bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTIBODIES AGAINST E. COLI O‐ANTIGENS AND COMMON ENTEROBACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN KIDNEY‐TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: THOMSEN OLE FRØKJÉR , HJORT TAGE
Published: August 2010

Using indirect haemagglutination, sera from 45 patients who had undergone renal transplantation were examined for O‐antibodies against 10 selected uropathogenic E. coli strains, and against common enterobacterial antigen (anti‐CA). Bilateral nephrectomy was carried out, usually less than three months after transplantation, and serum from the time of nephrectomy was examined. The aim was to correlate antibody findings with evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), as assessed by significant bacteriuria or growth of bacteria from the nephrec tomy specimens. All the sera contained antibodies against several of the E. coli strains, mostlyin titres ≥ 160, but titres up to 5120 occurred. No statistically significant correlation was found between the occurrence of high titres of type‐specific O‐antibodies to E. coli and evidence of E. coli UTI. In contrast, anti‐CA—present in the sera of 19 patients, mostly in titres of 10—40—occurred with significantly increased frequency in patients with E. coliuria before transplantation and in patients with growth of E. coli from the nephrectomy specimens. It is concluded that anti‐CA—even in low titres—appeared to give a better serological parameter of E. coli UTI than screening for antibodies against the selected uropathogenic E. coli strains.
THE EFFECT OF NALIDIXIC ACID, RIFAMPICIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ON THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C IN BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: VALLE KARL JOHAN , PRYDZ HANS
Published: August 2010

The effect of nalidixic acid, rifampicin and chloramphenicol on the synthesis of phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) has been studied in washed Bacillus cereus cells resuspended in nutrient broth. In the absence of inhibitors, the synthesis showed a biphasic pattern. No synthesis or release of enzyme was found in the presence of chloramphenicol. When rifampicin was added, phospholipase C synthesis continued for 10–15 min. Nalidixic acid, at concentrations which inhibited DNA synthesis completely, permitted the synthesis of phospholipase C at the same rate and for a similar length of time as rifampicin.
DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION IN UROGRAFIN OF MORAXELLA AND KINGELLA CELLS AND APPENDAGES
Authors: FRØHOLM LEIF ODDVAR , BØVRE KJELL
Published: August 2010

Purification of fimbriae (pili) by density gradient banding in Urografin medium was attempted. Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Kingella kingae fimbriae were of higher density than their cells of origin, but fimbrial fradions obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation still banded together with presumed outer membrane fragments and some whole cells in Urografin gradients. The cellular density of genetic variants with different fimbriation/competence levels was also studied. For one strain of M. nonliquefaciens and two strains of K. kingae, cells harvested from agar plates tended to show several bands on isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, with slightly higher general density of fimbriated variants than non‐fimbriated. A single density band could be observed with cells from log phase broth cultures of selected strains which showed no distinct difference between fimbriation or competence variants of each strain. Cells of M. nonnliquefaciens and M. bovis showed comparable buoyant densities, whereas those of K. kingae had a higher density.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PLASMA MEMBRANE
Authors: AASJORD PER , GROV ARNE
Published: August 2010

Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were isolated from S. aureus Cowan I and analysed chemically. Pure membrane was obtained by using human IgG coupled to Sepharose, which then absorbed all cell wall fragments due to the interaction between IgG and protein A on the wall. LTA, shown to be a glucosylglycerol teichoic acid containing ester‐linked alanine and pentadecanoic acid as the major fatty acid, was also present in the isolated membrane but only as a minor component. Other carbohydrate, protein and lipid components which were present as a chemical complex, dominated the membrane preparations.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PLASMA MEMBRANE
Authors: AASJORD PER , GROV ARNE
Published: August 2010

Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from S. aureus Cowan I were examined serologically. LTA contains both α‐ and β‐glucosyl substituents at glycerol and most probably esterlinked alanine as well, all being antigenic determinants. In addition to LTA, the membrane contains a glycoprotein exhibiting antigenic determinant(s) in both the protein and sugar moieties.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPOROCYST AND THE INITIATION OF SPOROZOITE FORMATION IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Siim J. Chr. , Hutchison W. M.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of the immature sporocyst and the initiation of sporozoite formation in T. gondii was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 12 or 24 hours at 27°C. The sporocyst was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed a two layered sporocyst wall. A nucleus, with associated Golgi bodies, was situated at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm of the sporocyst also contained a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria and a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of two dense plaques at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the organism.
EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCARDITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: GUTSCHIK ERNÖ , CHRISTENSEN NILS
Published: August 2010

