bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Performance of Kuwait Stock Market
Authors: Merza Ebrahim , Almusawi Sayed-Abbas
Published: September 2016

This paper aims at finding the effective factors that influence three sectors in Kuwait stock exchange market (KSE) in addition to the whole stock market. The three sectors are banking, real estate and insurance sectors. The paper measures KSE performance through the average share prices calculated on a quarterly basis starting from 2005 until first quarter of 2015. It is found that each sector behaves differently towards macroeconomic variables. The most important determinants for the KSE overall market performance were found to be gold price and the deposits rate. Individually, the banking sector is influenced by consumer price index, interest rate on loans, oil price and gold price. The insurance sector is influenced by money supply, residential real estate price and oil price. The real estate sector is influenced by the exchange rate with respect to US dollars, interest rate on loans, oil price and gold price.
Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process for Assessing Sustainable Development among Underprivileged Communities
Authors: Abdullah Lazim , Pang Jin Yong
Published: September 2016

One of the purposes of sustainable development assessment is to identify the most importance criteria and sub-criteria of sustainable development that have the most significant contribution to the local community. To date, few studies have inquired into qualitative methods to assess these criteria and sub-criteria. In response to this gap in the literature, we propose an application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to prioritize thirteen sub-criteria of sustainable development among underprivileged community of Setiu Wetlands Terengganu. Consistency ratio and weighted geometric mean are the two important computation steps of the AHP prior to proposing global weights of sub-criteria. The computational results indicate that ‘Education’ is the most important sub-criteria with 15.4 % of global weight. At the other extreme ‘global economic partnership’ is the least important sub-criteria for this group of community. The outcome of the proposed method is a weight of sustainability for all sub-criteria which offers a guide to government in identifying the appropriate action for uplifting the community quality of life.
Dynamic Simulation Assessment of Environment Friendly Vehicles Introduction and Clean Energy Promotion Policy in China
Authors: Lu Keyu , Zhu Yucheng , Li Zhaoling , Singh Rajeev Kumar , Nozaki Noriko
Published: September 2016

A unique GHG emission decline target was released by the Chinese government to facilitate the decrease in GHG emission per unit of GDP in China. In other words, an increase in GHG is permitted under a GDP reflecting a better quality environment quality. Therefore, technology promotion and policy evolution are necessary to realize this within a limited period. This research considered a GHG emission tax and subsidy policy to achieve environmental targets via environment friendly vehicle introduction and clean energy promotion. An optimization simulation model based on extended input-output model was explored to compare with four policy scenarios. The simulation result shows that hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle introduction are powerless to meet environment targets unless more attention is paid to solar power and wind power along with thermal power. This research proposed an optimal GHG emission tax rate and subsidy rate for policy makers in China to reach their environment goal.
Impact of Uniform Methods on Interlaboratory Antibody Titration Variability: Antibody Titration and Uniform Methods
Authors: Bachegowda Lohith S. , Cheng Yan H. , Long Thomas , Shaz Beth H.
Published: September 2016

Context.—Substantial variability between different antibody titration methods prompted development and introduction of uniform methods in 2008.

Objective.—To determine whether uniform methods consistently decrease interlaboratory variation in proficiency testing.

Design.—Proficiency testing data for antibody titration between 2009 and 2013 were obtained from the College of American Pathologists. Each laboratory was supplied plasma and red cells to determine anti-A and anti-D antibody titers by their standard method: gel or tube by uniform or other methods at different testing phases (immediate spin and/or room temperature [anti-A], and/or anti-human globulin [AHG: anti-A and anti-D]) with different additives. Interlaboratory variations were compared by analyzing the distribution of titer results by method and phase.

Results.—A median of 574 and 1100 responses were reported for anti-A and anti-D antibody titers, respectively, during a 5-year period. The 3 most frequent (median) methods performed for anti-A antibody were uniform tube room temperature (147.5; range, 119–159), uniform tube AHG (143.5; range, 134–150), and other tube AHG (97; range, 82–116); for anti-D antibody, the methods were other tube (451; range, 431–465), uniform tube (404; range, 382–462), and uniform gel (137; range, 121–153). Of the larger reported methods, uniform gel AHG phase for anti-A and anti-D antibodies had the most participants with the same result (mode). For anti-A antibody, 0 of 8 (uniform versus other tube room temperature) and 1 of 8 (uniform versus other tube AHG), and for anti-D antibody, 0 of 8 (uniform versus other tube) and 0 of 8 (uniform versus other gel) proficiency tests showed significant titer variability reduction.

Conclusion.—Uniform methods harmonize laboratory techniques but rarely reduce interlaboratory titer variance in comparison with other methods.
Attitudes and Beliefs of Pathology Residents Regarding the Subspecialty of Clinical Chemistry: Results of a Survey
Authors: Haidari Mehran , Yared Marwan , Olano Juan P. , Alexander C. Bruce , Powell Suzanne Z.
Published: September 2016

Context.—Previous studies suggest that training in pathology residency programs does not adequately prepare pathology residents to become competent in clinical chemistry.

