bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is important at the end of life for people with dementia? The views of people with dementia and their carers
Authors: Hill Sarah R. , Mason Helen , Poole Marie , Vale Luke , Robinson Louise ,   on behalf of the SEED team
Published: August 2016

Background

Approaching end of life is often a time of vulnerability; this is particularly so for people with dementia and their families where loss of capacity and the ability to communicate, make assessment and shared decision‐making difficult. Research has consistently shown that improvements in care and services are required to support better quality and more person‐centred care for people with dementia towards and at end of life. However, the views of people with dementia about what factors contribute to high‐quality care at this time are a neglected area.

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the aspects of end‐of‐life care for people with dementia that are most important to them and their carers.

Design

Q‐methodology, a mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to study subjectivity, was used to identify the views of people with mild dementia, their family carers and bereaved carers on end‐of‐life care for people with dementia. Fifty‐seven participants were included in the study.

Results

Four distinct views were identified: family involvement, living in the present, pragmatic expectations and autonomy and individuality. Some areas of consensus across all views included compassionate care, decisions being made by healthcare professionals and information availability when making decisions.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal several different views on what is important about end‐of‐life care for people with dementia; therefore, a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ approach to care is unlikely to be most appropriate. Notwithstanding the differing viewpoints could provide a framework for service providers and commissioners for future care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tip in–light on: Advantages, challenges, and applications of combining AFM and Raman microscopy on biological samples
Authors: Prats‐Mateu Batirtze , Gierlinger Notburga
Published: August 2016

Scanning probe microscopies and spectroscopies, especially AFM and Confocal Raman microscopy are powerful tools to characterize biological materials. They are both non‐destructive methods and reveal mechanical and chemical properties on the micro and nano‐scale. In the last years the interest for increasing the lateral resolution of optical and spectral images has driven the development of new technologies that overcome the diffraction limit of light. The combination of AFM and Raman reaches resolutions of about 50–150 nm in near‐field Raman and 1.7–50 nm in tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and both give a molecular information of the sample and the topography of the scanned surface. In this review, the mentioned approaches are introduced, the main advantages and problems for application on biological samples discussed and some examples for successful experiments given. Finally the potential of colocated AFM and Raman measurements is shown on a case study of cellulose‐lignin films: the topography structures revealed by AFM can be related to a certain chemistry by the colocated Raman scan and additionally the mechanical properties be revealed by using the digital pulsed force mode. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:30–40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrocatalytic Multicomponent Reaction for Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Spirooxindole Derivatives from Isatins, Malononitrile, and Dimedone
Authors: Darvish Zahra Mohammad , Mirza Behrooz , Makarem Somayeh
Published: August 2016

An electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of nanoparticles of spirooxindole is described, using an electrogenerated base of the anion of propanol in a one‐pot, three component condensations of an isatins, dimedone, and malononitrile in an undivided cell in the presence of sodium bromide as an electrolyte at 50°C.
Spatial variations in temperature in a mountainous region of Jeju Island, South Korea
Authors: Um Myoung‐Jin , Kim Yeonjoo
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to better understand the spatial variations in the daily average, maximum and minimum air temperatures on Jeju Island, South Korea, by interpolating between observed temperature data that are distributed across a mountainous region. This spatial interpolation was performed in two steps: filling in the ungauged station data using principal component regression, and then downscaling the station‐based data to obtain a spatially gridded data set using the Precipitation‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model. Whereas the conventional practice of interpolating data does not include filling in ungauged data, our approach is particularly useful because most ungauged data correspond to high‐elevation regions. Using the proposed approach, we were able to reasonably construct the spatial distribution of the temperatures on Jeju Island. Our trend analysis showed that the temperatures increased significantly in the summer and decreased in the winter. Furthermore, the positive temperature trends generally become larger at higher elevation when the average positive trends are significant in the summer.
Simulation and projection of climatic changes in the Indus River Basin, using the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM
Authors: Huang Jinlong , Wang Yanjun , Fischer Thomas , Su Buda , Li Xiucang , Jiang Tong
Published: August 2016

In this article, the analysis of simulated and projected climatic changes in the Indus River Basin (IRB) is presented. The performance of the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM (CCLM) driven by the global circulation model MPI‐ESM‐LR is evaluated on the ability of reproducing temperature, precipitation, and wind pattern for the period 1961–2005. There exist quantitative biases, especially in precipitation pattern, which are associated to the diverse reproduction of the atmospheric circulation by the global circulation model. The overall results show that CCLM is able to satisfyingly capture the dominant spatial characteristics in annual temperature and precipitation time series, including the warming trend, and the seasonal variations.

