bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of global net irrigation water requirements from various water supply sources to sustain irrigation: rivers and reservoirs (1960–2050)
Authors: Yoshikawa S. , Cho J. , Yamada H. G. , Hanasaki N. , Kanae S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Water supply sources for irrigation (e.g. rivers and reservoirs) are critically important for agricultural productivity. The current rapid increase in irrigation water use is considered unsustainable and threatens food production. In this study, we estimated the time-varying dependence of irrigation water requirements from water supply sources, with a particular focus on variations in irrigation area during past (1960–2001) and future (2002–2050) periods using the global water resources model, H08. The H08 model can simulate water requirements on a daily basis at a resolution of 1.0° × 1.0° latitude and longitude. The sources of irrigation water requirements in the past simulations were specified using four categories: rivers (RIV), large reservoirs (LR) with a storage capacity greater than 1.0 × 109 m3, medium-size reservoirs (MSR) with storage capacities ranging from 1.0 × 109 m3 to 3.0 × 106 m3, and non-local non-renewable blue water (NNBW). The simulated results from 1960 to 2001 showed that RIV, MSR and NNBW increased significantly from the 1960s to the early 1990s globally, but LR increased at a relatively low rate. After the early 1990s, the increase in RIV declined as it approached a critical limit, due to the continued expansion of irrigation area. MSR and NNBW increased significantly, during the same time period, following the expansion of the irrigation area and the increased storage capacity of the medium-size reservoirs. We also estimated future irrigation water requirements from the above four water supply sources and an additional water supply source (ADD) in three future simulation designs; irrigation area change, climate change, and changes in both irrigation area and climate. ADD was defined as a future increase in NNBW. After the 2020s, MSR was predicted to approach the critical limit, and ADD would account for 11–23% of the total requirements in the 2040s.
Outcomes of Endovascular versus Intravenous Thrombolytic Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Saeed Fahad , Adil Malik M. , Piracha Bilal Hussain , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: October 2014

Background and Objectives

To compare the outcomes of IV thrombolytics (tissue plasminogen activator or tPA) with endovascular treatment (intra-arterial tPA ± mechanical thrombectomy) in dialysis patients who suffered from acute ischemic stroke.

Study design

Observational study.

Setting and Participants

Data analysis from Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS 2005–2010) including dialysis patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke, either treated with IV thrombolytics or endovascular treatment.

Outcomes

Baseline characteristics, in-hospital complications, and discharge outcomes were compared between the two groups. We determined the effect of endovascular treatment on in-hospital mortality, disability at discharge, and post-thrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) after adjusting for potential confounders using multivariate analysis.

Results

Of the 2 313 dialysis patients with ischemic stroke, 1 398 (60%) received IV thrombolytics and 915 (40%) were treated with endovascular treatment. The in-hospital mortality rate and moderate-to-severe disability were lower in dialysis patients receiving endovascular treatment (7.6% vs. 14.5% p = 0.04) and (30% vs. 52% p = <.0001), respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, and potential confounders, endovascular treatment was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–0.9) and moderate-to-severe disability (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.5).

Conclusions

The odds of both in-hospital mortality and moderate to severe disability were lower with endovascular treatment in dialysis patients. Such data support the preferential use of endovascular treatment in this patient population.
Heparin and Albumin as Part of the Priming Solution Limits Exposure to Anticoagulation during Hemodialysis: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Kyrk Tobias , Bechara Alex , Skagerlind Malin , Stegmayr Bernd
Published: October 2014

Background

Hemodialysis patients who are subject to increased risk of hemorrhage may need specific dialysis regimes to avoid bleeding. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro which of various anticoagulation options were most beneficial.

Materials and Method

60 in vitro hemodialyses (HD) were performed in parallel using blood from healthy donors. The dialysis circuits were rinsed with either 1 L of 0.9% NaCl alone (n = 6), or with 1 L saline and the addition of either 5 mL 20% albumin (Alb, n = 6), 5,000 U of heparin (Hep, n = 6), Hep and Alb in combination (HA, n = 30), 20,000 U of Hep and Alb (4H-A, n = 6), and finally Hep and 20 mL 20% albumin (H-4A, n = 6). The blood was recirculated for a maximum of 192 min. Clotting was graded.

Results

A 192 min dialysis was completed with all series of HA, 4H-A, and H-4A, all with a slight grade of clotting. In contrast to the above settings (p = 0.002, Fisher's test), a total clotting of the dialysis circuit occurred for all series using the NaCl rinsing alone (median time to stop: 21, range: 18–27 min, p = 0.026 compared to the HA setting) and for the Alb rinsing (median 26, range: 19–35 min, p = 0.028).

