations such as multivariate analysis. However, we should also notice that PTs are still mostly used for simple analyses (e.g., randomness analysis).
Between new genetic discoveries and large randomized trials—neurological research in the era of systems medicine
Authors: Misgeld Thomas , Lichtenthaler Stefan F , Dichgans Martin
Published: May 2013

The 2012 Eibsee meeting on ‘Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration’ addressed the need to integrate research on classical neurodegenerative mechanisms with investigations that relate to the immunological, glial and vascular sequels that accompany and often propagate neuronal injury. We report on the central topics that were addressed and discuss future directions towards establishing ‘systems neurology’ as a new integrated research field.
The selective control of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis by temporal insulin patterns
Authors: Noguchi Rei , Kubota Hiroyuki , Yugi Katsuyuki , Toyoshima Yu , Komori Yasunori , Soga Tomoyoshi , Kuroda Shinya
Published: May 2013

Insulin governs systemic glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis, through temporal change and absolute concentration. However, how insulin‐signalling pathway selectively regulates glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we experimentally measured metabolites in glucose metabolism in response to insulin. Step stimulation of insulin induced transient response of glycolysis and glycogenesis, and sustained response of gluconeogenesis and extracellular glucose concentration (GLCex). Based on the experimental results, we constructed a simple computational model that characterises response of insulin‐signalling‐dependent glucose metabolism. The model revealed that the network motifs of glycolysis and glycogenesis pathways constitute a feedforward (FF) with substrate depletion and incoherent feedforward loop (iFFL), respectively, enabling glycolysis and glycogenesis responsive to temporal changes of insulin rather than its absolute concentration. In contrast, the network motifs of gluconeogenesis pathway constituted a FF inhibition, enabling gluconeogenesis responsive to absolute concentration of insulin regardless of its temporal patterns. GLCex was regulated by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. These results demonstrate the selective control mechanism of glucose metabolism by temporal patterns of insulin.
Computational meta'omics for microbial community studies
Authors: Segata Nicola , Boernigen Daniela , Tickle Timothy L , Morgan Xochitl C , Garrett Wendy S , Huttenhower Curtis
Published: May 2013

Complex microbial communities are an integral part of the Earth's ecosystem and of our bodies in health and disease. In the last two decades, culture‐independent approaches have provided new insights into their structure and function, with the exponentially decreasing cost of high‐throughput sequencing resulting in broadly available tools for microbial surveys. However, the field remains far from reaching a technological plateau, as both computational techniques and nucleotide sequencing platforms for microbial genomic and transcriptional content continue to improve. Current microbiome analyses are thus starting to adopt multiple and complementary meta'omic approaches, leading to unprecedented opportunities to comprehensively and accurately characterize microbial communities and their interactions with their environments and hosts. This diversity of available assays, analysis methods, and public data is in turn beginning to enable microbiome‐based predictive and modeling tools. We thus review here the technological and computational meta'omics approaches that are already available, those that are under active development, their success in biological discovery, and several outstanding challenges.
Controlled formation and reflection of a bright solitary matter-wave
Authors: Marchant A. L. , Billam T. P. , Wiles T. P. , Yu M. M. H. , Gardiner S. A. , Cornish S. L.
Published: May 2013

Bright solitons are non-dispersive wave solutions, arising in a diverse range of nonlinear, one-dimensional systems, including atomic Bose–Einstein condensates with attractive interactions. In reality, cold-atom experiments can only approach the idealized one-dimensional limit necessary for the realization of true solitons. Nevertheless, it remains possible to create bright solitary waves, the three-dimensional analogue of solitons, which maintain many of the key properties of their one-dimensional counterparts. Such solitary waves offer many potential applications and provide a rich testing ground for theoretical treatments of many-body quantum systems. Here we report the controlled formation of a bright solitary matter-wave from a Bose–Einstein condensate of 85Rb, which is observed to propagate over a distance of ∼1.1 mm in 150 ms with no observable dispersion. We demonstrate the reflection of a solitary wave from a repulsive Gaussian barrier and contrast this to the case of a repulsive condensate, in both cases finding excellent agreement with theoretical simulations using the three-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation.
The origin recognition complex in human diseases
Authors: Shen Zhen
Published: May 2013

