bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis in the Horse A Retrospective Study and a Modified Screw Technique
Authors: CARON J. P. , FRETZ P. B. , BAILEY J. V. , BARBER S. M.
Published: February 2008

Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint was used to treat lameness resulting from osteoarthrosis and for closed subluxation in 35 horses. Six horses had bilateral arthrodeses. Several conventional internal fixation techniques and a three converging screw method were used. Criteria for success included the horse performing its previous or intended athletic activity and the owner being satisfied with the outcome. Using these criteria, a successful outcome was obtained in 65% of the 26 animals in which adequate follow‐up was available. A successful outcome was observed in four of six horses with bilateral arthrodeses. The internal fixation technique used did not influence the success rate, and the duration of postoperative casting was similar in successful and unsuccessful cases. The success rate of proximal interphalangeal arthrodeses was 46% in the fore limbs and 83% in the hind limbs. Complications included infection, cast ulcers, bone or implant failure, implant loosening, and laminitis.
Hepatic Lobectomy in the Dog A Comparison of Stapling and Ligation Techniques
Authors: LEWIS DANIEL D. , BELLENGER CHRISTOPHER R. , LEWIS DIANE T. , LATTER MELANIE R.
Published: February 2008

The left lateral hepatic lobe was removed in six dogs with a stapling instrument and in six dogs by blunt dissection and ligation. Both techniques were safe and effective. Lobectomy by dissection and ligation was slower and less complete than by stapling. Major intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage did not occur with either method. Serum chemistry values were elevated after surgery in all dogs but did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Microscopic hemorrhage, necrosis, and inflammation of the lobectomy site were more pronounced after dissection and ligation than stapling.
Bilateral Ischiocavernosus Myectomy for Chronic Urine Spraying in Castrated Male Cats
Authors: KOMTEBEDDE JAN , HAUPTMAN JOE
Published: February 2008

Bilateral myectomy of the ischiocavernosus muscles was evaluated prospectively in 10 castrated male cats as a treatment for chronic urine spraying. The procedure was followed by a significant reduction in the frequency of spraying during an observation period of 4 months. Complications were not observed. Further studies are indicated.
A Symmetric Axis‐based Method for Measuring the Projected Femoral Angle of Inclination in Dogs
Authors: RUMPH PAUL F. , HATHCOCK JOHN T.
Published: February 2008

A new, simple and more consistent method for measuring the projected angle of inclination of the canine femoral neck was devised and tested. This method, based on the principles of symmetric axis (symax) shape analysis, was compared with three other techniques currently in use. Diplomates of the ACVR or ACVS and senior veterinary students were asked to perform measurements of the angle of inclination using the four methods, record their results, and answer several questions about the techniques. Although greater precision was not evident when performed by diplomates, descriptive statistics and a significant difference among the student‐derived variances of the four methods demonstrated that the symax‐based measurements were most consistent.
The Etiology and Surgical Management of Tracheal Collapse in Calves
Authors: FINGLAND ROGER B. , RINGS D. MICHAEL , VESTWEBER JEROME G.
Published: February 2008

The mean ages of 10 calves with tracheal collapse were 2.7 weeks at onset of clinical signs and 9.4 weeks at presentation for treatment. Inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea and stunted growth were the most common clinical signs. There were abnormalities of the cranial ribs consistent with healing fractures with redundant callus in eight lateral thoracic radiographs. Tracheal collapse in calves may result from cranial thoracic trauma during or soon after birth. Short polypropylene ring prostheses made from 60 ml syringe barrels were placed on the tracheas of four calves with cervical tracheal collapse. There were cranial rib masses in all calves and resection of the right first and second ribs was necessary in one calf to allow placement of prostheses. Dyspnea was relieved in all calves. One calf died of unrelated causes in year 3, and one calf had recurrence of clinical signs at month 5 and was euthanatized. In both calves, tracheal stenosis resulted from continued growth and infolding of the trachea within the constraints of the prostheses. One calf was alive at month 11, and one calf died of acute bronchopneumonia on day 2. Removal of tracheal prostheses in calves is recommended after 2 to 3 months if clinical signs recur.
Reversal of Oxymorphone Sedation by Naloxone, Nalmefene, and Butorphanol
Authors: DYSON D. H. , DOHERTY T. , ANDERSON G. I. , McDONELL W. N.
Published: February 2008

The effects of naloxone (0.4 mg and 1.2 mg intravenously [IV]), nalmefene (0.03 mg/kg IV) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg IV and 0.4 mg/kg IV) on oxymorphone‐induced sedation were studied in six dogs over a 4‐hour observation period. The same dogs were observed for 4 hours untreated (unsedated control) and with oxymorphone sedation followed by saline solution (sedated control). The reversal drug or saline placebo was administered IV 20 minutes after oxymorphone (4.5 mg IV). Blinded observers evaluated the dogs for positional and attitu‐dinal responses, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Sedated dogs treated with nalmefene most closely resembled unsedated dogs in all observed variables. Naloxone was most effective when administered at the higher dose. Mild renarcotization occurred in two dogs at hour 2, even after the higher naloxone dose. Residual sedation was observed in all dogs treated with 0.4 mg naloxone. Butorphanol resulted in partial reversal of sedation at both dosage levels. However, the degree of sedation was significantly less than that observed in the saline‐treated controls, and it appeared that 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol may be clinically useful for opiate reversal in some situations.
Treatment of Trochanteric Ulcers with Cranial Sartorius and Rectus Femoris Muscle Flaps
Authors: CHAMBERS JONATHAN N. , PURINTON PAULT , MOORE JAMES L. , ALLEN SHEILA W.
Published: February 2008

