bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Vitamin D Status, Dyslipaedemia and Antioxidant Status in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in South West, Nigeria
Authors: Sonuga Ayobola , Adeyanju Mary , Sonuga Oyebola , Akinlua Ibikunle , Makanjuola Ayokunle
Published: January 2022

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and oxidative stress are strong factors that are implicated in the development of proteinuria and glomerular injury in Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). Vitamin D seems to be a promising tool in influencing lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in NS.

Aim: This study aims at investigating the relationship between Vitamin D, dyslipaedemia and oxidative stress in NS.

Study Design: This is a case-control study.

Place and Duration of Study: Children’s Outpatient Clinic (CHOP) of University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria between year 2019-2021.

Methods: This study involves fifty children aged 5 to 12 years, freshly diagnosed with Idiopathic NS and fifty apparently healthy children as control. Blood samples were taken from them and analytes quantified by standard laboratory methods. Students’ t test and Pearson correlation were used to compare variables between the two groups respectively.

Results: Results showed significant decrease (P <.001) in Vit. D levels, GPX, SOD and CAT in NS. A significant decrease (P<.001) occurred in HDL, a significant increase (P <.001) in TG, TC and LDL levels in children with NS when compared with the control. There was a strong significant positive relationship between Catalase and Vit. D, SOD and Vit. D (r= 0.896, 0.869 respectively, P<.001) in NS. While a weak non significant positive relationship occurred between HDL and Vit. D, GPX and Vit D (r=0.0585, 0.0236 respectively, P >.001). A weak negative relationship occurred between TG and Vit. D, TC and Vit. D, LDL and Vit. D (r=-0.0432,-0.219, -0.231 respectively, P>.001), in NS. Thus, vitamin D insufficiency influences serum lipid profiles and antioxidants in paediatric Idiopathic NS.
Development of an Automatic Solar-driven Hand Sanitizing System (AHSS) using Proximity Sensors
Authors: B. O. Adegoke , M. S. Olokun , S. Agboola
Published: January 2022

Inception of COVID ’19 has brought new normal globally. Contagious nature of various infectious diseases necessitated frequent hand washing in order to reduce rate of contamination and community transmission. The need to contain the spread of COVID-19 necessitated the development of an Automatic Hand Sanitizing System (AHSS). The AHSS employed proximity sensor (IR) to sense the hand and actuate the 5V DC submersible pumps in charge of both water and sanitizer units of the AHSS. The DC voltage that powered the system was harvested from the Sun with the help of 5v Photovoltaic cell connected to a controlled charging circuit. The system responded to presence of user object within the active zone of the IR proximity sensors. This presence sends signal to the pumps to release either the Sanitizer/water. Evaluation based on Delay Time (DT), Average DT (ADT), True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP), Unable to Detect (UTD) and Accuracy (A) was conducted. The system was tested 180 times among students of School of Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji (FEDPOLEL). Results of evaluation indicate 12s, 180, 0.00, 0.00 and 100% for ADT, TP, FP, UTD and Accuracy, respectively. Accuracy of the designed AHSS was encouraging. An AHSS that can notify user about level of water and sanitizer, also test for presence of COVID-19 infection can also be designed and constructed.
The Role of Alkaline/alkaline Earth Metal Oxides in CO2 Capture: A Concise Review
Authors: Victor Emmanuel , Great C Umenweke , B Ngozichukwu
Published: January 2022

Reducing the concentration of CO2 from the atmosphere has attracted a lot of attention given the rapid level of industrialization in the world. Process Industries are one of the major contributors to this pollution in terms of the incessant release of CO2 from flue gas streams. In recent times metal oxides have received a lot of attention as potential adsorbents for solving this problem.They find application in post-, pre-, and oxy-combustion conditions. Their basic sites plus a lower charge to radius ratio increase their ionic nature and site basicity and facilitate the capture of this pernicious gas from flue gas streams by reacting to form carbonates, which when heated liberates an almost pure stream of CO2 which can be sequestered, thereby, aiding the release of environmentally benign flue gas streams to the atmosphere. This work takes a concise review of these metal oxides that have been widely studied.
Prevalence of MRSA and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Samples in National Capital Region, India
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Gupta Geeta , Gupta Gajendra Kumar , Mishra Vashishth , Gupta Gaurav
Published: January 2022

Background: Infections caused by Staphylococci are frequently linked to indwelling medical equipment. These are extremely difficult to treat with antibiotics. In India, the prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) varies from 30 to 70%, resulting in high mortality, increased economic burden, and high treatment failure in tertiary care hospitals. Rapid and reliable identification of MRSA is critical for infection management and avoiding the needless use of antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, from the 1st of August 2020 to the 31st of January 2021. MRSA isolates were screened and confirmed using standard methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methicillin resistance, in Staphylococcus aureus strains, was evaluated using oxacillin/cefoxitin. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all MRSA strains.

Results: In this investigation, MRSA was identified in 29.4% of the 384 Staphylococcus aureus strains. When compared to females, men outnumbered females. Cefoxitin detects a greater amount of MRSA than oxacillin. In this investigation, the majority of MRSA was found in pus samples.

