bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The magnitude of an iatrogenic disorder:A systematic review of the incidence of venous thromboembolism for general medical inpatients
Authors: Brenner Adam , Halm Ethan , Dunn Andrew
Published: April 2006

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is recognized as a potential serious complication of hospitalization, and anticoagulant prophylaxis is widely recommended for medical inpatients.The purpose of this review was to systematically inspect the literature to determine the incidence of VTE without anticoagulant prophylaxis for hospitalized general medical patients. A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaboration searches of the English-language literature. References of the retrieved articles were reviewed for additional studies, and pharmaceutical companies were contacted directly to identify unpublished studies. Studies were eligible if they reported the incidence of symptomatic or asymptomatic VTE in hospitalized general medical patients and included a group which did not receive prophylaxis. Eight trials were identified. Study design, quality, and results were heterogeneous.The incidence of symptomatic VTE without prophylaxis was examined in three trials; the incidence was 2.3% in the only randomized trial, and was 0.8% and 6.2% in two observational studies. The incidence of asymptomatic VTE ranged from 3.7% to 26.0% (median 12.8%). Risk factors identified were older age, prior VTE, and obesity. Though there is little high quality evidence, the best estimate of the incidence of hospital-acquired VTE for general medical patients is approximately 2% for patients at moderate to high risk and <1% for patients at low risk. Further studies are needed to more precisely define a low risk group for whom anticoagulant prophylaxis is unnecessary.
ADAMTS13-binding IgG are present in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Raoufi Mojgan , Zhou Wenhua , Guinto Enriqueta , Grafos Nickolas , Ranzurmal Safi , Greenfield Robert , Rand Jacob , Tsai Han-Mou
Published: April 2006

Functional assays are commonly used to measure the antibodies of ADAMTS13 found in patients of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In this study we used an enzyme-linked immunoassay to analyze the ADAMTS13-binding IgG levels in six groups of individuals: normal, random hospitalized patients, acute TTP,TTP after receiving plasma therapy,TTP in remission, and other types of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA).The results showed that ADAMTS13-binding IgG levels were elevated in 100% of the acute TTP group, 75% of the TTP group after receiving plasma therapy, and 40% of the remission group. Overall, the ADAMTS13-binding IgG levels correlated with the inhibitory activity levels againstADAMTS13 (r = -0.69,P<0.0001).The assay also detected elevated IgG binding levels in 5% - 15% of the normal, random, and other TMA control groups.Addition of purified ADAMTS13 protein to the plasma samples suppressed the IgG binding in each of the acute TTP patients, but in none of the non-TTP groups. Serial measurement in a patient that had two exacerbations of TTP within the first three weeks revealed that the ADAMTS13 activity levels remained < 0.1 U/ml during this period, and the ADAMTS13-binding IgG remained elevated, suggesting that ADAMTS13 analysis may provide valuable insight to the disease status during the course of therapy. Analysis of ADAMTS13-binding IgG is helpful for the diagnosis and management of TTP.
La historia como decorado. Reflexiones sobre “Etnicidad y violencia etarra”
Authors: López Ángel-Luis
Published: April 2006

El autor hace un uso de la historia anecdótico y utilitario que le sirve para proyectar un discurso “políticamente correcto” en el que se simplifica el complejo fenómeno del nacionalismo vasco para demonizarlo en su conjunto mientras se suaviza el contexto político del último franquismo.
El terrorismo visto desde las teorías sobre movimientos sociales
Authors: de la Corte Luis
Published: April 2006

Estas reflexiones pasan revista a algunas de las enseñanzas que pueden ser incorporadas al análisis de los fenómenos terroristas. Se repasa brevemente las contribuciones y limitaciones que cada uno de los principales enfoques teóricos ofrecen de cara a su aplicación a los estudios sobre terrorismo. A este respecto, se subrayan sobre todo los problemas planteados por las aproximaciones socioestructurales, las aportaciones ofrecidas por los modelos racionales y su necesaria complementación con las teorías de la identidad social con la aproximación construccionista.
Etnicidad y violencia etarra
Authors: Romero Antonio-José
Published: April 2006

Este estudio versa sobre el sentido de la etnicidad y de la violencia etarra. Nuestro propósito es tratar de aclarar las razones por las cuales ETA decide, en un momento determinado de la Historia, optar por la vía de la violencia para defender su ideario político, persistiendo en la lucha armada mucho tiempo después. La comprensión de la actividad terrorista puesta en práctica por esta organización no sería posible, sin embargo, si no se aborda antes el sentido de la etnicidad y los sentimientos nacionalistas desarrollados en el País Vasco, fundamentalmente, a lo largo de estos dos últimos siglos. De ahí que analicemos, en primer lugar, la naturaleza de la identidad étnica, para pasar después a exponer el proceso de construcción de los movimientos étnicos nacionalistas, las teorías explicativas de dicho fenómeno, las dimensiones psicosociales del militantismo étnico, y el sentido de la identidad, la alteridad y la política en el nacionalismo vasco, finalizando nuestra exposición con el análisis de los aspectos psicosociohistóricos que dieron lugar al origen de la violencia etarra y su persistencia actual.
Identidad social, burnout y satisfacción laboral: estudio empírico basado en el modelo de la categorización del yo
Authors: Topa Gabriela , Fernández Itziar , Palací Francisco-José
Published: April 2006

