bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretações visuais nos territórios da ecologia política: aproximações e distanciamentos entre a Amazônia Oriental e a Ocidental
Authors: Fletcher John
Published: December 2017

O presente trabalho visa a delinear uma leitura visual e antropológicade quatro processos artísticos recentes, os quais pensam distintas porçõesda paisagem amazônica a partir de um debate dentro da ecologia política. Essesprocessos artísticos, dois de artistas brasileiros, Luciana Magno e Éder Oliveira,da Amazônia Oriental, e dois de artistas colombianos, Julián Dupont e HenrySalazar, da Amazônia Ocidental, evidenciam outras formas de se discutir eixoscomo desenvolvimentos assimétricos, preocupações ecológicas e respostas visuaiscríticas para a desconstrução de razões econômicas hegemônicas, aspectos essesde grande relevância para os estudos da antropologia. Com o uso metodológicodo interpretativismo de Clifford Geertz, problematizado pelas perspectivas Pós--Colonial e Decolonial de autores como Arthuro Escobar, Gabriela Nouzeillese Enrique Leff, dentre outros, definimos um debate no qual optamos por nosposicionar como aliados a uma mudança em nossa trajetória social até uma civilizaçãoda diversidade, uma ética da frugalidade e uma cultura de baixa entropia.
O remelexo do devir caipira: processo(s) identitário(s) na contemporaneidade
Authors: Corrêa Lays Matias Mazoti
Published: December 2017

O presente texto busca estabelecer uma análise do processo identitário articulado pela banda Mercado de Peixe, de Bauru-SP, uma das primeiras do segmento musical que buscou congregar matizes de músicas tradicionais, como a música caipira, com outros estilos melódicos do universo pop, como o rock, o rap e o reggae. Através de entrevistas realizadas com integrantes da banda e da análise dos discos produzidos, a identidade musical do grupo foi problematizada a partir de sua relação com o movimento pós-caipira, o qual proporcionou uma discussão de questões relativas ao imbricamento de elementos locais/globais e tradição/ modernidade. Dessa forma, esse trabalho busca lançar olhares reflexivos para o complexo terreno das culturas populares no contexto de mundialização, relacionando os fluxos transculturais presentes na contemporaneidade à identificação de valores sociais, o hibridismo cultural enquanto articulador de referências e os efeitos glocais resultantes do processo de (des)territorialização de culturas e músicas populares.
“Je suis Charlie” de um ponto de vista marroquino: questões de alteridade após os atentados de Paris de 2015
Authors: Bartel Bruno Ferraz
Published: December 2017

O artigo visa interpretar a produção de alteridades a partir da questão da liberdade de imprensa aos meios de comunicação do Marrocos criada pelos ataques à sede do jornal Charlie Hebdo em janeiro de 2015, Paris. A mobilização de argumentos religiosos na mídia marroquina fez com que o repúdio aos eventos ocorridos tivesse uma controvérsia entre projetos que envolvam diálogos a partir da produção de alteridades. De um lado, a sacralidade da liberdade de imprensa, que se impõe como um importante valor moral no processo de secularização francês. De outro, a sacralização da figura do profeta Mohammed cria as condições para se discutir as formas de poder que estabelecem os limites da liberdade de imprensa.
“Ih, vazou!”: pensando gênero, sexualidade, violência e internet nos debates sobre “pornografia de vingança”
Authors: Lins Beatriz Accioly
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre alguns aspectos das discussões acerca da “pornografia de vingança” (divulgação/exposição não autorizada, geralmente pela internet, de conteúdos íntimos contendo nudez e/ou sexo), categoria que vem sendo mobilizada por militantes feministas, em notícias veiculadas pela mídia e em iniciativas legislativas levadas ao Congresso Nacional. De maneira geral, o termo é utilizado no sentido de dar status de crime a situações que são apresentadas, muitas vezes, como uma nova e tecnológica faceta da violência contra as mulheres, em especial da violência doméstica, sendo necessários enfrentamentos políticos e elaboração de soluções jurídicas mais rigorosas.
Em busca da pessoa transexual “verdadeira”: sobre a produção de dignidade e cidadania diferenciais
Authors: Lima Luiza Ferreira
Published: December 2017

Este artigo investiga sistemas de classificação e padrões de subjetividade política subjacentes à lógica argumentativa elaborada por magistrados(as) ao julgarem ações de retificação de nome e “sexo” em documentos de identificação requeridas por pessoas transexuais em Tribunais Estaduais brasileiros. A partir de minha pesquisa de mestrado e da análise de decisões judiciais publicadas entre 2000 e 2014, proponho o questionamento do modelo universalizante de cidadania apresentado pelo Direito e aponto sentidos de sofrimento, merecimento, doença e pessoa, bem como a articulação de marcadores sociais da diferença, tais quais gênero e sexualidade, como elementos que fundam o reconhecimento da titularidade a direitos.
Tensiones y negociaciones en el campo: tres experiencias etnográficas con comunidades indígenas de Salta (Argentina)
Authors: Collado María Victoria Sabio , Ossola Maria Macarena , Milana Maria Paula
Published: December 2017

