bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of quantitative real-time PCR targeting nuc gene and culture-based plate count methods for quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in raw cow milk
Authors: Tarekgne Enquebaher K.
Published: August 2023

Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is caused by ingestion of enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus when the  cell population exceeds 5 Log CFU per gram/ml of food. The Objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of SYBR Green  1-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the nuc gene for the quantification of S. aureus in milk and to compare the  assay with the plate count method. The qPCR and the plate count were applied for the quantification of S. aureus in 92 naturally  contaminated and artificially spiked bulk milk samples. Optimized standard curves were generated as the qPCR employed the absolute  quantification method. The qPCR assay discriminates S. aureus from other Staphylococcus species with a large difference in  quantification cycle (Cq) (Mean S. aureus Cq = 13.83± 0.93; other staphylococci Cq= 30.34 ± 2.65). The standard curve showed 91 %  amplification efficiency and 0.98 coefficients of correlation (R2 ). The detection and quantification limit of the assay was 18 copies of the  nuc gene. The precision of the assay as expressed by standard deviation was 0.12 – 0.3 for intra-assay and 0.29 – 0.5 for inter-assay  variability. In artificially contaminated milk, the R2 between CFU ml-1 and S. aureus cell equivalent (SCE) ml-1 was 0.95, which implies, the  estimation of CFU ml-1 in raw milk by qPCR is possible. A statistically significant (p< 0.05) difference in S. aureus count was documented  between qPCR and plate count. The average SCE (5.59 ±1.55 Log SCE ml-1) estimated by qPCR was one Log higher than CFU (4.46 ± 1.06  Log CFU ml-1) estimated by plate count. Furthermore, 28% of the samples with < 5 Log ml-1 S. aureus by plate count had > 5 Log ml-1 by  qPCR. Hence, the qPCR is recommended for routine and research work for its advantage of rapid, sensitivity, and reliability. Further study  on validation of the qPCR protocol in different food matrixes for quantification of foodborne pathogens and cost-benefit analysis of the  assay is required.
Plant parasitic nematodes associated with oil palm trees in three regions of Ghana
Authors: Lutuf H. , Ablormeti F. K. , Obeng J. , Nyaku S. T. , Abdulai F. , Eddy-Doh A. M. , Dery E. K.
Published: August 2023

Field surveys were conducted in three oil palm producing regions of Ghana to determine the frequency, population density and geographical distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with oil palm. Palms ranging from 4 to 12 years were surveyed during the peak periods of two successive cropping seasons of 2019 and 2020. A total of 64 soil and root samples were collected and plant parasitic nematodes extracted and identified from them. 716 mixed populations of 11 economically important plant-parasitic nematode genera were recovered and identified from both roots and soils during the period. These were Aphelenchus, Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Radopholus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Tylenchus and Xiphinema. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus were the most frequently isolated and widely distributed geographically. Meloidogyne recovered from both soil and roots were 220 whilst Pratylenchus recovered were 129. These nematodes are very important pests of several crops, therefore, if not managed properly, could pose a threat to oil palm production in Ghana.
Incidence, diversity and distribution of Fusarium wilt pathogens of eggplant in some major growing areas of Ashanti, Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana
Authors: Owusu E. O. , Kwoseh C. K. , Osekre E. , Akromah R.
Published: August 2023

Fusarium wilt of eggplant is a major cause of losses to eggplant production globally. The disease is caused by many Fusarium species. In this study, incidence, diversity and distribution of Fusarium wilt pathogens of eggplants were determined in five communities each from Ashanti, Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana during the 2017–2019 cropping seasons. Purposive sampling method was used to select 10 eggplant farms infected with Fusarium wilt from each community. Infected eggplants were sampled for isolation and identification of Fusarium species. Fusarium wilt incidence was below 10% in 57.3% of the sampled farms. Differences in disease incidence were significant (p ≤ 0.05) between the Regions. Volta Region recorded the highest disease incidence. A total of eight Fusarium species were isolated. These included F. accuminatum, F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. poae, F. solani, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides. Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and F. culmorum were the most occurring species, representing 92.79% of the isolates. Six, five and eight Fusarium species were isolated respectively in Ashanti, Eastern and Volta Regions. Inoculum density of the Fusarium species was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the Ashanti and Eastern Regions than in the Volta Region.
Fabrication and performance evaluation of a wooden cabinet dryer for value addition of fruits for micro-, small and medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs)
Authors: Tortoe C. , Ampah J. , Akonor P. T. , Buckman E. S. , Nketia S.
Published: August 2023

