bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect that robots instead of spacemen landing on Mars can have on spacecraft development
Authors: Cokley John D. , Angus Daniel
Published: January 2014

The space race of the 1960s attracted a concentrated peak in space funding which has not since been repeated. Based on a novel methodology of new Internet–sourced, computer–driven visual text analytic techniques, this study suggests that the advances in engineering technologies supported by this funding — especially robotic, unmanned missions to space involving international cooperation such as the 2012 Curiosity landing on Mars — have resulted in decreased public interest, engagement, understanding of and ultimately support for space exploration and ultimately human–carrying spacecraft development. We suggest consequences for public interaction with, and political and economic support for future spacecraft development.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION IN NATURAL RUBBER DURING FATIGUE TESTING: IN SITU WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENTS USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
Authors: Beurrot-Borgarino S. , Huneau B. , Verron E. , Thiaudière D. , Mocuta C. , Zozulya A.
Published: January 2014

Strain-induced crystallization of carbon black-filled natural rubber is investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) during in situ fatigue tests using synchrotron radiation. Thanks to an original experimental method, we measure the evolution with the number of cycles of: (i) the index of crystallinity, both (ii) size and (iii) orientation of the crystallites, and finally (iv) the lattice parameters. It is shown that when the minimum stretch ratio of the fatigue test is lower than the onset of melting of the crystallites, then the index of crystallinity and the size of the crystallites decrease, whereas they increase when the minimum stretch ratio is higher than the onset of melting. For all the fatigue tests, the misorientation of the crystallites slightly decreases and the lattice parameters remain constant with the number of cycles.
ULTRA SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING STUDY OF FLOCCULATION IN SILICA-FILLED RUBBER
Authors: Mihara Satoshi , Datta Rabin N. , Dierkes Wilma K. , Noordermeer Jacques W. M. , Amino Naoya , Ishikawa Yasuhiro , Nishitsuji Shoutaro , Takenaka Mikihiko
Published: January 2014

The flocculation of silica during vulcanization is monitored using the ultra small-angle X-ray scattering technique for two different types of silica: a highly dispersible silica (HD) and a conventional silica (CV), mixed into a blend of S-SBR and BR rubbers. The cutoff length of the silica aggregate Rss and the mass fractal dimension Dm, which indicate the degree of flocculation of aggregates, are estimated according to the modified unified equation. The aggregate radius Ra is estimated to be related to the lower cutoff length Rss, indicating the radius of gyration of the mass-fractal structure. For both silicas, Ra increases during vulcanization. For the CV silica, an increase of Dm is observed, whereas no significant increase of Dm can be seen for the HD silica. The Ra of CV is relatively high compared with that of HD. On the other hand, the CV silica shows a relatively lower Dm compared with that of HD. These results indicate that CV has a larger size of aggregates and lower degree of agglomeration of its aggregates. The presence of di(tri-ethoxy-silyl-propyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) as coupling agent between the silica and rubber decreases the aggregate radius of silica. However, in the absence of TESPT, a low mass-fractal dimension, which means a low degree of agglomeration of aggregates, is observed. This results from a lower mobility of silica aggregates, depending on the size of the aggregates. The silica loading also has an influence on the flocculation process. The aggregate radius increases as the silica loading is increased. At the same time, a higher mass-fractal dimension, and therefore also a higher degree of agglomeration, can be seen at higher silica loading.
Myogenic Differentiation of Muscular Dystrophy-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Use in Drug Discovery
Authors: Abujarour Ramzey , Bennett Monica , Valamehr Bahram , Lee Tom Tong , Robinson Megan , Robbins David , Le Thuy , Lai Kevin , Flynn Peter
Published: January 2014

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a scalable source of potentially any cell type for disease modeling and therapeutic screening. We have a particular interest in modeling skeletal muscle from various genetic backgrounds; however, efficient and reproducible methods for the myogenic differentiation of iPSCs have not previously been demonstrated. Ectopic myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) expression has been shown to induce myogenesis in primary cell types, but the same effect has been unexpectedly challenging to reproduce in human iPSCs. In this study, we report that optimization of culture conditions enabled direct MyoD-mediated differentiation of iPSCs into myoblasts without the need for an intermediate step or cell sorting. MyoD induction mediated efficient cell fusion of mature myocytes yielding multinucleated myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes. We applied the same approach to dystrophic iPSCs, generating 16 iPSC lines from fibroblasts of four patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. As seen with iPSCs from healthy donors, within 36 hours from MyoD induction there was a clear commitment toward the myogenic identity by the majority of iPSCs in culture (50%–70%). The patient iPSC-derived myotubes successfully adopted the skeletal muscle program, as determined by global gene expression profiling, and were functionally responsive to treatment with hypertrophic proteins insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A (Wnt7a), which are being investigated as potential treatments for muscular dystrophy in clinical and preclinical studies, respectively. Our results demonstrate that iPSCs have no intrinsic barriers preventing MyoD from inducing efficient and rapid myogenesis and thus providing a scalable source of normal and dystrophic myoblasts for use in disease modeling and drug discovery.
Curial e Güelfa y la prosa corta alegórica: Los Triunfos de Petrarca en la narrativa en catalán del XV
Authors: Recio Roxana
Published: January 2014

