bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced STag Marker System - Materials and Methods for Flexible Robot Localisation
Authors: Heselden James R , Paparas Dimitris , Stevenson Robert L , Das Gautham P
Published: November 2024

Accurate localisation is a key requirement for the utilisation of autonomous mobile robots. Fiducial localisation is an approach which utilises the relative positioning of markers physically deployed across an environment, to determine a position estimate for a robot. Fiducial markers are strictly designed, with very limited flexibility in appearance. This often results in a "trade-off" between visual customisation, library size, and occlusion resilience. Further, many fiducial localisation approaches vary in their position estimation over time, leading to instability. The Stable Fiducial Marker System (STag) was designed to address this limitation with the use of a 2-stage homography detection. Through its combined square and circle detection phases, it can refine detection stability without resorting to temporal filtering. In this work, we explore the utility of STag as a basis for a stable mobile robot localization system. Key marker restrictions are addressed in this work through the development of three new chromatic STag marker types. The Hue/Greyscale STag marker set addresses constraints in customisability, the High-Capacity STag marker set addresses limitations in library size, and the High-Occlusion STag marker set improves resilience to occlusions. Each of these is designed to be compatible with the existing STag detection system, requiring only preprocessing steps for enhanced detection. They are assessed against their respective aims, showing clear benefits to their utility when compared with the existing STag markers. Further, we explore the viability of various materials for the fabrication of markers, to be used in outdoor and low-light conditions. This includes the exploration of static materials such as acrylic and wood and explores "active" materials which induce effects such as retro-reflectance and photo-luminescence. Marker detection rates are experimentally assessed across extensive lighting conditions; with active markers further assessed on the practicality of their effects. To encapsulate this work, we have developed a full end-to-end deployment for fiducial localisation under the STag system. It is shown to function for both on-board and off-board localisation, with deployment in practical robot trials. As a part of this contribution, the associated software for marker set generation/detection, physical marker fabrication, and end-to-end localisation has been released as an open-source distribution.
Advancements in Carbohydrate Scaffold Synthesis: Exploring Prins Cyclization Methodology
Authors: Dubbu Sateesh , Jampani Santhi
Published: November 2024

The synthesis of natural and unconventional compounds with carbohydrate structures is of great interest to glycochemists due to their vital biological roles. In recent years, there has been significant progress in developing direct and indirect synthetic strategies for constructing sugar moieties. Among these methods, the Prins reaction, employing homoallylic alcohols and carbonyl compounds, has proven invaluable for directly creating sugar skeletons. This review discusses approaches for crafting carbohydrate frameworks using the Prins reaction, utilizing both carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate starting materials.
CoopGovern: A Governance Model for Interinstitutional Co-operation Platforms in Health
Authors: Feitoza Márcio , Rocha Carlos Eduardo da , Lepikson Herman Augusto
Published: November 2024

The complexity of public health challenges demands collaborative approaches that transcend institutional boundaries, especially within science, technology, and innovation in health (ST&IH). Interinstitutional cooperation platforms governance (IICPG) often lacks structured models, core values, clear guidelines, and effective performance indicators, leading to fragmented efforts and reduced capacity for crisis response, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study proposes a flexible governance model, CoopGovern, which integrates essential principles, strategies, and key performance indicators (KPIs) to monitor and evaluate interinstitutional cooperation (IIC) activities. CoopGovern addresses significant governance deficiencies by focusing on structural integrity, coordinated actions, and performance metrics, fostering resilience and adaptability within health systems to respond effectively to global health challenges. It enhances the sustainability of cooperative endeavors in ST&IH by aligning policies and coordinating resources across institutions and stakeholders. The model promotes innovation and public value in health, presenting a dynamical framework that optimizes governance and maximizes the impact of IIC.
Quantum Variational vs Quantum Kernel Machine Learning Models for Partial Discharge Classification in Dielectric Oils
Authors: Monzón-Verona José Miguel , García-Alonso Santiago , Santana-Martín Francisco Jorge
Published: November 2024

In this paper, electrical discharge images are classified using AI with quantum machine learning techniques. These discharges are originated in dielectric mineral oils and were detected by a high-resolution optical sensor. The captured images were processed in a Scikit-image environment to obtain a reduced number of features or qubits for later training of quantum circuits. Two quantum binary classification models were developed and compared in the Qiskit environment for four discharge binary combinations. The first was a quantum variational model (QVM), and the second a conventional support vector machine (SVM) with a quantum kernel model (QKM). The execution of these two models was realized on three fault-tolerant physical quantum IBM computers. In the QVM, with two qubits, an accuracy of 92% was observed in the first discharge combination in the three quantum computers used, with a margin of error of 1% compared to the simulation obtained on classical computers. For the other three discharge combinations, the test set accuracy was around 88%. In the SVM-QKM, with two qubits, the test set accuracy for the first discharge combination reached 97%, while for the other three combinations the average accuracy was 89%. In addition, in this model, increasing the number of qubits to eight showed an improvement in accuracy to around 99% for the first combination and to an average of 97% for the other three combinations, demonstrating that the model improves using more features.
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles): Diverse Applications of UAV Datasets in Segmentation, Classification, Detection, and Tracking
Authors: Rahman Md. Mahfuzur , Siddique Sunzida , Kamal Marufa , Rifat Rakib Hossain , Gupta Kishor Datta
Published: November 2024

