bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Use of Licorice Leaf Powder on the Productive Performance of Layers Chicken ISA Brown
Authors: Sameerah Hussein Amen  , Ammar Qahtan Shanoon  , Rashid Hassan Hamid  , Esraa Kaiser Fares
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted in the field of poultry for the Department of Livestock - Faculty of Agriculture -Kirkuk University for the period 10/14 until 2019/12/9 To find out the effect of different levels of glyyrrhizaglabra leaf powder on productive performance and some of the fascal qualities of blood and intestinalflora of white chicken. In this experiment In this experiment, 28 chickens at the age of 24 weeks wereused., randomly distributed to the cages with five treatments and a rate of two repeaters per treatments(2b/treatments), the first treatments (control) diet without any addition while the second, third, fourth andfifth treatment was taken on a scent edited by Glyyrrhiza glabra 0.25, 0.5.0.75, 0.1% respectively, Theexperiment period of 56 days was divided into three equal periods (14 days/ period). I has shown in theproductive qualities produced in the rate of egg production in the first period significant different the third,fourth and fifth treatments and in the general rate significant different the fourth and fifth treatments In theaverage weight of the eggs, there were no significant differences between the treatments. We note in theegg mass rate in the second period the fifth treatments significant different on the other treatments. At thegeneral rate, the treatment fourth and fifth on the other treatments In the rate of feed consumption shows asignificant different in the first and second periods and the general rate in the fourth and fifth treatments onthe other treatments and in the third periods significant different the fifth treatments In the food conversion.
Correlación entre trastornos afectivos en padres y el funcionamiento cognitivo de niños y adolescentes en Caldas-Colombia
Authors: Agudelo-Hernández Andrés Felipe , De la Portilla Maya Sonia , Delgado-Reyes Andrés Camilo , Sánchez López Jessica Valeria , Cardona Porras Luisa Fernanda
Published: June 2021

Antecedentes: La depresión, puede afectar el funcionamiento social y emocional de los padres, haciéndolos menos disponibles para sus hijos. Los niños y adolescentes con madres deprimidas tienen mayores alteraciones en la atención, funciones ejecutivas, memoria de trabajo y toma de decisiones, con impacto a nivel socioemocional y escolar. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre los trastornos afectivos en cuidadores principales y el funcionamiento cognitivo en niños y adolescentes. Metodología: Investigación de tipo descriptivo correlacional, de carácter transversal. Muestra: 171 niños y adolescentes del programa Manizales Elige la Vida, con sus padres o cuidadores: 120 con dificultades afectivo-comportamentales y 51 sin estas dificultades. Instrumentos: PHQ-9 para cuidadores y protocolo de evaluación adaptado de la evaluación neuropsicológica infantil (ENI), Trail Making test y prorrateo de la escala de inteligencia WISC-IV. Resultados: 39% de los cuidadores presentaron síntomas depresivos agudos. En cuanto a la correlación entre depresión en cuidadores (medidos con el PHQ-9) y las variables de las pruebas neuropsicológicas de los niños, se encontró asociación significativa entre alteraciones en funciones atencionales, ejecutivas y de rendimiento cognitivo: Dígitos en regresión (p= 0,0022), TMT-A (p= 0,024) y Cancelación de letras (p= 0,024) Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación entre síntomas depresivos agudos en cuidadores, y alteración de la atención y funciones ejecutivas en niños, así como también, una asociación entre rendimiento cognitivo del niño y antecedentes de familiares con trastornos afectivos.
Una reflexión crítica sobre la enseñanza clínica del derecho como modelo pedagógico
Authors: Vásquez Santamaría Jorge Eduardo
Published: June 2021

La Universidad Católica Luis Amigó ha seguido la enseñanza clínica del derecho como un componente del proceso de formación de los abogados. En ese escenario emergió la pregunta ¿Por qué se debe dejar de comprender la enseñanza clínica del derecho como un modelo pedagógico para asumir en la tipología de enfoque de Enseñanza y Aprendizaje Clínico del Derecho (EACD)? Con base en una investigación cualitativa, hermenéutica y con estudio de caso, se retoman los orígenes de las Clínicas Jurídicas (CJ) como las figuras que visibilizan la EACD, se enfatiza en la enseñanza clínica del derecho como la modalidad inicial que hoy sirve para repensar la tipología de modelo, y se presenta una propuesta de fundamentación como enfoque pedagógico. Entre las conclusiones sobresalen que el soporte pedagógico en el que tienen lugar los colectivos clínicos no debe ser necesariamente un modelo de enseñanza clínica del derecho sino un enfoque de EACD, y que la aplicación del método clínico puede estar respaldado en la investigación como proceso para la aprehensión y generación de conocimiento, pero no es un elemento del que dependa el enfoque pedagógico de EACD.
PARTICLES OF OUR WORLD
Authors: Хурамшин Иштимер Шагалиевич
Published: June 2021

На основе концепции циклической космологии обсуждается возможность формирования и строения первичных частиц, глюонов и темной энергии. Переход энергии в частицы основаны в превращениях лучистой энергии в фотонные частицы под действием гравитации, которые образуют адроны и лептоны, а также определены их свойства.

