bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside and an anthocyanin mixture from bilberry on adenoma development in the ApcMin mouse model of intestinal carcinogenesis—Relationship with tissue anthocyanin levels
Authors: Cooke Darren , Schwarz Michael , Boocock David , Winterhalter Peter , Steward William P. , Gescher Andreas J. , Marczylo Timothy H.
Published: July 2006

Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids, which can prevent carcinogen‐induced colorectal cancer in rats. Here, the hypotheses were tested that Mirtoselect, an anthocyanin mixture from bilberry, or isolated cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G), the most abundant anthocyanin in diet, interfere with intestinal adenoma formation in the ApcMin mouse, a genetic model of human familial adenomatous polyposis, and that consumption of C3G or Mirtoselect generates measurable levels of anthocyanins in the murine biophase. ApcMin mice ingested C3G or Mirtoselect at 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3% in the diet for 12 weeks, and intestinal adenomas were counted. Plasma, urine and intestinal mucosa were analyzed for presence of anthocyanins by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with detection by UV spectrophotometry (520 nm) or tandem mass spectrometry (multiple reaction monitoring). Ingestion of either C3G or Mirtoselect reduced adenoma load dose‐dependently. At the highest doses of C3G and Mirtoselect adenoma numbers were decreased by 45% (p < 0.001) or 30% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to controls. Anthocyanins were found at the analytical detection limit in the plasma and at quantifiable levels in the intestinal mucosa and urine. Anthocyanin glucuronide and methyl metabolites were identified in intestine and urine. Total anthocyanin levels in mice on C3G or Mirtoselect were 43 ng and 8.1 μg/g tissue, respectively, in the intestinal mucosa, and 7.2 and 12.3 μg/ml in the urine. The efficacy of C3G and Mirtoselect in the ApcMin mouse renders the further development of anthocyanins as potential human colorectal cancer chemopreventive agents worthwhile. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat‐induced phosphorylation of NBS1 in human skin fibroblast cells
Authors: Ohnishi Ken , Scuric Zorica , Yau David , Schiestl Robert H. , Okamoto Noritomo , Takahashi Akihisa , Ohnishi Takeo
Published: July 2006

NBS1 is known to be involved in DNA damage‐induced cellular responses after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Phosphorylation of NBS1 contributes to cell‐cycle checkpoints. The aim of this study was to determine whether heat exposure induces or stimulates cellular responses mediated by the phosphorylation of NBS1 in human skin fibroblast cell lines. The results of immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis showed that NBS1 proteins are phosphorylated after exposure to heat in the nucleus of a normal skin fibroblast cell line (82‐6 cells). This suggests that the NBS1‐mediated signal transduction could be induced by heat. We further examined whether a deficiency in the NBS1 protein modifies heat sensitivity in human skin fibroblast cell lines. A skin fibroblast cell line (Gmtert), derived from a Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) patient containing mutant NBS1, showed higher sensitivity to heat than the same cell line transfected with the wild‐type copy of the NBS1 gene. We also showed that transfection of a DNA cassette expressing small interference RNA (siRNA) targeted to NBS1 into 82‐6 cells enhanced cell sensitivity to heat. These results suggest that NBS1 is involved in cellular responses to DNA damage which is induced by heat exposure as well as by radiation exposure in human skin fibroblast cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1642–1650, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oviduct contraction in Drosophila is modulated by a neural network that is both, octopaminergic and glutamatergic
Authors: Rodríguez‐Valentín Rocío , López‐González Ignacio , Jorquera Ramón , Labarca Pedro , Zurita Mario , Reynaud Enrique
Published: July 2006

Fertility is a highly complex and regulated phenomenon essential for the survival of any species. To identify Drosophila fertility‐specific neural networks, we used a GAL4/UAS enhancer trap genetic screen that selectively inactivates groups of neurons. We identified a GAL4 line (bwktqs) that has a female sterile phenotype only when it expresses the tetanus toxin light chain (TeTxLC). These flies lack oviduct contraction, lay almost no eggs, sperm accumulate in the oviducts, and fewer than normal are seen in the storage organs. In insects, two neuroactive substances are important for oviduct contraction: octopamine (OA), a monoamine that inhibits oviduct contraction, and glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter that induces contraction. It is known that octopaminergic neurons of the thoracic abdominal ganglion (TAG) modulate oviduct contraction, however, the glutamatergic neurons that innervate the oviduct have not been identified yet and the interaction between these two neuroactive substances is not well understood. Immunostaining experiments revealed that the bwktqs line trapped an octopaminergic neural network that innervates the genital tract. We show that wt like oviduct contraction in TeTxLC‐inactivated flies can only be rescued by simultaneous application of Glu and OA suggesting that the abdominal bwktqs neurons are both octopaminergic and glutamatergic, the use of an agonist and an antagonist for Glu receptors as well as their direct visualization confirmed its participation in this phenomenon. Our work provides the first evidence that adult abdominal type II visceral innervations co‐express Glu and OA and allows us to re‐evaluate the previous model of neuronal network controlling insect oviduct contraction. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 183–198, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of Ang2 release by PTEN/PI3‐kinase/Akt in lung microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Tsigkos Stelios , Zhou Zongmin , Kotanidou Anastasia , Fulton David , Zakynthinos Spyros , Roussos Charis , Papapetropoulos Andreas
Published: July 2006

