bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model calculation of ionization efficiency in the Martian dayside ionosphere using MAVEN observations
Authors: Mukundan Vrinda , Thampi Smitha V , Bhardwaj Anil , Krishnaprasad C
Published: July 2020

The ionization efficiency (η), which is defined as the ratio of the electron impact to the photon impact ionization rates, is calculated for the dayside Martian ionosphere using Mars Atmosphere Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of neutral density and solar flux as input to the model. To calculate the secondary (electron impact) ionization rates, the photoelectron flux is computed using the Analytical Yield Spectrum (AYS) approach. Model calculations suggest that η should increase consistently as altitude decreases in the lower ionosphere. However, when the secondary ionization rates are calculated using the SWEA/MAVEN measured photoelectron flux, the ionization efficiency remains constant in the region 160–250 km. This behaviour is not in agreement with the theory of the altitude variation of ionization efficiency. The reason for this discrepancy is examined in detail. It is suggested that this disagreement is caused by the altitude-independent nature of MAVEN measured photoelectron flux. In two MAVEN deep dip orbits SWEA measured flux showed an altitudinal variation and the η curve estimated using these observations showed the variation in agreement with the theory. This suggests that the ionization efficiency calculated using SWEA/MAVEN measured photoelectron flux will show an altitude-dependent behaviour only when the instrument can resolve the altitudinal variation in the electron flux. We also calculated the ionization efficiency for two MAVEN dayside deep dip campaigns. The efficiency of CO2 and O showed an increase of 30 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively, at 130 km as compared to its value at 200 km.
Very wide companion fraction from Gaia DR2: A weak or no enhancement for hot Jupiter hosts, and a strong enhancement for contact binaries
Authors: Hwang Hsiang-Chih , Hamer Jacob H , Zakamska Nadia L , Schlaufman Kevin C
Published: July 2020

There is an ongoing debate on whether hot Jupiter hosts are more likely to be found in wide binaries with separations of ≳100 AU. In this paper, we search for comoving, very wide companions with separations of 103–104 AU for hot Jupiter hosts and main-sequence contact binaries in Gaia DR2, and compare the very wide companion fractions with their object-by-object-matched field star samples. We find that 11.9 ± 2.5 per cent of hot Jupiter hosts and 14.1 ± 1.0 per cent of contact binaries have companions at separations of 103–104 AU. While the very wide companion fraction of hot Jupiter hosts is a factor of 1.9 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, it is consistent, within ∼1σ, with that of matched field stars if the matching is only with field stars without close companions (within ∼50 AU) as is the case for hot Jupiter hosts. The very wide companion fraction of contact binaries is a factor of 3.1 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, suggesting that the formation and evolution of contact binaries are either tied to or correlated with the presence of wide companions. In contrast, the weak enhancement of very wide companion fraction for hot Jupiter hosts implies that the formation of hot Jupiters is not as sensitive to those environment properties. Our results also hint that the occurrence rates of dual hot Jupiter hosts and dual contact binaries may be higher than the expected values from random pairing of field stars, which may be due to their underlying metallicity and age dependence.
Normal Body Temperature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Geneva Ivayla I , Cuzzo Brian , Fazili Tasaduq , Javaid Waleed
Published: July 2020

PubMed was searched from 1935 to December 2017 with a variety of search phrases among article titles. The references of the identified manuscripts were then manually searched. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the paper presented data on measured normal body temperature of healthy human subjects ages 18 and older, (2) a prospective design was used, and (3) the paper was written in or translated into the English language. Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. This comprised 9227 measurement sites from 7636 subjects. The calculated ranges (mean ± 2 standard deviations) were 36.32–37.76 (rectal), 35.76–37.52 (tympanic), 35.61–37.61 (urine), 35.73–37.41 (oral), and 35.01–36.93 (axillary). Older adults (age ≥60) had lower temperature than younger adults (age <60) by 0.23°C, on average. There was only insignificant gender difference. Compared with the currently established reference point for normothermia of 36.8°C, our means are slightly lower but the difference likely has no physiological importance. We conclude that the most important patient factors remain site of measurement and patient’s age.
141 Total bilirubin rate of rise of in moderate preterm neonates: impact of gestational age
Authors: Jegathesan Thivia , Bhutani Vinod K , Campbell Douglas , Shah Vibhuti , Twiss Jennifer , Rasiah Saisujani , Baleswaran Shangari , Antwi Jeffrey , Prajapati Disha , Jhaveri Aadi , Ehsan Sabeen , Visvanathaiyer Gayathri , Sgro Michael
Published: July 2020

Background

As compared to term neonates, those < 35 weeks gestation (wks GA) are at greater risk for both acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE, CBE). Among these with postnatal total bilirubin rate of rise, (TB ROR) at age 0 to 72 hours has been observed because of either loss placental elimination system or increased postnatal production due to hemolysis. The ranges are known to vary > 8.5 umol/L/h in neonates with Rh disease to >3.4 umol/L/h at the 95th percentile track of the hour-specific nomogram. TB ROR in healthy term neonates is <3.4 umol/L/h.

