bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LONG HINDLIMBS CONTRIBUTE TO AIR-RIGHTING PERFORMANCE IN FALLING TREE FROGS
Authors: WANG HAO , WANG LEI , SHAO JINGDAN , LIU TINGTING , DAI ZHENDONG
Published: January 2014

Tree frogs are able to climb or even jump on leaves and branches using their toe pads adhering to and detaching from surfaces, but have to be in the face of the risk of falling down due to fatigue or a slip. While falling down from a great height, air-righting response was observed, which prevents tree frogs from injury caused by back hitting the ground, however the mechanism underlying is unknown. Using a high-speed camera with a plane mirror, we captured the body and limb kinematics of falling tree frogs as they performed rapid air-righting response in three-dimension. The kinematics were then characterized into three stages and substituted into a mathematical multi-body model to simulate the air-righting dynamics caused by the kinematics. The results show that a head-down tree frog performs rapid air-righting with specific series of actions in hindlimb motion, which generates sufficient local angular momentum for the frog to rotate its body upright and keep the total moment of momentum conserved. The applications of these results to small landing robots and multi-segment spacecraft are anticipated.
QUASITRIANGULAR HOPF ALGEBRAS, BRAID GROUPS AND QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT
Authors: PINTO ERIC , TRINDADE MARCO A. S. , VIANNA J. D. M.
Published: January 2014

The aim of the paper is to provide a method to obtain representations of the braid group through a set of quasitriangular Hopf algebras. In particular, these algebras may be derived from group algebras of cyclic groups with additional algebraic structures. In this context, by using the flip operator, it is possible to construct R-matrices that can be regarded as quantum logic gates capable of preserving quantum entanglement.
BREATHING PATTERN RECOGNITION OF ABDOMINAL WALL MOVEMENT BY USING ENSEMBLE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION
Authors: CHEN YA-CHEN , HSIAO TZU-CHIEN , HSU JU-HSIN , CHEN JIN-LONG
Published: January 2014

Thoracic breathing (TB), abdominal breathing (AB), and mixing breathing are common respiratory functions. Individuals usually breathe thoracically, whereas the breathing pattern of AB is vague. Despite the statistical representation of the physiological benefits of AB, coping with a time-variant environment still remains challenging. Therefore, based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), this study compares the identification types of using R value, power proportion, and modified significant test (MST). Respiratory maneuver of 26 subjects results that MST varied with a paced breathing frequency is the highest accurate recognition rate of TB (80.8% in 0.2 Hz and 88.5% in 0.1 Hz) and of AB (73.1% in 0.2 and 0.1 Hz). Results of this study demonstrate that EEMD is an adaptive algorithm to decompose respiratory movement. Furthermore, MST is a highly promising feature extraction method for breathing type recognition.
Movement of Entomophagous Arthropods in Agricultural Landscapes: Links to Pest Suppression
Authors: Schellhorn N.A. , Bianchi F.J.J.A. , Hsu C.L.
Published: January 2014

Entomophagous arthropods can provide valuable biological control services, but they need to fulfill their life cycle in agricultural landscapes often dominated by ephemeral and disturbed habitats. In this environment, movement is critical to escape from disturbances and to find resources scattered in space and time. Despite considerable research effort in documenting species movement and spatial distribution patterns, the quantification of arthropod movement has been hampered by their small size and the variety of modes of movement that can result in redistribution at different spatial scales. In addition, insight into how movement influences in-field population processes and the associated biocontrol services is limited because emigration and immigration are often confounded with local-scale population processes. More detailed measurements of the habitat functionality and movement processes are needed to better understand the interactions between species movement traits, disturbances, the landscape context, and the potential for entomophagous arthropods to suppress economically important pests.
Second-Line Immunosuppressive Treatment of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Kim J. , Patnaik N. , Chorny N. , Frank R. , Infante L. , Sethna C.
Published: January 2014

Objective: Most cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood are responsive to corticosteroids. However, there is a small group of children that demonstrate steroid resistance (steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; SRNS), steroid dependence, or that frequently relapse (frequent-relapse steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome; FR-SSNS) which are more clinically difficult to treat. Therefore, second-line immunosuppressants, such as alkylating agents, calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites and, more recently, rituximab, have been used with varying success. The objective was to evaluate the response rates of various second-line therapies in the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Study Design: A retrospective chart review of pediatric subjects with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome was conducted at a single tertiary care center (2007-2012). Drug responses were classified as complete response, partial response, and no response. Results: Of the 188 charts reviewed, 121 children were classified as SSNS and 67 children as SRNS; 58% were classified as FR-SSNS. Sixty-five subjects were diagnosed with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis via biopsy. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 21 years. The combined rate of complete and partial response for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was 65% (33/51) in SSNS and 67% (6/9) in SRNS. For tacrolimus, the response rate was 96% (22/23) for SSNS and 77% (17/22) for SRNS. Eighty-three percent (5/6) of SSNS subjects treated with rituximab went into complete remission; 60% relapsed after B-cell repletion. Eight refractory subjects were treated with combined MMF/tacrolimus/corticosteroid therapy with a 75% response rate. Conclusion: Our experience demonstrates that older medications can be replaced with newer ones such as MMF, tacrolimus, and rituximab with good outcomes and better side effect profiles. The treatment of refractory cases with combination therapy is promising.
Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in the Triglyceride Synthesis Pathway and Marine Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Modulate Plasma Triglyceride Levels
Authors: Ouellette Catherine , Cormier Hubert , Rudkowska Iwona , Guénard Frédéric , Lemieux Simone , Couture Patrick , Vohl Marie-Claude
Published: January 2014

