bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite technology glimpses ionospheric response to solar eclipse
Authors: Jakowski N. , Schlüter S. , Heise S. , Feltens J.
Published: October 2006

The millennium's last solar eclipse was observed on August 11, 1999, over most of Europe, along the northeast coast of North America, and in the Near East and Middle East. The eclipse was also observed by the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Russian GNSS (GLONASS), because the transmitted signals can be used to infer the total electron content of the ionosphere.

Disruption of photoionization and thermospheric heating leads to numerous complex phenomena in the ionosphere. Because of the supersonic speed of the Moon's cool shadow in the atmosphere, atmospheric gravity waves may be generated; these propagate upward and trace as traveling ionosphere disturbances in the ionosphere [Chimonas and Hines, 1970]. Analogous to the atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface, total electron content (TEC) can be understood as the “pressure” of the electron gas of the ionosphere, which will decrease with reduced energy input.
Fission yeast cytoskeletons and cell polarity factors: connecting at the cortex
Authors: La Carbona Stéphanie , Le Goff Catherine , Le Goff Xavier
Published: October 2006

Cell polarity is a fundamental property of cells from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Most of the time, it is essential so that the cells can achieve their function. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a powerful genetic model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of the cell polarity process. Indeed, S. pombe cells are rod‐shaped and cell growth is restricted at the poles. The accurate localization of the cell growth machinery at the cell cortex, which involves the actin cytoskeleton, depends on cell polarity pathways that are temporally and spatially regulated. The importance of interphase microtubules and cell polarity factors acting at the cortex of cell ends in this process has been shown. Here, we review recent advances in knowledge of molecular pathways leading to the establishment of a cellular axis in fission yeast. We also describe the role of cortical proteins and mitotic cytoskeletal rearrangements that control the symmetry of cell division.
A General, Modular Approach to a New Family of Amine-Substituted Arylboronic Acid Saccharide Chemosensors
Authors: Schertzer Bryan M. , Baker Sheila N. , Diver Steven T. , Baker Gary A.
Published: October 2006

A general synthetic approach towards a class of water-soluble, high quantum yield fluorescent saccharide reporters using 6-morpholinonaphthalene-2-yl boronic acid as an illustrative case is reported. The strength and flexibility of this approach, which utilizes the Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction, is further underscored by the preparation of several additional aminonaphthalenes in excellent yield, including one that bears a chiral unit.
Metal-Controlled Assembly Tuning Coordination Polymers with Flexible 2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)acetic Acid (Hima)
Authors: Wang Yong-Tao , Tang Gui-Mei , Qin Da-Wei
Published: October 2006

Three new inorganic–organic coordination polymers based on a versatile linking unit 2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)acetate (Hima) and divalent Mn(ii), Ni(ii), and Cu(ii) ions, exhibiting two kinds of two dimensionalities with different topological structures, have been prepared in water medium and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reaction of MnCl2·4H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with Hima yielded neutral two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers [M(ima)2]n, M = Mn(ii) 1, and Ni(ii) 2 with isostructural 2D coordination polymers possessing (3,6) topology structures, which further stack into three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular networks through C–H···O weak interactions. However, when Cu(NO3)2·4H2O was used, a neutral 2D coordination polymer [Cu(ima)2]n 3 consisting of rhombus units was generated, which showed a 3D supramolecular network through C–H···O weak interactions. Among these polymers, the building block ima anion exhibits different coordination modes. These results indicate that the versatile nature of this flexible ligand, together with the coordination preferences of the metal ions, plays a critical role in construction of these novel coordination polymers. Spectral and thermal properties of these new materials have also been investigated.
Regiocontrolled Opening of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran with Various Boron Reagents
Authors: Roy Chandra D.
Published: October 2006

Regiocontrolled halogenative cleavage of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran with various B-bromoboranes, by a predominantly SN2-type mechanism favouring the formation of primary bromide, is described. A comparative study of the relative reactivities of BH2Br·SMe2, BHBr2·SMe2, BBr3, (MeO)2BBr, and MeOBBr2 revealed that the newly synthesized (MeO)2BBr is a highly promising regioselective reagent, especially at lower temperatures.
Identification of conserved lipid/detergent-binding sites in a high-resolution structure of the membrane protein cytochrome
c
oxidase
Authors: Qin Ling , Hiser Carrie , Mulichak Anne , Garavito R. Michael , Ferguson-Miller Shelagh
Published: October 2006