The changes in precipitation and temperature over the IRB are projected for the mid‐ (2046–2065) and late‐21st century (2081–2100). Relative to the baseline period (1986–2005), the average annual temperature will increase during the mid‐ and late‐21st century over the whole basin. Extreme temperature events, i.e. heat waves, are more likely to occur. An increase in summer temperature is also projected especially in the upper IRB, where the persistent increase is likely to cause further melting of glaciers. The annual precipitation will decrease in both the mid‐ and late‐21st century with significant spatial changes. A decrease in the monsoon precipitation is also projected, particularly in the central and southern plains of lower altitudes, which might be highly related to the reduction of wet air from the Indian Ocean and the increment in outflow to the east of the IRB. For winter and spring precipitation, except for the late‐21st century under the representative climate pathway (RCP) 2.6, a decreasing trend is projected, which might be caused by the reduction of water vapour from the west. This will further weaken the availability of water resources in these seasons, especially in the upper IRB of higher altitudes.
The ‘Roxolany Tephra’ (Ukraine) − new evidence for an origin from Ciomadul volcano, East Carpathians
Authors: Wulf Sabine , Fedorowicz Stanisław , Veres Daniel , Łanczont Maria , Karátson Dávid , Gertisser Ralf , Bormann Marc , Magyari Enikö , Appelt Oona , Hambach Ulrich , Gozhyk Petro F.
Published: August 2016

We present major element glass data and correlations for the ‘Roxolany Tephra’ − a so far geochemically unconstrained volcanic ash layer previously described in last glacial (Marine Isotope Stage 2) loess deposits of the Roxolany loess–palaeosol complex in south‐west Ukraine. This exceptionally well‐preserved, 2–3‐cm‐thick tephra layer is characterized by a rhyolitic glass composition that is comparable to that of proximal tephra units from Ciomadul volcano in the East Carpathians, central Romania. The chemistry particularly matches that of the final Latest St. Ana Phreatomagmatic Activity pyroclastic fall unit of St. Ana crater that is radiocarbon dated in the proximal Mohoş coring site (MOH‐2) to 29.6 ± 0.62 cal ka BP. The age of the tephra correlative agrees with the newest radiocarbon and infrared optically stimulated luminescence age constraints from overlying palaeosols and tephra‐embedding loess of the Roxolany sequence, respectively, which place the tephra between ca. 33 and 24 cal ka BP, and thus confirm the long‐debated chronostratigraphy of this important environmental archive. The occurrence of a distal Ciomadul tephra ca. 350 km east of its source indicates great potential for further tephra and cryptotephra findings from this volcanic complex in the south‐eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea region.
Evidence for herbivorous cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) in Goyet Cave, Belgium: implications for palaeodietary reconstruction of fossil bears using amino acid δ15N approaches
Authors: Naito Yuichi I. , Germonpré Mietje , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Drucker Dorothée G. , Hobson Keith A. , Edwards Mark A. , Wißing Christoph , Bocherens Hervé
Published: August 2016

Insights into causes of extinction in fossil animals can contribute to an understanding of how environmental or anthropogenic processes may affect extant animals. Cave bears that went extinct in the late Pleistocene in Europe have been considered largely herbivorous based on tooth, skull and jaw morphology. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition (δ15N, δ13C) of bone collagen of many cave bears having values similar to or lower than those of coeval herbivores support an exclusive plant diet and their occurrence in habitats with denser vegetation. A complicating aspect of this hypothesis is that isotopic compositions of bulk collagen, especially those of nitrogen, could reflect environmental fluctuation as well as behavioural and physiological traits, which are not related to trophic position and so may lead to uncertainty in palaeodietary reconstruction. Here we show that δ15N analysis of individual collagen amino acids of fossil bears from Goyet Cave (Belgium) indicates that cave bears had a constant trophic position of 1.9–2.1, indicating purely herbivorous diets, while brown bears had a trophic position of 2.0–2.4, indicating a slightly more omnivorous diet. Results might support the hypothesis of the extinction of cave bear due to the inflexibility in feeding habits.
Multidimensional vocal assessment after laser treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Kono Takeyuki , Yabe Haruna , Uno Kosuke , Saito Koichiro , Ogawa Kaoru
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign epithelial tumor that exhibits a high frequency of recurrence. This study assesses the vocal function after laser treatment for RRP, particularly in relation to the frequency of surgery.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Thirty RRP patients who underwent laser surgery that controlled the tumor were included. Preoperative and postoperative Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain Scale, videostroboscopic findings, aerodynamic and acoustic parameters, and self‐assessment questionnaires were measured and compared with an age‐ and sex‐matched control group. Subsequently, to evaluate the association between postoperative voice quality and the number of surgeries, the patients were divided into three groups (group 1: single surgery, group 2: 2–5 surgeries, group3: >6 surgeries), and comparative multidimensional vocal assessments were performed.

Results

The mean number of surgeries was 3.4 (range, 1–8). Although all patients exhibited poorer vocal function than the control group preoperatively, they showed improvement in postoperative subjective and objective parameters. However, four patients who underwent one surgery with relatively aggressive ablation exhibited vocal cord scarring and deteriorated objective parameters. All remaining patients showed voice quality that was on par with the control group. Subgroup analysis proved no association between post‐therapeutic voice quality and the patient characteristics, including preoperative staging and the number of surgical treatments performed.

