bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative C(sp2)−C(sp3) Coupling of Oxazole/Thiazole with Ether or Cycloalkane
Authors: Wang Xiaojiao , Lei Bowen , Ma Lifang , Zhu Lisi , Zhang Xinyue , Zuo Hao , Zhuang Dailin , Li Ziyuan
Published: September 2017

Direct C5‐alkylation of oxazole/thiazole with ether or cycloalkane has been achieved through a cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) process in moderate to good yields. This transformation represents the first C(sp2)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling at the C5‐position of the oxazole/thiazole via double C−H bond cleavages. Various functional groups on oxazole/thiazole substrates, as well as water and air, are well‐tolerated with this concise and practical protocol, constituting straightforward access to heterocycles with great medicinal significance. A preliminary mechanism involving a radical process has also been proposed.
Build self‐sufficiency at a remote campus by relying on technology, local community
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2017

Before Earl “Torch” Morris moved to Hawaii to take the position of campus security director at Brigham Young University‐Hawaii, he worked in South and Central America battling drug and human trafficking, among other issues. He also served as a director of public security at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. But after more than 30 years in national and international law enforcement and security, Morris was ready for a change of pace. “We came here [to Hawaii] on vacation and my wife decided we were going to have a lifestyle change,” Morris said. In addition to taking on the position as the director of campus security at BYUH, Morris has also launched a criminal justice program at the university.
Study finds emotional effect of assault on men is understudied, just as traumatic as for women
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2017

The effect of sexual assault on men is under‐studied in comparison to the research on women, according to a study conducted by researchers from Florida Atlantic University and Sam Houston State University. Researchers surveyed 5,922 men and 5,938 women from the National Violence Against Women Survey's database regarding the emotional effects post‐assault. The aim of the study was to examine whether both sexual assault and the emotional effects of sexual assault are underreported by men. “There is no room for ‘sexism’ in sexual assault research, and we must bring attention to an issue that impacts men equally, especially if we know that their negative emotional responses are treatable,” said Lisa M. Dario, Ph.D., associate professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at FAU, and the lead author of the study.
When does social exclusion increase or decrease food self‐regulation? The moderating role of time orientation
Authors: Jiang Hongyan , Yang Zhilin , Sun Peizhen , Xu Mengmeng
Published: September 2017

Extant research has suggested that social exclusion could either increase or decrease consumers' subsequent self‐regulatory food choice. From the novel perspective of Active‐Self Account Theory, current research develops a theoretical framework to resolve the conflicting views by introducing individuals' time orientation as an important boundary condition. Our findings from 2 studies demonstrate that (a) when focused on the present, excluded (vs. included) individuals tend to exert less food self‐regulation; and (b) when focused on the future, excluded (vs. included) individuals are inclined to exhibit more food self‐regulation. Moreover, these effects are driven by self‐discipline. We discuss how our findings promote understanding of when and why social exclusion may boost or undermine food self‐regulation, and provide practical implications for food marketing.
In Situ Integration of Ultrathin PtCu Nanowires with Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yan Xiaoxiao , Chen Yifan , Deng Sihui , Yang Yifan , Huang Zhenna , Ge Cunwang , Xu Lin , Sun Dongmei , Fu Gengtao , Tang Yawen
Published: September 2017

Ultrathin Pt‐based nanowires are considered as promising electrocatalysts owing to their high atomic utilization efficiency and structural robustness. Moreover, integration of Pt‐based nanowires with graphene oxide (GO) could further increase the electrocatalytic performance, yet remains challenging to date. Herein, for the first time we demonstrate the in situ synthesis of ultrathin PtCu nanowires grown over reduced GO (PtCu‐NWs/rGO) by a one‐pot hydrothermal approach with the aid of amine‐terminated poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM‐NH2). The judicious selection of PNIPAM‐NH2 facilitates the in situ nucleation and anisotropic growth of nanowires on the rGO surface and oriented attachment mechanism accounts for the formation of PtCu ultrathin nanowires. Owing to the synergy between PtCu NWs and rGO support, the PtCu‐NWs/rGO outperforms the rGO supported PtCu nanoparticles (PtCu‐NPs/rGO), PtCu‐NWs, and commercial Pt/C toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with higher activity and better stability, making it a promising cathodic electrocatalyst for both fuel cells and metal–air cells. Moreover, the present synthetic strategy could inspire the future design of other metal alloy nanowires/carbon hybrid catalysts.
Liquid Maldistribution in Random Packed Columns: Experimental Investigation of Influencing Factors
Authors: Hanusch Florian , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Klein Harald
Published: September 2017

