bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE THEORY AND MODEL : A CONCEPTUAL OBSERVATION
Authors:   Assistant Professor Shyam Lal College (Evening) University of Delhi (India)., Mohan Singh Shailendra
Published: January 2022

This paper outlines the conceptual, contextual and disciplinary scope of the rapidly evolving topic of corporate governance. The aim of this paper is to make a study of different theories and models of corporate governance that have been used globally by analysing strengths and weaknesses for each one. This is to determine which one is the best theory and model and if it can be adopted to different economic systems. Corporate governance theory has tended to look to this theory to guide the decisions of the board of directors in curbing excessive executive power in the hands of management. While useful for this purpose, the Agency Theory provides limited guidance on corporate governance in real life situations which are far more complex. With the blurring of the roles of the principal and the agent, the currently prevalent governance framework, based on the Agency Theory has become self limiting and ineffective. Efforts to supplement the Agency Theory with alternative theoretical frameworks such as the Stakeholder Theory and the Stewardship Theory have, at times, tended to place the board of directors in conflict with their legal obligations to work in the interests of the shareholders. A governance model based on the concept of Trusteeship, while providing fresh insights, suffers from problems in implementation and remains a goal . These alternative frameworks have, therefore, not been of much practical use to the board members in helping them to decide what constitutes the â€œrightâ€ decision. We need new theoretical insights that will take us towards a comprehensive theory of governance. This paper seeks to highlight the various theoretical frameworks for corporate governance.
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: Fahad Aldaihani Saad
Published: January 2022

Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that help ensure the human bodys wellbeing and function. This paper introduces the importance of all vitamins, both water-soluble and fat-soluble, as well as problems deriving from their deficiency. Additionally, vitamin supplements as part of treating vitamin deficiency, and possible harmful effects on the human body areshowcased. The main focus of the paper is on the vitamin B complex, and vitamin B12 specifically. The benefits of vitamin B12, as well as its action in the human body and the noxious effects of any lack of vitamin B12 in the human body, are also discussed. Some of the health conditionsan individual may need to face when they have vitamin B12 deficiency include neural tube defects, Alzheimers disease, depression, and megaloblastic anaemia, which are also introduced and further discussed, in terms of symptomatology, causes and suggested treatment. The toxicity of vitamin B12 is also introduced, and possible causes for vitamin B12 deficiency are showcased.
UNPACKING TEMPORARY PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: FAILURE OF DURABLE SOLUTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Authors: ŞENGÜL İrem
Published: January 2022

Temporary protection has been discussed, promoted, and implemented in different regions (Southeast Asia, Europe, Middle East) since 1970s as a practical response for large-scale refugee movements. Nevertheless, despite its wide usage and implementation, what is meant by temporary protection is not clear, and frequently debated in policy and academic circles. The attempts to standardize/improve temporary protection frameworks dominate the studies on temporary protection. Rather than solely focusing on what is temporary protection or what it should be, this article makes a novel contribution to the literature by asking a neglected question: how and why has the category of temporary protection been developed in the contemporary international refugee regime and with what consequences? By focusing on the policy guidelines, soft-law instruments, and existing literature on temporary protection, it shows that temporary protection has been developed in a top-down manner focusing solely on the state interests. The failure of durable solutions framework in international refugee regime and inherent uncertainties of temporary protection are intrinsically related to each other and their relation is taken as key to unpack the development and consequences of temporary protection regimes. This article concludes that temporary protection both creates and maintains uncertainty as a refugee management strategy which speaks to state interests in the context of the failure traditional durable solutions framework.
A personalized approach to preclinical diagnosis and initial therapy of primary glaucoma based on a comprehensive structural and functional examination. A clinical case
Authors: Zhuravleva A. N. , Zueva M. V. , Petrov S. Y. , Kirillova M. O. , Kosakyan S. M. , Tsapenko I. V.
Published: January 2022

The principles of personalized approach to early diagnosis and monitoring of primary glaucoma are shown by a clinical example. We analyzed the potentials of contemporary electrophysiological tests for preclinically diagnosing glaucoma optic neuropathy and monitoring drug treatment. For the first time, we demonstrated the experience of using a new fixed combination of brinzolamide + brimonidine by a clinical case from our practice. The test results confirm the hypotensive effect of the medication (IOP reduction by 36.2 %) so that it can be recommended for the treatment of patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and that combined with vascular pathology.
Phacoemulsification and calculation of intraocular lenses in patients given keratorefractive surgery. Part 2
Authors: Ioshin I. E.
Published: January 2022

