bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BV photometry of five shell galaxies
Authors: Pierfederici F. , Rampazzo R.
Published: May 2004

Current views consider shell structures as bona fide signatures of a recent minor/major merging event though also weak interaction models (WIM) could produce long lasting shells on host galaxies possessing a stellar thick disc.We present a B V band photometric study of a sample of 5 shell galaxies belonging to the Malin & Carter (1983) compilation. The structural properties and colors of the galaxies, as well as the colors of their shells are examined in detail.

We did not find signatures of the presence of double nuclei. NGC 7585 is the only E galaxy in the sample and has a moderately boxy structure. The other galaxies have either a discy structure or are mixed E/S0 type galaxies. NGC 474 is a true lenticular. NGC 6776 shows a diffuse asymmetric outer structure and a system of tails of the the same color of the galaxy body; but not clear shells. In general, the color of the shells in our sample is similar or slightly redder than that of the host galaxy, whose color, in turn, is typical of the early‐type morphological class. One of the outer shells of NGC 474 is significantly bluer than the body of the galaxy. Since NGC 474 appears to be interacting with NGC 470, the color of this one shell could be explained as result of a recent acquisition of material through tidal interaction.

The WIM hypothesis could explain both the red and the blue shells of NGC 474, this latter acquired from the fly‐by of the nearby companion NGC 470, but the lack of the constancy of shell surface brightness as a ratio of the underlying galaxy brightness argues against WIM. We speculate about evidence, which also comes from different observations, that suggests a merging/accretion origin of the shells. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
H II emission line region in LEDA 212995, a small neighboring galaxy of Mrk 1040
Authors: Popović L. Č. , Mediavilla E. G. , Bon E. , Ilić D. , Richter G.
Published: May 2004

We present here new spectroscopic observations of Mrk 1040 and LEDA 212995 (Mrk 1040 companion) obtained with the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT). The intensity ratios and widths for the narrow emission lines found in LEDA 212995 are typical of H II regions. The red‐shift (0.0169 ± 0.00015) of the object derived from these emission lines is very close to the red‐shift of Mrk 1040 (z = 0.01665). The weak narrow and broad absorption lines were detected in the Hα wavelength band of LEDA 212995 spectra. These absorptions indicate that the companion might be at least partly obscured by Mrk 1040. Using this and previous observations we discuss the possible physical relationship between these two galaxies. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The close binary system SU Ind
Authors: Budding E. , Rhodes M. , Priestley J. , Zeilik M.
Published: May 2004

Photometric data on the southern mid‐F type close eclipsing binary system SU Ind from the Carter Observatory (NZ) were examined, together with a light curve obtained from the Hipparcos Epoch Photometry (HEP) database. The system appears detached, although appreciably evolved from the Zero Age Main Sequence. The HEP period must be accurate for its own epoch, but it is significantly different from the reference (Hoffmeister 1956) value. This is difficult to explain, given the uncomplicated nature of the light curve. The apparent discrepancy can be reconciled with a period that has remained almost constant over the 40 year interval between the epochs by assuming some confusion between the almost equal depth minima. The near‐equality of components raises issues of determinacy in light curve analysis, which are reviewed against the presentation of relevant numerical curve‐fitting details. The system is of physical interest, in that it is close to the start of the ‘active’ range of spectral types. Its stars have relatively rapid rotation speeds and probably shallow convective subphotospheric layers. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of astronomical research from different countries
Authors: Sánchez S. F. , Benn C. R.
Published: May 2004

The impact of astronomical research carried out by different countries has been compared by analysing the 1000 most‐cited astronomy papers published 1991‐8 (125 from each year). 61% of the citations are to papers with first authors at institutions in the USA, 11% in the UK, 5% in Germany, 4% in Canada, 3% in Italy and 3% in France. 17% are to papers with first authors in ESO countries. The number of citations is approximately proportional to the number of IAU members in a given country. The number of citations per IAU astronomer is highest in the USA, Switzerland and the UK. Within continental Europe, the number of citations per IAU astronomer varies little from country to country, but is slightly higher in the north than in the south. The sample of 1000 papers maps regional subject preferences. 62% of the extragalactic papers in the sample were published from the USA, 15% from the UK, 23% from other countries (mainly in continental Europe). 62% of the papers on stars were also published from the USA, but the fractions from the UK and from other countries are 2% and 36% respectively. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic activity and dynamics of close binaries
Authors: Lanza A.F. , Rodonò M.
Published: May 2004

The connection between orbital period modulation and magnetic activity in close binaries is reviewed with an emphasis on the comparison between observational data for RS CVn systems and recently proposed theoretical models. The orbital period changes occurring on timescales of the order of a few decades can be accounted for by means of a standing torsional Alfven wave in the convection zone of the magnetically active components of such systems. Two resonant excitation mechanisms based on the coupling between the wave and an αΩ dynamo are discussed from a qualitative point of view. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spots on FK Com: active longitudes and “flip‐flops”
Authors: Korhonen H. , Berdyugina S.V. , Tuominen I.
Published: May 2004

