bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equine leucocyte antigens in sarcoid‐affected horses
Authors: LAZARY S. , GERBER H. , GLATT P. A. , STRAUB R.
Published: April 2010

The distribution of equine leucocyte antigens (ELA) in horses affected by equine sarcoid tumours was determined and compared with unaffected controls. ELA‐haplotype W3,B1 occurred more frequently in affected riding horses of Irish, Swiss and French background. The combined data for the three breeds resulted in a χ2 value of 20.35 (P<0.0005 after correction). Simultaneously, ELA‐specificity W11 was more frequently found in horses of Irish background, while W5 was found in Swiss and French horses with sarcoids. The combined data for haplotype W3,B1 and/or W5 specificity demonstrated, in the genetically closely‐related Swiss and French horses, a highly significant difference in the occurrence of these haplotypes between affected horses and healthy controls (χ2= 28.69, P<0.00001 after correction). Thus, the results strongly suggest that the predisposition of horses to sarcoid is associated with or linked to the major histocompatibility complex.
Retrospective study of hindquarter asymmetry in Standardbred Trotters and its correlation with performance
Authors: DALIN G. , MAGNUSSON L.‐E. , THAFVELIN BEATA C.
Published: April 2010

Five hundred four‐year‐old Standardbred Trotters in training were examined in a study on the correlation between conformation, soundness and racing performance. In 39 horses marked hindquarter asymmetries were observed when they were standing squarely on all four feet. The asymmetries were seen as obvious height differences between the left and right tubera sacrale. In 30 cases the left tuber sacrale was lower and in nine cases the right tuber sacrale was lower. The horses showing hindquarter asymmetry were of significantly larger body size than the 461 horses not showing the asymmetry. There was no sex difference in the incidence of hindquarter asymmetry. The asymmetric horses had significantly lower total earnings, a lower number of races per horse and less good racing records (min/km) than the remaining 461 horses. The trainers reported that the asymmetric horses often had difficulties in performing at speed. In most horses, the asymmetry had not been observed until the examination. Past clinical records of 11 of the 30 asymmetric horses were available. In only one of the 11 horses had the asymmetry been considered of clinical importance. It was concluded that the described hindquarter asymmetries are important signs indicating that there is an enhanced risk that the affected horses will not become successful Trotters.
Diagnosis of gastroduodenojejunitis and its surgical treatment by a temporary duodenocaecostomy
Authors: HUSKAMP B.
Published: April 2010

Gastroduodenojejunitis is a catarrhal inflammation of the stomach and proximal portion of the small intestine. Secondary overloading of the stomach occurs so that affected horses rapidly enter a state of hypovolaemic shock which is further complicated by the presence of toxins. The condition can occur in a mild or severe form. In mild cases, conservative treatment comprising intravenous electrolyte therapy and repeated gastric decompression is indicated and is usually successful. In severe cases surgical treatment creating duodenocaecal anastomosis has given good results. This should be carried out if conservative treatment has shown no signs of improvement 24 h after the onset of the condition.
Diagnostic value of contrast echocardiography in the horse
Authors: KVART C. , CARLSTEN J. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , NILSFORS L.
Published: April 2010

M‐mode echocardiography is a safe and practical means of using ultrasound to evaluate the dynamic movements of cardiac structures. The technique can be refined by using a simple contrast medium in the form of carbon dioxide mixed with heparinised blood to provide a strong echogenic result. This technique was employed in a series of 15 normal conscious standing horses and in three animals with specific cardiac defects. In the clinical cases it was possible to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between a congenital septal defect and mitral regurgitation. The method was found to be safe and relatively simple to perform using percutaneous insertion of catheters. The intracardiac catheterisation was trouble free and no clinical side effects to direct injection of the carbon dioxide contrast medium into the heart were demonstrated.
Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids
Authors: EDINGTON N. , BRIDGES C. G. , HUCKLE A.
Published: April 2010

Eight ponies were experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) (subtype 1). All animals showed clinical and serological evidence of infection and virus was isolated from nasal swabs and leucocytes. These ponies were kept in isolation for a further three months during which time complement fixing antibody decreased at least four‐fold. Following immunosuppression with dexamethasone and prednisolone subtype 1 virus was recovered from six of the eight animals within 14 days. Five of these six ponies were viraemic and three of them shed virus in nasal secretions; only four displayed significant rises in complement fixing antibody and only two in neutralising antibody. Clinical abnormalities were not detected during reactivation.
Arthroscopic anatomy of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of the horse
Authors: MARTIN G. S. , McILWRAITH C. W.
Published: April 2010

Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine intercarpal and radiocarpal joints was documented in six cadaver limbs and on observations made during surgical treatment of horses with carpal osteochondral fractures. Instrument positions and arthroscopic visualisation were recorded. The cadaver limbs were dissected and iatrogenic lesions recorded. A single arthroscopic portal examination was adequate in both joints; however, a second arthroscopic portal improved visualisation. The intercarpal joint was more easily examined than the radiocarpal joint because of anatomical differences. Iatrogenic lesions were associated with failure of joint capsule distention during penetration.
Effects of level of dietary protein and exercise on growth rates of horses
Authors: ORTON R. K. , HUME I. D. , LENG R. A.
Published: April 2010

