bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associações entre atividade física, índice de massa corporal e comportamentos sedentários em adolescentes
Authors: Silva Kelly Samara da , Nahas Markus Vinicius , Hoefelmann Luana Peter , Lopes Adair da Silva , Oliveira Elusa Santina de
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a associação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com os níveis de atividade física (AF) e comportamentos sedentários (assistir TV, usar computador ou jogar videogames) em adolescentes de escolas públicas do Estado de Santa Catarina (15-19 anos; n = 5.028). MÉTODOS: As informações foram coletadas por meio de questionário desenvolvido e validado para adolescentes. Foram considerados insuficientemente ativos, os jovens que não acumulavam pelo menos 300 minutos/semana de atividades físicas moderadas ou vigorosas. Considerou-se para o uso excessivo de TV e computador/games um tempo > 2 horas/dia; para excesso de peso corporal, utilizou-se a tabela internacional de IMC para adolescentes. RESULTADOS: O excesso de peso corporal foi mais prevalente entre os rapazes (12,7% vs 7,9%, p<0,001), e houve uma maior proporção de moças insuficientemente ativas (37,0% vs 21,0%, p<0,001). A chance de ter excesso de peso corporal foi 74% maior entre os rapazes pouco ativos em comparação com os ativos, e entre as moças de menor renda familiar (OR=1,85) e as que residiam na zona urbana (OR=2,22). A chance de serem menos ativos foi 43% maior entre os rapazes que assistiam mais TV e 73% maior para aqueles com excesso de peso corporal. Nas moças, a chance de pouca atividade física foi 54% maior entre as que trabalhavam. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência de excesso de peso corporal foi maior entre os rapazes, mesmo sendo mais ativos do que as moças. Nos rapazes, o excesso de peso estava significativamente associado à menor prática de atividade física e, nas moças, à menor renda familiar e local de moradia.
Detecção de micrometástases em câncer de pulmão não-pequenas células estádio pN0: um método alternativo combinando imunohistoquímica e análise em microsséries
Authors: Franco Maíra Rovigatti , Parra Edwin Roger , Takagaki Teresa Yae , Soares Fernando Augusto , Capelozzi Vera Luiza
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um método alternativo para detectar micrometástases em linfonodos previamente negativos para câncer de pulmão não-pequenas células (CPNPC) pela coloração de rotina com hematoxilina-eosina. MÉTODOS: Setenta e sete linfonodos hilares e mediastinais ressecados de 18 pacientes portadores de CPNPC foram investigados para a presença de micrometástases associando-se análise em microsséries e imunoistoquímica. RESULTADOS: Micrometástases foram detectadas após a identificação de células neoplásicas citoqueratina e cromogranina positivas em microsséries de linfonodos. Dos 18 pacientes inicialmente estadiados como pN0 pela coloração de rotina com hematoxilina-eosina, 9 (50%) foram reestadiados como N1, e o prognóstico foi reavaliado em função de parâmetros histológicos e clínicos. A comparação das curvas de sobrevida mostrou que os pacientes sem micrometástases tiveram maior sobrevida do que os portadores de micrometástases. Além disso, após a análise multivariada controlada para idade, sexo, tipo histológico e reestadiamento, a presença de micrometástases mostrou-se como um fator independente na sobrevida. Entre os pacientes que haviam sido previamente estadiados como pN0, o risco de morte mostrou-se 7 vezes maior para os que foram posteriormente diagnosticados com micrometástases do que para aqueles nos quais não foram identificadas micrometástases. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação da análise em microsséries com a imunoistoquímica pode representar um método alternativo de baixo custo e menos demorado para identificar metástases ocultas e prever o prognóstico em pacientes portadores de CPNPC pN0 cujos tumores foram cirurgicamente ressecados. São necessários estudos prospectivos randomizados com casuísticas maiores para determinar a acurácia desse método alternativo.
Versão brasileira da escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living para uso em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica
Authors: Carpes Marta Fioravante , Mayer Anamaria Fleig , Simon Karen Muriel , Jardim José Roberto , Garrod Rachel
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Traduzir a escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) para o português e verificar se essa versão é reprodutível em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) grave no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas a tradução da escala LCADL para o português e a tradução retrógrada dessa versão em português para o inglês. Essa primeira versão em português foi aplicada a 8 pacientes com DPOC, e possíveis dificuldades em relação ao texto foram investigadas. As principais dificuldades encontradas foram discutidas com os autores da escala, chegando-se a uma versão final do instrumento. Essa versão final foi aplicada duas vezes a 31 pacientes com DPOC por dois observadores separadamente em um primeiro dia. Após 15-20 dias, essa mesma versão foi aplicada novamente aos mesmos pacientes por um dos observadores. No primeiro dia os pacientes foram submetidos à prova de função pulmonar e ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). RESULTADOS: A versão brasileira da escala LCADL demonstrou excelente reprodutibilidade no escore total e na maioria das questões, com um coeficiente alfa de Cronbach interobservador de 0,97 (IC95%: 0,89-0,97; p < 0,05) e um coeficiente alfa de Cronbach intra-observador de 0,96 (IC95%: 0,83-0,96; p < 0,05). O escore total dessa versão apresentou correlação negativa com o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo em litros (r = -0,49; p < 0,05) e a distância percorrida no TC6 (r = -0,56; p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira da escala LCADL é um instrumento confiável, reprodutível e válido para avaliar a dispnéia durante atividades de vida diária em pacientes com DPOC grave.
Diagnóstico dos transtornos do sono relacionados ao ritmo circadiano
Authors: Martinez Denis , Lenz Maria do Carmo Sfreddo , Menna-Barreto Luiz
Published: April 2008