We have earlier investigated the surface structures of a late‐type, single, giant FK Com for the years 1994–1998 using Doppler imaging. These surface temperature maps revealed long‐lived active regions at high latitudes. Long‐term photometric observations also show that these active regions tend to occur at two permanent active longitudes which are 180 degrees apart from each other, and that the activity switches the longitude with an average period of about 3 years (the “flip‐flop” phenomenon). In this work we present new Doppler maps of FK Com obtained 1998‐2003 and light‐curve maps obtained 2002–2003. These new maps are investigated together with the earlier temperature maps and light‐curve maps, with an aim of further studying the active longitudes, “flip‐flop” phenomenon and surface differential rotation on FK Com. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar activity on the lower main sequence in Praesepe
Authors: Kafka S. , Honeycutt R.K.
Published: May 2004

An αΩ dynamo is considered responsible for magnetic activity in late K/early M main sequence stars, which is expected to be enhanced in later types as the surface convection zone deepens. At about spectral type M3, where the star presumably becomes fully convective, the magnetic field is theorized to change in character, switching to a more uniform, turbulence‐generated surface field. As a consequence, the nature of activity is expected to change at later spectral types. In field stars, age, mass, rotation and perhaps metallicity play a role in determining the activity level, but the effects are difficult to disentangle. Therefore, open clusters with a more homogeneous sample can provide valuable information on the dynamo operation and magnetic activity of lower main sequence stars. We present preliminary results of our spectroscopic study for activity indicators among the lower main sequence stars of the intermediate age (700 My) open cluster Praesepe. Chromospheric activity as manifested by the presence/absence of Hα in late K/M stars is presented, and other activity indicators are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin flux tube models for star spots
Authors: Granzer T.
Published: May 2004

The possibility of understanding stellar activity as an up‐scaled version of the activity of our Sun is investigated. A theoretical model to explain properties of sunspots is used for explaining observed latitudes of star spots. The model is based on thin‐flux‐tube simulations that study the path of magnetic flux tubes from their origin in a stellar overshoot layer to photospheric layers. A direct comparison of the simulation results with individual stars is given. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The eclipsing active star SV Camelopardalis
Authors: Patkós L. , Csizmadia Sz.
Published: May 2004

We present analysis and spot solutions based on yet unpublished B and V photoelectric observations on the active binary system SV Cam, carried out at Piszkéstető Mountain Station of Konkoly Observatory Budapest. The present spot solutions are based on the observed light curves in September 1993 and July 1994. Comparison of recent and older spot solutions – taken from the literature – suggests long term differences, but these divergences might be caused by some differences of the applied computational methods. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of high‐frequency optical oscillation during the flare phase of EV Lac in 1999
Authors: Contadakis M. E. , Avgoloupis S. , Seiradakis J. , Zhilyaev B. E. , Romanyuk Ya. O. , Verlyuk I. A. , Svyatogorov O. A. , Khalack V. R. , Sergeev A. V. , Konstantinova‐Antova R. K. , Antov A. P. , Bachev R. S. , Alekseev I. Y. , Chalenko V. E. , Shakhovskoy D. N.
Published: May 2004

A program of Many‐sites Multi Channel simultaneous observations of flare stars by a network of telescops was initiated in 1998. The purpose of this program is to investigate the fine structure of the flares light‐curve in UBVRI, depressing atmospheric and instrumental noises. In this paper we present the results of the observations on the Flare star EV Lac in the B color, which were carried out at the Stephanion observatory during the campaign of 1999. Discrete Fourier Transform analysis of the B‐light curve of the largest flares reveal the presence of high frequency small amplitude oscillations with periods ranging between 6.9 sec and 20 sec in around the flare maximum phase. The oscillation amplitude ranges from 1.4 to 2.6 % of the star brightness in accordance with the results of the campaign of 1998 (Zhilyaev et al. 2000). In addition there is a tendency the higher frequencies to persist in the late phases of the flare evolution. The observations are consistent with the phenomenology of the evolution of a fast mode magneto‐acoustic wave generated at the impulsive phase of the flare and traveling through the magnetic loop. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A search for luminous Be stars
Authors: Negueruela I.
Published: May 2004

As Be stars are restricted to luminosity classes III‐V, but early B‐type stars are believed to evolve into supergiants, it is to be expected that the Be phenomenon disappears at some point in the evolution of a moderately massive star, before it reaches the supergiant phase. As a first stage in an attempt to determine the physical reasons of this cessation, a search of the literature has provided a number of candidates to be Be stars with luminosity classes Ib or II. Spectroscopy has been obtained for candidates in a number of open clusters and associations, as well as several other bright stars in those clusters. Among the objects observed, HD 207329 is the best candidate to be a high‐luminosity Be star, as it appears like a fast‐rotating supergiant with double‐peaked emission lines. The lines of HD 229059, in Berkeley 87, also appear morphologically similar to those of Be stars, but there are reasons to suspect that this object is an interacting binary. At slightly lower luminosities, LS I +56°92 (B4 II) and HD 333452 (O9 II), also appear as intrinsically luminous Be stars. Two Be stars in NGC 6913, HD 229221 and HD 229239, appear to have rather higher intrinsic magnitudes than their spectral type (B0.2 III in both cases) would indicate, being as luminous as luminosity class II objects in the same cluster. HD 344863, in NGC 6823, is also a rather early Be star of moderately high luminosity. The search shows that, though high‐luminosity Be stars do exist, they are scarce and, perhaps surprisingly, tend to have early spectral types. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Durchstanzmodell für Flachdecken mit Faserverbundbewehrung und großen Aussparungen in Stützennähe
Authors: Gastmeyer Ralf
Published: May 2004

