bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Non-)disclosure of lifetime sexual violence in maternity care: Disclosure rate, associated characteristics and reasons for non-disclosure
Authors: de Klerk Hannah W. , van der Pijl Marit S. G. , Jonge Ank de , Hollander Martine H. , Verhoeven Corine J. , Montgomery Elsa , Gitsels-van der Wal Janneke T.
Published: October 2023

Background

In maternity care, disclosure of a past sexual violence (SV) experience can be helpful to clients to discuss specific intimate care needs. Little evidence is available about the disclosure rates of SV within maternity care and reasons for non-disclosure.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine (1) the disclosure rate of SV in maternity care, (2) characteristics associated with disclosure of SV and (3) reasons for non-disclosure.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive mixed method study in the Netherlands. Data was collected through a cross-sectional online questionnaire with both multiple choice and open-ended items. We performed binary logistic regression analysis for quantitative data and a reflexive thematic analysis for qualitative data.

Results

In our sample of 1,120 respondents who reported SV, 51.9% had disclosed this to a maternity care provider. Respondents were less likely to disclose when they received obstetrician-led care for high-risk pregnancy (vs midwife-led care for low-risk pregnancy) and when they had a Surinamese or Antillean ethnic background (vs ethnic Dutch background). Reasons for non-disclosure of SV were captured in three themes: ‘My SV narrative has its place outside of my pregnancy’, ‘I will keep my SV narrative safe inside myself’, and ‘my caregiver needs to create the right environment for my SV narrative to be told’.

Conclusions

The high level of SV disclosure is likely due to the Dutch universal screening policy. However, some respondents did not disclose because of unsafe care conditions such as the presence of a third person and concerns about confidentiality. We also found that many respondents made a positive autonomous choice for non-disclosure of SV. Disclosure should therefore not be a goal in itself, but caregivers should facilitate an inviting environment where clients feel safe to disclose an SV experience if they feel it is relevant for them.
Determinants and outcomes of eHealth literacy in healthy adults: A systematic review
Authors: Milanti Ariesta , Chan Dorothy Ngo Sheung , Parut Anselmus Aristo , So Winnie Kwok Wei
Published: October 2023

Background

eHealth has shown many benefits in health promotion and disease prevention. For engaging in and taking advantage of eHealth, eHealth literacy is essential. This systematic review aims to summarise and examine the existing evidence on determinants and outcomes of eHealth literacy in healthy adults.

Methods

We searched the relevant peer-reviewed articles published in English in six databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and ProQuest. The inclusion criteria of the review were: 1) studies examining ‘eHealth literacy’, which refers to the ability to search, select, judge and apply online health information to address or solve health problems and to improve wellbeing; 2) the type of study included observational and experimental studies, mixed method studies or qualitative studies; 3) the participants were healthy adults; 4) the main outcomes were the determinants (i.e. influencing or associated factors) and outcomes (i.e. benefits and disadvantages) of eHealth literacy. Articles were assessed by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. A conceptual model to map the determinants and outcomes of eHealth literacy in healthy adults into the non-modifiable, individual, social and community networks and structural layers was developed to classify the identified determinants and outcomes.

Results

Forty-four studies were included in this review, of which 43 studies were cross-sectional and one was qualitative. eHealth literacy determinants included age, sex, literacy factors, socioeconomic factors and language. eHealth literacy outcomes included better general health promotion behavior, COVID-19 preventive behaviors, psychological wellbeing, social support, self-rated health and health service utilisation.

Conclusions

Our results showed that eHealth literacy has multi-layered determinants and positive outcomes. Different strategies at different policy levels are needed to improve the eHealth literacy levels of healthy adults.
Encouraging pro-environmental behavior: Do testimonials by experts work?
Authors: Savchenko Olesya M. , Palm-Forster Leah H. , Xie Lusi , Rahman Rubait , Messer Kent D.
Published: October 2023

Using non-pecuniary interventions to motivate pro-environmental behavior appeals to program administrators seeking cost-effective ways to increase adoption of environmental practices. However, all good-intended interventions should not be expected to be effective and reporting when interventions fail is as important as documenting their successes. We used a framed field experiment with 308 adults from the Mid-Atlantic in the United States to test the effectiveness of an expert testimonial in encouraging adoption of native plants in residential settings. Though studies have found testimonials to be effective in other contexts, we find that the video testimonial had no effect on residents’ willingness to pay for native plants. Our analysis also shows that consumers who are younger, have higher incomes, and use other environmentally friendly practices on their lawns are more likely than other consumers to purchase native plants.
The relative benefits for environmental sustainability of vegan diets for dogs, cats and people
Authors: Knight Andrew
Published: October 2023

