bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT WITH URBAN RIVER IMPROVEMENT: THE CASE OF YOGYAKARTA CITY (Melibatkan Masyarakat dalam Memperbaiki Lingkungan Sungai Perkotaan : Kasus Kota Yogyakarta)
Authors: Kusnanto Hari , Dibyosaputro Suprapto , Hadisusanto Suwarno , Saraswati Sri Puji
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe restoration of urban rivers has shifted from predominantly physical and ecological to community oriented social and economic improvement. Community engagement is needed in the people approach of development. Information sharing and public consultation are not enough. A case study among the riverside communities living in Yogyakarta city indicated that these communities need to move out of poverty and destitution through coaching and mentoring by various experts, and at the same time they would assure the ecosystem functioning of urban rivers. ABSTRACTRestorasi sungai-sungai perkotaan telah bergeser dari peningkatan fisik dan ekologis menjadi lebih berorientasi pada sosial dan ekonomi. Keterlibatan masyarakat dibutuhkan dalam pendekatan manusiawi pembangunan. Pemberian informasi dan konsultasi public tidak cukup studi kasus pada komunitas-komunitas yang hidup di pinggir sungai di kota Yogyakarta menunjukkan bahwa komunitas tersebut perlu mengentaskan diri dari kemiskinan dan keterbelaknagn dengan bantuan ahli, dan pada saat yang sama menjaga fungsi ekosistem sungai-sungai perkotaan.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF β-ACETYLDIGOXIN
Authors: Sharma Megha , Mahindroo Neeraj
Published: March 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a novel stability indicating reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of β-acetyldigoxin, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on Agilent Technologies 1200 series HPLC system equipped with photo diode array detector and C-18 (4.6x250 mm, 5 µ) column. The mobile phase consisted of water: acetonitrile (65:35 v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and eluents were monitored at 225 nm.Results: The retention time of β-acetyldigoxin was 9.2 min. The method was found to be linear (R2= 0.9995) in the range of 31.25-500 µg/ml. The accuracy studies showed the mean percent recovery of 101.02%. LOD and LOQ were observed to be 0.289 µg/ml and 0.965 µg/ml, respectively. The method was found to be robust and system suitability testing was also performed. Forced degradation analysis was carried out under acidic, alkaline, oxidative and photolytic stress conditions. Significant degradation was observed under tested conditions, except for oxidative condition. The method was able to separate all the degradation products within runtime of 20 min and was able to determine β-acetyldigoxin unequivocally in presence of degradation products.Conclusion: The novel, economic, rapid and simple method for analysis of β-acetyldigoxin is reported. The developed method is suitable for routine quality control and its determination as API, and in pharmaceutical formulations and stability study samples.
COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF COSTUS SPECIOSUS (WILD GINGER) AND ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (GINGER) RHIZOME
Authors: Kala Chandra , Ali Syed Salman , Chaudhary Sudhir
Published: March 2017

Objective: Costus speciosus Koen. (Ginger) is an Indian ornamental plant, belonging to family Costaceae. The present research work deals with the establishment of standardization parameter regarding comparative pharmacognostic study between Costus speciosus and Zingiber officinale rhizome.Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, physicochemical parameters like ash values, moisture content, extractive value, fluorescence analysis and the preliminary phytochemical investigation was done.Results: The Macroscopic difference was found as an absence of odor and taste in Costus speciosus and presence of pungent and aromatic odor in Zingiber officinale. Oil globule, tracheids, starch granules in Zingiber officinale was found whereas the absence of the same in Costus speciosus rhizome was found in the microscopic evaluation. Fluorescence study also exhibits differences. The presence of saponin, carbohydrate, glycosides in Costus speciosus whereas Zingiber officinale revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and protein.Conclusion: These finding can serve as the basis for Identification and investigation of Costus speciosus and Zingiber officinale rhizome and can also establish the characteristic differentiating features of both.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF CLEMATIS MONTANA LEAVES
Authors: Bhatt Hemlata , Saklani Sarla , Upadhayay Kumud
Published: March 2017