Based on the concept of cyclic cosmology, the possibility of the formation and structure of primary particles, gluons, and dark energy is discussed. The transformation of energy into particles is based on the transformation of radiant energy into photonic particles under the influence of gravity, which form hadrons and leptons, and their properties are determined.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN FORMING INNOVATIVE CLUSTERS AS THE BASIC TOOLS TO ENSURE THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: Петрова Елена Александровна , Буянова Марина Эдуардовна , Лапина Марина Сергеевна
Published: June 2021

В статье рассмотрен опыт внедрения кластерного подхода в экономику Китая. Сделан вывод о том, что процесс формирования инновационных кластеров и реализуемая кластерная политика на определенной территории является мощным инструментом для стимулирования развития территорий и обеспечения экономической безопасности на макро- и мезоуровне.

The article discusses the experience of introducing the cluster approach into the Chinese economy. It is concluded that the process of formation of innovative clusters and the implemented cluster policy in a certain territory is a powerful tool for stimulating the development of territories and ensuring economic security at the macro and meso levels.
GENDER MANIPULATION IN TELEVISION ADVERTISING
Authors: Жеребцова Злата Андреевна
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена исследованию манипулятивного воздействия телевизионной рекламы на массового потребителя с учетом гендерного подхода. Автор рассматривает гендерные стереотипы как манипулятивный прием в коммерческой телевизионной рекламе и анализирует особенности его использования в продвижении российских брендов.

The article is devoted to the study of the manipulative impact of television advertising on the mass consumer, taking into account the gender approach. The author considers gender stereotypes as a manipulative technique in commercial television advertising and analyzes the features of its use in the promotion of russian brands.
COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE IN RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW: TRENDS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Прудникова Альбина Евгеньевна , Никитина Наталья Александровна
Published: June 2021

Данная статья посвящена тенденциям судебной практики компенсации морального вреда. В статье автор исследует авторские подходы к определению понятия «моральный вред», рассматривает основания и размер компенсация морального вреда. Проанализировав судебную практику, автор выявляет проблемы возмещения указанной компенсации.

This article is devoted to trends in judicial practice of compensation for moral damage. In the article the author examines the author's approaches to the definition of the concept of "moral harm", examines the grounds and amount of compensation for moral harm. After analyzing the judicial practice, the author identifies the problems of reimbursing the said compensation.
ON THE CONCEPT OF FIQH AND RESPONSIBILITY IN THE SYSTEM OF MUSLIM LAW
Authors: Идрисов Хусейн Вахаевич
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена правовой характеристике фикха и ответственности в мусульманской системе права. Перечислены этапы возникновения и развития фикха. В статье выявляется трехуровневая система наказаний по мусульманскому праву, элементами которой являются такие виды наказаний как: «худуд», «кисас» и «тазир». В заключении работы формулируется вывод о том, что фикх представляет из себя совокупность теоретических знаний об исламской вере и ее практических положений правоприменения (Шариат) на основе норм главных источников мусульманской системы права - Священного Корана и Сунны Пророка Мухаммада (да благословит его Аллах и приветствует).

The article is devoted to the legal characteristics of fiqh and responsibility in the Muslim legal system. The stages of the origin and development of fiqh are listed. The article reveals a three-level system of punishments under Muslim law, the elements of which are such types of punishments as: "Hudud", "qisas" and "tazir". In conclusion, the article concludes that fiqh is characterized as a set of theoretical knowledge about the Islamic faith and its practical provisions of law enforcement (Sharia) based on the norms of the main sources of the Muslim legal system - the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
Salience effects in information acquisition: No evidence for a top-down coherence influence
Authors: Bröder Arndt , Scharf Sophie , Jekel Marc , Glöckner Andreas , Franke Nicole
Published: June 2021

The Integrated Coherence-Based Decision and Search (iCodes) model proposed by Jekel et al. (Psychological Review,125 (5), 744–768, 2018) formalizes both decision making and pre-decisional information search as coherence-maximization processes in an interactive network. Next to bottom-up attribute influences, the coherence of option information exerts a top-down influence on the search processes in this model, predicting the tendency to continue information search with the currently most attractive option. This hallmark “attraction search effect” (ASE) has been demonstrated in several studies. In three experiments with 250 participants altogether, a more subtle prediction of an extended version of iCodes including exogenous influence factors was tested: The salience of information is assumed to have both a direct (bottom-up) and an indirect (top-down) effect on search, the latter driven by the match between information valence and option attractiveness. The results of the experiments largely agree in (1) showing a strong ASE, (2) demonstrating a bottom-up salience effect on search, but (3) suggesting the absence of the hypothesized indirect top-down salience effect. Hence, only two of three model predictions were confirmed. Implications for various implementations of exogenous factors in the iCodes model are discussed.
Learning to Read in a Local Language in Uganda: Creating Learner Profiles to Track Progress and Guide Instruction Using Early Grade Reading Assessment Results
Authors: Dubeck Margaret M. , Stern Jonathan M. B. , Nabacwa Rehemah
Published: June 2021

The Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) is used to evaluate studies and monitor projects that address reading skills in low- and middle-income countries. Results are often described solely in terms of a passage-reading subtask, thereby overlooking progress in related skills. Using archival data of cohort samples from Uganda at two time points in three languages (Ganda, Lango, and Runyankore-Rukiga), we explored a methodology that uses passage-reading results to create five learner profiles: Nonreader, Beginner, Instructional, Fluent, and Next-Level Ready. We compared learner profiles with results on other subtasks to identify the skills students would need to develop to progress from one profile to another. We then used regression models to determine whether students’ learner profiles were related to their results on the various subtasks. We found membership in four categories. We also found a shift in the distribution of learner profiles from Grade 1 to Grade 4, which is useful for establishing program effectiveness. The distribution of profiles within grades expanded as students progressed through the early elementary grades. We recommend that those who are discussing EGRA results describe students by profiles and by the numbers that shift from one profile to another over time. Doing so would help describe abilities and instructional needs and would show changes in a meaningful way.
Addition to a checklist of the water mites of Turkey (Acari: Hydrachnidia) with description of two new species
Authors: Pešić Vladimir , Erman Orhan , Esen Yunus
Published: June 2021

In the publication of Erman et al. (2010), the depository for the holotypes of Atractides (Atractides) anatolicus Pešić, Erman & Esen sp. nov.  and Atractides (Atractides) martini Pešić, Erman & Esen sp. nov., respectively, was not given. Therefore, the names of both species are invalid (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Art. 16.4.2). We declare here that the holotype male of Atractides anatolicus and the holotype male of Atractides martini are deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden (RMNH). The purpose of this note is to validate the name of both new species (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Art. 13.1.2).
Implementation Research Training Framework 2.0: Making the whole greater than the parts
Authors:   United Nations University International Institute for Global Health
Published: June 2021

Clinical innovations alone do not generate public health impact. Implementation research (IR) is a powerful tool for identifying the bottlenecks impeding scale up efforts and helping to turn scientifically tested solutions into routine practice. To enhance the ability of investigators in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to design, conduct and interpret IR, several actors, such as the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), have sought to strengthen researchers' capacity to design and undertake IR. This report outlines the development of a new framework for IR training in LMICs to inspire thinking and discussion on how training approaches can best serve learners' needs.
Factores asociados al uso de condón en hombres y mujeres con parejas no conyugales no convivientes en Panamá
Authors: Chamorro Fermina , Stocel Selvis , Rodríguez Faride , De León Ruth
Published: June 2021

Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia y factores asociados al uso del condón en la última relación sexual con una pareja no conyugal no conviviente (PNCC) entre aquellos que mantuvieron relaciones con este tipo de parejas en los últimos 12 meses. Métodos. Análisis secundario de 3261 entrevistados con PNCC de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (ENASSER) 2015, utilizando regresión logística multivariada para identificar asociaciones entre características sociodemográficas, acceso a servicios, comportamiento, y violencia de pareja con el uso del condón. Resultados. El 54% de los entrevistados usó condón en la última relación sexual. El análisis ajustado muestra que los hombres (aOR=2.89; p<0.001) tienen mayores oportunidades de usar condón. Estas oportunidades disminuyen con la edad y aumentan con el bienestar: menor en el grupo de 25-49 (aOR=0.47; p<0.001) y 20-24 (aOR=0.51; p=0.019) en comparación con el grupo de 15-19 años, mayor en hogares con bienestar alto (aOR=2.48; p<0.001) y medio (aOR=1.83; p=0.034), viviendo en áreas no comarcales (aOR=1.74; p=0.026), con trabajadora sexual/casual/conocido (aOR=6.82; p<0.001), novio/novia (aOR=3.41; p<0.001) como última pareja sexual. En las mujeres, las oportunidades eran mayores si vivían en áreas no comarcales (aOR=2.95; p=0.021), con trabajadora sexual/casual/conocido como última pareja sexual (aOR=3.99; p=0.001); y baja con menor educación (noveno grado o menos) (aOR=0.55; p=0.031), y si sufrió violencia por parte de una pareja en los últimos 12 meses (aOR=0.43; p=0.027). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de uso del condón con PNCC fue baja. Los factores asociados fueron sexo, edad, residencia, bienestar, tipo de pareja y violencia reciente en las mujeres.
Short-term periodicities observed in neutron monitor counting rates
Authors: López-Comazzi Alejandro , Blanco Juan José
Published: June 2021

