bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The parables of Jesus as critique on food security systems for vulnerable households in urban townships
Authors: Van Eck Ernest , Mashinini Meshack Mandla
Published: August 2016

A recent empirical study on food shortage in South African urban townships indicates thatfood shortage embodies multi-faceted aspects with broader social implications, such as thesense of personal dignity, the ability to openly associate with others and a loss of self-identity.It is argued that the parables of Jesus, when read as symbols of social transformation, providea critique on food insecurity systems in urban townships. It is proposed that the parables ofJesus serve as the conduits for a societal and perhaps ecclesial reorientation with regard to theconditions of hunger, in the light of the vision and values of the kingdom of God.
Concrete evidence of change (Mt 3:1–12; Lk 3:8–14): The prophetic challenge of the Church to civil governance
Authors: Folarin George Olufemi , Folarin Comfort
Published: August 2016

Democracy is not just about governing by the majority, but also respect and protection of the right of the weak and the minority. The tendency in any government is that the rights of the weak and the minority are denied them and their members are marginalised. In such a situation, what is the role expected of the church which perceives itself to be the mouth-piece of God to checkmate the abuse and promote the positive use of governance for the good of all? In this article, ‘John the Baptist’s ministry’ is used as the springboard for this paper. Grammatical exegesis is adopted to study Matthew 3:1–2 and Luke 3:8–14. The paper integrates the message of John the Baptist in the context of the contemporary democratic experience in such a way that the prophetic voice of the church is heard afresh.
Believing in God the Father: Interpreting a phrase from the Apostle’s Creed
Authors: Sarot Marcel
Published: August 2016

In our days, the creedal phrase ‘I believe in God the Father almighty’ is interpreted primarilyalong Trinitarian lines: It is applied to God as the Father of Jesus Christ. Here I argue that ithas a dual background: in Jesus’ prayer practice, in which He consistently addressed God as‘Father’, and in the Hellenistic habit of referring to the Creator as ‘Father’. I discuss Jesus’ useof the term ‘Father’ against its Old Testament background, and argue that it primarily pointsto the intimacy of Jesus’ relationship with His father. Against the Hellenistic background,however, the metaphor ‘Father’ means ‘he who brings forth effortlessly’. Finally, I discusssome gender issues connected with the use of the term ‘Father’ for God.
Why cannot the term development just be dropped altogether? Some reflections on the concept of maturation as alternative to development discourse
Authors: Conradie Ernst M.
Published: August 2016

This contribution is aimed at some provocation by questioning the basic assumptions ofcurrent development discourse (also in the context of religion and theology). It asks forconceptual clarification and differentiation on the meaning of various process terms. It needsto be recognised that the word development remains a metaphor than can indeed be extendedbut can also become over-extended and ossified. The concept of development is then contrastedwith the process of maturation. It is argued that the concept of maturation is, (1) better able toindicate the final goal of the process than most other process terms, (2) recognises inherentlimitations and (3) follows natural cycles better than exponential growth, sustaineddevelopment or endless progress.
Low Doses of Cisplatin Induce Gene Alterations, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Velma Venkatramreddy , Dasari Shaloam R. , Tchounwou Paul B.
Published: August 2016

Cisplatin is a known antitumor drug, but its mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. In this research, we studied the anticancer potential of cisplatin at doses of 1, 2, or 3 μM using HL-60 cells as a test model. We investigated cisplatin effects at the molecular level using RNA sequencing, cell cycle analysis, and apoptotic assay after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of treatment. The results show that many genes responsible for molecular and cellular functions were significantly altered. Cisplatin treatment also caused the cells to be arrested at the DNA synthesis phase, and as the time increases, the cells gradually accumulated at the sub-G1 phase. Also, as the dose increases, a significant number of cells entered into the apoptotic and necrotic stages. Altogether, the data show that low doses of cisplatin significantly impact the viability of HL-60 cells, through modulation of gene expression, cell cycle, and apoptosis.
Benefits of a Culturally Tailored Health Promotion Program for Latino Youth With Disabilities and Their Families
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Hoisington Molly , Orozco Alexander Agudelo , Arias Dalmina , Garcia Claudia , Smith Kayla , Bonner Briana
Published: August 2016