Conclusions

Priming using HA, Hep, 4H-A, and H-4A reduced clotting and allowed 192 min of HD. Clinical studies need to confirm these data in vivo.
In Search of All Things Nordic, in South Tyrol (Italy): The SS Ancestral Inheritance’s Cultural Commission 1940–1943
Authors: Dow James R.
Published: October 2014

On January 2, 1940 Heinrich Himmler’s SS Ancestral Inheritance established a so-called Kulturkommission, then sent 14 working groups into South Tyrol, Italy. Special, over-proportional emphasis was put on collecting the full range of the Volkskunde canon and conducting dialect studies, by professionally trained folklorists, dialectologists, photographers, and filmmakers. For the Nazi "scholars"--many of whom were SS--the underlying assumption was that these were survivals of ancient Germanic traditions and language. Arguably, it is one of the largest folklore/linguistic field investigations in history. This present study addresses one particular aspect of this enormous undertaking: the underlying ideology, the search for Nordic sources in South Tyrol. The project has not been overlooked in Germany and Austria, but there seems to be little or no knowledge of it outside the German world.
Genetic diversity estimates of Pinus pinaster in the Iberian Peninsula: a comparison of allozymes and quantitative traits
Authors: González Martínez S. C. , Gil L. , Alia R.
Published: October 2014

The estimation of genetic diversity using molecular markers is a major component of genetic conservation programs. However, molecular data are only weakly correlated with adaptive variation, which seriously limits the value of molecular information for guiding conservation policies. In this paper, we used allozyme markers to analyse the distribution of gene diversity in the native range of Pinus pinaster Ait. in the Iberian Peninsula, including seven marginal populations close to the Mediterranean Basin. Then, the variability of three quantitative traits (total height, stem form and survival) was computed using data from a multisite provenance test in central Spain and the two data sets were compared. Within the general pattern of variation, marginal populations presented levels of diversity closely related to those of nearby central populations, clearly suggesting that historical factors were more important than actual population sizes in determining levels of observed diversity. A weak but nevertheless significant correlation between allozymes and quantitative variability was found in maritime pine. Environmental gradients, as measured by geographic variables, are suggested to have selective effects on quantitative traits and to influence effective population size, which might explain the weak correlation found between allozyme and adaptive variability.
Geographic differentiation in adaptive traits of wild chestnut Spanish populations (Castanea sativa Miller)
Authors: Fernandez-Lopez J. , Zas R. , Blanco-Silva R. , Díaz R.
Published: October 2014

Flushing, spring frost damages and height were recorded in a provenance test including nineteen populations covering most Spanish chestnut distribution and were analysed to study the differentiation among wild populations. There was remarkable differentiation among populations in flushing time and height growth and Qst was higher for flushing and frost damage, and lower for height. The coefficients of quantitative differentiation among populations were similar to the values obtained for other autochthonous species. Spanish chestnut wild populations were classified in three groups: early flushing xeric populations from the Mediterranean, late flushing populations from northern mountains and intermediate flushing populations from Galician coast and Canary Islands. The observation of variability patterns indicated the importance of natural selection and a restricted gene flow as factors shaping the structure of wild populations in Spain. The use of local sources in plantations was recommended.
Optimal forest rotation when taxes are included in the analysis. The case of poplar in Castilla y León
Authors: Esteban López V. , Casquet Morate E. , Díaz Balteiro L.
Published: October 2014

Spanish current legislation doesn’t include any specific section where all taxes linked to the forest activity are jointly integrated. In the last years, an increase interest has been found toward the forest sector, due to the adoption of several changes in some taxes. In this paper we check how the financial optimal rotation corresponding to a fast growth plantation (Populus sp.) varies when taxes are included in the analysis. When Faustmann solution is applied, the profitability from investment scenario including taxes will also be obtained. The results show a moderate inelasticity of the financial optimal rotation when taxes are including in the analysis.
Initial density effect on Eucalyptus globulus growth in a Nelder modified trial
Authors: Ferrere P. , Lopez G. A. , Boca R. T. , Galetti M. A. , Esparrach C. A. , Pathauer P. S.
Published: October 2014

The effect of initial planting density on the growth and wood density of Eucalyptus globulus was examined in a trial established in the southeast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. A modified Nelder design was used to generate 9 planting densities ranging from 582 to 2.083 trees/ha. The effect of planting density on diameter at breast height, total tree height, basal area, relative bark thickness and wood density was studied over a 10-year period. By reducing the initial density of planting to 761 trees/ha, an increase on individual tree growth was observed, principally on diameter and to a lesser extent on tree height. However, basal area (m2/ha) was greatest at intermediate densities. Initial planting density affected wood basic density at 6 years of age but not relative bark thickness. In conclusion, 1,095 trees/ha was found to be the best initial density to optimize individual and stand growth.
Generalized height-diameter relationship for Pinus sylvestris plantations in North-western Spain
Authors: Diéguez-Aranda U. , Barrio Anta M. , Castedo Dorado F. , Álvarez González J. G.
Published: October 2014