Objectives

To determine the GA ranges on TB ROR to explore predictive TB ROR in preterm neonates who are more vulnerable with each <35 wks GA.

Design/Methods

A multi-site observational study to quantify TB ROR in preterm infants between 28 to 35 weeks. 1804 infants born between January 2013- March 2018 at 28–35 wks GA from three canadian perinatal centres were included and those with Rh disease were excluded. Analysis included infants >27 weeks with at least one TB prior to the initiation of treatment for severe hyperbilirubinemia treatment. Feeding patterns, birth history and maternal health conditions were documented.

Results

The TB ROR were compared by two prematurity GA groups (28–31 weeks and 32–35 weeks) then per individual gestational age in four time periods in hours, 0–24, 24–48, 48–96, and 96 -120 in 1049 preterm infants using 3065 TB samples. Infants <28 weeks GA were excluded since they represented a more diverse population. TB ROR by prematurity groups over all was higher in 32–35 weeks group at 0–12 hours (3.85 umol/L/h) and 25–36 hours (2.81umol/L/h) and decreased at 49–72 hours (0.24umol/L/h) time period as compared to the less mature group.

Conclusion

Though TB ROR were of similar patterns between prematurity groups (28–31 weeks and 32–35 weeks) it was at higher rate of rise between 13–36 hours and decreasing from 36–72 hours, with a plateau after 72 hours of age. There was a significant difference in the magnitude of TB ROR between prematurity groups at 0–24 hours. Additional research into the clinical care impact on the TB ROR should be conducted to study impact of production and elimination.
0027 Adolescent Sleep Timing And Dietary Patterns In Relation To Dna Methylation Of Core Clock Genes
Authors: Jansen Erica C , Dolinoy Dana , Chervin Ronald D , Peterson Karen E , O'Brien Louise M , Tellez Rojo Martha Maria , Cantoral Alejandra , Goodrich Jaclyn M
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Mistimed sleep/wake and eating patterns put adult shift workers at increased risk for chronic disease, and epigenetic modification of core clock genes has been proposed as a mechanism. Although not as extreme as shift workers, adolescents often have delayed sleep timing. Our aim was to assess whether sleep midpoints in adolescents are associated with DNA methylation of circadian genes. A secondary aim was to examine associations between dietary patterns and circadian gene methylation.

Methods

The study population included 142 Mexican youth (average age 14.0 (SD=2.0) years, 49% male) enrolled in a cohort study. Average sleep midpoint (between bed time and wake time) over 7 days was estimated with actigraphy. Diet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and three dietary patterns were derived from principal components analysis (a vegetable-based pattern, a meat and starch-based pattern, and a breakfast pattern). DNA methylation was quantified in blood leukocytes with the Infinium MethylatinEPIC BeadChip. We selected 166 loci (CpG sites) within CpG islands of core ‘clock’ genes known to regulate circadian rhythms (CLOCK, BMAL, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, CRYI2, RORA, RORB, REV-VERBA, REV-VERBB). Linear regression was used to analyze associations between sleep midpoint or dietary patterns and logit-transformed percent methylation at the 166 CpG sites. All models were adjusted for sex and age.

Results

The average midpoint was 3:41 AM (SD=1 hr 15 min); average bed time was 11:29 PM (SD=68 min) and average wake time was 7:53 AM (SD=97 min). Sleep midpoint was positively associated with DNA methylation of CpG sites from the genes REV-VERBA and RORB at the Bonferroni-corrected significance level of p<0.005. The breakfast dietary pattern (rich in eggs, milk, and bread) was inversely associated with DNA methylation at RORA (P=0.003).

Conclusion

Sleep timing and dietary habits are associated with DNA methylation of core clock genes in adolescents. Epigenetic modification of clock genes could in part underlie relationships between sleep, diet, and metabolic health among adolescents.

Support (If Any)

Dr. Jansen is supported by the NIH/NHLBI grant 5T32HL110952-05.
A study for precision diagnosing and treatment strategies in difficult-to-treat AIDS cases and HIV-infected patients with highly fatal or highly disabling opportunistic infections
Authors: Zeng Yan-Ming , Li Yao , He Xiao-Qing , Huang Yin-Qiu , Liu Min , Yuan Jing , Bai Yan , Lu Yan-Qiu , Li Huan , Chen Yao-Kai
Published: July 2020

Background:

Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) is one of the main opportunistic infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, and represents a social burden due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Concomitant antiretroviral therapy (ART), together with effective anti- toxoplasma combination therapy, is an effective strategy to treat AIDS-associated TE (AIDS/TE) patients. However, the timing for the initiation of ART after diagnosis of TE remains controversial. We therefore designed the present study to determine the optimal timing for ART initiation in AIDS/TE patients.