Conclusions

RRP patients can achieve a close to normal voice with high satisfaction even after recurrent surgical treatment when ablation of a subepithelial lesion using sufficient laser energy is adequate.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 127:679–684, 2017
Carbon Fluxes from Different Pools in a Mined Area under Reclamation in Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Dener Márcio da Silva , Silva Ivo Ribeiro da , Mendes Gilberto de Oliveira , Vasconcelos Aline de Almeida , Mayrink Gustavo Conforti Ventura , Verburg Ernst Eduard Jan
Published: August 2016

Despite the benefits of grass cultivation and organic fertilization in mining areas undergoing reclamation, these practices may be associated to CO2 emissions and soil organic matter (SOM) losses by priming effect. In the present study, we evaluated the changes on SOM pools and C–CO2 emissions in a bauxite‐mined area under reclamation fertilized with poultry litter (PL) (0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha−1) and cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha. Increases of about 3·5 times in the soil labile C were observed 1 year after experiment establishment. High C–CO2 fluxes and a significant positive priming effect were observed in the presence of B. brizantha, increasing native C mineralization by nearly 4·9 times. Nevertheless, no net soil C loss was detected, probably because of the C inputs derived from B. brizantha, which offset these losses. In fact, the grass increased total organic C by 45% when fertilized with 40 Mg PL ha−1. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of B. brizantha fertilized with PL can be a promising option for rapid recovery in SOM in areas under reclamation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global solutions of a two‐dimensional chemotaxis system with attraction and repulsion rotational flux terms
Authors: Dong Ying , Li Xie
Published: August 2016

We consider the attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system with rotational flux terms

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4136:mma4136-math-0003
where
is a bounded domain with smooth boundary. Here, S1 and S2 are given parameter functions on [0,∞)2×Ω with values in
. It is shown that for any choice of suitably regular initial data (u0,v0,w0) fulfilling a smallness condition on the norm of v0,w0 in L∞(Ω), the corresponding initial‐boundary value problem possesses a global bounded classical solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal muscle fiber‐type specific succinate dehydrogenase activity in cerebral palsy
Authors: Zogby Andrew M. , Dayanidhi Sudarshan , Chambers Henry G. , Schenk Simon , Lieber Richard L.
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) exhibit increased energy expenditure during movement, but whether this is due in part to decrements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity is unknown. Accordingly, we compared fiber‐type specific succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in children with CP with typically developing (TD) children. Methods: SDH activity and myofiber areas of type 1 and 2A fibers were measured in semitendinosus biopsies of both groups (n = 5/group). Results: SDH activity was ∼35% higher in type 1 compared with type 2A fibers, but there were no differences between groups. Average myofiber area was 45% smaller in CP versus TD (P < 0.05), and type 2A fibers were 32% larger than type 1 fibers (P < 0.05) only in TD children. Conclusions: Fiber‐type specific SDH activity is similar between TD children and children with CP. This suggests that increased energy expenditure in children with CP is not related to impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 55: 122–124, 2017
The role of non‐coaxiality in the simulation of strain localization based on classical and Cosserat continua
Authors: Chang J. , Chu X. , Xu Y.
Published: August 2016

It is normally accepted that materials inside the shear band undergo severe rotation of the principal stress direction, which causes non‐coaxiality between the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate. However, classical plasticity flow theory implicitly assumes that the principal stress and the principal plastic strain rate are coaxial; thus, it may not correctly predict the onset of the shear band. In addition, classical continuum does not contain any internal length scales; as a result, it cannot provide a reasonable shear band thickness. In this study, the original vertex non‐coaxial plastic model based on the classical continuum is extended to the Cosserat continuum. The corresponding codes are implemented via the interface of the user defined element subroutine in ABAQUS. Through a simple shear test, the effectiveness of the user's codes is verified. Through a uniaxial compression test, the influence of non‐coaxiality on the onset, the orientation, and the thickness of the shear band is investigated. Results show that the onset of the shear localization is delayed, and the thickness of the shear band is widened when the non‐coaxial degree increases, while the orientation of the shear band is little affected by the non‐coaxial degree. In addition, it is found that the non‐coaxiality can weaken the micro‐polar effect to some extent; nonetheless, the Cosserat non‐coaxial model still has its advantage over the classical non‐coaxial model in capturing the pre‐bifurcation as well as the post‐bifurcation behaviors of strain localization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity alters immune and metabolic profiles: New insight from obese‐resistant mice on high‐fat diet
Authors: Boi Shannon K. , Buchta Claire M. , Pearson Nicole A. , Francis Meghan B. , Meyerholz David K. , Grobe Justin L. , Norian Lyse A.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Diet‐induced obesity has been shown to alter immune function in mice, but distinguishing the effects of obesity from changes in diet composition is complicated. It was hypothesized that immunological differences would exist between diet‐induced obese (DIO) and obese‐resistant (OB‐Res) mice fed the same high‐fat diet (HFD).

