bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Analytical Modeling of Cyclic Steam Injection
Authors: Rivas O. R. , Boccardo G.
Published: December 2007

In this work we present a new analytical model of cyclic steam injection, which integrates conventional energy balances with solutions of the equations of flow in radial geometry to predict process performance during the production period. The fluid flow in the hot zone is given in terms of the clasical solution of radial flow for steady state conditions. The pressure in the outer boundary of the hot zone, however, varies with time according to the movement of crude oil in the cold zone, as given by a transient solution of the equation of flow for a liquid of slight compressibility in an infinite radial aquifer. In the model we include time translations as well as effective compressibilities to take into account the effect on reservoir pressure of volume of fluid injected during the injection cycle and production mechanisms such as compaction.

We used the model to perform sensitivity studies for a typical heavy oil reservoir in the Bolivar Coast of Lake Maracaibo in Western Venezuela, varying volume of injected steam, number of cycles, lenght of production period and other reservoir characteristic parameters. In all cases the model qualitatively described the characteristic behavior of the process, observed at the field level. From a quantitative point of view, the equations presented in this work gave results of incremental oil production within 17 % of the observed production response of a well located in the Monagas State in Easter Venezuela, after it had been steam stimulated for three cycles. Likewise, for a well m the Lagunillas formation of the Bachaquero field in Western Venezuela, predicted results after four steam cycles came witin 30 % of actual production.
Characterization of Reservoir BDV-1 (U1-U4) Budare Field, Guarico, Venezuela For the Drilling of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Mahmoudi M. , Rodriguez R. , Barbato R. , Ponte W.
Published: December 2007

The low production rates in conventional (vertical) wells have obliged the industry to propose the drilling of horizontal wells in order to improve oil recovery. In Budare Field, we have chosen the reservoir constituted by U1 and U4 sandstones to study the behavior of horizontal wells.

To reach our objectives successfully, a detailed sedimentological study has been carried out, which consists of a precise correlation aimed to determine the geometry and distribution of reservoir sand bodies.

Our study emphasized Oligo-Miocene oil sands, which correspond to units U2 (lower) and Ul (upper). The lower unit consists of three sandstone levels representing meandering fluvial channel deposits with north-south direction. The upper unit contains four sandstone levels which correspond to less-meandering or, possibly distributary, channels. The direction of these channels changes from NNE-SSW (base) to north-south (top).

All sandstone bodies are separated by shale intervals of floodplain environments, which serve as seals for the reservoir rock. The connections between these sandstones were calibrated by using production tests available for the different wells at the reservoir level.

The sedimentological model has been validated through the elaboration of structural cross sections. The geological model (sedimentological and structural) together with the production tests have served to choose to a certain degree of precision the prospective sandstone bodies, as well as the exact direction of the horizontal wells to be drilled.
The Management of Contractor HSE
Authors: Riyamy A. M. , Sartory P. J.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the approach developed by Petroleum Development Oman to effectively manage the Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) aspects of contracted work.

The HSE management of contracted work forms part of the Company's overall Safety Management System (SMS) and utilises a systematic management approach to the HSE aspects of contracted work. This enables managers to apply integrated and compatible management controls to the HSE as well as the technical and commercial aspects of the work from project inception through contract award and execution to contract close out. The significant features of this new approach are:

Contract management activities which are safety critical are identified and the roles and responsibilities of personnel responsible for carrying out these activities are clearly defined. The varying HSE competence of contractors is recognised by a registration and pre qualification process. It requires the consideration of the hazards, prior to the contract award stage. This forms the basis of the health, safety and environmental specification to be met and provides a benchmark against which the contractors tender proposals can be objectively assessed prior to contract award. A comprehensive and documented programme implemented by the Company including pre-start audits to monitor the compliance by the contractor with the HSE specification provides for an objective assessment of HSE performance against which penalties and/or incentives can be applied. A comprehensive review of the HSE performance at the end of the contract enables an accurate reassessment of the contractors HSE competence.
An Exploration Loss Control Program and Case Study for a North Sumatra, Indonesia, Geophysical Operation
Authors: Thomas D. E. , Sayogi Sudarman , Nordquist G. A.
Published: December 2007

A Loss Control program that addressed health, environment, and safety issues was applied to a portable project in an area of limited access, and rough jungle terrain.

An internationally recognized program that has been used successfully in other segments of the petroleum industry was customized and applied to this exploration project.

Program elements addressed include training, inspection and investigation activities and analysis, emergency preparedness, rules, personal protective equipment, health, project design, communication, promotion, and contractor controls. Guidelines and operating procedures of generally accepted industry associations, the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC) and the Exploration and Production (E&P) Forum, were applied within the framework of the program.