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have greatly revolutionized the process of gathering and analyzing data in diverse research domains, providing unmatched adaptability and effectiveness. This paper presents a thorough examination of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) datasets, emphasizing their wide range of applications and progress. UAV datasets consist of various types of data, such as satellite imagery, images captured by drones, and videos. These datasets can be categorized as either unimodal or multimodal, offering a wide range of detailed and comprehensive information. These datasets play a crucial role in disaster damage assessment, aerial surveillance, object recognition, and tracking. They facilitate the development of sophisticated models for tasks like semantic segmentation, pose estimation, vehicle re-identification, and gesture recognition. By leveraging UAV datasets, researchers can significantly enhance the capabilities of computer vision models, thereby advancing technology and improving our understanding of complex, dynamic environments from an aerial perspective. This review aims to encapsulate the multifaceted utility of UAV datasets, emphasizing their pivotal role in driving innovation and practical applications in multiple domains.
FinTech Implementation Challenges in the Palestinian Banking Sector
Authors: Hurani Jamal , Abdel-Haq Mohammed Kayed , Camdzec Emir
Published: November 2024

This study addresses FinTech implementation challenges in the banking industry in Palestine. This was accomplished by adopting qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interviewees from the Palestinian Monetary Authority, banks, and Fintech companies. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software to identify themes in the interview scripts. Research outcomes show many FinTech implementation challenges, including readiness of regulatory and legal environment, resistance to change within banks, customers’ culture and their digital literacy, cyber risks, insufficient IT and telecommunication infrastructure, limited availability of qualified FinTech talent, lack of national FinTech framework, and limited size of the Palestinian market. Additionally, Sharia compliance challenges were identified as special for Islamic banks. The main challenges of Nonbank fintech companies include the regulatory framework, capital accessibility, and low barriers for banking relationships adopted by the banking sector. Recommendations to banks and policymakers include the importance of introducing the FinTech framework and the need for a suitable legal framework and supportive regulatory environment. Additionally, recommendations highlighted the importance of initiatives concerning customer education and training, cyber risk mitigation, and the collaborative environment between banks and different ecosystem partners.
Aortic Stiffness Estimated by Oscillometric Methods and Progression of Kidney Damage in Hypertensive Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Carollo Caterina , Geraci Giulio , Alioto Laura , Sorce Alessandra , Mulè Giuseppe
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives– The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential relationship between increased aortic stiffness measured by oscillometric device and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a group of hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods – 395 patients were enrolled between January 2011 and December 2020 and underwent routine biochemical blood tests, clinical blood pressure measurement, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and estimation of aortic stiffness. Data regarding the progression of kidney disease were also recorded. Results – The entire population was divided into two groups based on the threshold value of PWV of 10 m/s. Patients in the group with PWV > 10 m/s showed significantly higher levels of pulse pressure, uric acid, and age, and a significantly lower eGFR compared to the group with PWV ≤ 10 m/s. In multivariate analysis using Cox regression, PWV predicted a rapid decline in renal function, independently of eGFR, age, smoking status, sex, and blood pressure values (HR 1.784, CI 1.164-2.734, P=0.0082). 9.99 m/s was the best cut-off value, obtained using the Youden index, to discriminate progressors from non-progressors, Conclusions – Our study, the first conducted using an oscillometric device for stiffness estimation, confirms findings from existing literature, highlighting the importance of PWV in risk stratification for hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease.
Decarbonization of the Waste Industry in U.S.A. and the European Union
Authors: Paleologos Evan K. , Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen O. , Mohamed Dina , Al Nahyan Moza T. , Farouk Sherine , Singh Devendra Narain
Published: November 2024

Methane (CH4) emissions from the waste industry in U.S.A. and the European Union (EU) have decreased by over 38% from 1990 to 2021. The success in CH4 emission reduction in U.S.A. is attributable to two main reasons. Firstly, the increase of the recycling and composting share to 32% of the managed waste, thus removing decomposable material from landfills, and secondly the implementation of methane capture and utilization programs, which have reduced by over 60% the CH4 released in the atmosphere from 1990 to 2022. The EU had reduced by 2022, landfilling to 23% of the total waste, with waste-to-energy and composting more than double of their U.S. counterparts, and recycling alone attaining a share of 30%. EU’s success has been the result of aggressive European legislation requiring biodegradable MSW going to landfills be reduced by 2035 to 10 % of that in 1995, and 65% of the packaging waste be retrieved and recycled by 2025. In terms of N2O emissions, in EU there is a decrease from wastewater processes from 1990 to 2021, but an overall increase due to waste-to-energy operations, whereas in U.S.A. both wastewater treatment and solid waste incineration appear to contribute to N2O emissions.
Sewer Gas Leakage Due to Exposed Sewer Pipes in China
Authors: Volinsky Alex
Published: November 2024

