bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method for extracting the free vibration response of transmission tower
Authors: Zhao Long , Wen Guanru , Liu Zhicheng , Du Yan , Li Jin , Huang Xinbo
Published: November 2023

The analysis of the free vibration in transmission towers is aimed at better evaluating their health status. Due to the non-stationarity of the height of non-uniform wind-induced vibration, there is a sustained forced vibration response in the vibration signal of transmission towers. This will lead to a decrease in the stability of vibration characteristics, which brings great difficulty to transmission tower status identification. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a method for extracting the free vibration response of transmission towers. By using Void–Kalman filtering (VKF) and generalized demodulation transform (GDT) for modal frequency tracking and pseudo-peak elimination, the signal is maximally cleaned while retaining all modal information. In addition, this paper combines variational theory and time-frequency domain features to decompose all effective modal orders in the vibration response. This not only solves the errors that exist when GDT and VKF directly process the original signal, but also makes the extraction of frequency parameters of each modal orders more convenient. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by extracting the free vibration response of a 110 kV cat-head type tower. And by comparing it with existing mainstream signal processing methods using the example of bolt loosening faults. The results show that the signal processed by this approach can more stably and accurately capture the fault characteristics, providing a new idea for the extraction of free vibration response in the field of transmission tower health monitoring.
The chemical state of iron species influence on the performance of Fe–N–C bifunctional electrocatalyst for Zn–air batteries
Authors: Dong Wenjing , Liu Wei , Feng Yuan , Huang Naibao
Published: November 2023

Fe–N–C materials have emerged as promising alternatives to precious metals for oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER). In this study, a strategy is presented to investigate the influence of different chemical states of iron species in Fe–N–C materials on their electrocatalytic performance. Three Fe–N–C catalysts, containing either zero-valent Fe or Fe3O4 nanoparticles, are synthesized using acid pickling, high-speed centrifugation and ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal methods, respectively. The findings manifest that the chemical state of iron significantly affects the electrocatalytic activity of Fe–NX active sites, namely zero-valent Fe enhancing Fe–NX activity while Fe3O4 weakening its activity. Notably, the Fe@FeNC catalyst containing only zero-valent iron, demonstrates the only 0.621 V potential difference between the ORR half-wave potential and the OER potential at 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the rechargeable Zn–air battery assembled with Fe@FeNC as the air cathode exhibits a remarkable peak power density of 179.0 mW cm−2, excellent cycling stability over 210 h (with a cycle frequency of one every 10 min), and the minimal voltage gap of 0.710 V. These results reveal the significance of different chemical states of metal-based nanoparticles in Fe–NX activity of Fe–N–C catalysts and offer insights into the rational design of electrocatalysts with exceptional activity and versatile applications.
Self-supervised enhanced thyroid nodule detection in ultrasound examination video sequences with multi-perspective evaluation
Authors: Liu Ningtao , Fenster Aaron , Tessier David , Chun Jin , Gou Shuiping , Chong Jaron
Published: November 2023

Objective. Ultrasound is the most commonly used examination for the detection and identification of thyroid nodules. Since manual detection is time-consuming and subjective, attempts to introduce machine learning into this process are ongoing. However, the performance of these methods is limited by the low signal-to-noise ratio and tissue contrast of ultrasound images. To address these challenges, we extend thyroid nodule detection from image-based to video-based using the temporal context information in ultrasound videos. Approach. We propose a video-based deep learning model with adjacent frame perception (AFP) for accurate and real-time thyroid nodule detection. Compared to image-based methods, AFP can aggregate semantically similar contextual features in the video. Furthermore, considering the cost of medical image annotation for video-based models, a patch scale self-supervised model (PASS) is proposed. PASS is trained on unlabeled datasets to improve the performance of the AFP model without additional labelling costs. Main results. The PASS model is trained by 92 videos containing 23 773 frames, of which 60 annotated videos containing 16 694 frames were used to train and evaluate the AFP model. The evaluation is performed from the video, frame, nodule, and localization perspectives. In the evaluation of the localization perspective, we used the average precision metric with the intersection-over-union threshold set to 50% (AP@50), which is the area under the smoothed Precision-Recall curve. Our proposed AFP improved AP@50 from 0.256 to 0.390, while the PASS-enhanced AFP further improved the AP@50 to 0.425. AFP and PASS also improve the performance in the valuations of other perspectives based on the localization results. Significance. Our video-based model can mitigate the effects of low signal-to-noise ratio and tissue contrast in ultrasound images and enable the accurate detection of thyroid nodules in real-time. The evaluation from multiple perspectives of the ablation experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed AFP and PASS models.
Exploring the synthesis, structure, and optoelectronic properties of lead-free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 in single crystal and polycrystalline forms
Authors: P Sujith , Parne Saidi Reddy , T Abhinav
Published: November 2023