Insertion of a polyethylene catheter in the left side of the heart was used to induce sterile endocarditis in 34 rabbits. Bacterial endocarditis was established by injection of approximately 108 Streptococcus faecalis into the blood stream simultaneous with the removal of the catheter which had been in place for 3 days. The course of the bacterial endocarditis was examined by autopsy of rabbits sacrificed at regular intervals after the infection. The results showed that the presence of the catheter was not essential for the induction or maintenance of the infection. Growth of the bacteria took place in the preformed vegetations in the aorta, on the aortic valves and in the left ventricle. However, increases in the size of the vegetations, a high density of bacteria in the vegetations and secondary spreading were found only on the aortic valves. The extracardial manifestations of left‐sided S. faecalis endocarditis included constant bacteriaemia, a high frequency of septic kidney infarcts and enlargement of the spleen. This form of experimentally provoked bacterial endocarditis in rabbits provides a good imitation of human subacute endocarditis, and would thus seem to be suitable for further study of the pathophysiology of endocarditis and evaluation of the effect of treatment with antibiotics.
Antibodies to Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Virus in Human Sera from the Western Coast of Norway
Authors: Traavik Terje
Published: August 2010

Sera from 341 individuals living in the distribution area of the tickIxodes recinuswere tested for tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) antibodies by HAI and gel diffusion. Kaolin treatment was unreliable for the removal of non‐specific HAI inhibitors. Seven sera positive after this treatment were shown to be negative after acetone extraction/flotation centrifugation. The antibody prevalence rate was 19.6%. Seventy‐one % of the sera had titres > 40. The prevalence rate decreased with age. Some sera with low HAI titres could be confirmed by a sensitive Ouchterlony technique, while some with high titres could not, even after ten‐fold concentration. Clinical information obtained retrospectively regarding patients with high antibody titres revealed some cases consistent with a TBE virus infection. Antibody prevalence rates indicate that TBE virus is more active than Uukuniemi and Kemorovo group virus in tick‐infested areas. Mixed foci of these viruses have been indicated by serological findings and virus isolations.
Biological Indicators for the Control of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
Authors: Christensen Ebbe Ahrensburg , Kristensen Hanne
Published: August 2010

A new biological indicator has been developed for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization, particularly for large scale sterilization of disposable medical equipment. The aim has been to provide the new indicator with the same resistance to the combined effect of ethylene oxide and water vapour as the biological indicator referred to by the health authorities in Scandinavia. The reference indicator contains spores of a Danish test strain. Bacillus subtilis, in sand. The new one contains spores of a test strain used extensively for biological indicators, viz. B. subtilis var. niger (B. globigii). The spores in the new preparation are dried in pieces of cotton yarn. The two indicators were exposed to ethylene oxide and water vapour in five different series of experiments and almost the same resistance was found. In simulated routine sterilization procedures, the new indicator was placed at locations not easily accessible for the gas and water vapour, and the results reflected the blockage of diffusion. The experiments included samples of household dust. The resistance of the microorganisms in the dust was compared with that of the biological indicators. Based on these comparisons, it is concluded that the resistance of the two biological indicators to ethylene oxide is in accordance with the official Scandinavian standard for sterilized medical equipment when used in the control of sterilization of products with low microbial contamination.
Destruction of Toxoplasma Gondii by HC1 Solution
Authors: Pettersen Eiliv K.
Published: August 2010

It was shown that the destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by pepsin‐HC1*** solution was due to the acid only. Endozoites were destroyed faster by hydrochloric acid than cystozoites. Furthermore, endozoites were stained faster than cystozoites in an alkaline solution of methylene blue. For this reason, endozoites were assumed to have a higher permeability than cystozoites. The action of hydrochloric acid was used for demonstration of cystozoites in mouse peritoneum cavity. No cystozoites were found after inoculation of virulent parasites.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness Among Species of Slowly‐Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Baess Inga
Published: August 2010

DNA‐DNA hybridization is a reliable method for determining the phylogenetic relationship between bacterial strains. The hybridization kinetics for DNA from different slowly‐growing mycobacteria were measured optically in a spectrophotometer. The results indicate that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis belong to one species. M. avium and M. intracellulare are two species, but some serotypes, now designated M. intracellulare, actually belong to M. avium.
Resistance Types in Escherichia Coli
Authors: SØgaard Per
Published: August 2010

An investigation of the resistance types in lactose fermenting E. coli is presented. The frequency and sensitivity to β‐lactam antibiotics of different resistance types was investigated. The strains were divided into three groups according to sensitivity to penicillin derivatives. Group I contained the ampicillin‐carbenicillin sensitive (A‐s/Ca‐s), group 2 the ampicillin resistant‐carbenicillin sensitive (A‐r/Ca‐s) and group 3 the ampicillin‐carbenicillin resistant (A‐r/Ca‐r). A‐s/Ca‐r were not observed. One third of the A‐r strains were sensitive to carbenicillin. The distribution of resistance types was different in the three groups. Group I was dominated by the usual sensitive E. coli. Group 3 contained a very high proportion of multiresistant types. The IC50 against ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin of 55 strains was determined. Group 3 (A‐r/Ca‐r, 25 strains) was much more ampicillin resistant than group 2 (A‐r/Ca‐s, 16 strains). Group 2 was less sensitive to carbenicillin than group I (A‐s/Ca‐s, 14 strains). Group 3 did not differ significantly from group I with respect to cephalothin sensitivity, while group 2 was much more resistant than the others.
Ochratoxin a Contamination of Foodstuffs in an Area With Balkan (Endemic) Nephropathy
Authors: Pavlović M. , Plestina R. , Krogh P.
Published: August 2010

Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney desease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean freqency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might be a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.
Ultrastructural Studies on the Sporulation of Oocysts of Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Siim J. Chr. , Hutchison W. M.
Published: August 2010

Sporozoite formation was studied in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours at 27° C. The process was initiated within sporocysts which had a fully formed wall. A nucleus was situated at each end of the organism. Two dense plaques which consisted of two closely applied unit membranes with underlying microtubules were observed close to the limiting membrane in the vicinity of each nucleus. At this stage the nuclei possessed an eccentrically located nuclear spindle, the poles of which were directed towards the plaques. Sporozoite formation continued with a posterior growth of the plaques accompanied by an invagination of the limiting membrane. Two sporozoites are formed from each end of the sporocyst. As this is occurring, the Golgi bodies appear active and numerous membranes and vacuoles are formed. Each developing sporozoite encloses a number of these vacuoles (probably precursors of the rhoptries and micronemes) and after the final nuclear division a nucleus is also enclosed. The posterior growth of the plaques continues until the formation of sporozoites is completed. Thus the mature sporocyst contains four sporozoites and a residual cytoplasmic mass. Each sporozoite contains a few polysaccharide granules in addition to the previously mentioned organelles, but lacks refractile or crystalloid bodies.
Phagocytosis Of 32P‐Labelled Escherichia Coli by Human Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMN)
Authors: Melby Kjetil
Published: August 2010

A study on the interaction of different sera and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) with reference to the ABO blood group system on the phagocytosis of a radiolabelled strain of E. coli is reported. Using untreated sera, O cells were found to be the least sensitive and AB cells the most sensitive to reduction in phagocytic activity. No reduced phagocytic capability relative to the different sera used was observed when heat‐inactivated sera were applied. Aspects of these results are discussed.
SEROLOGY OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. DEMONSTRATION BY CO‐AGGLUTINATION AND IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS OF ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH COLOUR/OPACITY COLONIAL VARIANTS
Authors: Danielsson Dan , SandströM Eric
Published: August 2010

Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by co‐agglutination (COA) into previously described antigen classes W and J was confirmed in the present work. Immunization of rabbits with classified organisms gave antibodies which produced the expected results when used in the preparation of COA reagents. Colour/opacity colonial variants of isogenic strains, characterized by stereomicroscopy as opaque and transparent, respectively, were found to influence immunization, absorption, co‐agglutination and precipitation in immunoelectrophoresis (IE). It was shown by COA and IE that organisms of opaque colonies often contained an extra antigenic factor(s) which resisted heating at 100 C but was sensitive to treatment with pronase. They were extracted by heating the organisms in saline or lithium chloride solution. Serological classification with COA of clinical isolates was reproducible with reagents for antigen classes W and J. Colony morphology dependent reactions, mostly due to organisms of opaque colonies, occurred in 7% with reagents for antigen class W and in 20% for antigen class J.
STUDIES ON FUNGAL FLORA IN HAIR FROM DOMESTIC AND LABORATORY ANIMALS SUSPECTED OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS. 1. Dermatophytes
Authors: Aho Riitta
Published: August 2010

Hairsamples of domestic and laboratory animals suspected of dermatophytosis were examined for the presence of dermatophytes. A nutritionally poor base‐medium developed by the author was successfully used in the isolation and identification of dermatophytes. Casein‐medium supplemented with vitamins and Sabouraud‐liquid medium were used in special cases. Dermatophytes were isolated in 36 of 331 samples (10.9%). The dermatophytes recovered were Microsporum canis: 13 isolates from cat. 4 from dog, 1 from horse;Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare: 3 isolates from dog, 3 from horse. 2 from guinea pig and 1 from rabbit;Trichophyton terrestre 1 isolate from dog. Eleven of the 13 feline isolates originated from house cats and the relative frequency was higher among the purebred cats. Two of the cat isolates were connected with human dermatophytosis.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEICHOIC ACID FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS SIMULANS
Authors: Osland Arve , Grov Arne , Oeding Per
Published: August 2010

The wall teichoic acid of Staphylococcus simulans has been characterized as a glycerol phosphate polymer with glycosidically linked N‐acetylglucosamine. Susceptibility toβ‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and serological similarity to poly Cβ from Staphylococcus saprophyticus, showed that the amino sugar is in theβ‐configuration.
CROSS‐REACTIONS BETWEEN SALMONELLA TYPHI AND 24 OTHER BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: Espersen F. , HøIby N. , Hertz J. B.
Published: August 2010

