bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of bank employees on bank customer relationship management
Authors: Rootman C. , Tait M. , Bosch J
Published: May 2017

Purpose: Despite extensive research in services marketing, much is still unknown to specific service providers on the influence of their employees on their services. This paper attempts to address this limitation and investigates the influence of employees on the customer relationship management (CRM) of banks. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of selected independent variables, namely attitude and knowledgeability, on the CRM of banks.Design/Methodology/Approach: An empirical investigation was conducted with a structured questionnaire with items that related to banks' CRM in terms of attitude and knowledgeability. The sample consisted of 290 banking clients in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area and the response rate was 91.03%. Findings: Significant positive relationships exist between both the knowledgeability, and attitude of bank employees and a bank's CRM. These relationships imply that more extensive knowledgeability and more positive attitudes of bank employees lead to improved, maintained relationships between a bank and its clients. Employees play an important role in banks client relationships. Implications: Banks should focus on increasing their employees' knowledgeability and improving their attitude to ensure higher levels of CRM. This paper provides strategies for banks and could create greater awareness among South African banks of the advantages of CRM, how their employees influence their CRM, and ways to adapt to these influences. Originality/Value: No study has focused exclusively on CRM within banks in South Africa. Prior research focused on customer service and service quality; both possible results of superior CRM. However, this research differs, as it identifies the variables influencing CRM in banks in South Africa. It is proposed that this paper will be beneficial for South African banks, as the recommendations may be used to ensure higher levels of CRM in banks.
A marketing mix model for a complex and turbulent environment
Authors: Mason R. B. , Staude G
Published: May 2017

Purpose: This paper is based on the proposition that the choice of marketing tactics is determined, or at least significantly influenced, by the nature of the companys external environment. It aims to illustrate the type of marketing mix tactics that are suggested for a complex and turbulent environment when marketing and the environment are viewed through a chaos and complexity theory lens. Design/Methodology/Approach: Since chaos and complexity theories are proposed as a good means of understanding the dynamics of complex and turbulent markets, a comprehensive review and analysis of literature on the marketing mix and marketing tactics from a chaos and complexity viewpoint was conducted. From this literature review, a marketing mix model was conceptualised.Findings: A marketing mix model considered appropriate for success in complex and turbulent environments was developed. In such environments, the literature suggests destabilising marketing activities are more effective, whereas stabilising type activities are more effective in simple, stable environments. Therefore the model proposes predominantly destabilising type tactics as appropriate for a complex and turbulent environment such as is currently being experienced in South Africa. Implications: This paper is of benefit to marketers by emphasising a new way to consider the future marketing activities of their companies. How this model can assist marketers and suggestions for research to develop and apply this model are provided. It is hoped that the model suggested will form the basis of empirical research to test its applicability in the turbulent South African environment. Originality/Value: Since businesses and markets are complex adaptive systems, using complexity theory to understand how to cope in complex, turbulent environments is necessary, but has not been widely researched. In fact, most chaos and complexity theory work in marketing has concentrated on marketing strategy, with little emphasis on individual tactics and even less on the marketing mix as a whole. Therefore, this paper can be viewed as an important foundation for a new stream of research using chaos and complexity theory to better understand marketing mixes and the choice of marketing tactics for complex and turbulent business environments.
Market segmentation of visitors at three selected arts festivals in South Africa
Authors: Pissoort V. , Saayman M.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine the market segmentation of visitors at three Arts Festivals in South Africa. The Arts Festivals were Innibos, Oppikoppi and Volksblad.Problem investigated: The literature review clearly shows that, in order for marketers of festivals to use scarce resources effectively and efficiently, it is paramount to do market segmentation. The advantages of market segmentation lie in an increase in visitor numbers, better image, and by creating a competitive advantage to name but a few.Method of research: The research was conducted by means of structured questionnaires at the three arts festivals. The data was used to compile a profile of each Festival. The significance of the correlation between the three Festivals and their profiles were tested by using effect sizes and Chi-square. A sample size of 452 questionnaires for Volksblad, 573 questionnaires for Innibos and 201 for Oppikoppi was used.Findings: The results show that the visitor profile variables that are significant for market segmentation purposes include:language; the province in which Festival attendees reside; days spent at the Festival; and the size of the travelling group.These results confirmed but also contradicted a number of similar studies conducted. The results also clearly showed the different profiles of each of the three arts festivals.Value of research: This was the first time such research was undertaken at smaller Arts Festivals in South Africa and is useful for planning and marketing purposes.Conclusion: Due to the increase in the number of festivals and events in South Africa as well as competition in general,marketers and organisers of these events and festivals are required to understand and target the right markets. Hence, this type of research is important and necessitates marketers and event organisers to follow a more scientific approach.