Dried fruits contribute immensely to breakfast menus and snacks for most people. A wooden cabinet dryer was fabricated and used to dry mango, pineapple and papaya to assist processors and micro-, small and medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs) gain economic advantage of dried fruits and reduce the high postharvest losses of fruits. The performance assessment of a wooden cabinet dryer was conducted to determine its effect on the weight of fruits (4.8–12.0 kg), yield (12.4–14.4%) and drying temperature (65°C) over a period of six to eight hours. Additionally, the efficiency (13.49–14.38%) of the wooden cabinet dryer was based on the full capacity load of the three fruits (40.0–50.0 kg), initial moisture content (82.60–84.20% w/b), final moisture (13.50–15.80% w/b) and drying time (10–12 h). The proximate composition of the three fruits was observed for protein (2.8–3.9 g/100g), ash (1.9–3.4 g/100g), fat (0.2–4.3 g/100g), carbohydrate (90.9–92.4 g/100g) and energy (387.5–414.0 Kcal/100g). The drying efficiency of the wooden cabinet dryer was highest for drying pineapple among the three tropical fruits and has the potential of reducing the operational cost associated with processing dried fruits.
Can varying photoperiod regimes alter the growth response, behaviour and physiology of Clarias gariepinus?
Authors: Ojelade O. C. , Iyasere O. S. , Durosaro S. O. , Akinde O. A. , Akande O. , Oladejo L. M. , Sanusi D. R. , Sotunde O.A.
Published: August 2023

To understand the welfare implication of photoperiod manipulation on Clarias gariepinus, fingerlings (n = 108) and juveniles (n = 108) of C. gariepinus with a mean weight of 3.75±0.03 g and 21.7±2.88 g were exposed to zero light (0L:24D)-T1, average light (12L:12D)-T2 and continuous light (24L:0D)-T3 in triplicates for 35 days. The highest mortality rate was recorded in T2 and T3 for the fingerlings (13.9%) and juveniles (22.2%). T1 recorded a significantly higher (p = 0.03) weekly growth rate and mean weight gain (MWG). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were highest in T1 for both fingerlings and juveniles. Lowest average swimming rate was observed in T1 while the highest aggressive act, bruises, and scars were recorded in T3 for fingerlings and juveniles. The highest (58.6 mg/dl and 56.9 mg/dl) plasma glucose was found in T3 for both fish categories. There were no significant differences (P = 0.11) among the average cortisol levels of both categories of fish at the different photoperiod regimes. Fingerlings and juveniles exposed to 24-hour darkness had a higher MWG, survival rate, SGR and FCR without any physiological stress. A photoperiod regime of 24-hour darkness is recommended for the culture of fingerlings and juveniles of C. gariepinus to boost fish production in the Aquaculture sector.
Analysis of the consumption patterns of cassava food products amongst rural households in Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Apeh C. C. , Ugwuoti O. P. , Apeh A. C.
Published: August 2023

Cassava is a staple food in Nigeria and many households largely depend on its food products for their daily calorie requirements. The need to critically evaluate the consumption pattern of cassava food products (CFPs) amongst households in Imo State, Nigeria necessitated this study. A multilevel sampling technique which involves purposive and random sampling was used to select 432 farmers for the study. Data was collected using questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 16. A three- and four-point Likert scale rating with 2 and 2.5 decision points respectively was used to measure the consumption pattern of CFPs and factors affecting them. The results show that 43% of the farmers were male, 93% attended at least primary school and 60% were aged between 30–50 years. About 65% cultivated UMUCASS 1379 cassava variety. Abacha (89%) and Garri (88%) were the most available CFPs and Garri with the highest mean score (MS = 2.84) was the most consumed. Consumer preferences (MS = 2.91), and culture, custom or tradition (MS = 2.88) were the major factors affecting the consumption pattern of CFP in the area. To effectively promote CFPs consumption, policies should emphasize more on culture and the provision of necessary processing equipment to encourage more families to produce, process and consume more CFPs.
Perception of school teachers towards integrating ict in senior secondary school curriculum: aftermath of covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Jude Uzodinma Ofoegbu , Kingsley Abang , Catherine Boniface Ekarika , N Bisong Nonso
Published: August 2023

The study is aimed at determining the perception of school teachers’ towards integrating ICT in senior secondary school curriculum content delivery, aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic. The study adopted a survey research. The Population of the study consisted of all 310 Senior Secondary School teachers (78 males and 132 females) in Owerri municipal Council of Imo state. The sampling technique used is purposive since the population is small. The researchers designed an assessment questionnaire which was used for data collection. It has a reliability co-efficient of 0.83 determined through cronbach alpha. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation in answering the research questions while the hypothesis was analyzed using independent t-test analysis tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study showed that senior secondary school teachers have positive perception towards integrating ICT in senior secondary school curriculum content. It was therefore recommended among others that the government should speed up the expansion of its existing ICT and remote learning capacity in senior secondary school curriculum, especially for learners with disabilities who may need access to assistive technology. This is based on the fact that senior secondary school teachers have positive perception on the workability of ICT integrated curriculum in senior secondary school.
Phenology, morphological, and anatomical characteristics of a stinkhorn mushroom in Ghana
Authors: Odamtten G. T. , Wiafe-Kwagyan M. , Kortei N. K.
Published: August 2023

