bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON METABOLIC AND THERMAL RESPONSES OF INFANT CARIBOU
Authors: Hart J. S. , Heroux O. , Cottle W. H. , Mills C. A.
Published: August 2008

Metabolic and thermal responses of infant caribou to climate were measured during the June calving period on the barrens in the area of Mosquito Lake and Beverly Lake, N.W.T. It was found that temperature regulation was well established at birth and that the calves were very sensitive metabolically to cold, wind, and precipitation. The metabolic rate was doubled by a lowering of temperature to about 0 °C, but cold combined with wind and precipitation elevated the metabolic rate to over five times the resting value. Calves which were exposed without protection to such conditions eventually became hypothermic and died. Weather conditions during storms on the barrens are sufficiently severe to produce some mortality in animals exposed without protection. The possibilities for prediction of mortality from wind chill values and estimated fur heat loss are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON LONGEVITY, FECUNDITY, AND RATE OF INCREASE OF THE MITE TYROPHAGUS PUTRESCENTIAE (SCHRANK) (ACARINA: ACARIDAE) REARED ON MOLD CULTURES
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

Adult females of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), a mite that infests stored food products, were reared individually on mold cultures at all combinations of five temperatures and four humidities. A definite diminution in life usually occurred with increase in either temperature or humidity, and the oviposition period was the most affected. Total egg-production and rate of laying were highest at 72.5° F and 90% R.H., and both generally decreased with an increase in temperature or decrease in humidity from these values. Peak of egg-laying, however, was reached sooner at higher temperatures but egg-production was maintained at relatively high levels for shorter periods. Rate of increase was greatest and approximately the same at 90% R.H. within the range 72.5° to 81.5° F.
NOTES ON THE PARASITE COMPLEX OF EVAGORA (RECURVARIA) STARKI FREEMAN IN CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARKS
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: August 2008

The known parasites of the lodgepole needle miner, Evagora (Recurvaria) starki Freeman, 27 in all, are listed and notes on the biologies of the most common species are presented. Data are given to show fluctuations in parasite populations from 1944 to 1958. The probable reasons for the ineffectiveness of the parasites to control the needle miner are discussed briefly.
THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF SEVIN IN INCREASING OVIPOSITION IN THE SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS (L.)
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: August 2008

Increased populations of tetranychid mites, following application of Sevin for the control of other pests, are common occurrences. These increases are often so great as to cause speculation that Sevin, besides destroying predators, has a direct stimulatory effect on reproduction in the mites. However, females of Tetranychus telarius (L.), exposed to Sevin, either in the young stages, or as adults, did not show significant increases in the rate of egg production. Nor did Sevin have any significant repellent effect on the mites. It is concluded that the increases noted in the field were caused solely by the elimination of predators.
RESPONSE OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) TO GRADED LIGHT STIMULI
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: August 2008

Female adults of Aedes aegypti, starved in the dark in a stable, saturated environment at a constant temperature of 23 °C for 3.5 days after emergence, were subjected to a graded stimulus of increasing light intensity. Mosquitoes responded to increasing intensity of light when the humidity in the experimental environment was reduced below the dew point to a level that was favorable for flight. Response–time curves for groups of simultaneously stimulated individuals indicated that the influence of light varied with the time allowed for adaptation to the change in hygrothermal environment. A relation was established between quantal measurements of the response and the 'time × intensity' factor of the light stimulus in series of experiments at 24, 28, and 34 °C in 80% relative humidity. Log transformation of this relation indicated that response was subject to temporal summation of subthreshold increments of intensity when the hygrothermal environment was favorable for sustained flight. Rate of take-off increased with postemergence age in starving adult females.
INFLUENCE OF GAMMA RADIATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FERTILITY OF THE CODLING MOTH, CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R.
Published: August 2008

Exposure of the mature pupa or the newly emerged adult of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), to 40,000 rads of gamma radiation induced dominant lethality in at least 98% of the sperm without affecting adult emergence, mating behavior, or adult longevity. Higher dosages decreased the frequency of mating. Irradiation of eggs, mature larvae, or young pupae induced dominant lethality in a high percentage of the sperm, but caused prohibitively high mortality and frequently reduced mating. The female was more radiosensitive than the male. In general, sensitivity decreased as development progressed from the egg to the adult stage.
HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN ACHEILOGNATHINE FISHES (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI): FERTILE INTRAGENERIC HYBRIDS BETWEEN FEMALE ACHEILOGNATHUS LANCEOLATUS AND MALE ACHEILOGNATHUS LIMBATUS FROM JAPAN
Authors: Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

The presence of gametic and genomic compatibility between female Acheilognathus lanceolatus and male Acheilognathus limbatus (of Japanese origin) has been established experimentally. The F1 hybrid offspring which were obtained from this combination consisted mainly of fertile males and females, and interbreeding yielded viable larvae. When crossed back to the maternal species, A. lanceolatus, the male and female F1 hybrids gave birth to F2 progenies which again consisted mainly of males and females and were interfertile. Although both species of bitterling are sympatric in Japan, the occurrence of natural hybrids has so far not been reported. Some factors which, theoretically, could promote or counteract introgression of both species in their natural habitat are briefly discussed.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS IN EGYPT:VII. CHECK LIST OF NEMATODES COLLECTED FROM 1948 TO 1955
Authors: Myers Betty June , Kuntz R. E. , Wells W. H.
Published: August 2008

