bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Acquired Epileptogenesis in the Immature Brain Require Neuronal Death?
Authors: Baram Tallie Z , Jensen Frances E , Brooks-Kayal Amy
Published: October 2011

Because epilepsy often occurs during development, understanding the mechanisms by which this process takes place (epileptogenesis) is important. In addition, the age-specificity of seizures and epilepsies of the neonatal, infancy, and childhood periods suggests that the processes and mechanisms that culminate in epilepsy might be age specific as well. Here we provide an updated review of recent and existing literature and discuss evidence that neuronal loss may occur during epileptogenesis in the developing brain, but is not required for the epileptogenic process. We speculate about the mechanisms for the resilience of neurons in immature limbic structures to epileptogenic insults, and propose that the type, duration and severity of these insults influence the phenomenology of the resulting spontaneous seizures.
Revisiting AMPA Receptors as an Antiepileptic Drug Target
Authors: Rogawski Michael A.
Published: October 2011

In the 1990s there was intense interest in ionotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for diverse neurological disorders, including epilepsy. NMDA receptors were thought to play a key role in the generation of seizures, leading to clinical studies of NMDA receptor blocking drugs in epilepsy. Disappointing results dampened enthusiasm for ionotropic glutamate receptors as a therapeutic target. Eventually it became appreciated that another type of ionotropic glutamate receptor, the AMPA receptor, is actually the predominant mediator of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system and moreover that AMPA receptors are critical to the generation and spread of epileptic activity. As drugs became available that selectively target AMPA receptors, it was possible to demonstrate that AMPA receptor antagonists have powerful antiseizure activity in in vitro and in vivo models. A decade later, promising clinical studies with AMPA receptor antagonists, including the potent noncompetitive antagonist perampanel, are once again focusing attention on AMPA receptors as a drug target for epilepsy therapy.
Genetic Testing in Epilepsy: What Should you be Doing?
Authors: Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: October 2011

With the burgeoning array of molecular tests available in the epilepsies, the clinician needs to know which tests to order for each patient. Epileptic encephalopathies are the most important clinical group for genetic testing with an increasing number of distinctive epilepsy syndromes being recognized. Identification of the causative mutation affects treatment as well as prognostic and genetic counseling.
Linguistic Predictors of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Following 11 September 2001
Authors: D'Andrea Wendy , Chiu Pearl H. , Casas Brooks R. , Deldin Patricia
Published: October 2011

Prior research has linked content analysis drawn from text narratives to psychopathology in trauma survivors. This study used a longitudinal design to determine whether linguistic elements of narrative memories of first hearing about the events of 11 September 2001 predict later post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Narratives and self‐report PTSD symptoms were collected within 1 week and again 5 months after 9/11 in 40 undergraduates. People who used more “we” words at Time 1 had fewer acute PTSD symptoms. Use of more cognitive mechanism words, more religion words, more first‐person singular pronouns, and fewer anxiety words at Time 1 were related to more chronic PTSD symptoms. Linguistic characteristics accounted for variance in chronic PTSD symptoms above and beyond acute PTSD symptoms. This study provides evidence that lasting PTSD symptoms can be predicted through language in the immediate aftermath of the trauma. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication, microstructural analysis, and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/calcium carbonate particulates nanocomposites
Authors: Chang Z. C. , Lin C. B. , Chou Yi‐Chun , Lee Hung‐Chou
Published: October 2011

The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/nanometer‐scaled calcium carbonate particulate nanocomposites prepared by means of the gas‐synthesis was investigated. PMMA absorbed the saturated solvent mixture (the ratio of calcium chloride dehydrate and methanol at 1.5, 4.5, and 6.0 g/100 g) at 40–60° and then desorbed the methanol completely and then CO2 gas diffused into the desorbed completely in specimens for 48 h at 60°, approximately 30‐nm calcium carbonate particulates were precipitated evenly to distribute in the PMMA matrix. The content of calcium carbonate particulates decreases with increasing concentration of the saturated solvent mixture. The transmittance of the nanocomposites decreases with the increasing content of calcium carbonate particulates and the cutoff wavelength of transmittance is shifted to the short wavelength side. Differential scanning calorimetry displayed the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites is much higher than the virgin PMMA. Compared with the original PMMA, with only 1.53 wt% calcium carbonate particulate loading, the PMMA‐matrix nanocomposites exhibit higher glass transition temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 280–291, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20251
Synthesis and characterization of pH‐sensitive crosslinked (NIPA‐co‐AAC) nanohydrogels copolymer
Authors: Elsaeed Shimaa M. , Farag Reem K. , Maysour Nermien S.
Published: October 2011

A thermoresponsive polymeric nanohydrogels has been synthesized by inverse microemulsion polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and acrylic acid (AAc) using Aerosol (AOT) as a surfactant, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker, and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The effect of concentration of AIBN, EGDMA, and NIPA/AAc weight ratio was investigated. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly (NIPA‐co‐AAC) can be manipulated to be 40°C and 45°C which was correlated to amount of AAc that was copolymerized with NIPA. FTIR, 1H NMR, TEM, and DSC characterized the nanohydrogels. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetostructural Correlations in the Antiferromagnetic Co2‐xCux(OH)AsO4 (x = 0 and 0.3) Phases.
Authors: de Pedro I. , Rojo J. M. , Pizarro J. L. , Rodriguez Fernandez J. , Arriortua M. I. , Rojo T.
Published: October 2011