The genus Phallus is a member of the group commonly known as stinkhorn fungi belonging to the family: Phallaceae and Order: Phallales. They are distributed in tropical areas of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas but are rarely reported in Ghana. During the recent minor rainy season (September-December 2022) an undocumented member of the Phallales was found in a rock garden located in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. The subterranean basidioma developed from an egg-like structure, single or gregarious with a thick gelatinous peridium. The primordium was oval/spherical, or ellipsoidal in shape; initially hypogeous becoming epigeous in the habit by maturity; is 4.0-5.0 cm in diameter, creamy to grayish cream with age. Within 48-72 h, the egg broke to expose the pink-colored stalk, sponge, or reticulate with rounded greyish-dark green cap carrying smooth-walled slimy ellipsoidal basidiospores (2 - 5μm) with a fetid rotten smell. Within 2 - 4 h of the emergence of cap, it was depleted of the ellipsoidal spores by foraging bluish-green bottle flies. The transverse section of the columnar stipe (5.0 - 8.0 cm long) showed a hollow orifice serving as the passage of basidiospores in the glebal mass. Occasionally, there was a division of the stipe at the cap to show two distinct stipes and caps from the same volva of the basidioma. The pileus was campanulate (bell-shaped), 2-3cm high dark green in color with vertical granular markings, and rounded to hemispheric in shape. Dark-green basidiospores besmear the cap with slimy glebal mass. These descriptions agree with no known penis-shaped morphology of the Phallus species with a prominent basal volva 2.0 - 3.5 cm high.
Antibacterial Effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale Extracts on Some Clinically Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Bello A. B. , Suleiman A. , Atteh E. O. , Olutimanyin T. A.
Published: August 2023

The ability of some pathogenic bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance has become a global health challenge, and there is an increasing rate of bacteria resistance against the available antibiotic drug. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extracts on clinical pathogenic bacteria. Four different concentrations (125mg/ml, 250mg/ml, 500mg/ml, and 1000mg/ml) of each extract were tested against the test organisms. The test isolates showed susceptibility to varying concentrations of the crude extracts. For aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Allium sativum, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest susceptibility (16±0.8mm and 15.7±1.2mm), followed by Escherichia coli (13.7±1.2mm and 14±0.8mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±0.8mm and 12±0.8mm) while Klebsiella pneumonia showed the least susceptibility of (11±0.8mm and 10±1.3mm). For aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Zingiber officinale, Staphylococcus aureus also showed the highest susceptibility (16±0.8mm and 15±0.8mm), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±0.8mm and 12±0.8mm), Escherichia coli (13.7±1.2mm and 13±0.8mm) and the least was Klebsiella pneumonia at (11±0.8mm and 7±0.8mm). However, all the tested organisms were most susceptible to aqueous extracts of garlic and ginger but showed relatively lower susceptibility to ethanolic extracts of ginger. The minimum inhibitory concentration for garlic and ginger extract was 125mg/ml against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The phytochemical screening showed the abundant presence of Tannins, Flavonoids, and carbohydrates in the extracts. This study has revealed that extracts of Garlic and Ginger have antibacterial properties against some pathogenic bacteria isolates. Therefore, this study encourages Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale to treat diseases caused by these pathogenic bacteria.
Effects of Mineral Composition of Different Wood Wastes in Ibadan on Proximate Composition of Lentinus Squarrosulus (Mont.)
Authors: Asonibare A. O. , Olasupo O. O. , Osunlaja O. A. , Oladipo A. D. , Olaoti-Laaro S. O. , Abdazeez A. O.
Published: August 2023

Lentinus squarrosulu (Mont.) is one of the cultivated indigenous edible mushrooms that are available in Nigeria.   Recently, there has been growing crave to crop wild edible mushroom species that have   potential economic values. Mushrooms can be an alternative source of protein especially for commoners in the society. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mineral composition of five wood wastes- Triplochiton scleroxylon, Cordia milleni, Vitellaria paradoxa, Pouteria altissima and Anogeissus leiocarpa different wood wastes on L. squarrosulus (Edible Mushroom) cultivation for their consequences on the growth, yield and proximate analysis. Data obtained reveal Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of 11.59, composition of Magnesium (0.035 mg), Potassium (0.053 mEq/l), Manganese (0.0013 mg), Copper (0.00050 g/m3), Iron (0.00275 mol/L), Phosphorus (0.027 mmol/L), Organic carbon (32.10 mg/L C), Organic matter (55.3 t/ha) and total nitrogen (2.77 mg/L) contributed greatly to the high crude protein, fats and ash contents of mushroom   cultivated  on T. Scleroxylon. However, insignificant contents of sodium (0.2 mg), Calcium (0.2 mmol/L) and Magnesium (0.013 mg) in Pouteria altissima led to the general inadequate performance of L. squarrosulus in yields. The percentage fresh mean weight of L. squarrosulus ranged from 9.13 g – 19.00 g. The highest value was produced by T. scleroxylon followed by P. altissima, V. paradoxa, C. milleni while A. leiocarpa gave the least.
Use of Neem Leaf, Pawpaw Seed and Moringa Seed as Natural Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment
Authors: Adekitan A. A. , Oyewumi J. O. , Dada V. O. , Layi-Adigun B. O. , Raheem I.
Published: August 2023

