bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacillus subtilis
partially inhibits African swine fever virus infection
in vivo
and
in vitro
based on its metabolites arctiin and genistein interfering with the function of viral topoisomerase II
Authors: Lv Changjie , Yang Jingyu , Zhao Li , Zou Zhong , Kang Chao , Zhang Qiang , Wu Chao , Yang Li , Cheng Chuxing , Zhao Ya , Liao Qi , Hu Xiaotong , Li Chengfei , Sun Xiaomei , Jin Meilin
Published: November 2023

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an infectious disease with a mortality rate of nearly 100% in pigs; however, no safe commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available, which seriously threatens the global pig industry. Therefore, effective biologics against ASFV are urgently needed. Here, we screened 138
Bacillus subtilis
strains, four of which evidently inhibited ASFV replication
in vitro
. Pigs fed with biologics of different types from the four
B. subtilis
strains showed reduced pathological changes and viral loads in tissues, with a survival rate of up to 100%. The antiviral activity of
B. subtilis
was attributed to small-molecule metabolites, rather than to secretory proteins. A total of 169 small molecules were obtained from the metabolites of
B. subtilis
using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS), arctiin, and genistein, which showed the highest inhibition efficiency, suppressing ASFV proliferation at the mid-stage of infection. These molecules acted as competitive inhibitors by complexing the ATP-binding domain of viral topoisomerase II, as demonstrated using molecular docking, biolayer interferometry binding, and a competitive decatenation assay, thereby disrupting the catalytic activity of the enzyme and inhibiting ASFV replication. Furthermore, pigs administered arctiin and genistein orally showed decreased mortality and tissue damage. Collectively, these results suggest that the four
B. subtilis
strains screened may be preventative biologics against ASFV infection. Our findings pave the way for ASFV prevention and control strategies in the pig industry to curb the economic losses caused by the disease.

IMPORTANCE

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly fatal swine disease that severely affects the pig industry. Although ASFV has been prevalent for more than 100 years, effective vaccines or antiviral strategies are still lacking. In this study, we identified four
Bacillus subtilis
strains that inhibited ASFV proliferation
in vitro
. Pigs fed with liquid biologics or powders derived from four
B. subtilis
strains mixed with pellet feed showed reduced morbidity and mortality when challenged with ASFV. Further analysis showed that the antiviral activity of
B. subtilis
was based on its metabolites arctiin and genistein interfering with the function of viral topoisomerase II. Our findings offer a promising new strategy for the prevention and control of ASFV that may significantly alleviate the economic losses in the pig industry.
Pelagic metagenome-assembled genomes from an estuarine salinity gradient in San Francisco Bay
Authors: Rasmussen Anna N. , Francis Christopher A.
Published: November 2023

San Francisco Bay (SFB) is a large and highly human-impacted estuarine system. We produced 449 metagenome-assembled genomes from SFB waters, collected along the salinity gradient, providing a rich data set to compare the metabolic potential of microorganisms from different salinity zones within SFB and to other estuarine systems.
The presence of
Ixodes pavlovskyi
and
I. pavlovskyi
–borne microorganisms in Rishiri Island: an ecological survey
Authors: Zamoto-Niikura Aya , Saigo Akiko , Sato Masahiko , Kobayashi Hirotaka , Sasaki Mizuki , Nakao Minoru , Suzuki Tadaki , Morikawa Shigeru
Published: November 2023

Rishiri Island, towering toward the Sea of Japan, has been volcanically dormant for approximately 8,000 years. This small inhabited island is free of middle- to large-sized wildlife and a crucial stopover for wild birds migrating along various routes of the East Asian Flyway. A 5-year survey was conducted to explore the biogeography of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms. By flagging vegetation,
Ixodes pavlovskyi
(Pomerantzev, 1948), distributed in limited spots in the Far East, was predominantly collected (60%–80% collection) throughout the survey period. The
I. pavlovskyi
consisted of two haplogroups, Asahikawa-type and Rishiri-type, with the prevalence and nucleotide diversity of Rishiri-type being over 90% and 0.068, respectively. A survey of wild animals revealed that red-backed voles and wild birds, including Oriental greenfinches and black-faced buntings, are their hosts for blood feeding. Furthermore, the red-backed voles were infected with tick-borne
Candidatus
Ehrlichia khabarensis (5/21, 24%). Till date, microorganisms with identical gene sequences have only been reported from Khabarovsk and Vancouver.
Ca
. E. khabarensis gene has also been detected in host-seeking adult
I. pavlovskyi
. These results indicated that Rishiri Island is a refuge for both
I. pavlovskyi and I. pavlovskyi
–borne microorganisms. Additionally, the
Babesia microti
US lineage, which is vectored by
Ixodes persulcatus
in the Far East, appears to be maintained between
I. pavlovskyi
and wild rodents. Various factors have influenced the unique ecosystem of the island. The historical and ecological biogeography of Rishiri Island helps us understand the origin, evolution, and expansion of ticks and associated microorganisms.

