bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le citoyen et l’administration
Authors: Della Cananea Giacinto
Published: January 2024

The Citizen and Administration

The birth of the republican state and the adoption of the Constitution of 1948 have led to a more balanced relationship between citizens and administration. The implementation of certain constitutional principles, which only started in the sixties, has progressively led to a general change of the framework of citizen/administration relationships, which were previously dominated by the opposition between authority and liberty. Since twenty years, a number of elements have accentuated this evolution : a better protection of the citizen against administration, the participation of citizens, the development of contractualization, the evolution of social rights and the growing influence of private and EC law. This has led — at least partially — to a redefinition of the concept of citizen.
Les structures administratives des parlements — Perspectives comparatives
Authors: Tocanne Vincent
Published: January 2024

The Administrative Structures of Parliaments. A Comparative Perspective.

Comparing the administrative structures of Parliaments shows some constant features linked to the nature of the institution. All parliamentary assemblies share a common appearance in three major aspects : the administrative functions of the political instances which manage assemblies, the leading role of the highest officials of the assemblies and the big units which structure the parliamentary administrations. Nevertheless, it is not possible to find one typical organisational pattern : this is reassuring, as the sovereign assemblies are fully free to decide outside of any guidelines.
Le Département d’État : une administration d’étrangers ou une étrange administration ?
Authors: Wilsford David
Published: January 2024

The United States Department of State A Government of Strangers or a Strange Government ?

Within American government, the United States Department is typical of a fragmented ‘stateless’ bureaucracy. It shares a great deal of power with the Congress, interest groups and the mass media, and has seen its influence gradually eroded by the White House and the Department of Defense. Because other institutional actors are structurally very strong in the American political System, the American Department of State is correspondingly less powerful within its universe compared to its counterparts in most advanced industrial democracies. It is both a ‘government of strangers’ and a ‘strange government’. Nonetheless, as an actor on the international stage, the American Department of State is powerful because of the position of the United States on the geopolitical scene.
Diplomatie et administration
Authors: Robin Gabriel
Published: January 2024

Diplomacy and Administration.

At first glance, diplomacy seems yet another branch of administration. However, diplomats and administrators live in very different spheres, foreign to each other, often meeting but never coinciding. Administration is installed in hierarchical, closed and stable System, whereas diplomacy acts in a contractual and open System. This basic différence engenders many others which may affect as well the differences in functioning between the administrator and the diplomat or which may affect their psychology. These important différences should not hide the necessary complementarity between diplomacy and administrations.
L’évolution de la gestion publique au Royaume-Uni et la suppression des privilèges de la fonction publique
Authors: Hood Christopher
Published: January 2024

Public Management Changes in Great Britain and the Goal of "Deprivileging" the Civil Service

After a brief general survey of the main "New Public Management" changes which were introduced into the UK public services in the 1980s and early 1990s, this article focuses on the top civil service. It explores how far top civil servants were affected by the Thatcher governments’s aim to "deprivilege the civil service". It shows that senior civil servants seem to have been less "deprivileged" than lower-level civil servants in terms of pay, conditions of employment and exposure to "harder" management regimes. But it also argues that the senior civil service seems to have bifurcated. The departments are still headed by civil servants with the classic closed-carreer "Whitehall" profile and with traditional styles of pay and tenure. But the "agencies" which have been created within the civil service since 1988 are headed by a group which is socially very different and which has different structures of pay and tenure. Whether this bifurcation will remain, or whether senior "policy" civil servants will be exposed to lateral-entry and fixed-term contracts like the agency heads, remains to be seen.
La mutation du «profil de compétences» des cadres supérieurs de la fonction publique au Québec
Authors: Cazalis Pierre
Published: January 2024

The Transformation of the "Profile of competences" of Public Service Senior Managers in Quebec.

The relationship between the modernization of public administration and the training of senior managers was the subject of a study conducted by the Commission in charge of evaluating the future replacement of managers of the public service in Quebec. If it is well admitted that the modernization of the public service is a multidimensional task and that it should focus on the administrative structures, on the management processes, on the norms and regulations, its success is connected to two preliminary conditions : the determination of a profile of judicious competences and the existence of a System of continuous training for ail executives. In this sphere, the national school for public administration and the Government of Quebec have signed a protocol aiming at putting in place various programmes and activities of training, designed "under measure" for specific target groups.
Ambitions et réalités du développement social urbain dans le Rhône dans les années 80-90
Authors: Carrère Gilbert
Published: January 2024

Ambitions and Realities of Urban Social Development in the Rhone Department in the Eighties and Nineties