Five dogs with pressure ulcers over the greater trochanter were treated by debridement and transposition of the cranial part of the sartorius or the rectus femoris muscle. Both muscles had vascular anatomy that allowed transposition based on a major vascular pedicle. All wounds healed promptly by primary intention and no ulcer recurred. The cranial sartorius flap technique was easier to perform than the rectus femoris technique.
Vascular Injury Associated with Naturally Occurring Strangulating Obstructions of the Equine Large Colon
Authors: SNYDER JACK R. , PASCOE JOHN R. , OLANDER HARVEY J. , HINDS DAVE M. , YOUNG ROBERT , TYLER WALTER S.
Published: February 2008

Ten horses were euthanatized before, during, or after surgery to correct severe volvulus of the large colon. At surgery, the colonic serosa changed from blue‐gray, blue or purple toward a more normal pink in seven horses after the volvulus was corrected. The mucosa consistently remained black or dark red. Results of postmortem colonic microangiography revealed perfusion of the serosa and the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, but mucosal perfusion was limited by thrombosis in the muscularis mucosae and submucosa. There was evidence of thrombosis of the mesenteric colic vessels in six horses. Damage to the colonic vascular system, especially thromboembolism in the submucosa, may be an important limitation to colonic viability after surgical correction of volvulus of the large colon.
The Cardiovascular Response of Sheep to Tiletamine–Zolazepam and Butorphanol Tartrate Anesthesia
Authors: HOWARD B. W. , LAGUTCHIK M. S. , JANUSZKIEWICZ A. J. , MARTIN D. G.
Published: February 2008

Butorphanol tartrate (0.5 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to six ewes (group 1), 10 minutes before administration of tiletamine‐zolazepam (12 mg/kg IV). In six ewes (group 2), butorphanol tartrate and tiletamine‐zolazepam were administered simultaneously. Time of administration of butorphanol did not alter hemodynamics or duration of anesthesia significantly. Anesthesia was adequate for 25 to 45 minutes (mean, 31 min) in group 1. The sheep in group 2 were anesthetized effectively for 25 to 50 minutes (mean, 39 min). Neither dosing regimen caused significant changes in right atrial pressure, heart rate, pulmonary vascular resistance, or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) decreased an average of 18% from baseline values of 113 mm Hg to a minimum of 84 mm Hg at minute 60 in group 1, and from 111 mm Hg to 92 mm Hg at minute 75 in group 2. The decrease was significant only for group 1. Cardiac output (CO) was significantly decreased 24% from 6.6 L/min at minute 45 in group 1, and 32% from 6.3 L/min at minute 15 in group 2. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was increased significantly at minute 15, 11% in group 1 and 37% in group 2. Mild respiratory acidosis was measured by significant decreases in arterial pO2 and pH and a significant increase in pCO2 without significant changes in HCO3. Results of this study show that (1) tiletamine‐zolazepam and butorphanol tartrate produce adequate anesthesia for 25 to 50 minutes; (2) the cardiovascular and anesthetic effects of the dosing schedules were similar; and (3) tiletamine‐zolazepam and butorphanol result in decreased CO and MABP with a concomitant increase in SVR, and mild respiratory acidosis.
Mid‐metacarpal Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy in the Management of Refractory Laminitis in Horses
Authors: HUNT R. J. , ALLEN D. , BAXTER G. M. , JACKMAN B. R. , PARKS A. H.
Published: February 2008

Deep digital flexor tendon transection at the mid‐metacarpus was performed in 20 horses with severe acute or chronic laminitis that was not responsive to conventional treatment. Sixteen horses improved within 72 hours, one horse worsened, and two horses were unaffected by the surgery. Eleven horses survived less than 1 month after surgery and six horses survived longer than 6 months. Three horses surviving longer than 6 months have remained lame and no horse has returned to athletic performance. Transection of the deep digital flexor tendon at the mid‐metacarpus may decrease the pain associated with the acute refractory stage of laminitis and may be useful as an immediate salvage procedure; however, despite the early clinical improvement observed after tenotomy, the survival rate of affected horses may not be altered.
Evaluation of Video Tape and a Simulator for Instruction of Basic Surgical Skills
Authors: SMEAK DANIEL D. , BECK MARIAN L. , SHAFFER C. ALLEN , GREGG C. GEOFFREY
Published: February 2008

Twenty first‐year veterinary students with no prior participatory experience in surgery were randomly paired and assigned into two study groups. Ten students (group V) viewed a hemostatic technique video tape until they thought they could competently perform and assist in performing a hand‐tied ligature on a blood vessel in a live animal. Ten students (group VS) were also given a simulator for technique practice. Paired students were video recorded and blindly evaluated on their ability to perform and assist proper ligation of a bleeding vessel. Inexpensive hemostasis models were very helpful for teaching students essential surgeon and assistant skills involved in hand‐tied ligature placement. Students who practiced with simulators performed significantly better as surgeon and assistant, and in total psychomotor skill evaluation, than students watching the video only. Students using simulators performed ligation with significantly more accuracy and tended to be more expeditious at this task. Further training is needed for students to acquire skills necessary for efficient bleeding vessel exposure and isolation.
Urodynamic Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Cats After Perineal Urethrostomy with Minimal and Extensive Dissection
Authors: SACKMAN JILL E. , SIMS MICHAEL H. , KRAHWINKEL D. J.
Published: February 2008

