bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community-driven partnerships with Community-Engaged Research teams bring resources and reliable information to Baltimore residents
Authors: Kumpf Emily , Thamilselvan Veena , Wang Ethan , Barger Patricia , Gentry Janice , Bash Chevelle , Young Donald , Byiringiro Samuel , Bodurtha Joann , Brown Antoinette , Guo Minli , Carter Audrey , Price Latrice , Smith Percy , Lacanienta Cyd , Himmelfarb Cheryl , Wu Albert W.
Published: October 2024

This case study presents an analysis of community-driven partnerships, focusing on the nonprofit Baltimore CONNECT (BC) network and its collaborative efforts with a Community-Engaged Research (CEnR) team of the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR). BC has built a network of over 30 community-based organizations to provide health and social services in Baltimore City. The study emphasizes the role of CEnR in supporting community-led decision-making, specifically in the planning and implementation of community health resource fairs. These fairs address social determinants of health by offering a variety of services, including health education, screenings, vaccinations, and resource distribution. The paper details the methods, resource mobilization, and collaborative framing processes in the execution of these fairs in a community-academic collaboration with the ICTR. Results from a 2.5-year period show the positive impact of the fairs on individuals, families, and the community at large in East Baltimore. The findings underscore the importance of community-led collaborations in addressing health disparities and improving overall community well-being. It concludes by reflecting on the sustained engagement, trust-building, and shared learning that emerges from such partnerships, suggesting a model for future community-academic health initiatives.
Decent work deficit in India: Deterioration and determinants
Authors: Moktan Anamika , Chakrabarti Saumya
Published: October 2024

India is being projected internationally as a country of good growth and good governance, which in turn, it is asserted, should lead to prosperity for its people, especially in terms of proper employment, income, and overall standard of living. Drawing on certain dimensions of decent work proposed by International Labour Organization to measure the quality of employment in India, this article explores how far the notions of good/high growth and good governance discourse are corroborated by the evidence of good quality employment in India. The study is based on the nationally representative unit/individual-level data published by the Government of India during the three periods 2009–10, 2018–19, and 2022–23. The main findings of analysis are: (a) the overall quality of employment in India is poor and stagnant or deteriorating, and (b) the macro-level (sub-national state-level) aspects, such as the overall volume of economic activities, the extent of quality governance, the flexibility of business regulatory environment and better labour law-related compliance, have had a significant negative influence on the quality of employment. Thus, this paper suggests that the very policy environment and the pattern of economic growth have put a drag on the quality of employment in India. Given this, we suggest a variety of countervailing policy options and emphasise the role of civil society and politics.
Radiation drives tertiary lymphoid structures to reshape TME for synergized antitumour immunity
Authors: Li Shuling , Chen Kuifei , Sun Zhenwei , Chen Meng , Pi Wenhu , Zhou Suna , Yang Haihua
Published: October 2024

Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in the tumour microenvironment (TME), impacting the immune response via cellular and humoral immunity. RT can induce local immunity to modify the TME. It can stimulate dendritic cell maturation and T-cell infiltration. Moreover, B cells, macrophages and other immune cells may also be affected. Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a unique structure within the TME and a class of aggregates containing T cells, B cells and other immune cells. The maturation of TLS is determined by the presence of mature dendritic cells, the density of TLS is determined by the number of immune cells. TLS maturation and density both affect the antitumour immune response in the TME. This review summarized the recent research on the impact and the role of RT on TLS, including the changes of TLS components and formation conditions and the mechanism of how RT affects TLS and transforms the TME. RT may promote TLS maturation and density to modify the TME regarding enhanced antitumour immunity.
The state of financial knowledge in the European Union: a new survey
Authors: Demertzis Maria , Mejino-López Juan , Léry Moffat Luca
Published: October 2024

For the very first time, in the Spring of 2023, the European Commission (EC) carried out a survey across all member states to assess their level of financial literacy. This survey complements other national surveys and fills an important gap because it provides a consistent metric that allows comparisons among the European Union (EU) countries. The motivation behind the EC’s survey stems from the need to advance the state of financial literacy to safeguard financial stability and promote important projects, such as the creation of a Capital Markets Union. In this paper, we analyze these new data and confirm findings in the literature about the importance of being financially knowledgeable to achieve good financial outcomes. Unfortunately, the survey also confirms that barely one in two individuals, on average in the EU, is financially literate.
Child Separation and the Stolen Generation of Brazil: Indigenous Peoples’ (Un)Freedom in Amazonia
Authors: Morais Soares Ana Luiza
Published: October 2024