Rates of growth were measured in two‐year‐old (Experiment 1) and nine‐month‐old (Experiment 2) horses fed high (12 or 14 per cent) or low (6 or 8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). In the non‐exercised horses feed intakes and growth rates were greater on the high than on the low protein diets. Exercise increased feed intakes and growth rates of horses on the low but not the high protein diets, so that in the exercised groups there were no significant differences in feed intakes or growth rates between the horses on the two dietary protein levels. Exercise increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and crude protein. There were no differences in skeletal characteristics caused by either dietary protein level or exercise. These results suggest that the growing horse, if exercised regularly, may be given a diet of lower protein concentration than currently recommended without significant reduction in growth rate.
Effects of exercise and level of dietary protein on digestive function in horses
Authors: ORTON R. K. , HUME I. D. , LENG R. A.
Published: April 2010

Rates of passage of fluid and particulate digesta markers and apparent digestibility estimated by three methods were compared in yearling horses fed high (14 per cent) or low (8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). Mean retention times (MRT) of the fluid marker (51Cr‐EDTA) were shorter than those of the particulate marker (ruthenium‐phenanthroline). There were no significant effects of dietary protein level on passage of either marker or on apparent digestibility of dry matter. Exercise increased voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility and reduced the MRT of the particulate marker but increased the MRT of the fluid marker. Estimates of apparent digestibility based on acid‐insoluble ash were similar to those calculated from total faecal collection but those based on chromic oxide were significantly lower.
Equine whole saliva: Variability of some major constituents
Authors: ECKERSALL P. D. , AITCHISON T. , COLQUHOUN K. M.
Published: April 2010

Whole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
Total intravenous anaesthesia in the horse with propofol
Authors: NOLAN A. M. , HALL L. W.
Published: April 2010

The use of propofol, solubilised in a non‐ionic emulsifying agent, for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in experimental ponies was assessed. Pilot studies revealed that premedication with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) intravenously (iv) followed by propofol (2.0 mg/kg bwt) iv provided a satisfactory smooth induction. Two infusion rates (0.15 mg/kg bwt/min and 0.2 mg/kg bwt/min) were compared for maintenance of anaesthesia. An infusion rate of 0.2 mg/kg/min produced adequate anaesthesia in these ponies. Cardiovascular changes included a decrease in arterial pressure and cardiac output during maintenance. Respiratory depression was manifested by a decrease in rate and an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Recovery after 1 h anaesthesia was rapid and smooth. In conclusion, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol in premedicated ponies proved a satisfactory technique.
Interpreting radiographs 6: Radiology of the equine head (Part 2)
Authors: WYN‐JONES G.
Published: April 2010

The value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, emphasis is laid on the fallibility of radiology when used in isolation and its use to complement other investigative procedures, such as endoscopy, is encouraged.
Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse
Authors: MAIR T. S. , LANE J. G. , LUCKE V. M.
Published: April 2010

The clinical and post mortem features of 11 cases of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity are reviewed. The clinical findings included inappetence, weight loss, pectoral oedema, dyspnoea, pleural effusion and distension of the jugular veins. Dysphagia was present in three cases. At post mortem examination lesions were found in the abdomen as well as the chest in eight cases; clinical signs of abdominal disease were present in two cases. The features of nine other similar cases recorded in the literature are reviewed.
Preliminary studies on long distance, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in equine peripheral nerves
Authors: FUBINI S. L. , CUMMINGS J. F. , TODHUNTER R. J.
Published: April 2010

As a prelude to studies on retrograde axonal transport of neurotoxin (ie, so‐called suicide transport) as a means to prevent post neurectomy neuroma formation, preliminary studies were conducted with an innocuous enzymatic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The proximal stumps of resected medial and lateral palmar digital nerves in six ponies were injected via a tuberculin syringe and needle with 50 μl of a 30 per cent solution of HRP in order to assess long distance retrograde axonal transport. The dorsal root ganglion of the cervical spinal enlargement (ie, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2) were removed at post injection intervals of two, four, six, eight, 10 and 12 days. These were sectioned serially and reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine method to demonstrate transported enzyme in the ganglionic cell bodies which give rise to sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves. Enzyme, retrogradely transported over axon lengths of 115 cm, was first demonstrated in spinal ganglia four days after injections of the palmar digital nerves. The calculated transport velocity of 287 mm/day, although almost certainly an underestimate, greatly exceeded rates of 72 to 120 mm/day recorded previously with HRP in the peripheral nerves of small laboratory animals. The intensity of the HRP reaction product in ganglionic neurons was strong at four days and it remained unabated in ganglia examined at six, eight, 10 and 12 days post injection. The major sources of the sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves appeared to be the ganglia of the C8and T1spinal segments which contained more than 90 per cent of all labelled neurons. Somatotopic localisation of the labelled cells could not be discerned. The total numbers of ganglionic neurons labelled after unilateral injections of the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves varied from several hundred to nearly 5000. Although the results supported the feasibility of undertaking studies on retrograde suicide transport, the wide range in the total numbers of labelled ganglionic neurons suggested that the simple injection procedure will have to be modified to ensure wide intraneural diffusion and maximal uptake of injected toxic substances.
Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion
Authors: RONÉUS B. O. , HAKKARAINEN R. V. J. , LINDHOLM C. A. , TYÖPPÖNEN J. T.
Published: April 2010

Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses were evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion. All the horses used in the study were given the same basal feed low in vitamin E during the eight months of the experiment. After an initial depletion period of two‐and‐a‐half months the horses were divided into groups according to the amounts of DL α‐tocopheryl acetate given (0 mg, control; 200, 600, 1800 and 5400 mg, respectively) as a daily oral supplement. The supplement study was followed by a second depletion period. Total vitamin E content and individual natural tocopherol isomers and tocotrienol isomers were measured both in the feed (hay and oats) and in tissues (serum, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Tissue vitamin E response to different dietary vitamin E levels were studied. The serum total lipid content remained unchanged during the experiment; serum vitamin E levels were expressed per gram serum lipid. The total vitamin E levels in serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fat reflected the supplement levels. The highest vitamin E levels were seen in fat tissue, followed by the liver and by skeletal muscle. In spite of the wide occurrence of the different vitamin E isomers in the feed, α‐tocopherol was almost the only isomer detected in the tissues. To ensure nutritional adequacy, 600 and 1800 mg of dl α‐tocopheryl acetate was suggested as an optimal oral daily supplement of vitamin E to adult Standardbred horses given feed low in vitamin E; this corresponds to 1.5 to 4.4 mg/kg bodyweight. In addition, it appeared preferable to give the supplement daily to maintain a constant level of vitamin E in the serum, liver and skeletal muscle, rather than occasionally to give higher doses.
Radiographic anatomy of tendon sheaths and bursae in the horse
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , VAUGHAN L. C.
Published: April 2010

Contrast radiography was used to determine the position, shape, relationship and capacity of a number of tendon sheaths and bursae which have clinical significance in the horse. It was possible to establish the normal range of radiographic anatomy for these structures. Some variation in the extent and form of tendon sheaths were found between individual horses and between foals and adults.
Relationship between spinal biomechanics and pathological changes in the equine thoracolumbar spine
Authors: TOWNSEND H. G. G. , LEACH D. H. , DOIGE C.E. , KIRKALDY‐WILLIS W. H.
Published: April 2010

The relationship between spinal biomechanics and pathological changes occurring in functionally normal equine thoracolumbar spines was studied in 23 horses. Ventrolateral vertebral body osteophytes occurred in 36 per cent of the spines. The majority occurred between the 10th and 17th thoracic vertebrae with the largest being found between the 11th and 13th thoracic vertebrae, the region of the thoracic spine where the greatest amount of lateral bending and axial rotation occurs. Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes was detected in 86 per cent of the spines with most lesions occurring between the 13th and 18th thoracic vertebrae. The severity of occurrence of impingement did not appear to be related to regional spinal mobility. Degeneration of intervertebral discs was observed in three of four specimens that were sectioned sagittally. It occurred in the first thoracic and the lumbosacral intervertebral discs and appeared to be related to the increased dorsoventral mobility and the increased disc thickness of these joints. The characteristic distribution of fractures of the thoracolumbar spine is discussed with respect to the biomechanics of the spine.
Observations on the population dynamics of five cyathostome nematode species of horses in northern USA
Authors: REINEMEYER C. R. , SMITH S. A. , GABEL A. A. , HERD R. P.
Published: April 2010

Monthly variations in the magnitude of adult and larval cyathostome burdens were observed in 55 horses necropsied over a 15‐month period in the northern USA. Peak numbers of adult cyathostomes occurred in late winter (March) and late summer (September). Larval cyathostomes demonstrated peak numbers from February to April and again in October, beginning one month earlier than the spring adult peak and one month after the autumn adult peak, respectively. The reproductive status of individual femaleCyathostomum catinatum, Cyath coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldiandCylicostephanus longibursatuswas classified as immature, gravid or spent. Seasonal changes in these classifications were monitored as a marker for the age structure of these populations. Each reproductive category of female small strongyle was dominant during only one period per year and these periods were similarly distributed for all five species examined. Immature cyathostomes were most common from late winter to spring (March to May); gravid worms were predominant beginning in spring (April/May) and continuing into autumn (October to December). Spent females prevailed from autumn through winter (October to March/April).
Method of investigation of the accuracy of four digitally‐displaying heart rate meters suitable for use in the exercising horse
Authors: EVANS D. L. , ROSE R.J.
Published: April 2010