Influence of income on tertiary students acquisition of cellular products
Authors: Drotsky G. A.P , Janse van Rensburg B. , De Jager J. W.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine whether there are any differences between high and low-income group students in their selection of a cellular phone brand or network operator. Design/Methodology/Approach: Four hypotheses are set to determine if there are any significant differences between the two income groups in current decision-making. It is established that there exist no significant difference between high and low-income students in their selection of cellular phones and network operators. The levels of agreement or disagreement on various statements do, however, give an indication of the importance that students place on aspects that they view as important when acquiring a cellular phone or network operator.Findings: In the article, it is established that no significant differences exist between the two income groups. The levels of agreement or disagreement indicate the importance that subscription method, social value, service quality and branding has on student decision-making. Implications: The article provides a better understanding of the influence that income plays in student's decision-making in acquiring cellular products and services. Possible future research in student cellular usage can be guided through the information obtained in this article. Originality/Value: The article provides information to cellular network operators, service providers and cellular phone manufactures regarding the influence of income on students' acquisition of cellular products and services. Information from the article can assist in the establishment of marketing plans for the student market by these role players.
Context: The strategic management Rosetta Stone
Authors: Weeks R. V.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse context as a means for interpreting and making sense of evolving strategic management theory and practice. Problem investigated: Traditional strategic management theory based on rational deductive methodologies assumes contextual predictability, yet contemporary conditions tend to contradict this assumption. In response, alternative theories and practices for dealing with complex contexts have emerged (Brews & Purohit, 2006; Grant, 2003; Kurt & Snowden, 2003and Stacey, 1995). Methodology: A literature study was undertaken to determine the nature of emergent strategic management theory and practice, in response to contextual complexity and how it differs from traditional practice (Mintzberg, 1994 and Weeks &Lessing, 1993). Findings: An important conclusion drawn from the study is that context acts as a determinant for making sense of the evolution of strategic management theory and practice. While traditional strategic management practice still assumes relevance in contexts of linear causality, it breaks down in complex contexts. Emergent strategic management theory, based on complex adaptive systems, is increasingly assuming relevance. Notably, many institutions are still attempting to make use of scenario planning in an attempt to deal with contextual complexity, a practice not supported by leading researchers(Stacey, 1995 and Kurt & Snowden, 2003). Value of the research: The insights gained from the study assume relevance, in view of the contextual complexity confronting modern-day institutions. The findings suggest that emergent strategy based on complex adaptive system theory needs to be considered as a means for dealing with increasing environmental turbulence. Conclusion: It is concluded that context serves as the Rosetta stone for making sense of strategic management theory and practice. In view of the research findings, as reflected in the literature, it would seem that the use of complex adaptive systems theory is gaining in relevance, as a means for dealing with complex contexts. Also important is the finding that traditional and emergent practices can in effect coexist, depending on context
Entrepreneurs' learning preferences: A guide for entrepreneurship education
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen C. , Groenewald D.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to determine guidelines for effective entrepreneurship education and training, focusing on the development of entrepreneurial skills, based on what successful, established entrepreneurs look like, how they operate and their learning and thinking preferences. Problem investigated: Entrepreneurial skills training is the difficult part of teaching entrepreneurship and is different from teaching functional and managerial skills related to entrepreneurship. The problem is that training and education focuses primarily on the management and functional business training of entrepreneurs and very seldom on the entrepreneurial skills. This study focuses on the much neglected second leg of entrepreneurship training, as most entrepreneurship programmes focus on the first leg, namely business planning and functions and management skills. Design/methodology/approach: This is a formal and exploratory study. Two measurement instruments (Schein Career Orientations Inventory and the Neethling Brain Instrument) were used and completed by a sample of 50 entrepreneurs of the identified population. The paper address the entrepreneurship education needs as determined by the learning preferences of entrepreneurs. Findings: The research indicated that all the essential entrepreneurial skills are seldom addressed in entrepreneurial training. The entrepreneurial skills that need to be incorporated in these programmes are self-concept, creativity and innovation, risk orientation, good human relations; perseverance and a positive attitude. The research also revealed that entrepreneurs have different learning preferences from other students / learners and this should be taken into consideration in the design of entrepreneurial curricula. Value of research: The paper assist curriculum developers of entrepreneurship education programmes to better align their content to the entrepreneurial skills identified by successful entrepreneurs that need to be developed, and to conduct entrepreneurship education according to the learning preferences of entrepreneurs. Conclusion: The application of the Garavan and O'Cinneide model regarding the methodology in the education of entrepreneurs can therefore be confirmed and recommended. The results of the career anchor and brain instruments indicate the importance of entrepreneurial skills-training and include training in the following areas : self concept; creativity and innovation; risk orientation; good human relations, perseverance and positive attitude.
