bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel vs. Well-learned Memory for Faces: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Wiser Anne K. , Andreasen Nancy C. , O'Leary Daniel S. , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto , Boles-Ponto Laura L. , Watkins G. Leonard , Hichwa Richard D.
Published: July 2002

Previous work has suggested that familiarity/novelty of learned materials affects the circuitry involved in memory, primarily in the size of activations rather than the pattern of activation. Although this work has examined both recall and recognition, it has been limited to verbal material. In this study, we set out to determine if the same result applies to nonverbal memory. We used the same experimental design, but used faces as the memory task. Healthy volunteers thoroughly learned a set of 18 faces a week prior to the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experiment (well-learned memory) and were asked to remember another set of 18 faces, to which they were exposed 1 min before the PET experiment (novel memory). During the PET session, their task was to recognize the faces learned a week before and the faces seen a minute before; the “remembered faces” were interspersed among entirely new (distractor) faces. We found that, unlike for verbal material, the retention interval and the familiarity level of the faces affected both the pattern and the size of activations. Comparing the novel and well-learned recognition tasks revealed that novel memory for faces is primarily a frontallobe task, while well-learned recognition memory for faces utilizes a more distributed neural circuit, including visual areas, which appear to serve as memory-storage sites.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Early Contextual Influences during Spoken-Word Recognition: N200 Versus N400 Effects
Authors: van den Brink Daniëlle , Brown Colin M. , Hagoort Peter
Published: July 2002

An event-related brain potential experiment was carried out to investigate the time course of contextual influences on spoken-word recognition. Subjects were presented with spoken sentences that ended with a word that was either (a) congruent, (b) semantically anomalous, but beginning with the same initial phonemes as the congruent completion, or (c) semantically anomalous beginning with phonemes that differed from the congruent completion. In addition to finding an N400 effect in the two semantically anomalous conditions, we obtained an early negative effect in the semantically anomalous condition where word onset differed from that of the congruent completions. It was concluded that the N200 effect is related to the lexical selection process, where word-form information resulting from an initial phonological analysis and content information derived from the context interact.
The Time-Rescaling Theorem and Its Application to Neural Spike Train Data Analysis
Authors: Brown Emery N. , Barbieri Riccardo , Ventura Valérie , Kass Robert E. , Frank Loren M.
Published: July 2002

Measuring agreement between a statistical model and a spike train data series, that is, evaluating goodness of fit, is crucial for establishing the model's validity prior to using it to make inferences about a particular neural system. Assessing goodness-of-fit is a challenging problem for point process neural spike train models, especially for histogram-based models such as perstimulus time histograms (PSTH) and rate functions estimated by spike train smoothing. The time-rescaling theorem is a well-known result in probability theory, which states that any point process with an integrable conditional intensity function may be transformed into a Poisson process with unit rate. We describe how the theorem may be used to develop goodness-of-fit tests for both parametric and histogram-based point process models of neural spike trains. We apply these tests in two examples: a comparison of PSTH, inhomogeneous Poisson, and inhomogeneous Markov interval models of neural spike trains from the supplementary eye field of a macque monkey and a comparison of temporal and spatial smoothers, inhomogeneous Poisson, inhomogeneous gamma, and inhomogeneous inverse gaussian models of rat hippocampal place cell spiking activity. To help make the logic behind the time-rescaling theorem more accessible to researchers in neuroscience, we present a proof using only elementary probability theory arguments.We also show how the theorem may be used to simulate a general point process model of a spike train. Our paradigm makes it possible to compare parametric and histogram-based neural spike train models directly. These results suggest that the time-rescaling theorem can be a valuable tool for neural spike train data analysis.
Associative Memory in a Multimodular Network
Authors: Levy Nir , Horn David , Ruppin Eytan
Published: July 2002

Recent imaging studies suggest that object knowledge is stored in the brain as a distributed network of many cortical areas. Motivated by these observations, we study a multimodular associative memory network, whose functional goal is to store patterns with different coding levels—patterns that vary in the number of modules in which they are encoded. We show that in order to accomplish this task, synaptic inputs should be segregated into intramodular projections and intermodular projections, with the latter undergoing additional nonlinear dendritic processing. This segregation makes sense anatomically if the intermodular projections represent distal synaptic connections on apical dendrites. It is then straightforward to show that memories encoded in more modules are more resilient to focal afferent damage. Further hierarchical segregation of intermodular connections on the dendritic tree improves this resilience, allowing memory retrieval from input to just one of the modules in which it is encoded.
Anyone for Tennis?
Authors: Molet Tom , Aubel Amaury , Çapin Tolga , Carion Stéphane , Lee Elwin , Magnenat-Thalmann Nadia , Noser Hansrudi , Pandzic Igor , Sannier Gaël , Thalmann Daniel
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present a virtual tennis game. We describe the creation and modeling of the virtual humans and body deformations, also showing the real-time animation and rendering aspects of the avatars. We focus on the animation of the virtual tennis ball and the behavior of a synthetic, autonomous referee who judges the tennis games. The networked, collaborative, virtual environment system is described with special reference to its interfaces to driver programs. We also mention the virtual reality (VR) devices that are used to merge the interactive players into the virtual tennis environment, together with the equipment and technologies employed for this exciting experience. We conclude with remarks on personal experiences during the game and on future research topics to improve parts of the presented system.
Designing A Successful HMD-Based Experience
Authors: Pierce Jeffrey S. , Pausch Randy , Sturgill Christopher B. , Christiansen Kevin D.
Published: July 2002

