bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatments and outcomes in high‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Albright Benjamin B. , Ellett Tressa , Knochenhauer Hope E. , Goins Emily C. , Monuszko Karen A. , Kaplan Samantha J. , Previs Rebecca A. , Moss Haley A. , Havrilesky Laura J. , Davidson Brittany A.
Published: January 2023

Background

High‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is rare and treated with diverse approaches. Limited published institutional data has yet to be systematically reviewed.

Objectives

To compile global high‐risk GTN (prognostic score ≥7) cohorts to summarise treatments and outcomes by disease characteristics and primary chemotherapy.

Search Strategy

MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane were searched through March 2021.

Selection Criteria

Full‐text manuscripts reporting mortality among ≥10 high‐risk GTN patients.

Data Collection and Analysis

Binomial proportions were summed, and random‐effects meta‐analyses performed.

Main Results

From 1137 records, we included 35 studies, representing 20 countries. Among 2276 unique high‐risk GTN patients, 99.7% received chemotherapy, 35.8% surgery and 4.9% radiation. Mortality was 10.9% (243/2236; meta‐analysis: 10%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7–12%) and likelihood of complete response to primary chemotherapy was 79.7% (1506/1890; meta‐analysis: 78%, 95% CI: 74–83%). Across 24 reporting studies, modern preferred chemotherapy (EMA/CO or EMA/EP) was associated with lower mortality (overall: 8.8 versus 9.5%; comparative meta‐analysis: 8.1 versus 12.4%, OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20–0.90%, 14 studies) and higher likelihood of complete response (overall: 76.6 versus 72.8%; comparative meta‐analysis: 75.9 versus 60.7%, OR 2.98, 95% CI: 1.06–8.35%, 14 studies), though studies focused on non‐preferred regimens reported comparable outcomes. Mortality was increased for ultra‐high‐risk disease (30 versus 7.5% high‐risk; meta‐analysis OR 7.44, 95% CI: 4.29–12.9%) and disease following term delivery (20.8 versus 7.3% following molar pregnancy; meta‐analysis OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.10–6.31%). Relapse rate estimates ranged from 3 to 6%.

Conclusions

High‐risk GTN is responsive to several chemotherapy regimens, with EMA/CO or EMA/EP associated with improved outcomes. Mortality is increased in patients with ultra‐high‐risk, relapsed and post‐term pregnancy disease.
A nonsensory odorant‐binding protein plays an important role in the larval development and adult mating of Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Han Wei‐Kang , Tang Feng‐Xian , Yu Na , Zhang Yi‐Xi , Liu Ze‐Wen
Published: January 2023

Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) play key roles in the perception of semiochemicals in insects. Several OBPs in insect olfactory systems have been functionally characterized, and they provide excellent targets for pest control. The functions of some OBPs that are highly expressed in the nonsensory organs of insects remain unclear. Here, the physiological function of an OBP (OBP27) that was highly expressed in the nonsensory organs of Spodoptera frugiperda was studied. OBP27 was nested within the Plus‐C cluster according to phylogenetic analysis. The transcription of OBP27 steadily increased throughout the development of S. frugiperda, and transcripts of this gene were abundant in the fat body and male reproductive organs. An OBP27 knockout strain with an early frameshift mutation was obtained using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) system. The development time of OBP27−/− larvae was significantly longer than that of other larvae. Both male and female OBP27−/− pupae weighed significantly less than wild‐type (WT) pupae. In crosses of OBP27−/− males or females, the mating rate was lower and the mating duration was longer for OBP27−/− male–WT female pairs than for WT–WT pairs. By contrast, the mating rate, hatching rate, and number of eggs of OBP27−/− female–WT male pairs and WT–WT pairs were similar. These findings indicate that OBP27 plays an important role in the larval development and mating process in male adults. Generally, our findings provide new insights into the physiological roles of nonsensory OBPs.
Diamonds in the rough: Dryland microorganisms are ecological engineers to restore degraded land and mitigate desertification
Authors: Marasco Ramona , Ramond Jean‐Baptiste , Van Goethem Marc W. , Rossi Federico , Daffonchio Daniele
Published: January 2023

Our planet teeters on the brink of massive ecosystem collapses, and arid regions experience manifold environmental and climatic challenges that increase the magnitude of selective pressures on already stressed ecosystems. Ultimately, this leads to their aridification and desertification, that is, to simplified and barren ecosystems (with proportionally less microbial load and diversity) with altered functions and food webs and modification of microbial community network. Thus, preserving and restoring soil health in such a fragile biome could help buffer climate change's effects. We argue that microorganisms and the protection of their functional properties and networks are key to fight desertification. Specifically, we claim that it is rational, possible and certainly practical to rely on native dryland edaphic microorganisms and microbial communities as well as dryland plants and their associated microbiota to conserve and restore soil health and mitigate soil depletion in newly aridified lands. Furthermore, this will meet the objective of protecting/stabilizing (and even enhancing) soil biodiversity globally. Without urgent conservation and restoration actions that take into account microbial diversity, we will ultimately, and simply, not have anything to protect anymore.
Resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiaes.l. from the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania: synergists, oxidases and susceptibility to malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum)
Authors: Sued Rajabu M. , Ng'habi Kija , Kidima Winifrida , Philbert Anitha
Published: January 2023

