bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Wide‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer Based on Quinoxalino[6,5‐f  ]quinoxaline for Fullerene and Non‐Fullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Pang Shuting , Liu Liqian , Sun Xiaofei , Dong Sheng , Wang Zhenfeng , Zhang Ruiwen , Guo Yiting , Li Weiwei , Zheng Nan , Duan Chunhui , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: April 2019

A wide‐bandgap conjugated polymer, PNQx‐2F2T, based on a ring‐fused unit of quinoxalino[6,5‐f  ]quinoxaline (NQx), is synthesized for use as electron donor in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The polymer shows intense light absorption in the range from 300 to 740 nm and favorable energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals. The polymer has afforded decent device performance when blended with either fullerene‐based acceptor [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butylric acid methyl ester ([70]PCBM) or non‐fullerene acceptor 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone‐methyl))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐n‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d: 2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (IT‐M). The highest PCEs of 7.9% and 7.5% have been achieved for [70]PCBM or IT‐M based PSCs, respectively. Moreover, the influence of molecular weight of PNQx‐2F2T on solar cell performance has been investigated. It is found that fullerene‐based devices prefer higher polymer molecular weight, while non‐fullerene devices are not susceptible to the molecular weight of PNQx‐2F2T. The device results are extensively explained by electrical and morphological characterizations. This work not only evidences the potential of NQx for constructing high‐performance photovoltaic polymers but also demonstrates a useful structure–performance relationship for efficiency enhancement of non‐fullerene PSCs via the development of new conjugated polymers.
Comparative osteology and osteometry of the coracoideum, humerus, and femur of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Koolstra Franciscus Johannes , Küchelmann Hans Christian , Ҫakirlar Canan
Published: April 2019

Fragmented skeletal remains of marine turtles occur frequently in archaeological and natural deposits on tropical and subtropical coasts. Identifying these remains to species based on their differential osteomorphology is vital to address questions pertaining to the historical ecology, archaeology, and conservation of marine turtles globally. Although the species‐specific features of extant marine turtle skulls and carapax are relatively well known, the comparative osteomorphology and osteometry of postcranial endoskeletons in closely related species of marine turtles remains unstudied. In this paper, we provide verbal descriptions, line drawings, and photographs of diagnostic morphological criteria for the coracoideum, the humerus, and the femur of two closely related species of Cheloniidae: Chelonia mydas (green turtle) and Caretta caretta (loggerhead), based on observations on modern skeletons. We also present osteometric indices of the humerus and the femur that can be used to distinguish between both species. We comment on the applicability of these criteria on archaeological marine turtle assemblages from the Mediterranean.
Exploitation of a promising flame‐retardant engineering plastics by molten composited polyketone and diethyl zinc phosphinate
Authors: Guo Shuo , Pu Shuiqin , Zhao Jing , Wang Ke , Fu Qiang
Published: April 2019

Aliphatic polyketone (POK) is a new engineering plastic owning outstanding mechanics, chemical resistance, and gas/liquid barrier properties. However, analogous to other polymers, the nature of combustion severely restricts the widespread application of POK. Herein, the diethyl zinc phosphinate (ZnPi) was compounded with three grades of POKs, which were different among each other in viscosity as low (L), medium (M), and high (H) levels, by melt mixing. It is intriguing to suggest that increasing the viscosity of POK could remarkably improve the dispersion homogeneity of ZnPi, which was beneficial to superior flame retardancy, simultaneously with comprehensive mechanical properties. For the H‐POK matrix, only 10% well‐dispersed ZnPi resulted in a V0 ranking with a good maintenance of its notched impact strength, whereas the load of ZnPi for reaching V0 rank increased to 14% in L‐POKs and M‐POKs and the mechanical performances decreased mildly. By a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry, it is well revealed that the flame retardancy induced by adding ZnPi could mainly ascribe to the formation of various zinc phosphate species. This work exploits a facile and feasible method for fabrication of antiflame engineering plastics, which will be promising for large‐scale applicability of high‐performance POK materials.
Selective extraction of terpenoid compounds of Juniperus communis L. wood in the medium of a binary solvent (supercritical CO2 with modifier)
Authors: Bogolitsyn Konstantin , Krasikova Anna , Gusakova Mariya , Ivakhnov Artyom , Gravitis Janis
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Juniperus communis L. is a wood species used in folk medicine since it has a variety of wood extractives with a wide range of pharmacological properties. The morphological features of juniper wood structure leads to the necessity for the application of activation, which facilitates extraction of wood extractives. The methods of thermochemical activation can be used to improve the existing schemes of extraction.

Objective

This work aims to develop methods that increase the selectivity and efficiency of the extraction of pharmacological biologically active substances from the Juniperus communis wood.

Methodology

The thermochemical activation of the juniper wood matrix involves treatment by steam explosion and the use of supercritical fluid extraction methods. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the components of the obtained extracts.