Resumen: Los Triunfos de Petrarca gozaron de una amplia difusión en Europa, influyendo no sólo en la literatura. En el presente artícilo tratamos de ofrecer una visión de cómo la obra del italiano se dejó sentir en la Península Ibérica y, especialmente, en la Corona de Aragón. En este sentido, es remarcable la inspiración que supuso el Triunfo del Amor, para el autor anónimo del Curial e Güelfa, aunque también se pueden encontrar rastros en otras obras.Palabras clave: Curial e Güelfa; Petrarca; Triunfos; tradición literaria; humanismo; Corona de AragónAbstract: The Trionfi of Petrarch enjoyed a wide circulation in Europe, influencing not only in literature. In this article we try to offer a vision of how the work of Italian writer was felt in the Iberian Peninsula and, especially, in the Crown of Aragon. In this sense, it is very remarkable the inspiration from the Trionfo dell’Amore for the anonymous author of Curial, although traces can also be found in other works.Keywords: Curial e Güelfa; Petrarca; Trionfi; literary tradition; Humanism, Crown of Aragon
Strengthening the enabling environment for women and girls: what is the evidence in social and structural approaches in the HIV response?
Authors: Hardee Karen , Gay Jill , Croce‐Galis Melanie , Peltz Amelia
Published: January 2014

There is growing interest in expanding public health approaches that address social and structural drivers that affect the environment in which behaviour occurs. Half of those living with HIV infection are women. The sociocultural and political environment in which women live can enable or inhibit their ability to protect themselves from acquiring HIV. This paper examines the evidence related to six key social and structural drivers of HIV for women: transforming gender norms; addressing violence against women; transforming legal norms to empower women; promoting women’s employment, income and livelihood opportunities; advancing education for girls and reducing stigma and discrimination. The paper reviews the evidence for successful and promising social and structural interventions related to each driver. This analysis contains peer‐reviewed published research and study reports with clear and transparent data on the effectiveness of interventions. Structural interventions to address these key social and structural drivers have led to increasing HIV‐protective behaviours, creating more gender‐equitable relationships and decreasing violence, improving services for women, increasing widows’ ability to cope with HIV and reducing behaviour that increases HIV risk, particularly among young people.
Mouse rods signal through gap junctions with cones
Authors: Asteriti Sabrina , Gargini Claudia , Cangiano Lorenzo
Published: January 2014

Rod and cone photoreceptors are coupled by gap junctions (GJs), relatively large channels able to mediate both electrical and molecular communication. Despite their critical location in our visual system and evidence that they are dynamically gated for dark/light adaptation, the full impact that rod–cone GJs can have on cone function is not known. We recorded the photovoltage of mouse cones and found that the initial level of rod input increased spontaneously after obtaining intracellular access. This process allowed us to explore the underlying coupling capacity to rods, revealing that fully coupled cones acquire a striking rod-like phenotype. Calcium, a candidate mediator of the coupling process, does not appear to be involved on the cone side of the junctional channels. Our findings show that the anatomical substrate is adequate for rod–cone coupling to play an important role in vision and, possibly, in biochemical signaling among photoreceptors.
Evolution of thorax architecture in ant castes highlights trade-off between flight and ground behaviors
Authors: Keller Roberto A , Peeters Christian , Beldade Patrícia
Published: January 2014

The concerted evolution of morphological and behavioral specializations has compelling examples in ant castes. Unique to ants is a marked divergence between winged queens and wingless workers, but morphological specializations for behaviors on the ground have been overlooked. We analyzed thorax morphology of queens and workers in species from 21 of the 25 ant subfamilies. We uncovered unique skeletomuscular modifications in workers that presumably increase power and flexibility of head–thorax articulation, emphasizing that workers are not simply wingless versions of queens. We also identified two distinct types of queens and showed repeated evolutionary associations with strategies of colony foundation. Solitary founding queens that hunt have a more worker-like thorax. Our results reveal that ants invest in the relative size of thorax segments according to their tasks. Versatility of head movements allows for better manipulation of food and objects, which arguably contributed to the ants’ ecological and evolutionary success.
(111)-oriented large-grain (≥50 µm) Ge crystals directly formed on flexible plastic substrate by gold-induced layer-exchange crystallization
Authors: Park Jong-Hyeok , Miyao Masanobu , Sadoh Taizoh
Published: January 2014

Orientation-controlled large-grain Ge crystals grown on plastic substrates (softening temperature: ∼300 °C) are desired to realize advanced flexible electronics, where various functional devices are integrated on flexible substrates. To achieve this, gold-induced crystallization (annealing temperature: 250 °C) using a-Ge/Au stacked structures is developed on plastic substrates, where thin-Al2O3 layers (thickness: ∼7 nm) are introduced at a-Ge/Au interfaces. Interestingly, (111)-oriented nucleation at the Au/plastic interface dominates over random bulk nucleation in Au layers. As a result, the formation of (111)-oriented large-grain (≥50 µm) Ge crystals directly on flexible plastic substrates is realized. This technique will pave the way for advanced flexible electronics.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Mental Health Screening Tools After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Gitaari Michelle , Mikolić Ana , Panenka William J. , Silverberg Noah D.
Published: July 2024

Importance

Mental health disorders are common after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and likely exacerbate postconcussive symptoms and disability. Early detection could improve clinical outcomes, but the accuracy of mental health screening tools in this population has not been well established.