The main objective is to check whether the periodicities observed in the cosmic rays in the interval 2013-2018 are affected by the magnetic rigidity or the height at which the
neutron monitors are placed. A Global Neutron Monitor (GNM) has been defined as representative of the neutron monitor global network. The Morlet wave - let analysis is applied to
the GNM and the selected solar activity parameters to find out common periodicities. Short-term periodicities of 13.5, 27, 48, 92, 132 and 298 days have been observed in cosmic ray
intensity. A clear inverse relationship between rigidity and spectral power has been obtained for the 13.5, 48, 92, 132-day periods. A not so clear but still observed direct
relationship between the height of the neutron monitors and the spectral power for the 48, 92, 132-day periods has been also found. The periodicity of 92 days is the one which
shows the highest dependence with rigidity cutoff and height. As far as we know, this is the first time that these dependencies are reported. We think that these observations
could be explained by assuming some cosmic ray intensity energy dependence in such periodicities and a competitive effect between rigidity and height.
Antithetical Minds: Eliot’s Byron and Byron’s Burns
Authors: Phipps Jake
Published: June 2021

This article examines the influence which Robert Burns had on Lord Byron’s poetry and his creation of the Byronic Hero, while also viewing T.S. Eliot’s 1937 essay on Byron as a significant piece of Byron criticism – useful not just for its insights on Byron, but for the affinities it reveals between Byron and Burns, and in turn, what it reveals about some of Eliot’s own critical and poetic practices. Eliot ranked Byron as second only to Chaucer in terms of ‘readability’, and praised him for his gifts as a tale-teller and his art of digression. I argue that Burns’s poem ‘Tam O’Shanter’ was an important source for the techniques of digression and self-conscious performance found in
Don Juan
, as well as for Byron’s conception of the Byronic Hero, where, again, ‘Tam O’Shanter’, and
The Jolly Beggars
, are particularly illuminating.
Don Juan
, the Law and Byronic Self-Defence
Authors: Milne Fiona
Published: June 2021

From the publication of the first two cantos of
Don Juan
in 1819, the poem’s legal status was in doubt. Although never found blasphemous or seditious in a criminal court, Byron’s copyright in
Don Juan
was not upheld by the civil courts, owing to the possibility that the poem might be ‘injurious’ to the public. Alongside these courtroom debates, Byron and his poetry came under increasingly intense scrutiny before the figurative ‘tribunal of the public’, in periodicals and newspapers. Reviewers and commentators appraised
Don Juan
in the vocabulary of the criminal law, assuming the roles of advocate, jury and judge. This article analyses some of these legal and quasi-legal attacks, and investigates how Byron engaged with them.
Don Juan
, I propose, bears traces of the legal pressures Byron faced, absorbing the threat of criminal prosecution and exploring the question of what an oppositional statement of self-defence might look like.
Going Beyond the Lyrical: A.E. Stallings’s Engagement with
Don Juan
Authors: Dowling Gregory
Published: June 2021

A.E. Stallings has long shown an interest in the poetry of Lord Byron. When invited to contribute to
A Modern Don Juan
(edited by Andy Croft and N.S. Thompson, 2014) she accepted with alacrity; the experiment in writing
ottava rima
proved extremely fruitful, not only providing her with a new metrical technique but also expanding her sense of what it was possible to treat in verse. This article examines the canto she contributed to Croft and Thompson’s 2014 volume and also another narrative poem in
ottava rima
, ‘Lost and Found’, written around the same time. As Stallings has herself observed, her engagement with Byron and
Don Juan
prepared her for new ways to write about contemporary events. This article examines this development, showing the impact of Byron’s epic on her shorter poems and lyrics as well as on her longer narrative works.
Cuba and the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Oram Bob
Published: June 2021

For the UK struggling to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, the experience of Cuba’s Ministry of Public Health over the past six decades provides the clearest case for a single, universal health system constituting an underlying national grid dedicated to prevention and care; an abundance of health professionals, accessible everywhere; a world-renowned science and biotech capability; and an educated public schooled in public health. All this was achieved despite being under a vicious blockade by the United States for all of that time.
Covid-19 and social care: Union strategies to reshape a dysfunctional sector
Authors: Nelson Kevan
Published: June 2021

In volume 120 of Theory and Struggle (pp. 124-33), I described Unison North West’s Care Workers for Change campaign and how our multidimensional approach to organising in the care sector was informed by the work of John Kelly (Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves, 1998) and Jane McAlevey (No Short Cuts: Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age, 2016). The Covid-19 pandemic has subsequently brought unprecedented catastrophe and human suffering to vulnerable people and workers in our dysfunctional social care system. This contribution first describes the impact of Covid-19 on social care and union responses to it. The focus then turns to competing ideas about how the social care system might be reshaped and the role of unions in pursuing meaningful structural and institutional change that could win lasting improvements for care workers.
Covid and the politics of nature
Authors: Benton Ted
Published: June 2021

It is argued that the decades before 2020 saw a steady rise in public concern about and political recognition of symptoms of a crisis in human social and economic relations to (the rest of) nature. For many, the Covid-19 pandemic has become linked to that, as well as providing, despite the grief and suffering, moments when a different relationship to nature could be experienced. The possibility of a transformative politics towards a just reconciliation between social life and nature may be more visible, but will be ruthlessly resisted by those in power.
Covid-19 and mutual aid: Prefigurative approaches to caring?
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: June 2021

