bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of Emotional Climate in Human Resource Management
Authors: Vaitkevicius Sigitas , Papsiene Palmira
Published: April 2020

Research is concentrated on efficient human resource management while pursuing organizational goals and benefits for every employee and organization as a whole. Under the requirements of global market, managers expect their subordinates to be effortlessly managed, confident, dynamic in completion of assigned tasks, and ensuring maximum work efficiency. Such a possibility is theoretically analysed in this article by employing deductive thinking in interdisciplinary integration. The article describes the formation of employee emotional climate, which has impact on employee behaviour in individual as well as in team work, based on application of human resource evaluation factor with contribution of manipulations. Hypothetical presumptions resulted in assumptions that have shown dominance of disjunction (or); it means that interaction between alternatives is impossible. Therefore, logical interactions were prepared on the basis of deductive thinking by usage of Law (or principle) of the Excluded Third. These logical interactions resulted in models of emotional climate formation.
The work of the Council of Border Troops' Commanders on combating illegal migration at the external borders of the CIS member-states
Authors: Kaldyshev Aleksey Nikolaevich
Published: April 2020

The subject of this research is the work of the Council of Border Troops' Commanders on combating illegal migration at the external borders of the CIS member-states. The conducted analysis determines the practical components of main efforts and separate results of the activity of the Council of Border Troops' Commanders. However, the dynamic changes in situation and forms of illegal activity at the external borders of CIS member-states obligates the border and law enforcement authorities to act using the advanced technologies. Research methodology includes the combination of general scientific methods, such as systemic analysis and summarization of scientific concepts. The main conclusions consists in recommendations of improvement of the system of information exchange between the bodies of sectoral cooperation on combatting illegal migration at the external borders of CIS member-states, with consideration of the existing experience of the bodies of sectoral cooperation, as well as the experience of other international organizations and foreign countries.
Transcriptome for the breast muscle of Jinghai yellow chicken at early growth stages
Authors: Wu Pengfei , Zhang Xinchao , Zhang Genxi , Chen Fuxiang , He Mingliang , Zhang Tao , Wang Jinyu , Xie Kaizhou , Dai Guojun
Published: April 2020

Background

The meat quality of yellow feathered broilers is better than the quality of its production. Growth traits are important in the broiler industry. The exploration of regulation mechanisms for the skeletal muscle would help to increase the growth performance of chickens. At present, some progress has been made by researchers, but the molecular mechanisms of the skeletal muscle still remain unclear and need to be improved.

Methods

In this study, the breast muscles of fast- and slow-growing female Jinghai yellow chickens (F4F, F8F, F4S, F8S) and slow-growing male Jinghai yellow chickens (M4S, M8S) aged four and eight weeks were selected for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). All analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment were performed. Finally, we selected nine DEGs to verify the accuracy of the sequencing by qPCR.

Results

The differential gene expression analysis resulted in 364, 219 and 111 DEGs (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) for the three comparison groups, F8FvsF4F, F8SvsF4S, and M8SvsM4S, respectively. Three common DEGs (ADAMTS20, ARHGAP19, and Novel00254) were found, and they were all highly expressed at four weeks of age. In addition, some other genes related to growth and development, such as ANXA1, COL1A1, MYH15, TGFB3 and ACTC1, were obtained. The most common DEGs (n = 58) were found between the two comparison groups F8FvsF4F and F8SvsF4S, and they might play important roles in the growth of female chickens. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway also showed some significant enrichment pathways, for instance, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cell cycle, and DNA replication. The two pathways that were significantly enriched in the F8FvsF4F group were all contained in that of F8SvsF4S. The same two pathways were ECM–receptor interaction and focal adhesion, and they had great influence on the growth of chickens. However, many differences existed between male and female chickens in regards to common DEGs and KEGG pathways. The results would help to reveal the regulation mechanism of the growth and development of chickens and serve as a guideline to propose an experimental design on gene function with the DEGs and pathways.
Заметки о сяошо: «Е жэнь сянь хуа», "Письменные памятники Востока"
Authors: Алимов Игорь Александрович
Published: April 2020

Статья является частью большого продолжающегося исследования под общим названием «Краткая история китайской прозы сяошо I-XIII вв.» и посвящена одному из сборников сяошо этого времени - «Е жэнь сянь хуа» («Досужие речи живущего в глуши») Гэн Хуаня. Это собрание разнообразных рассказов о необычайном, бытовавших в Шу (совр. пров. Сычуань), а также некоторых неофициальных сведений о тех, кто служил этому царству, и самих шуских правителях. В статье рассматривается история создания текста, анализируется его состав, исследуется вопрос бытования «Е жэнь сянь хуа».
Оценка влияния взвеси на спектральный показатель ослабления света в Телецком озере (Перевод на англ, яз.: Е.С. Кочеткова), "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Акулова О.Б. , Букатый В.И. , Кочеткова Е.С.
Published: April 2020