Secondary tax and its effect on the cost of capital and shareholder value of South African JSE listed companies
Authors: De Wet J. H.v.H , Das A. D.
Published: May 2017

Background: The introduction of a secondary tax on companies (STC) and the lowering of the normal income tax rate in 1993 constituted a dramatic change in the tax structure of South African organisations. The original intention of these changes was to encourage organisations to re-invest profits to make use of capital investment opportunities. It was also anticipated that these tax changes would lower the cost of capital of organisations. Problem investigated: Announcements during the 2007 budget again raised questions about how the proposed changes in STC would affect the value of organisations. The impact of these tax changes has been the topic of some speculation in the absence of concrete research results to date. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of these tax changes and all subsequent changes since 1993 on the cost of capital and shareholder value. Approach: A model of a hypothetical company, representing the 'average' listed South African organisation was used to determine the effect of the introduction of STC and the changes to the STC and company tax rate on the cost of capital and the value of the organisation. Findings: The study found that, contrary to expectations, the tax changes actually caused the cost of capital to go up. Overall, the combined effect of the higher cost of capital and the lower company tax rate caused the theoretical value of organisations to increase, constituting an improvement of shareholder value. Value of research: It is the first local study that endeavoured to analyse and quantify the impact of the introduction of STC and the lowering of the company tax rate on the cost of capital and the value of organisations. Conclusion: The introduction of STC in and the lowering of the company tax rate in 1993, as well as changes to these two forms of taxes since then, seem to have been justified in terms of shareholder value creation.
Conflict reduction in cross-functional projects in South African automotive firms
Authors: Mueller T. , Parker H. , Ross A.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore whether certain organisational control mechanisms can reduce conflict associated with cross-functional projects. Methodology: This is an exploratory study and individuals who had recently engaged in a cross-functional process improvement or change implementation project at automotives firm in South Africa were surveyed. The information collected from the survey was analysed using exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis. Findings: The results of this study indicate that of the three control mechanisms examined, formalisation in project structure had the strongest association with a reduction in conflict. Reward systems that reward both the team as well as the individual were also found to have a significant association with a reduction in conflict. Use of performance measurement systems aimed at achieving strategic alignment did not have an association with conflict reduction in the organisation. Implications: These findings yield the following implications for management practice. Firstly managers need to be conscious that initiatives such as process improvement projects that require individuals from different functions to work together can often result in conflict. Secondly, this conflict can be reduced by formalizing roles and responsibilities and decreasing ambiguity in the project. Thirdly, design of reward systems that incentivise both the cross-functional team as well as the individual can also help to reduce conflict. Contribution and value: This study has shed light on the role of certain organisational control mechanisms on reducing conflict associated with cross-functional projects. It has also contributed to our understanding of how formalisation in project structure influences conflict in comparison to how performance measurement and reward systems influence conflict.
The nature of mentorship in an industrial goods and services company
Authors: Goosen Xenia
Published: May 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of a mentorship programme and to develop a holistic mentorship model to assist organisations in the effective implementation of mentorship programmes. Problem investigated: Mentorship programmes are often implemented in an uncoordinated fashion, resulting in failure. Organisations do not experience the true benefit of mentorship, because not all the factors that have an impact on the success of such an intervention are considered beforehand. Methodology: Phenomenological, semi-structured interviews were conducted with mentors and protégés (N=10), to gain insight into their experience of mentorship programmes. Findings and implications: The results indicated that the mentorship programme and relationship are processes that function interdependently to ensure the success of such programmes. The results further showed that this process needs to be well planned, implemented and evaluated in an attempt to increase the return on investment. Value of the research: Mentorship programmes have the potential of improving organisations' effectiveness. It is therefore of value to approach mentorship in a holistic, well-planned and integrated manner. Conclusion: A holistic, systems view of mentorship would assist organisations in implementing successful mentorship interventions.