The measurement of heart rate during exercise in the horse has been recommended as a means of prescribing work effort, monitoring the changes in aerobic capacity during training and as part of the clinical examination of the performance horse. The accuracy of four heart rate meters (PEH 100, PU 10, HR 14 and HRM‐7) was assessed by comparison with heart rate determined by simultaneous telemetry electrocardiography (ECG) using a rapid incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Heart rate displayed by all four meters showed significant correlations with the ECG heart rate, but only two meters (PEH 100 and HRM‐7) had correlation coefficients of 0.98 or greater.
Four cases of traumatic optic nerve blindness in the horse
Authors: MARTIN L. , KASWAN RENEE , CHAPMAN W.
Published: April 2010

Traumatic optic nerve atrophy is characterised clinically by a unilateral or bilateral sudden onset of blindness. Dilated, fixed pupils and a lack of a menace reflex are the only abnormalities noted soon after the trauma. Within three to four weeks the optic disc becomes paler and the retinal vasculature is markedly decreased. The pathological lesion is a rupture of the nerve axons from stretching forces produced by the posterior movement of the brain against the fixed canalicular portion of the optic nerves. Medical therapy has not been successful.
Assessment of prognosis for racing after carpal surgery in 210 Thoroughbreds
Authors: SPEIRS V. C. , ANDERSON G. A. , BOURKE J. M.
Published: April 2010

The efficacy of treating carpal lesions by arthrotomy was evaluated in 210 Thoroughbred racehorses, using survival analysis to compare their racing performances and earnings with those of 840 control horses. The treated horses were significantly inferior with respect to races contested, and wins plus places (P<0.001) and races won (P<0.01). There was no difference with respect to earnings (P<0.1); after adjusting for other factors, arthritis, site of fracture and presence of a displaced chip had no effect on racing performance in horses with a single‐site lesion involving a chip.
Iopamidol myelography in the horse
Authors: MAY S. A. , WYN‐JONES G. , CHURCH SALLY , BROUWER G. J. , JONES R. S.
Published: April 2010

The use of the non‐ionic, water‐soluble contrast agent iopamidol for myelography in seven horses is described. Contrast columns of diagnostic quality were produced in all seven cases and the procedure did not invoke any adverse reactions in the five cases which were recovered from general anaesthesia. It is concluded that iopamidol is a safe and effective contrast agent for myelography in the horse.
Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: Effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model
Authors: GERRING E. E. L. , HUNT JUDITH M.
Published: April 2010

An experimental model of postoperative ileus was developed in ponies using trauma to, and exposure of, a length of small intestine which gave rise to a reproducible and reversible set of changes in gut activity. This was assessed by recordings of electrical and mechanical activity and by propulsion of spheres from stomach to anus. Activity was depressed, especially in the stomach and colon, and transit was slowed. All drugs given increased electromechanical activity but propranolol was the least effective and did not alter the delayed transit of spheres. Yohimbine was more effective and the addition of bethanechol produced a little extra propulsive action. Metoclopramide had the best effect, virtually returning transit to normal and was the only drug fully restoring coordination of gastric and small intestinal activity which was disrupted by the ileus procedure. Loss of gastroduodenal coordination is probably the central lesion in equine ileus and may be mediated by dopamine.
Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value
Authors: PUOTUNEN‐REINERT ANU
Published: April 2010

In a retrospective study, the prognostic value and individual merit of seven variables, used in routine examination of colic cases, were tested. The following variables proved to be significant in discriminating between horses which survived and those which died: heart rate (P<0.00005), packed cell volume (P<0.00005) and intensity of colic signs (P<0.0001).
Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness
Authors: GREET T. R. C. , WHITWELL KATHERINE E.
Published: April 2010

Twenty‐five horses, suspected on clinical grounds of having grass sickness, were given a barium swallow. Using image intensification the passage of the barium bolus was followed radiographically from the pharynx to the stomach. All 18 horses in which grass sickness was later confirmed at post mortem examination showed defective oesophageal motility. Although the specificity of the abnormality could not be proven, the technique offers a valuable aid to the ante mortem diagnosis of grass sickness.
Faecal composition in foal heat diarrhoea
Authors: MASRI MARIA D. , MERRITT A. M. , GRONWALL R. , BURROWS C. F.
Published: April 2010

Developmental changes of the gastrointestinal tract were probably responsible for the changes in faecal composition during the first week of the foals' life, which resembled small intestinal ingesta of adult horses, suggesting a minimal colonic modification. Faecal composition at the time of foal heat diarrhoea was suggestive of a secretory‐type diarrhoea, in that the electrolyte concentration accounted for most of faecal osmolality and the faecal pH was alkaline. After foal heat diarrhoea faecal composition slowly approached that of adult horses. These data suggest that foal heat diarrhoea is most likely caused by hypersecretion in the small intestinal mucosa, which may overwhelm an immature colon that is unable to compensate by increased fluid and electrolyte absorption.
Changes in serum muscle enzyme levels associated with training schedules and stage of the oestrous cycle in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: FRAUENFELDER H. C. , ROSSDALE P. D. , RICKETTS S. W. , ALLEN W. R.
Published: April 2010

