bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posterior lenticonus, cataracts and microphthalmia; congenital ocular defects in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Authors: NARFSTRÖM KRISTINA , DUBIELZIG RICHARD
Published: April 2008

Eleven cases of congenital ocular defects were found in the screening of 144 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in Sweden. Mainly posterior lenticonus, cataracts and microphthalmia were observed in the affected dogs, most of which were interrelated. Pathology was obtained from one of the cases demonstrating bilateral posterior lens capsule rupture with an unusual cellular reaction of the exposed lens material.
Immotile cilia syndrome in two Old English Sheepdog litter‐mates
Authors: RANDOLPH J. F. , CASTLEMAN W. L.
Published: April 2008

Two Old English Sheepdog litter‐mates with chronic respiratory disease since birth had ultrastructural abnormalities of their respiratory tract cilia. The ciliary defects included lack of inner dynein arms, abnormal radial spokes and nexin links, and microtubule doublet displacement. Similar ciliary defects in man result in immotile cilia with the subsequent development of sinusitis, bronchitis or bronchiectasis, male sterility, and, in some cases, situs inversus. Both dogs had sinusitis and bronchiectasis, and one of the dogs also had situs inversus.
Ins and outs of bladder function
Authors: Michell A. R.
Published: April 2008

An understanding of normal bladder function provides a basis for the interpretation of disturbances of micturition, notably where they are caused by trauma. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms can contribute significantly to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment although it remains true that both bladder physiology and its disturbances are incompletely understood. This paper aims to provide a reasonably concise survey of the relevant physiology and pharmacology and its implications for those dealing with urological abnormalities.
Copper toxicosis in Bedlington Terriers in the United Kingdom
Authors: KELLY D. F. , HAYWOOD S. , BENNETT A. M.
Published: April 2008

This paper summarizes the clinical and laboratory data on two adult Bedlington Terriers with liver disease associated with copper toxicosis. The younger dog, at 3 years, had elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase with active parenchymal cell degeneration and hepatitis. The second dog developed chronic hepatic failure at 5 years with advanced cirrhosis. Both dogs had stainable copper granules in the liver and chemical analysis of their livers revealed elevated copper contents (1,027 and 10,728 μg/g dry weight; normal less than 300 μg/g). These are the first published cases of this inherited abnormality of copper metabolism in this breed in this country.
Atrial fibrillation in the dog: a review of eight cases
Authors: THOMAS R. E.
Published: April 2008

Eight cases of canine atrial fibrillation encountered in small animal practice are reported. Details are included of age, sex and breed, history and clinical signs, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, clinical pathology, treatment and survival periods.
Post‐operative analgesia in the dog: a comparison of morphine, buprenorphine and pentazocine
Authors: TAYLOR POLLY M. , HOULTON JOHN E. F.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of buprenorphine and pentazocine in controlling pain in dogs following orthopaedic surgery was compared with that of morphine. All three analgesics provided effective pain relief with no undesirable side effects.
Radioimmunoassay of serum total thyroxine and triiodothyronine in healthy cats: assay methodology and effects of age, sex, breed, heredity and environment.
Authors: THODAY K. L. , SETH J. , ELTON R. A.
Published: April 2008

Double antibody radioimmunoassays for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were established for use in cats, using standards in T4‐and T3‐free, normal cat serum. The assay working ranges were 5–200 nmol/1 for T4 and 0.125‐10 nmol/1 for T3. Recovery of added hormone was 106 per cent ± 5.9 for T4 and 104 per cent ± 8.5 for T3 (mean ± 1 s.d.). Mean between‐assay coefficients of variation (c.v.) were 6.6 per cent for T4 and 12–1 per cent for T3.

Serum total T4 levels of 318 and total T3 levels of 299 healthy cats aged 4 months to 13 years were measured. Mean ± 1 s.d. values were 26.1 ± 10.1 nmol/1 for T4 and 0.69 ± 0.29 nmol/1 for T3. T4 and T3 concentrations within individual animals were highly correlated. T4 levels in both sexes tended to decrease until approximately 5 years of age and then rise again. A similar, though less pronounced effect, was found for T3, concentrations for older cats levelling out rather than rising.

For any given age, females and neutered females tended to have significantly higher T4 values than males and neutered males, but such effects were not significant for T3. When other effects were accounted for, the effects of neutering were not significant for levels of either hormone. Pedigree animals tended to have higher levels of T3 at any given age than domestic short‐ and long‐haired cats taken as one group. Animals living in the same environment had significantly similar T4 levels and T3 levels. For T3, this appeared to be due to a definite genetic component, but it was not possible to differentiate between environmental and genetic effects for T4.
A veterinary approach to pigeons
Authors: COOPER J. E.
Published: April 2008

Pigeons of many species may be presented to the veterinary surgeon for examination and treatment. In this paper the basic approach to these birds is outlined. Diseases are not discussed in detail; instead the practical aspects of biology, examination, restraint and diagnosis are presented and explained.
An outbreak of white spot disease (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) in young fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson)
Authors: MAJEED S. K. , GOPINATH C. , JOLLY D. W.
Published: April 2008

