bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Infection Hypothesis Revisited: Oral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Lund Håheim Lise
Published: October 2014

Background. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Increasing evidence supports oral infections, and in particular the common periodontal disease, to be associated with CVD development. Periodontal infection is present in populations worldwide and in the moderate to mild form in about 35% of populations according to the World Health Organization. Objective. This review of the literature aims to present cross evidence from medical research disciplines that explore how oral infections can contribute to increase the risk for CVDs and how treatment of oral infections can reduce the risk for CVDs. Design. Review article. Results. Long-term exposure to active nontreated infections of the oral cavity presents an opportunity for bacteria, bacterial products, and viruses to enter the circulation. Toxic bacterial products enter the circulation, affecting atherosclerosis, causing platelet adhesiveness that results in clot formation, and establishing cardiac vegetation. Pathological observations have identified oral bacteria in heart valves, aortic aneurysms, and arterial walls. Clinical intervention studies on periodontal disease reduce the risk level of serological predictors for CVDs. Conclusions. This paper presents evidence across medical research disciplines for oral infections to be considered as one of the risk factors for CVDs.
The Construction of Hilbert Spaces over the Non-Newtonian Field
Authors: Kadak Uğur , Efe Hakan
Published: October 2014

Although there are many excellent ways to present the principle of the classical calculus,
the novel presentations probably lead most naturally to the development of the non-Newtonian calculi. In this paper we introduce vector spaces over real and complex non-Newtonian field with respect to the *-calculus which is a branch of non-Newtonian calculus. Also we give the definitions of real and complex inner product spaces and study Hilbert spaces which are special type of normed space and complete inner product spaces in the sense of *-calculus. Furthermore, as an example of Hilbert spaces, first we introduce the non-Cartesian plane which is a nonlinear model for plane Euclidean geometry. Secondly, we give Euclidean, unitary, and sequence spaces via corresponding norms which are induced by an inner product. Finally, by using the *-norm properties of complex structures, we examine Cauchy-Schwarz and triangle inequalities.
Comparison of Structural Architecture of HCV NS3 Genotype 1 versus Pakistani Genotype 3a
Authors: Fatima Kaneez , Azhar Esam , Mathew Shilu , Damanhouri Ghazi , Qadri Ishtiaq
Published: October 2014

This study described the structural characterization of Pakistani HCV NS3 GT3a in parallel with genotypes 1a and 1b NS3. We investigated the role of amino acids and their interaction patterns in different HCV genotypes by crystallographic modeling. Different softwares were used to study the interaction pattern, for example, CLCBIO sequence viewer, MODELLER, NMRCLUST, ERRAT score, and MODELLER. Sixty models were produced and clustered into groups and the best model of PK-NCVI/Pk3a NS3 was selected and studied further to check the variability with other HCV NS3 genotypes. This study will help in future to understand the structural architecture of HCV genome variability and to further define the conserved targets for antiviral agents.
Three‐Dimensional Stability Analysis of a Homogeneous Slope Reinforced with Micropiles
Authors: Sun Shu-Wei , Wang Wei , Zhao Fu
Published: October 2014

Micropiles are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and fast construction. In this study, a simple nonlinear method is proposed to analyze the stability of a homogeneous slope reinforced with micropiles. This method is based on shear strength reduction technique, in which the soil behavior is described using the nonassociated Mohr‐Coulomb criterion and micropiles are modeled as 3D pile elements. A series of slope stability analyses is performed to investigate the coupled mechanism of micropile system, and the optimum of pile position, depth of embedment, and length of truncation are analyzed. Results show that the position of micropile system plays an important role not only in the calculation of the safety factor, but also in locating the failure surface, which demonstrates the dominating coupled effect exists between micropiles and slope. The critical embedment depth of the micropile is about 2 times the length of micropile above the critical slip surface, and the micropiles flexure rather than rotation becomes increasingly prevalent as the depth of micropiles embedment increases. Truncation of micropiles may improve the capacity of the micropile system, and the largest truncation length of micropile is about 1/4 depth of critical slip surface in this study.
Distortion of Quasiregular Mappings and Equivalent Norms on Lipschitz-Type Spaces
Authors: Mateljević Miodrag
Published: October 2014