For entertainment applications, a successful virtual experience based on a head-mounted display (HMD) needs to overcome some or all of the following problems: entering a virtual world is a jarring experience, people do not naturally turn their heads or talk to each other while wearing an HMD, putting on the equipment is hard, and people do not realize when the experience is over. In the Electric Garden at SIGGRAPH 97, we presented the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, a shared virtual environment experienced by more than 1,500 SIGGRAPH attendees. We addressed these HMD-related problems with a combination of back story, see-through HMDs, virtual characters, continuity of real and virtual objects, and the layout of the physical and virtual environments.
Network Random Keys—A Tree Representation Scheme for Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Rothlauf Franz , Goldberg David E. , Heinzl Armin
Published: July 2002

When using genetic and evolutionary algorithms for network design, choosing a good representation scheme for the construction of the genotype is important for algorithm performance. One of the most common representation schemes for networks is the characteristic vector representation. However, with encoding trees, and using crossover and mutation, invalid individuals occur that are either under or overspecified. When constructing the offspring or repairing the invalid individuals that do not represent a tree, it is impossible to distinguish between the importance of the links that should be used. These problems can be overcome by transferring the concept of random keys from scheduling and ordering problems to the encoding of trees. This paper investigates the performance of a simple genetic algorithm (SGA) using network random keys (NetKeys) for the one-max tree and a real-world problem. The comparison between the network random keys and the characteristic vector encoding shows that despite the effects of stealth mutation, which favors the characteristic vector representation, selectorecombinative SGAs with NetKeys have some advantages for small and easy optimization problems. With more complex problems, SGAs with network random keys significantly outperform SGAs using characteristic vectors.

This paper shows that random keys can be used for the encoding of trees, and that genetic algorithms using network random keys are able to solve complex tree problems much faster than when using the characteristic vector. Users should therefore be encouraged to use network random keys for the representation of trees.
Cold War Under the Ice: The Army's Bid for a Long-Range Nuclear Role, 1959–1963
Authors: Weiss Erik D.
Published: July 2002

Recently declassified U.S.Defense and State Department documents have shed new light on the motivations for Western missile deployment proposals. In some cases, conflicting political and military objectives were complicated by the technological challenges of creative deployment schemes as well as the competitive nature of Defense Department funding. This article examines the U.S. Army's Iceworm intermediate-range ballistic missile deployment concept of the early 1960s to show how interservice rivalries, strategic considerations, technological developments, and the competition for a share of funding af-fected decisions on U.S. nuclear forces and the defense of Western Europe.
THE SECOND COMING: REPETITION AND INSATIABLE DESIRE IN THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Boer Roland
Published: July 2002

How might Jacques Lacan and Slavoj´ i°ek read the Song of Songs? Perversely, I suggest. After determining the appropriateness of these two partners, particularly because of the importance of desire in Lacanian psychoanalysis, I tarry for a time with Lacan and ´ i°ek in order to identify the main features of Lacan's thought on desire. It turns out that it is intimately connected with repetition, and, by investigating some of the major items of Lacanian theory-fortda, (M)Other, graph of desire, rim, Law, pain, jouissance, desire of desire-the relation between desire and repetition is established. Equipped with this distinctively perverse set of toys, I then read the Song itself in three stages. The triggers of desire are located in the function of edges, rims, Law, pain and the (M)Other. Repetition is investigated in terms of structure, phrases and words, descriptions, and content. Finally I ask the haunting question: che vuoi? What do you really want?
LEGAL PRACTICE IN AN ANDALUSĪ-MAGHRIBĪ SOURCE FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY CE: THE MADHĀHIB AL-HUKKĀM FĪ NAWĀZIL AL-AHKĀM
Authors: Serrano Delfina
Published: July 2002

In this article I examine a series of texts selected from the Madhāhib al-hukkām fī nawāzil al-ahkām, a collection of legal cases (nawāzil) compiled by Abū 'Abd Allāh Muhammad b. 'Iyād of Ceuta (d. 575/1179). These cases refer to actual legal disputes that occurred in Ceuta and other towns and villages of al-Andalus and the Maghrib. The examples studied here compensate for the lack of court records for the study of legal practice in al-Andalus and the Far Maghrib until the second half of the twelfth century CE. They shed light on relevant facets of legal practice such as the composition of the courts, court performance, the outcome of court activity in the form of fatwas and judgments, court practice ('amal), the jurisdiction of qādīs, the process of judicial review, the use of law by jurists and laymen, and certain aspects of the relationship between Mālikīs and non-Mālikīs in al-Andalus.
HEROISM, SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND TRIADIC BONDS IN JAIN AND CHRISTIAN MENDICANCY AND ALMSGIVING
Authors: Munzer Stephen R.
Published: July 2002