Este estudio con trabajadores españoles de servicios de emergencias (N=151) pone a prueba un patrón de relaciones entre la identidad social, el burnout y la satisfacción laboral basadas en el modelo de la categorización del yo. Proponemos que la identificación organizacional y el burnout percibido tienen impacto directo en la satisfacción con los compañeros de trabajo y que ese impacto podría estar mediado por el apoyo social. Todas las relaciones pronosticadas se prueban simultáneamente usando las técnicas de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados de una serie de análisis efectuados con AMOS indican que el modelo postulado ajusta a los datos, pero que permanece una relación directa entre la identificación con el grupo y la satisfacción con los compañeros. Los resultados se discuten en orden a la integración conceptual y a la dirección de futuras intervenciones.
Representación e influencia de los nuevos movimientos sociales (el Movimiento Antiglobalización)
Authors: Cárdenas Manuel , Blanco Amalio
Published: April 2006

Se presenta un estudio de las representaciones sociales que tiene una muestra de profesionales sobre el movimiento antiglobalización. Para el análisis de dichas representaciones se ha utilizado un método de asociación libre de palabras a un conjunto de estímulos, y un cuestionario de imagen del movimiento (similar a un diferencial semántico). Los resultados son analizados por medio de métodos multivariados (análisis de conglomerados jerárquico, escalamiento multidimensional y análisis de correspondencias múltiple). Se analiza la representación social y se discute sobre sus posibles conexiones con la teoría de la influencia minoritaria.
Síntomas psicosomáticos auto-informados y estrés en estudiantes de psicología
Authors: González Mónica-Teresa , Landero René
Published: April 2006

Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) Explorar la presencia o ausencia de síntomas psicosomáticos auto-informados en estudiantes de psicología; 2) Explorar la correlación entre los niveles de estrés percibido y los síntomas psicosomáticos; 3) Comparar los niveles de estrés y síntomas psicosomáticos entre hombres y mujeres; 4) Comparar los resultados entre los estudiantes de psicología de una universidad pública y una privada. Con este propósito se trabajó con una muestra de 234 estudiantes de psicología, encontrando presencia de síntomas psicosomáticos con una severidad media o alta en el 21.8% de los estudiantes; una correlación significativa entre el estrés y los síntomas psicosomáticos; mayor nivel de ambas variables en mujeres y diferencia significativa en síntomas psicosomáticos auto-informados al comparar la universidad privada con la pública.
El estudio del nacionalismo como excusa para cuestionar la responsabilidad de una psicología social escrita. Comentarios a “Etnicidad y violencia etarra”
Authors: García Araceli
Published: April 2006

La autora manifiesta su desacuerdo con el trabajo del Dr. Romero, encuentra cuestionable la solidez de su argumentación y considera que el trabajo no es aceptable, ni desde la óptica de los fundamentos teórico-académicos, de los que carece, ni del concepto y usos de la psicología social que trasluce.
Este no es el camino: reflexiones sobre “Etnicidad y violencia etarra”
Authors: Pérez-Sales Pau
Published: April 2006

Se plantea el rol de la Universidad en general y la Psicología Social como disciplina académica en el marco de un tema de tanta carga emocional e ideológica como el que plantea el autor, como un camino basado en (a) razonamientos fundamentados (b) datos de carácter empírico basados en metodologías contrastadas (c) aproximación respetuosa a todas las voces y actores (d) creación de consenso y puentes de diálogo y entendimiento. En estos aspectos es donde la academia como espacio de investigación y reflexión encuentra su razón de ser. Ninguno de estos requisitos parece cumplirse en el caso del articulo que se comenta.
La victimización sexual en las relaciones con los iguales en una muestra de mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes: prevalencia y creencias relacionadas con la victimización
Authors: Ramos Maribel , Fuertes Antonio , de la Orden Victoria
Published: April 2006

Este estudio pretende conocer la prevalencia de la victimización sexual entre las mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes por parte de sus iguales conocidos varones, así como identificar la posibilidad de que determinados factores se asocien con una mayor vulnerabilidad ante este tipo de victimización. Para ello, 239 adolescentes y jóvenes escolarizadas respondieron anónimamente a un cuestionario que incluía una adaptación del Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss, Gidycz y Wisniewski, 1987), y otras escalas para valorar la aceptación de determinadas actitudes y creencias que se han asociado a la vulnerabilidad ante la victimización sexual.

