bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a better understanding of mineral microstructure in bony tissues
Authors: Chen Po-Yu , Novitskaya Ekaterina , Lopez Maria I. , Sun Chang-Yu , McKittrick Joanna
Published: January 2014

Bone is a multifunctional composite of type-I collagen fibrils and mineral crystallites organized into a complex hierarchical structure. Microstructural features of the mineral constituents in selected bony tissues, including bovine femur and armadillo and turtle osteoderms were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy before and after complete deproteinization. Minerals in the three types of bony tissues retained structural integrity after completely removing protein constituents and showed similar structural features at the nanoscale. High-resolution scanning electron microscopic images showed minerals formed fibril-like structures, aligned in a coherent manner along the orientation of collagen fibrils with a 67-nm periodicity. Organized porous structures at varying hierarchical levels were well preserved after complete deproteinization. The authors demonstrate that bone architecture, from the nano- to macro-scale can be better visualized and analyzed after deproteinization. A bony tissue with unique microstructure is reported for the armadillo osteoderm. This comparative study provides better understanding of the structure of the mineral constituents in bony tissues that could further lead to novel design of bioinspired composites.
A finite–element model for simulation of carbon dioxide sequestration
Authors: Bao Jie , Xu Zhijie , Fang Yilin
Published: January 2014

The authors present a hydro-mechanical model, followed by stress, deformation and shear-slip failure analysis for geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2). The model considers the poroelastic effects by taking into account the two-way coupling between the geomechanical response and the fluid flow process. Analytical solutions for pressure and deformation fields were derived for a typical geological sequestration scenario in our previous work. A finite–element approach is introduced here for numerically solving the hydro-mechanical model with arbitrary boundary conditions. The numerical approach was built on an open-source finite–element code (Elmer), and results were compared to the analytical solutions. The shear-slip failure analysis was presented based on the numerical results, where the potential failure zone is identified. Information is relevant to the prediction of the maximum sustainable injection rate or pressure. The effects of caprock permeability on the fluid pressure, deformation, stress and the shear-slip failure zone were also quantitatively studied. It was shown that a larger permeability in caprock and base rock leads to a larger uplift but a smaller shear-slip failure zone.
Settlement behaviour of a soil due to artificial tree roots
Authors: Areghan Joseph , Vanapalli Sai K. , Oh Won Taek , Bo Myint Win
Published: January 2014

This paper presents experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) results with respect to the deformation behaviour of a sandy soil associated with an artificial rooting system. The mechanics of unsaturated soils is used as a tool in the interpretation of the results. The modulus of elasticity, H, associated with the matric suction was measured and used as a key input parameter in the FEA along with the soil–water characteristic curve. The FEA was carried out using the commercial finite element software SEEP/W and SIGMA/W. Comparisons are provided between the measured deformation and that predicted from the FEA. A reasonably good agreement is observed between the measured and predicted deformation behaviour. The study shows that the proposed FEA technique can be used as a tool to estimate the deformation behaviour in soils associated with tree-roots suction.
In Utero Exposure to Black Bull Chewing Tobacco and Neonatal Nicotine Withdrawal: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Liska Sharon R.
Published: January 2014

Among the indigenous people of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area of Alaska, a homemade moist chewing tobacco known as Black Bull or “iq’mik” is widely used. Intake of various tobacco products is reported to be more than 80 percent in pregnant women throughout this area, with up to 60 percent of the pregnant women admitting to regular use of Black Bull. High levels of nicotine, cotinine, heavy metals, and other chemicals are known to pass to the fetus. Neonatal exposure to maternal tobacco use has been studied for the past three decades and has been shown to cause neonatal passive addiction and subsequent withdrawal symptoms. The intensified exposure and withdrawal experienced by infants passively subjected to Black Bull warrant further study.
Rahim içi araç (RİA) uygulaması için başvuranların bilgi düzeyleri*
Authors: Öner Can , Çatak Binali , Telatar Berrin
Published: January 2014

Amaç: Aile Planlamas› (AP) yöntemlerindeki gelişme ve erişilebilmesindeki kolaylığa rağmen istenmeyen gebelikler halen önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Bunun en önemli nedeni yöntemlerle ilgili yeterli düzeyde bilgiye sahip olunmaması ve yöntemlerin yanlış kullanılmasıdır. Yapılan çalışmalar, yöntem seçiminde danışmanlık hizmetlerinin yeterince verilmediğini ve kişilerin bilinçli olarak yöntem seçimi yapmadıklarını göstermektedir.Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışma Pendik Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Merkezi'nde 2012 yılı Mayıs-Ağustos ayları arasında RİA uygulaması için başvuran 201 ardışık kadın ile yapılmıştır. Kadınlara danışmanlık hizmeti verilmeden önce oluşturulmuş bir anket formu yüzyüze görüşme ile doldurulmuştur. Veriler SPSS 16.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan kadınların yaş ortalaması 32.32±7.95 idi. RİA uygulamas›na başvuran kadınların büyük çoğunluğu 10 yıl ve üzeri süredir evli idi (%66.2). Rahim içi Araç öncesi modern yöntem (Doğum kontrol hapı, kondom vs) kullananların oranı %46.3 olarak bulunmuştur. Mevcut yöntemin terk edilmesinde en önemli faktör RİA’nın daha güvenilir olmasıdır (n=141, %70.1). Öte yandan mevcut kullanılan yöntemin kondom olduğu kadınlarda eş isteği ile yöntem bırakma da önemli oranlardadır (p
Effect of fowl adenovirus on replication of vaccine strain of Marek’s disease virus in chickens
Authors: Niczyporuk Jowita Samanta , Woźniakowski Grzegorz , Samorek-Salamonowicz Elżbieta , Czekaj Hanna
Published: January 2014