The title compounds are hydrothermally synthesized from stoichiometric precursors (Co,Cu)3(AsO4)2 in 5% aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Insights into Photoluminescence Property and Photocatalytic Activity of Cubic and Rhombohedral ZnIn2S4.
Authors: Shen Shaohua , Guo Penghui , Zhao Liang , Du Yuanchang , Guo Liejin
Published: October 2011

ZnIn2S4 is synthesized by thermal sulfidation of a Zn—In mixed oxide precursor with dry H2S gas for 4 h at either 300 °C yielding cubic ZnIn2S4 or at 800 °C resulting in rhombohedral ZnIn2S4.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Zeolite‐Like Framework Topology Constructed from Cages with 3‐Rings in a Barium Oxonitridophosphate.
Authors: Sedlmaier Stefan J. , Doeblinger Markus , Oeckler Oliver , Weber Johannes , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

Ba19P36O10.54N61.46 Cl12.54 is synthesized from a mixture of BaS, PO(NH2)3, PS(NH2)3, and NH4Cl (evacuated silica tube, 200 °C, 12 h and 750 °C, 48 h; <90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: An Unprecedented Vanadoniobate Cluster with “trans‐Vanadium” Bicapped Keggin‐Type {VNb12O40(VO)2}.
Authors: Guo Guiling , Xu Yanqing , Cao Jie , Hu Changwen
Published: October 2011

The crystal structures of (IV) and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth, Structures, and Optical Properties of the Cubic Double Perovskites Ba2MgWO6 and Ba2ZnWO6.
Authors: Bugaris Daniel E. , Hodges Jason P. , Huq Ashfia , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: October 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from MgO or ZnO, WO3, and BaCO3 using K2CO3 as a flux (950—1050 °C, 36 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Practical β‐Masked Formylation and Acetylation of Electron‐Deficient Olefins Utilizing Tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium Peroxydisulfate.
Authors: Jung Jae Chul , Kim Yong Hae , Lee Kieseung
Published: October 2011

Regioselective addition of 1,3‐dioxolanes (I) and (VI) to electron‐deficient olefins provides products (III) and (V) as formylation equivalents and compounds (VII) and (VIII) as acetylation equivalents.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Hydrogenations of Nitriles Catalyzed by Rhenium Complexes.
Authors: Rajesh Kunjanpillai , Dudle Balz , Blacque Olivier , Berke Heinz
Published: October 2011

An efficient, air‐stable, homogeneous process is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Primary Amine Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of α,α‐Disubstituted Aldehydes.
Authors: Desmarchelier Alaric , Yalgin Hasret , Coeffard Vincent , Moreau Xavier , Greck Christine
Published: October 2011

An epi‐quinine derivative ACI is found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of α‐hydrazino aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Alkylated Amino Acids Using Fluorous‐Tagged Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Nielsen Simon D. , Smith Garrick P. , Begtrup Mikael , Kristensen Jesper L.
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of N‐alkylated amino acids starts with alkylation and Boc‐deprotection of fluorous‐tagged hydroxylamine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Suzuki Reaction in N‐Butylpyridinium Salts/Water Systems.
Authors: dos Santos Castro Kelly L. , de Lima Paulo G. , e Miranda Leandro S. M. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A.
Published: October 2011

It is demonstrated that an ionic liquid derived from 4‐picoline is an efficient medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Accelerated Heck Reaction Using ortho‐Palladated Complex in a Nonaqueous Ionic Liquid with Controlled Microwave Heating.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: October 2011

The reaction occurs under conventional heating and under microwave irradiation conditions as well giving products in comparable yields exclusively as the (E)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Fascinating Reactivity in Gold Catalysis: Synthesis of Oxetenes Through Rare 4‐exo‐dig Allene Cyclization and Infrequent β‐Hydride Elimination.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Martinez del Campo Teresa , Fernandez Israel
Published: October 2011

The substitution pattern of the allenol substrate determines the reaction outcome of the gold‐catalyzed cyclization to yield either dihydrofurans (II)/(VI) or oxetenes (IV)/(VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Vinyl 2,2‐Bisphosphonoaziridines from 1,1‐Bisphosphono‐2‐aza‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Mortier Pieter P. J. , Van Waes Frederik E. A. , Masschelein Kurt G. R. , Heugebaert Thomas S. A. , Stevens Christian V.
Published: October 2011

It is demonstrated that treatment of azadienes of type (I) and (VI) with diazomethane provides aziridines as main products.
ChemInform Abstract: Isothiourea‐Catalyzed Asymmetric O‐ to C‐Carboxyl Transfer of Furanyl Carbonates.
Authors: Joannesse Caroline , Morrill Louis C. , Campbell Craig D. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: October 2011

The method renders possible the synthesis of α‐regioisomeric butenolide subunits as the major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Mediated New Synthesis of Pyrroles: Their Evaluation as Potential Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterase 4.
Authors: Pal Manojit , et al. et al.
Published: October 2011