Despite first impressions to the contrary, religions as radically different as Jainism and Christianity can shed light on each other's practices of mendicancy and almsgiving. They can do so because of a trio of general categories under which certain elements of Jain and Christian practices can be subsumed. The categories are heroism, spiritual development, and triadic bonds among mendicants, almsgivers, and one or more supernatural or superhuman beings. There are at least two reasons why scholars of comparative religion, students of spirituality, philosophers of religion, and others should care whether it is possible to compare Jain and Christian mendicancy and almsgiving. First, the categories used to examine Jain and Christian practices reveal an underlying structure that might be used to analyze other varieties of religious mendicancy and almsgiving. Second, demonstrating similarities between Jainism and Christianity provides empirical evidence that even quite different religions and cultures are not so self-contained that it is impossible to compare them. The demonstration undermines one sort of relativism in anthropology.
Getting Close to Animals with Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar
Authors: McKay Robert
Published: July 2002

This article offers an analysis of Alice Walker's novel The Temple of My Familiar. It critiques the claim that humans' ability to use language, regarded in this article as equivalent to one sense of the word representation, marks the essential difference of humans from animals. The argument has two stages. The first claims that the novel offers a way to bridge this supposed fundamental difference in order that representation, in a second sense of speaking or advocating for animals, can effectively occur. Importantly, the context of this is Walker's anti-oppressive politics of race and gender. It analyzes the portrayal of characters who understand their lives, the past, and their relationships with nonhuman animals by creating myths and stories, rather than via conventional written history. The second stage of the argument shows that this essentially creative understanding of worldviews other than the "norm" of western culture transcends the distance that language is said to insinuate between humans and animals. Creative, imaginative understanding allows humans to get close to animals. "Can one speak of the animal? Can one approach the animal?" (Derrida, 1997, p. 271)
DIE WURZEL PHZ UND IHRE KONNOTATIONEN
Authors: Lange Armin
Published: July 2002

Die Wurzel phz und ihre Derivate wurden entweder im Kontext zweier arab. Wurzeln (”fakhaza «to boast»; fakhkhadha, fakhadha «to scatter»“) auf zwei unterschiedliche hebr. Wurzeln gleicher Bedeutung zurückgeführt (Ch. Rabin) oder vor dem Hintergrund später Vorkommen bei Ben Sira, im Aramaic Levi Document und in Texten aus der Bibliothek von Qumran mit ”«wanton» or «lascivious»“ übersetzt (J.C. Greenfield). R. De Hoop schlug demgegenüber auf Grund von Hi. vi 15-20 und Jer. xv 18 als Grundbedeutung ”something like «to deceive»“ vor. Alle Arbeiten lessen jedoch eine in der Diskussion um die Samuelbücher schon lange bekannte varia lectio außer Betracht. 4QSamb bezeugt in 1 Sam. xx 34a wyphz. Der in nachexilisher Zeit nur noch schwer verständliche Text wurde späterhin mit wyqm übersetzt (MT etc.). Diese hebräisch-hebräische Übersetzung legt für die Wurzel phz eine Grundbedeutung ”aufstehen, sich erheben“ nahe. Die vorexilisch-exilischen Belege der Wurzel (Gen. il 4a; DAT ii 8; Zeph. iii 4; Jdc. ix 4b; Jer. xxiii 32aβ) bestätigen diese Annahme und bezeugen darüber hinaus eine übertragene Bedeutung von phz und seinen Derivaten im Sinne von ”sich gegen jemanden erheben“. In nachexilischer Zeit kann die Wurzel neben den beobachteten Konnotationen auch ein unbewußtes und leichtfertiges Handeln beschreiben.
'THE ANIMALS CAN REMEMBER': REPRESENTATIONS OF THE NON-HUMAN OTHER IN ALICE WALKER'S THE TEMPLE OF MY FAMILIAR
Authors: Greenwood Amanda
Published: July 2002

This article offers an ecofeminist reading of representations of non-human animals in Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar. It takes as its starting point Warren's definition of ecofeminism as a term that encompasses ''a variety of multicultural perspectives on the nature of connections within social systems of domination . . . and the domination of non-human nature. (Warren 1994: 1). Walker's own identifications of connections between 'social systems of domination' particularly of 'people of colour' and 'nonhuman nature' are examined within the context of Warren's definition and with reference to Walker's poetry collection Horses Make A Landscape Look More Beautiful and the essay 'Am I Blue?' The article then focuses on The Temple of My Familiar, arguing that throughout this deeply intertextual novel, Walker transcends stereotypical representations of women and people of color by choosing to celebrate the perception that they are ''close to nature''.
Phalangeal growth marks related to testis development in the frog Rana cyanophlyctis
Authors: Pancharatna Katti , Kumbar Suresh , Chandran Sapna
Published: July 2002

A study of phalangeal skeletochronology was performed to estimate the age of male frogs, Rana cyanophlyctis. Changes in testicular morphometry, kinetics of spermatogenesis and abdominal fat body mass were studied in relation to the number of growth marks in these frogs. Demineralized, stained cross- sections of distal phalanx of the 4th toe of male frogs showed growth rings that alternated with highly chromophilic lines of arrested growth (LAGs). One to five growth rings were observed in frogs with different body size; body mass (r = 0.44) and size (r = 0.47) showed poor correlation with the number of growth rings. Testicular morphometry, number of spermatogenic cysts per seminiferous tubule cross-section, and germ cells per cyst increased with the increase in the number of growth rings. Leydig cells were few in the frogs with a single growth ring and increased in second and third year but Sertoli cell number and nuclear diameter did not change drastically.
The density and abundance of juvenile Varanus exanthematicus (Sauria: Varanidae) in the coastal plain of Ghana
Authors: Bennett Daniel
Published: July 2002