Conclusion: MRSA prevalence is known to vary depending on geographical region, hospital type, investigated population, and technique of detection used. Given the clinical implications of MRSA infection and its fast transmission capability, MRSA strains must be monitored on a regular basis.
Role of Folic Acid in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Keerti Akshunna , Jankar Jayshri
Published: January 2022

The metabolic condition known as diabetes mellitus is marked by hyperglycemia, a host of symptoms affecting the heart, kidneys, nerves, and other organs. Diabetes nephropathy is one of the leading causes of diabetic impermanence and morbid state. Low parameters of pteroylglutamic acid in the blood are associated with Diabetic Nephropathy, whereas endothelial dysfunction increases the risk for T2D.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with diabetes, which perhaps is caused by the disjunction of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzyme, which reduces NO availability. Because folic acid can repair the disjunction of NO synthase, we sought to see if pteroylglutamic acid supplementation may affect the function of the endothelial layer and inflammatory indicators in type 2 diabetes patients who did not have vascular disease.

Recent studies have shown that pteroylglutamic acid also has direct benefits on the function of endo, in addition to its natural function of lowering homocysteine. Folic acid might serve as a "biomarker" for the function of endothelial cells. Many mechanisms have been linked to higher total homocysteine levels and type 2 diabetes risk in diabetic patients. Higher folic acid levels altered endothelial-dependent vasodilation in T2D patients. In patients with coronary heart disease (CAD), folic acid supplementation has been found to reduce homocysteine parameters and improve the function of the endothelial layer. On the other hand, RCTs looking at IR and T2D outcomes have shown mixed results.

Several mechanisms link higher total homocysteine levels to increased risk of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Treatment with folate has been shown to bring down homocysteine parameters and improve the endothelium functions in people with coronary heart disease (CAD). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on IR and T2D outcomes, on the other hand, have produced a wide range of results.
The Effect of Company Characteristics and Sales Growth on Sustainability Report
Authors: Handayani Riaty
Published: January 2022

The sustainability of manufacturing companies is still an issue for innovative business activities in meeting the needs of future generations. The problem that becomes the urgency of this research is that return on assets, leverage, and sales growth affects the sustainability report. For this reason, quantitative research with multiple regression analysis is carried out for testing and examining the effect of company characteristics and sales growth on the sustainability report. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of financial statements of each sample company, namely manufacturing companies that have been audited to be reported to the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015-2019. Measurements in company characteristics are measured by return on assets (ROA), Leverage, and company growth. The Technology Readiness Level (TKT) is a proof-of-concept of important analytical and experimental functions and/or characteristics. The output of this research design is an international journal.

In this study, the results show that profitability and sales growth have a significant effect on the sustainability report and company size has no significant effect on the sustainability report.
Comparative characterization of nine novel GH51, GH54 and GH62 α‐l‐arabinofuranosidases from Penicillium subrubescens
Authors: Coconi Linares Nancy , Li Xinxin , Dilokpimol Adiphol , de Vries Ronald P.
Published: January 2022

α‐l‐Arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) are important enzymes in plant biomass degradation with a wide range of applications. The ascomycete fungus Penicillium subrubescens has more α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase‐encoding genes in its genome compared to other Penicillia. We characterized nine ABFs from glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH51, GH54 and GH62 from this fungus and demonstrated that they have highly diverse specificity and activity levels, indicating that the expansion was accompanied by diversification of the enzymes. Comparison of the substrate preference of the enzymes to the expression of the corresponding genes when the fungus was grown on either of two plant biomass substrates did not show a clear correlation, suggesting a more complex regulatory system governing l‐arabinose release from plant biomass by P. subrubescens.
Reliability of patient self‐report of cognition, awareness, and consciousness during seizures
Authors: Zhao Charlie W. , Gebre Rahiwa , Baykara Yigit , Chen William , Vitkovskiy Petr , Li Ningcheng , Johnson Michelle , Chen Eric Y. , Kluger Dan , Blumenfeld Hal
Published: January 2022

Objective

Clinicians rely on patient self‐report of impairment during seizures for decisions including driving eligibility. However, the reliability of patient reports on cognitive and behavioral functions during seizures remains unknown.

Methods

We administered a daily questionnaire to epilepsy patients undergoing continuous video‐EEG monitoring, asking about responsiveness, speech, memory, awareness, and consciousness during seizures in the preceding 24 hours. We also administered a questionnaire upon admission about responsiveness, speech, and awareness during seizures. Subjective questionnaire answers were compared with objective behavioral ratings on video review. Criteria for agreement were Cohen’s kappa >0.60 and proportions of positive and negative agreement both >0.75.

Results

We analyzed 86 epileptic seizures in 39 patients. Memory report on the daily questionnaire met criteria for agreement with video review (κ = 0.674 for early, 0.743 for late recall). Subjective report of awareness also met agreement criteria with video ratings of memory (κ = 0.673 early, 0.774 late). Concordance for speech was relatively good (κ = 0.679) but did not meet agreement criteria, nor did responsiveness or consciousness. On the admission questionnaire, agreement criteria were met for subjective report of awareness versus video ratings of memory (κ = 0.814 early, 0.806 late), but not for other comparisons.