Access to save water is a serious issue affecting people of all ages for those living in remote communities where availability of improved water sources is limited; the quality of water and its treatment has become an increasing concern in developing nations like Nigeria, where proper treatment is lacking. The high cost of treated water makes most people in rural communities to employ readily available sources which are of low quality exposing them to water borne diseases. This study assessed the use of natural coagulants such as: Papaya, Sodom apple, Neem, Moringa oleifera, in the treatment of surface water. Physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis before and after treatment with each coagulants was carried out.  Aluminum Sulphate was also used as a chemical coagulant. From the experiment Moringa seed was the best coagulant of all the seeds used to treat the water samples. The following parameters showed its result before and after treatment with Moringa oleifera: pH (7.6, 7.8), Total alkalinity (180, 126), Calcium hardness (156, 140), Calcium ion (62.4, 56), Magnesium hardness (14, 36), Magnesium ion (3.42, 8.78), Chloride (55, 62.8), Sulphate (50, 60), Silica (4, 2), COD (28.4, 4.13), Colour (50, 20), Turbidity (5.73, 3.98), Total solids (836, 696), Total suspended solid (642, 384), Total dissolved solid (194, 312), fell within the WHO guideline for drinking water except total hardness which is given as (170, 180). This could be as a result of high mineral content.  The result obtained for the heavy metals and bacteriological analysis also showed that Moringa oleifera was the most active agent of all the coagulant used. Therefore, Moringa seed can be used conveniently as an alternative to Aluminum sulphate for the treatment of surface water for drinking purposes without causing detrimental effect on human health.
Nation Building and International Financings – A Legal Perspective
Authors: Onagoruwa Gabriel A.
Published: August 2023

This article explores the challenges and opportunities for nation building in Nigeria in the context of the immediate aftermath of the 2023 elections, the twilight of the inauguration of the new administration, led by Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu and the urgent need to address the critical issues of infrastructure deficit, palpable poverty, and inadequate access to basic services.

The article discusses the importance of international financing as a critical source of funding for sustainable development and highlights the importance of aligning national financing objectives with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It emphasizes the need for clear development plans, coordination of risk mitigation mechanisms, cooperation of multilateral financial institutions and national and subnational committees and agencies, transparent legal and regulatory framework, as well as a robust judicial process, to attract international lenders and ensure effective deployment of financing towards the achievement of national development priorities.
Relationship between job stress and staff performance in National Examination Council, Ilorin, Kwara State
Authors: Oladimeji M. Rasheedat , Odefunsho A. Olukayode , Akaje O. Husseinat
Published: August 2023

This study investigated the relationship between job stress and staff performance in National Examination Council, Ilorin Kwara State. The data collected from the respondents were statically analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency counts, tabulations, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) statistics were used to test the research hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Descriptive survey design was adopted, employing questionnaire as an instrument for data collection through survey monkey. The research was carried out in National Examination Council (NECO), Ilorin Kwara State. The population of the study was the 96 NECO staff in Ilorin office. This resulted to 96 staff were sampled across all the 24 units. The researcher designed structured questionnaires titled: “Job Stress Assessment Questionnaire” (JSAQ) and “Staff Job Performance Assessment Questionnaire” (SJPAQ) were used to elicit information from the 96 respondents. The reliability measurement of the instruments was carried out through test re-test method. The results of the analysis in the research hypotheses revealed that; there was a significant relationship between level of stress and staff job performance at the National Examinations Council, Ilorin. The finding on the hypothesis (Ho2) which was rejected and the findings shows that there was a significant relationship between strategies for managing stress and staff job performance at the National Examinations Council, Ilorin. Based on the hypothesis on significant relationship between consequential effects of stress and staff job performance at the National Examinations Council, Ilorin, it was discovered that a significant relationship existed between consequential effects of stress and staff job performance at the National Examinations Council, Ilorin. The following were therefore; the organization should develop stress coping strategies in order to enhance staff job performance. Workshop and seminars should be organized for staff of National Examinations Councils on stress management techniques. This will enable the staff to put in their best in the performance of their job. The organization should identify those factors that are responsible for stress and devise means of reducing them to the barest minimum in order to enhance high productivity among staff. Specialization should be given prominence in the distribution of works to staff so that tasks assigned to them can be easily completed thereby reducing stress that may arise from job performance.
Origin and development of western education in Gombe Emirate, Nigeria
Authors: Arawa Abubakar A. , Ahmed Bappah
Published: August 2023