Methods/Design:

This trial is a 17-center, randomized, prospective clinical study with 2 parallel arms. A total of 200 participants will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio into the 2 arms: the early ART initiation (≤14 days after TE diagnosis) arm and the deferred ART (>14 days after TE diagnosis) arm. The primary outcome will be the difference of mortality between the 2 arms at 48 weeks. The secondary outcomes will be the differences between the 2 arms in the changes of CD4+ counts from baseline to week 48, the rate of virologic suppression (HIV ribonucleic acid <50 copies/mL) from baseline to week 48, the incidence of TE-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during the study period, and the incidence of adverse effects during the study period.

Discussion:

This present trial aims to evaluate the optimal timing for ART initiation in AIDS/TE patients, and will provide strong evidence for AIDS/TE treatment should it be successful.

Trial registration:

This trial was registered as one of the 12 trials under the name of a general project at the chictr.gov (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=35362) on February 1, 2019, and the registration number of the general project is ChiCTR1900021195.
Influence of early extensive posterior decompression on hyponatremia and cardiopulmonary dysfunction after severe traumatic cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Yang Chaohua , Wang Gaoju , Xu Shuang , Li Guangzhou , Wang Qing
Published: July 2020

Retrospective single institution observational study.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of early extensive posterior decompression on complications in patients with severe traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (tcSCI).

Cervical SCI is associated with a high prevalence of hyponatremia and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. However, very few studies have focused on this exploration to reduce the incidence of SCI early complications.

We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients undergoing extensive posterior decompression within 24 h for severe tcSCI (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale [AIS] A to C) admitted between January 2009 and January 2018. The data collected retrospectively included age, gender, mechanism, and level of SCI, AIS grade, fracture or dislocation, electrolyte, and cardiopulmonary complications.

Of the 97 enrolled patients, the baseline AIS grade was AIS A in 14, AIS B in 31, and AIS C in 52. Improvement of at least two AIS grades was found in 26 (26.8%), and improvement of at least one grade was found in 80.4% of patients at discharge. Twenty-nine (29.9%) patients had mild hyponatremia, 8 (8.2%) had moderate hyponatremia, and 3 (3.1%) had severe hyponatremia during hospitalization. The incidences of hyponatremia, hypotension, and tracheotomy were 41.2%, 13.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) on admission and at discharge was 1.34 ± 0.46 L and 2.21 ± 0.41 L (P < .0001), respectively. Five patients developed pneumonia.

Our results suggest that early expansive posterior decompression significantly reduces the incidence of hyponatremia, hypotension, and tracheotomy by promoting recovery of spinal cord function after severe tcSCI.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospital Admissions
Authors: Álvarez Retamales Violeta , Suarez Oswaldo Madrid , Lara-Garcia Odalys E. , Ranjha Suhayb , Maini Ruby , Hingle Susan , Sundareshan Vidya , Robinson Robert L.
Published: July 2020

Importance

COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, with its increasing incidence, more has been learned about the risk factors that can make certain groups more at risk of contracting the disease or have worse outcomes. We aim to identify any discrepancy in the hospitalization rate by race/ethnicity of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, and through this, analyze the risks of these groups in an effort to call out for attention to the circumstances that make them more vulnerable and susceptible to disease.

Observations

Analysis indicates that patients identified as non-Hispanic White and Asian/Pacific Islander in hospital admission data are underrepresented in COVID-19 admissions. Patients identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian have a disproportionate burden of hospital admissions, suggesting an increased risk of more severe disease.

Conclusions and Relevance

There is a disproportionate rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations found among non-Hispanic Blacks. Further investigation is imperative to identify and remediate the reason(s) for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infections requiring hospital admission. These efforts would likely reduce the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the non-Hispanic Black population.
Circulating argonaute-bound microRNA-126 reports vascular dysfunction & response to treatment in acute & chronic kidney disease
Authors: Scullion Kathleen M , Vliegenthart A D Bastiaan , Rivoli Laura , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Farrah Tariq E , Czopek Alicja , Webb David J , Hunter Robert W , Bailey Matthew A , Dhaun Neeraj , Dear James W
Published: July 2020

Background

Vascular and kidney dysfunction commonly co-exist. There is an unmet need for biomarkers of vascular health. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) are disease biomarkers; miR-126 is endothelial cell-enriched. We measured circulating miR-126 in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) and humans with acute endothelial and renal injury (vasculitis associated with autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm antigens (ANCA)). We then compared these findings to those from patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and explored the relationship between miR-126 and markers of vascular dysfunction.