Background: Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduce plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. Genetic factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be responsible for the variability of the plasma TG response to n-3 PUFA supplementation. Previous studies have demonstrated that n-3 PUFA supplementation using fish oil modified the expression levels of three genes involved in the TG synthesis pathway (GPAM, AGPAT3 and AGPAT4) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods: A total of 210 subjects consumed 5 g/day of a fish oil supplement for 6 weeks. Plasma lipids were measured before and after the supplementation period. Three SNPs in GPAM, 13 SNPs in AGPAT3 and 35 SNPs in AGPAT4 were genotyped. Results: In an ANOVA for repeated measures adjusted for age, sex and BMI, genotype effects on plasma TG levels were observed for rs1838452 in AGPAT3 as well as for rs746731 and rs2293286 in AGPAT4. Genotype × supplementation interaction effects on plasma TG levels were observed for rs2792751 and rs17129561 in GPAM as well as for rs3798943 and rs9458172 in AGPAT4 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that SNPs in genes involved in the TG synthesis pathway may influence plasma TG levels after n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Renal Inpatients: An Under-Identified Phenomenon
Authors: Banerjee Gargi , Karia Shreya , Varley James , Brown Edwina A.
Published: January 2014

Background/Aims: Cognitive impairment is a common but under-recognised problem in patients with chronic kidney disease, and is likely to become more significant as this patient population ages. Methods: This cross-sectional study focussed on inpatients aged ≥65 years at a tertiary renal unit, and consisted of two parts. Part 1 (n = 25) considered whether cognitively impaired inpatients were being identified and being referred to memory services. In Part 2 (n = 105) two different cognitive function tests were attempted (6-CIT, MMSE). Results: In Part 1, cognitive function tests were attempted in only 4 patients at admission and 1 patient subsequently. No patients were referred to memory services. In Part 2, 6-CIT was abnormal (score ≥8) in 61.4%, and MMSE was abnormal (score <27) in 79.5% (score 21-26: 28.9%, 15-20: 28.9%, 10-14: 13.3%, <10: 8.4%). There was a close correlation between MMSE and 6-CIT (R2 = 0.735). Only 7.2% of those assessed had a documented cognitive deficit prior to admission. Conclusion: This is the first study looking at cognition in elderly inpatients with chronic kidney disease. There appears to be a much higher rate of cognitive impairment than expected and this is largely unidentified. These deficits are likely to have a major impact on both inpatient and outpatient management.
Therapeutic Fasting in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Impaired Insulin Resistance
Authors: Stange Rainer , Pflugbeil Christine , Michalsen Andreas , Uehleke Bernhard
Published: January 2014

Background: In this study, we evaluated whether a short- to mid-term fasting therapy (7-18 days) might improve insulin resistance according to the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), measured during mid-term (80 days) follow-up observation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: In this open label observational study in inpatients, criteria of metabolic syndrome were defined. Before medically controlled Buchinger fasting, a wash-out period for hypoglycemic agents was conducted. Further evaluation was carried out on day 80. Results: 25 patients (13 males, 12 females, mean age 61.3 years) were included in this study (mean fasting duration 11.5 days). Out of 16 inpatients with type 2 diabetes, 4 had been treated with metformin, 3 with insulin, and 1 with glimepiride before the intervention. After therapy, body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR were all significantly reduced. Compared to baseline, HOMA-IR decreased by 33% in all patients, by 38% in patients with type 2 diabetes, and by 23% in patients without diabetes. At day 80, BMI further improved, while other parameters showed complete (insulin) or partial (glucose, HOMA-IR) rebound. At this time, HOMA-IR values showed an only insignificant improvement in 15% of all patients, in 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes, and in 6% of patients without diabetes. There was no correlation between change in BMI and change in HOMA-IR (r2 = 0.008, baseline minus day 80). No serious side effects were observed. Conclusions: Fasting as a safe and acceptable procedure may cause short- and mid-term improvement of increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Patients with type 2 diabetes benefit more than those without diabetes. A possible clinical significance of this effect should be explored in larger and controlled clinical trials.
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy in a 15-Year-Old Boy: Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Acuity Findings
Authors: Makino Shinji , Tampo Hironobu
Published: January 2014