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of field strain, serotype 7 (FAdV-7 JN-5/10), of fowl adenovirus infection on the replication of Rispens/CVI988 strain of Marek’s disease virus. Ninety one-day-old SPF chickens were divided into six groups. The chickens from group I were vaccinated against Marek’s disease (MD) and 24 h later infected with the adenovirus; chickens from group II were vaccinated and infected simultaneously; chickens from group III were infected with the adenovirus and 24 h after the infection vaccinated against MD. The chickens from groups IV-VI were: control of infection (IV), control of vaccination (V), and neither vaccinated nor infected (VI). After 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post infection, the number of copies of pp38 gene of Rispens strain and hexon gene of FAdV strain was determined in the bursa of Fabricius and liver using real-time PCR. The results indicated that in all cases the replication of Rispens strain was reduced to about 1.0 log10 - 3.5 log10 in chickens infected with the adenovirus and vaccinated against MD compared with the chickens only vaccinated. Sixty-three one-day-old SPF chickens infected with adenovirus and vaccinated against MD were challenged with vv MD virus field strain. The protection index in this experiment was 55.6%-77.8%.
Optimisation and comparison of three PCR procedures for molecular identification of Taenia solium
Authors: Karamon Jacek , Sroka Jacek , Cencek Tomasz , Różycki Mirosław , Chmurzyńska Ewa , Bilska-Zając Ewa , Zdybel Jolanta , Nowak Piotr , Kędzierska Jolanta , Dębiak Piotr
Published: January 2014

The aim of the study was to optimise selected PCR methods for identification of T. solium, and to compare their effectiveness and usefulness. The investigation concerned three PCR methods described earlier: PCR I (specific to oncospherespecific protein Tso31 gene), PCR II (specific to large subunit rRNA gene), and PCR III (cytochrome c oxidases ubunit 1 gene). Each of them needed optimisation in connection with some changes in the procedures. Among the examined procedures, PCR I was found to be the most useful, requiring the least corrections during optimisation - only a higher concentration of polymerase was necessary. Testing an optimised PCR II method showed strong unspecific reactions with E. granulosus and T. saginata. This method was not considered diagnostically useful in distinguishing T. solium. PCR III method yielded products only when annealing temperature was lowered by 2 C. Under such conditions, there were no unspecific reactions with three others Taenidae parasites; however, annealing at a temperature only 1oC lower generated a distinct unspecific PCR product from T. saginata DNA. Therefore, this method was of limited usefulness. Comparison of the effectiveness of the two selected methods (PCR I and III) in detection of T. solium in successive DNA dilutions showed a large difference between them: in the same DNA sample, PCR I showed positive results in a sample diluted 1:3200, while PCR III failed at dilutions greater than 1:50. The results showed that among the three different methods used in the investigations, the most specific and effective for identification of T. solium was PCR I.
Comparison of tumour morphology and structure from U87 and U118 glioma cells cultured on chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Jaworski Sławomir , Sawosz Ewa , Grodzik Marta , Kutwin Marta , Wierzbicki Mateusz , Włodyga Karolina , Jasik Agnieszka , Reichert Michał , Chwalibog Andrè
Published: January 2014

The objective of this study was the morphological and structural characterisation of glioblastoma multiforme grown in ovo. Glioma cells U87 and U118 were implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken egg. After 10 days of incubation, tumours were resected for further analyses. Culturing two types of glioblastoma tumours from U87 and U118 cell lines has shown a number of differences in their morphology, histology, and ultrastructure. CAM assay proved to be a useful tool for studying glioblastoma growth. The model provides an excellent alternative to current rodent models and could serve as a preclinical screening assay for anticancer molecules. It might increase the speed and efficacy of the development of new drugs for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Algebraic Methods for Traffic Flow Densities Estimation
Authors: Abouaïssa H. , Iordanova V.
Published: January 2014

An estimation approach that allows recovering of the traffic state is proposed in this paper. The method used is based on numerical differentiation, which does not need any integration of differential equations and turns out to be quite robust with respect to perturbations and measurements noises. Numerical simulations, carried-out by using the so-called Cell Transmission Model (CTM) demonstrate the relevance of the proposed on-line estimation scheme.
Absorptive Repetitive Filters with Operators of Generalized Fractional Calculus
Authors: Nikolova Nina , Nikolov Emil
Published: January 2014

: An essentially new class of repetitive fractional disturbance absorptive filters in disturbances absorbing control systems is proposed in the paper. Systematization of the standard repetitive fractional disturbance absorptive filters of this class is suggested. They use rational approximations of the operators for fractional integration in the theory of fractional calculus. The paper discusses the possibilities for repetitive absorbing of the disturbances with integer order filters and with fractional order filters. The results from the comparative analysis of their frequency characteristics are given below.
Analytical Deriving of Second Order Model of Payne from First Order Lighthil-Whitham-Richards Model
Authors: Stoilova Vasilka , Nikolov Emil , Nikolova Nina
Published: January 2014