Effective rehabilitation of patients with cataracts who underwent keratorefractive surgeries requires that the optical power of the IOL be calculated correctly to avoid hyperopic error. The purpose of the 2nd part of the research (for the 1st part, see ROJ, 2021; 14 (2): 55–58) is to present the results of cataract phacoemulsification in patients subjected to keratorefractive surgery based on the author’s algorithm for calculating the optical power of the IOL. Material and methods. The algorithm used optical biometry with an IOL-Master device. The main technique of improving the accuracy of IOL calculation after keratorefractive operations has been to introduce amendments to standard IOL calculation formulas. This work proposes an alternative, which consists in using the Hoffer Q formula, as it is more consistent with changes in the anterior segment of the myopic eye after keratorefractive surgery than other basic. The main distinguishing feature of the Hoffer Q formula is that the corneal refraction is not converted into the radius of curvature but is applied directly as the optical power of a “thin lens”. Results. The empirical customized correction was +1.0 D with regard to the estimated planned postoperative refraction (for patients with initial myopia from -3 to -9 D). The use of the “thin lens” principle made it possible to extrapolate this formula and apply it after LASIK surgery and after radial keratotomy. Conclusion. The proposed technique of IOL calculation was implemented for cataract phacoemulsification in over 200 patients who underwent keratorefractive surgeries. No cases of hyperopic shift of postoperative refraction were noted. The deviation from the planned myopic refraction did not exceed 1.0 D.
Treatment of macular diseases: an overview of key randomized clinical trials
Authors: Bobykin E. V. , Morozova O. V. , Beresneva N. S.
Published: January 2022

Macular diseases are traditionally a serious issue in ophthalmology, which has great social impact due to widespread occurrence and significant vision loss, often irreversible. Over the past few decades, the possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies of the retina and choroid have been significantly expanded. Randomized clinical trials provided ophthalmologists with valuable information on the natural course and treatment strategies of common retinal diseases from the viewpoint of evidence-based medicine. However, due to the large number of trials conducted, it is often difficult to make an adequate choice of data to be used in daily practice. In this review, we systematize the most valuable randomized clinical trials. To this end, we selected 42 randomized clinical studies conducted between 1979 and 2019 and focused on the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AREDS 1, AREDS 2, ANCHOR, MARINA, PrONTO, CATT, IVAN, VIEW 1, VIEW 2, EVEREST II, PLANET, SEVEN-UP, ALTAIR, HAWK, HARRIER), choroidal neovascularization of multiple etiology (myopic, post-inflammatory, angioid-streak-related, etc. — RADIANCE, REPAIR, MYRROR, MINERVA), diabetic eye lesions (diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema — ETDRS, DRCR.net Protocols B, I, S and T, RISE, RIDE, VIVID-DME, VISTA-DME, MEAD, FAME), retinal vein occlusions (BVOS, CVOS, SCORE-CRVO, SCORE-BRVO, BRAVO, CRUISE, GALILEO, COPERNICUS, VIBRANT), as well as retinopathy of prematurity (CRYO-ROP, ETROP, RAINBOW). The review summarizes the main results of these studies, which confirm the effectiveness and safety of such treatment methods as antiVEGF and photodynamic therapy, retinal laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, corticosteroids and nutraceuticals from the viewpoint of evidence-based medicine. For greater clarity, we provide a table summarizing information on each of the randomized clinical trials considered.
Modern concept of a new group of retinal vasculitis
Authors: Loskutov I. A. , Kovrizhkina A. A. , Andryuhina O. M.
Published: January 2022

Retinal vasculitis is a rare condition that occurs both in systemic severe diseases and as an adverse event of intraocular drug injections. With the emergence of new anti-VEGF drugs, a number of international authors report on the occurrence of retinal occlusive vasculitis, which led to a decrease in visual acuity. The review presents possible pathogeneses of this condition, approaches to its diagnosis and an algorithm for managing the patients with occlusive vasculitis.
Adverse ocular effects of neuroleptic therapy: semiotics, pathogenesis and treatment
Authors: Panov A. A. , Petukhova A. A. , Malygin Ya. V. , Tsygankov B. D. , Kazanfarova M. A.
Published: January 2022

Antipsychotics are widely used in psychiatric practice for treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other diseases, including those treated off-label. They manifest many adverse effects, including ophthalmic ones. Some of these effects, such as persistent mydriasis, cycloplegia, extraocular muscle dystonia, and visual hypersensitivity attacks are reversible, since they disappear after dose reduction or drug withdrawal. Yet other side effects, such as cataracts, corneal edema, acute angle closure glaucoma and retinopathy are threatening for sight and may lead to permanent visual acuity decline and even blindness. The review provides data on the incidence of ocular side effects (both typical and atypical) of multiple antipsychotics, their clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatment. Eye examination is recommended for patients taking antipsychotics in the early periods of treatment and then twice a year. The psychiatrists need to know about the adverse effects of individual drugs whilst the ophthalmologists should be aware of their semiotics, pathogenesis and treatment, since timely diagnosis and treatment of pathological changes, together with antipsychotic therapy modification, prevent the development of severe and irreversible visual impairment in the majority of cases.
Vascular and vegetative factors of glaucoma attack
Authors: Bakunina N. A. , Kolesnikova L. N. , Poryadin G. V. , Salmasi J. M. , Balashova L. M.
Published: January 2022

