bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi complex: current status, challenges and integrated strategies for managing the invasive sap‐feeding insect pest of sorghum
Authors: Vasquez Alejandro , Belsky Joseph , Khanal Neetu , Puri Heena , Balakrishnan Devi , Joshi Neelendra K , Louis Joe , Studebaker Glenn , Kariyat Rupesh
Published: July 2024

Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner;Hemiptera: Aphididae), sugarcane aphid (SCA), is an invasive phloem‐feeder found worldwide with a wide host range of economically important plants including sorghum and sugarcane. Given its high reproductive capacity and ability to rapidly spread over long distances, SCA presents challenges for effective control, leading to substantial economic losses. Recent studies have identified two multiloci SCA genotypes specialized in feeding on sugarcane (MLL‐D) and sorghum (MLL‐F) in the USA, which raises concerns as the USA is the second largest sorghum‐producing country. This has encouraged research towards identifying these two biotypes where some research has stated them as two species; MLL‐D clade to be M. sacchari and MLL‐F clade to be M. sorghi Theobald (Hemiptera: Aphididae), sorghum aphid (SA). This review aims at compiling research progress that has been made on understanding the SCA/SA species complex. Furthermore, this review also highlights a wide range of management strategies against SCA/SA that includes both biological and chemical methods. In addition, the review emphasizes studies examining host plant resistance to understand and evaluate the role of R‐genes and phytohormones such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene against SCA. Beside this, plant volatiles and other secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenes and phytanes are also explored as potential control agents. Being an invasive pest, a single management tactic is inadequate to control SCA population and hence, integrated pest management practices incorporating physical, cultural and biological control methods should be implemented with exclusive chemical control as a last resort, which this review examines in detail. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Temperature Effect on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Fe–28Mn–8Al–1C Lightweight Steel via Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment
Authors: Xiong Yi , Lv Wei , Zha Xiaoqin , Li Yong , Du Xiuju , Yue Yun , Ren Fengzhang , Wang Shubo
Published: July 2024

The influence of room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (CR) supersonic fine particle bombardment (SFPB) on the surface, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Fe–28Mn–8Al–1C lightweight steel is investigated in this work. The results indicate that both RT‐SFPB and CR‐SFPB successfully induce gradient nanostructures on the surface of steel, refining the grains to the nanoscale. Furthermore, CR‐SFPB results in a finer grain size and higher dislocation density compared to RT‐SFPB. Additionally, the dominant deformation mechanism shifts from dislocation slip for RT‐SFPB to a combination of dislocation slip and twinning for CR‐SFPB. CR‐SFPB is seen to be superior to RT‐SFPB in terms of surface integrity and strength due to low‐temperature lubrication effect, suppression of dynamic recovery and reduced stacking fault energy of the material. Interestingly, while CR‐SFPB enhances strength, elongation remains comparable to that of untreated material. However, excessive impact times during SFPB treatment promote microcrack formation on the surface, compromising plasticity.
Transcriptomic and epigenetic responses shed light on soybean resistance to Phytophthora sansomeana
Authors: Lee Gwonjin , DiBiase Charlotte N. , Liu Beibei , Li Tong , McCoy Austin G. , Chilvers Martin I. , Sun Lianjun , Wang Dechun , Lin Feng , Zhao Meixia
Published: July 2024

Phytophthora root rot, caused by oomycete pathogens in the Phytophthora genus, poses a significant threat to soybean productivity. While resistance mechanisms against Phytophthora sojae have been extensively studied in soybean, the molecular basis underlying immune responses to Phytophthora sansomeana remains unclear. In this study, we investigated transcriptomic and epigenetic responses of two resistant (Colfax and NE2701) and two susceptible (Williams 82 and Senaki) soybean lines at four time points (2, 4, 8, and 16 h post inoculation [hpi]) after P. sansomeana inoculation. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon pathogen inoculation in resistant lines, particularly at 8 and 16 hpi. These DEGs were predominantly associated with defense response, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species‐mediated defense pathways. Moreover, DE transposons were predominantly upregulated after inoculation, and more of them were enriched near genes in Colfax than other soybean lines. Notably, we identified a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) within the mapped region of the resistance gene that exhibited exclusive upregulation in the resistant lines after inoculation, potentially regulating two flanking LURP‐one‐related genes. Furthermore, DNA methylation analysis revealed increased CHH (where H = A, T, or C) methylation levels in lncRNAs after inoculation, with delayed responses in Colfax compared to Williams 82. Overall, our results provide comprehensive insights into soybean responses to P. sansomeana, highlighting potential roles of lncRNAs and epigenetic regulation in plant defense.
A survey on the knowledges, attitudes, behaviours and practices of goat farmers about peste des petits ruminants disease in goats at Haor and bordered areas in Sylhet district of Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Sumaya Shargin , Hossain Hemayet , Talukder Sohag , Uddin Md. Saif , Uddin Md. Answar , Siddiqui Md. Saiful Islam
Published: July 2024

Background

Contagious and economically devastating, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease affecting goats and sheep, causing significant losses in livestock productivity and posing a threat to food security and rural livelihoods worldwide.