The nematodes identified from vertebrates collected in Egypt by the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 are listed under hosts.
DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) IN WESTERN CANADA, WITH NOTES ON THE RELATED SPECIES C. AERIPENNIS (KBY.) (COLEOPTERA:ELATERIDAE)
Authors: Zacharuk Russell Y.
Published: August 2008

In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, Ctenicera destructor (Brown) occurs in the brown and black soils of the Grassland Formation, and C. aeripennis (Kby.) occurs in the grey soils of the Forest Formation.The incubation period of the eggs of C. destructor varied inversely with temperature. It averaged 20 days at 68° F and 11.5 days at 86° F. The duration of the larval stage varied from about 1 to more than 2 years at 68° F. The male larvae completed their development in 9 or 10 stadia, and the female larvae in 10 or 11 stadia. The female larvae usually fed more, but completed their development sooner than did the male, and both sexes fed most during the ninth stadium. The pupal period varied from 2–3 weeks at 68° F. In the field, male beetles emerged 1 or more days before the females. The ratio of males: females was about 1.5. Each female laid an average of about 200 eggs. The adults were not observed to fly.
THE ACTION OF PEPSIN AND TRYPSIN ON THE EGG SHELL OF ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.) (ORTHOPTERA:GYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The maternal endocuticle, or exochorion, of the swollen egg shell of Acheta domesticus (L.) is digested by crystalline trypsin only after preliminary treatment with pepsin. Pepsin appears to digest the protein moiety of a mucoprotein, thereby exposing the endocuticle to attack by crystalline trypsin. The postulated mucoprotein would cover the egg and presumably lubricate its passage down the genital ducts. Purified 'trypsin', a mixture of proteolytic (and other) enzymes, will digest the endocuticle without previous pepsin treatment. Newly laid eggs are unaffected by these enzymes.
PARASITE FAUNA OF THE MANITOULIN ISLAND REGION: I. ARTHROPODA PARASITICA
Authors: Scholten T. H. , Ronald K. , McLean D. M.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of Anoplura, Diptera, Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, and Acarina infesting 947 hosts, captured between 1959 and 1961 on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, is recorded.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND pH ON THE LONGEVITY OF SCHISTOSOMATIUM DOUTHITTI MIRACIDIA
Authors: Farley J.
Published: August 2008

Observations made on the effect of various temperatures and hydrogen ion concentrations on the longevity of Schistosomatium douthitti miracidia showed both to be critical factors. The half-life of the miracidia varied from 1.5 hours at 35 °C to 11 hours at 8 °C, at a constant pH of 7.3. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration was less pronounced, the optimum being pH 7.5. A large population of miracidia from a single liver continued hatching over a 4-hour period with a peak output occurring at half an hour and another at 1 hour after exposure to water. The longevity of the miracidia hatching within the first hour exceeded that of the larvae hatching later.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF BARNACLES, WITH FURTHER FIGURES AND NOTES
Authors: Cornwall Ira E.
Published: August 2008

The identification of fossil and recent sessile barnacles by the figure in the shell and the tracing of ancient species through fossil remains is discussed and several examples of this are shown. A reason for the formation of the figures is discussed.
THE ANNUAL CYCLE IN THE TESTIS OF THE EASTERN BROOK TROUT, SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL)
Authors: Henderson Nancy E.
Published: August 2008

The annual cycle in the testis of the eastern brook trout can be divided into six stages. A histological description is given of each of these stages and of the structure of the gonad. Primordial germ cells are always present in the lobules and so provide a permanent source of spermatogonia. The lobule boundary cells remain quiescent throughout a major part of the reproductive cycle, but become highly vacuolated during the latter half of the period of functional maturity. During the period of involution, phagocytes invade the seminiferous lobules and efferent ducts and ingest the residual sperm. The typical glandular interstitium of higher vertebrates is not present in this species. A gland-like structure is contained in the sperm duct, of which the function is unknown at the present time.
A STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF INSECT HEMOLYMPH PROTEINS
Authors: Whittaker J. R. , West A. S.
Published: August 2008

Starch gel electrophoretic separations were obtained for the hemolymph proteins of 18 species of insects. The occurrence of a "common" protein fraction in the hemolymph of all of the insects studied was noted. Proteins migrating cathodically, in a manner similar to vertebrate γ-globulins, were found in all species except one. Lipoprotein and chromoprotein were identified in several species. A technique is described for the identification of a serum-albumin-like component in larvae of six Lepidoptera species and one Hymenoptera species. Qualitative protein ontogeny was studied in the development of larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, and to a lesser extent in the wasp, Vespula arenaria. During development, a progressive genesis of new hemolymph protein fractions occurred. Clonal variants of M. americanum were identified by different chromoproteins and the time of appearance during development of an additional migrating protein fraction. Clonal variation was studied in the sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, and the range of variation observed compared with patterns obtained for three other Neodiprion species. Variation among individual larvae of the imperial moth, Eacles imperialis, was observed. The effects of starvation on the hemolymph protein patterns were noted in three species. It was concluded that the starch gel electrophoretic technique would be of greatest value at present in studies of intraspecific change and variation.
ON THE ROTIFERA AND LIMNOLOGY OF AN HUNGARIAN BOG POND
Authors: Nogrady Thomas F.
Published: August 2008