Methods

BALB/c mice were fed either standard chow or HFD to generate lean or DIO and OB‐Res mice, respectively. Resulting mice were analyzed for serum immunologic and metabolic profiles and cellular immune parameters.

Results

BALB/c mice on HFD were categorized as DIO or OB‐Res, based on body weight versus lean controls. DIO mice were physiologically distinct from OB‐Res mice, whose serum insulin, leptin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and eotaxin concentrations remained similar to lean controls. DIO mice had increased macrophage+ crown‐like structures in white adipose tissue, although macrophage percentages were unchanged from OB‐Res and lean mice. DIO mice also had decreased splenic CD4+ T cells, elevated serum GM‐CSF, and increased splenic CD11c+ dendritic cells, but impaired dendritic cell stimulatory capacity (P < 0.05 vs. lean controls). These parameters were unaltered in OB‐Res mice versus lean controls.

Conclusions

Diet‐induced obesity results in alterations in immune and metabolic profiles that are distinct from effects caused by HFD alone.
Tasting profile affects adoption of caloric beverage reduction in a randomized weight loss intervention
Authors: Turner‐McGrievy G. , Wang X. , Popkin B. , Tate D. F.
Published: August 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine differences in rates of non‐caloric beverage adoption by participants classified as sweet likers (SLs) or sweet dislikers (measured using a behavioural tasting task).

Methods

Data are a sub‐study from a 6‐month, three‐group, randomized weight loss trial (CHOICE) (body mass index 36.3 ± 5.8 kg m−2, 84% female, aged 42.2 ± 10.9 years, 53% African‐American) comparing the replacement of caloric beverages with either non‐caloric sweetened beverages (diet) or water (water) compared with a control group. This sub‐study, which included participants within the water (n = 106) and diet (n = 103) groups only, examined whether SLs (n = 33 water; n = 37 diet) varied in their adherence to caloric beverage recommendations compared with sweet dislikers (n = 73 water; n = 76 diet) over the 6‐month study.

Results

Diet intake and sweet‐liking data collected on 190 (3 months) and 169 participants (6 months) were used for analysis. The interaction between SL status and beverage group (diet vs. water) approached significance (P = 0.06) at 3 months but not 6 months. Caloric beverage intake (% energy) at 3 months was significantly higher in SLs within the water group (9.7 ± 1.4%) compared with SLs in the diet group (5.4 ± 1.0%, P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Results suggest that SL status may affect the rate in reduction of caloric beverages when water is the recommended substitution. Future studies should explore tailoring beverage recommendations to tasting profile.
Theoretical insight into the open‐shell singlet diradical character of single molecular solvated dielectron e2@CnFn (n = 20, 28, 36, 50, 60, and 80)
Authors: Wang Yin‐Feng , Huang Jiangen , Li Zhi‐Ru
Published: August 2016

Can there exist an open‐shell (OS) singlet diradical in the electronic ground state of the solvated dielectron? Here, we presented a comparison study by different cage‐shaped e2@CnFn (n = 20, 28, 36, 50, 60, and 80) at unrestricted broken spin‐symmetry density functional theory. It is found that both the stability and the singlet diradical character of the molecule increase with increasing excess electron encapsulation space (size of the cage). For the e2@CnFn (n = 50, 60, and 80), the electronic ground states have obvious special OS singlet diradical characters. Among these OS e2@CnFn (n = 50, 60, and 80), the e2@C50F50 with intermediate diradical character (0.658) is the most stable. The two semispheres in each highest occupied molecular orbital (α and β) of these diradicals suggest that the two excess electrons are simultaneously encapsulated inside the different regions of the cage, respectively, to form special broken s‐type 3excess electron pair.
Elucidating the anti‐Staphylococcus aureus antibody response by immunoproteomics
Authors: Stentzel Sebastian , Gläser Regine , Bröker Barbara M.
Published: August 2016

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen both in‐ and outside hospitals as well as a frequent colonizer in healthy individuals. Immunoproteomics techniques have been employed to shed light on the human adaptive immune response to S. aureus in health and disease. Since priming of immune memory, a key property of the adaptive immune system, is the basis of successful vaccination, immunoproteomics holds promise for paving the way to an effective S. aureus vaccine.
Factor Analysis of the Community Balance and Mobility Scale in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Takacs Judit , Krowchuk Natasha M. , Goldsmith Charles H. , Hunt Michael A.
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose

The clinical assessment of balance is an important first step in characterizing the risk of falls. The Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M) is a test of balance and mobility that was designed to assess performance on advanced tasks necessary for independence in the community. However, other factors that can affect balancing ability may also be present during performance of the real‐world tasks on the CB&M. It is important for clinicians to understand fully what other modifiable factors the CB&M may encompass. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the underlying constructs in the CB&M in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

This was an observational study, with a single testing session. Participants with knee OA aged 50 years and older completed the CB&M, a clinical test of balance and mobility. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to examine whether the tasks on the CB&M measure distinct factors. Three a priori theory‐driven models with three (strength, balance, mobility), four (range of motion added) and six (pain and fear added) constructs were evaluated using multiple fit indices.

