bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gall Formation in Crofton Weed, Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng (syn Ageratina adenophora), by the Eupatorium Gall Fly Procecidochares utilis Stone (Diptera, Trypetidae)
Authors: Bennett P , Vanstaden J
Published: December 2005

Procecidochares utilis lays eggs on the stem apex of Eupatoriurn adenophorurn and on hatching the
larvae tunnel into the stem. In response to the presence of the larvae a gall forms in the stem which
may contain from 1 to 23 larvae. Callus tissue differentiates and divides to block the entry passages and
seal the larvae in the stem. The normal development of the stem is halted and it swells as the pith cells
continue to divide and become gall parenchyma. A layer of highly meristematic nutritive tissue develops
around the larval cavity on which the growing larvae feed. New vascular tissue differentiates in the pith
region of the gall around the larval cavity. Growth of the gall ceases when the larvae pupate, by which
time most of the nutritive tissue has been consumed and the cells in the pith region have enlarged. Just
prior to pupation the mature larva cuts a cylindrical tunnel to the edge of the gall, leaving only the
epidermis intact; it then returns to the central cavity to pupate. The adult fly escapes by breaking
through the epidermal 'window' at the end of the cylindrical tunnel.
Cytoevolutionary Studies in the Genus Bulbine Wolf (Liliaceae) .I. The Australian Perennial Taxa (B. bulbosa s.1.)
Authors: Watson EM
Published: December 2005

A cytological survey, using root tip mitotic cells, and supplemented by limited breeding and pollen
fertility studies, was carried out on plants of 69 populations of the Australian perennial Bulbine bulbosa
s.1. (Liliaceae). The populations are shown to fall into three main groups. The bulbosa group, characterised
by the presence of a bulbous tuber, occurs at 4x, 8x and 12x levels, with somatic counts of
2n = 24, 48 and 72 respectively. The 4x bulbosa populations, which are functionally diploid, are disjunct
and confined to mesic areas; the 8x and 12x populations occupy the intervening and less mesic sectors
of the bulbosa range. The rock lily group has a count of 2n = 46 and is karyotypically, morphologically
and ecologically distinct from the bulbosa group. A third group, represented by a single Queensland
sample from the Kroombit Tableland, shares the chromosome number and habitat type of the rock lily
but differs from it both morphologically and karyotypically. B. bulbosa, as currently circumscribed, is
therefore considered to include at least three good species. The 4x bulbosa group, the rock lilies and
the Kroombit taxon are all judged, on karyotypic and distributional grounds, to be palaeopolyploids.
The 8x and 12x bulbosa forms appear to be neopolyploids or possibly, in some cases, mesopolyploids.
Cytoevolutionary Studies in the Genus Bulbine Wolf (Liliaceae) .II. The Australian Annual Taxa (Bulbine semibarbata s.1.)
Authors: Watson EM
Published: December 2005

A cytological survey, using root tip mitotic cells and supplemented by some crosses and pollen fertility
studies, was carried out on plants of 55 populations of the Australian annual Bulbine sernibarbata s.1.
(Liliaceae). There are 4x, 8x and 12.x populations.The 4x forms are almost completely confined to eastern
Australia and comprise populations of two kinds: (1) 28-chromosome types, corresponding in morphology
to B. alata Baijnath, which to date has had limited taxonomic acceptance; (2) 26-chromosome
types with the morphology of B. sernibarbata s. str. The alata form occurs in arid, the sernibarbata in
more mesic, areas. The eastern 8x populations are mainly 2n = 54 and are intermediate between the other
two taxa in both range and morphology. This suggests an allopolyploid origin based on hybridisation
between the alata and sernibarbata types. The western 8x populations are nearly all 2n = 52, with much
interpopulation variation in karyotype and a mesic distribution similar to that of the eastern
26-chromosome types. The karyotypic diversity parallels the species richness of other genera in southwestern
Australia and indicates that the complex may be older than the corresponding polyploid complex
within the perennial B. bulbosa s.1. The 12x (2n =78) populations are confined to arid and transitional
rainfall areas of Western Australia. The identification of a distinctive 28-chromosome karyotype for the
alata group gives support to the recognition of B. alata Baijnath, and, by providing a logical euploid
bridge between the chromosome numbers of the African (2n = 14) and Australian species, strengthens
the arguments for treating the two groups as congeneric.
Reproductive Isolation Between Isozyme Groups of Glycine tomentella (Leguminosae), and Spontaneous Doubling in Their Hybrids
Authors: Doyle MJ , Grant JE , Brown AHD
Published: December 2005

