bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journeys towards sociomathematical norms in the Foundation Phase
Authors: Morrison Samantha , Venkat Hamsa , Askew Mike
Published: June 2021

Background: The co-establishment of social and sociomathematical norms in the microculture of South African classrooms and its possible effects on early number learning has largely been unexplored. Social norms are considered to be general classroom norms that are relevant in any teaching and learning space, whilst sociomathematical norms are specific to the mathematical aspects of students’ working.Aim: In the midst of poor numeracy outcomes in South African schools, our interest lies in the connections between the establishment of particular norms and the affordances or constraints for learning that they provided. Part of our interest, in a context where sense-making, co-operative working and mathematical progression beyond one-by-one counting have been described as infrequent in Foundation Phase mathematics learning, was to explore whether it was possible to institute norms related to these aspects.Setting: We report on the social and sociomathematical norms established within group intervention sessions with two groups of four Grade 2 learners across 9 weeks of intervention in a suburban school which serves a historically disadvantaged learner population.Methods: The frequency of specific norm codes was used to determine the normative behaviour within groups across intervention lessons.Results: Two significant inferences are drawn from study results: a culture of co-operative working based on social norms was needed in the grouped learning space before sociomathematical norms could be foregrounded within the same space; and one particular sociomathematical norm – ‘use the structure of 10’ – was particularly important as the ‘hand hold’ that allowed for progression in participants’ early number skills.
Salivaomics for Oral Cancer Detection: An Insight
Authors: Chundru V. Naga Sirisha , Nirmal Ramadas Madhavan , Srikanth B. , Bojji Manasa , Midhun Namburi , Lakshmi B. Jaya
Published: June 2021

Early detection is very crucial for successful management of oral cancer or any disease as such. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for nearly 90% of malignancy of oral cavity. In the field of cancer research, there is always an ongoing quest for newer methods to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with OSCC. Saliva, a readily available noninvasive biofluid with constant contact with oral cancer lesion, offers an appealing alternative to serum and tissue testing. This review throws light on incorporation of newer technologies for harnessing the saliva to its fullest potential with increased specificity and sensitivity toward identification of cancer-specific molecular signatures for the development of point-of-care applications that could be used at the clinical setting.
Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Self-Etch Adhesives Incorporated with Proanthocyanidin on Cysteine Cathepsins Present in Dentin Hybrid Layer Using Gelatin Zymography: An In vitro Study
Authors: Senthamilselvan Arun , Ravikumar Kaarunya , Mallikarjunan D. Y. , Annadurai Thendral , Samynathan Mothiraj , Varshini R. Jeya
Published: June 2021

Aim:

The aim of the study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of single-bottle and two-bottle self-etch adhesive system after surface pretreatment with 6.5% proanthocyanidin (PA) on cysteine cathepsins (CCs) present in dentin hybrid layer using gelatin zymography.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-five samples of dentin measuring 3 mm × 3 mm were obtained from 35 caries-free human third molars which were divided into seven groups. The bonded specimens were cut vertically into 1 mm thick adhesive/dentin interfaces with microtome and were pulverized into powder and subjected to zymography analysis for enzymatic activity.

Results:

Group VI and VII which were positive control groups had shown thicker clear bands of 50 kDa. Group IV and V which had the administration of chlorhexidine showed thicker clear bands of 50 kDa which indicated slight activity of CCs. Group II in which PA used along with single-bottle system also showed thicker clear band of 59 kDa. CCs could be active due to strong acidic nature of monomer in this group. Group III in which PA used along with two bottle system had no band formation where there is crosslinking of catalytic and allosteric domains of enzymes by PA.

Conclusion:

Under the limitations of this study, PA proved as a non-specific natural inhibitor of CCs. Two-bottle system showed inhibition of CCs and single bottle system failed to inhibit their activity. Future research have to be done on the bond strength and durability of self-etch adhesives after using PA and its effect on long term survival of the restorations.
Foreign Body Removal and Revascularization of Teeth with Periapical Radiolucency: 18 Months' Follow-Up
Authors: Ravikumar Kaarunya , Chakravarthy Yadav , Kumar A , Samynathan Mothiraj , Varshini R. Jeya
Published: June 2021