Purpose. To study the involvement of vascular and vegetative factors in the pathogenesis of glaucoma attack. Material and methods. 12 patients (24 eyes) aged 49 to 82 — 5 men and 7 women, including 3 patients with acute glaucoma and 9 patients with subacute glaucoma were subjected to an ophthalmological examination that included visometry, tonometry, automated static perimetry, OCT and OCT angiography. They were also tested for heart rate variability (HRV) using a Polar heart rate monitor, and for plasminogen content and products of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation in the tear. For comparison, the contralateral eyes of these patients were examined. Results. In the eyes with an acute glaucoma attack, the vascular network was noticeably weakened, especially in the area of the deep peripapillary vascular plexus at the lamina cribrosa level, and focal capillary loss was observed. The peripapillary density of the deep vascular plexus in the eyes with an acute attack was 33.0 ± 5.6 % (М ± m), which was significantly (p < 0.01) lower as compared to 50.0 ± 4.7 % in the unaffected eyes. This indicator correlated with the thickness of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) (p < 0.01). In unaffected eyes, no correlations were found between these glaucoma-related parameters. A significant amount of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products was found in the tear of glaucoma patients, which may point to a violation of blood circulation in the optic nerve vessels. It has been established that glaucoma attack occurs with increased activity of sympathetic regulation of blood flow. Conclusion. When monitoring this contingent of patients, it is essential to determine the sympathetic-parasympathetic status of the patient. Taking into account the vascular component of the condition, it is expedient to introduce the necessary additions into its treatment plans
The role of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of the leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve and retina
Authors: Grishina E. E. , Ryabtseva A. A. , Andryuhina O. M. , Kovrizhkina A. A.
Published: January 2022

Even though there are multiple diseases of the optic nerve and the retina in patients with hemoblastosis, their ophthalmoscopic picture is similar in many respects. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the differential diagnosis of various manifestations of hemoblastosis in the fundus. Material and methods. From Jan. 2015 to Jan. 2019, 9 patients (5 men and 4 women aged 29 to 72) with hemoblastosis and lesions of the optic nerve and retina were examined. Results. 5 patients were diagnosed with leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve. The remaining 4 patients had, congestive optic discs (1), occlusion of the central retinal vein (1), anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (1), and bilateral occlusion of the central retinal artery with leukemic infiltration of eye membranes (1). The article describes the ophthalmoscopic pictures and OCT data for the specific diseases. Unlike other diseases of the optic nerve and retina, leukemic infiltration is characterized by a pronounced dense edema in the inner layers of the retina with shielding of the underlying outer layers of the retina. Conclusion. OCT is an important additional method for differential diagnosis of leukemic infiltration and other diseases of the optic nerve and retina in patients with hemoblastosis.
A new algorithm of treatment choice in primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Antonov A. A. , Kozlova I. V. , Vitkov A. A. , Agadzhanyan T. M.
Published: January 2022

Purpose: to develop a comprehensive algorithm for choosing the optimal method for monitoring and treating patients with primary openangle glaucoma (POAG). Material and methods. 30 patients with POAG, aged 30 to 86, underwent an ophthalmological examination which included visometry, standard automatic perimetry, tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and biomicroscopy. The data obtained were evaluated on a point scale according to the innovative algorithm, on the basis of which a plan of patient management was recommended. Then the recommendation of the algorithm was compared with the suggestion of an expert specializing in the treatment of glaucoma. Results. The proposed innovative algorithm for treating POAG patients sets up four stages in the appointment of topical hypotensive therapy. When gaining a certain number of points, the algorithm recommends surgical treatment. The treatment tactics suggested by the algorithm, agreed with the opinion of glaucoma expert in most of the cases (27 out of 30 cases; 90%). Conclusion. An algorithm for the treatment of patients with POAG has been proposed and tested. The algorithm makes it possible to assess the progression of the glaucomatous process and select the optimal tactics for managing the patient in real time of examination.
Libro: José Pérez Adán, "Sociología moral" (Madrid: Ideas y Libros ediciones, 2021), 138 pp.
Authors: Ros Codoñer Javier
Published: January 2022

Recensión de la última obra de José Pérez Adán.
Odiseo y la herida infligida a sí mismo
Authors: Calabrese Claudio , Junco Ethel
Published: January 2022

En nuestro trabajo, mostramos que la remembranza de Helena de la herida autoinfligida de Odiseo nos sitúa en un presente eterno, emergiendo "desde" y desapareciendo "en" la naturaleza del hexámetro homérico, et retour, para crear y recrear espacios semánticos que hacen posible el retorno del héroe y la acción heroica, lo que dota a la correlación temporal de un significado inesperado a través de la correspondencia pasado-futuro / futuro-pasado.
Valor del espíritu académico para la Educación en Josef Pieper
Authors: Leonetti Ignacio Sergio
Published: January 2022

El empoderamiento técnico y el giro materialista de los últimos siglos han marcado con una huella indeleble a la humanidad de nuestro tiempo. La guía que podía suponer la vida espiritual enraizada en una metafísica que la sustente se ha desdibujado al compás de la mecanización total de la vida misma. Lamentablemente estas circunstancias se manifiestan en el síntoma de la pérdida de una real comunicación y diálogo entre las personas, problemáticamente reemplazados por el lenguaje formal –y totalitario- de la nueva sofística publicitaria y proselitista.