The suburban discontent - which is not a specifically French phenomenon - has shown the fragility of the "social web" and the risk of explosions. The specific actions led in the Lyon region by the actors of urban social development ("summer for the young", housing renewal, improvement of transport) are quite interesting. Nevertheless they are pin-pointed and only partially meet the structural issues of suburbs. Elaborating a global system of urban social development is thus essential and goes through challenging the classical urban planing schemes, through the development of a real public services’ settling plan and through a renewed flexibility in the use of national and local subsidies.
Prévenir la délinquance
Authors: Lyon-Caen Pierre
Published: January 2024

Preventing Criminality

In early times, powers were clearly allocated between executive and judiciary in criminal matters, but the evolution in this field leads to an adaptation of these principles. This is why the judiciary is more and more often associated to preventive action against criminality, which is normally public administration’s field. This collaboration leads to a complementarity of means and actions used in towns, for instance with "conditional closing", or -more specifically in difficult districts -with the settling of judicial antennas or specific actions for prisoners and drug addicts. The number and quality have an impact on efficiency for the judiciary, those to be tried, public administration and the user, and they show an evolution of the spirit and content of judicial and administrative missions.
Politique de la ville et mouvement associatif
Authors: Delarue Jean-Marie , Djerdoubi Mokhtar , Vinolas Didier
Published: January 2024

Debate : Associations and Urban Policy

Associations which are best placed for exchanges and concertation between the partners of urban policy are a main support in this field. Nevertheless, they encounter many problems : those linked to their being set up and recognised, those of legal and social links with the State, and those of matching means and objectives. The latter raise a fundamental question : what should be the role of associations according to the institutional partners of urban policy and how far are these ready to support this action by integrating it as an indispensable part of urban policy ? Searching for more clarity in the definition of association’s role in urban policy would benefit everybody.
L’Inner City Policy en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Le Galès Patrick , Parkinson Michael
Published: January 2024

Inner City Policy in Great Britain

The British urban policy has been progressively established during the sixties as a response to the difficulties of rapid urbanisation resulting from the industrial revolution of the XIXth century. However neither the efforts undertaken at a social and economic level by labour as well as tory governments nor the definition of new partnerships through numerous development or rehabilitation programmes have produced the awaited results. Until yet, urban policy has not matched the structural problems which could only be solved in the framework of a radical transformation of the British State and of a redefinition of its means of intervention.
Entretien avec M. Jean-Éric Schoettl, Directeur au Secrétariat général du gouvernement
Authors: Schoettl Jean-Eric , Maisl Herbert
Published: January 2024

Interview of Jean-Pierre Schoettl

The present State of public data reserves is very badly known. Only publications have been inventoried. As far as communication of public data is concerned, a distinction must be drawn between access -mainly regulated by the Act of 17 july 1978 -and dissemination, which is linked to government missions. The nature of the medium used for collecting and disseminating data is determining the judgement which can be made on the interest of communication to the public. From this point of view, information technology leads to share the dissemination and circulation of informations. The concepts of public interest and public service missions have to give guidance to government in its choices about valorisation of public data reserves. Three series of legal norms divide the roles between public administration and the private sector : judge made principles regarding the economic interventions of public bodies, national competition law and european community law. The specific aspects of information public services have to be carefully taken into account, as their mission may include data with added value. The choice of a medium and tarification are very important points as to the administrative transparency which has to be the base of these services. Although ail these questions are linked, they belong to too different legal regimes as to allow for a common legal status for information.
La diffusion des données statistiques
Authors: Seys Baudouin
Published: January 2024

The dissemination of statistical data

Institutes for Statistics (INSEE) have to face three phenomena : an increase in the number and variety of users of statistical data, an increase of the volume of information, the multiplication of dissemination techniques and disseminators. Although having little means and flexibility, they have to look after the quality of disseminated data. The development of statistical data should follow two means : first, a dissemination of general information to a large public, and secondly a dissemination of specialised - or even personalised - data for professionals through a flexible partnership with the private sector.
La transparence et l’impartialité administratives
Authors: Tagaya Kazuteru
Published: January 2024

Transparency and Neutrality of Administration

For a long time secrecy has been the functioning rule of japanese administration. The progress made during the last years in matters of transparency are to be found at two levels : that of local autorities which have created mechanisms for transparency and the protection of administrative data ; and that of legislation with the act n° 93-88 of november 1993 on administrative procedures establishing general rules at national level, which entered into force in october 1994. This act normally applies to all State decisions having an individual impact, to certain measures taken by local authorities and to administrative incitements. It makes it mandatory for administration to publish the reasons of a decision with negative impact on the individual and allows the interested person to present her observations.
La mise en place de la fonction publique en Hongrie
Authors: Balázs István
Published: January 2024

Setting-up of the Civil Service in Hungaria.

