bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When the Body Says No: The Experience of Vaginismus and the Validity of Female Pain
Authors: Haire Georgia
Published: July 2021

Vaginismus first entered medical discourse in 1861 when Dr J Marion Sims linked symptoms of vaginal hypersensitivity to muscular spasms. Today, vaginismus is similarly defined by the NHS characterised as an involuntary tightening of muscles around the vagina whenever penetration is attempted. Although these medical descriptions do not encapsulate every experience of the condition, it is generally agreed that the condition makes penetration near impossible, and very painful. The use of tampons, penetrative intercourse, cervical examinations, and other activities become sources of shame and fear for sufferers. Vaginismus is neglected as it is an underdiagnosed condition, which sufferers often must treat themselves, away from medical support. It is contested by doctors, who do not believe that there is anything wrong with the sufferer. By taking the experience of vaginismus as my starting point, I argue that the medical response to vaginismus is shaped by wider cultural perceptions about the believability of female pain. Female pain is viewed not as fact, but as a misinterpretation of bodily events. This article highlights the issues that surround the disbelief of female pain in relation to vaginismus, and how such perceptions might be altered. 
 
Key words: vaginismus, sexual pain disorders, sexual practice, women's medicine, heteronormativity
The Observers Observed: 'Reflections on making a film, The Day War Broke Out, with the Mass Observation Archive' by three PhD researchers
Authors: Chappell Elizabeth , King Simon , Baron-Bonarjee Dominique
Published: July 2021

Elizabeth Chappell, Simon King and Dominique Baron-Bonarjee made a film, The Day War Broke Out, in the summer of 2019 as part of a CHASE film making training course led by film-maker Karen Boswall at The University of Sussex. The film focuses on the way in which the Mass Observation (MO) Archive came about. The film brings to life the materiality of the archive through voice, music, hand-written letters, historical objects and setting as well as through an interview with one of Mass Observation’s curators, Kirsty Pattrick.
 
But what can we understand from the stated intentions of MO’s founders for anonymous volunteer contributors to write diaries ‘so that their [the public’s] environment may be understood and thus constantly transformed.’? This article takes the view that the ‘single voice’, i.e. in this case the personal reflective narrative, can offer a ‘way in’ to understanding collective lived experience. Exploring the research questions through three case studies, it offers a dialogical approach to the parallel and overlapping questions of how past lived experience can be brought to life on film as well as how researchers can use materiality to access the context of lived experience. It asks, how does the creative exploration of the archive through film offer the possibility of a more open dialogue to occur between researchers and curators? And finally, how can film making open up new vistas and avenues for researchers to share findings as well as to transform their own field of research?
Digital Public Relations: Trend and Required Skills
Authors: Permatasari Alfelia Nugky , Soelistiyowati Endang , Suastami I Gusti Ayu Putu Puji , Johan Riski Apriliani
Published: July 2021

Public Relations have evolved adjusting its practices to fulfill the needs of its users. In this case, technology possesses a great influence on how PR operates and interacts within society. Various institutions move to digital Public Relations, relying heavily on digital platforms, forcing Public Relations practitioners to master a new set of skills. This research aimed to map digital public relations trends and investigate the digital public relations competencies needed. A number of public relations practitioners from various institutions were interviewed to meet the objectives. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to answer the research questions. The research found that today traditional and digital public relations work synergically and are still needed by organizations. Apart from having good communication, interpersonal, writing, analytical thinking, and soft skills, a public relations practitioner is expected to be familiar with the digital platform and have the ability to design digital content.
iGeneration’s Communication Psychology Facing Covid-19 In Terms of Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Putri Dianingtyas , Suharyanti Suharyanti , Ajeng Dyah
Published: July 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has a broad impact on various aspects and lines. One of them is that the country’s economy has not moved forward as before. The unemployment rate increase among the iGeneration who have just graduated from college feels confused and anxious because they have not found a job, thus negatively affected them. This research aims to analyze the iGeneration in facing the impact of Covid-19 pandemic in cognitive dissonance theory by linking interpersonal communication through communication psychology. This research was a case study of a conservative generation of 22 years of age with excellent academic achievements. The results show that of the three mental mechanisms that consist of selective prevents dissonance, post-decision dissonance creates a need for reassurance, and minimal justification for action induces a shift in attitude, the informants have different perspectives and perceptions that affect self-efficacy on the issue as cognitive dissonance.
Mental Health Communication in Indonesian Natural Disaster Victims Trauma Recovery
Authors: Kurniasari Nani , Candrasari Satya , Delliana Santi
Published: July 2021

