bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Disability Standpoint Here!: Law School Faculties and the Invisibility Problem
Authors: Francis Leslie Pickering , Silvers Anita
Published: April 2012

Endeavors to increase diversity in higher education invite many questions, including concerns about consistent and categorical application of the motivating values. For example, do law schools, and especially elite law schools, do enough to promote inclusiveness in the legal profession if their efforts are limited to admitting students from underrepresented minorities and not equally striving for similar diversity among the faculty? Where the students are diverse but the teachers are not, inclusiveness does not seem to rise to the level of a genuinely embraced value. The imbalance between the homogeneity of law school faculty and the diversity of law school students signals that while members of minorities may be capable of learning the law, they are unlikely to become sufficiently proficient to teach it. And further, homogeneity in the ranks of the professoriate suggests that assimilation is necessary for those who aspire to be acknowledged as proficient.
Law Students and Lawyers With Mental Health and Substance Abuse Problems: Protecting the Public and the Individual
Authors: Rothstein Laura
Published: April 2012

The practice of law is a high-prestige, high-income, high-skill, and highstress profession. Lawyers provide important professional services to members of the public—services that can affect life and death and important matters in the lives of others. Whether because of the personalities of those who choose to enter the legal profession, professional pressures, or a combination thereof, there are significant concerns within the legal profession about the impact of stress on mental health and about substance abuse problems.
So Dark the Con(tu) of Man: The Quest for a Software Derivative Work Right in Section 117
Authors: Mtima Lateef
Published: April 2012

Computer software programs have various unique characteristics as copyrightable works. Among other things, unlike traditional copyrightable works, it is necessary to copy and often to modify software programs in order to use them. In addition, as functional works, the development of additional programs, an overarching goal of copyright protection, often requires the “efficient reuse” of protected elements of preexisting programs. The copyright law currently provides an ambiguous and contradictory response to these issues. While section 117 of the Copyright Act provides program users with the privilege to prepare “adaptations” of copyrighted programs, section 106 reserves to copyright holders the exclusive right to prepare derivative versions of their programs. This article proposes that user adaptation privileges can be distinguished from, and reconciled with, copyright holder derivative work exclusive rights by virtue of the impact that a user-prepared adaptation will have upon the market for the original copyrighted program: “market benign” adaptations should be treated as privileged adaptations, while “market pernicious” adaptations should be treated as derivative works and therefore, subject to the rights of the copyright holder in the original program. In addition, the “practical-use versus market-impact” balancing rationale used to draw the foregoing distinction can also be used to reconstruct the traditional derivative work right into a narrower “software derivative work right.” This software derivative work right would limit the copyright holder’s exclusive right to that of creating derivative programs that are likely to compete with, or otherwise have an undue impact on the market for, the original copyrighted software program. This would enable judicial recognition of a new “public derivative work privilege” to create non-competitive derivative software programs from preexisting works.
Congress, Ex Parte Young, and the Fate of the Three-Judge District Court
Authors: Solimine Michael E.
Published: April 2012

In 1908 the Supreme Court held in Ex parte Young that a federal judge could enjoin a state attorney general from enforcing an unconstitutional state statute, notwithstanding sovereign immunity doctrines, which would normally bar such relief. The case was sharply criticized at the time as another example of an activist federal judiciary striking down Progressive Era regulatory legislation. Congress enacted legislation requiring that Ex parte Young injunctions only be issued by a specially convened three-judge district court. Despite the initial hostility, as has been recounted by Owen Fiss, William Ross, and other scholars, the injunctive power recognized in the case came to be regarded as a powerful and necessary tool to enforce federal civil rights laws, especially in the face of recalcitrant state authorities. In contrast, the history of the three-judge district court has received less attention and has had a different arc. During the Civil Rights era, some federal judges, particularly in the Deep South, were perceived as being hostile to the enforcement of federal law, and a three-judge court was considered by many to be a necessary tool to marginalize such judges and optimize enforcement of federal legal norms. The federal judiciary itself later questioned the court’s usefulness due to the administrative burdens of convening such courts, and the perception that their role in enforcing federal law was no longer necessary. Responding to those concerns, and over the opposition of the NAACP, Congress in 1976 sharply restricted the jurisdictional coverage of the court. The changes in the three-judge district court demonstrate the importance of appreciating the motivations and effects of Congressional regulation of the institutional structures of the federal courts and that of interest groups in influencing Congress.
Providing Hope: Developing a Viable Regulatory Framework for Providing Terminally Ill Patients With Adequate Access to Investigational Drugs
Authors: Sikora James P.
Published: April 2012