Angiopoietin‐2 (Ang2) is a Tie‐2 ligand that destabilizes vascular structures, allowing for neovascularization or vessel regression depending on local vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) concentrations. Although various stimuli have been shown to affect Ang2 expression, information on the underlying mechanisms involved in Ang2 production in endothelial cells (EC) is just beginning to emerge. In the present study, we have used adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer and pharmacological inhibitors to examine the role of the PTEN/PI3‐K/Akt pathway on Ang2 release. Inhibition of PI3‐kinase with wortmannin led to a stimulation of basal Ang2 release in EC, while overexpression of an active form of Akt reduced Ang2. In addition, adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer of the phosphatase PTEN stimulated Ang2 release. Incubation of the cells with Ang1, an agent that activates the PI3‐K/Akt pathway in EC, reduced Ang2 release. This effect of Ang1 could be prevented by wortmannin and LY‐294002 pretreatment. Similarly, in VEGF‐treated EC the increase in Ang2 production observed was greater in the presence of a PI3‐K inhibitor. Our observations that PTEN acts as a positive modulator of Ang2 release, while activation of the PI3‐K/Akt pathway downregulates Ang2, reveal an additional mechanism through which the PTEN/PI3‐K/Akt pathway could affect the angiogenic process. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 239, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined electrochemical and biological treatment of industrial wastewater using porous electrodes
Authors: Doan Huu D , Wu Jiangning , Mitzakov Robert
Published: July 2006

Zn2+, Ni2+ and propylene glycol methyl ether were simultaneously removed from simulated wastewater in a column consisting of an aerated packed bed and an electrochemical cell with a porous aluminium foam cathode and a porous stainless steel anode. After 48 h of sole electrochemical treatment at a liquid rate of 0.00183 m3 m−2 s−1, Zn2+ and Ni2+ were reduced by 95 and 80% respectively. In the turbulent flow regime with liquid rates varied from 0.0137 to 0.0366 m3 m−2 s−1, both Zn2+ and Ni2+ removal decreased by about 15% rather than increased as expected for a mass transfer‐controlled process. This can be attributed to bubble formation at the cathode surface under turbulent flow, which led to a lower active surface area for the electrodeposition of metal ions. Porous electrodes enhanced the metal removal by 17 and 60% for Zn2+ and Ni2+ respectively as compared with flat plate electrodes. Using combined biological and electrochemical treatment at a water rate of 0.00183 m3 m−2 s−1 and an air rate of 0.0518 m3 m−2 s−1, 99% of Zn2+ and 95% of Ni2+ were removed. In addition, the 5 day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) was reduced by 58% concurrently over 72 h of treatment. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Olive oil mill waste water as a replacement for fresh water in the manufacture of fired clay bricks
Authors: Mekki Houda , Anderson Michael , Amar Emna , Skerratt Glynn R , BenZina Mourad
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the introduction of olive mill wastewater (OMW) to replace fresh water normally used in clay brick manufacture. OMW is recognised as the major agro‐food industry pollutant in the Mediterranean/North African olive‐growing region. The research involved adding OMW to laboratory‐produced clay bricks following the same making procedure used at a collaborating Tunisian brick factory. The samples containing OMW were found to be comparable in forming/extrusion performance to a control product that used fresh water. If introduced at the factory scale, this innovation would allow a substantial volume of OMW to be recycled, saving on the fresh water currently used in the brick‐forming process. During the subsequent brick drying operation, most of the OMW (∼98% water) would be released as vapour. Once in the kiln, the remaining solids in the bricks (calorific value 21–23 MJ kg−1) would liberate additional heat, reducing the gross energy from fossil fuel currently required during firing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The analysis of solvation in ionic liquids and organic solvents using the Abraham linear free energy relationship
Authors: Acree, Jr William E , Abraham Michael H
Published: July 2006

The contentions made in an earlier paper [J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80: 133–137 (2005)] that the coefficients of the Abraham solvation equation do not provide meaningful information on the molecular properties of ionic liquid solvents is refuted. The objections noted in the earlier paper disappear when the solvation equation model is correctly applied to the experimental data. It is further shown that the coefficients of the Abraham solvation equations can be used to characterize ionic liquids and can be used to select solvents for the solubility of gaseous solutes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of soil fauna on soil structural attributes under a limed and untreated upland grassland
Authors: Davidson D. A. , Grieve I. C.
Published: July 2006

A Natural Environment Research Council research programme in the United Kingdom on biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil provided the opportunity to assess the extent to which soil fauna influence soils in a cool temperate grassland environment. There is much current debate about the sustainable use and degradation of such soils. Over a two‐year period limed and control plots were investigated, the aim of liming being to perturb the ecosystem and alter soil biodiversity. Soils were studied for micromorphology and water‐stable aggregation. Results demonstrate that the soils were dominated by excremental material from a limited range of species and that the size distribution of water‐stable aggregates was similar to that of the major excremental forms. Despite the presence of a wide range of species in the experimental plots, the importance of a limited range of species is highlighted through the dominance of soil aggregates formed as a result of excretion by enchytraeids and earthworms. It is concluded that the studied soil ecosystem is highly resistant to change and that only a few species have key or strong ecological functions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reference point approach to coalition games
Authors: P. Wierzbicki Andrzej
Published: July 2006