In the period previous to the change of regime in 1990, the Civil Service had shown some differences from the socialist model by giving more importance to professional qualifications and to individual aptitudes. In 1990, the change of the general orientation occured without compromising the quality of the administrative work, and the 1992 reform was made calmly. However, because Act XXIII of 1992 does not provide the whole Hungarian Civil Service whith a general framework, it is deceiving. It does not cover the development of the new system of initial and in-service training of civil servants. The particularism of the Civil Service at the local level is not enough taken into account. Finally, the absence of a general view of Civil Service management is problematic. To resolve these problems, it is necessary to consider a review of the Civil Service Act.
Vers une gestion intégrée des finances publiques -Principes et illustration : le cas de la Colombie
Authors: Tobelem Alain
Published: January 2024

Integrated Financial Management -Principles and Illustrations : Colombia’s Case.

If we consider the general crisis of confidence that all public administrations suffer, but mostly those of the emerging countries, the integrated financial public management can be an instrument to their modernization. It will allow them to find again the credibility necessary to the success of the efforts to improve the definition of politics and the productivity of resources use. It will make easier the passage from an age of extravagant waste, during the last thirty years, to an age of increasing efficiency, that is still to be created. Colombia’s experience, one which has been widely implemented, illustrates the necessity to realize a real integrated management.
La modernisation administrative en Allemagne : «du vieux vin dans de nouvelles bouteilles»
Authors: Derlien Hans-Ulrich
Published: January 2024

Administrative Modernization in Germany : Old Wine in New Bottles.

The issue of public sector modernization appeared on the scene in Germany in 1991. Before that, Germany had undergone two major reform programs, between 1965 and 1975, and after reunification. Three major objectives were attributed to the modernization program : to limit the scope of public activity, to reduce personnel costs, and to proceed with structural reforms. The main goal essentially being to reduce spending, questions relative to public service ethics are therefore not addressed. This tends to demonstrate that long-term effects of this type of modernization have not been taken into consideration, hence the necessity to improve these reforms might arise in the coming years.
Régulation et réformes de la protection maladie en Europe
Authors: Berthod-Wurmser Marianne
Published: January 2024

Health Care Regulation and Reforms in Europe

The Systems of health care in European States have been constructed around a common objective : equal access to health care for all levels of the population. But in the light of increases in health expenditure, notions of “curbing” spending and “efficiency” occupy an increasingly important place. The reforms undertaken by European States show certain similarities. On the one hand, they concem the tools necessary for intervention in curbing expenditure, and, on the other hand, they deal with the flow of financial resources which sustain activity in the health sector. Equally these developments have led to the adoption of a new method of negociation between professionals and govemment which takes into account not only economie variables and medical regulation but also the definition of real “health objectives”.
La contractualisation au sein du service national de santé au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Glennerster Howard
Published: January 2024

Contractualisation at the Heart of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom

The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom underwent an important reform in 1991. This huge transformation allowed an improvement in transparency of NHS activities and the highlighting of preoccupations conceming profitability and quality. Nevertheless the desired separation between the purchasers of health care services and the providers of these services, and the introduction of a policy of contractualisation between the two sets of actors has not brought about satisfactory results. In fact obstacles to change remain numerous and have become particularly apparent with regard to the uncertain legal status of the contracts, the as yet insufficient competition between the different actors involved and a certain lack of motivation amongst the district health-authorities over whom no-one exercices control.
L’administration en zone rurale
Authors: Seele Günter
Published: January 2024

Administration in Rural Areas.

In Germany the local government in rural areas operates at two levels : municipalities and districts (Kreise). Districts have a certain degree of administrative autonomy and are composed of a representative assembly and an executive. Municipalities have greater prerogatives in the management of local affairs. Nevertheless, these two levels of local government often cooperate with each other and exercise their various powers jointly. Thus, the districts assist and advise the smaller municipalities, while at the same time they sometimes call upon the municipalities to carry out certain tasks.
La dynamique de coopération nordique : Norden, Baltikum, Barents
Authors: Simoulin Vincent
Published: January 2024

The Dynamics of Nordic Co-operation : Norden, Baltikum Barents.

