bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tectonic control on sedimentation during transgression: a case
study from Silurian successions in Ireland and Scotland
Authors: O'CONNOR P. D. , WILLIAMS D. M.
Published: July 2002

The Silurian succession of North Galway is relatively well constrained
in terms of environmental
analysis and, in its lower half, palaeontologically. The initiation of
a late Llandovery marine
transgression can be demonstrated over fluviatile red sandstones. The deposition
of shallow-water
conglomerates at the base of a turbidite sequence within the succession
indicates the long-lived presence
of a channel system that was probably fault controlled. The back-stripping
method allows a subsidence
curve to be constructed for this succession. It demonstrates an initial
period of rapid
rift-related subsidence followed by a short-lived hiatus that may be due
to the cessation of subduction
in this part of the Caledonides. A comparison of the Galway subsidence
curve with that of the
Silurian succession at Girvan in Scotland shows strong, but diachronous,
similarities. This tends to
support an earlier suggestion that they formed part of a single but partitioned
basin throughout most
of the Silurian period. Although the eustatic fall in sea level at the
Llandovery–Wenlock boundary can
be recognized, the influence of tectonic regime and sedimentation rates
were the controlling factors in
determining relative sea levels.
Homology and cohomology groups of commutative
Banach algebras and analytic polydiscs
Authors: Pugach L.
I. , White M.
C.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we deduce the existence of analytic
structure in a neighbourhood of a maximal ideal M in the
spectrum of a commutative Banach algebra, A, from homological
assumptions. We assume properties of certain of the cohomology groups
H^n(A,A/M), rather than the stronger conditions on the
homological dimension of the maximal ideal the first author has considered in
previous papers. The conclusion is correspondingly weaker: in the previous work
one deduces the existence of a Gel'fand neighbourhood with analytic structure,
here we deduce only the existence of a metric neighbourhood with analytic
structure. The main method is to consider products of certain co-cycles to deduce
facts about the symmetric second cohomology, which is known to be related to the
deformation theory of algebras.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 46J20, 46M20.
Supplementation in groups
Authors: Kappe Luise-Charlotte , Kirtland Joseph
Published: July 2002

In
this paper, groups are investigated in which all subgroups, all normal subgroups,
or all characteristic subgroups have a proper supplement. This supplement can be
either an arbitrary subgroup, a normal or a characteristic subgroup, resulting in
nine classes of groups. Properties of these classes are studied such as
containment and closure properties, and characterizations for several of these
classes are given.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 20E34, Secondary 20E15.
Reflective subcategories
Authors: Rada Juan , Saorín Manuel , del Valle Alberto
Published: July 2002

Given a full subcategory
[Fscr ] of a category [Ascr ], the existence
of left [Fscr ]-approximations (or
[Fscr ]-preenvelopes) completing diagrams in a unique way is
equivalent to the fact that [Fscr ] is reflective in
[Ascr ], in the classical terminology of category
theory.

In the first part of the paper we establish, for a rather general
[Ascr ], the relationship between reflectivity and covariant
finiteness of [Fscr ] in [Ascr ], and
generalize Freyd's adjoint functor theorem (for inclusion functors) to not
necessarily complete categories. Also, we study the good behaviour of reflections
with respect to direct limits. Most results in this part are dualizable, thus
providing corresponding versions for coreflective subcategories.

In the
second half of the paper we give several examples of reflective subcategories of
abelian and module categories, mainly of subcategories of the form Copres
(M) and Add (M). The second case covers the
study of all covariantly finite, generalized Krull-Schmidt subcategories of
{\rm Mod}_{R}, and has some connections with the
“pure-semisimple conjecture”.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 18A40, 16D90, 16E70.
The dimension of a primitive interior G-algebra
Authors: BARKER LAURENCE
Published: July 2002

We give the residue class, modulo a certain power of p, for the dimension of a primitive interior G-algebra in terms of the dimension of the source algebra. To illustrate, we improve a theorem of Brauer on the dimension of a block algebra.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND RACISM: AMBIVALENT SIGNATURES OF MODERNITY
Authors: WENDEHORST STEPHAN
Published: July 2002

Nazism and German society. 1933–1945. Edited by

David F. Crew. (Rewriting Histories.)

London/New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. xi + 316. £11.99.

The Holocaust and the liberal imagination. A social and cultural

history. By Tony Kushner.

(Jewish Society and Culture.) Oxford/Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. Pp.
xx + 366.

£14.99.

The Zionist ideology. By Gideon Shimoni. (The Tauber

Institute for the Study of

European Jewry Series, 21.) Hanover/London: University Press of New
England for

Brandeis University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi + 506. £46.95.

American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust. By Melvin I.

