bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance Educators and Librarians
Authors: Thull James
Published: February 2015

Well-developed research skills are essential to our student's educational success. For a generation that will create more information than was created by all those who came before them access to information is not an issue, at least for those on the access side of the digital divide. However as that wealth of information grows so does the need for the skill sets that allows one to pull the drops of needed information from the ocean that they have available to search. Students, who have not known a world without Google, smart phones, and abundant wireless internet access, often feel their research skills are good enough but usually fail, not in the search for information, but in the ability to determine what the best information is and how to find it most efficiently. Online library research classes are one of the best methods for providing students with the skills they need to succeed. Designing, implementing, and teaching library research classes allows librarians to communicate research skills that meet our students at their point of need. This paper will provide an examination of the benefits for students, libraries and faculty in providing these classes, an overview on how they can be structured to meet the information literacy needs of any student and basic information on how to create library research classes at any institution of higher education.
HIV-1 Single-Stranded RNA Induces CXCL13 Secretion in Human Monocytes via TLR7 Activation and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell–Derived Type I IFN
Authors: Cohen Kristen W. , Dugast Anne-Sophie , Alter Galit , McElrath M. Juliana , Stamatatos Leonidas
Published: February 2015

Elevated levels of the chemokine CXCL13 have been observed in the plasma of chronically HIV-1–infected subjects and have been correlated with plasma viremia, which in turn has been linked to progressive dysregulation of humoral responses. In this study we sought to identify mechanisms of CXCL13 induction in response to HIV-1 infection. Plasma levels of CXCL13 in HIV-1–infected antiretroviral therapy–naive subjects correlated with viral load and were higher compared with antiretroviral therapy–treated HIV-1–infected and HIV-1–uninfected subjects. To elucidate the relationship between HIV-1 viremia and CXCL13 plasma levels, PBMCs from uninfected donors were stimulated with HIV-1 infectious virions, HIV-1 ssRNA, TLR 7 and 8 agonists, or IFN-α. The cellular sources of CXCL13 were determined by intracellular cytokine staining of cell populations. CXCL13 was produced by monocytes after stimulation with TLR 7 and 8 ligands or HIV-1–derived ssRNA. CXCL13 production by monocytes required TLR7 activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and secretion of type I IFN. IFN-α alone was sufficient to induce CXCL13 expression in human monocytes. In sum, we identified a novel mechanism of HIV-1–induced CXCL13 secretion—one caused by TLR7 induction of type I IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and subsequent IFN stimulation of monocytes. Our findings are relevant in understanding how HIV-1 infection leads to immune dysregulation and provide the opportunity to develop and test potential therapeutic interventions.
Contact-Dependent Depletion of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase Is a Novel Mechanism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Induction Operating in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Resheq Yazid J. , Li Ka-Kit , Ward Stephen T. , Wilhelm Annika , Garg Abhilok , Curbishley Stuart M. , Blahova Miroslava , Zimmermann Henning W. , Jitschin Regina , Mougiakakos Dimitrios , Mackensen Andreas , Weston Chris J. , Adams David H.
Published: February 2015

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent a unique cell population with distinct immunosuppressive properties that have been demonstrated to shape the outcome of malignant diseases. Recently, human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) have been reported to induce monocytic-MDSC from mature CD14+ monocytes in a contact-dependent manner. We now report a novel and unexpected mechanism by which CD14+HLADRlow/− suppressive cells are induced by catalase-mediated depletion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Incubation of CD14+ monocytes with catalase led to a significant induction of functional MDSC compared with media alone, and H2O2 levels inversely correlated with MDSC frequency (r = −0.6555, p < 0.05). Catalase was detected in primary HSC and a stromal cell line, and addition of the competitive catalase inhibitor hydroxylamine resulted in a dose-dependent impairment of MDSC induction and concomitant increase of H2O2 levels. The NADPH-oxidase subunit gp91 was significantly increased in catalase-induced MDSC as determined by quantitative PCR outlining the importance of oxidative burst for the induction of MDSC. These findings represent a so far unrecognized link between immunosuppression by MDSC and metabolism. Moreover, this mechanism potentially explains how stromal cells can induce a favorable immunological microenvironment in the context of tissue oxidative stress such as occurs during cancer therapy.
Granzyme B Expression Is Enhanced in Human Monocytes by TLR8 Agonists and Contributes to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Elavazhagan Saranya , Fatehchand Kavin , Santhanam Vikram , Fang Huiqing , Ren Li , Gautam Shalini , Reader Brenda , Mo Xiaokui , Cheney Carolyn , Briercheck Edward , Vasilakos John P. , Dietsch Gregory N. , Hershberg Robert M. , Caligiuri Michael , Byrd John C. , Butchar Jonathan P. , Tridandapani Susheela
Published: February 2015