The countries of Northern Europe have not remained unaffected by the profound changes which have occurred in Europe over the last ten years. The policy of Nordic co-operation, conducted amongst the Nordic countries, has suffered the repercussions of the acceleration of West European integration and the upsets of Eastern Europe. Hence the Nordic countries have been obliged to reformulate their policy of co-operation. This process has involved a redefinition of the position of these countries vis-à-vis the European Union, but also necessitated taking into account the Baltic question, which has led to a new expression of closeness amongst the countries of Northern Europe, notably with the creation of a counsel of the Baltic States.
Objectifs et résultats de l’action extérieure de la France en matière économique et financière
Authors: Mayer Francis
Published: January 2024

The Department of Economic Affairs is at the service of both the french economy and french diplomacy. Economic and financial diplomacy endeavours to reinforce economic growth and commercial dynamism through the coordination of policies, the support given to exports and the management of international debts. It also aims to promote France’s international influence at moments of intervention by the Club of Paris in handling crises and at the heart of international financial institutions.
La promotion culturelle dans le monde
Authors: Jacobucci Michelangelo
Published: January 2024

It is difficult to define the notion of cultural promotion given the diversity of areas intersected by the concept and the way in which the idea has evolved over time. These days the notion is less and less distinguishable from promotion in the areas of commerce, economies and tourism. The use of technology allows a link to be made between the different aspects of cultural promotion and makes it more operable and efficient. The risk of standardization is an important one and, therefore, the right to difference ought to be at the heart of world-wide cultural promotion.
La concertation en matière sociale
Authors: Prud'homme Nicole
Published: January 2024

Engaging in Dialogue About Social Matters

Nicole Prud'homme

Social actions benefiting civil servants is not widely known about. It has been in operation for a long time in various different ministries, but its interministerial aspect is a relatively recent occurence. It has taken effect in the context of a body called the Interministerial Committee for Social Action and the regional sections of these Committee, the creation of which is very recent. Through theses structures a particular form of equal representation for opposing sides has been introduced. These results have been more than satisfactory, even if further efforts are still needed. They are wedded to the introduction of new mechanisms which overtum current practices or regulations. In the context of State reform it is the Minister for Finance, in particular, who must change his attitude and modify his decisions which, at the end of the day, constitute a saving for no-one.
Les citoyens au coeur du service public ?
Authors: Gaillard Roland
Published: January 2024

Are Citizens at the Heart of the Public Sector ?

Roland Gaillard

Our trade union insists upon the fact that administrative reform, passing through renovation of the public service, has now arrived at State reform, without at any stage allowing the citizens of this country to be consulted on the consequences in the area of the institutional organisation of the "unitary and indivisible" Republic and with regard to the mode of operation of our democracy as developed by our culture and our history. Are the govemment's proposais capable of responding better to the aspirations of ail citizens and of reinforcing democracy within our country ? Can they better ensure social cohesion and national solidarity ? Can they better promote the principles of equality and secularism of the Republic ?
Relations sociales et nouvelle gestion publique — le syndicalisme dans la fonction publique britannique de 1973 à 1996
Authors: Clifford Christopher
Published: January 2024

Social Relations and New Public Management Trade Unionism in the British Civil Service from 1973 to 1996

Christopher Clifford

In the last few years, profound changes have been made to the civil service which have called into question some of its fondamental concepts such as that of the "model employer" and that of a unified public service. The new techniques of management which have been adopted by agencies short circuit the mechanisms form formai negociation. Trade unionism, which has been widely affected by this fragmentation in the public service, is being required to rethink its organisation.
La codification du droit international
Authors: Daudet Yves
Published: January 2024

The Codification of International Law.

Because of the essentially voluntary nature of international law, codification is not without its risks with respect to the integrality of international law. More often than not States will only accept that they are bound by norms to which they have consented. Codification must, therefore, have as its objective the re-enforcement of rules of law which pre-exist in a customary form. For this reason, whatever the instance of codification, the preparatory work done towards codification determines the success of the venture ; likewise, in addition to their scientific analysis of questions posed, specialists must necessarily engage in a more practical and political analysis, with a view to evaluating the chances of the project being accepted by States.
La codification du droit musulman
Authors: Moussa Fadhel
Published: January 2024

The Codification of Islamic Law.