Results

It is shown that the supercritical fluid extraction by a binary solvent facilitates the extraction of the maximum amount of sesquiterpene and diterpene alcohols, terpene oxides and ketones. Extracts obtained during the two‐stage process with the traditional extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus at the first stage and the supercritical fluid extraction at the second, contain squalene as the main component. The two‐stage treatment with steam explosion at the first stage facilitates the extraction of the maximum amount of diterpene alcohols having the widest range of biological activity.

Conclusion

The research demonstrates the prospects of application of the methods of thermochemical activation of plant raw materials for the extraction of the wide spectrum of terpene components.
Identifying and classifying opioid‐related overdoses: A validation study
Authors: Green Carla A. , Perrin Nancy A. , Hazlehurst Brian , Janoff Shannon L. , DeVeaugh‐Geiss Angela , Carrell David S. , Grijalva Carlos G. , Liang Caihua , Enger Cheryl L. , Coplan Paul M.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The study aims to develop and validate algorithms to identify and classify opioid overdoses using claims and other coded data, and clinical text extracted from electronic health records using natural language processing (NLP).

Methods

Primary data were derived from Kaiser Permanente Northwest (2008–2014), an integrated health care system (~n > 475 000 unique individuals per year). Data includedInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision(ICD‐9) codes for nonfatal diagnoses,International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision(ICD‐10) codes for fatal events, clinical notes, and prescription medication records. We assessed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for algorithms relative to medical chart review and conducted assessments of algorithm portability in Kaiser Permanente Washington, Tennessee State Medicaid, and Optum.

Results

Code‐based algorithm performance was excellent for opioid‐related overdoses (sensitivity = 97.2%, specificity = 84.6%) and classification of heroin‐involved overdoses (sensitivity = 91.8%, specificity = 99.0%). Performance was acceptable for code‐based suicide/suicide attempt classifications (sensitivity = 70.7%, specificity = 90.5%); sensitivity improved with NLP (sensitivity = 78.7%, specificity = 91.0%). Performance was acceptable for the code‐based substance abuse‐involved classification (sensitivity = 75.3%, specificity = 79.5%); sensitivity improved with the NLP‐enhanced algorithm (sensitivity = 80.5%, specificity = 76.3%). The opioid‐related overdose algorithm performed well across portability assessment sites, with sensitivity greater than 96% and specificity greater than 84%. Cross‐site sensitivity for heroin‐involved overdose was greater than 87%, specificity greater than or equal to 99%.

Conclusions

Code‐based algorithms developed to detect opioid‐related overdoses and classify them according to heroin involvement perform well. Algorithms for classifying suicides/attempts and abuse‐related opioid overdoses perform adequately for use for research, particularly given the complexity of classifying such overdoses. The NLP‐enhanced algorithms for suicides/suicide attempts and abuse‐related overdoses perform significantly better than code‐based algorithms and are appropriate for use in settings that have data and capacity to use NLP.
Insight on the influence of nano zinc oxide on the thermal, dynamic mechanical, and flow characteristics of Poly(lactic acid)– zinc oxide composites
Authors: Shojaeiarani Jamileh , Bajwa Dilpreet , Jiang Long , Liaw Joshua , Hartman Kerry
Published: April 2019

Composites of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and spherical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared using melt processing followed by injection molding. The effect of nanosized ZnO on the molecular structure, thermal properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and flow characteristics of PLA composites were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy images illustrated the formation of ZnO aggregates through PLA matrix. The molecular weight of PLA‐ZnO experienced a substantial decline by 55%, suggesting the presence of ZnO provoked degradation of PLA during composite preparation. Glass transition temperature of PLA‐ZnO decreased by 18% as compared with pure PLA, confirming the deleterious role of ZnO in PLA. The ZnO nanoparticles acted as a reactant and increased the thermal degradation rate. However, the incorporation of ZnO into PLA increased the crystallinity up to 20% and the storage modulus of composites in glassy state by 10%. The higher peak value of tan δ in composites suggested the more viscous behavior, which was further supported by lower number average molecular weight. The complex viscosity of composites exhibited a large Newtonian region over low shear rate, followed by shear thinning phenomenon. A significant decrease (96%) in complex viscosity was observed with the addition of ZnO into PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1242–1249 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Gen , Gao Shutao , Gao Yang , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an
Published: April 2019

Rationale

Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool for the source apportionment and characterization of environmental transformation processes, especially for new emerging contaminants. In this study, we have developed an effective method for determination of the stable carbon isotope ratios of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers.

Methods

Three diastereoisomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α‐, β‐, and γ‐HBCD, were separated on a preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Their carbon isotope ratios were determined using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS), and compared with data obtained by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS).

Results

α‐, β‐, and γ‐HBCD were well separated by the preparative HPLC system. Method validation results indicated excellent precision and reproducibility. For a series of injection volumes (0.5 to 3 μL), the average carbon isotope ratios for α‐HBCD, β‐HBCD, and γ‐HBCD were −26.42‰, −26.88‰, and −26.43‰, respectively, and their deviations from those of the HBCD standard (−26.52‰) were all lower than the analytical uncertainty of 0.5‰. Relative standard deviations of intra‐day and inter‐day injections of HBCD were in the ranges 0.35–0.64% and 0.37–0.76%, respectively. Comparison with EA/IRMS further verified the accuracy of the HBCD stable carbon isotope ratio measured by GC/IRMS.