Analytical deriving has been realized to obtain the second order Payne model from the first order Lighthil-Witham-Richards model.
Application of HPD Model for Predicting Protein Mutations
Authors: Fidanova Stefka
Published: January 2014

The proteins are one of the most important part of the organisms. They are complex macromolecules that perform a vital function in all living beings. They are composed of a chain of amino acids. The biological function of a protein is determined by the way it is folded into a specific 3D structure, known as native conformation. The protein folding problem is a fundamental problem in computational molecular biology. The high resolution 3D structure of a protein is the key to the understanding and manipulating of its biochemical and cellular functions. Protein structure could be calculated from knowledge of its sequence and our understanding of the sequence-structure realizations. Various methods have been applied to solve the protein folding problem. In this paper the protein is represented like a sequence over a 3-letter alphabet according to the specific functions of amino acids. After that the folding problem is defined as an optimization problem. Our protein model is multifunctional. It can be used to predict the 3D structure of the protein from its amino acid sequence. The model can predict the changes in the protein folding when several amino acids are mutated. A protein can be constructed by it with the needed 3D folding. In this paper we have concentrated on predicting protein folding changes when some amino acids are mutated.
Hybrid 3D Dynamic Measurement by Particle Swarm Optimization and Photogrammetric Tracking
Authors: Shahbazi M.
Published: January 2014

High-accuracy motion modeling in three dimensions via digital images has been increasingly the matter of interest in photogrammetry and computer vision communities. Although accurate sub-pixel image registration techniques are the key elements of measurement, they still demand enhanced intelligence, autonomy, and robustness. In this paper, a new correlationbased technique of stereovision is proposed to perform inter-frame feature tracking, inter-camera image registration, and to measure the 3D state vector of features simultaneously. The developed algorithm is founded on population-based intelligence (particle swarm optimization) and photogrammetric modeling. The proposed technique is mainly aimed at reducing the computational complexities of non-linear optimization methods of digital image registration for deformation measurement, and passing through 2D image correlation to 3D motion modeling. The preliminary results have illustrated the feasibility of this technique to detect and measure sub-millimeter deformations by performing accurate, sub-pixel image registration.
Changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of winter wheat in response to abiotic stress
Authors: Balla Krisztina , Bencze Szilvia , Bónis Péter , Árendás Tamás , Veisz Ottó
Published: January 2014

The assessment of heat and drought tolerance is of primary importance in breeding programmes designed to improve heat and drought tolerance in cereals. Three winter wheat varieties grown in controlled growth chambers were exposed to heat (H) and drought (D) stress singly and in combination (H+D). The combined effects of H and D stress were much more severe than those of individual treatments for both physiological and yield parameters during grain filling. The chlorophyll content, effective quantum yield of PSII, net assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were greatly reduced by H, D and their interaction. Grain yield decreased to a greater extent (48.3%) in Plainsman V, averaged over the stress treatments, than in Mv Magma (67.8%) and Fatima 2 (53.7%). The least decline was found in grain number, except in Plainsman V. Mv Magma tolerated heat stress better than Fatima 2. In terms of photosynthetic activity, Plainsman V showed better drought tolerance than Mv Magma. The results showed that changes in physiological properties during stress treatment are not always associated with changes in yield parameters, so a combination of methods may be needed to give a more precise picture of the stress tolerance of wheat varieties.
Bevacizumab cured age-related macular degeneration (AMD) via down-regulate TLR2 pathway
Authors: Wang Zhi , Qiao Bao , Li Guo , Li Shi , Wang Li , Dong Ying
Published: January 2014

AMD is the main cause of visual impairment in people over 50 years of age and the most common cause of blindness. In recent years, the use of bevacizumab to treat neovascular AMD has become a preferred treatment in the United States. However, whether bevacozumab is available for RPE or AMD patients is unknown. We firstly indicate that Pam3CSK4 (P3C) activates TLR2 pathway during ARPE-19 apoptosis as determined by western blotting. And then, the expression of MyD88, NF-κB, p-IKK in primary RPE cells from AMD patients is significantly down-regulated after treatment with 50 µg L−1 Bevacizumab. Therefore, our data shows that MyD88 is involved in the TLR2 pathway in ARPE-19 cell apoptosis resulting from Pam3CSK4 (P3C). And more importantly, our findings suggested that Bevacizumab cured age-related macular degeneration (AMD) via down-regulate Toll—like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway in RPE from AMD patients.
Upper Extremity Strength Measurement for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Available Instruments
Authors: Dekkers Koen J.F.M. , Rameckers Eugene A.A. , Smeets Rob J.E.M. , Janssen-Potten Yvonne J.M.
Published: January 2014

Background

In order to make inferences about strength related to development or treatment interventions, it is important to use measurement instruments that have sound clinimetric properties.

Purpose

The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate the level of evidence of the clinimetric properties of instruments for measuring upper extremity muscle strength at the “body functions & structures” level of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) for children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Data Sources

A systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, OTseeker, CINAHL, PEDro, and MEDLINE databases up to November 2012 was performed.