The results of a brief survey of the limnology of an Hungarian bog pond and a partial chemical analysis of the water are given. The Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Cladocera, and Copepoda, found between June and October, are given, and some of the Rotifera and two new species (Cephalodella conica and Lecane urna) are described.
SOME HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TISSUES IN LARVAE OF CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) (COLEOPTERA, ELATERIDAE), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CUTANEOUS SENSILLA
Authors: Zacharuk R. Y.
Published: August 2008

The sensory axons from the cutaneous sensilla and some of those in the recurrent nerve stain strongly with S-specific stains. The axons of the efferent system and those from the ocelli lack this staining characteristic. This difference among axons possibly is related to the origin of their precursors in the ontogenetic sequence.Some of the metabolites involved in the synthesis of cuticular structures are demonstrated and discussed. The following sequence in the synthesis of the cuticula is suggested: glycogens → more complex, diastase-fast polysaccharides → chitin → a carbohydrate–protein complex containing SS groups → a complex (procuticle) with potential SH groups → a complex (exocuticle) with bound S and a high content of tyrosine and other phenols. The sequence in the synthesis of the cuticular nerve sheaths appears basically similar. The last step was not evident in tonofibrillae, and the last two steps were not evident in the subcuticular sheaths or axoplasm of reactive axons.The mechanisms of the histochemical reactions are discussed, with particular reference to staining with aldehyde-fuchsin after oxidation with potassium permanganate. This method may serve to differentiate histologically certain afferent from efferent axons in insect nervous systems.
STUDIES ON THE HELMINTH FAUNA OF ALASKA: XXXIX. ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS LEUCKART, 1863, AND OTHER HELMINTHS OF FOXES ON THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS
Authors: Fay F. H. , Williamson F. S. L.
Published: August 2008

In a preliminary reinvestigation of the parasites of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) on St. George Island, seven species of intestinal helminths were found. Four of these, viz. Uncinaria stenocephala, Maritrema afanassjewi, Taenia crassiceps, and Echinococcus multilocularis, are recorded for the first time from that locality, and the last three are new records for the fauna of the Pribilof Islands. Recent introduction of these helminths is regarded as improbable. The public health significance of E. multilocularis on St. George Island is briefly discussed.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: VI. ALLOSOME–AUTOSOME LENGTH RELATIONS IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Boyes J. W. , Naylor A. F.
Published: August 2008

The length of the two heterochromatic X-chromosomes of pair I in Musca domestica L. is compared with the total length of the five autosomal pairs in 50 mitotic chromosome complements of varying length in cells without colchicine or other pretreatment before fixation. Pair I is the longest pair in short complements and shifts gradually to become one of the shortest in long complements. The heterochromatic Y-chromosome is regularly the smallest chromosome but closely resembles the X in respect to this shifting length relationship. Arm ratios did not change with complement length. The great importance of providing actual total complement lengths with idiograms is emphasized.
A NEW SUBFAMILY OF PHRYGANEID CADDISFLIES FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (TRICHOPTERA: PHRYGANEIDAE)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: August 2008

The discovery of the larval, pupal, and egg stages of the western North American caddisfly, Yphria californica (Banks), has provided the necessary evidence for a re-evaluation of the family designation and systematic relationships of this unique species. In accordance with this evidence, the species is removed from the family Kitagamiidae (or Limnocentropodidae), to which it had been previously assigned on the basis of evidence from adults alone, and re-assigned to the family Phryganeidae. A new subfamily, the Yphriinae, is, however, created in the Phryganeidae to receive this single species, and the definition of the family emended to include males with five segments, as well as four, in the maxillary palpi. Descriptions of all stages of Yphria californica are given.The species has been collected in several localities in California and Oregon, where it lives in cool mountain streams. Observations on the ecology and behavior are given. One significant aspect of the case-making behavior is that the pupal case is composed of materials quite different from those in the larval case, and neither case shows any close similarity to the cases of other members of the Phryganeidae. The phylogenetic implications of this new subfamily are considered.
FOUR FORMS OF SIMULIUM TUBEROSUM (LUNDSTR.) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO: A SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOME STUDY
Authors: Landau Ruth
Published: August 2008

