bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ti-Parts for Aviation Industry Produced by Cold Spraying
Authors: Binder K. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T.
Published: September 2022

Cold spraying has a high potential for building up thick coatings or structures, like for rapid prototyping or production of free-standing parts. This method is particularly interesting for high strength materials that are difficult to process or to shape, e.g. Titanium for special applications in aviation industries. In this contribution, the two major challenges are addressed: (I) optimizing mechanical properties by systematic variation of process parameters, and (ii) evaluating the influence of the spray angle with respect to complex geometries as requested by aviation industry. While in the past, high quality titanium coatings were only achieved using Helium as process gas, Nitrogen is used in this study to reduce costs. High deposition efficiencies of more than 95 % can be obtained and the coatings show very low porosities as well as high tensile strength of over 480 MPa. The influence of process conditions on the mechanical properties is discussed on the basis of coating microstructures, Micro Flat Tensile (MFT) and Tubular Coating Tensile tests (TCT-test).
High Temperature Mechanical Behaviour of UHTC Coatings for Thermal Protection of Re-Entry Vehicles
Authors: Pulci G. , Tului M. , Tirillò J. , Marra F. , Lionetti J. , Valente T.
Published: September 2022

In this work the high temperature mechanical properties of UHTC coatings deposited by plasma spraying have been investigated; particularly the stress-strain relationship of ZrB2 based thick films has been evaluated by means of 4-point bending tests up to 1500 °C in air. Results show that at each investigated temperature (500, 1000, 1500 °C) Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values are higher than the ones obtained at room temperature; moreover at 1500°C the UHTC coatings exhibit a marked plastic behaviour, maintaining a flexural strength 25 % higher compared to RT tested samples. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) has been evaluated up to 1500 °C: obtained data are of primary importance for substrate selection, interface design and to analyze the thermo-mechanical behaviour of coating-substrate coupled system. Finally SEM-EDS analyses have been carried out on as sprayed and tested materials in order to understand the mechanisms of reinforcement activated by high temperature exposure and to identify the microstructural modifications induced by the combination of mechanical loads and temperature in an oxidizing environment.
Influence of the Surface State on the Adherence of the Coating: Case of an Alumina Coating Plasma Sprayed on SiC Composites
Authors: Costil S. , Lukat S. , Verdy C. , Coddet C.
Published: September 2022

The quality of thermally sprayed coatings depends on a lot of parameters (spraying power, feedstock injection, morphology of the parts, kinetics and environment). But among them, adherence between the coating and the substrate appears as the fundamental point. To favor a good interaction and also a good adherence between the coating and the substrate, it is often necessary to clean and prepare the substrate surface. Conventionally, solvents and sand-blasting are applied to remove the contaminants and increase the surface roughness for a mechanical anchorage. But according to the substrate nature (ceramic) or the substrate morphology, it can be prejudicial to apply a mechanical treatment due to a peeling of the surface or a decrease of the global properties. By this way some other treatments have to be investigated in order to obtain an appropriate preparation. From all of them (water jet, ice blasting, heating treatment, etc.), laser ablation can be an interesting technology to prepare the substrate surface. The aim of this work was to study the modifications induced by 10 ns single or cumulative pulses of a Q-switched Nd:YAG near-infrared laser and its influence on the interface adhesion. The case of an alumina coating sprayed on a Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) has been studied. In these conditions, the laser treatment seems favorable from the adherence point of view according to the mechanical effect (induced by a cone-like structure) and the chemical effect
Comparison of Two Structure Scales of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3-TiO2 Coatings on Mechanical and Tribological Properties
Authors: Vargas F. , Ageorges H. , Xin W. , Fauchais P. , Lopez M.
Published: September 2022

Al2O3-13 % wt TiO2 thermal sprayed coatings exhibit good wear resistance under tribological conditions, thanks to their high toughness. Alumina/titania coatings with two different structures, and similar titania content, have been elaborated by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The aim was to compare the effect of the structure on hardness and wear resistance. As feedstocks were used Al2O3-13 wt % TiO2 powders with two different structures: micrometer sized ones, with two size distributions (5 – 30 μm and 15 – 45 μm), and agglomerated nano-meter sized particles (grain diameters between 200 to 500 nm) with a size distribution between 10 and 45 μm. Coatings were sprayed onto low carbon steel (XC38) substrates with several spray parameters, the plasma forming gas used being mixtures of Ar and H2 (45/15 and 53/17 SLM, respectively). Results show that, with the tribological conditions used in this study, the wear resistance of coatings principally depends of their hardness and not very much on the starting powder morphologies.
TBC Dry Ice Stripping
Authors: Giolli C. , Allegrini B. , Duda T. , Engl L. , Giorgetti A. , Groppetti A. , Lanzi L. , Pini S. , Spagnoli M. , Scrivani A.
Published: September 2022