Study Selection

Two independent raters identified and examined studies that reported the use of upper extremity strength measurement instruments and methods for children and adolescents with CP aged 0 to 18 years.

Data Extraction

The COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments) checklist with 4-point rating scale was used by 2 independent raters to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Best evidence synthesis was performed using COSMIN outcomes and the quality of the clinimetric properties.

Data Synthesis

Six different measurement instruments or methods were identified. Test-retest, interrater, and intrarater reliability were investigated. Two test-retest reliability studies were rated as “fair” for the level of evidence. All other studies were rated as “unknown” for the level of evidence.

Limitations

The paucity of literature describing clinimetric properties, especially other than reliability, of upper limb strength measurement instruments for children with CP was a limitation of the study.

Conclusions

For measuring grip strength, the Jamar dynamometer is recommended. For other muscle groups, handheld dynamometry is recommended. Manual muscle testing (MMT) can be used in case of limited (below MMT grade 4) wrist strength or for total upper limb muscle strength. Based on lacking information regarding other clinimetric properties, caution is advised regarding interpretation of the results.
Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL): Reliability and Validity
Authors: Devoogdt Nele , De Groef An , Hendrickx Ad , Damstra Robert , Christiaansen Anke , Geraerts Inge , Vervloesem Nele , Vergote Ignace , Van Kampen Marijke
Published: January 2014

Background

Patients may develop primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired) lymphedema, causing significant physical and psychosocial problems. To plan treatment for lymphedema and monitor a patient's progress, swelling, and problems in functioning associated with lymphedema development should be assessed at baseline and follow-up.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability (test-retest, internal consistency, and measurement variability) and validity (content and construct) of data obtained with the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL).

Design

This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Methods

The Lymph-ICF-LL is a descriptive, evaluative tool containing 28 questions about impairments in function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in patients with lower limb lymphedema. The questionnaire has 5 domains: physical function, mental function, general tasks/household activities, mobility activities, and life domains/social life. The reliability and validity of the Lymph-ICF-LL were examined in 30 participants with objective lower limb lymphedema.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranged from .69 to .94, and Cronbach alpha coefficients for internal consistency ranged from .82 to .97. Measurement variability was acceptable (standard error of measurement=5.9–12.6). Content validity was good because all questions were understandable for 93% of participants, the scoring system (visual analog scale) was clear, and the questionnaire was comprehensive for 90% of participants. Construct validity was good. All hypotheses for assessing convergent validity and divergent validity were accepted.

Limitations

The known-groups validity and responsiveness of the Dutch Lymph-ICF-LL and the cross-cultural validity of the English version of the Lymph-ICF-LL were not investigated.

Conclusions

The Lymph-ICF-LL is a Dutch questionnaire with evidence of reliability and validity for assessing impairments in function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in people with primary or secondary lower limb lymphedema.
Association Between Self-efficacy and Participation in Community-Dwelling Manual Wheelchair Users Aged 50 Years or Older
Authors: Sakakibara Brodie M. , Miller William C. , Routhier François , Backman Catherine L. , Eng Janice J.
Published: January 2014

Background

Self-efficacy with using a wheelchair is an emerging construct in the wheelchair-use literature that may have implications for the participation frequency in social and personal roles of wheelchair users.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and mediated effects of self-efficacy on participation frequency in community-dwelling manual wheelchair users aged 50 years or older.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Methods

Participants were community-dwelling wheelchair users (N=124), 50 years of age or older (mean=59.7 years), with at least 6 months of experience with wheelchair use. The Late-Life Disability Instrument, the Wheelchair Use Confidence Scale, the Life-Space Assessment, and the Wheelchair Skills Test–Questionnaire Version measured participation frequency, self-efficacy, life-space mobility, and wheelchair skills, respectively. Multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping were used to investigate the direct and mediated effects. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was used to guide the analyses.

Results

Self-efficacy was a statistically significant determinant of participation frequency and accounted for 17.2% of the participation variance after controlling for age, number of comorbidities, and social support. The total mediating effect by life-space mobility, wheelchair skills, and perceived participation limitations was statistically significant (point estimate=0.14; bootstrapped 95% confidence interval=0.04, 0.24); however, the specific indirect effect by the wheelchair skills variable did not contribute to the total effect above and beyond the other 2 mediators. The mediated model accounted for 55.0% of the participation variance.

Limitations

Causality cannot be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, and the self-report nature of our data from a volunteer sample may be influenced by measurement bias or social desirability, or both.