Results

A total of 131 participants (mean [SD] age 66.3 [8.5] years, BMI 27.3 [5.2] kg m−2) participated. A three‐factor model in which all tasks loaded on these three factors explained 65% of the variance and yielded the most optimal model, as determined using scree plots, chi‐squared values and explained variance. The first factor accounted for 49% of the variance and was interpreted as lower limb muscle strength. The second and third factors were interpreted as mobility and balance, respectively.

Discussion

The CB&M demonstrated the measurement of three distinct factors, interpreted as lower limb strength, balance and mobility, supporting the use of the CB&M with people with knee OA for evaluation of these important factors in falls risk and functional mobility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Boswellia serrata Protect Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Forouzanfar Fatemeh , Hosseinzadeh Hossein , Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan Alireza , Sadeghnia Hamid R.
Published: August 2016

Oxidative stress and cell apoptosis play major roles in neuronal injury after ischemia–reperfusion (I‐R) injury. Boswellia serrata is a medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. Acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (AKBA) is an active triterpenoid compound from B. serrate. In the current study, the neuroprotective effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. serrata (named ABS and EBS, respectively) and AKBA were investigated against middle cerebral artery occlusion‐induced cerebral I‐R injury in rats. ABS and EBS with doses of 125, 250 and 500 and AKBA with a dose of 50 mg/kg were administered (intraperitoneally) just after middle cerebral artery occlusion induction for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h. HPLC analysis suggested that ABS and EBS had AKBA of 8.8% and 9.5% (w/w), respectively. B. serrata and AKBA significantly improved neurological deficit and reduced brain infarction, neuronal cell loss and apoptosis and also attenuated lipid peroxidation while increasing glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity in the cerebral cortex following a stroke. Apoptosis suppression was found to be mediated through regulating caspase‐3 and bax/bcl‐2 expressions. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that B. serrata and AKBA attenuate oxidative damage and inhibit cell apoptosis, subsequently protecting cerebral I‐R injury in rats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved 15N tracer approach to study denitrification and nitrogen turnover in soil incubations
Authors: Scheer Clemens , Meier Rudolf , Brüggemann Nicolas , Grace Peter R. , Dannenmann Michael
Published: August 2016

Rationale

Denitrification (the reduction of oxidized forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) to N2O and N2) from upland soils is considered to be the least well‐understood process in the global N cycle. The main reason for this lack of understanding is that the terminal product (N2) of denitrification is extremely difficult to measure against the large atmospheric background.

Methods

We describe a system that combines the 15N‐tracer technique with a 40‐fold reduced N2 (2% v/v) atmosphere in a fully automated incubation setup for direct quantification of N2 and N2O emissions. The δ15N values of the emitted N2 and N2O were determined using a custom‐built gas preparation unit that was connected to a DELTA V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The system was tested on a pasture soil from sub‐tropical Australia under different soil moisture conditions and combined with 15N tracing in extractable soil N pools to establish a full N balance.

Results

The method proved to be highly sensitive for detecting N2 (1.12 μg N h−1 kg−1 dry soil (ds)) and N2O (0.36 μg N h−1 kg−1 ds) emissions. The main end product of denitrification in the investigated soil was N2O for both water contents, with N2 accounting for only 3% to 13% of the total denitrification losses. Between 90 and 95% of the added 15N fertiliser could be recovered in N gases and extractable soil N pools.

Conclusions

The high and N2O‐dominated denitrification rates found in this study are pointing at both the high ecological and the agronomic importance of denitrification in subtropical pasture soils. The new system allows for a direct and highly sensitive detection of N2 and N2O fluxes from soils and may help to significantly improve our mechanistic understanding of N cycling and denitrification in terrestrial agro‐ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using network analysis to discern compositional patterns in ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry data of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Longnecker Krista , Kujawinski Elizabeth B.
Published: August 2016

Rationale

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) has long been recognized as a large and dynamic component of the global carbon cycle. Yet, DOM is chemically varied and complex and these attributes present challenges to researchers interested in addressing questions about the role of DOM in global biogeochemical cycles.

Methods

Organic matter extracts from seawater were analyzed by direct infusion with electrospray ionization into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Network analysis was used to quantify the number of chemical transformations between mass‐to‐charge values in each sample. The network of chemical transformations was calculated using the MetaNetter plug‐in within Cytoscape. The chemical transformations serve as markers for the shared structural characteristics of compounds within complex DOM.