In recent years, caesium bismuth iodide (Cs3Bi2I9), a lead (Pb)-free halide perovskite, has drawn more attention as a potential material than traditional semiconductor materials due to its lack of Pb toxicity and its outstanding stability against atmospheric air and moisture. Herein, the inverse temperature crystallization method is adopted to grow high-quality hexagonal-phase Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite single crystals. Furthermore, a Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite thin film is fabricated by a solution process using the two-step spin coating technique. A collective analysis of the structural properties, surface morphology, thermal stability, phase transition, and optoelectronic properties of these single crystal and polycrystalline thin films provides a comprehensive understanding and design strategy to develop environmentally stable, Pb-free, and high-performance photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices based on Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of perovskite-based technologies and pave the way for their successful integration into the renewable energy and optoelectronics industries.
Fast quantum state transfer and entanglement preparation in strongly coupled bosonic systems
Authors: Xu Yilun , Zhu Daoquan , Sun Feng-Xiao , He Qiongyi , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2023

Continuous U(1) gauge symmetry, which guarantees the conservation of total excitations in linear bosonic systems, will be broken when it comes to the strong-coupling regime where the rotation wave approximation (RWA) fails. Here we develop analytic solutions for multi-mode bosonic systems with XX-type couplings beyond RWA, and propose a novel scheme to implement high-fidelity quantum state transfer (QST) and entanglement preparation (EP) with high speed. The scheme can be realized with designated coupling strength and pulse duration with which the excitation number keeps unchanged regardless of the breakdown of the global U(1) symmetry. In QST tasks, we consider several typical quantum states and demonstrate that this method is robust against thermal noise and imperfections of experimental sequence. In EP tasks, the scheme is successfully implemented for the preparation of Bell states and W-type states, within a shortest preparation time.
Graphene quantum dots: preparations, properties, functionalizations and applications
Authors: Tian Pin , Tang Libin , Teng Kar-Seng , Lau Shu-Ping
Published: November 2023

Zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs) exhibit many different properties, such as strong fluorescence, nonzero bandgap and solubility in solvents, compared to two-dimensional graphene. GQDs are biocompatible and have low toxicity; hence, they are widely used in the biomedical field. The edge effect of GQDs is of particular interest because edge modification can regulate the performance of nanomaterials. In this review, various preparation methods for GQDs, which can be divided into three main categories, namely top-down, bottom-up and chemical methods, are discussed. The unique optical, electrical, thermal and magnetic properties of GQDs are reviewed. The functionalization of GQDs by doping with heteroatoms and forming composites with other materials is studied, and the characteristics of these GQDs are also discussed. The applications of these GQDs in the fields of optics, electricity, optoelectronics, biomedicine, energy, agriculture and other emerging interdisciplinary fields are reviewed to highlight the enormous potential of nanomaterials. This review reports on the recent advancement in GQD research and suggests future directions for the development of GQDs.
The gastro-intestinal tract and liver
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J
Published: November 2023

The salivary gland is one of the organs, along with gastric mucosa, thyroid gland and choroid plexus, that concentrates pertechnetate. The radionuclide is excreted in saliva at a rate that can be measured from dynamic imaging of the salivary glands. Obstruction of a salivary gland, as for instance by a stone in the salivary duct, produces a rising curve (sialogram), similar to the rising renogram of urinary obstruction. The similarity with renography can be extended by examining the effect on the sialogram of the administration of a sialogogue by mouth, such as lemon juice, 10 min after injection of pertechnetate.
Haematology and the spleen
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J
Published: November 2023

Most of the subject matter relating to radionuclides and haematology covers blood cell kinetics. The most widely used techniques for the quantification of blood cell kinetics involve tagging the cells of interest with a radioactive marker for the quantification of cell traffic, either from blood sampling alone or, more usefully, in combination with external scintigraphic monitoring. In general, blood cells can be labelled either as a cohort (cohort labelling) or following isolation from peripheral blood, in which case they are sampled at random (random labelling). By cohort labelling is meant the simultaneous labelling, usually in vivo, of a cohort of cells all of the same age and at the same stage of development.
The Internet ward round
Authors: Murphy Jeannette , Ingram, David , Howard William
Published: November 2023