Environmental impacts of the livestock sector are proportional to consumption levels. To assess the relative consumption of livestock animals within the diets of dogs, cats and people, this study examined their dietary energy needs within the US in 2020, and globally in 2018. Also studied were US pet food ingredients, and environmental sustainability indicators for plant- and animal-based foods consumed globally. Relative consumptions of average livestock animals were: US: dogs– 17.7%, cats– 2.3%, humans– 80.0%; and globally: dogs– 7.7%, cats– 1.2%, humans– 91.1%. Full transition to nutritionally-sound vegan diets would spare from slaughter the following numbers of terrestrial livestock animals annually (billions): US: dogs– 1.7, cats– 0.2, humans– 7.8, and globally: dogs– 6.0, cats– 0.9, humans– 71.3, as well as billions of aquatic animals in all dietary groups. Very large impact reductions were also associated with land and water use, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), acidifying and eutrophifying gases, and biocide use, in all dietary groups. If implemented globally, nutritionally-sound vegan diets would free up land larger than the following nations: dogs–Saudi Arabia or Mexico, cats–Japan or Germany, humans–Russia–the world’s largest country–combined with India. Such diets would save freshwater volumes greater than all renewable freshwater in the following nations: dogs–Denmark, cats–Jordan, humans–Cuba. Such diets would reduce GHGs by amounts greater than all GHG emissions from following nations: dogs–South Africa or the UK, cats–Israel or New Zealand, humans–India or the entire EU. The numbers of additional people who could be fed using food energy savings associated with vegan diets exceeded the 2018 human populations of the following nations: dogs–the entire European Union, cats–France or the UK, humans–every single nation or collective region on Earth, as defined by the World Bank. All of these estimates are conservative.
Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient
Authors: Foody Giles M.
Published: October 2023

The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and associated mis-interpretations are often due to variations in prevalence and the use of an imperfect reference standard. The fundamental issues underlying the problems associated with variations in prevalence and reference standard quality are revisited here for binary classifications with particular attention focused on the use of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). A key attribute claimed of the MCC is that a high value can only be attained when the classification performed well on both classes in a binary classification. However, it is shown here that the apparent magnitude of a set of popular accuracy metrics used in fields such as computer science medicine and environmental science (Recall, Precision, Specificity, Negative Predictive Value, J, F1, likelihood ratios and MCC) and one key attribute (prevalence) were all influenced greatly by variations in prevalence and use of an imperfect reference standard. Simulations using realistic values for data quality in applications such as remote sensing showed each metric varied over the range of possible prevalence and at differing levels of reference standard quality. The direction and magnitude of accuracy metric mis-estimation were a function of prevalence and the size and nature of the imperfections in the reference standard. It was evident that the apparent MCC could be substantially under- or over-estimated. Additionally, a high apparent MCC arose from an unquestionably poor classification. As with some other metrics of accuracy, the utility of the MCC may be overstated and apparent values need to be interpreted with caution. Apparent accuracy and prevalence values can be mis-leading and calls for the issues to be recognised and addressed should be heeded.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in 3,241 School working staffs: Impact of SARS CoV-2 variants of concern [Wild, B.1.1.7 and Omicron]
Authors: Alishaq Moza , Al Ajmi Jameela Ali , Shaheen Mohammed , Elgendy Mohamed , Vinoy Suni , Thomas Anil George , Joseph Sam , Mathew Tintu Elizabeth , Joseph Renjith , Thomas Christymol , Alex Anju K. , Thomas Bincy , Nafady Asmaa , Elgendy Hamed , Nafady-Hego Hanaa
Published: October 2023

Background

There is debate over whether physical attendance at school affects the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Methods

A cohort of personnel from several schools in Qatar provided nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and rapid antigen testing. Each of them was monitored for infection until February 2022.

Results

In total, 3,241 employees gave samples for analysis. Prior to the start of the 2020–2021 academic year (Group I), 3.49% of samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Most of the positive PCR results were from male, senior, non-teaching staff members. Only 110 (3.39%) employees who had enrolled in face-to-face instruction before the B.1.1.7 variant’s emergence (Group II), 238 (7.34%) after the B.1.1.7 variant’s emergence (Group III), and 410 (12.65%) after the introduction of the Omicron variant (Group IV) had reported infection by PCR test. Most people who tested positive by PCR after enrolling in school were young, female teachers. In the Cox Proportional-Hazards Model, exposure to a confirmed case, the presence of symptoms in the two weeks prior to exposure in all groups—young age in Groups II and III, male gender in Groups I and IV, shared housing in Group III, and the presence of comorbidities in Groups II and III independently predicted SARS-CoV-2 infection in school staff.