Представлены результаты измерений спектрального показателя ослабления света в диапазоне 400-800 нм по акватории Телецкого озера, полученные в ходе летней экспедиции (19-23 июня 2018 г.). В исследуемый период значения показателя ослабления (при натуральном основании логарифма) в различных точках отбора проб варьировались в пределах 0.2-4.4 м в вышеуказанном спектральном диапазоне длин волн. Для оценки влияния взвеси на суммарный показатель ослабления рассчитан её относительный спектральный вклад, а также других основных оптически активных компонентов озёрной воды - жёлтого вещества, хлорофилла «а» и чистой воды. Спектральный вклад взвеси в показатель ослабления света на длине волны 430 нм находился в пределах 2.3-33.4 %, на длине волны 550 нм - 5.9-47.8 %. Для определения гранулометрического состава и счётной концентрации частиц взвеси использован метод оптической микроскопии. По данным измерений средневзвешенные радиусы частиц в пробах воды с поверхностного слоя озера находились преимущественно в интервале 0.5-0.8 мкм, концентрации - от 0.9Т0см до З.ЗТ0см. Распределения частиц по размерам аппроксимировались функцией Юнге с коэффициентом детерминации от 0.63 до 0.99.
Определение характеристик водометного движителя и параметров гидродинамического следа за подводным объектом на основе методов вычислительной гидродинамики, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Сухоруков А.Л. , Чернышев И.А.
Published: April 2020

На основе численных методов динамики вязкой жидкости выполнен расчет гидродинамического взаимодействия рабочего колеса, направляющего аппарата и направляющей насадки водометного движителя. Определены параметры гидродинамического следа за корпусом подводной лодки, проведено сопоставление с экспериментальными данными. Результаты этого сопоставления позволяют сделать вывод о корректности применяемой расчетной модели. Разработанная методика позволяет вычислять гидродинамические воздействия на элементы водометного движителя при различных режимах работы рабочего колеса. Возможно моделирование сложных нестационарных режимов движения подводной лодки, проведение которых в процессе испытаний сопряжено со значительными техническими трудностями. К числу таких режимов относят реверс движителя подводной лодки. Показано, что с точки зрения обеспечения параметров скрытности подводной лодки по гидродинамическому следу наиболее предпочтительным является режим установившегося движения подводной лодки. При прочих равных условиях в турбулентном следе с нулевым избыточным импульсом происходит более быстрое затухание вдоль по потоку параметров следа, по сравнению со струей в спутном потоке (режим разгона подводной лодки) или спутном следе за телом (режим торможения подводной лодки). Представленный подход позволяет повысить эффективность проектно-конструкторских работ за счет комплексного многопараметрического анализа влияния различных факторов на гидродинамические характеристики водометного движителя и параметры следности подводной лодки.
Основные тенденции развития морских магнитометрических средств, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Нерсесов Б.А.
Published: April 2020

Перспективными средствами мониторинга акватории с предполагаемым наличием подводных потенциально опасных объектов являются морские магнитометры, которые с успехом используется для их поиска, особенно в условиях неэффективности гидроакустических средств: на мелководье, в любых средах - воде, донном грунте, а, главное, на границе этих сред. Как правило, магнитометрический поиск подводного объекта проводится по траектории «меандра», основными характеристиками которого являются ширина поисковой полосы, зависящая от магнитных характеристик подводного объекта, а также длина поискового галса. Анализ тенденций развития морских магнитометров выявил следующие основные направления: расширение их функциональных возможностей, повышение чувствительности датчиков магнитного поля и увеличение массогабаритных характеристик. Однако, в соответствии с современными требованиями, основные направления развития средств морской магнитометрии изменились кардинальным образом. Установлено, что процесс обнаружения подводного ферромагнитного объекта мобильными магнитометрами носит стохастический характер, который не учитывается традиционной методикой определения рекомендованной полосы его поиска, что приводит к недопустимому риску пропуска объекта. Поэтому новой тенденцией совершенствования поискового магнитометрического процесса является учет его стохастичности и разработка методологического аппарата оценки эффективности обнаружения подводных объектов. Предложен вероятностный подход к алгоритму обработки информации магнитометрического сигнала, определяющий ширину рекомендованной полосы поиска объекта с гарантированными значениями вероятностных характеристик его обнаружения.
Научный путь МихаилаАндреевича Великанова: создание геофизического направления в гидрологии и науки о русловых процессах, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Широкова В.А. , СОБИСЕВИЧ А.В.
Published: April 2020

М. А. Великанов (1879-1964) известен как один из основоположников гидрологии суши. В 1917 г. он начал свою преподавательскую деятельность в Томском технологическом институте, затем в 1921 г. получил должность профессора в Московском межевом институте и в 1923 г. Московском техническом училище. С 1930 по 1941 гг. руководил кафедрой динамики русловых потоков в Московском гидрометеорологическом институте. В 1935 г. в Энергетическом институте АН СССР М. А. Великанов создал лабораторию физической гидродинамики (с 1947 г. - лаборатория русловых процессов ИГ АН СССР), которой руководил до 1952 г. В 1945 г. на физическом факультете Московского государственного университета организовал подготовку специалистов физики руслового потока. М. А. Великанов осуществил идею создания стоковых станций, которые впоследствии нашли широкое распространение в СССР и за рубежом. В своих научных исследованиях он уделял большое внимание закономерностям физики руслового потока и свойствам потоков высокой мутности.
КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ИЗОНИАЗИД-УСТОЙЧИВОГО ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА ЛЕГКИХ С ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ К ДРУГИМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Захаров Андрей Владимирович
Published: April 2020