With over 2,000 support groups listed in Britain at the time of writing at the beginning of 2021, the growth of mutual aid has been among the more positive outcomes of the Covid-19 pandemic. So much for the neoliberal view of humans as rational individuals focused on the pursuit of their own self-interests, whatever the needs of others. For Marxists, though, the recent growth of mutual aid groups needs to be set within the framework of critical understandings about civil society, the respective roles of civil society, the market and the state, and the potential for building alternatives within capitalist societies. The Covid-19 pandemic has been highlighting the failures of market-led approaches to meeting people’s needs, demonstrating the need for more rather than less public provision, including the need for a national care service. Meanwhile, the voluntary and community sectors have been struggling to fill the gaps between shrinking public services on the one hand and growing social needs on the other. This has been the context for the emergence of the mutual aid groups that are the focus of the final section of this article, exploring their potential contributions, promoting values of mutuality, cooperation and care within these contemporary constraints. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications of such prefigurative community-based initiatives more generally, their contributions as well as their inherent limitations as component parts of social justice movements.
The Rarity of Very Red Trans-Neptunian Objects in the Scattered Disk
Authors: Ali-Dib Mohamad , Marsset Michaël , Wong Wing-Cheung , Dbouk Rola
Published: June 2021

We investigate the origins of the photometrically very red (VR) and less red (LR) trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). We first reanalyze the data set of Marsset et al. and find that in addition to the known color–inclination correlation in hot TNOs, a similar trend exists for color–eccentricity. We show that VR TNOs are sharply constrained to eccentricities <0.42 and inclinations <21°, leading to a paucity of VR scattered disk and distant mean motion resonance objects. We then interpret these findings using N-body simulations accounting for Neptune’s outward migration into a massless particles disk and find that these observations are best reproduced with an LR-to-VR color transition line between ∼38 and 42 au in the primordial disk, separating the objects’ formation locations. For an initial surface density profile (Σ ∝ 1/r
2), a color transition around 38 au is needed to explain the high abundance of VR plutinos, but it creates too many VR scattered disk objects, while a transition line around 42 au seems to better reproduce the scattered disk colors but creates virtually no VR plutinos. Our simulations furthermore show that the rarity of VR particles at high eccentricity is possibly due to the absence of sweeping higher-order MMRs, and secular resonances, beyond 42 au. Inspecting individual populations, we show that the majority of VR SDOs originate as objects trapped in Neptune’s second- and third-order MMRs. These then evolve due to diffusion, scattering, Kozai–Lidov cycles, and secular resonances into their current orbits. Future unbiased color surveys are crucial to better constrain the TNOs dynamical origins.
How Merger-driven Gas Motions in Galaxy Clusters Can Turn AGN Bubbles into Radio Relics
Authors: ZuHone John A. , Markevitch Maxim , Weinberger Rainer , Nulsen Paul , Ehlert Kristian
Published: June 2021

Radio relics in galaxy clusters are extended synchrotron sources produced by cosmic-ray electrons in the microgauss magnetic field. Many relics are found in the cluster periphery and have a cluster-centric, narrow arc-like shape, which suggests that the electrons are accelerated or reaccelerated by merger shock fronts propagating outward in the intracluster plasma. In the X-ray, some relics do exhibit such shocks at the location of the relic, but many do not. We explore the possibility that radio relics trace not the shock fronts but the shape of the underlying distribution of seed relativistic electrons, lit up by a recent shock passage. We use magnetohydrodynamic simulations of cluster mergers and include bubbles of relativistic electrons injected by jets from the central active galactic nucleus or from an off-center radio galaxy. We show that the merger-driven gas motions (a) can advect the bubble cosmic rays to very large radii and (b) spread the relativistic seed electrons preferentially in the tangential direction—along the gravitational equipotential surfaces—producing extended, filamentary, or sheet-like regions of intracluster plasma enriched with aged cosmic rays, which resemble radio relics. Once a shock front passes across such a region, the sharp radio emission edges would trace the sharp boundaries of these enriched regions rather than the front. We also show that these elongated cosmic-ray features are naturally associated with magnetic fields stretched tangentially along their long axis, which could help explain the high polarization of relics.
Observational Evidence for a Thick Disk of Dark Molecular Gas in the Outer Galaxy
Authors: Busch Michael P. , Engelke Philip D. , Allen Ronald J. , Hogg David E.
Published: June 2021

We present the serendipitous discovery of an extremely broad (ΔV
LSR ∼ 150 km s−1), faint (T
mb < 10 mK), and ubiquitous 1667 and 1665 MHz ground-state thermal OH emission toward the second quadrant of the outer Galaxy (R
gal > 8 kpc) with the Green Bank Telescope. Originally discovered in 2015, we describe the redundant experimental, observational, and data quality tests of this result over the last five years. The longitude–velocity distribution of the emission unambiguously suggests large-scale Galactic structure. We observe a smooth distribution of OH in radial velocity that is morphologically similar to the H i radial velocity distribution in the outer Galaxy, showing that molecular gas is significantly more extended in the outer Galaxy than previously expected. Our results imply the existence of a thick (−200 pc < z < 200 pc) disk of diffuse (

n

H

2

∼ 5 × 10−3 cm−3) molecular gas in the outer Galaxy previously undetected in all-sky 12CO surveys.
An MHD Modeling of the Successive X2.2 and X9.3 Solar Flares of 2017 September 6
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Bamba Yumi
Published: June 2021