Conclusion

Critical information about the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in school workers during the whole pandemic is provided by our study. School operations in Qatar were made safer through initial and ongoing screenings, as well as widespread vaccination of school personnel.
Nutritional programming in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effect of low dietary protein on growth and the intestinal microbiome and transcriptome
Authors: Deck Courtney A. , Salger Scott A. , Reynolds Hannah M. , Tada Michael D. , Severance Madeline E. , Ferket Peter , Egna Hillary S. , Fatema Mst. Kaniz , Haque Shahroz M. , Borski Russell J.
Published: October 2023

Nutritional programming is the idea that early nutrient contributions can influence organismal structure or function and is documented in a variety of vertebrates, yet studies in fish are largely lacking. Tilapia are an important foodfish, with global production having increased rapidly since the 1990s. They exhibit high disease-resistance and grow well on formulated feeds which makes them an ideal aquaculture species, however incorporating high quality proteins into feeds can be costly. As feed constitutes 50–70% of total production costs in aquaculture, reducing protein content could curb these costs and increase revenue. Thus, we examined the effects of feeding Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fry a restricted protein diet for the first 7–21 days on growth, gut microbial flora, and the intestinal transcriptome. Fish were fed either a 25% restricted or 48% control crude protein starter (ST) diet for up to 21 days and then switched to a 25% or 38% control crude protein growout (GO) diet. Fish fed a 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by a 38% GO diet had significantly higher lengths and weights and better feed efficiency than fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet after 56 days of culture. Growth of fry on the 25% ST, 7-day/38% GO and the 25% ST,7-day/25% GO diets did not differ from the those fed the control protein diets, while fish fed the 25% ST diet for 21 days had significantly lower growth and survival rates. We observed no significant differences in either alpha or beta diversity of the gut microbial flora between diets, however species richness (Shannon Index) was higher in fry fed the 25% protein ST diet regardless of the GO diet. Similarly, fish fed the 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by the 38% GO diet had minimal changes to the intestinal transcriptome relative to fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet. However, those fed 25% ST and GO diets for the entire 56 days exhibited substantial differences in the gut transcriptome from other groups showing gene expression profiles characteristic of detrimental changes to gut physiology, protein metabolism and immune function. Results suggest protein restriction for up to 14 days early in development leads to enhanced growth and feed efficiency with minimal effects on gut microbes or intestinal function. Protein restriction beyond this period appears detrimental to fish growth and health as underscored by expression of disease related genes and higher mortality rates.
Manual de ludolingüística en español
Authors: Cabrera Carlos
Published: October 2023

La ludolingüística se define como la disciplina encargada del estudio de los recursos verbales a través de los cuales se manipula la lengua con una finalidad lúdica. Desde los postulados de la llamada «pedagogía del humor», este manual pretende convertirse en una eficaz herramienta auxiliar para el aprendizaje y perfeccionamiento del español como lengua extranjera. Se describen y caracterizan diferentes tipos de mecanismos ludolingüísticos, planteando la manera en que pueden aprovecharse para el desarrollo de las diversas competencias y destrezas. La obra se acompaña de múltiples actividades prácticas para trabajar en el aula de ELE. Marcos Mundstock, legendario integrante del grupo Les Luthiers, afirmaba que «el humor permite contemplar las cosas de una manera distinta, … lúdica, pero, sobre todo, lúcida, a la cual no llegan otros mecanismos de la razón». Desde este punto de vista, la presente obra supone una aproximación novedosa a la lengua española, que hace posible descubrir en ella aspectos solo perceptibles desde el prisma ludolingüístico. De ahí su interés para filólogos, profesores y estudiantes de español. Finalmente, no ocultamos el atractivo de este libro para el público en general, que disfrutará, sin duda, de una lectura placentera donde las palabras son risas y sonrisas.
AVALIAÇÕES EXTERNAS DAS APRENDIZAGENS COMO ELEMENTO DE PLANEJAMENTO DAS AÇÕES DA EDUCAÇÃO PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL
Authors: Casagrande Samir , Bittencourt Zoraia Aguiar
Published: October 2023

O artigo apresenta um estudo teórico acerca das avaliações externas como elemento propositivo de avaliação diagnóstica do trabalho do professor, da rede de ensino e do contexto educacional. Além disso, são apontadas algumas concepções da ampliação da avaliação externa que contrariam a retórica de que, sob uma perspectiva empresarial, a escola poderia gerar resultados melhores do que sob a lógica da educação pública. O texto está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira parte, analisa-se a avaliação externa da aprendizagem escolar e os seus aspectos legais. Na sequência da análise, foi mostrado o discurso enraizado nos preceitos estáticos e classificatórios, bem como nos preceitos excludentes da educação na perspectiva única de resultado. Para finalizar, o esforço de análise e de argumentação consistiu-se em identificar a avaliação como elemento diagnóstico da prática pedagógica na educação pública, podendo tornar-se uma alternativa para a busca de um resultado de desempenho escolar de melhor qualidade.
Cuidado de enfermagem ao idoso com Alzheimer: mini-revisão
Authors: Santos Rutiele de Souza
Published: October 2023

