bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A more physical formulation of the self-inductance for spatially distributed circuits
Authors: Boykin Timothy B.
Published: July 2002

The conventional derivation of the self-inductance is often unnecessarily difficult and abstract. This is especially true of inductance calculations for circuits in which the current is distributed (composite circuits), rather than filamentary. The traditional approach for these circuits is based upon the concept of partial flux linkages, and hence tends to be very confusing even in the simplest of cases. Here we present a more straightforward treatment, emphasizing the equivalent-circuit nature of the self-inductance, yet still closely tied to Faraday’s law. We demonstrate the transparency of our approach both by contrasting it with the usual calculation of the inductance of a solid-core coaxial cable and by applying it to the more complicated case of a coaxial cable with inner and outer conductors of finite thickness.
Predicting reverberation times in a simulated classroom
Authors: Bistafa Sylvio R. , Bradley John S.
Published: July 2002

By varying the sound-absorption treatments in a simulated classroom, experimental results were compared with analytical and computer predictions of reverberation time. Analytical predictions were made with different absorption exponents, which are the result of different weighting procedures involving room surface areas and the sound-absorption coefficients. Sound scattering was found to influence measured reverberation times. With the amount of sound scattering provided, more accurate analytical predictions were obtained with absorption exponents that give reverberation times longer than those obtained with the Sabine absorption exponent, which consistently underpredicted reverberation times. However, none of the absorption exponents could be singled out as more adequate because of similar average accuracy. Computer predictions of reverberation time were accomplished with two commercially available ray-based programs, RAYNOISE 3.0 and ODEON 2.6, with specular and calibrated diffuse reflection procedures. Neither type of procedure, in either program, was more accurate than the best analytical predictions. With RAYNOISE, neither the specular nor the calibrated diffuse reflection procedure could be singled out as more adequate. For ODEON, the calibrated diffuse reflection procedure gave consistently more accurate predictions than its specular reflection procedure, with the best accuracy of the computer predictions.
Modeling of chaotic vibrations in symmetric vocal folds
Authors: Jiang Jack J. , Zhang Yu , Stern Jennifer
Published: July 2002

The chaos mechanism of above-range phonation was examined in symmetrically modeled vocal folds by using the traditional two-mass model assumption. The Poincaré map technique was used to display chaotic attractors. This method provided an effective description of irregular vocal-fold movements. The power spectrum, Lyapunov exponent, and Kaplan–Yorke dimension were employed to describe chaotic vibrations in the vocal-fold model. These nonlinear dynamic analyses suggested that, for the positive Lyapunov exponent, chaotic attractors contribute to irregular vocal-fold vibrations. Descriptions of complicated irregular vibrations of the vocal fold yielded evidence of chaos. To investigate the effects of independent parameters such as subglottal pressure, coupling stiffness, and phonation neutral area, bifurcation diagrams based on the Poincaré map were discussed. The results confirmed that the dynamics of the two-mass model was strongly influenced by independent parameters. Nonlinear dynamic methods were expected to provide useful information for better understanding of irregular vocal-fold vibrations as well as of the dynamic mechanism of above-range phonation in excised larynx experimentation.
Effect of circumferential edge constraint on the acoustical properties of glass fiber materials
Authors: Song Bryan H. , Bolton J. Stuart , Kang Yeon June
Published: July 2002

It has been noted that the absorption coefficient of a porous material sample placed in a standing wave tube is affected at low frequencies by the nature of the sample’s edge constraint. The edge constraint has the effect of inhibiting the motion of the solid phase of the material. The latter can be strongly coupled to the material’s fluid phase, and hence the incident sound field, by viscous means at low frequencies. Here the absorption effect noted earlier was demonstrated experimentally. The main focus of the work, however, was on a corresponding transmission loss effect. The material considered was aviation grade glass fiber in two densities. It was found that the edge constraint results in a shearing resonance of the sample at which frequency the transmission loss is a minimum: below that frequency the transmission loss increases with decreasing frequency to a finite low frequency limit proportional to the sample’s flow resistance. It was found that the constraint effect could be modeled by using a poroelastic finite element model. It was also found that the transmission loss of the edge-constrained samples approximated that of unconstrained samples at frequencies above approximately 100 Hz when measured in a 10-cm-diam tube.
The effect of fluid loading on radiation efficiency
Authors: Rumerman M. L.
Published: July 2002

The metric “radiation efficiency,” used to estimate a panel’s radiated acoustic power from a measure of its normal velocity, is typically derived under the condition of very light fluid loading. This paper shows that efficiencies calculated in this manner can significantly overestimate the radiated power when the condition of light fluid loading is not met, as can be the case for steel plates in water. It is also shown that, when fluid loading is not light, a baffled semi-infinite plate is not a good model for an interior support. Numerical results are presented for radiation efficiencies calculated for steel plates in water, and are compared to those calculated under the assumption of vanishing fluid loading.
Measurement of an aeroacoustic dipole using a linear microphone array
Authors: Jordan Peter , Fitzpatrick John A. , Valière Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2002