ORC (origin recognition complex) serves as the initiator for the assembly of the pre-RC (pre-replication complex) and the subsequent DNA replication. Together with many of its non-replication functions, ORC is a pivotal regulator of various cellular processes. Notably, a number of reports connect ORC to numerous human diseases, including MGS (Meier–Gorlin syndrome), EBV (Epstein–Barr virus)-infected diseases, American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis. However, much of the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In those genetic diseases, mutations in ORC alter its function and lead to the dysregulated phenotypes; whereas in some pathogen-induced symptoms, host ORC and archaeal-like ORC are exploited by these organisms to maintain their own genomes. In this review, I provide detailed examples of ORC-related human diseases, and summarize the current findings on how ORC is involved and/or dysregulated. I further discuss how these discoveries can be generalized as model systems, which can then be applied to elucidating other related diseases and revealing potential targets for developing effective therapies.
Capability Search and Redeem across Digital Ecosystems
Authors: Selander Lisen , Henfridsson Ola , Svahn Fredrik
Published: May 2013

Prior research on digital ecosystems focuses on the focal firm (e.g., a platform owner) and its ecosystem governance. However, there is a dearth of literature examining the non-focal actor, that is, an ecosystem participant who is at the periphery of a digital ecosystem. This paper proposes a theoretical perspective of the non-focal firm's participation across digital ecosystems for cultivating its innovation habitat through capability search and redeem. Capability search involves the location of external capability deemed valuable for extending the firm's innovation habitat. Capability redeem refers to the firm's use of external capability to develop, distribute, and/or monetize its products and services. We generate and sensitize the proposed perspective in the context of Sony Ericsson's innovation habitat by interpreting the mobile device manufacturer's participation across four digital ecosystems (Visual Basic, Java, Digital Music, and Android). Our findings suggest that the non-focal actor cannot rely on a single ecosystem for addressing all relevant layers of innovation. It benefits from pursuing a pluralistic strategy, operating across digital ecosystems to avoid investing all efforts in the same ecosystem. The model of ecosystem capability search and redeem, which is a result of ideographic research explanation, extends current perspectives on digital ecosystems and contributes to the emerging literature in the digital age.
Including nuclear quantum effects into highly correlated electronic structure calculations of weakly bound systems
Authors: Aguirre Néstor F. , Villarreal Pablo , Delgado-Barrio Gerardo , Posada Edwin , Reyes Andrés , Biczysko Malgorzata , Mitrushchenkov Alexander O. , de Lara-Castells María Pilar
Published: May 2013

An interface between the APMO code and the electronic structure package MOLPRO is presented. The any particle molecular orbital APMO code [González et al., Int. J. Quantum Chem. 108, 1742 (2008)]10.1002/qua.21584 implements the model where electrons and light nuclei are treated simultaneously at Hartree-Fock or second-order Möller-Plesset levels of theory. The APMO-MOLPRO interface allows to include high-level electronic correlation as implemented in the MOLPRO package and to describe nuclear quantum effects at Hartree-Fock level of theory with the APMO code. Different model systems illustrate the implementation: 4He2 dimer as a protype of a weakly bound van der Waals system; isotopomers of [He–H–He]+ molecule as an example of a hydrogen bonded system; and molecular hydrogen to compare with very accurate non-Born-Oppenheimer calculations. The possible improvements and future developments are outlined.
Modified Fabry-Perot interferometer for displacement measurement in ultra large measuring range
Authors: Chang Chung-Ping , Tung Pi-Cheng , Shyu Lih-Horng , Wang Yung-Cheng , Manske Eberhard
Published: May 2013

