bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Men and women with fibromyalgia: Relation between attentional function and clinical symptoms
Authors: Miró Elena , Martínez María P. , Sánchez Ana I. , Prados Germán , Lupiáñez Juan
Published: December 2014

Objectives

This study was the first to explore whether individuals with fibromyalgia (FM) have different cognitive alterations (i.e., in alertness, orienting, and executive control) depending on their sex. We also analysed possible gender differences in the relationships between cognitive functioning and some of the main symptoms of FM.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Two clinical groups with FM (n = 58 women and n = 20 men) and two healthy control groups (n = 21 women and n = 27 men) aged between 30 and 60 years old participated in this study. Pain intensity, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and daily functioning were evaluated with self‐report measures. Attentional function was assessed with the ANT‐I task (Attentional Network Test‐Interactions).

Results

Mixed ANOVAs showed impairment in vigilance and executive control in both male and female patients with FM compared with controls. Control men were faster than control women, but FM eliminated sex differences. In addition, attention deficit was associated with worse daily functioning in women but not in men with FM. Emotional distress and sleep disruption seemed to contribute differently to these cognitive alterations in both sexes.

Conclusions

Therapy strategies aimed at reducing emotional distress and sleep disruption are likely to improve cognitive function by enhancing vigilance. Therapies aimed at reducing emotional distress seem to improve attentional function more in women than in men; those aimed at improving sleep quality are likely to reduce a vigilance/alertness deficit in women and executive problems in men.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

As the prevalence of FM is much lower in males than females, the literature about the syndrome has developed focusing basically on women. Before determining whether sex is an influential variable in the diagnosis and treatment of FM, it is essential to identify the characteristics of FM in women and men. No studies have analysed the cognitive function of men with FM.

What does this study add?

This study provides insight on the cognitive function of men with FM. We also found several interesting relationships between attentional indexes and clinical symptoms that are different according to sex. We suggest several implications of our findings for the management of this syndrome.
Labeling of Cellular DNA with a Cyclosal Phosphotriester Pronucleotide Analog of 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Huynh Ngoc , Dickson Charlotte , Zencak Dusan , Hilko David H. , Mackay‐Sim Alan , Poulsen Sally‐Ann
Published: December 2014

DNA synthesis is a fundamental biological process central to all proliferating cells, and the design of small molecule probes that allow detection of this DNA is important for many applications. 5‐Ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, known as EdU, has become a workhorse for metabolic labeling of DNA in mammalian cells, followed by bioconjugation to a small molecule fluorescent azide using copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), click chemistry, to allow detection. In this study, we demonstrate that a cyclosal phosphotriester pronucleotide analog of EdU is suitable for metabolic incorporation into DNA of proliferating cells and subsequent labeling by CuAAC. This analog has two advantages over EdU; first, by delivering EdU with a preinstalled 5′‐monophosphate moiety, it bypasses the need for thymidine kinase processing, and second, the increased lipophilicity compared to EdU may enable passive diffusion across the cell membrane and may circumvent the reliance on nucleoside active transport mechanisms for cellular uptake. These advantages pave the way for the development of additional novel pronucleotides to widen experimental opportunities for future bioconjugation applications involving cellular DNA.
Immediate vs. delayed loading in the posterior mandible: a split‐mouth study with up to 15 years of follow‐up
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. , Aydin Erhan , Locher Kathrin , Nentwig Georg‐Hubertus
Published: December 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes of implants that were immediately loaded in a prospective, randomized, split‐mouth clinical trial in the posterior mandible.

Materials and methods

Patients with alveolar ridges that were bilaterally edentulous distal to the canines were enrolled to participate. On one randomly selected side of each patient's jaw, three implants (control group) with platform switching and a progressive thread design were placed, allowed to heal for 3 months, uncovered, and loaded occlusally using resin‐splinted crowns, which then were replaced 6 weeks later by final prostheses. Three additional implants (test group) of the same size and design were placed on the contralateral side of each patient in symmetrical locations. The test implants were connected to their final abutments immediately after placement and immediately loaded. Periodontal indices and bone loss were evaluated at regular intervals.

Results

After a mean loading period of 12.14 (±0.89) years for the test group and 12.40 (±0.89) years for controls, differences between the immediately and delayed loaded implants were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The crestal bone loss was (mesial) 0.70 (±1.09) mm (test group) and 1.17 (±1.27) mm (control group) and the distal bone loss was 0.43 (±1.02) mm (test group) and 1.06 (±1.33) mm (control group) (P > 0.05). The maximum crestal bone loss was 3.12 mm for the test group and 3.78 mm for the controls after 10.125/10.397 years, respectively.