It is shown that the standard beamformer technique is inadequate for both the source location and the measurement of a simple dipole and that this is due to the assumption of monopole propagation in the calculation of the phase weights used to steer the focus of the array. A numerical simulation is used to illustrate the problem and to develop a correction to the signal processing algorithm to account for the dipole propagation characteristic. This is then applied to array measurements for an aeroacoustic dipole produced by a cylinder in a cross flow. The resulting source map and the beamformed spectrum are shown to give a true representation of the source energy and frequency content. A secondary effect of this correction is that the array becomes insensitive to other source types so that in addition to acting as a spatial filter, the array can perform as a source filter. This work also demonstrates how an array measurement can be misinterpreted if applied without consideration of the source mechanism.
Free and forced in-plane vibration of rectangular plates
Authors: Farag N. H. , Pan J.
Published: July 2002

A mathematical model is developed for the prediction of the forced response of finite plates to in-plane point force excitations. The model illustrates the nature of the coupling between in-plane longitudinal and in-plane shear waves and the resonant characteristics of the in-plane vibrational behavior of finite flat plates. The predicted resonance frequencies and mode shapes are compared against the finite element results and good agreement is found. The mode shapes of the in-plane vibration are depicted for frequencies below and above the first resonance frequency. It is illustrated by example that the input power due to in-plane force excitation at the in-plane resonance frequencies is at the same level as that due to out-of-plane force excitations at the flexural resonances in the same frequency band. The participation of the longitudinal and in-plane shear waves in transmitting the vibrational power and the resulting circulatory pattern of structural intensity is also presented.
Beamforming for broadband constant beamwidth through FIR filter and DSP implementation
Authors: Ma Yuanliang , Zhang Baosong , Vray Didier
Published: July 2002

The paper presents a method to design a beamformer for broadband constant beamwidth. This is important in sonar systems for sea bottom observation and classification applications. For a given frequency band, a number of frequency points are chosen to represent the response. For each frequency point, a beamforming weighting vector can be deduced to satisfy a given beamwidth requirement by existing methods, for example, Chebyshev shielding coefficients can be deduced for a linear array. For a broadband array of N elements, a N*M matrix can be obtained if M frequency points are chosen. Each row of the matrix represents a frequency response of an array element, which can be satistied by a FIR filter designed by model-reference adaptive techniques. The sum of outputs from a bank of N FIR filters provides a beamformed output and so it is very handy to be implemented by DSP hardware. A design example shows that the results are satisfactory.
Auditory saltation: A new measure for an old illusion
Authors: Shore David I. , Hall Susan E. , Klein Raymond M.
Published: July 2002

Auditory saltation is a mislocalization phenomenon in which click trains presented successively at two discrete spatial locations appear to originate from a smoothly varying series of source locations spanning the true source locations. The temporal parameters of this illusion are investigated with click stimuli delivered via headphones with the goal of establishing a portable test of the illusion. A simple rating scale was developed which required human participants to indicate the degree to which the perceived sound locations were heard as continuous (evenly distributed across space) versus discontinuous. Control conditions were devised to provide a baseline against which to compare the illusion. Auditory saltation is discussed in terms of perceptual grouping.
Positioning accuracy of a large-aperture hydrophone array for sperm whale research
Authors: Wahlberg Magnus
Published: July 2002

Source positioning accuracy of a large-aperture (1 km) hydrophone array was investigated, using 2-D and 3-D algorithms. The array was used for positioning and SL determination of sperm whales off the coast of Northern Norway during the summers of 1997 and 1998 (see Mo/hl, this volume). Positioning accuracy is dependent on mainly four factors: (1) positioning accuracy of the hydrophones, (2) variation in sound velocity of the medium, (3) inaccuracies in the measurements of the time-of-arrival differences, and (4) choice of algorithm (errors associated with geometric over-simplification). Errors introduced by the factors (1) and (3) had small effects compared with errors introduced by the factors (2) and (4). The total estimated error varied considerably in different areas covered by the array and for different array configurations. Sound velocity showed only modest variation with depth, except for a −0.2-m/s per meter gradient in the 0–100-m depth interval caused by summer heating of the surface water. For a sound source close to the surface, this sound velocity gradient causes a shadow zone starting some hundred meters from the source. Such a shadow zone may lead to underestimates of source level estimates from 2-D algorithms. [Work supported by the Danish National Research Foundation.]
Acoustics of the avian vocal tract
Authors: Fletcher N. H. , Tarnopolsky A.
Published: July 2002

The general principles underlying the acoustic performance of the avian vocal tract are examined both theoretically and experimentally. The formant resonances produced both by the total vocal tract and by the bronchial tubes are evaluated quantitatively, and their dependence upon anatomical parameters is investigated. A simplified cylindrical model for the beak is examined theoretically, and experimental results are presented that confirm the predictions of the theory for this model. A similar theoretical and experimental investigation using a more realistic conical beak model is also reported, and behaves as predicted. Finally a theoretical study of the effect of mouth volume, as influenced by tongue position, is integrated with these other studies to produce a complete analysis. The implications of these studies for understanding the acoustical behavior of avian vocal tracts are discussed.
Gap detection thresholds as a function of tonal duration for younger and older listeners
Authors: Schneider Bruce A. , Hamstra Stanley J.
Published: July 2002