Conclusion

Self-efficacy directly and indirectly influences the participation frequency in community-dwelling manual wheelchair users aged 50 years or older. Development of interventions to address low self-efficacy is warranted.
Prevalence and predictors of condom use in a national sample of Canadian university students
Authors: Milhausen Robin R. , McKay Alexander , Graham Cynthia A. , Crosby Richard A. , Yarber William L. , Sanders Stephanie A.
Published: January 2014

Young adult Canadians of university age are highly sexually active compared to other age groups and are at relatively high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is therefore important to comprehensively assess condom use in this age group. In this study, the prevalence and individual predictors of condom use at last penile vaginal intercourse (PVI) were assessed in a national sample of 653 Canadian university students (252 male, 401 female). Overall, less than half of students (47.2%) reported condom use at last PVI. Condom use was higher among men (55.4%) than women (42.3%). For both men and women, the most frequently cited main reason for having used a condom was birth control. In multivariate analyses, the strongest predictor of condom use at last PVI was a preference for condoms as a contraceptive method; specifically, men and women who stated condoms were their preferred method were 9 and 23 times, respectively, more likely to use condoms at last PVI than those who selected another method. Female students who reported that their most recent sexual encounter occurred with a more committed partner (e.g., committed dating versus a hook-up) had slightly lower odds of reporting condom use at last PVI. The results indicated that rates of condom use are low among Canadian university students and that many students are likely at high risk for STI. Interventions to raise awareness of STIs are needed on Canadian university campuses and educational programs should emphasize improving attitudes towards condoms in addition to developing sexual health knowledge and condom use skills.
Differential Returns by Year of Retirement under the Canada Pension Plan
Authors: Godbout Luc , Trudel Yves , St-Cerny Suzie
Published: January 2014

This study examines the realized and projected rates of return for contributors to the Canada Pension Plan from 1968 to 2056. For this purpose, a representative agent was constituted. A steady decline in returns was observed in which the rates of return for the first generation of contributors were markedly higher than those of subsequent generations, primarily on the account of modalities for establishing benefits. The higher contribution rates for subsequent generations also played a role in the lower rates of return observed, but this factor is actually not as important as commonly believed.
The Cost of Government: Decomposing Provincial Expenditures, 1981–2007
Authors: Mou Haizhen , Atkinson Michael M. , Ul-Munim Ata
Published: January 2014

Debates about the size of government, which are often debates about what government should or should not do, need to be joined by a concern for the relative cost of government. Since 1981, the price in the public sector has grown faster than the price for GDP. We decompose the ratio between the price index for the public sector and that for GDP in the Canadian provinces and capture the governments' price advantage/disadvantage in different spending categories. Our analysis shows that governments with lower debt ratios and weaker fiscal rules are more vulnerable to rising costs, particularly during periods of higher commodity prices.
The European Commission as a policy entrepreneur in European migration policy making
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: January 2014

European immigration policy making has often been characterized either as a largely spill-over driven process or as “venue shopping,” a way to escape from the confines of national capitals. This article suggests that success in policy creation hinges crucially on the presence of a policy entrepreneur; while the European Commission faced propitious conditions for acting in this fashion, it did not always manage to do so. Drawing on the creation of key directives on asylum and labor migration as empirical case studies, the argument is developed that only when the European Commission exhibits the core characteristics of successful policy entrepreneurs does it succeed in shaping migration directives.

Spanish
La formulación de la política migratoria europea a menudo se ha caracterizado ya sea como un gran proceso conducido por el desborde (“spillover”), o como un lugar de escape (“venue shopping”) de los confines de capitales nacionales. Este artículo sugiere que el éxito en la creación de políticas se basa esencialmente en la presencia de un emprendedor político, y mientras que la Comisión Europea enfrenta condiciones propicias para actuar de esa manera, no siempre logra hacerlo. Sobre la base de la creación de directivas centrales sobre asilo y migración laboral como casos empíricos de estudio, el argumento se desarrolla cuando la Comisión Europea presenta las características esenciales de un emprendedor político y logra éxitos en la conformación de las directivas de migración.

French
L'élaboration de la politique migratoire européenne a souvent été caractérisée comme un processus piloté par spillover ou encore comme « venue shopping » d'évasion aux confins des capitales nationales. Cet article suggère que le succès de l'élaboration d'une politique dépend crucialement de la présence d'un entrepreneur politique ; et que, bien que la Commission européenne ait eu des conditions favorables pour agir dans ce sens, elle ne l'a pas toujours fait. S'appuyant sur la création des directives clés en matière d'asile et de la circulation de la main-d'œuvre comme sur des études de cas empiriques, l'argument ici développé montre que ce n'est que lorsque la Commission européenne aura réuni avec succès les qualités de base relatives à l'entrepreneuriat politique qu'elle parviendra à modeler les directives européennes sur la migration
The World Social Forum on Migrations 2012: Consolidating efforts towards an equitable society
Authors: Espinosa Shirlita Africa
Published: January 2014

From the back alleys of Madrid to the financial capital of Singapore, the migration of peoples either to flee persecution or to pursue a high-stakes transnational job is a global phenomenon. One may even say that the one permanent presence these days is a temporary migrant. The mobility of workers—and the mobility that characterizes the social world in which they live—has always had an economic interpretation manifesting in the antagonism of locals against labor migrants. The issue of migration and the attendant discourses of citizenship, social cohesion, population, resource sharing, employment, criminality, and cultural differences, to mention a few, are a common specter often raised for political maneuvering. To use the migrant subject as a scapegoat for sundry social and economic ills of the “host” society—a term that perpetuates the stereotype of the migrant as parasitical, thus, creating a fitting formula for those who hold power—is integral to the production of their subjectivity as an unwanted sector of a society. Nevertheless, the centrality of migration today in the creation of wealth in advanced economies is very much tied to the role that migrants play in the development strategies of their own nations. Through the billions of dollars transferred through remi􀄴 ances, migration is regarded as the vehicle of development for countries in the South. But if exporting cheap and temporary labor remains inexpensive as it continues to support the growth of industrialized countries both in the manufacturing and service sectors, including the domestic and affective spheres of the home, then how does migration specifically drive the development of sending countries?
Evaluation of Hepatic Tissue Blood Flow Using Xenon Computed Tomography with Fibrosis Progression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Comparison with Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Shigefuku Ryuta , Takahashi Hideaki , Kato Masaki , Yoshida Yoshihito , Suetani Keigo , Noguchi Yohei , Hatsugai Moriaki , Nakahara Kazunari , Ikeda Hiroki , Kobayashi Minoru , Matsunaga Kotaro , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Okuse Chiaki , Itoh Fumio , Maeyama Shiro , Sase Shigeru , Suzuki Michihiro
Published: January 2014