Frente a esto se alza el pensamiento de Josef Pieper que nos urge a recuperar la vida espiritual en el espíritu de la contemplación para que el hombre se encuentre a sí mismo y a los demás. Para ello, traza como camino esencial el espíritu académico en la Educación Superior. Todas las ciencias –especialmente al ser enseñadas- deben vivir “lo académico” en su sentido más originario para ser forjadoras de almas pensantes y frenar el avance totalitario del automatismo en la vida de cada ser humano.
La bondad divina, principio y fin de la de vida humana
Authors: Martínez Enrique
Published: January 2022

Que la Bondad divina es el principio y fin de todo lo creado y de la vida humana es una tesis fundamental del pensamiento metafísico de santo Tomás de Aquino. En este artículo se explica esta tesis a la luz del siguiente principio: el bien es difusivo de sí por la actualidad del ser, y ello de tal modo que cuanto más participe un ente del ser, tanto más será comunicativo de su perfección. Se describen entonces los diferentes grados de perfección del universo, hasta alcanzar a Dios, que como Ser subsistente es máximamente comunicativo de su Bondad. Se puede dar razón de este modo de la Creación como principio y fin de todo lo creado, que tiende a imitar la Bondad divina buscando su propia perfección; lo cual se da principalmente en la creatura racional, que lo hace por el conocimiento y el amor. Por último, se traslada esta reflexión metafísica a la teológica, referente a la máxima comunicación de la Bondad divina que se realiza en la Encarnación del Verbo, y ordenada a la consecución sobrenatural de aquella Bondad en la visión beatífica. Toda la explicación va complementada con textos de la Divina Comedia, cuya perspectiva metafísica y teológica es la misma que la del Aquinate.
The ways and means of liberal education
Authors: Nicgorski Walter
Published: January 2022

This is the second of three lectures on the theme of Liberal Education and Human Freedom presented late in 2017 as a master class in Catedra Carlos Llano. The lectures were given at Universidad Panamericana’s campuses at Aguascalientes and Mexico City on successive weeks.
Género, feminismo, "woke" y transhumanismo en la culminación de la lógica democrática
Authors: Alvira Domínguez Rafael
Published: January 2022

Ensayo académico
Linguistic Image of a TV Hostess in Chat and Portrait Interviews
Authors: Kravchuk Ye. R.
Published: January 2022

The present study featured the image of a TV hostess in such genres as chat interview and portrait interview. The speech genre is a factor that affects the linguistic image of a media personality. The linguistic image explicates various linguistic means used by TV hostesses to achieve the main goal of the speech genre. The research objective was to demonstrate the interrelation between the TV hostess image and the chat / portrait interview speech genres. The study involved the descriptive method, the qualitative and quantitative content analysis, and the discourse analysis. The linguistic image was analyzed at four levels. Each level revealed units that served as markers of the linguistic image of a TV hostess during chat and portrait interviews. The research results can be applied in theoretical and practical courses of media discourse theory, as well as in special courses of media linguistics, linguistic imagology, and communicative genreology. Further research is required to identify the nonverbal means of the image of a TV hostess in these speech genres.
Translation Pragmatics of Phonic Expressive Means in English Poetic Texts
Authors: Kurakina N. A. , Achinovich I. S.
Published: January 2022

Phono-stylistics is a promising research area. Expressive power of a text depends on its phonetic imagery. The research objective was to identify the pragmatic features of phonic expressive means in translations of contemporary English poetry. The methods included a comparative analysis, phono-semantic and phono-stylistic interpretation of the original poems and their translations, and O. N. Tynyanov's law of versification. The method of sound counting developed by E. V. Elkina and L. S. Yudina was used to calculate the frequency of sounds in the context of phono-semantic analysis in the Russian translations. The method of sound counting designed by Tsoi Vi Chuen Thomas was used to calculate the frequency of sounds in the original English texts. The theoretical foundation of the research was formed by the works by M. A. Balash, G. V. Vekshin, Z. S. Dotmurzieva, V. N. Elkina, A. P. Zhuravlev, L. V. Laenko, F. Miko, L. P. Prokofyeva, E. A. Titov, etc. The study featured the phonics and pragmatics of S. Dugdale’s poem Zaitz and its three translations made by E. Tretyakova, A. Shchetinina, and M. Vinogradova, and C. E. Duffy’s Anne Hathaway translated by Yu. Fokina. The author compared the pragmatics of sound imagery in the English originals and their Russian translations. The research made it possible to define the role of sound imagery in the poetic discourse, as well as the relationship between the sound organization of poetic speech and the pragmatic value at the phonographic level. The results can be used in courses of translation, stylistics, and phonetics.
Basic Signs of the Concepts of Bogatstvo and Wealth in Russian and English Language Pictures of the World
Authors: Mendesheva M. M.
Published: January 2022

