bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic approach for reducing micro-crack formation in Inconel 713LC components fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Wang Hung-Yu , Lo Yu-Lung , Tran Hong-Chuong , Raza M. Mohsin , Le Trong-Nhan
Published: August 2021

Purpose

For high crack-susceptibility materials such as Inconel 713LC (IN713LC) nickel alloy, fabricating crack-free components using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique represents a significant challenge because of the complex interactions between the effects of the main processing parameters, namely, the laser power and scanning speed. Accordingly, this study aims to build up a methodology which combines simulation model and experimental approach to fabricate high-density (>99.9%) IN713LC components using LPBF process.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study commences by performing three-dimensional (3D) heat transfer finite element simulations to predict the LPBF outcome (e.g. melt pool depth, temperature and mushy zone extent) for 33 representative sample points chosen within the laser power and scanning speed design space. The simulation results are used to train a surrogate model to predict the LPBF result for any combination of the processing conditions within the design space. Then, experimental trials were performed to choose the proper hatching space and also to define the high crack susceptibility criterion. The process map is then filtered in accordance with five quality criteria, namely, avoiding the keyhole phenomenon, improving the adhesion between the melt pool and the substrate, ensuring single-scan-track stability, avoiding excessive melt pool evaporation and suppressing the formation of micro-cracks, to determine the region of the process map which improves the relative density of the IN713LC component and minimizes the micro-cracks. The optimal processing conditions are used to fabricate IN713LC specimens for tensile testing purposes.

Findings

The optimal processing conditions predicted by simulation model are used to fabricate IN713LC specimens for tensile testing purposes. Experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of 3D-printed IN713LC tensile bar is higher than those of tensile bar made by casting. The yield strength of 791 MPa, ultimate strength of 995 MPa, elongation of 12%, and relative density of 99.94% are achieved.

Originality/value

The present study proposed a systematic methodology to find the processing conditions that are able to minimize the formation of micro-crack and improve the density of the high crack susceptivity metal material in LPBF process.
Personal branding on Instagram: an examination of Iranian professional athletes
Authors: Sharifzadeh Zahra , Brison Natasha T. , Bennett Gregg
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study investigates the personal branding strategies utilized by Iranian professional athletes. It also examines the challenges these athletes face in attempting to create a personal brand. For example, unlike their global counterparts, Iranian athletes’ access to social media is limited to only Instagram, due to a ban in Iran on the use of Facebook and Twitter. This specific situation provides unique opportunities and interactions in the personal branding process.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing a criterion purposive sample of Iranian professional athletes, the authors conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews to understand the branding strategies and challenges of these athletes.

Findings

Two categories (branding strategies and cultural/societal challenges), along with Six themes emerged. The categories were derived based on the literature review and the subsequent research questions.

Originality/value

This paper provides valuable information on challenges and opportunities for athletes' personal branding from international perspectives. Also, the results of the study broaden our understanding of how athletes' personal branding can function in different countries and contexts. Findings will provide governing bodies and sport marketers have a better understanding of athletes' social media usage.
Tissue chemistry of biocrust species along an aridity gradient and comparison to vascular plant leaves
Authors: Mallen‐Cooper Max , Cornwell William K.
Published: August 2021

Biocrusts are an extensive autotrophic groundcover but are regularly excluded from ecosystem models. One rationale for their exclusion is that their contributions to C and N cycles are negligible in comparison to vascular plants. Here we estimated the magnitude of the biocrust contribution to nutrient cycling in functional terms, comparing tissue chemistry and stoichiometry per ground area with vascular plants per leaf area.

We quantified tissue C, N, P and a range of micronutrients in 21 abundant biocrust taxa from an aridity gradient spanning 500 km of Australian drylands.

The C, N and P tissue chemistry of biocrust species and vascular plant leaves occupied a similar range, both as ratios and per area. This implies that in functional terms, biocrusts could be considered as a single layer of leaf area spread out across the ground and added to Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements accordingly.

Within biocrust species, the C:N ratio significantly declined with increasing aridity, which was entirely driven by carbon. This finding demonstrates a key functional difference between vascular leaves and biocrusts: C:N ratios in vascular plants are lower in drier environments due to elevated levels of N‐rich photosynthetic machinery relating to a trade‐off in water‐use regulation, while C:N ratios in biocrusts decline with aridity most likely due to carbon shortages relating to their inability to regular water loss (poikilohydry).

