bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of Mosaic‐Like 2D Platinum Ditelluride Layers for Room‐Temperature Mid‐Infrared Photodetection up to 10.6 µm
Authors: Zeng Longhui , Wu Di , Jie Jiansheng , Ren Xiaoyan , Hu Xin , Lau Shu Ping , Chai Yang , Tsang Yuen Hong
Published: November 2020

Mid‐infrared (MIR) photodetection, covering diverse molecular vibrational regions and atmospheric transmission windows, is vital to civil and military purposes. Versatile use of MIR photodetectors is commonly dominated by HgCdTe alloys, InSb, and quantum superlattices, which are limited by strict operation demands, high‐cost, and environmental toxicity. Despite the rapid advances of black phosphorus (BP)‐based MIR photodetectors, these are subject to poor stability and large‐area integration difficulty. Here, the van der Waals (vdW) epitaxial growth of a wafer‐scale 2D platinum ditelluride (PtTe2) layer is reported via a simple tellurium‐vapor transformation approach. The 2D PtTe2 layer possesses a unique mosaic‐like crystal structure consisting of single‐crystal domains with highly preferential [001] orientation along the normal direction, reducing the influence of interface defects and ensuring efficient out‐of‐plane carrier transportation. This characteristic, combined with the wide absorption of PtTe2 and well‐designed vertical device architecture, makes the PtTe2/Si Schottky junction photodetector capable of sensing ultra‐broadband light of up to 10.6 µm with a high specific detectivity. Also, the photodetector exhibits an excellent room‐temperature infrared‐imaging capability. This approach provides a new design concept for high‐performance, room‐temperature MIR photodetection based on 2D layered materials.
Dendrimer‐Triamcinolone Acetonide Reduces Neuroinflammation, Pathological Angiogenesis, and Neuroretinal Dysfunction in Ischemic Retinopathy
Authors: Cho Hongkwan , Kambhampati Siva P. , Lai Michael J. , Zhou Lingli , Lee Grace , Xie Yangyiran , Hui Qiaoyan , Kannan Rangaramanujam M. , Duh Elia J.
Published: November 2020

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working‐age adults. Severe visual loss in DR is primarily due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, characterized by pathologic preretinal angiogenesis driven by retinal ischemia. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the retina, have emerged as a potentially important regulator of pathologic retinal angiogenesis. Corticosteroids including triamcinolone acetonide (TA), known for their antiangiogenic effects, are used in treating retinal diseases, but their use is significantly limited by side effects including cataracts and glaucoma. Generation‐4 hydroxyl polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles are utilized to deliver TA to activated microglia in the ischemic retina in a mouse model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR). Following intravitreal injection, dendrimer‐conjugated TA (D‐TA) exhibits selective localization and sustained retention in activated microglia in disease‐associated areas of the retina. D‐TA, but not free TA, suppresses inflammatory cytokine production, microglial activation, and preretinal neovascularization in OIR. In addition, D‐TA, but not free TA, ameliorates OIR‐induced neuroretinal and visual dysfunction. These results indicate that activated microglia are a promising therapeutic target for retinal angiogenesis and neuroprotection in ischemic retinal diseases. Furthermore, dendrimer‐based targeted therapy and specifically D‐TA constitute a promising treatment approach for DR, offering increased and sustained drug efficacy with reduced side effects.
Homozygous deletion of 21q22.2 in a patient with hypotonia, developmental delay, cortical visual impairment, and retinopathy
Authors: Hildebrandt Clara , Fulton Anne , Rodan Lance H.
Published: November 2020

21q22 contains several dosage sensitive genes that are important in neurocognitive development. Determining impacts of gene dosage alterations in this region can be useful in establishing contributions of these genes to human development and disease. We describe a 15‐month‐old girl with a 1,140 kb homozygous deletion in the Down Syndrome Critical Region at 21q22.2 including 4 genes; B3GALT5, IGSF5, PCP4, DSCAM, and a microRNA (MIR4760). Clinical singleton genome sequencing did not report any candidate gene variants for the patient's phenotype. She presented with hypotonia, global developmental delay, cortical visual impairment, and mild facial dysmorphism. Ophthalmological exam was suggestive of retinopathy. We propose that the absence of DSCAM and PCP4 may contribute to the patient's neurological and retinal phenotype, while the role of absent B3GALT5 and IGSF5 in her presentation remain unclear at this time.
Open‐access platform to synthesize knowledge of ape conservation across sites
Authors: Heinicke Stefanie , Ordaz‐Németh Isabel , Junker Jessica , Bachmann Mona E. , Marrocoli Sergio , Wessling Erin G. , Byler Dirck , Cheyne Susan M. , Desmond Jenny , Dowd Dervla , Fitzgerald Maegan , Fourrier Marc , Goedmakers Annemarie , Hernandez‐Aguilar R. Adriana , Hillers Annika , Hockings Kimberley J. , Jones Sorrel , Kaiser Michael , Koops Kathelijne , Lapuente Juan M. , Maisels Fiona , Riedel Julia , Terrade Emilien , Tweh Clement G. , Vergnes Virginie , Vogt Tina , Williamson Elizabeth A. , Kühl Hjalmar S.
Published: November 2020