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), Generalizaed Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7), and Primary Care PTSD (Posttramatic Stress Disorder) Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) (PC-PTSD-5) in adults with mTBI.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This diagnostic study was performed as a secondary analysis of a cluster randomized clinical trial. Self-report mental health screening tools (PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PC-PTSD-5) were administered online 12 weeks after mTBI and compared against a structured psychodiagnostic interview (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for DSM-5 (MINI) over videoconference at the same time. Adults with mTBI (N = 537) were recruited from February 1, 2021, to October 25, 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Presence of a major depressive episode, anxiety disorders, and PTSD were determined by a blinded assessor with the MINI. Diagnostic accuracy statistics were derived for the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PC-PTSD-5. Findings were disaggregated for participants with and without persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS) by International and Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision criteria.

Results

Data were available for 499 of 537 trial participants, 278 (55.7%) of whom were female; the mean (SD) age was 38.8 (13.9) years. Each screening questionnaire had strong diagnostic accuracy in the overall sample for optimal cut points (area under the curve [AUC], ≥0.80; sensitivity, 0.55-0.94; specificity, 0.64-0.94). The AUC (difference of 0.01-0.13) and specificity (difference, 5-65 percentage points) were lower in those with PPCS present compared with PPCS absent, but the prevalence of at least 1 mental health disorder was 3 to 5 times higher in patients with PPCS present. The GAD-7 had slightly better performance than the PC-PTSD-5 for detecting PTSD (AUC, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.80-0.89] vs 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.87]). The optimal cutoff on the PHQ-9 was 5 or more symptoms experienced on more than half of days; on the GAD-7, a total score of at least 7.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this diagnostic study suggest that the PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PC-PTSD-5 accurately screen for mental health disorders in patients with mTBI. Future research should corroborate optimal test cutoffs for this population.
Solid‐State Bonding of Iron or Steel with Stainless Steels by Spark Plasma Sintering Bonding
Authors: Watanabe Yoshimi , Furuhashi Takuma , Chiba Tadachika , Moritani Tomokazu , Sato Hisashi
Published: July 2024

In this study, pure iron, S45C carbon steel (Fe–0.45mass%C), carburized iron, and nitrided iron are bonded with two types of stainless steels, i.e., SUS304 austenitic stainless steel (Fe–18mass%Cr–8mass%Ni) with face center cubic structure or SUS430 ferritic stainless steel (Fe–18mass%Cr) with body center cubic structure by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) machine. Bonding experiments are carried out by SPS bonding. It is found that the bonding temperature of the S45C/SUS samples is lower than that of Fe/SUS samples, and carbon atoms in the S45C play important role on the bonding performance. The bonding temperature for SUS304/SUS430 sample is more than 30 °C higher than those for the Fe/SUS and S45C/SUS samples. The presence of thin chromium oxides on both stainless steels reduces the bonding performance of SUS304/SUS430 sample. Better bonding performance is found for the carburized and nitrided iron for bonding with stainless steels. However, continuous single‐phase layer on the surface leads to reduce the bonding performance. It is concluded that not only the concentration of carbon and nitrogen but also the phase configuration in the iron at interface strongly influences the bonding performance between iron alloys and stainless steels by SPS bonding.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regulation for Mg‐Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives
Authors: Wang Hongyuan , Li Jie , Wei Xinlin , Zheng Yan , Yang Shenglan , Lu Yangfan , Ding Zhao , Luo Qun , Li Qian , Pan Fusheng
Published: July 2024

Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials have drawn considerable attention as the solution for hydrogen storage and transportation due to their high hydrogen storage density, low cost, and high safety characteristics. However, their practical applications are hindered by the high dehydrogenation temperatures, low equilibrium pressure, and sluggish hydrogenation and dehydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) rates. These functionalities are typically determined by the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of de/hydrogenation reactions. This review comprehensively discusses how the compositeization, catalysts, alloying, and nanofabrication strategies can improve the thermodynamic and kinetic performances of Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials. Since the introduction of various additives leads the samples being a multiple‐phases and elements system, prediction methods of hydrogen storage properties are simultaneously introduced. In the last part of this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and a summary of the emergence of new materials and potential strategies for realizing lower‐cost preparation, lower operation temperature, and long‐cycle properties is provided.
Approaching Theoretical Capacity: 0D/2D Amorphous/Crystalline Bi‐Based Heterostructures Anode for Aqueous Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Zhou Fengming , Liang Qiuyue , Zhang Qi , Zhu Yujing , Xiao Zhenyu , Wang Lei
Published: July 2024

