bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes of the dough rheological properties influenced by addition of potato fibre
Authors: Bojňanská Tatiana , Tokár Marián , Frančáková Helena
Published: June 2014

Fibre is an important component of diet and nutrition and is one of the groups of biologically important substances consumed in insufficient quantity. One possibility to increase its intake is to enrich with fibre the food consumed in significant quantities, such as bread and pastries. The aim of this experimental work was to verify the influence of the addition of commercially produced potato fibre Potex to wheat flour and to evaluate the changes in physical properties of subsequently prepared doughs. The addition of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of Potex has been chosen and rheological properties were evaluated by the means of E-Farinograph (consistency, water absorption, dough development time, stability and degree of softening), Extensograph-E (resistance to extension, maximal resistance to extension, extensibility, extensibility maximum and energy dough), and Amylograph-E (beginning of gelatinization, viscosity, maximum of gelatinization). The addition of Potex depending on the amount changed the physical dough properties: above 3% of addition significantly increased the beginning of gelatinization and with increasing addition the maximum of gelatinization has increased. Based on the evaluation of farinograph curves it can be concluded that the addition of Potex increased water absorption of composite flours, prolonged dough development time and dough stability. Extensograph measurements showed, with increasing addition of Potex the decrease in dough extension. All doughs were easy to process and with the suitable amount of addition their satisfactory parameters could be maintained. From a technological point of view, the addition of fibre (Potex) up to 3% was fully acceptable and did not significantly alter the rheological properties of processed doughs.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VULCANIZED STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER BY THERMAL DESORPTION AND THERMALLY ASSISTED HYDROLYSIS AND METHYLATION-GC/MS
Authors: Watanabe Atsushi , Watanabe Chu , Freeman Robert , Nakajima Mari , Teramae Norio , Ohtani Hajime
Published: June 2014

Determination of stearic acid in rubber is very important from the viewpoint of quality control of products. In place of the conventional liquid-phase extraction procedures for the analysis of additives in rubber, stearic and palmitic acids in vulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) samples were directly analyzed in the solid state by thermal desorption (TD)–gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM)–GC/MS. It was found that the precision of analytical data was only fair in the TD-GC/MS analysis, with 7.8% relative standard deviation (RSD), because of the interaction between the polar fatty acids and basic sites in the GC chromatographic system. On the other hand, THM-GC/MS, in which the fatty acids are derivatized to the methyl esters using tetramethylammonium hydroxide, can overcome this problem. Under the optimized measurement conditions of this study for THM-GC/MS, the average determined value (0.62 wt%) of total fatty acids in the SBR samples was found to agree well with the compounded amount (0.64 wt%) used in the preparation stage of the SBR samples, and the RSD was 3.2%.
Role and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococci Involved in Prosthetic Joint Infections
Authors: Drago Lorenzo , De Vecchi Elena , Cappelletti Laura , Mattina Roberto , Vassena Christian , Romanò Carlo L.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Staphylococci are responsible for approximately half of all prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and they are often multi-drug resistant. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of PJIs caused by staphylococci in our hospital from March 2010 to February 2012, with particular reference to antibiotic resistance in relation to their classification as contaminant or infecting isolates.

Methods

We analyzed samples recovered from 124 patients: most of them were male (55.8%) and the mean age was 66 ± 14 years. Prostheses derived from hip (54.8%) or knee (45.2%) replacement and they were processed by sonication. Isolates were identified using conventional biochemical methodologies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion method as described by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.

Results

A total of 135 staphylococci were isolated: the prevalent species was Staphylococcus aureus, but, on the whole, coagulase-negative staphylococci represented 57% of cases. Fifty-one isolates were recovered from a single sample and were therefore defined as contaminant. Linezolid and glycopeptides showed excellent activity versus all the tested isolates, while penicillin, levofloxacin, and erythromycin offered reduced activity against staphylococci. Interestingly, high resistance rates were observed for coagulase-negative staphylococci other than S. epidermidis classified as contaminant strains.

Conclusions

We observed a remarkable spread of coagulase-negative staphylococci as causative agents of PJIs; but most of them were classified as contaminants. However, because of their low susceptibility to the antibiotics tested, further studies are necessary to evaluate their role as pathogens or as true contaminants.
Evaluation of some processing tomato lines with resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus for agricultural and processing characters
Authors: Gragera J. , Soler S. , Díez M. J. , Catalá M. S. , Rodríguez M. C. , Espárrago G. , Roselló S. , Costa J. , Rodríguez A. , Nuez F.
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most limiting factors for tomato culture in Spain. Some breeding programs have been recently developed to obtain cultivars with resistance to TSWV. The evaluation of six lines of processing tomato obtained from one of these breeding programs and carrying the Sw-5 gene that confers resistance to TSWV, has shown that all these lines have both agronomic (yield, vigor, etc.) and quality characters better or similar to those of control cultivars. The lines tested here could be very useful in regions where TSWV is an endemic disease and to get hybrids that would express heterosis and more stability in different environmental conditions.
Settlement rate of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera, Aphididae) and transmission efficiency of Cucumber mosic virus in melons protected with kaolin-particle films
Authors: Garzo E.I. , Díaz B. , Duque M. , Fereres A.
Published: June 2014

