bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enthalpy of Formation of Carbon‐Rich Polymer‐Derived Amorphous SiCN Ceramics
Authors: Michelle Morcos Riham , Mera Gabriela , Navrotsky Alexandra , Varga Tamas , Riedel Ralf , Poli Fabrizia , Müller Klaus
Published: September 2008

Carbon‐rich silicon carbonitride (SiCN) ceramics derived from polysilylcarbodiimides represent a novel class of materials where the incorporation of a high amount of carbon was demonstrated to be beneficial for ultrahigh‐temperature resistance against crystallization. Calorimetric measurements of heat of oxidative dissolution in a molten oxide solvent show that these amorphous SiCN ceramics produced at 1000° or 1100°C possess a small positive or near zero enthalpy of formation relative to their crystalline constituents, namely silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and graphite. The enthalpy of formation does not change strongly with increasing SiC mole fraction. Because the enthalpies of formation from crystalline constituents are at most slightly positive, and the entropies of formation are expected to be significantly positive because of disorder in the amorphous phase, it is likely that the free energies of formation from silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and graphite are negative and the high‐temperature persistence of amorphous SiCN ceramics may originate from thermodynamic stabilization. However, this stabilization is less pronounced than that for SiCO polymer‐derived ceramics studied earlier.
Morphology in‐Design Deposition of HfO2 Thin Films
Authors: Jie Ni , Yu Zhu , Qin Zhou , Zhengjun Zhang
Published: September 2008

We investigated factors influencing the growth morphology of hafnium dioxide (HfO2) thin films by glancing angle deposition, and found that a shape factor defined as the ratio of the deposition rate over the substrate rotation speed played a key role in determining the morphology of the films. By adjusting this factor, we fabricated successfully films of aligned HfO2 nanorods, nanosprings, and nanohelix. Comparing with the flat films, these nanostructured films exhibited enhanced light transmittance and photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production from water splitting under ultraviolet radiation.
Synthesis and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Bi4(SiO4)3 Ceramics
Authors: Kim Jin‐Seong , Joung Mi‐Ri , Song Myung‐Eun , Nahm Sahn , Paik Jong‐Hoo , Choi Byung‐Hyun , Yoo Soon‐Jae
Published: September 2008

Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramics were synthesized and their microwave dielectric properties were investigated. The Bi12SiO20 second phase was formed at approximately 400°C, while the Bi2O2SiO3 and Bi4(SiO4)3 phases started to form at 600°C. The amount of the Bi12SiO20 and Bi2O2SiO3 second phases decreased as the firing temperature exceeded 650°C. A homogeneous Bi4(SiO4)3 phase was obtained for the specimen fired at 850°C. For the specimens sintered at 900°C for more than 5 h, high‐density Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramics were obtained. In particular, the Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramics sintered at 900°C for 8 h exhibited the good microwave dielectric properties of ɛr=14.9, Q × f=36 101 GHz and τf=−9.42 ppm/°C.
Tandem Measurement of D‐dimer and Myeloperoxidase or C‐reactive Protein to Effectively Screen for Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department
Authors: Mitchell Alice M. , Nordenholz Kristen E. , Kline Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2008

Objectives:  The hypothesis was that the tandem measurement of D‐dimer and myeloperoxidase (MPO) or C‐reactive protein (CRP) could significantly decrease unnecessary pulmonary vascular imaging in emergency department (ED) patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism (PE) compared to D‐dimer alone.

Methods:  The authors measured the sequential combinations of D‐dimer and MPO and D‐dimer and CRP in a prospective sample of ED patients evaluated for PE at two centers. Patients were followed for 90 days for venous thromboembolism (VTE, either PE or deep venous thrombosis [DVT]), which required the consensus of two of three blinded physician reviewers.

Results:  The authors enrolled 304 patients, 22 with VTE (7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5% to 10%). The sensitivity and specificity of a D‐dimer alone (cutoff ≥ 500 ng/mL) were 100% (95% CI = 85% to 100%) and 59% (95% CI = 53% to 65%), respectively, and was followed by pulmonary vascular imaging negative for PE in 38% (115/304; 95% CI = 32% to 44%). The combination of either a negative D‐dimer, or MPO < 22 mg/dL, had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 73% (95% CI = 67% to 78%). Thus, tandem measurement of D‐dimer and MPO would have decreased the frequency of subsequent negative pulmonary vascular imaging from 38% to 25% (95% CI of the difference of −13% = −5% to −20%). The combination of CRP and D‐dimer would not have significantly improved the rate of negative imaging.

Conclusions:  The tandem measurement of D‐dimer and MPO would have significantly decreased negative pulmonary vascular imaging compared with D‐dimer alone and should be validated prospectively.
Prospective study of 5‐year caries increment among children receiving comprehensive dental care in the New England children’s amalgam trial
Authors: Maserejian Nancy Nairi , Tavares Mary A. , Hayes Catherine , Soncini Jennifer A. , Trachtenberg Felicia L.
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Objective:  To measure the 5‐year caries increment among high‐risk children during their participation in the New England Children’s Amalgam Trial (NECAT), and to evaluate sociodemographic factors that may account for any observed disparities.