Die Flüssigkeitsmaldistribution in Füllkörperschüttungen wird experimentell in einer Ø1,2‐m‐Kolonne unter Variation der Versuchs‐ und Betriebsparameter – Füllkörper, Packungshöhe, Flüssigkeitsverteiler, Berieselungsdichte und Gasbelastung – untersucht. Eingesetzt werden Füllkörper vom Typ Raflux Ring 35‐5 und 50‐5 Metall, RVT Metall Sattel Ring 70‐5 und Hiflow® Ring 50‐6 Kunststoff. Die grafische Darstellung in Form von Verteilspektren und die weiterführende Auswertung anhand eines Maldistributionsfaktors geben Aufschluss über den Einfluss der verschiedenen Parameter auf die Maldistribution.
The Fabrication of Multifunctional SLIPS Films by Electrospinning
Authors: Wu Jingxia , Zhang Bowu , Wang Bingjie , Li Jingye
Published: September 2017

The pitcher plant has inspired anti‐wetting coatings. However, it is still a challenge to create oleophobic surfaces that repel non‐polar liquids due to their low surface tension. Here we develop an effective strategy to fabricate multifunctional fibrous films by electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) polymers. The as‐prepared multifunctional films combined the Janus behavior with hydrophobicity on the upper side and thermally adhesive properties on the lower side. By spraying with lubricant, a pitcher‐plant‐like omniphobic surface has been prepared, which exhibited excellent anti‐wetting properties against water, low surface tension and complex fluids. Furthermore, the transparency of the film has been greatly enhanced after lubrication, which was suitable for glass‐based anti‐fouling materials or coatings.
Imaging flow cytometry assays for quantifying pigment grade titanium dioxide particle internalization and interactions with immune cells in whole blood
Authors: Hewitt Rachel E. , Vis Bradley , Pele Laetitia C. , Faria Nuno , Powell Jonathan J.
Published: September 2017

Pigment grade titanium dioxide is composed of sub‐micron sized particles, including a nanofraction, and is widely utilized in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. Oral exposure to pigment grade titanium dioxide results in at least some material entering the circulation in humans, although subsequent interactions with blood immune cells are unknown. Pigment grade titanium dioxide is employed for its strong light scattering properties, and this work exploited that attribute to determine whether single cell–particle associations could be determined in immune cells of human whole blood at “real life” concentrations. In vitro assays, initially using isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, identified titanium dioxide associated with the surface of, and within, immune cells by darkfield reflectance in imaging flow cytometry. This was confirmed at the population level by side scatter measurements using conventional flow cytometry. Next, it was demonstrated that imaging flow cytometry could quantify titanium dioxide particle‐bearing cells, within the immune cell populations of fresh whole blood, down to titanium dioxide levels of 10 parts per billion, which is in the range anticipated for human blood following titanium dioxide ingestion. Moreover, surface association and internal localization of titanium dioxide particles could be discriminated in the assays. Overall, results showed that in addition to the anticipated activity of blood monocytes internalizing titanium dioxide particles, neutrophil internalization and cell membrane adhesion also occurred, the latter for both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell types. What happens in vivo and whether this contributes to activation of one or more of these different cells types in blood merits further attention. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Effect of sexual steroids on boar kinematic sperm subpopulations
Authors: Ayala E. M. E. , Aragón M. A.
Published: September 2017

Here, we show the effects of sexual steroids, progesterone, testosterone, or estradiol on motility parameters of boar sperm. Sixteen commercial seminal doses, four each of four adult boars, were analyzed using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Mean values of motility parameters were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA), followed by hierarchical clustering, was applied on data of motility parameters, provided automatically as intervals by the CASA system. Effects of sexual steroids were described in the kinematic subpopulations identified from multivariate statistics. Mean values of motility parameters were not significantly changed after addition of sexual steroids. Multivariate graphics showed that sperm subpopulations were not sensitive to the addition of either testosterone or estradiol, but sperm subpopulations responsive to progesterone were found. Distribution of motility parameters were wide in controls but sharpened at distinct concentrations of progesterone. We conclude that kinematic sperm subpopulations responsive to progesterone are present in boar semen, and these subpopulations are masked in evaluations of mean values of motility parameters. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Development of Whole‐Building Energy Models for Detailed Energy Insights of a Large Office Building with Green Certification Rating in Singapore
Authors: Duarte Carlos , Raftery Paul , Schiavon Stefano
Published: September 2017

Detailed insights on energy use are missing for the building stock in Singapore that may aid reduction of energy consumption through a targeted approach. Therefore, we created two whole‐building energy models for a large commercial office building in the tropics representing a fully glazed and a concrete façade. We used Singapore's current building codes, which include compliance with local green‐rating system, and collaboration between two entities with first‐hand experience with design, construction, and operation of buildings in the tropics to define the models. The models provide a first step towards a set of standardized inputs and assumptions for office buildings in the tropics. The results show an energy use intensity of 146 kWh m−2 a−1. The three highest energy consumers are air conditioning and mechanical ventilation (43 %), lighting (29 %), and plug loads (21 %) whereas the two main sources of cooling loads are ventilation (29 %) and conduction and radiation through windows (20 %). Finally, we evaluated the effects of exterior shading on the fully glazed energy model to demonstrate the use of the models to building stakeholders.
Standards of Care in Global Health: Identifying the Right Question
Authors: Ndebele Paul
Published: September 2017