Aims: The present study evaluated the utility of xenon computed tomography (Xe-CT) as a noninvasive diagnostic procedure for the measurement of hepatic tissue blood flow (TBF) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or chronic hepatitis C (CH-C). Methods: Xe-CT was performed in 93 patients with NAFLD and in 109 patients with CH-C. Subjects were classified into one of three groups, based on fibrosis stage: group 1, no bridging fibrosis; group 2, bridging fibrosis; and group 3, liver cirrhosis. Correlations between hepatic TBFs in each fibrosis stage were examined. Results: In group 1, portal venous TBF (PVTBF), hepatic arterial (HATBF), and total hepatic TBF (THTBF) were significantly lower in patients with in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than in those with CH-C (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively). In group 2, PVTBF and THTBF were significantly lower in patients with in NASH than in those with CH-C (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). In group 3, hepatic TBFs were not significantly different when comparing patients with NASH and those with CH-C. Conclusions: PVTBF decreased due to fat infiltration. Therefore, hemodynamic changes occur relatively earlier in NAFLD than in CH-C. Patients with NASH should be monitored carefully for portal hypertensive complications in the early fibrosis stage.
Les Psaumes traduits par Milton : de l’exercice de style au « mythe personnel»
Authors: Pironon Jean
Published: January 2014

Comme de nombreux prédécesseurs, Milton a adapté ou traduit les Psaumes à trois reprises. Les deux premières adaptations (1624 : Psaumes 114 et 136), sont généralement considérées comme des exercices

effectués par un élève doué à partir du grec des Septantes. Il n’en est pas

de même de ses traductions des Psaumes 80-88 (1648) et 1-8 (1653), dont la thématique, la rhétorique et les images révèlent chez le poète deux visées complémentaires : fidélité sentimentale et idéologique à l’original, et en même temps élaboration d’un style poétique unique, imité de l’hébreu, qui connaîtra son plein développement dans Le Paradis perdu, Samson Agonistes et Le Paradis reconquis. Si complète est l’implication

de Milton dans les psaumes qu’il réécrit que le texte offre de lui-même une image mythique : celle du poète-prophète aveugle, déjà décelée par certains critiques dans Le Paradis perdu. Ce serait là le rôle qu’il

entendrait jouer dans la Nation anglaise réformée. Pour intéressant qu’il soit, ce point de vue doit être nuancé, si l’on ne veut pas tomber dans une

interprétation simplifiante des Psaumes miltoniens.
Israël, un modèle pour l’Angleterre du XVIIe siècle ?
Authors: Herrmann Frédéric
Published: January 2014

One of the classical themes of seventeenth century English historiography is the identification of Puritans with the people of the «Holy Book». The Old Testament heritage nurtured England’s sense of

herself as being alternatively a Protestant community chosen by God, a Republic and a national community. Nevertheless, within the space of one century, the dangerously revolutionary statement of the first Puritans - that Israel could be seen as a model for modern states- ended up being denied by Spinoza, the first beacon of the Enlightenment era in Europe. As the examples of Cunaeus (an influential Dutchman in England), Selden or Harrington tend to demonstrate, it would in fact seem that the extended study of Biblical materials, which had been so much encouraged by the Reformation, triggered a process of «secularisation» and «desacralisation» of these very materials. The many English political theories about the «Republic of Hebrews» bear testimony to this idea.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis D Patients with Pegylated Interferon: A Real-World Experience
Authors: Abbas Zaigham , Memon Mohammad S , Mithani Hammad , Jafri Wasim , Hamid Saeed
Published: January 2014

Background

Published experience of treating chronic hepatitis D patients with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of 48 weeks of treatment with PEG-IFN in naive patients outside the clinical trial setting, in the real world.

Methods

Patients with chronic hepatitis D were treated with PEG-IFN. The primary end points were sustained clearance of HDV RNA and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at 24 weeks post-treatment.

Results

The total number of patients treated with PEG-IFN was 104; 91 males, mean age ±sd 30.1 ±10.0 years (range 15–55). Cirrhosis was present in 41 patients. With an intention-to-treat analysis, end of treatment virological response (ETR) was achieved in 44 (42.3%), normalization of ALT in 38 (35%) and a combined response in 23 (22.1%) patients. Sustained virological response (SVR) at 24 weeks post-treatment was seen in 24 (23.1%) patients each for the virological and bio-chemical responses and in 13 (12.5%) as combined response. Both ETR and SVR were associated with a negative HDV RNA at 24 weeks of treatment ( P=0.001 and P=0.000, respectively). Detectable HDV RNA at this point had a positive predictive value of 0.95 (range 0.85–0.99) for detectable RNA at 6 months post-treatment. End of treatment biological response, that is, normal ALT at the end of treatment was also a predictor of ETR and SVR ( P=0.004 and P=0.041, respectively).