A multi‐component reaction followed by Suzuki, Heck or Sonogashira coupling in a single pot is developed for the synthesis of the title compounds (VI), (IX), (XI), (XIII), and (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Isocyanoesters to 2‐Oxobutenoate Esters by a Multifunctional Chiral Silver Catalyst.
Authors: Song Jin , Guo Chang , Chen Peng‐Hao , Yu Jie , Luo Shi‐Wei , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: October 2011

The reaction proceeds providing products with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Bromoaminocyclization Using Amino—Thiocarbamate Catalysts.
Authors: Zhou Ling , Chen Jie , Tan Chong Kiat , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: October 2011

The title process proceeds with synthetically useful yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Henry Reactions of Isatins: Application in the Concise Synthesis of (S)‐(—)‐Spirobrassinin.
Authors: Liu Lu , Zhang Shilei , Xue Fei , Lou Guangshun , Zhang Haoyi , Ma Shichao , Duan Wenhu , Wang Wei
Published: October 2011

A highly efficient, cupreine‐catalyzed, enantioselective Henry reaction of isatin derivatives with nitroalkanes results in formation of chiral hydroxyoxindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Constrained Tetramic Acids, Homostreptopyrrolidine, and Their Analogues Based on Unusual Intramolecular Wittig Olefination with Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Duris Andrej , Daich Adam , Berkes Dusan
Published: October 2011

Tetramic acids (III), (V), and (VII) are synthesized from aminobutenolides and the phosphonium ylide formed from salt (II), by tandem amidation/intramolecular Wittig olefination.
ChemInform Abstract: Licofelone—Nitric Oxide Donors as Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Liu Wukun , Zhou Jinpei , Liu Yinglin , Liu Haoran , Bensdorf Kerstin , Guo Cancheng , Gust Ronald
Published: October 2011

Five licofelone‐nitric oxide donor conjugates (I) are prepared by a parallel synthesis approach and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 1,3‐Benzodioxole Derivatives from Catechol and Ketones or Aldehydes.
Authors: Pingali Subramanya R. K. , Jursic Branko S.
Published: October 2011

An improved protocol is developed which is applicable to large‐scale synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Alumina Supported Ammonium Dihydrogenphosphate (NH4H2PO4/Al2O3): Preparation, Characterization and Its Application as Catalyst in the Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Emrani Anahita , Davoodnia Abolghasem , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar
Published: October 2011

The catalyst shows high activity in the synthesis of imidazoles (IV) (10 examples) via multi‐component reaction of benzil, aromatic aldehydes, primary amines and NH4OAc under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N‐Tosyl‐aziridines and Aldehydes via Selective Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Wu Xingxing , Li Lei , Zhang Junliang
Published: October 2011

An efficient, mild and scalable method for the title synthesis is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Three‐Component Procedure for Combinatorial Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Scaffold Spiro[indole‐thiazolidinones] under Aqueous Conditions.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Singh Ruby , Bhaskaran Sumit , Samant Shriniwas D.
Published: October 2011

The reaction is carried out under environmentally benign conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Merrifield Resin Supported Phenanthroline—Cu(I): A Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles via the Reaction of 2‐Haloanilines with Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Yang Jin , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: October 2011

The reaction is applicable to a variety of o‐bromoanilines (I) and aromatic isothiocyanates (II)/(IV) generating aminobenzothiazole products in good yields under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Various Substituted Oxadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Kaur Hemlata , Kumar Sunil , Verma R. S. , Garg Amit , Saxena K. K. , Lata Suman , Kumar Ashok
Published: October 2011

The compounds (III) and (IV) are screened for their antibacterial activity against both types of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Approach to the Polymaxenolide and Pinnaic Acid Cores.
Authors: Ferrari Frank D. , Ledgard Andrew J. , Marquez Rodolfo
Published: October 2011

A two‐step one‐pot procedure is developed to prepare pyrans (III), where (IIIa) represents the spirocyclic part of polymaxenolide.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Chloride Catalyzed Mukaiyama—Michael Addition: Synthesis of 2,6‐anti‐Tetrahydropyrans.
Authors: Chua Sin‐Siu , Alni Anita , Chan Li‐Ting Jocelyn , Yamane Motoki , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: October 2011

The reaction proceeds under solvent‐free conditions and affords the anti‐products exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 1‐Aryl‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐ones.
Authors: Esteves Catia I. C. , Santos Clementina M. M. , Brito Cristela M. , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: October 2011

The simple one‐pot process involves condensation of 2‐methylchromone with cinnamaldehydes followed by an electrocyclization/oxidation sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Activated Anilide in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis of New Dihydropyridines (IV), Dihydropyridazines (VIII) and Thiourea Derivatives (X).
Authors: Hafiz Ibrahim S. A. , Ramiz Mahmoud M. M. , Sarhan Ahmed A. M.
Published: October 2011

New dihydropyridines, dihydropyridazines and thiourea derivatives are accomplished by the reaction of butanamide and pyridine derivatives as starting materials with selected electrophilic reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles via Intramolecular Platinum‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution.
Authors: Liang Qiren , De Brabander Jef K.
Published: October 2011