Well ordered reproducible crystals of cytochrome
c
oxidase (C
c
O) from
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
yield a previously unreported structure at 2.0 Å resolution that contains the two catalytic subunits and a number of alkyl chains of lipids and detergents. Comparison with crystal structures of other bacterial and mammalian C
c
Os reveals that the positions occupied by native membrane lipids and detergent substitutes are highly conserved, along with amino acid residues in their vicinity, suggesting a more prevalent and specific role of lipid in membrane protein structure than often envisioned. Well defined detergent head groups (maltose) are found associated with aromatic residues in a manner similar to phospholipid head groups, likely contributing to the success of alkyl glycoside detergents in supporting membrane protein activity and crystallizability. Other significant features of this structure include the following: finding of a previously unreported crystal contact mediated by cadmium and an engineered histidine tag; documentation of the unique His–Tyr covalent linkage close to the active site; remarkable conservation of a chain of waters in one proton pathway (D-path); and discovery of an inhibitory cadmium-binding site at the entrance to another proton path (K-path). These observations provide important insight into C
c
O structure and mechanism, as well as the significance of bound lipid in membrane proteins.
RIG-G as a key mediator of the antiproliferative activity of interferon-related pathways through enhancing p21 and p27 proteins
Authors: Xiao Shu , Li Dong , Zhu Hai-Qing , Song Man-Gen , Pan Xiao-Rong , Jia Pei-Min , Peng Lin-Ling , Dou Ai-Xia , Chen Guo-Qiang , Chen Sai-Juan , Chen Zhu , Tong Jian-Hua
Published: October 2006

TheRIG-Ggene, originally isolated from an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4, codes for a 60-kDa cytoplasmic protein that is induced byall-transretinoic acid (ATRA) treatment along with the induction of morphological differentiation of NB4 cells. Here, we provide evidence that ectopic expression of Rig-G in U937 cells can lead to a significant accumulation of cells at G1/S transition. Growth arrest seems to occur by modulating several major cell cycle regulatory players. Interestingly, Rig-G alters JAB1 cellular distribution through interacting with this protein and increases the intracellular level of p27 by preventing it from the JAB-1-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a role of Rig-G for c-myc down-regulation that results in an up-regulation of p21, tightly associated with cell cycle arrest. In addition, our studies reveal that Rig-G is a direct target of STAT1, a key transcription factor in regulating IFN responses, and may be one of the first experimentally proven molecular mediators for the antiproliferative effect of IFN-α. Considering that IFN-α and ATRA synergistically inhibit growth along the intracellular pathways triggered by the two compounds in many cell types, we suggest that Rig-G may also represent one of the key molecular nodes of signaling cross-talk between ATRA and IFN-α.
Somatomotor and oculomotor inferior olivary neurons have distinct electrophysiological phenotypes
Authors: Urbano Francisco J. , Simpson John I. , Llinás Rodolfo R.
Published: October 2006

The electrophysiological properties of rat inferior olive (IO) neurons in the dorsal cap of Kooy (DCK) and the adjacent ventrolateral outgrowth (VLO) were compared with those of IO neurons in the principal olive (PO). Whereas DCK/VLO neurons are involved in eye movement control via their climbing fiber projection to the cerebellar flocculus, PO neurons control limb and digit movements via their climbing fiber projection to the lateral cerebellar hemisphere.
In vitro
patch recordings from DCK/VLO neurons revealed that low threshold calcium currents, Ih currents, and subthreshold oscillations are lacking in this subset of IO neurons. The recordings of activity in DCK neurons obtained by using voltage-sensitive dye imaging showed that activity is not limited to a single neuron, but rather that clusters of DCK neurons can be active in unison. These electrophysiological results show that the DCK/VLO neurons have unique properties that set them apart from the neurons in the PO nucleus. This finding indicates that motor control, from the perspective of the olivocerebellar system, is fundamentally different for the oculomotor and the somatomotor systems.
Urban Structure and Modal Split in the Journey to Work
Authors: Sammons Roger , Hall Peter
Published: October 2006

Relationships between modal split for the journey to work and patterns of social and economic activity in large urban areas are investigated in this paper. Small zone data from six major land-use transportation studies were used as a basis for a systematic comparative analysis of these relationships. Three of the studies were British (London, West Midlands and SELNEC) and three American (Tri-State, Penn-Jersey and Los Angeles). Standard correlation and regression programmes were employed on a wide range of data, using three different models. The results reveal the overriding influence of car ownership on modal split, but also demonstrate the limitations imposed by urban structure in the form of employment and population densities.
Some Views on Long-Term Trends in Urban and Regional Research in Western Europe
Authors: Wullkopf U. , Pearce A.E.
Published: October 2006

In this paper a number of recent investigations are used as the basis of some views on the trend of urban and regional research in Western Europe. The paper deals with research policy, research topics and research organisation and concludes that the character of urban and regional research in Western Europe may well change to become a more or less 'political' assembly-work activity. If this change occurs it will call for a considerable adaptation of organisation, research institutions, career opportunities and ethics.
Some Thoughts on the Nature and Purpose of House Price Studies
Authors: Maclennan Duncan
Published: October 2006

