bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NKX2-1-AS1 negatively regulates CD274/PD-L1, cell-cell interaction genes, and limits human lung carcinoma cell migration
Authors: Kathuria Hasmeena , Millien Guetchyn , McNally Liam , Gower Adam C. , Tagne Jean-Bosco , Cao Yuxia , Ramirez Maria I.
Published: September 2018

The function of most long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is unknown. However, recent studies reveal important roles of lncRNAs in regulating cancer-related pathways. Human antisense lncRNA-NKX2-1-AS1 partially overlaps the NKX2-1/TTF1 gene within chromosomal region 14q13.3. Amplification of this region and/or differential expression of genes therein are associated with cancer progression. Herein we show higher levels of NKX2-AS1 and NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinomas relative to non-tumor controls but no correlation between NKX2-1-AS1 and NKX2-1 levels across specimens, or with amplification of the 14q13.3 region, suggesting that NKX2-1-AS1 and NKX2-1 are independently regulated. Loss-and-gain of function experiments showed that NKX2-1-AS1 does not regulate NKX2-1 expression, or nearby genes, but controls genes in trans. Genes up-regulated by NKX2-1-AS1-knockdown belong to cell adhesion and PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint pathways. NKX2-1-AS1 negatively regulates endogenous CD274/PD-L1, a known target of NKX2-1, and the transcriptional activity of -1kb-CD274 promoter-reporter construct. Furthermore, NKX2-1-AS1 interferes with NKX2-1 protein binding to the CD274-promoter, likely by NKX2-1 protein-NKX2-1-AS1 interactions. Finally, NKX2-1-AS1 negatively regulates cell migration and wound healing, but not proliferation or apoptosis. These findings support potential roles of NKX2-1-AS1 in limiting motility and immune system evasion of lung carcinoma cells, highlighting a novel mechanism that may influence tumorigenic capabilities of lung epithelial cells.
Biomimetic matrices for rapidly forming mineralized bone tissue based on stem cell-mediated osteogenesis
Authors: Carvalho Marta S. , Poundarik Atharva A. , Cabral Joaquim M. S. , da Silva Cláudia L. , Vashishth Deepak
Published: September 2018

Bone regeneration, following fracture, relies on autologous and allogenic bone grafts. However, majority of fracture population consists of older individuals with poor quality bone associated with loss and/or modification of matrix proteins critical for bone formation and mineralization. Allografts suffer from same limitations and carry the risk of delayed healing, infection, immune rejection and eventual fracture. In this work, we apply a synergistic biomimetic strategy to develop matrices that rapidly form bone tissue - a critical aspect of fracture healing of weight bearing bones. Collagen matrices, enhanced with two selected key matrix proteins, osteocalcin (OC) and/or osteopontin (OPN), increased the rate and quantity of synthesized bone matrix by increasing mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) proliferation, accelerating osteogenic differentiation, enhancing angiogenesis and showing a sustained bone formation response from MSC obtained from a variety of human tissue sources (marrow, fat and umbilical cord).In vivoassessment of OC/OPN mineralized scaffolds in a critical sized-defect rabbit long-bone model did not reveal any foreign body reaction while bone tissue was being formed. We demonstrate a new biomimetic strategy to rapidly form mineralized bone tissue and secure a sustained bone formation response by MSC from multiple sources, thus facilitating faster patient recovery and treatment of non-union fractures in aging and diseased population. Acellular biomimetic matrices elicit bone regeneration response from MSC, obtained from multiple tissue sources, and can be used in variety of scaffolds and made widely available.
Evolution, and functional analysis of Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMPs) from Theobroma cacao and their role in cadmium accumulation
Authors: Ullah Ihsan , Wang Yirong , Eide David J. , Dunwell Jim M.
Published: September 2018

The presence of the toxic metal cadmium (Cd2+) in certain foodstuffs is recognised as a global problem, and there is increasing legislative pressure to reduce the content of Cd in food. The present study was conducted on cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, and one of the crops known to accumulate Cd in certain conditions. There are a range of possible genetic and agronomic methods being tested as a route to such reduction. As part of a gene-based approach, we focused on the Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMPS), a family of proton/metal transporter proteins that are evolutionarily conserved across all species from bacteria to humans. The plant NRAMP gene family are of particular importance as they are responsible for uptake of the nutritionally vital divalent cations Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, as well as Cd2+. We identified the five NRAMP genes in cacao, sequenced these genes and studied their expression in various organs. We then confirmed the expression patterns in response to variation in nutrient cation availability and addition of Cd2+. Functional analysis by expression in yeast provided evidence that NRAMP5 encoded a protein capable of Cd2+ transport, and suggested this gene as a target for genetic selection/modification.
Cell type-specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the nucleus accumbens potentiates stimulus-reward learning in mice
Authors: Bin Saifullah Md. Ali , Nagai Taku , Kuroda Keisuke , Wulaer Bolati , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Kaibuchi Kozo , Yamada Kiyofumi
Published: September 2018

