bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ramularia astragali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia astragali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Astragalus carolinianus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
A. carolinianus
. The lesions are mainly circular, but occasionally fuse and become irregular. Tufts of conidiophores emerging through the stomata give the leaf spots a frosted appearance. Sporulation is known to occur in July and August. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA: Dakota). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Ramularia trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Trifolium rybergii
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
T. rybergii
. The lesions tend to be elongated, being restricted by larger veins, but several infections together can give the lesion a more irregular appearance. Small tufts of conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface. Sporulation is known to occur in July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Phaseolus vulgaris
, the french bean. DISEASE: Floury spot of bean or Mancha harinosa. The name derives from the white tufty growth of the fungus on the lower leaf surfaces. Yellowish spots develop on the leaves and in severe infections these appear as a yellow mottling. In old infections the spots become brown with a yellow margin. Infection is confined to the leaves and progresses upwards from the base where it can cause severe defoliation (37, 749). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, South America (CMI Map No. 436, ed. 2, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Candida albicans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida albicans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida albicans
is the commonest cause of candidosis in humans and is also implicated in diseases, notably of the respiratory tract, in birds and other warm-blooded animals. The literature relating to candidosis goes back to approximately 400 BC when Hippocrates described two cases of thrush in his
Epidemics book 3
(translated by F. Adams, Baltimore: Williams + Wilkins, 1939). Infections in humans may be superficial (oral thrush, vaginitis, paronychia and cutaneous candidosis) or deep-seated as a result of dissemination via the blood-stream (e.g. endocarditis, endophthalmitis). Single organs may be involved as a result of direct invasion (e.g. pulmonary candidosis). Candidosis may occur in almost any part of the body but rarely occurs in the absence of one or more predisposing factors.
Candida albicans
occurs commonly as a commensal of mucous membranes and the digestive tract and infection generally results from an overgrowth of the patient's indigenous flora. Predisposing factors involve those associated with hospitalization and serious underlying disease e.g. broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy (see Odds, 1979), use of intravenous catheters and surgical procedures as well as malignant and immunological disorders and intravenous drug abuse. Certain groups within the healthy population are also at risk including neonates (oral thrush), pregnant women (vaginitis) and kitchen workers (paronychia). Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis is a severe superficial disease, usually in children, thought to be linked with cellular immune deficiencies and endocrinopathy syndromes. The pathogenicity of
Candida albicans
has been established by careful clinical studies of patients with candidosis and by laboratory experiments with animals including mice, guineapigs and rabbits. Disseminated candidosis has been produced by intravenous and intra-peritoneal inoculation of unmodified laboratory animals and may affect visceral organs with the kidney generally the focus of infection. Pretreatment with corticosteroids, irradiation etc. generally enhances the susceptibility of the animal to candidosis (see Odds, 1979 for a review of the literature). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Reported from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America.
Candida parapsilosis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida parapsilosis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida parapsilosis
is an opportunistic human pathogen which may cause both superficial and systemic candidosis in the compromised host. Although less common than
C. albicans
, it has been associated with vaginitis, peritonitis, oral candidosis, urinary tract infection, septicaemia and endocarditis and represents approximately 5 to 10% of clinical yeast isolates. Meunier-Carpenter isolated
C. parapsilosis
from 13 out of 82 cancer patients with candidaemia (
Am. J. Med
. 71: 368-370, 1981).
Candida parapsilosis
appears to play an important role in the incidence of Candida endocarditis. Odds (1979) in a review of 112 cases found 25.8% due to
C. parapsilosis
, 54.8% to
C. albicans
and the remainder to a variety of other yeasts. There appears to be a link between
C. parapsilosis
endocarditis and intra-venous drug abuse. Reisberg found this organism to be the most common blood culture isolate from drug abusers (
Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis
. 22: 193-204, 1976) and it has also been isolated from heroin syringes used by drug abusers (Brandstett
et al.
, JAMA 243: 1073, 1980. Isolates from animals appear to be rare, although the organism has been implicated in cases of bovine mastitis.