Un 42,7% de las adolescentes y jóvenes afirma haber mantenido algún tipo de relación sexual no deseada porque un varón al que conocían utilizó algún tipo de estrategia coercitiva para ello. Las adolescentes y jóvenes que informan haberse visto implicadas en alguna situación sexualmente coercitiva muestran una aceptación significativamente mayor de determinadas creencias estereotipadas y tradicionales en torno a los roles de género, la sexualidad y la coerción sexual.
Diet, Energy, and Global Warming
Authors: Eshel Gidon , Martin Pamela A.
Published: April 2006

The energy consumption of animal- and plant-based diets and, more broadly, the range of energetic planetary footprints spanned by reasonable dietary choices are compared. It is demonstrated that the greenhouse gas emissions of various diets vary by as much as the difference between owning an average sedan versus a sport-utility vehicle under typical driving conditions. The authors conclude with a brief review of the safety of plant-based diets, and find no reasons for concern.
What Makes Customers Bring Their Bags or Buy Bags from the Shop? A Survey of Customers at a Taiwan Hypermarket
Authors: Lam San-Pui , Chen Jiun-Kai
Published: April 2006

The Taiwan government had implemented a restriction policy to cut down the overuse of plastic shopping bags. Under this policy, hypermarkets and many other stores are prohibited from offering free plastic shopping bags. They can only sell them. This studywas aimed to use a set of psychological and situational variables to predict customer's bag-use behaviors, which included bringing one's own bag and buying bags from the hypermarket. The predictors were attitude toward the behavior, environmental concern, and personal norm (or ACN); self-efficacy of bringing bags; self-efficacy of not requesting bags; response efficacy; and situational variables. Results showed that our model could predict both bag-bringing and bag-buying behaviors. Self-efficacy of bringing bags was the main variable that determined whether customers would bring their bags to shopping, whereas situational variables determined whether customerswould buy bags. Implications of these results and suggestions for the policy practices are discussed.
Recycling as a Reflection of Balanced Self-Interest
Authors: Kalinowski Catherine M. , Lynne Gary D. , Johnson Bruce
Published: April 2006

Traditional economic policy focuses on reducing the costs and effort of recycling and on building markets for products with recycle content. At the other end of the policy spectrum, ordinances mandating recycling are the policy approach. This article takes an alternative “metaeconomics” approach and suggests a “third way.” It is premised on the possibility that individuals who recycle and those who do not are jointly motivated by financial-based recycling incentives in the self-interest and by the sense of wanting to “do the right thing” in the pursuit of an other-interest. The latter involves true self-sacrifice represented in altruism. The statistical analysis suggests that the probability of an individual being a recycler is determined by the extent to which recycling is important, but in conjunction with an orientation away from favoring just the self-interest. In addition, individuals who recycle are more willing to support a recycling ordinance.
Personality, Culture Fit, and Job Outcomes on Australian Antarctic Stations
Authors: Sarris Aspa
Published: April 2006

This study compares the personality characteristics of Australian Antarctic expeditioners with a normative population using the Revised Neo Personality Inventory. It examines the relationship between personality and perceived fit with Antarctic station culture. The study also investigates the relationship between personality, individual attitudes, and job outcomes, including job satisfaction and intention to return to the Antarctic. Participants were 117 men and women who participated in Australian Antarctic expeditions between 1950 and 2000. Results show that expeditioners scored lower on neuroticism and higher on openness compared to the normative population. A relationship between personality and perceived fit with Antarctic station culture is found. Results also show a link between personality and job outcomes, including role conflict, job satisfaction, and actual return to the Antarctic.
Not Another Step! Economy of Movement and Pedestrian Choice Point Behavior in Shopping Malls
Authors: Bitgood Stephen , Dukes Stephany
Published: April 2006

Peoplewalk through the built environment in predictable ways. Choice movement of pedestrians at intersections in public places conforms to the principle of economy of movement or effort. To test this principle, pedestrians at two shopping malls were observed at three major intersections. Pedestrians navigated the intersections with the fewest number of steps. Choice point movement almost always avoided the crossover turning patterns that required more steps (i.e., turning left from the right-hand side of the corridor or turning right from the left-hand side). The findings support the argument that economy of movement explains much or most of the patterns of movement including right turning (when it does occur). These findings are consistent with a cost-benefit analysis of behavior: People attempt to reduce the cost (in this case, number of steps taken) to maximize the benefits of their behavior.
Children's Liking of Landscape Paintings as a Function of Their Perceptions of Prospect, Refuge, and Hazard
Authors: Fischer Mary Ann , Shrout Patrick E.
Published: April 2006

Prospect-refuge theorywas used to study children's aesthetic responses to landscape paintings. Sixty-seven children between the ages of 8 and 15 years reported their liking for 28 landscape paintings and their perceptions of the degree of prospect, refuge, and hazard in those paintings. Consistent with expectations, children were able to express systematic preferences and judgments of degrees of prospect, refuge, and hazard. Liking was significantly related to perceptions of prospect, to interactions between prospect and refuge, and to interactions between prospect and hazard. Contrary to expectations, age did not moderate the effects of prospect, refuge, and hazard perceptions on liking and boys, but not girls, actually preferred pictures that they perceived to be more hazardous than other pictures. Results are discussed in terms of consistency with previous results and with Darwinian explanations for aesthetic feelings.
Design Issues in Hospitals
Authors: Blumberg Rachel , Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: April 2006