The paper examines the implicit assumptions made in hedonic studies of urban house prices. It is apparent that the technique can only be applied to city wide cross section analysis when sample data is capable of meaningful disaggregation. Previous uses of the technique are examined and it is suggested that the methodology is inappropriate for testing hypotheses derived from spatial residential models. Possible avenues of development for house price research are outlined.
Neglected Issues in the Study of Urban Service Distributions: a Research Agenda
Authors: Rich Richard C.
Published: October 2006

Research into the distribution of public services in urban America has made impressive empirical, theoretical and methodological progress. To date, however, this work has exhibited several limitations which restrict its contribution to our understanding of the political significance of municipal services. This paper reviews existing research, examines its limitations and suggests ways in which future research could overcome these failings by focusing on outcome rather than output measures of services, interjurisdictional differences, the influence of neighborhood organisations on service patterns, the role of private service options, and equity rather than equality as a standard against which to judge observed distributions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Johnson Ian M. , Younger Paula , Ellis‐Barrett Louise , Oppenheim Charles
Published: October 2006

Growth, creativity and collaboration: great visions on a Great Lake – proceedings of the North American Serials Interest Group, Inc. 19th annual conference, June 17–20, 2004, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 2005 Ed. P. S. French and M. Mering The Haworth Information Press, Binghamton, NY, ISBN 0‐7890‐2976‐6 US $34.95

Communicating in style by Yateendra Joshi The Energy and Resources Institute, India, 2003, 81 7993 016 5, £7.50

Bookmaking: Editing, Design, Production by Marshall Lee W. W. Norton & Co. Ltd., 2004, hardback, ISBN 0393730182

The Institutional Repository By Richard Jones, Theo Andrew and John MacColl Chandos Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1 84334 138 7, 237pp.
Ideas on creating a consumer market for scholarly journals
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Dobrowolski Tom , Rowlands Ian
Published: October 2006

Based upon the CIBER surveys of the behaviour of scholars using research journals online the authors propose a market structure for the publication of research in which payments would be made at the article level by individual users – using credits supplied by their institutions or research funders – broadly along the lines of the iTunes model.
Plagiarism and piracy: a publisher's perspective
Authors: Taylor Kevin
Published: October 2006

Examples of ‘plagiarism’ and ‘piracy’ are explored in the context of copyright legislation, and the practical role of ‘fair dealing’ is examined. The article shows how a tension exists at the heart of copyright: that between the ‘right of protection’ and the ‘right of communication’. It argues that this tension produces a business dynamic which publishers can exploit to their advantage and which means that piracy (even, and perhaps especially, in the electronic realm) can be regarded more as an opportunity than as a threat.
Enlazin, a Natural Fusion of Two Classes of Canonical Cytoskeletal Proteins, Contributes to Cytokinesis Dynamics
Authors: Octtaviani Edelyn , Effler Janet C. , Robinson Douglas N.
Published: October 2006

Cytokinesis requires a complex network of equatorial and global proteins to regulate cell shape changes. Here, using interaction genetics, we report the first characterization of a novel protein, enlazin. Enlazin is a natural fusion of two canonical classes of actin-associated proteins, the ezrin-radixin-moesin family and fimbrin, and it is localized to actin-rich structures. A fragment of enlazin, enl-tr, was isolated as a genetic suppressor of the cytokinesis defect of cortexillin-I mutants. Expression of enl-tr disrupts expression of endogenous enlazin, indicating that enl-tr functions as a dominant-negative lesion. Enlazin is distributed globally during cytokinesis and is required for cortical tension and cell adhesion. Consistent with a role in cell mechanics, inhibition of enlazin in a cortexillin-I background restores cytokinesis furrowing dynamics and suppresses the growth-in-suspension defect. However, as expected for a role in cell adhesion, inhibiting enlazin in a myosin-II background induces a synthetic cytokinesis phenotype, frequently arresting furrow ingression at the dumbbell shape and/or causing recession of the furrow. Thus, enlazin has roles in cell mechanics and adhesion, and these roles seem to be differentially significant for cytokinesis, depending on the genetic background.
Aphids do not attend to leaf colour as visual signal, but to the handicap of reproductive investment
Authors: Schaefer H.Martin , Rolshausen Gregor
Published: October 2006