Medium spiny neurons (MSN) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are a fundamental component of various aspects of motivated behavior. Although mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays a crucial role in several types of learning, the cell type-specific role of MAPK pathway in stimulus-reward learning and motivation remains unclear. We herein investigated the role of MAPK in accumbal MSNs in reward-associated learning and memory. During the acquisition of Pavlovian conditioning, the number of phosphorylated MAPK1/3-positive cells was increased significantly and exclusively in the NAc core by 7-days of extensive training. MAPK signaling in the respective D1R- and D2R-MSNs was manipulated by transfecting an adeno-associated virus (AAV) plasmid into the NAc of Drd1a-Cre and Drd2-Cre transgenic mice. Potentiation of MAPK signaling shifted the learning curve of Pavlovian conditioning to the left only in Drd1a-Cre mice, whereas such manipulation in D2R-MSNs had negligible effects. In contrast, MAPK manipulation in D2R-MSNs of the NAc core significantly increased motivation for food rewards as found in Drd1a-Cre mice. These results suggest that MAPK signaling in the D1R-MSNs of NAc core plays an important role in stimulus-reward learning, while MAPK signaling in both D1R- and D2R-MSNs is involved in motivation for natural rewards.
Reversible two-state folding of the ultrafast protein gpW under mechanical force
Authors: Schönfelder Jörg , De Sancho David , Berkovich Ronen , Best Robert B. , Muñoz Victor , Perez-Jimenez Raul
Published: September 2018

Ultrafast folding proteins have limited cooperativity and thus are excellent models to resolve, via single-molecule experiments, the fleeting molecular events that proteins undergo during folding. Here we report single-molecule atomic force microscopy experiments on gpW, a protein that, in bulk, folds in a few microseconds over a marginal folding barrier (∼1 kBT). Applying pulling forces of only 5 pN, we maintain gpW in quasi-equilibrium near its mechanical unfolding midpoint and detect how it interconverts stochastically between the folded and an extended state. The interconversion pattern is distinctly binary, indicating that, under an external force, gpW (un)folds over a significant free-energy barrier. Using molecular simulations and a theoretical model we rationalize how force induces such barrier in an otherwise downhill free-energy surface. Force-induced folding barriers are likely a general occurrence for ultrafast folding biomolecules studied with single-molecule force spectroscopy.
Simple lateral flow assays for microbial detection in stool
Authors: Henderson Wendy A. , Xiang Lichen , Fourie Nicolaas H. , Abey Sarah K. , Ferguson Eric G. , Diallo Ana F. , Kenea Natnael D. , Kim Chang Hee
Published: September 2018

Minimal sample preparation, amplification-free detection of DNA at the point-of-need.
Monitoring ADP and ATP in vivo using a fluorescent Ga(iii)-probe complex
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Jiang Yuqian , Xiao Nao
Published: September 2018

A naphthol-based probe for the selective sensing of Ga(iii) and the secondary monitoring of ADP and ATP by a Ga(iii)-probe complex.
Co-assembling FRET nanomedicine with self-indicating drug release
Authors: Li Yang , Zhu Jiao , Kang Tianyi , Chen Yuwen , Liu Yu , Huang Yulan , Luo Yi , Huang Meijuan , Gou Maling
Published: September 2018

Two lipophilic fluorescent prodrugs co-assembled into FRET nanoaggregates to monitor drug release in a visualized, noninvasive manner.
A semiconducting metal-chalcogenide–organic framework with square-planar tetra-coordinated sulfur
Authors: Yang Huajun , Luo Min , Wu Zhou , Wang Wei , Xue Chaozhuang , Wu Tao
Published: September 2018

A semiconducting metal-chalcogenide–organic framework with square-planar tetra-coordinated sulfur is reported.
Narrow-band blue emitting nitridomagnesosilicate phosphor Sr8Mg7Si9N22:Eu2+for phosphor-converted LEDs
Authors: Li Chao , Zheng Hong-Wei , Wei Heng-Wei , Su Jie , Liao Fu-Hui , Zhang Zhen-Yi , Xu Ling , Yang Zu-Pei , Wang Xiao-Ming , Jiao Huan
Published: September 2018

We report a novel narrow-band blue emitting phosphor Sr7.92Mg7Si9N22:0.08Eu2+.
Expanded campestarene hosts for tetra- and dinuclear uranyl(vi) complexes
Authors: Chaudhry Mohammad T. , Lelj Francesco , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: September 2018

Expanded campestarene macrocycles with keto–enamine structures host dinuclear and tetranuclear hydroxo-bridged uranyl(vi) clusters in their interiors.
Surface morphologies of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes induced by trivalent salt ions
Authors: Hao Qing-Hai , Xia Gang , Tan Hong-Ge , Chen Er-Qiang , Yang Shuang
Published: September 2018

Both lateral separated surface patterns and radial separated structures of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes are induced by trivalent salt ions.
Ab initiointeratomic potentials and transport properties of alkali metal (M = Rb and Cs)–rare gas (Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) media
Authors: Medvedev Alexander A. , Meshkov Vladimir V. , Stolyarov Andrey V. , Heaven Michael C.
Published: September 2018

The ground state M–Rg (M = Rb,Cs; Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) interatomic potentials areab initiocalculated and used to estimate diffusion coefficients of M atoms in Rg media.
Carbon nitrides and metal nanoparticles: from controlled synthesis to design principles for improved photocatalysis
Authors: Teixeira Ivo F. , Barbosa Eduardo C. M. , Tsang Shik Chi Edman , Camargo Pedro H. C.
Published: September 2018

