bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The extraosseal intrathoracic radiopaque bone cyst in West Highland White Terrier – a case report
Authors: Ledecký Valent , Revajová Viera , Páleník Ľubomír , Kuricová Mária , Capík Igor , Horňák Slavomír
Published: November 2013

The aim of this report was to present a clinical case and diagnostics of intrathoracic bone cyst as well as successful outcome of the surgical treatment in a male, 3-year-old West Highland White Terrier dog, weighing 6.9 kg. The dog was admitted in a very poor condition with clinical signs of severe dyspnoea that developed during about one month period of time before admission to our clinic. The dog underwent physical examination and further examinations including radiological examination which revealed a radiopaque mass formation in the cranial mediastinum. Ultrasonographic examination showed the presence of fluid; following thoracentesis revealed pseudochylous fluid. The bone cyst was surgically removed and more than 10 months after surgery the dog’s health was very good without any difficulties. Bone cysts in dogs are infrequent; this was the first case at our clinic and presented a successful treatment.
Detection of Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript in the abomasum of slaughtered bulls with different daily body weight gains
Authors: Młynek Krzysztof , Janiuk Izabela
Published: November 2013

Despite numerous published studies, the relationship between the amount of secreted cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and the daily body weight gain has still not been well explained. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript in the outlet wall of the abomasum of bulls with different daily weight gains. The study was performed on 15 bulls, breed crosses of local black and white milk cattle and Limousin bulls. The animals were slaughtered at the mean age of 543–549 days and body weight of 441.0–491.4 kg. Fragments of the outlet wall of the abomasum were sampled for analyses during routine slaughter. Immunohistochemical assays showed that slowly growing bulls (803 g/day) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) fewer positive structures of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (by 1.65 × on average) compared to bulls with large daily weight gains (905 g/day). This tendency was also observed in the case of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript distribution in particular layers of the abomasum wall. The most numerous positive structures of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript were found in the nerve fibres of the muscularis and in the muscle plexus, whereas they were evidently less numerous in the submucous plexus. Our results suggest that the number of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript immunopositive structures is associated with the growth intensity of the animals, and frequent occurrence of this neuropeptide in the nerve fibres and the muscular plexus proves its role in the control of stomach emptying.
Detection of DGAT1 gene polymorphism and its effect on selected biochemical indicators in dairy cows after calving
Authors: Lešková Lenka , Bauer Miroslav , Chrenek Peter , Lacková Zuzana , Soročinová Jana , Petrovič Vladimír , Kováč Gabriel
Published: November 2013

The aim of the study was to detect DGAT1 K232A polymorphism in 57 dairy cows of the Slovak Spotted breed and its crossbreds, and to assess possible effect of the given polymorphism on selected metabolic indices in blood serum after calving. Using the PCR-RFLP method with improved primers enabling better differentiation of genotypes we identified 45 homozygotes for alanine variant in this locus (AA genotype), 2 homozygotes for lysine variant (KK genotype), and 10 heterozygotes (AK genotype). Genotype frequencies were 0.790 for AA genotype, 0.175 for AK genotype, and only 0.035 for KK genotype. Allele frequencies were counted as 0.877 for A allele and 0.123 for K allele. In both groups of animals (AA and AK genotype) increased mean values above the upper reference limit of lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin, and decreased levels below the lower reference limit of triglycerides were detected. In the group of animals with AA genotype we also noticed decreased levels of non-esterified fatty acids. On the other hand, increased serum concentrations of total immunoglobulins were found in animals with AK and KK genotype. This is the first study concerning DGAT1 polymorphism in the Slovak Spotted breed and its association with selected biochemical indicators.
Effect of mixed use of thyme and fennel oils on biochemical properties and electrolytes in rainbow trout as a response to Yersinia ruckeri infection
Authors: Gulec Azime Kucukgul , Danabas Durali , Ural Mesut , Seker Engin , Arslan Ali , Serdar Osman
Published: November 2013

The aim of study was to compare the effects of supplementation of food with herbal oils (Thymus vulgaris and Foeniculum vulgare) on biochemical properties and electrolytes of rainbow trout infected with Yersinia ruckeri. In total, 120 healthy fish (mean weight 84 ± 1.02 g) were equally divided into four experimental groups. The experimental study was carried out for one week. The first group was control without supplementation and infection, the second group was infected and without oil supplementation, the third group was supplemented with oils (10 ml·100 g-1 rates) for one week and infected with Y. ruckeri and the last group was oil supplemented without infection. Results indicated that fish fed with dietary supplements showed enhanced bactericidal activity, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride and bilirubin compared to the control (P < 0.05). As the value of herbal oils was increased in diets, the plasma glucose level decreased. The levels of K, Na, Ca, and Mg increased whereas Cl values decreased, compared to the control. It can be concluded that diet supplementation with herb oils used in this study can increase disease resistance by increasing levels of some biochemical parameters and electrolytes in rainbow trout to Y. ruckeri infection.
Penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of corneal abscesses in horses – case report
Authors: Makra Zita , Biksi Imre , Bodó Gábor
Published: November 2013