Previous studies of infraspecific isozyme variation in Glycine tornentella have recognised five tetraploid
(TI, T2, ... T5) and seven diploid (Dl, D2, ... D7) subspecific groups. This report analyses the meiosis
in pollen mother cells of 31 new tetraploid hybrids, 10 diploid hybrids and three diploid by tetraploid
combinations. A close relationship, over the range of diversity, was observed between isozyme similarity
of the parents of hybrids and chromosome pairing at meiosis. In general, hybrids between parents
belonging to the same isozyme group were fertile whereas hybrids between groups were sterile. In the
tetraploids, the fertility of interregional hybrids when the accessions belonged to the same group
confirmed the widespread distribution of groups T1 and T4. Alternatively, the sterility of intraregional
hybrids between groups showed that groups can coexist and remain as separate gene pools. Each isozyme
group apparently had a single chromosome number (TI and T5 had 2n = 78; T2, T3 and T4 had
2n = 80). Some otherwise sterile hybrid plants produced rare progeny with elevated chromosome num-
ber, probably from the functioning of unreduced male and female gametes. Considerable genomic
divergence was apparent from the hybrids between diploid groups, comparable with that found between
recognised Glycine species. Again isozyme groups had a characteristic chromosome number (Dl and D2
had 2n = 38, the remainder had 2n = 40). Thus reproductive isolation through reduced formation of
bivalents at meiosis operated both between and within cytotypes (2n = 38, 40, 78, 80) of G. tornentella.
The pattern of hybrid sterility was as predicted from the analysis of isozyme similarity, confirming the
grouping as a meaningful classification within this diverse species.
Haliptilon roseum (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) in Southern Australia
Authors: Johansen HW , Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

In spite of the large number of specific names attributable to Haliptilon, based on specimens collected
in southern Australia in the 1800s, only one species, Haliptilon roseurn (Lamarck) Garbary & Johansen,
can be recognised. This species is both common on rocks and epiphytic on a variety of marine plants.
H. roseurn is unique in the genus in that the fronds often produce determinate adventitious branchlets
from axial intergenicula already bearing distichous branchlets. It is a morphologically variable species,
depending largely on its habitat. Vegetative and reproductive characters show that Haliptilon is closely
related to Jania, and more remote from Corallina. Haliptilon roseum may superficially resemble
Corallina officinalis but characters of intergenicular anatomy (especially medullary tiers), branching and
size allow it to be readily distinguished.
Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in a Semiarid Community
Authors: Mcgee P
Published: December 2005

Of 93 species in 37 families occurring in a semiarid open mallee community near Murray Bridge, South
Australia, 85 species were mycorrhizal. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) were more common
than other types of mycorrhizas observed. Genera not previously known to form ectomycorrhizas
include Astroloma (Epacridaceae), Comesperma (Polygalaceae), Thysanotus (Asphodelaceae:
Liliflorae), Baeckea and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), Dampiera (Goodeniaceae), Podotheca and Toxanthes
(Inulae: Asteraceae). Many species were found with both ectomycorrhizas and VAM, with annuals
having both VAM and ectomycorrhizas for the whole growing season and perennials usually exhibiting
either a predominantly VAM or ectomycorrhizal association. Vesicles were present in plant species not
commonly thought of as mycorrhizal hosts.
Anatomical Basis of Shatter-Resistance in the Oilseed Brassicas
Authors: Kadkol GP , Beilharz VC , Halloran GM , Macmillan RH
Published: December 2005

Anatomical features of the siliqua valve and suture were studied in 13 Brassica accessions representing
B. napus, B. campestris and B. juncea in order to investigate the basis of shatter-resistance and the
mechanism of shattering (dehiscence). The high level of shatter-resistance of certain accessions of
B. campestris var. Yellow Sarson and var. Brown Sarson was associated with the absence of an
abscission (separation) layer in the region of attachment of the siliqua valve to the replum. There were
no differences in this regard between intermediate shattering and shatter-susceptible accessions; both
these types had a completely developed abscission layer. Orientation of the tissue and of the microfibrils
of the cells of the siliqua valve did not differ between different layers of the valve in any of the accessions
studied. This implied that the forces giving rise to dehiscence (shattering) are unlikely to develop within
the siliqua and thus the mechanism of dehiscence is most likely passive.
Relationships in the Stringybarks, Eucalyptus L'hérit. Informal Subgenus Monocalyptus Series Capitellatae and Olsenianae: Phylogenetic Hypotheses, Biogeography and Classification
Authors: Ladiges PY , Humphries CJ
Published: December 2005

The stringybark eucalypts form a monophyletic group characterised in Monocalyptus by hispid juvenile
leaves. They have been analysed using a phenetic method, additive similarity trees and a cladistic
parsimony method (Wagner trees).
The shortest Wagner trees indicated that Eucalyptus muelleriana is the sister species to all other
stringybarks. E. olsenii and a taxon from the Carnarvon Range (Queensland) are the next most
plesiomorphic taxa in the phyletic sequence. The remaining taxa form a trichotomy: E. tindaliae,
species with fruits > 8 mm in diameter and with the disc ascending, and species with fruits < 8 mm and
with the disc level. Subclades are largely characterised by seedling morphology. A revised informal
classification is presented, the group being treated as a superseries.
A method of cladistic biogeography is explained and applied. The stringybarks are endemic to
eastern mainland Australia plus Kangaroo Island, but not Tasmania, and the consensus area-cladogram
suggests a sequence of seven historical events subdividing an ancestral area into eight smaller ones.
Queensland appears to be the most plesiomorphic area.
Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi of Defined Plots in the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria, 1975-1985
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Changes in plant species composition over a 10 year period were measured by biennial counts of numbers
and areas on seven quadrats at each of three sites; one site pathogen free, one in the process of invasion
by Phytophthora cinnamomi and one diseased since 1970. Susceptible species died and field-resistant
species increased. Partly susceptible species fluctuated in growth. The plant community changed from
open forest with sclerophyllous understorey dominated by Xanthorrhoea australis to open forest with
large gaps and sedge-dominated ground flora. Tree numbers increased by 25% on the pathogen-free
site but decreased by 42.9 and 45.3% on the two infested sites. Susceptible shrub species increased 10%
on pathogen-free quadrats but decreased in both numbers and diversity with infestation. The high
percentage of bare ground on the old diseased site was gradually colonised by graminoids and legumes.
At the end of the 10 year period P. cinnamomi could no longer be isolated from this site, tree crowns
showed vigorous growth and seedlings of some susceptible species were observed.
The epidemic caused by P. cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges may be finite, with peak death periods
in 1979 for the invaded site and in 1972 for the old diseased site. The bare ground was later colonised
by field-resistant species and the disease potential of the pathogen declined. Regeneration has
commenced on the old diseased site and may eventually become complete for the tree stratum, but
incomplete for the understorey because Xanthorrhoea australis, formerly dominant, has a very slow
growth rate.
Mummified Leaves of Two New Species of Myrtaceae From the Eocene of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Christophel DC , Lys SD
Published: December 2005