Revascularization of the dental pulp is an emerging regenerative endodontic approach in which a new tissue is formed inside the root canal by induction of blood clot, allowing the continuation in the development of root. In this case report, the effective management of previously fractured immature tooth with the presence of foreign body (wire) inside the canal and radiographic periapical radiolucency had been described. A 17-year-old patient with immature fractured upper left lateral incisor with radiographic evidence of foreign body (wire) inside the canal was treated with removal of wire by H file followed by revascularization protocol that used working length determination, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigation, intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide, final irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and saline, induction of apical bleeding and blood clot formation, and coronal seal with mineral trioxide aggregate. Patient was recalled at every 3 months and response checked as the tooth remained asymptomatic. At 18 months' follow-up, intraoral periapical radiography radiograph was taken to evaluate the revascularization procedure. The periapical radiolucency was healed and root closure began to appear. Increased thickness of root width was also found. Although revascularization shows clinically acceptable results, care should be taken to achieve proper disinfection of canals and regular follow-up to improve long-term efficacy and new approaches.
Microwave-Based Rapid Tissue Processing Technique: A Novel Aid in Histopathologic Laboratory
Authors: Mishra Pallavi , Bandyopadhyay Alokenath , Kumar Harish , Dash Kailash Chandra , Bhuyan Lipsa , Panda Abikshyeet
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Conventional tissue processing takes a lot of time, but microwave processing method though rapid, its quality of tissue texture and staining properties is still questionable. Therefore, we conducted this study to find out the reliability of histological sections in the microwave method.

Aim and Objectives:

The aim is to assess whether microwave tissue processing, which is a rapid technique, is comparable to conventional tissue processing in terms of quality and reliability of histological sections.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 80 formalin-fixed tissue samples were taken and were divided into two pieces. One subjected to conventional tissue processing and the other subjected to microwave tissue processing. The slides were coded and evaluated by three independent observers using various parameters. All the data were subjected to Chi-square test.

Results:

Both the process did not differ in their efficiency in overall nuclear details, overall cytoplasmic detail, occurrence of artifact and tissue architecture, nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, and red blood cell staining. Although the other observers did not find any statistical significance, according to observer 3, conventional processing proved to have marginally significantly better epithelial connective tissue interface than microwave processing (P = 0.047).

Conclusion:

The microwave method of tissue processing is an economical procedure which reduces the obnoxious chemicals as well as the turnaround time.
Immunohistochemical Expression of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Proteins E-cadherin and ß-catenin in Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Panda Abikshyeet , Dash Kailash Chandra , Bhuyan Lipsa , Mahapatra Niva , Mishra Pallavi
Published: June 2021

Background:

E-Cadherin/β-Catenin protein complexes play a major role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and vice versa. Such types of EMT are implicated physiologically during embryonic development and pathologically in tissue fibrosis and tumorigenesis.

Aims:

The aim was the evaluation of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin immunoreactivity in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate their pattern of expression.

Materials and Methods:

Immunohistochemical expression of E-Cadherin/β-Catenin was evaluated in a total n = 30 tissue samples comprising of n = 10 well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), n = 10 moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and n = 10 poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). Based on the intensity of staining, an immunoreactivity scoring was calculated.

Statistical Analysis:

The scorings obtained were subjected to independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square test, and ANOVA test using SPSS version 20.0 statistical analysis software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

A significant difference was observed in the expression of β-Catenin between normal mucosa and WDSCC; normal mucosa and MDSCC. A gradual decrease in the immunoreactivity score of E-Cadherin is seen in WDSCC, MDSCC, and PDSCC.

Conclusion:

Therefore, dysregulation of these proteins can lead to tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Further studies are warranted to specify the role of these EMT proteins as prognostic/therapeutic markers in patients suffering from OSCC.
Fibroblastic Growth Factor as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rao Gururaj Narayana , Rosaian Adlin Saroja , Jawahar Gowthami , Raj P. Hari Nivas , Rachel J. Beryl , Emmanuel P. Blessing
Published: June 2021

Cellular signaling proteins maintain the basic activities of cell and communication, between the cells for normal growth and development and pathological situation as well. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have a comparatively huge part to play in the cellular communication processes. Human FGF has 22 members, 18 ligands, and 4 tyrosine kinase receptors for binding and is expressed in a wide range of cells. Any alteration in these factors would disrupt their normal function, leading to various abnormalities. The aim of this systematic analysis, is to understand the FGFs, the physiological and pathological role of FGF in oral diseases, and to predict the use of FGF in the predilection toward odontogenic cyst and tumors. This review helps confer the role of FGF in various physiological and pathological aspects in systemic diseases and analyzes its role in diagnosis and prognosis of odontogenic cysts and tumors.
Role of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Prognosis Dental Implants: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Chandra Praveen , Roy Sonali , Kumari Archana , Agarwal Ritika , Singh Aartika , Sharan Suprabha
Published: June 2021

Background:

Many recent research shows that antidepressants interfere with the osseointegration of implants. The main purpose of this study was to determine the association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and dental implant failure.

Materials and Methodology:

A retrospective study consisted of 410 patients (720 dental implants). Patients' records were used to retrieve the history of SSRI use and medication. The study consists of two groups. Group I (SSRI users) consisted of 128 patients (245 dental implants) patients, whereas Group II (non-SSRI users) was formed by 282 patients (475 dental implants). The implant failure rate was evaluated and statistically examined using the Chi-square test.