Little research is available about youth with disabilities, who experience numerous inequalities in health outcomes compared with youth without disabilities. Youth with disabilities experience many environmental and attitudinal barriers in maintaining healthy lifestyles, which put them at risk for obesity. Strong evidence has suggested that obesity rates are higher among youth with disabilities than among their nondisabled peers. The purpose of this study was to implement and examine the benefits of a culturally tailored healthy lifestyles program for Latino youth with disabilities and their families. Several cultural adaptations were made to align with the target population’s cultural norms. Seventeen Latino families identified 67 behaviors they wanted to change or new habits they wanted to establish. The postassessment data showed that several family routines improved, and families reported engaging in many of the healthy habits they had identified for themselves. Implications of culturally appropriate and accessible programming are discussed.
Spatial and temporal variability of urban fluxes of methane, carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide above London, UK
Authors: Helfter Carole , Tremper Anja H. , Halios Christoforos H. , Kotthaus Simone , Bjorkegren Alex , Grimmond C. Sue B. , Barlow Janet F. , Nemitz Eiko
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We report on more than 3 years of measurements of fluxes of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) taken by eddy-covariance in central London, UK. Mean annual emissions of CO2 in the period 2012–2014 (39.1 ± 2.4 ktons km−2 yr−1) and CO (89 ± 16 tons km−2 yr−1) were consistent (within 1 and 5 % respectively) with values from the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, but measured CH4 emissions (72 ± 3 tons km−2 yr−1) were over two-fold larger than the inventory value. Seasonal variability was large for CO with a winter to summer reduction of 69 %, and monthly fluxes were strongly anti-correlated with mean air temperature. The winter increment in CO emissions was attributed mainly to vehicle cold starts and reduced fuel combustion efficiency. CO2 fluxes were 33 % higher in winter than in summer and anti-correlated with mean air temperature, albeit to a lesser extent than for CO. This was attributed to an increased demand for natural gas for heating during the winter. CH4 fluxes exhibited moderate seasonality (21 % larger in winter), and a spatially variable linear anti-correlation with air temperature. Differences in resident population within the flux footprint explained up to 90 % of the spatial variability of the annual CO2 fluxes and up to 99 % for CH4. Furthermore, we suggest that biogenic sources of CH4, such as wastewater, which is unaccounted for by the atmospheric emissions inventories, make a substantial contribution to the overall budget and that commuting dynamics in and out of central business districts could explain some of the spatial and temporal variability of CO2 and CH4 emissions. To our knowledge, this study is unique given the length of the data sets presented, especially for CO and CH4 fluxes. This study offers an independent assessment of "bottom-up" emissions inventories and demonstrates that the urban sources of CO and CO2 are well characterized in London. This is however not the case for CH4 emissions which are heavily underestimated by the inventory approach. Our results and others point to opportunities in the UK and abroad to identify and quantify the "missing" sources of urban methane, revise the methodologies of the emission inventories and devise emission reduction strategies for this potent greenhouse gas.
Diffusion coefficients of organic molecules in sucrose-water solutions and comparison with Stokes–Einstein predictions
Authors: Chenyakin Yuri , Ullmann Dagny A. , Evoy Erin , Renbaum-Wolff Lindsay , Kamal Saeid , Bertram Allan K.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Diffusion coefficients of organic species in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are needed to predict the growth and reactivity of these particles in the atmosphere. Previously, viscosity measurements along with the Stokes–Einstein relation have been used to estimate diffusion rates of organics within SOA particles or proxies of SOA particles. To test the Stokes–Einstein relation, we have measured the diffusion coefficients of three fluorescent organic dyes (fluorescein, Rhodamine 6G and calcein) within sucrose-water solutions with varying water activity. Sucrose-water solutions are used as a proxy for SOA material found in the atmosphere. Diffusion coefficients were measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. For the three dyes studied the diffusion coefficients varies by 5–7 orders of magnitude as the water activity varied from 0.38 to 0.88, illustrating the sensitivity of the diffusion coefficients to the water content in the matrix. At the lowest water activity studied (0.38) the average diffusion coefficients were 1.8 × 10−5, 1.6 × 10−6 and 7.6 × 10−6 µm2 s−1 for fluorescein, Rhodamine 6G and calcein, respectively. The measured diffusion coefficients were compared with predictions made using literature viscosities and the Stokes–Einstein relation. We found that at a water activity ≥ 0.6 (which corresponds to a viscosity ≤ 360 Pa s and Tg/T ≤ 0.81) predicted diffusion rates agreed with measured diffusion rates within the experimental uncertainty. (Tg represents the glass transition temperature and T is the temperature of the measurements). When the water activity was 0.38 (which corresponds to a viscosity of 3.3 × 106 Pa s and a Tg/T of 0.94) the Stokes–Einstein relation under-predicted the diffusion coefficients of fluorescein, Rhodamine 6G and calcein by a factor of 95 (minimum 7 and maximum of 980), a factor of 17 (minimum 1 and maximum 165) and a factor of 56 (minimum 7 and maximum 465), respectively. The observed disagreement is significantly smaller than the disagreement observed when comparing measured and predicted diffusion coefficients of water in sucrose-water mixtures.
Satellite-derived methane hotspot emission estimates using a fast data-driven method
Authors: Buchwitz Michael , Schneising Oliver , Reuter Maximilian , Heymann Jens , Krautwurst Sven , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. , Boesch Hartmut , Parker Robert J. , Detmers Rob G. , Hasekamp Otto P. , Aben Ilse , Butz André , Frankenberg Christian
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Methane is an important atmospheric greenhouse gas and an adequate understanding of its emission sources is needed for climate change assessments, predictions and the development and verification of emission mitigation strategies. Satellite retrievals of near-surface-sensitive column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of atmospheric methane, i.e., XCH4, can be used to quantify methane emissions. Here we present a simple and fast method to estimate emissions of methane hotspots from satellite-derived XCH4 maps. We apply this method to an ensemble of XCH4 data products consisting of two products from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and two products from TANSO-FTS/GOSAT covering the time period 2003–2014. We obtain annual emissions of the source areas Four Corners in the southwestern USA, for the southern part of Central Valley, California, and for Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. We find that our estimated emissions are in good agreement with independently derived estimates for Four Corners and Azerbaijan. For the Central Valley and Turkmenistan our estimated annual emissions are higher compared to the EDGAR v4.2 anthropogenic emission inventory. For Turkmenistan we find on average about 50 % higher emissions with our annual emission uncertainty estimates overlapping with the EDGAR emissions. For the region around Bakersfield in the Central Valley we find a factor of 6–9 higher emissions compared to EDGAR albeit with large uncertainty. Major methane emission sources in this region are oil/gas and livestock. Our findings corroborate recently published studies based on aircraft and satellite measurements and new bottom-up estimates reporting significantly underestimated methane emissions of oil/gas and/or livestock in this area in inventories.
A European-wide 222Radon and 222Radon progeny comparison study
Authors: Schmithüsen Dominik , Chambers Scott , Fischer Bernd , Gilge Stefan , Hatakka Juha , Kazan Victor , Neubert Rolf , Paatero Jussi , Ramonet Michel , Schlosser Clemens , Schmid Sabine , Vermeulen Alex , Levin Ingeborg
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A European-wide 222Radon/222Radon progeny comparison study has been conducted in order to determine correction factors that could be applied to existing atmospheric 222Radon data sets for quantitative use of this tracer in atmospheric transport model validation. Two compact and easy-to-transport Heidelberg Radon Monitors (HRM) were moved around to run for at least one month at each of the nine European measurement stations that were included in the comparison. Linear regressions between parallel data sets were calculated, yielding correction factors relative to the HRM ranging from 0.68 to 1.45. A calibration bias between ANSTO (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation) two-filter radon monitors and the HRM of ANSTO/HRM = 1.11 ± 0.05 was found. For continental stations, which use one-filter systems, preliminary 214Po/222Rn disequilibrium values were estimated to lie between 0.8 at mountain stations (e.g. Schauinsland) and 0.9 at non-mountain sites for sampling heights around 20 to 30 m above ground level. Respective corrections need to be applied to obtain a consistent European 222Radon data set for further applications.
Improved GOMOS/Envisat ozone retrievals in the upper
troposphere and the lower stratosphere
Authors: Sofieva Viktoria F. , Ialongo Iolanda , Hakkarainen Janne , Kyrölä Erkki , Tamminen Johanna , Laine Marko , Hauchecorne Alain , Dalaudier Francis , Bertaux Jean-Loup , Fussen Didier , Blanot Laurent , Barrot Gilbert , Dehn Angelika
