bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Selected Soil Insecticides and Foliar Insecticides for Control of Banded Cucumber Beetle, Whitefringed Beetle, White Grub, and Sweetpotato Weevil, 1997
Authors: McCown C. R. , Hammond A. M. , Story R. N. , Murray M. J. , Ring D.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted in Avoyelles Parish, LA to determine the efficacy of two soil insecticides and four foliar treatments for control of above-listed insects. Treatments were arranged in a CRB design with four replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (3.5/row) and 50 ft long. Soil insecticides were applied on June 14 approximately one week before trans-planting. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was transplanted 19 Jun. Foliar insecticide applications were made at approximately weekly intervals starting three weeks after transplanting. A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer was used (36 psi) with a two-row boom containing four nozzles (Cone Jet TX-lO) and calibrated to deliver 15 gallons per acre. A single sweetpotato weevil pheromone trap was used to monitor the weevil population throughout the season. Sweet-potatoes were harvested on 6 Oct and field graded into U.S. number 1, 2, or 3. From each plot, in each of the 3 grades, 25 potatoes were randomly selected and evaluated for insect damage. The number of potatoes damaged by whitefringed beetle, sweetpotato weevil, white grubs, as well as the number of holes present caused by banded cucumber beetles were counted.
Layby Applications and Foliar Spraysl in Combination with Lorsban at Planting to Control Insects on Sweetpotatoes, 1997
Authors: Speese John , Nault Brian A.
Published: December 2017

Sweetpotatoes were planted on 13 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Soil type was classified as Bojac sandy loam. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long with 3-ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a RCBD. Sprays were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer using 9 flat fan nozzles/3 rows and delivering 21 gpa at 40 psi. Granular materials were broadcast over the appropriate rows using a hand-held shaker. Lorsban 4 EC was applied at planting to all plots, except for the untreated control. Layby treatments were applied on 28 Jul. The foliar sprays were applied on 16 and 28 Jul and 6 and 13 Aug and were timed to coincide with click beetle flights, which were monitored using a black light trap.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1997
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Rebarchak Paul
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA on a second-year (first full harvest year) alfalfa (Pioneer 5373) crop. Plots of 40 X 40 ft were arranged in a RCB design with an untreated check in each of four replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15-inch-diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. Prior to treatment, potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 9 Jun (Experiment 1). Due to inclement weather, a pre-treatment sweep was not taken for Experiment 2. With the exception of LABS 116 in Experiment 1, all insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 16 Jun (Experiment 1) and 25 Jul (Experiment 2). LABS 116 was applied in Experiment 1 on 17 Jun as a result of needing an additional product shipment. Cygon 4E was added as a standard insecticide treatment in both Experiments. Alfalfa height at application was 4-6 inches. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom containing 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 19, 23, 30 Jun and 8 Jul (i.e. 3, 7, 14, 22 DAT) for Experiment 1, and 25 Jul, and 1, 8, 15, 24 Aug (i.e. 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 DAT) for Experiment 2. Densities reported represent the number of adults, number of nymphs, and the combined numbers of adults and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Alfalfa yield was determined on 8 Jul (Experiment 1) and 25 Aug (Experiment 2) from a 60-ft2 swath taken from each plot with a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Percent moisture was determined by oven drying a subsample of alfalfa (approximately 2 lb wet). Alfalfa yield is reported as dry weight lb per acre.
Early-Season Flea Beetle Control on Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded 19 May at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 6 X 20 ft. replicated 4 times in a RCBD, situated next to a crested wheat grass field. Treatments of CR-10 at 2.5 lb product/acre were applied as granules with the seed, and 4 rates of Gaucho 75 ST were applied as seed treatments at planting. Four other treatments were made at the appearance of FB 3 d after emergence (DAE) with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi. A mean of 20 FB per 6.6 ft of row was present at the time of treatment. The plants were in the early cotyledon stage of growth. FB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage, and 6 = total destruction of apical meristem at the pre-treatment count, 7-DAT, 12-DAT, 15-DAT, and 20-DAT.