Punktförmig gestützte Deckenplatten mit einer Biegezugbewehrung aus glas‐ oder kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff besitzen gegenüber konventionellen Stahlbeton‐Flachdecken deutlich geringere Durchstanztragfähigkeiten [1]. Ursache hierfür ist die Abhängigkeit des Querkrafttragmechanismus im gerissenen Zustand von der Dehnsteifigkeit und damit vom Elastizitätsmodul der Bewehrung, der z. B. bei glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff mit einem Wert von etwa 35000 N/mm2 höchstens ein Sechstel des Elastizitätsmoduls von Betonstahl beträgt. Bisher geltende Bemessungsvorschriften erlauben jedoch keine direkte Berücksichtigung dieses Einflusses. Es wird ein Modell für die Ermittlung der Durchstanzlast vorgestellt, das im Vergleich zu den in DIN 1045 [2] und in DIN 1045‐1 [3] festgelegten Berechnungsansätzen den Elastizitätsmodul der Biegezugbewehrung direkt erfaßt und auch die tragfähigkeitsmindernde Wirkung von Deckenaussparungen im Auflagerbereich wirklichkeitsnäher als bisher berücksichtigt.
Apoptosis initiated by dependence receptors: a new paradigm for cell death?
Authors: Porter Alan G. , Dhakshinamoorthy Saravanakumar
Published: May 2004

A distinct group of receptors including DCC, UNC5, RET and Ptc1 is known to function in ligand‐dependent neuronal growth and differentiation or axon guidance. Acting as “dependence receptors”, they may also regulate neuronal cell survival by inducing apoptosis in the absence of cognate ligand. Receptor‐initiated apoptosis requires proteolytic (caspase) cleavage and exposure of a pro‐apoptotic region in the cytoplasmic domains of the receptors. In contrast, classical apoptosis induced by growth factor or cytokine deprivation involves loss of survival signaling without receptor cleavage. DCC, UNC5, RET and Ptc1 are downregulated or mutated in diverse cancers, and show properties characteristic of tumor suppressors, consistent with their ability to promote neuronal cell death. Dysfunctional dependence receptors have been linked to the loss of specific neurons in certain inherited and neurodegenerative diseases. Dependence receptor‐initiated apoptosis represents a novel paradigm for the controlled removal of specific cells during neural development and elimination of malignant cells that have strayed beyond regions of ligand availability. BioEssays 26:656–664, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of immune modulators by smooth muscles
Authors: Singer Cherie A. , Salinthone Sonemany , Baker Kimberly J. , Gerthoffer William T.
Published: May 2004

The primary function of smooth muscle cells is to contract and alter the stiffness or diameter of hollow organs such as blood vessels, the airways and the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. In addition to purely structural functions, smooth muscle cells may play important metabolic roles, particularly in various inflammatory responses. In cell culture, these cells have been shown to be metabolically dynamic, synthesizing and secreting extracellular matrix proteins, glycosaminoglycans and a wide variety of cell–cell signaling proteins, such as interleukins, chemokines and peptide growth factors. Secreted cell signaling proteins participate in the inflammatory response of smooth muscle‐containing organs, and some can also stimulate smooth muscle migration, proliferation and contraction. The cellular signaling pathways controlling synthesis of these signaling proteins are similar to those used by cells mediating innate immunity and may contribute to pathogenesis of diverse diseases including atherosclerosis, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases and preterm labor. Appreciating the role of smooth muscle cells in these diseases may lead to better understanding of the beneficial effects of anti‐inflammatory drugs as well as identification of new targets for anti‐inflammatory therapy. BioEssays 26:646–655, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Murine Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome genes: regulators of lysosome‐related organelles
Authors: Li Wei , Rusiniak Michael E. , Chintala Sreenivasulu , Gautam Rashi , Novak Edward K. , Swank Richard T.
Published: May 2004