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) on board Envisat has performed about 440 000 night-time occultations during 2002–2012. Self-calibrating measurement principle, good vertical resolution, excellent pointing accuracy and the wide vertical range from the troposphere up to the lower thermosphere make GOMOS profiles interesting for different analyses. The GOMOS ozone data are of high quality in the stratosphere and the mesosphere, but the current operational retrieval algorithm (IPF v.6) is not optimized for retrievals in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS). In particular, validation of GOMOS profiles against ozonesonde data has revealed a substantial positive bias (up to 100 %) in the UTLS region. The retrievals in the UTLS are challenging because of low signal-to-noise ratio and the presence of clouds. In this work, we discuss the reasons for the systematic uncertainties in the UTLS with the IPF v.6 algorithm or its modifications based on simultaneous retrievals of several constituents using the full visible wavelength range. The main reason is high sensitivity of the UTLS retrieval algorithms to an assumed aerosol extinction model. We have developed a new aerosol–insensitive ozone profile inversion algorithm for GOMOS data in the UTLS using a DOAS-type method at visible wavelengths. The method uses minimal assumptions about the atmospheric profiles. The ozone retrievals in the whole altitude range from the troposphere to the lower thermosphere are performed in two steps, as in the operational algorithm: spectral inversion followed by the vertical inversion. The horizontal column ozone densities retrieved in the spectral inversion follow V6 profiles in the middle atmosphere and follow the triplet ozone profiles in the UTLS. The vertical inversion is performed as in IPF v6 with the Tikhonov-type regularization according to the target resolution. The validation of new retrieved ozone profiles with ozonesondes show dramatic reduction of GOMOS ozone biases in the UTLS. The new GOMOS ozone profiles are also in a very good agreement with measurements by MIPAS, ACE-FTS and OSIRIS satellite instruments in the UTLS. It is also shown that the known geophysical phenomena in the UTLS ozone are well reproduced with the new GOMOS data.
Ground-based lidar and microwave radiometry synergy for high vertical resolution absolute humidity profiling
Authors: Barrera-Verdejo María , Crewell Susanne , Löhnert Ulrich , Orlandi Emiliano , Di Girolamo Paolo
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric humidity profiles is important for many applications, e.g., assessment of atmospheric stability and cloud formation. Nowadays there are a wide variety of ground-based sensors for atmospheric humidity profiling. Unfortunately there is no single instrument able to provide a measurement with complete vertical coverage, high vertical and temporal resolution and good performance under all weather conditions, simultaneously. For example, Raman lidar (RL) measurements can provide water vapor with a high vertical resolution, albeit with limited vertical coverage, due to sunlight contamination and the presence of clouds. Microwave radiometers (MWRs) receive water vapor information throughout the troposphere, though their vertical resolution is poor. In this work, we present an MWR and RL system synergy, which aims to overcome the specific sensor limitations. The retrieval algorithm combining these two instruments is an optimal estimation method (OEM), which allows for an uncertainty analysis of the retrieved profiles. The OEM combines measurements and a priori information, taking the uncertainty of both into account. The measurement vector consists of a set of MWR brightness temperatures and RL water vapor profiles. The method is applied to a 2-month field campaign around Jülich (Germany), focusing on clear sky periods. Different experiments are performed to analyze the improvements achieved via the synergy compared to the individual retrievals. When applying the combined retrieval, on average the theoretically determined absolute humidity uncertainty is reduced above the last usable lidar range by a factor of  ∼  2 with respect to the case where only RL measurements are used. The analysis in terms of degrees of freedom per signal reveal that most information is gained above the usable lidar range, especially important during daytime when the lidar vertical coverage is limited. The retrieved profiles are further evaluated using radiosounding and Global Position Satellite (GPS) water vapor measurements. In general, the benefit of the sensor combination is especially strong in regions where Raman lidar data are not available (i.e., blind regions, regions characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio), whereas if both instruments are available, RL dominates the retrieval. In the future, the method will be extended to cloudy conditions, when the impact of the MWR becomes stronger.
Reviews and syntheses: Hidden Forests, the role of vegetated coastal habitats
on the ocean carbon budget
Authors: Duarte Carlos M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Vegetated coastal habitats, including seagrass and macroalgal beds, mangrove forests and salt-marshes, form highly productive ecosystems, but their contribution to the global carbon budget remains overlooked and these forests remain “hidden” in representations of the global carbon budget. Despite being confined to a narrow belt around the shoreline of the world’s oceans, where they cover less than 7 million km2, vegetated coastal habitats support about 10 % of the global marine net primary production, and generate a large organic carbon surplus, of about 40 % of their NPP, which is either buried in sediments within these habitats or exported away. Large, 10-fold uncertainties in the area covered by vegetated coastal habitats, along with variability about carbon flux estimates, result in a 10-fold bracket around the estimates of their contribution to organic carbon sequestration in sediments and the deep sea from 73 Tg C year−1 to 866 Tg C year−1 , representing up to 1/3 of the biological CO2 removal by marine biota. Up to 1/2 of this carbon sequestration occurs in sink reservoirs (sediments or the deep sea) beyond these habitats. The organic carbon exported that does not reach depositional sites subsidizes the metabolism of heterotrophic organisms. In addition to their significant contribution to organic carbon production and sequestration, vegetated coastal habitats contribute as much to carbonate accumulation as coral reefs do. Whereas globally-relevant, the magnitude of global carbon fluxes supported by salt-marsh, mangrove, seagrass and macroalgal habitats is declining due to rapid habitat loss, contributing to loss of CO2 sequestration, storage capacity and carbon subsidies. Incorporating the carbon fluxes vegetated coastal habitats support into depictions of the carbon budget of the global ocean and its perturbations will improve current representations of the carbon budget of the global ocean.
Mixing space: affinitive practice and the insurgent potential of food
Authors: Coles Benjamin
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Recent debate in human geography has challenged the problematic "alternative"/"conventional" duality that characterises contemporary food provision. Within this binary, alternative food networks and initiatives (AFIs and AFNs) are positioned in opposition to more conventional, agri-capitalist modes of food production and distribution. Framing food around materially, discursively and spatially distinct, albeit relational, geographies not only reinforces this binary but also reaffirms the hegemony of agri-capitalism that alternative provision seeks to undo. Focusing on examples of artisanal and industrial bread production in the UK and the USA, this paper challenges such ontological framings. Drawing from conceptual insights into diverse economies and alternative economic spaces (e.g. Gibson-Graham, 1996:2004; Lee and Leyshon, 2003) and adopting an integrative approach to practice (Shove and Pantzar, 2005; Hand and Shove, 2007), this paper examines the practices that constitute artisanal and industrial baking. Specifically, it focuses on the ways in which embodied practices constitute the spaces of production for such foods. While acknowledging the considerable distances between the geographies that circumscribe these alternative and conventional foods, this paper argues that practices of food production narrow these distances, thereby destabilising the alternative/conventional binary. The geographies of food may mobilise an array of places, materials and ideologies, which are suggestive of two opposing systems of food provision, but practices of food production reveal an array of marginal spaces that challenge this. By reorienting critical attention onto these marginal spaces, the differences between artisanal and conventional food become blurred – and the affinities produced through normalised discourses and materialities of food are contested, resisted and disrupted. I argue these spaces are insurgent and that they come together through affinitive practices, which result in the potential for radical change within food provision.
CPMIP: Measurements of Real Computational Performance of Earth System Models
Authors: Balaji V. , Maisonnave E. , Zadeh N. , Lawrence B. N. , Biercamp J. , Fladrich U. , Aloisio G. , Benson R. , Caubel A. , Durachta J. , Foujols M.-A. , Lister G. , Mocavero S. , Underwood S. , Wright G.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A climate model represents a multitude of processes on a variety of time and space scales; a canonical example of multi-physics multi-scale modeling. The underlying climate system is physically characterized by sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and natural stochastic variability, so very long integrations are needed to extract signals of climate change. Algorithms generally possess weak scaling and can be I/O and/or memory bound. Such weak-scaling, I/O and memory-bound multi-physics codes present particular challenges to computational performance. Traditional metrics of computational efficiency such as performance counters and scaling curves do not tell us enough about real sustained performance from climate models on different machines. They also do not provide a satisfactory basis for comparative information across models. We introduce a set of metrics that can be used for the study of computational performance of climate (and Earth System) models. These measures do not require specialized software or specific hardware counters, and should be accessible to anyone. They are independent of platform, and underlying parallel programming models. We show how these metrics can be used to measure actually attained performance of Earth system models on different machines, and identify the most fruitful areas of research and development for performance engineering. We present results for these measures for a diverse suite of models from several modeling centres, and propose to use these measures as a basis for a CPMIP, a computational performance MIP.
The Modular Arbitrary-Order Ocean-Atmosphere Model: MAOOAM v1.0
Authors: De Cruz Lesley , Demaeyer Jonathan , Vannitsem Stéphane
