bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acting surprised: Comparing perceptions of different dynamic deliberate expressions
Authors: Zloteanu Mircea , Krumhuber Eva , Richardson Daniel C.
Published: October 2019

People are accurate at classifying emotions from facial expressions but much poorer at determining if such expressions are spontaneously felt or deliberately posed. We explored if the method used by senders to produce an expression influences the decoder’s ability to discriminate authenticity, drawing inspiration from two well-known acting techniques: the Stanislavski (internal) and Mimic method (external). We compared spontaneous surprise expressions in response to a jack-in-the-box (genuine condition), to posed displays of senders who either focused on their past affective state (internal condition) or the outward expression (external condition). Although decoders performed better than chance at discriminating the authenticity of all expressions, their accuracy was lower in classifying external surprise compared to internal surprise. Decoders also found it harder to discriminate external surprise from spontaneous surprise and were less confident in their decisions, perceiving these to be similarly intense but less genuine-looking. The findings suggest that senders are capable of voluntarily producing genuine-looking expressions of emotions with minimal effort, especially by mimicking a genuine expression. Implications for research on emotion recognition are discussed.
Social Identity Mapping Online
Authors: Bentley Sarah , Greenaway Katharine Helen , Haslam S. Alexander , Cruwys Tegan , Steffens Niklas K , Haslam Catherine , Cull Ben
Published: October 2019

Social identities play an important role in many aspects of life, not least in those pertaining to health and well-being. Decades of research shows that these relationships are driven by a range of social identity processes, including identification with groups, social support received from groups, and multiple group memberships. However, to date, researchers have not had access to methods that simultaneously capture these social identity processes. To fill this void, this paper introduces an online Social Identity Mapping (oSIM) tool designed to assess the multidimensional and connected nature of social identities. Four studies (total N = 721) featuring community, student, new parent, and retiree samples, test the reliability and validity of oSIM. Results indicate that the tool is easy to use, engaging, has good internal consistency as well as convergent and discriminant validity, and predicts relevant outcomes across a range of contexts. Furthermore, using meta-analytic findings, the tool is able to index a higher-order social identity construct, here introduced as a supergroup. This new concept provides holistic information about groups (reflecting an integrated index of several social identity processes) that are predictive of well-being outcomes, as well as outcomes related to successful adjustment to challenging life events. We discuss how the tool can be used to tackle key debates in the literature and contribute to theory by affording researchers the opportunity to capture the nuanced and contextual nature of social identity in action.
The Affect Heuristic and Risk Perception– Stability across elicitation methods and individual cognitive abilities
Authors: Skagerlund Kenny , Forsblad Mattias , Slovic Paul , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: October 2019

The reliance on feelings when judging risks and benefits is one the most fundamental valuation processes in risk perception. While previous research suggest that the affect heuristic reliably predict an inverse correlation between risk and benefit judgments, it has not yet been tested if the affect heuristic is sensitive to elicitation method effects (joint/separate evaluation) and to what extend individual differences in cognitive abilities may mediate the risk-benefit correlation. Across two studies we find that 1) the risk-benefit correlation is stable across different elicitation methods and for different domains (e.g., social domain, thrill-seeking domain, health domain, economic domain etc.), and 2) the strength of the inverse correlation is tied to individual cognitive abilities - primarily cognitive reflection ability.
Acute pain impairs sustained attention
Authors: Robison Matthew Kyle , Ellis Derek , Brewer Gene Arnold , Laboratory Memory & Attention Control
Published: October 2019

Pain affects the lives of many individuals by creating physical, psychological, and economic burdens. A critical psychological factor negatively affected by pain is one’s ability to sustain attention. In order to better understand the effect of pain on sustained attention we conducted three experiments utilizing the psychomotor vigilance task, thought probes, and pupillometry. In Experiment 1, participants in acute pain exhibited overall poorer task performance. However, this effect was localized to the relative frequency and duration of the participants' slowest responses with their faster responses being equivalent to a no-pain control group. In Experiment 2, we replicated the procedure and included periodic thought probes to overtly measure subjective experiences during the task. Participants in pain reported fewer ‘on-task’ thoughts and more exteroceptive thoughts directed toward the source of their pain. In Experiment 3, we replicated the procedure while simultaneously tracking pupillary dynamics using an eye-tracker. Participants in pain had smaller task-evoked pupillary responses, which is thought to be an indicator of task engagement. Taken together, pain led to poorer performance on the psychomotor vigilance task, an increase in the relative frequency and extremeness of slow responses, increases in off-task thoughts, and reductions in a physiological indicator of task engagement. These data speak to theories of how pain competes with task goals for attention and negatively impacts behavior. The broader implications of this work are the identification of a low-level mechanism by which pain can interfere with normal cognitive functioning.
An Exploration of Wikipedia Data as a Measure of Regional Knowledge Distribution
Authors: Stephany Fabian , Braesemann Fabian
Published: October 2019