Despite the large body of literature on ape conservation, much of the data needed for evidence‐based conservation decision‐making is still not readily accessible and standardized, rendering cross‐site comparison difficult. To support knowledge synthesis and to complement the IUCN SSC Ape Populations, Environments and Surveys database, we created the A.P.E.S. Wiki (https://apeswiki.eva.mpg.de), an open‐access platform providing site‐level information on ape conservation status and context. The aim of this Wiki is to provide information and data about geographical ape locations, to curate information on individuals and organizations active in ape research and conservation, and to act as a tool to support collaboration between conservation practitioners, scientists, and other stakeholders. To illustrate the process and benefits of knowledge synthesis, we used the momentum of the update of the conservation action plan for western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and began with this critically endangered taxon. First, we gathered information on 59 sites in West Africa from scientific publications, reports, and online sources. Information was compiled in a standardized format and can thus be summarized using a web scraping approach. We then asked experts working at those sites to review and complement the information (20 sites have been reviewed to date). We demonstrate the utility of the information available through the Wiki, for example, for studying species distribution. Importantly, as an open‐access platform and based on the well‐known wiki layout, the A.P.E.S. Wiki can contribute to direct and interactive information sharing and promote the efforts invested by the ape research and conservation community. The Section on Great Apes and the Section on Small Apes of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group will guide and support the expansion of the platform to all small and great ape taxa. Similar collaborative efforts can contribute to extending knowledge synthesis to all nonhuman primate species.
Enabling Transgenic Plant Cell–Derived Biomedicines with Nanotechnology
Authors: Chiu Yee Ting Elaine , Choi Chung Hang Jonathan
Published: November 2020

Transgenic plants are promising factories for manufacturing pharmaceutical small molecules or proteins safe for human consumption. Eukaryotic plant cells can synthesize proteins with precise posttranslational modifications, but microbes cannot. Conventional transformation methods (e.g., electroporation, Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation, and biolistic particle delivery) often suffer from inefficient transformation, damage to plant tissues and cells, or applicability to a narrow range of plant species. Notably, the cell wall poses a physical barrier that obstructs effective delivery of nucleic acids to plant cells. Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging carriers of nucleic acids to plants because they are sufficiently small to diffuse through the cell wall, enter plant cells without the aid of external forces, and inflict limited damage to the plant cells in a broad variety of plants. Herein, three areas of the phytonanotechnology field that merit comprehensive investigations are outlined, namely, the design considerations of NPs for gene delivery to plant cells, homing of NPs to specific organelles (e.g., nucleus and chloroplast), and transformation of plant suspension cells. This perspective concludes with recent insights into scale‐up production of therapeutics by using bioreactors. NPs are poised to catalyze the transformation of plant cells for producing therapeutics in bioreactors at reduced costs, high purity, and improved scale.
Stereoselective Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Vinylcyclopropanation via Generation of a Sulfur‐Substituted Vinyl Carbene Equivalent
Authors: Yuan Tengrui , Ryckaert Bram , Van Hecke Kristof , Hullaert Jan , Winne Johan M.
Published: November 2020

A stereoselective gold(I)‐catalyzed vinylcyclopropanation of alkenes has been developed. A gold‐coordinated cationic vinyl carbene species, readily generated via a rearrangement of the ethylenedithioacetal of propargyl aldehyde, reacts with a wide range of alkenes to afford thio‐substituted vinylcyclopropanes. The gold‐catalyzed vinyl cyclopropanation proceeds under mild conditions at room temperature and is generally selective for the formation of cis‐substituted cyclopropanes. The reaction allows the formal introduction of a “naked” vinyl carbene, by subsequent chemoselective hydrodesulfurisation of the ethylenedithio‐bridge. The synthetic utility of the new method is demonstrated by a short, racemic formal synthesis of the alkaloid cephalotaxin, hinging on a key vinyl cyclopropane‐cyclopentene rearrangement.
Diterpene Biosynthesis in Catenulispora acidiphila: On the Mechanism of Catenul‐14‐en‐6‐ol Synthase
Authors: Li Geng , Guo Yue‐Wei , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: November 2020

A new diterpene synthase from the actinomycete Catenulispora acidiphila was identified and the structures of its products were elucidated, including the absolute configurations by an enantioselective deuteration approach. The mechanism of the cationic terpene cyclisation cascade was deeply studied through the use of isotopically labelled substrates and of substrate analogues with partially blocked reactivity, resulting in derailment products that gave further insights into the intermediates along the cascade. Their chemistry was studied, leading to the biomimetic synthesis of a diterpenoid analogue of a brominated sesquiterpene known from the red seaweed Laurencia microcladia.
Identification of perineural cysts during ultrasound‐guided caudal anaesthesia
Authors: Maniar A. , Upadhye V. , Sai Prasad T. R.
Published: November 2020

An 8‐year‐old boy was scheduled for urethral fistula correction under general anaesthesia with an ultrasound‐guided caudal block. During scanning of the caudal area, we noticed two cystic structures in the caudal space in the region of the intended needle endpoint so we decided against performing the caudal block. Surgery was conducted uneventfully and a penile block was administered as an alternative for analgesia postoperatively. Radiological evaluation of the child 3 weeks later revealed the presence of perineural cysts in the sacral region. Routine use of ultrasound for caudal anaesthesia procedures may reveal unexpected anomalies in the sacral area, which could have implications for optimal patient management.
Effects of in‐situ reactive phenolic resin on shape memory performance of polynorbornene
Authors: Gong Xiaowen , Yin Hao , Zhang Maolin , Lin Zhengwei , Shi Xinyan
Published: November 2020