Discussion included an analysis of achievements of the program and opportunities for improvement. Feedback has resulted in program upgrading and is a critical part of the improvement process. Included is an attempt at a qualitative / quantitative analysis of benefit vs. cost.
The Government Control on Health, Safety, and Environment of Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia
Authors: Soeleiman Soepraptono , Pandiaitan T. O. , Suwalto Suwalto , Suprapto Suprapto
Published: December 2007

Since most oil and gas operations take place in remote areas, they require considerable investments, advanced technology and experienced personnel. Working conditions involve dealing with flammable fluids at high pressures and temperatures, high power heavy equipments, use of toxic or explosive materials, rough weather and harsh topography. These factors provide continuous challenge for the industry personnel in order to keep safety under control, avoid hazardous accidents and fires and minimize damage to the environment.

In Indonesia, during over one hundred years of oil and gas operations, numerous accidents and fires took place which lead to severe injuries and death of personnel. This prompted a serious concern from the Indonesia government to establish control over the frequency of occurrence of such accidents and minimize their effect on the worker's health and environment. Regulation for oil and gas industry were first introduced in 1899 when the Indische Mijn Wet rules were formulated. Based on these rules were formulated and established the safety rules with the formulation of MO Sb. 1930 no. 38 and MPR Sb. 1930 no. 341 rules which define the rights and responsibilities of both government and industry related to the worker's safety and environment. For this purpose a Mining Safety and Environment Inspectors (MSEI) was formed to supervise the application of safety and environment guidelines and perform periodic inspections in the field of operations.
The Holistic Approach to Enhancing Health, Safety, and Environmental Issues in the Norwegian Petroleum Producing Industry
Authors: Ognedal Magne , Finnestad O. B.
Published: December 2007

For many years, petroleum exploration on the Norwegian shelf was only permitted South of the 62° parallel. This was a political decision based on that time's view that the environmental conditions North of this parallel were too hostile for such operations to be carried out in a safe manner. In 1985, however, when most of the Southern part of the shelf had been surveyed, the Norwegian Parliament decided to open up for exploration North of the 62° parallel on the condition that this would be safe.
The Impact of the Safety Case Regime in Offshore Western Australia
Authors: Coghlan P. W.
Published: December 2007

A new Safety Case regime was introduced in offshore Western Australia in late 1992. This paper describes the challenges faced by the Western Australian regulatory body in determining assessment and auditing standards and applying these in an effective, consistent and acceptable manner throughout the petroleum industry. The utilisation of finite government funding to best assess industry achievement of reducing risks to ‘As Low As Reasonably Practicable’ (ALARP) is also discussed. In conclusion, the paper addresses a programme for replacing prescriptive legislation with objective setting regulations and guidelines.
International Standards for Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection
Authors: Sukardjo A. N. , Alcorn B. B. , Hughes P. J.
Published: December 2007

In 1989 all Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) operating companies were charged by our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer with developing and implementing comprehensive environmental, health and safety compliance audits. It was recognized that for our operations in countries with less extensive regulations than the U. S. and Western Europe an appropriate set of international EH&S standards would first need to be identified.

This paper will discuss the methods used to collect, evaluate, and modify various internationally recognized codes, consensus standards, and regulations in order to develop a practical EH&S standard for international E&P operations.
Environmental Risk in the Exploration and Production Business
Authors: Wright N. H.
Published: December 2007

A common drive to safeguard the environment promoted at the Earth Summit requires the management of national resources according to the needs of respective societies. Governments have to rank the value of environmental resources, in order to set realistic priorities and for their sustainable use. Increasingly, the public demand to know how resources are managed on their behalf, what "trade offs" are made, and how targets of acceptability are set. To tackle such demands, a risk based approach can be utilised.

Perceived threats to natural resources and environmental quality, posed by industrial development, have led to the questioning of "responsible" management and accountability in decision making. The challenge for the Exploration and Production business in the 90's, is to manage health safety, environment and asset risk - simultaneously, while ensuring acceptable and transparent decision making.

However, although the value of safety risk assessment is well established, there is no universally accepted methodology for environmental risk assessment (ERA). The development of consistent methods for the identification, quantification, and comparison of environmental risks in E & P is essential to reduce and manage risk more effectively. Other business sectors including banks, investors and the insurance market are recognising the need for a common framework for assessing environmental risks, following pollution incidents and major claims for environmental liability.

A critical review of the "state of the art" of environmental risk assessment will be presented. The development of environmental risk acceptance criteria, as part of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) risk requirements in Norway will be outlined.