The article compares the motivating signs of the concepts of bogatstvo and wealth based on eleven Russian etymological dictionaries and seven English etymological and four explanatory dictionaries. The author analyzed the words bogatstvo and wealth as the main representatives of the concepts in question and identified their motivating signs. The interpretation relied on the theory of mentality. The Russian concept of bogatstvo appeared to have 15 motivating sings that could be grouped into five blocks: 1) material wealth, 2) allocation of resources, 3) a share of property, 4) spiritual wealth, 5) values. The English concept of wealth demonstrated fourteen motivating signs represented as three blocks: 1) material wealth, 2) values, 3) spiritual wealth.
Denotation Variation Degree of Linguistic Sign: an Experimental Study of Interpretative Activity
Authors: Satuchina T. Yu.
Published: January 2022

This article features the concept of denotation variation degree of the linguistic sign, which remains largely understudied. The research introduced the term "denotation variation degree" and revealed its practical and theoretic significance, both for general linguistics and for particular aspects related to the world denotation variation degree as part of individual interpretation. The objective was to describe the denotation variation degree as high or low based on specific vocabulary. The linguistic experiment included two steps; speakers were given a model situation and asked to interpret a definition. Test results demonstrated a low variation degree at the level of the word and denotation correlation because the denotate component had a low potential for notional plurality. High variation degree appeared in connotative and associational word components with a higher potential for the different notional variants.
To the Question of Neuter Gender Toponyms’ Declention Ending on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno
Authors: Teikin M. S.
Published: January 2022

The present paper deals with the issue concerning neuter gender toponyms’ declension ending on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno in Russian language. Until the 20th century, these place names had been changed in cases steadily; in the middle of the century, a tendency outlined not to decline these toponyms despite the valid rule. The researchers highlight three reasons for distribution of this phenomenon: the professional speech of military men and topographers, the influence of non-Slavic indeclinable neuter gender toponyms, the attempt to eliminate the possible confusion of neuter and masculine nouns that have the same basis. The author estimates the reliability of the reasons that toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno appeared in indeclinable form, determines the possibility of these reasons to influence on deviation from the normative practice and makes an independent research based on available material. The main factor that strongly fastened in practice the non-declension of toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno is the society in which Russian language functioned for the most of 20th century. That was the totalitarian period with its cult of a simple man and orientation on the least educated; this circumstance could not but play in favour for distribution of multiple deviations from the literary norm. In addition, the appearance of numerous toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno formed from the surnames of the communist chiefs (Stalino, Lenino, Kalinino, Ulyanovo, Kuybyshevo, etc.), in indirect cases, created a dangerous analogy with the Soviet leaders, which could contribute in expansion of non-declension.
Life and Work of Lieutenant Colonel of Militia Alexey N. Ovchinnikov in 1920s – 1941
Authors: Ovchinnikov V. A. , Suverov E. V.
Published: January 2022

This article reconstructs the early history of the Soviet militia in Western Siberia. The research was based on the personal archive of Lieutenant Colonel A. N. Ovchinnikov and previously unpublished official documents stored in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Altai Krai and in the Novosibirsk Region. The research featured A. N. Ovchinnikov’s professional activity and personal participation in the development of militia in the Altai Krai and Kuzbass. When A. N. Ovchinnikov joined the militia forces, the institution was undergoing some radical reforms, e.g. it merged with the Joint State Political Directorate, became militarized and politicized, etc. In the 1920s – 1940s, the Soviet militia turned into a command and administrative system that made collectivization and industrialization possible. Militia officers were evaluated not only by their professional qualities, but also by their party affiliation, political views, and education. The sources made it possible to reveal A. N. Ovchinnikov’s personal position in the process of militia development in the 1930s – 1940s. Despite the constant personnel shortage and the low level of education, the party managed to improve the discipline, qualifications, moral qualities, and political consciousness of militia officers, thus increasing their performance. The authors believe that personal historic narratives can be a valuable contribution to the historical studies of Soviet militia.
"People are Crying, but I Can’t Stop Laughing": Protest Reaction of the Deportees of Tomsk region to Joseph Stalin’s Death
Authors: Filippenko O. V.
Published: January 2022

The research featured special reports from the Tomsk Department of State Security about the “anti-Soviet” protest movement of Tomsk deportees in the first months after Joseph Stalin's death. The analysis revealed how the deportees adapted to the authority demands and imitated their loyalty to the system, even when the regime positions was clearly weakened. The author analyzed the sanctions imposed on the deportees and the behavior of the local punitive officials, who received no instructions from Moscow. Most likely, the “anti-Soviet” behavior was not so much a purposeful protest as an irrational reaction to such an extraordinary event as Joseph Stalin's death. The responsive actions of the Regional Department of State Security did not follow the new course of Soviet policy but rather the behavioral patterns formed during the Stalin era: violators were identified and punished severely and demonstratively.
Effect of price and promotion on customer loyalty of domestic and export coal in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Firdaus Muhammad , Wahab Zakaria , Widiyanti Marlina , Shihab Muchsin Saggaf
Published: January 2022

