bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal breastfeeding durations for HIV‐exposed infants: the impact of maternal ART use, infant mortality and replacement feeding risk
Authors: Mallampati Divya , MacLean Rachel L , Shapiro Roger , Dabis Francois , Engelsmann Barbara , Freedberg Kenneth A , Leroy Valeriane , Lockman Shahin , Walensky Rochelle , Rollins Nigel , Ciaranello Andrea
Published: April 2018

Introduction

In 2010, the WHO recommended women living with HIV breastfeed for 12 months while taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) to balance breastfeeding benefits against HIV transmission risks. To inform the 2016 WHO guidelines, we updated prior research on the impact of breastfeeding duration on HIV‐free infant survival (HFS) by incorporating maternal ART duration, infant/child mortality and mother‐to‐child transmission data.

Methods

Using the Cost‐Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)‐Infant model, we simulated the impact of breastfeeding duration on 24‐month HFS among HIV‐exposed, uninfected infants. We defined “optimal” breastfeeding durations as those maximizing 24‐month HFS. We varied maternal ART duration, mortality rates among breastfed infants/children, and relative risk of mortality associated with replacement feeding (“RRRF”), modelled as a multiplier on all‐cause mortality for replacement‐fed infants/children (range: 1 [no additional risk] to 6). The base‐case simulated RRRF = 3, median infant mortality, and 24‐month maternal ART duration.

Results

In the base‐case, HFS ranged from 83.1% (no breastfeeding) to 90.2% (12‐months breastfeeding). Optimal breastfeeding durations increased with higher RRRF values and longer maternal ART durations, but did not change substantially with variation in infant mortality rates. Optimal breastfeeding durations often exceeded the previous WHO recommendation of 12 months.

Conclusions

In settings with high RRRF and long maternal ART durations, HFS is maximized when mothers breastfeed longer than the previously‐recommended 12 months. In settings with low RRRF or short maternal ART durations, shorter breastfeeding durations optimize HFS. If mothers are supported to use ART for longer periods of time, it is possible to reduce transmission risks and gain the benefits of longer breastfeeding durations.
Surveillance of donated blood during the 2016 arbovirus outbreak in Brazil
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Costa Santos Larissa , da Silva Robson A. , Gonçalves Caroline V. , de Melo Calado Stéfano , Santos Denisar P. , de Andrade de Melo Josana P. , de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo Rita , Requião Luciana , Krieger Marco A. , Barral‐Netto Manoel , de Oliveira Camila I.
Published: April 2018

Reports of arboviral transmission via blood transfusion may be a cause of concern among asymptomatic infected donors. This study evaluated the presence of arboviruses in donated blood products during the 2016 outbreak in Vitória da Conquista (Bahia‐Brazil). Serum samples (n = 676) were screened for ZIKV, CHIKV, and the four DENV serotypes using a one‐step reverse transcriptase‐based Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‐PCR). No samples tested positive for any of the targets, whereas positive controls performed as expected. The results suggest a low risk of arboviral transmission via transfusion of blood products in the endemic area studied during the 2016 outbreak.
Rapid screening and identification of antioxidants in the leaves of Malus hupehensis using off‐line two‐dimensional HPLC–UV–MS/MS coupled with a 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assay
Authors: Liu Minzhuo , Huang Xueqian , Liu Qi , Chen Miao , Liao Sen , Zhu Fawei , Shi Shuyun , Yang Hua , Chen Xiaoqing
Published: April 2018

The leaves of Malus hupehensis have a strong antioxidant activity and are commonly consumed as a healthy tea. However, detailed information about its antioxidants is incomplete. Herein, we developed an effective strategy based on combining off‐line two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and tandem mass spectrometry detection with a 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assay to rapidly screen and identify the antioxidants from the leaves of M. hupehensis. In the orthogonal two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system, a Venusil HILIC column was used for the first dimension, while a Universil XB‐C18 column was installed in the second dimension. As a result, 32 antioxidants, including ten dihydrochalcones, two flavanones, nine flavonols, four flavones, and seven phenolic acids were tentatively identified, out of which 23 compounds, as far as we know, were isolated and characterized from the leaves of M. hupehensis for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic investigation of the antioxidants from the leaves of M. hupehensis. The results indicated that the proposed method is an efficient technique to rapidly investigate antioxidants, especially for coeluted and minor compounds in a complex system.
Validation of the Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Checklist: A Developmentally Informed Assessment Tool for Bereaved Youth
Authors: Kaplow Julie B. , Layne Christopher M. , Oosterhoff Benjamin , Goldenthal Hayley , Howell Kathryn H. , Wamser‐Nanney Rachel , Burnside Amanda , Calhoun Karen , Marbury Daphne , Johnson‐Hughes Laura , Kriesel Molly , Staine Mary Beth , Mankin Marian , Porter‐Howard LaTanya , Pynoos Robert
Published: April 2018

