bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Communications: Techniques and Challenges
Authors: Karthikeyan Dr. M. V. , Rakshana R. , Sanjana M.
Published: April 2021

Virtual Brain Model is one of the interesting research works. In this paper we have developed a model to ensure security for E-Will using IOT and also monitor the Patient Health using Sweat Sensor. The Brain Activity of the patient is monitored using EEG electrodes and the collected data are stored in the cloud platform with the help of IOT Module. The E-Will will be uploaded in cloud Platform in presence of Notary. Hence, The Brain Activity of the patient will be monitored accurately and once the electrodes senses there is no brain activity, Then the device wait for certain time delay and confirms there is no brain activity. Therefore, after the confirmation the E-Will will be sent to the authorized person through mail or a message. The patient health is Monitored with the help of Sweat Sensor. When the bedridden patient has any heart related abnormalities the person starts to sweat initially, indication with this temperature and pulse rate is monitored if any abnormalities found the information is sent to the doctor immediately via GSM Module. This ensures that the patients can be taken much care and the life of the patient can be saved without any delay.
Privacy-Preserving Machine Authenticated Key Agreement for Internet of Things
Authors: Kapito Beaton , Nyirenda Mwawi , Kim Hyunsung
Published: April 2021

Internet of things (IoT) is the integration of computer-based systems and the physical world in which things interact with each other. Due to heterogeneity and resource-constrained feature of IoT devices, there are many privacy and security challenges resulting in many threat vulnerabilities in IoT environments. After reviewing and analyzing the recent IoT security, privacy, and authentication protocols, we will withdraw research gaps focused on the elimination of human factors in IoT authentication. In order to fill these research gaps, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving machine authenticated key agreement based on IoT, denoted as IoTMAKA. IoTMAKA uses dynamic identity and machine fingerprint to provide security and privacy. Security analysis shows that IoTMAKA provides anonymity and untraceability, provides freshness, and is secure against passive and active attacks. IoTMAKA reduces communication overheads by 20% and computational overheads by 25% on average as compared to the previous related works.
Does Digital Native Status Impact End-User Antivirus Usage?
Authors: Roberts Gerrianne , Rahman Shawon
Published: April 2021

Due to the increasingly online nature of business (e-commerce), it is essential to understand how end-users can be protected from malicious online activities such as malware. Several factors have been examined in the research on this topic. Digital native status was identified as a factor that has not been investigated thoroughly. This study examined how the security decision-making process is impacted by digital native status by looking at Protection Motivation Theory. Digital Native Status was investigated as a mediating factor in the PMT model. Intent to use antivirus was utilized as the protective measure. The findings indicate that digital native status does not mediate Fear. However, other factors, such as Fear, selfefficacy, and response efficacy, play a part in the intent to use antivirus. Conversely, the other constructs in the model, response-costs and maladaptive rewards, did not have a relationship with antivirus usage. Practically speaking, employers and eCommerce businesses could use these findings to identify factors that play into their end-user behaviors. These findings can be utilized to help guide training programs and professionals researching end-user behavior. These findings also suggest that future research should focus on factors other than age.
A Literature Survey and Analysis on Social Engineering Defense Mechanisms and Infosec Policies
Authors: Alharthi Dalal , Regan Amelia
Published: April 2021

Social engineering attacks can be severe and hard to detect. Therefore, to prevent such attacks, organizations should be aware of social engineering defense mechanisms and security policies. To that end, the authors developed a taxonomy of social engineering defense mechanisms, designed a survey to measure employee awareness of these mechanisms, proposed a model of Social Engineering InfoSec Policies (SE-IPs), and designed a survey to measure the incorporation level of these SE-IPs. After analyzing the data from the first survey, the authors found that more than half of employees are not aware of social engineering attacks. The paper also analyzed a second set of survey data, which found that on average, organizations incorporated just over fifty percent of the identified formal SE-IPs. Such worrisome results show that organizations are vulnerable to social engineering attacks, and serious steps need to be taken to elevate awareness against these emerging security threats.
Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Choi Hye Sook
Published: April 2021