IMPORTANCE

Understanding the ecology of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms is important to assess the risk of emerging tick-borne diseases. Despite the fact that the
Ixodes pavlovskyi
tick bites humans, we lack information including population genetics and the reason for the inadequate distribution in Japan. A 5-year survey revealed that Rishiri Island, the main stopover in the East Asian Flyway of wild birds in the northern Sea of Japan, was a refuge of
I. pavlovskyi
. The
I. pavlovskyi
included two haplogroups, which were supposed to diverge a long time before the island separated from the continent and Hokkaido mainland. The detection of microorganisms from wildlife revealed that wild birds and rodents play a role in diffusion and settlement, respectively, of not only
I. pavlovskyi
but also
I. pavlovskyi
–borne microorganisms including
Candidatus
Ehrlichia khabarensis and
Babesia microti
US lineage. Various island-specific factors control
I. pavlovskyi
dominance and tick-borne pathogen maintenance. The results may enable us to explain how tick-borne infectious microorganisms are transported.
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles provide an alternative pathway for trafficking of
Escherichia coli
O157 type III secreted effectors to epithelial cells
Authors: Sirisaengtaksin Natalie , O'Donoghue Eloise J. , Jabbari Sara , Roe Andrew J. , Krachler Anne Marie
Published: November 2023

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are proteoliposomes shed by Gram-negative bacteria. Their secretion is enhanced by the transition into the intra-host milieu, and OMVs play critical roles during pathogenesis. Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157 (EHEC) can cause diarrheal disease in humans, and soluble toxins including Shiga-like toxins that contribute to disease severity and clinical complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome have been shown to be OMV associated. In addition to Shiga-like toxins, EHEC produces a type III secretion system (T3SS), and T3SS effectors are associated with colonization and disease severity
in vivo
. Here, we show that type III secreted substrates including translocators and effectors are incorporated into OMVs both in the presence and absence of a functional T3SS. EHEC strains with non-functional T3SS shed more OMVs, and vesicles enter host cells with accelerated kinetics compared to vesicles shed from wild-type EHEC. The T3SS effector translocated intimin receptor (Tir) is trafficked from OMVs into host cells and localizes to the membrane. However, its clustering on the host membrane and co-localization with bacterial pedestals is intimin dependent. We show that OMV-delivered Tir can cross-complement an effector-deficient EHEC strain and promote pedestal formation. Together, these data demonstrate that OMVs provide an alternative pathway for the delivery of EHEC T3SS cargo and that vesicle associated effectors are released from OMVs inside host cells and can retain biological activity.

IMPORTANCE

Bacteria can package protein cargo into nanosized membrane blebs that are shed from the bacterial membrane and released into the environment. Here, we report that a type of pathogenic bacteria called enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157 (EHEC) uses their membrane blebs (outer membrane vesicles) to package components of their type 3 secretion system and send them into host cells, where they can manipulate host signaling pathways including those involved in infection response, such as immunity. Usually, EHEC use a needle-like apparatus to inject these components into host cells, but packaging them into membrane blebs that get taken up by host cells is another way of delivery that can bypass the need for a functioning injection system.
Melatonin disturbed rumen microflora structure and metabolic pathways
in vitro
Authors: Xue Chun , Wang Yifan , He Zhaoyuan , Lu Zhiqi , Wu Feifan , Wang Yusu , Zhen Yongkang , Meng Jimeng , Shahzad Khuram , Yang Kailun , Wang Mengzhi
Published: November 2023

Melatonin (MLT) can affect the microbial community structure and its metabolites by releasing cellular regulatory factors. Intestinal bacteria recognize and respond to MLT signals from the intestine through MLT binding sites and further activate the function of intestinal immune cells. However, the signal transduction pathway of MLT in the intestine has not been clearly elucidated yet. The effect of MLT on rumen bacterial metabolism was studied by simulating rumen fermentation
in vitro
. The test was divided into three groups: artificial saliva+standard MLT solution (CK0 group), artificial saliva+rumen juice (CK1 group), and artificial saliva+rumen juice+standard MLT solution (MLT group). The fermentation broth was collected after 24 h of simulated culture
in vitro
. The results showed that the addition of MLT significantly increased the contents of propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and total volatile fatty acids (
P <
0.05). The analysis of the differences in flora found that at the genus level,
Alistipes
,
Veillonellaceae_UCG-001
,
Selenomonas
,
Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,
and
Succinivibrio
were significantly increased, whereas
Acinetobacter
and
Prevotella
were significantly decreased (
P <
0.05). The analysis of differential metabolites showed that compared with the CK1 group, the relative contents of glutathione, spermidine, indole, 3-methyl indole, phenylpyruvate, and other metabolites were increased significantly in the MLT group (
P <
0.05). The results of enzyme activity on the enrichment pathway showed that MLT could significantly enhance the activities of genes such as GST, SPDS, DAHP, AS, TS, TPH, AANAT, ASMT, and IDO. Therefore, melatonin had certain regulatory effects on rumen microorganisms and their metabolic pathways.

