bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferroelasticity of SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3–δperovskite-related oxide with mixed ion–electron conductivity
Authors: Belenkaya I. , Matvienko A. , Nemudry A.
Published: January 2015

A group-theoretical analysis was carried out to determine the possible orientation states of domains formed as a result of the `perovskite–brownmillerite' phase transition in SrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5oxide with mixed ion–electron conductivity (MIEC). The results of the theoretical analysis agree with the experimental data obtained in the study of the SrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5microstructure by means of transmission electron microscopy. Brownmillerite SrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5(BM) has a lamellar texture composed of 90° twins 60–260 nm in size; the 〈010〉BMand 〈101〉BMdirections are linked through twinning in accordance with the predictions of the group-theoretical analysis. The presence of twins and their switching under mechanical load provide evidence that the perovskite–brownmillerite phase transition in SrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5is ferroelastic. Comparative analysis of the phenomena observed for ferroelectrics and MIEC oxides indicates their similarity based on the common nature of ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, and allows us to suppose that nonstoichiometric SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δwith compositional disorder may be considered (in terms of its microstructural features) a `relaxor ferroelastic'.
Towards neutron scattering experiments with sub-millisecond time resolution
Authors: Adlmann F. A. , Gutfreund P. , Ankner J. F. , Browning J. F. , Parizzi A. , Vacaliuc B. , Halbert C. E. , Rich J. P. , Dennison A. J. C. , Wolff M.
Published: January 2015

Neutron scattering techniques offer several unique opportunities in materials research. However, most neutron scattering experiments suffer from the limited flux available at current facilities. This limitation becomes even more severe if time-resolved or kinetic experiments are performed. A new method has been developed which overcomes these limitations when a reversible process is studied, without any compromise on resolution or beam intensity. It is demonstrated that, by recording in absolute time the neutron detector events linked to an excitation, information can be resolved on sub-millisecond timescales. Specifically, the concept of the method is demonstrated by neutron reflectivity measurements in time-of-flight mode at the Liquids Reflectometer located at the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA, combined within siturheometry. The opportunities and limitations of this new technique are evaluated by investigations of a micellar polymer solution offering excellent scattering contrast combined with high sensitivity to shear.
Neutron Laue diffraction study of the complex low-temperature magnetic behaviour of brownmillerite-type Ca2Fe2O5
Authors: Auckett Josie E. , McIntyre Garry J. , Avdeev Maxim , De Bruyn Hank , Tan Thiam Teck , Li Sean , Ling Chris D.
Published: January 2015

The atomic and magnetic structure of brownmillerite Ca2Fe2O5has been refined against single-crystal neutron Laue diffraction data collected at 300, 100 and 10 K under zero-field and low-magnetic field (35 Oe = 35 × 103/4π A m−1) conditions. Ca2Fe2O5is a canted G-type antiferromagnet withPcm′n′ symmetry, the magnetic moments on Fe being directed approximately along the crystallographiccaxis at room temperature. The refinement results show clearly that this magnetic structure persists down toT= 10 K, despite a previous suggestion that an anomalous magnetic susceptibility enhancement observed in Ca2Fe2O5single crystals between 40 and 140 K might signify a reorientation of the antiferromagnetic easy axis fromctoabelow 40 K. Alternative explanations for this susceptibility anomaly are considered in terms of the evidence for partial or short-range loss of order in the anomalous regime, possibly due to the presence of multiple competing sublattice interactions.
Structure and stacking order in crystals of asymmetric dumbbell-like colloids
Authors: Pal Antara , Meijer Janne-Mieke , Wolters Joost R. , Kegel Willem K. , Petukhov Andrei V.
Published: January 2015

The crystalline structure assembled out of charge-stabilized asymmetric dumbbell-like colloidal particles in ethyl alcohol by sedimentation has been probed using small-angle X-ray scattering with microradian resolution. The existence of plastic face-centered cubic crystals was inferred from the observed Bragg peaks. The presence of stacking faults and the mosaic structure of the sample lead to the appearance of diffuse scattering, forming Bragg scattering cylinders in the three-dimensional reciprocal space. The quality of the crystalline structure, as ascertained from a detailed analysis of the diffuse scattering intensity distribution, indicates the presence of only 1.5% of stacking faults between the hexagonal close-packed layers.
Ancient administrative handwritten documents: X-ray analysis and imaging
Authors: Albertin F. , Astolfo A. , Stampanoni M. , Peccenini Eva , Hwu Y. , Kaplan F. , Margaritondo G.
Published: January 2015