Caracterização de parâmetros de qualidade da água na área portuária de Barcarena, PA, Brasil
Authors: Aguilar Piratoba Alba Rocio , Campos Ribeiro Hebe Morganne , Morales Gundisalvo Piratoba , Gonçalves Wanderson Gonçalves e
Published: May 2017

Empresas no pólo industrial do município de Barcarena-PA utilizam matérias primas, insumos e energia e geram resíduos sólidos, efluentes industriais e esgoto doméstico que são lançados em corpos receptores, alterando as suas características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Visando determinar a influência das empresas localizadas no pólo industrial de Barcarena, foi realizado um estudo em um trecho do Rio Pará que sofre influência do lançamento de efluentes industriais das empresas em operação. Para tal, foram selecionados quatro pontos amostrais onde foram realizadas duas campanhas, sendo uma realizada no período menos chuvoso e outra no período chuvoso. Em cada campanha, foram coletadas amostras simultaneamente nos quatro pontos de amostragem durante um período de 12 horas, com intervalos de 90 minutos, iniciando e terminando a coleta no final da vazante. Foram coletadas 36 amostras nos 4 pontos selecionados em cada campanha de amostragem da maré, totalizando 72 amostras nas duas campanhas realizadas. Nas amostras, foram quantificadas variáveis hídricas como: pH, temperatura, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), cor, sódio, cálcio, potássio, cloreto, alcalinidade e dureza. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste estatístico ANOVA de dois fatores com a finalidade de observar se as diferentes variáveis analisadas apresentavam diferenças significativas entre os pontos de amostragem e a sazonalidade, usando nível de significância de 95%. Foi também calculado o Índice de Qualidade de Água (IQA-CETESB). Os testes estatísticos mostraram que a localização dos pontos de amostragem não exerceu influência nos teores médios de pH, porém houve influência significativa para as demais variáveis. Quanto à sazonalidade, houve diferença significativa em praticamente todas as variáveis, com exceção do cloreto e alcalinidade. As amostras de águas apresentaram IQA de qualidade ótima e boa.
Variabilidade de concentração de metano na região do Pantanal Mato-grossense usando dados do satélite AQUA
Authors: De Moraes Tonny Jader , Sallo Fernando Da Silva , De Musis Carlo Ralph , Sanches Luciana , Cabral de Paulo Iramaia Jorge , Palácios Rafael Da Silva
Published: May 2017

A emissão de metano é um fator importante na gestão de áreas alagadas como o Pantanal. Zonas úmidas em todo o mundo contribuem para o ciclo global do CH4, emitindo cerca de um terço do CH4 global. No entanto, a dinâmica de CH4 na atmosfera acima do Pantanal, continua mal compreendida. Neste trabalho estudou-se a variabilidade de CH4 na atmosfera na região do Pantanal com base na série temporal de concentração de CH4 (2003 2013), a partir de dados do sensor AIRS a bordo do satélite AQUA, e se analisou sua relação com a precipitação. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em estatísticas descritivas que incluem médias semanais, anomalias baseadas na variância, correlação cruzada entre precipitação e concentração de CH4, e transformada wavelet. Os resultados mostraram que existe uma concentração média sazonal e a variabilidade da anormalidade de CH4 com uma precipitação é negativa. Variações sub-anuais de CH4 foram inversamente proporcionais às de precipitação, devido possivelmente ao aumento da concentração de hidroxila [OH-] durante a estação chuvosa, o que diminui o saldo de emissão de CH4. A análise wavelet permitiu observar um ciclo anual e interanual da concentração de CH4 entre 2009 a 2013.
Objective assessment of ecosystem hydrological services in tropical areas: A Colombian experience in arid and semi-arid zones
Authors: Domínguez Calle Efrain Antonio , Miranda Jaime Andres Moreno , Rodríguez Maria Helena Olaya , Martínez Juan Felipe , Ruíz Agudelo Cesar Augusto , Madriñan Luis Francisco , Girón Jaime Burbano , Baez Sergio Esteban Lozano
Published: May 2017

This study presents a methodology to address the challenge of objectively demonstrating Ecosystem Hydrological Services (EHS). A case study is used in the region of the La Guajira Peninsula (Colombia), with a focus on the EHS of water flow regulation. The proposed methodology hypothesizes that EHS that have not been objectively demonstrated lead to failures in the implementation of guidelines of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Following this idea, we have tried to understand and quantify the relationship between vegetation coverage and streamflow regulation. To prove this relationship and the existence of the mentioned EHS in the La Guajira Ecosystem, we determined land cover changes from 2000 to 2013 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and we also quantified the streamflow regulation using hydrological and meteorological time series in the study area. The analysis methods used were insufficient to determine the influence of vegetation on hydric regulation EHS; nevertheless, a greater influence of morphometry was observed in medium‑and large-sized basins. Another important finding shows the relevance of selecting an adequate spatial and time resolution when quantifying water flow regulation services and its relationship with land cover characteristics. In this way, this exercise shows the complexity of quantifying EHS. Furthermore, we highlight some aspects that must be taken into account to properly quantify streamflow regulation due to vegetation coverage.