This article examines questions pertaining to Indigenous people’s citizenship status, the problematic definition of orphanhood, rule of law, and structural racism in Brazilian society. The definition of orphanhood was articulated in a way that allowed for the extralegal abuse and racialized exploitation of labor to continue long past the legal end of Indigenous slavery (1755). Indigenous persons’ legal status, the definition of orphanhood, and guardianship laws worked together to legitimate the permanence of child separation as a means for wealthier Brazilians to get free child labor. The article uncovers the ambiguities in defining Indigenous people’s legal status, making citizenship status a subjective determination contested on a case-by-case basis. With this foreground understanding, the article presents the practice of child separation and the created discourse to legitimize Indigenous, Black, and mixed-race children as unpaid criadas de casa (housemaids).
Folates, bacteria and ageing: insights from the model organism C. elegans in the study of nutrition and ageing
Authors: Weinkove David
Published: October 2024

The relationship between nutrition and ageing is complex. The metabolism and synthesis of micronutrients within the gut microbiome can influence human health but is challenging to study. Furthermore, studying ageing in humans is time-consuming and difficult to control for environmental factors. Studies in model organisms can guide research efforts in this area. This review describes how the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can be used to study how bacteria and diet influence ageing and inform follow-on studies in humans. It is known that certain bacteria accelerate ageing in C. elegans. This age-accelerating effect is prevented by inhibiting folate synthesis within the bacteria, and we propose that in the human microbiome, certain bacteria also accelerate ageing in a way that can be modulated by interfering with bacterial folate synthesis. Bacterial-derived folates do not promote ageing themselves; rather, ageing is accelerated by bacteria in some way, either through secondary metabolites or other bacterial activity, which is dependent on bacterial folate synthesis. In humans, it may be possible to inhibit bacterial folate synthesis in the human gut while maintaining healthy folate status in the body via food and supplementation. The supplement form of folic acid has a common breakdown product that can be used by bacteria to increase folate synthesis. Thus, supplementation with folic acid may not be good for health in certain circumstances such as in older people or those with an excess of proteobacteria in their microbiome. For these groups, alternative supplement strategies may be a safer way to ensure adequate folate levels.
Pain resilience dimensions and regional gray matter volume as risk factors for poor outcomes of chronic pain: a prospective cohort study
Authors: You Beibei , Wen Hongwei , Jackson Todd
Published: October 2024

Background

Pain resilience and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) are established correlates of adaptation to chronic pain within cross-sectional studies. Extending such work, this prospective cohort study tested the status of baseline pain resilience dimension scores and rGMV as risk factors for subsequent exacerbations in chronic pain disability and intensity.

Methods

142 adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain completed an initial assessment comprising a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan and self-report measures of cognitive/affective positivity and behavioral perseverance pain resilience dimensions, disability, pain intensity, and demographics. Disability and pain intensity were outcomes re-assessed at a 6-month follow-up. The impact of pain resilience dimension scores and identified rGMV sites on follow-up outcomes was examined after controlling for other baseline correlates of outcomes. Mediating effects of identified rGMV sites on pain resilience dimension-follow-up outcome relations were also evaluated.

Results

Aside from the significant multivariate effect of lower behavioral perseverance and cognitive/affective positivity scores, augmented left precuneus, temporal pole, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and precentral gyrus rGMV combined to predict higher follow-up disability levels, independent of covariates. Higher left fusiform gyrus rGMV levels predicted follow-up exacerbations in pain intensity, but pain resilience dimension scores did not. Finally, left precuneus and left temporal pole STG rGMV partially mediated cognitive/affective positivity-follow-up disability relations.

Conclusions

Findings underscore deficits in pain resilience and increased rGMV as potential risk factors for poorer subsequent outcomes of chronic musculoskeletal pain and provide foundations for further prospective extensions as well as targeted intervention research.
Lexical coverage in L1 and L2 viewing comprehension
Authors: Durbahn Marion , Rodgers Michael , Macis Marijana , Peters Elke
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between lexical coverage and TV viewing comprehension. Previous studies have indicated that 95% to 98% of lexical coverage may be needed for reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000). To understand informal listening passages, lower coverage figures (95%-90%) may suffice. However, no study has researched the lexical coverage needed to understand audiovisual texts. We adopted a counter-balanced within-participants design, in which 5%, 10%, or 20% of the words in four 2-min documentaries were replaced with nonwords. Native and non-native speakers of English participated in this study. Results showed that comprehension scores decreased as lexical coverage decreased; comprehension at 100% coverage was significantly higher than 90% and 80% in the two groups; and optimal adequate comprehension is achieved with an optimal lexical coverage of 95%, whereas minimal adequate comprehension is reached with a minimal lexical coverage of 80%.
Mitral valve regurgitation followed by blunt chest trauma in a paediatric patient: a case report
Authors: Zhou Ruofan , Lv Jing , An Qi
Published: October 2024

We report a paediatric case where severe mitral valve regurgitation occurred led by blunt chest trauma. Medical treatment was undertaken, and surgical mitral valve repair was postponed until half a year after the initial injury, followed by an uneventful postoperative recovery. We highlight the importance of echocardiographic evaluation for traumatic valve insufficiency. The medical strategy and timing of surgical intervention should be individualised.
Poor correlation of venous lactate with systemic oxygen saturation in the paediatric cardiac ICU: a pilot study
Authors: Loomba Rohit S. , Villarreal Enrique G. , Klein Angela , Farias Juan S. , Flores Saul , Censoplano Nina
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Cardiac intensive care providers require a comprehensive understanding of cardiac output and oxygen delivery. The estimation of cardiac output in clinical practice often relies on thermodilution and the Fick principle. Central venous saturation and lactate levels are commonly used indicators for cardiac output assessment. However, the relationship between venous lactate levels and venous oxygen saturation in paediatric cardiac intensive care patients remains unclear.