Candida parapsilosis
has been shown to cause gastrointestinal overgrowth in antibiotic treated mice, resulting in spread to visceral organs (Kennedy,
Sabouraudia
21: 27-33, 1983) and to be lethal to alloxan treated mice (Andriole
et al., Yale. J. Biol. Med
. 35: 96-112, 1962), however attempts to infect untreated mice have failed. Equivocal results have been obtained in attempts to produce skin lesions in laboratory animals. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Reported from Africa (Egypt, Mozambique, Nigeria and South Africa); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, New Zealand and Hawaii); Europe (most countries); North America (Canada, Cuba, El Salvador and USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Venezuela).
Candida zeylanoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida zeylanoides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida zeylanoides
is occasionally associated with candidosis in man and animals. It has been implicated in endocarditis and systemic candidosis in humans and has been isolated from numerous sites including sputum, oral cavity, urine, faeces, feet, bile and pharyngeal swabs. In warm-blooded animals the organism has been isolated from infected udders in cases of bovine mastitis. Few studies have been undertaken on the pathogenicity of the organism. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Most reports are from Europe (including Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia). Outside Europe,
Candida zeylanoides
has been isolated in Argentina, Indo-China and South Africa.
Toruiopsis candida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Toruiopsis candida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Torulopsis candida
is one of the less common species of the commensal yeast flora in humans and has been associated with both superficial and systemic infections. The organism has occasionally been implicated in cases of fungal septicaemia and has been isolated from urine, vagina and feet. Veterinary associations of
T. candida
include bovine mastitis, bovine and ovine abortion and isolation from cervical swats in mares. Pathogenicity studies have been carried out by Khon
et al.
who found
Torulopsis glabrata
to be non-pathogenic to normal mice following intravenous inoculation with up to 10 cells but 50% mortality in cortisone treated mice inoculated with similar doses (
Sabouraudia
18: 319-327, 1980). The diseased mice were found to have macroscopic lesions on liver, lung, kidney and spleen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sudan); Asia (Japan, Kuwait); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, UK); North America (USA); South America (Brazil, Venezuela).
Setosphaeria monoceras
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria monoceras
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Echinochloa
and
Oryza
. DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with punctiform, purplish-brown spots on leaves of
Echinochloa corona
. Drechsler (1923) and Nisikado (1928) reported it as causing dark brown to chocolate leaf spots or leaf blight respectively on
E. crus-galli
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Cuba, Israel, Japan, Turkey, Russia, USA, Yugoslavia. (44: 3041, 52: 775; 60: 6682, 63: 3338). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Pseudomonas agarici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas agarici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agaricus bisporus
the cultivated mushroom;
Agaricus
spp. DISEASE: Drippy gill of mushroom. The name is derived from the numerous cream-grey droplets of bacteria that develop on the gills. They are usually surrounded by a dark brown to black water-soaked spot which increases in size up to 2 mm or more. The droplets also increase in size and may coalesce and bridge the spaces between gills. If infection is severe the gill tissues collapse. Fine longitudinal splits, that become brown with age, usually develop on the stipe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (NSW, 63, 3168); New Zealand (Young, 1970); Eire (52, 943); UK (cultures in NCPPB) are recorded, but it is probably of world wide occurrence. TRANSMISSION: Details are unknown. Fahy and Lloyd (1983) report that the disease is often found in association with poor compost pasteurization, Young (1970) noted that the bacteria can be found in immature caps with unbroken veils. This suggests that the organism may enter from the bed to the cap in a young stage of the cap's development.
Pseudomonas corrugata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas corrugata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
. Also isolated from symptomless roots of
Medicago saliva
. DISEASE: Tomato pith necrosis. The pith is discoloured brown to dark brown and may show cavities, especially in the lower parts of the stem. External symptoms frequently seen include chlorosis of upper leaves, sometimes a brown to black external stem lesion where the pith is most badly affected, bacterial exudate from leaf scars, pruning and other wounds, and on older plants prolific development of adventitious roots on the stems in areas where the pith is most badly affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, New Zealand (cultures at CMI), Denmark (62, 6), England, Germany (East 60, 5559; West 61, 6591), Italy (S. Sardinia 63, 1960), USA (CA 62, 2155; F 62, 3656; PA 59, 919 on Lucerne). The distribution is probably much more widespread than these records show. TRANSMISSION: The bacterium is probably common in the environment. It has, for example, been isolated from mains water which was being used to irrigate an affected crop. It is probably also spread from plant to plant by man in cultural operations. The disease is favoured by high humidity or wet foliage and high nitrogen levels in the soil; conditions that favour soft plant growth that is most susceptible.