Education whether in its traditional or modern form which is term western education is a tool for socio-economic and political development of any society. Western education was therefore, introduced in Gombe Emirate, in the present Gombe State in 1925, by the colonial administration to serve the efficient running of the colonial government. Since the evolvement of western education in the emirate, and the exit of colonialism, it has thrived on, the government and other stakeholders have continued to invest in western education in the emirate. The puzzle that arises is that to what extent has the education transformed over time. Is it still stuck to the colonial thought or ideology of it serving colonial interest? The problems this paper intent to address lies in the fact that it explores to find out if the colonial legacy of western education has transformed over time: from when it evolved up to 1960 in Gombe emirate, the drivers of such transformations, the impacts of the transformation and the challenges faced by the transformation processes. The paper found that the colonial legacy has indeed transformed and created impacts beyond the colonial targets and thought. It as well established that the transformation process has been impinged by some of the factors such as the bookish nature of the education and lack of practical orientation etc. Practical vocational skills and entrepreneurial knowledge needs to be emphasis in the educational system. The information and data for analysis in the reconstruction of this paper was obtained from primary sources including archival materials and secondary sources such as published and unpublished materials
Information behavior of undergraduates to preventive measures of corona virus: A post COVID experience
Authors: Omotunde Oluwatobi I. , Oluwaseun J. Amusan , Ajie I. Abigail
Published: August 2023

This study was conducted with the primarily purpose of evaluating the information awareness, seeking behavior and use of preventive measures of corona virus. The survey research design of the analytical type and a purposive sampling was adopted for the study. The total sample size for this study was five hundred and thirty-eight (538). The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. A total of 443 (92.7%) copies of questionnaire were returned and found usable. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression statistical tools. The study revealed that respondents were aware that omicron variant of corona virus is a new type of virus. However, majority agreed that the type of genetic materials in corona virus is DNA which contradicts proven studies and research. Findings on information needs of respondents revealed that majority need information on causes, symptoms, test procedures and transmission level of corona virus among others. The result on the sources by which the undergraduates get their information on corona virus revealed that the internet was the major sources of information while library was the least sources of accessing information. Furthermore, findings on the pattern of the use of preventive measures of corona virus information revealed undergraduates utilized the information on corona virus majorly for symptom identification; patient isolation/quarantine procedure and treatment procedure. The result on the regression analysis revealed a significant effect of information sources on attitude to use preventive measures of corona virus. Finally, the result revealed information awareness, needs and use have a significant influence on attitude of undergraduates to preventive measures of the virus. It was concluded that the library was the less consulted source of information related to the corona virus information on health needs. Hence, library should do more in providing accurate and credible health related information to its respective users.
Assessment of smartphone usage among students for effective learning during Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in senior secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Sina Ayelaagbe, O. , Ahmed Kareem, I.
Published: August 2023

This paper assessed the use of smartphone for effective learning during Covid-19 pandemic lockdown among senior secondary schools in Ogun State. It compared the difference that exists between the gender, age and location of the students during Covid-19 lockdown. The study was conducted using a descriptive research method. Three (3) research questions and hypotheses were formulated and one hundred and fifty (150) respondents were sampled using simple random technique. The instrument for data collection was researcher’s designed questionnaire. Five (5) experts in the field of Educational Technology validated the0 instrument to ensure content and face validity of the instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to find out the value of the reliability of the instrument and it yielded 0.80. Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and ANOVA to test the hypotheses formulated at 0.05 significance. The study concluded that smartphone can be effectively use for learning regardless of the gender, age and locations. It was therefore recommended that curriculum planners should incorporate the use of smartphone into the school curriculum and that the government should provide necessary facilities and infrastructures for the use of smartphones in schools.
Assessment of vice-chancellors’ role performance in management of students’ welfare services in universities of North-East Zone, Nigeria
Authors: Garba S. Danmaitaba , Abdulhakeem U. Sidi , Hamza M. Abubakar
Published: August 2023

