bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Adults' Expectations about Sex-Roles in Midlife
Authors: Adams Candace B. , Steward Margaret S. , Morrison Thomas L. , Farquhar Lisa C.
Published: August 2011

Male and female college students ( N = 106) in the developmental stage of transition to young adulthood (mean age = 19.9 yr.) were asked to imagine themselves at midlife in three life settings: work, personal relationships/family, and leisure. For each setting they described themselves on the instrumental and expressive scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and on scales of agentic and communal competencies. Subjects anticipated more instrumental traits, more agentic competency, and less communal competency in work settings than in personal relationships, with no differences between men and women. Gender and setting interacted for expressiveness: women anticipated more expressive traits than men in personal relationships, with no difference in the other settings. The anticipated traits and competencies of these subjects were related more to setting than to gender. This may reflect a shift in the definition of sex-role boundaries in American culture.
Differences in Perceptions of Managerial Roles by Gender among Southern Business Students
Authors: Smith James O. , Schellenberger Robert E.
Published: August 2011

Perception of the roles necessary for managerial success based on the 10 verbal descriptors of the Mintzberg roles were gathered from 128 business students at a southern U.S. university. The objective was to assess whether these 72 men and 56 women viewed the importance of the roles differently. Ratings were collected on the 10 roles for each of four different types of managers. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, chi-squared analysis, and Spearman rank-order correlation. No differences were observed in the perception of men and women in these roles or of their relative importance.
Relative Importance of System, Job, Performance, and Interpersonal Outcomes
Authors: Miles Edward W. , Hatfield John D. , Huseman Richard C.
Published: August 2011

In this study, 1321 banking and 1820 public utility employees rated the importance of 20 work outcomes. The outcomes were grouped into four categories—system, job, performance, and interpersonal outcomes. Performance outcomes were rated as most important and interpersonal outcomes were rated as least important.
Memory for Distinctive and Common Features of Coins
Authors: Kikuno Haruo
Published: August 2011

50 Japanese women, all college students, were asked to draw two kinds of Japanese coins. Recall of both common and distinctive features of coins was examined. Analysis showed that memory for the coins was poor over-all and that more distinctive than common features were recalled. These findings suggested that a coin's schema consists of more distinctive features than common features. The results also showed that subjects with larger memory spans tended to recall more distinctive and common features than subjects with smaller spans, but the difference was not significant. This finding suggested that people with large memory spans do not necessarily have more elaborative schema for common coins than those with small spans.
Factor Structure of the Short Form Measure of Self-Actualization in a Black Sample
Authors: Tucker Raymond K. , Dyson Ronnie
Published: August 2011

The present study sought to assess the factor invariance of Jones and Crandall's short form measure of self-actualization on a sample of 213 black undergraduates. A principal components analysis followed by a varimax rotation yielded five factors, four of which were interpretable. The obtained structure essentially replicated that of Jones and Crandall; however, there were differences that indicate the test cannot be assumed to be invariant across ethnic groups.
Venereal Diseases and Aggression Management among Native Americans
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

An analysis of secondary data yielded no significant ecological correlations for venereal disease rates and aggression management indices based on suicide and homicide rates for the 11 US Indian Health Services areas. This outcome does not cross-culturally replicate research on Field's aggression management hypothesis.
Sibling and Environmental Correlates of Young Adults' Status Attainment
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

This study used longitudinal data to investigate associations among sibling-related variables, adolescents' perceptions of family and school learning environments, and social-status attainment measures, for 300 young Australian adults from different social-status groups. The findings indicated that: (a) sibling-related variables continued to have a number of significant associations with young adults' social-status attainment after taking into account mediating relationships between adolescents' learning environments and the attainment measures, and (b) these relationships between sibling and attainment measures varied for young adults from different social-status groups.
Change in College Students' Love-Styles
Authors: Philbrick Joseph L. , Leon Joseph J.
Published: August 2011

55 upper-division college students in two classes were administered a love-styles inventory (SAMPLE-70) at the beginning and end of the academic quarter. 25 received lectures on love and 30 did not. The former group showed a significant increase only for Storge. Endorsement patterns for both groups suggest a form of interpersonal relationship characterized by a rational and ethical quest for an ideal relationship, a willingness to make sacrifices for the beloved, a mutual regard, caring and friendship, and a sense of fate in the relationship.
Administrative Role and Educational Administration Program Effectiveness: Perception by Principals
Authors: Yap Carole , Katz Barry , Tomazic Terry
Published: August 2011