Methods

In rats, NTN was induced with nephrotoxic serum. Samples were prospectively collected from 70 patients with ANCA vasculitis (at presentation and once in treatment-induced remission), healthy subjects (n=60), patients with CKD (n=30) and ESRD before and after dialysis (n=15). In humans and rats, miR-126 and miR-122 (liver-specific control) were measured and correlated with vascular function.

Results

In NTN rats, miR-126 was selectively reduced. In ANCA vasculitis, pre-treatment circulating miR-126 was reduced compared to health (88-fold reduction, ROC-AUC 0.87 (0.80-0.94)). miR-126 increased 3.4-fold post-treatment but remained lower than in health (∼26-fold). There was no change in miR-122. Plasma fractionation demonstrated that argonaute 2-bound miR-126 increased with treatment of ANCA vasculitis. Urinary miR-126 decreased post-treatment. miR-126 did not differ between CKD and health but its concentration significantly correlated with measures of endothelial dysfunction. miR-126 was substantially reduced in ESRD (∼350 fold compared to health and CKD).

Conclusions

miR-126 may be a marker of vascular inflammation and has the potential to aid in clinical decision-making.
COVID-19 Pandemic among Latinx Farmworker and Non-farmworker Families in North Carolina: Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, and Preventive Behaviors
Authors: Quandt Sara A. , LaMonto Natalie J. , Mora Dana C. , Talton Jennifer W. , Laurienti Paul J. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: July 2020

(1)

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic poses substantial threats to Latinx farmworkers and other immigrants in food production and processing. Classified as essential, such workers cannot shelter at home. Therefore, knowledge and preventive behaviors are important to reduce COVID-19 spread in the community.

(2)

Methods

Respondents for 67 families with at least one farmworker (FWF) and 38 comparable families with no farmworkers (non-FWF) in North Carolina completed a telephone survey in May, 2020. The survey queried knowledge of COVID-19, perceptions of its severity, self-efficacy, and preventive behaviors. Detailed data were collected to document household members’ social interaction and use of face coverings.

(3)

Results

Knowledge of COVID-19 and prevention methods was high in both groups, as was its perceived severity. Non-FWF had higher self-efficacy for preventing infection. Both groups claimed to practice preventive behaviors, though FWF emphasized social avoidance and non-FWF emphasized personal hygiene. Detailed social interactions showed high rates of inter-personal contact at home, at work, and in the community with more mask use in non-FWF than FWF.

(4)

Conclusions

Despite high levels of knowledge and perceived severity for COVID-19, these immigrant families were engaged in frequent interpersonal contact that could expose community members and themselves to COVID-19.
Risk Adjusted Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for the Management of COVID-19 in South Africa
Authors: Choma Joshua , Correa Fabio , Dahbi Salah-Eddine , Hayasi Kentaro , Lieberman Benjamin , Maslo Caroline , Mellado Bruce , Monnakgotla Kgomotso , Naudé Jacques , Ruan Xifeng , Stevenson Finn
Published: July 2020

A global analysis of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the dynamics of the spread of the COVID-19 indicates that these can be classified using the stringency index proposed by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) team. The world average for the coefficient that linearises the level of transmission with respect to the OxCGRT stringency index is αs = 0.01±0.0017 (95% C.I.). The corresponding South African coefficient is αs = 0.0078 ± 0.00036 (95% C.I.), compatible with the world average. Here, we implement the stringency index for the recently announced 5-tier regulatory alert system. Predictions are made for the spread of the virus for each alert level. Assuming constant rates of recovery and mortality, it is essential to increase αs. For the system to remain sub-critical, the rate with which αs increases should outpace that of the decrease of the stringency index. Monitoring of αs becomes essential to controlling the post-lockdown phase. Data from the Gauteng province obtained in May 2020 has been used to re-calibrate the model, where αs was found increase by 20% with respect to the period before lockdown. Predictions for the province are made in this light.
COVID-19 Anxiety Among Frontline Nurses: Predictive Role of Organisational Support, Personal Resilience and Social Support
Authors: Labrague Leodoro J. , de los Santos Janet
Published: July 2020

Aim

This study examines the relative influence of personal resilience, social support and organisational support in reducing COVID-19 anxiety in frontline nurses.

Background

Anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic is prevalent in the nursing workforce, potentially affecting nurses’ well-being and work performance. Identifying factors that could help maintain mental health and reduce coronavirus-related anxiety among frontline nurses is imperative. Currently, no studies have been conducted examining the influence of personal resilience, social support and organisational support in reducing COVID-19 anxiety among nurses.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 325 registered nurses from the Philippines using four standardised scales.