“If I die . . . I want my children to know I did everything I could.” This is a common feeling among terminally ill individuals facing death. This desire to exhaust every option often causes people to fight to receive potentially toxic and dangerous treatments that are still in the investigational phase if the treatment provides even a glimmer of hope for survival or improvement in condition. Investigational treatments, however, expose patients to myriad risks that can be difficult to predict. Jolee Mohr’s mysterious death provides a sad illustration of the dangers of investigational drugs. Mrs. Mohr’s physician recruited her for a clinical trial to test the safety of an investigational arthritis treatment. After she received the investigational treatment, Mrs. Mohr experienced intractable vomiting and increased body temperature. She subsequently slipped into unconsciousness, and her family made the decision to remove life support after doctors confirmed that she had no hope of recovery.
Fixing the “Undue Hardship” Hardship: Solutions for the Problem of Discharging Educational Loans Through Bankruptcy
Authors: Williams Adam J.
Published: April 2012

Imagine John Smith, soon to be John Smith, Esquire. He has completed his last round of finals and is anxiously awaiting graduation from law school. In the time between finals and graduation, when many third-year law students are taking a brief mental vacation before bar exam preparation gets into full swing, John thinks he has found the ultimate loophole. John files a bankruptcy petition, which shows his non-existent current income, minimal assets, and education loans totaling over $100,000. Given John’s apparent insolvency, the court discharges his student loans so that John can have a fresh start and attempt to get back on his feet. John is pleased because he has a great job lined up for after graduation, and getting rid of this debt will make his life better. Luckily for the taxpayers who would then be responsible for John’s federally guaranteed student loans, Congress essentially eliminated such a possibility decades ago, and college students across the country can rest easy knowing that their loans will be fully intact upon graduation.
Making Class Actions Work: The Untapped Potential of the Internet
Authors: Klonoff Robert H. , Herrmann Mark , Harrison Bradley W.
Published: April 2012

Over twenty years ago, the Supreme Court recognized that in class action litigation, absent class members “must receive notice plus an opportunity to be heard and participate in the litigation, whether in person or through counsel.” Although the absent class members’ rights to receive notice and an opportunity to opt out are of vital importance, the ability to be heard and participate in the litigation are also important.
Conscious Ambiguity: Slaying Cerberus In The Interpretation Of Contractual Inconsistencies
Authors: Duhl Gregory M.
Published: April 2012

In United Rentals, Inc. v. RAM Holdings, Inc., Vice Chancellor Chandler rejected conscious ambiguity as a drafting principle. In the face of seemingly inconsistent provisions in the merger agreement between United Rentals and Cerberus, Vice Chancellor Chandler denied United Rentals specific performance because the equipment lessor knew that Cerberus did not think there was a specific performance remedy in the agreement and, therefore, United Rentals was not a forthright negotiator. But underlying the opinion was a message to lawyers that they have a professional and ethical obligation to draft contracts clearly. “Conscious ambiguity” undermines those obligations and is inconsistent with a consent theory of contract. This Article ends by calling for more empirical study of the ethical obligations of lawyers in drafting contracts.
Educating Special Education Students Who Have Only Attended Private Schools: After Tom F., Who Is Left With The Bill?
Authors: Baiman Alexia M.
Published: April 2012

Until 1975, American public schools educated one out of every five children with disabilities between the ages of three and twenty-one. That means that, during this period, public school districts around the nation turned away two million disabled students from their classrooms. Of those lucky handicapped students who were admitted, it is estimated that 2.5 million received ineffective education. Prompted by these findings and in response to two highly publicized federal judicial opinions, Congress statutorily decreed the right of disabled children to receive a free appropriate public education. The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) funded state education programs that adhered to this new right and opened their school doors to handicapped children. In 1990, the Act morphed into the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), recognizing more types of disabilities as “handicaps” and strengthening the protections for the discriminated group.
Private Law, Public Consequences, And Virtue Jurisprudence
Authors: Cimino Chapin F.
Published: April 2012

Everything we know about legal theory is wrong. Or at least, this is the claim made by Colin Farrelly and Lawrence Solum in their important new anthology, Virtue Jurisprudence. Specifically, Farrelly and Solum tell us that we are arguing over the wrong question. The wrong question is whether normative legal theory should rest on either law and economic notions of welfare and efficiency or on rights-based notions of liberty and equality. To Farrelly and Solum, the answer to this question is neither.
Acorn And The 2008 Presidential Election Campaign: Perspectives On Alleged Third-Party Voter-Registration Fraud
Authors: Joyce Ryan
Published: April 2012

The individual act of registering to vote is a first and exceedingly important step toward the full realization of each citizen’s participation in our democracy. A person registering to vote may elect to do so by mail-in form, contemporaneous to completing an application for a driver’s license, or by interaction with a representative of any number of voter-mobilization organizations active in this country. This Note focuses on the latter method of registration by examining third-party voter mobilization organizations, with specific reference to allegations of fraud perpetrated by one such group, the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN). While acknowledging genuine instances of fraud, the Note seeks equally to address the function of partisanship in animating allegations of fraud and the deleterious impact that politically motivated allegations have on the franchise and our elections.
Brokers As Fiduciaries
Authors: Langevoort Donald C.
Published: April 2012