An outbreak of white spot disease (‘Ich’) in fingerling rainbow trout is reported. Approximately 3,000 fish died or were killed in extremis in a period of 5 weeks. Post mortem examinations were carried out on 12 fish, all of which showed thickened whitish foci on the skin. One fish showed skin ulceration and another gill ulcerations. The gill infestation was more severe than the skin. Pathological results are described and discussed.
Tremor syndrome and hypomyelination in Lurcher pups
Authors: MAYHEW I. G. , BLAKEMORE W. F. , PALMER A. C. , CLARKE C. J.
Published: April 2008

Two male Lurcher pups had continual tremor of the head, trunk and limbs when they began to walk. One pup recovered completely by 16 weeks of age while signs in the other remained static and it was destroyed at 8 weeks of age. Routine examination of haematoxylin and eosin stained, paraffin embedded nervous tissue failed to reveal obvious abnormality but hypomyelination of the spinal cord white matter was found on examination of plastic embedded material. The rôles played by genetic factors and in‐utero viral and toxic insults in the pathogenesis of hypomyelination and tremor syndromes in dogs are discussed and a plan is offered for evaluating future cases of these conditions.
Bitch fertility after natural mating and after artificial insemination with fresh or frozen semen
Authors: FARSTAD W.
Published: April 2008

The birth rate and fecundity of 92 bitches of 32 different breeds mated naturally or following artificial insemination of fresh or frozen semen were compared. The birth rate after natural service was 92 per cent compared with 84 per cent when fresh semen was deposited in the uterine body. When frozen semen was inseminated intra‐uterine a birth rate of 67 per cent was obtained whilst a figure of 25 per cent was obtained following intra‐vaginal insemination of fresh semen. There were no differences in litter size.
The management of tendon injuries in dogs
Authors: VAUGHAN L. C.
Published: April 2008

An account is provided of the management of 68 dogs with tendon injury. Of the 33 with Achilles rupture, 23 sustained tendon severance, seven had disrupted the gastrocnemius muscle/tendon junction, and in three an attachment of the gastrocnemius was avulsed. The standard operative procedure comprised fixing the hock in extension with a screw, and exploring the damaged structures with a view to repair and the introduction of carbon fibre implants. The majority regained normal limb use and the main complications concerned loosening or fracture of the screw.

The 32 with digital flexor tendon severance had cuts, on a fore foot in nine and a hind foot in 23. Exploration and reconstruction were routinely practised and carbon fibre implants were frequently used. The standard of recovery was good in those dealt with fresh but was less satisfactory in chronic cases.

The two dogs with digital extensor tendon and the one with flexor carpi ulnaris tendon severance responded well to repair.
Myelography in the cat
Authors: WHEELER S. J. , JONES D. G. CLAYTON , WRIGHT J. A.
Published: April 2008

The results of 18 myelograms in cats are recorded. All were performed following cisternal puncture. Three different water‐soluble contrast agents were used. The technical considerations are discussed and the features of normal and abnormal myelograms described.
An unusual complication of pyometra in a cat
Authors: ALLEN W. EDWARD
Published: April 2008

A stray domestic cat had been treated by ovario‐hysterectomy for the relief of pyometra. She subsequently was presented with a history of severe straining. Laparotomy revealed a distended pus‐filled vagina, which on removal proved to have no caudal exit. The lesion is described and its possible aetiology is discussed.
Two cases of pemphigus erythematosus (the Senear‐Usher syndrome) in the dog
Authors: BENNETT D. , KELLY D. F. , KIRKHAM D. , EDGAR A.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and diagnostic features of two cases of pemphigus erythematosus in the dog are described. This disease, which is one of the autoimmune bullous skin diseases, should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasal dermatitis or of so‐called ‘Collie‐nose’.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in canine surgery
Authors: JR A. E. J. M. VAN DEN BOGAARD , WEIDEMA W. F.
Published: April 2008

In 1961, Burke showed that antibiotics affect primary wound infections favourably only if they are administered before or shortly after bacterial contamination. The effect is optimal if there is already an effective tissue concentration at the time of contamination. During surgery the animal's resistance is strongly reduced, and consequently an infection may be caused by an inoculum present in a rather low concentration, at least lower than in normal circumstances. This reduced resistance lasts until only a few hours after operation. Prophylactic use of antibiotics therefore needs to be continued only for a short time after the final stage of the operation. A great number of clinical trials in human surgery have shown that short term peri‐operative prophylactic use of antibiotics causes a reduction in the incidence of post‐operative septic complications, in certain categories of operations and in selected groups of patients.

Until properly designed, prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trials have been done in small animal clinics, it seems sensible to apply the abundant results from research with experimental animals and from clinical trials in human medicine to small animal surgery.

Prophylactic use of antibiotics is indicated if the infection risks or dangers of possible complications are greater than the disadvantages of regular use of antibiotics.