A height-diameter relationship for Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in Galicia (northwestern Spain) was developed using the breast height diameter and some stand characteristics as regressors. The data used were obtained from 155 sample plots located in unthinned stands, or stands thinned lightly from below, throughout the study area; 68 of the sample plots were measured twice. Nine different compatible height-diameter equations, which estimate the dominant height when the diameter at breast height is equal to dominant diameter, were evaluated for inclusion in a dynamic stand growth model for the species. Selection of the best equation was based on both numerical and graphical analyses of the residuals. The data were best described by a modified version of the equation of Gaffrey (1988), which includes the diameter at breast height, the dominant diameter and the dominant height as regressors. This model explained 94% of the total variability of the data used in both the fitting and the cross-validation phases. As two trees within the same stand and that have the same diameter are not necessarily of the same height, a stochastic component was added to the deterministic height-diameter relationship. By using this approach, more realistic height predictions were obtained from diameter classes.
Forest defoliation using IKONOS sensor for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woods in Southern Spain
Authors: Cano F. , Navarro Cerrillo R. Mª. , García Ferrer A. , Sánchez de la Orden M.
Published: October 2014

Assessment of forest defoliation is severely hampered by the limited information on tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales. In order to evaluate forest decline rates in cork oak of Southern Spain, an analysis was made of statistical correlation between the 4 IKONOS sensor original bands acquired in 2000, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ndvi) and Infrared/Red Index (ir/r) and defoliation information obtained from the ground study. IKONOS near infrared band was negative correlated with defoliation (Pearson Correlation –0.762). The correlation between defoliation and ir/r ratio (Pearson Correlation –0.506) and ndvi (Pearson Correlation –0.449) was also significantly correlated. The dispersion of data presents in each category of defoliation justifies the use of the median value as the representative variable value for each intervals of defoliation. The Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID), generated from a lineal combination of IKONOS sensor bands, shows a correlation rate of 0.85 with the deforestation ground estimate which allows to estimate defoliation by using the equation: Y% defo calcu = –0.0016 * SID + 1.2162. This study shows that high-spatial-resolution satellite data can now be used to measure forest decline processes, suggesting many new alternatives to evaluate the impact of forest decline in Mediterranean forests.
Atmospheric pollution and forest ecosystems
Authors: Pardos J. A.
Published: October 2014

Atmospheric pollution is referred as a component of global change. The role of the pollutants (nitrates and sulphates, ozone, fluorures, PAN, heavy metals) mainly involved in the decay of forests are dealt with from cell to ecosystem level. The effects of contamination on the relationships of trees with pests and fungi, specially regarding mycorrhizal simbiosis, are considered. Pollution as a danger for tree genetic resources and possible actions to overcome its effects are discussed. It is aluded to the establishment of a european network for monitoring the disturbances in forest ecosystems with special mention to the spanish share. A reference to other studies carried in Spain regarding the effects of industrial pollution in forests are dealt with. The overview is concluded with some coments on the interaction between pollution and climate change.
Species selection guidelines in reforestation. Ruiz de la Torre’s contributions
Authors: Pemán García J. , Navarro Cerrillo R. Mª. , Serrada Hierro R.
Published: October 2014

Reforestation or afforestation is one of the most important management alternatives in ecological restoration. Selecting appropriate species is the main decision of a reforestation project, because the long-term implications of such decision in the management costs and value of the final community are significant. Both, factors and stages of selection process and theoretical concepts of forest restoration models are analyzed. In this paper, we review some of the contributions that Professor Ruiz de la Torre made to the knowing of silvical and ecological characteristics of the major tree species in Spain, and to the understanding of vegetation dynamics.
Comparative study of floristic diversity in original and reforested woods of Pinus sylvestris L. in the Guadarrama mountains (Sistema Central Range)
Authors: Jiménez Bailón L. , Martínez García F. , Costa Tenerio M.
Published: October 2014

The main aim of this study is to analyse the ecological consequences of reforestation with Scots pine from a botanical standpoint. We also attempt to provide valuable information to be used in forest management and restoration based upon criteria of sustainability. Using the available information, we accurately demarcated the natural and reforested woods of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Guadarrama mountains. We designed a sampling device taking into consideration both types of populations in order to study the floristic and structural diversity thereof. This paper provides the results of a comparative study of the floristic composition of both types of forests, which would appear to indicate greater global systematic diversity of the natural pine forests and a higher degree of structural complexity.
Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii natural area: an interpretation supported by ecological and palaeoecological data
Authors: Alejano R. , Martínez Montes E.
Published: October 2014