Perineal urethrostomy was performed in five male cats with minimal, sharp intrapelvic transection of the ischiocavernous and ischiourethralis muscles and ventral penile ligaments, and in five male cats with extensive blunt intrapelvic dissection and sharp muscle transection. Urethral pressure profiles and cystometrograms with simultaneous fine wire electrode sphincter electromyography were performed in sedated cats before surgery and on days 14 and 28. Premicturition pressure, urethral opening pressure, maximum detrusor pressure, total volume infused, and residual volume were measured during cystometry, and maximal urethral closure pressure was measured during profilometry. A grading of (+), (++), or (+++) was used to represent the intensity of electromyographic activity. There was no difference between minimal and extensive dissection for any cystometrogram or profile variable at days 14 or 28. Urethral opening pressure and maximal detrusor pressure during cystometrography were higher in preoperative studies than after minimal or extensive dissection. Sphincter electromyography after surgery was not significantly different from preoperative results in either surgical group. The results of this study indicate that neither sharp nor blunt intrapelvic dissection significantly alters the postoperative urodynamic status in male cats.
Stabilization of Bilateral Sacroiliac Fracture‐Luxations in Small Animals with a Single Transsacral Screw
Authors: KADERLY ROBERT E.
Published: February 2008

Bilateral sacroiliac fracture‐luxations in four dogs and four cats weighing 3.5 kg to 30.9 kg were reduced and stabilized with a single 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, or 6.5 mm transsacral screw. Alignment of the drill bit was visual in six cases and assisted by the use of an aiming device in two cases. Seven animals were reevaluated at months 3 to 6. No significant screw loosening or loss of reduction had occurred. Although no intraoperative complications were encountered with visual drill bit alignment, use of an aiming device for transsacral drilling is strongly recommended.
Craniolateral Approach to the Humerus with Transection of the Brachialis Muscle
Authors: WALLACE MAURA K. , BERG JOHN
Published: February 2008

Six fractures of the midshaft or distal third of the humerus were repaired through a modified craniolateral approach in which the brachialis muscle was transected rather than retracted to improve exposure of the bone. The approach simplified fracture reduction and fixation. Normal fracture healing and excellent limb function resulted in each case.
Urinary Incontinence after Surgical Repair of Ureteral Ectopia in Dogs
Authors: McLAUGHLIN RON , MILLER CRAIG W.
Published: February 2008

Eleven of 20 dogs (55%) were incontinent after surgical treatment of ureteral ectopia. Ure‐terocystostomy was performed in 15 dogs, ureteral transection and bladder reimplantation in four dogs, and ureteronephrectomy in one dog. Siberian huskies had a significantly higher rate of persistent postoperative incontinence than other breeds. There was no difference in postoperative incontinence between dogs with unilateral and bilateral ectopia. Concurrent bacterial cystitis was not associated with persistent postoperative incontinence. Age at the time of surgical correction had no effect on the rate of postoperative incontinence. Eight incontinent dogs were treated medically; three are continent with medication, three are improved but still incontinent, and two did not improve.
Subtotal Colectomy for the Treatment of Obstipation Secondary to Pelvic Fracture Malunion in Cats
Authors: MATTHIESEN DAVID T. , SCAVELLI THOMAS D. , WHITNEY WAYNE O.
Published: February 2008

Eleven cats in which subtotal colectomy with end‐to‐end jejunocolostomy was performed for the treatment of chronic obstipation secondary to pelvic fracture malunion were followed for at least 18 months. Seven cats had no recurrence of clinical signs and no longterm complications. In two cats, constipation was less severe and occurred less frequently; however, medical treatment was still required. In one cat, watery diarrhea gradually changed to semi‐formed feces of normal consistency by month 6; the cat was clinically normal at month 18. One cat had recurrence of constipation and was euthanatized after 2 years of medical treatment.
Ventral Approach to the Pelvic Canal in the Female Dog
Authors: ALLEN S. W. , CROWELL W. A.
Published: February 2008

A ventral approach to the pelvic canal by bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomy was performed in five female dogs. The entire urogenital tract could be exposed and easily manipulated through this approach. All animals were ambulatory within 24 hours. Clinical union had formed in three of the four osteotomies by the time of euthanasia (months 2–4) in all animals. Incomplete union in some osteotomies indicated that exercise should be restricted for at least 4 months after the procedure. The procedure was determined to be clinically useful when wide exposure of the entire female urogenital tract is desired.
Splanchnic Surface Oximetry during Experimental Portal Hypertension and Surgical Manipulation of Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs
Authors: PETERSON STEVEN L. , GREGORY CLARE R. , SNYDER JACK R. , WHITING PAMELA G. , STRACK DENNIS , BREZNOCK EUGENE M.
Published: February 2008

Surface oxygen tension (Pso2) was measured in dogs during experimental manipulation of the portal vein and hepatic artery, and during surgery to correct portosystemic shunting. There was no alteration in Pso2 of liver, pancreas, duodenum, or jejunum during partial (50%) or complete reduction of hepatic artery flow. After 100% reduction in portal vein blood flow, Pso2 was lower in jejunum, duodenum, and liver. With 50% reduction in portal flow, Pso2 was significantly decreased only in jejunum. In six dogs with single extrahepatic shunts, there was a significant correlation between portal pressure and jejunal Pso2. It was concluded that measurement of visceral organ Pso2 represents an accurate noninvasive means of obtaining objective data on the effect of reduction in hepatic blood flow on perfusion of other select splanchnic organs.
Open Intestinal Anastomosis with Surgical Stapling Equipment in 24 Dogs and Cats
Authors: ULLMAN SHARON L. , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , CLARK GEOFFREY N.
Published: February 2008