Results:

Group I had 30 implant failures with 13 (12%) males and 14 (11.8%) females, whereas Group II had 28 implant failures with 12 (6.3%) males and 16 (5.6%) females. In Group I, 26% of the implants failed in the age group >50 years, whereas it was 10.4% in Group II. However, in the age group <50 years, it was 6% and 4.2% Groups I and II, respectively. Group I shows that out of 40 implants in diabetic patients, 12 had failure, whereas in Group II, out of 32 implants placed in diabetics, 7 had failure. In smokers, 48% of the implants failed in Group I, and 29% in group II. In non-smokers the failure was seen in 7.7% cases in Group I and 2.1% cases in Group II. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The usage of SSRIs is associated with an increased rate of implant failure. It has a deleterious effect on bone remodeling and leads to excessive osteoporosis.
Evaluation of Healing of Periapical Tissue in Permanent Incisors with Open Apices after Unintentional Extrusion of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate – A Retrospective Study
Authors: Roy Sonali , Kumari Archana , Chandra Praveen , Agarwal Ritika , Bankoti Pinki , Ahmed Farah
Published: June 2021

Aim:

The aim of the present study was to retrospectively assess the healing of periapical lesions in permanent central incisors with open apices after unintentional extrusion of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).

Materials and Methods:

The clinical and radiographic records of 75 maxillary permanent central teeth treated by MTA apexification were evaluated. Teeth with unintentionally extruded MTA formed the study group (Group 1, n = 28), whereas the teeth with no MTA extrusion formed the control group (Group 2, n = 47). For both the groups, the records were analyzed for a follow-up period of 3 years.

Results:

Complete healing (CH) was observed in 25 teeth in the study group, whereas all the teeth in the control group showed CH (P > 0.05). Within the study group, 6 teeth (21%) showed CH in the 6th month in Group 1, whereas in the control group, 34 teeth (72.3%) showed CH (P < 0.001). At the 1-year follow-up appointment, 19 teeth (67.8%) showed CH in Group 1, whereas 9 teeth (19.1%) showed the same result in Group 2 (P < 0.001). At the end of the 3-year follow-up period, it was noticed that in 21 (84%) teeth, extruded MTA remained unchanged, whereas it was reduced in 4 (16%) of them (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Extrusion of MTA does not have a significant effect on the healing of the periapical lesion. However, it may lead to a delay in the healing of periapical healing. Patients should be informed about the complication and consequences of extruded MTA and should be kept on follow-up to observe periapical healing.
Efficacy of Transdermal Diclofenac Patch and Ketoprofen Patch as Postoperative Analgesia after Extraction of First Premolars Bilaterally in Both Arches for Orthodontic Purpose: A Comparative Study
Authors: Shankar Daya , Sinha Abhishek , Anand Santosh , Verma Neeraj , Choudhary Shivendra
Published: June 2021

Aim:

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of transdermal diclofenac patch with ketoprofen patch as postoperative analgesia after extraction of first premolars bilaterally in both arches for orthodontic purpose.

Materials and Methods:

A split-mouth technique was used in 52 patients with the age group of 15–25 years for extracting maxillary and mandibular first premolars bilaterally for orthodontic reason. A single ketoprofen patch was used after the extraction of premolars from first and fourth quadrant, whereas for the extraction of second and third quadrant premolars, diclofenac patch was used. All the extractions were performed under local anesthesia. The data were compiled and statistically analyzed using the student's t-test.

Results:

Mean visual analog scale score for diclofenac and ketoprofen patch was 2.05 (0.75) and 1.09 (0.3), respectively. Thirteen patients required additional medication (25%) and 1 (1.9%) patient with diclofenac and ketoprofen patch, respectively. No major complication or adverse effects were observed in any of the groups.

Conclusion:

Both diclofenac and ketoprofen transdermal patches are helpful in relieving pain after orthodontic extraction. Patients with diclofenac patch required more additional analgesia within 24 h compared to that with ketoprofen patch. None of the drugs showed any significant adverse effects and were well tolerated by the patients.
Assessment of Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Gingival Health: An Observational Study
Authors: Kumar Vasu , Singh Purushottam , Arora Vishal Kumar , Kaur Sukhpreet , Sarin Sahil , Singh Harmeet
Published: June 2021

Background:

Prime components of fixed orthodontic treatments decrease the self-cleansing ability of the tongue and the cheeks leading to an increase in production of bacterial plaque. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on gingival health.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 120 patients who were scheduled orthodontic treatment were enrolled. Complete data records of all the patients were recorded. Intra- and extraoral radiographs were obtained and photographic records were noted in separate pro forma. Complete intraoral examination of all the patients was carried out for recording visible plaque, any inflammation (visible clinically), and gingival recession. Based on the assessment of gingival texture and capillary transparency, analysis of gingival biotype was done. Follow-up records were assessed.

