bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing the risk of overdiagnosis in lung cancer: A support from molecular biology
Authors: Barba Maddalena , Felsani Armando , Rinaldi Massimo , Giunta Salvatore , Malorni Walter , Paggi Marco G.
Published: December 2010

Early detection and swift treatment, when achievable, may significantly affect prognosis in lung cancer patients. Therefore, individuals with a high risk for lung cancer are invited to participate into international screening programs, such as the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program (I‐ELCAP). An undesirable consequence of such massive enterprises is the detection of pulmonary nodules also in subjects who are unlikely to ultimately die from lung cancer. Nevertheless, the individuals with pulmonary nodule undergo stringent diagnostic procedures to assess the nature of the lesion. This implies a noticeable (physical and emotional) stress for our patients and the likelihood of overdiagnosis and, potentially, consequent overtreatment. Molecular markers, more specifically, microRNAs, might significantly add value to the workup process aiming at the distinction between benign and malignant lesions and, among the malignant ones, those concretely threatening for the patients' survival. We are confident that such a multidisciplinary approach would better suit our patients' diagnostic and/or therapeutic, actual needs. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2213–2214, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide production by endothelin‐1 enhances astrocytic migration via the tyrosine nitration of matrix metalloproteinase‐9
Authors: Wang Hui‐Hsin , Hsieh Hsi‐Lung , Yang Chuen‐Mao
Published: December 2010

The deleterious effects of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in the central nervous system (CNS) include disturbance of water homeostasis and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. In the CNS, ischemic injury elicits ET‐1 release from astrocytes, behaving through G‐protein coupled ET receptors. These considerations raise the question of whether ET‐1 influences cellular functions of astrocytes, the major cell type that provides structural and functional support for neurons. Uncontrolled nitric oxide (NO) production has been implicated in sterile brain insults, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases, which involve astrocyte activation and neuronal death. However, the detailed mechanisms of ET‐1 action related to NO release on rat brain astrocytes (RBA‐1) remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that exposure of astrocytes to ET‐1 results in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) up‐regulation, NO production, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) activation in astrocytes. The data obtained with Western blot, reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR), and immunofluorescent staining analyses showed that ET‐1‐induced iNOS expression and NO production were mediated through an ETB‐dependent transcriptional activation. Engagement of Gi/o‐ and Gq‐coupled ETBreceptors by ET‐1 led to activation of c‐Src‐dependent phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt and p42/p44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and then activated transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB). The activated NF‐κB was translocated into nucleus and thereby promoted iNOS gene transcription. Ultimately, NO production stimulated by ET‐1 enhanced the migration of astrocytes through the tyrosine nitration of MMP‐9. Taken together, these results suggested that in astrocytes, activation of NF‐κB by ETB‐dependent c‐Src, PI3K/Akt, and p42/p44 MAPK signalings is necessary for ET‐1‐induced iNOS gene up‐regulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2244–2256, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sphingosine induces apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes by activating caspase‐3/‐9 via a mitochondrial pathway linked to SDK/14‐3‐3 protein/Bax/cytochrome c
Authors: Kanno Takeshi , Nishizaki Tomoyuki
Published: December 2010

The present study examined sphingosine‐induced apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. Sphingosine induced apoptosis in a concentration (1–100 µM)‐dependent manner, that is inhibited by the PKC‐δ inhibitor rottlerin, and a similar effect was obtained with the sphingosine kinase inhibitors, to raise intracellular sphingosine concentrations. Sphingosine increased presence of sphingosine‐dependent protein kinase (SDK), and the effect was suppressed by rottlerin. Sphingosine increased phosphorylated 14‐3‐3 protein, thereby transforming the protein from a dimeric structure into a monomeric structure. Sphingosine accumulated Bax in the mitochondria and stimulated cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and those effects were inhibited by rottlerin. Sphingosine disrupted mitochondrial membrane potentials, that was abolished by silencing the PKC‐δ‐targeted gene. Moreover, sphingosine activated caspase‐9 and the effector caspase‐3 in a PKC‐δ‐dependent manner. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that sphingosine activates SDK, produced through proteolytic processing of an active form of PKC‐δ, to phosphorylate 14‐3‐3 protein and transform into a monomeric structure, causing Bax dissociation from 14‐3‐3 protein and accumulation in the mitochondria, which perturbs mitochondrial membrane potentials allowing cytochrome c release into the cytosol, to activate caspase‐9 and the effector caspase‐3, responsible for apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2329–2337, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infective endocarditis complicated by fatal cerebral hemorrhage revealing an unrepaired univentricular heart in a 19‐year‐old woman
Authors: Rekik Sofiene , Trabelsi Imen , Hentati Mourad , Kammoun Samir
Published: December 2010

Univentricular heart is a complex and rare cyanotic congenital heart disease. When not operated, affected patients exceptionally reach adulthood. We report the unprecedented case of a 19 year‐old young woman, admitted to the hospital for a severe deterioration of general status and ultimately diagnosed to have an infective endocarditis with multiple vegetations in a previously undiagnosed univentricular heart of left ventricular morphology, subsequently rapidly complicated by fatal cerebral hemorrhage. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Mass spectrometry studies on meso‐substituted corroles and their photochemical decomposition products
Authors: Świder Paweł , Nowak‐Król Agnieszka , Voloshchuk Roman , Lewtak Jan P. , Gryko Daniel T. , Danikiewicz Witold
Published: December 2010