Handwritten characters in administrative antique documents from three centuries have been detected using different synchrotron X-ray imaging techniques. Heavy elements in ancient inks, present even for everyday administrative manuscripts as shown by X-ray fluorescence spectra, produce attenuation contrast. In most cases the image quality is good enough for tomography reconstruction in view of future applications to virtual page-by-page `reading'. When attenuation is too low, differential phase contrast imaging can reveal the characters from refractive index effects. The results are potentially important for new information harvesting strategies, for example from the huge Archivio di Stato collection, objective of the Venice Time Machine project.
A two-dimensional copper(II) coordination polymer based on 2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Zhong Di-Chang , Guo Hua-Bin , Deng Ji-Hua , Lian Ping , Luo Xu-Zhong
Published: January 2015

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of poly[bis(μ2-5-carboxy-2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylato-κ3N3,O4:O5)copper(II)], [Cu(C8H9N2O4)2)]n, indicates that one carboxylic acid group of the 2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3PDI) ligand is deprotonated. The resulting H2PDI−anion, acting as a bridge, connects the CuIIcations to form a two-dimensional (4,4)-connected layer. Adjacent layers are further linked through interlayer hydrogen-bond interactions, resulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular structure.
New isostructural transition metal complexes with a non-innocent dithiolate ligand
Authors: Herich Peter , Fronc Marek , Kožíšek Jozef
Published: January 2015

Three new complexes with 3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiol (bdtCl2), namely methyltriphenylphosphonium bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cobaltate(1−), (C19H18P)[Co(C6H2Cl2S2)2], (I), bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cuprate(2−) dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate, (C19H18P)2[Cu(C6H2Cl2S2)2]·2C2H6OS, (II), and methyltriphenylphosphonium bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cuprate(1−), (C19H18P)[Cu(C6H2Cl2S2)2], (III), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structure analyses of all three complexes confirm that the four donor S atoms form a slightly distorted square-planar coordination arrangement around the central metal atom. An interesting finding for both the CuIIand CuIIIcomplexes,i.e.(II) and (III), respectively, is that the coordination polyhedra are principally the same and differ only slightly with respect to the interatomic distances.
Synthesis and crystal structure of 2-isocyano-4-methylphenyl diphenylacetate: a rare case of an easily accessible odourless isocyanide
Authors: Boyarskaya Dina , Avdontceva Margarita , Chulkova Tatiana
Published: January 2015

Acidic hydrogen containing 2-isocyano-4-methylphenyl diphenylacetate, C22H17NO2, (I), was synthesized by the base-promoted reaction between 5-methylbenzoxazole and diphenylacetyl chloride. Achiral (I) crystallizes in the chiralP212121space group. The C[triple-bond]N bond length is 1.164 (2) Å and the angle between the OCO and 2-isocyano-4-methylphenyl planes is 69.10 (16)°. Molecules are linkedviaC=O...Hphenyland bifurcated N[triple-bond]C...Hphenyl/N[triple-bond]C...Hmethinehydrogen bonds, forming one-dimensional arrays.
Structural and spectropscopic studies of a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded copper(II) complex: aqua[bis(pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl)amidato]cyanidocopper(II)
Authors: Wang Jiang-Yun
Published: January 2015

The preparation and X-ray and spectroscopic studies of the title copper(II) complex, [Cu(C12H8N3O2)(CN)(H2O)], are reported. The CuIIcation is five-coordinated, forming a distorted square-planar pyramid with an Addison τ parameter of 0.14. The UV–vis spectrum shows ad–dtransition of the CuIIcentre at 638 nm, and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum confirms that the CuIIcation has an axial symmetry coordination and that the unpaired electrons occupy thedx2–y2orbital. Cyclic voltammetric studies show two irreversible oxidation and reduction peaks.
Developing an academic library website model, a designer’s checklist, and an evaluative instrument
Authors: Wijayaratne Anusha Lakmini , Singh Diljit
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to introduce a library website model. Further, the paper discusses a designer’s checklist and an evaluative instrument that were constructed based on the proposed model.

Design/methodology/approach

– The model was developed through a Delphi study that was participated by two panels of experts. The researcher communicated with the panel members via e-mail using two Delphi instruments designed out of two item pools that were developed based on the knowledge gained from surveying the literature, visiting the selected libraries and exploring the library websites. Then, a designer’s checklist and an evaluative instrument were derived from the proposed model through a series of brainstorming sessions.

Findings

– The proposed model consisted of altogether 140 items (60 web content elements and 80 web design features). The designer’s checklist comprises all 140 items, and the evaluative instrument comprises 60 content elements and 57 design features.

Research limitations/implications

– This study has developed an academic library website model and derived two instruments based on the proposed model. Further studies are needed to customize, particularly, the web content pillar of this conceptual model, to meet the specific needs of different types of libraries including public libraries, special libraries, school libraries, etc.