In today’s economies, knowledge is the key ingredient for prosperity. However, it is hard to measure this intangible asset appropriately. Standard economic models mostly rely on common measures such as enrollment rates and international test scores. However, these proxies focus rather on the quality of education of pupils than on the distribution of knowledge among the whole population, which is increasingly defined by alternative sources of education such as online learning platforms. As a consequence, the economically relevant stock of knowledge in a region is only roughly approximated. Furthermore, they are abstract in content, and both capital-, and time-consuming in census. This paper proposes to explore Wikipedia data as an alternative source of capturing the knowledge distribution on a narrow geographical scale. Wikipedia is by far the largest digital encyclopedia worldwide and provides data on usage and editing publicly. We com- pare Wikipedia usage worldwide and edits in the U. S. to existing measures of the acquisition and stock of knowledge. The results indicate that there is a significant correlation between Wikipedia interactions and knowledge approximations on different geographical scales. Considering these results, it seems promising to further explore Wikipedia data to develop a reliable, inexpensive, and real-time proxy of knowledge distribution around the world.
The effects of course design (elevation undulations and curves) on marathon running performance: an a priori case study of the INEOS 1:59 Challenge in Vienna
Authors: Triska Christoph , Hoogkamer Wouter , Snyder Kristine , Taboga Paolo , Arellano Christopher J. , Kram Rodger
Published: October 2019

Eliud Kipchoge is scheduled to attempt to run a marathon in 1:59:59 or faster on October 12, 2019. We used publicly available data to determine the undulations in elevation and the radii of the curves on the course. With previously developed equations for the effects of velocity, slope, and curvature on oxygen uptake, we performed simulations to quantify how much the elevation changes and curves of the Vienna course should affect oxygen uptake (at a fixed velocity) or velocity (at a fixed oxygen uptake). We estimate that, beyond a benefit from the downhill in the first 1km of the course, oxygen uptake rates will fluctuate by no more than 2% of the oxygen uptake rates on a flat, straight course for km 1 to 42, leading to an overall increase in oxygen uptake of only 0.11%. Together, we estimate that the undulations and curves of the Vienna course incur a penalty of less than 5 s compared to a perfectly level and straight course. We do not have sufficient data to include aerodynamic drafting in our simulations but the course itself appears to be very well-chosen to minimize the negative effects of elevation changes and curves.
Offene Wissenschaft braucht offene Infrastrukturen
Authors: Mayer Katja
Published: October 2019

Im Rahmen einer Europäischen Mutual Learning Exercise wurde der Wandel zu Open Science mit Schwerpunkt auf alternativen Metriken zur Vermessung und Bewertung, sowie neuen Anreizsystemen diskutiert. Der Artikel bereitet die Ergebnisse dieses Austausches im Lichte der Herausforderungen für offene Infrastrukturen auf. Es scheint jetzt der geeignete Zeitpunkt, Infrastrukturen im Hinblick auf deren sozio-technische Funktionen und Verantwortungen im öffentlich finanzierten Wissenschaftssystem neu zu bewerten und offen zu gestalten. Dies kann jedoch nur gelingen, wenn deren Architektur und Logik transparent gehalten werden, und das Wissen über deren Nutzungsweisen offenbleibt.
Pengaruh Sarana Dan Prasarana Pendukung Wisata Terhadap Kepuasan Wisatawan Di Umbul Ponggok, Klaten
Authors: Kiswantoro Amin , Susanto Dwiyono Rudi
Published: October 2019