At its inception, the codification of Islamic law allowed the divine sources of this law to be retained. This marked the passage from spoken law to written law. Difficulties at this stage resulted from differences of interpretation, contradictions, and controversies over the authenticity of documentation. This first stage of codification led to the establishment of an orthodoxy. The second stage marked the passage to a more ’legalistic’ form, undertaken from the 16th century onwards by the ottoman empire. This modem codification represents a means of unification, and sets out the secularisation of justice and of law. In recent years a fundamentalist revival can be discerned which advocates a return to the original code.
La codification en Allemagne, instrument de construction de l’État -Du Reich à l’État fédéral
Authors: Püttner Günter
Published: January 2024

Codification in Germany : an Instrument of Construction of State From the Reich to the Federal State.

In Germany, a distinction is made between simple codification, which corresponds to the production of written law, and large-scale codification which concerns the drafting and adoption of codes. If, historically, codification was instrumental in the reconstruction of a central German State, the contemporary interest in codification lies in the desire to make law more uniform. Yet codification in Germany remains influenced by two key characteristics : the specificity of governmental structures and federalism.
10 Downing Street
Authors: Clifford Chris
Published: January 2024

The powers of the Prime Minister are not inscribed in the constitution and depend upon the degree of use made of the Prime Minister’s sources of support. Amongst these sources the office of the Prime minister forms an unavoidable part of the decision-making process. The multiplication of its tasks has been relentless and it functions by way of a notable absence of formalism. This structure, which is of a modest size, seems to be adapted to the collegial style of government, but the need remains for a more centralised coordination of the decision-making process.
Canada : un Premier ministre «présidentiel» et ses contre-pouvoirs
Authors: Peters Guy , Savoie Donald J.
Published: January 2024

In Canada the majority of the government’s political advisers are grouped within the office of the Prime Minister and the Privy Council. The role of these structures has evolved notably since the end of the second world war when the office of the Prime minister became situated at the summit of political power while the Privy council came to represent the head of the administration. This redefinition of roles allows the Prime Minister to conduct government policy effectively while preserving a certain autonomy for ministers and for the provinces.
La nouvelle région marocaine : un espace de développement économique et politique
Authors: Rousset Michel
Published: January 2024

The Creation of New Regions in Morocco : a Space for Economic and Political Development.

Regional organisation carried out in 1971 made the region a space for economic development. A new stage introduced by the law of 2 April 1997 must bring a fresh dimension to this, by making the region a space for political development as well. This involves a redistribution of power in order to reverse the tradition of centralisation. In future the region will be a decentralised area with its own legal, administrative and financial status thereby guaranteeing its autonomy. For this purpose significant means have been allocated to the region. Relations between regions and state are developing at two levels : that of classic means of administrative control, and that of state adaptation to this new space. With regard to this latter point, it is important that all State services think of the regional platform as providing an essential level upon which state might pursue its activities.
Le retour de l’État sur le marché des financements locaux
Authors: Dalbera Jean-Louis
Published: January 2024

State Returns to Local Financing Market.

State has not given up intervening in the market of local financing, which is nonetheless deregulated, in order to prevent local authorities from getting excessively into debt. Via its particular relations with certain credit establishments state implicitly influences market mechanisms. A real liberalisation of this sector is brought about through the possibility for local authorities to manage their own funds.
Les EDI et la nouvelle relation État-Entreprise
Authors: Brousse Pascal
Published: January 2024

Computerised Data Exchange and the New Relationship Between State and Business.

The exchange of computerised data is a new means of communication which holds numerous advantages for businesses, both at a strategic and economic level. Hence computerised data exchange may be seen to accelerate and facilitate the transfer of information between the administration and businesses providing that State, for its part, guarantees the security of communication networks. For this reason, in the context of its relationship with business, the administration will have to take up the challenge posed by computerised data exchange in order that the new information System functions to its fullest effect.
Le rôle des finances publiques dans la mise en place de la nouvelle démocratie
Authors: Douat Étienne
Published: January 2024

The Role of Public Finances in the Establishment of the New Democracy.

With the new Constitution of 1996 giving a new direction to South-African society, it is perfectly natural that public finances should be called upon to play a major role in achieving national reconciliation. In order to reinforce democracy and equality, budgetary and financial powers have been modified in two key ways : the distribution of resources between the centre and the periphery, and financing the cost incurred by the introduction of new rights into the Constitution. Of course powers in the area of the budget and financial control must be exercised in a continuous manner in order to assure the transition necessary until revision of the Exchequer Act, which is the fundamental text in the area of public finances, takes place.
Politique, fonctionnaires et légitimité administrative en Allemagne
Authors: Goetz Klaus H.
Published: January 2024

Politics, Civil Servants and Administrative Legitimacy in Germany.