A survey of 85 graduates from 14 midwestern universities offering doctoral degrees in educational administration was carried out to assess perceptions of graduates regarding their training program. The emphasis of the survey was on how closely their training corresponded to current perceptions of their roles as educational administrators. Most indicated emphasis in graduate training should more closely match the roles of administrators.
Gender Stereotypes for Paranoid, Antisocial, Compulsive, Dependent, and Histrionic Personality Disorders
Authors: Rienzi Beth M. , Scrams David J.
Published: August 2011

To assess similarity between gender-role stereotypes and the personality disorder prototypes, university students (31 women and 13 men) were asked to assign gender to six descriptions of DSM-III—R personality disorders. Significant agreement was found in gender assignment for five of the six descriptions. Descriptions of the paranoid, antisocial, and compulsive personality disorders were viewed as male, and descriptions of the dependent and histrionic personality disorders were viewed as female. The description of schizoid personality disorder was not significantly gender-typed.
Childlessness, Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A cross-national study of 21 nations yielded a negative association between estimates of childlessness and homicide rates but no association with suicide rates for men or women.
Physicians' Detection of Psychological Distress in Primary-Care Clinics
Authors: Maoz Benyamin , Rabinowitz Stanley , Mark Mordechai , Antonovsky Helen , Ribak Joseph , Kotler Moshe
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the amount of psychological distress reported by 182 soldiers in the Israeli military and compared soldiers' self-ratings of distress with ratings by military physicians of observed distress. Comparisons indicated a low detection rate by physicians with only 13% of self-reported cases of emotional distress identified. This and several related findings were taken to indicate shortcomings in medical care. Possible remedies include additional psychiatric training for military physicians, less frequent rotation of physicians to allow for more stable care, and the initiation of mental health education among soldiers.
Stress, Coping Techniques, and Depressed Affect: Explorations within a Normal Sample
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: August 2011

The study investigated relations between perceived stress, coping techniques, and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory for a sample of 84 undergraduates. Using Beck Depression scores as the dependent variable, analyses of variance showed significant effects for stress and three of seven coping techniques assessed: escape, dysfunctional behavior, and use of the professional health care system. Interactions of stress × dysfunctional behavior and stress × narcotizing anxiety were also noted. Some additional analyses indicated that coping techniques emphasizing ego protective attitudes (e.g., remaining hopeful, not getting down on oneself) were negatively related to Beck Depression scores.
Personality Profiles for Administrators and Staff in a Private Correctional Facility
Authors: Myers Rita , Boughner Shelly , Wallbrown Fred
Published: August 2011

This study provides a description of the personality profile for administrators and professional staff in a private correctional facility ( n = 30). The 1980 Clinical Analysis Questionnaire of Krug and Cattell was selected for use in the study since it provides a well-validated measure of both normal and abnormal personality traits which have been identified in the course of forty years of carefully controlled research. Present findings showed healthy adjustment for the professionals employed within this agency.
Correlates and Predictors of Self-Reported Ethics among U.S. Public Relations Practitioners
Authors: Pratt Cornelius B.
Published: August 2011

This regional study used a two-factor solution from responses to 12 five-point belief statements to investigate the correlates and predictors of public relations practitioners' self-reported beliefs about and behaviors in unethical situations. Responses from 307 practitioners from the mid-Atlantic district of the United States indicate that practitioners' self-reported beliefs and behaviors correlate significantly with gender, accreditation by the Public Relations Society of America, age, and income, which are also significant predictors of practitioners' self-reported beliefs and behaviors. The implications of these results for the public relations practice are discussed within the context of the Ajzen and Fishbein behavioral-intentions model. Suggestions for research are offered.
Categories of Life Meaning for Service Organization Volunteers
Authors: D'Braunstein Steven , Ebersole Peter
Published: August 2011

Student volunteers in a service organization (13 men, 21 women) selected Growth as their central life meaning much more frequently than did a comparable group of nonvolunteers (30 men, 76 women), a result with implications for recruitment of volunteers for nonprofit organizations. Why their personal life meanings seemed richer to the evaluator than those of their nonvolunteer peers is discussed in relation to planned research.
Reality Testing and Self-Reported Aids Self-Care Behavior
Authors: Bassman Lynette E.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the relationship between reality testing and AIDS self-care behavior for 509 urban college students. It was hypothesized that reality testing may become impaired in sexual interactions that carry the risk of HIV infection, leading to imperfect adoption of safer sex practices. Reality testing, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention Survey of Thomas and not significantly related to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's HIV Infection Prevention Scale.
Attitudes toward Applied Statistics of Postgraduate Education Students in Transkei
Authors: Glencross Michael J. , Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