The use of environmental risk exposure to set priorities in business planning for current and future development will be explained together with the development of a common denominator, data needs and cost dimensions of risk.

The added value of integrating ERA in decision making within a management system will be highlighted using selected E&P activities.
Environmental Baseline and Impact Management of Jambu-1 Witaitonga Island - Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Ekariyono Willy , Sugiarto Sugiarto
Published: December 2007

Conoco Buton Ltd. had operated the Buton Production Sharing Contract in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia on behalf of Pertamina-BPPKA from 1987 until 1992. During that time, one wildcat exploration well was drilled, Jambu-1.

The location of the Jambu-1 well is in the mangrove and rainforest island of Witaitonga which in 1988 was recommended for designation as a "Nature Conservation area". Site observation there have Anoa (Bubalus depressicomis), Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis), Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) as protected species in the island. This condition leaves no significant environmental restriction on the industry. Mangrove ecosystems cqnstituie.a.large reservoir and refuge for thousands of flora and fauna. They are heavily dependent on this unique ecosystem. They spawn and breed only by sensitive ecological processes occurring within this complex environment.

The innovative breakthrough was carefully planned and implemented to secure overall environmental management. Firstly, regarding drilling waste management, all water based mud and cuttings were discharged into a lined settling pond where settlement of suspended solids took place. After further processing and settling in a second lined pond, clear and carefully monitored water was reused or discharged into the lagoon. The second innovative approach involved all operating personnel in the process of post-operations by implementing clean-up, restoration and reforestation programs. Prior to abandoning the site about 7,000 new native seedling and Wildlings established in three nursery areas were replanted without any chemical fertilizer throughout the site once the rig had been demobilized. The functional facilities were left intact for forestry monitoring and use and for supporting public needs at the village. One full time forester was contracted during the construction. During the nursery establishment he had secured the selection of native species for seedlings and Wildlings to replace those few selectively cut for this project.

The Environmental management plan was specially developed for the Buton Jambu-1 well site operation. Impact monitoring and management were implemented by the field personnel in the absence of local legislative requirements. Specific action plans were proven practically and instrumentally for Conoco to ensure the project would "Leave No Footprints".

The objectives of the environmental baseline and impact management study are to identify activities that could generate any unacceptable environmental impact in the overall wildcat well drilling activities and to pre-assess any significant environmental consequence happening as a result.
Detection of Hydrocarbon Concentration in Water Using Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Zaid A. M. , Elkanzi E. M.
Published: December 2007

In this paper the electrical properties of an oil in water (o/w) emulsions are studied in order to investigate the relationship between these properties and oil in the mixture for the purpose of developing a correlation between oil concentration and the emulsion ele-ctrical resistivity. Experimental results of this investigation confirm that electrical resistivity of such emulsions vary widely with temperature, brine and oil salt contents, amount and type of surfactants and co-surfactants used.

This indicates that any correlation between oil concentration and emulsion electrical resistivity would not be general in nature. A procedure was established in preparing stable emulsions and measuring its electrical resistivity at a constant temperature. The measurements were then used to develop a correlation between resistivity and oil concentration. It is believed that this correlation is applicable only to low concentrations of oil in the range of 50600 ppm.
Treating of Produced Water at the Giant Arun Field
Authors: Madian E. S. , Moelyodihardjo Tarwanto , Snavely E. S. , Jan R. J.
Published: December 2007

Mobil's giant Arun field, located in northern Sumatra in Indonesia, is a condensate gas reservoir. Since starting production in 1977, the average annual gas production has increased to the current level of over three billion standard cubic feet per day. Field facilities provide for the separation of gas, condensate and associated condensed water. Most of the gas is processed at a nearby plant for LNG export. The condensed water is treated on-site for surface discharge.

As of now, the Government of Indonesia has not published specific water discharge standards for the upstream natural gas production industries. In place of specific standards. Decree No. KEP-03, published in February, 1991 by State Minister of Population and Environment is used as a guide for effluent treating. This Decree set hydrocarbon, ammonia (N) and phenol discharge standards at very low concentrations of 15 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 1 mg/l respectively.

The Arun field currently produces 32,000 B/D of condensed water. The water is treated in two sequential stages before discharge. First stage treatment involves physical-chemical removal of hydrocarbons, suspended solids and sludge. The clarified water is then subjected to biological oxidation for the removal of ammonia and organic carbon (BOO) in the second stage.

As the gas reservoir is maturing, Mobil Oil Indonesia forecasts a significant increase in water production rate in the future. In anticipation of water rate increase and to improve current operating efficiency, a project was initiated, in November, 1992, to upgrade the existing water treatment plants. This upgrade includes the design of a new system to skim condensate from produced water and the installation of larger aerators to enhance biological oxidation. It will also handle other effluent water streams from well acidization and drilling operations.