Trauma healing is a crucial stage in a long tourism sector recovery process after a natural disaster. Post-disaster psychological support is needed to reduce trauma in society, especially for remote communities. However, health services for people affected by health crises due to disaster at the provincial level are inadequate. This study aims to identify mental health communication forms in the trauma recovery process for tsunami victims in Pandeglang, Banten. This research uses the case study method. Approached descriptive-qualitatively, this study describes the practice of mental health communication in the context of trauma healing for natural disaster victims in Indonesian tourist attractions. This study found that mental health communication efforts included psychosocial assistance for children and adults, treatment for people with mental health disorders (ODGJ- orang dengan gangguan jiwa), counseling for victims, home visits, and health services for 26 ODGJs, and home visits for victims without mental disorders.
Hoax Distribution in Social Media After Ratification of Omnibus Law
Authors: Febriansyah Febriansyah , Muksin Nani Nurani
Published: July 2021

Social media had both positive and negative impacts. Lately, hoaxes had spread on social media massively after the ratification of the Job Creation Law (Omnibus Law). This research aimed to obtain an overview of hoax distribution on social media that emerged after the ratification of the Job Creation Law, find out the factors that cause it, and solve hoaxes on social media. The research method used was a descriptive qualitative approach. The results showed that hoax contents were circulating on social media after the ratification of the Job Creation Law. This was due to the lack of awareness of the digital media literacy culture and the absence of clarity regarding the draft of the Job Creation bill that was passed. The solution to eradicating hoaxes on social media could be done with three approaches: culture (literacy), technology, and law.
Regulation Issues of Digital Broadcasting in Job Creation Law
Authors: Supadiyanto Supadiyanto
Published: July 2021

Broadcast media had become a prospective business. The practice of the broadcast media business had surpassed legislation authority, resulting in currently utilized technology unaccommodated in Law No. 32/2002 on Broadcasting. The release of Law No. 11/2020 on Job Creation to merge existing laws into a simple regulation package did not make the broadcast media industry visionary. How are the current law maps of analog and digital broadcasting in Indonesia? How is the current practice of digital broadcast media business in Indonesia? The type of research is descriptive. This study used a legal positivism approach. The data collecting technique was conducted through literature study and legal study. As for the result, the current analog broadcasting regulation complied with Law No. 32/2002 concerning Broadcasting and Law No. 11/2020 concerning Job Creation. In practice, TV stations that broadcast on digital-internet channels did not possess a formidable legal basis.
Communication Style Organizasaun Lospalos Uan Ukani Members Student in Bandung
Authors: Jelahut Felisianus Efrem , Karlinah Siti , Novianti Evi
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to reveal the communication styles in the Organizasaun Lospalos Uan Ukani Bandung organization with the influence of their original culture, namely Fataluku. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The data sources in this study were divided into two types of data sources, namely primary sources and secondary sources. The technique of determining the informants in this study was using purposive sampling technique. The result showed that the communication style of the students of the Lospalos Uan Ukani Bandung members takes place with a formal communication style using the very standard Fataluku language. The speaking style of the members also used a verbal communication style by using words in speaking accompanied by non-verbal communication in the form of hand movements and facial mimics.
Mapping Disinformation During the Covid-19 in Indonesia: Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: Rahmawati Devie , Mulyana Deddy , Lumakto Giri , Viendyasari Mila , Anindhita Wiratri
Published: July 2021

During life-threatening situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic, disinformation is rife. While people project their affective aspects into understanding the situation, their fear of Covid-19 interferes with their logical and reasonable assessment of disinformation. Less credible information such as rumors becomes reliable for some people. This study aims to map the disinformation category based on the Ministry of Communication and Information report from January to March 2020. There are 359 hoaxes with five categories and 30 sub-categories. This study uses qualitative content analysis as a method. The study results revealed that most of the disinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic was related to the spread of hoaxes on health issues. This research implies that several recommendations are made to respond to the urgency of handling disinformation during Covid-19 in Indonesia, such as initiating digital literacy and media literacy in the national education system.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation Process of Japanese Expatriates in Indonesia
Authors: Mandari Windy Melliani , Boer Rino Febrianno
Published: July 2021

Cross-cultural adaptation process is an ongoing issue for expatriates while working abroad, including Japanese expatriates working in Indonesian companies. This research aims to know the critical point and adaptation process of Japanese expatriates. The research method used was ethnography. Primary data collection techniques were in-depth interviews and observations. This research also included secondary data. Findings revealed that the adaptation process had an important role as it could lead to a comfortable interaction and reduce miscommunication at work. Important factors in the adaptation process were language fluency, work culture adjustment, media uses, daily interaction with Indonesians, interaction among Japanese in Indonesia, and real assistance for expatriates. There were three stages that expatriates had to go through, i.e., preparation, active, and final stage. The critical points in the adaptation process were language skills and willingness to accept changes.
Exploring Self Identity: An Analysis of Audience Reception of Vlogs
Authors: Briandana Rizki , Fasta Feni , Mihardja Eli Jamilah , Qasem Amer
Published: July 2021