The end of the twentieth century will doubtless be remembered as the age of the Internet. In a few short years, the Net has gone from being a vehicle for scientific communication, to a playground for the many. Phrases such as ‘information superhighway’, ‘surfing the Net’, and ‘navigating through cyberspace’ have become part of everyday vocabulary. Those who are not connected feel that they are not part of the modern world. Faced with this rapidly expanding information warehouse, educationalists are trying to decide whether the Internet is in fact a cornucopia of new learning resources.
The preregistration year in the Uk
Authors: Dent Thomas H S , Gillard Jonathan H
Published: November 2023

The months before and after graduation are among the most demanding and the most exciting in the career of a doctor. The preparation for final examinations in a medical school which follows a traditional pattern of assessment requires mental stamina and concentration and culminates in a longer and more demanding set of examinations than the students are likely to have experienced hitherto. After this, the medical student becomes a doctor: the longed-for prize at the end of undergraduate training and an alarming prospect for which few feel properly prepared.
Practical Pain Management
Authors: Coniam S W , Diamond A W
Published: November 2023

Pain is something that everyone feels but has always been difficult to understand and investigate due to its subjective nature. Practical Pain Management is written for all those involved in the care of people suffering from pain. The authors explain why pain is so often disregarded and poorly managed by clinicians. With an emphasis on the practical management of both chronic and acute pain, the book explores the mechanisms involved in pain perception, the use of analgesic drugs, local anaesthetics, nerve blocks and stimulation techniques. The rehabilitation and care of patients whose pain cannot be adequately relieved is also considered and some way in which specialist pain services can help with chronic pain syndromes are described. This comprehensive guide will help all whose caring for patients in pain to have a better understanding of pain and to work more effectively towards its management.
Regional Anaesthesia in Babies and Children
Authors: Peutrell J M , Mather S J
Published: November 2023

Regional anaesthesia is currently undergoing a renaissance in paediatric anaesthetic practice, particularly in day case surgery, for post-operative pain relief and in ex-premature babies. However, most practical textbooks of local anaesthetic technique are not written with small children, and particularly newborn infants, in mind. This practical manual has been designed to aid both those aiming to refresh their knowledge of the techniques of regional anaesthesia in babies and children, and those learning these methods for the first time. Whilst it is not intended as a substitute for direct trainig by experts, its clear and concise text and simple diagrams make it an ideal companion to 'hands on' training in the operating theatre. Both authors have extensive experience of teaching anaestheitc trainees. The two introductory chapters of this book describe the relevant pharmacological and biological differences between infants, children and adults, and the general practical aspects of regional anaesthesia. The book is then divided into sections describing the nerve blocks of the major anatomical regions of the body. The descriptions of the different blocks can be read independently and include the relevant anatomy, indications, specific contraindictions, equipment, drugs and dosages, Each description concludes with a step-by-step guide to the block illustrated with photographs and simple diagrams.
Vascular biology of coronary artery bypass grafts: pathophysiology of graft failure and strategies for its prevention
Authors: Angelini Alan J Bryan ,Gianni D
Published: November 2023

During the 25 years that have elapsed since the introduction of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) it has been clear that graft patency is one of the primary determinants of clinical outcome. In the early 1980s, the unsatisfactory late results with saphenous vein became obvious, with up to 50% of grafts occluded at 10 years, and a significant proportion of the remainder diseased. Subsequently, the superior clinical results reported using the left internal thoracic artery to graft the left anterior descending coronary artery (2) led to its routine use (3). These two observations have clearly shown that the biological characteristics and long-term behaviour of a particular conduit may profoundly influence late clinical outcome.
Talking to relatives
Authors: Faulkner Ann , Maguire Peter
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, the emphasis has been on identifying the patients’ problems and encouraging them to generate possible solutions. It is too easy to forget that relatives may also have problems in coping with a loved one’s illness, and may need professional help, especially as they often feel that they are not entitled to disclose problems because the patient is seen to be the priority.
Conditions for the running of peer review groups
Authors: Grol Richard , Lawrence Martin
Published: November 2023

In order to start peer review successfully and to run it smoothly, it is not enough to have a good programme, acceptable guidelines, and feasible evaluation tools. Certain conditions should be fulfilled to make the peer review process into a fruitful and valuable experience for the participants. These conditions are concerned with Research has indicated that general practitioners and practices are on the one hand motivated and on the other hand hesitant to partake in peer review on several grounds (Grol 1987). On the whole, care providers in general practice work on their own and are accountable only partly to others. This was largely the case in British general practice until recently, although the recent emphasis on audit has made peer review within group practice much more common. Participation in peer review gives colleagues the opportunity to take a peep behind the curtains and to offer their criticism. It goes without saying, that this may evoke fear and resistance. Participants may be frightened of being made a fool of in front of others, frightened that weak points will be brought to light, or that they will be branded as bad GPs. Or they may be convinced that no forms of criticism can ever take place objectively and fairly. In some cases, there may be a certain reluctance when it comes to criticizing others.
Instruments for reviewing performance in common conditions
Authors: Grol Richard , Lawrence Martin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present checklists for reviewing the care of a number of clinical conditions. We trust that these can be used by practitioners as a basis for drawing up their own plans and for developing criteria and target standards against which their care can be evaluated.
Educational tasks
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John
Published: November 2023