The 1990 McCall, Belli, and Madjidi Statistics Attitude Scale was administered to 43 postgraduate education students in Transkei at the end of a course on research methodology. Analysis showed that the scale had high internal consistency and was a valid measure of attitudes toward applied statistics when used in a different cultural setting.
Work-Related Attitudes of Entrepreneurs, Public, and Private Employees
Authors: Weaver Charles N. , Franz Robert S.
Published: August 2011

Using 17 nationwide surveys drawn from 1972 through 1990, comparison of entrepreneurs ( n = 219) and public ( n = 274) and private ( n = 1,005) employees showed that in contrast to private employees, entrepreneurs and public employees are more likely to be job-satisfied, more likely to prefer important work which gives a feeling of importance, and less likely to prefer opportunities for promotion. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Topic Control as Relational Control and its Effect on the Outcome of Therapy
Authors: Lichtenberg James W. , Kobes Keith J.
Published: August 2011

The concept of relational control was measured using the index of Topic Control to investigate Haley's assertion that successful therapy is characterized by the therapist controlling the definition of the therapeutic relationship and defining it as a complementary relationship in which the therapist is in a “one-up” position. Following Haley's assertion, it was hypothesized that: (a) across a sample of successful therapeutic dyads, therapists exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control than clients; (b) across a sample of successful and unsuccessful therapists, successful therapists exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control than unsuccessful therapists; (c) across a sample of successful and unsuccessful clients, unsuccessful clients exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control than successful clients; and (d) across a sample of unsuccessful therapeutic dyads, clients exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control than therapists. Analysis of therapist-client transactions for Topic Control was conducted by trained raters across 18 full-case transcripts of actual therapy interviews. The same transcripts were also analyzed by trained raters with respect to clients' change over the course of treatment. The results did not support the notion that across successful dyads therapists exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control than clients; and they did not support the hypothesis that across successful and unsuccessful therapists, successful therapists exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control. Also, there was no support to show that across successful and unsuccessful clients, unsuccessful clients exhibit a greater measure of Topic Control. Finally, the results did not support that across unsuccessful dyads, clients exhibit greater Topic Control than therapists.
Comparison of Dream Content of Depressed vs Nondepressed Dreamers
Authors: Barrett Deirdre , Loeffler Michael
Published: August 2011

Dreams of 20 college women classified as depressed by scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were compared with those of 21 nondepressed college women. The depressed group recalled fewer dreams, had significantly shorter dream length, and displayed less anger in their dreams. They also had fewer characters in their dreams and especially fewer strangers.
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Authors: Baxter Garry , Beer John
Published: August 2011

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome was first described in 1957 but only in 1963 as a distinguishable type of moderate mental retardation. The cause is still unknown although some type of genetic origin is possible. No consistent chromosomal abnormality has been demonstrated, the chromosomal analysis is normal, and cases are generally not considered hereditary. The recurrent risk for siblings is approximately 0.1% but may be as high as 50% for offspring of patients with the syndrome. The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is not at present detectable before birth and is evenly found in both males and females. The syndrome was thought to be rare but an increase in the number of reported cases each year suggests it is not as rare as estimated. It is thought to occur in about 1 in 300,000 births, and since it has become readily identifiable, more than 400 cases have been reported worldwide.
Why Does the Best-Looking Person in the Room Always Seem to Be Surrounded by Admirers?
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: August 2011

When asked to rank attributes of interpersonal attraction, people typically place physical attractiveness below many other qualities. Yet when the opportunity arises, they choose to interact with physically attractive others. Social exchange theory suggests that this behavior is quite reasonable since the assessment cost of physical attractiveness is minimal.
Successful and Unsuccessful PET Adoptions
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M. , George Carol C.
Published: August 2011

To investigate possible reasons why millions of cats and dogs are adopted and then rejected each year, 120 male and 223 female adopters from the San Francisco Bay Area shelters completed George's Pet Expectations Inventory, which rates the physical, emotional, and intellectual effects of roles pets are expected to play, and the 50 fathers and 89 mothers rated the roles expected to affect their children's lives. Six-month phone call follow-ups ascertained whether they still had the adopted pet, and if not, why not. Analysis of responses indicated that: (1) subjects who already had or previously had pets retained significantly more newly adopted pets than those who had never had pets. (2) Men rejected a significantly higher percentage of pets than did women, as did significantly more parents than nonparents. (3) Although there were no significant differences in total scores between subjects who retained and those who rejected pets either for themselves or for their children, specific role expectations differed considerably between men and women, parents and nonparents, and retainers and rejecters. Adopters held higher expectations for dogs than for cats. Present results could help shelter workers reduce the number of adopted pets abandoned and euthanized.
Researchers' Responsibility and Science
Authors: Jaffe Eugene D. , Nebenzahl Israel D.
Published: August 2011