Adolescents are underrepresented in the research on health care design. This qualitative study examined the preferences of 54 male and 46 female junior high school students, aged 12 to 14, regarding the physical design and visiting policies of hospitals. Participants compared and rated color photos of hallways and lobbies for units with adult-oriented decoration versus child-oriented decoration and answer questions about such issues as privacy, amenities, entertainment, and visiting hours policy. Responses were analyzed to explore adolescents' criteria for hospital design. Adolescents prefer the bright colors associated with childhood but reject the emblems of childhood, such as teddy bears and balloons. Recommendations from adolescents include private bedrooms and bathrooms, full-coverage pajamas, access to DVDs, continuous availability of food, and a lenient visiting policy.
The Mural as Graffiti Deterrence
Authors: Craw Penelope J. , Leland Louis S. , Bussell Michelle G. , Munday Simon J. , Walsh Karen
Published: April 2006

This study investigated whether the use of a colorful mural as a passive thematic prompt could significantly reduce new graffiti attacks in an area prone to graffiti. A control design with a preceding baseline tested this hypothesis. It was predicted that the mural would reduce the proportional amount of new graffiti that appeared on the mural area compared with a blank area. Acolorful muralwas painted on the section of a wall that had attracted the most graffiti during baseline. Data consisting of numbers of instances of new graffiti were recorded by two observers. Eight new graffiti attacks were recorded on the newly cleaned area with the mural after weeks (vs. 14 attacks in the fortnight of baseline). The main control section of wall was subject to significantly higher levels of graffiti during intervention than the mural section.
Personal Normative Beliefs, Antisocial Behavior, and Residential Water Conservation
Authors: Corral-Verdugo Víctor , Frías-Armenta Martha
Published: April 2006

A total of 177 residents in two Mexican cities responded to an instrument assessing (a) personal normative beliefs about water conservation, (b) beliefs about the efficacy of water conservation laws, (c) the tendency to break social norms (antisocial behavior), and (d) privatewater conservation behavior (self-reported). The data were processed within a structural equation model that specified the above effects. Results showed that personal normative beliefs had a positive effect on water conservation, whereas antisocial behavior inhibited that conservation, and beliefs in the inefficacy of water conservation laws produced no effect on water conservation practices. Significant and negative covariances between antisocial behavior and normative beliefs and between antisocial behavior and beliefs in the inefficacy of water consumption laws resulted. Conversely, normative beliefs and beliefs in the inefficacy of water laws covaried positively.
The Relationship between Biogenetic Causal Explanations and Social Distance toward People with Mental Disorders: Results from a Population Survey in Germany
Authors: Dietrich Sandra , Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C.
Published: April 2006

Aims: Several studies have found an inverse relationship between people's readiness to endorse biogenetic causal explanations of mental disorder and their desire for social distance from people with mental disorders. The aim of this study is to examine why this may be the case.

Method: In the spring of 2001, a population survey was carried out among German citizens aged 18 years and older, living in private households. A total of 5025 interviews were conducted, reflecting a response rate of 65.1%. At the beginning of the personal, fully structured interview, respondents were presented with a vignette containing a diagnostically unlabelled psychiatric case history, either depicting a case of schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. Using five-point Likert scales, causal attributions as well as perceived dangerousness, fear and the desire for social distance were assessed.

Results: The more respondents endorse a brain disease as a cause, the more dangerous they believe the person with schizophrenia or major depression to be. Respondents who perceive the individual in the vignette as being dangerous express a higher degree of fear and a greater preference for social distance from these individuals. As compared with brain disease, the relationships between heredity and perceived dangerousness are less pronounced for both disorders.

Conclusions: Our analysis showed that endorsing biogenetic explanations decreases the likelihood of social acceptance of people with schizophrenia and major depression. Rejecting behavioural responses in the form of social distance desired from people with schizophrenia and major depression result from cognitive emotional processes in which biogenetic causal attributions are linked to lack of self-control, unpredictability and dangerousness, which, in turn, are associated with fear of these people.
Trauma and Posttraumatic Reactions in German Development Aid Workers: Prevalences and Relationship to Social Acknowledgement
Authors: Jones Bronwyn , Müller Julia , Maercker Andreas
Published: April 2006

Background: While on duty abroad developmental aid workers (DAWs) are at risk of being traumatised. We investigated the prevalence of traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and subsyndromal PTSD as well as associations with duty features and the psychological variable of social acknowledgement as victim or survivor.

Method: A total of 312 developmental aid workers from the governmental German Development Service (DED) were surveyed by use of a trauma list, demographic questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire (SAQ). In addition, participants answered an open question concerning the amelioration of the DED's care provision.

Results: Some 47% of the surveyed DAWs had experienced and 7% of them had witnessed traumatic events while on duty abroad. A total of 16% developed either full or partial PTSD with the highest conditional PTSD probability after rape (33%) and life-threats (23%). Experience of traumatic events was correlated to duration of duties and number of duties, while PTSD symptomatology was associated with self-perceived general disapproval as a trauma victim.