Purpose: To report a case of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) in a 15-year-old boy. Methods: Images were obtained with fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: The patient complained of blurred vision and a small central scotoma in the left eye. Left visual acuity was 0.3. Fundus photographs revealed a small dark area in the fovea of the left eye. OCT showed attenuation of the photoreceptor inner segment (IS)/outer segment (OS) line and the OS/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) line in the left eye. One week after the initial visit, left visual acuity had improved to 0.6, and there was partial recovery of the IS/OS line with focal thinning of the OS/RPE line. One month later, left visual acuity had improved to 0.8, and OCT showed complete restoration of the IS/OS line and the OS/RPE line. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported with a diagnosis of AMN. Changes in microstructural findings and visual acuity were analogous during recovery of AMN in our patient.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Ocular Toxocariasis Using High-Penetration Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Hashida Noriyasu , Nakai Kei , Nishida Kohji
Published: January 2014

Purpose: To study a case with intraretinal Toxocara larvae in a granuloma using high-penetration optical coherence tomography (HP-OCT). Methods: A 50-year-old man, who was referred to our clinic with ocular toxocariasis, initially presented with granuloma formation in the retina. We followed the treatment-associated changes in the toxocariasis lesion by a series of examinations using HP-OCT before and after a systemic corticosteroid and anthelmintic therapy. Results: The posterior pole granuloma initially appeared as a yellowish-white intraretinal lesion with an exudative focus and dye leakage seen on angiography. After therapy, the lesion was no longer exudative. During treatment-free periods, an intraretinal lesion was seen protruding from the retinal surface into the vitreous cavity. HP-OCT confirmed the elevated lesion protruding from the retinal surface into the vitreous cavity. With treatment, the protruding focus flattened during the following 8 months, but the lesion recurred after the treatment stopped. Conclusions: The findings and clinical course strongly suggested ocular toxocariasis. The protruding retinal lesion may have been an ocular manifestation of toxocariasis. HP-OCT was useful in the follow-up and diagnosis.
Pitx2
, an Atrial Fibrillation Predisposition Gene, Directly Regulates Ion Transport and Intercalated Disc Genes
Authors: Tao Ye , Zhang Min , Li Lele , Bai Yan , Zhou Yuefang , Moon Anne M. , Kaminski Henry J. , Martin James F.
Published: January 2014

Background—

Pitx2
is the homeobox gene located in proximity to the human 4q25 familial atrial fibrillation (AF) locus. When deleted in the mouse germline,
Pitx2
haploinsufficiency predisposes to pacing-induced AF, indicating that reduced
Pitx2
promotes an arrhythmogenic substrate. Previous work focused on
Pitx2
developmental functions that predispose to AF. Although
Pitx2
is expressed in postnatal left atrium, it is unknown whether
Pitx2
has distinct postnatal and developmental functions.

Methods and Results—

To investigate
Pitx2
postnatal function, we conditionally inactivated
Pitx2
in the postnatal atrium while leaving its developmental function intact. Unstressed adult
Pitx2
homozygous mutant mice display variable R–R interval with diminished P-wave amplitude characteristic of sinus node dysfunction, an AF risk factor in human patients. An integrated genomics approach in the adult heart revealed Pitx2 target genes encoding cell junction proteins, ion channels, and critical transcriptional regulators. Importantly, many Pitx2 target genes have been implicated in human AF by genome-wide association studies. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy studies in adult
Pitx2
mutant mice revealed structural remodeling of the intercalated disc characteristic of human patients with AF.

Conclusions—

Our findings, revealing that
Pitx2
has genetically separable postnatal and developmental functions, unveil direct Pitx2 target genes that include channel and calcium handling genes, as well as genes that stabilize the intercalated disc in postnatal atrium.
Parallel-Group 8-Week Study on Chlorthalidone Effects in Hypertensives With Low Kidney Function
Authors: Cirillo Massimo , Marcarelli Fabiana , Mele Alessandra A. , Romano Massimo , Lombardi Cinzia , Bilancio Giancarlo
Published: January 2014

