bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VPAC1 receptors regulate intestinal secretion and muscle contractility by activating cholinergic neurons in guinea pig jejunum
Authors: Fung Candice , Unterweger Petra , Parry Laura J. , Bornstein Joel C. , Foong Jaime P. P.
Published: February 2014

In the gastrointestinal tract, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is found exclusively within neurons. VIP regulates intestinal motility via neurally mediated and direct actions on smooth muscle and secretion by a direct mucosal action, and via actions on submucosal neurons. VIP acts via VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; however, the subtype involved in its neural actions is unclear. The neural roles of VIP and VPAC1 receptors (VPAC1R) were investigated in intestinal motility and secretion in guinea pig jejunum. Expression of VIP receptors across the jejunal layers was examined using RT-PCR. Submucosal and myenteric neurons expressing VIP receptor subtype VPAC1 and/or various neurochemical markers were identified immunohistochemically. Isotonic muscle contraction was measured in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations. Electrogenic secretion across mucosa-submucosa preparations was measured in Ussing chambers by monitoring short-circuit current. Calretinin+ excitatory longitudinal muscle motor neurons expressed VPAC1R. Most cholinergic submucosal neurons, notably NPY+ secretomotor neurons, expressed VPAC1R. VIP (100 nM) induced longitudinal muscle contraction that was inhibited by TTX (1 μM), PG97–269 (VPAC1 antagonist; 1 μM), and hyoscine (10 μM), but not by hexamethonium (200 μM). VIP (50 nM)-evoked secretion was depressed by hyoscine or PG97–269 and involved a small TTX-sensitive component. PG97–269 and TTX combined did not further depress the VIP response observed in the presence of PG97–269 alone. We conclude that VIP stimulates ACh-mediated longitudinal muscle contraction via VPAC1R on cholinergic motor neurons. VIP induces Cl− secretion directly via epithelial VPAC1R and indirectly via VPAC1R on cholinergic secretomotor neurons. No evidence was obtained for involvement of other neural VIP receptors.
Evidence that transient changes in sudomotor output with cold and warm fluid ingestion are independently modulated by abdominal, but not oral thermoreceptors
Authors: Morris Nathan B. , Bain Anthony R. , Cramer Matthew N. , Jay Ollie
Published: February 2014

Two studies were performed to 1) characterize changes in local sweat rate (LSR) following fluid ingestion of different temperatures during exercise, and 2) identify the potential location of thermoreceptors along the gastrointestinal tract that independently modify sudomotor activity. In study 1, 12 men cycled at 50% V̇o2peakfor 75 min while ingesting 3.2 ml/kg of 1.5°C, 37°C, or 50°C fluid 5 min before exercise; and after 15, 30, and 45-min of exercise. In study 2, 8 men cycled at 50% V̇o2peakfor 75 min while 3.2 ml/kg of 1.5°C or 50°C fluid was delivered directly into the stomach via a nasogastric tube (NG trials) or was mouth-swilled only (SW trials) after 15, 30, and 45 min of exercise. Rectal (Tre), aural canal (Tau), and mean skin temperature (Tsk); and LSR on the forehead, upper-back, and forearm were measured. In study 1, Tre, Tau, and Tskwere identical between trials, but after each ingestion, LSR was significantly suppressed at all sites with 1.5°C fluid and was elevated with 50°C fluid compared with 37°C fluid ( P < 0.001). The peak difference in mean LSR between 1.5°C and 50°C fluid after ingestion was 0.29 ± 0.06 mg·min−1·cm−2. In study 2, LSR was similar between 1.5°C and 50°C fluids with SW trials ( P = 0.738), but lower at all sites with 1.5°C fluid in NG trials ( P < 0.001) despite no concurrent differences in Tre, Tau, and Tsk. These data demonstrate that 1) LSR is transiently altered by cold and warm fluid ingestion despite similar core and skin temperatures; and 2) thermoreceptors that independently and acutely modulate sudomotor output during fluid ingestion probably reside within the abdominal area, but not the mouth.
Autocrine Motility Factor Modulates EGF-Mediated Invasion Signaling
Authors: Kho Dhong Hyo , Zhang Tianpeng , Balan Vitaly , Wang Yi , Ha Seung-Wook , Xie Youming , Raz Avraham
Published: February 2014

Autocrine motility factor (AMF) enhances invasion by breast cancer cells, but how its secretion and effector signaling are controlled in the tumor microenvironment is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated these issues with a chimeric AMF that is secreted at high levels through a canonical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi pathway. Using this tool, we found that AMF enhances tumor cell motility by activating AKT/ERK, altering actin organization, and stimulating β-catenin/TCF and activating protein 1 transcription. EGF enhanced secretion of AMF through its casein kinase II–mediated phosphorylation. RNA interference–mediated attenuation of AMF expression inhibited EGF-induced invasion by suppressing extracellular signal–regulated kinase signaling. Conversely, exogenous AMF overcame the inhibitory effect of EGF receptor inhibitor gefitinib on invasive motility by activating HER2 signaling. Taken together, our findings show how AMF modulates EGF-induced invasion while affecting acquired resistance to cytotoxic drugs in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 74(8); 2229–37. ©2014 AACR.
Clinical Trials of Combined Molecular Targeted Therapy and Locoregional Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kim Hwi Young , Park Joong-Won
Published: February 2014