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical, physicochemical, antimicrobial and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Clamentis montana (Family: Rananculaceae).Methods: The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa by cup plate method. In-vitro antioxidant activity was done by DPPH, ferrous chelating and reducing power assay method. The physicochemical parameter like a loss on drying, total ash value, foreign matter, etc. was evaluated by standard protocol.Results: The extract showed significant antibacterial activity against all test strains when compared with standard drugs amoxicillin. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity by DPPH method, reducing power assay and ferrous chelating method.Conclusion: The extract showed a dose-dependent significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA
Authors: Sanganna Burli , Chitme Havagiray R. , Vrunda Khanvilkar , Jamadar Mohsin J.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the ethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves of Moringa oleifera for phytochemical constituents, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity.Methods: The ethanolic extract of leaves of Moringa oleifera, belonging to the family Moringaceae was prepared by using soxhlet apparatus and aqueous extract was prepared by using maceration process. The extract was evaluated for its phytochemical constituents. The antiproliferative effects of both extracts were checked by using MTT ([3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide]) assay on HT-29 colon cell line and the antioxidant activity were checked by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. In antiproliferative and antioxidant activity the 5-FU (5-fluro uracil) and Ascorbic acid used as a standard drug for present results conclusion respectively.Results: The results obtained in MTT assay shown that ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera had a more potent antiproliferative effect (growth inhibition of 62.25% at 100 μg/ml) on HT-29 colon cell line as compared to aqueous extract (% growth inhibition of 27.86 at 100 μg/ml) of Moringa oleifera. The ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera shown more potent antioxidant activity (% inhibition of ethanolic 75.57 at 100 μg/ml) than aqueous extract (38.16 at 100 μg/ml) of Moringa oleifera. The activity shown by the extract is concentration dependent.Conclusion: In the present study we have investigated that the effect of ethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Moringa oleifera possess antiproliferative and antioxidant properties.
CYTOTOXICITY ACTIVITY OF SOME INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS
Authors: Neerugatti Dora Babu , Battu Ganga Rao , Bandla Raviteja
Published: March 2017

Objective: The current study is carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity activity of the methanolic extracts of some medicinal (Buchanania axillaris Desr, Tamilnadia ulignosa Retz, Phaseolus semierectus L and Stylosanthes fruticosa Retz).Methods: Cytotoxicity activity was evaluated on human cancer cell lines such as lung cancer (A549) and skin cancer (A431) using MTT assay method.Results: The selected plant extracts showed the dose-dependent cytotoxicity activity on the tested cell lines. The cytotoxicity variations on different cell lines were also observed for tested plants extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was increased as the concentration of them was increased. Among all tested plants extracts Phaseolus semierectus showed the better cytotoxicity activity on tested cell lines. Conclusion: The results of the present study supported the folkloric usage of the studied plants and confirmed that the plant's extracts have the bioactive constituents with cytotoxic properties and their isolation can be useful for developing new anticancer drugs.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT AND ANTIANXIETY ACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF SENNA ALATA (L.) ROXB. USING IN VITRO ANIMAL MODELS
Authors: Pamulaparthi Archana , Prathap Vamshi Ramana , Banala Mahitha , Nanna Rama Swamy
Published: March 2017

Objective: In the present investigation antidepressant and antianxiety activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Senna alata (200 mg/Kg) were carried out to establish the species as a potent natural antidepressant and anxiolytic drug.Methods: Antidepressant activity was carried out using forced swim test and tail suspension test. In both these tests, the animals were subjected to external stress that results in alteration of the behavior of animal due to fear.The antianxiety activity of aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata has been studied by the elevated plus-maze test in rats. The mean number of entries and the time spent in the open arm after 45 min of the administration of test drug was noted to determine the antianxiety effect of the test drug.Results: For antidepressant activity administration of test drug (200 mg/Kg) showed a significant decrease in the time spent by the animal in state of depression in both the assays which clearly indicates that the aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata exhibited a strong antidepressant activity similar to that of the control drug (Imipramine).In the antianxiety activity, administration of aqueous leaf extract (200 mg/Kg) of S. alata significantly increased the mean number of entries (2.25±0.98) in the open arm and the time spent in open arm (2.23±0.04) compared to the control group. The activity of the extract was slightly greater than standard drug Diazepam.Conclusion: From the above-presented results, it can be concluded that administration of Senna alata aqueous leaf extracts (200 mg/Kg) showed a considerable decrease in both antidepressant and antianxiety activities in all the test animals and can be used in the replacement of commercially available synthetic drugs in the near future.
EFFECT OF RASA MEZHUGU ON FREUND’S ADJUVANT-INDUCED ARTHRITIS IN RATS
Authors: Nandhagopal K. , Kanniyakumari M.
Published: March 2017

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen the following rest. The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. In spite of tremendous development in the field of synthetic drugs during recent years, the side effects could not be avoided. Hence the current research focus is to develop less toxic drugs as early as feasible in the disease process.Methods: A 90 d old Wistar male rat was used for the research and was divided into four groups treated with Saline, Palm Jaggary, Rasa Mezhugu and Indomethacin.Results: Acute toxicity study, Sub Acute study, Anti-arthritic study and histological findings showed that the Rasa Mezhugu has an anti-arthritis effect.Conclusion: Further the histopathology slide photos of bone, cerebrum, cardiac muscle, kidney, liver, pancreas, ovaries, lungs, testes, stomach and spleen proved the safety of Rasa Mezhugu in rats.
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF NOVEL STREPTOMYCES FROM SEDIMENTS OF BAY OF BENGAL NEAR SRIKAKULAM COAST
Authors: Peela Sujatha , Porana Swethalatha
Published: March 2017