Finite Volume Method for Pricing European and American Options under Jump-Diffusion Models
Authors: Gan Xiao-Ting , Yin Jun-Feng , Guo Yun-Xiang
Published: May 2017

A class of finite volume methods is developed for pricing either European or American options under jump-diffusion models based on a linear finite element space. An easy to implement linear interpolation technique is derived to evaluate the integral term involved, and numerical analyses show that the full discrete system matrices are M-matrices. For European option pricing, the resulting dense linear systems are solved by the generalised minimal residual (GMRES) method; while for American options the resulting linear complementarity problems (LCP) are solved using the modulus-based successive overrelaxation (MSOR) method, where the H+-matrix property of the system matrix guarantees convergence. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of these methods.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Malaria Epidemic in Mainland China, 2004–2014
Authors: Huang Qiang , Hu Lin , Liao Qi-bin , Xia Jing , Wang Qian-ru , Peng Hong-Juan
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study is to characterize spatiotemporal heterogeneities in malaria distribution at a provincial level and investigate the association between malaria incidence and climate factors from 2004 to 2014 in China to inform current malaria control efforts. National malaria incidence peaked (4.6/100,000) in 2006 and decreased to a very low level (0.21/100,000) in 2014, and the proportion of imported cases increased from 16.2% in 2004 to 98.2% in 2014. Statistical analyses of global and local spatial autocorrelations and purely spatial scan statistics revealed that malaria was localized in Hainan, Anhui, and Yunnan during 2004–2009 and then gradually shifted and clustered in Yunnan after 2010. Purely temporal clusters shortened to less than 5 months during 2012–2014. The two most likely clusters detected using spatiotemporal analysis occurred in Anhui between July 2005 and November 2007 and Yunnan between January 2010 and June 2012. Correlation coefficients for the association between malaria incidence and climate factors sharply decreased after 2010, and there were zero-month lag effects for climate factors during 2010–2014. Overall, the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria in China changed from relatively scattered (2004–2009) to relatively clustered (2010–2014). As the proportion of imported cases increased, the effect of climate factors on malaria incidence has gradually become weaker since 2011. Therefore, new warning systems should be applied to monitor resurgence and outbreaks of malaria in mainland China, and quarantine at borders should be reinforced to control the increasingly trend of imported malaria cases.
Conventional Wisdom versus Actual Outcomes: Challenges in the Conduct of an Ebola Vaccine Trial in Liberia during the International Public Health Emergency
Authors: Larson Gregg S. , Baseler Beth R. , Hoover Marie L. , Pierson Jerome F. , Tegli Jemee K. , Johnson Melvin P. , Kieh Mark W. S. , McNay Laura A. , Njoh Wissedi Sio
Published: May 2017

Clinical trials are challenging endeavors. Planning and implementing an investigational vaccine trial in Liberia, in the midst of an Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic that World Health Organization classified a public health emergency of international concern, presented extraordinary challenges. Normally, years of preparation and a litany of tasks lay the groundwork for a successful, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial focused on safety and efficacy. Difficult research settings, unpredictable events, and other unique circumstances can add complexity. The setting in Liberia was especially problematic due to an infrastructure still badly damaged following a lengthy civil war and a very fragile health-care system that was further devastated by the EVD outbreak. The Partnership for Research on Vaccines in Liberia I EVD vaccine trial was planned and implemented in less than 3 months by a Liberian and U.S. research partnership, and its Phase II substudy was fully enrolled 3 months later. Contrasting conventional wisdom with trial outcomes offers an opportunity to compare early assumptions, barriers encountered, and adaptive strategies used, with end results. Understanding what was learned can inform future trial responses when disease outbreaks, especially in resource-poor locations with minimal infrastructure, pose a significant threat to public health.
Keynote Address (November 2016): Zika Virus Disease in the Americas: A Storm in the Making
Authors: Etienne Carissa , Santos Thais dos , Espinal Marcos A.
Published: May 2017

More than 700,000 cases of Zika virus (ZIKAV) disease have been officially reported to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from 48 countries and territories of the Americas. The response led by the PAHO and partners suggests major lessons of this outbreak. A seemingly innocuous pathogen became the new villain, causing fear, economic losses and, most importantly, debilitating birth defects and neurological problems, reaffirming the well-known war principle of never to underestimate one's opponent. The ZIKAV tested public health capacities under the International Health Regulations, highlighting the need for continued investment in health security. Last but not least, the lack of appropriate tools was another reminder of the pressing need for innovative solutions to persistent problems. Latin America and the Caribbean have approximately 500 million persons living in areas at risk for transmission of ZIKAV. The fight against ZIKAV is not a 100-m race, but rather a marathon in which science and public health need to work hand in hand for the benefit of our peoples.
