bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis of Dual Stimulus‐Responsive Degradable Hollow Hybrid Nanoparticles for Image‐Guided Trimodal Therapy
Authors: Hayashi Koichiro , Maruhashi Takuma , Nakamura Michihiro , Sakamoto Wataru , Yogo Toshinobu
Published: October 2016

Exploiting exogenous and endogenous stimulus‐responsive degradable nanoparticles as drug carriers can improve drug delivery systems (DDSs). The use of hollow nanoparticles may facilitate degradation, and combination of DDS with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) may enhance the anticancer effects of treatments. Here, a one‐pot synthetic method is presented for an anticancer drug (doxorubicin [DOX]) and photosensitizer‐containing hollow hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) with a disulfide and siloxane framework formed in response to exogenous (light) and endogenous (intracellular glutathione [GSH]) stimuli. The hollow HNPs emit fluorescence within the near‐infrared window and allow for the detection of tumors in vivo by fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, the disulfides within the HNP framework are cleaved by intracellular GSH, deforming the HNPs. Light irradiation facilitates penetration of GSH into the HNP framework and leads to the collapse of the HNPs. As a result, DOX is released from the hollow HNPs. Additionally, the hollow HNPs generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and heat in response to light; thus, fluorescence imaging of tumors combined with trimodal therapy consisting of DDS, PDT, and PTT is feasible, resulting in superior therapeutic efficacy. Thus, this method may have several applications in imaging and therapeutics in the future.
Synthesis of Black TiOx Nanoparticles by Mg Reduction of TiO2 Nanocrystals and their Application for Solar Water Evaporation
Authors: Ye Miaomiao , Jia Jia , Wu Zhejian , Qian Chenxi , Chen Rong , O'Brien Paul G. , Sun Wei , Dong Yuchan , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: October 2016

TiOx (x < 2) nanoparticles with tunable colors from white to gray to blue–gray to black are synthesized by magnesium (Mg) reduction of white P25 TiO2 nanocrystals followed by removal of excess Mg with aqueous HCl and distilled water. Increasing amounts of Mg smoothly decrease the oxygen content in TiOx which is responsible for the gradual increase in light absorption and concomitant darkening of its color from white to black with decreasing values of x. The as‐synthesized TiOx nanoparticles are spin‐coated onto the surface of a stainless steel mesh followed by surface superhydrophobization in order to test their performance as a solar water evaporator. Results from the tests show that the black TiOx efficiently generates water vapor with a solar thermal conversion efficiency as high as 50% under solar‐simulated light irradiance at an intensity of 1000 W m–2 (1 Sun). Moreover, TiOx nanoparticles have inherent advantages over other materials used for solar water desalination, such as their tunable light absorption, low‐cost, low‐toxicity, superhydrophobicity, and chemical stability.
A New Caged‐Glutamine Derivative as a Tool To Control the Assembly of Glutamine‐Containing Amyloidogenic Peptides
Authors: Awad Loay , Jejelava Nino , Burai Ritwik , Lashuel Hilal A.
Published: October 2016

We present the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel photocaged glutamine derivative (modified on the side chain of glutamine), and describe its use in enhancing peptide stability and solubility. Our results demonstrate that this approach can be used to develop molecular switches to control the folding and β‐sheet formation of amyloidogenic peptides.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Releasing ortho‐Alkenylation of 7‐Azaindoles
Authors: Li Wei‐Huan , Wu Lin , Li Shuai‐Shuai , Liu Chen‐Fei , Zhang Guo‐Tai , Dong Lin
Published: October 2016

An efficient rhodium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative Heck‐type reaction between N‐aryl‐substituted 7‐azaindoles and various alkenes through a H2‐releasing process without the need of any oxidizing agent was developed. The novel methodology broadens the scope of metal‐catalyzed hydrogen‐releasing reactions to include rhodium catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Tl10Hg3Cl16: Single Crystal Growth, Electronic Structure and Piezoelectric Properties.
Authors: Khyzhun O. Y. , Piasecki M. , Kityk I. V. , Luzhnyi I. , Fedorchuk A. O. , Fochuk P. M. , Levkovets S. I. , Karpets M. V. , Parasyuk O. V.
Published: October 2016

High‐quality single crystals of Tl10Hg3Cl16 are grown by the Bridgman—Stockbarger method employing TlCl and HgCl2 in the molar ratio of 7:3 (evacuated conical bottom quartz container, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Synthesis and Structure of the Enigmatic Ammonium Octaborate: (NH4)2 [B7O9(OH)5] ·3/4B(OH)3·5/4H2O.
Authors: Neiner Doinita , Sevryugina Yulia V. , Schubert David M.
Published: October 2016

The title compound is obtained from a solid mixture of (NH4)2 [B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O and NH4 [B5O6(OH)4]·2H2O (60 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Higher Silanes in Low‐Temperature Silane (SiH4) Ices.
Authors: Tarczay Gyoergy , Foerstel Marko , Maksyutenko Pavlo , Kaiser Ralf I.
Published: October 2016

SinH2n+2 (n ≤ 19) is synthesized by irradiation of thin SiH4 films deposited on a cold (5.5 K) Rh‐coated Ag wafer with 5 keV electrons (8—60 min) under ultra‐high vacuum conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ta/W Mixed Addenda Heteropolyacid with Excellent Acid Catalytic Activity and Proton‐Conducting Property.
Authors: Li Shunjun , Peng Qingpo , Chen Xuenian , Wang Ruoya , Zhai Jianxin , Hu Weihua , Ma Fengji , Zhang Jie , Liu Shuxia
Published: October 2016