Methods:

This is a single-centre retrospective pilot study aimed to investigate the correlation between venous lactate and venous oxygen saturation in paediatric patients. Data collected included venous saturation, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial saturation by pulse oximetry, cerebral and renal near-infra-red spectroscopy values, and the presence of a functionally univentricular heart. Statistical analyses included Bayesian Pearson correlation and regression analyses.

Results:

A total of 203 data points from 37 unique patients were included in the analysis. There was no significant correlation between serum lactate and venous saturation (correlation coefficient = –0.01; Bayes factor 10 = 0.06). Serum lactate also did not correlate with other haemodynamic metrics. Venous saturation showed correlations with arterial saturation and cerebral and renal near-infra-red spectroscopy. Regression analysis revealed that parallel circulation, arterial saturation, and cerebral near-infra-red spectroscopy were predictive of venous saturation. The following equation resulted from the regression analysis: 68.0 – (12.7 x parallel circulation) – (0.8 x arterial saturation) + (0.3 x cerebral near-infra-red spectroscopy). This model had a Bayes factor 10 of 0.03 and adjusted R-squared was 0.29.

Conclusion:

In paediatric cardiac intensive care patients, there is no significant correlation between venous lactate and venous saturation, suggesting that lactate may not be a reliable marker for assessing the adequacy of oxygen delivery in this population. Only a weak correlation could be identified once the venous saturation was 70% or lower. Additional research is needed to explore alternative markers for monitoring oxygen delivery in critically ill paediatric patients.
Associations of the HMGB1 rs1412125 and rs2249825 polymorphisms with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Yang Yeyi , Zhou Ting , Yang Yezhen , Yang Zuocheng
Published: October 2024

Background:

Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile disease causing systemic vasculitis that is common in infants and young children. This study was conducted to explore the relationships of the rs1412125, and rs2249825 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the high mobility group box 1 gene to Kawasaki disease and its complication of coronary artery injury.

Methods:

In total, 200 children with Kawasaki disease (49 with coronary artery injury) and 200 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the target gene, and direct sequencing was performed to determine distributions at the rs1412125 T/C and rs2249825 C/G loci in the HMGB1 gene. The chi-squared test was used to compare data between groups. Linkage disequilibrium coefficients and single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype analysis were conducted, and a false-positive report probability analysis was used to assess significant associations. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis was performed to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms affected mRNA levels via the GTEx portal.

Results:

Significant differences in the genotype TT, TC, and CC distributions (χ2 = 7.918, P = 0.019) and allele T and C frequencies (χ2 = 6.125, P = 0.013) of rs1412125 T/C locus were found between the Kawasaki disease and healthy control groups. The genotype CC was associated with a greater Kawasaki disease risk [odds ratio = 3.205, 95% confidence interval = 1.352–7.595, χ2 = 7.560, P = 0.006]. C allele carriers had a higher Kawasaki disease risk than did T allele carriers (odds ratio = 1.469, 95% confidence interval = 1.083–1.993, χ2 = 6.125, P = 0.013). The rs1412125 genotype T/C distribution (χ2 = 10.906, P = 0.004) and allele frequencies (χ2 = 8.813, P = 0.003) differed significantly between patients with and without coronary artery injury. In the dominant model, the coronary artery injury risk was 3.006 times greater for patients with the TT genotype than for those with the other genotypes (odds ratio = 3.006, 95% confidence interval = 1.540–5.867, χ2 = 10.875, P = 0.001). No significant difference in the rs2249825 genotype C/G distribution or allele frequencies was found between the Kawasaki disease and control groups, or between the coronary artery injury and without coronary artery injury groups.

Conclusions:

The rs1412125 polymorphism of the HMGB1 gene is associated with Kawasaki disease and its coronary artery injury complication. The CC genotype may be a risk factor for Kawasaki disease onset, and the TT genotype may be a risk factor for coronary artery injury in Kawasaki disease.
Making it work for all: equity in single ventricle monitoring
Authors: Sooy-Mossey Meredith , Tallent Sarah , Hornik Christoph P. , Park Sangah , Schmelzer Anne C. , Reynolds Lindsey , McCrary Andrew W.
Published: October 2024

Background:

Interstage monitoring programs for single ventricle disease have been developed to reduce morbidity and mortality. There is increased use of telemedicine and mobile application monitoring. It is unknown if there are disparities in use based on patient socio-demographic factors.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the single ventricle monitoring program and KidsHeart application at a single centre from 4/21/2021 to 12/31/2023. We investigated the association of socio-demographic factors with telemedicine usage, mobile application enrollment and usage. We assessed resource utilisation and weight changes by program era.