This study analyzed the interpretation of the self-identity projected by Tasya Farasha through her YouTube content. The development of youth identity today cannot be separated from the role of social media. In this context, Tasya Farasha’s content was examined from the viewpoint of the audience who watched it. This study uses a reception analysis methodology with focus group discussion as data collection technique. The informants in this study were selected based on criteria and classified based on three different universities in Jakarta. The result showed that the informants perceived the content of Tasya Farasya’s broadcast as a reference for youth in forming self-identity both culturally and persuasively in speech and action. The self-identity that Tasya Farasya projects led to a cosmopolitan identity. An identity that sees human’s equality in a community. This self-identity also shows its resistance to various dogmas that discriminate against differences.
Identifying Personal Characteristics of Social Media Entrepreneurs in Indonesia
Authors: Simangunsong Eliot
Published: July 2021

Social media is currently not only used to communicate with friends but as a platform for business. This trend has been increasing since the Covid-19 pandemic, where more and more people are using it to buy and sell. However, there are doubts in running a business through social media, i.e., the absence of the right business strategy, understanding of business competition, and the personal characteristics of the people it needs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the ideal personal characteristics needed in running a social media-based business. Using qualitative research methods, data analysis from 20 interviews identifies twelve characters, six of which are critical to someone who has good potential to do business on social media and who can make the most of it. The suitability of an entrepreneur’s character and the demands of doing business on social media will lead to positive attitudes that are key to business success.
The Song #2019GantiPresiden and Political Communication in Simulacra Analysis
Authors: Fadillah Dani , Chang Jian
Published: July 2021

This research aims to find out how the hashtag #2019GantiPresiden, which was initially just a common hashtag on Twitter, has triggered a massive mass movement in Indonesia. Moreover, the hashtag incarnated into various souvenirs, even into a song that shouted the need for Indonesia to have a new president. The Hashtag #2019GantiPresiden became a medium of communication to convey political messages from political actors and those interested in the Indonesian presidential elections in 2019. Qualitative method was used in the drafting of this paper by collecting data relating to the topic of discussion and then using the Simulacra logic initiated by Jean Baudrillard in data analysis. The study concluded that in 2019, the #2019GantiPresiden hashtags showed the world that a voice on social media could become a great mass power in the real world.
How Novice Entrepreneurs Learn About Digital Marketing Communication Strategies?
Authors: Rozaq Miftahul , Hastjarjo Sri , Slamet Yulius
Published: July 2021

This study aims to investigate the process of learning digital communication strategies by novice entrepreneurs who have limited knowledge, information, and access to formal training by learning through observations on social media to develop their business. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study design of six start-up entrepreneurs from micro, small and medium enterprises in Surakarta, Indonesia. In-depth interviews were conducted with six start-up entrepreneurs to study the social media situation in modeling and the meaning of the social media communication strategy being modeled. The results showed that role modeling occurred based on the needs of novice entrepreneurs to learn social media communication strategies. Also, the correct meaning of social media communication strategies is a determining factor that leads to the self-efficacy of novice entrepreneurs to make similar imitation decisions, develop observed strategies, or create new versions of strategies.
Iridoids from Stachys byzantina K. Koch (Lamb's Ears) and Stachys germanica L. (Downy Woundwort)
Authors: Háznagy-Radnai E. , Czigle Sz. , Máthé I.
Published: July 2021

Iridoids are a class of secondary metabolites found in a wide variety of plants. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often found to glucose. The genus Stachys L. is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, containing iridoids.

Aim

The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of iridoids from the aerial parts of Stachys byzantina K. Koch and Stachys germanica L.

Methods

For the isolation and identification of the iridoids, different chromatographic methods (NP-TLC, CPC and RP-HPLC) were used. The structures were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometry, also.

Results

Iridoids (aucubin, harpagide, ajugoside and harpagoside) were isolated and identified by combination of different chromatographic methods from S. byzantina and S. germanica.

