bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast Li+ Transport of Li−Zn Alloy Protective Layer Enabling Excellent Electrochemical Performance of Li Metal Anode
Authors: Deng Jinxiang , Wang Ying , Qu Siji , Liu Yuchi , Zou Wei , Zhou Fu , Zhou Aijun , Li Jingze
Published: August 2020

Li alloy film has been developed as an advanced artificial protection layer on Li metal anode, attributed to its tight contact with Li metal and unique transportation capability of mixed ion/electron. Li+ diffusion coefficient of the alloy interphase layer is crucial for Li dendrite growth and rate performance. Here, Zn thin film is sputtered on the surface of Li foil, and Li−Zn alloy buffer layer is spontaneously formed via an alloying reaction. In the process of electrochemical cycling, while Li+ ions are reduced on the interface of the electrolyte and the anode, the fresh Li atoms rapidly diffuse into the alloy layer via fast ion transport channels of the mixed conductor, resulting in the formation of Li metal free surface. As a consequence, Li−Zn layer protected Li electrode can effectively suppress Li dendrite growth and mitigate the deterioration of Li metal, demonstrating the greatly promoted performance at high current density in both the liquid electrolyte and all solid‐state electrolyte systems.
Fast‐Charge Limitations for Graphite Anodes with Si as Capacity‐Enhancing Additive
Authors: Jeschull Fabian , Trabesinger Sigita
Published: August 2020

Rate capability is always coming into the question when new materials are characterized; however, this question also arises when blends of different electroactive materials are used. This study was dedicated to the charge capabilities of graphite‐Si blends, in which Si acts as a capacity‐enhancing electrode additive (≤20 wt.% Si). As delithiated Si is considered poorly electronic conductor, one would assume that the presence of Si induces additional internal resistance that hampers fast charging of this type of electrodes. Current‐interruption measurements demonstrate that the internal resistance of graphite‐Si blends increases proportionally to the amount of Si in the electrode. This is also reflected in the respective charge capability tests, where electrodes with smaller Si content showed better power performance. With the aim to improve the charge capability of the electrode formulations, two approaches were evaluated: 1) addition of various amounts of conductive additive in the form of carbon black and 2) densification of electrodes. While the charge capability could be successfully improved by increasing carbon black content, densification mainly lead to performance deterioration.
A rationally identified marine GH1 β‐glucosidase has distinguishing functional features for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
Authors: de Sousa Amanda S. , de Melo Ricardo R. , Miyamoto Renan Y. , Morais Mariana A. B. , Andrade Liliane P. , Milan Natália , de Avila Mayara C. , de Souza Cláudia M. , Adão Regina C. , Scarpassa Josiane A. , Vieira Plínio S. , dos Santos Leandro V. , Ramos Carlos H. I. , Murakami Mario T. , Zanphorlin Letícia M.
Published: August 2020

The classical route for second‐generation ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is hampered by high process costs, fostering the development of alternative strategies such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). However, the lack of compatible enzyme cocktails poses a challenge. In this study, the enzyme EmBgl from the marine bacterium Exiguobacterium marinum was rationally identified based on structural and phylogenetic analyses, known desirable properties of close orthologs, and the ecological niche of its organism source. EmBgl is a multifunctional and glucose‐tolerant enzyme that efficiently hydrolyzes cello‐oligosaccharides due to a positive‐subsite region that can accommodate long cello‐oligosaccharides without imposing steric impediments. The efficacy of EmBgl in an SSF process was demonstrated using pretreated sugarcane bagasse as feedstock, yielding 28 g L−1 of ethanol in 30 h. The distinguishing functional properties of EmBgl and its successful utilization in an SSF process highlight its potential in biotechnological applications in which lignocellulose deconstruction is desirable under milder temperatures © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beta‐Adrenergic Blockers as a Potential Treatment for COVID‐19 Patients
Authors: Vasanthakumar Natesan
Published: August 2020

More than 15 million people have been affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and it has caused 640 016 deaths as of July 26, 2020. Currently, no effective treatment option is available for COVID‐19 patients. Though many drugs have been proposed, none of them has shown particular efficacy in clinical trials. In this article, the relationship between the Adrenergic system and the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) is focused in COVID‐19 and a vicious circle consisting of the Adrenergic system‐RAAS‐Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (which is referred to as the “ARAS loop”) is proposed. Hyperactivation of the ARAS loop may be the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in COVID‐19, and beta‐adrenergic blockers are proposed as a potential treatment option. Beta‐adrenergic blockers may decrease the SARS‐CoV‐2 cellular entry by decreasing ACE2 receptors expression and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) in various cells in the body. Beta‐adrenergic blockers may decrease the morbidity and mortality in COVID‐19 patients by preventing or reducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other complications. Retrospective and prospective clinical trials should be conducted to check the validity of the hypothesis. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/uLoy7do5ROo.
Dosimetric properties of lithium borate glass doped with dysprosium
Authors: El‐Faramawy Nabil , El‐Naggar Ahmed , Woda Clemens , El‐Kinawy Mohamed
Published: August 2020