Objectives

This study was conducted to assess the status of goat farmer's knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about PPR disease at Sylhet district of Bangladesh.

Methods

A comprehensive cross‐sectional survey, conducted over 11 weeks, targeted 130 goat owners. Following a pilot study with 20 farmers, a set of 17 validated questions on PPR KAP was validated. Data collection was performed through face‐to‐face interviews by a trained team using KOBO Toolbox, with interpretation of responses based on established thresholds for knowledge (>65%), attitude (>75%) and practice (>70%).

Results

Overall, 67.7% of participants demonstrated a good level of knowledge about PPR disease. Males exhibited 1.42 times higher odds of knowledge compared to females (odds ratio = 1.42). The middle age group (31–45 years) showed significantly higher knowledge levels (83.3%, p < 0.001). Within this age group, positive practice levels were also notably higher (54.8%). Those with a higher secondary education background exhibited the most positive practice levels (>80%). Participants whose additional income came from non‐governmental organization employment showed a higher positive practice level (71.4%), 1.46 times higher than other income sources.

Conclusion

Strategic interventions should prioritize female farmers, educational empowerment and collaboration with non‐governmental organizations to bolster livestock health and rural livelihoods in Bangladesh as part of national PPR control strategy to fulfil the goals of Office International des Epizooties/World Organization for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) PPR eradication by 2030.
Ultrasound findings in 34 newborn foals with uroperitoneum
Authors: Bernick André , Demattio Lukas Stephan , Wehrend Axel
Published: July 2024

Background

Uroperitoneum is a typical disease of the newborn foal, which occurs rarely but regularly. Ultrasonography is considered the most important imaging method for diagnosing this disease. Thus far, only one older case series comprising 31 foals suffering from uroperitoneum has systematically listed results of ultrasound examinations.

Objective

This paper presents the findings of an ultrasonographic examination of 34 foals with uroperitoneum in order to inform future interpretation of ultrasonographic data in suspected uroperitoneum cases.

Method

Ultrasonographic data of 34 neonatal foals up to the age of 14 days diagnosed with uroperitoneum between 2006 and 2022 were analysed.

Results

Most foals demonstrated highly increased levels of free (97%), anechogenic (91%) fluid in the abdomen. Although the urinary bladder was frequently visible (50%), bladder wall discontinuity was only occasionally detectable (18%).

Conclusion

Transabdominal ultrasonography has proved to be a very reliable imaging method for diagnosing suspected uroperitoneum. It is recommended that it be used in every case of suspected uroperitoneum in order to exclude differential diagnoses.
A CFD Study on High‐Thrust Corrections for Blade Element Momentum Models
Authors: Zilic de Arcos Federico , Wimshurst Aidan , Willden Richard H. J. , Pinon Grégory , Vogel Christopher R.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a reanalysis of four axial‐flow rotor simulation datasets to study the relationship between thrust and axial induction factor. We concentrate on high‐thrust conditions and study variations in induction factor and loads across the span of the different rotor blades. The datasets consist of three different axial‐flow rotors operating at different tip‐speed ratios and, for one dataset, also at different blockage ratios. The reanalysis shows differences between the blade‐resolved CFD results and a widespread empirical turbulent wake model (TWM) used within blade element momentum (BEM) turbine models. These differences result in BEM models underestimating thrust and especially power for axial‐flow rotors operating in high‐thrust regimes. The accuracy of BEM model predictions are improved substantially by correcting this empirical TWM, producing better agreement with blade‐resolved CFD simulations for thrust and torque across most of the span of the blades of the three rotors. Additionally, the paper highlights deficiencies in tiploss modelling in common BEM implementations and highlights the impact of blockage on the relationship between thrust and axial induction factors.
Has Anything Changed? The Current Roleof Archaeo-geophysics in Australian Archaeological Research and Cultural Heritage Management
Authors: Lowe Kelsey M. , Moffat Ian
Published: July 2024

In 2012, Australian Archaeology published the paper entitled ‘Review of Geophysical Applications in Australian Archaeology’. The goals of the article were to examine the history of archaeo-geophysics in Australian archaeological research and cultural heritage management (CHM) and consider what factors may have prevented these methods from being utilised in many archaeological investigations to date. It concluded that considerations such as cost, time, instrument availability and lack of theoretical knowledge contributed to the limited uptake of these techniques. This paper also offered suggestions on how geophysical applications were used internationally and whether there was potential for their more extensive use in Australian archaeology. Ten years have passed since this review. Since then, there has been a major increase in the uptake of geophysics in Australian archaeology and CHM. This paper discusses these changes and improvements, and what new opportunities have emerged since 2012. This includes a significant increase in the availability of training in archaeo-geophysics in Australian universities, a deeper engagement with Indigenous communities and the increased availability of equipment.
Recent Soil Study Research in Irish Archaeological Prospection Strategies
Authors: Bonsall James
Published: July 2024