The Ministry of Housing, Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) of the People’s Republic of China (住房和城乡建设部) is responsible for developing building codes and regulations. As of 2024, the building codes requiring water traps are not followed, and there is no requirement to install vertical outlet toilets on a flange to ensure a tight connection with the sewer pipe. This has led to a catastrophic situation with sewer gas leaks throughout the country. This paper describes the results of the major renovation of the third floor of the Dinis hotel in Luoyang and the entire Anhui Tower hotel in Beijing in 2023. The Dinis hotel has exposed sewer pipes because of unsealed toilets installation, and drains of sinks, showers, and floors installed without water traps. As a result, the hotel rooms and hallways smell of sewer gas. A similar situation is observed throughout China as of 2024. Sewer gas is dangerous to human health and causes many diseases. On a national scale, sewer gas leakage problems cannot be solved without the involvement of government agencies, which must enforce building codes with the mandatory use of water traps and the correct installation of toilets.
A Semantic/Net-Centric Approach for Sustainable Cities
Authors: Parisi Elisavet , Bratsas Charalampos , Gourdoukis Dimitris
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces a semantic-network approach to urban transformation, focusing on the development of a framework that integrates geospatial and network data into a Sustainable City Ontology Model. The research begins by extracting data from OpenStreetMap (OSM) files, generating dataframes, maps, and graphs for statistical, geospatial, and network analysis. Then, the Sustainable City Ontology Model is developed and populated with this data and metadata. The ontology enables semantic analysis through reasoning, ontology-based network analysis, and SPARQL queries, facilitating the exploration of emerging urban patterns and planning models. In addition to developing the semantic framework, this paper discusses the potential of network theory in guiding the digital and green transitions in city planning and proposes a conceptual methodology for the future creation of network-based sustainability indices, which will be explored in subsequent research. Future work will focus on uploading the ontology to a linked open data cloud, developing an API for user-friendly querying, and advancing the development of network-based sustainability metrics. This framework lays the foundation for transforming urban ecosystems, fostering resilience, and supporting cities in navigating the twin transitions of sustainability and digitalization.
Personalized Learning: Tailoring Instruction to Individual Student Needs
Authors: Idowu Emmanuel
Published: November 2024

Personalized learning is an educational approach focused on customizing instruction to meet the unique strengths, needs, skills, and interests of each student. By leveraging data, adaptive technologies, and flexible instructional models, personalized learning aims to provide an individualized pathway for every learner, fostering a sense of ownership and promoting deeper engagement with the material. This approach contrasts with traditional one-size-fits-all methods by accommodating diverse learning paces, preferences, and goals, allowing students to progress based on mastery rather than age or grade level.In personalized learning environments, students often work at their own pace, utilizing adaptive learning technologies, project-based tasks, and self-directed activities. Educators play a crucial role as facilitators and guides, helping to shape individualized learning plans, provide feedback, and encourage reflective practice. This paper examines various models of personalized learning, including competency-based education, blended learning, and project-based learning, as well as the role of data analytics in tracking student progress and adjusting instruction. Case studies illustrate the potential of personalized learning to improve academic outcomes, promote student agency, and build essential skills for lifelong learning.The study also addresses challenges to implementation, such as the need for teacher training, equitable access to technology, and the difficulty of balancing personalized pathways with standardized curriculum requirements. Additionally, it explores the ethical considerations of data privacy and the need for transparency in algorithm-driven learning platforms. As educational institutions continue to explore personalized learning, this approach offers promise for transforming education by meeting learners where they are and supporting their individual learning journeys.
Ozonated Water Improves Diplotaxis tenuifolia Physiological Performances in Field and in Controlled Conditions
Authors: Greco Riccardo , Danzi Davide , Negri Stefano , Zaffani Giorgio , Guzzo Flavia , Vandelle Elodie , Avesani Linda
Published: November 2024

Our investigations were conducted both in vitro and in open-field conditions to comprehensively reveal all the effects of the intervention on the target plant species also in a real scenario. The phenotypic comparison between OW-treated and control plants revealed an increase of the germination rate, hypocotyl elongation, chlorophyll content as well as leaf fresh weight following OW application. Moreover, a further molecular analysis enabled us to exclude major effects of OW on the secondary metabolism, thus maintaining the main quality traits while increasing the expression of marker genes of the jasmonate-mediated defense pathway. This suggests that OW application could account for a better productivity as well as a major resistance to some pathogens.
Active SERS Platform Based on 2D Materials-Flexible Nanotip Array
Authors: Kim Yong Bin , Behera Satyabrat , Lee Dukhyung , Namgung Seon , Park Kyoung-Duck , Kim Dai-Sik , Das Bamadev
Published: November 2024