Abstract-- This study aims to examine the effect of innovation in infrastructure on visitor satisfaction at Ponggok Umbul tourist attraction, Klaten. The research method used is quantitative descriptive analysis method. The data collection technique is carried out through questionnaires using non probability sampling techniques to 100 respondents in Umbul Ponggok tourism object, with taking using incidental sampling techniques. The collected data is tabulated and then analyzed using simple linear regression analysis. From the results of calculations using SPSS 16, the results show that infrastructure facilities have an influence on the satisfaction of tourists visiting Umbul Ponggok with a value of 5.78%, and 94.22% influenced by other variables not examined in this study. And from the results of the T test it is known that the significance results are 0.016 or <from the probability value of 0.05, this result shows that the innovation of infrastructure means has a significant effect on visitor satisfaction at the Ponggok Umbul attraction, Klaten. Keywords: Tourist Satisfaction, Infrastructure Innovation, Umbul Ponggok  Abstrak-- Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh inovasi sarana dan prasarana terhadap kepuasan wisatawan di objek wisata Umbul Ponggok, Klaten. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner menggunakan teknik non probability sampling untuk 100 responden di objek wisata Umbul Ponggok, dengan pengambilan menggunakan teknik sampling insidental. Data yang dikumpulkan ditabulasi dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi linier sederhana. Dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan SPSS 16, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas sarana dan prasarana memiliki pengaruh terhadap kepuasan wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Umbul Ponggok dengan nilai 5,78%, dan 94,22% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Dan dari hasil uji T diketahui bahwa hasil signifikansi 0,016 atau < dari nilai probabilitas 0,05, hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa inovasi sarana dan prasarana memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengunjung di objek wisata Umbul Ponggok, Klaten. Kata kunci: Kepuasan Wisatawan, Inovasi Sarana dan Prasarana, Umbul Ponggok
Analisis Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Jasa Terhadap Sale Pada Hotel Galuh Anindita Yogyakarta
Authors: Wicaksosno Aji
Published: October 2019

Abstract - Galuh Anindita Hotel is a non-star hotel located strategically in the center of Yogyakarta. As a non-star hotel located not far from the center of Yogyakarta tourism, of course the challenge is greater because they have to compete with other hotels, especially star hotels, so various efforts need to be made to get the expected sale. This study aims to determine the effect of marketing mix on sales at Galuh Anindita Hotel Yogyakarta. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive by collecting data through questionnaires, observation, and documentation. The questionnaire was distributed to visitors of the Galuh Anindita Hotel in Yogyakarta during May-July 2019. Analysis of the data used was linear regression test. The instrument test using validity and reliability shows that all items are declared valid and reliable so that it can be used for calculation analysis. Based on the results of the correlation test it was concluded that the relationship between marketing mix and sale was categorized strong with a correlation value of 0.728. Hypothesis testing shows that the marketing mix has a significant effect on sales as indicated by a probability value of 0,000 (<0.05) and t of 10.498. The magnitude of the effect of the marketing mix on sales was 52.9%. Keywords: marketing mix, sale, hotel Abstrak - Hotel Galuh Anindita adalah hotel non bintang yang berlokasi strategis di tengah kota Yogyakarta. Sebagai hotel non bintang yang terletak tidak jauh dari pusat pariwisata Yogyakarta, tentunya tantangan lebih besar karena harus bersaing dengan hotel lain terutama hotel berbintang sehingga berbagai upaya perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sale yang diharapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bauran pemasaran terhadap sale di Hotel Galuh Anindita Yogyakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui angket, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Angket disebarkan kepada pengunjung Hotel Galuh Anindita Yogyakarta selama bulan Mei-Juli 2019. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu dengan uji regresi linear. Uji instrumen dengan menggunakan validitas dan reliabilitas menunjukkan bahwa seluruh item dinyatakan valid dan reliabel sehingga dapat digunakan untuk analisis perhitungan. Berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi disimpulkan bahwa hubungan antara bauran pemasaran dengan sale dikategorikan kuat dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,728. Uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa bauran pemasaran berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap sale yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,000 (< 0,05) dan t sebesar 10,498. Besarnya pengaruh bauran pemasaran terhadap sale sebesar 52,9 %. Kata kunci: bauran pemasaran, sale, hotel
Local Variations of Household Forms and Family Consciousness
Authors: Koyama Takashi
Published: October 2019

One of the most significant tasks for the sociology of marriage and the family in Japan is to clarify the relationship between the radical changes of society and family structure after World War II, and their impact on the system and the functions of the traditional Japanese family. During the years 1956 and 1957 a worthwhile project was undertaken by a group of family sociologists in the Tokyo area in an attempt to analyze the dynamics of the post-war Japanese family.

This article analyzes the family composition and consciousness in four different types of communities in Tokyo: a mountain village, a suburban farming community, a suburban nonfarming community, and an apartment area. Findings from this study could be categorized into the following three. First, it was confirmed that the rural family tends to be an extended family, whereas the family in the urban area tends to be nuclear. Within each family, however, there exists a dynamic process of historical change in its structure throughout the family life cycle. Secondly, the traditional family consciousness is still rooted deeply among the rural farming families. Thirdly, it was not possible to observe any significant relationship between the form of the household composition and the family consciousness of the people.

