bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
39.2: The Full‐Color Video Images with Uniquely‐Gated Carbon Nano‐tube Field Emission Displays
Authors: Lee C. G. , Jung J. E. , Jin Y. W. , Jo S. H. , Lee S. J. , Choi J. H. , Park N. S. , Choi Y. S. , Hwang S. Y. , Kim J. W. , Lee H. W. , Park Y. J. , Chi E. J. , Jang J. E. , Lee J. S. , Lee S. J. , Cho S. H. , Chung D. S. , Cha S. N. , Cha J. C. , Lee B. G. , Han H. S. , Ahn S. H. , Lee S. J. , Park S. Y. , Ryu K. S. , Jin S. H. , Jung K. W. , Min K. W. , Choi J. S. , Oh T. S. , Kang S. K. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

Thick‐film printing processes have been applied for preparing a carbon nanotube field emission display (c‐FED), which has a strong cost advantage for large‐size flat panel display. For practical display applications, two types of the gated cathode structure named the normal‐gate cathode and the under‐gate cathode have been developed and improved. The normal‐gate and the under‐gate cathode structures have the driving voltages of ±35 V and ±65 V, respectively. The 5″ c‐FED panel with the normal‐gate cathode and the 7″ c‐FED panel with the under‐gate cathode were successfully implemented and excellent full‐color video images were obtained.
39.3: Development of a Low Temperature Process of Ballistic Electron Surface‐Emitting Display (BSD) on a Glass Substrate
Authors: Komoda Takuya , Honda Yoshiaki , Ichihara Tsutomu , Hatai Takashi , Takegawa Yoshiyuki , Watabe Yoshifumi , Aizawa Koichi , Vezin Vincent , Koshida Nobuyoshi
Published: January 2005

Ballistic electron Surface‐emitting Display (BSD) is successfully fabricated on a glass substrate with low temperature process. 168 (RGB) × 126 pixels, 2.6 inches diagonal full‐colour BSD exhibits excellent performance as a flat panel display. Main fabrication process is an anodisation and subsequent electrochemical oxidation process at a low temperature, which will contribute to larger panel size and process‐cost reduction.
39.4: Large Size FED with Carbon Nanotube Emitter
Authors: Uemura Sashiro , Yotani Junko , Nagasako Takeshi , Kurachi Hiroyuki , Yamada Hiromu , Ezaki Tomotaka , Maesoba Tsuyoshi , Nakao Takehiro , Saito Yahachi , Yumura Motoo
Published: January 2005

High‐luminance triode‐structure field‐emission‐display (FED) panel using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as emitters was first presented in 1999.[1,2] The demonstrated panel showed a good legibility and excellent luminance. After that, the emission stability in ambient gas was evaluated, and reported in 2000.[3] The toughness against ambient gas suggested that CNT FED would be applicable for a large size display panel. But, the experimental panel revealed the lack of luminous uniformity for actual displays. In IDRC'00, the emission uniformity was performed by the round edge smooth‐surface cathode which was formed by CNT‐network structure.[4] But, the luminous uniformity of large size full‐dot‐matrix display area was not satisfied by the distortion of line‐grid electrodes. In IDRC'01, we proposed an improved structure to realize an uniform luminance all over the large display area. The results revealed that the new‐structure improved the luminous uniformity with high‐luminance. A 14.5 inch x‐y addressed color panel with CNT field‐emitters was performed by the new technology. In this paper, we realized a large size CNT‐FED panel. The display area was ca.40‐inches. The 40‐inch‐panel was realized by the CNT emitter and new structures for manufacturing. The experimental panel revealed the CNT‐FED should be suitable for large size displays. The characteristics were discussed.
40.4: Capacity Coupled Electrodeless Discharge Backlight Driven by Switching Inverter for 17″ and 20.1″ LCD TVs
Authors: Kim Sung‐Jung , Kwon Nam‐Ok , Kim Young‐Mi , Yang Dong‐Ouk , Hong Jin‐Woo , Lee Yong‐Goun , Cho Tae‐Seung , Kang Jun‐Gill , Choi Eun‐Ha , Cho Guangsup , Kim Sung‐Soo , Hong Byoung‐Hee
Published: January 2005

A backlight arraying electrodeless fluorescent lamps assembled with capacity coupled electrode connector has been improved to be commercialized with a newly developed switching inverter as small as size about 10×5×1 cm. With the square pulses of the driving frequency 55 kHz, the high efficiency of 60 lm/W and the brightness of about 8,000 cd/m2 in the 17‐inch and 20.1‐inch diagonal panels, have been obtained, respectively.
10.1: Digital Paper™ for Reflective Displays
Authors: Miles M. , Larson E. , Chui C. , Kothari M. , Gally B. , Batey J.
Published: January 2005

Iridigm has produced the first color MEMS based reflective display. With dimensions of 240 × 160 pixels at 100 dpi, it exhibits good contrast and high brightness. Response times of 35 microseconds have been achieved at exceptionally low power consumption, and there is no active matrix. The status of this technology will be discussed.
44.2: Scaling‐up the F!T CRT Technology
Authors: Horne Remko
Published: January 2005

F!T is a new CRT technology. It uses active beam positioning by means of a feed‐back loop to achieve color purity, thus eliminating the need for a shadow mask. This paper describes the development of the F!T technology for large size tubes. Starting point in the development has been to remain compatibility of the F!T technology with conventional CRT manufacturing processes. In this way the current CRT manufacturing infrastructure can be employed to introduce F!T in the market. A 32″16:9 prototype has been realized.
44.3: Status of Glass Bulb Development for Flat and Thin CRTs
Authors: Sugawara Tsunehiko , Murakami Toshihide
Published: January 2005