Objective: The Objective of this research is to isolate and screen potent antibiotic producing actinomycetes from unexplored regions of Bay of Bengal Near Srikakulam Coast.Methods: The isolation and screening were done on starch casein agar media. Antimicrobial activity screening was done using cross streak method and agar diffusion method. Further, Morphological characterization of the isolate was done using Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM-JSM 6610). Further, the cultural characterization of the isolates was done using standard protocols.Results: A total of sixty-eight isolates of Actinomycetes were collected from marine sediments of coastal line of Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, which is one of the longest coastal lines of Andhra Pradesh. Due to its longest coastal line and geographical distribution, there are promising chance of diversity of the microorganisms and antibiotic producing potential. Each isolate was tested against various bacteria. Among all the isolates twelve isolates were promising and showed good antimicrobial activity. Within twelve isolates the isolate A-10 was very promising and showed antibiotic potential against most of the tested bacteria. This isolate appears to produce high anti-bacterial compounds on potato dextrose agar and nutrient agar medium respectively by using the agar diffusion method. The potent Actinomycete A-10 was further characterised by morphological methods consist of macroscopic and microscopic methods. The mycelium structure, colour and arrangement of conidiophores were observed through the oil immersion (100X). The strain was grown on Starch-Casein agar medium for morphological study using Scanning Electron microscopy. Scanning Electron micrographs of the strain A-10 results that the spore chain was straight and with more than 20 spores per chain. The spores are cylindrical in shape and had a smooth surface. Whirls, sclerotic granules, sporangia and flagellate spores were not observed. Further various biochemical tests performed for the identification of potent isolates are as follows: Melanin reaction, H2S production, tyrosine reaction, starch hydrolysis, casein hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, milk coagulation and peptonization, nitrate reduction, temperature range of growth, pH tolerance and cell wall type by comparing all these results with the Bergey’s manual of Determinative Bacteriology and the organisms were identified. The isolate was identified as Streptomyces sp.Conclusion: Thus the result of antibacterial screening represents that the coastal area of Srikakulam is a potential source of antibiotic producing actinomycetes. Further the phylogenic tree construction and purification of the antibiotic principle from A-10 were under investigation.Keywords: Actinomycetes, Marine Sediments, Starch-Casein agar, SEM
STANDARDIZATION OF ANTICONVULSANT POLYHERBAL FORMULATION BY PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, DNA FINGERPRINTING AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS
Authors: Janani Hetal , Maji Jayanta Kumar , Verma Ashish
Published: March 2017

Objective: The combination between the stem bark powder of Chirabilva and Veerataru is used ethno folklore for the management of anti-convulsion by tribal people. To standardise the evidently used polyherbal formulation in a systemic way for supporting the identity, quality, purity, safety and efficacy concern with modern technique.Methods: Microscopic anatomical examination and powder microscopy were performed fresh and dried plant materials respectively. The compound polyherbal formulation is processed by organoleptic characterization, macro-microscopic evaluation, physicochemical, phytochemical testing, DNA fingerprinting and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiling employing a standard methodology. Chromatographic fingerprinting after visualisation the data are exploited by multivariate chemometric technique.Results: Results of the experiment provided diagnostic characteristics to identify quality and purity and standardise the polyherbal formulation along with respective ingredients. The RAPD analysis of Dichrostachys cinerea and Holoptelea integrin folia showed some similar bands at the same base pair indicate the presence of genetical identity may take into consideration of the control the ingredients. HPTLC technique utilised to distinguish the ingredient and polyherbal formulation based on the presence or absence of certain target phytochemical (flavonoid, polyphenol, etc.) constituents, manifested as peaks or bands from the chemical fingerprint profiles. Visualized chromatographic profile of polyherbal formulation along with its constituents applying the multivariate chemometric technique is easily discriminated of respective retardation factor in principal component score space.Conclusion: The findings from this study will provide systemic evaluation for this anticonvulsant formulation and also serve as a master document to control the quality of polyherbal formulation.Keywords: Anticonvulsant, Chemometrics, DNA fingerprinting, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy
HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR QUANTITATION OF TRIGONELLINE FROM MIRABILIS JALAPA LINN. LEAVES AND ENHANCEMENT IN EXTRACTION YIELD FROM ULTRA FINE POWDER
Authors: Sathe Padma S. , Dighe Vidya V.
Published: March 2017