Practical implications

– The designer’s checklist and the evaluative instrument derived from the proposed model are useful tools for library professionals in designing, re-designing, maintaining and evaluating their library websites. The librarians may use these tools for both institutional and research purposes.

Originality/value

– The model and the two instruments proposed by this study are unique in focus, origin, content and presentation.
It takes three to dialogue: considering a triadic intergroup encounter
Authors: Weinberg-Kurnik Galia , Nadan Yochay , Ben Ari Adital
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present findings from a research project that examined the contribution of a third partner in an encounter among three groups: Palestinian/Arab–Israelis, Jewish–Israelis and Germans. In recent decades, planned intergroup encounters have played an important role in conflict management, reconciliation and peace-building. Nearly all models use a dyadic structure, based on an encounter between two rival groups mediated by a third party.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study was based on a year-long academic collaboration and two encounters between social work students from Israel and Germany (15 each). The central issues addressed were personal and collective identity; personal, familial and collective memory; and multicultural social work practice that were present in the encounter with the “other”. Participants were heterogeneous in terms of gender, ethnic background and religion, inviting exploration of personal and professional meanings. Using 15 in-depth interviews with Israeli participants, we identified and analyzed the personal and interpersonal processes occurring during these encounters.

Findings

– Jewish and Arab participants positioned themselvesvis-à-visthe German group in two main configurations (singular identities and multiple multifaceted identities), which alternated according to the contexts to which the larger group was exposed, and in congruence with the developmental stage of group work.

Originality/value

– The findings suggest that a “third” partner can significantly contribute to an intergroup encounter by reflecting on the relationship created between rival parties to a dyad, thereby helping them deconstruct their binary “us-versus-them” relationship.
Handling conflict at work
Authors: Bélanger Jocelyn J , Pierro Antonio , Barbieri Barbara , De Carlo Nicola A , Falco Alessandra , Kruglanski Arie W
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This research aims to explore the notion of fit between subordinates’ need for cognitive closure and supervisors’ power tactics on organizational conflict management.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two-hundred and ninety employees drawn from six different Italian organizations were recruited for the purpose of this study.

Findings

– Results indicated that high-need-for-closure subordinates utilized more constructive (solution-oriented) conflict management strategies when their supervisors relied on harsh power tactics, whereas low-need-for-closure subordinates were more inclined to use solution-oriented conflict management strategies when their supervisors relied on soft power tactics. Additionally, results indicated that, overall, supervisors’ use of harsh power tactics increased subordinates reliance on maladapted (control-oriented) conflict management strategies, but even more so for subordinates with low need for cognitive closure.

Originality/value

– This study highlights the importance of supervisor–subordinate fit to understand conflict management in organizational setting.
The effects of altruism and relationship conflict on organizational learning
Authors: Guinot Jacob , Chiva Ricardo , Mallén Fermín
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to, prompted by a recent paradigm shift in the organizational sciences, to explore some antecedents of organizational learning capability, focusing on altruism and relationship conflict.

Design/methodology/approach

– To test the hypotheses, the structural equation technique was applied to data from a survey of Spanish firms with recognized excellence in human resource management.

Findings

– The results of this research show that, in these firms, altruism facilitates learning capacity both directly and indirectly (through relationship conflict). Relationship conflict is posited as a mediating variable that explains how altruism improves organizational learning.

Research limitations/implications

– The limitations of this study include excessive heterogeneity of the sample size and industrial sector and the type of firm included in the sample. Due to the potential benefits that altruism seems to have for organizations, future research could continue to investigate the consequences of altruism in organizations.

Practical implications

– Altruism provides organizations with a value that can facilitate organizational learning capability not only directly, but also by reducing relationship conflict. Altruism may offer organizations a tool they can use to improve their success in dealing with the challenges of today’s uncertain and constantly changing economic environment.

Originality/value

– This study proposes a common altruistic approach that is far removed from traditional self-interested models in organizational literature. This study identifies altruism and relationship conflict as antecedents of organizational learning capability.
A review of factors which potentially influence decisions in adult safeguarding investigations
Authors: Trainor Patricia
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to look at safeguarding documentation in relation to 50 adult safeguarding files for the period April 2010 to March 2011. This was followed up with semi-structured interviews with a small number of Designated Officers whose role it is to screen referrals and coordinate investigations. Findings from the research were used to redesign regional adult safeguarding documentation to ensure Designated Officers have access to the information necessary to assist them in reaching decisions. Designated and Investigating Officer training was also updated to reflect learning from the research thereby reducing the potential for variation in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– A file tool was developed which examined the recorded information in safeguarding documentation contained within 50 service user files. The review tool looked at the personal characteristics of the vulnerable adult, the nature of the alleged abuse and the decisions/outcomes reached by staff acting as safeguarding Designated Officers. A semi-structured interview schedule asked Designated Offices to comment on the training and understanding of the process as well as the factors they believed were central to the decision making process. Their responses were compared to data obtained from the file review.