This review discusses synthetic strategies, photocatalytic applications, charge-transfer mechanisms, and design principles in hybrids composed of g-C3N4and metal nanoparticles.
N,S-Atom-coordinated Co9S8 trinary dopants within a porous graphene framework as efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions
Authors: Li Yi , Zhou Yazhou , Wen Hejing , Yang Juan , Maouche Chanez , Liu Qinqin , Wu Yunyan , Cheng Chao , Zhu Jia , Cheng Xiaonong
Published: September 2018

The polymer of MFR was used to fabricate Co9S8 encased in N,S-codoped graphene, which showed comparable electrocatalytic performance to Pt/C and RuO2.
Electrochemically activated solid synthesis: an alternative solid-state synthetic method
Authors: Liu Junnan , Andersen Henrik Lyder , Al Bahri Othman K. , Bhattacharyya Saroj , Rawal Aditya , Brand Helen E. A. , Sharma Neeraj
Published: September 2018

Electrochemical discharge followed by thermal treatments leads to the generation of unconventional phases upon heating, an alternative synthetic route.
N-Alkyl calix[4]azacrowns for the selective extraction of uranium
Authors: Wehbie Moheddine , Arrachart Guilhem , Le Goff Xavier F. , Karamé Iyad , Pellet-Rostaing Stéphane
Published: September 2018

Novel N-substituted calix[4]azacrown extractants display selective extraction properties in regards to uranium from sulfuric acid solution.
Enhanced charge extraction with all-carbon electrodes for inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells
Authors: Liao Guoqing , Zhao Yuanyuan , Duan Jialong , Yuan Haiwen , Wang Yudi , Yang Xiya , He Benlin , Tang Qunwei
Published: September 2018

All-carbon electrodes are made by optimizing MWCNT and CB for inorganic CsPbBr3 PSCs, achieving a maximized 7.62% efficiency and improved stability.
Correlating fluorescence spectral properties with DOM molecular weight and size distribution in wastewater treatment systems
Authors: Xiao Kang , Shen Yuexiao , Sun Jianyu , Liang Shuai , Fan Huiju , Tan Jihua , Wang Xiaomao , Huang Xia , Waite T. David
Published: September 2018

By systematically exploring the EEM spectra, some fluorescence variables are found to correlate with the molecular weight/size (MW) levels of DOM and may usefully reflect the MW in wastewater treatment systems.
Biocarbon-templated synthesis of porous Ni–Co-O nanocomposites for room-temperature NH3 sensors
Authors: Liu Huan , Lv He , Kan Kan , Liu Yang , Zhang Weijun , Wang Yang , Ikram Muhammad , Du Lijuan , Shi Keying , Yu Hai-tao
Published: September 2018

Mesoporous nickel–cobalt oxide (Ni–Co-O) nanocomposites were fabricated using a mesoporous biocarbon material (BCM), resulting from hemp stem, as a template.
Coordination structure conversion of protonated bisporphyrinato terbium(iii) double-decker complexes and creation of a Kondo assembly by electron injection on the Au(111) surface
Authors: Inose Tomoko , Tanaka Daisuke , Liu Jie , Kajihara Mizu , Mishra Puneet , Ogawa Takuji , Komeda Tadahiro
Published: September 2018

A protonated bis(porphyrinato)terbium(iii) double-decker complex can be converted into a dehydrogenated neutral form by injecting tunnelling electrons.
A self-healing conductive and stretchable aligned carbon nanotube/hydrogel composite with a sandwich structure
Authors: Dai Shengping , Zhou Xiaoshuang , Wang Shuai , Ding Jianning , Yuan Ningyi
Published: September 2018

Self-healing conductive elastomers have emerged as a class of novel materials that are important for fabricating human-motion sensors, soft robots and healthcare monitoring systems.
A self-encapsulated porous Sb–C nanocomposite anode with excellent Na-ion storage performance
Authors: Pham Xuan-Manh , Ngo Duc Tung , Le Hang T. T. , Didwal Pravin N. , Verma Rakesh , Min Chan-Woo , Park Choong-Nyeon , Park Chan-Jin
Published: September 2018

In this study, a self-encapsulated Sb–C nanocomposite as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) was successfully synthesised using an SbCl3–citrate complex precursor, followed by a drying and calcination process under an inert N2 atmosphere.
An atomically precise all-tert-butylethynide-protected Ag51 superatom nanocluster with color tunability
Authors: Duan Guang-Xiong , Tian Lin , Wen Jun-Bo , Li Lan-Yun , Xie Yun-Peng , Lu Xing
Published: September 2018

An atomically precise all-tert-butylethynide-protected silver superatom nanocluster, Ag51(tBuCC)32, features a three-shell arrangement, Ag@Ag8/Ag6@Ag36@C24/C8, and exhibits a strong solvatochromic effect.
Piezo-phototronic mediated enhanced photodetection characteristics of plasmonic Au-g-C3N4/CdS/ZnO based hybrid heterojunctions on a flexible platform
Authors: Pal Sourabh , Bayan Sayan , Ray Samit K.
Published: September 2018

We have studied the piezo-phototronic induced enhancement in the photo-response of CdS/ZnO heterojunctions attached with plasmonic Au nanoparticle loaded 2D-graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4).
Magnolol dimer-derived fragments as PPARγ-selective probes
Authors: Dreier Dominik , Resetar Mirta , Temml Veronika , Rycek Lukas , Kratena Nicolas , Schnürch Michael , Schuster Daniela , Dirsch Verena M. , Mihovilovic Marko D.
Published: September 2018