Characterization of thermoluminescence (TL) properties of lithium borate glass samples doped with different concentrations of dysprosium (Dy) was carried out. Samples were prepared using a melting method at 1100°C and irradiated with β‐particles. The glass samples doped with 0.1% Dy displayed the best TL dosimetric properties compared with other compositions. Deconvoluted analyses of the glow curves displayed five overlapping TL glow peaks located between 392.0 and 510.3 K. A good linear TL dose–response for β‐particles was obtained in the dose range 66.6 mGy to 33.3 Gy. The minimum detectible dose was evaluated to be 205.4 μGy and samples revealed thermal fading in 312 h to 29% of their original value.
Comparison of Three Different Entry Molecules for Probing a Metabolic Response to Radiation Exposure by Two‐Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Chae Young Kee , Kang Chang‐Mo
Published: August 2020

Humans are continuously exposed to radiation, originating from natural backgrounds or artificial sources. We focused on the X‐ray irradiations to which people are exposed during routine medical checkups. We probed the cellular metabolic responses by feeding human umbilical vein endothelial cells with three different 13C‐labeled molecules, which was followed by irradiation with three different doses of X‐rays, which was followed by four different incubation periods. We monitored the downstream metabolites via two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy to figure out what input was best suited for our purpose. We found that even though the glucose provided the highest number of metabolized products, the glutamine, which was the lowest, provided as much information as the glucose. Second, the glucose and the glutamine were suitable for the purpose of probing the recovery process, but pyruvate was not suitable. Lastly, 48 h seemed to be needed for the cells to recover from the irradiation shock.
On the conceptualization and measurement of dynamic capabilities for sustainability: Building theory through a systematic literature review
Authors: Buzzao Giacomo , Rizzi Francesco
Published: August 2020

We performed a systematic literature review to explore and understand how the 23‐year long debate about dynamic capabilities has addressed sustainability issues. Based on this, we propose a unifying framework that distinguishes different facets of dynamic capabilities for sustainability (DCsS) based on the different types of performance they are more suitable to predict. The theoretical contribution is twofold. First, we add to the literature by highlighting the dependence of different forms of DCsS on different levels of the centrality of sustainability outcomes in corporate strategies. Second, we shed light on the operationalizations of DCsS by providing guidance on the adoption of pertinent constructs and measurement models. The review concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications of the proposed conceptual framework to help decision makers better understand, which strategic moves to make to achieve their intended sustainability goals.
Acknowledging the use of human cadaveric tissues in research papers: Recommendations from anatomical journal editors
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Singh Vishram , Ohtsuka Aiji , Hwang Youngil , Kim Hee‐Jin , Moryś Janusz , Ravi Kumar Satish , Ribatti Domenico , Trainor Paul A. , Sañudo José Ramón , Apaydin Nihal , Şengül Gülgün , Albertine Kurt H. , Walocha Jerzy A. , Loukas Marios , Duparc Fabrice , Paulsen Friedrich , Del Sol Mariano , Adds Philip , Hegazy Ahmed , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: August 2020

Research within the anatomical sciences often relies on human cadaveric tissues. Without the good will of these donors who allow us to use their bodies to push forward our anatomical knowledge, most human anatomical research would come to a standstill. However, many research papers omit an acknowledgement to the donor cadavers or, as no current standardized versions exist, use language that is extremely varied. To remedy this problem, 20 editors‐in‐chiefs from 17 anatomical journals joined together to put together official recommendations that can be used by authors when acknowledging the donor cadavers used in their studies. The goal of these recommendations is to standardize the writing approach by which donors are acknowledged in anatomical studies that use human cadaveric tissues. Such sections in anatomical papers will not only rightfully thank those who made the donation but might also encourage, motivate, and inspire future individuals to make such gifts for the betterment of the anatomical sciences and patient care.
Construction of a lipid metabolism‐related and immune‐associated prognostic signature for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hu Bo , Yang Xiao‐Bo , Sang Xin‐Ting
Published: August 2020

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. We aimed to identify a robust lipid metabolism‐related signature associated with the HCC microenvironment to improve the prognostic prediction of HCC patients.

Methods

We analyzed the gene expression profiles of lipid metabolism from Molecular Signatures Database and information of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed for functional annotation. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was employed to verify the expression of model genes in HCC and adjacent tissues.