Blood samples were collected twice weekly over a nine month period from 24 Thoroughbred racehorses in training at Newmarket to study the effects of daily training schedules and stage of oestrous cycle on serum enzyme levels and clinical signs of equine exertional myopathy. The sampling period extended from November to July and was performed between 16.00 h and 18.00 h so as to be at least 6 h after exercise. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and plasma progestogen concentrations were measured. All horses were subjected to a similar traditional training programme. The study demonstrated marked fluctuations in serum muscle enzyme concentrations which were more pronounced in two‐year‐old fillies than three‐year‐old fillies and colts. There was no correlation, however, with the stage of oestrous cycle. It was concluded that some degree of muscle cell damage, which results in a variable increase in serum creatine kinase levels, occurs in all horses following light exercise after a rest day. Traditional flat race training may not be ideal in this respect and it is suggested that, for horses with an observed tendency towards exertional myopathy, more consistent and longer periods of less strenuous exercise may be advantageous.
Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , VAUGHAN L. C.
Published: April 2010

Contrast radiography, using a 25 per cent solution of sodium diatrizoate, has been used for the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses. The procedure was undertaken on a series of 32 clinical cases and on specimens obtained at autopsy. Lesions affecting the extensor tendon sheaths at the carpus, the digital sheath, the tarsal sheath and the bursae at the elbow, hock and fetlock were examined by this means. The results showed the procedure offered the clinician useful information about the nature of the interior of these structures, particularly as regards the presence of adhesions and anastomoses between adjacent sheaths and joint capsules. Together with other clinical and laboratory findings, contrast radiography can assist in assessing the prognosis and in formulating appropriate treatment.
Preliminary study of tendon biopsy in the horse
Authors: WEBBON P. M.
Published: April 2010

A series of experimental tendon biopsies is described. Three biopsies were taken from the lateral digital extensor tendon (LDET) and three from the superficial flexor tendon (SFT). The LDET biopsies resulted in little discomfort whereas the SFT biopsies led to temporary lameness. The tendons were examined histologically up to 99 days after the biopsies were removed. In all of the tendons the defect filled with granulation tissue which subsequently became organised as a longitudinally orientated collagenous scar tissue. In this small series of biopsies the histological effects of the biopsy persisted longer in the SFT than in the LDET. It is concluded that tendon biopsy cannot be advocated for safe routine use in the horse.
Laser Doppler flowmetry: Muscular microcirculation in anaesthestised horses
Authors: SERTEYN D. , MOTTART E. , MICHAUX C. , MICHEELS J. , PHILIPPART C. , LAVERGNE L. , GUILLON C. , LAMY M.
Published: April 2010

Muscular microcirculation was studied in seven halothane anaesthetised horses in lateral recumbency using a laser Doppler flowmeter. A significant difference between the dependent and the uppermost triceps brachii was recorded. In the dependent muscles, microflow at first decreased and then increased up to the starting value. In the uppermost muscles, a significant rise of the microflow was measured.
Radius fractures in the horse: A retrospective study of 47 cases
Authors: SANDERS‐SHAMIS MARLENE , BRAMLAGE L. R. , GABLE A. A.
Published: April 2010

The case records, radiographs and treatment results of 47 consecutive equine radius fractures presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1975 to 1985 were examined retrospectively. Chip fractures and incomplete fractures were not considered. Both diaphyseal fractures and fractures involving the physes were included. Diaphyseal fractures were placed into three major categories: comminuted, oblique and transverse; and subclassified as proximal, middiaphyseal, or distal. Fractures involving a physis were classified using the Salter‐Harris classification system. The horses ranged in age from one day to 19 years old. Nineteen of the patients were destroyed humanely on presentation, and 28 were treated. Twenty‐four of the 28 fractures treated were repaired by open reduction and internal fixation. Success rate was related to the age of the horse and the type of fracture. Adult radius fractures have a poor prognosis. Most fractures in foals are either physeal fractures or transverse or oblique diaphyseal fractures and have an excellent to good prognosis when repaired adequately.
Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in Thoroughbred mares
Authors: MICHEL T. H. , ROSSDALE P. D. , CASH R. S. G.
Published: April 2010

Plasma progesterone levels were measured daily to determine the accuracy of diagnosing ovulation by rectal palpation carried out every other day; 81.5 per cent mares injected with human chorionic gonadotrophin showed increases of progesterone more than 1 ng/ml by 72 h after injection compared with 65 per cent of mares injected with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) or saline. Mating at ovulation achieved a 74 per cent pregnancy rate in mares given hCG compared with 50 per cent given GnRH and 45 per cent controls. Diagnosis of ovulation per rectum on the basis of a pit in the ovarian surface or the presence of a soft friable structure was found to be accurate in 91 per cent of cases. Diagnosis based on the presence of a firm plum‐like structure or the disappearance of a previously identified follicle at a given site was 60 per cent accurate. In cases of rectal diagnosis of non‐ovulation 38 per cent had actually ovulated based on a rise in progesterone more than 1 ng/ml and a further 19 per cent showed a rise in progesterone by 24 h after the diagnosis. The use of hCG may improve conception rates by synchronisation of ovulation and mating and where rectal palpation of the ovaries remains the only basis for timed mating.
Navicular suspensory desmotomy in the treatment of navicular disease: Technique and preliminary results
Authors: WRIGHT I. M.
Published: April 2010