Conclusion

Immediate loading does not negatively influence the long‐term prognosis of dental implants in the posterior mandible, improves the implant stability, and is associated with minimal crestal bone loss when platform switching and a one‐abutment concept with a Morse‐tapered connection are used.
MRI defaecography in patients with faecal incontinence
Authors: Melchior C. , Bridoux V. , Touchais O. , Savoye‐Collet C. , Leroi A.‐M.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Faecal incontinence (FI) requires careful assessment of its aetiology to determine the most effective treatment. The aims of this study were to evaluate MRI defaecography in FI and to compare it with clinical examination combined with rigid rectoscopy in assessing the pelvic floor in patients with FI.

Method

Consecutive patients with FI referred over a 3‐year period to our tertiary centre for MRI defaecography were retrospectively studied. MRI images of the pelvic floor were compared with clinical examination and anuscopy and rectoscopy.

Results

Seventy‐four female patients [mean age 60.5 (30.0–81.0) years] were recruited. MRI defaecography showed conditions which often overlapped, including internal intussusception in 19 (25.7%) and pelvic floor descent in 24 (32.4%). There was average agreement between MRI and clinical examination for a significant anterior rectocoele (κ = 0.40) and poor agreement between MRI and anuscopy/rectoscopy for intra‐rectal (κ = 0.06) and intra‐anal intussusception (κ = 0.11).

Conclusion

Other than for anterior rectocoele, there is poor correlation between MRI defaecography and clinical examination with rigid rectoscopy. MRI can detect a variety of abnormal static and dynamic pelvic disorders. This includes enterocoele, which could result in a modification of the surgical approach to intussusception and anterior rectocoele.
INFLATION EXPECTATIONS AND CONSUMER SPENDING AT THE ZERO BOUND: MICRO EVIDENCE
Authors: Ichiue Hibiki , Nishiguchi Shusaku
Published: December 2014

Standard theoretical models predict that higher inflation expectations generate greater current consumer spending at the zero lower bound of interest rates. However, recent empirical studies using U.S. micro data find negative results for this relationship. We use micro data for Japan, which has experienced low interest rates for a prolonged period, to estimate ordered probit models with a variety of controls. We find robust evidence supporting the prediction of standard models: survey respondents with higher expected inflation tend to indicate that their household has increased real spending compared with 1 year ago but will decrease it in the future. This relationship appears to be stronger for asset holders and older people. (JEL E20, E21, E30, E31, E50, E52)
MONITORING OF WORKERS AND PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION: THE ROLE OF WORKS COUNCILS
Authors: Gürtler Oliver , Höffler Felix
Published: December 2014

Often the consent of worker representations, such as works councils, is required before firms are allowed to install technologies that monitor workers' behavior. Absent monitoring, workers produce low output, while at the same time receiving an information rent. To gain the works council's consent to the installation of a monitoring technology, firms need to compensate workers for the lost information rent. Hence, by making it more costly to produce high output, works councils can serve firms as an instrument to commit to low output levels. This provides a rationale for why works council rights are not opposed more strongly by employers. (JEL D43, D86, J83, L13)
Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and association of previous antithrombotic treatment in patients with cerebral microbleeds
Authors: Horstmann S. , Möhlenbruch M. , Wegele C. , Rizos T. , Laible M. , Rauch G. , Veltkamp R.
Published: December 2014

Background and purpose

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. The impact of oral anticoagulation (OAC) on CMBs is not well characterized. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of CMBs in stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to analyze the implications of previous treatment with OAC.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis on data from a prospectively recruiting stroke registry, patients with ischaemic stroke or TIA with brain magnetic resonance imaging including susceptibility weighted imaging were consecutively enrolled during a 3‐year period. For each patient cardiovascular risk factors, AF history and recent diagnosis of AF, present use of OAC and antiplatelets, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and the premorbid modified Rankin Scale score were recorded. Two independent raters identified CMBs according to consensus criteria. CMB location was classified as lobar, deep or in the posterior fossa.

Results

In all, 785 patients (mean age 63.9 ± 14.2 years) were included. At least one CMB was detected in 186 (23.7%) patients. CMBs were significantly more frequent in patients with AF (30.5% vs. 22.4%). Patients with previous OAC treatment were more likely to have CMBs (36.7% vs. 22.8%, P = 0.03) and abundant CMBs (n > 10) were more frequent in anticoagulated patients even after adjustment for age. However, age was the only independent factor predicting CMBs (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Cerebral microbleeds are common in elderly AF patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Previous OAC is associated with a higher number of CMBs predominantly in the lobar location. Establishing a causal relationship requires prospective longitudinal investigation.
Composition of mineralizing incisor enamel in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐deficient mice
Authors: Bronckers Antonius L.J.J. , Lyaruu Don M. , Guo Jing , Bijvelds Marcel J.C. , Bervoets Theodore J.M. , Zandieh‐Doulabi Behrouz , Medina Juan F. , Li Zhu , Zhang Yan , DenBesten Pamela K.
Published: December 2014