Vector resistance to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, is an impediment to malaria control. However, the effects of metabolic insecticide resistance mechanisms on Plasmodium falciparum infection in mosquitoes remain poorly understood. We used the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to demonstrate a major role for oxidases in pyrethroid‐resistant, blood fed, wild‐caught An. gambiae s.l., from the Kilombero valley, Tanzania and further investigated the relationship between CYP4G16 expression (one of the two genes overexpressed in resistant Anopheles mosquitoes) and sporozoite copy number. Blood fed‐wild, caught adult An. gambiae s.l. (F0) were allowed to lay eggs. The resulting F1 generation was used for susceptibility‐testing using WHO methods, and resistance was confirmed against permethrin, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin (26%–86% mortality). Mosquitoes were fully susceptible (100% mortality) to bendiocarb and pirimiphos methyl. The addition of PBO to the pyrethroid assays fully restored susceptibility. After they had laid eggs, the F0 adults were used to characterise parasite infection and resistance gene expression, both using qPCR. The CYP4G16 gene copy number was significantly higher in Plasmodium infected mosquitoes than their uninfected counterparts (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.0001). However, there was no relationship between CYP4G16 gene copy number and P. falciparum sporozoite copy number (Pearson's r = 0.06361, 95% CI). This study suggests that pyrethroids‐treated nets combined with PBO may help overcome major oxidative resistance mechanisms. It is also notable that these oxidative mechanisms are associated with increased Plasmodium infection in mosquitoes.
Executive Financial Literacy and Corporate Performance: Evidence from Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises in China
Authors: Tian Guangning , Zhou Shuyuan , Qi Yawei
Published: January 2023

Based on the survey data from the China National SME Survey Database in 2019, we analyze the relationship between executive financial literacy and the performance of Chinese small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that executive financial literacy helps improve corporate performance, especially for companies with weak external supervision and low competitive pressure. After controlling for the effects of the variables at the individual executive and enterprise levels, addressing possible endogenous problems in the analysis, robustness tests and heterogeneity analyses indicates that our findings remain unchanged. We further show that executive financial literacy improves corporate performance by alleviating corporate financing constraints and improving corporate risk management. Our findings have important policy implications for stimulating the vitality of economy and promoting high‐quality economic development.
Banklash: How Media Coverage of Bank Scandals Moves Mass Preferences on Financial Regulation
Authors: Culpepper Pepper D. , Jung Jae‐Hee , Lee Taeku
Published: January 2023

Financial regulation is often adopted in the wake of scandals and crises. Yet political science has little to say about the political effects of corporate scandals. We break that silence, asking whether exposure to news coverage of bank scandals changes the preferences of voters for financial regulation. Drawing from the literatures on media influence and public opinion, we argue that news coverage of bank scandals should increase voters’ appetite for regulation. We test our hypothesis with data from six countries, using original nationally representative panel surveys with embedded experiments (total N = 27,673). Our pooled and country‐specific analyses largely support our expectation that exposure to news coverage of scandals increases regulatory preferences. We reproduce this finding in a separate survey wave, using different scandals than in our original analysis. These results contribute to studies on media influence on public opinion, the political significance of scandals, and the political economy of regulation.
Letter: Ozanimod and latent tuberculosis
Authors: Alaskar Dimah , AlMusa Zainab , AlAmeel Turki
Published: January 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Fehily et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16952 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17345
Letter: ozanimod and latent tuberculosis—authors' reply
Authors: Zhang Eva , Christensen Britt
Published: January 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Fehily et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16952 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17311
Letter: chronic HDV infection—is ignorance bliss? Authors' reply
Authors: Jachs Mathias , Reiberger Thomas , Ferenci Peter
Published: January 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Jachs et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16945 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17291
Bayesian Inference for a Principal Stratum Estimand on Recurrent Events Truncated by Death
Authors: Lyu Tianmeng , Bornkamp Björn , Mueller-Velten Guenther , Schmidli Heinz
Published: January 2023

Recurrent events are often important endpoints in randomized clinical trials. For example, the number of recurrent disease-related hospitalizations may be considered as a clinically meaningful endpoint in cardiovascular studies. In some settings, the recurrent event process may be terminated by an event such as death, which makes it more challenging to define and estimate a causal treatment effect on recurrent event endpoints. In this paper, we focus on the principal stratum estimand, where the treatment effect of interest on recurrent events is defined among subjects who would be alive regardless of the assigned treatment. For the estimation of the principal stratum effect in randomized clinical trials, we propose a Bayesian approach based on a joint model of the recurrent event and death processes with a frailty term accounting for within-subject correlation. We also present Bayesian posterior predictive check procedures for assessing the model fit. The proposed approaches are demonstrated in the randomized Phase III chronic heart failure trial PARAGON-HF (NCT01920711).
Do they ‘look’ different(ly)? Dynamic face recognition in Malaysians: Chinese, Malays and Indians compared
Authors: Wong Hoo Keat , Keeble David R. T. , Stephen Ian D.
Published: January 2023

