bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enteropathogenic E. coli: breaking the intestinal tight junction barrier
Authors: Singh Anand Prakash , Aijaz Saima
Published: May 2016

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes acute intestinal infections in infants in the developing world. Infection typically spreads through contaminated food and water and leads to severe, watery diarrhea. EPEC attaches to the intestinal epithelial cells and directly injects virulence factors which modulate multiple signaling pathways leading to host cell dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the onset of diarrhea are poorly defined. A major target of EPEC is the host cell tight junction complex which acts as a barrier and regulates the passage of water and solutes through the paracellular space. In this review, we focus on the EPEC effectors that target the epithelial barrier, alter its functions and contribute to leakage through the tight junctions.
The ELIXIR channel in F1000Research
Authors: Blomberg Niklas , Oliveira Arlindo , Mons Barend , Persson Bengt , Jonassen Inge
Published: May 2016

ELIXIR, the European life science infrastructure for biological information, is a unique initiative to consolidate Europe’s national centres, services, and core bioinformatics resources into a single, coordinated infrastructure. ELIXIR brings together Europe’s major life-science data archives and connects these with national bioinformatics infrastructures  - the ELIXIR Nodes. This editorial introduces the ELIXIR channel in F1000Research; the aim of the channel is to collect and present ELIXIR’s scientific and operational output, engage with the broad life science community and encourage discussion on proposed infrastructure solutions. Submissions will be assessed by the ELIXIR channel Advisory Board to ensure they are relevant to ELIXIR community, and subjected to F1000Research open peer review process.
Juridical Persons as Economic Operators
Authors: Андреев Владимир , Andryeyev Vladimir
Published: May 2016

The article reviews the issues of carrying out economic activities by juridical persons, their participation in civil-law transactions. The article touches upon the issues of carrying out business activities by non-profit organizations. The article investigates the problem of legal capacity of juridical persons, competencies of their bodies and the nature of juridical persons. The author considers the issues of performance of juridical persons’ civil obligations by their employees. The author concludes that the civil legislation regulates three groups of relations (activities): property and personal nonproperty relations, entrepreneurial activity and corporate relations. These separate legislative bodies represent accordingly the civil, entrepreneurial and corporate law. Thus, the Civil Code and the civil legislation embody three separate branches of law.
THE ROLE OF PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF HEALTH
Authors: Хабриев Рамил , Khabriev Ramil , Абашидзе Аслан , Abashidzye Aslan , Маличенко Владислав , Malichenko Vladislav
Published: May 2016

Socio-demographic processes, increased economic instability, epidemiological transitions and disproportionate access to health care present serious challenges to the health care systems of major global powers, especially to the medication supply. In many countries, inadequate regulation of the health sector, in particular in the pharmaceutical area, leads to serious human rights’ violations. At the same time ensuring the safety of drugs is the basis for the full exercise of the human right to health, which is impossible to achieve without effective international cooperation. Enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, enshrined in the main international human rights documents, in particular by providing access to medicines is only possible on the basis of an effective and integrated regulation system and in compliance with recognized international standards, as well as national and regional priorities.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NONVIOLENT SEXUAL ABUSE OF MINORS UNDER THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA AND LATVIA
Authors: Пантюхина Инга , Pantyukhina Inga , Ларина Любовь , Larina Lyubov
Published: May 2016

The article conducts comparative research of criminal laws of Latvia and Russia regarding protection of sexual inviolability of minors. It reveals strengths and weaknesses of laws in both countries. The comparative analysis shows that the Latvian legislation contrasts favorably in regulation of all forms of nonviolent sexual contacts by a full age person with a person under the age of sixteen years as part of single corpus delicti; in legal interpretation of sexual abuse, in establishment whether it is violent or non violent, specification of their modus operandi. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation better regulates a victim’s age in nonviolent sexual abuse of minors (12—16 years); the Code recognizes persons under the age of twelve years helpless; it differentiates criminal liability within the qualified offence. In Latvia the system of punishments for these crimes is more logical, whereas in Russia they are excessively differentiated that leads to the absence of demand for the upper limits of sanctions. The authors pay special attention to the rule of the Latvian Criminal law providing responsibility for inducement to sexual activities. There is no similar structure in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation therefore such offences often remain nonpunishable. In conclusion the authors note that mutual use of the revealed positive moments of the studied norms can raise the level and quality of protection of sexual inviolability of younger generation in both countries.
TRADEMARK LAW IN CANADA
Authors: Прокофьев Александр , Prokofiev Aleksandr
Published: May 2016