В сводном руководстве ВОЗ по лечению лекарственно-устойчивого туберкулеза (ТБ) [5] изучение оптимизации лечения изониазид-устойчивого ТБ с подтвержденной чувствительностью к рифампицину и дополнительной устойчивостью к другим препаратам рассматривается как одно из приоритетных направлений исследований. Для оценки особенностей клинического течения и эффективности лечения изониазид-устойчивого ТБ был проведен ретроспективный анализ 650 историй болезни ВИЧ-отрицательных больных с различными спектрами устойчивости возбудителя. Установлено, что изониазид-устойчивый ТБ у 58,9% больных встречается при повторных курсах химиотерапии и в 48,6% случаев протекает в форме инфильтративного ТБ. Различные по объему поражения легких встречались при устойчивости к изониазиду сравнительно одинаково, с некоторой тенденцией к сегментарным и долевым локализациям. Множественные деструкции наблюдались у 59,8% больных, при этом у 49,5% полости имели размер 2-4 см. Изониазид-устойчивые спектры возбудителя были представлены 15 вариантами сочетаний химиопрепаратов, при этом чаще наблюдались спектры HSE и HSEKm. У 53,9% больных с МЛУ ТБ в анамнезе наблюдались изониазид-устойчивые спектры возбудителя. Прекращение бактериовыделения к окончанию 8-го месяца химиотерапии у больных с устойчивостью к изониазиду наступило у 49,7%, закрытие полостей - у 38,3% больных. Было установлено, что устойчивость возбудителя к изониазиду ассоциируется с утяжелением клинико-рентгенологических характеристик и снижением эффективности лечения Тб легких в сравнении с лекарственно-чувствительным в среднем на 20-25%.
Quality Evaluation of Mango Stored in Evaporative Coolers
Authors: Balogun A. A. , Ariahu C. C. , Alakali J. S.
Published: April 2020

Postharvest loss of fruit and vegetables especially mango, is a major challenge of agriculture. A research was therefore conducted to evaluate the quality of fresh mango fruits stored in two evaporative coolers, a non-cladded burnt-clay-brick (NBBEC) and an aluminum-cladded burnt-clay-brick evaporative coolers (ABBEC) to reduce postharvest loss. The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes of mango stored in the coolers and in ambient were evaluated. Metabolic rates of mango were highest in ambient storage, intermediate in NBBEC with least values obtained in ABBEC. Beta carotene, ascorbic acid and acidity decreased while total soluble solids, pH and microbial load increased during storage. Mango stored in aluminum-cladded burnt-clay-brick evaporative cooler exhibited lower biochemical and physiological reaction rates hence tissue breakdown, colour changes, pH and titratable acidity were lower in ABBEC than in NBBEC and ambient storage conditions. ABBEC is therefore recommended for stop gap extension of shelf life of mango.
Adult Gastric Bronchogenic Cyst With Elevated Tumor Marker in Containing Fluid: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Duan Jixuan , Yan Sheng , Zhang Qiyi , Wu Jingjin , Du Yu , Owusu-Ansah K. G , Zheng Shusen
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Duplication cysts are rare malformations that exist in the alimentary tract, and the mucosa of gastric bronchogenic cyst lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (PCCE) is even more rare. We reviewed related literatures to depict this unique abnormality.

Case presentation:

Herein we report an abdominal mass that was found incidentally in a 52-year-old female. The biochemical test of contents revealed a high concentration of tumor markers unusually. A laparoscopic surgery was undertaken to remove the lesion. The cyst was found to originate from the stomach but did not show any anatomic communication with the stomach lumen. Pathologic examination confirmed the mucosa was lined by PCCE.

Conclusion:

The symptoms and radiologic presentations of GDC are nonspecific. It should be distinguished with other abdominal cystic masses. Surgery is advised in respective of malignancy.
A Case of Laterally Spreading Tumor of the Rectum Treated by Endoscope-Assisted Transanal Tumor Resection
Authors: Tanaka Naritaka , Morinaga Nobuhiro , Shitara Yoshinori , Ishizaki Masatoshi , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: April 2020

Background:

Curability and function should be considered in resection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor (LST).

Methods:

We performed endoscopic transanal resection for a rectal LST extending to the pectinate line to preserve anal function and avoid a colostomy in 1 case and describe our procedure below. An 80-year-old man with a group 5 adenocarcinoma tub1/2 and no metastasis was considered for transanal resection because of his refusal of a colostomy and for staging and preservation of anal function. A strategy involving endoscopic submucosal dissection for mucosal cutting at the proximal side and for submucosal dissection of the maximum area at the anal side of the tumor was chosen, considering the tumor size. With the patient in a jackknife position, the tumor was marked circumferentially with coagulation dots, after which MucoUp with bosmin was injected into the submucosa at the proximal side. Mucosal and submucosal dissection was performed using DualKnife to remove the largest possible area toward the anal side. Transanal resection was performed under direct vision using an anal retractor, wherein the mucosa was cut circumferentially by extending the existing resection line along with removal of the submucosa.

