bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development and Persistence of Leukoagglutinins in Parous Women
Authors: PAYNE ROSE , Tripp Millie
Published: October 2019

Leukoagglutinins were shown to occur in sera from nontransfused gravid Negro, Caucasian and Asian women. Investigations into the relationship of parity to the incidence of leukoagglutinins indicated that two pregnancies were usually required before leukoagglutinins became demonstrable in the gravid women. In their second pregnancies, 13 of 68 women (19 per cent) possessed leukoagglutinins. In families with two children, the leukocytes of both offspring contained the potential antigenic stimulus for leukoagglutinin production. In this series with increasing parity, the proportion of women immunized did not significantly differ. The significance of the frequent leukocyte sensitization was discussed.

Leukoagglutinins persisted in the sera of parous women for varying periods of time after parturition. The antibodies of 16 of 31 women could still be identified in their sera three years after delivery. The distribution of potentially stimulating leukocyte antigens in the offspring of two large families provided suggestive evidence that the formation of leukoagglutinins had persisted in the two women for eight years after sensitization.

The leukoagglutinins found in gravid women had numerous specificities. Eighteen of the 40 specificities (agglutination patterns) of leukoagglutinins were observed in the sera of other women. With increasing time after delivery, the specificity of leukoagglutinating sera tended to become narrower than the serum sample obtained at parturition.
Identification and Counting of Granulocytes by Peroxidase Reaction
Authors: RYTÖMAA TAPIO
Published: October 2019

The present investigation concerns a staining method based on peroxidase activity which can be used for the specific staining of granulocytes both in the counting chamber and in smears. The reagent employed at pH 7.0 contained low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide as substrate, benzidine as chromogenic hydrogen donator and 2,4-dichlorphenol as catalase inhibitor. The only positively reacting cells, granulocytes, stained brown. The other cells failed to stain.

The observations made support the view that the peroxidase reaction of eosinophils differs slightly from that of neutrophils.

Nearly exactly two-thirds of the bone marrow cells of adult male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain belonged to the myeloid cell series.
The Effect of Acquired Immunologic Tolerance on the Development of Leukemia
Authors: HAYS ESTHER FINCHER
Published: October 2019

In these experiments, viable spleen cells from young, healthy AKR mice were injected intravenously into newborn C3Hf/Bi mice. Acquired tolerance to normal skin and leukemic cell homografts from AKR mice was demonstrated in the C3H animals. This presence of "cellular chimerism" with lymphoid cells from a strain of mice with a high spontaneous incidence of leukemia did not result in the development of this disease in the host animals. These tolerant C3Hf/Bi mice were also found not to be susceptible as adults to leukemia induction with cell free filtrates from leukemic tissues of AKR mice.
Phosphate Partition in the Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants and Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis. III. P32 Uptake and Incorporation
Authors: GREENWALT TIBOR J. , AYERS V. E. , MORELL S. A.
Published: October 2019

The uptake and incorporation of P32O4 by the cord blood erythrocytes of normal and erythroblastotic infants and the erythrocytes of adults was studied by incubating specimens in ACD at 37 C. in air. The uptake of p32 from the plasma was slower in the infants than in the adults. It was possible to demonstrate an initial "fast" phase followed by a "slow" phase in all the plasma p32 uptake experiments. The half-value time and the percentage turnover per minute indicated greater activity in the adults compared to the infants. The balance of movement of phosphorus was from red cells to plasma in all the experiments. No striking differences in phosphate metabolism were demonstrated between the normal and erythroblastotic newborns, except for the large turnover in µM of P per minute by the red cells of the latter during the first 20 minutes of incubation.

Labeling of intraerythrocytic inorganic phosphorus (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) proceeded more slowly in the infants than in the adults. The labeling of the erythrocyte 2,3-DPG of all the infants lagged far behind Pi and ATP whereas in the adults the r.s.a. of 2,3-DPG had equalled or exceeded the r.s.a. of Pi and ATP in four hours. It is suggested that there is decreased synthesis of phosphoglycerates by the erythrocytes of the newborn which may be due to a lower level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
The Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with 6-Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine
Authors: SCHWARTZ ROBERT S. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM
Published: October 2019

Fourteen patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia were treated with either 6-mercaptopurine or thioguanine. Nine patients responded and five failed to improve. Eight patients developed side effects, either hematologic or gastrointestinal, of varying degrees of severity; in three the antimetabolite had to be discontinued, while in others adjustment of the dosage or the administration of antacids was sufficient to control side effects. Included in this series are nine patients who failed to respond adequately to corticosteroid therapy; four of these had a good effect from antimetabolite therapy.

Although these results indicate that antimetabolites may reverse the course of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the eventual role of these agents in the treatment of this disorder requires further study.
The Antigenic Structure of Blood Platelets. II. Histocompatibility Antigens in Rabbit Blood Platelets
Authors: EBBE SHIRLEY , BALDINI MARIO , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , Donovan Janet
Published: October 2019

The rejection time of skin homografts was measured in rabbits previously sensitized by one intradermal injection of homologous blood platelets which had been carefully prepared free of leukocytes. The graft rejection time was determined by gross inspection and based on the onset of definite signs of graft breakdown.

