bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survivability of public transit network based on network structure entropy
Authors: Fu Bai-Bai , Zhang Lin , Li Shu-Bin , Li Yun-Xuan
Published: January 2015

In this work, we have collected 195 bus routes and 1433 bus stations of Jinan city as sample date to build up the public transit geospatial network model by applying space L method, until May 2014. Then, by analyzing the topological properties of public transit geospatial network model, which include degree and degree distribution, average shortest path length, clustering coefficient and betweenness, we get the conclusion that public transit network is a typical complex network with scale-free and small-world characteristics. Furthermore, in order to analyze the survivability of public transit network, we define new network structure entropy based on betweenness importance, and prove its correctness by giving that the new network structure entropy has the same statistical characteristics with network efficiency. Finally, the "inflexion zone" is discovered, which can be taken as the momentous indicator to determine the public transit network failure.
Semigroups and one-way functions
Authors: Birget J. C.
Published: January 2015

We study the complexity classes 𝖯 and 𝖭𝖯 through a semigroup 𝖿𝖯 ("polynomial-time functions"), consisting of all polynomially balanced polynomial-time computable partial functions. The semigroup 𝖿𝖯 is non-regular if and only if 𝖯 ≠ 𝖭𝖯. The one-way functions considered here are based on worst-case complexity (they are not cryptographic); they are exactly the non-regular elements of 𝖿𝖯. We prove various properties of 𝖿𝖯, e.g. that it is finitely generated. We define reductions with respect to which certain universal one-way functions are 𝖿𝖯-complete.
Vaidya solution in general covariant Hořava–Lifshitz gravity with the minimum coupling and without projectability: Infrared limit
Authors: Goldoni O. , da Silva M. F. A. , Chan R. , Pinheiro G.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we have studied nonstationary radiative spherically symmetric spacetime, in general covariant theory (U(1) extension) of the Hořava–Lifshitz gravity with the minimum coupling, in the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) approximation, without the projectability condition and in the infrared limit. The Newtonian prepotential φ was assumed null. We have shown that there is not the analog of the Vaidya's solution in the Hořava–Lifshitz Theory with the minimum coupling, as we know in the General Relativity Theory (GRT).
SYNTHESIZING AND CHARACTERIZING A WATERBORNE POLYANILINE FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF STEELS
Authors: PAN TONGYAN , YU QIFENG , MIAO TAO
Published: January 2015

This study explores the idea of synthesizing and characterizing a new intrinsically conducting polyaniline that at the molecular level carries a hydrophilic component, making the polymer highly waterborne and thereby applicable to massive production for corrosion protection of steels. The waterborne polyaniline was mixed in a water-based epoxy and then coated on SAE 1008/1010 steel samples for evaluating its anti-corrosion capacity using a powerful surface-analysis tool, Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). The high resolution surface topography and corrosion potential of steel samples coated with the Polyaniline-based primer, as studied by SKPFM, show significantly lower corrosion activities than two control groups: uncoated steel samples and epoxy-only coated samples that were also subjected to SKPFM analyses under the same corrosive condition. The surface analysis results indicate that this new waterborne polyaniline is capable of protecting steels from corrosion when mixed in conventional water-based epoxies, opening the door to the development of an economical and long-life coating for corrosion protection of steel structures.
New families of solitary numbers
Authors: Loomis Paul A.
Published: January 2015

The abundancy of a whole number n is the ratio of the sum of divisors of n to n; for instance, all perfect numbers have abundancy two. Two numbers are called friends if they have the same abundancy; a number is said to be friendly if it has at least one friend and solitary if it has no friends. Here we find several new families of solitary numbers.
On orbit closures of groups
Authors: Mulay S. B.
Published: January 2015

We establish some results about orbit closures of permutation groups and their relationship to the automorphism groups of power-set graphs with colorings. One of our theorems proves that an arbitrary group can be realized as the automorphism group of a colored power-set graph.
The epimorphism theorem and its generalizations
Authors: Dutta Amartya K. , Gupta Neena
Published: January 2015

The celebrated "Epimorphism Theorem" opened up several directions of research. In this survey article we highlight the known partial results and open questions on (i) the epimorphism problem for higher dimensions and (ii) the generalized epimorphism problems over nice integral domains (when the corresponding results over fields are known). We shall also discuss a few results and questions on Affine Fibrations, the Cancellation Problem and the Linearization Problem which are closely related to the epimorphism (or embedding) problems.
On the topological rank of the variety of right alternative metabelian Lie-nilpotent algebras
Authors: Kuz'min Alexey
Published: January 2015

In 1981, S. V. Pchelintsev introduced the notion of topological rank for Spechtian varieties of algebras as a certain tool for studying the structure of non-nilpotent subvarieties in a given variety. We provide a variety of right alternative algebras of arbitrary given finite topological rank. Namely, we prove that the topological rank of the variety of right alternative metabelian (solvable of index two) algebras that are Lie-nilpotent of step not more than s over a field of characteristic distinct from two and three is equal to s.
On the normalizers of p-nilpotency-residuals of all subgroups in a finite group
Authors: Li Xuan , Guo Xiuyun
Published: January 2015