Methods:  NECAT recruited 534 children aged 6–10 with at least two decayed posterior occlusal surfaces from urban Boston and rural Maine. After restoration of baseline caries and application of sealants to sound surfaces, NECAT continued to provide free comprehensive semiannual dental care to participants. The net caries increment of children who completed the 5‐year follow‐up (n = 429) was calculated and predictors of caries increment were investigated using multivariate negative binomial models.

Results:  The majority of children (89%) experienced new caries by the end of the 5‐year follow‐up. Almost half (45%) had at least one newly decayed surface by the first annual visit. At year 5, the mean number of new decayed teeth was 4.5 ± 3.6 (range 0–25) and surfaces was 6.9 ± 6.5 (range 0–48). Time trends showed a noticeably higher increment rate among older children and young teenagers. Multivariate models showed that age (P < 0.001), number of baseline carious surfaces (P < 0.001), and toothbrushing frequency (<1/day versus ≥2/day, P = 0.04) were associated with caries increment. Only 48 children (11%) did not develop new caries.

Conclusions:  Despite the receipt of comprehensive semiannual dental care, the vast majority of these high‐risk children continued to develop new caries within 5 years. While disparities were observed by age, extent of prior decay, and toothbrushing frequency, no other sociodemographic factors were associated with caries increment, suggesting that the dental care provided during the trial reduced sociodemographic disparities in prior caries experience that were observed at baseline.
Population ageing and dental care
Authors: Harford Jane
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Population ageing is a fact in both developed and developing countries. The concern about population ageing largely arises from the combination of a greater number of older people requiring greater amounts of healthcare services and pensions, and relatively fewer people working to pay for them. Oral health and dental care are important aspects of health and health care. Lower rates of edentulism and an ageing population mean that older people will feature more prominently in dental services. Traditionally, economic studies of ageing have focused on the fiscal implications of ageing, projecting the increased burden on health and welfare services that accompanies ageing. It assumed that ageing is the major driver of recent changes and those past trends will simply be amplified by faster population ageing in the future. Less work has been done to understand other past drivers of increased healthcare spending and their implications for the future. The conclusion of these reports is usually that population ageing is unaffordable with current policy settings. They have proposed policies to deal with population ageing which focused on increasing workforce participation and worker productivity to increase the tax base and reducing entitlements. However, the affordability question is as much political as a numerical. There are no clearly articulated criteria for affordability and little opportunity for public discourse about what citizens are willing to pay in taxes to support an ageing population. While the reports do not necessarily reflect public opinion, they will certainly shape it. Predicting the future for oral health is more fraught than for general health, as oral health is in the midst of an epidemiological transition from high rates of edentulism and tooth loss to low rates. Changes in the pattern of dental expenditure in the past do not mirror the experience of rapid increases in per capita expenditure on older age groups as regards general health. Dentistry’s marginal status means that less work has been done to understand the future consequences of these changes and how they will interact with population ageing. Further than this though, we need to understand why the future might look as these projections suggest, so that we may look at ways that it can be shaped.
Oral health‐related quality of life among HIV‐infected and at‐risk women
Authors: Mulligan R. , Seirawan H. , Alves M. E. , Navazesh M. , Phelan J. A. , Greenspan D. , Greenspan J. S. , Mack W. J.
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Objectives:  Objective measures of dental diseases reflect only their clinical end‐point. There is a need to use multidimensional measures of diseases that consider their psychosocial aspects and functional impact. The aim of this study is to compare the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQOL) between a group of HIV‐infected women and a similar group of at‐risk HIV‐uninfected women, and to investigate the role of potential confounding clinical oral health and behavioral factors.

Methods:  Our sample included HIV‐infected women (87%) and women at risk for HIV infection (13%) followed up for 5.5 years. OHRQOL was measured using the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14), which is a validated and reliable instrument.

Results:  HIV‐infected women averaged 10% poorer OHRQOL than HIV‐uninfected women; this difference was not apparent after adjusting for the number of study visits attended and significant behavioral and clinical oral health factors. The OHRQOL was inversely related to dental and periodontal diseases and to smoking and freebase cocaine use; these relationships were not confounded by HIV status.