The inclusion of Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) in theDSM‐5appendix signifies a call for research regarding the distinguishing features and clinical utility of proposed PCBD criteria. Rigorously constructed tools for assessing PCBD are lacking, especially for youth. This study evaluated the validity and clinical utility of the PCBD Checklist, a 39‐item measure designed to assess PCBD criteria in youth aged 8 to18 years. Test construction procedures involved: (a) reviewing the literature regarding developmental manifestations of proposed criteria, (b) creating a developmentally informed item pool, (c) surveying an expert panel to evaluate the clarity and developmental appropriateness of candidate items, (d) conducting focus groups to evaluate the comprehensibility and acceptability of items, and (e) evaluating psychometric properties in 367 bereaved youth (Mage= 13.49, 55.0% female). The panel, clinicians, and youth provided favorable content validity and comprehensibility ratings for candidate items. As hypothesized, youth who met full PCBD criteria, Criterion B (e.g., preoccupation with the deceased and/or circumstances of the death), or Criterion C (e.g., reactive distress and/or social/identity disruption) reported higher posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms than youth who did not meet these criteria, ηp2= .07–.16. Youth who met Criterion C reported greater functional impairment than youth who did not, ηp2= .08–.12. Youth who qualified for the “traumatic bereavement specifier” reported more frequent posttraumatic stress symptoms than youth who did not, ηp2= .04. Findings support the convergent, discriminant, and discriminant‐groups validity, developmental appropriateness, and clinical utility of the PCBD Checklist.
Surgical management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fistulas and encephaloceles of the temporal bone
Authors: Kutz Joe Walter , Johnson Andrew K. , Wick Cameron C.
Published: April 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe the presentation, surgical findings, and outcomes in patients with spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas and encephaloceles.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients treated for a spontaneous temporal bone CSF fistula and/or encephalocele over a 10‐year period was performed. Data recorded included demographic information, presenting signs and symptoms, radiographic and laboratory studies, surgical approach, materials used for repair, surgical complications, and successful closure of the CSF fistula.

Results

Fifty patients were identified. Five patients underwent bilateral procedures, for a total of 55 surgical repairs. Thirty‐seven of the patients were female, with a mean age of 57.2 years. Seventy percent of patients were obese, with a mean body mass index of 35.0 kg/m2. The most common presentation was tympanostomy tube otorrhea (68%). Seven patients (14%) presented with meningitis. The middle fossa craniotomy approach was used in 87.3% of cases. Hydroxyapatite bone cement was used in 82.4% of cases. There were four surgical complications: seizure, mastoid infection, tympanic membrane retraction, and a delayed subdural hematoma. There were five persistent or recurrent CSF fistulas that underwent successful revision surgery.

Conclusions

Spontaneous CSF fistulas are most common in obese females and should be suspected with a chronic middle ear effusion, persistent otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement, or in patients with a history of meningitis. The middle fossa craniotomy approach with the use of hydroxyapatite bone cement has a high success rate with a low incidence of postoperative complications.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 128:2170–2177, 2018
Photodynamic therapy induces antifibrotic alterations in primary human vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wang Jiajia , Chou Adriana , Gong Ting , Devine Erin E. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: April 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for laryngeal dysplasia, early‐stage carcinoma, and papilloma, and was reported to have the ability to preserve laryngeal function and voice quality without clinical fibrotic response. We aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the antifibrotic effects of PDT on primary human vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs) in vitro.

Study Design

In vitro analysis from one human donor.

Methods

Cell viability of VFFs in response to varying doses of PDT was investigated by the Cell Counting Kit‐8 method. Sublethal‐dose PDT (SL‐PDT) was used for the following experiments. Expression of genes related to vocal fold extracellular matrix formation was analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. Effects of PDT on cell migration, collagen contraction, and transforming growth factor β‐1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced myofibroblast differentiation were also analyzed.

Results

PDT affects the viability of VFFs in a dose‐dependent manner. SL‐PDT significantly changed the expression profile of VFFs with antifibrotic effects. It also inhibited cell migration, reduced collagen contraction, and reversed the fibroblast‐myofibroblast differentiation induced by TGF‐β1.

Conclusions

SL‐PDT induces antifibrotic alterations in VFFs. This could explain the low incidence of vocal fold scar associated with PDT. Moreover, PDT may be useful in treating existing vocal fold scars. Further studies should focus on the in vivo effect of PDT on vocal fold wound healing and scar remodeling.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 128:E323–E331, 2018
Sonographic assessment of swallowing in irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Cheng Dennis T. H. , Lee Kathy Y. S. , Ahuja Anil T. , Tong Michael C. F.
Published: April 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Ultrasonography is an emerging clinical tool to study the dysfunction of swallowing muscles. This was the first sonographic study to assess the relationship between suprahyoid muscle contraction, hyoid bone displacement, and penetration‐aspiration status (PAS) during swallowing in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with radiotherapy (RT). The study also aimed to establish reliability data for the sonographic technique described.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Geniohyoid muscle contraction was quantified using brightness‐mode ultrasonography in this study of 40 post‐RT NPC patients. A series of physiological parameters and PAS were measured using videofluoroscopy.