Conclusions

This work offers a novel approach to separate and concentrate the three major isomers of HBCD and to determine their stable carbon isotope ratios. This permits analysis of their carbon isotope ratios in environmental samples in order to elucidate the sources and abiotic or biological transformation processes of HBCD in the environment.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Irradiated Human Skin Have Diminished Capacity for Proliferation, Differentiation, Colony Formation, and Paracrine Stimulation
Authors: Johnson Maxwell B. , Niknam-Bienia Solmaz , Soundararajan Vinaya , Pang Brandon , Jung Eunson , Gardner Daniel J. , Xu Xingtian , Park Sun Y. , Wang Charles , Chen Xin , Baker Regina Y. , Chen Mei , Hong Young-Kwon , Li Wei , Wong Alex K.
Published: April 2019

Ionizing radiation, commonly used in the treatment of solid tumors, has unintended but deleterious effects on overlying skin and is associated with chronic nonhealing wounds. Skin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SMSCs) are a pluripotent population of cells that are critically involved in skin homeostasis and wound healing. The aim of this study was to isolate and functionally characterize SMSCs from human skin that was previously irradiated as part of neoadjuvant or adjuvant cancer therapy. To this end, SMSCs were isolated from paired irradiated and nonirradiated human skin samples. Irradiated SMSCs expressed characteristic SMSC markers at lower levels, had disorganized cytoskeletal structure, and had disordered morphology. Functionally, these cells had diminished proliferative capacity and substantial defects in colony-forming capacity and differentiation in vitro. These changes were associated with significant differential expression of genes known to be involved in skin physiology and wound healing. Conditioned media obtained from irradiated SMSCs affected fibroblast but not endothelial cell proliferation and migration. These results suggest that in situ damage to SMSCs during neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of slow or nonhealing radiation wounds. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:925–934
Hierarchical Nanoporous Copper Architectures via 3D Printing Technique for Highly Efficient Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Yongzheng , Sun Xiaohao , Nomura Naoyuki , Fujita Takeshi
Published: April 2019

Nanoporous metals represent a class of functional materials with unique bicontinuous open porous structural properties, making them ideal candidates for various catalyst applications. However, the pursuit of nanoporous properties, extremely small pores, and high surface area, results in the restriction of mass transport. Herein, a free‐standing hierarchical nanoporous Cu material, prepared by a selective laser melting 3D printing technique and a one‐step dealloying process, is presented as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. It is demonstrated that the digitally controlled hierarchical structure with macro‐ and nano‐scaled pores can be utilized for promoting and directing mass transport as well as for the enhancement of catalytic properties. This work highlights a facile, low‐cost, and alternative strategy for hierarchical nanoporous structure design that can be applied to binary, ternary, and quaternary metal alloys for various functional applications.
Scalable Synthesis of Switchable Assemblies of Gold Nanorod Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Xiao , Qi Genggeng , Park Albert Min Gyu , Rodriguez‐Gonzalez Arnaldo , Enotiadis Apostolos , Pan Wenyang , Kosma Vasiliki , Fuchs Gregory D. , Kirby Brian J. , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: April 2019

A new class of solvent free, lyotropic liquid crystal nanocomposites based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) with high nanorod content is reported. Application of shear results in switchable, highly ordered alignment of the nanorods over several centimeters with excellent storage stability for months. For the synthesis, AuNRs are surface functionalized with a charged, covalently tethered corona, which induces fluid‐like properties. This honey‐like material can be deposited on a substrate and a high orientational order parameter of 0.72 is achieved using a simple shearing protocol. Switching shearing direction results in realignment of the AuNRs. For a film containing 75 wt% of AuNRs the alignment persists for several months. In addition to the lyotropic liquid crystal characteristics, the AuNRs films also exhibit anisotropic electrical conductivity with an order of magnitude difference between the conductivities in direction parallel and perpendicular to the alignment of the AuNRs.
A Report from a Workshop of the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, Held in Collaboration of Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, 2017
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyun , Alderton Alex , Crook Jeremy M. , Benvenisty Nissim , Brandsten Catharina , Firpo Meri , Harrison Peter W. , Kawamata Shin , Kawase Eihachiro , Kurtz Andreas , Loring Jeanne F. , Ludwig Tenneille , Man Jennifer , Mountford Joanne C. , Turner Marc L. , Oh Steve , da Veiga Pereira Lygia , Pranke Patricia , Sheldon Michael , Steeg Rachel , Sullivan Stephen , Yaffe Michael , Zhou Qi , Stacey Glyn N.
Published: April 2019