This study was designed to assess the Vice-Chancellors’ Role Performance in Management of Students’ Welfare Services in Universities in North-East Zone, Nigeria. The study was conducted with two objectives which were to assess: The Vice-Chancellor’s role performance in management of students’ hostel accommodation services, the Vice-Chancellors’ role performance in management of security services in Universities in North-East Zone, Nigeria. `A descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population of the study comprises of all the fifteen Universities in North-East Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study. Firstly, a purposeful sampling technique was used in the selected 6 universities out of the fifteen university for the study, similarly, a total of 75 staff were selected purposively both students’ affairs division and management staff, in the same vein, a total of 300 students comprises of hostel representatives and class representatives were selected which give a total of 420 respondents respectively. A structured questionnaire titled: ‘Opinion of Staff and Students’ in Management of Hostel Accommodation and Security Services ‘Questionnaire’ (SSMHASSQ). Questionnaire was developed by the researcher and validated by three experts in the Department of Educational Foundations and Curriculum Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The reliability coefficient of the validated instrument used for data collection for the study was 0.76 through Cronbach Alpha statistics. Mean and standard deviation were the statistical instrument used for answering the reach questions; while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that Vice-Chancellor ensured that students’ hostel accommodation had facilities such as toilets and toiletries, bed space, good light facilities, Solar power systems are installed in the hostel premises for security, security personnel were stationed in the strategic areas to protect students and staff from the current trend of kidnapping, theft in the universities in the North-East zone, Nigeria. It was therefore concluded that the Vice-Chancellor paid little attention to students ' welfare services in universities in the Nort-East. Adequate hostel accommodation should be provided for the students in the universities in the North-east, more sanitary facilities should be provided to students’ hostel to improve their well-being; In terms of security issues, the Vice-Chancellors should ensure that the security unit is provided with security van well equipped with communication gadgets. Also, Vice-Chancellors should ensure that security personnel are trained to handle campus security threat in the universities in the North-East zone of Nigeria.
Moderating influence of government policy on relationship between entrepreneurship education and business start up of undergraduate business education students in North East Nigeria
Authors: Adamu I. A. , Bello H. , Dalhat B. S. , Inti M. M.
Published: August 2023

The study aimed at determining the Moderating Influence of Government Policy on Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start-Up of Undergraduate Business Education students in Nigeria. Survey was used for the study; the population of the study comprises 998 final year undergraduates’ business education students. Stratified proportionate sampling technique was used for the study. Instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha to test the internal consistency of the instrument. The data was collected by the researcher with the help of research assistants. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS, 25). The findings of the study revealed that Entrepreneurial mind set does not significantly influence business startup of undergraduate business education students and also Government policy does not significantly moderate the relationship between, entrepreneurial mind set on business startup. Based on this the study recommended among others that, Lecturers in the universities should ensure entrepreneurship education is directed toward inculcating, and instilling, entrepreneurial mind-set for business start-up of undergraduate business education students of federal universities in North-east, Nigeria.
Assessment of Clinical Chemistry Parameters and Viral Load of Hepatitis C Virus among Patients Infected with Hepatitis B Virus Attending Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital (AE-FETHA), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Adesola E.A. , Chidiebube A.N. , Edwin I.E. , Filicita N.A. , Ikechukwu I.E.
Published: August 2023

Hepatitis A and B are the most common causes of chronic hepatitis infections globally. This study aims at evaluating the clinical chemistry  parameters of Hepatitis C virus among individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus attending Federal Teaching Hospital (FETHA), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data such as demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected from the hospital. Blood samples  were also collected from 480 consented individuals for the screening and the presence of HBsAg was detected. Some chemistry analyses  were performed to unveil the level of their immune responses using laboratory standard procedures. Of a total 480 consented patients  screened, 101 individuals were reactive to hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Data obtained in our study showed an overall percentage  prevalence of 45 (male patients, 24.8, and female patients 75.2). In analysis of HCV-IgM, the higher percentage was noticed among the  male individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (20 %) and female subjects with 13.2 %. The IgG was higher among male subjects with 16  % and female patients with 14.5 % while patients of 52-62 years of ages had high percentage of 50 each for both IgM and IgG. Occupation  was also considered as a demographic factor and farmers presented higher percentage among the occupations observed,  there was a significant difference between the parameters observed in respect to their occupations (p < 0.05). Results of chemical  analyses of patients positive for HCV showed higher viral load among the male counterparts and alanine aminotransferase level is higher  for patients between the ages of 19-29 years. Meanwhile, increase in creatinine level was noticed among the businessmen. Conclusively,  hepatitis B and C viruses are global challenges and require immediate attention.
Bioactive components in ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy.
Authors: Akintunde O G , Lairbe O C , Abakpa S A V , Thomas F C , Akinloye O A , Ajibola E S
Published: August 2023