Results

Of the 325 nurses in the study, 123 (37.8%) were found to have dysfunctional levels of anxiety. Using multiple linear regression analyses, social support (β = −0.142, p = 0.011), personal resilience (β = −0.151, p = 0.008) and organisational support (β = −0.127, p = 0.023) predicted COVID-19 anxiety. Nurse characteristics were not associated with COVID-19 anxiety.

Conclusions

Resilient nurses and those who perceived higher organisational and social support were more likely to report lower anxiety related to COVID-19.

Implication for Nursing Management

COVID-19 anxiety may be addressed through organisational interventions, including increasing social support, assuring adequate organisational support, providing psychological and mental support services and providing resilience-promoting and stress management interventions.
Continuity of services for patients with tuberculosis in China in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Shen Xin , Sha Wei , Yang Chongguang , Pan Qichao , Cohen Ted , Cheng Shiming , Cai Qingshan , Kan Xiaohong , Zong Peilan , Zeng Zhong , Tan Shouyong , Liang Ruixia , Bai Liqiong , Xia Jia’an , Wu Shucai , Sun Peng , Wu Guihui , Cai Cui , Wang Xiaolin , Ai Kaixing , Liu Jianjun , Yuan Zheng’an
Published: July 2020

It is crucial to maintain continuity of essential services for people affected by tuberculosis (TB). Efforts to deliver these essential services in many global settings have been complicated by the emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19. Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the availability of TB diagnostic and treatment services is critical for identifying policies that can mitigate disruptions of these essential services. China has a dual burden of TB and COVID-19. We conducted a survey and collected data from 13 provinces in China to evaluate the early impact of COVID-19 on TB services and to document interventions that were adopted to maintain the continuity services for TB patients during the pandemic. We use these data to identify additional opportunities which will improve the ability of TB programs to maintain essential services during this crisis. While health systems and underlying epidemiology differ between countries, we believe that sharing China’s experience can inform the design of locally tailored strategies to maintain essential TB services during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The association between ABO blood group and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis
Authors: Golinelli Davide , Boetto Erik , Maietti Elisa , Fantini Maria Pia
Published: July 2020

At present, existing evidence about the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and ABO blood group polymorphism is preliminary and controversial. In this meta-analysis we investigate this association and determine SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals’ odds of having a specific blood group compared to controls.

We performed a systematic search on MEDLINE and LitCovid databases for studies published through July 15, 2020. Seven studies met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis, including a total of 13 subgroups of populations (7503 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases and 2962160 controls).

We analysed the odds of having each blood group among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients compared with controls. Random-effects models were used to obtain the overall pooled odds ratio (OR). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed in order to explore the source of heterogeneity and results consistency.

The results of our meta-analysis indicate that SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals are more likely to have blood group A (pooled OR 1.23, 95%CI: 1.09-1.40) and less likely to have blood group O (pooled OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.67-0.88).

Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms at the basis of this association, which may affect the kinetics of the pandemic according to the blood group distribution within the population.
(In)Visibilization through decolonial delinking? Disrupting the permanently neglected disaster at the border of Colombia and Ecuador
Authors: Waldmueller Johannes M.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The geopolitical relevance of the region with regard to clandestine and market interests exerting ecological pressures over mangroves and artisanal fishing thus raises awareness with regard to the local disaster's potentially global dimension. Delinking thus suggests divergent visibilization strategies regarding the narratives and framings of the region.

Design/methodology/approach

Reflecting on previous ethnographic and quantitative research on the impacted livelihoods in the Canton of Muisne (Ecuador) in the aftermath of the earthquake of April 2016, this article explores some disruptive dimensions of the permanent disaster in the predominantly black Ecuadorian–Colombian border region.

Findings

By drawing on decolonial theory, as well as by shifting between a mainstream narrative of the disaster, on the one hand, and a “delinked narrative,” on the other, this article is in line with more recent publications arguing that neither local and time bound accounts of vulnerability, ethnicity and (in)visibility, nor mainstream depictions of a “lack of development” are able to generate the required knowledge to disrupt from this permanently neglected disaster.

Originality/value

In order to understand the disaster beyond its ostensibly local dimension, economic, environmental, as well as the geopolitical considerations are suggested, resulting in a different framing of the disaster.
What next for Tech SA? Aligning leadership, culture and strategy
Authors: Babb Sarah
Published: July 2020

Learning outcomes

Identify, compare and contrast current and aspirational organisational cultures. Describe desired leadership capacities and how these contribute to building a culture and strategy. Describe ways to align culture with strategy including building an ambidextrous organisation.