Interpretation

Patient self‐report of memory or awareness showed the best concordance with objective memory impairment during seizures. Self‐report of impairment in other categories was less reliable. These findings suggest that patient reports about impaired memory during seizures may be most reliable, and otherwise determining functional impairments should be based on objective observations.
Clinical features, investigations, and outcomes of pediatric limbic encephalitis: A multicenter study
Authors: Sabanathan Saraswathy , Abdel‐Mannan Omar , Mankad Kshitij , Siddiqui Ata , Das Krishna , Carr Lucinda , Eltze Christin , Eyre Michael , Gadian Jon , Hemingway Cheryl , Kaliakatsos Marios , Kneen Rachel , Krishnakumar Deepa , Lynch Bryan , Parida Amitav , Rossor Thomas , Taylor Micheal , Wassmer Evangeline , Wright Sukhvir , Lim Ming , Hacohen Yael
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To describe the clinical presentation, investigations, management, and disease course in pediatric autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE).

Methods

In this retrospective observational study, from the UK Childhood Neuroinflammatory Disease network, we identified children from six tertiary centers with LE <18 years old between 2008 and 2021. Clinical and paraclinical data were retrieved from medical records.

Results

Twenty‐five children fulfilling LE criteria were identified, with median age of 11 years (IQR 8, 14) and median follow‐up of 24 months (IQR 18, 48). All children presented with seizures; 15/25 (60%) were admitted to intensive care. Neuroimaging demonstrated asymmetric mesial temporal changes in 8/25 (32%), and extra‐limbic changes with claustrum involvement in 9/25 (38%). None were positive for LGI1/CASPR2 antibodies (Abs), 2/25 were positive for serum anti‐NMDAR Abs, and 2/15 positive for anti‐Hu Abs; one died from relapsing neuroblastoma. Two children had serum and CSF anti‐GAD antibodies. Initial immune therapy included steroids in 23/25 (92%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in 14/25 (56%), and plasma exchange in 7/25 (28%). The commonest second‐line treatment was rituximab in 15/25 (60%). Median duration of hospital admission was 21 days (IQR 11, 30). At last follow‐up, 13/25 (52%) had refractory seizures and 16/25 (64%) had memory impairment. Six children (24%) had modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores ≥3. There was no significant difference in mRS, or long‐term cognitive and epilepsy outcomes in those who received rituximab versus those who did not.

Interpretation

A diagnosis of autoimmune LE was associated with significant morbidity and adverse outcomes in this pediatric cohort.
Designer Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Pro‐Neuronal Cell Responses and Improve Intracranial Retention
Authors: Ortega‐Pineda Lilibeth , Sunyecz Alec , Salazar‐Puerta Ana I. , Rincon‐Benavides Maria Angelica , Alzate‐Correa Diego , Anaparthi Amrita Lakshmi , Guilfoyle Elizabeth , Mezache Louisa , Struckman Heather L. , Duarte‐Sanmiguel Silvia , Deng Binbin , McComb David W. , Dodd Daniel J. , Lawrence William R. , Moore Jordan , Zhang Jingjing , Reátegui Eduardo , Veeraraghavan Rengasayee , Nelson M. Tyler , Gallego‐Perez Daniel , Higuita‐Castro Natalia
Published: January 2022

Gene/oligonucleotide therapies have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of different neurological conditions. However, current methodologies for the delivery of neurogenic/neurotrophic cargo to brain and nerve tissue are fraught with caveats, including reliance on viral vectors, potential toxicity, and immune/inflammatory responses. Moreover, delivery to the central nervous system is further compounded by the low permeability of the blood brain barrier. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising delivery vehicles for neurogenic/neurotrophic therapies, overcoming many of the limitations mentioned above. However, the manufacturing processes used for therapeutic EVs remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a detailed study of the manufacturing process of neurogenic EVs by characterizing the nature of cargo and surface decoration, as well as the transfer dynamics across donor cells, EVs, and recipient cells. Neurogenic EVs loaded with Ascl1, Brn2, and Myt1l (ABM) are found to show enhanced neuron‐specific tropism, modulate electrophysiological activity in neuronal cultures, and drive pro‐neurogenic conversions/reprogramming. Moreover, murine studies demonstrate that surface decoration with glutamate receptors appears to mediate enhanced EV delivery to the brain. Altogether, the results indicate that ABM‐loaded designer EVs can be a promising platform nanotechnology to drive pro‐neuronal responses, and that surface functionalization with glutamate receptors can facilitate the deployment of EVs to the brain.
Stretchable Mesh Nanoelectronics for 3D Single‐Cell Chronic Electrophysiology from Developing Brain Organoids
Authors: Le Floch Paul , Li Qiang , Lin Zuwan , Zhao Siyuan , Liu Ren , Tasnim Kazi , Jiang Han , Liu Jia
Published: January 2022

Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived brain organoids have shown great potential for studies of human brain development and neurological disorders. However, quantifying the evolution of the electrical properties of brain organoids during development is currently limited by the measurement techniques, which cannot provide long‐term stable 3D bioelectrical interfaces with developing brain organoids. Here, a cyborg brain organoid platform is reported, in which “tissue‐like” stretchable mesh nanoelectronics are designed to match the mechanical properties of brain organoids and to be folded by the organogenetic process of progenitor or stem cells, distributing stretchable electrode arrays across the 3D organoids. The tissue‐wide integrated stretchable electrode arrays show no interruption to brain organoid development, adapt to the volume and morphological changes during brain organoid organogenesis, and provide long‐term stable electrical contacts with neurons within brain organoids during development. The seamless and noninvasive coupling of electrodes to neurons enables long‐term stable, continuous recording and captures the emergence of single‐cell action potentials from early‐stage brain organoid development.
A Review on Mechanochemistry: Approaching Advanced Energy Materials with Greener Force
Authors: Liu Xingang , Li Yijun , Zeng Li , Li Xi , Chen Ning , Bai Shibing , He Hanna , Wang Qi , Zhang Chuhong
Published: January 2022

Mechanochemistry with solvent‐free and environmentally friendly characteristics is one of the most promising alternatives to traditional liquid‐phase‐based reactions, demonstrating epoch‐making significance in the realization of different types of chemistry. Mechanochemistry utilizes mechanical energy to promote physical and chemical transformations to design complex molecules and nanostructured materials, encourage dispersion and recombination of multiphase components, and accelerate reaction rates and efficiencies via highly reactive surfaces. In particular, mechanochemistry deserves special attention because it is capable of endowing energy materials with unique characteristics and properties. Herein, the latest advances and progress in mechanochemistry for the preparation and modification of energy materials are reviewed. An outline of the basic knowledge, methods, and characteristics of different mechanochemical strategies is presented, distinguishing this review from most mechanochemistry reviews that only focus on ball‐milling. Next, this outline is followed by a detailed and insightful discussion of mechanochemistry‐involved energy conversion and storage applications. The discussion comprehensively covers aspects of energy transformations from mechanical/optical/chemical energy to electrical energy. Finally, next‐generation advanced energy materials are proposed. This review is intended to bring mechanochemistry to the frontline and guide this burgeoning field of interdisciplinary research for developing advanced energy materials with greener mechanical force.
Substrate‐Free Chemical Vapor Deposition of Large‐Scale III–V Nanowires for High‐Performance Transistors and Broad‐Spectrum Photodetectors
Authors: Yin Yanxue , Guo Yanan , Liu Dong , Miao Chengcheng , Liu Fengjing , Zhuang Xinming , Tan Yang , Chen Feng , Yang Zai‐xing
Published: January 2022

Large‐scale growth of high‐quality III–V nanowires (NWs) on an expected substrate is challenging the next‐generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, high‐quality III–V NWs of binary GaSb, GaAs and ternary GaAsxSb1−x, InxGa1−xAs are successfully prepared on the hard substrates of SiO2/Si, amorphous glass and flexible substrates of mica, glass fiber, and carbon cloth by adopting the simple and low‐cost metal‐catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The homogeneity of morphology, crystallinity, and stoichiometry is checked by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, implying the high‐quality phase purity of III–V NWs on various substrates. When configured into NW field‐effect‐transistors, the electrical properties, such as field‐effect mobilities of GaSb NWs grown on various substrates show relatively similar satisfactory values. Meanwhile, the as‐fabricated GaSb NWs photodetector exhibits excellent broad‐spectrum photodetection ability from visible to near‐infrared bands. Furthermore, by adopting a home‐made stepper CVD method, large‐scale GaSb NWs with uniform morphology, crystallinity, stoichiometry, and electrical properties are prepared on glass. All results guide the easy growth of high‐quality functional NWs on any expected substrates for further photoelectronic applications.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines from Imines and Cyclic Ethers via Oxidation/Aza‐Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition
Authors: Vil' Vera A. , Grishin Sergei S. , Baberkina Elena P. , Alekseenko Anna L. , Glinushkin Alexey P. , Kovalenko Alexey E. , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: January 2022

Electrochemical synthesis of cyclic ether‐annulated tetrahydroquinolines from imines and cyclic ethers in an undivided cell under constant current conditions was developed. The electrosynthesis proceeds via the enol ether formation from ethers following the aza‐Diels‐Alder [4+2] cycloaddition. The method is applicable to a wide range of imines and results in the desired products in yields of 23 to 75%. In situ preparation of imines from the corresponding anilines and aldehydes led to mostly the same yields of tetrahydroquinolines. No cycloaddition products were formed using the chemical oxidants. Synthesized cyclic ether‐annulated tetrahydroquinolines exhibit high antifungal activity, which is superior to the commercial fungicide Triadimefon.

magnified image
Energy Saving and Energy Generation Smart Window with Active Control and Antifreezing Functions
Authors: Niu Yingchun , Zhou Yang , Du Daxue , Ouyang Xiangcheng , Yang Ziji , Lan Wenjie , Fan Fan , Zhao Sisi , Liu Yinping , Chen Siyuan , Li Jiapeng , Xu Quan
Published: January 2022