In the mouse, at least 16 genes regulate vesicle trafficking to specialized lysosome‐related organelles, including platelet dense granules and melanosomes. Fourteen of these genes have been identified by positional cloning. All 16 mouse mutants are models for the genetically heterogeneous human disease, Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome (HPS). Five HPS genes encode known vesicle trafficking proteins. Nine genes are novel, are found only in higher eukaryotes and encode members of three protein complexes termed BLOCs (Biogenesis of Lysosome‐related Organelles Complexes). Mutations in murine HPS genes, which encode protein co‐members of BLOCs, produce essentially identical phenotypes. In addition to their well‐known effects on pigmentation, platelet function and lysosome secretion, HPS genes control a wide range of physiological processes including immune recognition, neuronal functions and lung surfactant trafficking. Studies of the molecular functions of HPS proteins will reveal important details of vesicle trafficking and may lead to therapies for HPS. BioEssays 26:616–628, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
hnRNP K: One protein multiple processes
Authors: Bomsztyk Karol , Denisenko Oleg , Ostrowski Jerzy
Published: May 2004

Since its original identification as a component of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complex, K protein has been found not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and is implicated in chromatin remodeling, transcription, splicing and translation processes. K protein contains multiple modules that, on one hand, bind kinases while, on the other hand, recruit chromatin, transcription, splicing and translation factors. Moreover, the K‐ protein‐mediated interactions are regulated by signaling cascades. These observations are consistent with K protein acting as a docking platform to integrate signaling cascades by facilitating cross‐talk between kinases and factors that mediate nucleic‐acid‐directed processes. Comparison of K across species reveals that it is an essential factor in metazoans, but not in yeast. Although some of the K protein interactions and functions are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to man, the mammalian protein seems to play a wider role. The greater diversity of mammalian K protein interactions and function may reflect gain of novel docking sites and expansion evolutionary of gene expression networks. BioEssays 26:629–638, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitric oxide and the enigma of cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Kempf Tibor , Wollert Kai C.
Published: May 2004

In pathological conditions associated with persistent increases in hemodynamic workload (old myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, valvular heart disease), a number of signalling pathways are activated in the heart, all of which promote hypertrophic growth of the heart, characterised at the cellular level by increases in individual cardiac myocyte size. Some of these pathways are required for a successful adaptation to cardiac injury. Other pathways are maladaptive, however, as they lead to progressive contractile dysfunction and heart failure. The free radical gas nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides, both of which are produced in the heart, have emerged as endogenous inhibitors of maladaptive hypertrophy signalling. Overall, it appears that cardiac hypertrophy is controlled by an interplay of pro‐ and antihypertrophic signalling networks. This delicate balance can tip towards adaptation or heart failure. In the future, patients living with cardiac disease may benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting maladaptive hypertrophy signalling pathways. BioEssays 26:608–615, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The androgen receptor mRNA
Authors: Yeap Bu B. , Wilce Jackie A. , Leedman Peter J.
Published: May 2004

Androgens (testosterone), acting via the androgen receptor (AR) a nuclear transcription factor, regulate male sexual development and body composition. In addition, AR expression plays an important role in the proliferation of human prostate cancer and confers a better prognosis in breast cancer. AR mRNA stability is central to the regulation of AR expression in prostate and breast cancer cells, and recent studies have demonstrated binding by members of the ELAV/Hu and poly(C) RNA‐binding protein families to a highly conserved UC‐rich element in the 3′‐untranslated region of AR mRNA, with functional impact on AR protein expression. Remarkably, a CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the AR, the length of which has been linked to prostate cancer survival, is also a target for multiple RNA‐binding proteins from a variety of human and murine tissues. In this review, we will detail the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating AR mRNA stability, the nature, potential role and structural biology of several novel AR mRNA–protein interactions, and the implications for novel therapeutics in human prostate cancer. BioEssays 26:672–682, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new bone to pick: osteoblasts and the haematopoietic stem‐cell niche
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Emerson Stephen G.
Published: May 2004

Two recent publications highlight the role of bone‐forming cells, the osteoblasts, in controlling the development of neighboring haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).1,2 Using two distinct transgenic mouse models, one using the conditional deletion of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 1A (BMPR1A) gene, the other using over‐expression of an active PTH/PTHrP receptor (PPR) mutant within osteoblasts, the authors show parallel, concordant increases in the generation of trabecular osteoblasts and the number of HSCs. In situ staining showed that rarely cycling HSCs sporadically attach to endosteal osteoblasts, while in vitro assays indicated that ligation of Jag1 on osteoblasts by Notch1 on HSCs promotes HSC proliferation. These two independent works have revived and revitalized the notion that osteoblasts are a major, defining component of the HSC niche within the bone marrow (BM). This minireview discusses these results in the context of other recent studies of mesenchymal cells within the BM microenvironment, presents one potential unified model of the functional anatomy of the BM HSC niche, and highlights new questions raised by these and other studies of osteoblasts and HSCs. BioEssays 26:595–599, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth and specification: fly Pax6 homologs eyegone and eyeless have distinct functions
Authors: Rodrigues Aloma B. , Moses Kevin
Published: May 2004

