bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structured Quiz for Teaching of CVM Stages to the Undergraduate Orthodontic Students
Authors: Azeem Muhammad , Ul Haq Arfan , Awaisi Zubair Hassan , Ehsan Ambreen Afzal
Published: April 2020

Introduction: There are several methods of teaching out of which didactic lectures and student centered lecturesa re commonly practiced all over the world in medical and dental schools. The aim of the study was to find out the impact of introducing structured quiz as a method for teaching of cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages to the undergraduate orthodontic students.

Materials & Method: Current study was conducted on 30 undergraduate orthodontic students of final year. Duration of Study was 2018-19. Initial MCQs test was followed by the lecture and hands-on on quiz pattern and this was followed by the MCQs final-tests. The scores were calculated and presented in form of mean. Student paired t test was applied to compare the initial-test quiz scores with final-test quiz scores.

Result: Results showed significant differences between initial-test and final-test which showed a significant improvement.

Conclusion: The introduction of structured quiz as a method for teaching of cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages resulted in significant improvement in the knowledge of undergraduate orthodontic students.
Delaying Premolar Extraction for Conservation of Anchorage: A Prospective Case Control Study
Authors: R Shyagali Tarulatha , Tiwari Tanvee , Gupta Abhishek , Joshi Rishi , Tiwari Anil , Raj Pushp , Jha Ruchi
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Anchor loss (AL) is the most common side effect of orthodontic treatment. Anchorage planning is the vital step of every orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of anchor loss of maxillary first permanent molar in early v/s delayed premolar extraction cases treated using fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy.

Materials & Method: Sixty orthodontic patients, having either Class I or Class II Division 1 malocclusion with no or minimal crowding were divided equally into early extraction and the delayed extraction group (30 each). The patients were treated using MBT prescription 022” slot brackets with standard wire sequencing until 0.019”x 0.025” stainless-steel wire. Pre and post levelling study models were used for assessing the amount of space loss using palatal rugae as a stable point from the points marked on the 1st molar (point A on mesiobuccal cusp and point B on the distobuccal cusp). The obtained data was tabulated and was subjected to statistical t test (p<0.05).

Result: The distance of point A to the 3rd rugae reduced after treatment by 0.39mm (3.4%) and by 0.48 mm (3.24%) in delayed and early extraction groups respectively. Similarly, the distance from point B was reduced by 0.48 mm (3.24%) and by 1.77mm (6.28%) in delayed and early extraction group respectively. The change in point A and point B in Early extraction cast group was 76% and 71% more respectively than the delayed Extraction cast group. All the findings were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Anchor loss is an inevitable after effect following premolar extraction. Greater chances of anchor loss in early extraction group is noted. And delaying premolar extraction in cases with mild crowding (<4mm) can effectively help in anchorage preservation.
РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ЗЕЛЕНОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Арсененко І. А.  , Донченко Л. М.  , Донець І. А.  , Левада О. М.  , Зав'ялова Т. В.
Published: April 2020

Actuality of theme conditioned by the necessity of creation of optimal terms for organization and development of rural green tourism in the regions of Ukraine, that will assist the effective use of tourist potential of country, decline of the excessive loading on the landscapes of traditional touris region, to satisfaction of local and regional interests, increase of employment of population and functioning of small enterprises of tourist industry in rural locality.In research essence and concept of rural green tourism are certain as one of types of tourism and rest in rural locality; international experience of creation of objects of rural green tourism is considered in the countries of the world; modern development of rural green tourism status is analysed in regions to Ukraine (western, central, south, east); it is educed features of categorizing and certification of farmsteads of rural green tourism after the programs «The Ukrainian hospitable farmstead» and «Green farmstead»; problems and prospects of development of rural green tourism are in a country.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДИСПЕРСНОГО СКЛАДУ ПИЛУ ПРИ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ
Authors: Гаджиєв Едуард Назімович
Published: April 2020

The problem of air pollution with environmentally hazardous dust with a particle size of up to 10 microns at plants for the production of thermal insulation materials is considered. The purpose of this work is to study the dispersed composition of dust in the production of insulation materials (such as mineral wool), and to determine the effectiveness of the existing gas cleaning equipment, which traps pollutants. The dispersed composition of the dust generated at the plant for the production of thermal insulation materials, and the dispersed composition of the dust collected by the dust-cleaning equipment was investigated. Experimentally and with the use of computer programs, it has been established that the efficiency of extracting fine dust from dust- cleaning equipment does not exceed 78%. It is established that the dust of mineral wool entering the aspiration system is dominated by particles with a size from 2.5 microns to 25 microns. Dust with a SiO2 content of up to 70%, which is released during unloading and transportation of raw materials (dolomite, basalt), enters the atmospheric air without purification. At the same time, particles with a size of up to 60 microns and up to 72 microns dominate in atmospheric air, respectively. The main characteristics of the dust necessary for the objective selection of dust-cleaning equipment are determined.
ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ПОЧВ В ЗОНЕ ТЕХНОГЕННОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ ГОРНОДОБЫВАЮЩЕГО ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ
Authors: Козыбаева Ф. Е.  , Бейсеева Г. Б.  , Саркулова Ж. С.
Published: April 2020