The density and abundance of Varanus exanthematicus was measured by single searches and markrecapture studies at sites in the Great Accra Region of Ghana. One hour search effort yielded a mean of 0.42 lizards in August/September 1994 and 0.87 lizards in March/April 1996. Mark-recapture results indicated a density of 357 juveniles per km2 in mixed farmland and grassland habitats.
A new species of Norops (Squamata: Polychrotidae) from northwestern Honduras
Authors: Nicholson Kirsten , McCranie James , Köhler Gunther
Published: July 2002

A new species of anole of the genus Norops is described from Departamento de Yoro in northwestern Honduras. The new species appears to be most closely related to members of the N. cupreus species group and is most easily distinguished from those species by male dewlap color and in having a single anterior nasal scale. Una nueva especie de anolito del género Norops es descrita como proveniente del Departamento de Yoro en el noroeste de Honduras. La nueva especie, aparentemente en parentezco con los miembros del grupo N. cupreus, se diferencia de las otras especies de este grupo de especies más facilmete por el color de la papera gular de los machos y por la presencia de una escama nasal anterior.
FORAGING TRADE-OFFS AND PREDATOR INSPECTION IN AN OSTARIOPHYSAN FISH: SWITCHING FROM CHEMICAL TO VISUAL CUES
Authors: Brown Grant , Cowan Joseph
Published: July 2002

Under laboratory conditions, we investigated the presence of a foraging trade-off in the chemical predator inspection behaviour of finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus). Dace were fed ad libitum, or food deprived for 24 or 48 hours and allowed to inspect a live yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in the presence of the chemical cues of a perch fed dace (with alarm pheromone) or swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; without alarm pheromones). Dace exposed to the odour of a perch fed swordtails exhibited no evidence of a trade-off in either anti-predator behaviour or predator inspection behaviour. When fed ad libitum and exposed to the odour of a perch fed dace, individuals exhibited significantly greater anti-predator behaviour (increased shoaling, decreased area use and greater frequency of dashing and freezing behaviour) when compared to the swordtail diet control. Predator inspection behaviour was also significantly affected (increased latency to inspect and minimum distance approached towards the predator and fewer inspectors per visit). However, when food deprived for 24 or 48 hours, dace exhibited no differences in either anti-predator or predator inspection behaviour when exposed to the odour of perch fed dace versus perch fed swordtails. These data demonstrate that predator inspection behaviour based on the chemical cues of a potential predator is subject to foraging trade-offs and that individual prey may reduce their overall risk of predation by increasing the use of visual cues.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE COST OF POLYGYNY IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS
Authors: Pribil Stanislav
Published: July 2002

I examined the effect of harem size on female reproductive success in the red - winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) in Ontario while controlling for the confounding effects of territory and male quality. Male territories were matched by their quality and harem sizes were manipulated by selective removal of females. The removals created monogamous and bigamous harems. Bigamous females fledged significantly fewer young than monogamous females, mainly due to higher predation on their nests. Young of the bigamous females were fed less frequently than young of the monogamous females (mainly due to reduced male assistance), but the difference was not significant. There was a positive relationship between parental provisioning rate and nestling body size. Young of the bigamous females fledged at smaller body size than young of the monogamous females. Because fledgling body size is related to post - fledgling survival, young of the bigamous females presumably experienced lower survival than young of the monogamous females. The lower number of fledglings, combined with their lower survival, suggests that the bigamous females produced fewer descendants than the monogamous females. I conclude that polygyny is costly to females in this population of the red - winged blackbird. Previous experimental studies demonstrated that females in this population prefer to settle with unmated males rather than already - mated males. In light of the present findings, the preferences appear adaptive, as they reduce the cost of polygyny. In Pennsylvania, Searcy (1988) reported that females settle independently of harem size and that harem size has no effect on their reproductive success. A comparison of the Ontario and Pennsylvania populations suggest that there are geographic differences in the effect of harem size on both female preferences and reproductive success.
Ecological characterisation of Steinernema monticolum, a cold-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from Korea
Authors: Ganguly Sudershan , Kaya Harry , Koppenhöfer Albrecht
Published: July 2002