Objective: Development and validation of a simple and reliable HPLC method for determination of an alkaloid, trigonelline, in the methanolic extract of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. leaves and comparing the extraction yields of trigonelline from micro powder and ultrafine powder.Methods: The quantitation of trigonelline was carried out on a Phenomenex (Luna 5 U RP C8 (2) column, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d. 5 µm), using mobile phase comprising of distilled water containing HCl (pH adjusted to 3.5) and methanol in the volume ratio of 70:30, which was delivered at the flow rate of 0.5 ml per min, at 35 °C column temperature. The detection and quantitation of trigonelline were carried out using PDA detector at the wavelength λ=264 nm.Ultra-fine powder of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. was prepared using simple stepwise powdering method. The dried leaves of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. were ground using ice jacketed domestic mixer. This powder was sieved through a BSS 85 mesh sieve and considered as a micro powder. Further fine grinding was done by jet milling, followed by ball milling. This powder was considered as an ultra-fine powder.Results: The proposed HPLC method for quantitation of trigonelline from dried leaf powder of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. is rapid, simple, accurate and precise.Conclusion: The amount of trigonelline obtained using methanolic extracts of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Ultra-fine powder and the micro powder was found to be 1.1103 mg/g and 0.7258 mg/g respectively.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED COMPOUNDS FROM VIBURNUM PUNCTATUM BUCH-HAM EX D. DON
Authors: Alex A. Renjith , Ilango K.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The main aim of the study was to screen the isolated compounds of Viburnum Punctatum for its in vitro anticancer activity and its percentage viability against HCT 15 (Human Colon Cancer Cells) Cell lines.Methods: Pet ether, Chloroform, Methanol and Aqueous extracts was prepared and assayed for the presence of phytochemicals. Two compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of Viburnum Punctatum by column chromatography such as ME1 (Quercetin) and ME2 (Kaemferol-3-glycoside) characterised by UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The above isolated compounds were subjected to in vitro anticancer activity on HCT 15 cell lines was evaluated by Micro culture Tetrazolium (MTT) assay.Results: ME1 showed significant cytotoxic activity than the ME2 on HCT 15 cells with a percentage viability of 54.60 and 67.18 in the concentration of 10µg/ml and 50µg/ml respectively.Conclusion: On the basis of obtained results, ME1 and ME2 isolated from a methanolic extract of Viburnum Punctatum represent a new group of cytotoxic against HCT 15 Cell lines.
RUELLIA TUBEROSA LINN. ACTS AS ANTI-FERTILITY AGENT THAT REDUCES SPERM COUNT, MOTILITY AND VIABILITY IN MALE SWISS ALBINO MICE (MUS-MUSCULUS)
Authors: H. Pardeshi M. , A. Deshmukh A. , A. Gajare K.
Published: March 2017

Objective: Fertility control is an issue of global public health. Many of the contraceptives available today have one or the other side effects. Many plants and plant products are suggested as contraceptives in folk and traditional systems of medicine. However, that are least exploited in this regard. In the present investigation, root powder of Ruellia tuberosa was studied for its effect on male reproduction in mice.Methods: The Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus of age three months were grouped into four, i)control group, fed on standard pellet, ii)experimental groups I and II received root powder of Ruellia tuberosa 50 mg/mouse/days for 15 d and 30 d respectively in the pellets, iii)positive control groups I and II received cotton seed oil 25 µl/mouse/day for 15 and 30 d and iv)recovery group received Ruellia tuberosa (50 mg/mouse/days) containing pellets for 15 d and later standard pellet for 15 d. Cauda epididymis sperm suspension was analyzed for sperm count, motility and viability.Results: There was a highly significant decrease in sperm count, motility and viability (p<0.001) in experimental groups I and II and positive control groups I and II. The sperm count was reduced to 19.24±1.74 million/ml and 15.97±5.61 million/ml as compared to sperm count in control group (55.12±4.63 million/ml) in experimental groups. Partial reversal of the effect was noticed in a recovery group.Conclusion: The results suggest that Ruellia tuberosa can be a potent member of reversible oral male contraceptives.
NERIUM OLEANDER LINN. IN VITRO ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF STEM AND ROOT EXTRACTS
Authors: FARTYAL MEENAKSHI
Published: March 2017