This paper addresses the current state of soil studies incorporated within archaeological prospection strategies in Ireland. Many publications fail to address the importance of soil science in their understanding of archaeological prospection data. The challenges presented by archaeological prospection, particularly in relation to the importance of soils and geology in a country dominated by carboniferous limestones, tills and peats, are reviewed. Six case studies demonstrate the integration of soil studies and their application to archaeological prospection. The challenges are not confined to soils and geology—an emergent knowledge gap is stifling the successful application of soil science for archaeology. The case studies presented in this paper emphasise the ease and benefits of incorporating soil science within a project, with preferences for soil recovery and analysis to aid (or refine) archaeological interpretations, and determine (in)appropriate methods of further research. More collaboration is required between geophysicists, excavators and soil scientists in order to plan, retrieve and analyse samples, as well as focused thought on how such data should be used to increase our knowledge of soil influence.
The Place of Archaeo-Geophysics in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Site Investigations in Turkey
Authors: Drahor Mahmut Göktuğ , Berge Meriç Aziz
Published: July 2024

The first examples of archaeo-geophysical investigations in the territory of Turkey, are seen in the 1960s. Archaeo-geophysical studies, which came to an important place in archaeological site investigations and documentation of cultural heritage sites after the 1990s, have taken place in many legislations in the country today. Recently, the employment of non-destructive geophysical techniques in Turkey’s archaeological sites has been drastically increasing. This chapter presents the history of archaeo-geophysical studies, methodological developments, educational and commercial advances. Additionally, widespread commercial applications, how archaeological site types are handled, verification of the relationship between geophysics and excavation results, and good practice examples are also summarised. In addition to the soil variations encountered in archaeological sites, the interpretation of the results of the geophysical techniques used in the determination of the archaeological context, which is highly complex due to ancient earthquakes in archaeological sites in Turkey, is also discussed in this chapter. Although archaeo-geophysics is an essential part of the study of archaeological and cultural heritage sites in Turkey, soil prospecting is limited and there appears to be a lack of integration in comparing geophysical results with the soil prospecting results.
The Application of Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Research in Belgium: Current State and Future Perspectives
Authors: Verhegge Jeroen , De Smedt Philippe , Meylemans Erwin , Bosquet Dominique , Verdonck Lieven , De Clercq Wim
Published: July 2024

Since its earliest applications in the 1970s, geophysical survey has been applied increasingly in Belgian archaeology. This was particularly the case within Flanders over the past decade. Academic archaeological research has played a fundamental role in disseminating available techniques, such as electrical resistance and magnetometer survey, and in advancing the use of electromagnetic induction- and ground penetrating radar instruments for archaeological prospection specifically. However, the dissemination of this expertise remains in its infancy and adoption in Brussels and Wallonia lingers behind. Although Flanders has seen a strong increase in such surveys over the past decade, the share that geophysical techniques take up in development-led archaeology pales to significantly wider used invasive prospection methods. Both a lack of tradition in archaeological geophysics as well as the dominance of systematic trial trenching as a prospection method underlie this slow uptake of geophysical approaches in development-led archaeology. In contrast, geophysical survey does play a significant role in academic (landscape) archaeological research and in the investigation of archaeological sites for scheduling. Within this general situation, the use of geophysical methods in Belgium is geared primarily towards specific expected types of sites, but, within the heterogeneous geological landscape, spans a wide range of environments.

While progress has been made continually over the past decade, much room remains for further optimisation of the use of geophysical methods in Belgian archaeology. Here, improving protocols for the integration of complementary, invasive and non-invasive, survey methods adapted to the diverse geological and archaeological circumstances remains a key challenge. To enable these advances, current efforts to provide such a methodological framework, along with existing expertise across the nation, have to be disseminated beyond academic circles through initiatives, such as dedicated (post-)academic training and inclusion of both archaeologists and archaeological geophysicists. Hereby, the consolidation of a robust legislative framework, adhering to EAC guidelines, is required for implementing geophysics in (development-led) archaeology sustainably, similar to e.g. trial trenching. This should safeguard the quality, archiving, accessibility, and interoperability of resultant data.
Synergy of Environmental Magnetism and Archaeomagnetism for the Benefit of Archaeology—State of the Art in Bulgaria
Authors: Jordanova Neli , Jordanova Diana , Kostadinova-Avramova Maria
Published: July 2024