Let G be a finite group. We define the subgroup N𝒩p(G) to be the intersection of the normalizers of the p-nilpotent residuals of all subgroups of G for a prime p. We first investigate the properties of N𝒩p(G), and then study the relationship between ⋂p‖G∣N𝒩p(G) and N𝒩(G), where N𝒩(G) is the intersection of the normalizers of the nilpotent residuals of all subgroups of G.
The simple classical groups of dimension less than 6 which are (2,3)-generated
Authors: Pellegrini M. A. , Tamburini Bellani M. C.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we determine the finite classical simple groups of dimension n = 3, 5 which are (2, 3)-generated (the cases n = 2, 4 are known). If n = 3, they are PSL 3(q), q ≠ 4, and PSU 3(q2), q2 ≠ 9, 25. If n = 5 they are PSL 5(q), for all q, and PSU 5(q2), q2 ≥ 9. Also, the soluble group PSU 3(4) is not (2, 3)-generated. We give explicit (2, 3)-generators of the linear preimages, in the special linear groups, of the (2, 3)-generated simple groups.
Structure ofH2GeFMgFand its insertion reactions withRH(R=F,OH,NH2)
Authors: Zhang Ming-Xia , Zhang Ming-Jun , Li Wen-Zuo , Li Qing-Zhong , Cheng Jian-Bo
Published: January 2015

The structures of the germylenoid H2GeFMgF and its insertion reactions with RH ( R = F , OH , NH2) were studied using the DFT B3LYP and QCISD approaches for the first time. The geometries of all of the stationary points were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G (d, p) level of theory. And then the QCISD/6-311++G (d, p) single-point energies were calculated. The solvent effects on the geometries and insertion reactions were also computed using the PCM model. The calculated results suggested that H2GeFMgF had three equilibrium configurations, in which the p-complex structure had the lowest energy and was the most stable structure. The isomerization reactions among the three complexes had been studied. For the insertion reactions of H2GeFMgF with RH ( R = F , OH , NH2), along the potential energy surface, there were one transition state and one intermediate which connected the reactants and the products. For the three insertion reactions the mechanisms are identical. However, under the same conditions the insertion reactions should occur easily in the order of H - F > H - OH > H - NH2. The solvent effect calculations suggested the larger the solvent polarity is, the easier the reaction will be.
Algebraic-geometrical solutions of three (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear equations via Hamiltonian approach
Authors: Du Dianlou , Yang Xiao
Published: January 2015

The algebraic-geometrical solutions of three (2 + 1)-dimensional equations (including mKP equation and coupled mKP equation) are discussed by Hamiltonian approach. First, the Poisson structure on CN × RN is introduced to give a Hamiltonian system associated with the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) hierarchy. The Hamiltonian system is proved to be Liouville integrable, accordingly the solutions of three (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear equations can be solved by three compatible Hamiltonian flows. Second, the canonical separated variables and Hamilton–Jacobi theory is used to definite action-angle variables for Hamiltonian flows. At last, by Riemann–Jacobi inversion, the algebraic-geometrical solutions of three (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear equations are obtained. Besides, the algebraic-geometrical solutions of the first two DNLS equations are also given.
When Finitely Generated δ-Supplemented Modules Are Supplemented
Authors: Tribak Rachid
Published: January 2015

We investigate the structure of rings over which every finitely generated δ-supplemented module is supplemented. Some characterizations of this type of rings are given. We establishe some properties of ⊕-δ-supplemented modules. It is showed that for a ring R, finitely generated δ-supplemented R-modules are supplemented if and only if finitely generated ⊕-δ-supplemented R-modules are ⊕-supplemented.
Removing Impediments to Sustainable Economic Development: The Case of Corruption
Authors: López Claros Augusto
Published: January 2015

This paper examines causes and consequences of corruption within the process of economic development. Drawing on experiences and insights accumulated during the post-war period and reflected in a growing body of academic research, the paper analyzes institutional mechanisms that sustain corruption and the impact of corruption on development. It argues that many forms of corruption stem from the distributional attributes of the state in its role as the economy's central agent of resource allocation. It also addresses the question of what can be done about corruption and discusses the role of economic policies in developing incentives and institutions to reduce its incidence.
A Flexible Genetic Algorithm System for Multi-UAV Surveillance: Algorithm and Flight Testing
Authors: Darrah Marjorie , Wilhelm Jay , Munasinghe Thilanka , Duling Kristin , Yokum Steve , Sorton Eric , Rojas Jonathan , Wathen Mitchell
Published: January 2015

This paper discusses the development and testing of a flexible genetic algorithm (GA)-based system used for tasking a team of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to complete a coordinated surveillance mission. The GA development, laboratory testing of the GA to ensure convergence to a "good" solution, integration testing with two ground stations, and the field testing of the algorithms are explained. The algorithm was found to be robust and flexible enough to work in various settings with different UAV types and ground stations.
Physiology of Environmental Adaptations and Resource Acquisition in Cockroaches
Authors: Mullins Donald E.
Published: January 2015