We prove a quasiconformal analogue of Koebe’s theorem related to the average Jacobian and use a normal family argument here to prove a quasiregular analogue of this result in certain domains inn-dimensional space. As an application, we establish that Lipschitz-type properties are inherited by a quasiregular function from its modulo. We also prove some results of Hardy-Littlewood type for Lipschitz-type spaces in several dimensions, give the characterization of Lipschitz-type spaces for quasiregular mappings by the average Jacobian, and give a short review of the subject.
Association between Functional Severity and Amputation Type with Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Lower Limb Amputation
Authors: Karmarkar Amol M. , Graham James E. , Reistetter Timothy A. , Kumar Amit , Mix Jacqueline M. , Niewczyk Paulette , Granger Carl V. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine independent influences of functional level and lower limb amputation type on inpatient rehabilitation outcomes. We conducted a secondary data analysis for patients with lower limb amputation who received inpatient medical rehabilitation (N= 26,501). The study outcomes included length of stay, discharge functional status, and community discharge. Predictors included the 3-level case mix group variable and a 4-category amputation variable. Age of the sample was 64.5 years (13.4) and 64% were male. More than 75% of patients had a dysvascular-related amputation. Patients with bilateral transfemoral amputations and higher functional severity experienced longest lengths of stay (average 13.7 days) and lowest functional rating at discharge (average 79.4). Likelihood of community discharge was significantly lower for those in more functionally severe patients but did not differ between amputation categories. Functional levels and amputation type are associated with rehabilitation outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation settings. Patients with transfemoral amputations and those in case mix group 1003 (admission motor score less than 36.25) generally experience poorer outcomes than those in other case mix groups. These relationships may be associated with other demographic and/or health factors, which should be explored in future research.
Surgical Management of Severe Complications Arising from Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Langner-Wegscheider Beate J. , de Smet Marc D.
Published: October 2014

Purpose: Evaluate outcomes from severe ocular complications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis following surgery. Methods: Eleven eyes of 7 patients underwent complete vitrectomy and peeling of the inner limiting membrane. Inclusion criteria were: anteroposterior segment involvement, hypotony, inflammation control of less than 3 months, compliance issues, rapidly progressive disease. Phacoemulsification was allowed if the patient was >6 years old and inflammation free >3 months. The alternative was a complete lensectomy. Results: Visual acuity improved from a logMAR of 1.48 to 0.37 (p < 0.0001), and 0.20 at 6 and 12 months (p < 0.0001). No flare-up was observed within the first 6 months. Five eyes developed inflammation between 7 and 19 months. Glaucoma developed in 5 eyes at a median of 16 months. No patient developed cystoid macular edema. Conclusion: Extensive pars plana vitrectomy and cataract extraction can lead to significant improvement in visual acuity. Patients continue to require long-term immunosuppression and adequate follow-up.
Altered Expression of Aquaporin 1 and 5 in the Choroid Plexus following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Sveinsdottir Snjolaug , Gram Magnus , Cinthio Magnus , Sveinsdottir Kristbjörg , Mörgelin Matthias , Ley David
Published: October 2014

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) is a common cause of hydrocephalus in infants. Dysregulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production by the choroid plexus may contribute to the development of PHVD. The aquaporins (AQPs), transmural water transporting proteins, are believed to contribute to CSF production. The aim of the study was to characterize the expression and localization of AQP1, 4 and 5 in the choroid plexus following preterm IVH. Using a preterm rabbit pup model, the mRNA expression, protein level and localization of AQP1, 4 and 5 were investigated in the choroid plexus at 24 and 72 h following IVH with PHVD. Further, AQP1, 4 and 5 expression were characterized in primary human plexus epithelial cells exposed to CSF from preterm human infants with IVH and to hemoglobin metabolites. IVH with PHVD in the immature brain caused a downregulation of AQP1 mRNA, the key AQP in CSF production, but an upregulation of AQP1 protein level with apical epithelial cell localization. Notably, AQP5 was expressed in the choroid plexus with upregulated mRNA expression and protein levels during PHVD with apical epithelial cell localization. Analysis of human choroid plexus epithelial cells in vitro, following exposure to posthemorrhagic CSF and to hemin, displayed results concordant with those observed in vivo, i.e. downregulation of AQP1 mRNA and upregulation of AQP5 mRNA expression. AQP4 was neither detectable in vivo nor in vitro. The changes observed in AQP1 and AQP5 expression in the choroid plexus suggest an adaptive response following IVH with possible functional implications for the development of PHVD.
Current and Best Practices of Genetic Testing for Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young: Views of Professional Experts
Authors: van der Zwaag Angeli M. , Weinreich Stephanie S. , Bosma Astrid R. , Rigter Tessel , Losekoot Monique , Henneman Lidewij , Cornel Martina C.
Published: October 2014

Aims: Currently, many patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with type 1 or 2 diabetes. This study aims to assess professional experts' views on factors which may influence the current practice of genetic testing for MODY and to explore next steps toward best practice. Methods: Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted with professional experts. These experts included physicians with potential or actual experience with genetic testing for MODY, representatives of (para)medical professional associations and a staff member of a diabetes patients' organization. Results: Participants differed in their valuation of genetic testing for MODY. While most considered the test useful, not all were convinced of its clinical utility. Other factors mentioned to influence current practice were: (perceived lack of) possibilities for treatment and prevention, patients' perspectives and perceived barriers, such as costs and a lack of knowledge and awareness. Participants agreed that guidelines would be helpful to facilitate expedient testing. Conclusions: This study identified next steps that should be taken to improve genetic diagnosis and care for patients with MODY. Besides the development of a consensus guideline, other suggestions included more education of healthcare professionals, a clearer allocation of responsibilities with regard to genetic testing for MODY and further research.
Moyamoya Syndrome Associated with Hemoglobin Southampton (Casper)
Authors: Delavari Nader , Strahle Jennifer , Maher Cormac O.
Published: October 2014

