bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden
Authors: Edwards Brenda K. , Howe Holly L. , Ries Lynn A. G. , Thun Michael J. , Rosenberg Harry M. , Yancik Rosemary , Wingo Phyllis A. , Jemal Ahmedin , Feigal Ellen G.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, collaborated to provide an annual update on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report contained a special feature focusing on implications of age and aging on the U.S. cancer burden.

METHODS

For 1995 through 1999, age‐specific rates and age‐adjusted rates were calculated for the major cancers using incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, the National Program of Cancer Registries, and the NAACCR, and mortality data from NCHS. Joinpoint analysis, a model of joined line segments, was used to examine 1973–1999 trends in incidence and death rates by age for the four most common cancers. Deaths were classified using the eighth, ninth, and tenth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Age‐adjusted incidence and death rates were standardized to the year 2000 population, which places more emphasis on older persons, in whom cancer rates are higher.

RESULTS

Across all ages, overall cancer death rates decreased in men and women from 1993 through 1999, while cancer incidence rates stabilized from 1995 through 1999. Age‐specific trends varied by site, sex, and race. For example, breast cancer incidence rates increased in women aged 50‐64 years, whereas breast cancer death rates decreased in each age group. However, a major determinant of the future cancer burden is the demographic phenomenon of the aging and increasing size of the U.S. population. The total number of cancer cases can be expected to double by 2050 if current incidence rates remain stable.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the continuing decrease in cancer death rates and stabilization of cancer incidence rates, the overall growth and aging of the U.S. population can be expected to increase the burden of cancer in our nation. Cancer 2002;94:2766–92. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10593
Origins of callosal projections to the supplementary motor area (SMA): A direct comparison between pre‐SMA and SMA‐proper in macaque monkeys
Authors: Liu Jian , Morel Anne , Wannier Thierry , Rouiller Eric M.
Published: August 2002

The two subdivisions of the supplementary motor area (SMA), the pre‐SMA (rostrally) and SMA‐proper (caudally), exhibit distinct functional properties and clear differences with respect to their connectivity with the spinal cord, the thalamus, and other homolateral motor cortical areas. The goal of the present study was to establish in monkeys whether these subdivisions also differ with regard to their callosal connectivity. Two fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow) were injected in each animal, one in the pre‐SMA and the second in the SMA‐proper. Tracer injections in the pre‐SMA or in SMA‐proper resulted in significant numbers of labeled neurons in the opposite SMA, premotor cortex (PM), cingulate motor areas (CMA), and cingulate gyrus. Labeled neurons in M1 were rare, being observed only after injection in the SMA‐proper. The two subdivisions of the SMA differed in the proportion of labeled neurons found across areas providing their callosal inputs. The SMA‐proper receives about half of its callosal inputs from its counterpart in the other hemisphere (42–65% across monkeys). A comparable proportion of neurons was found in the pre‐SMA after injection in the opposite pre‐SMA (32–47%). The pre‐SMA receives more callosal inputs from the rostral halves of the dorsal PM, the ventral PM, and the CMA than from their caudal halves. In addition, the pre‐SMA, but not the SMA‐proper, receives callosal inputs from the prefrontal cortex. The SMA‐proper receives more callosal inputs from the caudal halves of the dorsal PM and ventral PM than from their rostral halves. The two subdivisions of the SMA receive callosal inputs from the same cortical areas (except the prefrontal cortex and M1), but they differ with respect to the quantitative contribution of each area of origin. In conclusion, quantitative data now support the notion that pre‐SMA receives more transcallosal inputs than the SMA‐proper. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:71–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen receptor‐β immunoreactivity in the midbrain of adult rats: Regional, subregional, and cellular localization in the A10, A9, and A8 dopamine cell groups
Authors: Creutz Lela M. , Kritzer Mary F.
Published: August 2002