This paper describes operation of the current water treating plants. Design of the upgrade which is to improve operating efficiency, and increase treating capacity, is also discussed.
Seismic Operations in Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Authors: Crews M. W. , Womack D. G.
Published: December 2007

As environmental concerns continue to expand on a global basis, the petroleum industry can expect a continuing stream of new legislation, regulations, and permitting conditions addressing this critical subject. The INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEOPHYSICAL CONTRACTORS (IAGC) has taken a proactive approach to this issue by producing the "ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR WORLDWIDE GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS" to assist its member companies and others in planning and carrying out geophysical data acquisition activities in an environmentally responsible manner.
Waste Management for the Oil and Gas Industry in Mid-Norway
Authors: Silverstone M. P. , Hansen Freddy , Haaland Geir , Isdahl O. A. , Roebuck K. I. , Storvik Harald
Published: December 2007

After years of exploration and appraisal activity, oil production in the Haltenbanken area of Mid-Norway will start in 1993. Operators have found that the nature and volume of waste from the oil industry would make waste disposal costs extremely high at the shore base in Kristiansund if managed in the same way as at other Norwegian supply bases. Conoco Norway and Norske Shell have implemented a waste management system for their operations in Kristiansund with the objectives of ensuring proper disposal and minimizing costs associated with waste disposal by optimizing waste separation offshore, and implementing means to reduce, re-use and recycle waste. The structure of this system, operating costs and future prospects are described.
Coiled Tubing Drilling: A Means to Minimize Environmental Impact
Authors: Faure A. M. , Simmons J. R. , Miller Joseph , Davidson I. A.
Published: December 2007

The environment stands as one of the most important issues for government and business around the world. For the oil and gas industry the challenge is to ensure that hydrocarbons are produced transported and used cleanly and efficiently. The upstream sector is in need of new technologies reducing production costs and environmental impact. Following recent field experiments, Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) emerges as one of these promising techniques.

An exploration well and a re-entry sidetrack were recently drilled with coiled tubing in Europe. On both occasions business objectives were met and CTD displayed promising potential to minimize the effect of drilling operations on the environment and improve working conditions.

These field trials have demonstrated that CTD can contribute to reduce, noise levels, pollution risks, exhaust emission and drilling waste.

In the exploration drilling case, slim hole sizes and the CT rig modest drillsite area requirements contributed to minimize waste and improve general environment impact.

In the field development application, drilling a sidetrack rather than a new well yielded comparable production gains but with less waste and without the penalty of building new surface facilities

Besides its beneficial effect on the environment CTD also offers better and safer working conditions for those directly involved. The cut back in manning levels and the built-in mechanization reduces exposure to safety hazards. Lower noise levels and the ability to conduct operations from an enclosed cabin protect personnel from potential hearing damage or bad weather conditions.

CTD requires further developments to become a viable alternative to conventional drilling techniques. Efforts to address technical challenges are well worthwhile in view of the possibilities that CTD offers to enhance business opportunities and pay dividends in lowering environmental impact of Exploration and Production activities.
Kerosene/Naphtha Spill in Forest Lands and Fresh Water River: The Containment, Impacts, and Remediation
Authors: Mok A. Y. , Mick J. A.
Published: December 2007

On June 20, 1992, 1200 m3 (7600 bbl) of kerosene and naphtha mixture escaped from the Suncor Oilsands Pipeline. The product travelled through heavily forested lands and entered the House River in Northern Alberta. This incident resulted in major containment, monitoring, and remediation undertakings, carried out by the staff of Suncor Inc. and environmental professionals of HBT AGRA Limited. This paper summarizes the immediate and residual impacts of the spill, and results of the remediation program over a one year period.
Strategy of Remedial Investigations
Authors: de Pagter R. H. , Whiddon D. J.
Published: December 2007

Environmental concerns are increasingly important to the petroleum industry. In the U.S.A, Governmental (Federal as well as State) environmental regulations have been enacted that affect all aspects of petroleum related operations, from exploration and production to refining and transportation.

A key concern emerging among operators and oil producers is the environmental liability when a company acquires existing operating assets such as refineries, pipelines and producing leases. Although environmental regulations exclude many petroleum-related wastes, other regulations mandate compliance.

This paper focuses on the strategy of environmental site assessments with respect to potential impact on soil by petroleum products, metals, solvents, or pesticides of critical areas and addresses the decisions that are made to start remedial actions in contaminated soils.

It also discusses the structure of remedial investigation and the remedial techniques that can be used.