Results

As a result, a lipid metabolism‐related signature consisting of acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 6 (ACSL6), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1, phospholipase A2 group 1B, lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4 (SMPD4) was identified among HCC patients. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1, PLA2G1B, and SMPD4 were proved significantly high expression while ACSL6 and LCAT were remarkably low expression in our 15 pairs of matched HCC and normal tissues by qRT‐PCR. Under different conditions, the overall survival (OS) of patients in low‐risk group was prolonged than that in high‐risk group. Moreover, the as‐constructed signature was an independent factor, which was remarkably associated with gender, histologic grade, and platelet level of HCC patients. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed the good potency of the model. Functional enrichment analysis further revealed that lower fatty acid (FA) oxidation and higher infiltration of immunocytes were detected in patients from the high‐risk group compared with those in the low‐risk group.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that the lipid metabolism‐related signature shows prognostic significance for HCC.
Community identity as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and altruistic behaviour in Chinese residents
Authors: Wang Yanli , Yang Chao , Hu Xiaoyong , Chen Hong
Published: August 2020

Socioeconomic status is related to altruistic behaviour, but the link between them remains controversial. The present study explored the link between socioeconomic status and altruistic behaviour, as well as the psychological mechanism between them. We recruited 1,052 residents from 34 provinces in China to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and altruistic behaviour and the mediating mechanism. Results showed that objective socioeconomic status was positively related to altruistic behaviour. Subjective socioeconomic status was positively associated with community identity and altruistic behaviour. Community identity mediated the relationship between subjective socioeconomic status and altruistic behaviour. The findings suggest that enhancing individuals' community identity or subjective status perception can effectively increase their altruistic behaviour.
Collaborative competence, social capital, and mental health: A cross‐sectional analysis of a community‐based intervention for older adults
Authors: Ehsan Annahita , Sommet Nicolas , Morselli Davide , Spini Dario
Published: August 2020

Social capital interventions for the mental health of older adults have been inconclusive to date, and have rarely investigated the psychological resources that are important to having social capital. This study focused on the “Neighborhoods in Solidarity” (NS), which are a series of Swiss community‐based interventions that aim to empower older adults to participate in their communities. Our goal was to understand whether the NS were associated with collaborative competence, social capital, and subsequently, symptoms of depression. Cross‐sectional data were collected from 947 individuals aged 55 and over (Mage = 68.66, SD = 9.04) in 10 Swiss neighbourhoods (five with the NS [n = 479] and five control neighbourhoods [n = 468]). Structural equation modelling was used to model the relationship between the NS intervention, collaborative competence, cognitive and structural dimensions of social capital, and symptoms of depression (measured by the CESD‐R‐10). Individual participation in the NS had total and indirect effects on symptoms of depression via collaborative competence and both social capitals. These findings suggest that existing community‐based interventions can be indirectly associated with better mental health outcomes in the ageing population.
Consider technology that helps promote social distancing
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2020

How can campuses reopen safely in the fall? That's a big question administrators at many schools are trying to answer. One key is to enable and encourage social distancing on campus. Officials at Apogee and Degree Analytics have partnered to create a solution that enables campus administrators to track where people are gathering. Heat map displays show how many people are in an area.
Self‐tracking in effortful activities: Gender differences in consumers' task experience
Authors: Jin Daoyan , Halvari Hallgeir , Maehle Natalia , Niemiec Christopher P.
Published: August 2020

Despite the increasing use of self‐tracking technologies, surprisingly little empirical research has examined the effect of self‐tracking in effortful activities on consumers' task experience. Accordingly, the present research examined the moderating role of gender in the effect of self‐tracking in effortful activities on perceived competence and task experience (namely, enjoyment and subjective vitality). Across three experiments, results suggested that self‐tracking in effortful activities increases the perceived competence, enjoyment, and subjective vitality of females more than males, and that perceived competence explains these interaction effects. Interestingly, an experimental manipulation designed to prompt overestimation of abilities attenuated these positive effects among females. As such, the present research contributes to the literatures on self‐tracking and feedback instrumentality, and offers important practical implications for marketers.
High‐risk pulmonary embolism with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: Acute multidisciplinary approach leading to surgical embolectomy with good clinical outcome
Authors: Engholm Morten , Andersen Asger , Eiskjær Hans , Klaaborg Kaj Erik , Thim Troels
Published: August 2020

Percutaneous pulmonary angiography may be used for early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the hemodynamic unstable patient. Pulmonary embolectomy is an effective treatment option in patients with acute high‐risk pulmonary embolism.

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Effects of titanium dispersion state on distribution and reactivity of active centers in propylene polymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts: A kinetic study based on active center counting
Authors: Jiang Baiyu , Zhang Biao , Guo Yintian , Ali Amjad , Guo Wenqi , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: August 2020