Although various bismuth (Bi) electrode materials are reported to assemble aqueous alkaline rechargeable batteries (AARBs) owing to desirable potential window and high theoretical capacity, the Bi‐based electrode materials are still confronted with by their “death space” and poor stability. Herein, a zero‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (0D/2D) amorphous/crystalline BiOx‐Bi heterostructure is successfully synthesized by a one‐step reduction method for achieving nearly theoretical capacity. Under proper NaBHNaBH4 content, the Bi33+ is reduced to form ultra‐thin 2D metallic bismuth nanoflakes (Bi‐nf), and incompletely reduced amorphous 0D BiOx nanodots are embedded in Bi‐nf to form the target BiOx/Bi‐nf heterostructure. The embedded 0D nanodots inhibit the aggregation of 2D Bi‐nf, accelerate the mass transport rate with more oxygen vacancies and pores at heterogeneous interface, and the active centers of amorphous nanodots and ultrathin nanoflakes are recognized as completely accessible which is benefit for up to theoretical capacity. Accordingly, the optimized 0D/2D amorphous/crystalline BiOx‐Bi‐nf heterostructure electrode presents an admirable capacity of 350 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and outstanding capacity retention of 79.9% at 20 A g‐1. Moreover, the assembled BCNP (basic cobalt/nickel phosphate)//BiOx/Bi‐nf battery exhibits exceptional energy density of 191.64 Wh kg‐1 at 1.28 kW kg‐1 power density and durable stability (80% after 14000 cycles).
Imidazole‐Rich, Four‐Armed Host‐Defense Peptidomimetics as Promising Narrow‐Spectrum Antibacterial Agents and Adjuvants against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections
Authors: Zheng Yuwei , Chi Jiaying , Ou Jiayu , Jiang Ling , Wang Liqing , Luo Rui , Yan Yilang , Xu Zejun , Peng Tingting , Cai Jianfeng , Wu Chuanbin , Teng Peng , Quan Guilan , Lu Chao
Published: July 2024

The development of narrow‐spectrum antimicrobial agents is paramount for swiftly eradicating pathogenic bacteria, mitigating the onset of drug resistance, and preserving the homeostasis of bacterial microbiota in tissues. Owing to the limited affinity between the hydrophobic lipid bilayer interior of bacterial cells and most hydrophilic, polar peptides, the construction of a distinctive class of four‐armed host‐defense peptides/peptidomimetics (HDPs) is proposed with enhanced specificity and membrane perturbation capability against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by incorporating imidazole groups. These groups demonstrate substantial affinity for unsaturated phospholipids, which are predominantly expressed in the cell membrane of P. aeruginosa, thereby enabling HDPs to exhibit narrow‐spectrum activity against this bacterium. Computational simulations and experimental investigations have corroborated that the imidazole‐rich, four‐armed peptidomimetics exhibit notable selectivity toward bacteria over mammalian cells. Among them, 4H10, characterized by its abundant and densely distributed imidazole groups, exhibits impressive activity against various clinically isolated P. aeruginosa strains. Moreover, 4H10 has demonstrated potential as an antibiotic adjuvant, enhancing doxycycline accumulation and exerting effects on intracellular targets by efficiently disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Consequently, the hydrogel composed of 4H10 and doxycycline emerged as a promising topical agent, significantly diminishing the skin P. aeruginosa burden by 97.1% within 2 days while inducing minimal local and systemic toxicity.
Decellularized Amnion Membrane Triggers Macrophage Polarization for Desired Host Immune Response
Authors: Zhang Tong , Shao Mingfei , Li Hanfeng , Chen Xin , Zhang Ruiying , Wu Jingwen , Wang Jianing , Guo Yanchuan
Published: July 2024

Appropriate regulation of immunomodulatory responses, particularly acute inflammation involving macrophages, is crucial for the desired functionality of implants. Decellularized amnion membrane (DAM) is produced by removing cellular components and antigenicity, expected to reduce immunogenicity and the risk of inflammation. Despite the potential of DAM as biomaterial implants, few studies have investigated its specific effects on immunomodulation. Here, it is demonstrated that DAM can regulate macrophage‐driven inflammatory response and potential mechanisms are investigated. In vitro results show that DAM significantly inhibits M1 polarization in LPS‐induced macrophages by inhibiting Toll‐like receptors (TLR) signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway and promotes macrophage M2 polarization. Physical signals from the 3D micro‐structure and the active protein, DCN, binding to key targets may play roles in the process. In the subcutaneous implant model in rats, DAM inhibits the persistence of inflammation and fibrous capsule formation, while promoting M2 macrophage polarization, thereby facilitating tissue regeneration. This study provides insights into DAM's effect and potential mechanisms on the balance of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and vivo, emphasizing the immunomodulation of ECM‐based materials as promising implants.
Negative Photoconductivity Transistors for Visuomorphic Computing
Authors: Wang Le , Wang Haotian , Liu Jing , Wang Yiru , Shao He , Li Wen , Yi Mingdong , Ling Haifeng , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei
Published: July 2024

Visuomorphic computing aims to simulate and potentially surpass the human retina by mimicking biological visual perception with an artificial retina. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in perceiving complex interactive environments. Negative photoconductivity transistors (NPTs) mimic synaptic behavior by achieving adjustable positive photoconductivity (PPC) and negative photoconductivity (NPC), simulating “excitation” and “inhibition” akin to sensory cell signals. In complex interactive environments, NPTs are desired for visuomorphic computing that can achieve a better sense of information, lower power consumption, and reduce hardware complexity. In this review, it is started by introducing the development process of NPTs, while placing a strong emphasis on the device structures, working mechanisms, and key performance parameters. The common material systems employed in NPTs based on their functions are then summarized. Moreover, it is proceeded to summarize the noteworthy applications of NPTs in optoelectronic devices, including advanced multibit nonvolatile memory, optoelectronic logic gates, optical encryption, and visual perception. Finally, the challenges and prospects that lie ahead in the ongoing development of NPTs are addressed, offering valuable insights into their applications in optoelectronics and a comprehensive understanding of their significance.
Plasmonic Nanostructures Grown from Reacting Droplet‐In‐Microwell Array on Flexible Films for Quantitative Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Plant Wearable In Situ Detection
Authors: Kanike Chiranjeevi , Lu Qiuyun , Wu Hongyan , Unsworth Larry D. , Atta Arnab , Zhang Xuehua
Published: July 2024

