bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a hepatitis B‐specific health‐related quality‐of‐life instrument: CLDQ‐HBV
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Stepanova Maria , Younossi Issah , Racila Andrei
Published: December 2020

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carries a large global burden. Efforts abound to decrease the burden, which necessitates reporting of patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). We aimed to develop and validate an HBV‐specific PRO instrument using the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ). Data were obtained from patients enrolled in our HBV registries who completed the CLDQ, Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) and FACIT‐F. The sample was split randomly 1:1 into training and testing groups. A standard PRO instrument validation pipeline was used to develop and validate the new CLDQ‐HBV instrument. HBV patients (n = 1,339) were 48 ± 13 years old, 60% male, 8% cirrhosis, with 53% receiving oral antivirals (OAV). After reduction of 10 redundant items, exploratory factor analysis for the remaining 19 items found 95% of variance was explained by five factors—emotional function, fatigue, systemic symptoms, worry and sleep. Good‐to‐excellent internal consistency was found: Cronbach's alphas 0.70‐0.90 and item‐to‐own‐domain correlations >0.50 for 18/19 items. Known‐group validity tests discriminated between HBV patients with and without cirrhosis, with FIB‐4 ≥ 3.25 vs <3.25, with and without history of depression or clinically overt fatigue (all p < 0.0001), and treatment (all p < 0.05, all but one <0.0001). After 48‐week follow‐up, HBV patients receiving OAV (N = 144) with ≥2.7 log 10/mL decline in HBV viral load experienced significant improvements in fatigue, worry and total CLDQ‐HBV scores (p < 0.05). The newly developed CLDQ‐HBV is a short, disease‐specific PRO instrument for HBV patients which was developed and validated using large data set and an established methodology showing excellent psychometric characteristics.
Distinct Hepatitis B and HIV co‐infected populations in Canada
Authors: Cooper Curtis , Driedger Matt , Wong David , Haylock‐Jacobs Sarah , Aziz Shaheen Abdel , Osiowy Carla , Fung Scott , Doucette Karen , Wong Alexander , Barrett Lisa , Conway Brian , Ramji Alnoor , Minuk Gerald , Sebastiani Giada , Wong Philip , Coffin Carla S.
Published: December 2020

Due to shared modes of exposure, HIV‐HBV co‐infection is common worldwide. Increased knowledge of the demographic and clinical characteristics of the co‐infected population will allow us to optimize our approach to management of both infections in clinical practice. The Canadian Hepatitis B Network Cohort was utilized to conduct a cross‐sectional evaluation of the demographic, biochemical, fibrotic and treatment characteristics of HIV‐HBV patients and a comparator HBV group. From a total of 5996 HBV‐infected patients, 335 HIV‐HBV patients were identified. HIV‐HBV patients were characterized by older median age, higher male and lower Asian proportion, more advanced fibrosis and higher anti‐HBV therapy use (91% vs. 30%) than the HBV‐positive / HIV seronegative comparator group. A history of reported high‐risk exposure activities (drug use, high‐risk sexual contact) was more common in HIV‐HBV patients. HIV‐HBV patients with reported high‐risk exposure activities had higher male proportion, more Caucasian ethnicity and higher prevalence of cirrhosis than HIV‐HBV patients born in an endemic country. In the main cohort, age ≥60 years, male sex, elevated ALT, the presence of comorbidity and HCV seropositivity were independent predictors of significant fibrosis. HIV seropositivity was not an independent predictor of advanced fibrosis (adj OR 0.75 [95%CI: 0.34–1.67]). In conclusion, Canadian co‐infected patients differed considerably from those with mono‐infection. Furthermore, HIV‐HBV‐infected patients who report high‐risk behaviours and those born in endemic countries represent two distinct subpopulations, which should be considered when engaging these patients in care.
High rates of sustained virological response despite premature discontinuation of directly acting antivirals in HCV‐infected patients treated in a real‐life setting
Authors: Fabbiani Massimiliano , Lombardi Andrea , Colaneri Marta , Del Poggio Paolo , Perini Paolo , D'Ambrosio Roberta , Degasperi Elisabetta , Dibenedetto Clara , Giorgini Alessia , Pasulo Luisa , Maggiolo Franco , Castelli Francesco , Brambilla Paola , Spinelli Ombretta , Re Tiziana , Lleo Ana , Rumi Mariagrazia , Uberti‐Foppa Caterina , Soria Alessandro , Aghemo Alessio , Lampertico Pietro , Baiguera Chiara , Schiavini Monica , Fagiuoli Stefano , Bruno Raffaele ,   for the NAVIGATORE‐Lombardia Study Group
Published: December 2020