A detailed study of the salivary gland chromosomes of Simulium tuberosum in Southern Ontario revealed four well-defined breeding units and a likely fifth, all sympatric. Except for "floating" inversions, the banding sequence differs between siblings only on the sex-determining arm, 2S. Of the seven basic arrangements of this arm, three are found in more than one breeding group, i.e. they bridge the siblings.Inversion analysis of the entire complement uncovered 83 "floating" rearrangements, generally of low frequency, and produced data on chromosomal linkage, specificity, and breakpoint concentration. Most interestingly, seven of the more widely distributed and functionally important inversions were found to be shared between two or three of the siblings.The occurrence of bridging sequences of 2S and shared "floating" inversions attests to the close genetic affinity of the four sympatric forms and is suggestive of occasional hybridization.
LAMPRITREMA NIPPONICUM YAMAGUTI (TREMATODA) FROM NEW HOSTS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, THE RELATIONSHIP OF DISTOMUM MIESCHERI ZSCHOKKE, AND THE STATUS OF THE FAMILY LAMPRITREMATIDAE
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

Lampritrema nipponicum is recorded from three new hosts in the North Pacific: Brama rayi (Bloch), Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), and Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Only immature specimens were found in the last two (evidently accidental) hosts. Distomum miescheri Zschokke is transferred to Lampritrema, becoming Lampritrema miescheri (Zschokke) nov. comb. This species possibly is identical with L. nipponicum. Lampritrematidae is considered a valid family, distinct from Hemiuridae sensu lato.
APHID SURVIVAL AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Adams Jean B.
Published: August 2008

The survival of aphids after different periods of exposure to temperatures of −20° F, 0° F, 10° F, 26° F, and 28° F was examined. None of the nine species, Aulacorthum solani (Kltb.), Myzus ornatus Laing, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aphis gossypii Glover, Rhopalosiphum padi L., Macrosiphum avenae (Fab.), Myzus lythri (Schrank), and Brevicoryne brassicae L., held at −20° or 0°, survived exposures of even 4 hours; at 10°, 1% of only M. ornatus, M. euphorbiae, and M. persicae survived after 4 hours. Two species, M. ornatus and M. euphorbiae, were examined at 26°; at this temperature more than 50% of both species survived for more than 350 hours. At 28°, five species from greenhouse and field collections survived to the 50% level for the following periods: M. ornatus, 400 hours; M. persicae, 600 hours; Aphis nasturtii Kltb., 675 hours; M. euphorbiae, 700 hours; and Nearctaphis bakeri Cowan, 1300 hours. Collections of "conditioned" M. persicae from outdoors showed an increase in resistance to cold with survival at the 50% level rising from about 300 hours to about 700 hours between July and September. However, survival after 1000 hours did not differ significantly. It is concluded that at least M. persicae and N. bakeri have the potential cold resistance to survive New Brunswick winters in the viviparous state.
STUDIES ON THE GENUS KALICEPHALUS (NEMATODA: DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE): II. A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUS KALICEPHALUS MOLIN, 1861
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

According to some recent authors, the genus Kalicephalus, constituted of approximately 50 species, is characterized by marked intraspecific variation, but the sources of this variation were not identified. Marked morphological variability is herein confirmed for some species, but this is often geographical or host-determined. The latter is difficult to prove without experimental cross-infection studies, but host-determined variation occurring in nature is provisionally identified by a method described. Application of a polytypic species concept permits a simplified classification and a revision of the genus with the following major results. The number of species is reduced from 50 to 23, including five new species, viz. Kalicephalus giganteus from Liasis papuanus, K. truncatus from Python curtus, K. longispicularis from Python reticulatus, (all from snakes dying in zoos), K. posterovulvus from several oriental snakes, and K. megacephalus from Varanus indicus in the Solomon Islands. K. variabilis is a new name for K. gongylophis of Hsü (not Maplestone). K. parvus, K. micrurus, and K. indicus are considered subspecies of K. costatus; K. macrovulvus and K. coronellae as subspecies of K. inermis; and K. chungkingensis and K. obliquus as subspecies of K. viperae. K. rectiphilus neorectiphilus subsp. n. is described from the Neotropical colubrids Herpetodryas carinatus and Eudryas bifossatus. The genera Occipitodontus Ortlepp and Kalicephaloides Yeh are not accepted. Nine forms are listed as species inquirendae. A host–parasite catalogue is appended.
METADINIUM CAUDATUM SP. N.—A RUMEN CILIATE OF MUSKOX FROM NORTHERN CANADA
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Metadinium, M. caudatum, closely resembling M. magnum Dogiel, but possessing a scoop-shaped caudal lobe, is described from the rumen contents of Ovibos moschatus collected by Dr. J. S. Tener in the Thelon Game Sanctuary, North West Territories. M. caudatum is the sole species of this genus provided with caudal armature.
THE CAPTURE–RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE AS A MEANS OF ESTIMATING POPULATIONS OF CLIMBING CUTWORMS
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: August 2008

The capture–recapture method of population sampling is presented as a technique for estimating absolute populations of climbing cutworms in fields of the native lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium spp. The accuracy of the estimate, however, is directly related to the number of recaptures, and the amount of sampling required will vary with changes in population level.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF HERMODICE CARUNCULATA
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