Cross‐reactions between antigens from S. typhi and 24 other bacterial species were studied by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. A sonicated S. typhi antigen preparation and a corresponding pooled rabbit antiserum regularly presenting 86 immunoprecipitates were used as a reference system. Antigens from Enterobacteriaceae cross‐reacted intensively with the S. typhi antigens. No cross‐reactions between S. typhi and antigens from gram‐positive bacteria were found, and only a few cross‐reactions with antigens from gram‐negative bacteria outside the Enterobacteriaceae. The taxonomic perspectives of the immunoelectrophoretic approach are stressed by results showing that the number of cross‐reacting antigens between S. typhi and other Enterobacteriacea was positively correlated to the number of identical reactions in a collection of 28 biochemical tests.
A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CFA (I) FIMBRIAE AND K99 FIMBRIAE ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND BACTERIAL ADHERENCE TO HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: JøRgensen N. H. Feilberg , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

We have explored a possible association between Escherichia coli binding to human lymphocytes and plasmid coded fimbriae on the bacterial surface. E.coli with or without the plasmid coded fimbriae CFA(I), K99 and K88 were mixed with freshly‐drawn human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When the lymphocytes were mixed with E.coli possessing the CFA(I) fimbriae, 59% of the lymphocytes bound bacteria onto the surface, whereas only 22% of the lymphocytes bound the CFA(I)‐ derivative. The lymphocytes bound 53% and 56% of two K9+ strains, whereas 22% and 8% of the lymphocytes adhered the same strains without the K99 fimbriae. Twelve per cent and 7% of lymphocytes bound bacteria when the strain was K88+ or K88‐, respectively. Likewise a low (8%) adherence to lymphocytes was found when the E.coli did not possess fimbriae or flagella.
AN ANTIGEN COMMON TO A WIDE RANGE OF BACTERIA
Authors: Sompolinsky David , Hertz Jesper B. , HøIby Niels , Jensen Klaus , Mansa Bendt , Pedersen Vibeke Barkholt , Samra Zemira
Published: August 2010

Common Antigen (CA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been shown to be a protein composed of polypeptide subunits of a molecular weight (MW) of about 62 000. The MW of this protein was estimated to 665 000 by gel filtration on Sepharose CL‐6B, to 800 000 by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels and to about 900 000 by ultracentrifugation, on a sucrose gradient. By analytical ultracentrifugation with Schlieren optics a sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) of 22.65 was calculated. The isoelectrical point was determined to pH 4.4. The antigen was decomposed on exposure to proteolytic enzymes. Polysaccharide, lipid, deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid were not demonstrated in CA. The amino acid content of CA was determined, and no hexosamine or abnormal residues were observed. The antigen was degraded when heated to 100 °C for 4 min or when exposed to pH below 4 or above 11 at 4 °C. CA has been isolated from the cytoplasmic water‐soluble fraction of disintegrated bacteria and only trace‐amounts could be obtained from envelope fractions after solubilization with Triton X‐100.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA AND Y. ENTEROCOLITICA‐LIKE BACTERIA.
Authors: Kapperud Georg
Published: August 2010

A total of 412 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica‐like bacteria were examined for their ability to interact with HeLa cell monolayers. Of 331 isolates from environmental sources in Scandinavia, only three strains biochemically classified as Y. pseudotuberculosis were invasive for HeLa cells. Invasiveness was also indicated for one strain (O‐serogroup 2) from a diseased goat. Another eight strains adhered firmly to the cell surface in great numbers. All of 22 strains belonging to O‐serogroup 3 from human patients with gastroenteritis were invasive. Seven strains of O‐serogroup 3 from small rodents and water were non‐invasive. Among 33 reference strains representing Y. enterocolitica O‐serogroup 1–34, invasiveness was indicated for strains with known pathogenicity (O‐serogroup 1, 2, 3, 5–27, 8, 9). However, some strains belonging to O‐serogroups with uncertain clinical significance were also invasive for HeLa cells. A close correlation between invasiveness and enterotoxin production was demonstrated for the 22 human clinical isolates belonging to O‐serogroup 3.
BINDING OF FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS TO S. AUREUS AND TO β‐HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI GROUP A, C AND G
Authors: RUNEHAGEN ARNE , SCHÖNBECK CHRISTER , HEDNER ULLA , HESSEL BIRGIT , KRONVALL GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

Binding of fibrinogen degradation products was measured to Gram‐positive cocci known to carry receptors for human fibrinogen. Forty‐one strains of S. aureus and group A, C and G streptococci were studied. The largest plasmin produced fragment (X‐fragment, HMWDP) showed higher binding levels to the bacterial receptors in all four species as compared to intact fibrinogen. The enzymatically produced C‐terminal fragment D was strongly reactive, whereas the N‐terminal fragment E was non‐reactive. Inhibition experiments showed that reactive fragments were bound to the same receptors as fibrinogen. Three chemically‐produced and well‐characterized fragments from the terminal and the middle portions of the fibrinogen molecule were all negative in binding assays. The binding patterns for fibrinogen and the fragments tested were identical in the four bacterial species tested, S. aureus and group A, C and G streptococci. The results confirm and extend earlier data on similarities between fibrinogen receptors on these Gram‐positive bacterial species.
EXTRACTED PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
Authors: HELTING TORSTEN B. , BLACKKOLB FRIEDRICH
Published: August 2010