Urofsky. Lincoln/London:

University of Nebraska Press, 1995. Pp. xv + 538. $15.00.
‘TALKING POLITICS’: TYRANNY, PARLIAMENT, AND CHRISTOPHER

BROOKE'S THE GHOST OF RICHARD THE THIRD (1614)
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN MICHELLE
Published: July 2002

The career of the MP and poet Christopher Brooke, in particular
his The ghost of
Richard the third (1614) and his activity in the 1614 ‘addled’

parliament, forms the basis of this
study of Jacobean political culture. Brooke's career foregrounds the

close interaction of political and
literary cultures in the period; he was a leading member of the political
circle,
the ‘Sireniacs’, which
had strong parliamentary ties, and was one of the Inns of Court-based
‘oppositional’ Spenserian
poets. Together with his fellow ‘Sireniac’ MPs, Brooke
vehemently opposed the definition of
impositions as the domain of absolute rather than ordinary powers of
the crown because of the threat
this posed to the rights of parliament and the subject. The ghost of

Richard the third provides an
example of parliamentary debates entering a wider print culture, where
impositions merged with
broader civic issues. Political language in this period was not confined

to the realms of high theory and
Brooke's poem illustrates the complex mediation of political
discourses through literary forms. A
humanist discourse of tyranny provided Brooke with a coded language,
enabling him to articulate his
concern for the health of the commonwealth and to address areas of
ideological conflict in early Stuart political culture.
LILIANE KARNOUK, Contemporary Egyptian Art (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1995). Pp. 137.
Authors: Winegar Jessica
Published: July 2002

Studies of contemporary visual art in the Middle East are scarce compared with the vast literature on historical Islamic arts. In the past ten years, however, several notable books and articles have featured this important but under-recognized realm of visual culture in the region. These recent works often examine the ways in which art reflects social trends such as nationalism and struggles for religious identity. Karnouk's book is a worthy introduction to the world of contemporary art in Egypt, and is the first major English-language book of its kind on the subject (see also Wijdan Ali, Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity [Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997]). Contemporary Egyptian Art is a sequel to Karnouk's earlier Modern Egyptian Art: The Emergence of a National Style (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1988), in which she outlined the prominent artists and styles of the first half-century of the modern art movement within the context of Egyptian nationalism. This recent book picks up from the 1952 revolution and presents the major trends in art since that time while offering possible socio-political explanations for these trends.
SAFAVID IRAN'S SEARCH FOR SILVER AND GOLD
Authors: Floor Willem , Clawson Patrick
Published: July 2002

Safavid Iran's foreign trade is usually described as the highly profitable export of silk to Europe. That is at best an incomplete description. One problem is that it focuses on only one side of the trade (exports) rather than looking at both sides. Taken to its extreme, the usual story could make Iranians look like mad mercantilists determined to export without thinking much about what they got in return, while Europeans could look like crazed consumers so eager for Iranian silk that they would buy without thinking about the bill. At the very least, an account of trade should examine what is going in each direction, not just at what one side exports and the other side imports. That is one major lacuna of the usual story. Another is that it concentrates on Iranian–European trade without as much attention to Iranian trade with other areas. Safavid Iran's trade with Europe can be understood only in the context of its overall trade, for only in that context can we know whether Europe was an important market or an incidental one.
The Colonial Experience in Education: Historical Issues and

Perspectives. Edited by ANTONIO NÓVOA,

MARC DEPAEPE, ERWIN V.

JOHANNINGMEIER. (Pedagogica Historica: Supplementary

Series, Vol. 1.) Gent: CSHP, 1995. Pp. 382. Belg. Fr. 1200

(ISSN 0030-9230; ISBN 90-800947-3-6).
Authors: HARGREAVES JOHN D.
Published: July 2002

This special issue of Pedagogica Historica, a journal

published from the University of Gent, presents a selection of

eighteen papers from an international conference on the history of

education held in Lisbon in 1993. The texts are in English and French,

although there are no contributors from France or Britain. The

contributions deal with general themes and European backgrounds as

well as colonial experience. Six which relate to Africa will be

briefly described here.
RELOCATING MAJI MAJI:
THE POLITICS OF ALLIANCE AND AUTHORITY IN
THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS OF TANZANIA, 1870–1918
Authors: MONSON JAMIE
Published: July 2002

In the summer of 1995, I was hiking in the Uluguru mountains above
Morogoro in Tanzania when I met an old man on the path. He was carrying
a load of wood poles on his head, and we stopped to talk. I was curious
about
the visible deforestation on the mountainside, and asked him about the
changing forest cover. He told me the following story.
Hydrogen sulphide emission from two large pig-finishing buildings with long-term high-frequency measurements
Authors: NI J.-Q. , HEBER A. J. , LIM T. T. , DIEHL C. A. , DUGGIRALA R. K. , HAYMORE B. L.
Published: July 2002