The next goal to minimize the bulkiness of CRTs is likely to realize a half depth of conventional CRTs. The evolution on a shallow glass funnel structure has been made to find our way to the goal. It can reduce dramatically the weight of the glass bulb for a wide deflection angle CRT. In addition, some investigations are being conducted in pursuit of strengthening glass bulbs, by which we would get the competence for a further weight reduction.
45.1: An Integrated Lightguide Equipped with Polarization Conversion
Authors: Chien Ko‐Wei , Shieh Han‐Ping David
Published: January 2005

An integrated lightguide with P‐rays to S‐rays conversion (P‐S conversion) as a LC backlight was designed and analyzed. In order to achieve high uniformity, directional guiding, and P‐S conversion, two different micro‐optical structures are fabricated on the top and bottom surfaces of the lightguide. On the bottom surface, raised slot structures are spaced with a graded density to control the uniformity of light on the emitting plane. On the top surface, a sub‐wavelength grating for polarization conversion separates S and P waves in order to fully utilize the light for LC illumination.
45.4: Invited Paper: Technica Trends of Front‐lighting Systems in Reflective Color LCD Modules
Authors: Tanaka Akira
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the recent technology light source of front‐lighting systems (FL)in the reflective color LCD modules using th cellular phone and personal digital assistance (PDA) and the newly designed methods of light guide‐plat and pipe in order to increase the brightness of LCD.
46.1:Invited Paper:Advances in Contrast Enhancement for DLP Projection Displays
Authors: Dewald D. Scott , Segler D. J. , Penn Steven M.
Published: January 2005

Increased contrast ratios are essential to the continued success of DLP™ products in the marketplace, from rear projection televisions and home theatre systems to large venue displays and DLP Cinema™. The contrast of DLP projection systems has increased steadily over the past 5 years due to improvements in illumination and projection optics, as well as changes to the DMD itself. The authors will present an overview of contrast performance of DLP projectors over time as well as describe illumination and projection techniques that optimize the performance of the DMD.
46.2: Optical System of Ultra‐Thin Rear Projector Equipped with Refractive‐Reflective Projection Optics
Authors: Shikama Shinsuke , Suzuki Hiroshi , Teramoto Kohei
Published: January 2005

An ultra‐thin DLP™ rear projector composed of a refractive‐reflective projection optics and an off‐axis hybrid screen has been designed. The projection optics has extraordinarily large projection angle of 136 degrees with very low distortion, which is also applicable for a video‐wall monitor as well as a stand‐alone display. Results of prototype projection systems using the technology will be presented.
46.3: A Wide‐Screen Projector of 4k × 8k Pixels
Authors: Hamada K. , Kanazawa M. , Kondoh I. , Okano F. , Haino Y. , Sato M. , Doi K.
Published: January 2005

An ultra‐high definition display system with quadruple the horizontal and vertical resolution of HDTV has been developed. This system consists of two LCD projectors. One of these projects only green images of 4096 × 7680 pixels equivalently with the spatial pixel oset method using two 2048 × 3840 pixel LCD panels, and the other projects red and blue images of 2048 × 3840 pixels.
47.3: Role of Film Formation on Disorder States in Alq
Authors: Forsythe E. W. , Morton D. C. , Chiu D.
Published: January 2005

The carrier transport properties for organic light emitting devices are dominated by energetic disorder and trap states. In this work, we will present our recent results on disorder state spectroscopy in Alq3and NPB using thermally stimulated luminescence. We show that fluorescent dopants and film formation influence the disorder states.
10.4: Image Stability in Active‐Matrix Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Displays
Authors: Webber Richard M.
Published: January 2005

Image stability, that is the unpowered maintenance of any desired lightness state over time, is essential to the development of ultra‐low power information appliance displays. In this paper, we quantify the image stability of displays made with microencapsulated electrophoretic materials. We describe a metric for image stability and show that the image stability for the saturated black and white states of current electrophoretic materials used in active‐matrix displays is at least of order 106 s. Image stability is also demonstrated for grayscales, i.e., lightnesses intermediate to those of the saturated states, and we show that it is maintained when subjected to temperature variations over a typical operating range of 0 to 50 °C.
48.1: Invited Paper: 40 inch Wide XGA TFT‐LCD for HDTV Application
Authors: Souk Jun H. , Kim N. D.
Published: January 2005

40 inch TFT‐LCD with a resolution of 1280×768 has been developed for HDTV application. This 40 inch LCD‐TV demonstrated two important breakthrough points in TFT‐LCD technology; First, it demonstrated that larger than 40 inch TFT‐LCD is not a size limit with current TFT‐ LCD processing technology. Second, it demonstrated that current LCD technical hurdles for TV application are resolved in the area of LC response time for motion picture, screen brightness and color reproduction and wide viewing angle performance. This panel features 12 msec inter‐gray response time, fast enough to fully support moving pictures without smear or other motion artifacts. In addition, 500 nits brightness, 76% color gamut with a novel wide viewing angle technology satisfy true digital TV performance. In this paper, we present the fabrication and characteristics of the panels. Also we compare the performance of this LCD‐TV with that of PDP.
48.2: Panel Design & Simulation of 40‐in. TFT‐LCD
Authors: Tak Y. M. , Park W. Y. , Kim M. H. , Lee J. Y. , Kim N. D. , Souk J. H.
Published: January 2005

A 40‐inch wide screen format TFT‐LCD with a resolution of 1280×768 has been developed for HDTV application. We have overcome the size limitation of 40‐inch panel with optimum panel design and succeeded with current fabricating process. In this paper, we present the panel design and parameter simulation result of 40‐inch TFT‐LCD to obtain uniform picture quality.
48.3: Invited Paper: High Quality TFT‐LCD System for Moving Picture
Authors: Furuhashi Tsutomu , Kawabe Kazuyoshi , Hirakata Jun‐Ichi , Tanaka Yoshinori , Sato Toshihiro
Published: January 2005