O papel do enfermeiro no Alzheimer entra como educador em saúde ajudando na adaptação e na observação sobre as complicações, atende na terapia prescrita, promove resolução de surgimento de problemas, e é responsável por prevenir possíveis doenças. O enfermeiro deve aproveitar da terapia nos estágios da doença que é construída por comunicação simples, fala calma, frases curtas e pesquisas multissensoriais, como: visão, audição, olfato, teto, gustação e audição. O estudo teve por objetivo, analisar e criar estratégia para melhorar a qualidade de vida do portador de Alzheimer. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, onde selecionou artigos, a partir de bases de dados eletrônicas utilizadas como: Brasil Scientific Electronic Libray Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informar em Ciência da Saúde (LILACS). Os profissionais de enfermagem que desempenham cuidados com esse público devem estar habilitados a criar métodos de interação com o paciente e seus familiares, visando desenvolver conhecimento, domínio e capacitação ampliada. Conclui-se que, o Alzheimer necessita da capacidade do enfermeiro para criação do projeto, da pesquisa pensando em resultados promissores para promover qualidade de vida ao paciente, juntamente com apoio familiar.
Analysis of hydrological connectivity in the Tietê-Jacaré hydrographic basin – São Paulo state, Brazil
Authors: Trevisan Diego Peruchi , Moschini Luiz Eduardo
Published: October 2023

The connectivity study is essential for the comprehension of various ecological processes, but it is poorly studied in aquatic environments, where hydrological connectivity is understood as the transfer of water, energy, and organisms from one part of the landscape to another. This work aims to analyze the hydrological connectivity present in the territory of the Tietê-Jacaré Hydrographic Basin - SP, through the application of the Hydrological Connectivity Index, to evaluate the dynamic and temporal process of these structures in 2007 and 2017. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were applied with the application of integration theory to investigate which rivers, wetlands, lakes, dams are connected. From 2007 to 2017, a reduction of 8,686.42 to 8,686.42 km was observed, totaling 208.35 km of the drainage network. There was also a loss of 163.77 km of springs (24.10%) and a reduction in the number of interactions between the hydrological network from 7,214 to 5,303. The updating of the information on the water resources extension complemented by the application of the indices, by expressing the state of landscape configuration, were important tools in the diagnosis of ecosystem conservation, enabling accurate analysis of the elements that compose them. The hydrographic basin showed a reduction in the drainage network in all regions, which consequently resulted in changes in the patterns of hydrological connectivity, reducing the number of connections by almost half. These factors must be analyzed in detail concerning the planning of the hydrographic basin, mainly related to the future of the quantity and quality of water resources.
Passive bioacoustic monitoring as a method to investigate noise pollution in urban parks
Authors: Brito Luan de Jesus Matos de , Silva Paula Vitória
Published: October 2023

The acoustic landscape of a place is formed by biophony, anthropophony and geophony. Biophony comprises the sounds produced by living beings, mainly animals during their communications; geophony consists of the sounds of the geophysical environment, like a river, the rain and waterfalls. In this case study, we evaluated the effectiveness of passive bioacoustic monitoring in detecting anthropogenic pollution in an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We used the Song Meter recorder model SM2+ from the Wildlife Acoustics, the recorders were configured to receive sounds of up to 20 Hz. Each recorder was fixed in trees 1.5 m above the ground and 2 microphones were used in each of them. The collected data were submitted to the Generalized Linear Model Test (GLMM), which resulted in a strong influence of anthropic noises on the birds' vocalization. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and point to the need for the development of public policies to mitigate the effects of noise pollution in urban parks.
Ponderations on intestinal stoms: Interfaces and repercussions
Authors: Grassel Cristal dos Santos , Klein Lorena Costa , Ribeiro Wanderson Alves , Constantino Gabriel Nivaldo Brito , Santos Daiane Lopes dos , Guedes Miriam Maria Ferreira , Carneiro Ana Fagundes , Pires Tarsila Reis Pinto , Siqueira Milena Rangel , Pedrosa Pietro Henrique Benevides , Oliveira Ane Raquel de , Souza Viviane Cortes Cruz de , Souza Érica Motta Moreira de
Published: October 2023

An intestinal stoma is a surgical procedure in which the surgeon externalizes part of the small or large intestine. These stomies have the objective of eliminating the fecal content. An intestinal stoma is a surgical procedure in which the surgeon externalizes part of the small or large intestine. These stomies have the objective of eliminating the fecal content. It is worth mentioning that the making of the stoma is also a phenomenon that generates multiple psychosocial effects that directly influence the life condition of the patient in the postoperative period. The present study aims to ponder on intestinal stomas reflecting the interfaces and repercussions. This is a descriptive, qualitative study of the reflective analysis type, elaborated from a review of the literature about the "interfaces and repercussions of intestinal stomas". For this, a narrative review was carried out. Narrative review studies are publications with the purpose of describing and discussing the state of the art of a certain subject. With the objective of organizing and understanding the data that was collected from the present study, three categories with the following arguments were elaborated: Historical facts about intestinal stomas; Concepts and definitions facing Colostomy and Ileostomy; Interfaces of temporary/provisory and definitive intestinal stomas. In this sense, the study aims to ponder on intestinal stomies reflecting the interfaces and repercussions.
Examining the Relationships among Consumers' Health Perception, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Vegetable Restaurants
Authors: Yang Ai-Shih
Published: October 2023