Results:

The mean visible plaque value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 3.11 and 5.81, respectively. The mean visible inflammation value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 2.89 and 15.43, respectively. The mean gingival recession score value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 0.19 and 0.383, respectively. A significant increase in the visible plaque value, visible inflammation value, and gingival recession score was observed posttreatment. While comparing the gingival biotype, it was seen that in both the maxillary and mandibular arches, there was an increase in the thick gingival biotype while there was a decrease in thin maxillary biotype.

Conclusion:

There is a significant increase in plaque accumulation, inflammation, and gingival recession following fixed orthodontic treatment. Hence, during the course of orthodontic treatment, regular oral prophylaxis should be done.
Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Status among 12–14-Year-Old School Children
Authors: Jaiswal Deepesh , Kalia Preeti , Hiremath Shilpa , Singh Abhay Kumar , Pani Pooja , Kumar Nishant
Published: June 2021

Background:

Oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis are common among population. The present study was conducted to assess dental caries status and oral hygiene practice among school children.

Materials and Methods:

This school-based study was conducted on 520 children of age group of 12–14 years of both genders. Location, education, and employment status of parents, use of toothbrush, frequency of brushing, dental floss, total number of meals in a day, number of snacks between meals and sugar consumption, and decayed, missing, filled teeth were recorded.

Results:

There were 266 males and 254 females. Age group 12 years had 80 males and 90 females, 13 years had 70 males and 60 females, and 14 years had 116 males and 104 females. Ninety-six males and 110 females were from urban and 170 males and 144 females were from rural. The mean plaque score in 12-year male children was 0.61 ± 0.32, in 13-year children was 0.68 ± 0.45, and in 14 years was 0.74 ± 0.48. In males, the mean plaque score was 0.70 ± 0.38 and in females was 0.66 ± 0.42. In children from urban area, the mean plaque score was 0.62 ± 0.34 and from rural area was 0.74 ± 0.40. Four hundred and eighteen children were using toothpaste and they had plaque score of 0.76 and 102 children were using floss and they had plaque score of 0.89. Three hundred and twenty children were brushing once, 90 twice, and 110 irregular and there mean plaque score was 0.70, 0.61, and 0.76, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Authors found that oral health status of children consuming high sugar, more snacks per day, and brushing occasionally was poor.
Reliability of Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer as an Intraoperative Tool for Assessment of Relative Globe Position in Orbital/Zygomatic Fracture
Authors: Subramanian Abinaya , Kumar K. Santhosh , V. Giri G.V. , Ravindran C. , Azariah Emmanuel , Ramakrishnan Madhumita
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Axial globe position assessment is commonly carried out with Hertels Exophthalmometer. Hertels requires an intact lateral orbital rim for its placement, which is often fractured in zygomatic fractures. Hence, to overcome this problem, we have modified the instrument for its application in zygomatic/orbital fractures. Reliability of this Modified Hertels Exopthalmometer has been already validated in normal healthy patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer in pateints with zygomatic/orbital fracture.

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective study carried out between April 2015 and October 2017, including 20 patients with a mean age of 34 years. Enophthalmos was measured using Modified Hertels in patients with unilateral orbital/zygomatic fracture indicated for surgical intervention by a single observer. The data was collected and statistically analyzed. Paired sample t-test was done to compare the preoperative exophthalmometer reading with readings at different time points.

Results:

A statistically significant difference was noted (P = 0.031) among the variables of Modified Hertels. We believe this instrument to be of practical use in the assessment of enophthalmos/exophthalmos in patients with lateral orbital trauma, surgery or disease and also precludes the use of rim-based exophthalmometry and other modifications of same.
Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticle Gel as an Intracanal Medicament in Combination with Other Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis: An In vitro Study
Authors: Nayyar Pranav , Sethi Achla , Thakur Divyangana , Khullar Sanjana , Gayati Sunya , Adarsh Kumar
Published: June 2021

Background:

Bacteria and their by-products are responsible for various pulpal and periapical infections which can be classified as biofilm-mediated infections. Recently, nanoparticles have been introduced to decrease the bacterial load in endodontic infections.

Aim and Objectives:

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles alone and combination of silver nanoparticles with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods:

A pure culture of E. faecalis was used as the test microorganism. After 24 h of incubation the bacterial colonies were isolated and suspended in 5 ml of infusion broth followed by incubation at 37°C for 4 h. 0.5 McFarland of the bacterial suspension was prepared and then cultured on Mueller–Hinton agar culture medium with the help of a sterile swab. In each culture plate, five wells were created with a sterile pipette for placement of the samples.