Govind Persad and Ezekiel Emanuel's article “The Case for Resource Sensitivity: Why It Is Ethical to Provide Cheaper, Less Effective Treatments in Global Health,” in this issue of the Hastings Center Report, is a reminder of the debates around resources for health care that raged during the years immediately preceding and following the fifth revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, in 2000. In global health, it is a common expectation for rich countries to assist poor countries in resolving health challenges, yet global health involves not only the governments of rich and poor nations but also nongovernmental organizations, pharmaceutical companies, the World Health Organization, philanthropic organizations, and other parties—all of whom take roles in ensuring that health interventions become available to poor countries, including deciding which types of interventions to make available. The question whether it is ethical to provide cheaper, less effective interventions to poor countries is perhaps relevant only in wealthy nations, where there really is a choice to be made.
Charlie Gard and the Limits of Parental Authority
Authors: Caplan Arthur , Folkers Kelly McBride
Published: September 2017

The parents of Charlie Gard, who was born August 4, 2016, with an exceedingly rare and incurable disease called mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, fought a prolonged and heated legal battle to allow him access to experimental treatment that they hoped would prolong his life and to prevent his doctors from withdrawing life‐sustaining care. Charlie's clinicians at the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London believed that the brain damage Charlie had suffered as a result of frequent epileptic seizures, along with many other severe disabilities, would render any innovative therapy futile, and they disagreed with his parents’ wishes to use an experimental therapy. They felt it in Charlie's best interest that he be allowed to die. A battle ensued among Charlie's parents, his doctors, and a guardian who had been appointed to represent him that drew the attention of politicians and prominent persons from all over the world. The case was much in the news over the past year, but it has also been frequently misunderstood.
Diabetes and Deficits in Cortical Bone Density, Microarchitecture, and Bone Size: Framingham HR-pQCT Study
Authors: Samelson Elizabeth J , Demissie Serkalem , Cupples L Adrienne , Zhang Xiaochun , Xu Hanfei , Liu Ching-Ti , Boyd Steven K , McLean Robert R , Broe Kerry E , Kiel Douglas P , Bouxsein Mary L
Published: September 2017

Older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) tend to have normal or greater areal bone mineral density (aBMD), as measured by DXA, than those who do not have diabetes (non-T2D). Yet risk of fracture is higher in T2D, including 40% to 50% increased hip fracture risk. We used HR-pQCT to investigate structural mechanisms underlying skeletal fragility in T2D. We compared cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture, density, bone area, and strength in T2D and non-T2D. In secondary analyses we evaluated whether associations between T2D and bone measures differed according to prior fracture, sex, and obesity. Participants included 1069 members of the Framingham Study, who attended examinations in 2005 to 2008 and underwent HR-pQCT scanning in 2012 to 2015. Mean age was 64 ± 8 years (range, 40 to 87 years), and 12% (n = 129) had T2D. After adjustment for age, sex, weight, and height, T2D had lower cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) (p < 0.01), higher cortical porosity (p = 0.02), and smaller cross-sectional area (p = 0.04) at the tibia, but not radius. Trabecular indices were similar or more favorable in T2D than non-T2D. Associations between T2D and bone measures did not differ according to sex or obesity status (all interaction p > 0.05); however, associations did differ in those with a prior fracture and those with no history of fracture. Specifically, cortical vBMD at the tibia and cortical thickness at the radius were lower in T2D than non-T2D, but only among those individuals with a prior fracture. Cortical porosity at the radius was higher in T2D than non-T2D, but only among those who did not have a prior fracture. Findings from this large, community-based study of older adults suggest that modest deterioration in cortical bone and reductions in bone area may characterize diabetic bone disease in older adults. Evaluation of these deficits as predictors of fracture in T2D is needed to develop prevention strategies in this rapidly increasing population of older adults. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A management experiment evaluating nest‐site selection by beach‐nesting birds
Authors: Swaisgood Ronald R. , Nordstrom Lisa A. , Schuetz Justin G. , Boylan Jeanette T. , Fournier Joelle J. , Shemai Barak
Published: September 2017

