bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pontic Site Development using Soft-tissue Augmentation with Connective Tissue Graft in Maxillary Anterior Region: A Case Report
Authors: Kalbage Shruti Hiralal , Khiste Sujeet V , Khan Aaesha Israr Ahmed , Mhatre Shruti Nivruti
Published: August 2024

Restoring a localised alveolar ridge defect in the anterior aesthetic zone poses the greatest challenge in the field of Perio-aesthetics. Various soft-tissue augmentation techniques have been recommended for soft-tissue augmentation. The present case report shows treatment of a Siebert’s Class-III ridge defect using an interpositional connective tissue augmentation technique and restoration with an ovate pontic design to achieve an increase in soft-tissue volume and aesthetic outcome. A 58-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Periodontics for the replacement of a missing tooth at position 11. The patient was given two treatment options: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) followed by the placement of an implant or Soft-tissue augmentation with Connective Tissue Graft (CTG) and restoration with a Fixed Dental Prosthesis (FDP). The patient opted for soft-tissue augmentation along with FDP, and the procedure was carried out. The results showed that this technique improved the soft-tissue quality and quantity without the use of any hard-tissue grafts. The soft-tissue augmentation mimicked the natural healthy emergence profile in a Siebert’s Class-III ridge defect. The use of subepithelial CTG gives a predictable results in FDP as a prosthetic option and is costeffective compared to other synthetic graft materials. The technique used in the present case report is simpler, predictable and less invasive compared to the morbidity associated with the harvesting of an autogenous bone graft for augmentation.
The Profile of Cypermethrin Intoxication as Differential Diagnosis of Organophosphate Poisoning: A Case Report
Authors: Bora Ananta Kumar , Sonowal Amrit Jyoti , Barman Ananya , Gang Sneha
Published: August 2024

Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid, is easily available over the counter, increasing the possibility of accidental and intentional exposures. Severe Cypermethrin exposure is rare but may lead to an organophosphate-like toxidrome, posing a diagnostic quandary to the critical care personnel. The authors present a case of a 25-year-old lady patient, who intentionally ingested a toxin or poison. On repeated investigation by medical personnel and family members, it eventually turned out to be cyperhit. On, immediate shifting to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) following acute poisoning, her vital signs were more or less stable, but with mouth filled with copious mouth secretions and mild bronchorrhoea. An intravenous dose of 1.2 mg of atropine sulfate was administered because of bronchorrhoea, which led to satisfactory improvement, except for hypoglycaemia {(Random Blood Sugar(RBS): 67 mg/dL}. To address hypoglycaemia, an initial bolus of 25% dextrose (IV)/100 mL was injected followed by an infusion of 25% dextrose at a rate of 10 ml/hr. At the end of three days of close monitoring and psychiatric counseling sessions, she was fully alert, oriented, afebrile, and had stable vital signs. The present case suggests that Cypermethrin poisoning should be considered a differential diagnosis of patients presenting with classical features of organophosphorus poisoning. Inadvertent administration of pralidoxime and atropine can be avoided if emergency physicians are aware of this entity. Optimum Atropine administration is useful when the dose is adjusted as per the patient’s response.
Gastric Volume in Diabetic Patients after Overnight Fasting vs Clear Liquid Ingestion Two Hours before Surgery Using UltraonographyA Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Sri S Koushallya , Anand S
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Perioperative gastric aspiration poses risks such as aspiration pneumonia, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Fasting guidelines may not adequately address the needs of diabetic patients due to the delayed gastric emptying often observed in this population. Aim: To assess residual gastric volume in diabetic patients who fasted overnight versus those who ingested water preoperatively using ultrasound. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial enrolled 50 diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomised into two groups: fasting overnight or receiving water preoperatively. Gastric ultrasound was used to measure antral dimensions and calculate gastric volume. The parameters studied included residual gastric volume in diabetic patients in the Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD) position, antral CrossSectional Area (CSA) in the semi-sitting position among diabetic patients, and antral CSA in the RLD position among diabetic patients. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p-value<0.05. Results: The study enrolled 50 diabetic patients, with 25 in group A and 25 in group B. The mean age of patients in group A was 49.3±11.7 years, while in group B, it was 58.6±9.8 years. In the RLD position, the mean Craniocaudal (CC) diameter showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the mean Anteroposterior (AP) diameter was higher in group B compared to group A, showing a statistically significant difference (p-value=0.012). Similarly, the mean CSA was significantly higher in group B compared to group A. Regarding gastric volume in the RLD position, the mean volume showed no significant difference between the two groups (p-value=0.342). In the semi-sitting position, the mean CC diameter and AP diameter between the two groups, although not statistically significant, were slightly higher in group B. The mean CSA in group A and group B showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Preoperative intake of clear fluids two hours before surgery showed no significant increase in gastric volume in diabetic patients compared to overnight fasting, as evidenced by ultrasound measurements.
Variations in the Size and Shape of Left Atrial Appendage: A Cross-sectional Study-based on Autopsy Specimens and their Endocasts
Authors: Sapna Cheravalloor Sukumaran , Jayasree Kaumari
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Atrial appendages are recognised as structures with implications in cardiac thromboembolism and arrhythmogenesis. Variations in the shape and size of atrial appendages, especially the Left Atrial Appendage (LAA), have been found to impact these pathological conditions. Knowledge about the variations in the relationship of the LAA to its nearby structures is important in planning interventional and surgical procedures in and around the LAA. Most of the studies on variations in LAA morphology are image-based, with only a few anatomical studies available. Aim: To investigate the variations in the shape and size of the LAA using autopsy specimens. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined LAA specimens from 50 autopsies conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Observations were made on the shape of LAA, the shape of LAA orifice, and its relationship with the Pulmonary Vein (PV) orifice. Measurements were taken of the LAA’s length, external diameter, and LAA orifice’s diameter. Endocasts were prepared from 30 specimens to estimate internal volume. The shape classification system proposed by Wang Y et al., was used. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages, and continuous variables as mean and standard deviation. Results: The windsock type was the most common seen in 29 (58%), followed by the chicken wing type in 15 (30%). The majority 30 (60%) of LAA orifices were oval. In 27 cases (54%), the Left Superior Pulmonary Vein (LSPV) orifice was at a higher level than LAA orifice and in 20 (40%), both orifices were at same level, with a prominent ridge between the orifices in all patients. The majority of appendages were bilobed 22 (44%). There was considerable variation in the length, diameter, and internal volume of the LAA appendage. Specimens from females were found to have smaller external diameters. One patient with an accessory LAA was identified. Conclusion: The shape variations observed in this study were similar to findings in some earlier studies but in contrast to others. Variations in the shape and size of the LAA orifice and the size of the LAA were consistent with those reported in earlier studies. Larger studies exploring these anatomical variations in specimens will be valuable for designing and developing therapeutic interventions in and around the LAA.
Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis in a Down Syndrome Baby: A Case Report
Authors: Krishnamurthy Vani , Shouree KR
Published: August 2024

Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis (TAM) is a transient haematological condition observed in children with Down syndrome during their neonatal period. Spontaneous resolution without any specific treatment is the rule, and the condition is known to occur exclusively in association with trisomy 21. Around 10% of Down syndrome babies are known to be affected by TAM, and 20-30% of these babies are known to develop acute myeloid leukaemia, of the megakaryoblastic type, in their later lives. Multisystem involvement is known in this condition. The present case of TAM is a two-day-old newborn female baby, born out of full-term gestation, presented with respiratory distress along with congenital pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, and mild ascites. The baby also had significant pulmonary hypertension, an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), and non restrictive Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). A significant increase in the total leukocyte count was seen, accompanied by thrombocytosis and 72% blastoid cells. Then, using karyotyping, Trisomy 21 was verified. 35% of the blasts had megakaryoblastic differentiation, according to flow cytometry. Hence, before diagnosing congenital leukaemia based on finding excess blasts in the peripheral smear of a newborn, karyotyping has to be done to look for possible trisomy 21. It can be an incidental finding, as in the present case, without prior clinical suspicion of Down syndrome.
Assessment of Bacteria and Heavy Metal Contamination of River Imabolo, Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors: E. A. Kayode , I.J.J. Otene, , B. Muhammed, , M.O. Okoh, , O.D Malgwi, , C. David , A. A. Suleiman, , D. S. Audu , F. Williams
Published: August 2024

This research was carried out to assess heavy metal and bacteria contamination of River Imabolo, Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria. Three replicate samples were collected from three sites (upstream, midstream and downstream) in June, 2023. Analysis of the concentration of some heavy metals [Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu)], pH, nitrate and bacteria contamination were carried out. Data collected were analyzed using Minitab software and significant means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5 % level of probability. The results revealed that there was no difference in the Fe concentration in all sampling points in the studied river (Upstream = 5.89 mg/l, Midstream = 6.60 mg/l, and Downstream = 5.93 mg/l). While highest Pb (1.79 mg/l) and Cu (4.27 mg/l) were recorded from Upstream. Midstream had Pb and Cu levels of 2.49 and 3.67 mg/l respectively while Downstream had 1.99 and 3.64 mg/l of Pb and Cu respectively. Bacteria contamination mostly occurred in upstream and downstream. This may be due to highest anthropogenic activities occurring at the upstream and the subsequent flow of the contaminants downwards. Highest coliform count was recorded at the downstream between 3.6x10⁶ to 4.3x10⁵ cfu/ml. while highest mean total bacteria was recorded from midstream 2.3x10⁶ cfu/ml (MacConkey Agar) and 4.1x10⁶ cfu/ml (nutrient agar).
Stachys byzantina: Nutritional Value, Culinary Potential, and Sustainability of an Unconventional Food Plant
Authors: Rossi Pedro Henrique Silva de
Published: August 2024