Findings

– A key finding in the research was that while factors such as type of abuse, the vulnerable adults’ consent to cooperate with proceedings, identity of the referrer, etc. did influence decisions taken there was a lack of clarity on the part of Designated Officers in relation to their roles and responsibilities and of the process to be followed.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was limited to one Health & Social Care Trust area and had a small sample size (n=50).

Practical implications

– The findings of the research led to a revamping of existing safeguarding documentation which had failed to keep pace with developments and was no longer fit for purpose. Adult safeguarding training courses within the Trust were redesigned to bring greater focus to the role and responsibilities of designated and Investigating Officers and the stages in the safeguarding process. Adult Safeguarding leads were established within programmes of care and professional support mechanisms put in place for staff engaged in this area of work.

Social implications

– Better trained and supported staff alongside more efficient safeguarding systems should lead to better outcomes in the protection of vulnerable people from abuse and harm.

Originality/value

– The research built on existing albeit limited research into what potentially influences staff involved in critical decision-making processes within adult safeguarding.
Learning lessons about self-neglect? An analysis of serious case reviews
Authors: Braye Suzy , Orr David , Preston-Shoot Michael
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to report the findings from research into 40 serious case reviews (SCRs) involving adults who self-neglect.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study comprised analysis of 40 SCRs where self-neglect featured. The reviews were found through detailed searching of Local Safeguarding Adult Board (LSAB) web sites and through contacts with Board managers and independent chairs. A four layer analysis is presented of the characteristics of each case and SCR, of the recommendations and of the emerging themes. Learning for service improvement is presented thematically, focusing on the adult and their immediate context, the team around the adult, the organisations around the team and the Local Safeguarding Board around the organisations.

Findings

– There is no one typical presentation of self-neglect; cases vary in terms of age, household composition, lack of self-care, lack of care of one's environment and/or refusal to engage. Recommendations foreground LSABs, adult social care and unspecified agencies, and focus on staff support, procedures and the components of best practice and effective SCRs. Reports emphasise the importance of a person-centred approach, within the context of ongoing assessment of mental capacity and risk, with agencies sharing information and working closely together, supported by management and supervision, and practising within detailed procedural guidance.

Research limitations/implications

– There is no national database of SCRs commissioned by LSABs and currently there is no requirement to publish the outcomes of such inquiries. It may be that there are further SCRs, or other forms of inquiry, that have been commissioned by Boards but not publicised. This limits the learning that has been available for service improvement.

Practical implications

– The paper identifies practice, management and organisational issues that should be considered when working with adults who self-neglect. These cases are often complex and stressful for those involved. The thematic analysis adds to the evidence-base of how best to approach engagement with adults who self-neglect and to engage the multi-agency network in assessing and managing risk and mental capacity.

Originality/value

– The paper offers the first formal evaluation of SCRs that focus on adults who self-neglect. The analysis of the findings and the recommendations from the investigations into the 40 cases adds to the evidence-base for effective practice with adults who self-neglect.
Not reasonably practicable: are there now greater opportunities for abuse by a nearest relative?
Authors: Hewitt David
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explain a decision of the Court of Appeal about the duty an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) will sometimes have to consult a patient's nearest relative, and to set that decision in the context of an earlier one.

Design/methodology/approach

– Each decision is examined in detail and one is compared with the other. Reference is made to the Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice.

Findings

– It will be harder for an AMHP to establish that consultation is not reasonably practicable, and it will be correspondingly easier, in some cases, for a nearest relative to obtain information about a patient or achieve proximity to her.

Originality/value

– This is thought to be the first time the two cases have been considered together or in their true context.
Does substance use predict contact with the criminal justice system for people with intellectual disabilities?
Authors: Chaplin Eddie , Partsenidis Ilias , Samuriwo Blessing , Underwood Lisa , McCarthy Jane
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how substances misuse impacts on exposure to the criminal justice system for people with intellectual disabilities (ID).

Design/methodology/approach

– An electronic case-register of mental health patients was used to examine the clinical records of 411 patients with ID. χ2 analysis was performed to test the association between variables and logistic regression to generate estimates for statistically significant association variables.