Kinetics of propylene polymerization with two TiCl4/MgCl2 model catalysts of different Ti load (Cat‐1: Ti 0.1 wt%; Cat‐2: Ti 1.0 wt%) was investigated in this work. Time‐dependent variations of active centers fraction ([C*]/[Ti]) and active center distribution of the two catalysts were compared. In propylene polymerization with Cat‐1, [C*]/[Ti] was only 7.8 % in the initial stage, but increased for more than three times in reaction period of 600 s. Propylene polymerization with Cat‐2 had much lower [C*]/[Ti]. Active center distributions of the two catalysts were markedly different. Cat‐1 has evidently higher proportion of aspecific active centers and less isospecific ones than that of Cat‐2. These catalysts also showed different time‐dependent variations of active center distribution. The chain propagation rate constant of isospecific centers in Cat‐2 was evidently higher than that in Cat‐1, but propagation rate constants of either aspecific and medium‐isospecific centers were only slightly changed by enhancing Ti content of the catalyst. The results suggest that isospecific centers are mainly originated from clustered Ti species, but non‐clustered Ti species are the main source of active centers with lower stereoselectivity. By considering factors like dispersion states of Ti species and release of shielded active species through disintegration of catalyst particles, active center models have been proposed to explain the different kinetic behaviors of the two model catalysts.
Revisiting Machine Learning Predictions for Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) based on Literature Data
Authors: Nishimura Shun , Ohyama Junya , Kinoshita Takaaki , Dinh Le Son , Takahashi Keisuke
Published: August 2020

Machine learning (ML) predictions for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) are evaluated under experiment situation. The ML protocol has sparked new motivation for trial runs of 96 kinds of metal‐supported catalysts based not only on scientists’ experiences but also on data presented in earlier reports of the literatures and obtained during verification. Our protocol discovers unreported catalyst combinations for OCM reactions from data expanding upon three decades of research, where various numbers of catalysts are predicted and confirmed to perform better than blank data. Nevertheless, the target on C2 yield for the OCM reaction remains as a challenging subject: i. e. higher than 30 %. Revisiting data reported in the literature reveals that different reactor systems and/or specific methods are used in the original data for achieving higher than 30 % C2 yield. Such specialties are attributed to the inadequacy of a literature‐data‐driven ML approach at the present situation. Furthermore, classification of experimental data has indicated target C2 yield values and trends toward CH4 and O2 conversion and product selectivity in high dimensions can improve future ML prediction. These findings are greatly beneficial for the next stage of development to find a global descriptor to improve ML prediction accuracy beyond interpolation filling.
Computational Design of Copper doped Indium for electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid
Authors: Sun Wenli , Liang Yu , Wang Changhong , Feng Xia , Zhou Wei , Zhang Bin
Published: August 2020

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid is crucial to achieve a low carbon cycle and mitigate the energy crisis. Density functional calculation is deemed to be an important method for designing highly efficient catalysts for CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER). Cu−In alloy is mostly reported to show an increasing selectivity of reducing CO2 to CO, however the performance of CO2ER over In with tiny amount of Cu doping and the influence of trace Cu to the reaction are rarely researched. Here, The CO2ER mechanism over In and trace Cu doped In (denoted as Cu−In) catalysts are theoretically investigated. Additionally, the relative reduction pathways and Gibbs free energies of the key intermediates (*COOH and HCOO*) are calculated, which show that Cu−In can produce formic acid more efficiently since Cu−In surface prefers to adsorb HCOO* to form formic acid and decrease the production of CO. Additionally, the theoretical calculation is verified by experimental results. The designed Cu−In catalyst (containing 1.55 wt % Cu) shows a high Faraday efficiency of 70 % for formate in CO2 saturated 0.5 M NaHCO3 electrolyte, which is much better than pure In (56 %).
Co‐Polymeric Nanosponges from Cellulose Biomass as Heterogeneous Catalysts for amine‐catalyzed Organic Reactions
Authors: Riva Laura , Punta Carlo , Sacchetti Alessandro
Published: August 2020

Heterogeneous catalysts prepared from biomass waste sources are attracting increasing interest. The reasons rely on the possibility of combining the virtuous approach of circular economy with the consolidated advantages of heterogeneous catalysis, namely the recycling of the system and the possibility to drive selectivity towards desired products. Herein we report a highly porous cellulose‐based nanosponge (CNS) and its use as a recoverable catalyst for Henry and Knoevenagel reactions, two classical amino‐catalyzed transformations. The material is obtained by cross‐linking between TEMPO‐oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) and branched polyethyleneimine 25 kDa (bPEI) in the presence of citric acid. CNS have been developed as sorbent materials for water remediation but their use as heterogeneous catalysts was never investigated. The fully characterized micro‐ and nano‐porous system guarantees a complete penetration of CNS, allowing reagents to diffuse within. Indeed, by modulating reaction conditions (catalyst loading, temperature, solvent, microwave versus conventional heating, relative ratio of reagents) it was possible to drive selectivity towards the desired products, while maintaining high efficiency in terms of conversion. The catalyst could be re‐used several times without losing in catalytic efficiency. In most cases the products’ distribution is quite different from homogeneous conditions, this much more emphasizing the importance of this heterogeneous solution.
Deal;Photoredox Catalysis for the Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Zhang Tong , Zhang Yu , Das Shoubhik
Published: August 2020