Surgical stapling equipment was used to perform open antiperistaltic side‐to‐side (“functional end‐to‐end”) entero‐anastomoses in 20 dogs and 4 cats. Twenty‐one anastomoses healed uneventfully. Seven animals with severe bacterial peritonitis required open peritoneal drainage and delayed abdominal closure. There was postoperative leakage at the anastomotic site in two dogs and a localized abscess at the staple line in one cat. No long‐term complications occurred in follow‐up periods of 3 to 29 months.
Heterotopic Transfer of Fresh and Cryopreserved Autogenous Articular Cartilage in the Horse
Authors: DESJARDINS MARC R. , HURTIG MARK B. , PALMER NIGEL C.
Published: February 2008

Two 10 mm thick osteochondral grafts were harvested from the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left talus in each of 10 anesthetized horses. The grafts were frozen in a 7.5% DMSO solution and stored in liquid nitrogen. The horses were anesthetized again on day 14 and the thawed grafts were press‐fitted into drill holes in the trochlear ridges of the right stifle. A fresh graft was transferred from the right hock to the left stifle. To control for the effects of surgery, another fresh graft was transferred from the right stifle to the left stifle. The result was two grafts in each femoropatellar joint. Fresh and frozen osteoarticular autografts appeared to maintain a durable weight‐bearing surface for 3 months; however, the fresh grafts were clearly superior. Frozen grafts had fewer living chondrocytes, decreased safranin‐0 staining, and decreased SO435 uptake. Graft stability and articular surface congruency were determining factors in the outcome of all grafts. Since the availability of osteochondral autografts is limited, further work on the use of preserved allogeneic osteochondral tissue is warranted.
Femoral Head Osteotomy in Horses and Cattle
Authors: SQUIRE K. R. E. , FESSLER J. F. , TOOMBS J. P. , SICKLE D. C. VAN , BLEVINS W. E.
Published: February 2008

Femoral head ostectomy was performed in six horses, three ponies, and four cattle for treatment of fractures of the femoral capital physis, coxofemoral luxation, fractured acetabulum, or severe degenerative joint disease. The procedures were performed via a cranial approach that did not involve osteotomy of the greater trochanter. A dorsal approach for femoral head ostectomy via osteotomy of the greater trochanter was evaluated in three healthy adult ponies. Three animals (2 ponies, 1 calf) were euthanatized within a month and one horse was euthanatized at year 2 due to postoperative complications. Nine animals were discharged to owners and six of them fulfilled their intended functions of breeding, milking, and being kept as companions. One horse was lost to follow‐up and two horses died of causes unrelated to the surgery. All surviving animals had a residual lameness that was described by owners as mild to moderate. None of the horses were used as riding animals. The mean age and weight of 10 animals that regained weight‐bearing locomotion was 3.1 months and 84 kg; for three unsuccessful cases it was 34 months and 174 kg. We concluded that femoral head ostectomy was a viable salvage procedure for large animals with capital femoral physeal fracture, chronic coxofemoral luxation, or acetabular fracture. Surgical prognosis appeared to be favorable in young cattle and fair in young horses or ponies weighing less than 100 kg. Osteotomy of the greater trochanter resulted in superior exposure of the intact coxofemoral joint and allowed easier, less traumatic surgical luxation of the joint to facilitate femoral head ostectomy.
Urinary Incontinence after Prostatectomy in Dogs
Authors: GOLDSMID SARAH E. , BELLENGER CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: February 2008

Eleven dogs with prostatic disease were treated by total prostatectomy. Urinary incontinence persisted in three of nine dogs, two of which were also incontinent before surgery. The incidence of postoperative incontinence may be reduced by undermining the prostatic capsule to preserve as much prostatic urethra as possible. The risk of postoperative incontinence appeared greater if there was prostatic neoplasia or preoperative urinary incontinence.
Healing Characteristics of Free and Pedicle Fat Grafts after Dorsal Laminectomy and Durotomy in Dogs
Authors: TREVOR P. B. , MARTIN R. A. , SAUNDERS G. K. , TROTTER E. J.
Published: February 2008

Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed at thoracic vertebrae 12 and 13 (T12‐T13) and lumbar vertebrae 1 and 2 (L1–L2) in 12 normal dogs. A free fat graft harvested from subcutaneous tissue adjacent to the incision was placed over the T12–T13 laminectomy site. A 75 × 25 × 5 mm pedicle fat graft harvested from a similar location was placed over the L1–L2 laminectomy site. Three dogs each were euthanatized at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 16. With both types of fat grafts, an initial inflammatory stage reduced the size of the graft approximately 50%. Axonal degeneration and demyelination of the spinal cord resolved by week 16. At week 16, the durotomy sites had healed, but the dura mater was adhered to the spinal cord. No difference between the grafts could be demonstrated by antemortem myelography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. There was no demonstrable advantage to the use of pedicle fat grafts.
Surgical Repair of an Intrathoracic Esophageal Pulsion Diverticulum in a Horse
Authors: FORD TROY S. , SCHUMACHER JIM , CHAFFIN MORGAN K. , VACEK JOHN , BRUMBAUGH GORDON W. , CROSSLAND LAMAR E.
Published: February 2008