Estrogen modulates dopamine synthesis, release, and metabolism in corticolimbic and striatal targets of midbrain dopamine neurons. The relevant sites of receptor‐mediated action, however, had been elusive, because all available evidence suggested a paucity of intracellular estrogen receptors in the A8, A9, and A10 dopamine regions and their afferent targets. More recent evidence of a relative abundance of the β isoform of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA), however, suggests that this newly described receptor may be important in estrogen's stimulation of midbrain DA systems. It is unknown, however, precisely how ERβ is distributed with respect to the functionally and neurochemically diverse cell populations of the ventral midbrain. To address these issues, this study used single‐ and double‐label immunocytochemistry to detail the regional, subregional, and cellular distributions of ERβ immunoreactivity in and around midbrain dopamine‐containing cell groups in hormonally intact adult male and female rats. These analyses revealed that ERβ‐immunoreactive nuclei were found only in neurons, more specifically, within subsets of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in the dorsal VTA, the parabrachial pigmented nucleus, the substantia nigra pars lateralis, the retrorubral fields, and to a lesser extent the linear midline nuclei. These regional and cellular receptor distributions thus place the ERβ isoform in anatomical register with midbrain dopamine systems known to participate in a spectrum of motor, cognitive, and affective functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:288–300, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactive astrocytes express estrogen receptors in the injured primate brain
Authors: Blurton‐Jones Mathew , Tuszynski Mark H.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have suggested that estrogen may regulate the expression of genes related to the inflammatory response within the nervous system, particularly within glia. In the present study, we examined whether injury induces estrogen sensitivity in reactive glia in the primate brain. Three adult Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgous) monkeys received unilateral fimbria fornix transections followed by chronic intracranial cannula implants through which a vehicle solution was infused intracerebroventricularly for a 4‐week period. Astrocytes adjacent to areas of parenchymal disruption caused either by the lesion or by the instrumentation procedure became reactive, as evidenced by cellular hypertrophy and up‐regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling. Of note, specific estrogen receptor‐α immunolabeling also was induced adjacent to injured regions, and this labeling strictly colocalized with GFAP immunoreactivity upon double fluorescent confocal immunolabeling. Induction of estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in reactive astrocytes occurred in all monkeys examined, whereas nonreactive glia distant from disrupted regions did not exhibit estrogen receptor labeling. Thus, expression of estrogen receptors is up‐regulated in reactive astrocytes of the primate brain, potentially allowing estrogen to modulate aspects of the central nervous system's inflammatory response to injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:115–123, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new subdivision of anterior piriform cortex and associated deep nucleus with novel features of interest for olfaction and epilepsy
Authors: Ekstrand Jeffrey J. , Domroese Mark E. , Johnson Dawn M.G. , Feig Sherry L. , Knodel Susan M. , Behan Mary , Haberly Lewis B.
Published: August 2002

The anterior part of the piriform cortex (the APC) has been the focus of cortical‐level studies of olfactory coding and associative processes and has attracted considerable attention as a result of a unique capacity to initiate generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. Based on analysis of cytoarchitecture, connections, and immunocytochemical markers, a new subdivision of the APC and an associated deep nucleus are distinguished in the rat. As a result of its ventrorostral location in the APC, the new subdivision is termed the APCVR. The deep nucleus is termed the pre‐endopiriform nucleus (pEn) based on location and certain parallels to the endopiriform nucleus. The APCVR has unique features of interest for normal function: immunostaining suggests that it receives input from tufted cells in the olfactory bulb in addition to mitral cells, and it provides a heavy, rather selective projection from the piriform cortex to the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO), a prefrontal area where chemosensory, visual, and spatial information converges. The APCVR also has di‐ and tri‐synaptic projections to the VLO via the pEn and the submedial thalamic nucleus. The pEn is of particular interest from a pathological standpoint because it corresponds in location to the physiologically defined “deep piriform cortex” (“area tempestas”) from which convulsants initiate temporal lobe seizures, and blockade reduces ischemic damage to the hippocampus. Immunostaining revealed novel features of the pEn and APCVR that could alter excitability, including a near‐absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic “cartridge” endings on axon initial segments, few cholecystokinin (CCK)‐positive basket cells, and very low γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter‐1 (GAT1)‐like immunoreactivity. Normal functions of the APCVR‐pEn may require a shaping of neuronal activity by inhibitory processes in a fashion that renders this region susceptible to pathological behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:289–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short and mid‐wavelength cone distribution in a nocturnal Strepsirrhine primate (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Dkhissi‐Benyahya Ouria , Szel Agoston , Degrip Willem J. , Cooper Howard M.
Published: August 2002