Benzene and toluene in the surface air of northern Eurasia from TROICA-12 campaign along the Trans-Siberian Railway
Authors: Skorokhod Andrey I. , Berezina Elena V. , Moiseenko Konstantin B. , Elansky Nikolay F. , Belikov Igor B.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) on a mobile laboratory in a transcontinental TROICA-12 (21 July–4 August 2008) campaign along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok. Surface concentrations of benzene (C6H6) and toluene (C7H8) along with non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), CO, O3, SO2, NO, NO2 and meteorology are analyzed in this study to identify the main sources of benzene and toluene along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The most measurements in the TROICA-12 campaign were conducted under low-wind/stagnant conditions in moderately ( ∼  78 % of measurements) to weakly polluted ( ∼  20 % of measurements) air directly affected by regional anthropogenic sources adjacent to the railway. Only 2 % of measurements were identified as characteristic of highly polluted urban atmosphere. Maximum values of benzene and toluene during the campaign reached 36.5 and 45.6 ppb, respectively, which is significantly less than their short-term exposure limits (94 and 159 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively). About 90 % of benzene and 65 % of toluene content is attributed to motor vehicle transport and 10 and 20 %, respectively, provided by the other local- and regional-scale sources. The highest average concentrations of benzene and toluene are measured in the industrial regions of the European Russia (up to 0.3 and 0.4 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively) and south Siberia (up to 0.2 and 0.4 ppb for benzene and toluene, respectively). Total contribution of benzene and toluene to photochemical ozone production along the Trans-Siberian Railway is about 16 % compared to the most abundant organic VOC – isoprene. This contribution, however, is found to be substantially higher (up to 60–70 %) in urbanized areas along the railway, suggesting an important role of anthropogenic pollutant sources in regional ozone photochemistry and air quality.
Emission of nitrous acid from soil and biological soil crusts represents a dominant source of HONO in the remote atmosphere in Cyprus
Authors: Meusel Hannah , Tamm Alexandra , Kuhn Uwe , Wu Dianming , Leifke Anna Lena , Fiedler Sabine , Ruckteschler Nina , Yordanova Petya , Lang-Yona Naama , Lelieveld Jos , Hoffmann Thorsten , Pöschl Ulrich , Su Hang , Weber Bettina , Cheng Yafang
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Soil and biological soil crusts can emit nitrous acid (HONO) and nitric oxide (NO). The terrestrial ground surface in arid and semi-arid regions is anticipated to play an important role in the local atmospheric HONO budget, deemed to represent one of the unaccounted HONO sources frequently observed in field studies. In this study HONO and NO emissions from a representative variety of soil and biological soil crust samples from the Mediterranean island Cyprus were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. A wide range of fluxes was observed, ranging from 0.6 to 264 ng m−2 s−1 HONO-N at optimal soil water content (20–30 % of water holding capacity, WHC). Maximum NO-N at this WHC fluxes were lower (0.8–121 ng m−2 s−1). Highest emissions of both reactive nitrogen species were found from bare soil, followed by light and dark cyanobacteria-dominated biological soil crusts (biocrusts), correlating well with the sample nutrient levels (nitrite and nitrate). Extrapolations of lab-based HONO emission studies agree well with the unaccounted HONO source derived previously for the extensive CYPHEX field campaign, i.e., emissions from soil and biocrusts may essentially close the Cyprus HONO budget.
A synthesis of research needs for improving the understanding of atmospheric
mercury cycling
Authors: Zhang Leiming , Lyman Seth , Mao Huiting , Lin Che-Jen , Gay David A. , Wang Shuxiao , Gustin Mae Sexauer , Feng Xinbin , Wania Frank
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This synthesis identifies future research needs in atmospheric mercury science, based on a series of review papers, as well as recent developments in field data collection, modeling analysis, and emission assessments of speciated atmospheric mercury. Research activities are proposed that focus on areas that we consider important. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air-surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation. Knowledge gained in these research areas will significantly improve our understanding of atmospheric cycling from local to global scales.
A DMA-train for precision measurement of sub-10 nm aerosol dynamics
Authors: Stolzenburg Dominik , Steiner Gerhard , Winkler Paul M.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Measurements of aerosol dynamics in the sub-10 nm size range are crucially important for quantifying the impact of new particle formation onto the global budget of cloud condensation nuclei. Here we present the development and characterization of a differential mobility analyzer train (DMA-train), operating six DMAs in parallel for high-time-resolution particle-size-distribution measurements below 10 nm. The DMAs are operated at six different but fixed voltages and hence sizes, together with six state-of-the-art condensation particle counters (CPCs). Two Airmodus A10 particle size magnifiers (PSM) are used for channels below 2.5 nm while sizes above 2.5 nm are detected by TSI 3776 butanol-based or TSI 3788 water-based CPCs. We report the transfer functions and characteristics of six identical Grimm S-DMAs as well as the calibration of a butanol-based TSI model 3776 CPC, a water-based TSI model 3788 CPC and an Airmodus A10 PSM. We find cutoff diameters similar to those reported in the literature. The performance of the DMA-train is tested with a rapidly changing aerosol of a tungsten oxide particle generator during warmup. Additionally we report a measurement of new particle formation taken during a nucleation event in the CLOUD chamber experiment at CERN. We find that the DMA-train is able to bridge the gap between currently well-established measurement techniques in the cluster–particle transition regime, providing high time resolution and accurate size information of neutral and charged particles even at atmospheric particle concentrations.