Pseudomonas tolaasii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas tolaasii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agaricus bisporus, A. bitorquis, A. arvensis, A. campestris
, edible mushrooms. Also reported to cause losses on
Pleurotus eryugii
and
P. ostreatus
(65, 1655). DISEASE: Bacterial blotch of cultivated mushrooms. Spots of a pale yellow colour arise on the caps as they expand. These enlarge and become dark brown, often wet and sunken, and may coalesce. Stalks are also frequently attacked. The infection does not penetrate deeply, but renders the mushroom unsaleable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from China (62, 2744), India (57, 2373), Israel (60, 4791) Taiwan (59, 3507), Australia (NSW, Qd, Tas., Vict., 63, 3168), New Zealand (culture in PDDCC), Denmark, France (30: 554), Italy (50, 3375), Netherlands (37: 66), Rumania (42: 359), UK, USA (MD 37: 66, ME 64, 1386, MN, MO, PA 60, 2315). Probably much more widespread than these records suggest. TRANSMISSION: On one farm studied in England the primary sources of infection were the peat and limestone used in the casing process. One percent and two percent of samples respectively yielded the bacterium, which was apparently present as a normal constituent of the associated micro-flora. Water, soil spawn and spawned compost were all found to be free of infestation (Wong & Preece, 1980). Under the right conditions these low numbers are able to increase sufficiently to cause serious disease in beds. Agents of secondary spread within an infested farm are many and complex. Wong & Preece were able to isolate the pathogen from workers' hands, clothing, baskets, ladders, knives, and from cropping house floors. The organism was also trapped from the air inside and just outside infested houses, and in low numbers near the bed surfaces of apparently healthy houses. Spores discharged from diseased mushrooms seemed seldom to carry bacteria, but sciarid flies (
Lycorilla
sp.) and mites (
Tyrophagus
sp.) are able to carry infection.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phleumpratense
. In inoculation tests Egli & Schmidt (1982) found that
Phleum alpinum, P. arenarium, P
.
bertolonii
(2 cvs.), P.
phleoides
and P.
pratense
(2 cvs.) were all highly susceptible.
Lolium multiflorum
showed mild symptoms in this test, but none in another. Other grasses, including
Festuca pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius
and
Poa trivalis
showed little or, more often, no symptom development. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of timothy grass. The symptoms are the same as those caused by
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
on other forage grasses. Young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or die. In some plants growth continues poorly and small, distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form along the vascular bundles of older leaves, often extending to the sheaths. Bacterial streaming is often visible under the microscope from the cut edges of infected tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway (Egli & Schmidt, 1982) and Belgium (61, 6162) are the only reports so far, but the disease is probably more widespread in Europe than this would suggest. TRANSMISSION: As for
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery. The possibility of seed transmission should not be overlooked, although this has not been proved.
Phyllachora brachystegiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora brachystegiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from
Brachystegia longifolia, B. randii, B. spiciformis
. DISEASE: Causes leaf spots of
Brachystegia
species. Nothing is known about the development of the disease but almost certainly the fungus causes little discernable damage to the host, in common with other
Phyllachora
species. The mycelium is almost certainly confined to the individual leaflet infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: Not studied; probably by airborne dispersal of ascospores directly infecting leaflets.
Phyllachora contigua
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora contigua
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from
Millettia caudata, M. pallens
and
M.? stapfiana
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Millettia
species. Nothing is known of the development of the disease, but it is likely to cause little damage to the host in common with other
Phyllachora
species. However, heavy infestation would undoubtedly significantly affect the growth rate of the tree. Individual infections are probably confined to the leaves in which they occur. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone. Asia: India. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but probably occurs through air dispersal of ascospores and direct infection of leaves, the ascospores germinating to produce appressoria and infection pegs.