When moyamoya vasculopathy results from an associated disease, this vasculopathy is then referred to as moyamoya syndrome. Moyamoya syndrome has been reported in association with sickle cell disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, Down syndrome, radiation exposure, and other predisposing factors. Other than sickle cell disease, rare hemoglobinopathies, such as hemoglobin Fairfax and hemoglobin Alesha, have been reported to occur with moyamoya. We present a case of moyamoya syndrome associated with an unstable hemoglobinopathy, hemoglobin Southampton (Casper). This is the first reported case of moyamoya associated with this hemoglobinopathy.
Discovery and Comparative Analysis of a Novel Satellite, EC137, in Horses and Other Equids
Authors: Nergadze Solomon G. , Belloni Elisa , Piras Francesca M. , Khoriauli Lela , Mazzagatti Alice , Vella Francesco , Bensi Mirella , Vitelli Valerio , Giulotto Elena , Raimondi Elena
Published: October 2014

Centromeres are the sites of kinetochore assembly and spindle fiber attachment and consist of protein-DNA complexes in which the DNA component is typically characterized by the presence of extended arrays of tandem repeats called satellite DNA. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a 137-bp-long new satellite DNA sequence from the horse genome (EC137), which is also present, even if less abundant, in the domestic donkey, the Grevy's zebra and the Burchelli's zebra. We investigated the chromosomal distribution of the EC137 sequence in these 4 species. Moreover, we analyzed its architectural organization by high-resolution FISH. The position of this sequence with respect to the primary constriction and in relation to the 2 major horse satellite tandem repeats (37cen and 2PI) on horse chromosomes suggests that the new centromeric equine satellite is an accessory DNA element, presumably contributing to the organization of pericentromeric chromatin. FISH on combed DNA fibers reveals that the EC137 satellite is organized in relatively short stretches (2-8 kb) which are strictly intermingled within 37cen or 2PI arrays. This arrangement suggests that interchanges between satellite families are a frequent occurrence in the horse genome.
Endogenous Drp1 Mediates Mitochondrial Autophagy and Protects the Heart Against Energy Stress
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiyuki , Shirakabe Akihiro , Maejima Yasuhiro , Zhai Peiyong , Sciarretta Sebastiano , Toli Jessica , Nomura Masatoshi , Mihara Katsuyoshi , Egashira Kensuke , Ohishi Mitsuru , Abdellatif Maha , Sadoshima Junichi
Published: October 2014

Rationale:

Both fusion and fission contribute to mitochondrial quality control. How unopposed fusion affects survival of cardiomyocytes and left ventricular function in the heart is poorly understood.

Objective:

We investigated the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a GTPase that mediates mitochondrial fission, in mediating mitochondrial autophagy, ventricular function, and stress resistance in the heart.

Methods and Results:

Drp1 downregulation induced mitochondrial elongation, accumulation of damaged mitochondria, and increased apoptosis in cardiomyocytes at baseline. Drp1 downregulation also suppressed autophagosome formation and autophagic flux at baseline and in response to glucose deprivation in cardiomyocytes. The lack of lysosomal translocation of mitochondrially targeted Keima indicates that Drp1 downregulation suppressed mitochondrial autophagy. Mitochondrial elongation and accumulation of damaged mitochondria were also observed in tamoxifen-inducible cardiac-specific Drp1 knockout mice. After Drp1 downregulation, cardiac-specific Drp1 knockout mice developed left ventricular dysfunction, preceded by mitochondrial dysfunction, and died within 13 weeks. Autophagic flux is significantly suppressed in cardiac-specific Drp1 knockout mice. Although left ventricular function in cardiac-specific Drp1 heterozygous knockout mice was normal at 12 weeks of age, left ventricular function decreased more severely after 48 hours of fasting, and the infarct size/area at risk after ischemia/reperfusion was significantly greater in cardiac-specific Drp1 heterozygous knockout than in control mice.

Conclusions:

Disruption of Drp1 induces mitochondrial elongation, inhibits mitochondrial autophagy, and causes mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby promoting cardiac dysfunction and increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion.
Dependence of Cardiac Transverse Tubules on the BAR Domain Protein Amphiphysin II (BIN-1)
Authors: Caldwell Jessica L. , Smith Charlotte E.R. , Taylor Rebecca F. , Kitmitto Ashraf , Eisner David A. , Dibb Katharine M. , Trafford Andrew W.
Published: October 2014

Rationale
:

Transverse tubules (t-tubules) regulate cardiac excitation–contraction coupling and exhibit interchamber and interspecies differences in expression. In cardiac disease, t-tubule loss occurs and affects the systolic calcium transient. However, the mechanisms controlling t-tubule maintenance and whether these factors differ between species, cardiac chambers, and in a disease setting remain unclear.

Objective
:

To determine the role of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domain protein amphiphysin II (AmpII) in regulating t-tubule maintenance and the systolic calcium transient.