Results

Intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement values ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 across various sonographic measurements. Percentage increase in the cross‐sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle correlated with anterior (r = 0.42, P < .05) but not superior (r = 0.27, P = .09) hyoid displacement. Anterior hyoid displacement and pharyngeal constriction ratio were significantly associated with PAS score.

Conclusions

Sonographic measurement of suprahyoid muscles provides valuable information on muscle function and is potentially a useful clinical tool in swallowing assessment. Further research is needed to refine the role of this examination in dysphagia.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 2552–2559, 2018
All‐Optical Phosphorene Phase Modulator with Enhanced Stability Under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Wang Yunzheng , Zhang Feng , Tang Xian , Chen Xing , Chen Yunxiang , Huang Weichun , Liang Zhiming , Wu Leiming , Ge Yanqi , Song Yufeng , Liu Jie , Zhang Du , Li Jianqing , Zhang Han
Published: April 2018

All‐optical modulators, wherein signal light can be manipulated by another controlling light, have recently emerged as a promising perspective in all‐optical communications, interconnects and signal processing. Herein, by taking advantage of the strong light‐matter interaction and thickness‐dependent direct energy bandgap in few‐layer phosphorene, an all‐fiber all‐optical modulator based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer comprising few‐layer fluorinated phosphorene‐deposited microfiber has been devised and further demonstrated with phase modulation ability. The phase shift of the signal light, capable of being converted into intensity modulation, could be readily controlled by the photothermal effect in phosphorene. A maximal phase shift of 8π is obtained at a control light of 290 mW, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 0.029 π mW−1. The optical information carried by the control light is successfully copied towards the signal light with a modulation depth of 17 dB and a rise time constant of 2.5 ms. Stability under ambient conditions is enhanced significantly thanks to atomistic fluorination in phosphorene that can overcome drawbacks of easy oxidation of intrinsic phosphorene and maintain performance for a long term. This prototypical phosphorene‐based all‐optical phase modulator will have a great potential to be applied in all‐optical information processing and be integrated into optical fiber systems.
Spin and Geometric Phase Control Four‐Wave Mixing from Metasurfaces
Authors: Li Guixin , Sartorello Giovanni , Chen Shumei , Nicholls Luke H. , Li King Fai , Zentgraf Thomas , Zhang Shuang , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: April 2018

The spin angular momentum of light plays an important role in nonlinear interactions in optical systems with rotational symmetries. Here, the existence of the nonlinear geometric Berry phase is demonstrated in the four‐wave mixing process and applied to spin‐controlled nonlinear light generation from plasmonic metasurfaces. The polarization state of four‐wave mixing from the ultrathin metasurfaces, comprising gold meta‐atoms with four‐fold rotational symmetry, can be controlled by manipulating the spin of the excitation beams. The mutual orientation of the meta‐atoms in the metasurface influences the intensity of four‐wave mixing via the geometric phase effects. These findings provide novel solutions for designing metasurfaces for spin‐controlled nonlinear optical processes with inbuilt all‐optical switching.
Making use of external corrosion defect assessment (ECDA) data to predict DCVG %IR drop and coating defect area
Authors: Bin Muhd Noor Nik N. , Yu Keming , Bharadwaj Ujjwal , Gan Tat‐Hean
Published: April 2018

Buried pipelines are vulnerable to the threat of corrosion. Hence these pipelines are coated with a protective layer (coating) to isolate the metal substrate from the surrounding environment. With time, the coating will deteriorate which could lead to corrosion. The condition of the coating can be investigated by the external corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) procedure to investigate and monitor corrosion activity on unpiggable pipelines and provides a guideline in maintaining its structural integrity. This paper highlights the results obtained from the ECDA process which was conducted on 250 km of buried pipelines. The results from the indirect and direct assessment part of the ECDA were modeled using the classical quantile regression (QR) and the Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) method to investigate the effect of factors toward the IR drop (%IR) and the coating defect size (TCDA). It was found that the classical method and the Bayesian approach produces similar predictions on the regression coefficients. However, the Bayesian method has the added advantage of the posterior distribution which considers parameter uncertainties and can be incorporated in future ECDAs.
Corrosion of Q235 carbon steel influenced by the introduction of aerogenic and aerobic bacteria
Authors: Tan Faqi , Wu Jiajia , Zhang Dun , Li Ee , Sun Yan , Gao Jieyan
Published: April 2018

Corrosion of carbon steel is investigated in the presence of Synechococcus sp. (S. sp., an aerogenic strain) with or without the coexistence of Pseudoalteromonas sp. (P. sp., an aerobic strain). Results of electrochemical and weight loss measurements suggest that the corrosion of carbon steel is continuous in S. sp. containing media while it is inhibited initially and accelerated finally in the coexistence of S. sp. and P. sp. This variation in corrosion rate is believed to be closely related to the difference in the growth and metabolism of two strains in different media. In media containing S. sp. alone, the slow reproduction of S. sp. leads to the relatively stable dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the continuous corrosion. In the case of S. sp. + P. sp., P. sp. consume DO and form protective biofilm at the initial stage, and then the death of P. sp. and the rapid reproduction of S. sp. cause the increase of DO concentration and the formation of porous corrosion products, leading to the change of corrosion rate.
Pragmatic Treatment of Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Balint Bettina , Meinck Hans‐Michael
Published: April 2018

Background

Stiff person spectrum disorders (SPSD) are a group of rare conditions clinically characterized by stiffness, spasms, and heightened stimulus sensitivity. They also share a spectrum of antibodies.