Extracts of the various regions of the digestive tract of Hermodice carunculata (Amphinomidae;Polychaeta) were tested for the digestion of olive oil, gelatin, fish flesh, and starch and for the production of glucose. The buccal region was found to lack amylytic enzymes. The pharynx, oesophagus, and anterior intestine produce all three categories of enzyme, lipase, protease, and amylase. The posterior intestine lacks a lipase. The probable digestive function of each region of the digestive tract is discussed as well as the significance of the dark tracts on the mid-ventral body wall and mid-dorsal pharyngeal lining.
SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINOCOCCUS IN VITRO
Authors: Webster Gloria A. , Cameron T. W. M.
Published: August 2008

A variety of media and techniques has been employed in attempts to grow various stages of Echinococcus in vitro. Whole, intact Echinococcus multilocularis cysts and undifferentiated cystic material proliferate readily in chemically defined media, but except for a single occurrence, no scoleces developed within the new vesicles. Scoleces can be induced to develop either toward the tapeworm stage or the vesicular larval stage by altering the medium. In the first case, the scoleces increase in size, the excretory system becomes prominent, and segmentation is advanced; gonads have not developed in any medium yet employed. Scoleces may vesiculate in several ways; ultimately, they become vacuolated, the suckers are absorbed, the hooks shed, and a thin, laminated membrane is laid down. Local internal thickenings probably represent secondary brood capsules or scoleces.
THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL STIMULI ON THE LARVAL STAGE OF TERRANOVA DECIPIENS: III. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND GALVANOTAXIS
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

Various frequencies in the range of 25.9 kc to approximately 100 mmmc were used as a source of stimuli to the larval stage of the nematode Terranova decipiens. Larvae exposed to 650 kc ultrasound were killed in 4 minutes, while those exposed to 25.9 and 1000 kc were killed in 30 and 270 minutes respectively. The larvae were not affected by radiation produced either in the radio- or the micro-wave frequencies. Light radiation of less than 280 mμ had no effect on the nematode, while fish muscle insulated the larvae from the limited effects of radiations between 253.7 to 900 mμ. The larvae showed no photo tactic response. When exposed to 4 million roentgen equivalent physical, the larvae died immediately (LD50); however, after a latent period of 288 hours a much lower dose (400,000 rep) will bring about death. The larvae were stimulated by low-level direct current applied intermittently, but exhibited no directional response to any level of alternating or direct current. The low resistance offered by the fish muscle habitat of the nematode excludes any application of directional stimulus.
THE EFFECT OF TSH AND ANTITHYROID SUBSTANCES ON SALINITY PREFERENCE AND THYROID ACTIVITY IN JUVENILE PACIFIC SALMON
Authors: Baggerman Bertha
Published: August 2008

Underyearling coho salmon treated with TSH showed a change from fresh- to saltwater preference, which was correlated with an increase in thyroid activity (as measured by the amount of radioiodine taken up by the gland and the conversion ratio).Under-yearling pink salmon treated with thiourea showed a change from salt-to freshwater preference, which was accompanied by a decrease in thyroid activity. In this species treatment with thiouracil and sodium thiocyanate also induced a change from salt- to freshwater preference.It is concluded that the secretory activity of the thyroid gland is intimately involved in the induction of changes in salinity preference, which, in their turn, are closely associated with the onset and end of the migration season.
MECHANISMS REGULATING THE FEEDING RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Authors: McMahon J. W. , Rigler F. H.
Published: August 2008

Feeding regulation by the plank tonic crustacean Daphnii magna was studied in increasing concentrations of two foods: Chlorella vulgaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Direct observation studies show that feeding rate is proportional to concentration of food only below a 'critical concentration'. Above this critical value further increase in concentration of food has little or no effect on feeding rate. Daphnia was shown to regulate collection and ingestion of food by decreasing pumping rate and rejecting excess food from the food groove. The amount of food present in the animals' gut prior to an experiment also affects feeding rate of Daphnia in food suspensions above the critical concentration. Results show that animals, prefed at a very low rate (1/10 maximum rate) do, for a short time, feed more rapidly than those prefed at the maximum rate. These results are considered in relation to those of Ryther and Rigler for free-swimming Daphnia magna.
RADIATION-INDUCED STERILITY IN THE INSECT RHODNIUS PROLIXUS
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Shaver Evelyn L.
Published: August 2008

Immature fifth instar Rhodnius nymphs and adults of both sexes were exposed to various doses of 2 MVP X-rays, chosen to produce reductions in fertility up to and including complete sterility. In male insects irradiated as fifth instar nymphs and reared to the adult stage, sterilizing doses interfered with mating, thus making these males useless as a means of inhibiting the growth of populations into which they are introduced. Exposure in the adult stage, on the other hand, had less effect on mating behavior. Thus, with a very high dose (17,500 r) and high ratios of sterile to fertile males, a substantial reduction occurred in percentage of viable eggs from normal females. However, this was true for the first month only. In the second and third months, the effect on population fertility disappeared, a result of the early deaths of irradiated males. Greater effectiveness in limiting population growth over extended periods might be expected to result from the introduction of males that had been partially sterilized by exposure to lower doses.
OBSERVATIONS ON WATERFOWL MORTALITY IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA CAUSED BY ECHINURIA UNCINATA (NEMATODA, ACUARIIDAE)
Authors: Cornwell George
Published: August 2008