FcγRs are critical mediators of mAb cancer therapies, because they drive cytotoxic processes upon binding of effector cells to opsonized targets. Along with NK cells, monocytes are also known to destroy Ab-coated targets via Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, the precise mechanisms by which monocytes carry out this function have remained elusive. In this article, we show that human monocytes produce the protease granzyme B upon both FcγR and TLR8 activation. Treatment with TLR8 agonists elicited granzyme B and also enhanced FcγR-mediated granzyme B production in an additive fashion. Furthermore, monocyte-mediated ADCC against cetuximab-coated tumor targets was enhanced by TLR8 agonist treatment, and this enhancement of ADCC required granzyme B. Hence we have identified granzyme B as an important mediator of FcγR function in human monocytes and have uncovered another mechanism by which TLR8 agonists may enhance FcγR-based therapies.
Filarial Infection Modulates the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through Expansion of CD4+ IL-4 Memory T Cells
Authors: Chatterjee Soumya , Clark Carolyn E. , Lugli Enrico , Roederer Mario , Nutman Thomas B.
Published: February 2015

Exaggerated CD4+ T helper 2–specific cytokine producing memory T cell responses developing concomitantly with a T helper 1 response might have a detrimental role in immunity to infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To assess the dynamics of Ag-specific memory T cell compartments in the context of filarial infection, we used multiparameter flow cytometry on PBMCs from 25 microfilaremic filarial-infected (Inf) and 14 filarial-uninfected (Uninf) subjects following stimulation with filarial Ag (BmA) or with the M. tuberculosis–specific Ag culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10). Our data demonstrated that the Inf group had a marked increase in BmA-specific CD4+IL-4+ cells (median net frequency compared with baseline [Fo] = 0.09% versus 0.01%; p = 0.038) but also to CFP-10 (Fo = 0.16% versus 0.007%; p = 0.04) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (Fo = 0.49% versus 0.26%; p = 0.04). The Inf subjects showed a BmA-specific expansion of CD4+CD45RO+IL-4+ producing central memory (TCM, CD45RO+CCR7+CD27+; Fo = 1.1% versus 0.5%; p = 0.04) as well as effector memory (TEM, CD45RO+CCR7−CD27−; Fo = 1.5% versus 0.2%; p = 0.03) with a similar but nonsignificant response to CFP-10. In addition, there was expansion of CD4+IL-4+CD45RA+CCR7+CD27+ (naive-like) in Inf individuals compared with Uninf subjects. Among Inf subjects with definitive latent tuberculosis, there were no differences in frequencies of IL-4–producing cells within any of the memory compartments compared with the Uninf group. Our data suggest that filarial infection induces Ag-specific, exaggerated IL-4 responses in distinct T cell memory compartments to M. tuberculosis–specific Ags, which are attenuated in subjects who are able to mount a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to M. tuberculosis.
Image guided robotic surgery: Current evidence for effectiveness in urology
Authors: Pervez Anum , Ahmed Kamran , Thompson Stephen , Elhage Oussama , Khan M. Shamim , Dasgupta Prokar
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Discussion of the evolution of image guided surgery (IGS) and its fundamental components and current evidence for effectiveness of IGS in clinical urology. Methods: Literature search for image-guided robotic urology. Results: Current literature in image-guided robotic urology with its use in robot assisted radical prostatectomy and robot assisted partial nephrectomy are shown. Conclusions: Image guided surgery can be a useful aid to improve visualisation of anatomy and subsurface structures during minimally invasive surgery. Soft-tissue deformation makes it difficult to implement IGS in urology but current studies have shown an attempt to address this issue. The feasibility of IGS requires randomised control trials assessing in particular its accuracy and affect on clinical outcome.
Clinical presentation of urolithiasis in older and younger population
Authors: Dursun Murat , Ozbek Emin , Otunctemur Alper , Sahin Suleyman , Cakir Suleyman Sami
Published: February 2015

Aim of the study: We compared stone size, localization, complaint at the time of applying, comorbidity, treatment and complications between older (60 years of age and older) and younger patients with urolithiasis (59 years of age and younger). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 950 consecutive patients who presented to our clinic and underwent surgery for urolithiasis from January 2007 to March 2012. The patients were divided into two groups: patients ≥ 60 years an patients < 60 years. Results: There were 174 men and 61 women in elderly group, 528 men and 187 women in younger group. Ureteral stones were found more often in the younger group compared to elderly patients (p < 0.05). Conversely, bladder stone was more frequent in the elderly group. In the elderly group comorbidities are more frequent (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart disease, osteoarthritis and chronic obstructive lung). Patients ≥ 60 years significantly had larger kidney and bladder stones compared the younger, but ureteral stone sizes were not statistically different between the two groups. Older patients had a higher postoperative complication rate than younger patients (16% versus 3%, p < 0.05) although postoperative complications (e.g. urinary retention, cardiac dysrythmia, fever, constipation) were not serious and resolved with medical treatment. The average length of stay in hospital was longer in the elderly group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Elderly patients with urolithiasis usually have larger and more complex stone disease, more comorbidities and atypical presentation.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with a solitary kidney
Authors: Süelözgen Tufan , Budak Salih , Celik Orcun , Yalbuzdag Okan , Mertoglu Oguz , Isoglu Selcuk , Yoldas Mehmet , Ilbey Yusuf Ozlem
Published: February 2015