Conclusion

Stachys species may also be used as a potential source of iridoids.
Rapid and simple CZE-UV method for quality control of B1 and B6 vitamins in drugs and dietary supplements
Authors: Matuskova M. , Cizmarova I. , Chalova P. , Mikus P. , Piestansky J.
Published: July 2021

The application of hydrodynamically closed capillary zone electrophoresis combined with convenient ultraviolet (UV) detection allows fast, simple, environmentally friendly and cost-effective analysis of ions or ionisable molecules. This technique has been used to determine two selected B vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine) in various drug formulations. The developed method was characterised by excellent validation parameters, such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The total time of analysis was lower than 13.5 min. The results indicate that the method is suitable for implementation in routine quality control of selected B vitamins in pharmaceutical and food samples.
Human Body Movement Coupling Model in Physical Education Class in the Educational Mathematical Equation of Reasonable Exercise Course
Authors: Pang Tao
Published: July 2021

In physical education class, the movement of the human body requires multiple joints to cooperate, and a multi-link system coupling is presented. In the teaching of physical education curriculum, the impact of the force received by students jumping up and down shows the characteristics of the non-linear system of physics and mathematics. Aiming at the movement process of jumping up and down, we established a joint mathematical equation model of the motion state of the human lower limb joints. We use a non-linear system to solve the mathematical model of the joint force coupling problem of the human body jumping up and down.
Characteristics of Mathematical Statistics Model of Student Emotion in College Physical Education
Authors: Wang Beibei , Al-Barakati Abdullah , Hasan Hafnida
Published: July 2021

The influence of learning emotions on learning behaviors in college physical education is directly reflected in learning efficiency. Based on this research background, the paper applies a mathematical, statistical model to structural equation modeling of the emotional situation of students in a school's physical education curriculum. The study results found that college students have lower positive emotional attitudes towards college physical education courses. Thus, students’ mood is affected by the. For this reason, we should eliminate students’ resistance and fear of college physical education courses and promptly correct students’ unhealthy learning emotions about college physical education courses. In this way, it helps students correct their negative feelings about college physical education courses.
Numerical Simulation Analysis Mathematics of Fluid Mechanics for Semiconductor Circuit Breaker
Authors: Liu Danjuan , He Wei
Published: July 2021

The paper derives the current-voltage relationship in the semiconductor circuit breaker based on the equation of fluid mechanics which has application for safe and water access. Then, the paper proposes a Newton iterative method based on the finite element analysis method to solve the nonlinear algebraic equation relationship in the semiconductor circuit breaker. At the same time, the paper constructed a coupled numerical model based on the hydrodynamic equations and applied it to the pulse current prediction. Experiments have proved that the algorithm can realize large-scale open-circuit switching current forecast, and the algorithm has high efficiency and accuracy.
Constructing Artistic Surface Modeling Design Based on Nonlinear Over-limit Interpolation Equation
Authors: Cheng Tan , Alassafi Madini O. , Muwafak Bishr Muhamed
Published: July 2021

The digital and physical methods of establishing minimal curved surfaces are the basis for realizing the design of the minimal curved surface modeling structure. Based on this research background, the paper showed an artistic surface modeling method based on nonlinear over-limit difference equations. The article combines parameter optimization and 3D modeling methods to model the constructed surface modeling. The research found that the nonlinear out-of-limit difference equation proposed in the paper is more accurate than the standard fractional differential equation algorithm. For this reason, the method can be extended and applied to the design of artistic surface modeling.
The Model of Sugar Metabolism and Exercise Energy Expenditure Based on Fractional Linear Regression Equation
Authors: Gao Jinchao , Alotaibi Fahd S , Ismail Ragab Ibrahim.
Published: July 2021

Carbohydrate metabolism can provide energy for human exercise. However, different exercise intensities will consume different amounts of energy. For this reason, the paper uses a fractional linear regression equation to study the characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and energy consumption of other groups of human beings with the same oxygen consumption during exercise. In addition, the thesis measures energy consumption during exercise and body recovery by analyzing gas metabolism methods. As a result, we found that the sugar, fat metabolism, and energy consumption of heavier volunteers under the same exercise intensity were lower than those of regular weight volunteers. Thus, the fractional linear regression method can help us analyze the relationship between glucose metabolism and exercise energy.
Passive and Active Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Aerosol with the Use of Mosses
Authors: Słonina Nikola , Świsłowski Paweł , Rajfur Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

The aim of the carried out research was passive and active biomonitoring of woodlands in the Opole province. Pleurozium schreberi mosses were used during the research, in which the following heavy metals concentrations were determined: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Concentrations were determined with absorption atomic spectrometry (AAS). On the basis of the carried out research, concentrations of heavy metals in moss samples used in the passive and active biomonitoring methods were compared. The obtained results indicate that Pleurozium schreberi mosses can be successfully used in both passive and active biomonitoring, however, these methods should not be used interchangeably in a defined study area. On the basis of carried out research it was determined that the applied biomonitoring methods can be supplementary.
The Issue of Shading Photovoltaic Installation Caused by Dust Accumulation on the Glass Surface
Authors: Rudnicka Małgorzata , Klugmann-Radziemska Ewa
Published: July 2021