As global drylands become drier with climate change, our findings suggest that biocrust tissue carbon stocks will decline gradually until the point where carbon budgets become negative and standing biomass is no longer viable.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Green‐based active packaging: Opportunities beyond COVID‐19, food applications, and perspectives in circular economy—A brief review
Authors: Barone Andreza Salles , Matheus Julia Rabelo Vaz , de Souza Thaiza Serrano Pinheiro , Moreira Ricardo Felipe Alves , Fai Ana Elizabeth Cavalcante
Published: August 2021

The development of biodegradable packaging, based on agro‐industrial plant products and by‐products, can transform waste into products with high added value and reduce the use of conventional nonrenewable packaging. Green‐based active packaging has a variety of compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, aromatics, among others. These compounds interact with packaged products to improve food quality and safety and favor the migration of bioactive compounds from the polymeric matrix to food. The interest in the potential hygienic–sanitary benefit of these packages has been intensified during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which made the population more aware of the relevant role of packaging for protection and conservation of food. It is estimated that the pandemic scenario expanded food packaging market due to shift in eating habits and an increase in online purchases. The triad health, sustainability, and circular economy is a trend in the development of packaging. It is necessary to minimize the consumption of natural resources, reduce the use of energy, avoid the generation of waste, and emphasize the creation of social and environmental values. These ideas underpin the transition from the emphasis on the more subjective discourse to the emphasis on the more practical method of thinking about the logic of production and use of sustainable packaging. Presently, we briefly review some trends and economic issues related to biodegradable materials for food packaging; the development and application of bio‐based active films; some opportunities beyond COVID‐19 for food packaging segment; and perspectives in circular economy.
Antrocaryon amazonicum: An unexploited Amazonian fruit with high potential of scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
Authors: Pereira Barbosa‐Carvalho Anna Paula , Texeira Costa Leitão Deusa do Socorro , Campos de Siqueira Francilia , Zerlotti Mercadante Adriana , Campos Chisté Renan
Published: August 2021

Antrocaryon amazonicum fruits are unexploited sources of bioactive compounds found in the Amazonia region of Brazil. In this study, for the first time, the carotenoid and phenolic compound profiles of the pulp and peel of A. amazonicum fruits, from two varieties at two harvest periods, were determined by LC‐MS. Additionally, the potential of the peel and pulp extracts to scavenge physiologically relevant reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was assessed. The major carotenoids in both parts of the fruits were lutein, accounting for ≈42% of the identified carotenoids in the peel and ≈25% in the pulp, whereas catechin and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were the major phenolics in both parts. The peel extract, which presented the highest bioactive compound contents, was more efficient to scavenge ROS than the pulp. The peel extract showed high scavenging efficiency (IC50) for singlet oxygen (1O2; 16 µg/ml), hypochlorous acid (HOCl; 20 µg/ml), peroxynitrite (ONOO–; 38 µg/ml), and superoxide radical (O2•–; 47 µg/ml), whereas the pulp extract exhibited high efficiency for ONOO– (13 µg/ml), followed by HOCl (30 µg/ml), ¹O2 (76 µg/ml), and less efficient for O2•– (44 µg/ml). Therefore, A. amazonicum fruits can be seen as an expressive source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential to be further investigated to inhibit or delay oxidative processes both in food and physiological systems triggered by ROS and RNS.

Practical Application

Bioactive compound extracts of Antrocaryon amazonicum fruits have high potential to be exploited for inhibiting or delaying oxidative processes and increase food stability.
Functional beta diversity of New Zealand fishes: Characterising morphological turnover along depth and latitude gradients, with derivation of functional bioregions
Authors: Myers Elisabeth M. V. , Eme David , Liggins Libby , Harvey Euan S. , Roberts Clive D. , Anderson Marti J.
Published: August 2021

Changes in the functional structures of communities are rarely examined along multiple large‐scale environmental gradients. Here, we describe patterns in functional beta diversity for New Zealand marine fishes versus depth and latitude, including broad‐scale delineation of functional bioregions. We derived eight functional traits related to food acquisition and locomotion and calculated complementary indices of functional beta diversity for 144 species of marine ray‐finned fishes occurring along large‐scale depth (50–1200 m) and latitudinal gradients (29°–51°S) in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. We focused on a suite of morphological traits calculated directly from in situ Baited Remote Underwater Stereo‐Video (stereo‐BRUV) footage and museum specimens. We found that functional changes were primarily structured by depth followed by latitude, and that latitudinal functional turnover decreased with increasing depth. Functional turnover among cells increased with increasing depth distance, but this relationship plateaued for greater depth distances (>750 m). In contrast, functional turnover did not change significantly with increasing latitudinal distance at 700–1200 m depths. Shallow functional bioregions (50–100 m) were distinct at different latitudes, whereas deeper bioregions extended across broad latitudinal ranges. Fishes in shallow depths had a body shape conducive to efficient propulsion, while fishes in deeper depths were more elongated, enabling slow, energy‐efficient locomotion, and had large eyes to enhance vision. Environmental filtering may be a primary driver of broad‐scale patterns of functional beta diversity in the deep sea. Greater environmental homogeneity may lead to greater functional homogeneity across latitudinal gradients at deeper depths (700–1200 m). We suggest that communities living at depth may follow a ‘functional village hypothesis’, whereby similar key functional niches in fish communities may be maintained over large spatial scales.
Oppressive Energopolitics in Africa’s Last Colony: Energy, Subjectivities, and Resistance
Authors: Allan Joanna , Lemaadel Mahmoud , Lakhal Hamza
Published: August 2021