Criticisms and replies to criticisms are reviewed, making clear that new experiments designed to control situational factors and scores on Machiavellianism are required.
Further Evidence against the Construct Validity of the Firo-B Scales
Authors: Hurley John R.
Published: August 2011

Rearranging Salminen's 1991 correlations between the interpersonal need scales of Schutz's FIRO-B and parallel self-ratings indicates that only one of six FIRO-B scales satisfied the convergent and discriminant criteria for construct validity that Campbell and Fiske provided in 1959. Augmenting a growing body of negative reports regarding the contruct validity of FIRO-B and related measures, these adverse findings heighten concerns about this family of instruments.
Personality Factors in PSY.D. Students: Empirically Derived Comparisons between Men and Women
Authors: Craig Robert J. , Olson Ronald
Published: August 2011

A total of 180 students in a Doctor of Psychology program of an APA-accredited Professional School of Psychology (55 men and 125 women) took the MMPI for course requirements. A large subgroup (43 men and 88 women) also completed the Adjective Check List. Men scored higher than women on the MMPI dimensions of Assertion ( Pd), Organization ( Pt), and Imagination ( Sc). Women scored higher on the Ego Strength Scale ( Es). Men scored higher on the Check List scale of Dominance. Data were compared with a previous report of MMPIs of Ph.D. students, and few differences were observed. Findings were discussed in terms of stereotypical role behaviors from which doctoral students are not yet immune.
Investigating the Relationship between the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Personality Inventory for Children with a Sample of Learning Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Knoff Howard M. , Paez Doris
Published: August 2011

The present study involved a preliminary evaluation of the correlations between subscales on the Personality Inventory for Children and the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory with 25 learning disabled adolescents. Analysis yielded a number of significant correlations between these two scales, using the Personality Inventory for Children as the anchor scale, and showed that these adolescents as a group scored within clinically acceptable ranges on both diagnostic scales. Both scales need further psychometric and clinical investigation, and as such, the limitations of the study and the research needed are addressed, including the need for more multitrait, multimethod studies.
Correlation between Rates of Rape and Abortion
Authors: Saucer Patrick R.
Published: August 2011

To test the argument made by abortion advocates that increases in unwanted pregnancies that are due to rape justify the need for legal abortions, a Pearson correlation was calculated between the forcible rape rates and the legal abortion rates in the USA for 1985. The calculation gave an r of .21, a nonsignificant value.
Anti-Arabic Prejudice in “Middletown”
Authors: Johnson Stephen D.
Published: August 2011

This study explored factors related to anti-Arabic prejudice by surveying a random sample of 418 people from “Middletown” (Muncie, Indiana). Anti-Arabic prejudice was high in the fall of 1990. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, as in other studies of prejudice, low education and high authoritarianism had the strongest independent relations with this type of prejudice. However, being Protestant, vs Catholic, was independently related to anti-Arabic prejudice, Protestants being more prejudiced than Catholics. Also, an interaction obtained between race and religious fundamentalism. Specifically, white fundamentalists were more prejudiced than white nonfundamentalists, but black fundamentalists were much less prejudiced than black nonfundamentalists. Other analyses supported the realistic conflict theory of prejudice by providing some support for the idea that those who saw Arabs as an economic threat were more prejudiced. The results are discussed.
Another Look at the Aptitude-Achievement Distinction
Authors: Goh David S. , McElheron Dennis
Published: August 2011

48 high school students were administered the Arithmetic subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised, the Mathematics subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test—Revised, and the Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test. Correlations, of about .80 among the three tests, were interpreted as supporting a part of the continuum theory of Humphreys, Anastasi, and Cronbach for conceptualizing the distinction between aptitude and achievement tests.
Personality Disorder Concept Scales and 16 PF Dimensions
Authors: DeLamatre James E. , Schuerger James M.
Published: August 2011

Using 148 clients from a private practice sample, concurrent scores on the Morey, Waugh, and Blashfield Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scales and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire were factor analyzed in an attempt to map the Axis II disorders within a circumplex of interpersonal behavior. Individual predictions about the 16 PF primaries were made and then equations were developed to predict the Morey, Waugh, Blashfield MMPI scales from the 16 PF scores. Using a separate sample of 43 clients and 21 students, a cross-validation of concepts was performed by using the 16 PF to generate the MMPI scores and correlating the predicted scores with concurrent Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory scores. Concordance of the personality disorder characterizations across the instruments was high. Many of the predicted personality disorder characteristics were supported by the research, and 10 of 11 correlations with the Millon were significant. This research suggests the 16 PF is useful for generating hypotheses about personality disorders and that the Axis II conceptualizations fit as expected within normal personality space.
Relationships among Hope, Psychosocial Development, and Locus of Control
Authors: Brackney Barbara E. , Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