Vocational training for general practice is just one example of the process described in the previous chapter of adults learning a new profession. The aims of vocational training are to help trainees: This second aim requires the trainee to develop the self-awareness and attitudes that enable doctors to understand their personal involvement in practice, to overcome their limitations, and to maintain their integrity and motivation throughout a professional lifetime. These aims will be considered more fully in Chapter 4 on constructing a curriculum.
A developing relationship
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John
Published: November 2023

The personal development of trainees is closely interconnected with their medical and professional development. We have already referred to the advantages of staging the trainee year (see Chapters 4 and 5) and the difficulties that adults may have in learning and doing at the same time (see Chapter 2). In this chapter we shall look at the personal growth of the trainee and at the trainer-trainee relationship, two closely interrelated subjects that can be sources of extreme joy and misery. These issues will be examined from the point of view of both trainer and trainee: we shall also examine the trainee’s relationship with the practice. The purpose of this chapter is to challenge ideas and offer insights to all those trainers who have, at one time or another, felt strong emotions of any sort about their trainees or about their training.
Pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis
Authors: Nachman Patrick , Jennelle J Charles , Falk Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Systemic vasculitides have a wide range of aetiologies and pathogenic mechanisms, and can be broadly divided into primary and secondary forms. Over the years, systemic vasculitides have been categorized according to a number of different classifications. In an effort to standardize the terminology of primary systemic vasculitides, an international consensus conference at Chapel Hill, North Carolina recently proposed a modified nomenclature. The Chapel Hill terminology is shown in Table 6.1, and the terms described therein will be used in this chapter (Jeanette et al. 1994). This nomenclature is based on histological characteristics of the inflammatory process and the size of the affected vessels. Each histological pattern of inflammation may result from a number of different pathogenic mechanisms. Other forms of vasculitides may be secondary to systemic autoimmune diseases, infectious agents, environmental toxins, or therapeutic agents (see also Fig. 6.1).
The skeletal system
Authors: Smith Francis W
Published: November 2023

Two different types of radionuclide investigation are available for examining the skeleton: the bone scan and the bone marrow scan. Over the years a number of boneseeking radiopharmaceuticals have been used to image the skeleton. Calcium analogues such ass7msr and 85Sr are no longer used because of their relatively high radiation dose to bone; 18F, an hydroxyl analogue, has a short half-life of 1.8 h, but because it is a positron emitter, finds limited clinical application in the study of bone. Phosphate analogues which can be labelled with 99mTc are now widely used for bone imaging and have good localization in bone and fairly rapid blood clearance from the soft tissues. The bone marrow is imaged using minute colloid particles, which are phagocytosed by the reticuloendotholial cells of the bone marrow.
Infection
Authors: Peters AM
Published: November 2023

The scintigraphic imaging of inflammation and infection has expanded considerably over the last few years, both in terms of clinical usage and scope of the agents that have been developed. The main agents, until recently, have been the radiolabelled white cells and 67Ga. Radiolabelled white cells target inflammatory processes in which the neutrophil is the predominating infiltrating cell. They, therefore, cannot distinguish between infective and non-infective inflammation. 67Ga is even less specific, since in addition to inflammatory pathology, it also targets several neoplasms. The most important agent more recently introduced is human polyclonal immunoglobulin (HIG), which is proving useful for imaging inflammation and apparently only targets tumours when they have an associated inflammatory response. There are many other agents that are being explored for imaging inflammation, discussed later, but they are largely experimental or not widely available.
Positron emission tomography
Authors: Sharp Peter F
Published: November 2023

While the advantages of PET imaging over conventional single photon nuclear medicine imaging are widely acknowledge (see Table 19.1), until recently the high cost of the equipment and operating expenses had limited it to relatively few centres. Recently this has begun to change. Manufacturers have started to develop a market in (relatively) cheap PET imagers. The major cost of the imager is the de.tector material; the ECATART uses a partial ring of detectors consisting of two opposing banks of detectors spanning an arc of 165° and rotates it at a speed of 30 rpm to compensate. Dualheaded gamma cameras are now common in the nuclear medicine departments.
The ankle joint
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan
Published: November 2023