In the present article the author reviews the contents of sources of the trademark law in Canada, which include not only statutes and regulations, but also case law and doctrine. The author touches upon such core issues in legal regulation, as the notion of trademark and its types (certification mark and distinguishing guise), peculiarities of their legal protection, legal implications of trademark registration or absence thereof, as well as of actual use or non-use of the mark. The author analyses legal standpoints elaborated in practice, such as the doctrine of functionality and quality control during trademark licensing. The author also reviews correlation of rights to the trademark itself and to the goodwill attached thereto.
NEW LAW “ON JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF FOREIGN STATES AND THEIR PROPERTY”
Authors: Хлестова Ирина , KHlyestova Irina
Published: May 2016

The article is devoted to the analyses of the new Law on jurisdictional immunities of states and their property of 2015. The Law accepts the fundamental notions of the UN Convention on jurisdictional immunities of states and their properties of 2004. The Law envisages that a foreign state enjoys jurisdictional immunities for itself and in respect of its property subject to the provisions of this Law. The Law establishes exceptions from the judicial immunity of a foreign state. A foreign state does not enjoy judicial immunity in respect of disputes related to civil transactions if these transactions are not related to the exercise of sovereign powers of authority by this state. With certain exceptions a foreign state does not enjoy judicial immunity in respect of disputes concerning commercial and other economic activity within the territory of the Russian Federation, labor disputes, disputes related to immovable property located in the Russian territory, disputes related to personal injuries and damage to property, disputes related to intellectual property, disputes related to running of state owned vessels. The Law provides a foreign state’s property with the immunity from injunctive measures. The Law defines categories of a foreign state’s property which enjoy immunity from enforcement process. The Law provides for the reciprocity. The Law is based on the concept of restrictive immunities of a foreign state.
Features of Judicial Stages of Control Proceeding in Criminal Process
Authors: Закарян Саркис , Zakaryan Sarkis
Published: May 2016

This article inspects the significance of the system of levels of control proceedings as a form of supervision over judicial power in the Russian criminal legislation. The article features the analysis of changes, made to the Russian Procedural Criminal Code by Federal law of 29.12.2010 N 433, related to the system of reviewing court’s decisions in criminal process. The author inspects features of legal concepts of the European court of human rights, reflected in relevant regulations concerning legal certainty, stability of courts’ decisions and ensuring the convicts’ right to efficient justice in the existing forms of reviewing sentences in the Russian criminal process. The author draws the conclusion that the absence of necessary statutory regulations complying with the international decrees, and clear methodological recommendations regarding meeting the international law requirements on ensuring stability and consistency of sentences form objective reasons for weakness of the judicial practice in this area.
A Model of Unorganized and Organized Retailing in Emerging Economies
Authors: Jerath Kinshuk , Sajeesh S. , Zhang Z. John
Published: May 2016

In the last two decades, organized retailing has transformed the retailing landscape in emerging economies, where unorganized retailing has traditionally been dominant. In this paper, we build a theoretical model of unorganized and organized retailing in emerging economies by carefully modeling key characteristics of the retailing environment, the retailers, the consumers, and product categories. The primary insight that we obtain is that in a competitive market comprising of only unorganized retailers, the advent of organized retailing injects efficiency into the market leading to a reduction in the number of unorganized retailers. This, in turn, makes the market less competitive. Building on this basic insight, we obtain a number of counterintuitive results. For instance, (i) the presence of organized retailing may increase the prices charged by unorganized retailers; (ii) as the consumers’ transportation cost to the unorganized retailers increases, the market share of the unorganized retailing sector may increase; (iii) as the probability of bulk consumption increases and consumers prefer to purchase more from the organized retailer, prices and profits at the organized retailer may decrease; and (iv) the presence of organized retailing can lead to both consumer and social surplus being lower because consumers face higher prices at unorganized retailers and there is wastage in the economy due to bulk purchasing at organized retailers. Our model offers an explanation for certain surprising empirical observations related to retailing in emerging markets, such as why in the last few years in the Indian market the unorganized retailers who have survived the advent of organized retailing seem to be doing better. Implications from our research can provide guidance to policy makers grappling with issues related to the balanced growth of unorganized and organized retailing in emerging markets.
Managing the cardiac blues in practice: a survey of Australian practitioners
Authors: Murphy Barbara M , O'Higgins Rosemary , Shand Lyndel , Vincent-Smith Matthew , Jackson Alun C
Published: May 2016

Background:

Many patients experience the cardiac blues after an acute cardiac event, but little support is available. As part of the Cardiac Blues Project, the authors developed a brochure to support patients' emotional recovery. This study investigated health professionals' use of the brochure in clinical practice.

Method:

In July 2014, the resources were mailed to 606 Australian centres, including all hospital coronary care and cardiothoracic wards, and all cardiac rehabilitation programmes. In July 2015, health professionals were invited to complete an online survey about their use of the resources.

Results:

In total, 160 (26.4%) health professionals completed the survey. Of these, 89% had discussed the cardiac blues with their patients and 58% had made the cardiac blues brochure available to patients.

