bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-6 Promotes the Differentiation of Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Skeletal Muscle Independent of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor-1 and Insulin Receptor
Authors: Aboalola Doaa , Han Victor K. M.
Published: February 2019

As mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being investigated for regenerative therapies to be used in the clinic, delineating the roles of the IGF system in MSC growth and differentiation, in vitro, is vital in developing these cellular therapies to treat degenerative diseases. Muscle differentiation is a multistep process, starting with commitment to the muscle lineage and ending with the formation of multinucleated fibers. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6), relative to other IGFBPs, has high affinity for IGF-2. However, the role of IGFBP-6 in muscle development has not been clearly defined. Our previous studies showed that in vitro extracellular IGFBP-6 increased myogenesis in early stages and could enhance the muscle differentiation process in the absence of IGF-2. In this study, we identified the signal transduction mechanisms of IGFBP-6 on muscle differentiation by placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs). We showed that muscle differentiation required activation of both AKT and MAPK pathways. Interestingly, we demonstrated that IGFBP-6 could compensate for IGF-2 loss and help enhance the muscle differentiation process by triggering predominantly the MAPK pathway independent of activating either IGF-1R or the insulin receptor (IR). These findings indicate the complex interactions between IGFBP-6 and IGFs in PMSC differentiation into the skeletal muscle and that the IGF signaling axis, specifically involving IGFBP-6, is important in muscle differentiation. Moreover, although the major role of IGFBP-6 is IGF-2 inhibition, it is not necessarily the case that IGFBP-6 is the main modulator of IGF-2.
Optimal Policies for the Pricing and Replenishment of Fashion Apparel considering the Effect of Fashion Level
Authors: Chen Qi , Xu Qi , Wang Wenjie
Published: February 2019

Fashion apparel, with short product lifecycles and highly volatile demand, requires careful attention during both the initial ordering periods before the selling season and during the selling season, with its decisions regarding price and replenishment. Using Pontryagin’s maximum principle method, this study investigates the problem of the dynamic pricing strategy and replenishment cycle for fashion apparel by considering the effect of fashion level on demand. First, we provide a framework for fashion apparel by formulating a model that includes both price and demand at different fashion levels. We then provide an algorithm to derive the optimal dynamic pricing strategy and replenishment cycle. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses of the main system parameters are provided to demonstrate the obtained results, which form the basis for managerial insights. It is shown that the apparel retailer has three types of optimal dynamic pricing strategies and that the optimal strategy is independent of the replenishment cycle. The apparel retailer is able to realize the profit advantage of a continuously variable price policy by adjusting the sales price periodically.
Processing Window and Microstructure of NiCoCrAlY Coating Deposited on Cast Iron Using Multilayer Laser Cladding
Authors: Liu Hao , Chen Peijian , Yang Haifeng , Hao Jingbin , Tian Xianhua , He Xiuli , Yu Gang
Published: February 2019

Cast iron is an iron-carbon alloy widely used in mechanical engineering. Nickel-base or cobalt-base alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding can improve the surface properties of cast iron, thereby increasing the service life of the components; however, due to the poor weldability and high carbon content of cast iron, the use of laser cladding to prepare alloy coatings faces many difficulties. To reduce the brittleness of the bonded interface, laser cladding was applied to the surface of cast iron using a multilayer deposition strategy. Through testing of the single-track laser cladding, the causes of defects in the coating are analysed, including poor bonding, slag inclusions, and pores. An analytical model based on mass and heat conservation is developed, and a processing window of laser tracks without defects is determined thereby. NiCoCrAlY alloy coating prepared by overlapping laser tracks mainly consists of γ-(Fe, Ni) dendrites and interdendritic M7C3 and M23C6 carbides. Although there are no cracks in a single laser track, cracks are detected when laser tracks are overlapped under the same process parameters. The increase in laser power helps to reduce cracking susceptibility on this occasion. The morphology of the grain in NiCoCrAlY alloy coating is mainly epitaxially grown columnar crystals. The increase in microhardness of the coating is mainly attributed to ductile dendrites, precipitated carbides, and grain refinement.
Immune Mediator Profile in Aqueous Humor Differs in Patients with Primary Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis and Recurrent Acute Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Thieme Claudia , Schlickeiser Stephan , Metzner Sylvia , Dames Claudia , Pleyer Uwe
Published: February 2019