Objective: Extraction and evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of extracts from stem and roots of Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) Linn.Methods: Stem and roots of N. oleander were collected, dried and extracted by using well-established methods for alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and crude extracts in polar and non-polar solvents. Evaluation of their antidiabetic activity was done with salivary alpha-amylase and starch as a substrate using chromogenic DNSA (2,4-Di nitro Salicylic Acid) method and Starch-iodine method. All experiments were performed in 3 different sets each in triplicates. The data are expressed as mean±SEM (standard error of the mean).Results: The highest inhibition for stem was found in its free flavonoid extract at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, with percent inhibition 48.35±1.36 % and an IC50 value of 1.774 g/ml while in case of root, highest inhibition was obtained at 1.5 mg/ml of pet ether extract, with % inhibition 52±0.40 % and IC50 value 1.583 g/ml and at 1.5 mg/ml of methanol extract, with % inhibition 42.12±1.12 % and an IC50 value 1.729 g/ml. 8 (5 of stem and 3 of root) out of 14 tested extracts have shown good inhibitory potential. Extracts of the stem were found to be more potent than root extracts.Conclusion: Though stem extracts were found to be a more potent hypoglycemic agent than root extracts, however, extracts of both parts have good antidiabetic potential and both might be fruitful in managing the postprandial hyperglycemia.
IN VITRO ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF TINOSPORA SINENSIS
Authors: Banerjee Anindita , Maji Bithin , Mukherjee Sandip , Chaudhuri Kausik , Seal Tapan
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the alpha (α)-amylase and alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibitory activities and in vitro antioxidant activities of the 80 % aqueous ethanol extracts of Tinosporasinensis Lour (Merr.).Methods: The 80% aq. ethanol extract of the plant was prepared. The plant extract was examined for its antioxidant activity by using free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method, ABTS radical scavenging ability, reducing power capacity, estimation of total phenolic content, flavonoid content and flavonol content. Different concentrations (2, 4, 8,10and 15 μg/ml) of the extract was subjected to α-amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and IC50were calculated.Results: The study revealed that the different concentrations of the plant extract possessed a very good amount of total phenolics, flavonoid and flavonol and exhibited potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH and ABTS as a substrate. The ethanol extracts exhibited significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC50 value1.093µg and 1.04µg dry extract respectively and well compared with standard acarbose drug.Conclusion: Thus, it could be concluded that due to the presence of antioxidant components the plant extracts could be used for the treatment of hyperglycemia, diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress. This knowledge will be useful in finding more potent components from the natural resources for the clinical development of antidiabetic therapeutics.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING FILMS OF ELETRIPTAN HYDROBROMIDE
Authors: Pallavi K. , Pallavi T.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The main aim of the present research was to develop an oral fast dissolving polymeric film (FDF) with good mechanical properties, faster disintegration and dissolution when placed on the tongue.Methods: Eletriptan hydrobromide is prescribed for the treatment of mild to a moderate migraine. The polymers selected for preparing films were Pullulan, Maltodextrin (MDX), Acacia, Sodium alginate (SA), Locust bean gum (LBG), Guar gum (GG), Xanthan gum (XG), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP), Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) E5, and HPMC E15. Twelve sets of films FN1–FN12 were prepared by solvent casting method with Pullulan and combination of Acacia, MDX, SA, LBG, GG, XG, PVA, PVP, HPMC E5 and HPMC E15. Five sets of films FS1–FS5 were prepared using synthetic polymers like PVA, PVP, HPMC E5 and HPMC E15.Results: From all the prepared polymer formulations, FN2, FN8, and FS3 were selected based on disintegration time, and drug release and amongst this three FN2 was optimised based on its disintegration time (D. T). The percent drug release of the optimised film was compared with the percent release of the pure drug.Conclusion: The optimised formulation had a D. T of 16 s and a percent drug release of 97.5% in 10 min in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and 100.6% drug release in 10 min in 0.1N HCl.
BIO-HERBICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA AGAINST IMPORTANT HIMALAYAN WEEDS
Authors: Sharma Mamta , Kaur Rupinder , Puri Sunil
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the bioherbicidal activity of Withania somnifera against germination and growth of noxious weeds of Himalaya i.e. Ageratum coenyzoides, Chenopodium album and Achyranthus aspera in a laboratory and foliar spray bioassay which will act as a tool of weed management in the Himalayan region.Methods: Root, stem and leaf aqueous extract of Withania somnifera at 100% concentration were applied to determine their effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of tested weeds under laboratory condition. Foliar spray bioassay was carried out by spraying extracts of Withania somnifera on three-month-old seedlings of weeds for two months. Germination and growth of weeds were assessed using growth parameters into account i.e. germination percentage, stem length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, no of shoot branches and no of root branches.Results: The results revealed that all the aqueous extracts markedly suppressed germination and seedling growth of A. coenyzoides, C. album and A. aspera. Withania extracts remarkably effected germination, the growth of Ageratum coenyzoides in comparison to other studied weeds. The leaf extract of Withania was more pronounced than stem and root extracts in germination assay. Infoliarspray bioassay, aqueous leaf extracts of 100% w/v concentrations were sprayed on three month old seedlings of weeds at an interval of 5 d. All the aqueous extracts significantly suppressed shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of Ageratum coenyzoides, Chenopodium album and Achyranthus aspera seedling. In foliar spray bioassay, leaf extract suppressed the stem length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, no. of root branches and no of shoot branches of studied weeds more commendably than stem and root extract. The suppression of growth parameters could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals present in the extracts of Withaniasomnifera.Conclusion: The present study concludes that Withania somnifera contain bio-herbicidal compounds in leaf, stem and root as plant extracts adversely affect weed growth of studied weeds. Henceforth the strategy bio-control of weed is a safe and effective method which could prove a milestone in weed management in Mid-Himalaya.
PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES (KAPs) ON THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CHILDREN FOR UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (URTIs)
Authors: Shah Noraida Mohamed , Rahim Mastura Abdul
Published: March 2017