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of diseases, involving the inflammation and fibrosis of the interstitium of the lung. ILD is classified according to whether or not the cause is known. Known causes of ILDs include inhalation of environmental substances, drugs, infection, and related connective tissue disease. ILD of unknown cause is called idiopathic ILD. The most common form of idiopathic ILD is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a chronic progressive fibrosing ILD that results in the decline of lung function with exertional dyspnea, cough, bibasilar inspiratory crackles, and digital clubbing. The incidence of IPF increases with age, and is predominant in men. The most characteristic feature of IPF is a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern detected on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The typical HRCT pattern in case of UIP is honeycombing, with or without traction bronchiectasis or bronchiolectasis; this may be superimposed with fine reticulation. The typical distribution of UIP is subpleural, and there is basal predominance with heterogeneity. A definitive diagnosis of IPF in patients with clinically suspected IPF is made when there is presence of a UIP pattern on HRCT. Bronchoalveolar lavage or surgical lung biopsy is not recommended if a UIP pattern is detected on HRCT. However, bronchoalveolar lavage and surgical lung biopsy are required if probable UIP pattern, indeterminate UIP pattern, or an alternative diagnosis pattern are found on HRCT in order to diagnose IPF. A specific combination of HRCT patterns and histopathological patterns requiring multidisciplinary discussion is necessary to rule in IPF or rule it out.
El reto de la formación en competencias digitales: el Proyecto SOLA y su papel en la UDIMA
Authors: García Revilla Raquel
Published: April 2021

El proyecto SOLA (cuya sigla significa simple open learning advancement) es un Proyecto del denominado Programa Erasmus+ (KA2-Cooperation and Innovation for Good Practices), convocado por la Comisión Europea. Su finalidad es, principalmente, perfeccionar las competencias digitales y de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) del profesorado. Además, tiene como otros objetivos ayudar en la disposición y en el desarrollo de recursos abiertos educativos, conectar aulas e implementarles dispositivos y contenidos digitales, y, por último, fomentar el uso de las TIC en instituciones educativas mediante la movilización de profesores, estudiantes y demás participantes sociales, socios económicos y familia. La UDIMA participa en el Proyecto SOLA junto a otras instituciones formativas europeas de Alemania, Austria, Italia, Portugal, Países Bajos, Polonia y República Checa, que han diseñado la estructura y los contenidos de varios cursos formativos en la modalidad semipresencial o blended learning, centrados principalmente sobre las dimensiones más importantes de sostenibilidad del desarrollo turístico, medioambiental, económico y sociocultural.
Spatial Distribution of Strategic Crops by Administrative Units in Anbar Governorate for The Year 2018
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Amna Jabbar Matar Darwish , Al-Hiti Jameela Nafeh Sabbar
Published: April 2021

The strategic crops in Anbar are represented by wheat, yellow corn, and barley, as the total area of them reached (314763) denims, of which (211984) denims of wheat, (66997) denims of corn, and (35755) denims of barley, and for the various administrative units of the governorate, Also, with different production quantities amounted to (204918) tons for wheat, (33497) tons for yellow corn, and (10725) tons for barley, achieving a significant moral difference when applying the Kay square to the cultivated areas and production quantities, as the standard value of wheat crop reached (147,376) The cultivated area, and (144,330) of the production amount. As for the standard value of the maize crop, it reached (43,100) for the area, and (82,119) for production, as for the barley crop, the standard value for the cultivated area was (77,465) and (128,604) for the amount of production, the moral difference between the cultivated area and the amount of production for all strategic crops cultivated in the governorate reached (0.01), representing a significant moral difference between them.
Scientific Trips Between Iraq and The Islamic East and Its Strategic Dimensions
Authors: AL- Karboly Muheneid Hamad Ahmed
Published: April 2021

The Islamic state between its regions and cities, there had to be a way to communicate among the people, and to know what was between them was acceptable and accepted and rejected. Centers for attracting scholars in Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, and Wasit, an important role in attracting and embracing scholars, especially Baghdad. The scholars of the Islamic East came to learn from Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, and Mosul. He was educated at the hands of Iraqi scholars, so a portion of these people went to their countries to spread their knowledge that they had learned after that great world permitted them and gave them their confidence, and some of them settled in Iraq. There are scholars who came from the Islamic East. They learned from Iraq’s scholars, and then they went on to spread their knowledge, and they have great merit in bringing all mental sciences and other useful sciences into the country for people to know and thus the nations will be known. There were also trips to the Levant, Egypt, and Andalusia. I thank the scholars for the good they have given us, and if they sin, I ask God Almighty to pass away from them and satisfy them with the consent of Heaven and Forgiveness, without them they would not have known. I can say that the Mashreq scholars who led to Iraq represented more than twice, who went from Iraq to the Islamic Mashreq, and this is what helped the Islamic Mashreq to thrive and God knows best.
A Freudian Reading of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
Authors: Jassim Shaima Abdullah , Abdulrazaq Alaa Muzahim
Published: April 2021