Bordetella pertussis microorganisms were treated with several extracting agents followed by ultracentrifugation to remove particulate matter. Analysis of the resulting supernatants by SDS gel electrophoresis showed one major component after simple salt extraction, and a much more complex, although consistent pattern following detergent treatment. The yield of the solubilized protein in detergent extracts exceeded by far the values recorded for salt extracts. In order to prevent irreversible precipitation of the solubilized proteins upon removal of the denaturing agent, a novel procedure was developed. After extraction with urea‐salt, the solubilized material was adsorbed on a mineral carrier prior to the separation of the denaturing agent. The resulting adsorbed vaccine was highly potent in the mouse‐protection test, whereas the toxic reactions, elicited upon injection into experimental animals, were reduced in comparison to the starting material. This diminished reactogenic potential was accompanied by the partial loss of the leukocytosis‐promiting factor, whose activity was greatly diminished by urea‐salt at alkaline pH‐values. The procedure described may be applied to large‐scale processing of Bordetella persussis microorganisms. Clinical trials now in progress should confirm or rebut the thesis that increased tolerability of the product, inferred from animal experiments, is reflected by fewer adverse reactions in humans. In the former case, the detergent extract vaccine may constitute a realistic alternative to conventional whole‐cell vaccines against whooping‐cough.
EFFECTS OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON THE ELIMINATION OF 32P‐LABELLED ESCHERICHIA COLI BY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELLS (PMN)
Authors: Melby Kjetil , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

Eight antibacterial agents, cephalothin, colistin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim were studied in a phagocytic system using human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and a radio‐labelled strain of Escherichia coli as test microbe. 100 μg/ml of either doxycycline or trimethoprim appeared to reduce the elimination of labelled products from the PMN. The effect of doxycycline was independent of heat‐labile serum factors.
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE IN RELATION TO SEROGROUPS
Authors: BYGDEMAN SOLGUN
Published: August 2010

Susceptibility testings, by means of the agar‐dilution method, were performed on nine antibiotics of 138 non‐PPNG (β‐lactamase‐producing = PPNG) strains, 17 of which originated from Thailand, and 88 PPNG isolates. The gonococcal strains were sero‐grouped by the co‐agglutination method and classified among the sero‐groups W I, W II or W III. Statistically significant differences in antibiotic susceptibility between non‐PPNG strains of the three sero‐groups could be demonstrated with strains belonging to sero‐group W I as the most sensitive and W III isolates as the most resistant. Non‐PPNG strains from Thailand were significantly more resistant than the other non‐PPNG isolates of the same sero‐group. There was, however, no significant difference in resistance between non‐PPNG strains from Thailand and PPNG isolates of the same sero‐group. PPNG strains of sero‐group W I were significantly more sensitive than PPNG strains of sero‐group W II, whereas there was no significant difference between PPNG isolates of sero‐groups W II and W III. Non‐PPNG strains, not from Thailand, of sero‐groups W I and W II were significantly more susceptible to non β‐lactam antibiotics than PPNG strains of corresponding sero‐groups, while no such difference could be demonstrated for non‐PPNG and PPNG isolates of sero‐group W III.
CROSS‐REACTIONS BETWEEN STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS AND 23 OTHER BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: ESPERSEN F. , HERTZ J. B. , HØIBY N.
Published: August 2010

By quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, 43 antigens were found in a mixture of sonicated preparations of four Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, using corresponding rabbit antiserum. Two of the antigens were identified as cell wall teichoic acid and a peptidoglycan antigen, respectively. Using this antigen/antibody reference system, cross‐reactions between S. epidermidis antigens and antigens from other bacterial species were investigated. Fourteen of the S. epidermidis antigens cross‐reacted with antigens from all S. aureus strains investigated. Only few cross‐reactions were found between S. epidermidis and bacteria not belonging to the Micrococcaceae. The antigenic relatedness, expressed as a matching coefficient, seems promising for taxonomic work.
LOSS OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM DURING INCUBATION IN NELSON'S SURVIVAL MEDIUM WITH OR WITHOUT SERUM ADDED
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN SVEN , BENTZON MICHAEL WEIS
Published: August 2010