Cockroaches are a group of insects that evolved early in geological time. Because of their antiquity, they for the most part display generalized behavior and physiology and accordingly have frequently been used as model insects to examine physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved with water balance, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, and insecticide resistance. As a result, a considerable amount of information on these topics is available. However, there is much more to be learned by employing new protocols, microchemical analytical techniques, and molecular biology tools to explore many unanswered questions.
New Approaches to Inhibiting Platelets and Coagulation
Authors: Depta Jeremiah P. , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: January 2015

Ischemic heart disease and stroke are major causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Coronary and cerebrovascular events are a consequence of thrombus formation caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture or embolism, both of which result from platelet activation and aggregation and thrombin-mediated fibrin generation via the coagulation cascade. Current and emerging antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents are evolving rapidly. The use of aspirin for primary prevention continues to be controversial, as are the doses appropriate for secondary prevention. Development of new oral and intravenous adenosine diphosphate P2Y12 inhibitors and novel antiplatelet agents continues to transform the landscape of antiplatelet therapy. Oral anticoagulation has advanced with the use of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors that do not require therapeutic monitoring. In this review, we discuss the pharmacology and growing clinical evidence for traditional and new antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies.
Constellation Pharmacology: A New Paradigm for Drug Discovery
Authors: Teichert Russell W. , Schmidt Eric W. , Olivera Baldomero M.
Published: January 2015

Constellation pharmacology is a cell-based high-content phenotypic-screening platform that utilizes subtype-selective pharmacological agents to elucidate the cell-specific combinations (constellations) of key signaling proteins that define specific cell types. Heterogeneous populations of native cells, in which the different individual cell types have been identified and characterized, are the foundation for this screening platform. Constellation pharmacology is useful for screening small molecules or for deconvoluting complex mixtures of biologically active natural products. This platform has been used to purify natural products and discover their molecular mechanisms. In the ongoing development of constellation pharmacology, there is a positive feedback loop between the pharmacological characterization of cell types and screening for new drug candidates. As constellation pharmacology is used to discover compounds with novel targeting-selectivity profiles, those new compounds then further help to elucidate the constellations of specific cell types, thereby increasing the content of this high-content platform.
Short Pulse Laser Induces Less Inflammatory Cytokines in the Murine Retina after Laser Photocoagulation
Authors: Ito Aiko , Hirano Yoshio , Nozaki Miho , Ashikari Masayuki , Sugitani Kazuhiko , Ogura Yuichiro
Published: January 2015

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulse duration on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the murine retina after laser photocoagulation treatment with a PASCAL® pattern scan laser photocoagulator and conventional laser treatment. Methods: Retinal scatter laser photocoagulation was performed on C57BL/6J mice using a short pulse (10 ms) with a PASCAL laser or conventional settings (100 ms) with a multicolor laser. Eyes were enucleated before treatment (control) and 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after treatment. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., VEGF, MCP-1, RANTES and IL-6) in the retina/choroid were quantified by an ELISA. The expression patterns of VEGF and macrophages (i.e., F4/80) in the retina/choroid were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The levels of RANTES, IL-6 and MCP-1 after PASCAL and conventional laser treatments were significantly elevated compared with controls (p < 0.05). Conventional laser treatment, but not PASCAL treatment, resulted in the up-regulation of VEGF. RANTES and IL-6 levels on day 1 and MCP-1 levels on day 3 in the sensory retina were also significantly up-regulated with conventional laser treatment compared with PASCAL treatment (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that PASCAL treatment was associated with lower VEGF and F4/80 expression levels compared with conventional laser treatment. Conclusions: Our data suggested that the short pulse duration induced fewer inflammatory cytokines in the sensory retina compared with the conventional pulse duration. Short pulse laser photocoagulation with the PASCAL may prevent macular edema after panretinal photocoagulation.
Performance of Genotypic Tools for Prediction of Tropism in HIV-1 Subtype C V3 Loop Sequences
Authors: Gupta Soham , Neogi Ujjwal , Srinivasa Hiresave , Shet Anita
Published: January 2015

Currently, there is no consensus on the genotypic tools to be used for tropism analysis in HIV-1 subtype C strains. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the different V3 loop-based genotypic algorithms available. We compiled a dataset of 645 HIV-1 subtype C V3 loop sequences of known coreceptor phenotypes (531 R5-tropic/non-syncytium-inducing and 114 X4-tropic/R5X4-tropic/syncytium-inducing sequences) from the Los Alamos database (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/) and previously published literature. Coreceptor usage was predicted based on this dataset using different software-based machine-learning algorithms as well as simple classical rules. All the sophisticated machine-learning methods showed a good concordance of above 85%. Geno2Pheno (false-positive rate cutoff of 5-15%) and CoRSeqV3-C were found to have a high predicting capability in determining both HIV-1 subtype C X4-tropic and R5-tropic strains. The current sophisticated genotypic tropism tools based on V3 loop perform well for tropism prediction in HIV-1 subtype C strains and can be used in clinical settings.
Influence of N-Acetylcysteine on Oxidative Stress in Slow-Twitch Soleus Muscle of Heart Failure Rats
Authors: Martinez Paula F. , Bonomo Camila , Guizoni Daniele M. , Junior Silvio A. Oliveira , Damatto Ricardo L. , Cezar Marcelo D.M. , Lima Aline R.R. , Pagan Luana U. , Seiva Fabio R. , Fernandes Denise C. , Laurindo Francisco R.M. , Novelli Ethel L.B. , Matsubara Luiz S. , Zornoff Leonardo A.M. , Okoshi Katashi , Okoshi Marina P.
Published: January 2015