By results of researches around an arrangement of zinc plant it is established that content of gross lead in the upper 10-cm layer of earth, exceeds maximum concentration limit by 1,68 times; zinc – by 25,46 times; copper – by 1054,6 time, cadmium – by 440,9 times. As it was already mentioned, emissions of the entities of non-ferrous metallurgy are transferred to long distances. Accumulating of heavy metals in the soil at distance of 10 - 15 km is noted and is farther from a pollution source.
ДИНАМИКА ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ БИОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ, КОТОРЫМ ПРОВОДИТСЯ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЕ ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВО С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ОБЩЕЙ АНЕСТЕЗИИ
Authors: Дубовская С. С.  , Товажнянская Е. Л.  , Григоров Ю. Б.  , Соловйова Е. Т.  , Долженко М. А.
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this work is to determine the functional state of the brain of patients on the basis of the EEG, who underwent surgery under general anesthesia.The study was conducted in the surgical departments of various profiles on the basis of the Kharkov City Clinical Hospital of Emergency and Emergency Medical Care. prof. A. I. Meshchaninov.The study of the functional state of the brain by determining the bioelectrical activity of the brain, by conducting an EEG, was determined in two stages: before surgery and 3-5 days after surgery with general anesthesia.In a comparative analysis of the results obtained, a strong direct correlation is determined between the degree of regulatory changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in the postoperative period and the age of the patients. Also, in a comparative analysis of the results, a strong direct correlation is determined between the degree of regulatory changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in the postoperative period and the duration of anesthesia support. Given the above, we can recommend an EEG to assess the functional state of the brain of patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia.
МОТИВИ ВТРАТИ ВІНКА В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ НАРОДНИХ ПІСНЯХ ПРО КОХАННЯ
Authors: Бокало Ірина
Published: April 2020

Ukrainian folk love songs as one of the most relevant genres have retained a lot of information about the norms of ethics and morals of the Ukrainian youth at the end of the XIX - early ХХ century. Particularly interesting are texts which contain information about the loss of maiden innocence, are reflected in the motifs of wreath loss. In folk love songs with the motifs of wreath loss, often are being used images-symbols of a wreath, braids, weed field, destiny. National aesthetics rarely judge girl who committed such a moral crime, but mostly sympathizes with her, uses the examples of such situations to warn young people from committing such offenses.
The Impact of Soft Skills of Project Managers in Construction Project Performance as the Mediation Role of a Conceptual Project Risk Management
Authors: Nasser Salim Al Saadi  , Abdul-Kahar  , Prof. Madya Dr. Norhayati Binti Zakuan
Published: April 2020

This paper is a conceptual data presentation and analysis on the impact of soft skills of project managers in the construction industry as the target survey which is vital since rapid economic development has increased the demand for construction of infrastructure and facilities around the globe. The methodology used in this study is a conceptual approach based on qualitative analysis of theoretical research and empirical data. The review of literatures and discussions from previous studies showed that project management soft skills can be correlated with project risk management and project performance. It recommended future research of this topic quantitatively.
Artikel Ilmiah Penciptaan Pertanian Terpadu Dalam Rangka Memperkenalkan Dusun Dukuhsari, Desa Pengarengan, Kecamatan Kaliangkrik Sebagai Desa Edukasi Wisata
Authors: Wanudya Anggun , Isnaeni Reni , Erlangga Wisnu Candra , Zulfa Nila Kamila , Lestari Danang Wahyu , Pratiwi Eni , Antoro Septian Budi , Niagasi Ariq Fikria , Agustina Lia Putri , Putri Ella Laily Selfyana , Mawardi Imam
Published: April 2020

Proyek pertanian terpadu merupakan program pemanfaatan lingkungan yang baik, sistem yang menggabungkan kegiatan pertanian, peternakan, perikanan, kehutanan dan ilmu lain yang terkait dengan pertanian dalam satu lahan, sehingga diharapkan dapat sebagai salah satu solusi bagi peningkatan produktivitas lahan, program pembangunan dan konservasi lingkungan, serta pengembangan desa secara terpadu. Diharapkan kebutuhan jangka pendek, menengah, dan panjang petani berupa pangan, sandang dan papan akan tercukupi dengan sistem pertanian ini. Didukung dengan pengembangan desa sebagai desa edukasi wisata yang tentu saja menjadi aspek penting pengikutnya. Dusun Dukuhsari merupakan daerah penghasil pertanian dan peternakan yang berkualitas. Dalam rangka pemanfaatan hasil pertanian dan peternakan yang digabungkan menjadi satu mempunyai nilai yang leebih tinggi dan mampu menambah penghasilan dan menekan kerugian, maka tim KKN Tematik 46 bersama dengan masyarakat sasaran khususnya adalah penduduk asli. Sebagai kegiatan awal melakukan sosialisasi tentang bagaimana kegiatan pertanian terpadu dan edukasi wisata. Selanjutnya masyarakat sasaran diberi pelatihan mengenai cara kerja dari program ini. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah pemahaman mengenai program pertanian terpadu yang dikembangkan menjadi edukasi wisata desa Dukuhsari
Implementasi Fiqh Remaja Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kenakalan Remaja
Authors: Subur Subur , Baihaqi Akhmad
Published: April 2020

Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pendampingan terhadap siswa di SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Kota Magelang, serta bagaimana proses internalisasi fiqh remaja guna mencegah kenakalan remaja di SMA Muhammadiyah2Kota Magelang. Metode yang dipakai adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat partisipatif atau Participatory Rural Apraissal (PRA). Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam, dan angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah melaksanakan sosialisasi dan pendampingan fiqh remaja guna mencegah kenakalan remaja secara preventif. Cara yang digunakan adalah dengan sosialisasi dan pendampingan guna internalisasi dan implementasi fiqh remaja bagi siswa. Materi yang diajarkan adalah pedoman hidup bagi remaja, sumber hukum Islam, kebersihan dan bersuci, ibadah umum dan khusus dan nilai-nilai pembentuk kepribadian muslim. Data awal menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman dan pengetahuan tentang fiqh remaja cukup rendah. Kegiatan sosialisasi dan pendampingan fiqh remaja bagi siswa SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Kota Magelang ini mampu meningkatkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan siswa tentang fiqh remaja. Hasil kegiatan ini dapat diketahui dari peningkatan pemahaman dan perilaku siswa, diantaranya ketepatan dalam menjawab soal serta perilaku siswa yang lebih bertanggung jawab dan religius
Inwentarz kultu maryjnego w Diecezji Tarnowskiej : (ciąg dalszy)
Authors: Smoleń Władysław
Published: April 2020