29 male and 79 female undergraduate and graduate students took the 1986 Miller Hope Scale, Beck's 1988 Hopelessness Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, Levenson's 1972 Locus of Control Scale and rated their present state of hopefulness on a 10-point scale. As expected, scores on both the Miller Hope Scale and the self-rated hope scale were negatively correlated with scores on Beck's Hopelessness Scale, but positively with scores on Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory. Thus, greater hopelessness was associated with more successful resolution of psychosocial issues. The Miller Hope Scale was negatively and Beck's Hopelessness Scale was positively associated on the Locus of Control Scale with viewing control as from powerful others or chance. Therefore, lack of hopefulness was related with the perception that external factors control one's life. The Miller Hope Scale and scores on self-rated hopefulness were not significantly correlated. The concept of hope is more complex than currently measured by any single scale and requires further refinement.
Subtest Specificities for the WISC-III
Authors: Kamphaus Randy W. , Platt Leslie Oliver
Published: August 2011

The WISC-III was recently published with an expanded manual and numerous interpretive tables. One notable omission from this otherwise thorough manual is the provision of subtest specificities (estimates of reliable specific variance) for the WISC-III subtests. Estimates of reliable specific variance can be very useful for gauging the amount of interpretation based on a single Wechsler subtest score. This study used the method described by Kaufman in 1979 to compute new subtest specificities for the WISC-III. Implications of these new subtest specificity values for WISC-III interpretation are provided.
An Exploratory Study of Funeral Cost for Suicides
Authors: Lester David , Ferguson Marilyn
Published: August 2011

Funeral cost was less for younger people and for cremation. Among 156 funerals examined, after matching for sex, age, and cremation/burial, the funerals of a small sample of 6 suicides cost less than those of the controls.
Relationships among Ratings of Motion Pictures by Viewers and Six Professional Movie Critics
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

Moderate to high correlations (.43 to .73) were found among the ratings of 568 motion pictures by viewers as indicated in Consumer Reports and by six professional movie critics, (a) Mick Martin and Marsha Porter, (b) Leonard Maltin, (c) Steven H. Scheuer, (d) Roger Ebert, (e) TV Guide, and (f) the Editors of Consumer Guide and Jay A. Brown. All six critics showed good agreement in their evaluations of 41.4% of the films. At least five critics showed good agreement for 66.0% of the movies, and at least four critics showed good agreement for 91.9% of the films. However, the critics showed little or no consensus for the remaining 8.1% of the movies. Viewers agreed most often with those critics who (like themselves) tended to evaluate movies highly.
Drug Use among University Undergraduate Students
Authors: Campbell Robert L. , Svenson Lawrence W.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 457 undergraduate university students were surveyed to assess their current use of illicit drugs. Such information is to be used as a baseline to examine the effectiveness of drug prevention programs designed for this population. Marijuana was the most common illicit drug used among these students, and men were significantly more likely to report use. Age differences were noted; older students (age ≥ 22 yr.) were more likely to report drug use than those students under 22 years of age. The age differences suggest that there may be a shift away from drug use among the younger students. The low over-all rate of drug use may make difficult the evaluation of prevention programs.
Effects of Group Membership on Perception of Risk for Aids
Authors: Campbell Linda F. , Stewart Alan E.
Published: August 2011

The role of social identity as a moderator for perception of risk for AIDS has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine perception of risk for AIDS as a function of membership in an identified risk group. 34 subjects who were homosexual, 58 intravenous drug users (IV), and 34 college students rated a 21-item list of behaviors for perception of AIDS risk. The findings indicate that the IV drug-use group significantly underestimated five risk behaviors, four of which are high probability behaviors of IV drug-users and two of which are exclusively IV drug-use behaviors. The homosexual group significantly underestimated four risk behaviors, all of which are primarily characteristic of that group. The college group was generally more accurate in assessing risk than either of the other two groups. These findings support the hypothesis that membership in a perceived risk group is related to differential perceptual bias associated with the need for positive social identity for one's group.
Self-Defeating Behavior, Depression, and Suicidal Preoccupation
Authors: Lester David , Hoffman Suzanne
Published: August 2011

Scores on a measure of self-defeating personality were associated with depression and suicidal preoccupation in a sample of 58 college students.
Combat and Social Support as Variables in Perceived Symptomatology of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Powell G. J. , Doan R. E.
Published: August 2011