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a common toxic air pollutant and is emitted from decomposing manure at animal facilities. However, there have been only a few studies of H2S emissions from animal buildings, especially those involving long-term, high-frequency measurements. In the current study, H2S emissions from two, 1000-head pig-finishing buildings in Illinois, USA, were monitored with a high-frequency measurement system for 6 months in 1997 during two, partial, pig-growth cycles. Air sample streams were continuously taken from the pit headspace, and the pit and wall fan exhaust air. Hydrogen sulphide concentration was measured at each location with H2S converters and sulphur dioxide (SO2) analysers during 16 or 24 sampling cycles per day, resulting in 4544 sampling cycles and 219 days of reliable data. Building ventilation rate was the summation of pit fan and wall fan airflow rates. Airflow rates of the underfloor manure pit fans were measured directly with full-size impeller anemometers or calculated from airflow/voltage relationships of the fans. Airflow rates of the wall fans were calculated from fan operation and differential static pressure data and fan performance curves. Mean H2S emission was 0·59 kg/day per building, 0·74 g/day per m2 of pit surface area, or 6·3 g/day per animal unit (AU = 500 kg animal weight). The determination of H2S emission per AU was restricted to 193 days when building occupancy was at least 700 pigs per building. Higher temperatures and building ventilation rates resulted in significantly higher H2S emissions per AU.
Nitrate leaching and growth of cereal crops following cultivation of contrasting temporary grasslands
Authors: ERIKSEN J.
Published: July 2002

Intensive dairy farming with low N use efficiencies may have adverse environmental impact through nitrate leaching. The residual effects of six different temporary grasslands (1994–96) on yield and nitrate leaching in the following cereal crops (1997–99) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland. The grasslands were unfertilized grass–clover and fertilized ryegrass subject to cutting or continuous grazing by dairy cows with two levels of N in feed supplements. In the first year there was sufficient residual effect of the grazed grasslands to obviate the need for supplementary fertilizer, but in the following years gradually more fertilizer N was required to obtain optimal yields. Nitrate leaching decreased as a function of time after cultivation of grassland, but grassland management had little effect on the subsequent nitrate leaching (6 to 36 kg N/ha in unfertilized plots). Application of cattle slurry to cereals influenced nitrate leaching more than the history of the grassland and caused the annual mean nitrate concentration to exceed the EU Drinking Water Directive upper limit in most cases. Presumably, large differences in N-input during the grassland phase of the crop rotation had relatively little effect on the subsequent N release because of variable N losses during grazing. Possibilities for further improvement of the utilization of grassland N following cultivation are limited when the current knowledge has been implemented. If the N use efficiency of dairy farming systems is to be further improved the utilization of N during the pasture phase is crucial.
Gender Slurs in Boston's Partisan Press During the 1840s
Authors: ZBORAY RONALD J. , ZBORAY MARY SARACINO
Published: July 2002

During the height of the 1840 presidential campaign season, the
Democratic editor, Charles Gordon Greene, printed in his Boston Morning
Post the following lampoon of the September 10 Bunker Hill Whig
Convention: “ ‘Madam, I am astonished that you do not wave your
handkerchief; I thought that the women were all whigs,’ said a gentleman
to a lady while the procession was passing by them on Thursday. ‘You are
mistaken, sir,’ was the answer – ‘the whigs are all women.’ ” Greene
efficiently slung this partisan mud at the 80,000 men and women who
demonstrated their support for the Whigs at the gathering. The editor
fastened upon the opposition's previous pronouncement that “ ‘The
Ladies are all Whigs’ ” and inverted it to effeminize men who would vote for William Henry Harrison. “The Whigs are all women,” “Colonel”
Greene now declared. On this page of one of Boston's most widely read
dailies, the gender of both Whig men and women was questioned and
distinctions between them became blurred in unflattering ways. Greene
thus defiled both sexes with one swift printed gesture.
Representative Mann: Horace Mann, the Republican Experiment and the
South
Authors: GRANT SUSAN-MARY C.
Published: July 2002

Northern reactions to the antebellum South can only be
fully understood
in the context of northern concerns for the future of the American
republican experiment, which was at base the search for an American
national identity. Central to antebellum concerns in this regard was the

issue of freedom in a nation which yet retained slave labour. In the
nineteenth century, the belief in freedom was, in Fred Somkin's words,

“the res Americana, the matter of America.” In the
decades preceding the
Civil War, however, North and South came to hold very different ideas of

what freedom meant, and what it entailed. In time, northern concerns
over slavery and the society that relied upon it found political expression

in what Eric Foner termed the “Republican critique of the South.”
This
critique was not focussed on slavery alone but on the South as a whole;

its society, culture, industry, and intellectual achievements. It was both
an
attack on the South and an affirmation of northern superiority.
Ultimately, it was a sectional message with national ambitions.
The “matter of America” became the matter of the North. How
this
happened, however, has never been adequately explained.

This essay seeks to shed some light on the background to the
“Republican critique” by looking in particular at the career
of Horace
Mann of Massachusetts, specifically at his brief period in Congress
(1848–52) during which he adopted an increasingly confrontational
stand
toward slavery and the South.
Standardized reaction times used to describe the mechanism of enzyme-induced gelation in whey protein systems
Authors: IPSEN RICHARD , OTTE JEANETTE , LOMHOLT STIG B. , QVIST KARSTEN B.
Published: July 2002