-
Ks. Andrzej Wyrzykowski (1879-1955)
Authors: Wójcik Walenty
Published: April 2020

-
Cenniejsze rękopisy Biblioteki Seminarium Duchownego w Sandomierzu
Authors: Wójcik Walenty
Published: April 2020

-
Dokumenty fundacyjne diecezji smoleńskiej
Authors: Kumor Bolesław
Published: April 2020

-
Sekwencje Notkera Balbulusa w polskich rękopisach muzycznych
Authors: Pikulik Jerzy
Published: April 2020

-
Granice metropolii i diecezji polskich (966-1939)
Authors: Kumor Bolesław
Published: April 2020

-
Katalog rubrycel i schematyzmów diecezji i zakonów historycznej Polski znajdujących się w księgozbiorze podręcznym Archiwum Diecezjalnego we Włocławku: część 2: rubrycele i schematyzmy zakonne
Authors: Librowski Stanisław
Published: April 2020

-
Wykaz instytucji naukowych, które weszły w posiadanie dzieła ks. prof. dra hab. Stanisława Librowskiego pt. Katalog rubrycel i schematyzmów diecezji i zakonów historycznej Polski...
Authors: Jędrzejczak Maria Laurencja
Published: April 2020

-
Sprawozdanie z działalności Ośrodka Archiwów, Bibliotek i Muzeów Kościelnych przy KUL za lata 1974-1975
Authors: Wojsław Letycja
Published: April 2020

-
Repertorium akt wizytacji kanonicznych dawnej archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej: część 3: akta przechowywane w Częstochowie, Łodzi, Łowiczu, Pelplinie, Poznaniu i Warszawie
Authors: Librowski Stanisław
Published: April 2020

-
UPAYA MENINGKATAN KINERJA GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI SUPERVISI EDUKATIF KOLABORATIF SECARA PERIODIK
Authors: Kosman Kosman
Published: April 2020

Kinerja guru adalah perilaku nyata yang ditampilkan oleh guru sebagai prestasi kerja berdasarkan standar yang ditetapkan dan sesuai dengan perannya di sekolah. Keberhasilan proses pembelajaran sangat ditentukan oleh kinerja guru. Karena itulah supervisi untuk memastikan kinerja guru sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja guru melalui supervisi edukatif kolaboratif. Supervisi edukatif merupakan supervisi yang diarahkan pada  kurikulum pembelajaran,  proses belajar  mengajar,  pelaksanaan bimbingan dan konseling. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SD Negeri Indrakila Kecamatan Sindang Kabupaten Majalengka pada tahun pelajaran 2018/2019. Berdasarkan temuan hasil penelitian  ada empat hal yang dikemukakan dalam penelitian tindakan ini, yakni simpulan tentang: (1) Peningkatan kinerja guru dalam menyusun rencana pembelajaran, (2) Peningkatan kinerja guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran, (3) Peningkatan kinerja guru dalam menilai prestasi belajar, (4) Peningkatan kinerja guru dalam  melaksanakan tindak lanjut hasil penilaian prestasi  belajar siswa. Berdasarkan peningkatan kinerja guru baik rencana pembelajaran, pelaksanaan pembelajaran, penilaian hasil belajar, dan pelaksanaan tindak lanjut hasil penilaian siswa ternyata mempengaruhi hasil ujian siswa tahun 2018.
ANALISIS FAKTOR RENDAHNYA MINAT BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS V DI SD NEGERI 4 GUMIWANG
Authors: Putri Bela Bekti Amallia , Muslim Arifin , Bintaro Tri Yuliansyah
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja faktor rendahnya minat belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika dan bagaimana upaya guru dalam menumbuhkan minat belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika kelas V di SD Negeri 4 Gumiwang. Kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi.  Jenis data kualitatif merupakan data yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa faktor rendahnya minat belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika  sebagai berikut Faktor Internal siswa dapat ditunjukan dengan kurangnya  rasa suka siswa terhadap mata pelajaran matematika dan beranggapan bahwa mata pelajaran matematika merupakan mata pelajaran yang sulit ,perhatian siswa yang masih rendah terhadap pembelajaran matematika, serta rendahnya perstasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika. Faktor rendahnya minat belajar siswa juga berasal dari faktor eksternal. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan guru menunjukkan bahwa cara guru dalam mengajar masih monoton dan jarang menggunakan media pembelajaran pada saat pembelajaran matematika. Selain dari cara guru mengajar juga dipengaruhi oleh perilaku dan sikap orang tua yang dirasa kurang tepat ketika terhadap siswa. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah upaya yang dilakukan guru dalam menumbuhkan minat belajar siswa khususnya pada mata pelajaran matematika sudah cukup baik.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DENGAN METODE SNOWBALL THROWING
Authors: Jamili Lili Said
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam melalui metode Snowball Throwing pada siswa kelas V di SD Negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam materi Azan dan Ikamah Pada siswa kelas V di SD Negeri Tahun 2019/2020 dengan menggunakan Metode Snowball Throwing. Penerapan metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Penelitian dilakukan dengan 2 siklus yang setiap siklusnya terdapat 4 tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas V di SD Negeri  sebanyak 27 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan lembar observasi, soal tes tertulis. Berdasarkan analisis, hasil tes dan observasi yang sudah dilakukan peneliti diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kegiatan belajar dan aktivitas siswa sehingga hasil belajar siswa meningkat pada setiap siklusnya. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan menggunakan Metode Snowball Throwing dapat meningkatan hasil belajar PAI pada siswa kelas V di SD Negeri tahun 2019/2020.
RMD METHOD WITH COLLABORATIVE WRITING APPROACH TO INCREASING STUDENT’S ABILITY TO CREATE A BOOK
Authors: Kustini Titin , Fakhruddin Afief
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini berlangsung di universitas/sekolah tinggi di Kabupaten Majalengka pada mahasiswa semester empat dengan berdasar pada asumsi bahwa kemampuanmenulis harus dikembangkan secara berkesinambungan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk menciptakan budaya literasi di kampus. Metode RMD merupakan pengembangan dari metode RCM yang telah berhasil meningkatkan kemampuan menulis pada siswa SD kelas tinggi. Penulis mencoba mengadaptasinya agar bisa diterapkan pada mahasiswa yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan lebih tinggi. Metode itu dilakukan dengan pendekatan Collaborative Writing untuk membuat pembelajaran writing menjadi lebih menyenangkan dan mampu meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa untuk membuat karangan yang layak publikasi. Data penelitian diperoleh dari beberapa cara, yakni melalui analisis dokumen, observasi, kuesioner dan wawancara. Hasil observasi awal, kemampuan menulis mahasiswa masih rendah, mereka sulit menemukan ide dan mengembangkan karangan sehingga perlu dicari metode dan pendekatan yang cocok untuk mengatasinya. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan metode RMD dikombinasikan dengan pendekatan collaborative writing bisa digunakan karena hal itu memberikan ide dan merangsang imajinasi dan kreatifitas mahasiswa sehingga mereka mampu mengembangkan karangan. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan kemampuan menulis mahasiswa menigkat signifikan dengan menggunakan metode RMD yang dikombinasikan dengan collaborative writing sehingga mereka mampu membuat buku.
自动控制技术在农业机械中的应用
Authors: 李 杰
Published: April 2020