Queixas de insônia e sonolência excessiva são comuns na investigação dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono; os transtornos do sono relacionados ao ritmo circadiano talvez sejam as causas mais freqüentemente esquecidas no diagnóstico diferencial destes sintomas. Estes transtornos se manifestam por desalinhamento entre o período do sono e o ambiente físico e social de 24 h. Os dois transtornos do sono relacionados ao ritmo circadiano mais prevalentes são o de fase atrasada (comum em adolescentes) e avançada do sono (comum em idosos), situações nas quais o período de sono se desloca para mais tarde e mais cedo, respectivamente. As possíveis confusões com insônia e sonolência excessiva tornam importante ter sempre em mente estes transtornos. Entretanto, há nove possíveis diagnósticos, e todos são de interesse clínico. Como a luz é o principal sinal para sincronizar os relógios biológicos, pessoas cegas e trabalhadores em turnos e noturno são os mais propensos a desenvolver transtornos do sono relacionados ao ritmo circadiano. Neste artigo, revisa-se a nova classificação internacional dos transtornos do sono relacionados ao ritmo circadiano.
Tumor de células gigantes costal ocupando todo o hemitórax
Authors: Cordeiro Samuel Zuínglio de Biasi , Cordeiro Paulo de Biasi , Sousa Aureliano Mota Cavalcanti , Lannes Deborah Cordeiro , Pierro Gustavo Soares de Moura
Published: April 2008

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente de 28 anos de idade portadora de tumor de células gigantes originário da costela. O tumor de grandes dimensões (25 × 17 cm) ocupava todo o hemitórax e causava atelectasia do pulmão esquerdo. Tratava-se de uma neoplasia mesenquimal benigna, a qual raramente acomete as costelas. Foi realizada toracotomia com ressecção em bloco da parede torácica e do tumor. O objetivo deste artigo é enfatizar que, apesar da grande dimensão do tumor, ele pôde ser completamente ressecado, e o pulmão foi reabilitado.
Enhanced esterase activity and resistance to azinphosmethyl in target and nontarget organisms
Authors: Anguiano Olga L , Ferrari Ana , Soleno Jimena , Martinez María C , Venturino Andres , de D'Angelo Ana M. Pechen , Montagna Cristina M
Published: April 2008

The organophosphorous compound azinphosmethyl (AzMe) is applied extensively in northern Patagonia (southern Argentina) to manage codling moths (Cydia pomonella). This area is irrigated by fast-flowing channels that provide a favorable habitat for many species, including amphipods (Hyalella curvispina) and a field-mixed population of black flies (Simulium bonaerense, Simulium wolffhuegeli, and Simulium nigristrigatum). In the present study, AzMe susceptibility and carboxylesterase (CarbE) activity from both insecticide-exposed and nonexposed field populations were studied. The median lethal dose determined in codling moths from an insecticide-treated orchard was significantly higher (3.48 μg/insect) than that observed in those from an untreated orchard (0.69 μg/insect). Similarly, the median lethal concentration (LC50) determined in black flies collected from the treated area (0.021 mg/L) was significantly higher than that recorded in those from the untreated site (0.011 mg/L). For amphipods, both a subpopulation susceptible to AzMe (LC50, 1.83 μg/L) and a resistant one (LC50, 390 μg/L) were found in the treated area. Both subpopulations were more resistant to AzMe than the population from the untreated site (LC50, 0.43 μg/L). Significant differences (p < 0.001) in CarbE activities were observed between populations from pesticide-treated and untreated areas. Mean activities ± standard deviation from treated and untreated sites were 0.21 ± 0.16 and 0.016 ± 0.008 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for codling moths; 2.17 ± 1.71 and 0.81 ± 0.35 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for black flies; and 0.27 ± 0.10 and 0.14 ± 0.07 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for amphipods. The results suggest that enhanced CarbE activity is one of the mechanisms that provide AzMe resistance in H. curvispina, Simulium spp., and C. pomonella populations from the insecticide-treated areas.
Types in Logic and Mathematics Before 1940
Authors: Kamareddine Fairouz , Laan Twan , Nederpelt Rob
Published: April 2008

In this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead'sPrincipia Mathematica([71], 1910–1912) and Church's simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege'sGrundgesetze der Arithmetikfor which Russell applied his famous paradox and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (RTT). We present RTT formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from RTT leading to the simple theory of types STT. We present STT and Church's own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C) and we finish by comparing RTT, STT and λ→C.
Some Aspects of Model Theory and Finite Structures
Authors: Rosen Eric
Published: April 2008

Model theory is concerned mainly, although not exclusively, with infinite structures. In recent years, finite structures have risen to greater prominence, both within the context of mainstream model theory, e.g., in work of Lachlan, Cherlin, Hrushovski, and others, and with the advent of finite model theory, which incorporates elements of classical model theory, combinatorics, and complexity theory. The purpose of this survey is to provide an overview of what might be called the model theory of finite structures. Some topics in finite model theory have strong connections to theoretical computer science, especially descriptive complexity theory (see [26, 46]). In fact, it has been suggested that finite model theory really is, or should be, logic for computer science. These connections with computer science will, however, not be treated here.

