bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel-catalyzed release of H2from formic acid and a new method for the synthesis of zerovalent Ni(PMe3)4
Authors: Neary Michelle C. , Parkin Gerard
Published: June 2016

Ni(PMe3)4, which can be obtained by reaction of either Ni(py)4(O2CH)2or Ni(O2CH)2·2H2O with PMe3, serves as a catalyst for the release of H2from formic acid.
On the importance of tetrel bonding interactions in lead(ii) complexes with (iso)nicotinohydrazide based ligands and several anions
Authors: Mahmoudi Ghodrat , Bauzá Antonio , Amini Mojtaba , Molins Elies , Mague Joel T. , Frontera Antonio
Published: June 2016

We report four Pb(ii) complexes with (iso)nicotinohydrazide based ligands exhibiting relevant tetrel bonding interactions that have been characterized using DFT calculations.
Reduction of anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in rats after one month of drinking Aronia melanocarpa berry juice
Authors: Tomić Mirko , Ignjatović Đurđica , Tovilović-Kovačević Gordana , Krstić-Milošević Dijana , Ranković Slavica , Popović Tamara , Glibetić Marija
Published: June 2016

A month-long unlimited drinking of the diluted berry juice ofAronia melanocarpapromoted stimulant, anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in young male rats, which might ensue from the phenolic-induced central MAO inhibition.
Identification of an anti-inflammatory potential of Eriodictyon angustifolium compounds in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Walker Jessica , Reichelt Katharina V. , Obst Katja , Widder Sabine , Hans Joachim , Krammer Gerhard E. , Ley Jakob P. , Somoza Veronika
Published: June 2016

Erionic acids, flavanones and plant extracts possess anti-inflammatory activity against oral pathogen-induced cytokine release in HGF-1 cells.
Bioavailability of catechins from guaraná (Paullinia cupana) and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and other oxidative stress markers in healthy human subjects
Authors: Yonekura Lina , Martins Carolina Aguiar , Sampaio Geni Rodrigues , Monteiro Marcela Piedade , César Luiz Antônio Machado , Mioto Bruno Mahler , Mori Clara Satsuki , Mendes Thaíse Maria Nogueira , Ribeiro Marcelo Lima , Arçari Demetrius Paiva , Torres Elizabeth Aparecida Ferraz da Silva
Published: June 2016

Guaraná catechins are bioavailable and reduce oxidative stress in healthy individuals by direct antioxidant action and increase of antioxidant enzyme activity.
Carbonyl ruthenium catalysts for the low-temperature water–gas shift reaction with ionic liquids as support structure controllers
Authors: Zhang Yingchao , Zuo Cuncun , Li Chunshan , Guo Xinpeng , Zhang Suojiang
Published: June 2016

The performance of the Ru/IL@SiO2 catalysts in the WGS reaction was evaluated. Different IL structures can strongly affect the pore structure of the catalyst support, actual Ru content, and CO adsorption capacity thereby considerably affecting the activity and stability of the catalysts.
Increased intramuscular fat induced by reduced dietary protein in finishing pigs: effects on the longissimus lumborum muscle proteome
Authors: Pires V. M. R. , Madeira M. S. , Dowle A. A. , Thomas J. , Almeida A. M. , Prates J. A. M.
Published: June 2016

Reduced protein diets affects the amounts of proteins related to fibre type and structure and energy.
Selective complexation of di-n-hexylammonium salts by tailed porphyrin host
Authors: Liu Hui , Tu Ji-Qiang , Zhang Cheng-Hua , Xiao Qiao-Ting , Wang Tian-Hua , Ju Xiu-Lian
Published: June 2016

A di-n-hexylammonium ion was selectively encapsulated in the cavity of tailed porphyrins due to induced fit and lipophilic interactions.
The synthesis and fast ethanol sensing properties of core–shell SnO2@ZnO composite nanospheres using carbon spheres as templates
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhou Tingting , Wang Lili , Lou Zheng , Deng Jianan , Zhang Tong
Published: June 2016

A special core–shell SnO2@ZnO composite nanosphere with hollow and porous structures shows excellent ethanol sensing properties.
Bio-inspired fabrication and potential applications of hierarchically porous CaCO3 hollow nanospheres
Authors: Ma Xiaoming , Zhu Yucong , Yang Ping , Wei Zipeng , Liu Peng , Yang Lin , Wang Kui
Published: June 2016

Hierarchically porous CaCO3 hollow nanospheres are developed as an efficient pH-sensitive and sustained release anticancer drug (DOX) delivery vehicle.
A new class of spirocyclic photochromes reacting with light of both UV and visible ranges
Authors: Bekere Laura , Larina Nina , Lokshin Vladimir , Ellern Arkady , Sigalov Mark , Khodorkovsky Vladimir
Published: June 2016

Deep coloration of weakly colored spirocyclic derivatives (R = NMe2, NEt2, and OMe) can be achieved by irradiation with light of any wavelength between 254 and 642 nm.
Ru-decorated knitted Co3O4nanowires as a robust carbon/binder-free catalytic cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries
Authors: Huang Liliang , Mao Yangjun , Wang Guoqing , Xia Xueke , Xie Jian , Zhang Shichao , Du Gaohui , Cao Gaoshao , Zhao Xinbing
Published: June 2016