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This paper describes a reduced-order quasi-geostrophic coupled ocean–atmosphere model that allows for an arbitrary number of atmospheric and oceanic modes to be retained in the spectral decomposition. The modularity of this new model allows one to easily modify the model physics. Using this new model, coined the "Modular Arbitrary-Order Ocean-Atmosphere Model" (MAOOAM), we analyse the dependence of the model dynamics on the truncation level of the spectral expansion, and unveil spurious behaviour that may exist at low resolution by a comparison with the higher-resolution configurations. In particular, we assess the robustness of the coupled low-frequency variability when the number of modes is increased. An "optimal" configuration is proposed for which the ocean resolution is sufficiently high, while the total number of modes is small enough to allow for a tractable and extensive analysis of the dynamics.
Technical note: Fourier approach for estimating the thermal attributes of streams
Authors: Ryo Masahiro , Leys Marie , Robinson Christopher T.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Temperature models that directly predict ecologically important thermal attributes across spatiotemporal scales are still poorly developed. This study developed an analytical method based on Fourier analysis to estimate seasonal and diel periodicities, as well as irregularities in stream temperature, at data-poor sites. The method extrapolates thermal attributes from highly resolved temperature data at a reference site to the data-poor sites on the assumption of spatial autocorrelation. We first quantified the thermal attributes of a glacier-fed stream in the Swiss Alps using 2 years of hourly recorded temperature. Our approach decomposed stream temperature into its average temperature of 3.8 °C, a diel periodicity of 4.9 °C, seasonal periodicity spanning 7.5 °C, and the remaining irregularity (variance) with an average of 0.0 °C but spanning 9.7 °C. These attributes were used to estimate thermal characteristics at upstream sites where temperatures were measured monthly, and we found that a diel periodicity and the variance strongly contributed to the variability at the sites. We evaluated the performance of our predictive mechanism and found that our approach can reasonably estimate periodic components and extremes. We could also estimate the variability in irregularity, which cannot be represented by other techniques that assume a linear relationship in temperature variabilities between sites. The results confirm that spatially extrapolating thermal attributes based on Fourier analysis can predict thermal characteristics at a data-poor site. The R scripts used in this study are available in the Supplement.
Analyzing the impact of groundwater flow and storage changes on Budyko
relationships across the continental US
Authors: Condon Laura E. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We use a transient, integrated groundwater surface water simulation of the majority of the continental US to evaluate the impacts of groundwater surface water exchanges on Budyko relationships for roughly 25,000 nested watersheds ranging in sized from 100 km2 to over 3,000,000 km2. The simulation spans a single water year with varying degrees of storage change and trans-watershed lateral flow throughout the domain. This provides a test bed for evaluating the role of realistic groundwater storage changes across a range of climates and physical settings within a rigorous computational framework in which every watershed's water balance component can be fully defined. Budyko curves are compared using (1) the standard simplification where evapotranspiration is calculated as the difference between precipitation and outflow, (2) the case in which evapotranspiration is directly measured (or simulated) and (3) a modified approach where groundwater contributions are accounted for with the incoming precipitation. Results show that for all three cases, large watersheds still converge around the Budyko curve despite the fact that the equilibrium assumption is violated. However, the best results are found when groundwater interactions are directly accounted for. While the two standard approaches for inferring or directly measuring evapotranspiration still generate Budyko type behavior, the parameters of the curves vary systematically with groundwater contributions and the relationship between curve parameters and groundwater surface water exchanges is fundamentally different between approaches. This results in contradictory spatial patterns depending on the calculation method and highlights the importance of evaluating uncertainty in the equilibrium assumption for any Budyko analysis, especially those that seek to attribute variability in curve parameters to physical characteristics. Finally, the shape parameter is evaluated as a function of scale and large, continental scale basins are shown to converge onto a single Budyko relationship.
Impacts of future deforestation and climate change on the hydrology of the Amazon basin: a multi-model analysis with a new set of land-cover change scenarios
Authors: Guimberteau Matthieu , Ciais Philippe , Ducharne Agnès , Boisier Juan Pablo , Aguiar Ana Paula Dutra , Biemans Hester , De Deurwaerder Hannes , Galbraith David , Kruijt Bart , Langerwisch Fanny , Poveda German , Rammig Anja , Rodriguez Daniel Andres , Tejada Graciela , Thonicke Kirsten , Von Randow Celso , Von Randow Rita C. S. , Zhang Ke , Verbeeck Hans
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Neglecting any atmospheric feedback to precipitation, deforestation in Amazon, i.e., replacement of trees by shallow rooted short vegetation, is expected to decrease evapotranspiration (ET). Under energy-limited conditions, this process should lead to higher soil moisture and a consequent increase in river discharge. The magnitude and sign of the response of ET to deforestation depends both on land-cover change (LCC), and on climate and CO2 concentration changes in the future. Using three regional LCC scenarios recently established for the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon, we investigate the combined impacts of deforestation and climate change on the surface hydrology of the Amazon basin for this century at sub-basin scale. For each LCC scenario, three land surface models (LSMs), LPJmL-DGVM, INLAND-DGVM and ORCHIDEE, are forced by bias-corrected climate simulated by three General Circulation Models (GCMs) for different scenarios of the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (AR4). The GCM results indicate that by 2100, without deforestation, the temperature will have increased by a mean of 3.3 °C (a range of 1.7 to 4.5 °C) over the Amazon basin, intensifing the regional water cycle, whereby precipitation, ET and runoff increase by 8.5, 5.0 and 14 %, respectively. However, under this same scenario in south-east Amazonia, precipitation decreases by 10 % at the end of the dry season and the three LSMs estimate a 6 % decrease of ET, which does not compensate for lower precipitation. Runoff in southeastern Amazonia decreases by 22 %, reducing minimum river discharge from the Rio Tapajós catchment by 31 % in 2100. The low LCC scenario projects a 7 % decline in the area of Amazonian forest by 2100, as compared to 2009; for the high LCC scenario the projection is a 34 % decline. In the extreme deforestation scenario, forest loss partly offsets (−2.5 %) the positive effect of climate change on increasing ET and slightly amplifies (+3.0 %) the increase of runoff. Effects of deforestation are more pronounced in the southern part of the Amazon basin, in particular in the Rio Madeira catchment where up to 56 % of the 2009 forest area is lost. The effect of deforestation on water budgets is more severe at the end of the dry season in the Tapajós and the Xingu catchments where the decrease of ET due to climate change is amplified by forest area loss. Deforestation enhances runoff during this period (+35 %) offsetting the negative effect of climate change (−22 %), and balances the decrease of low flows in the Rio Tapajós.
A new estimator of heat periods for decadal climate predictions – a complex network approach
Authors: Weimer Michael , Mieruch Sebastian , Schädler Gerd , Kottmeier Christoph
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Regional decadal predictions have emerged in the past few years as a research field with high application potential, especially for extremes like heat and drought periods. However, up to now the prediction skill of decadal hindcasts, as evaluated with standard methods, is moderate and for extreme values even rarely investigated. In this study, we use hindcast data from a regional climate model (CCLM) for eight regions in Europe and quantify the skill of the model alternatively by constructing time-evolving climate networks and use the network correlation threshold (link strength) as a predictor for heat periods. We show that the skill of the network measure to estimate the low-frequency dynamics of heat periods is superior for decadal predictions with respect to the typical approach of using a fixed temperature threshold for estimating the number of heat periods in Europe.
Year-to-year correlation, record length, and overconfidence in wind resource assessment
Authors: Bodini Nicola , Lundquist Julie K. , Zardi Dino , Handschy Mark
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Interannual variability of wind speeds presents a fundamental source of uncertainty in preconstruction energy estimates. Our analysis of one of the longest and geographically most widespread extant sets of instrumental wind-speed observations (62-year records from 60 stations in Canada) shows that deviations from mean resource levels persist over many decades, substantially increasing uncertainty. As a result of this persistence, the performance of each site's last 20 years diverges more widely than expected from the P50 level estimated from its first 42 years: half the sites have either fewer than 5 or more than 15 years exceeding the P50 estimate. In contrast to this 10-year-wide interquartile range, a 4-year-wide range (2.5 times narrower) was found for "control" records where statistical independence was enforced by randomly permuting each station's historical values. Similarly, for sites with capacity factor of 0.35 and interannual variability of 6  %, one would expect 9 years in 10 to fall in the range 0.32–0.38; we find the actual 90  % range to be 0.27–0.43, or three times wider. The previously un-quantified effect of serial correlations favors a shift in resource-assessment thinking from a climatology-focused approach to a persistence-focused approach: for this data set, no improvement in P50 error is gained by using records longer than 4–5 years, and use of records longer than 20 years actually degrades accuracy.
Merleau-Ponty and the Myth of Human Incarnation
Authors: Smyth Bryan
Published: August 2016