Conclusions: DAWs on duty in foreign countries experience more traumatic events compared with other German representative population samples. PTSD prevalences are also higher than those of German population samples. The association between rejection as a victim of trauma and PTSD severity indicates a possible starting-point for the development of PTSD prevention specific to this profession. Implications of the study are discussed with regard to participants' suggestions on how to handle traumatic experiences while on duty abroad.
The Vietnamese Version of the Self Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) in Detecting Mental Disorders in Rural Vietnam: A Validation Study
Authors: Giang Kim Bao , Allebeck Peter , Kullgren Gunnar , van Tuan Nguyen
Published: April 2006

Background: There is a need to develop instruments to measure mental disorders in developing countries because mental disorders are increasingly being recognised as a major public health problem. There has been no previous study in Vietnam validating screening instruments for mental health problems. Aim: To adapt and to validate the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) in the Vietnamese community.

Methods: A Vietnamese version of the SRQ-20 was developed and tested in 52 persons in a district hospital sample and 485 persons in a community sample. The psychiatrists' diagnoses were taken as the validity criterion. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify the optimal cut-off value. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the performance of SRQ in different sociodemographic groups.

Results: In the district hospital sample, the optimal cut-off score was 5/6 with a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 46% and an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59–0.89). In the community sample, it was 6/7 with a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 61% and AUC of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81–0.93). In terms of AUC, SRQ performed significantly better in the age group 18–24 years as compared with other ages and with single persons as compared with widowed or divorced people.

Conclusion: The SRQ-20 was found feasible to use and adapt to the Vietnamese setting. We confirmed the value of this instrument for use in developing countries, but the optimal cut-off limit has to be assessed and determined according to local conditions.
Suicide Risk in Relation to Social Class: A National Register-Based Study of Adult Suicides in Korea, 1999–2001
Authors: Kim Moon-Doo , Hong Seong-Chul , Lee Sang-Yi , Kwak Young-Sook , Lee Chang-In , Hwang Seung-Wook , Shin Tae-Kyun , Lee Seung-Min , Shin Ji-Nam
Published: April 2006

Background: Few controlled studies have examined social class as a risk factor for suicide in Korea.

Aim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of social class on suicide risk in Korea.

Methods: A case-control design was constructed from cause-of-death statistics for the period 1999 to 2001, in Korea, as published by the Korean National Statistical Office. The cases were defined as people aged between 20 and 64 who died by suicide, while the controls were defined as those who died of natural causes in the same age groups.

Results and conclusions: The proportions and odds ratios for suicide were higher in young people than in elderly people, and higher for divorced subjects than for cohabitants. They were also higher for residents of rural areas, as opposed to residents of Seoul and other metropolitan areas, and for people in social classes III and IV, than they were for those in social class I. To control the variables that influence risk of suicide, such as age, marital status and area of residence, we used multiple logistic regression. Compared with class I, risk of suicide was higher in social classes III and IV, in both sexes. The principal conclusion of this study is that, regardless of sex, lower social class constitutes a high risk for suicide in Korea, even after controlling for variables such as age, marital status and area of residence. We conclude that a well-controlled and balanced social welfare system could reduce suicide risk, especially among people in lower social class.
The Measurement of Social Disablement and Assessment of Psychometric Properties of the Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS-BR) in 881 Brazilian Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Lima Lúcia Abelha , Gonçalves Sylvia , Pereira Basílio Bragança , Lovisi Giovanni Marcos
Published: April 2006

Background: Data on the prevalence of social disablement in long-stay psychiatric patients, and the assessment of the psychometric properties of the instruments that evaluate social behaviour in this population are scarce in Brazil. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence rates of social disablement in a population of long-stay psychiatric patients from the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, and assessed the psychometric properties of the Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS).

Method: Data were collected from a population of 881 psychiatric patients housed in the Municipal Mental Health Institute using the 21-item SBS.

Results: Most of the patients were women (59%), the mean age was 65.8 years (SD = 11) and the mean length of stay was 37.3 years (SD = 11.5). Of the population,-50.6% were scored as having poor self-care, 46% with little spontaneous communication, 41.1% with poor attention span, and 37.1% with underactivity. Comparing our data with international studies that used the same instrument, we found that our population was more disabled than the others, especially on the social withdrawal factor. Regarding psychometric properties, the inter-rater kappa was 0.709, the inter-informant kappa was 0.500, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.766. The groups of patients in the six settings of the institute presented significant statistical differences in the total score (F = 11.447, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the high rates of social disablement in this population. The precarious conditions of the institution where the patients have been living for decades and unmet individual care may have exacerbated their social disablement. Furthermore, the SBS-BR had satisfactory psychometric properties, particularly reliability, showing it to be an adequate instrument for measuring social disablement in Brazil.
Optimism and Pessimism in Kuwaiti and American College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: April 2006

Background: Cross-cultural comparisons in optimism (O) and pessimism (P) are few. Kuwait and the United States have different languages, situations, history and culture. On this basis, there is good reason to hypothesise that there are significant differences between the two countries in O and P.