Previous cross‐cultural eye‐tracking studies examining face recognition discovered differences in the eye movement strategies that observers employ when perceiving faces. However, it is unclear (1) the degree to which this effect is fundamentally related to culture and (2) to what extent facial physiognomy can account for the differences in looking strategies when scanning own‐ and other‐race faces. In the current study, Malay, Chinese and Indian young adults who live in the same multiracial country performed a modified yes/no recognition task. Participants' recognition accuracy and eye movements were recorded while viewing muted face videos of own‐ and other‐race individuals. Behavioural results revealed a clear own‐race advantage in recognition memory, and eye‐tracking results showed that the three ethnic race groups adopted dissimilar fixation patterns when perceiving faces. Chinese participants preferentially attended more to the eyes than Indian participants did, while Indian participants made more and longer fixations on the nose than Malay participants did. In addition, we detected statistically significant, though subtle, differences in fixation patterns between the faces of the three races. These findings suggest that the racial differences in face‐scanning patterns may be attributed both to culture and to variations in facial physiognomy between races.
Vertical ridge augmentation with Ti‐reinforced dense polytetrafluoroethylene (d‐PTFE) membranes or Ti‐meshes and collagen membranes: 3‐year results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Cucchi Alessandro , Bettini Sofia , Ghensi Paolo , Fiorino Antonino , Corinaldesi Giuseppe
Published: January 2023

Background

The present study aimed to evaluate hard and soft tissue parameters around implants placed in augmented posterior mandible, comparing Ti‐reinforced d‐PTFE membranes with Ti‐meshes covered with collagen membranes, after 3 years of follow‐up.

Materials and Methods

Forty eligible patients were randomly assigned to group A (Ti‐reinforced d‐PTFE membrane) or group B (mesh covered with collagen membrane) for vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) and simultaneous implants. Implants were evaluated using specific peri‐implant parameters for bone and soft tissues: probing pocket depth (PPD), modified plaque index (mPI), bleeding on probing (BoP), modified gingival index (mGI), thickness of keratinized tissue (tKT), width of keratinized tissue (wKT), fornix depth (FD), peri‐implant bone level (PBL), interproximal bone peaks (IBP), marginal bone loss (MBL), interproximal bone loss (IBL).

Results

A total of 28 patients with 79 implants were evaluated after 3 years of follow‐up. The mean value of MBL was 0.70 mm (group A = 0.73 mm; group B = 0.71 mm), while mean IBL was 0.54 mm (group A = 0.64 mm; group B = 0.40 mm). The treatment with meshes resulted not inferior to PTFE and their clinical results appeared similar. A strong correlation between PBL and IBP was confirmed. Both study groups showed an increase of tKT and wKT values.

Conclusion

In the posterior mandible, VRA using both techniques provides stable PBLs up to 3 years. A correct soft tissue management and a strict professional oral hygiene protocol play a crucial role on peri‐implant health over time.
The peri‐implant mucosa color: A systematic appraisal of methods for its assessment and clinical significance
Authors: Mancini Leonardo , Barootchi Shayan , Thoma Daniel S. , Jung Ronald E. , Gallucci German O. , Wang Hom‐Lay , Tavelli Lorenzo
Published: January 2023

Background

Peri‐implant mucosa color (PMC) seems to be one of the main parameters affecting the esthetic outcome of implant therapy. However, more emphasis should be given to its assessment and reporting.

Purpose

To describe the available evidence on methods to assess and report the color of the peri‐implant mucosa (PMC) and the respective clinical relevance.

Material and Methods

A comprehensive electronic and manual search was performed to identify clinical studies reporting on PMC.

Results

A total of 121 studies were included. PMC was evaluated at the time of the follow‐up visit (chairside) in 45.5% studies. PMC assessment was performed qualitatively, by comparing PMC with adjacent and/or contralateral gingiva (78.6%) or quantitatively, using spectrophotometry (20.7%) or a software on clinical photographs (0.8%). The most performed method to assess PMC was through esthetic indices (76.9%), either at the time of the follow‐up visit (chairside) or at later time point using photographs. Quantitative reporting of PMC included averages of points from esthetic indices or color differences to natural gingiva expressed with the CIELAB color system. PMC assessment allowed describing color discrepancies compared to natural gingiva, evaluating color changes over time, and comparing the outcomes of different treatment modalities. PMC assessment through spectrophotometry was additionally utilized to assess the role of mucosal thickness (MT) on PMC.

