bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of oxygenation by continuous low-pressure oxygen flow through thyrocricocentesis cannulation on asphyxia-induced injury in canines: a randomized prospective animal study.
Authors: Huang Fengyi , Chen Feng , Zheng Xiaochun , Gao Fei
Published: August 2019

Background To observe the oxygenation efficacy using a continuous low-pressure oxygen flow through thyrocricoid emergency airway by venous catheter needle in asphyxic canine models. Methods Eighteen healthy male canines were randomly assigned to three groups: group A (control), group B (continuous low-pressure oxygen flow insufflation), and group C (continuous low-pressure oxygen flow insufflation with chest compression). After thyrocricocentesis cannulation and intubation, ventilation was stopped for 40 minutes to establish an asphyxic model. Electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and arterial blood gas analysis were performed in that duration. Concentrations of S100β protein, cardiac troponin I, and creatine kinase isoenzyme and moisture ratio of brain tissue were measured before asphyxia and 2 hours and 4 hours after resuscitation. Measurement data was described as mean ± SD; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or paired t-test was used to determine differences over time within groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The pace of decline in oxygen saturation, partial pressure of oxygen, and pH and rise in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lactate were slower in the other two groups than in the control group. Similarly, a delay in the increase in concentration of S100β protein and cardiac troponin I was observed. Moreover, cerebral edema in groups B and C was significantly alleviated. The level of serum S100β, cTnI, and moisture ratio of brain tissue was lower in group C than in group B (p < 0.05). Conclusions The implications of continuous low-pressure oxygen flow insufflation through venous catheter needle after thyrocricoid puncture with assisted chest compression can ameliorate oxygenation in vivo, slow the increase of partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and reduce the accumulation of H+ ions. Consequently, it could attenuate the injury to vital organs, and hence improve prognosis. The study showed that it can be a promising approach for managing patients with asphyxia in routine clinical settings.
The synergy of combined free nitrous acid and Fenton technology in enhancing anaerobic digestion of real sewage waste activated sludge
Authors: Karimi Razieh , Hallaji Seyed Mostafa
Published: August 2019

Background

Recently, free nitrous acid (FNA) pre-treatment of sewage waste activated sludge has been introduced as an economically attractive and environmentally friendly technique for enhancing methane production from the anaerobic digestion process. Fenton pre-treatment of sewage sludge, as an advanced oxidation process, has also been introduced as a powerful technique for methane improvement in a couple of studies. This study, for the first time, investigates the synergy of combined FNA and Fenton pre-treatment technologies in enhancing the methane production from the anaerobic digestion process and reducing waste sludge to be disposed of. Actual secondary waste activated sludge in laboratory-scale batch reactors was used to assess the synergistic effect of the pre-treatments. The mechanisms behind the methane enhancement were also put into perspective by measuring different microbial enzymes activity and solubilisation of organic matter.

Result

This study revealed that the combined pre-treatments release organic matter into the soluble phase significantly more than the bioreactors pre-treated with individual FNA and Fenton. For understanding the influence of pre-treatments on solubilisation of organic matter, soluble protein, soluble polysaccharide and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were measured before and after the treatments and it was shown that they respectively increased by 973%, 33% and 353% after the treatments. Protease and cellulose activity, as the key constituents of the microbial community presenting in activated sludge, decreased considerably within the combined pre-treatments (42% and 32% respectively) and methane production enhanced by 43-69%. Furthermore, total solids and volatile solids destruction improved by 26% and 24% at the end of anaerobic digestion, which can reduce transport costs of sludge and improve the quality of sludge for application in farms and forests.

Conclusions

The results obtained from the experiments corroborate the synergic effect of the combined FNA and Fenton pre-treatment technologies in degrading the organic and microbial constituents in waste activated sludge, which improved methane production accordingly. This is of paramount importance because the total costs of wastewater treatment plants operation and greenhouse gas emission from sludge treatment and disposal processes would reduce considerably, which pave the way for the implementation of these technologies.
KARAOKE: Krill oil versus placebo in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Laslett Laura L , Antony Benny , Wluka Anita , Hill Catherine , March Lyn , Keen Helen I , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme
Published: August 2019