Yellow crystals of H20 [P8W60Ta12(H2O)4 (OH)8O236]·125H2O are obtained from an aqueous solution of K8Na8H4 [P8W60Ta12(H2O)4 (OH)8O236]·42H2O by ion exchange (HCl‐loaded Amberlite IR120B, 95% yield) followed by recrystallization in water (91% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Express and Low‐Cost Microwave Synthesis of the Ternary Chevrel Phase Cu2Mo6S8 for Application in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries.
Authors: Murgia Fabrizio , Antitomaso Philippe , Stievano Lorenzo , Monconduit Laure , Berthelot Romain
Published: October 2016

Cu2Mo6S8 is prepared by solid state microwave‐assisted reaction of MoS2, Mo, and Cu in stoichiometric quantities using a graphitized quartz tube in a carbon powder filled Al2O3 crucible covered by mineral wool (1200 W, 400 s) followed by rapid cooling in H2O.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of Benzothiazoles and Indoles by Direct C(sp2)—I Activation Catalyzed by Copper(II) on Silica‐Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles.
Authors: Moghadam Faeze Kiani , Jarrah Najmeh , Mashayekh‐Salehi Ali , Ghanbaripour Rashid
Published: October 2016

The catalyst is recyclable and reusable at least four times without any significant loss in yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Cyano Ketones Promoted by a Heterogeneous Fluoride Catalyst.
Authors: Strappaveccia Giacomo , Angelini Tommaso , Bianchi Luca , Santoro Stefano , Piermatti Oriana , Lanari Daniela , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: October 2016

The protocol uses Amberlite IRA 900 F as the catalyst and allows the isolation of pure β‐cyanoketones without any purification except in the case of (VIIb) and (IXa).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C(sp2)‐H Bond Alkylation of Ketoximes by Using the Ring‐Opening of Epoxides.
Authors: Li Dan‐Dan , Niu Liang‐Feng , Ju Zhi‐Yu , Xu Zhihong , Wu Changzeng
Published: October 2016

Reaction proceeds well with O‐methyl ketoximes giving regioselectively ortho‐alkylated products (at the least hindered position) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Enamines: Enantioselective Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Functionalized Cyclopentane Derivatives.
Authors: Verma Kamal , Banerjee Prabal
Published: October 2016

Reaction of the title substrates in the presence of MgI2 or Cu(O‐Tf)2 leads to an efficient preparation of various highly functionalized cyclopentanes, generally with good to excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Propargylation of Polyfluoroarenes with Secondary Propargyl Phosphates.
Authors: Yu Yan‐Bo , Luo Zhi‐Ji , Zhang Xingang
Published: October 2016

Application of the products as versatile building blocks for further derivatization is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Arylboronic Acids Catalyzed by in situ Generated Palladium Nanoparticles in Water.
Authors: Mao Yuxue , Zhai Xing , Khan Ajmal , Cheng Jiong , Wu Xue , Zhang Yong Jian
Published: October 2016

It is found that Pd(OAc)2 is reduced to form Pd‐nanoparticles by homo‐coupling of phenylboronic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization with Nitrenes.
Authors: Ciesielski Jennifer , Dequirez Geoffroy , Retailleau Pascal , Gandon Vincent , Dauban Philippe
Published: October 2016

A broad spectrum of 1,2‐amino alcohols and 1,2‐diamines is synthesized as is demonstrated for a series of selected examples.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Cross‐Coupling of Racemic α‐Bromo Esters with Aryl Grignard Reagents Catalyzed by Cyclopropane‐Based Bisoxazolines Cobalt Complexes.
Authors: Liu Feipeng , Bian Qinghua , Mao Jianyou , Gao Zidong , Liu Dan , Liu Shikuo , Wang Xueyang , Wang Yu , Wang Min , Zhong Jiangchun
Published: October 2016

Among 4 ligands synthesized, Cyp‐BOX is found to be the optimal one.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation of Some New Thiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Abu‐Melha Sraa
Published: October 2016

Title compounds (IIIc), (IVa‐c) and (VIIa,b) show high antimicrobial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition of α‐Alkylidene Succinimides to Nitrostyrenes.
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Zhang Dongxiang , Liu Lei , Du Da‐Ming
Published: October 2016

A squaramide‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of alkylidenesuccinimides with β‐nitrostyrenes and a nitro diene gives the corresponding alkylidene(3‐nitropropyl)succinimides in good to excellent yields with high to excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Indoles via a Base‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction in Water.
Authors: Jiang Haojie , Wang Leilei , Xie Jianwei
Published: October 2016

The title indoles are prepared under environmentally friendly conditions via reaction of indoles, aldehydes, and malononitrile in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(II)‐catalyzed Direct Sulfenylation of Diazooxindoles with Disulfides.
Authors: Khanal Hari Datta , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Yong Rok
Published: October 2016