Objectives.—To define the beliefs of pathology residents in the United States regarding their preparation for practicing clinical chemistry in their career, their attitude toward the discipline, and the attractiveness of clinical chemistry as a career.

Design.—The residents of all pathology residency programs in the United States were given the opportunity to participate in an online survey.

Results.—Three hundred thirty-six pathology residents responded to the survey. Analysis of the survey results indicates that pathology residents are more likely to believe that their income may be lower if they select a career that has a clinical chemistry focus and that their faculty do not value clinical chemistry as much as the anatomic pathology part of the residency. Residents also report that clinical chemistry is not as enjoyable as anatomic pathology rotations during residency or preferable as a sole career path. A large proportion of residents also believe that they will be slightly prepared or not prepared to practice clinical chemistry by the end of their residency and that they do not have enough background and/or time to learn clinical chemistry during their residency programs to be able to practice this specialty effectively post graduation.

Conclusions.—Our survey results suggest that many pathology residents do not have a positive attitude toward clinical chemistry and do not experience a supportive learning environment with an expectation that they will become competent in clinical chemistry with a residency alone.
J.G. Beacham Water Treatment Plant: 80 Years of Heritage and Innovation
Authors: Lucas Regina , Hall Marilyn
Published: September 2016

The story of water in Athens‐Clarke County begins with wells and cisterns and evolves to the J.G. Beacham Water Treatment Plant, a testament to historic preservation, environmental stewardship, and safe and reliable water service.
Water Research Foundation Study Documents Water Conservation Potential and More Efficiency in Households
Authors: Mayer Peter W.
Published: September 2016

Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2, is an updated and expanded assessment of water use in single‐family households across North America, presenting data about how water use has changed since the 1999 version of the Water Research Foundation's study was published.
Great Caesar's Ghost: Water Supply Management, 97 ad and Now
Authors: Persich Bill
Published: September 2016

It might come as a surprise to learn how many parallels can be drawn between water management practices in ancient Rome and our present‐day concerns, operations, and strategies.
Construction Meter Assembly Reduces Contractors' Load, Protects Water System
Authors: Anderson Scott M.
Published: September 2016

To meet increased construction and contractor requests for temporary water on their sites, the City of Bloomington, MN, Public Works Department redesigned the existing construction meter assembly. The new hybrid construction meter assembly comprises a water meter, reduced‐pressure zone (RPZ) backflow preventer, 2 1/2‐in. fire hose, inline check valve, and fire hydrant wrench, all contained in one streamlined cart that's easily maneuvered, even on difficult construction sites.
Lietuvių kalba Vilniaus švietimo apygardos vidurinėse mokyklose 1906–1914 m.
Authors: Mastianica Olga
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas lietuvių kalbos mokymo organizavimas Vilniaus švietimo apygardos vidurinėse mokyklose 1906–1914 m.
Prezidentas A. Smetona, Lėno ir Užulėnio Smetonos: genealoginė apžvalga
Authors: Smetona Marius , Smetonienė Anželika
Published: September 2016

Apie prezidento A. Smetonos šeimą rašyta daug, tačiau paprastai visa informacija pateikiama atsižvelgiant į žmonių pasakojimus, atsiminimus, todėl neretai ji gali būti klaidingai interpretuojama. Prieš dvidešimt metų Lietuvių kalbos institute rastas ranka pieštas A. Smetonos genealoginis medis, kuris vėliau pavadintas anoniminiu. Straipsnio tikslas yra priskirti šiam medžiui autorystę ir apžvelgti A. Smetonos genealogiją remiantis rašytiniais šaltiniais – metrikomis, kurios atskleidžia daugumos prezidento gimtosiose apylinkėse gyvenusių Smetonų giminystės ryšius.
Frequency and predictors of estimated HIV transmissions and bacterial STI acquisition among HIV‐positive patients in HIV care across three continents
Authors: Safren Steven A , Hughes James P , Mimiaga Matthew J , Moore Ayana T , Friedman Ruth Khalili , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai , Limbada Mohammed , Williamson Brian D , Elharrar Vanessa , Cummings Vanessa , Magidson Jessica F , Gaydos Charlotte A , Celentano David D , Mayer Kenneth H ,   for the HPTN063 Study Team
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Successful global treatment as prevention (TasP) requires identifying HIV‐positive individuals at high risk for transmitting HIV, and having impact via potential infections averted. This study estimated the frequency and predictors of numbers of HIV transmissions and bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition among sexually active HIV‐positive individuals in care from three representative global settings.

Methods

HIV‐positive individuals (n=749), including heterosexual men, heterosexual women and men who have sex with men (MSM) in HIV care, were recruited from Chiang Mai (Thailand), Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) and Lusaka (Zambia). Participants were assessed on HIV and STI sexual transmission risk variables, psychosocial characteristics and bacterial STIs at enrolment and quarterly for 12 months (covering 15 months). Estimated numbers of HIV transmissions per person were calculated using reported numbers of partners and sex acts together with estimates of HIV transmissibility, accounting for ART treatment and condom use.