Results:

There were 94 children in the cohort. Patients with Norwood and ductal stent had higher mean telemedicine visits per month (1.8 visits, p = 0.004), without differences based on socio-demographic factors. There were differences in application enrollment with more Black patients enrolled compared to White patients (p = 0.016). There were less Hispanic patients enrolled than Non-Hispanic patients (p = 0.034). There were no Spaish speaking patient’s enrolled (p = 0.0015). There were no patients with maternal education of less than high school enrolled and all those with maternal education of advanced degree were enrolled (p = 0.0016). There was decreased mobile application use in those from neighbourhoods in the lowest income quartile. There were decreased emergency department visits with mobile application monitoring. Mean weight-for-age z-scores had increased from start to completion of the program in all eras.

Discussion:

Differences were seen in mobile application enrollment and usage based on socio-demographic factors. Further work is needed to ensure that all patients have access to mobile application usage.
The Association Between Dextromethorphan/Bupropion with Alcohol and Substance Misuse: Reports to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
Authors: Kwan Angela T.H. , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Dextromethorphan/bupropion (DXM/BUP) received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) in August 2022. This combination is not known to have abuse liability and is not currently scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Notwithstanding, dextromethorphan is a drug of abuse. Herein, we sought to determine whether DXM/BUP has alcohol and/or substance misuse liability.

Methods

We evaluated spontaneous reports of terms such as “alcohol problem, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, substance dependence, substance use disorder (SUD), substance abuse, drug dependence, drug use disorder and drug abuse” in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The FAERS is a spontaneous reporting database of adverse events submitted to the FDA.

Results

We performed a comparative assessment of the alcohol and/or substance misuse liability of DXM/BUP since its market authorization in August 2022, using acetaminophen as the control. Dextromethorphan served as the upper-bound reference point. Our findings showed that, since August 2022, dextromethorphan had a significant reporting odds ratio (ROR) for “drug abuse.” In contrast, DXM/BUP did not have a significant ROR for any of the categories of alcohol and/or substance misuse evaluated. Limitations of our findings derive largely from the limitations of the FAERS and its data capture method.

Conclusion

The absence of alcohol or substance misuse reported to the FAERS with DXM/BUP accords with the lack of evidence of abuse liability prior to FDA approval and its non-scheduling by the DEA.
Assessing genotype-by-environment interactions for maydis leaf blight disease in maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm and identification of stable donors for breeding resistant hybrid varieties
Authors: Nisa Wajhat Un , Sandhu Surinder K. , Kaur Harleen , Nair Sudha , Singh Gagandeep
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the impact of environmental factors and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) on the expression of maydis leaf blight (MLB) resistance in a diverse maize germplasm comprising 359 genotypes. Extensive field trials were conducted, involving artificial inoculations and disease scoring across two locations over two years. Using genotype and genotype–environment (GGE) biplot analysis based on the site regression model (SREG), we identified stable MLB-resistant 10 donors with consistent genotypic responses. These inbred lines, which consistently exhibited disease scores of ⩽3 across locations, are recommended as potential parents for breeding MLB-resistant varieties. Furthermore, the identification of a non-crossover interaction and high correlations among testing locations allowed us to define a single mega-environment for the initial screening of MLB resistance in a large set of maize germplasm. This study suggests that initial screenings can be efficiently conducted in one representative location, with validation of resistant lines at multiple sites during advanced breeding stages. This approach optimizes the use of land, labour and resources in MLB resistance testing.
Flowering and fruiting characteristics of Kokum [Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy] germplasm collected for Industrial Use from the Konkan Region of India
Authors: Latha M. , Suma A. , Venkatesan K. , Pradheep K. , Thirumalaisamy P. P. , Vikram H. C.
Published: October 2024

Kokum [Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy] is a multi-purpose tree with culinary, cosmetics and pharmaceutical uses found popular in Konkan region of India. ICAR-NBPGR Regional Station, Thrissur made a systematic exploration and collection missions on kokum over a period from 1987–2004 and collected 31 accessions from various parts of Konkan region to characterize them using morphological characters and also to investigate their flowering and fruiting behaviour. Totally, 85 trees planted in Field Gene Bank in which only 67 trees (23 accessions) survived during field establishment. Among them, 32 (47.8%) were male and remaining 25 identified as female (37.3%) and 10 as co-sexual (14.9%). Fruit bearing ability noticed only in both female and co-sexual trees with huge variation in fruits. Morphological characterization of 33 trees with fruiting (23 accessions) for 35 morphological traits revealed presence of considerable amount of variation among them on basis of CV%. Highest positive correlation observed between fresh seed weight and fresh kernel weight (0.92). Cluster analysis formed four major clusters with Cluster I and II comprising male/bisexual genotypes and Cluster III and IV with female genotypes and it clearly distinguished male/bisexual genotypes from female ones. PCA analysis accounted 65.6% of genetic variation present among accessions by first three most informative PCs. Superior accessions identified for important traits will be more useful in industrial aspects of preparing kokum butter and juice. Further, seasonal difference identified in fruiting and maturity of fruits well-before onset of monsoon may be exploited by kokum industries for drying and processing of fruits.
The Bureaucratic Origins of Political Theory: Administrative Labor in the “Other Half” of the History of Political Thought
Authors: Thompson Douglas I.
Published: October 2024