Conclusions:

The Cardiac Blues Project has raised awareness among Australian hospital and CR health professionals about the importance of emotional recovery, and has helped to ensure consistency of message across these settings.
Patient recovery post MI: are we doing enough?
Authors: Alyasin Najmeh
Published: May 2016

The effects of a myocardial infarction (MI) on a person, and the importance of the recovery period that follows cannot be underestimated. In this comment, Najmeh Alyasin examines the impact that health professionals working in the cardiac arena can make post MI
The ‘middle bit’: how to appraise qualitative research
Authors: Probyn Joy , Howarth Michelle , Maz Julia
Published: May 2016

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) states that all registered nurses must practice in line with the best available evidence. While there are clinical guidelines that are used to inform clinical practice, these often apply to medical rather than nursing interventions. Accordingly, nurses must develop their critical appraisal skills to enable them to evaluate the available published research and consider to what extent the findings might inform their clinical practice. A starting point for this process is an understanding of the characteristics of qualitative research and the key concepts that can guide the appraisal of a qualitative study. This article provides an overview of the key points and frameworks for consideration in appraising qualitative evidence.
Shopping can ruin your day…
Authors: Young Anthony
Published: May 2016

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an acute, temporary heart failure characterised by apical ballooning, with a presentation of acute cardiac chest pain, elevated cardiac enzymes, and normal coronary angiogram. Anthony Young discusses the case of a patient for whom a daily activity as simple as shopping ruined her day and impacted her heart.
An exploration of the experience of early supported discharge from the perspective of stroke survivors
Authors: Collins Gillian , Breen Ciara , Walsh Thomas , McGrath Margaret
Published: May 2016

Aims:

To explore the experience of early supported discharge from the perspective of stroke survivors in Ireland.

Methods:

A qualitative research design was used. Participants (n=4) were purposively selected, and each had undergone early supported discharge. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with each of these individuals, and were then analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results:

Two superordinate themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Getting out and getting on. (2) Understandings and misunderstandings. While participants welcomed early supported discharge and reported positive experiences, they also experienced anxiety and uncertainty regarding early discharge and their ability to cope at home following stroke.

Conclusions:

Early supported discharge appears to be a positive experience for stroke survivors. Health care professionals should pay particular attention to providing adequate information about early supported discharge for stroke survivors and their carers. Further research is needed to capture carers' perspectives of early supported discharge.
The use of clinical case studies to develop clinical reasoning in sports therapy students: The students' perspective
Authors: Armstrong Ross
Published: May 2016

Aims:

The aim of this study was to examine a cohort of second year undergraduate sports therapy students' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of clinical case studies in the development of clinical reasoning skills, and how clinical case studies may influence performance in a sports injury clinic.

Methods:

The study involved 55 students (23 male, 32 female) and used a mixed methods approach, involving a questionnaire with open ended questions, Likert scale questionnaire and interviews that aimed to determine students' perceptions of their performance. Five main areas were investigated with the open-ended questions: defining clinical reasoning; advantages and disadvantages of clinical case studies; the effectiveness of clinical case studies in comparison to real patients; and whether clinical case studies helped students working in a sports injury clinic. Students completed a 5-point Likert scale that asked three statements regarding the clinical environment. Following the questionnaire, a sample of 15 students were randomly selected for individual interviews.

Findings:

The results suggested that the students' responses were generally in favour of the use of clinical case studies to aid the development of confidence, communication and clinical reasoning.

Conclusions:

Clinical learning is unpredictable due to patient interaction, and therefore clinical case studies might be a learning tool that can be used to assist the journey to clinical competence.
Conducting travel health consultations for backpackers
Authors: Gawthrop Mary
Published: May 2016

Travellers who are going backpacking can provide a challenge to practice nurses providing travel consultations. Mary Gawthrop explains the need for an individualised risk assessment and gives an overview of the key issues facing backpackers

For many travellers, going backpacking is the first time they have left their home country for an extended period. Backpackers have a unique set of risks due to their likely activities and the large areas they tend to cover—often over more than one continent. This can present a challenge to the practice nurse. There are several key areas that need to be discussed with backpackers including risk of accidents, blood-borne infections, contraception, food and water hygiene, insect-borne infections and travel insurance, as well as the usual considerations for vaccinations and immunisations.
Research Roundup
Authors: Winter George
Published: May 2016

George Winter provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to practice nurses. should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
A Customised Ocular Prosthesis for an Ocular Defect
Authors: Luthra Reena , Kaur Palwinder , Sharma Puneet , Sharma Anuradha
Published: May 2016

The face is the first presentation of human expressions for communication in the society. Disfigurement of any part of the face leads to a crippled life manually, socially as well as psychologically. In recent years, rehabilitation of facial defects has seen a lot of advances in terms of technology and materials. Custom made prostheses have received good acceptance by patients due to improved esthetics and better retention. Ocular defects are being successfully restored by customized acrylic eyes. Prosthetic rehabilitation of the lost eye in a patient by custom made ocular prosthesis is discussed in this case report.
Rhetorics of incommensurability: Disarticulating queer Christianity in mainstream news coverage of the Soulforce Equality Ride
Authors: Spencer Leland G. , Barnett Joshua Trey
Published: May 2016