Leaf collections made from Lenses A and B of Pit II at the Eocene Alcoa Anglesea locality produced
the first Eocene record of mummified leaves of the Myrtaceae. In order to determine their diversity and
affinities a set of 19 architectural and cuticular characters was selected with which to analyse the leaves.
This character set was tested with 65 extant leaves from 11 species of six genera within the Myrtaceae.
Operational taxonomic units were analysed using a semi-Euclidian distance metric and the UPGMA
clustering algorithm. Results indicated that the character set and analyses successfully clustered all
members of each species used, and in the case of Syzygium loosely clustered most species of the genus
that were tested.
When applied to 34 fossil Myrtaceae leaves, the character sets and analyses revealed that two distinct
fossil leaf taxa were present. The organ genus Myrtaciphyllum Christophel & Lys is proposed for
mummified leaves with affinities to the Myrtaceae. Two species are erected: the type species
M. undulatum, and M. douglasii. The two species are primarily differentiated on cuticular features. The
analyses further showed that, in addition to the two fossil groups being distinct from each other, neither
demonstrated close affinities with any of the 11 species of extant Myrtaceae used in the analysis. Two
fossil Myrtaceae leaves included from the Miocene Bacchus Marsh locality showed moderate affinity to
Myrtaciphyllum undulatum.
Phyllode Structure, Taxonomy and Distribution in Some Australian Acacias
Authors: Boughton VH
Published: December 2005

The phyllode anatomy of 144 species of Acacia belonging to sections Juliflorae, Plurinerves,
Lycopodiifoliae and Phyllodineae was examined in respect of variation in structure of the outer mesophyll.
Using the ratio of central mesophyll thickness to outer rnesophyll thickness as an index of
xeromorphy, a relationship was established between higher xerornorphy and an arid environment and
lower xeromorphy and a more humid environment. Both features are related to infrageneric groupings,
the Juliflorae and the Plurinerves being more xeromorphic in structure than the Phyllodineae.
Polyxylon australe ̵1 a New Cladoxylalean Axis From the Devonian of Australia
Authors: Chambers TC , Regan MA
Published: December 2005

Two well preserved axes discovered in the Late Devonian Mudstones at Barraba, New South Wales,
Australia, have an anatomy resembling that of Polyxylon elegans described in 1939 by Read and Campbell
from the Late Devonian New Albany Shale of Indiana, U.S.A. in the northern hemisphere. We
have erected a new species, Polyxylon australe, for these larger axes from the southern hemisphere.
From our study of the anatomy of both the Australian and American axes we agree with Leclercq,
who in 1970 grouped Polyxylon with the Cladoxylopsida. However, in Polyxylon australe the
protoxylem appears to be exarch at the tips of the xylem arms while in most other members of the
Cladoxylopsida the protoxylem seems to be confined to a peripheral loop in each radially aligned vascular
segment. The occurrence of two species of the one genus with similar anatomical structures,
geographically at great distance from one another, raises some interesting questions of Late Devonian
phytogeography.
The Viability of Bush in Cities ̵2 10 Years of Change in an Urban Grassy Woodland
Authors: Kirkpatrick JB
Published: December 2005

The Queens Domain, Hobart, is an area of grassy woodland that has been surrounded by urban development
for over 70 years. Floristic and structural data were collected from 70 quadrats in both 1974
and 1984 to test whether the relatively high fertility, large size and compact shape of the reserve allowed
it to avoid the dramatic deterioration of native vegetation that has been recorded for less favoured
reserves in other Australian cities. Over the decade an increased incidence and spread of fire was
associated with increased quadrat species richness, increases in tree density, especially of Casuarina
stricta, and a decrease in the density of the larger size classes. However, despite large increases in exotic
species richness in two out of three communities defined for the Domain its nature conservation value
did not decline, as many of the species that increased in frequency over the decade were native herbs
that are now rare in Tasmania. A high fire frequency or the reintroduction of large native herbivores
may be necessary to encourage these species and to help prevent a thickening of the tree stratum.
Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire.
Authors: Groves RH , Hocking PJ , Mcmahon A
Published: December 2005