Environmental magnetism is recognised as a sensitive tool for reconstructing various processes related to the iron cycling in the terrestrial environment. Besides, archaeomagnetism as an interdisciplinary method in archaeology provides geophysical tools for dating and synchronisation of burnt clay remains throughout the last ~8000 years. Linking both research directions opens up far-reaching opportunities for a complex characterisation of ancient human occupation and its impact on the environment. In this contribution, we summarise the state of the art in the synergetic application of the archaeo- and environmental magnetism carried out in Bulgaria during the last decades. We showcase various examples from our practice to demonstrate the potential of this approach for enhancing our understanding of the ancient world.
Research Approach: Introduction to SUMP and AVENUE Methodology
Authors: Nemoto Eliane Horschutz , van den Boom Nicole , Thalhofer Michael , Fournier Guy
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the AVENUE sustainability assessment methodology, which is rooted in the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) framework to formulate a comprehensive approach to an urban mobility assessment. The chapter explores how the AVENUE project is adapting to SUMP by improving public transport and incorporating innovative mobility solutions like automated vehicles (AVs) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Through an interdisciplinary lens, this chapter details how the different work packages of the AVENUE project contribute to an integrated and sustainable urban mobility ecosystem assessment. It emphasises the crucial role of stakeholder engagement in shaping mobility solutions that are not only technologically advanced, but also environmentally sustainable, economically viable and socially inclusive. The chapter demonstrates the practical application of SUMP principles in different urban environments, providing valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners and the mobility sector in general. This research underlines the importance of a holistic assessment framework that includes environmental, economic and social impact assessments and also technical and governance issues. It provides a possible interdisciplinary methodology to assess all the facets of future sustainable urban mobility developments.
Environmental Impact Assessment: Automated Minibuses for Public Transport
Authors: Viere Tobias , Boos Adrian , van den Boom Nicole , Benyahya Meriem , Moussa Maher Ben , Fournier Guy
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the environmental impacts of integrating automated minibuses into public transport systems, focusing on the trade-offs between energy savings and increased energy demand due to connectivity and automation features. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to analyse the potential environmental benefits and problems of automated minibuses. The results show that the environmental benefits of these vehicles depend significantly on the electricity mix for charging, passenger occupancy, and vehicle utilisation throughout their lifetime. In particular, scenarios with renewable energy sources, high passenger occupancy, and optimal vehicle utilisation show the significant potential of automated minibuses to contribute to a more sustainable transport system. This study highlights the importance of holistic considerations, including technological, operational, and infrastructural factors, in maximising the environmental benefits of automated minibuses in urban mobility. It provides a nuanced understanding of the conditions under which automated minibuses can act as a catalyst for the transition to greener public transport.
Social Impact Assessment: Changing Mobility Behaviour by Understanding Customer Needs and Attitudes
Authors: Duffner-Korbee Dorien , Naderer Gabriele , Liebhauser Niklas , Fournier Guy
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents results from the AVENUE social impact assessment. The assessment focuses on the social impacts of the deployment of automated minibuses in the four official AVENUE cities: Luxembourg, Copenhagen, Geneva, and Lyon. The following studies have been conducted: (1) a qualitative study on mobility needs, mobility gaps, and expectations on automated minibuses in the pilot site Nordhavn, in Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as in a potential replicator site in Singen, Germany; (2) a quantitative, representative study on mobility behaviour, attitudes on automated minibuses, and social acceptance of automated minibuses in the four AVENUE cities; and (3) a study on user experiences of passengers of the automated minibuses service in Nordhavn, Copenhagen. This social impact assessment revealed that the majority of citizens have not yet adopted a clear position towards automated minibuses (AM) but rather a positive, open-minded (benevolent) attitude. As there are no stable attitudes yet, there is a possibility to influence (nudge) preferences through well-targeted communication campaigns. The willingness to use the automated minibus service is higher when it is offered on-demand, door-to-door, integrated into a public transport system. The automated minibus is considered as an alternative to the use of their private car, with 45% of car drivers ‘willing’ (22%) or even ‘very willing’ (23%) to give up using their own car to use automated minibuses to bridge the first and the last mile. In addition, users of the automated minibus are generally satisfied with this experience, which even leads to increasing acceptance and a reduction of perceived risks compared to non-users. An important prerequisite for users to shift from using their private car to an automated minibus service is to increase flexibility of use by providing an on-demand, door-to-door service. If an automated minibus is integrated into the urban public and private transport system, it has the potential to become a real game changer for urban mobility. The integration of automated minibuses therefore represents a real system innovation that takes into account the mobility needs of potential users.
Governance Impact Assessment, Regulatory Recommendations and Challenges
Authors: Binz Lionel
Published: July 2024