The evolution of visual warning signals is well known in animals but has received scant attention in plants. The coevolutionary hypothesis is the most influential hypothesis on warning signals in plants proposing that red and yellow leaf colours in autumn signal defensive strength to herbivores. So far, evidence in support of the hypothesis, which assumes a coevolutionary origin of autumnal leaf colours, is correlative and open to alternative explanations. We therefore tested the coevolutionary hypothesis experimentally by colouring the leaves either red or green of same-aged mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) individuals. We monitored the response of winged aphids to leaf colour using insect glue on branches with natural and artificial leaf colours in each individual. In contrast to the prediction of the coevolutionary hypothesis, aphid numbers did not differ between the individuals with artificial green or artificial red leaves. Likewise, at the within-plant level, aphids did not colonize branches with natural green leaves preferentially. However, we suggest that plants emitted warning signals because aphids colonized the hosts non-randomly. We found a strong positive correlation between aphid numbers and fruit production, suggesting an allocation trade-off between investment in plant defence and reproduction. Our study demonstrates that aphids use warning signals or cues in host selection, probably volatiles, but that they did not use leaf colour.
The courtship-inhibiting pheromone is ignored by female-deprived gregarious desert locust males
Authors: Seidelmann Karsten
Published: October 2006

Gregarious mature males of the desert locust (
Schistocerca gregaria
) emit a courtship-inhibiting pheromone continuously to repel rivals. This signal evokes a strong response from males with recent experience of mature females. However, if males have been female deprived for some time, they start to ignore the pheromone and attempt to usurp females that are guarded by males. The probability and intensity with which males struggle for an occupied mate was found to depend on the time previously spent without a female. This adaptive behaviour is similar to the response to host-marking pheromones in phytophagous insects and parasitoids.
A constitutive model for muscle properties in a soft-bodied arthropod
Authors: Dorfmann A , Trimmer B.A , Woods W.A
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we examine the mechanical properties of muscles in a soft-bodied arthropod under both passive and stimulated conditions. In particular, we examine the ventral interior lateral muscle of the tobacco hornworm caterpillar,Manduca sexta, and show that its response is qualitatively similar to the behaviour of particle-reinforced rubber. Both materials are capable of large nonlinear elastic deformations, show a hysteretic behaviour and display stress softening during the first few cycles of repeated loading. TheManducamuscle can therefore be considered as different elastic materials during loading and unloading and is best described using the theory of pseudo-elasticity. We summarize the basic equations for transversely isotropic pseudo-elastic materials, first for general deformations and then for the appropriate uniaxial specialization. The constitutive relation proposed is in good agreement with the experimental data for both the passive and the stimulated conditions.
Newtonian quantum gravity: axisymmetric, spinning systems
Authors: Bramson Brian
Published: October 2006

Consider a rotating, gravitating system whose mass centre and intrinsic spin define a natural axis of symmetry. A pair of quantum–mechanical polar coordinates, a continuous radial coordinate and an angular coordinate with discrete eigenvalues, are tied to the system's geometry. The gravitational scalar potential generated by the system is a quantum operator that is a function of the two polar coordinates. Exact expressions for the potential's gradient and Laplacian are derived, which involve forward, backward and central differences. The system's binding energy, an integral over Euclidean 3-space, comprises a radial part and an integral over the unit 2-sphere. The latter is shown to amount to a summation over the angular eigenvalues. The result is applied to the Newtonian analogues of Kerr black holes, a class of gravitational potentials with classical, ring singularities. It is shown that any fermionic,
Kerr
–
Newton particle
has a finite binding energy. This is remarkable because the classical binding energy is divergent. Furthermore, the binding energy tends to a constant in the limit of large spin.
Host shift and speciation in a coral-feeding nudibranch
Authors: Faucci Anuschka , Toonen Robert J , Hadfield Michael G
Published: October 2006

While the role of host preference in ecological speciation has been investigated extensively in terrestrial systems, very little is known in marine environments. Host preference combined with mate choice on the preferred host can lead to population subdivision and adaptation leading to host shifts. We use a phylogenetic approach based on two mitochondrial genetic markers to disentangle the taxonomic status and to investigate the role of host specificity in the speciation of the nudibranch genus
Phestilla
(Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) from Guam, Palau and Hawaii. Species of the genus
Phestilla
complete their life cycle almost entirely on their specific host coral (species of
Porites
,
Goniopora
and
Tubastrea
). They reproduce on their host coral and their planktonic larvae require a host-specific chemical cue to metamorphose and settle onto their host. The phylogenetic trees of the combined cytochrome oxidase I and ribosomal
16S
gene sequences clarify the relationship among species of
Phestilla
identifying most of the nominal species as monophyletic clades. We found a possible case of host shift from
Porites
to
Goniopora
and
Tubastrea
in sympatric
Phestilla
spp. This represents one of the first documented cases of host shift as a mechanism underlying speciation in a marine invertebrate. Furthermore, we found highly divergent clades within
Phestilla
sp. 1 and
Phestilla minor
(8.1–11.1%), suggesting cryptic speciation. The presence of a strong phylogenetic signal for the coral host confirms that the tight link between species of
Phestilla
and their host coral probably played an important role in speciation within this genus.
Human parental effort and environmental risk
Authors: Quinlan Robert J
Published: October 2006