Regardless of regulatory concerns, there are some common sense reasons for addressing environmental issues, which will benefit the company as a whole through reduced liability, improved investor attitudes, and an overall enhanced company image as a Corporate Citizen.
Environmental Impact of Oil Production Activities on Tropical Rain Forest: The Rabi Case
Authors: Pauluis C. D. A.
Published: December 2007

Shell Gabon operates the giant Rabi field, located in the central part of Gabon (West Africa), in an area of dense primary rain forest, sparsely populated but with a rich and varied fauna and flora.

Rabi project development (Phase I) started in 1987 and was completed in 1992. An additional development programme (Rabi Phase II) will be implemented over a four year period starting in 1993.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out in 1988. A new EIA was performed early 1993, it has taken advantage of acquired experience to elaborate stricter measures to protect the environment and to improve on past performance.

Keys areas in this respect are unexpected forest dieback due to drainage pattern changes, erosion of unprotected land, produced gas and water re-injection, waste management and protection of animal life.

This paper demonstrates that responsible environmental management can be integrated into project development to minimize the impact on the sensitive environment of the rain forest.
Water Runoff Management: A Joint Operator/Drilling Contractor Approach
Authors: Baizan R. M. , Broucke Alain
Published: December 2007

A cost effective water runoff management program was required to operate a land drilling rig in accordance with strict environmental regulations in southern France. The water runoff management program would focus on minimizing the consumption of water for the drilling process by collecting, cleaning and recycling waste water. It would also control discharges of waste water to the environment, in terms of quantity and contaminant content. This was complicated by the fact that oil based mud would be required to efficiently drill the highly deviated wells. To ensure success, the drilling contractor, whose personnel and equipment would be performing the drilling work, had to be involved.

The key to the program was a process to collect, clean, and recycle water. A continuous cleansing process was designed, incorporating gravity weir type oil / water separators to remove hydrocarbons and chemical treatment to remove solids.

A drilling location was designed and built, with the cooperation of the drilling contractor and water treatment specialist, to include the recycling process system and collection ditches or berms around all areas and equipment which could discharge contaminated water. Specialized equipment to collect contaminated cuttings was installed.

An incentive scheme was developed for the trilling contractor with a bonus or penalty based on the volume of water discharged and the hydrocarbon content of this discharged water.

The program has been in place for one year with good results. Volume of water consumption was cut in half early in the program and hydrocarbon content of discharged water has been kept at or under 2 grams per cubic meter.
Environmental Management Systems: The Way Forward The Development of EMS in a Multinational Company
Authors: Jones M. G.
Published: December 2007

There is a clear recognition within Shell Exploration and Production (E&P) Companies that the next phase in improving environmental stewardship is the development and implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) within the context of a Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE MS). While many of the system's components such as inventories, plans, training and auditing have been implemented in established environmental management programs, there is now a need to integrate and build upon these tools with a formal, structured management system. The appearance of Safety Management Systems (SMS) is seen as a milestone event and the vision of an HSE MS is seen as the objective. The move to management systems in the environmental field recognises the need for accountability, measurement, hazard management, feedback and priority of resource allocation. A practical look is taken at both the challenges and the solutions and how they can be introduced in company operations in many countries.
A Multi-Intervention Malaria Program in 2,387 Seismic Contract Workers in East Kalimantan
Authors: Hendrawan H. K. , Soedjono R. S. , Oemiyati Srie , Rahardjo Rahardjo , Soebijakto Soebijakto , Simpson Amarie A. , Simpson P. , Arbani Arbani
Published: December 2007

At short notice, a comprehensive malaria prevention program was organized for 2387 contract seismic workers who were to work in a natural gas exploration area of East Kalimantan where the malaria mosquito vector was proven to exist. The program was conducted from May 1992 until January 1993.

The program was instituted to prevent introduction of new strains of malaria from elsewhere in Indonesia into the East Kalimantan area and also to maintain work productivity.

The preventive measures undertaken included the pre-employment screening of all contractors for asymptomatic malaria carrier status, behavioral modification, the use of mosquito repellents, the use of permethrin impregnated bed nets and tents, the use of preventive chloroquine medication, and a program for early fever detection followed by empiric treatment using chinine sulfate.

At prescreening, 19 people were identified as asymptomatic carriers of malaria. During the program 7 new cases of malaria were detected in the field yielding a cumulative incidence of 2.9 cases per thousand contractors (95% C.1. 0.75 - 5.05‰).