Strepsirrhines are of considerable interest for understanding the evolution of cone photoreceptors because they represent the most ancestral living primates. The retina of nocturnal Strepsirrhines is reported to contain a single population of medium/long wavelength (MW/LW) cones whereas short wavelength (SW) cones are totally absent. The area centralis of nocturnal Strepsirrhines also lacks the degree of central specialization seen in the fovea of diurnal primates. In this study of a nocturnal Strepsirrhine, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), we used specific antibodies that recognize SW and MW/LW opsins to determine the presence of different cone subtypes and their distribution in relation to that of rods and ganglion cells. The results are compared to two diurnal Haplorhine species, a New World (Callithrix jacchus) and an Old World (Macaca fascicularis) monkey. In the mouse lemur, both antibodies to MW/LW cone opsin (COS‐1 and CERN956) label the same population of cones. A small proportion of SW cones is only stained by the JH455 antiserum whereas the monoclonal OS‐2 antibody shows negative staining. These two antibodies label the same SW cone population in other primates. The extracellular matrix of all cones is also labeled by the peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin. In mouse lemur retinal wholemounts, peak cone density is localized at the area centralis and ranged from 7,500 to 8,000 cones/mm2. SW cones represent less than 0.2 % of the total cone population and are mainly located in the nasal part of the retina. SW cones show an irregular distribution and densities never exceed 49 cones/mm2. The distribution of neurons in the ganglion cell layer shows a distinct centroperipheral gradient with a peak of 28,000 cells/mm2 at the area centralis. Rod distribution shows a centroperipheral gradient with the peak (850,000 rods/mm2) including and extending slightly dorsal to the area centralis. The theoretical spatial resolution of the mouse lemur (4.9 cycles/degree) is slightly lower to that of other nocturnal primates. The densities of rods, cones, and ganglion cell layer neurons represent a compromise between spatial resolution and sensitivity for both photopic and scotopic vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:494–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taurine‐, aspartate‐ and glutamate‐like immunoreactivity identifies chemically distinct subdivisions of Kenyon cells in the cockroach mushroom body
Authors: Sinakevitch Irina , Farris Sarah M. , Strausfeld Nicholas J.
Published: August 2002

The lobes of the mushroom bodies of the cockroach Periplaneta americana consist of longitudinal modules called laminae. These comprise repeating arrangements of Kenyon cell axons, which like their dendrites and perikarya have an affinity to one of three antisera: to taurine, aspartate, or glutamate. Taurine‐immunopositive laminae alternate with immunonegative ones. Aspartate‐immunopositive Kenyon cell axons are distributed across the lobes. However, smaller leaf‐like ensembles of axons that reveal particularly high affinities to anti‐aspartate are embedded within taurine‐positive laminae and occur in the immunonegative laminae between them. Together, these arrangements reveal a complex architecture of repeating subunits whose different levels of immunoreactivity correspond to broader immunoreactive layers identified by sera against the neuromodulator FMRFamide. Throughout development and in the adult, the most posterior lamina is glutamate immunopositive. Its axons arise from the most recently born Kenyon cells that in the adult retain their juvenile character, sending a dense system of collaterals to the front of the lobes. Glutamate‐positive processes intersect aspartate‐ and taurine‐immunopositive laminae and are disposed such that they might play important roles in synaptogenesis or synapse modification. Glutamate immunoreactivity is not seen in older, mature axons, indicating that Kenyon cells show plasticity of neurotransmitter phenotype during development. Aspartate may be a universal transmitter substance throughout the lobes. High levels of taurine immunoreactivity occur in broad laminae containing the high concentrations of synaptic vesicles. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:352–367, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the motor thalamus of the rat: Single axon reconstructions and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Kha Hoa Ton , Finkelstein David Isaac , Tomas Doris , Drago John , Pow David Vaughan , Horne Malcolm Kenneth
Published: August 2002

This is a study in the rat of the distribution of specific neurotransmitters in neurones projecting from the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) to the ventrolateral (VL) and ventromedial (VM) thalamic nuclei. Individual axons projecting from the SNR to these thalamic nuclei have also been reconstructed following small injection of the anterograde tracer dextran biotin into the the SNR. Analysis of reconstructions revealed two populations of SNR neurones projecting onto the VL and VM thalamic nuclei. One group projects directly onto the VM and VL, and the other projects to the VM/VL and to the parafascicular nucleus. In another set of experiments Fluoro‐Gold was injected into the VL/VM to label SNR projection neurones retrogradely, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), γ ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate in Fluoro‐Gold‐ labelled SNR projection neurones. Most SNR‐VL/VM thalamic projection neurones were immunoreactive to acetylcholine or glutamate, whereas only 25% of the projection neurones were found to be immunoreactive to GABA. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:20–30, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic targets of thalamic reticular nucleus terminals in the visual thalamus of the cat
Authors: Wang Siting , Bickford Martha E. , van Horn Susan C. , Erisir Alev , Godwin Dwayne W. , Sherman S. Murray
Published: August 2002