This chapter critically examines the regulatory and governance challenges posed by the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) and highlights the need for adaptable laws and governance models to accommodate AVs in public transport systems. Various governance approaches are described, including global, state, self-directed, cooperative, social, technological and financial governance, and their importance in the context of AV regulation is highlighted. The discussion highlights the need for an integrated, collaborative regulatory approach that recognises the unique characteristics of AVs and argues for the harmonisation of laws at different levels to facilitate this transition. Through a comprehensive analysis, the chapter highlights the multiple impacts of AVs on legal and societal domains and presents a set of legal recommendations for authorities. These recommendations emphasise governance that not only promotes societal benefits but also addresses critical ethical, privacy and liability concerns. By charting a path towards a governance framework that supports the safe and beneficial integration of AVs into urban mobility, this chapter contributes valuable insights into overcoming the legal and regulatory hurdles that stand in the way of realising the full potential of automated public transport systems.
Automated Minibuses: State of the Art and Improvements Through AVENUE
Authors: Chehwan Pierre
Published: July 2024

This chapter looks at advances in automated vehicle (AV) technology, focusing on the central role of AVs in revolutionizing public transport as part of the AVENUE project. It traces the path of AV development, highlighting NAVYA’s pioneering contributions and the significant technological advances that have been achieved. The chapter describes the evolution of NAVYA technology and the disruption of the transport ecosystem during the ambitious goals of the AVENUE project. The project’s mission to integrate automated minibuses into the public transport ecosystem is critically analyzed, highlighting operational innovations, the integration of on-demand door-to-door services, and the comprehensive management of an AV ecosystem. Technology, legal, and regulatory challenges and continuous improvements in AV software and hardware are discussed, emphasizing NAVYA’s influential position in the European AV landscape. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the implications of the AVENUE project for future technological directions, emphasizing the wider implications for automated mobility and the need to navigate the complex interplay of innovation, regulation, and public acceptance.
Technical Cybersecurity Implementation on Automated Minibuses with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)
Authors: Papadakis Athanasios , Lalas Antonios , Petridou Sofia , Votis Konstantinos , Tzovaras Dimitrios
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the integration of security information and event management (SIEM) systems into the cybersecurity infrastructure of automated minibuses to emphasize their critical importance in today’s urban mobility ecosystems. As automated minibuses become an integral part of smart city initiatives, ensuring their cybersecurity is critical in the context of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. SIEM systems are becoming indispensable tools for detecting, responding to, and mitigating such threats through real-time monitoring, data collection, and analysis from multiple sources. This chapter examines various open-source SIEM solutions, their operational benefits, and the challenges associated with implementing these cybersecurity measures in automated mobility. It addresses the critical need for advanced security protocols, customization to meet specific operational requirements, and the balance between comprehensive cybersecurity coverage and resource constraints. Through an analysis of common SIEM platforms and their application to protect automated minibuses from cyber threats, the chapter highlights the critical role of SIEM in strengthening the cybersecurity defences of automated mobility ecosystems, ensuring passenger safety, and maintaining the integrity of smart urban transport networks.
Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRM) Specific Requirements for Passenger Transportation Services
Authors: Mathé Linda , Dubielzig Markus , Lindemann Matthias
Published: July 2024

The use of fully automated vehicles (AVs) in public transport has the potential to revolutionise the complete landscape of public transport (PT). Fully automated vehicles can provide the necessary frequency even in places with a low passenger volume. In addition, these vehicles can stop even in places which are not yet integrated into the public transport network, thus better meeting the needs of passengers as public transport becomes more and more individual. The absence of a driver, however, also implies that these vehicles must provide more services than conventional ones. This chapter presents the findings on passenger services for fully automated minibuses after 2 years of studies with passengers. These findings were gathered based on observations, workshops, questionnaires, and interviews with (disabled) passengers, safety drivers, bus drivers, PTOs, and associations of disabled persons.
Non-trivial saddles in microscopic description of black holes
Authors: Kumar Pranav , Mondal Swapnamay
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Non-trivial gravitational saddles have played a key role in the island proposal for the black hole information paradox. It is worth asking if non-trivial saddles exist in microscopic descriptions of black holes. We show this to be the case for 1/8 BPS black holes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 String Theory in a duality frame, where all charges are Ramond Ramond. The saddles are in the Coulomb branch, where they describe marginally stable bound states of the constituent branes, and correspond to vacua of the BFSS model. The non-perturbative suppression scale is determined by the binding energy. We comment on possible relevance of our results for developing string theoretic parallels of astrophysical black holes.
On the Geometry of Quantum Spheres and Hyperboloids
Authors: Landi Giovanni , Pagani Chiara
Published: July 2024

We study two classes of quantum spheres and hyperboloids, one class consisting of homogeneous spaces, which are $$*$$

∗

-quantum spaces for the quantum orthogonal group $$\mathcal {O}(SO_q(3))$$

O
(
S

O
q

(
3
)