The result of this study might suggest the significant impact of the revision of the civil code after World War II on individuals' consciousness but not yet on the fundamental structure of the family in Japan. These discoveries. however, should be reevaluated in the light of growing urbanization of the younger generations in Japan.
Family and Housing Over the Life Cycle
Authors: Morioka Kiyomi
Published: October 2019

No one denies the coherent interrelationship between the family and housing. This article attempts to analyze the varying patterns of housing over the developmental process of the family life cycle. Structured interviews were conducted among three groups of households where there were no more than three unmarried children, with the oldest under 22 years of age, and both husband and wife were alive. These three groups were: working class families in a large city, households in a small city where the breadwinners were engaged in either white-collar or blue-collar occupations, and full-time farming households in a paddy field agricultural community.

Four major findings emerged. First, the housing of the working-class family in a large city is compact, and its size tends to expand gradually with the progress of the cycle stage. Secondly, the overall housing situation among the residents of a small city closely resembles the metropolitan counterparts. Thirdly, the housing of the farming family is constantly large regardless of the developmental stage of the family. In this type of household the size of housing is more closely related to the acreage of the farm operated rather than to the family cycle stage. Fourthly, the farming families living in large housing tend to form stem family households, and at the same time such a housing pattern is linked to the stem family system. On the other hand, the families residing in small housing are apt to be nuclear family households, and such small housing is likely to develop the nuclear family system.

The dichotomy of housing into large and small would most likely correspond to the dual character of the family system in contemporary Japan; the stem family and the nuclear family system.
The Family of the Future: The Australian Teenage View
Authors: Krupinski Jerzy
Published: October 2019

An essay competition among persons 14-17 years of age was organised by the Victorian Family Council to obtain the views on the “Family of the Future.” Two hundred and forty-five youngsters (210 females, 35 males) mostly from Catholic schools took part in the competition. Almost everybody agreed that the family will stay; that the extended family is on its wane, and that families will be smaller than they were in the past. There was a universal belief that family roles will change towards a more egalitarian family and that the women will be more and more involved in different aspects of life, including work outside the home. Family planning and use of contraceptives were accepted as facts of life. In terms of values and attitudes all authors supported the family as a basic unit of society. They felt that love and mutual understanding should be the basis of a marriage (legal or otherwise), and that relations between parents and children should be closer and more open. However, there were many areas where there was a polarization both of predictions and attitudes.
Family Supports for the Aged: A Comparison of U.S. and Japan Responses
Authors: Sussman Marvin B. , Romeis James C.
Published: October 2019

This report is part of a larger study on the role of economic and social supports to families in order to make it possible for them to provide creative living arrangements for elderly relatives and themselves. American and Japanese samples are compared on their willingness to provide care for their elderly relatives. Responses indicate there are few differences in willingness between samples. Willingness is equally high, over 80% in both societies. The importance of these findings are dicussed regarding cross cultural perspectives on aging and emerging policy issues for both the U. S. and Japan.
Divorce and Remarriage among Canadian Jews
Authors: Davids Leo
Published: October 2019

Based on unpublished tabulations from Statistics Canada, this Research Note presents and discusses data on remarriage among Jews in 1971, 1976 and 1977. Crude estimates on the number of divorces among Jewish couples are then made, based on the concurrent rise of divorces and postdivorce remarriages for Canada as a whole, in the same years. It is concluded that there must now be over 1,000 Jewish couples divorcing in Canada every year.
Australian, Greek and Italian Parents: Differentials in the Value and Cost of Children
Authors: Callan Victor J.
Published: October 2019

The claim that children are valued greatly, but in , somewhat different ways by parents in various socio-economic and cultural groups was examined with a sample of Australian, Greek and Italian parents. Present results generally support earlier finding that husbands and wives have similar perceptions of childrearing, and for Australians in particular, higher socioeconomic status groups are less concerned about economic costs, and more sensitive to the restrictions of children. In contrast to the Australian-born, Southern European immigrants indicate somewhat more the Adult Status and Social Indentity benefits in having a family. While the cultural back ground of Southern Europeans appears instrumental in structuring the values of children, their lower socio-economic status appears to be a more significant explanation of differences between Southern Europeans and the native-born population in the costs of children and awareness of alternative sources of satisfaction to children.
A Historical and Present-Day View of the Position of the Child in Family and Society
Authors: Saal Corneljs Dirk
Published: October 2019

In the relatively simple structured and therefore surveyable pre-industrial society, the adolescent child was considered as a little adult.

In this article the author gives as his opinion that the child in our modern society during his growth into adolescence is confronted with several barriers. On the model of Prof. Dr. J.H. Van den Berg’s Metabletica (Nijkerk, 1956) he discusses successively (1) the Polyvalent pluralism; (2) the invisibility of the present adulthood; and (3) the distance in the relations between youth and adults. The author on his part adds another three barriers (4) the change from substantial to functional rationality; (5) the controversy in values and norms between family and society; and finally (6) the strongly developed role segmentation and the attendant identification problem.