A major inhibitory input to the dorsal thalamus arises from neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which use gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. We examined the synaptic targets of TRN terminals in the visual thalamus, including the A lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvinar nucleus (PUL). To identify TRN terminals, we injected biocytin into the visual sector of the TRN to label terminals by anterograde transport. We then used postembedding immunocytochemical staining for GABA to distinguish TRN terminals as biocytin‐labeled GABA‐positive terminals and to distinguish the postsynaptic targets of TRN terminals as GABA‐negative thalamocortical cells or GABA‐positive interneurons. We found that, in all nuclei, the TRN provides GABAergic input primarily to thalamocortical relay cells (93–100%). Most of this input seems targeted to peripheral dendrites outside of glomeruli. The TRN does not appear to be a significant source of GABAergic input to interneurons in the visual thalamus. We also examined the synaptic targets of the overall population of GABAergic axon terminals (F1 profiles) within these same regions of the visual thalamus and found that the TRN contacts cannot account for all F1 profiles. In addition to F1 contacts on the dendrites of thalamocortical cells, which presumably include TRN terminals, another population of F1 profiles, most likely interneuron axons, provides input to GABAergic interneuron dendrites. Our results suggest that the TRN terminals are ideally situated to modulate thalamocortical transmission by controlling the response mode of thalamocortical cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:321–341, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formulation of colored fiber blends from Friele's theoretical model
Authors: Philips‐Invernizzi B. , Dupont D. , Cazé C.
Published: August 2002

Colored fibers can be intimately blended in suitable proportions to achieve a specific color. This kind of formulation suffers from a lack of computer‐aided tool to assist the colorist attempting to find a good recipe to reproduce a target color. In this article a color‐matching system based on the theoretical model from Friele is proposed, which was tested for cotton blends. After an explanation of the derivation of Friele equation, the development of a color‐matching algorithm is outlined. This algorithm was run to formulate recipes for matching target colors chosen at random. Despite having obtained large color differences, the exploitation of the Friele equation for color‐matching purposes can be recommended. In fact, a colorist should work with a larger number of primary colors, between 40 and 50, and blend at least four components in order to obtain a close match. According to these suggested rules, a good starting recipe can be obtained from the Friele theory. A correction routine can be used, based on a perturbation method, which has been shown to increase the accuracy of the match. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 191–198, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10048
Semiclassical limit for the Schrödinger‐Poisson equation in a crystal
Authors: Bechouche Philippe , Mauser Norbert J. , Poupaud Frédéric
Published: August 2002

We give a mathematically rigorous theory for the limit from a weakly nonlinear Schrödinger equation with both periodic and nonperiodic potential to the semiclassical version of the Vlasov equation. To this end we perform simultaneously a classical limit (vanishing Planck constant) and a homogenization limit of the periodic structure (vanishing lattice length taken proportional to the Planck constant).

We introduce a new variant of Wigner transforms, namely the “Wigner Bloch series” as an adaption of the Wigner series for density matrices related to two different “energy bands.” Another essential tool are estimates on the commutators of the projectors into the Floquet subspaces (“band subspaces”) and the multiplicative potential operator that destroy the invariance of these band subspaces under the periodic Hamiltonian.

We assume the initial data to be concentrated in isolated bands but allow for band crossing of the other bands which is the generic situation in more than one space dimension. The nonperiodic potential is obtained from a coupling to the Poisson equation, i.e., we take into account the self‐consistent Coulomb interaction. Our results hold also for the easier linear case where this potential is given. We hence give the first rigorous derivation of the (nonlinear) “semiclassical equations” of solid state physics widely used to describe the dynamics of electrons in semiconductors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using mRNA expression profiling to determine anticancer drug efficacy
Authors: Los Gerrit , Yang Fei , Samimi Goli , Manorek Gerald , Guerorguieva Ivelina M. , Howell Stephan , van Erp Nielka , Breaux James K.
Published: August 2002

Pharmacogenomics is a fast‐growing field of investigations that aims to further elucidate the inherited nature of interindividual differences in drug disposition and effects, with the ultimate goal of providing a stronger scientific basis for selecting the optimal drug therapy. Providing the right drug for the right patient is an important problem in the treatment of cancer. This is mainly due to the lack of information about the sensitivity of the tumor for a specific treatment modality, such as either chemotherapy or radiation treatment. This presentation highlights two approaches to identify responsiveness to treatment. Both approaches are based on the identification of expression profiles. The first approach concentrates on drug resistance and the second on the signaling pathways leading up to the death of the cell. Both approaches provide expression profiles; however, the more dynamic expression profiling as used to determine the signaling in damage cells promises to be a better determinant for the pharmacogenomic changes in expression profiles and, consequently, a potential better determinant for drug efficacy. Cytometry 47:66–71, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial KATP channels and cardioprotection
Authors: Patel Hemal H. , Gross Garrett J.
Published: August 2002