Intramolecular propargylic substitution of nucleophile‐tethered propargylic acetates is used to construct morpholines, dioxanes and cyclic sulfamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel s‐Triazine Bridged Dinucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Shen Fengjuan , Li Xiaoliu , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Qin Zhanbin , Yin Qingmei , Chen Hua , Zhang Jinchao
Published: October 2011

A series of novel s‐triazine linked “triple headed” dinucleoside analogues is synthesized by stepwise substitution of unprotected nucleosides with cyanuric chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecificity in the Au‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Monoallylic Diols. Synthesis of (+)‐Isoaltholactone.
Authors: Unsworth William P. , Stevens Kiri , Lamont Scott G. , Robertson Jeremy
Published: October 2011

A concise synthesis of the title compound (V) is presented with the Au‐catalyzed cyclization as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted N‐Aryl‐6‐pyrimidinones: A New Class of Potent, Selective, and Orally Active p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Devadas Balekudru , et al. et al.
Published: October 2011

A series of highly potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors is developed originating from a substituted N‐aryl‐6‐pyrimidinone scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Alterations of Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Guisnet M. , Cerqueira H. S. , Ribeiro F. Ramoa
Published: October 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Micheli Fabrizio
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Transaldolase Family: New Synthetic Opportunities from an Ancient Enzyme Scaffold
Authors: Samland Anne K. , Rale Madhura , Sprenger Georg A. , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter
Published: October 2011

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(III)‐Oxo Cubane Clusters as Catalyst for Oxidation of Organic Substrates
Authors: Das Birinchi Kumar , Chakrabarty Rajesh
Published: October 2011

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoramidite Ligand and Its Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Zhenfeng , Xie Fang , Yang Bo , Yu Han , Zhang Wanbin
Published: October 2011

Review: 198 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Induced Intramolecularity: An Effective Strategy in Catalysis
Authors: Tan Kian L.
Published: October 2011

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octadiene‐ or Dicyclopentadiene‐Based Chiral Diene Ligands for Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Feng Chen‐Guo , Xu Ming‐Hua , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Delineating Similarities and Dissimilarities in the Use of Metal Organic Frameworks and Zeolites as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Reactions
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Alvaro Mercedes , Corma Avelino , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: October 2011

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbenes and Nitrenes
Authors: Gras E.
Published: October 2011

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies for in vivo Imaging of Enzyme Activity: An Overview and Recent Advances
Authors: Razgulin Andrew , Ma Nan , Rao Jianghong
Published: October 2011

Review: 255 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Caesalpinia
Authors: Wu Ming , Wang Yu‐Fang , Zhang Man‐Li , Huo Chang‐Hong , Dong Mei , Shi Qing‐Wen , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: October 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Similar Interactions of Natural Products with Biosynthetic Enyzmes and Therapeutic Targets Could Explain Why Nature Produces such as Large Proportion of Existing Drugs
Authors: Kellerberger Esther , Hofmann Andreas , Quinn Ronald J.
Published: October 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products in Antiobesity Therapy
Authors: Vermaak Ilze , Viljoen Alvaro M. , Hamman Josias H.
Published: October 2011

Review: 275 refs.
Design and CFD studies of multiphase separators—a review
Authors: Laleh Ali Pourahmadi , Svrcek William Y. , Monnery Wayne D.
Published: October 2011

The multiphase separators are generally the first and largest process equipment in an oil production platform. This primary separation step is a key element in the oil and gas production facilities in that downstream equipment, such as compressors, are completely dependent on the efficient performance of these multiphase separators. The literature on this critical unit operation, multiphase separators, abounds with macro studies and design methodologies for two‐ and three‐phase vertical and horizontal separators. There are very few studies that provide the micro details of the actual separation process. In fact, the popular classic methods for separator design, mostly due to a lack of a usable mathematical model for estimation of droplet ‘separation velocities’, do result in a conservative design and would specify extremely oversized separators. In order to reflect the current situation and address recent findings, this study will review the important literature on design and CFD simulation of multiphase separators. This review will show the benefits that CFD analyses can provide in optimising the design of new separators and solving problems with existing designs. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Design and Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole‐based Lp‐PLA2 Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Yi , Xu Weiren , Shao Hua , Xie Yafei , Wang Jianwu
Published: October 2011

A series of novel pyrazole‐based lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) inhibitors have been designed and synthetized by a variety of acetophenones via a 10‐step convergent approach. The synthetic approach is carefully optimized, and an unsuccessful alternative route is also discussed. The in vitro biological activity reveals that all the synthesized compounds are potent Lp‐PLA2 inhibitors with compound 13b being the most potent one (Lp‐PLA2, IC50=1.5 nmol/L).
QSRR Study of GC Retention Indices of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Mosla chinensis Maxim by Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Cao Hui , Li Zuguang , Chen Xiaozhen
Published: October 2011