Formation of crystals in the enamel space releases protons that need to be buffered to sustain mineral accretion. We hypothesized that apical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in maturation ameloblasts transduces chloride into forming enamel as a critical step to secrete bicarbonates. We tested this by determining the calcium, chloride, and fluoride levels in developing enamel of Cftr‐null mice by quantitative electron probe microanalysis. Maturation‐stage enamel from Cftr‐null mice contained less chloride and calcium than did wild‐type enamel, was more acidic when stained with pH dyes ex vivo, and formed no fluorescent modulation bands after in vivo injection of the mice with calcein. To acidify the enamel further we exposed Cftr‐null mice to fluoride in drinking water to stimulate proton release during formation of hypermineralized lines. In Cftr‐deficient mice, fluoride further lowered enamel calcium without further reducing chloride levels. The data support the view that apical CFTR in maturation ameloblasts tranduces chloride into developing enamel as part of the machinery to buffer protons released during mineral accretion.
Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries
Authors: Lustgarten M. , Redding W. R. , Schnabel L. V. , Prange T. , Seiler G. S.
Published: December 2014

Reasons for performing study

Navigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real‐time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine.

Objectives

To assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly performed interventional therapies for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI and determine the appropriateness of regional anatomical landmarks as registration sites.

Study design

Retrospective, descriptive clinical study.

Methods

Horses with musculoskeletal injuries of the distal limb diagnosed with MRI scheduled for ultrasound‐guided interventional therapies were evaluated (n = 17 horses with a total of 29 lesions). Anatomical landmarks used for image registration for the navigational procedure were documented. Accuracy of lesion location and success of the procedure were assessed subjectively and described using a grading scale.

Results

All procedures were accurately registered using regional anatomical landmarks and considered successful based on our criteria. Anatomical landmarks were described for each lesion type. The addition of navigational imaging was considered to greatly aid the procedures in 59% of cases and added information to the remainder of the procedures. The technique was considered to improve the precision of these interventional procedures.

Conclusions

Navigational ultrasound imaging is a complementary imaging modality that can be used for the treatment of equine soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI.
A review of competencies needed for health librarians – a comparison of Irish and international practice
Authors: Lawton Aoife , Burns Jane
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this review was to uncover areas of competence which may lead to a baseline of skills for health librarians. A baseline could inform personal development plans for health librarians, criteria for job descriptions and curriculum for library and information science (LIS) courses.

Methods

This research outlines existing competencies for librarians working in health care as defined by library associations, recent job descriptions and a mapping review of the library and information science literature. This is performed in the context of librarians working in the Irish health system with examples of practice drawn from the Irish experience.

Results

Ten areas of competence were found to be common to three of five library associations, which were also common to recent job descriptions. The literature reveals an ever changing working environment for librarians working in health with opportunities for new and evolving roles.

Conclusions

The challenge for librarians moving into these roles will be to stay relevant and to keep skills updated in a rapidly moving health and information environment.
Evaluation of apically extruded debris during root canal retreatment with several NiTi systems
Authors: Dincer A. N. , Er O. , Canakci B. C.
Published: December 2014

Aim

To compare the amount of debris extruded apically during root canal retreatment using ProTaper, Mtwo and Reciproc instruments with hand H‐files.

Methodology

In total, 60 freshly extracted human mandibular incisor teeth were used. All root canals were prepared with a Reciproc R25 file than filled with Gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer using cold lateral condensation before being assigned randomly to four groups (n = 15 each). In group 1, root fillings were removed with the Protaper Universal retreatment system; ProTaper Universal F3 and F4 instruments were used for the final preparation. In group 2, root fillings were removed with the Mtwo retreatment system; Mtwo size 30, .06 taper, size 35, .06 taper and size 40, .06 taper files were used for the final preparation. In group 3, root fillings were removed with Reciproc R25 instruments; Reciproc R40 instruments were used for the final preparation. In group 4, the root fillings were removed with Gates Glidden burs and sizes 35, 30 and 25 H‐files; for final preparation, a size 40 H‐file was used. Glass vials were used for debris collection. The vials were weighed before and after Gutta‐percha removal. Additionally, the times required for the retreatment procedures were recorded. Data were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

The Reciproc system produced significantly smaller amounts of apical extruded debris than the other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the Mtwo, H‐file and ProTaper groups. The ProTaper and Reciproc groups required significantly less time than the Mtwo and H‐file groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Use of the reciprocating single file system resulted in the extrusion of significantly less debris compared with the full‐sequence rotary NiTi instruments and hand filing. Use of the ProTaper and Reciproc instruments required less time for retreatment procedures than use of the Mtwo or H‐file.
The Pekin duck programmed death‐ligand 1: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis
Authors: Yao Q. , Fischer K. P. , Tyrrell D. L. , Gutfreund K. S.
Published: December 2014

Programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) plays an important role in the attenuation of adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. Here, we describe the identification of the Pekin duck PD‐L1 orthologue (duPD‐L1) and its gene structure. The duPD‐L1 cDNA encodes a 311‐amino acid protein that has an amino acid identity of 78% and 42% with chicken and human PD‐L1, respectively. Mapping of the duPD‐L1 cDNA with duck genomic sequences revealed an exonic structure of its coding sequence similar to those of other vertebrates but lacked a noncoding exon 1. Homology modelling of the duPD‐L1 extracellular domain was compatible with the tandem IgV‐like and IgC‐like IgSF domain structure of human PD‐L1 (PDB ID: 3BIS). Residues known to be important for receptor binding of human PD‐L1 were mostly conserved in duPD‐L1 within the N‐terminus and the G sheet, and partially conserved within the F sheet but not within sheets C and C'. DuPD‐L1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined with highest expression levels in lung and spleen and very low levels of expression in muscle, kidney and brain. Mitogen stimulation of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells transiently increased duPD‐L1 mRNA expression. Our observations demonstrate evolutionary conservation of the exonic structure of its coding sequence, the extracellular domain structure and residues implicated in receptor binding, but the role of the longer cytoplasmic tail in avian PD‐L1 proteins remains to be determined.
Vacuum‐assisted closure for skin necrosis after revision total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Sarman Hakan , Muezzinoglu Umit S , Memisoglu Kaya , Baran Tuncay
Published: December 2014

Although skin necrosis following total knee arthroplasty or revision total knee arthroplasty is rare, it may cause severe complications. Skin changes begin with superficial infections and may result in removal of the prosthesis. Treatment of skin necrosis is an important factor, which determines the prognosis of the prosthesis. Several techniques have been defined for sufficient closure. In this article, we present the case of a patient who was treated for skin necrosis that developed after knee revision arthroplasty, using serial debridement, convergence sutures and an intermittent vacuum‐assisted closure device (KCI Inc., San Antonio, TX).
Off Track: The Disappearance of Tracking Stocks
Authors: Davidson Travis , Harper Joel
Published: December 2014

During the two decades following the first announcement of a tracking stock issue by General Motors in 1984, over 50 new tracking stocks were created. The value of a tracking stock is supposed to reflect the performance of a division or operation of a firm, but does not have a direct claim on the division's assets or income. The voting rights of the tracking stock are only for the parent corporation, with no direct voting rights for the tracked division. The claimed benefits of issuing tracking stock include the use of internal capital markets, additional disclosure of the firm's operations, reduction of agency costs, the ability to directly compensate divisional management on performance, and greater analyst following and liquidity.

But the last new issue of a tracking stock took place in 2001. And few, if any, tracking stocks still trade. This study examines how and why tracking stocks have largely stopped being issued, and why so many have been dissolved either through exchanges of shares, or sales or spin‐offs of the business units with tracking stock.
Evaluating a Financial Education Curriculum as an Intervention to Improve Financial Behaviors and Financial Well‐Being of Survivors of Domestic Violence: Results from a Longitudinal Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: POSTMUS JUDY L. , HETLING ANDREA , L. HOGE GRETCHEN
Published: December 2014

The Allstate Foundation and the National Network to End Domestic Violence created a financial education curriculum to improve individual financial management skills and, ultimately, to improve domestic violence survivors' financial well‐being. This study, guided by the reasoned action approach, evaluates their curriculum using a longitudinal randomized control study, with data collected over four time periods spanning 14 months. The analyses demonstrated that the treatment group had an average improvement between a half point to over a full point on self‐reported financial knowledge, financial intentions, and financial behavior and a decrease in financial strain. Moreover, the impact of the curriculum persisted over time. The notable and lasting impact of participation in the curriculum for this study sample has critical implications for other agencies serving domestic violence survivors as well as other programs aimed at improving financial well‐being among their clientele.
Global dissemination of extensively drug‐resistant carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae: clinical perspectives on detection, treatment and infection control
Authors: Tängdén T. , Giske C. G.
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of carbapenem‐resistant Gram‐negative bacilli is on the rise worldwide, posing a major public health threat. Previously, this was mostly a problem in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, but during the last decade, carbapenem resistance has escalated in medically important species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. In particular, the rising trend in E. coli is of concern, as this may lead to almost untreatable community‐acquired infections. Resistance is conferred by carbapenemases, which are beta‐lactamases that can breakdown essentially all beta‐lactams. Moreover, bacteria carrying these resistance determinants are often resistant to other treatment options, due to the frequent co‐acquisition of non‐beta‐lactam resistance genes located on the same mobile genetic elements. The detection of carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is a challenge, because some carbapenemases produce relatively discrete levels of carbapenem resistance. Current clinical evidence for treatment guidance is limited and based on retrospective observational studies and case reports. Existing data support the use of combination therapy for treatment of severe infections caused by CPE. Combination regimens including colistin, carbapenems, tigecycline, aminoglycosides and fosfomycin have been used. Randomized controlled studies of combination regimens are ongoing and may help to determine the optimal therapy. Novel beta‐lactamase inhibitors may also have a role in future treatment of these infections. Strict infection control measures including isolation or cohort care of affected patients as well as contact tracing and active screening are needed to curb the spread of CPE. In this review, we provide a clinical perspective on the management of patients infected or colonized with CPE.
Why is Impaired Sexual Function Distressing to Women? The Primacy of Pleasure in Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Stephenson Kyle R. , Meston Cindy M.
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Recent research has highlighted a complex association between female sexual function and subjective distress regarding sexual activity. These findings are difficult to explain given limited knowledge as to the mechanisms through which impaired sexual function causes distress.