An outbreak of echinuriasis caused by the nematode Echinuria uncinata is reported in the ducks and swans of southern Manitoba. Treatment in trumpeter swan cygnets with piperazine citrate was attempted. Symptoms and lesions characteristic of chronic echinuriasis are described. Ecological factors of this disease, and its possible association with drought are discussed. New host records for Echinuria uncinata are Anas discors, Aythya valisineria, and Olor buccinator.
THE LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION OF LARVAL HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) IN THEIR CELLS
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: August 2008

Disorientated larvae of the three castes of honey bees rarely occur under natural conditions; correct orientation is essential for survival in the worker and drone castes. The distinctive cells of the three castes were simulated by gelatin capsules with their end walls modified to give combinations of shape, ventilation, and texture. The effect of cell length and gravity was also tested. The major factors controlling larval orientation in cells are: (a) worker: primarily texture of cell end walls (i.e. basal end smooth, capping end rough) and secondarily shape of cell end walls (i.e. basal end round, capping end flat), (b) drone: texture of cell end walls, (c) queen: gravity and possibly the rough texture (i.e. the cocoon) of the lower end wall. Larvae defecate with their anterior ends touching the rough-textured end walls.
STUDIES IN THE MODE OF ACTION OF ROYAL JELLY IN HONEYBEE DEVELOPMENT: III. THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION IN DIET ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF HONEYBEE LARVAE
Authors: Dixon S. E. , Shuel R. W.
Published: August 2008

Norms were established for respiration, growth, and tissue composition of 0- to 72-hour-old female honeybee larvae reared in the laboratory on natural royal jelly and worker jelly diets. The worker jelly diet was then altered experimentally in the direction of royal jelly through additions of sugar and certain water-soluble acids of unknown structure extracted from royal jelly, but present in the natural diets of larvae of both female castes. In general, developmental norms were shifted in the direction of the norms of larvae fed royal jelly, but the changes were not fully co-ordinated. The added acids were strongly growth inhibitory. A high inverse association between the total water-soluble acid content of the diet and larval weight suggested that the acids may represent a nutritional growth-regulating mechanism. The evidence indicates that nutrient balance is significant in the early development of the dichotomy between female castes, and that no single constituent determines the ultimate development of either caste.
PARASITES FROM CALIFORNIA BIGHORN SHEEP IN SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Blood Donald A.
Published: August 2008

Seven nematode and two tick species were found during postmortem examination of two adult California bighorns at the Ashnola River, British Columbia. Another nematode and a coccidium were extracted from fecal material by zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation. Protostrongylin lungworm larvae were isolated by the Baermann technique from 80% of 101 fresh bighorn droppings. Little variation in frequency of infection with lungworm larvae was noted among yearling, ewe, and ram groups, but lambs appeared to be freer of the parasite than older animals. Both lambs and yearlings appeared to pass considerably fewer lungworm larvae in their droppings than older animals. The earliest date of collection of an infected lamb dropping was July 6, when the lamb was about 8 weeks old. The bighorn sheep is reported as a new host of the abomasal worm Ostertagia ostertagi (Stiles 1892).
THE SALIVARY GLAND AS AN AID IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME SIMULIIDS
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

The salivary glands of 14 species of simuliids from Algonquin Park are described and illustrated. Differences in the appearance of the glands suggest that these organs may be useful in the identification of some simuliids.
THE PROTEIN AND LIPID CONSTITUTION OF GUINEA PIG MILK
Authors: Baker B. E. , Bertok E. I. , Symes A. L.
Published: August 2008

The fat component of guinea pig milk has been analyzed by gas liquid partition chromatography. Nine of the fatty acids present in butterfat were not detected in guinea pig milk fat. Paper electrophoretic analysis of the guinea pig milk casein showed that it contained α-casein (25.3%) and β-casein (48.1%).
CALCIUM ACCUMULATION IN LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
Authors: Desser S. S.
Published: August 2008

Calcium accumulation in the cysts of a vegetatively propagated strain of larval Echinococcus multilocularis in mice was studied. It was shown that calcium concentration in 2-month-old cysts exceeds that of the blood plasma up to 10 times, and that the maximum concentration (up to 23 times that of the plasma) is reached in 8-month-old cysts. After that the concentration of calcium decreases slowly, this decrease continuing at least until 15 months after infection.
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PSEUDOPHYSALOPTERA BAYLIS, 1934 (NEMATODA: PHYSALOPTERIDAE)
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

The genus Pseudophysaloptera, recognized as a genus distinct from Physatoptera, is tentatively considered monotypic. The several species previously assigned to the genus Pseudophysaloptera, and the closely related species Physaloptera kotlani, have been reduced to one polytypic species, Pseudophysaloptera formosana, with two subspecies, P. f. formosana and P. f. soricina. The former occurs in Oriental species of Suncus, while the latter occurs in Palaearctic and Ethiopian soricid insectivores. North American specimens, which may represent a distinct species, are tentatively assigned to P. f. soricina. Presently available collections are only sufficient for a tentative identification of the Nearctic form.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS AND THOSE OF ANAFILAROIDES ROSTRATUS
Authors: Alicata Joseph E.
Published: August 2008