We have developed new driving technique, which improved the quality of moving picture on TFT‐LCDs. Dynamic Contrast Compensation (DCC) method has suppressed a drop of the effective brightness. Furthermore, TFT‐LCD of impulse type was realized with Super Impulse method that a combination of the black data insertion method and blinking back light systems, and it could improve the quality of the moving picture quality.
49.4: A Numerical Computation of CRT Beam Landing Displacement Under the Earth Magnetic Field
Authors: You Sukbeom , Lee Joohwa
Published: January 2005

We have developed a computation method that can calculate landing shift using magnetic fields inside CRTs. Magnetic fields only along the electron beam path are measured for the computation. Computational results are well matched with experiments. With this method we are able to reduce cost and time in inner shield designing.
50.2: A Novel Fault‐Tolerant Architecture for Self‐Organizing Display and Sensor Arrays
Authors: Sturm Thomas F. , Jung Stefan , Stromberg Guido , Stöhr Annelie
Published: January 2005

Research on ‘electronic paper’ mainly focuses on novel electro‐optical materials, while system aspects such as fault tolerance and signal processing have been largely disregarded so far. A network of regular primitive information processing elements is presented to be embedded into the display backplane. The architecture self‐dependently detects the geometry of the display. Routing paths for the image data are established circumventing defective or missing regions. The concept and its relevance will be discussed on the basis of software simulations.
50.4: Three‐dimensional Virtual Retinal Display System using a Deformable Membrane Mirror
Authors: McQuaide Sarah C. , Seibel Eric J. , Burstein Robert , Furness Thomas A.
Published: January 2005

A deformable membrane mirror is being used to generate multiple focal planes within a scanned light display, or virtual retinal display (VRD). The MEMS deformable mirror changes the focal plane of the display by varying the wavefront of the optical beam entering the eye. Dynamically changing the focal plane will allow the viewer to see 3‐D objects using the natural accommodative response of the eye, unlike current stereographics that rely on retinal disparity. The display system can successfully generate a focal range from infinity to −3 diopters, verified through measurements on human subjects made with a laser autorefractor.
50.5L: Late‐News Paper: A Compact, Laser‐based Optical Scrolling Device
Authors: Duijve René , Liess Martin , Mimnagh‐Kelleher Gillian , Weijers Gon
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe a new input device that can be easily integrated into modern, compact equipment such as mobile telephones, laptops and PDAs, providing a solution for scrolling and/or click functionality. This laser‐based device interacts with any light‐scattering surface, including human skin. Apart from several application fields, this paper describes a simple solution for the detection of directional information using laser self‐mixing.
11.1: Invited Paper: Modern Methods for the Electro‐optical Characterization of Displays
Authors: Leroux Thierry
Published: January 2005

In this presentation, we will discuss recent advances and improvements in FPDs characterization methods. Several new and/or improved methods have been introduced in the past. After reviewing measurement requirements and basic principles of these methods, we will further focus on the characterization of reflective LCDs displays and introduce a new measurement methods allowing independent extraction of the characteristics of the display itself and the properties of the front surfaces.
52.1: Invited Paper: Electrophosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Forrest S. R. , Baldo M. A. , Brown J. J. , D'Andrade B. , Kawamura Y. , Kwong R. , Thompson M. E. , Yanagida S.
Published: January 2005

We discuss recent results in ultrahigh efficiency electrophosphorescent organic light emitting devices. In particular, we consider electrophosphorescent devices emitting in the red, green and blue spectral regions, and the relationship between efficiency and energy transfer. Both small molecular weight and polymer OLEDs are discussed. Furthermore, very high brightness, white emitting electrophosphorescent OLEDs will be described.
52.2: High‐efficiency RED Organic Light Emitting Material and Device Based on Triplet Emission with Ir Complex
Authors: Okada Shinjiro , Iwawaki Hironobu , Furugori Manabu , Kamatani Jun , Igawa Satoru , Moriyama Takashi , Miura Seishi , Tsuboyama Akira , Takiguchi Takao , Mizutani Hidemasa
Published: January 2005

We studied red emissive materials of Ir‐complex. We demonstrate high efficiency red OLED devices employing phosphorescent dopant. Ir(piq)3 [Iridium(III)tris(1‐phenyl‐isoquinolinato‐N, C2)] shows maximum emission peak of 623nm and excellent Q.Y with 0.66 compared to Ir(ppy)3 as a unit. Efficiency of the EL device is 8.0 lm/W, 9.3 cd/A at 100cd/m2, 623 lm/W, 8.4 cd/A at 300cd/m2. CIE‐ coordinate is (0.68,0.33) and it meets NTSC specification.
52.4L:Late‐News Paper:a‐Si:H TFT Active‐Matrix Phosphorescent OLED Pixel
Authors: Nichols J. A. , Jackson T. N. , Lu M. H. , Hack M.
Published: January 2005

We report a two‐transistor amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin film transistor (TFT) active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (OLED) pixel using high‐efficiency phosphorescent OLED devices. The gate to source voltage (VGS) for the OLED drive transistor is less than 8 V for a pixel brightness of 100 cd/m2and less than 12 V for 400 cd/m2. The low drive voltage is important for good TFT stability and display uniformity.
11.2: Standards and Metrology for Reflective LCDs
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: January 2005