Thermal barrier coatings have got considerable importance for the improvement of gas turbine efficiency. These materials are applied on the surface of gas turbine blades and vanes and are based on a layer of low-oxidation material (mainly MCrAlY alloys, where M stay of Co, Ni or a combination of both) and a ceramic top layer that acts as proper thermal barrier (normally Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia). Coating removal is an important aspect in the production of these blades and vanes. “Decoating” or “stripping” is needed during the production of new components as well as for the reconditioning of existing ones. The present paper is dedicated to a new removal method of the ceramic Zirconia layer, based on dry ice blasting. This method will not impact on the roughness and morphology of the bond coat surface, making it suitable for re-coating with TBC, without any further operation before TBC recoating. This possibility has an important impact on the stripping costs and time, avoiding all the operations related to the bond coat. The paper presents the process tests to get the process set up and the characterization of the surfaces comparing the stripped ones with the “original ones” coated by LPPS on new components, ready to be TBC coated. Optical and SEM microscopy, 3D profilometry have been used for characterization. Finally a Thermal Cycling Fatigue test has been carried out in order to validate the procedure of stripping and re-coating.
Influence of Pores and Cracks Morphology on Mechanical Behavior of Thermally Sprayed Ceramics
Authors: Mušálek R , Matìjíèek J. , Pejchal V. , Mari E. , Valarezo A. , Sampath S.
Published: September 2022

Pores and cracks have significant influence on the structural rigidity and mechanical behavior of the thermally sprayed materials. For some applications dense coatings are needed, while for others (e.g. thermal barriers) some level of porosity is desirable. Recent development in thermal spraying focuses on the tailored design of pores and cracks for specific applications. In this project, ceramic coatings with different level and morphology of pores and cracks were plasma and HVOF sprayed on titanium alloy substrates. Coating microstructures were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical behavior of the prepared coatings was evaluated using four-point bending test in terms of changing coating stiffness with increasing mechanical load both in compression and tension. Significant level of coating non-linearity and hysteresis were observed. Tests carried out for coatings with the same chemical composition but different microstructure proved strong dependency of coatings mechanical properties on pores and cracks morphology. Microstructure features relevant for the applied loading are discussed.
Design of Experiment Analysis of the Sulzer Metco DJ High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Coating of Hydroxyapatite for Orthopaedic Applications
Authors: Hasan S. , Stokes J.
Published: September 2022

HVOF has the potential to produce Hydroxyapatite HA (Bio-ceramic) coatings based on its experience with other sprayed ceramic materials. This technique should offer mechanical and biological results comparable to other thermal spraying processes such as plasma spray currently FDA approved for HA deposition. Deposition of HA via HVOF is a new venture especially using the Sulzer Metco Diamond Jet (DJ) process, hence the aim of this paper. In this research, a Design of Experiment (DOE) model as developed to optimize the HVOF process for the deposition of HA. Five parameters (factors) were researched over two levels namely: oxygen flow rate, propylene flow rate, air flow rate, spray distance and powder flow rate. Coating crystallinity and purity were measured as the responses to the factors used. The research showed that: propylene, air flow rate, spray distance and powder feed rate had the largest effect on the responses and the study aimed to find the desired optimised settings. This research found crystallinity and purity values of 93.8% and 99.8% respectively for a set of HVOF parameters which were improved findings compared to the crystallinity and purity of 87.6 % and 99.4 % respectively found using the FDA approved Plasma thermal spray process. Hence a new technique for HA deposition now exists using the DJ HVOF facility. Future research aims to evaluate the biological response to these coatings through in vitro tests.
Mechanical Behaviour of Air-Plasma Sprayed Functionally Graded YSZ-Mullite Environmental Barrier Coatings: A Study Via Instrumented Indentation
Authors: Cojocaru C. V. , Wang Y. , Lima R. S. , Moreau C. , Mesquita-Guimarães J. , Garcia E. , Miranzo P. , Osendi M. I.
Published: September 2022

Mullite (Al6Si2O13) is the basis of efficient environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) for protecting Si-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) selected to replace specific hot-section metallic components in advanced gas turbines. Furthermore, YSZ-mullite multilayer architectures with compositional grading between the bond coat and YSZ top coat were envisioned as solutions to ease their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch induced stress. Consequently, a proper understanding of the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, hardness or plastic/elastic recovery work serve for an efficient design of such refractory oxide multilayers. In this work, three different mullite powder morphologies (fused and crushed, spray-dried and freeze-granulated) were employed. Using depth-sensing indentation with loads in the range 100 – 500 mN, the role of the microstructure and morphology of the powder feedstock on the mechanical behaviour of air plasma sprayed mullite bond coats deposited on SiC Hexoloy substrates was investigated. Fully crystalline as-sprayed mullite coatings were engineered under controlled deposition conditions. Mechanical properties were measured for the as-sprayed coatings as well as for coatings heat-treated at 1300°C, in water vapour environment, for periods up to 500 h. Both E and H values of the coatings are found to be highly dependent on the morphology of the starting powders.
Microstructure and Electrochemical Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous Metallic Coatings Fabricated by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Zhou Z. , Wang L. , He D. , Wang F. , Liu Y.
Published: September 2022

A Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2 alloy with high glass forming ability (GFA) was selected to prepare amorphous metallic coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process. The as-deposited coatings present a dense layered structure and low porosity. Microstructural studies show that some nanocrystals and a fraction of yttrium oxides formed during spraying process, which induced the amorphous fraction of the coatings decreasing to 69% compared with fully amorphous alloy ribbons of the same component. High thermal stability employs the amorphous coatings to work below 910K temperature without crystallization. Corrosion behavior of the amorphous coating was investigated by electrochemical measurement. The results show that the coatings exhibit extremely wide passive region and low passive current density in 3.5% NaCl and 1mol/L HCl solutions, which illustrate their superior ability to resist localized corrosion. Moreover, the corrosion behavior of the amorphous coatings in 1mol/L H2SO4 solution is similar to their performance in chlorine ions contained conditions, which manifests their flexible and extensive ability to withstand aggressive environments.
Analysis of Fe-base Materials and Evaluation of their Suitability for Wear Protection Coatings
Authors: Pelz A.
Published: September 2022

Recently much research work has been undertaken worldwide to develop iron base materials which can be used for thermal spraying of anti-wear coatings. Besides economical ideas reasons exist like health- and environmental aspects for the usability of iron base materials instead of Ni- or Co containing carbide coatings. Until now, however, iron base materials showed a worse life time under abrasive wear compared with conventional carbide coatings like WC/ CO or NiCr-CrC. This article presents the research work on new iron base materials for wear protection purposes. Thereby, the focus is set on high carbon containing iron-chromium base alloys which solidify under the formation of primary carbides. The material development included the study of different additional alloying elements. The relation of different chemical compositions and their typical microstructure to the wear behaviour is presented in this paper, too. To follow an integral way for the evaluation of the wear behaviour both powders and cored-wires could be produced. Therefore the wear tests considered coatings produced via HVOF, PTA and arc-spraying.
Effects of WC Particle Size on Deposition of Cold Spray WC-Co Coatings
Authors: Berndt C. C. , Ang S. M. , Cheang P. , Wang J.
Published: September 2022

Cold spray is a material deposition process that uses a high pressure, high velocity gas jet for the deformation and bonding of particles. However, deposition of brittle or hard materials such as ceramics has not been successful: unless they are co-deposited with a ductile matrix material. This paper examines the WC particle size and its influence on the deposition of Co-based cermets. Micro- and nano-structured powders with similar Co content were employed. Varying the WC particle size influenced significantly the deposition efficiency of the coating process. Micrometer-structured WC-Co feedstocks did not permit coating build up when processed under comparable or elevated thermal spray parameters used for the nanostructured WC-Co feedstocks. In addition, micrometer-structured WC-Co coatings exhibited a conjoint erosion and deposition effect on the surface. Fine WC particles (<1 μm) were observed near to the substrate interface and larger WC particles (1-2 μm) in the vicinity of the coating surface. These observations indicate the existence of a critical WC particle size for deposition by the cold spray method and that the size criteria arises due to the formation and cohesion mechanisms within the coating layer.
Modeling of Particle Consolidation by Cold Spray
Authors: Kocimski J. , Maev R.Gr. , Leshchynsky V. , Kocimski J. , Ambroziak A.
Published: September 2022

To fully understand particle interactions with both substrate and neighboring particles, Finite Element Analysis (FEM) of particle agglomeration impact onto substrate was developed. To investigate particle/particle bonding mechanism, two dimensional models for various initial densities of deposited stainless steel particles has been built. In the model the stainless steel powder was deposited onto copper substrate. The results obtained from simulations show the influence of particle agglomeration density on stress and strain state. Both plastic strains, stresses and dynamics of the process has been investigated. The model was verified and compared with metallographic structures of real coatings.
Effect of Powder Preheating Temperature on the Properties of Cu-Based Amorphous Coating Layer by Cold Spray Deposition
Authors: Cho J. , Park D. , Kim J. , Lee J. , Lee K.
Published: September 2022