Third-stage larvae of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, can be differentiated from those of the cat lungworm, Anafilaroides rostratus, on the basis of shorter body length, shorter esophagus, and in some cases on the position of the genital primordium. In A. cantonensis the length of the body is 460 to 510 μ and the length of the esophagus, including the buccal cavity, is 171 to 198 μ. The genital primordium is 120 to 135 μ from the anal opening. In A. rostratus the length of the body is 545 to 655 μ, and that of the esophagus is 218 to 246 μ. The genital primordium is 37 to 153 μ from the anal opening. The infective larvae of A. rostratus do not migrate to the central nervous system as do those of A. cantonensis. The larvae of A. rostratus have been found to re-encyst in the liver of rats and mice which serve as paratenic hosts.
EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND DATE OF SEEDING SPRING WHEATS AND LOCATION IN THE FIELD ON SEX RATIO OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K.
Published: August 2008

The sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was affected by date of seeding, variety, and distance from source of infestation but not by diameter of host stem. The results suggest that the sex ratio of the progeny depends on the proportion of adults that are males and hence on the amount of fertilization of the eggs at the time of oviposition; increased percentages of male adults increase percentages of female progeny. Most adults at the beginning of the flight period are males whereas, at the end, most are Females. Most progeny from the earliest-seeded plants, which are infested first, were females, whereas most from the latest-seeded, which are infested last, were males. Red Bobs wheat develops more rapidly than Thatcher and is infested earlier; more female progeny emerged from Red Bobs than from Thatcher. The percentages of female progeny were highest from the margins of the fields evidently because most male adults remained there.The sex ratios of sawflies from different dates of seeding of the resistant wheat Rescue were not consistent with those from the susceptible wheats. The inconsistencies were evidently caused by differences in survival of the individuals in different locations in the resistant stems. In susceptible wheats the first-laid were most likely to survive, whereas in resistant wheats location rather than time of oviposition determined survival.
A GRASS NEMATODE, ANGUINA AGROSTIS (STEINBUCH), ON ARCTAGROSTIS LATIFOLIA FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

A grass nematode, infesting the seed heads of Arctagrostis latifolia from the Canadian Arctic and identified as Anguina agrostis, is described and illustrated.
PARASITISM OF NEODIPRION LECONTEI (FITCH) (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN TWO INFESTATIONS IN ONTARIO IN 1961
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

In 1961 an unusually high incidence of parasitism was noted in N. lecontei. (Fitch) collected as larvae near Colborne, Ontario. Subsequent field collections of cocoons made at this location and at Orono, Ontario, showed differences in overall levels of parasitism between the two and also differences in the proportions of the species present.
REMARKS ON DEVON ISLAND MUSKOXEN
Authors: Harington C. R.
Published: August 2008

Important muskox range on northeastern Devon Island generally lies beneath the 100-ft contour, being limited in area to a coastal strip comprising about 74 square miles. Average carrying capacity of the range over the past half century has probably been one animal per 1.4 square miles, while under nearly optimum conditions it may have approached one animal per 0.74 square miles.Muskoxen of northeastern Devon Island are referred to the subspecies Ovibos moschatus wardi Lydekker on the basis of taxonomic evidence. The post-Wisconsin dispersal pattern postulated for the subspecies in conjunction with recent signs of muskox movement between Ellesmere and Devon Islands tends to support this proposal.
SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF MOSQUITOES AND OTHER BLOOD-FEEDING INSECTS
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: August 2008

Tests for anticoagulating, agglutinating, and lytic factors were performed on the gut contents of blood engorged specimens and on the salivary gland homogenates of several species of mosquitoes and other blood-feeding insects. The results suggest that these factors are commonly present in the salivary glands but may vary in concentration with the species. The anticoagulin was absent in female Aedes aegypti whose salivary ducts had been cut; some of the duct-cut insects had difficulty in probing, but were able to produce viable eggs and to feed again. The utilization of the blood meal in the absence of saliva is discussed.
ON THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE OVOTESTIS OF SLUGS (GASTEROPODA: PULMONATA)
Authors: Pelluet D.
Published: August 2008

If the tentacles of Arion ater and Milax sp. are cut off, the animals show an increased number of eggs after a period of 3 or more weeks. When extracts of the brain and tentacles are injected into the animals without tentacles, the number of eggs produced may approach that of the normal animal or it may be somewhat higher, depending on the relative amounts of the brain and tentacle hormones in the injected solution. This work supports the idea that there are two distinct hormones controlling the differentiation of the germ cells: one, in the brain, concerned with egg production; the other, in the tentacles, stimulating sperm. The two hormones form a balanced system in the normal animal with the tentacular hormone appearing first.
METABOLISM, FOOD CAPACITY, AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN FOUR SPECIES OF SHREWS
Authors: Buckner Charles H.
Published: August 2008