AnatomyThe ankle is a major weight-bearing joint which depends on muscle power and reflexes for stability.Movements at the ankle joint are dorsiflexion (20 degrees) and plantar flexion (50 degrees)Inversion and eversion occur at the subtalar joint.
The foot
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan
Published: November 2023

The foot supports all the bodyweight and is essential for proper walking and running motion. It acts as a spring shock absorber through the arches of the foot. All the structures of the medial arch including all the joints of the big toe are essential for running and walking.Injuries to the metatarsal-tarsal joint are often severe but may be difficult to diagnose.Crush injury to the foot can give severe and prolonged symptoms, but X-ray appears normal. Compartment syndrome may affect the small muscles of the foot—suspect in cases of severe unremitting pain.Injury to the heel, such as a fall from a height, requires specific views of the calcaneum. Suspect more proximal injuries or even lumbar spine fractures in falls on to the feet from a height.Severe non-traumatic pain may be due to critical ischaemia. “ Stress fractures, acute gout, and hallux rigidus are common causes of non-traumatic foot pain.
Treatment planning for external beam therapy: principles and basic techniques
Authors: Redpath A T , Williams J R
Published: November 2023

Treatment planning is the process whereby the therapeutic strategy of the radiation oncologist is realized as a set of treatment instructions together with a physical description of the distribution of dose in the patient.
Postoperative problems
Authors: Stonebridge Peter , Smith David , Duncan Lesley , Thompson Alastair
Published: November 2023

It is important for medical staff to always listen and respond to the concerns of the nursing staff. Surgical nurses have a wealth of experience that must never be dismissed. Delay in responding will rarely be in the patient’s interests.

The patient appears to have an unobstructed airway and is breathing normally but rapidly. The first action must be to safeguard the patient’s airways and breathing. In this case both are secure but ill patients need oxygen so high flow oxygen is given while resuscitation and assessment take place.
Introduction
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

In the early days of medicine, decisions about methods of diagnosis and treatment were based on authority. The opinion of the eminent practitioner, based on experience and the earlier authority of others, was the main source of information. As medicine became more scientific, experience became more formalized, in the form of controlled experiments and formal data collection. Now, doctors are encouraged to use scientific data as the source of their decisions about methods of diagnosis and treatment. We are now in the era of evidence-based medicine. This is a shift in the paradigm of medicine, from authority-based to evidence based practice. The same process is happening in every field of health-care, so that we now have evidence-based nursing, evidence-based physiotherapy, and so on.
The Normal distribution
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

When we have a continuous variable we represent the probability distribution using probability density, rather than probability. Probability is attached not to particular values of the variable but to sets of values, such as all the possible values between two numbers. It can be represented as the area under part of a probability density curve. Many statistical methods require that data follow a Normal distribution at least approximately. Graphical methods such as histograms and Normal plots can be used to check this assumption.
Significance tests
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

A P value is the result of a significance test. It measures the strength of the evidence concerning some proposition about the populations. The null hypothesis is stated, that there is no relationship or difference in the population from which the sample is drawn. A test statistic is found which would follow a known distribution if the null hypothesis were true. P is the probability of a test statistic as far from what would be expected as that observed, if the null hypothesis were true. If P is small, usually taken to be less than 0.05, we have evidence against the null hypothesis. The smaller P is, the stronger is the evidence. If the probability of a value as extreme as that observed is high we have weak evidence against the null hypothesis, the data are consistent with the null hypothesis and the relationship or difference is not significant. If the difference is not significant we have failed to show that there is a difference in the population, but one may still exist. The sample may not be large enough to detect it. We have not proved that there is no difference.
Comparing the means of small samples
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

The t distribution is used to find confidence interval and to do tests of significance for data which follow a Normal distribution. This can be done for small samples as well as large. The one-sample or paired t method is used when we have data from the same sample or from matched samples. The method uses the differences between the paired observations and makes inferences about the mean difference in the population. The method requires that the differences must follow a Normal distribution and that mean difference is constant and so unrelated to the magnitude of the measurement. The two-sample or unpaired t test is used if we have means from two independent samples. It is also called the two-sample or independent t method. The two samples must be from Normal distributions with the same variance.
Methods based on rank order
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

Methods based on rank order are non-parametric, meaning that we do not assume that the data come from a distribution, such as the Normal, the parameters of which must be estimated from the data. Non-parametric methods require fewer assumptions about the data than do methods which require the assumption that data come from a particular family of distributions, but are less powerful when the assumptions are met. To provide confidence intervals, most rank based methods require very strong assumptions about the data. Rank methods are primarily tests of significance.
Clinical measurement
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