It is well-known that many classical results of ‘infinite model theory’ fail over the class of finite structures, including the compactness and completeness theorems, as well as many preservation and interpolation theorems (see [35, 26]). The failure of compactness in the finite, in particular, means that the standard proofs of many theorems are no longer valid in this context. At present, there is no known example of a classical theorem that remains true over finite structures, yet must be proved by substantially different methods. It is generally concluded that first-order logic is ‘badly behaved’ over finite structures.

From the perspective of expressive power, first-order logic also behaves badly: it is both too weak and too strong. Too weak because many natural properties, such as the size of a structure being even or a graph being connected, cannot be defined by a single sentence. Too strong, because every class of finite structures with a finite signature can be defined by an infinite set of sentences. Even worse, every finite structure is defined up to isomorphism by a single sentence. In fact, it is perhaps because of this last point more than anything else that model theorists have not been very interested in finite structures. Modern model theory is concerned largely with complete first-order theories, which are completely trivial here.
Hyperclassical Logic (A.K.A. If Logic) and its Implications for Logical Theory
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko
Published: April 2008

Let us assume that you are entrusted by UNESCO with an important task. You are asked to devise a universal logical language, a Begriffsschrift in Frege's sense, which is to serve the purposes of science, business and everyday life. What requirements should such a “conceptual notation” satisfy? There are undoubtedly many relevant desiderata, but here I am focusing on one unmistakable one. In order to be a viable lingua universalis, your language must in any case be capable of representing any possible configuration of dependence and independence between different variables. For if such a configuration is possible in principle, there is no guarantee that it might not one day show up among the natural, human or social phenomena we have to study.

But how are dependencies and independencies between variables expressed in our familiar logical notation? Every logician worth his or her truth-table knows the answer. Dependencies between two variables are expressed by dependencies between the quantifiers to which they are bound. For instance, in

the variable y depends on x, while in

z depends on x but not on y, while u depends on both x and y.

But how is the dependence of a quantifier on another one expressed in familiar logical languages? Obviously by occurring in its scope, indicated by the pair of parentheses following it (cf. here Hintikka [1997]). But the nesting of scopes is a transitive and antisymmetrical relation which allows branching only in one direction. Hence other kinds of structures of dependence and independence between variables are not representable in the received logical notation. Such previously inexpressible structures form the subject matter of what has been referred to as independence-friendly (IF) logic.
Computability-Theoretic Complexity of Countable Structures
Authors: Harizanov Valentina S.
Published: April 2008

Computable model theory, also called effective or recursive model theory, studies algorithmic properties of mathematical structures, their relations, and isomorphisms. These properties can be described syntactically or semantically. One of the major tasks of computable model theory is to obtain, whenever possible, computability-theoretic versions of various classical model-theoretic notions and results. For example, in the 1950's, Fröhlich and Shepherdson realized that the concept of a computable function can make van der Waerden's intuitive notion of anexplicitfield precise. This led to the notion of acomputablestructure. In 1960, Rabin proved that every computable field has a computable algebraic closure. However, not every classical result “effectivizes”. Unlike Vaught's theorem that no complete theory has exactly two nonisomorphic countable models, Millar's and Kudaibergenov's result establishes that there is a complete decidable theory that hasexactly twononisomorphic countable models with computable elementary diagrams. In the 1970's, Metakides and Nerode [58], [59] and Remmel [71], [72], [73] used more advanced methods of computability theory to investigate algorithmic properties of fields, vector spaces, and other mathematical structures.
In vitro culture of Chrysanthemum plantlets using light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kurilčik Anželika , Miklušytė-Čanova Renata , Dapkūnienė Stasė , Žilinskaitė Silva , Kurilčik Genadij , Tamulaitis Gintautas , Duchovskis Pavelas , Žukauskas Artūras
Published: April 2008

Effects of illumination spectrum on the morphogenesis of chrysanthemum plantlets (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Ellen’) grown in vitro were studied using an illumination system consisting of four groups of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the following spectral regions: blue (450nm), red (640nm), red (660nm), and far-red (735nm). Taking into account all differences in shoot height, root length, and fresh and dry weight (FW and DW, respectively), observed while changing the total photon flux density (PFD), the optimal total PFD for growth of chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro was estimated. For 16 h photoperiod and typical fractions of the spectral components (14%, 50%, 28%, and 8%, respectively), the optimal total PFD was found to be 40 µmol m−2 s−1. Our study shows that the blue component in the illumination spectrum inhibits the plantlet extension and formation of roots and simultaneously increases the DW to FW ratio and content of photosynthetic pigments. We demonstrate photomorphogenetic effects in the blue region and its interaction with the fractional PFD of the far-red spectral component. Under constant fractional PFD of the blue component, the root number, length of roots and stems, and fresh weight of the plantlets have a correlated nonmonotonous dependence on the fractional PFD of the far-red component.
Life cycle of Aylax hypecoi (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), a gall inducer on Hypecoum ssp. (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Stojanova Anelia , Draganov Marian
Published: April 2008