Aim

The current study assessed whether a number of specific consequences of impaired sexual function, including decreased physical pleasure, disruption of sexual activity, and negative partner responses, mediated the association between sexual function and distress.

Methods

Eighty-seven women in sexually active relationships reporting impairments in sexual function completed validated self-report measures and daily online assessments of sexual experiences.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants completed the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women, the Female Sexual Function Index, and the Measure of Sexual Consequences.

Results

Results suggested that decreased physical pleasure and disruption of sexual activity, but not partner responses, statistically mediated the association between sexual function and distress.

Conclusion

Sexual consequences represent potential maintaining factors of sexual dysfunction that are highly distressing to women. Results are discussed in the context of theoretical models of sexual dysfunction and related treatments.
Evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of barnacles from deep‐sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Herrera Santiago , Watanabe Hiromi , Shank Timothy M.
Published: December 2014

The characterization of evolutionary and biogeographical patterns is of fundamental importance to identify factors driving biodiversity. Due to their widespread but discontinuous distribution, deep‐sea hydrothermal vent barnacles represent an excellent model for testing biogeographical hypotheses regarding the origin, dispersal and diversity of modern vent fauna. Here, we characterize the global genetic diversity of vent barnacles to infer their time of radiation, place of origin, mode of dispersal and diversification. Our approach was to target a suite of multiple loci in samples representing seven of the eight described genera. We also performed restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing on individuals from each species. Phylogenetic inferences and topology hypothesis tests indicate that vent barnacles have colonized deep‐sea hydrothermal vents at least twice in history. Consistent with preliminary estimates, we find a likely radiation of barnacles in vent ecosystems during the Cenozoic. Our analyses suggest that the western Pacific was the place of origin of the major vent barnacle lineage, followed by circumglobal colonization eastwards through the Southern Hemisphere during the Neogene. The inferred time of radiation rejects the classic hypotheses of antiquity of vent taxa. The timing and the mode of origin, radiation and dispersal are consistent with recent inferences made for other deep‐sea taxa, including nonvent species, and are correlated with the occurrence of major geological events and mass extinctions. Thus, we suggest that the geological processes and dispersal mechanisms discussed here can explain the current distribution patterns of many other marine taxa and have played an important role shaping deep‐sea faunal diversity. These results also constitute the critical baseline data with which to assess potential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on deep‐sea ecosystems.
Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes‐caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations
Authors: Ferrero Victoria , Barrett Spencer C. H. , Castro Sílvia , Caldeirinha Patrícia , Navarro Luis , Loureiro João , Rodríguez‐Echeverría Susana
Published: December 2014

Genetic diversity in populations of invasive species is influenced by a variety of factors including reproductive systems, ploidy level, stochastic forces associated with colonization and multiple introductions followed by admixture. Here, we compare genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the clonal plant Oxalis pes‐caprae to investigate the influence of reproductive mode and ploidy on levels of diversity. This species is a tristylous geophyte native to South Africa. Invasive populations throughout much of the introduced range are composed of a sterile clonal pentaploid short‐styled form. We examined morph ratios, ploidy level, reproductive mode and genetic diversity at nuclear microsatellite loci in 10 and 12 populations from South Africa and the Western Mediterranean region, respectively. Flow cytometry confirmed earlier reports of diploids and tetraploids in the native range, with a single population containing pentaploid individuals. Introduced populations were composed mainly of pentaploids, but sexual tetraploids were also found. There was clear genetic differentiation between ploidy levels, but sexual populations from both regions were not significantly different in levels of diversity. Invasive populations of the pentaploid exhibited dramatically reduced levels of diversity but were not genetically uniform. The occurrence of mixed ploidy levels and stylar polymorphism in the introduced range is consistent with multiple introductions to the Western Mediterranean. This inference was supported by variation patterns at microsatellite loci. Our study indicates that some invasive populations of Oxalis pes‐caprae are not entirely clonal, as often assumed, and multiple introductions and recombination have the potential to increase genetic variation in the introduced range.
Predation risk predicts use of a novel habitat
Authors: Bishop Melanie J. , Byers James E.
Published: December 2014