Sesqui magnolol A & B have been found to be selective partial PPARγ agonists while truncated magnolol dimer acts as an antagonist.
Brønsted acid-catalysed regiodivergent phosphorylation of 2-indolylmethanols to synthesize benzylic site or C3-phosphorylated indole derivatives
Authors: Chen Long , Zou Yun-Xiang , Fang Xin-Yue , Wu Jie , Sun Xiao-Hua
Published: September 2018

A Brønsted acid catalyzed highly regiodivergent phosphorylation of 2-indolylmethanols with diarylphosphine oxides has been established, which provides an efficient protocol for accessing benzylic site or C3-phosphorylated indole derivatives with structural diversity.
A concise synthesis of (E)-3-aryl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazonines by aryne induced [2,3] Stevens rearrangement of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Pan Xuan , Ma Yantao , Liu Zhanzhu
Published: September 2018

(E)-3-Aryl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazonines were prepared in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivity via aryne induced [2,3] Stevens rearrangement.
Cobalt-based nanoparticles prepared from MOF–carbon templates as efficient hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Murugesan Kathiravan , Senthamarai Thirusangumurugan , Sohail Manzar , Alshammari Ahmad S. , Pohl Marga-Martina , Beller Matthias , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V.
Published: September 2018

Pyrolysis of cobalt-terephthalic acid MOF template on carbon produces highly active and selective cobalt nanoparticles-based hydrogenation catalysts.
An antiferromagnetic metalloring pyrazolate (Pz) framework with [Cu12(μ2-OH)12(Pz)12] nodes for separation of C2H2/CH4 mixture
Authors: Li Ziyin , Ye Yingxiang , Yao Zizhu , Guo Junzhi , Lin Quanjie , Zhang Jindan , Zhang Zhangjing , Wei Fangfang , Xiang Shengchang
Published: September 2018

An antiferromagnetic pyrazolate (Pz) MROF-12 with cyclic-type [Cu12(μ2-OH)12(Pz)12] clusters and new topology of the Schläfli symbol {460.66} was reported for the separation of C2H2/CH4 or CO2/CH4 mixture.
Versatile origami micro-supercapacitors array as a wind energy harvester
Authors: Gao Chang , Gao Jian , Shao Changxiang , Xiao Yukun , Zhao Yang , Qu Liangti
Published: September 2018

The voltage and current output of the polypyrrole/graphene-based micro-supercapacitors (PPyG-MSCs) array on paper can be well-regulated by directly folding the paper, and the PPyG-MSCs are also easily assembled onto the wind energy appliance by pressing the electrodes onto the leaves of the windmill to utilize and store the wind energy.
Realization of “warm” white light via halide substitution in polar two-dimensional hybrid perovskites (2meptH2)PbClxBr4−x
Authors: Wang Sasa , Yao Yunpeng , Wu Zhenyue , Peng Yu , Li Lina , Luo Junhua
Published: September 2018

A family of 2D hybrid perovskites that emit intrinsic broadband emissions with tunable photoluminescence from “cold” to “warm” white light.
Chloride treatment for highly efficient aqueous-processed CdTe nanocrystal-based hybrid solar cells
Authors: Yao Shiyu , Liu Leijing , Zeng Qingsen , Du Xiaohang , Im Chan , Liu Yi , Zhang Hao , Yang Bai , Cui Tian , Tian Wenjing
Published: September 2018

This work investigated the influence of chloride treatment on aqueous-processed CdTe nanocrystal-based hybrid solar cells.
Narrow-band red-emitting KZnF3:Mn4+fluoroperovskites: insights into electronic/vibronic transition and thermal quenching behavior
Authors: Hu Tao , Lin Hang , Lin Fulin , Gao Yan , Cheng Yao , Xu Ju , Wang Yuansheng
Published: September 2018

An in-depth study on a new red-emitting KZnF3:Mn4+fluoroperovskite reveals the electronic/vibronic transition, the local coordination environment, the multiple crystallographic site occupation, and the thermal quenching behavior, of Mn4+.
Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy involves overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β
Authors: Wu Wei , Liu Xingxing , Han Longfei
Published: September 2018

To evaluate the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotocin (STZ), and lithium chloride (LiCl) was used to decrease the expression of GSK-3β. Hematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining and the terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was conducted to evaluate the pathological injury and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes respectively. Western blot was applied to detect the protein expressions of Cleaved-caspase 3, caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2 in rat cardiomyocytes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to detect the gene expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), Akt, and GSK-3β in rat cardiomyocytes. DM-induced cardiomyocyte injuries, which were presented as capillary basement membrane thickening, interstitial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and necrosis in HE staining and increased apoptosis detected by TUNEL assay. When comparing with the control group, the mRNA expression of PI3K and Akt in DM group obviously decreased but the mRNA expression of GSK-3β obviously elevated (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of Cleaved-caspase 3/caspase 3 and Bax/Bcl-2 were notably increased in DM group compared with control group (P < 0.05). LiCl, as an inhibitor of GSK-3 apparently reduced the expression of GSK-3β mRNA (P < 0.05) but not the PI3K and Akt comparing with the DM group. LiCl also attenuated the myocardial injury and apoptosis induced by DM. The myocardial injury induced by DM is associated with the up-regulation of GSK-3β. LiCl inhibited the expression of GSK-3β and myocardial apoptosis in diabetic myocardium.
Broadband on‐chip contact pad to microstrip transition with low loss in SiGe BiCMOS technology
Authors: von Vangerow C. , Göttel B. , Müller D. , Zwick T.
Published: September 2018

