bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity and associated factors among the residents of field practice area of urban health centre in North Andhra
Authors: Vennam Bodhi Sri Vidya , Nagamani N. G. , Manasa R. V. , P. Sanjana , R. Prasantha Ratna
Published: September 2018

Background: Obesity is becoming an important public health problem in India. The objectives were to know the prevalence of obesity (generalized obesity, abdominal obesity), to know the difference in prevalence of abdominal obesity with respect to waist circumference and waist hip ratio, to know the factors associated with obesity.Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study done at field practice area of urban health centre. 306 study subjects (15-65 years) were included into the study. A semi-structured schedule was applied. Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 was considered as generalized obesity. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio were calculated.Results: The prevalence of generalized obesity was 35.6%. Abdominal obesity was rose from 56.2% to 76.1% when waist-hip ratio was taken as parameter instead of waist circumference. Most of the study subjects were not physically active.Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is high among study subjects.
Study on knowledge about gestational diabetes mellitus and its risk factors among antenatal mothers attending care, urban Chidambaram
Authors: Lakshmi D. , John William Felix A. , Devi R. , Manobharathi M.
Published: September 2018

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing epidemiological problem. GDM is defined as the glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Treatment of GDM is important to avoid maternal and fetal complications. The objectives of this study was to assess the knowledge about GDM among antenatal mothers and to find out the association between knowledge and demographic factors.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was done among 191 antenatal mothers in Maternity Health Centre and Government Hospital, Chidambaram during September 2017. A pre tested questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about GDM among all antenatal mothers attending OP.Results: Among the participants, 49.2% were in the age group of 21–25 years, 93.7% of them were housewives, 56.0% of them have studied up to higher secondary level and 72.8% of them were living in rural areas. In this study it was found that 35.2% of the participants had adequate knowledge about GDM and 21.5% had adequate knowledge about its risk factors. Education and residence were found to be associated with knowledge and risk factors of GDM which is statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: The knowledge of antenatal women on GDM was just average. There is a need for training the physicians, paramedical people, and public regarding GDM. Health education programs must be conducted to improve the awareness among antenatal women for better utilization of health services. A regular screening of GDM among all pregnant women should be promoted in all health centres.
Adolescent pregnancy and its outcomes: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Paladugu Radha Kumari , Donipudi Pavan Chand , Chimata Divya , Jasti Manasa
Published: September 2018

Background: Teenage or adolescent pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that teenage mothers are more likely to experience pregnancy-related complications and maternal death compared to adult mothers. Hence, this study was conducted to study the socio-demographic profile and the maternal and fetal outcomes associated with teenage pregnancy and compare it with those of mothers aged 20-30 years.Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Government General Hospital, Guntur from April 2016 to October 2016. 50 adolescent mothers aged <19 years and 50 mothers aged 20-30 years were respectively selected as cases and controls. Data on socio-demographic profile, obstetric complications and fetal outcome was collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview. Data was analysed by entering it in MS Excel worksheet.Results: Mean age was 18.2 years in adolescent mothers and 23.2 years in controls. Mean age at marriage was 17.3 years in adolescent mothers and 19.9 years in adults. Among teenage mothers 48% were Hindus, 72% upper lower socio-economic class, 88% from rural areas, 32% illiterates, 72% housewives and 32% had consanguineous marriages. Prevalence of under-nutrition (36% vs 14%, p<0.05), PROM (20% vs 4%, p<0.05), PPH (20% vs 4%, p<0.05) was significantly higher in adolescent mothers compared to adults. Prevalence of PIH was significantly lower in adolescent mothers compared to adults (8% vs 28%, p<0.05).Conclusions: Complications like maternal under-nutrition, PROM, PPH, preterm delivery and low birth weight babies were higher in teenage mothers compared to adult mothers. PIH was higher in adult mothers compared to adolescent mothers.
A study on evaluation of utilization of antenatal care services in a rural area of North Kerala, India
Authors: B. C. Sateesh , K. H. Rajeev
Published: September 2018

Background: Antenatal care is the care of the woman during her pregnancy. The primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve at the end of a pregnancy a healthy mother and a healthy baby National Health Mission mainly aims at reduction in maternal, neonatal, infant mortality and increasing institutional deliveries. This study was conducted to evaluate the antenatal care services utilization in a rural area of North Kerala among the women who delivered in the past six months. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antenatal care services utilization among the women who delivered in the past six months in a rural area of North Kerala.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in the rural field practice area of Kannur Medical College, Kannur among women who delivered in the past 6 months by using convenient sampling method. A total of 150 mothers were interviewed using pre-validated, semi structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.2±3.4 years. About 98% (147) mothers had at least four ANC visits, all mothers had two doses or one booster dose of TT injections and 90% (135) consumed minimum hundred IFA tablets during pregnancy. Around 96% (144) of the mothers have received the full antenatal care during pregnancy.Conclusions: Our study showed that, the full antenatal care services utilization by the mothers is better compared to National and State averages. But there is slightly increased level of delivery by caesarean which is a matter of concern.
Breastfeeding practices of nursing mothers in Tamil Nadu: a hospital based cross sectional study
Authors: S. Shalini , S. Gopalakrishnan
Published: September 2018