Short-term effects of chlorthalidone are unknown in low kidney function. The effects of 8-week treatment with 25-mg chlorthalidone on the top of ongoing treatment were compared between control hypertensives and low kidney function hypertensives as assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min×1.73 m
2
. Screening period consisted of 2 visits for patient selection and pretreatment laboratory evaluations (baseline). Inclusion criteria were uncontrolled hypertension on nondiuretic antihypertensive treatment. Exclusion criteria were chlorthalidone contraindications, refused consent, treatment with >3 antihypertensive drugs, severe hypertension, severe comorbidities, unreliable estimated glomerular filtration rate. Treatment period consisted of 5 visits (weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8). Post-treatment laboratory evaluations were performed 3 to 4 days before week-8 visit. The 2 groups differed for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (low kidney function and control: n=60 and 60; mean, 39 and 76; range, 15–59 and 60–104) but not for sex, age, and baseline blood pressure. Week-8 blood pressure changes were a decrease in both groups (low kidney function and control: systolic pressure, −20 and −23; 95% confidence interval, −22/−18 and −26/−19; diastolic pressure, −9 and −10, −11/−7, and −13/−8) without significant between-group differences. Incidence of adverse events was similar in the 2 groups (15.0% and 16.7%). Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate did not predict blood pressure changes and adverse events in either groups (
P
>0.6). In both groups, post-treatment changes were a decrease for estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum potassium, an increase for serum uric acid (
P
<0.01). Data show that short-term chlorthalidone effects were not reduced in hypertensives with low kidney function.
The CIA's TPBEDAMN Operation and the 1953 Coup in Iran
Authors: Gasiorowski Mark J.
Published: January 2014

This article gives an overview of TPBEDAMN, a large covert operation the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) carried out in Iran for several years in the early 1950s. TPBEDAMN was a psychological warfare operation intended to undermine the influence of the Soviet Union and its Iranian ally, the Communist Tudeh Party, through covert propaganda and political action activities. When U.S. officials decided in early 1953 to overthrow Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddeq, they relied heavily on TPBEDAMN's large network of Iranian agents and subagents to plan and implement a coup d'état. The overview of TPBEDAMN presented here helps to clarify both the nature of the organizational apparatus the CIA used against Mosaddeq and the broader context within which the coup occurred, especially the intense Cold War climate that prevailed and the prevalence of psychological warfare in this era.
The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System
Authors: Marantzidis Nikos
Published: January 2014

The involvement of the Soviet bloc in the Greek Civil War, especially the weapons and other aid provided by the Communist states to the Greek Communist Party (KKE), could not be studied in any serious way until very recently. Only a small number of historians addressed this question prior to the collapse of the Communist regimes in Europe and the opening of East European archives. The newly available documentary evidence shows that throughout the conflict the KKE acted in close cooperation with the Soviet bloc, particularly through permanent representatives who were responsible for coordinating the aid supplied to the KKE and ensuring maximal use of it. The Democratic Army of Greece (DAG) was completely dependent on weaponry, equipment, and training from the Soviet bloc. The insurgency in Greece would have been impossible without the external support of the Communist states.
Broadening the Cultural History of the Cold War: The Emergence of the Polish Workers' Defense Committee and the Rise of Human Rights
Authors: Brier Robert
Published: January 2014

The historiography of the Cold War has witnessed a revived interest in non-material factors such as culture and ideology. Although this incipient cultural history of the Cold War has focused mainly on the period from 1945 until the early 1960s, the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 turned ideas into potent factors of international politics when East European opposition groups began to expose how their governments violated the accord's human rights provisions. By putting the emergence of one such opposition group, the Polish Workers' Defense Committee, in an international context, this article extends Cold War cultural history into the 1970s and 1980s, tracing how human rights ideas affected international and domestic politics. The Communist states' willingness to put up with the human rights provisions in the Helsinki Final Act was not sufficient to “shame” them internationally. Instead, what happened is that Western leftists, after encountering East European dissidents, increasingly perceived human rights as a precondition for the success of their own political project and hence revoked what Robert Horvath calls the “revolutionary privilege” long granted to Communist regimes. Because Communism's identity was so closely related to its struggle with the West, this criticism was particularly damaging. Only within the dynamics of a cultural framework from earlier stages of postwar history did transnational human rights advocacy become effective.
James Angleton and the Church Committee
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: January 2014

James J. Angleton, who served as chief of counterintelligence for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1954 to 1974, was an important figure in the Cold War and, in a sense, the first line of defense against clandestine Soviet intelligence operations directed against the United States and its allies. In 1975 a U.S. Senate investigative committee—informally known as the Church Committee and led by Senator Frank Church—called Angleton to testify in public on his approach to counterintelligence, especially how he had become involved in illegal domestic operations in the United States. His testimony to committee staff investigators preceding the hearing, along with his public statements to senators during the hearing, displayed an extreme view of the global Communist threat. Amid ongoing revelations in the mid-1970s of illegal CIA actions, Angleton proved unable to mount an effective public defense of his approach.
The Dynamics of 1989: Reassessing a Momentous Year
Authors: Kramer Mark
Published: January 2014

This review essay looks at Stephen Kotkin's acclaimed but controversial book, Uncivil Society. Although some aspects of Kotkin's analysis may be dubious, his approach overall is insightful and convincing. Kotkin gives due weight to mass mobilization, but he rightly focuses on the collapse of will within the Communist establishment.
Gaddis, Kennan, and the Cold War: An Assessment of the Biography
Authors: Mayers David
Published: January 2014

Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.
Analyzing and Assessing Gaddis's Kennan Biography: Questionable Interpretations and Unpursued Evidence and Issues
Authors: Bernstein Barton J.
Published: January 2014

Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.
Gaddis's Kennan: A Different Kennan?
Authors: Stephanson Anders
Published: January 2014

Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.
A new frog species (Myobatrachidae: Uperoleia) from the Northern Deserts region of Australia, with a redescription of U. trachyderma
Authors: CATULLO RENEE A. , DOUGHTY PAUL , KEOGH J. SCOTT
Published: January 2014

The frog genus Uperoleia (Myobatrachidae) is species rich, with the greatest diversity in the northern monsoonal region of Australia. Due in part to their small body size, conservative morphology and distribution in diverse habitats, the genus is likely to harbor cryptic species. A recent study (Catullo et al. 2013) assessed region-wide genetic, acoustic and phenotypic variation within four species in northern Australia. Catullo et al. (2013) presented multiple lines of evidence that the widespread U. trachyderma comprises distinct allopatric western and eastern lineages within the Northern Deserts bioregion of Australia. Here we formally describe the western lineage as U. stridera sp. nov. and redescribe the eastern (type) clade as U. trachyderma. The new species can be distinguished from U. trachyderma by fewer pulses per call, a faster pulse rate, and the lack of scattered orange to red flecks on the dorsum. The description of U. stridera sp. nov. brings the number of Uperoleia species to 28, by far the largest genus in the Myobatrachidae, and further highlights the Australian monsoonal tropics as a region of high endemism.
Three new species and new distributional records of Oecetis McLachlan 1877 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae: Leptocerinae) from Brazil
Authors: HENRIQUES-OLIVEIRA ANA LUCIA , DUMAS LEANDRO LOURENÇO , NESSIMIAN JORGE LUIZ
Published: January 2014

The genus Oecetis is widespread over the world, being most diverse in tropical areas, especially in the Australian Region. Of about 400 described species, only 34 occur in the Neotropical Region. Herein, we describe and illustrate three new species of Oecetis from Brazil: Oecetis angelae sp. nov., O. danielae sp. nov. and O. iara sp. nov. Furthermore, O. doesburgi, O. dominguezi, and O. knutsoni are recorded for the first time in Brazil. Also, we provide new state records for 7 species: O. amazonica, O. connata, O. excisa, O. fibra, O. iguazu, O. inconspicua, and O. paranensis.
What Is St Patrick’s ‘Creed’?
Authors: Toom Tarmo
Published: January 2014

This article sheds further light on the question of the genre of Patrick’s creedal statement in conf. 4, which seems to be neither a declaratory creed proper nor a rule of faith. It is a hybrid genre which combines Scripture, creedal clauses, and citations of patristic texts and molds everything into a polished rhythmical declaration. In order to find out the plausible sources of Patrick’s particular selection of creedal clauses, conf. 4 is compared to the Old Roman Creed, some Gallic creedal statements, and the Nicene Creed. Such comparison enables one to see both Patrick’s originality and his dependence on traditional creeds.
‘Sweet in the Mouth and Bitter in the Stomach’: Interpretations of the Book of Revelation among Evangelicals in Northern Ireland during the ‘Troubles’
Authors: Searle Joshua T.
Published: January 2014

In the history of Northern Ireland, the Book of Revelation has been decisively constitutive of evangelical identity, particularly during the ‘Troubles.’ The apocalyptic notion of a zero-sum conflict between Good and Evil carries a distinctive resonance with the way that many evangelicals interpreted the history of ‘Ulster.’ This article argues that end-times belief in Northern Ireland—like most other aspects of evangelical doctrine—was not solely a matter of pure theological conviction, but was mixed with an inchoate conglomeration of diverse, highly nuanced and occasionally contradictory religious, cultural and political presuppositions. By considering these diverse convictions through an analysis of evangelical interpretations of the Book of Revelation in light of the political context of the ‘Troubles,’ the aim is to yield important insights into how the interpretation of the Book of Revelation can affect the hermeneutical horizon of evangelical experience in a context of crisis and conflict.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Skills-Based Computer-Assisted Instruction for Students With Disabilities
Authors: Weng Pei-Lin , Maeda Yukiko , Bouck Emily C.
Published: January 2014

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for students with disabilities can be categorized into the following categories: visual, auditory, mobile, and cognitive skills-based CAI. Cognitive-skills based CAI differs from other types of CAI largely in terms of an emphasis on instructional design features. We conducted both systematic review of literatures and meta-analysis of studies using cognitive skills-based CAI to determine the effectiveness of this technology on the learning outcomes of students with disabilities. This study also scrutinized critical instructional design features of CAI used in the synthesized studies. Results indicated (a) a moderate weighted average effect size of 0.35 for group-comparison design studies; (b) relatively large effect sizes, but inconsistent among different indices, in single-subject experimental design studies; and (c) insufficient information available on design features of the CAI used in the primary studies. Limitations, implications, and future research directions were discussed.
L'impact de I'orientation client sur la performance des entreprises françaises: étude empirique des effets directs et modérateurs
Authors: Pekovic Sanja , Rolland Sylvie
Published: January 2014