Este artículo reflexiona en torno al trabajo de campo antropológico. Comenzamos enmarcando nuestros estudios en relación con las líneas disciplinarias de la antropología local. Luego presentamos y describimos tres situaciones significativas acontecidas en nuestros trabajos etnográficos, con el fin de analizar los accesos y las permanencias en el campo, en contextos de interacción con grupos de adscripción indígena. Estas experiencias nos permiten abordar la dimensión intersubjetiva del campo antropológico, repensar las relaciones de alteridad entre quienes investigamos y nuestros interlocutores, así como analizar cómo nos vemos afectados en este proceso y sus repercusiones en la construcción de conocimiento.
Dos quadros de guerra à participação: notas sobre a jornada do refúgio palestino em São Paulo
Authors: Manfrinato Helena de Morais
Published: December 2017

Neste trabalho, enfoco a experiência do refúgio de famílias palestinas em uma ocupação urbana em São Paulo, a partir da sua projeção pública após a repercussão da foto do menino Aylan, em uma tentativa malsucedida de chegar à Europa. A comoção pública levou muitos brasileiros até a ocupação, oferecendo diversos tipos de ajuda, movidos por um forte sentimento humanitário. Os enquadramentos daí surgidos modelaram os modos pelos quais os refugiados vêm participando das suas relações no Brasil. Por sua vez, estes agenciam essa visibilidade através de suas próprias pautas políticas, como o Direito de Retorno, contestando a imagem de precariedade vinculada ao refúgio e tecendo coalizões com imigrantes e refugiados de outras nacionalidades. Meu objetivo é analisar alguns agenciamentos do refúgio e como esses(as) palestinos(as) vêm produzindo suas próprias formas de participação nessas relações, através daalimentação e da criação de novos espaços políticos e de moradia.
Infecção por HPV em mulheres atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Gonçalves Ayres Andréia Rodrigues Gonçalves , Silva Gulnar Azevedo e , Teixeira Maria Teresa Bustamante , Duque Kristiane de Castro Dias , Machado Maria Lúcia Salim Miranda , Gamarra Carmen Justina , Levi José Eduardo
Published: December 2017

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de infecção do colo do útero pelo HPV entre mulheres assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família e identificar os fatores relacionados à infecção. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal, no qual participaram 2.076 mulheres de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Juiz de Fora, MG, convocadas para rastreamento organizado, realizado em unidades com a Estratégia Saúde da Família implantada. As participantes responderam ao questionário padronizado, realizando exame citológico cervical convencional e teste para HPV de alto risco oncogênico. Foram calculadas estimativas de prevalência de infecção pelo HPV segundo características selecionadas, referenciadas na literatura, relacionadas ao status socioeconômico, saúde reprodutiva e estilo de vida. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global de infecção pelo HPV foi 12,6% (IC95% 11,16–14,05). A prevalência para o pooled primer contendo 12 tipos de HPV oncogênicos (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 e 68) foi 8,6% (IC95% 7,3–9,77). Na análise multivariada, observou-se que as seguintes variáveis estavam significativamente associadas a uma maior prevalência de infecção por HPV: estado conjugal (solteira: RP ajustada = 1,40; IC95% 1,07–1,8), consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (qualquer frequência durante a vida: RP ajustada = 1,44; IC95% 1,11–1,86) e número de parceiros sexuais ao longo da vida (≥ 3: RP ajustada = 1,35; IC95% 1,04–1,74). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de infecção pelo HPV na população estudada varia de média a particularmente alta entre as mulheres jovens. A prevalência de infecção por HPV16 e HPV18 se assemelha às mundiais. Uma distribuição homogênea entre os tipos do pooled primer precederia a infecção isolada pelo HPV18 em magnitude, podendo ser a diferença maior que a observada. A identificação da prevalência de HPV de alto risco oncogênico pode auxiliar na identificação de mulheres sob maior risco de evolução para lesão preneoplásica
Consumo alimentar segundo os dias da semana – Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, 2008-2009
Authors: Monteiro Luana Silva , Hassan Bruna Kulik , Estima Camilla Chermont Prochnik , Souza Amanda de Moura , Verly Junior Eliseu , Sichieri Rosely , Pereira Rosangela Alves
Published: December 2017