Conclusions:  The study identified specific clinical and behavioral factors where dental professionals can intervene to possibly improve the OHRQOL of HIV‐infected or at‐risk HIV‐uninfected women.
Myelin basic protein is temporospatially expressed in developing rat molars
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Jin , Kim Young‐Ju , Kang Jee‐Hae , Jung Ji‐Yeon , Kim Min‐Seok , Kim Won‐Jae , Oh Won‐Man , Hwang Yun‐Chan , Hwang In‐Nam , Choi Nam‐Ki , Lee Eun‐Ju , Kim Sun‐Hun
Published: September 2008

Tooth development occurs through a complex and intricate set of gene‐expression cascades. Although its early events have been examined extensively, there are fewer reports on the late events, such as dental hard‐tissue formation. This study searched for genes involved in the late stages of tooth development. Differential display–polymerase chain reaction revealed myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA to be expressed differentially in the second molar root stage germs compared with the third molar cap/early bell stage germs. The MBP expressed during hard tissue formation was confirmed to be a 21.5 kDa molecule by Western blotting. Immunoreactivity of MBP in the third molar (cap/early bell stage) germs was barely detectable in the dental papilla and inner enamel epithelia, whereas strong reactivity was noted in the differentiating and differentiated ameloblasts and odontoblasts in a temporospatial pattern. However, after complete formation of the full‐thickness enamel, no reactivity was observed in the maturation‐stage and protection stage ameloblasts. Myelin basic protein immunoreactive nerve fibers were also observed near the developing molar germs. This is the first report showing the presence of MBP in dental hard tissue cells, and its functional implications should be studied further.
Mutations in the EDA gene are responsible for X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and hypodontia in Chinese kindreds
Authors: Fan Huali , Ye Xiaoqian , Shi Lisong , Yin Wei , Hua Bo , Song Guangtai , Shi Bin , Bian Zhuan
Published: September 2008

X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED, OMIM 305100) is a rare congenital disorder that results in the defective development of teeth, hair, nails, and eccrine sweat glands. Previous studies found that mutations in the ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene are associated with XLHED. In the present study, we investigated four Chinese families suffering from classical XLHED and investigated two additional families segregating hypodontia in an X‐linked recessive manner. Mutations were characterized respectively in the EDA gene in all families, and five of these mutations were found to be novel. Among these mutations, five were missense (c.200A>T, c.463C>T, c.758T>C, c.926T>G, and c.491A>C) and located in the functional domain of EDA, and one was a splice donor site mutation in intron 5 (c.IVS5 + 1G>A), which may result in an alternative transcript derived from a new cryptic splice site. Our data further confirm that EDA mutations could cause both XLHED and isolated hypodontia and provide evidence that EDA is a strong candidate gene for tooth genesis.
Taste deficits after middle ear surgery for otosclerosis: taste somatosensory interactions
Authors: Berteretche Marie‐Violaine , Eloit Corinne , Dumas Hélène , Talmain Gabriel , Herman Philippe , Tran Ba Huy Patrice , Faurion Annick
Published: September 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative consequences of chorda tympani reclining during middle ear surgery for otosclerosis. Electrogustometric taste thresholds were measured at 11 loci on the tongue and the soft palate in 14 patients before surgery, and 8 d, 1 month and (in some cases) 6 months after surgery. A significant increase in thresholds was observed on the ipsilateral side of the tongue after surgery. The extent of the deficit and the recovery time course depended on tongue locus. The tip of the tongue displayed a limited deficit, suggesting bilateral chorda tympani innervation. The edge of the tongue was less impaired than the dorsal or the lateral tip loci; it may be dually innervated by both chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves in humans, as already shown in rats. Likewise for the fungiform papillae located just anterior to the circumvallate papillae. Somatosensory early complaints suggest a derepression of chorda tympani on lingual nerve signals. In a second stage, relief of complaints before electrogustometric threshold recovery suggested trigeminal compensation of the chorda tympani deficit. Relief of complaints seems to involve central integrative processes, whereas the evolution of electrogustometric threshold represents the actual recovery time course of chorda tympani peripheral sensitivity.
Neuroplasticity of edentulous patients with implant‐supported full dentures
Authors: Yan Chen , Ye Lin , Zhen Jin , Ke Li , Gang Liu
Published: September 2008

Edentulous patients with implant‐supported prostheses report improved tactile discriminative capabilities and motor function compared with when they wore complete dentures. ‘Osseoperception’ is defined as the ability to identify kinesthetic sensation without the input from periodontal mechanoreceptors. This sensation is generated from the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscle, mucosa, and periosteum, and provides sensory and motor information related to mandible movements and occlusion. The aim of this study was to analyze the cortical plasticity occurring in patients with implant‐supported prostheses. Twenty edentulous patients with implant‐supported full dentures or traditional complete dentures were recruited for a clenching task. They were scanned by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and the data were analyzed using the spm99 software package to generate activation brain maps. Increased blood oxygen level dependent signals in the primary sensorimotor cortex were found in patients with implant‐supported fixed dentures. Other activated areas included prefrontal cortex, Broca’s area, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, superior temporal gyrus, insular, basal ganglion, and hippocampus. We suggest that sensory and motor feedback to the central nervous system can be restored by implant‐supported full dentures. Activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex in patients with implant‐supported dentures might explain the improved tactile, stereognostic ability, and mastication functions, which are more similar to the natural dentition.
The impact of a 17‐day training period for an international championship on mucosal immune parameters in top‐level basketball players and staff members
Authors: Moreira Alexandre , Arsati Franco , Cury Patrícia Ramos , Franciscon Clóvis , Simões Antonio Carlos , De Oliveira Paulo Roberto , De Araújo Vera Cavalcanti
Published: September 2008