Development requires not only the correct specification of organs and cell types in the right places (pattern), but also the control of their size and shape (growth). Many signaling pathways control both pattern and growth and how these two are distinguished has been something of a mystery. In the fly eye, a Pax6 homolog (eyeless) controls eye specification together with several other genes. Now Dominguez et al.1 show that Notch signaling controls eye growth through a second Pax6 protein (Eyegone). In mice and humans the single Pax6 gene appears to encode both specification and growth controlling proteins through alternative mRNA splicing. BioEssays 26:600–603, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the conformational behavior of peptide Contryphan Vn: A theoretical study
Authors: D'Alessandro M. , Paci M. , Amadei A.
Published: May 2004

In this work we report the study of a peptide, the Contryphan Vn produced by Conus ventricosus, a vermivorous cone snail living in the temperate Mediterranean sea. This cyclic peptide of nine residues is a ring closed by a Cys–Cys (Cys: cysteine) disulfide bond containing two proline (Pro) residues and two tryptophans (Trp), one of them being a D‐Trp. We present a statistical mechanical characterization of the peptide, simulated in water for about 200 ns with classical molecular dynamics (MD). In recent years there has been a growing interest in the study of the mechanics and dynamics of biological molecules, and in particular for proteins and peptides, about the relationship between collective motions and the active conformations which exert the biological function. To this aim we used the essential dynamics analysis on the MD trajectory and extracted, from the total fluctuations of the molecule, the dominant dynamical modes responsible of the principal conformational transitions. The Contryphan Vn small size allowed us to investigate in details the all‐atoms dynamics and the corresponding thermodynamics in conformational space defined by the most significant intramolecular motions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Meta-analysis of short-term outcomes after laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer
Authors: Abraham N S , Young J M , Solomon M J
Published: May 2004

Background

The safety and efficacy of laparoscopic resection (LR) for colorectal cancer remains to be established.

Methods

A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic with those of open resection for colorectal cancer was undertaken. A literature search was performed for relevant articles published by the end of 2002. Two reviewers independently appraised the trials using a predetermined protocol. Results were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis®.

Results

The outcomes of 2512 procedures from 12 trials were analysed. LR took on average 32·9 per cent longer to perform than open resection but was associated with lower morbidity rates. Specifically, wound infection rates were significantly lower (odds ratio 0·47 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·28 to 0·80); P = 0·005). In patients undergoing LR, the average time to passage of first flatus was reduced by 33·5 per cent, that to tolerance of a solid diet by 23·9 per cent and that to 80 per cent recovery of peak expiratory flow by 44·3 per cent. Early narcotic analgesia requirements were also reduced by 36·9 per cent, pain at rest by 34·8 per cent and during coughing by 33·9 per cent, and hospital stay by 20·6 per cent. There were no significant differences in perioperative mortality or oncological clearance.

Conclusion

LR for colorectal cancer is associated with lower morbidity, less pain, a faster recovery and a shorter hospital stay than open resection, without compromising oncological clearance.
Chemistry and Biod iversity of the Biologically Active Natural Glycosides
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M.
Published: May 2004

This review covers the literature on isolation, bioactivities, and structures of nearly 800 natural glycosides.
Rapid Discovery of Potent Sulfotransferase Inhibitors by Diversity‐Oriented Reaction in Microplates Followed by in situ Screening
Authors: Best Michael D. , Brik Ashraf , Chapman Eli , Lee Lac V. , Cheng Wei‐Chieh , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: May 2004

Rapid diversity‐oriented microplate library synthesis and in situ screening with a high‐throughput fluorescence‐based assay were used to develop potent inhibitors of β‐arylsulfotransferase IV (β‐AST‐IV). This strategy leads to facile inhibitor synthesis and study as it allows protecting‐group manipulation and product isolation from other library components to be avoided. Through repeated library formation, three aspects of inhibitor makeup, the identities of the two binding groups and the length of the linker between them, were independently optimized. Several potent inhibitors were obtained, one of which was determined to have an inhibition constant Ki of 5 nM. This compound is the most potent β‐AST‐IV inhibitor developed to date, with a Ki value more than five orders of magnitude lower than the Michaelis constant Km for the substrate whose binding it inhibits.
Mechanism of the Hydrogen Transfer from the OH Group to Oxygen‐Centered Radicals: Proton‐Coupled Electron‐Transfer versus Radical Hydrogen Abstraction
Authors: Olivella Santiago , Anglada Josep M. , Solé Albert , Bofill Josep M.
Published: May 2004

High‐level ab initio electronic structure calculations have been carried out with respect to the intermolecular hydrogen‐transfer reaction HCOOH+.OH→HCOO.+H2O and the intramolecular hydrogen‐transfer reaction.OOCH2OH→HOOCH2O.. In both cases we found that the hydrogen atom transfer can take place via two different transition structures. The lowest energy transition structure involves a proton transfer coupled to an electron transfer from the ROH species to the radical, whereas the higher energy transition structure corresponds to the conventional radical hydrogen atom abstraction. An analysis of the atomic spin population, computed within the framework of the topological theory of atoms in molecules, suggests that the triplet repulsion between the unpaired electrons located on the oxygen atoms that undergo hydrogen exchange must be much higher in the transition structure for the radical hydrogen abstraction than that for the proton‐coupled electron‐transfer mechanism. It is suggested that, in the gas phase, hydrogen atom transfer from the OH group to oxygen‐centered radicals occurs by the proton‐coupled electron‐transfer mechanism when this pathway is accessible.
Ruthenium(II) as a Novel “Labile” Partner in Thermodynamic Self‐Assembly of Heterobimetallic d–f Triple‐Stranded Helicates
Authors: Torelli Stéphane , Delahaye Sandra , Hauser Andreas , Bernardinelli Gérald , Piguet Claude
Published: May 2004