Background: Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that targets angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has become a standard treatment for advanced-stage HCC and has shown survival benefits in recent clinical trials. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and sorafenib are currently standard treatments for intermediate and advanced-stage HCC, respectively. Combined locoregional therapy, including TACE and molecular targeted therapies such as sorafenib, is an issue under active investigation in an attempt to improve the outcomes of patients with unresectable HCC. Summary: Various clinical trials of these combined strategies have been conducted; however, the designs of these studies are diverse in terms of treatment modalities and schedules; comparisons with controls, baseline tumor stages, and hepatic functional reserves; and outcome measures. Key Messages: This article reviews heterogeneity in the design of recent clinical trials of combined locoregional and molecular targeted therapies and briefly addresses future study directions.
Trabectedin in Advanced High-Grade Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Case Report Illustrating the Value of18FDG-PET-CT in Assessing Treatment Response
Authors: Payne M.J. , Macpherson R.E. , Bradley K.M. , Hassan A.B.
Published: February 2014

We report the case of a 60-year-old woman with metastatic high-grade uterine leiomyosarcoma who achieved a delayed response to second-line therapy with the marine-derived drug trabectedin (Yondelis®, PharmaMar). We used 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET-CT) imaging as a tool for response monitoring in parallel with conventional re-staging according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) using computed tomography (CT). We illustrate the role of serial 18FDG-PET-CT imaging in the functional assessment of tumour response. Three cycles after commencement of trabectedin treatment, a reduction of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the solid component of the pelvic mass was observed, indicating a cystic or necrotic response in the tumour to trabectedin. After 7 cycles of treatment, on 18FDG-PET-CT there was clear evidence of ongoing disease improvement: the solid pelvic components were at worst stable, with an unchanged SUVmax, and possibly marginally reduced in size, while the pulmonary metastases had further reduced in size and become FDG negative; the bony metastases were stable. After a total of 13 cycles of treatment, administered over 13 months, the patient showed signs of progression on an 18FDG-PET-CT scan. The safety profile of trabectedin remained manageable, showing no evidence of cumulative toxicity and being associated with a preserved quality of life. This report illustrates potential limitations of RECIST in response assessments and the critical role of serial 18FDG-PET-CT imaging in assessing response to trabectedin treatment. Therefore, we propose that 18FDG-PET-CT may improve the assessment of response to trabectedin in selected patients.
Functional Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus at Birth: Evidence against an Intermediary Role of Angiotensin II
Authors: Pagni Eleonora , Baragatti Barbara , Scebba Francesca , Coceani Flavio
Published: February 2014

The fetal ductus arteriosus (DA) closes postnatally first functionally and then structurally. Normal rise in blood oxygenation is regarded as a prime trigger, but closure may occur more slowly without this stimulus. Here, our aim was to assess the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in functional closure of DA since its action may not be conditioned by oxygen. Experiments were performed with wild-type fetal and neonatal mice, using whole-body freezing technique to assess DA caliber in vivo. Transcripts for Ang II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors were also examined. We found that the AT1R antagonist olmesartan had no effect in the fetus, but delayed ductus closure in the neonate. However, this response was short-lived and disappeared upon concomitant treatment with the AT2R antagonist PD123319. Coincidentally, olmesartan promoted the Agtr2 transcript. We conclude that AT1R-based Ang II has no role in the functional closure of DA. Conversely, the compound may modulate this process through AT2R-mediated vasodilatation.
Major Facilitator Superfamily Porters, LacY, FucP and XylE of Escherichia coli Appear to Have Evolved Positionally Dissimilar Catalytic Residues without Rearrangement of 3-TMS Repeat Units
Authors: Västermark Åke , Lunt Bryan , Saier Milton
Published: February 2014

Based on alleged functional residue correspondences between FucP and LacY, a recent study has resulted in a proposed model of 3-TMS unit rearrangements [Madej et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:5870-5874]. We rebut this theory, using 7 different lines of evidence. Our observations suggest that these two transporters are homologous throughout their lengths, having evolved from a common ancestor without repeat unit rearrangements. We exploit the availability of the high-resolution XylE crystal structures in multiple conformations including the inward-facing state to render possible direct comparisons with LacY. Based on a Δdistance map, we confirm the conclusion of Quistgaard et al. [Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013;20:766-768] that the N-terminal 6 TMS halves of these transporters are internally less mobile than the second halves during the conformational transition from the outward occluded state to the inward occluded state and inward occluded state to inward open state. These observations, together with those of Madej et al. [2013], lead to the suggestion that functionally equivalent catalytic residues involved in substrate binding and transport catalysis have evolved in dissimilar positions, but apparently often in similar positions in the putative 3-TMS repeat units, from a single structural scaffold without intragenic rearrangement.
Human Granulosa Cells: Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptors and Aromatase Expression Modulation by Metformin
Authors: Fuhrmeister Isabela Piva , Branchini Gisele , Pimentel Anita M. , Ferreira Gustavo Dias , Capp Edison , Brum Ilma Simoni , Corleta Helena von Eye
Published: February 2014