An intrathoracic esophageal pulsion diverticulum causing repeated episodes of esophageal obstruction in a Morgan weanling colt was diagnosed by endoscopy, positive contrast radiography, and pleuroscopy. Surgical excision of the diverticulum alleviated clinical signs, and the horse was able to resume a normal diet by day 6. After 9 months the colt remains asymptomatic.
Medial Patellar Luxation in 16 Large Dogs A Retrospective Study
Authors: REMEDIOS AUDREY M. , BASHER ANTHONY W. P. , RUNYON CAROLINE L. , FRIES CINDY L.
Published: February 2008

Unilateral medial patellar luxation was diagnosed in 10, and bilateral medial patellar luxation in six, large and giant‐breed dogs (22 stifles). Lameness occurred in five dogs after trauma or surgery, and 11 dogs had no known predisposing history. The mean age at presentation was 25 months, and the mean time from initial onset of clinical signs to diagnosis was 13 weeks. All traumatic or iatrogenic luxations (five dogs) were unilateral. Luxations presumed to be congenital were unilateral in five dogs and bilateral in six. The grades of medial patellar luxation were I (1 stifle), II (11 stifles), III (9 stifles), and IV (1 stifle). Preoperative function was good (1 dog), fair (9 dogs), and poor (6 dogs). Surgical correction was performed in dogs with grades II, III, and IV luxations (21 stifles). Complications included one wound dehiscence and trochlear wedge migration, one pin loosening, and one persistent lameness caused by lymphoplasmacytic synovitis. Long‐term follow‐up was available in 13 dogs (18 stifles). Function was judged by owners to be excellent in seven dogs, good in five dogs, and poor in one dog. Surgical treatment of grades II and III luxations yielded good (8 stifles) and excellent (9 stifles) results, while one grade IV luxation had a poor long‐term outcome.
Canine Intestinal Volvulus A Report of Nine New Cases
Authors: SHEALY PAUL M. , HENDERSON RALPH A.
Published: February 2008

The records of nine dogs with intestinal volvulus were reviewed. Most were young adult (median 2.6 years) males (6/9) of medium to large breeds. Vigorous activity, dietary indiscretion, or trauma preceded volvulus. Signs included a peracute to acute onset of vomiting, hematochezia, a moderately distended and often painful abdomen, and shock. Normal packed cell volume, altered white blood cell count, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia, pathologic bowel dilatation, and serosanguineous abdominal fluid were common clinical findings. Jejunum was most often affected. One dog survived with surgical management.
Autonomic and Cardiovascular Effects of Neuromuscular Blockade Antagonism in the Dog
Authors: CLUTTON R. E. , BOYD C. , FLORA R. , PAYNE J. , McGRATH C. J.
Published: February 2008

Autonomic and cardiovascular changes were studied when neuromuscular blockade was antagonized in 96 dogs with one of eight anticholinesterase‐antimuscarinic drug combinations. Neostigmine (50 or 100 μg/kg) was administered before or after atropine (40 μg/kg) or glycopyrrolate (10 μg/kg). The high dose of neostigmine (100 μg/kg) caused bradyarrhythmias, salivation, and signs of bronchosecretion when used with either antimuscarinic agent and irrespective of the administration sequence. The heart rate increased, but not significantly, when atropine was injected before either dose of neostigmine. This did not occur when this administration sequence was reversed. Arrhythmias and cardiovascular and autonomic changes did not occur when glycopyrrolate was injected before or after neostigmine at 50 μg/kg.
Mechanical Evaluation of Three Methods of Plating Distal Radial Osteotomies
Authors: WALLACE MAURA K. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. , HYODO KOJI , TORZILLI PETER A.
Published: February 2008

Eighteen intact canine cadaver radii underwent nondestructive axial testing, and were osteotomized, plated, and retested. Each bone was tested with and without mediolateral or craniocaudal restriction of motion. Fixation of the osteotomies was performed under static compression with a cranially applied 5‐hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate, a cranially applied 7‐hole 3.5 mm T‐plate, or a medially applied 7‐hole 2.7 mm dynamic compression plate. There was no loss of axial stiffness after osteotomy and fixation, and there were no differences in axial stiffness between the methods of fixation. Mediolateral stiffness (bending around the craniocaudal axis) was consistently greater than craniocaudal stiffness (bending around the mediolateral axis) before and after osteotomy and plate fixation. There was no difference in the axial stiffness of otherwise intact radii when craniocaudal or mediolateral screw holes were drilled; however, all radii with craniocaudal screw holes and one radius with mediolateral screw holes fractured at a screw hole at high axial loads.
Corticocancellous Bone Biopsy from the 12th Rib of Standing Horses
Authors: MISHEFF MARTHA M. , STOVER SUSAN M. , POOL ROY R.
Published: February 2008

Unicortical corticocancellous bone biopsy specimens 4.5 mm and 6.5 mm in diameter were obtained without long‐term complications from the 12th rib in eight standing horses. However, the bone specimens were unsuitable for histologic or histomorphometric evaluation. Inin vitrocomparisons of biopsy specimens 6.5 mm and 12 mm in diameter, and of unicortical and transcortical biopsy specimens, 12 mm transcortical specimens yielded the most cancellous bone. Transcortical bone biopsy specimens 12 mm in diameter were obtained from eight horses by using power‐assisted trephination. The surgical procedure was well tolerated, but some degree of pneumothorax in all horses was treated by aspiration of air from the thorax. Long‐term complications were not observed.
Levator Nasolabials Muscle Transposition to Prevent an Orosinus Fistula after Tooth Extraction in Horses
Authors: ORSINI PAUL G. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , HAMIR AMIR N.
Published: February 2008