Case overview/synopsis

Growth remained flat for Tech SA towards the end of 2016. As a subsidiary of a global information technology services firm, Tech SA was under pressure to meet its growth plan. With this in mind, a new culture and values framework to be more innovative, collaborative and responsive had been adopted. This was to match the demands of the volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous world the company finds itself in. While the organisation had a tradition of serving long-standing clients and contracts to high standards, it was not used to working with radical change and disruptive innovation. To achieve this, significant changes in leadership behaviours were required. The organisation had recognised the need for these changes and a leadership development programme was devised to enable 200 of its top leaders to make the required cultural and behavioural shifts to lead in these times. Although the leadership programme was well into its second year, the targets of the growth plan had not been achieved and the leadership behaviours had not yet been instilled across the business. If the growth plan was not achieved, John would need to consider cost-cutting and retrenching. This was the last thing John wanted to do as he had worked alongside his colleagues for 12 years. What else could John do and say to the leaders to make the required changes urgently needed as a matter of survival? What would it take to deliver to existing clients and explore new products and markets?

Complexity academic level

Masters, Masters of Business Administration (MBA), Executive MBA and Executive leadership.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 7: Management Science.
Al-Ain eye centre: sales force evaluation dilemma
Authors: Sattar Muhammad Muzamil
Published: July 2020

Learning outcomes

This case was written to help students develop their analytical and decision-making skills with regard to sales force evaluation. It identifies a variety of issues – in the Pakistani context particularly – within the sales force environment, including union representation, sales force team conflicts and power dynamics between superiors and subordinates. The various case lessons will enhance students’ analytical, negotiation and team-management skills. This case can be used to discuss the following issues: the complexity of objective and subjective evaluations of a sales force, sales force perceptions and cultural nuances for succeeding in Pakistan. Distribution structures and management in Pakistan. Characteristic features of the Pakistani pharmaceutical market. Students will be able to explain how salesperson performance information can be used to identify problems, determine their causes and suggest sales management actions to solve them. Students will be able to differentiate between an outcome-based and a behaviour-based perspective for evaluating and controlling salesperson performance. Students will understand how to control one’s behaviour in conflict situations by identifying common interests and achieving a “win-win” situation.

Case overview/synopsis

The Al-Ain case describes sales force management and sales force evaluation in a situation that involves a high-performing team operating in a hostile environment. Al-Ain eye centre (Al-Ain), located in the city of Karachi in Sindh state of Southern Pakistan, is a small-scale hospital that has diversified into the pharmaceutical business. Al-Ain’s product portfolio includes analgesics, antibiotics, ophthalmology products and cardiology products. This case focusses on team management and the relationship between a sales manager and subordinate salespeople in the context of Pakistani culture. A sales representative has received a poor performance assessment, which he perceives to be an unfair evaluation of his efforts. As a result of the situation, he subsequently joins a union and creates problems for his superiors. As they explore these management issues within a sales force, students will develop an appreciation for objective methods of sales force evaluation, as well as for the complexity of handling high-performing teams, the importance of employee perceptions and the scope of subjective biases in sales force evaluation that can emerge in practice.

Complexity academic level

The case is suited to undergraduate or MBA courses on sales management, organizational behaviour, distribution management, marketing/strategy and pharmaceutical industries. It addresses issues of sales force management, sales territory allocations, sales target fixation, team conflict, promotion, team bonus and distribution management in the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 8: Marketing.
Synthesis of ultraviolet (UV)-curable water-borne polyurethane acrylate binders and comparison of their performance for pigment printing on synthetic leather
Authors: Baysal Gülçin , Keleş Gizem , Kalav Berdan , Güner F. Seniha , Karagüzel Kayaoğlu Burçak
Published: July 2020

Purpose

In this study, it is aimed to synthesize ultraviolet (UV)-curable water-borne polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) binders using different types of polyols (poly (propylene glycol), PPG1000 and PPG2000 and poly (ethylene glycol), PEG1000 and PEG2000) at different molecular weights, DMPA (2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid) at different amounts and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and use for pigment printing on synthetic leather.

Design/methodology/approach

UV-cured films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The effect of binder structure on printing performance was determined with hardness, crock fastness, abrasion resistance and color measurements.

Findings

The highest abrasion resistance (60,000 cycles) and crock fastness values (dry crock and wet crock: 3/4) were obtained with binder PEG-C synthesized with PEG2000 and lower DMPA amount of 4.89 wt%; however, PEG-C binder showed lower hardness values. Due to lower urethane groups in PEG-C binder, more flexible films were obtained which imparted good adhesion property to printing film. Synthesized binders provided lower crock fastness and abrasion resistance properties than commercial WPUA binder.