The life cycle and developmental stages of Aylax hypecoi (Trotter, 1913, Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aylacini) were studied in detail. Aylax hypecoi is known to induce galls in fruits of two Hypecoum species — H. imberbe and H. geslini (Papaveraceae) and the larva develops in host plant fruits. The morphology and development of egg, larva and pupa were investigated, which has previously not been done. The shape and size of terminal-instar larvae and associated galls are sex-specific. Overwintering stage, adult emergence and flying periods, and egg productivity were studied also.
Effects of linuron and dimethenamid on antioxidant systems in weeds associated with soybean
Authors: Malenčić Djordje , Miladinović Jegor , Popović Milan
Published: April 2008

Changes in antioxidant systems in soybean and associated weeds (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., Convolvulus arvensis L and Sinapis arvensis L.) were studied in relation to treatment with herbicides linuron and dimethenamid in the field experiment. Differences in the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activities were observed in plants after application of herbicide formulation. Quantities of superoxide (O2.-) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total polyphenols content were also determined. In addition to this, potential antioxidant activity of the plant ethanolic extracts were assessed based on the scavenging activity of stable DPPH free radicals. Results obtained suggest that plants investigated 1) expressed different antioxidant systems in response to herbicide treatment; 2) enzymatic and non-enzymatic protective mechanisms were complementary; 3) some weed species showed distinctive and combined activity of several biochemical parameters, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia.
Using geometric and non‐geometric internal evaluators to compare eight vegetation classification methods
Authors: Aho Ken , Roberts David W. , Weaver T.
Published: March 2008

Questions: How similar are solutions of eight commonly used vegetation classification methods? Which classification methods are most effective according to classification validity evaluators? How do evaluators with different optimality criteria differ in their assessments of classification efficacy? In particular, do evaluators which use geometric criteria (e.g. cluster compactness) and non‐geometric evaluators (which rely on diagnostic species) offer similar classification evaluations?

Methods: We analysed classifications of two vegetation data‐sets produced by eight classification methods. Classification solutions were assessed with five geometric and four non‐geometric internal evaluators. We formally introduce three new evaluators: PARTANA, an intuitive variation on evaluators which use the ratio of within/between cluster dissimilarity as the optimality criterion, an adaptation of Morisita's index of niche overlap, and ISAMIC, an algorithm which measures the degree to which species are either always present or always absent within clusters.

Results and Conclusions: 1. With the exception of single linkage hierarchical clustering, classifications resulting from the eight methods were often similar. 2. Although evaluators varied in their assessment of best overall classification method, they generally favored three hierarchical agglomerative clustering strategies: flexible beta (β=– 0.25), average linkage, and Ward's linkage. 3. Among introduced evaluators PARTANA appears to be an effective geometric strategy which provides assessments similar to C‐index and Gamma evaluators. Non‐geometric evaluators ISAMIC and Morisita's index demonstrate a strong bias for single linkage solutions. 4. Because non‐geometric criteria are of interest to phytosociologists there is a strong need for their continued development for use with vegetation classifications.
Landscape context and microenvironment influences on liana communities within treefall gaps
Authors: Malizia Agustina , Grau H. Ricardo
Published: March 2008

Questions:

How do gap aspect, openness, age and gap density in the surroundings affect diversity and composition of lianas within treefall gaps? Are the variation patterns in liana communities within treefall gaps associated with their climbing mechanisms?

Location:

Subtropical montane forests in northwestern Argentina.

Methods:

We used ordination analyses (NMDS) and multiple regressions to describe liana communities (species and climbing groups, stems ≥ 1 cm) in 35 gaps located in a 6‐ha plot and to assess relationships with aspect, canopy and subcanopy openness, age and density of recent (three to eight years old) and old (> 8 years old) gaps.

Results:

Treefall gaps segregated in the ordination diagrams based on their liana species and climbing mechanisms composition: gaps surrounded by a higher density of recent gaps showed higher densities of lianas species using tendrils, spines/hooks and voluble stems. Liana density and richness (independent of stem density) were also positively associated with the density of recent gaps in the surroundings, and negatively associated to gap age. The number of liana species corrected per area was negatively associated to gap aspect and subcanopy openness, and absolute number of liana species was positively associated to gap canopy openness.