In his The Making of the Modern Family (London, 1976) Edward Shorter expresses serious doubts whether one nowadays can still speak of a generation gap. Adolescents are escaping with increasing frequency into a subculture that is not so much in opposition to the dominant culture as independent of it. It might be just to re-phrase Shorter’s words. Whereas in the past the young people complained of the fact that they were not understood either by their parents or by other adults, one sees at the moment the opposite. For many parents and other adults complain that they are not understood by the younger generation. Consequently one might speak of a reversed generation gap.
Who Has Power Over Our Children? A Dialogue between the Family and the State
Authors: Pitrou Agnes
Published: October 2019

Does the education and future of children depend on the State or the family? This is a question that cannot be answered in contemporary France. Actually, official doctrines insist on the responsibility of the family, but in practice State power exerts a narrow control over the manner whereby families carry out their duties. In the face of this ambiguous situation families are ill-equipped to demand their rights. On the organized, collective level there is little efficient: action. On the individual level, parents’ actual power depends on their social status, i.e. how well they are able to understand and can manipulate institutional decisions. With respect to the families’ educational responsibilities, power has been dispersed to innumerable sectors and the families’ power is more defensive than offensive.
Forms of Child-Care in Sweden: Experiences and Acceptance
Authors: Hultåker Örjan
Published: October 2019

Increased female employment has made child-care a crucial issue for many Swedish families; the acceptance and uses of various forms of child-care are reported. The traditional maternal role is still salient and most mothers work part-time outside the home, which enables them to take care themselves of their children during at least part of the day. Part-time employees have more difficulties than other mothers to arrange for their child-care, and they are more often dissatisfied with their arrangements. Nevertheless, most mothers accept the forms of child-care presently used.
Children’s Social Problems in Relation to the Differentiation of Regional Structure
Authors: Sipilä Jorma
Published: October 2019

The study deals with the relationship between regional structure and children’s social problems. Theoretical interest is focussed on deviant behaviour. Its association with social structure is described by a general model of deviant behaviour. On account of the model it would appear that deviant behaviour can de divided into two main types. Characteristic of the one is passiveness, relative stability over time and weak impact of contagion effects while the reverse is true of the other.

The empirical part deals with the regional distribution of child welfare cases and other forms of deviant behaviour on the basis of representative data on the municipalities in Finland. The results indicated that differences in the effectiveness of official control could not account for regional variation in the number of child welfare cases. Important determinants were shared community values, stability of the community structure and regional historical differences in cultural patterns.

Child welfare cases arise when individuals in close interpersonal relationship to the child do not compensate for the parent’s low resources of their total absence. The risk increases if there is only one parent, if the parents are deviant or otherwise isolated from the community, and if the informal community functions poorly.
A Comparative Study of the Family Lives of the Northern and Southern Lacandon Mayas of Chiapas (Mexico)
Authors: Boremanse Didier
Published: October 2019

Among the Yucatec-speaking Lacandon Indians of the Chiapas rain forest (southeastern Mexico) the nuclear or the joint family is a relatively independent social and economic unit, even though it is usually incorporated into a larger group of households, which constitutes a unit of residence. The southern La can don practise matrilocality, which means that the power of the man over his wife and children is limited by that of his parents-in-law. Matrilocal residence also favours sororal polygyny, and stresses the opposition between male and female, and between kin and affines. Among the Northern Lacandon the rule of residence is ambivalent, the husband is the undisputed head of the family, and sororal polygyny is uncommon. In both societies the division of labour corresponds to sexual dichotomy, and the socialization of children follows the same pattern. The polygynous household is divided according to the number of wives and, thus, consists of various sub-groups, each wife feeding her own children. Southern Lacandon co-wives, who are normally siblings, are united through their mothers; whereas Northern Lacandon co-wives, being more distantly related, are united through their husbands.
Changing Sex Roles Among the Garifuna (Black Carib) and their Implications for the Family
Authors: González Nancie L.
Published: October 2019

The consanguineal household, first described for the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Livingston, Guatemala in 1956, seems as strong today as ever, in spite of massive changes in some other aspects of Garifuna culture and social organization. This paper douments the latter and offers and explanation for the persistence of female-oriented households and the reckoning of kinship largely in reference to women. Data are presented not only from Guatemala, but also from Belize and New York.
Changes in Pre-Marital Relations: A Case Study in a Village in Northern Hungary
Authors: Szeman Zsuzsa
Published: October 2019

This article describes a case-study conducted in the Northern Hungarian village of Felsotarkany. It involves in depth interviews with a limited number of married couples, and sought to find out the changes in pre-marital sexual relations over the past 30 years. A clarification had to be made of the extent to which the tesults were dependent on local characteristics and to which they fit in with the process of changes that is taking place throughout the country, a process slowly eliminating the double standard and permitting premarital relations for women.