The study examined the relationships among consumers' health perception, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in vegetable restaurants. Questionnaire investigation was performed and 281 copies were received. The data was analyzed through multiple regression analysis. The result revealed that: (1) "Dietary Control" and "Novel Flavors" in customers’ health perception have significant impacts on satisfaction, and (2) customer satisfaction positively influence on behavioral intentions. "Dietary Control," especially when considering its impact on various aspects of customer satisfaction, underscores the significance of health-related factors in shaping customer experiences and perceptions. We recommend future research exploring the correlation between health perception and food and agricultural education, all while promoting healthier and more sustainable lifestyles.
Error codes at autopsy to study potential biases in diagnostic error
Authors: Goldman Bruce I. , Bharadwaj Rajnish , Fuller Michelle , Love Tanzy , Metlay Leon , Dignan Caroline
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Current autopsy practice guidelines do not provide a mechanism to identify potential causes of diagnostic error (DE). We used our autopsy data registry to ask if gender or race were related to the frequency of diagnostic error found at autopsy.

Methods

Our autopsy reports include International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 or ICD 10 diagnostic codes for major diagnoses as well as codes that identify types of error. From 2012 to mid-2015 only 2 codes were used: UNDOC (major undocumented diagnoses) and UNCON (major unconfirmed diagnoses). Major diagnoses contributed to death or would have been treated if known. Since mid-2015, codes included specific diagnoses, i.e. undiagnosed or unconfirmed myocardial infarction, infection, pulmonary thromboembolism, malignancy, or other diagnosis as well as cause of death. Adult autopsy cases from 2012 to 2019 were assessed for DE associated with reported sex or race (nonwhite or white). 528 cases were evaluated between 2012 and 2015 and 699 between 2015 and 2019.

Results

Major DEs were identified at autopsy in 65.9 % of cases from 2012 to 2015 and in 72.1 % from 2015 to 2019. From 2012 to 2015, female autopsy cases showed a greater frequency in 4 parameters of DE, i.e., in the total number of cases with any error (p=0.0001), in the number of cases with UNDOC errors (p=0.0038) or UNCON errors (p=0.0006), and in the relative proportions of total numbers of errors (p=0.0001). From 2015 to 2019 undocumented malignancy was greater among males (p=0.0065); no other sex-related error was identified. In the same period some DE parameters were greater among nonwhite than among white subjects, including unconfirmed cause of death (p=0.035), and proportion of total error diagnoses (p=0.0003), UNCON diagnoses (p=0.0093), and UNDOC diagnoses (p=0.035).

Conclusions

Coding for DE at autopsy can identify potential effects of biases on diagnostic error.
Asynchrone Lernpfade in der Lehrkräftebildung Deutsch als Zweitsprache
Authors: Drumm Sandra
Published: October 2023

Während der Covid-19-Pandemie bestand die Herausforderung, Inhalte des DaZ-Moduls online und asynchron an die heterogene Studierendenschaft zu vermitteln. Aus diesem Grund mussten Lernumgebungen entwickelt werden, die es den Studierenden ermöglichten, selbstständig zu lernen, und zwar auf eine Art und Weise, die auch das Engagement und damit ein vertieftes Lernen fördert. Lernpfade (LPs), eine Kombination aus internetbasierten, sequenzierten Lerninhalten und Selbstlernaufgaben, ermöglichen das Lernen nach individuellem Tempo und individueller Tiefe und bieten automatisierte Tests zur Überprüfung des eigenen Lernprozesses. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass unterschiedliche Studierende bei der selbstständigen Arbeit mit digitalen Lernpfaden unterschiedlich erfolgreich sind. Daraus ergeben sich folgende Fragen: Wie setzen sich die Studierenden mit den digitalen Inhalten auseinander, welche Lernmöglichkeiten nehmen die Studierenden wahr und wie nutzen sie diese? In der durchgeführten Studie wurden Aussagen der Studierenden darüber untersucht, wie sie einen Lernpfad bearbeitet haben und warum sie einen bestimmten Ansatz gewählt haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Erfolg des Kurses in hohem Maße davon abhängt, inwieweit die Studierenden ihre selbstregulierenden Lernfähigkeiten aktivieren konnten.
Schreiben im DaF-Unterricht – kommunikative Ziele auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Marx Nicole
Published: October 2023

Mit der „Kommunikativen Wende“ der 1980er rückte sprachliche Interaktion in den Fokus des Fremdsprachenunterrichts. Dabei kamen und kommen weiterhin vor allem konzeptionell mündliche, nähesprachliche Phänomene zur Geltung. Diese Interpretation kommunikativen Unterrichts ist allerdings insbesondere mit Bezug auf die Entwicklung von Schriftlichkeit zu hinterfragen. Im Beitrag wird nach einer exemplarischen, kritischen Analyse von Schreibaufgaben moderner DaF-Lehrwerke für eine vertiefte Berücksichtigung der Zielperspektive distanzsprachlicher Kommunikation plädiert.
Design model-free adaptive PID controller based on lazy learning algorithm
Authors: Zhou Hongcheng
Published: October 2023