The risk factors in the development of wound infections and the choice of antibiotics are discussed.
Is this disease inherited? A discussion paper with some guidelines for canine conditions
Authors: PIDDUCK HEATHER
Published: April 2008

Breeders of pedigree dogs and veterinarians engaged in small animal practice are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of genetic make‐up in a variety of disease states. Detailed and accurate breeding records are invariably kept by pedigree dog breeders and these provide a useful starting point to an investigation. A suspicion that the underlying cause of a disorder is genetic has a considerable influence on the advice given to a breeder by a veterinarian, but it is often difficult to formulate precise breeding advice because a complete genetic explanation is elusive. This article gives some guidelines for investigating possible genetic contributions to disease by looking at well known examples of inherited disorders in man and companion animals and how their incidences may be reduced.
Sesamoid disease as a cause of lameness in young dogs
Authors: BENNETT DAVID , KELLY D. F.
Published: April 2008

A degenerative disease of the volar sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints is described in young dogs of the larger breeds. It is characterized by degenerative changes in the articular cartilage of the sesamoid bones and by calcification within their ligamentous attachments. The lesion can be associated with lameness although it can also be asymptomatic. In many cases, other orthopaedic lesions are present in the dog which makes clinical assessment difficult. Treatment is by surgical removal of the affected sesamoid bone. This is the first report of this particular clinical entity which has been designated sesamoid disease.
Clinical staging for oropharyngeal malignancies in the dog
Authors: WHITE R. A. S. , JEFFERIES A. R. , FREEDMAN L. S.
Published: April 2008

One hundred dogs bearing malignancies of the oropharyngeal region were examined over a three‐year period and prospectively staged using the World Health Organisation TNM Classification of Tumours of Domestic Animals. Primary tumours were characterized by their large size or local infiltration (71 per cent, T3 status) and invasion into adjacent bone (60 per cent, Tb status). Regional lymph node metastasis was less common (17 per cent, N1b, N2b or N3 status) and distant metastasis was an unusual presenting feature (5 per cent, M1 status). The early Stage I and II tumours together accounted for 8 per cent of the total series whilst the more advanced Stage III group were by far the most frequent, representing 84 per cent. The remaining 8 per cent being classified as Stage IV because of extensive regional or distance metastatic deposits. Prognoses by stage showed actuarial survival rates at 12 months of 100 per cent for Stage I, 71 per cent for Stage II, 31 per cent for Stage III with no survivors in the Stage IV group. Survival rates for the major histological types were 44 per cent for the non‐tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma, 22 per cent for the tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcomas, 17 per cent for mastocytomas whilst none of the malignant melanomata survived 12 months.
Hereditary cataract in the Miniature Schnauzer
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Congenital and hereditary cataract associated with microphthalmos is recorded and described in the Miniature Schnauzer in the United Kingdom. The cataract is present at birth, bilateral, essentially nuclear and usually not progressive. It is due to a simple, autosomal, recessive gene.
The laboratory diagnosis of Orthopoxvirus infection in the domestic cat
Authors: BENNETT M. , BAXBY D. , GASKELL R. M. , GASKELL C. J. , KELLY D. F.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐eight cases of naturally occurring feline Orthopoxvirus infection were diagnosed by combinations of virus isolation, electron microscopy, agar gel precipitation, histopathology and serology. Twenty‐five of 28 cases were positive by virus isolation on the chorioallantoic membrane of hens' eggs and in tissue culture, 22 of 28 by electron microscopy, three of five by histopathology, none by agar gel precipitation, and 17 of 17 by serology.

The techniques used are described, and the results compared and discussed.
Use of a programmable, ‘physiological’ cardiac pacemaker in a dog with total atrioventricular block (with some comments on complications associated with cardiac pacemakers)
Authors: DARKE P. G. G. , BEEN M. , MARKS A.
Published: April 2008

A collie‐cross dog with syncopal attacks associated with total atrioventricular heart block was successfully fitted with a programmable, ‘physiological’ pacemaker, employing atrial sensing and ventricular pacing leads. Transvenous placement of leads under sedation and local analgesia, followed by temporary pacing, then general anaesthesia for the fitting of a permanent pacemaker, offers advantages over epicardial pacing. The use of a ‘tined’ ventricular lead appears to reduce the risk of lead displacement.
Abnormal vaginal cytology in a fertile bitch
Authors: ALLEN W. EDWARD
Published: April 2008

The changes in vaginal cytology in a Welsh Springer Spaniel bitch were examined during and after three oestrous periods. Epithelial cell changes were normal. However, polymorphonuclear leucocytes persisted in smears throughout oestrus, and gross haemorrhage occurred well into metoestrus. The bitch conceived at all three heats and had uncomplicated pregnancies.
Endoscopy (fibreoptic) of the oesophagus and stomach in the dog with persistent regurgitation or vomiting
Authors: SULLIVAN M. , MILLER A.
Published: April 2008

A flexible gastrointestinal panendoscope was used to examine 90 dogs; 29 for oesophageal and 61 for gastric investigation.

Twenty‐two of the oesophageal cases had changes associated with foreign body obstruction. The commonest feature was simple mucosal damage. Small numbers of strictures (5), diverticula (1) and perforations (4) were identified. The remainder of the cases were vascular rings (5) and leiomyomata (1).