Plant wearable detection has garnered significant interest in advancing agricultural intelligence and promoting sustainable food production amidst the challenges of climate change. Accurately monitoring plant health and agrochemical residue levels necessitates qualities such as precision, affordability, simplicity, and noninvasiveness. Here, a novel attachable plasmonic film is introduced and designed for on‐site detection of agrochemical residues utilizing surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). By functionalizing a thin polydimethylsiloxane film with silver nanoparticles via controlled droplet reactions in micro‐well arrays, a plasmonic film is achieved that not only maintains optical transparency for precise analyte localization but also conforms closely to the plant surface, facilitating highly sensitive SERS measurements. The reliability of this film enables accurate identification and quantification of individual compounds and their mixtures, boasting an ultra‐low detection limit ranging from 10−16 to 10−13 m, with mini mal relative standard deviation. To showcase its potential, on‐field detection of pesticide residues on fruit surfaces is conducted using a handheld Raman spectrometer. This advancement in fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on flexible films holds promise for expanding SERS applications beyond plant monitoring, including personalized health monitoring, point‐of‐care diagnosis, wearable devices for human–machine interface, and on‐site monitoring of environmental pollutants.
Marine Fouling Release Performance of Amphiphilic Carboxybetaine Perfluoropolyether Methacrylate Polymer Coatings
Authors: Koschitzki Florian , Özcan Onur , Wanka Robin , Krisam Marc , Rosenhahn Axel
Published: July 2024

Amphiphilic polymer systems have been demonstrated to be an effective and environmentally friendly approach to combat the challenges of biofouling, especially in the real ocean environment. A variety of polymer compositions containing fluorophilic perfluoropolyether (PFPE) urethane dimethacrylate and zwitterionic carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) are in situ copolymerized across a broad concentration range and anchored to chemically functionalized substrates by grafting‐through polymerization. Dynamic accumulation assays with the marine diatom Navicula perminuta and the marine bacterium Cobetia marina revealed an enhanced antifouling performance in most of the amphiphilic polymer mixtures when zwitterionic units are combined with hydrophobic PFPE compounds. It is noticed that the resulting polymer networks still possess enough orientational freedom to quickly rearrange in the presence of water. It is further observed that several of the very hydrophilic formulations and some of the moderately hydrophobic formulations exhibit low fouling against the marine fouling organisms Navicula perminuta and Cobetia marina. This correlated with increased surface roughness and the ability for underwater rearrangement. Furthermore, it is discussed whether the probability that highly hydrated hydrogels, which appear sponge‐like, may create a diffuse interphase which promotes the incorporation of silt. Latter is counteracted by the hydrophobic PFPE building blocks in the amphiphilic coatings.
Magneto‐Acoustic Field‐Induced Unstable Interface of Magnetic Microswarm
Authors: Zhuang Rencheng , Zhou Dekai , Liu Junmin , Chang Xiaocong , Zhang Guangyu , Li Longqiu
Published: July 2024

Research on the interfacial instability of two‐phase systems can help in gaining a better understanding of various hydrodynamic instabilities in nature. However, owing to the nonlinear and complex spatiotemporal dynamics of the unstable interface, the instability is challenging to control and suppress. This paper presents a novel interfacial instability of the magnetic microswarm induced by the competition between the destabilizing effect of magnetic field and the stabilizing effect of acoustic field. The physics underlying this novel phenomenon is discussed by analyzing the contributions of the external fields. Unlike previous studies, this study demonstrates that the instability is independent of the interfacial force or diffusion effect and can persist without dissipation over time. The manipulation of the unstable interface is further achieved by adjusting the configuration of the magneto‐acoustic system. This approach can be used in thermal encoding metamaterials and has great potential applications in systems where the instability is detrimental.
PP2Ac Regulates Autophagy via Mediating mTORC1 and ULK1 During Osteoclastogenesis in the Subchondral Bone of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Ge Gaoran , Zhang Wei , Sun Houyi , Liang Xiaolong , Xia Yu , Du Jiacheng , Wu Zerui , Bai Jiaxiang , Yang Huilin , Yang Xing , Zhou Jun , Xu Yaozeng , Geng Dechun
Published: July 2024