The knowledge of bioactive compounds present in a plant can be helpful in utilizing it for a medicinal purpose in life. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) was done to identify bioactive compounds and selectivity or abundance percentage in ethanol extract of CLR. The extract was obtained by fractionating crude ethanol CLR extract in order of increasing polarity, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis was carried out on  GC system comprising  Gas Chromatograph interfaced to Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument. The bioactive compounds obtained were compared with database of spectrum of known components stored in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry library. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of CLR revealed the presence of androst-4-en-9-thiocyanomethyl-11-ol-3,17-dione a steroid which is a precusor for androgen and estrogen production. As well as cyclooctasiloxane hexadecamethyl and  octasiloxane hexadecamethyl in which both of them contain silicon an essential trace element for collagen and bone formation .The presence of these compounds validates the use of ethanol extract of CLR as a good antioxidants, antibacterial agents and  stimulant in precursor of  male reproductive hormone production. The ethanol extract of CLR can be of great value in ethno-veterinary practice.
Physicochemical, Biochemical and Genotoxic Profile of Subchronic Exposure of Wister Rats to Treated Crude Oil Exploration Water
Authors: Bakre A.G. , Layemo K.A. , Olayemi J.O. , Vikosen E.N.
Published: August 2023

Background: Crude oil exploration water is the major waste product generated from petroleum exploration and production activities and  is known to be a complex composition of numerous hazardous chemicals, including large quantities of heavy metals, inorganic, and  organic substances and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs).

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the physicochemical, biochemical and genotoxic profile of subchronic exposure of  Wister rats to treated crude oil exploration water (TCOEW).

Materials and Methods: Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, with ten rats per group, and treated with five  concentrations (1%, 5%, 10% and 20%) of TCOEW. Each TCOEW concentration was administered for 90 days ad-libitum as normal drinking  water to each group, while the control group was given tap water. Blood, liver, kidney, thymus, spleen and femoral bone of the animals  were collected at the end of exposure for biochemical and histological assessments. The pH, conductivity, and turbidity were carried out  on-site, while other physicochemical parameters were determined using standard laboratory methods. Data were analysed using  descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α 0.05.

Results: Treated crude oil exploration water caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in RBC, PCV and Hb while other hematological and  biochemical parameters showed no difference. Also, TCOEW cause a significant increase in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in  genotoxicity test and no major lesion were seen in the histopathology studies. Treated Crude Oil Exploration Water does not comply with  FEPA standards of produced water due to high conductivity, salinity and total dissolved solid of the sample. The marked increase in  micronuclei polychromatic erythrocyte formation (MNPCE) showed that TCOEW might be genotoxic and this could be responsible for the significant increase RBC, parked cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) observed.

Conclusion: Although TCOEW does not totally meet FEPA standard for effluent discharge, it has mild genotoxic effect.
Evaluation of Processing Methods for Formulated Tablets of Loranthus micranthus
Authors: Kwari J.H. , Olowosulu A.K. , Oyi A.R.
Published: August 2023

Background: Loranthus micranthus is one of the many plants that has documented evidence of safety and efficacy in the management of  many ailments and widespread use in almost every part of Nigeria. It is desirable to formulate it into a suitable dosage form for use by the populace.

Objectives: The research was aimed at formulating the aqueous leaf extract of L. micranthus into a tablet dosage form by wet granulation and direct compression methods.

Methods: For wet granulation method, maize starch, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and acacia were used as binders for the formulations  each was used at 2, 3, 4 and 5 % w/w concentration in the tablet. The direct compression method involved the preparation of an extract  containing material (ECM). Microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatnised starch, starlac and spray dried lactose were used as filler binders for the direct compression. All the formulated tablets were assessed by comparing the crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR) and the  disintegration time (DT) to select an optimum formulation that meets both mechanical and release properties.

Results: Using wet granulation method, maize starch and gelatin (at 3 %w/w) binder concentration as well as gelatin at 2 %w/w binder  concentration produced the optimal formulations. The tablets formulated by direct compression all disintegrated within 10 min and  below with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablets disintegrating at 7 min. In dissolution studies, all the optimized formulations released  more than 70 % of the extract within 40 min with MCC releasing up to 98 % in 30 min.

Conclusion: Direct compression of the extract containing material produced improved tablet formulations than the wet granulation  method.
Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used in the Management of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Gegele I. B. , Ajayi T.O. , Attah A.F. , Moody J.O.
Published: August 2023

Background: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent illness in older men. It is a condition where the prostate becomes  enlarged and blocks the ease of urine passage out of the bladder. Around 50% of the male population develops symptoms of BPH around  51- 60 years of age. Current therapeutic management options come with undesirable side effects like weight gain, dizziness, and  impotence, hence, the need to source for safer alternatives initiated by the acquisition, recording, and preservation of traditional  knowledge of medicinal plants.

Objective: This study aims to preserve indigenous knowledge by documenting medicinal herbs in use as therapy for BPH.

Materials & method: Ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the study areas through interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.  Respondents included elderly members of the communities, herbalists, and practitioners of traditional medicine. Quantitative  ethnobotany index (Use value index) and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data.