Results:

En bloc resection with clear margins was achieved. Postoperatively, retroperitoneal emphysema was observed on a computed tomography scan, which resolved after 1 week of fasting. The patient was discharged 20 days postoperatively. Neither recurrence nor metastasis has been observed 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Our procedure enabled successful resection of a rectal LST with negative margins and preservation of anal function.
Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Early Gastric Cancer With a Rare Positional Abnormality of the Common Hepatic Artery and Splenic Vein: A Case Report
Authors: Kataoka Masahiro , Kitazawa Masato , Takahata Shyuugo , Hondo Nao , Takahata Shugo , Ehara Takehito , Yamamoto Yuuta , Koyama Makoto , Satoshi Nakamura , Okumura Motohiro , Tokumaru Shigeo , Muranaka Futoshi , Miyagawa Yusuke , Soejima Yuuji
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

We report a case of successful laparoscopic total gastrectomy with very rare vascular abnormality.

Case presentation:

A 35-year-old woman was diagnosed with early gastric cancer through a medical checkup. A preoperative computed tomography scan revealed positional variation of the common hepatic artery and splenic vein. The common hepatic artery branched normally from the celiac artery, but the splenic vein was located anterior to it. The patient was successfully treated via laparoscopic total gastrectomy without surgical complications.

Conclusion:

This vascular abnormality is extremely rare, and to our knowledge, there is no report of surgical cases with this vascular variation. Because of the difficulty in confirming the running pattern of the artery intraoperatively, it is important to ascertain the arterial running pattern preoperatively using computed tomography, including 3-dimensional angiographic imaging.
Provision and use of radiotherapy in Europe
Authors: Lievens Yolande , Borras Josep M. , Grau Cai
Published: April 2020

Radiation therapy is one of the core components of multidisciplinary cancer care. Although ~ 50% of all European cancer patients have an indication for radiotherapy at least once in the course of their disease, more than one out of four cancer patients in Europe do not receive the radiotherapy they need. There are multiple reasons for this underutilisation, with limited availability of the necessary resources – in terms of both trained personnel and equipment – being a major underlying cause of suboptimal access to radiotherapy. Moreover, large variations across European countries are observed, not only in available radiotherapy equipment and personnel per inhabitant or per cancer patient requiring radiotherapy, but also in workload. This variation is in part determined by the country's gross national income. Radiation therapy and technology are advancing quickly; hence, recommendations supporting resource planning and investment should reflect this dynamic environment and account for evolving treatment complexity and fractionation schedules. The forecasted increase in cancer incidence, the rapid introduction of innovative cancer treatments and the more active involvement of patients in the healthcare discussion are all factors that should be taken under consideration. In this continuously changing oncology landscape, reliable data on the actual provision and use of radiotherapy, the optimal evidence‐based demand and the future needs are crucial to inform cancer care planning and address and overcome the current inequalities in access to radiotherapy in Europe.
Optimal structural restoration of historic building in Japan considering lifecycle seismic loss analysis
Authors: Takahashi Noriyuki , Katakai Yusuke , Aoki Takayoshi
Published: April 2020

An economic performance evaluation scheme of historic buildings that consider the effect of structural renovation is proposed to provide information facilitating to the selection of reasonable renovation methods for preserving historic buildings. Ground motion scenarios, herein referred to as “lifecycle earthquake scenarios” in accordance with the previous research, were simulated to represent the annual maximum earthquake intensity data from the year of decision‐making until the end year of the building's lifetime. Additionally, the structural characteristics of historic buildings with masonry infill walls as part of the structure were analyzed under the “lifecycle earthquake scenarios.” Through a parametric analysis accounting for the change in structural characteristics and the repair costs in the lifecycle earthquake scenarios, the economic performance of historic buildings was calculated. Based on the results, the demand spectrum that satisfied the economic performance was obtained. This demand spectrum can provide the optimal structural renovation method to facilitate the building owner in making decisions regarding preservation.
Vertical Drop Jump Performance in Youth With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Kuntze Gregor , Nettel-Aguirre Alberto , Brooks Julia , Esau Shane , Nesbitt Colleen , Mosher Dianne , Twilt Marinka , Benseler Susanne , Ronsky Janet L. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with altered body structure and function outcomes that may expose youth with JIA to a greater risk of secondary joint injury. This study aimed to examine differences in vertical drop jump (VDJ) biomechanics for youth with JIA and healthy youth (control group).

Methods

The present study was a matched pair cohort study. Youth with JIA (n = 30) and their age‐ and sex‐matched control peers participated in this ethics‐approved study. Lower‐extremity biomechanics information was obtained using a motion analysis system (Motion Analysis) and 2 force plates (AMTI). Biomechanics outcomes included hip, knee, and ankle joint angles, ground reaction forces (GRF), and VDJ phase durations. Other outcomes included disease activity, physical disability, and sports participation. Matched pairs data (JIA–control) were analyzed using a multivariate random coefficient model (version 3.5.0, R Core Team; joint angles, potential confounders) and paired samples t‐tests with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.0125; GRF, VDJ phase durations).