Focusing on energy developments and energy infrastructure in Moroccan‐occupied Western Sahara, this article engages with the politics of energy and energy citizenship in situations of conflict, authoritarianism and settler colonialism. We contribute to the body of research on how energy infrastructure, including renewable energy infrastructure, furthers (neo)colonial social and political power imbalances. Using Dominic Boyer’s concept of energopower, which allows us to explore how energy is used to govern populations and produce subjectivities, we argue that a colonial and oppressive energoregime will produce subjects hostile to itself. Putting colonised people’s lived experiences and perceptions of an oppressive energy system centre stage, we further research on the interrelationship between energy infrastructure, citizenship and identity by showing how an energoregime can inadvertently foster a rejection of certain citizenships and national identities in favour of others. Our data are generated using ethnography and semi‐structured interviews with Saharawis living in Moroccan‐occupied Western Sahara.
Asymptomatic full‐term infants born to women with chorioamnionitis may not need routine antibiotics
Authors: Kothari Nakul , Dsouza Vanessa , Mishra Umesh , Maheshwari Rajesh , Shah Dharmesh , D’Cruz Daphne , Baird Jane , Luig Melissa , Jani Pranav
Published: August 2021

Aim

While infants with early‐onset sepsis require antibiotics, there is little evidence to support their routine use in asymptomatic infants exposed to maternal chorioamnionitis. We aimed to ascertain the incidence of culture‐proven sepsis in full‐term infants exposed to chorioamnionitis and to determine whether asymptomatic infants need routine antibiotic treatment.

Methods

This study was retrospective. Included were all full‐term infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit between 1 January 2017 and 31 May 2018 who were given intravenous antibiotics for maternal chorioamnionitis. After identifying eligible infants, relevant maternal and infant data were collected from our medical records and the Neonatal Intensive Care Units Database.

Results

We selected 167 term infants from 7736 deliveries. The incidence of chorioamnionitis was 21 per 1000 deliveries. The mean gestational age was 39 weeks (range 37–41), and 57% infants were male. Asymptomatic infants (76%) received intravenous antibiotics for an average of 2 days compared to 4 days in the symptomatic group (24%), p < 0.001. No infant died or developed culture‐positive sepsis.

Conclusion

The risk of early‐onset sepsis in well‐appearing term infants of mothers with chorioamnionitis is low. Further studies are mandatory to determine whether asymptomatic infants of mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis need antibiotic treatment.
Successful transfer of species‐rich grassland by means of green hay or threshing material: Does the method matter in the long term?
Authors: Schaumberger Silke , Blaschka Albin , Krautzer Bernhard , Graiss Wilhelm , Klingler Andreas , Pötsch Erich M.
Published: August 2021

Questions

We investigated the transfer of seeds from species‐rich grassland using green hay and seed material from on‐site threshing to answer the following questions: do these two methods differ in terms of restoration success; and how do the two methods behave in their long‐term effect concerning species composition and species presence?

Location

Styria, Austria.

Methods

We harvested seed material of a species‐richArrhenatherionmeadow by green hay and on‐site threshing and transferred it to a receptor site. Transferable species were identified by vegetation survey and seed sample analyses. We analysed transfer rates and vegetation cover for the donor site species pool andArrhenatheriontarget species, covering a 10‐year observation period. Species composition and presence were derived from plant surveys.

Results

The restoration success of both methods was similar within the observation period. Although donor site species declined, the establishment of target species was satisfactory and species‐rich grassland was successfully established, despite different site conditions between donor and receptor sites and strong dynamics in species composition over time.

Conclusions

Both harvesting methods are well suited for restoring species‐rich grassland, and the actual choice ultimately depends on the costs and the given circumstances. Even if donor and receptor site differ in their site conditions, species‐rich grassland can be established successfully. The prerequisite for this is that: (a) a high proportion of transferred species is able to establish; and (b) specific restoration goals do not exclude vegetation development according to specific receptor site conditions.
Tele‐mental health intervention for caregivers of children on home ventilation: A randomized control trial
Authors: Muñeton‐Castaño Yudy F. , Hull John H. , Graham Robert J.
Published: August 2021

Aim

This study aims to evaluate a Tele‐P cognitive behavioural intervention (CBT) to promote the emotional functioning (i.e. reduce anxiety, depression and social isolation) and improve the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of children who are ventilator dependent at home.