The molecular mechanism underlying abnormal osteoclastogenesis triggering subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis (OA) is still unclear. Here, single‐cell and bulk transcriptomics sequencing analyses are performed on GEO datasets to identify key molecules and validate them using knee joint tissues from OA patients and rat OA models. It is found that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is highly expressed during osteoclastogenesis in the early stage of OA and is correlated with autophagy. Knockdown or inhibition of PP2Ac weakened autophagy during osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, the ULK1 expression of the downstream genes is significantly increased when PP2Ac is knocked down. PP2Ac‐mediated autophagy is dependent on ULK1 phosphorylation activity during osteoclastogenesis, which is associated with enhanced dephosphorylation of ULK1 Ser637 residue regulating at the post‐translational level. Additionally, mTORC1 inhibition facilitated the expression level of PP2Ac during osteoclastogenesis. In animal OA models, decreasing the expression of PP2Ac ameliorated early OA progression. The findings suggest that PP2Ac is also a promising therapeutic target in early OA.
Microbial Tryptophan Metabolites Ameliorate Ovariectomy‐Induced Bone Loss by Repairing Intestinal AhR‐Mediated Gut‐Bone Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Chuan , Cao Zheng , Lei Hehua , Zhang Cui , Wu Mengjing , Huang Shaohua , Li Xinzhi , Xie Denghui , Liu Maili , Zhang Limin , Chen Gang
Published: July 2024

Microbial tryptophan (Trp) metabolites acting as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands are shown to effectively improve metabolic diseases via regulating microbial community. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Trp metabolites ameliorate bone loss via gut‐bone crosstalk are largely unknown. In this study, supplementation with Trp metabolites, indole acetic acid (IAA), and indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA), markedly ameliorate bone loss by repairing intestinal barrier integrity in ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice in an AhR‐dependent manner. Mechanistically, intestinal AhR activation by Trp metabolites, especially IAA, effectively repairs intestinal barrier function by stimulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Consequently, enhanced M2 macrophage by supplementation with IAA and IPA secrete large amount of IL‐10 that expands from intestinal lamina propria to bone marrow, thereby simultaneously promoting osteoblastogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, supplementation with Trp metabolites exhibit negligible ameliorative effects on both gut homeostasis and bone loss of OVX mice with intestinal AhR knockout (VillinCreAhrfl/fl). These findings suggest that microbial Trp metabolites may be potential therapeutic candidates against osteoporosis via regulating AhR‐mediated gut‐bone axis.
Performance Enhancement of Tricalcium Phosphate Film for Bioelectronics with Bio‐Friendly Supercritical Fluids Desorption Technology
Authors: Peng Zehui , Wang Mingqiang , Li Lei , Duan Xinqing , Liu Huangbai , Wang Mingge , Wang Jie , Chang Chang‐Kuan
Published: July 2024

In the rapidly advancing field of bioelectronics, searching for materials that combine superior insulating properties with biocompatibility is crucial, especially for implantable electronic devices. Traditional insulators in mature CMOS processes, though effective, lack biocompatibility, necessitating the exploration of alternative materials. This study introduces tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), a primary component of human bones, and teeth, as an insulating layer material for the first time. High‐quality, thickness‐controlled Ca3(PO4)2 films are fabricated using magnetron sputtering, and their electrical insulation, stability, and optical transparency have been thoroughly evaluated. To further optimize the insulation performance of Ca3(PO4)2, particularly against residual impurities, and fabrication‐induced defects, a bio‐friendly low‐temperature supercritical fluid desorption (LTSCF‐Desorption) technique is developed, effectively removing impurities, repairing defects, and improving the interface states. After LTSCF‐Desorption treatment, the leakage current of the Ca3(PO4)2 films is reduced by 30%, along with the enhancements of the films' stability and transmittance. Further material analysis clarified the internal mechanisms behind the improvement of the Ca3(PO4)2 films. Overall, this study not only broadens the application scenarios of Ca3(PO4)2 in bioelectronics but also develops a bio‐friendly supercritical desorption technique, providing a new pathway for optimizing the performance of bioelectronic devices and materials.
Harnessing the Potential of (Quasi) Solid‐State Na‐Air/O₂ Batteries: Strategies and Future Directions for Next‐Generation Energy Storage Solutions
Authors: Yahia Mohamed , de Larramendi Idoia Ruiz , Ortiz‐Vitoriano Nagore
Published: July 2024

This perspective points out the potential of solid‐state Na‐air/O2 batteries for powering next‐generation storage devices, highlighting their high energy density, efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness. The challenges faced by Na‐air/O2 batteries, including liquid electrolyte instability, O2/O2− crossover, Na anode passivation, and dendritic growth are addressed. Strategies such as exploring solid‐state electrolytes (SSE), mitigating O2/O2− crossover, protecting the Na anode, and enhancing the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are discussed as potential solutions. Future challenges in advancing the technology are reviewed, emphasizing the need for addressing and understanding the fundamental mechanisms of (quasi)solid‐state Na‐air/O2 batteries (i.e., discharge product chemistry, dendritic growth, O2 crossover, the electrolyte properties, the stabilization of battery chemistry and Na+ transport). A roadmap outlining future directions is presented to overcome these challenges, with the goal of fully harnessing the potential of Na‐air/O2 batteries as a viable option for renewable energy and industrial‐scale commercialization.
Anionic Aggregates Induced Interphase Chemistry Regulation toward Wide‐Temperature Silicon‐Based Batteries
Authors: Mao Shulan , Zhang Jiahui , Mao Jiale , Shen Zeyu , Long Ziren , Zhang Shichao , Wu Qian , Cheng Hao , Lu Yingying
Published: July 2024