Laser interferometers have demonstrated outstanding measuring performances for high precision positioning or dimensional measurements in the precision industry, especially in the length measurement. Due to the non-common-optical-path structure, appreciable measurement errors can be easily induced under ordinary measurement conditions. That will lead to the limitation and inconvenience for in situ industrial applications. To minimize the environmental and mechanical effects, a new interferometric displacement measuring system with the common-optical-path structure and the resistance to tilt-angle is proposed. With the integration of optomechatronic modules in the novel interferometric system, the resolution up to picometer order, high precision, and ultra large measuring range have been realized. For the signal stabilization of displacement measurement, an automatic gain control module has been proposed. A self-developed interpolation model has been employed for enhancing the resolution. The novel interferometer can hold the advantage of high resolution and large measuring range simultaneously. By the experimental verifications, it has been proven that the actual resolution of 2.5 nm can be achieved in the measuring range of 500 mm. According to the comparison experiments, the maximal standard deviation of the difference between the self-developed Fabry-Perot interferometer and the reference commercial Michelson interferometer is 0.146 μm in the traveling range of 500 mm. With the prominent measuring characteristics, this should be the largest dynamic measurement range of a Fabry-Perot interferometer up till now.
Adsorption and diffusion of the Rh and Au adatom on graphene moiré/Ru(0001)
Authors: Semidey-Flecha Lymarie , Teng Dieh , Habenicht Bradley F. , Sholl David S. , Xu Ye
Published: May 2013

Detailed density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the adsorption and diffusion of the Rh and Au adatom on the graphene moiré superstructure on Ru(0001). The adsorption energies of each adatom in all of the non-equivalent C-top and C6 ring center sites on the graphene moiré have been calculated. The resulting potential energy surfaces encompass the entire graphene moiré unit cell and shows that the adsorption of both Rh1 and Au1 is most stable in the fcc region on the graphene moiré. The minimum-energy diffusion path between adjacent moiré cells is identified to run mostly directly between the fcc and hcp regions for Au1, but deviates toward the mound region for Rh1. The global diffusion barrier is estimated to be 0.53 eV for Rh1 and 0.71 eV for Au1, corresponding to a hopping rate between adjacent moiré cells of ∼103 s−1 and ∼1 s−1 at 298 K, respectively. The consequences of different hopping rates to cluster nucleation have been explored by performing Monte Carlo-based statistical analysis, which suggests that diffusing species other than adatoms need to be taken into account to develop an accurate description of cluster nucleation and growth on this surface.
Momentum transfer in a turbulent, particle-laden Couette flow
Authors: Richter David H. , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: May 2013

A point-force model is used to study turbulent momentum transfer in the presence of moderate mass loadings of small (relative to Kolmogorov scales), dense (relative to the carrier phase density) particles. Turbulent Couette flow is simulated via direct numerical simulation, while individual particles are tracked as Lagrangian elements interacting with the carrier phase through a momentum coupling force. This force is computed based on the bulk drag of each particle, computed from its local slip velocity. By inspecting a parameter space consisting of particle Stokes number and mass loading, a general picture of how and under what conditions particles can alter near-wall turbulent flow is developed. In general, it is found that particles which adhere to the requirements for the point-particle approximation attenuate small-scale turbulence levels, as measured by wall-normal and spanwise velocity fluctuations, and decrease turbulent fluxes. Particles tend to weaken near-wall vortical activity, which in turn, through changes in burst/sweep intensities, weakens the ability of the turbulent carrier-phase motion to transfer momentum in the wall-normal direction. Compensating this effect is the often-ignored capacity of the dispersed phase to carry stress, resulting in a total momentum transfer which remains nearly unchanged. The results of this study can be used to interpret physical processes above the ocean surface, where sea spray potentially plays an important role in vertical momentum transfer.
Visualizing electromagnetic fields in laser-produced counter-streaming plasma experiments for collisionless shock laboratory astrophysics
Authors: Kugland N. L. , Ross J. S. , Chang P.-Y. , Drake R. P. , Fiksel G. , Froula D. H. , Glenzer S. H. , Gregori G. , Grosskopf M. , Huntington C. , Koenig M. , Kuramitsu Y. , Kuranz C. , Levy M. C. , Liang E. , Martinez D. , Meinecke J. , Miniati F. , Morita T. , Pelka A. , Plechaty C. , Presura R. , Ravasio A. , Remington B. A. , Reville B. , Ryutov D. D. , Sakawa Y. , Spitkovsky A. , Takabe H. , Park H.-S.
Published: May 2013