Results

Network analysis revealed that transformations involving selected sulfur‐containing moieties and isomers of amino acids were more prevalent in the deep sea than in the surface ocean. Common chemical transformations were not significantly different between the deep sea and surface ocean. Network analysis complements existing computational tools used to analyze ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry data.

Conclusions

This combination of ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry with novel computational tools has identified new potential building blocks of organic compounds in the deep sea, including the unexpected importance of dissolved organic sulfur components. The method described here can be readily applied by researchers to analyze heterogeneous and complex DOM. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal regulation of planarian eye regeneration
Authors: Deochand Michelle E. , Birkholz Taylor R. , Beane Wendy S.
Published: August 2016

While tissue regeneration is typically studied using standard injury models, in nature injuries vary greatly in the amount and location of tissues lost. Planarians have the unique ability to regenerate from many different injuries (including from tiny fragments with no brain), allowing us to study the effects of different injuries on regeneration timelines. We followed the timing of regeneration for one organ, the eye, after multiple injury types that involved tissue loss (single‐ and double‐eye ablation, and decapitation) in Schmidtea mediterranea. Our data reveal that the timing of regeneration remained constant despite changing injury parameters. Optic tissue regrowth, nerve re‐innervation, and functional recovery were similar between injury types (even when the animal was simultaneously regrowing its brain). Changes in metabolic rate (i.e., starving vs. fed regenerates) also had no effect on regeneration timelines. In addition, our data suggest there may exist a role for optic nerve degeneration following eye ablation. Our results suggest that the temporal regulation of planarian eye regeneration is tightly controlled and resistant to variations in injury type.
System identification by operatorial cancellation of nonlinear terms and application to a class of Volterra models
Authors: Casenave C. , Montseny E. , Montseny G.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a method is proposed for the identification of some SISO nonlinear models with two ill‐known components of different nature: a linear (possibly dynamic) part and a static nonlinear one. This method is well adapted when no a priori information is available about the nonlinear component to be identified. It is based on a difference operator, which enables to cancel the nonlinear term when applied to the model. Only the ill‐known linear part remains in the transformed model; it can therefore be identified independently of the nonlinear term. Based on the identified linear component, we have access to a pseudograph of the nonlinear term, whose shape can give precious information for the parameterization of the unknown nonlinear part and its identification. The identification model under consideration is defined in an abstract framework, with very weak hypotheses, so that the proposed approach has a large scope. To highlight the method, a class of dynamic Volterra models including some hybrid models such as dynamic inclusions is considered for application. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Au nanorods fabricated by means of solution plasma method
Authors: Tsukada Chie , Mizutani Tsuyoshi , Ogawa Satoshi , Nameki Hirofumi , Yagi Shinya
Published: August 2016

Au nanorods with a low toxicity are important in medical field. The nanorods are generally fabricated by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which has a high toxicity. We have attempted the fabrication of Au nanorods without CTAB reagent. In this study, Au nanoparticles as growth seeds of the nanorods have been fabricated by using Au rods and NaCl aqueous solution. Subsequently, Au3+ ions of HAuCl4 have been reduced in the mixing solution, which includes the Au nanoparticles and the NaCl aqueous solution, by means of the solution plasma between W rods. The amount of Au3+ ion has been directly monitored during the solution plasma process by using in‐situ UV–Vis‐NIR. The fabricated solution possesses the Au nanoparticles of shapes of rod, sphere, triangle plate and hexagonal plate, respectively. The Au nanorods may be fabricated by both aggregating the reduced Au3+ ion at the surfaces of the Au nanoparticles as the growth seeds and controlling the growth orientation of the Au nanorods by the adsorption of Cl− ions on Au{100} facets. To control the narrow dispersion relation between the short and the long axes lengths of the Au nanorods, the addition of HAuCl4 aqueous solution in small volume steps is a key point. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of hybrid steel‐glass beams with adhesive silicone shear connection
Authors: Dias Vincent , Odenbreit Christoph
Published: August 2016

Glass is used in current construction applications mostly as a façade element, its structural role being only rarely exploited, despite its significant resistance to in‐plane compression. A steel‐glass composite beam was built to investigate a hybrid steel‐glass assembly and its loadbearing behaviour. To fulfil this objective, the existing types of steel‐glass connection were evaluated, which allowed the possibilities offered by adhesive jointing to be highlighted. The selection of the adhesive, detailed in the present article, constituted a crucial aspect. An excessively soft connection does not transfer the shear loads between the glass and steel adherends, whereas an excessively stiff connection leads to failure of the glass. A two‐component structural silicone was chosen and its properties were assessed with the help of an intensive test programme. As a result of this programme, a new quasi‐incompressible hyperelastic material law was developed in order to represent the silicone elastomer behaviour. Numerical simulations were conducted in parallel to large‐scale four‐point bending tests on the adhesively bonded steel‐glass composite beams. The aims were, on the one hand, to assess the bending stiffness of the steel‐glass composite beam and, on the other, to validate the numerical simulations to conduct parametric studies.
Condition monitoring of VFT‐Rail® slab‐track railway bridges
Authors: Pak Daniel , Kopp Maik , Feldmann Markus , Seidl Günter
Published: August 2016