Conclusions

Various methods for PMC assessment and reporting were described, including visual assessment, mainly through esthetic indices, and spectrophotometry. PMC evaluation has allowed to demonstrate the factors affecting the color of the peri‐implant soft tissue, such as the type of abutment/restoration, MT, and soft tissue augmentation.
Does muscle growth mediate changes in a nonspecific strength task?
Authors: Spitz Robert W. , Dankel Scott J. , Jessee Matthew B. , Wong Vickie , Bell Zachary W. , Abe Takashi , Loenneke Jeremy P.
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle growth mediates increases in a strength task which was not directly trained. One hundred fifty‐one participants were randomized into control, one‐repetition maximum training (1RM‐TRAIN), or traditional training (TRAD‐TRAIN). Training groups performed isotonic elbow flexion 3x/week for 6 weeks. Anterior muscle thickness at 50%, 60% and 70% upper arm length, and maximal isokinetic torque at 60°/sec were assessed pre‐ and post‐training. Change‐score mediation models (adjusted for sex, pre‐muscle thickness, and pre‐strength) were constructed for each muscle thickness site. The effects of each training group were evaluated relative to the control. Data is presented as coefficient (95% CI). There were no significant relative direct effects on nonspecific strength for either training group outside of the 60% model (1.7 [0.13, 3.27] Nm). The relative effect of 1RM‐TRAIN on muscle thickness was greater in 60% (0.09 [0.01, 0.17] cm) and 70% (0.09 [0.00, 0.17] cm) models; while TRAD‐TRAIN was greater in all three: (50% = 0.24 [0.15, 0.32]; 60% = 0.24 [0.16, 0.33]; 70% = 0.22 [0.14, 0.31] cm). The effect of muscle thickness on nonspecific strength was only significant for the 60% (−3.06 [−5.7, −0.35] Nm) model. The relative indirect effect on nonspecific strength was not significant for the 1RM‐TRAIN or TRAD‐TRAIN. Similar to previous findings on specific strength, we did not find evidence for a mediating effect of muscle growth on training induced increases in nonspecific strength. The importance of muscle growth for changes in nonspecifically trained strength may need to be reconsidered.
Improving alcohol management in primary health care in Mexico: A return‐on‐investment analysis
Authors: Solovei Adriana , Rovira Pol , Anderson Peter , Jané‐Llopis Eva , Natera Rey Guillermina , Arroyo Miriam , Medina Perla , Mercken Liesbeth , Rehm Jürgen , de Vries Hein , Manthey Jakob
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Alcohol screening, brief advice and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in primary health care is an effective strategy to decrease alcohol consumption at population level. However, there is relatively scarce evidence regarding its economic returns in non‐high‐income countries. The current paper aims to estimate the return‐on‐investment of implementing a SBIRT program in Mexican primary health‐care settings.

Methods

Empirical data was collected in a quasi‐experimental study, from 17 primary health‐care centres in Mexico City regarding alcohol screening delivered by 145 health‐care providers. This data was combined with data from a simulation study for a period of 10 years (2008 to 2017). Economic investments were calculated from a public sector health‐care perspective as clinical consultation costs (salary and material costs) and program costs (set‐up, adaptation, implementation strategies). Economic return was calculated as monetary gains in the public sector health‐care, estimated via simulated reductions in alcohol consumption, dependent on population coverage of alcohol interventions delivered to primary health‐care patients.

Results

Results showed that scaling up a SBIRT program in Mexico over a 10‐year period would lead to positive return‐on‐investment values ranging between 21% in scenario 4 (confidence interval −8.6%, 79.5%) and 110% in scenario 5 (confidence interval 51.5%, 239.8%). Moreover, over the 10‐year period, up to 16,000 alcohol‐related deaths could be avoided as a result of implementing the program.

Discussion and Conclusions

SBIRT implemented at national level in Mexico may lead to substantial financial gains from a public sector health‐care perspective.
Impacts of health care service changes implemented due to COVID‐19 on children and young people with long‐term disability: A mapping review
Authors: Merrick Hannah , Driver Helen , Main Chloe , Kenny Ryan P. W. , Richmond Catherine , Allard Amanda , Bola Kulwinder , Morris Christopher , Parr Jeremy R. , Pearson Fiona , Pennington Lindsay ,   the Resetting Services Team
Published: January 2023

Aim

To identify the research on childhood disability service adaptations and their impact on children and young people with long‐term disability during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Method

A mapping review was undertaken. We searched the World Health Organization Global COVID‐19 database using the search terms ‘children’, ‘chronic/disabling conditions’, and ‘services/therapies’. Eligible papers reported service changes for children (0–19 years) with long‐term disability in any geographical or clinical setting between 1st January 2020 and 26th January 2022. Papers were charted across the effective practice and organization of care taxonomy of health system interventions and were narratively synthesized; an interactive map was produced.

Results

Reduction of face‐to‐face care and usual provision had a huge impact on children and families. Adoption of telehealth provided continuity for the care and management of some conditions. There was limited evidence of changes to mental health services, transitions of care, social care, or child‐reported satisfaction or acceptability of service changes.

Interpretation

The long‐term impacts of service change during the pandemic need full evaluation. However, widespread disruption seems to have had a profound impact on child and carer health and well‐being. Service recovery needs to be specific to the individual needs of children with a disability and their families. This should be done through coproduction to ensure that service changes meet needs and are accessible and equitable.
Pain and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born very preterm
Authors: Giordano Vito , Deindl Philipp , Gal Elisabeth , Unterasinger Lukas , Fuiko Renate , Steinbauer Philipp , Weninger Manfred , Berger Angelika , Olischar Monika
Published: January 2023

Aim

To investigate the impact of the level of pain experienced by infants born preterm on neurodevelopmental outcomes during their stay in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Method

In this retrospective data analysis we included all surviving infants born preterm with a gestational age between 23 and 32 weeks from 2011 to 2015, who were assessed using the Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale and examined at 1 year of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. We excluded all infants who had suffered severe neurological morbidities and undergone surgical interventions.