The technique of navicular suspensory desmotomy for the treatment of navicular disease is described and the rationale behind its development is discussed. To date 16 horses involved in a clinical evaluation of the technique have been assessed six months after surgery. Thirteen of these horses are able to work without lameness.
Epidemiology and control of equine strongylosis at Newmarket
Authors: HERD R. P.
Published: April 2010

Seasonal rises in mean faecal egg output were observed in grazing ponies in spring (578 eggs per gram) and in summer (930 epg) on 30 April and 2 September, respectively, in untreated ponies. Pasture infectivity reached a peak of 18,486 third stage larvae (L3)/kg on 17 September, two weeks after peak egg counts, coincidental with abundant September rainfall (103.0 mm). Differentiation of infective larvae from pasture showed the cyathostomes (small strongyles) to be predominant, butTrichostrongylus axeiassumed major importance from late August to October. The large strongyles were rarely detected:Strongylus vulgariswas found only once andS edentatusonly twice. The most effective parasite prophylaxis was achieved by twice weekly removal of faeces. In this group, concentrations of infective L3 on pasture reached a maximum of 1000 L3/kg, compared to 18,486 L3/kg for a control group and 4850 to 10,210 L3/kg for anthelmintic treatment groups. The removal of faeces increased the grazing area by about 50 per cent, by eliminating the characteristic separation of horse pasture into roughs and lawns. Spring and summer anthelmintic treatments of mature ponies with oxibendazole were effective in reducing the late season rise in pasture infectivity to 4850 L3/kg, but treatment of young ponies (mainly yearlings) with ivermectin every eight weeks or oxibendazole every four weeks resulted in pasture infectivity as high as 10,000 L3/kg. There was evidence of cyathostome resistance to benzimidazole drugs.
Serum protein changes in ponies on different parasite control programmes
Authors: HERD R. P. , KENT JOYCE E.
Published: April 2010

Serum protein responses were examined in 52 ponies divided into five groups and subjected to various control strategies that resulted in pasture infectivity ranging from 706 to 18,486 infective third stage, cyathostome andTrichostrongylus axeilarvae per kilogram of herbage (L3/kg) by 17 September 1984. Major protein changes occurred only in young ponies (Groups 4 and 5) and were observed before exposure to maximum numbers of pasture larvae (Group 4; 10,210 L3/kg, Group 5: 10,042 L3/kg) on 17 September. It appeared that a primary infection ofT axeiwas a greater stimulus to serum ß‐globulin and immunoglobulin (Ig)G(T) responses that provided by continued infection with cyathostome (small strongyle) worms. The large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatusandS equinus) were not detected in any larval cultures or on pastures grazed by the young ponies. A fall in ß‐globulin and IgG(T) concentrations of Group 5 ponies one month after treatment with ivermectin indicated a larvicidal action againstT axeiand/or the cyathostomes. A subsequent rise in serum albumin concentrations of Group 5 ponies suggested that a protein‐losing gastroenteropathy had been alleviated by the larvicidal action of ivermectin. Mature control ponies (Group 1) showed little ß‐globulin response and only a modest IgG(T) response in six of the 10 ponies after exposure to heavily infected lawns (18,486 L3/kg) in September 1984. It was concluded that serum protein and IgG(T) responses were of limited value as an aid to diagnosis of parasitism because of numerous difficulties of interpretation.
Studies on the optimal temperature of flotation tanks in the management of skeletal injuries in the horse
Authors: McCLINTOCK S. A. , HUTCHINS D. R. , BROWNLOW M. A.
Published: April 2010

In order to determine optimum tank temperature, nine horses were allocated randomly to three groups and placed in a flotation tank at temperatures of 28°C, 32°C and 36°C. Their progress was monitored by subjective and objective clinical measurements and a variety of laboratory parameters. A ‘reacclimatisation crisis’ following removal from the tank was observed in most horses after immersion for 21 days and it was concluded that a tank temperature of 36°C provided maximum patient comfort and minimum homoeostatic disturbance.
Influence of vitamin E and selenium supplement on antibody production in horses
Authors: BAALSRUD KAREN J. , ØVERNES GUNNAR
Published: April 2010

Fifteen horses used for serum production were maintained on low vitamin E and selenium diets. They were divided into four groups receiving: Group 1 no supplements, Group 2 vitamin E, Group 3 selenium and Group 4 both vitamin E and selenium. The humoral immune response to novel antigens, such as tetanus toxoid and equine influenza virus, was increased in groups receiving either vitamin E or selenium/vitamin E. No effects were recorded on the titres againstEscherichia colior the levels of immunoglobulin G.
Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from haemodynamic causes
Authors: DIVERS T. J. , WHITLOCK R. H. , BYARS T. D. , LEITCH MIDGE , CROWELL W. A.
Published: April 2010