Aims: This review aims to compile and analyze the literature on Stachys byzantina, focusing on its nutritional value, culinary applications, and potential for sustainable agriculture.
Study Design: Systematic literature review.
Place and Duration of Study: This review encompasses studies published globally from 2000 to 2024.
Methodology: Relevant studies were identified and selected from databases including PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Criteria for inclusion involved empirical research on the nutritional, culinary, and environmental aspects.
Results: Stachys byzantina is a perennial herb native to Turkey and Iran, now recognized as an unconventional food plant (UFP). Nutritional analyses reveal it is rich in fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and minerals such as calcium, iron, and potassium. These properties suggest it can contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and overall health improvement. Culinary versatility is noted, with applications in fried dishes, salads, soups, and as a seasoning. Sustainable cultivation practices for Stachys byzantina are highlighted, emphasizing its low resource requirements and pest resistance, which support biodiversity and agroecological systems.
Conclusion: Non-invasive independent predictors for screening esophageal varices may decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.
Assessment of Soil Chemical Properties under Different Land use Systems in Department of Agricultural Research
Authors: Win Phyoe Phyoe , Mar Swe Swe , Soe Yinn Mar , Zar Thu , Ngwe Kyaw
Published: August 2024

Assessment of soil chemical properties is valuable for agricultural production. A study of soil chemical properties under different land use systems was carried out to assess the chemical properties of soil under study experimental conditions in Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) for better soil management decisions and the improvement of yield production. The study area was located at Zayar Thiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw in Myanmar. A total of 235 soil samples were collected by using Global Positioning System (GPS) at the grid point of 50 m × 50 m with a depth of 0-20 cm. The area of the research field size was about 52 ha. The land use systems selected for study area of Hybrid Rice Research Section (Rice), Other Cereal Crops Research Section (Maize and rice), Food Legume Research Section (Pulses and rice) and Plant Pathology Research Section (Rice) were about 10.4 ha, 24.3 ha, 12.1 ha and 4.7 ha respectively. Soil pH varied from 5.37 to 6.15, electrical conductivity varied from 0.05 to 0.07 dS m-1 and CEC varied from 4.81 to 5.88 cmolc kg-1. Soil organic matter (SOM) content ranged from 1.44 to 1.86%. Soil total nitrogen content varied from 0.10 to 0.16%, available soil phosphorus from 9.52 to 16.79 mg kg-1 and available soil potassium from 65.06 to 85.16 mg kg-1. From this investigation it is concluded that soil total nitrogen, SOM, CEC and soil available potassium were low conditions in different land use systems in DAR soils. Because of lowering the soil chemical properties, adopting incorporated soil fertility management, and applying organic fertilizer may preserve the existing conditions and enhance soil properties.
Investigating the Impact of Copper Sulfate on the In vitro Propagation of Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.)
Authors: Polwaththa K.P.G.D.M. , Amarasinghe A.A.Y.
Published: August 2024

Aims: Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.) is a valued ornamental plant, but efficient mass propagation methods are lacking. This study investigated the impact of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on its in vitro propagation efficiency.
Study Design:  Complete Randomized Design (CRD).
Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, between November 2023 and June 2024.
Methodology: Callus induction and shoot regeneration were assessed using various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Benzyladenine (BA), and CuSO4. Callus induction from sterilized leaf explants and callus proliferation were conducted using Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with concentrations of 2,4-D, BA, and CuSO4 in the dark. Shoot regeneration from the calli was performed on a modified MS medium with different concentrations of growth regulators and CuSO4 under light. Regenerated shoots were then transferred to a medium enriched with CuSO4 for rooting, and the survival rate of the acclimatized plants was assessed.
Results: The results show CuSO4 significantly enhanced callus induction and shoot regeneration rates. The optimal medium for callus induction consisted of MS medium with 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D, 1.0 mg/L BA, and 5.0 mg/L CuSO4, leading to rapid induction (46 days) and a high induction percentage (86.67%) of calli. For shoot regeneration, the most effective medium contained 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.75 mg/L BA, and 5.0 mg/L CuSO4, showing superior regeneration efficiency in total shoot number and average shoot length. The success of root initiation and acclimatization improved notably in plants derived from CuSO4 treated media, with a survival rate of 92%.
Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of CuSO4 in enhancing the in vitro propagation of Anthurium andraeanum Lind., with optimal callus induction and shoot regeneration observed at specific concentrations. The inclusion of CuSO4 led to rapid callus formation, superior shoot regeneration, and a high survival rate during acclimatization.
Determinants of Pesticides Choice in Market Gardening in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of the Cities of Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso
Authors: Marcel Kara N. , P.K. Gomgnimbou Alain , Abdramane Sanon , K. Gomgnimbou Michel , W. Ouedraogo Osée , Ibrahim Sangare
Published: August 2024

In Burkina Faso, population growth and accelerated urbanization are accompanied by an increase in agricultural production, in order to meet the growing demand for food, especially vegetables. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence the use of pesticides in market gardening in urban and peri-urban areas of Burkina Faso. To this end, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2023 among 393 farmers, selected by proportional stratified random sampling in the two communes of Bobo Dioulasso and Ouagadougou. The average age of the surveyed population was 44.43 years. Of the total sample, 65.9% were male, and the average cultivated area was 0.28 hectares. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine the factors that influence the use of pesticide. The results show that the experience of discomfort following pesticide application, the occurrence of accidents during pesticide use, and the perception of the dangerousness of pesticides to human health and the environment are variables that exert a significant and positive influence on pesticide use. Furthermore, a greater willingness to accept effective alternatives has been found to reduce the probability of using pesticides by 97.3%, with a statistically significant coefficient and a very low p-value (0.000). Moreover, each increase in annual income is associated with a reduction in the probability of not using chemical pesticides by 0.1%, with a statistically significant coefficient and a very low p-value (0.000).  In the context of the search for rational use of pesticides, it is necessary to characterize the cropping systems in the urban and peri-urban market gardening sites of Bobo Dioulasso and Ouagadougou.
Investigation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Fruits and Vegetables from Local Markets of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Palani Kalpana , Srinivasan Akila , Shankar M. , Murugaiyan Sinduja , Velusamy Sathya , Kalimuthupandian S. , Ramasubramaniyan M. R.
Published: August 2024