This paper develops a map of the natural area of Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmanni in the Beticas Mountain Range based on the Digital version of the Forestry Vegetation Map of Spain. This map has been compared with the most commonly used Potential Vegetation, Geology and Lithology maps. A bibliographic research has been carried out with a selection of Holocene deposits where Pinus nigra pollen, wood or charcoal has been found. With this information collected, a discussion about the natural distribution of Pinus nigra at the Béticas Mountain Range and the difficulty of matching this distribution within the most common phytosociological models has been posed. Ecological and palaeoecological data have been given to stress the importance of developing more complex models, considering factors beyond climate and soil, to explain the forest dynamics. It has been confirmed the hypothesis about the existence of Pinus nigra in the Holocene in two Andalousian Mountain Range (Gádor in the province of Almeria and Sierras Sub-Béticas in the province of Córdoba), where this species are currently extinguished. Considering all these data it is emphasized the interest and importance of conservation of natural salzmann pine forests in this area.
Natural flow regime: a necessary diversity, a preditable diversity
Authors: Martinez Santa-Maria C. , Fernandez Yuste J. A.
Published: October 2014

During last years the scientific community has realized flow regime importance as a connexion and explaining element of the fluvial ecosystem. Related to this paradigm, flow regime alteration analysis is necessary for the evaluation of environmental integrity. The objective is to show a new tool for characterizing stream flow regimes, quantifiying hydrologic impacts caused by dam construction. To reach this objective, this paper proposes: 1) to establish reference conditions and 2) evaluation of hydrological alteration: with 24 alteration indexes of alteration to measure the altered regime distortion against the natural. They have been applied to Vado reservoir situated in the upper reach of Jarama river which is integrated in Madrid water supply system.
Research on the Optimization of Boiler Efficiency based on Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Wu Jun-Ta , Zhang Yuan-Biao , Xu Gui-Sen , Lin Yi , Lv Xin-Guang
Published: October 2014

This paper is to seek effective scheme of boiler efficiency optimization, it uses Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to optimize boiler efficiency based on the model of boiler combustion efficiency. First, an optimization model of boiler efficiency, which takes boiler efficiency function as optimization objective, is set up according to the heat loss of boiler combustion. Moreover, the operating parameters affecting boiler efficiency is determined. Then ABC algorithm is used to solve the optimal value of boiler efficiency. The result of the research shows that the optimization of boiler efficiency based on ABC algorithm can quickly obtain optimal parameters for running boiler, so that the optimal boiler efficiency can be got.
Disaster Recovery in Cloud Computing: A Survey
Authors: Khoshkholghi Mohammad Ali , Abdullah Azizol , Latip Rohaya , Subramaniam Shamala , Othman Mohamed
Published: October 2014

Disaster recovery is a persistent problem in IT platforms. This problem is more crucial in cloud computing, because Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) have to provide the services to their customers even if the data center is down, due to a disaster. In the past few years, researchers have shown interest to disaster recovery using cloud computing, and a considerable amount of literature has been published in this area. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of precise survey for detailed analysis of cloud-based disaster recovery. To fill this gap, this paper provides an extensive survey of disaster recovery concepts and research in the cloud environments. We present different taxonomy of disaster recovery mechanisms, main challenges and proposed solutions. We also describe the cloud-based disaster recovery platforms and identify open issues related to disaster recovery.
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Distributed Messaging Using Message Oriented Middleware
Authors: P. Ahuja Sanjay , Mupparaju Naveen
Published: October 2014

Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) is an enabling technology for modern event-driven applications that are typically based on publish/subscribe communication (Eugster, 2003). Enterprises typically contain hundreds of applications operating in environments with diverse databases and operating systems. Integration of these applications is required to coordinate the business process. Unfortunately, this is no easy task. Enterprise Integration, according to the authors in (Brosey et al, 2001), "aims to connect and combines people, processes, systems, and technologies to ensure that the right people and the right processes have the right information and the right resources at the right time”. Communication between different applications can be achieved by using synchronous and asynchronous communication tools. In synchronous communication, both parties involved must be online (for example, a telephone call), whereas in asynchronous communication, only one member needs to be online (email). Middleware is software that helps two applications communicate with one another. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) and Object Request Brokers (ORB) are two types of synchronous middleware—when they send a request they must wait for an immediate reply. This can decrease an application’s performance when there is no need for synchronous communication. Even though asynchronous distributed messaging using message oriented middleware is widely used in industry, there is not enough work done in evaluating the performance of various open source Message oriented middleware. The objective of this work was to benchmark and evaluate three different open source MOM’s performance in publish/subscribe and point-to-point domains, and provide a functional comparison and qualitative study from developers perspective.
“Both Answers Make Sense!”
Authors: Lockwood Elise
Published: October 2014

Using sets of outcomes to reconcile differing answers in counting problems.
The “MOST” Productive Student Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Stockero Shari L. , Peterson Blake E. , Leatham Keith R. , Van Zoest Laura R.
Published: October 2014

Identify student thinking that has potential to support significant mathematical discussion and pedagogical opportunity.
Far-field flat lens based on multilayered metal- dielectric structure
Authors: Belyi V. N. , Binhussain M. , Khilo N. A. , Kazak N. S.
Published: October 2014