Collisionless shocks are often observed in fast-moving astrophysical plasmas, formed by non-classical viscosity that is believed to originate from collective electromagnetic fields driven by kinetic plasma instabilities. However, the development of small-scale plasma processes into large-scale structures, such as a collisionless shock, is not well understood. It is also unknown to what extent collisionless shocks contain macroscopic fields with a long coherence length. For these reasons, it is valuable to explore collisionless shock formation, including the growth and self-organization of fields, in laboratory plasmas. The experimental results presented here show at a glance with proton imaging how macroscopic fields can emerge from a system of supersonic counter-streaming plasmas produced at the OMEGA EP laser. Interpretation of these results, plans for additional measurements, and the difficulty of achieving truly collisionless conditions are discussed. Future experiments at the National Ignition Facility are expected to create fully formed collisionless shocks in plasmas with no pre-imposed magnetic field.
Electrical conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotube films in strong electric field
Authors: Seliuta D. , Subačius L. , Kašalynas I. , Shuba M. , Paddubskaya A. , Ksenevich V. , Kuzhir P. , Maksimenko S. , Valušis G.
Published: May 2013

Carrier transport features in single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films under strong electric fields (up to 105 V/cm) are presented. Application of electrical pulses of nanosecond duration allowed to minimize Joule heating and resolve intrinsic nonlinearities with the electric field. Investigations within a wide range of temperatures—4.2–300 K—indicated that carrier localization as well as tunneling through the insulating barriers between conducting regions takes place in SWCNT films. Crossover from semiconducting behavior to metallic behavior in strong electric field is described using the fluctuation induced tunneling model and assuming that the conducting regions demonstrate characteristic metallic conductivity.
Influence of the patch field on work function measurements based on the secondary electron emission
Authors: Bundaleski N. , Trigueiro J. , Silva A. G. , Moutinho A. M. C. , Teodoro O. M. N. D.
Published: May 2013

A work function study based on the onset shift (i.e., following low energy cut-off) of secondary electron spectra has been used for the last four decades to monitor the deposition and adsorption in real time, measure the dipole momentum and polarizability of the surface layer, and determine the lateral distribution of the work function. In this work, we show that the onset shift depends on both the coverage of adsorbed species that change the work function and the size of low work function patches. Additionally, the extraction field, which is always applied in these measurements, may also influence the onset shift. Numerical calculations of the potential distributions above different non-uniform surfaces were performed in order to quantitatively determine each of these influences. Depending on the patch size, we define three measurement regimes in which the onset position is related to either the surface average of the work function (small patches), the minimum local work function (large patches), or a value in-between (intermediate size patches). Experimental data have corroborated these findings and demonstrated that manipulating the extraction field intensity enables transition between the measurement regimes. Typical misinterpretations due to neglecting the patch size contribution and the surface non-uniformity to the onset shift are analyzed. Additionally, possible application of work function study for determination of the growth mode in the case of submonolayer deposition was discussed.
Linear polarization sensitivity of magnetotransport in irradiated two-dimensional electron systems
Authors: Iñarrea Jesús
Published: May 2013

We study the role of the linear polarization angle of radiation on the magnetoresistance oscillations in irradiated two-dimensional electron systems. We consider different regimes, from the radiation electric field parallel to the current to perpendicular to it. We obtain, in agreement with the experimental results, that magnetoresistance is sensitive to the orientation of the radiation electric field and that magnetoresistance oscillations (peaks and valleys) decrease from the parallel scenario to the perpendicular one. This is in clear contradiction with previous experimental and theoretical evidences. Here, we present a novel theoretical approach trying to reconcile both scenarios.
Dual-band asymmetric transmission of linear polarization in bilayered chiral metamaterial
Authors: Shi Jinhui , Liu Xingchen , Yu Shengwu , Lv Tingting , Zhu Zheng , Feng Ma Hui , Jun Cui Tie
Published: May 2013