This multi-intervention program showed a promising result in preventing malaria in a specific occupational setting. However, further studies are still needed.
Winter Clothing for Use in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Påsche A. J.
Published: December 2007

Extensive testing of available work clothing for winter use has demonstrated significant limitations, which may enhance the health risk of the workers and reduce the quality and volume of their work.

To a large extent the clothing is not functionally designed to the level required, and may actually hamper the movement of the worker. Wind is probably the single most important climatic factor influencing the worker's performance.
Implementation of a Hearing Conservation Program in Oilfield Servicing Operations
Authors: McCrary J. B. , Sanders J. R.
Published: December 2007

In the United States, the average hearing loss claim costs industry $42,000. For this reason, hearing conservation has become a very important issue to the oil field servicing industry and to its customers. Rising workman's compensation costs and the growing concern of the health and safety of oil field workers has increased the emphasis on protecting the hearing of employees.

This paper will discuss the necessary elements of a hearing conservation program (HCP) and various aspects of implementation.
Naturally Occurring Radiation Materials Control Experience at a Production Platform Turnaround
Authors: Thayer E. C. , Racioppi L. M.
Published: December 2007

Monitoring, training and program support was provided for a turnaround to remove naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that had accumulated within several offshore and onshore vessels of an oil production operation. Exposure and program guidelines vere based on previously developed internal company criteria for NORM-related activities. In addition, detailed turnaround planning was conducted to ensure a healthy and safe operation. Monitoring included radiation dosimetry for employees, air samples for particulates, wipe samples for removable surface contamination and dose rate measurements in work areas. The maximum allowed whole body exposure dose was established at 200 mRem for the 5-day turnaround. This was set assuming worker exposure for the rest of the year would not exceed 90% of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) guide of 2000 mRem/year.

Dosimetry and air sampling results were at least one order of magnitude below the 200 mRem exposure criteria. The wipe sample and dose rate measurement results were used to determine the degree of equipment contamination and thus the level of worker protection needed, particularly for those activities requiring vessel opening and entry.

"Lessons-learned" from this work that will be applied to existing operations and future projects include: oincreasing supervisory personnel to ensure compliance with the aboveohaving dedicated decontamination personnel, who may also conduct surface activity measurements but are not responsible for cleaning/repair operations.oorganizing proper work flow for contamination control and establishing a work site decontamination facility and proceduresoconducting dose rate and surface activity measurements on all equipment before repair; ideally arranging for a dedicated NORM repair/cleaning area
Accidental Risk Analysis of Wireline Operations
Authors: Sam Gatot , Alderson Christopher , Pousset Marc , de Fleurieu Robert
Published: December 2007

From time to time, well construction or well production is interrupted by wireline operations to obtain data on rocks, fluids and well integrity, or to modify the well construction. These operations add several risks to the wellsite. This paper provides a framework for a fruitful discussion of the wireline operations accidental risks.

As background to the issue, this paper proposes a concise skeleton of the wireline operations in the form of a log of wireline depths vs. total operating time, completed by a histogram of wireline speeds. The accidental risks and controls are then fleshed out in four steps.

First, the wireline operational system is a source of three risks that are due to the prime-mover generating hot sparks, to the many rotating parts and to the many parts under tension. As the tension may vary brutally during maneuvers, new controls are proposed in this paper.

Second, the complex tool system is analyzed in terms of seven forms of energy, for which the control technology and procedures are only well known by wireline contractors with a very large investment in technology and training.

Third, the wireline crew's high exposure to injury is analyzed in terms of people (alertness, body-control skills and communication), loads (weight, shape, location of center of gravity), and workplace (strength, stability of structure, slippery, cluttered, multilevel space, noise, light, weather conditions).

Fourth, the logistics of transporting wireline crews and equipment are briefly analyzed, even though they are not really part of the wellsite.

It is concluded that the risks introduced by wireline operations to the wellsite are small if advanced technology and rigid procedures are used.
Decommissioning and Abandonment: The Safety and Environmental Issues
Authors: Shaw Keith
Published: December 2007

Many of the first generation of North Sea Oil and Gas Production Installations are nearing the end of their production life, and plans for cessation of production and final abandonment are being prepared.
The Management and Tracking of Recommendations Arising From a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study Performed on the Engineering Design of a Large Integrated Offshore Production and Drilling Platform
Authors: Poblete B. R. , Hoffman B. E. , Wheeler W. P.
Published: December 2007

The project is to be the first fixed offshore drilling and production platform on the east coast of Canada. Part of the agreement with the regulatory authorities for the development license was that a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study must be performed on the overall platform engineering design. Due to the number of design groups at several locations involved in various aspects of the platform design and to the difference in extent of design development at these locations, it was recognized that a method had to be developed to effectively manage and track the recommendations that would result from the HAZOP studies.