This study was conducted to determine the effect of price and promotion on the loyalty of domestic and export coal customers during the COVID 19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The population in this study were all domestic and export coal consumers who made purchases during the COVID-19 pandemic at PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk in 2020 as many as 58 companies. Determining the sample in this study uses a purposive sampling technique. With consideration to save time and effort and get more accurate results, the number of samples used in this study was 100 respondents distributed through distributing questionnaires. The multiple linear regression analysis results show that price has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty for domestic and export coal during the COVID-19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. Sales promotion positively and significantly affected customer loyalty for domestic and export coal during the COVID 19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The price variable is expected to make adjustments in determining the price of coal by surveying competitors who sell coal. In the sales promotion variable, it is expected that the company can improve in doing more attractive advertising.
shift of lexicon in traditional technology system in Tolaki community at Konawe district of Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Takwa Takwa , Arafah Burhanuddin , Kaharuddin Kaharuddin , Putra Eko , Masrur Masrur , Arafah Azhariah Nur B.
Published: January 2022

This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.
rights to enjoy benefit from social insurance of the femalelabor
Authors: Diep Dao Mong , Khanh Nguyen Dao Mai , Dong Dao The
Published: January 2022

Social insurance is the mainstay of the social security policy associated with the employee. The right to have social insurance is the basic and specific right associated with a female worker. This group right includes the right to enjoy the sickness benefit, maternity benefit, Work Injury, Occupational Disease Benefit, Old-age Benefit, Survivor’s Benefit, Medical Benefit (Health Insurance). The state has promulgated the Labor Code, the Law on Social Insurance, and other legal documents to create an implementation guide in order to build an effective legal corridor to protect the rights of female employees in enjoying social insurance. However, in reality, the right to enjoy social insurance of female employees is violated, and there is a gap between legal provisions and practical applications. This scientific paper evaluates the current status of legal provisions on the right to enjoy social insurance of female employees and the practical application of the law. From there, this paper proposes some solutions to improve the law on the right to enjoy social insurance of female employees.
Determinants of credit risk at Vietnam bank for agriculture and rural developments in Can Tho City
Authors:   Faculty of Economics, University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, et al. Dang
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to investigate factors affecting credit risks of the borrowers (both corporate and individual customers) of Vietnam bank for agriculture and rural development's branch at Can Tho city (lender), thereby proposing several solutions to improve the bank’s operational efficiency in the upcoming years. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative research methods are applied and secondary data from 102 corporate customers and 2100 individual clients are collected directly from the financial report of the Can Tho branch of Vietnam bank for agriculture and rural development (Agribank) until the end of 2018. A binary logistics model is employed to identify the determinant factors of the credit risk of bank customers. Estimation results reveal that the credit risk of corporate customers is affected by the factors of sales growth, return on sales ratio, Debt to equity ratio, collateral-to-outstanding loan balance ratio, and customer's loan history which are consistent with those of previous studies, whereas the credit risk of individual customers is influenced by the factors of age, educational level, loan purpose, loan maturity, type of collateral, customer income, and customer loan history, which are confirmed by previous studies. The empirical findings of the article imply that the Can Tho branch of Agribank should take precautions in order to limit the credit risk of bank customers. In addition, several governance recommendations are given for bank’s manager to improve the operational efficiency of bank.
Predicting Working Memory in Healthy Older Adults Using Real-Life Language and Social Context Information: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Ferrario Andrea , Luo Minxia , Polsinelli Angelina J , Moseley Suzanne A , Mehl Matthias R , Yordanova Kristina , Martin Mike , Demiray Burcu
Published: January 2022

Background

Language use and social interactions have demonstrated a close relationship with cognitive measures. It is important to improve the understanding of language use and behavioral indicators from social context to study the early prediction of cognitive decline among healthy populations of older adults.

Objective

This study aimed at predicting an important cognitive ability, working memory, of 98 healthy older adults participating in a 4-day-long naturalistic observation study. We used linguistic measures, part-of-speech (POS) tags, and social context information extracted from 7450 real-life audio recordings of their everyday conversations.

Methods

The methods in this study comprise (1) the generation of linguistic measures, representing idea density, vocabulary richness, and grammatical complexity, as well as POS tags with natural language processing (NLP) from the transcripts of real-life conversations and (2) the training of machine learning models to predict working memory using linguistic measures, POS tags, and social context information. We measured working memory using (1) the Keep Track test, (2) the Consonant Updating test, and (3) a composite score based on the Keep Track and Consonant Updating tests. We trained machine learning models using random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and light gradient boosting machine algorithms, implementing repeated cross-validation with different numbers of folds and repeats and recursive feature elimination to avoid overfitting.