农业生产是社会生存和发展的基石,也是一个国家立足的首要任务。农业机械作为农业现代化的标志,对农业生产的影响巨大,同时也代表了农业发展水平。第二次工业革命后,西方的农业生产就已经逐步实现了机械化,无论是生产效率还是产量,都已经远远超过其他国家。我国是一个传统的农业大国,因为近代发展艰难,在农业机械发展上远远落后于西方国家,人口众多、耕地资源贫乏是我国农业的基本现状。因此,发展现代化农业,提高农业机械的自动化,是农业发展的必然途径。
盘州市刺梨病虫害的发生与防治
Authors: 陈 素娇
Published: April 2020

盘州市土壤、气候等方面均适合刺梨的大面积种植,是我国优良的刺梨产区。刺梨为我国南方地区的一种水果,其具有丰富的营养,有着“维C之王”的美誉。由于刺梨在生长过程中较易受到多种病虫害的侵袭,故应加强此方面的治理力度。本文主要介绍了常见的刺梨病虫害,如梨小食心虫、梨实蝇、黄刺蛾、金龟子、蚜虫、白粉病、锈病,并对相关的防治措施进行了详细论述,为广大刺梨种植户提供一定的参考。
城市下水系统中防洪排涝体系的建设规划
Authors: 罗 海燕
Published: April 2020

下水系统是城市基础设施建设的重要内容,面对可能出现洪涝灾害,做好防洪排涝体系规划建设十分必要。但是由于当前城市人口数量大大增加,城市建设进程日益加快,气候环境愈加恶劣,导致很多自然灾害频繁出现,城市出现内涝问题,为城市居民生产生活带来了极大的不便,并且对周边环境产生了不良影响。本文就此展开分析,针对城市下水系统特性,做好防洪排涝体系的规划建设,寻求合理措施提升城市防洪排涝综合治理能力。
浅谈如何做好中小水电站的安全生产工作管理
Authors: 杨 裕国
Published: April 2020

中小水电站关系着社会生产、生活的正常工作秩序,其安全运行也是电力稳定发展一大生命线,在缓解国家电网稳定,地区能源紧张等方面具有举足轻重的地位。为充分发挥中小水电站的安全生产综合效益,减少人身伤亡、设备损坏、环保污染等安全事件的发生,是当今中小水电站安全生产管理的首要工作任务。本文,结合多年来在中水电站工作经验,围绕中小水电站如何做好安全生产管理工作进行叙述。
水利工程堤防防渗施工技术应用研究
Authors: 车 勇
Published: April 2020

目前,随着我国工程建设的全方位改善,水利工程建设也取得了较大的进步,该项工程加大了水资源利用率,为我国城市化建设做出较大贡献。然而在水利工程中也会出现渗漏问题,该情况阻碍了水利工程的顺利开展。下文就将围绕水利工程堤防防渗施工技术展开探究,以期解决工程中的渗漏问题。
现代化水利水电工程管理现状及其优化
Authors: 牛 山林
Published: April 2020

在社会经济的快速发展中,水利水电工程项目建设在不断扩大,为全社会各个行业的发展提供了便利,推动着我国经济的进一步发展。在现代化水利水电工程中,相关部门必须做好工程管理工作,文章主要对现代化水利水电工程管理现状及其优化进行了分析。
大中型水库移民避险解困规划的若干问题
Authors: 全 威
Published: April 2020