Civil servants, as guarantors of the public interest, are supposed to act as a counterweight to changing and unstable political powers. However, civil servants' autonomy with respect to political power permits collaboration at the federal level between civil servants and political actors. The extent of politicisation ranges from patronage to political professionalism and is on the increase due to the nature of decision-making procedures and to European integration.
La fin de l’État administratif au Portugal
Authors: Oliveira Rocha José A.
Published: January 2024

Bureaucracy and Politics in Portugal.

The Portuguese political System, because of its history, particularly its colonial background, has developed along the lines of an administrative state. The dictatorial regime of 1926-1974 enhanced the rationalisation of this system where political action was carried out at the heart of the administration. For reasons of political instability the period following the 1974 revolution did not change things. It is only when the government was able to secure a majority and undertook administrative reforms that the political powers carved out a sphere of action beyond the administration. Since 1985 the power of bureaucracy has consequently diminished, however, as is shown by the Socialist Party's victory in 1995, civil servants exert a key influence in electoral and trade union matters.
La politisation de l’administration en Belgique : vers une nouvelle culture ?
Authors: Hondeghem Annie
Published: January 2024

Politicisation of Bureaucracy in Belgium : Towards a New Culture ?

In Belgium, the depoliticisation of bureaucracy, while still desired, has yet to be realised. Civil servants, despite displaying a degree of reticence towards engagement with the world of politics, are nonetheless required to involve themselves by necessity, particularly as regards questions of promotion and appointment. Their political role remains small however. Budgetary reforms and reforms aimed at halting the decline in confidence in the Belgian political system are modifying these relations. Interaction between the two parties is on the increase. Civil servants' engagement in politics ought to diminish as their role in adopting public policies increases. The depoliticisation of appointments is an essential condition for restoring citizens' confidence in the political system.
Politisation ou pratiques politiques habituelles ? Les Pays-Bas
Authors: van der Meer Frits M. , Raadschelders Jozef Cornelis Nicolaas
Published: January 2024

Politicisation or Politics as Usual : the Netherlands.

The 'pillar' structure of Dutch society favours the practice of compromise and the search for consensus. These characteristics are to be found in the relations between politics and administration. The expansion of public activities has forced politicians to abandon a proportion of their powers in favour of high level civil servants who have woken up to the political dimension of their function. Although the political, administrative and social elite acts as a single entity, these three branches retain their distinctive positions ; the differentiation between political and administrative competence is still utilised.
La non-fatalité de l’échec
Authors: Trosa Sylvie
Published: January 2024

Failure is not a Fatality.

This article tries to analyze the means to make a reform fail and by doing that make it succeed. The first cause of a setback is a negative attitude and when ideological positions freeze. It is recommended to adopt a positive modernization discourse, to avoid following the fashion of changing management methods. Other cases of failure are : a denial to delegate and to make strategic alliances, a mismanagement of time, an absence of concrete action plans, and a refusal to learn from the mistakes of the past. One must also have a vision of the future and establish a link between these strategic choices.
Évaluation des politiques de décentralisation en Afrique dans les années quatre-vingt-dix
Authors: Olowu Dele
Published: January 2024

Evaluating African Decentralisation Policies and Programmes of the 1990s

The onsets of liberalisation and democratisation have necessitated a third wave of decentralisation reforms in many African countries in the decade of the 1990s. The article discusses the extent to which the current decentralisation efforts have effectively tackled the problems, which bedevilled past efforts. It is shown that some countries in the region are indeed breaking new grounds. The paper concludes by suggesting areas that deserve greater scrutiny and assistance by African governments and development partners.
La décentralisation à Taiwan : un problème de capacité financière
Authors: Liao Kung-Jung
Published: January 2024

Decentralisation in Taiwan : the Question of Financial Capacities

Taiwan's economic development has been followed by a surge in demands made by citizens at the local level. The decentralisation movement linked to the democratisation process has led to a delegation of competence from the centre in favour of local authorities. This decentralisation, however, remains largely theoretical because of the marked centralisation of financial resources. Financial decentralisation must, therefore, be the next step.
Réflexions sur les relations entre politique et administration en Afrique
Authors: Adamolekun Ladipo
Published: January 2024

Reflection on the Politics and Administration Nexus in Africa

This paper reviews the problems posed at the interface between politicians and higher civil servants in Sub-Saharan African countries since independence. It argues that there has been more continuity than change in the patterns of relationships. Although the attempts to promote "unified" politico-administrative elites minimised conflicts in some countries during the single party era, it was at the expense of adequate development and utilisation of technical competence. In the other countries where separate domains of "political judgement" and "technical expertise" were recognised, neither was adequately developed in most cases, and the phenomenon of collusion in corrupt practices was widespread. Some of these problems have persisted while some changes are beginning to take root because of the emphasis on sound economic policies, political pluralism, and citizen empowerment.
La responsabilité des institutions supérieures de contrôle. Qui contrôle les contrôleurs ?
Authors: Wojciechowski Janusz
Published: January 2024

The Accountability of Supreme Audit Institutions - Who Controls the Controllers ?