IMPORTANCE

In
in vitro
studies, it has been found that the effects of MLT on rumen microorganisms and metabolites can change the rumen flora structure, significantly inhibit the relative abundance of harmful
Acinetobacter,
and improve the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. MLT may regulate the “arginine-glutathione” pathway, “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis-tryptophan generation” branch, “tryptophan-kynurenine” metabolism, and “tryptophan-tryptamine-serotonin” pathway through microorganisms.
Significant increase in the prevalence of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, particularly the USA300 variant ΨUSA300, in the Japanese community
Authors: Kaneko Hiroshi , Kanai Miki , Saito Takumi , Yanagi Yuka , Kobayashi Hana , Kurihara Rikuto , Ikeda Masami , Nemoto Osamu , Baba Naoko , Matsuzaki Yasushi , Sawamura Daisuke , Shimoe Fumiko , Inaba Yoichi , Kobayashi Yoko , Kawasaki Satoru , Ueki Toru , Funatsu Sakae , Shirahama Shigeho , Oba Misao , Hasegawa Takaya , Furukawa Hirotoshi , Miyata Toshiko , Isonokami Masaaki , Fujita Shigeru , Nakaminami Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

USA300, a major Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) clone associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), carries a type IV staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) element. Recently, a USA300 variant, ΨUSA300, with a 12-bp deletion of
ccrB2
in the SCC
mec
element, was identified in Japan by Takadama et al. (15). To understand the current status of PVL-positive MRSA in the community, a nationwide surveillance of MRSA isolated from outpatients at dermatology departments was conducted. This study included 1,619 outpatients who visited dermatology departments at 22 healthcare facilities in 11 prefectures in Japan between 2018 and 2021;
S. aureus
were isolated from these outpatients. Molecular epidemiological analysis was performed using PCR, SCC
mec
and
spa
typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 980
S
.
aureus
were isolated, 293 of which were identified as MRSA. Among MRSA isolates, PVL genes were detected in 18 of 63 (28.6%) in 2018, 34 of 85 (40.0%) in 2019, 29 of 65 (44.6%) in 2020, and 40 in 80 (50.0%) in 2021. Among the PVL-positive MRSA, 16 of 121 (13.2%) and 94 of 121 (77.7%) isolates were identified as USA300 and ΨUSA300, respectively. ΨUSA300 strains were collected from six prefectures in Japan: Kagawa, Osaka, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Fukushima, and Saitama. ΨUSA300 was isolated more frequently than USA300 from patients with deep-seated SSTIs (
P
< 0.05). Our findings showed that PVL-positive MRSA isolates were significantly increased in the Japanese community. Furthermore, the USA300 variant ΨUSA300 has emerged as the predominant PVL-positive MRSA clone across the Kanto, Kinki, and Shikoku regions of Japan, and this variant may possess a greater propensity to cause deep-seated SSTIs than in USA300.

IMPORTANCE

USA300 is an MRSA clone producing PVL, a toxin associated with SSTIs. ΨUSA300 is a USA300 variant recently identified in Japan by Takadama et al. (15). Here, we found that the prevalence rate of PVL-positive MRSA in
S. aureus
was elevated in the Japanese community, and ΨUSA300 accounted for most of them. ΨUSA300 strains have been isolated from several areas in Japan and were associated with deep-seated SSTIs. This study highlighted the emerging threat posed by ΨUSA300 in Japan.
Mapping regional funding for COVID-19 research in the Asia-Pacific region
Authors: Antonio Emilia , Pulik Nicolas , Lee Jieun , Soni Tanu , Hagen Hans-Eckhardt , Ryu Choong-Min , Norton Alice
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R) is a network of funders supporting research on infectious diseases of epidemic/pandemic potential. GloPID-R is establishing regional hubs to strengthen stakeholder engagement particularly among low-income and middle-income countries. The first pilot hub, led from Republic of Korea (South Korea), has been launched in the Asia-Pacific region, a region highly prone to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. We present findings of mapping research undertaken in support of the hub’s development.

Methods

We analysed five COVID-19 research databases in September 2022 to identify research funders and intermediary funding sources supporting research in infectious diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. This was complemented with an in-depth analysis of the UK Collaborative on Development Research (UKCDR) and GloPID-R COVID-19 Research Project Tracker to assess the alignment of funded projects in the region to the WHO COVID-19 research priorities.

Results

We identified 453 funders and funding sources supporting COVID-19 research in the Asia-Pacific Region including public, private and philanthropic organisations and universities. However, these organisations were clustered in few countries in the region. The in-depth analysis of the UKCDR and GloPID-R COVID-19 Research project Tracker found limited research involving Asia-Pacific countries with the 117 funders supporting these projects investing at least US$604m in COVID-19 research in the region. Social Sciences was the dominant theme on which funded projects focused whereas the priority areas with the least number of projects were research on ‘animal and environmental health’ and ‘ethics considerations for research’.