Whey protein isolate (WPI), either untreated or pretreated at 80 °C for
30 min, was incubated with a proteinase from Bacillus licheniformis until a gel was
formed. Standardized reaction times, directly linked to the degree of hydrolysis, were
obtained from plots of the relative amount of peptides released v. reaction time
obtained under different conditions (enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, NaCl
addition). This provided a connection between the gelation profile and the degree of
hydrolysis. In the case of untreated WPI, gelation occurred at lower degrees of
proteolysis when the enzyme concentration was decreased, demonstrating that a
rate-limiting aggregation process occurred at the same time as the proteolysis in a
manner similar to the renneting of milk. This was not the case for preheated WPI,
when gelation was found to take place at a constant degree of proteolysis,
independent of the enzyme concentration. In this case, the mechanism could be
described by assuming the thermally induced aggregates present in this substrate
had progressively more stabilizing peptide segments shaved off, resulting in increased
attraction between individual aggregates that ultimately led to gelation. Results
obtained at 40–60 °C supported this, as we found no effect of temperature on the
degree of proteolysis at gelation for the untreated WPI, whereas the degree of
proteolysis decreased with increasing temperature when heated WPI was hydrolysed.
The effect of pH and NaCl addition on the process was to reduce repulsion between
the aggregating species so that gelation was induced at a decreased degree of
proteolysis.
Immune enhancement conferred by oral delivery of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in different milk-based substrates
Authors: GILL HARSHARNJIT S. , RUTHERFURD KAY J.
Published: July 2002

The probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 is known to enhance immunity in animal models, following oral delivery. In this study, we investigated the immunoenhancing effects of HN001 delivered to mice in different milk-based substrates, including: whole (full-fat) milk supplemented with HN001; fermented milk supplemented with HN001; or whole milk which had been part-fermented by HN001. Direct oral feeding of mice with HN001 in whole milk was shown to enhance the phagocytic activity of blood and peritoneal cells. Similar effects on phagocytosis were observed when HN001 was offered to mice in the form of a milk- or fermented milk-based diet. The degree of immune enhancement conferred by HN001 was similar whether the probiotic was used as an additive or as a fermentative agent. These studies confirm that Lb. rhamnosus HN001, derived originally from dairy food, enhances immune function following oral delivery in different milk bases.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the ornithine
decarboxylase locus associated with milk protein yield in Holsteins
Authors: YAO JIANBO , AGGREY SAMUEL E. , ZADWORNY DAVID , KÜHNLEIN URS , HAYES J. FLAN
Published: July 2002

Marker-assisted selection may provide the opportunity to make significant

genetic gains in the improvement of economically important traits in livestock

(Soller & Beckmann, 1983; Smith & Simpson, 1986). Implementation
of this
approach will first require identification of candidate genes or anonymous
gene
markers associated with the traits of interest. Candidate genes are those
with a
known relationship between physiological or biochemical processes and an

economically important trait. In dairy cattle, genes associated with mammary
gland
growth, development and function are excellent candidate genes for milk
production
traits.

The polyamines are low molecular mass polycations that influence cell

proliferation and growth (Tabor & Tabor, 1984; Pegg, 1986). Ornithine
decarboxylase
(ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) catalyses the conversion of ornithine to putrescine,
the
rate-limiting step in polyamine biosynthesis (Pegg, 1986). The level of
ODC is
induced in quiescent cells exposed to a wide variety of stimuli such as
growth
hormone, corticosteroids, testosterone and growth factors (Tabor &
Tabor, 1984).
There is ample evidence that growth factors influence morphogenesis and

differentiation of the mammary gland (Imagawa et al. 1994). Trophic
hormones that
are associated with lactation, such as prolactin and growth hormone, are
also
required to induce differentiation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (Huynh
et al.
1991; Flint & Gardner, 1994), and both mitogenic and lactogenic effects
of prolactin,
insulin and hydrocortisone appear to be mediated through the polyamine
pathway
(Rillema et al. 1977; Bedford & Zadworny, 1990; Golden &

Rillema, 1993). Strange
et al. (1992) have shown that ODC is involved in synthesis of
a milk component; ODC
has elevated expression in the lactating mammary gland, which declines
sharply
after weaning. It is therefore possible that particular variants of ODC
could be
associated with increased mammary gland function and thus influence milk
related traits.

The objectives of the present study were to estimate allelic frequencies
of ODC
polymorphisms in Holstein bulls and to evaluate further the genotypic effects
of
ODC variants on milk production traits.
Distribution of plasminogen activator forms in different fractions
of
buffalo milk
Authors: FANTUZ FRANCESCO , BALDI ANTONELLA , DELL'ORTO VITTORIO , POLIDORI FRANCO , SGOIFO ROSSI CARLO , POLITIS IOANNIS , HEEGAARD CHRISTIAN W.
Published: July 2002

In Italy buffalo milk is an important animal product utilized solely
for the
manufacture of Mozzarella cheese. Of an estimated population of 200000
buffalo
there are ∼25000 controlled animals. The average milk production, expressed
over
270 d lactation, is 2000 kg/head with average fat and protein contents

of 82·6 and 46·4 g/l respectively (Associazione Italiana
Allevatori,
1996). In recent years there
has been a steady increase in the number of dairy buffalo replacing dairy
cows as a
consequence of the European Union quota system.