This report summarizes the recent activity of the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative held at Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA, on June 18, 2017. In this meeting, we aimed to find consensus on ongoing issues of quality control (QC), safety, and efficacy of human pluripotent stem cell banks and their derivative cell therapy products for the global harmonization. In particular, assays for the QC testing such as pluripotency assays test and general QC testing criteria were intensively discussed. Moreover, the recent activities of global stem cell banking centers and the regulatory bodies were briefly summarized to provide an overview on global developments and issues. Stem Cells  2019;37:1130–1135
hnRNP-K Targets Open Chromatin in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Concert with Multiple Regulators
Authors: Bakhmet Evgeny I. , Nazarov Igor B. , Gazizova Adel R. , Vorobyeva Nadezhda E. , Kuzmin Andrey A. , Gordeev Mikhail N. , Sinenko Sergey A. , Aksenov Nikolai D. , Artamonova Tatyana O. , Khodorkovskii Mikhail A. , Alenina Natalia , Onichtchouk Daria , Wu Guangming , Schöler Hans R. , Tomilin Alexey N.
Published: April 2019

The transcription factor Oct4 plays a key regulatory role in the induction and maintenance of cellular pluripotency. In this article, we show that ubiquitous and multifunctional poly(C) DNA/RNA-binding protein hnRNP-K occupies Oct4 (Pou5f1) enhancers in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but is dispensable for the initiation, maintenance, and downregulation of Oct4 gene expression. Nevertheless, hnRNP-K has an essential cell-autonomous function in ESCs to maintain their proliferation and viability. To better understand mechanisms of hnRNP-K action in ESCs, we have performed ChIP-seq analysis of genome-wide binding of hnRNP-K and identified several thousands of hnRNP-K target sites that are frequently co-occupied by pluripotency-related and common factors (Oct4, TATA-box binding protein, Sox2, Nanog, Otx2, etc.), as well as active histone marks. Furthermore, hnRNP-K localizes exclusively within open chromatin, implying its role in the onset and/or maintenance of this chromatin state. Stem Cells  2019;37:1018–1029
Effective long distance $$ q\overline{q} $$ potential in holographic RG flows
Authors: Casalderrey-Solana Jorge , Gutiez Diego , Hoyos Carlos
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We study the

$$ q\overline{q} $$

q

q
¯

potential in strongly coupled non-conformal field theories with a non-trivial renormalization group flow via holography. We focus on the properties of this potential at an inter-quark separation L large compared to the characteristic scale of the field theory. These are determined by the leading order IR physics plus a series of corrections, sensitive to the properties of the RG-flow. To determine those corrections, we propose a general method applying holographic Wilsonian renormalization to a dual string. We apply this method to examine in detail two sets of examples, 3 + 1-dimensional theories with an RG flow ending in an IR fixed point; and theories that are confining in the IR, in particular, the Witten QCD and Klebanov-Strassler models. In both cases, we find corrections with a universal dependence on the inter-quark separation. When there is an IR fixed point, that correction decays as a power ∼ 1/L
4. We explain that dependence in terms of a double-trace deformation in a one-dimensional defect theory. For a confining theory, the decay is exponential ∼ e
−M L
, with M a scale of the order of the glueball mass. We interpret this correction using an effective flux tube description as produced by a background internal mode excitation induced by sources localized at the endpoints of the flux tube. We discuss how these results could be confronted with lattice QCD data to test whether the description of confinement via the gauge/gravity is qualitatively correct.
From Street Corners to Social Media: The Changing Location of Youth Citizenship in Guinea
Authors: Bergère Clovis
Published: April 2019

This study explores social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter in particular, as emergent sites of youth citizenship in Guinea. These need to be understood within a longer history of youth citizenship, one that includes street corners and other informal mediations of youth politics. This counters dominant discourses both within the Guinean public sphere and in academic research that decry Guinean social media practices as lacking, or Guinean youth as frivolous or inconsequential in their online political engagements. Instead, young Guineans’ emergent digital practices need to be approached as productive political engagements. This contributes to debates about African youths by examining the role of digital technologies in shaping young Africans’ political horizons.
Constitutional stability in japan not due to popular approval
Authors: Yokodaido Satoshi
Published: April 2019

The Japanese Constitution has never experienced any amendment since its enactment in 1947. This article claims that the reason is not the Japanese people’s support of it from the heart. The hypothesis presented in this article is that many other political, structural and cultural reasons have gradually deprived the Constitution’s normative force among people, and have made constitutional amendment unnecessary in Japanese politics.
Response to “Public law and populism”
Authors: Blokker Paul
Published: April 2019

The populist challenge to constitutional democracy—and constitutionalism as its modus operandi—is significant and raises deep questions regarding the nature of modern democracy. A crucial question pertains to the challenge that our existing (but eroding) democratic systems faces. The way we perceive this challenge is essential for our descriptive and prescriptive contributions. The first, perhaps most widely embraced view, is to perceive populism as a ‘disease’, ‘deviation’, or ‘pathology’ of existing democracy. A second view understands contemporary ‘neo-populisms’ rather as one particular instance of a rather profound, complex, and long-term set of transformations of democracy. Where we stand on this matter is of great importance, as the feasibility and potential success of our responses and solutions depend on our description of the problem. Many of the contributions to this special issue clearly go beyond the current state-of-the-art, in which populism and constitutionalism are often seen as mutually exclusive categories. The special issue provides ample reflection on intrinsic problems in constitutional democracy itself, and, taken as a whole, stimulates a self-reflexive and historically informed scrutiny of the modern projects of liberal democracy and constitutionalism, so as to provide due acknowledgement of the political and conflictive origins of the project, as well as of its current deficits.
Direct numerical simulations of hypersonic boundary-layer transition for a flared cone: fundamental breakdown
Authors: Hader Christoph , Fasel Hermann F.
Published: April 2019