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of Surround (95% kaolin) on the settlement of Aphis gossypii Glover on melon plants and on the transmission of a non-persistent virus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The first step was to conduct a transmission experiment using apterae aphids under laboratory conditions. Results of these tests showed that Surround is unable to avoid the transmission of non-persistent viruses, although a significant reduction in the transmission rate of CMV in the Surroundtreated plants was observed in some cases. Also, the efficacy of Surround was tested using alatae aphids that were released in large cages under greenhouse conditions. The results obtained indicated that there was a significant difference in one assay at 24 h, and in two assays at 48 h, when the mean number of aphids settled on test plants treated and untreated with Surround was compared. However, Surround was able to reduce the transmission rate of CMV by only 10% and there were no statistically significant differences between treated and untreated control plants under our experimental conditions.
Macro- and micro-aggregate stability of soils determined by a combination of wet-sieving and laser-ray diffraction
Authors: Amezketa E. , Aragües R. , Carranza R. , Urgel B.
Published: June 2014

Soil structural stability affects the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. Different-sized structural units have different stability mechanisms and respond differently to such external factors as rain, wind, irrigation and management. A comprehensive analysis of the soils structural stability requires its characterization at the macroand micro-aggregate scales. We determined the aggregate stability of 36 soils at the macro-aggregate scale using wetsieving methods and of 20 soils at the micro-aggregate scale using laser-ray diffraction techniques. All the tests gave consistent estimates of aggregate stability. Most soils were homogeneous and quite stable at the macro-aggregate level as determined by the "water stable aggregate" parameter, but differed significantly among them and were quite unstable at the micro-aggregate level as determined by the "mean weight diameter of micro-aggregates" parameter. Slaking induced by the fast wetting of aggregates was the main destabilizing mechanism in these soils (88% of the soils had slaking stability index values < 0.5), whereas most soils were quite tolerant to the mechanical shaking of aggregates (89% of the soils had stirring stability index values > 0.5). The combination of the macro- and micro-aggregate stability tests is a consistent way for describing the structural stability of the studied soils.
Short communication. Selection of Trichoderma spp. isolates against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Cundom M.A. , Mazza S.M. , Gutiérrez S.A.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this work was to select regional isolates of Trichoderma spp. active in the antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani, fungal causal agent of seedling death in vegetable crops of northeast Argentina. The antagonistic activity of nine monosporic isolates of Trichoderma spp. was evaluated in dual culture and the production of non-volatile metabolites in eight of them was evaluated using the cellophane test. All isolates significantly diminished the mycelial growth of R. solani in dual culture. Isolates 1, 3, 4 and 7 were more efficient at producing non-volatile metabolites. These isolates have been selected to evaluate their antagonistic potential to reduce melon seedling death in greenhouse and brought about a significant reduction of the disease caused by R. solani. The results showed the possibility of using regional Trichoderma spp. isolates to reduce melon seedling death by R. solani in warm and wet climates in the northwest of the Corrientes province.
Selection of marketing channels by intensive horticultural crop growers in Almeria [Spain]
Authors: Martínez-Carrasco Pleite F.
Published: June 2014

The province of Almería is home to the largest concentration of greenhouses in Europe. Its produce is now one of the main sources of vegetables for the continent between autumn and spring, but the growth experienced by this system would not have been possible without the simultaneous development of marketing systems at origin, in particular those of auctions and associative organisations. A survey of horticultural crop growers in the Almería province showed their preferences for different marketing channels. The influence of characteristics such as grower age, aversion to risk, family size and holding size on these preferences was determined using Logit models.
Effect of genotype x environment interactions in popcorn maize yield and grain quality
Authors: Broccoli A.M. , Burak R.
Published: June 2014

Fourteen commercial popcorn maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomised block design in three locations for two years with the aim of introducing this crop into a region of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina, an area characterized by changing environmental conditions. The traits evaluated were grain yield, expansion volume, kernel width, kernel length, caryopsis roundness index, ear diameter, ear length, kernel density before expansion, expanded kernel density and prolificacy index. The interaction genotype x environment revealed environments favourable towards yield but which were simultaneously unfavourable towards expansion capacity, as well as genotypes stable for one of these variables but unstable for the other. However, some environments and genotypes were simultaneously favourable to both. Only a weak negative correlation was found between grain yield and expansion capacity, suggesting this relationship may not be very strong in these modern hybrids. Rounded grains showed higher expansion capacities, but this characteristic was negatively correlated to yield; roundness is therefore not recommended as a selection criterion. The prolificacy index correlated positively with yield but not with expansion volume, and is therefore a potential selection criterion.
Diagnostyka mikrobiologiczna u chorych na mukowiscydozę
Authors: Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa , Skorupa Wojciech
Published: June 2014