Results

An estimated 3.81 (standard error, (SE)=0.63) HIV transmissions occurred for every 100 participants over the 15 months, which decreased over time. The highest rate was 19.50 (SE=1.68) for every 100 MSM in Brazil. In a multivariable model, country×risk group interactions emerged: in Brazil, MSM had 2.85 (95% CI=1.45, 4.25, p<0.0001) more estimated transmissions than heterosexual men and 3.37 (95% CI=2.01, 4.74, p<0.0001) more than heterosexual women over the 15 months. For MSM and heterosexual women, the combined 12‐month STI incidence rate for the sample was 22.4% (95% CI=18.1%, 27.3%; incidence deemed negligible in heterosexual men). In the multivariable model, MSM had 12.3 times greater odds (95% CI=4.44, 33.98) of acquiring an STI than women, but this was not significant in Brazil. Higher alcohol use on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01, 1.08) was also significantly associated with increased STI incidence. In bivariate models for both HIV transmissions and STI incidence, higher depressive symptoms were significant predictors.

Conclusions

These data help to estimate the potential number of HIV infections transmitted and bacterial STIs acquired over time in patients established in care, a group typically considered at lower transmission risk, and found substantial numbers of estimated HIV transmissions. These findings provide an approach for evaluating the impact (in phase 2 studies) and potentially cost‐effectiveness of global TasP efforts.
Arabidopsis FORGETTER1 mediates stress-induced chromatin memory through nucleosome remodeling
Authors: Brzezinka Krzysztof , Altmann Simone , Czesnick Hjördis , Nicolas Philippe , Gorka Michal , Benke Eileen , Kabelitz Tina , Jähne Felix , Graf Alexander , Kappel Christian , Bäurle Isabel
Published: September 2016

Plants as sessile organisms can adapt to environmental stress to mitigate its adverse effects. As part of such adaptation they maintain an active memory of heat stress for several days that promotes a more efficient response to recurring stress. We show that this heat stress memory requires the activity of the FORGETTER1 (FGT1) locus, with fgt1 mutants displaying reduced maintenance of heat-induced gene expression. FGT1 encodes the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologue of Strawberry notch (Sno), and the protein globally associates with the promoter regions of actively expressed genes in a heat-dependent fashion. FGT1 interacts with chromatin remodelers of the SWI/SNF and ISWI families, which also display reduced heat stress memory. Genomic targets of the BRM remodeler overlap significantly with FGT1 targets. Accordingly, nucleosome dynamics at loci with altered maintenance of heat-induced expression are affected in fgt1. Together, our results suggest that by modulating nucleosome occupancy, FGT1 mediates stress-induced chromatin memory.
A bioengineered niche promotes in vivo engraftment and maturation of pluripotent stem cell derived human lung organoids
Authors: Dye Briana R , Dedhia Priya H , Miller Alyssa J , Nagy Melinda S , White Eric S , Shea Lonnie D , Spence Jason R
Published: September 2016

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived tissues often remain developmentally immature in vitro, and become more adult-like in their structure, cellular diversity and function following transplantation into immunocompromised mice. Previously we have demonstrated that hPSC-derived human lung organoids (HLOs) resembled human fetal lung tissue in vitro (Dye et al., 2015). Here we show that HLOs required a bioartificial microporous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffold niche for successful engraftment, long-term survival, and maturation of lung epithelium in vivo. Analysis of scaffold-grown transplanted tissue showed airway-like tissue with enhanced epithelial structure and organization compared to HLOs grown in vitro. By further comparing in vitro and in vivo grown HLOs with fetal and adult human lung tissue, we found that in vivo transplanted HLOs had improved cellular differentiation of secretory lineages that is reflective of differences between fetal and adult tissue, resulting in airway-like structures that were remarkably similar to the native adult human lung.
Unconventional secretory processing diversifies neuronal ion channel properties
Authors: Hanus Cyril , Geptin Helene , Tushev Georgi , Garg Sakshi , Alvarez-Castelao Beatriz , Sambandan Sivakumar , Kochen Lisa , Hafner Anne-Sophie , Langer Julian D , Schuman Erin M
Published: September 2016

N-glycosylation – the sequential addition of complex sugars to adhesion proteins, neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and secreted trophic factors as they progress through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus – is one of the most frequent protein modifications. In mammals, most organ-specific N-glycosylation events occur in the brain. Yet, little is known about the nature, function and regulation of N-glycosylation in neurons. Using imaging, quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry, we show that hundreds of neuronal surface membrane proteins are core-glycosylated, resulting in the neuronal membrane displaying surprisingly high levels of glycosylation profiles that are classically associated with immature intracellular proteins. We report that while N-glycosylation is generally required for dendritic development and glutamate receptor surface expression, core-glycosylated proteins are sufficient to sustain these processes, and are thus functional. This atypical glycosylation of surface neuronal proteins can be attributed to a bypass or a hypo-function of the Golgi apparatus. Core-glycosylation is regulated by synaptic activity, modulates synaptic signaling and accelerates the turnover of GluA2-containing glutamate receptors, revealing a novel mechanism that controls the composition and sensing properties of the neuronal membrane.
Tearing-off method based on single carbon nanocoil for liquid surface tension measurement
Authors: Wang Peng , Pan Lujun , Deng Chenghao , Li Chengwei
Published: September 2016