Treponema pallidum organisms suspended in equal parts of Nelson's survival medium alone and with addition of various sera were counted in 5 μl samples before and after 18 hours' anaerobic incubation at 35°C. Samples in which the treponemes were not Poisson‐distributed were excluded from the study. A loss of >30% occurred in 230 out of 391 samples. The disappearance of treponemes did not seem to be caused by treponemal agglutination during incubation. There was no adherence of treponemes to the formed elements remaining in the suspension. The loss was not dependent on the concentration of syphilitic serum, nor was it influenced by the presence of immobilizing antibody in the serum. Lack of rigorous anaerobiosis during the manipulations did not influence the treponemal loss. The loss was independent of the density of the treponemal suspensions which did not contain unheated guinea‐pig serum (GPS). The relative frequency of the loss exceeding 30% was highest in suspensions containing unheated GPS. However, the extent of loss in induvidual samples was haphazardly distributed among suspensions of all the compositions examined. The loss of treponemes seems to depend on at least two factors: a) a factor which is eluted together with the treponemes from the syphilitic orchitis and b) the presence of active guinea‐pig complement. It is conjectured that the complement is non‐immunologically activated and acts through the alternative pathway.
EVIDENCE OF A DIFFERENT NATURE: THE CHILD‐ RESPONSIVE AND LESS ADVERSARIAL INITIATIVES OF THE FAMILY COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer E. , Bryant Hon. Diana , Murray Kristen
Published: August 2010

This article charts the constellation of vision and research that underpin a new era in the Family Court of Australia, focusing on the development and outcomes of two programs that have attempted to meaningfully reinforce the centrality of children's rights and needs in family court proceedings. The Less Adversarial Trial and its front‐end Child Responsive Program (CRP) both aim to minimise the potentially negative effects on parents of a litigation process by application of a more intensive case management model adopted with the intention of altering the parents’ experience of the journey. Key features of this approach include the adoption of inquisitorial techniques, which include direct consultation with children through the CRP, modified application of the rules of evidence, and strong judicial management rather than being party driven. Findings from two studies into the pilot Children's Cases Program (now the Less Adversarial Trial) and the CRP are discussed. Significantly, evidence is outlined around the capacity of the new processes to impact on both the co‐parenting and parent–child relationships and to influence short‐term adjustment of complex families in high‐conflict dispute. In encouraging a more active focus on children's needs and views and by facilitating a stronger voice for children in proceedings that affect them, both initiatives advance Australia's commitments under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
THE FOREIGN POLICY PRESIDENCY AFTER THE COLD WAR: NEW UNCERTAINTY AND OLD PROBLEMS
Authors: Oliver James K.
Published: August 2010

Post‐Cold War US foreign policy and policy making cannot escape constitutionally defined and political constraints of the past: divided government and Vietnam. In an era when “vital interests” are no longer self‐evident, “foreign” and “domestic” issue areas are interpenetrated and the presidential foreign policy establishment is, like the Congress, subject to a much broader range of domestic political pressures. Though a pragmatic internationalism survives, a system designed to deliberate and depart incrementally from the status quo requires leadership and, as during the Cold War, the locus of foreign policy leadership is the presidency.
RESOURCES AND THE REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE STATE LEGISLATURE
Authors: Johnson Nicole E.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this research note is to examine the relationship between African American resources and African American representation. Typically scholars have focused on structural and institutional arrangements in understanding the representation of African Americans. However, due to pressure from minority groups and federal legislation these arrangements are no longer consistent explanations. This finding warrants that scholars consider factors outside these arrangements in order to understand representation. In this research note, the economic, organizational, and educational factors are examined within the context of African American resources as a possible explanation of African American representation. These collective resources have long been important in mobilizing African Americans as voters, but their role in facilitating the election of African American candidates has been less clear. The findings suggest that resources are an important part of understanding African American representation.
POSTMODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A SHEEP IN WOLF'S CLOTHING?
Authors: Tennert John , Weaver William G.
Published: August 2010

In public administration, as in many disciplines, “modernism” and the influence of the Enlightenment has been deplored. This criticism comes somewhat late to public administration, though is forcefully used to chastise modern governmental administration for its failure to take on innovations yielding more just and responsive behavior on the part of administrators and their institutions. Particularly, modernism's infatuation with individualism and scientific progress has left a landscape littered with institutionalized racism, misogyny, injustice, and an incredible resistance to change. In recent years, many public administration scholars have turned to postmodernism as a means to undercut the hegemony of the modernist position in the administrative world. While we admire the goals of these authors we must deplore the way in which they have gone about their work. Insufficient appreciation for the origins of postmodernist epistemology has led many of these authors to become just as deplorably modernist as their predecessors. This mistake is to reinvent modernism in a new form, not to use postmodernism as a liberating, transformative device, as they claim to do.
INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF COVERT ACTION AS A PRESIDENTIAL TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY
Authors: Carter John J.
Published: August 2010