)

. We construct line bundles over the quantum homogeneous space associated with the quantum subgroup SO(2) of $$SO_q(3)$$

S

O
q

(
3
)

. The line bundles are associated to the quantum principal bundle via representations of SO(2) and are described dually by finitely-generated projective modules $$\mathcal {E}_n$$

E
n

of rank 1 and of degree computed to be an even integer $$-2n$$

-
2
n

. The corresponding idempotents, that represent classes in the K-theory of the base space, are explicitly worked out and are paired with two suitable Fredhom modules that compute the rank and the degree of the bundles. For q real, we show how to diagonalise the action (on the base space algebra) of the Casimir operator of the Hopf algebra $${\mathcal {U}_{q^{1/2}}(sl_2)}$$

U

q

1
/
2

(
s

l
2

)

which is dual to $$\mathcal {O}(SO_q(3))$$

O
(
S

O
q

(
3
)

)

.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antidepressant consumption in the Central region of Portugal: interrupted time series
Authors: Negrão Luciana G. , Coelho Catarina , Castel-Branco M. Margarida , Figueiredo Isabel V. , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the consumption of antidepressive agents in Central Portugal.

Methods

To estimate the causal effect of the pandemic an interrupted time series analysis was conducted. Data of antidepressant drugs monthly dispensed in community pharmacies between Jan-2010 and Dec-2021 were provided by the regional Health Administration. Anti-Parkinson dopaminergic agents and statins, theoretically not influenced by COVID-19 pandemics, were used as comparator series. The number of packages was converted into defined daily doses and presented as defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day. A Bayesian structural time-series model with CausalImpact on R/RStudio was used to predict the counterfactual. Analyses with different geographical granularity (9 sub-regions and 78 municipalities) were performed.

Results

When compared to counterfactual, regional consumption non-significantly increased after the pandemic declaration, with a relative effect of + 1.30% [95%CI -1.6%:4.2%]. When increasing the granularity, differences appeared between sub-region with significant increases in Baixo Mondego + 6.5% [1.4%:11.0%], Guarda + 4.4% [1.1%:7.7%] or Cova da Beira + 4.1% [0.17%:8.3%], but non-significant variation in the remaining 6 sub-regions. Differences are more obvious at municipality level, ranging from increases of + 37.00% [32.00%:42.00%] to decreases of -11.00% [-17.00%:-4.20%]. Relative impact positively correlated with percentage of elderly in the municipality (r = 0.301; p = 0.007), and negatively with population density (r=-0.243; p = 0.032). No other predicting variables were found.

Conclusion

Antidepressant consumption suffered very slight variations at regional level after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. Analysis with higher granularity allowed identifying municipalities with higher impact (increase or decrease). The absence of clear association patterns suggests other causal hypotheses of the differences.
Compressible and anelastic governing-equation solution methods for thermospheric gravity waves with realistic background parameters
Authors: Knight Harold , Broutman Dave , Eckermann Stephen
Published: July 2024

abstract

A previously developed numerical-multilayer modeling approach for systems of governing equations is extended so that unwanted terms, resulting from vertical variations in certain background parameters, can be removed from the dispersion-relation polynomial associated with the system. The new approach is applied to linearized anelastic and compressible systems of governing equations for gravity waves including molecular viscosity and thermal diffusion. The ability to remove unwanted terms from the dispersion-relation polynomial is crucial for solving the governing equations when realistic background parameters, such as horizontal velocity and temperature, with strong vertical gradients, are included. With the unwanted terms removed, previously studied dispersion-relation polynomials, for which methods for defining upgoing and downgoing vertical wavenumber roots already exist, are obtained. The new methods are applied to a comprehensive set of medium-scale time-wavepacket examples, with realistic background parameters, lower boundary conditions at 30 km altitude, and modeled wavefields extending up to 500 km altitude. Results from the compressible and anelastic model versions are compared, with compressible governing-equation solutions understood as the more physically accurate of the two. The new methods provide significantly less computationally expensive alternatives to nonlinear time-step methods, which makes them useful for comprehensive studies of the behavior of viscous/diffusive gravity waves and also for large studies of cases based on observational data. Additionally, they generalize previously existing Fourier methods that have been applied to inviscid problems while providing a theoretical framework for the study of viscous/diffusive gravity waves.