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were carried out to investigate the laminar–turbulent transition for a flared cone at Mach 6 at zero angle of attack. The cone geometry of the flared cone experiments in the Boeing/AFOSR Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel (BAM6QT) at Purdue University was used for the simulations. In the linear regime, the largest integrated spatial growth rates ($N$-factors) for the primary instability were obtained for a frequency of approximately $f=300~\text{kHz}$. Low grid-resolution simulations were carried out in order to identify the azimuthal wavenumber that led to the strongest growth rates with respect to the secondary instability for a fundamental and subharmonic resonance scenario. It was found that for the BAM6QT conditions the fundamental resonance is much stronger compared to the subharmonic resonance. Subsequently, for the case which led to the strongest fundamental resonance onset, detailed investigations were carried out using high-resolution DNS. The simulation results exhibit streamwise streaks of very high skin friction and of high heat transfer at the cone surface. Streamwise ‘hot’ streaks on the flared cone surface were also observed in the experiments carried out at the BAM6QT facility using temperature sensitive paint. The presented findings provide strong evidence that the fundamental breakdown is a dominant and viable path to transition for the BAM6QT conditions.
Some friends matter more than others: BMI clustering among adolescents in four European countries
Authors: Grund Thomas U. , Tatum Travis
Published: April 2019

Previous research stresses the importance of social networks for obesity. We draw on friendship data from 18,133 adolescents in four European countries to investigate the relationship between individuals’ body mass index (BMI) and the BMI of their friends. Our study reveals strong evidence for BMI clustering in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden; adolescents tend to be friends with others who have a similar BMI. Furthermore, we extend current debate and explore friendship characteristics that moderate the relationship between social networks and BMI. We demonstrate that BMI clustering is more pronounced in (1) strong compared to weak friendships and (2) between adolescents of the same biological sex. These findings indicate thatmore research on social networks and health is needed which distinguishes between different kinds of relationships.
Hume on Belief and Vindicatory Explanations
Authors: Smith Benedict
Published: April 2019

Hume's account of belief is understood to be inspired by allegedly incompatible motivations, one descriptive and expressing Hume's naturalism, the other normative and expressing Hume's epistemological aims. This understanding assumes a particular way in which these elements are distinct: an assumption that I dispute. I suggest that the explanatory-naturalistic aspects of Hume's account of belief are not incompatible with the normative-epistemological aspects. Rather, at least for some central cases of belief formation that Hume discusses at length, S's coming to believe thatpcan be explained in a way that vindicates S's belief thatp.
PANAEOLUS (AGARICALES) FROM WESTERN PARANÁ STATE, SOUTH BRAZIL, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES, PANAEOLUS SYLVATICUS
Authors: Silva-Filho A. G. S. , Seger C. , Cortez V. G.
Published: April 2019

Three species of Panaeolus were collected in the western region of Paraná State, South Brazil. Panaeolus sylvaticus is proposed as a new species, based on macro- and micromorphological features and substrate (rotten wood and litter). Panaeolus antillarum and P. papilionaceus var. parvisporus, two coprophilous and widely distributed species, are also reported. All species are illustrated and discussed in detail, regarding their taxonomy, ecology and distribution. A key to the known species of Panaeolus from Paraná State is presented.
Commentary: Embracing Culture as Essential to Pacific People
Authors: Vakalahi Halaevalu F.O.
Published: April 2019

The existing written literature on Pacific people is generally limited and available information is often incomplete, inaccurate or outdated. In many geographical locations, including the United States, literature focusing specifically on Pacific people is extremely sparse because it is often subsumed within broader coverage of people throughout the Asia-Pacific region. As such, the experiences are often trivialised. The Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology is filling gaps in contemporary psychology. It is exposing the world to the phenomenally rich and diverse cultures and people of the Pacific Rim. This is not only groundbreaking; it is also a form of social justice work. It advocates the use of a cultural lens in viewing the world and human behaviour; in this case a Pacific-culture lens that emphasises inclusivity, collectivity and reciprocity. Helping to promote a social justice movement that celebrates and honours the rich and extraordinarily diverse region of the Pacific will continue to contribute to the betterment of research, services and programming in today's diverse society. Furthermore, it will contribute to the journal's quest to become a preferred forum for the ??First People of the Pacific inside and outside of their Pacific home.
Frictional Properties of Simulated Chlorite Gouge at Hydrothermal Conditions: Implications for Subduction Megathrusts
Authors: Okamoto Ayumi S. , Verberne Berend A. , Niemeijer André R. , Takahashi Miki , Shimizu Ichiko , Ueda Tadamasa , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: April 2019