Purpose. To compare the intraocular cytokine and chemokine profiles in patients with acute primary acquired ocular toxoplasmosis (pOT) or recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis (rOT) and to correlate them with their clinical characteristics.Methods. Aqueous humor samples were collected from 62 consecutive patients (21 pOT, 30 rOT, and 11 noninfected controls) and analyzed by multiplex assay. Correlations were assessed between cytokine/chemokine levels, type of inflammatory response (Th1, Th2, and Th17), and clinical characteristics. In all OT patients, the clinical diagnosis of either pOT or rOT was confirmed by positive intraocular Goldmann/Witmer-Desmonts coefficient. Correlations were assessed between a preselected panel of immune mediators and the clinical characteristics of OT.Results. In pOT patients, increased levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and MCP-1 were found in comparison to those in controls (p<0.05). Patients with rOT showed elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, G-CSF, and MCP-1 compared to controls (p<0.05). In addition, IL-7 (p=0.028) differed between pOT and rOT; IL-9 (p=0.054) and IL-13 (p=0.051) showed a tendency of higher concentration in pOT than in rOT. A negative correlation was found between IL-7 (p=0.017) as well as IL-9 (p=0.008) and the number of recurrences. Cytokine ratios showed no difference between pOT and rOT, indicating a dominant Th1-type response in both infectious groups. Moreover, a positive correlation was detected between IL-7, VEGF, IL-13 and age at aqueous humor sampling (p<0.05).Conclusions. This study for the first time shows subtle differences between the intraocular cytokine profiles in patients with either acute pOT or rOT.
Riedel’s Procedure: A Modification to Obliterate Step Defect
Authors: Nassimizadeh Abdul , Nassimizadeh Mohammad , Ahmed Shahzada
Published: February 2019

Sinus surgery was first introduced by the ancient Egyptians. In 1750 was the first modern description of frontal sinus surgery. In 1898, Riedel advocated complete removal of the anterior table and floor of the frontal sinus while simultaneously stripping the mucosa. The major postoperative issue involved gross forehead deformity. We aim to provide a modification to reduce the postoperative “step” defect. Riedel’s procedure is an effective way of managing frontal sinus disease when endoscopic surgery has repetitively failed. Use of a pedicled pericranial/galeal soft tissue flap can effectively reduce cosmetic deformity postoperatively.
A Liquid-Based Cytology System, without the Use of Cytocentrifugation, for Detection of Podocytes in Urine Samples of Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Kimura Moritsugu , Toyoda Masao , Saito Nobumichi , Kaneyama Noriko , Miyatake Han , Tanaka Eitaro , Komaba Hirotaka , Hara Masanori , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: February 2019

Objective. Podocytes have highly differentiated functions and are extremely difficult to grow; thus, damage of podocytes is associated with glomerular dysfunction. Desquamated podocytes can be detected in urine of patients with severe renal impairment. Unlike the rapidly progressive glomerular damage in glomerulonephritis, only a few desquamated podocytes are usually detected in diabetic nephropathy (DN). It is not clear whether the low podocyte count in DN is due to limitation of the conventional method or true pathological feature. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional method with a newly modified method in detecting podocytes in morning urine samples of patients with DN. Materials and Methods. The study subjects were patients with type 2 diabetes. Urine samples from these patients were analyzed by the conventional method (Cytospin®) and the modified method (SurePath™). We determined the rate of detection of urinary podocytes and the number of detected cells. Results. The detection rate and podocyte count were significantly higher by the modified method than by the conventional method. The differences in the detection rates and numbers of podocytes were not significant between patients with normoalbuminuria and those with macroalbuminuria. However, they were significant in patients with microalbuminuria. The number of podocytes in the urine correlated significantly with the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, but not with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions. The true number of urinary podocytes, as measured by the modified SurePath™-based method, in patients with DN is much higher than that estimated by the conventional method.
Prey-Predator Interactions in Two and Three Species Population Models
Authors: Wikan Arild , Kristensen Ørjan
Published: February 2019

Discrete nonlinear two and three species prey-predator models are considered. Focus is on stability and nonstationary behaviour. Regarding the two species model, depending on the fecundity of the predator, we show that the transfer from stability to instability goes through either a supercritical flip or a supercritical Neimark-Sacker bifurcation and moreover that there exist multiple attractors in the chaotic regime, one where both species coexist and another where the predator population has become extinct. Sizes of basin of attraction for these possibilities are investigated. Regarding the three species models, we show that the dynamics may differ whether both predators prey upon the prey or if the top predator preys upon the other predator only. Both the sizes of stable parameter regions as well as the qualitative structure of attractors may be different.
Fixed Points for Multivalued Suzuki Type (θ,R)-Contraction Mapping with Applications
Authors: Abbas Mujahid , Iqbal Hira , Petrusel Adrian
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we will introduce the concept of Suzuki type multivalued (θ,R)-contraction and we will prove some fixed point results in the setting of a metric space equipped with a binary relation. Our results generalize and extend various comparable results in the existing literature. Examples are provided to support the results proved here. As an application of our results, we obtain a homotopy result, proving the existence of a solution for a second-order differential equation and for a first-order fractional differential equation.
Optimum Design and Performance Analyses of Convective-Radiative Cooling Fin under the Influence of Magnetic Field Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Sobamowo M. G.
Published: February 2019

