bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loudness Assessment of Band Noise of Varying Bandwidth and Spectral Shape. An Evaluation of Various Frequency Weighting Networks
Authors: Kjellberg A. , Goldstein M.
Published: January 2017

The ability of different evaluation methods to predict loudness was assessed. In Experiment I, 12 subjects matched a band noise (900–1060Hz) to equal the loudness of each of 45 different noises covering the 15–1060 Hz frequency range, cut from three band spectra: Spectrum ‘STRAIGHT’ had its energy evenly distributed across frequency, ‘INVERSE’ was unbalanced towards the low-frequency bands and ‘A’ was unbalanced towards the high. Six frequency weighting networks: dB(A), dB(B), dB(C), dB(D), PLdB and PhondB were assessed. dB(B) fared best, followed by dB(D)and PhondB. dB(A) underestimated an dB(C) overestimated loudness especially when the noise only contained lower frequency bands. In Experiment II, 12 subjects matched the loudness of 7 noises cut from power spectrum ‘STRAIGHT’ at three different levels, all containing the 15–100 Hz low-frequency band. PLdB and PhondB predicted loudness best, followed by dB(D) and dB(B). Level proved to be of minor importance. In neither experiment did dB(A) predict the loudness of any noise better than dB(B) or dB(D).
Description of Isotherms of Two-Component Non-Electrolyte Solution Adsorption onto Solids with Structural Heterogeneity of Adsorbents Taken into Consideration
Authors: Cysewski P. , Garbacz J.K. , Biniak S. , Swiatkowski A. , Dabrowski A.
Published: January 2017

The concepts of Stoeckli as well as those of Wojsz and Rozwadowski have been adopted for describing adsorption from two-component non-electrolyte liquid mixtures at solid adsorbents taking into account structural heterogeneity of the adsorbent. Some new global adsorption equations have been obtained and verified on the basis of experimental data.
The Effect of Contaminant on Xylene Separation by Zeolite Adsorption
Authors: Yih S.M. , Hsiao H.C.
Published: January 2017

Possible contaminants arising from the oxidation of xylene isomers are detrimental to industrial adsorptive xylene separation processes since they lower the selectivity and recovery of p-xylene. A model compound, acetophenone, has been used to simulate the contaminant and it has been shown via pulse tests to adsorb strongly on to a K-BaY zeolite, thereby lowering the selectivity of p-xylene. Although the liquid desorbent PDEB (p-diethylbenzene) was not effective in removing the adsorbed acetophenone, nitrogen at 400°C and 1 atm was effective both in removing the adsorbed acetophenone and regenerating the adsorbent. Measurements of the adsorption capacity of acetophenone have shown that Molecular Sieve 13 X and K-BaY zeolites are both good adsorbents for acetophenone.
Simplified Solutions for Sorption in Systems Having Nimodal Adsorbents
Authors: Bhaskar G.V. , Do D.D.
Published: January 2017

Adsorption in a porous solid having a bimodal pore size distribution has been investigated theoretically using an n-th order approximation suggested by Do and Mayfield (1987). For the two physical systems involving bimodal adsorbents, a single particle and a batch adsorber, the new model solution shows remarkable agreement with the exact solution.

The classical linear driving force model (LDF) has also been considered; it is found that this model is inferior to the new model suggested by Do and Mayfield.
Adsorption from Mixtures of Cationic/Non-Ionic Surfactants on to a Polystyrene Surface
Authors: Desai Tejas R. , Dixit Sharad G.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and nonyl phenyl ethoxylates (NP-n, where n = 13, 20 and 30) on to polystyrene powder has been studied. Concentrations of surfactant solutions ranging from below CMC to well above CMC were investigated. In a single surfactant system, only the cationic surfactant (CTAB) was found to adsorb appreciably while nonionic surfactants showed negligible adsorption. In mixed surfactant systems, the cationic surfactant was found to induce significant co-adsorption of non-ionic surfactants. The increased adsorption of non-ionic surfactants has been attributed to the formation of non-ideal mixed hemimicelles due to intercomponent lateral interactions. However, non-ionic surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains did not form mixed hemimicelles with CTAB. In general, zeta potential measurements support the adsorption results.
Ultimate Load Behaviour of a Barrel Vault Space Truss
Authors: Hoe Tan Teck , Schmidt Lewis C.
Published: January 2017

The ultimate load capacity of a single-layer barrel vault space truss is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The vault has a novel bracing system in that the diagonal bracing members are out of the plane of the chords, forming a pyramid system with each base in the plane of the chords. The test model is constructed from steel tubes with all-welded joints. Under an unsymmetrical patch load the vault is seen to perform well, as it is able to develop the axial load capacity of the struts, without the need for them to act in flexure. A local mechanism operates in the region of the loads, but no overall collapse occurs.
Structural Analysis of an Atrium
Authors: Okamoto Ryunosuke , Kondo Toyoshi , Inada Yuji
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the structural analysis of an atrium of large and complicated shape. The atrium covers a space surrounded by 3 highrise buildings and 2 lowrise buildings. The analysis was carried out for vertical load (DL + LL), earthquake forces, wind loading and thermal stresses. The construction of the complex started in 1988 and will be completed in 1991.
A Geodesic Dome-Type Based on Pure Plate Action
Authors: Wester Ture
Published: January 2017

In recent years a theory for pure plate-domes has been developed. The strength and global stability for plate domes are based on membrane forces in the plates and and the transfer of shear forces between the plates.