The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout-
ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually
released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern
South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1
to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park,
western Victoria.
B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total shoot dry matter and
content of all nutrients to vegetative growth over its shorter life span than B. ornata, the non-sprouter.
About 50% of the total phosphorus in B. ornata shoots at 50+ years was present in cones (including
seeds) compared with only about 20% in B. marginata shoots at a comparable stage of senescence (25
years). This difference between the species was also true to a lesser degree for nitrogen. There were
considerable differences between other nutrients in their distribution patterns in shoots. Nutrients could
be grouped together on the basis of distribution in shoots more satisfactorily than on presumed physio-
logical roles. Stems were major sites of nutrient accumulation in both species. The content of a particular
nutrient in seeds as a proportion of the content in the living parts of the shoot ranged from 0.03% (Na,
Mn) to 2.0% (P) in B. marginata, and from 0.3% (Na) to as high as 31% (P) in B. ornata. Concen-
trations of all nutrients except sodium were much higher in seeds than in the woody cones or vegetative
organs of both species; seeds of B. ornata were particularly rich in calcium and manganese.
We conclude that the different patterns of distribution of biomass and nutrients, especially nitrogen
and phosphorus, within shoots of the two species reflect their different regenerative modes after fire.
Introduction
Phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen limit the growth of sclerophyllous shrubs
on nutrient-poor soils in southern Australia
Chalara australis sp nov (Hyphomycetes), a Vascular Pathogen of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Fagaceae) in Australia and Its Relationship to Other Chalara Species
Authors: Kile GA , Walker J
Published: December 2005

Widespread but locally severe disease of Nothofagus cunninghamii occurs in Tasmanian rainforests.
Signs and symptoms of disease in individual trees include attack by the mountain pinhole borer Platypus
subgranosus, chlorosis-necrosis and abscission of foliage and sudden wilting of shoots and foliage of
affected trees, discoloration of sapwood from the roots to the upper stem and the formation of dark
grey-black fungal felts on the bark or cross-cut surfaces of infected stems. Naturally infected trees may
take from less than 1 year to more than 2.5 years to die from the time of initial infection.
The hyphomycete Chalara australis J. Walker & G. A. Kile, sp. nov. is isolated consistently from the
discoloured wood in dying trees. The species is described and its taxonomic affinities with C. quercina,
C. ungeri, C. neocaledoniae, C. nothofagi and the Chalara anamorphs of Ceratocystis virescens discussed.
No teleomorph has been found.
Artificial inoculation of C. australis into healthy seedlings, saplings and large trees of
N. cunninghamii reproduced the disease and confirmed that the species is an aggressive primary pathogen.
None of the other fungi isolated directly from P. subgranosus, its tunnels or adjacent discoloured
wood or the upper stems and branches of dying N. cunninghamii were pathogenic in seedlings. It is
uncertain whether C. australis is vectored by P. subgranosus or if fungal infection precedes
P. subgranosus infestation.
The general significance of Chalara spp. in relation to the Fagaceae is discussed.
Genetic Variation in the Spinning Gum, Eucalyptus perriniana F-Muell ex Rodway
Authors: Wiltshire RJE , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

Two Tasmanian populations of E. perriniana were examined to determine the extent of morphological
variation between two gene pools that have been isolated for perhaps thousands of years. Surprisingly
few differences were noted despite small population sizes, high levels of disturbance and high levels of
hybridisation with E. rodwayi. When compared to mainland E. perriniana, large genotypic differences
were noted: e.g. mainland E. perriniana seeds required stratification whereas Tasmanian seeds did not.
The growth rates, leaf shape and colour also differed markedly but reproductive characters did not.
These differences are possibly the products of differing selective pressures associated with altitudinal
differences rather than random genetic drift or introgressive hybridisation. Developmental abnormalities
were noted which seem to indicate that the distinctive connate form of the juvenile leaves is under
relatively simple control mechanisms.
New Records of Entomophthoran Fungi From Insects in Australia
Authors: Glare TR , Milner RJ
Published: December 2005

Five species of entomophthoran fungi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) are described from Australian
insect populations for the first time. Two species, Entomophthora muscae and Erynia bullata,
were found attacking Diptera; one species, Neozygites parvispora, was found attacking thrips; and two
others, Entomophaga aulicae and Erynia gammae (recombined from Tarichium) were found on
Lepidoptera.
Regulation by Ions of Zoospore Release in Pythium
Authors: Shipton WA
Published: December 2005