In this study, the optimum design dimensions and performance analyses of convective-radiative cooling fin subjected to magnetic field are presented using finite element method. The numerical solutions are verified by the exact analytical solution for the linearized models using Laplace transform. The optimum dimensions for the optimum performance of the convection-radiative fin with variable thermal conductivity are investigated and presented graphically. Also, the effects of convective, radiative, and magnetic parameters as well as Biot number on the thermal performance of the cooling fin are analyzed using the numerical solutions. From the results, it is established that the optimum length of the fin and the thermogeometric parameter increases as the nonlinear thermal conductivity term increases. Further analyses also reveal that as the Biot number, convective, radiative, and magnetic parameters, increases, the rate of heat transfer from the fin increases and consequently improves the efficiency of the fin. Additionally, effects of the thermal stability values for the various multiboiling heat transfer modes are established. It is established that, in order to ensure stability and avoid numerical diffusion of the solution by the Galerkin finite element method, the thermogeometric parameter must not exceed some certain values for the different multiboiling heat transfer modes. It is hope that the present study will enhance the understanding of thermal response of solid fin under various factors and fin design considerations.
A Critical Review of the Impact of Sarcoma on Psychosocial Wellbeing
Authors: Storey Lesley , Fern Lorna A. , Martins Ana , Wells Mary , Bennister Lindsey , Gerrand Craig , Onasanya Maria , Whelan Jeremy S. , Windsor Rachael , Woodford Julie , Taylor Rachel M.
Published: February 2019

Background. Previous reviews of outcomes in specific sarcoma populations suggest patients have poor quality of life. In most of these reviews, there is a predominant focus on physical function rather than psychosocial outcome. The aim of this review was to describe the psychosocial impact of diagnosis and treatment on patients with all types of sarcoma. Methods. Searches were conducted through six electronic databases for publications of any study design using a validated patient-reported outcome measure reporting the psychosocial impact in this population. Results. Eighty-two studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most (65%) were assessed of being of reasonable quality. The most common aspect of psychosocial wellbeing measured was quality of life (80%). Due to the heterogeneity of methods, outcomes, and populations, it was not possible to make definitive conclusions. It seems there is an improvement in the physical aspects of quality of life over time but not in psychosocial function or mental health. There was no change in mental health scores, but patients reported an improvement in adjusting to normal life. There are no differences according to the type of surgery patients receive, and psychosocial outcomes tend to be poorer than the general population. There is no consistency in identifying the factors that predict/influence psychosocial wellbeing. Conclusion. The published literature does not provide a clear understanding of the impact of sarcoma diagnosis and treatment on psychosocial wellbeing. Instead, the review demonstrates a need for well-designed studies in this area and a more consistent approach to the measurement of patient-reported outcomes, which include psychosocial domains. Recommendations for future research have been proposed.
Cobalt-Salen Catalyzed Electroreductive Alkylation of Activated Olefins
Authors: Condon Sylvie , Cannes Céline , Bedioui Fethi
Published: February 2019

Cobalt-Salen mediated electroreductive and regioselective alkylation of electron deficient olefins is reported in one step in an undivided electrochemical cell, in the presence of an iron rod as sacrificial anode. Although the reactivity depends on the class of alkyl halides, the reported study offers a green and expeditious electrosynthetic route for Csp3-Csp3 bond formation in mild conditions. This study also confirms the possible formation of the heterobinuclear cobalt-Salen-iron complex previously reported as the effective catalyst.
New Platinum(IV) and Palladium(II) Transition Metal Complexes of s-Triazine Derivative: Synthesis, Spectral, and Anticancer Agents Studies
Authors: Al-Khodir Fatima A. I. , Abumelha Hana M. A. , Al-Warhi Tarfah , Al-Issa S. A.
Published: February 2019

New Pd(II) and Pt(IV) triazine complexes [Pt3(L1)2(Cl)9(H2O)3].3Cl.3H2O (1), [Pt3(L2)2(Cl)9(H2O)3].3Cl (2), [Pt3(L3)2(Cl)9(H2O)3].3Cl (3), [Pt2(L4)2(Cl)6(H2O)2] .2Cl.4H2O (4), [Pd3(L1)2(H2O)6] .3Cl2(5), [Pd3(L2)2(H2O)6].3Cl2(6), [Pd3(L3)2(H2O)6].3Cl2(7), and [Pd2(L4)2(H2O)4].2Cl2(8) were synthesized and well characterized using elemental analyses, molar conductance, IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility,1H,13C-NMR spectra, and thermal analyses. These analyses deduced that theL1,L2,andL3ligands act as tridentate forming octahedral geometry with Pt(IV) metal ions and square planar geometry in case of Pd(II) complexes but theL4ligand acts as bidentate chelate. The molar conductance values refer to the fact that all the prepared s-triazine complexes have electrolyte properties which are investigated in DMSO solvent. Surface morphology behaviors of prepared complexes have been scanned using TEM. The crystalline behavior of triazine complexes has been checked based on X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The antimicrobial activity of the free ligands and their platinum(IV) and palladium(II) complexes against the speciesStaphylococcus aureus(G+),Escherichia coli(G−),Aspergillus flavus, andCandida albicanshas been carried out and compared with the standard one. The coordination of ligands towards metal ions makes them stronger bacteriostatic agents, thus inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi more than the free ligands. The cytotoxic assessment IC50of the free ligands and its platinum(IV) complexesin vitroagainst human colon and lung cancer cell lines introduced a promising efficiency.
ІНКЛЮЗИВНЕ НАВЧАННЯ У ВИЩИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ І–ІІ РІВНІВ АКРЕДИТАЦІЇ ЯК ШЛЯХ ДО САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ
Authors: Lytvynova O. N. , Stadnitskaya I. R.
Published: February 2019