The detailed investigation has been made of the lens effect in plane multilayered metal-dielectric structures (Ag-TiO2). The optical scheme of the lens has been studied with the radiation focusing in free space. The transfer function is calculated, where the phase profile determines definitely the possibility of focusing. The condition for far-field image formation is found using a flat lens. This condition is used for a numerical simulation of several lens designs with a various number of metal layers. It is found that considered flat lenses have close to limiting angular aperture and therefore the subwavelength resolution. It is established that at increase of a number of metal layers the object and image distances grow.
Channeling, channel density and mass recovery in aquifer transport, with application to the MADE experiment
Authors: Fiori A.
Published: October 2014

Channeling effects in heterogeneous formations are studied through a new quantity denoted as channel density a(x,t). Focusing on advection only, a(x,t) is defined as the relative number of streamtubes (or channels) containing solute between x and x + dx at a given time t, regardless of the mass that they carry. The channel density generally differs from the widely employed longitudinal mass distribution m(x,t), and their difference increases with time and the degree of heterogeneity. The difference between a and m reflects the nonuniformity of mass distribution relative to the plume geometry. In particular, the “fast” channels typically carry a larger fraction of mass than their share in their relative volume, which in turn can be rather small. Detecting such channels by a network of monitoring wells may be a challenging task, which might explain the poor solute recovery of some field experiments at increasing times. After application of the proposed concepts to the simple case of stratified formations, we model the channel density and mass distribution pertaining to the MADE experiment, which exhibited poor mass recovery at large times. The results presented in this study emphasize the possible channeling effects at MADE and the general difficulty in sampling the leading edge of the plume, which in turn may contain a significant fraction of the plume mass.
Sirtuin 1 activator SRT2104 protects Huntington's disease mice
Authors: Jiang Mali , Zheng Jennifer , Peng Qi , Hou Zhipeng , Zhang Jiangyang , Mori Susumu , Ellis James L. , Vlasuk George P. , Fries Harvey , Suri Vipin , Duan Wenzhen
Published: October 2014

Sirtuin 1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐dependent protein deacetylase which regulates longevity and improves metabolism. Activation of Sirtuin 1 confers beneficial effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases. We and others have provided convincing evidence that overexpression of Sirtuin 1 plays a neuroprotective role in mouse models of Huntington's disease. In this study, we report that SRT2104, a small molecule Sirtuin 1 activator, penetrated the blood–brain barrier, attenuated brain atrophy, improved motor function, and extended survival in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. These findings imply a novel therapeutic strategy for Huntington's disease by targeting Sirtuin 1.
Randomized controlled trial: hybrid technique using balloon dilation of the frontal sinus drainage pathway
Authors: Hathorn Iain F. , Pace‐Asciak Pia , Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Sunkaraneni Vishnu , Javer Amin R.
Published: October 2014

Background

The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to evaluate frontal sinus ostial patency following balloon dilation with the Ventera® Sinus Dilation System, compared with frontal sinusotomy (Draf 2a); and (2) to compare mean blood loss and mean surgical time for frontal sinusotomy using balloon dilation compared with traditional surgical methods.

Methods

A single blinded, randomized, controlled, prospective study was performed at St. Paul's Sinus Center, Vancouver, a tertiary referral rhinology center. Thirty patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were randomized to a hybrid approach with exposure of the frontal recess using standard instrumentation and then balloon dilation of 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway and traditional frontal sinusotomy for the opposite side. Blood loss and surgical time for opening the frontal sinus drainage pathway was recorded for each side. Patients acted as their own controls. Ostial patency and size were assessed 5 weeks and 3 months postoperatively using endoscopy. Ostial patency was also recorded at 1 year following surgery.

Results

All frontal sinus ostia in both groups (n = 30) were successfully opened and were patent with both techniques 3 months postoperatively. All frontal sinus ostia assessed at 1 year (73%) remained patent and none required revision frontal surgery. Balloon dilation showed a mean surgical time of 655 seconds compared to 898 seconds for traditional FESS (p = 0.03). Mean blood loss was less with balloon dilation (58 mL vs 91 mL; p = 0.008).

Conclusion

A hybrid balloon technique successfully dilates the frontal sinus drainage pathway with reduced blood loss. Also, short‐term patency appears to be comparable to traditional frontal sinusotomy.
Size‐Controlled Synthesis of Platinum–Copper Hierarchical Trigonal Bipyramid Nanoframes
Authors: Chen Sheng , Su Hongyang , Wang Youcheng , Wu Wenlong , Zeng Jie
Published: October 2014

Mastery over the structure of materials at nanoscale can effectively tailor and control their catalytic properties, enabling enhancement in both activity and durability. We report a size‐controlled synthesis of novel Pt–Cu hierarchical trigonal bipyramid nanoframes (HTBNFs). The obtained nanocrystals looked like a trigonal bipyramid on the whole, composed of similar ordered frame structural units. By varying the amount of KI involved in the reaction, HTBNFs with variable sizes from 110 to 250 nm could be obtained. In addition, the structure of HTBNFs could be preserved only in a limited range of the Pt/Cu feeding ratio. Relative to the commercial Pt/C, these Pt–Cu HTBNFs with different Pt/Cu ratio exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward formic acid oxidation reaction as much as 5.5 times in specific activity and 2.1 times in mass activity. The excellent electrocatalytic activity and better durability are due to the unique structure of HTBNFs and probably synergetic effects between Pt and Cu.
Synthesis of Prebiotic Glycerol in Interstellar Ices
Authors: Kaiser Ralf I. , Maity Surajit , Jones Brant M.
Published: October 2014