The study showed that this village had been typified by the double standard, prohibiting the women any type of sexual relationship prior to marriage. This view has, interestingly enough, survived and js still strong among the young people of the village today. It is not influenced by occupation, level of education, or position within the stratum pattern. It is, however, effected by very strong family socialization and by village control, which has maintained and is capable of transferring the norms: of the parents, despite the changed economic and social relations. The study has supported the assumption that despite the liberalization trend that is general in Hungary, there are still differences in the pre-marital sexual patterns from one region to the next, and there are particularly marked differences between rural and urban areas.
Marriage Order and the Quality and Stability of Marital Relationships: A Test of Lewis and Spanier’s Theory
Authors: Aguirre B.E. , Kirwan Patrick
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a partial test of Lewis and Spanier’s (1979) theory. The theory posits a primary positive relationship between marital quality and marital stability as well as the intervening effects on that relationship of external pressures to remain married and alternative attractions to the marriage partner. In this paper we demonstrate the importance of four combinations of marriage orders (husband and wife in first marriage; husband and wife in second or higher order marriage; husband in second or higher order marriage, wife in first marriage; husband in first marriage, wife in second or higher order marriage) in specifying the empirical relationships hypothesized by the theory and in identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The predictions of the theory are partially supported, especially for couples in which at least one spouse is remarried. The theory is less adequate, however, in predicting the marital stability of couples in first marriages. Two anomalies, having to do with children and marital communication, are tentatively identified and discussed.
Toward Better Protection of Children
Authors: Sohn Herbert A.
Published: October 2019

The state’s responsibility for the care of children in need of protection has been acknowledged for some time now. Most jurisdictions have set out in law the obligations and procedures by which the state is to apprehend children who are abandoned, deserted, neglected or otherwise mistreated.

In North America, for example, shortly before the turn of the century, U.S. and Canadian laws provided for the apprehension of children who require protection. Over the decades these laws have been amended continually in response to increasing evidence of mistreatment of children at the hands of their guardians. In more recent times, however, the reports of mistreatment by natural guardians have been joined by allegations of improper procedures and neglect of the apprehended children at the hands of the very authorities charged with their protection.

The response to these reports of misconduct has taken many forms, including the establishment of citizen advocacy groups and ombudsmen, selfmQJJitoring by state and private agencies and court appointed guardians.

The province of Alberta in Canada has taken an inn.ovative self-monitoring approach, through the appointment of a Children’s Guardian. The Children’s Guardian, established in law, assumes responsibility as the legal guardian of all children who are the wards of the state. The Children’s Guardian must make decisions for, monitor the care and treatment of, and advocate on behalf of these children.

The Alberta approach, which has been untried heretofore, is fraught with a number of legal and administraJive problems. This paper seeks to describe the inchoate efforts of the province of Alberta, through the appointment of the Children’s Guardian, to better ensure that children taken under care by the state are protected and given proper care and attention.
Kinship in Vietnamese Refugee Resettlement: A Review of the U.S. Experience
Authors: Haines David.W.
Published: October 2019

Over the period from 1975 to 1985, approximately one half million refugees from Vietnam were resettled in the United States. Their experience has generated a large and eclectic body of research. This article reviews one aspect of that research: the ways in which kinship changes and continues across the exodus experience, and the way it affects refugee adaptation to the United States. Specifically, the paper describes: (1) the structure of Vietnamese kinship; (2) the changes and continuities in family structure across the migration experience; (3) the interaction of kinship with refugee economic adjustment; and (4) some of the ways in which kinship conditions non-economic aspects of adjustment. Concluding remarks consider the current status of this body of research and the potential it has within the broader context of immigrant adaptation.
Patterns of Adult-Child Associations in 18 Cultures: An Index of the “Nuclear Family”
Authors: Mackey Wade C.
Published: October 2019

During discretionary times and in public places for men and women and children, the incidences of various combinations of adults and children who were associating with each other were recorded in 18 cultures. Over 49,000 children who were associating with adults were recorded. The relative proportion of man-woman-child triads (defined as a “nuclear family template”) was of particular interest. Across cultures, the predominate group was the adult-child dyad, especially the woman-child dyad. In addition, it was found that when an adult-child dyad does associate with another adult to form a triad, it is more prone to associate with a cross-gender adult rather than with a same-gender adult. That is, a manwoman-child triad is formed. This dynamic of preferential cross-gender association is especially prevalent for the man-child dyad (compared to the woman-child dyad). It is further suggested that as a culture’s reliance upon traditional division of labor by gender decreases, then the culture’s reliance upon the man-woman-child triad (“nuclear family template”) increases.
Endogamous Marriage in a Traditional Muslim Society: West Pakistan; a Study in lntergenerat:onal Change
Authors: Korson J. Henry
Published: October 2019

The preference for cousin marriage in Muslim societies has been well known for a long time, yet little quantitative evidence is available to demonstrate its type, extent, or to what degree the practice continues or is changing from one generation to the next.