Conclusions

Treatment with PEG-IFN for hepatitis D is of limited efficacy. Detectable HDV RNA at 24 weeks of treatment is a predictor for a failed SVR.
Les moniales cisterciennes dans le Maine médiéval
Authors: Baury Ghislain
Published: January 2014

Le chartrier médiéval de l’abbaye de Bonlieu, méconnu mais plutôt riche, révèle l’existence d’une relation exclusive de patronage entre le lignage du fondateur, le sénéchal d’Anjou Guillaume des Roches, et la communauté pendant quatre générations, entre 1219 et le début du xive siècle. Le monastère lui servit avant tout de mausolée personnel. Dans ce contexte, les relations institutionnelles avec l’ordre cistercien demeurèrent ténues, limitées à des contacts informels entre Bonlieu et d’autres abbayes féminines ou masculines. Le chapitre général de Cîteaux ne commença pas à intervenir dans les affaires de la communauté avant la fin du patronage des descendants de Guillaume des Roches, et il connut de grandes difficultés pour affirmer son autorité. Le temporel de l’institution resta longtemps marqué par les choix de son fondateur, qui l’avait exclusivement dotée de rentes de manière à la rendre dépendante de la bonne volonté des patrons. En cela, elle se distinguait de la théorie de l’économie cistercienne mais aussi des pratiques observées dans les abbayes masculines contemporaines. Progressivement cependant, elle se dota localement d’un petit patrimoine foncier.
Les missions d’Adam de Perseigne, émissaire de Rome et de Cîteaux (1190-1221)
Authors: Maillet Laurent
Published: January 2014

Adam succède en 1188 à Érard et devient le second abbé de Perseigne, fille de Cîteaux et première abbaye cistercienne du Maine fondée en 1145 par Guillaume Talvas, comte de Ponthieu et d’Alençon. Durant son abbatiat (1188-1221), Adam apparaît comme l’un des chefs de file de Cîteaux et sa réputation dépasse largement le cadre de son ordre. L’abbé de Perseigne est un maître spirituel qui jouit d’une grande autorité, comme le prouve son abondante correspondance et ses illustres destinataires. C’est notamment cette haute réputation qui lui vaut d’être appelé par Rome ou Cîteaux pour remplir des missions délicates. Au regard de la personnalité d’Adam de Perseigne, de ses réseaux d’influence, et plus particulièrement des liens qu’il entretient avec Richard Cœur de Lion et Innocent III, cet article vise à expliquer pourquoi Rome et Cîteaux ont eu recours à ses bons offices.
Clairmont et sa fille, Fontaine-Daniel : deux fondations claravalliennes dans le Bas-Maine (1150-1204)
Authors: Ladurée Jean-René
Published: January 2014

L’étude de deux fondations claravalliennes du
Bas-Maine – Clairmont et sa fille Fontaine-Daniel – permet d’envisager
les différents processus qui aboutissent à la naissance des abbayes
cisterciennes. Elle fait apparaître l’ambiguïté même de ces
fondations, motivées autant par des raisons politiques, puisqu’il
s’agit d’un acte seigneurial qui vient s’intégrer dans le contexte
politique comtal général, que par des raisons religieuses. Les acteurs
de la fondation appartiennent d’ailleurs à ces deux sphères. Si
l’évêque semble être un élément moteur dans la promotion de l’ordre de
Cîteaux dans le Maine, il ne faut pas faire abstraction d’un pacte
tacite qui lie les dynasties seigneuriales locales aux institutions
religieuses et qui trouve son paroxysme dans l’édification de
véritables nécropoles familiales. Enfin, l’implantation des nouveaux
établissements est un subtil compromis entre les attentes des moines
et le désir du seigneur fondateur de contrôler un espace en marge de
ses possessions. Tous ces aspects rappellent la complexité des
fondations abbatiales.
Le pouvoir royal et les ligueurs de Tours (1589-1598)
Authors: Caillou François
Published: January 2014