Results

A total of 196 infants born preterm were included in the analyses: 105 in the ‘no pain group’ and 91 in the ‘pain group’. Significant differences between the groups were detected for both mental and motor development (p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23–10.92; p = 0.025, 95% CI 0.64–9.78). The results remained significant after controlling for other important medical conditions (p = 0.001, 95% CI −19.65 to −5.40; p = 0.010, 95% CI −16.18 to −2.29).

Interpretation

Neonatal pain exposure was associated with altered neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born very preterm at a corrected age of 12 months. This observation highlights the importance of adequate pain management to reduce the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in these vulnerable patients.
Haemodynamics and oxygenation in the lower‐limb muscles of young ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Aviram Ronit , Kima Inbar , Parmet Yisrael , Bassan Haim , Willigenburg Thierry , Riemer Raziel , Bar‐Haim Simona
Published: January 2023

Aim

To evaluate muscle haemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) at rest and during exercise.

Method

This cross‐sectional study included 12 adults with spastic CP (four females, eight males; mean age [SD] 29 years 6 months [7 years 10.8 months]) and 13 typically developing individuals (seven females, six males; mean age [SD] 26 years 6 months [1 year 1.9 months]). Near‐infrared spectroscopy was used to assess changes in muscle blood flow (mBF), muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2), and muscle oxygen saturation in the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles during three conditions: rest, low load at 20% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and high load at 80% MVC.

Results

MBF was lower in participants with CP than in typically developing participants at rest (p < 0.001) and at 20% MVC (p = 0.007) in both muscles. Increased load caused a reduction in mBF in typically developing participants and an increase in CP. MVO2 in typically developing participants increased from rest to 20% MVC and was reduced at 80% MVC compared with 20% MVC. In participants with CP, there was no change with load in the rectus femoris muscle; however, there was an increase in the vastus lateralis muscle from rest to 20% MVC, and 80% MVC had a similar value. Muscle saturation was higher in participants with CP across all conditions (vastus lateralis, p < 0.001; rectus femoris, p = 0.0518).

Interpretation

Oxidative metabolism in CP is not limited by oxygen delivery (mBF), because high muscle saturation suggests oxygen availability. Adults with CP demonstrate muscular responses to exercise that are inconsistent with typical high‐workload activation, probably because of inefficient fibre recruitment and secondary anomalies.
Morphine exposure and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants born extremely preterm
Authors: Luzzati Michele , Coviello Caterina , De Veye Henriette Swarenburg , Dudink Jeroen , Lammertink Femke , Dani Carlo , Koopmans Corine , Benders Manon , Tataranno Maria Luisa
Published: January 2023

Aim

To investigate the association between morphine exposure in the neonatal period and neurodevelopment at 2 and 5 years of age while controlling for potential confounders.

Method

We performed a retrospective, single‐centre cohort study on 106 infants (60 males, 46 females; mean gestational age 26 weeks [SD 1]) born extremely preterm (gestational age < 28 weeks). Morphine administration was expressed as cumulative dose (mg/kg) until term‐equivalent age. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at 2 years with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, Dutch version and at 5 years with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition, Dutch version. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between morphine exposure and outcome.

Results

Sixty‐four out of 106 (60.4%) infants included in the study received morphine. Morphine exposure was not associated with poorer motor, cognitive, and language subscores of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, Dutch version at 2 years. Morphine exposure was associated with lower Full‐Scale IQ scores (p = 0.008, B = −9.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −15.6 to −3.1) and Performance IQ scores (p = 0.005, B = −17.5, 95% CI = −27.9 to −7) at 5 years of age.

Interpretation

Morphine exposure in infants born preterm is associated with poorer Full‐Scale IQ and Performance IQ at 5 years. Individualized morphine administration is advised in infants born extremely preterm.
Air pollution exposure during pregnancy increases risk of neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Campbell Daniel B.
Published: January 2023

This commentary is on the original article by Shih et al. on pages 783–791 of this issue.
Bariatric‐metabolic surgery for NHS patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom National Bariatric Surgery Registry
Authors: Currie Andrew , Bolckmans Roel , Askari Alan , Byrne James , Ahmed Ahmed R. , Batterham Rachel L. , Mahawar Kamal , Miras Alexander Dimitri , Pring Chris M. , Small Peter K. , Welbourn Richard
Published: January 2023

Aim

Bariatric‐metabolic surgery is approved by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for people with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (including class 1 obesity after 2014). This study analysed baseline characteristics, disease severity and operations undertaken in people with obesity and T2DM undergoing bariatric‐metabolic surgery in the UK National Health Service (NHS) compared to those without T2DM.

Methods

Baseline characteristics, trends over time and operations undertaken were analysed for people undergoing primary bariatric‐metabolic surgery in the NHS using the National Bariatric Surgical Registry (NBSR) for 11 years from 2009 to 2019. Clinical practice before and after the publication of the NICE guidance (2014) was examined. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations with T2DM status and the procedure undertaken.