Background/Aim: Granulosa cells are the source of the most important ovarian steroids. Even in patients without significant improvement in metabolic parameters, metformin has apparently an important effect on the ovary. The aim of this study was to evaluate gene and protein expression of an insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) and aromatase in granulosa cells treated with metformin and insulin. Methods: Luteinized granulosa cells were collected from 27 patients during in vitro fertilization procedures. Cells were isolated, stored in culture for 24 h and divided into four groups: control; metformin for 30 min, and metformin for 30 min plus insulin for 30 or 60 min. Results: IR and IGF1R mRNA expression was significantly enhanced by metformin but was not affected by insulin. Aromatase mRNA expression was significantly reduced in metformin-incubated cells following stimulation with insulin for 30 min. No statistical differences were found in IGF1R and aromatase protein expression, and IR expression was not detected. Conclusion: A direct effect of metformin on the gene expression of IGF1R, IR and aromatase was observed. Further studies should investigate the role of IGF1R, IR and aromatase in ovarian physiology for a better understanding of the effect of metformin.
The Ph1 Locus of Wheat Does Not Discriminate between Identical and Non-Identical Homologues in Rye
Authors: Oleszczuk S. , Tyrka M. , Lukaszewski A.J.
Published: February 2014

The main locus responsible for diploid-like behavior of polyploid wheat in meiosis, Ph1, is located on the long arm of chromosome 5B (5BL). It restricts metaphase I pairing to essentially identical homologues. Introduction of 5BL into outcrossing autotetraploid rye severely reduced multivalent formation and increased the frequency of bivalents and univalents, but the key by which homologues were selected for effective pairing was not clear. We created doubled haploids of autotetraploid rye with the long arm of wheat 5BL, verified their nature by DNA markers, and analyzed metaphase I chromosome pairing. The doubled haploid nature guaranteed the presence of pairs of identical and non-identical homologues in each homologous group. The metaphase I pairing patterns were essentially the same as in plants from open pollination, with frequent bivalents and univalents and rare multivalents. The level of pairing was low and depended on the dosage of 5BL. The pairing levels show that unlike in wheat, in rye the Ph1 locus does not use homologue similarity as the criterion in selection of pairing partners. It is possible that the Ph1 of wheat and the rye chromosome pairing system are mutually exclusive. The minimum level of chromosome differences required for effective pairing in rye may be well above the maximum difference level tolerated by the Ph1 system of wheat. In other words, effective chromosome pairing in rye may be possible between non-identical chromosomes that might not normally pair in the Ph1 wheat background.
Identification and Initial Functional Characterization of a Human Vascular Cell–Enriched Long Noncoding RNA
Authors: Bell Robert D. , Long Xiaochun , Lin Mingyan , Bergmann Jan H. , Nanda Vivek , Cowan Sarah L. , Zhou Qian , Han Yu , Spector David L. , Zheng Deyou , Miano Joseph M.
Published: February 2014

Objective—

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a rapidly growing class of RNA genes with functions related primarily to transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression. There is a paucity of information about lncRNA expression and function in human vascular cells. Thus, we set out to identify novel lncRNA genes in human vascular smooth muscle cells and to gain insight into their role in the control of smooth muscle cell phenotypes.

Approach and Results—

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells revealed 31 unannotated lncRNAs, including a vascular cell–enriched lncRNA (Smooth muscle and Endothelial cell–enriched migration/differentiation-associated long NonCoding RNA [
SENCR
]). Strand-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends indicate that
SENCR
is transcribed antisense from the 5′ end of the
FLI1
gene and exists as 2 splice variants. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and biochemical fractionation studies demonstrate
SENCR
is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Consistent with this observation, knockdown studies reveal little to no
cis
-acting effect of
SENCR
on
FLI1
or neighboring gene expression. RNA-seq experiments in smooth muscle cells after
SENCR
knockdown disclose decreased expression of Myocardin and numerous smooth muscle contractile genes, whereas several promigratory genes are increased. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting experiments validate several differentially expressed genes after
SENCR
knockdown. Loss-of-function studies in scratch wound and Boyden chamber assays support
SENCR
as an inhibitor of smooth muscle cell migration.

Conclusions—

SENCR
is a new vascular cell–enriched, cytoplasmic lncRNA that seems to stabilize the smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype.
Overexpression of C1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Protein-3 Promotes Phosphate-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification Both In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zhou Yun , Wang Jin-Yu , Feng Han , Wang Cheng , Li Li , Wu Dan , Lei Hong , Li Hao , Wu Li-Ling
Published: February 2014

Objective—

Vascular calcification is highly correlated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. C1q/tumor necrosis factor–related protein-3 (CTRP3) is a newly identified adipokine that plays important roles in cardiovascular system. Here, we investigated the role of CTRP3 in vascular calcification and its underlying mechanism.