In this paper, resorcinol prepolymer (HT1005) in‐situ reacted with hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM, formaldehyde donor) to produce cured phenolic resin to modify polynorbornene (PNB) as a shape memory polymer (SMP). A moving die rheometer (MDR) was used to characterize the crosslinking degree of phenolic resin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, universal electronic tensile testing machine, dynamic mechanical analysis and X‐ray diffraction was used to investigated the mechanical properties and shape memory performance of PNB composites. Infrared results showed that HT1005 reacted with HMMM forming a chemical cross‐linking network in PNB. With the increase of HT1005 and HMMM, the phenolic resin network was gradually improved. When stress was applied to the composite, the phenolic resin rigid network first beared part of the external force, which improved the mechanical properties of the composite. When the content of HT1005 was too much, its dispersibility will become poor, and the rigid phenolic resin network will be too dense, which limited the recovery of PNB molecular chains. A small amount of HT1005 will be more uniformly dispersed in the PNB, the strength of the phenolic resin network was moderate, and the composite material had excellent shape memory and mechanical properties.
Interfacial region of poly(n‐butyl acrylate)/silicon oxide
Authors: Matsuura Kazuki , Kuboyama Keiichi , Ougizawa Toshiaki
Published: November 2020

Poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PnBA) and silica nanoparticle composites were cast from toluene solutions and investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results suggested that the composites contained amorphous bulk and interfacial regions. The mobility of side chains at the interfaces between PnBA and the silica nanoparticles differed from the mobility of side chains in bulk PnBA. FT‐IR analysis showed that the difference in mobility was due to interactions between the carbonyl groups in PnBA and the silica surfaces. These results indicated that PnBA main chains near interfaces with silicon oxide were separated by a smaller distance than main chains in the bulk polymer.
Synthesis of novel cyanine dyes as antitumor agents
Authors: Fadda Ahmed A. , Tawfik Eman H. , Abdel‐Motaal Marwa , Selim Yasser A.
Published: November 2020

In this study, some novel cyanine dyes, 1, 3, and 5−15, were synthesized by a one‐pot step reaction of pyridinium salts 2 and/or 4 with benzenaminium salt 1. N‐{[1‐Chloro‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐2‐yl)methylene]benzenaminium} chloride 1 was obtained by the reaction of α‐tetralone with Vilsmeier−Haack reagent, followed by a mixture of an equimolar ratio of anilin/ethanol (1:1). All new cyanine dyes were evaluated in vitro for their anticancer activity against two cell lines, that is, HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma) and MCF‐7 (breast cancer). The obtained results were compared with human lung fibroblasts (WI‐38) and Vero cells (derived from the kidney of an African green monkey) as normal cells. In particular, some of these compounds, 6, 9, 13, and 14, were found to be the most potent derivatives against all the cancer cell lines, without effect on the normal cells. According to the structure–activity relationship, compound 13 (IC50 = 8.8 µg/ml) exhibited a higher activity against HepG2 cells, as it contains the azo group and two phenyl rings and due to the presence of the π‐conjugated system attached to the two pyridine rings. Compound 6 (IC50 = 8 µg/ml) exhibited a higher activity against MCF‐7 cells, as it contains two chlorine atoms and the π‐conjugated system of the pyridine rings.
Bayesian piecewise stochastic frontier model to estimate initial public offering pricing efficiency under issuance policy reforms
Authors: Jin Shijie , Wang Xinyu , Wang Zhuqing , Xu Yan
Published: November 2020

Previous studies measure the pricing efficiency of initial public offerings (IPOs) using stochastic frontier analysis, but it is conventionally assumed that all IPOs have the same stochastic frontier function. We study how to measure IPO pricing efficiency under successional issuance policy reforms such as China's Growth Enterprise Market (GEM), where IPOs issued in different time periods might have their own pricing frontiers. In this article, we propose a stochastic frontier model with multiple change points in the time dimension based on the piecewise stochastic frontier function and develop a Bayesian inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling approach to estimate parameters. An empirical analysis finds two significant structural breaks in the frontier function for China's GEM from October 30, 2009, to January 9, 2018. China's developed provinces have more listed companies but lower average pricing efficiency. After 2012, the average IPO efficiency in public utilities dropped from the first place to the end, but the average IPO efficiency in the conglomerates rosed from the last to the first. Furthermore, a cross‐efficiency analysis proves that gradual market‐oriented issuance mechanism reforms have improved IPO pricing ability.
Magnetic Powdered Activated Carbon: A Promising Adsorbent for Water Treatment?
Authors: Lompe Kim Maren , Menard David , Barbeau Benoit
Published: November 2020

Key Takeaways

While researchers have been proposing magnetic powdered activated carbon (MPAC) for more than a decade, these materials are not yet commercially available in North America (though they are in Japan).

MPAC combines two important characteristics: efficient separation from water using a magnetic field and good adsorption properties for organic micropollutants.