In a Pythium species causing equine phycomycosis, release of zoospores from vesicles is regulated by
K+ in the presence of either Ca2+ or Mg2+ . In the presence of K+ (16 mM ) , numerous vesicles were
formed but, in most, mature zoospores failed to develop to maturity and both immature zoospores and
vesicles disintegrated unless Ca,2+ (0.3�M -3mM ) or Mg2+ (0.3�M - 0.3mM) were present. The effect
of K+ can be replaced partially by Rb+. Addition of Li+, Cs+ or NH4+ ions to colonies 4 h after
zoospore induction had commenced led to vesicle lysis and to the formation of abnormal spores and
bizarre-shaped bodies in vesicles; simultaneous addition of Ca2+ (3mM) exerted a particularly marked
stabilising effect on vesicle structure. Zoospore motility both in the vesicle and after release was reduced
or completely inhibited by K+ (16 mM) . Group I elements generally inhibited zoospore motility with
the notable exception of Na+. Some group 11 elements inhibited zoospore motility but Ca2+ and Mg2+
were notable exceptions. Vesicle membranes induced in the presence of K+ and Ca2+ (16 and 3 mM
respectively) were up to eight times thicker than membranes induced in distilled water. Zoospore
motility, zoospore encystment and membrane stability appear to be critical factors in the release of
zoospores from vesicles.
The Influence of Hardening and Waterlogging on the Frost Resistance of Subalpine Eucalypts.
Authors: Davidson NJ , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

Marked interspecific differences in frost resistance were shown to exist between eucalypt seedlings grown
in reciprocal field transplant trials conducted at a frost hollow on Snug Plains, south-eastern Tasmania.
Populations of the six eucalypt species tested naturally inhabited the margins and base of this frost
hollow. A growing season frost of - 5.5°C caused substantial damage to E. delegatensis, E. pulchella,
E. urnigera, E. johnstonii and E. coccifera but only slight damage to E. gunnii. A winter frost of
- 10.5°C caused markedly less damage than the growing season frost, suggesting that appreciable
hardening occurs in winter and that growing season frosts may play a significant role in determining
the distribution of subalpine eucalypts. E. pulchella appeared more resistant to growing season frosts
than E. delegatensis while the reverse occurred in all but one of the experimental gardens during winter
frosts. The reasons for this reversal and its significance are discussed. Frost chamber experiments
confirmed the major differences between species in frost resistance and the importance of hardening.
The reciprocal transplant trials suggested that seedlings from subgenus Symphyomyrtus were more
frost resistant than those from subgenus Monocalyptus in sites prone to waterlogging. This was sup-
ported by frost chamber trials in which a significant interaction between frost resistance and waterlog-
ging was demonstrated. Species from subgenus Monocalyptus showed a reduced ability to harden under
waterlogged conditions compared with species from subgenus Symphyomyrtus. This interaction may be
of ecological importance since species from subgenus Monocalyptus do not occur in cold, waterlogged
sites at Snug Plains. The present and previous experiments suggest that the distribution of subalpine
eucalypts is dependent upon the interaction of a range of factors including the severity of winter frosts,
resistance to growing season frosts, the suitability of the site for frost hardening and the degree of
waterlogging.
Comparative Behaviour of Phytophthora Species in the Secondary Phloem of Stems and Excised Roots of Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata
Authors: Shearer BL , Michaelsen BJ , Warren HJ
Published: December 2005

We inoculated excised roots under controlled laboratory conditions and inoculated stems in the field to
compare the behaviour of Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi A2, P. citricola,
P. cryptogea A1 and A2, P. megasperma var. sojae and P. nicotianae var. parasitica in the secondary
phloem of Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata. Most of the Phytophthora species grew in excised
roots of E. marginata at a similar rate. Of the Phytophthora species with similar rates of growth in
E. marginata roots, P. cinnamomi was the only species that consistently grew faster in excised roots of
B. grandis than in roots of E. marginata. The growth of the Phytophthora species in excised roots under
controlled conditions was significantly correlated with growth in intact stems in the field. Over a range
of temperatures between 10 and 25°C, the slope of the temperature-growth response curve for
P. cinnamomi in excised roots of B. grandis was greater than that for P. citricola. At temperatures
between 27 and 31°C, growth rates of P. cinnarnomi in excised roots of B. grandis were 1 cm or more
per day compared with 0.3 cm per day for P. citricola. Differences in growth rate in the roots of the
widespread understorey species B. grandis can be important to the epidemiology of a Phytophthora
species in the E. marginata forest. Phytophthora cinnamomi with fast rates of growth in roots of
B. grandis is more likely to have inoculum in the vicinity of major roots of E. marginata than are
Phytophthora species with slow rates of growth.
Species Responses to Grazing and Environmental-Factors in an Arid Halophytic Shrubland Community
Authors: Hacker RB
Published: December 2005

Species responses to grazing and environmental factors were studied in an arid halophytic shrubland
community in Western Australia. The grazing responses of major shrub species were defined by using
reciprocal averaging ordination of botanical data, interpreted in conjunction with a similar ordination
of soil chemical properties and measures of soil erosion derived from large-scale aerial photographs. An
apparent small-scale interaction between grazing and soil salinity was also defined. Long-term grazing
pressure is apparently reduced on localised areas of high salinity. Environmental factors affecting species
distribution are complex and appear to include soil salinity, soil cationic balance, geomorphological
variation and the influence of cryptogamic crusts on seedling establishment.
Environmental Relationships of Woody Vegetation Patterns in the Australian Monsoon Tropics
Authors: Bowman DMJS , Minchin PR
Published: December 2005