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and important cause of pain and disability, but interventions aimed at structural modification have been disappointing. While OA affects the whole joint, synovitis and effusion have been recognised as having a role in the pathogenesis of OA. Krill oil reduces knee pain and systemic inflammation and could be used for targeting inflammatory mechanisms of OA.
Methods: 260 patients with clinical knee OA, significant knee pain and effusion-synovitis present on MRI will be recruited in 5 Australian cities (Hobart, Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth). They will be randomly allocated to the two arms of the study, receiving 2g/day krill oil or inert placebo daily for 6 months. MRI of the study knee will be performed at screening, and after 6 months. Knee symptoms, function and MRI structural abnormalities will be assessed using validated methods. Safety data will be recorded. Primary outcomes are absolute change in knee pain (assessed by visual analog score) and change in size of knee effusion-synovitis over 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include improvement in knee pain over 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. The primary analyses will be intention-to-treat analyses of primary and secondary outcomes. Per protocol analyses adjusting for missing data and for treatment compliance will be performed as the secondary analyses.
Discussion: This study will provide high-quality evidence to assess whether krill oil 2g/day reduces pain and effusion-synovitis size in older adults with clinical knee OA and knee effusion-synovitis. If krill oil is effective and confirmed to be safe, we will provide compelling evidence that krill oil improves pain and function, changes disease trajectory and slows disease progression in OA. Given the lack of approved therapies for slowing disease progression in OA, and moderate cost of krill oil, these findings will be readily translated into clinical practice.
Validation of the LEOSound Cough Detection Algorithm
Authors: Gross Volker , Fischer Patrick , Weissflog Andreas , Hildebrandt Olaf , Koehler Ulrich , Sohrabi Keywan
Published: August 2019

Background

Cough is an important respiratory symptom being of great interest to many researchers. Up to now, most knowledge about cough has been collected through standardized questionnaires. Objective, and reliable detection of cough assessed by automated lung sound monitoring are becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study is to validate the LEOSound lung sound monitor by using previously determined and investigated COPD datasets (1,2).

Methods

Based on multiple recordings of 48 patients with stable COPD II-IV, we validated the cough detection algorithm of LEOSound by using a contingency table. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were used as quantitative measures.

Results

We found the overall accuracy to be 87.3% with sensitivity and specificity of 98.7% and 80.2%, respectively. Major reasons for midsections in descending order were throat cleaning, snoring and movement artifacts.

Conclusion

In comparison to other full-automated cough monitoring systems, the LEOSound performs the best in sensitivity, but shows slightly poor specificity. Misdetections were mainly caused due to morphological similar noises and can be withdrawn while scanning through the recording manually.
Public stigma towards informal caregiving in Germany: a descriptive study
Authors: Zwar Larissa , Angermeyer Matthias Clemens , Matschinger Herbert , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , König Hans-Helmut , Hajek André
Published: August 2019

Background. There is currently a gap in the research literature regarding the occurrence and magnitude of public stigma towards informal caregiving. However, the investigation of stigma towards informal care is highly relevant, given the negative consequences that stigmatization can have. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the public stigma towards informal caregiving for individuals older than 65 years in the German population.
Methods. 1038 members of the adult population (18 years and older) living in Germany participated in an online-survey. They were sampled using a quota-system based on the German micro census data. To assess public stigma towards informal caregiving for individuals older than 65 years, the following three aspects of stigma were assessed: 1) emotional reactions (adapted version of the Emotional Reaction to Mental Illness Scale), 2) behavioral reactions (extended version of the Social Distance Scale), and 3) cognitive reactions (newly developed list of Cognitions regarding informal care). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for the development and adaptation of the three instruments, and their composite reliability is provided.
Results. Emotional reactions in terms of devaluing feelings and feelings of misery were low, while appreciative feelings were neither low nor high. Reported social distance was low. Agreement with cognitions towards informal care in terms of devaluing and accusative cognitions was on average low, but high regarding appreciative cognitions.
Conclusions. The results show that there is stigma towards informal caregiving for older individuals (65 years and older) in terms of emotional reactions, cognitions and social distance, although the magnitude of this stigma seems to be small. Knowledge regarding the occurrence and magnitude of stigma, as well as the processes that underlie this, is needed to prevent stigmatization and its negative outcomes, or at the very least, to enable the development of support for the affected individuals.
Monochorionic twin pregnancies increases perinatal risk and is a high risk factor of selective intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Chen Jie , Yang Yue Lian
Published: August 2019

Background

Twins pregnancy can cause a lot of disease, especially monochorionic twin pregnancies, the prenatal infant will have many diseases and have high mortality rate. According to analysis and compare of the twin pregnancy, especially pregnant woman and puerpera’s situation and complication and baby’s situation; we hope we can find the reason which causes the fetus growth restrain of monochorionic twin pregnancies. So we can provide some reference for the prenatal health care, complication prevention and prenatal outcome.

Methods

We divided 489 cases of twin pregnancies into two groups: monochorionic twin and dichorionic twin and compared the clinical features of them. At last, we used the logistic regression analysis method to analyze the risk factors of selective intrauterine growth restriction(sIUGR).

Results

The incidences of premature rupture of membranes and sIUGR were significant higher in monochorionic twin and twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) only exists in monochorionic twin. The weight of the newborn babies(both big and small babies)were significant lower in Monochorionic twin. The neonatal transfer rate was significant higher in monochorionic twin. Gestational weeks and weight of newborn babies are the high risk factors of sIUGR.