In 2010 the VFT‐Rail® system was approved in accordance with CEN and railway standards by Germany's Federal Railway Authority (EBA) for operational testing. The approval was accompanied by a monitoring campaign on a VFT‐Rail® bridge crossing the River Simmerbach. As a result of the positive experience gained during the operation of this bridge, two additional railway bridges were designed by SSF Ingenieure AG and put into service in 2014 by Deutsche Bahn (DB). To survey those bridges, a monitoring programme has been developed and instigated. The monitoring programme includes investigating the stress distribution between the concrete and specially designed composite dowels, which have a better fatigue resistance compared with conventional headed studs. The forces at several rail support points are also a focus of interest. The German railway operator DB Netz AG requested the survey to prove the applicability of state‐of‐the‐art calculation methods, which were not part of compulsory codes.
Hot‐dip galvanized composite dowel strips
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Holtkamp Svenja , Rademacher Dennis
Published: August 2016

This paper presents additional potential for the future economic development of composite dowel strips by using the durable and long‐lasting corrosion protection of hot‐dip galvanization. Based on the completed FOSTA research project P835 [5] on the use of hot‐dip galvanizing for steel and composite bridge construction, the range of applications for hot‐dip galvanizing will be transferred to composite dowel strips in composite bridges. Following a brief summary of the most important results of the previous project, where the corrosion protection duration and the influence of hot‐dip galvanizing on the fatigue behaviour of steel were examined, the objectives and planned studies of the new research project will be presented. The currently ongoing FOSTA research project P1042 [8] was initiated by RWTH Aachen University and TU Dortmund University. The results should allow the safe use of hot‐dip galvanized composite dowel strips in conjunction with cyclic loads.
Searching for Practically Useful P‐Chirogenic Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Imamoto Tsuneo
Published: August 2016

In this account, the design, synthesis, and application of P‐chirogenic phosphine ligands that have been mainly carried out in our laboratory over the last three decades are described. Various enantiopure P‐chirogenic phosphine ligands have been efficiently prepared by using phosphine boranes as intermediates. Conformationally rigid and electron‐rich P‐chirogenic phosphine ligands possessing C2 symmetry as well as a bulky alkyl group and a small group at the phosphorus atoms exhibit excellent enantioselectivities and catalytic efficiency in a variety of transition‐metal‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions. Enantiopure 2,3‐bis(tert‐butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline (QuinoxP*) is an air‐stable crystalline solid that shows superior enantioinduction ability in catalytic asymmetric syntheses. Mechanistic studies of Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation using structurally simple P‐chirogenic phosphine ligands, such as tBu‐BisP*, are briefly described.

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Imaging in gynecological disease (11): clinical and ultrasound features of mucinous ovarian tumors
Authors: Moro F. , Zannoni G. F. , Arciuolo D. , Pasciuto T. , Amoroso S. , Mascilini F. , Mainenti S. , Scambia G. , Testa A. C.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To describe the clinical and ultrasound findings in patients with mucinous ovarian tumors.

Methods

In this retrospective study, women with a histological diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumor who had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination were identified from the database of a single ultrasound center. The histological examination was performed by the same pathologist in all cases, and the ultrasound appearance of the tumors was described using the terms and definitions of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis group.

Results

We identified 123 women with a histological diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumor, of whom 57 (46%) had benign cystadenoma, 34 (28%) had gastrointestinal (GI)‐type borderline tumor, 10 (8%) had endocervical‐type borderline tumor and 22 (18%) had GI‐type invasive carcinoma. On ultrasound examination, 65% (37/57) of cystadenomas were multilocular, of which 59% had ≤ 10 locules, and 79% (27/34) of GI‐type borderline tumors were multilocular, of which 89% had > 10 locules. Conversely, 60% (6/10) of endocervical‐type borderline tumors had papillations. Eighty‐two percent (18/22) of invasive masses contained solid components and 55% (12/22) were multilocular‐solid cysts. Bilateral mucinous cystadenomas were found in two women (4% of women with benign tumors) and bilateral borderline tumors of endocervical type in two women (20% of women with borderline tumors of endocervical type). No woman had a bilateral GI‐type borderline tumor or a bilateral invasive tumor.

Conclusions

A multilocular cyst with 2–10 locules is representative of a benign cystadenoma, whereas a multilocular cyst with > 10 locules is indicative of a GI‐type borderline tumor. Most invasive tumors of mucinous GI‐type contain solid components, the most typical ultrasound appearance being that of a multilocular‐solid tumor. Papillary projections are typical features of endocervical‐type borderline tumors. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Implementing the INTERGROWTH‐21st fetal growth standards in France: a ‘flash study’ of the College Français d'Echographie Foetale (CFEF)
Authors: Stirnemann J. J. , Fries N. , Bessis R. , Fontanges M. , Mangione R. , Salomon L. J.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To assess potential differences in fetal size between the French population and the international population from the INTERGROWTH‐21st (IG‐21st) Project and to measure the impact of switching to the IG‐21st reference standards for fetal size.