This paper summarizes existing international standards and describes the problems that are currently obstacles in the way to reproducible metrology for reflective LCDs. Identification and removal of these problems shall help establishing a well founded and reasonably applicable international standard for reflective LCD‐metrology. We present a simple concept for detailed characterization of the illumination conditions and introduce a compact new device that supports the required measurements with the due flexibility in illumination geometry, required robustness and reproducibility.
53.1: Active‐Matrix Color Displays Using Electrophoretic Ink and Color Filters
Authors: Duthaler G. , Au J. , Davis M. , Gates H. , Hone B. , Knaian A. , Pratt E. , Suzuki K. , Yoshida S. , Ueda M. , Nakamura T.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe the first research prototypes of 5.0” diagonal QVGA active‐matrix driven microencapsulated electrophoretic displays that utilize color filter arrays to produce color images. We report on the performance of the electrophoretic ink material and the color filter used in the display, and discuss the method by which the display was integrated to within required tolerances. The color display exhibits “paper‐like” optics, in that the brightness and saturation of the optical states are largely independent of viewing or illumination conditions.
53.3: New Color Filter Structures for Transflective TFT ‐ LCD
Authors: Fujimori Kohichi , Narutaki Yozo , Itoh Yasuhisa , Kimura Naofumi , Mizushima Shigeaki , Ishii Yutaka , Hijikigawa Masaya
Published: January 2005

We have developed the novel color filter structure suitable for our transflective ‘Advanced TFT‐LCD’. In this paper, characteristics of the CF and display performance of improved ‘Advanced TFT‐LCD’ with high display‐quality are discussed.
55.1: 3D Touchless Display Interaction
Authors: van Berkel Cees
Published: January 2005

Sensing electrodes arranged in an active matrix or around the edge of a display can be used to detect hand and finger movements made in 3D space. These electrodes can be implemented in either conventional electronics or AMLCD technology, providing a possibility of low cost, fully integrated 3D interactive displays
55.4: Super‐multiview Three‐dimensional Display System
Authors: Kim Sung Sik , Cha Kyung Hoon , Sung Jun Ho
Published: January 2005

In this paper, the super multiview 3‐D display method using 24” LCD is introduced. The method is based on a point light source array with a pixel cell plate, which will give full parallax effect. And the resolution of the 24” LCD is 1920 × 1200 in RGB mode. The matrix of source views (from 6×6 to 15×15 views) is built from computer‐generated images or from the natural images taken by a photo‐camera. The multiview image is produced in processing the matrix by specially designed software. To display the resulting 3D multi‐view image, the crossed lenticular sheets are used.
55.5: Late‐News Paper: A Reflection‐Type Integral Imaging for Displaying Three‐Dimensional Images
Authors: Jung Sungyong , Jeong Yoonchan , Park Jae‐Hyeung , Lee Byoungho
Published: January 2005

A reflection‐type integral imaging scheme for displaying three‐dimensional images and its modifications are proposed. A concave mirror array instead of a lens array is adopted for the image integration. Its feasibility is demonstrated by basic experiments.
12.2: Large‐Area Poly‐Si on Glass by UV Scan Heating
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Park Seong Jin , Cho Kyu Sik , Sohn Woo Sung , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

The amorphous silicon (a‐Si)over 300 × 350 mm2 could be completely crystallized by using silicide mediated crystallization (SMC)of a‐Si by means of UV scan heating. A‐Si having a 2.0 × 1013 atoms/cm2 Ni area density was crystallized in 10 minutes without having amorphous phase inside and the grain size was ∼20 μm. The field effect mobilities and threshold voltages of the p‐channel poly‐Si TFTs were 35 ∼ 40 cm2/Vs and 0.6 ∼ 0.7 V/dec, respectively, over 300 × 350 mm2.
13.3 Co‐Optimization of Color AMLCD Subpixel Architecture and Rendering Algorithms
Authors: Elliott Candice H. Brown , Han Seokjin , Im Moon H. , Higgins Michael , Higgins Paul , Hong MunPyo , Roh Nam‐Seok , Park Cheolwoo , Chung Kyuha
Published: January 2005

Color subpixel rendering is enhanced by co‐optimizing the color subpixel architecture and algorithms with respect to human vision, resulting in the PenTile Matrix™ subpixel architecture to double the addressability and the MTF limit in both horizontal and vertical axes while reducing driver count. Results of prototype AMLCD panels demonstrate improved text and full color image quality.
P‐4: Electro Static Discharge Effects on Polysilicon TFTs for AMLCD
Authors: Lee Seung‐Chul , Jeon Byung‐Chul , Moon Kook‐Chul , Lee Min‐Cheol , Han Min‐Koo
Published: January 2005

We have investigated the degradation and failure of poly‐Si thin film transistors (TFT) due to electro static discharge (ESD) stress by using transmission line pulser (TLP) test. Experimental results show that degradations caused by ESD stress on the drain pad are classified into three failure modes depending on the strength of ESD stress;degradation regime, partial failure regime and complete failure regime. DC stress test has been performed to compare with the ESD stress test.
P‐5: Leakage Current Characteristics of Dual‐Gate Poly‐Si TFT's with Intermediate Lightly Doped Region
Authors: Chung Hoon‐Ju , Han Chul‐Hi
Published: January 2005

Leakage current characteristics of dual‐gate poly‐Si TFT's with intermediate lightly doped region (LDR) are investigated. When the length of LDR is 2μm and LDR implant dose is 2×1013/cm2, the leakage current of the proposed poly‐Si TFT is significantly reduced and the maximum ON/OFF current ratio is obtained.
3P‐113: Pixel Structure of the Ultra‐FFS TFT‐LCD for Strong Pressure‐Resistant Characteristic
Authors: Noh Jeong‐Dong , Kim Hyang Yul , Kim Jin Mahn , Koh Jai Wan , Lee Jung Yeal , Park Hae Sung , Lee Seung Hee
Published: January 2005