Results

14,948/51,715 (28.9%) participants had T2DM, with 10,626 (71.1%) on oral hypoglycaemics, 4322 (28.9%) on insulin/other injectables, and with T2DM diagnosed 10+ years before surgery in 3876 (25.9%). Participants with T2DM, compared to those without T2DM, were associated with older age (p < 0.001), male sex (p < 0.001), poorer functional status (p < 0.001), dyslipidaemia (OR: 3.58 (CI: 3.39–3.79); p < 0.001), hypertension (OR: 2.32 (2.19–2.45); p < 0.001) and liver disease (OR: 1.73 (1.58–1.90); p < 0.001), but no difference in body mass index was noted. Fewer people receiving bariatric‐metabolic surgery after 2015 had T2DM (p < 0.001), although a very small percentage increase of those with class I obesity and T2DM was noted. Gastric bypass was the commonest operation overall. T2DM status was associated with selection for gastric bypass compared to sleeve gastrectomy (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

NHS bariatric‐metabolic surgery is used for people with T2DM much later in the disease process when it is less effective. National guidance on bariatric‐metabolic surgery and data from multiple RCTs have had little impact on clinical practice.
Left ventricular aneurysm versus pseudoaneurysm: Diagnosis in the era of multi‐modality imaging and 3D‐printing
Authors: Abdelhaleem Ahmed , Leung Amanda , Nguyen James , Schapiro William , Khalique Omar , Bercow Neil , Cao Jie J. , Kadiyala Madhavi
Published: January 2023

In this case report, we illustrate the contemporary use of multi‐modality cardiac imaging and three‐dimensional (3D)‐printing in the diagnosis and precise surgical planning of a large ventricular aneurysm with an extensive thrombus burden after myocardial infarction. We further discuss an integrated multimodality approach in the evaluation of ventricular outpouchings.
Recovering from first episode psychotic mania: The experience of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder
Authors: Farr Joanna , Rhodes John E. , Smith Jonathan A.
Published: January 2023

Aim

Early intervention for people diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a priority, but little is known about how recovery from first episode psychotic mania is experienced by this group. This study aimed to explore the experience of recovery from first episode psychotic mania for people diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 young adults during recovery from first episode psychotic mania and were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

Results

Three themes were identified: (i) ‘Possession of purpose and staying well’, (ii) ‘Coping with compromise’ and (iii) ‘Manic relapse: pressure and proving self’. On becoming well, the participants experienced a sense of purpose through engaging with activities and goals that also drove their efforts to engage in strategies to stay well. However, these strategies created feelings of compromise that not all were prepared to accept. Though having purpose and goals created a positive sense of direction, for a minority of the participants they also created additional pressure, contributing to manic relapse.

Conclusions

The purpose created by engaging with aspirations and career‐related activities during early intervention was found to be important for a meaningful recovery from first episode bipolar disorder. This instilled positivity and purpose, motivating efforts to maintain wellness. The feelings of compromise that some participants experienced point to the need for individually tailored interventions. Findings suggest a delicate relationship between the positivity of engaging in goals and the risk of manic relapse during recovery from first episode psychotic mania.
Beta‐glucan suppresses high‐fat‐diet‐induced obesity by attenuating dyslipidemia and modulating obesogenic marker expressions in rats
Authors: Eraniappan Seshathri , Balasubramaniyan Prathap , Uddandrao V. V. Sathibabu , Roy Anitha , Singaravel Sengottuvelu
Published: January 2023

The current study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of beta‐glucan (BG), which is a key bioactive compound predominantly present in mushrooms and cereals against high‐fat‐diet (HFD)‐induced obesity, and to understand its mechanism of action. Obesity was induced in rats by supplementing the diet with HFD and BG (40 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the body weight, as well as hyperglycemic, dyslipidemia, and obesogenic marker expressions, was assessed in the control group and in the experimental obese rats. Administration of BG to obese rats significantly reduced body weight gain and attenuated hyperglycemia, which was confirmed by the decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance. At the same time, BG mitigated dyslipidemia by altering expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ), sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase, and fatty acid‐binding protein‐4 (Fab‐4) in HFD‐induced obese rats. In conclusion, this study revealed that BG is a potential candidate to ameliorate HFD‐induced obesity by modulating obesogenic marker expressions, especially by regulating the master regulator PPAR‐γ.
Carbon uptake in Eurasian boreal forests dominates the high‐latitude net ecosystem carbon budget
Authors: Watts Jennifer D. , Farina Mary , Kimball John S. , Schiferl Luke D. , Liu Zhihua , Arndt Kyle A. , Zona Donatella , Ballantyne Ashley , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Parmentier Frans‐Jan W. , Helbig Manuel , Sonnentag Oliver , Tagesson Torbern , Rinne Janne , Ikawa Hiroki , Ueyama Masahito , Kobayashi Hideki , Sachs Torsten , Nadeau Daniel F. , Kochendorfer John , Jackowicz‐Korczynski Marcin , Virkkala Anna , Aurela Mika , Commane Roisin , Byrne Brendan , Birch Leah , Johnson Matthew S. , Madani Nima , Rogers Brendan , Du Jinyang , Endsley Arthur , Savage Kathleen , Poulter Ben , Zhang Zhen , Bruhwiler Lori M. , Miller Charles E. , Goetz Scott , Oechel Walter C.
Published: January 2023