A single carbon nanocoil (CNC) is used as a highly sensitive mechanical sensor to measure the surface tension coefficient of deionized water and alcohol in the tearing-off method. The error can be constrained to within 3.8%. Conversely, the elastic spring constant of a CNC can be accurately measured using a liquid, and the error is constrained to within 3.2%. Compared with traditional methods, the CNC is used as a ring and a sensor at the same time, which may simplify the measurement device and reduce error, also all measurements can be performed under a very low liquid dosage owing to the small size of the CNC.
Patient Centered Professionalism? Patient Participation in Mental Health Professional Frameworks
Authors: Leemeijer Aukje , Trappenburg Margo
Published: September 2016

Patient participation is an important development in Dutch mental health care. Notwithstanding a generally positive attitude towards patient participation, mental health professionals show ambivalent responses to it due to tensions that may occur between professional values and societal values like (more) patient participation. Professionals vary in their degree of professionalization which is translated to their formal professional frameworks like professional profiles and codes of conduct. To explore how formal professional frameworks of mental health professionals mirror how and to what degree they accommodate patient participation the professional frameworks of four types of mental health care professionals were studied: psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers. We hypothesized that the higher professionalized professions were less open to patient participation. The results partly support this hypothesis. Professional frameworks of social workers and nurses indeed show more openness to patient participation, but the picture for psychiatrists and psychologists is ambiguous—more professionalized psychiatrists being more inclined to incorporate patient participation than less professionalized psychologists.
Vol 6, No 2 (2016) Special Issue: Professional-Citizen Relations
Authors: Smeby Jens-Christian
Published: September 2016

Full Issue of Vol 6, No 2 (2016) Special Issue: Professional-Citizen Relations
XA21-specific induction of stress-related genes followingXanthomonasinfection of detached rice leaves
Authors: Thomas Nicholas C. , Schwessinger Benjamin , Liu Furong , Chen Huamin , Wei Tong , Nguyen Yen P. , Shaker Isaac W.F. , Ronald Pamela C.
Published: September 2016

The rice XA21 receptor kinase confers robust resistance to the bacterial pathogenXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo). We developed a detached leaf infection assay to quickly and reliably measure activation of the XA21-mediated immune response using genetic markers. We used RNA sequencing of elf18 treated EFR:XA21:GFP plants to identify candidate genes that could serve as markers for XA21 activation. From this analysis, we identified eight genes that are up-regulated in both in elf18 treated EFR:XA21:GFP rice leaves andXooinfected XA21 rice leaves. These results provide a rapid and reliable method to assess bacterial-rice interactions.
Investigating the spatial distribution and effects of nearshore topography onAcropora cervicornisabundance in Southeast Florida
Authors: D’Antonio Nicole L. , Gilliam David S. , Walker Brian K.
Published: September 2016

DenseAcropora cervicornisaggregations, or patches, have been documented within nearshore habitats in Southeast Florida (SE FL) despite close proximity to numerous anthropogenic stressors and subjection to frequent natural disturbance events. Limited information has been published concerning the distribution and abundance ofA. cervicornisoutside of these known dense patches. The first goal of this study was to conduct a spatially extensive and inclusive survey (9.78 km2) to determine whetherA. cervicornisdistribution in the nearshore habitat of SE FL was spatially uniform or clustered. The second goal was to investigate potential relationships between broad-scale seafloor topography andA. cervicornisabundance using high resolution bathymetric data.Acropora cervicorniswas distributed throughout the study area, and the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and Anselin Local Moran’s I spatial cluster analysis showed significant clustering along topographic features termed ridge crests. Significant clustering was further supported by the inverse distance weighted surface model. Ordinal logistic regression indicated 1) as distance from a ridge increases, odds of reducedA. cervicornisabundance increases; 2) as topographic elevation increases, odds of increased abundance increases; and 3) as mean depth increases, odds of increased abundance increases. This study provides detailed information onA. cervicornisdistribution and abundance at a regional scale and supports modeling its distributions in similar habitats elsewhere throughout the western Atlantic and Caribbean.Acropora cervicornisis frequently observed and in areas an abundant species within the nearshore habitat along the SE FL portion of the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). This study provides a better understanding of local habitat associations thus facilitating appropriate management of the nearshore environment and species conservation. The portion of the FRT between Hillsboro and Port Everglades inlets should be considered for increased management and protection to reduce local stressors.
Identify potential drugs for cardiovascular diseases caused by stress-induced genes in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Huang Chien-Hung , Ciou Jin-Shuei , Chen Shun-Tsung , Kok Victor C. , Chung Yi , Tsai Jeffrey J. P. , Kurubanjerdjit Nilubon , Huang Chi-Ying F. , Ng Ka-Lok
Published: September 2016

Background

Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Many studies suggest that vascular injury triggers VSMC dedifferentiation, which results in VSMC changes from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear.