Unsymmetrical substituted bidentate benzimidazol‐2‐ylpyridine ligands L2 and L3 react with [Ru(dmso)4Cl2] in ethanol to give statistical 1:3 mixtures of fac‐[Ru(Li)3]2+ and mer‐[Ru(Li)3]2+ (i=2, 3; ΔG⊖isomerisation=−2.7 kJ mol−1). In more polar solvents (acetonitrile, methanol), the free energy of the facial⇌meridional isomerisation process favours mer‐[Ru(Li)3]2+, which is the only isomer observed in solution at the equilibrium (ΔG⊖isomerisation≤−11.4 kJ mol−1). Since the latter process takes several days for [Ru(L2)3]2+, fac‐[Ru(L2)3]2+ and mer‐[Ru(L2)3]2+ have been separated by chromatography, but the 28‐fold increase in velocity observed for [Ru(L3)3]2+ provides only mer‐[Ru(L3)3](ClO4)2 after chromatography (RuC60H51N9O8Cl2, monoclinic, P21/n, Z=4). The facial isomer can be stabilised when an appended tridentate binding unit, connected at the 5‐position of the benzimidazol‐2‐ylpyridine unit in ligand L1, interacts with nine‐coordinate lanthanides(III). The free energy of the facial⇌meridional isomerisation is reversed (ΔG⊖isomerisation≥11.4 kJ mol−1), and the RuN bonds are labile enough to allow the quantitative thermodynamic self‐assembly of HHH‐[RuLu(L1)3]5+ within hours ([RuLu(L1)3](CF3SO3)4.5Cl0.5(CH3OH)2.5: RuLuC106H109Cl0.5N21O19S4.5F13.5, triclinic, P$\bar 1$, Z=2). Electrochemical and photophysical studies show that the benzimidazol‐2‐ylpyridine units in L1–L3 display similar π‐acceptor properties to, but stronger π‐donor properties than, those found in 2,2′‐bipyridine. This shifts the intraligand π→π* and the MLCT transitions toward lower energies in the pseudo‐octahedral [Ru(Li)3]2+ (i=2, 3) chromophores. The concomitant short lifetime of the 3MLCT excited state points to efficient, thermally activated quenching via low‐energy Ru‐centred d–d states, a limitation which is partially overcome by mechanical coupling in HHH‐[RuLu(L1)3]5+.
More than the sum of its parts? inter‐professional working in the education of looked after children
Authors: Harker Rachael M. , Dobel‐Ober David , Berridge David , Sinclair Ruth
Published: May 2004

This article highlights work underway in three English local authorities to promote effective inter‐agency collaboration around the education of looked after children. Insight drawn from these local authorities is used to review previous literature concerning inter‐agency collaboration in a variety of contexts. The relevance of previous research to issues concerning the education of looked after children is discussed and key factors associated with effective collaboration are highlighted. Barriers which have served to obstruct joint working and strategies adopted to deal with these are also discussed.
Breast carcinoma in men
Authors: Giordano Sharon H. , Cohen Deborah S. , Buzdar Aman U. , Perkins George , Hortobagyi Gabriel N.
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Male breast carcinoma is an uncommon disease, and most previous studies have been single‐institution series that were limited by extremely small sample sizes. The goals of the current study were to fill in the major gaps in knowledge regarding the incidence, presenting characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival rates of male breast carcinoma and to determine how breast carcinoma differs between men and women.

METHODS

Data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 1973–1998 database were used. Age‐adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Characteristics of the patients and presenting tumors were compared between men and women. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effect of each variable on overall survival. Survival rates by disease stage were compared for men and women.

RESULTS

Over the years of the study, the incidence of male breast carcinoma increased significantly from 0.86 to 1.08 per 100,000 population (P < 0.001). Men had a higher median age at diagnosis (P < 0.001) and were more likely to have lymph node involvement (P < 0.001), a more advanced stage at diagnosis (P < 0.001), and tumors that were positive for estrogen receptor (ER) (P < 0.001) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, larger tumor size and lymph node involvement were associated with shortened survival. Tumor grade and ER/PR status did not appear to independently influence survival. Relative survival rates by stage of disease for men and women were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Although it remains a rare disease, the incidence of male breast carcinoma is increasing. Breast carcinoma in men has some epidemiologic and biologic differences from breast carcinoma in women. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Association of colonic and endometrial carcinomas in Portuguese families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma significantly increases the probability of detecting a pathogenic mutation in mismatch repair genes, primarily the MSH2 gene
Authors: Lage Pedro A. , Albuquerque Cristina , Sousa Rita G. , Cravo Marilia L. , Salazar Maria , Francisco Inês , Maia Lara , Claro Isabel , Suspiro Alexandra , Rodrigues Paula , Raposo Hélder , Fidalgo Paulo A. , Nobre‐Leitão Carlos
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) significantly raises the risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other extracolonic tumors. It is defined by the Amsterdam Criteria and is associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair genes, primarily MLH1 and MSH2. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the presence of CRC (Type I) and other extracolonic tumors (Type II) in families with HNPCC and to analyze the findings for correlations with germline mutations in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes.