This case report describes the surgical technique and outcome of allograft transplantation to treat full thickness corneal abscesses in three horses. In all three cases penetrating keratoplasty was performed. Each affected eye had an abscess within the corneal stroma. An initial full thickness circular corneal incision was made around the lesion. After excision of the stromal abscess the created defect was replaced with a larger diameter full thickness donor graft and the initial corneal incision was repaired. All of the horses that underwent penetrating keratoplasty procedure healed with a scar at the graft site and remained visual. Penetrating keratoplasty is an effective technique for surgical removal of medically nonresponsive full thickness stromal abscess in horses and results in a visual and cosmetically acceptable globe. The advantages of this technique compared to medical therapy are that there is less scarring, shorter healing times and less damage of the globe because of the concurrent uveitis. To the authors’ knowledge, clinical experience with penetrating keratoplasty in horses has not been reported in Europe so far.
Structural changes of mucous membrane and the presence of immunoglobulins in small intestines of neonatal pigs
Authors: Kanka Tomáš , Rolinec Michal , Šťastná Danka , Imrich Ivan , Bíro Daniel , Gálik Branislav
Published: November 2013

The structure of the small intestine of neonatal pigs has an important effect on immunoglobulin absorption. The aim of the experiment was to observe changes in the mucous membrane and the presence of immunoglobulins in the intestines of piglets during the first hours of their postnatal lives. In total, 80 piglets of the Large White breed were divided into two groups of 40 pigs. One group (control) came from an infection-free breeding, the other (experimental) group came from a breeding with the reproduction and respiration syndrome of pigs. Samples (n = 80) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken at intervals of 0, 3, 6 and 12 h after colostrum intake in order to carry out histological tests. Primary pig antibodies were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The low content of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM was detected in all segments of intestines of precolostral piglets. Difference (P < 0.05) in size of the mucous membrane was found in the duodenum at the interval of 0, 3 and 6 h (46.03%), in the jejunum at 0 and 12 h (45.98%) and in favour of the control group. Compared to the control group, more Ig (P < 0.01) antibodies were observed in the experimental group: in the duodenum IgG at 12 h (37.22 vs. 10.81%), IgA, 6 h (43.29 vs. 16.71%), IgM, 12 h (25.29 vs. 8.40%), in the jejunum at IgG 12 h (23.97 vs. 9.96%), IgA, 0 h (0.48 vs. 0.37%) and IgM, 3 h (21.80 vs. 10.10%), in the ileum IgG, 0 h (0.38 vs. 0.29%), IgA, 3 h (20.46 vs. 6.45%), IgM, 3 h (31.5 vs. 12.29%). We can conclude that the colostrum intake and the presence of reproduction and respiration syndrome of pigs resulted in changes of microscopic structures of intestines as well as in the presence of Ig in piglet intestines. These mucosal changes significantly affect the development of passive immunity in piglets in the postnatal period.
The patterns of myoelectrical activity and reaction for teat stimulation recorded in highly productive dairy cows’ udders
Authors: Czerski Albert , Vasiľ Milan , Elečko Juraj , Farkašová Zuzana , Zigo František , Zawadzki Wojciech , Dudko Przemysław , Gnus Jan , Janeczek Maciej , Chószcz Aleksander
Published: November 2013

The aim of the study was to evaluate electrical properties of the mammary gland of dairy cow during manual and mechanical milking and to adapt the electrographic method for analysis of udder physiology. Udder myoelectrical activity was measured on 10 healthy highly productive dairy cows of Slovak Pied cattle breed. The electrical activity of four quarters of the udder was recorded simultaneously using four bipolar electrodes. The udder was stimulated by delicate two-finger massage, manual milking and mechanical milking. During the experiment the duration of the reaction for stimulation and the amplitude of spike dischargers were listed. The udder stimulation through palpational massage of the teat end, manual and mechanical milking caused immediate reaction. The udder responded to stimulation with an increase in myoelectrical activity: increase in discharge frequency to 2.33 ± 0.6 per min and an increase in discharge amplitude with the average of 457 ± 147 µV. The average count of spike discharges was 3.86 ± 0.97, the average duration of the action potential was 8.12 ± 1.68 s and the average myoelectrical index was 31 ± 4%. Manual milking caused the highest increase in the udder myoelectrical activity. Evaluation of the mammary gland myoelectrical activity may provide an alternative method to study milk ejection disorders and to diagnose mastitis.
Role of α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in contractility of the rabbit abdominal aorta in vitro
Authors: Gnus Jan , Czerski Albert , Ferenc Stanisław , Zawadzki Wojciech , Witkiewicz Wojciech , Rusiecka Agnieszka , Bujok Jolanta , Hauzer Willy , Janeczek Maciej , Chrószcz Aleksander
Published: November 2013

Investigation of the effect of α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes on the contraction of the abdominal aorta will allow for more effective treatment of hypertension by use of selective antagonists. The aim of the study was to evaluate the participation of α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in the contractility of the aortic smooth muscle cells in rabbits. The in vitro experiments were performed in isolated tissue preparations from 30 adult female New Zealand rabbits. The abdominal aortic sections were placed in organ bath chambers and contracted with increasing doses of non-selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine without pre-incubation or after incubation in α1-adrenergic receptor subtype-selective or non-selective antagonists. Separate sections were incubated with increasing concentrations of antagonists. Phenylephrine caused maximal rise in arterial smooth muscle tone to 4.75 ± 0.47 mN. The most potent in blocking phenylephrine induced contraction was 5-metylurapidil (α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist) followed by phentolamine and prazosin (non-selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists); BMY 7378 (α1D-adrenergic receptor antagonist), cyclazosin and L-765.314 (α1B-adrenergic receptor antagonists) were less effective. All antagonists, except BMY 7378 elicited relaxation of non-precontracted aorta in dose dependent manner. Our results indicate that postsynaptic α1A receptors are the most potent in producing rabbit abdominal aorta contraction, while α1B and α1D subtypes are less effective.
The effects of subchronic exposure to ketoprofen on early developmental stages of common carp
Authors: Prášková Eva , Štěpánová Stanislava , Chromcová Lucie , Plhalová Lucie , Voslářová Eva , Pištěková Vladimíra , Prokeš Miroslav , Svobodová Zdeňka
Published: November 2013

Ketoprofen residues have been found in surface water where they present a potential risk to nontarget aquatic species. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ketoprofen in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. Subchronic toxic effects on 300 embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30 day toxicity test with concentrations of ketoprofen: 0.003, 2.1, 6.3 and 21 mg/l. The exposure to ketoprofen showed no effect on mortality, but we observed significant delay (P < 0.05) in hatching in day 3 in fish exposed to all concentrations of ketoprofen. Significant delays (P < 0.05) in development were revealed at 2.1, 6.3 and 21 mg/l ketoprofen. On the basis of weight and growth rate evaluation and the determination of developmental stages, the lowest observed effect concentration was 0.003 mg/l. According to these results, the reported environmental concentration of ketoprofen in Czech rivers could have a negative effect on the growth and development of carp embryos and larvae. These tests have not yet been performed. Further research and search for a mechanism to reduce the incidence of ketoprofen in the waters by better wastewater treatment is required.
Stabilization of High-Sulfate Soils by Extended Mellowing
Authors: Talluri Nagasreenivasu , Puppala Anand J. , Chittoori Bhaskar C. S. , Gaily Ahmed H. , Harris Pat
Published: November 2013

The use of lime to stabilize expansive soils has been the preferred technique for many years. However, heaving and premature pavement failures in lime-treated expansive subgrades containing sulfates led to the search for alternative stabilization techniques. Of the several techniques developed, precompaction mellowing has the potential to be effective in stabilizing sulfate-bearing soils. Yet this method needs experimental evaluation. In the current study, an attempt was made to assess the stabilization effectiveness of precompaction mellowing on high-sulfate soils. For this task, six natural expansive soils from Texas, with sulfate contents varying from 200 to 44,000 ppm, were collected. Soils with low-sulfate contents were spiked with additional sulfates to make them high-sulfate soils. Basic classification and chemical tests were performed to establish the clay mineralogy of the soils. Three mellowing periods (0, 3, and 7 days) were studied. The test soils were treated with lime and allowed to mellow for the specified periods. Following the mellowing, the samples were subjected to three-dimensional tests for volumetric swell, shrinkage, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). To study the consumptions of alumina and silica during sulfate–soil–lime reactions, reactive alumina and silica measurements were also attempted. The authors observed that shrinkage was of no concern in treated soils because the shrinkage invariably reduced with lime treatment. In four of the six soils, precompaction mellowing reduced sulfate-induced swell to a level below the natural expansive swelling. The UCS strengths of treated soils decreased slightly with mellowing. Reasons for the anomaly in UCS strengths and ineffectiveness of precompaction mellowing in two soils were explained.
Diversity and Distribution of Avian Lice on Greater Flamingo Chicks (Phoenicopterus Roseus) in Algeria
Authors: Touati Laid , Samraoui Boudjéma
Published: November 2013

The ecological diversity and distribution of ectoparasites on Greater Flamingo chicks ( Phoenicopterus roseus) were investigated in Algeria at two distinct sites: Ezzemoul (Hauts Plateaux) and Safioune (Sahara) at the end of the breeding seasons of 2009 and 2011. Results from the first records for the Greater Flamingo in North Africa, indicate that they were infested by the following louse species: Colpocephalum heterosoma Piaget and Triniton femoratum Piaget (Menoponidae); Anaticola phoenicopteri (Coinde) and Anatoecus pygaspis Nitzsch (Philopteridae). These data support the hypothesis of a connectivity of the Greater Flamingo metapopulation across the Mediterranean region. The results also suggest that there was a spatial segregation in the distribution of the various louse species across distinct body parts of their hosts. Adaptive explanations for this niche partitioning are suggested.
Feather-damaging Behaviour in Companion Parrots: An Initial Analysis of Potential Demographic Risk Factors
Authors: Kinkaid Heather Y. McDonald , Mills Daniel S. , Nichols Steve G. , Meagher Rebecca K. , Mason Georgia J.
Published: November 2013

Captive parrots (Psittaciformes) commonly engage in “feather-damaging behaviour” (FDB) that suggests compromised welfare. Susceptibilities to FDB have been suggested, but not empirically demonstrated, to vary across the > 200 species kept in captivity. Other demographic risk factors have been proposed for particular species – but neither confirmed nor generalised across Psittaciformes. In this preliminary study, we analysed data from a previously-conducted survey of pet owners: among 538 companion parrots representing 10 non-domesticated, non-hybrid species ( n ≥ 17/species), FDB prevalence was 15.8% overall. We tested whether individual FDB status was predicted by four previously-suggested demographic risk factors: species, sex, age, or hatch origin. Available (limited) data on husbandry were assessed as potential confounding variables and controlled for as appropriate. Species identity was a predictor of FDB status ( P = 0.047), even after controlling for all other variables tested; however, in light of multiple statistical testing, this effect cannot be considered robust until it is replicated. The strongest predictors of FDB status were age ( P = 0.001; with odds of positive FDB status lower in juveniles versus adolescents or adults [ P ≤ 0.036]), and sex ( P = 0.006; with odds of FDB lower in individuals of unknown, versus known, sex [ P ≤ 0.037]). These findings need to be replicated with data that allow better statistical controls for systematic differences in housing. However, they do provide preliminary empirical evidence for within-species risk factors (suggesting new, testable hypotheses about the etiology of parrot FDB); and for intrinsic, cross-species differences in FDB susceptibility (providing a rationale for future study of the biological factors that might underpin any such taxonomic differences).
HSP70 Level in Blood is Associated with Eggshell Blue-green Colouration the Pied Flycatcher
Authors: Moreno Juan , Morales Judith , Martínez Javier
Published: November 2013

Among the cellular pathways conferring protection against oxidative stress, a key role is played by heat-shock proteins, especially HSP70. It has been proposed that blue egg colouration in certain birds, which is related to the deposition of the pigment biliverdin, should be related to basic antioxidant processes in the laying female given the strong antioxidant role of biliverdin. If HSP70 levels express antioxidant defences a higher allocation of the pigment to the clutch could induce a higher response by other components of the antioxidant system like HSP70. In a field study of a breeding population of pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca, a species laying blue-green eggs, we measured spectrometrically the colouration of all eggs and collected blood samples of incubating females one week after clutch completion. We estimated female condition, plasma antioxidant capacity and level of HSP70 in blood cells. HSP70 level was positively related to plasma antioxidant capacity indicating that HSP70 is involved in responses to oxidative stress. Variation in HSP70 level was in good part explained by mean egg blue-green chroma of the clutch when controlling for plasma antioxidant capacity. Results suggest that intensity of eggshell blue colouration in this population is related to a basic system involved in protection against oxidative stress.
Experiences with Rituximab for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases with Ocular Involvement
Authors: Pelegrin Laura , Jakob Eva , Schmidt-Bacher Annette , Schwenger Vedat , Becker Matthias , Max Regina , Lorenz Hans Martin , Mackensen Friederike
Published: November 2013

Objective.

To report the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in the treatment of ocular or orbital inflammation accompanying autoimmune diseases refractory to previous standard immunosuppressive therapy.

Methods.

We reviewed medical records of 9 consecutive patients with noninfectious ocular or orbital inflammation treated with RTX.

Results.

Over a mean followup of 42 months, 7 patients were in clinical remission, 1 had partial response to treatment, and 1 did not respond. Best corrected visual acuity improved ≥ 1 line in 4 patients, was stable in another 4 patients, and worsened in 1. Concomitant immunosuppressive therapy was tapered in 6 cases. Systemic corticosteroids were tapered or kept below 7.5 mg a day in 5 patients 1 year after the first RTX cycle.

Conclusion.

RTX therapy, in patients who are refractory to standard immunosuppressive therapy, was effective and showed a beneficial response to treatment including induction of clinical remission of inflammation in most patients.
Old SF, New FX: Exploring the Reception of Replacement Special Effects for Older Episodes of Doctor Who and Star Trek
Authors: Richards Denzell
Published: November 2013

Fan audience negotiations of remade special effects for older iterations of Doctor Who and Star Trek are analysed, examining the role and function of special effects as markers of ‘credibility’ in science fiction television, and the commercial implications of revising these to ensure continuing ‘novelty’ in long-running franchises. For both franchises, the revised special effects become a site of contestation between (fan-) producers and audiences, over who has the ‘right’ to determine what is authentic, canonical and credible about these particular telefantasy series.
The Monstrous Makeover: American Horror Story, Femininity and Special Effects
Authors: Subramanian Janani
Published: November 2013

This essay examines the use of make-up and special effects on the first season of American Horror Story (2011–present), specifically the thematic significance of female characters' bodily transformation and disfigurement. Horror television, as opposed to the more consumer-oriented narratives of self-improvement that make up the television landscape, does not turn unpalatable subjects into acceptable ones, but rather meditates on disruptive and disfigured bodies. The goal is to locate these so-called ‘monstrous makeovers’ within the genres of horror and the gothic and reflect on the specifics of these transformations in terms of visual effects, femininity and serial television.
Multi‐instrument observations of SED during 24–25 October 2011 storm: Implications for SED formation processes
Authors: Zou Shasha , Ridley Aaron J. , Moldwin Mark B. , Nicolls Michael J. , Coster Anthea J. , Thomas Evan G. , Ruohoniemi J. Michael
Published: November 2013

We present multiple instrument observations of a storm‐enhanced density (SED) during the 24–25 October 2011 intense geomagnetic storm. Formation and the subsequent evolution of the SED and the midlatitude trough are revealed by global GPS vertical total electron content maps. In addition, we present high time resolution Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) observations of ionospheric profiles within the SED. We divided the SED observed by PFISR into two parts. Both parts are characterized by elevated ionospheric peak height (hmF2) and total electron content, compared to quiet time values. However, the two parts of the SED have different characteristics in the electron temperature (Te), the F region peak density (NmF2), and convection flows. The first part of the SED is associated with enhanced Te in the lower F region and reduced Te in the upper F region and is collocated with northward convection flows. The NmF2 was lower than quiet time values. The second part of the SED is associated with significantly increased NmF2, elevated Te at all altitudes and is located near the equatorward boundary of large northwestward flows. Based on these observations, we suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the two parts of the SED may be different. The first part is due to equatorward expansion of the convection pattern and the projection of northward convection flows in the vertical direction, which lifts the ionospheric plasma to higher altitudes and thus reduces the loss rate of plasma recombination. The second part is more complicated. Besides equatorward expansion of the convection pattern and large upward flows, evidences of other mechanisms, including horizontal advection due to fast flows, energetic particle precipitation, and enhanced thermospheric wind in the topside ionosphere, are also present. Estimates show that contribution from precipitating energetic protons is at most ~10% of the total F region density. The thermospheric wind also plays a minor role in this case.
The pathways and properties of the Amazon River Plume in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Coles Victoria J. , Brooks Maureen T. , Hopkins Julia , Stukel Michael R. , Yager Patricia L. , Hood Raleigh R.
Published: November 2013

The Amazon River Plume spreads across the tropical North Atlantic creating a barrier to vertical mixing. Here using a 1/6° HYCOM model and data from three research cruises in May–June 2010, September–October 2011, and July 2012, we investigate the pathways and properties of the plume. Four plume pathways for export of freshwater from the western tropical North Atlantic are identified. These consist of direct and indirect pathways to the northwest, and eastward pathways toward the subtropical gyre and toward Africa in the North Equatorial Counter Current. Because of the seasonality and cooccurrence of these pathways, plume characteristics are highly variable. Two pathways export water to the Caribbean, however the time scales associated with those direct and indirect pathways (3 versus 6+ months) differ, leading to different salinity characteristics of the plume water. Models results show that the Amazon river and tropical precipitation have similar magnitude impact on the observed seasonal cycle of freshwater within the western tropical Atlantic and at the 8°N, 38°W PIRATA mooring. Freshwater associated with the Amazon also influences surface salinity in winter as far as 20W in the model. The mean plume salinity minimum leads maximum discharge, highlighting the importance of currents and advection rather than discharge in maintaining plume properties. Plume pathways are tied to the underlying current structure, with the North Equatorial Counter Current jet preventing direct freshwater transport into the southern hemisphere. The plume influences underlying currents as well, generating vertical current shear that leads to enhanced eddy stirring and mixing in the model simulations.
Estimating aerodynamic roughness over complex surface terrain
Authors: Nield Joanna M. , King James , Wiggs Giles F. S. , Leyland Julian , Bryant Robert G. , Chiverrell Richard C. , Darby Stephen E. , Eckardt Frank D. , Thomas David S. G. , Vircavs Larisa H. , Washington Richard
Published: November 2013

Surface roughness plays a key role in determining aerodynamic roughness length (zo) and shear velocity, both of which are fundamental for determining wind erosion threshold and potential. While zo can be quantified from wind measurements, large proportions of wind erosion prone surfaces remain too remote for this to be a viable approach. Alternative approaches therefore seek to relate zo to morphological roughness metrics. However, dust‐emitting landscapes typically consist of complex small‐scale surface roughness patterns and few metrics exist for these surfaces which can be used to predict zo for modeling wind erosion potential. In this study terrestrial laser scanning was used to characterize the roughness of typical dust‐emitting surfaces (playa and sandar) where element protrusion heights ranged from 1 to 199 mm, over which vertical wind velocity profiles were collected to enable estimation of zo. Our data suggest that, although a reasonable relationship (R2 > 0.79) is apparent between 3‐D roughness density and zo, the spacing of morphological elements is far less powerful in explaining variations in zo than metrics based on surface roughness height (R2 > 0.92). This finding is in juxtaposition to wind erosion models that assume the spacing of larger‐scale isolated roughness elements is most important in determining zo. Rather, our data show that any metric based on element protrusion height has a higher likelihood of successfully predicting zo. This finding has important implications for the development of wind erosion and dust emission models that seek to predict the efficiency of aeolian processes in remote terrestrial and planetary environments.
Flexible nonlinear estimates of the association between height and mental ability in early life
Authors: Murasko Jason E.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To estimate associations between early‐life mental ability and height/height‐growth in contemporary US children.

Methods

Structured additive regression models are used to flexibly estimate the associations between height and mental ability at approximately 24 months of age. The sample is taken from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort, a national study whose target population was children born in the US during 2001.

Results

A nonlinear association is indicated between height and mental ability at approximately 24 months of age. There is an increasing association between height and mental ability below the mean value of height, but a flat association thereafter. Annualized growth shows the same nonlinear association to ability when controlling for baseline length at 9 months.

Conclusions

Restricted growth at lower values of the height distribution is associated with lower measured mental ability in contemporary US children during the first years of life. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:87–94, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep duration, quality, and timing and their associations with age in a community without electricity in haiti
Authors: Knutson Kristen L.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Sleep comprises one‐third of one's life, yet little is known about sleep in developing countries. Furthermore, many studies in industrialized countries have reported that sleep duration and quality decline with aging, but whether this association persists globally is unknown. This study's objectives were to characterize sleep in a community without electricity in Haiti and to examine associations between measures of sleep and age.

Methods

Fifty‐eight Haiti residents (50% women) in four age groups, 18–30, 31–50, 51–64, and ≥65 years participated. Three days of wrist actigraphy were used to estimate sleep patterns.

Results

Mean (standard deviation) values of sleep measures were: 20:57 (0:40) for sleep onset, 4:54 (0:43) for sleep end, 9.3 (1.2) h for time in bed, 7.0 (1.0) h for sleep duration, 54 (24) min awake after sleep onset, and 88.7 (5.4)% for sleep maintenance (percentage of sleep period actually spent sleeping). There were no significant differences in the sleep measures between men and women. Regression analyses adjusting for sex, household size, and number of people sleeping in the same room indicated that only sleep fragmentation differed by age group. Specifically, mean fragmentation was higher in the youngest age group than all other age groups, which did not differ from one another.

Conclusions

Average time in bed in this Haitian sample was greater than previously reported for industrialized countries like the United States (9.3 versus. 7–8 h);, however, actual sleep duration averaged only 7 h. No age‐related decline in sleep duration or quality was observed in Haiti. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:80–86, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender specific analysis of occupational diseases of the low back caused by carrying, lifting or extreme trunk flexion—use of a prevention index to identify occupations with high prevention needs
Authors: Thiede Markus , Liebers Falk , Seidler Andreas , Gravemeyer Stefan , Latza Ute
Published: November 2013

Background

Gender specific analysis of the occupational disease of the lumbar spine caused by carrying, lifting, or extreme trunk flexion in Germany (OD No.2108) with the aim to identify areas of focus for prevention and research with a prevention index (PI).

Methods

Data from the German Statutory Accident Insurance stratified by gender are shown.

Results

From 2002 until 2009 there were 2,877 confirmed cases of an OD No. 2108 (40.1% male and 59.1% female). The PI indicated the highest prevention need for female nursing/midwifery associate professionals and male building frame and related trades workers. Patient transfer and working in extremely bent posture were the most frequent exposures.

Conclusions

The identified occupations with high need for prevention among men come from nearly all major occupational groups whereas women cluster in occupational groups from the health and care sectors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:233–244, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Strain Index andTLVforHAL: Risk of lateral epicondylitis in a prospective cohort
Authors: Garg Arun , Kapellusch Jay M. , Hegmann Kurt T. , Thiese Matthew S. , Merryweather Andrew S. , Wang Ying‐Chih , Malloy Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2013

Background

This study's objective was to quantify exposure‐response relationships between job physical exposure (JPE) and incidence of lateral epicondylitis (LE).

Methods

A cohort of 536 workers was enrolled from 10 manufacturing facilities and followed monthly for 6 years to ascertain changes in JPE and health status. JPE was individually measured and quantified using the Strain Index (SI) and TLV for HAL. Worker demographics, medical history, psychosocial factors, and current musculoskeletal disorders were obtained.

Results

Fifty‐six workers developed LE. In multivariate models JPE, age, family problems, and swimming were associated with increased risk of LE. SI showed an exposure‐response relationship with maximum hazard ratio (HR) of 4.5(P = 0.04). TLV for HAL showed a non‐statistically significant trend for increased risk of LE (P = 0.19).

Conclusion

JPE is associated with increased risk of LE. The SI and TLV for HAL are useful metrics for estimating JPE. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:286–302, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significant study of population stratification, sensitivity analysis and trim and fill analyses on GBA mutation and parkinson's disease
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhang Hong‐Xin
Published: November 2013

This comprehensive meta‐analysis was applied to case‐control studies of the association between PD and GBA to assess the joint evidence for the association, the influence of individual studies, and evidence for publication bias. We searched PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, reference lists of relevant studies to June 2012, and email contact with authors. For the case‐control studies, the authors found 1) support for the association between PD and GBA, both in total group analysis [fixed: OR and 95%CI: 4.825 (3.901–5.968), P < 0.001; random: OR and 95%CI: 4.791 (3.520–6.520), P < 0.001] and in Asia, Europe, Americas, and Israel subgroups analysis [Asia: fixed: OR and 95%CI: 7.495 (4.490–12.511), P < 0.001, random: OR and 95%CI: 7.989 (4.060–15.723), P < 0.001; Americas: fixed: OR and 95%CI: 4.036 (2.460–6.622), P < 0.001, random: OR and 95%CI: 4.065 (2.464–6.707), P < 0.001; Europe: fixed: OR and 95%CI: 3.353 (2.287–4.917), P < 0.001, random: OR and 95%CI: 3.559 (2.148–5.894), P < 0.001; Israel: fixed/random: OR and 95%CI: 6.430 (4.430–9.333), P < 0.001], 2) no evidence that this association was accounted for by any one study, and 3) no evidence for publication bias. In conclusion, GBA mutation status may be significantly associated with PD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab discontinuation
Authors: Fine Andrew J. , Sorbello Alfred , Kortepeter Cindy , Scarazzini Linda
Published: November 2013

Objective

To identify cases of laboratory‐ or biopsy‐confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who previously discontinued natalizumab (NTZ) for reasons unrelated to suspected or proven PML and assess PML risk factors in these cases.

Methods

We searched the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and MEDLINE for reports submitted from 2006 to 2012 of laboratory‐confirmed PML with symptom onset ≥30 days following NTZ withdrawal. We only analyzed cases where NTZ discontinuation was unrelated to suspected PML.

Results

Seventeen patients discontinued NTZ for reasons unrelated to PML but were subsequently diagnosed with the disease. The median NTZ duration was 47 monthly doses (range = 9–59 doses). All patients presented with compatible clinical symptoms within 6 months following withdrawal, and PML was confirmed by brain biopsy or by identifying JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) was reported in 11 patients. Eleven patients (65%) received new MS treatments between NTZ discontinuation and PML confirmation. No deaths were reported. At NTZ withdrawal, 16 patients (94%) had ≥1 PML risk factor, including NTZ duration ≥2 years (n = 13), prior immunosuppressive agents (n = 8), and reported anti–JC virus seropositivity (n = 13).

Interpretation

NTZ‐treated patients presenting clinically with PML within 6 months after NTZ withdrawal frequently have pre‐existing PML risk factors. Clinicians need heightened awareness for new onset PML, IRIS, and MS relapse in evaluating neurological decline following NTZ discontinuation. Ann Neurol 2014;75:108–115
Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament concentration reflects disease severity in frontotemporal degeneration
Authors: Scherling Carole S. , Hall Tracey , Berisha Flora , Klepac Kristen , Karydas Anna , Coppola Giovanni , Kramer Joel H. , Rabinovici Gil , Ahlijanian Michael , Miller Bruce L. , Seeley William , Grinberg Lea T. , Rosen Howard , Meredith Jere , Boxer Adam L.
Published: November 2013

Objective

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentration is elevated in neurological disorders, including frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). We investigated the clinical correlates of elevated CSF NfL levels in FTD.

Methods

CSF NfL, amyloid‐β1–42 (Aβ42), tau, and phosphorylated tau concentrations were compared in 47 normal controls (NC), 8 asymptomatic gene carriers (NC2) of FTD‐causing mutations, and 79 FTD (45 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia [bvFTD], 18 progressive nonfluent aphasia [PNFA], 16 semantic dementia [SD]), 22 progressive supranuclear palsy, 50 Alzheimer disease, 6 Parkinson disease, and 17 corticobasal syndrome patients. Correlations between CSF analyte levels were performed with neuropsychological measures and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale sum of boxes (CDRsb). Voxel‐based morphometry of structural magnetic resonance images determined the relationship between brain volume and CSF NfL.

Results

Mean CSF NfL concentrations were higher in bvFTD, SD, and PNFA than other groups. NfL in NC2 was similar to NC. CSF NfL, but not other CSF measures, correlated with CDRsb and neuropsychological measures in FTD, but not in other diagnostic groups. Analyses in 2 independent FTD cohorts and a group of autopsy‐verified or biomarker‐enriched cases confirmed the larger group analysis. In FTD, gray and white matter volume negatively correlated with CSF NfL concentration, such that individuals with the highest NfL levels exhibited the most atrophy.

Interpretation

CSF NfL is elevated in symptomatic FTD and correlates with disease severity. This measurement may be a useful surrogate endpoint of disease severity in FTD clinical trials. Longitudinal studies of CSF NfL in FTD are warranted. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:116–126
Diabetes, markers of brain pathology and cognitive function
Authors: Qiu Chengxuan , Sigurdsson Sigurdur , Zhang Qian , Jonsdottir Maria K. , Kjartansson Olafur , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Garcia Melissa E. , Harris Tamara B. , van Buchem Mark A. , Gudnason Vilmundur , Launer Lenore J.
Published: November 2013

Objective

We investigated whether, and the extent to which, vascular and degenerative lesions in the brain mediate the association of diabetes with poor cognitive performance.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 4,206 participants (age > 65 years; 57.8% women) of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik Study. Data were collected through interview, clinical examination, psychological testing, and laboratory tests. The composite scores on memory, information‐processing speed, and executive function were derived from a cognitive test battery. Markers of cerebral macrovascular (cortical infarcts), microvascular (subcortical infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, and higher white matter lesion volume), and neurodegenerative (lower gray matter, normal white matter, and total brain tissue volumes) processes were assessed on magnetic resonance images. Mediation models were employed to test the mediating effect of brain lesions on the association of diabetes with cognitive performance controlling for potential confounders.

Results

There were 462 (11.0%) persons with diabetes. Diabetes was significantly associated with lower scores on processing speed and executive function, but not with memory function. Diabetes was significantly associated with all markers of brain pathology. All of these markers were significantly associated with lower scores on memory, processing speed, and executive function. Formal mediation tests suggested that markers of cerebrovascular and degenerative pathology significantly mediated the associations of diabetes with processing speed and executive function.

Interpretation

Diabetes is associated with poor performance on cognitive tests of information‐processing speed and executive function. The association is largely mediated by markers of both neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease. Older people with diabetes should be monitored for cognitive problems and brain lesions. Ann Neurol 2014;75:138–146
Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model
Authors: Mouzon Benoit C. , Bachmeier Corbin , Ferro Austin , Ojo Joseph‐Olubunmi , Crynen Gogce , Acker Christopher M. , Davies Peter , Mullan Michael , Stewart William , Crawford Fiona
Published: November 2013

Objective

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a recognized risk factor for later development of neurodegenerative disease. However, the mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration following TBI remain obscure.

Methods

In this study, we have utilized a novel mild TBI (mTBI) model to examine the chronic neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes following single and repetitive mTBI at time points from 6 to 18 months following injury.

Results

Our results reveal that at 6, 12, and 18 months after injury, animals exposed to a single mTBI have learning impairments when compared to their sham controls without exhibiting spatial memory retention deficits. In contrast, animals exposed to repetitive injury displayed persistent cognitive deficits, slower rate of learning, and progressive behavioral impairment over time. These deficits arise in parallel with a number of neuropathological abnormalities, including progressive neuroinflammation and continuing white matter degradation up to 12 months following repetitive injury. Neither single nor repetitive mTBI was associated with elevated brain levels of amyloid beta or abnormal tau phosphorylation at 6 or 12 months after injury.

Interpretation

Importantly, these data provide evidence that, although a single mTBI produces a clinical syndrome and pathology that remain static in the period following injury, repetitive injuries produce behavioral and pathological changes that continue to evolve many months after the initial injuries. As such, this model recapitulates many aspects described in human studies of TBI, providing a suitable platform on which to investigate the evolving pathologies following mild TBI and potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:241–254
Hyperexcitable C nociceptors in fibromyalgia
Authors: Serra Jordi , Collado Antonio , Solà Romà , Antonelli Francesca , Torres Xavier , Salgueiro Monika , Quiles Cristina , Bostock Hugh
Published: November 2013

Objective

To test the hypothesis that peripheral C nociceptor function may be abnormal in fibromyalgia and that C nociceptor dysfunction may contribute to the symptoms reported by these patients.

Methods

Microneurography was used to record C nociceptors of 30 female patients meeting criteria for fibromyalgia and compared with recordings from 17 female patients with small‐fiber neuropathy and 9 female controls.

Results

We obtained stable recordings of 186 C nociceptors in the fibromyalgia group, 114 from small‐fiber neuropathy patients, and 66 from controls. The mechanosensitive nociceptors in the fibromyalgia patients behaved normally, but the silent nociceptors in 76.6% of fibromyalgia patients exhibited abnormalities. Spontaneous activity was detected in 31% of silent nociceptors in fibromyalgia, 34% in small‐fiber neuropathy, and 2.2% in controls. Sensitization to mechanical stimulation was found in 24.2% of silent nociceptors in fibromyalgia, 22.7% in small‐fiber neuropathy, and 3.7% in controls. Abnormally high slowing of conduction velocity when first stimulated at 0.25Hz was more common in fibromyalgia.

Interpretation

We show for the first time that the majority of fibromyalgia patients have abnormal C nociceptors. Many silent nociceptors exhibit hyperexcitability resembling that in small‐fiber neuropathy, but high activity‐dependent slowing of conduction velocity is more common in fibromyalgia patients, and may constitute a distinguishing feature. We infer that abnormal peripheral C nociceptor ongoing activity and increased mechanical sensitivity could contribute to the pain and tenderness suffered by patients with fibromyalgia. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:196–208