Cycloaddition reaction is a powerful tool for the synthesis of cyclic structures in a green way. High‐energy ultraviolet (UV) light was strictly required for the traditional photochemical processes. However, in the past ten years, discovery of photoredox catalysis for the cycloaddition reactions have attracted significant attention. Based on these elegant works, this review will summarize recent progresses in the visible‐light‐induced [2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions.
Control of Shear Dispersion by the Permeable Porous Wall of a Capillary Tube
Authors: Kou Zuhao , Dejam Morteza
Published: August 2020

The transfer of a neutral nonreacting mass species was studied in a capillary tube with a permeable porous wall, under the effect of combined pressure‐driven and electro‐osmotic flows or simply combined flows (CF). An exact expression for the shear dispersion coefficient in a tube under the influence of CF is derived, which remains constant when λD, inversely propotional to the permeability of the porous medium, is smaller than 1 or larger than 100 for a constant Péclet number. In addition, the equivalent one‐dimensional governing equations for the concentrations of species in the tube and the permeable porous medium under the influence of CF are obtained. The proposed model is compared and verified with several existing models in the literature.
Seeding and nitrogen fertilization effects on the yield and quality of brachytic dwarf brown midrib forage sorghum hybrids
Authors: Elango Dinakaran , Chopra Surinder , Roth Gregory W.
Published: August 2020

Brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] silage is an alternative to corn (Zea mays L.) silage for areas with limited soil moisture. Traditional forage varieties are tall and prone to lodging, with low forage quality. Brachtyic dwarf BMR lines are shorter and lodging‐resistant and have higher forage quality. Newer earlier‐maturing hybrids have expanded the potential adaptation of forage sorghums to northern latitudes. A 2‐yr study was conducted during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons with brachytic dwarf BMR forage hybrids to determine the effects of different seeding and N fertilization rates on forage dry matter yield and quality. The experimental design was a split‐split‐plot with four replications. The main plots were two hybrids (‘AF7202’ and ‘AF7401’), the subplots were two seeding rates (80,000 and 120,000 seeds acre−1), and the sub‐subplots were two N rates (110 and 150 lb acre−1). Significant differences were observed between hybrids for all parameters except neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) in 2015. The early hybrid, AF7202, had higher yields and higher starch content and net energy for lactation levels than dwarf hybrid AF7401 and was more responsive to higher N. AF7401 had higher crude protein content and NDFD. Crude protein increased as N level increased for both hybrids but other forage quality traits were unaffected. Neither variety responded to an increased seeding rate. The earlier brachytic dwarf forage sorghums, such as AF7202, managed with recommended seeding rates and possibly higher N rates, have potential for high forage yield and quality in central Pennsylvania.
Coordination Chemistry and Methylation of Mixed‐Substituted Tetraphosphetanes (RP−PtBu)2 (R=Ph, Py)
Authors: Schoemaker Robin , Kossatz Philipp , Schwedtmann Kai , Hennersdorf Felix , Weigand Jan J.
Published: August 2020

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Jan J. Weigand at Technische Universität Dresden. The image depicts a puzzle illustrating the coinage metal cations and the methyl group, from which the three‐dimensional structure of a multiply methylated tetraphosphetane arises. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202001360.
CO2‐Enabled Cyanohydrin Synthesis and Facile Iterative Homologation Reactions**
Authors: Juhl Martin , Petersen Allan R. , Lee Ji‐Woong
Published: August 2020

Thermodynamic and kinetic control of a chemical process is the key to access desired products and states. Changes are made when a desired product is not accessible; one may manipulate the reaction with additional reagents, catalysts and/or protecting groups. Here we report the use of carbon dioxide to accelerate cyanohydrin synthesis under neutral conditions with an insoluble cyanide source (KCN) without generating toxic HCN. Under inert atmosphere, the reaction is essentially not operative due to the unfavored equilibrium. The utility of CO2‐mediated selective cyanohydrin synthesis was further showcased by broadening Kiliani–Fischer synthesis under neutral conditions. This protocol offers an easy access to a variety of polyols, cyanohydrins, linear alkylnitriles, by simply starting from alkyl‐ and arylaldehydes, KCN and an atmospheric pressure of CO2.
The Cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl Group as a Placeholder for Hydrogen: Organocatalytic Michael Addition of an Acetaldehyde Surrogate
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Fang Huaquan , Xie Kaixue , Oestreich Martin
Published: August 2020

An aldehyde with a cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl group in the α‐position is introduced as a storable surrogate of highly reactive acetaldehyde. The cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl unit is compatible with an enantioselective Michael addition to nitroalkenes promoted by a Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst and can be removed by a boron Lewis acid mediated C−C bond cleavage. The robust two‐step sequence does not require a large excess of the aldehyde component that is typically needed when directly using acetaldehyde.
Processes for Future
Authors: Blank Lars , Ulber Roland , Urbas Leon , Wilk Michael
Published: August 2020