Background: Breastfeeding is an essential component of maternal and child health. It has been envisaged that early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding are two key factors, which prevent mortalities relating to newborn and infants, and is also a great source of health and wellbeing of the mother and child. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and the reasons for delay among postnatal mothers, in selected health centers in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu.Methods: This hospital based cross sectional study was carried out among 450 post natal mothers who delivered in primary, secondary and tertiary care government hospitals in Chennai and its peripheries. The participants were selected by two-stage sampling. A pre-tested structured interview schedule was used to elicit data regarding breastfeeding practices. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 software and results presented using descriptive and analytical statistics.Results: A majority of the study participants (84.2%) belonged to 21–30 years age group and 48% mothers had normal delivery while 52% had a caesarean section. The prevalence rate of early initiation of breastfeeding was 55.8%. The reasons for delay in early initiation of breastfeeding were found to be due to ignorance of the mother (28.2%), pain after delivery (27.2%), respiratory distress (11.1%) and low birth weight of babies (7.5%).Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need for an increased effort to propagate and popularize the concept of early initiation of breastfeeding among the community, especially to antenatal mothers.
A study of non-communicable diseases risk factors among the tribal population of Lefunga block, Tripura: cross sectional study
Authors: Kumar Aman , Choudhury Rupali , Yadav Sushma
Published: September 2018

Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease is increasing both globally and in India. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of risk factors associated with non-communicable disease and to study the association of the risk factors with non-communicable disease among tribal population of Lefunga Block of Tripura.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lefunga block during April to June 2017 among 150 Indigenous tribal population of Tripura. Multistage random sampling was used. A predesigned, pretested, semi-structured modified WHO STEPs questionnaire was used. Chi square and Multiple Logistic Regression was done to see association.Results: Mean age was 39.03±12.76 years. Majority (66.7%) were females and (44.7%) had studied up to secondary. (26%) were tobacco smokers and (68%) were tobacco chewing. (36%) were alcoholic. (89.3%) had exercising for <2.5 hrs. 68% were taking vegetables >10 times/ week and 88.7% were taking fruits <5 times/week. (26%) were overweight, (45.3%) had abdominal obesity and 31% were hypertensive. 93.3% were aware of the harmful effects of tobacco consumption. Multiple logistic regression analysis showing factors associated with male were more likely to had higher abdominal obesity and alcohol user >50 yrs, government employee. With smoking, male having more chances of smoking and Age group of 20-30 yrs and 31-40 yrs.Conclusions: The mean age was 39.03±12.76 years. (26%) were overweight, (45.3%) had abdominal obesity and (31%) were hypertensive. NCD clinic, IEC should be increased.
Anti retroviral therapy adherence and its determinants among patients attending ART centre, Bhopal
Authors: Bhagat Vimal Kishor , Chellaiyan D. Vinoth Gnana , Kumar Gokul , Bhatnagar Archana , Adhikary Mrinmoy
Published: September 2018

Background: Antiretroviral drugs delay progression of HIV disease and improve the quality of life in the HIV infected people. A very high levels of adherence is required for ART to be effective long term and to prevent the emergence of resistant viral strains. The objectives were to assess the adherence of anti-retro viral treatment and its determinants and to estimate the status of CD4 count before and after ART in HIV patients.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted in ART center Hamidia hospital at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. 256 participants with HIV who had registered in the center and receiving ART for the past 6 months were included in the study. A predesigned questionnaire was used for the study. Data was analysed using Epi Info. The significance of proportion were calculated using chi square test (p<0.05).Results: All the respondents knew that unprotected sexual contact, contaminated Blood transfusion and infected syringes were the major modes of transmission of HIV. About 60 (41.96%) in 143 patient with CD4 count <200 improved to >350. Majority of respondents 195 (76.17%) missed the dose often and 61 (23.83%) did not miss the dose at all. The major reasons for missing dose of ART regimen were forgot to take medicines (57.95%), alcoholic state (26.15%) and long duration of treatment (47.17%).Conclusions: The majority of patient missed the doses due to socio demographic and treatment related factors. A good treatment adherence is linked with the good quality drug and better environment in the clinics throughout the treatment period.
Study on morbidity pattern of neonates admitted to special new born care unit of M.K.C.G. medical college hospital with special reference to hypoglycemia
Authors: Sethy Geetanjali , Jena Dhaneswari , Pradhan Santosh , Jena Pravati , Sethy Debasish
Published: September 2018