Conclusion

Our analyses show the diversity of funding sources for research on infectious diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Engagement between multiple actors in the health research system is likely to promote enhanced coordination for greater research impact. GloPID-R’s Asia-Pacific regional hub aims to support activities for the enhancement of preparedness for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in the region.
Prevalence and determinants of high-risk human papilloma virus among men who have sex with men in Benin: a cross-sectional study embedded in a demonstration project on pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV
Authors: Diabaté Souleymane , Behanzin Luc , Guédou Fernand , Olodo Marius , Goma-Matsetse Aude Ella , Aza-Gnandji Marlène , Dossouvo Alban , Akpaca Axel , Chagas Elyote , Gangbo Flore Armande , Zannou Djimon Marcel , Alary Michel
Published: November 2023

Objectives

This study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with anal high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV).

Design

A cross-sectional study conducted from 24 August 2020 to 24 November 2020.

Setting

Primary care, Cotonou, Benin.

Participants

204 HIV-negative men who have sex with men initiating oral pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Primary outcome measure

Anal HR-HPV genotypes using GeneXpert HPV assay. Fourteen HR-HPV were evaluated: HPV-16 and HPV-18/45 in 2 distinct channels and the 11 other genotypes as a pooled result (31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68). The potential independent variables analysed included anal gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections, and sociodemographic and sexual behaviour factors. To assess the determinants of HR-HPV, univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were performed by using SAS V.9.4.

Results

Mean age±SD was 25.9±4.8 years. 131/204 men claimed insertive sex procured more pleasure. Thirty-two participants, accounting for 15.7% of the study sample, had gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia. The prevalence of any HR-HPV genotype was 36.3% (95% CI 30.0% to 43.0%). In total, 7.8% of men had HPV-16 and 7.4% had HPV-18/45. The prevalence for the pooled genotypes (31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) was 29.9%. Receptive anal sex during the last 6 months was strongly associated with prevalent HR-HPV infections. The adjusted proportion ratio (aPR) was 1.93 (95% CI 1.31 to 2.83). Gonorrhoea and chlamydia were also associated with the outcome of interest; p value for both infections was <0.05. The aPR comparing patients who perceived some risk of acquiring HIV to other men was 1.44 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.08).

Conclusions

In Benin, anal HR-HPV was common among HIV-negative men who have sex with men. Among this highly vulnerable population, there is a need for integrated preventive and management strategies targeting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Enhancing early functional independence following cardiac surgery: a quality improvement programme
Authors: Jacob Prasobh , Jayaprabha Surendran Praveen , Gupta Poonam , Mahinay Menandro , Sarmiento Ansel Lakindanum , Abas Asma Saif Ebrahim , Mohammed Shady Ashraf , Sarhan Hatem Hemdan , Ureta Julie , Mathew Gigi , Galvez Ryan Oliver Antonio , Thangaraj Parthasarathi , Singh Rajvir
Published: November 2023

Early mobility and activity programmes following cardiac surgery are vital for improved patient outcomes, as they accelerate the recovery of functional capacity and walking distance. We observed that only 5.3% of our patients achieved a Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) score of 80% or more by the third postoperative day (POD). Additionally, the average 6-minute walk distance achieved by the fourth POD was only 188 m. Therefore, a quality improvement (QI) project was implemented with the aim of attaining a FIM score of 80% by the third POD for more than 80% of patient underwent/undergoing cardiac surgery without complications.

A model-for-improvement framework was used to drive continuous improvement. This project was implemented in February 2021. Baseline data were prospectively collected between November 2020 and January 2021 (preintervention). Outcomes were analysed using standard control chart rules to detect changes over time. Unpaired Student t-tests assessed significant differences in mean levels between two groups, (preintervention vs postintervention).χ2tests were conducted between the two groups according to gender and patient satisfaction scores.

The percentage of patients who achieved a FIM score of 80% or more by the third POD gradually increased to 91.4% 5 months following programme implementation and was sustained thereafter. The mean patient FIM score significantly improved to 81.20±3.77 (p<0.001) by the third POD. Similarly, the mean 6-minute walk distance increased to 267.90±36.10 m (p<0.001) by the fourth POD. The percentage of patients who displayed the level of confidence needed to carry out activities of daily living (ADL) and exercises independently at home increased to 89.4% (p<0.001) by the fifth POD. No adverse events associated with the mobility and activity programme were reported.

This QI project demonstrated a substantial improvement in patient functional independence, walking distance and the level of confidence needed to independently carry out ADL and exercises following cardiac surgery.
Every Tube Counts: reducing extra tubes drawn in the emergency department
Authors: Knauer Michael , Stevic Ivan , MacDonald Christine , Bhayana Vipin , Bolsover Jade , Smith Lori , Chin-Yee Ian
Published: November 2023

A common practice exists in hospitals where extra tubes of blood are collected for possible add-on testing, this practice contributes to wastage of consumables. Baseline estimates from a 5-month local lab information system audit revealed that ~65 extra tubes per day were being collected, with an additional 2-week manual audit of all extra tubes received in the laboratory confirming the practice. The audits showed that the majority of the tubes (~99%) were being drawn from the adult emergency department (ED). Furthermore, only 5% of the extra tubes were being used for add-on testing, whereas the remaining tubes had no testing performed on them and were discarded at the end of the day. This translates to over 23 000 extra tubes being wasted annually.