The solar active region 12673 produced two successive X-class flares (X2.2 and X9.3) approximately 3 hr apart in 2017 September. The X9.3 flare was the largest recorded solar flare in Solar Cycle 24. In this study we perform a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic simulation taking into account the observed photospheric magnetic field to reveal the initiation and dynamics of the X2.2 and X9.3 flares. According to our simulation, the X2.2 flare is first triggered by magnetic reconnection at a local site where at the photosphere the negative polarity intrudes into the opposite-polarity region. This magnetic reconnection expels the innermost field lines upward, beneath which the magnetic flux rope is formed through continuous reconnection with external twisted field lines. Continuous magnetic reconnection after the X2.2 flare enhances the magnetic flux rope, which is lifted up and eventually erupts via the torus instability. This gives rise to the X9.3 flare.
Multiwavelength View of the Type IIn Zoo: Optical to X-Ray Emission Model of Interaction-powered Supernovae
Authors: Tsuna Daichi , Kashiyama Kazumi , Shigeyama Toshikazu
Published: June 2021

Transients powered by interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM) are often observed in wavelengths other than the optical, and multiwavelength modeling can be important when inferring the properties of the explosion and CSM, or for distinguishing from other powering mechanisms. We develop a model calculating the time-dependent emission spectrum of interaction-powered transients. We solve the energy equations of electron–proton plasma in the shocked supernova ejecta and CSM and the radiation transfer equation out to the outer edge of the CSM, incorporating collisional relaxation and the Comptonization of bremsstrahlung radiation. We compare our model to observations of Type IIn supernovae covering a frequency range from the optical to X-rays. For SN 2010jl the observed optical and X-ray light curves can be consistently explained if a clumpy or asymmetric structure in the CSM is assumed, in agreement with previous studies. For SN 2014C our model successfully reproduces the X-ray bremsstrahlung component and the emergence of Hα emission at 400 days after explosion. Finally we find a parameter space where the supernova is extremely X-ray bright, reaching 1043–1044 erg s−1, for up to 100 days. Such X-ray transients are likely to be detectable with all-sky surveys by, e.g., eROSITA.
Construction of Explicit Symplectic Integrators in General Relativity. IV. Kerr Black Holes
Authors: Wu Xin , Wang Ying , Sun Wei , Liu Fuyao
Published: June 2021

In previous papers, explicit symplectic integrators were designed for nonrotating black holes, such as a Schwarzschild black hole. However, they fail to work in the Kerr spacetime because not all variables can be separable, or not all splitting parts have analytical solutions as explicit functions of proper time. To cope with this difficulty, we introduce a time transformation function to the Hamiltonian of Kerr geometry so as to obtain a time-transformed Hamiltonian consisting of five splitting parts, whose analytical solutions are explicit functions of the new coordinate time. The chosen time transformation function can cause time steps to be adaptive, but it is mainly used to implement the desired splitting of the time-transformed Hamiltonian. In this manner, new explicit symplectic algorithms are easily available. Unlike Runge–Kutta integrators, the newly proposed algorithms exhibit good long-term behavior in the conservation of Hamiltonian quantities when appropriate fixed coordinate time steps are considered. They are better than same-order implicit and explicit mixed symplectic algorithms and extended phase-space explicit symplectic-like methods in computational efficiency. The proposed idea on the construction of explicit symplectic integrators is suitable for not only the Kerr metric but also many other relativistic problems, such as a Kerr black hole immersed in a magnetic field, a Kerr–Newman black hole with an external magnetic field, axially symmetric core–shell systems, and five-dimensional black ring metrics.
Antenatal Obstetric Hospitalization: Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes in the University of Calabar University Teaching Hospital, Calabar – A Retrospective Review
Authors: Akpan Ubong Bassey , Enweremadu Chidinma , Monjok Emmanuel , Agan Thomas
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Antenatal obstetrics hospitalization (AOH) may be indicated due to pregnancy complications that need close surveillance and possible intervention.
AIM: The aim of this review was to assess the risk factors and the peripartum outcome of such women.
METHODS: Retrospective study of records of pregnant women was done. The risk factors of interest included maternal demographic profile, obstetric factors, and medical comorbidities. Outcome of interest included discharge diagnoses, maternal death or morbidity, and perinatal outcome. Inferential statistics was used to assess significant relationship between variables. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0.
RESULTS: The prevalence of AOH within the period under review was 2.8% among the 3686 women who delivered at UCTH. The mean maternal age was 29.24 ± 4.059 (SD) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.91 kg/m2 ± 3.704 (SD). The mean gestational age at admission was 33.03 weeks. The mean duration of hospitalization was 4.03 days. Seven (7.7%) of them had chronic medical comorbidities. The case fatality rate for preeclampsia/eclampsia was low for AOH with (12.5%) compared to 17.1% in none hospitalized women. The perinatal mortality rate was 66/1000 live births. The duration of hospitalization was positively related to the maternal BMI (p = 0.047). Booking status and duration of hospitalization did not significantly affect neonatal outcome/perinatal death (p = 0.905).
CONCLUSION: AOH may reduce incidence of maternal death However, long-term study may be indicated to assess the trend and neonatal/infant survival.
A Comparative Multicenter Study on the Epidemiology of Traumatic Fractures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Early Emergency Response Period in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Luthfi , Rahayu Bernadeta Fuad Paramita , Khadafi Rosyad Nur , Purwanta Acep Eko Budi , Saputra Marda Ade , Sumardiyono Eko , Triangga Aditya Fuad Robby
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: The changes of lifestyle and mobility during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may influence the epidemiology of traumatic fractures.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of traumatic fractures in Yogyakarta Special Region (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [DIY]) during the COVID-19 emergency response period and compare the data with the similar period in the previous year.