Corroles, ring‐contracted analogs of porphyrins, are an important class of compounds which have attracted the attention of many researchers in the fields of organic, coordination and physical chemistry. In the present work, the stability and the decomposition pathways of a diverse set of meso‐substituted corroles have been studied using mass spectrometry (MS), UV–Vis absorption and preparative methods combined with NMR spectroscopy. Four different ionization methods (electrospray ionization, field desorption, atmospheric pressure photoionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) were utilized to investigate light‐ and oxygen‐induced decomposition in various solvents. It was found that the rate of decomposition in MeCN is significantly higher than in CH2Cl2, hexane, MeOH and ethyl acetate. HR‐MS combined with CID–MS/MS enabled us to identify the products of initial decomposition. Surprisingly, numerous smaller open‐chain compounds were also detected. Large‐scale decomposition of a corrole bearing sterically hindered substituents at positions 5 and 15 allowed us to isolate mg quantities of three decomposition products: isocorrole and isomeric biliverdin‐type species. These are formed as a result of oxygen attack on the meso‐10 position. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent daily rainfall patterns over South Africa and associated dynamics during the core of the austral summer
Authors: Crétat Julien , Richard Yves , Pohl Benjamin , Rouault Mathieu , Reason Chris , Fauchereau Nicolas
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the influence of some modes of climate variability on the spatio‐temporal rainfall variability over South Africa during the core of the rainy season, December to February (DJF). All analyses are based directly on the rainfall field instead of atmospheric processes and dynamics. An original agglomerative hierarchical clustering approach is used to classify daily rainfall patterns recorded at 5352 stations from DJF 1971 to DJF 1999. Five clusters are retained for analysis. Amongst them, one cluster looks most like the rainfall and circulation mean picture. Another one, representing 37% of the days, describes strong negative rainfall anomalies over South Africa resulting from a regional barotropic trough‐ridge‐trough wave structure and moisture divergence. These dry anomalies are more frequent in El Niño years (with a 0.75 correlation between ENSO and the seasonal occurrences of that cluster) and are associated with a weakening and/or a regional shift of the Walker‐type circulation and the subtropical jet stream. Three clusters, which describe, respectively, a decrease, an increase, and a conservation of the seasonal mean eastward rainfall gradient, are all associated with strong cyclonic moisture flux anomalies centred over Angola or northern Botswana and the anomalous convergence located over the largest positive rainfall anomalies, suggesting the importance of thermal low pressures. One of them is clearly associated with tropical temperate troughs. The rainfall patterns of these three clusters tend to propagate eastward, and their seasonal frequencies tend to increase in La Niña years. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Applicability of the soil gradient method for estimating soil–atmosphere CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes for steppe soils in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wolf Benjamin , Chen Weiwei , Brüggemann Nicolas , Zheng Xunhua , Pumpanen Jukka , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus
Published: December 2010

For evaluating the applicability of the soil gradient method as a substitute for CO2‐, CH4‐, and N2O‐flux measurements in steppe, we carried out chamber measurements and determined soil gas concentration at an ungrazed (UG99) and a grazed (WG) site in Inner Mongolia, China. The agreement of the concentration‐based flux estimates with measured chamber‐based fluxes varied largely depending on the respective GHG in the sequence CO2 > CH4 >> N2O. A calibration of the gas‐transport parameter used to calculate fluxes based on soil gas concentrations improved the results considerably for CO2 and CH4. After calibration, the average deviation from the chamber‐based annual cumulative flux for both sites was 11.5%, 10.5%, and 59% for CO2, CH4, and N2O. The gradient method did not constitute an adequate stand‐alone substitute for greenhouse‐gas flux estimation since a calibration using chamber‐based measurements was necessary and vigorous production processes were confined to the uppermost, almost water‐saturated soil layer.
Application of Raman spectroscopy in the nondestructive analyses of ancient Chinese jades
Authors: Wang Rong , Zhang Wei‐Shan
Published: December 2010

Jade, as one of the symbols of Chinese material cultures, is the cultural boundary between ancient Chinese and western civilizations. Amphibole, serpentine, turquoise and quartz are the four main kinds of ancient Chinese jades. In this article, the use of Raman spectroscopy in the nondestructive identification of the four kinds of Chinese jades for their phase is discussed. The spectra, in combination with PIXE analysis, help resolve some relevant and further problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active and tunable metamaterials
Authors: Boardman A.D. , Grimalsky V.V. , Kivshar Y.S. , Koshevaya S.V. , Lapine M. , Litchinitser N.M. , Malnev V.N. , Noginov M. , Rapoport Y.G. , Shalaev V.M.
Published: December 2010