Since its identification in 1983, the myocardial ATP‐sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) has been recognized as an important ion channel that couples the cellular energy status to electrical activity in ischemic or hypoxic myocytes, and early studies with selective potassium channel openers suggested that opening this channel may result in cellular protection. This concept was strengthened in 1992, when it was shown that this channel was an integral part of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a phenomenon in which one or several short periods of coronary artery occlusion were shown to protect the heart from a more prolonged coronary artery occlusion. Endpoints of injury, which have been used as indices to demonstrate the efficacy of IPC, include a reduction in myocardial infarct size, a reduction in contractile dysfunction after brief periods of ischemia (myocardial stunning), and a decrease in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during coronary artery occlusion and/or reperfusion. Since the seminal observation of a myocrdial KATP channel, two KATP channels have been identified: one in the sarcolemmal membrane (sarc KATP) and one in the inner mitochondrial membrane (mito KATP). There is evidence to support a role for both channels in mediating cardioprotection; however, the majority of recent evidence suggests that the mito KATP channel is the major channel responsible for cardioprotection after IPC or the administration of KATP opener drugs. This review will summarize the evidence supporting a role for the mito KATP channel in both acute and delayed preconditioning produced by ischemia. The review will also summarize, from a pharmacological viewpoint, the potential mechanisms responsible for the cardioprotection observed and the potential clinical implications of developing drugs that are selective mito KATP channel openers. Drug Dev. Res. 55:17–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Animal models of lethal arrhythmias
Authors: Billman George E.
Published: August 2002

Sudden cardiac death resulting from ventricular tachyarrhythmias remains the leading cause of death in industrially developed countries, accounting for between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths each year in the United States. Yet, despite the enormity of this problem, the development of safe and effective antiarrhythmic agents remains elusive. Indeed, several class I (encainide and flecainide) and class III (d‐sotalol) drugs have actually been shown to increase, rather than decrease, the risk of arrhythmic death in patients recovering from myocardial infarction. The identification of effective antiarrhythmic agents is critically dependent on the use of appropriate animal models of human disease. In particular, myocardial ischemia may be an important determinant for the development of the life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias. For example, preclinical studies demonstrate that many drugs that prevent arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation fail to prevent ventricular fibrillation provoked by ischemia in the same animals. Thus, one would predict that animal models in which lethal arrhythmias are induced by myocardial ischemia would be the most effective tools for the identification of potential antiarrhythmic medications. This review first evaluates several animal models of lethal ventricular arrhythmias with particular emphasis placed on canine models. Then it closes with a brief discussion of ATP‐sensitive potassium‐channel antagonists as an example of antiarrhythmic drugs that may act selectively on the ischemic myocardium. Drug Dev. Res. 55:59–72, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardioprotective effects of hexasulfobutylated C60 (FC4S) in anesthetized rats during coronary occlusion/reperfusion injury
Authors: Huang Shiang Suo , Tsai Shen Kou , Chiang Long Y. , Chih Lan Hui , Tsai Ming Cheng
Published: August 2002

The effects of hexasulfobutylated C60 (FC4S) on (1) coronary occlusion/reperfusion and (2) isolated aortic ring preparation of rats were studied in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo studies, FC4S (1–10 μg/kg, iv) reduced the incidence and duration of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation during the coronary artery occlusion phase and the reperfusion phase. FC4S increased nitric oxide (NO) and decreased lactate dehydrogenase in plasma during the period of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. In animals subjected to 4 h of coronary occlusion, pretreatment with FC4S (10 μg/kg, iv) reduced the cardiac infarct zone (expressed as percent of area at risk) from 39.7 ± 4.8% to 11.3 ± 4.1 %. Mortality during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion was completely prevented after injection of FC4S (10 μg/Kg iv). In the isolated endothelium‐containing aortic ring preparation, phenylephrine (PE) elicited contractions and FC4S elicited a significant relaxing effect on PE‐precontracted aortic rings. This relaxing effect of FC4S was reduced by pretreatment with N(G)‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (1 mM), a blocker of NO synthase. It is concluded that FC4S may be useful as a potential cardioprotective agent for cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. The beneficial effect of FC4S may be partly correlated with its antioxidant property and also by the upregulation of NO production and vasodilation effects. Drug Dev. Res. 53:244–253, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental effects of selective breeding for an infantile trait: The rat pup ultrasonic isolation call
Authors: Hofer Myron A. , Shair Harry N. , Masmela Jenny R. , Brunelli Susan A.
Published: August 2002

This article describes how continued selection for divergent levels of the 10‐day‐old infant rat's ultrasonic vocal (USV) response to isolation affects the time course of development of that and other possible co‐selected traits from 3 to 21 days postnatally. Since selective breeding for an infantile trait has not been reported before, we collected from colleagues a number of predicted outcomes that reflect the wide range of current opinion on the relationship between microevolutionary and developmental processes. After 15 generations of selective breeding, we found widely divergent USV responses between 10‐day‐old High USV line (300 USV/2 min) and low USV line (15 USV/2 min) pups. The developmental trajectory of USV responses at 3 and 7 days of age also was markedly altered in both these lines in comparison to the randomly bred controls, but was much less affected in 14‐, 18‐, or 21‐day‐old pups, contrary to all predictions. The development of other behavioral responses to isolation generally remained unaffected by the continued selection as did physical traits, measures of temperature regulation and classic developmental milestones. Only two traits showed evidence of co‐selection: High line pups showed more urination/defecation in response to isolation from 10 days on, and more rapid ear canal opening at 10 days. These and other findings are presented and discussed in relation to the developmental and evolutionary concepts on which the different predictions were based. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 231–246, 2001
Rising cortisol at childcare: Relations with nap, rest, and temperament
Authors: Watamura Sarah E. , Sebanc Anne M. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: August 2002