The first formal legislative package sent to Congress by the Obama Administration dealing specifically with securities law reform was not about the financial crisis issues of derivatives, securitization, or credit ratings—though these came shortly thereafter. Instead, it was about consumer protection. Having proposed a bold new Consumer Financial Product Commission but chosen to leave investment product regulation in the jurisdiction of the SEC rather than shift it to the new agency, the Administration sought to enhance the consumer protection powers of the SEC so that they would be comparable with what the proposed new agency could do with respect to non-securities financial products. Substantively, the headline reform proposal was the authorization for the SEC to promulgate rules to conform the duties owed by broker-dealers to their customers with the duties owed by investment advisers to their clients, holding both to the same fiduciary standards of conduct.
The Sec And Foreign Companies—A Balance Of Competing Interests
Authors: Davis Kenneth B.
Published: April 2012

This Article examines the rules governing foreign companies that seek to raise capital from U.S. investors or have their securities traded in the U.S. markets. This may seem too remote a corner of securities law’s realm for a general conference on the SEC’s “past, present, and future.” Bear in mind, however, that this otherwise remote corner gave rise to the most visible and vigorous policy debate over the basic orientation and direction of U.S. securities law in the months preceding the recent financial crisis: the debate over whether the strictness of U.S. regulation caused our capital markets to lose some of their competitive advantage.
Reviewing The Sec, Reinvigorating The Sec
Authors: Katz Jonathan G.
Published: April 2012

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2009. Ordinarily this would be a basis for celebrating the triumphs of the agency. However, the financial crisis of 2008 and the celebrated frauds and failures of the immediate past have provoked a wealth of criticism of the SEC and calls for fundamental change in the operations of the Commission. An objective review of the history of the SEC demonstrates that the recent failures are not unique. In fact, for each of these notable scandals and failures there is an important historical parallel in the history of the SEC. While one might conclude from this recurring pattern of frauds and failures that no set of reforms will ever eliminate periodic financial disasters and frauds, this paper takes a different perspective. The recurring pattern may be evidence that there are fundamental characteristics of how the SEC functions that contribute to its historic tendency to wait for events to happen before acting. This paper identifies and discusses these elements of the Commission’s “DNA” and offers recommendations for change.
THE MANY FACES OF STRICT SCRUTINY: HOW THE SUPREME COURT CHANGES THE RULES IN RACE CASES
Authors: Gerstmann Evan , Shortell Christopher
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we argue that there is no single test called strict scrutiny when the Court considers claims of racial discrimination. In fact, the Court changes the rules depending on why and how the government is using race. By examining racial redistricting, remedial affirmative action, and diversity-based affirmative action cases, we show how the Court uses at least three verydifferent versions of strict scrutiny. The costs of maintaining the fiction of unitary strict scrutiny is high. In the area of racial profiling, for example, courts refuse to apply strict scrutiny for fear that it will either overly hamper police or will weaken strict scrutiny in other areas of racial discrimination. An open acknowledgment that the Court is already using different standards of analysis for different types of racial discrimination would allow courts to craft appropriate standards without fear of diminishing protections in other areas.
Apoptosis of ectopic endometrial cells is impaired in women with endometriosis
Authors: De Paula Liv Braga , Braga Núbia Pereira , Mendonça Marcos , Moro Luciana , Geber Selmo
Published: April 2012

Purpose

This study was performed to assess the apoptotic index and Bcl-2 expression in ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis and in eutopic endometrium of patients without endometriosis, according to the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Methods

A total of eight patients with endometriosis and in eutopic endometrium of eight patients without endometriosis, according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Samples were collected during surgical procedures and histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and underwent morphometric analysis for assessment of the apoptotic index. TUNEL immunohistochemical assay was performed to validate the morphologic criteria used for quantification of apoptosis.

Results

The apoptotic index was significantly lower in the ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis in comparison to the eutopic endometrium of patients without endometriosis, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase. No statistically significant difference in endometrial Bcl-2 expression was observed among patients with and without endometriosis.

Conclusions

We conclude that ectopic endometrial tissues from women with endometriosis are less susceptible to apoptosis and these cells demonstrate an increased ability to survive and higher chances to colonize and grow in ectopic sites - important factors in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Comparison between GnRH agonist and antagonist protocols for severe endometriosis in assisted reproductive cycles
Authors: Ruggiero Maria , Viana Gersia Araujo , Di Berardino Olga Maria , Simi Giovanna , Papini Francesca , Genazzani Andrea Riccardo , Cela Vito , Artini Paolo Giovanni
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Endometriosis may influence different aspects of reproductive physiology including folliculogenesis, ovulation, embryo quality, and fertilization. Recent data demonstrate that patients with endometriosis-associated infertility undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) have a reduction of pregnancy rates compared to women with other indications for IVF. The aim of the study is to evaluate the outcomes of IVF after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) with GnRH antagonist (GnRH-ant) or GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) in severe endometriosis patients.

Methods

A total of 101 patients with severe endometriosis undergoing IVF cycles were retrospectively enrolled into two groups in relation to hypothalamic inhibition before COH, obtained respectively with leuprorelin and cetrorelix. We evaluated characteristics of COH and clinical outcomes (overall pregnancy rate, implantation rate, spontaneous miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, and clinical pregnancy rates).