Phyllachora dalbergiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora dalbergiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known
from Dalbergia ferruginea, D. latifolia, D. nitidula, D. sissoo, D. stipulacea
and
D
.
variabilis
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Dalbergia
species. No research into the epidemiology or virulence of this disease has been carried out, but as the host genus is prominent and widespread it seems unlikely that serious damage is caused. In cases where the fungus is well established on the host, however, significant retardation of the growth rate must result. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, India, Philippines. South America: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but it almost certainly occurs through the air-borne dispersal of ascospores in wind currents, which then directly infect the host leaves.
Phyllachora spissa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora spissa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from
Dalbergia latifolia and D. sissoo
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Dalbergia
species. Little is known about the biology and development of this fungus, but in common with other
Phyllachora
species, it appears not to inflict serious damage on the host. It must, however, have a general debilitating effect on the growth of the host tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Only recorded from India. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but most or all
Phyllachora
species have air-dispersed ascospores which directly infect host leaves, then germinating to produce appressoria and infection pegs.
Cercospora carbonacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora carbonacea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dioscoria
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of yams. Causes fairly large, 5-20 mm, angular leaf spots, which are usually delimited by the leaf veins. The dark brown to almost black leaf spots give an almost charred appearance to the leaves, while on the lower surface the spots are grey becoming brown with age. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Asia: Burma, India, North America: Canada (Ontario), West Indies (Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia, surviving adverse periods in crop debris.
Cercospora duddiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora duddiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium ascalonicum, A. cepa, A. fistulosum, A porrum, A. sativum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or withertip on onion and garlic. The symptoms vary on the different host species. On onion circular, chlorotic spots 3-5 mm diam. form mainly on the tip of the leaf, gradually decreasing in number towards the leaf base. The lesions at the leaf tip coalesce, forming a dry greyish-brown area, and in severe cases the entire leaf tip may be killed. The base of the leaf is mottled with brown necrotic leaf spots. Eventually the necrotic tissue may spread down the leaf surface, delimited by a narrow band (3 mm) of chlorotic tissue (Welles, 1923). Rarely does the disease cause much damage (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Uganda; Asia: Borneo, Brunei, Burma, India, Indonesia, Oman, The Yemen; Australasia: Papua New Guinea; North America: West Indies (Barbados, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or water-splash dispersed conidia, and by transportation with onion parts. The fungus is also reported to be seed borne (Chupp & Sherf, 1960).
Cylindrocarpon vaginae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon vaginae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man. DISEASE: Human corneal infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread. In CMI records there are medical reports of eye infections from Bangladesh and Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne and infection by contamination of eye with muddy water or plant material.
Hypodermella laricis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypodermella laricis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: In Europe and North America this fungus kills needles and spur shoots of
Larix
species. The diseased spur shoots retain the dead needles over the winter and ascospores are released the following spring from these needles. Outbreaks have occasionally been severe. HOSTS:
Larix decidua, L. europaea, L. laricina, L. occidentalis, L. sibirica
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: USSR (Irkutsk). Europe: Austria, Germany. North America: Canada (British Columbia, Ontario), USA (Idaho, Montana, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Naemacyclus korfii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Naemacyclus korfii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carissa congesta
[Carissa carandas]
. DISEASE: This species apparently kills areas of living leaves of its host, with ascomata maturing on the dead portions of those leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Maharashtra). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Ploioderma lowei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ploioderma lowei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus elliottii
var.
elliottii
. DISEASE: Needle blight of southern pine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: USA (Louisiana, Mississippi). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Alternaria dianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria dianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
spp., and other members of the
Caryophyllaceae
including
Gypsophila
and
Saponaria
spp. It is occasionally reported from other plants (e.g.
Hibiscus esculentus
(51, 1025; 42, 655)). DISEASE: Carnation blight. The fungus causes yellowing and necrosis of the host tissue, initially killing the leaves but in severe infections, also the stem and eventually the whole plant. The fungus can persist in the soil, from where it can attack seedlings, usually destroying them rapidly. It also infects the host's flowers, seed capsules and seeds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Cyprus, India, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USSR (Armenia, Republic of Georgia). Australasia & Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia), New Zealand, USA (Hawaii). Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain Sweden, UK, Yugoslavia. North America: Bermuda, Canada, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA. South America: Brazil, Uruguay. TRANSMISSION: Successful growth and sporulation of the fungus requires warm moist conditions (optimal mycelial growth is at
ca
20°C), although mycelium can survive at 0°C. Transmission of conidia is usually via wind, seeds or soil. A damp leaf surface is essential for infection.