Material and method: The results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy applied to 716 patients in our clinic between January 2008 and January 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Age, gender, urinary calculi size (mm2), urinary calculi localization, ESWL history, operation duration (min), fluoroscopy duration (sec), access type, reason of solitary kidney, hemoglobin drawdown (g/dl) and operation success of the patients with a solitary kidney were recorded. The patients having no preoperative and postoperative non contrast abdominal tomography were excluded from the study. Results: Fifteen of nineteen patients (79%) were men and 4 of them (21%) were women. The average age of the patients was 42.52 ± 16.72 (14-72). Ten patients had anatomical solitary kidney and nine patients had physiological solitary kidney. In fact counter kidney was non functional in 9 patients (47%) whereas there was agenesis in 2 (11%) and outcome of nephrectomy in 8 (42%) patients. In our study, presence of residual stone less than 4 mm at 1st month postoperative non contrast abdominal tomography was accepted as a successful result and accordingly our success rate was detected as 84%. Mean urinary calculi size was 405 ± 252.9 mm2; urinary calculi localization was pelvic, lower pole, upper-middle pole, middle-lower pole and staghorn in 11 (58%), 4 (21%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%) and 1 (5%) patients, respectively; previous ESWL history was 16%; operation duration was 55.47-± 28.1 min and fluoroscopy duration 131.10 ± 87.6 sec; access type was subcostal in 79%, supracostal in 10.5% and multiple in 10.5%; hemoglobin drawdown was 1.75 ± 0.97 mg/dl. Conclusions: PNL can be effectively and safely administered for the treatment of solitary kidney. In the treatment of large urinary calculi in patients with a solitary kidney, PNL has some advantages such as short surgery duration, less complication, acceptable hemoglobin drawdown and high success rates. According to our study, PNL operation in patients with a solitary kidney is a good option for carefully and poisedly selected cases.
Urolithiasis in renal transplantation: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Cicerello Elisa , Merlo Franco , Mangano Mario , Cova Giandavide , Maccatrozzo Luigi
Published: February 2015

Obiectives: To report our experience of diagnosis and multimodal management of urolithiasis in renal transplantation. Patients and Methods: From January 1995 to December 2012, 953 patients underwent renal transplantation in the Kidney Transplant Unit of Treviso General Hospital. Ten (10%) of them developed urinary calculi and were referred at our institution. Their mode of presentation, investigation and treatment were recorded. Results: Seven had renal and 3 ureteral calculi. Urolithiasis was incidentally discovered on routine ultrasound in 6 patients, 1 presented with oliguria, 1 with anuria and acute renal failure and in 2 urolithiasis was found at removal of the ureteral stent. Nephrostomy tube was placed in 5 patients. Hypercalcemia with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was present in 5 patients and hyperuricemia in 3. Two patients were primary treated by shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and one of them was stone-free after two sessions. Two patients, one with multiple pielocaliceal calculi and the other with staghorn calculus in the lower calyx, were treated with percutaneous nephrolitothotomy (PCNL). Three patients were treated by ureteroscopy (URS) and in one of them two treatments were carried out. One patient had calculus impacted in the uretero-vesical anastomosis and surgical ureterolithotomy with re-do ureterocystoneostomy was performed after failure of URS. Two patients with calculi discovered at removal of the ureteral stent were treated by URS. Conclusions: The incidence of urolithiasis in renal transplantation is uncommon. In the most of patients the condition occurs without pain. Metabolic anomalies and medical treatment after renal transplantation may cause stone formation. Advancements in endourology and interventional radiology have influenced the management of urolithiasis that can be actually treated with a minimal incidence of risk for the renal allograft.
Viburnum opulus: Could it be a new alternative, such as lemon juice, to pharmacological therapy in hypocitraturic stone patients?
Authors: Tuglu Devrim , Yılmaz Erdal , Yuvanc Ercan , Erguder Imge , Kisa Ucler , Bal Fatih , Batislam Ertan
Published: February 2015

Objective: Citrate, potassium, and calcium levels in Viburnum opulus (V. opulus) and lemon juice were compared to evaluate the usability of V. opulus in mild to moderate level hypocitraturic stone disease. Materials and Methods: V. opulus and lemon fruits were squeezed in a blender and 10 samples of each of 100 ml were prepared. Citrate, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and pH levels in these samples were examined. Results: Potassium was found to be statistically significantly higher in V. opulus than that in lemon juice (p = 0.006) whereas sodium (p = 0.004) and calcium (p = 0.008) were found to be lower. There was no difference between them in terms of the amount of magnesium and citrate. Concusions: Because V. opulus contains citrate as high as lemon juice does and it is a potassium-rich and calciumand sodium-poor fluid, it can be an alternative to pharmaceutical treatment in mild-to-moderate degree hypocitraturic stone patients. These findings should be supported with clinical studies.
Letter to the Editor about Penile Fracture: Penoscrotal approach with degloving of penis after Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Authors: Maharaj Ravi , Cawich Shamir
Published: February 2015