Background: Children under five are most fragile group of population and so subjected to high mortality and morbidity. Among them, neonatal group is highly suseptible due to poor adaptation of their premature organ system. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common co-morbid condition contributing to mortality. The objective of the study was to assess the etiology and clinical profile of neonatal hypoglycemia among the neonates admitted to special newborn care unit and to assess the co-morbidity pattern among them.Methods: Type of study was hospital based cross-sectional study at SNCU of MKCG Medical College Berhampur, Odisha. Sample size was 204 neonates who developed hypoglycaemia (blood glucose level <40 mg/dl). Study period was 2016-2017 statistical tests used-percentage and proportion. Statistical software used- SPSS 16 version.Results: Out of total 2616 admission during study period, the incidence of hypoglycemia was 7.79%.52% were male babies and 58% were out borns. Among the maternal causes, anemia was the most common cause (37.7%). Low birth weight was highest (55.8%) among neonatal factors. Jitteriness and tremor were the major symptoms (32.5% cases). Lethargy and poor feeding were presenting symptoms (19.6% cases). On analysing the outcome, 7.8% neonate died and 78.4% recovered.Conclusions: Being a common co morbid condition and presented with other neonatal problems it is more seen among outborn males and anemic mothers. Cause may be delay in initiation of feeding and interruption of feeding on the way during referral. However proper counseling should be given to caretaker of referral case about feeding on the way. Early detection of hypoglycemia is important to reduce mortality and prevent future sequelae in sick newborns.
Letter to editor: its importance and drawbacks
Authors: Dkhar Sabira Aalia
Published: September 2018

Letter to editors are one of the types of manuscript which is published in a journal. It is important to know how they help in the field of research. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the importance and drawbacks of letters to editor. This study was conducted by searching different websites such as Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The literature shows that letter to editor serve as a control measure for researchers. Whereas it can also be used to damage a reputation of a researcher.
Biowarfare: Where do we stand?
Authors: Shringarpure Kalpita S. , Brahme Keyur
Published: September 2018

Use of biological weapons has dated since times immemorial and the fear of such weapons in sync with the ever growing technology looms large on every part of the world. Biological warfare dates long back, when Hannibal first used the ‘serpents’ in earthen pots to be hurled against the enemy to sophisticated Biowarfare weapons such as Bacillus anthracis and Pseudomonas pseudomallei. To prohibit the use of such biological weapons, international treaties were prepared in 1925 and 1972; but to no avail. Many nations have stocked biological warfare agents, and there is possibility that terrorists may acquire the expertise to use these destructive agents. Advantages of Biowarfare agents are that they are produced rapidly, are cost-effective, can disseminate and affect a large area leading to high morbidity and mortality. With the upsurge in chances of biological warfare being used for defense or terrorism, there is a need for a robust surveillance system involving the health care sector along with integration of public health personnel, security, intelligence, diplomats and law enforcement agencies. Thus for the world, the time has come to establish a mindset to wage a war against this Biowarfare, try to discover newer antibiotics and personal protective equipment, acquire ‘state-of-the-art’ detectors and focus on the available intelligence. Awareness among the public, clinicians and public health experts, stock piling of drugs and vaccines, allocation of funds and Biowarfare preparedness is the need of the day.
Medical simulation: a novel innovation from resource limited nation
Authors: Siddiqui Emaduddin , Mustahsan Syed , Daniyal Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Abdul Raffay , Mikdad Ali , Siddiqui Saif Ul Islam , Siddiqui Zain ul Islam
Published: September 2018

Old methods of training and medical education are coming at halt considering chances of errors, neglect and communication gaps amongst medical teams  associated with the traditional methods, leading to avoidable patient mortality. Simulation based learning is slowly replacing the old methods given its provision of safe environment to medical professionals to polish their skills and knowledge without the risk of any loss of patient lives. This article discusses the experience of simulation based learning as it is tried to being introduced at one of the hospitals of Pakistan, a resource limited nation and the challenges that has to be faced in  trying to incorporate   simulation in the education system in near future
A urbanização, a formação de ilhas de calor e o uso de vegetação para o conforto térmico
Authors: Sousa Andrielly , Ribeiro Dryelly , Santos Carlos , Jesus Edmir , Junior Antonio Pereira
Published: September 2018

O rápido crescimento urbano tem provocado surgimento de ilhas de calor e alterações no microclima, a vegetação tem características capazes de mitigar esses efeitos negativos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o comportamento de três variáveis ambientais a partir de dados coletados no Campus VI Universidade do Estado do Pará – UEPA, Paragominas – PA. O método utilizado foi o indutivo, aplicado, quantiqualitativo e experimental. A coleta de dados foi efetuada durante doze horas por trinta dias. O tratamento estatístico dos dados (média e desvio padrão) ocorreu com o uso do software Excel 2010, e a Correlação de Pearson (software BioEstat 5.3). A análise dos dados obtidos indicou tendência de: elevação da temperatura atmosférica (1ºC a 2ºC), umidade relativa do ar (6% a 12%) e velocidade do vento (0,15 m/s a 2,59 m/s). Inversão entre temperatura e umidade relativa atmosférica (r = - 0,94); temperatura e velocidade do vento (r = - 0,55); paridade entre umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento (r = 0,81). Então, é necessária a conservação da vegetação, principalmente, em espaços urbanizados a fim de mitigar os efeitos das ilhas de calor, causados pela urbanização e melhorar a sensação térmica para a população que frequenta o local.
Qualidade físico-química e toxicológica de farinha obtida do eixo central de jaca
Authors: Sousa Hyago Costa , Silva Nathan José Pereira da , Pereira Emmanuel Moreira , Silva Filho Carlos Roberto Marinho da , Macêdo Agda Letícia Barbosa de
Published: September 2018