Conclusions

The type of chorion has a great influence to the pregnant period and the ending of maternal women. Monochorionic is a high risk factor of the sIUGR, which means that the main cause of sIUGR is from placenta, so it is a kind of “placental origin disease”.
Bitlis Ahlat Sazlıkları Yüzey Sularında Bazı Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Araştırılması
Authors: DEMİR YETİŞ Ayşegül
Published: August 2019

Ahlat Sazlıkları, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Bitlis İli Ahlat İlçesi sınırlarında yer almaktadır. Sazlığın; Türkiye’deki 48, Bitlis ilindeki 5 adet “Ulusal Öneme Haiz Sulak Alan”dan biri olması; alanı daha da önemli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Ahlat Sazlıkları’nda ağır metal düzeylerini araştırmak amacıyla, yüzey sularında Kasım 2015, Şubat 2016, Mayıs 2016 ve Ağustos 2016 dönemlerinde 7 farklı istasyondan örnekleme yapılmıştır. Alınan örneklerde Al (alüminyum), As (arsenik), T-Cr (toplam krom), Ni (nikel), Fe (demir), Cu (bakır), Cd (kadmiyum), Mn (mangan), F (florür), Pb (kurşun), Hg (civa) ve Se (selenyum) gibi ağır metal ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçüm verileri; ulusal mevzuattaki Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (YSKY) ve Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği’nde (SKKY) yer alan sınır değerlerle kıyaslanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ahlat Sazlıkları, T-Cr açısından II. sınıf kalitede iken, diğer ağır metal parametreleri bakımından I. sınıf su kalitesi özelliği göstermektedir. Cu ve Cd sonuçları sazlık yakınındaki balık çiftliği, maden ocağı, foseptikler ve jeojenik kökenli etmenlerden dolayı ulusal mevzuattaki sınır değerleri aşmaktadır. Bölgede ilk defa gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın, Ahlat Sazlıkları Yönetim Planı’nda su kalitesi uygulama hedefleri içindeki faaliyetlerden birinin gerçekleşmesine çok büyük katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. 
Pamuklu Elastan Süprem Kumaşlarda Konfor ve Boncuklanma Özellikleri
Authors: UYANIK Seval , KAYNAK Hatice Kübra
Published: August 2019

Örme kumaşlarda elastan iplik kullanımı, kumaşların elastikiyetini artırmak, esneyip eski haline dönebilme yeteneğini iyileştirmek ve giyside tüm kullanım sürecinde en iyi performansı elde etmek amacıyla yapılan yaygın bir uygulamadır. Çalışma ile hava geçirgenliği ve su buharı geçirgenliği gibi giysi konforunu belirleyen özellikler ve boncuklanma direnci açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak süprem ve farklı elastan oranlarına sahip elastanlı süprem kumaşlar incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elastan içeriğinin giyside konforu azalttığı, boncuklanmaya direnci artırdığı, 2x1 elastanlı süpremin söz konusu özellikler üzerinde 1x1 elastanlı süprem ve tam dolu elastanlı süpremden çok belirgin bir etkisinin olmadığı ve neticede konfor açısından 1x1 elastanlı süprem yerine maliyetinin daha yüksek olması sebebiyle kullanımının uygun olmadığı ve ancak boncuklanma direnci açısından tercih edilebileceği ortaya konulmuştur. 
V-Kanatçık Kullanımının Havalı Güneş Kollektörlerinde Termal ve Termohidrolik Verime Etkisinin Parametrik Analizi
Authors: YILDIRIM Cihan
Published: August 2019

Bu çalışmada V-kanatçıklar ile yutucu yüzeyi pürüzlendirilmiş bir hava akışkanlı güneş kollektörünün termal ve termohidrolik verimi sayısal olarak araştırılmış ve farklı pürüzlülük parametrelerinin etkisi incelenmiştir. Pürüzlülük parametrelerinin artması ile termal ve termohidrolik verimin sürekli arttığı bununla beraber rölatif pürüzlülük mesafesi (RRP), rölatif pürüzlülük genişliği (RRW) ve kanatçık açısı (𝛼) parametreleri için belli değerlerden sonra azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu parametrelere dair optimum değerler RRP=8, RRW=6 ve α=60o olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca V-kanatçıklı yutucu yüzey kullanımının düzlemsel yutucu yüzey kullanımına göre, farklı Reynolds sayılarında, termal verimi %65 ile %165 oranında arttırdığı, termohidrolik verimi ise %67 ile %165 arasında artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir.
Design and Finite Element Analysis of a Foldable and Single-Arm Wheelchair Lift for M-Class Vehicles
Authors: ULUDAMAR Erinç
Published: August 2019