METHODS: This was a retrospective study involving five secondary referral hospitals and one tertiary referral hospital. We included all patients who presented to the emergency departments or orthopedic clinics who were then diagnosed with new-onset fractures. We compared the data during the emergency response period (COVID group) with a similar period in 2019 (control group).

RESULTS: There were 1249 patients with 1428 fractures included in this study. There was 47.68% reduction of patients during the emergency response period. There was no significant difference in proportion of gender and mean of age (control group vs. COVID group: 55.9% vs. 54.8%, p = 0.717 for male gender; 42.64 ± 24.03 years vs. 42.20 ± 23.34 years, p = 0.886 for mean of patients’ age). There were significant increases in the proportions of patients experiencing low-energy injuries (38.0% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.012), injuries occurring at home (34.0% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.001), and surgically treated closed fractures (51.8% vs. 45.3%, p = 0.038), along with decrease of patients’ referrals (1.6% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.018) during the pandemic. The difference in proportions of fracture type, osteoporotic fractures, and multiple trauma was not significant (control group vs. COVID group: 19.2% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.418 for open fracture; 15.4% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.750 for osteoporotic fracture; and 9.0% vs. 7.0%; p = 0.217 for multiple trauma).

CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 emergency response period in DIY, there were nearly half reduction of patients with fractures, increased proportion of patients injured at home, reduced proportion of patients referred to another hospital, and increased proportion of surgically treated closed fractures. The knowledge about this epidemiological trend may help in developing preventive programs and treatment policy for fractures and other injuries during the current pandemic.
Factors Associated with Depression Score in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at the North Sumatera University Hospital
Authors: Huzaipah Huzaipah , Efffendy Elmeida , Nasution Nazli Mahdinasari
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Depression is major global public health problems. This disease is often associated with other chronic diseases, for example, depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The presence of depression in chronic disease exacerbates the underlying disease and leads to non-adherence to treatment, loss of disease control, lower quality of life, increased use of health resources, and increased morbidity and mortality and also depression in people with COPD can result in a high economic burden, therefore, screening, investigated the risk factors, and timely treatment of depressive symptoms in people with COPD are very important.

AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with depression score in people with COPD.

METHODS: This study is a multivariate type of predictive study with a cross-sectional approach to determine the risk factors of depression score in people with COPD. Symptomatology of depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory-II.

RESULTS: Of the 119 people included, majority 76.5% of the participants were male. The mean ages were 61.09 ± 7.708 years. There was a significant association between depression and independent variables of the duration of illness (p < 0.001), gender (p = 0.006), employment status (p < 0.001), and marital status (p = 0.003) in people with COPD.

CONCLUSIONS: Duration of illness, gender, employment status, and marital status were associated with depression in people with COPD.
Differences in Erythrocyte Magnesium Levels between Men with Schizophrenia Treated with Risperidone and Haloperidol in Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital Medan
Authors: Fadhilah Ihsan , Loebis Bahagia , Husada Muhammad Surya , Nasution Nazli Mahdinasari , Effendy Elmeida
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia according to the world health organization is one of the top ten causes of disability in developed countries around the world. Because of the severity, chronicity, and prevalence of schizophrenia, it has a very large economic burden. Magnesium is a micronutrient needed by the body which can affect mental health. Erythrocyte magnesium levels are considered more sensitive than serum magnesium levels to reflect intracellular magnesium status.

AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the differences in erythrocyte magnesium levels between men with schizophrenia who received risperidone and haloperidol treatment at Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital, Medan.

METHODS: This study is an intention to treat and is an experimental pre-test and post-test that compares two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. The sampling method is non-probability sampling with a consecutive sampling type. The research was conducted at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital Medan between July and October 2019. The subjects of the study were 60 men with schizophrenia, namely, 30 who received risperidone and 30 who received haloperidol.

RESULTS: There was a difference in the levels of male erythrocyte magnesium with schizophrenia who received risperidone and haloperidol between the initial week and the third week with a value of p = 0.007. Where there was a higher increase in the haloperidol group which showed a significant difference, namely, p < 0.05.