Background: Chronic heart failure is characterized by decreased exercise capacity with early exacerbation of fatigue and dyspnea. Intrinsic skeletal muscle abnormalities can play a role in exercise intolerance. Causal or contributing factors responsible for muscle alterations have not been completely defined. This study evaluated skeletal muscle oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase activity in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) induced heart failure. Methods and Results: Four months after MI, rats were assigned to Sham, MI-C (without treatment), and MI-NAC (treated with N-acetylcysteine) groups. Two months later, echocardiogram showed left ventricular dysfunction in MI-C; NAC attenuated diastolic dysfunction. In soleus muscle, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity was decreased in MI-C and unchanged by NAC. 3-nitrotyrosine was similar in MI-C and Sham, and lower in MI-NAC than MI-C. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed by HPLC analysis of dihydroethidium (DHE) oxidation fluorescent products. The 2-hydroxyethidium (EOH)/DHE ratio did not differ between Sham and MI-C and was higher in MI-NAC. The ethidium/DHE ratio was higher in MI-C than Sham and unchanged by NAC. NADPH oxidase activity was similar in Sham and MI-C and lower in MI-NAC. Gene expression of p47phox was lower in MI-C than Sham. NAC decreased NOX4 and p22phox expression. Conclusions: We corroborate the case that oxidative stress is increased in skeletal muscle of heart failure rats and show for the first time that oxidative stress is not related to increased NADPH oxidase activity.
MicroRNA-101a Inhibits Cardiac Fibrosis Induced by Hypoxia via Targeting TGFβRI on Cardiac Fibroblasts
Authors: Zhao Xin , Wang Kejing , Liao Yuhua , Zeng Qiutang , Li Yushu , Hu Fen , Liu Yuzhou , Meng Kai , Qian Cheng , Zhang Qing , Guan Hongquan , Feng Kaige , Zhou You , Du Yimei , Chen Zhijian
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: Hypoxia is a basic pathological challenge that is associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders including aberrant cardiac remodeling. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in mediating cardiac fibroblast (CF) function and cardiac fibrosis. Recent data suggested that microRNA-101a (miR-101a) exerted anti-fibrotic effects in post-infarct cardiac remodeling and improved cardiac function. This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between hypoxia, miR-101a and TGF-β signaling pathway in CFs. Methods and Results: Two weeks following coronary artery occlusion in rats, the expression levels of both TGFβ1 and TGFβRI were increased, but the expression of miR-101a was decreased at the site of the infarct and along its border. Cultured rat neonatal CFs treated with hypoxia were characterized by the up-regulation of TGFβ1 and TGFβRI and the down-regulation of miR-101a. Delivery of miR-101a mimics significantly suppressed the expression of TGFβRI and p-Smad 3, CF differentiation and collagen content of CFs. These anti-fibrotic effects were abrogated by co-transfection with AMO-miR-101a, an antisense inhibitor of miR-101a. The repression of TGFβRI, a target of miR-101a, was validated by luciferase reporter assays targeting the 3'UTR of TGFβRI. Additionally, we found that overexpression of miR-101a reversed the improved migration ability of CFs and further reduced CF proliferation caused by hypoxia. Conclusion: Our study illustrates that miR-101a exerts anti-fibrotic effects by targeting TGFβRI, suggesting that miR-101a plays a multi-faceted role in modulating TGF-β signaling pathway and cardiac fibrosis.
Olopatadine Inhibits Exocytosis in Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells by Counteracting Membrane Surface Deformation
Authors: Baba Asuka , Tachi Masahiro , Maruyama Yoshio , Kazama Itsuro
Published: January 2015