Gaucho Efficacy Trial for Flea Beetles on Canola, 1997
Authors: Milbrath Lindsey R. , Weiss Michael J. , Zarnstorff Mark
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded at the North Central Res. & Ext. Center, Minot, ND on 15 May at 8.8 lb seed per acre were 20 X 25 ft. A 5 X 5 latin square design was used to account for the unknown pattern of flea beetle migration into the plots. All seed was treated with Benlate 50 WP (8 oz product/cwt seed) and Captan 400 (2 fl oz/cwt seed). Furadan was applied at planting, mixed with the seed and Gaucho was applied as a seed treatment. Flea beetles were found in the plots when the canola was in the cotyledon to 2-leaf stage; flea beetle feeding pressure was moderately high. On 2 Jun, the number of plants per linear m of row was counted (two per plot) and 12 plants per plot were collected to determine the number of feeding pits on the cotyledons. Two harvest strips (4.67 X 20 ft each) were taken on 23 Aug from each plot to determine yield and test weight. These data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated using Tukey’s HSD test.
Impact of Spray Volume and Wetting Agent on Efficacy of Aerial Insecticide Applications to Man-Age First-Generation European Corn Borer Larvae in South Dakota, 1997
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

Field plots were established in central South Dakota near Letcher to evaluate aerially applied insecticide treatments for control of first-generation ECB larvae. The field was planted on 11 May at a rate of 20,400 kernels per acre. The study was carried out to determine the impact of Silwet™ wetting agent and spray volume on the effectiveness of Warrior 1 EC insecticide. Pre-treatment counts revealed an average of 2 ECB larvae (ca. 50% each of 2nd- and 3rd-instars) existed per plant. A strip-plot ex-perimental design was used, and each strip contained 4 replicates. Sampling was conducted within a 32-row subplot (30.5 m by 100 m) for each treatment area. Insecticides were applied on 13 Jul at whorl (ca. 2 d before tasseling) stage in 15.2-m swaths at a speed of 110 mph using a Piper Brave aircraft. A Crop Hawk system was mounted on the aircraft to monitor and regulate spray flow through CP™ nozzles at 25 psi. Treatments consisted of Warrior 1 EC at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre in a spray volume of 2 or 5 gpa. Additionally, each of these spray volumes was evaluated with or without Silwet™ (wetting agent), and all were compared with an untreated control. Approximately one month after insecticide applications (8 Aug), 40 plants in each plot were randomly selected, split vertically and examined for ECB cavity (tunneling) damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed using the ANOVA procedure and means were compared by LSD.
Control of Corn Rootworms with Aztec and Fortress Insecticides Applied Through Smartbox™ and Noble® Application Systems, 1997
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Nowatzki T. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB, with insecticide treatments applied to paired rows, 60 ft in length, and replicated 8 times. The test was planted as conventional-till at the Iowa State University, Johnson Research Farm (silty clay loam soil). The research site had been a late-planted corn field the previous year. A John Deere 7100, 2-row planter was set up to operate either the SmartBox or Noble insecticide delivery systems. All treatments were applied at 4 mph using the “fixed speed mode” for SmartBox applications. Planter drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Rows in the research area had been preflagged for treatment placements. Treatments utilizing the SmartBox system were applied first and then the planter was converted for the Noble delivery system. When planting, both rows were constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in late Jul by digging 3 roots from each of the paired treatment rows and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 = no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Yields were measured by hand harvesting 0.005 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were sepa-rated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1997
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Nowatzki T. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Seed treatments and planting-time insecticides were tested in a loam soil near Ames, IA. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 20-ft-length rows with 30-inch row spacing. To attract ovipositing flies, a meat-and-bone meal bait was applied to shallow furrows, hand-made with hoes. A 20-ft section of 1 1/2-inch angle iron was filled with meat-and-bone meal and then leveled, leaving a small amount of bait (ca. 1/3 oz per row-ft) evenly distributed in the bottom of the angle iron. The angle iron was positioned directly above the open seed furrow and inverted. Bait was placed in furrows 24 Apr. Corn seeds were hand planted (8-inch seed spacing) directly into the bait on 29 Apr. Granular insecticide treatments were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a small-plot bicycle applicator. Regent 4 SC liquid insecticide was applied directly into the open seed furrow with a small-plot bicycle applicator. A microtube delivered a steady stream of dilution at 1 gpa using 24 psi. Seeds were covered with soil and the soil firmed by hand. On 31 May, stand counts were taken from 12 ft 7 inches of row and the seeds/seedlings from two 1-m sections of row were inspected for seedcorn maggot feeding and rated on the following 1-4 damage scale: 1 = seed/seedling undamaged, 2 = seed/seedling damaged, but plant established; 3 = seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress; 4 = seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. On 2 Jun, 1 adult emergence trap was placed over each row that had received a granular insecticide treatment. Seed-treatment rows were excluded from the adult emergence analysis. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2 m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter mason jars with Tack Trap® applied to the inside bottom. On 12 Jun, the number of seedcorn maggot adults were counted in the collection jars.