У статті показано провідну роль інклюзивного навчання у вищих навчальних закладах І–ІІ рівнів акредитації із певною інклюзивною часткою в процесі самореалізації осіб з особливими освітніми проблемами.
Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: KOLANO BOZENA , McCANN JAMIE , OSKĘDRA MAJA , CHRAPEK MARCELINA , ROJEK MAGDALENA , NOBIS AGNIESZKA , WEISS-SCHNEEWEISS HANNA
Published: February 2019

Hybridization and polyploidization appear to be ubiquitous in the evolution of Chenopodium s.s., but the origin and the evolutionary history of the polyploid chenopods is still poorly understood. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of nrITS, four plastid regions, and 5S rDNA spacer region (NTS) of five Eurasian hexaploid chenopods (2n = 6x = 54), C. album, C. giganteum, C. pedunculare C. formosanum and C. opulifolium, and their diploid and tetraploid relatives as well as genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) indicate their allohexaploid origin. The origin of all the analyzed hexaploids have been inferred to have involved B-genome diploid. The identity of the other parent/parents is more elusive. In the case of C. album, C. giganteum and C. pedunculare the second maternal parent seems to be similar to extant C. strictum or C. striatiforme or Asian diploids (e.g. C. acuminatum). In genomes of allohexaploid C. album, C. giganteum and C. pedunculare half of the rDNA were located in the chromosomes of B-subgenome. The remaining rDNA loci were placed in chromosomes originating from the other parent/parents. Although 35S rDNA loci inherited from two parental species seems to be present in these hexaploids, only one ribotype of nrITS was detected.
A new species of Phyllachora (Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales) on Phyllostachys heteroclada from Sichuan, China
Authors: YANG CHUN-LIN , XU XIU-LAN , LIU YING-GAO , HYDE KEVIN D. , MCKENZIE ERIC H.C.
Published: February 2019

Phyllachora species usually cause leaf tar spot disease associated with living leaves in various hosts. In this study, a sample of stem tar spot was collected from a Phyllostachys heteroclada forest in Ya’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Here we introduce a new taxon in the genus Phyllachora through using morphology, information on host and multigene phylogeny of three genes (LSU, SSU, ITS). Within the family Phyllachoraceae, members of the genus Phyllachora form five groups with maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies. The new species Phyllachora heterocladae clusters with eight undetermined Phyllachora species in a highly supported clade and morphologically differs from other similar species in having relatively long asci with a noticeable apical ring, fusiform to ellipsoid ascospores with many guttules and a thick gelatinous sheath and botuliform or falciform spermatia with 1-septate or aseptate.
Additional studies in Neobertiera (Rubiaceae, Sipaneeae): a new species from the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon, and a new combination for a species from French Guiana
Authors: DELPRETE PIERO G.
Published: February 2019

In a recent revision of Neobertiera, three new species were described and the distylous condition of this genus was reported for the first time. In the present paper, a new species, N. montedouradensis, from the state of Pará, Amazon Basin, is described, which represents a significant range extension and the first record of this genus for Brazil. This new species is unique within the genus by having hypanthia and fruits with trichomes conspicuously tuberculate at base. In addition, a new combination is proposed for a species from French Guiana recently named N. glomerata. A correction regarding the corolla size of N. pakaraimensis is included. In view of these taxonomic novelties, a key to the five species of Neobertiera is provided.
Eugenia velutifolia (Myrteae, Myrtaceae), a new species from the Cerrado of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: MAZINE FIORELLA FERNANDA , SANT’ANA GABRIELA ZOMINHANI , SOBRAL MARCOS , VALDEMARIN KARINNE SAMPAIO
Published: February 2019

Eugenia velutifolia is a new species of Myrtaceae from the Cerrado of São Paulo state, Brazil, which is here described, illustrated and compared morphologically with three similar species, E. bimarginata, E. livida and E. suberosa. It differs mainly from those species by the velutinous indumentum on both sides of the leaf blade and twigs, also by the larger sepals.
Community Forums to Address the Opioid Crisis: An Effective Grassroots Approach to Rural Community Engagement
Authors: Palombi Laura , Olivarez Michelle , Bennett Laura , Hawthorne Amanda N
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

With opioid overdose deaths on the rise in rural Minnesota and across the nation, the call for community-based grassroots efforts is stronger than ever. Recognizing that substance use prevention and recovery programming rely upon community resources, collaborative teams planned and implemented a series of nine community forums focused on opioid and heroin use across rural northeast Minnesota to educate and unite invested community members on the critical public health issue. This article examines the outcomes of the forums and the ingredients of a successful forum.

Methods:

Surveys were distributed at seven rural community forums to assess measures of growth in knowledge and awareness, as well as demographic characteristics of respondents.