L'orientation client est-elle génératrice de performance pour l'entreprise ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous examinons l'impact de l'orientation client sur la performance de plus de 7 500 entreprises françaises. Nos résultats indiquent que l'orientation client améliore significativement leurs performances mesurées par les logarithmes du profit et de l'excédent brut d'exploitation (EBITDA) par salarié(e). De plus, il existe un effet indirect qui varie selon l'environnement de marché. En fait, les résultats indiquent que l'effet positif de l'orientation client sur la profitabilité par salarié(e) et l'EBITDA par salarié(e) est d'autant plus fort quand les marchés sont en croissance, très concurrentiels et en situation d'incertitude.
Oral bisphosphonates do not increase the risk of severe upper gastrointestinal complications: a nested case–control study
Authors: Ghirardi Arianna , Scotti Lorenza , Vedova Gianluca Della , D’Oro Luca Cavalieri , Lapi Francesco , Cipriani Francesco , Caputi Achille P , Vaccheri Alberto , Gregori Dario , Gesuita Rosaria , Vestri Annarita , Staniscia Tommaso , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Corrao Giovanni
Published: January 2014

Background

Data on the effect of oral bisphosphonates (BPs) on risk of upper gastrointestinal complications (UGIC) are conflicting. We conducted a large population-based study from a network of Italian healthcare utilization databases aimed to assess the UGIC risk associated with use of BPs in the setting of secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures.

Methods

A nested case–control study was carried out within a cohort of 68,970 patients aged 45 years or older, who have been hospitalized for osteoporotic fracture from 2003 until 2005. Cases were the 804 patients who experienced hospitalization for UGIC until 2007. Up to 20 controls were randomly selected for each case. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) associated with current and past use of BPs (i.e. for drug dispensation within 30 days and over 31 days prior the outcome onset, respectively) after adjusting for several covariates.

Results

Compared with patients who did not use BPs, current and past users had OR (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.86 (0.60 to 1.22) and 1.07 (0.80 to 1.44) respectively. There was no difference in the ORs estimated according with BPs type (alendronate or risedronate) and regimen (daily or weekly), nor with co-therapies and comorbidities.

Conclusions

Further evidence that BPs dispensed for secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures are not associated with increased risk of severe gastrointestinal complications is supplied from this study. Further research is required to clarify the role BPs and other drugs of co-medication in inducing UGIC.
The protective effect of baicalin against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis
Authors: Lin Miao , Li Long , Li Liping , Pokhrel Gaurab , Qi Guisheng , Rong Ruiming , Zhu Tongyu
Published: January 2014

Background

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) increases the rates of acute kidney failure, delayed graft function, and early mortality after kidney transplantation. The pathophysiology involved includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-mediated injury. The anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation properties of baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, have been verified. This study therefore assessed the effects of baicalin against renal IRI in rats.

Methods

Baicalin was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before renal ischemia. Serum and kidneys were harvested 24 h after reperfusion. Renal function and histological changes were assessed. Markers of oxidative stress, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathway, mitochondrial stress, and cell apoptosis were also evaluated.

Results

Baicalin treatment decreased oxidative stress and histological injury, and improved kidney function, as well as inhibiting proinflammatory responses and tubular apoptosis. Baicalin pretreatment also reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, p-NF-κB, and p-IκB proteins, as well as decreasing caspase-3 activity and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.

Conclusions

Baicalin may attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting proinflammatory responses and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These effects are associated with the TLR2/4 signaling pathway and mitochondrial stress.
Reusable three-dimensional nanostructured substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Zhu Zhendong , Li Qunqing , Bai Benfeng , Fan Shoushan
Published: January 2014

To date, fabricating three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured substrate with small nanogap was a laborious challenge by conventional fabrication techniques. In this article, we address a simple, low-cost, large-area, and spatially controllable method to fabricate 3D nanostructures, involving hemisphere, hemiellipsoid, and pyramidal pits based on nanosphere lithography (NSL). These 3D nanostructures were used as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates of single Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecule. The average SERS enhancement factor achieved up to 1011. The inevitably negative influence of the adhesion-promoting intermediate layer of Cr or Ti was resolved by using such kind of 3D nanostructures. The nanostructured quartz substrate is a free platform as a SERS substrate and is nondestructive when altering with different metal films and is recyclable, which avoids the laborious and complicated fabricating procedures.
Improvement of multimodal gesture and speech recognition performance using time intervals between gestures and accompanying speech
Authors: Miki Madoka , Kitaoka Norihide , Miyajima Chiyomi , Nishino Takanori , Takeda Kazuya
Published: January 2014