The volatile compounds emitted from Mosla chinensis Maxim were analyzed by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and headspace liquid‐phase microextraction (HS‐LPME) combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The main volatiles from Mosla chinensis Maxim were studied in this paper. It can be seen that 61 compounds were separated and identified. Forty‐nine volatile compounds were identified by SPME method, mainly including myrcene, α‐terpinene, p‐cymene, (E)‐ocimene, thymol, thymol acetate and (E)‐β‐farnesene. Forty‐five major volatile compounds were identified by LPME method, including α‐thujene, α‐pinene, camphene, butanoic acid, 2‐methylpropyl ester, myrcene, butanoic acid, butyl ester, α‐terpinene, p‐cymene, (E)‐ocimene, butane, 1,1‐dibutoxy‐, thymol, thymol acetate and (E)‐β‐farnesene. After analyzing the volatile compounds, multiple linear regression (MLR) method was used for building the regression model. Then the quantitative structure‐retention relationship (QSRR) model was validated by predictive‐ability test. The prediction results were in good agreement with the experimental values. The results demonstrated that headspace SPME‐GC‐MS and LPME‐GC‐MS are the simple, rapid and easy sample enrichment technique suitable for analysis of volatile compounds. This investigation provided an effective method for predicting the retention indices of new compounds even in the absence of the standard candidates.
An Efficient One‐pot Synthesis of Pyrazolone Derivatives Promoted by Acidic Ionic Liquid
Authors: Zang Hongjun , Su Qiuhong , Guo Song , Mo Yingming , Cheng Bowen
Published: October 2011

A new class of pyrazolone derivatives has been isolated in good to excellent yields from the 2:1 condensation reaction between 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5‐pyrazolone and arylaldehydes in the presence of ionic liquid [HMIM]HSO4. The compounds were characterised by their IR, NMR spectra, MS and elemental analyses. The important features of the methodology are a wide application range of substrates, higher yields and shorter reaction time.
Amide Hydrolysis Reaction Catalyzed by KF/Al2O3 under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent Free Conditions
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Luo Kai , Chen Wei , Wang Lei
Published: October 2011

A microwave‐enhanced hydrolysis of amides utilizing KF/Al2O3 in the absence of solvents has been developed. Amines are produced in excellent yields along with the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Efficacy and Safety of Unfractionated Heparin Plus Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors During Revascularization for an Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials Performed With Stents and Thienopyridines
Authors: Winchester David E. , Brearley William D. , Wen Xuerong , Park Ki E. , Bavry Anthony A.
Published: October 2011

Background:

Early studies of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) demonstrated benefit during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Since their introduction, the magnitude of benefit of GPIs has become unclear.

Hypothesis:

We hypothesized that adding a GPI to unfractionated heparin in ACS patients treated with stents and thienopyridines is beneficial.

Methods:

We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov databases for randomized clinical trials that studied the use of GPIs during ACS. We required that patients be randomly assigned to unfractionated heparin plus a GPI versus unfractionated heparin plus placebo (or control). Additional inclusion criteria included the use of coronary stents and periprocedural thienopyridines. Outcomes were assessed at 30 days. Random effects DerSimonian‐Laird summary risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were constructed.

Results:

Sixteen studies with 7611 patients were included. Myocardial infarction was 3.1% with GPI versus 4.4% with control (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59–0.94, P = 0.014); revascularization, 1.7% versus 2.7% (RR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46–0.89, P = 0.008); major bleeding, 2.5% versus 2.1% (RR = 1.21; 95% CI, 0.89–1.63, P = 0.22); minor bleeding, 5.5% versus 4.1% (RR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.06–1.78, P = 0.016); and mortality, 2.2% versus 2.9% (RR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.59–1.06, P = 0.12), respectively.

Conclusions:

Among ACS patients treated with stents and thienopyridines, GPIs were associated with reduced myocardial infarction and revascularization. Minor, but not major bleeding was increased with GPIs. Mortality was similar between the groups. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article

This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from the Florida Heart Research Institute, which had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation, manuscript writing, or decision to proceed with publication.

Anthony A Bavry has received research support from Novartis Pharmaceuticals and serves as a contractor for American College of Cardiology Cardiosource. The other authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Gold nanocages as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Li Weiyang , Brown Paige K. , Wang Lihong V. , Xia Younan
Published: October 2011

Gold nanoparticles with tunable absorption and scattering properties have been developed as contrast agents for various optical imaging techniques. As a hybrid modality that combines the merits of both optical and ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging also benefits from the use of these nanoparticles to greatly enhance the contrast for visualization of structures and biomarkers in biological tissues. Gold nanocages characterized by hollow interiors, ultrathin and porous walls are of particular interest for in vivo PA imaging because of their compact sizes, bio‐inertness and well‐defined surface chemistry, as well as their strong and highly wavelength‐tunable optical absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) optical window of soft tissues. This review discusses the application of gold nanocages as a new class of contrast agents for PA imaging in the context of cancer diagnosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoacoustic tomography: fundamentals, advances and prospects
Authors: Yao Junjie , Wang Lihong V.
Published: October 2011