A number of contemporary studies of executive‐legislative relations have suggested that interbranch conflict owes primarily to transient institutional factors such as the relative level of organizational development within the executive or the rise of individual over collective interests within Congress (Aberbach 1990; Dodd 1977). In keeping with this interbranch conflict paradigm Holt (1995) and Smist (1990) conclude that conflict over the control and oversight of covert operations is a phenomenon of the Cold War era which should be seen as a modern manifestation of these same institutional factors (See Holt 1995, 2–3; Smist 1990, 4–19).
The War About the War: Iraq and the Politics of National Security Advising in the G.W. Bush Administration's First Term
Authors: Dolan Chris J. , Cohen David B.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which the management system and foreign policy advisory structures of the George W. Bush Administration led the president to launch the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. We contend that the decision to attack Iraq was an outgrowth of the conflict that began when the administration's national security team was assembled after Bush's electoral victory and was a by‐product of the president's management style. We devote significant attention to the internal battles surrounding the decision for war between those who believe in a traditional multilateral approach (realists) to world politics and those who believe in a Pax Americana built on unilateralism (neocons). The article concludes that in addition to the way President Bush organized the decision‐making process, his propensity for delegating responsibility to others combined with policy making structures built largely on consensus and personality factors, as opposed to procedures and processes, ultimately drove the White House toward the use of military force in Iraq.
Canadians in Trouble Abroad: Citizenship, Personal Security, and North American Regionalization
Authors: Denis Claude
Published: August 2010

This article concerns itself with what happens to the universal/particular character of citizenship in the context of North American regionalization. It takes as a starting point several incidents where Canadian citizens have called on their government to help them through crisis situations abroad, and then taken it to task for not helping enough. The cases analysed involve Canadian tourists in Mexico who died violently and whose families have used the media to pressure the Canadian government to obtain justice from Mexico. Mass calls for help following natural disasters and war, and the case of Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen “rendered” by the United States to Syria where he was tortured, are also considered to conceptualize “citizens in trouble abroad” claims. The article finds that such claims reinforce a Canadian sense of citizenship where political identity remains rooted firmly with(in) the nation‐state, despite the country's engagement in a deep regionalization project.

Maher Arar is a Canadian citizen.1
Popular Sovereignty and the Democratic Threat
Authors: Portis Edward Bryan
Published: August 2010

Democracy is defined generally as some form of popular rule, but popular rule alone does not legitimize itself or the institutions intended to facilitate it. Democracy can be a normative imperative because of the benefits of democratic citizenship, typically assessed in terms of personal autonomy or freedom. Irrespective of how these benefits are conceived in alternative theories of democracy, there is an enormous gap between ideal and reality in open electoral regimes purporting to be democracies. Granted, only a small minority of the citizens in these societies enjoy theoretically envisioned benefits of democratic citizenship. However, this article suggests it is not only possible, but likely that genuinely open electoral institutions achieve a meaningful element of popular control. Moreover, while popular control in itself does not legitimize these institutions, those who call attention to the gap between ideal and reality cannot dismiss popular sovereignty as a complete myth, nor should they ignore the importance of the myth itself.
The Presidential Rhetoric of Terror: The (Re)Creation of Reality Immediately after 9/11
Authors: Maggio J.
Published: August 2010

This article examines six presidential speeches/statements ranging from Bush's remarks on the night of the terrorist attacks to his (in)famous State of the Union address declaring Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an “Axis of Evil.” Using qualitative content analysis to investigate closely the six speeches for their “reality creating” and “persuasive” rhetoric, the study scrutinizes Bush's allegorical creation of the “identity” of the enemy. David Zarefsky's concept of the “Power of Definition” and Carl Schmitt's notion of the “state of exception” are applied to the shifting rhetoric of Bush's speeches. The article concludes that Bush used increasingly strong language after the September 11 attacks to create a war‐like aporia and that Bush's rhetoric set the limits of discursive definition, and hence created the parameters of thought regarding the issue of terrorism.
The Meek amidst the Mighty: Factors in the Rare Occurrence of Clergy in Municipal Elective Office
Authors: Kinney Nancy T.
Published: August 2010

The political activity of ordained clergy has been examined in many ways, but few studies have investigated the prevalence of, and rationale for, clergy involvement in political office. Although the phenomenon might be rare, there is little known about the factors that are associated with the incidence of clergy who hold public office, particularly factors of the social, political, or economic context. This study utilizes data from a national survey of U.S. municipalities to identify the main contextual factors that serve as predictors of clergy serving in local public office. Results from bivariate and regression analyses indicate that the contextual factors of race, region, and form of representation are most prominent in the incidence of clergy as municipal officeholders.
A Framework for the Analysis of Peace Agreements and Lessons Learned: The Case of the Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Authors: Antwi‐Boateng Osman , Maria O'Mahony Geraldine
Published: August 2010

Using a ‘Metrics Framework for Accessing Conflict Transformation and Stabilization’ developed by the United States Institute of Peace, this study analyzes the effectiveness of the 2005 Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement in dealing with the underlying causes of conflict. We aim to draw out and develop several important lessons for future international mediators. These lessons are: the recognition that good timing is essential for a successful outcome; the importance of a completely neutral and independent mediator; the clear definition of the role of international parties in order to prevent abuse by parochial interests; the necessity of identifying all aggrieved parties and issues for inclusion in the process; the importance of an international presence on implementation mechanisms; the provision of overarching review mechanisms; the inclusion of specifics on key issues such as the integration of ex‐combatants; and, finally, the need to apply lessons identified and learned.
The Shape of Elite Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1992 to 2004
Authors: Dolan Chris J.
Published: August 2010