Chlorite is abundant at hypocentral depths in subduction zones and is likely to play a key role in controlling megathrust slow slip and catastrophic rupture. However, no data exist on the frictional properties of chlorite(‐rich) fault rocks under the hydrothermal conditions relevant for the subduction seismogenic zone. We report results from experiments conducted under such conditions, using chlorite powders prepared from single crystal clinochlore (Mg‐chlorite), as well as limited experiments using a stack of single crystal sheets. Shear experiments were carried out at effective normal stresses (σn) of 100 to 400 MPa, pore fluid pressures (Pf) of 50 to 220 MPa, and at temperatures (T) of 22 to 600 °C, using stepped displacement rates (v) from 0.3 to 100 μm/s. The gouges are characterized by a coefficient of friction (μ) of 0.2–0.3 at T ≤ 400 °C and 0.3–0.4 at 500–600 °C, while (a‐b) values showed positive values for nearly all conditions tested, except at 300 °C. Microstructures of gouges sheared at T ≤ 300 °C show evidence for widespread comminution, compared with a lower porosity at 600 °C. Experiments using a stack of single crystal sheets showed μ ≤ 0.008 at low displacements (<3 mm) followed by hardening, while microstructures are suggestive of slip along (001), folding and tear of cleavage planes, and gouge production. Our results have important implications for the mechanisms controlling megathrust fault slip under greenschist facies conditions in a subduction zone and shed new light on the strain accommodation mechanisms within sheared gouges versus single crystals composed of phyllosilicates.
Distinct Propagation Characteristics of Intraseasonal Variability Over the Tropical West Pacific
Authors: Gonzalez Alex O. , Jiang Xianan
Published: April 2019

Tropical intraseasonal variability, with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) as its most prominent mode, exerts extensive influences on global weather extremes. It is found that strong interannual variability of intraseasonal convection exists in the west Pacific (WP), in the form of years with strong eastward propagation (i.e., associated with the MJO) and years with strong westward propagation. Years with strong westward propagation on intraseasonal timescales are dominated by a westward propagating intraseasonal mode (WPIM), which is the second leading intraseasonal mode after the MJO over the tropical WP. Initiated over the central Pacific, the WPIM exhibits slow equatorial westward propagation (5 m/s) with a period of 25 days and a spatial scale of zonal wave number 3–4. Unlike the MJO, the WPIM lacks a significant tilt with height in specific humidity and vertical velocity. A strong anticorrelation is found between MJO and WPIM activity on interannual timescales over the WP. Budget analyses of the moist static energy suggest that both modes are driven by horizontal moist static energy advection and that substantial differences in winter mean large‐scale moisture and zonal winds largely define their distinct propagation behaviors. The WPIM is favored, while the MJO is suppressed when mean equatorial low‐level easterlies between 150°E and 160°W are enhanced and equatorial mean low‐level moisture is reduced near the Dateline and enhanced in the off‐equatorial WP (110°–150°E). While the WPIM bears resemblance to low‐frequency equatorial Rossby waves, a more detailed analysis must be conducted to affirm if they are the same phenomenon.
Titan’s Northern Lake District Has Hidden Depths
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: April 2019

Radar and infrared data from flybys reveal new details about Titan’s northern lakes.
Work-related risk factors for sciatica leading to hospitalization
Authors: Euro Ulla , Heliövaara Markku , Shiri Rahman , Knekt Paul , Rissanen Harri , Aromaa Arpo , Karppinen Jaro
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the general strenuousness of work and various physical exposures on the risk of hospitalization for sciatica. The study population consisted of Finns aged 30 to 59 who had participated in a national health examination survey in 1978–80 (N = 3891). The participants were followed up until the end of 2011 and information on work-related determinants was acquired by a questionnaire. After adjustment for confounders, sedentary work involving handling fairly heavy objects/physically light work (HR 1.57; 95% CI 1.05–2.34), lifting or carrying heavy objects (2.10; 1.35–3.26) and exposure to whole-body vibration (1.61; 0.95–2.72) predicted sciatica, whereas heavier workloads appeared to reduce its risk (0.48; 0.26–0.89). There was an interaction between body mass index and exposure to whole-body vibration for the risk of sciatica. Overweight (1.94; 0.96–3.93) and obese (3.50; 1.44–8.46) participants exposed to whole-body vibration were at an increased risk of sciatica. Individuals of normal weight who were exposed to vibration, and overweight and obese individuals who were not exposed to vibration were not at an increased risk. The risk of hospitalization for sciatica seems to be highest among obese individuals exposed to whole-body vibration and among those lifting or carrying heavy objects.
DNA three-way junction-actuated strand displacement for miRNA detection using a fluorescence light-up Ag nanocluster probe
Authors: Zhang Xue , Liu Su , Song Xiaolei , Wang Haiwang , Wang Jingfeng , Wang Yu , Huang Jiadong , Yu Jinghua
Published: April 2019

MiRNA detection is realized by DNA three-way junction-actuated strand displacement and a fluorescence light-up Ag nanocluster probe.
Radical cations of twisted acenes: chiroptical properties and spin delocalization
Authors: Bedi Anjan , Carmieli Raanan , Gidron Ori
Published: April 2019