Metamaterial research is an extremely important global activity that promises to change our lives in many different ways. These include making objects invisible and the dramatic impact of metamaterials upon the energy and medical sectors of society. Behind all of the applications, however, lies the business of creating metamaterials that are not going to be crippled by the kind of loss that is naturally heralded by use of resonant responses in their construction. This review sets out some solutions to the management of loss and gain, coupled to controlled and nonlinear behavior, and discusses some critical consequences concerning stability. Under the general heading of active and tunable metamaterials, an international spectrum of authors collaborates here to present a set of solutions that addresses these issues in several directions. As will be appreciated, the range of possible solutions is really fascinating, and it is hoped that these discussions will act as a further stimulus to the field.
“Click Chemistry” as a Facile Approach to the Synthesis of Polyphosphazene Glycopolymers
Authors: Huang Xu , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Yu An‐Guo , Wang Cang , Dai Zheng‐Wei , Xu Zhi‐Kang
Published: December 2010

A versatile approach based on click chemistry to synthesize polyphosphazene glycopolymers is presented. The glucose‐substituted polyphosphazene was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of poly(dichlorophosphazene) with propargylamine and the subsequent azide/alkyne “click” reaction of poly[di(propargylamine)phosphazene] (PDPAP) with azidosugar. The relative proportion of the glucose substituent can be easily controlled over a broad range by varying the amount of azidoglucose used in the azide/alkyne “click” reaction.

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Morphology, Crystallinity and Thermal Properties of Polyamide 66/Polyoxometalate Nanocomposites Synthesised Via an in situ Sol/Gel Process
Authors: Cheval Nicolas , Xu Fang , Gindy Nabil , Brooks Richard , Zhu Yanqiu , Fahmi Amir
Published: December 2010

The in situ sol/gel synthesis of PA66/POM nanocomposites and their thermal and structural properties are reported. The morphology of POM and its influence on the crystallinity and thermal properties of PA66 have been investigated by means of SEM, TEM, DSC and XRD. The Liu and Kissinger models have been applied to study the non‐isothermal crystallisation kinetics and the crystallisation activation energy of the nanocomposite. The results reveal that polyoxometalates obtained in situ (5.5 nm) alter the thermal and crystallisation properties of PA66 significantly. The presence of POM leads to a thermodynamically more stable nanocomposite by reducing the amount of the metastable γ‐crystalline form of PA66.

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Molecular Orientation and Crystalline Structure of Aligned Electrospun Nylon‐6 Nanofibers: Effect of Gap Size
Authors: Kimura Naotaka , Kim Han‐Ki , Kim Byoung‐Suhk , Lee Keun‐Hyung , Kim Ick‐Soo
Published: December 2010

We study the effect of the gap size on the molecular orientation and crystalline structure of uniaxially well‐aligned nylon‐6 nanofibers produced in the gap between negatively charged metal plates. The relative intensities of several absorbance bands are found to be different in the parallel‐ and perpendicularly polarized FTIR spectra. X‐ray analysis indicates that the metastable γ‐form is predominant in as‐spun nylon‐6 nanofibers, and is transformed into the thermodynamically stable α‐form by increasing the gap size. The polymer chains are thought to be oriented perpendicular to the fiber direction, and the molecular orientation to the fiber axis is enhanced on increasing the gap size.

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Von partikelassistierter Benetzung zu porösen Membranen
Authors: Goedel Werner A. , Ding Ailin , Marczewski Dawid , Xu Hui , Yan Feng
Published: December 2010

Wer auf einer Wasseroberfläche geschickt mit ÖI und Partikeln spielt, kann zu sehr dünnen Membranen mit einheitlichen, submikroskopischen Poren gelangen – ohne aufwendige Photolithographie oder Reinraumtechnik. Solche Membranen empfehlen sich nicht nur für teure Spezialanwendungen, sondern auch für den großflächigen Einsatz, z. B. in der Luftfilterung oder der Trinkwasseraufbereitung.
Computational Chemistry: State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Nemirowski Adelina
Published: December 2010

Für drei Tage versammelten sich Mitte April theoretisch orientierte Chemiker im Schloß Rauischholzhausen, um mit ihren Beiträgen zum internationalen Symposium „Computational Chemistry: State of the Art and Perspectives”︁ Gernot Frenking zu seinem 60. Geburtstag zu gratulieren – dem Mann, der sich neben Paul von Ragué Schleyer für die Verbreitung rechnergestützter Methoden in Deutschland eingesetzt hat. Mit der thematischen Vielfalt der Vorträge deckte die Veranstaltung aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Computational Chemistry in ihrer ganzen Breite ab. Organisiert hatten das Symposium Max Holthausen (Frankfurt), Wolfram Koch (GDCh) und Peter R. Schreiner (Gießen), mit finanzieller Unterstützung seitens der Gießener Hochschulgesellschaft, des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Wiley und Springer sowie Henkel, Roche und Schering.
Internationale Chemiker: Dritte GDCh‐RSC‐Industrie‐Tour
Authors: Begitt Kurt
Published: December 2010

Die beiden größten europäischen chemischen Gesellschaften, die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) und ihre britische Schwestergesellschaft, die Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), fördern den internationalen Austausch von Studierenden und Jungwissenschaftlern.
Synthetische vs. biologische Stickstoff‐Fixierung
Authors: Tuczek Felix
Published: December 2010