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of parents on the use of antibiotics among children for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2014 at kindergartens around Kuala Lumpur. Data were collected using questionnaires which were distributed to parents with children aged ≤ 6 y.Results: A total of 169 parents participated in this study. Parental knowledge on the use of antibiotics in children for URTI was poor with a mean score of 1.99+1.27 (total score = 5). The overall attitude was positive with a mean score of 23.01+6.17 (total score = 60). Gender, educational level, personal and household monthly incomes were significantly associated with both knowledge and attitudes (a total score of p<0.05). A moderate, significant negative correlation was found between knowledge score and attitude score (rs =-0.498, p<0.001).Conclusion: This study provides an insight towards parental KAPs on the use of antibiotics among children for URTIs. Improving parental KAPs may reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics among children.
COCONUT MILK MODULATE THE ANTIGENICITY OF ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN IN BALB/C MICE
Authors: Benaissa Yamina , Addou Samia , Dib Wafaa , Kheroua Omar , Saidi Djamel
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of this work was to study the biochemical characteristics of coconut milk and its antigenic effect on the Balb/c mice immunized with α-lactalbumin protein, as well as its consequences on the structure of the intestinal epithelium.Methods: To achieve the objective of the study, an electrophoresis was realised on a polyacrylamide gel to determine various proteins contained in coconut milk. In addition, Lowry’s method was used to determine the amount of proteins in the formula. The antigenicity of coconut milk in sera was also studied using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. For the histological study, 21 w-old mice Balb/c were used and distributed in three groups of 7 mice each. Group 1, received a standard feed with no treatment (Negative control), group 2 and 3 received respectively a standard feed (Positive control) and coconut milk for a period of 28 d after being immunized with α- lactalbumin.Results: Analysis of the data revealed that the rate of proteins of cow’s milk is higher than that of the coconut milk ( p0.01). However, after carrying out the electrophoresis analysis, the coconut milk showed the absence of intact proteins. The anti α-Lactalbumin IgG titers significantly increased in positive control groups that received coconut milk (p<0.0001). Moreover, there was an increase of the intestinal villi height of mice fed with coconut milk, in the structure level of their intestinal epithelium compared to the negative control group.Conclusion: The findings of the study provide the evidence that coconut milk is a possible alternative to the cow’s milk formula in case of allergy.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY EFFECT ON MCF-7 CELL LINE OF CO-ENCAPSULATED ARTESUNATE AND CURCUMIN LIPOSOME
Authors: Sharma Sarvesh , Kumar Vimal
Published: March 2017

Objective: Cancer drug delivery has focused using novel carrier system due to their high drug loading and release controlled property and minimum side effect. Artesunate (ART) and curcumin (CUR) are proved natural herbal lead chemotherapeutics used as Chinese and Indian food. But due to its low absorption and the poor bioavailability limits its clinical efficacy. The object of the present work was to investigate the cytotoxic vs apoptotic effect of these herbal lead molecules in the co-encapsulated liposome formulation.Methods: ART and CUR liposome were prepared by thin film hydration method. Because of their opposite solubility nature, ART loaded in the aqueous phase at pH 7.4 while CUR is present in the central core through lipophilic interaction. In vitro cytotoxicity action of the free and liposomal formulation was performed by MTT assay.Results: Physiochemical parameters were evaluated and compared to the co-encapsulated formulation of containing both molecules. The mean diameter around 200 nm, low polydispersity index and co-encapsulation efficiency were found to be 90%. Co-encapsulation in nanometer size is beneficial for uptake and photo-stability of a drug. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of the co-encapsulated formulation was shown a better result than individual drug and also gives the clue for apoptosis. IC50 value for ART, CUR and Liposome was found to be 297.61 µg/ml and 60.60 µg/ml respectively. The result explained the co-encapsulation of curcumin with artesunate is show an ameliorative effect for repositioning therapeutic efficacy of the drug.Conclusion: We observed that human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were relatively resistant to ART and sensitive to CUR. Treatment with ART plus CUR had a synergistic cytotoxic, and apoptotic effect was mediated by up regulation of DR4 and DR5 m RNA expression.
POTENT BIOACTIVE METABOLITES OF CASUARINA JUNGHUHNIANA MIQ. ROOTS–A THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Authors: G. Chathurdevi , Umagowrie S.
Published: March 2017