Not available.
Improvement of lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual activity after open simple prostatectomy: Prospective analysis of 50 cases
Authors: Montesi Lorenzo , Quaresima Luigi , Tiroli Marco , Lacetera Vito , Cantoro Ubaldo , Sbrollini Giulia , Muzzonigro Giovanni , Polito Massimo
Published: February 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the improvement of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Erectile Function (EF) evaluated before and after Open Simple Prostatectomy, focusing on which patients this procedure allows better outcomes in term of sexual activity. Material and methods: 50 men with large size benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP) greater than 80 gr were prospectively evaluated before and 6 months after Open Simple Prostatectomy (Freyer procedure) between October 2012 to September 2013. Patients had a pre-operative transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for volume evaluation and filled pre and post operative questionnaires for International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score. Results: Mean patients age was 71 years (D.S. 3,5), mean prostate volume results 103 ml (D.S. 23,7); regarding LUTS and EF, mean improvement of IPSS score was 15,3 (D.S. 4) and mean increase of IIEF-5 score was 3,4 (D.S.3). This study highlights a correlation between patients’ age and increase of IIEF-5 score; no correlation with prostate size was found. Conclusion: According to the EAU Guidelines 2014, large size BPH (over 80-100 mL) with LUTS refractory to medical management continue to have open prostatectomy as the treatment of choice. In our experience we found not only an reduction of LUTS after the procedure but also an improvement of erectile function; this improvement was related with patient’s age.
Incidentally detection of non-palpable testicular nodules at scrotal ultrasound: What is new?
Authors: Valentino Massimo , Bertolotto Michele , Martino Pasquale , Barozzi Libero , Pavlica Pietro
Published: February 2015

The increased use of ultrasound in patients with urological and andrological symptoms has given an higher detection of intra-testicular nodules. Most of these lesions are hypoechoic and their interpretation is often equivocal. Recently, new ultrasound techniques have been developed alongside of B-mode and color-Doppler ultrasound. Although not completely standardized, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and tissue elastography (TE), added to traditional ultrasonography, can provide useful information about the correct interpretation of incidentally detected non-palpable testicular nodules. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate these new techniques in the patient management.
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting as bilateral hydroureteronephrosis: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Galosi Andrea Benedetto , Grilli Cicilioni Carlo , Sbrollini Giulia , Angelini Andrea , Maselli Guevar , Carbonari Luciano
Published: February 2015

We report a case of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (IAAA) producing bilateral hydro-ureteronephrosis. A 74-year-old patient presented to urologist office for bilateral hydronephrosis detected by kidney and bladder ultrasound (US). Patient reported lower urinary tract symptoms and inconstant and slight low back pain irradiated to inguinal region dating 3 weeks. Renal function, urine analysis and abdominal examination were normal. However the repeated ultrasound in the urologist office revealed abdominal aortic aneurism extended to iliac vessels. The patient was sent directly to vascular surgery unit where contrast computerized tomography (CT) and successful surgical repair were done. Final diagnosis was IAAA. The post-operative course was uneventful. Renal function was regular and the hydronephrosis reduced spontaneously under monitoring by CT and US. We review diagnosis and management of hydronephrosis that is sometimes linked to IAAA rather than standard AAA. Abdominal ultrasound is mandatory in any bilateral hydronephrosis and it could save lives.
Prolonged antibiotic therapy increases risk of infection after transrectal prostate biopsy: A case report after pancreasectomy and review of the literature
Authors: Maselli Guevar , Tucci Giacomo , Mazzaferro Daniele , Ettamimi Asim , Sbrollini Giulia , Cordari Marco , Donatelli Gaetano , Galosi Andrea Benedetto
Published: February 2015

Infection due to prostate biopsy afflicted more than 5% of patients and is the most common reason for hospitalization. A large series from US SEER-Medicare reported that men undergoing biopsy were 2.26 times more likely to be hospitalized for infectious complications within 30 days compared with randomly selected controls. The factors predicting a higher susceptibility to infection remain largely unknown but some authors have higlighted in the etiopathogenesis the importance of the augmented prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistant variant of bacteria in the rectum flora. We present one case of sepsis after transrectal prostate biopsy in a patient with history of pancreatic surgery. Based on our experience patients candidated to prostate biopsy with transrectal technique with history of recent major surgery represent an high risk category for infective complication. Also major pancreatic surgery should be consider an high risk category for infection. A transperineal approach and preventive measures (such as rectal swab) should be adopted to reduce biopsy driven infection.
Capillary hemangioma of the scrotum mimicking an epididymal tumor: Case report
Authors: Vavallo Antonio , Lafranceschina Francesco , Lucarelli Giuseppe , Bettocchi Carlo , Ditonno Pasquale , Battaglia Michele , Selvaggi Francesco Paolo
Published: February 2015