The theoretical relation to the traditional lattice-dome type, whose strength and global stability are based on bars and nodes, is so close, that the two dome types may be regarded as opposites, as mirror images, antagonists, polars, reciprocals or, as used in the following: Duals.

Even for creating the system of the facets, the traditional lattice-dome methods can be used, if only nodes are replaced by plates and bars by shear force resistant “lines of support” as intersection lines between the plates.

Some methods for systematic generation of facets will be discussed, as well as some advantages of using plate-domes instead of lattice-domes.
A New Polyhedral Approximation to an Ellipsoid of Revolution
Authors: Davis W.E. , Yacoe J. Craig
Published: January 2017

A polyhedral structure is described which differs from the usual geodesic structure (in which the vertices lie on the surface of revolution), in that each edge is tangent to the surface. This new edge-tangent (geotangent) polyhedron has the following advantages over the usual geodesic design with its triangular faces: (1) the equatorial ring of faces is normal to the equatorial plane; (2) the faces are (with minor exceptions) pentagons and hexagons; (3) only three or four edges meet at each vertex; (4) calculation of edge lengths, vertex angles, and low-profile structures is comparatively easy. This ease of computation is a consequence of the fact that the constraints which define the structure make it simple to specify the equations of the polyhedral faces. These constraints are fully described in this paper, and examples of the structure are given. A template from which a paper model can be constructed is included.
Lowest Common Frequency: b2 + bc + c2
Authors: Clinton Joseph D.
Published: January 2017

This paper will focus on the determination of the lowest common frequency of a Class I geodesic geometry, any type, any method necessary to find a given polyhedron subdivision of Class II or Class III. Several examples will be given of the [3,5]b,c polyhedra along with tables giving their chord factors. A table of ηn values is also given for the series of polyhedra illustrated.
Continuous Transformations of Subdivided Periodic Surfaces
Authors: Lalvani Haresh
Published: January 2017

A unified morphological method for generating subdivisions of periodic surfaces is presented. The surfaces are characterized by symmetry, frequency, and the topology of subdivision. An open-ended hyper-cubic lattice is suggested as the structure space within which the subdivided surfaces can transform continuously from one to another by varying different independent parameters. For the purposes of illustration, eight parameters are specified to demonstrate an 8-dimensional model for the structure space. Additional types of subdivisions, and other geometric or physical parameters encountered in building, extend this space to a higher-dimensional one which acts as a systematic framework for generating a large variety of surface structures and their transformations. Geodesic spheres are special cases within this continuum which includes plane surfaces and the hyperbolic tessellations. An infinite class of semi-regular hyperbolic tessellations analogous to the Archimedean polyhedra and plane tessellations are presented, and higher frequency subdivisions of hyperbolic tessellations are suggested.
Composite Polyhedra
Authors: Emmerich D.G.
Published: January 2017

The composite polyhedra constitute a group of regular solids which until recently had not been catalogued as geometrical objects. Some, being completely triangulated, make up isostatic compositions. Others, with valleys or undulations, can be used as lobed domes or as stalactitic vaults. These forms can be transformed into double layer domes connecting their external vertices.
Spherical Joints in Space Structures: Numerical Design Method
Authors: Uduma Kalu , Arciszewski Tomasz
Published: January 2017

A numerical method for designing spherical joints in space structures is proposed in this paper. A number of important parameters identifiable in the design of a spherical joint have been idealized and formally incorporated to develop a numerical design method for spherical joints in space structures. Numerical examples based on this method are also presented and briefly discussed. These examples reflect on some local parameters in the design of spherical space joints, especially as they affect the choice of the geometrical shapes and dimensions of the joint.
Self-Equilibrated Stress System and Structural Behavior of Truss Structures Stabilized by Cable Tension
Authors: Hangai Yasuhiko , Kawaguchi Ken-ichi , Oda Kenshi
Published: January 2017

An unstable truss system composed of four truss members connected by frictionless joints is stabilized by a self-equilibrated stress system which is introduced by using a post and cables. This stabilized truss system is named “Unit Structure”, and is gathered up into an assembled structure, which is called “Truss Structure Stabilized by Cable Tension (T.S.C.)”. In the present paper, the structural behavior of both the unit structure and the assembly T.S.C., is investigated analytically.
Aspects of Design of Double-Layer Tensegrity Domes
Authors: Hanaor Ariel
Published: January 2017