Control of Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second-generation European corn borer control were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 12 Aug. Liquid-formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 30 psi. Four d prior to application, 6 black-headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked com plants in each replicate. Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. On 25 Sep, the infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures. Treatment means were separated using LSD procedures.
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides Against Western Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Laub C. A. , Kuhar T. P.
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted at the Virginia Tech Kentland Farm (Hilltop field) in Montgomery Co., VA to determine the effectiveness of several granular insecticides, applied in-furrow or T-band at planting, against WCR larvae on ‘ MA9171’ corn. The experiment was conducted near the center of a 10-acre, no-till cornfield with a predominant Unison-Braddock silt loam soil. The field had been in continuous corn production since 1994, and had been treated with granular insecticides at planting every year since 1995. Plots of 40 X 10 ft (four rows wide) were arranged in a RCBD, with all insecticide treatments and an untreated check replicated four times. An Almaco, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant the plots on 1 May at the rate of 26,100 seeds/acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the presswheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. The standard granular insecticide applicator was removed from each row unit and replaced with a wooden device which held an inverted pint canning jar (Mason) used to dispense the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holder was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was calibrated in the laboratory to deliver insecticide granules accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, a jar containing the appropriate insecticide granules was inverted and placed in each of the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only one pass per plot. The roots of five consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot on 12 Jul and washed of excess soil before damage ratings were made. WCR damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 = no feeding damage; 6 = three or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were not made because of inconsistencies in the stand resulting from planter error and weed pressure. A two-way ANOVA and LSD were used to analyze differences in root ratings among treatments.
Evaluation of Thrips Densities in At-Planting Seed and Soil Treatments on a Commerce Silt Loam Soil, 1997
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 45 ft. ‘Stoneville 474’ cotton seed was planted on a Commerce silt loam soil on 6 May. Cotton seed was planted at the rate of 4 seed/row ft with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10-inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8-inch belt-cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2-charged spray system through 25015 nozzles (1/row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Control of thrips was measured by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot at 7, 11, 16, 19, 23, 27, 31, and 35 days after emergence (DAE). Plant samples were washed to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Percent open bolls was determined on 4 Sep. Samples of 25 bolls/plot were collected and ginned to determine lint percentage for each plot. These data were than used to determine lint yield. The center two rows were mechanically harvested on 19 Sep and 2 Oct using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lb lint/acre.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control on Peanut, 1997
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

Two locations were chosen to evaluate insecticide efficacy and timing for SCR control. Variety NC-7 peanuts were planted at location no. 1 on 18 May and at location no. 2 on 7 May in Bertie County. Peanuts were planted at approximately 100 lb of seed per acre. Thimet 20 G was placed in-furrow at-plant at 5.0 lb product/acre at location no. 1. Temik 15 G was placed in-furrow at-plant at 7.0 lb product/acre at location no. 2. Peanuts were grown under standard agronomic practices as recommended by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service. Soil at both locations consisted of a sandy loam with location no. 1 comprised of 0.79% humic matter, and a pH of 5.8, and location no. 2 comprised of 2.01% humic matter, and a pH of 5.7. At-plant soil temperature was 70°F at location no. 1 and 72°F at location no. 2 at planting. Plots were 4 rows (36-inch centers) by 20 ft with four replicates per treatment and all treatments were arranged in a RCBD at both locations. Lorsban 15 G at flowering treatments were applied on 16 Jun and pegging treatments on 9 Jul at both locations. Mocap 10 G was applied at late pegging 22 Jul at both locations. Fipronil 1.65 G was applied at-plant on 14 May at location no. 1 and on 22 May at location no. 2. All treatments were applied by using a bicycle-wheel granular applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit. Some of the early-season treatments did not provide significant control because dry soil conditions were unfavorable and resulted in a reduction in the egg survival. Late-season rains provided perfect field conditions for egg survival and thus created a later than normal outbreak of rootworms. Therefore, treatments applied late in the season seemed to have provided the highest level of control. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage at both locations on 20 Sep by collecting 100 pods at random from 5 plants in the two left-hand rows. Pods were placed into plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for examination. Damage was rated by recording the number of pods that had one or more root-worm feeding scars or punctures. Yield was determined by digging, drying, and weighing peanuts from all 4 rows of each plot on 7 Nov at location no. 2. All data were transformed (square root ofx = 0.05) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Evaluating Thrips Control in Peanuts using Percent Damage Leaflet Ratings, 1997