In routine clinical practice, hepatitis C virus‐infected patients can prematurely discontinue the prescribed regimen for several reasons. The aim of our study was to investigate sustained virological response (SVR12) rates in patients who prematurely discontinued directly acting antiviral (DAA) regimens and to assess the shortest effective duration of DAA able to lead to SVR12. We retrospectively collected the SVR rates of patients, registered in the NAVIGATORE‐Lombardia Network database from January 2015, who discontinued DAAs before the predefined end of treatment. Overall, we included 365 patients, males were the majority (213, 58.4%), mean age was 60.5 years, and 53 (14.5%) patients were HIV‐co‐infected. Liver cirrhosis was observed in 251 (68.8%) subjects, and the most represented genotypes were 1b (n = 168, 46%) and 3 (n = 59, 16.2%). DAA was discontinued a median of 1 (IQR 1–4) weeks before the predefined EOT, with 164 (44.9%) patients stopping DAAs at least 2 weeks before the planned schedule. In patients with F0–F3 liver fibrosis, lower rates of SVR12 were observed in patients treated for <4 weeks: 50% (n = 2/4) vs. 99.1% (n = 109/110) for ≥4 weeks, p = 0.003. In patients with liver cirrhosis, lower rates of SVR12 were observed in patients treated <8 weeks: 83.3% (n = 25/30) vs. 94.6% (n = 209/221) for ≥8 weeks, p = 0.038. Despite premature discontinuation of DAA, high SVR12 rates were observed in a real‐life setting for treatment lasting at least 4 weeks in patients with liver fibrosis F0–F3 and 8 weeks in those with liver cirrhosis. On this basis, feasibility of reducing DAA treatment duration should be explored in randomized clinical trials.
Long‐term prognosis with or without nucleot(s)ide analogue therapy in hepatitis B virus–related decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Yasuda Satoshi , Miyake Nozomi , Ito Takanori , Tanaka Junko
Published: December 2020

The development of nuleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) has dramatically changed the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study, we compared patients with HBV‐related decompensated cirrhosis with and without NA therapy in terms of hepatocarcinogenesis and all‐cause, liver‐related, and non–liver‐related mortality. This study enrolled 160 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, 78 of whom were treated with NA therapy (NA group) and 82 of whom were not (non‐NA group). Propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting were performed to adjust the baseline characteristics in the NA and non‐NA groups. Liver‐related and non–liver‐related mortality were analysed using the competing risks IPW cumulative incidence functions estimator. The Cox proportional hazards model and the Fine and Gray proportional hazards model were used to analyse factors associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and all‐cause, liver‐related, and non–liver‐related mortality. HBV DNA ≥20,000 IU/ml (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 8.440) and dyslipidemia (aHR, 0.178) were independently associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. HBV DNA ≥20,000 IU/ml (aHR, 4.360) and non‐NA group (aHR, 4.802) were independently associated with all‐cause mortality. Diabetes mellitus (aHR, 4.925), FIB‐4 score >3.6 (aHR, 4.151), non‐NA group (aHR, 9.180), presence of dyslipidemia (aHR, 0.182) and male gender (aHR, 3.045) were independently associated with liver‐related mortality. HBV DNA ≥20,000 IU/ml (aHR, 3.216) and high age (aHR, 2.692) were independently associated with non–liver‐related mortality. Although the cumulative incidence rate of hepatocarcinogenesis and non–liver‐related mortality was not reduced by NA therapy, viral suppression reduced liver‐related mortality in patients with DC.
Bayesian‐based withdrawal estimates using pharmacokinetic parameters for two capsaicinoid‐containing products administered to horses
Authors: Robinson Mary A. , Stefanovski Darko , You Youwen , Boston Raymond C. , Soma Lawrence R.
Published: December 2020

Capsaicinoids deter horses from chewing on bandages and are applied topically to provide analgesia to musculoskeletal injuries. They are banned during competition due to their nerve blocking properties. The pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) and direct gastric administration via nasogastric tube (NG), or topical (TOP) administration of two capsaicinoid‐containing products were investigated, and the withdrawal times required prior to competition were estimated. Capsaicin (CAP) and dihydrocapsaicin (DCAP) were quantified in plasma, and both compounds were best described by a delayed absorption two compartment elimination model following PO administration and by a first order absorption one compartment elimination model following TOP administration. Capsaicin and DCAP could not be quantified in most samples following NG administration. Following PO administration, the time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) for CAP and DCAP was 0.25 (0.08–0.50) hr. Following TOP application, the Tmax for CAP and DCAP was 4 (2–6) and 5 (3–12) hr, respectively. By 8 hr post‐PO administration and 36 hr post‐TOP application, CAP and DCAP were below the lower limit of quantification. Capsaicin and DCAP were not detected in urine samples. Withdrawal times were predicted using the 99.99% credibility interval limits of the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated with Bayesian estimation.
Beyond evidence: Anticipatory regimes in law
Authors: Stokes Elen
Published: December 2020

This article lays the groundwork for a new approach to understanding how law engages with the future, based on the social science theory and practice of anticipation. Anticipation, as depicted by an extensive interdisciplinary literature, encourages a shift in attention from the future as a matter solely of probability and effect, to the future as a wider array of possibilities operating on the present. Notably absent from this literature is law. This article offers a framework for analyzing how law mobilizes future possibilities to serve present regulatory purposes, focusing in particular on the role of legal horizons, forms and affect.
Pharmaceutical company payments to authors of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatitis C treatment
Authors: Kida Futa , Murayama Anju , Saito Hiroaki , Ozaki Akihiko , Shimada Yuki , Tanimoto Tetsuya
Published: December 2020

Background & Aims

Promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies (Pharma) relating to newly marketed direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) may have targeted the authors of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) for Hepatitis C. This study aimed to assess payments made by Pharma to the CPG authors and the financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) reported by those authors.