Six horses had been admitted to the hospital because of illness other than renal failure; diarrhoea, myositis, abdominal pain and/or suspected bacterial sepsis. Hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were frequent findings in the horses. Abnormally high serum creatinine concentration and urine specific gravity of less than 1.022 were found in the horses with acute renal failure. Hyponatremia and hypochloraemia were the most common abnormal electrolyte findings. Pronounced hyperkalaemia was not found. Variable degrees of tubular necrosis were seen in three of the four horses that had kidney sections submitted for microscopic examination. Renal cortical necrosis occurred in one horse. Intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement was the most important therapy in those cases that were non‐oliguric. Furosemide, mannitol and dopamine were used in horses with oliguria. The prognosis was generally good if the predisposing cause could be corrected and the acute renal failure was not oliguric.
Identification of hindleg lameness
Authors: MAY S. A. , WYN‐JONES G.
Published: April 2010

The use of markers placed over the tuber coxae on each side of a horse to aid identification of the relative movement of these structures at the trot, for teaching and research purposes, is described. In each case of hindleg lameness studied, the tuber coxae on the lame side showed a consistent increase in vertical displacement relative to that of the contralateral limb, and a characteristic pattern of movement throughout the stride irrespective of the site or cause of pain.
Effect of povidone‐iodine onin vitrolocomotion of equine neutrophils
Authors: WATSON E. D.
Published: April 2010

Incubation of equine neutrophils with povidone‐iodine solutions of greater than or equal to 0.2 per cent resulted in total inhibition of migration under agarose. This was caused by the cytotoxic effects of the solutions as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. Lower concentrations of povidone‐iodine, however, did not adversely affect neutrophil viability or locomotion.
Some metabolic and hormonal changes associated with general anaesthesia and surgery in the horse
Authors: ROBERTSON SHEILAH A.
Published: April 2010

Three different anaesthetic techniques were studied in normal, healthy Thoroughbred or Thoroughbred type horses. These were (a) acepromazine, thiopentone and suxamethonium; (b) acepromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate and a ‘half‐dose’ of thiopentone; and (c) xylazine and ketamine. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane vaporised in oxygen and nitrous oxide. All horses underwent either laryngeal or body surface surgery. Heart rate, packed cell colume, blood glucose and lactate, plasma non‐esterified fatty acids, insulin and Cortisol were measured before, during and after surgery. The greatest metabolic and hormonal changes occurred immediately after anaesthetic induction and were different in each group. The combination of acepromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate and a ‘half‐dose’ of thiopentone was associated with the least change in the physiological and metabolic variables measured.
Luxation of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses
Authors: YOVICH J. V. , TURNER A. S. , STASHAK T. S. , McILWRAITH C. W.
Published: April 2010

Lateral or medial luxation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint in 10 horses is presented. Closed and open fetlock luxation each occurred in five horses. Horses were treated by cast immobilisation after debridement of soft tissue and joint lavage in cases of open luxations. Suture apposition of a ruptured collateral ligament was attempted in three cases. Antibiotic therapy was used in ail cases of open fetlock luxation but non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medication was used inconsistently. Whether closed or open, fetlock luxations had a good prognosis for return to breeding status. After treatment, seven horses were used for breeding, one horse was ridden for nine years, one horse remained lame and was destroyed and one horse was lost to follow up.
Arterial bloodPo2andPco2in horses during early halothane — oxygen anaesthesia
Authors: GRANDY JACQUELINE L. , STEFFEY E. P. , MILLER M.
Published: April 2010

Arterial blood was collected from 25 clinically normal horses immediately before and serially throughout the first hour of halothane oxygen anaesthesia. Blood was analysed for oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pao2,Paco2). Measurements of inspired oxygen concentration during anaesthesia permitted direct correlation with blood gases. Horses were divided arbitrarily into two groups based on their age: two to seven years, n = 15; over seven years, n = 10. Average (±sd)Pao2andPaco2was 14.1 ± 1.5 kPa (106 ± 11 mmHg) and 5.9 ± 0.6 kPa (44.4 ± 4.4 mmHg) respectively in conscious, young horses and 14.0 ± 0.7 and 5.8 ± 0.5 kPa (105 ± 5 and 43.3 ± 3.8 mmHg) respectively in conscious older horses. Arterial oxygen tension decreased to 9.3 ± 1.0 and 8.5 ± 1.4 kPa (69.6 ± 7.8 and 63.7 ± 10.4 mmHg) in young and older air breathing horses respectively immediately following intravenous anaesthetic induction, recumbency and orotracheal intubation. At this time,Paco2was 6.5 ± 0.5 and 6.0 ± 0.7 kPa (48.7 ± 3.5 and 45.1 ± 4.9 mmHg) respectively. By 30 mins after the start of halothane in oxygen (6 litres/min) anaesthesiaPao2increased to a maximum in both study groups. ArterialPco2increased steadily during anaesthesia and 60 mins after inductionPaco2was 10.5 ± 2.4 kPa (78.5 ± 17.8 mmHg) in the younger horses and 9.2 ± 1.6 kPa (68.8 ± 11.8 mmHg) in the older horses. During inhalation anaesthesiaPao2tended to be greater at comparable time periods in the younger horses despite a slightly greater degree of hypoventilation.
Management of fractures and exostosis of the metacarpals and metatarsals II and IV in 25 horses
Authors: ALLEN D. , WHITE N. A.
Published: April 2010