Methods

In this study, we examined how VSMC responds under mechanical stress by using time-course microarray data. A three-phase study was proposed to investigate the stress-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VSMC. First, DEGs were identified by using the moderated t-statistics test. Second, more DEGs were inferred by using the Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM). Finally, the topological parameters-based method and cluster analysis approach were employed to predict the last batch of DEGs. To identify the potential drugs for vascular diseases involve VSMC proliferation, the drug-gene interaction database, Connectivity Map (cMap) was employed. Success of the predictions were determined using in-vitro data, i.e. MTT and clonogenic assay.

Results

Based on the differential expression calculation, at least 23 DEGs were found, and the findings were qualified by previous studies on VSMC. The results of gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the most often found enriched biological processes are cell-cycle-related processes. Furthermore, more stress-induced genes, well supported by literature, were found by applying graph theory to the gene association network (GAN). Finally, we showed that by processing the cMap input queries with a cluster algorithm, we achieved a substantial increase in the number of potential drugs with experimental IC50 measurements. With this novel approach, we have not only successfully identified the DEGs, but also improved the DEGs prediction by performing the topological and cluster analysis. Moreover, the findings are remarkably validated and in line with the literature. Furthermore, the cMap and DrugBank resources were used to identify potential drugs and targeted genes for vascular diseases involve VSMC proliferation. Our findings are supported by in-vitro experimental IC50, binding activity data and clinical trials.

Conclusion

This study provides a systematic strategy to discover potential drugs and target genes, by which we hope to shed light on the treatments of VSMC proliferation associated diseases.
An early bothremydid (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Utah, North America
Authors: Joyce Walter G. , Lyson Tyler R. , Kirkland James I.
Published: September 2016

Background

Bothremydidae is a clade of extinct pleurodiran turtles known from the Cretaceous to Paleogene of Africa, Europe, India, Madagascar, and North and South America. The group is most diverse during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene of Africa. Little is known, however, about the early evolution of the group.

Methods

We here figure and describe a fossil turtle from early Late Cretaceous deposits exposed at MacFarlane Mine in Cedar Canyon, southwestern Utah, USA. The sediments associated with the new turtle are utilized to infer its stratigraphic provenience and the depositional settings in which it was deposited. The fossil is compared to previously described fossil pleurodires, integrated into a modified phylogenetic analysis of pelomedusoid turtles, and the biogeography of bothremydid turtles is reassessed. In light of the novel phylogenetic hypotheses, six previously established taxon names are converted to phylogenetically defined clade names to aid communication.

Results

The new fossil turtle can be inferred with confidence to have originated from a brackish water facies within the late Cenomanian Culver Coal Zone of the Naturita Formation. The fossil can be distinguished from all other previously described pleurodires and is therefore designated as a new taxon,Paiutemys tibertgen. et. sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon as sister to the EuropeanPolysternon provinciale,Foxemys trabantiandFoxemys mechinorumat the base of Bothremydinae. Biogeographic analysis suggests that bothremydids originated as continental turtles in Gondwana, but that bothremydines adapted to near-shore marine conditions and therefore should be seen as having a circum-Atlantic distribution.
Influence of age and sex on winter site fidelity of sanderlingsCalidris alba
Authors: Lourenço Pedro M. , Alves José A. , Reneerkens Jeroen , Loonstra AH Jelle , Potts Peter M. , Granadeiro José P. , Catry Teresa
Published: September 2016

Many migratory bird species show high levels of site fidelity to their wintering sites, which confers advantages due to prior knowledge, but may also limit the ability of the individual to move away from degrading sites or to detect alternative foraging opportunities. Winter site fidelity often varies among age groups, but sexual differences have seldom been recorded in birds. We studied a population of individually colour-marked sanderlings wintering in and around the Tejo estuary, a large estuarine wetland on the western coast of Portugal. For 160 individuals, sighted a total of 1,249 times between November 2009 and March 2013, we calculated the probability that they moved among five distinct wintering sites and how this probability is affected by distance between them. To compare site fidelity among age classes and sexes, as well as within the same winter and over multiple winters, we used a Site Fidelity Index (SFI). Birds were sexed using a discriminant function based on biometrics of a large set of molecularly sexed sanderlings (n= 990). The vast majority of birds were observed at one site only, and the probability of the few detected movements between sites was negatively correlated with the distance among each pair of sites. Hardly any movements were recorded over more than 15 km, suggesting small home ranges. SFI values indicated that juveniles were less site-faithful than adults which may reflect the accumulated knowledge and/or dominance of older animals. Among adults, females were significantly less site faithful than males. A sexual difference in winter site fidelity is unusual in shorebirds. SFI values show site-faithfulness is lower when multiple winters were considered, and most birds seem to chose a wintering site early in the season and use that site throughout the winter. Sanderlings show a very limited tendency to explore alternative wintering options, which might have implications for their survival when facing habitat change or loss (e.g., like severe beach erosion as can be the case at one of the study sites).
Early-Life Risk Factors for Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Carotid Stiffness in Adolescence
Authors: van der Linden Isabelle A. , Roodenburg Rozan , Nijhof Sanne L. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Venekamp Roderick P. , van der Laan Sabine E. I. , Schipper Henk S.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Atherogenesis starts during childhood, making childhood and adolescence an important window of opportunity to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease later in life.