Pendant les guerres de Religion, les Tourangeaux,
souvent présentés de façon caricaturale comme de fervents partisans
des rois légitimes, sont en fait profondément divisés. Une part
importante de la population soutient la cause des Guises, ce que les
autorités locales ont par la suite cherché à occulter. Dès 1584, le
parti de l’Union est solidement implanté à Tours, avec à sa tête un
fidèle partisan des princes lorrains : le président du siège présidial
Gilles Duverger. Par trois fois au cours de l’année 1589, ces
« ligueurs de l’intérieur » tentent de prendre le contrôle de la
ville. Malgré une sévère répression, l’organisation ne désarme pas :
agissant dans la clandestinité à partir de mai 1589, elle reste une
menace jusqu’en 1594, voire 1597. C’est ainsi qu’en 1591, le réseau
ligueur organise l’évasion du jeune duc de Guise, retenu prisonnier au
château de Tours. Régulièrement, les autorités appréhendent des
suspects, procèdent à des perquisitions, font traduire en justice des
provocateurs, des espions infiltrés et des comploteurs. Grâce à des
sources jusqu’ici non exploitées comme les autorisations de
réinstallation octroyées par le corps de ville de Tours aux ligueurs
repentis et le registre de comptes du fermier des biens des rebelles
saisis par le pouvoir royal, il est possible d’identifier les
principaux acteurs du mouvement et d’envisager l’étude de ses membres
sous l’angle de la prosopographie. Ainsi, les origines sociales, les
professions ou fonctions, la situation matrimoniale, les liens de
parenté ou de clientèle existant entre les uns et les autres, parfois
même le niveau de fortune de ces individus peuvent être mis en
lumière : autant d’indications qui permettent de mieux cerner leurs
motivations et leur mode opératoire.
Des villes en guerre au XVIIIe siècle : les villes bretonnes face à la menace britannique (v. 1689-v. 1783)
Authors: Hopkin David , Lagadec Yann , Perréon Stéphane
Published: January 2014

Au XVIIIe siècle, alors que les conflits
militaires se déroulent en dehors du territoire français, ne menaçant
guère que ses frontières, le littoral breton demeure périodiquement
dans la crainte des attaques britanniques. Toutes les villes de
Bretagne sont susceptibles de contribuer à la défense côtière mais
seules quelques-unes – parmi lesquelles les principaux ports de la
province – sont réellement menacées, même si des rumeurs infondées
sèment à l’occasion la panique à Nantes ou Rennes. En situation
d’alerte, les responsables municipaux et la population prennent, en
accord avec les autorités militaires, des mesures défensives allant de
la collecte des informations à une mobilisation de la milice
bourgeoise en armes. Lorsque survient un siège, comme à Lorient en
1746, la prééminence revient à l’armée réglée, contrainte néanmoins,
compte tenu de sa faible importance numérique, d’associer la
population à la défense de la cité, qu’il s’agisse des citadins mais
également des ruraux des environs. Assurément, l’état d’esprit des
populations urbaines du littoral breton est particulier, sans
traduire, cependant, un patriotisme exacerbé.
Travaux publics et libertés locales dans la Bretagne du XVIIIe siècle. L’exemple de Châteaubriant (1724-1789)
Authors: Levasseur Aurelle
Published: January 2014

Au XVIIIe siècle, en dépit de la politique royale de centralisation menée par l'intermédiaire des intendants, certaines communautés bretonnes conservent le contrôle de leurs travaux publics. Elles y parviennent en instrumentalisant les deux modes de réalisation des travaux alors existants. L'adjudication, définie depuis le Moyen Âge, consiste à mettre en concurrence des entrepreneurs. Le choix final s'impose à la communauté qui contracte avec le moins disant. La réglementation de cette procédure au XVIIe siècle l'avait placée sous le contrôle direct de l'intendant. Le travail par économie est moins encadré et n'a pas reçu de définition officielle. L'expression renvoie indistinctement à une manière de conduire des travaux et à un procédé juridique susceptible de variations suivant les territoires. Pour le corps de ville de Châteaubriant, qui est le cas d'espèce étudié dans cet article, mais aussi pour les états de Bretagne, construire par économie signifie que la direction des travaux sera confiée à un commissaire choisi parmi les membres du corps municipal ou des états. Il reçoit la confiance de ses pairs et de ce fait, dispose d'une grande liberté de décision et d'action, pouvant même engager les finances de la communauté. À partir des années 1730, les états de Bretagne refusent explicitement d'utiliser l'adjudication au profit du travail par économie, afin d'évincer l'intendant de la matière des Grands Chemins. De son côté, le corps de ville de Châteaubriant a fait disparaître la distinction fondamentale existant entre l'adjudication et l'économie, en dénaturant la procédure de l'adjudication de façon à conserver la liberté du choix de l'entrepreneur.
Estado social e alimentação escolar: criatividade na austeridade
Authors: Truninger Mónica , Teixeira José , Horta Ana , Alexandre Sílvia , Silva Vanda A. da
Published: January 2014

Em Portugal, a crise económica tem afetado vários grupos da população, em especial os mais vulneráveis, e obrigado a reconfigurar os serviços sociais prestados pelo Estado. Com base num estudo sobre alimentação escolar, examina-se o modo através do qual a retração do Estado Social está a interferir na sustentabilidade das redes de provisão alimentar na escola pública e, concomitantemente, a reconfigurar a sua eficácia através de ‘arranjos’ criativos das autarquias, da comunidade escolar e de parcerias com outras redes de provisão. O caso das refeições escolares públicas oferece uma pertinente entrada para examinar as atuais tensões e reconfigurações de “arranjos” institucionais criativos das várias redes de provisão alimentar em situação de crise económica. Conclui-se que, apesar da atual fragilização do Estado Social, o Estado – tanto na sua vertente mais centralizadora como descentralizadora – continua a manter uma posição central como facilitador do acesso à alimentação escolar através do recurso a arranjos institucionais criativos, os quais tentam colmatar, na medida do possível, os efeitos da crise económica e das políticas de teor neoliberal.