The 61 gastroscopies could be subdivided into the following groups: 1, no abnormalities (14); 2, chronic gastritis (16); 3, neoplasia (26); 4, others (5). Further, gastric carcinoma accounted for 36 per cent of all gastroscopic examinations. Oesophageal abnormalities were found in 13 per cent of those cases investigated for, and found to have, gastric lesions, where reflux oesophagitis (5) was the commonest lesion.
Radial agenesis in a cat
Authors: WINTERBOTHAM E. J. , JOHNSON K. A. , FRANCIS D. J.
Published: April 2008

Radial agenesis in a 5‐month‐old, female, domestic shorthair cat is described. Radiographic examination revealed complete absence of the right radius and radial carpal bone, together with varus deviation of the metacarpus.
The management of elbow instability caused by premature closure of the distal radial growth plate in dogs
Authors: BARR A. R. S. , DENNY H. R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic findings associated with premature closure of the distal radial growth plate are described in 17 dogs. An increase in the humero‐radial joint space with elbow instability and pain was noted in all cases. Radial lengthening procedures were used to treat three dogs, while in seven others, the ulna was shortened to correct elbow instability. Seven dogs were treated conservatively. The results of treatment are discussed in the light of previously published findings.
Bladder retroflexion in the dog
Authors: WHITE R. A. S. , HERRTAGE M. E.
Published: April 2008

In a series of 61 dogs examined for perineal hernia 12, (20 per cent) were found to have bladder retroflexion. Associated urinary signs were seen in only five dogs including one case with bladder rupture. Radiology was found to be the most consistently accurate means of diagnosis. Bladders were drained by catheterization, or by percutaneous or surgical cystocentesis before manipulative or surgical reduction. Conventional herniorrhaphy and castration were performed in all cases. Cystopexy was performed in only one case although recurrence of the retroflexion was not encountered in any dogs. Three dogs remained urinary incontinent after treatment.
Cyanosis and methaemoglobinaemia associated with NADH‐methaemoglobin reductase deficiency in a dog
Authors: HOARE J. A. , AUGER M. J.
Published: April 2008

A three‐year‐old Jack Russell Terrier bitch with cyanosis and methaemoglobinaemia associated with a deficiency of NADH‐methaemoglobin reductase is described. This is the first such case reported in Europe.
Tracheal resection and anastomosis for congenital stenosis in a dog
Authors: WHITE R. A. S. , KELLAGHER R. E. B.
Published: April 2008

A one‐year‐old Cocker Spaniel dog was presented for the investigation of exercise‐related stridor and respiratory embarrassment evident since birth. Radiography demonstrated a segmental tracheal stenosis at the thoracic inlet which was found to result from the congenital absence of tracheal rings at this point. The stenotic segment was resected at surgery and an end‐to‐end tracheal anastomosis performed. The dog now enjoys normal respiratory and exercise function with minimal narrowing of the trachea at the site of the anastomosis.
Intrabronchial foreign bodies in dogs
Authors: DOBBIE G. R. , DARKE P. G. G. , HEAD K. W.
Published: April 2008

Eight dogs referred for the investigation of a persistent cough were found to have intrabronchial foreign bodies. The salient findings were haemoptysis, halitosis, eosinophilia and, on thoracic radiographs, an ill‐defined peribronchial increase in radiodensity involving a caudal lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy was essential to confirm the diagnosis as the results of radiography were equivocal. Removal of the foreign body via the trachea was achieved in seven patients resulting in complete recovery in six. Two dogs died of related complications.
Hydrometra in two cats
Authors: NASH A. S. , McCANDLISH I. A. P. , RENTON J. P.
Published: April 2008

Chronic abdominal distension in two female cats 2½ and 13 years old respectively was due to bilateral hydrometra. In both cases the condition resulted from absence of an internal cervical os with consequent accumulation of normal uterine secretions. The most likely cause was a segmental failure in the development of the Müllerian duct system.
Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of a brain tumour in a dog
Authors: ILLUKKA T. , RAININKO R. , TALVIO T. , Rimala‐Parnanen E.
Published: April 2008

A case of a brain tumour in the right hemisphere of a male Boxer is described. The diagnosis was made successfully by computerized tomography and confirmed histologically at necropsy.
Observations on the use of the ‘Seralyzer’ solid‐phase clinical chemistry system in a veterinary hospital laboratory
Authors: DOLLIN B. E.
Published: April 2008

Solid‐phase clinical chemistry techniques coupled to a microprocessor‐controlled reflectance photometer have been used alongside more traditional, mainly ‘wet’, methods of analysis for the estimation of glucose, urea, cholesterol, creatinine and haemoglobin.

The instrument concerned, Ames Company's ‘Seralyzer’, was found to be precise, reliable and simple to use. Accuracy was good, but, as with any instrument primarily intended for use with human specimens, species normal values should be checked and re‐adjusted where necessary.
Excision arthroplasty as a treatment for temporomandibular dysplasia
Authors: BENNETT DAVID , PRYMAK CAROLINE
Published: April 2008

Three cases of temporomandibular dysplasia are reported. Crepitus and pain were associated with manipulation of the lower jaw and in two cases there were episodes of open‐mouth jaw‐locking. Jaw‐locking in these two cases was not associated with displacement of the coronoid process of the mandible and impingement on the zygomatic arch. Excision arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint (mandibular condylectomy) was successful in preventing open‐mouth jaw‐locking and in curing temporomandibular joint pain.
The surgical anatomy of the feline bulla tympanica
Authors: LITTLE C. J. L. , LANE J. G.
Published: April 2008

Previous descriptions of the surgical anatomy of the feline middle ear have been misleading, so that the gross features of the double‐shelled configuration are clarified here. Horner's syndrome is a frequent complication of bulla osteotomy in the cat. The authors suggest that overzealous curettage of the promontory is the most likely cause.
Hereditary cataract in the German Shepherd Dog
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Primary hereditary cataract is recorded and described in the German Shepherd Dog in the United Kingdom. The cataract is not congenital, it is bilateral and progressive to a certain point and is unassociated with any other ocular abnormality. It is due to an autosomal, recessive gene.