Methods

We reviewed the literature and our own experience with the aim of providing a practical approach to the treatment of SPSD.

Results

Because of the rarity of SPSD, there is little evidence to guide treatment decisions. The treatment of SPSD is based on the triad of symptomatic treatment, immunotherapy, and tumor treatment where appropriate. Moreover, the management involves continuous and appropriate monitoring of the symptoms of the disease, its autoimmune associations, and potential treatment side effects.

Conclusions

Here we delineated a pragmatic treatment approach to SPSD, based on our experience and existing literature. We also highlighted how our understanding of neuronal antibodies and their implications reflects on management considerations.
Implementing Levodopa‐Carbidopa Intestinal Gel for Parkinson Disease: Insights from US Practitioners
Authors: Burack Michelle , Aldred Jason , Zadikoff Cindy , Vanagunas Arvydas , Klos Kevin , Bilir Bahri , Fernandez Hubert H. , Standaert David G.
Published: April 2018

Background

Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG, designated in the United States as carbidopa‐levodopa enteral suspension, CLES) was approved in the United States in 2015 for the treatment of refractory motor fluctuations in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Many neurologists in the United States have not had personal experience with implementation and management of the unique delivery system for this treatment.

Methods and Findings

This educational review was developed to provide practitioners with an understanding of LCIG use from the clinician's point of view. Practical recommendations for the use of LCIG from the early planning stages through long‐term patient management were compiled from the published literature, regulatory guidance, and clinical experience. Among the topics reviewed were: assembling a multidisciplinary treatment team, identifying treatment candidates, patient/care partner education, procedural considerations, post‐procedural care, LCIG initiation and titration, troubleshooting issues, and ongoing monitoring. For most of these steps, a considerable amount of individualization is possible, which allows clinicians to tailor protocols based on the needs of their teams, the healthcare system, and the patient and care partner. Although clinical practices are heterogeneous, themes of early planning, ongoing education, and a team‐based approach to management are universal.

Conclusions

By using established protocols and insights gleaned from experienced practitioners, clinicians who are unfamiliar with LCIG can more feasibly incorporate this treatment option into their armamentarium for treating PD motor fluctuations.
Market value, market share, and mergers: Evidence from a panel of U.S. firms
Authors: Entezarkheir Mahdiyeh , Sen Anindya
Published: April 2018

Improving shareholder value has often been cited as a merger determinant. Because mergers create larger firms and less competition, they may increase shareholder value through higher market share and stock‐market value. We investigate merger impacts on firms' stock‐market value and market share. We construct panel data from 4 different data sources on public merging and non‐merging U.S. manufacturing firms for 1980–2003. Instrumental variables and factors such as R&D, patents, and citations control for endogeneity. We find that mergers are positively correlated with stock‐market value and market share.
The cardiorespiratory response and physiological determinants of the assisted 6‐minute handbike cycle test in adult males with muscular dystrophy
Authors: Morse Christopher I. , Bostock Emma L. , Twiss Harriet M. , Kapp Laura H. , Orme Paul , Jacques Matthew F.
Published: April 2018

Introduction: The assisted 6‐minute cycle test (A6MCT) distance was assessed in adults with muscular dystrophy (MD). Methods: Forty‐eight males, including those with Duchenne MD (DMD), limb‐girdle MD (LGMD), fascioscapulohumeral MD (FSHD), and Becker MD (BMD), as well as a group without MD (CTRL), completed handgrip strength (HGS), lung function [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)], body fat, and biceps thickness assessments. During the A6MCT, ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide (VCO2), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Results: A6MCT and HGS were lower in MD than CTRL subjects. FEV1, FVC, and biceps thickness were lower in MD than CTRL; lower in DMD than BMD, LGMD, and FSHD; but were not different between BMD, LGMD, and FSHD. A6MCT correlated with HGS, FEV1, FVC, body fat, VO2, VCO2, HR, and VE (r = 0.455–0.708) in pooled BMD, LGMD, and FSHD participants. Discussion: A shorter A6MCT distance in adult males with MD was attributable to HGS and lung function. The A6MCT is appropriate for assessment of physical function in adults with MD. Muscle Nerve 58: 427–433, 2018
Effect of loading duration on uncertainty in creep analysis of clay
Authors: Tan Fang , Zhou Wan‐Huan , Yuen Ka‐Veng
Published: April 2018