Background

There is an urgent need for support of parents with technology‐dependent children. Research shows that the parents of children whose chronic illness require assisted‐technology experience significant emotional stress, potential gaps in social isolation, and social isolation leading to lower quaility of life, unhealthy family functioning, and negative psychological consequences.

Results

Participation in a Tele‐P intervention significantly reduced caregivers' anxiety, depression and fatigue, and reduction was sustained in a 4 week follow‐up period. There was no significant change in social isolation.

Conclusion

Findings demonstrate preliminary efficacy of an innovative Tele‐P intervention on outcomes of anxiety, depression and fatigue in an at‐risk group of caregivers. Although the intervention did not improve self‐reported social isolation, using technology in combination with established psychological support is an efficient way to better equip our mental health intervention systems to serve vulnerable populations.
Prevalence and early‐life risk factors for tree nut sensitization and allergy in young adults
Authors: Bager Jessica , Tedner Sandra G , Andersson Niklas , Ballardini Natalia , Borres Magnus P. , Konradsen Jon R , Nilsson Caroline , Westman Marit , Kull Inger , Bergström Anna , van Hage Marianne , Melen Erik , Asarnoj Anna
Published: August 2021

Background

Tree nut allergy may cause anaphylaxis. There are limited population‐based studies on prevalence and early‐life risk factors.

Methods

We evaluated the prevalence of reported symptoms and allergic sensitization to tree nuts at age 24 years in the BAMSE population‐based cohort study and assessed early‐life factors associated with the development of tree nut allergy.

We estimated tree nut allergy prevalence, by analysing questionnaire data on tree nut ingestion and symptoms at age 12, 16 and 24 years, and IgE sensitization at age 24 years to hazelnut, walnut, pecan, cashew, pistachio, Brazil nut, almond extracts and allergen molecules Cor a 1, 9, 14 (hazelnut), Jug r 1 (walnut) and Ana o 3 (cashew). We evaluated eczema, asthma, food allergies, inherited risk of allergy and gender as potential early‐life risk factors.

Results

Data were available for 2215/4089 (54%) BAMSE study participants, for estimation of the prevalence of tree nut sensitization (21.2%), tree nut allergy symptoms (9.8%) and combined sensitization and symptoms (7.9%, 2.1% for storage protein sensitization and symptoms, 4.3% for any sensitization and non‐mild symptoms). Sixty‐three per cent of sensitized individuals (295/470) were asymptomatic, but only 76/470 (16%) storage protein sensitized individuals. Egg allergy (ORadj 8.50 95% CI 2.15–33.6), eczema (ORadj 2.53 95% CI 1.21–5.32) and asthma (ORadj 5.59 95% CI 2.35–13.3)) at pre‐school age were associated with future development of tree nut symptoms and storage protein sensitization. At age 24 years, tree nut allergy was associated with current eczema and with markers of current asthma severity. Sensitization to storage proteins was more strongly associated with symptoms than sensitization to whole extract for all tree nuts evaluated.

Conclusions

In this Swedish cohort, we found tree nut whole extract sensitization is common but usually asymptomatic. Storage protein sensitization is a more reliable indicator of tree nut symptoms. Tree nut allergy is associated with early onset, persistent and severe atopic disease.
Papilla preservation and minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of peri‐implant osseous defects. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of a 5‐year retrospective study
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Cortellini Simone , Bonaccini Daniele , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Evaluate in a case series the clinical applicability of a regenerative approach for treatment of peri‐implant lesions based on papilla preservation flaps (PPF) and minimally invasive surgery (MIST).

Material and methods

Twenty‐one deep peri‐implant defects in 21 patients were surgically accessed applying PPF and MIST. The exposed implant surface was decontaminated with the sequential application of mechanical devices and chemical agents. Bone substitutes alone or in combination with a collagen barrier were applied, according to the anatomy of the peri‐implant lesion. Clinical and radiographic measurements were collected at baseline, post‐surgery, 1 and 5 years.

Results

Primary wound closure was obtained in 100% of the sites and maintained in 90% of the sites at 1 week. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was reduced from 100% at baseline to 28.6% at 1 year and to 42.8% at 5 years. The 1‐year pocket reduction was 3.9 ± 1 mm. Residual probing depths (PD) were 4.1 ± 0.9 mm. PD remained stable up to 5 years. The radiographic bone gain was 2.5 ± 1.2 mm (mesial) and 2.5 ± 1.1 (distal) at 1‐year and 2.3 ± 1.3 mm (mesial) and 2.6 ± 1.4 mm (distal) at 5 years. The radiographic resolution of the defect was 70.4% ± 19% (mesial) and 70.2% ± 22% (distal) at 1 year and 64.2% ± 21% (mesial) and 67.7% ± 21% (distal) at 5 years. All implants survived up to 5 years. A composite outcome of disease resolution shows consistent 1‐year clinical improvements at all the treated sites and substantial 5‐year stability.