A produção de farinha do eixo central de jaca se apresenta como uma alternativa viável para o aproveitamento dessa parte do fruto e sua utilização na indústria. O projeto foi desenvolvido no Centro de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e Agrárias, Bananeiras-PB pertencente a Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Os frutos foram adquiridos no pomar do CCHSA. As farinhas foram obtidas a partir da secagem do eixo central em quatro diferentes temperaturas 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C. Foi determinada a potencialidade toxicológica frente Artemia Salina do eixo central e de suas respectivas farinhas bem como sua caracterização físico-química. O eixo central de jaca não apresentou toxicidade assim como as farinhas obtidas a 50, 60 e 70 °C. A farinha do eixo central obtida a temperatura de 50 °C apresentou os melhores resultados nas análises físico-químicas.Physicochemical and toxicological quality of flour obtained from the central axis of jackfruitAbstract The production of flour from the central axis of jackfruit is presented as a viable alternative to the use of this part of the fruit and its use in industry. The project was developed in the Humanities Center, Social and Agricultural, Bananeiras-PB belonging to the Federal University of Paraíba. The fruits were purchased in CCHSA orchard. The flour were obtained by drying the central axis at four different temperatures 50, 60, 70 and 80 ° C. It was determined the toxicological potential front Artemia Salina central axis and their respective flours and their physicochemical characterization. The central axis of jackfruit showed no toxicity as well as the flour obtained at 50, 60 and 70 ° C. The flour the central axis obtained at 50 ° C showed the best results in physicochemical analyzes.
Espacialização da cobertura do serviço de saneamento básico e do índice de desenvolvimento humano dos municípios do Marajó,Pará
Authors: Crispim Diêgo Lima , Rodrigues Rodrigo Silvano Silva , Vieira Artur Sales de Abreu , Silveira Rafaela Nazareth Pinheiro de Oliveira , Fernandes Lindemberg Lima
Published: September 2018

O acesso aos serviços de saneamento básico tem causado preocupação, principalmente nos estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste e, mais especificamente em municípios com orçamento limitado, de pequeno porte e distante das capitais, onde abrigam populações em situações de vulnerabilidade social.Neste contexto, objetivou-se analisar a situação de alguns serviços do saneamento ambiental e do índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal dos municípios da mesorregião geográfica do Marajó, estado do Pará. Para tanto, foi levantado algumas informações por meio de dados secundários dos municípios que compõe a mesorregião em estudo, com ênfase em alguns serviços de saneamento e do IDHM. Os resultados demonstraram que o índice de atendimento do serviço de coleta de esgoto doméstico deixa extremamente a desejar, em particular com relação à coleta e ao tratamento do esgoto sanitário. Quanto à forma de destinação dos resíduos sólidos, verificou-se que alguns municípios ainda adotam uma maneira inapropriada, depositando-os em lixões a céu aberto. A disponibilidade de informações nessas bases de dados dos órgãose entidades é fundamental para auxiliar na determinação de prioridades nas ações do poder público e da sociedade civil em relação aos serviços de saneamento.
Cinética de secagem do resíduo da goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) em camada fina
Authors: Cabral Filha Maria do Carmo de Souza , Araújo Sayonara Costa de , Silva Gabriela Muricy de Souza , Canuto Morgana Fabíola Cunha Silva , Martins Georgiana Maria Vasconcelos
Published: September 2018