Cladosporium echinulatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium echinulatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
spp., occasionally also on other similar members of the
Caryophyllaceae
, such as
Lychnis
and
Saponaria
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of carnation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Uganda. Asia: Cyprus, India, Iran, Japan Turkey. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, England, Finland, Italy, Iceland, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, West Germany, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (British Columbia), El Salvador, Mexico, USA (California, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Texas). South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Peru. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by wind or rain, spreading from leaf to leaf, or to new plants.
Cladosporium phlei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium phlei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phleumpratense
(cf. notes). DISEASE: Eyespot of timothy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Denmark, Eire, England, Northern Ireland, Norway, Sweden, USSR (Byelorussia), West Germany. North America: Canada (Quebec), USA (New York, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By airborne dispersal of conidia, and by conidia on seeds of the host. Infection requires a high humidity (80-100%) to be successful. Spores germinate at between 3 and 33°C, optimally at 24°C (55, 5249).
Cladosporium pipericola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium pipericola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Piper betle
. DISEASE: Infection starts at the tips or margins of the leaves and spreads over the main part of the leaf lamina. Lesions spread quickly and cause premature defoliation. Infections can be seen as a fine greenish growth of conidiophores and conidia on the underside. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Uttar Pradesh). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia. Cool damp weather favours infection, which is usually first evident in December, becoming severe in January and February.
Entyloma australe
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma australe
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Physalis peruviana
and other species of
Physalis
. Occasionally on other members of the
Solanaceae
, including
Browallia, Petunia
and
Quincula
spp.,
Solanum nigrum, S. triflorum
and, rarely, on
Lycopersicon
. DISEASE: White smut of
Physalis
. Infection occurs mainly on the leaves, but is occasionally found on stems and other vegetative parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Taiwan. Australasia: Australia, New Zealand. Central America & West Indies: Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico. North America: Canada, USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay (CMI Map 587, ed. 1, 1988). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains and in soil, and germinate to infect the new season's crop. Conidia aid dissemination within the crop during the growing season.
Urocystis brassicae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis brassicae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Brassica campestris
(Indian mustard) and, by inoculation,
B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea
var.
capitata
,
B. rapa
var.
lorifolia
and
Raphanus sativus
.DISEASE: Root gall smut of
Brassica campestris
. The plants are stunted, possibly flower early, and have pale leaves, with pods (if formed) empty or with very few, possibly sterile seeds. On careful removal of soil from the roots, galls are found, commonly on the finer roots, and can be readily detached. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Pusa), possibly China (as
Tuburcinia coralloides
var.
cantonensis
Ciferri). TRANSMISSION: Soil borne: spore balls are released in soil by the breakdown of the galls, and infection occurs when seed of susceptible hosts is sown in the infected soil. Attempts to induce disease by sowing seed dusted with ustilo-spores in uninfested soil were unsuccessful (6, 208).
Urocystis colchici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis colchici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Colchicum
spp., including
C. arenarium, C. autumnale, C. bornmulleri, C. latifolium, C. luteum, C. orientale
and
C. vernum
. DISEASE: Leaf smut of
Colchicum
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India, Japan, Turkey, USSR. Europe: widespread, including Austria, Belgium, the British Isles, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. Presumably ustilospores survive in infected plant remains and in the soil, and germinate to infect the new season's growth; also probably disseminated by infected or contaminated bulbs.
Urocystis violae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis violae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated and wild violets, principally
Viola odorata
, also
V. adunca, V. alba, V. biflora, V. glabella, V
.
grypoceras, V. longipes, V. lutea, V. nuttallii, V. reichenbackiana, V. riviniana, V. tricolor, V. turkestanica
and other
Viola
spp. and hybrids. DISEASE: Leaf and stem smut of
Viola
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Cyprus, Japan, USSR (Republic of Georgia, Turkestan). Europe: widespread, including Austria, British Isles, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Estonia), Yugoslavia, possibly extending into north Africa. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Infection is perennial in the rootstock. New infections are initiated from ustilospores which survive in decaying plant parts and in soil. Transmission by seed has been reported (5, 34) but is presumably rare.