Li–O2batteries show superior electrochemical performance with a knitted structured Co3O4/Ru cathode which is mechanically stable and catalytically active.
Nanopatterned L10-FePt nanoparticles from single-source metallopolymer precursors for potential application in ferromagnetic bit-patterned media magnetic recording
Authors: Meng Zhengong , Li Guijun , Ng Sheung-Mei , Wong Hon-Fai , Yiu Sze-Chun , Ho Cheuk-Lam , Leung Chi-Wah , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: June 2016

A new single-source metallopolymer precursor P was applied for the synthesis of magnetic FePt nanoparticles, which was also suitable for patterning by high-throughput nanoimprint lithography to obtain ferromagnetic nanolines.
Bio-functionalized hybrid nanocomposite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Mohanapriya S. , Rambabu Gutru , Suganthi S. , Bhat S. D. , Vasanthkumar V. , Anbarasu V. , Raj V.
Published: June 2016

Featured methanol-blocking characteristics of nanocomposite membrane.
Epitaxial growth of aluminum borate whiskers and simultaneous joining of alumina ceramics via a sol–gel method
Authors: Wang Zhijie , Cao Jian , Wang Yifeng , Feng Jicai
Published: June 2016

Aluminum borate whiskers were epitaxially grown on alumina via sol–gel method and successfully used for joining alumina in air.
A novel bioassay based gold nanoribbon biosensor to aid the preclinical evaluation of anticancer properties
Authors: Nalini Seetharamaiah , Nandini Seetharamaiah , Madhusudana Reddy M. B. , Suresh Gurukar Shivappa , Melo Jose Savio , Neelagund Shivayogeeswar E. , NaveenKumar Hunasepalya Nagaiah , Shanmugam Sangaraju
Published: June 2016

In this manuscript we have attempted to develop a novel biosensor based on Au nanoribbons (AuNRs). Initially, Quercetin stabilized AuNPs were prepared and dityrosine peptides was used as a structure directing agent for the synthesis of AuNRs.
Tuning the composition of rare earth sesquioxides Gd2−xLaxO3:Eu3+ to control phase transitions at a high temperature to design new highly sensitive luminescence-based thermal sensors
Authors: Salek Guillaume , Devoti Alexis , Garcia Alain , Gaudon Manuel , Jubera Veronique , Demourgues Alain
Published: June 2016

Coupling Rietveld XRD data analysis with the optical emission spectroscopy to probe the local environment, gives a perfect view of the C → B phase transition and allows designing new highly sensitive thermal sensors at high temperatures.
Ag nanoparticle-decorated CoS nanosheet nanocomposites: a high-performance material for multifunctional applications in photocatalysis and supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Qing , Jiang Deli , Wang Tianyong , Meng Suci , Chen Min
Published: June 2016

A novel Ag/CoS nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized by attaching Ag nanoparticles on the surface of CoS nanosheets with the assistance of light illumination.
Photochemically assisted one-pot synthesis of PMMA embedded silver nanoparticles: antibacterial efficacy and water treatment
Authors: Borse Shubhangi , Temgire Mayur , Khan Ayesha , Joshi Satyawati
Published: June 2016

Achievement of simultaneous reduction of bactericidal silver nanoparticles andin situpolymerization by photo irradiation is beneficial for water treatment.
Controlling the morphology and composition of Ag/AgBr hybrid nanostructures and enhancing their visible light induced photocatalytic properties
Authors: Shahzad Aasim , Yu Taekyung , Kim Woo-Sik
Published: June 2016

Ag/AgBr hybrid nanostructures were prepared by reducing AgBr nanoparticles synthesized by reaction of Ag+ with Br−. The Ag/AgBr hybrid nanostructures exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity and recyclability for decomposing methylene blue (MB).
Magnetically separable CuFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites: as a highly active catalyst for solvent free oxidative coupling of amines to imines
Authors: Dhanda Ritu , Kidwai Mazaahir
Published: June 2016

Solvent free aerobic oxidative coupling of amines to imines in presence of CuFe2O4/RGO nanocomposites.
Unexpected LCST-type phase behaviour of a poly(vinyl thiazolium) polymer in acetone
Authors: Grygiel Konrad , Zhang Weiyi , Detrembleur Christophe , Yuan Jiayin
Published: June 2016

A poly(vinyl thiazolium) polymer in acetone solution exhibited an unexpected lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase transition.
Synthesis of a novel tunnel Na0.5K0.1MnO2 composite as a cathode for sodium ion batteries
Authors: Wu Zhen-Guo , Zhong Yan-Jun , Li Jun-Tao , Wang Kai , Guo Xiao-Dong , Huang Ling , Zhong Ben-He , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: June 2016

A novel tunnel Na0.5K0.1MnO2 rod-like composite assembled by two different tunnel structures of Na0.44MnO2 and KMn8O16 is synthesized. When used as cathode of sodium ion batteries, the composite displays outstanding electrochemical performances.
Co2Mo3O8/reduced graphene oxide composite: synthesis, characterization, and its role as a prospective anode material in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Marka Sandeep K. , Petnikota Shaikshavali , Srikanth Vadali V. S. S. , Reddy M. V. , Adams Stefan , Chowdari B. V. R.
Published: June 2016