Optical microscopy has been contributing to the development of life science for more than three centuries. However, due to strong optical scattering in tissue, its in vivo imaging ability has been restricted to studies at superficial depths. Advances in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) now allow multiscale imaging at depths from sub‐millimeter to several centimeters, with spatial resolutions from sub‐micrometer to sub‐millimeter. Because of this high scalability and its unique optical absorption contrast, PAT is capable of performing anatomical, functional, molecular and fluid‐dynamic imaging at various system levels, and is playing an increasingly important role in fundamental biological research and clinical practice. This review discusses recent technical progress in PAT and presents corresponding applications. It ends with a discussion of several prospects and their technical challenges. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold nanorods as molecular contrast agents in photoacoustic imaging: the promises and the caveats
Authors: Manohar Srirang , Ungureanu Constantin , Van Leeuwen Ton G.
Published: October 2011

Rod‐shaped gold nanoparticles exhibit intense and narrow absorption peaks for light in the far‐red and near‐infrared wavelength regions, owing to the excitation of longitudinal plasmons. Light absorption is followed predominantly by non radiative de‐excitation, and the released heat and subsequent temperature rise cause strong photoacoustic (optoacoustic) signals to be produced. This feature combined with the relative inertness of gold, and its favorable surface chemistry, which permits affinity biomolecule coupling, has seen gold nanorods (AuNR) attracting much attention as contrast agents and molecular probes for photoacoustic imaging. In this article we provide an short overview of the current status of the use of AuNR in molecular imaging using photoacoustics. We further examine the state of the art in various chemical, physical and biochemical phenomena that have implications for the future photoacoustic applications of these particles. We cover the route through fine‐tuning of AuNR synthetic procedures, toxicity reduction by appropriate coatings, in vitro cellular interactions of AuNRs, attachment of targeting antibodies, in vivo fate of the particles and the effects of certain light interactions with the AuNR. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary indication of survival benefit from ERCC1 and RRM1‐tailored chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer: Evidence from an individual patient analysis
Authors: Simon George R. , Schell Michael J. , Begum Mubeena , Kim Jongphil , Chiappori Alberto , Haura Eric , Antonia Scott , Bepler Gerold
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Excision repair cross complementing 1 (ERCC1) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) are molecular determinants that predict sensitivity or resistance to platinum agents and gemcitabine, respectively. Tailored therapy using these molecular determinants suggested patient benefit in a previously reported phase 2 trial. Here, we report an individual patient analysis of prospectively accrued patients who were treated with the “personalized therapy” approach versus other “standard,” noncustomized approaches.

METHODS:

Patients who had nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with extranodal metastatic disease and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0/1 were accrued to 4 phase 2 clinical trials conducted at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center: Trial A (first‐line carboplatin/gemcitabine followed by docetaxel), Trial B (docetaxel and gefitinib in patients aged ≥70 years), Trial C (combination therapy with carboplatin/paclitaxel/atrasentan), and Trial D (personalized therapy based on ERCC1 and RRM1 expression). Patients with low RRM1/low ERCC1 expression received gemcitabine/carboplatin, patients with low RRM1/high ERCC1 expression received gemcitabine/docetaxel, patients with high RRM1/low ERCC1 expression received docetaxel/carboplatin, and patients with high RRM1/high ERCC1 expression received vinorelbine/docetaxel. Patients who were treated on Trials A, B, and C were pooled together and analyzed as the “standard therapy” group. Patients accrued to Trial D were called the “personalized therapy” group. Individual patient data were updated as of February 8, 2011. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

RESULTS:

There were statistically significant improvements between the personalized therapy group versus the standard therapy group in response (44% vs 22%; P = .002), OS (median: 13.3 months vs 8.9 months; P = .016), and PFS (median: 7.0 months vs 4.3 months; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results from individual patient analyses suggest that ERCC1 and RRM1/tailored selection of first‐line therapy improved survival over standard treatment‐selection approaches. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
ARVCF depletion cooperates with Tbx1 deficiency in the development of 22q11.2DS‐like phenotypes in Xenopus
Authors: Tran Hong Thi , Delvaeye Mieke , Verschuere Veerle , Descamps Emilie , Crabbe Ellen , Van Hoorebeke Luc , McCrea Pierre , Adriaens Dominique , Van Roy Frans , Vleminckx Kris
Published: October 2011

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common dominant genetic disorder characterized by a heterozygous deletion of a cluster of genes on chromosome 22q11.2. TBX1, a transcription factor belonging to the T‐box gene family, is a key player in the syndrome. However, heterozygosity of Tbx1 in mouse models does not fully recapitulate the phenotypes characteristic of the disease, which may point to the involvement of other genes in the deleted chromosomal region. Hence, we investigated the contribution of the catenin ARVCF, another gene that is deleted in 22q11.2DS. During Xenopus development, ARVCF mRNA is expressed in the pharyngeal arches and depleting either ARVCF or Tbx1 results in delayed migration of the cranial neural crest cells and in defects in the craniofacial skeleton and aortic arches. Moreover, double depletion of ARVCF and Tbx1 revealed that they act cooperatively, indicating that decreased ARVCF levels may also contribute to 22q11.2DS‐associated phenotypes. Developmental Dynamics 240:2680–2687, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coordination and Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Complexes Containing Tridentate P,N,O Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 31/2011)
Authors: Lee Chun‐Chin , Chu Wan‐Yi , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: October 2011