In this article, we present a critical rhetorical analysis of mainstream news coverage of the Soulforce Equality Ride, an annual bus tour composed of mostly queer and trans Christian students who protest Christian colleges and universities with anti-queer or anti-trans policies. We argue that much mainstream news coverage of the Equality Ride rhetorically functions to disarticulate queer and Christian identities by: marginalizing the activists, overemphasizing the activists’ arrests, and framing Christian colleges and universities as hospitable and welcoming environments for the activists. By disarticulating queer and Christian identities, the news stories discussed in this article undermine without overcoming the discursive labour of Soulforce activists who both embody and perform queer Christianity. Thus, although mainstream news coverage does not undo the articulatory work of the Soulforce activists, it does demonstrate that queer Christianity is a rhetorical achievement that can only be maintained through continuous discursive struggle.
Relaciones de vecindad entre Albarracín y Cuenca: una aportación a la diplomática municipal aragonesa
Authors: Chacón Gómez-Monedero Francisco Antonio
Published: May 2016

Dentro del fondo de documentos bajomedievales custodiado en el Archivo Municipal de Cuenca hay un reducido número, seis en total, que tiene como emisor a su vecino el concejo de Albarracín. Todos ellos tratan asuntos más o menos directamente relacionados con el límite fronterizo que los separa,dándonos idea de algunas cuestiones que preocupaban a los dos concejos, y que están referidas, fundamentalmente, al aprovechamientos de los buenos pastizales, así como a las decisiones administrativas tomadas en cada caso para no romper las amistosas relaciones de vecindad que han sabido mantener durante los años conflictivos del enfrentamiento bélico mantenido entre sus respectivos reyes, y que no desean ver rotas en años de paz, por más que la situación fronteriza, preocupante siempre entre concejos por mantener la integridad de los territorios que administran, se vuelve especialmente delicada entre Albarracín y Cuenca, pues no sólo delimita sus términos municipales, sino distintos reinos.
Orden público y corregidor en Burgos (siglo XV)
Authors: Guerrero Navarrete Yolanda
Published: May 2016

La conversión del corregidor, inicialmente un oficial regio de carácter extraordinario, en una institución ordinaria del gobierno municipal sólo puede explicarse íntegramente desde la perspectiva de un consentimiento pasivo de los grupos dirigentes urbanos, o al menos de un sector de los mismos. De un lado, es obvio que la presencia de un corregidor debía afectar tanto a la administración de la justicia urbana como al mismo reparto de poder interno y, en este sentido, implicaba una cierta pérdida de poder político para la élite; sin embargo, de otro lado, analizado en el contexto del porceso que conduce a lo largo de todo el siglo XV a la consolidación de ciertos grupos dominantes como élites de poder urbanas, la presencia de un corregidor sólo podía servir para garantizar y avalar las decisiones tomadas por dichas élites y para reforzar, por consiguiente, el sistema de poder oligárquico. Por ello, la figura del corregidor y el significado profundo de su presencia en las ciudades castellanas del siglo XV es todavía un problema que suscita controversias ¿En qué medida su nombramiento sirvió para alterar el ritmo y las constantes políticas de un sistema urbano? ¿Hasta qué punto puede ser considerado un elemento impuesto al mismo? El objetivo del presente artículo es tratar de dar algunas respuestas a estas incógnitas a través del análisis de la relación entre corregidor (envío, nombramiento, actuación, efectividad, presencia, etc.) y orden público. Todo ello en Burgos, ciudad donde se registra un menor nombramiento de corregidores en el siglo XV y donde la oposición a dicha fi gura fue más activa. Creo que asi se podrá llegar a conclusiones más significativas en torno a las diferentes alianzas sobre las que se asienta la consolidación de la institución del corregimiento en la Castilla bajomedieval.
La negociación en torno a la usura en Castilla, 1258-1405: economía, poder y religión en la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Colombo Octavio
Published: May 2016