We have developed a pixel structure of the Ultra‐fringe‐field switching (FFS) TFT‐LCD using the LCs with positive dielectric anisotropy for superior pressure‐resistant characteristic. We have improved the pressure‐resistant characteristic of the “Ultra‐FFS” device by changing ‘⁁’ shape of pixel electrode into ‘<’ shape in one pixel. This indicates that its excellent electro‐optical characteristics remained unchanged under external pressure and thus the device can be applied to position‐ and pressure‐ sensitive touch panel display.
5.1: Large Area, High Resolution Portable ZBD Display
Authors: Wood E. L. , Brett P. J. , Bryan‐Brown G. P. , Graham A. , Amos R. M. , Beldon S. , Cubero E. , Jones J. C.
Published: January 2005

A 7″ diagonal 200dpi resolution, ultra low power Zenithal Bistable LCD ideal for portable applications is demonstrated for the first time. The lightweight module exhibits the same high contrast, wide viewing angle and rugged bistability shown previously but the design gives high quality text and graphics using conventional STN drivers.
P‐16: Simulation and Analysis of Overall Raster Moire Patterns on Color CRTs
Authors: Inoue T. , Motousu H. , Mikoshiba S. , Tobe A. , Oku K. , Shirai S.
Published: January 2005

Generation mechanisms of various moire patterns are clarified, and a simulation technique of overall raster moire patterns appearing on the color CRT screen is developed. The moire patterns are found to be sensitive to the slope and curvature of the scan lines. The technique allows to determine various CRT design parameters.
P‐17: DY Designs for CRTs with Reduced Depth
Authors: Kraan T. C. , Meijer J.
Published: January 2005

We study the front‐of‐screen performance and optimal coil design for various deflection angles. Both normal scanning and transposed scanning are considered. In these investigations the energy dissipation in the coil is controlled. We find that the convergence errors grow with increasing deflection angle. Transposing the scanning direction reduces the convergence errors significantly. Thus coils with deflection angles up to 130° with good geometry and convergence can be designed.
P‐27: Next Generation Particle Inspection System “HS‐30” for FPD Glass Plates
Authors: Hayashi Mutsumi
Published: January 2005

Particle inspection system HS‐730 for FPD glass plates has implemented for the first time in the world the 0.3μm detection sensitivity and ultra‐high‐speed inspection of twice as fast as in the past. Because of these, HS‐730 can be called as the true next generation particle inspection system that can satisfy the inspection needs in low and high temperature p‐Si (poly‐Silicon) processes that require finer size particle inspection and in large size glass plate processes that require reduced inspection tact time.
P‐28: Dry‐Etching Durability of LCD Glass Substrate Against Chlorine‐Based Gas
Authors: Totsuka Hirono , Itoh Taketsugu , Yamamoto Hideki , Sato Isao , Anma Motoya
Published: January 2005

Dry etching durability of Corning EAGLE2000 and code 1737 glass substrates was compared under aluminum gate metal over‐etching conditions of chlorine based reactive ion etching. The durability upon EAGLE2000 and code 1737 was equivalent against simulated aluminum dry etching condition. The etching rates of EAGLE2000 and code 1737 were less than 1/10 of sputtered aluminum film etching rate.
5:3 Ultra Low Power Bright Reflective Displays using BiNem® Technology Fabricated by Standard Manufacturing Equipment
Authors: Joubert Cecille , Angele Jacques , Boissier Alain , Dave Patrice , Dozov Ivan , Elbhar Thierry , Pecout Bertrand , Stoenescu Daniel , Vercelleto Romain , Martinot‐Lagarde Phillipe
Published: January 2005

We have developed reflective bistable nematic BiNem® LCDs with 160×160 and VGA resolutions. On state reflectance reaches 30% and contrast ratio exceeds 9 at normal incidence, with excellent viewing angle. Infinite bistability coupled to low driving voltage enable ultra low power consumption. Manufacturing process uses standard passive LCD fabrication equipment.
P‐100: An Improved Four TFT Circuit for Active‐Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Display
Authors: Bhowmick S. K. , Mazhari B.
Published: January 2005

In this work we describe a new Poly‐Silicon TFT based pixel circuit which provides very good linearity over a large current range (∼25 μA) while using only four TFTs and a single control line. We also show that our approach can result in a factor of 3 improvement in current range of amorphous Silicon TFT based pixel circuits.
P‐103: Novel Poly‐Si TFT Pixel Electrode Circuits and Current Programmed Active‐Matrix Driving Methods for AM‐OLEDs
Authors: Hong Yongtaek , Kanicki Jerzy , Hattori Reiji
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we present the systematic analysis of the current‐programmed poly‐Si pixel electrode circuits with current‐sink‐type charging functionality and duty ratio controllability. Two different driving schemes for top‐cathode and top‐anode organic light‐emitting device structures are described and compared. Their limitations and advantages are also discussed.
P‐105: Array Printheads for the Ink Jet Fabrication of Color Polymer LEDs
Authors: Grove M. , Hayes D. , Antohe B. , Cox R.
Published: January 2005

Many organizations developing color PLED displays have concluded that ink jet deposition of the light emitting polymers is the best approach to production. Manufacturing PLED face plates with ink jet printing will require multi‐orifice array ink jet printheads compatible with the polymer solutions.
P‐109: The Quality Analysis of Long Back‐Focal Projection Lens
Authors: Lee Jongsoo
Published: January 2005

The projection lens for Rear Projection TV/Monitor is addressed in this paper. This lens has the very long back focal length and is composed of two groups that have an acrylic aspheric lens each. The image quality was analyzed with the change of aspheric coefficients. These coefficients were obtained from the curve fitting of the artificially generated surface error based upon the real molding acrylic lens component measurement. As a result, the aspheric component's form error of 2ed group is fifteen times sensitive in comparison to that of 1st group
P‐110: Stray Light Analysis for Particle on Optical Components
Authors: Chung S. C. , Ou C. R.
Published: January 2005