Als biologisch, technisch und industriell zentraler Prozeß ist die Synthese von Ammoniak aus N2 eine der prototypischen Reaktionen der Chemie. Kann die Ammoniaksynthese nach dem Vorbild der Natur eine Alternative zum etablierten Haber‐Bosch‐Verfahren liefern?
18th International Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry
Authors: Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Mews Rüdiger
Published: December 2010

In Bremen diskutierten Ende Juli/Anfang August mehr als 400 Fluorchemiker Ergebnisse zu ionischen Flüssigkeiten und Lithiumionen‐Batterien, zur supramolekularen und anorganischen Molekülchemie, zur Katalysechemie, zu Synthesebausteinen und zu Umweltaspekten der Fluorchemie.
Heat extraction from aquifer geothermal systems
Authors: Yeh Hund‐Der , Yang Shaw‐Yang , Li Kuang‐Yi
Published: December 2010

This study aims to model temperature distributions in an aquifer thermal extraction (ATE) system that contains a single extraction well in a thin confined aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by hot dry rocks with different thermomechanical properties and thicknesses. Based on the heat convection–conduction equation, a mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial and temporal temperature distributions of the ATE systems. The mechanisms of heat transfer in the model involve horizontal convection and thermal conduction in the aquifer, and vertical thermal conduction in both rocks. A semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form is developed using the Laplace transform technique and its corresponding time‐domain result is computed by the modified Crump method. In addition, the steady‐state solution is obtained by applying the final value theorem. The simulation results from the semi‐analytical solution indicate that the aquifer temperature distributions are affected by aquifer thickness, the thermomechanical properties of the aquifer and rocks, geothermal gradient, outer boundary temperatures of the rocks, extraction rate, and operating time. The present solution can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing heat extraction efficiency in ATE systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of statistical learning algorithms to ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil
Authors: Samui Pijush
Published: December 2010

This study employs two statistical learning algorithms (Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM)) for the determination of ultimate bearing capacity (qu) of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. SVM is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning, uses regression technique by introducingvarepsilon‐insensitive loss function. RVM is based on a Bayesian formulation of a linear model with an appropriate prior that results in a sparse representation. It also gives variance of predicted data. The inputs of models are width of footing (B), depth of footing (D), footing geometry (L/B), unit weight of sand (γ) and angle of shearing resistance (ϕ). Equations have been developed for the determination ofquof shallow foundation on cohesionless soil based on the SVM and RVM models. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to determine the effect of each input parameter. This study shows that the developed SVM and RVM are robust models for the prediction ofquof shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking for problems: A systems approach to hominin palaeocommunities from Plio‐Pleistocene Africa
Authors: Winder I. C.
Published: December 2010

This paper evaluates the potential contribution(s) of faunal analysis to hominin palaeoecology at regional and continental scales, through an explicit investigation of the values, methods and conceptual frameworks of palaeoanthropology and their compatibility with real data structures. It employs a problem‐framing method developed in policy‐relevant science to establish a suitable research design for ‘large scale’ faunal analysis, before testing the method in a pilot study of 48 faunal assemblages from the African Plio‐Pleistocene. Hitherto, taphonomic bias has discouraged attempts to study faunal assemblages on large spatiotemporal scales, and most scientists have restricted their work to the smaller (site or local) scale and/or a subset of the total fauna. Furthermore, palaeoanthropological studies of fauna tend to address pre‐determined questions through analysis of statistical outputs (patterns), rather than investigating the limitations and potential of the data through exploratory work. This paper, despite identifying a number of inherent constraints on palaeocommunity analysis at the large scale—including a clear tendency towards the segregation of faunal assemblages along taphonomic and geographic lines—successfully defines palaeocommunities and identifies systematic variation in their distribution in several regional datasets and at the continental scale. It suggests that the potential viability of faunal analyses for a given project could be made empirically testable, and further work on the lines defined here might provide insight into the impacts of taphonomy and ecology at the large scale. Although there are conceptual and methodological problems associated with large‐scale faunal analyses, this paper suggests that they could provide some insight into hominin environments, evolutionary ecology and biogeography as part of a holistic, multi‐scale approach to our lineages' history. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2500‐year record of marine resource use on Ulong Island, Republic of Palau
Authors: Ono Rintaro , Clark Geoffrey
Published: December 2010

The paper reports fish bone and shellfish assemblages from Ulong Island in the Rock Islands of Palau, western Micronesia dating from ∼3100 to 500BP. Use of marine resources in early prehistory appears to have been highly localised with increasing capture of outer‐reef/pelagic taxa including shark and tuna after 1000BP. Local stocks of large Tridacnids were depleted during initial human use of Ulong Island, and there is a size decrease inScarussp. remains consistent with pressure on the inshore fishery, especially after establishment of permanent stonework villages in late prehistory. Comparison of archaeological assemblages of fish bone from other Rock Islands dated to after 2000BPindicate that the captured fish species and major capture methods differ between sites and likely reflect local marine environments at each location. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Senescent mesenchymal cells accumulate in human fibrosis by a telomere‐independent mechanism and ameliorate fibrosis through matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Pitiyage Gayani Nadika , Slijepcevic Predrag , Gabrani Aliya , Chianea Yaghoub Gozaly , Lim Kue Peng , Prime Stephen Stewart , Tilakaratne Wanninayake Mudiyanselage , Fortune Farida , Parkinson Eric Kenneth
Published: December 2010