Methods and Results
:

T-tubule density was assessed by di-4-ANEPPS, FM4-64 or WGA staining using confocal microscopy. In rat, ferret, and sheep hearts t-tubule density and AmpII protein levels were lower in the atrium than in the ventricle. Heart failure (HF) was induced in sheep using right ventricular tachypacing and ferrets by ascending aortic coarctation. In both HF models, AmpII protein and t-tubule density were decreased in the ventricles. In the sheep, atrial t-tubules were also lost in HF and AmpII levels decreased. Conversely, junctophilin 2 levels did not show interchamber differences in the rat and ferret nor did they change in HF in the sheep or ferret. In addition, in rat atrial and sheep HF atrial cells where t-tubules were absent, junctophilin 2 had sarcomeric intracellular distribution. Small interfering RNA–induced knockdown of AmpII protein reduced t-tubule density, calcium transient amplitude, and the synchrony of the systolic calcium transient.

Conclusions
:

AmpII is intricately involved in t-tubule maintenance. Reducing AmpII protein decreases t-tubule density, reduces the amplitude, and increases the heterogeneity of the systolic calcium transient.
Bosentan Improves Exercise Capacity in Adolescents and Adults After Fontan Operation
Authors: Hebert Anders , Mikkelsen Ulla R. , Thilen Ulf , Idorn Lars , Jensen Annette S. , Nagy Edit , Hanseus Katarina , Sørensen Keld E. , Søndergaard Lars
Published: October 2014

Background—

The Fontan procedure has improved survival in children with functionally univentricular hearts. With time, however, complications such as reduced exercise capacity are seen more frequently. Exercise intolerance is multifactorial, but pulmonary vascular resistance probably plays a crucial role. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance has been associated with raised levels of endothelin-1, which are common both before and after Fontan operations. Treatment with endothelin-1 receptor antagonists could theoretically improve cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and exercise capacity. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the efficacy and safety of bosentan in Fontan patients.

Methods and Results—

Seventy-five adolescents and adults were randomized 1:1 to 14 weeks of treatment with bosentan or placebo. Cardiopulmonary exercise test, functional class, blood samples, and quality-of-life questionnaires were evaluated at baseline and at the end of treatment. Sixty-nine patients (92%) completed the study. Peak oxygen consumption increased 2.0 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
(from 28.7 to 30.7 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
) in the bosentan group compared with 0.6 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
(from 28.4 to 29.0 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
) in the placebo group (
P
=0.02). Cardiopulmonary exercise test time increased by 0.48 minute (from 6.79 to 7.27 minutes) versus 0.08 minute (from 6.94 to 7.02 minutes;
P
=0.04). Nine bosentan-treated patients improved 1 functional class, whereas none improved in the placebo group (
P
=0.0085). Side effects were mild and occurred equally in both groups. No serious adverse effects were seen, and no patients had liver enzyme levels above the 3-fold upper limit.

Conclusions—

Bosentan improves exercise capacity, exercise time, and functional class in Fontan patients without serious adverse events or hepatotoxicity.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01292551.
Reduced Effect of Percutaneous Renal Denervation on Blood Pressure in Patients With Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Authors: Ewen Sebastian , Ukena Christian , Linz Dominik , Kindermann Ingrid , Cremers Bodo , Laufs Ulrich , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Schmieder Roland E. , Böhm Michael , Mahfoud Felix
Published: October 2014

Renal denervation can reduce blood pressure in certain patients with resistant hypertension. The effect in patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH, ≥140/<90 mm Hg) is unknown. This study investigated the effects of renal denervation in 126 patients divided into 63 patients with ISH and 63 patients with combined hypertension (CH, ≥140/≥90 mm Hg) defined as baseline office systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg despite treatment with ≥3 antihypertensive agents. Renal denervation significantly reduced office SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 3, 6, and 12 months by 17/18/17 and 5/4/4 mm Hg in ISH and by 28/27/30 and 13/16/18 mm Hg in CH, respectively. The reduction in SBP and DBP in ISH was lower compared with patients with CH at all observed time points (
P
<0.05 for SBP/DBP intergroup comparison). The nonresponder rate (change in office SBP <10 mm Hg) after 6 months was 37% in ISH and 21% in CH (
P
<0.001). Mean 24-hour ambulatory SBP and DBP after 3, 6, and 12 months were significantly reduced by 10/13/15 and 6/6/9 mm Hg in CH, respectively. In patients with ISH the reduction in systolic ambulatory blood pressure was 4/8/7 mm Hg (
P
=0.032/
P
<0.001/
P
=0.009) and 3/4/2 mm Hg (
P
=0.08/
P
<0.001/
P
=0.130) in diastolic ambulatory blood pressure after 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The ambulatory blood pressure reduction was significantly lower after 3 and 12 months in SBP and after 12 months in ambulatory DBP, respectively. In conclusion, renal denervation reduces office and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with ISH. However, this reduction is less pronounced compared with patients with CH.
Bilateral or Unilateral Stimulation for Baroreflex Activation Therapy
Authors: de Leeuw Peter W. , Alnima Teba , Lovett Eric , Sica Domenic , Bisognano John , Haller Hermann , Kroon Abraham A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract—