Methods

This was a nationwide cross‐sectional study of fetal ultrasound biometry. Low‐risk singleton pregnancies were recruited prospectively within the network of the national French College of Fetal Ultrasound, CFEF, over a 6‐week period. Further selection was performed based on the criteria of the IG‐21st Project in order to obtain a comparable population. Head circumference (HC) was used as the main fat‐free skeletal measure of growth for comparison of French fetal size with that of the IG‐21st population. The impact of switching to the IG‐21st fetal growth standards was quantified by comparing Z‐scores calculated using the IG‐21st standards with those calculated using locally derived reference ranges for HC, abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL).

Results

Following selection, 4858 cases were analyzed. The distribution of HC demonstrated clear similarity between our French population and the IG‐21st population: our observed centile curves closely matched those of IG‐21st and the Z‐scores were close to 0 across gestational age. The IG‐21st standards performed as well as did locally derived charts in terms of screening for small‐for‐gestational age by AC, while they identified significantly fewer small FL values than were expected and than did the locally derived charts.

Conclusions

Under strict selection criteria, fetal size in France is similar to that of the international population used in the IG‐21st Project. The discrepancies in FL are unlikely to impact on prenatal management. Therefore, switching from locally derived reference ranges to the IG‐21st standards appears to be a safe option. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The simplicity principle in perception and cognition
Authors: Feldman Jacob
Published: August 2016

The simplicity principle, traditionally referred to as Occam's razor, is the idea that simpler explanations of observations should be preferred to more complex ones. In recent decades the principle has been clarified via the incorporation of modern notions of computation and probability, allowing a more precise understanding of how exactly complexity minimization facilitates inference. The simplicity principle has found many applications in modern cognitive science, in contexts as diverse as perception, categorization, reasoning, and neuroscience. In all these areas, the common idea is that the mind seeks the simplest available interpretation of observations— or, more precisely, that it balances a bias toward simplicity with a somewhat opposed constraint to choose models consistent with perceptual or cognitive observations. This brief tutorial surveys some of the uses of the simplicity principle across cognitive science, emphasizing how complexity minimization in a number of forms has been incorporated into probabilistic models of inference. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:330–340. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1406

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Prediction of local wind climatology from Met Office models: Virtual Met Mast techniques
Authors: Standen Jessica , Wilson Clive , Vosper Simon , Clark Peter
Published: August 2016

The Met Office has developed the Virtual Met Mast™ (VMM) tool for assessing the feasibility of potential wind farm sites. It provides site‐specific climatological wind information for both onshore and offshore locations. The VMM relies on existing data from past forecasts from regional‐scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, to which corrections are applied to account for local site complexity. The techniques include corrections to account for the enhanced roughness lengths used in NWP models to represent drag due to sub‐grid orography and downscaling methods that predict local wind acceleration over small‐scale terrain. The corrected NWP data are extended to cover long periods (decades) using a technique in which the data are related to alternative long‐term datasets. For locations in the UK, the VMM currently relies on operational mesoscale model forecast data at 4 km horizontal resolution. Predictions have been verified against observations made at typical wind turbine hub heights at over 80 sites across the UK. In general, the predictions compare well with the observations. The techniques provide an efficient method for screening potential wind resource sites. Examples of how the VMM techniques can be used to produce local wind maps are also presented. © 2016 Crown copyright. Wind Energy © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Gifted microbes for genome mining and natural product discovery
Authors: Baltz Richard H
Published: August 2016

Actinomycetes are historically important sources for secondary metabolites (SMs) with applications in human medicine, animal health, and plant crop protection. It is now clear that actinomycetes and other microorganisms with large genomes have the capacity to produce many more SMs than was anticipated from standard fermentation studies. Indeed ~90 % of SM gene clusters (SMGCs) predicted from genome sequencing are cryptic under conventional fermentation and analytical analyses. Previous studies have suggested that among the actinomycetes with large genomes, some have the coding capacity to produce many more SMs than others, and that strains with the largest genomes tend to be the most gifted. These contentions have been evaluated more quantitatively by antiSMASH 3.0 analyses of microbial genomes, and the results indicate that many actinomycetes with large genomes are gifted for SM production, encoding 20–50 SMGCs, and devoting 0.8–3.0 Mb of coding capacity to SM production. Several Proteobacteria and Firmacutes with large genomes encode 20–30 SMGCs and devote 0.8–1.3 Mb of DNA to SM production, whereas cultured bacteria and archaea with small genomes devote insignificant coding capacity to SM production. Fully sequenced genomes of uncultured bacteria and archaea have small genomes nearly devoid of SMGCs.