Twenty normal hearing younger and twenty older adults in the early stages of presbycusis, but with relatively normal hearing at 2 kHz, were asked to discriminate between the presence versus absence of a gap between two equal-duration tonal markers. The duration of each marker was constant within a block of trials but varied between 0.83 and 500 ms across blocks. Notched-noise, centered at 2 kHz, was used to mask on- and off-transients. Gap detection thresholds of older adults were markedly higher than those of younger adults for marker durations of less than 250 ms but converged on those of younger adults at 500 ms. For both age groups, gap detection thresholds were independent of audiometric thresholds. These results indicate that older adults have more difficulty detecting a gap than younger adults when short marker durations (i.e., durations characteristic of speech sounds) are employed. It is shown that these results cannot be explained by linear models of temporal processing but are consistent with differential adaptation effects in younger and older adults.
Yellow Shark Spring 1995: Inversion results from sparse broadband acoustic measurements over a highly range-dependent soft clay layer
Authors: Siderius Martin , Hermand Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

In May 1995, SACLANTCEN performed broadband (200–800 Hz) acoustic measurements in the Giglio basin off the coast of Italy as part of the Yellow Shark inversion experiments. In this paper, inversion of sparse, broadband transmission loss (TL) measurements is investigated to determine bottom properties in strongly range-dependent (RD) situations commonly encountered in shallow water. The data are from the Elba–Formiche transect where water depth varies from 65 m at the acoustic projector location, to approximately 120 m at the 4-element vertical arrays deployed at ranges of 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 km along the transect. The experimental site has a soft clay-layer bottom which varies in thickness from 3 to 10 m with a sound speed less than the water column. A modal analysis including coupling effect is given to explain the frequency bands for which high TL was observed as a function of range and depth. The TL measurements were inverted by matching the RD fields with model results. Using parabolic equation modeling, bottom geoacoustic parameters were varied in a marching search to fit the TL measured at the five ranges. The experimental results demonstrate that RD bottom properties such as sound speed and thickness of the slow clay layer can be obtained from broadband TL measurements sparsely distributed in range and depth.
The coherence of reverberant sound fields
Authors: Jacobsen Finn , Roisin Thibaut
Published: July 2002

A new method of measuring spatial correlation functions in reverberant sound fields is presented. It is shown that coherence functions determined with appropriate spectral resolution contain the same information as the corresponding correlation functions, and that measuring such coherence functions is a far more efficient way of obtaining this information. The technique is then used to verify theoretical predictions of the spatial correlation between various components of the particle velocity in a diffuse sound field. Other possible applications of the technique are discussed and illustrated with experimental results obtained in an ordinary room.
Structural studies of α-Bi2O3by neutron powder diffraction
Authors: Ivanov S. A. , Tellgren R. , Rundlo¨f H. , Orlov V. G.
Published: July 2002

A detailed neutron powder diffraction study of the atomic structure of α-Bi2O3at high temperatures using the Rietveld method was performed to clarify the nature of the unusual magnetic behavior and the origin of the high temperature dielectric anomalies of α-Bi2O3in the temperature interval 300–700 K. Analysis of obtained experimental data shows that there are no evidence of a structural phase transition in α-Bi2O3between 295 and 660 K. The observed high temperature dielectric anomalies in α-Bi2O3are evidently governed by changes in the electron subsystem of the bismuth oxide.
Fake It ‘Til You Make It
Authors: Schreyer Leighton
Published: January 2023

In this narrative medicine essay, a medical student recounts the high price to their mental health for embracing the advice of their childhood therapist to “fake it ‘til you make it.”
Ominous Electrocardiographic Patterns in an Older Adult With Chest Pain
Authors: Yang Zhangli , Zhang Chuan-Hai , Li Xuanxuan
Published: January 2023

This case report describes an older adult with a history of hypertension and diabetes with paroxysmal chest pain.
Association of Sialic Acid–Binding Immunoglobulin-Like Lectin 15 With Phenotypes in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Setting of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Zhou Sha , Wang Yuting , Zhang Rui , Zeng Weian , Liu Shiliang , Liu Songran , Liu Mengzhong , Yang Hong , Xi Mian
Published: January 2023

Importance

Sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) is a novel immune checkpoint molecule that is highly homologous to programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), but information remains limited about its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Objective

To explore the expression pattern and association of Siglec-15 with outcomes among patients with ESCC who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic institution in China. Participants included patients with ESCC who underwent neoadjuvant CRT and esophagectomy between June 2002 and December 2018. Multiplexed immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the expression of Siglec-15 and PD-L1 in tumor cells (TCs) or tumor-associated macrophages based on pre-CRT biopsies. Different immune phenotypes have been proposed and further validated in an independent cohort. Data analysis was conducted from January to May 2021.