The cataract is compared to that described by von Hippel in Germany in 1930 which was congenital and non‐progressive and due to a dominant gene. The two types of cataract are therefore dissimilar.
The radiological features of primary lung tumours in the dog: a review of thirty‐six cases
Authors: BARR F. J. , GIBBS C. , BROWN P. J.
Published: April 2008

Thirty dogs with primary lung tumours and six dogs with lymphomatoid granulomatosis were referred to the University of Bristol Veterinary School between 1970 and 1985. Clinical, radiographic and pathological findings were recorded in each case. Analysis of these findings allowed assessment of those features most helpful in reaching a definitive diagnosis and prognosis in such cases.
Para‐aural abscess in the dog and cat
Authors: LANE J. G. , WATKINS P. E.
Published: April 2008

The term para‐aural abscess is used to describe the condition when suppuration has extended from the external ear canal or the middle ear cavity into the surrounding soft tissues. This report describes a series of 17 dogs and three cats in which otitis had advanced to the stage of para‐aural abscess formation. The diagnostic procedures and subsequent treatments are rationalized but it is concluded that the prognosis is not favourable in most animals in which otitis has progressed to this state.
The effects of thyroxine on hair growth in the dog
Authors: GUNARATNAM PARAMESWARAN
Published: April 2008

The effects of orally and topically administered thyroxine on hair growth were studied in normal, intact, cross‐bred male dogs maintained under the same controlled conditions of temperature and photoperiod. It was found that, irrespective of the route of administration, thyroxine produced an increase in both the rate of hair growth and in the number of hair follicles entering the anagen phase of the hair cycle. With orally administered thyroxine, the changes in hair growth were most marked in the flank region.
Animals in schools
Authors: COOPER J. E.
Published: April 2008

The keeping of animals in schools is discussed, with particular reference to aspects which are of relevance to the veterinary profession. Important considerations are the attitudes of teachers and others, numbers and species of animals, sources, animal care, legal considerations, breeding, culling and euthanasia and health hazards. The role of the veterinary surgeon in ensuring that animals are kept humanely, are of maximum value, and least danger to children is emphasized.
Congenital microphthalmia and other developmental ocular anomalies in the Dobermann
Authors: LEWIS D. G. , KELLY D. F. , SANSOM J.
Published: April 2008

Congenital total blindness in three related litters of Dobermann puppies is reported. The relationship of the parents indicates an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The blindness resulted from a range of ocular lesions that included bilateral microphthalmia, aphakia, retinal dysplasia and detachment.
Percutaneous catheterization of the femoral artery in the dog
Authors: JONES R. S.
Published: April 2008

A new method is described for percutaneous catheterization of the femoral artery in the dog. This technique proved to be satisfactory and produced no untoward sequelae.
Peripheral neuropathy in two dogs: correlation between clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings
Authors: DYER K. R. , DUNCAN I. D. , HAMMANG J. P. , DUBIELZIG R. R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, electrophysiological and pathological features of two dogs with peripheral neuropathies are presented. Both dogs had clinical signs of diffuse lower motor neuron disease including paresis, hypotonia, depressed segmental spinal reflexes and generalized muscle wasting. Giant motor units and abnormal spontaneous activity were recorded in distal limb muscles. The muscle pathology demonstrated chronic denervation and re‐innervation, with extensive fibre type grouping in distal muscles in one case. The distal peripheral nerves showed a marked decrease in myelinated fibres; segmental demyelination and remyelination were a prominent feature of teased fibre preparations. In both dogs the recurrent laryngeal nerves were severely affected. The aetiology of these neuropathies remains obscure but their association with other systemic diseases is discussed.
Emerging zoonoses
Authors: GALBRAITH N. S. , BARRETT NICOLA J.
Published: April 2008

The food‐borne zoonoses are the most important zoonoses in England and Wales measured in terms of human morbidity and mortality and they include the most important emerging infections. Over the past decade there were over 100,000 laboratory reported cases of salmonellosis, about 1–5 per cent with serious extra‐intestinal complications with 427 registered deaths; there were nearly 90,000 Campylobacter infections. In salmonellosis the sources and modes of spread of infection are largely known, but veterinary and human public health measures have so far failed to control the disease. In Campylobacter enteritis however, the source and spread in most of the reported cases are unknown and control is not yet possible. Amongst the remaining less common food‐borne zoonoses, listeriosis and yersiniosis are most prominent. Both are increasing with food‐borne outbreaks of both infections having been reported, but the origin of infection of most cases recorded in England and Wales is not known.

Of the new food‐borne or water‐borne diseases the most common are giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis but in neither is it clear whether the infections are predominantly of human or animal origin. The place of haemorrhagic colitis and of S. zooepidemicus infection is not yet apparent, both may emerge as important zoonoses. Streptobacillary fever, on the other hand, seems unlikely to recur with normal hygienic standards of water and milk supply.