Graphic abstract
Harmonic weak Maass forms and periods II
Authors: Alfes Claudia , Bruinier Jan Hendrik , Schwagenscheidt Markus
Published: July 2024

In this paper we investigate the Fourier coefficients of harmonic Maass forms of negative half-integral weight. We relate the algebraicity of these coefficients to the algebraicity of the coefficients of certain canonical meromorphic modular forms of positive even weight with poles at Heegner divisors. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for the coefficients of harmonic Maass forms in terms of periods of certain meromorphic modular forms with algebraic coefficients.
Factors influencing haulout behaviour of non-breeding weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) at Cape Royds, Antarctica
Authors: Aspinwall Arkady , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Pennycook Jean , Ainley David , Gerhard Daniel , LaRue Michelle
Published: July 2024

The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) is a fast-ice obligate species that plays an important role as both predator and prey within the high-latitude, coastal Southern Ocean. Weddell seals are affected by pressures of marine resource extraction and variation in sea-ice extent and characteristics that are affected by climate. Thus, monitoring their population dynamics provides an indicator of the effectiveness of fisheries management, and impacts of changing climate in the high latitude Southern Ocean ecosystem. Satellite imagery is increasingly being used to monitor the populations of this species, but assessment techniques require a better understanding of the environmental factors influencing the likelihood that individuals will be on the sea-ice and therefore visible in a satellite image. Addressing that goal, we captured 5054 trail camera photos during spring 2017 in the 24-h light at Cape Royds, Antarctica, and then counted seals on the fast ice every 30 min over 59 days. Using a generalised additive model (63% deviance explained) we described the haulout behaviour of non-breeding Weddell seals according to time of day, date, air temperature, pressure, solar radiation, and wind speed. We found that the seals’ haulout cycle is driven to a significant degree by weather variables, primarily temperature and wind speed. Quantifying these haulout patterns can be used to determine the time of day, and under what conditions, that most seals are hauled out. Integrating environmental parameters to correct time-of-day patterns would allow better cross-site abundance comparisons, leading to better Weddell seal population estimates for the Ross Sea region and the wider coastal Antarctica.
Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis syndrome in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review
Authors: Cuestas Daniel , Gómez Alexa , Neri Morales Constanza , Motta Adriana , Rolon Mariam , Suarez Samanda , Polo Rosa
Published: July 2024

Congenital epidermodysplasia verruciformis (CEV) is a Genodermatosis linked to different inheritance patterns and mutations of the EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes. There is an acquired form (AEV) associated with immunodeficiency states, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; however, the literature about AEV is limited and imprecise, so a systematic review was performed. A search of the main databases from 1975 to 2021 identified 126 studies, of which 80 met the inclusion criteria. The diagnosis of AEV is complex due to atypical manifestations and locations, it requires a mean follow-up of 7 years, and the lesions do not change with ART therapy, CD4 count, or viral load. Histopathological findings are variable depending on the location of the lesions. HPV 5 remains the serotype most frequently associated with AEV and CEV, although HPV 20 is more frequent than HPV 8 in AEV. Most treatments have low efficacy, the most described are glycolic acid 15%, 5-fluorouracil 5%, imiquimod 5%, and topical retinoids all of them in monotherapy or combined with cryotherapy. Other alternatives include topical cidofovir and systemic retinoids with variable results. The oncologic prognosis is still inconclusive; however, the development of squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma are frankly lower concerning CEV. This review opens new opportunities for future research. Additionally, we provide clear and useful key points for the practice of dermatologists and all professionals treating HIV patients around the world.
Esketamine in depression: putative biomarkers from clinical research
Authors: Johnston Jenessa N. , Zarate Carlos A. , Kvarta Mark D.
Published: July 2024

The discovery of racemic (R, S)-ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant and the subsequent FDA approval of its (S)-enantiomer, esketamine, for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are significant advances in the development of novel neuropsychiatric therapeutics. Esketamine is now recognized as a powerful tool for addressing persistent symptoms of TRD compared to traditional oral antidepressants. However, research on biomarkers associated with antidepressant response to esketamine has remained sparse and, to date, has been largely extrapolated from racemic ketamine studies. Genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles suggest that inflammation and mitochondrial function may play a role in esketamine’s antidepressant effects, though these preliminary results require verification. In addition, neuroimaging research has consistently implicated the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex in esketamine’s effects. Esketamine also shows promise in perioperative settings for reducing depression and anxiety, and these effects appear to correlate with increased peripheral biomarkers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin. Further indications are likely to be identified with the continued repurposing of racemic ketamine, providing further opportunity for biomarker study and mechanistic understanding of therapeutic effects. Novel methodologies and well-designed biomarker-focused clinical research trials are needed to more clearly elucidate esketamine’s therapeutic actions as well as biologically identify those most likely to benefit from this agent, allowing for the improved personalization of antidepressant treatment.
Patients with complex and very-early-onset ATL1-related spastic paraplegia offer insights on genotype/phenotype correlations and support for autosomal recessive forms of SPG3A
Authors: Hamamie-Chaar Angélique , Renaud Mathilde , Gençpinar Pinar , Bruel Ange-Line , Philippe Christophe , Maraval Julien , Racine Caroline , Hadouiri Nawale , Lambert Laetitia , Schmitt Emmanuelle , Banneau Guillaume , Hocquel Armand , Thauvin-Robinet Christel , Faivre Laurence , Thomas Quentin
Published: July 2024