Methods

We analyzed payments reported by Pharma to the CPG authors as well as the COI as published by the JSH, using publicly available data for 2016 and 2017.

Results

A total of 35 of 78 Pharma‐reported payments of $613,973 in 2016, while 40 of 73 Pharma declared payments of $524,674 in 2017, with six companies failing to report. Payments by Pharma manufacturing DAAs accounted for 53.7% of the total (55.7% and 51.6% in 2016 and 2017 respectively). All 17 authors received payments from Pharma which totalled $1,138,647. The mean and median payments per author were $66,979 (standard deviation (SD): $64,875) and $46,033 (interquartile range [IQR]: $29,796 ‐ $34,428) for 2016 and 2017 combined.

Conclusions

Financial relationship between Pharma and the Hepatitis C CPG authors, which was unclear owing to the guideline regulation, was clarified. The authors had the strongest ties to the Pharma which manufactures DAAs in 2016 and 2017.
The comparative genomic landscape of adaptive radiation in crater lake cichlid fishes
Authors: Xiong Peiwen , Hulsey C. Darrin , Fruciano Carmelo , Wong Wai Y. , Nater Alexander , Kautt Andreas F. , Simakov Oleg , Pippel Martin , Kuraku Shigehiro , Meyer Axel , Franchini Paolo
Published: December 2020

Factors ranging from ecological opportunity to genome composition might explain why only some lineages form adaptive radiations. While being rare, particular systems can provide natural experiments within an identical ecological setting where species numbers and phenotypic divergence in two closely related lineages are notably different. We investigated one such natural experiment using two de novo assembled and 40 resequenced genomes and asked why two closely related Neotropical cichlid fish lineages, theAmphilophus citrinellusspecies complex (Midas cichlids; radiating) andArchocentrus centrarchus(Flyer cichlid; nonradiating), have resulted in such disparate evolutionary outcomes. Although both lineages inhabit many of the same Nicaraguan lakes, whole‐genome inferred demography suggests that priority effects are not likely to be the cause of the dissimilarities. Also, genome‐wide levels of selection, transposable element dynamics, gene family expansion, major chromosomal rearrangements and the number of genes under positive selection were not markedly different between the two lineages. To more finely investigate particular subsets of the genome that have undergone adaptive divergence in Midas cichlids, we also examined if there was evidence for ‘molecular pre‐adaptation’ in regions identified by QTL mapping of repeatedly diverging adaptive traits. Although most of our analyses failed to pinpoint substantial genomic differences, we did identify functional categories containing many genes under positive selection that provide candidates for future studies on the propensity of Midas cichlids to radiate. Our results point to a disproportionate role of local, rather than genome‐wide factors underlying the propensity for these cichlid fishes to adaptively radiate.
A genome‐wide investigation of adaptive signatures in protein‐coding genes related to tool behaviour in New Caledonian and Hawaiian crows
Authors: Dussex Nicolas , Kutschera Verena E. , Wiberg R. Axel W. , Parker Darren J. , Hunt Gavin R. , Gray Russell D. , Rutherford Kim , Abe Hideaki , Fleischer Robert C. , Ritchie Michael G. , Rutz Christian , Wolf Jochen B. W. , Gemmell Neil J.
Published: December 2020

Very few animals habitually manufacture and use tools. It has been suggested that advanced tool behaviour co‐evolves with a suite of behavioural, morphological and life history traits. In fact, there are indications for such an adaptive complex in tool‐using crows (genus Corvus species). Here, we sequenced the genomes of two habitually tool‐using and ten non‐tool‐using crow species to search for genomic signatures associated with a tool‐using lifestyle. Using comparative genomic and population genetic approaches, we screened for signals of selection in protein‐coding genes in the tool‐using New Caledonian and Hawaiian crows. While we detected signals of recent selection in New Caledonian crows near genes associated with bill morphology, our data indicate that genetic changes in these two lineages are surprisingly subtle, with little evidence at present for convergence. We explore the biological explanations for these findings, such as the relative roles of gene regulation and protein‐coding changes, as well as the possibility that statistical power to detect selection in recently diverged lineages may have been insufficient. Our study contributes to a growing body of literature aiming to decipher the genetic basis of recently evolved complex behaviour.
Pectobacterium atrosepticum KDPG aldolase, Eda, participates in the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and independently inhibits expression of virulence determinants
Authors: Wang Huan , Wang Yujie , Humphris Sonia , Nie Weihua , Zhang Pengfei , Wright Frank , Campbell Emma , Hu Baishi , Fan Jiaqin , Toth Ian
Published: December 2020