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as variações na ingestão de energia, nutrientes e grupos de alimentos entre dias da semana e dias de fim de semana na população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados obtidos no primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (2008-2009) de um dia de registro alimentar de amostra representativa da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (n = 34.003). Para as análises, foram considerados os pesos amostrais e o efeito do desenho de estudo. Foram estimadas as médias (e desvios-padrões) e frequências (%) da ingestão de energia, nutrientes e grupos de alimentos para dias de semana (de segunda a sexta-feira) e de final de semana (sábado e domingo), sendo estimadas as diferenças segundo os dias da semana para os estratos populacionais analisados. RESULTADOS: A ingestão diária média de energia do fim de semana foi 8% maior que a observada para dias de semana. A contribuição percentual média de carboidrato para a ingestão diária de energia foi maior durante a semana em comparação com sábado e domingo (56,3% versus 54,1%; p < 0,01). O inverso foi observado para as médias da contribuição para a ingestão diária de energia de gordura total (26,8% versus 28,4%), gordura saturada (9,1% versus 9,9%) e gordura trans (1,4% versus 1,6%). As mudanças mais importantes entre os dias de semana e de fim de semana foram observadas para ovos, bebidas com adição de açúcar, salgadinhos e chips, feijão e massas. Nos finais de semana, a frequência de consumo de bebidas com adição de açúcar aumentou em 34%, a quantidade consumida sofreu incremento de 42% e a contribuição para a ingestão de energia se elevou em 62%, quando comparados aos dias de semana. CONCLUSÕES: A população brasileira aumenta a ingestão de energia e de marcadores de alimentação pouco saudável nos finais de semana em comparação aos dias de semana
Heads and Tails of Natriuretic Peptides: Neuroprotective Role of Brain Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Fernández‐Susavila Héctor , Rodríguez‐Yáñez Manuel , Dopico‐López Antonio , Arias Susana , Santamaría María , Ávila‐Gómez Paulo , Doval‐García ‎Juan M. , Sobrino Tomás , Iglesias‐Rey Ramón , Castillo José , Campos Francisco
Published: December 2017

Background

Besides the relevant role of brain‐type natriuretic peptide (
BNP
) as biomarker of cardioembolic strokes, new experimental evidences suggest that this peptide may mediate neuroprotective effects. In this study, we have evaluated for the first time the clinical association between
BNP
(by means of pro
BNP
) and good outcome in ischemic stroke patients, and analyzed the effect of blood
BNP
increase in an ischemic animal model.

Methods and Results

A retrospective study with 2 different cohorts (262 patients in cohort I and 610 in cohort
II
) from the same prospective stroke registry was performed. pro
BNP
concentration was analyzed within the first 12 hours from stroke onset. The primary predictor variable was functional outcome evaluated by modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. For the experimental study,
BNP
pretreatment was tested in an ischemic animal model subjected to a transient occlusion of the cerebral artery, and the infarct volume and sensorimotor deficit were evaluated for 14 days. Cardioembolic strokes presented a positive correlation between pro
BNP
concentration and modified Rankin Scale at 3 months; however, noncardioembolic strokes presented a negative correlation. In the logistic regression analysis, noncardioembolic strokes with concentrations of pro
BNP
≥340 pg/mL were associated with a good outcome. In line with these clinical findings, the experimental study revealed that those
BNP
pretreated animals presented a reduction on infarct volumes at 24 hours and functional recovery at days 7 and 14 compared with the control groups.

Conclusions

These clinical and experimental evidences support the potential role of
BNP
as a protective factor against cerebral ischemia.
A Vermont Woman Meets the Anti-Slavery Movement: Eliza Marsh and her “Book of Sentiments”
Authors: Thornton Kevin P.
Published: December 2017

Though she was an ordinary person, not a leader or organizer, Eliza Marsh's life shows the importance of rural women to abolitionism, and suggests this female contribution was undervalued, as men, preoccupied with personal honor, engaged in factional schism. Includes a previously unknown statement on feminism by William Lloyd Garrison.
Effect of sucrose exposure on the xylem anatomy of three temperate species
Authors: Tarelkina Tatiana V. , Novitskaya Ludmila L. , Nikolaeva Nadezhda N. , De Micco Veronica
Published: December 2017

This study is a continuation of research on the role of sucrose in figured wood formation in temperate trees. Different concentrations of sucrose solutions were administered for 7 weeks to trunk tissues ofBetula pendulaRoth, Alnus incana(L.) Moench andPopulus tremulaL. Then xylem anatomy was examined with particular emphasis to the number of vessels and the spatial orientation of xylem elements. InB. pendulaandA. incanaa high level of exogenous sucrose caused a reduction in the number and size of xylem vessels, even to the point of absence of vessels. Sucrose concentrations of 100 and 200 g l-1induced the formation of curly grain and anomalous club-shaped rays in xylem ofB. pendula.Populus tremulaxylem was not significantly altered by the experiment; the xylem anatomy was more seriously affected by wounding than by sucrose. InB. pendulaandA. incanathe wood formed during the experiment was similar to figured wood of these species. The decrease in the number and size of vessels in the xylem formed during the experiment possibly suggests that high concentrations of sucrose lead to a decline in the level of physiologically active auxin. Changes in the orientation of xylem elements points to a disruption of basipetal auxin transport. Further biochemical and physiological studies are needed to provide more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between sucrose and auxin during the development of figure in wood.
Revision of the Australian species of Agrotera Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)
Authors: CHEN KAI , HORAK MARIANNE , DU XICUI , ZHANG DANDAN
Published: December 2017