Findings:

Forums planned by university faculty and community members were effective in increasing overall awareness and knowledge of the opioid crisis within each community. Forums that were rated more highly by attendees included speakers from varied professional backgrounds and integrated cultural strengths. Communities that planned forums together have reported increased collaboration to prevent and address substance use and increased community member engagement on local grassroots coalitions since the time of the forum.

Conclusions:

Community forums have functioned as an effective grassroots approach to engaging rural community members in opioid use prevention and intervention efforts.
The effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for malabsorption in advanced pancreatic cancer, a pilot study
Authors: Landers Amanda , Brown Helen , Strother Matthew
Published: February 2019

Advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has a globally poor prognosis. One of the characteristic features of pancreatic cancer (PC) is pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). This leads to a malabsorption syndrome and subsequent digestive symptoms. Given the high prevalence of PEI and malabsorption in PC, empiric use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is recommended. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the potential efficacy of PERT in improving symptoms and quality of life in those with metastatic PC. The study recruited patients with advanced PC referred to a specialist palliative care service. Following an initial assessment, patients were commenced on pancrealipase 25,000IU (Creon) and reassessed after 1 week and 3 weeks post-initiation of supplementation. These assessments included demographics, malabsorption symptom checklist, and completion of two validated quality-of-life questionnaires, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26. PERT was associated with statistically significant improvement of symptoms in both the general (QLQ-C30) and pancreatic cancer specific tool (PAN26). Within 1 week of PERT initiation, there was a reduction in diarrhoea scores (26 vs. 8, p<0.005), pancreatic and hepatic pain (47 vs. 33 and 24 vs. 11, respectively, p<0.05). After 3 weeks, there were significant improvements in pancreatic pain and bloating/gas symptoms (47 vs. 26 and 46 vs. 26, respectively, p< 0.005). PERT appears to have the potential to improve symptoms of malabsorption in patients with metastatic PC.
Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses Between Standard Whey Protein Isolate and Whey Protein Isolate Plus Novel Technology
Authors: Sharp Matthew H , Stefan Matthew W , Lowery Ryan P , Wilson Jacob M
Published: February 2019

Background:

Muscle mass is an important determinant of metabolic health and physical function. It has previously been demonstrated that the postprandial rise in circulating essential amino acids (EAA) acts as the main stimulus for muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This study investigated postprandial plasma amino acid (AA) responses of 2 different forms of whey protein isolate (WPI) with iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous profiles to investigate plasma concentrations of EAA.

Methods:

In all, 12 healthy men (n = 12) between 19 and 32 years of age were recruited for a randomized, cross-over design, which involved consumption of protein supplements on 2 testing days separated by a 6-day washout period between conditions. On each testing day, subjects consumed either 29.6 g of WPI or WPI + io (whey protein isolate plus Ingredient Optimized Protein®) mixed with 236 mL of water. Plasma EAA and branch chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations were assessed from whole body donated by subjects at pre-consumption and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes post consumption.

Results:

Plasma levels of total EAA concentration was significantly greater in WPI + io at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post consumption ( P < .01, P < .001, P < .01, and P < .01, respectively). Plasma levels of total BCAA concentration was significantly greater in WPI + io at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post consumption ( P < .01, P < .001, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively) compared with WPI. For leucine, only WPI + io had elevated levels compared with pre-test at 90 minutes post consumption ( P < .001).

Discussion:

Both conditions significantly elevated EAA, BCAA, and leucine from basal levels. However, we conclude that the consumption of the treated WPI significantly raises plasma EAA, BCAA, and leucine to a greater extent compared with WPI with no treatment. Thus, supplementation with WPI that has undergone Ingredient Optimized® technology may be highly beneficial for those who partake in regular exercise, elderly individuals, or those affected by a reduced sensitivity to amino acids.
Predicting Long-Term Mortality, Morbidity, and Survival Outcomes Following a Cardiac Event: A Cardiac Rehabilitation Study
Authors: Graham Helen L , Lac Andrew , Lee Haeok , Benton Melissa J
Published: February 2019

Background:

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been shown to decrease mortality and morbidity but estimations vary. While there is significant literature supporting short-term benefits, there is not a similarly body of research as to long-term (LT) benefits. Low participation rates in CR are due to several causes and evidence demonstrating positive LT outcomes could be a catalyst to increased participation rates.

Objective:

To predict LT mortality, readmission, and survival benefits associated with CR participation in a nationally certified program.

Methods:

Investigators collected mortality and hospital readmission data in a retrospective study to examine a cohort of cardiac patients following a myocardial infarction (MI), MI/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) up to 14 years ago. Hospital electronic medical record (EMR; n = 207) were used to measure hospital readmission outcome and State Health Department records (n = 361) for mortality and survival outcomes. Participation in CR, age, gender prior history of cardiac event, and diagnosis were used to predict readmission, mortality, and survival.