Windows are the least energy efficient part of the buildings, as building accounts for 40% of global energy consumption. Traditional smart windows can only regulate solar transmission, while all the solar energy on the window is wasted. Here, for the first time, the authors demonstrate an energy saving and energy generation integrated smart window (ESEG smart window) in a simple way by combining louver structure solar cell, thermotropic hydrogel, and indium tin oxides (ITO) glass. The ESEG smart window can achieve excellent optical properties with ≈90% luminous transmission and ≈54% solar modulation, which endows excellent energy saving performance. The outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency (18.24%) of silicon solar cells with louver structure gives the smart window excellent energy generation ability, which is more than 100% higher than previously reported energy generation smart window. In addition, the solar cell can provide electricity to for ITO glass to turn the transmittance of hydrogel actively, as well as the effect of antifreezing. This work offers an insight into the design and preparation together with a disruptive strategy of easy fabrication, good uniformity, and scalability, which opens a new avenue to realize energy storage, energy saving, active control, and antifreezing integration in one device.
Influence of surfactant‐humectant adjuvants on physical properties, droplet size, and efficacy of glufosinate formulations
Authors: Polli Estefania G. , Alves Guilherme S. , Gizotti de Moraes Jesaelen , Kruger Greg Robert
Published: January 2022

Glufosinate efficacy is inconsistent among weed species and under environmental conditions that favor rapid droplet drying. Surfactant‐humectant adjuvants could maximize glufosinate efficacy by increasing wetting and penetration into the leaf surface while decreasing evaporation rate (ER). However, there is a lack of information in the literature about the interaction of surfactant‐humectants adjuvants with glufosinate. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of surfactant‐humectant adjuvants on the physical properties, droplet size, and efficacy of two glufosinate formulations. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted at the Pesticide Application Technology Laboratory of the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln. Treatment design was a 2 × 5 factorial with two glufosinate formulations combined with five adjuvant treatments plus an untreated control. Density and viscosity of glufosinate solutions mostly increased with the addition of adjuvants. However, the influence of the adjuvants on dynamic surface tension (dST), static contact angle (sCA), and evaporation rate (ER) varied by glufosinate formulation, adjuvant, and relative humidity (RH). Under greenhouse conditions, an improvement in efficacy by adding adjuvants was mainly observed for Interline solutions. The addition of adjuvants to Interline solutions increased biomass reduction up to 19 and 35% for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott], respectively. Also, some of the adjuvants presented null or antagonistic influence on herbicide efficacy. No increase in control, biomass reduction, and mortality of horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) was observed with the use of adjuvants under field conditions. Herbicide‐adjuvant‐plant‐environment interaction is complex. Thus, the use of surfactant‐humectant adjuvants may not increase herbicide efficacy.
Post‐harvest crop residue contribution to soil N availability or unavailability in North Dakota
Authors: Alghamdi Rashad S. , Cihacek Larry , Daigh Aaron Lee M. , Rahman Shafiqur
Published: January 2022

North Dakota producers have adopted conservation tillage practices to conserve soil moisture and reduce wind and water erosion. As a result, an accumulation of crop residue has been observed but current recommendations encourage a fertilizer N credit in fields under no‐till for more than 6 yr. Producers are concerned that post‐harvest crop residues are not contributing to N needs of subsequent crops during the growing season. This study was established to assess N mineralization from common crop residue in conventional tillage systems using long‐term incubation studies in order to establish a baseline for future studies on no‐till systems. Three commonly cultivated North Dakota soil series were selected for study with seven residue treatments (varying C/N ratios) including corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and a soil‐only control. Biweekly leachings were collected for nine incubation periods and analyzed for nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3–N). Soils with higher organic matter (OM) resulted in increased soil N mineralization (Fargo [1.63 mg kg–1 N] > Forman [0.65 mg kg–1 N] > Heimdal–Emrick [0.38 mg kg–1 N]). Radish and pea residues (narrow C/N ratios) were the only treatments showing N mineralization potential compared with the soil only controls. However, post‐harvest residues with wide C/N ratios (>25:1) promote N immobilization when compared with mineralization by the soil alone. These findings raise the question of whether the N credits for >6 yr of no‐till management are appropriate in the northern Great Plains.
Evaluation of temporal variability on tissue nutrient concentrations of canola
Authors: Reed Vaughn , Sutradhar Apurba K. , Arnall D. Brian , Lofton Josh
Published: January 2022

The use of plant tissue analysis as a tool for diagnosing nutrient deficiency has steadily gained interest by producers and crop advisors in Oklahoma. A study was conducted during the 2012–2013 and 2015–2016 growing seasons at two locations near Stillwater and Perry, OK, to evaluate the variability of canola (Brassica napus L.) nutrient concentrations across various growth stages (STAGE), among several days within each growth stage (DAY), across several times during the day (TIME). Canola tissue samples were collected in the morning, noon, and evening for three consecutive days at rosette, postdormancy break, and prebolting stages. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients (N, P, K) and secondary (S, Ca, Mg) nutrient concentrations. Tissue nutrient concentrations were found to be extremely variable, as affected by main effects and interactions of sampling TIME, DAY, and STAGE. Nutrient concentration generally increased over time, for most nutrients. The analysis did not indicate any definitive pattern of tissue nutrient accumulation based on the fixed effects TIME and DAY. Although, the exact reasons for the different responses are not known, they may be related to soil physical and chemical property differences and variation in weather factors. While this work does not provide insight in the relationship between nutrient concentrations and crop yield, this does bring to light complications with using tissue analysis for management decisions. Further work must be done to investigate the relationships of tissue concentration and yield, and the viability of tissue sampling for nutrient management.
Transformer‐Induced Metamorphosis of Polymeric Nanoparticle Shape at Room Temperature
Authors: Parkatzidis Kostas , Truong Nghia P. , Rolland Manon , Lutz‐Bueno Viviane , Pilkington Emily H. , Mezzenga Raffaele , Anastasaki Athina
Published: January 2022