Aims: To explore the differences in, and correlates of, O and P in Kuwaiti and American college students.

Method: Two samples of male and female undergraduates were recruited from Kuwait (N = 460) and the United States (N = 273). Their mean ages were 21.9 3.0 and 23.2 6.5, respectively. All respondents completed the Arabic Scale of Optimism and Pessimism (ASOP), the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, the Ego-grasping Scale, the Death Obsession Scale, the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale and the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Kuwaitis responded to the scales in Arabic, and Americans responded in English.

Results: The ASOP displayed good internal consistency, a meaningful factorial structure and interpretable factors in both countries. It was found that O correlated negatively with the above scale scores, while the correlations of P were positive, indicating the convergent validity of the ASOP. The Kuwaiti mean score on O was significantly lower than the mean of their American counterparts, and vice versa for P.

Conclusion: The findings are explained in the light of previous results on personality and psychopathology questionnaires in Kuwaiti and American societies. There is a need to investigate O and P in different cultures.
Psychometric Properties of a Persian-Language Version of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: ATQ-Persian
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Habibollah , Mojtabai Ramin , Karamghadiri Narges , Ebrahimkhani Narges
Published: April 2006

Aims: To examine the psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of Hollon and Kendall's (1980) Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-Persian) – a measure of negative automatic thoughts in depression.

Methods: In a sample of 125 student volunteers from two Iranian universities we assessed the internal consistency and test–retest reliability of ATQ-Persian, and examined its concurrent validity against the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996). We also examined the factor structure of the test through comparing the fit of various proposed factor-analytic models to the data using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results: ATQ-Persian had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96), test–retest reliability ( r = 0.84) and correlation with the Beck Depression Inventory ( r = 0.77). Using a receiver operating characteristics curve, a score of 53 on ATQ-Persian was associated with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 78% for detecting moderate to severe depression defined through Beck Depression Inventory. None of the proposed factorial models fitted the data well. However, models with correlated factors generally provided better fit than models with orthogonal factors, suggesting that the latent factors underlying ATQ-Persian are highly correlated.

Conclusions: These data support the reliability and validity of ATQ-Persian as a measure of negative automatic thoughts in depression.
Homelessness and Mental Illness: A Literature Review and a Qualitative Study of Perceptions of the Adequacy of Care
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep , Shanahan Lisa , Harding Geoff
Published: April 2006

Background: Homelessness and mental illness together confer significant morbidity and mortality because of physical health problems. Healthcare provision is undergoing significant review, and, as part of the Department of Health's policy reforms, the service user's view is central to the future restructuring of NHS services.

Material: A literature review of homeless service users' perceptions of services for homeless mentally ill people was supplemented by a qualitative in-depth survey of 10 homeless people. This article reports on their views about the services they receive. Mismatch between expectations and provision, disputes with healthcare providers, dissatisfaction with the degree to which they have choice in their care, and suspicions about the intentions of health professionals demonstrate the extent to which powerlessness and social exclusion are replicated in healthcare economies. The inadequacy of hostels and their staff are also emphasised, with some recommendations for services.

Discussion and conclusions: There are few data on homeless people's perceptions of services for mental health problems. Homeless people have strong views about the adequacy of services to meet their needs. They were particularly concerned about stigma, prejudice and the inadequacy and complexity of services that they have to use. This article reports their recommendations for change.
Social work ethics
Authors: Congress Elaine , McAuliffe Donna
Published: April 2006

English

This article compares and contrasts two main areas of the Australian and US codes of ethics for social workers. These have been selected for comparison because recent revisions in their provisions about dual relationships and confidentiality raise challenging questions about acceptable practice standards.

French

Cet article compare et contraste deux grands domaines des codes d'éthique pour les travailleurs sociaux d'Australie et des Etats-Unis. Ces deux codes d'éthique ont été sélectionnés pour comparaison en raison de leurs récentes révisions aux niveaux des 'relations doubles' et de la confidentialité. Ces questions posent des défis de taille quant aux normes de pratiques acceptables.

Spanish

Se comparan dos áreas principales de los códigos de trabajo social de Australia y de los Estados Unidos. Se eligieron estos dos códigos para comparación porque sus revisiones recientes acerca de relaciones duales y de secreto profesional suscitan cuestiones difíciles acerca de estándares aceptables.
Organizational innovation
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina , Kisieliene Audrone
Published: April 2006

English

This article examines the correlatesof innovativeness in nonprofit human-service organizations of Lithuania and the United States. The study assesses the relationships between innovativeness, organizational culture and leadership in 40 organizations (19 in the United States and 21 in Lithuania). Results are discussed along with implications for social work practice.

French

Cet article examine l'innovation entre les organismes de services humanitaires à but non lucratif de la Lituanie et des Etats-Unis. L'étude affirme qu'il y a une relation entre l'innovation, la culture organisationnelle et le concept de 'leadership' au sein de 40 organismes (19 aux Etats-Unis et 21 en Lituanie). Les implications pour la pratique du travail social sont examinées dans la discussion des résultats.