A series of enantiopure twistacene radical cations display dependency of the chiroptical properties and the EPR signal on the backbone twist.
A Zn(ii) metal–organic framework constructed by a mixed-ligand strategy for CO2 capture and gas separation
Authors: Zou Lifei , Yuan Jiaqi , Yuan Yang , Gu Jiaming , Li Guanghua , Zhang Lirong , Liu Yunling
Published: April 2019

A microporous Zn(ii) metal–organic framework has been assembled using a mixed-ligand strategy, and it exhibits high capture ability for CO2 and good selectivity for CO2/CH4, C2H6/CH4 and C3H8/CH4.
The correlation between electrical conductivity and second-order Raman modes of laser-reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Ma Bing , Rodriguez Raul D. , Ruban Alexey , Pavlov Sergey , Sheremet Evgeniya
Published: April 2019

Second-order Raman modes correlate with the electrical properties of reduced graphene oxide measured at the nanoscale by atomic force microscopy.
Conversion mechanism of enoyl thioesters into acyl thioesters catalyzed by 2-enoyl-thioester reductases from Candida Tropicalis
Authors: Ling Baoping , Li Hong , Yan Lijuan , Liu Rutao , Liu Yongjun
Published: April 2019

Enoyl thioester reductase from Candida tropicalis (Etr1p) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of enoyl thioesters into acyl thioesters, which are essential in fatty acid and second metabolite biosynthesis.
Pressure-dependent rate rules for cycloaddition, intramolecular H-shift, and concerted elimination reactions of alkenyl peroxy radicals at low temperature
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Zong Wengang , Wang Jingbo , Li Zerong , Li Xiangyuan
Published: April 2019

The reactions of cycloaddition, intramolecular H-shift and concerted elimination of alkenyl peroxy radicals are three kinds of important reactions in the low temperature combustion of alkenes.
Tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of antimonene nanosheets via point defects and external fields: first-principles calculations
Authors: Bafekry Asadollah , Ghergherehchi Mitra , Farjami Shayesteh Saber
Published: April 2019

Defects are inevitably present in materials, and their existence in a material strongly affects its fundamental physical properties.
Voltammetric demonstration of thermally induced natural convection in aqueous solution
Authors: Li Danlei , Batchelor-McAuley Christopher , Chen Lifu , Compton Richard G.
Published: April 2019

In electrochemical systems imperfect thermostating inevitably leads to the presence of bulk convective flows.
Oxidation of uranium(iv) thiocyanate complexes: cation–cation interactions in mixed-valent uranium coordination chains
Authors: Nuzzo Stefano , van Leusen Jan , Twamley Brendan , Platts James A. , Kögerler Paul , Baker Robert J.
Published: April 2019

Oxidation of Cs4[U(NCS)8] in different solvents results in two mixed-valent uranium compounds. Spectroscopic, magnetic and computational data support a unique [UIVUVUIV][UVI] oxidation state assignment in [U(DMF)8(μ-O)U(NCS)5(μ-O)U(DMF)7(NCS)][UO2(NCS)5].
Correction: A flow focusing microfluidic device with an integrated Coulter particle counter for production, counting and size characterization of monodisperse microbubbles
Authors: Rickel J. M. Robert , Dixon Adam J. , Klibanov Alexander L. , Hossack John A.
Published: April 2019

Correction for ‘A flow focusing microfluidic device with an integrated Coulter particle counter for production, counting and size characterization of monodisperse microbubbles’ by J. M. Robert Rickel et al., Lab Chip, 2018, 18, 2653–2664.
Amorphous MoS2 decorated on uniform Cd0.8Zn0.2S microspheres with dramatically improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance
Authors: Chai Bo , Yan Juntao , Fan Guozhi , Song Guangsen , Wang Chunlei
Published: April 2019

A series of Cd1−xZnxS solid solutions and samples of amorphous MoS2 decorated on Cd1−xZnxS microspheres were successfully prepared.
Identification and Expression of Themes Depicted in Visual Scene and Grid Displays by Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Thiessen Amber , Brown Jessica , Freeland Tonya , Brewer Chung Hwa
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The study purpose was to compare the speed and accuracy with which people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) identified themes depicted in visual scene and grid displays. Additionally, we compared the verbal responses associated with the 2 display types to determine whether adults with TBI tended to produce more action or naming messages.

Method

Thirteen adults with and 13 without TBI viewed grid and visual scene displays matched for content and theme. They then provided verbal responses stating the theme or central idea of each image.

Results

Although no significant differences were noted between groups for theme identification accuracy, adults with TBI required significantly more time than adults without TBI to process both display types. Both participant groups more rapidly and accurately identified visual scenes than grid displays. Additionally, participants with and without TBI produced more action messages in response to visual scenes and naming messages in response to grid displays.