Findings

– Of 411 cases, 98 (23 per cent) of patient had a history of substance use, with affective disorders strongly associated with alcohol misuse χ2=4.135, df=1 (p<0.042), similarly statistically significant predictor for alcohol misuse OR: 1.7, 95 per cent CI (1.02-2.72) (p<0.043). Patients with a history of offending behaviour had three-folds higher risk to misuse drugs compared to those without a forensic conviction OR: 3.17, 95 per cent CI (1.35-7.44) (p<0.008). Those with a history of offending were more likely to have had a history of substance use.

Originality/value

– Substance use and its impact on offending by people with ID is still poorly understood. This paper adds new information to this under researched area.
Developing a government strategy to meet international standards of food safety across the hospitality industry
Authors: Al Yousuf Mariam , Taylor Eunice , Taylor Joanne
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify international best practice regarding food safety management across the food chain, with particular reference to hospitality businesses. It looks at the role of government strategy in the pursuit of a flexible approach that can be adapted and adopted by a diverse range of businesses. It is the first article in a Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes theme issue, presenting a comprehensive government strategy for improving food safety management standards across the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– A summary of key literature is presented alongside an in-depth analysis of international guidance for governments attempting to promote the uptake of hazard analysis critical control point-based food safety management systems. It is set within the context of recent Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority initiatives.

Findings

– The management of food safety across all sectors of the food industry and prevention of food-borne diseases represent a major challenge worldwide. International guidance for governments has been produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), but few governments have the resources to implement this effectively. Within Abu Dhabi, a four-year project was launched to support the hospitality sector in meeting international best practice standards, following guidance from FAO and extensive international benchmarking.

Originality/value

– This article brings together a theoretical and practical discussion of how the government can facilitate international food safety standards within the hospitality industry, with a unique insight into a practical application of strategy development and implementation at government level. It will be of value to practitioners, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders involved in the food industry.
Knowing the status
Authors: Al Kaabi Ahmed , Al Mazrouei Alyazi , Al Hamadi Salma , Al Yousuf Mariam , Taylor Eunice
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to provide an overview of the methods used, and results found, during an in-depth investigation into the status of food safety management systems in eight types of Abu Dhabi businesses. It is the second article in a Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes theme issue presenting a comprehensive government strategy for improving food safety management standards across the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research process gathered quantitative and qualitative data from industry visits, surveys, interviews, document analysis, focus groups and stakeholder workshops.

Findings

– Standards varied across the industry, with distinct characteristics and patterns across the eight groups. Systems were most likely to be found to be in place within hotels. However, there were some issues with validation, documentation and particularly certification. In other sectors, there were lower levels of food safety management with some additional specific challenges. The baseline data identified, along with regulatory requirements based on international best practice, provided a detailed road map for outcomes to be achieved in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

Originality/value

– The article brings together a theoretical and practical discussion of food safety standards within the hospitality industry, with a unique insight into a practical application in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It will be of value to practitioners, researchers, policy makers and other stakeholders involved in the food industry.
Setting the standard
Authors: Al Yousuf Mariam , Bin Salem Samara , Abdi Ali Bashir , Saleib Morad , Juwaihan Hasan , Taylor Eunice
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This article aims to outline the process of developing Codes of Practice and their content and assessment for eight hospitality industry sub-sectors in Abu Dhabi. This is the third article in a Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes theme issue presenting a comprehensive government strategy for improving food safety management standards across the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research process gathered quantitative and qualitative data from industry visits, surveys, interviews, document analysis, focus groups and stakeholder workshops.

Findings

– Standards varied across the industry, with distinct characteristics and patterns across the eight groups. Systems were most likely to be found to be in place within hotels. However, there were some issues with validation, documentation and particularly certification. In other sectors, there were lower levels of food safety management with some additional specific challenges. The baseline data identified, along with regulatory requirements based on international best practice, provided a detailed roadmap for outcomes to be achieved in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

Originality/value

– The article brings together a theoretical and practical discussion of food safety standards within the hospitality industry, with a unique insight into a practical application in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It will be of value to practitioners, researchers, policy makers and other stakeholders involved in the food industry.
An industry perspective
Authors: Taylor Joanne , Garat Jean Pierre , Simreen Samer , Sarieddine Ghida
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to outline the food safety roles and responsibilities within the industry that play an important role in the success of government initiatives, demonstrated using a new model of Food Safety Culture Excellence. It is the sixth article in a Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes theme issue presenting a comprehensive government strategy for improving food safety management standards across the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study is used to demonstrate the impact of auditing the 16 dimensions of Food Safety Culture Excellence in practice. The business selected was the first in Abu Dhabi to achieve regulatory compliance for HACCP-based food safety management, and the first to conduct a Food Safety Culture Excellence audit in the United Arab Emirates.