Easy solid state synthesis of Co2Mo3O8/reduced graphene oxide composite which exhibited a very high specific capacity (∼954 mA h g−1) when tested as an anode material in lithium ion batteries.
Amine synthesis via transition metal homogeneous catalysed hydrosilylation
Authors: Li Bin , Sortais Jean-Baptiste , Darcel Christophe
Published: June 2016

This review summarizes the preparation of amines involving homogeneous transition metal catalysed hydrosilylation including reductions of imines, amides, nitro and nitriles, reductive aminations and N-methylation of amines with CO2.
Hybrids of cobalt nanochains and polyvinylidene fluoride with enhanced microwave absorption performance
Authors: Lv Shu-Qing , Pan Ya-Fei , Yang Pei-Bo , Wang Guang-Sheng
Published: June 2016

By using a simple wet chemical method and hot-molding procedure, a kind of flexible film with enhance absorption properties based on binary cobalt nanochains/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hybrids has been successfully fabricated.
Excited-state dynamics and electron transfer process of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
Authors: Chu Genbai , Lu Feng , Xin Jianting , Xi Tao , Shui Min , He Weihua , Gu Yuqiu , Xiong Ying , Cheng Kemei , Xu Tao
Published: June 2016

Insights into the excited-state dynamics and electron transfer processes of nitro explosives offer an efficient tool for unravelling ultrafast and complex detonation physics.
A pseudo-kinetics approach for time-series metabolomics investigations: more reliable and sensitive biomarkers revealed in vincristine-induced paralytic ileus rats
Authors: Guo Huimin , Chen Jiaqing , Huang Yin , Zhang Wei , Xu Fengguo , Zhang Zunjian
Published: June 2016

A pseudo-kinetics approach was proposed to investigate global metabolic alterations and screen sensitive biomarkers based on AUC and Tmax calculations.
Impact of halogen-free flame retardant with varied phosphorus chemical surrounding on the properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin: synthesis, fire behaviour, flame-retardant mechanism and mechanical properties
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Babu Heeralal Vignesh , Llorca Javier , Wang De-Yi
Published: June 2016

This work aimed to investigate the effect of two types ofphosphorus-containing flame retardants (P-FRs) with different chemical surroundings on flame-retardant efficiency for diglycidyl ester of bisphenol-A type epoxy (EP).
Two-point particle tracking microrheology of nematic complex fluids
Authors: Gómez-González Manuel , del Álamo Juan C.
Published: June 2016

Many biological and technological complex fluids exhibit microstructural alignment and nematic rheology. We provide a directional two-pont particle tracking microrheology formulation to measure the directional shear moduli of soft materials. We apply it to study the directional rheology of a solution of aligned F-actin filaments.
An effective method for the synthesis of yolk–shell magnetic mesoporous carbon-surface molecularly imprinted microspheres
Authors: Yang Rui , Liu Yuxin , Yan Xiangyang , Liu Shaomin , Zheng Haisong
Published: June 2016

Uniform and monodisperse Fe3O4@void@C-MIP nanospheres were obtained by surface polymerisation onto the carboxyl modified Fe3O4@void@C carbon materials.
Graphene oxide beads for fast clean-up of hazardous chemicals
Authors: Bao Chenlu , Bi Shuguang , Zhang He , Zhao Jinliang , Wang Pengfei , Yue Chee Yoon , Yang Jinglei
Published: June 2016

Graphene oxide beads have core/shell structures and are good absorbers of various chemicals.
Hydrothermal synthesis of CuCo2O4/CuO nanowire arrays and RGO/Fe2O3 composites for high-performance aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Yidan , Shen Cheng , Niu Lengyuan , Li Rongzhen , Guo Huatong , Shi Yuxin , Li Can , Liu Xinjuan , Gong Yinyan
Published: June 2016

A CuCo2O4/CuO//RGO/Fe2O3 asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated and it delivered a high energy density of 33.0 W h kg−1.
Efficiency enhancement in an indacenodithiophene and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione backbone photovoltaic polymer with an extended thieno[3,2-b]thiophene π-bridge
Authors: Zheng Huilin , Wang Jiuxing , Chen Weiye , Gu Chuantao , Ren Junzhen , Qiu Meng , Yang Renqiang , Sun Mingliang
Published: June 2016

Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) as a π-bridge leads to better photovoltaic performance.
Second harmonic generation from an individual all-dielectric nanoparticle: resonance enhancement versus particle geometry
Authors: Ma C. R. , Yan J. H. , Liu P. , Wei Y. M. , Yang G. W.
Published: June 2016

Second harmonic generation of a single irregular-geometry SiC nanoparticle is better than from a single spherical-geometry SiC nanoparticle and bulk SiC because of magnetic resonance enhancement at second harmonic wavelength.
A pyridine based meta-linking deep-blue emitter with high conjugation extent and electroluminescence efficiencies
Authors: Zhu Ze-Lin , Chen Wen-Cheng , Zhang Liang-Dong , Liu Xiao-Le , Tong Qing-Xiao , Wong Fu-Lung , Lu Feng , Lee Chun-Sing
Published: June 2016

A meta-linking pyridine based compound with high conjugation extent was reported as a high efficiency deep-blue OLED emitter.
Perturbation of epigenetic processes by doxorubicin in the mouse testis
Authors: Akinjo Oluwajoba O. , Gant Timothy W. , Marczylo Emma L.
Published: June 2016

Doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity involves differential microRNA expression and DNA methylation. This is of potential concern since epigenetic perturbation in the germ line could lead to adverse effects across multiple generations.
Crystal structures of the ligand-binding region of uPARAP: effect of calcium ion binding
Authors: Yuan Cai , Jürgensen Henrik J. , Engelholm Lars H. , Li Rui , Liu Min , Jiang Longguang , Luo Zhipu , Behrendt Niels , Huang Mingdong
Published: June 2016

The proteins of the mannose receptor (MR) family share a common domain organization and have a broad range of biological functions. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP) (or Endo180) is a member of this family and plays an important role in extracellular matrix remodelling through interaction with its ligands, including collagens and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). We report the crystal structures of the first four domains of uPARAP (also named the ligand-binding region, LBR) at pH 7.4 in Ca2+-bound and Ca2+-free forms. The first domain (cysteine-rich or CysR domain) folds into a new and unique conformation different from the β-trefoil fold of typical CysR domains. The so-called long loop regions (LLRs) of the C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) 1 and 2 (the third and fourth domain) mediate the direct contacts between these domains. These LLRs undergo a Ca2+-dependent conformational change, and this is likely to be the key structural determinant affecting the overall conformation of uPARAP. Our results provide a molecular mechanism to support the structural flexibility of uPARAP, and shed light on the structural flexibility of other members of the MR family.
Controlled bile acid exposure to oesophageal mucosa causes up-regulation of nuclear γ-H2AX possibly via iNOS induction
Authors: Jiang Bo , Zhao Shengqian , Tao Zhen , Wen Jin , Yang Yancheng , Zheng Yin , Yan Hongling , Sheng Ying , Gao Aimin
Published: June 2016

Using an in vitro model in which flatmounts of oesophagus was periodically exposed to bile acids, we demonstrate, using multiple methods, that the bile acid receptor TGR5, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and γ-histone family 2A variant (γ-H2AX) are up-regulated. This indicates that bile acids cause up-regulation of iNOS, which further causes genotoxic stress as evidenced by increase of the highly sensitive marker, phosphorylated histone. In vitro nitric oxide (NO) assays showed increased production of nitric acid in the oesophageal epithelium exposed to the bile acids. This increase was inhibited in the presence of the nonspecific iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). Cumulatively, the results of the present study provide suggestion that not only acid reflux, but also non-acid reflux of bile may cause genotoxic stress. These aspects merit to be tested in wide spectrum of Barrett epithelial tissues.
Smaller, faster, cheaper detection of radiocarbon
Authors: Wilson R. Mark
Published: June 2016

A compact spectroscopic system can measure radioactive carbon dioxide concentrations as low as five parts per quadrillion.
Acoustic metamaterials
Authors: Haberman Michael R. , Guild Matthew D.
Published: June 2016

By incorporating novel subwavelength structures into macroscopic materials, acousticians can create devices with exotic sound-altering properties.
Role of Ca2+ in the IVM of spermatozoa from the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus
Authors: Bondarenko Olga , Dzyuba Borys , Rodina Marek , Cosson Jacky
Published: June 2016

The role of Ca2+ in sturgeon sperm maturation and motility was investigated. Sperm from mature male sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus) were collected from the Wolffian duct and testis 24 h after hormone induction. Testicular spermatozoa (TS) were incubated in Wolffian duct seminal fluid (WDSF) for 5 min at 20°C and were designated ‘TS after IVM’ (TSM). Sperm motility was activated in media with different ion compositions, with motility parameters analysed from standard video microscopy records. To investigate the role of calcium transport in the IVM process, IVM was performed (5 min at 20°C) in the presence of 2 mM EGTA, 100 µM Verapamil or 100 µM Tetracaine. No motility was observed in the case of TS (10 mM Tris, 25 mM NaCl, 50 mM Sucr with or without the addition of 2 mM EGTA). Both incubation of TS in WDSF and supplementation of the activation medium with Ca2+ led to sperm motility. The minimal Ca2+ concentration required for motility activation of Wolffian duct spermatozoa, TS and TSM was determined (1–2 nM for Wolffian duct spermatozoa and TSM; approximately 0.6 mM for TS). Motility was obtained after the addition of verapamil to the incubation medium during IVM, whereas the addition of EGTA completely suppressed motility, implying Ca2+ involvement in sturgeon sperm maturation. Further studies into the roles of Ca2+ transport in sturgeon sperm maturation and motility are required.
Digital epidemiology reveals global childhood disease seasonality and the effects of immunization
Authors: Bakker Kevin M. , Martinez-Bakker Micaela Elvira , Helm Barbara , Stevenson Tyler J.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Disease surveillance systems largely focus on infectious diseases with high mortality, whereas less severe diseases often go unreported. Using chicken pox as an example, we demonstrate that Internet queries can be used as a proxy for disease incidence when reporting is lacking. We established that Google Trends accurately reflected clinical cases in countries with surveillance, and thus population-level dynamics of chicken pox. Then, we discovered robust seasonal variation in query behavior, with a striking latitudinal gradient on a global scale. Next, we showed that real-time data-mining of queries could forecast the timing and magnitude of outbreaks. Finally, our analyses revealed that countries with government-mandated vaccination programs have significantly reduced seasonality of queries, indicating vaccination efforts mitigated chicken pox outbreaks.
Knowledge without Observation
Authors: Martin C. B.
Published: June 2016

In answering the question, “How is the concept of a person possible?”, Strawson (Individuals. London: Methuen, 1959) lays great stress upon a particular class of predicate.