Pectobacterium carotovorum has an incomplete Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway, including enzyme 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐6‐phosphogluconate aldolase (Eda) but lacking phosphogluconate dehydratase (Edd), while P. atrosepticum (Pba) has a complete pathway. To understand the role of the ED pathway in Pectobacterium infection, mutants of these two key enzymes, Δeda and Δedd, were constructed in Pba SCRI1039. Δeda exhibited significant decreased virulence on potato tubers and colonization in planta and was greatly attenuated in pectinase activity and the ability to use pectin breakdown products, including polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and galacturonic acid. These reduced phenotypes were restored following complementation with an external vector expressing eda. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that expression of the pectinase genes pelA, pelC, pehN, pelW, and pmeB in Δeda cultured in pyruvate, with or without PGA, was significantly reduced compared to the wild type, while genes for virulence regulators (kdgR, hexR, hexA, and rsmA) remained unchanged. However, Δedd showed similar phenotypes to the wild type. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that disruption of eda has a feedback effect on inhibiting pectin degradation and that Eda is involved in building the arsenal of pectinases needed during infection by Pectobacterium.
“Eating, laughing, and tonic seizing”, that is a laughter‐induced syncope in elderly
Authors: Honda Masayuki , Shimotake Akihiro , Hitomi Takefumi , Kuzuya Akira , Takahashi Ryosuke , Ikeda Akio
Published: December 2020

Laughter‐induced syncope is a rare syndrome with good prognosis, but not widely known by health care providers. We had a patient who had whole body “freezing” episodes immediately after laughing vigorously during meals. Epilepsy was ruled out and diagnosis of laughter‐induced syncope was made. Severe cerebral hypoperfusion and relatively disinhibited brain stem function may account for tonic posturing. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting whole body “freezing” episodes after big laughter, along with tonic seizure, gelastic seizure and cataplexy. Detailed and precise inquiry is helpful in correct diagnosis and could prevent from repeated events with unnecessary antiseizure medication.
Feasibility of Controlling Metastatic Osseous Pain Using Three Kinds of Image‐Guided Procedures for Thermal Microwave Ablation: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ke Jin , Cheng Shi , Yang Tao , Zhang Chi , Wang Ming , Zhang Yu
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of treating painful osseous metastases using image‐guided percutaneous thermal microwave ablation.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients treated from December 2016 to December 2019 in one institute. A total of 50 patients (35 men, 15 women; mean age 55.24 ± 11.03 years) with 56 osseous metastatic lesions underwent image‐guided percutaneous microwave ablation. There were 7 patients with multiple and 43 patients with single metastases. The numbers of patients with primary cancer were as follows: lung, 13; liver, 17; kidney, 10; prostate, 1; breast, 3; osteosarcoma, 1; and thyroid, 5. Seventeen patients had cancer combined with soft tissue masses. The radiological images for the ablative procedures were obtained by CT, fluoroscopy with ultrasound, and fluoroscopy alone in 16, 11, and 23 patients, respectively. Pain severity was estimated using the visual analogue scale before and after treatment (1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment). Radiological evaluations were performed at baseline and 3 months after the procedure.

Results

In all patients, pain reduction occurred from the first day after treatment. Pain did not recur during the 3 months of follow up. The mean total ablation time per microwave electrode was 3.99 ± 2.48 min (range, 1–15 min). The mean power of the microwave electrode was 66.40 ± 12.08 W. The average volume of bone (load‐bearing bone, such as vertebra and acetabulum) cement after ablation was 2.82 ± 0.81 mL. There were no significant differences in visual analogue scale pain scores for different imaging techniques or ablation energies. No procedure‐related complications occurred.

Conclusion

Image‐guided percutaneous thermal microwave ablation of osseous metastases relieves pain and improves mobility. CT remains the first choice for percutaneous ablation. Fluoroscopy combined with ultrasound is effective for cases with soft tissue masses; fluoroscopy is also suitable for combination with vertebroplasty. However, further investigations are required.
Qualitative Evaluation of the Influence of Acute Oxaliplatin‐Induced Peripheral Neuropathy on Quality of Life and Activities of Daily Life
Authors: van Haren Frank G.A.M. , Steegers Monique A.H. , Thijssen Marloes , van der Wal Selina E.I. , Vissers Kris C.P. , Engels Yvonne
Published: December 2020

Introduction/Aims

Oxaliplatin often causes acute or chronic peripheral neuropathy in patients with an intestinal or pancreatic tumor, but in‐depth insights in its influence on quality of life (QoL) are lacking. We explored the influence of acute oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) on daily QoL in these patients.

Methods

We performed semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of patients receiving oxaliplatin and possibly experiencing acute OIPN. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two researchers. Data were analyzed by using the constant comparative method for content analysis with ATLAS.ti software.

Results

After nine patients, saturation took place. In total, 11 patients were interviewed. Four themes were extracted from the data: (1) adverse effects, (2) physical (un)well‐being, (3) emotional aspects, and (4) treatment aspects. All participants were suffering from acute OIPN to a certain extent, leading to restrictions in daily activities such as household chores, but also to a decrease in mobility and independency. Other adverse effects such as general malaise and gastrointestinal side effects also influenced the participants’ well‐being, as did the diagnosis and prognosis of their disease.