Predator–prey interactions are often highly co‐evolved, with selection over time for prey with morphological and behavioral traits that minimize predation risk. Consequently, in many environments prey choose among potential habitats according to their refuge value. It is unclear, however, when presented with new habitats, if prey are able to evaluate the predation risk of these relative to familiar habitats and utilize these in accordance with their value. We tested whether, along the east coast of the USA, native mud crabs Panopeus herbstii utilize the non‐native alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla according to its relative refuge value. Experiments examining predation by blue crabs Callinectes sapidus on mud crabs revealed that the non‐native alga had an intermediate refuge value relative to native oysters, which were the most protective, and unvegetated sediment, which was the least. In subsequent choice experiments, mud crabs selected oysters over alga over unvegetated sediment, in accordance with habitat refuge values. Further, in field experiments, the use of Gracilaria by mud crabs was inversely related to the proximity of the alga to the preferred habitat type, oysters, and was reduced by the presence of a blue crab predator. Consequently, mud crabs are utilizing the non‐native alga Gracilaria in accordance with its intermediate refuge value. The relative refuge value of non‐native vs native habitat‐forming species may provide a baseline expectation against which to measure the speed of learning and opportunism in the response of native prey to novel protective habitats.
Autologous Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease in a Child with Stage IV Neuroblastoma
Authors: Kaffenberger Jessica , Basak Sarah A. , Ioffreda Michael
Published: December 2014

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is an underappreciated complication of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) that can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. The development of this rare condition is probably due to an impairment of immunologic tolerance that can occur spontaneously through T‐cell dysregulation, possibly from intensive conditioning chemotherapy regimens, or intentionally through administration of cyclosporine in the hopes of promoting an antitumor response. We present the case of a 2‐year‐old boy with metastatic neuroblastoma who spontaneously developed autologous GVHD after AHSCT. Severe pruritus and an inability to taper his oral steroids without a disease flare marked his disease. Eventually partial relief was achieved with initiation of cyclosporine and a strict soak and smear protocol using topical triamcinolone 0.1% ointment.
Phakomatous Choristoma in a 10‐Week‐Old Boy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Romano Ryan C. , McDonough Patrick , Salomao Diva R. , Fritchie Karen J.
Published: December 2014

Phakomatous choristoma (PC) is a rare benign congenital lesion of lenticular anlage. It presents in young patients as a firm subcutaneous mass in the medial eyelid or orbit and may raise clinical concern for neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcoma, but its histopathology is distinct, consisting of dense collagenous stroma and eosinophilic cuboidal epithelial cells forming nests, tubules, cords, or pseudoglands. We present a case of PC in a 10‐week‐old boy to illustrate the unique clinical, histopathologic, and immunophenotypic features of this condition and to reaffirm that familiarity with this rare entity aids accurate diagnosis.
Tendon overload results in alterations in cell shape and increased markers of inflammation and matrix degradation
Authors: Thorpe C. T. , Chaudhry S. , Lei I. I. , Varone A. , Riley G. P. , Birch H. L. , Clegg P. D. , Screen H. R. C.
Published: December 2014

Tendon injury is thought to involve both damage accumulation within the matrix and an accompanying cell response. While several studies have characterized cell and matrix response in chronically injured tendons, few have assessed the initial response of tendon to overload‐induced damage. In this study, we assessed cell response to cyclic loading. Fascicle bundles from the equine superficial digital flexor tendon were exposed to cyclic loading in vitro, designed to mimic a bout of high‐intensity exercise. Changes in cell morphology and protein‐level alterations in markers of matrix inflammation and degradation were investigated. Loading resulted in matrix damage, which was accompanied by cells becoming rounder. The inflammatory markers cyclooxygenase‐2 and interleukin‐6 were increased in loaded samples, as were matrix metalloproteinase‐13 and the collagen degradation marker C1,2C. These results indicate upregulation of inflammatory and degradative pathways in response to overload‐induced in vitro, which may be initiated by alterations in cell strain environment because of localized matrix damage. This provides important information regarding the initiation of tendinopathy, suggesting that inflammation may play an important role in the initial cell response to tendon damage. Full understanding of the early tenocyte response to matrix damage is critical in order to develop effective treatments for tendinopathy.
The association between objectively measured physical activity and life‐space mobility among older people
Authors: Tsai L.‐T. , Portegijs E. , Rantakokko M. , Viljanen A. , Saajanaho M. , Eronen J. , Rantanen T.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate the association between objectively measured physical activity and life‐space mobility in community‐dwelling older people. Life‐space refers to the spatial area a person purposefully moves through in daily life (bedroom, home, yard, neighborhood, town, and beyond) and life‐space mobility to the frequency of travel and the help needed when moving through different life‐space areas. The study population comprised community‐living 75‐ to 90‐year‐old people {n = 174; median age 79.7 [interquartile range (IQR) 7.1]}, participating in the accelerometer substudy of Life‐Space Mobility in Old Age (LISPE) project. Step counts and activity time were measured by an accelerometer (Hookie “AM20 Activity Meter”) for 7 days. Life‐space mobility was assessed with Life‐Space Assessment (LSA) questionnaire. Altogether, 16% had a life‐space area restricted to the neighborhood when moving independently. Participants with a restricted life space were less physically active and about 70% of them had exceptionally low values in daily step counts (≤ 615 steps) and moderate activity time (≤ 6.8 min). Higher step counts and activity time correlated positively with life‐space mobility. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the temporal order of low physical activity level and restriction in life‐space mobility.
The Effect of Size on the Splitting Strength of Cubic Concrete Members
Authors: Ince R. , Gör M. , Eren M. E. , Alyamaç K. E.
Published: December 2014