Approach and Results—

Adenine-induced chronic renal failure rat model was used to mimic the process of arterial medial calcification. The level of CTRP3 was elevated in serum and abdominal aorta of chronic renal failure rats. Periadventitial gene delivery of CTRP3 significantly accelerated the calcification of abdominal aorta and arterial ring. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), CTRP3 increased β-glycerophosphate–induced calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. Although CTRP3 alone was not sufficient to induce calcification in VSMCs, it upregulated the expression of osteogenic marker genes including runt-related transcription factor 2 (
Runx2
), bone morphogenetic protein 2, and osteopontin. CTRP3 further enhanced β-glycerophosphate–induced downregulation of smooth muscle α-actin and smooth muscle 22α, while augmenting osteogenic marker expression in VSMCs induced by β-glycerophosphate. In contrast, knockdown of CTRP3 in VSMCs potently suppressed β-glycerophosphate–induced calcification. Mechanistically, knockdown of Runx2 inhibited CTRP3-promoted VSMC calcification. CTRP3 increased extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production. Preincubation with U0126, an extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 upstream kinase inhibitor, had no effect on CTRP3-induced reactive oxygen species production. However, pretreatment with N-acetyl-
l
-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, suppressed CTRP3-induced extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Both N-acetyl-
l
-cysteine and U0126 significantly inhibited CTRP3-induced upregulation of Runx2 and calcified nodule formation.

Conclusions—

CTRP3 promotes vascular calcification by enhancing phosphate-induced osteogenic transition of VSMC through reactive oxygen species–extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2–Runx2 pathway.
Poor Long-Term Functional Outcome After Stroke Among Adults Aged 18 to 50 Years
Authors: Synhaeve Nathalie E. , Arntz Renate M. , Maaijwee Noortje A.M. , Rutten-Jacobs Loes C.A. , Schoonderwaldt Henny C. , Dorresteijn Lucille D.A. , de Kort Paul L.M. , van Dijk Ewoud J. , de Leeuw Frank-Erik
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—

Stroke in young adults has a dramatic effect on life; therefore, we investigated the long-term functional outcome after transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage in adults aged 18 to 50 years.

Methods—

We studied 722 young patients with first-ever stroke admitted between January 1, 1980, and November 1, 2010. Functional outcome was assessed by stroke subtype with the modified Rankin Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale.

Results—

After a mean follow-up of 9.1 (SD, 8.2) years, 32.0% of all patients had a poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, >2); for ischemic stroke, this was 36.5%, for intracerebral hemorrhage 49.3%, and for transient ischemic attack 16.8%. At follow-up, 10.8% of transient ischemic attack, 14.6% of ischemic stroke, and 18.2% of intracerebral hemorrhage patients had a poor outcome as assessed by Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (<8).

Conclusions—

Ten years after ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults, 1 of 8 survivors is still dependent in daily life.
Genome-Wide Genotyping Demonstrates a Polygenic Risk Score Associated With White Matter Hyperintensity Volume in CADASIL
Authors: Opherk Christian , Gonik Mariya , Duering Marco , Malik Rainer , Jouvent Eric , Hervé Dominique , Adib-Samii Poneh , Bevan Steve , Pianese Luigi , Silvestri Serena , Dotti Maria Teresa , De Stefano Nicola , Liem Michael , Boon Elles M.J. , Pescini Francesca , Pachai Chahin , Bracoud Luc , Müller-Myhsok Bertram , Meitinger Thomas , Rost Natalia , Pantoni Leonardo , Lesnik Oberstein Saskia , Federico Antonio , Ragno Michele , Markus Hugh S. , Tournier-Lasserve Elisabeth , Rosand Jonathan , Chabriat Hugues , Dichgans Martin
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI are a quantitative marker for sporadic cerebral small vessel disease and are highly heritable. To date, large-scale genetic studies have identified only a single locus influencing WMH burden. This might in part relate to biological heterogeneity of sporadic WMH. The current study searched for genetic modifiers of WMH volume in cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a monogenic small vessel disease.

Methods—

We performed a genome-wide association study to identify quantitative trait loci for WMH volume by combining data from 517 CADASIL patients collected through 7 centers across Europe. WMH volumes were centrally analyzed and quantified on fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix 6.0 platform. Individuals were assigned to 2 distinct genetic clusters (cluster 1 and cluster 2) based on their genetic background.

Results—

Four hundred sixty-six patients entered the final genome-wide association study analysis. The phenotypic variance of WMH burden in CADASIL explained by all single nucleotide polymorphisms in cluster 1 was 0.85 (SE=0.21), suggesting a substantial genetic contribution. Using cluster 1 as derivation and cluster 2 as a validation sample, a polygenic score was significantly associated with WMH burden (
P
=0.001) after correction for age, sex, and vascular risk factors. No single nucleotide polymorphism reached genome-wide significance.