This study used an analog approach to the perceptions of tour of duty, combat and noncombat, and levels of social support, high and low. Their influence was assessed in the symptomatology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 80 subjects were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes depicting levels of combat and social support as main effects. Results were congruent with recent research indicating significant main effects for combat and social support in the symptomatology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Stress, Health-Related Behavior and Quality of Life on Depressive Symptomatology in a Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , Hawkins Michele J. , Seeley John
Published: August 2011

This study examined the correlations of 21 variables categorized into sociodemographic, subjective quality of life, stress, problem behavior, and health behavior predictors of at-risk and low-risk depressive symptomatology for a sample of 1056 adolescents attending public school. Discriminant function analysis showed lower life satisfaction, higher stress, and perceived unattractiveness as major discriminating variables for at-risk (CES-Depression score >23) versus low-risk depressed adolescents. Only two problem behaviors were significant, smoking for girls and hard drug use for boys.
Quantitative Differences between Male and Female Hawaiian Early Adolescents in Their Primary Factors of Personality
Authors: Campbell John F.
Published: August 2011

Empirically examined were the quantitative differences between 349 female and 230 male Hawaiian early adolescents ( M age = 12.1 yr.) in the seven primary personality factors previously found: Super Ego, Ego Strength, Anxiety, Dependence vs Independence, Social Activity vs Shyness, Dominance vs Submission, and Masculinity vs Femininity. A multivariate analysis that examined the difference on each factor while statistically controlling for differences in the others indicated female Hawaiian early adolescents are higher on Dependence and Social Activity and lower on Super Ego and Masculinity scales. In contrast, a univariate analysis which did not statistically control for differences in other factors, although it correctly identified three differences, did not indicate one difference and falsely indicated three. Besides accurately indicating personality differences between Hawaiian early adolescent boys and girls, the research indicates the importance of multivariate analyses of differences between the sexes in further research.
Prevalence of Various Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of the General Population
Authors: Henderson J. Gibson , Pollard C. Alec
Published: August 2011

Data on prevalence of and demographics associated with various symptoms of depression are reported for a sample of the general population. Of the nine symptoms assessed, the most frequently occurring were dysphoric mood (17.8%), increased sleep (15%), and loss of interest in other people or activities previously enjoyed (11 8%) 39% of subjects reported one or more symptoms of depression. 8% of subjects reported wondering if life is worth living, a symptom that in and of itself is suggestive of clinically significant depression. The number of depressive symptoms reported was related to income, education, age, and residence (city versus county), but not to sex. The findings provide evidence that various symptoms of depression may be more common in the general population than previously suspected.
Classroom and Home Study Times and Grades While at College Using a Single-Subject Design
Authors: Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

In a single-subject design one white male in his late twenties who was a nontraditional student and attending college for the first time recorded the amount of time he spent in each class and outside of class on preparation. The grades were taken from his transcript for approximately six years. 52 grades were collected (45 As, 7 Bs). Chi squared indicated that as the number of class hours increased, grades tended to drop to Bs. Pearson correlations indicated, when class hours increased, grades decreased. Also, when class hours increased or decreased, home hours increased and decreased. There was no significant correlation between home times and grades, but a significant negative correlation obtained between number of graduate hours and GPA, showing GPA decreased when graduate hours increased.
Women's Liberation and Rates of Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Attitudes toward women's liberation as measured by the subscription rate to Ms Magazine were associated with the homicide rates of the states and, less clearly, with the suicide rates of women.
Helping: The Importance of Cost/Reward Considerations on Likelihood to Help
Authors: Smitherman H. O'Neal
Published: August 2011

The circumstances under which an individual would “help” another have been explored intensively over the past two decades. A variety of models have been proposed. Many of these have been interpreted within a cost/reward context. The present study used a questionnaire regarding a variety of costs and rewards to examine the relative importance of various considerations in deciding whether to help. Analysis indicates that the 37 respondents attributed little importance to all except three statements: (1) “It is the right thing to do,” (2) “It would make me feel good about myself,” (3) “I might get hurt.”
Effect of Identity versus Oddity Training on Novel Matching-to-Sample Responding after Naming
Authors: Boelens Harrie
Published: August 2011

Identity and oddity matching-to-sample tasks were arranged for different groups of five-year-old children. The children were then taught to name stimuli A1, B1, A2, and B2, which had not occurred in the identity or oddity task. Two names were taught; one was used for two stimuli and the other name for the other two stimuli. Finally, matching-to-sample tests with A1, B1, A2, and B2 were carried out. These offered a choice between a comparison with the same name as the sample and a comparison with a name other than that of the sample. The children who had received identity training tended to choose the comparison with the same name as the sample. The children who had received oddity training tended to choose the comparison with the other name. The results obtained with the oddity group suggest that giving the same name to two stimuli is not sufficient for equivalence of these stimuli. The results obtained with both groups can be explained on the basis of pre-experimental abstraction processes.
Psychological Needs Underlying the Creative Process
Authors: Cangelosi Donna , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