El tema de la usura adquiere una gran importancia en los últimos siglos de la Edad Media. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la negociación entre la Corona castellana y los representantes urbanos en torno a esta cuestión. Utilizaremos para ello la documentación de las Cortes entre 1258 y 1405, período en que la problemática aparece de forma recurrente y que se corresponde con la larga coyuntura depresiva de la Baja Edad Media en Castilla. Tras un análisis crítico de los conceptos de la sociología de Durkheim, se analizan las características concretas de la negociación, teniendo en cuenta tanto las coyunturas históricas específicas como las relaciones entre los distintos sectores sociales. Se evidencia así que el comportamiento de la Corona y el de los representantes urbanos se encuentra condicionado por los vínculos que los ligan a la nobleza, a los prestamistas judíos y al campesinado. El problema de la usura no puede aislarse de este conjunto más amplio de relaciones que conforman la totalidad de la estructura social feudal. En cada coyuntura particular, la reproducción de este tejido de relaciones sectoriales determina el campo de posibilidades de la negociación sobre la usura. De este modo, el análisis permite identificar, en torno a un tema particular, la forma concreta en la que opera la reproducción de la estructura social, entendida como la reproducción de las clases y facciones de clase que la conforman.
Does enhancing consciousness for strategic planning processes support the effectiveness of problem-based learning concepts in biomedical education?
Authors: Arling V. , Knispel J. , Ritter A. , Baumann M.
Published: May 2016

Interdisciplinary skills gain increasing importance in university and professional contexts. To support these interdisciplinary skills, problem-based learning (PBL) is regularly used in a course for biomedical education. In this study, we investigated whether enhancing consciousness for planning processes can support the effectiveness of PBL concepts in an intervention-control group design. Results indicated clear evidence for this: planning skills were associated with better PBL performance. Concluding, self-reflection of planning skills is useful to increase outcome performance of students in PBL courses.
SPIO processing in macrophages for MPI: The breast cancer MPI-SNLB-concept
Authors: Finas Dominique , Janine Stegmann-Frehse , Benjamin Sauer , Gereon Hüttmann , Achim Rody , Thorsten Buzug , Kerstin Lüdtke-Buzug
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. We aim to develop a new sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) method with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI) in BC to avoid tissue damaging while axillary surgery. As we know from i.v. SPIO application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), macrophages (MP) are key role player in processing of SPIOs (e.g. in liver) causing a drop of signal intensity. But, knowledge lacks concerning enrichment processes of SPIOs after injection in breast tissue, the adjacent lymphatic tissues and associated cells, especially in BC and metastatic lymph nodes. We already evaluated the distribution of SPIOs in an in vivo healthy and tumor mouse model. Based on these studies we investigate the processing of the SPIOs in MP.

Material and Methods

To evaluate SPIO processing, a mouse MP cell line J774A.1 was incubated either by Resovist in culture medium (RPMI, FBS), or culture medium only as control. MP were than analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, this process was observed in vivo by multiphoton microscopy. Detection of SPIOs was realized by excitation at 1200 nm.

Results

Resovist had no toxic effects on cells.MP showed activity in phagocytosis of Resovist after incubation in TEM as well as in multiphoton microscopy. SPIOs were detectable within intracellular vesicles by TEM and 3-photon process. The first cell associated SPIO signal was detected after 1,5 min of incubation by in vivo imaging.

Conclusion

To our knowledge this is the first time a 3-photon device was used to image SPIOs in a bio-medical context. System wide scanning is known (MRI, MPI), but nowwe are also able to identify the link to subcellular processing and localization of SPIOs. Further processing of SPIOs in MP is under development.
Photoactivated inhibition of cathepsin K in a 3D tumor model
Authors: Herroon Mackenzie K. , Sharma Rajgopal , Rajagurubandara Erandi , Turro Claudia , Kodanko Jeremy J. , Podgorski Izabela
Published: May 2016

Collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K is important for many physiological and pathological processes including osteoclast-mediated bone degradation, macrophage function and fibroblast-mediated matrix remodeling. Here, we report application of a light-activated inhibitor for controlling activity of cathepsin K in a 3D functional imaging assay. Using prostate carcinoma cell line engineered to overexpress cathepsin K, we demonstrate the utility of the proteolytic assay in living tumor spheroids for the evaluation and quantification of the inhibitor effects on cathepsin K-mediated collagen I degradation. Importantly, we also show that utilizing the ruthenium-caged version of a potent nitrile cathepsin K inhibitor (4), cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4)2](BF4)2 (5), offers significant advantage in terms of effective concentration of the inhibitor and especially its light-activated control in the 3D assay. Our results suggest that light activation provides a suitable, attractive approach for spatial and temporal control of proteolytic activity, which remains a critical, unmet need in treatment of human diseases, especially cancer.
Investigation of α-Amylase Production with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in a Cocurrent Downflow Contacting Reactor
Authors: Orhan Ramazan , Dursun Gülbeyi
Published: May 2016

The cocurrent downflow contacting reactor (CDCR) has a high oxygen transfer rate by providing the effective the gas-liquid contact. This property is an advantage for enzyme production. In this study, the CDCR was used for the production of α-amylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for different starch concentrations in the range of 7.5–17.5 g l–1 at constant air and liquid flow rates. The values of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and specific oxygen uptake rate (

q

O

2

${{\rm{q}}_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$

) were determined during enzyme production. It has been found that the starch concentration has great effect on the enzyme activity. Maximum enzyme activity (1,000 IU ml–1) was obtained in the fermentation broth containing of 15 g l–1 starch concentration at 37 °C and pH 7 for 28 h. The kLa and

q

O

2

${{\rm{q}}_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$

values were determined to be 175.83 h–1 and 47.5 mg O2 g–1cell h–1, respectively.
Maternal hypoglycemia on 50 g glucose challenge test: outcomes are influenced by fetal gender
Authors: Topçu Hasan Onur , İskender Can Tekin , Çelen Şevki , Oskovi Aslı , Uygur Dilek , Erkaya Salim
Published: May 2016

To assess the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with maternal hypoglycemia following a second trimester oral glucose challenge test (GCT).