Most institutions have recognised the need to establish specific units in order to carry out internal audits. Whatever their organisation and their competencies, the existence of these units improves the quality of work. Evaluations are generally extremely thorough. External checks are carried out usually by Parliament and the president of the institution is responsible for the budget. Administrative management is generally not subjected to external checks. The publication by most supreme audit institutions of reports of their activities and their budget allows for public debate.
L'inflexion des missions de l'Inspection générale de la police nationale : l'audit
Authors: Renaudin Frédéric
Published: January 2024

The Shift in Tasks of the General Inspection of the National Police : the Audit.

In recent years the traditional tasks of scrutiny carried out by the General Inspection of the National Police have shifted towards complementary tasks such as undertaking studies, evaluations and audits. The latter have a preventative dimension, although scrutiny of activities is often a necessary preliminary measure and this means that audits are often badly received by the service targeted. In constructing a detailed methodology for the audit and in putting it into practice, the General Inspection has seen its competencies enlarged and its tasks increased.
La réforme de la police en Belgique : un compromis à huit tentacules
Authors: Ponsaers Paul
Published: January 2024

The Reform of the Police in Belgium : a Compromise with Eight Tentacles.

Reflection upon reform of the police in Belgium began in the middle of the 1980s, following a large number of highly publicised ‘affairs’. The First stage of the reform process has been the demilitarisation of the police and the development of a strategy of inter-communal co-operation. This has been followed by more radical reform projects. A consensus among the different Belgian political forces has allowed an agreement to be found which constitutes one of the most important reforms ever known in Belgium.
La Banque de France et le système européen de banques centrales
Authors: Emfrun Bernard
Published: January 2024

The Bank of France and the European System of Central Banks ; The division of roles between national central banks and the European Central Bank follows the line of existing practices and seeks to optimise resources. It respects the principle of decentralisation which marks the European System of central banks. Applying the rule of subsidiarity the Bank of France retains its direct link with national banking and financial institutions and is developing its expertise to the extent that direct relations with economie actors are advantageous in permitting an exchange of information.
L’État administratif, mythe et réalité
Authors: Wright Vincent
Published: January 2024

The Administrative State : Myth and Reality ; To strengthen the administration while at the same time assuring its subordination : these were the objectives of the founders of the Fifth Republic. The resuit has many nuances. There hâve been numerous reforms but these hâve lacked cohérence. The réduction of the power of the administration is the resuit particularly of internal divisions and reflects its extremely diverse component parts. Controls over its activities hâve been stepped up and, naturally, the more the administration intervenes the more it exposes itself to extemal pressure groups with which it enjoys co-operative, if not dépendent, relationships.
La Vème République : du «droit de l’État à l’État de droit»
Authors: Wright Vincent
Published: January 2024

The Fifth Republic : From the Droit de l’État to the État de droit ? ; In 1958 the French legal System was the direct inheritor of a long tradition with its roots in the Ancien régime and which was characterised by a natural distrust of judicial authority. The Fifth Republic has been marked by a ‘judicialisation’ of public acts through the increased autonomy of French and European judicial authorities and through the advent of a control over the constitutionality of législation. This increase in the power and the rôle of the judiciary in public life is due to a great number of factors — démocratie, économie, social and political. Notably the judge plays the rôle of referee at the heart of political power and suppléments démocratie control mechanisms with regard to numerous affairs.
La fonction publique de carrière
Authors: Haro Bélchez Guillermo
Published: January 2024

The Career Civil Service.

The establishment of a career civil service remains an important objective for public administration in Mexico. An improvement in the quality of public service and the possibility of long-term planning are the principal desired effects. An examination of experiments undertaken since the 1920s shows the difficulties associated with the introduction of a career public service even one which is sectorial. While some progress has been made in the last few years there remains a lot left to do.
La chute de la Commission Santer
Authors: Stevens Anne
Published: January 2024

The Fall of the Santer Commission.