Commercially, many types of lifts and ramps are available to help the wheelchair users getting on and off the vehicles. In this study, a foldable wheelchair lift, which has a single arm was analysed by Finite Element Method according to specified maximum carrying mass of 300 kg in Directive 2001/85/EC. Examination was carried out on the manufactured wheelchair lift to validate the result of Finite Element Analysis. Initial analyses have shown that the lift is insufficient to be safe. Hence a modification was performed on the lift. After the modification, maximum von-Mises stress was calculated as 300.15 MPa in the cantilever beam of the platform which is produced by S355JR quality steel. The largest deformation was measured as 82.4 mm and 78.3 mm on the manufactured lift and on the model, respectively. Modal analysis indicates the result of the first eight modes occurred in low frequencies.
Karbon Keçe Elektrotun Alkali Ortamda Elektrokatalitik Hidrojen Çıkış Etkinliğinin Artırılması
Authors: DÖNER Ali
Published: August 2019

Bu çalışmada, karbon keçe üzerine bakır, kobalt, kobalt-bakır ve kobalt/platin elektrokimyasal olarak çöktürülmüştür. Hazırlanan elektrotların 1 M KOH çözeltisinde hidrojen gazı çıkışına katalitik etkisi katodik akım-potansiyel eğrileri, elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopisi (EIS) ve elektroliz yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Hazırlanan elektrotların zamanla kararlılık testi 1 M KOH çözeltisi içinde 2,2x10-3 A m-2’lik akım yoğunluğunda araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre karbon keçe üzerine, kobalt, kobalt-bakır ve kobalt/platin çöktürülmesi elektrotun aşırı gerilimini düşürerek hidrojen gazı çıkışını arttırmaktadır. Elektrotun katalitik etkinliği çöktürülen metalin türüne bağlıdır. Katalitik etkinliğin artması keçe elektrotun büyük yüzey alanı ve kobalt ile platinin yüksek katalitik etkinliği ile açıklanabilir.
Kazıkların Deprem Yükü Altında İncelenmesi
Authors: BAĞRIAÇIK Baki , KAYADELEN Cafer , ALTAY Gökhan
Published: August 2019

Kazıklar, yapıların temel zemininde mukavemet artırıcı özellikler sağlaması açısından avantaj sağlayan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntem, inşaat yapılması planlanan veya mevcut mühendislik yapılarının sorunlu temel zemininden dolayı zarar görmesini önlemek için kullanılmaktadır. Kazıklar, düşey ve deprem yüklerine dayanması açısından son yıllarda yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, kazıkların temel davranışının iyi incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kazıkların deprem yükü altındaki davranışı, sonlu elemanlar yöntemini kullanan Plaxis 2D programı yardımıyla araştırılmıştır. Analizlerde dört kazıktan oluşan kum zemin modeline belirli bir düşey yük etkisinde Kocaeli deprem titreşimi uygulanmıştır. Analizlerde kazıklar kuşaklı ve kuşaksız olmak üzere iki farklı durum için aynı deprem yüküne maruz bırakılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, kuşaklı kazık gruplarının ivme değerlerinin kuşaksız kazık gruplarına göre daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Stratification and equalization cycles in shallow maturation ponds with different operational configurations and at different periods of the year
Authors: Passos Ricardo Gomes , Dias Daniel F. C. , Rodrigues Valéria A. J. , von Sperling Marcos
Published: August 2019

This study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of stratification/equalization cycles in two full-scale shallow maturation ponds in Brazil, with different operational configurations and different periods of the year, through monitoring of temperature and other constituents in the vertical profile of the ponds. The study comprised two operational phases: one phase in which both ponds had no baffles and operated in parallel (one pond had sludge accumulated on the bottom while the other did not); and another phase in which the ponds operated in series, the first pond without baffles and with accumulated sludge on the bottom while the second pond had two longitudinal baffles, a shallower depth and no accumulated sludge. Overall, there were systematic daily periodic events of thermal stratification followed by temperature equalization and vertical mixing in both ponds and operating phases. Vertical temperature gradients were predominantly in the 0–7 °C m−1 range. Statistical tests showed a significant positive correlation between the thermal gradient in the pond and air temperature, but not between the thermal gradient and wind speed. Data suggested that ponds remained 56% of the time under thermal stratification and 44% in vertical mixing. The data also highlighted the importance of sludge in the thermal balance of ponds.
Urban water management challenges and achievements in Windhoek, Namibia
Authors: Lewis Earl W. , Staddon Chad , Sirunda Johannes
Published: August 2019