The ventral part of the levator nasolabials muscle was transposed to the alveolar defect after sinusotomy and tooth extraction in five normal horses and six horses with a tooth root abscess and sinusitis. In the normal horses at weeks 6, 10, 14 and 18, the transposed muscles remained viable and were incorporated into the recipient sites, and orosinus fistulae did not form. Histologically, there was a progressive transition from muscle to fibrous tissue. There was no facial deformity or loss of nasal function at the donor site. A localized abscess was associated with incomplete removal of tooth root fragments in one horse. After 1 year or more, five horses treated for dental disease had complete resolution of clinical signs. One horse continued to have intermittent mild nasal discharge.
En Bloc Resection of Primary Rib Tumors in 40 Dogs
Authors: MATTHIESEN DAVID T. , CLARK GEOFFREY N. , ORSHER ROBERT J. , PARDO ANTHONY O. , GLENNON JOSEPH , PATNAIK AMIYA K.
Published: February 2008

Single or multiple rib resection was performed in 40 dogs for the treatment of primary osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma. The resulting thoracic wall defect was closed with polypropylene (12 dogs), primary muscle flap (16 dogs), diaphragmatic advancement (10 dogs), or a combination (2 dogs). Few immediate (< 2 weeks) postoperative complications were observed. Twenty dogs with osteosarcoma had a median survival time of 3.3 months (range, 0.5 to 23 months), with a 20% 6‐month survival time. Metastases occurred in all the dogs. Fourteen dogs with chondrosarcoma followed up longer than 2 weeks had a median survival time of 10.7 months (range, 0.5 to 36 months) with a 64% 6‐month survival time. Eight dogs developed metastases, five died from concurrent disease, and one dog is alive. Dogs with chondrosarcoma survived significantly longer than dogs with osteosarcoma. Survival time was not related to tumor size or number of ribs resected.
Hemodynamic Function during Neurectomy in Halothaneanesthetized Horses with or without Constant Dose Detomidine Infusion
Authors: WAGNER ANN E. , DUNLOP COLIN I. , HEATH R. BRUCE , TURNER A. SIMON , TROTTER GAYLE W.
Published: February 2008

Nine horses were premedicated with acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and thiamylal. Anesthesia was maintained in four horses with halothane in oxygen, and in five horses with halothane in oxygen plus a constant dose infusion of detomidine. Both maintenance regimens produced a MAC equivalent of 1.4 at the ambient barometric pressure. Hemodynamic and respiratory measurements were made after the horses were anesthetized, during surgical manipulations involving skin or tissues other than nerves, during manipulation and transection of digital nerves, and after surgery while the limbs were being bandaged. Heart rate was significantly higher in horses anesthetized with halothane only than in horses that also received detomidine; there were no other differences in hemodynamic function or recovery characteristics. Respiratory rate was significantly higher than baseline during soft tissue and nerve manipulations; arterial blood pressure was significantly higher after surgery began and highest during neurectomy; cardiac output and cardiac index were significantly decreased during surgery; systemic vascular resistance was significantly increased during neurectomy and bandaging and highest during neurectomy. The data suggest that the increase in blood pressure often associated with surgical stimulation is caused by increased vascular resistance and may be accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in Four Dogs
Authors: de HAAN JACEK J. , SHELTON SHIRLEY B. , ACKERMAN NORMAN
Published: February 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to diagnose degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in four dogs that had physical and neurologic signs consistent with a cauda equina lesion. Nerve root displacement by protruding disc material and loss of epidural fat were identified. In all dogs, the diagnosis was confirmed by dorsal laminectomy of the lumbosacral area.
Bacterial Isolates from Blood Cultures of Dogs Undergoing Dentistry
Authors: HARARI JOSEPH , BESSER THOMAS E. , GUSTAFSON SCOTT B. , MEINKOTH KATRINA
Published: February 2008

Bacteria in blood cultures in 30 dogs undergoing high‐speed dental scaling and tooth extraction were examined. One or more positive blood cultures were identified in 9 of 30 (30%) dogs. Pasteurella spp. were most frequently (5 dogs) isolated and were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and sul‐famethoxazole with trimethoprim. Twg groups of 15 dogs each, anesthetized or sedated but not undergoing dental procedures, served as non‐dentistry controls. There were no significant (p < .05) differences between the number of positive cultures in dentistry and non‐dentistry groups. In healthy dogs undergoing high‐speed dental scaling and tooth extraction, the occurrence of bacteria in blood cultures was much lower than previously reported. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures was uncertain.
Instrumentation of Exercising Thoroughbreds to Determine Blood Gas Tensions and Acid‐base Status
Authors: TATE L. P. , CORBETT W. T. , FOREMAN J. H. , BISHOP B. J. , SWEENEY C. L.
Published: February 2008

A device was constructed of easily obtained medical supplies, and hardware and could be used to obtain multiple arterial samples when manually triggered. The right carotid arteries in five normal horses were surgically elevated, thereby permitting percutaneous cannulation. Each horse was galloped on a 1.6‐km test track at approximately 500 m/min, and the rider triggered the mechanism at each 0.4‐km mark. Each horse underwent 10 test gallops, and a mean and standard error was determined for each sampling mark including preexercise and postexercise samples. The results indicated that horses ridden under the aforementioned conditions became acidemic and hypoxic.
The Accuracy of Intraoperative Diagnoses Based on Examination of Frozen Sections A Prospective Comparison with Paraffin‐Embedded Sections
Authors: WHITEHAIR JON G. , GRIFFEY STEPHEN M. , OLANDER HARVEY J. , VASSEUR PHILIP B. , NAYDAN DIANE
Published: February 2008