The issue of accumulation of dust and other pollutants on the surface of photovoltaic modules was thoroughly analysed over the years. One of the first surveys in this field of knowledge linked pollutant accumulation on the module surface with transmittance loss of its glass covering, which leads to lessened amount of solar radiation reaching solar cells. First stage of this accumulation process is linear transparency loss, and second stage - molecule agglomeration and settlement some grains on the already existing layer of dust. Additionally, the pace of working parameters reduction for photovoltaic installation is influenced by the type of dust itself. Molecules with smaller grains cover the surface much more densely, therefore limiting the amount of light passing though the top glass layer far more than molecules with bigger grains. The aim of the carried out study was to find the relationship between dust surface density and change in electrical parameters. Such approach makes it possible to compare electrical and physical parameters of different photovoltaic modules. Additionally, glass coverage itself was noted to have a significant impact on the overall decrease in working parameters of PV modules.
Volumes Ratio Optimization in a Cascade Anaerobic Digestion System Producing Hydrogen and Methane
Authors: Chorukova Elena , Simeonov Ivan , Kabaivanova Lyudmila
Published: July 2021

As focus of humans has turned to renewable energy, the role of anaerobic digestion has started to become economically viable. Reducing the volume of agro-wastes for the generation of gaseous and liquid fractions with energy carriers and valuable products is an enormous challenge. A two-stage anaerobic digestion process consisting of hydrogenic stage followed by methanogenic stage was studied in a laboratory scale. Five simple nonlinear models of this continuous cascade process were studied in order to determine the optimal ratio of working volumes of bioreactors, in view of maximising energy production. This ratio was reported for all adopted models. The optimal ratio (maximal energy production criterion) depends of the adopted mathematical model. Static characteristics of both bioreactors were obtained usingSymbolyctoolbox ofMatlab.Numerical experiments concerning dynamics of the main variables of both bioreactors for these models usingSimulinkofMatlabare performed for different step changes of the dilution rate of the first bioreactor, together with the influence of the substrate (acetate) inhibition for one of the models. The value of the constant of inhibition plays an important role on the admissible interval of the dilution rate. The developed idea could serve for optimally designed experiments of anaerobic digestion for production of hydrogen and methane from lignocelluloses wastes (wheat straw) in two phase process.
Heat Recovery of Compost Reactors: Field Study of Operational Behaviour, Heating Power and Influence Factors
Authors: Jaschke Nele , Schmidt-Baum Torsten
Published: July 2021

This study evaluates the common process and set-up design of a static compost bioreactor for heat recovery. A technology, which fits the goal of a sustainable, growing bioeconomy which combines the utilization of compost heat and compost material. Interest on this technology has been growing the last years but precise data of pilot scale reactors is rare. Data is required to adjust the process for custom needs and further technical development. Therefore, lignin-cellulose based biomass was composted in unaerated cylindrical compost reactors size 20 to 70 m3 for 140 days. The biomass comes with C:N ratio of about 25:1, water content of 43-48 %, organic matter content of 40.6 % d.m. and calorific value of 8.3 MJ/kg d.m. Spatial distribution of temperature and gas concentration (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane) within the reactor shows methane production of the anaerobic core area. Maximum thermal power of 5.2 kW from a 63 m3 reactor with average temperature of heating flow about 40 °C was reached. Maximum recovered heating power of 4.8 MJ/kg d.m. was calculated for an operation of 6 month. This corresponds to 50 % of the measured calorific value. Biggest influence factors detected on the recovered heating power of the pilot scale reactor has been the size of reactor, the set up quality and the control of heat exchanger. The spatial correlation between heat production and aerobic digestion suggests a technical development in terms of aeration.
Effects of Human Activities in the Coastal Zone of Laizhou Bay
Authors: Wang Min , Han Mei , Hui Hongkuan , Li Yunlong
Published: July 2021

The serious destruction of resources and environment in Laizhou Bay has attracted extensive attention of researchers. This study mainly analysed the changes of fish structure and environment in the coastal zone of Laizhou Bay caused by human activities. By consulting literatures and field measurements, the changes of dominant fish species, coastline and sea water intrusion were analysed. The results showed that dominant fish species in Laizhou Bay change from high-economic species to low-economic species under the influence of human activities, and the coastline erosion was serious, and the area of sea water intrusion was also increasing year by year. It is concluded from the research results that human activities had a significant impact on the structure of fish school and the environment. It is necessary to arrange human activities in an appropriate amount to reduce the overexploitation of resources in order to restore the fishery resources and environment in Laizhou Bay.
Removal of Lead(II) and Zinc(II) from Aqueous Solutions Applying Fibber Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Authors: Paliulis Dainius
Published: July 2021