After initial discussion with ED leadership, the practice was identified as primarily nurse driven. An educational intervention was created and entitled ‘Every Tube Counts’, with the aim to reduce extra tube collections in the adult ED by 50% within the first month of intervention. First, a memo with initial findings and a request to stop the practice of extra tube collection was sent out to all ED staff. After 2 weeks of additional data collection, it was noticed that extra tubes were still being collected. A second intervention, which consisted of another communication and utilisation of nurse educators to disseminate the information to nursing staff, saw a remarkable ~80% reduction in collection of extra tubes in the following few months after the second intervention. The practice was followed for an additional 15 months, which saw a slight increase of extra tube collections over time with a levelling off towards the latter period of the study. However, the target goal was maintained over the entire study period.
How do sex-specific BMI trajectories shape diabetes risk? A longitudinal analysis of Indonesian adults
Authors: Liwin Lilipramawanty Kewok , Payne Collin F
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Sex is a critical predictor of body mass index (BMI) trajectory over the life span, playing a role in disparities in the risk of diabetes. While there is some evidence of the effect of BMI on the risk of diabetes, little is known about sex differences in BMI trajectories over the life span and their later life association with diabetes, especially in low-income and middle-income settings.

Methods

Using panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this study examines the impact of an individual’s BMI trajectory throughout adulthood on diabetes onset. Analysis for men and women were conducted separately. First, growth curve modelling estimates individuals’ BMI trajectories over age. Second, the effect of BMI trajectories on diabetes is estimated using logistic regression adjusted for individual socioeconomic status. Finally, we perform relative dominance analysis to test the importance of BMI trajectories as a predictor of diabetes in later life against abdominal obesity measurements.

Results

BMI trajectories over adulthood strongly predict the probability of diabetes in both men and women. A rapidly increasing BMI significantly increases the probability of diabetes in men regardless of individuals’ initial BMI. Among women, those who started out with an overweight/obese BMI and experienced a rapid loss in BMI over age had the highest risk of diabetes. Greater educational attainment is associated with an increase in the likelihood of diabetes in men, but higher education level is a protective factor from diabetes in women.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that maintaining BMI at normal cut-off over the life course can lower the likelihood of diabetes onset in later adulthood. This study emphasises that simple monitoring of BMI trajectory over adulthood could be a useful tool to identify the population at risk of diabetes in contexts with substantial underdiagnoses of diabetes.
Next generation of free? Points to consider when navigating sponsored genetic testing
Authors: Bartels Kirsten , Afonso Samantha , Brown Lindsay , Carriles Claudia , Kim Raymond , Lazier Joanna , Mercimek-Andrews Saadet , Nelson Tanya N , Stedman Ian , Thain Emily , Vanneste Rachel , Chad Lauren
Published: November 2023

Genetics has been integrated into patient care across many subspecialties. However, genetic and genomic testing (GT) remain expensive with disparities in access both within Canada and internationally. It is, therefore, not surprising that sponsored GT has emerged as one alternative. Sponsored GT, for the purpose of this document, refers to clinical-grade GT partially or fully subsidised by industry. In return, industry sponsors—usually pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies—may have access to patients’ genetic data, practitioner information, DNA and/or other information. The availability of sponsored GT options in the Canadian healthcare landscape has appeared to simplify patient and practitioner access to GT, but the potential ethical and legal considerations, as well as the nuances of a publicly funded healthcare system, must also be considered. This document offers preliminary guidance for Canadian healthcare practitioners encountering sponsored GT in practice. Further research and dialogue is urgently needed to explore this issue to provide fulsome considerations that one must be aware of when availing such options.
Health Hazard Evaluations of occupational cancer cluster concerns: the USA, January 2001–December 2020
Authors: Shi Dallas S , Rinsky Jessica L , Grimes George R , Chiu Sophia K
Published: November 2023

Objectives

To describe recent investigations of potential workplace cancer clusters.

Methods

We identified Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs) of cancer concerns during 2001–2020. We described information about industry, requestors, cancer characteristics, investigative procedures, and determinations about the presence of a cluster (ie, presence of excess cases, unusual case distribution or exposure).

Results

Of 5754 HHEs, 174 included cancer concerns, comprising 1%–5% of HHEs per year. In 123 HHEs, the cancer cluster concerns involved different cancer primary sites. Investigation procedures varied but included record review (n=63, 36%) and site visits (n=22, 13%). Of 158 HHEs with a cluster determination by investigator(s), 151 (96%) were not considered cancer clusters. In seven HHEs, investigators found evidence of a cluster, but occupational exposure to a carcinogen was not identified.