We propose an integrative method of recognizing gestures such as pointing, accompanying speech. Speech generated simultaneously with gestures can assist in the recognition of gestures, and since this occurs in a complementary manner, gestures can also assist in the recognition of speech. Our integrative recognition method uses a probability distribution which expresses the distribution of the time interval between the starting times of gestures and of the corresponding utterances. We evaluate the rate of improvement of the proposed integrative recognition method with a task involving the solution of a geometry problem.
De novo mutation in a male patient with Fabry disease: a case report
Authors: Iemolo Francesco , Pizzo Federica , Albeggiani Giuseppe , Zizzo Carmela , Colomba Paolo , Scalia Simone , Bartolotta Caterina , Duro Giovanni
Published: January 2014

Background

Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited metabolic condition where the deficit of the α-galactosidase A enzyme, encoded by the GLA gene, leads to glycosphingolipid storage, mainly globotriaosylceramide. To date, more than 600 mutations have been identified in human GLA gene that are responsible for FD, including missense and nonsense mutations, small and large deletions. Such mutations are usually inherited, and cases of de novo onset occur rarely.

Case presentation

In this article we report an interesting case of a 44-year-old male patient suffering from a severe form of Fabry disease, with negative family history. The patient showed signs such as cornea verticillata, angiokeratomas, cardiac and neurological manifestations, an end-stage renal disease and he had low α-galactosidase A activity. We detected, in this subject, the mutation c.493 G > C in the third exon of the GLA gene which causes the amino acid substitution D165H in the protein. This mutation affects the amino acid - belonging to the group of buried residues - involved, probably, in the preservation of the protein folding. Moreover, studies of multiple sequence alignment indicate that this amino acid is highly conserved, thus strengthening the hypothesis that it is a key amino acid to the enzyme functionality.

The study of the relatives of the patient showed that, surprisingly, none of the members of his family of origin had this genetic alteration, suggesting a de novo mutation. Only his 11-year-old daughter - showing acroparaesthesias and heat intolerance with reduced enzymatic activity - had the same mutation.

Conclusions

We suggest that a non-inherited mutation of the α-galactosidase A gene is responsible for Fabry disease in the patient who had reduced enzyme activity and classical clinical manifestations of the disease. In a family, it is rare to find only one Fabry disease affected subject with a de novo mutation. These findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, genetic counselling, studying the genealogical tree of the patients and starting enzyme replacement therapy to prevent irreversible vital organ damage that occurs during the course of the disease.
The efficacy of probiotics for monosodium glutamate-induced obesity: dietology concerns and opportunities for prevention
Authors: Savcheniuk Oleksandr A , Virchenko Oleksandr V , Falalyeyeva Tetyana M , Beregova Tetyana V , Babenko Lidia P , Lazarenko Liudmyla M , Demchenko Olga M , Bubnov Rostyslav V , Spivak Mykola Ya
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Obesity becomes endemic today. Monosodium glutamate was proved as obesogenic food additive. Probiotics are discussed to impact on obesity development.

Aims and objectives

The aim was to study the effects of probiotics on the development of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity in rats.

Material and methods

We included 45 Wistar male rats and divided into three groups (n = 15). Newborn rats of group 1 (control) received subcutaneously 8 μl/g saline. Group 2 received 3 to 4 mg/g MSG subcutaneously on the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth day of life. Within 4 months after birth, rats were on a standard diet. Group 3 received an aqueous solution of probiotics mixture (2:1:1 Lactobacillus casei IMVB-7280, Bifidobacterium animalis VKL, B. animalis VKB) at the dose of 5 × 109 CFU/kg (50 mg/kg) intragastrically. Administration of probiotics was started at the age of 4 weeks just after weaning and continued for 3 months during 2-week courses. Group 2 received intragastrically 2.5 ml/kg water. Organometric and biochemical parameters in all groups of rats were analyzed over 4 months. The concentration of adiponectin was determined in serum, and leptin - in adipose tissue.

Results

Administration of MSG led to the development of obesity in rats; body weight had increased by 7.9% vs controls (p < 0.05); body length had increased by 5.4% (p < 0.05). Body mass index and Lee index and visceral fat mass had increased (p < 0.001). Under the neonatal injection of MSG, the concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol significantly increased (p < 0.001), in comparison with controls. Adipose-derived hormones changed in MSG obesity rats: adiponectin decreased by 58.8% (p < 0.01), and leptin concentration in adipose tissue had increased by 74.7% (p < 0.01). The probiotic therapy of rats from group 3 prevented obesity development. Parameters of rats treated with probiotic mixture did not differ from that in the control.