Previous trials have shown that in patients with resistant hypertension device-based baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) can substantially reduce blood pressure. However, the fact that electrodes had to be implanted bilaterally may be a drawback for further development of the technique. In this study, we explored whether unilateral stimulation would produce comparable results as bilateral stimulation. In the Pivotal trial, treatment-resistant hypertensive patients were randomized to receive either immediate BAT or deferred BAT, that is, 6 months after implantation. We adjusted stimulation parameters individually so as to provide optimal baroreflex activation. Unilateral stimulation was applied unless bilateral stimulation resulted in a greater blood pressure reduction. When we pooled the 6-month data for the group with immediate BAT and the 12-month data for the group with deferred BAT, a total of 215 patients had been stimulated on one side only (127 at the right side and 88 at the left side), whereas 80 patients had been stimulated bilaterally. Although blood pressure and heart rate did not differ between the 2 groups at baseline, all these variables were significantly lower in the unilateral than in the bilateral group after the 6-month period. When we compared the effect of right-sided stimulation with those of either left-sided or bilateral stimulation, we found right-sided stimulation to be the most effective. We conclude that unilateral and in particular right-sided BAT has a more profound effect on blood pressure than bilateral or left-sided BAT.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00442286.
Prognostic Value of Estimated Functional Capacity Incremental to Cardiac Biomarkers in Stable Cardiac Patients
Authors: Tang W. H. Wilson , Topol Eric J. , Fan Yiying , Wu Yuping , Cho Leslie , Stevenson Cindy , Ellis Stephen G. , Hazen Stanley L.
Published: October 2014

Background

Few studies have investigated functional capacity self‐assessment tools in either prediction of future major adverse cardiac outcomes beyond all‐cause mortality or direct comparisons with clinically available biomarkers.

Methods and Results

We estimated functional capacity using the Duke Activity Status Index (
DASI
) questionnaire in 8987 sequential stable patients without acute coronary syndrome who were undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography with 3‐year follow‐up of major adverse cardiac events (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke). A low
DASI
score provided independent prediction of a 4.8‐fold increase in future risk of incident
major adverse cardiac events
at 3 years (quartiles 1 versus 4 hazard ratio [95% CI] 4.76 [4.03 to 5.61],
P
<0.001), and a 3.8‐fold increased risk after adjusting for traditional risk factors (3.77 [3.15 to 4.51],
P
<0.001). The prognostic value of the
DASI
score was evident in both primary and secondary prevention cohorts, with and without heart failure, as well as high and low C‐reactive protein and B‐type natriuretic peptide levels. The
DASI
score reclassified 15% of patients (
P
<0.001) beyond traditional risk factors in predicting future
MACE
.

Conclusion

A simple self‐assessment tool of functional capacity in stable patients undergoing elective diagnostic cardiac evaluation provides independent and incremental prognostic value for prediction of both significant coronary angiographic disease and long‐term adverse clinical events.
Barasa, Bribery and Beyond: Offences against the Administration of Justice at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Hiéramente* Mayeul , Müller Philipp , Ferguson Emma
Published: October 2014

Through the most recent proceedings initiated by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) against Walter Barasa, the issue of proceedings for alleged offences against the administration of justice pursuant to Article 70 of the Rome Statute has gained relevance for both legal practice and in the academic field. The regime established by the article differs significantly from the one applicable to the ad-hoc tribunals as it shifts power from the Chamber to the Prosecution. This article aims at exploring the implications this changed legal framework has for the upcoming legal proceedings, taking into account in particular the rights of the accused and the risks of the OTP’s investigatory and prosecutorial monopoly. It will further explore the legal tools available to ICC judges in order to remedy these implications and discuss the possibilities for applying lessons learned.
Rehabilitation and Early Release of Perpetrators of International Crimes: A Case Study of the ICTY and ICTR
Authors: Kelder Jessica M. , Holá Barbora , van Wijk Joris
Published: October 2014

While cited as one of the goals of international sentencing and used as a factor for deciding on early release, rehabilitation of perpetrators of international crimes has thus far been neglected by academia and practitioners. This article presents an analysis of all ICTY and ICTR early release decisions handed down until July 2013, indicating how the tribunals have conceptualised rehabilitation of these ‘enemies of mankind’. After observing that the success rate of rehabilitating international prisoners is very high, we suggest that this may be attributable to (i) a lack of the Presidents’ critical evaluation of the materials upon which he bases his conclusions regarding prisoners’ rehabilitation and (ii) the fact that perpetrators of international crimes are a ‘different kind of perpetrator’. We offer suggestions to re-conceptualise rehabilitation in the context of international crimes and to adjust the enforcement system of international sentences in order to better promote rehabilitation.
Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinarity in African Studies
Authors: Bongmba Elias K.
Published: October 2014

In this essay, I discuss the importance of interdisciplinary approach to African theology and argue that in light of the challenges raised by the health care crisis, theologians, as well as other Africanists need to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the questions they raise and the solutions they propose to those questions.
Beyond Disciplinarity
Authors: Bompani Barbara
Published: October 2014