He says, “They are predicates, roughly, which involve doing something, which clearly imply intention or a state of mind or at least consciousness in general, and which indicate a characteristic pattern, or range of patterns, of bodily movement, while not indicating at all precisely any very definite sensation or experience … . Such predicates have the interesting characteristic of many P-predicates, that one does not, in general, ascribe them to oneself on the strength of observation, whereas one does ascribe them to others on the strength of observations. But, in the case of these predicates, one feels minimal reluctance to concede that what is ascribed in these two different ways is the same. This is because of the marked dominance of a fairly definite pattern of bodily movement in what they describe, and the marked absence of any distinctive experience.
Can and Might
Authors: Rankin K. W.
Published: June 2016

Along with more customary claims, Richard Taylor advances a new argument against a straightforward indeterministic analysis of free will. The analysis at issue is straightforward in the sense that it considers an occurrence to be a freely performed action, for which someone is fully responsible, if and only if it is causally contingent (i.e. causally possible but not necessary) in a particular way. Since Taylor's assumptions lead him to regard this position as a non-starter, the new part of his argument is not expressly designed as anti-indeterministic. He assumes that if an action were merely causally contingent relative to its antecedent conditions, then it would be random in a sense which involves that no-one could be responsible for it. Unlike the determinists who assume this too, he believes, however, that causal contingency is a necessary, though not sufficient, feature of any freely performed action, for which someone is fully responsible. The new part of his argument is expressly designed to support this intermediate position by establishing the existence of some further factor in agency which in one of its roles supplements the contingency of any action that is freely performed.
Believing Things
Authors: Coburn Robert C.
Published: June 2016

The account of belief adumbrated by Ryle in The Concept of Mind is, I think, a very tempting one despite its relative vagueness. According to this account, a belief that such and such is the case is a disposition of a certain kind. More specifically, it is a tendency or a propensity to behave and to react in more or less definite ways under certain circumstances. Thus “to believe that the ice is dangerously thin,” Ryle writes, “is to be unhesitant in telling oneself and others that it is thin, in acquiescing in other people's assertions to that effect, in objecting to statements to the contrary, in drawing consequences from the original proposition,. and so forth.” Moreover, he continues, “it is also to be prone to skate warily, to shudder, to dwell in imagination on possible disasters and to warn other skaters.” In short, to believe that p is to have “a propensity not only to make certain theoretical moves but also to make certain executive and imaginative moves, as well as to have certain feelings.”
Legal Paternalism
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: June 2016

The principle of legal paternalism justifies state coercion to protect individuals from self-inflicted harm, or in its extreme version, to guide them, whether they like it or not, toward their own good. Parents can be expected to justify their interference in the lives of their children (e.g. telling them what they must eat and when they must sleep) on the ground that “daddy knows best.” legal paternalism seems to imply that since the state often can know the interests of individual citizens better than the citizens know them themselves, it stands as a permanent guardian of those interests in loco parentis. Put in this blunt way, paternalism seems a preposterous doctrine. If adults are treated as children they will come in time to be like children. Deprived of the right to choose for themselves, they will soon lose the power of rational judgment and decision. Even children, after a certain point, had better not be “treated as children,” else they will never acquire the outlook and capability of responsible adults.
Dispositions and Occurrences
Authors: Alston William P.
Published: June 2016

Since the publication of Gilbert Ryle's book, The Concept of Mind, the distinction between dispositions and occurrences has loomed large in the philosophy of mind. In that enormously influential book Ryle set out to show that much of what passes as mental is best construed as dispositional in character rather than, as traditionally supposed, being made up of private “ghostly” occurrences, ‘happenings, or “episodes.” Many philosophers, including some of Ryle's ablest critics, have accepted the terms of Ryle's contentions. They have either agreed, with respect to certain kinds of mental states, that they are not occurrent because dispositional, or have undertaken to vindicate their occurrent status by showing Ryle's dispositional account to be inadequate. Thus U. T. Place in his essay, “The Concept of Heed,” while agreeing with Ryle's dispositional account of belief; memory, intention, and desire, rejects a similar account of heeding, attention, and consciousness, and defends the traditional account according to which they are construed as distinctive sorts of internal activity. And Terence Penelhum, in “The Logic of Pleasure,” defends an “episode-view” of pleasure as against Ryle's dispositional account.
Reasons for Action
Authors: Rachels James
Published: June 2016

We can often explain a person's action by citing some fact which prompted him to do what he did. For example:

Tom quit his job because he was offered more money elsewhere;

Dick took his daughter to the dentist because she had a toothache;

Harry rushed out of the theater because it was on fire.