The cheesemaking qualities of milk depend on many factors, the most
important
of which are the concentrations of intact casein and fat. Milk in which
casein has been
broken down by proteolytic enzymes is of less value to cheese manufacturers
(Lucey
& Kelly, 1994). Plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7), the most important endogenous
milk
proteinase, occurs in milk together with its inactive proenzyme, plasminogen
(Schaar
& Funke, 1986). Plasmin hydrolyses αs-casein and
β-casein, although κ-casein has
been reported to be resistant (Fox, 1981). However, Andrews & Alichanidis
(1983)
found κ-casein to be hydrolysed quite rapidly by plasmin. Plasmin
activity is higher
in mastitic than normal milk (Bastian & Brown, 1996). Stage of lactation
affects
plasmin activity: late lactation is associated with higher concentrations
of plasmin
(Gilmore et al. 1995; Baldi et al. 1996). Thus,
plasmin could be a major problem in
herds with seasonal breeding such as buffalo, which progress through lactation
in
synchrony and are therefore at a similar stage of lactation at a given
time.

The cascade of reactions leading to plasminogen activation is regulated
by a
complex network of molecular interactions between plasminogen activators
(PA;
EC 3.4.21.31) and at least three types of specific PA inhibitors (PAI-1;
PAI-2;
PAI-3; Saksela, 1985; Politis, 1996). There are two types of highly specific
PA:
tissue-PA (t-PA) and urokinase-PA (u-PA) (Saksela & Rifkin, 1988).
PA activity is
higher in mastitic than normal milk (Heegaard et al. 1994a).
However,
previous studies on PA in milk were carried out on bovine and caprine milk.
No information
is available on the presence and type of PA in buffalo milk. Thus the objective
of the
present study was to determine the level and type of PA in different fractions
of
buffalo milk: casein, serum, and somatic cells.
Comparison of immunomodulatory properties of purified
lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and β-casein in sheep
Authors: WONG CHUN W. , WATSON DENNIS L. , REGESTER GEOFFREY O. , SMITHERS GEOFFREY W.
Published: July 2002

Bovine milk contains a variety of proteins and peptides that are
biologically
active (Ogra & Ogra, 1978; Duncan & McArthur, 1981; Newby et
al. 1982; Juto,
1985; Stoeck et al. 1989; Mincheva-Nilsson et al. 1990;
Watson, 1990; Barta et al.
1991; Politis et al. 1991; Fiat et al. 1993).
Our laboratory has a long-term interest in
some purified milk proteins, particularly lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase
(LP) and
β-casein (β-CN), which have been shown to be immunologically
significant. Some of
our recent studies on these bovine milk proteins, particularly β-CN,
indicated that
their in vitro immunological effects did not
always parallel their in vivo activities
(Wong et al. 1996a, b;
1997a, b). This study was designed to investigate and
compare
the capacity of these purified bovine milk proteins to modulate a range
of
components that are vital to in vivo immune responses in sheep,
with a view to
providing further information on their potential in biomedical applications.
To
achieve this objective, a sensitive lymphatic cannulation model was employed
that
allows in vivo immune components and their functions to be measured
in lymph
collected under physiological conditions.
15N enrichment of casein amino acids in the milk from goats given a
single intravenous dose of l-[15N]leucine
Authors: RUBERT-ALEMÁN JOAQUIN , RYCHEN GUIDO , CASSERON FLORENCE , LAURENT FRANCOIS , MARTIN GERARD JEAN
Published: July 2002

Branched-chain amino acids (AA) are mostly metabolized in the splanchnic area,
but some are metabolized within the mammary gland and thus could contribute to
the synthesis of non-essential AA (Wohlt et al. 1977). The extraction rate of leucine
from plasma by the mammary gland is particularly high (64% in the goat; Roets et
al. 1983), in excess of that used for the synthesis of milk proteins (Davis & Mepham,
1976; Wohlt et al. 1977; Roets et al. 1983). Thus, although mammary leucine is
mainly used for milk protein, it also provides amino nitrogen and carbon sources for
the synthesis of non-essential AA.

To our knowledge, no information is available on the transfer and distribution of
plasma leucine amino nitrogen to milk protein AA. Using the technique for
chromatographic fractionation of AA recently developed by Casseron et al. (1997), we
studied the specific 15N enrichment of casein (CN) AA in the goat given a single
intravenous injection of [15N]leucine.
Respiratory burst activity in activated and unstimulated
isolated bovine blood neutrophils during experimentally induced
Escherichia coli mastitis
Authors: VAN OOSTVELDT KAAT , BURVENICH CHRISTIAN , DA SILVA FERNANDO MOREIRA , MASSART-LEËN ANNE-MARIE
Published: July 2002

The respiratory burst activity, measured as H2O2
production, of isolated
bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) was evaluated during experimentally
induced Escherichia coli mastitis by means of flow cytometry in cells activated by
phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and in unstimulated cells. As expected, a
significantly reduced respiratory burst activity was observed in PMA-activated
PMN 18 h after intramammary inoculation with Escherichia coli. At this time only
75% of the PMA-activated PMN showed a respiratory burst, but with a higher
intensity than that measured before and later after infection with Esch. coli. In
addition, an increase in the respiratory burst activity was observed in unstimulated
blood PMN during a short period at 18 h after infection, when up to 30% of the
unstimulated PMN had a respiratory burst activity. The increase in the respiratory
burst intensity of PMA-activated PMN and the spontaneously augmented
production of reduced oxygen species by the unstimulated PMN during infection
with Esch. coli might indicate the production of a natural stimulator of burst activity
in circulation, most probably originating from the inflamed udder.
Minor and trace element content of two typical Italian sheep dairy products
Authors: CONI ETTORE , BOCCA BEATRICE , CAROLI SERGIO
Published: July 2002