Some studies suggest that creep parameters should be determined using a greater quantity of creep test data to provide more reliable prediction regarding the deformation of soft soils. This study aims to investigate the effect of loading duration on model updating. One‐dimensional consolidation data of intact Vanttila clay under different loading durations collected from the literature is used for demonstration. The Bayesian probabilistic method is used to identify all unknown parameters based on the consolidation data during the entire consolidation process, and their uncertainty can be quantified through the obtained posterior probability density functions. Additionally, the optimal models are also determined from among 9 model candidates. The analyses indicate that the optimal models can describe the creep behavior of intact soft soils under different loading durations, and the adopted method can evaluate the effect of loading duration on uncertainty in the creep analysis. The uncertainty of a specific model and its model parameters decreases as more creep data are involved in the updating process, and the updated models that use more creep data can better capture the deformation behavior of an intact sample. The proposed method can provide quantified uncertainty in the process of model updating and assist engineers to decide whether the creep test data are sufficient for the creep analysis.
Reflection error analysis for wave propagation problems solved by a heterogeneous asynchronous time integrator
Authors: Zafati Eliass , Al Hout Julie
Published: April 2018

Within the framework of dynamic calculations, the hybrid multi–time‐step method proposed by Gravouil and Combescure (GC method) has proven to be an efficient algorithm that enables the use of arbitrary time steps and Newmark time schemes in each subdomain. Nonetheless, when dealing with wave propagation problems, the amount of reflections at the interfaces between subdomains strongly depends on the choice of the time integrators and the time steps used for the simulation study. In this paper, we deal with both one‐ and two‐dimensional wave propagation problems (only the anti‐plane shear wave problem is considered for the two‐dimensional case) with the aim of deriving an analytical estimation of the numerical reflection coefficient at the interface between two linear elastic subdomains having their own time integrators and time scales. The model is approximated using the lowest‐order finite elements, whereas the propagation process is described using harmonic waves. The study is carried out on the explicit/implicit and explicit/explicit integrations using arbitrary time‐step ratios. The numerical reflection coefficient is then analyzed with emphasis on the effect of the time‐step ratio and the direction of incidence.
Robust topology optimization for cellular composites with hybrid uncertainties
Authors: Zheng Jing , Luo Zhen , Li Hao , Jiang Chao
Published: April 2018

This paper will develop a new robust topology optimization method for the concurrent design of cellular composites with an array of identical microstructures subject to random‐interval hybrid uncertainties. A concurrent topology optimization framework is formulated to optimize both the composite macrostructure and the material microstructure. The robust objective function is defined based on the interval mean and interval variance of the corresponding objective function. A new uncertain propagation approach, termed as a hybrid univariate dimension reduction method, is proposed to estimate the interval mean and variance. The sensitivity information of the robust objective function can be obtained after the uncertainty analysis. Several numerical examples are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed robust topology optimization method.
Novel interval theory‐based parameter identification method for engineering heat transfer systems with epistemic uncertainty
Authors: Wang Chong , Matthies Hermann G.
Published: April 2018

The parameter identification problem with epistemic uncertainty, where only a small amount of experimental information is available, is a challenging issue in engineering. To overcome the drawback of traditional probabilistic methods in dealing with limited data, this paper proposes a novel interval theory‐based inverse analysis method. First, the interval variables are introduced to represent the input uncertainties, whose lower and upper bounds are to be identified. Subsequently, an unbiased estimation method is presented to quantify the experimental response interval from limited measurements. Meanwhile, a quantitative metric is defined to characterize the relative errors between computational and experimental response intervals by which the interval parameter identification can be constructed as a nested‐loop optimization procedure. To improve the computational efficiency of response prediction with respect to various interval variables, a universal surrogate model is established in the support box via Legendre polynomial chaos expansion, where the expansion coefficients can be evaluated by a collocation method under Clenshaw‐Curtis points and Smolyak algorithm. Eventually, a heat conduction example is provided to verify the feasibility of proposed method, especially in the case with noise‐contaminated temperature measurements.
Diverse manifestations of acute sickle cell hepatopathy in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: A case series
Authors: Pecker Lydia H. , Patel Nidhi , Creary Susan , Darbari Anil , Meier Emily Riehm , Darbari Deepika S. , Fasano Ross M.
Published: April 2018

The hepatic complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adults; children usually survive but may suffer significant sequelae. Few diagnostic tools differentiate the various hepatic manifestations of SCD. Why patients exhibit one hepatic pathology versus another is unclear. We report four pediatric patients with hemoglobin SS disease with diverse manifestations of acute hepatic involvement including acute sickle hepatic crisis, hepatic sequestration, sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis, and a non‐SCD cause of hepatopathy in a patient with viral hepatitis. These complications require a systematic approach to extensive evaluation and coordinated multidisciplinary care.
Acute myelogenous leukemia in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Creutzig Ursula , Kutny Matthew A. , Barr Ronald , Schlenk Richard F. , Ribeiro Raul C.
Published: April 2018

The incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) increases progressively with age. Favorable genetic mutations are most prevalent in children, and unfavorable profiles increase proportionately in adolescents and young adults (AYA) and into later adulthood. Survival rates of AYA have improved over recent decades to 50–60%, but their accrual to clinical trials remains poor. In contrast to AYA with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the prognostic benefit for AYA with AML enrolled in pediatric compared with adult trials is minor and only seen when different protocols are used. The distinctive needs of AYA, including intensive psychological services, call for their treatment within specialized centers that offer complex supportive care.
Mycophenolate mofetil administered every 8 hours in combination with tacrolimus is efficacious in the prophylaxis of acute graft versus host disease in childhood, adolescent, and young adult allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients
Authors: Militano Olga , Ozkaynak Mehmet F. , Mehta Brinda , van deVen Carmella , Hamby Carl , Cairo Mitchell S.
Published: April 2018

Background

The optimal dose and schedule of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients remains to be determined. We previously reported safety and pharmacokinetics of MMF at 900 mg/m2 q6h dosing. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of tacrolimus plus q8h MMF dosing for acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in a heterogeneous population of children, adolescent, young adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients, utilizing multiple allogeneic donor sources.

Procedure

GVHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus 0.03–0.04 mg/kg/day intravenous continuous infusion or 0.12–0.16 mg/kg/day orally divided q8–12h and MMF 900 mg/m2/dose (max. 1.5 g) or 15 mg/kg/dose intravenous/orally (age ≥18 years) q8h starting on Day +1. MMF was discontinued on Day +30 or Day +60 in the absence of acute GVHD. Thirty‐five children, adolescents, and young adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients with malignant and nonmalignant disorders were enrolled.

Results

Kaplan–Meier probability of grade II–IV and grade III–IV acute GVHD was 22.8% (CI95: 5.2–47.9 [where CI stands for confidence interval]) and 5.7% (CI95: 0–48.9), respectively. Probability of extensive and limited chronic GVHD was 22.6% (CI95: 3.4–52.2) and 12.2% (CI95: 0.3–45.7), respectively. Probability of 1 year overall survival was 82% (CI95: 64.1–99.8). Myeloablative conditioning was predictive of higher risk of acute GVHD in the univariate analysis (P = 0.01, hazard ratio = 6.6, CI95: 0.91–48).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a low probability of acute and chronic GVHD in a diverse cohort of childhood, adolescent, and young adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients following MMF q8h plus tacrolimus prophylaxis.
Simultaneously improving the toughness and stiffness of wood flour/polypropylene composites using elastomer A669/talcum blends
Authors: Hao Jianxiu , Wang Haigang , Song Yongming , Wang Weihong
Published: April 2018

It is important for wood plastic composites to possess satisfactory toughness and stiffness in practical applications, such as construction formworks. In this study, an elastomer‐grafted polyolefin (A669) was introduced to improve the toughness of wood flour/polypropylene (WF/PP) composites, with talcum powder used as the reinforced phase to maintain the flexural strength and stiffness of the WF/PP composites. The impact strength and bending properties of the composites were tested. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze this composite system. Test results show that the combination of A669 and talcum powder can provide the WF/PP composites with both good toughness and flexural properties. The optimum additions of A669 and talcum powder were 6% and 9%, respectively. Talcum powder plays an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation, which is helpful for increasing crystallinity and improving flexural properties. However, this function could be offset by the addition of A669. The WF/PP composites with elastomer A669 and talcum powder present more viscosity characteristics and rougher fracture surfaces. In addition, the WF/PP composites containing elastomer A669 and talcum powder have better processability. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1335–1341, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of polyaniline‐coated carbon nanotube and nanosilver hybrid nanoparticles on the dielectric properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Sahu Satyabhama , Sahoo Amrita Pritam , Shubhadarshinee Lipsa , S Ramakrishna D. , Barick Aruna Kumar
Published: April 2018

The polyaniline (PANI)‐coated functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐CNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (PANI@f‐CNTs and PANI@AgNPs hybrid nanofillers) are synthesized by means of in situ polymerization of aniline monomer on the surface of f‐CNTs and AgNPs. The PANI@f‐CNTs and PANI@AgNPs hybrid nanofillers were successfully incorporated into the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix through in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals that the existence of strong interfacial adhesive bonding between PANI@f‐CNTs and PANI@AgNPs hybrid nanofillers and PMMA matrix. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that there is no change in position of the diffraction peak as a result crystallinity of the samples are not much affected by the addition of hybrid nanofillers. The transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed that the phase morphology of the PMMA nanocomposites is significantly changed as well as hybrid nanofillers are homogeneously dispersed within the PMMA matrix. The AC conductivity (σac), dielectric permittivity (ɛ′) dielectric loss (tan δ) of the PMMA nanocomposites are remarkably increases whereas the real impedance (Z′) decreases by the Incorporation of the hybrid nanofillers into the PMMA matrix, which concludes that the synthesized polymer materials have most promising dielectric application. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1294–E1305, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Assumptions made when preparing drug exposure data for analysis have an impact on results: An unreported step in pharmacoepidemiology studies
Authors: Pye Stephen R. , Sheppard Thérèse , Joseph Rebecca M. , Lunt Mark , Girard Nadyne , Haas Jennifer S. , Bates David W. , Buckeridge David L. , van Staa Tjeerd P. , Tamblyn Robyn , Dixon William G.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Real‐world data for observational research commonly require formatting and cleaning prior to analysis. Data preparation steps are rarely reported adequately and are likely to vary between research groups. Variation in methodology could potentially affect study outcomes. This study aimed to develop a framework to define and document drug data preparation and to examine the impact of different assumptions on results.