This investigation examined the impact of a 17‐d training period (that included basketball‐specific training, sprints, intermittent running exercises, and weight training, prior to an international championship competition) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in 10 subjects (athletes and staff members) from a national basketball team, as a biomarker for mucosal immune defence. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at rest at the beginning of the preparation for the Pan American Games and 1 d before the first game. The recovery interval from the last bout of exercise was 4 h. The SIgA level was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and expressed as absolute concentrations, secretion rate, and SIgA level relative to total protein. The decrease in SIgA levels following training was greater in athletes than in support staff; however, no significant differences between the two groups were detected. A decrease in SIgA level, regardless of the method used to express IgA results, was verified for athletes. Only one episode of upper respiratory tract illness symptoms was reported, and it was not associated with changes in SIgA levels. In summary, a situation of combined stress for an important championship was found to decrease the level of SIgA‐mediated immune protection at the mucosal surface in team members, with greater changes observed in the athletes.
An in vitro investigation of the effectiveness of bioactive glass air‐abrasion in the ‘selective’ removal of orthodontic resin adhesive
Authors: Banerjee Avijit , Paolinelis George , Socker Michal , McDonald Fraser , Watson Timothy F.
Published: September 2008

The process of clinically debonding orthodontic brackets causes histomorphological damage to enamel that needs to be quantified and minimized. This study compared three methods for removing residual resin adhesive following bracket debonding. The surface finish following removal of residual adhesive using a slow‐speed eight‐bladed tungsten carbide bur (group 1), alumina air‐abrasion (group 2), and bioactive‐glass air‐abrasion (group 3) and following polishing, was examined using scanning electron microscopy imaging of resin replicas. Contact profilometry was used to image surfaces before and after debonding for quantifiable volumetric analysis of enamel damage. Surface scarring was seen on scanning electron micrographs from group 1, a sharp pitted surface was identified in group 2, while group 3 exhibited similar, but subjectively smoother, pits. The surface finish following polishing was similar for groups 2 and 3 but did not completely remove the scarring evident from group 1. Quantifiable enamel lost was as follows: group 1, 0.285 mm3; group 2, 0.386 mm3; and group 3, 0.135 mm3; statistical differences were observed between groups 2 and 3. From these results, bioactive‐glass air‐abrasion more consistently caused less physical damage to enamel and achieved a clinically smooth surface finish following polishing and is therefore to be recommended for clinical use.
Bioactive glass–ionomer cement with potential therapeutic function to dentin capping mineralization
Authors: Xie Dong , Zhao Jun , Weng Yiming , Park Jong‐Gu , Jiang Hui , Platt Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2008

We have developed a novel bioactive resin‐modified glass–ionomer cement system with therapeutic function to dentin capping mineralization. In the system, the newly synthesized star‐shape poly(acrylic acid) was formulated with water, Fuji II LC filler, and bioactive glass S53P4 to form resin‐modified glass–ionomer cement. Compressive strength (CS) was used as a screening tool for evaluation. The commercial glass–ionomer cement Fuji II LC was used as a control. All the specimens were conditioned in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C prior to testing. The effect of aging in SBF on CS and microhardness of the cements was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the in vitro dentin surface changes caused by the incorporation of bioactive glass. The results show that the system not only provided strengths comparable to original commercial Fuji II LC cement but also allowed the cement to help mineralize the dentin in the presence of SBF. It appears that this bioactive glass–ionomer cement system has direct therapeutic impact on dental restorations that require root surface fillings.
Inhibition of hydroxyapatite dissolution by whole casein: the effects of pH, protein concentration, calcium, and ionic strength
Authors: Barbour Michele E. , Shellis R. Peter , Parker David M. , Allen Geoff C. , Addy Martin
Published: September 2008

Formulating drinks with reduced erosive potential is one approach for reducing dental erosion. In this study, whole casein was added to citric acid solutions representative of soft drinks, and the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate was assessed. Adding 0.02% (w/v) casein to acid solutions significantly reduced the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate by 51 ± 4% at pH values of 2.80, 3.00, 3.20, 3.40, and 3.60, although the baseline dissolution rates of course varied as a function of pH. The protein concentration [0.002, 0.02, and 0.2% (w/v) casein] had no significant effect on dissolution inhibition. Adding both casein and calcium to citric acid resulted in a further reduction in the dissolution rate at low and intermediate calcium concentrations (5 and 10 mM) but not at higher calcium concentrations (20 and 50 mM). Ionic strength had no significant impact on the efficacy of casein. Casein also significantly reduced the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate when the hydroxyapatite was coated with a salivary pellicle. The reduction in dissolution rate is ascribed to firmly adsorbed casein on the hydroxyapatite surface, which stabilizes the crystal surface and inhibits ion detachment.
Toothache prevalence and associated factors: a life course study from birth to age 12 yr
Authors: Bastos Joao Luiz , Peres Marco Aurelio , Peres Karen Glazer , Araujo Cora L. P. , Menezes Ana M. B.
Published: September 2008