We report a case of capillary hemangioma of the scrotum. A 52-year-old male presented with a left scrotum swelling that had arisen suddenly two months before. Scrotal ultrasound revealed a dishomogeneous mass in the left scrotum. The mass demonstrated blood flow in the color Doppler mode. Scrotal mass excision was performed. Pathological evaluation revealed a capillary hemangioma.
Primary B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of the testis
Authors: Tombolini Flavia , Lacetera Vito , Gini Guido , Capelli Debora , Leoni Pietro , Montironi Rodolfo , Galosi Andrea Benedetto , Muzzonigro Giovanni
Published: February 2015

We present a rare case of primary lymphoblastic B-cell lymphoma of the testis focusing on ultrasonographic and pathological features and clinical implications. Pathological examination revealed primary testicular lymphoblastic B-cell lymphoma which was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, including rachicentesis with administration of chemotherapy and with radiotherapy of contralateral testis. Primary testicular lymphoblastic B cell lymphoma is an aggressive disease and it is necessary a multimodal therapy (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) to prevent metastasis.
A Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Denosumab
Authors: Stadler Nicola , Fingernagel Thomas , Hofstaetter Stefan G. , Trieb Klemens
Published: February 2015

Although the giant cell tumor of bone is generally classified as a benign tumor it can rarely metastasize and has a potential risk of local recurrence. We want to report about a female patient who suffered from a recurrence of a giant cell tumor of bone after the implantation of a total endoprosthesis of the knee joint. We have treated her with denosumab, which is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand inhibitor. In this case report we want to present a new option to treat this kind of neoplasm.
Parvovirus B19 associated acute cholestatic hepatitis
Authors: Perrini S. , Guidi B. , Torelli P. , Forte A.
Published: February 2015

There are few reports in the literature of hepatitis as a manifestation of Parvovirus B19 infection. We describe a case of Parvovirus B19 associated acute cholestatic hepatitis diagnosed based on a positive serologic test (IgM) and molecular detection of parvovirus B19 DNA in peripheral blood. Parvovirus B19 infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patient presenting with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.
A Case of Tuberculous Cellulitis
Authors: Taguchi Rieko , Nakanishi Takeshi , Imanishi Hisayoshi , Ozawa Toshiyuki , Tsuruta Daisuke
Published: February 2015

We describe a rare case of cutaneous TB where cellulitis-like symptoms are presented.
Extending Information Retrieval Methods to Personalized Genomic-Based Studies of Disease
Authors: Ye Shuyun , Dawson John A. , Kendziorski Christina
Published: February 2015

Genomic-based studies of disease now involve diverse types of data collected on large groups of patients. A major challenge facing statistical scientists is how best to combine the data, extract important features, and comprehensively characterize the ways in which they affect an individual's disease course and likelihood of response to treatment. We have developed a survival-supervised latent Dirichlet allocation (survLDA) modeling framework to address these challenges. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) models have proven extremely effective at identifying themes common across large collections of text, but applications to genomics have been limited. Our framework extends LDA to the genome by considering each patient as a “document” with “text” detailing his/her clinical events and genomic state. We then further extend the framework to allow for supervision by a time-to-event response. The model enables the efficient identification of collections of clinical and genomic features that co-occur within patient subgroups, and then characterizes each patient by those features. An application of survLDA to The Cancer Genome Atlas ovarian project identifies informative patient subgroups showing differential response to treatment, and validation in an independent cohort demonstrates the potential for patient-specific inference.
Evaluating Methods for Modeling Epistasis Networks with Application to Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Talluri Rajesh , Shete Sanjay
Published: February 2015

Epistasis helps to explain how multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interact to cause disease. A variety of tools have been developed to detect epistasis. In this article, we explore the strengths and weaknesses of an information theory approach for detecting epistasis and compare it to the logistic regression approach through simulations. We consider several scenarios to simulate the involvement of SNPs in an epistasis network with respect to linkage disequilibrium patterns among them and the presence or absence of main and interaction effects. We conclude that the information theory approach more efficiently detects interaction effects when main effects are absent, whereas, in general, the logistic regression approach is appropriate in all scenarios but results in higher false positives. We compute epistasis networks for SNPs in the FSD1L gene using a two-phase head and neck cancer genome-wide association study involving 2,185 cases and 4,507 controls to demonstrate the practical application of the methods.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Review of Its Role in the Physiology and Pathology of the Integument and Its Relationship to the Tryptophan Metabolism
Authors: Noakes Rowland
Published: February 2015

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytosolic receptor for low molecular weight molecules, of which the most widely recognized ligand is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD), and the most widely recognized effect, chloracne. Adverse effects of manipulation were most recently and graphically demonstrated by the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko during the Ukrainian presidential elections of 2004. However, recent research has revealed a receptor with wide-ranging, and at times, paradoxical actions. It was arguably among the first biological receptors to be utilized by dermatologists, dating from the time of topical tar preparations as a therapeutic agent. I provide a review outlining the role AHR plays in the development, cellular oxidation/antioxidation, responses to ultraviolet light, melanogenesis, epidermal barrier function, and immune regulation and its relationship to tryptophan metabolism. Finally, I will review the role of AHR in diseases of the integument.
Costs of Dengue to the Health System and Individuals in Colombia from 2010 to 2012
Authors: Castro Rodriguez Raul , Galera-Gelvez Katia , López Yescas Juan Guillermo , Rueda-Gallardo Jorge A.
Published: February 2015