Controlled polymerizations have enabled the production of nanostructured materials with different shapes, each exhibiting distinct properties. Despite the importance of shape, current morphological transformation strategies are limited in polymer scope, alter the chemical structure, require high temperatures, and are fairly tedious. Herein we present a rapid and versatile morphological transformation strategy that operates at room temperature and does not impair the chemical structure of the constituent polymers. By simply adding a molecular transformer to an aqueous dispersion of polymeric nanoparticles, a rapid evolution to the next higher‐order morphology was observed, yielding a range of morphologies from a single starting material. Significantly, this approach can be applied to nanoparticles produced by disparate block copolymers obtained by various synthetic techniques including emulsion polymerization, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly and traditional solution self‐assembly.
Synthese von C‐Oligosacchariden via vielseitiger C(sp3)‐H‐Glykosylierung von Glykosiden
Authors: Wu Jun , Kopp Adelina , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2022

C‐Oligosaccharide sind pharmakologisch relevant, weil sie hydrolysebeständiger sind als O‐Oligosaccharide. Trotz unbestreitbarer Fortschritte sind C‐Oligosaccharide nach wie vor wenig erforscht, meist aufgrund des Mangels an effizienten und selektiven Strategien für den Aufbau von C‐C‐Bindungen. Im Gegensatz dazu veröffentlichen wir hier eine vielseitige und robuste Strategie für die Synthese strukturell komplexer C‐Oligosaccharide via einer katalytischen C(sp3)‐H‐Aktivierung. Auf diese Weise ist eine Fülle von komplexen interglykosidischen (2→1)‐ und (1→1)‐C‐Oligosaccharide mittels einer Palladium‐katalysierter C(sp3)‐H‐Glykosid‐Glykosylierung einfacher zugänglich. Die Isolierung von Schlüsselintermediaten des Palladacyclus und experimentell isotopisch markierten Verbindungen ergaben eine trans‐ Stereoselektivität für die C(sp3)‐H‐Glykosylierung. Der glykosidische C(sp3)‐H‐Aktivierungsmechanismus wurde ebenfalls für die Diversifizierung von Furanosen, Pyranosen und Disacchariden angewandt.
Deoxygenative Cross‐Coupling of Aromatic Amides with Polyfluoroarenes
Authors: He Youliang , Wang Yuxiao , Li Shi‐Jun , Lan Yu , Wang Xiaoming
Published: January 2022

Considering the ubiquitous nature and ready synthesis of amides, and the great significance of organofluorine‐containing species, the cross‐coupling of amides and polyfluoroarenes, leading to new carbon–carbon bond‐forming methodologies, would find useful applications in synthesis, late‐stage functionalization, and rapid generation of molecular diversity. Herein, we present a novel synthesis of α‐polyfluoroaryl amines via Sm/SmI2‐mediated deoxygenative cross‐coupling of aromatic amides with polyfluoroarenes through direct C−H functionalization. The structural and functional diversity of these readily available precursors provides a versatile and flexible strategy for the streamlined synthesis of α‐polyfluoroaryl amines. Combining experimental and theoretical studies, a novel plausible mechanism of the α‐aminocarbene‐mediated C−H insertion has been revealed, which may stimulate future work for the development of novel methods in amine synthesis.
Chiral Arylene Diimide Phosphors: Circularly Polarized Ambient Phosphorescence from Bischromophoric Pyromellitic Diimides
Authors: Garain Swadhin , Sarkar Souvik , Chandra Garain Bidhan , Pati Swapan K. , George Subi J.
Published: January 2022

Chiral organic phosphors with circularly polarized room‐temperature phosphorescence (CPP) provide new prospects to the realm of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials, owing to the long‐lived triplet states and persistent emission. Although several molecular designs show efficient room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP), realization of ambient organic CPP remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we introduce a chiral bischromophoric phosphor design to realize ambient CPP emission by appending molecular phosphors to a chiral diaminocyclohexane core. Thus, solution‐processable polymer films of the trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (DAC) chiral cores with heavy‐atom substituted pyromellitic diimide phosphors, exhibits one of the most efficient exclusive CPP emissions with high phosphorescence quantum yield (≈18 % in air and ≈46 % under vacuum) and significant luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|≈4.0×10−3).
Light/Force‐Sensitive 0D Lead‐Free Perovskites: From Highly Efficient Blue Afterglow to White Phosphorescence with Near‐Unity Quantum Efficiency
Authors: Feng Shangwei , Ma Yujuan , Wang Shuaiqi , Gao Shanshan , Huang Qiuqin , Zhen Hongyu , Yan Dongpeng , Ling Qidan , Lin Zhenghuan
Published: January 2022