It is important to understand nest‐site selection in avian species to inform appropriate conservation management strategies. Studies of habitat selection alone, however, may be misleading unless the consequences for survival and reproduction are also documented. We conducted a management experiment for 2 conservation‐dependent and managed species of beach‐nesting birds, the California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni) and western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) at Marine Corp Base Camp Pendleton, southern California, 2012–2014. We conducted vegetation treatments targeting cover reduction to 5–15% cover in 90‐m by 60‐m management plots and documented how cover influenced nest‐site selection and nest outcomes. At the microhabitat scale (9 × 6.5‐m patch), we also compared habitat characteristics and nest outcomes with control patches. Our findings document no effects of vegetation cover at the management‐plot scale but many effects at the microhabitat scale. Plovers and terns nested in relatively open areas but selected for areas with more cover (∼5% cover) than was available nearby. Nesting close to areas with more cover conferred benefits to both species. Terns and plovers experienced higher nest success in areas with more cover, a result explained in part by lower levels of predation for plovers. Other factors, such as vegetation height, woody debris, presence of sand mounds, and specific plant species also influenced nest‐site selection and nest outcomes. Our results suggest that many aspects of tern and plover nesting ecology appear to be governed by the role of camouflage in reducing predation. These results also point to several simple management actions that can be taken, including managing vegetation cover to 5–10% with some heterogeneity, reducing certain plant species such as grasses and beach bur, creation of sand mounds, and provision of woody debris. With few exceptions, the same management actions should benefit both species. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
B cells in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yi John S. , Guptill Jeffrey T. , Stathopoulos Panos , Nowak Richard J. , O’Connor Kevin C.
Published: September 2017

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an archetypal autoimmune disease. The pathology is characterized by autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in most patients or to muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) in others and to a growing number of other postsynaptic proteins in smaller subsets. A decrease in the number of functional AChRs or functional interruption of the AChR within the muscle end plate of the neuromuscular junction is caused by pathogenic autoantibodies. Although the molecular immunology underpinning the pathology is well understood, much remains to be learned about the cellular immunology contributing to the production of autoantibodies. This Review documents research concerning the immunopathology of MG, bringing together evidence principally from human studies with an emphasis on the role of adaptive immunity and B cells in particular. Proposed mechanisms for autoimmunity, which take into account that different types of MG may incorporate divergent immunopathology, are offered. Muscle Nerve 57: 172–184, 2018
Household material hardship in families of children post‐chemotherapy
Authors: Bilodeau Madeline , Ma Clement , Al‐Sayegh Hasan , Wolfe Joanne , Bona Kira
Published: September 2017

Poverty is an important patient‐reported outcome of therapy and a potential predictor of outcome disparities in pediatric cancer. We previously identified that nearly 30% of pediatric cancer families experience household material hardship (HMH), a concrete measure of poverty including food, energy, or housing insecurity, during the first 6 months of chemotherapy. We conducted a follow‐up survey in a subcohort of these families at least 1 year off‐therapy and found that 32% reported HMH in early survivorship. Persistently high concrete resource needs off‐therapy may have significance for child health and quality of life, and thus represent targets for future investigation.
Adverse drug reactions of montelukast in children and adults
Authors: Haarman Meindina G. , van Hunsel Florence , de Vries Tjalling W.
Published: September 2017

Montelukast, a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist, is recommended in guidelines for the treatment of asthma in both children and adults. However, its effectiveness is debated, and recent studies have reported several adverse events such as neuropsychiatric disorders and allergic granulomatous angiitis. This study aims to obtain more insight into the safety profile of montelukast and to provide prescribing physicians with an overview of relevant adverse drug reactions in both children and adults. We retrospectively studied all adverse drug reactions on montelukast in children and adults reported to the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Center Lareb and the WHO Global database, VigiBase® until 2016. Depression was reported most frequently in the whole population to the global database VigiBase® (reporting odds ratio (ROR) 6.93; 95% CI: 6.5–7.4). In the VigiBase®, aggression was reported the most in children (ROR, 29.77; 95% CI: 27.5–32.2). Headaches were reported the most frequently to the Dutch database (ROR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.61–3.19). Furthermore, nightmares are often reported for both children and adults to the Dutch and the global database. Eight patients with allergic granulomatous angiitis were reported to the Dutch database and 563 patients in the VigiBase®. These data demonstrate that montelukast is associated with neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions such as depression and aggression. Especially in children nightmares are reported frequently. Allergic granulomatous angiitis is also reported, a causal relationship has not been established.
Effects of the explosion intensity on the distribution of flame region in a tunnel
Authors: Ma Qiuju , Chen Jiachen , Zhang Qi
Published: September 2017

The purpose of present work is mainly to study the effects of explosion intensity on the distribution law of the flame region involving methane‐air explosion based on the numerical results and theoretical analysis. Numerical simulation using software package AutoReaGas, a finite‐volume computational code for fluid dynamics suitable for gas explosion and blast problems, is adopted. The simulation works were performed in a full‐scale tunnel with various wall boundary conditions so that different explosion intensity levels could be achieved. Different flame regions were achieved for the same original gas region of 56 m. The flame region is always longer than the original gas region in all cases of stoichiometric methane‐air mixtures. Higher explosion intensity can induce a shorter flame region. In the case of smooth wall, the explosion intensity is very low, so the flame region reaches up to the longest value of 218 m. The ratio between the length of flame region and the length of the original gas region ranges from 1.3 to 3.9 with the decline of explosion intensity. It indicates that even though lower explosion intensity can reduce the shock wave damage, it will enlarge the accident range and especially extend the high temperature flame hazard. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 372–377, 2017
Three‐Dimensional Dirac Semimetal β‐PbO2
Authors: Wang Wei , Deng Linjie , Jiao Na , Zhou Pan , Sun Lizhong
Published: September 2017