The cover picture shows the catalytic conversion of amines or nitroarenes with alcohols into useful amino compounds by [P,N,O]‐RuII complexes in a one‐pot reaction, which is a sustainable cycle in organic synthesis. The ruthenium(II) complexes serving as catalysts in this work were prepared by complexation of RuII precursors with various [P,N,O] ligands and were characterized by spectroscopic methods and X‐ray crystallography. These investigations provided some insight into ligand effects on the metal ions. Details are discussed in the article by C.‐C. Lee et al. on p. 4801 ff.
On chip electrofusion of single human B cells and mouse myeloma cells for efficient hybridoma generation
Authors: Kemna Evelien W. M. , Wolbers Floor , Vermes Istvan , van den Berg Albert
Published: October 2011

This article describes the development and full characterization of a microfluidic chip for electrofusion of human peripheral blood B‐cells and mouse myeloma (NS‐1) cells to generate hybridomas. The chip consists of an array of 783 traps, with dimensions that were optimized to obtain a final cell pairing efficiency of 33±6%. B cells were stained with a cytoplasmic stain CFDA to assess the different stages of cell fusion, i.e. dye transfer to NS‐1 cells (initiating fusion) and membrane reorganization (advanced fusion). Six DC pulses of 100 μs (2.5 kV/cm) combined with an AC field (30 s, 2 MHz, 500 V/cm) and pronase treatment resulted in the highest electrofusion efficiency of paired cells (51±11%). Hybridoma formation, with a yield of 0.33 and 1.2%, was observed after culturing the fused cells for 14 days in conditioned medium. This work provides valuable leads to improve the current electrofusion protocols for the production of human antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Pregnancy‐induced chromatin remodeling in the breast of postmenopausal women
Authors: Russo Jose , Santucci‐Pereira Julia , de Cicco Ricardo López , Sheriff Fathima , Russo Patricia A. , Peri Suraj , Slifker Michael , Ross Eric , Mello Maria Luiza S. , Vidal Benedicto C. , Belitskaya‐Lévy Ilana , Arslan Alan , Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte Anne , Bordas Pal , Lenner Per , Ahman Janet , Afanasyeva Yelena , Hallmans Goran , Toniolo Paolo , Russo Irma H.
Published: October 2011

Early pregnancy and multiparity are known to reduce the risk of women to develop breast cancer at menopause. Based on the knowledge that the differentiation of the breast induced by the hormones of pregnancy plays a major role in this protection, this work was performed with the purpose of identifying what differentiation‐associated molecular changes persist in the breast until menopause. Core needle biopsies (CNB) obtained from the breast of 42 nulliparous (NP) and 71 parous (P) postmenopausal women were analyzed in morphology, immunocytochemistry and gene expression. Whereas in the NP breast, nuclei of epithelial cells were large and euchromatic, in the P breast they were small and hyperchromatic, showing strong methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 and 27. Transcriptomic analysis performed using Affymetrix HG_U133 oligonucleotide arrays revealed that in CNB of the P breast, there were 267 upregulated probesets that comprised genes controlling chromatin organization, transcription regulation, splicing machinery, mRNA processing and noncoding elements including XIST. We concluded that the differentiation process induced by pregnancy is centered in chromatin remodeling and in the mRNA processing reactome, both of which emerge as important regulatory pathways. These are indicative of a safeguard step that maintains the fidelity of the transcription process, becoming the ultimate mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full‐term pregnancy.
The metastatic microenvironment: Brain‐residing melanoma metastasis and dormant micrometastasis
Authors: Izraely Sivan , Sagi‐Assif Orit , Klein Anat , Meshel Tsipi , Tsarfaty Galia , Pasmanik‐Chor Metsada , Nahmias Clara , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Ateh Eugene , Bryant Joseph L. , Hoon Dave S.B. , Witz Isaac P.
Published: October 2011

Brain metastasis occurs frequently in melanoma patients with advanced disease whereby the prognosis is dismal. The underlying mechanisms of melanoma brain metastasis development are not well understood. We generated a reproducible melanoma brain metastasis model, consisting of brain‐metastasizing variants and local, subdermal variants that originate from the same melanomas thus sharing a common genetic background. The brain‐metastasizing variants were obtained by intracardiac inoculation. Brain metastasis variants when inoculated subdermally yielded spontaneous brain dormant micrometastasis. Cultured cells from the spontaneous brain micrometastasis grew very well in vitro and generated subdermal tumors after an orthotopic inoculation. Expression analysis assays indicated that the brain metastasis and micrometastasis cells expressed higher levels of angiopoietin‐like 4, prostaglandin‐synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase‐2, matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma and lower levels of claudin‐1 and cysteine‐rich protein 61 than the corresponding cutaneous variants. The reproducible models of human melanoma metastasizing experimentally and spontaneously to the brain will facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers and targets for therapy and contribute to the deciphering of mechanisms underlying melanoma metastasis.
Questioning the Separation of In‐School From Out‐of‐School Contexts for Literacy Learning: An Interview With Donna E. Alvermann
Authors: Alvermann Donna E. , Moore David W.
Published: October 2011