Indirect gradient analysis was applied to 48 vegetation samples taken from a mosaic of woody vegetation
at Berry Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. Compositional variation among the samples
was effectively summarised by a two-dimensional ordination by non-metric multidimensional scaling.
Subsequent rotational correlation analysis revealed marked relationships between the vegetation pattern
and edaphic variables which reflect two aspects of the moisture regime: water availability during the
dry season and the degree of inundation during the wet season. Moisture availability is principally
determined by topographic position, through its relationship with soil texture and water table depth.
Poor drainage during the wet season appears to separate Melaleuca communities from those dominated
by eucalypts. Shrubby and grassy open forests appear to be differentiated by the intensity of the winter
drought. The grassy understoreys, which occur on upslope positions well above the water table, die off
shortly after the end of the wet season thus providing fuel for fires. A closed Carpentaria forest, located
on the slopes above a spring, was found to have relatively organic-rich, fertile, fine-textured soils,
possibly reflecting the superior nutrient cycling of the closed forest compared with the frequently burnt
surrounding open communities. We suggest that the dense evergreen vegetation presents a barrier to
fires from the open communities. This would account for the greater proportion of woody, closed forest
species that regenerate exclusively from seed. The fires in the eucalypt forests are of low intensity and
plants have vegetative mechanisms to recover from damage. We conclude that the edaphically determined
vegetation controls fire regime rather than the converse.
Tandonella oleariae sp. nov and Generic Separation of Tandonella and Sclerographiopsis
Authors: Sutton BC , Pascoe IG
Published: December 2005

Tandonella oleariae sp. nov. is introduced for a synnematous hyphomycete associated with chlorotic
lesions on leaves of some Olearia species. It is described, illustrated and distinguished from T. ziziphi,
the type species, by conidial size and morphology of the synnemata. Tandonella and Sclerographiopsis
are maintained as distinct genera based mainly on differences in behaviour of the conidiogenous cells
during production of conidia. The generic criteria of both genera are amended.
Anomalous Reaction Fibers in the Woody Monocotyledon Xanthorrhea australis R. Br
Authors: Boyd JD , Foster RC
Published: December 2005

This study of leaves, of the woody monocotyledon Xanthorrhoea australis, relates their progressive
growth in length to associated differentiation of cells with apparently significant structural functions. It
connects features of development of the readily identifiable cell wall layers, and the in-built axial shape
of the growing leaves, as their positions of articulation move across the top of the shoot apex to the
side of the stem.
Results show that the shape of the leaves, as developed with their growth in length, ensures their
upper and lower faces will be exposed to light, when normal progressive movement of their positions
of articulation takes them from the centre to the outside of the axial bundle of developing leaves. The
study indicates also that the exposure occurs prior to differentiation of so-called 'reaction wood' cells,
previously suggested as causing it. Furthermore, evidence of all changes in axial profile of the leaves
through to senescence revealed no bending of leaves induced by the so-called reaction cells. The data
suggest that those cells are differentiated to stiffen the leaves against excessive bending under gravity
forces.
A Hybrid Between Ornithopus sativus and O. compressus cv. Pitman Obtained With the Aid of Ovule-Embryo Culture
Authors: Williams WM , De Lautour G , Williams EG
Published: December 2005

A single chimera1 F1 interspecific hybrid between Ornithopus sativus ( female ) , pink serradella, and
O. compressus cv. Pitman, West Australian Pitman serradella, was obtained by ovule-embryo culture
with transplanted nurse endosperm from gorse, Ulex europaeus. Although the growth form was abnor-
mal and in vitro pollen germinability less than 10%, F1-F5 generations were obtained. Plants of these
succeeding generations showed variability for growth habit and fertility, with a progressive improvement
towards normal growth and fertility above 90%. It proved possible to select a highly fertile group of
advanced generation hybrids which combined the productivity and seed hullability of O. sativus with
the more prostrate habit and hard seed that confer greater persistency on O. compressus.
Frost Resistance in .Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden: Physiological Aspects of Hardiness
Authors: Tibbits WN , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

The effects of photoperiod, temperature regime and differential root and shoot temperatures on frost
resistance were examined in both hardening and dehardening Eucalyptus nitens seedlings. Frost resist-
ance was primarily determined by measuring the relative loss of electrolytes from frosted leaf discs. This
method of assessing frost resistance compares favourably with the frosting of whole seedlings since the
critical temperatures producing 50% leaf death in whole seedlings and the leakage of 50% of cellular
electrolytes (T50) agreed to within 0.6°C after 14 and 28 days' hardening.
Unhardened seedlings had T50 values of - 3.4°C. Seedlings hardening over a 56 day period, at night
temperatures of 3°C for 16 h and days of 13-25°C, steadily increased in frost resistance to T50 values
of -7.5°C. Reducing the daily amount of hardening temperature from 16 to 8 h produced seedlings
that were over 1.0°C less frost resistant at the end of 42 days' hardening. On the other hand, seedlings
exposed to a constant 3°C, day and night, suffered considerable water stress and were unable to harden
beyond -5.8°C, even after 77 days. Heating seedling roots to between 6 and 18°C throughout the 3°C
regime maintained high plant water status but did not confer any increased frost resistance.
Rates of dehardening in well hardened seedlings increased with increasing day and 1 or night tempera-
ture in the range 6-20°C. Seedlings exposed to 14 h nights at 6.0°C, just 3°C warmer than the hardening
temperatures used, were unable to maintain T50 levels of -7.5°C and dehardened by 2.5°C over a
3-week period. The dehardening rate of leaves from seedlings exposed to an air temperature of 18°C
day and night was significantly reduced if roots were exposed to 3°C.
Cladistic and Biogeographic Analysis of Western Australian Species of Eucalyptus L'Hérit., Informal Subgenus Monocalyptus Pryor & Johnson
Authors: Ladiges PY , Humphries CJ , Brooker MIH
Published: December 2005