It is well known that the particles in/on the optical component will cause the straylight and degrade the contrast ratio, but few of literature describe the relation between the distribution of the particle and the contrast ratio. In this article, we try to explore the relations between these phenomena, as well as the experiment results.
10.3: Screen‐Printed Electrochromic Displays based on Nanocrystalline Electrodes
Authors: Pettersson Henrik , Gruszecki Tadeusz , Johansson Lars‐Henrik , Norberg Anna , Edwards Mårten O. M. , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: January 2005

Screen‐printed electrochromic reflective displays, based on nanocrystalline metal‐oxide working electrodes derivatized with organic electrochromophores, have been developed. Segmented devices up to the size of 200 cm2, primarily designed for information sign applications, have been prepared using industrial low‐cost processes. It is shown that adequate module preparation provides aesthetically attractive (paper‐like) displays with bistable function (memory of appr. 20 minutes in the colored state) and low power consumption. The devices function well at temperatures down to—20°C, sustain switching stability of at least two million cycles, and show promising stability under UV illumination, temperature storage (−20°C to +80°C) respectively humidity.
P‐33: A Measurement and Analysis Method of Image Sticking in LCD
Authors: Lee Don‐Gyou , Kim Il‐Ho , Soh Hoe‐Sup , Ann Byung Chul
Published: January 2005

In this paper, the evaluation method of image sticking was proposed by measuring 2‐Dimension of luminance level. We used the 2D‐CCD luminance meter and pattern generator for chessboard pattern. The test samples were burned in about 2 hours and the tested data were normalized by data before image sticking test. The normalized value was so sensitive for determining the image sticking level. We proposed a new parameter of ISV(image sticking value) for increasing sensitivity. It was resulted that the image sticking under ISV 1% was difficult to be detected by human eye. And the image sticking over ISV 2% was strongly detected. It was found that this test method is similar to human eye testing result. Therefore, this analysis method helps to determine the objective image sticking level.
P‐34: Impact of Birefringence on Large LCDs
Authors: Cohen Jennifer M. , Greene Raymond G. , Strope Douglas , Kaplan Andy
Published: January 2005

Minimizing the spatial variation of polarization is critical to tiled AMLCD image quality. With the advent of large tiled AMLCD, low spatial frequency artifacts may become visible. Component birefringence variation of a few nanometers can produce viewer detectable luminance variations. Jones matrix formulation is used to model this effect and compare to experimental measurements.
P‐40: High Reliability External Electrode Mercury Fluorescent Lamp for a LC TV's Backlight
Authors: Takeda Y. , Takagi M. , Watanabe Y. , Amano M. , Nakano H.
Published: January 2005

A high reliability external electrode fluorescent lamp (EEFL) has been developed for a LC TV's backlight by examining characteristics of the EEFL, in addition, by improving an inner‐surface condition of the lamp at the external electrode portion to reduce the mercury consumption, and an adhesive layer of the external electrode to avoid the lamp leakage during lighting.
P‐43: The Modified Structure of Active‐matrix Cathode having Short‐failure Tolerance and Very Low Leakage Currents
Authors: Hwang Chi‐Sun , Song Y.‐H. , Cho Y.‐R. , Ahn S.‐D. , Kim B.‐C. , Chung C.‐H. , Kim D.‐H. , Uhm H.‐S. , Lee J. H. , Cho K. I.
Published: January 2005

For the reliable operation in Active‐Matrix Field Emission Display (AMFED), the modification of the structure in field emitter cathode was proposed. A resistor bridge over field emitter gate electrode was added, which gave short‐failure tolerance to the cathode. A light‐shield electrode was also incorporated to minimize the off‐leakage current of active‐control transistor. The prototype AMFED composed of a‐Si TFT and Mo‐tip emitter array was fabricated and its operation was successfully demonstrated.
P‐44: Optimization and Characterization of the Porous Poly‐silicon Emitter
Authors: Kim Hoon , Park Jong‐Won , Lee Joo‐Won , Lee Yun‐Hi , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Song Yoon‐Ho , Lee Jin‐Ho , Cho Kyung‐Ik , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

It is estimated that a porous polysilicon (PPS) diode with a structure of Au/PPS/n‐type Si operates as an efficient stable surface emitting cold cathode. 2.0 μm of an nondoped polysilicon layer is formed on an heavily doped n‐type silicon wafer and anodized in a solution of HF(50%): ethanol = 1: 1 under illumination by a 500 W tungsten lamp from a distance of 20 cm. The electron emission properties of the PPS diode were investigated as a function of anodizing condition. It was found that the electron emission properties depend on the anodizing condition, and the optimum anodizing condition is 10mA/cm2 for 15 seconds. The PPS diode emitter fabricated by using the optimum condition has higher efficiency, lower diode current and higher emission current compared to that of other PPS diode emitter. The electron emission characteristics as a function of ambient pressure and the electron trajectory were also studied. Furthermore, the fluctuation properties of the PPSE was investigated and discussed.
P‐51: A Novel Synthetic Method for the Production of Y2O3: Eu Phosphor particles of a Controlled Size using Copolymer Microgels of NIPAM
Authors: Silver J. , Martinez‐Rubio M. I. , Gebretensae S. , Fern G. R. , Snowden M. J. , Withnall R.
Published: January 2005

A novel method for preparing the luminescent red Y2O3: Eu phosphor using copolymer microgels of NIPAM is described. An extensive range of spherical particle sizes (from 0.1 to 1 μm) can be produced using copolymer microgels of NIPAM and AMPS. To produce spherical Y2O3: Eu phosphor particles less than 100 nm in diameter, the copolymer microgel used was NIPAM and Acrylic acid (AAc). The dependence of luminescent intensity on particle size is also reported.
P‐52: A Re‐examination of the Potential of Powder AC and DC EL Phosphors
Authors: Vecht A. , Davies D. A. , Staple A. J. , Wilstead N. , Rose J. A.
Published: January 2005