Objective: Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. is a multipurpose tree, belongs to the family Casuarinaceae. It has a symbiotic association with actinomycete Frankia which makes the tree to grow vigorously on varied environmental conditions. Not much work has been documented on secondary metabolites and therapeutic approach of this species in India. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the potential phytochemicals in the root extracts and its therapeutic values.Methods: Casuarina junghuhniana root samples were collected from the State Forest Research Institute, Kolappakam, Chennai. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals screening were carried out using standard procedures. Antibacterial assay was tested against different pathogens using well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was carried out using reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods. The anti-inflammatory assay was tested using protein denaturation method. Further, the phytochemicals in the root extract were evaluated using GC-MS studies. The functional role of the phytoconstituent was confirmed by docking against the target using mcule software.Results: The qualitative screening revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. The quantitative analysis revealed the presence of maximum phenols (68.95±0.46 mg/g), flavonoids (34.15±0.33 mg/g) and terpenoids (3.9%) in methanolic root extract with respective standards. Antibacterial activity showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (19±0.2 mm) followed by Staphylococcus sp (14±0.3 mm). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was compared with standard ascorbic acid and the extract showed activities in a dose-dependent manner. Several peaks were obtained in the GC-MS analysis which indicates the presence of different secondary metabolites. The specific phytocompound showed prominent binding affinity against the target enzyme in docking studies.Conclusion: The presence of potent phytochemicals in the Casuarina junghuhniana root with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could be used as a promising source for developing novel plant-based therapeutic agents.
DECIPHERING THE ACTION MECHANISM OF INDONESIA HERBAL DECOCTION IN THE TREATMENT OF TYPE II DIABETES USING A NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY APPROACH
Authors: Ochieng Peter Juma , Kusuma Wisnu Ananta , Rafi Mohamad , Sumaryada Tony
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate action mechanism of Indonesia herbal decoctions in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) using network pharmacology approaches.Methods: Drug target profile analysis via Markov clustering was performed to identify the potent antidiabetic ingredients in the four herbs. Network target base identification of multicomponent synergy was applied to predict the ingredients synergetic effect. The multi-level and integrated target networks were contracted to identify the herbs major ingredients and their presumed targets. Further enrichment analysis and molecular docking were performed to validate network targets.Results: 278 ingredients from the four herbs were linked to antidiabetic drugs with an overall clustering success rate of 98.58% and 5 ingredient pairs had significant synergetic effects. Enrichment analysis demonstrates herbs candidate presumed targets were frequently involved in the significant biological process and pathways associated with progression of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diseases. Finally, molecular docking validation revealed there was high binding site similarity between momordicoside F2 (78%), beta-sitosterol (67%) and cis-N-Feruloyltyramine (67%) with miglitol drug. In addition, the four ligands presented the higher binding affinity to Maltase-glucoamylase (MGA) receptor an enzyme responsible for the digestion of dietary starch to glucose.Conclusion: This study revealed the pharmacological mechanism of action of Indonesia herbal decoctions in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. The herbs major presumed target played a significant biological role in the progression of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) while major herbal ingredients indicates the potential of curing Type 2 diabetes by inhibiting Maltase-glucoamylase (MGA) activity.
BIOASSAY-GUIDED EVALUATION OF FICUS SEMICORDATA FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Kaur Virender , Upadhyaya Kumud , Pande Milind
Published: March 2017

Objective: The early stage of diabetes mellitus type 2 is associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. The therapeutic approach involved in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the use of agents that can decrease postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate digesting enzymes. In an effort of identifying herbal drugs which may become useful in the prevention or mitigation of diabetes, the antidiabetic activity of Ficus semicordata (FS) and its constituents were studied. The present study was undertaken in part to identify the potent antihyperglycemic fraction from the ethanol extract of the plant, using bioassay guided evaluation.Methods: The ethanol extract of Ficus semicordata were fractionated to obtain chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and ethanol extracts which were tested for alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, properties. Further fractionation of the more active ethanol fraction yielded isolates FS-1 and FS-2 which were tested for in vivo antidiabetic activity using Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Results: Ethanol extract from leaves of the plant showed notable alpha-amylase (IC50 = 3.352µg/ml and alpha-glycosidase inhibitory activity (IC50= 3.448µg/ml) as compared to standard acarbose (IC50 = 3.175µg/ml. Subfraction FS-1 and FS-2 which were tested for in vivo antidiabetic activity using acute STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001) reduced blood glucose level.Conclusion: The Ficus semicordata plant extracts and the fractionated components could be used as a natural antidiabetic after comprehensive in vitro and in vivo biological studies.
BIOCONTROL OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN UNSTERILIZED SOIL BY NOVEL STREPTOMYCES CACAOI SUBSP CACAOI [M20]
Authors: Janaki T.
Published: March 2017