The metabolic rates of Sorex cinereus, Sorex arcticus, Microsorex hoyi, and Blarina brevicauda were calculated from oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and urinary nitrogen excretion and found to be 6.1, 6.9, 67, and 9.7 Calories per animal per day respectively. The resting rate of oxygen consumption was lower for S. cinereus than values reported by previous authors and was probably close to the basal level. Respiratory quotients were higher than expected for carnivorous animals, averaging 0.83 for all species. Protein catabolism accounted for about half the daily caloric output. Metabolic rate increased with increasing population densities.The minimum numbers of larch sawfly eonymphs required to support the daily metabolic requirements, including fecal wastage, for S. cinereus, S. arcticus, M. hoyi, and B. brevicauda were 87, 123, 98, and 150 respectively. Because of digestive inefficiency and wasteful feeding habits the approximate numbers of eonymphs destroyed daily could be as high as 663, 570, 711, and 150, and if hoarding is considered, 833, 790, 891, and 410 respectively could be taken. Excepting B. brevicauda, the larch sawfly is a preferred food of the group and, when available in abundance, comprises over 70% of the diet. It was estimated that shrews have the capacity to consume numbers of cocoons in excess of naturally occurring populations, but the likelihood of complete destruction of populations is remote. Of the species studied, S. cinereus appeared to be the most likely to provide effective control of larch sawfly populations.
AMPELISCA ABDITA, A NEW AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEAN FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Mills Eric L.
Published: August 2008

Ampelisca abdita is described. It occurs in coastal waters of eastern North America north to central Maine. A. abdita is almost indistinguishable from A. vadorum but differs in substratum preferences and in size at reproduction. Although the same lines of allometric growth apply to both species, developmental rates of setation of some parts are out of synchrony. A. abdita and A. vadorum are closest in morphology to the eastern Atlantic species A. rubella and A. serraticaudata. Morphological relations with other species are discussed.
FECUNDITY AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON LEAVES FROM AN ABANDONED PEACH ORCHARD
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: August 2008

The fecundity of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), reared on leaves from an abandoned peach orchard was equal to that of mites on leaves from a cultivated orchard, but the development of immature stages was slightly slower on leaves from the abandoned orchard. Poor nutritional state of the foliage is apparently not responsible for the very low population density of the mite in abandoned peach orchards.
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND WING POLYMORPHISM IN GRYLLODES SIGILLATUS (WALK.): DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND A POSSIBLE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Diets containing 10–50% protein were tested for their effect on growth and wing polymorphism in Gryllodes sigillatus (Walk.). The optimal level for both growth and wing development was found to be 20% protein. While growth on this optimal artificial diet was not as good as on rabbit pellets, wing development was equally good. The effect of crowding on wing development was tested, but gave negative results, probably because of an unfavorable photoperiod. Reducing the photoperiod in summer gave some wing development but poor growth.
MICROFILARIA MEPHITIS N. SP. (FILARIOIDEA: DIPETALONEMATIDAE) FROM THE BRAIN OF A SKUNK: WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Webster W. A. , Beauregard M.
Published: August 2008

Microfilaria mephitis n. sp. from the brain of a skunk, Mephitis mephitis (Schreber), from Ontario is described. Phylogenetic relationships between this microfilaria and members of the family Dipetalonematidae (Wehr, 1934) are discussed. A survey of brain material from skunks in Ontario indicates this nematode to be fairly widespread.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THYROID HISTOLOGY AND RADIOIODINE METABOLISM OF YEARLING STEELHEAD TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI
Authors: Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

The thyroid activity of yearling steelhead, as measured by radioiodine methods (CR and T/S), increased with temperature from 6 to 18 °C. The thyroid uptake of I131 peaked at 12 °C. However, this method was found unreliable, since plasma I131 clearance, upon which it depends, also increased with temperature.The staining reaction of the colloid (Azan stain) indicated greater thyroid activity at high temperatures. On the other hand, measurements of thyroid mean epithelial height implied greater activity at low temperatures.A hypothesis resolving; anomalies between various criteria of thyroid activity, based on a TSH-independent influence of temperature on the poikilotherm thyroid, is presented.
RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: IV. INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: August 2008

Oxygen consumption was determined in relation to spontaneous activity and standard metabolism estimated by extrapolating the values to zero activity, Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to different partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen for brook trout. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), at 10 °C, and carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, at 25 °C. In general, at each partial pressure of oxygen applied, standard oxygen consumption did not change significantly over the range of partial pressures of carbon dioxide followed. The relation for brook trout operated on a level characteristic of the partial pressure of oxygen. Although the effect of different levels of oxygen was not established for carp at 25 °C, it is presumed that the relation operated also in that species in a similar way.Acclimation to the different levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be tested was examined and, ordinarily, found not to change significantly the standard rate of oxygen consumption.
NEMATODE PARASITES FROM MAMMALS TAKEN ON TAIWAN (FORMOSA) AND ITS OFFSHORE ISLANDS
Authors: Myers Betty J. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: August 2008

The nematodes identified from non-domesticated mammals taken on Taiwan and its offshore islands by the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 are listed under hosts.