The management and tracking of the recommendations evolved around a commercially available HAZOP software package, the development of an interface program, and a database for tracking the recommendations. With the three software packages the project team was capable of handling and responding to the study teams’ recommendations (approximately 900) from the two HAZOP studies over a 16 month period (primary and detailed, corresponding to the level of design development).

This paper outlines the process taken by the project teams from the development of the HAZOP procedures, to the closing out of the recommendations from the HAZOP sessions. It includes a description of the development of the interface software and the commercially available relational database used for the tracking system and a discussion of the lessons learned from the tracking of the recommendations.
Predicting the Effects of Vapour Cloud Explosions on Offshore Installations
Authors: Evans R. F.
Published: December 2007

On 6 July 1988 an explosion on the Piper Alpha platform started a chain of events that destroyed the platform and cost 167 lives. This led to a programme of new legislation governing health & safety that is being introduced in the British sector of the North Sea and, partly as a result of this legislation, an intensified interest in studying the effects of explosions on offshore installations.

The risk of an escape of hydrocarbon leading to an explosion is nearly always present on an offshore installation. Whereas on shore persons and plant can be protected from explosions by separation either by distance or blast walls, off shore this is prevented by constraints on space and weight. To enable risks to be reduced economically to a tolerable level it is necessary to be able to predict the behaviour of vapour cloud explosions on offshore installations.

Several mathematical models are being developed and used for this purpose. This paper describes some of them and the difficulties met in their application. It also describes how recent advances in our understanding of vapour cloud explosions might help to design safer installations in future.
Human Factors and Health and Safety in Offshore Oil Operations: Relationships and Management Options
Authors: Shrimpton Mark , Storey Keith
Published: December 2007

A range of studies of offshore oil and mining industries have shown human factors to be critical to occupational health and safety. This paper reviews some Canadian, European and Australian research and describes management responses in such areas as hiring and orientation, work scheduling, communications, counselling, the work culture and family-sensitive personnel policies.
Problems With North Sea Standards and Certification of Stimulation Equipment
Authors: van der Borden J. R. , Jacquier R. C. , Klampferer H- J.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the difficulties of complying with standards and certifications related to vessel stimulation operations in the North Sea. Certification is required not only for the vessel itself, but for the mobile equipment, such as high-pressure surface manifold equipment and lifting appliances. In addition, regulations require that all workers on the vessel meet certain training and health requirements. This paper will summarize the statutory requirements of the four North Sea sectors and provide an actual scenario where compliance to one country's standards did not meet the requirements of another.

This paper will also discuss how operating companies and third-party certification companies often interpret standards differently, resulting in major discrepancies, as well as unnecessary time and expense. By eliminating prescriptive regulations and implementing manufacturer's recommendations, service companies could standardize requirements, which would simplify the current confusion concerning certification for North Sea activities.
Accident Free projects
Authors: Moshfeghi M.
Published: December 2007

INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

Most of US in our working life have faced with various accidents. These accidents according to their extent and nature causes life loss and facility damages, which affect badly on one's mind.

The assets could be conpensated, but unfortunately the human's life can not easily be replaced.

Accidents and causes are shortly after forgotten, as similar accidents may take place through carelessness again & again. Therefore it is wise to assign experts to review major accidents and report the result objectively for future reference.
The Working Life's Three Partite of Cooperation
Authors: Myklebust Harald
Published: December 2007

The Paper deals with the experiences of the organised safety service and a Norwegian trade union regarding the subject: co-operation between the three parties in working life; the Authorities, employer and working life's organisations. A co-operation based on the prerequisites:

-Scepticism - Trust - Mutual influence - control -Tool for communication and motivation - Development -Management - Influence - Expectations - Law, regulations, procedures and egreements.

The Paper elaborates on the prerequisites which are essential for the development and continues existence og co-operation, and also on the expectations laid down by the three parties. Achieved results as will as results remaining to be achieved will be gone into.

Also, the demands which should be made of each side of the triangle in order to achieve a standard within HSE, which will be of most benefit within all areas and for every single player in order to achieve the desired standard.

Further, the presumed result which could emerge if one of the sides of the triangle failed to function according to the given prerequisites. The talk vil also deal with the results achieved in the light of:

– Transfer of know-how - Incidents - near accidents – Accidents (including environment) - Serious accidents -Deaths

Further, the mentioned items seen in relation to financial gains or expenses.

The same items this time including economy, but assessed in relation to the subjects:

– Effect on executed work - Satisfaction/enjoyment – Working environment - Health - Financial gain/loss

The needs of which trust/co-operation of this type must consist of individual agreements are to be included.