The nonlinear system is difficult to achieve the desired effect by using traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) or linear controller. First, this study presents an improved lazy learning algorithm based on k-vector nearest neighbors, which not only considers the matching of input and output data, but also considers the consistency of the model. Based on the optimization index of an additional penalty function, the optimal solution of the lazy learning is obtained by the iterative least-square method. Second, based on the improved lazy learning, an adaptive PID control algorithm is proposed. Finally, the control effect under the condition of complete data and incomplete data is compared by simulation experiment.
Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
Authors: Fu Lixiang , Ma Jingling , Zhang Zhikang , Wang Guangxin , Liu Yuliang , Li Wuhui
Published: October 2023

A method was proposed to synthesize hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 composed of porous nanosheets using a self-template approach. The unique structure is attributed to the synergistic effect of the Kirkendall effect and the Ostwald ripening mechanism. The sheet-like and porous structure endowed the material with a specific surface area of 137.1 m2 g−1 and a pore volume of 0.418 cm3 g−1. The distinctive structure and high-density active sites imparted excellent catalytic performance in oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions. Electrochemical tests showed that the limit current density of ORR reached 5.58 mA cm−2, comparable to that of the noble metal Pt/C (20 wt%). The overpotential of OER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was only 380 mV, significantly lower than that of the noble metal RuO2. These results indicate that the synthesized hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 has the potential to replace noble metals in ORR and OER catalytic applications.
Secularism as Theopolitics: Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar and the Theological Underpinnings of the State in South Asia
Authors: Smolin Justin
Published: October 2023

Carl Schmitt’s well-known declaration that “all significant” modern political concepts are “secularized theological concepts” has sometimes been treated as hyperbole: a metaphorical axe aimed at the frozen sea of legal positivism, a provocation rather than a thesis. In this article, I demonstrate the fecundity of this thesis by applying it to secularism, a concept undeniably central to the Liberal state; crucially, however, I do so in the context of early modern South Asian history and ongoing debates over the secularism of premodern Mughal polity. As I argue, Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar (1542–1605 CE) – a monarch of the Mughal dynasty often cast by South Asian secularists as a precocious emblem of the neutral state – was, in fact, an ideal type of Schmittian sovereign, who nonetheless stands equidistant from both Schmitt and his Liberal opponents in his stance toward religious pluralism. The theological correlate to Akbar’s “secularism” was an Islamicate theology of religions, which provided a contentful religious justification for religious pluralism, very different from contemporary “post-metaphysical” arguments. The final section of the article takes a critical turn, as I examine Akbar’s legendary reputation in the present, my intervention into his “secular” mythos, and the special difficulties involved in applying Schmittian concepts to an early modern, non-Western sacred king.
Failure analysis of sandwich beams under three-point bending based on theoretical and numerical models
Authors: Jin Zenggui , Mao Wentao , Yang Fengpeng
Published: October 2023

This article presents a comprehensive study on the failure behavior of foam core sandwich beams under three-point bending using theoretical analysis and finite element methods. A displacement formula for the foam sandwich beam is derived, considering the shear deformation of the foam core. Based on this formula, the deflection is obtained using energy and Rayleigh–Ritz methods. The failure loads of face yielding, core shearing, and indentation are combined to construct a failure mechanism map. The proposed theoretical model is then compared with existing theoretical analyses, demonstrating higher prediction accuracy. To investigate nonlinear damage and size effects, a series of finite element analyses is conducted. The results suggest that increasing the face sheet thickness has a greater impact on the ultimate load capacity, while the foam core thickness is more effective in enhancing bending stiffness.
Revelando la brecha de género en STEM: experiencias de mujeres egresadas de un Instituto Tecnológico Federal
Authors: Hernández Herrera Claudia Alejandra , Hernández Herrera Mary Carmen
Published: October 2023

En México, sólo tres de cada 10 profesionistas STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) son mujeres. Su escasa presencia genera pérdida de talento, poco progreso social y una marcada brecha de género, sin olvidar las dificultades a las que se enfrentan para incorporarse al mercado laboral. El objetivo del artículo fue estudiar las percepciones que tienen las mujeres STEM de reciente egreso de un Instituto Tecnológico Federal, en la Ciudad de México, con respecto a los retos y discriminación en su campo laboral, violencia de género, su sentir sobre trabajar en campos masculinizados y su visión de la maternidad. Se entrevistó a 14 mujeres STEM egresadas de un instituto tecnológico activas en el mercado laboral (de seis meses a ocho años). Se encontró que el ingreso al mercado de trabajo ha sido complicado para las mujeres egresadas de carreras STEM dado que los puestos de trabajo favorecen a los varones, que son quienes reciben mejores oportunidades.
Intonation Units in Spontaneous Speech Evoke a Neural Response
Authors: Inbar Maya , Genzer Shir , Perry Anat , Grossman Eitan , Landau Ayelet N.
Published: October 2023