Exposures

Siglec-15 or PD-L1 positivity vs negativity.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Pathologic complete response (pCR), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS).

Results

Of 130 participants (median [range] age, 56 [42-73] years; 108 [83.1%] male participants) in the primary cohort, 58 patients (44.6%) achieved a pCR after neoadjuvant CRT. Siglec-15 and PD-L1 were detected in both TCs and macrophages. The percentage of Siglec-15–positive macrophages was notably higher than that of Siglec-15–positive TCs (median [IQR]: 34.4% [12.7%-64.3%] vs 4.8% [0.7%-25.6%]; P < .001). TC–Siglec-15 expression was significantly and positively associated with macrophage–Siglec-15 expression (r = 0.78; P < .001). Siglec-15 positivity was significantly associated with a higher rate of pCR (37 of 70 [52.9%] vs 21 of 60 [35.0%]; P = .04), more favorable OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.85; P = .01), and RFS (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26–0.88; P = .02). However, PD-L1 positivity in TCs was negatively associated with survival. Stratification analysis further revealed that patients with combined Siglec-15 positivity and PD-L1 negativity had better survival than those with other phenotypes. Major findings were reproducible in a validation cohort with 55 patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of patients with ESCC receiving neoadjuvant CRT, Siglec-15 positivity was associated with a better pathological response and more favorable survival. Siglec-15 could serve as a novel biomarker to identify potential candidates that may benefit from immunotherapy combined with CRT.
Association of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor vs Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Use With Risk of Incident Obstructive Airway Disease and Exacerbation Events Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Hong Kong
Authors: Au Philip C. M. , Tan Kathryn C. B. , Lam David C. L. , Cheung Bernard M. Y. , Wong Ian C. K. , Kwok Wang Chun , Sing Chor-Wing , Cheung Ching-Lung
Published: January 2023

Importance

Patients with diabetes are at higher risk for obstructive airway disease (OAD). In recent meta-analyses of post hoc analyses of cardiorenal trials, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) were suggested to reduce the risk of OAD adverse events. However, a clinical investigation of this association is warranted.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the association of SGLT2I use vs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4I) use with OAD incidence and exacerbation events in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective population-based cohort study used electronic health data from a territory-wide electronic medical database in Hong Kong. Data were collected for patients with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed SGLT2Is or DPP4Is between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Patients were followed for a median of 2.2 years between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. A prevalent new-user design was adopted to match patients based on previous exposure to the study drugs. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics.

Exposures

Patients with type 2 diabetes using SGLT2Is (exposure of interest) or DPP4Is (active comparator).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were the first incidence of OAD and the count of OAD exacerbations. The risk of incident OAD was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The rate of exacerbations was estimated using zero-inflated Poisson regression. Statistical analysis was performed on November 13, 2022.

Results

This study included 30 385 patients. The propensity score–matched non-OAD cohort (incidence analysis) consisted of 5696 SGLT2I users and 22 784 DPP4I users, while the matched OAD cohort (exacerbations analysis) comprised 381 SGLT2I users and 1524 DPP4I users. At baseline, 56% of patients in the non-OAD cohort were men and the mean (SD) age was 61.2 (9.9) years; 51% of patients in the OAD cohort were men and the mean age was 62.2 (10.8) years. Compared with DPP4I use, SGLT2I use was associated with a lower risk of incident OAD (hazard ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.54-0.79]; P < .001) and a lower rate of exacerbations (rate ratio, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.36-0.83]; P = .01). The associations were consistent in sex subgroup analysis.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this retrospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong suggest that SGLT2I use was associated with a reduced risk of incident OAD and a lower rate of exacerbations in a clinical setting compared with DPP4I use. These findings further suggest that SGLT2Is may provide additional protective effects against OAD for patients with type 2 diabetes and that further investigation is warranted.
Association Between Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Type and Quality of Care in Moderate and Late Preterm Infants
Authors: Salazar Elizabeth G. , Handley Sara C. , Greenberg Lucy T. , Edwards Erika M. , Lorch Scott A.
Published: January 2023

Importance

A higher level of care improves outcomes in extremely and very preterm infants, yet the impact of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) level on moderate and late preterm (MLP) care quality is unknown.

Objective

To examine the association between NICU type and care quality in MLP (30-36 weeks’ gestation) and extremely and very preterm (25-29 weeks’ gestation) infants.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was a prospective analysis of 433 814 premature infants born in 465 US hospitals between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020, without anomalies and who survived more than 12 hours and were transferred no more than once. Data were from the Vermont Oxford Network all NICU admissions database.