Double-layer tensegrity domes are formed from double-layer tensegrity grids (DLTGs) with cured surfaces. Typically such domes consist of truncated pyramidal units or their derivatives joined together. Unlike flat DLTGs, the geometric configuration of the dome involves shape finding. The initial, prestressed geometry depends on the constraints governing the construction of the dome. Both shape finding and load analysis involve geometric non-linearities, but the extent of nonlinear behaviour under load, i.e. the magnitude of deflections, depends on a number of factors. While tensegrity structures, like other prestressed cable networks, are often geometrically flexible, geometrically rigid configurations, involving only elastic deformations, are feasible.
The Correspondence Between Convex Polydedra and Tensegrity Systems: A Classification System
Authors: Grip Robert
Published: January 2017

Since tensegrity systems are often topologically and geometrically complex it is important to have a simple and effective method to describe and classify them in an orderly manner. This paper sets forth a system of relating any convex polyhedron to a tensegrity by defining a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the polyhedron and the elements of the tensegrity.

This system, which was first introduced by the author in a 1978 booklet while working in Buckminster Fuller's Philadelphia office, is now extended to include agglomerations of convex polyhedra — both regular and irregular space-filling arrays.

In both the original system and its extension, the principle of geometric duality is clearly demonstrated. More importantly for engineers, the method will allow those familiar with space structures an easy and convenient way to relate any space frame or truss to a corresponding tensegrity structure.
A Class of Tensegrity Domes
Authors: Pellegrino S.
Published: January 2017

The paper investigates the structural behaviour of a class of cable-and-strut prestressed tensegrity domes which have been proposed by D.H. Geiger. The largest existing dome of this type, completed in September 1989, has circular plan and diameter of 210 m.

The investigation concentrates on a cut-down version of this dome, consisting of only twentyfour cable segments and eight struts, with one statical indeterminacy (as in the bigger domes) and thirteen independent inextensional modes of deformation. It is shown that the state of self-stress associated with the statical redundancy stiffens all of the inextensional modes. The response of the domes to a general load condition is discussed: the inextensional loads, which can induce large displacements from the initial configuration, are identified and contrasted to the extensional loads, which induce mainly tension changes and comparatively small displacements. For a particular extensional load, a simple stability analysis shows that overall buckling of the dome and slackening of some cables occur at approximately the same value of the load but, if the same loads are applied in the opposite direction, overall buckling precedes cable slackening. An experiment on a 1.7m prestressed dome is described. The measured response is compared to analytical predictions based on the nominal shape of the dome, as well as on its actual shape — which was carefully measured.
The Stability of Tensegrity Frameworks
Authors: Connelly Robert , Whiteley Walter
Published: January 2017

For a tensegrity framework with bars, cables (unilateral tension members) and struts (unilateral compression members), this paper presents a sequence of four mathematical concepts for detecting its rigidity. In order from the strongest to the weakest, these concepts are called infinitesimal (or static) rigidity, prestress stability, second-order rigidity and rigidity. Emphasis is placed on pre-stress stability, which lies between infinitesimal rigidity and second-order rigidity.
Deformations Observed on Systems of Long Span Space Trusses
Authors: Androic Boris
Published: January 2017

Deformations observed on completed systems of space steel structures appear to be much higher than foreseen by standard structural analysis. The proposed technique for resolving this problem uses the steel roof structure of the stadium in Split. The procedure may also be applied to systems other than the MERO-type, and warrants the conclusion as to the adequacy of the erected structure, consisting of other types of “industrial assemblages”.
Influences of Uncertainties on Mechanical Behavior of a Double-Layer Space Truss
Authors: Wada Akira , Wang Zhu
Published: January 2017

A space truss, as all other structures, is constantly subject to various types of uncertainties. For the purpose of estimating, and furthermore, ensuring the safety of a space truss, it is important to investigate its mechanical behavior with consideration of the influences of uncertainties.

A 6 × 6 square-plan, double-layer space truss is designed in accordance with minimum weight design concept and used as an example to study.

A computer program is written to analyze the truss structure, with an ability to simulate member buckling.

The Monte Carlo method is applied for statistical studies with trial number of each study set to 100.

The variation of member strength, initial imperfection of member length are chosen for component uncertainties, and the error in assembly process is chosen for human error. The mechanical behavior of the space truss influenced by these uncertainties is studied. A comparison between the influences of the component's uncertainties originating in human error, is made to determine where the most critical uncertainties lie.
Concepts of Deployable Space Structures
Authors: Miura K.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents several concepts of deployable space structures with emphasis on their relation to the basic principles of mechanics on which the concepts depend.