The genus Agrotera Schrank, 1802 is revised for Australia and the generic definition is refined based on the male genitalia. The genera Leucinodella Strand, 1918 stat. rev. with L. leucostola (Hampson, 1896) comb. nov., Nistra Walker, 1859 stat. rev. with N. coelatalis Walker, 1859 comb. rev., Sagariphora Meyrick, 1894 stat. rev. with S. magnificalis (Hampson, 1893) comb. nov., and Tetracona Meyrick, 1884 stat. rev. with T. amathealis (Walker, 1859) comb. rev. and T. pictalis Warren, 1896 comb. rev. are removed from synonymy with Agrotera, as they lack the synapomorphies of Agrotera. Two new species, Agrotera genuflexa sp. nov. from Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales, and A. longitabulata sp. nov. from Queensland, are described. The taxonomic status of the Australian species of Agrotera is discussed, and a key to all species, based on males, is provided. The adults and genitalia of the new species and some related species are figured.
Description of Neoperla yingshana sp. nov. (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Hubei Province of China
Authors: CHEN ZHI-TENG , DU YU-ZHOU
Published: December 2017

A new species of the genus Neoperla (Plecoptera, Perlidae), N. yingshana Chen & Du sp. nov. from the Wujiashan National Forest Park, Hubei Province of central China is described, illustrated and compared with similar taxa. The new species is characterized by the aedeagal tube long with an upcurved, finger-like spinulose lobe subapically, and by the aedeagal sac plump, gradually tapering to a blunt tip with dense spinules on ventral surface and granules surrounding sac apex.
Dynamic Multiscale Modes of Severe Storm Structure Detected in Mobile Doppler Radar Data by Entropy Field Decomposition
Authors: Frank Lawrence R. , Galinsky Vitaly L. , Orf Leigh , Wurman Joshua
Published: December 2017

The detection of complex spatially and temporally varying coherent structures in data from highly nonlinear and non-Gaussian systems is a challenging problem in a wide range of scientific disciplines. This is the case in the analysis of Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile Doppler radar (MDR) data where the goal is to detect rapidly evolving coherent storm structures that reflect the complex interplay of nonlinear dynamical processes. Estimating and quantifying such structures from the noisy and relatively sparsely sampled MDR data poses a difficult inverse problem for which traditional analysis methods such as expert and subjective pattern recognition, thresholding, and contouring choices can be difficult. In this paper the authors investigate the application of a recently developed objective method for the analysis of spatiotemporal data called the entropy field decomposition (EFD) to the problem of the analysis of MDR data in tornadic supercells. The EFD method is based on a field theoretic reformulation of Bayesian probability theory that incorporates prior information from the coupling structure within the data to automatically detect multivariate spatiotemporal modes. The method is first applied to data from a numerically simulated tornadic supercell in order to validate the method’s ability to detect and quantify known storm-scale features. It is then applied to actual MDR data collected during the evolution of a tornadic supercell—data that have been analyzed previously by experts. The authors demonstrate the ability of the EFD method to detect spatiotemporal features currently believed to be related to tornadogenesis. This new method has the potential to provide improved and objective analysis/detection with increased sensitivity to nonlinear and non-Gaussian spatially and temporally coherent features related to tornadogenesis and thus offers the potential to aid in the study, prediction, and warnings of tornadoes.
Forecasting the Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the Northwest Pacific through Identifying the Causal Factors in Cyclone–Climate Interactions
Authors: Bai Chengzu , Zhang Ren , Bao Senliang , San Liang X. , Guo Wenbo
Published: December 2017

How to extract the causal relations in climate–cyclone interactions is an important problem in atmospheric science. Traditionally, the most commonly used research methodology in this field is time-delayed correlation analysis. This may be not appropriate, since a correlation cannot imply causality, as it lacks the needed asymmetry or directedness between dynamical events. This study introduces a recently developed and very concise but rigorous formula—that is, a formula for information flow (IF)—to fulfill the purpose. A new way to normalize the IF is proposed and then the normalized IF (NIF) is used to detect the causal relation between the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) and a variety of climate modes. It is shown that El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific decadal oscillation are the dominant factors that modulate the WNP TC genesis. The western Pacific subtropical high and the monsoon trough are also playing important roles in affecting the TCs in the western and eastern regions of the WNP, respectively. With these selected climate indices as predictors, a method of fuzzy graph evolved from a nonparametric Bayesian process (BNP-FG), which is capable of handling situations with insufficient samples, is employed to perform a seasonal TC forecast. A forecast with the classic Poisson regression is also conducted for comparison. The BNP-FG model and the causality analysis are found to provide a satisfactory estimation of the number of TC genesis observed in recent years. Considering its generality, it is expected to be applicable in other climate-related predictions.
Calibrating Ground-Based Radars against TRMM and GPM
Authors: Warren Robert A. , Protat Alain , Siems Steven T. , Ramsay Hamish A. , Louf Valentin , Manton Michael J. , Kane Thomas A.
Published: December 2017

