bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bounded and Rational
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

At first glance, Homo sapiens is an unlikely contestant for taking over the world. “Man the wise” would not likely win an Olympic medal against animals in wrestling, weightlifting, jumping, swimming, or running. The fossil record suggests that Homo sapiens is perhaps 400,000 years old and is currently the only existing species of the genus Homo. Unlike our ancestor, Homo erectus, we are not named after our bipedal stance, nor are we named after our abilities to laugh, weep, and joke. Our family name refers to our wisdom and rationality.
Striking a Blow for Sanity in Theories of Rationality
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

I took the title of this chapter from an e-mail Herbert A. Simon sent to me in May 1999. In it, he wrote a statement for the back cover of Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart in which he commented: “I think the book strikes a great blow for sanity in the approach to rationality [and shows] why more than minor tampering with existing optimization theory is called for.” But Herb would n’t be Herb if he had n’t added: “and you would n’t believe I had ever skimmed the volume if I did n’t find SOMETHING to disagree with.”
Introduction
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

What questions should we ask about political violence? We are often in doubt. This book offers moral assessments of some forms of political violence. It focuses on terrorism as the most salient, current form in need of examination, analysis, and evaluation. It discusses various moral and other arguments about violent confiict and endeavors to steer future efforts of theorizing and practice in justifiable directions that will diminish the grievous suffering caused by violence and terror. The book considers conditions that promote political violence and evaluates efforts to deal with violence and with such conditions. Among the questions considered are: What makes a course of action aimed at bringing about or preventing political change morally acceptable? How, on what basis, and according to whom should political violence be evaluated?
Introduction
Authors: et.al., Peter Carruthers
Published: November 2023

This book is the third in a sequence of three volumes of essays on the innate mind. Together these volumes provide a broad survey of the overall state of contemporary nativist research across a range of disciplines and research traditions. The first volume in the sequence, The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents (Carruthers, Laurence, and Stich, 2005), explored what is known about the likely overall architecture of the innate mind and some of its specific features. The second volume in the sequence, The Innate Mind, Vol. 2: Culture and Cognition (Carruthers, Laurence, and Stich, 2006), examined the relations between culture and the innate mind. The present volume focuses on foundational issues regarding nativism and looks to the future of nativist research, both by considering cutting edge research in traditional areas of nativist concern, and by examining work in new areas that is pushing the boundaries of nativist research.
Linguistic Determinism and the Innate Basis of Number
Authors: Laurence Stephen , Margolis Eric
Published: November 2023

The ability to represent natural numbers is at the center of a lively controversy about the innate structure of the mind. As elsewhere in the study of cognition, there is a continuum of positions that implicate differing amounts of innate structure, but for our purposes it will be useful to distinguish three general approaches-what we will call empiricism, weak nativism, and strong nativism. Empiricist accounts maintain that there are no innate number-specific representations or number-specific cognitive systems of any kind and that the natural numbers are acquired on the basis of general cognitive re¬ sources that are responsible for the acquisition of a wide variety of concepts. Weak nativist accounts implicate considerably more innate structure, including number-related cognitive systems and representations of approximate quantity, but these accounts draw the line at concepts for specific natural numbers. They maintain that even though concepts for the natural numbers have a good deal of innate support, they have to be learned all the same. Finally, strong nativist accounts maintain that concepts for at least some specific natural numbers are innate and that these innate concepts are a crucial factor in the explanation of why the human mind is suited for mathematics.
Some Innate Foundations of Social and Moral Cognition
Authors: Wynn Karen
Published: November 2023

My goal in this chapter is to lay out some claims about the initial cognitive structures that underlie our earliest understanding of social entities and their interactions, and that serve as the foundations upon which more elaborated social understanding is built.
Commentary
Authors: Wooten Cecil
Published: November 2023

The author of the Rhetoric to Herennius, in discussing the function of the proemium, points out that ‘ ‘we can by four methods make our hearers well disposed: by discussing our own person, the person of our adversaries, that of our hearers, and the facts themselves ‘ ‘ (1.8). He goes on to note that we can secure goodwill from a discussion of our own person by pointing out our past conduct toward the audience.
Getting Started
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

Let’s say you’ve begun to consider the idea of research science as a career but aren’t quite sure that you’re the right type of person for this job. Are there particular personal characteristics that lend themselves to this pursuit? My experience is that although the research field is populated by virtually every sort of personality imaginable, there are a few features that are obvious within the entire scientist population.
Career Choices and Laboratory Nitty-Gritty
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

Much—most—of the information in the following pages is pretty general, and I hope it will be useful to a consideration of many types of research positions. To be sure, some of it is aimed particularly at those who are considering a research career in an academic setting—especially since most young scientists initially associate scientific research with academics and think of an academic position as their first career option. In addition, much of the content of the following chapters is particularly applicable to those who are considering the possibilities and responsibilities of laboratory leadership—that is, as a principal investigator (PI). But there are a variety of positions available to the research scientist, and as one progresses through various stages of training and preparation, it is important to consider the full range of possibilities.
The Politics of Science
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

Although one hears occasionally about the romance of scientific research, there is really no such thing as the “ivory tower” scientist—the individual who follows his or her quest for knowledge and insight in isolation, with little input (or interference) from the surrounding society. That ideal may have been a reality a century or two ago, and perhaps the myth has been encouraged by the fact that so much of research science is done within a university setting.
The Role of the Scientist in Society
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

As we discussed in Chapter 8, there is no question that scientific research is a social enterprise. The idea of the lonely scientist in his isolated laboratory, dreaming up various schemes entirely based on notions arising in his head, is a fairy tale. It certainly does not pertain to the modern scientific world, and I doubt that it was ever a reality. The social aspects of scientific research take at least three different (but certainly interrelated) forms: the relationship of a scientist to his or her professional forbearers (i.e., his or her relationship with history); the interactions among col- leagues; and the interactions between a scientist and the society in which he or she works. In previous chapters I discussed the importance of understanding and appreciating the history of one’s field. Interpreting data from the laboratory requires the awareness of previous contributions and the place of one’s own work within that framework.
“Getting Your Foundation”: Pedagogy
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

While knowledge about many elements of hip-hop—rap music, especially—is primarily developed through television, radio, the Internet, and recordings, b-boying is almost always learned through personal interaction. This may seem so obvious as to not be worth mentioning, but it is significant for several reasons. First, it is important to remember that there are still elements of hip-hop that are not primarily situated within the mass media, a fact that is rarely reflected in either the popular press or hip-hop scholarship (aside from some excellent work on graffiti; see especially Austin 2001; Castleman 1982; Miller 2002).
“I Hate B-Boys—That’s Why I Break”: Battling
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

Part of being a b-boy or b-girl is to be able to deal with any situation that may arise on the dance floor. This ability is developed, tested, and proven in battle. In fact, battling and b-boying created each other in their own image: battling is the best venue for b-boy style, and the best b-boy style is that which is most suited for battling. “I think it’s the most important thing in b-boying,” says B-Boy Phantom: As Phantom suggests, battling has numerous benefits, for both the individual dancer and the culture as a whole. These include using competition to push individuals toward greater achievement (which also improves b-boying in general); developing fighting strategies that can be used in other kinds of conflict;
General Principles and Epidemiology
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

The non-epileptic paroxysmal childhood disorders are a group of disorders, syndromes, and phenomena that often mimic true epileptic seizures. Many of these recognized entities are not pathologic at all but rather variations in normal childhood behavior or physiological functions. These are typically brought to medical attention by parents and caregivers who are surprised to witness a generally recurring, observable, discrete behavior not in context of that usually displayed by the child. When this is associated with an alteration in consciousness or level of alertness, or interferes with a normal sleep pattern, a more prompt and expeditious evaluation may be precipitated.
Movement Disorders
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

Not surprisingly, the misidentification of all types of involuntary movements as possibly epileptic in origin is common. This extends directly from the fact that many epileptic seizure types have associated rhythmic and stereotyped motor movements and behaviors. Partial seizures in particular present with a varied array of involuntary motor activity without alterations in consciousness. Thus, the mere presence or absence of an altered state of consciousness will not be sufficient to differentiate epileptic from non-epileptic motor movements.
The Reality of Being an Older Adult and Getting Health Care
Authors: Satin David G , Burack Jeanette , Coté Janet , McGuire Kay , Prince Joanne , Summers Renée , Taylor Albert , Yacker Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Renée summers: Shall we introduce ourselves? I’m Renée Summers. I’ve been told I should give my age: I’m 71. I’m married. My husband’s still alive. He still works parttime. I work part-time as a counselor in the Pension Assistance Project at University of Massachusetts in Boston 2 days a week. And I was recently the editor of a newsletter from the alumni association.

Albert Taylor: I’m Al Taylor. I’m 77 years old. I’m retired and I love it. I’m a widower. My wife passed away in 2001 after a long bout with Alzheimer’s. And I got involved with the University of Massachusetts in their educational programs and also a few doors opened up for me with the legislature, and now I am a Public Policy intern for the Legislative Caucus on Older Citizens Concerns. It’s created a tremendous interest in me. Essentially, I feel great about my life right now. When my wife passed away I felt I had no obligations to anybody anymore except to myself, so I have to keep my mind active.
Health Law for Older Adults
Authors: Bruce Ellen A
Published: November 2023

Developing an interdisciplinary approach to the care of older adults’ health may require interaction with attorneys, either as consultants to the team or, in some cases, as part of the team. Lawyers will be particularly helpful when a patient is suffering from diminished capacity and therefore possibly in need of a conservator or guardian and when avenues of treatment seem to be blocked by legal considerations. These considerations may be speci0c to the patient, such as denial of health-care coverage for a speci0c procedure, or broader, such as whether a clinic is licensed to provide a particular type of care.

The law, as it is found in statutes, regulations, and case decisions, has a signi0cant impact on the practice of medicine and the care of all patients, including older adults. A lawyer’s job is to interpret the law as it applies to a situation and to advise the client on the range of appropriate actions within the con0nes of the law. Therefore, when working with a lawyer or (heaven forbid) a group of lawyers, it is useful to understand the legal framework within which the lawyer is considering different options and the perspective from which the lawyer is proceeding.
Knowing the Individual Disciplines and Introduction to Team Development, Function, and Maintenance
Authors: Kirwin Jennifer L , Fung Teresa T , Bocage Myrna D , Lowenstein Nancy A , Neary Susan , Safran-Norton Clare E , Satin David G , Stahlheber Ann
Published: November 2023

As described elsewhere in this text, care of the geriatric patient usually involves more than one, and often many, health-care providers and other professional consultants. Geriatrics practices in both ambulatory and inpatient settings have adopted a team approach to patient care. The interdisciplinary team model has been recommended by professional and accrediting bodies alike as the preferred setting for provision of this care. Chapters 1 and 12 of this text de0ne and explore the differences between unidisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and interdisciplinary teams in depth. In short, the interdisciplinary team differs from the multiand unidisciplinary team in two key ways: Members have overlapping and Lexible roles, rather than performing only the established tasks of their discipline, and they learn and work together often on similar problems, rather than only on problems within their own “turf.”
An Interdisciplinary Case Conference
Authors: Satin David G , Bard Terry R , Bhalotra Sarita , Bocage Myrna D , Branch Laurence G , Bruce Ellen A , Capitman John A , Fung Teresa T , Kirwin Jennifer L , Lowenstein Nancy A , Ranald Ralph , Safran-Norton Clare E , Sciegaj Mark
Published: November 2023

Ralph Ranald/Law: I’m a lawyer in New York City and I’ve been a fellow at Harvard for 5 years. I’m interested in elder law and have been teaching at Fordham University Law School in New York, and also teach at the City University of New York, where I do elder law and some humanities. That’s my source of interest in humanistic medicine, something quite different.

Myrna D. Bocage/Social Work: I’m Myrna Bocage. I’m a social worker, and my interest is in health care, older adults, and policy issues. I’m going to represent the social work perspective and also the interdisciplinary perspective.

Mark Sciegaj/Management: I’m Mark Sciegaj, and I have a focus on social policy and long-term care. Tonight I will represent issues related to elder autonomy and touch upon health-care management and political science.
Melancholia in the Writing of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Nun
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Since the time of Hippocratic writers, melancholia has fascinated its observers. From Greek doctors and philosophers through to Robert Burton in the seventeenth century, there has been a remarkably consistent focus on the humoral imbalances thought to underlie these conditions and on the subjective moods of apprehension and generalized dejection, long characterized as “fear and sadness without cause,” through which they are identified. This set of ideas—found in the writings of Galen, the Greco-Arabic doctors such as Avicenna and Rhazes, and Renaissance thinkers such as Ficino, followed by Weyer and Paracelsus in the early modern era—is well known. Less well known are the unsystematic discussions of melancholy and melancholia by the Spanish abbess Teresa de Alhumada (1515–82), later Saint Teresa of Avila, who noted the apparently widespread melancholia that she encountered in the cloistered world of the nunnery.
Overview of opioid-related terminology
Authors: Jackson Kenneth C , Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

7

Allodynia: Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain (Mersky and Bogduk, 1994). Hyperalgesia: The perception of a painful sensation of abnormal severity, representing an exaggerated response, following a noxious stimulus. Pain: Defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (Mersky, 1994). The following three definitions are consensus definitions recognized by the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Society, and the American Society of Addiction Medicine.
Opioid pharmacology
Authors: Davis Mellar P , Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

Opioids have a long, rich history in the management of pain and have emerged 19 as the major drug class for the treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain. Opioids have a unique pharmacology. Their oral bioavailability is variable, depending upon the type of opioid. They are metabolized by type I cytochromes and type II conjugase enzymes (Inturrisi, 2002). Half-life varies significantly from one agent to another. Opioids can be divided into those with good and those with poor oral bioavailability. Opioids with poor oral bioavailability have high first-pass clearance through the liver rather than poor diffusion through the gastrointestinal mucosa (Shand et al., 1975; Bullingham et al., 1984; Chauvin et al., 1986; Callaghan et al., 1993; O’ Brien et al., 1996; Tegeder et al., 1999).
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Drug selection
Authors: Smith Howard S , Jackson Kenneth C
Published: November 2023

A frail older patient with cognitive difficulties—as well as coordination, balance, and gait problems—who lives with his severely mentally retarded son in a rural setting without any capable caregivers presents multiple challenging issues for his physician when it comes to selecting an optimal opioid analgesic regimen. Clearly, any medication (e.g., antidepressant, antiepileptic drug) that possesses central nervous system (CNS)–depressant characteristics or alters the sensorium may not be ideal for this patient.
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Route selection
Authors: Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

For chronic therapy, the oral route of opioid delivery is usually attempted first, and the transdermal route for fentanyl is a widely accepted alternative (Donner et al., 1996; Ahmedzai and Brooks, 1997). The availability of controlled-release oral formulations allows convenient dosing, either once or twice daily. Some patients require doses three times per day to optimize therapy, but this, too, is usually accommodated well. The transdermal route offers a 48- to 72-hour dosing interval and is very useful for patients who are unable to swallow or absorb an orally administered opioid, as well as for those who perceive nonoral administration as a convenience. It allows a trial of fentanyl during opioid rotation and appears to improve adherence to therapy in some cases. The observation that transdermal fentanyl produces less constipation than oral morphine (Ahmedzai and Brooks, 1997; Staats et al., 2004a; Allan et al., 2005) suggests that the presence of severe constipation may be a trigger to consider an opioid switch from morphine to fentanyl.
Special populations: Geriatric
Authors: McCleane Gary
Published: November 2023

In the year 2000 there were more than 400 million people aged 65 or over in the world; this number is expected to increase to 1.5 billion by the year 2050. This represents a fourfold increase, compared to a 50% increase in the world population as a whole. Of these people, around 25% will be above age 80 (Lunenfeld, 2002). It is currently accepted that the incidence of acute pain is broadly similar throughout all age groups, while pain of a more chronic nature increases in incidence up to the seventh decade (Corran et al., 1997; Helme and Gibson, 2001). This, along with the increased incidence of malignancy with advancing age, increases the likelihood that these elderly patients may require pain relief and that, in many instances, consideration may need to be given to the use of opioids. The issue, therefore, is whether we can prescribe opioid analgesics to the elderly patient in the same fashion as we would utilize this class of drug in patients of less advanced years, or whether special considerations exist.
Special populations: Palliative care
Authors: Nabati Lida , Abrahm Janet
Published: November 2023

Dame Cicely Saunders, who founded the modern hospice movement in the 1960s, coined the term “total pain,” which embodies the notion that pain endured by those facing a life-limiting illness is multifaceted and can include psychological, physical, spiritual, and social elements (Saunders, 1981). From this concept, a new subspecialty—palliative medicine—emerged. In 2006, the American Board of Medical Specialties recognized hospice care and palliative medicine as medical subspecialties.
Patients with a history of substance abuse
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L , Passik Steven D
Published: November 2023

155 Addiction and drug abuse are common in the U.S. population: some 6% to 12% have abused illicit drugs, 15% have abused alcohol, 25% are addicted to nicotine, and 33% have sampled illicit drugs at least once (Colliver and Kopstein, 1991; Groerer and Brodsky, 1992). Given that substance abuse of one form or another is a risk for some chronic pain patients, it is inevitable that these problems will be seen in a sizable, often labor-intensive subset of patients with chronic pain. There is no reason to think that abuse rates would be any lower among these patients than in the general population.
Resources
Authors: Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

Beth Israel Medical Center Department of Pain Medicine & Palliative Care http://www.stoppain.org University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center Pain and Policy Studies Group http://www.medsch.wisc.edu/painpolicy National Initiative on Pain Control http://www.painedu.org National Pain Education Council http://www.npecweb.org American Pain Society (APS) http://www.ampainsoc.org American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) http://www.painmed.org International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) http://www.iasp-pain.org
Estrus
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

One dictionary de0nition of estrus is “the periodic state of sexual excitement in the female of most mammals, excluding humans, that immediately precedes ovulation and during which the female is most receptive to mating” (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language). In mammalian reproductive biology, the estrous cycle is equivalent to the ovarian cycle. The estrous phase refers to the phase of high fertility and ovulation in the cycle. Estrus is typically synonymous with estrous phase. Many biologists do not refer to reproductive cycles of female nonhuman Old World primates as estrous cycles. Rather, cycles in these primates are often referred to as menstrual cycles, in reference to the blood Kow that occurs at approximately 30-day intervals. As we emphasize later, however, the mid-cycle phase occurring within females of these primates appears to share homologies with the estrous phase of other mamma- lian species (e.g., Dixson, 1998; Nelson, 1995). Other scholars reserve the term men- strual cycle to refer to the ovarian cycles of human females exclusively, which reflects the widespread assumption—one that, we argue in chapter 9, is clearly wrong— that, of all mammalian species, humans alone lack estrus. (This view is expressed in the dictionary de0nition we quoted above.) Behavioral estrus is typically de0ned as a restricted period of proceptivity and receptivity characterized by mammalian females’ behavioral readiness to mate, in addition to attractiveness to males, usually, though not invariably, coinciding with relatively high probability of conception (e.g., Beach, 1976; Nelson, 1995; Symons, 1979). A synonym for behavioral estrus is heat (Nelson, 2000).
Defining Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

In an address on “Medicine from The Chemical Standpoint” before the British Medical Association in 1914, Archibald Garrod spoke of the difficulty in covering the foundations and recent progress in the field of medicine that should treat the subject in any of its wider aspects. About a third of his presentation dealt with drugs as toxic substances, foreign to the organism, and that enzymes were agents of detoxication of these substances. He cautioned that drugs often produced the effect aimed at, along with side effects that could not be fully estimated, and stressed the importance of pharmacology in teaching how drugs act, the nature of their active principles and their limitations, and how they might be best employed. In this way, he believed that “blunderbuss prescription would be replaced by single drugs of known efficiency,” and that “the discoveries of empirical therapeutics would be placed on a scientific footing.”
Mechanisms and End-Products of the Atmospheric Oxidation of Alkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, the kinetics of the reactions of the alkanes with the major atmospheric oxidants [OH, Cl, NO3, O(3P), and O3] have been discussed. These initiation reactions are followed by a series of rapid reactions involving the alkylperoxy (RO2) and alkoxy (RO) radicals, which lead, on a time-scale of minutes, to the first-generation end-products of the oxidation process. The chemistry of these radical species, and the end-products that result, are the topics of this chapter.
Natural Enemies
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

For many who live in modern cities, nature is a haven, a refuge from an urban jungle. The frustrations of the city make it easy to feel nostalgia for a simple life that never was: days spent hiking in the Grand Canyon, nights spent curled up by the fireplace after a hot shower and something nice from the refrigerator.
Management of common conditions
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

The patient interview is an art that is easy to master, if only one gives the patient a chance to speak. The interview not only is diagnostic, but it can also be therapeutic. Use open-ended questions, such as, “Tell me about your headaches,” “Tell me in your own words how headaches affect your life,” or “What else can you tell me about your headaches?” After presenting the patient with a list of therapeutic options described here, always ask, “What do you think about these options? Do you have any questions about them? And which ones do you want to pursue?” Establishing the correct diagnosis is not a one-time event but rather an ongoing process. Not having a biological marker or a test for primary headaches and relying on the clinical picture for diagnosis require constant vigilance and reappraisal, particularly when headaches change in character or worsen in severity or frequency. A migraine sufferer may develop other conditions, such as hypothyroidism, brain tumor, cervicogenic headaches, or magnesium deficiency, which in the beginning may only worsen the typical migraines without any additional signs and symptoms. Typical migraine, tension, or cluster headaches have been reported to occur with the majority of intracranial pathologies, such as vascular abnormalities, tumors, and infections.
Typical cases
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Abigail was a 32-year-old woman who had suffered from severe headaches for the past 15 years. Her headaches were unilateral, severe in intensity, and pulsatile, with photophobia and phonophobia but no nausea, and they were made worse by light physical activity. They occurred two or three times a month, and each attack lasted 3 days. Typical triggers were work-related stress, weather, and menstrual cycle. She had tried sumatriptan (Imitrex), 100 mg, eletriptan (Relpax) 40 mg, and zolmitriptan (Zomig) 5 mg, with no relief. Review of organ systems revealed anxiety, insomnia, some depression, coldness of extremities, and premenstrual syndrome. She did not use tobacco and did not consume alcohol or caffeine. She was single and worked full-time. Her mother suffered from migraine headaches.
Berlin, 1855–1864 II: Marriage to Cosima
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

During his first turbulent years in Berlin, Bülow’s private life had under- gone a profound change. In July 1855, barely four months after Franziska von Bülow had joined him in the Prussian capital, the household was transformed by the arrival of Liszt’s two daughters, Blandine and Cosima, who took up residence there as well. Blandine was nineteen years old and Cosima was two years her junior. They were alive with energy and hu- mour, and they filled the apartments on Wilhelmstrasse with their laugh- ter. The active minds and boisterous behaviour of these two young women posed a constant threat to the strict domestic routine which Franziska liked to impose on her son. Bülow was entranced by both girls, and referred to them affectionately as ‘the Erlking’s daughters’. At Liszt’s request he gave them piano lessons, and was particularly impressed with Cosima’s ac- complished playing; she already performed the standard sonatas of Bee- thoven and a variety of compositions by Chopin with confidence.
Bülow in Florence
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Bülow’s first sight of Florence left him spellbound. He likened the old city to an incomparable dream of wonder. The houses, the streets, the churches, and the art galleries entranced him. And he rhapsodized about the weather—the warmth, the cloudless skies, the heavenly air. Italy, in a memorable phrase, he called a land above all enchantments. He was now dead to his homeland, he declared. Henceforth, he told his mother, he would live as a foreigner.
The First Tour of America, 1875–1876
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Before setting out on his long odyssey, Bülow drew up a will. He knew that he would be in North America for at least nine months, and he wanted to set his affairs in order before he left. His recent stroke in England had shaken him deeply, reminding him of his mortality. Most of his capital he had already transferred to Leipzig and deposited in the Frege bank under the care of his cousin Professor Woldemar Frege. The will itself was drafted in Munich during the summer of 1875 by Bülow’s attorney, Dr. Jakob Gotthelf, and the disposition of his worldly goods gave Bülow some trouble. In a lengthy letter to Cosimahe outlined the main con- tents of the document, of which no original copy seems to have survived.
The Meiningen Years, 1880–1885 I: The Meiningen Miracle
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Nowhere had the turbulent events leading up to Bülow’s dramatic resig- nation from Hanover been more closely watched than at the tiny ducal court of Saxe-Meiningen. As comedy turned into calamity, the reigning duke, Georg II, saw a golden opportunity to attract Bülow to his domain. He had, in fact, long wanted to place the mercurial conductor in charge of the Meiningen Court Orchestra. Georg now acted with extraordinary despatch, as a glance at the dates will show. Bülow abdicated his duties at Hanover on October 25. Within ten days the duke’s formal offer had reached him, and he had bound himself to Meiningen. It was an inspired decision on both sides.
Bülow the Pedagogue The Frankfurt Masterclasses, 1884–1887
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

For four summers, from 1884 through 1887, Bülow gave masterclasses at the Raff Conservatory in Frankfurt-am-Main, in aid of the Raff Memorial Foundation. Because these classes flowed directly out of his Meiningen years, this is the proper place to consider them, together with their in- fluence on the history of piano pedagogy. The fact that Bülow was will- ing to sacrifice so much of his time to an activity that he held in near contempt, and which he had once described as ‘slavery of the most an- nihilating kind’, speaks volumes about the high regard in which he held Raff himself. But in order to understand why Bülow became attached to Frankfurt at all, we have to go back a few years.
A New Home in Hamburg, 1886
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

After his farewell concert with the Meiningen Orchestra, on January 29, 1885, Bülow began to search for a new home. It requires no more than a moment’s reflection to understand how impossible it would have been for him to remain in the small town and rub shoulders on a daily basis with his successor, Fritz Steinbach. For Bülow it was a pressing matter to find a fresh base from which to project himself, first and foremost, as a concert pianist.
The history of lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus (meaning “wolf” in Latin) was a Roman family name, and there was a St. Lupus who lived in central France in about AD 600.How this name became connected with a disease is not known. Nevertheless, anecdotal case reports of what was probably the medical condition now called lupus appeared sporadically in writings from the 10th century on. Forms of cutaneous tuberculosis were also termed lupus in the early 1800s, and to this day lupus vulgaris represents that condition. Several dermatologic treatises in the 1830s and 1840s, particularly those by Pierre de Cazenave, provided illustrations and case presentations of what was certainly what is now known as lupus (Fig. 1.1).Moritz Kaposi (for whom Kaposi’s sarcoma is named) first used the description “discoid” to describe cutaneous lupus in the 1860s.
Pathogenesis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus is brought on when predisposing genetic factors activated by environmental factors, drugs, or infectious agents result in an abnormal immune response. This occurs when suppressor T cells fail to suppress, there are defects in cell signaling, there are defects in immune tolerance, apoptotic cells promote the creation of autoantibodies, and/or there is loss of regulatory cells that control autoreactivity. The latter results in the proliferation of B cells, leading to the formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes, which promote in?ammation and tissue damage. Pathogenesis undergoes an often gradual process consisting of several phases: predisposition, benign autoimmunity, prodrome, and clinical systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Only 1 person in 10 who possess lupus susceptibility genes ever develops full-blown lupus. Many individuals have “subclinical autoimmunity,” or undifferentiated connective tissue disorders where the process is attenuated.
Clinical symptoms and signs
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Half of persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) present with organ-threatening disease. The remaining individuals do not present with cardiopulmonary, hepatic, or renal symptoms; central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis; hemolytic anemia; or thrombocytopenia on initial evaluation. Organ involvement is relatively easy to diagnose—a chest radiograph, electrocardiogram, blood chemistry panel, complete blood count, and urinalysis usually point the physician in the correct direction. It takes a mean of 3 months from the onset of symptoms to diagnose these individuals. On the other hand, it can often take 1 to 2 years and several physician consultations before the presence of organ-sparing lupus is ascertained. Rashes can shorten the length to time of diagnosis, but young, healthy-appearing women with nonspecific symptoms of fatigue and aching are often thought to have other processes or are given psychosocial explanations. A review of the chief complaint of new lupus patients revealed that the principal manifestations were arthralgia (62%) and cutaneous symptoms (especially newly discovered photosensitivity) (20%), followed by fever and malaise.
General treatment concepts
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus patients can help themselves improve their disease by initiating lifestyle changes that, in controlled studies, diminish morbidity and mortality.Sun avoidance is advised. Outdoor activities should be undertaken in the early morning, late afternoon, or early evening. Individuals living at sea level get less ultraviolet exposure than those at higher altitudes. Sunprotective clothing is available for purchase from several Web sites. Table contains a list of sunscreens that block ultraviolet A and B light. Painful joints respond to moist heat. Changes in barometric pressure may increase stiffness or aching. Fatigue is managed with pacing, alternating periods of activity with rest. Restful sleep is important. Physical and occupational therapists can teach patients how to maximize their body mechanics, perform an evaluation of activities of daily living, recommend ergonomic saving measures, and promote the use of assistive devices. Exercise diminishes in?ammation and steroid-induced muscular atrophy and demineralization. In?amed joints should not be isotonically exercised, but range of motion activities decrease risks for contractures and deformity. Pilates-based stretching and isometric-based strengthening are recommended along with walking and low-impact aerobics. If fibromyalgia is present, weight-lifting, rowing, tennis, bowling, and golf should be restricted, as they tend to increase upper back and neck discomfort.
Economic impact and disability issues
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus costs the U.S. public approximately $20 billion a year in lost wages, disability, hospitalizations, medical visits, and medication. Direct costs account for one third, and indirect costs two thirds, of this amount.The overwhelming majority of lupus patients with non-organthreatening disease are employed full time, while 50% with organ involvement are disabled. U.S. government guidelines are written in a way that makes it relatively easy for the latter group to obtain Medicare insurance and receive Social Security disability payments if they have contributed money to the system. Patients with cutaneous disease should avoid outdoor jobs, cold avoidance is desirable if Raynaud’s phenomenon is present, and those with musculoskeletal impairments may benefit from vocational rehabilitation and an ergonomic evaluation of their workstation. Flexible hours are often desirable to accommodate fatigue and pacing issues. Parttime employment is possible for many lupus patients. Total permanent disability is not to be taken lightly. Disabled patients tend to be less independent, less socially interactive, and more depressed and to have less self-esteem.
From methane to chemical communication
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

When I was a child, I had three toys that provided endless possibilities: a set of wooden blocks, a set of Tinkertoys, and an Erector Set. These three toys had a lot in common. Each had a number of distinct structural elements that could be assembled in an amazing number of ways to create something new and different. This has a direct analogy to the concept of assembling molecules from atoms: the atoms are the structural elements and they can be hooked together to make molecular constructs in a great many ways.
Proteins are three-dimensional objects
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Chemists are not quite as odd as they are frequently depicted. Given that dedicating a professional life to moving around molecules one way or another may seem a bit wide of the mark to most people, chemists do have a life outside the laboratory. In my experience, chemists have more than the usual affinity for the arts: music and painting in particular.
Generating energy from catabolism
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, I emphasized the importance of carbohydrates as sources of metabolic energy. I also introduced the idea of metabolic pathways. Now it is time to pull those two themes together and understand how the pathways for metabolism of carbohydrates yield useful metabolic energy and how these processes are controlled. On the way, we will learn how a number of important drugs for human medicine work their therapeutic magic.
Lipids The greasy stuff of life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The fatty acids are important building blocks for more complex lipids. I turn to these in this chapter, including the role of fats and oils as energy storehouses and that for other complex lipids in the structure and properties of biological membranes.
Antibiotics The never-ending war against infectious disease
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Cemeteries can be useful sources of insight and information. The next time that you have the occasion to explore a cemetery have a look at the tombstones for people born around 1900. A lot of those tombstones will reveal that the date of death is within 10 years of the date of birth. Put succinctly, a lot of people born around 1900 did not live to be 10 years old. Now have a look at the tombstones for people born in 1940 or later. A much smaller fraction of people born in that era died before the age of 10 years old. A goal of this chapter is to explore and explain the reasons for this striking difference.
Cancer What it is and what we can do about it
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Cancer! It is a most disagreeable word. Cancer is one of the most feared of all medical diagnoses. It rightly conjures up images of radical, and sometimes mutilating, surgery, lengthy and debilitating courses of drug treatment, incapacitation, the end of normal activities of life, and death. Dying of cancer is often a painful and protracted process. Cancer is feared for good reason. About 1 million people die of cancer each year in the United States.
Babinski and the Anatomical Society
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

It is not clear what prompted Babinski to spend his second year of residency under Victor Cornil, or his third year with Alfred Vulpian. Some suggest his choice was influenced by the availability of residency positions, rather than personal preference, but there are no objective data to validate or refute this hypothesis. Whatever the reasons for his choice, the beginning of the residency program meant for him a career in pathological anatomy, as suggested by the title of his thesis, supervised by Vulpian and defended in March 1885: “Étude anatomique et clinique sur la sclérose en plaques” [Anatomical and clinical study on multiple sclerosis], by “Dr. J. Babinski, former resident and prize winner of the Paris hospitals, instructor in pathological anatomy at the medical school, member of the Anatomical Society” (Figs. 7-1 and 7-2).
Babinski, Head of a Department at La Pitié
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Speaking on behalf of the Académie de médecine at the funeral of Dr. Duguet in 1914, Babinski gave an eulogy that could well have been written with himself in mind: It was to the hospital that he devoted the best of his intellect, to this hospital which apparently took up a very large place in his heart; it is through his clinical teaching in the department, which he delighted to dispense, that his influence on the young generations was the best expressed and will most certainly remain. [ . . . ] Finally, he did not limit his work to the purely clinical aspects. In therapeutics, he was not afraid to adopt new methods and did not hesitate to be bold.1
The Reflexes and the Sign*
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

When Babinski prepared his candidacy for the agrégation in January 1892, the bibliographical notes on his clinical research did not reflect any particular interest in cutaneous or tendon reflexes. Only a few years later did the subject of reflexes become his predominant focus, a leitmotiv that emerged as a unifying thread of his work: “find objective signs that allow the distinction between organic neurological disorders and those of a functional or hysteric origin, separating with certitude organic and functional problems.”1
Babinski and the Birth of French Neurosurgery
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

A few days before Babinski’s death in 1932, when his friend Jean Ferdinand Darier asked him what had been his greatest medical achievement, his answer was: “You may think it is the sign. I would rather say that the most important was showing the way to neurosurgery to de Martel and Vincent.”ms.
Babinski as Therapist
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Babinski’s interest in therapy was unusual at the beginning of the last century, a time when French medicine was more interested in clinical research than patient treatment. 9ese evocative lines, taken from an article by Octave Mirbeau (1848–1917), appeared in the newspaper Le Matin on June 27, 1907: I timidly asked the professor after his lesson: “What about the treatment, sir?” “Well! . . . Yes, of course! Whatever you want . . . exactly what you want!” I wrote rapidly at random, a short prescription, and, showing to him: “Is it like that?” He did not even give a glance, and said to me, looking tired, irritated: “Naturally, of course! . . . It does not matter.
Neurology in the Time of Babinski
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

During Babinski’s lifetime, neurology was progressively recognized in France as a distinct discipline with its own institutional framework. 9e starting point had been the creation in 1882 for Jean-Martin Charcot of the chair for the study of diseases of the nervous system at the Salpêtrière. However, the neurological scene was complex and widespread. Aside from Charcot’s at the Salpêtrière, there were other neurological centers of equal importance, such as those at Bicêtre, Ivry, elsewhere at the Salpêtrière itself, in Villejuif, and naturally at La Pitié with Babinski. Leadership of these departments was o[en a stepping-stone to the Salpêtrière and possibly to the chair (Table 16-1). From the beginning of his residency in 1880 until his retirement in 1922, Babinski was in continual contact with all the famous names in medicine throughout the Paris hospital system and especially in neurology. In 1896, when he took over as head of department at La Pitié, Victor Cornil, professor of pathological anatomy, was working at the Hôtel-Dieu, Gilles de la Tourette had a post at Hérold, Pierre Marie and alienist Désiré Bourneville were at Bicêtre (note that the médecins alienists des Hôpitaux de Paris, found only at the Bicêtre and Salpêtrière hospitals, were different from the aliénists des asiles assigned to psychiatric hospitals such as Ste. Anne and were recruited through a different competition system), Fulgence Raymond held the chair at the Salpêtrière, Jules Dejerine was working in another department (Jacquart) at the Salpêtrière, and Albert Gombault was in Ivry.1