Findings

– This article demonstrates how the concept of food safety culture works in practice, using the Food Safety Culture Excellence Model with four categories and 16 dimensions. It demonstrates how the auditing of culture within a business can highlight strengths and weaknesses and facilitate continual improvement.

Originality/value

– The article represents the first published model of Food Safety Culture Excellence, an extensively researched and tested model developed by Taylor Shannon International Ltd. and launched in conjunction with Campden BRI in 2014. It also demonstrates the first audit of the model in practice.
Developing a solution for small businesses
Authors: Al Khaja Mariam , Al Muhairi Mouza , Al Yousuf Mariam , Al Mazrouei Alyazi , Ali Mostafa Ibrahim , Taylor Eunice
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to describe the process of developing, implementing and evaluating an innovative solution to enhance food safety and promote Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point-based food safety management techniques in small independent restaurants. It is the fifth article in a Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes theme issue presenting a comprehensive government strategy for improving food safety management standards across the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article outlines the essential design principles that were established by Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority for creating a food safety management system (FSMS) for independent restaurants, following international benchmarking and extensive in-depth local research. It charts the process of designing and approving the documents and records that make up the system, and identifies a methodology for implementation and evaluation.

Findings

– Salamt Zadna, the FSMS developed, conveys risk-based food safety requirements through photographs communicating simple, practical steps. It minimises record-keeping with a picture-based diary and has an implementation strategy involving inspector support, after an extensive period of capacity building.

Originality/value

– The article demonstrates an effective model for creating an FSMS for small businesses, along with the main components required and their impact on industry. It also includes details of a phased implementation strategy for achieving success in practice, utilising trained government inspectors. It will be of value to practitioners, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders involved in the food industry.
Natural habitat does not mediate vertebrate seed predation as an ecosystem dis‐service to agriculture
Authors: Schäckermann Jessica , Mandelik Yael , Weiss Noam , von Wehrden Henrik , Klein Alexandra‐Maria
Published: January 2015

Spillover of beneficial organisms from natural habitats to croplands can improve agro‐ecosystem services, but wildlife can also negatively influence agricultural production. When managing agricultural landscapes to conserve biodiversity, we need to understand whether the availability of natural habitats increases ecosystem dis‐services such as vertebrate seed predation to avoid risking higher costs than benefits.

We studied whether vertebrates and their impact in crop seed predation are related to the percentage of natural (chaparral) and semi‐natural habitat (planted forest with native and exotic trees) in an agricultural landscape of Israel. We selected 20 almond and 20 sunflower study sites within a landscape with varying percentages of natural (0–61%) and semi‐natural (0–70%) habitats within a 1000 m radius of their surroundings. We observed birds, trapped rodents (in almond), counted seeds and noted feeding marks to obtain seed predation rates, at each site. Within the almond crops, we physically excluded birds, rodents and both to determine their relative and combined influence on seed predation.

Neither vertebrate abundance nor species richness was influenced by the percentage of natural habitat. However, bird species richness increased with increasing percentage of semi‐natural habitat.

Seed predation across both crops was not influenced by natural or semi‐natural habitat but increased significantly with increasing abundance and species richness of birds. This was also reflected by the exclusions of birds, vertebrates and both to the almond crop, leading to lowest seed predation when both groups were excluded.

Synthesis and applications. Natural or semi‐natural habitat did not influence the agro‐ecosystem dis‐service of seed predation by birds and rodents. Policymakers should consider promoting agri‐environment schemes that include the conservation of natural habitats and the management of semi‐natural habitats adjacent to cropland to enhance agro‐ecosystem services meditated by beneficial organisms such as natural pest enemies and pollinators without fearing increased vertebrate seed predation. In order to provide more detailed management recommendations tackling the reduction of vertebrate dis‐services, their feeding behaviour, metabolic needs, behaviour patterns and local abundances should be taken into account.
A D, D‐carboxypeptidase is required for Vibrio cholerae halotolerance
Authors: Möll Andrea , Dörr Tobias , Alvarez Laura , Davis Brigid M. , Cava Felipe , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: January 2015