Conclusion

Acute OIPN, together with other side effects of chemotherapeutic treatment and the difficulties that come with the diagnosis of cancer and its prognosis, largely influences patients’ daily QoL. Managing expectations (by patient education) seems important.
WhatCOVID‐19 tells us about the self: The deep intersubjective and cultural layers of our brain
Authors: Scalabrini Andrea , Xu Jiawei , Northoff Georg
Published: December 2020

The COVID‐19 crisis is affecting our sense of self and touches upon our existential fears. This extends to the self–other relationship, as there is both being infected and infecting the other. What does this pandemic crisis tell us about our self and relatedness, its cultural differences, and how these are rooted in the brain's relation to the world? First, we discuss the psychological and neuronal features of self and self–other relation and how they are rooted in a deeper layer of the brain's neural activity complementing its cognitive surface layer. Second, we demonstrate cultural differences of Eastern and Western concepts of the self (i.e., independency and interdependency) and how these reflect the manifestation of the brain's neuro‐social and neuro‐ecological alignment. Finally, we highlight the intersubjective and cultural nature of the self and its surface in the COVID‐19 crisis. Discussing various lines of empirical data showing the brain's intimate alignment to both social and ecological environmental contexts, our results support the assumption of the brain's deep layer features by laying bare a continuum of different degrees of neuro‐social and neuro‐ecological alignment. This entails a two‐stage model of self with neuro‐social‐ecological and psychological levels that extends the previously suggested basis model of self‐specificity. We conclude that the current pandemic shows the importance of the deeper intersubjective and cultural layers of both the self and brain; their neglect can be life‐threatening for the self and others and, paradoxically, might reduce, rather than enlarge, the self's sense of freedom and independence.
Luminescent Lanthanide Complex Sensor for Acac and Cd2+
Authors: Chen Zhao , Cai Yujia , Ma Yuanjie , Huang Lei , Zhao Yongli , Wang Lei
Published: December 2020

In this work, phenylmalonic acid (H2pmal) and phenanthroline (phen) are selected to react with Ln(NO3)3·6H2O (Ln = Tb, Eu) to form two lanthanide coordination complex [Ln2(PAA)4(phen)2(NO3)2] (Ln = Tb, Tb complex; Eu, Eu complex), PAA = deprotonated phenylacetic acid, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline). Two lanthanide complexes are stable in neutral, acid (pH = 4) and base (pH = 10) water solutions. Especially, Tb complex is a bifunctional sensor for acac and Cd2+, through luminescence “turn on” and “turn off,” respectively. Importantly, the limit of detections (LODs) for acac and Cd2+ are 90 nm and 0.5 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the sensing mechanisms are discussed in detail.
The Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation on Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
Authors: Gholami Leila , Parsamanesh Gilda , Shahabi Shiva , Jazaeri Marzieh , Baghaei Kaveh , Fekrazad Reza
Published: December 2020

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered as a noninvasive procedure with the potential of inducing favorable changes in cellular behavior. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of near‐infrared low‐intensity laser PBM on proliferation, viability and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells isolated from human periodontal ligament. A 940‐nm diode laser with an energy density of 4 J cm−2 in a 100‐mW continuous wave was used for irradiation in 3 sessions every 48h. Cell viability was measured 24, 48 and 72 h after irradiation. The effects of laser on mineralized tissue deposition were evaluated by using Alizarin red staining after dividing cells into three groups of nonosteogenic medium (C−), an osteogenic medium without laser (C+), and an osteogenic medium with laser irradiation (L+). Gene expression levels were also evaluated by real‐time PCR. Our results showed no significant difference between MTT levels of the study and control groups. After 14 and 21 days, both L+ and C+ groups showed an increase in mineralized tissue formation compared to the C− group. There was an increase in VEGF and BMP expressions compared to C−. In conclusion, the irradiation setting used in this study may be able to improve mineralized tissue deposition.
Crassulacean acid metabolism species differ in the contribution of C3 and C4 carboxylation to end of day CO2 fixation
Authors: van Tongerlo Evelien , Trouwborst Govert , Hogewoning Sander W. , van Ieperen Wim , Dieleman Janneke A. , Marcelis Leo F. M.
Published: December 2020

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic pathway that temporally separates the nocturnal CO2 uptake, via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, C4 carboxylation), from the diurnal refixation by Rubisco (C3 carboxylation). At the end of the day (CAM‐Phase IV), when nocturnally stored CO2 has depleted, stomata reopen and allow additional CO2 uptake, which can be fixed by Rubisco or by PEPC. This work examined the CO2 uptake via C3 and C4 carboxylation in phase IV in the CAM species Phalaenopsis “Sacramento” and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana “Saja.” Short blackout periods during phase IV caused a sharp drop in CO2 uptake in K. blossfeldiana but not in Phalaenopsis, indicating strong Rubisco activity only in K. blossfeldiana. Chlorophyll fluorescence revealed a progressive decrease in ΦPSII in Phalaenopsis, implying decreasing Rubisco activity, while ΦPSII remained constant in phase IV in K. blossfeldiana. However, short switching to 2% O2 indicated the presence of photorespiration and thus Rubisco activity in both species throughout phase IV. Lastly, in Phalaenopsis, accumulation of starch in phase IV occurred. These results indicate that in Phalaenopsis, PEPC was the main carboxylase in phase IV, although Rubisco remained active throughout the whole phase. This will lead to double carboxylation (futile cycling) but may help to avoid photoinhibition.
Institutional Collective Action on Drugs: Functional and Vertical Dilemmas of Unused Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Hubbard Monica , Fowler Luke
Published: December 2020