Results:

Approximately half (52.1%) the sample participated in CR. Participants included 72% males, average age 68 years (38-91 years), and were predominantly Non-Hispanic white. CR participants attended an average of 20 sessions. CR group differed in diagnoses MI (58.5%), CABG (57.4%) and in prior history of heart disease (25.4%) from the non-cardiac rehabilitation (NCR) group (83.2%, 25.4%, 42.2%, respectively) ( P < .05). After controlling for the covariates in logistic regression analyses, the CR group independently predicted lower all-cause mortality (odds ratio, OR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.39) and decreased hospital readmissions (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.96). After controlling for the covariates in survival analysis, the CR group significantly contributed to decreased likelihood of death hazard (hazard ratio = 0.36, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.54). Median survivor time for the participants was 5.91 years, SD = 3.81 years.

Conclusions:

Participation in CR for middle age and elderly patients is associated with increased survival, a marked decrease in all-cause mortality, and a decrease in cardiovascular-related hospital readmission. A referral to a nationally certified outpatient CR program prior to hospital discharge and early enrollment may improve LT outcomes.
Patterns and Mechanisms of Political Participation among People with Disabilities
Authors: Powell Sierra , Johnson April A.
Published: February 2019

Context: Previous research has shown that Americans with disabilities turn out to vote at significantly lower levels than people without disabilities, even after accounting for demographic and other situational factors related to political involvement. The authors examined the potential mechanisms underlying their low turnout. They asked whether people with disabilities exhibit participatory attitudes and behaviors at levels commensurate with their other individual-level characteristics.

Methods: The present study conducted descriptive and predictive analyses on data from the 2012 and 2016 American National Election Studies.

Findings: Despite low levels of turnout in recent elections, people with disabilities were just as participatory, if not more so, when considering alternative forms of political engagement. The authors' analyses indicate that, while disability status had no bearing on political efficacy or partisan strength, those with disabilities reported being even more interested in politics than those without disabilities. Evidence is provided that depressed turnout rates among those with disabilities may be due in part to lower levels of attentiveness to the news, political knowledge, and negative perceptions of government.

Conclusions: The psychological impacts and behavioral consequences that emerge from possessing a disability and the broader role of disability in the American political context are multifaceted. This area of research would benefit from future studies that examine a variety of electoral contexts.
Epidemiology of acute diabetes complications (coma) according to the Federal Diabetes register of the Russian Federation (2013–2016)
Authors: Mayorov Alexander Y. , Vikulova Olga K. , Zheleznyakova Anna V. , Isakov Mikhail А. , Melnikova Olga G. , Kononenko Irina V. , Shestakova Marina V. , Dedov Ivan I.
Published: February 2019

Background: Despite the improvement in the quality of diabetes care in the Russian Federation (RF), coma remain one of the causes of death in patients with diabetes.
Aim: To assess dynamic of epidemiological characteristic of acute complications in adult patients with T1D and T2D in 201316.
Materials and methods: The database of the Russian Federal Diabetes register (81 regions). The indicators of coma for 201316 were estimated for 10000 adult patients with diabetes (18 years).
Results: In 2016, the prevalence of coma in RF was 225.9 with T1D and 11.6/10000 adults with T2D. For the period from 2007 the prevalence of ketoacidotic coma decrease three times in T1D, 4 times for T2D.Totally in 2016, 165 new cases of coma for both types of diabetes were registered, an average of 0.4/10000 adults. Interregional differences in the prevalence of coma were observed 04.2/10000 adults. The frequency of new cases of coma has a tendency to decrease: 0,90,4/10000 adults: T1D 5.73.4, T2D 0.60.2/10000 adults. When evaluating the structure of coma, redistribution is evident in their form. So in 2016 the proportion of hypoglycemic coma increased to 40.7%, and ketoacidotic coma decreased to 56.6% in T1D. With T2D, the difference expressed in a lesser degree. The mean duration of diabetes at the time of coma development increased with T1D from 3.89.1 years, with T2D 3.57.0 years. The maximum frequency of development of coma is recorded with the diabetes duration more than 30 years, regardless of the type. The patients age at the time of coma development in T1D increased to 27.5 years old, and in T2D it was 60.4 years, it didnt change significantly. The assessment of glycemic control showed a significant improvement: a decrease in the proportion of patients with HbA1c 9.0% (23% with T1D, 8.8% with T2D), an increase with HbA1c 7% (32.4% and 51.7%, respectively). The average value of HbA1c in 2016 with T1D 8.21%, with T2D 7.48%.
Conclusions: It is established that the dynamics of the frequency of development of coma in 201316 in adult patients with diabetes in the RF has a stable tendency to decrease: 1.5 times with T1D and more than 3 times with T2D. It can be assumed that this is due to the improvement in the quality of diabetes care and glycemic control in general, as well as the use of modern medicines. Attention is required to draw to the high frequency of coma in T1D, the development of coma with a longer duration of diabetes, an increase in the proportion of patients with hypoglycemic coma. Significant interregional differences in the frequency of coma registration require additional analysis.
Dysfunction of respiratory system in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease
Authors: Bazdyrev Evgeny D. , Polikutina Olga M. , Slepynina Yulia S. , Barbarash Olga L.
Published: February 2019