The concentration ranges in milk and cheese of a number of metallic
elements relevant to the health of the consumer are dependent upon animal species,
feeding, time of year, environmental conditions and manufacturing processes. We
have measured the concentrations of selected trace elements – Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu,
Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sr and Zn – in raw ewes' milk and typical ewes' milk cheeses.
Samples of milk, curd, whey, cheese after moulding, cheese after salting, commercial
cheese (Pecorino), Ricotta, scotta and brine were analysed for seven complete cycles
of cheese production. Samples of curd, whey, brine and waste product (i.e. scotta)
were collected and analysed in addition to the cheese and milk to assess the
distribution of each element in the main product, by-products and waste products
during cheesemaking. Quantitative determinations were performed mainly by
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. There were considerable
differences among the trace element contents of raw ewes' milk and related products,
indicating that manufacturing processes play a key role in the distribution of minor
and trace elements. Two different approaches were used to assess the dietary intake
of these elements associated with the consumption of Pecorino and Ricotta, and
whether this had any nutritional or toxicological implications. The results indicated
no toxicological risk and showed that, on the contrary, Pecorino may be a good
source of several essential elements.
Revisionism and the Irish Reformation
A Rejoinder
Authors: BRADSHAW BRENDAN
Published: July 2002

Karl Bottigheimer succeeds in consigning my study of the ‘English
Reformation in Wales and Ireland’ to a genre of outmoded
nationalist historiography by means of a distortingly reductionist
account of it. In the first place, despite its title and large sections of the
analysis, he assures the reader that its concern is simply the Reformation
in Ireland. In fact it seeks to address a problem presented by the
Reformation as a phase of what is variously called the ‘new British
history’ or the ‘history of the Atlantic archipelago’, namely the
contrasting outcome of the attempt to extend the state-sponsored reform
of religion to the English crown's two Celtic borderland dominions, to
Wales, where it succeeded, and to Ireland where it failed. Prima facie that
outcome seems puzzling since it faced similar obstacles in both places, a
deeply traditionalist society, remote from the intellectual currents that
helped prepare the ground for the religious changes in England, and
beyond the reach of effective government from the centre. Two questions
arise therefore. How were these obstacles overcome in Wales, and since
they proved surmountable there why not so in the case of Ireland?

Second, Bottigheimer makes my explanation for the Irish outcome
seem naively idealistic by representing it as attributing the failure totally
to the pastoral zeal with which the Franciscan Observants campaigned
against the change, and to the devotion of the Irish to ‘faith and
fatherland’.
British Social Democracy and Religion, 1881–1911
Authors: JOHNSON GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

The adoption of socialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries was for many an experience akin to religious conversion.
Katherine St John Conway's path to enlightenment provides a
stark example. While sitting in her fashionable Bristol church ‘praying for
a fuller consciousness of the Presence’, she was confronted by a group of
workers adopting the socialist tactic of the ‘church parade’, the invasion
of churches during Sunday services to highlight labour disputes and the
plight of the unemployed:

[I]n they came, lassies out on strike against starvation wages and for the right
to combine … there they stood, sister-women, … ill-clad, wet through with the
driving rain, hungry … ‘They stand between me and the Christ.’ So the thought
smote me; so I see it still … . For the first time in my life I heard and began to
understand.
Three-dimensional instabilities of steady double-diffusive interleaving
Authors: KERR OLIVER S.
Published: July 2002

A stratified body of fluid with compensating horizontal temperature and salinity
gradients can undergo an interleaving instability which takes the form of almost
horizontal intrusions. As the amplitude of these intrusions grows they can undergo
secondary instabilities which eventually leads to the mixing of the fluid in the interior
of the intrusions. A previous study of the secondary instabilities focused on two-dimensional disturbances. These corresponded to experimental observations of that
time which all seemed to indicate that flows were indeed two-dimensional. Some more
recent experiments have shown that the initial secondary instability can make the
flow three-dimensional, with the secondary instabilities taking the form of rolls with
their axes aligned with the direction of the flow in the intrusions. Here we present
a three dimensional stability analysis of steady finite-amplitude intrusions and look
at the circumstances which can lead to the three-dimensional instabilities being more
likely to be observed.
Leading-edge receptivity to free-stream disturbance waves for hypersonic flow over a parabola
Authors: ZHONG XIAOLIN
Published: July 2002