The accuracy of diagnoses based on examination of frozen sections was determined by comparing the results to those obtained by examination of tissues prepared using conventional methods (formalin fixation, paraffin‐embedded tissue). One hundred ninety‐four specimens were examined using the frozen section technique; 37 were examined to confirm a tentative diagnosis or to document lymph node metastasis and the remainder were examined to diagnose an unknown pathologic process. Of the 194 specimens examined, an accurate, specific diagnosis was obtained in 161 (83%); in 19 (10%), the pathologic process was correctly identified, but a specific diagnosis was not obtained; and in 2 (1%) the diagnosis was deferred. The remaining 12 (6%) were incorrectly diagnosed by the frozen section technique. When the number of specimens in which a specific diagnosis was obtained was combined with the number of specimens in which the pathologic process was correctly identified, the overall accuracy rate of the frozen section technique was 93%. There was no difference in the accuracy of the frozen section technique based on the reason for submission of the sample, source of tissue submitted, or the type of pathologic process (i.e., inflammatory or neoplastic). Of the 12 incorrect diagnoses, 4 (33%) were because of sampling errors and 8 (67%) were caused by interpretation errors. The proposed indications for the use of intraoperative frozen sections are: 1) to determine the nature of a pathologic process for which a preoperative diagnosis has not been established, 2) to determine the extent of spread of neoplastic tissue to lymph nodes and other organs, 3) to evaluate resection margins of a neoplastic process, and 4) to clarify situations where a discrepancy exists between the preoperative cytologic or histologic diagnosis and intraoperative gross pathology.
Use of Ultrasound In Horses for Diagnosis of Left Dorsal Displacement of the Large Colon and Monitoring its Nonsurgical Correction
Authors: SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , DONNIE E. SLONE JR dvm, MS Dipiomate ACVS  , FRANK WILBUR M.
Published: February 2008

During a 28 month period, 82 horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain were examined for left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC) using percutaneous ultrasound. Left dorsal displacement of the large colon was diagnosed when a gas echo dorsal to the spleen obliterated the dorsal splenic border, or when the colon was observed lateral to the spleen. In 42 horses, ultrasound confirmed a diagnosis of LDDLC and 40 horses had no evidence of LDDLC. There were five false negative results and no false positives. In four horses with LDDLC, the colon was displaced between the spleen and body wall; three of these colic episodes resolved with medical therapy and the fourth required a celiotomy to relieve a sand impaction. The remaining 38 horses had a renosplenic entrapment; surgical correction was elected in 4 horses, 21 horses were corrected by a nonsurgical rolling procedure, 12 were corrected at surgery after an unsuccessful rolling attempt, and one was corrected by rolling but required surgery later because of an additional lesion. Percutaneous abdominal ultrasound was a valuable aid in the diagnosis of LDDLC and in confirming correction of the displacement after a nonsurgical rolling procedure.
Lateral Patellar Luxation in Miniature Horses
Authors: ENGELBERT THERESA A. , TATE L. P. , RICHARDSON DANIEL C. , HONORE ERIKA K. , LITTLE EDWINA D. E.
Published: February 2008

Bilateral luxation of the patella in four Miniature Horses was corrected by a lateral release incision and medial imbrication of the parapatellar fascia to the tendon of the sartorius muscle. Before surgery, the four horses had a grade 3 to 4 lateral patellar luxation bilaterally and had difficulty walking. Trochlear ridge hypoplasia was evident on radiographs in each horse. Follow‐up information varied from 11 months to 4 years after surgery. Three horses had no patellar luxation or lameness. The other horse had a normal right stifle, but patellar luxation (grade 3) had recurred on the left.
Wound Healing: The Role of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor Beta
Authors: HOSGOOD GISELLE
Published: February 2008

Recent investigation into the mechanisms of wound healing has indicated the interaction of many substances, including several growth factors. The activity of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β), are best defined. Both factors are secreted primarily from the alpha granules of platelets, but also from activated macro‐phages and fibroblasts. Investigation implicates the platelet as the initiator of wound healing, secreting PDGF, TGF‐β, and other factors that are chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Although their mode of action and degree of effect are different, both PDGF and TGF‐β increase the collagen content and early rate of gain of strength in wounds in normal and compromised tissue. In normal tissue, however, there is no long‐term effect on wound outcome. The use of exogenous growth factors offers potential for chemical manipulation of the healing wound, particularly in tissues that are compromised, or where healing is abnormal.
Evaluation of Fibular Head Transposition for Repair of Experimental Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injury in Dogs
Authors: DUPUIS JACQUES , HARARI JOSEPH , PAPAGEORGES MARC , GALLINA ANTHONY M. , RATZLAFF MARC
Published: February 2008