The effects of meteorological parameters and diffusive barrier reuse on the sampling rate of a passive air sampler for gaseous mercury
Authors: McLagan David S. , Mitchell Carl P. J. , Huang Haiyong , Abdul Hussain Batual , Lei Ying Duan , Wania Frank
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Passive air sampling of gaseous mercury (Hg) requires a high level of accuracy to discriminate small differences in atmospheric concentrations. Meteorological parameters have the potential to decrease this accuracy by impacting the sampling rate (SR), i.e., the volume of air that is effectively stripped of gaseous mercury per unit of time. We measured the SR of a recently calibrated passive air sampler for gaseous Hg in the laboratory under varying wind speeds (wind-still – 6 m s−1), temperatures (−15–35 °C), and relative humidities (44–80 %). While relative humidity has no impact on SR, SR increases slightly with both wind speed (0.003 m3 day−1 increase in SR or 2.5 % of the previously calibrated SR for every m s−1 increase for wind speeds > 1 m s−1, typical of outdoor deployments) and temperature (0.001 m3 day−1 increase in SR or 0.7 % for every 1 °C increase). The temperature dependence can be fully explained by the effect of temperature on the molecular diffusivity of gaseous mercury in air. Although these effects are relatively small, accuracy can be improved by adjusting SRs using measured or estimated temperature and wind speed data at or near sampling sites. We also assessed the possibility of reusing Radiello® diffusive barriers previously used in the passive air samplers. The mean rate of gaseous Hg uptake was not significantly different between new and previously used diffusive barriers in both lab and outdoor deployments, irrespective of the applied cleaning procedure. No memory effect from Radiellos® previously deployed in a high Hg atmosphere was observed. However, a loss in replicate precision for the dirtiest Radiellos® in the indoor experiment suggests that cleaning is advisable prior to reuse.
Reviews and syntheses: Isotopic approaches to quantify root water uptake: a review and comparison of methods
Authors: Rothfuss Youri , Javaux Mathieu
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Plant root water uptake (RWU) has been documented for the past five decades from water stable isotopic analysis. By comparing the (hydrogen or oxygen) stable isotopic compositions of plant xylem water to those of potential contributive water sources (e.g., water from different soil layers, groundwater, water from recent precipitation or from a nearby stream), studies were able to determine the relative contributions of these water sources to RWU. In this paper, the different methods used for locating/quantifying relative contributions of water sources to RWU (i.e., graphical inference, statistical (e.g., Bayesian) multi-source linear mixing models) are reviewed with emphasis on their respective advantages and drawbacks. The graphical and statistical methods are tested against a physically based analytical RWU model during a series of virtual experiments differing in the depth of the groundwater table, the soil surface water status, and the plant transpiration rate value. The benchmarking of these methods illustrates the limitations of the graphical and statistical methods while it underlines the performance of one Bayesian mixing model. The simplest two-end-member mixing model is also successfully tested when all possible sources in the soil can be identified to define the two end-members and compute their isotopic compositions. Finally, the authors call for a development of approaches coupling physically based RWU models with controlled condition experimental setups.
Nitrogen oxides and ozone fluxes from an oilseed-rape management cycle: the influence of cattle slurry application
Authors: Vuolo Raffaella M. , Loubet Benjamin , Mascher Nicolas , Gueudet Jean-Christophe , Durand Brigitte , Laville Patricia , Zurfluh Olivier , Ciuraru Raluca , Stella Patrick , Trebs Ivonne
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This study reports NO, NO2 and O3 mixing ratios and flux measurements using the eddy covariance method during a 7-month period over an oilseed-rape field, spanning an organic and a mineral fertilisation event. Cumulated NO emissions during the whole period were in agreement with previous studies and showed quite low emissions of 0.26 kg N ha−1 with an emission factor of 0.27 %, estimated as the ratio between total N emitted in the form of NO and total N input. The NO emissions were higher following organic fertilisation in August due to conditions favouring nitrification (soil water content around 20 % and high temperatures), while mineral fertilisation in February did not result in high emissions. The ozone deposition velocity increased significantly after organic fertilisation. The analysis of the chemical and turbulent transport times showed that reactions between NO, NO2 and O3 below the measurement height occurred constantly throughout the 7-month period. Following organic fertilisation, the NO ground fluxes were 30 % larger than the NO fluxes at the measurement height (3.2 m), while the NO2 fluxes switched from deposition to emission during certain periods, being negative at the surface and positive at the measurement height. This phenomenon of apparent NO2 emissions appears to be significant during strong NO emissions and high O3 ambient mixing ratios, even on a bare soil during August.
Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created Kleine Noordwaard wetland area in the Rhine-Meuse delta
Authors: van der Deijl Eveline Christien , van der Perk Marcel , Middelkoop Hans
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Many deltas are threatened by accelerated soil subsidence, sea level rise, increasing river discharge, and sediment starvation. Effective delta restoration and effective river management require a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of aggradation, erosion, and their controls. Sediment dynamics has been studied at floodplains and marshes, but little is known about the sediment dynamics and budget of newly created wetlands. Here we take advantage of a recently opened tidal freshwater system to study both the mechanisms and controls of aggradation and erosion in newly created wetlands. We quantified both the magnitude and spatial patterns of aggradation and erosion in a former polder area in which water and sediment have been reintroduced since 2008. Based on terrestrial and bathymetric elevation data, supplemented with field observations of the location and height of cut banks and the thickness of the newly deposited layer of sediment, we determined the sediment budget of the study area for the period 2008–2015. Aggradation primarily took place in channels in the central part of the former polder area, whereas channels near the inlet and outlet of the area experienced considerable erosion. At the intertidal flats, sand aggradation especially takes place at low lying locations close to the channels. Mud aggradation typically occurs further away from the channels, but sediment is in general uniformly distributed over the intertidal area, due to the presence of topographic irregularities and micro topographic flow paths. Cut bank retreat does not significantly contribute to the total sediment budget, because wind wave formation is limited by the length of the fetch. Consecutive measurements of channel bathymetry show a decrease in erosion and aggradation rates over time, but the overall result of this study indicate that the area functions as a sediment trap. On average, the area traps approximately 46 % of the sediment delivered to the study area, which is approximately 3 % of the sediment load of the River Rhine at the Dutch-German border. The total sediment budget of the study area amounts to 29.7 × 103 m3 year−1, which corresponds to a net area-averaged aggradation rate of 5.1 mm year−1. This is enough to compensate for the actual rates of sea level rise and soil subsidence in The Netherlands.
Convective rainfall in dry climate: relations with synoptic systems
and flash-flood generation in the Dead Sea region
Authors: Belachsen Idit , Marra Francesco , Peleg Nadav , Morin Efrat
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Space-time patterns of rainfall are important characteristics that influence runoff generation and flash-flood magnitude and require high-resolution measurements to be adequately represented. This need is further emphasized in arid climates, where rainfall is scarce and highly variable. In this study, 24 years of corrected and gauge-adjusted radar rainfall estimates are used to identify spatial structure and dynamics of convective rain cells in a dry climate region in the Eastern Mediterranean, to determine their climatology, and to understand their relation with the governing synoptic systems and with flash-flood generation. Rain cells are extracted using a segmentation method and a tracking algorithm and are clustered into three synoptic patterns according to atmospheric variables from ERA-Interim reanalyses. On average, they are 90 km2 in size, move 13 m s−1 from west to east, and live 18 minutes. Cyprus low accounts for 30 % of the events, low to the east of the study region for 44 % and Active Red Sea Trough for 26 %. Active Red Sea Trough produces shorter rain events composed of rain cells with higher rain intensities, longer lifetime, smaller area and lower velocities. The area of rain cells is positively correlated with topographic height. The number of cells is negatively correlated with the distance from the shoreline. ‎Rain cell intensity is negatively correlated with mean annual precipitation. Flash flood related events are dominated by rain cells of large size, low velocity and long lifetime that move downstream with the main axis of the catchments. These results can be further used for stochastic simulations of convective rain storms and serve as input for hydrological models and for flash-flood nowcasting systems.
Planar Seismic Source Characterization Models Developed for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of Istanbul
Authors: Gülerce Zeynep , Soyman Kadir Buğra , Güner Barış , Kaymakci Nuretdin
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This contribution provides an updated planar seismic source characterization (SSC) model to be used in the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for Istanbul. It defines planar rupture systems for the four main segments of North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) that are critical for the PSHA of Istanbul: segments covering the rupture zones of 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes, Central Marmara, and Ganos/Saros segments. In each rupture system, the source geometry is defined in terms of fault length, fault width, fault plane attitude, and segmentation points. Activity rates and the magnitude recurrence models for each rupture system are established by considering geological and geodetic constraints and are tested based on the observed seismicity that associated with the rupture system. Uncertainty in the SSC model parameters (e.g. b-value, maximum magnitude, weights of the rupture scenarios) is considered in the logic tree. To acknowledge the effect of earthquakes that are not associated with the defined rupture systems on the hazard, a background zone is introduced and the seismicity rates in the background zone are calculated using smoothed-seismicity approach. The state-of-the-art SSC model presented here is the first fully-documented and ready-to-use fault-based SSC model developed for the PSHA of Istanbul.