bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental analysis of anisotropic damage in dual-phase steel by resonance measurement
Authors: Gerstein Gregory , Clausmeyer Till , Isik Kerim , Nürnberger Florian , Tekkaya A Erman , Bruchanov Arkadii A , Maier Hans J
Published: May 2016

The ductile damage in deformed dual-phase steel sheets (DP600) was investigated based on measurements of the degradation of the direction-dependent Young’s modulus. The study focuses on the material-induced damage anisotropy in such advanced high-strength steel. The elastic properties in the direction of applied loading of the deformed sheets were determined by measuring the resonance frequency of rectangular samples. The material was investigated in the as-delivered condition and after annealing at 220℃ for 48 h. Tensile strains of up to 10% were applied after annealing. Tensile tests were performed in different directions with respect to the rolling direction to determine the evolution of damage in different directions. The comparison of the obtained results with the electron micrographs shows that the damage in the steel sheets occurs in the form of nano and micro damages near the grain boundary and interfaces of phases. The maximum decrease of the Young’s modulus in the transverse direction was observed for the largest applied deformation of 10% tensile strain in the transverse direction. An efficient calculation method to obtain information on the distribution of anisotropy in the plane of the sheet was applied. This calculation method relies on an efficient representation of the material’s texture. In order to assess the influence of texture, the texture was determined experimentally.
The MTT and Crystal Violet Assays
Authors: Almutary A. , Sanderson B. J. S.
Published: May 2016

The toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on humans, animals, and environment are largely unknown. Assessment of NPs cytotoxicity depends on the choice of the test system. Due to NPs optical activity and absorption values, they can influence the classical cytotoxicity assay. Eight NPs were spiked in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet assays and tested with HaCaT human skin cells. The MTT assay standard curve optical density (OD) measurements were altered by the presence of trisilanol phenyl and trisilanol isooctyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles. The crystal violet standard curve OD measurements were significantly shifted by gold NPs, but they did not affect the MTT assay. Carbon black decreased ODs in the MTT and crystal violet assays and was localized in the cell cytoplasm. These findings strongly indicate that a careful choice of in vitro viability systems is required to avoid flawed measurement of NPs toxicity.
Rape in Armed Conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature
Authors: Kabengele Mpinga Emmanuel , Koya Mapendo , Hasselgard-Rowe Jennifer , Jeannot Emilien , Rehani Sylvie B. , Chastonay Philippe
Published: May 2016

We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature between 1996 and 2013 on rape in war-ridden Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in order to better understand the interest of the scientific community in describing the magnitude and characteristics of the problem. The literature search was conducted in French and English using several databases (Pubmed, PsycInfo, Sapphire, BDSP, Embase, Rero, and Web of Science) with the key words “rape and DRC” combined with several Medical Subject Headings concepts. Our systematic review yielded 2,087 references, among which only 27 are original studies, that is 20 are based on population surveys and the remaining 7 are original data based on case studies and reviews. Ten studies provided prevalence rates of rape victims, 18 provided specific information on the profile of the victims, 10 reported that most of the perpetrators of rape were military personnel, 14 referred to the negligence of the government in protecting victims, and 10 reported a lack of competent health-care facilities. The awareness of rape in conflict-ridden DRC is still limited as reported in the scientific literature: Published scientific papers are scarce. Yet more research would probably help mobilize local authorities and the international community against this basic human rights violation.
Schools, Families, and the Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Lessons That Can Be Learned From a Literature Review
Authors: Admon Livny Karen , Katz Carmit
Published: May 2016

Child maltreatment is a worldwide social problem that receives considerable attention. However, prevention efforts remain rare, allowing the phenomenon to continue and spread. The aim of the current article is to systematically review evidence-based prevention efforts that address schools and families as key stakeholders for preventing child maltreatment. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a thorough literature review revealed that only five programs matched the inclusion criteria for the current article. These programs were analyzed for several domains, including level of prevention, target population, participants, and the programs’ outcomes. The current review highlights the urgent needs to develop, modify, and further evaluate prevention programs for child maltreatment in the context of the ecological model. More specifically, it illuminates the need to create and champion programs that enhance the collaboration between families and schools, both of which are key stakeholders within the phenomenon of child maltreatment. Collaboration between policymakers, researchers, and practitioners should guide future efforts by promoting cultural adaptation to such programs and by integrating children’s perceptions to improve these efforts and to benefit everyone involved.
The relationship of regional hemoglobin A1c testing and amputation rate among patients with diabetes
Authors: Newhall Karina A , Bekelis Kimon , Suckow Bjoern D , Gottlieb Daniel J , Farber Adrienne E , Goodney Philip P , Skinner Jonathan S
Published: May 2016

Objective

The risk of leg amputation among patients with diabetes has declined over the past decade, while use of preventative measures—such as hemoglobin A1c monitoring—has increased. However, the relationship between hemoglobin A1c testing and amputation risk remains unclear.

Methods

We examined annual rates of hemoglobin A1c testing and major leg amputation among Medicare patients with diabetes from 2003 to 2012 across 306 hospital referral regions. We created linear regression models to study associations between hemoglobin A1c testing and lower extremity amputation.

Results

From 2003 to 2012, the proportion of patients who received hemoglobin A1c testing increased 10% (74% to 84%), while their rate of lower extremity amputation decreased 50% (430 to 232/100,000 beneficiaries). Regional hemoglobin A1c testing weakly correlated with crude amputation rate in both years (2003 R = −0.20, 2012 R = −0.21), and further weakened with adjustment for age, sex, and disability status (2003 R = −0.11, 2012 R = −0.17). In a multivariable model of 2012 amputation rates, hemoglobin A1c testing was not a significant predictor.