Spontaneous speech is produced in chunks called intonation units (IUs). IUs are defined by a set of prosodic cues and presumably occur in all human languages. Recent work has shown that across different grammatical and sociocultural conditions IUs form rhythms of ∼1 unit per second. Linguistic theory suggests that IUs pace the flow of information in the discourse. As a result, IUs provide a promising and hitherto unexplored theoretical framework for studying the neural mechanisms of communication. In this article, we identify a neural response unique to the boundary defined by the IU. We measured the EEG of human participants (of either sex), who listened to different speakers recounting an emotional life event. We analyzed the speech stimuli linguistically and modeled the EEG response at word offset using a GLM approach. We find that the EEG response to IU-final words differs from the response to IU-nonfinal words even when equating acoustic boundary strength. Finally, we relate our findings to the body of research on rhythmic brain mechanisms in speech processing. We study the unique contribution of IUs and acoustic boundary strength in predicting delta-band EEG. This analysis suggests that IU-related neural activity, which is tightly linked to the classic Closure Positive Shift (CPS), could be a time-locked component that captures the previously characterized delta-band neural speech tracking.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLinguistic communication is central to human experience, and its neural underpinnings are a topic of much research in recent years. Neuroscientific research has benefited from studying human behavior in naturalistic settings, an endeavor that requires explicit models of complex behavior. Usage-based linguistic theory suggests that spoken language is prosodically structured in intonation units. We reveal that the neural system is attuned to intonation units by explicitly modeling their impact on the EEG response beyond mere acoustics. To our understanding, this is the first time this is demonstrated in spontaneous speech under naturalistic conditions and under a theoretical framework that connects the prosodic chunking of speech, on the one hand, with the flow of information during communication, on the other.
Short- and Long-Term High-Fat Diet Exposure Differentially Alters Phasic and Tonic GABAergic Signaling onto Lateral Orbitofrontal Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Seabrook Lauren T. , Peterson Colleen S. , Noble Duncan , Sobey Marissa , Tayyab Temoor , Kenney Tyra , Judge Allap K. , Armstrong Mataea , Lin Shihao , Borgland Stephanie L.
Published: October 2023

The chronic consumption of caloric dense high-fat foods is a major contributor to increased body weight, obesity, and other chronic health conditions. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical in guiding decisions about food intake and is altered with diet-induced obesity. Obese rodents have altered morphologic and synaptic electrophysiological properties in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC). Yet the time course by which exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) induces these changes is poorly understood. Here, male mice are exposed to either short-term (7 d) or long-term (90 d) HFD. Long-term HFD exposure increases body weight, and glucose signaling compared with short-term HFD or a standard control diet (SCD). Both short and long-term HFD exposure increased the excitability of lOFC pyramidal neurons. However, phasic and tonic GABAergic signaling was differentially altered depending on HFD exposure length, such that tonic GABAergic signaling was decreased with early exposure to the HFD and phasic signaling was changed with long-term diet exposure. Furthermore, alterations in the short-term diet exposure were transient, as removal of the diet restored electrophysiological characteristics similar to mice fed SCD, whereas long-term HFD electrophysiological changes were persistent and remained after HFD removal. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in reward devaluation occur early with diet exposure. Together, these results suggest that the duration of HFD exposure differentially alters lOFC function and provides mechanistic insights into the susceptibility of the OFC to impairments in outcome devaluation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study provides mechanistic insight on the impact of short-term and long-term high-fat diet (HFD) exposure on GABAergic function in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), a region known to guide decision-making. We find short-term HFD exposure induces transient changes in firing and tonic GABA action on lOFC pyramidal neurons, whereas long-term HFD induces obesity and has lasting changes on firing, tonic GABA and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto lOFC neurons. Given that GABAergic signaling in the lOFC can influence decision-making around food, these results have important implications in present society as palatable energy dense foods are abundantly available.
Attentional Modulation of the Cortical Contribution to the Frequency-Following Response Evoked by Continuous Speech
Authors: Schüller Alina , Schilling Achim , Krauss Patrick , Rampp Stefan , Reichenbach Tobias
Published: October 2023

Selective attention to one of several competing speakers is required for comprehending a target speaker among other voices and for successful communication with them. It moreover has been found to involve the neural tracking of low-frequency speech rhythms in the auditory cortex. Effects of selective attention have also been found in subcortical neural activities, in particular regarding the frequency-following response related to the fundamental frequency of speech (speech-FFR). Recent investigations have, however, shown that the speech-FFR contains cortical contributions as well. It remains unclear whether these are also modulated by selective attention. Here we used magnetoencephalography to assess the attentional modulation of the cortical contributions to the speech-FFR. We presented both male and female participants with two competing speech signals and analyzed the cortical responses during attentional switching between the two speakers. Our findings revealed robust attentional modulation of the cortical contribution to the speech-FFR: the neural responses were higher when the speaker was attended than when they were ignored. We also found that, regardless of attention, a voice with a lower fundamental frequency elicited a larger cortical contribution to the speech-FFR than a voice with a higher fundamental frequency. Our results show that the attentional modulation of the speech-FFR does not only occur subcortically but extends to the auditory cortex as well.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding speech in noise requires attention to a target speaker. One of the speech features that a listener can use to identify a target voice among others and attend it is the fundamental frequency, together with its higher harmonics. The fundamental frequency arises from the opening and closing of the vocal folds and is tracked by high-frequency neural activity in the auditory brainstem and in the cortex. Previous investigations showed that the subcortical neural tracking is modulated by selective attention. Here we show that attention affects the cortical tracking of the fundamental frequency as well: it is stronger when a particular voice is attended than when it is ignored.
Structural Position in the Global Economy and Major Episodes of Civil Violence, 1970 to 2018
Authors: Kollmeyer Christopher
Published: October 2023