Calibration error represents a significant source of uncertainty in quantitative applications of ground-based radar (GR) reflectivity data. Correcting it requires knowledge of the true reflectivity at well-defined locations and times during a volume scan. Previous work has demonstrated that observations from certain spaceborne radar (SR) platforms may be suitable for this purpose. Specifically, the Ku-band precipitation radars on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and its successor, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) missionCore Observatorysatellite together provide nearly two decades of well-calibrated reflectivity measurements over low-latitude regions (±35°). However, when comparing SR and GR reflectivities, great care must be taken to account for differences in instrument sensitivity and frequency, and to ensure that the observations are spatially and temporally coincident. Here, a volume-matching method, developed as part of the ground validation network for GPM, is adapted and used to quantify historical calibration errors for three S-band radars in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia. Volume-matched GR–SR sample pairs are identified over a 7-yr period and carefully filtered to isolate reflectivity differences associated with GR calibration error. These are then used in combination with radar engineering work records to derive a piecewise-constant time series of calibration error for each site. The efficacy of this approach is verified through comparisons between GR reflectivities in regions of overlapping coverage, with improved agreement when the estimated errors are removed.
Hematological Parameters Outperform Plasma Markers in Predicting Long-Term Mortality After Coronary Angiography
Authors: Gijsberts Crystel M. , den Ruijter Hester M. , de Kleijn Dominique P. V. , Huisman Albert , ten Berg Maarten , de Groot Mark , van Wijk Richard H. A. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Voskuil Michiel , Pasterkamp Gerard , van Solinge Wouter W. , Hoefer Imo E.
Published: December 2017

High-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) are predictors of coronary artery disease. Recently, routine hematological parameters emerged as mortality predictors. We examined the predictive value of hematological parameters (from the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database) and hsTnI and NT-pro-BNP for mortality in a coronary angiography population (Utrecht Coronary Biobank n = 1913). Using Cox regression, receiver operating characteristics, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and continuous net reclassification improvement (cNRI) analysis, we compared the predictive properties of hematological parameters with hsTnI and NT-pro-BNP for mortality. During a median follow-up duration of 1.8 years, 77 deaths occurred. A panel of 7 hematological parameters (leukocyte count, reticulocyte mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell [RBC] green (FL1) fluorescence, %neutrophils, %large [>120 fL] RBCs, %monocytes, and coefficient of variation of neutrophil complexity) was highly predictive. Added to clinical characteristics, hematological parameters (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.855, P < .001; IDI: 0.04, P = .02; cNRI: 0.41, P < .001) were better predictors than hsTnI (AUC: 0.818) or NT-pro-BNP (AUC: 0.834) alone or combined (AUC: 0.834). Hematological parameters may provide mortality risk information following coronary angiography and may be superior to hsTnI and/or NT-pro-BNP.
Electroconvulsive therapy stimulus titration: Not all it seems
Authors: Rosenman Stephen J
Published: December 2017

Objective:

To examine the provenance and implications of seizure threshold titration in electroconvulsive therapy.

Background:

Titration of seizure threshold has become a virtual standard for electroconvulsive therapy. It is justified as individualisation and optimisation of the balance between efficacy and unwanted effects.

Result:

Present day threshold estimation is significantly different from the 1960 studies of Cronholm and Ottosson that are its usual justification. The present form of threshold estimation is unstable and too uncertain for valid optimisation or individualisation of dose. Threshold stimulation (lowest dose that produces a seizure) has proven therapeutically ineffective, and the multiples applied to threshold to attain efficacy have never been properly investigated or standardised. The therapeutic outcomes of threshold estimation (or its multiples) have not been separated from simple dose effects. Threshold estimation does not optimise dose due to its own uncertainties and the different short-term and long-term cognitive and memory effects. Potential harms of titration have not been examined.

Conclusion:

Seizure threshold titration in electroconvulsive therapy is not a proven technique of dose optimisation. It is widely held and practiced; its benefit and harmlessness assumed but unproven. It is a prematurely settled answer to an unsettled question that discourages further enquiry. It is an example of how practices, assumed scientific, enter medicine by obscure paths.
Lessing as Editor of Reimarus
Authors: Riches John
Published: December 2017

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s publication of Fragments of an Unknown Wolfenbüttel Author in the 1770s unleashed a storm of debate and controversy, which ended with censor stepping in and forbidding further contributions. The Fragmentenstreit, the ‘Battle of the Fragments’, as it came to be known, was a critical point in the development of German theology. For Schweitzer, as is made clear by the full title of his survey of historical Jesus studies ( The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede), the publication of the fragment ‘On the purpose of Jesus and his disciples’ marks the true beginnings of an historical engagement with the Gospel stories about Jesus. For Lessing, Reimarus’ text certainly raised questions about the interpretative methods and categories which are most properly applied to the Gospels; it also raised issues about the relationship between reason and revelation, the place of the Bible, the canon, in the development of Christian faith, and indeed of the very nature of faith itself. We will look briefly at some of these questions. There is, too, a much wider and more demanding question: what influence did this debate have on the subsequent history of German theology which, in the 150 years which followed, saw the rise of both liberal and more confessionally oriented theologies, the prominence of figures like Schleiermacher, Hegel, Ritschl, Barth, and Bultmann? We can offer no more than a few pointers to the beginnings of such developments.
South Korean nonprofits under the voucher system: Impact of organizational culture and organizational structure
Authors: Kwon Sunae , Guo Baorong
Published: December 2017