Results

For all three prediction routines, models comprising linguistic measures, POS tags, and social context information improved the baseline performance on the validation folds. The best model for the Keep Track prediction routine comprised linguistic measures, POS tags, and social context variables. The best models for prediction of the Consonant Updating score and the composite working memory score comprised POS tags only.

Conclusions

The results suggest that machine learning and NLP may support the prediction of working memory using, in particular, linguistic measures and social context information extracted from the everyday conversations of healthy older adults. Our findings may support the design of an early warning system to be used in longitudinal studies that collects cognitive ability scores and records real-life conversations unobtrusively. This system may support the timely detection of early cognitive decline. In particular, the use of a privacy-sensitive passive monitoring technology would allow for the design of a program of interventions to enable strategies and treatments to decrease or avoid early cognitive decline.
A Stanford Conference on Social Media, Ethics, and COVID-19 Misinformation (INFODEMIC): Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Authors: Gisondi Michael A , Chambers Daniel , La Tatum Minh , Ryan Alexa , Shankar Adyant , Xue Athena , Barber Rachel Anne
Published: January 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to challenge the world’s population, with approximately 266 million cases and 5 million deaths to date. COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation led to vaccine hesitancy among the public, particularly in vulnerable communities, which persists today. Social media companies are attempting to curb the ongoing spread of an overwhelming amount of COVID-19 misinformation on their platforms. In response to this problem, the authors hosted INFODEMIC: A Stanford Conference on Social Media and COVID-19 Misinformation (INFODEMIC) to develop best practices for social media companies to mitigate online misinformation and disinformation.

Objective

The primary aim of this study was to develop recommendations for social media companies to address the COVID-19 infodemic. We report the methods used to execute the INFODEMIC conference, conference attendee engagement and analytics, and a qualitative thematic analysis of the conference presentations. The primary study outcomes were the identified themes and corresponding recommendations.

Methods

Using a constructivist paradigm, we conducted a thematic analysis of the 6-hour conference transcript to develop best practice recommendations. The INFODEMIC conference was the study intervention, the conference speakers were the study participants, and transcripts of their presentations were the data for this study. We followed the 6-step framework for thematic analysis described by Braun and Clarke. We also used descriptive statistics to report measures of conference engagement including registrations, viewership, post-conference asynchronous participation, and conference evaluations.

Results

A total of 26 participants spoke at the virtual conference and represented a wide array of occupations, expertise, and countries of origin. From their remarks, we identified 18 response categories and 4 themes: trust, equity, social media practices, and interorganizational partnerships. From these, a total of 16 best practice recommendations were formulated for social media companies, health care organizations, and the general public. These recommendations focused on rebuilding trust in science and medicine among certain communities, redesigning social media platforms and algorithms to reduce the spread of misinformation, improving partnerships between key stakeholders, and educating the public to critically analyze online information. Of the 1090 conference registrants, 587 (53.9%) attended the live conference, and another 9996 individuals viewed or listened to the conference recordings asynchronously. Conference evaluations averaged 8.9 (best=10).

Conclusions

Social media companies play a significant role in the COVID-19 infodemic and should adopt evidence-based measures to mitigate misinformation on their platforms.
El ecoturismo, ¿solución o parte del problema de la economía de cuidados?
Authors: Suárez Gutiérrez Gloria Mariel , Estrada Lugo Erin Ingrid Jane , Serrano Barquín Rocío , María José Pastor Alfonso , Georgina Sánchez Ramiréz
Published: January 2022

La presente investigación se realiza en dos centros ecoturísticos del estado de Chiapas, uno en la zona de la Selva Lacandona y el otro en el Soconusco. Buscamos visibilizar el efecto del ecoturismo desarrollado en comunidades indígenas en sus dimensiones reproductivas y productivas, bajo la perspectiva de género y la economía de cuidados. La investigación tiene sus bases en los estudios de caso y dentro de las herramientas utilizadas, tenemos la observación participante, diario de campo y entrevistas. Entre las conclusiones vemos el trabajo diferencial que desempeñan hombres y mujeres, evidenciando los patrones socioculturales que reproducen los roles hegemónicos de género, aunado a que el ecoturismo no contempla el reparto equitativo, desvalorizando e invisibilizando el trabajo de cuidados de las mujeres en la actividad productiva y reproductiva.
Una propuesta para el análisis microrregional de las violencias, las subjetividades y el conflicto
Authors: Mejía Carrasco Evelyn
Published: January 2022

Este artículo expone la estrategia metodológica y analítica utilizada para explorar los sentidos y significaciones sociales atribuidos a las violencias de represión y resistencia vividas por las y los miembros de las asambleas Ikojt de San Dionisio del Mar y Binnizá de Juchitán de Zaragoza en el marco de los conflictos por los parques de energía eólica en el periodo 2012-2014. Asimismo, comparte los principales resultados obtenidos por el análisis cualitativo comparativo realizado sobre los escenarios de violencia que marcaron las trayectorias de ambos conflictos y detonaron procesos de significación, subjetivación y desubjetivación inherentes al ámbito de lo político.
Impartiality
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik
Published: January 2022