Finally, the difficulties which the system processes- and will need to deal with- and solve, in order to achieve the desired effect concerning economical dricing factors. This is applicable during all phases of work.

Such as: Exploration, Field Evaluation, Engineering, Fabrication and Operation.
The HAZOP Technique as a Structure for Operator Training
Authors: Sayre H. C.
Published: December 2007

Responsibility for process safety may start with the facility designer, but it ends up with the production operator. A process facility, no matter how well designed and protected, is unsafe unless its operators are thoroughly trained. This paper describes an operator training program for a Unocal Thailand offshore gas compression and conditioning platform that was structured around the HAZOP analysis technique. The program proved to be efficient and effective, and was unexpectedly popular with the operators. This training structure solves many of the intercultural problems that have limited the effectiveness of technology transfer in the ASEAN region.
HSE Training in the Seismic Industry
Authors: Bertness M. S.
Published: December 2007

This paper addresses the health, safety, and environmental (HSE) training in the seismic industry. The successful HSE training program of a major seismic contractor is described as implemented and experienced over the past three years.

The training methods and techniques used by Western Geophysical to educate all levels of crew management and labor are described. These methods and techniques include the various assignments of in-house trainers and programs and contracted professional trainers and programs. Variations in training approaches are needed to maximize the impact and effectiveness on the targeted audience.

Over the past three years, hundreds of employees ranging from line cutters to top-level management have received HSE training. Statistics generated over this period reflect the success of this training. A significant reduction in accident frequency rates has been recorded since this training was implemented. The number of near misses reported by the crews has significantly increased. Job safety analyses are conducted to develop written safety procedures and hazard registers have been generated. The most dramatic change is noted in the increased awareness and concern of our employees in all HSE matters.

This attitude shift has been the most significant change.
Bass Strait Safety: Achieving World Class Performance
Authors: Pike P. J. , Smith M. G. , Gill R. S. , Sawa Spiros , Fisher A. J.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the key initiatives Esso Australia Ltd (Esso) has undertaken to improve employee and contractor safety performance to world class standards.

Esso produces SOM litres of crude oil per day and up to 25 million cubic metres of gas per day (peak winter demand) from 13 manned and 3 unmanned satellite platforms in Bass Strait, and two onshore oil/gas/LPG processing plants. Esso operates the facilities on behalf of the Esso/BHP Petroleum joint venture. Over 1,400 employees and 2 million contractor work hours per year are involved in the operations.

In 1992, Esso employees worked over 2.8 million hours with no Lost Time Injuries (LTI's). As of October 1, 1993, Esso employees have worked over 5.2 million hours LTI free for the first time in over 22 years of operations in Bass Strait. Employee Total Injuries (LTI's plus medical treatment injuries plus restricted work cases) are also significantly down over the period.

In 1992, contractors working on Esso managed sites worked 2.2 million hours and sustained 9 LTI's, for a frequency per million hours of 4.1. This was about half of the previous years performance. Eight of these injuries occurred in the first half of 1992. Over the past 15 months, there have been two contractor LTI's equating to a LTI frequency of 0.7. Contractor Total Injuries are also significantly down over the period.

In addition to occupational injury performance, the number and severity of operational incidents such as hydrocarbon releases and fires are also down.

This improved safety performance and operations integrity is the culmination of a major effort to create a culture where safety is an integral part of our business and where everyone is committed to working safely.
Development of Safety Management System Based on API RP 750
Authors: Stone Roger
Published: December 2007

The paper describes the process taken and workforce involvement to document and implement a Safety Management System within an established oil and gas production company. Included is a summary of the series of structured workshops which provided information on the existing safety systems being used and the formulation of a Safety Management System Guideline document based on those systems. The impacts on other safety related issues and practical observations are also discussed.
Preparing a Safety Case: A Drilling Contractor’s Experience
Authors: Redd E. O. , Chevallier Jean , Paterson Ian
Published: December 2007

The Safety Case regime represents a significant milestone on the road to safer operations in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). It has affected all of the service companies, drilling contractors, and oil companies with operations in the UKCS. Some other countries are also adopting this same regime. Safety issues will no longer be addressed in the same way as they were in the past. The Safety Case has had a major impact on the way safety is managed both offshore and onshore, and this impact has been felt in our operations. This paper will explain the actions taken, the achievements made, and where relevant, will provide comments on several of the problems encountered.

Three of the main areas addressed in the Safety Case will be reviewed. These areas are Safety Management Systems (SMS), Escape and Evacuation, and Hazard Analysis. The overall risks emanating from these can then be quantified and compared against onshore risks.