文章以大中型水库为例,对移民避免解困工作的重要性及注意事项进行分析探讨,并针对工作中存在的问题提出合理的解决措施,以期推进移民避险解困工作的顺利开展,削弱贫困问题带来的影响。
关于水利水电工程施工安全管理和控制措施
Authors: 李 雄灿
Published: April 2020

新时期下,随着我国国民经济的不断增长,我国的水利水电工程作为一项基础的社会工程也得到了较大的进步。由于水利水电工程在实际的施工过程中,本身就具有一定的危险性,因此,近几年来,我国政府和相关单位也逐渐的开始重视水利水电水电工程施工的安全管理工作,通过研究相关的管理和控制措施,提高水利水电工程施工的安全性。文章就影响水利水电工程施工安全性的因素、水利水电工程施工安全管理和控制的原则以及措施方面进行了分析。
水库工程现场安全施工管理的优化措施
Authors: 高 慧
Published: April 2020

在现代化社会经济的发展中,我国水利水电工程建设规模在不断扩大,水利水电工程质量直接关系着我国经济发展,在人民群众的日常生活、生产中发挥着重要作用。水利安全施工管理工作是水利水电工程中的关键,水利水电部门需要不断提升施工质量、做好安全管理工作,实现水资源的充分利用,确保水库施工管理的安全性,为水利水电行业的持续、稳定发展提供保障,文章主要对水库工程现场安全施工管理的优化措施进行了分析。
Tecnologia e imperialismo: crise econômica, produção intelectual, exploração e conflitualidade entre capitais
Authors: Schettino Francesco
Published: April 2020

O artigo está organizado da seguinte forma no primeiro parágrafo e será expresso o conflito que gera entre capitais em sua multiplicidade, ou seja, na luta competitiva. Posteriormente, o papel da inovação como meio de coerção da classe dominante será identificado. Finalmente, serão examinadas as razões pelas quais, na sua singularidade, o capital gera muitas das patologias que tendem a colocá-lo como um limite em si.
Effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) workshop on marital adjustment
Authors: Islam Shaheen , Naher Roufun
Published: April 2020

The present study examined the effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) workshop on marital adjustment. The hypothesis was receiving nonviolent communication (NVC) workshop has positive impact on marital adjustment. The independent variable was NVC workshop and the dependent variable was marital adjustment score. For conducting this research, repeated measures design was followed and 20 Bangladeshi married people participated in it. The results have shown that there was a statistically significant difference (F = 16.790, p < 0.05) in marital adjustment score of experimental group over the three time periods and pairwise comparisons indicate that there was significant difference between pretest and post-test and also between pretest and follow- up test at the 0.05 level. Results also have shown that, there was statistically significant difference of marital adjustment score between experimental and control group in posttest (t = 4.276, p < 0.05) and follow-up test (t = 4.176, p < 0.05). Thus, after receiving NVC workshop the marital adjustment score of experimental group increased significantly (F = 16.79, p < 0.001) in post-test measure and also remain constant in follow-up, whereas the marital adjustment score of control group had no significant change. This implied a significant positive impact of participation in NVC workshop on marital adjustment.

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 26(1): 69-75, 2017 (January)
Anatomical study of Momordica charantia L. from Bangladesh
Authors: Shethi Kishwar Jahan , Doty Mabia Khanam , Liza Saima Jahan , Rashid Parveen
Published: April 2020

Recent investigation on the root, stem, leaf and petiole anatomy of Momordica charantia L. completed the detailed anatomical study of the genus Momordica from Bangladesh. Root has tetrach vascular bundles where thick patches of sclerenchyma cells encompassed the vessel cells. Five angular ridges and furrows are visible through stem transverse section typical to Cucurbitaceae. Total nine open, bicollateral fibro-vascular bundles are observed in stem crosssection where three large are in the center and others each are under the ridges. Midrib of the leaf is characterized by several double and scarcely seated stalkless globular cystoliths in the lower epidermis. Configuration of petiole is octagonal in shape with eight ridges where seven fibro vascular bundles situated as a ring. Stem and leaf has multicellular, unisireate blunt ended conical shaped trichomes where petiole has similar trichomes with both blunt and pointed head.

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 27(1): 69-74, 2018 (January)
Effects of aflatoxin B1 contaminated feed on Thai koi
Authors: Eti Afroza Sultana , Rahim Matiur , Hasan Mahmud
Published: April 2020

The effects of five levels of aflatoxin B1 (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppb) and three (15, 30 and 45 days) culture durations on the growth performances and residue concentration in Thai koi, Anabas testudineus was investigated in indoor plastic tanks. Significant differences were found in 100 and 200 ppb treatment groups in average daily weight gain (ADG, g/d) and specific growth rate (SGR, %/d) compared to those of control, 25 and 50 ppb treatments group. Body muscle in 200 ppb treatment group had significantly higher concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) residue than in the 100 and 50 ppb treatments. Control and 25 ppb treatments group did not have any residue. Total protein and fat contents decreased compared to control, 25 and 50 ppb treatments group. The results suggested that the level of contamination by 50, 100 and 200 ppb aflatoxin B1 in the feed of Thai koi fingerlings may concentrate in the body muscle at a level of above human health hazards. Any feeds with even 50 ppb AFB1 should not be used as feed for raising food fishes.