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston-Woodville. Variety NC-7 peanuts were planted on 36-inch rows on 7 May at approximately 100 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 70°F and the soil was moist. The humic matter was 0.6% and soil pH was 5.9. Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early-season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long and each plot was separated by two buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Plot ends were separated by 5-ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with seed using electric Gandy boxes. The in-furrow application of Orthene 97% was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a CO2 sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa using 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Treatment rates and application techniques are listed in table. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 3, 12, and 16 Jun. Twenty-five, newly opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. Stand counts were taken on 16 Jun. Yield was determined by digging, drying, and weighing peanuts from both rows of each plot on 7 Nov. All data were transformed (square root ofx + 0.50) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in table.
Effects of Selected Foliar Applied Insecticides on Thrips Injury and Yield of Virginia-Type Peanut, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected foliar applied insecticides were evaluated against TT injury and for effects on yield of Virginia-type peanut. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanut was planted 7 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA using 36-inch row spacing. Eight gpa of metam-sodium 42% was injected into rows as a soil fumigant on 11 Apr, about 4 weeks prior to planting. Foliar sprays were applied on 23 May, after plants had emerged, and again 10 Jun. Sprays were applied in a 12- to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.0 gpa at 22 psi through one 8003 E flat nozzle over the top of each row. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. TT injury was evaluated based on a 0 to 10 scale where, 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, 2 = 20% injured leaves, 3 = 30% injured leaves, 4 = 40% injured leaves, 5 = ≥ 50% injured leaves + ≤ 5% terminal buds injured, 6 = ≥ 50% injured leaves + 25% terminal buds injured, 7 = ≥ 50% injured leaves + 50% terminal buds injured, 8 = ≥ 50% injured leaves + 75% terminal buds injured, 9 = a≥ 50% injured leaves + ≥ 90% terminal buds injured, and 10 = dead plants. Yield was determined by digging, drying, and combining peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed used ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fury 1.5 EC In a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides and fertilizer. On 22 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with untreated or fipronil-treated seed at 100 lb seed/acre. Fipronil-treated seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company and applied at the rate shown in the table. Immediately after planting and fertilizing, plots were raked to incorporate urea and seed into dry League soil. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (temporary flood for 24-48 h then drain). On 2 May, rice emerged through soil. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 23 May (21 d after emergence of rice through soil) plots were flush irrigated as needed. On 19 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied with a 2-person 20 ft spray rig pressurized with COz. On 22 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre. On 26 May, selected plots were sprayed with Fury 1.5 EC and Karate at the rates shown in the table using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 6 Jun, selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 13 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 174 lb/acre. On each of 18 Jun and 6 Jul (26 and 44 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood) five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (19 Aug = 109 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture-Eup Study, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 3 treatments. Plot size was 2.9 acres and plots were separated by earthen levees. On 16 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 27 lb/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were applied by air and incorporated into dry League soil with a spike tooth harrow. On 18 Apr, plots were flooded and planted by air (M&M Air Service) with untreated or fipronil-treated, sprouted seed at 100 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seed was prepared by soaking untreated seed for 24 h then draining and drying for 24 h. Fipronil was applied to sprouted seed using Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company’s seed treater. On 21 Apr, plots were drained and were reflooded on 29 Apr. On 3 May, rice emerged through the water which was approximately 4 inches deep. On 9 May (6 d after rice emergence through water), a selected plot was treated by air with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre. On each of 20 May, 27 May, 3 Jun, and 10 Jun (17, 24, 31, and 38 d after rice emergence through water), 20, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Cores were washed and inspected for immature RWW. On 28 May and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized by air with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre, thus, total nitrogen applied to the plots during the entire growing season was 173 lb/acre. At maturity, plots were harvested (26 Aug) with a commercial rice combine equipped with a Global Positioning System which enabled yields from each plot to be collected and recorded. Insect counts were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and data analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs Applied Before the Permanent Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 4 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with untreated or treated seed at 100 lb seed/acre. EXP 80698A 75 FS was applied to seed at the rates in the table. Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company provided the treated seed. Also on 4 May, selected plots were tested with EXP 80698A 75 FS at the rates in the table using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. Immediately after planting and applying fertilizer and insecticide, dry League soil in plots was raked to incorporate urea, seed and insecticide. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (24-48 h temporary flooding, then draining). Rice emerged through soil on 14 May. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 4 Jun (21 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. On 18 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 19 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 173 lb/acre. On each of 29 Jun and 11 Jul (25 and 37 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (6 Sep = 115 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Rice Stink Bug on Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. , Pendleton B. B.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for rice stink bug control were evaluated at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of hybrid sorghum (AT x 399 X RT x 430) was planted 16 Jun on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 8 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots when sorghum was in the dough stage. Insecticides were applied on 9 Sep between 0930 and 1100 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with 4, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Stink bug abundance was assessed by using the “beat bucket” technique to sample 10 panicles per plot. A pre-treatment count of rice stink bug nymph and adult abundance was made just prior to insecticide applications. Post-treatment counts were made on 10 (1 DAT) and 12 Sep (3 DAT). Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD. Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) sampling formula.
Control of Panicle Caterpillars on Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. , Pendleton B. B.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of panicle caterpillars at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Panicle caterpillars included corn earworm, fall armyworm, and sorghum web-worm. Seed of hybrid sorghum (ATx399 X RTx430) was planted 16 Jun on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 8 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots when sorghum was in the dough stage. Insecticides were applied on 9 Sep between 0930 and 1100 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with 4, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi. producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Caterpillar abundance was assessed by using the “beat bucket” technique to sample 10 panicles per plot. A pre-treatment count of headworms and webworms was made just prior to insecticide application. Post-treatment counts were made on 10(1 DAT) and 12 Sep (3 DAT). Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD. Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) sampling formula.
Red Imported Fire Ant Management in Grain Sorghum Using Selected Insecticide Treatments, 1997
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticide treatments was evaluated against the RIFA in grain sorghum. The experiment was conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Grain sorghum was planted no-till with a John Deere 7300 planter into a bermuda-grass and containing a high density of RIFA mounds. The test was planted on 30 May in a RCB design with 4-row plots (40-inch centers) X 15 ft and 4 replications. Karate 1 EC and Furadan 4°F were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) using a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa of total solution at 35 psi through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row). Lorsban 4 EC was applied as pre-emergence surface spray (PRE) immediately post-plant with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 35 psi through 8001 flat fan nozzles (1/row) in a band 20 inches wide over the row center. Other treatments were applied either as T-banded granules at planting (TBAND) or seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA densities were estimated on 18 Jun by placing an unruled index card (3 X 5 inches) baited with a teaspoon of creamy peanut butter evenly distributed on one side of the card. One card was placed, baited side down, in each plot and the number of ants attracted after 30 minutes was recorded. Plant population densities were recorded on 2 Jul by sampling the entire 2 center rows. The heights of 20 randomly selected plants from the 2 center rows of each plot were measured on 3 Jul. Intra-row skips between plants were recorded on 3 Jul by counting the number of skips between plants > 12 inches in the 2 center rows. RIFA density data were transformed [log (x + 1)] prior to ANOVA and LSD. Actual means were presented in table.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of Sorghum Midge in Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of sorghum midge in grain sorghum at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Grain sorghum was planted in a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam on 6 Jun in 4-row plots (40-inch centers) X 60 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. In-secticide treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa at 47 psi through TX-8 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row). All insecticides were applied on 5 Aug when an average of 25% of sorghum plants in the field were at some stage of yellow flowering. Sorghum midge damage to seed heads was evaluated in the field on 5 Sep by visually estimating the percent blasted kernels on each of 20 randomly selected panicles from the 2 center rows per plot. Sorghum seed yields were obtained on 10 Sep by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows in each plot. Sorghum midge damage data were transformed [arcsin (x/100)] prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Insecticidal Control of the Sugarcane Borer-Aerial Application Test, 1997
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H.