In each case there are four elements which fit together in a characteristic pattern. (1) The first is the fact that Tom has been offered more money, that Dick's daughter has a toothache, or that the theater in which Harry is sitting is on fire. If the theater were not on fire, for example, then we would have to give a different sort of explanation of why Harry rushed out: we would have to say that he left because he thought it was on fire, not because it was on fire. I shall have more to say about this point later. (2) The second is their knowledge of these facts. If Dick is unaware of the girl's toothache, he can hardly do anything on account of it; and of course the same goes for the other cases. (3) The third element is the attitude which each agent has toward the existing state-of-affairs. Tom wants to earn more money; Dick loves his daughter and doesn't want her to suffer; and Harry, like the rest of us, doesn't want to be burned. (4) Finally, there is the action which is being explained: Tom quits his job, Dick takes the girl to the dentist, and Harry rushes from the theater.
Predicates and Projectibility
Authors: Kelley Michael H.
Published: June 2016

Nelson Goodman's new riddle of induction wears many faces. In one of its guises the new riddle of induction appears as the problem of providing a general account of the distinction between projectible and non-projectible predicates. This is the form of the riddle which is supposed to point up a lacuna in the foundations of confirmation theories such as Carnap's which, Goodman charges, work only to the extent that one builds into them just the right (projectible) predicates. As a new riddle of induction, the problem of distinguishing projectible from non-projectible predicates has the virtue that it is in fact new—a virtue not shared by some other forms of the riddle.

Philosophers had recognized previously that some predicates are more projectible than others in the sense that, for instance, the prediction that a certain toss of a die will turn up an even face is safer and more likely to be true than the prediction that the same toss will turn up six.
Promising, Expecting, and Utility
Authors: Narveson Jan
Published: June 2016

In this paper, I shall be concerned to explore the utilitarian account of promising, which for some time has had, in many circles, the status of a dead horse. My aim is not to flog it, however, but to show that perhaps it yet lives. At least, I hope to show that some prominent and apparently powerful objections to this account do not find their mark. In the course of this, several subjects of wider interest will come in for review as well, and it is hoped that some further light on the utilitarian position in general, as well as the concepts of expectation and obligation, may glimmer forth.

At the outset, some clarification of the question at issue about promising is essential. Briefly, the question is: why ought we to keep our promises? Less question-beggingly put: why, if at all, should we keep promises, and to what extent?; where by talk of ‘extent’ it is meant that the question of whether we sometimes should not keep them, of its being a matter of attaching a “degree of stringency” to the obligation, is to be kept open.
Ifs and Cans — I
Authors: Pears D. F.
Published: June 2016

Austin's lecture on this topic contributes little to the problem of freedom of the will, and so in my discussion of his ideas I shall stop short of the difficult part of that problem. His most important positive suggestion is that hypotheticals should be divided into two classes, conditionals and pseudo-conditionals. He claims that neglect of this distinction has been the cause of mistakes in certain forms of the dispositional analysis of the statement that an agent could have acted otherwise, and he then goes on to criticise all forms of that analysis using arguments which do not depend on the difference between the two kinds of hypothetical.

This discussion will be in two parts. In the first I shall take up Austin's distinction between conditionals and pseudos and criticise it and develop it at length, because it seems to me to be the most important thing in his lecture. Since I shall not have space for comment on fortuitous errors made by defenders of the dispositional analysis of the claim that an agent could have acted otherwise, I shall concentrate on the essential features of that analysis.
Reference and Spatio-Temporal Coordinates
Authors: Travis Charles S.
Published: June 2016

John said, “Sam went to the bank”. He meant it as a literal statement to be assessed as true or false. He meant by “bank” ‘financial institution', referring by it to the First National Bank of Muncie. By “Sam” he referred to Sam Jorgensen. Do we need to know any other sorts of facts about John's utterance to know how it is to be understood?

It might be argued that we do need to know something else, for suppose john produced an utterance fitting the above description before Sam went to the bank. Then what he said was false. If John produced an utterance fitting the same description after Sam went to the bank, then what he said was true. Whatever John says on any occasion, it surely can't be both true and false. But if what John said before Sam went to the bank equals what john said after Sam went to the bank, equals what john said, then what john said appears to be both true and false. The moral drawn by this argument is that on the two different occasions john said two different things. So full specifications of what John would have said on the two different occasions must be different. These specifications must, then, differ by features not yet mentioned.
Political Authority, Self-Defense, And Pre-Emptive War
Authors: Schiller Marvin
Published: June 2016

The central purpose of this paper is to examine the case for political authority, i.e., the argument for having political authority rather than for having none. Thus, the case for political authority is the case against anarchism. My construction of that case owes much, no doubt, to observations made long ago by Thomas Hobbes and john locke. Nevertheless, these observations have never been stated in a satisfactory and systematic fashion, not even by Hobbes and locke themselves. Hobbes’ observations have, more often than not, been misunderstood, and those of locke have generally been overlooked. However, this paper is not intended to be an exercise in the history of political philosophy. Rather, it is an assessment of a philosophical thesis, namely, that political authority is essential to man's survival and well-being. Although this thesis is rarely contested and, in fact, borders on the commonplace, it is contestable. Moreover, since disenchantment with authority and how it is exercised is growing, an examination of how men are likely to fare in its absence is appropriate. Such an examination is complex, but it is not impossible.
Hick, Necessary Being, and the Cosmological Argument
Authors: Duff-Forbes D. R.
Published: June 2016

The concepts of necessary being, or necessary existence, and contingent being, or contingent existence, continue to occupy a central position in philosophical appraisals of Christian theism. Some philosophers have been concerned of late to emphasize a crucial ambiguity in the terms ‘necessary’ and ‘contingent', an ambiguity which threatens seriously to bedevil assessment of the claim that God's existence is necessary and not contingent. An important consequence of getting clear on this point, it is suggested, is that certain brisk attempts to demolish the concept of a necessary being may be seen at least to be premature, leaving untouched,, as they do, an apparently viable sense in which God can be said to be a, indeed the, necessary being.