Results

Youth with JIA had low disease activity, pain, and disability scores. Youth with JIA maintained a more erect posture at the hip (β = –4.0°, P = 0.004), knee (β = 7.5°, P = 0.004) and ankle (β = –2.6°, P = 0.001). GRF and phase durations outcomes did not meet criteria for significant differences. Knee extension increased with participant age (β = –1.0°, P = 0.002), while female participants displayed greater hip flexion (β = –6.6°, P = 0.001) and less ankle dorsiflexion (β = 2.3°, P = 0.006).

Conclusion

This study provides evidence for a stiff knee landing strategy by youth with JIA. These findings inform targets for physical therapy management to mitigate the risks of a secondary joint injury in sports participation.
Neurovascular and immune mechanisms that regulate postoperative delirium superimposed on dementia
Authors: Wang Ping , Velagapudi Ravikanth , Kong Cuicui , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Wetsel William C. , Yang Ting , Berger Miles , Gelbard Harris A. , Colton Carol A. , Terrando Niccolò
Published: April 2020

Objective

The present work evaluates the relationship between postoperative immune and neurovascular changes and the pathogenesis of surgery‐induced delirium superimposed on dementia.

Background and rationale

Postoperative delirium is a common complication in many older adults and in patients with dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The course of delirium can be particularly debilitating, while its pathophysiology remains poorly defined.

Historical evolution

As of 2019, an estimated 5.8 million people of all ages have been diagnosed with AD, 97% of whom are >65 years of age. Each year, many of these patients require surgery. However, anesthesia and surgery can increase the risk for further cognitive decline. Surgery triggers neuroinflammation both in animal models and in humans, and a failure to resolve this inflammatory state may contribute to perioperative neurocognitive disorders as well as neurodegenerative pathology.

Updated hypothesis

We propose an immunovascular hypothesis whereby dysregulated innate immunity negatively affects the blood‐brain interface, which triggers delirium and thereby exacerbates AD neuropathology.

Early experimental data

We have developed a translational model to study delirium superimposed on dementia in APPSwDI/mNos2−/−AD mice (CVN‐AD) after orthopedic surgery. At 12 months of age, CVN‐AD showed distinct neuroimmune and vascular impairments after surgery, including acute microgliosis and amyloid‐β deposition. These changes correlated with attention deficits, a core feature of delirium‐like behavior.

Future experiments and validation studies

Future research should determine the extent to which prevention of surgery‐induced microgliosis and/or neurovascular unit dysfunction can prevent or ameliorate postoperative memory and attention deficits in animal models. Translational human studies should evaluate perioperative indices of innate immunity and neurovascular integrity and assess their potential link to perioperative neurocognitive disorders.

Major challenges for the hypothesis

Understanding the complex relationships between delirium and dementia will require mechanistic studies aimed at evaluating the role of postoperative neuroinflammation and blood‐brain barrier changes in the setting of pre‐existing neurodegenerative and/or aging‐related pathology.

Linkage to other major theories

Non‐resolving inflammation with vascular disease that leads to cognitive impairments and dementia is increasingly important in risk stratification for AD in the aging population. The interdependence of these factors with surgery‐induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction is also becoming apparent, providing a strong platform for assessing the relationship between postoperative delirium and longer term cognitive dysfunction in older adults.
Nimodipine Reduces Dysfunction and Demyelination in Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Desai Roshni A. , Davies Andrew L. , Del Rossi Natalie , Tachrount Mohamed , Dyson Alex , Gustavson Britta , Kaynezhad Pardis , Mackenzie Lewis , van der Putten Marieke A. , McElroy Daniel , Schiza Dimitra , Linington Christopher , Singer Mervyn , Harvey Andrew R. , Tachtsidis Ilias , Golay Xavier , Smith Kenneth J.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Treatment of relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not advanced beyond steroid use, which reduces acute loss of function, but has little effect on residual disability. Acute loss of function in an MS model (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [EAE]) is partly due to central nervous system (CNS) hypoxia, and function can promptly improve upon breathing oxygen. Here, we investigate the cause of the hypoxia and whether it is due to a deficit in oxygen supply arising from impaired vascular perfusion. We also explore whether the CNS‐selective vasodilating agent, nimodipine, may provide a therapy to restore function, and protect from demyelination in 2 MS models.

Methods

A variety of methods have been used to measure basic cardiovascular physiology, spinal oxygenation, mitochondrial function, and tissue perfusion in EAE.

Results

We report that the tissue hypoxia in EAE is associated with a profound hypoperfusion of the inflamed spinal cord. Treatment with nimodipine restores spinal oxygenation and can rapidly improve function. Nimodipine therapy also reduces demyelination in both EAE and a model of the early MS lesion.