The following subjects are treated: the coilable longeron extendible mast and the theory of “Elastica” by Euler and Kirchhoff; the two-dimensionally deployable array and the theory of elastic surfaces (“Plate Elastica”) by Miura and Tanizawa; the variable geometry truss and the theory of truss by Mobius; the tension truss antenna and the theory of truss.
A Sequentially Deployable Truss for Attached Payloads
Authors: Rivacoba J. , Unda J. , Sierra M. , Eiden M.
Published: January 2017

Future space applications include very large elements, whose in orbit configuration cannot be launched in a single flight by the existing launchers. Deployable structures present great advantages in this field, as the mass and volume savings that can be achieved are significant.

SENER has carried out, under ESA contract, a study to develop, manufacture and test a deployable Large Truss Structure (LTS), that meets the requirements for the mid-term applications foreseen within the European scenario. This paper presents the design, analysis, manufacturing and test phases of a full scale three-module Engineering Model of the LTS.
Deployment Simulation of a Parabolic Space Antenna with Rigid Panels
Authors: Specht B.
Published: January 2017

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of the deployment process of a parabolic space reflector. The described deployable antenna is of the rigid panel type. The numerical simulations cover kinematic, inverse dynamic, quasi-static and dynamic analysis modes. Special phenomena included are hinge friction and the investigation of a deployment failure mode. Different software packages have been applied and their performance has been assessed.
Double-Layer Tensegrity Grids as Deployable Structures
Authors: Hanaor A.
Published: January 2017

Tensegrity grids are internally prestressed cable networks, in which the cables are prestressed against a disjointed system of bars. These structures are inherently collapsible and deployable in the nonprestressed state. In double-layer tensegirity grids, the bars are relatively short, producing a compact packing in the collapsed state. In the deployed prestressed state, geometrically rigid as well as geometrically flexible configurations are feasible. Flat or curved surfaces can be generated. Deployability and prestress are achieved through the extension of bars, shortening of cables or a combination of both techniques. A description of the system and some analytical results and deployable models are presented.
Formex Formulation for Finite Element Analysis of Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: Chin S. , Al-Bermani F.G.A.
Published: January 2017

A formex formulation of the topological configuration, geometry, loading and support conditions of finite element meshes used for the analysis of thin-walled structures is presented. The finite element mesh required for the structural analysis is generated from a series of modifications and transformations of a protomorph. The formex formulation is implemented in a menu driven preprocessor for the analysis of thin-walled structures of arbitrarily shaped section. Several examples generated using this formulation are presented.
Numerical Analyses of an Energy Loaded Joint for a Deployable Satellite Structure
Authors: Hollaway L , York D
Published: January 2017

Reflectors which are an integral part of space vehicles must be collapsed into the body of the vehicle for transportation to space. It is not efficient to store solid reflectors with a diameter greater than about 2.5 m in the launch vehicle and consequently deployable reflectors are used. This paper discusses the use of a flexible joint mechanism to enable a large reflector to be folded to a compact size and then deployed at geosynchronous orbit.

The joint would be incorporated into the members of a skeletal truss structure and their effect on the dynamic behaviour of a single structural member and a large truss framework has been studied. It has been shown that the resonant behaviour of a structural member was significantly altered by introducing a joint into the system, but that of large trusses was not as seriously affected and resembled the equivalent of a non-jointed structure. The resonant frequencies of the jointed structure are shown to be similar to those of the non-jointed one but the amplitudes of vibration are significantly lower.
The Structural Design of the Gallery-Roof of the Feyenoord Stadium in Rotterdam
Authors: Krijgsman A. , Koetsier R.H. , Vliet J.A.M. Van
Published: January 2017

The Feyenoord Stadium, built in 1938, needed a face-lift. When building new Stadiums it is wise to integrate the cantilevering gallery-rood with the bearing structure of the gallery itself. This was not possible with the existing Stadium.

The special features of the plan of the Feyenoord Stadium are its strong curvature at the corners and the long, more or less, straight sides. This required a totally new structural approach.

Up to now tensile ring systems were only applied on circular or at least oval plans. The development of this rectangular tensile ring system has been realised with the aid of the DIANA-computer program.