The 25-year follow-up study of the motivation underlying creativity of 10 highly creative women indicated that they create primarily to satisfy inner psychological needs for self-understanding, control, and mastery.
Black South Africans and Canadians on Neuroticism as a Dimension of Personality
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

This study was done to assess gender and cultural differences on neuroticism as a dimension of personality among both Canadians and Black South Africans. No statistically significant cross-cultural differences were observed. However, statistically significant gender differences emerged among both Canadian and African men and women, with the latter scoring higher on neuroticism than the former.
Self-Defeating Personality and Strategies for Coping with Stress
Authors: Schill Thomas , Beyler Jane
Published: August 2011

People who scored higher on a measure of self-defeating personality also scored low on ego-strength, showed an external locus of control, and used less adaptive coping strategies than those who scored lower. These strategies (denial, mental disengagement, alcohol and drug use) were viewed as helping to perpetuate their positions as victims.
Coping Responses in Depressed, Socially Maladjusted, and Suicidal Adolescents
Authors: Curry John F. , Miller Ylana , Waugh Stella , Anderson William B.
Published: August 2011

To study the relation between specific coping-response preferences and three dimensions of psychological disturbance in adolescents, 41 adolescents who had been admitted to an inpatient psychiatry program completed measures of depression, social maladjustment, suicidality, and coping responses to stressful life events. Analysis indicated that lower affective regulation was associated with increased depression, higher emotional discharge was associated with increased social maladjustment, and lower problem solving was associated with suicide attempts.
The Adult Playfulness Scale: An Initial Assessment
Authors: Glynn Mary Ann , Webster Jane
Published: August 2011

We develop a theory-based measure of adults' playfulness, the Adult Playfulness Scale. Five studies, conducted in laboratory and field sites with over 300 individuals, examine the psychometric properties and correlates of playfulness. As expected, playfulness relates to a set of psychological traits, including cognitive spontaneity and creativity, as well as to functional orientation and rank. No definitive relationships were found, however, between adults' playfulness and gender or age, but playfulness related positively to work outcomes, including task evaluations, perceptions, involvement, and performance, and provided more predictive efficacy than other psychological constructs studied here. Finally, the Adult Playfulness Scale demonstrates good reliability and shows promise for the study of playfulness in the workplace.
Relationships among Critical Thinking Skills, Academic Achievement, and Misconceptions about Psychology
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Hanson Esther , Apperson Jennifer M. , Wynn Vincent
Published: August 2011

Two groups of 60 students each were selected from introductory college psychology classes. One consisted of high academic achievers, the other of average achievers. They were given the McCutcheon Test of Misconceptions, a 65-item, multiple-choice test designed to measure common misconceptions about psychology. Subsequently, they were also given the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Both groups made many errors on the McCutcheon test, but high academic achievers made significantly fewer errors on both the McCutcheon test and the Watson-Glaser than average achievers. A stepwise multiple regression consisting of Watson-Glaser subscales 1 (the ability to draw valid inferences) and 4 (ability to weigh and interpret evidence) and GPA successfully predicted McCutcheon test scores ( R = .43). This suggests that even beginning students with high grades and good critical thinking skills are likely to harbor many misconceptions about psychology.
Academic Involvement and the Nontraditional Student
Authors: Farrell Genevieve M. , Mudrack Peter E.
Published: August 2011

This study expands upon previous research into academic involvement, which focused on youthful full-time university students, by surveying 213 adult part-time students. Two academic involvement measures were generally inversely related to absenteeism, although unrelated to final grade. However, those scoring high on these measures tend to be women and to have an internal locus of control, a need for achievement, and a strong Protestant work ethic. This research suggests that academic involvement is a valuable concept whose generalizability extends beyond the “college sophomore.”
Does Spousal Participation in Gamblers Anonymous Benefit Compulsive Gamblers?
Authors: Johnson Edward E. , Nora Rena M.
Published: August 2011

Extent of gambling-free periods was compared for 90 compulsive gamblers, 44 with spouses who participated in Gamblers Anonymous and 46 with spouses who did not. Although the results were in the direction of a beneficial effect of spousal participation, the relationship was statistically nonsignificant.
Effect of Legitimizing Small Contributions and Labeling Potential Donors as “Helpers” on Responses to a Direct Mail Solicitation for Charity
Authors: DeJong William , Oopik Arvo J.
Published: August 2011