Lead and zinc are heavy metals with toxic properties. These chemical elements are found in wastewater. The article deals with the removal of lead(II) and zinc(II) ions from polluted water using adsorption. As object of researches was selected natural polymer - fibber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Big quantities of fibber hemp are produced as waste in textile, agricultural industry, and therefore their usage could help to solve two problems -reducing quantity of fibber hemp as waste and reducing of water pollution by heavy metals. Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions adsorption with fibber hemp was investigated for contact time, pH, and heavy metal ions concentration impact. Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions biosorption rate was highest within the first hour, with optimal their biosorption recorded at pH = 5.0. Highest lead and zinc ions removal efficiency was recorded after 240-480 min and reached 60.5 and 61.7 % respectively. This study demonstrated the applicability and effectiveness of fibber hemp in lead and zinc ions removal, which could be applied for the sewage treatment plant in small scale.
Mobility of Potentially Toxic Elements from the Abandoned Uranium Mine’s Spoil Bank
Authors: Khumalo Lamlile , Heltai György , Várhegyi András , Horváth Márk
Published: July 2021

This study is part of the ongoing environmental monitoring program of the abandoned Mecsek uranium mine during the remediation period. During this program on the recultivated No.1 spoil bank, the radioactivity and the potentially toxic element (PTE) contents in the covering soil had shown some anomalies which refers to possible migration alongside the slope. Therefore, in a previous study, soil and plant samples were collected from top to bottom position of the slope and the total element content was determined by multi-elemental inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results have indicated that there was a high possibility for PTEs to be mobile and available for uptake by plants. To confirm this indication in the present study for the soil samples the BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to characterise the environmental mobility of PTEs, and it was compared with soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results indicated that the ratio of Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, and U in the non-residual fractions ranged between 36.8 to 100 % and increased from top to bottom direction. The comparison showed that the samples with the lowest pH and CEC had the most mobility of the PTEs. The distribution of U, Cd, Mn, Co, and Pb in fractions indicated that some parts of the spoil deposit require additional steps to hinder the migration through the covering soil layer, and the BCR sequential extraction procedure has proven to be useful in providing information for the planning and management of remediation operations.
Compost Produced with Addition of Sewage Sludge as a Source of Fe and Mn for Plants
Authors: Gondek Krzysztof , Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika , Kopeć Michał , Spałek Iwona
Published: July 2021

Direct application of sewage sludge to soil is controversial due to, among others, its highly variable composition, odour, and risks for health. The obtained composts with the addition of sewage sludge were tested for the contents and availability of manganese and iron. Once composts were applied to the soil, their effect on the content and availability of Mn and Fe in soil and bioaccumulation in the plant were determined. The addition of sewage sludge enriched composts with manganese and iron, but did not increase the content of water-extracted forms of Mn and Fe. The compost with addition of biochar had more organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe. Composts amended with sewage sludge had lower effect on the amount of Poa pratensis L. biomass than maize straw compost. The content of Mn and Fe in Poa pratensis L. was in the range permissible for biomass used as fodder. Smaller addition of all composts to the soil significantly increased the content of mobile manganese forms; however, neither the type nor the dose had effect on the content of iron mobile forms. There was no significant differences in the content of organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe in soil after the application of composts.
Mycoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Cadmium and Lead by Trichoderma sp.
Authors: Bandurska Katarzyna , Krupa Piotr , Berdowska Agnieszka , Jatulewicz Igor , Zawierucha Iwona
Published: July 2021

Conducted research determined the effect of the Trichoderma fungi on the presence of cadmium and lead ions in the soil contaminated by mentioned elements. The aim of the study was to demonstrate whether the fungi of this kind can contribute to remediation of soil by the immobilization of heavy metals. Experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions. The vaccine containing spores of Trichoderma asperellum was introduced into the soil contaminated with cadmium and lead by direct injection. Analyses of the soluble fraction of selected heavy metals were performed after 3 and 15 days of cultivation using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Statistical significant positive effects on the immobilization of lead ions and no statistical differences in inhibition of cadmium translocation were observed. The results showed that Trichoderma fungi are suited to support the process of environment remediation by removal of lead. This suggests possible application of Trichoderma asperellum in mycoremediation and supporting role in phytoremediation of soil.
Digital Twin For Fatigue Analysis
Authors: Chabod Amaury , Baron Nicolas
Published: July 2021

The main design parameters that impact the fatigue of components are geometry, material and loading. Simulation with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and tests on a vibrating table are often used to understand the dynamic behaviour of components and thus validate those items.