A broadband, compact on‐chip contact pad to microstrip transition for use in silicon (Si) based technologies operating up to 330 GHz has been investigated and fabricated. The pad is designed as a short coplanar waveguide structure to concentrate the electrical field in the narrow gap between signal and ground pads, thus eliminating the need for a substrate shield while preserving low interaction with the lossy silicon substrate. The working principle is confirmed by electromagnetic field simulations using a detailed model of a high‐frequency measurement probe, which allows to investigate the field distribution with a realistic excitation source. The fabricated test structure with two transitions in a back‐to‐back configuration shows excellent broadband properties and insertion loss below 4.2 dB up to 330 GHz, making the proposed structure well suited for millimetre‐wave applications.
Performance modelling and analysis of Internet of Things enabled healthcare monitoring systems
Authors: El Kafhali Said , Salah Khaled
Published: September 2018

In a typical healthcare monitoring system, the cloud is the preferred platform to aggregate, store and analyse data collected from Medical Internet of Things (or MIoT) devices. However, remote cloud servers and storage can be a source of substantial delay. To overcome such delays, an intermediate layer of fog or edge nodes is used for localised processing and storage of MIoT data. To this end, an integrated architecture consisting of MIoT devices, fog and cloud computing has now become the most preferred solution for a healthcare monitoring system. In this study, we propose an analytical model of such a system and use it to show how to reduce the cost for computing resources while guaranteeing performance constraints. The proposed analytical model is based on network of queues and has the ability to estimate the minimum required number of computing resources to meet the service level agreement. The authors verify and cross‐validate the analytical model through Java modelling tools discrete event simulator. Results obtained from analysis and simulation show that the proposed model, under different workload conditions, can predict the system response time, and can accurately determine the number of computing resources needed for health data services to achieve desired performance.
ZVS three‐phase current‐fed push–pull converter employing a simple active‐clamp circuit for voltage step‐up applications
Authors: Wu Qunfang , Wang Qin , Li Jinbo , Wang Zhong
Published: September 2018

In this study, a new zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) three‐phase current‐fed push–pull converter is proposed for voltage step‐up applications such as interfacing between the low‐voltage high‐current input sources such as photovoltaic, fuel cells and high‐voltage dc bus. The proposed converter realises ZVS for all of the primary switches and zero‐current‐switching for secondary diodes that improves the conversion efficiency. In comparison with the existing three‐phase current‐fed push–pull converters with a voltage‐clamped, one simpler active‐clamp circuit is employed to reuse the leakage inductance for soft‐commutation and suppress the transient surge voltage enabling the use of low voltage‐rated switches with low on‐state resistance. The theoretical analysis, design guidelines, comparative study, experimental results and loss breakdown for this topology are presented in the text. Finally, a 1.2 kW prototype has been implemented and tested in the laboratory to verify the effectiveness of the proposed concept.
Passive ISAR part II: narrowband imaging
Authors: Garry Joseph Landon , Smith Graeme Edward
Published: September 2018

In part II of the passive inverse synthetic radar (P‐ISAR) sequence, implications of narrow signal bandwidths on image formation procedures are considered within the previously developed P‐ISAR framework of part I. Specifically, the case of single‐channel digital television imaging systems is evaluated. For average sized airborne targets illuminated with narrow signal bandwidths, the response is confined to one or two down‐range resolution cells, which has significant impact on both inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) resolutions and motion compensation procedures. Simulated results demonstrate that a non‐parametric autofocus method, phase gradient algorithm, does not necessarily converge to a properly focused image. Contrast and entropy metrics are also shown to be insufficient for the narrowband imaging case. A parametric Doppler centroid approach is proposed for phase compensation, with resulting imagery closely resembling clairvoyant reconstruction. Finally, the proposed architecture is evaluated in full‐scale experiments of commercial air targets, demonstrating the potential for discriminating large and small aircrafts.
Active distribution network with efficient utilisation of distributed generation ancillaryservices
Authors: Ampofo Desmond O. , Al‐Hinai Amer , El Moursi Mohamed
Published: September 2018

This study introduces an active distribution network with high penetration of inverter‐based distributed generations (IBDGs) to improve the steady state, dynamic and transient performance of the distribution network. The size and location of the IBDGs, capacitor bank, on‐load tap changers position and voltage regulator set points have been optimised to minimise the system losses, improve voltage profile and maximise the dynamic reactive power reserve. In addition to that, the adaptive master/slave roles are deployed in planning the active distribution network to achieve the best utilisation of each device based on its capability and response time in steady state, dynamic and transient operation. Indeed, the optimisation algorithm allows the IBDGs to operate in an inductive mode of operation during steady state resulted in maximising the dynamic reactive power reserve. Consequently, the IBDGs react with large dynamic margin in response to grid fault leading to enhanced voltage recovery and improved transient response. A comprehensive system optimisation and transient analysis are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the distribution network for enhancing the voltage profile, increasing the penetration level of renewable energy distributed generation, IBDGs, and improving the transient recovery in response to severe grid fault.
Extreme submillimetre starburst galaxies
Authors: Rowan-Robinson M. , Wang Lingyu , Farrah Duncan , Rigopoulou Dimitra , Gruppioni Carlotta , Vaccari Mattia , Marchetti Lucia , Clements David L. , Pearson William J.
Published: September 2018