Conclusions:

This study integrates the analysis of different factors influencing liana communities within treefall gaps, and shows that spatial context of gap density (a variable largely neglected in previous studies) is particularly important on lianas composition and diversity, probably by increasing propagule input and the availability of small trellises for support.
Understanding the Baby Boom Generation: Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: April 2008

Not available.
Mitochondrial ND5 T12338C, tRNACys T5802C, and tRNAThr G15927A variants may have a modifying role in the phenotypic manifestation of deafness‐associated 12S rRNA A1555G mutation in three Han Chinese pedigrees
Authors: Chen Bobei , Sun Dongmei , Yang Li , Zhang Chuqin , Yang Aifen , Zhu Yi , Zhao Jianyue , Chen Yingying , Guan Minqiang , Wang Xinjian , Li Ronghua , Tang Xiaowen , Wang Jindan , Tao Zhihua , Lu Jianxin , Guan Min‐Xin
Published: April 2008

We report here on the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of three Han Chinese pedigrees with aminoglycoside‐induced and nonsyndromic hearing loss. Clinical evaluation revealed the variable phenotype of hearing impairment including severity, age‐at‐onset, audiometric configuration in these subjects. The penetrance of hearing loss in WZD8, WZD9, and WZD10 pedigrees were 46%, 46%, and 50%, respectively, when aminoglycoside‐induced deafness was included. When the effect of aminoglycosides was excluded, the penetrance of hearing loss in these pedigrees were 23%, 31%, and 37.5%, respectively. Mutational analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes showed the homoplasmic A1555G mutation and distinct sets of mitochondrial DNA variants belonging to haplogroups D4b2b, B5b1, and F2, respectively. Of these, the tRNACys T5802C, tRNAThr A15924C, and ND5 T12338C variants are of special interest as these variants occur at positions which are highly evolutionarily conserved nucleotides of tRNAs or amino acid of polypeptide. These homoplasmic mtDNA variants were absent among 156 unrelated Chinese controls. The T5802C and G15927A variants disrupted a highly conserved A‐U or C‐G base‐pairing at the anticodon‐stem of tRNACys or tRNAThr, while the ND5 T12338C mutation resulted in the replacement of the translation‐initiating methionine with a threonine, and also located in two nucleotides adjacent to the 3′ end of the tRNALeu(CUN). Thus, mitochondrial dysfunctions, caused by the A1555G mutation, would be worsened by these mtDNA variants. Therefore, these mtDNA mutations may have a potential modifier role in increasing the penetrance and expressivity of the deafness‐associated 12S rRNA A1555G mutation in those Chinese pedigrees. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenetics of parkinsonism, rigidity, rest tremor, and bradykinesia in African‐Caribbean inpatients: Differences in association with dopamine and serotonin receptors
Authors: Al Hadithy Asmar F. , Wilffert Bob , Stewart Roy E. , Looman Nicole M. , Bruggeman Richard , Brouwers Jacobus R. , Matroos Glenn E. , van Os Jim , Hoek Hans W. , van Harten Peter N.
Published: April 2008

We studied the association between polymorphisms of genes coding for dopamine D2 (DRD2), dopamine D3 (DRD3), serotonin 2a (HTR2A), and serotonin 2c (HTR2C) receptors and Antipsychotic‐Induced Parkinsonism (AIP), rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor in African‐Caribbeans treated with antipsychotics. Polymorphisms of DRD2 (‐141CIns/Del, TaqIA, 957C > T), DRD3 (Ser9Gly), HTR2A (‐1438A > G, 102T > C, His452Tyr), and HTR2C (‐759C > T, Cys23Ser) genes were determined according to standard protocols. The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale was used for the measurement of AIP, rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor. Chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests were applied for the association analyses. The t‐test was applied for continuous data. Ninety nine males and 27 females met the inclusion criteria (Schizophr Res 1996, 19:195). In males, but not in females, there were significant associations between ‐141CDel‐allele carriership (DRD2) and rigidity (Fisher's Exact Test: P = 0.021) and between 23Ser‐allele carriership (HTR2C) and bradykinesia (P = 0.026, χ2 = 5.0) or AIP (P = 0.008, χ2 = 7.1). Rest‐tremor was not associated with any of the polymorphisms studied. Analyses of the age, chlorpromazine equivalents, benztropine equivalents, the number of patients using anticholinergic medication, and the utilization patterns of the antipsychotic medication did not show statistically significant differences between patients with and without AIP, rigidity, bradykinesia, rest‐tremor. Conducting the analysis without gender stratification did not affect our findings considerably, except for the association between bradykinesia and 23Ser‐allele which failed to reach statistical significance in the total sample (P = 0.0646, χ2 = 3.41). Since AIPs subsymptoms (rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor) may differ pharmacogenetically, our data strongly support symptom‐specific analysis of AIP. However, further research is warranted to confirm our findings. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QSAR Study on Dual 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B Antagonists: An Insight into the Structural Requirement for Antidepressant Activity
Authors: Dessalew Nigus
Published: April 2008