Accelerated tests are used for the mission profile and test definition, as described in GAM-EG-13, MIL-STD-810F and RTCA DO-160E. The shock response spectrum (SRS) and the extreme response spectrum (ERS) allow for a comparison of the power spectrum density (PSD) and the acceleration factor applied in terms of fatigue severity through the fatigue damage spectrum (FDS). In addition, the hypothesis of linear damage accumulation enables the combination of several events for specifying a mission profile. Ultimately, the mission profile, which represents a usage that might span over several years, can be reduced to a shorter duration with a damage extraction technique. This is particularly useful for the definition of vibrating table specifications.

An advantage of the virtual vibrating table is the reduction of the number of prototypes and the understanding of failure modes. To achieve this objective, finite element analysis in the frequency domain (harmonic analysis) is used and the structural stress response is evaluated with a PSD loading. A statistical model of rainflow allows assessing the damage on the components. The presentation also shows the effects of the damping factor on damage results. To achieve accurate results and define a Digital Twin, the correlation between test results and the finite element analysis is fundamental. Experimental modal analysis, based on the measured acceleration responses, helps to validate calculated modal frequencies and to assess the damping for each mode. This study shows the importance and the sensitivity on damping of the structural response, and in turn on fatigue.
Analysis of the Corrosion Resistance of Aircraft Structure Joints with Double-Sided Rivets and Single-Sided Rivets
Authors: Kamińska Paulina , Synaszko Piotr , Ciężak Patryk , Dragan Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

An important factor having a negative impact on the technical condition of aircraft structure elements is the adverse effect of the atmosphere, which causes formation of corrosion in aircraft structures, especially in riveted lap joints. The electric potential difference between the sheet material and the rivet, in the presence of humid air, may cause electrochemical corrosion. The paper presents specimens that imitate the repair on the Mi-24 helicopter with the use of blind rivets in places where solid double-sided rivets could not be used. The aim of the research was to assess the corrosion resistance of lap joints with the use of single-sided and double-sided rivets. The analysis of corrosion resistance was carried out based on accelerated aging tests in a salt spray chamber. The salt chamber tests were aimed at determining the changes taking place in the specimens exposed to the marine environment. In the course of periodic observations changes in the mass of the specimens and in the form of corrosion losses were recorded. These activities were aimed at determining whether the exposure of specimens in the salt chamber causes electrochemical corrosion or pillowing. In addition, the specimens were subjected to static strength tests to assess the effect of corrosion on the strength properties of riveted joints.
Dynamic Fatigue Tests Of Landing Gears
Authors: Skorupka Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

Landing gears are one of the main components of an aircraft. The landing gear is used not only during take-off and landing but also, in most cases, during ground manoeuvres. Due to its function, the landing gear is also one of the key safety components of the aircraft due to dissipating landing loads acting on the aircraft. The mentioned loads come from both the vertical and horizontal speeds during touchdown and by the aircraft’s losing the speed by braking. The landing gear is then loaded with constantly changing forces acting in various directions during every landing, with the only difference coming from their magnitude. The repeatable loading conditions cause significant wear of the landing gear. This wear can be divided into two categories, one is the wear of consumable parts such as the brake linings and the other is the fatigue wear of the structural components. The latter type of wear is much more dangerous due to its slow, and in many cases, unnoticeable progression. Fatigue wear can be estimated by numerical analyses – this method works with a great degree of probability on single components but due to the complexity of the landing gear as a whole it is not precise enough to be applied to the full structure. In order to evaluate the fatigue of the whole landing gear the best method accepted by regulations is the laboratory testing method. It involves a series of various drop tests resembling the real landing condition distribution. The aim of the tests is to check the fatigue wear of the landing gear and to prove its reliability for certification and/or operational purposes.

In this paper the author describes the basics of the landing gear fatigue wear, possibilities of its evaluation and presents laboratory dynamic method used for extensive tests in life-like operation conditions.
Modular Test Stand for Fatigue Testing of Aeronautical Structures – Verification of Assumptions
Authors: Leski Andrzej , Wronicz Wojciech , Kowalczyk Piotr , Szmidt Michał , Klewicki Robert , Włodarczyk Karol , Uliński Grzegorz
Published: July 2021

The Modular Test Stand was developed and manufactured to decrease the cost of fatigue testing and reduce the time of its completion as well as to enable testing specimens under more complex load conditions. The stand consists of three connected sections, similar to a wing box, all being loaded in the same way. Thanks to that, several specimens can be tested simultaneously. This configuration requires that stress and strain distribution should be reasonably uniform, as assumed in the design stage. The structure can be loaded with bending or torsion. A whole section, selected structural node or a specimen mounted in the structure as well as a repair or a sensor can be a test object.