Objective

To identify early-life risk factors for preclinical atherosclerosis in adolescence.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study is part of the ongoing Wheezing Illness Study in Leidsche Rijn (WHISTLER) prospective birth cohort study, which includes 3005 healthy newborns born between December 2001 and December 2012 in the Leidsche Rijn area of Utrecht, the Netherlands. Eligible participants included those from the WHISTLER cohort who visited the clinic between March 2019 and October 2020 for adolescent follow-up. This study’s analyses were performed in January 2024.

Exposures

Early-life growth was assessed at birth to 6 months, 5 years, and 12 to 16 years. Abdominal ultrasonography determined abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depth. Blood pressure (BP) percentiles and body mass index (BMI) z scores were used.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Carotid ultrasonography was performed at age 12 to 16 years to assess carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and the distensibility coefficient (DC), established measures of preclinical atherosclerosis. Multivariable linear regression models were used to identify early-life risk factors for cIMT and DC in adolescence.

Results

In total, 232 adolescents (median [IQR] age, 14.9 [13.7-15.8] years; 121 female [52.2%]) were included. More postnatal weight gain (B = 12.34; 95% CI, 2.39 to 22.39), higher systolic BP at 5 years (B = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.02 to 1.01), more VAT at 5 years (B = 3.48; 95% CI, 1.55 to 5.40), and a larger change in VAT between 5 and 12 to 16 years (B = 3.13; 95% CI, 1.87 to 4.39) were associated with a higher cIMT in adolescence. A higher BMI (B = −2.70, 95% CI,−4.59 to −0.80) and VAT at 5 years (B = −0.56; 95% CI, −0.87 to −0.25), as well as a larger change in BMI between 5 and 12 to 16 years (B = −3.63; 95% CI, −5.66 to −1.60) were associated with a higher carotid stiffness in adolescence. On the contrary, a larger change in SAT between 5 and 12 to 16 years (B = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.58) was associated with a higher carotid DC in adolescence.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of 232 participants, early-life growth parameters, and particularly abdominal VAT development, were associated with a higher cIMT and carotid stiffness in adolescence. These findings suggest that assessment of adipose tissue development during childhood can aid characterization of lifetime risk trajectories and tailoring of cardiovascular prevention and risk management strategies.
Carbohydrate response element‐binding protein (ChREBP) mediates decreased SNAP25 expression in islets from diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats
Authors: Hu Anyi , Lan Hongyan , Yao Zilai , Kong Xiangchen
Published: September 2024

SNAP25 plays an essential role in the glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic β‐cells. Carbohydrate response element‐binding protein (ChREBP) is an important transcription factor in β‐cells and, in this study, we aimed to explore whether ChREBP regulates SNAP25 expression in β‐cells. We show that diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats exhibited impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycemia, along with decreased SNAP25 expression and ChREBP phosphorylation in islets. SNAP25 knockdown decreased GSIS in β‐cells, while SNAP25 overexpression increased GSIS in β‐cells. Activation or overexpression of ChREBP led to reduced SNAP25 expression and subsequent suppression of GSIS. Conversely, ChREBP knockdown mitigated the reduction in SNAP25 expression caused by high glucose. Mechanistically, the activation of ChREBP by high glucose increased its occupancy and decreased the level of H3K4me3 at the Snap25 promoter. Our findings reveal the novel regulatory mechanisms of SNAP25 expression in β‐cells and suggest that SNAP25 may be involved in the regulation of β‐cell secretory function controlled by ChREBP.
Thermoplastic Elastomers and Their Physical Gels Electrospun into Tunable Microfibrous Nonwoven Mats: Structure Formation and Property Enhancement
Authors: Shamsi Mohammad , Wells Kacie M. , Yan Jiaqi , Dickey Michael D. , Spontak Richard J.
Published: September 2024

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on styrenic block copolymers constitute excellent examples of self‐networking macromolecules that are employed in a wide range of contemporary technologies as molded parts. In such applications, these TPEs exist as dense (nonporous) films or other shapes. Here, it is first demonstrated that a series of commercial TPEs possessing comparable compositions can be electrospun from solution to form microfibers that are arranged into nonwoven mats that are breathable. An important consideration for microfiber formation is the copolymer molecular weight, which regulates i) the viscosity of the parent solution prior to electrospinning, ii) the ability of these copolymers to self‐assemble during electrospinning, iii) the microfiber morphology, and iv) the mechanical properties of the resultant microfibers. The addition of a midblock‐selective aliphatic oil to these TPEs yields thermoplastic elastomer gels (TPEGs), wherein the copolymer morphology and mechanical properties become highly composition‐tunable. Electrospinning TPEGs from a binary oil+solvent solution introduces a micelle inversion mechanism that begins with an oil‐rich micellar core and ends with a styrene‐rich micellar core, required for network stabilization, as the solvent dries during microfiber solidification. This work has implications for the production of controllably low‐modulus microfibrous materials possessing modestly improved toughness but exceptional extensibility and enhanced optical transparency.
Two‐Junction Model in Different Percolation Regimes of Silver Nanowires Networks
Authors: Diaz Schneider Juan Ignacio , Quinteros Cynthia P. , Levy Pablo , Martínez Eduardo D.
Published: September 2024