This retrospective case control study consisted of 2091 pregnant women with hypoglycemia (glucose levels >88 mg/dL 1 h following a 50 g GCT in the second trimester of pregnancy) and a control group of 2091 pregnant women with a GCT result between 88 and 130 mg/dL. Perinatal and neonatal characteristics obtained from electronic medical records were compared between groups.

The rates of pregnancy complications were similar in both groups, with the exception of a lower incidence of polyhydramnios and a higher rate of deliveries before the 34

A low maternal plasma glucose level on the GCT is associated with favorable outcomes, such as decreased rates of birth trauma and neonatal hypoglycemia. In addition, male infants have a higher risk of being SGA than female infants when maternal GCT results were <88 mg/dL.
Compromised Dopaminergic Encoding of Reward Accompanying Suppressed Willingness to Overcome High Effort Costs Is a Prominent Prodromal Characteristic of the Q175 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease
Authors: Covey Dan P. , Dantrassy Hannah M. , Zlebnik Natalie E. , Gildish Iness , Cheer Joseph F.
Published: May 2016

Huntington's disease (HD) is a heritable neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG (glutamine) repeats in theHTTgene. A prodromal stage characterized by psychiatric disturbances normally precedes primary motor symptoms and suppressed motivation represents one of the earliest and most common psychiatric symptoms. Although dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) critically regulates motivation and altered dopamine signaling is implicated in HD, the nature of dopaminergic deficits and contribution to symptoms in HD is poorly understood. We therefore tested whether altered NAc dopamine release accompanies motivational deficits in the Q175 knock-in HD mouse model. Q175 mice express a CAG expansion of the human mutant huntingtin allele in the native mouse genome and gradually manifest symptoms late in life, closely mimicking the genotypic context and disease progression in human HD. Sub-second extracellular dopamine release dynamics were monitored using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, whereas motivation was assessed using a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. As the response ratio (lever presses per reward) escalated, Q175 mice exerted less effort to earn fewer rewards versus wild-type (WT). Moreover, dopamine released at reward delivery dynamically encoded increasing reward cost in WT but not Q175 mice. Deficits were specific to situations of high effortful demand as no difference was observed in locomotion, free feeding, hedonic processing, or reward seeking when the response requirement was low. This compromised dopaminergic encoding of reward delivery coincident with suppressed motivation to work for reward in Q175 mice provides novel, neurobiological insight into an established and clinically relevant endophenotype of prodromal HD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPsychiatric impairments in Huntington's disease (HD) typically manifest early in disease progression, before motor deficits. However, the neurobiological factors contributing to psychiatric symptoms are poorly understood. We used a mouse HD model and assessed whether impaired dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region critical to goal-directed behaviors, accompanies motivational deficits, one of the most common early HD symptoms. HD mice exhibited blunted motivation to work for food reward coincident with diminished dopamine release to reward receipt. Motivational and NAc dopaminergic deficits were not associated with gross motor deficits or impaired food seeking when effortful demands were low. This work identifies a specific prodromal HD phenotype associated with a prominent and previously unidentified neurobiological impairment.
Deficiency of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase (ICMT) Leads to Progressive Loss of Photoreceptor Function
Authors: Christiansen Jeffrey R. , Pendse Nachiket D. , Kolandaivelu Saravanan , Bergo Martin O. , Young Stephen G. , Ramamurthy Visvanathan
Published: May 2016