One of the basic concepts of the theory of coalition games is the core of the game, together with its various extensions. However, the core is usually a set, a subset of Pareto set. Therefore, all problems of vector optimization and multiple criteria decision support arise when selecting points within a core. One of interactive decision support approaches is the use of reference points and the maximization of corresponding achievement functions. The paper proposes some ways of defining and using reference points that result in equitable allocations. One way of defining such reference points is to use known solutions of coalition games, such as Shapley value or Banzhaf value. Another way of defining such reference points might be an extension of Raiffa–Kalai–Smorodinski solution to coalition games, proposed in the paper. The properties of resulting equitable allocations in the core of the game are examined. The possibility of empty core and allocations in an extended core is also examined and the concept of maximal robustness point is introduced; this point might also be used as a reference point. Possible applications of this extension of the theory of coalition games concern business negotiations. An illustrative example of negotiating a cooperative merger of three or four high‐tech firms is given.

The basic conclusion from the analysis and the examples presented in the paper is that axiomatic solutions of coalition games, e.g. Shapley and Banzhaf values, should be considered as reference points for vector optimization and multicriteria decision support rather than as normative solutions. Moreover, beside these axiomatic solutions there are several other possible definitions of reference points, such as the Raiffa solution or the maximal robustness point, that might be preferred by negotiators when solving practical coalition games. This has been confirmed by simulated gaming exercises performed by students under a strong motivation to treat simulated game seriously. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐attribute value theory as a framework for conflict resolution in river rehabilitation
Authors: Hostmann Markus , Bernauer Thomas , Mosler Hans‐Joachim , Reichert Peter , Truffer Bernhard
Published: July 2006

Decision making in environmental projects is usually complex because of heterogeneous stakeholder interests, multiple objectives, long planning and implementation processes, and uncertain outcomes. Conflicting stakeholder interests in particular are often an important impediment to the realization and success of projects. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are potentially useful for facilitating conflict resolution among stakeholder groups. However, some studies that have applied MCDA methods indicate that users are often skeptical about the value of MCDA methods and prefer the freedom of unaided decision making. We examine whether and how multi‐attribute value theory (MAVT), a particular kind of MCDA, facilitates conflict resolution in environmental projects. Therefore, the MAVT method is applied to a specific river rehabilitation project in Switzerland (Thur River). The main questions are: (1) Can the MAVT method predict the final preferences of stakeholders and therefore anticipate conflicts at an early stage? (2) Do stakeholders reconsider and change their preferences after using the MAVT method? (3) If they do, does this result in more consensus‐oriented decisions? We find that the principal advantage of the method in our case was not the prediction of stakeholders' final preferences, but rather the methods' ability to facilitate more consensus‐oriented decisions. The paper discusses possible reasons for this finding and concludes with recommendations for future applications of the MAVT method in environmental decision making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DTI‐based assessment of ischemia‐reperfusion in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Heemskerk Anneriet M. , Drost Maarten R. , van Bochove Glenda S. , van Oosterhout Matthijs F.M. , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J.
Published: July 2006

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is frequently applied to characterize the microscopic geometrical properties of tissue. To establish whether and how diffusion MRI responds to transient ischemia of skeletal muscle, we studied the effects of ischemia and reperfusion using DTI and T2‐weighted MRI before and during ischemia and up to 24 hr after reperfusion. Ischemia was induced by 50 min of hindlimb occlusion with or without dorsal flexor stimulation. During ischemia the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) tended to decrease (up to 15%), whereas the fractional anisotropy (FA) and T2 showed a varied response depending on the protocol and muscle type. During reperfusion the ADC and T2 initially increased and subsequently renormalized for the occlusion protocol. For the occlusion plus stimulation (OS) protocol, the FA was decreased by 13% and the ADC and T2 were increased by 20% and 57%, respectively, after 24 hr in the stimulated muscle complex. In the latter tissue the three DTI eigenvalues gradually increased upon reperfusion. The smallest eigenvalue (λ3) showed the largest relative increase. Changes in DTI indices in the reperfusion phases followed a similar time course as the changes in T2. The changes in MR indices after 24 hr correlated with the tissue damage quantified with histology. The highest correlation was observed for λ3 (R2 = 0.81). This study shows that DTI can be used to assess ischemia‐induced damage to skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
iDQC MRI weighted by longitudinal relaxation in the rotating frame
Authors: Zheng Bingwen , Chen Zhong , Kennedy Scott D. , Zhong Jianhui
Published: July 2006