Mukowiscydoza, inaczej zwłóknienie torbielowate [...]
Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Authors: Tabatabaei Yazdi Fatemeh , Adriaens Dominique , Darvish Jamshid
Published: June 2014

Jirds (genus Meriones) are a diverse group of rodents, with a wide distribution range in Iran. Sundevall’s jird (Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842) is one such species that shows a disjunct distribution, found on the Iranian Plateau and Western Zagros Mountains. Morphological differences observed between these two populations, however, lack quantitative support. Morphological differences between geographical populations of Meriones crassus were analysed and compared with those of the sympatric M. libycus. Similarities in the cranial morphology of these species were found, e.g. in a relatively large and inflated bulla. A two-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis was done on the skull of 275 M. crassus and 220 M. libycus from more than 70 different localities in their distribution range. Results confirm cranial differences between specimens of M. crassus from the Western Zagros and those from Africa and Arabia, mainly at the level of the relative size of the tympanic bulla, that were significantly correlated with the annual rainfall and elevation. Moreover, the study supports the hypothesis that the Western Zagros specimens are both a geographically and phenotypically distinct group compared to the other Iranian M. crassus specimens, suggesting that the former might be a distinct species.
Real‐time modeling of water distribution systems: A case study
Authors: Boulos Paul F. , Jacobsen Laura B. , Heath J. Erick , Kamojjala Sri
Published: June 2014

Water utilities worldwide face increasing challenges to preserve the hydraulic and water quality integrity of their water distribution networks. These challenges stem from burgeoning populations and migration to urban cities that continue to increase the load on aging, inefficient, and already strained infrastructures. This has created a pressing need for integrating supervisory control and acquisition systems with network simulation models for proactive management of these networks. Such an integrated platform is the basis for the real‐time smart water network decision support system (SWNDSS) described here. The proposed system has the power to transform a water utility's routine network modeling functions from planning and design to full‐spectrum engagement that drives more efficient operations—including managing water quality and energy, developing daily operating plans, addressing planned and emergency outages, and diagnosing and resolving field issues. Aspects of the SWNDSS ar described in a case study from the Las Vegas Valley Water District in Las Vegas, Nev.
Sampling frequency, location, and reporting limit influence on benchmarking EDC/PPCPs
Authors: Stanford Benjamin D. , Reinert Allison M. , Rosenfeldt Erik J. , Dryer Deborah , Park Mi‐Hyun , Reckhow Dave
Published: June 2014

Many water utilities have recently initiated or are considering initiating monitoring programs to establish baseline contaminant concentrations of endocrine‐disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals/personal care products (PPCPs) in their water supply. Unfortunately, monitoring sites and sampling frequency have often been conducted without regard to end use of the data, loading dynamics, and environmental behavior of trace contaminants. This article provides an a posteriori analysis of more than eight years of monitoring data from Lake Mead, Nev., including more than 80 EDCs/PPCPs to ascertain what effects sample location, sample frequency, and analyte reporting limits have on interpretation of the baseline dataset. The results of this study indicate that, for the Lake Mead dataset, the same general conclusions regarding the mean, median, maximum, and minimum concentrations can be drawn from the complete monthly sample dataset as can be drawn from a two‐year snapshot and/or even quarterly or bimonthly data alone. This finding points to the possible reduction of sampling, campaign frequency, and duration for utilities, although this type of analysis needs to be conducted in other watersheds to determine portability of results.
Pretreatment impacts on biopolymers in adjacent ultrafiltration plants
Authors: Siembida‐Lösch Barbara , Anderson William B. , Bonsteel Jane , Huck Peter M.
Published: June 2014

Full‐scale studies were conducted to determine the effects of the configuration or absence of pretreatment on membrane performance at two full‐scale ultrafiltration (UF) drinking water treatment plants sharing a common raw water source. One plant had no pretreatment before the membranes, and the other had ozone and biologically active carbon contactor pretreatment. At one point during this study, ozonation was out of service, and this presented an opportunity to compare ozone on/off scenarios. Ozone addition was observed to reduce biopolymer retention by UF membranes up to 23%. Although lower normalized flux (20°C) was associated with higher biopolymer retention by UF membranes, higher retention was found to not affect membrane permeability. Assimilable organic carbon was not a good surrogate for biopolymer removal by biofiltration. Variations in the raw water biopolymer fractions at both plants were associated with seasonal changes in temperature and potentially lakewide flow‐circulation patterns.
Open Search Environments: The Free Alternative to Commercial Search Services
Authors: O'Riordan Adrian
Published: June 2014

Open search systems present a free and less restricted alternative to commercial search services. This paper explores the space of open search technology looking in particular at the issue of interoperability. A description of current protocols and formats for engineering open search applications is presented. The suitability of these technologies and issues around their adoption and operation are discussed. This open search approach is especially proving a fitting choice in applications involving the harvesting of resources and information integration. Principal among the technological solutions are OpenSearch and SRU. OpenSearch and SRU implement a federated model to enable existing and new search engines and search clients communicate. Applications and instances where Opensearch and SRU can be combined are presented. Other relevant technologies such as OpenURL, Apache Solr, and OAI-PMH are also discussed. The deployment of these freely licensed open standards in digital library applications is now a genuine alternative to commercial or proprietary systems.
The Importance of Identifying and Accommodating E-Resource Usage Data for the Presence of Outliers. The Negative Impacts of Inaccurate E-Journal Usage Data.
Authors: Lamothe Alain R.
Published: June 2014