Parental investment decisions depend on multiple factors, including the extent that parental care benefits offspring. Humans should show reduced parental effort in environments where parenting cannot improve offspring survival. Data from the standard cross-cultural sample are used to test this prediction. The results show that maternal care was inversely associated with famine and warfare, and also showed a quadratic association with pathogen stress, increasing as pathogen stress increased to moderate levels, but decreasing at higher levels. Age at weaning showed a similar quadratic relation with pathogens. The curvilinear associations between parental effort and pathogen stress may reflect that the saturation point of parental care is a function of environmental hazards. Paternal involvement was also inversely related to pathogen stress. The association between pathogens and paternal involvement was partially mediated by polygyny. In sum, maternal and paternal care appears to have somewhat different relations with environmental hazards, presumably owing to sex-specific tradeoffs in reproductive effort.
Climate change and the optimal arrival of migratory birds
Authors: Jonzén Niclas , Hedenström Anders , Lundberg Per
Published: October 2006

Recent climate change has sparked an interest in the timing of biological events, which is a general problem in life-history evolution. Reproduction in many organisms breeding in seasonal environments, e.g. migratory birds, is dependent on the exploitation of a short but rich food supply. If the seasonal timing of the food peak advances owing to climate change, then one would expect the bird to track those changes, hence, initiate migration and breeding earlier. However, when there is competition for territories and a risk of pre-breeding mortality, the optimal response to a shifting food distribution is no longer obvious. We develop a theoretical model to study how the optimal arrival time depends on the mean and variance of the food distribution, the degree of competition for territories and the risk of mortality. In general, the optimal shift in arrival date should never be as extreme as the shift in food peak date. Our results also show that we should expect the high variation of trends in arrival date observed among migratory birds, even if migration and information about climate change were unconstrained.
Active gels: where polymer physics meets cytoskeletal dynamics
Authors: Liverpool Tanniemola B
Published: October 2006

The cytoskeleton provides eukaryotic cells with mechanical support and helps them to perform their biological functions. It is predominantly composed of a network of semiflexible polar protein filaments. In addition, there are many accessory proteins that bind to these filaments, regulate their assembly, link them to organelles and provide the motors that either move the organelles along the filaments or move the filaments themselves. A natural approach to such a multiple particle system is the study of its collective excitations. I review some recent work on the theoretical description of the emergence of a number of particular collective motile behaviours from the interactions between different elements of the cytoskeleton. In order to do this, close analogies have been made to the study of driven soft condensed matter systems. However, it emerges naturally that a description of these soft active motile systems gives rise to new types of collective phenomena not seen in conventional soft systems. I discuss the implications of these results and perspectives for the future.
Developmental Coordination Disorder and Joint Hypermobility Syndrome – overlapping disorders? Implications for research and clinical practice
Authors: Kirby A. , Davies R.
Published: October 2006

Background  Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are two childhood disorders usually identified separately. DCD is a heterogeneous condition with little known of the underlying aetiology of the disorder. This paper examines the potential overlap between DCD and JHS and examines children with DCD for symptoms which may be consistent with a diagnosis of JHS. Implications for research and clinical practice are considered.

Methods  A questionnaire covering a range of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of JHS and related autonomic nervous systemic symptoms was completed by parents from 27 children with DCD and compared with responses from parents of 27 typically developing children.

Results  Children with DCD showed a significant difference from the group of typically developing children on questions regarding hypermobility, pain and autonomic nervous system symptoms, typifying JHS.

Conclusions  This study has shown a similarity in symptoms seen in some DCD children to those with a diagnosis of JHS. In addition, children are also presenting with multi‐system symptomatology including those involving the autonomic nervous system. This study reinforces other recent work showing the reverse pattern of JHS children showing similar functional similarities to DCD children. This has implications for future research in DCD in order to understand the underlying aetiology of this complex disorder. In addition, it is important for clinicians to be aware of these findings in order to provide appropriate and tailored support and treatment for children presenting with differing patterns of co‐ordination difficulties. Children with DCD and JHS may require appropriate podiatry as well as recognition of their symptoms of pain and how this may affect participation in physical activity.
Electron crystallography applied to the structure determination of Nb(Cu,Al,X)2 Laves phases
Authors: GIGLA M. , LELA̧TKO J. , KRZELOWSKI M. , MORAWIEC H.
Published: October 2006

The presence of primary precipitates of the Laves phases considerably improves the mechanical properties and the resistance to thermal degradation of the high‐temperature shape memory Cu–Al–Nb alloys. The structure analysis of the Laves phases was carried out on particles contained in the ternary and quaternary alloys as well on synthesized compounds related to the composition of the Nb(Cu,Al,X)2 phase, where X = Ni, Co, Cr, Ti and Zr. The precise structure determination of the Laves phases was carried out by the electron crystallography method using the crisp software.
Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in situ studies of grain boundary migration in cold‐deformed aluminium bicrystals
Authors: PAUL H. , DRIVER J. H. , MORGIEL J. , LENS A. , BYDAŁEK A. , BIJAK M.
Published: October 2006