Interpretation

Loss of function in EAE, and demyelination in EAE, and the model of the early MS lesion, seem to be due, at least in part, to tissue hypoxia due to local spinal hypoperfusion. Therapy to improve blood flow not only protects neurological function but also reduces demyelination. We conclude that nimodipine could be repurposed to offer substantial clinical benefit in MS. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:123–136
Oxidative Stability of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Oil Blends
Authors: Rodríguez Gilbert , Villanueva Eudes , Cortez Danco , Sanchez Esther , Aguirre Elza , Hidalgo Alyssa
Published: April 2020

Chia and sesame oils are important sources of essential fatty acids; however, their ω‐3:ω‐6 proportions do not comply with nutritional recommendation. A feasible approach to improve the ratio is to blend different oils, but only after understanding physical and chemical changes of the new matrix. Objective of the investigation was to determine the physico‐chemical characteristics and the oxidative stability index (OSI), using the Rancimat method, of chia‐sesame oil blends. The four ω‐3:ω‐6 blends tested (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10) were exposed to temperatures of 110, 120, and 130 °C. The OSI values of the mixtures varied between 6.24–8.08, 3.07–4.00, and 1.62–2.01 hours for each temperature, respectively. In addition, their mean activation energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Q10 were 88.4 kJ/mol, 85.2 kJ/mol, −41.1 J/mol K, and 2.0. Finally, a shelf life prediction performed at 25 °C indicated stability times between 80 and 123 days. Therefore, combining chia and sesame oils produced blends with a good balance of essential fatty acids.
Botanical microbiomes on the cheap: Inexpensive molecular fingerprinting methods to study plant‐associated communities of bacteria and fungi
Authors: Johnston‐Monje David , Lopez Mejia Jessica
Published: April 2020

High‐throughput sequencing technologies have revolutionized the study of plant‐associated microbial populations, but they are relatively expensive. Molecular fingerprinting techniques are more affordable, yet yield considerably less information about the microbial community. Does this mean they are no longer useful for plant microbiome research? In this paper, we review the past 10 years of studies on plant‐associated microbiomes using molecular fingerprinting methodologies, including single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), amplicon length heterogeneity PCR (LH‐PCR), ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). We also present data juxtaposing results from TRFLP methods with those generated using Illumina sequencing in the comparison of rhizobacterial populations of Brazilian maize and fungal surveys in Canadian tomato roots. In both cases, the TRFLP approach yielded the desired results at a level of resolution comparable to that of the MiSeq method, but at a fraction of the cost. Community fingerprinting methods (especially TRFLP) remain relevant for the identification of dominant microbes in a population, the observation of shifts in plant microbiome community diversity, and for screening samples before their use in more sensitive and expensive approaches.
On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in COVID‐19
Authors: Henderson Lauren A. , Canna Scott W. , Schulert Grant S. , Volpi Stefano , Lee Pui Y. , Kernan Kate F. , Caricchio Roberto , Mahmud Shawn , Hazen Melissa M. , Halyabar Olha , Hoyt Kacie J. , Han Joseph , Grom Alexei A. , Gattorno Marco , Ravelli Angelo , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Behrens Edward M. , Cron Randy Q. , Nigrovic Peter A.
Published: April 2020

Poor outcomes in COVID‐19 correlate with clinical and laboratory features of cytokine storm syndrome. Broad screening for cytokine storm and early, targeted antiinflammatory therapy may prevent immunopathology and could help conserve limited health care resources. While studies are ongoing, extrapolating from clinical experience in cytokine storm syndromes may benefit the multidisciplinary teams caring for patients with severe COVID‐19.
Regioselective Mono‐ and Dialkylation of [6,6]‐open C60(CF2): Synthetic and Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Bogdanov Viktor P. , Brotsman Victor A. , Belov Nikita M. , Rybalchenko Alexey V. , Markov Vitaliy Yu. , Troyanov Sergey I. , Goryunkov Alexey A.
Published: April 2020

Alkylation of homofullerene [6,6]‐C60(CF2)2− dianion with the set of alkyl halides, RX, was established to demonstrate an effect of RX nature on the conversion, product composition, and regioselectivity. The respective C60(CF2)RH, C60(CF2)R2 and C60(CF2)R’R’’ compounds were obtained in the reaction with sterically unhindered RX, isolated by HPLC and unequivocally characterized. The kinetic studies evidenced SN2 mechanism for both alkylation steps, yielding mono‐ and dialkylated C60(CF2), respectively, and indicated the negative charge localization at the bridgehead carbon atoms as well as a steric hindrance of the CF2 moiety likely to be a key factors for the SN2 reaction mechanism and observed regioselectivity. The significant difference in the rate constants of the first and the second steps is attributed to the different activation barriers predicted by DFT calculations which makes possible to develop synthetic methods for the regioselective preparation of monoalkylated C60(CF2)RH and heterodialkylated C60(CF2)R’R’’ derivatives.
Suppression of Undesirable Isomerization and Intermolecular Reactions of Double Bonds by a Linked Rotaxane Structure
Authors: Miyagishi Hiromichi V. , Masai Hiroshi , Terao Jun
Published: April 2020