Certain areas of Chennai such as red hills, Minjur, T. Nagar, Thiruvanmyur, Ambattur have been found to be particularly susceptible to high pollution levels due to severe traffic congestions, the ignition of coal, cement industries, State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited (SIPCOT) and other chemical industries etc., which pose threat to the environment. The population besides these industries areas also increasing due to the employment opportunities and other activities. Considering the persistent nature, cumulative behaviour, and probability toxicity of the heavy metals from these industries, it can enter the food chain linking the plant system to the soil (fruits & vegetables) and transformed to human body. The heavy metals, Chromium, Cadmium, Nickel and Lead, when exceed their permissible limit (≤0.05 ppm), it causes metabolic malfunctions to human beings. At this at the background, a study was attempted on the levels of metal deposits from industries in the fruits and vegetables from the surrounding local markets in the designated locations. Although there have been numerous research studies conducted worldwide on the subject, this is the first of its kind study in Chennai district.  Vegetable and fruit samples collected from the local markets near the industrial zones and in congested areas were analysed and compared for the levels against the global safety standards to ensure that fruits and vegetables can be consumed without the risk of heavy metal contamination. The study's findings demonstrated that all of the fruits and vegetables from the local markets in the study had levels of contaminants below detectable thresholds (0.05 ppm) and within WHO allowed limits (Cd- 0.2ppm, Pb - 0.3 ppm, Ni - 67.9 ppm, Cr- 0.00 ppm). This indicates there may be no possible health concerns linked to the concentrations of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables from the markets near the highly polluted industrial zones or in the areas with severe traffic congestion.
Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Voluntary Blood Donation among University Students in Nigeria: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Saka Sulymon A. , Mavis Eromosele E. , Mezu Nneoma M. , Isiaka Ayotunde A. , Asogwa Collins O. , Odafen Perpetua I. , Akhigbe Marvelous E. , David Nzomiwu C. , Emekolom Obiajulum N.
Published: August 2024

Background: Adequate and safe blood supply has remained a challenge in developing countries, including Nigeria. Young students can play a fundamental role in blood donation, saving the lives of many people; hence, studying their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to blood donation is essential.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of voluntary blood donation among Ambrose Alli University students and the factors associated with the frequency of blood donation.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. A total of 250 students were recruited. Pretested questionnaires were used to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to voluntary blood donation.
Statistical Analysis: The responses were collated and analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v21. We utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to analyse the data. where associations between blood donation practices and sociodemographic features of the respondents as well as knowledge of blood donation and sociodemographic features of the respondents were tested via chi-square tests where appropriate; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The study revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 22.3 ( 9.049) years, with females accounting for 51.6% of the sample. A total of 34% (85) have good knowledge, and the respondents have a positive attitude (mean 3.23) toward donation; however, only 13.6% have donated blood with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The study revealed significant associations between knowledge of blood donation and several sociodemographic features, including age (p=0.003), year of study (p=0.025), faculty of the respondents (p<0.001) and employment status of the father or male guardian (p=0.035). Furthermore, blood donation practices were significantly associated with the year of study (p=0.028) and faculty (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that senior students were less likely to donate blood compared to first year students. Fourth-year students had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.20 (95% CI: 0.05–0.87, P = 0.032), and fifth-year students had an OR of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.06–0.93, P = 0.039).
Conclusion: Despite having a fair level of knowledge regarding blood donation as well as a positive attitude toward it, the respondents portray a poor practice culture with respect to blood donation.
Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation of Automobile Industry Wastewater
Authors: Ndukwe Obineche Charles , Ngolube Boniface Chinedu , Esomeonu Chukwuemerie Everistus , Ezekwu Jessica Chika , Eneje Goodluck Anthony , Nwosu Amarachi
Published: August 2024