Conclusions

PPF and MIST can be successfully applied for the regenerative treatment of peri‐implant defects.
Virus load and incidence of olfactory, gustatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal disorders in COVID‐19 patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Taziki Balajelini Mohammad Hosein , Rajabi Abdolhalim , Mohammadi Masoud , Nikoo Hadi Razavi , Tabarraei Alijan , Mansouri Mohsen , Hosseini Seyed Mehran
Published: August 2021

Objectives

This study investigated the relationship between viral load and the incidence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (OD and GD), the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and the recovery of OD and GD in COVID‐19 patients.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting and Participants

This study was conducted on 599 outpatients' cases in Golestan province between February and June 2020.

Main Outcome Measures

The incidence, severity (complete or partial) and recovery time of OD and GD and their associations with cycle threshold (CT) values of SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction were assessed.

Results

The mean age of patients was 38.27 ± 13.62 years. The incidence of general symptoms included myalgia 70.1%, headache 51.8%, fever 47.7% and dyspnoea 21.4%. 41.9% of patients had gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain 26.5%, diarrhoea 25.2%, nausea 20.5% and vomiting 12.9%. 12.2% of patients had comorbidity. The trimester recovery rates of OD and GD were 93.94% and 94.74% respectively. The mean recovery time of OD and GD was 14.56 ± 13.37 and 13.8 ± 3.77 days respectively. The mean CT value in all patients was 27.45 ± 4.55. There were significant associations between the mean of CT value with headache (p = 0.04), GD (p = 0.002) and OD (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The finding of this study indicates a possible association between viral load with incidence of OD and GD in COVID‐19 patient's cases and assures the recovery of OD/GD in these patients.
Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas
Authors: Nogueira Joana Garrido , Sousa Ronaldo , Benaissa Hassan , De Knijf Geert , Ferreira Sónia , Ghamizi Mohamed , Gonçalves Duarte V. , Lansdown Richard , Numa Catherine , Prié Vincent , Riccardi Nicoletta , Seddon Mary , Urbańska Maria , Valentini Alice , Vikhrev Ilya , Varandas Simone , Teixeira Amílcar , Lopes‐Lima Manuel
Published: August 2021

Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.
Is there an overtreatment of melanoma patients at the end of their life? Results of a multicenter study on 193 melanoma patients
Authors: Forschner Andrea , Loquai Carmen , Meiss Frank , Huening Svea , Pawlowski Johannes , Bradfisch Fabienne , Lehr Saskia , Nashan Dorotheé
Published: August 2021

Background and objectives

There is a lack of data regarding the situation of melanoma patients receiving systemic therapies in their last months of life.

Patients and methods

All melanoma patients who died in 2016 or 2017 and who had been treated by systemic therapies within the last three months of life were retrospectively analyzed. The study was conducted within the Committee “supportive therapy” of the Work Group Dermatological Oncology (ADO).

Results

193 patients from four dermato‐oncological centers were included. More than 60 % of the patients had ECOG ≥ 2 and most of them received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) or targeted therapies (TT). 41 patients benefited from the last therapy in terms of radiological and laboratory findings or state of health. Although ECOG was worse in the TT cohort compared to the ICI group, the proportion of patients benefiting from the last therapy with TT was significantly higher and TT therapy could be carried out more often on an outpatient basis.

Conclusions

This study indicates that there is a tendency towards an overtreatment at the end of life. Nevertheless, TT might be a reasonable therapeutic option for advanced BRAF mutant melanoma, even in highly palliative situations.
Coronary artery ectasia in post‐pericardiotomy syndrome
Authors: Williams Jason L. , Cua Clifford L. , Stiver Corey , Kovalchin John P. , Lee Simon
Published: August 2021

Post‐pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) is a common inflammatory process following cardiac surgery, in which the pericardial space was opened. Pericardial effusion (PE) is a common manifestation in PPS; however, coronary artery dilation is not associated with PPS. Inflammatory vasculitis in children are known to cause coronary dilation, in conditions such as in Kawasaki Disease (KD). We report a patient with PPS and concomitant coronary dilation by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) following repair of her ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Brain microstructural changes in mice persist in adulthood and are modulated by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC7
Authors: Kerkenberg Nicole , Wachsmuth Lydia , Zhang Mingyue , Schettler Christiane , Ponimaskin Evgeni , Faber Cornelius , Baune Bernhard T. , Zhang Weiqi , Hohoff Christa
Published: August 2021