The earliest works of political theory precede Athenian democracy—the traditional starting point of Anglophone histories of political thought—by over two millennia. More time passed between the first written accounts of government in Mesopotamia and the birth of Plato than has passed between Plato’s life and ours. And yet this “other half” of the history of political thought has barely registered in the academic field of political theory. This article seeks to “reset” the starting point of the field back to its earliest origins in ancient Sumer. Beginning then and there opens a new vista on the history of political thought by restoring questions of public administration to the foreground of the field. For while the ancient Athenians enslaved their bureaucrats and wrote almost nothing about them, the analogous actors were free and highly valued in ancient Mesopotamian political culture. It was these scribal administrators who invented the world’s first literature and written political thought. In their writings, they valorized their own administrative labor and the public goods that it alone could produce as objects of wonder and enchantment. From this vantage point, the article calls for a new research agenda that will expand political theory’s recent “rediscovery” of bureaucracy by recovering public administration as a major thematic throughline in the five-thousand-year global history of human political ideas. Understanding public administration as an integral part of large-scale human societies from the very beginning may help to counter oligarchic claims in contemporary democracies that bureaucracy is a recent alien imposition.
How Does the Tibetan Plateau Land Thermal Initial Condition Influence the Subseasonal Prediction of 2020 Record‐Breaking Mei‐Yu Rainfall
Authors: Fan Yalan , Yang Jing , Bao Qing , Ma Tingting , Wu Guoxiong , Xue Yongkang , Shi Chunxiang , Liu Yimin , Qi Xin
Published: October 2024

Accurate subseasonal prediction of heavy rainfall is helpful for disaster mitigation but challenging. The land thermal condition of Tibetan Plateau (TP), usually with climate memory ranging from weeks to seasons, has been seen as a potential predictability source for subseasonal prediction. Aiming at 2020 record‐breaking Mei‐yu rainfall, this study attempts to investigate whether and how the influence of initial TP surface thermal condition near late June influences the July rainfall prediction over the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Region (MLYR), based on two contrasting prediction experiments using a global climate ensemble prediction system. The results show that the most distinguishable change in the downstream prediction in July is the anomalous low‐tropospheric cyclone and the associated increased rainfall over MLYR corresponding to the warmer initial condition of surface TP. Influenced by the invasion of the positive potential vorticity (PV) center that generated over TP and propagated eastward, this low‐level cyclone anomaly over MLYR is formed within the first week of prediction, and persists for the next 3 weeks maintained by the positive feedback between the low‐level cyclone and middle‐tropospheric latent heating over MLYR in the prediction. This study confirmed the significant effect of TP initial thermal condition on downstream prediction ahead of 3 weeks during the Mei‐yu season (peak summer) with strong land–atmosphere coupling over TP.
Light Scattering From High‐Porosity 3D Simulants of the Lunar Regolith at Small Phase Angles
Authors: Lee Mingyeong , Jeong Minsup , Choi Young‐Jun
Published: October 2024

Lunar regolith consists of unconsolidated grains with high porosity, called the fairy castle structure. It is closely linked to the lunar opposition effect, which is the effect where brightness sharply increases as the phase angle approaches 0. However, owing to the Earth's gravity, it is difficult to reproduce the structure to study the physical characteristics of the lunar fairy castle structure in the laboratory. We designed a lunar fairy castle structure model for 3D printing. These models had high porosity and were simplified to tree‐like shapes. Various porous conditions of the surface were considered, represented by the number of trees, maximum trunk length, and maximum branch angle. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to measure the reflectance of simulants with a fairy castle structure within a small phase angle range from 1.4 to 5.0. The result is analyzed for the sample porosity with the tangential slope of the reflectance S, which denotes the strength of the opposition effect. In addition, the results of this study were compared with lunar observation data. The porous samples exhibited a relatively large S value. The influence of branch length and attachment angle was very weak in this study. Samples with a porosity between 0.78 and 0.82 represent the similar S values to the lunar observation data, a mean porosity of lunar regolith. In conclusion, our findings suggest a potential correlation between porosity and the opposition effect in printed samples, proposing a new research approach for understanding the lunar opposition effect.
RocMLMs: Predicting Rock Properties Through Machine Learning Models
Authors: Kerswell Buchanan , Cerpa Nestor G. , Tommasi Andréa , Godard Marguerite , Padrón‐Navarta José Alberto
Published: October 2024