In this article I argue that Merleau-Ponty's initial reinterpretation of Husserlian phenomenology is premised methodologically on a certain mythic understanding of human embodiment—what I term “the myth of human incarnation.” This is not an objection but a clarification of how Merleau-Ponty resolved the problem of the external horizonality of phenomenological experience on an intuitional (rather than speculative) basis. This methodological priority of myth is implicated in the epistemic status of phenomenological claims concerning prereflective phenomena such as “bodily” intentionality and thus has important consequences for questions concerning the “naturalization” of phenomenology.
Support to Informal Learning at Work, Individual Performance and Impact of Training in Ampleness
Authors: Coelho Junior Francisco Antonio , De Hollanda Pedro Paulo Teófilo Magalhães de , Santos Andersson Pereira dos , Couto Fernando José , Faiad Cristiane
Published: August 2016

Training activities are planned considering that the psychosocial transference environment after those activities will facilitate and maximize its impact and effect on performance. This study aims to empirically test the predictive relationships between the characteristics of customers, support for informal learning, human performance and impact of training in ampleness in two Organizations located in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Data collection was face-to-face. The sample (N=315) was predominantly female (66, 9%) and had more than a year of work in the organization (85, 6%). Data were analyzed by pattern multiple regression. The results indicate that strategies of performance self-regulation, support to informal learning provided by the supervisor and by the work unit explained 49.5% of the variance of impact in ampleness. We suggest that future studies incorporate in their models other variables related to the composition of the organizational structure and others samples are investigated, ensuring external validity and generality.
A CTF-Based Approach in Information Security Education: An Extracurricular Activity in Teaching Students at Altai State University, Russia
Authors: Mansurov Alexander
Published: August 2016