The title process provides a rapid route to 3‐alkylthiooxindoles and 3,3‐diarylthiooxindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Isoxazoles and Their Elaboration Through Inter‐ and Intra‐Molecular C—H Arylation.
Authors: Poh Jian‐Siang , Garcia‐Ruiz Cristina , Zuniga Andrea , Meroni Francesca , Blakemore David C. , Browne Duncan L. , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2016

Conditions for the cycloaddition of a broad range of aryl or alkyl alkynes onto in‐situ‐prepared trifluoromethylnitrile oxide are elaborated providing diverse trifluoromethylated isoxazole building blocks.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo‐Catalytic Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Khalaj Arash , Khalaj Mehdi
Published: October 2016

The title thiazoles are efficiently prepared by reaction of various aziridines with either CS2 or thiocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: Tao‐Phos‐Controlled Desymmetrization of Succinimide‐Based Bisalkynes via Asymmetric Copper‐Catalyzed Huisgen Alkyne—Azide Click Cycloaddition: Substrate Scope and Mechanism.
Authors: Chen Mu‐Yi , Song Tao , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Xu Zheng , Cui Yu‐Ming , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: October 2016

The enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar azide cycloaddition affords triazoles with moderate to high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Tunable Route to Oxidative and Eliminative [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Organic Azides with Nitroolefins: CuO Nanoparticles Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Gangaprasad D. , Raj J. Paul , Kiranmye T. , Sasikala R. , Karthikeyan K. , Rani S. Kutti , Elangovan J.
Published: October 2016

In the presence of the CuO nanoparticles catalyst under solvent‐free condition, the nitro group is retained in the product while it gets eliminated in the absence of the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of δ‐Lactone via Palladium Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Telomerization of CO2 with 1,3‐Butadiene.
Authors: Song Jiliang , Feng Xiujuan , Yamamoto Yoshinori , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Arumugam Natarajan , Kumar Raju Suresh , Bao Ming
Published: October 2016

The Pd‐nanoparticles are generated in situ using Pd(OAc)2 as the precatalyst in the presence of tetrabutylammonium acetate as both reducing and stabilizing agent in MeCN.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the 2(5H)Furanone Motif in the Synthesis of New Thiopyrano[2,3‐d]thiazoles via the Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction and Related Tandem Processes.
Authors: Lozynskyi Andrii , Zimenkovsky Borys , Karkhut Andriy , Polovkovych Svyatoslav , Gzella Andrzej K. , Lesyk Roman
Published: October 2016

The hetero‐Diels—Alder reaction of rhodanines with furanones is examined to yield linearly condensed heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Triazaphenanthrenes.
Authors: Fernandez Sarah , Ganiek Maximilian A. , Karpacheva Mariia , Hanusch Fabian C. , Reuter Stephan , Bein Thomas , Auras Florian , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2016

A four‐step synthesis of triazaphenanthrenes and chlorinated derivatives thereof is described.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Quinazolines via a Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amination Reaction.
Authors: Duan Tiantian , Zhai Tianran , Liu Huanhuan , Yan Zilong , Zhao Yue , Feng Lei , Ma Chen
Published: October 2016

The title reaction between various 2‐aminophenyl derivatives, dimethylsulfoxide and ammonium acetate efficiently provides quinazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydroquinoxaline‐2(1H)‐ones via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—N Bond Formation.
Authors: Areephong Jetsuda , Huo Bright , Mbaezue Ifenna I. , Ylijoki Kai E. O.
Published: October 2016

The cyclization reaction does not display significant substitution dependence, proceeding well for both alkyl and aryl substituted substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxy‐4H‐1,3‐thiazin‐4‐ones: Structure Revision, Synthesis, and NMR Shift Dependence of Thiasporine A.
Authors: Seitz Tobias , Fu Peng , Haut Franz‐Lucas , Adam Lutz , Habicht Marija , Lentz Dieter , MacMillan John B. , Christmann Mathias
Published: October 2016

The annulation of arylthioamides, which may be applied to alkylthioamides, with 3‐bromopyruvic acid chloride is investigated offering access to the proposed structure of thiasporine A [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade C—H Functionalization/Amidation Reaction for Synthesis of Azepinone Derivatives.
Authors: Bai Peng , Huang Xing‐Fen , Xu Guo‐Dong , Huang Zhi‐Zhen
Published: October 2016

The reaction has a good functional group tolerance and can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel C22 Terpenoid from the Cultured Perovskia atriplicifolia.
Authors: Jiang Zhi‐Yong , Zhu Le‐Yu , Zhou Jun , Hu Qiu‐Fen , Yang Guang‐Yu , Huang Xiang‐Zhong , Liu Wen‐Xing , Gao Lu , Li Gan‐Peng , Xia Fu‐Ting
Published: October 2016

The title compound (I), called perovskiaol, exhibits significant cytotoxic activity inhibiting NB4, A549 as well as HepG2 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Triterpenoid Glycosides from the Roots of Rosa cymosa Tratt
Authors: Ma Guo‐Xu , Huang Xiao‐Yan , Dai Hua‐Nian , Zhong Xiao‐Qing , Zhou Yan‐Lin , Su Zuo‐Lin , He Ying‐Zi , Yang Jun‐Shan , Yuan Jing‐Quan , Xu Xu‐Dong
Published: October 2016

isolation, structure elucidation and inhibitory activity against LPS‐induced NO production in macrophages
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Trifluoromethanesulfonate and Metallic Copper Mediated Syntheses of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐O‐ and Triazolyl Glycoconjugates: Consecutive Glycosylation and Cyclization under One‐Pot Condition.
Authors: Dutta Samrat , Gupta Shyam Ji , Sen Asish Kumar
Published: October 2016