Mineral phase transformations significantly alter the bulk density and elastic properties of mantle rocks and consequently have profound effects on mantle dynamics and seismic wave propagation. These changes in the physical properties of mantle rocks result from evolution in the equilibrium mineralogical composition, which can be predicted by the minimization of the Gibbs Free Energy with respect to pressure (P), temperature (T), and chemical composition (X). Thus, numerical models that simulate mantle convection and/or probe the elastic structure of the Earth's mantle must account for varying mineralogical compositions to be self‐consistent. Yet coupling Gibbs Free Energy minimization (GFEM) approaches with numerical geodynamic models is currently intractable for high‐resolution simulations because prediction speeds of widely‐used GFEM programs (100–102 ms) are impractical in many cases. As an alternative, this study introduces machine learning models (RocMLMs) that have been trained to predict thermodynamically self‐consistent rock properties at arbitrary PTX conditions between 1–28 GPa and 773–2,273 K, and dry mantle compositions ranging from fertile (lherzolitic) to refractory (harzburgitic) end‐members define9d with a large data set of published mantle compositions. RocMLMs are 101–103 times faster than GFEM calculations or GFEM‐based look‐up table approaches with equivalent accuracy. Depth profiles of RocMLMs predictions are nearly indistinguishable from reference models PREM and STW105, demonstrating good agreement between thermodynamic‐based predictions of density, Vp, and Vs and geophysical observations. RocMLMs are therefore capable, for the first time, of emulating dynamic evolution of density, Vp, and Vs due to partial melting and refertilization of dry mantle rocks in high‐resolution numerical geodynamic models.
CRBN modulates synuclein fibrillation via degradation of DNAJB1 in mouse model of Parkinson disease
Authors: Akber Uroos , Jung Jun-Hyung , Yoon Heewoong , Seo Jiwon , Park Chul-Seung
Published: October 2024

Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate recruiter for CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase system playing a plethora of pivotal roles for biological systems. Here, we identified DNAJB1 (DJ1) as endogenous substrate of CRBN and report how CRBN influences the aggregation and toxicity of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) via modulation of DJ1. CRBN interferes with molecular activities of DJ1 in vitro, in cells, and in vivo resulting in a reduced disaggregation of α-SYN fibrils, increased formation of preformed fibrils (PFFs) of α-SYN, and high susceptibility of mice to MPTP and PFF-induced neurotoxicity. Depletion of Crbn improves the behavioral and biochemical responses of mice towards neurotoxic insult. Finally, we designed a peptide inhibitor to inhibit the recruitment of DJ1 to CRBN for ubiquitination, resulting in an enhanced supply of DJ1 to counteract the toxicity of aggregated α-SYN. Our data has important implications for development of CRBN-targeting therapies that could prevent or delay progression of neurodegenerative synucleinopathy.
Integrated non-reciprocal magneto-optics with ultra-high endurance for photonic in-memory computing
Authors: Pintus Paolo , Dumont Mario , Shah Vivswan , Murai Toshiya , Shoji Yuya , Huang Duanni , Moody Galan , Bowers John E. , Youngblood Nathan
Published: October 2024

Processing information in the optical domain promises advantages in both speed and energy efficiency over existing digital hardware for a variety of emerging applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. A typical approach to photonic processing is to multiply a rapidly changing optical input vector with a matrix of fixed optical weights. However, encoding these weights on-chip using an array of photonic memory cells is currently limited by a wide range of material- and device-level issues, such as the programming speed, extinction ratio and endurance, among others. Here we propose a new approach to encoding optical weights for in-memory photonic computing using magneto-optic memory cells comprising heterogeneously integrated cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) on silicon micro-ring resonators. We show that leveraging the non-reciprocal phase shift in such magneto-optic materials offers several key advantages over existing architectures, providing a fast (1 ns), efficient (143 fJ per bit) and robust (2.4 billion programming cycles) platform for on-chip optical processing.
AI-Generated Annotations Dataset for Diverse Cancer Radiology Collections in NCI Image Data Commons
Authors: Murugesan Gowtham Krishnan , McCrumb Diana , Aboian Mariam , Verma Tej , Soni Rahul , Memon Fatima , Farahani Keyvan , Pei Linmin , Wagner Ulrike , Fedorov Andrey Y. , Clunie David , Moore Stephen , Van Oss Jeff
Published: October 2024