This study estimated the lifetime prevalence of toothache at ages 6 and 12 yr, the prevalence of toothache during the last month, and their association with social, behavioural and clinical exposures in the course of life of 339 12‐yr‐old children from a birth cohort in Pelotas, Brazil. Exploratory variables were collected in the perinatal study and during several follow‐up studies. Prevalence ratios were calculated using Poisson regression, following a hierarchical conceptual model. The lifetime prevalence of toothache at ages 6 and 12 yr were 39% [95% confidence interval (CI) = (34;45)] and 63% [95% CI = (58;69)], respectively. Toothache during the last month was reported by 11% [95% CI = (8;15)]. Children who did not live with their biological father at birth, and children with higher dmf‐t counts, reported a higher lifetime prevalence of toothache at age 6 yr. Children experiencing poverty between ages 0 and 4 yr, with higher dmf‐t and DMF‐T indexes presented a greater lifetime prevalence of toothache at 12 yr. Toothache within the last month was more likely to be reported by girls and by children who did not live with their biological father at birth. Preventive strategies should be implemented in early stages of the life cycle, taking into account the socio‐economic and family context in which pain mostly occurs.
Rapidly progressive internal root resorption: a case report
Authors: Keinan David , Heling Ilana , Stabholtz Adam , Moshonov Joshua
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The etiology of internal root resorption is not fully understandable, trauma and chronic pulpitis are considered the main risk factors. Usually the process is asymptomatic and diagnosed upon routine radiographic examination. This case report presents a rapid progression of internal resorption related directly to traumatic injury. A 16‐year‐old female arrived at the emergency room after a mild extrusion of the mandibular incisors. The initial treatment included repositioning and splinting of the teeth. Radiographs performed at repositioning and splinting demonstrated normal configuration of the incisor’s roots. Ten months later progressive internal resorption of the left mandibular first incisor was diagnosed. While treating this tooth similar process was detected in the right mandibular second incisor and in the mandibular left second incisor. The lower right first incisor reacted inconsistently to vitality test. As a result of the severe and rapidly progressive nature of the process, root canal treatments were performed in all lower incisors. The follow‐up radiographs demonstrate arrest of the internal resorption process.
An unusual lateral luxation of an upper incisor owing to long‐term boxing without protection
Authors: Bechor Ron , Zadik Yehuda
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This case report describes a lateral luxation of an upper incisor in a 19‐year‐old non‐professional boxer. The tooth displacement gradually worsened over several months because the boxer received repeated blows to the head without using a mouthguard. Being a chronic dental trauma, rather than an acute lateral luxation, this case had several unique features: the labial plate of the alveolar bone was penetrated, the root apex was free in the vestibulum, the tooth was mobile (second degree) and radiographs revealed bone resorption. This case emphasized the need for a mouthguard to be used even with amateur boxing. The dental practitioner should educate his sportsmen–patients of the risk of sport‐related dental trauma and the benefit of a mouthguard.
Partial replacement of the dentin–pulp complex by periodontal supporting tissues in a traumatically intruded primary maxillary incisor
Authors: Nelson‐Filho Paulo , Borsatto Maria Cristina , De Oliveira Paulo Tambasco , Da Silva Raquel Assed Bezerra
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This paper describes a case of a 9‐year‐old patient who presented a completely intruded primary maxillary incisor because of a traumatic injury sustained at the age of 3 years. After tooth extraction, histological analysis revealed that the dentin–pulp complex was partially replaced by cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. No signs of ankylosis were noticed. It is suggested that the lack of spontaneous re‐eruption of the traumatized primary tooth after 6 years could be due to the development of functional periodontal supporting tissues in the pulp chamber secondary to the traumatism.
External multiple invasive cervical resorption with subsequent arrest of the resorption
Authors: Mattar Rinaldo , De Lima Pereira Sanivia Aparecida , Rodor Rovena Carneiro , Rodrigues Denise Bertulucci Rocha
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  A rare, the uncommon, case of multiple invasive cervical resorption (MICR) with subsequent arrest of the resorption involving eight teeth of the mandible (tooth 46 to tooth 32) is presented. This case is noteworthy because of the characteristics of its clinical evolution. There have only been a few cases in the literature were found presenting involvement of such a large number of teeth. Furthermore, noreports on cases of MICR with arrest of the resorption, as described in this report, were found.
Replantation of an immature permanent central incisor following pre‐eruptive traumatic avulsion
Authors: Davidovich Esti , Moskovitz Moti , Moshonov Joshua
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Tooth avulsion represents 0.5–16% of traumatic injuries. Avulsion of a pre‐eruptive left permanent maxillary incisor in a 6‐year‐old boy is presented. The immature tooth was replanted after rinsing with saline following 10 min dry extra‐oral time. This case report describes treatment and a 2‐year follow‐up of the tooth. During the follow‐up period, continuation of root development, pulp revascularization, and irregular dentin formation were demonstrated. The tooth is vital, functional, and esthetic. To the best of our knowledge, no such case of replantation of a pre‐eruptive tooth has been reported previously.
Rehabilitation of severely injured anterior teeth in a young patient using ceramic and FRC: a clinical report
Authors: Giachetti Luca , Pace Riccardo
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This clinical report describes the indirect restoration of anterior teeth in a young patient after a severe dental trauma using all‐ceramic coronal posts. Step‐by‐step clinical procedures and their rationale are described. The learning objective of this case report is to outline the principles for the management of traumatic injuries of permanent anterior teeth in young patients to re‐establish function and provide good esthetic results.
Replantation of an avulsed maxillary primary central incisor and management of dilaceration as a sequel on the permanent successor