This article presents the results of a quantitative analysis examining the effects of abnormal and extreme values on e-journal usage statistics. Detailed are the step-by-step procedures designed specifically to identify and remove these values, termed outliers. By greatly deviating from other values in a sample, outliers distort and contaminate that data. Between 2010 and 2011, e-journal usage at the J.N. Desmarais Library spiked as a result of illegal downloading. The identification and removal of outliers had a noticeable effect on e-journal usage levels. They represented over 100,000 erroneous articles downloaded in 2010 and nearly 200,000 erroneous downloading in 2011.
Personnel Aspects of Library Automation
Authors: Weber David C.
Published: June 2014

Personnel of an automation project is discussed in terms of talents needed in the design team, their qualifications and organization, the attitudes to be fostered, and the communication and documentation that is important for effective teamwork. Discussion is based on Stanford University's experience with Protect BALLOTS and includes comments on some specific problems which have personnel importance and may be faced in major design efforts.
Entry/Title Compression Code Access to Machine Readable Bibliographic Files
Authors: Newman William L. , Buchinski Edwin J.
Published: June 2014

An entry/title compression code is proposed which will fulfill the following requirements at the Library, University of Saskatchewan: 1) entry/title access to MARC tapes; 2) entry/title access to the acquisitions and cataloguing in-process file; and 3) entry /title duplicate order edit within the acquisitions and cataloguing in-process file. The study which produced the code and applications for the code are discussed.
On the Recursive Definition of a Format for Communication
Authors: Sumarokov Leonid N.
Published: June 2014

A recursive presentation of a communication format is discussed and a form of pertinent notation proposed. Recursive notation permits presentation of an interchange format in more general terms than heretofore published, and expands application possibilities.
A MARC II-Based Program for Retrieval and Dissemination
Authors: Mauerhoff Georg R. , Smith Richard G.
Published: June 2014

Subscriptions to the Library of Congress' MARC tapes number approximately sixty. The uses to which the weekly tapes have been put have been minimal in the area of Selective Dissemination of lnformation (SDI) and current awareness. This paper reviews work that has been performed on hatched retrieval/dissemination and provides a description of a highly flexible cooperative SDI system developed by the Library, University of Saskatchewan, and the National Science Library. The system will permit searching over all subject areas represented by the English language monographic literature on MARC.
Book Reviews
Authors: Mathis Robert F. , Hopkins Judith , Line Maurice B.
Published: June 2014

Book Reviews
Development of a Technical Library to Support Computer Systems Evaluation
Authors: Malley Patricia Munson
Published: June 2014

This paper reports on the development and growth of the United States Army Computer Systems Support and Evaluation Command (USACSSEC) Technical Reference Library from a collection of miscellaneous documents related to only fifty computer systems to the present collection of approximately 10,000 hardware/software technical documents related to over 200 systems from 70 manufacturers. Special emphasis is given to the evolution of the filing system and retrieval techniques unique to the USACSSEC Technical Reference Library, i.e., computer listings of available documents in various sequences, and development uf the cataloging system adaptable to computer technology. It is hoped that this paper will be a contribution toward a standard approach in cataloging ADP collections.
La rage de Vivre et les « Cahiers noirs » (1934-1935)
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: June 2014

Areligieuse mais politique comme les Jeune-Canada qu’elle considère par ailleurs « bourgeois », la revue Vivre se démarque de la Jeunesse ouvrière catholique, de L’Action nationale et des « métaphysiciens » de La Relève. Éclectique dans ses inspirations politiques et intellectuelles, anticonformiste par son ton, la revue de Québec se met aussi à l’enseigne de Jean-Charles Harvey, dénonciateur des « demi-civilisés ». « Vivre » est pour l’éphémère revue « combattre la peur » et plaider pour la vie, pour le vivant, pour le présent contre le conformisme des peureux qui prennent le passé pour maître. Vivre renaîtra dans La Nation.
L’évolution des sciences au Canada français examinée à partir de la mycologie
Authors: Gaudreau Guy
Published: June 2014