The 5‐HT autoreceptors have received considerable attention as potential targets for the development of antidepressants. With the purpose of designing new chemical entities with enhanced antagonist potencies against 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B, a QSAR study carried out on thienopyrimidinone derivatives as antagonists of serotonin autoreceptors is presented. The developed models were validated by standard QSAR parameters and through a detailed structural analysis on how the QSARs reproduce and explain the differences in the experimentally known activity data. The developed models showed a good correlative and predictive ability having a squared cross validated correlation co‐efficients (r2cv) of 0.780 for 5‐HT1A and 0.638 5‐HT1B antagonism. The squared conventional correlation co‐efficients (r2) were found to be 0.824 for the 5‐HT1A model and 0.745 for 5‐HT1B antagonism. The study indicated that the 5‐HT autoreceptor antagonistic activity exhibited by the series is largely explained by steric factors of substituents which underline the role of size and shape of thienopyrimidinones in making effective antagonist‐autoreceptor interaction chemistry. A detailed comparative investigation was made between the two models and the insights gleaned from the study could be usefully employed to design dual antagonists with a much more enhanced potency and selectivity.
Predicting sporulation events in a bioreactor using an electronic nose
Authors: Clemente J.J. , Monteiro S.M.S. , Carrondo M.J.T. , Cunha A.E.
Published: April 2008

An electronic nose (EN) based on a non‐ specific multi‐sensor array was used to accurately estimate sporulation events and the spore concentration of Bacillus subtilis cultures. The array included 6 metal oxide sensors (MOS), 10 metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), one CO2 infrared sensor and one humidity sensor. The EN was used to monitor the gas emissions from B. subtilis bioreactions during both batch and fed‐batch operation. The signal pattern produced by the sensors was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and training cultivations were used to build a model. The arc length of the PCA trajectories was successfully correlated to the off‐line spore count; a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.992) between the numerical integration of the curves and the measured spore concentration was established. The fast responses of the sensors in combination with the robust correlation with the off‐line determination of spore concentration establish this EN device as a convenient tool for monitoring sporulation events in bioprocesses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 545–552. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of diauxic lag in continuous culture
Authors: Lee Dong‐Uk , Woo Sung‐Hoon , Svoronos Spyros , Koopman Ben
Published: April 2008

A procedure was developed to characterize diauxic lag of bacteria switching between electron acceptors in continuous culture. In this procedure, a virtual batch growth curve is developed by integrating the time‐dependent net specific growth rates of bacteria observed under continuous flow conditions. The length of diauxic lag and the highest net specific growth rate following lag are conveniently estimated from the virtual batch curve. The procedure was found to give reproducible diauxic lag lengths and highest net specific growth rates when applied to experimental data from replicate continuous culture trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 642–646. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of sentinel node biopsy in ductal carcinomain situof the breast
Authors: Ansari B , Ogston S A , Purdie C A , Adamson D J , Brown D C , Thompson A M
Published: April 2008

Background

The need for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is debated. Advocates recommend such biopsy based on a high incidence of SLN involvement in some series. Opponents discourage SLN biopsy based on a perceived low incidence of nodal involvement in this setting. These contradictory arguments are generally based on small studies. The present study is a meta-analysis of the reported data on the incidence of SLN metastasis in patients with DCIS.

Methods

A search of electronic databases identified studies reporting the frequency of SLN metastases in DCIS. The random-effects method was used to combine data.

Results

Twenty-two published series were included in the meta-analysis. The estimate for the incidence of SLN metastases in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS was 7·4 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 6·2 to 8·9) per cent compared with 3·7 (95 per cent c.i. 2·8 to 4·8) per cent in patients with a definitive (postoperative) diagnosis of DCIS alone. This was a significant difference with an odds ratio of 2·11 (95 per cent c.i. 1·15 to 2·93).

Conclusion

Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS should be considered for SLN biopsy.
Rejuvenate an old Tinius Olsen machine with computer data acquisition using its existing hardware and LabVIEW
Authors: Zhao J. , Abu‐Mulaweh H. I.
Published: April 2008

An innovative approach to integrate computer data acquisition to an old Tinius Olsen machine is described. The upgrade utilized the existing hardware of the Tinius Olsen machine and National Instruments data acquisition hardware and LabVIEW software. A potentiometer that is geared to the dial servo gives the signal for load applied, while an LVDT based extensometer provides the signal for elongation of the specimen. The potentiometer output and the extensometer output were first calibrated against the load and elongation, respectively. These two signals were then hooked up directly to the data acquisition hardware and a LabVIEW program was written to process the signals and generate the real time stress‐strain curve. The data can also be stored in a computer file for later processing of the stress‐strain curve. The upgrade of this machine used pre‐existing equipments and was accomplished with zero cost to the engineering department at Indiana University‐Purdue University Fort Wayne. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 165–171, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20136
An Iminoboronate Construction Set for Subcomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Hutin Marie , Bernardinelli Gérald , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: April 2008