Peronophythora litchii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronophythora litchii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Litchi chinensis. Peronophythora litchii
also infected artificially inoculated fruits of tomato, pawpaw and loofah (
Luffa cylindrica
[Luffa aegyptiaca]
)(64, 1198). DISEASE: Fruit rot or downy blossom blight of lychee (litchi); the fungus is a facultative necrotrophic plant pathogen. Diseased flowers turn brown and become covered with whitish masses of sporangia and sporangiophores. Young and ripe fruits, pedicels and leaves are also attacked, their tissues turning brown and dying, especially in periods of heavy rain (64, 688). The infection period was shown in laboratory studies to be fast and temperature dependent, varying from 1 day at 25°C to 3 days at 18°C (64, 1198). Continuous rain in the growing season in May appears important for development of an epiphytotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Guangdong), New Guinea, Taiwan. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 597. TRANSMISSION: Sporangia not liberated by moving air, but readily dispersed in splash droplets, suggesting a rain-splash mechanism.
Peronospora violae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora violae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Viola acutifolia, V. arvensis, V. biflora, V. calarata, V. canina, V. cornuta, V. kitaibeliana, V. palustris, V. reichenbachiana, V. riviniana, V. silvestris, V. tricolor, V. tricolor
var.
arvensis, V. wittrockiana
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Viola
spp. (violet and pansy); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. In the early stages of the disease, a light covering of sporophores may be seen on the undersurface of individual leaves, unaccompanied by a colour change in the leaf. Later yellow patches appear on the upper surface of leaves covering a part of, or the whole lobe corresponding with patches of grey down on the leaf undersurface. Infected leaves eventually turn brown and die. Not all shoots are infected. Mildew first appears in October and progresses rapidly in November if the climate is mild and damp, or more slowly if dry. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: USSR (Khazakhstan). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (GDR, GFR), Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, White Russia), Yugoslavia. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 599. TRANSMISSION: Boudier (1987) states that 'spectacular attacks of mildew follow sprinkler watering in dry autumn weather', suggesting that dispersal of spores may occur by a water splash mechanism. No other reports have been published.
Phytophthora pseudotsugae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora pseudotsugae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudotsuga menziesii
. DISEASE: Root rot of Douglas fir; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: USA (OR, WA). See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 600. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Presumably soil-borne by zoopores released in favourable conditions.
Plasmopara viticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Plasmopara viticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, A. hederacea, A. heterophylla, A. veitchii, Ampelocissus acetosa, A. latifolia, A. salmonea, Cissus caesia, C. gracilis, C. hypoglauca, C. polyantha, Cordifolia sempervirens, Cinerea
sp.,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, P. tricuspidata, Solonis robusta, Vitis aestivalis, V. amurensis, V. arizonica, V. berlandieri, V. californica, V. cinerea, V. coignetiae, V. cordifolia, V. girdiana, V. labrusca, V. lanata, V. monticola, V. pagnuccii, V. riparia, V. romaneti, V. rupestris, V. silvestris, V. treleasei, V. vinifera
. DISEASE: Grape vine downy mildew; the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. All tissues bearing stomata are infected, becoming discolored, malformed and necrotic. Lesions on affected organs develop a white felt of sporangiophores. Leaves are most susceptible to attack during active growth in early summer, and when very mature in the autumn. Sporangiophores may appear directly on healthy green leaf tissues with no overlying lesion, or as a dense felt under yellow oily lesions on the upper surface (if humidity is high, 5-15 days after infection), or may be absent, leaves presenting only a mosaic of small, angular yellow or dark-red blemishes, limited by the secondary veins (mainly on old leaves in the autumn). During early growth, whole branches are attacked, but later only the extremities of branches are invaded. Infected shoots turn brown, curl up or become hooked at their tips. Nodes are more susceptible to attack than internodes. Tendrils, petioles, inflorescences and bunches also develop similar brown spots and lesions. Bunches are susceptible until the grapes are 5-6 mm diam., after which infection is rare (grey rot followed later by brown rot). Subsequent browning and desiccation of the bunch is caused by penetration of the bunch stalk by mycelium from earlier infections elsewhere. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 221. TRANSMISSION: Oospores present in infected leaf tissues from the previous season's crop germinate in the spring, when air temperatures exceed 12°C and at least 10 mm rain falls in 24 hours, releasing zoospores into water or onto very moist soil from sporangia (64, 2458). Zoospores are projected onto vine leaves near the soil by rain splash, germinate to give hyphae and penetrate tissues via their stomata. Sporangia are liberated in moist air only, are disseminated by air currents, and remain viable for five days in dry air, producing secondary infection sites. Production of sporangia occurs at a relative humidity of 95-100%, and an air temperature of 13-27°C (optimum 18-22°C). Mycelium may overwinter between the bud scales and in diseased leaves, but it has not been established whether this contributes substantially to re-infection of healthy leaf tissues the following spring. There is no evidence for systemic transmission.