No abstract.
Jubiläumspumpe
Authors: Streubel Thomas
Published: August 2020

Der Weltmarktführer und Hersteller von Verdrängerpumpen Netzsch Pumpen & Systeme lieferte im Mai 2020 aus seiner Niederlassung in Exton, USA, die 1.000.000ste Pumpe aus. Entwickelt wurde die Pumpe, eine Nemo Exzenterschneckenpumpe für Dickstoffschlamm im
Bauxite residue as an iron‐based catalyst for catalytic cracking of naphthalene, a model compound for gasification tar
Authors: Madadkhani Shiva , Burhenne Luisa , Bi Xiaotao , Ellis Naoko , Grace John R. , Lewis Tyler
Published: August 2020

An iron‐based catalyst from bauxite residue (aka BR and red mud) was developed for removing biomass gasification tar. Its performance was investigated with naphthalene as the model tar compound. This was achieved by measuring the catalytic naphthalene conversion at five space velocities and at four temperatures in the 500°C to 800°C range, both in a N2 environment and in 13 vol% H2 with the balance N2 for 14 hours to determine the long‐term performance. The physical and chemical characteristics of the catalyst were studied prior to and after exposure to naphthalene to track the evolution of the catalyst as a result of the chemical reaction. In addition, the effects of calcination temperature and reduction with H2 on the surface characteristics were investigated. The bauxite residue catalyst was shown to be significantly active for naphthalene cracking, with its activity comparable to that of an industrial Ni catalyst. Activity measurements over 14 hours of testing showed that the catalyst activity decreased from 98% to 65% naphthalene conversion with time as a result of catalyst deactivation when tested in a N2 reaction environment. In the presence of 13 vol% H2; however, the activity maintained >95% conversion for the entire duration of the experiment.
Oxygen Defects in Nanostructured Metal‐Oxide Gas Sensors: Recent Advances and Challenges†
Authors: Ding Wenjie , Liu Dandan , Liu Jiajia , Zhang Jiatao
Published: August 2020

Defect engineering has been the most promising strategy to modulate the surface microstructure and electronic structure of the metal oxides, which will govern the efficiency of a given oxide for the applications in heterogeneous catalysis, energy storage and conversion fields, and gas sensing. This review summarizes recent research advances on understanding the role of oxygen vacancies of the metal oxides in gas sensing. First, different strategies for oxygen vacancy productions are summarized and compared. Then, the proper characterization techniques for oxygen vacancy are introduced. Importantly, the structure‐activity relationships between vacancy engineering and gas sensing ability are further illustrated coupling the experimental results and theoretical studies. Finally, the key challenges and prospects regarding defect engineering in gas sensing are highlighted.
Comparative effects of intensive ganglionated plexus ablation in treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and vasovagal syncope
Authors: Huang Xingfu , Chen Yanjia , Huang Yuli , Zhao Hongxin , He Liwei , Tan Zhenni , Xu Dingli , Peng Jian
Published: August 2020

Background

Ganglionated plexus (GP) ablation is used to treat atrial fibrillation (AF) and vasovagal syncope (VVS). However, the comparative effects of GP ablation in treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and VVS have not been well studied.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intensive GP ablation on PAF and VVS.

Methods

PAF and VVS patients were enrolled in this study. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was performed in the PAF group, and additional ablation was performed at GP sites. Anatomic ablation of left atrial GPs was performed in the VVS group. The primary endpoint was freedom from AF or other sustained atrial tachycardia and syncope recurrence.

Results

A total of 195 patients were enrolled: 146 patients with PAF, including eight patients with combined VVS (PAF group), and 49 patients with VVS (VVS group). Vasovagal response (VR) was achieved in 78 (53.4%) patients in the PAF group and 48 patients (98.0%) in the VVS group (P < .05). During the 17.8 ± 10.5 (range, 3‐42) month follow‐up, 126 (86.3%) patients were free of AF in the PAF group, and 45 (91.8%) patients in the VVS group had no syncope recurrence and significantly improved symptoms.

Conclusions

Anatomically guided intensive GP ablation showed efficient clinical outcomes for both groups of patients. Compared with PAF patients, VVS patients had more VR during ablation in the left atrium. Furthermore, VR during ablation indicated a better prognosis in PAF patients.
Retina‐specific targeting of pericytes reveals structural diversity and enables control of capillary blood flow
Authors: Ivanova Elena , Corona Carlo , Eleftheriou Cyril G. , Bianchimano Paola , Sagdullaev Botir T.
Published: August 2020