Research has demonstrated considerable diversity in the evolution of foreign policy beliefs of elite opinion leaders. Holsti and Rosenau's three‐headed eagle, Wittkopf's four‐headed eagle, and Rosati and Creed's six‐headed eagle produced a number of categories that help to explain the significance of this diversity since the collapse of the Cold War consensus. This article expands upon this research by observing even greater complexity and diversity in the shape of foreign policy beliefs of elite opinion leaders since the end of the Cold War. Using a content analysis of national opinion and foreign policy journals between 1992 and 2004, it identifies and details nine foreign policy orientations (missionaries, hegemonists, globalizers, global capitalists, narrow realists, progressive internationalists, anti‐imperialists, neighbors, and disengagers) held by elite opinion leaders. It also suggests that elites are altering their foreign policy orientations by absorbing profound global changes into their belief systems.
Up and Down with the Agrarian Question: Issue Attention and Land Reform in Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Ondetti Gabriel
Published: August 2010

The two most recent Brazilian presidents have both surprised observers with their land reform programs but for very different reasons. Despite presiding over a center‐right government with strong ties to large landowners and a state‐shrinking economic program, Fernando Henrique Cardoso implemented easily the largest rural land redistribution in Brazilian history. As the leader of a leftist party and a historic champion of radical land reform, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva seemed to have sterling pro‐land reform credentials. Yet Lula's program has, by some key measures, fallen well short of Cardoso's. This article attempts to explain these two anomalous outcomes. Drawing on Downs’ concept of the “issue‐attention cycle,” it argues that the trajectory of land reform under Cardoso and Lula largely reflects the impact of a variable rarely cited in analyses of Brazilian politics: public issue saliency. This argument holds implications for both the future of land reform in Brazil and our broader understanding of the Brazilian political system.
Cancer‐related beliefs and behaviours in Australia
Authors: Hill David , White Victoria , Borland Ron , Cockburn Jill
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A sample of 3527 adults aged 16 years and over was interviewed in their homes to obtain Australian data on selected behavioural risk factors for cancer. Four fifths of those interviewed nominated at least one step that individuals may take to reduce their risk of cancer, while 14 per cent believed there were no preventive measures available. Most salient among the preventive steps mentioned were ‘not smoking’ (58 per cent), dietary measures (30 per cent) and protection of the skin against the sun (13 per cent). Various psychological factors were mentioned by 7 per cent. Beliefs about dietary factors associated with cancer and the direction of the relationship tended to be accurate but there appeared to be some confusion with heart disease dietary risk factors. One third of respondents had at some time noticed a skin sign they thought might be cancer, and this was related (as expected) to latitude of residence. Nearly half had at some time systematically checked their skin for lesions, and 13 per cent said they had done this at least six times in the preceding year. Overall, 78 per cent of women respondents said they had been screened for cervical cancer, and 51 per cent said this had taken place in the past two years. Twelve per cent reported having had a mammogram, 7 per cent that were apparently diagnostic and 5 per cent that were reported to be routine screening mammograms. Overall, 78 per cent said they had done systematic breast self‐examination at least once, including 41 per cent who said they had done breast self‐examination in the past month and 23 per cent who reported having done it monthly over the previous year.
The effect of ‘standard drink’ labelling on the ability of drinkers to pour a ‘standard drink’
Authors: Stockwell Timothy , Blaze‐Temple Debra , Walker Christine
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Australia's National Health Policy on Alcohol has recommended that beverage containers be labelled so that alcohol content is ‘readily understandable by the public’. Health promotion to increase the responsible use of alcohol now relies extensively on the concept of a standard drink—usually defined as 10 g of ethyl alcohol. Numerous difficulties confront a drinker who wishes to apply the standard drink system to monitor alcohol intake. This report describes a series of experimental tests of the proposal that these difficulties are minimised if alcohol containers have their alcohol content indicated in terms of standard drinks in addition to the usual percentage alcohol by volume method.

Subjects were drinkers recruited from a Perth shopping mall and were tested only on beverage types they had consumed within the previous week. They were required to pour what they judged to be a single standard drink from a 750 ml bottle of either wine or beer. Beer drinkers achieved greater accuracy in this task when the bottles had standard drink labels, even when the glass size and beverage strength were varied. Wine drinkers had equal difficulty with this task whether standard drink or percentage labels were used. The addition of a ‘ladder’ up the side of a wine bottle with graduations in standard drinks would be necessary for wine drinkers to achieve a high level of accuracy.

We conclude that labelling drink containers with their alcohol content in terms of standard drinks would better equip all drinkers to follow the advice of health educators.