In the platelet sensitized rabbits, the skin homografts from the platelet donors ("specific" grafts) were rejected significantly earlier than in nonsensitized animals in 42 per cent of the experiments. The homografts from animals other than the platelet donors ("nonspecific" grafts) were rejected sooner than normal in only 10 per cent of the experiments.

The results were interpreted as demonstration that blood platelets contain histocompatibility antigens.
The Chemical and Genetic Relationships Between Hemoglobins S and GSan Jose
Authors: HILL ROBERT L. , SWENSON ROBERT T. , SCHWARTZ HERBERT C.
Published: October 2019

1. Comparison of the structures of the S-carboxymethylglobin derivatives of hemoglobins A, S and G shows that the only differences in the structure of these proteins resides in the βTpI peptides.

2. When structural methods are used to determine the types of hemoglobin in individuals from a family that possesses genes for hemoglobins A, S and G, it is possible to show that hemoglobins S and G are not inherited by nonallelic genes.

3. Previous difficulties in judging the hemoglobin types in this family by electrophoretic methods were caused by electrophoretically abnormal minor hemoglobin components.

4. The minor hemoglobin components which are observed in this family appear to arise by denaturation of the major hemoglobin component.
Increased Activity of Some Folic Acid Enzyme Systems in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: BERTINO JOSEPH R. , SIMMONS BARBARA M. , DONOHUE DENNIS M.
Published: October 2019

Increased levels of activity for the formate activating enzyme and N5,N10-methylene FH4 dehydrogenase have been found in the leukocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis; in addition dihydrofolic reductase, an enzyme not found in mature circulating leukocytes, has been detected in infectious mononucleosis cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is less in infectious mononucleosis leukocytes than in normal leukocytes.

These findings are similar to the results obtained in acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia and indicate that the leukocytes seen in infectious mononucleosis have the enzymatic apparatus associated with synthesis of DNA.
The Effect of Reticulocytosis in the Rabbit on the Activities of Enzymes in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
Authors: LOTZ MYRON , SMITH LLOYD H.
Published: October 2019

Five sequential enzymes leading to the formation of uridine-5'-phosphate were studied in acetophenylhydrazine-induced reticulocytes in the rabbit. All of these enzymes—aspartate carbamyltransferase, dihydroorotase, dihydroorotic dehydrogenase, orotidylic pyrophosphorylase, and orotidylic decarboxylase—decreased markedly in activity during in vivo maturation and aging of the reticulocytes. In analogy to previous studies on purine nucleotide biosynthesis, it is concluded that the reticulocyte, but not the mature erythrocyte, is capable of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Influence of Salicylate Administration on Iron Metabolism
Authors: IZAK G. , GALEWSKY-STEIN K. , MENCZEL J. , GROEN J. J.
Published: October 2019

In nine patients with various diseases and in two normal subjects, administration of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in amounts of 3-4 Gm. per day produced a drop in serum iron. This drop could not be explained by chemical interference with the determination, by blood loss, impaired absorption or increased excretion of iron. In addition, it was shown that during administration of salicylates the survival time of the red cells was diminished. It is suggested that salicylates might produce anemia not only by gastrointestinal bleeding but also by interference with the metabolism of iron through some unknown mechanism.
A Speculative Approach to the Myeloproliferative Syndromes
Authors: BRODY JEROME I. , RODRIGUEZ FERNANDO
Published: October 2019

1. A survey of 66 cases of the myeloproliferative syndromes revealed two clinical conditions not associated specifically with this group of blood dyscrasias.

2. Of particular interest were an apparent increased incidence of diabetes mellitus, and myelofibrosis associated with scleroderma.

3. These combinations may reflect a biochemical or metabolic error which may be present in some of these patients (such as increased 5-HIAA) and which may be related to the course, progression, and symptomatology of these disorders.
Red Blood Cell Life Span Using DFP32 as a Cohort Label
Authors: CLINE MARTIN J. , BERLIN NATHANIEL I.
Published: October 2019

In the dog, the erythrocyte uptake of DFP32 was found to be dependent upon the dose of administered DFP32. Effective blocking of red cell uptake of isotopically-labeled DFP was achieved by prior administration of unlabeled DFP. By allowing a time interval between the administration of DFP and DFP32 the cohort of red cells synthesized in that interval could be labeled with DFP32. The cohort of erythrocytes synthesized in response to acute blood loss were so labeled and were found to have a shortened life span with a pattern of random destruction.
Hemopoietic Regeneration in Control and Recovered Heavily Irradiated Dogs Following Severe Hemorrhage
Authors: PERMAN VICTOR , SORENSEN DALE K. , USENIK EDWARD A. , BOND VICTOR P. , CRONKITE EUGENE P.
Published: October 2019

Dogs which had been heavily irradiated one to two years previously were severely bled. Both control and recovered dogs responded to the bleeding in a similar manner, indiciating complete functional recovery of the previously irradiated marrow.
Mitotic Indices of Human Bone Marrow Cells. I. Number and Cytologic Distribution of Mitoses
Authors: KILLMANN SVEN-ÅGE , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , FLIEDNER T. M. , BOND VICTOR P.
Published: October 2019

1. The diurnal variation of mitotic index of human bone marrow has been studied. A diurnal variation has not been demonstrated but remains subject for further study.