The slightly higher costs of MPAC can be offset by its separability and reusability. Easy recirculation of PAC would allow working at high enough PAC age to colonize it with heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria.

Magnetic separation of MPAC requires the use of high‐gradient magnetic separators, which might limit the adsorbent's application to low‐flow systems.
Ionic Conductivity of Na3V2P3O12 as a Function of Electrochemical Potential and its Impact on Battery Performance
Authors: Lan Tu , Ma Qianli , Tsai Chih‐Long , Tietz Frank , Guillon Olivier
Published: November 2020

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is a promising electrode material for sodium‐ion batteries. However, many of its electrochemical properties like ionic conductivities have never been systematically studied. In the present paper, a battery cell with controlled morphology of NVP was prepared and the electrochemical impedance spectra were measured at various voltages. The ionic conductivity of NVP was calculated in dependence on applied potentials. NVP has a total conductivity of 1×10−6 S cm−1 at 2.9 V, which decreases to 8×10−8 S cm−1 at 3.5 V. This low conductivity, especially at higher voltages, influences the performance of batteries with an NVP electrode, especially by limiting the high‐rate cycling of solid‐state batteries.
The changing chromatome as a driver of disease: A panoramic view from different methodologies
Authors: Espejo Isabel , Di Croce Luciano , Aranda Sergi
Published: November 2020

Chromatin‐bound proteins underlie several fundamental cellular functions, such as control of gene expression and the faithful transmission of genetic and epigenetic information. Components of the chromatin proteome (the “chromatome”) are essential in human life, and mutations in chromatin‐bound proteins are frequently drivers of human diseases, such as cancer. Proteomic characterization of chromatin and de novo identification of chromatin interactors could, thus, reveal important and perhaps unexpected players implicated in human physiology and disease. Recently, intensive research efforts have focused on developing strategies to characterize the chromatome composition. In this review, we provide an overview of the dynamic composition of the chromatome, highlight the importance of its alterations as a driving force in human disease (and particularly in cancer), and discuss the different approaches to systematically characterize the chromatin‐bound proteome in a global manner.
In situ detection of protein interactions for recombinant therapeutic enzymes
Authors: Samoudi Mojtaba , Kuo Chih‐Chung , Robinson Caressa M. , Shams‐Ud‐Doha Km , Schinn Song‐Min , Kol Stefan , Weiss Linus , Petersen Bjorn Sara , Voldborg Bjorn G. , Rosa Campos Alexandre , Lewis Nathan E.
Published: November 2020

Despite their therapeutic potential, many protein drugs remain inaccessible to patients since they are difficult to secrete. Each recombinant protein has unique physicochemical properties and requires different machinery for proper folding, assembly, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Here we aimed to identify the machinery supporting recombinant protein secretion by measuring the protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of four different recombinant proteins (SERPINA1, SERPINC1, SERPING1, and SeAP) with various PTMs and structural motifs using the proximity‐dependent biotin identification (BioID) method. We identified PPIs associated with specific features of the secreted proteins using a Bayesian statistical model and found proteins involved in protein folding, disulfide bond formation, and N‐glycosylation were positively correlated with the corresponding features of the four model proteins. Among others, oxidative folding enzymes showed the strongest association with disulfide bond formation, supporting their critical roles in proper folding and maintaining the ER stability. Knockdown of disulfide‐isomerase PDIA4, a measured interactor with significance for SERPINC1 but not SERPINA1, led to the decreased secretion of SERPINC1, which relies on its extensive disulfide bonds, compared to SERPINA1, which has no disulfide bonds. Proximity‐dependent labeling successfully identified the transient interactions supporting synthesis of secreted recombinant proteins and refined our understanding of key molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway during recombinant protein production.
Universal law for diffusive mass transport through mycelial networks
Authors: Schmideder Stefan , Müller Henri , Barthel Lars , Friedrich Tiaan , Niessen Ludwig , Meyer Vera , Briesen Heiko
Published: November 2020

Filamentous fungal cell factories play a pivotal role in biotechnology and circular economy. Hyphal growth and macroscopic morphology are critical for product titers; however, these are difficult to control and predict. Usually pellets, which are dense networks of branched hyphae, are formed during industrial cultivations. They are nutrient‐ and oxygen‐depleted in their core due to limited diffusive mass transport, which compromises productivity of bioprocesses. Here, we demonstrate that a generalized law for diffusive mass transport exists for filamentous fungal pellets. Diffusion computations were conducted based on three‐dimensional X‐ray microtomography measurements of 66 pellets originating from four industrially exploited filamentous fungi and based on 3125 Monte Carlo simulated pellets. Our data show that the diffusion hindrance factor follows a scaling law with respect to the solid hyphal fraction. This law can be harnessed to predict diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and secreted metabolites in any filamentous pellets and will thus advance the rational design of pellet morphologies on genetic and process levels.
Mitigating Risk and Volatility – A Conversation about Boards and Guiding Businesses through COVID‐19
Authors: Ackerman Pat
Published: November 2020

Pat Ackerman is chair of Milwaukee Women inc., and senior vice president of investor relations, corporate responsibility and sustainability, and treasurer at A.O. Smith Corporation. In this article, Pat presents insights and observations from a recent panel discussion focused on corporate board efforts to navigate the chaos and uncertainty businesses face due to the COVID‐19 pandemic and resulting economic crisis.
Using microalgae for remediation of crude petroleum oil–water emulsions
Authors: Kuttiyathil Mohamed S. , Mohamed Mohamed M. , Al‐Zuhair Sulaiman
Published: November 2020