Aims: we aimed to estimate the main parameters characterizing respiratory pulmonary function in patients with isolated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as with their combination.
Materials and methods: the study included 198 patients divided into 3 groups: I with isolated CAD [94 (47.5%)], II with T2DM without the signs of CAD [64 (32.3%)], III with combined CAD and T2DM [40 (20.2%)]. The assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as the measurement of inflammatory markers were performed using unified clinical and biochemical methods. Respiratory pulmonary function and diffusion lung capacity (Dlco) were assessed using Elite Dl-220v body plethysmograph.
Results: the parameters reflecting the respiratory pulmonary function and the level of gas diffusion through alveolar-capillary membrane (ACM) in patients with CAD both with and without diabetes was within the normal values. The exception was the level of residual volume, which was below the prognostic values in all the studied groups. At the same time, in diabetic patients with CAD the values of forced and slow vital lung capacity, forced expiratory volume for 1-second, as well as the level of diffusion were significantly lower as compared to the corresponding values in patients with isolated CAD and didnt differ in comparison with the values of diabetic patients except for the level of diffusion. It should be noted that a number of respiratory parameters had a correlation relationships with glycemic level, inflammatory markers and with the indicators characterizing dyslipidemia and myocardial dysfunction.
Conclusions: in the course of the study it was found out that the diabetic patients had respiratory system dysfunction in comparison to the patients with isolated CAD. The presence of diabetes in patients with CAD worsens not only the somatic background but probably contributes to the respiratory dysfunction in the form of lower velocity and volumetric parameters, but also in the indicator showing respiratory metabolism.
Injectable therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: strategies to improve therapeutic adherence
Authors: Gurova Olesya Y. , Fadeev Valentin V. , Maloletkina Ekaterina S.
Published: February 2019

In recent years, the options in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 have substantially expanded (currently more than 40 molecules are approved), however, the number of patients with decompensation of diabetes for the period from 2003 to 2014 remains unchanged. In clinical guidelines injecting drugs are given the final role as the most effective drugs. However in clinical trials injecting drugs showed a lower adherence compared to oral drugs. Currently injectable glucose lowering drugs include not only insulin but also analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1). However, majority of studies of treatment compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus considered only insulin. Reasons of low compliance are: 1) offering comprehensive programmes for education, monitoring and patient support by primary care physicians; 2) addressing cost and availability issues; 3) prescribing current insulin, also in combination with GLP-1 agonists; 4) use of more simple and convenient devices for injecting insulin.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and multiple chronic diseases
Authors: Asfandiyarova Nailya S. , Dashkevich Olga V. , Doroshina Natalya V. , Suchkova Ekaterina I.
Published: February 2019

Background: Recently, there has been an increase in the number of patients with multiple chronic diseases (MCD), particularly due to obesity and ageing. The role of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the development of MCD, however, is still unclear.
Aims: This study aimed to determine the incidence of T2DM in the structure of polymorbidity considering sex and age-related characteristics.
Materials and methods: Patients with MCD (n = 2,254; 769 men/1,485 women; aged, 1899 years) were examined. The incidence of type 2 diabetes among patients with MCD considering age and sex was determined.
Results: Type 2 DM was detected in 407 patients with MCD (18.1%; male:female, 1:2.53). The polymorbidity index in male patients with type 2 diabetes was 1.52.0 times higher than that in male patients without diabetes. The rate of polymorbidity index increase was similar in both groups; however, its high initial value in patients with diabetes at a young age determined the burden of the comorbidity at a later age. In type 2 diabetes, hypertension was the predominant comorbidity at 1859 years of age (p0.05), whereas other cardiovascular diseases and liver and kidney diseases were predominant at 4574 years of age (p0.001) and hemiplegia at 4589 years of age (p0.05). Between 60 and 74 years, oncological diseases were found to be more common in patients without diabetes (p0.001). Obesity, regardless of the presence of diabetes, was associated with a greater disease burden (p0.05). Sex-related difference considering MCD in patients with type 2 DM was only observed for the higher incidence of myocardial infarction (p0.001) and peptic ulcer disease in males (p0.01). Females were more likely to have obesity, liver steatosis at a young age, or osteoarthritis than males in the general group (p0.05); no differences were noted with respect to other diseases.
Conclusions: In this study, type 2 diabetes was present in 18.1% of patients with MCD; moreover, a high initial polymorbidity index in patients with T2DM at young age was associated with a higher incidence of chronic diseases later in life than that in patients without diabetes. Based on these results, type 2 diabetes, along with ageing and obesity, can be considered as a risk factor in the development of MCD.
Assessment the equivalence of the bioanalogue insulin lizpro biphasic 25 (Geropharm-bio, Russia) and Humalog® Mix 25 (Lilly France, France) using the euglycemic hyperinsulinum clamp method on healthy volonters
Authors: Mayorov Alexander Y. , Koksharova Ekaterina O. , Mishina Ekaterina E. , Drai Roman V. , Avdeeva Olga I. , Makarenko Igor E.
Published: February 2019