Backgroud/Aims: Besides its anti-allergic properties as a histamine receptor antagonist, olopatadine stabilizes mast cells by inhibiting the release of chemokines. Since olopatadine bears amphiphilic features and is preferentially partitioned into the lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane, it would induce some morphological changes in mast cells and thus affect the process of exocytosis. Methods: Employing the standard patch-clamp whole-cell recording technique, we examined the effects of olopatadine and other anti-allergic drugs on the membrane capacitance (Cm) in rat peritoneal mast cells during exocytosis. Using confocal imaging of a water-soluble fluorescent dye, lucifer yellow, we also examined their effects on the deformation of the plasma membrane. Results: Low concentrations of olopatadine (1 or 10 µM) did not significantly affect the GTP-γ-S-induced increase in the Cm. However, 100 µM and 1 mM olopatadine almost totally suppressed the increase in the Cm. Additionally, these doses completely washed out the trapping of the dye on the cell surface, indicating that olopatadine counteracted the membrane surface deformation induced by exocytosis. As shown by electron microscopy, olopatadine generated inward membrane bending in mast cells. Conclusion: This study provides electrophysiological evidence for the first time that olopatadine dose-dependently inhibits the process of exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. Such mast cell stabilizing properties of olopatadine may be attributed to its counteracting effects on the plasma membrane deformation in degranulating mast cells.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-B (PDGF-B) Induced by Hypoxia Promotes the Survival of Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells through the PI3K/Akt/Stat3 Pathway
Authors: Li Limin , Xu Mengyuan , Li Xiaoxia , Lv Chengfang , Zhang Xiaoqian , Yu Hongjuan , Zhang Mingwen , Fu Yueyue , Meng Hongbin , Zhou Jin
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: Pulmonary arterial endothelial plexiform lesions are a basic pathological change associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling and are characterized by the formation of tumorlets as a result of over-growth of endothelial cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) participates in regulating the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, whether PDGF promotes the survival of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs), as well as the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie its actions, remains unknown. Methods: MTT assays, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity assays and western blot analysis were performed. Results: We found that both the mRNA and protein expression of PDGF-B was induced by hypoxia and that the inhibitory effects exerted by hypoxia on apoptosis were attenuated by inhibitors of PDGF beta. Moreover, PDGF-B inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner by stimulating the phosphorylation of both Akt and Stat3, and the PI3K/AKT pathway serves as an up-stream participant in the Stat3 activation stimulated by PDGF-B. Additionally, the anti-apoptotic effects of PDGF-B were abolished when PAECs were treated with either an inhibitor or small interfering RNA targeting Stat3. Conclusions: These observations suggest that PDGF-B is induced by hypoxia and protects against apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/Stat3 signaling pathway.
A Dysregulated MicroRNA-26a/EphA2 Axis Impairs Endothelial Progenitor Cell Function via the p38 MAPK/VEGF Pathway
Authors: Zuo Keqiang , Zhi Kangkang , Zhang Xiaoping , Lu Chenghui , Wang Shi , Li Maoquan , He Bin
Published: January 2015

Background: Dysfunction of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is associated with the onset of cardiovascular disorders. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Here, we examined the role of miR-26a overexpression in atherosclerosis and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods: EPCs were obtained from patients with atherosclerosis and healthy controls. Bone marrow (BM)-derived EPCs were exposed to hypoxia to mimic the atherosclerotic environment and miR-26a, EphA2 and p38 MAPK levels were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting, and VEGF levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and luciferase activity assays confirmed EphA2 as a target of miR-26a. Results: MiR-26a was overexpressed in patients with atherosclerosis and associated with EPC dysfunction. EphA2 was identified as a direct target of miR-26a. Overexpression of miR-26a downregulated EphA2 and impaired EPC function, whereas knockdown of miR-26a upregulated EphA2 and reversed hypoxia-induced EPC dysfunction. MiR-26a overexpression or knockdown modulated the activity of p38 MAPK and the levels of VEGF in EPCs. Conclusions: The role of miR-26a in atherosclerosis is mediated by its target EphA2 via a mechanism involving the p38 MAPK/VEGF pathway.
Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Effect of Riluzole on Disease Course
Authors: Cetin Hakan , Rath Jakob , Füzi Judith , Reichardt Berthold , Fülöp Gerhard , Koppi Stefan , Erdler Marcus , Ransmayr Gerhard , Weber Jörg , Neumann Kurt , Hagmann Michael , Löscher Wolfgang N. , Auff Eduard , Zimprich Fritz
Published: January 2015

Objectives: To assess the epidemiology of ALS in Austria and to evaluate the long-term effect of riluzole treatment on survival. Methods: Hospital discharge and riluzole prescription databases were used to identify ALS cases from January 2008 to June 2012. Using the capture-recapture method we evaluated the incidence and prevalence of ALS and patients' survival in dependence of age, gender and riluzole treatment. Results: The corrected incidence and prevalence of ALS were 3.13/100,000 person-years (95% CI, 2.77 to 3.50) and 9.14/100,000 persons (95% CI, 8.53 to 9.79), respectively. Median survival from diagnosis was 676 days (95% CI, 591 to 761). A younger age at diagnosis was associated with a longer survival. Gender did not appear to affect survival time. Riluzole therapy was associated with a survival advantage only for the initial treatment period. The adjusted hazard ratio of mortality for using riluzole increased continually over time resulting in an apparent reversal of its beneficial effect after 6 months of therapy. Conclusions: We report incidence and prevalence estimates that are on the upper end of the wide range discussed in literature. Riluzole seems to exert a beneficial effect only in the first 6 months of therapy.
Diffusional Kurtosis and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveal Different Time-Sensitive Stroke-Induced Microstructural Changes
Authors: Weber Rachel A. , Hui Edward S. , Jensen Jens H. , Nie Xingju , Falangola Maria F. , Helpern Joseph A. , Adkins DeAnna L.
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose—

Diffusion MRI is a promising, clinically feasible imaging technique commonly used to describe white matter changes after stroke. We investigated the sensitivity of diffusion MRI to detect microstructural alterations in gray matter after sensorimotor cortex stroke in adult male rats.

Methods—

The mean diffusivity (MD) and mean kurtosis of perilesional motor cortex were compared with measures in the contralesional forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex at 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, or 25 days after surgery. MD and mean kurtosis were correlated to the surface densities of glia, dendrites, and axons.