Capture the Flag (CTF) competitions are the most popular events in cybersecurity conferences where participants can demonstrate their skills. Also, the CTF is widely acknowledged as a valuable pedagogical tool for providing the students with real life problems in computer security area when dealing with CTF tasks. However, there is the possibility to go beyond treating CTF tasks only. The paper presents an approach to establish a CTF-based educational framework that allows students to gain more practical skills, knowledge and expertise in information security and related areas. The framework is implemented in Altai State University (Barnaul, Russia) in 2014 as an extracurricular club activity, and the club runs successfully up till now. Pedagogical benefits, learning methodology and educational aspects are discussed, and positive feedback shows the success of the proposed approach.
Investigating the Relationship between Theory of Mind Ability and Academic Achievement and Self-Efficiency of Students with Conduct Disorder in Ardabil
Authors: Imanparvar Soheila , Khademi Ali
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between theory of mind ability and academic achievement and self-efficacy of students with conduct disorder in Ardabil. This descriptive study is correlational type, and the population of study consisted of all students with conduct disorder in high schools (secondary levels of 7, 8, 9) of Ardabil in March, 2015. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used which covered 384 person and then Rutter’s behavioral disorders questionnaire form B was put at the disposal of teachers, and among people who were diagnosed with conduct disorder a total of 60 students with conduct disorder were selected as the sample group. Data were collected by the use of a questionnaire regarding self-efficiency in children and adolescents, Hopi’s theory of mind, behavioral disorder questionnaire by Rutter form B and academic records. Obtained information was analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression test. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between theory of mind with academic achievement, self-efficiency, social self-efficiency, academic self-efficiency and emotional self-efficacy (05/0>p). Regression analysis showed that theory of mind can predict significantly about 38% of the variances of academic achievement, 29% of the variances of self-efficiency, 26% of the variances of social self-efficiency, 41% of the variances of academic self-efficacy, and 28% of the variances of emotional self-efficiency in students. Accordingly, it can be concluded that theory of mind can predict academic achievement and self-efficiency in students with conduct disorder and it shows the relationship between these variables.
Using Dry Ports to Facilitate International Trade in Iran; A Model of Success Factors for Implementation of Dry Ports
Authors: Hatami Nasab Sayyed Hassan , Sanayei Ali , Amiri Aghdaei S. F. , Kazemi Ali
Published: August 2016