We have used two catalogues, a Herschel catalogue selected at 500 μm (HerMES) and an IRAS catalogue selected at 60 μm (RIFSCz), to contrast the sky at these two wavelengths. Both surveys demonstrate the existence of “extreme” starbursts, with star-formation rates (SFRs) > 5000 M⊙ yr−1. The maximum intrinsic star-formation rate appears to be ~30 000 M⊙ yr−1. The sources with apparent SFR estimates higher than this are in all cases either lensed systems, blazars, or erroneous photometric redshifts. At redshifts between three and five, the time-scale for the Herschel galaxies to make their current mass of stars at their present rate of star formation is ~108 yr, so these galaxies are making a significant fraction of their stars in the current star-formation episode. Using dust mass as a proxy for gas mass, the Herschel galaxies at redshift three to five have gas masses comparable to their mass in stars. Of the 38 extreme starbursts in our Herschel survey for which we have more complete spectral energy distribution (SED) information, 50% show evidence for QSO-like optical emission, or exhibit AGN dust tori in the mid-infrared SEDs. In all cases however the infrared luminosity is dominated by a starburst component. We derive a mean covering factor for AGN dust as a function of redshift and derive black hole masses and black hole accretion rates. There is a universal ratio of black-hole mass to stellar mass in these high redshift systems of ~10−3, driven by the strong period of star-formation and black-hole growth at z = 1−5.
Kontrolliertes Trinken
Authors: Körkel Joachim
Published: September 2018

Alkoholabstinenz wird vielfach als einzige Möglichkeit angesehen, um exzessiven beziehungsweise abhängigen Alkoholkonsum zu überwinden. Die über 50-jährige
Forschung zum Kontrollierten Trinken belegt, dass auch eine Trinkmengenreduktion ein erreichbares und sinnvolles Behandlungsziel darstellen kann. Unser Autor
erläutert die Hintergründe der „Abstinenzzielmonopolisierung“ und den Behandlungsansatz des Kontrollierten Trinkens.
Einen inneren Ort der Geborgenheit gestalten
Authors: Saenger Ulrich
Published: September 2018

Ein vorgestellter Ort der Geborgenheit ermöglicht Patienten ein persönliches Refugium, in dem sie Erholung, Abgrenzung und Schutz erleben können. Diese imaginäre
Welt kann ihr Erleben und Auftreten in der äußeren Wirklichkeit äußerst positiv beeinflussen. Unser Autor beschreibt, welche strukturellen, persönlichen und
patientenbezogenen Voraussetzungen vor der Anwendung zu beachten sind und gibt detaillierte Anleitungen für Imaginationen in der Pflegepraxis.
Nichts ist endgültig
Authors: Lang Friederike
Published: September 2018

Im dritten und letzten Teil ihres Erfahrungsberichts schildert unsere Autorin, welche Rolle Medikamente und Psychotherapie bei ihrer Behandlung spielen, wie ihre
zwölfjährige Tochter mit der Erkrankung umgeht, was ihr Kraft in schweren Zeiten gibt – und warum weder emotionale Höhen noch Tiefen endgültig sind.
Gefangen im Netz
Authors: Montag Christian
Published: September 2018

Neben den vielen Möglichkeiten, die das Internet bietet, gibt es zunehmend mehr Schattenseiten aufgrund von „Digital überall“ – eine davon ist die Internetsucht.
Unser Autor gibt wissenschaftliche Einblicke in die komplexe Welt der Internet Use Disorder, erklärt deren Mechanismen und Ausprägungen und stellt
Behandlungsansätze vor.
Changes in Serum Immunoglobulin G4 Levels in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Graves’ Disease
Authors: Hiratsuka Izumi , Yamada Hiroya , Itoh Mitsuyasu , Shibata Megumi , Takayanagi Takeshi , Makino Masaki , Sugimura Yoshihisa , Hayakawa Nobuki , Hashimoto Shuji , Suzuki Atsushi
Published: September 2018

Objective Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated condition that can affect almost any organ. We investigated the association between IgG4-RD and the main characteristics of Graves’ disease (GD) at the time of diagnosis. Additionally, we evaluated whether serum IgG4 levels change during treatment.

Design and patients Twenty-eight patients with newly diagnosed GD were enrolled into this longitudinal follow-up study. Serum IgG4 levels and thyroid function were measured in all the participants at the time of diagnosis. Further, the serum IgG4 levels of nine of 28 patients with untreated GD were measured after the achievement of euthyroid state (through the use of methimazole).

Results Two (7.1%) of 28 patients with untreated GD had elevated serum IgG4 levels of >135 mg/dL. There was no significant difference in the average IgG4 levels before and after the achievement of euthyroid state (66.2±74.0 mg/dL vs. 50.5±47.3 mg/dL). In two patients, the elevated serum IgG4 levels returned to normal after treatment. However, one patient had an elevated serum IgG4 level of 136.6 mg/dL after treatment.