Results

The group treated with GnRH-ant presented a similar number of MII oocytes and good quality embryos while using a lower amount of gonadotropins. Outcomes of COH with both GnRH-ant and GnRH-a were similar in patients with stage III-IV endometriosis. The number of retrieved oocytes, the number of obtained embryos, the implantation rates, and the clinical pregnancy rates were similar with GnRH-ant and GnRH-a protocols.

Conclusions

Considering the pregnancy outcomes, COH with both GnRH-ant and GnRH-a protocols do not present statistical differences in patients with severe endometriosis, but the GnRH-ant protocol could be more convenient in term of gonadotropins amount and patient discomfort.
Biobased Materials Production from Biodiesel Residuals of Rapeseed
Authors: Johansson E. , Spencer G. M. , Bettini E. , Cho S.-W. , Marttila S. , Kuktaite R. , Gällstedt M. , Hedenqvist M. S.
Published: April 2012

A full biouse of crops for multiple end-uses would contribute to a more economically attractive and thereby more sustainable use of the crop. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate options to develop materials from residuals of rapeseed, originating from the biodiesel (RME) production. Compression molding of rapeseed flour and rapeseed cake residuals was evaluated together with additions of different amount of plasticizer (glycerol), as well as use of various pressing temperatures and times. The results were promising and led to a compact and hard, although somewhat brittle material. The potential to produce materials from the rapeseed residuals from RME production is thus high. Glycerol content was the most important factor increasing tensile strength in the material followed by pressing time. No clear protein polymerization was detected in the produced materials. Thus, despite the promising results, methods to obtain increased protein polymerization should be searched for. Therefore, binding agents, additives, or pretreatment of the rapeseed residuals are needed, or the proteins have to be purified, in order to generate a better polymerization of the proteins.
Sea-Salt Aerosol Mass Concentration Oscillations after Rainfall, Derived from Long-Term Measurements in Lampedusa (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Kishcha P. , Starobinets B. , Udisti R. , Becagli S. , di Sarra A. , Sferlazzo D. , Bommarito C. , Alpert P.
Published: April 2012

Sea-salt aerosol (SSA) is the dominant contributor to cloud condensation nuclei over ocean areas, where wind speed is significant. Thereby, SSA could affect cloud formation and play an important role in the Earth weather and climate. Rainfall could produce large impact on SSA concentration due to wet removal processes. An analysis of changes in sea-salt aerosol concentration after rainfall is essential for a deeper understanding of the process of SSA loading in the boundary layer. The current experimental study focused on analyzing time variations of SSA mass concentration after rainfall, on the basis of long-term daily SSA measurements during the three-year period 2006–2008, at the tiny Mediterranean island of Lampedusa (Central Mediterranean). To study the effect of rainfall on SSA time variations, we used the superposed epoch method. We applied this approach to differing rainfall events related to different months and atmospheric/sea conditions. Integrated processing was applied to SSA concentration anomalies, in order to filter out random variability. Observational evidence of SSA mass concentration oscillations after rainfall with a maximum on the 2nd day and a minimum on the 4th day was obtained. The knowledge of SSA variations after rainfall is important for validating rainout parameterization in existing sea-salt aerosol and climate models.
Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Review
Authors: Baoge L. , Van Den Steen E. , Rimbaut S. , Philips N. , Witvrouw E. , Almqvist K. F. , Vanderstraeten G. , Vanden Bossche L. C.
Published: April 2012

Skeletal muscle injuries are the most common sports-related injuries and present a challenge in primary care and sports medicine. Most types of muscle injuries would follow three stages: the acute inflammatory and degenerative phase, the repair phase and the remodeling phase. Present conservative treatment includes RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy. However, if use improper, NSAIDs may suppress an essential inflammatory phase in the healing of injured skeletal muscle. Furthermore, it remains controversial whether or not they have adverse effects on the healing process or on the tensile strength. However, several growth factors might promote the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle, many novel treatments have involved on enhancing complete functional recovery. Exogenous growth factors have been shown to regulate satellite cell proliferation, differentiation and fusion in myotubes in vivo and in vitro, TGF-β1 antagonists behave as inhibitors of TGF-β1. They prevent collagen deposition and block formation of muscle fibrosis, so that a complete functional recovery can be achieved.
Nanoparticle‐Based Catalysis using Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Léger Bastien , Menuel Stéphane , Ponchel Anne , Hapiot Frédéric , Monflier Eric
Published: April 2012

A thermoregulated catalytic process has been elaborated using a ruthenium‐nanoparticle catalyst embedded into a supramolecular cyclodextrin‐based hydrogel matrix. Upon heating, the gel phase turned into a sol phase in which alkenes could be efficiently hydrogenated. Upon cooling, the reaction products and the metallic catalyst could be easily separated. The reusability of the system was clearly demonstrated.
Catalytic cracking of alkanes on FAU: Single‐event microkinetic modeling including acidity descriptors
Authors: Van Borm Rhona , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: April 2012