Conclusions

The introduction of MSG to newborn rats caused the obesity in adulthood. Periodic administration of probiotic mixture to rat injected with MSG neonatally resulted in recovery of lipid metabolism and prevention of the obesity development.
Phylogenetic analyses of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum and allied limestone species of China shed light on the evolution of Sino-Vietnamese karst flora
Authors: Chung Kuo-Fang , Leong Wai-Chao , Rubite Rosario Rivera , Repin Rimi , Kiew Ruth , Liu Yan , Peng Ching-I
Published: January 2014

Background

The picturesque limestone karsts across the Sino-Vietnamese border are renowned biodiversity hotspot, distinguished for extremely high endemism of calciphilous plants restricted to caves and cave-like microhabitats that have functioned as biological refugia on the otherwise harsh habitats. To understand evolutionary mechanisms underlying the splendid limestone flora, dated phylogeny is reconstructed for Asian Begonia, a species-rich genus on limestone substrates represented by no less than 60 species in southern China, using DNA sequences of nrITS and chloroplast rpL16 intron. The sampling includes 94 Begonia species encompassing most major Asian clades with a special emphasized on Chinese species.

Results

Except for two tuberous deciduous species and a species with upright stems, a majority of Sino-Vietnamese limestone Begonia (SVLB), including sect. Coelocentrum (19 species sampled) and five species of sect. Diploclinium, Leprosae, and Petermannia, are rhizomatous and grouped in a strongly supported and yet internally poorly resolved clade (Clade SVLB), suggesting a single evolutionary origin of the adaptation to limestone substrates by rhizomatous species, subsequent species radiation, and a strong tendency to retain their ancestral niche. Divergence-time estimates indicate a late Miocene diversification of Clade SVLB, coinciding with the onset of the East Asian monsoon and the period of extensive karstification in the area.

Conclusions

Based on our phylogenetic study, Begonia sect. Coelocentrum is recircumscribed and expanded to include other members of the Clade SVLB (sect. Diploclinium: B. cavaleriei, B. pulvinifera, and B. wangii; sect. Leprosae: B. cylindrica and B. leprosa; sect. Petermannia: B. sinofloribunda). Because species of Clade SVLB have strong niche conservatism to retain in their ancestral habitats in cave-like microhabitats and Begonia are generally poor dispersers prone to diversify allopatrically, we propose that extensive and continuous karstification of the Sino-Vietnamese limestone region facilitated by the onset of East Asian monsoon since the late Miocene has been the major driving force for species accumulation via geographic isolation in Clade SVLB. Morphologically species of Clade SVLB differ mainly in vegetative traits without apparent adaptive value, suggesting that limestone Begonia radiation is better characterized as non-adaptive, an underappreciated speciation mode crucial for rapid species accumulations in organisms of low vagility and strong niche conservatism.
Bioactive Terpenoids and Flavonoids from Daucus littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech.f, an Endemic Species of Iran
Authors: Yousefbeyk Fatemeh , Gohari Ahmad Reza , Hashemighahderijani Zeinabsadat , Ostad Sayed Nasser , Salehi Sourmaghi Mohamad Hossein , Amini Mohsen , Golfakhrabadi Fereshteh , Jamalifar Hossein , Amin Gholamreza
Published: January 2014

Background

Daucus littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech.f. (Apiaceae) is an endemic species in northern parts of Iran where it is commonly named Caspian carrot. The fruits have been used as condiment.

Methods

In a series of in vitro assays, antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP assays), cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of roots and fruits were evaluated for the first time. The separation and purification of the compounds were carried out on the most potent extracts using various chromatographic methods and identified by spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR).

Results

The results showed that among the extracts only fruit methanol extract (FME) has significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 145.93 μg.ml-1 in DPPH assay and 358 ± 0.02 mmol FeII/g dry extract in FRAP assay). The radical scavenging activity of FME at 400 μg.ml-1 was comparable with α-tocopherol (40 μg.ml-1) and with BHA (100 μg.ml-1) (p > 0.05). FME did not show any toxicity against cancerous and normal cell lines. Fruit ethyl acetate extract (FEE) had cytotoxic activity against breast carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC50 168.4 and 185 μg.ml-1, respectively), while it did not possess antioxidant activity in comparison with α-tocopherol and BHA as standard compounds. Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of fruits showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 3.75 mg.ml-1) and Candida albicans (MIC: 15.6 and 7.8 mg.ml-1, respectively). Four terpenoids were isolated form FEE including: β- sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), caryophyllene oxide (3), β-amyrin (4). Also, three flavonoids namely quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside (5), quercetin 3-O-β- galactoside (6) and luteolin (7) were isolated from FME.

Conclusion

This study showed that FEE and FME of D. littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech.f. had the highest biological activities which may be correlated with in vitro cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of terpenoids and flavonoids components of the extracts.