Unilateral cranial cruciate ligament excision and fibular head transposition (FHT) were performed on 30 adult dogs. Vertical ground reaction forces were determined using force plate data before and after surgery. Cranial drawer motion, tibial rotation, and varus‐valgus motion were measured at monthly intervals. Radiographic, gross, and histological examinations of the stifle joints that had been operated on were performed 3 weeks, 4 months, and 10 months after surgery. A scoring system was used to evaluate lameness, osteophyte formation, and meniscal damage. Rank correlation coefficients were calculated between variables tested in pairs. Cranial drawer motion and abnormal tibial rotation were present in all of the joints that had been operated on. Peak vertical force and associated impulse were not restored during the study time period. Meniscal damage was noted in 25% of the dogs at month 4 and in 50% of the dogs at month 10. Progressive gross and histological deterioration of the articular cartilage was observed in all joints. Positive correlations were noted between the degree of stifle joint instability and meniscal injury or radiographic changes. FHT did not control cranial drawer motion and rotational instability, was not successful in restoring limb function, and did not prevent joint degeneration, especially meniscal damage.
En Bloc Ovariohysterectomy as a Treatment for Dystocia in Dogs and Cats
Authors: ROBBINS MITCHELL A. , MULLEN HOLLY S.
Published: February 2008

En bloc ovariohysterectomy, a technique that involves ovariohysterectomy before hysterotomy and removal of the neonates, was performed on 63 animals (37 dogs and 26 cats). Intraoperative complications were limited to 1 cat that bled excessively during surgery and was later found to have a clotting disorder. Postoperative complications included anemia that required blood transfusion in 3 cats, uroperitoneum in 1 dog, and death in 1 cat. The rate of neonatal survival (75% for dogs and 42% for cats) was similar to that documented by previous studies of medical and surgical management of dystocia. We concluded that en bloc ovariohysterectomy is a safe and effective alternative to cesarean section for surgical treatment of dystocia in dogs and cats.
Butorphanol Tartrate for Partial Reversal of Oxymorphone‐Induced Postoperative Respiratory Depression in the Dog
Authors: McCRACKIN M.A. , HARVEY R.C. , SACKMAN J.E. , McLEAN R.A. , PADDLEFORD R.R.
Published: February 2008

A randomized, blinded, crossover study was designed to evaluate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and behavioral effects of butorphanol given postoperatively to oxymorphone‐premedicated and surgically stimulated dogs. Nine healthy adult dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with atropine (0.04 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.10 mg/kg), and oxymorphone (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal (12 mg/kg) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. According to the protocol of a concurrent study, all dogs had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes placed during the first anesthetic episode and removed during the second anesthetic episode. All dogs received postoperatively either butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg) or an isovol‐umetric dose of saline placebo, both given intravenously. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (MV), end‐tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2). heart rate (HR), and indirect diastolic (DP), systolic (SP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures were measured at times 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 minutes after injection. The time from injection of the test drug until extubation was recorded. RR, MV, HR, and DP were significantly (P < .05) increased, while ETco2 was significantly decreased, for a minimum of 30 minutes in butorphanol‐treated dogs compared with saline controls. TV, SP, and MAP were transiently (≤15 minutes) increased in butorphanol‐treated dogs compared with saline controls. There was no significant difference between the times to extubation in the butorphanol‐treated dogs versus the saline control dogs.
Histological Appearance of Naturally Occurring Canine Physeal Fractures
Authors: JOHNSON JANNA M. , JOHNSON ANN L. , EURELL JO ANN C.
Published: February 2008

The Salter‐Harris classification system is widely used to describe the anatomical appearance of and predict the prognosis for physeal fractures in canine clinical patients. Salter and Harris classified experimentally induced physeal fractures on radiographic and histological appearance, however, the good prognosis afforded Salter‐Harris type I and II fractures in experimental animals has been questioned for the canine patient. Twelve naturally occurring physeal fractures from five traumatized dogs, who were euthanatized at the request of their owners, and one resected femoral head were examined histologically. Ten of the 13 physeal fractures disrupted the cells in the proliferative zone. The histological appearance of growth plate disruption in the injured animal correlates more closely with the clinical observations of growth retardation than the experimental observation of continued growth after fracture through the hypertrophic zone. The results of this study indicated that considerable damage to the physeal cartilage occurred during the traumatic incident in most of these clinical animal patients.
Sinography in the Investigation of Draining Tracts in Small Animals: Retrospective Review of 25 Cases
Authors: LAMB CHRISTOPHER R. , WHITE ROBERT N. , McEVOY FINTAN J.
Published: February 2008

The signalment, history, clinical signs, radiographic findings, and surgical findings of 25 consecutive animals that had sinography were reviewed to assess the contribution made by sinography to diagnosing and surgically managing draining tracts in small animals. There were 23 dogs and 2 cats; a variety of breeds and both sexes were represented (18 males, 7 females). Before referral the mean duration of clinical signs was 9.8 months (range, 0.5 to 33 months) and a mean of 2.0 surgical procedures (range, 1 to 5) had been performed. Sinuses occurred in a variety of locations, most commonly the neck (10), head (6), and paws (5). The most common cause was foreign body (15). Survey radiographs showed abnormalities in 21 of 26 (78%) instances, including soft‐tissue swelling (11), chronic‐appearing periosteal reaction on adjacent bones (5), possible foreign body (4), and gas in soft tissues (2). Sinography (or fistulography) enabled definite diagnosis of the cause of the sinus (or fistula) in 15 of 26 (58%) instances and demonstrated 13 of 15 foreign bodies (sensitivity 87%; specificity 100%). Tracts caused by an esophageal perforation and otitis media were also correctly shown by fistulography. In 11 animals, sinography indicated that the position or extent of the lesion was different to that expected on the basis of clinical signs and survey radiographs.