Dengue fever (DF) is an important health issue in Colombia, but detailed information on economic costs to the healthcare system is lacking. Using information from official databases (2010–2012) and a face-to-face survey of 1,483 households with DF and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients, we estimated the average cost per case. In 2010, the mean direct medical costs to the healthcare system per case of ambulatory DF, hospitalized DF, and DHF (in Colombian pesos converted to US dollars using the average exchange rate for 2012) were $52.8, $235.8, and $1,512.2, respectively. The mean direct non-medical costs to patients were greater ($29.7, $46.7, and $62.6, respectively) than the mean household direct medical costs ($13.3, $34.8, and $57.3, respectively). The average direct medical cost to the healthcare system of a case of ambulatory DF in 2010 was 57% of that in 2011. Our results highlight the high economic burden of the disease and could be useful for assigning limited health resources.
Measuring the Association Between Artemisinin-Based Case Management and Malaria Incidence in Southern Vietnam, 1991–2010
Authors: Peak Corey M. , Thuan Phung Duc , Britton Amadea , Nguyen Tran Dang , Wolbers Marcel , Thanh Ngo Viet , Buckee Caroline O. , Boni Maciej F.
Published: February 2015

In addition to being effective, fast-acting, and well tolerated, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are able to kill certain transmission stages of the malaria parasite. However, the population-level impacts of ACTs on reducing malaria transmission have been difficult to assess. In this study on the history of malaria control in Vietnam, we assemble annual reporting on malaria case counts, coverage with insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), and drug purchases by provincial malaria control programs from 1991 to 2010 in Vietnam's 20 southern provinces. We observe a significant negative association between artemisinin use and malaria incidence, with a 10% absolute increase in the purchase proportion of artemisinin-containing regimens being associated with a 29.1% (95% confidence interval: 14.8–41.0%) reduction in slide-confirmed malaria incidence, after accounting for changes in urbanization, ITN/IRS coverage, and two indicators of health system capacity. One budget-related indicator of health system capacity was found to have a smaller association with malaria incidence, and no other significant factors were found. Our findings suggest that including an artemisinin component in malaria drug regimens was strongly associated with reduced malaria incidence in southern Vietnam, whereas changes in urbanization and coverage with ITN or IRS were not.
Difference between Vascularization Indexes of the Placenta in Severe Pre-eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy by Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Andonotopo Wiku , Kristanto Herman , Dewantiningrum Julian , Pramono Besari Adi
Published: February 2015

Aim

The object of this study was to analyze the vascularization index of three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) of the placenta in severe pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy conditions by vascular biopsy sampling sphere.

Subjects and methods

This study is a prospective longitudinal observational study on 80 pregnant women which divided into 2 groups: Group I (study group) were 40 pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia, group II (control group) were 40 pregnant women without disorder. Variables examined in this study were vascular index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascular flow index (VFI) of the 3D-PD placental perfusion. Its correlation to gestational age in normal pregnancy compared with the condition of preeclampsia were obtained by taking multiple biopsy sampling vascular sphere. All pregnant women underwent 3D PD-US examination (single examination only), data volume recorded of the placenta allows for off-line analysis without the presence of the patient, thus allowing the data analysis done anywhere and anytime by observers for the comparative analysis of interobserver reliability.

Results

The placenta can be visualized perfectly in both of the study group and also the control group. Average Kappa value for the acquisition of placental vascularization index measurements with 3D PD-US was 0.72 (0.61-0.82), 0.73 (0.65-0.82) and 0.71 (0.61-0.81) for VI, FI and VFI in the range of 20 to 38 weeks showed good interobserver reliability. All 3D power Doppler indices had a significant association with gestational age, with VI showed a less significant relationship (r = 0.207, p = 0.0139) and FI has the most significant relationship (r = 0.582, p < 0.001). FI index increased progressively with gestational age, while the VI index values indicate dispersion pattern and reached a plateau from week 30 onwards. Entering week 37th, there was a decrease in the value of the index VI until the end of pregnancy. Meanwhile, VFI index appears to resemble the pattern of a combination of both VI and FI index (r = 0.692, p <0.001).

Conclusion

All parameters of 3D power Doppler index was lower in the severe pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy. 3D PD-US can be used to assess the vascularization of the placenta and the intensity of intra-placental blood flow. Placental vascular biopsy method is fairly efficient way to perform routine evaluations evolution of placental vascular branch during pregnancy.