Results—

Perilesional mean kurtosis was increased at 72 hours and 25 days after stroke, whereas MD was no longer different from contralesional sensorimotor cortex at 24 hours after stroke. There was a significant increase in the density of glial processes at 72 hours after stroke in perilesional motor cortex, which correlated with perilesional MD.

Conclusions—

These data support that mean kurtosis and MD provide different but complimentary information on acute and chronic changes in perilesional cortex. Glia infiltration is associated with pseudonormalization of MD in the perilesional motor cortex at 72 hours after lesion; however, this association is absent 25 days after lesion. These data suggest that there are likely several different, time-specific microstructural changes underlying these 2 complimentary diffusion measures.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Risk of Incident Stroke in Community-Living Adults
Authors: Panwar Bhupesh , Jenny Nancy S. , Howard Virginia J. , Wadley Virginia G. , Muntner Paul , Kissela Brett M. , Judd Suzanne E. , Gutiérrez Orlando M.
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose—

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that regulates phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Elevated FGF23 concentrations are associated with excess risk of cardiovascular disease. Associations of FGF23 with stroke outcomes are less clear.

Methods—

Using a case–cohort study design, we examined the association of baseline plasma FGF23 concentrations with incident stroke in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a cohort of black and white adults aged ≥45 years. FGF23 was measured in 615 participants who developed incident stroke (cases) and in 936 participants randomly selected from the REGARDS cohort (comparison subcohort).

Results—

In multivariable-adjusted models, higher calcium and phosphorus concentrations, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher urine albumin excretion were independently associated with higher FGF23. There was no statistically significant association of FGF23 with risk of all-cause stroke in Cox models adjusted for demographic factors and established stroke risk factors (hazard ratio comparing fourth with first quartile 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.82). In prespecified models stratified by stroke subtypes, there was a graded association of FGF23 with risk of cardioembolic stroke in fully adjusted models (quartile 1, reference; quartile 2 hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–3.47; quartile 3 hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–4.44; quartile 4 hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–5.91). There were no statistically significant associations of FGF23 with other ischemic stroke subtypes or with hemorrhagic strokes.

Conclusions—

Higher FGF23 concentrations were associated with higher risk of cardioembolic but not with other stroke subtypes in community-dwelling adults. Additional studies should delineate reasons for these findings.
A new species, Bryobrothera tambuyukonensis (Daltoniaceae, Bryopsida), from Sabah, Borneo Island
Authors: Akiyama Hiroyuki , SULEIMAN MONICA
Published: January 2015

We report a new species Bryobrothera tambuyukonensis, based on the specimens collected in Sabah, Borneo Island. Phylogenetic analyses with plastid (rps4 and trnL-F) and mitochondrial (nad5) genes along with a number of morphological features (for example, undulate lamina, oblong-lanceolate leaves with a single strong costa reddish brown in color, and thick-walled and porose laminal cells) confirmed its distinctiveness from B. crenulata and also close relationship to the elimbate group comprised of Adelothecium bogotense and Benitotania elimbata.
The Nearctic species Margarinotus (Ptomister) immunis (Erichson, 1834) discovered in Slovakia (Coleoptera: Histeridae)
Authors: LACKNER Tomáš , Mazur SŁAWOMIR
Published: January 2015

The species Margarinotus (Ptomister) immunis (Fig. 1) was described by Erichson in 1834 as Hister immunis. Erichson (1834: 143) stated its type locality as “Nordamerika” and this species has been always treated exclusively as an element of the Nearctic fauna (see e.g. Mazur 1997, Bousquet & Laplante 2006 or Mazur 2011). Bousquet & Laplante (2006: 317) state that it inhabits eastern North America from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia to the Ontario Peninsula, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, south to Florida and that the provincial record of British Columbia given by Davies (1991: 139) is likely erroneous. According to Bousquet & Laplante (2006: 317) the species M. (P.) immunis is normally found in forest litter and on carrion.
Review of species of the Scaphoideus albovittatus group (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) from China, with a checklist and distribution summary for Chinese species in the genus
Authors: CHEN FANGYING , DAI WU , ZHANG YALIN
Published: January 2015

The thirteen known leafhopper species of the Scaphoideus albovittatus species group, characterized by the presence of a dorsal white longitudinal stripe, are recognized. Eight species, including three new species, are reported in this group from China: S. albovittatus Matsumura (China: Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan; Japan, Korea, Russia), S. coniceus Li (China: Hainan, Yunnan), S. intermedius Matsumura (China: Taiwan), S. kumamotonis Matsumura (China: Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Japan), S. maai Kitbamroong & Freytag (China: Yunnan, Hainan; Thailand), S. rostratus sp. nov. (China: Yunnan), S. sagittatus sp. nov. (China: Yunnan) and S. yuani sp. nov. (China: Guangxi). The detailed morphology of the new species is described; photographs of external habitus and male and female genitalia of the species from China are given. A checklist and a key to the species in this group are also provided, as well as a checklist with distribution summaries for all valid species in the genus from China.
A New Generic Method for Quantifying the Scale Predictability of the Fractal Atmosphere: Applications to Model Verification
Authors: Fang Xingqin , Kuo Ying-Hwa
Published: January 2015