Two-dimensional materials with nanostructure have been introduced as promising candidates for SERS platform for sensing application. However, dynamic control and tuning SERS remains a long-standing problem. Here, we demonstrated active tuning of enhancement factor of the first and second-order Raman mode of monolayer(1L) MoS2 transferred onto flexible metallic nanotip array. Using mechanical strain, the enhancement factor of 1L MoS2/nanotip is modulated from 1.23 to 8.72 for 2LA mode. For the same mode, the SERS intensity is enhanced by ~31 times when silver nanoparticles of ~10 nm diameter are deposited on 1L MoS2/nanotip, which is tuned up to ~ 34 times by compressive strain. The change in SERS enhancement factor is due to the decrease (increase) in gap-width as the sample is bent inwardly (outwardly). This is corroborated by FEM structural and electromagnetic simulation. We also observed significant control over mode peak and linewidth, which may find application in biosensing, chemical detetction, optoelectronics.
From Omics to Multi-Omics: Now What?
Authors: Hayes Clair Nelson , Nakahara Hikaru , Ono Atsushi , Tsuge Masataka , Oka Shiro
Published: November 2024

Bioinformatics is a rapidly evolving field charged with cataloguing, disseminating, and analyzing biological data. Bioinformatics started with genomics, and the distinction remains a source of confusion, but while genomics focuses more narrowly on the genes comprising a genome, bioinformatics now encompasses a much broader range of omics technologies. Overcoming barriers of scale and effort that plagued earlier sequencing methods, bioinformatics adopted an ambitious strategy involving high-throughput and highly automated assays. However, as the list of omics technologies continues to grow, the field of bioinformatics has changed in two fundamental ways. Despite enormous success in expanding our understanding of the biological world, the failure of bulk methods to account for biologically important variability among cells of the same or different type has led to a major shift towards single-cell and spatially resolved omics methods, which attempt to disentangle the conflicting signals contained in heterogeneous samples by examining individual cells or cell clusters. The second major shift has been the attempt to integrate two or more different classes of omics data in a single multimodal analysis to identify patterns that bridge biological layers. For example, unraveling the cause of disease may reveal a metabolite deficiency caused by failure of an enzyme to be phosphorylated because a gene is not expressed due to aberrant methylation as a result of a rare germline variant. Conclusions: There is a fine line between superficial understanding and analysis paralysis, but like a detective novel, multi-omics increasingly provides the clues we need if only we are able to see them.
Imagined Assembly of Visual-Object and Visual-Spatial Tasks of Different Difficulty
Authors: Blazhenkova Olesya , Kotova Tatyana , Kotov Alexey
Published: November 2024

This study investigates cognitive processes during imagined assembly of visual-object and visual-spatial tasks across varying difficulty levels. We developed an Imagined Assembly Task showing visual-object and visual-spatial educational play materials and target outputs that can be made from those materials. Participants performed this task, visualizing assembly steps, reporting imagery distinctness, and counting mental steps, while also rating tasks’ educational value and at-attractiveness. They also reported their imagery skills and art- and STEM-related aptitudes. Results indicated that spatial tasks required fewer mental steps but did not differ in imagery distinctness from object tasks. Higher task difficulty led to increased mental steps and decreased imagery distinctness for both types, with spatial tasks showing greater declines in imagery distinctness. Spatial tasks were rated higher in educational value, linked to STEM, and expected to be more attractive to boys, especially at higher difficulty levels, while object tasks were associated with art education and rated as more attractive for girls. Participants with stronger object imagery skills showed fewer mental steps and greater imagery distinctness, while spatial imagery skills correlated with distinctness in spatial tasks. This research offers insights into object and spatial imagery processing, with implications for creating instructional tools across Arts and STEM domains.
Impact of Climate Change on Snowmelt Erosion Risk
Authors: Podhrázská Jana , Szturc Jan , Kučera Josef , Chuchma Filip
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The observed climate change affects all sectors of human activity. Agricultural management is influenced by changes in temperature and precipitation distribution both during the growing season and in the non-growing period. The contribution of snowmelt erosion to the total annual loss of arable soil has not yet been sufficiently emphasized. Based on the USLE principle, an equation for soil loss caused by snowmelt was derived, and the erosion potential of snow was determined for the conditions of the Czech Republic. In the foothill area of Větřkovice, an analysis of changes in selected climatic characteristics in the years 1961-2020 was elaborated. It was shown that the area is warming and the number of days with temperatures below 0°C is decreasing. The total annual precipitation decreased by 18 mm. Furthermore, the erosion potential was compared in two referential periods for both the entire Czech Republic and the Větřkovice area, and a case study of soil loss due to snowmelt erosion was prepared. Despite a slight reduction of the erosion potential in the model area, the erosion shear from snowmelt reaches values higher than the permissible limit.
Pathogenic NLRP3 mutants forms constitutively active inflammasomes resulting in immune-metabolic limitation of IL-1β production
Authors: Pelegrin Pablo , Molina-Lopez Cristina , Hurtado-Navarro Laura , García Carlos , Angosto Diego , Vallejo Fernando , Tapia-Abellán Ana , Marques-Soares Joana , Vargas Carmen , Bujan-Rivas Segundo , Tomas-Barberan Francisco , Aróstegui Juan
Published: November 2024

Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is an autoinflammatory condition resulting from monoallelic NLRP3 variants that facilitate IL-1β production. Although these are gain-of-function variants characterised by hypersensitivity to cell priming, patients with CAPS and animal models of the disease may present inflammatory flares without identifiable external triggers. Here we find that CAPS-associated NLRP3 variants are forming constitutively active inflammasome, which induce increased basal cleavage of gasdermin D, IL-18 release and pyroptosis, with a concurrent basal pro-inflammatory gene expression signature, including the induction of nuclear receptors 4A. The constitutively active NLRP3-inflammasome is responsive to the selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 and its activation is regulated by deubiquitination. Despite their preactivated state, the CAPS inflammasomes are responsive to activation of the NF-κB pathway. NLRP3-inflammasomes with CAPS-associated variants affect the immunometabolism of the myeloid compartment, leading to disruptions in lipids and amino acid pathways and impaired glycolysis, limiting IL-1β production. In summary, NLRP3 variants causing CAPS form a constitutively active inflammasome inducing pyroptosis and IL-18 release without cell priming, which enables the host's innate defence against pathogens while also limiting IL-1β–dependent inflammatory episodes through immunometabolism modulation.
Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) versus Warfarin in Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Treatment: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hao Manwei , Wang Zhongchao , Gao Han , Gao Haicheng , Cheng Zhihua
Published: November 2024

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to conduct a systematic evaluation of the comparative efficacy and safety profiles of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus warfarin for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
Methods: A systematic computerized search of databases including PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, EMbase, Cochrane Library and www.ClinicalTrials.gov. was performed to gather research on the efficacy and safety of NOACs versus warfarin in the treatment of DVT, encompassing all records from the inception of each database through September 2024. The discrete data were presented as odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the meta-analysis was executed utilizing the Review Manager 5.4.1 and Stata 16 software.
Results: A comprehensive analysis of 16 studies encompassing 10,084 patients was conducted, with 6,704 individuals in the experimental group receiving NOACs and 3,380 in the control group treated with warfarin. The findings are as follows:(1) NOACs demonstrated enhanced treatment efficacy over warfarin, particularly in achieving vascular patency (OR=1.57,95%CI (1.09,2.24), P=0.01). (2) Regarding the incidence of major bleeding events (OR=0.65,95% CI (0.54,0.78), P<0.00001), other clinical adverse events-including pulmonary embolism, mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction and recurrent thrombosis (OR=0.77,95% CI (0.67,0.88), P= 0.0002) and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) (OR=0.62,95% CI (0.47,0.80), P=0.0003), NOACs offered improved safety profiles in comparison to warfarin. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the preventive efficacy of NOACs against PTS improves with longer follow-up periods(P=0.02).
Conclusion: NOACs have demonstrated superior efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of DVT compared to traditional warfarin anticoagulant therapy.
Clinical trial registration
This project did not involve any clinical data collection; the data utilized were derived from articles published in PubMed.
Effectiveness of Machine Learning Methods in Detecting Grooming: A Systematic Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Leiva-Bianchi Marcelo , Castillo Nicolás , Astudillo César A. , Ahumada-Méndez Francisco
Published: November 2024

This study presents a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) on the use of machine learning (ML) methods for detecting online grooming, a process of manipulation and sexual abuse towards children. An SR was conducted to identify and describe ML methods and effectiveness indicators for detecting grooming. From 26 studies obtained from IEEE, Web of Science, Scopus, Springer, and PubMed databases, 11 ML methods were meta-analyzed for each of the four reported indicators: accuracy (ACC), precision (P), recall (R), and F1 Score (F1). The most effective methods were Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), detecting an ACC=92% for MLP and R=72% for SVM, respectively. This study is pioneering in meta-analyzing ML methods applied to the effectiveness in detecting grooming. The results highlight the efficacy of certain algorithms and contribute to the identification of online predators. A crucial aspect of cybersecurity for preventing child sexual abuse.
The Main protease (Mpro) from SARS-CoV-2 triggers plasma clotting in vitro by activating coagulation factors VII and FXII
Authors: De Filippis Vincenzo , Pagotto Anna , Uliana Federico , Nordio Giulia , Pierangelini Andrea , Acquasaliente Laura , Macchia Maria Ludovica , Bellanda Massimo , Gatto Barbara , De Silvestro Giustina , Marson Piero , Simioni Paolo , Picotti Paola
Published: November 2024