Conclusions

The proportion of HHEs on workplace cancer cluster concerns remained steady over time; most did not meet the definition of a cluster or uncover an occupational cause. Public health practitioners can use this information to provide updated context when addressing workplace cancer cluster concerns and as motivation to refine investigative approaches. More broadly, this review highlights an opportunity to identify best practices on how to apply community cluster investigation methods to the workplace.
Social desirability, dietary intakes, and variables related to attitudes and behaviours towards eating among French-speaking adults from Quebec, Canada: The PREDISE study
Authors: Boulanger Benoît , Bédard Alexandra , Carbonneau Élise , Pelletier Luc , Robitaille Julie , Lamarche Benoît , Lemieux Simone
Published: November 2023

The primary objective of this study was to examine how social desirability is associated with self-reported measures of dietary intakes and variables related to attitudes and behaviours towards eating. This analysis was conducted in 1083 adults (50.0% women) from the PREDISE study. Social desirability was assessed using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) questionnaire, which includes two subscales: (1) self-deceptive enhancement (SDE), i.e., having an overly positive self-image and (2) impression management (IM), i.e., intentional response distortion to please. BIDR total score and IM subscore were positively associated with the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) ( ß = 0.24 and ß = 0.50; p ≤ 0.0003), calculated using data from three self-administered 24 h food recalls. All BIDR scores were positively associated with self-determined motivation for eating regulation (0.03 ≤ ß ≤ 0.06; p < 0.0001), measured by the Regulation of Eating Behavior Scale, and with the intuitive eating score (0.02 ≤ ß ≤ 0.05; p < 0.0001). Also, all BIDR scores were negatively associated with hunger and disinhibition scores measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (−0.17 ≤ ß ≤ −0.09; p < 0.0001). All these associations were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and the education level. Furthermore, controlling for both dimensions of social desirability did not impact the magnitude of the association between self-determined motivation (the strongest predictor of healthy eating in the PREDISE study) and C-HEI. According to our results, associations are observed with diet quality, as well as with attitudes and behaviours towards eating; therefore, a measurement of social desirability responding would be pertinent in studies using those or related variables.
Associations between cooking skills, cooking with processed foods, and health: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fernandez Melissa A. , Maximova Katerina , Fulkerson Jayne A. , Raine Kim D.
Published: November 2023

To improve health outcomes, home cooking has been suggested as a solution to reduce intakes of processed foods. However, little is known about how cooking skills or cooking with processed foods influence health. This cross-sectional study examined associations between diet and health outcomes with cooking skills and cooking with processed foods. The dataset included a nationally representative sample of 18 460 adults from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) annual component rapid response modules on food skills. In the CCHS rapid response modules, diet and health outcomes (fruit and vegetable intake, general health, mental health, and obesity) and data related to cooking skills and cooking with processed foods were collected through self-report. Separate logistic regression models were fitted for each outcome, controlling for age, income, and education, and stratified by sex. Adults with poor cooking skills were less likely to have adequate fruit and vegetable intake (≥5 servings per day) ( p < 0.001), very good general health ( p < 0.001) or mental health ( p < 0.001), and obesity ( p = 0.02) compared to advanced cooking skills. Adults who cooked with highly processed foods were less likely to have adequate fruit and vegetable intake ( p < 0.001), very good general health ( p = 0.002) or mental health ( p < 0.001), but more likely to have obesity ( p = 0.03) compared to cooking with minimally processed foods. Cooking skills alone appear insufficient to protect against obesity. Results suggest that not only are cooking skills important, but the quality of ingredients also matter. Limiting the use of processed foods in addition to improving cooking skills are potential intervention targets to promote better health and diet outcomes.
Chinese Materia Medica in Treating Depression: The Role of Intestinal Microenvironment
Authors: Shen Ruhui , Li Zhipeng , Wang Huiyun , Wang Yongchao , Li Xiaofang , Yang Qian , Fu Yingjie , Li Ming , Gao Li-Na
Published: November 2023

Depression is a highly heterogeneous mental illness. Drug treatment is currently the main therapeutic strategy used in the clinic, but its efficacy is limited by the modulation of a single target, slow onset, and side effects. The gut–brain axis is of increasing interest because intestinal microenvironment disorders increase susceptibility to depression. In turn, depression affects intestinal microenvironment homeostasis by altering intestinal tissue structure, flora abundance and metabolism, hormone secretion, neurotransmitter transmission, and immune balance. Depression falls into the category of “stagnation syndrome” according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which further specifies that “the heart governs the spirit and is exterior–interior with the small intestine”. However, the exact mechanisms of the means by which the disordered intestinal microenvironment affects depression are still unclear. Here, we present an overview of how the Chinese materia medica (CMM) protects against depression by repairing intestinal microenvironment homeostasis. We review the past five years of research progress in classical antidepressant TCM formulae and single CMMs on regulating the intestinal microenvironment for the treatment of depression. We then analyze and clarify the multitarget functions of CMM in repairing intestinal homeostasis and aim to provide a new theoretical basis for CMM clinical application in the treatment of depression.
Andrographolide Attenuates Oxidized LDL-Induced Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Mitigates HFCCD-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice
Authors: Chen Chih-Chieh , Lii Chong-Kuei , Liu Kai-Li , Lin Yi-Ling , Lo Chia-Wen , Li Chien-Chun , Yang Ya-Chen , Chen Haw-Wen
Published: November 2023