Of the occupational zoonoses Q fever and leptospirosis are the most important. Although only 1,330 cases of Q fever were reported in 10 years, it is a severe disease; 123 of them had endocarditis. Leptospirosis probably increased in incidence and emerged as a new disease of farmers and others working with cattle. S. suis type 2, a ‘new’ disease, remained a rarity.

Zoonoses acquired from pets made up only a small proportion of human zoonotic infections and the only apparent change was an increase in psittacosis, the reason for which is unknown.

Lastly, among the zoonoses acquired from wild and captive animals the viral haemorrhagic fevers have emerged as an important hazard in hospitals and laboratories.
Canine leishmaniasis–United Kingdom update
Authors: LONGSTAFFE J. A. , GUY M. W.
Published: April 2008

Over a wide area of the warmer parts of the world the dog is the principal reservoir of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala‐azar), a serious and widespread protozoal disease. Following recent reports of canine leishmaniasis in the United Kingdom, this clinically vague, relapsing disease is being recognized more frequently in imported dogs. After reviewing clinico‐pathological and epidemiological aspects of the disease, this paper discusses practical problems such as the availability and relatively low efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, mandatory serological testing of dogs in quarantine, the legal aspects of diagnosis in quarantine and the use of imported drugs. The public health risks inherent in the management of a relapsing zoonosis potentially capable of infecting man in the absence of the insect vector are evaluated.
A histopathologic study of twenty urinary bladder neoplasms in the cat
Authors: PATNAIK A. K. , SCHWARZ P. D. , GREENE R. W.
Published: April 2008

Urinary bladder neoplasms were diagnosed in 20 cats during an eight‐year period. Histologic types included angioma, intravenous leiomyoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, haemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Malignant neoplasms (18/20; 90 per cent) and malignant epithelial neoplasms (12/20; 60 per cent) predominated. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were almost as common as transitional cell carcinomas. All adenocarcinomas and most transitional cell carcinomas were exophytic, in contrast to all squamous cell carcinomas and most sarcomas which were endophytic. Metaplastic, hyperplastic, and in situ changes in the adjoining mucosa of the bladder were seen commonly in the cases of epithelial neoplasms; Brunn's nests were associated more with the adenocarcinomas than with the other epithelial tumours.
Intra‐laryngeal foreign body as an unusual cause of dyspnoea in a dog
Authors: BEDFORD P. G. C. , GRAY B. K.
Published: April 2008

abstract

Severe dyspnoea in a young puppy was relieved by the removal of a small piece of smokeless fuel from the infraglottic cavity of the larynx by ventral laryngotomy.
A spermatozoal midpiece abnormality associated with infertility in a Llasa Apso dog
Authors: PLUMMER J. M. , WATSON P. F. , ALLEN W. E.
Published: April 2008

The semen of a 9‐year‐old Llasa Apso dog with a recent history of infertility was examined by light and electron microscopy. The presenting sperm abnormality was a high percentage (87 per cent) of cells with proximal cytoplasmic droplets. With the higher resolution of differential interference contrast microscopy and with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) it was apparent that not all of the midpiece abnormalities had the appearance of typical cytoplasmic droplets. Furthermore, by TEM both axonemal and mitochondrial defects were readily demonstrated, often with evidence of degenerative mitochondria in cytoplasmic swellings at other levels of the midpiece. These severe abnormalities were apparent only by TEM of thin sections, although scanning EM was useful in identifying abnormal midpiece outlines. It is suggested that the failure of droplet migration and the midpiece ultrastructural defects were linked to a common fault in spermateliosis.
Horner's syndrome in cats and dogs: a review
Authors: van den BROEK A. H. M.
Published: April 2008

The literature was reviewed and reference made to a retrospective study of cases of Horner's syndrome seen at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.

It was concluded that the cardinal diagnostic sign of Horner's syndrome is miosis. Ptosis, prolapse of the third eyelid and apparent enophthalmos are frequently presented but other signs of sympathetic deficit such as facial or aural vasodilatation are observed less consistently. The clinical diagnosis may be confirmed by pupillary response to cocaine.

Horner's syndrome was frequently associated with trauma and less commonly with neoplasia. In a significant number of cases the cause was undetermined. Lesions of central neurons are reported infrequently while lesions of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are described more often and appear to have a similar incidence. Preganglionic lesions most frequently involve the thoracic spinal cord and cervical sympathetic trunk while postganglionic lesions usually result from middle ear and retrobulbar disorders. The site of the lesion may be determined on the basis of clinical signs and pupillary response to phenyladrenalin or hydroxyamphetamine which both distinguish postganglionic lesions from preganglionic and central lesions.
A behavioural study of a beagle bitch and her litter during the first three weeks of lactation
Authors: GRANT TOM R.
Published: April 2008

The aim of the project reported here was to study the behaviour of a beagle bitch and her puppies using a video camera. This allowed continuous discreet observations of the animals throughout the twenty‐four hours of each day. Changes in maternal behaviour from whelping to the start of weaning, and the way in which feeding and cleaning activity varied between daytime and night‐time were easily assessed by the system. It was also possible to assess the effect of the presence of people during the day on the bitch's behaviour.
Inherited copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier: the prevalence in asymptomatic dogs
Authors: HERRTAGE M. E. , SEYMOUR C. A. , WHITE R. A. S. , SMALL G. M. , WIGHT D. G. D.
Published: April 2008

Copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier is an inherited defect. This paper describes the investigation of 62 Bedlington terriers, none of which had shown any clinical signs of liver disease, in order to assess the prevalence of copper toxicosis in the breed in the United Kingdom. Twenty one (33·9 per cent) of the dogs investigated had abnormally high levels of copper in the liver. No reliable circulating haematological or biochemical parameters were found to identify those dogs with increased hepatic copper levels and the diagnosis could only be established by liver biopsy. Affected dogs had liver copper levels of between 257·5 and 2558·0 μpg per g of wet weight (1163·8 ± 164 μg/g, mean ± SEM) compared with normal dogs which had between 9·9 and 118·6 μg/g of wet weight (49·0 & 4·4 μg/g, mean ± SEM). Copper accumulation in the liver of affected dogs could also be detected on histological examination using special stains.
Eumycetoma in a British cat
Authors: BROEK A. H. M. van Dden , THODAY K. L.
Published: April 2008

A case of feline eumycetoma is described. The lesions principally affected the soft tissues of the right hip and right sublumbar region and were characterized by granulomatous swelling with sinuses, discharging pus containing black granules. The latter consisted of aggregations of fungal hyphae which on culture were identified as belonging to the genus Torula. The cat died before treatment could be instigated. Previous reports of eumycetoma in animals are reviewed.
Rhinoscopy: a diagnostic aid?
Authors: SULLIVAN MARTIN
Published: April 2008

Sixty dogs with confirmed chronic nasal disease were examined rhinoscopically. The relative merits of the otoscope, an arthroscope and a flexible bronchoscope as instruments are discussed. Rhinoscopy has a limited place in the investigation of chronic nasal discharge in the dog due to the volume of discharge present and induced haemorrhage. It is most useful in cases of destructive rhinitis (including aspergillosis) and foreign body obstruction.
Hereditary myopathy in Labrador Retrievers: clinical variations
Authors: McKERRELL R. E. , BRAUND K. G.
Published: April 2008

Four cases of Labrador Retriever myopathy are described. These examples have been chosen to illustrate the variation in clinical signs which may be seen in this condition, and include the first example of a confirmed case of Labrador Retriever myopathy in which mega‐oesophagus has been reported as a complicating feature. The implications of the clinical variations in diagnosis, management and control of the condition are discussed.
Harada's disease in the Japanese Akita
Authors: COTTELLL BEVERLEY D. , BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

A case of Harada's disease (uveodermatological syndrome) in a 14‐month old female Japanese Akita is reported, the first record of this syndrome in the United Kingdom. This case was characterized by uveitis, dermatitis and some CNS involvement. The neurological component in this syndrome has not previously been reported in the dog. The Japanese Akita is a breed only recently introduced into the United Kingdom and in view of the small gene pool available the recognition of a syndrome with an apparently hereditary basis is of particular importance.
Inactivation of canine parvovirus by disinfectants and heat
Authors: McGAVING DAVID
Published: April 2008

The resistance of canine parvovirus (CPV) to inactivation by chemical and thermal means was investigated. CPV with and without extraneous protein was tested against 15 commonly used disinfectants at room temperature. The titres of CPV remaining after 5 minutes disinfection time were greater than or equal to those remaining after 30 minutes regardless of the presence or absence of protein. Disinfection of CPV was accomplished more quickly and at lower concentrations of disinfectants when extraneous protein was absent. Halogen compounds, aldehydes and sodium hydroxide were the most acceptable CPV disinfectants. The presence of protein interfered with the two most frequently recommended CPV disinfectants—sodium hypo‐chlorite and formaldehyde. The resistance of CPV to inactivation by heat depended on the temperature and the duration of heating. Boiling (100°C) rapidly inactivated CPV. The virus was more resistant to lower temperatures. Detectable infectivity remained after 7 hours at 80°C and 72 hours at 56°C. At both 37°C and room temperature there was no significant change in infectivity titres over 72 hours.
Congestive cardiac failure in young Cocker Spaniels (a form of cardiomyopathy?): details of eight cases
Authors: THOMAS R. E.
Published: April 2008

Eight cases are described of young Cocker Spaniels with severe congestive heart failure that fulfil the criteria for a diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy. The differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and primary mitral/tricuspid valve disease is discussed. Clinical, radiographic, electro‐cardiographic, therapeutic and pathological details are reported. An analysis of pedigree records revealed a close ancestral relationship between six of the dogs.
Gastric displacement in dogs without clinical signs of acute dilatation
Authors: FRENDIN J. , FUNKQUIST B. , STAVENBORN M.
Published: April 2008

Radiographs from four dogs with non‐specific signs of digestive disturbances showed displacement of the fundus and pylorus corresponding to a 180o rotation of the stomach. All the dogs belonged to breeds with a high incidence of typical gastric torsion with dilatation. The possible importance of this gastric instability in the development of an acute attack of gastric torsion is discussed.
Treatment of pseudopregnancy in the bitch with cabergoline, an ergoline derivative
Authors: ARBEITER K. , BRASS W. , BALLABIO R. , JÖCHLE W.
Published: April 2008