This paper gives an overview of the main challenges and achievements faced by Windhoek's water management sector. The paper highlights pertinent issues arising from increased water demand, and also explores current and future water supply augmentation options. Water planners experience management challenges as a result of a combination of factors, mainly, lack of funds and staff, limited expertise, poor communication between stakeholders, and weak regulation and enforcement. In order to meet these challenges water managers need to develop more robust and resilient strategies, including greater focus on water demand management.
Spatial variational characteristics analysis of heavy metals pollution in the water of the Caroni River system: case study from a tropical river
Authors: Banerjee Kailas Sekhar , Jittan Lera , Ramkalawan Shabian
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the spatial variations in distribution of certain heavy metals in the Caroni River Basin, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, which is the most industrialized nation of the Caribbean. Until now, no detailed assessment has been carried out in this area to measure the accumulation indices and associated risks. This study can illustrate the movement and transportation of analysed heavy metals, and can be used for baseline information. Results from the study revealed that the concentration in the river water samples (in μg/L) varies: Cr (5.07 to 6.85), Co (3.47 to 6.07), Ni (5.23 to 9.38), Cu (4.56 to 10.11), Zn (2.13 to 60.91), As (3.97 to 5.7) and Pb (4.04 to 9.92). This study also revealed that these higher concentrations can be attributed to effluents from small-scale industries, unnoticed irrigation processes, and domestic wastes. The San Juan, St Joseph and Arouca rivers were found to be the most polluted, and Cu, Pb, Zn and As were the most abundant metals in the study area. Heavy metals analysed from most of the river-bed and river-bank positions showed very good correlation with respective river water samples (0.98 for river bed and 0.83 for river bank).
Evaluation of moving bed sand filter for denitrification, suspended solids removal and very low effluent total phosphorus concentrations
Authors: Rathnaweera S. S. , Rusten B. , Manamperuma L. D. , Gjevre J. , Tranum I.
Published: August 2019

Continuously flushing moving bed sand filter was operated in pilot scale for phosphorus (P) and nitrogen removal with simultaneous particle removal. The wastewater tested was either final effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) followed by coagulation and dissolved air flotation (DAF) for P and suspended solids (SS) removal, or different mixtures of this final effluent and effluent from the MBBR-stage. The study focused on the applicability to achieve low total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (below 0.1 mg/L) and suspended solids concentrations (below 10 mg SS/L), plus good denitrification (removal rate over 750 g NO3-N/m3-d), by treating wastewater having variable concentrations of TP (from 0.19 to 7.3 mg/L), SS (from 3 to 169 mg/L) and total nitrogen (from 8 to 27 mg/L). The target effluent TP limit was easily achieved when adding coagulant to WWTP effluent. With correct coagulant dose (Al/TP-molar ratio >4) and good particle removal the target effluent TP could also be reached when treating mixed WW with fairly high influent TP. Very high denitrification rates were achieved with adequate influent P concentration and external carbon source. Low denitrification rates were observed when limited by low concentrations of biodegradable carbon and phosphorus.
The Seismic Refraction Survey to Determine the Depth of Bedrock at the Damansara Area for Horizontal Directional Drilling Method Application
Authors: Umor Mohd Rozi , Arifin Mohd Hariri , Muda Nora
Published: August 2019

The seismic reflection survey conducted along the road at Damansara to determine the depth of bedrock in order to justify whether HDD method can be utilize to store the fiber optic cable. 10 line seismic survey performed along 1.2 km roadside. The result show that the subsurface profile represent by two layer of earth materials that is topsoil and bedrock granite. Determination between topsoil and granite based on the values of seismic velocity. The boundary between granite and soil interpreted by a velocity value 1,200 m/s. If the velocity values is less than 1,200 m/s, it interpreted as soil or highly weathered rock. Meanwhile the velocity value more than 1,200 m/s is refer as rock and hard to excavate especially using HDD method. The study shows that the general thickness of topsoil along the road in Damansara is around 2.0 to 4.0 m. The minimum thickness of topsoil is 1.0 m and maximum found around 6.0 m. The bedrock observed very shallow and not suitable for HDD method to implement.
School Culture and Its Effect on Extracurricular Participation in Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Melissa
Published: August 2019

Abstract Extracurricular participation has displayed positive effects on student development; it is, therefore, worthwhile to investigate the factors that influence students’ willingness and ability to participate in extracurricular activities held by the school. Through a qualitative research design, this study hopes to reveal how school culture and other factors influence extracurricular participation among local high school students in Hong Kong. Focus groups were conducted with students from three local schools, and teachers and administrative staff were interviewed when available. The study focused on four main themes: school and student profile, participation requirements, activity availability, and school mission and academic emphasis. Hand coding and data analysis suggest that principal and school attitudes influenced the activities available, while timing and activity arrangement significantly affected student participation. Overall, there were mixed opinions toward extracurricular activities.
Development and use of synanthropic phytocenoses with complex invasion in Kaluga region
Authors: Burlutskiy Valeriy Anatolyevich , Mazurov Vladimir Nikolaevich , Osokin Ivan Evgenievich , Peliy Aleksandr Fedorovich , Semeshkina Polina Sergeevna , Borodina Ekaterina Sergeevna , Gins Murat Sabirovich , Peliy Aleksey Fedorovich
Published: August 2019