Cu54Zr22Ti18Ni6 amorphous powders were deposited onto aluminum substrates by cold spray process with different powder preheating temperature (below Tg : 623K, near Tg : 703K, and Tx : 773K). The microstructure and macroscopic properties of coating layers were investigated using OM, XRD, DSC and hardness, SUGA test, potentio-dynamic corrosion test. XRD results showed that cold sprayed Cu based amorphous coating layers of 300~350 μm thickness could be well manufactured regardless of powder preheating temperature. Porosity measurements revealed that the coating layers of 623K and 773K preheating temperature conditions had lower porosity contents (0.88%, 0.93%) than that of 623K preheating conditions (4.87%). Hardness was measured as 374.8HV (623K), 436.3HV (703K) and 455.4HV (773K) for the coating layers, respectively. Results from the wear resistance examination via SUGA test and those from the hardness testing showed the same trends. Examination of corrosion resistance of the amorphous coating layer showed that the critical anodic current density (ic) of the coating layer, for which powder preheating was provided at 623K and then cold spray deposition, was 5.6X10-3A/cm2. The ic values of the 703K and 773K coating layers were 4.8X10-4 and 1.2X10-3A/cm2, respectively. Both temperature conditions were found to offer superior corrosion characteristics to those of the 623K-prehaeted and coated specimen. This was assumed to be attributed to the relatively lower level of porosity.
Location of the Powder Injection as Independent Parameter to Control Particle Velocity and Temperature in Cold Spray
Authors: Sova A. , Kosarev V. , Klinkov S. , Smurov I.
Published: September 2022

Particle-at-impact parameters in Cold Spray are governed mostly by gas flow parameters. However, the location of the powder injection can be used as independent factor to modify particle-in-flight parameters. Calculations and experiments confirm strong influence of the location of the powder injection on dynamics of particle acceleration and heating. Application of this effect for cold spraying of multicomponent coatings is a new and promising approach. The general scheme of spraying of two-component mixture composed of hard-sprayable and easy-sprayable components proposed as follows: The hard-sprayable component is injected into the subsonic part of the nozzle at a gas stagnation temperature favorable for this material to start the coating formation alone. The zone of injection of the easy-sprayable component is determined in such a way that the particles of this material have, at the nozzle outlet, values of temperature and velocity sufficient for the coating formation at the selected gas stagnation temperature. New design of spraying nozzle for the above purposes is proposed and discussed.
Computer-Aided Cooling Curve Used to Predict the Solidification Behavior of Cast Iron
Authors: Shaha S. K. , Haque M. M.
Published: September 2022

During solidification, the cooling behaviour of materials depends on the heat flow through the mould and the alloy composition. Even though the alloy composition is same; the cooling rate can change the properties of the materials. In the present study, an attempt has been taken to predict the cooling behaviour of gray cast iron into a resin bonded sand mould at various thicknesses using JL FEM analyser software. Using K-type thermocouple, the temperature was measured after every 20 sec. Both, the computer simulated and experimentally investigated cooling curves show the similar nature or pattern of the curves. The microstructure also confirms that the cooling rate changes the structure of the cast iron from gray to white.
Characteristics of Cu Film-Like Coating Deposited Using VLPPS
Authors: Zhang N. , Sun F. , Zhu L. , Verdy C. , Planche M. P. , Liao H. , Coddet C.
Published: September 2022

Cu coatings were obtained by the VLPPS (Very Low Pressure Plasma Spray) process using a torch F4-VB. The tank pressure was varied from 1 mbar to 5 mbar: these specific conditions can allow obtaining a higher vapor condensation fraction in the coating. Different sizes of powders are used to compare the vaporization level. The other possible influencing factors for obtaining compact film-like coating are also considered such as the distance between the torch and substrate, the orientation of the vapors and also the substrate temperatures. Microstructures of coatings are analyzed and combined with the results of plasma diagnostics. Jobin-Yvon spectrometer (type TRIAX190, UK) and Plasus Specline Spectroscopy software are both used for detecting and analyzing plasma spectrum data. The value of plasma electronic excited temperature Te was calculated through choosing Hα and Hβ two atom spectra. The results showed that the plasma belongs to cold plasma in the local thermodynamic equilibrium situation in VLPPS.
The Bonding Mechanism of WC-12Co Coatings Prepared by Supersonic Plasma Spraying
Authors: Yang H. , Pan S.
Published: September 2022

Supersonic plasma spraying has been used to deposit WC-12Co coatings on polished stainless steel and aluminum substrate surface. The microstructure was observed by SEM and the bond mechanism was analyzed. It can be seen that individual WC particles can embed the substrate and make the substrate surface rough. The substrate materials differ, the depth that WC embed is also different. Bond among coatings mainly belonged to mechanical bonding. Bond between coatings and substrate mainly belonged to mechanical bonding, and partially belonged to metallurgy bonding, physical bonding, diffusion and micro-forging.
The Role of Parameters on The Hardness of HVOF Sprayed Bond Coats in Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Minisker M. , Bengi T. , Ciftyurek E. , Keles O. , Taptik I. Y.
Published: September 2022