2. Data on the distribution of hone marrow mitoses on cell lines and maturation stages are presented. From this and the gross mitotic index of the bone marrow, the mitotic indices of various cell types are computed.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN MUSTARD ON MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES
Authors: HENSTELL HENRY H. , TOBER JEROME N. , NEWMAN BEN A.
Published: October 2019

1. Six patients with mycosis fungoides, resistant to x-radiation, have been treated with nitrogen mustard.

2. Each patient showed a striking immediate response to the drug.

3. The extent of the remissions of the disease process, during the period of study (from 4 to 7 months), varied with the nature of the lesions and the biopsy findings: (a) Three patients with histories of prolonged premycotic stages and reticulo-endothelial cell hyperplasia on biopsy showed an excellent response to the drug. (b) One patient with a history of prolonged premycotic stage and biopsy findings of a dense polymorphic infiltrate, but with sparse numbers of reticulo-endothelial cells showed a partial response to treatment. (c) Two patients whose disease was of short duration with early nodule formation and ulceration with biopsy findings of rather few endothelial cells among the infiltrate showed rapid recurrences and progression of the disease.

4. Nitrogen mustard is an effective agent in the palliative treatment of mycosis fungoides.

5. It is suggested that the point of attack of the nitrogen mustard is on the neoplastic cell arising from the reticulo-endothelial system.

6. The response of mycosis fungoides to nitrogen mustard presents additional evidence of the neoplastic nature of the disease.
Leukocyte Kinetics Studied by Nitrogen Mustard Induced Alterations in DNA Phosphorus Labeling
Authors: WALKER RICHARD I. , HERION J. C. , PALMER J. G.
Published: October 2019

The effect of a large dose of nitrogen mustard on total and differential leukocyte counts in rabbits has been studied in conjunction with the effect on DNA labeling with inorganic radiophosphorus. Considered together, the findings indicate that this dose of nitrogen mustard has a direct lethal effect on lymphocytes and effectively blocks P32 incorporation into leukocyte DNA for several days by killing the elements capable of division. The post-mitotic granulocyte reservoir seems to remain intact and is of sufficient size to replace those lost from the circulation for about 56 hours. Granulocyte circulating half-time under the conditions of these experiments falls between two and seven hours. The post-mitotic granulocyte reservoir is calculated to be 40 times the size of the circulating pool. During the period of rapid granulocyte recovery, leukocytes have been shown to exhibit a decreasing concentration of DNA label per element and maintainence of the same level of label per element depending on the availability of precursor P32. At present no conclusion about DNA labeling characteristics with inorganic P32 under steady state conditions is warranted.
Studies on Lymphocytes. I. Lymphopenia Produced by Prolonged Extracorporeal Irradiation of Circulating Blood
Authors: CRONKITE EUGENE P. , JANSEN CORNELIUS R. , MATHER GEORGE C. , NIELSEN NIELS O. , USENIK EDWARD A. , ADAMIK EMIL R. , SIPE CLYDE R.
Published: October 2019

1. A method for extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood has been developed.

2. Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood will produce a lymphopenia promptly which persists for weeks.

3. Heparin in high doses in the calf produces a lymphocytosis and neutrophilic leukocytosis.
Electronic Measurement of Cellular Volumes. II. Frequency Distribution of Erythrocyte Volumes
Authors: LUSHBAUGH C. C. , BASMANN N. J. , GLASCOCK B.
Published: October 2019

The frequency distribution of erythrocyte volumes of animals and man, determined electronically, showed a skew toward large volumes. Simple mathematical and computer analyses of these curves seemed to reveal the presence of two populations of erythrocytes with Gaussian distribution. One consisted of cells of relatively small volume and the other of cells of large volume. Study of avian erythrocytes revealed that in these species the two populations were sufficiently different volumetrically that their distributions did not completely overlap and their presence was not obscured in the total distribution curves. Analysis of pathologic states showed that, in most, the volumetric distributions shifted toward large volume as the disease developed. In severe erythroblastosis, for example, only the large population was demonstrable. Consequently, the larger-volumed population appeared to be composed of reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. These studies and those in progress indicate that this technic may afford another useful dimension to investigative and therapeutic hematology.
Hemoglobin MKankakee, A New Variant of Hemoglobin M
Authors: HELLER PAUL , WEINSTEIN HYMAN G. , YAKULIS VINCENT J. , ROSENTHAL IRA M.
Published: October 2019

1. A new variant of hemoglobin M (hemoglobin MKankakee) has been detected in a family in Illinois.

2. The spectroscopic and electrophoretic features of this new mutant are described.

3. Hybridization with canine hemoglobin indicates the presence of abnormal α chains.
The Preservation of Human Red Blood Cell Agglutinogens in Liquid Nitrogen: Study of a Technic Suitable for Routine Blood Banking
Authors: BRONSON WILLIAM R. , MCGINNISS MARY H. , Eisel Robert J.
Published: October 2019