Currently, less than 33% of arable land is used in Meshchovskoye Opolye. Optimizing technology elements of resource-saving development of synanthropic fallow phytocenoses with complex invasion is relevant. The article is devoted to analysis of development of self-organizing phytocenoses with varying invasion degrees and their use on lands temporarily withdrawn from active agricultural use. Field experiments were carried out on postagrogenic gray forest loamy soils in Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture in 2006-2018. Influence of mineral fertilizers as an optimization element of technology of fallow development was studied using transects and permanent survey sites on the area of 12.0 ha. The reasons for change in productivity and its determining elements in hayfields in autogenous - allogenic phytocenoses were analysed. We established that economic value of plant communities was determined by potential of constituent species and variability of their productivity in years with various environmental conditions. 12 years later phytocenoses become homogeneous and consist of 10-12 main plant species, determining green mass productivity by 75%. Compared to native species invasive plant species have 1.4-2.0 fold higher productivity which accounts for 60% and more productivity of phytocenoses. Transforming role of Erigeron canadensis L., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Solidago gigantea Ait. on their expansion into aboriginal herb (share in mowed mass - 40% or more) communities was shown; their high adaptive potential for ecological-soil conditions of Meshchovskoye Opolye (center of Nonchernozem Zone of Russia) was established. Application of mineral fertilizers (P40K90) in the secondary Trifolium medium phytocenoses (more than 40%) contributed to 2.4-fold increase in its productivity (from 1.38 to 3.29 kg/m2) and increased productivity stability by 60%, reducing low-value species in crop structure by 1.6 times. The total area of cenopopulations increased by 10.4-21.5%, yields - from 2.31 to 4.41 kg/m2.
Effect of sowing type and irrigation method on productivity of legume-bluegrass mixtures under multiple cutting
Authors: Bulakhtina Galina Konstantinovna , Kudryashov Alexandr Vladimirovich , Kudryashova Natalia Ivanovna
Published: August 2019

Research objective was to study influence of various irrigation methods and sowing types on productivity of legume-bluegrass mixtures under multiple cutting. Effect of irrigation methods on productivity of different perennial forage grasses grown in light brown soils of Northern Caspian region was studied for the first time. The experiment had two factors - forage grass mixtures ( Agropyron pectiniforme , Trifolium pratense , Phleum pratense , Festuca pratensis ; 25 : 25 : 25 : 25) and various methods of irrigation. Records and observations were made according to the practical standards of B.A. Dospekhov, I.N. Beydeman and the Study guide on mobilization of vegetable resources and introduction of arid fodder plants of Williams Fodder Research Institute. The two-year research resulted in the following conclusions: widespread sowing turned out to be far more effective compared to drilling and was 40.9 t/ha higher; grass yields under flooding were the lowest in all sowing variants and differed insignificantly - 55.6 t/ha in drilling and 55.2 t/ha in widespread sowing.
Yield and quality of potato tubers depending on a complex of chemicals applied under radioactive contamination
Authors: Sekirnikov Aleksey Evgenievich , Sedov Vladimir Vitalievich , Shapovalov Viktor Fedorovich
Published: August 2019

The influence of chemicals on productivity and quality of potato tubers cv. Kurazh cultivated on sod-podzolic sandy soils under radioactive contamination was studied in the south-west of the central Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation. Organo-mineral system (manure, 40 t/ha + N75P30K90) applied in complex with chemicals and biological agent Gumistim turned to be the most effective fertilizer system providing the maximum potato yields during the experiment. Moreover, complex application of the chemicals increased protein level and decreased starch content in tubers, it also improved amino acid composition; concentration of heavy metals and specific activity of cesium-137 did not exceed sanitary and hygienic standards (SanPiN 2.3.3 1078-01).
Nutrient removal and payback of mineral fertilizers by harvest of winter wheat varieties under technologies of different intensity levels
Authors: Rebukh Nazih Yasser , Polityko Petr Mikhailovich , Kapranov Vladimir Nikolaevich , Kiselev Evgeny Fedorovich
Published: August 2019

Nutrient removal and payback of mineral fertilizers by harvest of winter wheat varieties were studied under technologies of different intensity levels in 2012-2015. The design of the experiment included three fertilizer systems divided into three yield levels (6, 8 and 10 t/ha) adjusted for the actual content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil. Samples of grain and straw were taken for each variety and technology before harvesting, nutrient content was determined. Calculation of nutrient removal was carried out at 14% moisture. Nutrient removal and payback of fertilizers by harvest of winter wheat varieties depended on genetic characteristics and cultivation technology. Nemchinovskaya and Moskovskaya varieties had the highest (17-29 kg/kg) and the lowest (39-21 kg/kg) fertilizer payback, respectively, in high-intensity technology. The lower the stem height, the lower the nutrient removal. The sum of fertilizers (NPK) used by Nemchinovskaya 24 variety was 210 kg/ha in standard technology, 330 kg/ha in intensive technology, and 450 kg/ha in high-intensity technology. Lower fertilizer costs were noted on average over the research years. Increasing intensity of technology - from standard to high-intensity - resulted in increased nutrient removal and fertilizers costs, and their payback decreased.
Ecological functions of forest stands in urbanized environment of Moscow
Authors: Dubenok Nikolay Nikolaevich , Kuzmichev Valeriy Vasilyevich , Lebedev Alexandr Vyacheslavovich
Published: August 2019