Conclusion

Lower extremity amputation among patients with diabetes nearly halved over the past decade but only weakly correlated with hemoglobin A1c testing throughout the study period. Better metrics are needed to understand the relationship between preventative care and amputation.
Prognostic factor of the two-year mortality after revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia
Authors: Morisaki Koichi , Matsumoto Takuya , Matsubara Yutaka , Inoue Kentaro , Aoyagi Yukihiko , Matsuda Daisuke , Tanaka Shinichi , Okadome Jun , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: May 2016

Purposes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for the two-year survival after revascularization of critical limb ischemia.

Methods

Between 2008 and 2012, 142 patients underwent revascularization. A retrospective analysis was performed to measure the risk factor.

Results

A total 85 patients underwent surgical revascularization, 31 patients underwent endovascular therapy while 26 patients underwent hybrid therapy. By multivariate analysis, the following variables were considered to be risk factors: ejection fraction <50 % (HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.22–7.95; P = 0.02), serum albumin level <2.5 g/dL (HR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.01–11.7; P = 0.04) and nonambulatory status (HR, 4.11; 95% CI, 1.79–9.70; P < 0.01). The two-year survival rate of the patients with no risk factors was 85.5%, while the patients with at least one risk factor had an unfavorable prognosis (one; 56.7%, two; 45.4%).

Conclusions

The nonambulatory status, serum albumin level <2.5 g/dL and ejection fraction <50% were the risk factors for the two-year mortality after revascularization in critical limb ischemia patients. These risk factors may be useful for the treatment strategy of critical limb ischemia patients.
Influence of atomization quality modulation on flame dynamics in a hypergolic rocket engine
Authors: Schulze Moritz , Schmid Martin , Sattelmayer Thomas
Published: May 2016

For the numerical evaluation of the thermoacoustic stability of rocket engines often hybrid methods are applied, which separate the computation of wave propagation in the combustor from the analysis of the flame response to acoustic perturbations. Closure requires a thermoacoustic feedback model which provides the heat release fluctuation in the source term of the employed wave transport equations. The influence of the acoustic fluctuations in the combustion chamber on the heat release fluctuations from the modulation of the atomization of the propellants in a hypergolic upper stage rocket engine is studied. Numerical modeling of a single injector provides the time mean reacting flow field. A network of transfer functions representing all aspects relevant for the feedback model is presented. Analytical models for the injector admittances and for the atomization transfer functions are provided. The dynamics of evaporation and combustion are studied numerically and the numerical results are analyzed. An analytical approximation of the computed flame transfer function is combined with the analytical models for the injector and the atomization quality to derive the feedback model for the wave propagation code. The evaluation of this model on the basis of the Rayleigh index reveals the thermoacoustic driving potential originating from the fluctuating spray quality.
LOS ARGUMENTOS LIBERALES Y REPUBLICANOS EN TORNO A LA LEY DE CADUCIDAD EN URUGUAY: UNA MIRADA DESDE LA POSICIÓN DE LOS ACTORES DEL SISTEMA POLÍTICO
Authors: Freigedo Peláez Martín
Published: May 2016

En su mayoría, los crímenes contra los derechos humanos cometidos por el Estado uruguayo en el período previo a la dictadura cívico-militar, y durante la misma, aún están impunes. Esto es consecuencia, en parte, de la aprobación en 1986 de la ley de Caducidad Punitiva del Estado, que limita al Poder Judicial a intervenir sobre estos. Sin embargo, las discusiones políticas en torno a las violaciones de los derechos humanos están latentes y son parte de un proceso que todavía no tiene un punto final. En este sentido, las posiciones de los actores del sistema político han sido muy disímiles y han cambiado según la coyuntura política del país. En este artículo se presentan las posiciones liberales y republicanas de dichos actores para argumentar sus posturas en torno a la vieja discusión teórica sobre los derechos humanos y la soberanía popular. The liberal and republican arguments about the Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State: a look from the position of the actors in the political systemAbstract                                                 Most of the crimes against human rights committed by the Uruguayan government during the military dictatorship period remain unpunished. This is due in part, by the adoption in 1986 of Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State, limiting the judiciary to intervene over such crimes. However, policy discussions about the violations of human rights are still present and far from an endpoint. The actors of the political system have taken very different positions over this matter with changes according to the political situation of the country. In this article, we present the liberal and republican positions of these actors to argue their attitude towards the old theoretical discussion of human rights and popular sovereignty.
Saúde ocupacional e riscos psicossociais em trabalhadores da limpeza de instituição de ensino superior: Um estudo qualitativo em Brasília, DF.
Authors: ANDRADE Matheus de Oliveira , CUNHA Vinícius Santos da , LINS Wallisson de Medeiros Sales , YUNG Felipe Rodrigues , ABDON José Alberto Souza , SOUZA Elza Maria de
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção dos funcionários da limpeza em uma instituição pública de ensino superior sobre condições de trabalho e saúde no meio universitário, comênfase para os aspectos físico-ambientais e psicossociais que determinam a saúde deste grupo no ambiente onde estão inseridos. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se a técnica de entrevista em profundidade junto a 16 funcionários da limpeza de ambos os sexos. Os trabalhadores têm a percepção de que não são devidamente valorizados. A maioria afirmou que o trabalho influencia negativamente a saúde, principalmente devido a dores osteomusculares, alergia aos produtos químicos de limpeza, exaustão e estresse pela sobrecarga de trabalho e falta de colaboração da comunidade universitária. Além disso, todos possuem percepção negativa da terceirização, em decorrência da alta rotatividade de empresas que inviabiliza o cumprimento de direitos trabalhistas, como férias regulares e décimo terceiro salário. Conclui-se que os trabalhadores da limpeza estão submetidos a condições desfavoráveis de trabalho, de modo que a consolidação de um ambiente universitário promotor de saúde para o trabalhador pressupõe uma construção conjunta que envolva o trabalhador, o âmbito comunitário e o administrativo. Faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de promoção de saúde para os trabalhadores terceirizados no ambiente estudado.
Adicción a Internet en futuros profesores. Un estudio de caso con alumnado universitario
Authors: Sánchez Vega Elena , Cantero-Téllez Raquel , Rodríguez-Martínez Maria del Carmen
Published: May 2016