Results:

Statistically significant difference in the antibacterial effect of the combination of silver nanocure gel with various medicaments was observed when compared to the effect of silver nanocure gel alone. Silver nanocure gel in combination with calcium hydroxide (Group B) was more efficacious as compared to silver nanocure gel alone (Group A) (P < 0.001). Antibacterial activity of silver nanocure gel in combination with chlorhexidine (Group C) was also significantly higher than silver nanocure gel alone (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The present study is an in vitro study, in which we concluded that the combination of all the intracanal medicaments is the best among for elimination of E. faecalis biofilm from the root canal. The above findings need to be tested in vivo also.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix against Root Canal Microflora
Authors: Singh Pinky , Dey Subhra , Pandey Vinisha , Abhas Arora , Sharan Suprabha , Kharat Neetu
Published: June 2021

Background:

Binding of such proteins with a developing fibrin mesh or to the extracellular matrix has the ability to create chemotactic gradients aiding the recruitment of stem cells, thereby, stimulating cell migration and differentiation this may promotes repair and regeneration. There is a unique concept in platelet concentrates called platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) which is processed using higher attraction without the utilization of bovine thrombin.

Aim and Objectives:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and PRFM against root canal microflora.

Materials and Methods:

Blood samples were taken from 20 adults, age ranging from 20 to 40 years who were systemically healthy, nonsmokers with no symptoms of infection, or on antibiotics at least 3 months before experiments. The procedures and the protocols involved in the study were accepted by the Institutional Ethical Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the donors and patients. Approximately 10 ml of blood was collected from each donor. 5 ml of blood was used for the preparation of PRF and 5 ml for PRFM.

Results:

The antifungal scores among the groups. The highest antifungal scores were seen in metapex followed by PRF and PRFM group. Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to check the statistical difference among the groups, and there was a statistically significant difference seen among the groups (P = 0.00). The antibacterial scores among the groups. The highest antibacterial scores were seen in Metapex followed by PRF group and PRFM group Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to check the statistical difference among the groups, and there was a statistically significant difference seen among the groups.

Conclusion:

PRF demonstrated antibacterial activity against passage isolates but had no antifungal efficacy. This antibacterial property may be a valuable adjunct when using PRF for regenerative procedures in endodontics. Both PRF and PRFM have to be analyzed for antimicrobial properties for extended duration and various other clinical strains with larger sample size.
Preservation of Alveolar Ridge using Graft Material after Tooth Extraction: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Kumar Kunal , Singh Revati , Mugal Vishal , Dhingra Nikhil , Priyadarshni Priyanka , Bandgar Subhash
Published: June 2021

Background:

The alveolar process is a tooth-dependent structure, and hence, removal of teeth results in the alteration of alveolar process. To alter bone remodeling after dental extraction, various techniques have been put forward for ridge preservation.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the changes of hard and soft tissues in postextraction socket after the application of bone graft material.

Materials and Methods:

Healthy patients of sample size of 40 were selected who underwent the extraction of anterior tooth irrespective of the arch, from premolar of one side to another, with the exception of incisors in mandible. Twenty patients were randomly selected as the control group and other 20 as the experimental group using an allograft bone material, i.e., beta-tricalcium phosphate to fill the socket. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was done as baseline preoperative and postoperative at 14 weeks after the extraction. CBCTs data help in recording linear and volumetric measurements which was performed by calibrated examiners to record all the measurements. After measurements, digital planning of dental implants was performed.

Results:

Forty participants were selected, in which 20 patients each were as the experimental and control groups. No significant difference was found at basal line at any of the cases. At follow-up of 14 weeks, statistical significance was seen in buccal and lingual plate height in the experimental group, and no significant difference was seen in the control group.(P = 0.023).

Conclusions:

This study clearly points out that an alveolar ridge preservation technique provides therapeutic benefit by limiting bone resorption in comparison to extraction alone.
Clinico-microbiological Efficacy of Indocyanine Green as a Novel Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy among Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Karmakar Shaswata , Prakash Shobha , Jagadeson Mahesh , Namachivayam Arunkumar , Das Dipanjan , Sarkar Sabourni
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Conventional nonsurgical periodontal therapy, i.e., scaling and root planing (SRP), is not sufficient to completely eradicate the microorganisms present in dental plaque biofilm due to the incapability of instruments to reach the inaccessible areas of a tooth with anatomical variations. Hence, to increase the effectiveness of SRP, many adjunctive treatment strategies are proposed, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and microbiological efficacy of PDT using Indocyanine green (ICG) as a novel photosensitizer for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were enrolled for this randomized controlled clinical trial using split-mouth design. Treatment sites from each individual were randomly allocated into two groups: SRP was done for the sites of the control group and an additional session of PDT using ICG was performed for the sites of the test group. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from both the sites and sent for quantitative analysis of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Probing pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and count of all the three microorganisms were assessed at baseline and after 3 months.

Results:

After 3 months, PD and CAL showed statistically significant improvement in the test sites (P < 0.001) compared to the control sites. However, the differences in the microbiological parameters were statistically nonsignificant between the groups.