A simple method for the preservation of red blood cells in liquid nitrogen suitable for routine laboratory use is described. With this method, erythrocyte antigens retain their integrity for at least six months and, after thawing, remain active for at least two weeks in Alsever’s Solution. A panel of cells preserved in liquid nitrogen is as satisfactory as fresh cells in defining irregular antibodies encountered in patient sera. The advantages of this technic over other methods of red blood cell preservation is discussed.
The Determination of Iron Absorption and Loss by Whole Body Counting
Authors: PRICE D. C. , COHN S. H. , WASSERMAN L. R. , REIZENSTEIN P. G. , CRONKITE EUGENE P.
Published: October 2019

A technic for the study of radioiron absorption and loss is described employing an NaI (T1) crystal-detector whole body counter and 1-10 µc. Fe59 in 250 µg. elemental iron. Changes in whole body Fe59 activity during the first few hours and the next 90-100 days after oral ingestion are described and their significance discussed. Normal absorption with this technic ranges from 5.7-24.7 per cent of the administered tracer. In 14 patients with polycythemia vera, 12 previously phlebotomized and 2 with a recent history of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, iron deficiency as evidenced by increased iron absorption (20.6 per cent-96.9 per cent) correlates well with the extent of preceding phlebotomy, and relatively well with the plasma iron at the time of study. Although other parameters reflect iron deficiency, none correlate well with the absorption of radioiron. Next to increased iron absorption, depletion of iron stores in the marrow seems to be the earliest evidence of iron deficiency.

Iron absorption and erythrocyte incorporation of radioiron was also studied in several other hematologic disorders, including four heavily menstruating women, three cases of aplastic anemia, and a small number of other conditions. The findings are described and discussed.

Radioiron loss in three normal patients was 0.110 per cent, 0.110 per cent, and 0.182 per cent daily, and in two patients with aplastic anemia 0.103 per cent and 0.173 per cent daily, defining the normal range of tracer loss over days 20-100. Radioiron loss in the polycythemics ranged from 0-0.044 per cent daily. An unusual case of pyridoxine-responsive anemia with increased absorption of radioiron (69.1 per cent), but no red cell incorporation, lost only 0.026 per cent/day. Some problems in the interpretation of such data are discussed.

The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technic of whole body counting in the study of various aspects of iron metabolism.
The Structure and Composition of Rat Reticulocytes. II. Phospholipid and Total Cholesterol in Reticulocytes
Authors: HALLINAN T. , EDEN E.
Published: October 2019

1. The rat reticulocytes examined contain 6.7 ± 0.2 mg. of phospholipid per ml. of packed cells, 49 per cent more than rat erythrocytes.

2. Reticulocytes from anemic animals appear to contain the same concentration of phospholipid as those from normal animals.

3. The concentration of total cholesterol in the reticulocytes examined does not differ significantly from that in erythrocytes.

4. The phospholipid:cholesterol ratio in lipid from reticulocytes is significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the corresponding ratio in lipid from erythrocytes. This finding, together with previous observations on the ultrastructure of reticulocytes, leads to the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of the lipid of these cells may be associated with phospholipid-rich, cholesterol-poor, intracellular structures such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
A Survey of the Thymus and Its Relation to Lymphocytes and Immune Reactions
Authors: ARNASON BARRY G. , JANKOVIĆ BRANISLAV D. , WAKSMAN BYRON H.
Published: October 2019

The thymus appears to be a principal source of the small lymphocyte population of blood, spleen and lymph nodes. It may, in addition, produce hormonal factors affecting lymphocyte production. It plays a major role, early in life and perhaps later as well, in maintaining the immunologic integrity of the organism.
The Effect of the Nitrite Ion on Intact Human Erythrocytes
Authors: HARLEY JOHN D. , ROBIN HELEN
Published: October 2019

The mode of action of the nitrite ion on intact human erythrocytes has been investigated under varying experimental conditions. Nitrite appeared to act directly to cause methemoglobin formation and GSH depletion. Evidence was presented to show that such depletion does not occur in the presence of a normal and active pentose phosphate pathway, and to suggest that methemoglobin formation buffers the erythrocyte against nitrite-induced oxidation of GSH.

Both in the presence and absence of glucose, nitrite in high concentration was found to cause increased rates of oxidative destruction of hemoglobin with Heinz body formation, and of loss of osmotic integrity. It was suggested that nitrite acts by "simple" oxidation of the -SH groups of globin and other erythrocytic components, and possibly by causing deamination of cellular proteins.

The results were discussed, with reference to the significance of cellular protective mechanisms under evolutionary or environmental conditions which involve intermittent exposure to high concentrations of the nitrite ion.
An Isotopic Method for the Determination of Vitamin B12 Levels in Blood
Authors: BARAKAT RUSSEL M. , EKINS ROGER P.
Published: October 2019

Vitamin B12 is normally present in plasma mainly bound to a specific binding protein. Addition of exogenous vitamin ultimately results in saturation of protein binding sites and excess vitamin remains in free form. The ratio of free to bound fractions thus quantitatively depends upon the concentration of exogenous compound. This observation has been utilized to determine amounts of vitamin B12 extracted from the blood of normal subjects and of patients with certain pathologic conditions.