Almost all rneaurements are made with some error. We can measure this in two ways: using the within-subject standard deviation and other statistics derived from this, such as the repeatability, and using the interclass correlation. The first helps us to interpret the individual observation, the second tells about the general properties of the measurement method. We can compare two different methods of pleasuring the same thing by the 95% limits of agreelnent, based on differences between measurements made on the same subject using the two11 methods.16
An introduction to childrens cancer and the patient pathway
Authors: Cullinane Catherine J , Burchill Susan A , O’Leary John J
Published: November 2023

There has been an explosion of knowledge and enormous progress in the fundamental understanding of the biology of cancer in recent years. This has included the realisation that cancer occurs when normal cellular functions are disturbed leading to a malignant phenotype.
The clinical background to the Rett disorder
Authors: Kerr Alison M , Engerström lngegerd Witt
Published: November 2023

Doubtless the Rett disorder has been with the human race throughout its history and we suppose that cases were hidden within such heterogeneous diagnostic categories as ‘cerebral palsy’ and ‘autism’. Most of its features were recorded by Andreas Rett and published in German (Rett 1966). Other neurologists observed the same phenomena (Ishikawa et al. 1978) and Hagberg presented the first report in English (Hagberg et al. 1983). Early cooperation between Rett, Moser, Hagberg and Fukuyama and the family support organizations led by Mrs Kathy Hunter, founder of the International Rett Syndrome Association, encouraged the establishment of a series of international symposia attended by a wide range of clinical and laboratory based scientists and this greatly facilitated progress in research.
The morphological substrate for communication
Authors: Belichenko Pavel V
Published: November 2023

It is a consistent finding in the study of human language brain areas that 90-95% of right-handed people have a left dominant language hemisphere while the majority ofleft-handed people do not have a right dominant hemisphere (Milner 1974; Hecaen et al. 1981; Beaton 1997; Moffat et al. 1998; Tzourio et al. 1998). The neocortical areas, Broca’s motor speech areas 44, 45 and Wernicke’s sensory speech area 22 are known to play an important role in human language processing (for review see Mesulam 1990). There are a few major and several minor factors which influence speech dominance. Chief factors bearing on interhemispheric asymmetry include handedness, sex, age, use of language and cultural background (Galaburda and Sanides 1980; Bogolepova 1994, 1996; Glezer et al. 1994; Witelson et al. 1995; Moffat et al. 1998).
Pathology of lacunar infarction
Authors: Lammie G A
Published: November 2023

Autopsy is often expected to reveal the precise nature, extent, and underlying cause of a disease, resolving the diagnostic uncertainties so common during life. However, autopsy conclusions may be limited by, amongst other things, a lack of clinical information (e.g. a history of atrial fibrillation), the fleeting nature of some pathologies (such as lysed thromboemboli), the possibility of sampling errors (small lesions in large organs, as well as in inaccessible lesions such as small or intra-osseous vessels), even on occasion an embarrassment of pathological riches (multiple potential sources of emboli), and, importantly, the difficulty of inferring mechanism from morphology. A pathological diagnosis may be, therefore, as subjective and inferential as the clinical, and cause is often best couched in terms of probabilities.
Striatocapsular infarcts
Authors: Weiller C
Published: November 2023

Striatocapsular infarcts can be defined as large (>20 mm) subcortical infarcts in the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries, sometimes extending into the territory of the adjacent deep perforators, for example Heubner’s recurring artery or the anterior choroidal artery. They do not usually present with a lacunar syndrome and are typically caused by a middle cerebral artery (MCA) mainstem lesion, and thus result from large vessel disease. Straitocapsular infarcts represent the prototype embolic brain infarction frequently are found in cases after successful thrombolysis. Collected evidence to support this hypothesis is reported in this chapter.
Subcortical haemorrhages
Authors: Kase C S
Published: November 2023

Haemorrhage in the subcortical grey nuclei occurs in the striatum (putamen and caudate) and in the thalamus, and these locations account for the majority of cases of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in clinical series. Subcortical haemorrhages are most common in the putamen (19–53% of ICHs) and thalamus (4–26% of ICHs), while those in the head of the caudate nucleus account for only 1–5 per cent of ICHs (Table 26.1). Although these various sites of ICH share a number of features, such as mechanisms and management, their clinical and imaging aspects are unique to each location, and they will be addressed separately, following the discussion of the general features that apply to all.
Using statistics
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

The initial exploration of the data will produce ideas about interesting relationships, some very clear, others suggestive. The task now is to determine whether the relationships between variables are as significant in the statistical sense as they seem to be when they are ‘eyeballed’. In other words, those excess prescriptions given to adolescents may turn out to have no more importance than a chance variation, whilst the apparent small difference between prescribing rates to male and female elderly may turn out to be an important and ‘real’ finding.
Brainwashing
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