Conclusion:

ICG as a photosensitizer may enhance the outcomes of SRP and can be used for PDT for the nonsurgical management of periodontal diseases.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Tongue Volume in Different Dentoskeletal Patterns – A Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Study
Authors: Grover Seema , Sidhu Maninder Singh , Singaraju Gowri Sankar , Dabas Ashish , Dogra Namrata , Midha Munish
Published: June 2021

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate tongue volume using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and its correlation to different growth patterns in patients.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty preorthodontic records of CBCT scans of subjects ranging from 14 to 25 age group from retrospective data of department were selected for the study. Patients were classified into three groups based on angle FMA; Group I (n = 20) with average growth pattern (FMA 22°–28°); Group II (n = 20) vertical growth pattern (FMA >28°); Group III (n = 25) horizontal growth pattern (FMA <20°). Tongue volume evaluation was done using Myrian® Software. Dentoskeletal features and parameters related to archform such as palatal vault depth, interpremolar, and intermolar distance were evaluated in all the subjects. ANOVA test was used for intergroup comparison of tongue volume and dentoskeletal parameters in all three groups. Correlation of the tongue volume to dentoskeletal parameters was done using Pearson's correlation test.

Results:

Mean tongue volume in Group I was 66.10 cm3, Group II, 66.04 cm3 and Group III was 66.72 cm3. There was a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.5) of tongue volume with palatal vault width, maxillary length, and mandibular interpremolar and intermolar distance among dentoskeletal parameters.

Conclusion:

Tongue volume was found equal in all groups despite the variation in growth patterns. Skeletal differences leading to different growth patterns were found to be related to mandibular morphology. The results indicate the indirect role of the tongue in causing malocclusion in orthodontic patients.
Assessment of Marginal Integrity and Color Stability of Provisional Restoration Fabricated from Different Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resins – A Comparative Study
Authors: Jafar Abdulla Mohamed Usman , Dafer Al Wadei Mohammed Hussain , El-Patal Mohamed Abd-Ellatif , Sam George , Abokhlifa Yousef H. , Thorat Ashutosh
Published: June 2021

Aim:

The present study is aimed to assess the marginal integrity and color stability of provisional restorations fabricated from different autopolymerizing acrylic resins.

Materials and Methods:

Totally, 60 provisional crowns were fabricated. A mandibular first molar artificial typodont was mounted on a base of dental stone. The mandibular first molar which was mounted was prepared for full cast crown, using the tooth preparation standard principles with shoulder finish line of 1 mm and taper 6°. There were 20 samples in each acrylic resin group: Group I: Polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin, Group II: Autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material, and Group III: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) autopolymerizing resin. Crowns were verified for marginal adaptation using stereomicroscope at a ×40. The color stability was measured using spectrophotometer poststaining period.

Results:

Autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material group showed minimum mean vertical marginal discrepancy (128.68 ± 18.036 μm) followed by PMMA autopolymerizing resin group (147.49 ± 20.128 μm) and polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin group (172.89 ± 22.118 μm). Analysis of variance demonstrated a statistically significant difference between different autopolymerizing acrylic resins. The color change values did not show any significant difference between the groups on numerous comparisons between different autopolymerizing acrylic resin groups. A statistically significant difference was seen between Groups I and II, Groups I and III, and Groups II and III (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

This study concluded that the autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material demonstrated significantly improved marginal integrity when compared to PMMA autopolymerizing resin and polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin.
Idiopathic Desquamative Gingivitis
Authors: Alkahtani Zuhair M. , Arunachalam Rajeev , Bapat Ranjeet Ajit , Thangavelu Arthiie , Jegatheeswaran Anbuselvan Gobichettipalayam
Published: June 2021

Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated gingival lesion. There are many etiologic factors for the appearance of such lesions. The aim of this case report is to diagnose the cause of the lesion by analyzing the complete medical, dental, and personal histories. An elaborated differential diagnosis is done, and the lesion is successfully treated accordingly. The gold standard treatment is usually provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Another treatment option is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue
Assessment of Oral Health-Care Needs for Patients under Palliative Care
Authors: Singh Atul Kumar , Mishra Rahul , Kumar Harsh , Priya Leena , Choudhary Harsha Vardhan , Kumar Kunal
Published: June 2021

Background:

Patients under palliative care and their caregivers often ignore the dental treatment and oral hygiene needs as a result of which they face many day to day problems, which include difficulty in chewing, halitosis, and dry mouth eventually deteriorating the quality of life.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to understand the oral needs and oral health-related concerns of the patients under palliative care.

Methodology:

A total of eight patients agreed to enroll in the study. A detailed interview with oral examination, including Sillness and Loe Plaque Index and Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (dmft) Index, was recorded. Patients were also given the treatment needed if willing for the same.