Spanish

Se examinan los correlatos de innovación en organizaciones de servicios humanos no lucrativas en Lituania y los EE.UU. Se evalúan las relaciones entre innovación, cultura de la organización y liderazgo en 40 organizaciones (19 en los EE.UU. y 21 en Lituania). Se examinan los resultados junto con las implicaciones para el trabajo social.
The success factors in community work services
Authors: Weyers Michael L. , van den Berg Andriette M.
Published: April 2006

English

The article contains the results of a study in which the critical incident technique (CIT) was used to determine success factors in community work services. The results were also compared with those of a typical opinion survey. The CIT proved to be a more neutral and effective research tool.

French

Cet article révèle les résultats d'une recherche pour laquelle la technique d'incidents critiques (TIC) a été utilisée afin de déterminer les facteurs de succès dans la dispensation des services communautaires. Les résultats ont également été comparés à ceux d'un sondage d'opinions dites typiques. Cette étude prouve que la TIC est un instrument plus neutre et plus efficace que le sondage d'opinions typiques.

Spanish

Se dan los resultados de un estudio en el que se usó la técnica de incidente cr'tico (critical incident technique, CIT) para identificar factores que influyen el éxito de servicios de trabajo comunitario. Los resultados se compararon también con los de una encuesta de opinión t'pica. La CIT probó ser un instrumento de investigación más neutral y efectivo.
Adolescent girls in distress
Authors: Azaiza Faisal
Published: April 2006

English

This article presents an exploratory study which analyzes the meanings that 414 Arab female adolescents associated with the concept of adolescent girls in distress. Findings show that having a problem and having no one to turn to are the most prevalent themes related to the experience of female adolescents in distress.

French

Cet article présente les résultats d'une recherche exploratoire analysant le sens que 414 adolescentes arabes donnent à leur vécu qu'elles associent au concept d'adolescentes en détresse. Les résultats révèlent que d'être prise avec un problème et de n'avoir personne vers qui se tourner pour de l'aide constituent les thèmes les plus récurrents reliés à l'expérience d'être une adolescente en détresse.

Spanish

Se presenta un estudio exploratorio que analiza el significado que 414 muchachas árabes asocian con el concepto 'muchachas bajo estrés'. Se muestra que el tener problemas y no tener a quién ir son los temas más frecuentes.
Coping with the threat of place disruption by long-term Jewish settlers on the West Bank
Authors: Possick Chaya
Published: April 2006

English

This article presents a qualitative analysis of place disruption as experienced by settlers on the West Bank during the Oslo peace process. The findings demonstrate that place ideology develops and persists as a response to stress. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of addressing ideological issues in social work interventions.

French

Cet article présente une analyse qualitative de l'expérience des colons juifs établis dans 'the West Bank', vivant sous la menace d'une relocalisation pendant le processus de paix d'Oslo. Les résultats révèlent qu'une idéalisation d'un lieu se développe de faµon persistante en réponse au stress. L'article en vient à la conclusion qu'il est important de traiter les idéalisations en intervention sociale.

Spanish

Se presenta un análisis cualitativo del desplazamiento experimentado por los colonos establecidos en el West Bank durante el Proceso de Paz de Oslo. Se demuestra que una respuesta al estrés es el desarrollo y persistencia de una ideología de lugar. Se concluye que es importante para el trabajo social intervenir en asuntos ideológicos.
Economic status of the elderly in Hong Kong
Authors: Chou Kee-Lee , Chow Nelson W.S. , Chi Iris
Published: April 2006

English

This article examines the economic status of elderly people in Hong Kong based on data collected by the government. The Hong Kong elderly population is not a homogeneous group, as their economic status is significantly related to their gender, age, marital status, education and employment status.

French

Se basant sur des données recueillies par le gouvernement, cet article examine le statut économique des personnes âgées à Hong Kong. La population âgée de Hong Kong ne constitue pas un groupe homogène. Les statuts économiques de ces personnes sont reliés de façon significative aux variables de genre, d'âge, de statut marital, d'éducation et de statut d'emploi.

Spanish

Se examina el estatus económico de las personas mayores en Hong Kong basándose en datos recogidos por el gobierno. La población de mayores en Hong Kong no es un grupo homogéneo, pues su estatus económico está relacionado con el género, la edad, el estado civil, la educación y su estado de empleo.
Learning by comparing
Authors: Simpson Graeme , Schoepf Michael
Published: April 2006

English

In recent years there has been an increased interest in comparative social work in the UK and EU. The process of learning and teaching in this area needs to be supported by academic debate. Utilizing hermeneutics and reflective learning, we advance a theory of learning through comparison.

French

Un intérêt croissant pour la comparaison entre divers milieux de travail social s'est développé au cours des dernières années au Royaume Uni et en Europe. Les processus d'apprentissage et d'enseignement dans ce domaine ont besoin d'un support émanant de débats académiques. Utilisant l'herméneutique et l'apprentissage réflexif, nous avançons une théorie d'apprentissage par comparaison.