Spastic paraplegia type 3A (SPG3A) is the second most common form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). This autosomal-dominant-inherited motor disorder is caused by heterozygous variants in the ATL1 gene which usually presents as a pure childhood-onset spastic paraplegia. Affected individuals present muscle weakness and spasticity in the lower limbs, with symptom onset in the first decade of life. Individuals with SPG3A typically present a slow progression and remain ambulatory throughout their life. Here we report three unrelated individuals presenting with very-early-onset (before 7 months) complex, and severe HSP phenotypes (axial hypotonia, spastic quadriplegia, dystonia, seizures and intellectual disability). For 2 of the 3 patients, these phenotypes led to the initial diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). These individuals carried novel ATL1 pathogenic variants (a de novo ATL1 missense p.(Lys406Glu), a homozygous frameshift p.(Arg403Glufs*3) and a homozygous missense variant (p.Tyr367His)). The parents carrying the heterozygous frameshift and missense variants were asymptomatic. Through these observations, we increase the knowledge on genotype–phenotype correlations in SPG3A and offer additional proof for possible autosomal recessive forms of SPG3A, while raising awareness on these exceptional phenotypes. Their ability to mimic CP also implies that genetic testing should be considered for patients with atypical forms of CP, given the implications for genetic counseling.
Phase transition for the smallest eigenvalue of covariance matrices
Authors: Bao Zhigang , Lee Jaehun , Xu Xiaocong
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we study the smallest non-zero eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrices $$\mathcal {S}(Y)=YY^*$$

S

(
Y
)

=
Y

Y
∗

, where $$Y=(y_{ij})$$

Y
=
(

y

ij

)

is an $$M\times N$$

M
×
N

matrix with iid mean 0 variance $$N^{-1}$$

N

-
1

entries. We consider the regime $$M=M(N)$$

M
=
M
(
N
)

and $$M/N\rightarrow c_\infty \in \mathbb {R}{\setminus } \{1\}$$

M
/
N
→

c
∞

∈
R
\

{
1
}

as $$N\rightarrow \infty $$

N
→
∞

. It is known that for the extreme eigenvalues of Wigner matrices and the largest eigenvalue of $$\mathcal {S}(Y)$$

S
(
Y
)

, a weak 4th moment condition is necessary and sufficient for the Tracy–Widom law (Ding and Yang in Ann Appl Probab 28(3):1679–1738, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1214/17-AAP1341; Lee and Yin in Duke Math J 163(1):117–173, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1215/00127094-2414767). In this paper, we show that the Tracy–Widom law is more robust for the smallest eigenvalue of $$\mathcal {S}(Y)$$

S
(
Y
)

, by discovering a phase transition induced by the fatness of the tail of $$y_{ij}$$

y

ij

’s. More specifically, we assume that $$y_{ij}$$

y

ij

is symmetrically distributed with tail probability $$\mathbb {P}(|\sqrt{N}y_{ij}|\ge x)\sim x^{-\alpha }$$

P
(
|

N

y

ij

|
≥
x
)

∼

x

-
α

when $$x\rightarrow \infty $$

x
→
∞

, for some $$\alpha \in (2,4)$$

α
∈
(
2
,
4
)

. We show the following conclusions: (1) When $$\alpha >\frac{8}{3}$$

α
>

8
3

, the smallest eigenvalue follows the Tracy–Widom law on scale $$N^{-\frac{2}{3}}$$

N

-

2
3

; (2) When $$2<\alpha <\frac{8}{3}$$

2
<
α
<

8
3

, the smallest eigenvalue follows the Gaussian law on scale $$N^{-\frac{\alpha }{4}}$$

N

-

α
4

; (3) When $$\alpha =\frac{8}{3}$$

α
=

8
3

, the distribution is given by an interpolation between Tracy–Widom and Gaussian; (4) In case $$\alpha \le \frac{10}{3}$$

α
≤

10
3

, in addition to the left edge of the MP law, a deterministic shift of order $$N^{1-\frac{\alpha }{2}}$$

N

1
-

α
2

shall be subtracted from the smallest eigenvalue, in both the Tracy–Widom law and the Gaussian law. Overall speaking, our proof strategy is inspired by Aggarwal et al. (J Eur Math Soc 23(11):3707–3800, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4171/jems/1089) which is originally done for the bulk regime of the Lévy Wigner matrices. In addition to various technical complications arising from the bulk-to-edge extension, two ingredients are needed for our derivation: an intermediate left edge local law based on a simple but effective matrix minor argument, and a mesoscopic CLT for the linear spectral statistic with asymptotic expansion for its expectation.