Using zinc sulphides prepared by new techniques, together with novel binder systems, improved dc and acel displays can be produced showing better efficiency and resolution. Novel binder systems lead to simple preparative methods. Good maintenance can be obtained when dcel panels are driven at constant power.
P‐53: Control of EL Powder Phosphor Properties
Authors: Sychov M. M. , Nakanishi Y. , Bakhmet'ev V. V. , Korsakov V. G. , Sergeeva N. M. , Zakharova N. V. , Mjakin S. V. , Vasil'eva I. V.
Published: January 2005

We report relatively low‐temperature synthesis of ZnS: Cu, Al AC powder electroluminescent phosphor having smaller particle size comparing to commercial samples. Controlling synthesis conditions we were able to regulate phosphor's EL spectra and color coordinates and fabricate sample with frequency‐controlled electroluminescence color. EL brightness of phosphors was significantly improved by electron beam irradiation in air atmosphere. Surface properties of powders were also studied and found to correlate with synthesis conditions and electroluminescence intensity, providing useful tool in phosphor optimization and quality control.
P‐59: Secondary Electron Emission from MgO Thin Films for Low‐Energy Noble Gases by Pulsed‐Ion Beam Technique
Authors: Lee Sang Kook , Whang Ki‐Woong , Kim Jaehong , Lee Jihwa
Published: January 2005

We investigated the secondary electron emission characteristics of MgO layer used as the protecting material in a.c. plasma display panel(a.c.‐PDPs) using a pulsed ion beam technique, where the surface charging can be effectively suppressed during the measurement. The measurement of the secondary electron emission coefficients γifor He+, Ne+, Ar+, Kr+ and Xe+ ions with kinetic energies ranging from 50 eV to 225 eV showed an energy dependency increasing gradually as a function of kinetic energy. In addition, it was clearly demonstrated that the pulsed ion beam method can successfully measure the coefficient of secondary electron emission from insulator surfaces.
P‐71: Computer Simulation of Polymer‐Stabilized FLCDs Exhibiting V‐Shaped Switching
Authors: Takahashi T. , Saito S. , Kobayashi S.
Published: January 2005

Polymer‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (PS‐FLC) cells with high display performance have been developed and reported by our group, mainly through experiments. There are two types of PS‐FLC cells, exhibiting a Half‐V shaped and a V‐shaped EO characteristic, which are controlled by the condition of photocure treatment. In this paper, we show the V‐shaped switching characteristics of PS‐FLC cells by a computer simulation; some numerical models have been suggested and established using the continuum theory by introducing the term of polymer stabilization. It is shown that simulated results agree well with experimental results.
P‐74: A Noble Driving Method for Frustrated AFLCs
Authors: Kang Jin‐Woo , Park Won Sang , Juhn Chul Gyu , Han Kwan‐Young , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: January 2005

Frustrated AFLCs exhibit a sharp decline of holding voltage when they are driven by TFTs for high quality displays. The reason is that the response time of the LCs is longer than the gate pulse width, and frustrated AFLCs have large spontaneous polarization. The sharp decline of holding voltage becomes the cause of low contrast, and is an important problem to be considered in designing LCDs. In this paper, to solve this problem we propose a noble M‐sector driving method and a new gray‐implementation method.
P‐76: Photoalignment of Polymer‐Stabilized V‐FLCD and Intrinsic HV‐FLCD and the Effect on Their EO Characteristics
Authors: Murakami Y. , Xu J. , Kobayashi S. , Endo H. , Fukuro H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed polyamide RN‐1333 and new RN‐1199 series and we used them to fabricate defect free FLCDs exhibiting V‐shaped switching and half‐V switching, where we controlled pretilt angle and azimuthal anchoring energy by adopting the double exposure method including hybrid alignment. It is shown that the photoalignment technique is useful not only to fabricate zigzag defect free FLCDs but also to reduce operation voltage compared with rubbing method.
6.2: Biaxial Strength of Ultrathin AMLCD Glass Substrates
Authors: Gulati S. T. , Helfinstine J. D. , Roe T. A. , Hillman M. L. , Lapp J. C.
Published: January 2005

The biaxial strength of ultrathin AMLCD glass substrates with thickness ranging from 0.25mm to 0.70mm was measured in the concentric ring fixture. The data, based on a large sample size of 25mm × 25mm square specimens, show that the strength is independent of glass thickness and approaches 630 MPa. The choice of 25mm × 25mm specimens for measuring the biaxial strength was dictated by minimizing large deflections and associated membrane tension in the test region. The effect of surface area under test was taken into account by using Weibull distribution which demonstrated constancy of surface strength irrespective of substrate thickness. Thus, thin and ultrathin AMLCD susbtrates have similar biaxial strength as measured in the concentric ring fixture.
P‐82: A Novel TN‐LCD Exhibiting Frequency‐Modulation Response Fabricated by Doping NLC Decorated Pd Nano‐Particles: FM TN‐LCD
Authors: Maeda K. , Yoshikawa H. , Xu J. , Shiraishi Y. , Toshima N. , Kobayashi S.
Published: January 2005

A new TN‐LCD exhibiting a frequency modulation, called FM‐TN‐ LCD, has been fabricated by doping Pd nanoparticles that are covered with nematic liquid crystal molecules, whose dielectric anisotropy is negative (Δ∍ > 0) and its sign is opposite to that of the host NLC (Δ∍ > 0). Luminance level and the threshold voltage of this LCD are controlled by changing the frequency of the applied pixel voltage from 20Hz to 100Hz by keeping the operation voltage just above the threshold voltage.
P‐86: Reflective Color PDLC Displays using Color Filters
Authors: Bruyneel Filip , Cuypers Dieter , De Smet Herbert , Van Calster André
Published: January 2005

Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) has a high reflectance for a wide range of viewing angles. This is an important advantage for low power reflective displays. So far there is no breakthrough technology for reflective color PDLC displays. This paper discusses reflective color PDLC displays using color filters.
P‐87: Optical Characterization of Reflective Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals
Authors: Qi Jun , Li Liuliu , De Sarkar Mousumi , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

We investigate the performance of reflective holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H‐PDLC) displays as a function of sample thickness and curing laser light intensity. The results are in excellent agreement with our modeling. In addition, we present results on the angular dependence and polarization dependence of H‐PDLC in the context of reflective display applications.
6.3: Thin Glass‐Polymer Systems as Flexible Substrates for Displays
Authors: Weber Andreas , Deutschbein Silke , Plichta Armin , Habeck Andreas
Published: January 2005

Thin and flexible substrates are urgently needed to realize new applications for LCD‐ and OLED displays. The use of polymer foils is limited due to high permeation rates for oxygen and water and complicated coatings are needed to reduce the permeation rate. On the other hand even ultra thin glass has excellent barrier properties but limitations regarding mechanical stability. The developed thin glass‐polymer systems with a thickness range from 100‐50 μm show excellent barrier properties combined with sufficient bending property to shape displays for various applications. An organic polymer coating on the ultra thin glass by means of dipping or spin coating improves significantly the mechanical stability of the thin glass. Thus, the thin glass‐polymer substrates can be used in conventional cleaning and ITO process lines. The influence of various coatings on the mechanical properties is shown.
P‐88: Low Driving Voltage of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Kim Min‐Kyu , Mo Yeon‐Gon , Jeong Seok‐Hong , Choi Woon‐Seop
Published: January 2005

A high‐resolution 5.7″ VGA mono cholesteric reflective liquid crystal display was demonstrated using a STN driver. We have reduced the driving voltage of Ch‐LCD by optimizing panel conditions and adding low molecular materials. The optimized driving voltage was enough to drive the display, necessary for using a commercial STN driver.
P‐93: High Performance 17.0″ SVGA OCB Panel with Fast Initial Bend Transition
Authors: Lee Chang‐Hun , Chang Hak‐Sun , Lyu Jae‐Jin , Kim Kyeong‐Hyeon , Souk Jun‐Hyung
Published: January 2005

Recently, the vigorous researches on the moving picture quality of TFT‐LCDs have been made to overcome their drawbacks in replacing CRTs for TV application. Among them, the fast response OCB mode is thought to have the highest potential for TV application, even though its image quality still needs to be improved. In this regard, we have optimized the cell parameters of OCB mode to get wide viewing angle, high contrast ratio and transmittance as well as the fast response time. Based on these parameters, we have improved image qualities remarkably by adopting these to 17.0″ SVGA proto‐panel, which shows the contrast ratio over 250, viewing angle over 80 degree for all direction except rubbing direction, response time under 7 ms including inter‐gray scale and the transmittance of 90% of TN mode. Especially, by adopting new driving scheme, we considerably reduced the initial bend transition time, which is known as one of drawbacks in OCB mode. We are continuing further research to get the competitive image quality and good reliability, which is comparable to commercially used PVA or IPS mode.
P‐95: Temperature Effects and Mechanical Properties of Ordered Reactive Mesogens for Passive Optical Film Applications
Authors: Vedrine J. , Cairns D. R. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

Photopolymerized reactive mesogens are commercially used in LCD compensation film applications and are currently under development for a number of other passive optical elements for LCDs. We have fabricated reactive mesogen films and present an opto‐mechanical study of their properties under strain for various temperatures. The modulus as a function of temperature is studied for two liquid crystal alignments (parallel and perpendicular director alignments). This fundamental study provides valuable insight into the optical and mechanical performance of mesogen films for display applications.
P‐98: Red and White EL Materials Based on a New Fused Aromatic Ring
Authors: Iwakuma Toshihiro , Aragane Takashi , Hironaka Yoshio , Fukuoka Kenichi , Ikada Hidetsugu , Hosokawa Chishio , Kusomoto Tadashi
Published: January 2005

Excellent organic electroluminescent materials are needed to realize color EL devices with high performance. We have succeeded in realizing bright and efficient devices with long lifetime in red and white color regions, based on a new fused aromatic ring derivative.
7.2: A Memory‐Efficient Implementation of Video Window Detection for a Digital Display Controller
Authors: Mallapur Hemant , Sakuntala N. , Nair Hari , Chinnasamy Muthukrishnan , Johary Arun
Published: January 2005

Embedded video in a PC graphics stream needs to be processed with separate TV‐style hue and saturation controls and gamma compensation. This requires detection and localization of the video content. Our algorithm uses spatial and temporal characteristics of video to determine the coordinates of an embedded video window. This memory‐efficient architecture has been successfully implemented in a VLSI digital display controller.
16.2: A Parallel Digital‐Data‐Driver Architecture for Low‐Power Poly‐Si TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Haga Hiroshi , Tsuchi Hiroshi , Abe Katsumi , Ikeda Naoyasu , Asada Hideki , Hayama Hiroshi , Shiota Kunihiro , Takada Naruaki
Published: January 2005

A parallel digital‐data‐driver architecture has been developed to reduce power consumption in low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCDs. It features low‐power 3V‐interface level shifters and 198 serial/parallel converters driven in parallel at a clock frequency of 62.5 kHz. Total power consumption in a 2.4‐in., 41K(176 × 234)‐pixel TFT‐LCD with integrated 6b DACs is 12 mW at a 30‐Hz frame frequency.