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Image Data Commons (IDC) offers publicly available cancer radiology collections for cloud computing, crucial for developing advanced imaging tools and algorithms. Despite their potential, these collections are minimally annotated; only 4% of DICOM studies in collections considered in the project had existing segmentation annotations. This project increases the quantity of segmentations in various IDC collections. We produced high-quality, AI-generated imaging annotations dataset of tissues, organs, and/or cancers for 11 distinct IDC image collections. These collections contain images from a variety of modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). The collections cover various body parts, such as the chest, breast, kidneys, prostate, and liver. A portion of the AI annotations were reviewed and corrected by a radiologist to assess the performance of the AI models. Both the AI’s and the radiologist’s annotations were encoded in conformance to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard, allowing for seamless integration into the IDC collections as third-party analysis collections. All the models, images and annotations are publicly accessible.
Synthesis, structure characterization, and corrosion properties of duplex electroless Ni-P/Ni-B and Ni-P/Ni-B-W coatings on mild steel
Authors: Ahmed S. Y. , Mahmoud S. B. , Shoeib M. A.
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the formation of duplex electroless Ni-P/Ni-B and Ni-P/Ni-B-W alloys through electroless plating process coatings on mild steel using hypophosphite and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, employing heat-treated. Electroless plating is affordable and suitable for coating convoluted structures. Duplex electroless on mild steel was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the duplex coating, and finally study electrochemical corrosion properties. The analysis reveals that duplex coating yields a thicker, more homogeneous coating with a characteristic cauliflower morphology and spherical nodular structures. The coating was initially amorphous, but finally crystallized when heated to 400 °C. More corrosion resistance was found in the Ni-P/Ni-B and Ni-P/Ni-B-W layers when Ni-B served as the outer covering. This study focuses on the important effects of varying tungsten concentrations and heat treatment on the corrosion resistance, surface quality, and microstructural characteristics of duplex coatings. Showed improved corrosion resistance when exposed to 0.5 g/L of Na2WO4.
Application of quality indicators and critical lessons learned assessment as a research approach for the evaluation of rescue missions during terrorist attacks
Authors: Wurmb Thomas , Kurz Sebastian , Schwarzmann Gerhard , Trautner Herbert , Kinstle Uwe , Wagenhäuser Ulrich , Koch Florian , Münch Markus , Meybohm Patrick , Kippnich Maximilian
Published: October 2024

In Wuerzburg, Germany, a terrorist attack and a killing rampage occurred five years apart (2016 and 2021). Following a structured evaluation of the rescue mission in 2016, a bundle of quality indicators and ten “lessons learned” were defined. Aim of the presented study was to compare the two rescue missions and to critically review the lessons learned from 2016 for their implementation and feasibility. An interdisciplinary and inter-professional group of experts analyzed the data using predefined quality indicators. All lessons defined in 2016 were critically reviewed and qualified as either lessons learned or lessons identified. While seven out of ten lessons were successfully implemented after 2016 (lessons learned), three lessons didn´t work and were recategorized as lessons identified (communication, zoning and the mutual exchange of different tactical approaches). Our results demonstrate that the conclusions drawn in 2016 have helped to improve the performance of the rescue forces in 2021. In addition, the identified lessons are now the basis for further improving emergency and disaster preparedness. It is important to understand, that the process of preparedness improvement is not completed with the definition of lessons identified. These must first be integrated into response plans and then trained intensively. A lesson identified only becomes a lesson learned once it has been successfully applied.
Development and assessment of a machine learning tool for predicting emergency admission in Scotland
Authors: Liley James , Bohner Gergo , Emerson Samuel R. , Mateen Bilal A. , Borland Katie , Carr David , Heald Scott , Oduro Samuel D. , Ireland Jill , Moffat Keith , Porteous Rachel , Riddell Stephen , Rogers Simon , Thoma Ioanna , Cunningham Nathan , Holmes Chris , Payne Katrina , Vollmer Sebastian J. , Vallejos Catalina A. , Aslett Louis J. M.
Published: October 2024

Emergency admissions (EA), where a patient requires urgent in-hospital care, are a major challenge for healthcare systems. The development of risk prediction models can partly alleviate this problem by supporting primary care interventions and public health planning. Here, we introduce SPARRAv4, a predictive score for EA risk that will be deployed nationwide in Scotland. SPARRAv4 was derived using supervised and unsupervised machine-learning methods applied to routinely collected electronic health records from approximately 4.8M Scottish residents (2013-18). We demonstrate improvements in discrimination and calibration with respect to previous scores deployed in Scotland, as well as stability over a 3-year timeframe. Our analysis also provides insights about the epidemiology of EA risk in Scotland, by studying predictive performance across different population sub-groups and reasons for admission, as well as by quantifying the effect of individual input features. Finally, we discuss broader challenges including reproducibility and how to safely update risk prediction models that are already deployed at population level.
Rapid modulation in music supports attention in listeners with attentional difficulties
Authors: Woods Kevin J. P. , Sampaio Gonçalo , James Tedra , Przysinda Emily , Hewett Adam , Spencer Andrea E. , Morillon Benjamin , Loui Psyche
Published: October 2024