An unexpected rise in cortisol across the day in full‐day, center‐based childcare has been recently observed. Most of the children in these studies exhibited the rise across the day at childcare, but the expected drop at home. Possible explanations include more or less napping at childcare than at home. This study measured cortisol during childcare at 10:30 a.m., pre‐rest, post‐rest, and 3:30 p.m. for 35 children, and at 10:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. at home for 8 children. Duration and quality of rest were coded during nap periods. For 91% of children, cortisol rose at childcare and for 75% dropped at home. None of the napping variables were related to the rise at childcare nor were differences found between home and childcare rest. Factors other than daytime rest periods seem likely to account for the rise in cortisol across the childcare day, possibly factors involving the interactional demands of group settings during this developmental period. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 33–42, 2002
Human handling might interfere with conspecific recognition in the european rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Pongrácz Péter , Altbäcker Vilmos , Fenes Ditte
Published: August 2002

Handled rabbit pups react with decreased fear to a human at weaning. We hypothesized that pups learn species‐specific features of their handler. Experiment 1 showed that handled animals' reactions were similar to both a human and their mother. Experiment 2 showed that pups reacted similarly to their mother and other adult rabbits. In Experiment 3, we used nonhandled control pups, and pups in the experimental groups were stimulated either by a human, a cat, or both. Only human‐handled animals showed high affinity to approach a human at weaning. Similarly, only rabbit pups exposed to a cat did not show fear reaction towards a cat. Nonhandled controls avoided both the cat and the human, and rabbits stimulated by both species did not avoid any of them at weaning. We demonstrated that handling affected the behavior of weanling rabbits in a selective manner, as they only approached those objects frequently to which they had been exposed to. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 53–62, 2001
Zebrafish E‐cadherin: Expression during early embryogenesis and regulation during brain development
Authors: Babb Sherry G. , Barnett Jessica , Doedens Andrew L. , Cobb Nicole , Liu Qin , Sorkin Barbara C. , Yelick Pamela C. , Raymond Pamela A. , Marrs James A.
Published: August 2002

Zebrafish E‐cadherin (cdh1) cell adhesion molecule cDNAs were cloned. We investigated spatial and temporal expression of cdh1 during early embryogenesis. Expression was observed in blastomeres, the anterior mesoderm during gastrulation, and developing epithelial structures. In the developing nervous system, cdh1 was detected at the pharyngula stage (24 hpf) in the midbrain‐hindbrain boundary (MHB). Developmental regulation of MHB formation involves wnt1 and pax2.1. wnt1 expression preceded cdh1 expression during MHB formation, and cdh1 expression in the MHB was dependent on normal development of this structure. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course of female‐to‐male sex reversal in 38,XX fetal and postnatal pigs
Authors: Pailhoux Eric , Parma Pietro , Sundström Jari , Vigier Bernard , Servel Nathalie , Kuopio Teijo , Locatelli Alain , Pelliniemi Lauri J. , Cotinot Corinne
Published: August 2002