Single‐event microkinetic (SEMK) modeling is applied to catalytic cracking of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane on a series of faujasites with Si/Al ratio ranging from 2.6 to 30. Standard activation entropies of the various elementary reaction families are calculateda priorifrom transition state theory and statistical thermodynamics, while activation energies are estimated on a reference faujasite by regression to experimental kinetic data. The SEMK model is then extended with two acidity descriptors. The concentration of active sites is available from independent NH3‐TPD measurements, while the change in standard protonation enthalpy, relative to the reference faujasite, is obtained by regression to experimental kinetic data. The latter parameter accounts for the effect of the zeolite average acid strength both on the stability of the intermediates and on the activation energies of the protonation and protolytic scission reactions. For these five commercially available faujasites, a variation in standard protonation enthalpy of 29 kJ mol−1was found. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Lenalidomide in multiple myeloma: Current status and future potential
Authors: Quach Hang , Kalff Anna , Spencer Andrew
Published: April 2012

The clinical development of lenalidomide (Revlimid™), then pomalidomide (Actimid™) as members of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), exemplifies how insight into disease biology can lead to design of effective therapeutic agents. Increased experience and understanding of IMiD's diverse biological effects has lead to rational design of lenalidomide‐based treatment‐regimens over recent years. However, much about lenalidomide is yet to be understood and fully exploited. Here, we review what is known of lenalidomide's biological effects, clinical certainties and uncertainties in the treatment of MM, and explore its future potential with other synergistic therapeutic agents. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of serum free light chains in predicting HIV‐associated non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma and its correlation with antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Bibas Michele , Trotta Maria Paola , Cozzi‐Lepri Alessandro , Lorenzini Patrizia , Pinnetti Carmela , Rizzardini Giuliano , Angarano Gioacchino , Caramello Pietro , Sighinolfi Laura , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Mazzarello Giovanni , Di Caro Antonino , Di Giacomo Cristina , d'Arminio Monforte Antonella , Antinori Andrea ,   for the ICONA Foundation Study Group
Published: April 2012

A nested case‐control study was performed within the Italian cohort of naïve to antiretroviral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients (ICONA) cohort to evaluate the role of serum free light chains (sFLC) in predicting non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in HIV‐infected individuals. Of 6513 participants, 86 patients developed lymphoma and 46 of these (NHL, 30; HL, 16) were included in this analysis having stored prediagnostic blood. A total of 46 serum case samples matched 1:1 to lymphoma‐free serum control samples were assayed for κ and λ sFLC levels and compared by using conditional logistic regression. Because the polyclonal nature of free light chains (FLCs) was the focus of our study, we introduced the k + λ sum as the measurement of choice and as the primary variable studied. κ + λ sFLC values were significantly higher in patient with lymphoma than in controls, especially when considering samples stored 0–2‐year period before the lymphoma diagnosis. In the multivariable analysis, the elevation of sFLC predicted the risk of lymphoma independently of CD4 count, (odd ratio of 16.85 for k + λ sFLC >2‐fold upper normal limit (UNL) vs. normal value). A significant reduction in the risk of lymphoma (odd ratio of 0.07 in model with k + λ sFLC) was found in people with low sFLC and undetectable HIV viremia lasting more than 6 months. Our analysis indicates that an elevated polyclonal sFLC is a strong and sensitive predictor of the risk of developing lymphomas, and it is an easy to measure biomarker that merits consideration for introduction in routine clinical practice in people with HIV. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
JAK2 and genomic instability in the myeloproliferative neoplasms: A case of the chicken or the egg?
Authors: Scott Linda M. , Rebel Vivienne I.
Published: April 2012

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a particularly useful model for studying mutation accumulation in neoplastic cells, and the mechanisms underlying their acquisition. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular defects present in patients with an MPN, and the effects of mutations targeting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)‐mediated intracellular signaling on DNA damage and on the elimination of mutation‐bearing cells by programmed cell death. Moreover, we discuss findings that suggest that the acquisition of disease‐initiating mutations in hematopoietic stem cells of some MPN patients may be the consequence of an inherent genomic instability that was not previously appreciated. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma associated with follicular lymphoma, or de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Tada Kohei , Kim Sung‐Won , Asakura Yoshitaka , Hiramoto Nobuhiro , Yakushijin Kimikazu , Kurosawa Saiko , Tajima Kinuko , Mori Shin‐ichiro , Heike Yuji , Tanosaki Ryuji , Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Furuta Koh , Kagami Yoshikazu , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Tobinai Kensei , Takaue Yoichi , Fukuda Takahiro
Published: April 2012

The outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) associated with follicular lymphoma (FL), which includes DLBCL with pre‐ or co‐existing FL, remains controversial, and few previous reports have compared the outcomes after allo‐HCT for FL, DLBCL associated with FL, and de novo DLBCL. We retrospectively analyzed 97 consecutive patients with FL (n = 46), DLBCL associated with FL (n = 22), or de novo DLBCL (n = 29) who received allo‐HCT at our institute between 2000 and 2010. With a median follow‐up of 53 months, the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were, respectively, 77% and 70% for FL, 62% and 57% for DLBCL associated with FL, and 26% and 23% for de novo DLBCL. The 5‐year cumulative incidences of non‐relapse mortality and disease progression/relapse were, respectively, 16% and 15% for FL, 19% and 24% for DLBCL associated with FL, and 36% and 41% for de novo DLBCL. By a multivariate analysis, the OS and PFS for DLBCL associated with FL were significantly better than those for de novo DLBCL, whereas they were not significantly different from those for FL. These results suggest that allo‐HCT may be a promising option for patients with not only advanced FL but also DLBCL associated with FL. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grooming Reciprocity in Female Tibetan Macaques Macaca Thibetana
Authors: XIA DONGPO , LI JINHUA , GARBER PAUL A. , SUN LIXING , ZHU YONG , SUN BINGHUA
Published: April 2012

Grooming among nonhuman primates is widespread and may represent an important service commodity that is exchanged within a biological marketplace. In this study, using focal animal sampling methods, we recorded grooming relationships among 12 adult females in a free‐ranging group of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China, to determine the influence of rank and kinship on grooming relationships, and whether females act as reciprocal traders (exchange grooming received for grooming given) or interchange traders (interchange grooming for social tolerance or other commodities). The results showed that: (1) grooming given was positively correlated with grooming received; (2) kinship did not exert a significant influence on grooming reciprocity; and (3) grooming reciprocity occurred principally between individuals of adjacent rank; however, when females of different rank groomed, females tended to groom up the hierarchy (lower ranking individuals groomed higher ranking individuals more than vice versa). Our results support the contention that both grooming reciprocity and the interchange of grooming for tolerance represent important social tactics used by female Tibetan macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 74:569–579, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energetic Payoff of Tool Use for Capuchin Monkeys in the Caatinga: Variation by Season and Habitat Type
Authors: EMIDIO RICARDO ALMEIDA , FERREIRA RENATA GONÇALVES
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we analyze predictions from the energetic bottleneck and opportunity models to explain the use of stones to crack open encased fruit by capuchins in dry environments. The energetic bottleneck model argues that tool use derives from the need to crack open hard‐encased fruits which are key resources during periods of food scarcity. The opportunity model argues that tool use by capuchins derives from simultaneous access to stones and encased fruits. The study was conducted in the Caatinga biome, northeastern Brazil, at two areas where capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus spp.) regularly use stones to crack open encased fruit of Syagrus cearensis and Manihot dichotoma. Energetic gains were inferred based on the number of tool‐use sites used and the mass of encased fruit consumed per month, and compared across seasons and areas occupied by the two groups. For the drier habitat, a significant increase in frequency of tool use (Ndry = 329 vs. Nwet = 59) and in the mean monthly mass of fruits consumed in the dry season (meandry = 193g vs. meanwet = 13.5 g) offered support for the energetic bottleneck model. However, our inference of low energetic payoffs for tool using individuals (in the drier caatinga habitat from 13 to 193 cal·ind−1·month−1 and in the wetter caatinga habitat from 805 to 1150 cal·ind−1·month−1) offer support for the opportunity model. Finally, our analyses indicate that consumption of six S. cearensis fruits would equal the daily requirements of capuchins for β‐carotene, and the consumption of 1.22 g·day−1 of M. dichotoma encased fruit or 1.0 g·day−1 of S. cearensis can supply capuchin's daily requirement of vitamin C. So, specific nutritional requirements may play a role in explaining the continuous consumption of encased fruit and customary use of stones to crack open encased fruit. Am. J. Primatol. 74:332–343, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Nonlinear Optical Properties of Dyes Confined in Interlayer Nanospaces of Clay Minerals
Authors: Suzuki Yasutaka , Tenma Yuta , Nishioka Yukihiro , Kawamata Jun
Published: April 2012