The term ‘brainwashing’ was first recorded in 1950, but it is an expression of a much older concept: the forcible and full-scale alteration of a person’s beliefs. Over the past 50 years the term has crept into popular culture, served as a topic for jokes, frightened the public in media headlines, and slandered innumerable people and institutions. It has also been the subject of learned discussion from many angles: history, sociology, psychology, psychotherapy, and marketing. Despite this variety, to date there has been one angle missing: any serious reference to real brains. Descriptions of how opinions can be changed, whether by persuasion, deceit, or force, have been almost entirely psychological. Brainwashing, Kathleen Taylor’s fascinating and informative voyage through the subject, combines the latest findings in social psychology and neuroscience to investigate the incredibly complicated workings of the human brain. In elegant and accessible prose, and with abundant use of anecdotes and case-studies, she looks at the history and myth, psychology, neuroscience, and politics of how we humans manipulate each others’ minds.
Hypothesis and imagination
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

If an educated layman were asked to set down his understanding of what goes on in the head when scientific discoveries are made and of what it is about a scientist that qualifies him to make them, his account of the matter might go something like this. A scientist is a man who has cultivated (if indeed he was not born with) the restless, analytical, problem-seeking, problem-solving temperament that marks his possession of a Scientific Mind. Science is an immensely prosperous and successful enterprise-as religion is not, nor economics (for example), nor philosophy itself-because it is the outcome of applying a certain sure and powerful method of discovery and proof to the investigation of natural phenomena: The Scientific Method. The scientific method is not deductive in character-it is a well-known fallacy to regard it as such-but it is rigorous nevertheless, and logically conclusive. Scientific laws are inductive in origin.
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

Gustav Mahler was one of the supremely gifted musicians of his generation. His contemporaries came to know him as a composer of startling originality whose greatest successes with the public never failed to provoke controversy among the critics. As a conductor, his relentless pursuit of perfection was sometimes viewed as tyrannical by the singers and musicians who came under his baton. Professor Henry-Louis de La Grange has devoted over thirty years of painstaking research to this study of Mahlers life and works. His biography, ultimately to be completed in four volumes, is drawn from a vast archive of documents, autographs, and pictures, assembled by La Grange at the Bibliothèque Musicale Gustav Mahler, Paris. This third volume covers the years 1904-1907 and shows Mahler in his final years at the Hofoper coping with the rival demands on his energy and creative powers of the Opera on the one hand and his continuing struggle for recognition as a composer in his own right on the other. The first signs of marital difficulties with Alma emerge. Mahlers trials culminate in 1907 with the death of Putzi, his eldest daughter, a terminal crisis at the Opera which makes him decide to leave Vienna, and the alarming diagnosis by the doctors of a cardiac deficiency. True to life portraits are drawn of Mahler the human being, the family man, and the composer, as well as the administrator, producer, and conductor at the Vienna Opera. Innumerable testimonies and anecdotes throw new light on the many aspects of Mahler’s complex personality.
Mutants in Metabolism
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

The physiological geneticist working with plants faces a number of major problems when approaching the isolation, characterization, and use of metabolic mutants. First, there is inadequate knowledge of metabolic pathways and their regulation. Without information of this kind, the devising of selection methods and of analyzing mutants is that much more difficult. Second, because of the prevalence of polyploidy throughout the plant kingdom, the production of true haploids containing only one basic chromosome set (monohaploids) is difficult. In the case of an autotetraploid, such as potato or alfalfa, reduction to the gametic chromosome number creates a dihaploid that still possesses two similar sets of chromosomes.
Mutants Affecting the Chloroplast and Photosynthesis
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

Photosynthesis is, essentially, the only path through which energy can be introduced into the living world. Because of this, great emphasis has been placed on understanding the complex processes that comprise photosynthesis. Mutants have been one of the tools used to dissect and analyze the photosynthetic apparatus. An array of genotypes has been generated in a variety of ways and a number of classes of these mutants have been of significant value in biochemical and physiological studies of both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Case Studies 3-1 to 3-4 deal with mutants that have defects in some component(s) of the light reactions. Case Studies 3-5 and 3-6 give examples of mutants with lesions in the dark metabolic pathways.
The Problem of the Essential Indexical
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

I once followed a trail of sugar on a supermarket floor, pushing my cart down the aisle on one side of a tall counter and back the aisle on the other, seeking the shopper with the torn sack to tell him he was making a mess. With each trip around the counter, the trail became thicker. But I seemed unable to catch up. Finally it dawned on me. I was the shopper I was trying to catch.
At A Crossroads: Shaping of Postwar Science
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