How to cite this article

Andonotopo W, Kristanto H, Dewantiningrum J, Pramono BA. Difference between Vascularization Indexes of the Placenta in Severe Pre-eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy by Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):329-335.
What the Fetal Face can tell Us: A Discussion of the Evidence, Implications and Potential for Further Research
Authors: Reissland Nadja
Published: February 2015

This paper reviews findings in fetal development research using two-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound imaging and how these techniques have been applied to increase understanding of the fetus. The limitations of differences in language and methods used to code and score images between research groups will also be explored, reaching the conclusion that a reliable coding scheme for fetal facial movements is essential. Furthermore, applications of the new technology studies of bonding between parent and fetus, cross-cultural research on fetal facial development and medical applications are discussed.

How to cite this article

Reissland N. What the Fetal Face can tell Us: A Discussion of the Evidence, Implications and Potential for Further Research. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):336-343.
Prenatal Observation of Fetal Trachea and Bilateral Bronchi using Ultrasonography
Authors: Aoki Showa
Published: February 2015

The fetal airway tract can be observed using the planes of view in cardiac screening. In three-vessel-tracheal view, the crosssection of the trachea is identified adjacent to the right-posterior side of the middle transverse aorta. In three-vessel view, the cross-section of the right bronchus is observed adjacent to the right side of the ascending aorta. In aortic and ductal arch views, the short axis of the left bronchus is confirmed inward of the arch. In oblique three-vessel view, the right bronchus is seen on top of the ascending aorta coursing toward the azygos vein. To exclude the vessels, absence of blood flow signals in the trachea and bronchi should be reconfirmed by using pulsed and color Doppler imagings. In the whole ‘Y-shaped’ image, the right main bronchus depicts the more linear extension from the trachea than the left bronchus and the first lobar bronchus that branches near the carina to the right upper lobe. Segmental bronchi also can be depicted in both bilateral bronchi. Several new modalities, including three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, simultaneous visualization of the fetal trachea and esophagus, and fluid flow waveforms in the fetal airway tract, makes feasible detailed prenatal assessment, prediction of neonatal respiratory condition, and most especially identification of anatomical deformity and pathologic entities.

How to cite this article

Aoki S. Prenatal Observation of Fetal Trachea and Bilateral Bronchi using Ultrasonography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):353-361.
Fetal Dual Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Kaji Takashi , Maeda Kazuhisa , Hichijo Atsuko , Takahashi Yohei , Nakayama Soichiro , Irahara Minoru
Published: February 2015

Dual Doppler echocardiography is a recently developed technique performed using an instrument with two separate sample gates, allowing simultaneous recording of signals from two locations. We describe the use of dual Doppler echocardiography to assess fetal cardiac rhythm. Fetal arrhythmias are common and encountered in 1 to 2% pregnancies. They often resolve spontaneously and do not require treatment, but sometimes lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Fetal arrhythmias are responsive to fetal therapy and require appropriate management through accurate diagnosis. Pulsed wave Doppler and M-mode echocardiography are widely used to assess fetal cardiac rhythm. Both methods have advantages and limitations, which are influenced by fetal position, image resolution, and the complexity of the arrhythmia. We developed a new technique that records pulsed wave Doppler signals in the hepatic vein (HV) and the descending aorta (DAo) simultaneously using dual Doppler. This method is less influenced by fetal position and the complexity of the arrhythmia, and the images have better resolution than those acquired using conventional Doppler methods in most cases. Although, electrical parameters, such as the QT interval cannot be evaluated, dual Doppler recording of flows in HV and DAo is an efficient and effective method for assessing fetal cardiac rhythms, allowing precise diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias.

How to cite this article

Kaji T, Maeda K, Hichijo A, Takahashi Y, Nakayama S, Irahara M. Fetal Dual Doppler Echocardiography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 8(4):376-381.
Ultrasound Assessment of the Umbilical Cord
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi
Published: February 2015

As a nonreassuring fetal status and intrauterine fetal death are often caused by umbilical cord abnormalities, obtaining an ultrasound diagnosis of umbilical cord abnormalities is required for a safe delivery. We believe that the prenatal detection of umbilical cord abnormalities and appropriate management of the delivery improves perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. In the present review, the protocol for ultrasound diagnosis and management of umbilical cord abnormalities, including abnormalities of cord insertion, hypercoiled cord, nuchal cord and fore-lying umbilical cord, is discussed considering current knowledge regarding the physiological and pathological aspects of these umbilical cord abnormalities.

How to cite this article

Hasegawa J. Ultrasound Assessment of the Umbilical Cord. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):382-390.
To Study the Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies complicated by Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Pandey Uma
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To study the maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by rheumatic heart disease (RHD).

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was carried out in the obstetric and cardiology outpatients department of Sir Sunder Lal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India over a period of 1 year (Dec 2011-2012) involving 96 pregnant patients with rheumatic heart disease. Their maternal and fetal outcomes were reviewed.