Authors: Sakai Vivien Thiemy , Moretti Ana Beatriz Silveira , Oliveira Thais Marchini , Silva Thiago Cruvinel , Abdo Ruy Cesar Camargo , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Machado Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This case report outlines the sequel and possible management of a permanent tooth traumatized through the predecessor, a maxillary right primary central incisor that was avulsed and replanted by a dentist 1 h after the trauma in a 3‐year‐old girl. Three years later, discoloration and fistula were present, so the primary tooth was extracted. The patient did not come to the scheduled follow‐ups to perform a clinical and radiographic control of the succeeding permanent incisor, and only returned when she was 10 years old. At that moment, the impaction and dilaceration of the maxillary right permanent central incisor were observed through radiographic examination. The dilacerated permanent tooth was then surgically removed, and an esthetic fixed appliance was constructed with the crown of the extracted tooth. Positive psychological influence of the treatment on this patient was also observed.
Use of a crown fragment to establish favorable temporary crown
Authors: Tsurumachi Tamotsu , Ohshima Takafumi , Furutoyo Ikutaro
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This case describes the esthetic management of a fractured tooth at first visit and its subsequent treatments to restore the esthetics and function. Patients expect adequate esthetics immediately after the first appointment. In addition, they require that esthetics is maintained throughout the definitive treatment phase as well. After the use of the fractured crown fragment as a temporary crown, a root canal treatment was undertaken in a conventional manner. The rehabilitation of the fractured tooth was performed with a post‐core‐supported prosthetic restoration. Examination at 18 months after treatment revealed good esthetics and normal function.
Treatment of complex dentoalveolar injury – avulsion and loss of periodontal tissue: a case report
Authors: Şahin Sermet , Işıl Saygun N. , Kaya Yavuz , Özdemir Atilla
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Dental avulsion is a common and complex injury which affects multiple oral tissues. In this case report, a 9‐year‐old girl patient with two traumatically avulsed maxillary central incisors with loss of periodontal tissue was presented. Treatment guidelines for avulsed permanent teeth with open apex were carried out. Bilateral laterally sliding flap procedure was performed, to repair loss of gingival soft tissue. Conventional immobilization was carried out for 6 weeks. Five months follow‐up of the patient in whom replantation was performed resulted in positive sensitivity test, no symptoms of infection, pain or any discomfort and good periodontal wound healing. In conclusion, this report presents successful replantation and periodontal treatment of a patient with complex dentoalveolar injury.
Avulsion and replacement of the tooth element fractured at the level of the middle 1/3: a case report
Authors: Veríssimo Denusa Moreira , De Araújo Nívea Braga
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Dental trauma continues to cause loss of teeth, particularly in the anterior region of the maxilla. Reimplanting the tooth with the fragment repositioned by turning it through 180° presents a conservative treatment option that makes it possible to keep a tooth, at first indicated for extraction, functioning and with a satisfactory esthetic appearance.
Diagnostic of tooth fractures with the Vistascan system
Authors: Künzel Andreas , Weimar Sabine , Willers Reinhart , Becker Jürgen
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Compared with conventional films digital radiography allows a wide range of exposure and scanner settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the evaluation of tooth fractures depending on variations of exposure dose, scanner settings and surrounding tissues. Extracted human teeth were exposed separately and in a pig bone phantom before and after artificial fracture at 70 kV (Gendex Oralix DC) and three exposure settings using the Vistascan System I at three different resolution settings. Five dental observers evaluated 432 radiographs of 12 adequately fractured teeth under randomized conditions for the existence of a tooth fracture on a five‐point scale. The highest value of true ratings (76.7%) with pig bone vicinity was achieved at 56 μGy (160 ms) and 20 lp mm−1, followed by 71.7% at 27 μGy (80 ms) and 20 lp mm−1. The worst diagnostic accuracy of 56.7% true ratings resulted from 6 μGy (20 ms) and 10 lp mm−1. With radiographs of teeth in empty surroundings the rate of true decisions was in some cases significantly higher. For the diagnostics of tooth fractures with the Vistascan System I the diagnostic value seems to depend on, besides radiographic projection, the scanner resolution setting, the surrounding tissues and the exposure dose.
Attitude of Pilsen primary school teachers in dental traumas
Authors: Tzigkounakis Vasileios , Merglová Vlasta
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Dental injuries are rather common during sport activities and at schools where children spend most of their time every day. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of primary school teachers in Pilsen, Czech Republic, of how to provide first aid in cases of one of the most serious dental injuries, the tooth avulsion. To this end, a questionnaire which contained nine questions about avulsion of permanent teeth was prepared. The questionnaires were distributed in nine primary schools in Pilsen where almost 300 teachers are employed. Seventy‐four percent of the teachers replied. Sixty‐eight percent had never received any information about providing first aid in cases of dental injuries and 81% would place the avulsed tooth in a dry handkerchief until the transfer of the patient to dentist. Prevention of tooth injuries is very important, as they may result even in tooth loss. This demands an effort to properly inform and educate sport trainers and primary school teachers about providing first aid in dental trauma situations; this effort should be intensive and continuous.
Periodontal healing of replanted dog teeth stored in milk and egg albumen
Authors: Khademi Abbas Ali , Atbaee Adnan , Razavi Seyed‐Mohammad , Shabanian Mitra
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The type of storage medium used to store avulsed teeth prior to replantation has been shown to be a decisive factor in periodontal ligament (PDL) healing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage medium on periodontal healing. Thirty teeth from three dogs were endodontically treated to prevent subsequent inflammatory root resorption. The teeth were atraumatically extracted and randomly stored in milk or egg albumen for 3, 6 and 10 h at 4°C. All teeth were splinted for 1 weeks after replanting. After 2 months animals were sacrificed using vital perfusion‐fixation and teeth were histologically prepared and evaluated following Andreasen’s method. It was found that teeth stored in egg albumen for 6 and 10 h had significantly higher incident of PDL healing than those treated with milk for the same period (P < 0.05). . The highest incidence of PDL healing was observed in teeth stored in egg albumen for 6 h. The least surface resorption was also evident in this group (P < 0.05). The result of this study shows that egg albumen is an excellent storage media for up to 10 h considering its likely availability at most accident sites.
The effect of a leaflet given to parents for first aid measures after tooth avulsion
Authors: Al‐Asfour Adel , Andersson Lars