Background: Modern medicine requires use of effective antidiabetic drugs that can imitate the natural profile of insulin in the body of patients with diabetes mellitus. Examples of such preparations include biphasic insulin lispro, which is a mixture of insulin lispro ultra-short action and insulin lispro protamine suspension with prolonged effect. The clinical trials (CT) program for biosimilar insulins contains pharmacology studies: pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and clinical safety studies.
Aims: To demonstrate Biphasic Insulin Lispro 25, suspension for subcutaneous administration, 100 U/ml (GEROPHARM-Bio, Russia) and Humalog Mix 25, suspension for subcutaneous administration, 100 U/ml (Lilly France, France) have comparable pharmacokinetic profiles under conditions of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) in healthy volunteers.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 48 healthy men aged between 18 to 50 years. This was a double-blind, randomized, crossover study of comparative pharmacokinetics of drugs. The investigational products (IP) were administered before the clamp in a single dose of 0.4 U/kg subcutaneously in the abdominal wall. Regular blood sampling was performed during the study. The insulin concentrations in the samples were determined using an ELISA method. The results of the determination were used to calculate the PK parameters and construct the concentration-time curves. Adjust glucose infusion rates were based on blood glucose measurements. These data were used to calculate the PD parameters.
Results: Our results demonstrated that Biphasic Insulin Lispro 25 and Humalog Mix 25 have comparable PK and PD profiles under conditions of HEC in healthy volunteers. The confidence intervals for the ratio of the geometric mean for Cins.max and AUCins.012 were 87.7599.90% and 83.7696.98% respectively, which were well within 80125% limits for establishing comparability.
Conclusions: Biphasic Insulin Lispro 25 and Humalog Mix 25 are equivalent based on this CT applying the HEC technique in healthy volunteers.
Clinical, pathomorphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue repair in diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Tokmakova Alla Y. , Zaitseva Ekaterina L. , Voronkova Iya A. , Shestakova Marina V.
Published: February 2019

Background: It is known that wound healing is Impaired in diabetes mellitus. Possible reasons are widely being searched. However, despite all the available data, reliable markers of reparative processes in diabetes mellitus are needed to be found.
Aim: To study morphological and some immunohistochemical markers of tissue repair in patients with diabetic foot ulcers after local treatment.
Materials and methods: 70 patients with diabetic foot ulcers before and after surgical debridement were included. Histological (light microscopy) and immunohistochemical (CD68, MMP-9, TIMP-1) characteristics of tissue repair processes in soft tissues of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes mellitus were analyzed. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of soft tissues were performed in 63 patients before and after surgical debridement and 10 days after local treatment.
Results: After the surgical debridement a significant reduction in the area of wounds was registered by 23.4% (p 0.05), wound depth by 29.4% (p 0.05). Based on the results of the morphological study, the presence of mature granulation tissue in the wounds was confirmed. Immunohistochemical study of wound biopsies demonstrated a significant decrease in proteolytic activity in the wound as a decrease in MMP-9 expression (p 0.05). Statistically significant changes in the number of macrophages against the initial data were not found, as well as increased expression of TIMP-1 was observed (p 0.05 and 0.05, respectively).
Conclusion: According to the data, there was a significant decrease in the area and depth of wounds during local treatment. The intensity of tissue repair was confirmed by the results of histological and immunohistochemical studies. However, the absence of a statistically significant change in the amount of macrophages on the background of treatment suggests that this repair link is disrupted in diabetes mellitus, which is the reason for the "chronic" wounds and requires further studies.
Pengaruh profitability, liquidity, leverage, dan interest rates terhadap stock return untuk LQ-45 Index
Authors: Firmansyah Soni , Purnamasari Linda
Published: February 2019

The purpose of investors to invest their fund is to get the stock return. Therefore, they need to understand the company's financial performance and macro-economic factors that can affect the acquisition of stock returns. This study tried to analyze the effects of profitability, liquidity, leverage, and interest rates on stock return. The data were taken from the stock in LQ-45 index period 2012-2014. The sample was taken using a purposive sampling obtained a sample of 24 companies. Analysis techniques used multiple linier regression analysis, the result shows simultaneously return on equity, quick ratio, debt to equity ratio, and interest rates have significant effect on stock return. Partially return on equity and quick ratio have no significant effect on stock return and debt to equity ratio and interest rate have significant effect on stock return.
Publicidad, obesidad infantil y violación del derecho humano a una alimentación adecuada: un análisis a la luz de la bioética
Authors: Peternella Veltrini Camila , Gomes Ribeiro Cilene da
Published: February 2019

La industria alimentaria, através de la publicidad, ha intensificado la difusión de alimentos obesogénicos, realidad que puede ser un factor de riesgo en la violación del derecho humano a una alimentación adecuada (DHAA) del público infantil. Para verificar la influencia de estas propagandas en la violación de este derecho, desde una visión bioética, fueron grabados canales de la televisión brasileña para su posterior análisis en la composición nutricional de los alimentos difundidos. La mayoría de los alimentos presentaron baja calidad nutricional, indicando interferencia en la garantía del DHAA. El dialogo de aspectos como dignidad humana, vulnerabilidad, responsabilidad y el papel del Estado son necesarios y útiles para promover la discusión y el desarrollo de políticas que garanticen el derecho a la salud.