Objetivos. Diversos estudios muestran el alto consumo de Internet en cualquier edad, generalizándose su uso en todo tipo de ubicaciones debido a la disposición de dispositivos cada vez más móviles, con más prestaciones y conectados a Internet. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la adicción a Internet de los estudiantes de la facultad de Ciencias de la educación de la Universidad de Málaga.Método. Se utilizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal usando como instrumento de recogida de datos un cuestionario online autocontestado, anónimo y voluntario. Respondieron 809 estudiantes (el 18,16% del alumnado).Resultados. Los resultados muestran que el uso de Internet por parte del alumnado universitario es generalizado, fundamentalmente desde ordenadores portátiles y teléfonos móviles, estando en casa y en la universidad, sin diferencias significativas en lo que respecta al género aunque sí con respecto a la edad, siendo los más jóvenes los que presentan más problemas de adicción a Internet.Conclusión. La adicción a Internet no es un fenómeno alarmante en la muestra estudiada, pero sí un hecho al que hay que prestar atención.
Hydrologic Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation to a Temperate Forest Watershed
Authors: Birch Andrew L. , Emanuel Ryan E. , James April L. , Nichols Elizabeth Guthrie
Published: May 2016

Land application of municipal wastewater to managed forests is an important treatment and water reuse technology used globally, but the hydrological processes of these systems are not well characterized for temperate areas with annual rainfall of 1200 mm or greater. This study evaluated the impact of municipal wastewater irrigation to the local water balance at a 3000‐ha land application facility where secondary‐treated wastewater is land applied to a mixed hardwood–pine forest over 900 ha. Stable isotopes of hydrogen (2H) and oxygen (18O), chloride concentrations, and specific conductance were used in combination with hydrometric measurements to estimate the wastewater composition in groundwater, surface water, and at the watershed outlet during dry and wet seasonal periods and during one large rainfall event. Wastewater and water bodies receiving irrigation were found to have significantly higher δ2H, δ18O, specific conductance, and chloride concentrations. Using these tracers, a two‐component, three‐end member geochemical mixing model estimated mean wastewater compositions in the surficial aquifer receiving irrigation from 47 to 73%. Surface water onsite was found to reflect the high wastewater composition in groundwater. Land‐applied wastewater contributed an estimated 24% of total streamflow, with the highest wastewater compositions in surface water observed during major storm events and at low‐flow conditions. Groundwater and surface water within the watershed were found to have proportionally higher wastewater compositions than expected based on the proportion of irrigation to rainfall received by these areas.

Core Ideas

Municipal wastewater irrigation to forested lands can substantially alter the local water cycle.

An aquifer receiving spray irrigation was found to be largely composed of wastewater (47–73%).

Influence of spray irrigation on receiving water bodies varies with respect to flow conditions.
CRAB FLARES DUE TO TURBULENT DISSIPATION OF THE PULSAR STRIPED WIND
Authors: Zrake Jonathan
Published: May 2016

We interpret γ-ray flares from the Crab Nebula as the signature of turbulence in the pulsar’s electromagnetic outflow. Turbulence is triggered upstream by dynamical instability of the wind’s oscillating magnetic field and accelerates non-thermal particles. On impacting the wind-termination shock, these particles emit a distinct synchrotron component

, which is constantly modulated by intermittency of the upstream plasma flow. Flares are observed when the high-energy cutoff of

emerges above the fast-declining nebular emission around 0.1–1 GeV. Simulations carried out in the force-free electrodynamics approximation predict the striped wind to become fully turbulent well ahead of the wind-termination shock, provided its terminal Lorentz factor is

.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOFT GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM SN2014J WITH SUZAKU
Authors: Terada Y. , Maeda K. , Fukazawa Y. , Bamba A. , Ueda Y. , Katsuda S. , Enoto T. , Takahashi T. , Tamagawa T. , Röpke F. K. , Summa A. , Diehl R.
Published: May 2016

The hard X-ray detector (HXD) on board Suzaku measured soft γ-rays from the SN Ia SN2014J at 77 ± 2 days after the explosion. Although the confidence level of the signal is about 90% (i.e., 2σ), the 3σ upper limit has been derived at <2.2 × 10−4 ph s−1 cm−2 in the 170–250 keV band as the first independent measurement of soft γ-rays with an instrument other than INTEGRAL. For this analysis, we have examined the reproducibility of the NXB model of HXD/GSO using blank sky data. We find that the residual count rate in the 90–500 keV band is distributed around an average of 0.19% with a standard deviation of 0.42% relative to the NXB rate. The averaged residual signals are consistent with that expected from the cosmic X-ray background. The flux of SN2014J derived from Suzaku measurements taken in one snapshot at t = 77 ± 2 days after the explosion is consistent with the INTEGRAL values averaged over the period between t = 50 and 100 days and also with explosion models of single or double degenerate scenarios. Being sensitive to the total ejecta mass surrounding the radioactive material, the ratio between continuum and line flux in the soft gamma-ray regime might distinguish different progenitor models. The Suzaku data have been examined with this relation at t = 77 ± 2 days, but could not distinguish models between single and double degenerate-progenitors. We disfavor explosion models with larger 56Ni masses than 1 M
⊙, from our 1σ error on the 170–250 keV X-ray flux of (1.2 ± 0.7) × 10−4 ph s−1 cm−2.
THE LIKELY FERMI DETECTION OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT SN 1006
Authors: Xing Yi , Wang Zhongxiang , Zhang Xiao , Chen Yang
Published: May 2016