In the study of concrete fractures, split‐tension specimens, such as cylinders, cubes and diagonal cubes, are frequently preferred to beams. However, experimental investigations on concrete reveal that for the same specimen geometry, the nominal strength of specimen decreases with increasing specimen size. This phenomenon is named as the size effect in the fracture mechanics of concrete. Although nominal strength is also highly affected by the width of the distributed load in the split‐tension cylinder and cube specimens, this effect can be negligible within the practical range of the load‐distributed width in the diagonal cubes. However, the number of theoretical and experimental studies with diagonal split‐tension specimens is limited. Besides, a size effect formula for estimating the split‐tensile strength of the diagonal cube specimens has not been proposed. In this study, nine series of cube and diagonal cube specimens, with three different sizes but similar geometries, were tested under different load‐distributed widths. The ultimate loads obtained from the test results are analysed by the modified size effect law. Subsequently, prediction formulas are proposed, and they are compared with historical test data from the split‐cylinder specimens.
Impression cytology: a novel sampling technique for conjunctival cytology of the feline eye
Authors: Eördögh Réka , Schwendenwein Ilse , Tichy Alexander , Nell Barbara
Published: December 2014

Objective

Impression cytology is a noninvasive investigation of the ocular surface. It uses the adhesive features of different filter papers to collect a monolayer of epithelial cells from the cornea and/or conjunctiva. Samples obtained by impression cytology exhibit all characteristics of an ideal cytology specimen. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of impression cytology and determine the most appropriate filter paper to achieve maximum diagnostic value of the feline eye.

Animals Studied

Ten healthy cats.

Procedures

The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, eight different filter papers (FPs) with various pore sizes were tested: 3.0‐, 1.2‐, 0.8‐, 0.45‐, 0.22‐, 0.05‐ and 0.025‐μm cellulose acetate papers and a 0.4‐μm Biopore membrane (BM). Samples were obtained from the superior bulbar and from the inferior palpebral conjunctiva. In the second phase, three different sampling methods – with and without topical anesthesia, and with topical anesthesia and drying of the conjunctiva – were compared employing the BM encased in the intended BM device (BMD). Samples were evaluated for cellularity and quality of cells.

Results

In the first phase, samples obtained from the superior bulbar conjunctiva with the BM had the most sufficient cellularity and quality. In the second phase, BMD with topical anesthesia and additional drying of the conjunctiva was the most ideal method.

Conclusion

The BMD may prove to be a suitable diagnostic tool for clinicians. Sampling is quick, processing is simple, and a large area of intact cells can be harvested.
A novel mutation of the GATA site in the erythroid cell‐specific regulatory element of the ABO gene in a blood donor with the AmB phenotype
Authors: Oda A. , Isa K. , Ogasawara K. , Kameyama K. , Okuda K. , Hirashima M. , Ishii H. , Kimura K. , Matsukura H. , Hirayama F. , Kawa K.
Published: December 2014

The Am and Bm phenotypes are characterized by weak expression of the A or B antigens, respectively, by red blood cells with a normal expression by the saliva of secretors. Deletion of the regulatory element in the first intron of the ABO gene and disruption of the GATA motif in the element were found to be responsible. In this study, we identified a novel mutation within the GATA motif (G>C substitution at position c.28 + 5830) in the regulatory element of the A allele that might diminish transcription activity causing the generation of the AmB phenotype.
Explicit birational geometry of 3-folds and 4-folds of general type, III
Authors: Chen Jungkai A. , Chen Meng
Published: December 2014