For a long time, mice have been classified as adults with completely mature brains at 8 weeks of age, but recent research suggests that developmental brain changes occur for up to 6 months. In particular, adolescence coincides with dramatic changes of neuronal structure and function in the brain that influence the connectivity between areas like hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Neuronal development and plasticity are regulated in part by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC7, which modulates structural connectivity between hippocampus and mPFC. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether developmental changes take place in hippocampus and mPFC microstructure even after 8 weeks of age and whether deficiency of ZDHHC7 impacts such age‐dependent alterations. Altogether, 46 mice at 11, 14 or 17 weeks of age with a genetic Zdhhc7 knockout (KO) or wild type (WT) were analysed with neuroimaging and diffusion tensor‐based fibre tractography. The hippocampus and mPFC regions were compared regarding fibre metrics, supplemented by volumetric and immunohistological analyses of the hippocampus. In WT animals, we identified age‐dependent changes in hippocampal fibre lengths that followed a U‐shaped pattern, whereas in mPFC, changes were linear. In Zdhhc7‐deficient animals, the fibre statistics were reduced in both regions, whereas the hippocampus volume and the intensities of myelin and neurofilament were higher in 11‐week‐old KO mice compared to WTs. Our results confirmed ongoing changes of microstructure in mice up to 17 weeks old and demonstrate that deleting the Zdhhc7 gene impairs fibre development, suggesting that palmitoylation is important in this process.
The catalytic core of Leishmania donovani RECQ helicase unwinds a wide spectrum of DNA substrates and is stimulated by replication protein A
Authors: Shikha Kumari , Sriram Bharath Gugulothu , Mukhopadhyay Swagata , Chakraborty Mayukh , Ghosh Susmita , Khatun Suparna , De Debajyoti , Gupta Amar Nath , Ganguly Agneyo
Published: August 2021

RecQ helicases are superfamily 2 (SF2) DNA helicases that unwind a wide spectrum of complex DNA structures in a 3′ to 5′ direction and are involved in maintaining genome stability. RecQ helicases from protozoan parasites have gained significant interest in recent times because of their involvement in cellular DNA repair pathways, making them important targets for drug development. In this study, we report biophysical and biochemical characterization of the catalytic core of a RecQ helicase from hemoflagellate protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Among the two putative RecQ helicases identified in L. donovani, we cloned, overexpressed and purified the catalytic core of LdRECQb. The catalytic core was found to be very efficient in unwinding a wide variety of DNA substrates like forked duplex, 3′ tailed duplex and Holliday junction DNA. Interestingly, the helicase core also unwound blunt duplex with slightly less efficiency. The enzyme exhibited high level of DNA‐stimulated ATPase activity with preferential stimulation by forked duplex, Holliday junction and 3′ tailed duplex. Walker A motif lysine mutation severely affected the ATPase activity and significantly affected unwinding activity. Like many other RecQ helicases, L. donovani RECQb also possesses strand annealing activity. Unwinding of longer DNA substrates by LdRECQb catalytic core was found to be stimulated in the presence of replication protein A (LdRPA‐1) from L. donovani. Detailed biochemical characterization and comparison of kinetic parameters indicate that L. donovani RECQb shares considerable functional similarity with human Bloom syndrome helicase.
Associations of neighborhood built and social environments with frailty among mid‐to‐older aged Australian adults
Authors: Abe Takumi , Carver Alison , Sugiyama Takemi
Published: August 2021

Aim

Neighborhood environmental attributes are associated with physical activity and health status. We examined cross‐sectional associations of built and social environmental attributes with frailty among community‐dwelling mid‐to‐older aged adults in Australia.

Methods

Data from 3419 adults aged 50–74 years living in 200 neighborhoods in Brisbane, Australia, were used. Frailty status was assessed by a frailty index comprising 32 items. The built environment attributes examined were residential density, street connectivity, land use mix, park area and bus stop density. Self‐reported levels of safety and social cohesion were used as social environmental factors. Associations were examined using multilevel logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of frailty was 12%. One standard deviation increment in street connectivity in a 1‐km network buffer around participants' homes and in a neighbourhood was associated with 23% and 13% higher odds of being frail, respectively. One standard deviation increment in land use mix at the neighborhood level was associated with 12% lower odds of being frail. Higher levels of safety and social cohesion were consistently associated with a lower odds of being frail.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous studies, we found that social environmental attributes were relevant to residents' frailty status, whereas the relationships between built environmental attributes and frailty were not clear (frailty was associated with lower street connectivity but with higher land used mix). Community‐level initiatives to enhance safety and social cohesion might be effective to reduce frailty. Further research is required to explain the equivocal findings obtained for built environmental attributes and frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 893–899.
Elastin in pulmonary pathology: relevance in tumours with a lepidic or papillary appearance. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint
Authors: Thunnissen Erik , Motoi Noriko , Minami Yuko , Matsubara Daisuke , Timens Wim , Nakatani Yukio , Ishikawa Yuichi , Baez‐Navarro Ximena , Radonic Teodora , Blaauwgeers Hans , Borczuk Alain C , Noguchi Masayuki
Published: August 2021