“Shall we be free to ‘work as we please’?” wondered the influential Rockefeller trustee Henry Allen Moe in 1944 in his triangulations of European, American, and the Foundation’s interests. No one knows what Europe will be like after the war, he admitted, but it will be different and probably less favorable to the Foundation’s activities. Up until the war, he reassured his colleagues, Europeans perceived America as a neutral and generous world benefactor, making Europe particularly accessible to American ideas and technologies. This perception enabled the Foundation “to foster directly or indirectly, certain ‘American-born’ ideas, without provoking any suspicion of ulterior motive—everything that came from America in the way of ideas was regarded as a sort of Gospel. This will no longer be the case,” he warned.
Lasers Coupled with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nuwaysir Lydia M , Wilkins Charles L
Published: November 2023

Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has evolved as a versatile analytical tool capable of ultrahigh resolution, accurate mass measurement, and low-pressure chemical ionization. In addition to its applicability for structure analysis, it also facilitates study of positive- and negative-ion gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Many excellent review articles summarizing the numerous analytical, environmental, biological, and physical applications of FTMS have been published.1-5 Because of its wide mass range, FTMS permits analysis of otherwise refractory substances.
Resolution and Sensitivity in Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Opsal Richard B , Colby Steven M , Wilkerson Charles W , Reilly James P
Published: November 2023

It has been more than a decade since the successful demonstration of single atom detection by two-step laser ionization of alkali atoms.1 This pioneering physics experiment did more than elegantly demonstrate the simplicity and power of resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization; it captured the imagination of analytical chemists who for years had considered nanogram to picogram detection sensitivity for most techniques as state of the art.
Becoming Public Women: Women and Work
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

The paradox that characterizes nineteenth-century representations of women’s hunger-its banishment to the margins as a taboo and its rich and compelling return in the metaphoric subtexts of Victorian culture-is replicated in the representation of women’s work. Because, like eating, women’s work was perceived as closely involving women’s bodies, it is rarely represented in canonical texts; banning work and eating becomes a way of banning or censoring the female body. The dense metaphoric networks associated with women’s work, however, make the representations of it that do exist all the more compelling, physical and sexual.
Re-membering the Body: Contemporary Feminism and Representation
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

The “she” of “Feminist” might well be a Jenny wakened into consciousness and into the center of the poem; hers is the only action, the poem itself her unmediated territory which we see through her own, opened eyes. The guineas “Jenny” ‘s narrator places in her hair, signalling her victimization by and her complicity in a phallic economy, melt into shadows that are both sinister and insubstantial: sinister because they are tokens of a past in which a woman’s hair was simultaneously a sign of her sexuality and a synecdoche that figured female dismemberment, and insubstantial because Brown, one of feminism’s greatest optimists, has the bravado to suggest that this past and its signs can be shaken loose in a single physical gesture from the very symbol of its misogynist power.
Rhetoric and Irony
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

Rhetoric and Irony is a synthesis of the existing arguments about the perception of dialogue, writing, and language in the ancient world and specifically in the work of four key figures: Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and Augustine.
Introduction
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

In the case of Socrates this self-knowledge was scarcely so full of content, for it properly contained no more than the separation and differentiation of that which only subsequently became the object of knowledge. The expression “know thyself” means: separate yourself from the other. SIJ)REN KIERKEGAARD, The Concept of Irony For in old days at all events the system of instruction seems to have imparted education both in right conduct and in good speech; nor were the professors in two separate groups, but the same masters gave instruction both in ethics and in rhetoric....Socrates robbed [the liberal sciences] of this general designation, and in his discussions separated the science of wise thinking from that of elegant speaking, though in reality they are closely linked together… This is the source from which has sprung the undoubtedly absurd and unprofitable and repre­hensible severance between the tongue and brain, leading to our having one set of professors to teach us to think and anoth­er to teach us to speak.
The Dialectical Scheme
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

The transitional section of the Parmenides occurs at 135c8-137c3. I call it “transitional” because of its role in connecting the exchange between Parmenides and Socrates (which revealed Socrates’ inability to uphold his views about forms) with the second part of the dialogue (Parmenides’ dialectical display). The transition is effected as follows: Parmenidcs tells Socrates that before he can get things right he will have to do a certain kind of exercise, involving the deriving of certain specified sets of results from a series of so-called hypotheses. Parm enides describes the exercise repeatedly. First he describes what the exercise would amount to when starting from Zeno’s hypothesis and then in the case of the hypothesis: if Likeness is. He continues with a general description of the exercise that abstracts from the particular choice of subject (or associated hypothesis). When Socrates says that he has not understood this advice, Parmenides is prevailed upon to demonstrate the exercise. Before starting his display, he announces what hypothesis he will take.