Conclusions—

We found a polygenic score to be associated with WMH volume in CADASIL subjects. Our findings suggest that multiple variants with small effects influence WMH burden in CADASIL. The identification of these variants and the biological pathways involved will provide insights into the pathophysiology of white matter disease in CADASIL and possibly small vessel disease in general.
Vestured Pits in the Tribe Cassieae Bronn (Leguminosae)
Authors: Quirk J. T. , Miller R. B.
Published: February 2014

The woods of 15 genera of the tribe Cassieae and 4 genera of the Cercideae were studied for presence or absence of vestured pits. Vestured pits are absent from the subtribes Dialiinae, Duparquetiinae and Labicheinae and from all Cercideae studied. These results are compared with variation patterns in other wood anatomical features and discussed in terms of tribaI delimitation and affinities between subtribes in this part of the Leguminosae.
Morphological Features of Tracheid Tips Associated With Compression Wood Formation in Larix Leptolepis Gord.
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuo , Matsumoto Shuichi , Idei Toshinaga
Published: February 2014

Variation in the morphological features of tracheid tips was observed within and among sterns of larch (Larix leptolepis Gord.) with several different angular displacements from the vertical. The formation of compression wood increased with an increasing angle of stern deviation. Decrease in tracheid length occurred with thc development of compression wood within a growth ring. Compression wood also was accompanied by an increase in the occurrence of abnormal tips. Flattened and Lshaped tips of tracheids increased in number with the development of compression wood and the number of smoothly tapered tips decreased, indicating that the intrusive growth between adjacent cells does not proceed smoothIy in compression wood. It is considered that the spatial readjustment of developing cells is restricted in compression wood, and results from the great increase in the rate of cell division. A negative correlation between tracheid length and morphological abnormalities of tracheid tips was found within growth rings, apparently associated with the severity of compression wood development.
Early- and Latewood Formation in Pinus Densiflora Trees with Different Amounts of Crown
Authors: Funada Ryo , Kubo Takafumi , Fushitani Masami
Published: February 2014

The seasonal process of early- and latewood formation at different stern heights was examined in 20-year-old Pinus densiflora trees having different crown proportions. The initiation of tracheid production did not appear to vary among trees or within sterns; however, the transition to latewood formation and cessation of tracheid production began earlier at the lower stern. This tendency was more obvious in trees with smaller crowns. The duration and rate of tracheid production in early- and latewood also differed among trees with different crown proportions and within sterns. It is suggested that the quantitative distribution of latewood along the trunk are attributable not only to the date of transition from earlywood to latewood, but also to the duration and rate of latewood tracheid production.
Tyloses Formation and the State of Health of Quercus Petraea Trees in Hungary
Authors: Babos Károly
Published: February 2014

In a 76-year-old sound and in a 77-year-old diseased trunk of Quercus petraea the number of earlywood vessels with and without tyloses were counted along a 1 cm tangential segment of the annual rings, in four directions at four heights (0.16, 1.35, 12.0, 24.0 m). At all heights of the sound stem, the percentage of earlywood vessels sealed by tyloses is low (2.57-4.13-5.94%). In the diseased stem, the percentage of earlywood vessels sealed by tyloses is higher (7.40- 13.08-19.86%) than it is in the sound stem. This demonstrates a decreased hydraulic capacity in the diseased stem. In both trees, the percentage of earlywood vessels sealed by tyloses increased from the stump (at 0.16 m trunk height = 5.02 %) upwards (at 12.0 m = 12.58%).
Maturation Rate of Tracheid Lengthening in Slow-Grown Young Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica) Trees
Authors: Kubo Takafumi , Koyama Miwako
Published: February 2014

Maturation rate, the rate of increase in tracheid length in juvenile wood, was examined in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) saplings grown for five years under different shading conditions: 10%, 20% 40% and 100 % of relative illumination intensity. The lowest photointensity dramatically suppressed radial growth and slowed tracheid lengthening. Radial variation of tracheid length within the stem was associated with distance from the pith, rather than the number of annual rings from the pith. Furthermore, maturation rate was closely related to the rate of the radial growth, which changed proportionally with growth rate below a 2-3 mm ring width. A lower maturation rate of tracheid length is associated with a delay in the transition from juvenile to mature wood.
Application of a Resin Casting Method to Wood Anatomy of Some Japanese Fagaceae Species
Authors: Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: February 2014

A resin casting method was applied to the wood anatomy of some Japanese species of Fagaceae. Dry wood blocks were embedded in polystyrene and then cell walls were completely removed by alternate and repeated treatments with hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid solution and sulphuric acid. Resin casts were observed in a scanning electron microscope.
Buddleja caryopteridifolia (Scrophulariaceae), a species to be recognized based on morphology, floral scent and AFLP data
Authors: Zhang Xin , Chen Gao , Gong Weichang , Sun Weibang
Published: February 2014