The crystallography of recrystallization has been investigated in channel‐die deformed pure aluminium bicrystals with {100}<011>/{110}<001> orientations. The microstructural and microtextural changes during the early stages of recrystallization were followed by systematic local orientation measurements using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. In particular, orientation mapping combined with in situ sample heating was used to investigate the formation and growth of new grains at very early stages of recrystallization. Grain boundary migration and ‘consumption’ of the as‐deformed areas was always favoured along directions parallel to the traces of the {111} slip planes that had been most active during deformation.
Photoperiodic control of diapause termination, colour change and postdiapause reproduction in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula
Authors: MUSOLIN DMITRY L. , FUJISAKI KENJI , NUMATA HIDEHARU
Published: October 2006

Abstract The effects of day length on adult diapause development, associated with diapause body colour change as well as postdiapause reproduction are studied in Nezara viridula from Japan. Facultative diapause spontaneously terminates under three constant short‐day and near‐critical photoperiods at 25 °C without low temperature treatment. The period required for body colour change from russet to green and the precopulation and preoviposition periods differ significantly between the photoperiodic treatments, being shortest under LD 13 : 11 h, intermediate under LD 12 : 12 h and longest under LD 10 : 14 h. Photoperiodic conditions do not affect postdiapause reproductive performance: the total egg production, duration of the period of oviposition and other reproductive indices do not differ significantly between the photoperiodic conditions. The total egg production depends on the duration of the period of oviposition but not on how long females remained russet during diapause. It is concluded that diapause in N. viridula does not require low temperature for its successful completion and diapause duration affects winter survival but not postdiapause reproductive performance or longevity. Such independence of the postdiapause reproductive performance from the duration of diapause may have contributed to the continuous worldwide range expansion of this species into temperate zone.
Seasonal changes in resource allocation within an individual offspring of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: IIDA H. , FUJISAKI K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract Seasonal changes in resource investment into individual offspring are well documented, but no attention has been paid to the allocation of the invested resource among the body parts of the offspring. In the present study, seasonal changes in the absolute and relative sizes in a spiderling of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata Boes. et Str. are investigated, and the relationship between spiderling body size and the ability to moult during a food shortage is clarified. Spiderlings that emerge in November have a significantly larger cephalothorax and abdomen than those that emerge in June. In addition, the abdomen–cephalothorax size ratio is significantly greater in November than in June offspring. Under limited food availability conditions, only 40% of spiderlings moult. Nymphs that do moult have a significantly larger cephalothorax, abdomen and abdomen–cephalothorax size ratio than nymphs that do not moult. Thus, both the quantity of resources invested in the cephalothorax and abdomen of a spiderling and the proportional allocation of resources between the two body parts change seasonally in Pa. pseudoannulata; alteration of the resource allocation occurs in late autumn. Larger spiderlings of Pa. pseudoannulata that emerge in late autumn would be able to develop into advanced instars even during food shortage, and therefore may have better overwintering survival rates.
Spatial patterns of leprosis and its mite vector in commercial citrus groves in Brazil
Authors: Bassanezi R. B. , Laranjeira F. F.
Published: October 2006

In order to describe the dissemination of Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) and Brevipalpus phoenicis, the Tenuipalpidae mite which transmits it, as well as to generate data for future development of better sampling and disease control procedures, analyses were conducted at three levels of spatial hierarchy. Over 100 distribution maps of mite‐infested plants and plants with CiLV symptoms were constructed after evaluation of 174 sweet orange commercial grove blocks from four citrus regions of São Paulo State, Brazil. Spatial correlation between maps of mite‐infested plants and those with CiLV symptoms was very low and mostly not significant. Spatial dependency between adjacent plants was incipient as ordinary runs analysis showed that percentages of aggregated sequences within or across rows were very low for both mite‐infested and diseased plants. Index of dispersion (D) values for all quadrat sizes suggested aggregation of plants with symptoms within quadrats, but much less aggregation for mite‐infested plants. Values of log(A) and b were higher than 0 and 1, respectively, indicating a general and significant aggregation of infested/diseased plants inside quadrats. However, the degree of aggregation of plants with symptoms was higher than that of infested plants. Aggregation in each grove was positively correlated to the incidence of infested/diseased plants. Spatial autocorrelation also showed a higher strength of aggregation for plants with symptoms than for infested ones. This is the first time that spatial patterns of leprosis and B. phoenicis have been described.
Comparison of commercial European wheat cultivars to Fusarium infection of head and seedling tissue
Authors: Brennan J. M. , Leonard G. , Fagan B. , Cooke B. M. , Ritieni A. , Ferracane R. , Nicholson P. , Simpson D. , Thomsett M. , Doohan F. M.
Published: October 2006