Since with the presented system any plan-shape can be roofed this structural development is one step ahead in the history of spatial roof-structures.
A Parabolic Pantographic Deployable Antenna (PDA)
Authors: Kwan A.S.K.
Published: January 2017

This paper introduces a new proposal in deployable structures using the ‘active/passive substructure concept’. The proposed structure is a parabolic deployable antenna consisting of radial planar pantograph masts deployed by long multi-segmented deployment cables, and intermediate cablenets. Analytical techniques and results of static load tests on a simple validation model are also presented.
Optimum Design of Structures with Reference to Space Structures
Authors: Salajegheh E.
Published: January 2017

This study presents an efficient method for optimum design of large skeletal and continuum structures, such as space structures, when the design variables are continuous or discrete. Both sizing and shape design variables are considered. First the structural responses such as element forces are approximated in terms of some intermediate variables. By substituting these approximate relations into the original design problem, an explicit nonlinear approximate design task with high quality approximation is achieved. This problem with continuous variables, can be solved by means of numerical optimization techniques very efficiently, the results of which are then used for discrete variable optimization. Now, the approximate problem is converted into a sequence of second level approximation problems of separable form and each of which is solved by a dual strategy with discrete design variables. The approach is efficient in terms of the number of required structural analyses, as well as the overall computational cost of optimization. Examples are offered and compared with other methods to demonstrate the features of the proposed method.
Progressive Collapse of Single-Layer Braced Domes
Authors: Abedi K. , Parke G.A.R.
Published: January 2017

Progressive collapse may be defined as the “widespread propagation of instability following damage to a portion of a structure”. In this paper, the dynamic propagation of local snap-through in single-layer braced domes is discussed. Dynamic snap-through and simultaneous multi-snap-through are described. Loading conditions for the occurrence of local snap-through have also been presented and a procedure for modelling this phenomenon using finite element analysis is developed. The central point in the proposed procedure is that the effect of dynamic snap-through is represented by providing appropriate initial velocities at the nodes in which snap-through as occurred. Using this procedure, the likelihood of progressive collapse is evaluated. In addition, some numerical investigations have also been presented.
Multi-Factor Optimisation of Large Reflector Antenna Structures
Authors: Liu J.S. , Hollaway L
Published: January 2017

A novel multi-parameter overall situation optimisation method has been developed for use on antenna reflector structures. Various structural performances arc included as objective functions. The design variables involve geometric and size variables of structures. Various working environments and loading cases which affect antenna performances could be combined in the optimisation mathematical model. An important aspect to the work is the establishment of evaluation criteria to optimise the design of a system. Such an optimisation procedure would satisfy extremely high design requirements. An 8m antenna structure is significantly optimised and the results are given.
Approximate Analysis of Space Trusses
Authors: El-Sheikh Ahmed
Published: January 2017

For decades, space trusses have been designed using approximate numerical methods that are based on simplified truss layouts. Although these methods still rely on using computers, their demand on computer time and resources is considerably less than that associated with full finite element analyses.

However, as the last decade has seen a revolutionary advance in computer technology, full F.E. analyses are no longer time consuming or expensive, and as a consequence, the old approximate analysis methods have become almost obsolete.

Now the need has shifted towards methods that are quick and easy to use, and yet accurate enough for preliminary designs and as a check on F.E. analysis results. In practice, a suitable method is adopted for a first choice of member sizes, then the results obtained are fed into a cycle or more of F.E. analysis and redesign until a final design is reached. Following a discussion on the required characteristics of modem approximate methods of space truss analysis, two examples of these methods are presented and assessed in this paper.
A New Type of Self-Stressed Equilibrium Cable-Strut System Made of Reciprocal Prisms
Authors: Wang Bin-Bing
Published: January 2017

In this paper, self-stressed equilibrium reciprocal prisms (RPs) made of cables and struts are introduced in space structures. In the resulting RP grid, the selections of its chief parameters such as the height of the upper part of a simplex relative to its bottom, and the latter relative to the length of a horizontal strut, are studied for the square RP. The RP structure does not need a boundary anchorage system, overcoming the main drawback of cable domes, and is very convenient for prestressing. Moreover, it is considerably stiffer and lighter than tensegrity structures. The concept of RP system is sufficient for rigid coverings, and can serve excellently as the supporting system of membrane roofs.
A Pantographic Deployable Conic Structure
Authors: You Z.
Published: January 2017

A pantographic structure, capable of forming a conic shape while deployed, is presented in this paper. It can be used as the backbone of a foldable tent or other mobile shelters. Different from most of the existing deployable structures, its deployment process induces no strain in the structural components. The geometric conditions given, together with a design for the joints, guarantee that the structure has only one internal degree of freedom. The concept has been successfully demonstrated by a small scale model. The same approach could be adopted while attempting to design other domed three-dimensional foldable pantographs.
Truss and Beam Finite Elements Revisited: A Derivation Based on Displacement-Field Decomposition
Authors: Zingoni Alphose
Published: January 2017

Where a finite element possesses symmetry properties, derivation of fundamental element matrices can be achieved more efficiently by decomposing the general displacement field into subspaces of the symmetry group describing the configuration of the element. In this paper, the procedure is illustrated by reference to the simple truss and beam elements, whose well-known consistent-mass matrices are obtained via the proposed method. However, the procedure is applicable to all one-, two- and three-dimensional finite elements, as long as the shape and node configuration of the element can be described by a specific symmetry group.
Sensitivity of Space Trusses to Uneven Support Settlement
Authors: El-Sheikh Ahmed
Published: January 2017