The social service industry in South Korea is undergoing significant changes as the Korean government has changed its approach to financing social services from direct funding support for service providers to voucher programs. This market-oriented policy has forced social service nonprofits to adopt the market practice and culture. As a result, nonprofits are becoming business-like entities striving for a share of the social service market. This study examines organizational factors that give competitive advantage to nonprofits in the social service market under the voucher system. Specifically, the study uses data collected from 35 nonprofit organizations in Busan, South Korea, to examine whether voucher revenues, an indicator of market share, is associated with organizational characteristics, including organizational culture and structure. The results may suggest strategies that help nonprofits to gain a greater share in the social service market.
Submucosal Diclofenac for Acute Postoperative Pain in Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Gorecki P. , Rainsford K.D. , Taneja P. , Bulsara Y. , Pearson D. , Saund D. , Ahmed B. , Dietrich T.
Published: December 2017

Diclofenac sodium is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for relief of inflammatory pain. A recent formulation combines this drug with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) to improve its solubility and to enable subcutaneous administration. Previous studies confirmed the efficacy of this combination. This study’s aim was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and local tolerability of diclofenac HPβCD administered as a local submucosal injection prior to lower third molar surgery. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase II single-center study. Seventy-five patients requiring mandibular third molar surgery were randomized into 1 of 5 groups: 5 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD, 12.5 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD, 25 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD, 50 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD, or 1 mL placebo. The respective study drug was injected into the mucosal tissue surrounding the surgical site prior to surgery following achievement of local anesthesia. The primary outcome measure was the area under the curve (AUC) of cumulative pain scores from end of surgery to 6 h postsurgery. This demonstrated a global treatment effect between the active groups and placebo, hence confirming the study drug’s efficacy ( P = 0.0126). Secondary outcome measures included the time until onset of pain and the time until patients required rescue medication, both showing statistical significance of the study drug compared to placebo ( P < 0.0161 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The time until rescue medication ranged between 7.8 h (for 25 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD) and 16 h (for 50 mg/1 mL diclofenac HPβCD). Interestingly, the 5-mg/1-mL solution appeared superior to the 12.5-mg/1-mL and 25-mg/1-mL solutions (time until rescue medication = 12.44 h). A total of 14% of patients experienced minor adverse drug reactions (ADRs), of which 2 cases demonstrated flap necrosis. These resolved without further intervention. The study results overall indicate efficacy, safety, and relative tolerability of diclofenac HPβCD used locally as a submucosal injection prior to third molar surgery (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01706588).
Paradigms in Educational Science: Different Meanings and Purpose to Theory
Authors: Popkewitz Thomas S.
Published: December 2017

The intent of this essay is to initiate a dialogue that reconsiders the possibilities of educational inquiry as a source of human understanding. Education science is defined as a particular occupational community. It contains different and competing assumptions, commitments and social values which are often mystified by the rituals and ceremonies of scientific discourse. Three different intellectual traditions or paradigms can be identified in studies of schooling. These are: 1. empirical–analytic; 2. symbolic or linguistic inquiry; and 3. critical science. In considering these three traditions, different purposes and characteristics of knowledge emerge, each of which contains particular visions of social affairs, principles of authority and definitions of legitimacy.
In Search of Theatre: Ritual, Confrontation and the Suspense of Form
Authors: Grumet Madeleine R.
Published: December 2017

Schooling comprehends three forms of theatre. Theatre as ritual is associated with the formal school culture. Theatre as confrontation is associated with the counter-school culture. These first two forms emerge in the daily interactions of school life, the former providing the ground for the latter. The third form, theatre as a deliberate aesthetic enterprise, most often collapses into the ritual of the school play that legitimizes the formal school culture. Creative dramatics programs celebrate feeling and fantasy but avoid the school situation, severing action from the situation from which it is derived. Finally, the possibility of developing theatre in education that will support the transformation of the school culture is explored. It is theatre that contains the richness of ritual but merges confrontation with critique.
Intern-Teacher Roles: Illusion, Disillusion and Reality
Authors: Tabachnick B. Robert
Published: December 2017