Electrocoagulation and electrooxidation processes with aluminium and steel electrodes respectively have been used to improve the physicochemical properties of wastewater from an automobile industry. The physicochemical analyses of the wastewater done by American public health association (APHA)/ American Water Works Association (AWWA)/ Water Environment Federation (WEF) recommended standard methods showed that chromium (0.714mg/l), lead (2.44mg/l) and turbidity (120 NTU) did not meet the requirements for discharge by FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria) and cadmium was marginally met. The optimum time for electrocoagulation, 50mins, was determined by measuring the conductivity of wastewater over a 90-minute period. Since the cost of electrocoagulation depends on the current density, the effect of current density on the concentration of pollutants (metals), COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and BOD5 (Five-day Biochemical oxygen demand) has been verified. On the average, the current density of 25.86mA/cm2 was effective in substantially reducing the concentration of lead by 96.36% (0.089mg/l), chromium by 88.66% (0.081mg/l) thereby making the wastewater meet the FEPA standard for discharge, which are 0.12mg/l and 0.1mg/l respectively. At this current density, cadmium concentration was reduced by 87.64% (0.011mg/l) which clearly met the limit of discharge of 0.1mg/l, but the turbidity which reduced by 87.50% (15NTU) did not meet the requirement of 10NTU for discharge. Though the COD and BOD5of the wastewater were within acceptable limits, electrooxidation of the wastewater at the optimal time of 80 minutes with an average current density of 18.85mA/cm2 reduced the COD by 73.26% and the BOD5 by 57.14%. These values were lower than what was achieved generally by electrocoagulation; COD was reduced by >90% and BOD5 by >86%. By applying the simple process of electrocoagulation, the automobile industry should meet the regulatory requirements for discharge into water bodies or on land.
Fractal degassing from Erebus and Mayon volcanoes revealed by a new method to monitor H2O emission cycles
Authors: Girona Társilo , Costa Fidel , Taisne Benoit , Aggangan Brian , Ildefonso Sorvigenaleon
Published: April 2015

Many active volcanoes around the world release passively large amounts of gas between eruptions. Monitoring how these gas emissions fluctuate over time is crucial to infer the physical processes occurring within volcanic conduits and reservoirs. Here we report a new method to capture remotely the spectral properties of the emissions of H2O, the major component of most volcanic plumes. The method is based on a new theoretical model that correlates the volcanogenic water content of condensed volcanic plumes with the intensity of the light scattered by the droplets moving with the gas. In turn, we show that light intensity of the plume, and thus steam pulses time series, can be obtained with a proper analysis of digital images. The model is experimentally validated by generating condensed plumes with an ultrasonic humidifier, and then the method is applied to the gas plumes of Erebus and Mayon volcanoes. Our analysis reveals three main features: (1) H2O time series are composed of numerous periodic components of finite duration; (2) some periodic components are common in H2O and SO2 time series, but others are not; and (3) the frequency spectra of the H2O emissions follow a well‐defined fractal distribution, that is, amplitude (Δ) and frequency (ν) are correlated by means of power laws (Δ ∝ νγ), with exponent γ ≈ − 1 for Erebus and for Mayon. These findings suggest that quiescent degassing emerges from the complex coupling between different processes occurring within magma plumbing systems. Our method is ideal for real‐time monitoring of high‐frequency H2O cycles at active volcanoes.
Added value of regional climate modeling over areas characterized by complex terrain—Precipitation over the Alps
Authors: Torma Csaba , Giorgi Filippo , Coppola Erika
Published: April 2015

We present an analysis of the added value (AV) of downscaling via regional climate model (RCM) nesting with respect to the driving global climate models (GCMs). We analyze ensembles of driving GCM and nested RCM (two resolutions, 0.44° and 0.11°) simulations for the late 20th and late 21st centuries from the CMIP5, EURO‐CORDEX, and MED‐CORDEX experiments, with a focus on the Alpine region. Different metrics of AV are investigated, measuring aspects of precipitation where substantial AV can be expected in mountainous terrains: spatial pattern of mean precipitation, daily precipitation intensity distribution, and daily precipitation extremes tails. Comparison with a high‐quality, fine‐scale (5 km) gridded observational data set shows substantial AV of RCM downscaling for all metrics selected, and results are mostly improved compared to the driving GCMs also when the RCM fields are upscaled at the scale of the GCM resolution. We also find consistent improvements in the high‐resolution (0.11°) versus medium‐resolution (0.44°) RCM simulations. Finally, we find that the RCM downscaling substantially modulates the GCM‐produced precipitation change signal in future climate projections, particularly in terms of fine‐scale spatial pattern associated with the complex topography of the region. Our results thus point to the important role that high‐resolution nested RCMs can play in the study of climate change over areas characterized by complex topographical features.
The influence of hydrogen on the seismic properties of solid iron
Authors: Caracas Razvan
Published: April 2015

We estimate the implications of having hydrogen dissolved in the solid core from a mineral physics perspective. Based on first‐principles calculations, we observe that hydrogen has a strong effect on decreasing the density of the hexagonal close‐packed structure of Fe. The structural effect is weakly dependent on the ordering pattern of the hydrogen defects. However, hydrogen also increases the elastic moduli of Fe at core pressures. Both the compressional and the shear wave velocities increase with addition even of small amounts of hydrogen, the increase of shear going against the geophysical requirements for light elements. This aspect makes hydrogen an undesirable light element in the Earth's core if we try to match the seismological observations.
Airborne measurements of the atmospheric emissions from a fuel ethanol refinery
Authors: de Gouw J. A. , McKeen S. A. , Aikin K. C. , Brock C. A. , Brown S. S. , Gilman J. B. , Graus M. , Hanisco T. , Holloway J. S. , Kaiser J. , Keutsch F. N. , Lerner B. M. , Liao J. , Markovic M. Z. , Middlebrook A. M. , Min K.‐E. , Neuman J. A. , Nowak J. B. , Peischl J. , Pollack I. B. , Roberts J. M. , Ryerson T. B. , Trainer M. , Veres P. R. , Warneke C. , Welti A. , Wolfe G. M.
Published: April 2015