Famous philosopher Brian Barry defines social justice as impartiality. Bo Rothstein follows his path when defining the concept òf corruption as partiality. Barry argued that his definition no one could “reasonable reject”, i.e., it fulfills the criterion on justice. Wright put forward the idea that action is to be explained by “the thing to do”, i.e., what is reasonable. Perhaps, then partiality is the thing not to do because reasonable rejected?
EVALUATION OF ANTI-GLYCATION EFFECT AND SAFETY OF SERUM ANTI-AGING FORMULATION CONTAINING GOLD NANOPARTICLES (AUNP) USING SIDAGURI EXTRACT (SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA)
Authors: WALUYO DYAH AYUWATI , SUTRIYO
Published: January 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the anti-aging properties and safety of serum containing gold nanoparticles (AuNP) using Sidaguri extract (Sida rhombifolia) through their anti-glycation effect.
Methods: The anti-aging effect of serum was performed in vitro by measuring advance glycation end products (AGEs) formed during incubation using a Microplate reader, and safety of serum was performed using hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) method using White Leghorn egg.
Results: The study showed that serum formulation had an anti-glycation effect with inhibition percentages are 68.20±6.86% and 74.83%±19.91% for a serum containing 10% and 20% gold nanoparticles and little to no irritation potency for both serum formulations with RI value 0.0 and 0.0, respectively.
Conclusion: Due to both their anti-glycation effect and irritation behavior, serum formulation containing gold nanoparticle synthesized using Sidaguri extracts could be utilized as anti-aging cosmetics in the future.
METHOD VALIDATION OF SIMVASTATIN IN PCL-PEG-PCL TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLES USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC FOR SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT ASSAY
Authors: PATMAYUNI DEWI , SULAIMAN T. N. SAIFULLAH , ZULKARNAIN ABDUL KARIM , SHIYAN SHAUM
Published: January 2022

Objective: This study aims to increase the solubility of simvastatin (SIM), a hydrophobic drug, by incorporating it into PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer micelles and validating the assay method used, namely Uv-Vis spectrophotometric.
Methods: The shake flask method was used to determine the increase in solubility experienced by SIM after being incorporated into the micellar system. The values ​​of maximum wavelength (λmax), linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and precision were used as parameters measured to assess the validity of the assay method used.
Results: The results showed that PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer micelles could increase SIM solubility by 9.7 times (89.49±5.75 µg/ml) compared to SIM without modification (9.19±0.24 µg/ml). The validation results show the λmax value of 239 nm, a linear calibration curve with an R-value of 0.9994, LOD and LOQ of 0.33 µg/ml and 1.00 µg/ml, accurate measurement with recovery at concentrations of 80%, 100%, and 120% were 102.93±1.32%, 100.78±0.40%, and 104.58±0.79% and also had good precision ​​with RSD<2%.
Conclusion: The PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer micelles can increase SIM solubility and the Uv-Vis spectrophotometric method has been validated successfully for the quantitative analysis of SIM in PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer micelles.
STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ETHOSOMAL MICONAZOLE NITRATE SUSPENSION
Authors: MADHURI N. , TEJASWINI N. , PATEL MEENAL , JYOTHI P. , JYOTHSNA K. , MALLIKARJUN P. N.
Published: January 2022

Objective: The objectives of the present study were to optimize and evaluate the ethosomal suspension of miconazole nitrate for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections.
Methods: Miconazole topical formulation is prepared for better patient compliance and to reduce the dose of a drug. Miconazole nitrate ethosomes were prepared by the cold method using factorial designing with Ethanol(X1), IPA(Isopropyl alcohol)(X2), and Lecithin(X3) as Independent variables and % EE(Entrapment efficiency)(Y1) and % DR(drug release at 8th h)(Y2) was selected as responses.
Results: The results obtained in the design showed that there was no significant interaction among factors. The lecithin concentration had a positive response on % EE, while ethanol concentration and IPA had a positive effect. For % DR, Ethanol, and IPA showed a positive effect and Lecithin had a negative response. The formulation EM22 (3 ml X1,3 ml X2 and 300 mg of X3) characterized by high % EE(77.3 %) and optimum % DR(94.2%) and formulation EM6 (2 ml X1,2 ml X2 and 100 mg of X3) characterized by high % DR(97.32 %) and optimum % EE (74.8 %). EM22 was incorporated in the gel as it is showing more entrapment efficiency and compared with the marketed product for drug release.
Conclusion: From the result, it was concluded that formulated ethosomal suspension and optimized gel have more drug release than marketed formulation so that formulated suspension can be used for the preparation of antifungal gels, creams, ointments for sustained release.