Twenty‐five cases of fractures of the second and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal (splint) bones were reviewed. Fourteen fractures involved a thoracic limb and 11 involved a pelvic limb. Fractures of the proximal one‐third of splint bones are reported in one of two forms: fractures that are closed, or fractures with a permanent or intermittent draining sinus. Thirteen of the fractures presented were closed fractures and the remaining 12 were open. All of the closed fractures were managed by surgical excision of the distal fragment and the exostosis at the fracture site, followed by primary surgical wound closure. Lag screw fixation of the proximal fragment was used in three cases. All of the open fractures were managed surgically by excision of the distal splint fragment and debridement of the contaminated fracture site. Primary wound closure was used in 11 of the 12 cases. All closed fractures healed by primary intention, and 10 of 13 were free from lameness at one year follow‐up. The 11 open wounds which were operated and subsequently closed under suture healed by primary intention. The wound left open healed by granulation, scar contraction, and epithelialisation. Eight of these horses were sound one year later. The remainder of the open fractures were lost to follow‐up.
Ventilation imaging in the horse with99mtechnetium‐DTPA radioaerosol
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , HORNOF W. J. , FISHER P. E. , RABBE O. G.
Published: April 2010

This study describes the development of a radioaerosol technique for horses using99mtechnetium‐DTPA (diethylene‐triaminepentacetate). In 24 normal, adult horses, very satisfactory ventilation images were obtained with the technique. Four‐minute administrations of the aerosol resulted in a mean uptake of radioactivity in the lung fields of 3.02 mCi, with mean maximum counts (±sd) of 159,800± 75,000 per camera field. The mean clearance half‐time for the99mtechnetium‐DTPA from the lung fields was 55.6 ± 14.2 mins which is very similar to figures obtained for normal human and dog lungs. The results of this study suggest that ventilation imaging with99mtechnetium‐DTPA is a clinically practical method of obtaining regional information on ventilation function in the horse.
Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis
Authors: SPROUSE R. F. , GARNER H. E. , GREEN ELEANOR M.
Published: April 2010

Thirteen (65 per cent) of 20 horses subjected to carbohydrate overload developed Obel Grade 3 lameness within 56 h. Increases in plasma endotoxin from control levels of less than 0.1 ng/litre to values ranging from 2.4 to 81.53 ng/litre were measured in 11 (85 per cent) of 13 horses during the onset of Obel Grade 3 lameness. Obel Grade 3 lameness was associated with rises in plasma Gram‐negative endotoxin levels in 11 (92 per cent) of 12 horses. Two peak increases separated by 16 h were verified in five (45 per cent) of 11 horses that exhibited both endotoxaemia and Obel Grade 3 lameness. The first peak occurred, on average, at 32 h and (he second peak at 48 h post overload when only one peak was measured, this occurred in four horses at the average time of 24 h whereas in another three horses only a 48 h or 56 h peak was detected after carbohydrate overload.
Concentrations of uterine luminal prostaglandins in mares with acute and persistent endometritis
Authors: WATSON E. D. , STOKES C. R. , DAVID J. S. E. , BOURNE F. J. , RICKETTS S. W.
Published: April 2010

Intrauterine infusion of 1 per cent oyster glycogen solution was used to induce acute endometritis in four genitally normal mares. Numbers of viable neutrophils recovered in uterine washings had increased by 1 h after infusion and remained elevated for at least 72 h. There was a significant correlation between numbers of viable neutrophils and total protein concentrations and between prostaglandin (PG)F and PGE2concentrations in washings. There was also a significant relationship between concentrations of 15‐keto‐13, 14‐dihydro PGF2αin plasma and PGF in washings. Intrauterine concentrations of PGF were influenced by cycle stage and in turn the induced acute endometritis interfered with normal ovarian function. Mares with persistent endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of PGF and total protein and percentage of neutrophils and monuclear cells in washings than normal mares. White blood cells from mares were capable of producing PGF and PGE2in vitro.
Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse
Authors: FREESTONE J. F. , THOMAS W. P. , CARLSON G. P. , BRUMBAUGH G. W.
Published: April 2010

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven‐year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory anaylsis of pericardial fluid samples classified six cases as aseptic serofibrinous, three cases as eosinophilic, and one case as histiocytic. One horse died and three were destroyed. The remaining six horses recovered following pericardiocentesis (performed once or twice) with or without corticosteroid treatment, and were alive one month to seven years after diagnosis.