Ethanol made from corn now constitutes approximately 10% of the fuel used in gasoline vehicles in the U.S. The ethanol is produced in over 200 fuel ethanol refineries across the nation. We report airborne measurements downwind from Decatur, Illinois, where the third largest fuel ethanol refinery in the U.S. is located. Estimated emissions are compared with the total point source emissions in Decatur according to the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI‐2011), in which the fuel ethanol refinery represents 68.0% of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 50.5% of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), 67.2% of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 95.9% of ethanol emissions. Emissions of SO2 and NOx from Decatur agreed with NEI‐2011, but emissions of several VOCs were underestimated by factors of 5 (total VOCs) to 30 (ethanol). By combining the NEI‐2011 with fuel ethanol production numbers from the Renewable Fuels Association, we calculate emission intensities, defined as the emissions per ethanol mass produced. Emission intensities of SO2 and NOx are higher for plants that use coal as an energy source, including the refinery in Decatur. By comparing with fuel‐based emission factors, we find that fuel ethanol refineries have lower NOx, similar VOC, and higher SO2 emissions than from the use of this fuel in vehicles. The VOC emissions from refining could be higher than from vehicles, if the underestimated emissions in NEI‐2011 downwind from Decatur extend to other fuel ethanol refineries. Finally, chemical transformations of the emissions from Decatur were observed, including formation of new particles, nitric acid, peroxyacyl nitrates, aldehydes, ozone, and sulfate aerosol.
Frequency and causes of failed MODIS cloud property retrievals for liquid phase clouds over global oceans
Authors: Cho Hyoun‐Myoung , Zhang Zhibo , Meyer Kerry , Lebsock Matthew , Platnick Steven , Ackerman Andrew S. , Di Girolamo Larry , C.‐Labonnote Laurent , Cornet Céline , Riedi Jerome , Holz Robert E.
Published: April 2015

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieves cloud droplet effective radius (re) and optical thickness (τ) by projecting observed cloud reflectances onto a precomputed look‐up table (LUT). When observations fall outside of the LUT, the retrieval is considered “failed” because no combination of τ and re within the LUT can explain the observed cloud reflectances. In this study, the frequency and potential causes of failed MODIS retrievals for marine liquid phase (MLP) clouds are analyzed based on 1 year of Aqua MODIS Collection 6 products and collocated CALIOP and CloudSat observations. The retrieval based on the 0.86 µm and 2.1 µm MODIS channel combination has an overall failure rate of about 16% (10% for the 0.86 µm and 3.7 µm combination). The failure rates are lower over stratocumulus regimes and higher over the broken trade wind cumulus regimes. The leading type of failure is the “re too large” failure accounting for 60%–85% of all failed retrievals. The rest is mostly due to the “re too small” or τ retrieval failures. Enhanced retrieval failure rates are found when MLP cloud pixels are partially cloudy or have high subpixel inhomogeneity, are located at special Sun‐satellite viewing geometries such as sunglint, large viewing or solar zenith angles, or cloudbow and glory angles, or are subject to cloud masking, cloud overlapping, and/or cloud phase retrieval issues. The majority (more than 84%) of failed retrievals along the CALIPSO track can be attributed to at least one or more of these potential reasons. The collocated CloudSat radar reflectivity observations reveal that the remaining failed retrievals are often precipitating. It remains an open question whether the extremely large re values observed in these clouds are the consequence of true cloud microphysics or still due to artifacts not included in this study.
Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Responsive Bending Property as Temperature‐Controlled Manipulators
Authors: Yao Chen , Liu Zhuang , Yang Chao , Wang Wei , Ju Xiao‐Jie , Xie Rui , Chu Liang‐Yin
Published: April 2015

Novel poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐clay (PNIPAM‐clay) nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels with both excellent responsive bending and elastic properties are developed as temperature‐controlled manipulators. The PNIPAM‐clay NC structure provides the hydrogel with excellent mechanical property, and the thermoresponsive bending property of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel is achieved by designing an asymmetrical distribution of nanoclays across the hydrogel thickness. The hydrogel is simply fabricated by a two‐step photo polymerization. The thermoresponsive bending property of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel is resulted from the unequal forces generated by the thermoinduced asynchronous shrinkage of hydrogel layers with different clay contents. The thermoresponsive bending direction and degree of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel can be adjusted by controlling the thickness ratio of the hydrogel layers with different clay contents. The prepared PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogels exhibit rapid, reversible, and repeatable thermoresponsive bending/unbending characteristics upon heating and cooling. The proposed PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogels with excellent responsive bending property are demonstrated as temperature‐controlled manipulators for various applications including encapsulation, capture, and transportation of targeted objects. They are highly attractive material candidates for stimuli‐responsive “smart” soft robots in myriad fields such as manipulators, grippers, and cantilever sensors.
Reversible and Rapid Laser Actuation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Micropillars with Inclusion of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Xiyang , Wei Renbo , Hoang Phong Tran , Wang Xiaogong , Liu Tao , Keller Patrick
Published: April 2015