This study describes the basic ecological characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema monticolum that was originally isolated from soil in a mountain forest on Mount Jiri, Republic of Korea. Under laboratory conditions, S. monticolum infected a wide range of insect species but appeared best adapted to lepidopteran larvae as hosts. It uses an intermediate foraging strategy with a low attachment rate to mobile hosts on the soil surface and poor infection of sedentary hosts placed at  5 cm soil depth. S. monticolum infected hosts over a wide range of soil moisture ranging from ­ 1500 kPa to ­ 3 kPa. It has a wide thermal activity range with optimum infectivity from 12 to 25°C. When stored in water over a 6 month period, S. monticolum persisted well from 5 to 25°C. Its infectivity also remained high when stored from 5 to 15°C but declined faster at 25°C. Because of its foraging strategy and adaptation to cool temperatures, S. monticolum has potential for the control of pests, especially Lepidoptera, that hibernate in the upper soil layer or soil litter. Zusammenfassung – Ökologische Charakterisierung des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum aus Korea – Die grundlegenden ökologischen Merkmale des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum , einer Art, die ursprüglich aus dem Boden eines Bergwaldes am Jiri Berg in Korea isoliert worden ist, werden beschrieben. Unter Laborbedingungen infizierte S. monticolum einen weiten Bereich von Insektenarten, schien jedoch am besten an Larven von Lepidoptera angepasst zu sein. Dieser Nematode verfügt über ein intermediäres Wirtssuchverhalten mit einer niedrigen Anheftungsrate an bewegliche Wirte auf der Bodenoberfläche und einer niedrigen Infektionsrate von sedentären Wirten in  5 cm Bodentiefe. S. monticolum infizierte Wirte in einem weiten Bereich von Bodenfeuchtigkeiten (­ 1500 kPa bis ­ 3 kPa). Diese Art hat einen weiten thermischen Aktivitätsbereich mit optimaler Infektiösität von 12 bis 25°C. Bei Lagerung in Wasser über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten zeigte S. monticolum hohe Überlebensraten bei Temperaturen von 5 bis 25°C. Die Infektiösität blieb ebenfalls hoch im Bereich von 5 bis 15°C, nahm bei Lagerung bei 25°C aber schneller ab. Wegen seines Wirtssuchverhaltens und seiner Anpassung an kühle Temperaturen erscheint S. monticolum ein hohes Potentential für die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten, inbesondere Lepidoptera, die in den oberen Bodenschichten oder im Streu überwintern, zu haben.
Correlation between survival in water and persistence of infectivity in soil of Heterorhabditis spp. isolates
Authors: Hass Birgit , Downes Martin , Griffin Christine
Published: July 2002

Persistence in soil of ten isolates of three species of Heterorhabditis was monitored by baiting the soil with insects and recording their mortality. Infective juveniles (IJ) of the same ten isolates were also incubated in tap water and their survival recorded. Both tests were conducted in the laboratory at 20°C. Inter- and intraspecific differences in persistence were detected: H. bacteriophora HI was the most persistent isolate in both media. There was no clear division between H. megidis (North West European Group) and H. downesi, but isolates of H. downesi tended to be less persistent than those of H. megidis. Nematodes persisted longer in soil than in water: after 180 days in water, all IJ were dead in seven of the ten isolates, whereas all isolates still killed insects after 265 days in soil. Persistence of isolates in soil (indicated by LT50, the time that nematode-infested soil retained the ability to kill 50% of the bait insects) was correlated with their survival in water (represented by ST50, the time at which 50% of the IJ were still alive), with r2 = 0.84, indicating that similar factors were responsible for the reduction in each parameter.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P.convallariae and P.fallax (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)
Authors: Carta Lynn , Handoo Zafar , Skantar Andrea
Published: July 2002

Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp. from the rhizosphere of grasses Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea at Arlington National Cemetery, VA, USA is characterised by six to eight lines in the lateral field, and pyriform to slightly overlapping pharyngeal glands. Morphological comparisons are made with lesion nematodes having similar morphometrics, six lateral lines, or crenate tail tips. Molecular sequences of the LS 28S rDNA were generated for the new species as well as P.fallax and P.convallariae. The new species differs by only 1% from identical sequences found in P.fallax and P.convallariae.
Effect of cropping pattern and green manure on the antagonistic potential and the diversity of egg pathogenic fungi in fields with Heterodera schachtii infection
Authors: Pyrowolakis Aris , Schuster Ralf-Peter , Sikora Richard
Published: July 2002

The potential of egg pathogenic fungi in soil from two different sites infested with Heterodera schachtii was measured with a new method in pot experiments. The potential proved to be much greater in the rotation field (sugar beet-wheat) than in the monoculture field (mangold). The green manuring with three different intercrops reduced the potential in soil from the rotation field and promoted it in the monoculture field. Investigation on the diversity of egg pathogens in the two fields showed that the monoculture field had a greater diversity than the rotation field. A large fungal diversity is thought to act as a buffer against microbial changes. This is probably a reason why green manuring in the monoculture field did not reduce this fungal diversity as markedly as in the rotation field and why it did not reduce the potential of egg pathogenic fungi in the same field. Effets du type de rotation et d'engrais vert sur le potentiel antagoniste etla diversite des champignons pathogenes des oeufs du nematode a kyste de la betterave Heterodera schachtii - Le potentiel antagoniste de champignons pathogenes des oeufs dans le sol de deux champs differents infestes par Heterodera schachtii a ete evalue a l'aide d'une nouvelle methode lors d'une experimentation en pots. Ce potentiel est apparu plus important dans la rotation (betterave a sucre-ble) que dans la monoculture (betterave fourragere). L'apport d'engrais vert a l'occasion de trois cultures intercalaires a diminue le potentiel dans le sol sous rotation et l'a accru en monoculture. L'etude de la diversite des champignons pathogenes d'oeufs dans les deux champs a montre une plus grande diversite en monoculture que sous rotation. Une large diversite des champignons est consideree comme un tampon vis-a-vis des changements bacteriens. Ceci explique probablement pourquoi l'apport d'engrais vert en monoculture n'a pas reduit cette diversite fongique autant que dans la rotation et pourquoi cet apport n'a pas diminue le potentiel des champignons pathogenes d'oeufs dans le meme champ.
The genus Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida): general morphology, taxonomy, compendium, and polytomous key to the species
Authors: Reyes Peña Santiago , Peralta Manuel
Published: July 2002