There are many theories that emerged in fields other than literature but influenced the literary works greatly. These theories are used by scholars and critics to analyses and study the literary text. Among these theories are Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and the theory of interpretation of dreams. According to Freud, the human mind is divided into two parts: the conscious and the subconscious. Freud used this theory to treat his patients by making them lie down and talk about their dreams, childhood and other thoughts. It is an attempt to make the unconscious conscious. Additionally, the unconscious can be revealed through the slips of the tongue (paraphrases) and dreams. Moreover, Freud assumes that the human psyche consists of three parts: Id (a store of the human desires and needs); superego (the part of the psyche which represents the high ideals); ego (the part which tries to make a compromise between the id and the superego). He also emphasizes the effect of our childhood upon our lives. The present study is a Freudian reading to Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights with reference to the impact of the author’s life upon the flow of the events and the lives of the characters.
A novel numerical implementation for solving time fractional telegraph differential equations having multiple space and time delays via Delannoy polynomial
Authors: KÜRKÇÜ Ömür Kıvanç
Published: April 2021

This paper is concerned with solving numerically the time fractional telegraph equationshaving multiple space and time delays by proposing a novel matrix-collocation methoddependent on the Delannoy polynomial. This method enables easy and fast approximationtool consisting of the matrix expansions of the functions using only the Delannoypolynomial. Thus, the solutions are obtained directly from a unique matrix system. Also, theresidual error computation, which involves the same procedure as the method, provides theimprovement of the solutions. The method is evaluated under some valuable error tests in thenumerical applications. To do this, a unique computer module is devised. The present resultsare compared with those of the existing methods in the literature, in order to oversee theprecision and efficiency of the method. One can express that the proposed method admitsvery consistent approximation for the equations in question.
The specifics of the tannin content in the wood of individuals of the genus spruce (Picea) in urban conditions (on the example of Izhevsk)
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: April 2021

The article presents materials on the study of the peculiarities of the tannin content in the wood of Picea obovata Ledeb. and Picea pungens Engelm., growing in the urban ecosystem, as well as in natural plantings outside the city. The growing conditions of the trees were characterized by a complex index of atmospheric pollution and soil conditions. The content of tannins in wood was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the optical density of the water extract at a wavelength of 277 nm. The correlation between the content of tannins of stem wood and the state of atmospheric air is revealed, which can be explained by damage to the assimilation apparatus of trees. The dependence of the tannin content on the pH of the soil environment was also revealed. There were no statistically significant differences in the species, as well as in the place of growth. The research was carried out with the financial support of the grant "Scientific Potential – 2020". Keywords: PÍCEA OBOVATA, PICEA PUNGENS, TANNINS, CONIFERS, SPRUCE, RESISTANCE
Population Demography and Impact of Terrorism in State of Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Yadav Shubham
Published: April 2021

Population demography in the All-Time violence and terrorism suffered but naturally extremely beautiful most northern region of India, the state of Jammu and Kashmir, has always been of interest for researchers in the fields of geography, political science, and sociology. This paper studies the persistence of the effects of terrorist attacks on the population demographics in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. The results reveal that the terrorism had a negative and transitory impact on population growth. This is further captured that the incidents of deaths implied more adverse effects on population demography and made it even more uneven in the state.
BUILDING INDIA, A COUNTRY OF INNOVATIONS
Authors: Jagathkar Anitha
Published: April 2021

Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from ape-like ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from ape-like ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years. Similarly, India’s education story is rich and interesting and has a long legacy and history. In the ancient days education was imparted orally by the sages and the scholars and the information was passed on from one generation to the other. ‘Guru Shishya Parampara’ was the prominent system of education that resulted in life long powerful bondage between the teacher and the taught. Schools were mostly the hermitages and cottages of the rishis and the seers. Soon after, the temples and the community centers became the temples of learning.
Mobile Games Changing Human Behavior In Growing Kids
Authors: Virk Hasanbir
Published: April 2021