Didymella festucae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella festucae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Festuca
spp. DISEASE: Stem eyespot of fescue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Iceland, Norway. North America: western states. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne ascospores and conidia, also presumably seed-borne.
Mycosphaerella aleuritis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella aleuritis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Aleurites fordii, A. mollucana, A. montana
. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of tung. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Central African Republic, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Zaire (probably also Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon). Asia: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan. Central America & Caribbean: Cuba, Trinidad. North America: USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay? (
CMI Distribution Map 278
, ed. 3, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia, which are mainly dispersed by rain-splash and wind (45, 1989f).
Mycosphaerella caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Fruit rot, leaf spot and stem rot of pawpaw. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, USA (Hawaii), Papua New Guinea, West Irian. Central America & West Indies: Cuba, Honduras, Mexico. South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia, by water splash and contact through natural wounds.
Mycosphaerella populi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella populi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of poplar. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iran. Europe: Austria(?), Czechoslovakia, Italy, Spain, USSR. South America: Argentina. FRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia.
Aspergillus parasiticus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus parasiticus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects
. Frequently found on mealy bugs, corn borers, grasshoppers (Raper & Fennell, 1965), bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973), and ticks (Samsinakova
et al.
, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Eurotium amstelodami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Eurotium amstelodami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Animals. Eurotium amstelodami
has been isolated from aspergillosis in a pelican (Raper & Fennell, 1965).
On Man. Eurotium amstelodami
has been isolated from a cerebral abscess in a woman and from a foot mycetoma (Raper & Fennell, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Commonly encountered in tropical and sub-tropical climates, but is also found in temperate areas.
Neosartorya fischeri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Neosartorya fischeri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Man and Animals
. There is some evidence that
N. fischeri
can sometimes act as a pathogen (Raper & Fennell, 1965; Wyllie & Morehouse, 1977). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A thermotolerant soil species of worldwide distribution.
Cochliobolus tuberculatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus tuberculatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium, Ananas, Arachis, Bambusa, Brassica, Calendula, Centaurea, Citrus, Cocos, Cyperus, Cosmos, Eichornia, Foeniculum, Juncus, Mangifera, Mentha, Musa, Oryza, Pennisetum, Phlox, Pinus, Psidium, Saccharum, Scirpus, Solanum, Sorghum, Tagetes, Telfairia, Triticum, Vigna, Zea
and
Zingiber
. Also isolated from soil and many other substrata. DISEASE: Leaf spot, storage fruit rot of guava, blight of mango. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, France, India, Indochina, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, USA, USSR. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia, seed-borne (42, 309; 49, 2848).
Curvularia penniseti
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Curvularia penniseti
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza, Pennisetum, Sorghum, Triticum
. Also isolated from
Allium, Dolichos
and
Richardia
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of bajra or pearl millet (
Pennisetum typhoides
[Pennisetum glaucum]
), seedling blight of
Sorghum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, USA, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne (53, 3004; 59, 4574).
Drechslera dematioidea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera dematioidea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agrostis, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Cynodon, Dactylis, Eragrostis, Festuca, Hordeum, Lolium, Paspalum, Phleum
and
Triticum
. Also isolated
from Iris, Leucospermum, Pinus
and
Pseudotsuga
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of grasses and blight of pincushions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, South Africa (26, 172; 34, 324, 711; 55, 2077; 65, 4975; 66, 1395). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia, seed-borne.