We report the likely detection of γ-ray emission from the northeast shell region of the historical supernova remnant (SNR) SN 1006. Having analyzed seven years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Pass 8 data for the region of SN 1006, we found a GeV gamma-ray source detected with

significance. Both the position and spectrum of the source match those of HESS J1504−418, respectively, which is TeV emission from SN 1006. Considering the source as the GeV γ-ray counterpart to SN 1006, the broadband spectral energy distribution is found to be approximately consistent with the leptonic scenario that has been proposed for the TeV emission from the SNR. Our result has likely confirmed the previous study of the SNRs with TeV shell-like morphology: SN 1006 is one of them sharing very similar peak luminosity and spectral shape.
PROPERTIES OF CARBON–OXYGEN WHITE DWARFS FROM MONTE CARLO STELLAR MODELS
Authors: Fields C. E. , Farmer R. , Petermann I. , Iliadis C. , Timmes F. X.
Published: May 2016

We investigate properties of carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with respect to the composite uncertainties in the reaction rates using the stellar evolution toolkit, Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA) and the probability density functions in the reaction rate library STARLIB. These are the first Monte Carlo stellar evolution studies that use complete stellar models. Focusing on 3

models evolved from the pre main-sequence to the first thermal pulse, we survey the remnant core mass, composition, and structure properties as a function of 26 STARLIB reaction rates covering hydrogen and helium burning using a Principal Component Analysis and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation. Relative to the arithmetic mean value, we find the width of the 95% confidence interval to be

0.019

for the core mass at the first thermal pulse, Δ

12.50 Myr for the age,

0.013 for the central temperature,

0.060 for the central density,

2.6 × 10−5 for the central electron fraction,

5.8 × 10−4,

0.392, and

0.392. Uncertainties in the experimental 12C(

, triple-α, and 14N(

reaction rates dominate these variations. We also consider a grid of 1–6

models evolved from the pre main-sequence to the final white dwarf to probe the sensitivity of the initial–final mass relation to experimental uncertainties in the hydrogen and helium reaction rates.
TOWARD PRECISION BLACK HOLE MASSES WITH ALMA: NGC 1332 AS A CASE STUDY IN MOLECULAR DISK DYNAMICS
Authors: Barth Aaron J. , Darling Jeremy , Baker Andrew J. , Boizelle Benjamin D. , Buote David A. , Ho Luis C. , Walsh Jonelle L.
Published: May 2016

We present first results from a program of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO(2–1) observations of circumnuclear gas disks in early-type galaxies. The program was designed with the goal of detecting gas within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black holes (BHs). In NGC 1332, the 0.″3-resolution ALMA data reveal CO emission from the highly inclined (

) circumnuclear disk, spatially coincident with the dust disk seen in Hubble Space Telescope images. The disk exhibits a central upturn in maximum line-of-sight velocity, reaching ±500 km s−1 relative to the systemic velocity, consistent with the expected signature of rapid rotation around a supermassive BH. Rotational broadening and beam smearing produce complex and asymmetric line profiles near the disk center. We constructed dynamical models for the rotating disk and fitted the modeled CO line profiles directly to the ALMA data cube. Degeneracy between rotation and turbulent velocity dispersion in the inner disk precludes the derivation of strong constraints on the BH mass, but model fits allowing for a plausible range in the magnitude of the turbulent dispersion imply a central mass in the range of ∼(4–8) × 108

. We argue that gas-kinematic observations resolving the BH’s projected radius of influence along the disk’s minor axis will have the capability to yield BH mass measurements that are largely insensitive to systematic uncertainties in turbulence or in the stellar mass profile. For highly inclined disks, this is a much more stringent requirement than the usual sphere-of-influence criterion.
L’adieu aux armes ?
Authors: Richard Béatrice
Published: May 2016

Comment s’effectue le retour du guerrier au sein d’une société civile pacifique et prospère ? La question se pose notamment au Canada. Éloignés des grands théâtres d’opération du xx e siècle, les Canadiens ont vécu ces événements sur un mode schizophrénique : les uns sur la ligne de feu, plongés dans la tourmente, les autres sur un front domestique protégé des affres du combat. Dans ce contexte singulier, le choc des « cultures » entre vétérans et civils s’avère inévitable. Comment les vétérans ont-ils vécu leur retour ? Quelles sont les manifestations de leur crise du retour ? En signant sa démobilisation, le soldat est convié à dissoudre instantanément son habitus guerrier dans les promesses du rêve américain. L’État-providence émergent lui assigne une vie paisible et rangée mais ce processus, essentiellement instrumental, évacue les dimensions symboliques de la « civilianisation ». Au mieux, la collectivité commémore le sacrifice suprême de ses héros, mais ne se préoccupe guère des survivants, présumant qu’ils sont re(de)venus « comme avant ». Aussi ne propose-t-elle pas de rituels « ré-agrégateurs » qui déchargeraient solennellement le combattant de l’hybris dont la nation en guerre l’avait investi. L’ancien combattant se débrouille donc seul pour refouler son « côté obscur » et faire le deuil de sa « famille » d’armes. Certains y parviennent mieux que d’autres. Mais revient-on jamais de guerre ?
Modular generalized Springer correspondence I: the general linear group
Authors: Achar Pramod N. , Henderson Anthony , Juteau Daniel , Riche Simon
Published: May 2016

We define a generalized Springer correspondence for the group GL(

n

) over any field. We also determine the cuspidal pairs, and compute the correspondence explicitly. Finally we define a stratification of the category of equivariant perverse sheaves on the nilpotent cone of GL(

n

) satisfying the ‘recollement’ properties, and with subquotients equivalent to categories of representations of a product of symmetric groups.
Ensinando Termodinâmica por meio de Experimentos de Baixo Custo
Authors: Rocha Ricardo Florencio Alves , Dickman Adriana Gomes
Published: May 2016