Arctic‐boreal landscapes are experiencing profound warming, along with changes in ecosystem moisture status and disturbance from fire. This region is of global importance in terms of carbon feedbacks to climate, yet the sign (sink or source) and magnitude of the Arctic‐boreal carbon budget within recent years remains highly uncertain. Here, we provide new estimates of recent (2003–2015) vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE; Reco − GPP), and terrestrial methane (CH4) emissions for the Arctic‐boreal zone using a satellite data‐driven process‐model for northern ecosystems (TCFM‐Arctic), calibrated and evaluated using measurements from >60 tower eddy covariance (EC) sites. We used TCFM‐Arctic to obtain daily 1‐km2 flux estimates and annual carbon budgets for the pan‐Arctic‐boreal region. Across the domain, the model indicated an overall average NEE sink of −850 Tg CO2‐C year−1. Eurasian boreal zones, especially those in Siberia, contributed to a majority of the net sink. In contrast, the tundra biome was relatively carbon neutral (ranging from small sink to source). Regional CH4 emissions from tundra and boreal wetlands (not accounting for aquatic CH4) were estimated at 35 Tg CH4‐C year−1. Accounting for additional emissions from open water aquatic bodies and from fire, using available estimates from the literature, reduced the total regional NEE sink by 21% and shifted many far northern tundra landscapes, and some boreal forests, to a net carbon source. This assessment, based on in situ observations and models, improves our understanding of the high‐latitude carbon status and also indicates a continued need for integrated site‐to‐regional assessments to monitor the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climate change.
Ethnic diversification and neighbourhood mixing: A rapid response analysis of the 2021 Census of England and Wales
Authors: Catney Gemma , Lloyd Christopher D. , Ellis Mark , Wright Richard , Finney Nissa , Jivraj Stephen , Manley David
Published: January 2023

This paper provides a rapid response analysis of the changing geographies of ethnic diversity and segregation in England and Wales using Census data covering the last 30 years (1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021), a period of significant social, economic and political change. Presenting the first detailed analysis of 2021 Census small area ethnic group data, we find that the growth of ethnic diversity at the national level is mirrored across residential neighbourhoods. Increasing numbers of neighbourhoods are home to a substantial mix of people from different ethnic groups, and this growing neighbourhood ethnic diversity has been spatially diffusing across all regions of England and Wales. We argue that to understand the ethnic mosaic across England and Wales, it is more illuminating to consider mix than majority: places labelled as ‘minority‐majority’ are, in fact, ethnically diverse spaces, home to sizable proportions of people from many ethnic groups. Increasing ethnic diversity is matched by decreasing residential segregation, for all ethnic groups—majority and minority.
GM‐CSF‐producing CCR2+CCR6+ Th17 cells are pathogenic in dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis model in mice
Authors: Ariki Shimpei , Ozaka Sotaro , Sachi Nozomi , Chalalai Thanyakorn , Soga Yasuhiro , Fukuda Chiaki , Kagoshima Yomei , Ekronarongchai Supanuch , Mizukami Kazuhiro , Kamiyama Naganori , Murakami Kazunari , Kobayashi Takashi
Published: January 2023

Although excessive immune responses by Th17 cells, a helper T cell subset, are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the mechanism by which its localization in an inflamed colon is regulated remains unclear. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, however, the relative significance of each receptor on Th17 cells remains unknown. We generated C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout (KO) and CCR6 KO mice in the syngeneic background using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the phenotypes of experimental colitis worsened in both mutant mice. Surprisingly, the phenotype of colitis in CCR2/CCR6‐double knockout (CCR2/6 DKO) mice was opposite to that of the single‐deficient mice, with significantly milder experimental colitis (p < .05). The same was true for the symptoms in CCR6 KO mice, but not in wild type mice treated with a CCR2 inhibitor, propagermanium. Colonic CCR2+CCR6+ Th17 cells produced a potentially pathogenic cytokine GM‐CSF whose levels in the gut were significantly reduced in CCR2/6 DKO mice (p < .05). These results suggest that GM‐CSF‐producing CCR2+CCR6+ Th17 cells are pathogenic and are attracted to the inflamed colon by either CCR2 or CCR6 gradient, which subsequently exacerbates experimental colitis in mice.
Onychomatricoma: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of 10 cases highlighting recurrent RB1 deletion and the potential diagnostic value of LEF‐1
Authors: Perrin Christophe , Pedeutour Florence , Coutts Michael , Ambrosetti Damien , Dadone‐Montaudié Bérengère
Published: January 2023

Aims

Onychomatricoma (OM), an uncommon benign fibroepithelial neoplasm of the nail unit, is sometimes diagnostically challenging for clinicians and pathologists. OM consistently expresses CD34, but no specific immunohistohemical markers or recurrent genetic alterations have been identified to date. Recent studies have suggested that Wnt signalling is a key molecular characteristic of OM.