A general study of the morphology, evolutionary trends and intrageneric
taxonomy of the genus Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915 is
presented. Variability of its main morphological features is described and
illustrated, and their possible evolutionary trends are discussed. The
subgenera Tylencholaimellus (Tylencholaimellus) Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915 and
Tylencholaimellus (Coronatylencholaimellus) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 are
considered synonyms, and consequently not retained. A diagnosis of the
genus, a list of its species and a polytomous key to the species are given.

Le genre Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida):
morphologie generale, taxonomie, compendium et clef polytomique des especes
- Une etude generale de la morphologie, des tendances evolutives et de la
taxonomie intragenerique du genre Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915
est presentee. La variabilite de principales caracteristiques morphologiques
du genre est decrite et illustree et leurs tendances evolutives possibles
sont discutees. Les sous-genres Tylencholaimellus (Tylencholaimellus) Cobb
in M. V. Cobb, 1915 et Tylencholaimellus (Coronatylencholaimellus)
Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 sont consideres comme synonymes et en
consequence non conserves. Une diagnose du genre ainsi qu'une liste et une
clef polytomique de ses especes sont donnees.
Attachment of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans to males and juveniles of Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: Carneiro Regina M.D.G. , Randig Onivaldo , Freitas Leandro G. , Dickson Don W.
Published: July 2002

The attachment of endospores to Meloidogyne spp. males and second stage
juveniles (J2) was evaluated in two different in vitro assays of seven
isolates of Pasteuria penetrans from Florida, USA. In the first assay,
endospores of all seven isolates adhered to J2 but not males of M. arenaria
race 1. In the second assay, two isolates differed in the specificity of
spore attachment to J2 of six Meloidogyne spp. Isolate B4, from Pratylenchus
scribneri, showed a similar degree of attachment to J2 of M. arenaria race
2, M. javanica (two populations) and to M. incognita race 3, but did not
attach to males of seven species. Isolate P100, from Meloidogyne sp., had
high rates of attachment to M. javanica from Rio Grande do Sul State and to
M. paranaensis, but lower rates to M. arenaria and M. javanica from Parana
State. These data indicate that attachment ability depends not only on the
Meloidogyne species but also on the particular population of a species. The
high rate of attachment to male but not J2 M. hapla indicates that endospore
attachment may also depend upon nematode stage, species, race and population
and on Pasteuria isolate. Germinated endospores attached to male M. hapla
were examined by scanning electron microscopy but few had successfully
penetrated the cuticle. Adhesion des endospores de Pasteuria penetrans aux
males et juveniles de Meloidogyne spp. - L'adhesion des spores de Pasteuria
penetrans aux males et juveniles de deuxieme stade (J2) de Meloidogyne spp.
a ete evaluee lors de deux differents tests in vitro comprenant sept isolats
de P. penetrans provenant de Floride, USA. Lors du premier test les
endospores des sept isolats ont adhere aux J2 mais non aux males de M.
arenaria race 1. Lors du second test deux isolats se sont distingues quant a
la specificite de l'adhesion de leurs spores aux J2 de six des especes de
Meloidogyne. L'isolat B4, provenant de Pratylenchus scribneri, montre un
taux d'adhesion similaire vis-a-vis des J2 de M. arenaria race 2, M.
javanica (deux populations) et M. incognita race 3, mais n'adhere aux males
d'aucune des sept especes. L'isolat P 100, provenant de Meloidogyne sp.,
Montre un taux d'adhesion eleve vis-a-vis tant de M. javanica provenant de
l'Etat de Rio Grande del Sul que de M. paranensis mais ce taux est faible
vis-a-vis de M. arenaria et M. javanica originaires de l'Etat du Parana. Ces
donnees indiquent que la faculte d'adhesion depend non seulement de l'espece
de Meloidogyne en cause mais egalement de la population particuliere de
cette espece. Le taux eleve d'adhesion vis-a-vis des males, mais non des J2,
de M. hapla indique que cette adhesion peut dependre du stade de
developpement du nematode, de son espece, race ou population ainsi que de
l'isolat lui-meme de P. penetrans. Les endospores fixees aux males de M.
hapla, et ayant germe, ont ete examinees en microscopie electronique a
balayage: peu d'entre elles avaient reussi a traverser la cuticule.
Ecstasies of the Young: Sexuality, the Youth Movement, and Moral Panic in Germany on the Eve of the First World War
Authors: Williams John Alexander
Published: July 2002

In 1913 the bourgeois youth movement in Germany fell under the influence of a radical minority who called for complete emancipation from adult control. The two most influential youth movement publications of that year joined the language of countercultural rebellion with unconventional discussions of adolescent sexuality. Hans Blüher's bookThe German Wandervogel Movement as an Erotic Phenomenonargued that the adolescent boys and young adult male leaders of Wandervogel groups were bound together by homoerotic attraction and that these male leagues were of great benefit to the German nation.Der Anfang, a monthly journal written by adolescents and university students only tangentially related to the Wandervögel, proclaimed that Germany's young people were perfectly capable of self-education in all matters, including sexuality. The countercultural trend of 1913 culminated in the Hoher Meissner festival in mid-October.
In situ high temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction study of a natural omphacite
Authors: Pavese A. , Bocchio R. , Ivaldi G.
Published: July 2002