The receptivity of hypersonic boundary layers to free-stream disturbances, which
is the process of environmental disturbances initially entering the boundary layers
and generating disturbance waves, is altered considerably by the presence of bow
shocks in hypersonic flow fields. This paper presents a numerical simulation study
of the generation of boundary layer disturbance waves due to free-stream waves,
for a two-dimensional Mach 15 viscous flow over a parabola. Both steady and
unsteady flow solutions of the receptivity problem are obtained by computing the full
Navier–Stokes equations using a high-order-accurate shock-fitting finite difference
scheme. The effects of bow-shock/free-stream-sound interactions on the receptivity
process are accurately taken into account by treating the shock as a discontinuity
surface, governed by the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. The results show that the
disturbance waves generated and developed in the hypersonic boundary layer contain
both first-, second-, and third-mode waves. A parametric study is carried out on the
receptivity characteristics for different free-stream waves, frequencies, nose bluntness
characterized by Strouhal numbers, Reynolds numbers, Mach numbers, and wall
cooling. In this paper, the hypersonic boundary-layer receptivity is characterized by
a receptivity parameter defined as the ratio of the maximum induced wave amplitude
in the first-mode-dominated region to the amplitude of the free-stream forcing wave.
It is found that the receptivity parameter decreases when the forcing frequency or
nose bluntness increase. The results also show that the generation of boundary layer
waves is mainly due to the interaction of the boundary layer with the acoustic wave
field behind the bow shock, rather than interactions with the entropy and vorticity
wave fields.
Numerical simulations of a sphere settling
through a suspension of neutrally buoyant fibres
Authors: HARLEN OLIVER G. , SUNDARARAJAKUMAR R. R. , KOCH DONALD L.
Published: July 2002

The sedimentation of a small dense sphere through a suspension of neutrally buoyant
fibres is investigated via a numerical simulation technique that includes both
fibre–fibre contact forces and long-range hydrodynamic interactions. In situations where
the diameter of the sphere is smaller than the length of the fibres, calculations
that exclude the effect of contacts between fibres severely underestimate the drag
force on the sphere measured in experiments. By including fibre–fibre contacts in
our simulations we are to able to account for this discrepancy, and also the strong
dependence of the drag on the initial orientation of the fibres. At low and moderate
values of nL3, where n is the number of fibres per unit
volume and L the fibre length,
hydrodynamic interactions are found to be important in moderating the effect of
contacts between fibres.

An asymptotic solution is presented for the limit when the sphere diameter is much
smaller than both the fibre length and inter-fibre spacing, but large compared to the
fibre thickness. This is found to be in good agreement with the simulations.

Results of calculations on sedimentation through a monolayer of fibres are also
presented, as a model of a semi-concentrated suspension. Collisions between fibres
are much more frequent, due to the geometric confinement.
Bow and stern flows with constant vorticity
Authors: McCUE SCOTT W. , FORBES LAWRENCE K.
Published: July 2002

Free surface flows of a rotational fluid past a two-dimensional semi-infinite body are
considered. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid, incompressible, and of finite depth.
A boundary integral method is used to solve the problem for the case where the free
surface meets the body at a stagnation point. Supercritical solutions which satisfy
the radiation condition are found for various values of the Froude number and the
dimensionless vorticity. Subcritical solutions are also found; however these solutions
violate the radiation condition and are characterized by a train of waves upstream.
It is shown numerically that the amplitude of these waves increases as each of the
Froude number, vorticity and height of the body above the bottom increases.
Anti-Imperialism and the Good Neighbour Policy: Ernest Gruening

and Puerto Rican Affairs, 1934–1939
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT DAVID
Published: July 2002

During his five years as chief US policy-maker towards Puerto

Rico, Ernest Gruening strove to create a model – based on the

anti-imperialist principles he had outlined in the 1920s – for a

reformist policy which the United States could pursue towards the rest

of Latin America. The initial support of Franklin Roosevelt allowed

Gruening to position his Puerto Rican programme as one of the three

ideological alternatives present in the early stages of the Good

Neighbour Policy. The collapse of Gruening's scheme provided US

policymakers with an early illustration of the difficulty of imposing

reform with insufficient local support.
From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo
and the
‘Revindication’ of the Mexican Indian, 1920–40
Authors: DAWSON ALEXANDER S.
Published: July 2002

This article examines the creation of an Indian ideal within Indigenismo

in the years 1920–40. While scholars argue that Indigenismo

described a degenerate
Indian ‘other’, this article shows that it often represented
the Indian as a model
for revolutionary politics and culture. This is evident first in Indigenista

celebrations of Indian cultures during the 1920s, and in their valorisation
of
Indians as rational political actors with modern sensibilities during the
1930s. In
validating this ‘modern’ Indian, Indigenistas
created a limited framework for
legitimate ‘Indian politics’ which took place within the national
culture.
However, they also labelled Indians who challenged revolutionary programs
as
‘primitive’ and ‘pre-political’.
Optimism and Melancholy: Elite Response to the fin de siècle
bonaerense
Authors: NEEDELL JEFFREY D.
Published: July 2002

This study explores the ideological response of Argentina's Generación
del Ochenta to the ‘modernisation’ over which they presided. It begins with
a brief analysis of the political role of the Generación, the urban reform of Buenos
Aires, and the socio-economic developments associated with both. It goes on to
discuss the nature of the elite, the socialisation of its members, and the informal
networks central to its role. It concludes by discussing the role of ideology in elite
domination, particularly in response to perceived threats associated with the
nation's dramatic changes, focussing upon the writing of the Generación's
exemplar, Miguel Cané.
The UDP Government and the Crisis
of the Bolivian Left (1982–1985)
Authors: ROJO ENRIQUE IBÁÑEZ
Published: July 2002