No Brasil uma pequena parte das frutas produzidas são destinadas para o mercado externo, sendo a maior parte consumida in natura ou processada na indústria de polpas e sucos. Um dos principais obstáculos ao desenvolvimento do processamento de frutas em diversas partes do mundo está associado à significativa quantidade de resíduos orgânicos que são gerados nesta atividade, assim, a busca por técnicas para o aproveitamento de resíduos de frutas constitui um desafio importante para as indústrias. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da secagem do resíduo da goiaba (Psidium guajava L.), tendo como variáveis a temperatura da estufa e a espessura da camada do resíduo, com a finalidade de verificar o ajuste de modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais.  Fez-se o planejamento experimental fatorial com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência do processo de secagem. Com o propósito de analisar as condições empregadas no experimento, os dados obtidos foram ajustados através dos modelos matemáticos de Henderson & Pabis, Lewis e Page. Através da modelagem foi possível comprovar que as condições empregadas no procedimento foram adequadas, visto que os dados se ajustaram de maneira satisfatória aos modelos analisados, sendo o modelo de Page o que melhor se adequou para descrever a cinética de secagem do resíduo da goiaba.Thin-layer drying kinetics of guava (Psidium guajava L.) wasteAbstract: In Brazil, a small part of the produced fruits are destined for foreign market, being largely consumed fresh or processed in pulp and juice industry. One of the main barriers in the development of fruit processing industry is connected to the significant amount of organic waste that are generated in this activity. The search for techniques to take advantage of these fruit waste is a major challenge. This study aimed at evaluating the drying behavior of guava waste (Psidium guajava L.). The oven temperature and the thickness of residue layer were analyzed as variables, in order to check the fit of mathematical models to experimental data. The authors planned the factorial design to evaluate the efficiency of drying process. To check the conditions used in the experiment, data were adjusted using the following mathematical models: Henderson & Pabis, Lewis and Page. Through modeling, it was possible to demonstrate that the conditions used in the procedures were appropriated, since the data fit, satisfactorily, to the analyzed models. The Page model was the most appropriate to describe the drying kinetics of Guava waste.
Natureza, Agricultura e Teatro
Authors: Deus Zélia Amador de
Published: September 2018

Esse texto trata do surgimento do teatro, no ocidente e sua relação com a natureza e a agricultura. Explicita como o teatro surge completamente ligado à relação com a natureza e à agricultura na antiguidade grega, em particular na Trácia, em que a coleta de frutas, sementes e o cultivo da uva proporcionam a criação de entidades cultuadas, dentre as quais se destaca Dionísio. Seu culto é feito diretamente no espaço natural, aberto, itinerante. Ao chegar a Atenas, o culto dionisíaco é adaptado, internalizado sob os padrões éticos e estéticos de Apolo, o que dá como resultante as estruturas da arte dramática que se conhece na atualidade. Demonstra como os conceitos vão se definindo e se estruturando ao longo da história, permitindo compreender arquétipos dominantes na cultura ocidental. Foi construído a partir de aula ministrada em 2014, no Curso de Mestrado em Agriculturas Familiares e Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Núcleo de Ciências Agrárias e Desenvolvimento Rural da Universidade Federal do Pará, transcrito e editado para resultar na versão que ora se apresenta.
St. Basil the Great
Authors: Sickle Jacob N. Van
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the sacramental theology of Basil, the influential Cappadocian Church Father who insisted that proper understanding of the sacraments must be rooted in Scripture, adhere to orthodox Christianity as it emerged from the Council of Nicaea (325), and address the pastoral issues of a fourth-century culture in which sacred and secular societies were increasingly merging. Basil’s theology of baptism highlighted the role of the Trinity, and his theology of the Eucharist was “oriented toward the message of Scripture and the inspiration of faith.” This chapter also emphasizes the contextual nature of theology, such that studying the theology of someone like Basil must be accompanied by studying the various cultural influences of the time.
John Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the theologies of the sacraments of John Duns Scotus, one of the most important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. Scotus viewed sacraments as “signs of God’s salvific activity” in the lives of believers and fascinatingly asserted that “the seven sacraments—baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, confession, unction, marriage, and ordination—correspond supernaturally to the seven requirements of natural life, individual and social: birth, nutrition, physical exercise, healing after illness, preparation for death, procreation, and the creation of spiritual leaders.” Scotus asserted that the grace communicated to believers through the seven sacraments fosters the growth of Christian character in believers, evident in their growth in grace. Regarding the Eucharist, like his contemporary Aquinas, Scotus believed in transubstantiation, although there are complicated nuances with the concept of “real presence.” He also asserted “that Christ somehow offers himself in the Eucharist.”
The Catholic Reform
Authors: Prudlo Donald S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the theologies of the sacraments as expressed in the Council of Trent (1546–63) and the subsequent “Catholic Reform.” Sacraments were reaffirmed as “channels of grace” available to believers through the medium of material things like bread, wine, and oil. Moreover, the validity of the seven sacraments—Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination, Confession (Penance), and Extreme Unction—as instituted by Christ himself was also reaffirmed. While only Baptism and Eucharist are explicitly instituted by Christ in Scripture, church history and leadership (primarily bishops) were cited as advocating that the other five sacraments were ultimately also instituted by Christ. The Mass as a real sacrifice of Christ was also reaffirmed. The author also addresses how the sacramental theology that emerged from the Council of Trent impacted subsequent Catholic architecture, music, and devotional life.
John and Charles Wesley
Authors: Chilcote Paul W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the theologies of the sacraments of the eighteenth-century brothers John and Charles Wesley, two of the most influential leaders of the eighteenth-century evangelical movement in the Church of England. Based on the synergistic relationship between worship and theology, and combining evangelical experience and sacramental grace, the Wesley brothers asserted that God in Christ initiates the work of grace in believers through Baptism and sustains it through Eucharist. In short, believers receive inward grace through the outward means of the sacraments. In their theological writing and hymns, the grace-focused sacramental theology of the Wesley brothers found creative and vigorous expression that remains influential today, particularly in the Methodist tradition.
Friedrich Schleiermacher
Authors: Nimmo Paul T.
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts the theology of the sacraments of the post-Enlightenment Reformed theologian, philosopher, and pastor Friedrich Schleiermacher, who is often considered the father of modern liberal theology. He was unique in that rather than rooting his theologies of the sacraments in a “magical” or “empirical” approach, Schleiermacher advocated a “mystical” approach, grounded in “the religious affections of the Christian community” united in its redemption through Jesus Christ. Baptism and Eucharist are therefore “actions which establish and preserve communion of life with Christ in the present day.” His approach to the theology of the sacraments was quite ecumenical, for while disagreeing with Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli he accepted their views as equally valid, rather than reasons for division in the church.
Karl Barth
Authors: Yocum John
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces the theology of the sacraments of perhaps the greatest Protestant theologian of the twentieth century, the Swiss Reformed theologian and pastor Karl Barth. Regarding Baptism and Eucharist as addressed in Barth’s magnum opus, Church Dogmatics, sacraments, along with preaching, are deemed the two primary ways the church proclaims Jesus Christ as the Word of God. Barth emphasizes sacraments as signs of the “secondary objectivity of God,” signs of receiving the self-giving God. While linking Christian baptism with the baptism of Jesus, fascinatingly, Barth eventually argues that baptism is not an actual sacrament. In fact, ultimately Barth actually denies any sacrament except Jesus Christ. Thus, when it comes to sacramental theology, Barth “acts as a healthy foil to those tempted to inflate the role of human institutions and practices.”
Saint Augustine
Authors: Meconi David Vincent
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how Augustine’s theology of salvation is rooted in conformity to the incarnate Christ. Augustine believed that when one becomes conformed to God in Christ, he or she is cut off from this world and transformed into a lover of God.
Introduction
Authors: Weddle David L.
Published: September 2018