Methods

An algorithm for processing prescription data was developed and tested using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). The impact of varying assumptions was examined by estimating the association between 2 exemplar medications (oral hypoglycaemic drugs and glucocorticoids) and cardiovascular events after preparing multiple datasets derived from the same source prescription data. Each dataset was analysed using Cox proportional hazards modelling.

Results

The algorithm included 10 decision nodes and 54 possible unique assumptions. Over 11 000 possible pathways through the algorithm were identified. In both exemplar studies, similar hazard ratios and standard errors were found for the majority of pathways; however, certain assumptions had a greater influence on results. For example, in the hypoglycaemic analysis, choosing a different variable to define prescription end date altered the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) from 1.77 (1.56‐2.00) to 2.83 (1.59‐5.04).

Conclusions

The framework offers a transparent and efficient way to perform and report drug data preparation steps. Assumptions made during data preparation can impact the results of analyses. Improving transparency regarding drug data preparation would increase the repeatability, reproducibility, and comparability of published results.
Unravelling Quasi–Causal Environmental Effects via Phenotypic and Genetically Informed Multi–Rater Models: The Case of Differential Parenting and Authoritarianism
Authors: Zapko–Willmes Alexandra , Riemann Rainer , Kandler Christian
Published: April 2018

This study investigated the association between different experiences of parenting and individual right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) using twin family data comprising self– and informant reports. We applied a design that allowed us to examine whether the link between retrospective assessments of parenting and current RWA is effectively environmental or whether the association is attributable to genetic influences. We hypothesized that an authoritarian parenting style (low responsiveness and high demandingness) provided by the parents is associated with higher offspring's RWA, and that this association is similar for both twin siblings as a function of their genetic relatedness and shared familial experiences—that is, genotype–environment correlation. A sample of 875 twins as well as 319 mothers and 268 fathers completed a questionnaire on twins’ parental environment and their own authoritarian attitudes. Additionally, 1322 well–informed peers assessed twins’ RWA. Applying structural equation modelling, we found twins’ experiences of parental responsiveness and demandingness to be positively associated with self–reported and peer–reported RWA. The correlation between responsiveness and RWA was similar for both twins due to their genetic similarity, whereas twin differences in demandingness were positively associated with twin differences in RWA, indicating quasi–causal environmental effects. Implications for the interdependence between parenting and RWA are discussed. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
Lead Us (Not) into Temptation: Testing the Motivational Mechanisms Linking Honesty–Humility to Cooperation
Authors: Hilbig Benjamin E. , Kieslich Pascal J. , Henninger Felix , Thielmann Isabel , Zettler Ingo
Published: April 2018

Over the past decades, there has been considerable interest in individual differences in cooperative behaviour and how these can be explained. Whereas the Honesty–Humility dimension from the HEXACO model of personality has been identified as a consistent predictor of cooperation, the underlying motivational mechanisms of this association have remained unclear—especially given the confound between the temptation to exploit others and the fear of being exploited as motivational drivers of defection in social dilemmas. In a reanalysis and a new experiment, we tease apart these mechanisms by manipulating the rank order of pay–offs in a symmetric two–person game paradigm, essentially implementing the classic prisoner's dilemma, stag hunt, and chicken games. Results revealed that Honesty–Humility predicted cooperation specifically in the games in which temptation was a potential motivator of defection, whereas it did not account for cooperation in those games in which only fear implied defection. Our findings thereby shed light on the underlying motivational mechanisms of the Honesty–Humility–cooperation link and, more generally, demonstrate how economic games can be used to disentangle such mechanisms. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
The Stability of Temperament from Early Childhood to Early Adolescence: A Multi–Method, Multi–Informant Examination
Authors: Kopala–Sibley Daniel C. , Olino Thomas , Durbin Emily , Dyson Margaret W. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: April 2018