Buddleja caryopteridifolia was treated as a synonym of B. crispa in Flora of China. However, it was found that the two entities had different phenologies as well as morphology in the sympatric habitat investigated. Buddleja crispa flowers from mid-March to mid-May while B. caryopteridifolia blooms from early June to mid-September. In this study, the comprehensive comparative analyses of morphological traits, floral scent composition and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data were utilized to determine whether B. caryopteridifolia should be recognized as a separate species. Among 13 morphological characters, all but calyx length were significantly different (all p<0.05, t-test) between the two species. Both cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of AFLP markers produced two distinct clusters for B. crispa and B. caryopteridifolia. The results of floral scent indicated several differences between B. crispa and B. caryopteridifolia. The main volatile compound of B. crispa was Benzaldehyde, while that of B. caryopteridifolia mostly consisted of trans-β-Ocimene. Therefore, all analyses supported the rehabilitation of B. caryopteridifolia as an independent species.
Increasing our knowledge of Brazilian bamboos: two new species of Chusquea subg. Rettbergia (Bambusoideae, Poaceae)
Authors: Mota Aline Costa , OLIVEIRA REYJANE PATRÍCIA DE , CLARK LYNN G.
Published: February 2014

Brazil includes a very high diversity of bamboos, but this diversity is far from completely known. We increase the list of Brazilian woody bamboos by describing two new species of Chusquea, which belong to subgenus Rettbergia. Chusquea ciliatifolia sp. nov. differs from other species of this subgenus by its mottled culms, distinctly ciliate margins of the foliage leaf blades and pilose synflorescences; and C. mirabilis sp. nov. by the presence of branches with sericeous girdles. Both C. ciliatifolia and C. mirabilis occur exclusively in the Atlantic Forest, from the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, known only from five and three populations, respectively. Comments on morphology, taxonomic relationships, ecological aspects, and conservation status of these new species are provided.
New species of Monodontocerus (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from southern China with diagnostic notes on the genus and introduction of new taxonomic characters
Authors: YU DAOYUAN , DEHARVENG LOUIS , ZHANG FENG
Published: February 2014

Three new species of Monodontocerus are described from caves in southern China: M. absens sp. nov. is characterized by its cephalic chaetotaxy and the absence of chaetae from the tenaculum; M. mulunensis sp. nov. is characterized by a combination of characters including chaetotaxy, foot complex and furca; M. trigrandis sp. nov. is different from other species in the formula of dental spines and the reduction of the ungual teeth. A key to the species of Monodontocerus is provided. Potential diagnostic characters for this genus are proposed. Troglomorphy and interspecific variability are discussed. Pseudopores and the dorsal disto-lateral chaeta on the manubrium are introduced as new taxonomic characters for Tomocerinae.
Prognostic Improvement by Multidisciplinary Therapy in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Hioki Hirofumi , Miyashita Yusuke , Miura Takashi , Ebisawa Souichirou , Motoki Hirohiko , Izawa Atsushi , Tomita Takeshi , Koyama Jun , Ikeda Uichi
Published: February 2014

Although limb salvage rate has improved in critical limb ischemia (CLI), an improvement in CLI prognosis has been scarcely reported. Multidisciplinary therapy (MT) including revascularization, wound bed preparation, treatment of comorbidity, and education of patients with CLI may improve prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of MT in prognostic improvement. We retrospectively analyzed 72 patients with CLI and assessed whether MT improved prognosis. The incidence of amputation-free survival (freedom from major amputation [MA] and death) was significantly different between the MT and conventional groups at 2 years (0% vs 33%; P = .024). After multivariate analysis, transfusion (hazard ratio [HR] 5.778; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.372-14.073; P < .001), multivessel coronary disease (HR 3.353; 95% CI, 1.309-8.590; P = .012), and C-reactive protein >5 mg/dL (HR 3.958; 95% CI, 1.359-11.531; P = .012) were independent predictors for MA or death. We concluded that MT was effective in improved mortality and limb salvage rate.
Adoption of the Good Behaviour Game: An evidence-based intervention for the prevention of behaviour problems
Authors: Dijkman Marieke AM , Harting Janneke , van der Wal Marcel F
Published: February 2014

Background and objective:

The Good Behaviour Game (GBG) has been shown to be effective in preventing childhood disruptive behaviours and their long-term unfavourable health-related outcomes. Like many other evidence-based preventive health programmes, however, its current use in Dutch primary schools is limited, and knowledge of the factors influencing the adoption of the programme is scarce. This study aimed to provide a theory-based description of the GBG adoption process and to examine factors influencing this process in primary schools in Amsterdam.

Design and methods:

In this mixed-methods observational study, semi-structured face-to-face interviews with decision makers from schools that did ( n=11), and did not ( n=6), adopt the programme were supplemented with structured telephone interviews with non-adopters ( n=39). Based on Rogers’ Diffusion Theory, the qualitative data were analysed using a deductive approach.

Results:

Factors facilitating the adoption of the GBG were specific school needs and problems, formulated in educational rather than health terms, and the visibility of the programme’s positive effects. Factors impeding adoption were competing programmes in schools and being unaware of favourable funding opportunities. In contrast to previous studies, ‘time investment’ did not play an impeding role.