Nonlinear optical (NLO) responses from organic dyes can be maximized when the dyes are aligned in appropriate manners in bulk materials. The use of restricted nanospaces provided by interlayer spacing of inorganic layered materials is a promising strategy for imposing suitable molecular alignments for NLO materials on dyes. The hybrid materials thus obtained exhibit salient NLO responses owing to the improved molecular orientation. In some cases, extension of the π‐electron system as a consequence of improved molecular planarity, obtained by the intercalation of a dye into the 2‐dimensional interlayer space of an inorganic layered material, is also observed as a factor that enhances NLO responses of chromophores at the molecular level. This review focuses on recent progress in the strategies for controlling the molecular orientation of NLO‐phores by employing clay minerals, which are one of the typical inorganic layered materials. In addition, development of a means for fabricating composites that satisfy the properties of an optical material, such as a sufficient size and thickness, a flat surface, and low light‐scattering characteristics is required to utilize the superior NLO properties observed for clay/dye hybrid materials for practical applications. A novel means for obtaining such a hybrid material is also outlined.
Periodicity and time trends in the prevalence of total births and conceptions with congenital malformations among Jews and Muslims in Israel, 1999‐2006: A time series study of 823,966 births
Authors: Agay‐Shay Keren , Friger Michael , Linn Shai , Peled Ammatzia , Amitai Yona , Peretz Chava
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND Congenital malformations (CMs) are a leading cause of infant disability. Geophysical patterns such as 2‐year, yearly, half‐year, 3‐month, and lunar cycles regulate much of the temporal biology of all life on Earth and may affect birth and birth outcomes in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare trends and periodicity in total births and CM conceptions in two Israeli populations. METHODS Poisson nonlinear models (polynomial) were applied to study and compare trends and geophysical periodicity cycles of weekly births and weekly prevalence rate of CM (CMPR), in a time‐series design of conception date within and between Jews and Muslims. The population included all live births and stillbirths (n = 823,966) and CM (three anatomic systems, eight CM groups [n = 2193]) in Israel during 2000 to 2006. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health. RESULTS We describe the trend and periodicity cycles for total birth conceptions. Of eight groups of CM, periodicity cycles were statistically significant in four CM groups for either Jews or Muslims. Lunar month and biennial periodicity cycles not previously investigated in the literature were found to be statistically significant. Biennial cycle was significant in total births (Jews and Muslims) and syndactyly (Muslims), whereas lunar month cycle was significant in total births (Muslims) and atresia of small intestine (Jews). CONCLUSION We encourage others to use the method we describe as an important tool to investigate the effects of different geophysical cycles on human health and pregnancy outcomes, especially CM, and to compare between populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HSCs play a distinct role in different phases of oval cell‐mediated liver regeneration
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhang Wei , Zhou Qiao‐dan , Yang Hong‐qiang , Liang Hui‐fang , Zhang Bi‐xiang , Long Xin , Chen Xiao‐ping
Published: April 2012

Hepatic stem cell niche plays an important role in hepatic oval cell‐mediated liver regeneration. As a component of hepatic stem cell niche, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in oval cell proliferation needs further studies. In the present study, we isolated HSCs from rats at indicated time point after partial hepatectomy (PH) in 2‐acetylaminofluorene/PH oval cell proliferation model. Conditional medium (CM) from HSCs were collected to detect their effects on proliferation and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway activation of two oval cell lines. We found that CM collected from HSCs at early phase of liver regeneration (4 and 9 days group) contained high levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stimulated oval cell proliferation via extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and p38 pathway. CM collected from HSCs at terminal phase of liver regeneration (12 and 15 days group) contained high levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, which suppressed DNA synthesis of oval cells. The shift between these two distinct effects depended on the balance between HGF and TGF‐β1 secreted by HSCs. Our study demonstrated that HSCs acted as a positive regulator at the early phase and a negative regulator at the terminal phase of the oval cell‐mediated liver regeneration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregation and Supramolecular Membrane Interactions that Influence Anion Transport in Tryptophan‐Containing Synthetic Peptides
Authors: Daschbach Megan M. , Negin Saeedeh , You Lei , Walsh Matthew , Gokel George W.
Published: April 2012

Self‐assembly is a desired property in supramolecular chemistry, but extensive aggregation may be counterproductive. Rigid systems typically have better organization, but are inherently less dynamic. This work shows that ion transport by amphiphilic heptapeptides (synthetic anion transporters or SATs) is affected by aggregation of the monomers in the bulk aqueous phase to which they are added and within the bilayer. Ion transport was assessed for all compounds by assay of Cl− release from liposomes. The mechanism of ion transport was confirmed by planar bilayer conductance studies for two compounds at opposite ends of the efficacy scale. Dynamic light scattering, the Langmuir trough, transmission electron microscopy, ion release from liposomes, and planar bilayer conductance studies were used to assess the importance of self‐assembly versus aggregation in ion transport. Generally, greater aggregation was has an adverse effect on the transport, although at least dimerization is required for amphiphilic heptapeptides to readily transport Cl−. Anion transport in these systems was found to be sensitive to changes in the C‐terminal portion of the (Gly)3Pro(Gly)3 sequence. Moreover, a significant difference in transport efficacy was apparent when L‐Trp was replaced by D‐Trp in the same position.
ChemInform Abstract: Segregation of Calcium and Magnesium into Different Substructures. Ca4Ag0.948Mg and Other Compounds with Gd4RhIn‐Type Structure.
Authors: Kersting Marcel , Matar Samir F. , Schwickert Christian , Poettgen Rainer
Published: April 2012

The compounds Ln4PdMg (Ln: Ca, Eu, Tb—Lu), Ln4AgMg (Ln: Ca, Yb), Ln4PtMg (Ln: Eu, Tb—Lu), and Ln4AuMg (Ln: Ca, Eu, Yb) are prepared by induction melting of the elements.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Metal Chalcogenide Chemistry: Secondary Building Blocks as a Basis of the Silicate‐Type Framework Structure of CsLiU(PS4)2.
Authors: Neuhausen Christine , Rocker Frank , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