The connection between COVID-19 and coagulopathy has been clear since the early days of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Although available data indicate that systemic inflammation sustains a hypercoagulant state and increases thrombotic risk, the underlying molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy remain unclear. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) can play a direct role in the activation of the coagulation cascade. Adding Mpro to human plasma increased clotting probability by 2.5-fold. The results of enzymatic assays and degradomics analysis indicate that Mpro triggers plasma clotting by proteolytically activating coagulation factor zymogens VII and XII at their physiological activation sites, involving Arg-Ile/Val bonds, where FVII and FXII are strategically positioned at the beginning of the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. Even though the observed cleavage sites are not compatible with the known substrate specificity of the protease, involving Gln-X bonds, the results of High Throughput Protease Screen assay unveil an extended, time-dependent, secondary specificity of Mpro for Arg-X bonds, which was further confirmed by enzymatic assays with synthetic peptide substrates containing Arg at P1 position. Overall, integrating biochemical, proteomics and structural biology experiments, we unveil a novel, additional mechanism linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to thrombotic complications in COVID-19.
Effects of endophytic fungus Y118 on physiological and biochemical indexes and quality improvement of Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC
Authors: XIE Zebi , FAN Rong , Lai Kaiping , LIANG Zining , Song Ning , Chen Long , Wu Chunfeng
Published: November 2024

To understand the effects of endophytic fungus Y118 on the physiological characteristics of Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC after co-culture with its host Zanthoxylum nitidum, we measured the plant growth index (dry root weight) of Zanthoxylum nitidum at different growth stages using the solid fermentation medium containing endophytic fungus Y118. Physiological and biochemical indexes (defensive enzyme activity) were determined by chromatographic analysis of the contents of nitidum chloride and chelidonine, the main active ingredients in Zanthoxylum nitidum root. At 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, the root dry weight of Y118 treatment group was significantly increased by 1123.53%, 51.08%, 56.40% and 47.12% compared with the control group, respectively. At the 3-month mark, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity exceeded that of the control. After 9 months of cultivation, peroxidase (POD) activity in the treatment group showed a significant difference at a 0.05 significant level. At the 3-month mark, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group, increasing by 187.21%. After 12 months of cultivation, the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly increased by 45.28% and 28.87%, respectively, compared with the control group. After 9 and 12 months of co-culture, the contents of nitidine chloride in Zanthoxylum nitidum in the Y118 treatment groups were 0.783 and 0.904 mg/g, respectively, showing a significant increase of 42.11% and 44.18% compared with the control group; the contents of chelidonine were significantly increased by 40.73% and 26.57% compared with the control group. Inoculation with the endophytic fungus Y118 significantly improved the physiological tolerance of Zanthoxylum nitidum and promoted the growth of Zanthoxylum nitidum, thereby enhancing the quality of Zanthoxylum nitidum. This implicates Y118 as a potential artificial fertilizer for Zanthoxylum nitidum.
Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Indices of Heavy Metal Exposure in Different Age Groups using Monte Carlo Simulation Approach
Authors: Shetty B Raksha , B Jagadeesha Pai , A Salmataj S , Naik Nithesh
Published: November 2024

Heavy metal contamination in soil media presents significant environmental and health challenges. While concerns over these risks continue to grow, there remains a significant gap in the use of advanced probabilistic methods and geospatial analyses to accurately assess contamination levels and health impacts. This study evaluates contamination levels and health risks associated with eight heavy metals such as iron (Fe), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in urban soils. Surface soil samples were analyzed using ICP-OES after tri-acid digestion, and indices such as Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) were used to assess environmental impacts and health risks across age groups via oral ingestion and dermal contact. Results show heavy metal concentrations follow the order Ni > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Cd, with more than 60% of samples demonstrating significant pollution levels. HQ values exceeded 1 in most samples, indicating substantial non-carcinogenic risks, while CR assessments revealed 33% of the population faces high risks from As exposure. Hotspots identified using geospatial analysis and Monte Carlo simulations highlight elevated carcinogenic risks, emphasizing the need for targeted remediation, especially for children, with a focus on Pb and As contamination.
Efficacy and Safety of Single and Double Catheter Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems in Patients with Refractory Neck and Abdominal Cancer Pain
Authors: Li Qin , Wang Huaiming , Li Qiju , Xu Maoxia , Zhong Bo , Hu Xin , Zou Jiang , Feng Pengjiu , Zhang Aimin
Published: November 2024