Pericytes are a unique class of mural cells essential for angiogenesis, maintenance of the vasculature and are key players in microvascular pathology. However, their diversity and specific roles are poorly understood, limiting our insight into vascular physiology and the ability to develop effective therapies. Here, in the mouse retina, a tractable model of the CNS, we evaluated distinct classes of mural cells along the vascular tree for both structural characterization and physiological manipulation of blood flow. To accomplish this, we first tested three inducible mural cell‐specific mouse lines using a sensitive Ai14 reporter and tamoxifen application either by a systemic injection, or by local administration in the form of eye drops. The specificity and pattern of cre activation varied significantly across the three lines, under either the PDGFRβ or NG2 promoter (Pdgfrβ‐CreRha, Pdgfrβ‐CreCsln, and Cspg4‐Cre). In particular, a mouse line with Cre under the NG2 promoter resulted in sparse TdTomato labeling of mural cells, allowing for an unambiguous characterization of anatomical features of individual sphincter cells and capillary pericytes. Furthermore, in one PDGFRβ line, we found that focal eye drop application of tamoxifen led to an exclusive Cre‐activation in pericytes, without affecting arterial mural cells. We then used this approach to boost capillary blood flow by selective expression of Halorhodopsin, a highly precise hyperpolarizing optogenetic actuator. The ability to exclusively target capillary pericytes may prove a precise and potentially powerful tool to treat microcirculation deficits, a common pathology in numerous diseases.
The study of border zone formation in ischemic heart using electro‐chemical coupled computational model
Authors: Wan Ab Naim Wan N. , Mokhtarudin Mohd J. Mohamed , Lim Einly , Chan Bee T. , Ahmad Bakir Azam , Nik Mohamed Nik A.
Published: August 2020

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of a heart failure, which occurs due to myocardial ischemia leading to left ventricular (LV) remodeling. LV remodeling particularly occurs at the ischemic area and the region surrounds it, known as the border zone. The role of the border zone in initiating LV remodeling process urges the investigation on the correlation between early border zone changes and remodeling outcome. Thus, this study aims to simulate a preliminary conceptual work of the border zone formation and evolution during onset of MI and its effect towards early LV remodeling processes by incorporating the oxygen concentration effect on the electrophysiology of an idealized three‐dimensional LV through electro‐chemical coupled mathematical model. The simulation result shows that the region of border zone, represented by the distribution of electrical conductivities, keeps expanding over time. Based on this result, the border zone is also proposed to consist of three sub‐regions, namely mildly, moderately, and seriously impaired conductivity regions, which each region categorized depending on its electrical conductivities. This division could be used as a biomarker for classification of reversible and irreversible myocardial injury and will help to identify the different risks for the survival of patient. Larger ischemic size and complete occlusion of the coronary artery can be associated with an increased risk of developing irreversible injury, in particular if the reperfusion treatment is delayed. Increased irreversible injury area can be related with cardiovascular events and will further deteriorate the LV function over time.
Recent Progress in Self‐healing Materials for Sensor Arrays
Authors: Vu Van‐Phu , Sinh Le Hoang , Choa Sung‐Hoon
Published: August 2020

The recent development of diverse types of self‐healing materials promises increased material lifetimes, reduced replacement costs, and improved product safety in a wide variety of practical engineering applications. In particular, self‐healing materials provide advantages in electronic devices, conductors and sensors, as evidenced by their possible applications such as electronic skin, protectively conductive coating, adhesives, energy storage devices, aerospace, automobile, etc. To further the development of self‐healing materials for sensors and conductors, this review provides a summary of the current work. A short overview of self‐healing concepts and classification are presented, and some of the strengths and weaknesses of each type of self‐healing material are introduced and highlighted, in relation to various sensor applications. A perspective on self‐healing material approaches and development strategies using soft electronic technology is provided.
Stereo Matching with Multi‐scale Based on Anisotropic Match Cost
Authors: Liu Huaiguang , Cai Yu , Zhou Shiyang , Yang Jintang
Published: August 2020

Binocular vision is a popular method for 3d measurement, but the precision and efficiency is still a limitation. In order to solve the problem of low precision and high mismatching rate of current stereo match methods in weak texture region, a local stereo matching algorithm with multi‐scale based on anisotropic match cost was proposed. Not only including the gray value between the adjacent pixels as the absolute difference (AD) method, the matching cost function also involved gradient and phase information to make an anisotropic evaluation and eliminate the outliers of the flat area. Meanwhile, a multi‐scale strategy with the image pyramid was referenced, and the dynamic disparity search range of variable window was used on the original cost aggregation framework by improving the stereo matching algorithm of cross‐scale cost aggregation. The matching cost volume in each scale space used the dynamic support window to guide the filter to aggregate the matching cost. Finally, to overcome the problems of disparity selection ambiguity of WTA (winner‐take‐all) strategy and the horizontal fringe introduced by left‐right consistency (LRC) detection, the weighted median filter based on guided filter weight was used to carry out disparity refinement. According to the experiments, the method got more high matching accuracy, and the average error on the Middlebury test platform reached 5.25%.
Phenotyping in Mice Using Continuous Home Cage Monitoring and Ultrasonic Vocalization Recordings
Authors: Hobson Liane , Bains Rasneer S. , Greenaway Simon , Wells Sara , Nolan Patrick M.
Published: August 2020