The method is simple and reproducible. The sensitivity of the method is such that vitamin levels down to roughly 20 µµg./ml. may be evaluated using labeled vitamin B12 of a specific activity of about 1 µc./µg. Repeated assays on identical specimens of normal plasma have shown a reproducibility of about 5-6 per cent. Results on 39 normal subjects gave a range of 330-1070 µµg./ml. with an average of 611 ± 167. Values observed in plasma taken from patients suffering from pernicious anemia were around 100 µµg./ml. or less. Results on subjects with other pathologic conditions are also presented and the limitations of the method are discussed.
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia and the Philadelphia Chromosome
Authors: FITZGERALD P. H. , ADAMS ANGELA , GUNZ FREDERICK W.
Published: October 2019

Twelve patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia were examined for the presence of the Ph1 chromosome abnormality at various stages of their disease. The abnormality was demonstrated either in the blood or marrow of all patients. Patients in relapse showed very high numbers of Ph1-positive mitoses in both blood and marrow; those in remission showed relatively few or no positives in the blood but sizeable numbers in the marrow. There was a positive correlation between the degrees of abnormality of blood and marrow on the one hand, and the percentage of Ph1-positive mitoses on the other. Direct examination of the marrow for the demonstration of the Ph1 appeared of particular value in the acute phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia.

It seemed likely that therapy depressed the number of abnormal (Ph1-positive) mitoses. There was, however, no evidence that these ever disappeared from the marrow, even in complete remission.

The findings presented and those in the literature did not make it possible to decide in what way the Ph1 chromosome abnormality is related to the onset of leukemia.
Endoreduplication in Acute Leukemia
Authors: BOTTURA CÁSSIO , FERRARI IRIS
Published: October 2019

Chromosome studies were carried out on two occasions during the evolution of a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia. A normal karyotype was detected before treatment was started. A second analysis made while the patient was under treatment with 6-mercaptopurine showed a modal number of 44 chromosomes plus a small fragment. Apart from the abnormal karyotype, the leukemic cells showed a high incidence of endoreduplication and a cell with the feature of repeated endoreduplication was observed. The possible significance of these findings in acute leukemia is discussed.
The Importance of Activation of Antihemophilic Globulin and Proaccelerin by Traces of Thrombin in the Generation of Intrinsic Prothrombinase Activity
Authors: RAPAPORT SAMUEL I. , SCHIFFMAN SANDRA , PATCH MARY JANE , AMES SARA BETH
Published: October 2019

There are two major time-consuming steps in intrinsic clotting in vitro. The importance of the first step—the triggering of intrinsic clotting through the generation of activation product (AP) activity—has been appreciated for several years. This paper has been concerned with the delineation of the second important time-consuming step—the generation of a trace of thrombin, which by activating both anti-hemophilic globulin (AHG, factor VIII ) and proaccelerin (factor V ), shifts the intrinsic clotting process into high gear. Data have been presented which indicate that when plasma contains AP, activated AHG (AHG'), activated proaccelerin (accelerin ) and free platelet factor 3-like activity, all of the remaining reactions required to generate powerful intrinsic prothrombinase activity take place within 7 to 12 seconds after recalcification. It may well be that AHG and proaccelerin must be activated by minute traces of thrombin before they can participate effectively in the generation of intrinsic prothrombinase activity.
Antigenic Analysis of Plasminogen and Plasmin
Authors: RIFÉ UBALDO , MILGROM FELIX , SHULMAN SIDNEY
Published: October 2019

Human plasminogen and plasmin preparations have been analyzed and compared for their antigenic properties. For the evaluation of such preparations, antisera to Kline plasminogen, prepared in rabbits, were used. Kline plasminogen revealed the presence of three distinct components. One of these was identical to gamma globulin of serum by both chemical and immunological criteria while the other two were in the beta-globulin mobility category. One of these latter could be identified with the proenzyme, plasminogen, itself; the other remained an unidentified component which could not be related to the proenzyme. Plasmin showed a similar pattern except for the absence of the gamma-globulin constituent. The two components of plasmin were antigenically identical to the corresponding components of plasminogen.
The Influence of Amino Acids on Iron Absorption
Authors: KROE DONALD , KINNEY THOMAS D. , KAUFMAN NATHAN , KLAVINS J. V.
Published: October 2019

A series of experiments were devised to determine the effect of various amino acids upon the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. This was done by introducing single amino acids and Fe59 into isolated loops of small intestine and measuring the serum for radioactivity and the uptake of Fe59 by the liver. It was found that under the conditions of the experiments all of the amino acids studied effected an increase in the serum iron and iron deposition in the liver.
Maternofetal Passage of Leukocytes and Platelets in Man
Authors: DESAI RAJENDRA G. , CREGER WILLIAM P. , Gausepohl Nancy , Loomis Maurice
Published: October 2019

Human maternal whole blood was treated with Atabrine in vitro, and the cellular portion returned to the maternal circulation within 15 hours of the time of delivery in nine cases. In three cases no fluorescent forms were found in the cord blood. In six cases fluorescent forms were observed in the cord blood, in four instances platelets, in four granulocytes, and in three lymphocytes. Three normal controls received the supernatant, Atabrine-containing plasma from 350 ml. of their own whole blood to which had been added 50 or 100 mg. of Atabrine. No fluorescent forms were found in the buffy coats of these individuals over a 24-hour period.