The title reaction involves consecutive glycosidation and azide alkyne cyclization under one‐pot conditions using a combination of AgOTf and Cu(0) catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Koshikalide.
Authors: Kunifuda Kazuki , Iwasaki Arihiro , Nagamoto Masashi , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: October 2016

Based on a comparison of the specific optical rotation, the absolute configuration of the natural product is assigned to be opposite to the synthesized enantiomer (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Moving Graphitic Carbon Nitride from Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis to a Potential Electrode Material for Photoelectric Devices
Authors: Xu Jingsan , Antonietti Markus , Shalom Menny
Published: October 2016

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods and Electrochemical Applications for Transition Metal Phosphide Nanomaterials
Authors: Lu Yao , Wang Tianyi , Li Xinran , Zhang Guangxun , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: October 2016

Review: 237 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopically Characterized Synthetic Mononuclear Nickel—Oxygen Species
Authors: Corona Teresa , Company Anna
Published: October 2016

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heavy Metal Complex Containing Organic/Polymer Materials for Bulk‐Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Liu Ya‐Nan , Wang Shi‐Fan , Tao You‐Tian , Huang Wei
Published: October 2016

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorination Methods in Drug Discovery
Authors: Yerien Damian E. , Bonesi Sergio , Postigo Al
Published: October 2016

Review: [134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Host—Guest Chemistry in Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Networks
Authors: Teyssandier Joan , De Feyter Steven , Mali Kunal S.
Published: October 2016

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(0) Encapsulated Nanocatalysts as Superior Catalytic Systems for Pd‐Catalyzed Organic Transformations
Authors: Sadjadi S. , Heravi M. M.
Published: October 2016

Review: 268 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Utilization of α‐Aminoalkyl Radicals and Related Species in Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Nakajima Kazunari , Miyake Yoshihiro , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: October 2016

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organized Chaos: Entropy in Hybrid Inorganic—Organic Systems and Other Materials
Authors: Butler Keith T. , Walsh Aron , Cheetham Anthony K. , Kieslich Gregor
Published: October 2016

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Translating Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays to the Microscale: Lab on a Chip for Point‐of‐Care Molecular Diagnostics
Authors: Mauk Michael G. , Song Jinzhao , Tong Yubing , Bau Haim H. , Liu Changchun
Published: October 2016

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Azulene‐Based Organic Functional Molecules for Optoelectronics
Authors: Dong Jin‐Xue , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: October 2016

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Predication for Transition Energies of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules
Authors: Tian Xiaohui , Sun Haitao , Zhang Qisheng , Adachi Chihaya
Published: October 2016

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Assignment of Absolute Stereostructures Through Quantum Mechanics Electronic and Vibrational Circular Dichroism Calculations
Authors: Dai Peng , Jiang Nan , Tan Ren‐Xiang
Published: October 2016

Review: 58 refs.
Prasugrel Use Following PCI and Associated Patient Outcomes: Insights From the National VA CART Program
Authors: Aggarwal Vikas , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Liu Wenhui , Maddox Thomas M. , Ho P. Michael , Carey Evan , Wang Tracy , Sherwood Matthew , Tsai Thomas T. , Rumsfeld John S. , Bradley Steven M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Prasugrel is more effective than clopidogrel in preventing thrombotic complications after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but it increases the risk of bleeding in subgroups of patients. There is limited data on whether prasugrel use in routine practice is targeted to clinical settings with greatest anticipated patient benefit.

Methods

In a national cohort of 11 617 veterans who underwent PCI between 2010 and 2013 at Veterans Administration hospitals nationwide, we assessed overall trends in the use of prasugrel and the frequency of prasugrel use in patients with contraindications (prior transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident), higher bleeding risk (age ≥75 or weight <60 kg), and nonindicated settings (non–acute coronary syndrome [non‐ACS]). We then evaluated the association between prasugrel use and 1‐year risk‐adjusted mortality, myocardial infarction, and major bleeding rates.

Results

Overall, 1040 (9.0%) patients who received prasugrel after PCI were included. Prasugrel was infrequently used in contraindicated (2.4%) or higher‐bleeding‐risk (1.8%) settings. Additionally, 35.8% of patients received prasugrel in settings that lack evidence of clinical benefit (ie, non‐ACS). Compared with clopidogrel, there were no significant differences in risk‐adjusted mortality, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding outcomes with prasugrel therapy at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Prasugrel use after PCI in the Veterans Administration is low and prasugrel was rarely used in contraindicated or high‐bleeding‐risk settings. However, a third of patients received prasugrel for off‐label non‐ACS indications that lack efficacy data.
Targeting Cancer Cells with a Bisphosphonate Prodrug
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Hayashi Kosuke , Murata‐Hirai Kaoru , Iwasaki Masashi , Okamura Haruki , Minato Nagahiro , Morita Craig T. , Tanaka Yoshimasa
Published: October 2016

Nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates have antitumor activity in certain breast cancer and myeloma patients. However, these drugs have limited oral absorption, tumor cell entry and activity, and cause bone side effects. The potencies of phosphorylated antiviral drugs have been increased by administering them as prodrugs, in which the negative charges on the phosphate moieties are masked to make them lipophilic. We synthesized heterocyclic bisphosphonate (BP) prodrugs in which the phosphonate moieties are derivatized with pivaloyloxymethyl (pivoxil) groups and that lack the hydroxy “bone hook” on the geminal carbon. When the lipophilic BP prodrugs enter tumor cells, they are converted into their active forms by intracellular esterases. The most active BP prodrug, tetrakispivaloyloxymethyl 2‐(thiazole‐2‐ylamino)ethylidene‐1,1‐bisphosphonate (7), was found to potently inhibit the in vitro growth of a variety of tumor cell lines, especially hematopoietic cells, at nanomolar concentrations. Consistent with this fact, compound 7 inhibited the prenylation of the RAP1A small GTPase signaling protein at concentrations as low as 1–10 nm. In preclinical studies, 7 slowed the growth of human bladder cancer cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. Thus, 7 is significantly more active than zoledronic acid, the most active FDA‐approved BP, and a potential anticancer therapeutic.
Oxygen Consumption is Limited at an Ecologically Relevant Rearing Temperature in Pupfish Eggs
Authors: Jones Alexander C. , Lim David , Wayne‐Thompson Jacoby J. , Urbina Natasha , Puentedura Georgina , Hillyard Stanley , Breukelen Frank Van
Published: October 2016

The habitat of the critically endangered Devils Hole Pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis is marked by constant high temperatures and low oxygen availability. In order to explore the effects of these conditions on development and recruitment of eggs in Devils Hole, we tested the effects of two ecologically relevant temperatures on the development, hatch success, and oxygen consumption of eggs from a refuge population of pupfish derived from C. diabolis and eggs from its close sister species, Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes. We developed a simple method to measure oxygen consumption in a single egg. Parent acclimation temperature, rather than incubation temperature, was the most important factor influencing hatch success. Eggs incubated at 33°C hatched more quickly compared to those incubated at 28°C. Despite this accelerated development, larvae from both temperatures were of similar size at hatch. Unexpectedly, eggs incubated at 33°C experience lower than expected oxygen consumption rates compared to those incubated at 28°C. Oxygen consumption rates would be limited at PO2 values that are much higher than environmental oxygen tensions. Oxygen consumption increased dramatically upon hatch, indicating that low oxygen conditions such as those present in Devils Hole may limit developing eggs.
Optical dating of loessic hillslope sediments constrains timing of prehistoric rockfalls, Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Sohbati Reza , Borella Josh , Murray Andrew , Quigley Mark , Buylaert Jan‐Pieter
Published: October 2016

Developing a robust chronology for mass‐movement events is of crucial importance to understanding triggering mechanisms and assessing hazards. We constrain the emplacement time of four palaeorockfall boulders near Christchurch, New Zealand, using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz and infrared stimulated luminescence dating (IRSL) of K‐feldspar from loessic hillslope deposits underlying and upslope of individual boulders. The quartz OSL and K‐feldspar pIRIR290ages are all consistent with the stratigraphy and in excellent agreement with each other, indicating that all the boulders that overlie thein situloess must have been emplaced <13 ka ago. A comparison of luminescence ages with cosmogenic3He surface‐exposure ages from the surfaces of each boulder shows that two out of four boulders contain pre‐deposition3He inheritance. Overall, the optical ages are consistent with both a prehistoric rockfall event at 6–8 ka and a possible preceding event at 12–14 ka. This study is the first to show a successful application of luminescence dating to New Zealand colluvium loess and demonstrates the great advantage of a multi‐technique approach in mass‐movement dating.
Flow‐pattern evolution of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets across west‐central Alberta, Canada: implications for ice sheet growth, retreat and dynamics during the last glacial cycle
Authors: Atkinson Nigel , Pawley Steven , Utting Daniel J.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a reconstruction of the geometry, dynamics and flow pattern of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Albertan portion of the eastern Canadian Rocky Mountains during the last glaciation. Sediment–landform associations relating to the evolution of these ice sheets document their initial convergence and mutual deflection across west‐central Alberta. The continued advance of Laurentide ice locally displaced Cordilleran ice westward into the Front Ranges, and deflected trunk ice emerging from the Athabasca River valley south‐eastwards along the Foothills. These convergent flow patterns remained major features in the regional geometry of both ice sheets throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. The onset of deglaciation was characterized by the northward retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which progressively unblocked valleys along the mountain front. The configuration of buttress removal initiated the Lateglacial expansion and sequential drawdown of the eastern Cordilleran Ice Sheet along fast‐flowing outlet glaciers. Subsequent regional retreat of Laurentide and Cordilleran ice was associated with the development of large proglacial lakes which amplified deglaciation by destabilizing the margins of both ice sheets, triggering extensive readvances due to periodic changes in water level associated with the opening and closing of outlets by ice margin fluctuations.
Dental mesowear reflects local vegetation and niche separation in Pleistocene proboscideans from Britain
Authors: Saarinen Juha , Lister Adrian M.
Published: October 2016