Exposures

NICU types were defined as units with ventilation restrictions without surgery (type A with restrictions, similar to American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] level 2 NICUs), without surgery (type A) and with surgery not requiring cardiac bypass (type B, similar to AAP level 3 NICUs), and with all surgery (type C, similar to AAP level 4 NICUs).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was gestational age (GA)–specific composite quality measures using Baby-Measure of Neonatal Intensive Care Outcomes Research (Baby-MONITOR) for extremely and very preterm infants and an adapted MLP quality measure for MLP infants. Secondary outcomes were individual component measures of each scale. Composite scores were standardized observed minus expected scores, adjusted for patient characteristics, averaged, and expressed with a mean of 0 and SD of 1. Between May 2021 and October 2022, Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare scores by NICU type.

Results

Among the 376 219 MLP (204 181 [54.3%] male, 172 038 [45.7%] female; mean [SD] GA, 34.2 [1.7] weeks) and 57 595 extremely and very preterm (30 173 [52.4%] male, 27 422 [47.6%] female; mean [SD] GA, 27.7 [1.4] weeks) infants included, 6.6% received care in type A NICUs with restrictions, 29.3% in type A NICUs without restrictions, 39.7% in type B NICUs, and 24.4% in type C NICUs. The MLP infants had lower MLP-QM scores in type C NICUs (median [IQR]: type A with restrictions, 0.4 [−0.1 to 0.8]; type A, 0.4 [−0.4 to 0.9]; type B, 0.1 [−0.7 to 0.7]; type C, −0.7 [−1.6 to 0.4]; P < .001). No significant differences were found in extremely and very preterm Baby-MONITOR scores by NICU type. In type C NICUs, MLP infants had lower scores in no extreme length of stay and change-in-weight z score.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, composite quality scores were lower for MLP infants in type C NICUs, whereas extremely and very preterm composite quality scores were similar across NICU types. Policies facilitating care for MLP infants at NICUs with less complex subspecialty services may improve care quality delivered to this prevalent, at-risk population.
The Chlamydia trachomatis p‐aminobenzoate synthase CADD is a manganese‐dependent oxygenase that uses its own amino acid residues as substrates
Authors: Wooldridge Rowan , Stone Spenser , Pedraza Andrew , Ray W. Keith , Helm Richard F. , Allen Kylie D.
Published: January 2023

CADD (chlamydia protein associating with death domains) is a p‐aminobenzoate (pAB) synthase involved in a noncanonical route for tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis in Chlamydia trachomatis. Although previously implicated to employ a diiron cofactor, here, we show that pAB synthesis by CADD requires manganese and the physiological cofactor is most likely a heterodinuclear Mn/Fe cluster. Isotope‐labeling experiments revealed that the two oxygen atoms in the carboxylic acid portion of pAB are derived from molecular oxygen. Further, mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analyses of CADD‐derived peptides demonstrated a glycine substitution at Tyr27, providing strong evidence that this residue is sacrificed for pAB synthesis. Additionally, Lys152 was deaminated and oxidized to aminoadipic acid, supporting its proposed role as a sacrificial amino group donor.
Enhancement of Out‐of‐Plane Spin–Orbit Torque by Interfacial Modification
Authors: Zhao Tieyang , Liu Liang , Zhou Chenghang , Zheng Zhenyi , Li Huihui , Xie Qidong , Yao Bingqing , Ren Lizhu , Chai Jianwei , Dong Zhili , Zhao Chao , Chen Jingsheng
Published: January 2023

Spin–orbit torque (SOT)‐induced switching of perpendicular magnetization in the absence of magnetic field is crucial for the application of SOT‐based spintronic devices. Recent works have demonstrated that the low‐symmetry crystal structure in CuPt/CoPt can give rise to an out‐of‐plane (OOP) spin torque and lead to deterministic magnetization switching without an external field. However, it is essential to improve OOP effective field for the efficient switching. In this work, the impact of interface oxidation on the generation of OOP effective field in a CuPt/ferromagnet heterostructure is systematically studied. By introducing an oxidized CuPt surface, it is found that the field‐free switching performance shows remarkable improvement. OOP effective field measurement indicates that the oxidation treatment can enhance the OOP effective field by more than two times. It is also demonstrated that this oxidation‐induced OOP SOT efficiency enhancement is independent of the device shapes, magnetic materials, or magnetization easy axis. This work contributes to improve the performance of SOT devices and provides an effective fabrication guidance for future spintronic devices that utilize OOP SOT.
Resolution of MoS2 Nanosheets‐Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Driven by Nanoscale Intracellular Transformation and Extracellular‐Vesicle Shuttles
Authors: Ortiz Peña Nathaly , Cherukula Kondareddy , Even Benjamin , Ji Ding‐Kun , Razafindrakoto Sarah , Peng Shiyuan , Silva Amanda K. A. , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Hillaireau Hervé , Bianco Alberto , Fattal Elias , Alloyeau Damien , Gazeau Florence
Published: January 2023