Results:

In our study, we observed that the mean dmft scores of dentulous patients were 7.96 ± 3.35, and mean plaque score was 1.75 ± 2.12, which was significantly higher and further highlights the need for dental treatment.

Conclusion:

The patients under palliative care have many oral problems such as dry mouth, difficulty in eating, halitosis which needs to be addressed; hence, dental health plays an important role in improving the quality of life of these patients.
Managing Anticoagulant Patients Undergoing Dental Extraction by using Hemostatic Agent: Tranexamic Acid Mouthrinse
Authors: Jaiswal Pragya , Agrawal Raghav , Gandhi Aniruddh , Jain Arvind , Kumar Abhishek , Rela Rathi
Published: June 2021

Background:

Patient who is on antiplatelet therapy had an impaired fibrin formation which leads to fibrinolysis which is the main reason behind postextraction bleeding.

Objectives:

The aim of the study is to manage anticoagulated patient who has to undergo dental extraction by using hemostatic agent and the objective is to rule out potential risk factor which may trigger bleeding.

Methods:

One hundred patients with anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and having International Normalized Ratio (INR) in-between 1.9 and 3.5 were selected. Postextraction instruction use 5 ml of 10% tranexamic acid mouthrinse four times a day for next 7 days was suggested. All demographic data, history of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, details of bleeding, and treatment requirement were recorded to identify potential risk factor.

Results:

Of 100 subjects, 16 were reported postextraction bleeding on days 1 and 2 which was controlled by tranexamic acid pressure pack. Bleeding from extraction socket of 10 patients was stopped by gelatin foam. No life-threatening risk was observed. In patients with age group of 41–60 years whose INR value was ≥2.5, the number of teeth undergoing extraction, whose bleeding time was increased, and were on long duration of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy might increase the risk of bleeding.

Conclusion:

Use of tranexamic acid mouthrinse after extraction is an effective way to control bleeding on patients who are under antiplatelet therapy with at therapeutic INR level is a secure and allowable method of minimizing postextraction oozing.
A Confocal Microscopic Study on Percentage Penetration of Different Sealers into Dentin
Authors: D’Costa Vivian Flourish , Rodrigues Amadeus Leroy , Bangera Madhu Keshava , Bhat Purnima A. , Rai Raunak Umesh
Published: June 2021

Context:

Three-dimensional seal of the root canal space has always been challenging. The incorporation of gutta-percha and sealer prevents microleakage by bacteria, ensuring a shielded root canal space. However, the penetration of sealer to various depths within the root canal has always been looked with curiosity.

Aims:

Thus, the present in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the percentage and average depth of penetration of Endoflas F. S., AH Plus, and Epiphany sealers into dentinal tubules among the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the roots following obturation with a lateral compaction technique using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

Settings and Design:

The study is an in vitro randomized control trial.

Subjects and Methods:

Thirty sound central incisors were decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction. Working length determination was done followed by a meticulous cleaning, shaping, and under copious irrigation. The teeth were then randomly divided into three groups: Endoflas FS sealer, AH Plus sealer, and Epiphany sealer. On fluorescence treatment, the teeth were sectioned at the midpoint of coronal, middle, and apical third of each root and viewed under confocal laser scanning microscope.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the significant difference between groups was analyzed with post hoc Tukey test.

Results:

Epiphany sealer provided with better percentage and depth penetration in comparison to Endoflas FS and AH Plus sealers. Furthermore, the coronal third of the root had better percentage and sealer penetration than the middle and apical thirds.

Conclusions:

Sealers tend to provide a firm bond between the tooth and the gutta-percha. They bind, lubricate, and seal the gutta-percha cones to fill the accessory canals. Within the limitations of this study, the superior flow and enhanced setting time Epihany sealers provide better percentage and depth of penetration than AH Plus and Endoflas FS.
Assessment of Pattern of Oral Prosthetic Treatment and Prevalence of Oral Diseases in Edentulous Patients in North Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Saini Ravinder S. , Sharma Vikas , Rai Roshni U. , Gupta Prahlad , Sabharwal Preeti
Published: June 2021

Background:

The present study was undertaken for assessing the pattern of oral prosthetic treatment and prevalence of dental diseases in edentulous patients in North Indian population.

Materials and Methods:

A survey was carried out in North Indian population, and screening of the edentulous patients was done. Five hundred edentulous patients were enrolled. Complete oral and general examination was carried out. Pro forma was framed, and clinical details were recorded. Using mouth mirror and explorer, complete oral examination was carried out. Demographic profile was also evaluated. Prosthetic rehabilitation pattern of all the participants was also recorded.

Results:

Complete removable denture and removable partial denture were method of rehabilitation in 28% and 31% of the participants. Dental implant-supported complete denture was used in 8% of the patients, whereas dental implant-supported overdenture was used in 33% of the participants. Ulcerative lesions were present in 5% of the patients, whereas oral leukoplakia was present in 4% of the patients. Oral lichen planus and torus were present in 2% and 1% of the patients.