The book begins with an example of sacrifice enacted in the Roman Catholic Mass, celebrated and lived out by young nuns from India of the order of Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa, caring for elderly Arabs in Cairo. Their sacrificial self-giving is compared to “costly signaling” of the rigorous demands issued by religious communes studied by Sosis and Bressler. The introduction argues that inasmuch as sacrifice seeks to establish a relation with transcendence, beyond natural and human reality, it cannot guarantee its own success—any more than human devotion can cause a miracle to occur. Sacrifice, then, signifies religious intention to restrain and conform natural impulses to a given order of spiritual ideals, illustrated by whirling dervishes.
Common Features of Sacrifice
Authors: Weddle David L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter identifies elements that are common to sacrificial practices and events: signification of transcendence that requires discipline or denial of natural desires to point to what is beyond nature; suspense of offering without assurance of its intended outcome, illustrated in Pascal’s wager and Kierkegaard’s leap of faith; conditionality of the gift as a result of its qualifications, ritual performance, and contingent reciprocity of the sacred recipient; self-sacrifice through partial identification with what is offered (what Marcel Mauss called the “intermingling” of persons and things in sacrifice). This chapter offers a tentative definition of sacrifice as a costly act of self-giving, in denial of natural inclinations, that is offered in suspense, under conditions that threaten failure, for the purpose of establishing a relation with transcendent reality. This definition is developed in light of Kathryn McClymond’s proposal of “polythetic classification” of sacrifice.
Conclusion
Authors: Weddle David L.
Published: September 2018

Each of the religions of Abraham has appropriated the “deep symbol” of sacrifice in its own way and, despite misgivings about its practice, have elevated it as a religious and moral ideal. Unfortunately, sacrifice has been used as sanction for violence against those who oppose religious visions of social perfection or utopia. The story of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son, while being prevented by God from doing so, demonstrates the moral ambivalence and profound risk in every exchange of concrete good for abstract benefit. To the five warning signs of dangerous religious ideals Charles Kimball identified, this book adds another: the call to sacrifice. Only when that call is for the welfare of humanity, particularly our children, does it signal hope for a more peaceful future.
Introduction
Authors: Snyder Gregory J.
Published: September 2018

I got my first and only skateboard, a used Alva, in 1980, the summer between sixth and seventh grades. This was the summer when Peter Hoeffel introduced my middle brother Brian and me to the Sex Pistols, Devo, and the Clash. Peter was also a skater, and he made it clear that in order to be “punk” we had to build a skateboard ramp in our backyard, so we too could become skate punks. At the time there was no such thing as street skating and no skate parks in our hometown, Green Bay, Wisconsin, so building a ramp was our only option....
Industry Access
Authors: Fishman Jessica M.
Published: September 2018