Results: 50 respondents were interviewed, 64%  were Herb sellers, 22% TMPs, Others 14%. 37 plants belonging to 24 plant families were mentioned in the survey. Methods of preparation  of recipes mentioned includes: maceration (37%), decoctions (52%), juice (7%), infusions and paste/powder (4%). Method of  administration were majorly oral route. The plant family Fabaceae (19%) had the highest representation. This was followed by the families  Annonaceae (8%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Curcubitaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae with 5% each.  Other plant families represented 42% of the total number of plants mentioned.

Conclusion: The study areas are endowed with abundant  flora which serves as a repository for researchers in the quest to develop less toxic drugs with little or no side-effect for the management  of BPH
Microbial Contamination, Antimicrobial Activities of Dissotis rotundifolia Leaf: A Common Ethnomedicine for Ocular Diseases
Authors: Usanga V.U. , Agbo N.L. , Kalu M.E. , Ude U.A. , Azi S.O.
Published: August 2023

Backgroud: Direct leaf extracts of Dissotis rotundifolia are commonly used in rural settings including Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria as  traditional medicine for the treatment of eye injury and related diseases with limited information on the scientific basis of the  microbiological quality/safety of the extract.

Objective: This study investigated the microbial quality, antimicrobial effects of D. rotundifolia direct leaf extract.

Materials and Methods: The extracts were evaluated for microbial contamination and stored for 5 days with daily screening for  microbial quality. Antimicrobial test was assessed by agar diffusion at various concentrations against five clinical isolates namely;   Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii and Candida species. Minimum inhibitory  concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined.

Results: The findings of the study showed  that D. rotundifolia fresh direct extract was not contaminated by any pathogenic bacteria or fungi until after 2 days of storage. The fresh  extract was significantly (p < 0.05) more contaminated with Aspergillus flavus (20%) and Aspergillus niger (80%) whereas Aspergillus niger  was the only contaminant in the dry extract up to 5 days of storage. The extract significantly (< 0.05) inhibited the growth of all test  organisms with zone of inhibition varying between 4mm (S. Pneumoniae) to 15mm (Candida species). MIC for Candida species was  observed at 500mg/ml and 200mg/ml for other test organisms while MBC was 500mg/ml for other test organisms.

Conclusions: The  findings of this study are supportive of the use of D. rotundifolia extract in the treatment of bacterial-related ocular diseases and  inflammation.
Ddetermination of bond work index of Bagega gold mineral deposit of Zamfara State, Nigeria
Authors: Oji E. O. , Omah A. D. , Onymisi Y. H.
Published: August 2023

The study determined the bond work index of Begaga gold mineral deposit of Zamfara State Nigeria using Berry and Bruce modified bond method. Sample of gold mineral was sourced using random sampling method. Reference mineral (Granite) of known weight and work index of 15.13Kwh/ton was ground for thirty minutes at a particular speed and power consumed was determined from the power rating of the ball mill. An identical weight of Bagega gold mineral whose work index was to be determined was ground in the same ball mill under same condition as that of reference mineral. Size analysis of the ball mill under same condition as that of the reference mineral was performed. Size analysis of the ball mill feed and discharge for both ores was carried out and 80% passing particle size of the ball mill feed and discharge for the two ores were estimated mathematically using correlation approach. The work index of the Bagega gold mineral was determined by equating the power consumed in the two indexes of the ore. It was found to be approximately 14.24Kwh/ton which is within the acceptable range of 10 - 15.14Kwh/ton indicated in literatures as standard work index range of gold. This value of the work index means that 14.25Kilowatts hour of energy is required to reduced one tonne of the gold ore from 80% passing particle size of 1117.32μm to 80% passing particle size of 800.00μm, it should serve as the work index of Bagega gold.
An approach to cybercrime issues in Dandume Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria
Authors: Garba J.
Published: August 2023

This study investigated cybercrime issues in Dandume Local Government Area of Katsina State. The study aimed to understand the various types of cybercrimes that the community faces and the resulting impacts, particularly educational and psychological effects on the victims. Additionally, the study discussed the main causes of these crimes, particularly among young people. To achieve these aims, the study collected data from 115 residents of Dandume using a structured questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tables. The results showed that cybercrime is prevalent in the Dandume community, with many of the participants reporting that they had experienced one form of cybercrime or the other. The most common types of cybercrime reported by the participants were yahoo attack, social media hijacking, credit card threat, government offer scam, and airtime scam. Furthermore, the study revealed that many of the participants were not aware of the various ways they could protect themselves from cybercrime. Furthermore, the study highlighted the effects of these crimes on the victims and discussed the main causes of cybercrimes among users of internet in the area. The paper made some recommendations for minimizing the challenges of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study underscored the importance of community education and awareness-raising on the dangers of cybercrime and suggests the need for increased efforts to implement security measures to protect residents from cybercriminals.