Residents of a small Vermont town received one of four mail solicitations from a statewide charity drive. In one condition, designed to legitimize small contributions, the recipients were reminded at the end of the written appeal that “even a penny will help.” In a second condition, the recipients were told that they, like other residents of their town, were known to be concerned about others and received a small gift to reinforce that “helper” label, a bumper sticker reading “I Help Out.” In a second labeling condition, the recipients were told they were known to be proud of their state and received a bumper sticker to reinforce that label. Those in a control condition received a customary direct mail solicitation. Analysis showed that labeling potential donors as “helpers” did not substantially increase donations. Legitimizing small contributions tended to lower contributions, although the finding was not statistically significant. Techniques that work in other contexts to increase help-giving or compliance with requests must be applied cautiously in the context of direct mail fund-raising.
Sustained Attention Deficit in Young Schizophrenic and Schizotypic Men
Authors: Obiols Jordi E. , Clos Margarida , Corberó Eulalia , García-Domingo Mercè , de Trinchería Isabel , Doménech Edelmira
Published: August 2011

We studied groups of 39 schizophrenic subjects, 35 schizotypic subjects, and 33 control subjects, comparing them on a standard sustained attention task called the Continuous Performance Test (identical pairs version). The expected negative relationship between performance on sustained attention and psychopathology was confirmed by differences among the three groups which were in the direction predicted, although only the difference between the schizophrenic group and the other two groups was significant. This finding adds evidence to the view from research on high risk and attention with schizophrenic subjects that subtle attention deficits are present among subjects within the schizophrenia spectrum. Consequently, our results can be understood as supporting a dimensional theory of psychopathology.
Validity of the GRE without Restriction of Range
Authors: Huitema Bradley E. , Stein Cheri R.
Published: August 2011

Restriction of range is a frequently acknowledged issue in estimating the validity of predictors of academic performance in graduate school. Data obtained from a doctoral program in a psychology department where graduate students were admitted without regard to Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores yielded essentially identical standard deviations on this test for the 204 applicants and 138 enrolled students. The GRE-Total validity coefficients obtained on subjects in the enrolled sample ranged from .55 through .70; these values are considerably higher than those typically reported. The data are congruent with the argument that uncorrected GRE validity coefficients yield biased estimates of the unknown validity in unrestricted applicant pools.
Measuring Persistence and Personality Characteristics of Adolescents
Authors: McGiboney Garry Wade , Carter Clifford
Published: August 2011

The concept of persistence (to hold firmly and steadfastly to some purpose or task) has been reportedly related to personality development, motivation, and locus of control. However, there is a dearth of research on persistence primarily because a widely accepted and validated measure of persistence is lacking. A 1987 measure, the Persistence Scale for Children by Lufi and Cohen, has been the subject of validation and reliability studies. The present paper is a description of its use with 50 adolescents and the correlations between persistence and the adolescents' personality characteristics, based on Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire. Correlations between persistence and HSPQ personality characteristics were significant. Replication with a larger sample and continued use in the study of persistence is discussed as well as persistence in relation to adolescent development.
Speaking Anxiety, Achievement, and Crime: A Response to Boor and Bair
Authors: Witherspoon Arnold D. , Long Carolyn K. , Nickell Eugenie B.
Published: August 2011

Use of context and conditional language provide perspective for preliminary data intended to stimulate research.
Measuring Depressive Affect in Chemically Dependent Persons Using the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Turnbull Cynthia M.
Published: August 2011

To estimate the reliability and validity of the state and trait versions of Set 2 (E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists with chemically dependent adults, two independent studies were conducted. Reliabilities [internal consistency (alphas), split-half reliability, and alternate form reliability] and convergent and discriminant validities were adequate. Women's means (state: n = 49; trait: n = 41) were higher than men's (state: n = 50; trait: n = 48) on both versions, and scores on the state version were higher than on the trait version. These heterogeneous chemically dependent subjects (history of drug use and abstinence) were significantly higher on depressive affect than normal persons.
Brain, Environment, Heredity, and Personality
Authors: Smith David D.
Published: August 2011

Behavior genetics research, committed to a model of the origins of personality and intellectual development restricted to heredity and environment, consistently generates evidence for two types of environmental influences. One of these, termed the between-family or shared environment, creates no conceptual problems. The other, termed the nonshared or within-family or unique environment, does. The latter accounts for a substantial portion of the variance in personality and intellect, it must be unique to each individual, and its origin has not been determined. It is contended here that the brain itself, as an inherently indeterminate dynamic system, is the source of this unresolved developmental variability.