Elastin and collagen are the main components of the lung connective tissue network, and together provide the lung with elasticity and tensile strength. In pulmonary pathology, elastin staining is used to variable extents in different countries. These uses include evaluation of the pleura in staging, and the distinction of invasion from collapse of alveoli after surgery (iatrogenic collapse). In the latter, elastin staining is used to highlight distorted but pre‐existing alveolar architecture from true invasion. In addition to variable levels of use and experience, the interpretation of elastin staining in some adenocarcinomas leads to interpretative differences between collapsed lepidic patterns and true papillary patterns. This review aims to summarise the existing data on the use of elastin staining in pulmonary pathology, on the basis of literature data and morphological characteristics. The effect of iatrogenic collapse and the interpretation of elastin staining in pulmonary adenocarcinomas is discussed in detail, especially for the distinction between lepidic patterns and papillary carcinoma.
Seasonally divided moult in the Barred Warbler (Sylvia nisoria) is an endogenously controlled strategy
Authors: Hedenström Anders , Åkesson Susanne , Bensch Staffan , Hasselquist Dennis , Lindström Åke
Published: August 2021

The seasonal timing of moult in migratory birds is an adaptation to cope with time constraints in the annual cycle. Kiat and Izhaki analysed moult patterns in Palaearctic passerines and rejected the proposition that seasonally divided moult is an endogenously controlled strategy. Instead, they advocated the view that it occurs due to a flexible and opportunistic timing of moult. In contrast, we argue that Kiat and Izhaki’s analysis is flawed and that they overlooked several important facts about moult in the Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria and other species showing seasonally divided moult. These include the facts that juveniles replace a few secondaries already in their first winter, and that the moult sequences of primaries and secondaries are decoupled compared with the typical passerine complete moult sequence. We argue that seasonally divided moult is an adaptive strategy that is largely under endogenous control.
A preliminary investigation into the immune cell landscape of schistosome‐associated liver fibrosis in humans
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Junhui , Li Hao , Zhou Zhaoqin , Guo Chen , Jiang Jie , Ming Yingzi
Published: August 2021

Schistosomiasis is a widespread helminth disease that poses a heavy social and economic burden on people worldwide. Advanced schistosomiasis often develops into schistosome‐associated liver fibrosis, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. This study aimed preliminarily to profile immune cells of schistosome‐associated liver fibrosis using single‐cell RNA sequencing. Three patient groups were enrolled, including an Schistosomiasis japonicum (SJ) group (n = 1), a chronic liver failure (CLF) group (n = 3) and a healthy control (HC) group (n = 2), revealing 17 cell clusters out of 20 093 cells. From these limited datasets, it was observed that T cell(1), mononuclear phagocytes‐1 and dendritic cells (DCs) were higher in the SJ group. CAVIN2+ MP(2) was the predominant cell type in the MP subset of the SJ group (53%), and was higher than that in both the CLF (8%) and HC (1%) groups. Kupffer cell marker genes (CD163, MARCO and TIMD4) were enriched in caveolae‐associated protein 2 (CAVIN2)+ MP(2), which was also an important source of TGFB1. The KEGG pathways of CAVIN2+ MP(2) indicated that they were associated with lysosome, endocytosis, phagosome and antigen processing and presentation. The preliminary study showed that granzyme B (GZMB)+ T cell(1) and ankyrin repeat domain‐containing protein 36B+ T cell(3) were the most common T cells in the SJ group (50% and 32%, respectively). The KEGG pathways of GZMB+ T cell(1) were mainly related to natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. The percentage of ring1 and YY1 binding protein (RYBP)+ DC(1) was higher in the SJ group (57%) than in the CLF (16%) and HC (6%) groups. The KEGG pathway of RYBP+ DC(1) was related to Fc gamma R‐mediated phagocytosis and antigen processing and presentation. Overall, CAVIN2+ Kupffer cells were the main source of TGFB1, consisting primarily of mononuclear phagocytes in the livers of the SJ group subjects and potentially playing an irreplaceable role in hepatic fibrosis of schistosomiasis.
The willingness to attend the first dental visit within 1 year of age: An analysis applying Andersen’s behavioral model of health service utilization
Authors: Yun Qingping , Liu Min , Zhao Mei , Yang Lina , Miao Jiangxia , Chang Chun
Published: August 2021

Background

The first dental visit (FDV) within 1 year of age is important for establishing good oral health behaviors for young children, but delayed FDVs are common.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the predisposing, enabling, and need factors of maternal willingness to attend the FDV for infants.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among mothers of infants aged 11‐14 months. A questionnaire was developed based on Andersen's behavioral model of health service utilization. Data regarding the FDV, FDV willingness, and reasons for not attending the FDV were collected. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associated factors.

Results

Of 658 infants, only 2.7% (18) had a Thirty percent (191/640) of mothers reported their willingness to attend the FDV in the next 3 months. Nearly two‐thirds of mothers reported not attending the FDV since their children's teeth were healthy. Maternal perceptions of their infants’ oral health status were negatively associated with willingness to undergo the FDV, whereas family social support was positively associated with willingness to undergo the FDV.