Pulmonary exposure to some engineered nanomaterials can cause chronic lesions as a result of unresolved inflammation. Among 2D nanomaterials and graphene, MoS2 has received tremendous attention in optoelectronics and nanomedicine. Here an integrated approach is proposed to follow up the transformation of MoS2 nanosheets at the nanoscale and assesss their impact on lung inflammation status over 1 month after a single inhalation in mice. Analysis of immune cells, alveolar macrophages, extracellular vesicles, and cytokine profiling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) shows that MoS2 nanosheets induced initiation of lung inflammation. However, the inflammation is rapidly resolved despite the persistence of various biotransformed molybdenum‐based nanostructures in the alveolar macrophages and the extracellular vesicles for up to 1 month. Using in situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy experiments, the dynamics of MoS2 nanosheets transformation triggered by reactive oxygen species could be evidenced. Three main transformation mechanisms are observed directly at the nanoscale level: 1) scrolling of the dispersed sheets leading to the formation of nanoscrolls and folded patches, 2) etching releasing soluble MoO4−, and 3) oxidation generating oxidized sheet fragments. Extracellular vesicles released in BALF are also identified as a potential shuttle of MoS2 nanostructures and their degradation products and more importantly as mediators of inflammation resolution.
Solvent‐in‐Gas System for Promoted Photocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis on Porous Framework Materials
Authors: Liu Sisi , Wang Mengfan , Ji Haoqing , Zhang Lifang , Ni Jiajie , Li Najun , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin , Lu Jianmei
Published: January 2023

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (PNRR) is emerging as a sustainable ammonia synthesis approach to meet global carbon neutrality. Porous framework materials with well‐designed structures have great opportunities in PNRR; however, they suffer from unsatisfactory activity in the conventional gas‐in‐solvent system (GIS), owing to the hindrance of nitrogen utilization and strong competing hydrogen evolution caused by overwhelming solvent. In this study, porous framework materials are combined with a novel “solvent‐in‐gas” system, which can bring their superiority into full play. This system enables photocatalysts to directly operate in a gas‐dominated environment with a limited proton source uniformly suspended in it, achieving the accumulation of high‐concentrated nitrogen within porous framework while efficiently restricting the solvent‐photocatalyst contact. An over eightfold increase in ammonia production rate (1820.7 µmol g−1 h−1) compared with the conventional GIS and an apparent quantum efficiency as high as ≈0.5% at 400 nm are achieved. This system‐level strategy further finds applicability in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, featuring it as a staple for photosynthetic methodology.
Coherent Phonon‐Induced Gigahertz Optical Birefringence and Its Manipulation in SrTiO3
Authors: Sun Tao , Zhou Chun , Guo Hongli , Meng Zhi , Liu Xinyu , Wang Zhou , Zhou Han , Fei Yuming , Qiu Kang , Zhang Fapei , Li Bolin , Zhu Xuetao , Yang Fang , Zhao Jimin , Guo Jiandong , Zhao Jin , Sheng Zhigao
Published: January 2023

Birefringence, which modulates the polarization of electromagnetic wave, has been commercially developed and widely used in modern photonics. Fostered by high‐frequency signal processing and communications, feasible birefringence technologies operating in gigahertz (GHz) range are highly desired. Here, a coherent phonon‐induced GHz optical birefringence and its manipulation in SrTiO3 (STO) crystals are demonsrated. With ultrafast laser pumping, the coherent acoustic phonons with low damping are created in the transducer/STO structures. A series of transducer layers are examined and the optimized one with relatively high photon–phonon conversion efficiency, i.e., semiconducting LaRhO3 film, is obtained. The most intriguing finding here is that, by virtue of high sensitivity to strain perturbation of STO, GHz optical birefringence can be induced by the coherent acoustic phonons and the birefringent amplitudes possess crystal orientation dependence. Optical manipulation of both coherent phonons and its induced GHz birefringence by double pump technique are also realized. These findings reveal an alternative mechanism of ultrafast optical birefringence control, and offer prospects for applications in high‐frequency acoustic‐optics devices.
Revealing the Selective Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Sites via In Situ Irradiated X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Zhang Pengpeng , Zhao Yige , Li Yukun , Li Neng , Silva S. Ravi P. , Shao Guosheng , Zhang Peng
Published: January 2023

The electrocatalysts are widely applied in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries to selectively accelerate the redox kinetics behavior of Li2S, in which bifunctional active sites are established, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the battery. Considering that the Li–S battery is a complex closed “black box” system, the internal redox reaction routes and active sites cannot be directly observed and monitored especially due to the distribution of potential active‐site structures and their dynamic reconstruction. Empirical evidence demonstrates that traditional electrochemical test methods and theoretical calculations only probe the net result of multi‐factors on an average and whole scale. Herein, based on the amorphous TiO2‐x@Ni selective bifunctional model catalyst, these limitations are overcome by developing a system that couples the light field and in situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to synergistically convert the “black box” battery into a “see‐through” battery for direct observation of the charge transportation, thus revealing that amorphous TiO2‐x and Ni nanoparticle as the oxidation and reduction sites selectively promote the decomposition and nucleation of Li2S, respectively. This work provides a universal method to achieve a deeper mechanistic understanding of bidirectional sulfur electrochemistry.
Particle tracking velocimetry study of the nonequilibrium characteristics of a fluidized bed
Authors: Zhu Renshuai , Chen Yanpei , Wang Wei
Published: January 2023