Interns in a field-based teacher-education program expected to improve teaching of children from low-income families. Their powerlessness in the face of what they perceived as harsh, ineffective teaching led to disillusionment. Later, most accepted teaching practices they had formerly rejected, though a few resisted institutional pressures from school and university to acquiesce. Intern perspectives on teaching can be explained as being formed by a hidden curriculum of teacher education which undermines public rhetoric favoring change; alternatively, intern perspectives can be explained as unintended consequences of the program. Further research is needed to understand the interplay of individual purposes and institutional constraints.
Preliminary Report: Hemispheric Relationships in Composing
Authors: Glassner Benjamin M.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the study reported here is to examine the right/left cerebral hemisphere relationships between writing in the extensive mode and writing in the reflexive mode. Preliminary findings suggest that writing which is focused on communicating information already familiar and formulated by the writer, characteristics of extensive composing, is accompanied by greater relative engagement of the left cerebral hemisphere as indicated by lower relative EEG amplitude ratios measured from electrodes placed symmetrically over the left and right temporal areas. Writing which is focused upon discovering meanings, which is tentative and exploratory - characteristics of reflexive composing - is accompanied by greater relative engagement of the right cerebral hemisphere. Traditional instruction has failed because it is “half-brained,” addressing only one of these modes of composing.
Language, Literature, and Advanced Placement
Authors: Smith Paul
Published: December 2017

This article reviews some of the objections to the Advanced Placement Program in English, arguing that since that Program is the responsibility of school and college English teachers, it and the AP Examinations fairly accurately reflect and may sometimes influence the teaching of English composition and literature in the schools. It compares and contrasts the original test in Composition and Literature with the new test in Language and Composition, focusing on issues that arose in the development of the new test. It considers how some questions of both theoretical and practical consequence concerning the relationship between ordinary and literary language and between expository and critical writing are raised and tentatively answered by the Committee that develops the AP English Examinations and Course Descriptions.
Humanism and Humanistic Education in the Eighties: The Lessons of Two Decades
Authors: Nash Paul
Published: December 2017

The decades of the sixties, seventies, and eighties are analyzed as representing the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis of the humanistic dialectic. The sixties represented the decade of independence, affluence, hedonism, dissent, tolerance and non-interference, permissiveness, self-expression, self-actualization, and individualism. The seventies epitomized the advent of dependence, scarcity, anxiety, competitiveness, Puritanism, patriotism, hierarchy, cognition, productive efficiency, and obedience. The lesson of the sixties and seventies is that humanism and humanistic education in the eighties must help us to move from the idea of the isolated self to that of the social, independent, synergetic self. The skills, knowledge, and attitudes of collaboration, mutual creativity, conflict resolution, communication, political sensitivity, and organizational competence will have to become paramount if humanism, humanistic education, and human beings are to flourish in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Breaking through the Ordinary: The Arts and Future Possibility
Authors: Greene Maxine
Published: December 2017

Informed and active engagements with works of art make new experimential openings visible as they turn attention to the concreteness of the world. The ordinary and the taken-for-granted must be bracketed out if a poem or a painting or a musical piece is to be achieved. Viewed within the brackets and from an unfamiliar vantage point, reality may become questionable, in need of interpretation, perhaps in need of repair. If learners are provided opportunities for understanding their part in realizing illusioned worlds, they may come to confront their contributions to the construction of their social realities. Teachers who create situations that permit this to happen will be opening up their classrooms, not only to a new sense of the totality, but to a consciousness of what might be, what is not yet. And this, in turn, may provide a ground for common action, for desired change.
Literacy and the Underdeveloped Nations
Authors: Kozol Jonathan
Published: December 2017

The author's on-the-spot investigation of Cuba's literacy work (1976, 1977) convinces him that the nation can offer some very dramatic and important lessons to our own society. The differences between our situations are real, but the points of similarity and common goals are more significant. Drawing on his recent research into adult literacy programs in the United States and summarizing the conclusions of his most recent book (Prisoners of Silence, Continuum Books, 1980), he proposes a North American “mobilization” approach which resembles the Cuban undertaking in two key respects: first, in a primary reliance upon young people now in college and secondary school as “literacy workers”; second, in an American adaptation of the concept of “the generative word” (Freire) or “the active word” (Ferrer)—both being at the heart of Cuba's openly and explicitly politicized approach. The probable social and economic repercussions of this method upon the totality of our social system are examined in the concluding section.
Politics and Higher Education in the 1980's
Authors: Aronowitz Stanley
Published: December 2017

This author sees a misplaced emphasis on the crises in education as being primarily the acquisition of elementary skills. The real job to be done in the years ahead is in helping students to see their own lived experience as the place where ideology begins. The growing social and economic inequality with its political impotency is the source of the prevailing functional illiteracy. The social changes that the survival of a free society demands will be made possible by the critical and conceptual literacy intrinsic to collective power and knowledge.
The Cognitive Significance of Children's Play: A Review of Selected Research
Authors: Christie James F.
Published: December 2017

This review focuses on research studies that have investigated the effects of play on children's cognitive growth. Three groups of investigations are reviewed: (1) correlational studies, (2) experimental studies, and (3) play-training studies. The results of these investigations indicate that play and play training can result in short-term improvements in divergent thinking, problem-solving ability, verbal intelligence, and several other cognitive performance variables. The educational implications of these findings are discussed. The review concludes by pointing out the need for longitudinal research to assess the long-term effects of play on children's cognitive growth and academic achievement.
Collaboration: A Model for Survival for Schools of Education
Authors: Nadler Barbara , Merron Myrna
Published: December 2017