In an attempt to understand the etiology of intersexuality in pigs, we thoroughly analyzed the gonads of 38,XX (SRY negative) female to male sex‐reversed animals at different developmental stages: during fetal life [50 and 70 days postcoitum (dpc)], just after birth [35 days postpartum (dpp)] and during adulthood. For each animal studied, we performed parallel histological and ultrastructural analyses on one gonad and RT‐PCR analysis on the other gonad in order to define the expression profiles of sexually regulated genes: SOX9, 3β‐HSD, P450 aromatase, AMH, FOXL2, and Wnt4. Light and electron microscopic examination showed that testicular cords differentiated in XX sex‐reversed gonads but were hypoplastic. Although the testicular cords contained gonia at the fetal stages, the germ cells had all died through apoptosis within a few weeks after birth. Ultrastructurally normal Leydig cells also differentiated, but later, and enclosed whorl‐like residual bodies. At the fetal stages, three of the six genes studied in the intersex gonads presented, as early as 50 dpc, a modified expression profile corresponding to an elevated expression of SOX9 and the beginning of AMH and P450 aromatase gene transcription. In addition to genes involved in the testicular pathway, the same gonads expressed FOXL2, an ovarian‐specific factor. The ovaries of true hermaphrodites were ineffective in ensuring correct folliculogenesis and presented abnormal expression profiles of ovarian specific genes after birth. These results indicate that the genes involved in this pathology act very early during gonadogenesis and affect the ovary‐differentiating pathway with variable expressivity from ovarian germ cell depletion through to trans‐differentiation into testicular structures. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A systematic procedure for identifying and classifying children with Dyscalculia among primary school children in India
Authors: Ramaa S. , Gowramma I.P.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the procedures adopted by two independent studies in India for identifying and classifying children with dyscalculia in primary schools. For determining the presence of dyscalculia both inclusionary and exclusionary criteria were used. When other possible causes of arithmetic failure had been excluded, figures for dyscalculia came out as 5.98% (15 cases out of 251) in one study and 5.54% (78 out of 1408) in the second. It was found in the latter study that 40 out of the 78 (51.27%) also had reading and writing problems. The findings are discussed in the light of previous studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global and dimensional self‐esteem in preadolescent and early adolescent children who are overweight: Age and gender differences
Authors: Israel Allen C. , Ivanova Masha Y.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine age and gender differences in global and dimensional self‐esteem in children who are overweight.

Method

As part of a pretreatment assessment, the Perceived Competence Scale for Children was completed by 121 children (ages 8–14) who were overweight and enrolling in a weight reduction program.

Results

Gender differences in general self‐esteem and age differences in physical self‐esteem were found. Also, girls who were highly overweight reported lower physical self‐esteem than girls who were moderately overweight. However, for boys, the opposite pattern emerged. For both boys and girls, cognitive and social self‐esteem predicted general self‐esteem and physical self‐esteem did not.

Discussion

Children who are overweight may emphasize dimensions of their self‐esteem in nongender stereotyped ways that are protective of their general self‐esteem. Understanding developmental trends and gender differences in self‐esteem can enhance our ability to assist youth who are overweight in maintaining favorable self‐evaluations. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 424–429, 2002.
Links between body mass index, total body fat, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity related to depression, anger, and anxiety
Authors: Laederach‐Hofmann Kurt , Kupferschmid Susanne , Mussgay Lutz
Published: August 2002

Objective

Define links between psychosocial parameters and metabolic variables in obese females before and after a low‐calorie diet.

Method

Nine female obese patients (age 36.1 ± 7.1 years, body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) were investigated before and after a 6‐week low‐calorie diet accompanied by behavior therapy. Blood lipids, insulin sensitivity (Bergman protocol), fat distribution (by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry [DEXA]), as well as psychological parameters such as depression, anger, anxiety, symptom load, and well‐being, were assessed before and after the dieting period.

Results

The females lost 9.6 ± 2.8 kg (p < .0001) of body weight, their BMI was reduced by 3.5 ± 0.3 kg/m2 (p < .0001), and insulin sensitivity increased from 3.0 ± 1.8 to 4.3 ± 1.5 mg/kg (p = .05). Their abdominal fat content decreased from 22.3 ± 5.5 to 18.9 ± 4.5 kg (p < .0001). In parallel, psychological parameters such as irritability (p < .05) and cognitive control (p < .0001) increased, whereas feelings of hunger (p < .05), externality (p < .05), interpersonal sensitivity (p < .01), paranoid ideation (p < .05), psychoticism (p < .01), and global severity index (p < .01) decreased. Prospectively, differences in body fat (percent) were correlated to nervousness (p < .05). Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) differences were significantly correlated to sociability (p < .05) and inversely to emotional instability (p < .05), whereas emotional instability was inversely correlated to differences in insulin sensitivity (p < .01).

Discussion

Weight reduction may lead to better somatic risk factor control. Women with more nervousness and better sociability at the beginning of a diet period may lose more weight than others. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 58–71 2002.
Hemispheric differences in body image in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Smeets Monique A.M. , Kosslyn Stephen M.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study tested the hypothesis that women with anorexia nervosa (AN) have an inappropriately fatter body image in the left cerebral hemisphere (LH) than in the right cerebral hemisphere (RH).

Method

Women with AN symptomatology were compared with thin controls in a divided visual field experiment. Distorted and undistorted pictures of their own and someone else's body were flashed briefly in the left and right visual fields. Participants judged the pictures as thinner than, equal to, or fatter than the actual body size.

Results

The AN participants judged a higher proportion of fatter distortions as equal to their own size. They responded faster when stimuli were presented initially to the LH than when they were presented initially to the RH. In contrast, fewer thinner distortions were judged as equal to their own body size, and were judged more slowly, on LH trials than on RH trials. Controls did not show hemispheric differences when judging their own body and AN participants did not show hemispheric differences when judging pictures of somebody else. Additional analyses revealed that these findings were carried entirely by a subgroup who had AN in the past, not by the subgroup who currently had AN.