The new title compound is synthesized from a mixture of U, P2S5, Li2S, Cs2S, and S in the molar ratio 2:2:1:1:4 (sealed silica tube, 700 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Multicomponent Assembly Processes to the Facile Syntheses of Diversely Functionalized Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Donald James R. , Granger Brett A. , Hardy Simon , Sahn James J. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: April 2012

The sequential multicomponent assembly process/cyclization approach is extended for the diversity oriented synthesis of skeletally distinct unnatural products containing fused tetrahydroisoquinolines, 2‐aryl piperidines, e.g. (XXIX), benzodiazepines, e.g. (IV), isoindolinones, e.g. (XII), and norbenzomorphans, e.g. (XIX).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Aromatic Finkelstein Iodination (AFI) Reaction in 1,3‐Dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (DMI).
Authors: Yamashita Ken‐Ichi , Tsuboi Michihiro , Asano Motoko S. , Sugiura Ken‐Ichi
Published: April 2012

DMI is found to accelerate the process and allows the preparation of products which are not accessible by other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Selective Reduction of Nitroarenes with Hydrazine over Supported Rhodium Nanoparticles.
Authors: Luo Pingfei , Xu Kunling , Zhang Rui , Huang Lei , Wang Jun , Xing Weihong , Huang Jun
Published: April 2012

A rhodium/porous ionic copolymer nanocatalyst can be used at low loading (0.1‐1.0 mol%) for the selective reduction of the nitro group of nitroarenes in the presence of halide (F, Cl, Br, I), CN, NH2, OH, amide, ester, and alkene substituents to give the corresponding anilines quantitatively.
ChemInform Abstract: (.+‐.)‐Camphor‐10‐sulfonic Acid Catalyzed Direct One‐Pot Three‐Component Mannich Type Reaction of Alkyl (Hetero)aryl Ketones under Solvent‐Free Conditions: Application to the Synthesis of Aminochromans.
Authors: Kundu Kshama , Nayak Sandip K.
Published: April 2012

The present new method is applicable to various (hetero)aromatic ketones and different aromatic aldehydes and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient, Efficient Synthesis of Amide‐Thioethers in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Meghdadi Soraia , Mirkhani Valiollah , Ford Peter C.
Published: April 2012

An improved method is presented for the synthesis of amides of type (III) which can be used as N,S‐donor ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Zinc‐Catalyzed Transformation of Aldehydes and Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride to Nitriles.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Weidauer Maik , Schroeder Fanny
Published: April 2012

Aldoximes, generated in situ from aldehydes (I) or (III) and NH2‐OH·HCl, undergo zinc‐catalyzed dehydration to provide the corresponding nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐1,2‐Dithio‐1‐alkenes via Copper‐Catalyzed Thiolation of (Z)‐2‐Bromovinyl Sulfides.
Authors: Xu Hui , Chen Wanzhi , Chen Jiuxi , Wu Huayue
Published: April 2012

For the presented concise synthesis of the title compounds an inexpensive catalyst and readily available starting materials are used.
ChemInform Abstract: Biphenyl‐Based Diaminophosphine Oxides as Air‐Stable Preligands for the Nickel‐Catalyzed Kumada—Tamao—Corriu Coupling of Deactivated Aryl Chlorides, Fluorides, and Tosylates.
Authors: Jin Zhong , Li Yan‐Jing , Ma Yong‐Qiang , Qiu Ling‐Ling , Fang Jian‐Xin
Published: April 2012

A new class of air‐ and moisture‐stable phosphine ligands is developed for the Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of electronically deactivated aryl chlorides, fluorides, and tosylates with Grignard reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Complete 2,5‐Diastereocontrol in the Organocatalytic Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Enals with Azomethine Ylides Derived from α‐Iminocyanoacetates: Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolidines with Four Stereocenters.
Authors: Reboredo Silvia , Vicario Jose L. , Badia Dolores , Carrillo Luisa , Reyes Efraim
Published: April 2012

The title cycloaddition reaction provides access towards pyrrolidines (III) with four stereocenters, one of them being a quaternary stereocenter, in excellent diastereo‐ and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for Practical and Efficient Synthesis of Alkyl 2H‐Isoindole‐1‐carboxylates.
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Nayak Maloy , Kanojiya Sanjeev , Batra Sanjay
Published: April 2012

A copper‐catalyzed condensation—α‐arylation cascade reaction of o‐halobenzaldehydes (I) with glycine methyl ester (II) provides access towards title isoindolecarboxylates (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C—H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiang , Jin Yunhe , Zhao Yufen , Zhu Lin , Fu Hua
Published: April 2012

The procedure provides a new and highly efficient approach to biologically important derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 2‐[(5‐Benzyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐1‐yl)imino]‐1,3‐thiazolidin‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Ostapiuk Yuri V. , Obushak Mykola D. , Matiychuk Vasyl S. , Naskrent Marek , Gzella Andrzej K.
Published: April 2012

Nucleophilic substitution of easily prepared precursors (III) with KSCN is followed by spontaneous cyclization/rearrangement to yield the title compounds (V).