Objective
To compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of double-catheter intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) versus single-catheter IDDS in the management cancer pain associated with neck and abdominal cancers.
Study Design:
A multi-center retrospective cohort study.
Setting:
Pain management and medical oncology departments of six hospitals in various regions of China.
Methods
62 patients with neck or abdominal cancer pain were enrolled from November 2019 to June 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: the double-catheter IDDS group (n = 26) and the single-catheter IDDS groups (n = 36). Propensity score matching was employed to create a balanced cohort of 48 patients. The primary outcome was pain control, assessed using Numeric Rating Scale [NRS]), breakthrough pain (BTP), and opioid consumption, including intrathecal morphine dose [IDMED] and oral daily morphine dose [ODMED].
Results
No significant differences were observed in the NRS score and IDMED between the double-catheter and single-catheter groups prior to surgery, one day post-surgery, and at hospital discharge (p > 0.05). However, one-month post-surgery, the NRS score was significantly lower in the double-catheter group compared to the single-catheter group, while the IDMED was significantly higher compared to the single-catheter group (p < 0.05). A significantly higher number of BTP episodes and ODMED was observed in the single-catheter group compared to the two-catheter group at one day post-surgery, at hospital discharge, and one-month post-surgery (p < 0.05). The duration of hospitalization did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, the cumulative hospitalization expenses, IDDS opioid costs per month, and refill costs calculated for a month were significantly higher in the double-catheter group compared to the single-catheter group. Conversely, the monthly oral opioid costs and total costs of analgesic were significantly lower in comparison to the single-catheter group (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Both single- and double-catheter IDDS effectively manage cancer pain in neck and abdominal cancer patients. Despite higher initial costs, double-catheter IDDS demonstrates superior long-term pain control, a reduced incidence of BTP, and lower overall monthly analgesic costs, suggesting potential cost-effectiveness benefits over time.
Combined treatment of Surgical Extrusion and Crown Lengthening Procedure for Severe Crown-root Fracture of a Growing Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Bumjoon , Shin Jonghyun , Jeong Taesung , Park Soyoung , Lee Eungyung
Published: November 2024

Background
Preservation of a healthy periodontium is critical for the long-term success of restored teeth. In cases of extensive caries, tooth fracture, inadequate crown length, and increased esthetic demands, the restorative margins need to be placed apical to the gingival margin. Violation of the biological width due to dental trauma frequently appears in clinical practice. There are three treatment options for preserving biological width and the ferrule effect: crown lengthening, orthodontic extrusion, and surgical extrusion. This case report describes the surgical intervention and fixed prostheses for crown-root fractured maxillary incisors in a growing patient.
Case presentation
A fourteen-year-old boy was referred from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry after emergency dental treatment. He got hit with a baseball bat and his upper right central and lateral incisors were fractured with pulp exposure. A vertical fracture line extended below gingival margin on each tooth was observed. Surgical extrusion and conventional root canal treatments were performed on both fractured teeth. Surgical crown lengthening was additionally done to preserve the biological width and to make sure of the ferrule effect. Then, these teeth were finally restored with porcelain fused metal crowns.
Conclusions
Surgical extrusion and crown lengthening may be considered the most effective treatments to save the teeth instead of coronectomy or extraction for severely fractured teeth. The case described here showed satisfactory esthetic and periodontal outcomes during two years of follow-up, and the patient was satisfied that he could retain his natural teeth.
COVID-19–Sensitive Tumour Response – 2-year Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Response in Cancer Patients in Oncology Hospital in Poland
Authors: Kosiorek Piotr , Mikołuć Bożena , Stróż Samuel , Hryniewicz Anna , Kazberuk Dorota E. , Milewski Robert , Grzeszczuk Anna , Borkowska Magdalena J. , Stasiak-Barmuta Anna
Published: November 2024

Vaccination has been considered the most crucial defence against viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of the above vaccines in oncology patients. It has also been proven that, apart from vaccinations and oncological therapy, the course of the cancer process itself influences the magnitude of the humoral response, especially in people after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The phenomenon we observe seems to confirm the presence of a "natural" defence potential in a cancer patient's body, in this case, directed against infection with a viral pathogen. A "stronger" antiviral response also explains the asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in some of the above patients. To what extent the SARS-CoV-2 infection weakened the "natural" potential of the anticancer response in these patients remains an open question. Objective: This study aimed to answer the question about the impact of the cancer process on the humoral response in oncological patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in patients after COVID-19. Material and methods: 1,668 people were observed. Over two years, 5,082 SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibody samples were determined. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in groups of oncological patients: those undergoing anticancer therapy after contracting COVID-19 and those after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The obtained results indicate a naturally more significant humoral response in oncological patients who have not been vaccinated and have not undergone anticancer therapy, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgical intervention. The above observation applies to patients with breast, lung, colon, kidney and testicular cancer, although the response varies significantly depending on the type of cancer.
Implementation and sustainability of systems change for mental health promotion and substance misuse prevention: A qualitative study
Authors: Burns Ashlyn , Kampman Haleigh , Magee Lauren , Blackburn Justin , Alton Madison , Pescosolido Bernice
Published: November 2024

