87 OSMOTIC SENSITIVITY OF OKAPI SPERMATOZOA AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRYOPRESERVATION PROTOCOLS USING CRYOMICROSCOPY
Authors: Penfold L. M. 
Published: January 2008

Okapi would benefit from artificial insemination with frozen-thawed sperm in cases where aggression prevents mating or where individuals are geographically disparate. Effective sperm cryopreservation is a prerequisite to this goal. Ejaculates (n = 20) were collected from 7 anesthetized adult male okapi housed individually, or with a female for breeding, throughout the year by electroejaculation, and semen and sperm parameters were assessed. Semen aliquots were centrifuged; resuspended in 500 µL of PBS with the osmolarity adjusted to 35, 75, 150, 600, 1200, and 2400 mOsm; and incubated for 30 min before returning to isosmotic conditions. Semen was extended in TEST containing 1%, 2%, or 4% glycerol with or without 0.5% Equex (Minitube, Verona, WI, USA); 5-µL aliquots were cooled in a Latin square design on a Linkam BCS 196 cryomicrostage (Linkam Scientific, Tadworth, Surrey, UK) at 20�C min–1 to –6� –12�C at which point ice crystal formation was induced (seeded), and cooled further to –70�C before warming at 50�C min–1 to 35�C (okapi body temperature). To investigate cooling effects only, raw ejaculate was cooled to –6�C without seeding and warmed to 35�C. Percent sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) were recorded before and after treatments. Differences were examined using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. No differences in motility, total sperm numbers, or percent normal morphology were observed throughout the year (P > 0.05), although the power of the test was low so that negative findings should be interpreted cautiously. Mean semen volume was 1.3 � 0.19 mL, sperm motility was 29 � 3.2%, with a PMI of 39 � 6.8%; 48 � 2.8% were morphologically normal. High proportions of non-motile, plasma membrane-damaged cells were noted in every ejaculate, and whiplash motility, possibly indicating spontaneous capacitation, was observed in several ejaculates 1 h after collection. Motility was dramatically reduced on either side of isosmotic conditions and was more sensitive to osmotic pressure than was plasma membrane integrity. Cooling of raw ejaculate to sub-zero temperatures without freezing did not result in any loss of motility or PMI, indicating cold tolerence. Superior results were obtained when sperm were frozen-thawed in TEST containing 4% glycerol with 0.5% Equex. Findings indicate that okapi semen collected by electroejaculation routinely contain high numbers of non-motile and plasma membrane-damaged spermatozoa, apparently unrelated to season or the length of time since the male was housed with a breeding female. Okapi spermatozoa are remarkably intolerant of departures from isosmotic conditions, indicating a lack of ability to regulate or withstand volume excursions during osmotic stress events; however, cooling to sub-zero temperatures in the absence of cryoprotectant did not reduce percent sperm motility or PMI, indicating resistance to cold shock. Increasing and maintaining proportions of motile, membrane-intact spermatozoa prior to and during cryopreservation will be critical for development of freezing protocols for this species.