Proboscideans, and elephants in particular, played a key role in Pleistocene mammal communities in Europe. The British Pleistocene fossil record provides a unique opportunity to study changes in proboscidean feeding ecology associated with environmental proxy data such as pollen records and the presence of competitors. Here we utilize a recently introduced dietary analysis method, mesowear angle analysis, for studying relationships between dietary variation in proboscideans, changes in available vegetation and the presence of sympatric proboscidean species. The method is based on recording the relief of worn molar surfaces as angle measurements, which reflect attrition‐ vs. abrasion‐dominated feeding and serve as a proxy for grazing vs. browsing diets. By comparison with pollen records, we show that blunt mesowear angles specifically reflect grass eating rather than open‐ground feeding in general. We further find that all British Pleistocene proboscidean species were relatively flexible feeders able to shift their dietary preference according to local vegetation composition. Nonetheless, when more than one proboscidean species occurred in the same environment, they always show significantly different mean mesowear signal, suggesting dietary niche separation.
Assessment of Long‐Term Soil Erosion in a Mountain Vineyard, Aosta Valley (NW Italy)
Authors: Biddoccu Marcella , Zecca Odoardo , Audisio Chiara , Godone Franco , Barmaz Andrea , Cavallo Eugenio
Published: October 2016

In the mountain region of Aosta Valley, NW Italy, grapevine were, in the past, traditionally grown on terraces supported by dry stone walls. Since the 1960s, terrace systems were gradually abandoned in favour of an up and down slope row orientation. Tillage and chemical weeding are common soil management techniques adopted in vineyards with high slope gradient, to maintain bare soil. Both techniques expose, to varying degrees, the soil to degradation, favouring runoff and soil losses. Although many studies have focused on the effects of soil water erosion in vineyards, there is still a gap in the evaluation of long‐term soil erosion rates in vineyards located on very steep slopes (higher than 35%). In order to evaluate long‐term soil erosion on a very steep vineyard, a study was carried out on a 44‐year‐old vineyard located at about 900 m asl. The vine rows were oriented up and down the slope, which is about 50% (29°). The inter‐row soil management of the vineyard included chemical weeding and, in the first year after plantation, the adoption of irrigation and hilling‐up/taking‐out the soil around the vines. The soil loss was determined adopting the technique of botanical benchmark. According to this methodology, the estimated total soil lost over 44 years was about 692 Mg ha−1, with average annual soil loss of 15·7 Mg ha−1 year−1, confirming that the water and management practices adopted in the vineyard, besides the high slope gradient, have played a relevant role in determining the high erosion rate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Properties and Stability of Soft Gelled Chitosan‐Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Goycoolea Francisco M. , Brunel Fabrice , Gueddari Nour E. El , Coggiola Anna , Lollo Giovanna , Moerschbacher Bruno M. , Remuñán‐López Carmen , Delair Thierry , Domard Alain , Alonso María J.
Published: October 2016

We addressed the role of the degree of acetylation (DA) and of Mw of chitosan (CS) on the physical characteristics and stability of soft nanoparticles obtained through either ionic cross‐linking with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), or reverse emulsion/gelation. Each of these methods affords nanoparticles (NPs) or nanogels (NGs), respectively. The size of CS–TPP NPs comprising CS of high Mw (≈123–266 kDa) increases with DA (≈1.6%–56%), while it do not change for CS of low Mw (≈11–13 kDa); the zeta potential (ζ) decreases with DA regardless of Mw (ζ ≈+34.6 ± 2.6 to ≈+25.2 + 0.6 mV) and the NPs appear as spheres in transmission electron microscopy. Stability in various cell culture media (pH 7.4 at 37 °C) is greater for NPs made with CS of DA ≥ 27%. In turn, NGs exhibit larger sizes (520 ± 32 to 682 ± 27 nm) than do CS–TPP NPs, and can only be formed with CS of DA < 30%. The average diameter size for these NGs shows a monotonic increase with CS's Mw. The physical properties and stability of these systems in biological media depend mostly on the DA of CS and its influence on the balance between hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions.

image
Why the Armchair in the First Place? Then Why Get up from It? (And Why Did Some Remain Seated?)
Authors: Kenny Robert
Published: October 2016

Charles Lyell advised young geologists that to discover the nature of the bigger world required travel. In the field of the natural science this had its exemplars inspired by Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Joseph Hooker; in the field of geography it had the model of Cook's explorations. Yet by the mid‐century even in the discipline of geography it was the armchair theorist who held sway. British anthropology came into being at the time the armchair was at its zenith, when the theorists in their studies understood that those out there on the ground could not see the forest for the trees. It claimed the perspective of the centre was required to bring order to all the observations. This article argues that the discoveries of the eighteenth century and nineteenth century existentially challenged the European view of humanity and that the aim of stay‐at‐home British ethnological research was to retrieve a history of being human. However out on the colonial frontier, the prerogative of the ethnographer became increasingly the Indigenous presence they confronted. The trees were more important than the forest. The information they sent back, backed by the authority of contact undermined the authority of the long perspective of the armchair, which was increasingly riven by contradictions and absurdities until it looked like no perspective at all. But the metropole still claimed ascendency as Alfred Haddon's expedition of 1898, laden down with the instruments of the psychology laboratory set out to confirm grand theories. It found instead that effective method in anthropology was to seek familiarity with a people, the method already employed by the colonial ethnographers.
Cracking the ‘Antigone nut’: Lorimer Fison, Social Anthropology, and Classical Scholarship
Authors: Samson Jane
Published: October 2016