Recently we have demonstrated a series of systems in which complex structures were created from simple amine and aldehyde subcomponents by copper(I)‐templated imine bond formation. We describe herein the extension of this “subcomponent self‐assembly” concept to the generation of structures based upon the iminoboronate ester motif. Equimolar amounts of diol, amine, and 2‐formylphenylboronic acid reacted by reversible BO and CN bond formation to generate iminoboronate esters, as has recently been reported by James et al. (Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 609–612). The extent of ester formation was shown to depend upon a number of factors. The exploration of these factors allowed rules and predictions to be formulated governing the self‐assembly process. These rules allowed the construction of more complex structures containing multiple boron atoms, including a trigonal cage containing six boron centers, as well as pointing the way to the construction of yet more intricate architectures. The lability of the BO and CN bonds also allowed different diol and amine subcomponents to be substituted within these structures. Selection rules were also determined for these substitution reactions, allowing the products to be predicted based upon the electronic properties of the diols and diamines employed. These results thus demonstrate the generality of the subcomponent self‐assembly methodology through its application to a new dynamic covalent system.
Hearing in a diurnal, mute butterfly,Morpho peleides(Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae)
Authors: Lane Karla A. , Lucas Kathleen M. , Yack Jayne E.
Published: April 2008

Butterflies use visual and chemical cues when interacting with their environment, but the role of hearing is poorly understood in these insects. Nymphalidae (brush‐footed) butterflies occur worldwide in almost all habitats and continents, and comprise more than 6,000 species. In many species a unique forewing structure—Vogel's organ—is thought to function as an ear. At present, however, there is little experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. We studied the functional organization of Vogel's organ in the common blue morpho butterfly,Morpho peleides, which represents the majority of Nymphalidae in that it is diurnal and does not produce sounds. Our results confirm that Vogel's organ possesses the morphological and physiological characteristics of a typical insect tympanal ear. The tympanum has an oval‐shaped outer membrane and a convex inner membrane. Associated with the inner surface of the tympanum are three chordotonal organs, each containing 10–20 scolopidia. Extracellular recordings from the auditory nerve show that Vogel's organ is most sensitive to sounds between 2‐4 kHz at median thresholds of 58 dB SPL. Most butterfly species that possess Vogel's organ are diurnal, and mute, so bat detection and conspecific communication can be ruled out as roles for hearing. We hypothesize that Vogel's organs in butterflies such asM. peleideshave evolved to detect flight sounds of predatory birds. The evolution and taxonomic distribution of butterfly hearing organs are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:677–686, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Eulerian moving front algorithm with weak‐form tip asymptotics for modeling hydraulically driven fractures
Authors: Peirce Anthony , Detournay Emmanuel
Published: April 2008

The coupled equations for a propagating hydraulic fracture (HF) exhibit a multi‐scale structure for which resolution on all length scales becomes computationally prohibitive. Asymptotic analysis is able to identify the dominant physical process active at the computational length scale. This paper describes a novel algorithm that uses weak‐form tip asymptotics on a rectangular Eulerian mesh to solve the problem of a propagating HF. The location of the fracture front is determined within each tip element by matching the volume associated with the known asymptotic solution to the flux of fluid into the given element. Even if the fracture front is curved, the algorithm is able to capture the solution on a relatively coarse rectangular mesh by implementing a weak form of the tip asymptotic solution, based on averaging the volume over a tip element to determine the fracture widths at tip element centers. The fracture is divided into a ‘channel’ region made up of elements that are filled with fluid and a ‘tip’ region comprising partially filled elements. An iterative procedure is used to determine the fracture widths and fluid pressures in the channel region and the fracture font locations in the tip regions. The algorithm is tested by analyzing an HF propagating in a viscosity‐dominated regime within an impermeable homogeneous elastic material for which a similarity solution is available. The numerical results show close agreement with the exact solution even though a relatively coarse mesh is used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On large deformation hyperelasto‐plasticity of anisotropic materials
Authors: Jeremić Boris , Cheng Zhao
Published: April 2008

The main goal of this paper is to bring forward and explore the issue of constitutive integrations in large deformation regime for anisotropic hyperelasto‐plastic material models. Of particular interest is the appropriate treatment of cases with non‐coaxiality of principal stress and its conjugate hyperelastic strain. The non‐coaxiality can result from hyperelastic anisotropy, anisotropic flow directions or anisotropic yield function. In addition to discussing issues related to non‐coaxiality, a constitutive integration algorithm is presented in some detail that is designed to be applicable to anisotropic non‐coaxial (as well as to isotropic) hyperelastic–plastic solids. A numerical example is used to illustrate the problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel large value ac capacitor using two dc capacitors
Authors: Mahanty R.
Published: April 2008

The paper proposes a novel power electronic circuit to realize bipolar ac capacitor using two unipolar dc capacitors. Experiments are successfully carried out to verify the validity of the proposed circuit. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pushing the envelope: Developmental regulation by the nuclear lamina
Authors: Kiefer Julie C.
Published: April 2008

A surprising realization in recent years was that proteins of the nuclear lamina directly regulate gene expression and cell differentiation. Presented here are examples that highlight the diverse roles these proteins can inhabit. Accompanying the primer is a discussion of current topics in the field with nuclear lamina experts Colin Stewart, Ph.D., and Yosef Gruenbaum, Ph.D. Developmental Dynamics 237:1526‐1533, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation of the decoy bone morphogenetic protein receptor BAMBI in the developing avian face
Authors: Higashihori Norihisa , Song Yiping , Richman Joy M.
Published: April 2008