Can bad timing or insufficient access explain why photojournalism rarely bears witness to death? It becomes clear that logistical challenges are not the problem. In fact, major resources are leveraged successfully to assure that photojournalists achieve ample and immediate access. Ironically, despite the copious resources devoted to granting photojournalists immediate access, they are often willing to turn a blind eye. The missing images reflect an editorial drive among photojournalists and their editors to conceal the corpse. The gaps in the visual record of images are an artefact of choice—an act of self-censorship.
Innocence and the “Newsworthy” Image
Authors: Fishman Jessica M.
Published: September 2018

A child’s death can generate much media attention because the victim is judged the most innocent and the loss is considered the most tragic. When American youth perish, words breathlessly chronicle the event while many of the most relevant photographic images are deemed the least newsworthy. For this reason, essentially all coverage of dead children pictures a foreign victim. When American children die, the news floods us with images of the deceased when alive and smiling. We see the makeshift memorials overflowing with teddy bears, flowers, and candles. For these children but not others, we prefer evasive pictures that steer clear of the little bodies at stake.
Victims Seeking Visibility
Authors: Fishman Jessica M.
Published: September 2018

Too often, we rely on questionable logic to blame the messenger, scapegoating the news media when we are actually upset about the death itself. When we equate the camera’s documentation with an ethical sin, we ignore some very real struggles for visibility. There is no universal preference for invisibility and, for some, even worse than suffering is to have accounts of it erased. To them, some deaths seem to demand a public accounting.
In the End
Authors: Fishman Jessica M.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter shares a new perspective on the spectacle.
Children by the Carload
Authors: Rollins Joe
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines later cases in the marriage debate and shows how the procreation argument developed in American jurisprudence. As opponents pressed the procreation argument to its most logical extremes, it underwent a period of construct elaboration. The argument began to focus attention on children, childhoods, and gender socialization, thus changing the cultural value and meaning of marriage. As this chapter demonstrates, developing the procreation argument made clear that it could not withstand increasing scrutiny and, instead, began to crumble under its own weight. Marriage, it seemed, existed for the sole purpose of justifying and making sense of careless heterosexual reproduction.
The Nearest Hippie
Authors: Rollins Joe
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes dissenting opinions from the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings in Windsor and Obergefell. Although the procreation argument was used sparingly by the Court, it does appear in modest form. More important are the justices’ uses of the themes of power, privilege, and liberty to justify maintaining the silences surrounding their antigay animus. For the dissenting justices the Court’s rulings in both cases signify an expansion of “We the People” that is unacceptable, a move from which they explicitly distance themselves and represent themselves as victims of a powerful minority. Their masculine heterosexual privilege was compromised, and the dissenting justices took it personally.
A VIABILIDADE DO SISTEMA DE GESTÃO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE (SGA) EM MEIOS DE HOSPEDAGEM
Authors: Oliveira Josi Rosa de , Rigotti Scheila
Published: September 2018

O turismo é um dos maiores segmentos econômicos do planeta, e odesenvolvimento não controlado de um ponto turístico pode levar aoesgotamento de seus recursos naturais, à deterioração de seu patrimôniocultural e ao desequilíbrio social. Nesse contexto e na temática dasustentabilidade, procurou-se neste texto abordar a viabilidade do sistema degestão da sustentabilidade em meios de hospedagem. Para tanto, a pesquisa,de natureza qualitativa, utilizou-se de meios bibliográficos e documentaispara a busca de informações. Como resultados e perante as preocupações deum desenvolvimento descontrolado, destaca-se o turismo sustentável comouma alternativa correta, assegurando um sistema de gestão ambiental nosmeios de hospedagens em conformidade com a Norma Brasileira ABNT15401, que aborda um sistema de gestão baseado nas três dimensões dasustentabilidade: ambiental, sociocultural e econômica, ressaltando-se anecessidade e o compromisso de estudos futuros e amplos abordando osindicadores de sustentabilidade.Palavras-chave: Sistema de gestão ambiental. Norma ABNT 15401.Turismo sustentável. Meios de hospedagens.
Spatio‑temporal Modelling of the Influence of the Number of Business Entities in Selected Urban Centres on Unemployment in the Kujawsko‑Pomorskie Voivodeship
Authors: Szulc Elżbieta , Jankiewicz Mateusz
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the analysis of the spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependence in matters related to the situation in the labour market of the Kujawsko‑Pomorskie Voivodeship across municipalities in the period of 2004–2015. The aim of the investigation is to verify whether, in the presence of the dependence, investing (through a growing number of enterprises) in the development of selected urban centres with a high level of unemployment can significantly reduce the unemployment rate in the whole province. The assessment of the situation in the labour market for each of the municipalities is made with the use of two characteristics, i.e. the share of registered unemployed persons in the number of the working age population and the number of business entities per 10,000 working age population. From the methodological point of view, the values of the variables are treated as realisations of spatial and spatio‑temporal stochastic processes. The spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependence were investigated using the concept of spatial and spatio‑temporal trends and spatial autocorrelation. Additionally, spatial autoregressive models for individual processes and spatial models of the dependence of unemployment on the number of business entities, for each year of the investigated period, were estimated and verified. The specification of spatio‑temporal models of unemployment, including the model which takes into consideration spatial shifts and time lags of the dependence, was carried out. The models were used for simulating the level of unemployment in the province assuming some growth in the number of business entities in selected urban centres.
Outliers vs Robustness in Nonparametric Methods of Regression
Authors: Trzęsiok Joanna
Published: September 2018