It is highly desirable for liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) based microactuators to activate and actuate in a highly controlled fashion without perturbing the surrounding environment. To reach this goal, in this study, a novel experimental protocol is developed to successfully incorporate gold nanosphere (AuNS) and gold nanorod (AuNR) into polyacrylate based LCE elastomer to fabricate LCE/AuNR and LCE/AuNS micropillars or microactuators. The effect of gold nanoparticle inclusion has been studied by spectroscopy (UV–vis‐near‐infrared), microscopy (transmission electron microscopy), thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), and x‐ray scattering (wide‐angle x‐ray scattering and small‐angle x‐ray scattering). Finite element analysis is performed to examine the feasibility of utilizing the photothermal effect of AuNR/AuNS to enable photothermal actuation of LCE/AuNR and LCE/AuNS micropillars. The comparative experimental studies on the thermal and photothermal actuation behavior of the LCE, LCE/AuNS, and LCE/AuNR micropillar suggested that AuNR is an excellent candidate for developing high‐performance LCE actuators with photothermal actuation capability. With inclusion of less than 1 wt% of AuNR, the very high maximum actuation strain (30%) and rapid response (a few seconds) have been achieved in LCE/AuNR micropillar actuators under 635 nm laser irradiation.
Harvesting Lost Photons: Plasmon and Upconversion Enhanced Broadband Photocatalytic Activity in Core@Shell Microspheres Based on Lanthanide‐Doped NaYF4, TiO2, and Au
Authors: Xu Zhenhe , Quintanilla Marta , Vetrone Fiorenzo , Govorov Alexander O. , Chaker Mohamed , Ma Dongling
Published: April 2015

Efficiently harvesting solar energy for photocatalysis remains very challenging. Rational design of architectures by combining nanocomponents of radically different properties, for example, plasmonic, upconversion, and photocatalytic properties, offers a promising route to improve solar energy utilization. Herein, the synthesis of novel, plasmonic Au nanoparticle decorated NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+‐core@porous‐TiO2‐shell microspheres is reported. They exhibit high surface area, good stability, broadband absorption from ultraviolet to near infrared, and excellent photocatalytic activity, significantly better than the benchmark P25 TiO2. The enhanced activity is attributed to synergistic effects from nanocomponents arranged into the nanostructured architecture in such a way that favors the efficient charge/energy transfer among nanocomponents and largely reduced charge recombination. Optical and energy‐transfer properties are modeled theoretically to support our interpretations of catalytic mechanisms. In addition to yielding novel materials and interesting properties, the current work provides physical insights that can contribute to the future development of plasmon‐enhanced broadband catalysts.
Efficient Solution‐Processed Bulk Heterojunction Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Chang , Wang Kai , Du Pengcheng , Yi Chao , Meng Tianyu , Gong Xiong
Published: April 2015

Efficient conventional bulk heterojunction (BHJ) perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero‐HSCs) solution‐processed from a composite of CH3NH3PbI3 mixed with PC61BM ([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester), where CH3NH3PbI3 acts as the electron donor and PC61BM acts as the electron acceptor, are reported for the first time. The efficiency of 12.78% is twofold enhancement in comparison with the conventional planar heterojunction pero‐HSCs (6.90%) fabricated by pristine CH3NH3PbI3. The BHJ pero‐HSCs are further optimized by using PC61BM/TiO2 bi‐electron‐extraction‐layer (EEL), which are both solution‐processed and then followed with low‐temperature thermal annealing. Due to higher electrical conductivity of PC61BM over that of TiO2, an efficiency of 14.98%, the highest reported efficiency for the pero‐HSCs without incorporating high‐temperature‐processed mesoporous TiO2 and Al2O3 as the EEL and insulating scaffold, is observed from PC61BM modified BHJ pero‐HSCs. Thus, the findings provide a simple way to approach high efficiency low‐cost pero‐HSCs.
Milk Price Cycles in the U.S. Dairy Supply Chain and Their Management Implications
Authors: Nicholson Charles F. , Stephenson Mark W.
Published: April 2015

We develop a structural time‐series model based on state‐space methods and including feed costs as an exogenous regressor to assess the nature of cyclical behavior of the quarterly U.S. all‐milk price during 1996 to 2014. Although deterministic trend and seasonal price movements are present, a stochastic large‐amplitude cycle with a period of 3.3 years is the predominant source of variation in the U.S. all‐milk price during the period analyzed. These cycles are consistent with the hypothesis that supply chain managers make decisions based on bounded rationality, with limited supply chain coordination. The presence of price cycles in the U.S. dairy industry has management implications for dairy farmers, dairy processors, exporters, and food retailers. Forecasting and analytical models of U.S. farm milk prices should be designed to account for cyclical farm milk price behavior.
“Rationally Local”: Consumer Participation in Alternative Food Chains
Authors: Cembalo Luigi , Lombardi Alessia , Pascucci Stefano , Dentoni Domenico , Migliore Giuseppina , Verneau Fabio , Schifani Giorgio
Published: April 2015