In situ high temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments have been performed on a chemically quasi-ideal omphacite sample up to 1000°C. The lattice parameters were studied as a function of temperature, and their thermal expansion coefficients determined. The b and c cell edges show discontinuities as a function of temperature which are interpreted here in terms of intracrystalline cation diffusion processes. Structure refinements have been carried out using data collected at room temperature, at 800°C and at ambient conditions after cooling. The structural behaviour as a function of temperature of chemically quasi-ideal omphacites is compared with those of jadeite and diopside.
The chemical composition of uraninite in Variscan granites of the Erzgebirge, Germany
Authors: Förster H.-J.
Published: July 2002

Uraninite is widespread as an accessory mineral in the Erzgebirge granites. It occurs throughout the entire comagmatic series of strongly peraluminous S-type Li-mica granites and has been discovered in more evolved transitional I-S type biotite and two-mica granites, but is rare in those of A-type affinity. Textural relationships and chemical ages imply that uraninite is of magmatic origin. Its composition is variable with a proportion of U plus radiogenic Pb between 71 and 99 mol.%. Uraninite has incorporated Th, Y, and the REE in total amounts between 1 and 29 mol.%. Elements such as P, Si, Al, Ca, and Fe are subordinate. Uraninite from two-mica and Li-mica granites is low in ThO2 (0.8–6.5 wt.%), Y2O3 (0–0.8 wt.%) and REE2O3 (0.1–0.6 wt.%). In contrast, biotite granites from the Kirchberg pluton contain uraninite which is enriched in these components (in wt.%) (ThO2 = 5.6–11.0, Y2O3 = 0.6–5.5, Ce2O3 = 0.1–0.6, Dy2O3 = 0.2–1.1). Commonly, the lanthanide and actinide contents in uraninite correlate poorly with those in the host granite. In S-type Li-mica granites as well as fractionated two-mica and biotite granites, uraninite is the dominant contributor to the bulk-rock U content. Here the proportion of U approaches 80–90%.
Clinical and biologic activity of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias: a phase 1 clinical-laboratory correlative trial
Authors: Karp Judith E. , Lancet Jeffrey E. , Kaufmann Scott H. , End David W. , Wright John J. , Bol Kees , Horak Ivan , Tidwell Michael L. , Liesveld Jane , Kottke Timothy J. , Ange Dawn , Buddharaju Laxmi , Gojo Ivana , Highsmith W. Edward , Belly Robert T. , Hohl Raymond J. , Rybak Mary Ellen , Thibault Alain , Rosenblatt Joseph
Published: July 2002

R115777 is a nonpeptidomimetic enzyme-specific inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase (FT) that was developed as a potential inhibitor of Ras protein signaling, with antitumor activity in preclinical models. This study was a phase 1 trial of orally administered R115777 in 35 adults with poor-risk acute leukemias. Cohorts of patients received R115777 at doses ranging from 100 mg twice daily (bid) to 1200 mg bid for up to 21 days. Dose-limiting toxicity occurred at 1200 mg bid, with central neurotoxicity evidenced by ataxia, confusion, and dysarthria. Non–dose-limiting toxicities included reversible nausea, renal insufficiency, polydipsia, paresthesias, and myelosuppression. R115777 inhibited FT activity at 300 mg bid and farnesylation of FT substrates lamin A and HDJ-2 at 600 mg bid. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), an effector enzyme of Ras-mediated signaling, was detected in its phosphorylated (activated) form in 8 (36.4%) of 22 pretreatment marrows and became undetectable in 4 of those 8 after one cycle of treatment. Pharmacokinetics revealed a linear relationship between dose and maximum plasma concentration or area under the curve over 12 hours at all dose levels. Weekly marrow samples demonstrated that R115777 accumulated in bone marrow in a dose-dependent fashion, with large increases in marrow drug levels beginning at 600 mg bid and with sustained levels throughout drug administration. Clinical responses occurred in 10 (29%) of the 34 evaluable patients, including 2 complete remissions. Genomic analyses failed to detect N-ras gene mutations in any of the 35 leukemias. The results of this first clinical trial of a signal transduction inhibitor in patients with acute leukemias suggest that inhibitors of FT may have important clinical antileukemic activity.
Helicobacter pylori eradication can induce platelet recovery in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Emilia Giovanni , Longo Giuseppe , Luppi Mario , Gandini Giovanna , Morselli Monica , Ferrara Leonardo , Amarri Sergio , Cagossi Katia , Torelli Giuseppe
Published: July 2002