Over the last century, the study of mouse behavior has uncovered insights into brain molecular mechanisms while revealing potential causes of many neurological disorders. To this end, researchers have widely exploited the use of mutant strains, including those generated in mutagenesis screens and those produced using increasingly sophisticated genome engineering technologies. It is now relatively easy to access mouse models carrying alleles that faithfully recapitulate changes found in human patients or bearing variants of genes that provide data on those genes’ functions. Concurrent with these developments has been an appreciation of the limitations of some current testing platforms, especially those monitoring complex behaviors. Out‐of‐cage observational testing is useful in describing overt persistent phenotypes but risks missing sporadic or intermittent events. Furthermore, measuring the progression of a phenotype, potentially over many months, can be difficult while relying on assays that may be susceptible to changes in the testing environment. In recent years, there has also been increasing awareness that measurement of behaviors in isolation can be limiting, given that mice attempt to hide behavioral cues of vulnerability. To overcome these limitations, laboratory animal science is capitalizing on progress in data capture and processing expertise. Moreover, as additional recording modes become commonplace, ultrasonic vocalization recording is an appealing focus, as mice use vocalizations in various social contexts. Using video and audio technologies, we record the voluntary, unprovoked behaviors and vocalizations of mice in social groups. Adoption of these approaches is undoubtedly set to increase, as they capture the round‐the‐clock behavior of mouse strains. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Continuous recording of home cage activity using the Home Cage Analyzer (HCA) system

Support Protocol: Subcutaneous insertion of a radio frequency identification microchip in the inguinal area

Basic Protocol 2: Continuous recording of mouse ultrasonic vocalizations in the home cage.
Which psychological characteristics influence therapists' readiness to work with refugees?
Authors: Schlechter Pascal , Hellmann Jens H. , Wingbermühle Pia , Morina Nexhmedin
Published: August 2020

Refugee populations show considerably high rates of mental health problems. Yet many mental health professionals may have reservations to work with refugees due to suspected cultural differences, language barriers and the need to provide additional services. However, little is known about psychotherapists' readiness to work with refugees. In a sample of German psychotherapists (N= 111), we explored therapeutic style (neutrality, supportiveness and self‐doubt), therapists' basic assumptions (pessimism, rationality and therapy as art), experiences, private and work‐related contact with refugees, political interests, openness and practical barriers as potential predictors of readiness to work with refugees. Therapeutic styles of self‐doubt and neutrality, rationality as basic assumption, former experiences with refugees in a therapeutic setting, feeling comfortable working with an interpreter in therapy and perceived language barriers emerged as most important predictors of psychotherapists' readiness to work with refugees. Future directions and potential interventions to promote therapists' readiness to work with refugees are discussed.
Sustainable strategies andcorporate social responsibilityin the Italian fisheries companies
Authors: Scarpato Debora , Civero Gennaro , Rusciano Vincenzo , Risitano Marcello
Published: August 2020

The fisheries industry is currently characterized by a social context where levels of competitiveness and economic development must continue to grow, while simultaneously ensuring commitment to and guarantee of levels of environmental and social sustainability. Such businesses, demonstrate an elevated sensitivity to the territory in which they operate, voluntarily implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies in a sustainable development and stakeholder engagement perspective. This study will analyse—through an empirical analysis developed in the Italian context—the level of sustainable strategies and CSR of the large buyers in the fisheries industry, as well as willingness to invest to create a sustainable product. Using multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, we will identify the various groups of buyers in the adoption of sustainable strategies and CSR practices in their business.
Towards Solar Factories: Prospects of Solar‐to‐Chemical Energy Conversion using Colloidal Semiconductor Photosynthetic Systems
Authors: Agosti Amedeo , Natali Mirco , Amirav Lilac , Bergamini Giacomo
Published: August 2020

Solar‐to‐chemical (STC) energy conversion is the fundamental process that nurtures Earth's ecosystem, fixing the inexhaustible solar resource into chemical bonds. Photochemical synthesis endows plants with the primary substances for their development; likewise, an artificial mimic of natural systems has long sought to support human civilization in a sustainable way. Intensive efforts have demonstrated light‐triggered production of different solar fuels, such as H2, CO, CH4 and NH3, while research on oxidative half‐reactions has built up from O2 generation to organic synthesis, waste degradation and photo‐reforming. Nevertheless, while extensive utilization of the radiant chemical potential to promote a manifold of endergonic processes is the common thread of such research, exploration of the chemical space is fragmented by the lack of a common language across different scientific disciplines. Focusing on colloidal semiconductor materials, this Viewpoint discusses an inclusive protocol for the discovery and assessment of STC redox reactions, aiming to establish photon‐to‐molecule conversion as the ultimate paradigm beyond fossil energy exploitation.