Herein, new types of zero‐dimensional (0D) perovskites (PA6InCl9 and PA4InCl7) with blue room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) were obtained from InCl3 and aniline hydrochloride. These are highly sensitive to external light and force stimuli. The RTP quantum yield of PA6InCl9 can be enhanced from 25.2 % to 42.8 % upon illumination. Under mechanical force, PA4InCl7 exhibits a phase transform to PA6InCl9, thus boosting ultralong RTP with a lifetime up to 1.2 s. Furthermore, white and orange pure RTP with a quantum yield close to 100 % can be realized when Sb3+ was introduced into PA6InCl9. The white pure phosphorescence with a color‐rendering index (CRI) close to 90 consists of blue RTP of PA6InCl9 and orange RTP of Sb3+. Thus, this work not only overcomes long‐standing problems of low quantum yield and short lifetime of blue RTP, but also obtains high‐efficiency white RTP. It provides a feasible method to realize near‐unity quantum efficiency and has great application potential in the fields of optical devices and smart materials.
Ligand Engineering toward the Trade‐Off between Stability and Activity in Cluster Catalysis
Authors: Guan Zong‐Jie , He Rui‐Lin , Yuan Shang‐Fu , Li Jiao‐Jiao , Hu Feng , Liu Chun‐Yu , Wang Quan‐Ming
Published: January 2022

We report the structures, stability and catalysis properties of two Ag21 nanoclusters, namely [Ag21(H2BTCA)3(O2PPh2)6]SbF6 (1) and [Ag21(C≡CC6H3‐3,5‐R2)6(O2PPh2)10]SbF6 (2) (H4BTCA=p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene, R=OMe). Both Ag21 structures possess an identical icosahedral kernel that is surrounded by eight peripheral Ag atoms. Single‐crystal structural analysis and ESI‐MS revealed that 1 is an 8‐electron cluster and 2 has four free electrons. Theoretical results show that the P‐symmetry orbitals are found as HOMO‐1 and HOMO states in 1, and the frontier unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO, LUMO+1 and LUMO+2) show D‐character, indicating 1 is a superatomic cluster with an electronically closed shell 1S21P6, while 2 has an incomplete shell configuration 1S21P2. These two Ag21 clusters show superior stability under ambient conditions, and 1 is robust even at 90 °C in toluene and under oxidative conditions (30 % H2O2). Significantly, 2 exhibits much higher activity than 1 as catalyst in the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol. This work demonstrates that ligands can influence the electronic structures of silver clusters, and further affect their stability and catalytic performance.
The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels–Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production
Authors: Cioc Răzvan C. , Crockatt Marc , van der Waal Jan C. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A.
Published: January 2022

Biomass‐derived furanic platform molecules have emerged as promising building blocks for renewable chemicals and functional materials. To this aim, the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition stands out as a versatile strategy to convert these renewable resources in highly atom‐efficient ways. Despite nearly a century worth of examples of furan DA chemistry, clear structure–reactivity–stability relationships are still to be established. Detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in these very particular [4+2] cycloadditions is essential to push further development and truly expand the scope beyond the ubiquitous addend combinations of electron‐rich furans and electron‐deficient olefins. Herein, we provide pertinent examples of DA chemistry, taken from various fields, to highlight trends, establish correlations and answer open questions in the field with the aim to support future efforts in the sustainable chemicals and materials production.
Synthesis of C‐Oligosaccharides through Versatile C(sp3)−H Glycosylation of Glycosides
Authors: Wu Jun , Kopp Adelina , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2022

C‐oligosaccharides are pharmacologically relevant because they are more hydrolysis‐resistant than O‐oligosaccharides. Despite indisputable advances, C‐oligosaccharides continue to be underdeveloped, likely due to a lack of efficient and selective strategies for the assembly of the interglycosidic C−C linkages. In contrast, we, herein, report a versatile and robust strategy for the synthesis of structurally complex C‐oligosaccharides via catalyzed C(sp3)−H activations. Thus, a wealth of complex interglycosidic (2→1)‐ and (1→1)‐C‐oligosaccharides becomes readily available by palladium‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H glycoside glycosylation. The isolation of key palladacycle intermediates and experiments with isotopically‐labeled compounds identified a trans‐stereoselectivity for the C(sp3)−H glycosylation. The glycoside C(sp3)−H activation manifold was likewise exploited for the diversification of furanoses, pyranoses and disaccharides.
Antibacterial and anticorrosion behavior of bioactive complexes of selected transition metal ions with new 2‐acetylpyridine Schiff base
Authors: Deghadi Reem G. , Elsharkawy Ahmed E. , Ashmawy Ashraf M. , Mohamed Gehad G.
Published: January 2022