Recent reports have suggested an association betweenHelicobacter pylori infection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The prevalence of H pyloriinfection and the effect of its eradication in a series of 30 ITP patients were investigated. H pylori infection has been documented in 13 patients (43.33%) by 13C urea breath test and confirmed by histologic examination. Bacterium eradication with antibiotics, obtained in 12 of 13 infected patients (92.3%), led to a complete response in 4 (33.33%) and to a partial response (platelets 90 × 109/L-120 × 109/L) in 2 (16.66%). The response was maintained for a median of 8.33 months, but 1 patient relapsed 7 months after eradication. Search for H pyloriinfection seems appropriate in ITP patients at diagnosis. Bacterium eradication provides a new good option for a nonimmunosuppressive treatment in some ITP patients.
The myeloma-associated oncogene fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is transforming in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Li Zhihua , Zhu Yuan Xiao , Plowright Elizabeth E. , Bergsagel P. Leif , Chesi Marta , Patterson Bruce , Hawley Teresa S. , Hawley Robert G. , Stewart A. Keith
Published: July 2002

Translocations involving fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (fgfr3) have been identified in about 25% of patients with myeloma. To directly examine the oncogenic potential offgfr3, murine bone marrow (BM) cells were transduced with retroviral vectors containing either wild-type fgfr3 or an activated mutant form of the receptor, fgfr3-TD. Mice transplanted with FGFR3-TD–expressing BM developed a marked leukocytosis and lethal hematopoietic cell infiltration of multiple tissues within 6 weeks of transplantation. Secondary and tertiary recipients of spleen or BM from primary fgfr3-TD mice also developed tumors within 6 to 8 weeks. Analysis of the circulating tumor cells revealed a pre-B-cell phenotype in most mice, although immature T-lymphoid or mature myeloid populations also predominated in some animals. Enhanced lymphoid but not myeloid colony formation was observed in the early posttransplantation period and only interleukin 7 and FGF-responsive pre-B-cell lines could be established from tumors. Cell expansions in primary recipients appeared polyclonal, whereas tumors in later passages exhibited either clonal B- or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. Mice transplanted with wild-type FGFR3-expressing BM developed delayed pro-B-cell lymphoma/leukemias approximately 1 year after transplantation. These studies confirm that FGFR3 is transforming and can produce lymphoid malignancies in mice.
Genetically modified bone marrow continuously supplies anti-inflammatory cells and suppresses renal injury in mouse Goodpasture syndrome
Authors: Yokoo Takashi , Ohashi Toya , Utsunomiya Yasunori , Shen Jin Song , Hisada Yutaka , Eto Yoshikatsu , Kawamura Tetsuya , Hosoya Tatsuo
Published: July 2002

In chronic inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils, which are derived from bone marrow, play a pivotal role. Therefore, reconstitution of bone marrow with anti-inflammatory stem cells may modify inflammation. In this study, transplantation-based gene therapy was applied to glomerular inflammation for a long-lasting suppression of the glomerular damage seen in chronic nephritis. Bone marrow cells were harvested from male donor mice, which had received 5-fluorouracil 3 days previously, and transduced with an interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) or a mock gene using a retrovirus vector. After confirmation that transduced cells possessed the transgene at approximately 0.7 copies per cell and secreted recombinant IL-1Ra, these cells were infused into sublethally irradiated (6 Gy) female recipients once daily for 4 consecutive days. These female recipient mice had the male Y antigen in bone marrow, liver, and spleen, and 10% to 20% of their spleen cells possessed the transgene even 8 weeks after transplantation. Glomerulonephritis was then induced in these mice. Renal function and histology were retarded in the mice whose bone marrow was reconstituted with IL-1Ra–producing cells compared with mock transduced cells. In situ hybridization using a Y painting probe revealed that transplanted donor cells were recruited into the glomerulus upon induction of nephritis, suggesting therapeutic effects were channeled through the secretion of IL-1Ra from these cells. Furthermore, the survival rate after a second challenge with nephrotoxic antibody was significantly improved in the IL-1Ra chimera. These results suggest that reconstitution of bone marrow for continuous supply of anti-inflammatory cells may be a useful strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammation.
Loss of a novel tumor suppressor gene locus at chromosome 8p is associated with leukemic mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Martinez-Climent Jose A. , Vizcarra Esperanza , Sanchez Dolors , Blesa David , Marugan Isabel , Benet Isabel , Sole Françesc , Rubio-Moscardo Francisca , Terol Maria J. , Climent Joan , Sarsotti Elena , Tormo Mar , Andreu Enrique , Salido Marta , Ruiz Maria A. , Prosper Felipe , Siebert Reiner , Dyer Martin J. S. , Garcı́a-Conde Javier
Published: July 2002

Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) may present with either nodal or leukemic disease. The molecular determinants underlying this different biologic behavior are not known. This study compared the pattern of genetic abnormalities in patients with nodal and leukemic phases of MCL using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for specific gene loci. Although both leukemic and nodal MCL showed similar genomic patterns of losses (involving 6q, 11q22-q23, 13q14, and 17p13) and gains (affecting 3q and 8q), genomic loss of chromosome 8p occurred more frequently in patients with leukemic disease (79% versus 11%,P < .001). Subsequent CGH analysis confirmed the genomic loss of 8p21-p23 in 6 of 8 MCL cell lines. Interestingly,MYC gene amplification was restricted to cases with 8p deletion. These data indicate the presence of a novel tumor suppressor gene locus on 8p, whose deletion may be associated with leukemic dissemination and poor prognosis in patients with MCL.