Contemporary mechanisms for the spontaneous formation of glycerol have not been able to explain its existence on early Earth. The exogenous origin and delivery of organic molecules to early Earth presents an alternative route to their terrestrial in situ formation since biorelevant molecules like amino acids, carboxylic acids, and alkylphosphonic acids have been recovered from carbonaceous chondrites. Reported herein is the first in situ identification of glycerol, the key building block of all cellular membranes, formed by exposure of methanol‐based — interstellar model ices to ionizing radiation in the form of energetic electrons. These results provide compelling evidence that the radiation‐induced formation of glycerol in low‐temperature interstellar model ices is facile. Synthesized on interstellar grains and eventually incorporated into the “building material” of solar systems, biorelevant molecules such as glycerol could have been dispensed to habitable planets such as early Earth by comets and meteorites.
Analysis of Shared and Sustainable Value Creation of Companies Providing Energy Solutions at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP)
Authors: Panapanaan Virgilio , Bruce Tytti , Virkki‐Hatakka Terhi , Linnanen Lassi
Published: October 2014

This study was conducted to analyze the shared and sustainable value creation (SSVC) of 33 energy companies selling energy solutions at the base of the pyramid (BoP) markets. SSVC by selling energy technology solutions directed to address the cooking and lighting needs of BoP consumers were the main focus of analysis. Result showed that achieving profitability and affordability is affected by the kind of energy solution that is offered as well as the investment and level of commitment required. However, companies that fulfilled the profitable and affordable solutions were also able to deliver social and environmental sustainability benefits. Social sustainability benefits point to the ability of alleviating poverty by improving productivity or offering cost‐savings. Environmental sustainability benefits point to the energy savings. The findings show that inclusive business strategy is not necessarily required to reach the poor people profitably but a suitable business strategy depends on the type of energy solution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Effect of Customer‐Centric Green Supply Chain Management on Operational Performance and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Chavez Roberto , Yu Wantao , Feng Mengying , Wiengarten Frank
Published: October 2014

This study explores the links of implementing customer‐centric green supply chain management (GSCM) with its antecedent factors (i.e. customer pressure) and performance outcomes (i.e. operational performance and customer satisfaction). Data for this study were obtained through a survey of 126 automobile manufacturers in China. Results suggest that customer pressure has a positive effect on the implementation of customer‐centric GSCM, which, in turn, leads to multiple operational performance improvements (i.e. flexibility, delivery, quality and cost). While production flexibility and cost appear to have no significant impact on customer satisfaction, product quality and delivery are significantly and positively associated with customer satisfaction. On the practical front, this paper provides guidelines for managers in implementing customer‐centric GSCM to respond to customer pressures and improve firm performance, and for policy‐makers to encourage partner‐focused GSCM efforts in environmental policy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Reflexive Pedagogy: Teaching and Learning in Peace and Conflict Studies
Authors: Rothman Jay
Published: October 2014

I suggest and illustrate how teaching students to become reflexively self‐aware is an empowering process and philosophy for both teaching and learning about peace and conflict. Developing tools and methods to encourage reflexivity—such as journals, exercises, and reflexive conflict engagement in the classroom—can help students develop a deep self‐awareness about their own thoughts and reflections and greatly enhance education and its liberating potential. In addition to learning critical thinking about the “reality out there,” students and teachers will greatly benefit by reflexive study of their own reactions to conflict and cooperation, empowerment, and peace in order to gain deeper perspective and new skills for studied choice making and modeling to others.
Corporate Governance and Environmental Sustainability: The Moderating Role of the National Institutional Context
Authors: Ortiz‐de‐Mandojana Natalia , Aguilera‐Caracuel Javier , Morales‐Raya Matilde
Published: October 2014

This study aims to show that the effectiveness of corporate governance in improving firms’ environmental sustainability depends on the national institutional context. Using a sample of 210 firms from 14 countries in North America and Europe, our findings show that regulatory pressures discourage independent directors and separate board chairs to promote environmental sustainability whereas normative pressures have the opposite effect for these two governance mechanisms. We also found a positive moderating effect in relation to cognitive pressures for independent directors. We make a unique contribution to the literature by combining corporate governance and institutional factors to explain firms’ environmental sustainability. Although there is a growing consensus that institutions matter to corporate governance, there has been little research on how environmental institutional pressures may moderate the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and environmental sustainability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The self‐rating of the effects of alcohol questionnaire predicts heavy episodic drinking in a high‐risk eating disorder population
Authors: Zhang Aimee , Fisher Aaron J. , Bailey Jakki O. , Kass Andrea E. , Wilfley Denise E. , Taylor C. Barr
Published: October 2014

Objective

Heavy episodic drinking (HED) is a serious problem among college women at high‐risk for developing eating disorders (EDs). The main objectives of this study are to determine the relationship of the self‐rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire and HED over time, and to determine the effects of relationship breakups on HED among college‐aged women at high‐risk for EDs.