Ever since the evolution of the civilization games & recreational mediums was thought to pose any danger on the human development in terms mental & physical health. This potential risk is accepted widely in various studies conducted over last two decades which suggest the computer games pose clear health hazards/ behavioral changes affecting the normal human development in early years of growth among toddlers, school going adolescents & teens. The evidence of most studies conducted in last two decades suggest the quantum of the problem which is ignored over the years by the authorities, parents & school administration. Its impact is now visible on mental/physical health parameters. This article is all about this alarming situation which needs immediate attention of the authorities, parents & school administration to take up corrective measures to address the problem.
Acceptance of salt reduction in bakery bread among Moroccan consumers
Authors: Guennoun Yasmine , Bouziani Amina , Bajit Habiba , El Berri Hicham , Elammari Laila , Benaich Souad , Barkat Amina , Benkirane Hasnae , Aguenaou Hassan
Published: April 2021

Background: The use of cooking salt (sodium chloride) for bread preparation is due to several important sensory and technological properties. Even considered as an essential micronutrient and a salty taste stimulus, a significant dietary sodium intake is positively correlated with high blood pressure levels and some heart diseases. Recently, Morocco has adopted a plan to reduce salt consumption aiming to reinforce the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and to contribute to the achievement of 2025 global voluntary targets, set by the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2). Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine the acceptance of bakery bread with a different percentage reduction of salt by the Moroccan population. Subjects and Methods: Various percentages of salt reduction in experimental bread; 7%, 10%, 16%, 23%, 30%, and 53%, were tasted and compared with standard market bread by 201 individuals. “Just About Right” (JAR) and purchase scales were utilized to score the different sample bread. Results: Bread with 10% and 16% salt reduction were highly accepted by 76% and 79% of tasters, respectively. Based on the JAR score, these types of bread were considered as “just about right’ by 50% and 57% of the participants respectively. The best average score of purchase intent was obtained for salt content of 1.62g and 1.56g per 100g for a reduction of 10% and 16% respectively. Conclusions: The current adopted strategy allows a 16% sodium reduction while maintaining taste quality.
Keywords: Sodium chloride, bread, salt reduction, Moroccan population.
Building a Case for Reforming the Electoral System of Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Akhtar , Soomro Sikandar Hussain , Khatoon Zohra
Published: April 2021

Electoral systems are set of rules and procedures which determine how voters cast their votes and how the votes are converted into representative seats. Beyond this, each electoral system has its own impact on how the political system functions. From this perspective, the author has tested the discontents of the Pakistani electoral system, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) taking the election data of 2002, 2008, 2013 and 2018. The research finding showed that the FPTP electoral system is ill devised to the Pakistan’s current needs and realities. In view of such discontents, there is a genuine concern of reforming the Pakistan electoral system. The question remains, however, which electoral system best suits the Pakistani situation from the bulk of alternatives? The current paper is an attempt to build a case for introducing reforms with a focus on how to translate the votes into seats in a more representative way. For this purpose the article in its first part deals with the problems the FPTP is having in translatingthe votes into seats. In the second part data from the last four general elections are analysed to show how some of the parties having more votes and less seats and vice versa. Building the argument on this analysis the recent concerns shown by the politicians and critics of the present system are supported to build a strong case for the decision makers to bring in such changes in the system where minimum of the votes are wasted so that a true representative democracy is established in Pakistan.
Cyber-Crimes and Cyber Laws of Pakistan: An Overview
Authors: Zahoor Rashida , Razi Naseem
Published: April 2021

Communications have become the most essential and quite an easy as well as fast because of technology advancement. Developing states are also getting the same blessings of computer networks and internet like the developed nations of the world. Besides, such the blessings and curses take place on account of communications in the modern technology. Cyberspace - is the medium of communication on computer networking that is not safe. Criminals use such the technology to commit crimes on cyberspace. Meanwhile the sensitive data and information are hacked to injure the person, organization, society or even a state. These (cybercrimes) and criminal may be prevented by making the sufficient laws in a country. The principle aim of this study is to discuss the cybercrimes and examine the cyber laws in Pakistan. For this purpose, there are three parts of this paper. The first part addresses the cyber-crimes explicitly in Pakistan. The second part is dedicated to the legal framework of cyber laws in the country. While the last but not least part talks about the cyber security strategy of Pakistan.
A historicidade dos números
Authors: Seelaender Ingrid lilian
Published: April 2021