Fibrosis can occur in many organs, where it is a debilitating and preneoplastic condition. The senescence of activated fibroblasts has been proposed to ameliorate fibrosis via the innate immune system but its role in humans has not been investigated. The availability of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) biopsies at different stages of disease progression allowed us to test the hypothesis that senescent fibroblasts accumulate with the progression of human fibrosis in vivo, and also to examine the mechanism of senescence. We tested the hypothesis that senescent cells may ameliorate fibrosis by increasing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We have used a combination of in situ immunodetection techniques, drug treatments, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and enzyme‐linked absorbance assays on tissue samples and fibroblast cultures. We report a novel panning technique, based on fibronectin adhesion rates, to enrich and deplete senescent cells from fibroblast populations. Senescent fibroblasts, as determined by the presence of senescence‐associated heterochromatic foci, accumulated with OSMF progression (R2 = 0.98) and possessed a reduced replicative lifespan in vitro. Unlike wounds, however, OSMF fibroblasts were quiescent in vivo and consistent with this observation, possessed functional telomeres of normal length. Senescence was associated in vivo and in vitro with oxidative damage, DNA damage foci and p16INK4A accumulation and required the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), perhaps from damaged mitochondria, but not the continuous presence of the disease stimulus (areca nut and tobacco), the tissue environment or other cell types. Depletion of OSMF fibroblasts of senescent cells showed that these cells accounted for 25–83 times more MMP‐1 and ‐2 than their presenescent counterparts. The results show that the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts in human fibrosis occurs by a telomere‐independent mechanism involving ROS and may locally ameliorate the condition by the increased expression of MMPs prior to clearance by the immune system. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic indices for hospital mortality among Libyan diabetic patients
Authors: Abduelkarem AR , El‐Shareif HJ , Sharif SI
Published: December 2010

The pattern of diabetic deaths in the medical wards of Tripoli Medical Centre was retrospectively studied. During a three‐year period, 575 diabetic deaths occurred, accounting for 26.2% of all medical deaths. The mean age at death was 65.33±12.7 years. Cardiovascular disease (183 [31.8%]), cerebrovascular accidents (102 [17.7%]) and infection (83 [14.4%]) were the most common complications associated with diabetic deaths. Other causes were malignancy (10%), liver cirrhosis (5.6%), and acute diabetic complications (5%). Forty‐five (7.8%) deaths unaccountable for may be due to other unknown causes.

Factors predictive of mortality, such as admission diagnosis of hyperosmolar non‐ketotic state, cerebrovascular disease, acute coronary syndromes or infection were associated with poor prognosis. Admission hyperglycaemia, old age, renal dysfunction and prior stroke were also associated with poor admission outcome. The excess mortality, mainly due to atherosclerotic complications, is potentially preventable through implementation of serious approaches to the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Are blood ketones a better predictor than urine ketones of acid base balance in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Authors: Mackay L , Lyall MJ , Delaney S , McKnight JA , Strachan MWJ
Published: December 2010

Detection of ketonaemia is a key factor in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Measurement of urinary ketones via the nitroprusside reaction is the most commonly employed diagnostic test; however, near patient testing of blood ketones is now widely available. In the clinical setting we wished to compare the utility of urine and blood ketone measurements to predict acid base balance and need for admission in patients with type 1 diabetes.

A retrospective study was performed on 52 patients referred to the metabolic or acute receiving units of a teaching hospital. Urine and capillary ketone measurements, blood gas analysis and/or venous bicarbonate measurement were analysed together with the clinical outcome of either admission or discharge of the patient.

Capillary β‐hydroxybutyrate measurement gave a strong negative correlation (r ‐0.771; p<0.001) with serum bicarbonate concentration. Urine ketone measurement showed a weaker negative correlation (r ‐0.493; p<0.001) with bicarbonate levels. There was no difference in the ability to predict hospital admission between blood ketone measurement and urine ketone measurement )positive predictive value 84.6% [95% confidence interval 73.2–95.9%] vs positive predictive value 75.0% [95% confidence interval 62.2–87.8%], respectively).

The findings of this study suggest that blood ketone measurement is a better predictor of acid base status than urine ketone measurement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Catamenial hyperglycaemia: an important cause of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Sennik DK , Clark J , Foster K , Zachariah S
Published: December 2010

We report the case of a female patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus with recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA ) despite previously good control and treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII ). It was noted that her episodes of uncontrolled hyperglycaemia with DKA were occurring monthly and before her menstrual periods. This effect required an increase in her basal insulin infusion rate by as much as four‐fold. The phenomenon of DKA associated with the menstrual cycle has been recognised previously and is termed ‘catamenial’ DKA. We discuss the prevalence, possible causes and clinical management of catamenial DKA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Trends in properties of para‐substituted 3‐(phenylhydrazo)pentane‐2,4‐diones
Authors: Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Mahmudov Kamran T. , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Martins Luísa M.D.R.S. , Kuznetsov Maxim L. , Silva Telma F.S. , Fraústo da Silva João J.R. , Pombeiro Armando J.L.
Published: December 2010