Conclusions

Need factors play a key role in the utilization of FDV. Improving parental awareness of FDV might help parents voluntarily attend the FDV, and offering support from the family and healthcare system levels enables access to paediatric dental care.
Sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to food cues is tuned to nutritional states by Neuropeptide Y signaling
Authors: Kaniganti Tarun , Deogade Ajinkya , Maduskar Aditi , Mukherjee Arghya , Guru Akash , Subhedar Nishikant , Ghose Aurnab
Published: August 2021

Modulation of sensory perception by homeostatic feedback from physiological states is central to innate purposive behaviors. Olfaction is an important predictive modality for feeding‐related behaviors and its modulation has been associated with hunger‐satiety states. However, the mechanisms mapping internal states to chemosensory processing in order to modify behavior are poorly understood. In the zebrafish olfactory epithelium, a subset of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and the terminal nerve projections express neuropeptide Y (NPY). Using a combination of neuronal activity and behavioral evaluation, we find that NPY signaling in the peripheral olfactory system of zebrafish is correlated with its nutritional state and is both necessary and sufficient for the olfactory perception of food‐related odorants. NPY activity dynamically modulates the microvillar OSN activation thresholds and acts cooperatively with amino acid signaling resulting in a switch‐like increase in OSN sensitivity in starved animals. We suggest that cooperative activation of phospholipase C by convergent signaling from NPY and amino acid receptors is central to this heightened sensitivity. This study provides ethologically relevant, physiological evidence for NPY signaling in the modulation of OSN sensitivity to food‐associated amino acid cues. We demonstrate sensory gating directly at the level of OSNs and identify a novel mechanistic framework for tuning olfactory sensitivity to prevailing energy states.

image

Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15091
Urban‐rural differences in the prevalence of female pattern hair loss among secondary school girls: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Youssef Samaa M. E. , Atallah Rabie B. , Zaky Mohamed S. , Eldeek Basem S. , Elsaie Mohamed L.
Published: August 2021

Aim

Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common condition that is influenced by many external and internal factors. We aimed to identify the prevalence of FPHL among secondary school girls and identify possible associated factors.

Methods

FPHL among 3405 adolescent females was identified using detailed history, physical examination, and dermoscopy in this cross‐sectional study.

Results

Among the 3405 included students, 2430 (71.4%) had no FPHL and 975 (28.6%) were diagnosed with FPHL (p = 0.001). The mean age of girls with FPHL was 16.43 ± 1.10 and ranged between 15 and 18 years. Among those with FPHL, 427 (43.8%) attended urban schools while 548 (56.2%) attended rural schools. No significant differences regarding paternal and maternal education, family income, or parental degree of education were observed among those with FPHL and those without (p = 0.230; p = 0.063; p = 0.276, respectively).

Conclusion

FPHL had an overall prevalence of 28.6% among secondary school girls with a significant predominance in rural over urban areas and with a significantly associated family history. Irregular menses, history of thyroid disease, and hirsutism were significant predictors for FPHL.
Letrozole as first‐line drug for ovulation induction in treatment‐naïve infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome women
Authors: Waanbah Batiston Decruse , Joseph Treasa , Rebekah Grace , Kunjummen Aleyamma Thayparmbil , Kamath Mohan Shashikant
Published: August 2021

Objective

One in seven couples is infertile and ovulatory dysfunction accounts for 25% of the cases. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy associated with ovulatory dysfunction. Traditionally, clomiphene is considered the first‐line drug for infertile PCOS women. Recently, letrozole was found to be an effective alternative ovulogen. The recent Cochrane review concluded that although live birth was higher with letrozole in unselected PCOS population, evidence was insufficient regarding effect of letrozole in treatment‐naïve women.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a cohort study that included treatment‐naïve infertile PCOS women at a tertiary level infertility center in South India. Participants in the prospective arm were given letrozole 2.5 mg daily for 5 days and the retrospective arm included women who had undergone ovulation induction with clomiphene (100 mg) for up to five treatment cycles. The primary outcome was ovulation rate. Secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy, live birth, multiple pregnancy, and miscarriage rate. The trial was registered under the Clinical Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2018/07/014704).

Results

A total of 135 women in the letrozole group and 127 women in the clomiphene group underwent treatment. The ovulation rate per woman was similar in both groups (84.4% vs. 77.2%;p = 0.13). Letrozole was associated with significantly higher clinical pregnancy (38.5% vs. 22.0%;p = 0.004) and live birth rate per woman (30.3% vs. 18.9%;p = 0.03).

Conclusion

The current study found letrozole to be a superior ovulation induction agent as compared to clomiphene in treatment‐naïve infertile women with PCOS.