Random networks offer fertile ground for achieving complexity and criticality, both crucial for an unconventional computing paradigm inspired by biological brains' features. In this work, characterizing and modeling different electrical transport regimes of self‐assemblies of silver nanowires (AgNWs) are focused. As percolation plays an essential role in such a scenario, a broad range of areal density coverage is examined. Close‐to‐percolation realizations (usually used to demonstrate neuromorphic computing capabilities) have high pristine resistance and require an electrical activation. Until now, highly conductive over‐percolated systems (commonly used in electrode fabrication technology) have not been thoroughly considered for hardware‐based neuromorphic applications, even though biological systems exhibit such an extremely high degree of interconnections. Here, it is shown that high current densities in over‐percolated low‐resistance AgNW networks induce a fuse‐type process, allowing a switching operation. Such electro‐fusing discriminates between weak and robust NW‐to‐NW links and enhances the role of filamentary junctions. Their reversible resistive switching enable different conductive paths exhibiting linear I–V features. Both percolation regimes are experimentally studied and proposed a model comprising two types of junctions that can describe, through numerical simulations, the overall behavior and observed phenomenology. These findings reveal a potential interplay of functionalities of neuromorphic systems and transparent electrodes.
Molecular Engineering of Donor/π‐Bridge Enables High‐Efficiency and Long‐Lifetime Near‐Infrared TADF‐OLEDs
Authors: Dai Yu , Xu Jingyi , Lei Xiongyan , Meng Qing‐Yu , Qiao Juan
Published: September 2024

The development of high‐efficiency near‐infrared (NIR) organic emitters has been severely constrained by strong and unavoidable non‐radiative decay governed by the “energy gap law”, which leads to low emission efficiencies and limited options for molecular design. Herein, comparative studies are performed on six‐ and five‐membered π‐bridge and a novel benzo[b]thiophene‐based donor is designed through elaborate molecular engineering, which outperforms widely‐used triphenylamine derivatives in constructing NIR thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. The benzo[b]thiophene donor/π‐bridge endows the newly synthesized molecule tBTAP with multiple advantages, including longer emission wavelength and enhanced oscillator strength compared with thiophene‐free triphenylamine donor, and suppressed high‐frequency vibrations compared with thiophene‐inserted donor. Consequently, tBTAP doped and nondoped films display pure NIR emission at peak wavelengths of 795 nm and 854 nm with state‐of‐the‐art photoluminescence quantum yields of 17.9 ± 0.3% and 4.6 ± 0.4%. The corresponding NIR OLEDs demonstrate record‐high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 3.64% (796 nm) and 1.20% (867 nm). Most importantly, nondoped device exhibits record‐long operational lifetime (LT97) of over 2150 h at 10 mA cm−2 for NIR OLEDs. This study signifies an advance in molecular engineering by designing alternative donor/π‐bridge structure, breaking through the bottleneck in developing high‐performance NIR organic emitters and devices toward practical applications.
Potential‐Driven Porous Red Phosphorus‐Powered Fully Integrated Arrays for High‐Throughput Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing
Authors: Liu Lingbo , Hao Junxing , Wu Kangbing
Published: September 2024

Red phosphorus (RP), as a talented semiconductor, is widely employed in the field of photocatalysis owing to its superior stability and optical properties. However, RP's inherent poor conductivity and rapid carriers’ recombination significantly impede its efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Herein, non‐homogeneous porous RP particles (NPRPs) are prepared via a ball milling‐assisted hydrothermal strategy, which provides more chemical reaction sites and fast carriers transportation rates for sensitive PEC sensing. Experiments and computational findings reveal that NPRPs incorporating oxygen doping possess staggered energy band structures along with potential driving forces, which synergistically promote the separation and migration of carriers. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes are introduced to bridge the NPRPs for constructing a conductive network, and a uniform and fully‐integrated photoelectrode array is custom‐made in batches through zonal template‐filtration. As an illustration, aptamer‐mediated PEC sensors for trace amoxicillin (AMO, an artificial antibiotic) in various samples exhibit ultra‐high sensitivity (0.43 nm) and robust selectivity. Such a PEC aptasensing prototype based on NPRPs arrays, with tunable detection throughput, holds great potential for rapid and on‐site screening of massive specimens. More meaningfully, this study offers an innovative paradigm for elemental semiconductors to efficiently transport carriers in the photoelectrocatalytic applications.
Antimicrobial Biomaterials Based on Physical and Physicochemical Action
Authors: Nowotnick Adrian G. , Xi Zhongqian , Jin Zhaorui , Khalatbarizamanpoor Sadaf , Brauer Delia S. , Löffler Bettina , Jandt Klaus D.
Published: September 2024