Trends between the Hammett's σp and related normal , inductive σI, resonance σR, negative and positive polar conjugation and Taft's σp° substituent constants and the distance, δNH NMR chemical shift, oxidation potential (Ep/2°x, measured in this study by cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and thermodynamic parameters (pK, ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) of the dissociation process of unsubstituted 3‐(phenylhydrazo)pentane‐2,4‐dione (HL1) and its para‐substituted chloro (HL2), carboxy (HL3), fluoro (HL4) and nitro (HL5) derivatives were recognized. The best fits were found for σp and/or in the cases of , δNH and Ep/2°x, showing the importance of resonance and conjugation effects in such properties, whereas for the above thermodynamic properties the inductive effects (σI) are dominant. HL2 exists in the hydrazo form in DMSO solution and in the solid state and contains an intramolecular H‐bond with the distance of 2.588(3) Å. It was also established that the dissociation process of HL1–5 is non‐spontaneous, endothermic and entropically unfavourable, and that the increase in the inductive effect (σI) of para‐substitutents (H < Cl < COOH < F < NO2) leads to the corresponding growth of the distance and decrease of the pK and of the changes of Gibbs free energy, of enthalpy and of entropy for the HL1–5 acid dissociation process. The electrochemical behaviour of HL1–5 was interpreted using theoretical calculations at the DFT/HF hybrid level, namely in terms of HOMO and LUMO compositions, and of reactivities induced by anodic and cathodic electron‐transfers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between circulatory, local prostatic, and intra‐prostatic androgen levels
Authors: Olsson Mats , Ekström Lena , Guillemette Chantal , Belanger Alain , Rane Anders , Gustafsson Ove
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

Testosterone is converted to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. DHT and androgen metabolites are inactivated by uridine diphospho (UDP)‐glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes. Here we have studied the influence of the prostate gland on the systemic levels of DHT. Moreover, genetic variation in androgen metabolizing UGT enzymes and the intra‐prostatic levels of glucuronidated DHT metabolites were investigated.

METHODS

We collected peripheral serum, serum from the local prostatic veins and prostatic tissue from 25 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. The serum and intra‐tissular level of different androgen metabolites were determined by immunological assays and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GCMS), respectively.

RESULTS

We found a significant positive correlation between the local prostatic serum DHT levels and (a) prostate weight and (b) circulatory serum levels. There were no correlation between in intra‐prostatic hormonal levels and local DHT serum levels. The DHT metabolite 3α‐diol‐17‐glucuronide and 3α‐diol‐3‐glucuronide were significantly associated with UGT2B17 deletion and UGT2B15 Asp85Tyr polymorphisms, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that local prostatic DHT production has an influence on systemic serum DHT levels. Moreover, our results support the evidence that the prostate is the main DHT producer and that UGTs are important in the intra‐prostatic regulation of androgens. Prostate 71: 909–914, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The integration of process safety into a chemical reaction engineering course: Kinetic modeling of the T2 incident
Authors: Willey Ronald J. , Fogler H. Scott , Cutlip Michael B.
Published: December 2010

The explosion and subsequent death of four people at the T2 Laboratories, chemical facility in Jacksonville, Florida, USA, in 2007 has resulted in the United States Chemical Safety Board finding that undergraduate chemical engineering students do not receive adequate knowledge in the hazards associated with chemical processing. This article summarizes the events that led up to the T2 tragedy. A reactor engineering analysis of the event is presented that can be used in a chemical reaction engineering classroom to demonstrate the hazards involved when dealing with exothermic reactions and methods to mitigate. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Effect of applied stresses on domain‐wall propagation in glass‐coated amorphous microwires
Authors: Blanco Juan M. , Zhukova Valentina , Ipatov Mihail , Zhukov Arcady
Published: December 2010

In this work we study the effect of applied stresses on magnetic‐domain propagation in magnetic amorphous Fe‐Co based microwires using Sixtus–Tonks‐like experiments. The dependence of domain‐wall (DW) velocity, v, measured by the above‐mentioned method shows a roughly linear dependence on applied magnetic field, H. We experimentally studied the effect of applied stresses on single DW dynamics in a number of Fe‐Co rich microwires. Quite fast DW propagation (v up to 2500 m/s at H about 30 A/m) has been observed in low magnetostrictive Co56Fe8Ni10Si10B16 microwires. Applied and internal stresses result in decreasing of DW velocity. The observed dependences have been discussed considering the magnetoelastic contribution to the DW mobility.
Magneto‐optical garnets for integrated optoelectronic devices
Authors: Wehlus T. , Körner T. , Leitenmeier S. , Heinrich A. , Stritzker B.
Published: December 2010