Discussion

The brain lateralization paradigm may prove useful in understanding body image disturbance in AN patients. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 409–416, 2001.
Study on direction finding method using wave distribution function with Gaussian distribution model
Authors: Goto Yoshitaka , Kasahara Yoshiya , Sato Toru
Published: August 2002

The analysis of plasma waves propagating through the geomagnetosphere provides clues for understanding the medium information in wave generation and propagation processes. It is particularly important to understand the propagation characteristics of the waves in direction finding. In this research, we developed a novel algorithm based on the wave distribution function which is a direction finding method for the electromagnetic waves that satisfies dispersion relations in plasmas, and evaluated the method by using simulated data. Since direction finding by the wave distribution function is a so‐called inverse problem, some conventional model was assumed to find the optimum solution. In order to achieve more accurate estimation, in this paper, we report on an algorithm that introduces a discretization method and an integration method that fully utilizes the parameters and model features in the Gaussian distribution model, which is, in principle, the most effective model in the point that it has physically meaningful parameters. As the fitting preprocess for finding the solution, we propose an estimation method for approximate distribution by employing the concept of the energy function, and demonstrate its usefulness in discriminating waves having non‐Gaussian distributions and in determining the initial parameters of the fitting by Gaussian distributions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(10): 64–73, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1132
An anti‐windup strategy for a feedback control system based on youla parametrization
Authors: Suzuki Fumiyasu , Hori Yoichi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, the design strategy of anti‐windup controller (AWC) for feedback control system is proposed. The proposed method is based on Youla parametrization of linear controllers in the framework of left coprime factorization. Conventional anti‐windup controllers have difficulty in optimization of parameters. The suppression effect of windup phenomena can be adjusted easily with the proposed AWC. The effectiveness of proposed method is shown with some numerical and experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 64–70, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10013
Cooperation in social dilemmas and allocentrism: a social values approach
Authors: Hulbert Lorne G. , Corrêa da Silva Maria L. , Adegboyega Gloria
Published: August 2002

Research examining the relationship between the allocentrism–ideocentrism cultural variable and cooperation in social dilemmas is inconsistent. This relationship is considered in the context of social values within the prisoner's dilemma (PDG) in two studies. We hypothesised that allocentrics (relative to ideocentrics) would more likely express the social value of minimising differences rather than maximising joint outcomes. In Study 1 the hypothesis was supported. Study 2, including British and Malaysian respondents, replicated and extended these results to rankings of PDG outcomes. These findings are integrated with previous research, in particular to explain mixed results concerning allocentrism and cooperation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The similarity hypothesis: a test of the moderating role of social comparison orientation
Authors: Michinov Estelle , Michinov Nicolas
Published: August 2002

The purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate how the classical similarity hypothesis (Byrne, 1971; Festinger, 1954) can be moderated by an individual difference variable called social comparison orientation (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999). This variable distinguishes people who exhibit different degrees of uncertainty about reality and self‐knowledge. Based on prior studies on ability and opinion comparisons, we predicted that attitudinal similarity would not affect interpersonal attraction in high‐comparison orientation individuals. Because of uncertainty and confusion about their self‐knowledge, these people should be attracted to both similar and dissimilar others. In contrast, we expected an effect of attitude similarity in low‐comparison orientation individuals because they do not exhibit this type of uncertainty. They should be only attracted to similar others who agree with them. The results confirmed this prediction and suggested some directions for future studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of DNA damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to X‐radiation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay
Authors: Maluf Sharbel Weidner , Passos Daniela Ferreira , Bacelar Alexandre , Speit Günter , Erdtmann Bernardo
Published: August 2002

The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of genotoxic agents on exposed people have constituted an increasing concern. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess DNA damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to X‐radiation using the cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay (single‐cell gel electrophoresis), and to compare these two techniques in the monitoring of exposed populations. The cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay were employed in the monitoring of 22 workers occupationally exposed to X‐radiation in a hospital in southern Brazil. The frequency of dicentric bridges was also measured. The results of both assays and the frequency of dicentric bridges revealed a significant increase in genetic effects on the cells of exposed individuals. Age was significantly correlated with micronucleus frequency and damage index in the comet assay. The concomitant analysis of dicentric bridges when determining micronucleus frequency does not require much extra work, and may serve as a reference to the type of mutagenic effect (clastogenic or aneugenic). The combination of the alkaline comet assay with the cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test appears to be very informative for the monitoring of populations chronically exposed to genotoxic agents. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:311–315, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.