Based on first‐principles calculation, we found a new type of three‐dimensional (3D) topological semimetal: β‐PbO2. When spin–orbit coupling (SOC) is ignored, β‐PbO2 behaves as a node‐line semimetal, but in the presence of SOC, the system turns into 3D Dirac semimetal, and the Dirac points are protected by C4 crystal symmetry. Moreover, the surface states and Fermi arcs on the semi‐infinite edge clearly reveal its topological nature. Therefore, β‐PbO2 provides a flexible platform for exploring exotic physical phenomena of Dirac semimetals.
Effects of Y Dopant on Lattice Distortion and Electrical Properties of In3SbTe2 Phase‐Change Material
Authors: Choi Minho , Choi Heechae , Kwon Sehyun , Kim Seungchul , Lee Kwang‐Ryeol , Ahn Jinho , Kim Yong Tae
Published: September 2017

Using a computational high‐throughput screening method, 29 doping elements have been investigated for improving the thermal and electrical characteristics of In3SbTe2 (IST) phase‐change material. Among the 29 dopants, it is found that Y offers largest distortion in the lattice structure of IST with negative doping formation energy while Y substitutes the In site. The atomic lattice images clearly show that the In site is substituted by Y and the distortion angles of the Y‐doped IST (Y‐IST) are well matched with the calculated results of density functional theory (DFT). Set/reset speed of the Y‐IST phase‐change memory is faster than IST and Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) devices, which is strongly related with the fast and stable phase transition due to the larger lattice distortion. The power consumption of the Y‐IST device is also less than a fourth of that of the GST device.
Boost student success overall by promoting collaboration instead of competition
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2017

Most student affairs professionals would like to see more collaboration happening within the higher ed world.
Recent Progress on Flexible and Wearable Supercapacitors
Authors: Xue Qi , Sun Jinfeng , Huang Yan , Zhu Minshen , Pei Zengxia , Li Hongfei , Wang Yukun , Li Na , Zhang Haiyan , Zhi Chunyi
Published: September 2017

Recently, wearable electronic devices including electrical sensors, flexible displays, and health monitors have received considerable attention and experienced rapid progress. Wearable supercapacitors attract tremendous attention mainly due to their high stability, low cost, fast charging/discharging, and high efficiency; properties that render them value for developing fully flexible devices. In this Concept, the recent achievements and advances made in flexible and wearable supercapacitors are presented, especially highlighting the promising performances of yarn/fiber‐shaped and planar supercapacitors. On the basis of their working mechanism, electrode materials including carbon‐based materials, metal oxide‐based materials, and conductive polymers with an emphasis on the performance‐optimization method are introduced. The latest representative techniques and active materials of recently developed supercapacitors with superior performance are summarized. Furthermore, the designs of 1D and 2D electrodes are discussed according to their electrically conductive supporting materials. Finally, conclusions, challenges, and perspective in optimizing and developing the electrochemical performance and function of wearable supercapacitors for their practical utility are addressed.
Capillarity Composited Recycled Paper/Graphene Scaffold for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Enhanced Capacity and Extended Lifespan
Authors: Zhang Yunya , Gao Zan , Li Xiaodong
Published: September 2017

An effective strategy to tackle the twin crises of global deforestation and fossil fuel depletion is to recycle biomass materials for energy storage devices. This study reports a unique and innovative solution to capitalize on a currently overlooked resource to produce high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries from recycled paper. The recycled paper fibers are creatively composited with graphene oxide sheets via a capillary adsorption method. The recycled paper/graphene oxide hybrid is then converted to activated paper carbon/reduced graphene oxide (APC/graphene) scaffold for sulfur infiltration. The assembled Li–APC/graphene/S battery exhibits a superior lifespan of 620 cycles with an excellent capacity retention rate of 60.5%. An APC interlayer is sandwiched between the Li anode and the separator to suppress the degradation of Li anode by preventing the nonhomogeneous growth of mossy Li whiskers, stretching the battery lifespan up to 1000 cycles with a capacitance retention rate of 52.3%. The capillary adsorption method coupled with the porous carbonaceous anode interlayer configuration creates a new opportunity for the development of batteries derived from porous biomass materials.
Large‐Area Patterning of Metal Nanostructures by Dip‐Pen Nanodisplacement Lithography for Optical Applications
Authors: Chen Lina , Wei Xiaoling , Zhou Xuechang , Xie Zhuang , Li Kan , Ruan Qifeng , Chen Chaojian , Wang Jianfang , Mirkin Chad A. , Zheng Zijian
Published: September 2017