Conclusions This study showed that serum IgG4 levels varied with treatment in patients with GD, independent of thyroid function, suggesting that IgG4 might be indirectly related to GD.
Changes in Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Rather Than in Paraoxonase1 are Associated with Changes in the Leptin/Leptin Receptor Ratio in Obese Children During Weight-Loss Therapy
Authors: Gajewska Joanna , Chełchowska Magdalena , Ambroszkiewicz Jadwiga , Riahi Agnieszka , Weker Halina , Szamotulska Katarzyna
Published: September 2018

Background Oxidative stress and impaired production of adipokines in childhood obesity contribute to the development of obesity-related disorders. We assessed whether weight loss after lifestyle intervention alters biomarkers of oxidant/antioxidant status, and whether these alterations are associated with changes in anthropometric parameters and adipokines in obese children.

Materials and Methods We determined oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), anti ox-LDL, paraoxonase1 (PON1), leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin concentrations and body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in 60 prepubertal obese children (Body Mass Index, BMI Z-score>2) before and after a 3-month intervention. The control group consisted of 44 non-obese children (BMI Z-score<−1+1>).

Results Ox-LDL, ox-LDL/LDL, and anti ox-LDL concentrations as well as leptin to sOb-R ratio were reduced (p<0.001; p=0.018; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively) in obese children with weight loss (BMI Z-score change≤−0.5) after a 3-month therapy. These parameters were stable in the obese group without weight loss (BMI Z-score change>−0.5). Changes in ox-LDL and PON1 levels in all obese children correlated positively with changes in the leptin to sOB-R ratio (r=0.400, p=0.002; r=0.304, p=0.028, respectively). After adjustment for changes in BMI Z-score in the multivariate regression model, the association between the changes in ox-LDL levels and changes in the leptin/sOb-R ratio remained statistically significant (β=0.184, p=0.014).

Conclusions We found out that a 3-month lifestyle intervention associated with weight loss improves the oxidant/antioxidant balance and promotes anti-atherogenic changes in prepubertal obese children in a way dependent on the alterations in the leptin to sOB-R ratio.
Proteasome Inhibition with Bortezomib Induces Apoptosis of Long-Lived Plasma Cells in Steroid-Resistant or Relapsed Immune Thrombocytopaenia
Authors: Li Guosheng , Wang Shuang , Li Na , Liu Yang , Feng Qi , Zuo Xinyi , Li Xin , Hou Yu , Shao Linlin , Ma Chunhong , Gao Chengjiang , Hou Ming , Peng Jun
Published: September 2018

Primary immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) is the most common haemorrhagic disease. Although most patients respond initially to mainstream therapies, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants or rituximab, a large proportion of patients fail to respond or relapse. These treatments only affect B lymphocytes or short-lived plasma cells, but not already existing long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) which persistently secrete antibodies. We hypothesized that LLPCs may play a role in the corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed ITP patients, and bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, may act on plasma cells and offer a therapeutic effect. Although a significant difference in the proportion of CD19−CD38hiCD138+ total LLPCs was not observed by flow cytometry, a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay of sorted CD19−CD138+ LLPCs confirmed the existence of anti-platelet antibody-secreting LLPCs in ITP patients in contrast to healthy controls. Moreover, the LLPCs could be eliminated in the presence of bortezomib by ELISpot assay, which was also confirmed by flow cytometry. Accordingly, a modified monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen assay of sorted CD19−CD138+ LLPCs revealed that the concentration of anti-platelet antibodies decreased remarkably when cultured with 0.25 ng/mL bortezomib for 5 days. The apoptosis assay demonstrated that bortezomib could induce apoptosis of LLPCs in a concentration-dependent manner. The proteasome activity assay showed that bortezomib significantly reduced the proteasome activity in sorted CD19−CD138+ LLPCs. Furthermore, in active ITP murine models, bortezomib eliminated LLPCs in vivo and alleviated thrombocytopaenia. We conclude that LLPCs participate in the pathogenesis of ITP and bortezomib may have potential as a novel therapeutic regimen.
A laser scanning microscope executing intraframe polarization switching of the illumination beam
Authors: Kalita Ranjan , Goutam Buddha S. S. , Boruah Bosanta R.
Published: September 2018

The polarization of the illumination beam in a beam scanning microscope such as the confocal microscope plays an important role in extracting the orientational information of the molecules in the specimen. In this paper, we present the development of a beam scanning microscope comprising a custom designed optical arrangement to obtain images of the same target with different polarizations of the illumination beam. The optical arrangement, based on a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (FELCSLM), can generate homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous user defined polarization profiles over the cross-sectional area of the illumination beam. Here, we employ a computer generated holography technique and exploit the programmability of the FELCSLM display to considerably reduce the time gap between two successive illuminations of each location of the specimen with two different polarizations. We demonstrate the working of the beam scanning microscope where the polarization profile of the illumination beam is switched at the end of every line scanned, in contrast to a conventional beam scanning microscope where the polarization can be switched at the end of every frame scanned. Preliminary experimental results obtained using a polarization sensitive target confirm the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Electric current-driven spectral tunability of surface plasmon polaritons in gold coated tapered fibers
Authors: Lühder Tilman , Wieduwilt Torsten , Schneidewind Henrik , Schmidt Markus A.
Published: September 2018