The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues.
Identification of a novel HLA‐B*18 variant, HLA‐B*18:01:01:52, in a Saudi individual
Authors: Fakhoury Hana , Alburaq Mohammed , AlSebaiheen Farrah , Alshubaili Abdullah , Hajeer Ali H.
Published: December 2020

A single nucleotide change in the 3′ UTR of HLA‐B*18:01:01:01 results in the novel HLA‐B*18:01:01:52 allele.
Nigerian English in Germany
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: December 2020

The study investigates language use and language attitudes among Nigerian immigrants in Germany, thus contributing to the study of World Englishes in mobility and migration. The data comprises ca. five hours of recorded interviews and is analysed both for the linguistic features it displays and the language attitudes expressed by interviewees. In the German environment, Nigerian Standard English has to be adapted to the needs of lingua‐franca interaction, which leads to intensive borrowing and other contact influences from German. In its conclusion, the study takes issue with prevailing policies in Germany, which promote rapid acquisition of German and look on lingua‐franca English as an obstacle in the way of achieving this goal. It argues that for a transitional period lingua‐franca interaction should be seen as taking place within a multilingual repertoire that minimally requires English and German, but – depending on domain and context – may also include further components, such as Nigerian Pidgin.
Active Unmatched Disturbance Cancellation and Estimation by State--Derivative Feedback for Plants Modeled as an LTI System
Authors: Basturk Halil Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

We design adaptive algorithms for both cancellation and estimation of unknown periodic disturbance, by feedback of state--derivatives ( i.e.,} without position information for mechanical systems) for the plants which are modeled as a linear time invariant system. We consider a series of unmatched unknown sinusoidal signals as the disturbance.The first step of the design consists of the parametrization of the disturbance model and the development of observer filters.The result obtained in this step allows us to use adaptive control techniques for the solution of the problem.In order to handle the unmatched condition, a backstepping technique is employed. Since the partial measurement of the virtual inputs is not available, we design a state observer and the estimates of these signals are used in the backstepping design.Finally, the stability of the equilibrium of the adaptive closed loop system with the convergence of states is proven.As a numerical example, a two-degree of freedom system is considered and the effectiveness of the algorithms are shown.
A rich vehicle routing problem arising in the replenishment of automated teller machines
Authors: Koç Çağrı , Erbaş Mehmet , Ozceylan Eren
Published: December 2020

This paper introduces, models, and solves a rich vehicle routing problem (VRP) motivated by the case study of replenishment of automated teller machines (ATMs) in Turkey. In this practical problem, commodities can be taken from the depot, as well as from the branches to efficiently manage the inventory shortages at ATMs. This rich VRP variant concerns with the joint multiple depots, pickup and delivery, multi-trip, and homogeneous fixed vehicle fleet. We first mathematically formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming model. We then apply a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based solution method, which uses a tabu search heuristic optimization method, to a real dataset of one of the major bank. Our numerical results show that we are able to obtain solutions within reasonable solution time for this new and challenging practical problem. The paper presents computational and managerial results by analyzing the trade-offs between various constraints.
Modeling the impact of temperature on fractional order dengue model with vertical transmission
Authors: Defterli Ozlem
Published: December 2020

A dengue epidemic model with fractional order derivative is formulated to investigate the effect of temperature on the spread of the vector-host transmitted dengue disease. The model consists of system of fractional order differential equations formulated within Caputo fractional operator. The stability of the equilibrium points of the considered dengue model is studied. The corresponding basic reproduction number R_0 is derived and it is proved that if R_0 < 1, the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is locally asymptotically stable. L1 method is applied to solve the dengue model numerically. Finally, numerical simulations are also presented to illustrate the analytical results showing the influence of thetemperature on the dynamics of the vector-host interaction in dengue epidemics.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Flame Dynamics During the Ignition of a Swirling Injector Unit and Comparison With Experiments
Authors: Töpperwien Karl , Collin-Bastiani Félix , Riber Eleonore , Cuenot Bénédicte , Vignat Guillaume , Prieur Kevin , Durox Daniel , Candel Sébastien , Vicquelin Ronan
Published: December 2020

During the ignition of a swirled single-injector combustor, two phases have been identified experimentally. In the first, the flame penetrates the injection unit, while in the second, the flame lifts off after a substantial delay before stabilizing at a distance from the injector. This transient phenomenon is investigated using Large Eddy Simulations based on an Euler–Lagrange description of the liquid spray, an energy deposition model to mimic ignition, and the thickened flame combustion model. It is shown that the initial penetration of the flame in the injector unit is linked with the positive pressure excursion induced by the rapid volumetric expansion of burnt gases. This sudden expansion is itself due to the fast increase in heat release rate that occurs during the initiation of the process. The corresponding positive and negative pressure disturbances induce a rapid reduction of the mass flow rate through the injector, followed by an acceleration of the flow and a return to the nominal value. It is also shown that the flame root disappears after another delay, which results in the flame edge lifting and stabilization at a distance from the injector exhaust corresponding to steady operation of the device. The relatively long delay time before this liftoff takes place is found to correspond to the residence time of the cooled burnt gases in the vicinity of the chamber walls, which are ultimately entrained by the internal recirculation zone and quench the lower flame foot.
Unsteady Modeling of Turbochargers for Automotive Applications by Means of a Quasi3D Approach
Authors: Montenegro Gianluca , Tamborski Matteo , Torre Augusto Della , Onorati Angelo , Marelli Silvia
Published: December 2020