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The aims of this study were to evaluate knowledge level among parents regarding tooth avulsion and replantation and to evaluate a simple leaflet as an information tool to enhance this knowledge. One Hundred and fifty parents in a primary school in Kuwait City participated in the study. Half of the parents received a leaflet with basic first aid message regarding what to do in case of tooth avulsion. One week after reading the leaflet, the parents who had received the leaflet were evaluated by using a questionnaire. The other half of the parents who had not seen the leaflet served as control. The level of knowledge was measured in the following categories: General knowledge of tooth avulsion, knowledge of replantation and primary vs permanent teeth, knowledge of how to clean an avulsed tooth, knowledge of extra‐oral time, knowledge of storage methods and storage media. By scoring the knowledge, the level of knowledge was calculated. The results showed that knowledge level was low among Kuwaiti parents. Improvement was seen in all categories of knowledge as a result of reading the leaflet. A simple leaflet can be a valuable tool to convey important basic information and enhance knowledge of tooth avulsion and how parents should act in such a situation, although there are limitations in conveying the message for a complete understanding. Measuring the knowledge by scoring can give valuable feedback in developing various educational tools.
Root fractures in children and adolescents: diagnostic considerations
Authors: Molina Julie R. , Vann Jr William F. , McIntyre Judy D. , Trope Martin , Lee Jessica Y.
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize epidemiologic trends in anterior permanent tooth trauma in a sample of children and adolescents (ii) examine the relationship of crown fractures (CF) and concomitant root fractures (RF) to determine if CFs are protective against RFs and (iii) examine the radiographic evidence of RFs to determine the value of obtaining three vertical periapical radiographic projections. This was an 8‐year cross‐sectional study of patients aged 6–18 with anterior permanent tooth trauma. We examined cases involving maxillary central/lateral incisors for which three clearly diagnostic periapical radiographs were obtained during the initial emergency visit. Two trained and calibrated dentists served as expert examiners for the radiographic assessments. Kappa statistics were used to determine reliability. Tests for association of concomitant crown and root fractures were performed using Likelihood Ratio Chi‐Square tests. The final sample included 185 teeth in 114 children. Our demographic and epidemiologic findings were comparable to those of previous studies. Experts reached this consensus: 22 RFs were detected, 9.6% (eight out of 83) teeth exhibited root fractures when no CFs was documented, and 13.7% (14 out of 102) teeth had both CFs and RFs as separate entities. Good examiner reliability was reached confirming the presence of RFs (Kappa = 0.81). The association of concomitant RFs and CFs was odds ratio = 1.97 (P = 0.052). CFs were not protective against RFs; indeed, teeth with CFs were twice as likely to have an RF as those without CFs. As the number of radiographic projections increased, RFs were identified more often; however, our data suggest that there is no reason to suspect a complete RF in preteen children unless the root exhibits clinical signs such as luxation or severe mobility. This study provides solid evidence to support obtaining multiple radiographic projections at different vertical angulations to rule out RFs in children and adolescents when RFs are suspected.
Dental injuries in mountain biking – a survey in Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Italy
Authors: Müller Kathrin E. , Persic Robert , Pohl Yango , Krastl Gabriel , Filippi Andreas
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Mountain biking is considered an extreme sport, causing not only head and neck injuries, but also injuries to every part of the body. Using standardised interview, the aim of this work was to survey the frequency of dental injuries in mountain biking, as well as the behaviour of athletes after experiencing dental trauma, depending on their intensity level. Furthermore, habits of wearing helmets and mouthguards as well as knowledge about the tooth rescue kit were investigated. A total of 423 male mountain bikers from Germany, Italy, Austria and Switzerland were surveyed for this study, including 50 juniors from Switzerland. 27 athletes (5.7%) had endured tooth accidents in mountain biking. Only 246 (52%) were aware of the fact that avulsed teeth can be replanted, and only 30 individuals knew about the tooth rescue kit (6.3%). 71.9% (n=340) were familiar with mouthguards; however, only 21 individuals (4.4%) used mouthguards while mountain biking. The results show that where mountain biking is concerned, more information about prevention is required.
pH changes after manual or ultrasonic instrumentation and smear layer removal with EDTA or ultrasonic
Authors: Zampronio Camila Fonseca , Sivieri‐Araújo Gustavo , Bonetti‐Filho Idomeo , Berbert Fábio Luiz Camargo Villela
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of instrumentation techniques associated with the smear layer removal, in the pH changes of the root surface. Thirty mandibular humans premolars were divided into three groups: Group I – instrumentation by Ohio technique and final cleaning with EDTA (3 minutes); Group II – instrumentation by Ohio technique and final cleaning with ultrasonic (1 minute); Group III – instrumentation by the ultrasonic technique and final cleaning with ultrasonic (1 minute). The pH was measured in the cavities prepared in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the lateral wall of each root. The teeth were evaluated at the initiation of the experiment, and 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 days after of the intracanal dressing of the calcium hydroxide with camphorated p‐monochlorophenol (Calen/PMCC). All the groups presented increasing pH values; group III presented the highest average pH, followed by groups II and I; the values for the apical third were lower than those of the middle and cervical thirds (anova and Tukey test). The results showed that the biomechanical preparation by the ultrasonic technique and smear layer removal with ultrasonic showing the highest diffusion of the calcium and hydroxyl ions from the intracanal dressing (P < 0.05).
A successful treatment of vertical root fracture: a case report and 4‐year follow‐up
Authors: Öztürk Mine , Çelik Ünal Gül
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This case report describes a successful treatment of vertically fractured tooth which was reconstructed with a self‐etching dual‐cured adhesive resin cement and intentionally replanted without using rotation in conjunction with a bio‐absorbable barrier membrane. At a follow‐up consultation 4 years later, the tooth was asymptomatic, and attachment gain and bone regeneration were observed. In addition, no ankylosis was detected clinically or radiographically.
Expression and characterization of the biofilm‐related and carnosine‐hydrolyzing aminoacylhistidine dipeptidase from Vibrio alginolyticus
Authors: Wang Ting‐Yi , Chen Yi‐Chin , Kao Liang‐Wei , Chang Chin‐Yuan , Wang Yu‐Kuo , Liu Yen‐Hsi , Feng Jen‐Min , Wu Tung‐Kung
Published: September 2008