Schools of education, currently faced with declining enrollments and mounting criticism from practitioners, must examine alternatives to their current modes of operation if they are to survive. In order to play a meaningful role in teacher training, institutions of higher education must collaborate with other educational institutions to provide inservice as well as preservice development activities. The New Jersey Mainstream Inservice Project, a cooperative effort among the state education agency, comprises 50 local education agencies and several colleges and universities and holds promise as a model for teacher training efforts and provides alternatives for faculty.
Empirical and Theoretical Underpinnings of Bilingual Education
Authors: Cummins Jim
Published: December 2017

Empirical research on the consequences of bilingual education for minority language children is reviewed, and a theoretical model is constructed in order to account for the research findings. It is argued that Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) becomes differentiated and can be empirically distinguished from Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) in L1 and L2 and that L1 and L2 CALP are interdependent. The implications of these positions are examined for using L1 in the home, for the logic of entry and exit criteria, and for language assessment practices in bilingual education.
The Dependency Relation between Oral Language and Reading in Bilingual Children
Authors: Chu-Chang Mae
Published: December 2017

Issues related to the topic of the dependency relation between oral language and reading in bilingual children were discussed. Literature reviewed includes studies of oral language and reading in monolingual speakers, models of reading processes, phonological recoding as an intermediary process in reading, studies on reading instruction for bilingual children, and the processing of dual languages by bilingual speakers. A model of monolingual versus bilingual reading was developed based on the review of the literature. An experimental study by Chu-Chang (1979) verifying the model was presented. Implications of this model for reading instruction for bilingual children and future research were raised.
Value Orientation Differences in an Urban School and Their Implications for the Amelioration of Conflict in the Classroom
Authors: Wurzel Jaime
Published: December 2017

This paper has a double purpose. First, it reports and analyzes the findings of a study which examined value orientation differences between Puerto Rican and Anglo American junior high school students in an urban school. Second, it discusses the implications of the results in terms of the amelioration of conflict in bilingual and multicultural situations. The value orientation framework examines the relationship of both cultural groups towards: a) authority, b) peers, and c) the forces of nature. The striking differences shown by both groups in their relationship to authority and their environment (forces of nature) demonstrate the need to develop instructional and curricular models to reduce cultural conflict in American schools. The paper proposes a framework to do so.
Just Teaching
Authors: Thomas Donald W.
Published: December 2017

The life devoted to teaching pivots upon a delicate balance between public exposure and private introspection. These central but disparate components render teaching unique among professions. Few outside the profession understand the implications of this uniqueness and consequently counteract the necessary balance. In the author's view five articles of faith sustain the teaching profession: that to teach is essentially to inquire; and that such inquiry must be individual, continuous, diverse, and universal. The essay concludes with a scenario that illustrates how these articles might be implemented in school policies to restore teaching to its rightful balance.
Transfer of Training: The Contribution of “Coaching”
Authors: Joyce Bruce R. , Showers Beverly
Published: December 2017

The literature on teacher training seems to indicate that mastery of teaching skills can be accomplished through the use of a combination of three training elements: the study of the theory underlying the skill, the opportunity to observe multiple demonstrations, and practice and feedback either under simulated conditions or in the classroom.

However, transfer of the skills thus acquired into the teacher's active repertoire appears to involve new learning which requires the addition of a further important step in the training sequence: on-site coaching.

The thesis is presented that transfer involves substantial new learning beyond the acquisition of the skills themselves, explaining the difficulty of curriculum implementation and the relatively low impact of most inservice education as presently conducted. A proposal extrapolated from the literature on transfer is presented for consideration as a model for inservice training.
From a Teacher Center Journal: Hypotheses about Inservice
Authors: Bohstedt Jinx
Published: December 2017

The first year of operation of a federally funded teacher center is described through a series of excerpts from the author's daily journal. This article focuses upon the practical aspects of implementing such a program while providing anecdotal accounts of the center's development. It offers a chronicle of the center's growth as well as its effects upon the teachers it came to serve during the first operational year, 1979–1980.
Project Kiddum: Early Intervention in a Health Care Setting
Authors: Tamir Dov
Published: December 2017

In spite of extensive efforts to close educational gaps in Israel's immigrant populations, large differences in educational attainment still exist among different groups. Based on indications that enrichment programs should begin early in the life of the child and should involve the parents as primary teachers, the Kiddum Project of the Jerusalem Public Health Services Department integrates a large scale infant intervention program into ongoing primary preventive mother and child health care provided by the Municipality of Jerusalem to all its citizens. To date, Project Kiddum functions in nine Mother and Child Health Care Centers in culturally deprived areas of the city which serve approximately 42% of the children served by the entire MCHC network. In this article, the Kiddum project and the Mother and Child Health Care Service are described in detail and initial positive results of a short-term evaluation of Kiddum are presented.