Crude petroleum oil spills are among the most important organic contaminations. While the separated oils accumulated on the surface water are relatively easily removed, the emulsified portions are more difficult to remove and pose significant threats to the environment. Bioremediation using bacteria has proven to be an effective method, but the biomass produced in this case does not have any significant remunerative value. In this work, microalgae were proposed to combine emulsified oil remediation process with the potential of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock, thus enhancing the economic and environmental benefits of the process. A freshwater strain of Chlorella vulgaris was grown in water containing different concentrations of emulsified crude oil at different temperatures. The specific growth rate (μmax) of the microalgae for each initial oil concentration was determined and was found to increase with the increase in initial oil concentration. For example, at 30°C, the specific growth rate, μ increased from 0.477 to 0.784 per day as the oil concentration increased from 57 to 222 mg/L. At 30°C, the effect of substrate concentration agreed with that of the microalgae growth, whereas at 40°C, the drop in oil concentration decreased with the increase in concentration. The results were fitted to a modified Monod kinetics model that used specific interfacial area as the influential substrate instead of the actual concentration. The results of this study clearly show the potential of using microalgae for emulsified oil remediation at relatively high concentrations.
RICK regulates the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through activation of TNF‐α via the ERK and not through NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Ye , Lian Min , Zhao Xin , Cao Peipei , Xiao Jingwen , Shen Shuling , Tang Wanxian , Zhang Jiaxuan , Hao Jie , Feng Xingmei
Published: November 2020

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are capable of both self‐renewal and multilineage differentiation, which play a positive role in dentinogenesis. Studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is involved in the differentiation of DPSCs under pro‐inflammatory stimuli, but the mechanism of action of TNF‐α is unknown. Rip‐like interacting caspase‐like apoptosis‐regulatory protein kinase (RICK) is a biomarker of an early inflammatory response that plays a key role in modulating cell differentiation, but the role of RICK in DPSCs is still unclear. In this study, we identified that RICK regulates TNF‐α‐mediated odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs via the ERK signaling pathway. The expression of the biomarkers of odontogenic differentiation dental matrix protein‐1 (DMP‐1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), biomarkers of odontogenic differentiation, increased in low concentration (1–10 ng/ml) of TNF‐α and decreased in high concentration (50–100 ng/ml). Odontogenic differentiation increased over time in the odontogenic differentiation medium. In the presence of 10 ng/L TNF‐α, the expression of RICK increased gradually over time, along with odontogenic differentiation. Genetic silencing of RICK expression reduced the expression of odontogenic markers DMP‐1 and DSPP. The ERK, but not the NF‐κB signaling pathway, was activated during the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. ERK signaling modulators decreased when RICK expression was inhibited. PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, blocked the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs induced by TNF‐α. These results provide a further theoretical and experimental basis for the potential use of RICK in targeted therapy for dentin regeneration.
Carbon‐based materials for all‐solid‐state zinc–air batteries
Authors: Yang Dan , Chen Dong , Jiang Yu , Ang Edison Huixiang , Feng Yuezhan , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan
Published: November 2020

Solid‐state Zn–air batteries (ZABs) hold great potential for application in wearable and flexible electronics. However, further commercialization of current ZABs is still limited by the poor stability and low energy efficiency. It is, thus, crucial to develop efficient catalysts as well as optimize the solid electrolyte system to unveil potential of the ZAB technology. Due to the low cost and versatility in tailoring the structures and properties, carbon materials have been extensively used as the conductive substrates, catalytic air electrodes, and important components in the electrolytes for the solid‐state ZABs. Within this context, we discuss the challenges facing current solid‐state ZABs and summarize the strategies developed to modify properties of carbon‐based electrodes and electrolytes. We highlight the metal−organic framework/covalent organic framework‐based electrodes, heteroatom‐doped carbon, and the composites formed of carbon with metal oxides/sulfides/phosphides. We also briefly discuss the progress of graphene oxide‐based solid electrolyte.
Construction of Hyaluronic Acid‐Covered Hierarchically Porous MIL‐nanoMOF for Loading and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Yao Yi‐Ran , Jin Ya‐Jun , Jia Xin , Yang Yang
Published: November 2020

The porous nano‐sized metal–organic framework (nanoMOF) and its proper surface modification could greatly promote the drug loading capability and introduce biocompatibility, biodegradability, and targeting functions into nano‐drug delivery systems. Herein, the HACD@ADA‐PA/MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P nanoparticle was successfully fabricated through supramolecular and coordination interactions from three building blocks, including hierarchically porous MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P nanoMOF, phosphite‐modified adamantane (ADA‐PA), and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD)‐modified hyaluronic acid (HACD). The obtained HACD@ADA‐PA/MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P nanoparticle was nano‐sized and highly stable in physiological fluids. The porous structure of HACD@ADA‐PA/MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P nanoparticle could effectively load the commercial chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) with an encapsulation rate of 41.20 % and a loading rate of 48.84 %. The obtained drug‐loaded HACD@ADA‐PA/MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P@DOX nanoparticle was pH‐sensitive and relatively stable at neutral condition (pH 7.2) but could release DOX in a controlled way in subacid solution at pH 5.7. The simulated in vitro DOX release experiment signified that the HACD@ADA‐PA/MIL‐101_NH2 (Fe)‐P@DOX nanoparticle could realize the controlled release of DOX in tumor issues.
Bifunctional Hydrogen Bond Donor‐Catalyzed Diels–Alder Reactions: Origin of Stereoselectivity and Rate Enhancement
Authors: Vermeeren Pascal , Hamlin Trevor A. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Fernández Israel
Published: November 2020