The biofilm‐related and carnosine‐hydrolyzing aminoacylhistidine dipeptidase (pepD) gene from Vibrio alginolyticus was cloned and sequenced. The recombinant PepD protein was produced and biochemically characterized and the putative active‐site residues responsible for metal binding and catalysis were identified. The recombinant enzyme, which was identified as a homodimeric dipeptidase in solution, exhibited broad substrate specificity for Xaa‐His and His‐Xaa dipeptides, with the highest activity for the His‐His dipeptide. Sequence and structural homologies suggest that the enzyme is a member of the metal‐dependent metallopeptidase family. Indeed, the purified enzyme contains two zinc ions per monomer. Reconstitution of His·Tag‐cleaved native apo‐PepD with various metal ions indicated that enzymatic activity could be optimally restored when Zn2+ was replaced with other divalent metal ions, including Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+, and partially restored when Zn2+ was replaced with Mg2+. Structural homology modeling of PepD also revealed a ‘catalytic domain’ and a ‘lid domain’ similar to those of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii PepV protein. Mutational analysis of the putative active‐site residues supported the involvement of His80, Asp119, Glu150, Asp173 and His461 in metal binding and Asp82 and Glu149 in catalysis. In addition, individual substitution of Glu149 and Glu150 with aspartic acid resulted in the partial retention of enzymatic activity, indicating a functional role for these residues on the catalysis and zinc ions, respectively. These effects may be necessary either for the activation of the catalytic water molecule or for the stabilization of the substrate–enzyme tetrahedral intermediate. Taken together, these results may facilitate the design of PepD inhibitors for application in antimicrobial treatment and antibody‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy.