bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Odorous Secretion of Normal and Mutant
Tribolium confusum
Authors: Engelhardt Manfred , Rapoport Henry , Sokoloff Alexander
Published: October 2006

An autosomal recessive mutant characterized by "melanotic stink glands" has been found in the tenebrionid flour beetle,
Tribolium confusum
. The contents of the reservoirs of both pairs of odoriferous glands become modified in two ways as the beetles age. (i) The quinones (2-ethyl- and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) present in the secretion are reduced to 1/20 of that normally found in the wild type. (ii) The contents may be modified into a high-molecular-weight polymeric substance, which becomes visible through the exoskeleton and, upon dissection, appears as a black solid lump. The medium in densely populated cultures of the mutant becomes moldy while that containing normal beetles remains particulate. This difference suggests that one of the functions of the secretions of the odoriferous glands is to prevent the growth of fungi or bacteria in the nutrient flour.
Selective Mitochondrial Damage by a Ruby Laser Microbeam: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Amy Robert L. , Storb R.
Published: October 2006

A pulsed ruby laser microbeam produces changes in single living cells stained with a low concentration of Janus green B. Electron micrographs show that such alterations are the result of morphological damage sustained by and restricted to the mitochondria in the irradiated area.
Morphogenesis in
Trichoderma
: Suppression of Photoinduction by 5-Fluorouracil
Authors: Galun Esra , Gressel Jonathan
Published: October 2006

Sporulation in the fungus
Trichoderma viride
is inducible with a short light pulse. 5-Fluorouracil applied prior to photoinduction and removed thereafter suppressed sporulation without greatly affecting growth. This compound also halved the rate of incorporation of uracil-C
14
into RNA but did not change the ratio of uridylic to cytidylic acid. The effect of 5-fluorouracil was counteracted by uracil but not by thymidine. This supports the hypothesis that 5-fluorouracil affects RNA rather than DNA.
Cosmic X-ray Sources, Galactic and Extragalactic
Authors: Byram E. T. , Chubb T. A. , Friedman H.
Published: October 2006

Instruments carried aboard an Aerobee rocket in April 1965 provided evidence for x-ray emission from the directions of the radio galaxies Cygnus A and M-87 and from the galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. A survey of the Cygnus region revealed a marked decrease in the flux of x-rays from Cygnus XR-1, which was identified in June 1964 as the second brightest object in the first Naval Research Laboratory list of x-ray sources. The detection sensitivity was improved over previous surveys and several new sources were detected at lower flux levels.
Touch Receptor of Venus Flytrap,
Dionaea muscipula
Authors: DiPalma Joseph R. , McMichael Robert , DiPalma Maria
Published: October 2006

Numerous small structures (stellate trichomes) protrude from the surface of marginal hairs, outer leaf surface, and stem of
Dionaea muscipula
Ellis. None are present inside the trap. Mechanical stimulation causes small action potentials and eventual closure of the trap, independently of the sensitive trigger hairs. Subthreshold stimulation of these structures appears to sensitize the trigger hairs and facilitate closure of the trap. This suggests that these structures act as touch sensors or receptors.
Tropomyosin Paracrystals Formed by Divalent Cations
Authors: Cohen Carolyn , Longley William
Published: October 2006

Rabbit tropomyosin exhibits a polymorphism dependent on divalent cations and
p
H. Above a critical divalent cation concentration fibers with a period of about 400 angstroms are formed. Below this concentration, and near the isoelectric point, lattices are formed. Implications for the morphology and function of striated and smooth muscle are discussed.
Control of Myocardial Contraction: The Sensitivity of Cardiac Actomyosin to Calcium Ion
Authors: Katz Arnold M. , Repke Doris I.
Published: October 2006

The control by calcium ion of the adenosine triphosphatase activity of cardiac actomyosin is similar to that of white skeletal actomyosin. This finding indicates that the slower contraction and relaxation of heart muscle do not reflect different levels to which free calcium ion concentration around the myofibrils must be adjusted during contraction and relaxation and suggests a mechanism whereby myocardial contractility may be regulated.
Electrophoretic Heterogeneity of Polypeptide Chains of Specific Antibodies
Authors: Reisfeld Ralph A. , Small Parker A.
Published: October 2006

Heavy and light polypeptide chains isolated from different specific antibodies to haptens and from γG-immunoglobulin of normal rabbits have been resolved into distinct, multiple components by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of urea. In spite of the resolution of these chains into multiple bands, different specific antibodies and normal rabbit γG-immunoglobulin were indistinguishable from each other by this method.
Carotid Body Chemoceptors: Physiological Role in Buffering Fall in Blood Pressure during Sleep
Authors: Guazzi Maurizio , Baccelli Giorgio , Zanchetti Alberto
Published: October 2006

In cats whose aortic nerves were severed subsequent deafferentation of the carotid body chemoceptors (the carotid sinus baroceptors remaining intact) did not change arterial pressure during wakefulness or light sleep, but the falls in pressure during deep sleep were markedly exaggerated. Subsequent baroceptive denervation did not modify the hypotensive effect.
Spin Label Studies in
Chlamydomonas
Authors: Weaver Ellen C. , Chon Hyangju P.
Published: October 2006

When spin label is added to
Chlamydomonas
the organism is apparently unaffected, but the paramagnetic resonance signal of the spin label decreases. Irradiation with visible light greatly accelerates this decrease, which is partially reversible. If the cells are grown in the presence of the spin label and washed well, no spin label signal is detectable. However, such cells can no longer catalyze the destruction of added spin label in the light. This finding suggests that the molecule is bound to a specific site, which undergoes a change in conformation with illumination.
Cage Structures for Polyborate Ions
Authors: Dunicz Boleslaw Ludwik
Published: October 2006

Conventional concepts of chemical bonding appear inadequate to explain the structures of the anhydrous polyborates. A cage-type structure with occluded oxide ion is proposed for the octaborate, hexaborate, and tetraborate ions. The proposed structure is discussed in terms of the composition, x-ray diffraction patterns, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the sodium polyborates.
Distribution of Wild Wheats and Barley
Authors: Harlan Jack R. , Zohary Daniel
Published: October 2006

If we accept the evidence at face value, we are led to conclude that emmer was probably domesticated in the upper Jordan watershed and that einkorn was domesticated in southeast Turkey. Barley could have been domesticated almost anywhere within the arc bordering the fertile crescent. All three cereals may well have been harvested in the wild state throughout their regions of adaptation long before actual farming began. The primary habitats for barley, however, are not the same as those for the wheats. Wild barley is more xerophytic and extends farther downslope and into the steppes and deserts along the wadis. It seems likely that, while all three early cereals were domesticated within an are flanking the fertile crescent, each was domesticated in a different subregion of the zone.

Lest anyone should be led to think the problem is solved, we wish to close with a caveat. Domestication may not have taken place where the wild cereals were most abundant. Why should anyone cultivate a cereal where natural stands are as dense as a cultivated field? If wild cereal grasses can be harvested in unlimited quantities, why should anyone bother to till the soil and plant the seed? We suspect that we shall find, when the full story is unfolded, that here and there harvesting of wild cereals lingered on long after some people had learned to farm, and that farming itself may have originated in areas adjacent to, rather than in, the regions of greatest abundance of wild cereals.

We need far more specific information on the climate during incipient domestication and many more carefully conducted excavations of sites in the appropriate time range. The problem is far from solved, but some knowledge of the present distribution of the wild forms should be helpful.
Susceptibility of Human Diploid Fibroblast Strains to Transformation by SV40 Virus
Authors: Todaro George J. , Green Howard , Swift Michael R.
Published: October 2006

A quantitative system has been developed for the study of transformation of human diploid fibroblasts in culture by two oncogenic viruses, SV40 and the E46 strain of adeno 7-SV40 "hybrid" virus. Seven of the eleven cell strains derived from human skin biopsies when infected with SV40 (10
9
tissue culture infective doses per milliliter) gave rise to transformed colonies with approximately the same frequency (0.03 percent). Two strains derived from patients with Fanconi's anemia, an autosomal recessive disease associated with a high incidence of chromosome abnormalities and spontaneous neoplasms, gave values more than ten times higher. Two strains from persons heterozygous for this gene were also considerably more susceptible to viral transformation.
Uricolytic Enzymes in Liver of the Dipnoan
Protopterus aethiopicus
Authors: Brown G. W. , James Jesse , Henderson Ralph J. , Thomas Walter N. , Robinson Robert O. , Thompson Arthur L. , Brown Earlene , Brown Susan G.
Published: October 2006

The enzymes uricase, allantoinase, and allantoicase have been measured in liver preparations of the African lungfish
Protopterus aethiopicus
. The levels for these enzymes in lungfish liver suggest that the amount of urea formed in vivo in
Protopterus
via a uricolytic pathway may be greater than that derived via the ornithine-urea cycle. The operation of a "purine cycle" in lungfish liver is proposed.
Alkanes in Fungal Spores
Authors: Oró J. , Laseter J. L. , Weber D.
Published: October 2006

The chlamydospores of
Ustilago maydis
,
U. nuda
, and
Sphacelotheca reiliana
were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for their hydrocarbon contents. For the first time we observed that they contain paraffinic hydrocarbons; the average contents were 42, 58, and 146 parts per million, respectively.
n
-Alkanes having odd numbers of carbon atoms predominate, with carbon-chain lengths ranging from C
14
to C
37
. The major alkanes are
n
-C
27
in
U. maydis
,
n
-C
27
and
n
-C
35
in
U. nuda
, and
n
-C
29
in
S. reiliana
. Each type of spore carried a distinctly characteristic population of hydrocarbons.
Staphylococcal Alpha-Toxin: Effects on Artificial Lipid Spherules
Authors: Weissmann Gerald , Sessa Grazia , Bernheimer Alan W.
Published: October 2006

Staphylococcal alpha-toxin induces the release of previously sequestered anions or glucose from artificial phospholipid spherules, an effect abolished by specific antitoxin. Alphatoxin resembles streptolysin S in releasing anions or glucose from spherules prepared without cholesterol, and can be distinguished from the membrane-active polyene amphotericin B, which preferentially disrupts spherules containing cholesterol. It may affect biological structures by a similiar interaction with membrane phospholipids.
Behavioral Hypothermia and Survival of Hypoxic Protozoans
Paramecium caudatum
Authors: Malvin Gary M. , Wood Stephen C.
Published: October 2006

Hypoxia has been shown to elicit behavioral hypothermia in a number of different metazoan species, all with nervous systems. The protozoan,
Paramecium caudatum
, has no nervous system and was not expected to display behavioral hypothermia. However, this species was also found to select a lower temperature in a thermal gradient under hypoxic conditions. This response proved to be beneficial as survival of hypoxic paramecia was greatly increased at lower temperatures. This unicellular species may provide a useful model to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of adaptive thermoregulatory behavior.
Susceptibility to Two Strains of Friend Leukemia Virus in Mice
Authors: Lilly Frank
Published: October 2006

A mutant strain of the Friend leukemia virus is described. The parental virus strain, passaged through ICR/Ha mice, shows no or very little activity by the spleen-focus assay in BALB/c mice (by comparison with highly susceptible DBA/2 and ICR/Ha mice) and produces typical Friend disease in these mice only exceptionally; susceptibility to this strain of virus is recessive in the (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F
1
. By contrast, the mutant virus strain is as active in BALB/c mice as in DBA/2 or ICR/Ha mice; susceptibility to the mutant virus strain is dominant in the (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F
1
.
Serum Osmolality in the Coelacanth,
Latimeria chalumnae
: Urea Retention and Ion Regulation
Authors: Pickford Grace E. , Grant F. Blake
Published: October 2006

Samples of blood (hemolyzed) were obtained from the renal vein, the hepatic portal vein, and the heart of a freshly thawed specimen of
Latimeria chalumnae
. The coelacanth uses high concentrations of urea to maintain its serum osmolality at approximately that of sea water. The mean value for the total osmolality was 1181 milliosmoles per liter. The mean values (milliequivalents per liter) were: for sodium, 181; for potassium, 51.3; for calcium, 6.9; for magnesium, 28.7; for chloride, 199; and for bicarbonate, 4.7. The mean urea concentration was 355 millimoles per liter, and the mean nonprotein nitrogen was 1343 milligrams percent. Heart blood showed significantly lower values for osmolality (921 milliosmoles per liter) and nonprotein nitrogen (1030 mg percent) and was probably less severely contaminated with products of protein breakdown. Fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye showed values of 952 milliosmole/liter; the urea value for this fluid was 303 mmole/liter, and the magnesium was 7.3 meq/liter. The magnesium value for the aqueous humor was used to correct the abnormally high concentrations in the hemolyzed serum. The high level of serum potassium also was attributed to hemolysis.
Calcium-Induced Activation of Phosphorylase in Rat Hearts
Authors: Friesen Abram J. D. , Allen Glenna , Valadares Joseph R. E.
Published: October 2006

Isolated perfused rat hearts exposed to increased calcium concentrations demonstrated a marked activation of phosphorylase, the maximum occurring about 15 seconds after the peak of the positive inotropic response. These observations provide an explanation for the failure of earlier investigations to demonstrate a significant calcium-induced increase in the active form of phosphorylase in the intact heart.
Thyroxine: Effects of Neonatal Administration on Maturation, Development, and Behavior
Authors: Schapiro Shawn , Norman Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Thyroxine was administered to infant rats within the first 3 days of postnatal life; controls receiving 0.01
N
NaOH were from the same litter. Thyroxine accelerated the maturation of the pituitary-adrenal response to electric shock. The "startle response" appeared earlier in the experimental animals, as did the development and response of the electroencephalogram to novel stimuli. The thyroxine-treated rats, when 16 to 18 days old, acquired a conditioned-avoidance response faster than did controls.
Tetrodotoxin Derivatives: Chemical Structure and Blockage of Nerve Membrane Conductance
Authors: Narahashi Toshio , Moore John W. , Poston Robin N.
Published: October 2006

The nerve-impulse-blocking actions of derivatives of tetrodotoxin have been tested on lobster and squid axons. The block produced by deoxytetrodotoxin was similar to that produced by tetrodotoxin and was probably caused by tetrodotoxin contamination. Tetrodaminotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin also produced a similar block but at such high concentrations that tetrodotoxin contamination cannot be ruled out. The hydroxyl group of C
4
and the hemilactal oxygen links play an important role for the nerve-blocking action.
Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of Methyl Radicals on Porous Glass Surfaces
Authors: Fujimoto M. , Gesser H. D. , Garbutt B. , Shimizu M.
Published: October 2006

Methyl radicals stabilized on surfaces of porous Vycor glass at 77°K show three types of paramagnetic resonance spectra. One of them represents physically trapped radicals, whereas the other two types indicate interactions with surface sites.
Sodium- and Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase of Gills: Role in Adaptation of Teleosts to Salt Water
Authors: Epstein Franklin H. , Katz Adrian I. , Pickford Grace E.
Published: October 2006

The activity of adenosine triphosphatase activated by sodium and potassium ions is greatly increased in the gill and pseudobranch of the euryhaline killifish,
Fundulus heteroclitus
, after its adaptation to seawater. Adenosine triphosphatase activity in gills of fish in salt water is reduced by hypophysectomy. The data suggest that this enzyme is involved in the excretion of sodium ions by the gill and that the adaptive increase which occurs in seawater is influenced by the hypophysis.
Selective Laser Photocatalysis of Bromine Reactions
Authors: Tiffany W. B. , Moos H. W. , Schawlow A. L.
Published: October 2006

The results have shown that selective excitation obtained with a tunable monochromatic laser is a useful technique for studying photochemical and energy transfer processes. A new phenomenon in the photochemistry of bromine was observed, in which bound excited molecules, and not atoms, were formed in the primary process. The mechanism of the subsequent reaction consists of collisional dissociation of the excited molecules into atoms, which then initiated free-radical chains. A quantitative estimate of the collisional electronic relaxation rate for excited bromine molecules was obtained, and a new upper limit to the continuous absorption strength at 14,400 cm
-1
was determined.
Electrocortical Correlates of Stimulus Response and Reinforcement
Authors: Pribram Karl H. , Spinelli D. N. , Kamback Marvin C.
Published: October 2006

Three patterns of electrical response were identified in the occipital cortex of rhesus monkeys making a differential discrimination: an input pattern that identifies which stimulus has been displayed; a reinforcement pattern that indicates whether the outcome of the differential response was rewarded or in error; and an intention pattern that occurs prior to the response and predicts which response the monkey is about to make. Neither the reinforcement nor the intention pattern is present while the monkeys perform at chance; at this time, only the differences due to input can be distinguished. These results suggest that more than simple input transmission is occurring in the primary visual mechanism. The influence of the experience of the organism is apparently encoded in the averaged electrical potentials recorded from the striate cortex.
Molecular and Thermal Origins of Fast Photoelectric Effects in the Squid Retina
Authors: Hagins W. A. , McGaughy R. E.
Published: October 2006

When a short, intense flash of light is absorbed by the outer segments of squid photoreceptors fixed in glutaraldehyde, a voltage appears briefly across the retina. The waveform depends on the relative amounts of rhodopsin and its various stable photoproducts present at the beginning of the flash. Each light-absorbing species present contributes a characteristic voltage component which is summed in the gross waveform. The heating effect of the absorbed light produces a small, long-lasting thermoelectric voltage as well. When this thermal effect is corrected for, interconversion of equal numbers of rhodopsin and acid metarhodopsin molecules by a flash results in a fast voltage waveform whose time integral is zero. Thus the charge flowing in one direction in the retina when rhodopsin is converted to acid metarhodopsin by one photon is apparently exactly reversed when acid metarhodopsin is reconverted to rhodopsin by another.
Blood Viscosity: Influence of Erythrocyte Aggregation
Authors: Chien Shu , Usami Shunichi , Dellenback Robert J. , Gregersen Magnus I. , Nanninga Luddo B. , Guest M. Mason
Published: October 2006

The addition of purified canine or bovine fibrinogen to suspensions of canine erythocytes in Ringer solution caused an increase in viscosity and the formation of aggregates of erythocytes. Both of these effects became increasingly pronounced as the fibrinogen concentration was raised, and they approached plateaus with 1 gram of fibrinogen per 100 milliliters. An increase in shear rate
(
or shear stress
)
reduced both the effect on viscosity and the aggregate size. The data suggest that fibrinogen causes an increase in blood viscosity and a departure from Newtonian behavior by interacting with erythrocytes to form cell aggregates which can be dispersed by shear stress.
Eosinophilic Response in Glioblastoma Tissue Culture after Addition of Autologous Lymphocytes
Authors: Ciembroniewicz J. , Kolar O.
Published: October 2006

In experiments designed for the study of interactions in vitro between the cells of glioblastoma multiforme and lymphocytes from the same donor, a marked eosinophilic response was noted in three out of six cases. This was an entirely unexpected finding since few, if any, eosinophils survive in tissue cultures. These cells incorporated
3
H-cytidine and
3
H-leucine 72 hours after the cultures had been established, an indication that they were metabolically active.
Phenotypic Expression of Transformation: Induction in Cell Culture by a Phorbol Ester
Authors: Sivak Andrew , Van Duuren Benjamin L.
Published: October 2006

A biologically potent, tumor-promoting phorbol ester from
Croton tiglium L.
induces the appearance of transformed clones in a population of contact-inhibited fibroblasts of the mouse cell line 3T3. Mixed populations of cells with 10,000 3T3 cells and 100 virus-transformed cells were exposed to the phorbol ester and, in comparison with untreated cells, showed a marked increase in the numbers of transformed clones that grew. Exposure of 3T3 cultures to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(
a
)anthracene alone or prior to exposure to the phorbol ester did not cause any increase in the number of transformed clones.
Transition-State Models and Hydrogen-Isotope Effects
Authors: Weston Ralph E.
Published: October 2006

The transition-state theory of chemical kinetics, coupled with relatively crude methods of constructing potential-energy surfaces for reacting systems, has great utility in the forecasting of kinetic properties. In particular, it permits prediction of the effect of isotopic substitution on rate constants, and comparison of these predictions with experimental data provides a particularly sensitive test for the combination of potential-energy surface and transition-state theory. More rigorous tests of each of these factors depend on future developments in quantum chemistry, in studies of chemical reactions in molecular beams, and in detailed trajectory calculations of scattering processes.
Growth of Isolated Mesophyll Cells of
Arachis hypogaea
in Simple Defined Medium in vitro
Authors: Joshi P. C. , Noggle G. R.
Published: October 2006

Isolated mesophyll cells from leaflets of
Arachis hypogaea
can be cultured in a simple, defined liquid nutrient medium containing minerals, with an appropriate source of ammonia, sugar, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and kinetin. The significance of such a simple medium in understanding the problems of cell metabolism, growth, and morphogenesis is discussed.
Membrane Origin of the Fast Photovoltage of Squid Retina
Authors: Hagins W. A. , McGaughy R. E.
Published: October 2006

When a bright light flash is absorbed by a small region in the outer segments of squid photoreceptors fixed in glutaraldehyde, a brief pulse of membrane current flows locally. The passive spreading of this current along the outer segments produces the photochemical component of the "early receptor potential." The source of the current lies electrically in parallel with the cell membranes and perhaps is located within them. Fixation with glutaraldehyde apparently does not reduce the resistance of the cell membrane to less than 5 percent of its value in live cells.
Computer Calculation of Molecular Crystal Structures
Authors: Williams Donald E.
Published: October 2006

A new method of calculating molecular crystal structures is proposed and tested. The repulsive portion of the nonbonded potential energy is fitted by a quadratic equation to yield a sum-of-squares description of the repulsive lattice energy. Minimization of this sum by full-matrix least squares yields good fits to the observed crystal structures of several hydrocarbons. The convergence properties of the method are markedly superior to those of the steepest-descent method, and calculation times are greatly decreased.
Nondissociation of GAL4 and GAL80 in Vivo After Galactose Induction
Authors: Leuther Kerstin K. , Johnston Stephen A.
Published: October 2006

Transcription of galactose-inducible genes in yeast is regulated by interaction between the activator protein GAL4 and the negative regulatory protein GAL80. It has been suggested that GAL80 binds to and represses GAL4 under uninduced conditions and dissociates from GAL4 on induction. However, the possibility that GAL80 remains associated with GAL4 after induction has not been ruled out. Experiments to discriminate between these two models were performed and revealed that GAL80 stays bound after induction.
Risk of Thyroid Neoplasms after Irradiation in Childhood
Authors: Hempelmann Louis H.
Published: October 2006

The incidence of thyroid carcinoma and of clinically palpable thyroid nodules is compared in three groups of individuals many years after exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood or infancy. The estimated mean cumulative doses to the thyroid gland ranged from 20 rad in the Ann Arbor series irradiated with x-rays as infants for thymic enlargement upward to 1225 rad of mixed radiation (including that from ingested radioiodine) in the Marshallese children. Intermediate between these extremes is the high-risk subgroup in the Rochester series of persons irradiated for thymic enlargement; they received an estimated mean thyroid dose of 335 rad.

A plot of the incidence of thyroid nodularity against the total cumulative thyroid dose gives what could be a linear dose response with no threshold or, at least, a threshold below 20 rad. The risk of developing carcinoma in the three studies ranges from 0 to 5.5 cases and that for nodularity 38 to 52 cases per 106 persons exposed per rad (thyroid dose) per year. There is evidence from animal experimentation that the biologically effective dose in the case of the Marshallese would have been considerably lower than the cumulative physical dose; hence, the dose response might actually be curvilinear at least in the higher dose range.

In view of the uncertainties regarding dose and the assumptions made in my study, the risk values may not be exact; however, these values reflect the trends regarding risks estimated from the best available data in man. Furthermore, the estimated risk values apply only if radiation exposure occurred in childhood.
Ionization of Liquids by Radiation: Measurement by a Clearing Field
Authors: Schmidt Werner F. , Allen A. O.
Published: October 2006

A method has been developed for determining the yield of free ions formed by irradiation of a liquid with high-energy x-rays. Contrary to expectation, branched-chain paraffins produce many more free ions than straight-chain paraffins do, and the ether 1,4-dioxane produces only a third as many free ions as its hydrocarbon analog, cyclohexane.
Starch Accumulation in Shoot-Forming Tobacco Callus Cultures
Authors: Thorpe Trevor A. , Murashige Toshio
Published: October 2006

Microscopic histochemical examinations of cultured tobacco callus disclosed a strong correlation between starch accumulation and shoot initiation. The accumulation started before any observable organized development and was heaviest in cells of loci which ultimately gave rise to organ primordia. Treatment of tissue cultures with gibberellin prevented starch accumulation and organ formation.
Sleep Suppression after Basal Forebrain Lesions in the Cat
Authors: McGinty Dennis J. , Sterman Maurice B.
Published: October 2006

Large bilateral preoptic lesions produced complete sleeplessness in two cats. In eight additional cats, similar but smaller lesions resulted in a significant reduction of quiet (slow-wave) sleep by 55 to 73 percent, and active (paradoxical) sleep by 80 to 100 percent. These values were determined by pre- and postlesion 22-hour continuous observations. Complete sleeplessness was followed by lethal exhaustion within a few days, whereas incomplete sleeplessness persisted at maximum levels for 2 to 3 weeks. The suppression of sleep was characterized by a gradual onset during the first 1 to 2 weeks, and a complete or partial recovery after 6 to 8 weeks. The severity of sleep suppression was found to be related to the size and localization of lesions placed specifically within the preoptic area and not to transient disturbances in feeding and temperature regulation.
Charge-Mosaic Membranes: Enhanced Permeability and Negative Osmosis with a Symmetrical Salt
Authors: Weinstein John N. , Caplan S. Roy
Published: October 2006

Charge-mosaic membranes are prepared by embedding a single layer of alternating cation and anion exchange beads in silicone resin. Membranes made in an identical manner but containing only one type of exchanger serve as controls. The mosaic membranes are 50 to 100 times more permeable to potassium chloride than the controls; and furthermore they give rise to net volume flow from concentrated to dilute solutions of potassium chloride in the absence of a pressure gradient ("negative osmosis"), whereas the controls exhibit normal osmotic behavior. The negative reflection coefficients of the mosaics suggest potential applications in desalination.
Abnormal Water Balance in a Mutant Strain of Chickens
Authors: Dunson William A. , Buss Edward G.
Published: October 2006

Polydipsia and polyuria are pronounced in chickens of a selected strain and this diabetes insipidus is inherited. The kidneys of such birds are capable of an antidiuretic response when lysine vasopressin or arginine vasotocin is injected. Osmotic pressure and sodium concentration of the plasmas of normal and mutant chickens are identical. Chicks predicted to have diabetes insipidus on the basis of parental pedigree are polydipsic.
Uroporphyrinogen III Cosynthetase in Bovine Erythropoietic Porphyria
Authors: Levin Ephraim Y.
Published: October 2006

The activity of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase is much lower in hemolyzates from mature cattle with congenital erythropoietic porphyria than in hemolyzates from mature normal cattle. The porphyric hemolyzates do not inhibit the cosynthetase activity present in normal hemolyzates or in extracts of mouse spleen.
Venus: Estimates of the Surface Temperature and Pressure from Radio and Radar Measurements
Authors: Wood A. T. , Wattson R. B. , Pollack J. B.
Published: October 2006

The radio brightness temperature and radar cross section spectra of Venus are in much better accord with surface boundary conditions deduced from a combination of the Mariner V results and the radar radius than those obtained by the Venera 4 space probe. The average surface temperature and pressure are approximately 750°K and 90 atmospheres.
Monodomain Theory: Experimental Verification
Authors: Dunlop D. J.
Published: October 2006

The Néel thermal-activation theory of remanence in monodomain grains has been verified quantitatively in experiments on four ferrite micropowders and two natural rocks. Magnetization and demagnetization curves of thermal, isothermal, viscous, and anhysteretic remanences can all be predicted with reasonable accuracy when the Néel theory is generalized to include effects of grain interaction. Results with the natural materials indicate that interacting, single-domain grains or regions are the carriers of the magnetically hard natural remanence of some paleomagnetic rocks.
Lepidocrocite Iron Mineralization in Keratose Sponge Granules
Authors: Towe Kenneth M. , Rützler Klaus
Published: October 2006

Reddish-brown granules embedded in the spongin fibers of some keratose sponges consist of very fine crystallites of poorly organized lepidocrocite, γ FeOOH. This is the first occurrence of crystalline iron mineralization in the phylum Porifera and the first indication of hard tissue formation among the Keratosa.
Histone Phosphorylation: Stimulation by Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate
Authors: Langan Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate at a concentration of 10-
7
M causes a four- to sixfold increase in the rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by a liver enzyme preparation. This observation suggests a mechanism for the induction of RNA synthesis by those hormones that cause increases in the concentration of cyclic AMP.
Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase: Compensatory Increase in Activity after Chemical Sympathectomy
Authors: Mueller Robert A. , Thoenen Hans , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

Destruction of peripheral sympathetic nerve endings with 6-hydroxydopamine causes a disappearance of cardiac tyrosine hydroxylase, accompanied by a twofold increase in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and a small increase in phenylethanolamine-
N
-methyl transferase. No change in adrenal catecholamine content occurs under these conditions.
Thermoregulation: Effects of Environmental Temperature on Turnover of Hypothalamic Norepinephrine
Authors: Simmonds M. A. , Iversen L. L.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that norepinephrine is a transmitter in the temperature-regulating center of the hypothalamus is based on observations of changes in the rectal temperatures of animals after injections of norepinephrine into the hypothalamus. By introducing tritiated norepinephrine as a label into the endogenous norepinephrine stores in the brain and then measuring the disappearance of tritiated norepinephrine from discrete areas, one can monitor the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in those areas. In the rat exposed to heat, the turnover of endogenous norepinephrine appears to be increased selectively in the hypothalamus, whereas exposure to cold has no effect.
Early Experiences Accelerate Maturation of the 24-Hour Adrenocortical Rhythm
Authors: Ader Robert
Published: October 2006

Rats reared under 12-hour alternating periods of light and dark were killed at times corresponding to the times at which the maximum or minimum plasma corticosterone concentrations occur in mature animals. The characteristic 24-hour adrenocortical rhythm was first observed in rats 21 to 25 days old. In rats handled or stimulated with electric shock, the rhythm developed as early as 16 days.
Portland Cement: Pseudomorphs of Original Cement Grains Observed in Hardened Pastes
Authors: Williamson R. Brady
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron micrographs show that a hydration product forms inside the anhydrous cement grains and forms a pseudomorph of the original cement grain. The originally water-filled space between the grains is partially filled with calcium hydroxide crystals that appear to be responsible for the strength of the cement paste.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes in Human Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Nora James J. , Cooley Denton A. , Johnson Barbara L. , Watson Shirley C. , Milam John D.
Published: October 2006

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme activities have been followed in 17 human cardiac allografts. A pattern of abnormality associated with cardiac rejection during the first month after operation has been determined: (i) LDH-1 activity is greater than LDH-2 activity; (ii) LDH-1 activity is greater than 35 percent of total LDH activity; and (iii) LDH-1 activity is greater than 100 international units. The LDH-1 abnormality helps to meet the need for an index of cardiac rejection during the early weeks after operation when the electrocardiogram is least reliable.
Tadpole Antibodies against Frog Hemoglobin and Their Effect on Development
Authors: Maniatis George M. , Steiner Lisa A. , Ingram Vernon M.
Published: October 2006

Rana catesbeiana
tadpoles immunized with the main hemoglobin component of the adult frog of the same species produced precipitating and agglutinating antibodies against the immunogen. After natural metamorphosis, the immunized froglets have as their only major hemoglobin a protein immunologically and electrophoretically different from the major hemoglobin of control froglets.
Currents in La Jolla and Scripps Submarine Canyons
Authors: Shepard Francis P. , Marshall Neil F.
Published: October 2006

Velocities up to 34 centimeters per second have been recorded near the floors of submarine canyons off La Jolla, California. Currents move alternately down- and upcanyon with variable periods. All 3- to 6-day measurements show net current transport downcanyon. Many of the downcanyon currents of higher velocity correlate with ebbing tides, as measured at the nearby pier. Other factors producing the currents probably include internal waves. Velocities are sufficient to transport large quantities of fine sand.
Renin-Aldosterone System in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Barbeau André , Gillo-Joffroy Lise , Boucher Roger , Nowaczynski Wojciech , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2006

Low blood pressure is frequent in the akinetic form of Parkinson's disease. A low renin activity in plasma as well as a low rate of aldosterone secretion is demonstrated in these patients. Renin activity in the plasma is further decreased by treatment with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, thus partially accounting for the hypotensive episodes seen with this form of therapy.
Hydrocalcite (CaCO
3
⋅ H
2
O) and Nesquehonite (MgCO
3
⋅ 3H
2
O) in Carbonate Scales
Authors: Marschner Hannelore
Published: October 2006

Hydrocalcite (CaCO
3
⋅ H
2
O) with exactly one molecule of hydrate water is the main component of carbonate scales deposited from cold water in contact with air. When the magnesium content of the water is high, the hydrocalcite occurs together with MgCO
3
⋅ 3H
2
O (nesquehonite). From the conditions under which hydrocalcite is transformed into calcite and aragonite, it appears that in some cases aragonite in nature may be formed by way of an intermediary of CaCO
3
⋅ H
2
O.
Alpha-Recoil Tracks in Mica: Registration Efficiency
Authors: Katcoff Seymour
Published: October 2006

Recoils from alpha-particle decay of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides have energies between 70 and 169 kiloelectron volts. It is shown that these alpha recoils register tracks in mica, observable as etch pits, with an efficiency of about 80 percent. When the recoil energy is degraded to 40 kiloelectron volts the efficiency drops to 50 percent. But, since the decay of each thorium or uranium impurity atom in natural mica is followed by a cascade of six or eight alpha particles, the overall registration efficiency must be very nearly 100 percent.
Mouse Leukemia Virus Activation by Chemical Carcinogens
Authors: Igel Howard J. , Huebner Robert J. , Turner Horace C. , Kotin Paul , Falk Hans L.
Published: October 2006

The induction of lymphomas in C57BL mice by methylcholanthrene, urethan, or diethylnitrosamine was accompanied by the development of murine leukemia viral antigen in most of the lymphoid tumors. The cell-free transmission of lymphomas induced by methylcholanthrene and the development of antibody to murine leukemia virus prior to the detection of overt lymphoma in these mice suggest that unmasking of a latent leukemia virus is an indigenous actuating cause of the lymphomas.
Insect Flight: Lift and Rate of Change of Incidence
Authors: Bennett Leon
Published: October 2006

Large changes in lift output result when a simulated insect wing, undergoing a downstroke, is subjected to a dynamic change of incidence. Given a large positive rate of change of incidence, transient lift values several times those realized in steady-state operation at the same angle of incidence are obtained. Thus a means exists by which insects achieve several times the lift expected by conventional quasi-steady considerations.
Multielement Analysis of Lunar Soil and Rocks
Authors: Morrison George H. , Gerard Jesse T. , Kashuba A. Thomas , Gangadharam Eswara V. , Rothenberg Ann M. , Potter Noel M. , Miller Gary B.
Published: October 2006

Results for multielement analysis of lunar soil and of seven rocks returned by Apollo 11 are presented. Sixty-six elements were determined with spark source mass spectrography and neutron activation. U. S. Geological Survey standard W-1 was used as a comparative standard. Results indicate an apparent uniformity of composition among the samples. Comparison with solar, meteoritic, and terrestrial abundances reveals depletion of volatile elements and enrichment of the rare earths titanium, zirconium, yttrium, and hafnium. Although there is an overall similarity of the lunar material to basaltic achondrites and basalts, the differences suggest detailed geochemical processes special to the history of this material.
Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Lunar Samples
Authors: Peck Lee C. , Smith Vertie C.
Published: October 2006

In three lunar samples the high titanium contents previously reported were confirmed. Water and ferric oxide were absent.
Search for Organic Compounds in the Lunar Dust from the Sea of Tranquillity
Authors: Ponnamperuma Cyril , Kvenvolden Keith , Chang Sherwood , Johnson Richard , Pollock Glenn , Philpott Delbert , Kaplan Isaac , Smith John , Schopf J. William , Gehrke Charles , Hodgson Gordon , Breger Irving A. , Halpern Berthold , Duffield Alan , Krauskopf Konrad , Barghoorn Elso , Holland Heinrich , Keil Klaus
Published: October 2006