The selectivity and rate enhancement of bifunctional hydrogen bond donor‐catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and acrolein were quantum chemically studied using density functional theory in combination with coupled‐cluster theory. (Thio)ureas render the studied Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions exo selective and induce a significant acceleration of this process by lowering the reaction barrier by up to 7 kcal mol−1. Our activation strain and Kohn–Sham molecular orbital analyses uncover that these organocatalysts enhance the Diels–Alder reactivity by reducing the Pauli repulsion between the closed‐shell filled π‐orbitals of the diene and dienophile, by polarizing the π‐orbitals away from the reactive center and not by making the orbital interactions between the reactants stronger. In addition, we establish that the unprecedented exo selectivity of the hydrogen bond donor‐catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions is directly related to the larger degree of asynchronicity along this reaction pathway, which is manifested in a relief of destabilizing activation strain and Pauli repulsion.
Association of psychosocial factors with all‐cause hospitalizations in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Meyre Pascal B. , Springer Anne , Aeschbacher Stefanie , Blum Steffen , Rodondi Nicolas , Beer Juerg H. , Di Valentino Marcello , Ammann Peter , Blum Manuel , Mathys Rebecca , Meyer‐Zürn Christine , Bonati Leo H. , Sticherling Christian , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Kühne Michael , Conen David , Osswald Stefan ,   Swiss‐AF investigators
Published: November 2020

Background

A high burden of cardiovascular comorbidities puts patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at high risk for hospitalizations, but the role of other factors is less clear.

Hypothesis

To determine the relationship between psychosocial factors and the risk of unplanned hospitalizations in AF patients.

Methods

Prospective observational cohort study of 2378 patients aged 65 or older with previously diagnosed AF across 14 centers in Switzerland. Marital status and education level were defined as social factors, depression and health perception were psychological components. The pre‐defined outcome was unplanned all‐cause hospitalization.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 2.0 years, a total of 1713 hospitalizations occurred in 37% of patients. Compared to patients who were married, adjusted rate ratios (aRR) for all‐cause hospitalizations were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97‐1.69) for singles, 1.31 (95%CI, 1.06‐1.62) for divorced patients, and 1.02 (95%CI, 0.82‐1.25) for widowed patients. The aRRs for all‐cause hospitalizations across increasing quartiles of health perception were 1.0 (highest health perception), 1.15 (95%CI, 0.84‐1.59), 1.25 (95%CI, 1.03‐1.53), and 1.66 (95%CI, 1.34‐2.07). No different hospitalization rates were observed in patients with a secondary or primary or less education as compared to patients with a college degree (aRR, 1.06; 95%CI, 0.91‐1.23 and 1.05; 95%CI, 0.83‐1.33, respectively). Presence of depression was not associated with higher hospitalization rates (aRR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.68‐1.29).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that psychosocial factors, including marital status and health perception, are strongly associated with the occurrence of hospitalizations in AF patients. Targeted psychosocial support interventions may help to avoid unnecessary hospitalizations.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02105844.
The future of cancer screening after COVID‐19 may be at home
Authors: Gorin Sherri N. Sheinfeld , Jimbo Masahito , Heizelman Robert , Harmes Kathryn M. , Harper Diane M.
Published: November 2020

Lay Summary

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, cancer screening decreased precipitously; home screening for colorectal cancer diminished less than that for colonoscopy and breast and cervical cancer screening.

The authors have highlighted approaches for home cancer screening in addition to telemedicine.
Indoor tanning exposure in association with multiple primary melanoma
Authors: Karapetyan Lilit , Yang Xi , Wang Hong , Sander Cindy A. , Moyer Ashley , Wilson Melissa , Karunamurthy Arivarasan , Kirkwood John M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Patients with primary cutaneous melanoma are at increased risk for subsequent new primary melanomas. Indoor tanning is a recognized risk factor for melanoma. This study was aimed at determining the association between indoor tanning and the occurrence of multiple primary melanoma.

Methods

This was a retrospective case‐control study of cases with multiple primary melanoma and sex‐matched controls with single primary melanoma retrieved at a 1:2 ratio from the Biological Sample and Nevus Bank of the Melanoma Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between multiple primary melanoma and risk factors.

Results

In total, 330 patients (39.1% men) with a median age of 51 years were enrolled. Compared with patients who had a single primary melanoma, patients with multiple melanomas were younger at the diagnosis of their first primary melanoma and were more likely to be discovered at stage 0 or I and to have had indoor tanning exposure, a family history of melanoma, atypical moles, dysplastic nevi, and a Breslow thickness less than 1 mm. Compared with patients' first melanomas, subsequent melanomas were more likely to be thinner or in situ. The estimated probability of the locus for the second primary being the same as that for the first primary melanoma was 34%. In a multivariate analysis after adjustments for age, a family history of melanoma, the presence of atypical and dysplastic nevi, and recreational sun exposure, indoor tanning remained significantly associated with the occurrence of multiple primary melanoma (odds ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.07‐7.08; P = .0356).