L’article traite de l’évolution de la mycologie pratiquée au Canada français depuis le milieu du xixe siècle. Sous l’angle de cette discipline spécifique que représente la mycologie, c’est la pratique des sciences qui est examinée, tout comme le rôle central joué par le frère Marie-Victorin et par certaines communautés religieuses, tels les Frères des écoles chrétiennes. En participant à la création des Cercles des jeunes naturalistes, terreau des futurs membres des clubs de mycologie, et en faisant la promotion des recherches et des études américaines et nord-américaines, Marie-Victorin joue vraisemblablement un rôle déterminant dans la carrière de nombreux scientifiques dont René Pomerleau, qui se taillera une place de choix sur la scène mycologique. Comme on le verra, ce dernier n’a pas été le seul à contribuer à l’évolution de la mycologie, même s’il est généralement présenté comme le fondateur des deux premiers cercles de mycologues amateurs. Une attention particulière sera portée au Cercle des mycologues amateurs de Montréal, fondé en 1950, et dont on suivra à grands traits l’évolution pendant quelques décennies.
Roy McMurtry, les droits des Franco-Ontariens et la nation canadienne
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Lang Stéphane
Published: June 2014

Les travaux sur les idées constitutionnelles au Canada pendant les années 1970 et 1980 négligent trop souvent la pluralité idéologique existant parmi les principaux acteurs de l’époque. Cet article tente de pallier cette lacune en analysant l’apport de l’ancien procureur général de l’Ontario, Roy McMurtry, à la redéfinition de l’identité nationale canadienne dans le contexte des bouleversements constitutionnels de 1982. Le texte montre que le nom de McMurtry devrait aussi être associé aux débats constitutionnels du tournant des années 1980 au même titre que celui de Pierre Trudeau. Il porte aussi sur son attitude à l’égard de la minorité franco-ontarienne en raison du rôle clé qu’il souhaitait qu’elle joue dans le rapprochement entre le Québec et le reste du pays. Associé au courant red tory, McMurtry a ainsi mis son héritage intellectuel au service des droits des minorités.
L’érection de la croix du mont Royal
Authors: Côté Gaston
Published: June 2014

L’érection de la croix sur le mont Royal en 1924 est riche de sens à la fois dans l’histoire de Montréal et celle du Québec. En entreprenant de l’ériger, la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal souhaite d’abord rappeler les gestes posés par Jacques Cartier et Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. Le monument participe aussi des célébrations de la fête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste dont l’ampleur croît dans les années 1920, une période caractérisée par un regain du nationalisme. En outre, l’élévation du monument sur la montagne témoigne de l’avancée des francophones dans un secteur de Montréal traditionnellement associé à l’élite anglophone. Enfin, ce symbole important de la nationalité canadienne-française marque la volonté de prendre possession de cet espace symbolique et, plus globalement, de la ville tout entière.
Littérature personnelle et histoire de la lecture : de la théorie à la pratique
Authors: Facal Cécile
Published: June 2014

Les pratiques individuelles de lecture sont relativement peu étudiées en comparaison des pratiques collectives. Les textes de littérature personnelle constituent des sources essentielles permettant d’accéder aux lecteurs individuels. Leur utilisation et le traitement des informations qu’ils fournissent ne vont cependant pas de soi. Dans cet article, qui se fonde sur les résultats de l’étude d’une vingtaine de textes personnels d’écrivains québécois, une série d’observations pratiques concernant le maniement des sources personnelles et leurs possibilités opératoires s’articulent à des remarques plus générales sur les recherches actuelles autour de la lecture. Il s’agit donc d’identifier quels sont les risques et les promesses de l’exploitation des corpus de littérature personnelle pour une meilleure connaissance des pratiques de lecture.
La bibliothèque du Conseil supérieur de Québec (1717-1760) : formation et contenu
Authors: Melançon François
Published: June 2014

En Nouvelle-France, le livre joue un rôle de premier plan dans la rencontre entre l’institution juridique d’origine européenne et le « vivre ensemble » colonial modulé par un espace étranger, l’Amérique du Nord. Il constitue un support de l’arsenal législatif des autorités monarchiques et un support du droit coutumier parisien qui régit la vie civile de la colonie. C’est pourquoi l’acquisition des livres de judicature est devenue, tôt dans le XVIIIe siècle, une question clé des débats relatifs à la qualité de l’administration judiciaire de la Nouvelle-France et aux compétences juridiques de ses officiers. Laissée traditionnellement à la charge des magistrats, cette démarche va peu à peu être assumée par le gouvernement qui verra à fournir un certain nombre de livres de référence à sa magistrature locale. La bibliothèque du Conseil supérieur de Québec deviendra ainsi la première bibliothèque de collectivité laïque dans la vallée laurentienne avant les années 1760. Le présent article en présente son histoire et son contenu ainsi qu’un catalogue reconstitué de la collection.
University Extra-Mural Studies and Extension Outreach: Incompatibilities
Authors: Rogers Alan
Published: June 2014

The argument of this paper1 is that – within a wide range of university responses to the challenge of outreach – there grew up in the extra-mural or adult education departments of many UK universities an alternative epistemological paradigm to the older and more traditional extension programmes. This paradigm threatened the extension approach and has now been suppressed, to the detriment of the universities, adult education and many local communities.
Sensory experience during locomotion promotes recovery of function in adult visual cortex
Authors: Kaneko Megumi , Stryker Michael P
Published: June 2014