This study draws on world-systems theory to generate new explanations for the uneven patterns of civil violence found in the world today. A large and well-developed literature shows that low-income countries with stagnant economies and undemocratic political systems are the most susceptible to outbreaks of civil violence. This literature, however, fails to consider how countries are positioned relative to the structures of global capitalism. By contrast, world-systems theory has long emphasized that a country’s position within the international division of labor shapes many of its domestic outcomes, including those related to development and democratization. Combining these two literatures suggests that “world-system position” has direct and indirect effects on civil violence, with the indirect effects being mediated by development, democratization, and related factors. Drawing on a sample of 152 countries observed from 1970 to 2018 and using high-quality data on major incidences of civil violence around the world, the study finds compelling evidence that non-core countries are considerably more prone to civil violence than core countries and that this gap is widening, not narrowing, over time. These results are robust to alternative measures of world-system position and various model specifications.
cIAPs control RIPK1 kinase activity‐dependent and ‐independent cell death and tissue inflammation
Authors: Schorn Fabian , Werthenbach J Paul , Hoffmann Mattes , Daoud Mila , Stachelscheid Johanna , Schiffmann Lars M , Hildebrandt Ximena , Lyu Su Ir , Peltzer Nieves , Quaas Alexander , Vucic Domagoj , Silke John , Pasparakis Manolis , Kashkar Hamid
Published: October 2023

Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) are RING‐containing E3 ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitylate receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) to regulate TNF signalling. Here, we established mice simultaneously expressing enzymatically inactive cIAP1/2 variants, bearing mutations in the RING domains of cIAP1/2 (cIAP1/2 mutant RING, cIAP1/2MutR). cIap1/2MutR/MutR mice died during embryonic development due to RIPK1‐mediated apoptosis. While expression of kinase‐inactive RIPK1D138N rescued embryonic development, Ripk1D138N/D138N/cIap1/2MutR/MutR mice developed systemic inflammation and died postweaning. Cells expressing cIAP1/2MutR and RIPK1D138N were still susceptible to TNF‐induced apoptosis and necroptosis, implying additional kinase‐independent RIPK1 activities in regulating TNF signalling. Although further ablation of Ripk3 did not lead to any phenotypic improvement, Tnfr1 gene knock‐out prevented early onset of systemic inflammation and premature mortality, indicating that cIAPs control TNFR1‐mediated toxicity independent of RIPK1 and RIPK3. Beyond providing novel molecular insights into TNF‐signalling, the mouse model established in this study can serve as a useful tool to further evaluate ongoing therapeutic protocols using inhibitors of TNF, cIAPs and RIPK1.
Single‐cell profiling and zebrafish avatars reveal LGALS1 as immunomodulating target in glioblastoma
Authors: Finotto Lise , Cole Basiel , Giese Wolfgang , Baumann Elisabeth , Claeys Annelies , Vanmechelen Maxime , Decraene Brecht , Derweduwe Marleen , Dubroja Lakic Nikolina , Shankar Gautam , Nagathihalli Kantharaju Madhu , Albrecht Jan Philipp , Geudens Ilse , Stanchi Fabio , Ligon Keith L , Boeckx Bram , Lambrechts Diether , Harrington Kyle , Van Den Bosch Ludo , De Vleeschouwer Steven , De Smet Frederik , Gerhardt Holger
Published: October 2023

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most malignant primary brain tumor, with a median survival rarely exceeding 2 years. Tumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are key factors contributing to the poor response rates of current therapeutic approaches. GBM‐associated macrophages (GAMs) often exhibit immunosuppressive features that promote tumor progression. However, their dynamic interactions with GBM tumor cells remain poorly understood. Here, we used patient‐derived GBM stem cell cultures and combined single‐cell RNA sequencing of GAM‐GBM co‐cultures and real‐time in vivo monitoring of GAM‐GBM interactions in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models to provide insight into the cellular, molecular, and spatial heterogeneity. Our analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity across GBM patients in GBM‐induced GAM polarization and the ability to attract and activate GAMs—features that correlated with patient survival. Differential gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry on original tumor samples, and knock‐out experiments in zebrafish subsequently identified LGALS1 as a primary regulator of immunosuppression. Overall, our work highlights that GAM‐GBM interactions can be studied in a clinically relevant way using co‐cultures and avatar models, while offering new opportunities to identify promising immune‐modulating targets.