CONCLUSION: The increase in magnesium levels will improve the symptoms of schizophrenia where magnesium activity decreases glutamate release associated with N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptors and results in the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic system.
Mental Emotional Disorder due to Inhalant in Medan
Authors: Fajri Rinaldi , Amin Mustafa M. , Effendy Elmeida
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Inhalants, also known as volatile substances or solvents, are volatile hydrocarbons, which become gases at room temperature. Inhalants are substances commonly used by homeless teenagers. The effects of this substance vary including stamina enhancing effect, self-resistance, agitation, paranoid, hallucinations, and chest pain. We expect that this case report is able to show how vulnerable teens are to become users of illegal substance, such as inhalants, particularly those who come from low socio-economical background.

CASE REPORT: Mental emotional disorders are commonly found among a 14–18-year-old man who engages in glue sniffing that may end up with jail. Most of the cases in Medan were found in children from broken home families or with low financial background, dropping out of school, and those suffering from bullying. Therefore, we particularly report a case of a 14-year-old boy who uses inhalant (glue) in Medan.

CONCLUSION: Several studies show that the use of inhalants in street children is quite high.
Factors Related to Anxiety Scores in Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital
Authors: Andriani Sri , Effendy Elmeida , Nasution Nazli Mahdina Sari
Published: June 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic disease, caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. It is estimated that people with diabetic are at twice the risk of anxiety compared to the general population. Diabetic patients with anxiety has been related to increasing risk of comorbidities, which can interfere with daily living activities, and life quality, increased health costs, and many other complication when compared with the general population.
Method: This study is a predictive type multivariate study, with a cross-sectional approach to 111 subjects in the outpatient clinic of Universitas Sumatera Utara hospital. The tests carried out in this study were the bivariate test, multivariate linear regression test to determine what factors are related to anxiety scores in DM patients, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A) as measurement tool.
Results: After conducting the multivariate analysis test, it was found that the variables associated with anxiety scores in people with DM were length of education (p <0.001), Body Mass Index (p <0.001), duration of illness (p <0.001), work status (p <0.001), comorbidity (p = 0.021).
Conclusion: By knowing the factors that influence anxiety scores in people with DM, it is hoped that clinicians will pay more attention to the symptoms of anxiety in people with DM, especially in the early days of diagnosis so that intervention can be carried out.
Developing a scalable framework for partnerships between health agencies and the Wikimedia ecosystem
Authors: Mietchen Daniel , Rasberry Lane , Morata Thais , Sadowski John , Novakovich Jeanette , Heilman James
Published: June 2021

In this era of information overload and misinformation, it is a challenge to rapidly translate evidence-based health information to the public. Wikipedia is a prominent global source of health information with high traffic, multilingual coverage, and acceptable quality control practices. Viewership data following the Ebola crisis and during the COVID-19 pandemic reveals that a significant number of web users located health guidance through Wikipedia and related projects, including its media repository Wikimedia Commons and structured data complement, Wikidata.

The basic idea discussed in this paper is to increase and expedite health institutions' global reach to the general public, by developing a specific strategy to maximize the availability of focused content into Wikimedia’s public digital knowledge archives. It was conceptualized from the experiences of leading health organizations such as Cochrane, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other United Nations Organizations, Cancer Research UK, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Each has customized strategies to integrate content in Wikipedia and evaluate responses.

We propose the development of an interactive guide on the Wikipedia and Wikidata platforms to support health agencies, health professionals and communicators in quickly distributing key messages during crisis situations. The guide aims to cover basic features of Wikipedia, including adding key health messages to Wikipedia articles, citing expert sources to facilitate fact-checking, staging text for translation into multiple languages; automating metrics reporting; sharing non-text media; anticipating offline reuse of Wikipedia content in apps or virtual assistants; structuring data for querying and reuse through Wikidata, and profiling other flagship projects from major health organizations.

In the first phase, we propose the development of a curriculum for the guide using information from prior case studies. In the second phase, the guide would be tested on select health-related topics as new case studies. In its third phase, the guide would be finalized and disseminated.
The Lepidoptera of Cuatrociénegas Protected Area 1. A new species in the genus Callistege Hübner, [1823] (Erebidae, Erebinae, Euclidiini) from the Chihuahuan Desert, Coahuila, Mexico
Authors: Homziak Nicholas T. , Lightfoot David C. , Metzler Eric H. , Miller Kelly B.
Published: June 2021

A new species of Callistege Hübner, [1823] (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Erebinae, Euclidiini) is described from Cuatrociénegas Protected Area and Biosphere Preserve in Coahuila, Mexico. Adult male and female moths are illustrated, including genitalia. Callistege clara Homziak & Metzler, sp. nov. is one of 27 new species of insects discovered during an inventory survey of arthropods of White Sands National Monument, USA, and Cuatrociénegas Protected Area (Mexico), funded by the U.S. National Park Service. The Cuatrociénegas Basin is known for high endemism of aquatic and wetland biota within the Chihuahuan Desert. Callistege clara Homziak & Metzler, sp. nov. was found in a wetland environment.