Uneven support settlements are a liability for every structure. However, as space trusses typically span large areas on few outer supports, they are more likely to encounter some uneven settlements. This paper presents an assessment of the sensitivity of space trusses to settlements in various situations with different aspect ratios and supporting conditions, and under different types and magnitudes of uneven support settlement. Additionally, the effect of composite action between a top concrete slab and a steel truss on truss sensitivity to uneven settlements is assessed. The work is carried out on twelve non-composite and composite square-on-square space trusses.
Moderate differences in circulating corticosterone alter receptor-mediated regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal activity
Authors: Judge Sarah J. , Ingram Colin D. , Gartside Sarah E.
Published: January 2017

Circulating glucocorticoid levels vary with stress and psychiatric illness and play a potentially important role in regulating transmitter systems that regulate mood. To determine whether chronic variation in corticosterone levels within the normal diurnal range altered the control of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neuronal activity, male rats were adrenalectomized and implanted with either a 2% or 70% corticosterone/cholesterol pellet (100 mg). Two weeks later, the regulation of 5-HT neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus was studied by in vitro electrophysiology. At this time, serum corticosterone levels approximated the low-point (2%) and mid-point (70%) of the diurnal range. The excitatory response of 5-HT neurones to the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (1–11 μM) was significantly greater in the 2% group compared to the 70% group. By contrast, the inhibitory response to 5-HT (10–50 μM) was significantly lower in the 2% group compared to the 70% group. Thus, chronic variation in circulating corticosterone over a narrow part of the normal diurnal range causes a shift in the balance of positive and negative regulation of 5-HT neurones, with increased α1-adrenoceptor-mediated excitation and reduced 5-HT-mediated autoinhibition at lower corticosterone levels. This shift would have a major impact on control of 5-HT neuronal activity.
Topographical effects of D1-like dopamine receptor agonists on orofacial movements in mice and their differential regulation via oppositional versus synergistic D1-like: D2-like interactions: cautionary observations on SK&F 82958 as an anomalous agent
Authors: Makihara Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Inoue Mai , Tomiyama Katsunori , Koshikawa Noriaki , Waddington John L.
Published: January 2017

Using a novel procedure, the regulation of individual topographies of orofacial movement in the mouse by oppositional versus cooperative/synergistic D1-like: D2-like dopamine receptor interactions was studied. The D1-like agonists SK&F 38393 and SK&F 83959 each induced vertical, but not horizontal, jaw movements, together with tongue protrusions and incisor chattering; however, SK&F 82958 induced a different profile which, consistent with other neurochemical and neurophysiological studies, suggests that this agent shows anomalous properties relative to other D1-like agonists. When given alone, the D2-like agonist quinpirole reduced horizontal jaw movements and incisor chattering. On coadministration, both SK&F 38393- and SK&F 83959-induced vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions were inhibited by quinpirole, while SK&F 82958 again showed an anomalous profile. These findings indicate that, in the mouse, vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions are regulated by oppositional D1-like: D2-like interactions, and appear to involve a D1-like receptor that is not coupled to adenylyl cyclase, whereas horizontal jaw movements are inhibited by D2-like receptors. Additionally, results obtained using SK&F 82958 as a probe for D1-like mechanisms should be treated with considerable caution until they are confirmed using other D1-like agonists.
Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats
Authors: O'Shea Melanie , Singh Malini E. , Mcgregor Iain S. , Mallet Paul E.
Published: January 2017

Although many studies have examined the acute behavioural effects of cannabinoids in rodents, few have examined the lasting effects of cannabinoids at different developmental ages. This study compared lasting effects of cannabinoid exposure occurring in adolescence to that occurring in early adulthood. Forty, 30-day old (adolescent) and 18, 56-day old (adult) female albino Wistar rats were injected with vehicle or incremental doses of the cannabinoid receptor agonist (–)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexanol (CP 55,940) once per day for 21 consecutive days (150, 200 and 300 μg/kg i.p. for 3, 8 and 10 days, respectively). Following a 21-day drug-free period, working memory was assessed using an object recognition task. Locomotor activity was also measured in the object recognition apparatus via a ceiling-mounted passive infrared sensor. Three days later, anxiety was assessed using a social interaction test. In the object recognition task, significantly poorer working memory was observed in the adolescent but not adult CP 55,940-treated rats. Adolescent, but not adult CP 55,940-treated rats, also exhibited a significant decrease in social interaction with a novel conspecific. These results suggest that chronic exposure to a cannabinoid receptor agonist well after the immediate postnatal period, but before reaching sexual maturity, can lead to increased anxiety and a lasting impairment of working memory.
A pictorial Stroop paradigm reveals an alcohol attentional bias in heavier compared to lighter social drinkers
Authors: Bruce Gillian , Jones Barry T.
Published: January 2017