This work describes the development and the application of a quasi3D method for the simulation of turbochargers for automotive applications under unsteady flow conditions. The quasi3D approach is based on the solution of conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for unsteady flows and applied to zero-dimensional (0D) and one-dimensional (1D) elements arbitrarily oriented in the space. The compressor is divided into different regions, each one treated numerically in a different way. For the impeller region, a relative reference system has been used, and the presence of a centrifugal force field has been introduced both in the momentum and energy conservation equations. The direction of the ports at the inlet and outlet of the impeller are used to determine the design flow angles and therefore the deviation during off-design conditions. Conversely in the vaneless diffuser, the conservation of the angular momentum of the flow stream has been imposed in the tangential direction and then combined with the solution of the momentum equation in the radial direction. The model has been validated against measurements carried out on the test bench of the University of Genoa both in diabatic and adiabatic conditions.
The Instructional Sensitivity of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 to Detect Changes in Performance for Young Children With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Staples Kerri L. , Pitchford E. Andrew , Ulrich Dale A.
Published: December 2020

The Test of Gross Motor Development is among the most commonly used measures of gross motor competency in children. An important attribute of any developmental assessment is its sensitivity to detect change. The purpose of this study was to examine the instructional sensitivity of the Test of Gross Motor Development—third edition (TGMD-3) performance criteria to changes in performance for 48 children (age 4–7 years) with and without Down syndrome following 10 weeks of physical education. Paired t tests identified significant improvements for all children on locomotor (p < .01) and ball skills (p < .01). These significant differences were associated with moderate to large effect sizes. SEM was low relative to the maximum raw score for each subtest, indicating high confidence in the scores. These findings provide evidence that the TGMD-3 is sensitive to change in performance for children with and without Down syndrome.
Defensive Strategy and Player Sex Impact Heart-Rate Responses During Games-Based Drills in Professional Basketball
Authors: Suárez-Iglesias David , Dehesa Rubén , Scanlan Aaron T. , Rodríguez-Marroyo José A. , Vaquera Alejandro
Published: December 2020

Purpose: Games-based drills (GBD) are the predominant form of training stimulus prescribed to male and female basketball players. Despite being readily manipulated during GBD, the impact of defensive strategy on the sex-specific demands of GBD remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare the heart-rate (HR) responses experienced during 5v5 GBD using different defensive strategies (man-to-man defense vs zone defense [ZD] formations) according to player sex. Method: HR was recorded in 11 professional male and 10 professional female basketball players while performing 5v5 GBD with different defensive strategies (man-to-man defense or ZD). HR-based training load was also calculated using the summated heart-rate zones model. Results: During man-to-man defense, mean HR (), relative time (in percentage) spent working at 90% to 100% maximal HR (), and summated heart-rate zones () were greater (P < .05) in female players compared with males. During ZD, higher (P < .01) peak HR (), mean HR (), relative and absolute (in minutes) time spent working at 80% to 89% maximal HR ( and .03, respectively) and 90% to 100% maximal HR ( and .09, respectively), and summated heart-rate zones () were observed in female players compared with males. Conclusions: The defensive strategy employed during 5v5 full-court GBD influences HR responses and training load differently according to sex, where female players experience higher HR responses than males, especially when ZD are adopted. Basketball coaching staff can use these findings for the precise manipulation of team defenses during GBD to elicit desired cardiovascular stress on players.
Targeted exosome coating gene-chem nanocomplex as “nanoscavenger” for clearing α-synuclein and immune activation of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Liu Linying , Li Yan , Peng Huan , Liu Ruiyuan , Ji Weihong , Shi Zhuyan , Shen Jie , Ma Guanghui , Zhang Xin
Published: December 2020

The targeted nanocomplex efficiently treats Parkinson’s disease by clearing α-synuclein and immune activation.
Ocean planning for species on the move provides substantial benefits and requires few trade-offs
Authors: Pinsky M. L. , Rogers L. A. , Morley J. W. , Frölicher T. L.
Published: December 2020

Proactively preparing for climate change produces more effective ocean plans and imposes few trade-offs.
Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha
Authors: Kapli Paschalia , Telford Maximilian J.
Published: December 2020

A data simulation approach shows that the contested origins of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha are obscured by systematic errors.
Functional innovations of PIN auxin transporters mark crucial evolutionary transitions during rise of flowering plants
Authors: Zhang Yuzhou , Rodriguez Lesia , Li Lanxin , Zhang Xixi , Friml Jiří
Published: December 2020

The stepwise evolution of PIN auxin transporters shapes the auxin gradient–mediated complex architecture of flowering plants.
Rapid and ongoing evolution of repetitive sequence structures in human centromeres
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Myers Eugene W. , Morishita Shinichi
Published: December 2020

Long-read analysis of 36 individual genomes revealed extensive structural diversity within human centromeric repeat arrays.
Bioelectrochemical Fixation of Nitrogen to Extracellular Ammonium by Pseudomonas stutzeri
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Jing Xianyue , Yan Yongliang , Huang Shaofu , Liu Xing , Chen Piao , Zhou Shungui
Published: December 2020