Analysis of the circumstances surrounding the resignation of the Santer Commission sheds light on a number of problems encountered by the Commission over several years. While some of these are in the process of resolution thanks to the new reform programme, the Commission’s legitimacy crisis runs the risk of having long-term effects on the functioning of Community institutions.
Mythes et réalités de la fonction publique communautaire
Authors: Féral Pierre-Alexis
Published: January 2024

Myths and Reality of the Community’s Civil Service.

In order to construct a satisfactory European order, it has been necessary to establish a Community civil service whose members are independent of their original national administration and who are dedicated to the defence of Community interests and not those of their respective nations. The Community civil service is a recent phenomenon ; but it is one which, from now on, must adapt to the new challenges of the European order. Through an appreciation of the number and status of European civil servants, it is possible to measure the influence of each of the Community institutions, and challenges to the special status of civil servants seem to be the best way to achieve the Community itself. Debate on the future status of Community civil servants is not without difficulties, but the adaptation of the service is a sine qua non of the quest to construct the European Union.
L’administration du Parlement européen au service des députés
Authors: Priestley Julian
Published: January 2024

The Administration of the European Parliament Serving its Members.

The administration of the European Parliament has evolved alongside the Parliament itself, which has seen a series of significant transformations and a progressive increase in its powers. The list of categories of personnel and the organisation of the General Secretariat reveal the many tasks with which it is charged. The functioning of the European Parliament over three geographical sites and its particular linguistic requirements profoundly affect the modes of organisation of the General Secretariat. The prospect of enlargement exacerbates the problems of space and translation.
Les organisations sportives et l’Union européenne : entre dérégulation et recherche de nouvelles règles
Authors: Miège Colin
Published: January 2024

Sporting Organisations and the European Union : Between Deregulation and the Quest for New Rules.

Sport has grown up as an autonomous activity with its own rules, defined by the International Sports Federation and recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). There is no reference made to sport anywhere in the European Community Treaties. Consequently, the appearance of the European Union at the centre of the regulation of sport may seem surprising. While, since 1974, the European Court of Justice has intervened in sport to the extent that it ‘constitutes an economic activity’, it was not until 1995 and the Bosman decision, that minds have really turned towards the development in recent years of the economic and commercial aspects of sport when practised at the highest levels. Moreover, the by-products of this development (violence, drug-taking, the unstoppable domination of the richest clubs) have revealed the insufficiency of the rules laid out by sporting federations and the IOC. It is against this background that a Declaration was signed by the member states of the European Union at the Nice summit in December 2000 concerning the specific characteristics of sport.
Le financement public du sport en France et en Europe. Justification et éléments de comparaison
Authors: Halba Bénédicte
Published: January 2024

The Public Financing of Sport in France and in Europe. Justification and Points of Comparison.

The amount of public money which is dedicated to sport certainly relates to the wealth of a country, but it represents above all a political choice which, moreover, depends upon the standing of the sporting community. Public powers, therefore, intervene in two respects : they finance sport, on the one hand, as part of the education system and, on the other, as a leisure activity for sportsmen and women in general. While initiated by States, policies relating to sporting infrastructures are presently organised at the local level.
L’intervention publique en matière de dopage
Authors: Lapouble Jean-Christophe
Published: January 2024

Public Intervention in the Area of Drug Taking.

Public intervention in the area of drug taking is just one aspect of a wider movement towards public involvement in the field of sports. This intervention has, first of all taken the form of random initiatives. Some States, including France, have adopted legislation with a variety of not necessarily compatible solutions, while the Council of Europe’s efforts have, for a long time, been largely marginalised. The European Convention of 16 November 1989 has opened up a phase of coordination, with the intervention of the European Union and the setting up of the World Anti-Doping Agency.
La réforme administrative au Vietnam
Authors: Tsuboi Yoshiharu
Published: January 2024

Administrative Reform in Vietnam

Economic crisis has brought about a liberalisation of the economy which has meant political and administrative changes realised through the adoption of a new Constitution. However, the actual implementation of administrative reforms is running up against both former political traditions and administrative sluggishness. Consequently an appraisal of current administrative reform in Vietnam necessarily paints a picture containing many contrasting features.
La réforme des prisons sous la Troisième République — une co-gestion d’acteurs publics et privés
Authors: Kaluszynski Martine
Published: January 2024

Prison Reform During the Third Republic Co-Management Between Public and Private Actors

Prison reform during the Third Republic was less the result of willingness on the part of central authority as a complex game of interaction between actors occupying different social spaces : the administration in charge of prisons and the General Inspectorate of Administrative Services, but also the High Council of Prisons and the General Society of Prisons. Detention policy thus appeared to be a rather institutionalised co-production by public and private actors.