Published: December 2017

Insecticidal control of SCB was evaluated in a RCB design (4 replications only 2 for Fury) of first ratoon ‘CP 74-383’ sugarcane at Glendale Plantation, Edgard, LA during the Summer of 1997. Treatments were randomly assigned to field plots (ca. 1.51 to 2.08 ac each). Each treatment was applied in water using an Ag Cat B aircraft with swaths of 54 ft calibrated to deliver 2 gpa. Both Confirm treatments were applied with CS-7 at a rate of 0.125% vol/vol. Swaths in all applications were flagged with trucks to help minimize drift. SCB infestations were monitored weekly and plots were initially treated when 5% of the sugarcane stalks contained live larvae in the leaf sheats (30 Jun). All plots were retreated when the sugarcane stalks in the Confirm 0.125 lb (AI)/acre treatment contained 5% live larvae in the leaf sheaths (13 Aug). Insecticide treatments were evaluated by counting the number of dead and live larvae behind the leaf sheaths 3 DAT. YSA and WIC populations were also monitored weekly by counting the total number of each on 20 leaves (3rd leaf below the terminal whorl) per plot.
Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland, 1996
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at an Industrial Park in Covington County, Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 10,000 ft2. Each replication contained an average of 9 to 12 active mounds prior to treatment. Insecticide applications were made on 11 Sep. Drench applications were made using ½ to 1 gal total spray per mound depending on the size of mound. Mounds with a base diam of 6 inches or less received ½ gal; mounds with a base diam of more than 6 inches received 1 gal. PFAK (Purple Fire Ant Killer) was applied as a bait station on the side of mounds using ½ teaspoon (size of quarter) per mound. Rainfall occurred on 15 and 21 Sep receiving 0.5 inch and 0.25 inch, respectively. Active fire ant mounds were determined visually and by touch. Pre-treatment counts were made on 11 Sep and post-treatment counts were made on 13, 17, and 24 Sep.
Timing Effect of Halofenozide and Cyfluthrin Treatments on Suppression of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 625 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.7 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At the 1st treatment time (10 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 65° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 63° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 57.7% sand, 30.0% silt, 12.3% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 19.3% organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.7; time of application, early morning; and cloudy skies. At the 2nd treatment time (24 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 58° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 62° F; RH, 95%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textured class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 61.3% sand, 27.7% silt, 11.0% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 24.2%; organic matter, 5.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; time of application, early morning; and overcast skies. At the 3rd treatment time (30 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 63° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 62° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 60° F; RH, 18%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 60.8% sand, 29.0% silt, 10.2% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 19.1 %; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 7.0; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. The area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water immediately following application after each treatment time. The experimental area was artificially infested with second- and third-instar BCW larvae on 5 Aug. A total of 11.0 inches of rain or irrigation was recorded from Jul 10 through Aug 14. The entire experimental area was covered with bird netting until posttreatment counts were recorded on 8 Aug. Efficacy data were recorded 3 days (8 Aug), 6 days (11 Aug), and 9 days (14 Aug) after infesting the experimental area with BCW larvae by counting the number of larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0-yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Control of Early Instar Black Cutworm Using Conserve Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebraska. The turf (100% creeping bentgrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 0.625 inch. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.50 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3.5%; soil pH, 6.5; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application, (09 Jul) were as follows: soil moisture 20% by wt; air temperature 82°F; soil temperature 82°F; relative humidity 82%; wind direction and velocity 123° at 8 mph. Each 1 X 8 ft plot contained three 8-inch-dia. artificial infestation pots and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot area was treated with Sevin two weeks prior to cutworm introduction to reduce potential predators. Bentgrass sod was installed one week prior to cutworm inoculation to promote turf establishment. Twenty 0.5- to 0.75-inch-long cutworms were placed into each infestation plot 1 d before insecticide application. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 87 gpa. Plots were not irrigated for 24 h. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 0.24 inches. Treatments were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after application.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1996A
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairway 11 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 20 Aug. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts Pro-Turf, hand-pushed spreader. Rainfall and/or irrigation from 20 Aug through 17 Sep was a total of 1.33 inches during this study. Talstar F and Orthene TTO + Talstar F plots received 0.33 inch water within 1 hour after applications, and the Orthene TTO plot received 0.33 inch immediately prior to application. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1-m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 lo cations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 20 Aug and post-treatment counts were made on 26 Aug and 3, 10, 17 Sep.