This, substantially, is the position advocated by Professor J.H. Hick in recent discussions of this point. Hick maintains that it is of the greatest importance to distinguish two fundamentally different and contrasting notions of necessary being or necessary existence.
Color Qualities and Reference to Them
Authors: Wilson N.L.
Published: June 2016

Rightly or, wrongly I am going to take it that the doctrine of simple qualities says three things. First, that yellow, for example, is a simple unanalyzable quality. I don’t really believe this to be true, except in what it denies, but I have no immediate quarrel with it. Second, a simple quality, such as yellow, is what it is quite independently of its pattern of exemplification. Third, yellow is somehow ineffable, the sheer dazzling yellowishness of yellow things cannot be conveyed in words. In the third case, I do not mean the commonplace that words are different from things, that the word ‘yellow’ is not itself yellow. I mean the view that there is something about color qualities as immediately apprehended by us that eludes description. Now all these views are somewhat old-fashioned. The third is hardly mentioned nowadays. Yet I am not so sure that we are not still very much in their grip. In any case, philosophical hemlil)eS oscillate almost as frequently as do those of high fashion so it should not surprise anyone if these views were to come back into vogue, especially if phenomenology becomes important in this country. Now it may be more a matter of convenience than of historical accuracy that I am lumping these three doctrines together as “the doctrine of simple qualities”. Perhaps “doctrine of atomistic qualities” would be better. I am reasonably certain that the second and third doctrines mutually entail each other, although it has to be conceded that the situation is fairly complicated. I shall have something to say about the third doctrine–the doctrine of ineffability, but I shall be mostly concerned to refute the second doctrine–the doctrine that the identity of a quality is independent of its extension–and to put something else in its place. I shall be concerned incidentally to examine certain puzzling statements like ‘Red is a color’, ‘Red is between orange and purple’ and ‘Whatever is green is extended’, which seem to be necessary but don’t seem to be analytic.
The Justification of Liberalism
Authors: Thomas D.A. Lloyd
Published: June 2016

There are a number of grounds for criticizing what the state requires of one, and for thinking that one no longer has an obligation to obey it. I will begin by attempting to locate liberalism amongst such grounds. It is useful for this purpose to contrast two headings under which these grounds may fall. Firstly, there are criticisms concerning the content of the requirements of the state. In this case exception is taken to what it is that the law requires quite apart from the process by which it was arrived at. If Jews are legally prevented from practising certain professions, and objection is taken because no state should make laws debarring persons from certain professions on religious grounds, the objection is one of content. Secondly, there are grounds concerning the procedure by which a decision was reached. If it is thought that the British Government ought not to have signed the Treaty of Rome because no referendum was taken on whether the electorate wanted Britain to join, exception is taken to the procedure by which this decision was made. The objection could be made by one who thought that British entry was the best policy. liberalism lays down principles concerning the permissible content of what is required by the state.
A Reply to Flew's “The Presumption of Atheism”
Authors: Evans Donald
Published: June 2016

Let us consider Flew’s main contention, that the onus of proof lies on the theist. The “proof” which is required of the theist involves (a) showing that his concept of God is such that the existence of God is theoretically possible and (b) providing sufficient reasons, though not necessarily a demonstration, to warrant believing that God exists. The “onus” which is on the theist does not preclude the possibility of a theistic proof. It is similar to the “onus” which is on the prosecutor in an English court: it is up to the prosecutor to prove guilt, but such proof is possible. And just as the prosecutor does not have to drop his personal conviction—if he has one—that the defendant is guilty, the theist does not have to drop his own theistic belief. What Flew is asking the theist to do is to accept a procedure. Like the affirmative side in a debate, the theist is asked to concede that if he has not provided grounds for what he affirms, he has lost the debate— whether or not the opposition says anything. If a theist moves, “Resolved that this house affirms the existence of God”, the presumption in the debate is atheistic; the theist has to prove his claim or lose the debate. He is like a prosecutor in a court where the procedural rule is that innocence is presumed; the prosecutor must prove guilt or lose his case. Flew holds that the presumption of atheism is a better procedure than the presumption of theism, where the atheist would affirm, “Resolved that this house affirms the non-existence of God”, and the atheist would have to prove his claim or lose the argument.
Alternative Strategies for the Analysis of Knowledge
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: June 2016

The analysis of the concept of knowledge is understandably regarded as central to the development of an adequate philosophical system. And yet, as is also apparent, no proposal of recent date has succeeded in meeting certain well-known objections, counterinstances, anomalies. It is reasonable, therefore, to step back from these would-be direct contributions to review the principal strategies by which the relevant puzzles may be supposed to be managed.

Undoubtedly, it was Roderick Chisholm's recovery and revision of the account of the Theaetetus that encouraged a sustained effort, by various hands, to formulate a definition of knowledge in terms of its necessary and sufficient conditions.
On Sellars’ Linguistic Theory of Conceptual Activity
Authors: Marras Ausonio
Published: June 2016

An important aspect of Sellars' philosophy is his attempt to explicate the concept of thought on the "model" of the concept of speech. More specifically, Sellars has argued that the intentionality of "inner" episodes or thoughts is to be understood in terms of the "semantical" characteristics of intelligent ("nonparroting") linguistic behavior, and not the other way around as the "classical tradition" had supposed.