Nonsingular projective 3-folds $V$ of general type can be naturally classified into 18 families according to the pluricanonical section index${\it\delta}(V):=\text{min}\{m\mid P_{m}\geqslant 2\}$ since $1\leqslant {\it\delta}(V)\leqslant 18$ due to our previous series (I, II). Based on our further classification to 3-folds with ${\it\delta}(V)\geqslant 13$ and an intensive geometrical investigation to those with ${\it\delta}(V)\leqslant 12$, we prove that $\text{Vol}(V)\geqslant \frac{1}{1680}$ and that the pluricanonical map ${\rm\Phi}_{m}$ is birational for all $m\geqslant 61$, which greatly improves known results. An optimal birationality of ${\rm\Phi}_{m}$ for the case ${\it\delta}(V)=2$ is obtained. As an effective application, we study projective 4-folds of general type with $p_{g}\geqslant 2$ in the last section.
Soft Tactile Skin Using an Embedded Ionic Liquid and Tomographic Imaging
Authors: Chossat Jean-Baptiste , Shin Hee-Sup , Park Yong-Lae , Duchaine Vincent
Published: December 2014

Whole-body-contact sensing will be crucial in the quest to make robots capable of safe interaction with humans. This paper describes a novel design and a fabrication method of artificial tactile sensing skin for robots. The manufacturing method described in this paper allows easy filling of a complex microchannel network with a liquid conductor (e.g., room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)). The proposed sensing skin can detect the magnitude and location of surface contacts using electrical impedance tomography (EIT), an imaging technique mostly used in the medical field and examined recently in conjunction with sensors based on a piezoresistive polymer sheet for robotic applications. Unlike piezoresistive polymers, our IL-filled artificial skin changes its impedance in a more predictable manner, since the measured value is determined by a simple function of the microchannel geometry only, rather than complex physical phenomena. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that our EIT artificial skin can detect surface contacts and graphically show their magnitudes and locations.
Field Experience of a Dry Low Emissions Combustion System for Allison 501-K Series of Engines
Authors: Razdan Mohan K. , Bach Charles S. , Bautista Paul J.
Published: December 2014

Allison Engine Company has introduced a dry low emissions lean premixed combustion system, designated LE4, for the 501-K series industrial gas turbine engines. The design goals were 1) to develop a retrofittable combustion system which limits exhaust gas emission levels to less than 25 ppm NOx, 50 ppm CO and 20 ppm UHC while operating on natural gas fuel at full load conditions, and 2) to maintain system cost to less than that for alternate control methods.

Extensive in-house engine tests were completed to ensure successful combustion system operation including acceptable engine transient operation during load dumps, and also to optimize the window of operation for emissions performance. These tests have demonstrated engine emissions levels which are below the goals, with NOx less than 15 ppm, CO less than 20 ppm, and UHC less than 10 ppm, all corrected to 15% O2. These emissions can be maintained at the target levels for engine operation from 85 to 100% power. For applications requiring wider power operation, a diffuser bleed system has been engine demonstrated which maintains less than 25 ppm NOx, 50 ppm CO and 25 ppm UHC from 50 to 100% power. The combustion system employs a dual mode combustion approach to meet engine operability requirements and emissions targets. The control algorithm developed for the LE4 combustion system allows easy tailoring of the pilot-to-main fuel ratio schedule setting to meet the customer needs on a site by site basis to account for different ranges of ambient conditions. Use of Streamwise Oriented Effusion Cooling (SOEC) design in the liner wall met the maximum wall temperature goals of less than 1650°F.

The LE4 combustion system is operating currently in two applications: 501-KC5 ANR Pipeline application in Woodstock, IL, and 501-KB7 Cogeneration application in Scandiano, Italy. Measured emissions over time and a range of ambients in these engines show NOx, CO and UHC results which are better than the goals. The 501-KC5 engine has accumulated more than 3500 hours, and the 501-KB7 engine has accumulated more than 5500 hours. Both sites have been running with problem free operation, and borescope inspections have indicated excellent condition of the combustion systems.
WR-21 Intercooled Recuperated Gas Turbine System Overview and Update
Authors: Weiler Carl L. , Chiprich John
Published: December 2014

In December 1991, the United States Navy awarded a contract to Northrop Grumman Marine Systems (then Westinghouse Electric Corporation) for the design and development of an intercooled, recuperated gas turbine engine system (ICR). The system is known by the designation WR-21. The development team includes Northrop Grumman as the prime contractor and system integrator, Rolls-Royce (RR) as the gas turbine developer, Allied Signal as developer of the recuperator cores, recuperator housing, and intercooler cores, and CAE Electronics Ltd. as the digital controller developer.

After the development program began, the Royal Navy and the French Navy became interested in the ICR technology and have since become active program participants. The Navy team’s joint goal is to design, develop, and qualify a fuel efficient engine for future surface combatants. This paper provides an overview and update of the WR-21 requirements, principles of operation, system description/performance, and the development program.