The authors revisit the issue regarding the predictability of a flow that possesses many scales of motion raised by Lorenz in 1969 and apply the general systems theory developed by Selvam in 1990 to error diagnostics and the predictability of the fractal atmosphere. They then introduce a new generic method to quantify the scale predictability of the fractal atmosphere following the assumptions of the intrinsic inverse power law and the upscale cascade of error. The eddies (of all scales) are extracted against the instant zonal mean, and the ratio of noise (i.e., the domain-averaged square of error amplitudes) to signal (i.e., the domain-averaged square of total eddy amplitudes), referred to as noise-to-signal ratio (NSR), is defined as a measure of forecast skill. The time limit of predictability for any wavenumber can be determined by the criterion or by the criterion , where is the golden ratio and m is a scale index. The NSR is flow adaptive, bias aware, and stable in variation (in a logarithm transformation), and it offers unique advantages for model verification, allowing evaluation of different model variables, regimes, and scales in a consistent manner. In particular, an important advantage of this NSR method over the widely used anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) method is that it could detect the successive scale predictability of different wavenumbers without the need to explicitly perform scale decomposition. As a demonstration, this new NSR method is used to examine the scale predictability of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) 500-hPa geopotential height.
Variability and Trends in Surface Meteorology and Air–Sea Fluxes at a Site off Northern Chile
Authors: Weller Robert A.
Published: January 2015

Time series of surface meteorology and air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum collected from a long-term surface mooring located 1600 km west of the coast of northern Chile are analyzed. The observations, spanning 2000–10, have been withheld from assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. As such, they provide a unique in situ record of atmosphere–ocean coupling in a trade wind region characterized by persistent stratocumulus clouds. The annual cycle is described, as is the interannual variability. Annual variability in the air–sea heat flux is dominated by the annual cycle in net shortwave radiation. In austral summer, the ocean is heated; the 9-yr mean annual heating of the ocean is 38 W m−2. Ocean cooling is seen in 2006–08, coincident with La Niña events. Over the full record, significant trends were found. Increases in wind speed, wind stress, and latent heat flux over 9 yr were 0.8 m s−1, 0.022 N m−2, and 20 W m−2 or 13%, 29%, and 20% of the respective 9-yr means. The decrease in the annual mean net heat flux was 39 W m−2 or 104% of the mean. These changes were found to be largely associated with spring and fall. If this change persists, the annual mean net air–sea heat flux will change sign by 2016, when the magnitude of the wind stress will have increased by close to 60%.
Therapeutic Harm and Cultural Oppression
Authors: Sue Derald Wing
Published: January 2015

The divergent discourses between scholars from the potentially harmful treatment and multicultural psychology camps are accurately observed by Wendt, Gone, and Nagata. I argue that the differences in perspectives between the two groups are more about a clash of therapeutic worldviews, that they are often antagonistic to one another, that conversations have been a one-way process (with one side “not wanting to hear”), and that sociopolitical forces play a significant role in preventing a true dialogue from occurring. I conclude that the ultimate harm to groups of color is cultural oppression.
Asymmetric microcellular composites: Mechanical properties and modulus prediction
Authors: Tissandier Cédric , González-Núñez Rubén , Rodrigue Denis
Published: January 2015

In the first part of this study, asymmetric microcellular composites were prepared by injection molding to study their morphological properties as a function of temperature gradient inside the mold (0–60℃), as well as foaming agent (0–1%) and natural fiber (0–30%) contents. High-density polyethylene, flax fiber, and azodicarbonamide were used for the matrix, reinforcement, and chemical blowing agent, respectively. From the samples produced, mechanical properties (tensile, flexion, torsion, impact) are analyzed in this second part. Mechanical properties were found to be strongly influenced by density reduction and natural fiber content. It was also found that fiber addition provides higher reinforcement in flexion than torsion and tension. Also, flexural modulus and impact strength were relatively unaffected by foaming agent content for the range of parameters studied. From the experimental data obtained, a simple mechanical model based on density profile is presented to predict the elastic moduli of asymmetric structural composite foams.
The Democratic Window of Opportunity
Authors: Aidt Toke S. , Leon Gabriel
Published: January 2015

We show that drought-induced changes in the intensity of riots lead to moves toward democracy in sub-Saharan Africa and that these changes are often a result of concessions made as a result of the riots. This provides evidence that low-intensity conflict can have a substantial short-run impact on democratic change and supports the “window of opportunity” hypothesis: droughts lead to an increase in the threat of conflict, and incumbents often respond by making democratic concessions.
Energy Expenditure in Patients With Esophageal, Gastric, and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ceolin Alves Ana Lígia , Zuconi Carolina Pereira , Correia Maria Isabel
Published: January 2015