The biological roles of low molecular weight penicillin‐binding proteins (LMW PBP) have been difficult to discern in Gram‐negative organisms. In Escherichia coli, mutants lacking these proteins often have no phenotype, and cells lacking all seven LMW PBPs remain viable. In contrast, we report here that Vibrio cholerae lacking DacA‐1, a PBP5 homologue, displays slow growth, aberrant morphology and altered peptidoglycan (PG) homeostasis in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium, as well as a profound plating defect. DacA‐1 alone among V. cholerae's LMW PBPs is critical for bacterial growth; mutants lacking the related protein DacA‐2 and/or homologues of PBP4 or PBP7 displayed normal growth and morphology. Remarkably, the growth and morphology of the dacA‐1 mutant were unimpaired in LB media containing reduced concentrations of NaCl (100 mM or less), and also within suckling mice, a model host for the study of cholera pathogenesis. Peptidoglycan from the dacA‐1 mutant contained elevated pentapeptide levels in standard and low salt media, and comparative analyses suggest that DacA‐1 is V. cholerae's principal DD‐carboxypeptidase. The basis for the dacA‐1 mutant's halosensitivity is unknown; nonetheless, the mutant's survival in biochemically uncharacterized environments (such as the suckling mouse intestine) can be used as a reporter of low Na+ content.
Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sedges to soil aggregation along an altitudinal alpine grassland gradient on theTibetanPlateau
Authors: Li Xiaoliang , Zhang Junling , Gai Jingping , Cai Xiaobu , Christie Peter , Li Xiaolin
Published: January 2015

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in sedges on theTibetanPlateau remains largely unexplored, and their contribution to soil aggregation can be important in understanding the ecological function ofAMFin alpine ecosystems. Roots ofKobresia pygmaea C.B.Clarke andCarex pseudofoetida Kük. in alpineKobresiapastures along an elevational transect (4149–5033 m) on MountMila were analysed forAMFdiversity. A structural equation model was built to explore the contribution of biotic factors to soil aggregation. Sedges harboured abundantAMFcommunities covering seven families and some operational taxonomic units are habitat specific. The two plant species hosted similarAMFcommunities at most altitudes. The relative abundance of the two sedges contributed largely to soil macroaggregates, followed by extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae (EMH) and total glomalin‐related soil protein (T‐GRSP). The influence of plant richness was mainly due to its indirect influence onT‐GRSPandEMH. There was a strong positive correlation betweenGRSPand soil total carbon and nitrogen. Our results indicate that mycorrhization might not be a major trait leading to niche differentiation of the two co‐occurring sedge species. However,AMFcontribute to soil aggregation and thus may have the potential to greatly influenceCandNcycling in alpine grasslands.
Corrective conversion: unsettling citizens and the politics of inclusion in Israel
Authors: Kravel‐Tovi Michal
Published: January 2015

Gauri Viswanathan's notion of religious conversion as an ‘unsettling’ political event has recently figured prominently in the scholarship on conversion. However, although numerous scholars have productively applied Viswanathan's understanding in their work, primarily in the context of conversion to religious minorities within the nation‐state, to focus too heavily on conversion's unsettling effects risks overlooking political constellations in which it might have rather settling effects. In contrast to the scholarly focus on conversion's disruptive qualities, this article offers an ethnographic account of the ‘settling’ ambitions and logics that underwrite the state politics of Jewish conversion (giur) in contemporary Israel. By looking ethnographically into the mundane discursive, pedagogic, and bureaucratic processes through which the Jewish state converts non‐Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union, I demonstrate how religious conversion works to restore the bureaucratic logic of Israeli nationalism, thereby reinstating unambiguous forms of Jewish belonging. Religious conversion can also be an act of taxonomic repair.
Spontaneous regression of non‐small cell lung cancer that progressed after multiple chemotherapies: A case report
Authors: Chung Chaeuk , Park Dong Il , Kim Sun Young , Kim Ju Ock , Jung Sung Soo , Park Hee Sun , Moon Jae Young , Kim Sung Min , Cho Min Ji , Jung Sang Ok , Lee Choong Sik , Lee Jeong Eun
Published: January 2015

Spontaneous regression (SR) of cancer is defined as a complete or partial, temporary or permanent disappearance of all or at least some relevant parameters of malignant disease with inadequate or no treatment. SR of cancer is an extremely rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 67‐year‐old man who experienced SR of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which progressed after fifth‐line chemotherapy and regressed after chemotherapy ceased. Surprisingly, the primary tumor size continued to decrease for more than 13 months and his general condition markedly improved after discontinuation of the chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SR in a patient with NSCLC that was not responsive to a fifth round of chemotherapy.
Periodontopathogen levels following the use of an Er:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Milne TJ , Coates DE , Leichter JW , Soo L , Williams SM , Seymour GJ , Cullinan MP
Published: January 2015

Background

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are initiated by microbial biofilms. The reduction of the biofilm is important in the management of the disease. This study compares periodontopathogen levels following the treatment of chronic periodontitis using Er:YAG laser (ERL) debridement and mechanical scaling and root planing (SRP).

Methods

Using a split‐mouth design, two quadrants were randomly allocated for treatment. Two hundred and fifty‐two subgingival plaque samples were collected from 21 patients, before treatment (baseline) and at 6 and 12 weeks post‐therapy. Multiplex qPCR was used to determine relative levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa).