A long‐duration, low‐power, off‐resonance spin‐locking pulse was incorporated into the COSY revamped by asymmetric z gradient‐echo detection (CRAZED) pulse sequence in order to evaluate the effects of intermolecular double‐quantum longitudinal relaxation in the tilted rotating frame (T). This modified CRAZED sequence was followed by a standard fast spin‐echo imaging sequence to form images with T‐weighted contrast. Imaging experiments were performed on an agarose‐gel phantom and mouse‐tail tissue at 600 MHz. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of imaging applications based on T as a novel contrast mechanism, and showed that iDQC off‐resonance longitudinal relaxation in the rotating frame T is sensitive to the tilt angle θ and the effective spin‐locking field ωe. Imaging based on T has reduced RF power deposition compared to on‐resonance spin‐locking, which is advantageous for human applications. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear membrane proteins are present within rimmed vacuoles in inclusion‐body myositis
Authors: Greenberg Steven A. , Pinkus Jack L. , Amato Anthony A.
Published: July 2006

The rimmed vacuoles within muscle in inclusion‐body myositis (IBM) are structures of uncertain origin. Two hypotheses have been proposed for their formation: that they develop as a consequence of abnormal lysosomal function or in association with the breakdown of myonuclei. We tested the latter hypothesis by studying muscle samples from 14 patients with IBM and 18 controls using immunohistochemistry for nuclear membrane proteins, examining semithin sections, and performing electron microscopy. We found that in IBM muscle vacuoles were immunoreactive for the inner nuclear membrane proteins emerin and lamin A/C. Myonuclei with fragmented or focally absent nuclear membranes were present in immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies. The association of nuclear membrane proteins with rimmed vacuoles confirms the hypotheses that rimmed vacuoles in IBM form in association with myonuclear pathology and that IBM differs from other inflammatory myopathies in that abnormalities of myonuclei are more prominent. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Sequential and contingent prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Wald Nicholas J , Rudnicka Alicja R , Bestwick Jonathan P
Published: July 2006

Objective

To compare the Integrated test in three policies for prenatal Down syndrome screening: Integrated screening for all women, sequential screening (first‐trimester tests allowing early completion of screening for high‐risk pregnancies), and Contingent screening (early completion of screening for high‐ and low‐risk pregnancies).

Design and Methods

Estimation of detection rates (DRs) and false‐positive rates (FPRs) using Monte Carlo simulation and cost effectiveness for each method.

Setting and Population

Down syndrome affected and unaffected pregnancies studied in the Serum Urine and Ultrasound Screening Study (SURUSS).

Results and Main Outcomes

Integrated screening has the best screening performance. The performance of the other two policies approached that of Integrated screening as the first‐trimester test FPR decreased. If the first‐trimester FPR is set to 0.5% (risk ≥ 1 in 30) with an overall DR of 90%, sequential and contingent screening yield overall FPRs of 2.25% and 2.42%, respectively, and 66% of the affected pregnancies are detected by the first‐trimester test. The Integrated test on all women yields an FPR of 2.15%. With sequential screening, 99.5% of women would proceed to an Integrated test, or 30% with contingent screening if those with first‐trimester test risks of ≤1 in 2000 are classified screen‐negative and receive no further testing. About 20% of affected pregnancies identified in the first trimester using sequential or contingent screening would have unnecessary terminations (they would miscarry before the early second trimester). Contingent screening is the most cost‐effective if there is no alphafetoprotein screening for neural tube defects, otherwise Integrated screening is more cost‐effective.

Conclusions

Integrated screening for all women is the simplest, most effective, and the safest policy. Contingent screening is the most complex with the lowest screening performance. Making an earlier diagnosis with sequential and contingent screening has adverse consequences that are sufficient to discourage their use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal cytogenetic assessment and inv(2)(p11.2q13)
Authors: Hysert Meaghan , Bruyère Hélène , Côté Gilbert B. , Dawson Angelika J. , Dolling Jo‐Anna , Fetni Raouf , Hrynchak Monica , Lavoie Josée , McGowan‐Jordan Jean , Tihy Frédérique , Duncan Alessandra M. V.
Published: July 2006

Objectives

To present a series of prenatally detected cases of recurrent pericentric inversions with euchromatic breakpoints and to review the literature to determine whether parental karyotyping is required for genetic counselling.

Methods

Cases of recurrent pericentric inversions with euchromatic breakpoints were collected from Canadian Cytogenetic Laboratories. Cases included inversions for chromosome 1(p13q21), chromosome 2(p11.2q13), chromosome 5(p13q13) and chromosome 10(p11.2q21.2).

Results

The incidence of de novo inv(2)(p11.2q13) was low, with one case among 91 inversions. There were no cases of de novo inv(10) (p11.2q21.2) among 17 reported and one case of de novo inv(5)(p13q13) among 21 reported.