Andrographolide (AND) is a bioactive component of the herb Andrographis paniculata and a well-known anti-inflammatory agent. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vasculature, and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is thought to contribute heavily to atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AND mitigates oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation and diet-induced atherosclerosis (in mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-cholic acid [HFCCD] diet) and the underlying mechanisms involved. AND attenuated LPS/oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation, IL-1[Formula: see text] mRNA and protein (p37) expression, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) mRNA and protein expression, caspase-1 (p20) protein expression, and IL-1[Formula: see text] release in BMDMs. Treatment with oxLDL significantly induced protein and mRNA expression of CD36, lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), and scavenger receptor type A (SR-A), whereas pretreatment with AND significantly inhibited protein and mRNA expression of SR-A only. Treatment with oxLDL significantly induced ROS generation and Dil-oxLDL uptake; however, pretreatment with AND alleviated oxLDL-induced ROS generation and Dil-oxLDL uptake. HFCCD feeding significantly increased aortic lipid accumulation, ICAM-1 expression, and IL-1[Formula: see text] mRNA expression, as well as blood levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total cholesterol, and LDL-C. AND co-administration mitigated aortic lipid accumulation, the protein expression of ICAM-1, mRNA expression of IL-1[Formula: see text] and ICAM-1, and blood levels of GPT. These results suggest that the working mechanisms by which AND mitigates atherosclerosis involve the inhibition of foam cell formation and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent vascular inflammation as evidenced by decreased SR-A expression and IL-1[Formula: see text] release, respectively.
Fracture distribution along open folds in southern Tunisia: implications for naturally fractured reservoirs
Authors: Smith Ruaridh Y. , Bruna Pierre-Olivier , Nasri Ahmed , Bertotti Giovanni
Published: November 2023

Fracture networks play a critical role in fluid flow within reservoirs, and it is therefore important to understand the interactions and influences of these networks. Our study focuses on the Southern Chotts–Jeffara Basin, which hosts reservoirs within Triassic, Permian and Ordovician units containing significant hydrocarbon accumulations. Recent developments on the structural understanding of the basin have proved that a regional shortening phase occurred between the Permian and Jurassic, forming open folds and a distributed fracture network. Analysis of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic outcrops within the basin has identified several sets of fractures (with dip directions and dip angles of 150/80 and 212/86) and compressional structural features that support this shortening hypothesis. We have integrated fracture data from surface analogues and subsurface analysis of advanced seismic attributes and well data through structural linking to form a 2D hybrid fracture model of the reservoirs in the region. Through analytical aperture modelling and numerical simulation, we found that the fractures orientated 212° in combination with large-scale fractures contribute significantly to the fluid-flow orientation and potential reservoir permeability. Our presented fracture workflow and framework provide an insight into network characterization within naturally fractured reservoirs of Tunisia, and how certain structures form fluid pathways that influence flow and production.

Supplementary material:
Data and figures detailing fracture characterisation and modelling along open folds in southern Tunisia are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6904499
Technologically Mediated Experiences of Visitors to the Frederic Chopin Museum: Postphenomenological Perspective on Touchscreens Affordances
Authors: Drygalska Ewa
Published: November 2023

Nowadays, technology plays an important role in supporting museum visits and enhancing overall museum visit experiences. An increasing number of studies have evaluated the potential of digitally mediated cultural heritage experiences. However, there is still a lack of a deeper understanding of how mediation devices influence the museum visit experiences and visitors’ behaviours. This article focuses on the mediating role of digital screens in the museum space, examining visitors’ activity and experience through their encounters with touchscreens at the Frederic Chopin's Museum in Warsaw, Poland. This article presents and makes use of a recent approach in the philosophy of technology, initiated by the American philosopher Don Ihde, called postphenomenology, as well as the theory of affordances. By conducting observations and interviews with museum visitors, the study shows that touchscreens, and digital technologies themselves, are not only functional but also shape the visitor's perception and expectations. This study shows that touchscreens are an embodiment technique and play a role of the touch-substitute for museum visitors.
Full-Fledged Access and Usability of Content in a Digital Cultural Heritage Library: Approaches, Paradigms, and Implementation
Authors: Paneva-Marinova Desislava , Goynov Maxim , Zhelev Yanislav , Monova-Zheleva Mariya , Mitreva Emanuela , Luchev Detelin , Pavlov Radoslav , Pavlova Lilia
Published: November 2023

The current research presents an approach to the improvement of the librarian infrastructure via the integration of advanced technology and solutions aiming at an immediate, smooth, and continuous adaptation of the libraries in line with 21st-century needs. In particular, this article discusses the design and development of an innovative library environment ensuring descriptive cataloging, subject indexing, intelligent data searching, curation, and collection development aiming to meet the functional needs related to the increasingly growing users’ expectations. The effectiveness of the approach has been validated in the Regional Library “Peyo Yavorov”–Burgas, Bulgaria, an associated content provider in the Bulgarian National Interdisciplinary Research E-Infrastructure for Bulgarian Language and Cultural Heritage Resources and Technologies (CLaDA-BG). Testing of the system was made to assure its stability and reliability.
Structure from Motion-Based Mapping for Autonomous Driving: Practice and Experience
Authors: Zhanabatyrova Aziza , Leite Clayton Souza , Xiao Yu
Published: November 2023