As coastal production costs in many countries, producers are moving inland to remain competitive with other
countries. Also, container transport volumes continue to grow, the sea flow generates almost proportional inland
flow; the links with hinterland will become critical factors for the seaports functionality. Development of dry
ports is an important part of intermodal transport which play an important role in improving hinterlands.
Successful implementation dry port depends on identification and description of required capabilities to develop
advanced intermediate terminal, discover existing deficiency in these capabilities and their effects of each other.
This article fill the gaps of implementation of dry ports by offering a conceptual model. To do so, this current
study is done in a complicated process in five stages of: review of literature, Delphi, Gap analysis, fuzzy
Dematel and Structural equation modeling (SEM). 17 indexes of Delphi model were extracted and classified in 8
groups. The identified gap and causal relations enabled presentation of a model which was tested and verified by
Partial Least Squares (PLS).
Analysis of Prioritization of the Influencing Factors on Investment and Muscle Drain in Volleyball Clubs in Developing Countries. Case Study: Premier League Club of Iran Volleyball
Authors: Saki Atefeh
Published: August 2016

Present study pays to prioritize influencing factors on investment and muscular analysis in volleyball club in
developing countries. The research method is descriptive and practical. Territory of study is spring and summer
2015 and statistical population is Iran's national volleyball team. The number of community members is 36 that
were selected 36 persons as members with using the census. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. The
first questionnaire was used for getting comments of coaches and technical staff and the second questionnaire
was used for getting players comments. Validity was approved by athletic and academic experts and reliability
was approved with Cronbach alpha coefficient. The rate of questionnaires returns was 100% and the number was
36. The results indicate that coaches and technical staff believed that the impact of investment income on the
sports club of volleyball is more than the cost effectiveness of it and the players comment is that health is a
priority in relation to other criteria.
Study of the Relation between Cultural Intelligence and Organizational Commitment among Staff Case Study (Arman Financial Institution)
Authors: Dolatshah Ali , Ghorban Hosseini Masood , Ghorban hosseini Masoud
Published: August 2016