Background
Social determinants of health have been shown to influence individual mental health and overall well-being. Additionally, populations that experience stigma and/or discrimination because of race, class, gender, or another identity group experience disproportionately higher rates of mental health disorders than populations that do not experience such marginalization. One way to address upstream social determinants that influence mental health is through systems change initiatives. In 2019, Indiana implemented a statewide Regional Prevention System (RPS) focused on systems change to promote mental health and prevent substance misuse.
Methods
We developed a semi-structured interview guide to collect insights about the RPS implementation and sustainability. Potential participants were identified based on their role as an active regional coordinator (n = 9). We conducted qualitative interviews with all 9 regional coordinators in Indiana. Interview recordings were transcribed and coded using an a priori coding framework based on constructs from the Theory of Innovation Implementation and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.
Results
Insights about the RPS implementation process are presented across four domains: innovation, system-level, organization-level, and sustainability. In terms of implementation barriers, coordinators encountered hesitancy and distrust from community members, which they had to overcome to gain buy-in. They also described stigma, including community and individual social norms towards mental health and substance misuse, as barriers that challenged efforts to engage community members in the RPS. Facilitators of implementation included having established community infrastructure and external partnerships. In communities without existing infrastructure to support prevention efforts, particularly rural communities, the implementation process took longer but community members welcomed the additional support and valued the new communication platforms created by the RPS. On sustainability, coordinators provided examples of communities that were able to obtain grant funding in support of prevention initiatives launched through the RPS.
Conclusion
The process of implementing and sustaining prevention efforts through the RPS varied across communities. Prioritizing the delivery of systems-change efforts in underserved communities that are ready for change, rather than statewide efforts, may offer a better strategy for addressing disparities in the social determinants of health that influence mental health and substance misuse.
Severe falciparum malaria in young children is associated with an increased risk of post-discharge readmission or death: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Opoka Robert O , Namazzi Ruth , Datta Dibyadyuti , Bangirana Paul , Conroy Andrea L. , Goings Michael J. , Mellencamp Kagan A. , John Chandy C.
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Few studies have described post-discharge morbidity of children with specific manifestations of severe malaria (SM) beyond severe malarial anemia or cerebral malaria.
Methods: Children 6 months to 4 years of age admitted at Jinja and Mulago hospitals in Uganda, with one or more of the five most common manifestations of SM, cerebral malaria (n=53), respiratory distress syndrome (n=108), malaria with complicated seizures (n=160), severe malarial anemia (n=155) or prostration (n=75), were followed for 12 months after discharge, along with community children (CC) (n=120) recruited from the household or neighborhood of the children with SM. Incidence and risk of post-discharge readmission, death or outpatient clinic visits were compared between children with SM and CC.
Results: 312/551 (56.6%) of children with SM had one or more post-discharge readmission, compared to 37/120 (30.8%, p<0.001) of CC. Frequency of readmission was similar across all forms of SM. Compared to CC, children with SM had significantly higher risk of post-discharge readmission or death (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-2.81, p<0.001), but a similar risk of outpatient malaria (aHR 1.30, 95% CI 0.97-1.74, p=0.08). 82% of readmissions in children with SM were due to malaria.
Conclusions: In this malaria endemic region, children with the most common forms of SM had higher rates of post-discharge readmission or death than CC, and >80% of readmissions were due to malaria. Studies of post-discharge malaria chemoprevention are urgently needed for children with SM, to determine if this treatment can reduce post-discharge morbidity and mortality.
Pragmatic investigation of the effect of green and low-carbon economy on food safety in Africa.
Authors: Endorance Igharo Amechi , Ekene Ibe Anthony , Al-Faryan Abdulaziz Seleh , Kimpah Jeniboy , Okoi Ifere Eugene , Ovat Okey Oyama , Caulker Solomon
Published: November 2024

This research investigates how food safety in Africa is influenced by a green economy. The study used information from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), and World Development Indicators to accomplish the set goal. The data covered the period 2005–2020 for 37 African countries. The generalized method of moments (GMM) was used in the study to address the endogeneity issue. The results revealed that when the economy is green, food safety increases. This proves that a one-point increase in the green economy may lead to an increase in food safety in Africa of 0.24%. - The results show that; as an economy becomes greener, the state of food insecurity decreases. In conclusion, the study capitulates that all relevant participants must focus on strategies and policies to reach green economic growth. This is key because such policies lead to environmental sustainability (reduction in biodiversity loss) causing agriculture to flourish and thereby enlightening the state of food safety.