Here, we examine the expression and regulation of the gene BAMBI, a kinase‐deficient decoy receptor capable of interacting with type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors in avian embryos. Initially, expression was limited to the endoderm during neurula and pharyngula stages. From embryonic day 3.5 (stage 20) and onward, BAMBI expression almost perfectly overlapped with known expression patterns for BMP4, particularly in the face and limbs. We performed bead implant experiments in the face to see which signals could be repressing or promoting expression of BAMBI. Our data point to retinoids and BMPs as being major positive regulators of BAMBI expression; however, fibroblast growth factor 2 acts to repress BAMBI. Furthermore, retinoic acid is likely to act directly on BAMBI as induction occurs in the presence of cycloheximide. The data suggested that BAMBI could be used to regulate Bmp signaling during tissue interactions that are an integral part of facial morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:1500‐1508, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human Thy‐1 induces secretion of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and CXCL8 from human neutrophils
Authors: Saalbach Anja , Arnhold Jürgen , Leßig Jacqueline , Simon Jan C. , Anderegg Ulf
Published: April 2008

Neutrophils are the first cells arriving at sites of acute inflammation. On their way from blood to the site of inflammation, neutrophils have to adhere to endothelial cells (EC), to transverse the basement membrane and subsequently to travel through the interstitial matrix. Recently, we have shown that human Thy‐1 is an alternate EC receptor for the leukocyte integrin Mac‐1 that contributes to leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation, providing a new pathway for adhesion and transmigration of neutrophils. Here, we studied the effect of Thy‐1‐mediated adhesion on neutrophil functions. Binding of neutrophils to recombinant human Thy‐1 stimulated the release of MMP‐9 from neutrophils, resulting in their enhanced migration through collagen‐IV and matrigel. Further, we showed that neutrophil interaction with Thy‐1 stimulated secretion of CXCL8 and thus could support the attraction of additional neutrophils to inflammatory sites. Blocking experiments confirmed the pivotal roles of Thy‐1 on activated dermal EC or fibroblasts and its counter receptor CD18 on neutrophils for the regulation of MMP‐9 and CXCL8 release from neutrophils. Our results support the general concept that the function of ‘adhesion molecules’ in particular of human Thy‐1, may not only be to provide mechanical support but also regulate neutrophil functions.
Interleukin‐10‐induced MARCH1 mediates intracellular sequestration of MHC class II in monocytes
Authors: Thibodeau Jacques , Bourgeois‐Daigneault Marie‐Claude , Huppé Gabrielle , Tremblay Jessy , Aumont Angélique , Houde Mathieu , Bartee Eric , Brunet Alexandre , Gauvreau Marie‐Elaine , de Gassart Aude , Gatti Evelina , Baril Martin , Cloutier Maryse , Bontron Séverine , Früh Klaus , Lamarre Daniel , Steimle Viktor
Published: April 2008

IL‐10 is a potent anti‐inflammatory cytokine interfering with antigen presentation by inducing the intracellular sequestration of MHC class II (MHC‐II) molecules. Here we studied the contribution of membrane‐associated RING‐CH (MARCH) ubiquitin ligase family members to the IL‐10‐induced down‐regulation of MHC‐II molecules. We found that MARCH1 and MARCH8 proteins are the most potent family members for the down‐regulation of MHC‐II surface expression in transfected cells, but only MARCH1 mRNA expression is strongly induced by IL‐10 in human primary monocytes. We detected mono‐ and poly‐ubiquitinated forms of MHC‐II molecules both in IL‐10‐treated monocytes and in cells transfected with MARCH1. We also show direct interaction between MHC‐II and MARCH1 molecules in co‐immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, we found that siRNA‐mediated knockdown of MARCH1 reverses IL‐10‐induced MHC‐II down‐regulation in primary monocytes. Thus, the immunosuppressive effect of IL‐10 on antigen presentation is mediated through induced expression of MARCH1.
Nanoparticles target distinct dendritic cell populations according to their size
Authors: Manolova Vania , Flace Anna , Bauer Monika , Schwarz Katrin , Saudan Philippe , Bachmann Martin F.
Published: April 2008

The efficiency of a vaccine largely depends on the appropriate targeting of the innate immune system, mainly through prolonged delivery of antigens and immunomodulatory substances to professional antigen‐presenting cells in the lymphoid environment. Particulate antigens, such as virus‐like particles (VLP) induce potent immune responses. However, little is known about the relative importance of direct drainage of free antigen to lymph nodes (LN) versus cellular transport and the impact of particle size on the process. Here, we show that nanoparticles traffic to the draining LN in a size‐dependent manner. Whereas large particles (500–2000 nm) were mostly associated with dendritic cells (DC) from the injection site, small (20–200 nm) nanoparticles and VLP (30 nm) were also found in LN‐resident DC and macrophages, suggesting free drainage of these particles to the LN. In vivo imaging studies in mice conditionally depleted of DC confirmed the capacity of small but not large particles to drain freely to the LN and demonstrated that DC are strictly required for transport of large particles from the injection site to the LN. These data provide evidence that particle size determines the mechanism of trafficking to the LN and show that only small nanoparticles can specifically target LN‐resident cells.