Conclusion:

Adoption of prevention programmes in schools may benefit from framing dissemination strategies in educational terms, and using self-assessment procedures to reveal specific needs/problems and to create a ‘readiness to change’. In addition, adoption may benefit from using active dissemination strategies, including opinion leaders reporting their positive experiences with the programme, and the termination of any ineffective programmes that schools currently use.
Diabetes education needs of Chinese Australians: A qualitative study
Authors: Choi Tammie ST , Walker Karen Z , Ralston Robin A , Palermo Claire
Published: February 2014

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate a type 2 diabetes education programme for Chinese Australians, based on the experience of participants and by exploring the unique needs of Chinese patients, their health beliefs and their cultural behaviours.

Design and setting:

A qualitative ethnographic study was undertaken in a community health service setting in Southeast Melbourne, Australia.

Method:

Eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of past participants of a diabetes education programme for Chinese Australians. Data were thematically analysed, using both an ethnographic and a phenomenological lens.

Results:

Although participants appreciated the delivery of diabetes education in their own language, many expressed frustration and confusion when applying education messages to disease management. They described the barriers imposed by their collectivistic orientation, whereby Chinese people accept health recommendations unquestioningly, often living in misery with an excessively rigid management plan, and highlighted their lack of understanding of self-management. Patients also felt helpless in trying to mix Western and Eastern medical practices without adequate professional support.

Conclusions:

This qualitative study illustrates the complex and multifaceted challenges associated with diabetes management among Chinese Australians, and identifies many unique needs encountered by Chinese patients that were not addressed by the diabetes programme studied. There is an urgent need to identify optimal diabetes education models that will meet the needs of Chinese Australians.
A complexity perspective of a meta-organization team: The role of destabilizing and stabilizing tensions
Authors: Solansky Stephanie T , Beck Tammy E , Travis Deandra
Published: February 2014

Organizations face the reality of needing to work with other organizations to share resources and responsibilities in pursuit of common goals. However, there is limited research regarding the complex nature of meta-organizations. Our purpose is to identify how a meta-organization team operates. We define a meta-organization team and rely on complexity theory to explain the dynamics within the meta-organization team we observed. Based on our analysis, this team was exposed to competing tensions that forced the team into a far-from-equilibrium state and allowed the team to be effective. We propose two types of tensions on complex systems: destabilizing and stabilizing. These tensions keep a system between the boundaries of equilibrium and chaos. As a result of this study, we provide details of key findings and implications of these tensions.
Deciding to Use Wireless Control and Instruments in the UK Nuclear Industry
Authors: Nobes Tom S , Murphy Chris
Published: February 2014

A large decommissioning cost for the UK nuclear industry is cable and associated infrastructure for Control and Instruments. If future cable installation is reduced or avoided, this would drastically reduce costs.
An analytical method for predicting the fluctuation of thrust force during drilling of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics
Authors: Meng Qingxun , Zhang Kaifu , Cheng Hui , Liu Shunuan , Jiang Shoushan
Published: February 2014

This paper devotes to predicting and analyzing the fluctuation of the thrust force during drilling of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (UD-CFRPs). The fluctuation properties could be evaluated by the average value, maximum value, minimum value, change frequency and the amplitude of thrust force. Firstly, an orthogonal cutting model is introduced, and the model is modified in order to reveal how the drilling parameters affect the fluctuation. Secondly, the cutting lips are assumed to conduct orthogonal cutting, and the thrust force generated on cutting lips is calculated by using the orthogonal cutting model. Thirdly, the variable parameter, which leads to the fluctuation of thrust force, involved in the analytical model is analyzed separately. Lastly, experiments were conducted to determine the coefficients and testify the model. The comparison between the theoretical values and the experimental results prove that the analytical model can predict the fluctuation of thrust force well.
Robustly stable switching neural control of robotic manipulators using average dwell-time approach
Authors: Yu Lei , Fei Shumin
Published: February 2014

This paper addresses the robust switching tracking neural control problem for a robotic manipulator in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. The proposed controller, which is a combination of a robust adaptive control technique, radial basis function neural network approximation and average dwell-time technique, can guarantee position tracking performance of robotic manipulator system, in the sense that all variables of the resulting closed-loop system are bounded and the H∞ disturbance attenuation level is well obtained. Simulation results on a two-link robotic manipulator show the satisfactory tracking performance of the proposed control scheme even in the presence of large modelling uncertainties and external disturbances by comparing it with PD control strategy.
Chi-Square Difference Tests for Detecting Differential Functioning in a Multidimensional IRT Model
Authors: Suh Youngsuk , Cho Sun-Joo
Published: February 2014

The performance of χ2 difference tests based on limited information estimation methods has not been extensively examined for differential functioning, particularly in the context of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models. Chi-square tests for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) and global differential item functioning (GDIF) in an MIRT model were conducted using two robust weighted least square estimators: weighted least square with adjusted means and variance (WLSMV) and weighted least square with adjusted means (WLSM), and the results were evaluated in terms of Type I error rates and rejection rates. The present study demonstrated systematic test procedures for detecting different types of GDIF and DIF in multidimensional tests. For the χ2 tests for detecting GDIF, WLSM tended to produce inflated Type I error rates for small sample size conditions, whereas WLSMV appeared to yield lower error rates than the expected value on average. In addition, WLSM produced higher rejection rates than WLSMV. For the χ2 tests for detecting DIF, WLSMV appeared to yield somewhat higher rejection rates than WLSM for all DIF tests except for the omnibus test. The error rates for both estimators were close to the expected value on average.
Locational Effectiveness of Clinics Providing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to Women in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Yao Jing , Murray Alan T.
Published: February 2014