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 28(1): 37-47, 2019 (January)
Morphological characterization of seed-borne fungi associated with BRRI rice varieties in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Tania , Bashar MA , Shamsi Shamim
Published: April 2020

Twenty five fungal species, representing 13 genera were found to be associated with seeds of 20 varieties of rice (BRRI dhan 56 to BRRI dhan 75). Fungi were isolated following "Tissue planting" method and "Blotter method". The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Bipolaris multiformis, B. oryzae, B. sorokiniana, Chaetomium globosum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, F. fugikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Microdochium fisheri, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Rhizopus stolonifer, Sarocladium oryzae, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Trichoderma viride.

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 75-86, 2020 (January)
Association among self-esteem, aggression and psychological adjustment of orphans and family-reared children
Authors: Sultana Nahida , Khanam Mahfuza
Published: April 2020

The present study explored the relationship among self-esteem, aggression, and psychological adjustment between orphan children and family-reared children. The sample comprised of 160 adolescents. Out of the total sample, 80 were living in the orphanages; and 80 participants were living with their both parents. They were selected by employing purposive-incidental sampling technique. Participants responded to the index of the Personal Information Form (PIF), Bangla version of Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, Bangla version of Buss- Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Bangla version of Adolescent Personality Assessment Questionnaire. Results showed that key variables were significantly correlated with one another. Results indicated that the children in orphanages have lower self-esteem, are more aggressive, and have higher psychological adjustment problem than children living with their both parents. Results also showed that girls have lower self-esteem and they are less aggressive than boys. Self-esteem has been found to be an important predictor of psychological adjustment of the respondents. Therefore, the findings of present research will encourage our perceptive of self-esteem and will advance the understanding about the negative impact of aggression on children’s mental health.

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 97-105, 2020 (January)
Detection of Candida auris and its antifungal susceptibility: first report from Bangladesh
Authors: Dutta Subarna , Rahman Md Hasibur , Hossain Kazi Shakhawath , Haq Jalaluddin Ashraful
Published: April 2020

Background and objectives: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that has been associated with nosocomial infections with a high mortality. The organism has been reported from several countries of the world except Bangladesh. The present study describes the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Materials and methods: The A total of 100 Candida species isolated from different clinical samples were purposively included in the present study. Samples were obtained from patients attending a 750 bed hospital of Dhaka city. C. auris was identified by growth characteristics, biochemical and carbohydrate assimilation test and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing using ITS1 and ITS2 targeting the conserved regions of 5.8S rRNA. Antifungal susceptibility of identified C. auris was performed by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods.

Results: Out of 100 Candida sp. tested, 21 isolates were identified as C. auris. Of the 21 C. auris, 14 (66.7%) were isolated from blood samples and the remaining 7 (33.4%) were from urine. Most of the C. auris isolated were from patients admitted in intensive care units. Out of 21 C. auris, 17 (81.0%), 7 (33.3%) and 3 (14.3%) were sensitive to amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole respectively by disk diffusion method. Out of 14 fluconazole resistant isolates, 5 were susceptible dose-dependent (SS-D) by MIC method.

Conclusion: The present study is the first report demonstrating the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Bangladesh. Majority of isolates showed resistance to fluconazole and variable susceptibility to other antifungal agents. Further study is suggested to find its true magnitude and its susceptibility pattern to a range of antifungal agents.

Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 18-22
Evaluation of Different Mutants Against Insect and Mite Pests With Natural Enemies in Coastal Jute Ecosystem
Authors: Khan MMH
Published: April 2020

Jute is a rapid growing agricultural fiber crop and renewable source of biomass. The study was conducted to evaluate different jute mutants against insect and mite pests with associated natural enemies. Results revealed that 8 insect and mite pests and 8 natural enemies were recorded from coastal jute ecosystem. Jute hairy caterpillar and yellow mite were found to be the most damaging pests in jute field. Significantly the lowest per cent plant infestation per 5 rows was recorded in mutant BJC-214 (14.37) followed by BJC-7370 (14.81) and the highest per cent plant infestation (30.77) was found in mutant VM-1. Significantly the lowest per cent leaf infestation was in mutant HC-3 (25.40) followed by HC-95 (31.08) while the highest per cent leaf infestation per plant was recorded in mutant BJC-83 (46.30). In case of leaf area damage, the lowest per cent was observed in mutant HC-3 (9) followed by CVL-1 (10) and the highest was in mutant CVE-3 (45) followed by mutant 0-72 (30). Among different mutants, HC-3, CVL-1 and BJC-214 were found to be less infested by jute hairy caterpillar and these mutants could be used for multilocational trial for final recommendation as the tolerant mutants.

Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 44(1): 23-33, June 2018
Effects of Probiotics on Growth and Production of Monosex Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in Nylon Net Cages at Dekar Haor, Sunamganj, Bangladesh
Authors: Das P , Islam MS , Biswas M , Das PR , Arif ASM
Published: April 2020

To assess the effect of probiotics on growth, survival rate and production performance of all monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for a period of 120 days in 2016 in nylon net cages placed in Dekar haor of Sunamganj district. The study was categorized into four treatments as T1 (brand a), T2 (brand b), T3 (brand c) and T4 (control) based on probiotics and each having three replicates. Cages were stocked with nursed male tilapia fry at a density of 35 nos./m3 with average size of 14.33 ± 6.41 - 16.33 ± 3.15 g. Tilapia of all the cages were fed with commercial mega floating feed at a decreasing rate of 10 - 5% of total biomass thrice daily. Feed was supplemented with probiotics at a rate of 0.5 g/kg. Comparatively higher growth (307.33 ± 33.92 g), survival rate (97.6 ± 4.90%), yield (10.5 ± 1.15 kg/m3), net profit (Tk.798.96 ± 90.85/m3) and lower food conversion ratio (1.16) were secured in T3 than that of other treatments, which were manifolds higher than the earthen freshwater and brackish waterbodies. Therefore, results of the study reveal that probiotics may be used in aquaculture for increasing fish production.

Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 44(1): 69-78, June 2018
Inducing Variability in Rice for Enriched Iron and Zinc Content through In vitro Culture
Authors: Al Noor Md. Mahmud , Quadir Quazi Forhad , Naher Jobadatun , Jewel Zilhas Ahmed , Rashid Harun-or , Chakrobarty Tusher , Razia Sultana , Nath Ujjal Kumar
Published: April 2020

De-husked rice of four rice varieties viz., Iratom24, BRRI dhan 58, BRRI dhan 62 and Binnatoa was used to observe their regeneration efficacy and produce somaclones. MS supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators; MS + 2,4-D + BAP + NAA, MS + BAP + NAA + Kn + IAA and MS + IBA were used for callus induction, shoot regeneration and root induction, respectively. Transcendent frequency of callus was obtained in BRRI dhan58 (80.95%). MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA was found as the best for callus induction in BRRI dhan58. Maximum nutrient of shoot was found in BRRI dhan62 (80%) followed by BRRI dhan58 (66.66%). For shoot regeneration, MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l Kn + 0.5 mg/l IAA performed better compared to other growth regulator combinations were tested. The highest numbers of roots were produced in all varieties under MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA media. BRRI dhan58 showed maximum number of plants was established at field condition after hardening. A total of 11, 17, 5 and 3 tissue derived plants was established in filed condition from Iratom24, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan62 and Binnatoa, respectively. Among the tissue culture variants, the variant number 36 derived from Binnatoa had the highest Fe 26.93 and 21.51 mg/l and Zn 42.67 and 38.84 mg/l contents in brown and polished rice grain, respectively. This high iron coupled with zinc content rice line could be the potential breeding material for developing Fe and Zn enriched rice cultivar.
ROS Production Is Increased in the Kidney but Not in the Brain of Dahl Rats With Salt Hypertension Elicited in Adulthood
Authors: VOKURKOVÁ M. , RAUCHOVÁ H. , ŘEZÁČOVÁ L. , VANĚČKOVÁ I. , ZICHA J.
Published: April 2020

Enhanced production of superoxide radicals by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in the brain and/or kidney of salt hypertensive Dahl rats has been proposed to participate in the pathogenesis of this form of experimental hypertension. Most information was obtained in young Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats subjected to high salt intake prior to sexual maturation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether salt hypertension induced in adult DS rats is also accompanied with a more pronounced oxidative stress in the brain or kidney as compared to Dahl salt-resistant (DR) controls. NADPH oxidase activity as well as the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes (oxidative index), which indicate a degree of lipid peroxidation, were evaluated in two brain regions (containing either hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus or rostral ventrolateral medulla) as well as in renal medulla and cortex. High salt intake induced hypertension in DS rats but did not modify blood pressure in DR rats. DS and DR rats did not differ in NADPH oxidase-dependent production of ROS, TBARS content or oxidative index in either part of the brain. In addition, high-salt diet did not change significantly any of these brain parameters. In contrast, the enhanced NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production (without significant signs of increased lipid peroxidation) was detected in the renal medulla of salt hypertensive DS rats. Our findings suggest that there are no signs of enhanced oxidative stress in the brain of adult Dahl rats with salt hypertension induced in adulthood.
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PENGURUS KOPERASI APABILA TERJADI KREDIT MACET DARI ANGGOTA KOPERASI DALAM LINKAGE PROGRAM POLA CHANNELING DITINJAU DARI TEORI PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN BADAN HUKUM KOPERASI
Authors: Putri Salma Indah , Murwadji Tarsisius , Saleh Kilkoda Agus
Published: April 2020

Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) sebagai badan usaha yang tidak berbadan hukum memiliki peran besar dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Pemerintah dengan tujuan untuk memudahkan UMKM mengakses pendanaan dari perbankan membuat pengaturan mengenai linkage program. Linkage program memiliki tiga pola yaitu: channeling, executing, dan joint financing. Dalam linkage program pola channeling kedudukan Koperasi hanya sebagai penghubung antara Bank Umum dengan Anggotanya dan tidak mempunyai kewenangan untuk memutus pemberian kredit kepada Anggotanya. Akan tetapi, apabila terjadi kredit macet dari Anggota Koperasi menimbulkan permasalahan perihal pertanggungjawaban Pengurus Koperasi atas kredit macet tersebut.
ÖRGÜTSEL BAĞLILIĞIN PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLUŞ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KILIÇ Burhan , KARAMAN Mesut , YOLDAŞ Adnan
Published: April 2020

Bu çalışma, sağlık çalışanlarında örgütsel bağlılık algısının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada sosyo-demografik değişkenler ile örgütsel bağlılık ve psikolojik iyi oluş değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunup bulunmadığı test edilmiştir. Çalışmaya katkı sağlayan sağlık çalışanı sayısı 125’dir. Çalışmada veri toplamada; kişisel bilgi formu, örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği ve psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeğinden faydalanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 21 ve AMOS 22 paket programlarından yararlanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; bu çalışmada sağlık çalışanlarının örgütsel bağlılık ve psikolojik iyi oluş algıları yüksek düzeyde bulunmuştur. Örgütsel bağlılığın psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği alt boyutlarından devam bağlılığı alt boyutunun psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde istatiksel açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Diğer alt boyutların (duygusal bağlılık, normatif bağlılık) ise psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Sağlık çalışanlarında örgütsel bağlılık algısı üzerine yapılacak iyileştirmelerin psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde olumlu katkılarının olacağı söylenebilir
FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% RIMPANG JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum) DENGAN HIDROKSIETIL SELULOSA SEBAGAI GELLING AGENT
Authors: L Pricillya M , Falestin Senny Listy Kartika , Julisna Siska
Published: April 2020

Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum is a plant that has been determined to have antibacteria activity for Propionibacterium acnes which serve as one of the cause of acnes. Gel is the topical form used to acne’s medication. Hydroxiethyl Cellulose is used as gelling agent in gel of red ginger’s root’s ethanol 96% extract. The goal of the research is to determine the influence of increased concentration of hydroxiethyl cellulose to the  formulation of  red ginger’s root’s extract of ethanol 96%. The gel was made into 3 formulas with each concentration of 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. Each formulas wastested about the organoleptics, homogenity, pH, and viscosity. The result shows that on organoleptic test, the gels don’t have any change, they are homogen and their pH were stable. Based on the viscosity test, 1st, 2nd and 3rd formulas have some increase with the addition of storage’s time. The formula 1 have less viscocity with the concentration of about 2%. Based on this research, we can conclude that the 1 st formula was the best one based on the physical, chemical quality and the organoleptic test.
FORMULASI EKSTRAK KLOROFORM DAUN BELIMBING WULUH DALAM BENTUK SEDIAAN GEL dan UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Tan Verawaty , Rahmadhani Nova Tri , Dewi Irene Puspa
Published: April 2020

Herbal treatments are needed to treat various diseases, one of which is the leaves of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The aim of this study was to formulate chloroform extract of Belimbing Wuluh’s leaf (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) into gel preparations that were good, effective, and safe to use and to determine the antibacterial activity of chloroform extract of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) leaf extract to Staphylococcus epidermidis by well method. The results showed that form of gel is a thick, dark green, the distinctive smell of Wuluh starfruit leaf extract, homogeneous, good skin pH, good washing and does not irritate the skin. This study uses Nutrient Agar media as a culture medium for Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The results indicate that the chloroform extract gel leaves of belimbing wuluh leaves in formula 1 (10%), formula 2 (20%), and formula 3 (30%) were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. In formula 3 (30%) gel extract of belimbing wuluh leaves has the widest zone of inhibition compared to other dosage formulas. The statistical test using the One Way ANOVA test showed a significant difference from the average diameter of the inhibition zone between all concentrations of chloroform extract gel leaves of belimbing wuluh leaves that were significant with (α ˂ 0.05).
RISK OF LANGUAGE DELAY IN TODDLERS WITH PROLONGED SCREEN TIME : EVIDENCE BASED CASE REPOR
Authors: Maulana Muhammad Sobri
Published: April 2020

Background: Language development of children starts early in infantcy and surges in 2 years of life, updated knowledge about association of language delay with its aggravating risk factor, in this case prolong sreening time, is very important to determine the prognosis of language development in children. Objective: To investigate the association between increased risk of language delay in toddlers with prolonged screen time. Methods: All included studies were collected from Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, Clinical Key and Science Direct on February 11thÂ  2020. These articles were then critically appraised using standard Oxford criteria of Evidence Based Medicine prognostic checklist. Result: Two eligible retrospective cohort studies from Lin et al (2014) and Byeon and Hong (2015) are included in this EBCR. Both were calculating the risk of language delay in toddlers between 15-35 months and 24-30 months exposed to screen viewing. Toddlers with more than 2 hours of watching television have higher risk of language delay (Odds Ratio: 3.3 (95%CI 1.5-7.3) and 2.74 (95%CI 1.13-6.65) respectively). Conclusion : The risk of language delay in toddlers is confirmed to be proportionately increased with the increases of screen duration. Maximum language development may be achieved by giving more two-way communication opportunities other than screen viewing.Keywords: Language delay, Toddlers, Screen time.Â ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Perkembangan bahasa anak-anak dimulai sejak kanak-kanak dan melonjak dalam dua tahun awal kehidupan, pengetahuan terbaru tentang hubungan antara keterlambatan bahasa dengan faktor risiko yang memburuk, dalam hal ini memperpanjang waktu menonton televisi sangat penting untuk menentukan prognosis perkembangan bahasa pada anak-anak. Tujuan : Untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara peningkatan risiko keterlambatan bahasa pada balita denganÂ  waktu menonton televisi yang lama. Metode : Semua studi literatur yang dimasukkan dan dikumpulkan dari Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, Clinical Key dan Science direct pada 11 Februari 2020. Jurnal-jurnal ini kemudian di nilai secara appraisal menggunakan kriteria standar Oxford dalam kaidah laporan kasus berbasis bukti. Hasil : Dua studi kohort retrospektif yang memenuhi syarat kaidah laporan kasus berbasis bukti / EBCR yaitu Lin et al (2014) dan Byeon dan Hong (2015) dimasukkan dalam EBCR ini. Keduanya melakukan penelitian dan menghitung risiko keterlambatan bahasa pada balita usia antara 15-35 bulan dan 24-30 bulan yang terpapar menonton televisi dalam waktu lama . Balita yang menonton televise lebih dari dua jam sehari memiliki risiko keterlambatan bahasa yang lebih tinggi masing-masing(Odds Ratio: 3.3 (95%CI 1.5-7.3) dan 2.74 (95%CI 1.13-6.65). Kesimpulan : Risiko keterlambatan bahasa pada balita dipastikan akan meningkat secara proporsional dengan meningkatnya durasi menonton televise. Perkembangan bahasa pada anak lebih maksimal dapat dicapai dengan memberikan lebih banyak waktu untuk berkomunikasi dua arah antara keluarga selain dari menonton televisi.