Accurate and up-to-date 3D maps, often represented as point clouds, are crucial for autonomous vehicles. Crowd-sourcing has emerged as a low-cost and scalable approach for collecting mapping data utilizing widely available dashcams and other sensing devices. However, it is still a non-trivial task to utilize crowdsourced data, such as dashcam images and video, to efficiently create or update high-quality point clouds using technologies like Structure from Motion (SfM). This study assesses and compares different image matching options available in open-source SfM software, analyzing their applicability and limitations for mapping urban scenes in different practical scenarios. Furthermore, the study analyzes the impact of various camera setups (i.e., the number of cameras and their placement) and weather conditions on the quality of the generated 3D point clouds in terms of completeness and accuracy. Based on these analyses, our study provides guidelines for creating more accurate point clouds.
Book Review: Recoding America—Why Government Is Failing in the Digital Age and How We Can Do Better
Authors: Luna-Reyes Luis Felipe
Published: November 2023

In this book, Jennifer Pahlka argues that government failure in implementing digital services and user-centered information technologies is a complex problem that requires re-envisioning our ways of thinking about government organization and policy. In the initial chapters of the book, she first introduces the complexity of developing effective digital services considering technology, institutional and organizational factors. The author argues that one way of re-conceptualizing government includes simpler policy and requirements, increased discretion to public managers in implementing policy, and skilled leaders that collaborate with stakeholders in developing lean services supported by product management tools. That is, switching into a mindset that places the citizen at the center and works continuously toward the services that we all need. Although key proposals are controversial and may lead to increased inequality, the book is challenging and a worthwhile read for both practitioners and researchers of digital government.
Artificial Muscles for Underwater Soft Robots: Materials and Their Interactions
Authors: Tan Yu Jun , Mengaldo Gianmarco , Laschi Cecilia
Published: November 2023

Underwater soft robots are typically constructed from soft and flexible materials, which enable them to adapt to aquatic environments where the terrain can be complex. They are often inspired by soft-bodied aquatic animals and can be used for a range of tasks, such as underwater exploration, environmental monitoring, and rescue operations. However, the design of these robots presents significant challenges, as it requires soft materials and systems that can withstand the harsh and varied conditions of ocean environments. This review delves into the physics of soft materials and outlines the constitutive models for such materials. Through an exploration of the muscle structures in aquatic creatures like octopuses and stingrays, we highlight the interplay between the materials that make up artificial muscles and how these muscles interact with their external surroundings. Finally, we conclude by outlining unresolved challenges and providing potential avenues for future research.
Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Disease: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation
Authors: Polkinghorne Murray D. , West Henry W. , Antoniades Charalambos
Published: November 2023

The perception of adipose tissue as a metabolically quiescent tissue, primarily responsible for lipid storage and energy balance (with some endocrine, thermogenic, and insulation functions), has changed. It is now accepted that adipose tissue is a crucial regulator of metabolic health, maintaining bidirectional communication with other organs including the cardiovascular system. Additionally, adipose tissue depots are functionally and morphologically heterogeneous, acting not only as sources of bioactive molecules that regulate the physiological functioning of the vasculature and myocardium but also as biosensors of the paracrine and endocrine signals arising from these tissues. In this way, adipose tissue undergoes phenotypic switching in response to vascular and/or myocardial signals (proinflammatory, profibrotic, prolipolytic), a process that novel imaging technologies are able to visualize and quantify with implications for clinical prognosis. Furthermore, a range of therapeutic modalities have emerged targeting adipose tissue metabolism and altering its secretome, potentially benefiting those at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Tailoring: Lessons Learned and Refinements After Two Decades of Incorporating Culture in Health Communication Research
Authors: Griffith Derek M. , Efird Caroline R. , Baskin Monica L. , Webb Hooper Monica , Davis Rachel E. , Resnicow Ken
Published: November 2023

In this article, we examine progress and challenges in designing, implementing, and evaluating culturally sensitive behavioral interventions by tailoring health communication to groups or individuals. After defining common tailoring constructs (i.e., culture, race, and ethnicity), cultural sensitivity, and cultural tailoring, we examine when it is useful to culturally tailor and address cultural sensitivity in health communication by group tailoring or individual tailoring and when tailoring health communication may not be necessary or appropriate for achieving behavior change. After reviewing selected approaches to cultural tailoring, we critique the quality of research in this domain with a focus on the internal validity of empirical findings. Then we explore the ways in which cultural sensitivity, group targeting, and individual tailoring have incorporated culture in health promotion and health communication. We conclude by articulating yet unanswered questions and suggesting future directions to move the field forward.
Insights into the Ionomer Distribution through Elemental Mapping of Model Catalysts Mixed with Nafion
Authors: Gunnarson Alexander , Bongard Hans-Josef , Schüth Ferdi
Published: November 2023

Cross-sections of morphology-controlled catalysts mixed with ionomer are analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The elemental mappings provide information about the behavior of the ionomer on the nanoscale, including the penetration depth of the ionomer into small mesopores. Furthermore, the suitability of metal ion exchange for tracking the ionomer distribution is validated by post-impregnation with cesium. Ultimately, this work lays the foundation for a meaningful characterization of the ionomer distribution in catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.