Using thermal barrier coatings on metallic gas turbine or diesel engine components is widely preferred to enable increased operation temperature with reduced component temperature. A standard thermal barrier coating is applied on a metallic substrate and has two layers. Namely, a metallic bond coat for resisting oxidation and bonding top coat to substrate and a ceramic top coat for thermal insulation. Mechanical properties are important for thermal barrier coatings due to their effects on coatings’ life and quality. Density and cohesive strength are the indispensable characteristics of coatings, which can be observed by improved hardness. In this paper three parameters, substrate temperature, substrate roughness and spray distance are selected and experiments are designed using Taguchi methods. Each parameter has three levels and a total of nine experiments are performed according to Taguchi’s L9 design. A bond coat is sprayed on a stainless steel substrate using HVOF thermal spray system. Particle temperature and velocity are monitored during the experiments. A series of micro hardness characterizations are made for each coating.
Surface Pretreatments Including Laser Texturing for Thermal Spraying
Authors: Lamraoui A. , Langlade C. , Costil S. , Coddet C.
Published: September 2022

Surface treatments are often necessary in thermal spraying to modify the surface properties of materials and then to improve the coating adherence. Several techniques exist. Among them, conventional techniques such as sandblasting, chemical degreasing and some others like high pressure water jet or laser ablation can be implemented. However, whatever the results, some drawbacks can always be listed according to the materials considered (sensitive materials, low adherence level). By this way, new techniques have to be developed. Considering the laser technology, some new treatments can be particularly suitable for surface modifications. Based on the printing technology, laser texturing implementing fiber laser technique combined with a scanner permits to engrave quickly uniform holes on the surface. Applied as a surface treatment before spraying step, the potential of such technique is particularly observed in this study. According to the laser parameters, several points can be analysed such as size (diameter and depth) and the distance between each holes. After surface characterizations by SEM observations and roughness measurements, adhesion tests were then implemented. Considering NiAl coatings sprayed on textured aluminium alloy substrates, some very interesting adherence results (55 MPa) were measured in comparison to the conventional treatments (45 MPa after degreasing and sandblasting) as well as laser ablation technique (34 MPa).
Comparison of the Structure and Wear Properties of Babbitt Layers Produced by Arc Spraying and by Pouring
Authors: Korobov Yu. , Potechin B. , Gogolev L. , Ilushin V. , Deviatiarov M.
Published: September 2022

Babbitt is used at tribology applications according to its low friction coefficient. Thermal spraying and pouring are widely used production processes of Babbitted parts. Comparative analysis of structure and wear properties of Babbitt layers produced by these technologies was done. Examples of typical arc sprayed Babbitted part's applications which were done at Mashprom are represented.
Preparation Process and Property Research of FeCrAl Intermetallic Compound Coating
Authors: Wang C. , Sun H. , Liu X. , Qu Z. , Bi J.
Published: September 2022

The brittleness of intermetallic compounds severely hampers their appliance in industry as high temperature structural materials. In order to make use of their good qualities and avoid the influence of their disadvantages, this paper put forward another method on the application of intermetallic compounds--using as coatings on the surface of structural materials. Lots of experiments have been done on Fe-Cr-Al intermetallic compounds and excellent coatings were acquired by high temperature in-situ reaction process. The coating is compact and bonded well with substrate. And the result of experiment shows that it has wonderful corrosion resistance to molten zinc.
Concept of sports training periodization for better performance: A critical discussion
Authors: MUKHOPADHYAY Kishore
Published: September 2022

Just like a rudderless ship in the ocean, an athlete can never succeed in international sporting events without proper planning and training periodization. Although the concept of periodization in not new, it was scientifically initiated in 1960s and now due to the advancement of science and technology and increment of complexity and number of international competitions the entire training protocol has drastically changed. The traditional concept and practice of training periodization has largely replaced by modern goal-oriented training methodologies. The present review-based article critically discussed the different areas of sports training periodization for optimizing the better sporting performance.
The relationship between handgrip strength and performance scores in North American Collegiate Division I women’s artistic gymnasts
Authors: NİPP Hannah , DEBELİSO Mark , LAWRENCE Marcus
Published: September 2022