Two stands, one for bending and one for torsion were prepared. This paper presents the verification of the assumed strain and stress distributions on the skin panels. The measurements were performed with the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as well as strain gauges. DIC measurements were performed on one skin panel of the central section. Five strain gauge rosettes were installed on both panels of the one section. In addition, one rosette was applied to one skin panel in each of two other sections. Measurements were performed on the stand for torsion as well as on the stand for bending. The results of DIC analysis and strain gauge measurement during torsion show uniform shearing strain distributions on the panels. During bending, on the tensioned side, the strains obtained indicate quite uniform strain distributions. On the compressed side, local buckling of the skin panels results in high strain gradients. Strain levels obtained with the use of a DIC analysis and strain gauge measurements were similar. Moreover, horizontal displacements of markers in the spar axis during bending was determined based on a series of photographic. The deflection line obtained in this way has a shape similar to arc, which is characteristic of the constant bending moment.

The stand was tested with torsional and bending loads in order to verify the design assumptions. The results of strain distributions on the skin panels with the use of DIC and strain gauges as well as the deflection line of the spar axis indicate that the Modular Test Stand performs as assumed and can be used for tests.
Impact of Manufacturing Tolerances on Stress in a Turbine Blade Fir-Tree Root
Authors: Moneta Grzegorz , Jachimowicz Jerzy
Published: July 2021

Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) is one of most common mechanisms behind turbine blade failures. The reason is high stress concentration in notch areas, like fir-tree root groves, which can cause cyclic stress beyond the safe threshold. The stress levels strictly depend on the manufacturing accuracy of the fir-tree lock (for both fitted together: blade root and disk groove). The probabilistic study aimed at determination of stress was performed using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation on a population of 1000 turbine models (disk + blades +friction dampers), where fir-tree lock dimensions were sampled according to the normal distribution, within limits specified in the documentation. The studies were performed for different manufacturing quality levels: 3-Sigma, 6-Sigma and 3-Sigma with tolerance ranges reduced twice. Based on the results, the probabilistic distributions, probabilities and expected ranges of values could be determined for: material plastification, stress, strain, LCF lifetime, etc. The study has shown how each tooth of the root is loaded and how wide a stress range should be expected in each groove. That gives information on how the definition of tolerances should be modified to make the construction more optimal, more robust, with lower likelihood of damage, taking into account the cost-quality balance. It also shows how the Six Sigma philosophy can improve the safety of the construction, its repeatability and predictability. Additionally, the presented numerical study is a few orders of magnitude more cost- and time-effective than experiment.
Some Comments on Fatigue Life Tests of Aircraft Cable Control Systems
Authors: Brzęczek Józef
Published: July 2021

Cable control systems are widely used in aircraft and gliders. This paper deals with the problem of collecting real loads acting cable control systems and cable tests preparation (load spectrum) and performance. The author proposes a method for defining real loads acting on control systems, preparing and carrying out fatigue tests of cables revealing symptoms of fretting. The fatigue tests results can be used to predict service life, to plan and prepare periodic and details inspections. This method could be used to increase service life of aircraft control cables and could help to replace the commonly used Time-Based Maintenance (TBM) strategy with the Damage Tolerance (DT).
Service Life Extension of Parachutes with Use of Non-Desctructive and Partially Destructive Testing Methods of Textile Materials
Authors: Szafran Krzysztof Stanisław , Kramarski Ireneusz
Published: July 2021

The specificity of personal rescue and reserve parachutes is the fact that they are practically never used for jumping during their service life as they are intended for use only in emergency situations. Therefore, these parachutes throughout the entire period of use are only periodically aired and repacked every 6-12 months. Airing and repacking is necessary even if the parachute is only stored. Rescue and reserve parachutes’ components wear unevenly because the canopy with the suspension lines is inside the container and the cover, while the external components of the harness and the container undergo typical operational wear. Therefore, the service life of rescue parachutes can even reach 20 years (this refers to the canopy with the suspension lines alone). During normal exploitation, parachutes are subjected to non-destructive visual and tactile inspection in preparation for packing. When a parachute reaches its maximum service life, extension of its service life can be calculated based on its technical condition. The procedure for extending parachute’s service life involves non-destructive tests at a fabric air permeability test stand and partially destructive tests at the strength test stand. In the paper, both methods are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Also, observations some regarding the packers’ work and the desired new properties of raw materials that could be introduced to the parachute industry are presented.