The data are interpreted as suggesting human transplacental passage, from mother to fetus, of small numbers of leukocytes and platelets. Particular interest is thought to attach to the identification of labeled lymphocytes in the cord blood because of the evidence that some mononuclear leukocytes which normally circulate are still capable of multiplication and pluripotentiality.

The possibility of human lymphocytic chimerism on the basis of maternofetal transplacental passage is suggested, although no evidence for permanent colonization and immunologic function is presented. The relation of this concept to those human diseases in which autoimmunity is thought to play a major role is discussed.
Different Patterns of Remisson in Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: LEVIN ROBERT H. , BRITTIN GEOFFREY M. , FREIREICH EMIL J
Published: October 2019

Methyl-glyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (methyl GAG) has induced complete hematologic remissions in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. The hematologic pattern of remission was different from that observed for 6-mercaptopurine. Early lymphocytosis and increase in platelet counts occurred with both drugs. With methyl GAG the early granulation of immature cells and a relative rise in peripheral mature granulocytes developed. This could occur with persistent leukopenia and could precede the recovery of platelets. Repopulation of red cell precursors occurred at a similar rate with both drugs. Abnormal megaloblastoid erythropoiesis was seen in 11 of 14 patients treated with 6-MP; erythropoiesis was normoblastic in all patients treated with methyl GAG.

Recognition of the different patterns of remission characteristic of 6-MP and methyl GAG suggests different mechanisms of action for the two drugs. The criteria of impending remission observed with methyl GAG may make possible shortened administration of a toxic drug.
Pathways to Blood Coagulation Product I Formation
Authors: SPAET THEODORE H. , CINTRON JOSÉ
Published: October 2019

The basic reagent used was an eluate obtained from barium sulfate used to adsorb various sera. When this eluate was prepared from normal rabbit serum, it responded to treatment with coagulants from adsorbed plasma, with Stypven, or with 25 per cent sodium citrate to give products with similar if not identical properties. With each preparation a stable complex formed with cephalin which withstood washing, was relatively heat-stable, was inactivated by adsorbed serum, and which required factor V for optimal prothrombin conversion. In eluates prepared from human serum, normal activation occurred in the absence of factor IX, but was defective in the absence of factor X. A preparation of factor X purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography was activated by 25 per cent sodium citrate. It is suggested that product I, the product of Stypven activation, and autoprothrombin C represent similar or identical reagents; it is further suggested that factor X is their common precursor.
Assay of Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent (PTA) with Artificially Depleted Normal Plasma
Authors: HOROWITZ HERBERT I. , WILCOX WINTHROP P. , FUJIMOTO MITSU M.
Published: October 2019

Plasma artificially depleted of PTA by incubation following activation with diatomaceous silica was evaluated as a reagent for the assay of PTA. It gave results which were comparable to those obtained with naturally deficient plasma and had the advantages of being readily available and more stable on storage. Laboratory differentiation was possible between PTA and HF deficiency.
Cell Antigens and Cell Specialization
Authors: YUNIS JORGE J. , YUNIS EDMOND
Published: October 2019

This article describes the application of four different models to the study of the presence of specific isoantigens on normoblasts. The findings demonstrate the A, B and H receptors on human normoblasts. These receptors can be shown to be present on the surface of normoblasts in all stages of development and on mitotic normoblasts. These findings suggest that cell isoantigens appear early in cell formation and independently of cell maturation.
Factors Stimulating Erythropoiesis in Frogs
Authors: ROSSE WENDELL F. , WALDMANN THOMAS , HULL ELEANOR
Published: October 2019

1. Sublethal levels of hypoxia do not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog as measured by the incorporation of thymidine-2-C14 into peripheral erythrocytes, whereas bleeding of approximately one-third of the blood volume increases erythropoiesis 70-fold as judged by this criterion. This is taken as evidence that for the frog, the fundamental stimulus for erythropoiesis may not be hypoxia.

2. Cobaltous ion administration does not increase erythropoiesis in the frog.

3. The serum of bled frogs increases the incorporation of thymidine-2-C14 into the erythrocytes of frogs into which it is injected. This serum does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse. Serum from an anemic patient which contains large amounts of erythropoietin as measured in the polycythemic mouse does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog.
Granulocyte Kinetic Studies in Patients with Proliferative Disorders of the Bone Marrow
Authors: MAUER ALVIN M. , JARROLD THOMAS
Published: October 2019

Granulocyte kinetic studies with DFP32 were done in four patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, three patients with polycythemia vera, one patient with essential thrombocythemia, and one patient with persistent, unexplained granulocytosis. The increased blood granulocyte concentration found in the patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and unexplained granulocytosis was at least in part the result of increased granulocyte production. Precise calculations of granulocyte pool sizes and turnover rates in the patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia were not possible because of unresolved problems related to the non-uniform population of myeloid cells in the blood of these patients. However, within the limitations of the method, a greater number of myeloid cells were turned over per day through blood than in normal subjects. The findings support the concept that a widespread disorder of marrow proliferation exists in chronic myelocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia.
Globulin Coating of Neoplastic Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: BRODY JEROME I. , BEIZER LAWRENCE H.
Published: October 2019

1. Employing the technic of specific mixed cell agglutination (SMCA), it has been demonstrated that leukemic lymphocytes, as well as red cells, may be coated with globulins which are reactive with antihuman (Coombs) serum.