METHODS

Seventy families with an HNPCC diagnosis were analyzed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing were used for germline mutation analysis in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes.

RESULTS

Forty‐three of 70 families (61%) presented with HNPCC Type II. In 21 of 30 families that had a complete genetic diagnosis, 16 pathogenic germline mutations (7 MLH1 mutations and 9 MSH2 mutations) and 5 mutations of unknown pathogenecity (all MLH1 mutations) were found. In the remaining nine families, no mutations were detected. Unequivocally pathogenic mutations were far more common in families with HNPCC Type II compared with families that had CRC only (P = 0.01). Families with endometrial carcinoma presented with the greatest probability of mutational detection (P = 0.005). MLH1 was only gene affected in families with HNPCC Type I, whereas mutations in both MLH1 and MSH2 were found in families with HNPCC Type II (P = 0.04). However, the MSH2 gene was more frequently involved in families with HNPCC in which endometrial carcinoma was present (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

CRC and endometrial carcinoma were associated with a greater probability of detecting pathogenic mutations in mismatch repair genes, with MSH2 involvement predominating. The results support specific mutational screening strategies, based on observed phenotypes, for families with HNPCC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Postsurgical disparity in survival between African Americans and Caucasians with colonic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Alexander Dominik , Chatla Chakrapani , Funkhouser Ellen , Meleth Sreelatha , Grizzle William E. , Manne Upender
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Studies of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) indicate a higher mortality rate for African Americans compared with Caucasians in the United States. In the current study, the authors evaluated the racial differences in survival based on tumor location and pathologic stage between African‐American patients and Caucasian patients who underwent surgery alone for CRC.

METHODS

All 199 African American patients and 292 randomly selected, non‐Hispanic Caucasian patients who underwent surgery between 1981 and 1993 for first primary sporadic CRC at the University of Alabama–Birmingham (Birmingham, AL) or an affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital were assessed for differences in survival. None of these patients received preoperative or postoperative neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for demographic and tumor characteristics.

RESULTS

African Americans were 1.67 (95% CI, 1.21–2.33) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.12–2.07) times more likely to die of colonic adenocarcinoma (CAC) within 5 years and 10 years of surgery, respectively, compared with Caucasians. Racial differences in survival were observed among patients with Stage II, III, and IV CAC; however, the strongest and statistically significant association was observed among patients with Stage II CAC. There were no significant racial differences in survival in patients with rectal adenocarcinomas.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings suggest that the decreased overall survival at 5 years and 10 years postsurgery observed in African‐American patients with CAC may not be attributable to tumor stage at diagnosis or treatment but may be due to differences in other biologic or genetic characteristics between African‐American patients and Caucasian patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Experience in the oncology setting
Authors: Wallace Michael J. , Madoff David C. , Ahrar Kamran , Warneke Carla L.
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement has emerged as an effective and minimally invasive method of treating portal hypertension and its associated complications. To the authors' knowledge there is limited documentation of its use for percutaneous shunting in patients with hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies. The current study reports the authors' experience with TIPS in the oncology setting.

METHODS

Thirty‐eight patients with cancer underwent TIPS procedures. Nineteen patients had a history of hepatic malignancy. All medical records and imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively. The indication for TIPS, the presence of malignancy, procedural details, complications, survival, and treatment success were assessed.

RESULTS

Primary technical success was accomplished in 37 of 38 patients (97%) without technical procedure‐related complications. Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 15 of 34 patients (44%), with 3 patients requiring shunt reduction. Premature shunt occlusion (< 30 days) occurred in 3 patients (8%). Recurrent hemorrhage occurred in 1 of 19 patients (5%), and ascites and hepatic hydrothorax resolved or improved subjectively in 9 of 12 patients (75%). Shunts traversed malignancy in 9 patients, and varying degrees of portal compromise were encountered in 12 patients (32%). The overall 30‐day and 90‐day survival rates were 84% and 60%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in 90‐day survival rates for patients who had ascites and hepatic hydrothorax indications (27%) compared with patients who had variceal and portal gastropathy indications (84%; P = 0.0075). In addition, the 90‐day survival rate was significantly lower in patients who had primary hepatic malignancies (36%) compared with the remainder of the study population (74%; P = 0.0077), and it was significantly lower in patients who had model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) scores ≥ 12 (P = 0.0020).