Pakistan was founded in 1947 as an Islamic state, and 97 percent of the: population of West Pakistan are Muslims. Although there have been some significant changes in Pakistani society, cousin marriage continues to be practised, although to a reduced. extent. Based on samples taken in 1965 of unmarried graduate students, at the Universities of Karachi and the Punjab, it was found that the rate of cousin marriage among the respondents’ siblings was approximately one’ half that of the respondents’ parents; indicating a sharp decline in cousin marriage in one generation. The reasons for the desirability of cousin marriage are offered, as well as an assessment of the reasons for its decline.
Study of the Impact of a Family Protection Measure: The Selective Role Played by Social Factors in Utilizing the Allowance for Child Care in Hungary
Authors: Szabady Egon
Published: October 2019

The paper gives an account of the results of research dealing with the role. of social factors in the development of fertility. Answers received in the: course of the fertility and family planning survey of 1965-1967, as to what reasons the women included in) the survey gave for using birth control, are published. The analysis of the survey data on the desired number of children has pointed out that earning activity is a considerable factor.

Introduction of the maternity allowance has undoubtedly contributed to the increase in the number of births by earning mothers. However, it could be established that the influence of the allowance was different in the various social strata. Similarly, there was a difference by social strata in the proportions of women utilizing allowance. The different proportions reflect the fact that the dilemma of giving priority to maternity, and of bearing the disadvantages accompanying the interruption of the professional career for several years, arises differently for women of different social strata.

As a conclusion, the author compares the results achieved on the basis of the survey on the influence of the child allowance care, according to which the fertility levels of different strata have approximated each other, with the results of a social restratification survey performed by the Demographic Research Institute, showing the same tendency.
Household and Family among Lebanese Immigrants in Nova Scotia: Continuity, Change and Adaptation
Authors: Jabbra Nancy W.
Published: October 2019

Changes in household and family structures, activities, norms and values are described for Lebanese immigrants in Nova Scotia. The changes are anchored by reference to old country Lebanese, the first generation immigrants, and the second generation immigrants. It is argued that although acculturation is an important factor in household and family change, so also are the changing activities of kinship structures in a new context.
The Latin American Family: Familism vs. Machismo
Authors: Ingoldsby Bron B.
Published: October 2019

This article discusses two conceptualizations of the Latin American family: familism, where family needs are placed ahead of individual development; and machismo. Machismo centers around aggression and sexual exploitation and could be considered anti-family. The causes for macho behavior are explored, and an attempt to theorize about these two approaches to family life is made.
Parents’ Attitudes towards the Death of Infants in the Traditional Jewish-Oriental Family
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: October 2019

Historians of European culture in the middle ages and early modern time hold different views as to the attitudes of parents towards the death of infants. Some hold that parents had of necessity to develop emotional distance from their small children, as so many of them died in their first few years. Others interpret the historical sources differently and find that parental indifference towards small children was a cause of the high rate of mortality. It may be possible to shed additional light on this subject by considering evidence from a different though comparable society, that of the Jews in the Middle East and North Africa in the present century. This too was a society is which a large part of the children born died in infancy, and it has the advantage of being so close in time, that people who were part of it are still living and can be asked at first hand. The paper is based on a reading of Jewish-Oriental texts bearing on the subject and on interviews with 30 old women, originating from Oriental countries and now living in Israel. The evidence collected from both sources supports the first view: parental attitudes seem to be a reaction towards frequent cases of death in early infancy.
Mate Selection and Fertility in Urban Nigeria
Authors: Feyisetan Bamikale J. , Bankole Akinrinola
Published: October 2019

Rubin’s intensive study of the family life of White American working class people was replicated and extended with 32 Korean couples. Maritaladjustmentofcouples living with parents and independently was compared. Korean and American couples shared similar difficulties and in both, husbands and wives held different expectations.
Socialization Values and Parental Control Techniques: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Child-Rearing
Authors: Ellis Godfrey J. , Petersen Larry R.
Published: October 2019