Maximal isometric handgrip strength (HGS) is used as an indicator of overall muscular strength and has also been found to be predictive of certain athletic events sporting prowess. Women’s artistic gymnastics requires athletes have high levels of relative muscular strength and power to be successful. This study examined the relationship between HGS and gymnastics performance scores for the 4 events of vault, uneven bars, beam, and floor in female collegiate artistic gymnasts. Twenty-five (n=25) female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I North American collegiate women’s artistic gymnasts (age: 20.1±1.3 yrs; height: 158.9±5.6 cm; mass: 58.2±5.3 kg) were assessed for a one-time measurement of absolute HGS in kg and relative HGS (HGS/height in m2), as well as their average vault, uneven bars, beam, and floor performance scores across a competitive season. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were determined between HGS and all performance scores. No significant (p > 0.05) correlations were found between absolute HGS (30.8±4.4 kg) or relative HGS (12.0±1.6 kg/m2) and any 4 gymnastics event’s performance scores (r range: -0.07 – 0.50 or r range: -0.06 – 0.31, respectively). In this female collegiate gymnastics’ population, 56% had an absolute HGS and 80% had a relative HGS, respectively, above the 50th percentile of all similarly aged adult females in the United States. In the current population of female collegiate gymnasts, absolute and relative HGS were not related to any gymnastics events performance scores and adds to the existing literature, supporting no relationships between HGS and sports performances where sports movements require a high degree of technical precision and accuracy. Findings from this investigation can be used by athletes, coaches, and practitioners in the collegiate women’s gymnastics realm to assess if athletes have attained sufficient absolute HGS, and especially relative HGS values, to be successful.
New method of liquidation value estimation
Authors:   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, S. A. Smolyak S. A.
Published: September 2022

Valuation standards define the liquidation value of an asset as its value within a shortened (as compared to typical) exposure / sale period. However, usually such timings (even when assets are sold at the market value) are random, and the "more" / «less» ratios are not applicable. We treat the liquidation value of an asset as its value in a forced sale with proper marketing and a deterministic exposure period limit. We propose a model for determining the liquidation value, which allows to optimize the seller’s marketing policy according to the criterion of the expected discounted benefits. This model takes into account the probabilistic nature of demand for the similar assets and the dependence of this demand on price (information on the price elasticity of demand is not required). The formulas obtained also allow taking into account inflation, the salvage value of an asset, its depreciation during the exposure period, as well as the need to incur selling expenses during the exposure period and the possibility of obtaining additional income from the use of the asset in this period. The dependences of the asset’s liquidation value on the remaining exposure period, calculated using the model, differ significantly from those recommended in the literature on valuation.
Political paradoxes of economic sanctions
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Afontsev S. A.
Published: September 2022

The article addresses political economy aspects of the policy of economic sanctions. Given the fact that decisions taken both in sender and target countries depend on the interaction of numerous groups of political and economic agents, sanction research can be productive only if their behavior is explicitly modelled given their objective functions and institutional context they face. It is shown that political economy approach can help resolve a number of paradoxes common in sanction research, i. e., paradoxes related to ineffi ciency of sanctions, pro-conflict reaction on sanctions by target countries, escalation of inefficient sanctions by sender countries, and retaliatory measures. Analysis shows that escalation of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation can not shift country’s foreign policy in the direction preferred by sender countries. On the contrary, higher sanction costs for the Russian economy fuel domestic political support for current foreign policy decisions. Consequently, conflict resolution should rely upon multilateral political dialogue rather than economic sanctions.
Regions of Russia in the new economic realities
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Zubarevich N. V. ,   Institute of Social Analysis and Forecasting, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
Published: September 2022

In the first three months of the sanctions’ crisis, regions connected with the global market were hit harder: these are the exporters of oil, gas, metals, and regions of the manufacturing industries with a high share of imported components. The influence of specialization has increased; in industry the decline is stronger in the regions of the automotive industry, oil and gas production, ferrous metallurgy. The decline in retail sales is stronger in the agglomerations of the largest cities due to the departure of foreign companies and in some regions with low incomes, where the population is faster reducing consumption. The decline or stagnation of personal income tax revenues in May 2022 manifested in the regions of the fuel complex, metallurgy, in some depressed regions and in underdeveloped Republics, where the share of shadow business may increase. The risks of part-time employment are higher in the industrial regions of the Center, the Volga district and part of the Urals. The employment reduction risks in the market services are higher in agglomerations and other major cities, in part of the depressed regions; in resort regions they are mitigated by increased home tourism. The risks of regional budgets tax revenues decline are strongest in more developed and export-oriented regions. The Southern agrarian regions and the Far East (with the exception of Sakhalin) are going through the crisis more mildly due to the home demand for food products and its exports, and for the Far Eastern regions — due to orientation to the Asian markets, especially China. Moscow is likely to go through a new crisis, like the two previous ones, softer than other regions, especially in terms of the dynamics of household incomes and the budget revenues.
The effects of additional non-stationary processes on the properties of DSGE-models
Authors:   Financial Research Institute, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Votinov A. I. ,   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia
Published: September 2022