Successful preparation of Schiff base 4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)‐N‐(1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene)aniline derived from refluxing of 4,4‐oxydianniline with 2‐acetylpyridine within 2 h in 1:1 molar ratio was performed. Different transition metal complexes were synthesized by reacting metal chlorides with the formed ligand in 1:1 molar ratio. Structural features of the complexes were obtained from different tools such as infrared (IR), 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis), molar conductivity, thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetric (DTG), microanalysis, and mass spectrometry. All complexes had an octahedral structure and Schiff base acted as a neutral bidentate ligand that linked to metal centers via N‐azomethine and N‐pyridine atoms. Cr(III), Fe(III), and Ni(II) complexes were electrolytes while other complexes were nonelectrolytes. The molecular structure of Schiff base was optimized theoretically and its HOMO and LUMO energies were dictated by B3LYP/DFT calculations. The in vitro antibacterial activity versus some selected bacteria species showed that all prepared compounds were biologically active except Fe(III) complex against certain species and Co(II) complex had the highest biological activity values. Molecular docking was used to determine effective binding modes between ligand and its [Co(L)(H2O)2Cl2]·4H2O complex with active sites of 4WJ3, 4ME7, 4K3V, and 3T88 receptors. The strongest binding of Co(II) complex was with the 4ME7 receptor with lowest binding energy value −25.4 kcal mol−1. Schiff base as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1.0‐M HCl had been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The results showed that the inhibitor acts as a mixed‐type inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration to its maximum of 97.5% at 1 × 10−3 M solution. The adsorption model obeys the Langmuir isotherm, and Gibbs free energy was around −40 kJ/mol, indicating that it is spontaneously and chemically adsorbed on the surface. SEM/EDX results proved the sticking of a barrier film on the mild steel sample.
Synthesis of novel 2‐acetamide‐5‐phenylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐containing phenyl urea derivatives as potential VEGFR‐2 inhibitors
Authors: Toolabi Mahsa , Safari Fatemeh , Ayati Adileh , Fathi Parnian , Moghimi Setareh , Salarinejad Somayeh , Foroumadi Roham , Ketabforoosh Shima H. M. E. , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: January 2022

A novel series of 2‐acetamide‐5‐phenylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol derivatives containing a phenyl urea warhead were synthesized and evaluated as antiproliferative agents. The cytotoxic activities of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated toward three human cancer cell lines, including HT‐29, A431, and PC3, as well as normal HDF cells, using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The biological results revealed the highest degree of cytotoxic effects for the 4‐chloro‐containing compound 9e against the A431 cell line. Further assessment by Western blot analysis assay confirmed the induction of apoptosis by compound 9e, with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl‐2 proteins in A431 cancer cells. In addition, compound 9e inhibited the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor (VEGFR‐2) in A431 cancer cells while the total level of actin protein was unchanged. These results were confirmed by a three‐dimensional cell culture method using the hanging drop technique.
Das 3‐D‐Modell als Grundlage des digitalen Zwillings
Authors: Wedel Frederik , Opitz Daniel , Tiedemann Christoph , Meyer‐Westphal Markus
Published: January 2022

Nachdem andere Wirtschaftszweige wie die Automobilindustrie mit statusbasierten Wartungsintervallen für Autos oder dem autonomen Fahren bereits erheblichen Erfolg im Bereich der Digitalisierung verzeichnen dürfen, befindet sich nun auch die Bauindustrie im Wandel. Der digitale Zwilling spielt insbesondere bei der prädiktiven Instandhaltung eine zentrale Rolle. Durch ihn können alle Daten und Informationen zum Bauwerk gesammelt, strukturiert und mit einem zeitlichen und räumlichen Kontext versehen werden. Die Grundlage zur Verortung von Informationen ist ein 3‐D‐Modell. Das Building Information Modeling liefert dafür im Bauwesen die perfekte Basis, ist im Bestand aber häufig nur mit großem Aufwand umsetzbar. Da die Erstellung und Änderung solcher Modelle oftmals durch Experten erfolgen muss, einen i. d. R. aufwendigen Prozess darstellt und die Datenstruktur keine Verwaltung von Massendaten zulässt, ist zu überlegen, welche Daten direkt in das 3‐D‐Modell integriert werden und wo der Linked‐Data‐Ansatz sinnvoller ist. Der Beitrag zeigt verschiedene Datenintegrationsmöglichkeiten für digitale Modelle und verdeutlicht am Beispiel des Pilotprojekts smartBRIDGE Hamburg die Vorgehensweise als Proof of Concept. Ziel ist die optimale Nutzung von 3‐D‐Modellen im Kontext des digitalen Brückenzwillings. Im Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass sowohl für Massendaten als auch für singuläre Ergebnisse aus der Bauwerksinspektion der Linked‐Data‐Ansatz ein vielversprechender ist.
Speciation and quantification of vanadium in vanadium‐enriched apples by liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Nam Sang‐Ho , Kim Na‐Young , Park Eun‐Su , Lee Yonghoon
Published: January 2022

Biological and toxic effects of vanadium depend on its chemical form. In this work, speciation and quantification of vanadium was performed for vanadium‐enriched apples circulated in fruit markets. Liquid chromatography with the reverse‐phase column was used for the speciation, and the separated species was quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The enriched vanadium was found to be V(IV) and accumulated exclusively in the apple peel, not the flesh. Particularly, the as‐extracted vanadium species could be effectively frozen by chelating the extracted vanadium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This inhibited interchange between different vanadium species, V(IV) and V(V) and leaded to accurate quantitative speciation. The vanadium species, V(IV), in the apple peel was analyzed to be was 0.61 ± 0.01 mg/kg. Based on our results, the vanadium‐enriched apples should be taken without being peeled for vanadium intake. Moreover, the methodology presented here can be suggested for accurate quantitative vanadium assessment in various fruit products.