2. Moreover, in vitro, these proteins may dissociate from neoplastic lymphocytes and reassociate on normal erythrocytes rendering them Coombs-positive.

3. The dissociation-reassociation phenomenon appears to be time- and temperature-dependent and may be augmented by complement or a related heat-labile serum or cell factor.

4. It is suggested, by analogy to instances in which the normal lymphocyte mediates certain immunologic reactions, that the neoplastic lymphocyte may participate actively in the acquired hemolytic anemia of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Studies of Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase in Mongolism: A Possible Chromosome Marker
Authors: ALTER AARON A. , LEE STANLEY L. , POURFAR MOHAMED , DOBKIN GERALD
Published: October 2019

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase was measured by a biochemical method in a group of 58 mongolian idiots. The mean activity found in the 41 children less than 10 years of age was equivalent to 89 mg. of phosphorus per 1010 neutrophilic leukocytes per hour. This was compared to the value of 66 mg. of phosphorus per 1010 neutrophilic leukocytes per hour obtained in a group of 41 control children in the same age group (after correction of the control mean to the same mean age). The difference is significant at the 0.5 per cent level of confidence.

This difference was interpreted as confirming (but not proving) the hypothesis that leukocyte alkaline phosphatase formation is controlled by a gene on chromosome number 21—the chromosome for which mongolian idiots are trisomic. The hypothesis arose because of the known deficiency of this enzyme in the leukocytes of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and the known partial deletion of chromosome 21 in this disease.

This finding should provide a stimulus to further investigations into the content of alkaline phosphatase in leukocytes, possible polymorphism of leukocyte alkaline phosphatases, linkages with other inherited traits, and relationships between leukocyte and other tissue phosphatases.
The Effect of Antimetabolites on the Respiration of Leukemic Mouse Cells
Authors: WOODLIFF H. J.
Published: October 2019

The effect of antipurine and antifolic drugs on the oxygen uptake of mouse leukemia cells has been studied. The oxygen uptake of sensitive mouse leukemia cells was inhibited by both groups of drugs. The oxygen uptake of 6-mercaptopurine-resistant mouse leukemia cells was not inhibited by antipurines but was inhibited by antifolics. The oxygen uptake of amethopterin-resistant mouse leukemia cells was inhibited neither by antipurine nor antifolic drugs. These results correlate with the in vivo tests. In this system it is possible to predict the in vivo sensitivity of the leukemia from a study of the effect of antipurine and antifolic drugs on the oxygen uptake of the cells in vitro.
Effect of Trisodium Calcium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate on Bivalent Cations in Thalassemia Major
Authors: MULLER-EBERHARD URSULA , ERLANDSON MARION E. , GINN H. EARL , SMITH CARL H.
Published: October 2019

The effect of a chelating agent, trisodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), in seven patients with thalassemia major and secondary hemochromatosis is reported. Urinary excretion of iron, copper, magnesium and calcium was measured prior to and following intramuscular injections of DTPA. As much as a 16-fold increase in excretion of iron (up to 40 mg./24 hours) and a 3½-fold increase in excretion of copper were achieved. Magnesium and calcium in urine remained consistently below the average range for normal individuals although excretion of magnesium increased 15-60 per cent and calcium as much as 550 per cent following administration of this agent.

While serum levels of copper were high and plasma calcium levels low normal or slightly reduced, plasma magnesium levels were found to be slightly to significantly low in all patients studied. The latter were transiently further reduced following injection of DTPA and may have been related to symptoms of magnesium deficiency in one patient.

This agent was effective in removal of iron particularly in the older patients with secondary hemochromatosis. However, attention is drawn to the possible hazardous effect of DTPA on magnesium metabolism in patients with thalassemia major.
Effect of Thymectomy on the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus Auratus). I. Wasting Disease
Authors: SHERMAN JOSEPH D. , ADNER MARVIN M. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM
Published: October 2019

A fatal progressive wasting disease was produced in male hamsters by thymectomy. The disease was characterized by generalized atrophy of lymphoid tissue, pancytopenia and decreased gamma globulins. Two unique features of this wasting disease were its occurrence in a significant number of animals thymectomized at 4 weeks of age and its development in males only. The thymectomized female hamster could be made to waste if treated with testosterone proprionate or bilateral oophorectomy. The mechanisms involved in the post-thymectomy wasting disease are discussed, as well as the relationship of runt disease (graft vs. host disease) to thymic wasting. The relationship of the thymus to lymphoid tissue, immune globulins, and certain diseases in man are pointed out. The possibility that the wasted thymectomized hamster may be an experimental model for the human disease known as "alymphocytosis" or "lymphocytophthisis" is discussed.
A Family with Hemoglobin I
Authors: THOMPSON OSCAR L. , MORELAND HARRIS J. , SMITH GERALD W. , BOWMAN BARBARA H. , ALEXANDER MARTHA JEANNIE , SCHNEIDER ROSE G.
Published: October 2019

Hemoglobin I was recently found in a Negro family. The amino acid substitution was shown to occur in the sixteenth residue of the α chain (lys → asp) and to be identical with hemoglobin I described by Murayama.10 The minor component, I2, was demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis.
Methemoglobin Reduction
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , BALUDA MARYELLEN C.
Published: October 2019

1. It has been shown that mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient nitrite-treated erythrocytes reduced methemoglobin at a rate considerably more rapid than that computed from their individual rates of methemoglobin reduction.