DSGE models are based on the trend-cycle decomposition. The standard approach implies an out-of-model decomposition of the data, in which the trend component is discarded, and the parameters of the model are estimated on the cyclic one. This approach can lead to the loss of statistical information and reduce the quality of the model, which is crucial for practical purposes. The study suggests adding several sector-specifi c exogenous non-stationary processes to the model, which complement the standard DSGE model. The in-model detrending is described, and an approach to GMM-estimation of the non-stationary processes’ parameters is proposed. Several results are obtained. First, the inclusion of such non-stationary processes in the model increases the marginal density and improves the accuracy of forecasting within the sample. This result is robust to the inclusion of measurement errors in the model. Secondly, it is shown that the addition of exogenous trends allows obtaining a more plausible decomposition of data into a trend and a cycle. Finally, the use of the GMM approach to estimating the trends’ parameters makes possible to increase the marginal density. The results obtained in the paper can be used to create practice-oriented DSGE models.
Regional disparities and fiscal federalism in Russia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, USA, Dynnikova O.V. , Kyobe Annette ,   International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, USA, Slavov Slavi ,   International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, USA
Published: September 2022

This paper examines how regional disparities have evolved in Russia and how Russia’s system of intergovernmental fiscal relations is managing these disparities. Regional disparities have fallen over the past two decades but remain relatively high. Socioeconomic outcomes remain worse in lagging regions despite faster growth and convergence in income levels. The twin shocks of COVID-19 and lower oil prices appear to have impacted richer regions disproportionately. Compared to other large countries with federal systems of government, Russia stands out with its high reliance on direct taxes as a revenue source for its regions. Russian policymakers have made efforts to reduce regional disparities by designing a federal transfer system that intends to close vertical imbalances, achieve redistribution, and insure regions against both common shocks (“stabilization”) and idiosyncratic ones (“risk-sharing”). Transfers from the federal budget to the regions provide some redistribution by reducing the dispersion in real per capita fiscal spending, but also tend to be associated with lower growth. The Russian fiscal system offers degrees of redistribution and risk sharing of around 26 and 18%, respectively — with in-kind social transfers contributing the most. Finally, federal transfers in the aggregate tend to be procyclical and are also fairly unresponsive to shocks to regions’ own revenues.
Cost of achieving zero CO2 emissions by mid-century: Approach and estimation for the world largest economies
Authors:   Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Kolpakov A. Yu. , Yantovskii A. A. ,   Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Galinger A. A. ,   Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Published: September 2022

The article presents a methodological approach to assessing the cost of energy for the world economy in ambitious scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions associated with energy consumption. The approach takes into account that large-scale replacement of fossil fuels with electricity generated from renewable energy sources: a) should be accompanied by the grid development and the deployment of reserve storage capacities and hydrogen technologies; b) requires the use of mechanisms for projects payback, which are included in the final prices for electricity; c) will create the need to replace the shortfall in budget revenues from the production and consumption of hydrocarbon fuels. Forecast calculations show that the scenario of achieving zero emissions in the middle of the XXI century may turn out to be unstable, since it is characterized by increase in the cost of energy supply to the world economy by 40% compared to the current level, and the ratio of energy costs to GDP will exceed 13% in certain periods, and for some countries (including Russia) — 15%. For the global economy to remain within its solvency limits, hydrocarbons should play a decisive role in energy supply for another two decades, but the growth in energy demand can increasingly be met with the help of carbon-free solutions.
Proto-marginalist approach in Russia: Yuli Zhukovsky’s interpretation of Ricardo
Authors:   Centre for the History and Methodology of Economic Science HSE University, Moscow, Russia, Galeev A.
Published: September 2022

The paper focuses on the interpretation of David Ricardo’s theory of value and distribution suggested by Yuli Zhukovsky, a 19th century Russian economist. In his interpretation, Zhukovsky introduced a two-factor production model characterized by decreasing marginal productivity as well as supply-and-demand price mechanism. Zhukovsky’s interpretation of Ricardo was an attempt to deliver a more rigorous approach to the agrarian issue — the hot topic that marked the public debates in Russia after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Zhukovsky, an early critic of Marx, outlined a different path in the reception of the classical approach in Russia that preceded later developments in mathematical economics. The paper introduces Zhukovsky’s interpretation as a case of proto-marginalist analysis. It also demonstrates that Zhukovsky treated the mathematical apparatus as an instrument for the practical application of political economy to the issue of economic development.
THE EXPEDITION OF GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION BY THE GEOLKOM OF THE VSNX USSR (1925) TO ASSESS THE GOLD RESERVES OF THE ALDAN RIVER BASIN
Authors:   Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North SB RAS, Burnasheva N.I. , Kovlekov I.I. ,   North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov
Published: September 2022