Control of Fall Armyworm Larvae with Beauveria Bassiana Fungus, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J. , Knauf T. A. , Wiseman B. R.
Published: December 2017

Larvae of the fall armyworm annually cause damage to most of the warm-season turfgrasses. Terminal stolons of common bermudagrass were dipped in the appropriate dilutions of BioCide-TRF™ (Mycotrol GH-ES) Beauveria bassiana (2.0 X 1013 conidia/qt), and placed on two water-saturated filter papers (for constant humidity) in each feeding chamber in the lab. Three randomly selected 5-d-old larvae were introduced into each 9-cm-diam. x 15-mm-deep plastic feeding chambers labeled for the respective treatment in a RCB design with 7 reps. Silwet (0.04%) was added to each treatment as a wetting agent to ensure good coverage. Treatments were observed daily for mortality.
Preventive Management of Annual Bluegrass Weevil with Halofenozide, and Imidacloprid Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made before dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with four 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. At treatment time (15 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 50°F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 57°F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 46°F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.1% sand, 78.3% silt, 3.6% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 32.7%; organic matter, 10.7%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.9; application time, late morning; and partly cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water immediately after treatment. A total of 10.14 inches of rain was recorded from 25 Apr through 25 Jun, and 2.0 plus inches of snow was recorded from 18 Apr through 25 Apr. Post-treatment counts were made on on 25 Jun. Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing two 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
RH-0345 and Merit Timing to Manage Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway located in Lancaster, PA, consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%) and creeping bentgrass (70%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (10 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature. 82° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 80° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 79° F; RH, 74%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.3% sand, 59.4% silt, 19.3% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.1%; organic matter, 4.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; time of treatment, late morning; and partly cloudy skies. The experimental area received a 0.3-inch rainfall immediately following treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 78° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 76° F; RH, 80% amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.25 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.3% sand, 59.4% silt, 19.3% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 29.0%; organic matter, 6.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried and 3.0 inches of rain were recorded from 13-14 Jul. At the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 71° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 72° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.25 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.3% sand, 59.4% silt, 19.3% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 33.9%; organic matter, 8.4%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 9 Sep. The total number of greer June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin 7.15 G over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.
Evaluation of Mach 2 and Merit Against First Generation Black Turfgrass Ataenius Larvae, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Campbell’s Scottish Highlands Golf Club, Salem, NH. Five replications of 8 treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway on 21 May one week past peak adult emergence. Each plot was 49 ft2; the plots were arranged in an RCB form. The liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8004 flattened fan-type nozzle with a 50-mesh strainer. All granulars were evenly applied with a large-holed commercial salt shaker. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2, applied by CO2 pressure at 40 psi. Natural rainfall irrigated the plots (0.1 inch). Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 55°F; sky, partly cloudy; wind, 10 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: temp (1-inch), 55CF; texture, loam; sand, 66%; silt, 26%; clay, 8%; moisture, 20.95%; organic matter, 5.3%; pH, 7.2. On 22 Jul, a 2-ft2 section of each plot was rated for live larvae.