This article offers an interpretation of the crisis of the Bolivian Left in
the mid-1980s, perhaps the most spectacular of all those suffered by the Latin
American Left over the course of the decade. The author shows that the main
distinguishing feature of the Bolivian case was the exceptional political power of
the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB). It was this that enabled the union federation
first to impose a highly expansive wage policy on the Unión Democrática y
Popular (UDP) government, and then to veto its attempts to move towards a
more realistic financial policy. The author goes on to argue that, in this second
period, when the undesired consequences of the government's economic policy
were sufficiently obvious to persuade the union to change its original strategies,
the institutional structure that the COB had inherited from the past restricted and
ultimately eliminated the union's strategic capacity. In this interpretation, the
power of the union vis-à-vis a weak government, coupled with the union's own
weakness as a corporate actor, gave rise to an accelerated process of institutional
decline under the UDP government. This process was marked by the increasing
prevalence of particularist and partial rationalities over the collective rationality,
taking Bolivia to a Hobbesian situation, in which any actor capable of imposing
a new order – however authoritarian or exclusive – would enjoy widespread
support and legitimacy.
Three book-length studies of language evolution
Authors: NEWMEYER FREDERICK J.
Published: July 2002

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,The origins of complex language: an inquiry into
the evolutionary beginnings of sentences, syllables, and truth. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999. Pp. xi+260.

Simon Kirby,Function, selection, and innateness: the emergence of language
universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. xvi+156.

Daniel Nettle,Linguistic diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Pp. xi+168.

If I find that a book I am reading for review is interesting, then I count myself
lucky. If it turns out to be insightful, then I am fortunate indeed. The fact
that I was given three books to review, each of which is not only interesting
and insightful, but downright ENJOYABLE, makes me feel like a winner of the
Linguistic Lottery. The books are the first three to appear in a new series on
language evolution published by the Oxford University Press. Given the
quality of the first entries, my advice to all linguists is to put yourselves down
for standing orders for the ones to follow.
Good government, democratisation and traditional
African political philosophy: the
example of the Kanyok of the Congo
Authors: Yoder John
Published: July 2002

Over the last several decades, officials in both the public and
private
sectors have applied economic, military, cultural, academic and
diplomatic tools to promote the spread of democratic pluralism in
African and elsewhere. With the fall of Africa's most resilient tyrant,

Mobutu Sese Seko, there is hope that even one of Africa's most troubled

systems may be transformed into a state that reflects the will of the
people and promotes the common good. Sober observers, however,
remain pessimistic. Laurent Kabila's spotted record on human rights,

his stubborn intolerance of political opposition, the challenging global

economic and political environments, and the long history of bad
government in Mobutu's Zaïre are obvious reasons for concern.

Furthermore, the example of most other African states is not
encouraging. With the exception of countries such as South Africa and
Botswana, even the most tenuous democratic progress in Africa is often

slowed, blocked or reversed.

Generally, blame for this state of affairs has been levelled against
the
African political elite, the burden of colonialism, or international
political and economic pressures. Specifically, for the Congo, Mobutu's

kleptocracy, Belgium's paternalism, America's backing of a friendly

dictator and the World Bank's support for ill-advised ‘development’

schemes all have been criticised. While such reproaches may be well
deserved, this article argues that it is important to ask if the persistent

failure of democracy in the Congo as well as in other African states is

also related to African political culture.
Ion cyclotron emission due to fast Alfvén-wave
radiative instabilities in tokamaks induced by newly born fusion products
Authors: ARUNASALAM V.
Published: July 2002

The velocity distribution functions of newly born (t=0)
charged fusion
products (protons in DD and alpha particles in DT plasmas) of tokamak
discharges can be approximated by a monoenergetic ring distribution with
a
finite v∥ such that
v⊥≈v∥
≈Vj, where
½MjV2j
=Ej, the directed birth energy of
the charged fusion-product species j of mass
Mj. As the time t progresses, these
distribution functions will evolve into a Gaussian in velocity (i.e. a
drifting
Maxwellian type), with thermal spreads given by the perpendicular and parallel
temperatures T⊥j(t)
=T∥j(t), with
Tj(t) increasing as t
increases and finally reaching an isotropic saturation value of

formula here

Here Td is the temperature of the
background deuterium plasma ions, M is the
mass of a triton or a neutron for j=protons and
alpha particles respectively, and
τj≈¼τsj
is the thermalization time of the fusion product species j in
the
background deuterium plasma, with τsj
the slowing-down time. For times t of
the order of τj, the distributions can be
approximated by a Gaussian in the total
energy (i.e. a Brysk type). Then, for times
t[ges ]τsj, the velocity distributions
of
the fusion products will relax towards their appropriate slowing-down
distributions. Here we shall examine the radiative stability of all these
(i.e. a
monoenergetic ring, a Gaussian in velocity, a Gaussian in energy, and the
slowing-down) distributions.