Objective: To find bio fungicide from mangrove actinomycetes for controlling seed and soil borne pathogen-Fusarium oxysporum. Methods: A total of 25 actinomycetes were isolated by pour plate method. These were screened for fungicidal activity by agar plug method. The isolate M20 was characterised further for identification. The phytotoxicity study was done; biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum with 10% culture filtrate was done using food poisoning technique. Volatile toxicity of isolate M20 was studied by inverted plate technique. The methanolic crude extract was subjected for UV–Vis spectral analysis for identifying the group of compound present.Results: The isolated M20 found to be better in antifungal activity. 10% culture filtrate actively inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum (77.7%), 10% culture filtrate was taken as a standard concentration for biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum using green gram as the test plants. The 15th-day green gram plants under treatment with the antagonist (A), antagonist+pathogen (A+P), antagonist+pathogen+rhizobium (A+P+R) yielded high biomass and better growth. The disease development by the pathogen in green gram was controlled by the antagonist. The compounds (pyrimidine nucleosides-neutral and acidic polyoxins (230 nm), (270-290 nm) and heptaene antifungal antibiotics (406-417 nm)) are preliminarily confirmed from the methanolic crude extract of the isolate M20-Streptomyces cacaoi subsp cacaoi.Conclusion: Since the isolate M20 controlled the growth and disease causing potentiality of Fusarium oxysporum, it can be effectively used to control seed and soil borne diseases that are caused by Fusarium oxysporum.
IN VITRO TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT PHYSALIS MINIMA LINN
Authors: Banothu Venkanna , Adepally Uma , Lingam Jayalakshmi
Published: March 2017

Objective: To estimate the in vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Physalis minima Linn.Methods: The crude bioactive were extracted from the dried powder of Physalis minima using methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial assay was done through agar well diffusion; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution methods against the Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).Results: TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged from 60.27±1.73-151.25±2.50 mg GAE/g dry weight, and TFC expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE) ranged from 56.66±0.80-158.84±2.30 mg QE/g dry weight. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extract and the IC50 values of methanol extract for scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 280.23±5.75-173.40±0.38µg/ml, respectively. All the extracts have shown potent antimicrobial activity for the zone of inhibition ranged from 9-35 mm; MICs and MBCs values ranged from 0.125-4.0 and 0.25-8.0 mg/ml, respectively towards tested pathogenic species.Conclusion: The comprehensive analysis of the present results demonstrated that Physalis minima possess high potential antioxidant properties which could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants in treating infections caused by above-mentioned pathogens.
PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AMONG ADULT AT THE KAMPUNG KOLAM, EAST COAST MALAYSIAN PENINSULA-A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Oo San San , Rao U. S. Mahadeva , Zin Thant
Published: March 2017

Objective: This study assesses the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors among adults aged 18 y and above at the Kampaung kolam, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.Methods: This cross-sectional survey comprised of a semi-structured face to face interview questionnaire and collected anthropometric measurements and sex specific waist circumference in cm. The study population was 70 in total with 21 (30%) males and 49 (70%) females aged 18 y and above were selected by universal sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was used for weight status and sex specific waist circumference (WC) in cm was used for assessment of abdominal or central obesity at risk of metabolic complications associated with obesity.Results: Among men, the prevalence of underweight was 9.5%, normal weight 57.1%, overweight 14.3% and obesity 19.1%, while among women, the prevalence of underweight was 12.2%, normal weight 53.1%, overweight 14.3% and obesity 20.4%. Overall, 18 (25.7%) was obese and 52 (74.3%) was non-obese while sex specific WC in cm 19 (27.1%) was abdominal obese who were at risk of metabolic complication associated with obesity and 51 (72.9%) was not at risk. In chi-square association tests revealed that among respondents, currently married, unemployed and having family history with obesity were associated with generalized obesity while respondents who were currently married and having fast food frequently were associated with abdominal obesity and respondents who being currently married, unemployed and having fast food frequently were more likely to obese in generalized as well as abdominally.Conclusion: There was no association between generalized, abdominal and generalized and abdominal obesity with age, gender, education, flat floor structure, dietary patterns and habits, physical activities, sleep pattern and knowledge and attitude level towards obesity but those factors can be utilized in effective health promotion programmers of weight management strategies by targeting those factors in design for prevention of hypertension, diabetes and related cardio vascular diseases CVD.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY FOR PREVENTION OF OBESITY: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Banjare Jyotibala
Published: March 2017

Obesity is a medical condition arises as a result of an imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis which leads to accumulation of excess fat. Obesity is linked with major health complications such as diabetes, cardiac disorder, cancer, hypertension, sleep apnoea, etc. Weight loss through medication and healthy food balance can prevent obesity and associated disorders. Though, diet based therapy and drugs have short term effect with lacunae. At present, no reliable and established oral supplements are available to take care of obesity. Nanotechnology is a briskly emerging area of science and technology for food modulation at molecular and atomic level. The unique size and superior properties of nanomaterial have huge application in biology and medicine for food and drug development. Nanotechnology is playing an important role in the food industry for unindustrialized improved food, uptake, absorption, and bioavailability of nutrients to the body. Balanced or better-modified nutrients food, restricted calorie measures and commercial availability is geared through Nanoscience for control of obesity. Nanoparticle Targeted drug therapy, particularly for adipose tissue, may provide a new generation formulation for therapeutics of obesity.