Ammonia greatly affects global ecology, agriculture, and the food industry. Diazotrophs with an enhanced capacity of extracellular NH
4
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excretion have been proven to be more beneficial to the growth of microalgae and plants, whereas most previously reported diazotrophs produce intracellular organic nitrogen in the absence of chemical suppression and genetic manipulation.
Agricultural Soil Management Practices Differentially Shape the Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes of
Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Wipf Heidi M.-L. , Xu Ling , Gao Cheng , Spinner Hannah B. , Taylor John , Lemaux Peggy , Mitchell Jeffrey , Coleman-Derr Devin
Published: December 2020

While numerous studies show that farming practices can influence the soil microbiome, there are often conflicting results on how microbial diversity and activity respond to treatment. In addition, very little has been published on how the corresponding crop plant microbiome is impacted.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Clinical Performance and the Neutralizing Antibody Activity Prediction Properties of 10 High-Throughput Serological Assays Used in Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Therrien C. , Serhir B. , Bélanger-Collard M. , Skrzypczak J. , Shank D. K. , Renaud C. , Girouard J. , Loungnarath V. , Carrier M. , Brochu G. , Tourangeau F. , Gilfix B. , Piche A. , Bazin R. , Guérin R. , Lavoie M. , Martel-Laferrière V. , Fortin C. , Benoit A. , Marcoux D. , Gauthier N. , Laumaea A. M. , Gasser R. , Finzi A. , Roger M.
Published: December 2020

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic second wave is emerging, it is of the upmost importance to screen the population immunity in order to keep track of infected individuals. Consequently, immunoassays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with high specificity and positive predictive values are needed to obtain an accurate epidemiological picture.
Built form and depression among the Chinese rural elderly: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Qiu Qin-wei , Li Jing , Li Jia-yu , Xu Yong
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Few data on the association between housing structure and depression among rural elders in China are available. We examined the impact of built forms on depression.

Design

This is a cross-sectional study.

Setting

A representative sample of rural residents aged 60 years or older in China.

Participants

A total of 5090 older adults in 2019 in rural Suzhou, China.

Outcome measures

Associations of built form with odds of probable and possible depression.

Results

There was significant difference among elders living in varied sizes of house. Older age (vs 60–64 years: 75–79 years AdjOR, 1.737; 95% CI, 1.309 to 2.305; ≥80 years AdjOR, 2.072; 95% CI, 1.439 to 2.981), male sex (AdjOR, 0.719; 95% CI, 0.593 to 0.871), single (AdjOR, 1.303; 95% CI, 1.032 to 1.646), self-care disability (AdjOR, 4.761; 95% CI, 3.960 to 5.724), three or more chronic diseases (AdjOR, 2.200; 95% CI, 1.657 to 2.920), living alone (AdjOR, 1.443; 95% CI, 1.059 to 1.966), living in cottage (AdjOR, 1.426; 95% CI, 1.033 to 1.967), living space (vs <50 m2: 201–250 m2AdjOR, 0.566; 95% CI, 0.359 to 0.893; >250 m2AdjOR, 0.337; 95% CI, 0.223 to 0.511) and space per person (vs <30 m2: 30- m2AdjOR, 0.502; 95% CI, 0.362 to 0.697; 40- m2AdjOR, 0.473; 95% CI, 0.347 to 0.646; 50- m2AdjOR, 0.418; 95% CI, 0.339 to 0.515) were associated with risk of depression among Chinese rural elders.

Conclusion

The built form was significantly and meaningfully associated with depression among Chinese rural elders. More attention should be paid to preventing mental illness among the rural elderly living in the small housing area and cottages in China.
Regular running in an air-polluted environment: physiological and anthropometric protocol for a prospective cohort study (Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment Study – Program 4)
Authors: Cipryan Lukas , Kutac Petr , Dostal Tomas , Zimmermann Matthew , Krajcigr Miroslav , Jandackova Vera , Sram Radim , Jandacka Daniel , Hofmann Peter
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Ambient air pollution is a global environmental problem, which causes adverse health effects and premature deaths worldwide. Although regular exercise and physical activity have evident health benefits, the influence of long-term air pollution exposure during regular outdoor running has not been definitively clarified.

Methods and analysis

This study protocol describes the physiological and anthropometric perspectives of the ‘Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment’ Study – Programme 4 (4HAIE). The 4HAIE research project is intended to be a single-centre, prospective, longitudinal and multidisciplinary cohort study. The presented study protocol describes the cross-sectional measurements and analyses. Overall, 1500 adult participants (age 18–65 years), runners and inactive individuals, living in a high or low air-polluted area of the Czech Republic will be recruited. We will measure and analyse biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood, exercise capacity (graded exercise test and spiroergometry), blood pressure, lung function (spirometry), cardiac autonomic regulation and anthropometry (body composition).

Ethics and dissemination

The 4HAIE study protocol has already been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Ostrava (3/2018). A detailed participant information sheet will be provided to each individual prior to obtaining their written informed consent. The study poses little to no risk to participants. The findings of this study will be disseminated at regional and international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and via social and broadcast media.