The Western Australian species of Eucalyptus informal subgenus Monocalyptus were shown to be a paraphyletic group. A cladistic analysis of a larger sample of taxa, using a Wagner parsimony method, showed that the Queensland species E. rubiginosa is the sister species to all others in Monocalyptus. The
Western Australian species E. jacksonii and E. brevistylis were found to be connected to eastern taxa
and are probably related to the lineages leading to the 'green ashes' and 'stringybarks' etc. The remaining
Western Australian species formed a number of subclades, one of which, including E. marginata
and E. staeri, had a separate connection with eastern species, probably all of the 'blue ashes'. A revised
informal classification recognising three sections, five subsections, five infrasections, five superseries, five
series and two subseries is presented.
Biogeographic analyses of each of the major subclades are summarised as one area-consensus tree
representing a classification of areas as determined from the taxonomy of the eucalypts. A comparison
with the geological and climatological history points to the Tertiary as the likely time of first speciation
within Monocalyptus.
A Phenetic Study of the Relationships of Drymophila R.Br Within the Reticulate-Veined Liliiflorae
Authors: Conran JG
Published: December 2005

Drymophila R.Br. is compared with 50 allegedly related taxa and comparisons are made from phenetic
analyses involving 94 characters. The results of MACINF, UPGMA, ADDTREE and PCoA analyses
show that Drymophila belongs with Luzuriaga Ruiz et Pavon and Behnia Didr. in the Luzuriagaceae
(Asparagales), with affinities to the Geitonoplesiaceae and Phormiaceae in the Asparagales, and the
Uvulariaceae in the Liliales. Realignments of family groupings within the Liliiflorae are also discussed.
The Development and Mobilisation of Seed Reserves in Some African Orchids
Authors: Manning JC , Van Staden J
Published: December 2005

The development, final appearance and digestion (during germination) of seed reserves in a number of genera of the
Orchidaceae (tribe Orchideae) has been studied comprehensively, using ultrastructural and histochemical
techniques complemented by gas chromatographic analysis of free sugars. Mature seeds of Disa, Disperis and Huttonaea contain substantial reserves of lipid and protein in the embryo. The
protodermal cells of Disperis also contain protein-carbohydrate bodies. Free sugars are present but
starch occurs only in immature seeds. Glyoxysomes are absent and lipolysis does not occur in seeds
incubated without an external source of sucrose, and although a little starch is formed it is apparently
synthesised from endogenous sucrose reserves. In the presence of exogenous sucrose, however, proteins
are hydrolysed and glyoxysomes appear. Substantial quantities of starch are formed in such seeds. From
these observations it is apparent that orchid seeds are unable to utilise endogenous reserves of lipid unless
simple sugars are supplied to the medium but can utilise the free sugars present in the embryo. Resultant
conclusions on the role of mycorrhizae in the germination of orchid seeds are discussed.
Australian C4 Grasses (Poaceae) - Leaf Blade Anatomical Features in Relation to C-4 Acid Decarboxylation Types
Authors: Prendergast HDV , Hattersley PW
Published: December 2005

Using fresh, preserved and herbarium material we have examined the leaf blade anatomy of the Australian
C4 grass flora (Poaceae) in relation to C4 acid decarboxylation type (NADP-malic enzyme,
NADP-ME; NAD-malic enzyme, NAD-ME; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PCK). Our survey
included almost all species of the subfamilies Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae and of the panicoid
genus Panicum. We sampled all genera for the Panicoideae but for many only representative species
were examined. Our data are cross-referenced with available anatomical and biochemical data on C4
types, in particular with our own, which show a number of somewhat taxonomically predictable exceptions
to established anatomical/biochemical correlations. We briefly consider C4 types in relation to
geographical distribution, pointing out that NAD-ME type species are poorly represented in agronomical
research on the arid and semiarid zone, where many of these occur.
A Review of the Family Portulacaceae
Authors: Carolin R
Published: December 2005

A number of attributes that has proved useful to delimit subfamilial taxa within the Portulacaceae are
critically assessed and some little used ones are introduced. The attributes are polarised by an outgroup
comparison and a Wagner tree constructed. Some reversals which occur on this tree are considered
unacceptable and branches are moved to eliminate this factor, although a longer tree, in terms of
character state changes, is produced. A phylogenetic sequence is proposed on this basis and a new
classification of the family attempted. On the basis of these results it is suggested that: (1) the genus
Calandrinia s.1. be divided into five genera; (2) the genera Talinaria and Anacampseros are closely
related; (3) Talinum may not be a natural genus; (4) the family can be conveniently divided into five
tribes.
A biogeographical analysis indicates that closer floristic relationships exist between western America
and Australia and between eastern America and Africa than between eastern and western America or
between Australia and Africa.
Effects of Disturbance and Grazing by Cattle on the Dynamics of Heathland and Grassland Communities on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria
Authors: Williams RJ , Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