For luminescent materials, the isomerization and intermolecular reactions of their double bonds are often undesirable because they cause a reduction in the luminescence properties of the π‐system. Herein, we report a new methodology to simultaneously prevent isomerization and intermolecular reactions by utilizing the steric effect of a linked rotaxane structure. The ring units are covalently linked in order to prevent any undesired shuttling effect from occurring during isomerization. In addition, the insulated structure provides robust optical properties by prevention of intermolecular reactions. Bulky linked rotaxane structures on both sides of the N=N and C=C double bonds suppress E/Z isomerization; photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measurements reveal that this results in suppression of PLQY reduction caused by isomerization. Moreover, an improvement in the stability under light irradiation and air atmosphere is demonstrated.
Cationic Iridium/Chiral Bisphosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroacylation of Ketones
Authors: Shirai Tomohiko , Iwasaki Tomoya , Kanemoto Kazuya , Yamamoto Yasunori
Published: April 2020

A facile and convenient synthesis of the chiral phthalide framework catalyzed by cationic iridium was developed. The method utilized cationic iridium/bisphosphine‐catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular carbonyl hydroacylation of 2‐keto benzaldehydes to furnish the corresponding optically active phthalide products in good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). The mechanistic studies using a deuterium‐labelled substrate suggested that the reaction involved an intramolecular carbonyl insertion mechanism to iridium hydride intermediate. In addition, we investigated the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of intramolecular hydroacylation with deuterated substrate and determined that the C−H activation step is not included in the turnover‐limiting step.
Water and sewer affordability in the United States: a 2019 update
Authors: Teodoro Manuel P. , Saywitz Robin Rose
Published: April 2020

This study uses contemporary metrics and data from an original, representative sample of water and sewer utilities in the United States to calculate the affordability of basic single‐family residential water and sewer services for low‐income households in 2019. Results show that affordability conditions have worsened on average since the last such study in 2017: low‐income households must spend an average of 12.4% of their disposable income (up from 10.9%) and/or work 10.1 h at minimum wage (up from 9.9 h) to pay for basic monthly water and sewer services. Analysis suggests that rising prices combine with underlying economic trends to exacerbate affordability.
Global guidance for surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   COVIDSurg Collaborative, Bhangu Aneel , Lawani Ismail , Ng-Kamstra Joshua S , Wang Yanfeng , Chan Albert , Futaba Kaori , Ng Simon , Ebele Emery , Lederhuber Hans , Tabiri Stephen , Ghosh Dhruv , Gallo Gaetano , Pata Francesco , Di Saverio Salomone , Spinelli Antonino , Medina Antonio Ramos-De , Ademuyiwa Adesoji O , Akinbode Gbemisola , Ingabire J C Allen , Ntirenganya Faustin , Kamara Thaim B , Goh Minghui , Moore Rachel , Kim Hye Jin , Lee Suk-Hwan , Minaya-Bravo Ana , Abbott Tom , Chakrabortee Sohini , Denning Max , Fitzgerald J Edward , Glasbey James , Griffiths Ewen , Halkias Constantine , Harrison Ewen M , Jones Conor S , Kinross James , Lawday Samuel , Li Elizabeth , Markar Sheraz , Morton Dion G , Nepogodiev Dmitri , Pinkney Thomas D , Simoes Joana , Warren Oliver , Wong Danny J N , Bankhead-Kendall Brittany , Breen Kerry A , Davidson Giana H , Kaafarani Haytham , Keller Deborah S , Mazingi Dennis , Kamarajah Sivesh K , Blackwell Sue , Dames Nicola
Published: April 2020

Background

Surgeons urgently need guidance on how to deliver surgical services safely and effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim was to identify the key domains that should be considered when developing pandemic preparedness plans for surgical services.

Methods

A scoping search was conducted to identify published articles relating to management of surgical patients during pandemics. Key informant interviews were conducted with surgeons and anaesthetists with direct experience of working during infectious disease outbreaks, in order to identify key challenges and solutions to delivering effective surgical services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Thirteen articles were identified from the scoping search, and surgeons and anaesthetists representing 11 territories were interviewed. To mount an effective response to COVID-19, a pandemic response plan for surgical services should be developed in advance. Key domains that should be included are: provision of staff training (such as patient transfers, donning and doffing personal protection equipment, recognizing and managing COVID-19 infection); support for the overall hospital response to COVID-19 (reduction in non-urgent activities such as clinics, endoscopy, non-urgent elective surgery); establishment of a team-based approach for running emergency services; and recognition and management of COVID-19 infection in patients treated as an emergency and those who have had surgery. A backlog of procedures after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic is inevitable, and hospitals should plan how to address this effectively to ensure that patients having elective treatment have the best possible outcomes.