Retinal neurons use multiple strategies to fine-tune visual signal transduction, including post-translational modifications of proteins, such as addition of an isoprenyl lipid to a carboxyl-terminal cysteine in proteins that terminate with a “CAAXmotif.” We previously showed that RAS converting enzyme 1 (RCE1)-mediated processing of isoprenylated proteins is required for photoreceptor maintenance and function. However, it is not yet known whether the requirement for the RCE1-mediated protein processing is related to the absence of the endoproteolytic processing step, the absence of the subsequent methylation step by isoprenylcysteine methyltransferase (ICMT), or both. To approach this issue and to understand the significance of protein methylation, we generated mice lackingIcmtexpression in the retina. In the absence ofIcmtexpression, rod and cone light-mediated responses diminished progressively. Lack of ICMT-mediated methylation led to defective association of isoprenylated transducin and cone phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6α′) with photoreceptor membranes and resulted in decreased levels of transducin, PDE6α′, and cone G-protein coupled receptor kinase-1 (GRK1). In contrast to our earlier findings with retina-specificRce1knock-out mice, rod PDE6 inIcmt-deficient mice trafficked normally to the photoreceptor outer segment, suggesting that the failure to remove the −AAXis responsible for blocking the movement of PDE6 to the outer segment. Our findings demonstrate that carboxyl methylation of isoprenylated proteins is crucial for maintenance of photoreceptor function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this report, we show that an absence of isoprenylcysteine methyltransferase-mediated protein methylation leads to progressive loss of vision. Photoreceptors also degenerate, although at a slower pace than the rate of visual loss. The reduction in photoresponses is due to defective association of crucial players in phototransduction cascade. Unlike the situation with RCE1 deficiency, where both methylation and removal of −AAXwere affected, the transport of isoprenylated proteins in isoprenylcysteine methyltransferase-deficient retinas was not dependent on methylation. This finding implies that the retention of the −AAXin PDE6 catalytic subunits inRce1−/−mice is responsible for impeding their transport to the rod photoreceptor outer segment. In conclusion, lack of methylation of isoprenylcysteines leads to age-dependent photoreceptor dysfunction.
On the Role of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation in Locomotion in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Goetz Laurent , Piallat Brigitte , Bhattacharjee Manik , Mathieu Hervé , David Olivier , Chabardès Stéphan
Published: May 2016

The mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) is formed by the pedunculopontine and cuneiform nuclei, two neuronal structures thought to be key elements in the supraspinal control of locomotion, muscle tone, waking, and REM sleep. The role of MRF has also been advocated in modulation of state of arousal leading to transition from wakefulness to sleep and it is further considered to be a main player in the pathophysiology of gait disorders seen in Parkinson's disease. However, the existence of a mesencephalic locomotor region and of an arousal center has not yet been demonstrated in primates. Here, we provide the first extensive electrophysiological mapping of the MRF using extracellular recordings at rest and during locomotion in a nonhuman primate (NHP) (Macaca fascicularis) model of bipedal locomotion. We found different neuronal populations that discharged according to a phasic or a tonic mode in response to locomotion, supporting the existence of a locomotor neuronal circuit within these MRF in behaving primates. Altogether, these data constitute the first electrophysiological characterization of a locomotor neuronal system present within the MRF in behaving NHPs under normal conditions, in accordance with several studies done in different experimental animal models.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe provide the first extensive electrophysiological mapping of the two major components of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), namely the pedunculopontine and cuneiform nuclei. We exploited a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of bipedal locomotion with extracellular recordings in behaving NHPs at rest and during locomotion. Different MRF neuronal groups were found to respond to locomotion, with phasic or tonic patterns of response. These data constitute the first electrophysiological evidences of a locomotor neuronal system within the MRF in behaving NHPs.
Defects in Neuromuscular Transmission May Underlie Motor Dysfunction in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Xu Youfen , Halievski Katherine , Henley Casey , Atchison William D. , Katsuno Masahisa , Adachi Hiroaki , Sobue Gen , Breedlove S. Marc , Jordan Cynthia L.
Published: May 2016

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) in men is an androgen-dependent neuromuscular disease caused by expanded CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR). Whether muscle or motor neuron dysfunction or both underlies motor impairment in SBMA is unknown. Muscles of SBMA mice show significant contractile dysfunction, implicating them as a likely source of motor dysfunction, but whether disease also impairs neuromuscular transmission is an open question. Thus, we examined synaptic function in three well-studied SBMA mouse models—the AR97Q, knock-in (KI), and myogenic141models—by recordingin vitrominiature and evoked end-plate potentials (MEPPs and EPPs, respectively) intracellularly from adult muscle fibers. We found striking defects in neuromuscular transmission suggesting that toxic AR in SBMA impairs both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. Notably, SBMA causes neuromuscular synapses to become weak and muscles to become hyperexcitable in all three models. Presynaptic defects included deficits in quantal content, reduced size of the readily releasable pool, and impaired short-term facilitation. Postsynaptic defects included prolonged decay times for both MEPPs and EPPs, marked resistance to μ-conotoxin (a sodium channel blocker), and enhanced membrane excitability. Quantitative PCR revealed robust upregulation of mRNAs encoding neonatal isoforms of the AChR (γ-subunit) and the voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV1.5) in diseased adult muscles of all three models, consistent with the observed slowing of synaptic potentials and resistance to μ-conotoxin. These findings suggest that muscles of SBMA patients regress to an immature state that impairs neuromuscular function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe have discovered that SBMA is accompanied by marked defects in neuromuscular synaptic transmission involving both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. For three different mouse models, we find that diseased synapses are weak, having reduced quantal content due to reductions in the size of the readily releasable pool and/or probability of release. Synaptic potentials in diseased adult fibers are slowed, explained by an aberrant upregulation of the neonatal isoform of the acetylcholine receptor. Diseased fibers also show marked resistance to μ-conotoxin, explained by an aberrant upregulation in the neonatal isoform of the sodium channel, and are hyperexcitable, reminiscent of myotonic dystrophy, showing anode-break action potentials. This work identifies several new molecular targets for recovering function in SBMA.
Trim9Deletion Alters the Morphogenesis of Developing and Adult-Born Hippocampal Neurons and Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory
Authors: Winkle Cortney C. , Olsen Reid H. J. , Kim Hyojin , Moy Sheryl S. , Song Juan , Gupton Stephanie L.
Published: May 2016