Within the high subalpine tract of the Bogong High Plains there has been a gradual increase in the cover
of shrubs over the past 40 years, especially within open heathland and grassland communities. A field
trial, using permanent 1 m2 plots, has confirmed that the establishment of shrub seedlings such as
Asterolasia trymalioides, Grevillea australis, Phebalium squamulosum and Prostanthera cuneata occurs
primarily upon bare ground, and is absent where the cover of vegetation or fixed Poa hiemata litter
remains intact. The survival of Poa hiemata seedlings on bare ground is low, except where local shelter
is afforded. Disturbances which cause bare ground, including domestic cattle activity, can create
microsites suitable for the establishment of shrub seedlings. Shrub establishment and development may
be inhibited by cattle trampling, and some palatable shrubs, e.g. Asterolasia and Grevillea, are especially
affected. If cattle are removed from previously grazed grassland and heathland sites where shrubs such
as Asterolasia and Grevillea have established, the encroachment of such shrubs will be more rapid than
on similar sites subject to continued grazing. However, continued cattle activity is unlikely to inhibit
the development of non-palatable, vegetatively reproducing shrubs such as Prostanthera cuneata and
Phebalium squamulosum within closed heath communities.
Effects of Rabbit Grazing and Fire on a Sub-Alpine Environment .I. Herbaceous and Shrubby Vegetation
Authors: Leigh JH , Wimbush DJ , Wood DH , Holgate MD , Slee AV , Stanger MG , Forrester RI
Published: December 2005

The effects upon shrubby and herbaceous vegetation of two low-intensity fires and/or grazing by feral
rabbits and wombats were studied in a subalpine environment between 1977 and 1984. Fire reduced
shrub cover and biomass to low levels and their recovery was slow. When unburnt, tall shrubs increased,
then decreased as a result of extreme frost and drought and subsequently continued to decrease. The
recovery of the herb cover and biomass after fire was complete within a year except when delayed by
drought andlor disturbance by rabbits. Bare ground was less than 2% in the absence of fire and rabbit
grazing but increased to nearly 20% after fire in the presence of rabbits. Rabbits reduced the cover and
biomass of 39 species of forb, in some cases to zero. Feral rabbit populations survived and multiplied
on burnt areas but decreased on areas left unburnt. The implications of this research for the
management of similar environments are discussed.
Preferential Outcrossing in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell
Authors: Griffin AR , Moran GF , Fripp YJ
Published: December 2005

Seed production characteristics of Eucalyptus regnans following self (S), outcross (O), (S+O ) and open
pollination were investigated as a contribution to understanding of breeding system control in this
species.
All five trees tested produced seed after self-pollination, although yield was reduced relative to
outcrossing. Isozyme analysis was used to determine paternity of individual seeds produced by polli-
nation with a 1 : 1 mixture of S and 0 pollens. Preferential outcrossing was demonstrated, with an
average of 81% of seeds being outcrosses. S and 0 seeds were also found within the same open-
pollinated capsules, confirming the experimental observation that receipt of outcross pollen does not per
se preclude self-fertilisation.
The independent probabilities of survival of S and 0 embryos, as determined from seed yield per
100 flowers after separate S and 0 pollination, accounted for much of the preferential outcrossing effect.
However, some trees produced more outcrosses than expected and competitive interaction of embryo
genotypes within a capsule cannot be discounted.
Following open pollination, samples from 15 trees averaged 16.7 ovules and 1.48 full seeds per
capsule, giving a mean seed : ovule ratio of 9.0%. The modal number of seeds per capsule was 1 and
the maximum 9, while 21% of capsules yielded no full seeds.
These observations and experiments suggest post-fertilisation control of the breeding system,
dependent upon both embryo genotype and maternal resource allocation.
The Genus Chondria C Agardh (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) in Southern Australia
Authors: Gordonmills EM , Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

The genus Chondria is well represented on the coast of southern Australia where 17 species occur. Of
the 12 species previously recognised, three are transferred to other genera and two placed into synonymy
with other species of Chondria. A further seven species are described as new (C. angustissima, C.
capreolis, C. hieroglyphics, C. incurva, C. myriopoda, C. semzsecunda and C. suprabulbosa), one
species is raised from subspecific status, one transferred from Coeloclonium and one species from
California is described as a new record for southern Australia.
Most southern Australian species of Chondria appear to be clearly defined; however, a few intergrades
between C. curdieana and C. capreolis occur. Previous confusion in the identification of species
was mainly due to the lack of detailed investigation of morphology together with insufficient understanding
of important characters and the degree of variation.
Only seven of the southern Australian species of Chondria have a wide distribution, one western,
one central and eight with primarily eastern distributions. Of the last, two species extend into warm
temperate and subtropical waters. Six species are found mainly in deep water (more than 10 m deep)
while another six range from shallow to medium depths (less than 10 m deep). The remainder occur
in the exclusively shallow water environments of the lower eulittoral to upper sublittoral zones.