In urban forests, stock production is not the main function of stands. Carbon sequestration, the release of oxygen and phytoncides, dust precipitation, and changing wind conditions et al. are the main environmental functions. Phyto-organic substances emitted by trees help to reduce the number of microorganisms in air make the air cleaner and fresher. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the ecological functions of forest stands based on long-term observations of the forest stands of the Forest Experimental District of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The study used data about 7 permanent trial plots in natural pine stands, 7 - in pine plantations (planting density - 32 000 trees per 1 ha), 13 - in larch plantations (planting density - 700-4000 trees per 1 ha), 8 - in oak stands (natural stands and plantations) and 9 - in birch stands (natural stands and plantations). For a year, 1 ha of forest covered area produces 10 tons of oxygen, and the entire territory of the Forest Experimental District produces about 2.5 thousand tons of oxygen. In the year, the stands of the Forest Experimental District absorb about 3 thousand tons of carbon dioxide. The forest stands of the Forest Experimental District are capable of precipitating 135 tons of dust and they emit about 130 tons of phytoncides into the air during the growing season. Under urban conditions, forest stands are subject to the influence of negative factors: emissions from industrial enterprises and transport, recreational loads, disruption of natural conditions, and many others. Negative factors lead to a decrease in the performance of ecological functions. Therefore, in urban forests it is necessary to carry out silvicultural measures to increase the sustainability and productivity of stands.
MODERNIZATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF RUSSIA (TO THE RESULTS OF THE DISCUSSION IN CONNECTION WITH THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY)
Authors: Vlasenko Nikolay A.
Published: August 2019

A quarter of a century has passed since the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation by a national referendum. The jubilee gives a reason to talk about the optimality of constitutional provisions, their effectiveness, and somewhere practical expediency. The article aims to analyze the points of view expressed in this regard in the scientific press, newspaper periodicals and other media. However, the author first refers to the history of the emergence of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. It is noted that the Basic Law, on the one hand, was a result of military-political compromise between supporters of the parliamentary vision of the future structure of the country and supporters of a strong presidential power, on the other hand, allowed ultimately abolish the Soviet system and traditions. The mentioned situation and the factor of haste and hurry could not but affect the content and technical and legal quality of the document. The author has reduced the opinions expressed on the issue of modernization of the Constitution of the Russian Federation to three main positions: 1) The Constitution has not exhausted its potential and there is no reason to change its text; 2) a full-fledged constitutional reform is required, the current Constitution has exhausted its potential; 3) there is a need for precise partial changes and additions that can improve the Constitution. The article argues that the last position of the so-called precise partial changes is the most productive and allows to make the constitutional document adequate and relevant. In this regard, it is proposed to hold several round tables at the initial stage on the development of concepts for improving the constitutional foundations. One of them, the author calls promising and offers to prepare a list of proposals for the removal of ideologically and actually not confirmed in practical life provisions. These are provisions about Legal State (excluding the principle of separation of state power), Welfare State, etc. Another concept that also needs to be developed is institutional (the concept of the legal status of public authorities, their powers, checks and balances, etc.). These ideas, the author believes, should be a compromise between scientists, then become public and be implemented in the practice of constitutional construction.
THE ROLE OF RATIONALITY PHILOSOPHY IN LEGAL STUDIES (PART II)
Authors: Ivanskiy Valeriy P. , Kovalev Sergey I.
Published: August 2019

The relevance of the article, which consists of two parts, is that the various theories of rationality presented only in philosophical works are considered. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in recent decades in scientific works on jurisprudence there is a clear trend of borrowing such terms from philosophy as “classical”, “non-classical” or “post-non-classical” science in the description of a concept of law. Nevertheless, in legal studies there is still no concept of rationality, the criteria for its classification, allowing to describe the diversity of manifestations of legal reality. The purpose of the study is: 1) to find new non-classical foundations for the development of legal knowledge; 2) to substantiate the point of view that the category of “scientific rationality” and its typology used in philosophy, it is necessary to introduce into scientific use of legal science, which will push the boundaries of knowledge of legal reality; 3) to describe the features of understanding of the term "scientific rationality" in law in the context of its classification into the following two groups: classical and neoclassical (post-classical), as well as non-classical and post-classical. In the process of studying the philosophy of rationality in legal studies used a diverse set of methodological tools : 1) General philosophical methods (dialectical and idealistic); 2) General scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison; 3) and private (special) - logical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, normative-dogmatic; 4) method of interpretation, including the method of problem-theoretical reconstruction. The main results of achieving the goal of the study were proposals on: 1) introduction of the concept of “types and models of legal rationality” into the scientific circulation of jurisprudence; 2) classification of legal rationality into classical and non - classical types and corresponding models-neoclassical (post-classical) and post-non-classical. It should be noted that the post-classical and post-non-classical styles of legal thinking are evolved versions, respectively, of the classical and non-classical types of legal rationality. The basis for the classification of types of scientific rationality in legal science was the anthropological factor-consciousness homo juridicus and methodological tools with which legal consciousness is known. The novelty of the study is that the above classification of epistemological paradigms allows us to look at the law as a multilevel reality, which is simultaneously inherent in the two mechanisms of its Constitution - external and internal. Moreover, the presented criteria-based classification of legal rationality is the basis for the development of legal knowledge.
LEGAL INTERPRETATION IN RUSSIAN LAW: THE UNITY OF THE METHODOLOGICAL AND ACTIVITY APPROACHES
Authors: Gavrilova Yulia A.
Published: August 2019