A bilayered chiral metamaterial is proposed and demonstrated to exhibit dual-band asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized electromagnetic waves in two opposite directions. Simulated and measured results show that the bilayered chiral metamaterial can achieve cross-polarization conversion with an efficiency of over 90% for both y- and x-polarized waves. The proposed metasurface can be regarded as an ultrathin polarization-controlled switch that is easily switched on/off by changing a linearly polarized wave to its orthogonal component.
Self sensing feedback for dielectric elastomer actuators
Authors: Gisby Todd A. , O'Brien Benjamin M. , Anderson Iain A.
Published: May 2013

Self sensing Dielectric Elastomer Actuator (DEA) artificial muscles will enable the creation of soft, lightweight robots with animal-like capabilities. We demonstrate a fast, accurate, and economic self sensing algorithm that enables an arbitrary voltage oscillation to be used to sense DEA capacitance during actuation in a manner that is robust to significant changes in electrode resistance and leakage current. Not only we can use this algorithm to emulate the proprioceptive feedback found in natural muscle but also we can use it for the online characterisation and analysis of DEA behavior.
Influence of SnO2:F/ZnO:Al bi-layer as a front electrode on the properties of p-i-n amorphous silicon based thin film solar cells
Authors: Park Hyeongsik , Lee Jaehyeong , Kim Heewon , Kim Doyoung , Raja Jayapal , Yi Junsin
Published: May 2013

The effect of aluminum doped zinc oxide film used between a fluorine doped tin oxide layer and a hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide layer to improve the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) for high efficiency thin film solar cells. The efficiency enhancement was accomplished by the insertion of high work-function layers engineered in the interfaces to raise FF as well as Voc. Therefore, we were able to obtain the conversion efficiency of 10.34% at 16.14 mA/cm2 of the current density (Jsc) and 70.37% of FF.
Identification of Free OH and its Implication on Structural Changes of Liquid Water
Authors: Lin Ke , Zhou Xiao-guo , Liu Shi-lin , Luo Yi
Published: May 2013

The molecular structure of liquid water has been an outstanding issue for many years. The identification of free −OH holds the key in differentiating structure models for liquid water. By analyzing the relative changes of the intensity and depolarization ratio in temperature dependent Raman spectra, the occurrence of free −OH in liquid water is unambiguously determined. Furthermore, upon the increase of temperature from 5 °C to 85 °C, the structure of liquid water undergoes significant change, but the relative proportion of free −OH is considerably small and remains almost unchanged. This implies that the breaking of hydrogen bond from the tetrahedral structure prefers to occur at the site of the hydrogen acceptor. The energetic favoring of the structural change for liquid water is thus clearly revealed from experiments.
Product Identification and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of n-Butane and i-Butane Pyrolysis at Low Pressure
Authors: Zhang Yi-jun , Yuan Wen-hao , Cai Jiang-huai , Zhang Li-dong , Qi Fei , Li Yu-yang
Published: May 2013

The pyrolysis of n-butane and i-butane at low pressure was investigated from 823−1823 K in an electrically heated flow reactor using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. More than 20 species, especially several radicals and isomers, were detected and identified from the measurements of photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra. Based on the mass spectrometric analysis, the characteristics of n-butane and i-butane pyrolysis were discussed, which provided experimental evidences for the discussion of decomposition pathways of butane isomers. It is concluded that the isomeric structures of n-butane and i-butane have strong influence on their main decomposition pathways, and lead to dramatic differences in their mass spectra and PIE spectra such as the different dominant products and isomeric structures of butene products. Furthermore, compared with n-butane, i-butane can produce strong signals of benzene at low temperature in its pyrolysis due to the enhanced formation of benzene precursors like propargyl and C4 species, which provides experimental clues to explain the higher sooting tendencies of iso-alkanes than n-alkanes.