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o kit Caixa Mágica com experimentos de termodinâmica para alunos do Ensino Médio. Os experimentos utiliziam material de baixo custo, incluindo materiais reciclados, facilmente adaptáveis em salas de aula. A Caixa Mágica foi testada em uma escola estadual com alunos do segundo ano do ensino médio.  O impacto das experiências como estímulo no processo de ensino e aprendizagem do conteúdo de termodinâmica foi investigado por meio de questionários aplicados antes e após a experimentação. O nível de acerto dos questionários aumentou significativamente após os experimentos, sugerindo que a abordagem é eficiente.
“TEORIA ECONÔMICA DO CRIME”: DOS PRESSUPOSTOS ACADÊMICOS À EMPIRIA DO DIA A DIA NA VIDA DE EX PRESIDIÁRIOS DE SANTA MARIA RS
Authors: Santos Cezar Augusto Pereira dos , Casagrande Dieison Lenon , Hoeckel Paulo Henrique de Oliveira
Published: May 2016

A presente pesquisa apresenta os fundamentos de duas teorias que analisam os motivos que levam as pessoas a adotarem o caminho da ilegalidade penal (Teoria das Oportunidades e Neo-marxista) em contraposto aos pressupostos da Teoria Econômica do Crime. A base da pesquisa é um diversificado referencial bibliográfico e as informações obtidas através das respostas de dezesseis homens e mulheres santamarienses a um formulário abrangendo desde o ambiente familiar no qual estavam inseridos quando cometeram os delitos, até questões comportamentais. Os resultados empíricos encontrados evidenciam que as pessoas que foram condenadas a penas de reclusão, pelo menos na amostra em análise, não se encaixam no perfil do “empresário” extremamente racional e maximizador de lucros – elemento chave da Teoria Econômica do Crime.
Radiotomography and HF ray tracing of the artificially disturbed ionosphere above the Sura heating facility
Authors: Andreeva E. S. , Frolov V. L. , Kunitsyn V. E. , Kryukovskii A. S. , Lukin D. S. , Nazarenko M. O. , Padokhin A. M.
Published: May 2016

We present the results of the radiotomographic imaging of the artificial ionospheric disturbances obtained in the recent experiments on the modification of the midlatitude ionosphere by powerful HF radiowaves carried out at the Sura heater. Radio transmissions from low orbital PARUS beacon satellites recorded at the specially installed network of three receiving sites were used for the remote sensing of the heated ionosphere. We discuss the possibility to generate acoustic‐gravity waves (AGWs) with special regimes of ionospheric heating (with the square wave modulation of the effective radiated power at the frequency lower than or of the order of the Brunt‐Vaisala frequency of the neutral atmosphere at ionospheric heights during several hours) and present radiotomographic images of the spatial structure of the disturbed volume of the ionosphere corresponding to the directivity pattern of the heater, as well as the spatial structure of the wave‐like disturbances, which are possibly heating‐induced AGWs, diverging from the heated area of the ionosphere. We also studied the HF propagation of the pumping wave through the reconstructed disturbed ionosphere above the Sura heater, showing the presence of heater‐created, field‐aligned irregularities that effectively serve as “artificial radio windows.”
Tandem Catalysis Utilizing Olefin Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Zieliński Grzegorz K. , Grela Karol
Published: May 2016

Since olefin metathesis transformation has become a favored synthetic tool in organic synthesis, more and more distinct non‐metathetical reactions of alkylidene ruthenium complexes have been developed. Depending on the conditions applied, the same olefin metathesis catalysts can efficiently promote isomerization reactions, hydrogenation of C=C double bonds, oxidation reactions, and many others. Importantly, these transformations can be carried out in tandem with olefin metathesis reactions. Through addition of one portion of a catalyst, a tandem process provides structurally advanced products from relatively simple substrates without the need for isolation of the intermediates. These aspects not only make tandem catalysis very attractive from a practical point of view, but also open new avenues in (retro)synthetic planning. However, in the literature, the term “tandem process” is sometimes used improperly to describe other types of multi‐reaction sequences. In this Concept, a number of examples of tandem catalysis involving olefin metathesis are discussed with an emphasis on their synthetic value.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Phosphorus. Part 167. Constitutional and Configurational Isomers of Pentaphosphane(7), P5H7.
Authors: BAUDLER M. , KRAUSE U. M. , HAHN J. , RIEKEHOF‐BOEHMER R. +
Published: May 2016

Phosphane mixtures, containing 10‐15% of the overall P content as P5H7, are obtained by thermolysis of P2H4.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrical Properties of Bulk InP Synthesized by Modified Horizontal Bridgman Method.
Authors: PAK K. , MATSUI M. , FUKUHARA H. , NISHINAGA T. , NAKAMURA T. , YASUDA Y.
Published: May 2016

Residual donor impurities of bulk InP are reduced using a modified horizontal Bridgman method (a detailed description is given) for the synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Bipolar CdSe/CoS Semiconductor Photoelectrode Arrays for Unassisted Photolytic Water Splitting.
Authors: SMOTKIN E. S. , CERVERA‐MARCH S. , BARD A. J. , CAMPION A. , FOX M. A. , MALLOUK T. , WEBBER S. E. , WHITE J. M.
Published: May 2016

The use of an array of bipolar CdSe/CoS semiconductor photoelectrodes capable of vectorial electron transfer for the unassisted photolytic water splitting with O2 evolved at the semiconductor surface and H2 evolved on a Pt surface is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Dependence of 13C NMR Chemical Shifts in Oligosaccharides
Authors: BOCK K. , BRIGNOLE A. , SIGURSKJOLD B. W.
Published: May 2016