Access to health facilities has long been considered an important factor, though not unique, impacting utilization of related health services. The location of health facilities is crucial for delivery of primary health care and social services. The identification of deficiencies in coverage as well as disadvantaged populations with limited access is essential for managing health resources. Using census, health care information and population survey data, this study examines women’s accessibility and utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in rural Mozambique. Geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analytical methods are employed to assess the configuration of SRH facilities. Insights are offered regarding access and accessibility, as well as strategies for managing future health resource allocation.
Test of a Process Evaluation Checklist to Improve Neonatal Pain Practices
Authors: Yamada Janet , Stevens Bonnie , Sidani Souraya , Watt-Watson Judy
Published: February 2014

The Evidence-Based Practice Identification and Change (EPIC) strategy is a multifaceted knowledge translation intervention. Although the intervention promoted evidence-based practice, the process of delivering the intervention components is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity of the Process Evaluation Checklist developed for monitoring the fidelity of implementing the intervention to improve neonatal pain practices (i.e., documentation of ordering and administration of sucrose). A case study design was used. A research practice council in a single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit implemented the intervention. The Process Evaluation Checklist was used to record adherence in carrying out the intervention components. A significant improvement in the documentation of sucrose orders ( p = .002) and administration ( p = .004) provided evidence of the construct validity of this intervention fidelity measure. Using this measure in different contexts over longer periods of time will further validate the Process Evaluation Checklist.
Lesion Profiling and Subcellular Prion Localization of Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease in Domestic Cats
Authors: Seelig D. M. , Nalls A. V. , Flasik M. , Frank V. , Eaton S. , Mathiason C. K. , Hoover E. A.
Published: February 2014

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted, fatal, and progressive prion disease of cervids with an as yet to be fully clarified host range. While outbred domestic cats ( Felis catus) have recently been shown to be susceptible to experimental CWD infection, the neuropathologic features of the infection are lacking. Such information is vital to provide diagnostic power in the event of natural interspecies transmission and insights into host and strain interactions in interspecies prion infection. Using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry, we detail the topographic pattern of neural spongiosis (the “lesion profile”) and the distribution of misfolded prion protein in the primary and secondary passage of feline CWD (FelCWD). We also evaluated cellular and subcellular associations between misfolded prion protein (PrPD) and central nervous system neurons and glial cell populations. From these studies, we (1) describe the novel neuropathologic profile of FelCWD, which is distinct from either cervid CWD or feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), and (2) provide evidence of serial passage-associated interspecies prion adaptation. In addition, we demonstrate through confocal analysis the successful co-localization of PrPD with neurons, astrocytes, microglia, lysosomes, and synaptophysin, which, in part, implicates each of these in the neuropathology of FelCWD. In conclusion, this work illustrates the simultaneous role of both host and strain in the development of a unique FelCWD neuropathologic profile and that such a profile can be used to discriminate between FelCWD and FSE.
Characterization of electrolytic tinplate materials via combined finite element and regression models
Authors: Illera Marcos , Lostado Ruben , Fernandez Martinez Roberto , Mac Donald Bryan J
Published: February 2014

In this article, a new method that combines finite element method with data mining techniques is proposed to obtain the mechanical properties of electrolytic tinplate. Using information provided by two simple and economic tests (hardness and spring-back), already used in industries to classify tinplate, yield stress and tensile parameters of a generic electrolytic tinplate can be estimated. Initially, a group of finite element models based on these simple tests were built and validated against experimental data. The validated finite element models were then used to investigate the effect of different thicknesses and electrolytic tinplate plastic hardening parameters. With the convergent results obtained from these finite element simulations, a database was generated with the new electrolytic tinplate properties. Various types of regression models (model trees, artificial neural networks and support vector machines) based on data mining techniques were used to obtain the yield stress and plastic hardening parameters from a generic sample of electrolytic tinplate. The accuracy of the results demonstrates that this new method may be used to economically predict yield stress and plastic hardening parameters of a generic electrolytic tinplate.
Postneoliberalism?
Authors: Springer Simon
Published: February 2014

With the recent development of the Occupy Movement, public criticism of neoliberalism has climaxed since the onset of a global financial crisis in late 2008. The mobilization of protesters in cities throughout the world was preceded by much speculation in the media and blogosphere over the past few years, where commentators have been quick to suggest that the end of neoliberalism is upon us. The validity of postneoliberalism, however, remains tenuous, as its advocates continue to treat neoliberalism as a monolithic, static, and undifferentiated end-state. Despite the desire to move beyond neoliberal strictures, there is an undeniable continuity to neoliberalism that must be appreciated if we ever hope to leave this unforgiving version of capitalism truly in the past.