The article addresses the question of how robust methods of regression are against outliers in a given data set. In the first part, we presented the selected methods used to detect outliers. Then, we tested the robustness of three nonparametric methods of regression: PPR, POLYMARS, and RANDOM FORESTS. The analysis was conducted applying simulation procedures to the data sets where outliers were detected. Contrary to a relatively common conviction about the robustness of nonparametric regression, the study revealed that the models built on the basis of complete data sets represent a significantly lower predictive capability than models based on the sets from which outliers were discarded.
Managing Earnings V/S Strategizing Dividends: Sectoral Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange
Authors: Ahmed Farhan , Ahmed Javed
Published: September 2018

This paper means to inspect the regression between the Price to Book ratio as a proxy for earning management and payout proportion as a proxy to dividend policy. This paper utilizes multivariate analysis to examine the relationship between the price to book ratio and dividend policy. Using 11 years’ annual data from 2006-2016, this paper delivers new confirmation demonstrating that timely payment of dividend has a positive impact on the reputation of the company in the market. Dividend payment boosts up investors’ confidence to invest in the company. This study helps the corporate superintendents and stock financial experts to focus on the relationship of the dividend. No past review has handled the issue of the contingent relationship between the price to book ratio and payout proportion in Pakistani Industry and specifically on cement, food and oil and gas sectors.

Abstrak dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Tulisan ini bermaksud untuk meneliti regresi antara Price to Book Ratio sebagai proksi untuk manajemen penghasilan dan proporsi pembayaran sebagai proksi untuk kebijakan dividen.Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis multivariat untuk menguji hubungan antara Price to Book Ratio dan kebijakan dividen. Dengan menggunakan data tahunan selama 11 tahun dari 2006-2016, artikel ini memunculkan suatu konfirmasi yang menunjukkan bahwa pembayaran dividen tepat waktu memiliki dampak positif pada reputasi perusahaan di pasar. Pembayaran dividen meningkatkan kepercayaan investor untuk berinvestasi di perusahaan. Studi ini membantu pengawas perusahaan dan ahli keuangan saham untuk fokus pada hubungan dividen. Belum ada penelitian sebelumnya yang menangani masalah hubungan kontingen antara Price to Book Ratio dan proporsi pembayaran dalam Industri di Pakistan dan khususnya pada sektor semen, pangan dan minyak dan gas.
Identifying Factors Affecting Domestic Tourist Satisfaction of Tourist Destinations in Indonesia
Authors: Yusendra Muhamad Ariza Eka , Paramitasari Niken
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to identify the factors affecting domestic tourist satisfaction of tourist destinations. The type of this study was a quantitative descriptive study using Cochran Q test and factor analysis of tourist satisfaction drivers factors. The result of this study showed that there were 38 attributes affecting domestic tourist satisfaction in Indonesia. The first rank was the beauty of natural attractions; the second rank was artificial tourism attractions; and, the third rank was the cost and cleanliness of facilities and environment of tourism destinations. Furthermore, all these attributes were clustered into several factors: attraction, amenities, accessibility, hospitality, and ancillary. The significance of this study is that the identified factors are beneficial for stakeholders as the indicators of customer satisfaction.

Abstrak dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan wisatawan domestik terhadap suatu destinasi wisata.  Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, menggunakan alat analisis Cochran Q test dan analisis faktor terhadap faktor-faktor pendorong kepuasaan wisatawan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat 38 atribut yang mempengaruhi kepuasan wisatawan domestik di Indonesia. Lebih lanjut diperoleh ranking pertama ditempati oleh keindahan obyek wisata alam, ranking kedua ditempati oleh daya tarik wisata buatan dan ranking tiga ditempati oleh tingkat harga dan kebersihan fasilitas dan lingkungan destinasi wisata. Kegiatan penelitian kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengelompokan atribut menjadi faktor-faktor, dimana ditemukan 5 faktor utama yaitu attraction, amenities, accessibility, hospitality dan ancillary. Pentingnya penelitian ini adalah bahwa faktor-faktor yang teridentifikasi bermanfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan sebagai indikator kepuasan pelanggan.
Digital Circuit Design using Verilog HDL
Authors: Daniel Philemon
Published: September 2018

This book comes in two parts. The first edition provides the fundamentals and basic verilog designs to start with establishing a through foundation. This book simplifies the switch from digital fundamentals to an ASIC or a VLSI circuit design. Verilog is discussed alongside hardware components explaining the link between writing the correct code to thinking the right hardware. The reader is also encouraged to think of code given a certain hardware. Stripping off the redundant content, a code based approach to learning circuit design is presented in this edition.