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) show great promise as high‐capacity anodes owing to their ability to mitigate mechanical failure. However, the substantial surface area of SiNPs triggers interfacial side reactions and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) permeation during volume fluctuations. The slow kinetics at low temperatures and the degradation of SEI at high temperatures further hinder the practical application of SiNPs in real‐world environments. Here, these challenges are addressed by manipulating the solvation structure through molecular space hindrance. The electrolyte enables anions to aggregate in the outer Helmholtz layer under an electric field, leading to rapid desolvation capabilities and the formation of anion‐derived SEI. The resulting double‐layer SEI, where inorganic nano‐clusters are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous structure, completely encapsulates the particles in the first cycle. The ultra‐high modulus of this structure can withstand stress accumulation, preventing electrolyte penetration during repeated expansion and contraction. As a result, SiNPs‐based batteries demonstrate exceptional electrochemical performance across a wide temperature range from −20 to 60 °C. Moreover, the assembled 80 mAh SiNPs/LiFePO4 pouch cells maintain a cycling retention of 85.6% after 150 cycles, marking a significant step forward in the practical application of silicon‐based batteries.
Mechanism and Origins of Nucleophile‐Controlled Regioselectivity of Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic C−H Amination of 1,4‐Dienes: A Computational Study
Authors: Zhang Mengyao , Wang Shiyu , Wu Hongli , Huang Genping
Published: July 2024

Density functional theory calculations have been conducted to investigate the palladium‐catalyzed allylic C−H amination of 1,4‐dienes with commonly available amines. The computations indicate that the reaction begins with the allylic C−H bond cleavage through the concerted proton and two‐electron transfer process to forge the η3‐allyl Pd(II) species. The ensuing C−N bond formation was found to be highly dependent on the basicity of the nucleophile, enabling the regioselectivity switch upon change of the nucleophile. With the weakly basic aromatic amine, the reaction occurs through the hydrogen‐bonding enabled inner‐sphere nucleophilic attack pathway. The distance between the reacting carbon atom and the terminal carbon atom is responsible for the Z/E‐selectivity. The regioselectivity is primarily due to steric repulsion between the allyl group and the ligand. On the other hand, the outer‐sphere nucleophilic attack pathway is favored for the reaction with the more basic aliphatic cyclic amine. The change of the coordinating mode of the allylic moiety was found to play a crucial role in determining the regioselectivity.
Direct benzylation of carboxylic acids using Pd@Cu2(BDC)2DABCO via C‐H (sp3) bond activation
Authors: Changizian Zeynab Jafari , Mokhtari Javad , Taheri Salman
Published: July 2024

In this study, Pd nanoparticles encapsulated in the copper‐based mesoporous metal–organic framework (Cu2(BDC)2DABCO) and used as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst to establish a method for the direct benzylation of carboxylic acids through C‐H (sp3) bond activation. The catalyst structure was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). This catalyst showed high catalytic activity, selectivity, and good functional group tolerance for the direct benzylation of carboxylic acids.
Flexible, transparent, and durable slippery liquid‐infused porous surface achieved by void‐centered PVDF‐co‐HFP membrane for self‐cleaning antifog coating
Authors: Tran Gia Huy , Nguyen Quang Binh , Bui Nu Ngoc Diem , Nguyen Van Hiep , Dinh Duc Anh , Van Le Thang , Hung Nguyen Dinh , La Thi Thai Ha , Bui Van‐Tien
Published: July 2024

Bioinspired smart surfaces, such as slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), have garnered significant attention due to their efficacy in self‐cleaning, antifouling, and antibacterial applications. Despite their advantages, SLIPS exhibit limitations such as compromised transparency, insufficient stability, and limited slippery performance, which have hindered their widespread practical use. To address these challenges, this article proposes a rational design utilizing a void‐centered poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF) membrane for slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces with exceptional flexibility, transparency, durability, and superior slippery performance. These advancements promise to enhance high‐performance, self‐cleaning, and antifogging coatings. The membranes, featuring large‐area, thickness‐customizable void‐centered PVDF, are fabricated through a two‐step process involving phase separation and selective etching. The utilization of PVDF polymer, which has a refractive index similar to that of silicon‐based lubricant oil, enhances transparency, while macrovoids positioned at the membrane's center, acting as oil reservoirs, improve the stability and performance of the SLIPS surfaces. Experimental findings demonstrate remarkable transparency of up to 93% in the visible light range and a lubricant oil uptake of 2.32 at a porosity of 70%. Moreover, the developed SLIPS exhibit outstanding durability, maintaining slippery performance with sliding angles of <10° following exposure to either 400 consecutive droplets or aging for up to 40 days. This study significantly contributes to the development of future SLIPS, particularly for applications such as antifogging coatings on vehicle glass and solar panels, and self‐cleaning surfaces.
Rifaximin and alternative agents in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: A comprehensive review
Authors: Deljavan Ghodrati Aylin , Comoglu Tansel
Published: July 2024