2. Differential agglutination studies demonstrated that when normal, methemoglobin-containing cells in such a mixture have reduced all of their methemoglobin, they facilitate methemoglobin reduction in G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes.

3. The same effect could be observed in other mixtures of cells, (e.g., normal with normal, G-6-PD deficient with G-6-PD deficient, etc.) and even with highly purified methemoglobin solutions.

4. This effect could be observed in the presence of methylene blue but not in the presence of another redox dye, Nile blue sulfate.

5. Lactate served as an effective substrate for methemoglobin reduction. Methemoglobin reduction by lactate was enhanced by methylene blue but not by Nile blue sulfate.

6. In mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes, no deficit in the rate of accumulation of lactate was found. This indicates that the mechanism of enhancement of methemoglobin reduction is not the diffusion of lactate from non-methemoglobin-containing cells to methemoglobin-containing cells.

7. It was demonstrated that leukomethylene blue could reduce highly purified solutions of methemoglobin in the absence of the enzyme "methemoglobin reductase."

8. The possible mechanism by which non-methemoglobin-containing cells may reduce methemoglobin in methemoglobin-containing cells is discussed. It seems most probable that leukomethylene blue is the mediator of the effect. This implies, contrary to earlier suggestions, that "methemoglobin reductase" acts prior to the reduction of methylene blue in the electron transport chain.
Studies on Iron Absorption
Authors: MENDEL GERALD A. , WEILER ROBERT J. , MANGALIK AROOP
Published: October 2019

It is demonstrated that anemia per se can have a marked influence on the absorption of iron that is independent of the effects of alterations in the rate of erythropoiesis and the body iron content.

Evidence is presented which suggests that the effects of anemia, the rate of erythropoiesis and the body iron content on the absorptive mechanism for iron are, to some extent, additive.
The Detection and Quantification of Rh(D) Antigen Sites on Human Leukocytes
Authors: BARNES ARTHUR E. , SARASTI HERNANDO , MAVIOGLU HILMI , JENSEN WALLACE N.
Published: October 2019

Radiolabeled eluates of human anti-D were used to measure the capacity of leukocytes to bind the D antibody in cell suspensions prepared from 16 normal and 3 leukemic bloods from Rh(D) donors. The contamination of the leukocyte suspensions by D positive red cells was measured and the contribution of D antigen sites by these cells was estimated. After correction was made for the D antibody bound by the contaminant red cells, no specific binding of D antibody by Rh(D) leukocytes could be detected. Three pairs of Rh(D) and rh(d) leukocyte dilution curves of I131-labeled anti-D uptake were compared with the uptake by D positive and D negative red cell dilutions. No significant differences among the D negative erythrocyte, the rh(d) leukocyte and the Rh(D) leukocyte curves were obtained. The results were collated with previous serologic evidence concerning the presence of ABO and Rh antigens on human leukocytes.
A Method for Preservation of Viable Platelets: Combined Effects of Sugars and Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: DJERASSI ISAAC , ROY ALBERT
Published: October 2019

Rat platelets were frozen in liquid nitrogen (-195 C.) without losing their morphologic integrity and their ability to circulate in thrombocytopenic recipient animals. The simultaneous presence of two preservative agents—a sugar and dimethylsulfoxide—was instrumental in this respect. The use of single agents was only slightly or not at all effective. The combination of 5 per cent Dextrose and 5 per cent DMS in plasma permitted in individual experiments a circulating yield of frozen platelets as high as 70 to 87 per cent of the numbers observed when fresh platelets were given. The bleeding time was reduced to normal whenever the platelet levels were increased to more than 300,000/mm3.
The First Observation of Homozygous Hemoglobin S-Alpha Thalassemia Disease and Two Types of Sickle Cell Thalassemia Disease: (a) Sickle Cell-Alpha Thalassemia Disease, (b) Sickle Cell-Beta Thalassemia Disease
Authors: AKSOY MUZAFFER
Published: October 2019

Six patients with sickle cell-thalassemia disease are reported together with hematologic and genetic data. A case of homozygous hemoglobin S-alpha thalassemia disease, the son of parents with asymptomatic sickle cell-thalassemia disease and sickle cell trait, is presented, showing the possibilities involved in the presence of two genes for hemoglobin S and one gene for thalassemia.
On the Origin of Peritoneal Fluid Cells
Authors: GOODMAN JOAN WRIGHT
Published: October 2019

Peritoneal fluid cells from mouse radiation chimeras were tested to determine their strain of origin by reaction with donor-specific and host-specific isoimmune sera. In all chimeras that retained donor hemopoietic grafts, peritoneal fluid cells were found to be of donor type. This was true regardless of the kind of hemopoietic tissue transplanted into the irradiated mouse. Donor hemopoietic transplant material included bone marrow, fetal liver, peripheral blood leukocytes, and peritoneal fluid cells from mice and bone marrow from rats. Irritation of the peritoneal cavity shifted differential counts but did not change the cytotoxicity results: all the free cells removed were of donor type.