This research intended to study the relation in between cultural intelligence and organizational commitment among the staff of Arman financial institute in Tehran. From all the staff in Arman financial institute by the use of available sampling 234 were selected as the sample of the research. The subjects responded to the cultural intelligence questionnaire (Ank et al., 2004) and organizational commitment (Alen and Maier 1990). The statistical method implemented in this research for data analysis revealed multiple regression and Pearson correlation. The research findings showed that there is a negative and significant relation between cultural intelligence and organizational commitment.
Managing Risks and Stakeholders in the Design of a new Financial Product
Authors: Lanz Luciano Quinto , Tomei Patricia Amelia
Published: August 2016

This article analyses risk’ and stakeholders’ management in the project to establish a product created by BNDES to provide partial credit guarantees for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), the Investment Guarantee Fund (FGI). The project went through several adjustments during its development to adapt it to changes in the credit market, the demands of financial agents and credit access’ public policy. For this analysis were used risk management models, stakeholder management in projects and guarantee systems. The methodology used was the single case study with the fund manager, with document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results of the analysis indicate that the corrections in the direction and the adequacy of the fund project development pace, together with stakeholder management techniques use and project risk management, led to increased security in the Fund  implementation, minimizing the need for rework and schedule delays. This context prevented several risks associated with the operation and the adequacy of the final product, contributing to a gradual but steady adoption of the Fund's guarantee by financial agents.
Geopolitical consequences arising from involvement of Russia in the conflict in Ukraine
Authors: Piotrowski Sławomir
Published: August 2016

The crisis in eastern Ukraine and Crimea is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges of
security currently facing the international community. In pursuing its objectives, the state
is often guided by different motives, but the common denominator change in the approach
to cooperation with Russia is now Ukraine. The author analyses the changing geostrategic
situation surrounding Russia, which is the result of its involvement in the Ukrainian crisis.
This has also been analysed by countries like China, Japan, India, Turkey and Middle East
countries.
Comparative study regarding the last 25 years of the Croatian Defence Academy “dr. Franjo Tuđman”
Authors: Čurčija Slobodan , Karlović Goran
Published: August 2016

Dr. Franjo Tuđman Croatian Defence Academy is a military-educational
institution of the Croatian Armed Forces (CAF). Its mission is to prepare and
qualify, through education and training, officers, NCOs and civil servants for
implementation of the Armed forces’ missions as set out in strategic documents,
missions and tasks.
The power and the security – Selected issues
Authors: Kobryński Robert
Published: August 2016

In this article, the author presents some common areas for the categories of power and
security. Diagnosis of the security environment of a political unit should include both
A qualitative and quantitative approach to the assessment of its power and that of
neighbouring countries. Such comparisons of balance of power between the countries give
the security assessment a broader range. it may be used, in addition, by design for the
foreign and security policy of a state.