Conclusion

Our study, and data from the literature, suggests that most cases of inv(2)(p11.2q13) have been stably inherited, that de novo cases of inv(2) are rare and that both inherited and de novo forms are without phenotypic or developmental consequences. We suggest that parental karyotyping for cases of inv(2) is not useful in counselling as it may generate unnecessary parental anxiety over a chromosomal finding that is likely innocuous. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomechanics of single‐walled carbon nanotubes as composite reinforcement*
Authors: Xiao Jia‐Run , Gillespie John W.
Published: July 2006

An analytical nanomechanics model is developed for predicting the elastic self‐consistent properties of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as composite reinforcement. The molecular structural mechanics is employed to determine the in‐plane stiffness and strength of continuous nanotubes in the axial direction of the tube. The effect of tube diameter of the SWCNT on the in‐plane stiffness and strength is presented and discussed. The nonlinear stress–strain relationships for defect‐free nanotubes have been predicted, which gives an engineering approximation on the ultimate strength and strain to failure of nanotubes. Elastic properties of nanotube composites are further predicted based on a composite micro‐mechanics model, using the obtained mechanical properties of nanotubes, volume fraction, and typical polymer matrix properties. Results on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites show that the Young's moduli and strengths of carbon nanotube composites are sensitive to both fiber volume fraction and the tube diameter. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1051–1059, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Housing costs and the geography of family migration outcomes
Authors: Withers Suzanne Davies , Clark William A. V.
Published: July 2006

This paper takes a geographical approach towards assessing the ‘returns’ to family migration by addressing explicitly the impacts of differences in the cost of housing between the place of origin and place of destination for family migrants. While numerous studies have examined differences in labour‐force participation and wages subsequent to migration, particularly on the part of wives, few studies have considered the local housing and labour market contexts of these events. This study examines the adjusted earnings outcomes resulting from migration for husbands, wives and families in the United States in the context of local housing costs. Our findings challenge the assumption of simple economic gains and instead indicate that who gains and who loses from family migration is quite complex. The geographical context of family migration is critical in determining gains and losses, and is interrelated with moves in and out of the labour market on the part of wives. Our research indicates that wives who leave the labour market after a move are very likely to have moved to a more affordable housing market. Conversely, wives are found to enter the labour market when the move is to a more expensive housing market. For this group, wives' earnings considerably mitigate the impact on overall family earnings. This paper provides an important contribution to understanding family migration by positioning the analysis of migration outcomes within the context of labour markets and local housing market costs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect energy states in high‐K gate oxides
Authors: Xiong K. , Robertson J. , Clark S. J.
Published: July 2006

The electrical energy levels of the different charge states of the oxygen vacancy and the oxygen interstitial in HfO2 are calculated, using density functional methods which do not need a band gap correction. Lattice distortions around the defect sites produce substantial shifts in the energy levels. The energy levels are aligned to those of the Si channel. In HfO2, the oxygen vacancy gives an energy level in the Si gap or just above the gap, depending on its charge state. The O vacancy is identified as the main electrically active defect and trap. The oxygen interstitial gives levels just above the oxide valence band, and the neutral interstitial also gives a level near the Si conduction band. The defect wavefunctions are given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and energy of the partial dislocation cores in GaAs
Authors: Beckman S. P. , Chrzan D. C.
Published: July 2006

A methodology for investigating isolated α and β partial dislocations in III–V semiconductors is presented. Using this method the 30° and 90°, α and β partial dislocations in GaAs are investigated. The structures of the proposed core reconstructions are investigated. For the 90° partials, two reconstructions have been proposed. The relative energies of the two reconstructions are investigated in addition to the structural investigation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles studies of the electronic structure of cyclopentene on Si(001): density functional theory and GW calculations
Authors: Quek Su Ying , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Hybertsen Mark S. , Kaxiras Efthimios , Louie Steven G.
Published: July 2006

The electronic structure and ground‐state geometry of cyclopentene monolayers on Si(001) are studied using ab initio pseudopotential density‐functional theory (DFT). Quasiparticle excitation spectra are calculated within the GW approximation. Both cis and trans cyclopentene monolayers are considered. In both geometries, a strong electronic coupling between the monolayer and Si substrate is found; substantial inter‐molecular interactions are present, as indicated by broadening in molecular levels that are decoupled from the substrate. It is argued that the cis structure is kinetically favored, and we evaluate self‐energy corrections to the eigenstates of this configuration near the band edges within the GW approximation. The calculated self‐energy corrections are large, exceeding those of bulk Si, and increase the energy gap between occupied and unoccupied frontier adsorbate states by 1.3 eV. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial multiferroic hexagonal manganite thin films grown on ZnO
Authors: Posadas A. , Yau J.‐B. , Ahn C. H.
Published: July 2006

Thin films of the hexagonal manganites YMnO3 and YbMnO3 were grown epitaxially on ZnO single crystal substrates. The films exhibit both ferroelectricity and frustrated magnetic ordering, consistent with the multiferroic properties of the materials. In addition, YbMnO3 shows antiferromagnetic Yb ion ordering at low temperatures. Based on strain and bonding considerations at the film‐substrate interface, it is expected that both YMnO3 and YbMnO3 would grow with an in‐plane epitaxial relationship of [11$ \bar 2 $0]//[10$ \bar 1 $0]ZnO. X‐ray diffraction off‐axis phi scans confirm the expected epitaxial relationship. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of Co1–xFexS2
Authors: Umemoto Koichiro , Wentzcovitch Renata M. , Wang Lan , Leighton Chris
Published: July 2006