(correlation of glycosation shifts with the glycoside torsion angles as a tool for obtaining information about the preferred conformation around the glycoside linkage.
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Crown Ethers on Cation Migration Processes. Part 5. The Acenaphthene Radical Anion.
Authors: FLINT N. J. , TABNER B. J.
Published: May 2016

ESR investigations (linewidth alternation) of the acenaphthene radical anion/K+ ion pair show cation migration from one side of the molecular plane to the other in THF (energy of activation: 6.6 kJ/mol).
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of Chloro‐, Cyano‐, Methoxy‐, and (Phenylthio)allene with 1,1‐Dichloro‐2,2‐difluoroethene (1122). Competitive Cyclodimerization and Trapping of the Cyclodimers with 1122.
Authors: PASTO D. J. , YANG S. H.
Published: May 2016

The cycloaddition reactions of the allenes (II) with 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐ difluoroethene (I) are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Acetoxyallyl Carbonates: A Synthon for Palladium‐Catalyzed 2‐Acetoxyallylation of Carbonucleophiles.
Authors: HORI Y. , MITSUDO T. , WATANABE Y.
Published: May 2016

The propargyl carbonates (I) are treated with acetic acid in the presence of bis(η5‐cyclooctadienyl)ruthenium tricyclohexylphosphine and maleic anhydride to give the 2‐acetoxyallyl carbonates (III) regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Retention of Stereochemistry During Oxidation of (E)‐ and (Z)‐2‐ and 3‐Alkenols to the Corresponding Aldehydes by the Dess‐Martin Reagent.
Authors: SCHWARZ M. , WATERS R. M. , GRAMINSKI G. F.
Published: May 2016

The trisacetoxy benziodoxolone (I) is a useful reagent for the selective oxidation of the alkenols (II), producing the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Phenylthio Enones and Esters of α‐Phenylthio Alkenoic Acids.
Authors: DURMAN J. , GRAYSON J. I. , HUNT P. G. , WARREN S.
Published: May 2016

The bromo esters (I) are converted to the phenylthio compounds (II) and the sulfoxides (IV), which undergo Pummerer elimination to give the phenylthio alkenoic esters (V); the esters (Va) and (Vb) are obtained as Z/E‐mixtures (Z:E = 1:1 to 4:1).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Diazonium Salts with Transition Metals. Part 11. Palladium‐Catalyzed Aryldesilylation of Alkenylsilanes by Arenediazonium Salts.
Authors: IKENAGA K. , KIKUKAWA K. , MATSUDA T.
Published: May 2016

Under Pd(0) catalysis, both the E‐ (I) and the Z‐ (V) trimethylsilylstyrenes are easily aryldesilylated by the diazonium salts (II) or (VI) to give the main products (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: On the Synthesis and Enantiomeric Purity of (S)‐4‐Acetyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐ 1,3‐dioxolane.
Authors: TANNER D. , SOMFAI P.
Published: May 2016

In order to prepare optically pure (S)‐(II), two synthetic routes are investigated: treatment of the methyl dioxolane carboxylate (S)‐(I) with a slight excess of methyl lithium yields the desired enantiomer (S)‐(II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,4,5‐Triphenyloxazolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: HOGALE M. B. , SHELAR A. R. , TARAPURE V. T. , JAGDALE M. H.
Published: May 2016

The triphenyloxazolin‐2‐ones (III) ‐ (V) are prepared from benzoin (I) and phenyl isocyanate (II) depending on the molar ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Phenylthiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Investigation of Their Radioprotective Properties.
Authors: PAVLOVA L. A. , KOMAROVA T. V. , DAVIDOVICH YU. A. , ROGOZHIN S. V. , PUCHKOVA S. M. , TUZHILKOVA T. N.
Published: May 2016

The thiazolecarboxylic acid (I) reacts with di‐tert‐butyl pyrocarbonate (II) to give the tert‐butoxycarbonyl compound (III) which is transformed into the activated ester (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Analogues of Choline. Part 2. Efficient Syntheses of Boron Analogues of Choline, Acetylcholine, and Substituted Acetylcholines.
Authors: SPIELVOGEL B. F. , AHMED F. U. , MCPHAIL A. T.
Published: May 2016

An efficient synthesis of isoelectronic and isostructural boron analogues (IIIa)‐(IIId) of choline and acylcholines from the reaction of the corresponding ester hydrochlorides (II) with Et4NBH4 is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Borate Esters. Part 4. Structural Analysis of Borate Esters of Polyhydroxycarboxylates in Water Using 13C and 1H NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: VAN DUIN M. , PETERS J. A. , KIEBOOM A. P. G. , VAN BEKKUM H.
Published: May 2016

Borate monoesters, diborate esters, and borate diesters are the possible forms of borate esters of polyhydroxycarboxylates such as (I)‐(VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Silylstannanes in Organic Synthesis. Scope and Limitation of Palladium‐ Catalyzed Reaction with Acetylenes.
Authors: CHENARD B. L. , VAN ZYL C. M.
Published: May 2016

The terminal alkynes (I) react with the silylstannanes (IIb) ‐ (IIf) in the presence of catalytic amounts of the palladium(0) complex (III) to give the addition products (IV) regio‐ and stereoselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Additions of a Stable Stannylene R2Sn to Vinyl Carbonyl Compounds and 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: HILLNER K. , NEUMANN W. P.
Published: May 2016

The stable stannylene (I) performs a 1,4‐cycloaddition reaction with the vinyl ketones and aldehydes (II), yielding the corresponding 1‐oxa2‐‐stannacyclopent‐4‐enes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Allylstannanes.
Authors: FLEMING I. , ROWLEY M.
Published: May 2016