Conclusion

Hospitals should prepare detailed context-specific pandemic preparedness plans addressing the identified domains. Specific guidance should be updated continuously to reflect emerging evidence during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Examining jurors' ability to meet the constitutional requirement of narrowing in capital sentencing
Authors: Holleran Lisa Bell , Vaughan Tyler J.
Published: April 2020

The US Supreme Court has required that death penalty schemes narrow the class of persons eligible for a death sentence. Through the selection requirement, juries must use mitigating and aggravating evidence jointly to select the offenders engaged in the worst of the worst crimes. This study utilized between‐subjects experimental design to test juror's ability to narrow directly. Utilizing the vignette approach, with brief descriptions of capital trials nested in self‐administered questionnaires, we experimentally manipulated aggravating and mitigating evidence presented to mock jurors and examined their sentencing decisions in two independent samples. While mock jurors were able to identify offenders they considered to be engaged in serious crimes and offenders with diminished culpability, mitigating evidence and aggravating evidence did not interact and there was considerable inconsistency in the effects of mitigating evidence within and between samples. Implications for the constitutionality of the death penalty are considered.
Bioabsorbable‐polymer drug‐eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the ULLISE registry
Authors: Belardi Jorge , Lamelas Pablo
Published: April 2020

Key Points

Limited information is available about the performance of bioabsorbable‐polymer drug‐eluting stents in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.

Patients treated with these stents presenting with acute myocardial infarction are at higher risk of adverse events compared with stable patients.

Further clinical trials are needed to fully understand the role of bioabsorbable‐polymer drug‐eluting stents in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction.
Rapid pacing using device programmers: A complex procedural simplification?
Authors: Saia Francesco , Biffi Mauro
Published: April 2020

Key Points

What the article teaches: A sizable proportion of patients undergoing transcatheter valve procedures carry a pacemaker or a defibrillator that can be safely and effectively used to achieve rapid ventricular pacing needed during the procedure.

How it will impact practice: Pacing through the device programmer is a valid strategy that can be adopted in order to reduce the risk of procedural complications.

What new research/study would help answer the question posed: It is unclear how this strategy compares with other techniques under investigations, such as left ventricular pacing through the device wire or new devices designed to enhance safety and efficacy of temporary pacing.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement without previous conduction disturbances: The importance of preventing iatrogenic pacemaker implantation
Authors: Tarantini Giuseppe , Fabris Tommaso
Published: April 2020

Key Points

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients given pacemakers operating in mandatory DDD mode had more ventricular pacing, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality compared with AAI‐DDD or VVI modes.

AV conduction disturbances are often transient after TAVR. Minimizing ventricular pacing where possible avoids the risk of pacemaker‐induced cardiomyopathy.

Pacemaker specialists should be consulted for any TAVR patient with mild rhythm abnormalities given the high incidence of AV block.

Careful stratification of patients with conduction disturbances during TAVR may help identify the patients who will require an early permanent pacemaker implantation strategy.
Uncommon but devastating: Stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Kataruka Akash , Dean Larry S.
Published: April 2020

Key Points

Stroke occurs infrequently following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with 30‐day and 1‐year cumulative incidence of 0.4 and 1.5%, respectively.

Patient comorbidities, acute presentations, and complex coronary lesions are more prevalent among patients who sustain a stroke.

The occurrence of stroke is associated with higher short‐term and overall mortality compared with bleeding or myocardial infarction.
Usefulness of the updated logistic clinical SYNTAX score after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Insights from the GLOBAL LEADERS trial
Authors: Hara Hironori , Kogame Norihiro , Takahashi Kuniaki , Modolo Rodrigo , Chichareon Ply , Tomaniak Mariusz , Ono Masafumi , Kawashima Hideyuki , Gao Chao , Wang Rutao , Valkov Veselin D. , vom Dahl Jürgen , Steinwender Clemens , Geisler Tobias , Lemos Neto Pedro Alves , Macaya Miguel Carlos , Garg Scot , Jüni Peter , Hamm Christian , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Valgimigli Marco , Vranckx Pascal , Windecker Stephan , Farooq Vasim , Onuma Yoshinobu , Serruys Patrick W. ,   for the GLOBAL LEADERS Trial Investigators
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the prognostic utility of the anatomical CABG SYNTAX and logistic clinical SYNTAX scores for mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG).

Background

The anatomical SYNTAX score evaluated the anatomical complexity of coronary artery disease and helped predict the prognosis of patients undergoing PCI. The anatomical CABG SYNTAX score was derived from the anatomical SYNTAX score in patients with prior CABG, whilst the logistic clinical SYNTAX score was developed by incorporating clinical factors into the anatomical SYNTAX score.

Methods

We calculated the anatomical CABG SYNTAX score and logistic clinical SYNTAX score in 205 patients in the GLOBAL LEADERS trial. The predictive abilities of these scores for 2‐year all‐cause mortality were evaluated.

Results

Using the median scores as categorical thresholds between low and high score groups, the logistic clinical SYNTAX score was able to discriminate the risk of 2‐year mortality, unlike the anatomical CABG SYNTAX score. The logistic clinical SYNTAX was significantly better at predicting 2‐year mortality, compared to the anatomical CABG SYNTAX score, as evidenced by AUC values in receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis (0.806 vs. 0.582, p < .001) and integrated discrimination improvement (0.121, p < .001).

Conclusions

The logistic clinical SYNTAX score was superior to the anatomical CABG SYNTAX score in predicting 2‐year mortality.