Background music is widely used to sustain attention, but little is known about what musical properties aid attention. This may be due to inter-individual variability in neural responses to music. Here we find that music with amplitude modulations added at specific rates can sustain attention differentially for those with varying levels of attentional difficulty. We first tested the hypothesis that music with strong amplitude modulation would improve sustained attention, and found it did so when it occurred early in the experiment. Rapid modulations in music elicited greater activity in attentional networks in fMRI, as well as greater stimulus-brain coupling in EEG. Finally, to test the idea that specific modulation properties would differentially affect listeners based on their level of attentional difficulty, we parametrically manipulated the depth and rate of amplitude modulations inserted in otherwise-identical music, and found that beta-range modulations helped more than other modulation ranges for participants with more ADHD symptoms. Results suggest the possibility of an oscillation-based neural mechanism for targeted music to support improved cognitive performance.
Stability of Metal Complexes and Ligand Substitution Reactions
Authors: Inomata T.
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the necessary basics (solvents, chemical equilibria, and definitions of acids and bases) are briefly explained before the stability of metal complexes and ligand substitution reactions are discussed. Then, the formation and stepwise formation constants, which are indicators of the stability of metal complexes, are explained. The effects of the Irving–Williams series and chelate effects, which are necessary for discussing the stability of metal complexes, are also explained. Finally, ligand substitution reactions are introduced as one of the most typical reactions of metal complexes. From the concept of substitutional lability and inertness by Taube, the reaction mechanisms of actual ligand substitution reactions, the water exchange rates of the aqua metal complexes, and the trans effect are described.
Organometallic Complexes
Authors: Ishii Y.
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the structure and bonding of organometallic complexes of transition metals will be discussed. Organometallic complexes refer to complexes with metal–carbon bonds, forming a group of compounds with not only alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, and other ligands that coordinate with a single carbon atom, but also alkenes, alkynes, allyl, cyclopentadienyl, arenes, and a variety of other ligands with larger hapticity. They play important roles in various synthetic and catalytic reactions in organic chemistry and have great relevance to life science and material science as well. These organometallic complexes exhibit structural features that are somewhat different from those of Werner-type complexes based on the characteristic coordination behaviour of carbon-coordinating ligands; they usually act as strong ligand-field ligands, and some of them have a strong σ-donating character, while others form effective π-backbonding. In addition, many multinuclear complexes and metal clusters with metal–metal bonds are known in organometallic complexes, and application of the effective atomic number (EAN) and Wade–Mingos–Lauher rules are discussed to understand their structures.
Catalytic Reactions Using Metal Complexes
Authors: Ishii Y. , Tanase T.
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, we will first review the elementary reactions involved in organic ligand transformations at transition metal complexes, which include oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion, elimination, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions on the organic ligand, alkene and alkyne metathesis, and σ-bond metathesis. These are the reactions that characterise the chemistry of organometallic complexes, and this is the reason why organometallic complexes are used as catalysts for a variety of synthetic organic reactions. We will next discuss some typical examples of catalytic organic transformations and their catalytic mechanisms performed by transition metal complexes, such as hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, cross-coupling, and industrial reactions including hydroformylation, the Monsanto/Cativa process, and alkene polymerization. Furthermore, catalytic reactions related to energy conversion have been attracting increasing attention in recent years. To shed light on this topic, electrochemical catalytic generation of oxygen and hydrogen, photoreduction of CO2, and catalytic nitrogen fixation will also be discussed.
Reactivity in Friedel–Crafts aromatic benzylation: the role of the electrophilic reactant
Authors: Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Atanasov Ivan , Ilieva Sonia , Galabov Boris , Schaefer III Henry F.
Published: October 2024

Density functional theory is employed in understanding the reactivity in the TiCl4 catalyzed Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene with substituted benzyl chlorides in nitromethane solvent.
Substitutional control of non-statistical dynamics in the thermal deazetization of tetracyclic azo compounds
Authors: Hajra Chandralekha , Datta Ayan
Published: October 2024

The trade-off between transition-state theory and non-statistical dynamics controlled product formation is tuned by the symmetry of functional group substitution.
Insights of the peroxychloroformyl radical ClC(O)OO via microwave spectrum
Authors: Chang Ching-Hua , Chao Wen , Tsai Cheng-Han , Okumura Mitchio , Winiberg Frank A. F. , Endo Yasuki
Published: October 2024

Pure rotational spectra of trans-ClC(O)O2 (left) and cis-ClC(O)O2 (right), and the potential energy curve connecting the two conformers. The energy diagram and the observed transitions for the trans-ClC(O)O2 are also shown.
Based on T.E.S.T toxicity prediction and machine learning to forecast toxicity dynamics in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline
Authors: Liu Kaihang , Ni Wenhui , Zhang Qiaoyu , Huang Xu , Luo Tao , Huang Jian , Zhang Hua , Zhang Yong , Peng Fumin
Published: October 2024

The integration of photocatalysis and biological treatment provides an effective strategy for controlling antibiotic contamination, which requires precise monitoring of toxicity changes during the photocatalytic process.