CONCLUSIONS

TIPS was performed safely for patients with cancer without increasing rates of procedure‐related complications. However, some patients subgroups, such at those with malignancy and ascites, primary hepatic malignancy, or MELD scores ≥ 12, had the lowest 90‐day survival rates. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of the mammalian homologue of fasciclin II during olfactory development in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hamlin John A. , Fang Hengsheng , Schwob James E.
Published: May 2004

Developing olfactory sensory neurons are guided to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb by an increasingly stringent process that is influenced by expression of odorant receptors, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and other kinds of signaling cascades. A fundamental feature of the projection is the connecting of broad zones in the epithelium to broad zones in the bulb, also termed rhinotopy. One molecule that parallels and may aid neurons in establishing rhinotopy is the mammalian homologue of fasciclin II (OCAM/mamFas II; also known as RNCAM and NCAM‐2), an immunoglobulin superfamily CAM that is differentially expressed in the developing and mature olfactory epithelium (OE): Axons elaborated by ventral and lateral epithelium express the protein at high levels, whereas dorsomedial axons express little or no OCAM/mamFas II. Our investigation has demonstrated that OCAM/mamFas II is detectable early in the development of the rat OE. mRNA is evident on RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization by E12.5, and protein is apparent by immunohistochemistry by E13.5. By using a tissue culture system that separates ventral septal epithelium (OCAM/mamFas II‐positive) from dorsal (OCAM/mamFas II‐negative), we find that explants maintain protein expression levels in vitro that are characteristic of the phenotype at the original location in vivo. At least some neurons are born in culture, suggesting that any cues that direct differential expression are also maintained in vitro. Finally, high OCAM/mamFas II expression correlates with increased growth and fasciculation of olfactory axons in vitro. These data and the similarity between OCAM/mamFas II, on the one hand, and fasciclin II and NCAM, on the other, suggest that OCAM/mamFas II might play a role in growth and fasciculation of primary olfactory axons during development of the projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:438–452, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Marine Stewardship Council: A multi‐stakeholder approach to sustainable fishing
Authors: Cummins Alexia
Published: May 2004

Established by WWF and Unilever in 1997, the Marine Stewardship Council is an example of a successful NGO–business partnership, independent since 1999. At a time when awareness of the general public on environmental issues and particularly overfishing is increasing, it offers an eco‐labelling programme designed to reward sustainable and well managed fisheries with a visible environmental endorsement. The MSC is the only international fisheries organization working to provide a market‐based incentive, encouraging consumers to make the best environmental choice in seafood, by setting a standard against which independent accredited certification bodies assess fisheries. It devotes time and attention to bringing a broad spectrum of stakeholders to the table, maintaining dialogue with all sectors. As more fisheries engage in the certification process, valuable lessons have been learnt on the importance of stakeholder input. Market leading supermarkets recognize that consumers expect retailers to make responsible purchasing decisions as part of their corporate social responsibility. As a key part of this they have become supporters of the MSC, enabling it to achieve the market exposure it requires to highlight the issue of overfishing and the need to ensure the sustainability of fish stocks around the world. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Strategies for sustainable development: use of a benchmarking tool to understand relative strengths and weaknesses and identify best practice
Authors: Hemming Christine , Pugh Shirley , Williams Geraint , Blackburn Deborah
Published: May 2004

This paper will describe the development and application of a methodology for assessing the progress being made by companies in addressing the challenges of sustainable development. The methodology is based on the identification of a number of attributes that provide indicators of progress in pursuit of sustainable development. Each attribute is then further described in terms of several key characteristics. Publicly available information from leading companies can then be analysed in terms of these attributes and characteristics and each company's relative progress can be assessed.

The methodology has been applied to a number of leading companies. The companies were chosen to cover a range of different sectors and by reference to relevant indicators, including the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and the FTSE4Good. An initial study carried out in 2000 was repeated during 2002. The results can be used to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of a particular company versus best practice in its sector and overall, and to show the progress that has been made by individual companies and by sectors between 2000 and 2002. The paper will present some illustrative results from the studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The cement sustainability initiative – implementing change across a global industry
Authors: Klee Howard , Coles Elaine
Published: May 2004

Today many companies are examining operations in the context of sustainable development. The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) is a major initiative across an industry to fundamentally alter the way it operates. Established under the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the 10 founding companies produce more than one‐third of the world's cement. The industry is faced with increasingly strong legislative and stakeholder pressure, specifically regarding how to meet environmental and corporate social responsibilities. The companies wanted to understand what sustainable development really means for them. The project is one of the largest transformative projects ever to be initiated by an industry – an industry responding to change by instigating fundamental changes in the way it does business. It is an acknowledgement that the industry's licence to operate, competitiveness, profitability and long‐term survival are inextricably linked to meeting their environmental and corporate social responsibilities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dimorphic Alu element located between the TFIIH and CDSN genes within the major histocompatibility complex (vol. 24, issue 16, pp. 2740‐2748)
Authors: Dunn David S. , Inoko Hiditoshi , Kulski Jerzy K.
Published: May 2004

No abstracts.

See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200305524