Conclusion:

Majority of the geriatric patients prefer having removable denture. Furthermore, due to nutritional deficiency associated with geriatric age, oral leukoplakia and ulcerative lesions are more common in them.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Regional Anesthesia and Intramuscular Diclofenac in the Management of Postoperative Pain: A Comparative Study
Authors: Raj Ankita , Unnam Priyanka , Kumari Richa , Joshi Shraddha , Thoke Bhushan , Khanna Shilpa Sunil
Published: June 2021

Aim:

Managing postoperative pain following maxillofacial surgery is an important task. Our study aims to compare this with regional anesthesia or IM diclofenac.

Materials and Methods:

This study included 30 patients who underwent bi-jaw orthognathic surgery between April 2016 and January 2020. Two groups were formed. Group A was administered inferior alveolar nerve block at the surgical site bilaterally using 0.5% ropivacaine and Group B were administered 75 mg intramuscular diclofenac just before extubation. Tramadol HCl 2 mg/kg body wt is used as a rescue analgesic. The pain was evaluated periodically at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 12 h postoperatively.

Results:

The mean Visual Analog Scale score was 2 in Group A and 5 in Group B. The mean duration of analgesia was 6 h 42 min, whereas in Group B, it was 8 h and 5 min. In 2 patients (13.3%) belonging to Group A and 3 patients (20%) belonging to Group B. There were no local complications in any group.

Conclusion:

It was observed that regional anesthesia in the form of intraoral nerve blocks was efficient than diclofenac (75 mg) administered intramuscularly for the management of immediate postoperative pain.
A Case of Keloid
Authors: Vannala Venkataramana , Mahabob Nazargi , Radhakrishnan Senthilnathan , Anbuselvan Sambavi
Published: June 2021

Keloids are unorganized proliferation of fibrous tissue, usually arising from a site of injury, due to an aberrant healing process. Clinically, it presents as an ugly scar tissue on the skin and shows genetic predilection. They cause esthetic, physical, and psychological disturbances in the affected individuals. Such patients require special precautions during the normal surgical procedures. Keloid treatment is prone to a high degree of resistance and recurrence. In this article, one such a case is reported along with a review of the literature discussing the nature of the lesion, treatment options, and the recommended precautions.
Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Bone Loss and Implant Failure Rate in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Nasreen Saba , Bandgar Subhash , Bhowmick Devleena , Vatsa Ritesh , Priyadarshni Priyanka
Published: June 2021

Background:

Smoking impose various ill-effects on the alveolar bone concerning dental implants including reduced bone height, delayed healing of bone, poor peri-implant bone formation, increased bone loss, and peri-implantitis.

Aims:

The present clinical trial was aimed to analyze the smoking effect on dental implant survival rate as well as marginal bone loss in dental implants.

Materials and Methods:

Out of 86 patients, Group I had 43 patients who were smokers and Group II had nonsmokers. Following the implant placement, marginal bone loss radiographically and mobility were assessed clinically at 3, 6, and 12 months after implant loading.

Results:

The mean marginal loss seen in smokers at 3 months was 2.13 ± 0.21, 2.46 ± 0.09, 2.60 ± 0.0.92, and 2.74 ± 0.11 for maxillary anterior, maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, and mandibular posterior regions, respectively. The 12-month recall visit showed a higher proportion of smokers having implant mobility. In smokers, 13.95% (n = 6) of the study participants had implant mobility, whereas 6.97% (n = 3) of the nonsmokers had mobility.

Conclusion:

Smoking is associated with long-term implant failure which is directly proportional to the duration ad frequency of smoking. Furthermore, smoking has a detrimental effect on dental implants and its surrounding bone.
Evaluation of Relationship between Quality and Performance Measures Concepts of Pediatric Oral Health: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Nasreen Saba , Ranjan Ravi , Manju J , Devi Mutum Sangeeta , Mala Nutan , Mehta Vini
Published: June 2021

Background:

The dental quality alliance of the American Dental Association developed quality and performance measure concepts (QMCs) for pediatric dentistry to identify variations in care and to improve quality of care.

Objectives:

This study evaluated the relationship between the proposed QMCs and oral health, measured as caries status.

Methodology:

Parents/guardians of new patients presenting to the Nationwide Children's Hospital Dental Clinic for a nonurgent hygiene appointment were asked to complete a 10-question survey that reflected the QMCs. An oral examination was completed on each patient to determine his/her caries status.

Results:

For the majority of the QMCs evaluated in the study, there was no statistically significant difference in caries status between patients who had attended care according to the QMCs and those who had not.

Conclusions:

From the findings, attending care as outlined by the QMCs may be no better than counting procedures as a measure of quality oral health-care outcomes.