Originality/value

Pigmented formulations including UV-curable water-borne synthesized PUA binder were developed and for the first time applied onto synthetic leather using screen printing method. Within this context, a new environmentally friendly printing method was proposed in this study including binder synthesis in the preparation of printing formulations.
The chief project officer: a new executive role for turbulent times
Authors: Wu Te , Zhu Zhu
Published: July 2020

Purpose

While it is common for most C-suite executives to have substantial project responsibilities, many do not have a strong understanding of project management leading to significant failures. As projects are the main mechanisms for implementing changes, project performance has disproportional impact on the competitiveness and viability of organizations. This paper aims to attempt to raise awareness of the Chief Project Officer (CPO) role and lay out important skills and capabilities that are needed for managers to ascend to this role as well as key topics of concern when preparing the mindset to be a successful CPO.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors have based this research on reviewing publications from the project management journals and publications, interviews of project management professionals and drawing from our industry experience in the field of project management.

Findings

Most organizations have project managers, either formal or informal, to lead projects. As project environment intensifies across industries, larger organizations rely on a project executives and project management office to oversee projects and performance of C-suite tasks. However, these projects and project management office (PMO) managers often lacks the authority and legitimacy to fully carry out the expected function. This is a clear gap in organizational management, and the gap is growing as more resources are dedicated to projects. Many organizations are equipped with the human resource to develop a CPO, the authors identify five main skills and 20 key topics that are crucial to the success of this vital role.

Originality/value

While the awareness of the CPO is still in its infancy, most organizations have equivalent or emerging senior project executive roles that may evolve and become CPOs. Today, organizations are increasingly pushed to pursue project-oriented structures to a rapidly changing environment, global market and fast-paced technological advances. It is likely that the CPO role will grow and become a crucial component in top management teams in the coming years to help organizations in moving forward to achieve their strategic goals and objectives.
Financial and non-financial benefits of carbon controls
Authors: Bui Binh , Truong Thu Phuong , Chapple Ellie J.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study aims to understand the organisational benefits of carbon-focussed management control systems (carbon MCS) under a regulatory context.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conduct a survey of 85 New Zealand (NZ) organisations covering different industries, sizes and compliance obligations.

Findings

The results suggest a significant direct positive impact of carbon MCS on organisations’ non-financial benefits and an indirect impact on financial benefits via non-financial benefits. The impact on non-financial benefits is strongest when a whole carbon MCS package is used rather than individual carbon controls. However, the highest impact on financial benefits are attained when only diagnostic controls are used rather than other controls or the whole MCS package. Firms in primary, manufacturing and energy sectors and those with export activities are less likely to achieve organisational benefits, while those with a compliance obligation under the emissions trading scheme are more likely to perceive such benefits.

Research limitations/implications

The study has a limited sample size (85 firms), a unique context (NZ) and coves only large firms. Further, there are no objective performance measures to validate survey responses regarding organisational benefits.

Practical implications

The findings provide a business case for managers and practitioners in formulating their strategic and MCS responses to climate change issues.

Originality/value

The authors focus on carbon MCS and adopt a wider range of carbon MCS levers than previous research. The authors discern not only non-financial benefits but also financial benefits from MCS use.
Optimized and affordable high‐throughput sequencing workflow for preserved and nonpreserved small zooplankton specimens
Authors: Beninde Jannik , Möst Markus , Meyer Axel
Published: July 2020

Genomic analysis of hundreds of individuals is increasingly becoming standard in evolutionary and ecological research. Individual‐based sequencing generates large amounts of valuable data from experimental and field studies, while using preserved samples is an invaluable resource for studying biodiversity in remote areas or across time. Yet, small‐bodied individuals or specimens from collections are often of limited use for genomic analyses due to a lack of suitable extraction and library preparation protocols for preserved or small amounts of tissues. Currently, high‐throughput sequencing in zooplankton is mostly restricted to clonal species, that can be maintained in live cultures to obtain sufficient amounts of tissue, or relies on a whole‐genome amplification step that comes with several biases and high costs. Here, we present a workflow for high‐throughput sequencing of single small individuals omitting the need for prior whole‐genome amplification or live cultures. We establish and demonstrate this method using 27 species of the genus Daphnia, aquatic keystone organisms, and validate it with small‐bodied ostracods. Our workflow is applicable to both live and preserved samples at low costs per sample. We first show that a silica‐column based DNA extraction method resulted in the highest DNA yields for nonpreserved samples while a precipitation‐based technique gave the highest yield for ethanol‐preserved samples and provided the longest DNA fragments. We then successfully performed short‐read whole genome sequencing from single Daphnia specimens and ostracods. Moreover, we assembled a draft reference genome from a single Daphnia individual (>50× coverage) highlighting the value of the workflow for non‐model organisms.
A safe and reliable technique for fascial closure without special devices after laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Takemoto Yuki , Ikeda Masahiro , Karakuchi Nozomi , Shimomura Manabu , Inoue Masashi , Ohmori Ichiro , Miyamoto Kazuaki , Toyota Kazuhiro , Sadamoto Seiji , Takahashi Tadateru
Published: July 2020

Introduction

To prevent port‐site hernia, we established a simple and low‐cost closure method that uses a venous catheter needle and suture, without any other special devices.