Methods and results

Ten cases were analysed: four classical OM including two with pleomorphic cells; two superficial acral fibromyxoma‐like variants of OM; three micropapilliferum variants of OM including one with pleomorphic cells; and one proliferating variant of OM. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells were positive with CD34 (n = 10) and CD99 (n = 1), with focal reactivity for CD10 (n = 5). The epithelial component of the tumours expressed immunopositivity for LEF‐1. Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we demonstrated that all OM, including its variants that were tested (n = 8), harboured a few copy number alterations with losses of whole or part of chromosome 13 including the RB1 gene (n = 8) and chromosome 16 (n = 6).

Conclusion

We report a recurrent loss of RB1 (13q) as a possible driver molecular event in OM indicating a relationship between OM and other lesions of the spectrum of the so‐called ‘13q/RB1’ family of tumours. We did not identify a role for the Wnt/beta‐catenin signalling pathway, as has been proposed in a recent study. LEF‐1 could be a potential sensitive and specific marker of OM and should be used in the differential diagnosis between OM, superficial acral fibromyxoma, and the CD34‐positive fibrosing family of tumours.
Assessing the reproductive consequences of mate retention and pair bond duration in Thorn‐tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a short‐lived, socially monogamous neotropical bird
Authors: Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Vásquez Rodrigo A. , Kempenaers Bart
Published: January 2023

The adaptive value of mate retention has been studied in several socially monogamous birds but evidence of reproductive benefits for short‐lived species is inconclusive. Most studies come from northern latitudes but more research on tropical birds is needed, as these species typically show higher survival rates and longer pair bonds than those from temperate regions. We gathered data on the reproductive biology of a subtropical, isolated population of Thorn‐tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicaudaduring 2008–2017 to evaluate the reproductive consequences of mate retention. We examined data from 243 breeding attempts made by 159 breeding pairs. We found that ~30% of all breeding pairs bred together during at least two consecutive years, and some were mated for 6 years. The main cause of pair dissolution was mate loss, not divorce. Mixed‐effects models provided moderate evidence for positive effects of mate retention and successive remating on reproductive success. Newly formed pairs laid eggs later and had slightly smaller clutches than remated pairs. Furthermore, clutch size seemed to increase with successive remating. Overall, our results suggest that newly formed pairs are less efficient in reproduction and that minor yearly reproductive benefits of mate retention might accumulate for birds that are able to breed with the same partner over many years. Because breeding habitat is limited in our study population, Thorn‐tailed Rayaditos could benefit from remating if the number of individuals that can breed exceeds the number of available breeding positions. Profitable long‐term pair bonds might be more frequent in tropical birds and therefore more studies are needed to assess the prevalence of remating‐mediated effects on reproduction in relatively short‐lived monogamous species breeding in tropical regions.
Effect of draw temperature and flame polishing on birefringence of silica glass fiber
Authors: Hausmann Bronson D. , Hawkins Thomas W. , Ballato John , Tomozawa Minoru
Published: January 2023

Recently developed methods for high resolution birefringence measurement have been applied to distinguish between the surface and interior birefringence of silica glass fibers as a function of drawing temperature and initial surface condition for two types of silica glass with different water contents. Fibers were drawn in a water‐free argon environment using graphite heating elements. It was found that fibers drawn at lower temperatures resulted in greater, interior birefringence, in agreement with previous reports. Additionally, it was found that in the case of low‐water silica glass, flame polishing via oxygen–hydrogen mixture and drawn into fibers at lower temperature resulted in significant surface compressive stress upon drawing. This compressive stress may be the result of surface stress relaxation in silica glass that occurs in the presence of water during fiber drawing. In silica glass that contains greater internal hydroxyl impurity concentrations, the interior birefringence as well as the surface stress relaxation was significantly reduced under the same fiber drawing conditions. Characterization of such stress responses provides insight into the effects of common processing techniques as well as impresses the significance of preform processing for consistent fiber production.
Physicochemical, thermal and in vitro digestion characteristics of cricket‐ (Acheta domesticus) substituted corn tortillas
Authors: Alvarez‐Barajas Alejandra , Perez‐Carrillo Esther , de la Rosa‐Millan Julian
Published: January 2023

This research aimed to evaluate how the addition of cricket powder (Acheta domesticus) affected corn tortillas' chemical, nutritional and digestibility characteristics. Tortillas with a 5%, 7.5% and 10% A. domesticus powder (AD) substitution to nixtamalised corn flour (NCF) (w/w) were formulated, produced and characterised. The addition of AD caused significant visual differences in samples. At 10% substitution, the lipid content doubled. AD addition impacted carbohydrate composition by increasing the fibre portion and reducing the starch content. The in vitro starch digestibility was affected by the substitution of AD, increasing the resistant starch fraction, which was strongly correlated (R = 0.99) with the substitution percentage of AD. The presence of amylose–lipid complexes (resistant starch type V) was observed in differential scanning calorimetry in all AD‐substituted samples. The addition of AD decreased the predicted glycaemic index by 15% and increased protein digestibility up to 21%. Results provide new insights for the formulation of cricket‐based products and possible low glycaemic index foods.