Method

Data collected from 163 participants in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of an ED prevention program were used in the analyses. Measures included the SRE, obtained at baseline, and self‐reports of the number of HED episodes and relationship breakups each month for the past 12 months.

Results

Generalized linear mixed‐effect regression models with Poisson distribution were conducted to test the effects of several variables on reported HED episodes over 12 months. Analyses demonstrated that SRE scores and the presence of a breakup predicted increased HED over time.

Discussion

The SRE may be useful in identifying individuals at risk of or with EDs who are at increased risk of HED. Furthermore, relationship breakups predict HED. Findings from the current study could be used to inform clinical interventions for this population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:333–336
Protecting‐Group‐Free Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (±)‐6‐epi‐Cleistenolide and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (–)‐6‐epi‐Cleistenolide
Authors: Mahajan Pankaj S. , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Mhaske Santosh B.
Published: October 2014

A short, efficient, practical, and protecting‐group‐free diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)‐6‐epi‐cleistenolide (1) has been achieved in five steps in 60 % overall yield. The use of a chemoenzymatic approach also gave (–)‐6‐epi‐cleistenolide (1) (>99.9 % ee). The Achmatowicz reaction, chemoselective oxidation of a hemiacetal, diastereoselective 1,3‐anti reduction of a β‐hydroxy ketone, and enzymatic resolution of a 1,3‐diol are the key features of this linear total synthesis. The synthetic strategy demonstrated in this paper could be extended for an asymmetric total synthesis of (–)‐cleistenolide (1) and related biologically active natural products.
Selective Detection of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid by Use of Glassy‐Carbon Electrode Modified with Amino‐β‐Cyclodextrin and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gaied Aymen , Jaballah Nejmeddine , Tounsi Moncef , Braiek Mohamed , Jaffrezic‐Renault Nicole , Majdoub Mustapha
Published: October 2014

A glassy carbon electrode modified with per‐6‐amino‐β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CDNH2) and functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT‐COOH) was elaborated. This structure was investigated for the detection of dopamine acid (DA) in presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The sensor behavior was studied by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The analysis results show that the electrode modification with CD derivative improves the sensitivity and selectivity of the DA recognition; the electrochemical response was further improved by introduction of SWCNT‐COOH. The sensor shows good and reversible linear response toward DA within the concentration range of 7×10−7–10−4 M with a detection limit of 5×10−7 M.
Usability of Interactive Item Types and Tools Introduced in the New GRE® revised General Test
Authors: Swiggett Wanda D. , Kotloff Laurie , Ezzo Chelsea , Adler Rachel , Oliveri Maria Elena
Published: October 2014

The computer‐based Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®) revised General Test includes interactive item types and testing environment tools (e.g., test navigation, on‐screen calculator, and help). How well do test takers understand these innovations? If test takers do not understand the new item types, these innovations may introduce construct‐irrelevant variance, with test takers performing differently than they would with more familiar item types. Similarly, the navigational and other test environment tools are another potential source of variance, if some test takers understand how to use them and others do not.

In this study, we examined the reactions, engagement, and difficulties encountered as 20 potential test takers completed Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning sections of a practice GRE test. Participants were sophomores and juniors from colleges and universities in the local area. Their reactions were captured through the use of cognitive laboratory sessions that incorporated interviews that required test takers to think aloud, as well as researcher observations as test takers worked quietly. Results of the analysis of this data revealed that some participants needed time to figure out what was being asked of them when they encountered the new item types, although most were able to answer each item eventually. On the other hand, most participants stated that they did not even notice the test environment tools, and few were observed actually using the tools. Several participants provided suggestions about improving the usability of the new item types and test environment tools.
The upper Viséan–Serpukhovian in the type area for the Serpukhovian Stage (Moscow Basin, Russia): Part 2. bulk geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Kabanov Pavel B. , Alekseev Andrey O. , Zaitsev Tikhon
Published: October 2014