During hippocampal development, newly born neurons migrate to appropriate destinations, extend axons, and ramify dendritic arbors to establish functional circuitry. These developmental stages are recapitulated in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus, where neurons are continuously generated and subsequently incorporate into existing, local circuitry. Here we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 regulates these developmental stages in embryonic and adult-born mouse hippocampal neuronsin vitroandin vivo. Embryonic hippocampal and adult-born dentate granule neurons lackingTrim9exhibit several morphological defects, including excessive dendritic arborization. Although gross anatomy of the hippocampus was not detectably altered byTrim9deletion, a significant number ofTrim9−/−adult-born dentate neurons localized inappropriately. These morphological and localization defects of hippocampal neurons inTrim9−/−mice were associated with extreme deficits in spatial learning and memory, suggesting that TRIM9-directed neuronal morphogenesis may be involved in hippocampal-dependent behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAppropriate generation and incorporation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are critical for spatial learning and memory and other hippocampal functions. Here we identify the brain-enriched E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 as a novel regulator of embryonic and adult hippocampal neuron shape acquisition and hippocampal-dependent behaviors. Genetic deletion ofTrim9elevated dendritic arborization of hippocampal neuronsin vitroandin vivo. Adult-born dentate granule cells lackingTrim9similarly exhibited excessive dendritic arborization and mislocalization of cell bodiesin vivo. These cellular defects were associated with severe deficits in spatial learning and memory.
Queerscape
Authors: Santoro Patrick
Published: May 2016

Auto/ethnography is not an apolitical endeavor, and as a queer researcher, I never lose sight of the sensibilities that influence my work. Leading with an explicit queer positionality and relying upon critical reflexivity, this essay focuses on my two-year fieldwork in rural, conservative Old Shawneetown, Illinois. I begin by navigating the natural landscape, illustrating how Shawneetown's flood-ravaged landscape implicates (my) queer identity—as both a lens for reading queer sexuality and as a metaphor for queer loss. Then, I shift to the human landscape—my interactions with the town's residents—where I feel the necessity to stifle my queer persona in favor of a performance that passes as heterosexual. Both landscape contexts position geography as a catalyst for the autobiographical, complicating issues of ethnographic dialogue, ethics, and risk—a queerscape—as divergent selves and subjectivities challenge one another in a charged, site-specific space of heteronormativity.
Of All Days
Authors: Tillmann Lisa M.
Published: May 2016

A student at the author's college pens a racist column on immigration for the school newspaper. Two departments, including the author's, send campuswide e-mails denouncing the rhetoric. A firestorm erupts—as much over the e-mails as over the op-ed. Years later, the student visits the author unannounced.
Narrative and the Subjunctive Imaginary
Authors: Foster Elissa
Published: May 2016

This article is a narrative response to an invitation from the editor of this special issue to meditate on the theme of “home.” The central narrative is a retelling of a retelling—the author's brother recounting how he met “the man who saved his life” 20 years earlier and learned from him details of the story that were missing. For the author, the experience of listening to the story prompts an exploration of theories about the relationship between narrative and time, the impact of the subjunctive imaginary when listening to stories, and the power of narrative to reveal what is important to us.
Coming Home
Authors: Poulos Christopher N.
Published: May 2016

In this autoethnography, I find a series of pathways homeward, skirting the minefields of a painful, violent, traumatic past. I write my way home, from the tragic to the comic, by means of story-crafting my past traumas and losses into present laughter.
Wearing Modernity
Authors: Nguyen Martina Thucnhi
Published: May 2016

This study examines the tunic designed by Lemur Nguyễn Cát Tường—most often cited as the precursor to the modern áo dài—as a physical entity and as a historical and abstract symbol of modernity. My argument is twofold: first, that Lemur was the first modern Vietnamese designer, evidenced by his engagement in two modern fashion practices—the establishment of an institutionalized system and his proposal for a Vietnamese national costume. Second, I argue that despite protestations of its insignificance, dress served as a ground on which weighty social and cultural battles—such as gender, class, national identity, aesthetics, and modernity itself—were fought.