Susceptibility of eight commercial European wheat cultivars to fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae and Microdochium nivale (formerly known as Fusarium nivale) was compared under controlled environment conditions (16°C). FHB did not differentially affect cultivars in terms of disease symptoms, fungal DNA content of grain or deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. However, the Hungarian‐grown cultivars GK‐Othalom and Fatima 2 (of Romanian origin) showed greater type V resistance (yield tolerance) to FHB than did the others. Also, nivalenol was produced by F. poae in these two cultivars and in Italian cultivar Norba, but not in other cultivars. Overall, significant relationships were found between the FHB and seedling blight resistance in vitro of these eight cultivars, but such relationships were generally highly dependent on cultivar, and therefore it is likely that the in vitro test is at best measuring components of FHB resistance and/or genotype‐specific resistance components.
Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus, a new widespread virus in calla lily, detected by ELISA, dot‐blot hybridization and IC‐RT‐PCR
Authors: Huang C.‐H. , Hu W.‐C. , Yang T.‐C. , Chang Y.‐C.
Published: October 2006

A new potyvirus, Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus (ZaMMV), was recently identified in calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) in Taiwan. The sequenced 3′‐terminal region indicated a unique amino acid sequence of ZaMMV, the N terminus of the capsid protein (CP), containing 39 glutamine residues before the DAG motif. In order to obtain antiserum for subsequent studies, a recombinant ZaMMV CP without polyglutamine was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and used as the antigen. The specificity of ZaMMV antiserum was confirmed by immunoblot and ELISA analyses. Three detection methods, ELISA, dot‐blot hybridization and immunocapture reverse transcription PCR (IC‐RT‐PCR), were developed and were able to detect ZaMMV successfully. During 2003–2004 field surveys, the results demonstrated that ZaMMV, as well as Zantedeschia mosaic virus (ZaMV), are prevalent in calla‐growing areas. In contrast, infection by Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), the most important virus of aroid plants, decreased dramatically because DsMV‐free calla lily seedlings were grown in the field. Accordingly, the detection methods developed in this study will be useful in studying ZaMMV and also in producing ZaMMV‐free calla lilies.
Time‐lapse analysis of stem‐cell divisions in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem
Authors: Campilho Ana , Garcia Bernardo , Toorn Henk v.d. , Wijk Henk v. , Campilho Aurélio , Scheres Ben
Published: October 2006

In the Arabidopsis root, asymmetric stem‐cell divisions produce daughters that form the different root cell types. Here we report the establishment of a confocal tracking system that allows the analysis of numbers and orientations of cell divisions in root stem cells. The system provides direct evidence that stem cells have lower division rates than cells in the proximal meristem. It also allows tracking of cell division timing, which we have used to analyse the synchronization of root cap divisions. Finally, it gives new insights into lateral root cap formation: epidermal stem‐cell daughters can rotate the orientation of the division plane like the stem cell.
Intra‐operative monitoring of vagal nerve activity with wire electrodes
Authors: Ito H. , Sobue K. , So M. , Hirate H. , Sugiura T. , Azami T. , Fujita Y. , Sasano H. , Katsuya H.
Published: October 2006

A monitoring system for tracking the electromyogram (EMG) of the vocal cords with wire electrodes embedded in an endotracheal tube was designed to identify the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy. Our recent experience in two cases suggests that vagal nerve activity can be correctly detected by recording of the EMG of the vocal cords using a special endotracheal tube embedded with wire electrodes.
Recurrent opioid toxicity after pre‐hospital care of presumed heroin overdose patients
Authors: Boyd J. J. , Kuisma M. J. , Alaspää A. O. , Vuori E. , Repo J. V. , Randell T. T.
Published: October 2006

Background:  In patients with presumed heroin overdose, the recommended time of observation after reversing heroin toxicity with naloxone varies widely. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of recurrent opioid toxicity and the time interval in which it occurs after pre‐hospital treatment in presumed heroin overdose patients.

Methods:  We undertook a retrospective study in Helsinki (population, 560,000). Records were reviewed from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. Patients included were treated by the emergency medical service (EMS) for a presumed heroin overdose. Patients with known polydrug/alcohol use or the use of opioids other than heroin were excluded. The EMS records were compared with the cardiac arrest database and the medical examiners’ records.

Results:  One hundred and forty‐five patients were included. The median dose of pre‐hospital administered naloxone was 0.4 mg. After pre‐hospital care, 84 patients refused further care and were not transported to an emergency department (ED). Seventy‐one received pre‐hospital naloxone, and no life‐threatening events were recorded during a 12‐h follow‐up period in these patients. After pre‐hospital care, 61 patients were transported to an ED. Twelve patients received naloxone in the ED for respiratory depression. All had signs of heroin use‐related adverse events within 1 h after receiving pre‐hospital naloxone.