Background: Changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) appear to be one of the causes of nutritional depletion in cancer. Assessing REE may be an important tool for providing adequate nutritional therapy to these patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate REE of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer and to compare it to that of healthy controls. Methods: A total of 20 patients, with esophageal (n = 3), gastric (n = 9), and colorectal (n = 8) cancers, and 20 healthy subjects were included. Indirect calorimetry (IC) was used to measure REE in both groups. The “pocket” equation (30 kcal/kg) and the Harris‐Benedict equation, with correction factors of 1.3 (activity) and 1.1 (injury), were employed for assessment of the estimated total energy expenditure (TEE). Statistics included Mann‐Whitney and paired t tests, Bland Altman analysis, and multivariate regression. Results: The REE of the patients (1,274.5 kcal [1,002.9–2,174.9]) was similar to that of the controls (1,445.5 kcal [1,114.5–1,762.6], not significant), even when corrected for the amount of metabolically active tissue. The pocket equation was effective in predicting the patients' TEE, with a 1.7% (32 kcal) difference being observed in comparison with the IC results corrected with the activity factor (not significant). Conclusions: The patients with digestive tract cancers showed a similar REE to that of the controls. The current formula of 30 kcal/kg is suitable for estimating the TEE of these patients.
Large-Scale Events as Catalysts for Creating Mutual Dependence Between Social Ventures and Resource Providers
Authors: McNamara Peter , Pazzaglia Federica , Sonpar Karan
Published: January 2015

We examine the resource mobilization efforts undertaken by a social venture to organize the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games and bring about a change in social attitudes towards the cause of learning and intellectual disabilities. In contrast to previously advanced views of social ventures as powerless actors, we find instead that they are able to leverage the visibility afforded by large-scale events to create positions of mutual dependence, which allow them to access broad support bases and assert themselves in relationships with external parties. Specifically, we find that resource mobilization involves six distinct tactics rooted in the softer forms of power, namely, attraction and inducement. The use of these soft-power tactics depends upon the social venture’s goal at different moments of the relationship with its partners and the level of support available from each external party. Our elaborated theory highlights both the role and limitations of soft power in mobilizing resources and managing relationships.
Modular minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation systems; can they become the standard practice for performing cardiac surgery?
Authors: Anastasiadis K , Antonitsis P , Argiriadou H , Deliopoulos A , Grosomanidis V , Tossios P
Published: January 2015

Minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) has been developed in an attempt to integrate all advances in cardiopulmonary bypass technology in one closed circuit that shows improved biocompatibility and minimizes the systemic detrimental effects of CPB. Despite well-evidenced clinical advantages, penetration of MiECC technology into clinical practice is hampered by concerns raised by perfusionists and surgeons regarding air handling together with blood and volume management during CPB. We designed a modular MiECC circuit, bearing an accessory circuit for immediate transition to an open system that can be used in every adult cardiac surgical procedure, offering enhanced safety features. We challenged this modular circuit in a series of 50 consecutive patients. Our results showed that the modular AHEPA circuit design offers 100% technical success rate in a cohort of random, high-risk patients who underwent complex procedures, including reoperation and valve and aortic surgery, together with emergency cases. This pilot study applies to the real world and prompts for further evaluation of modular MiECC systems through multicentre trials.
Diagnostic Clues to Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalitis and Wernicke Encephalopathy After Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Sadighi Zsila , Sabin Noah D. , Hayden Randall , Stewart Elizabeth , Pillai Asha
Published: January 2015

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) encephalitis and Wernicke encephalopathy are treatable yet frequently undiagnosed causes of encephalopathy in pediatric recipients of allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here we review representative cases of both conditions to highlight specific and relevant neurologic features that prompted effective diagnosis and treatment. Two patients with confusion accompanied by seizures, memory changes, or specific visual hallucinations and HHV6 detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid had improvement in viral load with ganciclovir or foscarnet treatment. Two patients had confusion, ataxia, or ocular changes and low serum thiamine levels, which resolved with parenteral thiamine. In all cases, definitive diagnosis and treatment were facilitated by a high index of suspicion and search for specific pathognomonic neurologic deficits accompanying the confusional state. It is critical to clinically differentiate these 2 conditions from other common neurologic syndromes occurring after transplant, allowing potentially improved patient outcomes by prompt diagnosis and effective treatment.
Semi-physical experimental study of adaptive disturbance rejection filter approach for vibration control of a flexible spacecraft
Authors: Chu Zhongyi , Cui Jing , Ren Shanyong , Ge Shuzhi Sam
Published: January 2015

Adaptive disturbance rejection filter (ADRF) approach, an active vibration control for flexible spacecraft, is developed and its parameters are identified using a closed-loop system method. Particularly, semi-physical experimental study of a maneuvering spacecraft equipped with a flexible manipulator is implemented to demonstrate the improvement of the attitude control performance. The control system consists of two main parts: (1) optimal input shaper is applied to the flexible manipulator to suppress the vibration and alleviate the effect of the vibration on the spacecraft; (2) ADRF is presented to mitigate the equivalent periodic disturbance caused by the nonlinear coupling between the spacecraft motion and the manipulator vibration. The disturbance frequency adaptation tracks the frequency of the periodic disturbance using adaptive notch filter, and the obtained frequency is then fed to disturbance rejection filter. The ADRF approach can provide optimal sets of gains based on the characteristics of the system. The semi-physical experimental results show that the frequency tracking method works quite well to be used in a real-time controller. The results also indicate that the ADRF can provide significant vibration reduction and improve the attitude control accuracy of the spacecraft body.