The nonequilibrium characteristic of fluidization is closely related to the mesoscale structures. To help uncover this relationship, we performed a particle‐level experiment in a bubbling fluidized bed making particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) measurements. We found a large Knudsen number not only in bubbles or over bubble interfaces, but also in the dense emulsion where various banded structures exist, indicating a pervasive violation of the local equilibrium. Analysis of these banded structures identified stretching, compression, or shearing between particles. Non‐Gaussian velocity distributions were found throughout the bed, including in the dense emulsion with a small Knudsen number. In future work, we expect that the nonequilibrium characteristic will act as a local criterion for the assessment of various models of bubbling fluidized beds.
Catalyzing dementia care through the learning health system and consumer health information technology
Authors: Wolff Jennifer L. , DesRoches Catherine M. , Amjad Halima , Burgdorf Julia G. , Caffrey Melanie , Fabius Chanee D. , Gleason Kelly T. , Green Ariel R. , Lin Chen‐Tan , Nothelle Stephanie K. , Peereboom Danielle , Powell Danielle S. , Riffin Catherine A. , Lum Hillary D.
Published: January 2023

To advance care for persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), real‐world health system effectiveness research must actively engage those affected to understand what works, for whom, in what setting, and for how long—an agenda central to learning health system (LHS) principles. This perspective discusses how emerging payment models, quality improvement initiatives, and population health strategies present opportunities to embed best practice principles of ADRD care within the LHS. We discuss how stakeholder engagement in an ADRD LHS when embedding, adapting, and refining prototypes can ensure that products are viable when implemented. Finally, we highlight the promise of consumer‐oriented health information technologies in supporting persons living with ADRD and their care partners and delivering embedded ADRD interventions at scale. We aim to stimulate progress toward sustainable infrastructure paired with person‐ and family‐facing innovations that catalyze broader transformation of ADRD care.
“It's not yours. It's mine”: A qualitative study exploring the experience of hoarding
Authors: Mulligan‐Rabbitt Jennifer , O'Connor John , Brien Ciara
Published: January 2023

Our understanding of the meaning of hoarding is still in development. Thematic readings of the literature suggest that hoarding involves a very distinctive way of understanding the world, with the act of acquiring and retaining of material comprising in a form of psychological home or safe space. The connection of the person to their hoard requires further exploration, as does the place that this relationship has with the wider world of society and culture. This study sought to investigate experiences of persons who hoard and their relationship to their hoarded material. A phenomenologically‐oriented qualitative research design was used to investigate 14 participants' experiences of hoarding. Analysis of transcripts was conducted using thematic moment by moment analysis consistent with the phenomenological approach. To give further clarification and elucidation to the meaning of hoarding a psychoanalytically informed analysis of the material was included. Three themes emerged from this process: Firstly, “It's not yours. It's mine”; secondly, “Keeping within the walls”; and thirdly, “Sorting through.” The emergent themes reflect the creative and inventive ways participants related to hoarded material. Themes are discussed in relation to relevant psychoanalytical concepts, including Winnicott's Transitional Objects, with difficulties observed in hoarding paralleling difficulties transitioning out into the world of relating, as well as the part that cultural unconscious processes play here. Aspects of Bion's container‐contained function are also discussed. Implications for future research and working clinically with people who hoard are discussed, particularly the handling of hoarded material.
Reconstruction of the pectoral girdle and forelimb musculature of Megaraptora (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
Authors: Aranciaga Rolando Alexis M. , Novas Fernando E. , Calvo Jorge O. , Porfiri Juan D. , Dos Santos Domenica D. , Lamanna Matthew C.
Published: January 2023

Megaraptora is a group of enigmatic, carnivorous non‐avian theropod dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Asia, Australia, and especially South America. Perhaps the most striking aspect of megaraptoran morphology is the large, robustly constructed forelimb that, in derived members of the clade, terminates in a greatly enlarged manus with hypertrophied, raptorial unguals on the medialmost two digits and a substantially smaller ungual on digit III. The unique forelimb anatomy of megaraptorans was presumably associated with distinctive functional specializations; nevertheless, its paleobiological significance has not been extensively explored. Here we draw from observations of the pectoral girdle and forelimb skeletons of Megaraptora and myological assessments of other archosaurian taxa to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of the musculature of this anatomical region in these singular theropods. Many muscle attachment sites on megaraptoran forelimb bones are remarkably well developed, which in turn suggests that the muscles themselves were functionally significant and important to the paleobiology of these theropods. Furthermore, many of these attachments became increasingly pronounced through megaraptoran evolutionary history, being substantially better developed in derived taxa such as Australovenator wintonensis and especially Megaraptor namunhuaiquii than in early branching forms such as Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis. When considered alongside previous range of motion hypotheses for Australovenator, our results indicate that megaraptorans possessed a morphologically and functionally specialized forelimb that was capable of complex movements. Notable among these were extensive extension and flexion, particularly in the highly derived manus, as well as enhanced humeral protraction, attributes that very probably aided in prey capture.
Enantioselective protonation of monofluorinated silyl enol ethers by cooperative cation‐binding catalysis
Authors: Jung Min‐Jung , Paladhi Sushovan , Song Choong Eui
Published: January 2023