Conclusions:  Allowing presumed heroin overdose patients to sign out after pre‐hospital care with naloxone is safe. If transported to an ED, a 1‐h observation period after naloxone administration seems to be adequate for recurrent heroin toxicity.
Sustainable fisheries management in the resource periphery: The cases of Chile and New Zealand
Authors: Barton Jonathan R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Chile and New Zealand both depend on their natural resource bases for their exports. This situation characterises the historical condition of the resource periphery. Despite similar processes of globalisation in their fisheries sectors since the 1970s, the ways in which public and private policies and management strategies have been brought to bear on sustaining the resource base differ considerably. In light of the strategic economic agreement between the two countries (and Singapore and Brunei) signed in 2005, these contrasts reveal that multiple options exist for countries in the resource periphery to enhance their national development by working with comparative advantages alongside competitive advantages introduced into the sector. Chile’s explosive growth in aquaculture and its low levels of public and private concern for more sustainable fisheries is contrasted with New Zealand’s more sustainable approach to natural resource management through a range of instruments and commitments. The principal conclusion is that resource periphery producers should capitalise on their natural assets, but only within the context of a sustainable strategy that promotes and enforces responsibility. The current crisis in global capture fisheries is both an opportunity and a warning in this regard.
Preference Erosion, Government Revenues and Non‐tariff Trade Barriers
Authors: Fisher Bob
Published: October 2006

Developing countries benefiting from developed country unilateral trade preferences fear that Doha Round tariff cuts will erode the value of those preferences. That these programmes confer significant benefits, however, is not clear. Studies indicate that the impact of preference erosion would be minimal for most developing countries. But for a small subset of middle‐income and least‐developed countries, concern may be warranted. WTO members, should address affected countries’ concerns, perhaps by tailoring WTO tariff negotiations to lessen adjustment pressures and providing development assistance. Developing countries also are anxious that lower tariffs will reduce government revenues. Dependence on tariff revenue is diminishing and trade liberalisation need not result in lower total tax revenues or even lower customs revenues. Much depends on a country's current tariff and trade regime, its tax structure and its overall economic structure. At some point, a country does need to broaden its tax base and look to other revenue sources to offset declining tariff revenues. Tax reform, therefore, complements trade reform. A third area of developing country concern is non‐tariff barriers (NTBs), which may limit market access even after tariffs are reduced. Despite prior WTO work in this area, NTBs remain a thorny issue for all WTO members.
Making NAMA Work: Supporting Adjustment and Development
Authors: Milner Chris
Published: October 2006

NAMA liberalisation alone will not be sufficient to achieve the development goals of the Doha Round. The structure of developing countries’ economies and weaknesses in their infrastructure and institutions mean that adjustment to liberalisation is often costly and export responses slow. To make NAMA work, developing countries will need technical and financial support to raise their ability to adapt to greater openness and globalisation pressures and to increase their export capabilities. Although developing countries should decide how to raise their ability to adjust and to increase exports, bilateral donors and multilateral agencies will need to fund NAMA support programmes. The WTO, however, is not the appropriate or competent international agency to provide or disburse such funding. It can provide technical advice and offers a negotiating vehicle for industrial countries to signal that the development aims of the Doha Round are recognised in substantive terms. If industrial countries support developing countries’ NAMA‐related adjustment costs in addition to offering NAMA tariff cuts, the chances of a successful Doha agreement and genuine pro‐development outcomes will be boosted significantly.
Critical care outreach – a meaningful evaluation
Authors: Valentine Janine , Skirton Heather
Published: October 2006

Advances in medicine and changes in health care provision have resulted in increasingly innovative methods of delivering health care, such as the development of critical care outreach teams (CCOTs). These teams aim to respond to the needs of the critically ill patient, regardless of the patient’s location within the acute hospital. The aim of this audit was to assess one aspect of the effectiveness of the Outreach team by examining the attitudes and opinions of the hospital clinical staff towards the outreach service provided. A questionnaire designed to investigate staff attitudes to and the use of the outreach team was sent to health professions staff at the acute hospital in which the outreach team was based. Anonymous responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and free text content analysis. One hundred questionnaires were returned (33% response rate) from staff of different professional backgrounds and departments. The results demonstrated a positive response from members of the multi‐professional team, who believed that the CCOT was approachable and enhanced clinical care by providing help and advice, improving access to critical care services and facilitating development of critical care skills in clinical areas. In response to the findings, the number of hours per day in which the team operates has been increased. The findings demonstrated a belief by staff that the CCOT was instrumental in enhancing clinical care within the institution. While the findings of this audit are an informative addition to routine activity data, further studies are required to assess the acceptability of the service to patients and the impact of the service on patient outcomes.