Recovery from sensory deprivation is slow and incomplete in adult visual cortex. In this study, we show that visual stimulation during locomotion, which increases the gain of visual responses in primary visual cortex, dramatically enhances recovery in the mouse. Excitatory neurons regained normal levels of response, while narrow-spiking (inhibitory) neurons remained less active. Visual stimulation or locomotion alone did not enhance recovery. Responses to the particular visual stimuli viewed by the animal during locomotion recovered, while those to another normally effective stimulus did not, suggesting that locomotion promotes the recovery only of the neural circuits that are activated concurrent with the locomotion. These findings may provide an avenue for improving recovery from amblyopia in humans.
Diagnostic Accuracy of an Integrated AI Tool to Estimate Gestational Age From Blind Ultrasound Sweeps
Authors: Stringer Jeffrey S. A. , Pokaprakarn Teeranan , Prieto Juan C. , Vwalika Bellington , Chari Srihari V. , Sindano Ntazana , Freeman Bethany L. , Sikapande Bridget , Davis Nicole M. , Sebastião Yuri V. , Mandona Nelly M. , Stringer Elizabeth M. , Benabdelkader Chiraz , Mungole Mutinta , Kapilya Filson M. , Almnini Nariman , Diaz Arieska N. , Fecteau Brittany A. , Kosorok Michael R. , Cole Stephen R. , Kasaro Margaret P.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Accurate assessment of gestational age (GA) is essential to good pregnancy care but often requires ultrasonography, which may not be available in low-resource settings. This study developed a deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) model to estimate GA from blind ultrasonography sweeps and incorporated it into the software of a low-cost, battery-powered device.

Objective

To evaluate GA estimation accuracy of an AI-enabled ultrasonography tool when used by novice users with no prior training in sonography.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective diagnostic accuracy study enrolled 400 individuals with viable, single, nonanomalous, first-trimester pregnancies in Lusaka, Zambia, and Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Credentialed sonographers established the “ground truth” GA via transvaginal crown-rump length measurement. At random follow-up visits throughout gestation, including a primary evaluation window from 14 0/7 weeks’ to 27 6/7 weeks’ gestation, novice users obtained blind sweeps of the maternal abdomen using the AI-enabled device (index test) and credentialed sonographers performed fetal biometry with a high-specification machine (study standard).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the mean absolute error (MAE) of the index test and study standard, which was calculated by comparing each method’s estimate to the previously established GA and considered equivalent if the difference fell within a prespecified margin of ±2 days.

Results

In the primary evaluation window, the AI-enabled device met criteria for equivalence to the study standard, with an MAE (SE) of 3.2 (0.1) days vs 3.0 (0.1) days (difference, 0.2 days [95% CI, −0.1 to 0.5]). Additionally, the percentage of assessments within 7 days of the ground truth GA was comparable (90.7% for the index test vs 92.5% for the study standard). Performance was consistent in prespecified subgroups, including the Zambia and North Carolina cohorts and those with high body mass index.

Conclusions and Relevance

Between 14 and 27 weeks’ gestation, novice users with no prior training in ultrasonography estimated GA as accurately with the low-cost, point-of-care AI tool as credentialed sonographers performing standard biometry on high-specification machines. These findings have immediate implications for obstetrical care in low-resource settings, advancing the World Health Organization goal of ultrasonography estimation of GA for all pregnant people.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05433519
What Are Canker Sores?
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes the types of canker sores and how they can be treated.
Universal Background Checks, Permit Requirements, and Firearm Homicide Rates
Authors: Siegel Michael
Published: August 2024

Importance

A loophole in US gun policy is that people can purchase guns from private sellers without going through any background check. Some states have addressed this loophole by requiring universal background checks for all gun sales, either at the point of sale or through a permit system; however, most studies on the effectiveness of universal background checks have not analyzed these 2 policy mechanisms separately.

Objective

To assess the association of point-of-sale background check law and gun permit law, separately, with firearm homicide rates from 1976 through 2022 using the same methods and model specification.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used a difference-in-differences, fixed-effects regression model to evaluate firearm laws and firearm homicide rates in 48 states from 1976 through 2022. Data were obtained for 48 states except New Hampshire and Vermont and were analyzed in January 2024.

Exposures

Implementation of either the law requiring a universal background check at point of sale for all firearms without a permit or the laws combining universal background checks and a state permit requirement for all gun purchasers.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Annual, state-specific rates of firearm homicide per 100 000 people.