This study is the summary analysis of bulk XRF geochemistry (233 samples from three sections) of the Oka and Zaborie groups of the type Serpukhovian succession in the Moscow Basin. The siliciclastic wedges in the limestone‐dominated Oka Group are two to three times enriched in Fe, Ti, and Zr compared to Clarke values. Bulk iron strongly correlates with magnetic susceptibility. Iron tends to form ferruginized horizons (original siderites) in finer grained siliciclastic beds associated with coal seams. These beds also tend to be enriched in Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and other trace metals (metal enrichment horizons or MEHs). MEHs formed in ponded conditions of coastal low‐pH marshlands vegetated by mangrove‐like lycopsid bushes. Well‐drained environments of palaeokarst formation and alkaline everglades (Akulshino palustrine event) on the other hand did not accumulate Fe and trace metals. The thin shale seam (found close to the Viséan–Serpukhovian boundary in Polotnyanyi Zavod) has unusually high Rb and Sr values, which may contain volcanigenic material useful for absolute dating. The Gurovo Formation (Steshevian Substage of the Serpukhovian) is less enriched in Fe and Ti. In the Gurovo Formation, the transition from the lower montmorillonitic shale (Glazechnya Member) to the upper palygorskitic shale (Dashkovka Member) is expressed by a five‐fold increase in background MgO values, which indicates progressive shoaling and climatic aridization. Phosphorus remains close to 0% in the Oka Group and tends to increase in the Zaborie Group, in agreement with a dramatic increase of conodont numbers and other signatures of a lower Serpukhovian marine transgression. The lower half of the Glazechnya Member exhibits fluctuating enrichment in Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, V, Cr, and Co. These fluctuations are mostly inverse to fluctuations of Mn. This pattern has been interpreted as a signature of seafloor oxygen deficiency, where Mn‐rich samples record oxygen‐poor environments (redox barrier level with the sediment surface) and Mn‐poor samples enriched in Fe and trace metals record transitions to anoxic setting. This interval is interpreted as the Lower Serpukhovian highstand. Enrichment in Fe, Ti, and Zr of Oka siliciclastic units of Polotnyanyi Zavod indicates provenance from the ore‐rich Voronezh Land, south of the Moscow Basin. The westerly flux regarded as a possible provenance in previous palaeogeographic reconstructions is discarded for the studied sections. The Gurovo Shale is also linked to the Voronezh province, although Fe, Ti, and Zr concentrations are lower than in the Oka shales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short fused? associations between white matter connections, sex steroids, and aggression across adolescence
Authors: Peper Jiska S. , de Reus Marcel A. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Schutter Dennis J. L. G.
Published: October 2014

Functional neuroimaging studies in adults show that aggression involves reduced brain communication between subcortical and cortical areas dedicated to motivation and control, respectively. Prior research indicates that sex steroid hormone production during adolescence negatively influences the rapid development of white matter connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas during adolescence and may potentiate aggression. Here, we tested this hypothesis in 258 participants between 8 and 25 years of age by using Diffusion Weighted Imaging to examine the microstructure of white matter connections within the fronto‐temporal‐subcortical network. Trait aggression was measured using the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire and testosterone and estradiol levels were measured in saliva. Results indicated that higher levels of testosterone were associated with less white matter integrity within the fronto‐temporal‐subcortical network (i.e., higher mean diffusivity [MD] longitudinal [LD], and radial diffusivity [RD]). Furthermore, lower fractional anisotropy and higher MD, LD, and RD values within this network increased expressive forms of aggression and reduced inhibited forms of aggression (hostility). Our study indicates higher levels of testosterone relating to lower quality of structural cortical‐subcortical connectivity, arguably resulting in a shift from inhibited towards expressive forms of aggression. Our data adds evidence to the idea that aggressive tendencies are subcortically driven, but individuals with relatively high testosterone might have lower structural connectivity within cortical control areas, resulting in a stronger tendency to act on these aggressive tendencies. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1043–1052, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facial nerve palsy after reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in diabetic mice
Authors: Esaki Shinichi , Yamano Koji , Katsumi Sachiyo , Minakata Toshiya , Murakami Shingo
Published: October 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Bell's palsy is highly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Either the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) or diabetic mononeuropathy has been proposed to cause the facial paralysis observed in DM patients. However, distinguishing whether the facial palsy is caused by herpetic neuritis or diabetic mononeuropathy is difficult. We previously reported that facial paralysis was aggravated in DM mice after HSV‐1 inoculation of the murine auricle. In the current study, we induced HSV‐1 reactivation by an auricular scratch following DM induction with streptozotocin (STZ).

Study Design

Controlled animal study.

Methods

Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin injection in only mice that developed transient facial nerve paralysis with HSV‐1. Recurrent facial palsy was induced after HSV‐1 reactivation by auricular scratch.

Results

After DM induction, the number of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)+ T cells decreased by 70% in the DM mice, and facial nerve palsy recurred in 13% of the DM mice. Herpes simplex virus type 1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in the facial nerve of all of the DM mice with palsy, and HSV‐1 capsids were found in the geniculate ganglion using electron microscopy. Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA was also found in some of the DM mice without palsy, which suggested the subclinical reactivation of HSV‐1.

Conclusions

These results suggested that HSV‐1 reactivation in the geniculate ganglion may be the main causative factor of the increased incidence of facial paralysis in DM patients.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E143–E148, 2015