Lorimer Fison, Methodist missionary to Fiji in the late nineteenth century, was a prime example of anthropology ‘before the field’. One of the pioneers of social anthropology, he conducted significant fieldwork in both Fiji and Australia. While comparing certain features of ancient Greek drama with insights from his Pacific research, he solved longstanding puzzles concerning ancient Greek kinship terminology. This chapter will not attempt to assess the significance of his theories for classicists today but, instead, it will demonstrate why his comparative work was pioneering both for anthropology ‘before the field’, and for Victorian classical scholarship.
The genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease: from correlation to causality
Authors: Uniken Venema Werna TC , Voskuil Michiel D , Dijkstra Gerard , Weersma Rinse K , Festen Eleonora AM
Published: October 2016

Recent studies have greatly improved our insight into the genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). New high‐throughput technologies and large‐scale international collaborations have contributed to the identification of 200 independent genetic risk loci for IBD. However, in most of these loci, it is unclear which gene conveys the risk for IBD. More importantly, it is unclear which variant within or near the gene is causal to the disease. Using targeted GWAS, imputation, resequencing of risk loci, and in silico fine‐mapping of densely typed loci, several causal variants have been identified in IBD risk genes, and various pathological pathways have been uncovered. Current research in the field of IBD focuses on the effect of these causal variants on gene expression and protein function. However, more elements than only the genome must be taken into account to disentangle the multifactorial pathology of IBD. The genetic risk loci identified to date only explain a small part of genetic variance in disease risk. Currently, large multi‐omics studies are incorporating factors ranging from the gut microbiome to the environment. In this review, we present the progress that has been made in IBD genetic research and stress the importance of studying causality to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. We highlight important causal genetic variants in the candidate genes NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM, IL23R, CARD9, RNF186, and PRDM1. We describe their downstream effects on protein function and their direct effects on the gut immune system. Furthermore, we discuss the future role of genetics in unravelling disease mechanisms in IBD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of glycopolymer and poly(l‐lactide) and preparation of sugar‐coated polymer aggregates
Authors: Obata Makoto , Otobuchi Ryota , Kuroyanagi Tadao , Takahashi Masaki , Hirohara Shiho
Published: October 2016

The block glycopolymer, poly(2‐(α‐d‐mannopyranosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(l‐lactide) (PManEMA‐b‐PLLA), was synthesized via a coupling approach. PLLA having an ethynyl group was successfully synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization using 2‐propyn‐1‐ol as an initiator. The ethynyl functionality of the resulting polymer was confirmed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy. In contrast, PManEMA having an azide group was prepared via AGET ATRP using 2‐azidopropyl 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropanoate as an initiator. The azide functionality of the resulting polymer was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between PLLA and PManEMA was performed to afford PManEMA‐b‐PLLA. The block structure was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The aggregating properties of the block glycopolymer, PManEMA16k‐b‐PLLA6.4k (Mn,PManEMA = 16,000, Mn,PLLA = 6400) was examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, fluorometry using pyrene, and dynamic light scattering. The block glycopolymer formed complicated aggregates at concentrations above 21 mg·L−1 in water. The d‐mannose presenting property of the aggregates was also characterized by turbidimetric assay using concanavalin A. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 395–403
Privacy‐preserving multi‐receiver signcryption scheme for heterogeneous systems
Authors: Li Yahong , Wang Caifen , Zhang Yulei , Niu Shufen
Published: October 2016

In recent years, secure communication and privacy‐preserving are gaining popularity because of the advent of wireless network. Certificateless cryptography (CLC) and identity‐based cryptography (IBC) have already been widely applied in the area of wireless network. Hence, to achieve secure communication from CLC to IBC, we present a heterogeneous signcryption scheme that enables a sender in the CLC to transmit a message to multi‐receiver in the IBC. Our scheme has no restrictions on the system parameters and master keys; private key generator and key generating center generate their own system parameters and master key for the IBC users and the CLC user, separately. Considering privacy‐preserving in heterogeneous communication, we show that our scheme can realize the anonymity of all receivers. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has more advantages, such as public verification and decryption fairness, which are attractive for wireless network applications. Moreover, our scheme has the indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks, the existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen messages attacks, and anonymous indistinguishability of encryptions under selective‐ID, chosen ciphertext attack in the random oracle model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ideal social secret sharing using Birkhoff interpolation method
Authors: Eslami Ziba , Pakniat Nasrollah , Nojoumian Mehrdad
Published: October 2016

The concept of social secret sharing was introduced in 2010 by Nojoumian et al. In the scheme of Nojoumian et al. (called SSS), the number of shares allocated to each party depends on the player's reputation and the way he interacts with other parties. In other words, weights of the players are periodically adjusted such that cooperative participants receive more shares compared with non‐cooperative parties. As our contribution, we propose an ideal social secret sharing in which the size of each player's share is equal to the size of the secret. This property will be achieved using hierarchical threshold secret sharing. We show that the proposed scheme is secure in a passive adversary model. Compared with SSS, our proposed scheme is more efficient in terms of the share size, communication complexity, and computational complexity of the “sharing” protocol. However, the “social tuning” and “reconstruction” protocols of SSS are computationally more efficient than those of the proposed scheme. Depending on the number of execution of social tuning protocol, this might be a reasonable compromise because the reconstruction protocol is executed only once throughout the secret's lifetime. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting duplicate bug reports with software engineering domain knowledge
Authors: Aggarwal Karan , Timbers Finbarr , Rutgers Tanner , Hindle Abram , Stroulia Eleni , Greiner Russell
Published: October 2016