Rifaximin, a broad‐spectrum antibiotic, boasts a unique chemical composition and pharmacokinetic profile, rendering it highly effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its minimal systemic absorption confines its impact to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it yields significant therapeutic benefits. This review examines rifaximin's physico‐chemical attributes and its role in managing IBS symptoms. Its molecular structure facilitates intestinal lumen retention postoral administration, minimizing systemic exposure and adverse effects. This targeted action is crucial in addressing the gut microbiota's role in IBS pathophysiology. By modifying microbial populations and their metabolite production, rifaximin mitigates symptoms like bloating, irregular bowel habits, and abdominal pain associated with IBS. It achieves this by reducing pathogenic bacteria and altering bacterial metabolism, enhancing mucosal and immune function. Clinical trials affirm rifaximin's superiority over placebo and conventional therapies in alleviating overall IBS symptoms and addressing small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Despite its promising efficacy and sustained symptom relief, further research is essential to optimize long‐term effectiveness and dosing regimens. Rifaximin stands as a vital treatment option for IBS due to its distinctive properties and clinical utility; yet, ongoing investigation is imperative for maximizing its therapeutic benefits.
Molecular Determinants of Neutrophil Extracellular Vesicles That Drive Cartilage Regeneration in Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Thomas Bethan L. , Montero‐Melendez Trinidad , Oggero Silvia , Kaneva Magdalena K. , Chambers David , Pinto Andreia L. , Nerviani Alessandra , Lucchesi Davide , Austin‐Williams Shani , Hussain Mohammed T. , Pitzalis Costantino , Allen Benjamin , Malcangio Marzia , Dell'Accio Francesco , Norling Lucy V. , Perretti Mauro
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study was undertaken to establish the potential therapeutic profile of neutrophil‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in experimental inflammatory arthritis and associate pharmacological activity with specific EV components, focusing on microRNAs.

Methods

Neutrophil EVs were administered intra‐articularly through a prophylactic or therapeutic protocol to male C57BL/6 mice undergoing serum‐transfer–induced inflammatory arthritis. Transcriptomic analysis of knees was performed on joints following EV administration, naive and arthritic mice (untreated; n = 4/group) and EV‐treated diseased mice (intra‐articular administration) with contralateral (vehicle‐treated; n = 8/group). Comparison of healthy donor and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) neutrophil EVs was performed.

Results

EVs afforded cartilage protection with an increase in collagen‐II and reduced collagen‐X expression within the joint. To gain mechanistic insights, RNA sequencing of the arthritic joints was conducted. A total of 5,231 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.05), with 257 unique to EV treatment. EVs affected key regenerative pathways involved in joint development, including Wnt and Notch signaling. This wealth of genomic alteration prompted to identify microRNAs in EVs, 10 of which are associated with RA. As a proof of concept, we focused on miR‐455‐3p, which was detected in both healthy donor and RA EVs. EV addition to chondrocyte cultures elevated miR‐455‐3p and exerted anticatabolic effects upon interleukin‐1β stimulation; these effects were blocked by actinomycin or miR‐455‐3p antagomir.

Conclusion

Neutrophils from patients with RA yielded EVs with composition, efficacy, and miR‐455‐3p content similar to those of healthy volunteers, suggesting that neutrophil EVs could be developed as an autologous treatment to protect and repair joint tissue of patients affected by inflammatory arthritides.

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The critical role of procurement in the emergence of circular business models: Insights from multiple cases of Vietnamese manufacturers
Authors: Tanveer Umair , Hoang Thinh Gia , Truong Huy Quang , Ishaq Shamaila , Gong Yu (Jack)
Published: July 2024

While recent literature acknowledges the role of procurement in circular business models (CBM), a comprehensive exploration of its potential contribution remains scarce. This study delves into the under‐explored role of procurement in advancing CBMs within organizations. Employing a multiple case research design focused on four Vietnamese manufacturers, the research unveils procurement's distinctive contributions to CBM implementation. Emphasis is placed on supporting recyclability, reusability, waste reduction, and ethical standards aligned with competitive strategies. The study introduces a circular procurement framework, demonstrating its potential to drive CBM adoption. Theoretical contributions involve applying CE and CBM theories to procurement, identifying its role in CBM organization, uncovering barriers, and linking them to organizational context and financial considerations. In terms of practical implications, the research provides managerial guidance, emphasizing the pivotal link between procurement and CBM success, offering actionable insights for effectively navigating challenges, and fostering a culture of sustainable circularity within manufacturing businesses.
Binary Catalytic Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Free α‐Amino Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Xiao Guorong , Sun Hong , Jiang Gege , Liu Ying , Song Gaohan , Kong Duanyang
Published: July 2024

The increasing demand for deuterium‐labeled amino acids and derivatives has heightened interest in direct hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of free amino acids. Existing methods, including biocatalysis and metal catalysis, typically require expensive deuterium sources or excessive use of deuterium reagents and often struggle with site selectivity. In contrast, this binary catalysis system, employing benzaldehyde and Cs2CO3 in the presence of inexpensive D2O with minimal stoichiometric quantities, facilitates efficient hydrogen/deuterium exchange at the α‐position of amino acids without the need for protecting groups in the polar aprotic solvent DMSO. The process is highly compatible with most natural and non‐natural α‐amino acids and derivatives, even those with potentially reactive functionalities. This advancement not only addresses the cost and efficiency concerns of existing methods but also significantly broadens the applicability and precision of deuterium labeling in biochemical research.