Results

A total of 96 pregnant mothers with heart disease presented to us during the period of 1 year (Dec 2011-2012). Majority of the pregnant mothers had mitral stenosis n = 46 (47%). Rest of the patients had multivalve disease. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was found to be in 28 patients (29%). Atrial thrombus was seen in the echocardiography of one patient. Mitral valve replacement was done before pregnancy in 16 mothers (16%); these gravid mothers were put on low-molecular weight hepanin (LMWH) and during the midtrimester on the Acitrom. There was one patient admitted with atrial fibrillation. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I and II heart disease progressed in two patients to class III and IV. There was no maternal or fetal mortality in this study. There were 24 cesarean sections (25%) done out of which 8 were for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (32%), rest were due to maternal reasons. There were 12 preterm deliveries. Four fetuses had intraventricular hemorrhage.

Conclusion

Despite no maternal and neonatal mortality, pregnancy in women with heart disease is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidities.

How to cite this article

Pandey U. To Study the Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies complicated by Rheumatic Heart Disease. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2014;5(3):92-94.
The Effect of Doxycycline on Pus Cells and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Leukocytospermia
Authors: Aggarwal Richa
Published: February 2015

Objective

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined leukocytospermia as > 106WBC/ml of semen. However, the clinical significance of leukocytospermia is currently a subject of controversy. Evidence from several recent studies indicates that leukocytospermia could significantly contribute to oxidative stress and male infertility. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of antibiotic therapy to treat patients with pyospermia in an attempt to improve fertility. Currently, doxycycline is the most common antibiotic used to treat pyospermia though larger trials are needed to demonstrate its efficacy in treating pyospermia.

Materials and methods

Hundred male partners with semen analysis showing the presence of significant leukocytospermia (WBC > 1 × 106/ml), sterile semen culture and satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study and given doxycycline 100 mg bd for 14 days. Semen analysis for pus cells and oxidative stress (ROS) measurement was done before and after the treatment.

Results

Mean pus cell count before and after treatment with doxycycline was 2.28 ± 1.26 × 106/ml and 1.21 ± 0.58 ×106/mL respectively, the effect being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Resolution of leukocytospermia was seen in 61.4% (54/88) cases after doxycycline treatment. Mean oxidative stress (RLU/ sec/million sperms) before and after doxycycline therapy was 79.72 ± 133.9 and 25.44 ± 47.8, the difference being significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Study results show that treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic like doxycycline leads to significant decrease in the number of pus cells present in semen thereby significantly decreasing the oxidative stress.

How to cite this article

Aggarwal R. the Effect of Doxycycline on Pus Cells and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Leukocytospermia. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2014;5(3):95-99.
Scavenging ratios of polycyclic aromatic compounds in rain and snow in the Athabasca oil sands region
Authors: Zhang L. , Cheng I. , Muir D. , Charland J.-P.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The Athabasca oil sands industry in northern Alberta, Canada, is a possible source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Monitored PACs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, and dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), in precipitation and in air at three near-source sites in the Fort MacKay and Fort McMurray area during January 2011 to May 2012, were used to generate a database of scavenging ratios (Wt) for PACs scavenged by both snow and rain. Higher concentrations in precipitation and air were observed for alkylated PAHs and DBTs compared to the other PACs. The sums of the median precipitation concentrations over the period of data analyzed were 0.48 μ g L−1 for the 18 PAHs, 3.38 μ g L−1 for the 20 alkylated PAHs, and 0.94 μ g L−1 for the 5 DBTs. The sums of the median air concentrations for parent PAHs, alkylated PAHs, and DBTs were 8.37, 67.26, and 11.83 ng m−3, respectively. Median Wt over the measurement period were 6100 – 1.1 × 106 from snow scavenging and 350 – 2.3 × 105 from rain scavenging depending on the PAC species. Median Wt for parent PAHs were within the range of those observed at other urban and suburban locations, but Wt for acenaphthylene in snow samples were 2–7 times higher compared to other urban and suburban locations. Wt for some individual snow and rain samples exceeded literature values by a factor of 10. Wt for benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene in snow samples had reached 107, which is the maximum for PAH snow scavenging ratios reported in the literature. From the analysis of data subsets, Wt for particulate-phase dominant PACs were 14–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in snow samples and 7–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in rain samples. Wt from snow scavenging were ~ 9 times greater than from rain scavenging for particulate-phase dominant PACs and 4–9.6 times greater than from rain scavenging for gas-phase dominant PACs. Gas-particle fractions of each PAC, particle size distributions of particulate-phase dominant PACs, and the Henry's law constant of gas-phase dominant PACs explained, to a large extent, the different Wt values among the different PACs and precipitation types. The trend in Wt with increasing alkyl substitutions may be attributed to their physico-chemical properties, such as octanol–air and particle partition coefficients and subcooled vapor pressure, which increases gas-particle partitioning and, subsequently, the particulate mass fraction. This study verified findings from a previous study of Wang et al. (2014) that suggested that snow scavenging is more efficient than rain scavenging of particles for equivalent precipitation amounts, and also provided new knowledge of the scavenging of gas-phase PACs and alkylated PACs by snow and rain.