We present a detailed DFT‐based electronic structure calculation of Co1–x Fex S2, a model ferromagnetic system with tunable spin polarization, P . It is shown that the position of the Fermi level and the spin polarization can be controlled by x, the Fe concentration. We predict that for x = 0 the system has predominantly minority carriers corresponding to P = –75%. Upon doping to x = 0.25, the system becomes half‐metallic with majority carriers, i.e., P = 100%. The high spin polarization in a wide range of x has been essentially confirmed experimentally. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Confinement effects in the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals
Authors: Tiago Murilo L. , Chelikowsky James R.
Published: July 2006

We discuss the implications of electromagnetic confinement in the optical properties of nanocrystals. The test case is silicon nanocrystals containing up to 71 silicon atoms, although the main conclusions are valid for generic semiconductor nanocrystals. The energy‐resolved electric susceptibility is shown to be dominated by a plasmon resonance, having little resemblance with the dielectric function of the constituent material. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Paraovarian/paratubal cysts: comparison of transvaginal sonographic and pathological findings to establish diagnostic criteria
Authors: Savelli L. , Ghi T. , De Iaco P. , Ceccaroni M. , Venturoli S. , Cacciatore B.
Published: July 2006

Objectives

To describe the sonographic features of paraovarian cysts and to compare these features with pathological findings in order to define the best treatment options (surgical vs. conservative).

Methods

Fifty patients (mean age 48 (range, 14–68) years), each with a surgically proven paraovarian cyst, were retrospectively recruited. Preoperative transvaginal ultrasonographic B‐mode and power Doppler observations were re‐evaluated and histological reports were analyzed.

Results

All cysts were correctly diagnosed as paraovarian at preoperative transvaginal sonography (TVS). Paraovarian cysts appeared as unilocular (‘simple’) cysts in 33 (66%) cases and multilocular in two (4%). In 15 patients (30%) the cyst showed a variable number of papillary projections growing from the cyst wall (unilocular–solid cysts). Power Doppler examination of the papillae showed the presence of blood vessels in four of these patients (27%). Histological analysis of the masses containing papillary projections diagnosed eight cystadenofibromas, five cystadenomas and two serous papillary borderline tumors, while analysis of paraovarian cysts without papillations revealed benign, serous cysts of paramesonephric or mesothelial origin.

Conclusions

Paraovarian cysts can show a wide range of sonographic features. Their risk of malignancy is low if no papillary projections are detected at transvaginal sonography, but when mural proliferations are present a borderline tumor can be found at pathological examination. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UMTS security: system architecture and hardware implementation
Authors: Kitsos P. , Sklavos N. , Koufopavlou O.
Published: July 2006

Universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) has specified security mechanisms with extra features compared to the security mechanisms of previous mobile communication systems (GSM, DECT). A hardware implementation of the UMTS security mechanism is presented in this paper. The proposed VLSI system supports the Authentication and Key Agreement procedure (AKA), the data confidentiality procedure, and the integrity protection procedure. The AKA procedure is based on RIJNDAEL Block Cipher. An efficient RIJNDAEL architecture is proposed in order to minimize the usage of hardware resources. The proposed implementation performs the AKA procedure within 76 µs comparing with the 500 ms that UMTS specifies. The data confidentiality and the integrity protection is based on KASUMI Block Cipher. The proposed KASUMI architecture reduces the hardware resources and power consumption. It uses feedback logic and positive‐negative edge‐triggered pipeline in order to make the critical path shorter, without increasing the execution latency. The S‐BOXes that are used from RIJNDAEL and KASUMI block ciphers have been implemented with combinational logic as well as with ROM blocks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The yeast potassium transporter TRK2 is able to substitute for TRK1 in its biological function under low K and low pH conditions
Authors: Michel Bertha , Lozano Carlos , Rodríguez Miriam , Coria Roberto , Ramírez Jorge , Peña Antonio
Published: July 2006

In S. cerevisiae, K+ transport relies principally on two structurally related membrane proteins, known as Trk1p and Trk2p. Direct involvement in cation movements has been demonstrated for Trk1p, which is a high‐affinity K+ transporter. Initially described as a low‐affinity K+ transporter, Trk2p seems to play a minor role in K+ transport, since its activity is only apparent under very specific conditions, such as in a Δsin3 background. Here we show that growth of a Δtrk1Δsin3 double mutant, under K+‐limiting conditions or at low pH, is Trk2p‐dependent, and by Northern blot analysis we demonstrate that deletion of SIN3 results in transcriptional derepression of TRK2. In addition, we show that heterologous overexpression of TRK2 with the inducible GAL1 promoter bypasses Sin3p repression in a Δtrk1Δtrk2 double mutant and fully restores growth under non‐permissive conditions. Furthermore, kinetic experiments in a Δtrk1Δsin3 double mutant revealed a K+ transporter with an apparent high affinity and a moderate capacity. Taken together, these results indicate that TRK2 encodes a functional K+ transporter that, under our experimental conditions, displays distinctive kinetic characteristics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Anomaly of the Median Artery Associated with the Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
Authors: PROUDMAN T. W. , MENZ P. J.
Published: July 2006

The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is characterized by paralysis of the flexor pollicis longus muscle, the flexor digitorum profundus muscle to the index and middle fingers, and the pronator quadratus muscle. The most common cause is entrapment of the anterior interosseous nerve near its origin from the median nerve by a variety of structures. Compression is most frequently caused by the deep head of the pronator teres muscle, or the fibrous arcade of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Vascular compression has been reported infrequently.

A patient with anterior interosseous nerve syndrome was found at operation to have the median artery passing through the anterior interosseous nerve just below the elbow. This artery has not previously been associated with the syndrome. A cadaver dissection confirmed the relationship.
A Simple Clinical Test to Differentiate Rupture of Flexor Pollicis Longus and Incomplete Anterior Interosseous Paralysis
Authors: MODY B. S.
Published: July 2006

Incomplete anterior interosseous nerve paralysis and spontaneous rupture of flexor pollicis longus tendon are conditions which mimic each other closely and have been mistaken for each other, leading to unnecessary surgery. This is a report of a simple and reliable clinical test to differentiate between the two conditions. A search of the literature has not revealed a previous description of this test.
Freeze-Thawed Skeletal Muscle Autografts used for Brachial Plexus Repair in the Non-Human Primate
Authors: GLASBY M. A. , CARRICK M. J. , HEMS T. E. J.
Published: July 2006

An experimental study undertaken in the marmoset is reported. A defect in the lateral cord of the brachial plexus was repaired with a longitudinally aligned freeze-thawed skeletal muscle autograft.

Recovery was assessed after one year using sensory and motor electrophysiological and also histological examination of the nerve. The results show that this is a satisfactory method of peripheral nerve repair in the marmoset. It is suggested that the technique may be applicable to repair of the human brachial plexus.
Synchronous Subungual Glomus Tumours in Adjacent Digits
Authors: GRAHAM B. , WOLFF T. W.
Published: July 2006

In the hand, glomus tumours usually present as a single lesion comprising one or more discrete masses affecting the subungual area of one digit. We report a case in which typical glomus tumours occurred simultaneously in the subungual area of two adjacent digits.
Phalangeal Fractures Resulting from Finger Wrestling
Authors: SHEWRING D. J. , COLEMAN M. G.
Published: July 2006

Two cases of proximal phalangeal fracture following finger wrestling are described. The mechanism of the injury is discussed.
Suzhi: A Keyword Approach
Authors: Kipnis Andrew
Published: July 2006

The word suzhi has become central to contemporary China governance and society. Reference to suzhi justifies social and political hierarchies of all sorts, with those of “high” suzhi being seen as deserving more income, power and status than those of “low” suzhi. This article examines the rise of the word's popularity during the reform era, the ways in which its meaning has been transformed, and the relationships of the word to earlier discourses. It proceeds through three sections: a linguistic history, a genealogy of related discourses and an analysis of the contemporary sociopolitical context. The historical section focuses on the spread of the word across various political and social contexts during the reform era. It examines the ways in which the word operates semantically and the challenges to translation these semantic structures pose. The genealogical section explores the historical antecedents of the meanings of the word in earlier political and social discourses both in and out of China. Finally, the sociopolitical section examines the uses to which the word is put and asks what the rise of suzhi discourse tells us about contemporary China's governance, culture and society.
Localization of the Rho GTPases and some Rho effector proteins in the sperm of several mammalian species
Authors: Ducummon Carl C. , Berger Trish
Published: July 2006

The acrosome reaction is a fundamental event in the biology of the sperm and is a prerequisite to fertilization of the egg. Members of the Rho family of GTPases and their effectors are present in the cytoplasm and/or plasma membrane overlying the acrosome of porcine sperm. We have implicated the Rho family of GTPases and the Rho-activated kinase, ROCK-1, in mediating the zona-pellucida-induced acrosome reaction. Others have implicated the Rho GTPase in regulating the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction in the sperm of several mammalian species as well as in motility of bovine sperm. In this study, the localization of the Rho GTPases (RhoA, RhoB, Rac1 and Cdc42) as well as the effectors RhoGDI, PI(4)P5K and ROCK-1, was determined in boar, human, rat, ram, bull and elephant sperm. The four GTPases were each present in the sperm head of all species examined. RhoGDI was expressed in the head and tail of sperm from all species except pig, where it was present only in the head. PI(4)P5K was expressed in both head and tail of sperm from all species, but expression was typically weaker in the tail. Finally, ROCK-1 was expressed in the heads and tails of all sperm except that of the boar, where it was present only in the acrosomal region. These observations taken together suggest that the expression of Rho GTPases in sperm has been conserved throughout mammalian evolution, most likely due to the role of these GTPases in regulating acrosomal exocytosis.
Die klinische Untersuchung von Herz und Kreislauf
Authors: Follath
Published: July 2006

Die Hauptsymptome bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen sind Atemnot, Thoraxschmerzen, Palpitationen, Schwindel oder Synkopen. Der Schweregrad einer Herzinsuffizienz oder das Vorliegen einer Myokardischämie lassen sich bereits durch eine sorgfältige Befragung zuverlässig erkennen. Die Erhebung der klinischen Befunde durch Inspektion der Halsvenen, Palpation des kardialen Impulses und der Gefäße sowie die Auskultation der Herztöne und Geräusche tragen entscheidend dazu bei, die meisten Herzkrankheit am Krankenbett diagnostizieren zu können. Die sorgfältige klinische Beurteilung erleichtert den gezielten Einsatz der modernen apparativen Untersuchungsmethoden. Die Aus- und Weiterbildung in der kardiovaskulären Untersuchung sollte daher nicht vernachlässigt, sondern wieder vermehrt berücksichtigt werden.
Untersuchung der Lungen – Nutzen und Grenzen
Authors: Russi
Published: July 2006

Obwohl die Sensitivität und Spezifität pulmonaler Untersuchungsbefunde in der Diagnostik von Lungenerkrankungen alles andere als optimal sind und die Test-Charakteristika gewisser Befunde nie systematisch untersucht wurden, ist die klinische Untersuchung unerlässlich. Immer wieder können diagnostisch eindeutige und wegweisende Befunde erhoben werden. Zudem wird durch eine präzise Anamnese und eine gründliche Untersuchung das Vertrauensverhältnis zwischen Patient und Arzt gefördert, was in einer Zeit der zunehmend apparativ geprägten Medizin nicht vernachlässigt werden darf.
Die neurologische Untersuchung – eine bleibende Kunst?
Authors: Schwarz
Published: July 2006

Die neurologische Untersuchung ist eine Herausforderung an den Arzt wie an den Patienten. Das Ziel ist die Erfassung eines Syndroms – und nicht die Diagnose – mit den Werkzeugen der Anamnese und Befunderhebung. Diese werden in groben Zügen, gewichtet, plakativ und gelegentlich provokativ dargestellt.
Qualitätssicherung in der Verhaltenstherapie
Authors: Schmidt Martin H. , Sinzig Judith
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Verhaltenstherapie ist eines der psychotherapeutischen Verfahren, für die das deutsche Sozialversicherungssystem aufkommt. Deutsches Recht sieht einen speziellen Beruf des Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten vor. Aus Gründen der Qualitätskontrolle müssen Anträge auf Psychotherapie ein Gutachterverfahren durchlaufen. Es betrifft strukturelle Bedingungen der Therapie. Pilotstudien für Überprüfung der Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität sind im Gang. Qualitätsmanagement ist in privaten psychotherapeutischen Praxen rechtlich gefordert. Leitlinien mit evidenzbasierten Regeln für die Therapie wurden von Kinderpsychiatern und Klinischen Psychologen formuliert. Informationen über die Inanspruchnahme von Verhaltenstherapie sind rar, aber durch die Analyse solcher Anträge untersuchbar. Ähnlich grob sind die Informationen über das Spektrum der Behandelten und darüber, wie weit Diagnosen durch die gegebenen Symptome gerechtfertigt sind. Erhebliche Anstrengungen sind notwendig, um Vorgehensweisen für Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität zu etablieren.
Constraints on the extent of the Ross Sea phytoplankton bloom
Authors: Reddy Tasha E. , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: July 2006

An intense phytoplankton bloom forms over the continental shelf in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, every spring as the sea ice retreats during the expansion of the Ross Sea polynya. The extent of this bloom rarely covers the full area of the shelf for reasons that are not well understood. One clue may be found in satellite imagery spanning the last 25 years that shows frequently recurring, previously undescribed, large‐scale plumes of high‐chlorophyll water and jets of low‐chlorophyll water demarking the northern boundary of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The plumes, with horizontal length scales of 100–200 km, appear at the same location each year. The spatial consistency of this pattern of jets and plumes suggests regulation by forcing that does not vary from year to year, such as the interaction between bathymetry and prevailing ocean currents. Here we present a modeling study indicating that this pattern in the spring phytoplankton bloom is caused by intrusions of offshore surface waters onto the continental shelf, guided by relatively deep polar shelf bathymetry. Our study suggests that currents from the Ross Sea gyre follow along the shelf break and prevent the phytoplankton bloom from extending farther toward the edge of the shelf, even when the waters there are ice‐free, perhaps because the offshore waters have low iron concentrations. These results illustrate how phytoplankton distributions can be constrained by the interaction of deep bathymetry and surface geostrophic currents along the highly productive Antarctic continental shelf.
Elastodynamic 2D Green function retrieval from cross‐correlation: Canonical inclusion problem
Authors: Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J. , Pérez‐Ruiz Juan A. , Campillo Michel , Luzón Francisco
Published: July 2006

It has been demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that cross‐correlation at two points subjected to diffuse wavefields leads to the emergence of the Green function. Theoretical derivations imply several ideas of great generality but distinct interpretations exist. One assumes diffuse wavefields generated by multiple scattering. In other there is the assumption of multiple independent, uncorrelated sources giving rise to the phenomenon. Here we study the canonical problem of the retrieval of 2D elastodynamic Green function in an infinite space containing a cylinder inclusion. We illuminate isotropically the space with plane waves. We assume the spectra for both P and SV uniform and such that the energy ratio ES/EP = (α/β)2, which is predicted by equipartition theory in 2D. We then show that the Fourier transform of azimuthal average of cross‐correlation of motion between two points is proportional to the imaginary part of the corresponding exact Green tensor. Some implications are discussed.