Bug deduplication, ie, recognizing bug reports that refer to the same problem, is a challenging task in the software‐engineering life cycle. Researchers have proposed several methods primarily relying on information‐retrieval techniques. Our work motivated by the intuition that domain knowledge can provide the relevant context to enhance effectiveness, attempts to improve the use of information retrieval by augmenting with software‐engineering knowledge. In our previous work, we proposed the software‐literature‐context method for using software‐engineering literature as a source of contextual information to detect duplicates. If bug reports relate to similar subjects, they have a better chance of being duplicates. Our method, being largely automated, has a potential to substantially decrease the level of manual effort involved in conventional techniques with a minor trade‐off in accuracy.

In this study, we extend our work by demonstrating that domain‐specific features can be applied across projects than project‐specific features demonstrated previously while still maintaining performance. We also introduce a hierarchy‐of‐context to capture the software‐engineering knowledge in the realms of contextual space to produce performance gains. We also highlight the importance of domain‐specific contextual features through cross‐domain contexts: adding context improved accuracy; Kappa scores improved by at least 3.8% to 10.8% per project.
The Subjective Experience of Patients Diagnosed with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: a Qualitative Study
Authors: Geerts Laura , Fantini‐Hauwel Carole , Brugallé Elodie , Boute Odile , Frénois Frédéric , Defrance Lydie , Manouvrier‐Hanu Sylvie , Petit Florence , Antoine Pascal
Published: October 2016

The aim of the present study was to understand the context and psychological impact for patients diagnosed with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 9 patients affected by HHT, and the transcripts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The results of this study allowed us to propose a new hypothesis to explain the delay in diagnosis: the trivialization of symptoms associated with HHT. Moreover, the results showed that a genetic diagnosis of HHT results in emotional shock, uncertainty about the future, and worry about one's children in parents who are confronted with the dilemma of facing the reality of the diagnosis or delaying dealing with the diagnosis until disease onset. Family and personal perceptions of the disease influenced not only the delay in diagnosis but also the emotional and behavioral reactions of patients following a genetic diagnosis.
Industry competition and fundamental analysis
Authors: Safdar Irfan
Published: October 2016

Economic theory suggests that profits of firms in industries with higher competition are less persistent and more volatile than in industries with lower competition (Stigler, 1963; Mueller, 1977). Extending this reasoning, I hypothesize that accounting-based fundamentals are more effective in predicting performance in industries with lower competition. I find that a measure of fundamentals (Piotroski’s F-score) has greater ability to identify potentially mispriced securities in industries with lower competition. The results are robust to using a variety of competition measures and imply that industry competition is an important consideration in the application of fundamental analysis.
Preparing the United States for Zika Virus: Pre-emptive Vector Control and Personal Protection
Authors: Diaz James H.
Published: October 2016

Discovered in 1947 in a monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda, Zika virus was dismissed as a cause of a mild illness that was confined to Africa and Southeast Asia and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In 2007, Zika virus appeared outside of its endemic borders in an outbreak on the South Pacific Island of Yap. In 2013, Zika virus was associated with a major neurological complication, Guillain-Barré syndrome, in a larger outbreak in the French Polynesian Islands. From the South Pacific, Zika invaded Brazil in 2015 and caused another severe neurological complication, fetal microcephaly. The mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus can be propagated by sexual transmission and, possibly, by blood transfusions, close personal contacts, and organ transplants, like other flaviviruses. Since these combined mechanisms of infectious disease transmission could result in catastrophic incidences of severe neurological diseases in adults and children, the public should know what to expect from Zika virus, how to prevent infection, and what the most likely failures in preventive measures will be. With federal research funding stalled, a Zika vaccine is far away. The only national strategies to prepare the United States for Zika virus invasion now are effective vector control measures and personal protection from mosquito bites. In addition to a basic knowledge of Aedes mosquito vectors and their biting behaviors, an understanding of simple household vector control measures, and the selection of the best chemical and physical mosquito repellents will be required to repel the Zika threat.
Evaluation of non-response in quality control of nasal septal surgery
Authors: Egeland M T , Tarangen M , Gay C , Døsen L K , Haye R
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Questionnaires are often used to assess the results of nasal septoplasty, but response rates vary widely. The possible bias caused by non-responders was evaluated to determine the validity of questionnaire results.

Methods:

Post-operative questionnaires employing visual analogue scales for nasal obstruction were mailed to 182 patients. The 62 non-responders (34.1 per cent) were contacted by telephone, 58 (93.5 per cent) of whom were contactable and responded orally to the questionnaire.

Results:

Non-responders were younger, but no different from responders with regard to gender, smoking habits or allergies. Post-operative visual analogue scale obstruction scores were slightly, but not statistically, higher in non-responders. However, because non-responders’ pre-operative scores were lower, obstruction scores improved less than in responders. The main reason for not responding was forgetfulness. Some would have preferred an electronic version of the questionnaire.

Conclusion:

Although post-operative obstruction scores did not differ between the groups, nasal obstruction scores improved more among responders than non-responders. Thus, low response rates may cause bias.