The expedition of the Geolkom (Geological Committee) of the VSNX USSR carried out its work in Yakutia in 1925 under the guidance of the famous geologist V.N. Zverev. The main goal of the expedition was to justify the genesis and nature of gold placers in the Aldan River basin, to define the depth of occurrence of gold-bearing layers and the boundaries of their strike in plan. Such information was essential for a comprehensive and reliable assessment of the potential of a new, practically unexplored before, large alluvial gold deposit in the east of the country. The expedition to the newly discovered Aldan gold-bearing province was to play a decisive role in determining the future status and funding of the new gold mining enterprise. The importance of the goal being fulfilled became the reason for the accelerated preparation of the expedition, so its organization was unscheduled, carried out outside the programs and with special funds of the Geological Committee of the VSNX USSR. Based on the study of surviving archival sources, it was established that the expedition members carried out thorough geological, exploration and topographic work on gold deposits in the area of the middle Aldan River, including its right tributary basins. One of the main tasks of the expedition ruled by V.N. Zverev was the calculation of explored reserves and the assessment of forecast gold resources in the explored area. In general, the expedition fulfilled its tasks, managed to form a theoretically substantiated idea of the genesis of placer deposits of Aldan gold, provided materials that make it possible to bring the necessary scientific base under the general plan of exploration work for future placer gold mining along the Aldan River basin.
EXPEDITIONARY WORK OF ARTISTS TO COLLECT MATERIALS TO CREATE TYPES OF LOCALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE VICINITY OF LAKE BAIKAL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Tkachev V.V.
Published: September 2022

The study is aimed at restoring the main stages of the expeditionary work with the participation of famous artists in collecting materials to create types of localities and settlements in the vicinity of Lake Baikal in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Archival documents about the activities of E.E. Meyer, S.E. Vronsky and B.I. Lebedinsky as part of research groups. It is proved that the plots of the paintings of Western travel artists differed from those similarly made by local masters. This phenomenon is due to the fact that foreign and metropolitan artists lacked deeper knowledge in determining localities, highlighting the features of the region, thereby they missed many important details. The work of artists focused on the creation of works that presented the surroundings of Baikal extensively and from different angles. The artists showed the completed canvases to the residents at public exhibitions, in the future, many works remained in the funds of local museums. In the archives of the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum. V.P. Sukachev and the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region, personal files and materials on the activities of such artists as E.E. Meyer, S.E. Vronsky and B.I. Lebedinsky. The collections preserved detailed correspondence between museum staff and relatives of the painters, impressions and reviews of contemporaries, exhibition visitors, clippings of articles from pre-revolutionary periodicals, which must be presented in this article. The study confirmed that in the process of organizing and conducting expeditionary work by the scientific community, new types of neighborhoods of settlements in the Irkutsk province and the Trans-Baikal region were created. The activities of scientists and artists focused on studying the cultural and natural heritage, replenishing the museum's funds with paintings that depicted the region, highlighted its features and development prospects.
ANALYSIS OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE WORLD, IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Degtyarenko K.A. , Ermakov T.K. ,   Siberian Federal University
Published: September 2022

The traditional economy became the subject of analysis by domestic and foreign researchers involved in both economics and ethnography. On the one hand, a traditional economy is often understood as a traditional economy, that is, a whole system in which traditions and customs determine the practices of using and distributing resources. On the other hand, in a narrow sense, a traditional economy is a part of the economic system, individual practices based on traditional culture. The article presents an overview of the ethnological features of the traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The main proposals for solving the main problems of the development of traditional types of economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation are fixed, and some signs are noted that are characteristic of the considered examples of traditional nature management that exist in the modern global system.
KET FOLKLORE: HISTORY OF STUDY, CORPORATION OF TEXTS, ETHNOCULTURAL AND LANGUAGE FEATURES
Authors:   Siberian federal university, Menzhurenko Yu.N. , Shpak A.A. ,   Siberian federal university, Degtyarenko K.A. ,   Siberian federal university
Published: September 2022

The history of the Ket folklore study actively conducted since the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of scientists, both collecting material and analyzing the changing folklore processes, reflected in it important historical events, the picture of the human world and the worldview in general. Kets folklore texts include a large number of fairy tales, legends, and myths. The article is devoted to the study of Ket folklore from historical, ethno-cultural and linguistic points of view. Based on performed analysis, an extensive idea of the Kets folklore given in this article. The relationship between the compact residence area, the surrounding natural and climatic conditions, and the traditional economic activity of the people is considered. The Ket folklore reflects the social society structure, way of life, religion, and the interaction history between cultures. The themes of the Kets folklore texts are quite diverse and reflect different aspects of human life and the nature that surrounds him.