Au nanostructures are remarkably important in a wide variety of fields for decades. The fabrication of Au nanostructures typically requires time‐consuming and expensive electron‐beam lithography (EBL) that operates in vacuum. To address this challenge, this paper reports the development of massive dip‐pen nanodisplacement lithography (DNL) as a desktop fabrication tool, which allows high‐throughput and rational design of arbitrary Au nanopatterns in ambient condition. Large‐area (1 cm2) and uniform (<10% variation) Au nanostructures as small as 70 nm are readily fabricated, with a throughput 100‐fold higher than that of conventional EBL. As a proof‐of‐concept of the applications in the opitcal field, we fabricate discrete Au nanorod arrays that show significant plasmonic resonance in the visible range, and interconnected Au nanomeshes that are used for transparent conductive electrode of solar cells.
Concordance of transient elastography and shear wave elastography for measurement of liver stiffness
Authors: O'Hara Sandra , Hodson Susan , Hernaman Chandelle , Wambeek Nick , Olynyk John
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Transient elastography is commonly utilised in liver clinics as a non‐invasive method of assessing the degree of fibrosis or presence of cirrhosis in the human liver. Many ultrasound vendors are now providing ultrasound shear wave elastography on commercial ultrasound units. There is limited published data evaluating the performance of ultrasound elastography compared to transient elastography.

Methods

This study compared the performance of ultrasound shear wave elastography, on an ultrasound unit with transient elastography in 29 participants with liver diseases of varying aetiologies.

Results

The mean shear wave pressure for transient elastography and ultrasound shear wave elastography was 7.58 kPa (SD 3.26) and 7.29 (SD 2.02), respectively, with 18 cases having a less than 30% deviation of shear wave elastography from transient elastography.

Conclusion

Both methods provide similar measurements of fibrosis and may be useful non‐invasive measures of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.
A Road and a Forest: Conceptions of In‐Class and Out‐of‐Class Learning in the Transition to Study Abroad
Authors: Kashiwa Mayumi , Benson Phil
Published: September 2017

Adopting an ecological perspective on context in second language learning, this study investigated the ways in which a group of Chinese students reconceptualized and reconstructed their learning environments in the first 3 months of study abroad in Australia. Focusing on the students’ conceptions of the relationship between in‐class and out‐of‐class learning, the study identified a shift from a view that the two contexts were separated in study at home to a more integrated view in study abroad. However, this was a variable process, with some students adapting more quickly than others and some barely changing their conceptions at all. The study also found a relationship between students’ awareness of the affordances of the study abroad setting and their agency in creating opportunities for out‐of‐class learning. It is suggested that teachers can help enhance study abroad participants’ awareness and agency by allocating class time to discussion of their out‐of‐class learning experiences and by connecting classroom instruction to the world beyond the classroom.
Endonuclease Regnase‐1/Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1‐induced protein‐1 (MCPIP1) in controlling immune responses and beyond
Authors: Takeuchi Osamu
Published: September 2017

The activation of inflammatory cells is controlled at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Posttranscriptional regulation modifies mRNA stability and translation, allowing for elaborate control of proteins required for inflammation, such as proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin synthases, cell surface co‐stimulatory molecules, and even transcriptional modifiers. Such regulation is important for coordinating the initiation and resolution of inflammation, and is mediated by a set of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs), including Regnase‐1, Roquin, Tristetraprolin (TTP), and AU‐rich elements/poly(U)‐binding/degradation factor 1 (AUF1). Among these, Regnase‐1, also known as Zc3h12a and Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1‐induced protein‐1 (MCPIP1), acts as an endoribonuclease responsible for the degradation of mRNAs involved in inflammatory responses. Conversely, the RBPs Roquin and TTP trigger exonucleolytic degradation of mRNAs by recruiting the CCR4‐NOT deadenylase complex. Regnase‐1 specifically recognizes stem‐loop structures present in 3′‐untranslated regions of cytokine mRNAs, and directly degrades the mRNAs in a translation‐ and ATP‐dependent RNA helicase upframeshift 1 (UPF1)‐dependent manner that is reminiscent of nonsense‐mediated decay. Regnase‐1 regulates the activation of innate and acquired immune cells, and is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis as well as preventing over‐activation of the immune system under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that Regnase‐1 and its family members are involved not only in immunity but also in various biological processes. In this article, I review molecular mechanisms of Regnase‐1‐mediated mRNA decay and its physiological roles. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1449. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1449

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Set AHDriFT: Applying game cameras to drift fences for surveying herpetofauna and small mammals
Authors: Martin Scott A. , Rautsaw Rhett M. , Robb Frank , Bolt M. Rebecca , Parkinson Christopher L. , Seigel Richard A.
Published: September 2017