Donna E. Alvermann, Distinguished Research Professor of Language and Literacy Education at the University of Georgia in Athens, received recognitions and honors as a scholar/leader in adolescent literacy. Her thoughts about contexts for literacy learning challenge that the divide between in‐ and out‐of‐school literacy learning is real and needs bridging. Alvermann sees educators creating learning conditions, especially with interactive multimodal communication technologies, that cannot be classified according to a particular context. She began questioning this divide while observing young people's discussions in classrooms and after‐school Read and Talk clubs. Educators can tap the potential in youth's multiple literacies as they pertain to motivation, self‐efficacy, and engagement. Educational researchers who share this view can increase what they say about learning in general. Metaphorically treating context as a sieve, rather than a structured, impermeable container, can open possibilities for questioning the assumption that literacy learning is qualitatively different in different contexts.
Crystal structures of the “two” 4‐aminofurazan‐3‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Willer Rodney L. , Storey Robson F. , Frisch Mark , Deschamps Jeffery R.
Published: October 2011

The crystal structures of the two compounds reported to be 4‐aminofurazan‐3‐carboxylic acid have been determined. The compound reported by Sheremetev et al. (J Heterocycl Chem 2005, 42, 519) is the actual 4‐aminofurazan‐3‐carboxylic acid. The compound reported by Meyer (Org Prep Proced Int 2004, 36, 361) is the interesting complex formed from a molecule of the acid and a molecule of the potassium salt of the acid. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Determinants of sweetness in proteins: a topological approach
Authors: Temussi Piero Andrea
Published: October 2011

Sweet taste in mammals is accounted for by a single receptor that shares homology with a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Most sweeteners are small molecular weight molecules that interact with small cavities in the so‐called Venus Flytrap domains of the sweet receptor. The mechanism of action of larger molecules such as sweet proteins is, however, more difficult to interpret. The first and still the only general mechanism proposed for the action of sweet proteins, the “wedge model,” hypothesizes that proteins bind to an external binding site of the active conformation of the sweet receptor. Here, I have extended the concept that inspired the wedge model using a combination of structural analysis, bioinformatics tools, and a relatively large dataset of mutations of the two most extensively studied sweet proteins, monellin and brazzein. I show here that it is possible to single out, among the ensemble yielded by low‐resolution docking, a unique complex that satisfies simple topological constraints. These models of the complexes of monellin and brazzein are fully consistent with experimental evidence, thus providing predicting power for further validation of the wedge model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform infrared matrix‐isolation analysis of acetaldehyde fragmentation products after charge exchange with Ar•+ under varied ionization density conditions
Authors: Thompson Matthew G. K. , White Matthew R. , Linford Bryan D. , King Kaitlynn A. , Robinson Mark M. , Parnis J. Mark
Published: October 2011

The products of the Ar•+ charge exchange ionization of acetaldehyde have been isolated and compared with related photoionization results and computational work. Acetaldehyde has been used to assess the effect of varied ion density in the ionization region of the electron bombardment matrix isolation apparatus. The amount of acetaldehyde destruction has been measured for constant gas‐sample composition and constant ionization current for two anode geometries: a pin anode and a plate anode. For the same ionization current, a pin‐shaped anode demonstrates higher precursor molecule destruction efficiency (85%) than the plate‐shaped anode (30%), resulting in substantial effect on the yield and quantity of isolated products. When the plate anode is used, the observed infrared products correspond to matrix‐isolated carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ketene (CH2CO), ethynyloxy radical (HCCO), formyl radical (HCO•), acetyl radical (CH3CO•), vinyl alcohol (H2C = CH‐OH), and cationic proton‐bound dimer, Ar2H+. When the pin anode is used, the same products are observed with different relative proportions and new absorption features corresponding to dicarbon monoxide (CCO) and methyl radical (CH3•) are observed. The surprising observation of infrared absorptions corresponding to vinyl alcohol along with low yield of products anticipated through the analysis of photoelectron–photoionization coincidence measurements suggests that the initially formed fragmentation products are able to further react within the matrix‐isolation environment to influence observed product yields. Related experiments, using the isotopomer CD3CHO, suggest that the observed products are formed via radical–radical reactions that occur under the high pressure conditions of the matrix isolation environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tentative identification of new metabolites of epimedin C by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Minyan , Zhao Shaohua , Wang Zongquan , Wang Hongtao , Shi Xiaowei , Lü Ziming , Xu Honghui , Wang Hairong , Du Yingfeng , Zhang Lantong
Published: October 2011

Epimedin C is one of the major bioactive constituents of Herba Epimedii. The aim of this study is to characterize and elucidate the structure of metabolites in the rat after administration of epimedin C. Metabolite identification was performed using a predictive multiple reaction monitoring–information dependent acquisition–enhanced product ion (pMRM‐IDA‐EPI) scan in positive ion mode on a hybrid triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometer. A total of 18 metabolites were characterized by the changes in their protonated molecular masses, their MS/MS spectrum and their retention times compared with those of the parent drug. The results reveal possible metabolite profiles of epimedin C in rats; the metabolic pathways including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, demethylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid and different sugars were observed. This study provides a practical approach for rapidly identifying complicated metabolites, a methodology that could be widely applied for the structural characterization of metabolites of other compounds.