One of the efforts of integrated optics is the integration of macroscopic optical components such as an optical isolator on a single chip. Therefore magneto‐optically active materials with high Faraday rotations are needed. Bismuth iron garnet (BIG) Bi3Fe5O12 is known for its high Faraday rotation at room temperature, but it forms in a non‐thermodynamic way and only grows on garnet substrates like gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) Gd3Ga5O12. Our ambition was to investigate the possibility of depositing such an integrated optical device based on magneto‐optical BIG. A general overview of our extensive fundamental research is given in this paper. We first analysed the growth mechanisms of BIG on GGG, especially the nucleation process and the film growth which are important for BIG film synthesis. Then we worked on a garnet buffer system to enable film formation on other substrate materials like silicon or fused silica. To obtain the optical constants of the deposited material, a fitting algorithm was implemented. It calculates the optical properties of material stacks from transmission measurements. Furthermore, we wanted to vary the lattice constants of the garnets for a better adaption to the substrates. Because different rare earth elements have different atomic radii, it should be possible to vary the lattice constant by incorporating these atoms in the crystal. Therefore a number of rare earth doped garnets were produced and their film properties were analysed. During the buffer development we found an oscillatory effect in the Faraday rotation, which was examined in detail.
Spin‐free quantum chemistry: What one can gain from fock's cyclic symmetry
Authors: Luzanov A. V.
Published: December 2010

The spin‐free wave function due to Fock (Zh Eksp Teor Fiz, 1940, 10, 961) is re‐examined with a stress on the reduced density matrix (RDM) theory. The key notion of the Fock approach is the cyclic symmetry of wave functions. It is a specific algebraic identity involving transpositions of numbers taken from two different columns of the corresponding Young tableau. We show first how to construct symmetry adapted states by accounting for high‐order cyclic symmetry conditions. For Young's projectors, it gives a new expression including nothing but antisymmetrizers. Next, transforming the Fock spin‐free state by a duality operator (the star operator in exterior algebra), we arrive at the representation closely related to spin‐flip models. In such spin‐flip models, a coupling operator is the basic object for which we show that the cyclic symmetry is transformed into a tracelessness of the coupling operator. The main results are related to the spin‐free theory of spin properties. In particular, the theorem previously stated (Luzanov and Whyman, Int J Quantum Chem, 1981, 20, 1179) is refined by an explicit general representation of spin density operators through spin‐free (charge) RDMs. Some applications implicating high‐order RDMs (collectivity numbers, the unpaired electron problem, cumulant spin RDMs, spin correlators, etc.) are also considered. For spin‐free RDM components, a new projection procedure without constructing any symmetry adapted state is proposed. An unsolved problem of constructing orthogonal representation matrices within the Fock theory is raised. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The effect of ionization and CH3 ligand for hydrogen storage in Co‐ and Ni‐based organometallic compounds
Authors: Guo Jing‐Hua , Zhang Hong , Miyamoto Yoshiyuki , Cheng Xin‐Lu
Published: December 2010

Maximum capacities of the hydrogen storage in organometallic compounds consisting of Co and Ni atoms bound to CmHm ring (m = 4, 5; capped type) were, respectively, found as 3.48 and 3.49 wt % (Guo et al., Struct Chem, 2009, 20, 1107). Here, we extend this study to structures having a transition metal (TM) inserted in CmHm ring (inserted type), having TM located on either a C4H or a C5H molecule, and the CH3 ligand bound to the organometallic compounds. We find that for the CoC4H4 and NiC4H4 complexes, the capped types are 1.39 eV and 1.41 eV higher in energy than the inserted types, respectively, while the ground states for CoC5H5 and NiC5H5 complexes are found to be the capped type, which are lower than the inserted types, respectively, by 1.27 eV and 1.31 eV. The maximum capacity of hydrogen storage reached 5.13 wt % for both of CoC4H(H2)3 complex and the inserted‐type CoC4H4(H2)3 complex with a reasonable binding energy (0.3–1.0 eV per H2). The positively charged C4H4 and C5H5 molecules do not only improve the capacity of hydrogen storage but also make all H2 adsorbing in molecular form and keep the adsorption energy in an ideal range. After adding the CH3 ligand to the compounds, the average adsorption energy of H2 decreased to an ideal range 0.61–0.94 eV per H2 and the stability of the compounds is also improved. Finally, we analyze the HOMO–LUMO gaps and display the kinetic stability when H2 was added to organometallic compounds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Sigma, pi, and delta wavefunction forms for the hydrogen molecule
Authors: Datta Sumita , Alexander S. A. , Coldwell R. L.
Published: December 2010

Using variational Monte Carlo methods, we examine simple, explicitly‐correlated trial wavefunction forms for the X1Σ, B1Σ, a3Σ, b3Σ, I1Πg, C1Πu, i3Πg, c3Πu, J1Δg, and j3Δg states of the hydrogen molecule. The energies produced by our best wavefunctions are slightly above the best values in the literature. When we combine our trial wavefunction forms with the generalized Feynman‐Kac path integral method, our results are in excellent agreement with the best nonrelativistic values for these systems except for the I1Πg state. Our best energy for this state, −0.65951554(6), is lower by several microhartrees than that obtained by Wolniewicz [J Mol Spectrosc 1995, 169, 329]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Rapid screening and identification of caffeic acid and its esters inErigeron breviscapusby ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liao Shang‐Gao , Zhang Li‐Juan , Li Cui‐Bing , Lan Yan‐Yu , Wang Ai‐Min , Huang Yong , Zhen Lin , Fu Xiao‐Zhong , Zhou Wen , Qi Xiao‐Lan , Guan Zhi‐Zhong , Wang Yong‐Lin
Published: December 2010