Materials and Surgical Technique

We used the inner needle of a 16‐G venous catheter and a 2‐0 absorbable bladed suture. To evaluate the efficacy of this technique, the procedure time was noted and compared among three operators (an experienced surgeon and two inexperienced surgeons).

Discussion

The median suturing time was 60.5 seconds (range, 26‐130 seconds) per incision. Even an unexperienced surgeon can close the fascia safely and quickly after some experience with the procedure.
Reluctant educators and self‐advocates: Older trans adults’ experiences of health‐care services and practitioners in seeking gender‐affirming services
Authors: Willis Paul , Dobbs Christine , Evans Elizabeth , Raithby Michele , Bishop Jenny‐Anne
Published: July 2020

Background

Trans‐identifying individuals experience unique barriers and challenges in negotiating health‐care systems due to the cisnormative attitudes and practices which obstruct the receipt of trans‐inclusive care. To date, there has been little exploration of older trans consumers’ experiences of contemporary health‐care services when seeking to transition medically in later life.

Objectives

Qualitative findings are presented from a study of trans ageing and trans‐related health and social care needs in Wales, UK (2016‐18). The objectives are to (1) examine supportive and obstructive points of interaction with health‐care professionals, and (2) identify key learning messages for improving trans‐related health care from the perspectives of trans‐identifying adults in later life.

Design

Trans‐identifying participants self‐selected to take part in two interviews—a life‐history interview and a semi‐structured interview. Interview data were analysed thematically using the framework method approach.

Setting and participants

This paper focuses on the accounts of 19 participants (50‐74 years of age) who identified as trans and were seeking to transition medically in mid‐ to later life.

Results

Findings indicate how older trans patients are positioned as reluctant educators for GPs in primary care settings and illustrate the transphobic practices and cisnormative assumptions encountered across health‐care interactions and systems that impede their journey of transitioning in later life.

Discussion and conclusions

Messages from this study speak to the importance of improving professionals’ knowledge of gender identity diversity across the life course and making changes at a systemic level in redressing cisnormative assumptions and systems that reinforce inequities on the basis of gender identity.
The human T‐cell receptor repertoire in health and disease and potential for omics integration
Authors: Watkins Thomas S , Miles John J
Published: July 2020

The adaptive immune system arose 600 million years ago in a cold‐blooded fish. Over countless generations, our antecedents tuned the function of the T‐cell receptor (TCR). The TCR system is arguably the most complex known to science. The TCR evolved hypervariability to fight the hypervariability of pathogens and cancers that look to consume our resources. This review describes the genetics and architecture of the human TCR and highlights surprising new discoveries over the past years that have disproved very old dogmas. The standardization of TCR sequencing data is discussed in preparation for big data bioinformatics and predictive analysis. We next catalogue new signatures and phenomenon discovered by TCR next generation sequencing (NGS) in health and disease and work that remain to be done in this space. Finally, we discuss how TCR NGS can add to immunodiagnostics and integrate with other omics platforms for both a deeper understanding of TCR biology and its use in the clinical setting.
NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases
Authors: Trindade Bruno C. , Chen Grace Y.
Published: July 2020

It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
Trans fatty acid elimination policy in member states of the Eurasian Economic Union: Implementation challenges and capacity for enforcement
Authors: Demin Andrey , Løge Bianca , Zhiteneva Olga , Nishida Chizuru , Whiting Stephen , Rippin Holly , Delles Christian , Karymbaeva Saliya , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Breda João
Published: July 2020

Removing trans fatty acids (TFAs) from the food supply in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are one of the most effective public health interventions for reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases. EAEU Member States have taken important steps to reduce TFA in oil and fat products to <2% of the total fat content. The authors summarize existing policies in the region, identify challenges in implementation, and suggest measures to strengthen regulation to achieve compliance with WHO guidelines. Documents published between 2011 and 2019 in Russian and English were reviewed, including EAEU and Member State restrictions on TFA in food products, data on TFA content in foods, and food labeling policies. The EAEU has established TFA limits in oil and fat products; however, Member States are currently not achieving the WHO guideline of <2% of total fat content in food products. A lack of harmonized monitoring systems and sanctions create challenges in monitoring compliance. The authors recommend developing an EAEU‐wide monitoring system to test TFA content and organize population intake surveys. Discrepancies exist within regulatory frameworks that allow higher levels of TFAs in dairy products and infant formula. The authors recommend extending the current regulation to mandate TFA limits for all food products. Research found that strengthening regulation to meet the WHO guidelines should be prioritized. Member States should implement actions to replace TFAs with healthier fats, develop standardized surveillance methods, and scale‐up strategic communication to ensure the food industry and the public follow public health recommendations to protect the health of the EAEU population.