The problem of legal interpretation in Russian jurisprudence is characterized by an extremely wide range of opinions: from formally dogmatic to postmodern. Every scientist tries to see in the interpretation something «his own». A number of scientists believe that it is possible to discuss the terminology of the question, in particular, the distinction between «interpretation» and «explain». Others consider that the purpose of studying the interpretation is to find the best ways to understand the laws published in the state. For the third, the interpretation is interesting in that it lies at the basis of the discretion of officials in the course of practical work on resolving legal disputes, and this raises questions of the limits of interpretation. For the fourth, the interpretation has the status of an ideological toolkit for solving social problems, for example, in constitutional judicial proceedings. The current doctrinal state of the interpretation problem lags behind the needs of legislation and legal regulation practice. Therefore, the changes in the passport of a scientific specialty 12.00.01 - the theory and history of law and the state; the history of the doctrine of law and the state, which singled out the legal interpretation as an independent method of the study of law, requires due scientific attention. The purpose of the article is to give the author's a generalized idea of the place and meaning of legal interpretation in modern Russian law on the material of available scientific literature. Research methods: formal legal, analysis and synthesis, modeling, extrapolation. The results of the study. The age-old disputes over legal interpretation among scholars and practitioners lawyers, philosophers, politicians are explained by the polysemy of the term «interpretation», which allows considering it, according to the author’s article, in two fundamental meanings: narrow and broad. In a narrow linguistic sense, interpretation is a combination of linguistic methods for analyzing legal texts. In a broadly discursive sense, interpretation is perception, translation (decoding) and extracting the meaning of any legal phenomena. Separately highlighted are the methodological and activity aspects of this problem, focusing respectively on modern approaches to interpreting the phenomena of the entire legal life of society, as an integral part of legal discourse, and traditional approaches to interpretation as special activities aimed at understanding the meaning of textually fixed legal norms using special technical-legal means. It is concluded that the generalized consideration of legal interpretation in modern Russian law is necessary in the unity of the methodological and activity aspects.
INSTITUTES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN KALMYKIA IN THE 17TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CIVILIZATION AND CULTURAL APPROACH
Authors: Komandzhaev Evgeniy A.
Published: August 2019

In order to more clearly present the processes, which taking place in Russian society, for a clearer assessment of the situation of national republics within the Russian Federation, it is necessary to turn to the historical and legal development of separate nations within Russia. Changes in the system of government of Russia, the emergence of new socio-economic, political, spiritual and cultural problems necessitate the development of new forms of cooperation between the regions and the federal center. The search for a better model of state administration of the regions pay our attention to the historical and legal development of public administration institutions in Kalmykia in the 17th-19th centuries. In this regard, we can turn to the experience of the development of Kalmyk society within Russia, namely the development of institutions of public authority and management of Kalmyk society. Since the formation of the Kalmyk Khanate within Russia, the central government practically did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Khanate. Gradually, the Russian government began to intervene in the choice of the head of the Khanate, in the settlement of disputes between the nobility. Further, Russian government officials appear in the Kalmyk steppe, submitting to central and local government bodies. As a result by the middle of the XIX century, a system of bailiffs was formed, and then the system of guardianship by the Kalmyk people, which practically eliminated national governance, transferring the functions of exercising public authority to the Russian authorities. At the same time, the Russian government adopted several regulatory legal acts aimed at improving public administration of the Kalmyk society. In addition, ministry officials and the administration of the Astrakhan province developed a number of projects to reform the management system, taxation and judicial system in the Kalmyk steppe, which were never accepted for various reasons, but which were important for improving the management of the Kalmyk society. A number of projects were developed in connection with reforms in Russia in the 60s-70s of the 19th century and therefore, changes were needed to manage the Kalmyk people. The implementation of reforms, among other things, interfered with the dependence of common Kalmyks on noyons and zaisangs, which was abolished only in 1892. This reform freed noyons from managing ulus, and zaisang from managing aimags. In addition, taxation of the Kalmyk people was reorganized, which continued into the beginning of the 20th century. Subordinating Kalmykia to the Ministry of the Interior in 1902, the government reorganized the administrative-territorial structure, but further transformations in Kalmyk society were suspended by the world war and the revolutionary events of 1917.