Results

From 1976 through 2022, 12 states adopted the universal background check laws without permitting requirements and 7 states implemented gun permit laws covering all firearms. The mean (SD) firearm homicide rate was 4.3 (0.1) per 100 000 people. Universal background checks for all firearms alone (without a state permitting system) were not associated with overall homicide rates (percentage change, 1.3%; 95% CI, −6.9% to 10.4%) or firearm homicide rates (percentage change, 3.7%; 95% CI, −5.3% to 13.6%). A law requiring a permit for the purchase of all firearms was associated with significantly lower overall homicide rates (percentage change, −15.4%; 95% CI, −28.5% to −0.01%) and firearm homicide rates (percentage change, −18.3%; 95% CI, −32.0% to −1.9%).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study found that universal background checks alone were not associated with firearm homicide rates, but a permit requirement for the purchase and possession of firearms was associated with substantially reduced rates of firearm homicide. The findings suggest that combining universal background checks and permit-to-purchase requirements is an effective strategy for firearm-related fatality reduction.
Sociodemographic Trends and Perinatal Outcomes in Fathers 50 Years and Older
Authors: Ha Albert S. , Scott Michael , Zhang Chiyuan Amy , Li Shufeng , Langroudi Ashkan P , Glover Frank , Basran Satvir , Del Giudice Francesco , Shaw Gary M. , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: August 2024

Importance

The age of fathers at childbirth is rising, with an increasing number of births attributed to older fathers. While the impact of advanced paternal age has been documented, sociodemographic data about fathers aged 50 years and older remain scarce.

Objectives

To explore sociodemographic and temporal trends among the oldest US fathers (age ≥50 years) and their associations with perinatal outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cross-sectional study included data from all US births from 2011 to 2022 using the National Vital Statistics System. Data were analyzed from August 2023 and May 2024.

Exposures

Reported paternal age at childbirth.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes of interest were sociodemographic factors, temporal trends in older fatherhood, and perinatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, assisted reproductive technology (ART), rates of maternal primiparity, and the infant sex ratio.

Results

From 2011 to 2022, the US recorded 46 195 453 births, with an overall mean (SD) paternal age of 31.5 (6.8) years and 484 507 (1.1%) involving fathers aged 50 years or older, 47 785 (0.1%) aged 60 years or older, and 3777 (0.008%) aged 70 years or older. Births to fathers aged 50 years or older increased from 1.1% in 2011 to 1.3% in 2022 (P for trend < .001). Fathers aged 50 years or older were more diverse, with variations in educational achievement and race and ethnicity. Marital status and maternal racial and ethnic and educational backgrounds also varied by paternal age and race. Despite controlling for maternal age and other sociodemographic and perinatal factors, every 10-year increase in paternal age was consistently associated with greater use of ART (eg, age 50-59 years: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.23; 95% CI, 2.19-2.27), higher likelihood of first maternal birth (eg, age 50-59 years: aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.15-1.17), and increased risks of preterm birth (eg, age 50-59 years: aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.15-1.18) and low birth weight (eg, age 50-59 years: aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.13-1.15) compared with fathers aged 30 to 39 years. No significant changes in the infant sex ratio were observed, except among fathers aged 70 years or older (aOR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.99) and 75 years or older (aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97), who showed a decreased likelihood of having male offspring.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of all US births from 2011 to 2022, the percentage attributed to older fathers, while small, increased. Notable variations in paternal and maternal race and education were identified. Older fatherhood was associated with increased ART use, first-time maternal births, adverse perinatal outcomes, and altered sex ratio. Further research of this population is crucial for improving patient counseling and family planning.
Aspirin Use and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer According to Lifestyle Risk
Authors: Sikavi Daniel R. , Wang Kai , Ma Wenjie , Drew David A. , Ogino Shuji , Giovannucci Edward L. , Cao Yin , Song Mingyang , Nguyen Long H. , Chan Andrew T.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Identifying individuals more likely to benefit from regular aspirin use for CRC prevention is a high priority.

Objective

To assess whether aspirin use is associated with the risk of CRC across different lifestyle risk factors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A prospective cohort study among women in the Nurses’ Health Study (1980-2018) and men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2018) was conducted. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2021, to May 22, 2023.

Exposures

A healthy lifestyle score was calculated based on body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, diet, and smoking with scores ranging from 0 to 5 (higher values corresponding to a healthier lifestyle). Regular aspirin use was defined as 2 or more standard tablets (325 mg) per week.

Main Outcome and Measures

Outcomes included multivariable-adjusted 10-year cumulative incidence of CRC, absolute risk reduction (ARR), and number needed to treat associated with regular aspirin use by lifestyle score and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for incident CRC across lifestyle scores.

Results

The mean (SD) baseline age of the 107 655 study participants (63 957 women from the Nurses’ Health Study and 43 698 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study) was 49.4 (9.0) years. During 3 038 215 person-years of follow-up, 2544 incident cases of CRC were documented. The 10-year cumulative CRC incidence was 1.98% (95% CI, 1.44%-2.51%) among participants who regularly used aspirin compared with 2.95% (95% CI, 2.31%-3.58%) among those who did not use aspirin, corresponding to an ARR of 0.97%. The ARR associated with aspirin use was greatest among those with the unhealthiest lifestyle scores and progressively decreased with healthier lifestyle scores (P < .001 for additive interaction). The 10-year ARR for lifestyle scores 0 to 1 (unhealthiest) was 1.28%. In contrast, the 10-year ARR for lifestyle scores 4 to 5 (healthiest) was 0.11%. The 10-year number needed to treat with aspirin was 78 for participants with lifestyle scores 0 to 1, 164 for score 2, 154 for score 3, and 909 for scores 4 to 5. Among the components of the healthy lifestyle score, the greatest differences in ARR associated with aspirin use were observed for body mass index and smoking.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, aspirin use was associated with a greater absolute reduction in risk of CRC among individuals with less healthy lifestyles. The findings of the study suggest that lifestyle risk factors may be useful to identify individuals who may have a more favorable risk-benefit profile for cancer prevention with aspirin.
Discussion Addendum for: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Allenic Pauson–Khand Reaction
Authors: Deihl Eric D. , Haghighi Fatemeh , Brummond Kay M.
Published: August 2024