Spanish

Recientemente, en el Reino Unido y en los Estados Unidos, ha crecido el interés en trabajo social comparativo. El proceso de aprender y enseñar en esta Ärea debe ser apoyado en debate académico. Usando hermenéutica y aprendizaje reflexivo, los autores avanzan una teoría de aprendizaje a través de la comparación.
Reflectivity in social work practice with clients with mental-health illness
Authors: Yip Kam-shing
Published: April 2006

English

The author's nine years' experience in developing social work students' practical reflectivity in working with clients with mental illness is described in this article. By means of various teaching strategies, students' different levels of reflectivity were developed. Promise and challenges to social work education are also discussed.

French

Dans cet article, l'auteur décrit son expérience de neuf ans en tant que formateur d'étudiants en travail social dans le développement de leur réflexivité dans le travail auprès de clients souffrant de maladie mentale. Divers niveaux de réflexivité des étudiants ont été développés à l'aide d'une variété de stratégies d'enseignement. Des promesses et des défis pour la formation des travailleurs sociaux sont également élaborés.

Spanish

El autor describe sus nueve años de experiencia enseñando a los estudiantes de trabajo social a usar la reflexión práctica en el trabajo con clientes con enfermedades mentales. Usando varias estrategias de enseñanza, los estudiantes desarrollaron sus capacidades reflexivas. Se examinan las promesas y las dificultades de la educación para el trabajo social.
Cultural friendliness as a foundation for the support function in the supervision of social work students in South Africa
Authors: Engelbrecht Lambert
Published: April 2006

English

In South Africa it is essential that the cultural diversity of the social work student population be accommodated in supervision. This is possible if cultural friendliness forms the foundation of support in supervision. Cultural friendliness is a disposition that forms part of the supervisor's identity.

French

En Afrique du sud, il est essentiel que la fonction de supervision s'assure d'accommoder la diversité culturelle de la population étudiante en travail social. Cela est possible si une amitié culturelle forme la base des activités de soutien et de supervision. L'amitié culturelle est une attitude ou disposition faisant partie intégrante de l'identité du superviseur.

Spanish

En Sudáfrica es esencial que en la supervisión del trabajo social se tenga en cuenta la cultura del estudiante. Esto es posible si la amabilidad cultural es la base de la función de apoyo de la supervisión. La amabilidad cultural es una disposición que forma parte de la identidad del supervisor.
Correlates of physical violence in marital relationships among first-generation Korean Americans
Authors: Ahn Bonnie
Published: April 2006

English

Aims were to examine if a model exists explaining partner abuse from perceptual and demographic measures among 223 Korean immigrants. A model containing various perceptual and demographic measures was able to explain 58.6 percent of the variability. These models could be used to identify individuals at risk of becoming perpetrators.

French

Par une méthode de mesures perceptuelles et démographiques effectuées sur une cohorte de 223 immigrants Coréens, cette étude cherche È savoir s'il existe un modèle explicatif de violence conjugale. Un modèle contenant une variété de mesures perceptuelles et démographiques a pu expliquer 58,6% de la variabilité. Ce modèle pourrait être utilisé pour identifier des individus È risque de devenir des conjoints violents.

Spanish

Se investiga si existe un modelo que explique maltrato de pareja, usando medias preceptúales y demográficas entre 223 coreanos inmigrantes. Un modelo pudo explicar 58.6 percent de la varianza. Estos modelos pueden ser útiles para identificar individuos en riesgo de convertirse en perpetradores.
Punk’s Not Dead: The Continuing Significance of Punk Rock for an Older Generation of Fans
Authors: Bennett Andy
Published: April 2006

This article examines how older fans of punk rock articulate their continuing attachment to the music and its associated visual style.While sociological research on popular music audiences is well established, little attention has been paid to the articulation and management of fan practices of individuals beyond the age of 30. Based on ethnographic interviews conducted with older punk fans in East Kent, England, the article begins to redress this oversight in studies of popular music audiences.This involves an assessment of both the way in which articulations of punk style transgress with age from the visual to the biographical and how older punks develop particular discursive practices as a means of legitimating their place within a scene dominated by younger punk fans.
‘Just Crumbling to Bits’? An Exploration of the Body, Ageing, Injury and Career in Classical Ballet Dancers
Authors: Wainwright Steven P. , Turner Bryan S.
Published: April 2006

Ballet is, for reasons that are unclear, a neglected topic in the sociology of the body. Our article works on three levels: firstly, as an account of ex-dancers’‘lived experience’ of embodiment; secondly, as an application of Bourdieu’s theoretical schema; and thirdly, as a philosophically grounded critique of radical social constructionist views of the body.We describe Royal Ballet dancers’ perceptions of their bodies, of ageing, of injury and of their careers.We draw on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and cultural capital in our investigation of embodiment. Ageing and injury are potential epiphanies that encourage dancers to reflect on their embodied habitus and their career. We argue that the decline in a dancer’s physical capital undermines radical social constructionist views.This study, although set within the narrow field of dance, illuminates the broader relationships between the body, self, and society.