The use of game cameras by wildlife biologists and managers to survey wildlife, particularly medium‐ and large‐bodied mammals, has increased dramatically. Previous attempts to survey small mammals and ectotherms have had limited detection success or were focused solely on a single species. We describe the Adapted‐Hunt Drift Fence Technique (AHDriFT), which combines commercially available game cameras and traditional drift fences to survey reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals. Across 4,502 trap‐nights at the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA (Jun 2014 to Jun 2015), we recorded images for 2,523 unique vertebrate detections (2% unidentifiable) averaging 0.56 unique triggers/night. Using AHDriFT enables long‐duration surveys with high detectability while minimizing observer time. Guide‐boards increased terrestrial vertebrate image capture at minimal cost. During 1 year of usage, no mortality was documented using this camera‐trap system and field time was reduced by 95%, requiring only monthly visits of approximately 3 hr for 9 fence arrays to download images from the camera systems, compared with pitfall or funnel traps that require at least daily monitoring. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The Met Needs for Pediatric Surgical Conditions in Sierra Leone: Estimating the Gap
Authors: Burgos Carmen Mesas , Bolkan Håkon Angell , Bash‐Taqi Donald , Hagander Lars , Von Screeb Johan
Published: September 2017

Background

In low‐ and middle‐income countries, there is a gap between the need for surgery and its equitable provision, and a lack of proxy indicators to estimate this gap. Sierra Leone is a West African country with close to three million children. It is unknown to what extent the surgical needs of these children are met.

Aim

To describe a nationwide provision of pediatric surgical procedures and to assess pediatric hernia repair as a proxy indicator for the shortage of surgical care in the pediatric population in Sierra Leone.

Methods

We analyzed results from a nationwide facility survey in Sierra Leone that collected data on surgical procedures from operation and anesthesia logbooks in all facilities performing surgery. We included data on all patients under the age of 16 years undergoing surgery. Primary outcomes were rate and volume of surgical procedures. We calculated the expected number of inguinal hernia in children and estimated the unmet need for hernia repair.

Results

In 2012, a total of 2381 pediatric surgical procedures were performed in Sierra Leone. The rate of pediatric surgical procedures was 84 per 100,000 children 0–15 years of age. The most common pediatric surgical procedure was hernia repair (18%), corresponding to a rate of 16 per 100,000 children 0–15 years of age. The estimated unmet need for inguinal hernia repair was 88%.

Conclusions

The rate of pediatric surgery in Sierra Leone was very low, and inguinal hernia was the single most common procedure noted among children in Sierra Leone.
Enrolling Genomics Research Participants through a Clinical Setting: the Impact of Existing Clinical Relationships on Informed Consent and Expectations for Return of Research Results
Authors: Berrios Courtney , James Cynthia A. , Raraigh Karen , Bollinger Juli , Murray Brittney , Tichnell Crystal , Applegate Carolyn D. , Bergner Amanda L.
Published: September 2017

Genetic counselors working in a clinical setting may find themselves recruiting, enrolling, and returning results for genomic research, and existing clinical relationships with study participants may impact these research interactions. We present a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews of participants enrolled in a genome sequencing/exome sequencing (GS/ES) study at the same institution where they receive clinical care. Interviews were coded for motivations to participate and expectations of this research. The interviews revealed common motivations for participation, including altruism and hope for benefit for themselves, family members, and/or others with their condition. Additionally, themes emerged related to unintentional influence based on trust of the clinical provider that recruited them to the study. Participant trust in the enrolling provider at times appeared to extend to the study team to decide which research results to return and to do so in an appropriate format. Participants also based expectations for research results return on previous clinical genetic testing experiences, which may or may not be realistic depending on study design. It is imperative that genetic counselors enrolling patients into research studies be aware of the potential influence of their clinical relationship on potential subjects, be transparent about their role on the study team, and help set expectations about the study process, including results return.
Peri-Urbanisation: Between Residential Preferences and Job Opportunities
Authors: Hilal Mohamed , Legras Sophie , Cavailhès Jean
Published: September 2017

The debate on the nature and state of peri-urban development in Europe is dynamic. While residents and their residential preferences have long been identified as strong drivers of the process of peri-urbanisation, other influences have also been discussed, such as the supply side of the housing market or job opportunities for residents. This paper analyses the population and job growth trends in the last five decades of 230 urban areas in mainland France. The results show that the pattern of peri-urban development of all the large and medium cities of the country have strong common characteristics. In particular, the areas around cities have proven dynamic both in terms of population, as would be expected in the peri-urbanisation process described by the literature in France, but also in terms of jobs, which have been less analysed. A review of the economic literature on the determinants of firms’ location choice puts forward some of the most relevant determinants that may explain a choice of location outside central cities. This helps put in perspective the role of job opportunities in shaping peri-urbanisation in France in the recent past.
Die LandFrauenorganisationen und ihr lokales Engagement im Spiegel der Regionalentwicklung
Authors: Suarsana Laura
Published: September 2017