The intramolecular Rh(I)‐catalyzed allenic Pauson–Khand reaction (APKR) is a powerful synthetic method for constructing ring‐fused cyclopentenones. This discussion addendum informs on a few recent advances made regarding expansion of the scope of the APKR and its application to target‐oriented synthesis. In this chapter, the authors divided addendum into the following topics: Asymmetric Allenic Pauson–Khand Reaction; Transfer of Allene Axial Chirality in APKR; Rh(I)‐Catalyzed APKR Double Bond Selectivity, Mechanism, and Reaction Optimization; and APKR Approach to Natural Products and Other Bioactive Compounds. In summary, the APKR has played an important role in target‐oriented organic synthesis. Amongst different metals including Fe, Mo, and Co being used as the catalyst in APKR, Rh is the most prominent in the recent advances in this area. For additional insight and information on the APKR several reviews have been published.
Synthesis of NH‐Sulfoximines from Sulfides Using Ammonium Carbamate and (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene to Transfer NH and O
Authors: Tota Arianna , Spennacchio Mauro , Briggs Edward L. , Ma Tsz‐Kan , Zhong Zhenhao , Degennaro Leonardo , Bull James A. , Luisi Renzo
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of NH‐sulfoximines from sulfides using ammonium carbamate and (diacetoxyiodo) benzene to transfer NH and O. Sulfoximines are emerging motifs in the life sciences and have shown application in asymmetric synthesis as chiral auxiliaries, ligands and catalysts. Their Lewis basic character has also made them interesting directing groups for C‐H functionalization. In 2017, the authors reported an operationally simple metal‐free protocol for the straightforward preparation of NH‐sulfoximines from sulfides using ammonium carbamate as a convenient source of ammonia and (diacetoxyiodo) benzene as the oxidant. This protocol was applied by them (and others) for the preparation of NH‐sulfoximines and for the NH‐ and O‐transfer to sulfenamides to access sulfonimidamides. In conclusion, the authors expect this metal‐free protocol from sulfides to be widely applicable, with the demonstrated compound presenting an attractive building block for further derivatization.
N
‐(Benzyloxy)‐
N
‐(pivaloyloxy)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐benzamide
Authors: Berger Kathleen J. , Dherange Balu D. , Morales Megan , Driscoll Julia L. , Tarhan A. Kaan , Levin* Mark D.
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for the N‐(Benzyloxy)‐N‐(pivaloyloxy)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐benzamide which belongs to the N‐(alkoxy)‐N‐(acyloxy)benzamide class of anomeric amides. In this class of compounds, in order to satisfy the electron demand of the two oxygen substituents, the resonance of the nitrogen lone pair with the amide carbonyl is largely diminished. This results in an sp
3
configuration and pyramidalization at nitrogen. The authors have used N‐(Benzyloxy)‐N‐(pivaloyloxy)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐benzamide to selectively edit secondary amines containing a range of functional groups and heterocycles. Nitrogen deletion of cyclic secondary amines results in a ring contraction, which has been applied to give substituted cyclobutene products from pyrrolidine precursors. This methodology also enabled a new synthetic route to the chemotherapeutic Pemetrexed and enabled the late‐stage editing of the kinase inhibitor Lapatinib.
Synthesis of Potassium 5‐Bromopentyltrifluoroborate via Hydroboration of a Haloalkene
Authors: Burke Sarah J. , Alhthlol Latifah M. , Gamrat James M. , Mancini Giulia , Orme Christopher L. , Santhouse Jacqueline R. , Tomares Dylan T. , Tomsho* John W.
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of potassium 5‐bromopentyltrifluoroborate via hydroboration of a haloalkene. While investigating nucleophilic substitution reactions involving boron‐containing electrophiles as a method to synthesize new pharmaceutical agents, the authors found boron's vacant p‐orbital caused problems in their syntheses. To overcome these difficulties, trifluoroborate salt electrophiles were explored as a method to mask the vacant p‐orbital. In conclusion, the authors have developed and reported a convenient, sequential synthesis as a general method for the preparation of potassium haloalkyltrifluoroborate salts through hydroboration with dichloroborane followed by treatment of the crude hydroboration products with potassium hydrogen difluoride. The reported procedure provided high yields and easy separation from disiloxane, a rarely mentioned hydroboration byproduct. This technique improves upon those that have been reported in terms of yield, reproducibility, atom economy, convenience, and cost for the generation of a series of potassium haloalkyltrifluoroborate salts.