Cabergoline, a new prolactin inhibitor, was evaluated clinically in 143 bitches with pseudopregnancy and, or, false lactation, 14 cases of lactation after ovariohysterectomy for the removal of dead fetuses, 12 cases of persisting lactation after early weaning, and five cases of eclampsia. The drug was administered as a once‐daily oral treatment (on food) in 139 cases or as subcutaneous injections at 48 hour intervals (maximum four injections) at a dose of 5, 2–5 or 1–5 μg/kg bodyweight in 35 cases. Improvement was evident within three to four days, and in 80 per cent of the cases clinical signs (abnormal behaviour, mammary gland swelling. milk secretion) had been significantly reduced or had disappeared within seven days. Treatment was successful in 95 per cent of the cases. Emesis was the only objectionable clinical side effect, being seen in 3 per cent of orally treated animals and necessitated withdrawal of one dog from the study. Vomiting occurred after the first (65‐7 per cent) and second (22‐9 per cent) injection only.
A new method of surgical treatment of hip dislocation in dogs and cats
Authors: MEHL N. BJERRING
Published: April 2008

Handling traumatic hip dislocation is a routine procedure in emergency clinics. Many cases are successfully managed with closed reduction and supportive bandage. However, when surgery is needed the techniques commonly in use are hampered with the lack of visualisation and may result in excessive joint trauma. This paper describes a new surgical method for stabilising the hip joint. The technique is called prearticular stabilisation. The principle is to avoid reluxation by limiting the range of rotatory movement of the femoral head by the use of heavy double mattress sutures tied between the tendons of insertion of the psoas minor and the gluteus medius muscles. The results of the first 11 cases are reported and long term as well as short term results are encouraging.
Congenital portosystemic shunts in the cat: A report of nine cases
Authors: BLAXTER A. C. , HOLT P. E. , PEARSON G. R. , GIBBS C. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J.
Published: April 2008

The clinical features, diagnosis, management and outcome of nine cases of congenital portosystemic shunt in the cat are reported. Neurological signs associated with hepatic encephalopathy and ptyalism were the main clinical signs. Six cases were presented as kittens less than six months of age and the remaining three cases were presented as adults, although in one of these signs were first noted at eight to 12 weeks of age. Fasting hyperammo‐naemia was the only consistent abnormal biochemical finding. Medical management was instituted in all cases and surgical partial ligation was later performed in four with recanalisation of the ligated vessel occurring in three cases. The condition in the cat is compared and contrasted with that in the dog.
Chronic hepatitis in the dog
Authors: RUTGERS H. C. , HAYWOOD S.
Published: April 2008

Chronic hepatitis in the dog encompasses a diverse group of liver diseases characterised by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the hepatic parenchyma but with multiple causes. The aetiology is often unknown. Potential causes include hepatic copper accumulation, drugs, infections, and, speculatively, immune‐mediated disease. Diagnosis is made based on liver biopsy. Treatment is predominantly supportive, while corticosteroids may be indicated in selected cases with idiopathic chronic hepatitis.
Significance of the oculocardiac reflex during ophthalmic surgery in the dog
Authors: CLUTTON R. E. , BOYD C. , RICHARDS D. L. S. , SCHWINK K.
Published: April 2008

Antimuscarinic drugs were intentionally excluded from the anaesthetic protocol used in 72 dogs undergoing a variety of ophthalmic surgical procedures. Following premedication with acepromazine and morphine, anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane vaporised in oxygen and nitrous oxide. Muscle relaxation was achieved in all dogs using either vecuronium or atracurium and ventilation was controlled to produce mild hypocapnia. Only one patient showed electrocardiographic and arterial blood pressure changes that could be attributed to the oculocardiac reflex. This indicates that the reflex is of minor clinical importance when anaesthesia results in good muscle relaxation, mild hypocapnia and adequate unconsciousness. When these conditions are present the routine use of atropine or glycopyrrolate is unwarranted during ocular surgery in the dog.
Primary ocular sarcomas in the cat
Authors: PEIFFER ROBERT L. , MONTICELLO THOMAS , BOULDIN THOMAS W.
Published: April 2008

Primary ocular sarcomas were diagnosed following enucleation (12) or necropsy (one) in 13 cats over an eight year period. Twelve of the 13 cats were males; ages of affected animals were seven to 15 years, with a mean of 12. Five of the cats had a history of previous trauma and six others had a history of chronic uveitis. Morphologically the neoplasm was comprised of undifferentiated spindle cells and appeared to arise in the anterior uvea. The cancer was quite aggressive, with extension into adjacent tissues and/or distant metastases commonly encountered. Seven of 12 cats experienced confirmed tumour related deaths within months following enucleation and one was humanely destroyed at the time of original presentation.
Long‐term evaluation of the pull‐through technique for vertical canal ablation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats
Authors: TIRGARI M.
Published: April 2008

Between January 1985 and May 1987 53 ears of 35 dogs and five cats with chronic otitis externa were operated on using the pull‐through technique for vertical canal ablation. Their postoperative follow‐up is analysed, evaluated and described in detail.