The increasing public role of religion in Sub-Saharan Africa and the consequent studies that are emerging on the topic, force us to rethink how to interpret, approach, categorize and understand religion in the public. The pervasiveness of religion, and the impossibility of simply inscribing it within a single discipline pushes us to reconsider our approaches, methodologies and theories. Focusing on the emergence of “Religion and Development” (RaD) as a sub-discipline within the discipline of Development Studies, the article will show how the creation of “focused transdisciplinarity”, embedded in critical social science, can be an answer to the need of engaging with the multilayered nature of religion without compromising rigor and while still benefiting from methodologies and theories developed within a defined discipline. The article argues that a “focused transdisciplinary approach” allows research to navigate complexity and engage with issues while constantly reminding us of the origins of the investigative process in which the study is conducted.
Telescopic Reiteration
Authors: Mollett Margaret
Published: October 2014

A crucial aspect of an exegetical analysis of Revelation is to establish the literary structure of the book, one that is more than a conventional outline of chapters placed in the Introduction. There have been many attempts to identify such a structure, most proposals using implicit indicators such as the devices referred to by Ralph Korner as chiasm, recapitulation, reiteration, intercalation and encompassing. The Left Behind series of apocalyptic novels is a prime example of how the visions in Revelation 6–16 are read chronologically, each vision occurring on earth as a new event. Countering a linear, dispensational reading of the vision-texts, Ralph Korner gives a new dimension to the device of reiteration in the vision texts by suggesting a “Then …” and, “After this …” narrative that is based upon an objectively determined structure, one firmly grounded in the original audience’s historical and literary contexts.
Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (8) Revision of the Afrotropic subgenus Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) Bridwell (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae)
Authors: DATHE HOLGER H.
Published: October 2014

The Afrotropic subgenus Deranchylaeus of the colletid bee genus Hylaeus is revised for the first time on the basis of all the available type material. Here, 28 new synonymies were detected: Prosopis flaviscutum Alfken and Hylaeus graaffi Cockerell = H. curvicarinatus (Cameron); H. microstictus Cockerell = H. dregei (Strand); H. bequaertianus Bridwell and H. ogilviei Cockerell = H. gabonicus (Vachal); P. immarginata Alfken and H. abjunctus Cockerell = H. krebsianus (Strand); H. absonulus Cockerell and H. reditus Cockerell = H. lightfooti Bridwell; H. subreditus Cockerell = H. lineaticeps (Friese); H. tinctulus extensicornis Cockerell = H. perater Cockerell; P. corpana Warncke and H. rhodognathus Cockerell = H. promontorii Meade-Waldo; P. atriceps Friese, P. atriceps var. major Strand, H. sanctus Cockerell, H. sublucens Cockerell, H. varians Cockerell, H. tenuis var. dominae Cockerell, H. punctiferus Cockerell, P. totana Warncke and H. multifarius Eardley & Urban = H. robertianus (Cameron); H. simulans Cockerell = H. rugipunctus (Alfken); H. simplex (Bingham), H. simplior Meade-Waldo, H. perdensus Cockerell and P. postica Warncke = H. tenuis (Alfken); H. kasindensis Cockerell = H. xanthostoma (Alfken). Lectotypes were designated for Prosopis alfkeni Friese, P. atriceps Friese, P. curvicarinata Cameron, P. flaviscutum Alfken, P. gabonica Vachal, P. rugipuncta Alfken, P. tenuis Alfken and P. xanthostoma Alfken. The following 12 new species are described: H. (Deranchylaeus) amharicus sp. n. ♀; bernhardi sp. n. ♂; camerunensis sp. n. ♂♀; chimani sp. n. ♂; eardleyi sp. n. ♂♀; gessianus sp. n. ♂♀; izikosalis sp. n. ♀; nottoni sp. n. ♀; oromialis sp. n. ♂♀; pamelae sp. n. ♀; paulyi sp. n. ♂♀ and venustus sp. n. ♂. Keys for the identification of males and females of all species are provided.
Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover, Indo-Pacific SSTs, and Recent Trend as Statistical Predictors of Seasonal North American Temperature
Authors: Wilks D. S.
Published: October 2014

Maximum covariance analysis (MCA) forecasts of gridded seasonal North American temperatures are computed for January–March 1991 through February–April 2014, using as predictors Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), Eurasian and North American snow-cover extents, and a representation of recent climate nonstationarity, individually and in combination. The most consistent contributor to overall forecast skill is the representation of the ongoing climate warming, implemented by adding the average of the most recent 15 years’ predictand data to the climate anomalies computed by the MCA. For winter and spring forecasts at short (0–1 month) lead times, best forecasts were achieved using the snow-extent predictors together with this representation of the warming trend. The short available period of record for the snow data likely limits the skill that could be achieved using these predictors, as well as limiting the length of the SST training data that can be used simultaneously.
Predictability of Wintertime Stratospheric Circulation Examined Using a Nonstationary Fluctuation–Dissipation Relation
Authors: Inatsu Masaru , Nakano Naoto , Kusuoka Seiichiro , Mukougawa Hitoshi
Published: October 2014