The present study tests competing hypotheses of how parental values affect the use of child-rearing techniques. The results indicate that a value on conformity is positively associated, not only with corporal punishment (as previously demonstrated), but also with the use of lecturing and overall control. Similarly, a value on self-reliance is negatively associated with the use of those three techniques.
Power Attitudes and Time: The Domestic Division of Labour
Authors: Baxter Janeen
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the factors associated with men’s and women’s participation in childcare and housework using data from a recent Australian national survey. It focuses on three key themes-marital power, sex role attitudes and time constraints. The results suggest that the domestic division of labour is primarily a gender division of labour and that women devote much more time to domestic work than men. Paid work time and sex role attitudes have a stronger effect on men’s involvement in housework than for women, although there is evidence to suggest that women’s time in paid work leads to a reduction in the amount of time they devote to housework. Strong support is also found for the impact of men’s and women’s relative contribution to the household income on the domestic division of labour. The paper concludes that women’s movement into paid work will affect the division of labour only insofar as it increases women’s economic power and encourages men to take a more liberal view of sex roles.
Gender Inequality and Industrial Development: The Household Connection
Authors: Young Gay
Published: October 2019

Earlier research suggests that, based on generation and gender, significant conflicts of materials interests exist in households and that domestic work, informal sector work, wage work, and female subordination intersect at the household level. In light of such analysis, this study presents propositions about (1) how households in industrializing areas allocate the labor of their female members (2) and the consequences of the nature of the work women perform for their bargaining power in the household. The ideas developed here have relevance in situations in which export-led economic developmet is also female-led, such as Mexico’s northern border region or the export processing zones of the newly industrializing countires (NICs) of Asia. Export assembly as a development strategy has the potential to make problematical both the division of labor by gender and patriarchal expectations about women. However, a focus on the household reveals some of the complexities comprised by this general tendency and offers a more nuanced understanding of the relation between gender and industrialization.
Effects of Socio-Demographic Variables on Birth Intervals in Ghana
Authors: Oheneba-Sakyi Yaw , Heaton Tim B.
Published: October 2019

Using data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) of 1979-80, this study examined the effects of socio-demographic variables on birth intervals in Ghana. The most important factors associated with longer birth intervals are infant/child mortality, formal education, involvement in professional occupation, being non-Catholic, non-Moslem, being Akan or Mole-Dagbani, involvement in polygyny and residence in the Greater Accra region. However, the evidence does not show a consistent pattern of delayed births in most recent cohorts when the other background factors are taken into account. Overall, the impact of most of our variables on birth spacing is small. Thus, in spite of what appears to be modest attempts by subgroups of women to change their childbearing practices, the evidence shows that there has been no sustained decline in fertility in Ghana.
Interest in Marriage Among Canadian Students at the End of the Eighties
Authors: Hobart Charles
Published: October 2019

This paper reports on changes in attitudes toward marriage between 1968 and 1988, and correlations between “promarriage attitudes” and attitudes toward cohabitation, husband parenting, wife parenting and number of children, for young male and female Anglophone and Francophone respondents. The analysis shows that promarriage attitudes are more strongly reflective of interest in the spousal relationship than in the parenting opportunity, particularly among Francophone men. Regression analysis is used to identify predictors of “promarriage” scores. Wide differences were found in the patterns of predictors of pro-marriage score for the male and female, Anglophone and Francophone respondents. These patterns suggest that Francophone females were the least responsive to traditional promarriage influences.
Migrant and Immigrant Families in Canada: State Coercion and Legal Control in the Formation of Ethnic Families
Authors: Satzewich Vic
Published: October 2019

The central question addressed in this paper is how are immigrant families formed in Canada? This paper suggests that the ‘immigrant family’ is not a fixed, unchanging and primordial attribute of ethnic culture. The forms that foreign-born families have taken in Canada reflect a complex intersection of subjective intentions of migrant groups and structural constraints stemming from the labour market, immigration policy and racism. The state, through its role in regulating the manner in which the boundaries of the nation are to be breached, plays a fundamental role not only in selecting certain groups of immigrants but also in constituting certain forms of familial relationships.
Wife Beating and Modernization: The Case of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Morley Rebecca
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the relationship of modernization to wife beating, using data from a unique set of standardized questionnaire surveys conducted by the Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea to investigate the nature and extent of domestic violence throughout the diverse cultures of that country. Wife beating is found to be widespread throughout Papua New Guinea. The data cast doubt on the hypothesis that modernization increases wife beating or that wife beating is more common in westernized, industrialized societies. However, modernization may produce new pressures, expectations, and changes in the support systems available to beaten wives. The survey findings are compared with other studies from modernizing and fully industrialized societies. It is concluded that, while the specific stresses leading to wife beating are local and various, the following underlying theme is common across cultures: a husband’s perceived right to control his wife and a social structure that allows him to assert this ‘right’ through violence.