Developing effective antimicrobial biomaterials is a relevant and fast‐growing field in advanced healthcare materials. Several well‐known (e.g., traditional antibiotics, silver, copper etc.) and newer (e.g., nanostructured, chemical, biomimetic etc.) approaches have been researched and developed in recent years and valuable knowledge has been gained. However, biomaterials associated infections (BAIs) remain a largely unsolved problem and breakthroughs in this area are sparse. Hence, novel high risk and potential high gain approaches are needed to address the important challenge of BAIs. Antibiotic free antimicrobial biomaterials that are largely based on physical action are promising, since they reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and tolerance. Here, selected examples are reviewed such antimicrobial biomaterials, namely switchable, protein‐based, carbon‐based and bioactive glass, considering microbiological aspects of BAIs. The review shows that antimicrobial biomaterials mainly based on physical action are powerful tools to control microbial growth at biomaterials interfaces. These biomaterials have major clinical and application potential for future antimicrobial healthcare materials without promoting microbial tolerance. It also shows that the antimicrobial action of these materials is based on different complex processes and mechanisms, often on the nanoscale. The review concludes with an outlook and highlights current important research questions in antimicrobial biomaterials.
The Efficient Coupling between MgAlTi Layered Double Hydroxides and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Boosts Vis Light‐Assisted Photocatalytic NOx Removal
Authors: Marín Laura , Benedet Mattia , Maccato Chiara , Rizzi Gian Andrea , Lebedev Oleg I. , Pavlovic Ivana , Sánchez Luis , Barreca Davide
Published: September 2024

Atmospheric pollution has been recognized as a primary global emergency, especially in large cities and industrial areas. Among the most common harmful pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are responsible for a plethora of adverse effects, and their effective elimination from air has become an imperative task. In this regard, photocatalysis stands as an attractive technology for NOx degradation, provided that low‐cost and efficient visible ‐light photocatalysts are developed. In this regard, the construction of heterojunctions between energy band‐matched semiconductors is an effective strategy to boost the ultimate material photoactivity. In the present study, green heterocomposites based on MgAlTi layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) are prepared using an amenable and cost‐effective route. A proper modulation of the system characteristics, as demonstrated by a comprehensive investigation, enabled to obtain very attractive DeNOx performances thanks to the efficient construction of MgAlTi/gCN heterojunctions with tailored features. The formation of the target heterocomposites significantly enhances the visible light photoactivity of the pristine LDH, boosting nitrogen monoxide transformation to nitrites/nitrates with a remarkable recycling stability. Overall, the presently reported results open the door to a profitable system exploitation for air purification under real‐world conditions, with considerable impact on both human wellbeing and environmental protection.
Blockade of CCR5+ T Cell Accumulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Optimizes Anti‐TGF‐β/PD‐L1 Bispecific Antibody
Authors: Yi Ming , Li Tianye , Niu Mengke , Wu Yuze , Zhao Bin , Shen Zhuoyang , Hu Shengtao , Zhang Chaomei , Zhang Xiaojun , Zhang Jing , Yan Yongxiang , Zhou Pengfei , Chu Qian , Dai Zhijun , Wu Kongming
Published: September 2024

In the previous studies, anti‐TGF‐β/PD‐L1 bispecific antibody YM101 is demonstrated, with superior efficacy to anti‐PD‐L1 monotherapy in multiple tumor models. However, YM101 therapy can not achieve complete regression in most tumor‐bearing mice, suggesting the presence of other immunosuppressive elements in the tumor microenvironment (TME) beyond TGF‐β and PD‐L1. Thoroughly exploring the TME is imperative to pave the way for the successful translation of anti‐TGF‐β/PD‐L1 BsAb into clinical practice. In this work, scRNA‐seq is employed to comprehensively profile the TME changes induced by YM101. The scRNA‐seq analysis reveals an increase in immune cell populations associated with antitumor immunity and enhances cell‐killing pathways. However, the analysis also uncovers the presence of immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells in the TME after YM101 treatment. To overcome this hurdle, YM101 is combined with Maraviroc, a widely used CCR5 antagonist for treating HIV infection, suppressing CCR5+ T cell accumulation, and optimizing the immune response. Mechanistically, YM101‐induced neutrophil activation recruits immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells via CCR5 ligand secretion, creating a feedback loop that diminishes the antitumor response. Maraviroc then cleared these infiltrating cells and offset YM101‐mediated immunosuppressive effects, further unleashing the antitumor immunity. These findings suggest selectively targeting CCR5 signaling with Maraviroc represents a promising and strategic approach to enhance YM101 efficacy.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triphospholenes, 1,2‐Diphosphetes, and Unsymmetric Phospholes by Rhodium‐catalyzed Cleavage of P−P Bonds and Addition to Alkynes
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Otsuka Hiiro , Idogawa Tomoko , Sawahata Kyosuke , Kawai Yasutaka
Published: September 2024

The rhodium‐catalyzed addition reaction of cyclo‐(PPh)5 to alkynes in refluxing THF efficiently provide 1,2,3‐triphospholenes, in which the –PPh–PPh–PPh– group is transferred from cyclo‐(PPh)5 by the cleavage of P−P bonds. In refluxing chlorobenzene, the reactions are accompanied by the formation of 1,2‐diphosphetes. When the triphospholenes containing P−P bonds are reacted with reactive alkynes under rhodium‐catalyzed conditions, unsymmetric phospholes are obtained. The rhodium‐catalyzed reactions can be used to synthesize various phosphorus‐containing heterocycles with different numbers of phosphorus atoms.