The dynamics and predictability of stratospheric low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter are examined using a two-dimensional (2D) phase space spanned by the leading empirical orthogonal functions of the 10-hPa geopotential height field. The 2D phase space represents the variation of the strength of the polar night jet and the amplitude of zonal wavenumber-1 eddy components. A linearized nonstationary fluctuation–dissipation relation (NFDR) is developed based on the deterministic drift vector and the stochastic diffusion tensor estimated from a reanalysis dataset. The authors find that the solution of the linearized NFDR with an optimal data sampling time interval for estimating the drift vector and the diffusion tensor provides a good representation in the phase space of the inhomogeneous distribution of the forecast spread of the operational ensemble forecast conducted by the Japan Meteorological Agency. In particular, the linearized NFDR captures the local maximum of the forecast spread during the onset period of the major stratospheric sudden warming events.
Reconstruction of the Spring 2011 Richelieu River Flood by Two Regional Climate Models and a Hydrological Model
Authors: Lucas-Picher Philippe , Riboust Philippe , Somot Samuel , Laprise René
Published: October 2014

Climate simulations made with two regional climate models (RCMs), the French Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) and the Canadian Regional Climate Model, version 5 (CRCM5), operating on 10-km meshes for the period 1989–2011, and the Hydro-Québec hydrological model (HSAMI), are used to reconstruct the spring 2011 Richelieu River flood in the southern region of the province of Québec, Canada. The analysis shows that the simulated fields of 2-m air temperature, precipitation, and snow water equivalent by the RCMs closely match the observations with similar multiyear means and a high correlation of the monthly anomalies. The climatic conditions responsible for the 2011 flood are generally well simulated by the RCMs. The use of multidecadal RCM simulations facilitates the identification of anomalies that contributed to the flood. The flood was linked to a combination of factors: the 2010/11 winter was cold and snowy, the snowmelt in spring was fast, and there was a record amount of precipitation in April and May. Driven by outputs from the RCMs, HSAMI was able to reproduce the mean hydrograph of the Richelieu River, but it underestimated the peak of the 2011 flood. HSAMI adequately computes the water transport from the mountains to the river mouth and the storage effect of Lake Champlain, which dampens the flood over a long period. Overall, the results suggest that RCM simulations can be useful for reconstructing high-resolution climate information and providing new variables that can help better understand the causes of extreme climatic events.
Victimization, Offending, and Perceived Risk for Early Violent Death
Authors: Tillyer Marie Skubak
Published: October 2014

Research indicates that adolescents tend to overestimate their risk for early death, and those who anticipate early deaths are at risk for numerous negative consequences. Little is known, however, about the factors that influence early violent death expectations. The present study develops and tests hypotheses about the influence of victimization and offending on perceived risk for early violent death using longitudinal data collected from a nationally representative sample of American adolescents. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of prior violent victimization, witnessing serious violence, and various types of delinquency on adolescents’ perceptions that there is a 50% or greater chance they will be killed by the age of 21. Implications for theory, policy, and future research are discussed.
Distributed cooperative tracking of multi-agent systems with actuator faults
Authors: Li Jianzhen
Published: October 2014

This paper deals with the fault-tolerant cooperative tracking problem for multi-agent systems with actuator faults. First, the fault-free case is considered. A novel cooperative tracking algorithm is proposed, together with a sufficient condition for the followers to track the leader. Then, based on the proposed cooperative tracking algorithm, a fault-tolerant cooperative tracking algorithm is provided, for multi-agent systems subject to a loss of actuator effectiveness. In this algorithm, an estimator is adopted to estimate the effectiveness rate of each actuator, and effect of actuator loss is compensated for by adjusting a compensate gain in the control law. It is shown that all of the followers can track the leader with ultimately bounded tracking errors, if parameters in the cooperative tracking algorithm are chosen properly. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Surgical strategy for Kommerell’s diverticulum with aberrant subclavian artery
Authors: Sekine Yuji , Yamamoto Shin , Fujikawa Takuya , Sasaguri Shiro
Published: October 2014

Background

Kommerell’s diverticulum is an extremely rare congenital aortic anomaly. Because of its rarity, the optimal surgical strategy for Kommerell’s diverticulum has not been established. In this study, we reviewed our experience of surgical correction of this anomaly.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2013, we managed 9 surgical cases of Kommerell’s diverticulum; 7 had a right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery, and 2 had a left aortic arch with an aberrant right subclavian artery. None of these patients had any symptom resulting from structural compression between the aneurysm and the aberrant subclavian artery. All patients underwent surgical treatment to prevent aneurysmal rupture. Six patients had replacement of the thoracic descending aorta and in-situ reconstruction of the aberrant subclavian artery through a right thoracotomy, and 3 underwent the same procedures through a left thoracotomy. Three different methods of extracorporeal circulation were applied, according to the anatomical features of each case.

Results

There was one hospital death. This patient developed severe cerebral infarction and died of multiple organ failure on the 65th postoperative day. There were no other major complications nor any need for rehospitalization.