The findings obtained with the textual Stroop paradigm, testing for an attentional bias towards alcohol stimuli in heavier compared to lighter social drinkers, are limited in number and inconsistent in outcome. Using a pictorial rather than textual Stroop paradigm for the first time in alcohol research, a significant alcohol attentional bias is reported in heavier social drinkers compared to lighter social drinking controls. According to Cohen's scheme, the significant effect size is classified as ‘large'. The presence of an alcohol attentional bias helps to explain the perpetuation of abusive/dependent consumption and the frequency of post-treatment relapse. In a similar vein, these results add to the evidence that a differential alcohol attentional bias might also be present between two levels of social drinking and, in heavier social drinkers, has the potential to impact on the contents of awareness and the flow of thought towards alcohol. In this respect, it extends the small group of other perceptual-cognitive effects measured in social drinkers (alcohol cue reactions, alcohol associations and alcohol expectancies) that can influence the initiation of consumption in some social drinkers.
Two new neurophysiological indices of cocaine craving: evoked brain potentials and cue modulated startle reflex
Authors: Franken Ingmar H.A. , Hulstijn Kai P , Stam Cornell'S J. , Hendriks Vincent M. , Brink Wim Van Den
Published: January 2017

Craving for cocaine is one of the hallmarks of cocaine dependence. One of the problems with craving is its measurement. Traditional psychophysiological indices such as skin conductance and heart rate have yielded contradictory results. These measures of craving were found to correlate only moderately with self-reported craving. In the present study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and the cue modulated startle response (CMSR) are evaluated as indices for cocaine craving. Twenty-one abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects were divided into high and low cravers group based on the median split of self-reported craving scores. ERPs and CMSR were measured when subjects watched neutral, pleasant, unpleasant and cocaine-related pictures. Overall, it was found that cocaine-dependent subjects showed augmented slow-positive waves (SPWs) of the ERP on the cocaine pictures compared to neutral pictures. Only high cravers showed larger SPWs on the cocaine cues, suggesting an association between cue-elicited SPWs and self-reported cocaine craving. By contrast to the ERP measures, CMSR did not differentiate between cocaine pictures and neutral pictures. In addition, no differences between the low- and high cravers on the CMSR measure were found. The present results show that the evoked-potentials paradigm provides promising results to index cue-elicited craving. The use of startle modulation deserves further investigation.
Orphans and Family Disintegration in Chile
Authors: Meza René Salinas
Published: January 2017

The first orphanage in Chile dates from 1756. By the beginning of the twentieth century one in ten newborn babies in Santiago were abandoned to the orphanage of the capital city. Seventy percent of the children who were admitted to the orphanage were less than one month old. Over 80% were illegitimate. The survival prospects of institutionalized orphans were bleak and scarcely improved over the half century from 1875 to 1925. At the beginning of this period, 81% died before their eighth birthday. The figure declined to 74% as early as 1906 but then stuck there. Although abandoned children bore tokens which might have been used to establish identity to reclaim the children, few left the orphanage alive.
Peasant and Non-Peasant Family Forms in Relation to the Physical Environment and the Local Economy
Authors: Mitterauer Michael
Published: January 2017

The theoretical basis of this article is the concept of ecotypes, as it has been developed by Scandinavian cultural anthropologists. With quantitative as well as qualitative sources from the eastern Alpine region, the idea of ecotypes is used to investigate the relationship between family structure and labor organization in agricultural society. An implication of this study is that protoindustrialization theory must be modified, differentiated, and expanded. The large variety of family forms of peasants and smallholders, as they are shaped by the organization of labor, is contrasted to the simplified model of a peasant and protoindustrial family economy.
From Peasant Society to Class Society: Some Aspects of Family and Class in a Northwest German Protoindustrial Parish, 17th-19th Centuries
Authors: Schlumbohm Jürgen
Published: January 2017

In the parish of Belm, Northwest Germany, population trebled between 1650 and 1830, but the number of peasant holdings remained stable. A new class of people without real property came into existence. Protoindustrialization in the form of linen production supplemented incomes from agriculture. This article outlines social differentials in demographic behavior and household structure. It looks at social mobility and the selection of mates. Furthermore, it explores the economic and non-economic ties that bound together propertied and propertyless families. Finally, it asks how important kinship was for propertied peasants and for landless people. It suggests that kin relationships across classes or within class may have been a factor relevant in the formation of classes.
Family Labor Strategies in Early Modern Swabia
Authors: Paas Martha White
Published: January 2017