This article highlights the societal relevance of the German Country Women’s Associations (LandFrauen) as an element of German civil society especially in rural regions. On the basis of qualitative expert interviews and secondary material, this article provides an overview of the LandFrauen as civil society organizations and as a subject of social scientific research. German Country Women’s Associations are represented throughout Germany with approximately 450,000 members in over 10,600 local associations, district associations, regional associations and a federal association. They represent, among other activities, the interests of women, are important providers of adult education and act as an organizational framework for the activities and civic engagement of their members, particularly at local community level. The article concludes that the LandFrauen contribute significantly to the local social and cultural infrastructure in rural areas. Concurrently, they are partners within coordinated regional development activities and stand in relation to the local economy. Additionally, this article presents perspectives for further scientific exploration with regard to the embedding of civic engagement into civil society organizations, geographies of engagement, regional governance and public goods. Therefore, this contribution lays the foundation for further research.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast, high grade with basal phenotype, literature review
Authors: Junainah Enaam , Baslaim Muna , Shegairi Samar , Mashhoor Rawan , Alsalmi Thekra , Bajaber Ameera , Almalki Seham , Alfaqeeh Amal
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of breast carcinoma resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma of other sites. this type of tumors usually characterized by the exhibiting dual cell population of luminal and basaloid with specific growth pattern Most of these sub types are triple-negative with basal-like breast features (tumors that are devoid of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and express basal cell markers), they are usually low-grade but can be high grade, clinical behavior is indolent despite the nuclear grade, lymph node involvement or distant metastases which is rarely occur. Treatment is either simple mastectomy or lumpectomy. Chemotherapy, radiation and hormonal treatment have limited used in those cases.

Highlights:
Toward common mechanisms for risk factors in Alzheimer's syndrome
Authors: Medina Miguel , Khachaturian Zaven S. , Rossor Martin , Avila Jesús , Cedazo‐Minguez Angel
Published: September 2017

The global strategic goal of reducing health care cost, especially the prospects for massive increases due to expanding markets for health care services demanded by aging populations and/or people with a wide range of chronic disorders‐disabilities, is a complex and formidable challenge with many facets. Current projections predict marked increases in the demand for health driven by both the exponential climb in the prevalence of chronic disabilities and the increases in the absolute numbers of people in need of some form of health care. Thus, the looming predicament for the economics of health care systems worldwide mandates the formulation of a strategic goal to foster significant expansion of global R&D efforts to discover and develop wide‐ranging interventions to delay and/or prevent the onset of chronic disabling conditions. The rationale for adopting such a tactical objective is based on the premise that the costs and prevalence of chronic disabling conditions will be reduced by half even if a modest delay of 5 years in the onset of disability is obtained by a highly focused multinational research initiative. Because of the recent history of many failures in drug trials, the central thesis of this paper is to argue for the exploration‐adoption of novel mechanistic ideas, theories, and paradigms for developing wide range and/or types of interventions. Although the primary focus of our discussion has been on biological approaches to therapy, we recognize the importance of emerging knowledge on nonpharmacological interventions and their potential impact in reducing health care costs. Although we may not find a drug to cure or prevent dementia for a long time, research is starting to demonstrate the potential contributes of nonpharmacological interventions toward the economics of health care in terms of rehabilitation, promoting autonomy, and potential to delay institutionalization, thus promoting healthy aging and reductions in the cost of care.
The Convent of Wesel
Authors: Spohnholz Jesse
Published: September 2017

The Convent of Wesel was long believed to be a clandestine assembly of Protestant leaders in 1568 that helped establish foundations for Reformed churches in the Dutch Republic and northwest Germany. However, Jesse Spohnholz shows that that event did not happen, but was an idea created and perpetuated by historians and record keepers since the 1600s. Appropriately, this book offers not just a fascinating snapshot of Reformation history but a reflection on the nature of historical inquiry itself. The Convent of Wesel begins with a detailed microhistory that unravels the mystery and then traces knowledge about the document at the centre of the mystery over four and a half centuries, through historical writing, archiving and centenary commemorations. Spohnholz reveals how historians can inadvertently align themselves with protagonists in the debates they study and thus replicate errors that conceal the dynamic complexity of the past.
Cultural Identity in Minoan Crete
Authors: Adams Ellen
Published: September 2017

Neopalatial Crete - the 'Golden Age' of the Minoan Civilization - possessed palaces, exquisite artefacts, and iconography with pre-eminent females. While lacking in fortifications, ritual symbolism cloaked the island, an elaborate bureaucracy logged transactions, and massive storage areas enabled the redistribution of goods. We cannot read the Linear A script, but the libation formulae suggest an island-wide koine. Within this cultural identity, there is considerable variation in how the Minoan elites organized themselves and others on an intra-site and regional basis. This book explores and celebrates this rich, diverse and dynamic culture through analyses of important sites, as well as Minoan administration, writing, economy and ritual. Key themes include the role of Knossos in wider Minoan culture and politics, the variable modes of centralization and power relations detectable across the island, and the role of ritual and cult in defining and articulating elite control.