Conclusions

Indoor tanning is associated with an increased risk of second primary melanoma. Subsequent melanomas are more likely to be thin or in situ and to occur in different anatomic locations.
Early plaque formation on PTFE membranes with expanded or dense surface structures applied in the oral cavity of human volunteers
Authors: Turri Alberto , Čirgić Emina , Shah Furqan A. , Hoffman Maria , Omar Omar , Dahlin Christer , Trobos Margarita
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This clinical randomized study aimed to evaluate the early plaque formation on nonresorbable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes having either a dense (d‐PTFE) or an expanded (e‐PTFE) microstructure and exposed to the oral cavity.

Material and Methods

Twelve individuals were enrolled in this study. In a split‐mouth design, five test membranes (e‐PTFE) with a dual‐layer configuration and five control membranes (d‐PTFE) were bonded on the buccal surfaces of posterior teeth of each subject. All study subjects refrained from toothbrushing during the study period. Specimens were detached from the teeth at 4 and 24 hr and subjected to viability counting, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Plaque samples were harvested from neighboring teeth at baseline, 4, and 24 hr, as control. Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied.

Results

No bond failure of the membranes was reported. Between the early and late time points, viable bacterial counts increased on all membranes, with no difference between the test and control. The number ofStaphylococcusspp. decreased on the tooth surfaces and increased on both membranes overtime, with a significant difference compared to teeth. The total biomass and average biofilm thickness of live and dead cells were significantly greater at the d‐PTFE barriers after 4 hr.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the e‐PTFE membrane was associated with a lesser degree of biofilm accumulation during the initial exposure compared to the d‐PTFE membrane. The present experimental setup provides a valuable toolbox to study thein vivobehavior of different membranes used in guided bone regeneration (GBR).
A study of amplitude‐to‐phase noise conversion in planar oscillators
Authors: Djurhuus Torsten , Krozer Viktor
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the many interesting implications for oscillator design, with optimized phase‐noise performance, deriving from a newly proposed model based on the concept of oscillator conjugacy. For the case of 2‐D (planar) oscillators, the model prominently predicts that only circuits producing a perfectly symmetric steady‐state can have zero amplitude‐to‐phase (AM‐PM) noise conversion, a so‐called zero‐state. Simulations on standard industry oscillator circuits verify all model predictions and, however, also show that these circuit classes cannot attain zero‐states except in special limit‐cases which are not practically relevant. Guided by the newly acquired design rules, we describe the synthesis of a novel 2‐D reduced‐order LC oscillator circuit which achieves several zero‐states while operating at realistic output power levels. The potential future application of this developed theoretical framework for implementation of numerical algorithms aimed at optimizing oscillator phase‐noise performance is briefly discussed.
Inhibition of interleukin‐1β signalling promotes atherosclerotic lesion remodelling in mice with inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Dragoljevic Dragana , Lee Man Kit Sam , Louis Cynthia , Shihata Waled , Kraakman Michael J , Hansen Jacinta , Masters Seth L , Hanaoka Beatriz Y , Nagareddy Prabhakara R , Lancaster Graeme I , Wicks Ian P , Murphy Andrew J
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory joint disorder, independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL‐1β contributes to both RA and CVD. We hypothesised that inhibiting IL‐1 signalling with the IL‐1R antagonist, anakinra, would dampen inflammation and promote resolution of atherosclerosis in arthritic mice.

Methods

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)‐deficient mice were fed a Western‐type diet for 14 weeks to develop atherosclerotic plaques. Mice were then switched to a chow diet, promoting lesion regression, and randomised to a control group or into groups where arthritis was induced by passive transfer of K/BxN arthritogenic serum. The arthritic mice were further randomised to vehicle or anakinra.

Results

Arthritis impaired atherosclerotic lesion regression when cholesterol was lowered. This was associated with a higher burden of plaque macrophages, likely due to monocytosis, driven by myelopoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen. Interestingly, delayed intervention with anakinra had no effect on arthritis in these mice. However, a significant improvement in atherosclerotic plaque remodelling to a more stable phenotype was observed. This was associated with fewer circulating monocytes, caused by a reduction in splenic extramedullary myelopoiesis.

Conclusion

We show that inhibiting IL‐1 signalling in arthritic mice with pre‐existing atherosclerosis promotes lesion remodelling to a more stable phenotype, that is less likely to rupture and cause ischemic events such as myocardial infarction. This suggests that IL‐1R antagonism may suppress CVD complications in patients with RA. Furthermore, inhibiting IL‐1β signalling in other patients with inflammatory diseases that also predispose to CVD may also benefit from anti‐IL‐1 therapy.
Long noncoding RNA lncGALM increases risk of liver metastasis in gallbladder cancer through facilitating N‐cadherin and IL‐1β‐dependent liver arrest and tumor extravasation
Authors: Li Huaifeng , Hu Yunping , Jin Yunpeng , Zhu Yidi , Hao Yajuan , Liu Fatao , Yang Yang , Li Guoqiang , Song Xiaoling , Ye Yuanyuan , Xiang Shanshan , Gao Yuan , Zhu Jinhui , Zhang Yijian , Jiang Lin , Huang Wen , Zhu Jian , Wu Xiangsong , Liu Yingbin
Published: November 2020

Background

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) represent significant factors of the mammalian transcriptome that mediates varied biological and pathological processes. The liver is the most common site for gallbladder cancer (GBC) distant metastasis and contributes to the majority of GBC‐related death. How lncRNA affects GBC metastasis is not completely understood.