Caffeic acid and its esters (CAEs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have been reported to elicit a wide range of exceptional biological activities. Present methods for screening and characterization of CAEs normally need the use of liquid chromatography diode‐array detection/multistage mass spectrometry (LC‐DAD/MSn). In this report, a rapid and efficient method coupling ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fragment‐targeted multi‐reaction monitoring (MRM) has been developed for screening CAEs in a crude extract ofErigeron breviscapus, while a UPLC/quasi‐MSnmethod has been applied in the structural identification of these compounds. Furthermore, a simple quasi‐UPLC/MS/MS method based on in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (CID) has been proposed for rapid identification of the CAEs. As a result, a total of more than 34 CAEs were detected and their structures characterized. Nine of them were reported fromE. breviscapusfor the first time. Applications of these strategies in the chemical investigation of an injection ofE. breviscapusresulted in the identifications of 16 CAEs. These strategies, if appropriate modifications are made, will be very useful in screening and characterization not only of CAEs, but of other structural types of compounds in various complex matrices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray tandem quadrupole fragmentation of quinolone drugs and related ions. On the reversibility of water loss from protonated molecules
Authors: Neta Pedatsur , Godugu Bhaskar , Liang Yuxue , Simón‐Manso Yamil , Yang Xiaoyu , Stein Stephen E.
Published: December 2010

Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) of quinolone drugs showed different sensitivities in aqueous solution vs. biological extract. The authors suggested formation of two singly protonated molecules with different behavior, one undergoing loss of H2O and the other loss of CO2, so that SRM transitions might depend on the ratios of these forms generated by the electrospray. These surprising results prompted us to re‐examine several quinolone drugs and some simpler compounds to further elucidate the mechanisms. We find that the relative contributions of loss of H2O vs. loss of CO2 in tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experiments depend not only on molecular structure and collision energy, but also, in certain cases, on the cone voltage. We further find that many product ions formed by loss of H2O can reattach a water molecule in the collision cell, whereas ions formed by loss of CO2 do not. Since reattachment of H2O can occur after water loss in the cone region and prior to selection of the precursor ion, this effect leads to the dependence of MS/MS spectra on the cone voltage used in creating the precursor ion, which explains the formerly observed effect on SRM ratios. Our results support the earlier conclusion that varying amounts of two ions of the same m/z value are responsible for problems in the analysis of these drugs, but the origin is in dehydration/rehydration reactions. Thus, SRM transitions for certain complex compounds may be comparable only when monitored under equivalent ion‐forming conditions, including the voltage used in the production of the protonated molecules in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fluoride pretreatment on primary and permanent tooth surfaces by acid‐etching
Authors: Choi Samjin , Cheong Youjin , Lee Gi‐Ja , Park Hun‐Kuk
Published: December 2010

This study observed the effect of fluoride application on a 37% phosphoric acid etching for 20 s of the enamel surfaces of primary and permanent teeth based on a clinical protocol employed in dental hospitals, through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Enamel samples were prepared from 84 exfoliated and noncarious teeth. Primary (groups 1–4) and permanent (groups 5–8) tooth samples were assigned randomly to one of eight groups based on the timing of acid‐etching with 37% phosphoric acid after an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment. Groups 1 and 5 received no fluoride application. Groups 2–4 and 6–8 were pretreated with fluoride and received acid‐etching 2 weeks later (groups 2 and 6), 1 week later (groups 3 and 7), and immediately (groups 4 and 8). The acid‐etching process led to a significant increase in roughness (p<0.0001), and the APF treatment led to a decrease in primary and permanent tooth surface roughness (p<0.005). An acid‐etching procedure 2 weeks after performing an APF pretreatment might be recommended to obtain the maximum enamel adhesion of a resin composite. SCANNING 32: 375–382, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship of engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions
Authors: Alarcon Gene M. , Edwards Jean M.
Published: December 2010

The current study explored engagement as a predictor of job satisfaction and turnover intentions controlling for burnout. A survey was administered to 227 students employed at least part‐time. Sequential regression was performed to explore whether engagement predicted job satisfaction and turnover intentions controlling for burnout. Results indicated that engagement was a significant predictor of job satisfaction and turnover intentions controlling for burnout. The current study is the first study to explore engagement's role in predicting job satisfaction and turnover intentions controlling for more traditional predictors. The study addresses concerns about the importance of the engagement construct in the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of surface finish processing on contact voltage drop in Cu/C electrical sliding contacts
Authors: Kadono Kenichi , Yamaguchi Shinji , Morita Noboru , Aoyagi Minoru , Tanaka Akio , Ueno Takahiro
Published: December 2010

A sliding contact is normally used to supply current to a rotating or moving object. The surface film formed on the sliding surface is important for ensuring reliability and long life. In the present study, the effects of preoperation conditions and initial surface condition are investigated. We examined the relation between sliding speed and chemical treatment for electrical sliding contact action. The initial surface condition and preoperation conditions greatly influence the contact voltage drop that occurs during operation. It is shown that stability of sliding contact can be achieved by appropriate surface treatment and preoperation conditions. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.