A sample of lunar dust was examined for organic compounds. Carbon detected in concentrations of 157 micrograms per gram had a δ
13
C per mil (PDB) value of +20. Treatment with hydrochloric acid yielded hydrocarbons of low molecular weight, suggesting the presence of carbides. The gas chromatogram of the acylated and esterified derivatives of the hydrolyzate was similar to that obtained for the Pueblito de Allende meteorite. There were no detectable amounts of extractable high-molecular-weight alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, normal alkanes, fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, or nucleic acid bases. Traces of porphyrins were found, perhaps arising from rocket exhaust materials.
Acetylcholine Sensitivity and Distribution on Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Harris A. John , Dennis Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Action potentials resulted from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine to cloned mouse neuroblastoma cells maintained in culture. Cell bodies were sensitive to acetylcholine, but half the cells were insensitive along one of their processes, suggesting an analogy with normal axons and dendrites. Some cells were electrically coupled via their processes, but no chemically mediated synaptic transmission was seen.
Persisting Circadian Rhythm of Cell Division in a Photosynthetic Mutant of
Euglena
Authors: Jarrett Robert M. , Edmunds Leland N.
Published: October 2006

A persisting, free-running, circadian rhythm of cell division in a heterotrophically grown mutant of
Euglena gracilis
var.
bacillaris
having impaired photosynthesis is obtained upon placing a culture that has been previously synchronized by a 10,14 light-dark cycle into continuous darkness at 19°C (but not at 25°C). A similar persisting rhythm is initiated in exponentially increasing cultures (growing in darkness at 19°C) by a single "switch-up" in irradiance to continuous bright illumination. The results implicate an endogenous biological clock which "gates" the specific event of cell division in the cell developmental cycle.
Regulation of Adhesion to ICAM-1 by the Cytoplasmic Domain of LFA-1 Integrin β Subunit
Authors: Hibbs Margaret L. , Xu Hong , Stacker Steven A. , Springer Timothy A.
Published: October 2006

Interactions between cytotoxic lymphocytes and their targets require the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the integrin lymphocyte function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18). LFA-1 is not constitutively avid for its counterreceptors, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)-1 and -2. Cross-linking of the TCR transiently converts LFA-1 to a high avidity state and thus provides a mechanism for regulating cellular adhesion and de-adhesion in an antigen-specific manner. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the β, but not the α, subunit of LFA-1 eliminated binding to ICAM-1 and sensitivity to phorbol esters. Thus, LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 was found to be regulated by the cytoplasmic domain of the β subunit of LFA-1.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and Adrenocortical Cytosol Protein Synthesis
Authors: Grower Marvin F. , Bransome Edwin D.
Published: October 2006

In cultures of mouse adrenocortical tumor cells (Sato's minimal deviation Y-1 clonal strain), the acceleration of in labeling of protein with [4,5-
3
H]leucine. However, when cytosol proteins are separated by acrylamidegel electrophoresis, rapid changes in the amount and labeling of several protein fractions are evident in less than 30 minutes and are no longer evident within 60 minutes. This finding supports the proposal that the effects of tropic hormones and their intracellular mediators involve rapid selective effects on protein synthesis.
p,p′-DDT: Effect on Calcium Metabolism and Concentration of Estradiol in the Blood
Authors: Peakall David B.
Published: October 2006

Ringdoves given 10 parts per millionp,p′-DDT showed a decrease of estradiol in the blood early in the breeding cycle and egg-laying was delayed. There was also a decrease in deposition of medullary calcium and in eggshell weight. Injection ofp,p′-DDE (150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) caused reduction of eggshell weight and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the oviduct.
Human Glomerular Basement Membrane: Chemical Alteration in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Beisswenger Paul J. , Spiro Robert G.
Published: October 2006

The human glomerular basement membrane belongs to the collagen family of proteins. It contains about 7 percent carbohydrate, half of which occurs as glucosylgalactose disaccharide units linked to hydroxylysine. Glomeruli from diabetics contain increased amounts of basement membrane material. In addition, these membranes show a distinct chemical alteration characterized by a significant decrease in lysine, accompanied by an equivalent increase in hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine-linked disaccharide units.
Pyroxene-Garnet Transformation in Coorara Meteorite
Authors: Smith J. V. , Mason Brian
Published: October 2006

Majorite is a new garnet in a veinlet of the Coorara meteorite. Its chemical composition is compatible with derivation mostly from original pyroxene, not from olivine as originally reported. Silicon is partly in sixfold coordination. Ringwoodite, a spinel of olivine composition, occurs as purple grains set in a matrix of fine-grained garnet. The similar mineralogy and texture of the Coorara and Tenham meteorites suggest a common parent body.
Elevation of Aortic Proline Hydroxylase: A Biochemical Defect in Experimental Arteriosclerosis
Authors: Fuller George C. , Langner Ronald O.
Published: October 2006

The relation of collagen synthesis to experimentally induced arteriosclerosis was studied by measuring proline hydroxylase activity. Gross aortic plaques were produced in rabbits by daily injection of epinephrine (intravenous) and thyroxine (intraperitoneal) for 4, 9, or 14 days. Activity of proline hydroxylase was significantly increased after 4 days of treatment and reached a peak, five- to sixfold increase, after 14 days of treatment. The increase in enzyme activity was correlated with the severity of observed arteriosclerosis. Increase in proline hydroxylase activity may be a possible biochemical defect in the aortas of rabbits with arteriosclerosis induced by injury.