The article presents evidence from the period 1480–1618 in Augsburg suggesting that there were economic constraints on the decisionmaking of the peasant family: (1) Inheritance patterns and village rights offered options to the peasant. These supply side factors helped to promote an integrated labor market in Swabia. (2) Market forces influenced the supply of labor by acting on subsidiary enterprises of the peasant family. The rise of the grain prices and of land forced peasants into auxiliary enterprises to earn cash. (3) Peasant households on small land holdings were vulnerable to harvest failure and consequently did not benefit from the rise in agricultural prices that accrued to holders of larger plots. (4) On the demand side, the structure of production and long-distance trade caused real wages to decline. Within these constraints, the rural community in Swabia became integrated with the urban trading sector in a type of protoindustrialization in which the individual decision makers began to respond to increasingly complex market forces.
Expanding Protoindustrialization
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the expansion of the concept of protoindustrialization since it came to prominence about two decades ago. It notes the broadened usage to describe various aspects of individual and family choices made within peasant societies and the increasing attention given to the role of various environmental factors in influencing behavior. After some specific comments on the studies in this issue dealing with European peasants in different regions and at different times, it raises some general questions including the historical linkages between protoindustry and the form of industry represented by the modern factory.
Historical Descriptions and Prescriptions for Adolescence
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: January 2017

The use of the term “adolescence” for any period other than the late nineteenth or twentieth century has been much debated. Aries denied that the medieval period had a life phase that could be described with such a term; others have argued that the term carries a particular, very modern meaning even if Augustine did use the term adolescentia. This introduction to a collection of essays on the history of adolescence shows that the life stage was a well recognized and defined one through the Middle Ages and into the modern period. While the modern period did not invent adolescence, it did modify the definition. Constants in acolescence from the thirteenth through the twentieth century are the struggle between adults and youth over entry and exit from adolescence and for control during that period. But much changes over the centuries. Social scientific discussions that aid in our historical analysis are almost entirely based on the male rather than the female experience. While cultural change modifies the male definitions of adolescence, the medieval and twentieth-century definition of female adolescence stays closer to biological than social definitions of puberty.
Immigration and Family Separation in the U.S. at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Robles Arodys , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2017

This essay provides the first quantitative and comparative estimates based on a nationally representative sample of the extent and duration of family separation associated with immigration to the U.S. at the turn of the century. It uses information from the Public Use Sample of the 1910 U.S. Census to examine the separation of husbands and wives, and parents and children, and compares the largest ethnic groups (British, Irish, Scandinavians, Germans, Poles, Italians, and Jews). Of those couples who were living together at the time of the 1910 census and who had married before immigration, more than half immigrated in the same year. Children were often separated from their fathers but rather rarely from their mothers. Most separations of any kind were brief, usually lasting less than two years. Some of our estimates are in line with the findings of others, while in other cases they raise questions about ethnic myths and ethnic stereotypes.
Effects of Government Intervention on Population Growth in Imperial China
Authors: Zhou Linong
Published: January 2017

This study explores the role of imperial governments in affecting mortality levels and, particularly, fertility behaviors. It attempts to demonstrate that one element in Malthus' population theory, preventive checks, did exist in pre-modern China. Economic rationalism motivated peasants to adopt certain measures under varied conditions which raises doubts about the uniqueness of European societies in this aspect. Due mainly to government relief and welfare efforts, incentives to preventive checks gradually declined, which may be viewed as one more case of the influence of non-economic factors on the course of economic development.
Ecocultural Perspective in Learning Disability: Family Support Resources, Values, Child Problem Behaviors
Authors: Cen Suzan , Aytac Berna
Published: January 2017

The present study aimed to assess the interaction between familial and cultural factors on child problem behaviors of learning disabled children aged between 7 and 14 within the perspective of ecocultural theory ( N = 90). Mothers completed the Family Support Scale, Portrait Values Questionnaire, and Social-Demographical Form, and teachers completed Specific Learning Disability Symptom Checklist and Child Behavior Problem Scale. Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and Hayes’ moderation analysis were conducted. After testing the relationship between support resources and problem behaviors, support analyses were repeated after including learning disability (LD) level. Finally, the effect of cultural values on perceived support resources and child problem behaviors after controlling child LD level was investigated. The findings of this study revealed that ideas about child development depend on cultural and individual factors, and a culturally sensitive understanding of child behaviors can guide researchers in developing more effective intervention programs, particularly for children with LD.
Poor Sleep and Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Min Yaena , Slattum Patricia W.
Published: January 2017

Concerns about sleep problems and falls in older adults are significant. This article reviews the association between sleep problems and falls in community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older. Multiple databases were searched from inception until 2015 using sleep, sleep disorders, and falls as keywords, limiting to studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals. After screening and assessing for eligibility, 18 articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings of an association between sleep problems and risk of falls are conflicting, but some specific sleep problems such as extremely short sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and naps appear to be significantly related to falls in older adults. Methodological limitations including variability in covariates included in the analyses and measurement of the exposure and outcome variables were identified. The results of this review identified the need to have comparable definitions, validated tools, and rigorous design of future studies.