Trimethyltin lithium (I) reacts with allyl crotonate and allyl cinnamate (II), producing the enolates E‐(III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Photochemical Properties of Water‐Soluble Polymers with Pendant Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Groups. N‐Ethylated Copolymers of Vinylpyridine and cis‐Bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl)(4‐methyl‐4′‐vinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II).
Authors: ENNIS P. M. , KELLY J. M. , O'CONNELL C. M.
Published: May 2016

Copolymers are prepared by AIBN‐initiated copolymerization of vinylpyridine and the title Ru complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Fragment Oxidative Addition of Dichloromethane to a Mononuclear Rhodium(I) Complex with Concomitant Formation of a Metal‐Phosphoranide Bond.
Authors: BURNS E. G. , CHU S. S. C. , DE MEESTER P. , LATTMAN M.
Published: May 2016

Cyclenphosphorane (I) reacts with RhCl(PPh3)3 to yield the four‐coordinate Rh(I) complex (II) in which two PPh3 ligands are displaced by the P atom and one N atom of the open form of cyclenphosphorane.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of the Os‐CH2 Bond in Os3(CO)11(μ‐CH2) to Pt(PPh3)2 to Give the Spiked Triangular Cluster Os3Pt(μ‐CH2)(CO)11(PPh3)2. An NMR Investigation of the Fluxional Properties of Os3(CO)11(μ‐CH2).
Authors: WILLIAMS G. D. , LIESZKOVSZKY M.‐C. , MIRKIN C. A. , GEOFFROY G. L. , RHEINGOLD A. L.
Published: May 2016

The methylene‐bridged cluster (I) reacts with the Pt(0) complex (II) to give the tetranuclear cluster (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Chemical Characterization of the Chalcogenide Capped Iridium Carbonyl Anions: (Ir3(μ3‐X)2(CO)6)‐ (X: S or Se). Crystal and Molecular Structures of (NMe3(CH2Ph)) (Ir3(μ3‐S)2(CO)6) and (NMe4) (Ir3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)6).
Authors: DELLA PERGOLA R. , GARLASCHELLI L. , MARTINENGO S. , DEMARTIN F. , MANASSERO M. , SANSONI M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of Ir4(CO)12 or Ir6(CO)16 in refluxing THF with KXCN, or with K2Sx in MeOH gives the trinuclear title anions which are isolated as their ammonium and phosphonium salts (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Isocyanides as Ligands. Part 4. Base‐Promoted Cyclization Reactions of Free and Platinum(II)‐Coordinated o‐(Phosphoniomethyl)phenyl Isocyanide Tetrafluoroborates, o‐(BF‐ 4R3P+‐CH2)C6H4NC. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of 1‐ and 2‐Platinum(II)‐Substituted Indole Derivatives and X‐Ray Structure of Cyclic trans‐((PPh3)2Pt(CN(H)‐o‐C6H4C(PMe3))Cl)BF4·C2H4Cl2.
Authors: MICHELIN R. A. , FACCHIN G. , BRAGA D. , SABATINO P.
Published: May 2016

The chloromethyl substituent of the isocyanide (I) easily reacts with tert. phosphines in CH2Cl2 or in acetone in the presence of excess LiBr to give quantitatively the phosphonium‐substituted isocyanides (IIa) or (IIb) which are converted into their less hygroscopic tetrafluoroborate salts (IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereospecific Synthesis of Advanced Precursors of the Dictyol Diterpenes Using the Alicyclic Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: BEGLEY M. J. , CAMERON A. G. , KNIGHT D. W.
Published: May 2016

The preparation of the perhydroazulenes (VIII) possessing the appropriate functionality for conversion to further members of the dictyol diterpenes, such as dictyol C (IX) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of O‐Acylserin Alkyl Esters.
Authors: SMIRNOVA E. A. , DAVIDOVICH YU. A. , CHERNYAVSKAYA A. A. , BELOVA A. S. , ROGOZHIN S. V.
Published: May 2016

D,L‐Serin (I) is first esterificated and then acylated at the hydroxy group to produce the title compounds (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Glycopeptide Containing the Amino Acid Sequence 4 to 7 of the NH2‐Terminus of the Protein Core‐Structure of the Beef‐Skin Proteodermatan Sulfate.
Authors: GARG H. G. , HASENKAMP T. , PAULSEN H.
Published: May 2016

Coupling of the protected tetrapeptide (VIII) synthesized as shown in the reaction scheme with the xylose derivative (IX) and subsequent deprotection yield the title compound (Xb).
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of the Interlayer Water in Niobyl Phosphate Hydrates by IR and NMR Spectroscopies.
Authors: BRUQUE S. , MARTINEZ‐LARA M. , MORENO‐REAL L. , JIMENEZ‐LOPEZ A. , CASAL B. , RUIZ‐HITZKY E. , SANZ J.
Published: May 2016

Two of three types of water molecules identified in lamellar NbOPO4·nH2O coexist in the dihydrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochromism in Iridium Oxide Films Prepared by Thermal Oxidation of Iridium‐Carbon Composite Films.
Authors: SATO Y. , ONO K. , KOBAYASHI T. , WAKABAYASHI H. , YAMANAKA H.
Published: May 2016

Ir‐C films, obtained by evaporation of Ir from a graphite crucible with an electron gun, are completely oxidized when heated at 225 °C for 60 min or at temp. ≥ 250 °C for 20 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Chalcogenide‐Based Photoelectrochemical Cells. Part 8. Solution Composition Effects in n‐CuInX2 (X: S, Se) Aqueous Polysulfide and Aqueous Polyiodide Cells.
Authors: DAGAN G. , CAHEN D.
Published: May 2016