To avoid misunderstanding, it is important to realize that Sellars' claim, as he explains, in Aristotelian terminology, is a claim "in the order of conceiving" as contrasted with "the order of being." That is, Sellars accepts, as an integral part of his theory, the classical claim that meaningful speech is the manifestation or overt causal expression of ''inner" thoughts, but argues that our concept of such thoughts is a derivative concept, a concept which, in the order of theoretical reconstruction, is "modelled on," is an analogical extension of, the concept of meaningful linguistic behavior.
The Extent of Doubt in Descartes' Meditations
Authors: Schouls Peter A.
Published: June 2016

There is still considerable debate among commentators about the extent to which Descartes intended to, or actually did, exercise the principle of methodic doubt. Basically, the debate is about the import of the word “all” in the opening sentence of the synopsis of the Meditations: “In the first Meditation I set forth the reasons for which we may, generally speaking, doubt about all things … ” (HR 1, 140; AT 7, 12). A. K. Stout and Willis Doney have argued that the thing to be doubted is all knowledge to the extent in which memory plays a role in it. They attempt to show that Descartes is looking for a guarantee for the reliability of memory rather than for, say, a guarantee for the reliability of all clear and distinct ideas. Most commentators do not restrict methodic doubt in this way. For example, Alan Gewirth has recently suggested that sometimes Descartes even doubts the cogito.
Achinstein on Semantic Relevance
Authors: Martin Michael
Published: June 2016

Crucial to Peter Achinstein's philosophy of science, as presented inConcepts of Science,is the concept of semantic relevance. First, the concept of semantic relevance is central to his analysis of definition and it is presupposed both in his analysis of the concepts of theory and model and in his critique of alternative analyses. Secondly, Achinstein's way of doing philosophy of science rests heavily on his analysis of semantic relevance. Philosophical analysis for Achinstein seems primarily to consist in specifying the use of certain terms. As we shall see, use and semantic relevance are, according to Achinstein, closely connected.

Yet, despite the centrality of this concept in Achinstein's philosophy, I will argue that the concept has serious philosophical problems and that the use Achinstein makes of the concept is dubious. First, I will argue that the notion of semantic relevance inherits some of the traditional problems of analyticity as well as having problems of its own. In particular, I will show that given Achinstein's construal of semantic relevance it is extremely difficult if not impossible to determine the semantic relevance of a term. Secondly, I will maintain that given these problems, Achinstein is not in any way justified in using the notion of semantic relevance in his criticism of other philosophers' views and in the construction of his own.
Reasons, Wants and Values
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: June 2016

My aim in this paper is to show how confusion and unclarity about reasons for action (reasons for doing) has led to serious error in ethics and the philosophy of action, and to try to set matters right. In Part I I set out what reasons for doing are, and try to make clear the distinction between reasons as justifying actions and reasons as motivating them. In Part II I try to show how, even in the ideal situation of successful and correct deliberation, a justifying reason is never identical with a motivating one, since they are two quite different sorts of thing. However a motivating reason and what one takes to be a justifying reason may be the same. In Part Ill I show how failing to make these distinctions leads to paradoxes and absurdities in the philosophy of action. It emerges that a related distinction must be made between wanting, valuing, and being valuable.
Theoretical Devices for Marking Semantic Anomalies
Authors: Warmbrod Ken
Published: June 2016

One of the intriguing features of the semantic theories proposed by Jerry Fodor and Jerrold Katz is that they attempt to provide a criterion for semantic anomaly. Ostensibly, the criterion would enable one to determine when a phrase is semantically absurd or incongruous even in cases where the phrase appears to be grammatically proper. For example, phrases such as ‘spinster insecticide’ and ‘female uncle’ would be marked as anomalous in the semantic theory even though they seem grammatically on a par with ‘gaseous insecticide’ and ‘unemployed uncle’.

Recently, however, a number of criticisms have been raised concerning the theoretical devices that Fodor and Katz supply for marking such anomalies. In this essay I want to examine these criticisms and suggest a modification of the theories which would answer the critics on this point and, at the same time, significantly enhance the explanatory power of the theories.
It Does Not Matter Whether We Can Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is’
Authors: Jaggar Alison
Published: June 2016

In this paper, I want to discuss the recent attempts by Professor John R. Searle to cast doubt on the traditional empiricist distinction between fact and value. Searle's first attack on this distinction was made in 1964 in his now classic article, “How to derive ‘ought’ from ‘is’.” In that paper, he presented what he claimed to be a counter-example to the thesis that statements of fact may not entail statements of value. Searle's argument aroused much controversy and inspired many attempted refutations, but Searle apparently found none of these convincing, for a few years later he published a revised version of his paper as the last chapter of his book, Speech Acts. The new version includes his replies to many of the objections which had been made to his thesis up to that time. It also includes, in the main body of the book, a theory of language which is supposed to provide the theoretical underpinning explaining why his original paper presents a genuine counter-example to the position he is attacking. It is the Speech Acts version of Searle's thesis which I want to consider here.