Conclusions

This investigation provides preliminary evidence that themes that depicted visual scenes maybe more rapidly and accurately identified than those depicted in grid displays. Additionally, visual scenes may more effectively represent action messages, and grids may more effectively represent naming messages for people with TBI.
Auditory Gating and Extended High-Frequency Thresholds in Normal-Hearing Adults With Minimal Tinnitus
Authors: Campbell Julia , LaBrec Alison , Bean Connor , Nielsen Mashhood , So Won
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The goal of this study was to assess whether peripheral auditory sensitivity in frequency regions above 8 kHz is related to central inhibitory function, as measured through a sensory gating paradigm, in normal-hearing adults with tinnitus (TINN) and without tinnitus (NTINN). The contribution of gating processes and peripheral sensitivity in extended high frequencies to tinnitus severity was evaluated via a hierarchical multiple regression method.

Method

Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded in response to pairs of tones in normal-hearing adults without tinnitus, NTINN (
n
= 45), and adults with tinnitus, TINN (
n
= 21). CAEP peak component amplitude, latency, and gating indices were compared and correlated with extended high-frequency (EHF) pure-tone averages (PTAs) across groups and with tinnitus severity. An exploratory analysis was performed to investigate gating variability within the TINN group. Based on Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (Newman, Jacobson, & Spitzer, 1996) median scores, the TINN group was categorized into low- and high-median subgroups, and gating indices were compared between these subgroups. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the amount of variance accounted for in the TINN group.

Results

Decreased gating via the CAEP Pa component and increased gating via the N1 component correlated with increased tinnitus severity, even in individuals who would traditionally be classified as having no tinnitus handicap. In the TINN group, lower EHF PTA thresholds correlated with tinnitus severity and decreased Pa gating. Individuals with a greater severity of tinnitus demonstrated atypical gating function reflected in both Pa and N1 components. Gating function and EHF PTA accounted for significant variance regarding tinnitus severity.

Conclusions

A trade-off between lower and higher level gating function was observed in adults with normal hearing and tinnitus, indicative of higher order compensatory mechanisms. Better cochlear sensitivity in extended high frequencies was related to decreased lower level gating processes and increased tinnitus THI scores, suggestive of an interaction between decreased gating and heightened auditory awareness. We are currently exploring whether gating processes in this population are compensatory, and the role of gating in auditory awareness.
Analysis of uterine EMG signals in term and preterm conditions using generalised Hurst exponent features
Authors: Punitha N. , Ramakrishnan S.
Published: April 2019

An attempt has been made in this Letter to analyse term (week of gestation (WOG) >37) and preterm (WOG ≤ 37) conditions using uterine electromyography (uEMG) signals and generalised Hurst exponent (GHE) features. For this analysis, public database signals recorded from the surface of abdomen are considered. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis is performed on the signals and the GHE is calculated. From the exponent, seven features are extracted and data‐balancing based on synthetic minority over‐sampling technique is used to retain a balanced feature contribution by the term and preterm records. Two classification algorithms namely, Naive Bayes and logistic regression (LR) are employed to classify the signals. Ten‐fold cross validation approach is executed and the performance is validated using accuracy, precision and recall. The results show the uEMG signals exhibit multifractal characteristics and five GHE features are significant in distinguishing the term and preterm uEMG signals. The LR classifier gives the highest accuracy of 97.8%. Therefore, it appears that the multifractal Hurst exponent features in combination with LR classifier can be used as biomarkers for predicting the preterm or term delivery during the early stage of gestation.
Effects of dust evolution on protoplanetary disks in the mid-infrared
Authors: Greenwood A. J. , Kamp I. , Waters L. B. F. M. , Woitke P. , Thi W.-F.
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we couple the dust evolution code two-pop-py with the thermochemical disk modelling code ProDiMo. We create a series of thermochemical disk models that simulate the evolution of dust over time from 0.018 to 10 Myr, including the radial drift, growth, and settling of dust grains. We examine the effects of this dust evolution on mid-infrared gas emission, focusing on the mid-infrared spectral lines of C2H2, CO2, HCN, NH3, OH, and H2O, which are readily observable with Spitzer and the upcoming E-ELT and JWST. The addition of dust evolution acts to increase line fluxes by reducing the population of small dust grains. We find that the spectral lines of all species except C2H2 respond strongly to dust evolution; line fluxes increase by more than an order of magnitude across the model series as the density of small dust grains decreases over time. The C2H2 line fluxes are extremely low because of a low abundance in the infrared line-emitting regions, even though C2H2 is commonly detected with Spitzer, suggesting that warm chemistry in the inner disk may need further investigation. Finally, we find that the CO2 flux densities increase more rapidly than the other species as the dust disk evolves. This suggests that the flux ratios of CO2 to other species may be lower in disks with less-evolved dust populations.
A Practical, Large-Scale Synthesis of p-(Difluoroiodo)toluene (p-TolIF2)
Authors: Tao Jason , Murphy Graham K.
Published: April 2019

p-(Difluoroiodo)toluene (p-TolIF2) is a versatile fluorinating agent that acts as both a surrogate for elemental fluorine, and as a source of ‘electrophilic’ fluorine. Described here is a detailed three-step synthesis of p-TolIF2, carried out on a 50 mmol scale, that consistently provides high-quality product that is suitable for long-term storage. The reactions employ inexpensive, readily available starting materials and reagents, and uses the commodity chemical 48% aqueous HF as the source of fluorine atoms.