Why are consumers increasingly participating in alternative food chains to co‐produce and distribute foods with farmers? In this paper, values and food‐related lifestyles, as well as transaction costs and socio‐demographics, are used to analyze consumer participation in alternative food chains in Italy. Using a simultaneous system of equations, a model with instrumental variables is implemented to measure the relationships between values and food‐related lifestyles, and between the latter and participation in an alternative food chain. Our results show that Italian participants in alternative food chains have the profile of rational shoppers who typically look at price and taste criteria. Although transaction costs do not affect participation directly, they do so through food‐related lifestyles.
Accuracy and optimal sampling in Monte Carlo solution of population balance equations
Authors: Yu Xi , Hounslow Michael J , Reynolds Gavin K
Published: April 2015

Implementation of a Monte Carlo simulation for the solution of population balance equations (PBEs) requires choice of initial sample number (N0), number of replicates (M), and number of bins for probability distribution reconstruction (n). It is found that Squared Hellinger Distance, H2, is a useful measurement of the accuracy of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, and can be related directly to N0, M, and n. Asymptotic approximations of H2 are deduced and tested for both one‐dimensional (1‐D) and 2‐D PBEs with coalescence. The central processing unit (CPU) cost, C, is found in a power‐law relationship,
, with the CPU cost index, b, indicating the weighting of N0 in the total CPU cost. n must be chosen to balance accuracy and resolution. For fixed n, M × N0 determines the accuracy of MC prediction; if b > 1, then the optimal solution strategy uses multiple replications and small sample size. Conversely, if 0 < b < 1, one replicate and a large initial sample size is preferred. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2394–2402, 2015
Pure duplication of 19p13.3 in three members of a family with intellectual disability and literature review. Definition of a new microduplication syndrome
Authors: Orellana Carmen , Roselló Mónica , Monfort Sandra , Mayo Sonia , Oltra Silvestre , Martínez Francisco
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the presence of an interstitial pure duplication of 19p13.3 (4.95 Mb) in a patient with intellectual disability studied by array‐CGH which was initially considered as a de novo alteration. The discovery of the same chromosomal alteration in a first‐degree cousin of this patient led us to investigate the presence of insertional translocations, which were consequently found in three family generations. The same duplication was found in three intellectually disabled patients and among the translocation carrier family members a very high incidence of miscarriages are reported. A review of other published cases has allowed us to find three other patients with a similar pure duplication, all of them sharing some common clinical findings such as intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, motor and speech delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. These findings allow us to suggest the presence of a new microduplication syndrome in chromosomal region 19p13.3. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversal strategies for vitamin K antagonists in acute intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Parry‐Jones Adrian R. , Di Napoli Mario , Goldstein Joshua N. , Schreuder Floris H. B. M. , Tetri Sami , Tatlisumak Turgut , Yan Bernard , van Nieuwenhuizen Koen M. , Dequatre‐Ponchelle Nelly , Lee‐Archer Matthew , Horstmann Solveig , Wilson Duncan , Pomero Fulvio , Masotti Luca , Lerpiniere Christine , Godoy Daniel Agustin , Cohen Abigail S. , Houben Rik , Al‐Shahi Salman Rustam , Pennati Paolo , Fenoglio Luigi , Werring David , Veltkamp Roland , Wood Edith , Dewey Helen M. , Cordonnier Charlotte , Klijn Catharina J. M. , Meligeni Fabrizio , Davis Stephen M. , Huhtakangas Juha , Staals Julie , Rosand Jonathan , Meretoja Atte
Published: April 2015

Objective

There is little evidence to guide treatment strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage on vitamin K antagonists (VKA‐ICH). Treatments utilized in clinical practice include fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). Our aim was to compare case fatality with different reversal strategies.

Methods

We pooled individual ICH patient data from 16 stroke registries in 9 countries (n = 10 282), of whom 1,797 (17%) were on VKA. After excluding 250 patients with international normalized ratio < 1.3 and/or missing data required for analysis, we compared all‐cause 30‐day case fatality using Cox regression.

Results

We included 1,547 patients treated with FFP (n = 377, 24%), PCC (n = 585, 38%), both (n = 131, 9%), or neither (n = 454, 29%). The crude case fatality and adjusted hazard ratio (HR) were highest with no reversal (61.7%, HR = 2.540, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.784–3.616, p < 0.001), followed by FFP alone (45.6%, HR = 1.344, 95% CI = 0.934–1.934, p = 0.112), then PCC alone (37.3%, HR = 1.445, 95% CI = 1.014–2.058, p = 0.041), compared to reversal with both FFP and PCC (27.8%, reference). Outcomes with PCC versus FFP were similar (HR = 1.075, 95% CI = 0.874–1.323, p = 0.492); 4‐factor PCC (n = 441) was associated with higher case fatality compared to 3‐factor PCC (n = 144, HR = 1.441, 95% CI = 1.041–1.995, p = 0.027).

Interpretation

The combination of FFP and PCC might be associated with the lowest case fatality in reversal of VKA‐ICH, and FFP may be equivalent to PCC. Randomized controlled trials with functional outcomes are needed to establish the most effective treatment. Ann Neurol 2015;78:54–62