Results

Tf and Pg were significantly reduced post‐treatment for both ERL and SRP. ERL treatment resulted in a reduction of Td at 12 weeks. Following SRP treatment Aa was significantly reduced at 12 weeks. No statistically significant difference was seen when treatments were compared at 6 and 12 weeks.

Conclusions

A comparable reduction in the level of the four periodontal pathogens assayed was achieved with Er:YAG laser debridement and mechanical scaling and root planing.
Institutional Characteristics and Regime Survival: Why Are Semi‐Democracies Less Durable Than Autocracies and Democracies?
Authors: Knutsen Carl Henrik , Nygård Håvard Mokleiv
Published: January 2015

Previous studies report that semi‐democratic regimes are less durable than both democracies and autocracies. Still, mixing democratic and autocratic characteristics need not destabilize regimes, as three highly plausible alternative explanations of this correlation remain unaccounted for: (a) semi‐democracies emerge under conditions of political instability and social turmoil; (b) other regime characteristics explain duration; and (c) extant democracy measures do not register all regime changes. We elaborate on and test for these explanations, but find strikingly robust evidence that semi‐democracies are inherently less durable than both democracies and autocracies. “Semi‐democracies are particularly unstable political regimes” should thus be considered a rare stylized fact of comparative politics. The analysis yields several other interesting results. For instance, autocracies and semi‐democracies are equally likely to experience “liberalizing” regime changes more specifically, and once accounting for differences in degree of democracy, there is no robust evidence of differences in duration between military and single‐party regimes.
Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: results from a cross‐sectional survey in seven Chinese cities
Authors: Shi J.B. , Fu Q. L. , Zhang H. , Cheng L. , Wang Y. J. , Zhu D. D. , Lv W. , Liu S. X. , Li P. Z. , Ou C. Q. , Xu G.
Published: January 2015

Background

Chronic sinusitis (CRS) is a common otorhinolaryngologic disease that is frequently encountered in everyday practice, but there is a lack of precise data regarding the prevalence of CRS in developing countries. We performed a national investigation in China to determine the prevalence and associated factors of CRS.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional investigation in 2012. A stratified four‐stage sampling method was used to select participants randomly from seven cities in mainland China. All participants were interviewed face‐to‐face via a standardized questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between smoking and sinusitis after adjusting for socio‐demographic factors.

Results

This study included a total of 10 636 respondents from seven cities. The overall prevalence of CRS was 8.0% and ranged from 4.8% to 9.7% in seven centres. Chronic sinusitis affected approximately 107 million people in mainland China. Chronic sinusitis was particularly prevalent among people with specific medical conditions, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gout. The prevalence was slightly higher among males (8.79%) than females (7.28%) (P = 0.004), and the prevalence varied by age group, ethnicity and marital status and education (P < 0.05), but not by household per capita income or living space (P > 0.05). Both second‐hand tobacco smoke and active smoking were independent risk factors for CRS (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Chronic sinusitis is an important public health problem in China. Our study provides important information for the assessment of the economic burden of CRS and the development and promotion of public health policies associated with CRS particularly in developing countries.
Sputum periostin in patients with different severe asthma phenotypes
Authors: Bobolea I. , Barranco P. , Del Pozo V. , Romero D. , Sanz V. , López‐Carrasco V. , Canabal J. , Villasante C. , Quirce S.
Published: January 2015

Background

Identifying inflammatory phenotypes is relevant in severe uncontrolled asthma. The aim of this study was to identify the different clinical, inflammatory, functional, and molecular phenotypes in patients with severe asthma and to investigate the potential role of sputum periostin as a biomarker of severe asthma phenotypes.

Patients and methods

Sputum induction was performed in 62 patients diagnosed with severe asthma. Skin prick testing, lung function tests, exhaled nitric oxide, hematimetry, and total serum IgE were performed. Periostin was measured in sputum supernatants.

Results

Patients with asthma were phenotyped and 80% had late‐onset asthma, 50% had fixed airflow obstruction, and 66% showed a Th2‐high phenotype. With respect to inflammatory phenotypes, 71% were eosinophilic and 25% mixed granulocytic. Periostin levels were higher in patients with fixed as compared to variable airflow limitation (69.76 vs 43.84 pg/ml, P < 0.05) and in patients with eosinophilic as compared to mixed granulocytic phenotype (61.58 vs 37.31 pg/ml, P < 0.05). There was an inverse correlation between postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC and periostin levels (−0.276, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the utility of periostin in phenotyping severe asthma. Periostin levels in sputum are associated with persistent airflow limitation in asthma patients with airway eosinophilia despite treatment with high‐dose inhaled corticosteroids.