Conclusion

Kommerell’s diverticulum should be treated using an optimal strategy based on each patient’s anatomical features and other characteristics.
An Examination of the Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
Authors: Huxley Caroline J. , Halliwell Emma , Clarke Victoria
Published: October 2014

According to the tripartite influence model of body image, appearance pressures from family, friends, partners, and the media lead to body dissatisfaction and restrained eating behaviours. There is strong support for this model among young, White heterosexual women. Evidence suggests that women who identified as lesbian as bisexual (LB) may be protected from sociocultural pressures around thinness, but no known research has tested the tripartite model among LB women. The current research tests this model with 264 heterosexual and 208 LB adult women. Heterosexual women reported more thin-ideal internalization than LB women. For both groups of women, pressures from the media, male romantic partners, and family were most strongly associated with weight satisfaction and thin-ideal internalization. However, the impact of these pressures differed for the two groups; the heterosexual women’s model included significant pathways from these pressures to weight satisfaction and restrained eating, which were not significant for the LB women. Differences also emerged between our findings and previous research with younger women; pressure from friends was not related to body image in the model for either group. These findings suggest that further research is needed to explore how diverse groups of women experience sociocultural pressures around thinness.
Significant Advancements in Technology to Improve Instruction for all Students
Authors: Meyen Edward
Published: October 2014

Sharing thoughts on what represents significant advancements involving the education of persons for whom typical instruction is not effective seems simple enough. You think about the work you are engaged in and reflect on how you came to do what you are doing. If you have a record of being persistent in your work, then that becomes the context for your perceptions of significant advancements. While limited as a strategy for framing a vision for the future, the views of an individual do have potential when combined with the perspective of others. Emerging technologies in the realm of instructional change brought about by the Internet provide the framework for the choice of significant advancements, discussed in this article, to improve instruction for all students including students with disabilities. They include the impact of technologies that allow for measuring physiological and motivational responses of online learners that enhance the personalization of online instruction, the impact of wireless computing in contributing to how ubiquitous computing influences learning environments for all learners, and the increased capacity offered by technology to increase sensitivity to variability among online learners and to stimulate research in the important area of inquiry.
A Cointegration Analysis of Oil and Agricultural Prices
Authors: Wilkinson James , Ghoshray Atanu
Published: October 2014

The rise of biofuels as a mainstream fuel source coupled with large price fluctuations in both crude oil and agricultural commodity markets in recent years has led to several investigations into the effect crude oil prices exert over agricultural commodity prices. This study analyses crude oil, corn, soybean and sugar prices from 1980 to 2012 and applies time series econometric methods to determine the equilibrium relationship and causality among the commodity prices. The study then examines the adjustment dynamics of the prices after an exogenous shock to oil prices. The results show that oil only plays a small role in the long-run equilibrium relationship among the grain commodities; however, there is strong evidence that the oil price shocks affect agricultural commodity prices in the short to medium term. An exogenous shock to oil prices is found to affect sugar and corn prices, the two largest inputs into bio-ethanol globally.
Attempting to be active: Self-efficacy and barrier limitation differentiate activity levels of working mothers
Authors: Gierc Madelaine , Locke Sean , Jung Mary , Brawley Lawrence
Published: October 2014

Working mothers are less physically active than working women without children and mothers who do not work. The purpose of this study was to examine concurrent self-regulatory efficacy and barriers to physical activity in a sample of working mothers. Women completed a mixed-methods survey which included measures of physical activity, concurrent self-regulatory efficacy, and barriers. Sufficiently active women experienced significantly greater concurrent self-regulatory efficacy and significantly less barrier limitation and frequency. No significant group differences were found for age, domestic duties performed, and children’s extracurricular activities. Thematic analysis of barriers revealed six themes of common and unique factors, including limited time and family activities.
Safety and Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Recurrent Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases after Hepatectomy
Authors: Valls C. , Ramos E. , Leiva D. , Ruiz S. , Martinez L. , Rafecas A.
Published: October 2014

Introduction:

To assess the results and outcome of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of recurrent colorectal liver metastases.

Patients and Methods:

Between January 2005 and September 2012, we treated 59 patients with recurrent colorectal metastases not amenable to surgery with 77 radiofrequency ablation procedures. Radiofrequency was indicated if oncologic resection was technically not possible or the patient was not fit for major surgery. A total of 91 lesions were treated. The mean number of liver tumors per patient was 1.5, and the mean tumor diameter was 2.3 cm. In 37.5% of the cases, lesions had a subcapsular location, and 34% were close to a vascular structure.

Results:

The morbidity rate was 18.7%, and there were no post-procedural deaths. Distant extrahepatic recurrence appeared in 50% of the patients. Local recurrence at the site of ablation appeared in 18% of the lesions. Local recurrence rate was 6% in lesions less than 3 cm and 52% in lesions larger than 3 cm. The size of the lesions (more than 3 cm) was an independent risk factor for local recurrence (p < 0.05). Survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 94.5%, 65.3%, and 21.7%, respectively.

Discussion:

Radiofrequency ablation is a safe procedure and allows local tumor control in lesions less than 30 mm (local recurrence of 6%) and provides survival benefits in patients with recurrent colorectal liver metastases.