Results

A novel lncRNA termed lncGALM (lncRNA in GBC associated with liver metastasis) was discovered to be highly expressed in cancer patients and xenografted tumors with liver metastasis. Elevated lncGALM in GBC patients also correlated to decreased survival. Invasion and migration of GBC cells were enhanced through lncGALM, both in vitro and in vivo. lncGALM functioned as sponges by competitively binding to and inactivating miR‐200 family members, which increase epithelial‐mesenchymal transition‐associated transcription factor ZEB1 and ZEB2, leading to a fibroblastic phenotype and increased expression of N‐cadherin. In addition, lncGALM bound to IL‐1β mRNA and stabilized the IL‐1β gene that mediates liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSECs) apoptosis. lncGALM‐expressing LiM2‐NOZ cells acquired a strong ability to migrate and adhere to LSECs, promoting LSECs apoptosis and therefore facilitating tumor cell extravasation and dissemination.

Conclusions

lncGALM promotes GBC liver metastasis by facilitating GBC cell migration, invasion, liver arrest, and extravasation via the invasion‐metastasis cascade. Targeting lncGALM may be protective against the development of liver metastasis in GBC patients.
Associations of prenatal maternal stress with measures of cognition in 7.5‐month‐old infants
Authors: Merced‐Nieves Francheska M. , Dzwilewski Kelsey L. C. , Aguiar Andrea , Lin Jue , Schantz Susan L.
Published: November 2020

Studies have shown that prenatal stress can negatively impact neurodevelopment, but little is known about its effect on early cognitive development. We assessed the impact of prenatal stress on cognition in 152 7.5‐month‐old infants using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), maternal telomere length (MTL), and a Stressful Life Events (SLE) Scale. A visual recognition memory task consisting of nine blocks, each with one familiarization trial (two identical stimuli) followed by two test trials (one familiar stimulus, one novel), was administered. Outcomes assessed included: average time looking at stimuli (measure: processing speed), time to reach looking time criterion (measure: attention), and the proportion of time looking at the novel stimulus (measure: recognition memory). We examined the association of each stress measure with each outcome adjusted for infant age and sex, which of the two stimuli in each set was novel, household income, and maternal age, education, and IQ. Higher prenatal stress was associated with shorter looking durations [PSS (β = −1.6, 95% CI: −2.5, −0.58); SLE (β = 0.58, 95% CI: −0.08, 1.24); MTL (β = 1.81, 95% CI: 0.18, 3.44)] and longer time to reach criterion [PSS (β = 9.1, 95% CI: 1.6, 16.6); SLE (β = 12.2, 95% CI: 1.9, 24.1); MTL (β = −23.1, 95% CI: −45.3, −0.9)], suggesting that higher prenatal stress is associated with decreased visual attention in infancy.
Bringing tendon biology to heel: Leveraging mechanisms of tendon development, healing, and regeneration to advance therapeutic strategies
Authors: Tsai Stephanie L. , Nödl Marie‐Therese , Galloway Jenna L.
Published: November 2020

Tendons are specialized matrix‐rich connective tissues that transmit forces from muscle to bone and are essential for movement. As tissues that frequently transfer large mechanical loads, tendons are commonly injured in patients of all ages. Following injury, mammalian tendons heal poorly through a slow process that forms disorganized fibrotic scar tissue with inferior biomechanical function. Current treatments are limited and patients can be left with a weaker tendon that is likely to rerupture and an increased chance of developing degenerative conditions. More effective, alternative treatments are needed. However, our current understanding of tendon biology remains limited. Here, we emphasize why expanding our knowledge of tendon development, healing, and regeneration is imperative for advancing tendon regenerative medicine. We provide a comprehensive review of the current mechanisms governing tendon development and healing and further highlight recent work in regenerative tendon models including the neonatal mouse and zebrafish. Importantly, we discuss how present and future discoveries can be applied to both augment current treatments and design novel strategies to treat tendon injuries.
A cell‐centric view of lung alveologenesis
Authors: Vila Ellis Lisandra , Chen Jichao
Published: November 2020

Lung alveologenesis, formation of the alveolar region, allows sufficient gas exchange surface to be packed inside the chest cavity yet with orderly connection to the trachea. The real‐life alveolar region, however, bears little resemblance to idealized cartoons owing to its three‐dimensional nature, nonuniform shape, and mostly air‐filled void. This morphological complexity is matched by its cellular complexity—comprised of intermixed and often tangled cells of the epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and immune lineages. Modern imaging, genetics, and genomics are shedding light on and updating traditional views of alveologenesis. Accordingly, this review describes a cell‐centric 3‐phase definition of alveologenesis and discusses its failure in diseases and possible reactivation during regeneration.