Herein, we report on the successful enantioselective protonation of a range of silyl enol ethers of cyclic ketones with labile chiral secondary CF bonds by using Song's chiral oligoethylene glycols (oligoEGs) as cation‐binding catalysts in the presence of CsF and a proton source. Highly enantioselective protonations of an array of silyl enol ethers of α‐fluoro tetralones and α‐fluoro benzosuberones were achieved, producing corresponding chiral α‐secondary α‐fluoro cyclic ketones in full conversion, with up to 96% ee. Furthermore, this protocol has successfully been extended to access chiral α‐choro and α‐bromo cyclic ketones. This successful in situ generated fluoride ion‐based stereoselective catalysis was driven by creating a densely confined chiral cage from the chiral catalyst, substrate, and CsF.
“Sharing in people's pain is not an easy thing to do”: Cognitive Behavioural Therapists' understandings of compassion in the workplace
Authors: Broadley Laurien E. , Burton Amy E. , Mistry Dipti K.
Published: January 2023

Objectives

Compassion is central to the aim of improving patient care and staff well‐being within healthcare systems. To inform service development, explorations of experiences and meanings of compassion are needed. This study explored cognitive behavioural therapists' understandings of compassion within their work environment.

Design

A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Methods

Data were obtained from five practicing cognitive behavioural therapists.

Results

Two superordinate themes were developed, each with two subordinate themes. CBT therapists reported entering the profession with intrinsic motivation to care for others. They further developed an interest in compassion with exposure to clients and ongoing professional development in compassion‐focused therapy (CFT). Compassionate work environments helped to facilitate compassionate practice; however, for many, workplaces were perceived to lack compassion. Challenges were encountered when negative workplace interactions left therapists feeling fatigued, distressed and demoralised. There was a desire for recognition and to be seen as more than a “work machine,” the experience of which was a threat to retaining therapists within the profession.

Conclusions

Current recruitment and training processes are producing staff with skills and motivation to deliver compassionate care. However, lack of compassion within workplaces can be a barrier to actioning these skills and motivations. Research needs to focus on how to effectively implement and run systems that are compassionate for both staff and clients. To provide compassionate care, staff need work environments that show compassion to them. These findings provide some insights into and practical suggestions regarding how this can be achieved.
Rupture of a previously undiagnosed intracranial aneurysm during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: A case report
Authors: Zhang Meng‐Qiu , Wang Xin
Published: January 2023

Endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (EE‐DCR) is an effective treatment for dacryocystitis. Aneurysmal rupture is generally not considered a complication of EE‐DCR under general anesthesia. Here, we present a patient with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to the rupture of an undiagnosed intracranial aneurysm during EE‐DCR. Clinicians should be aware of such fatal complications when using any vasoconstrictor intraoperatively.
First tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier bite in 75 years in French Polynesia (Eastern Central Pacific)
Authors: Clua Eric E. G. , Bègue Michel , Jam Olivier , Lambillon Raphaël , Meyer Carl G.
Published: January 2023

We analyzed a tiger shark (estimated 2.8 m total length) bite on a snorkeler. The removal of the terminal part of the leg suggests a predatory motivation for the bite. This is the first documented bite by a tiger shark in French Polynesia waters for the past 75 years.
Localized skin mottling associated with acute gastric dilatation
Authors: Tominaga Yoshiteru , Hirayama Ichiro , Yano Tetsuhiro , Kurihara Kazuto , Ishii Mitsuru
Published: January 2023

We present a case of a 55‐year‐old woman complaining of abdominal distension owing to acute gastric dilatation. Her localized skin mottling had spread from the lower abdomen to both knees. The skin mottling in the area affected by gastric dilatation improved immediately after stomach emptying using a gastric tube and upper endoscopy.
Atypical presentation of syphilis: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Authors: Usmael Semir Abdi , Gebremedhin Tesfay Atsbaha
Published: January 2023

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. With the recent worldwide resurgence of syphilis, it is imperative to recognize various presentations of this great imitator. Renal syphilis is rare and most commonly present as nephrotic range proteinuria associated with pathological features of membranous glomerulonephritis. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a rare and atypical form of renal syphilis. A 50‐year‐old Ethiopian woman presented with periorbital swelling, hematuria, proteinuria, and rapidly progressive renal failure. Rapid plasma reagin and confirmatory Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) tests were reactive. Treatment with a weekly Benzathine penicillin for 3 weeks resulted in a rapid return of renal function to baseline, with the increasing rate of new syphilis, clinicians should be mindful of the various renal manifestation of syphilis. This case highlights the significance of considering syphilis as a reversible cause in any patient presenting with a clinical feature suggestive of RPGN.