Dark I‐V characteristics have been measured for n‐CuInX2 (X: S, Se) crystals and In2O3 thin films in polysulfide and polyiodide as a function of the type of alkali cation and in polyiodide, in the case of In2O3, as a function of added Cu+ and/or H+.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium/V9Mo6O40 Cells.
Authors: TAKEDA Y. , KANNO R. , TANAKA T. , YAMAMOTO O.
Published: May 2016

It is demonstrated that Li+ can be reversibly intercalated into vacant channels of the V9Mo6O40 structure; therefore this material is a promising cathode candidate for secondary lithium batteries.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Electrowinning under Periodical Reverse Current (PRC). Behavior of the Anode and Energy Consumption.
Authors: BERUBE L. PH. , PIRON D. L.
Published: May 2016

Laboratory scale electrolysis of Zn has been performed using both conventional dc and new PRC techniques and demonstrates the beneficial effect of PRC electrowinning with respect to current efficiency, specific energy consumption, and productivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Studies of FeS2 Electrodes in Various Sulfide‐Containing Molten Salts.
Authors: WANG S. S. , SEEFURTH R. N.
Published: May 2016

Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge experiments are used to investigate the electrochemical reactions occurring at planar Fe and porous FeS2 electrodes in three electrolytes: K‐free LiF‐LiCl‐LiBr, Li‐rich LiCl‐KCl, and K‐rich LiCl‐KCl (in order of decreasing Li+ activity), all saturated with Li2S. Electrochemical reactions with high overpotential, which are responsible for the high resistance of Li/FeS2 cells, are identified in these electrolytes, whereby the overpotential decreases with increasing Li+ activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Problems Associated with the Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Ions in LiNO3‐KNO3 and LiClO4‐KClO4 Melts. Reduction of Nitrato and Perchlorato Complexes.
Authors: MILES M. H. , MCMANIS G. E. , FLETCHER A. N.
Published: May 2016

The irreversible cathode waves produced by the addition of Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Tl+, and In3+ to nitrate melts are due to the reduction of nitrato complexes to the metal oxide rather than due to the reduction of the metal ion to the metal.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkenylimmonium Salts as Dienophiles in Diels‐Alder Cycloadditions with High Reactivity and Stereoselectivity.
Authors: JUNG M. E. , BUSZEK K. R.
Published: May 2016

The pyridinium salts (I) react with methyl propiolate (II) to give the isomeric adducts (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reduction by 2‐Amino‐4‐methylpyridine Borane and 2‐Aminopyrimidine Borane.
Authors: OKAMOTO Y. , OSAWA T. , KURASAWA Y. , KINOSHITA T. , TAKAGI K.
Published: May 2016

The boranes (II) are employed in hydrogenation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrabutylammonium and Polymer‐Supported Dihydrogentrifluoride: New Reagents for the Hydrofluorination of Activated Acetylenic Bonds.
Authors: COUSSEAU J. , ALBERT P.
Published: May 2016

Tetrabutylammonium dihydrogenfluoride (II) is prepared by a phase‐transfer procedure from the salt (I).
ChemInform Abstract: The Chlorination of 2‐t‐Butyl‐4,6‐dimethylphenol and 2,6‐Di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol. The Formation of 5,6‐Dichloro‐4‐methylenecyclohex‐2‐enones.
Authors: HARTSHORN M. P. , JUDD M. C. , ROBINSON W. T.
Published: May 2016

Chlorination of the phenols (I) or (VI) in AcOH leads to the products shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of 3‐(ω‐Isocyanatoalkyl)‐4‐(ω‐isocyanatoalkylidene)‐2‐oxetanones (Diisocyanatodiketenes).
Authors: MORMANN W. , HOFFMANN S.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (I) react with the amines (II) or ammonia (III) under cleavage of the diketene function to give the amides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinyl Propargyl Diethers Under Interface Catalysis Conditions.
Authors: LAVROV V. I. , PARSHINA L. N. , STANKEVICH V. K. , TROFIMOV B. A.
Published: May 2016

A novel method for the preparation of the title compounds (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds with Highly Electrophilic Ethylene Derivatives.
Authors: EICHENAUER U. , HUISGEN R. , MITRA A. , MORAN J. R.
Published: May 2016

Cycloaddition reaction of the diazo compounds (II) and (V) with tetracyanoethylene (Ia) and tetraethyl ethylenetetracarboxylate (Ib) leads to the formation of the 2‐pyrazolines (III) and (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Diphenylcyclopropenone with Hydrazine Derivatives: Formation of Pyrazolone Derivatives via 3‐Aminocinnamohydrazides.
Authors: TODA T. , YOSHIDA M. , KATAYAMA T. , MINABE M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the hydrazines (I) with diphenylcyclopropenone (II) under acidic or basic conditions produces mixtures of the compounds (III) and (IV) or (III) ‐ (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrazolylnitromethanes. Part 1. Synthesis of 5‐Tetrazolylnitromethanes and Their Methylation with Diazomethane.
Authors: TERPIGOREV A. N. , TSELINSKII I. V. , MAKAREVICH A. V. , FROLOVA G. M. , MEL'NIKOV A. A.
Published: May 2016

The preparations of the (5‐tetrazolyl)tri‐, ‐di‐ and ‐mononitromethanes and their tetrazolyl‐1‐ and tetrazolyl‐2‐methyl derivatives ‐ i.e. the compounds (II), (III), (V), (VII), (IX) and (XIX) ‐ are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Spirobenzazolines Including a Furo(3,4‐b)pyran Ring System.
Authors: COUDERT P. , COUQUELET J. M. , TRONCHE P.
Published: May 2016

The dihydrofuropyranone (I) reacts with the orthodianilino or orthoaminohydroxy or orthoaminomercaptobenzene derivatives (II), yielding the spiroheterocycles (III) which show analgesic activity.