Here we introduce the concept of electrically tuning surface plasmon polaritons using current-driven heat dissipation, allowing controlling plasmonic properties via a straightforward-to-access quantity. The key idea is based on an electrical current flowing through the plasmonic layer, changing plasmon dispersion and phase-matching condition via a temperature-imposed modification of the refractive index of one of the dielectric media involved. This scheme was experimentally demonstrated on the example of an electrically connected plasmonic fiber taper that has sensitivities >50000 nm/RIU. By applying a current, dissipative heat generated inside metal film heats the surrounding liquid, reducing its refractive index correspondingly and thus modifying the phase-matching condition to the fundamental taper mode. We observed spectral shifts of the plasmonic resonance up to 300 nm towards shorter wavelength by an electrical power of ≤ 80 mW, clearly showing that our concept is important for applications that demand precise real-time and external control on plasmonic dispersion and resonance wavelengths.
Fabrication and characterization of SnO2 nanorods for room temperature gas sensors
Authors: Sharma Amrit P. , Dhakal Pashupati , Pradhan Dhiren K. , Behera Makhes K. , Xiao Bo , Bahoura Messaoud
Published: September 2018

Highly sensitive large-scale tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructures were grown on a glass substrate by thermal evaporation of a mixture of anhydrous tin (II) chloride (SnCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) powders at 550°C in air. We demonstrate a single cell vapor deposition system to precisely control nanostructural morphology of SnO2 by changing the weight ratio of SnCl2 and ZnCl2 and growth temperature. The morphology and structural property of as-grown nanostructures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM images revealed that the SnO2 nanostructures with different densities, sizes, and shapes can be achieved by adjusting the weight ratio of SnCl2 and ZnCl2. A thin film gas sensor based on SnO2 nanostructures with diameter ∼20 nm and length ∼100 nm showed ∼85% sensitivity and 53 seconds of response time, whereas the nanorods with diameter ∼100 nm and length ∼ 1μm showed ∼50% sensitivity with 198 seconds response time. The nanostructured material with small size and shape showed better sensitivity on sensing at room temperature compared to previously reported SnO2 based sensors.
Rapid assessment of potential for development of large dams and irrigation across continental areas: application to northern Australia
Authors: Petheram C. , Gallant J. , Stone P. , Wilson P. , Read A.
Published: September 2018

Water scarcity in southern Australia and an imperative to develop regional economies have combined to renew focus on the potential for irrigated agricultural development in Australia’s largely undeveloped and sparsely populated north. More than 2 billion potential dam sites across northern Australia (an area of ~3 million km2) were assessed in a consistent and objective manner, using the DamSite model, in the largest comprehensive assessment of large dams undertaken globally. Simultaneous consideration was given to large dams and their proximity to land physically suited to the development of irrigated cropping and horticulture. We did not consider regulatory and land-ownership limitations on irrigation and dam development or social, environmental and economic considerations. Although these factors do and will constrain water and agricultural development in northern Australia, each requires a site-specific analysis, and these factors can potentially change with time.
Physical resources (soil, surface water, and topography suitable for large, in-stream dams) sufficient to support ~1.84 Mha of irrigated agriculture exist in northern Australia. This would require use of the entire yield from eight existing dams (including the Burdekin Falls and Ord River dams) and the construction of 117 new dams. A more financially attractive option could involve using water from 85 large dams (eight existing and 77 new dams) and a large number of reregulating structures (e.g. weirs) to irrigate 1.34 Mha of land suitable for irrigated agriculture. If realised, this would result in a ~50% increase in Australia’s area under irrigation. Approximately 50% of the potential 1.34 Mha of irrigated land in northern Australia (~670 000 ha) could be irrigated with ~20 of the more promising large dams, highlighting the declining marginal returns to dam construction and the benefits of strategic land and water resource planning. In reality, a range of regulatory, political and socio-economic factors will considerably constrain the upper physical limit to dam and irrigation development stated in this paper. They may also inevitably result in major developments occurring over longer timeframes than dam and irrigation developments of comparable scale in southern Australia during the 20th Century.
Alternative sources of water (e.g. groundwater, wetlands, waterholes) and water storage (e.g. gully dams, ringtanks, managed aquifer recharge) are physically capable of supplying smaller volumes of water than large dams, although each may have important roles to play in maximising the cost-effectiveness of water supply in northern Australia.
A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Vivanco Luis A.
Published: September 2018

Over 400 entries

This new dictionary provides concise, authoritative definitions for a range of concepts relating to cultural anthropology, as well as important findings and intellectual figures in the field. Entries include adaptation, kinship, scientific racism, and writing culture, providing its readers with a wide-ranging overview of the subject.

This accessibly written and engaging text presents anthropology as a dynamic and lively field of enquiry. Complemented by a global list of anthropological organizations, more than 15 figures and tables to illustrate the entries, and weblinks pointing to useful external sources, this is an essential text for undergraduates studying anthropology, and also serves those studying allied subjects such as politics, economics, geography, sociology, and gender studies.
6. Corporate governance—board structure and shareholder engagement
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses corporate governance in publicly traded companies with widely dispersed shareholdings. Most shareholders are not involved in the management and control of a company's affairs. Thus, a separation usually develops between those who collectively own the company through their combined shareholdings (the shareholders) and those who manage it (the directors). Problems can arise from this separation of ownership and control as distance from the day-to-day running of the business makes it difficult for shareholders to restrain any managerial excesses. The starting point of good corporate governance is internal mechanisms (such as shareholders' rights and board structures). The discussions cover the UK corporate governance code, corporate governance requirement, board committees, and shareholder engagement.