Temperament is a core aspect of children's psychological functioning and is assumed to be at least somewhat stable across childhood. However, little research has assessed the stability of temperament from early childhood to early adolescence. Moreover, few studies have examined the influence of measurement and analytic methods on the stability of early temperament over periods of more than a few years. We obtained laboratory observations and mother and father reports of temperamental negative and positive emotionality and effortful control from 559 three–year–olds. Approximately nine years later, children and both parents completed questionnaire measures of similar temperament constructs. Zero–order correlations revealed greater within–informant than cross–informant stability. In addition, compared with parent reports, early childhood laboratory measures showed greater convergent and divergent validity with child, mother, and father reports at age 12. Finally, latent temperament variables at age 3 composed of laboratory and parent–report measures and latent variables at age 12 composed of parent and child reports showed moderate stability. There was also a weak but significant association of early effortful control with later negative and positive emotionality. Results have implications for assessing temperament and knowledge of the stability of temperament across childhood. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
Neodymium‐based catalysts bearing phosphate ligands for ring‐opening polymerization of ɛ‐caprolactone
Authors: Ren Yixin , Kularatne Ruvanthi N. , Miller Justin T. , Polderman Stefanie T. , Vo Trinh D. , Biewer Michael C. , Stefan Mihaela C.
Published: April 2018

Neodymium‐based catalysts coordinated with phosphate ligands (NdCl3·3L), where L = triethyl phosphate (TEP) or tris(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), were synthesized. The ring‐opening polymerizations (ROP) of ɛ‐caprolactone (ɛ‐CL) with these catalysts in the presence of benzyl alcohol initiator were performed, yielding polymers with well‐defined molecular weights and relatively narrow polydispersity index (PDI = 1.22–1.65). In situ NMR analysis of the reaction between NdCl3·3TEP and benzyl alcohol indicated that ROP proceeds through a coordination‐insertion mechanism. The end groups of the resultant polymers were determined using MALDI‐ToF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The quasi‐living nature of this catalytic system was demonstrated by kinetic studies and the successful synthesis of the block copolymer poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(l‐lactide) by sequential monomer addition. Kinetic studies revealed that the catalyst with the bulkier TEHP ligand increased the rate of ROP of ɛ‐CL as compared to the TEP ligand. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1289–1296
Photocurrent Amplification in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Phototransistors with Different Donor–Acceptor Ratio
Authors: Shidachi Ren , Matsuhisa Naoji , Zalar Peter , Chow Philip C. Y. , Jinno Hiroaki , Yokota Tomoyuki , Someya Takao
Published: April 2018

In this paper, the amplification of the photocurrent in organic phototransistors (OPTs) employing bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) with different donor–acceptor ratios has been studied. As a model system, poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3’,7’‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene] (OC1C10‐PPV) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are used as donor and acceptor, respectively, combined with Al contact. It is found that for OPTs the mobility of the majority carrier is the dominating factor for maximizing the photocurrent. This is different from organic photodiodes (OPDs) where balanced hole and electron mobilities are important. For OPDs using the same model system, the maximum photocurrent is obtained for a PCBM content of 80 wt.% while for OPTs, it retained its photocurrent from PCBM 80 wt.% up to PCBM 100 wt.%. In addition, BHJ transistors respond more rapidly to changes in the illumination intensity than transistors with a pure PCBM layer.
Landau Level Broadening in the Three‐Dimensional Topological Insulator Sb2Te3
Authors: Storz Oliver , Sessi Paolo , Wilfert Stefan , Dirker Chris , Bathon Thomas , Kokh Konstantin , Tereshchenko Oleg , Bode Matthias
Published: April 2018

Topological insulators (TIs) possess an insulating bulk and spin‐momentum‐locked Dirac‐like surface states which are topologically protected from backscattering. This connection between charge and spin currents makes TIs highly attractive for spintronics and quantum computing applications where spin‐encoded information needs to be coherently transmitted and processed with high‐fidelity. However, the physical limits of quantum coherence in TIs have not yet been fundamentally understood. Here we demonstrate by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements at high magnetic fields that the broadening of Landau level (LL) states in Sb2Te3 exhibit a maximum width at the zeroth LL and monotonously decrease away from the Dirac energy. The weak magnetic field dependence verifies that the spin–orbit‐induced spin texture of topological states effectively protects them from scattering even at the highest achievable magnetic fields.
Avoid common errors in Title IX investigations, reports
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2018

JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA — When your campus has to deal with allegations of Title IX violations, you certainly don't want to take any missteps that could further complicate the situation or land your institution in legal hot water.
Concise Review: Aggressive Colorectal Cancer: Role of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Cancer Stem Cells and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Boesch Maximilian , Spizzo Gilbert , Seeber Andreas
Published: April 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In spite of various attempts to ameliorate outcome by escalating treatment, significant improvement is lacking particularly in the adjuvant setting. It has been proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are at least partially responsible for therapy resistance in CRC. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was one of the first CSC antigens to be described. Furthermore, an EpCAM-specific antibody (edrecolomab) has the merit of having launched the era of monoclonal antibody treatment in oncology in the 1990s. However, despite great initial enthusiasm, monoclonal antibody treatment has not proven successful in the adjuvant treatment of CRC patients. In the meantime, new insights into the function of EpCAM in CRC have emerged and new drugs targeting various epitopes have been developed. In this review article, we provide an update on the role of EpCAM in CSCs and EMT, and emphasize the potential predictive selection criteria for novel treatment strategies and refined clinical trial design.