Através de um ponto de vista semiótico peirceano, o trabalho pretende analisar os números e sua historicidade. Utilizando o modelo semiótico proposto por Brian Rotman, os números serão pensados como signos dentro do discurso matemático e na comunidade matemática. Considerando o número um signo, seu significado é construído dentro do texto matemático onde está inserido, e portanto é socialmente construído e histórico.
Abordagem histórico-experimental da eletricidade e eletromagnetismo em aulas de Química no Ensino Médio
Authors: Pereira Juliana , Da Silva Florencio Antonio , Tamiasso-Martinhon Priscila , Sousa Célia , Sanches Rocha Angela
Published: April 2021

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma sequência didática (SD) sobre eletricidade e eletromagnetismo aplicada a alunos do primeiro ano do Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de São Gonçalo. Esta SD foi elaborada de modo a incluir aspectos históricos no desenvolvimento desta área do conhecimento, além de vídeos e experimentos. Os alunos indicaram ter aprovado a aula, ficando motivados pela dinâmica realizada e, segundo os mapas mentais que confeccionaram após a aula, é possível dizer que vários conteúdos foram aprendidos por eles.
Linear relationship between effective radius and precipitation water content near the top of convective clouds
Authors: Campos Braga Ramon , Rosenfeld Daniel , Krüger Ovid O. , Ervens Barbara , Holanda Bruna A. , Wendisch Manfred , Krisna Trismono , Pöschl Ulrich , Andreae Meinrat O. , Voigt Christiane , Pöhlker Mira L.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Quantifying the precipitation within clouds is a crucial challenge to improve our current understanding of the Earth’s hydrological cycle. We have investigated the relationship between the effective radius of droplets and ice particles (re) and precipitation water content (PWC) measured by cloud probes near the top of growing convective cumuli. The data for this study were collected by aircraft measurements in clean and polluted conditions over the Amazon Basin and over the western tropical Atlantic in September 2014. Our results indicate a threshold of re ∼ 13 μm for warm rain initiation in convective clouds, which is in agreement with previous studies. In clouds over the Atlantic Ocean, warm rain starts at smaller re, likely linked to the enhancement of coalescence of drops formed on giant cloud condensation nuclei. In cloud passes where precipitation starts as ice hydrometeors, the threshold of re is also shifted to values smaller than 13 μm when coalescence processes are suppressed and precipitating particles are formed by accretion. We found a statistically significant linear relationship between PWC and re for measurements at cloud tops, with a correlation coefficient of ∼0.94. The tight relationship between re and PWC was established only when particles with sizes large enough to precipitate (drizzle and raindrops) are included in calculating re. Our results emphasize for the first time that re is a key parameter to determine both initiation and amount of precipitation at the top of convective clouds.
A study of the effect of aerosols on surface ozone through meteorology feedbacks over China
Authors: Qu Yawei , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Wang Tijian , Kasoar Matthew , Wells Chris , Yuan Cheng , Varma Sunil , Mansfield Laura
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Interactions between aerosols and gases in the atmosphere have been the focus of an increasing number of studies in recent years. Here, we focus on
aerosol effects on tropospheric ozone that involve meteorological feedbacks induced by aerosol–radiation interactions. Specifically, we study the
effects that involve aerosol influences on the transport of gaseous pollutants and on atmospheric moisture, both of which can impact ozone
chemistry. For this purpose, we use the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1), with which we performed sensitivity simulations including and excluding the
aerosol direct radiative effect (ADE) on atmospheric chemistry, and focused our analysis on an area with a high aerosol presence, namely China. By
comparing the simulations, we found that ADE reduced shortwave radiation by 11 % in China and consequently led to lower turbulent kinetic
energy, weaker horizontal winds and a shallower boundary layer (with a maximum of 102.28 m reduction in north China). On the one hand, the
suppressed boundary layer limited the export and diffusion of pollutants and increased the concentration of CO, SO2, NO,
NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 in the aerosol-rich regions. The NO/NO2 ratio generally increased and led to more ozone
depletion. On the other hand, the boundary layer top acted as a barrier that trapped moisture at lower altitudes and reduced the moisture at higher
altitudes (the specific humidity was reduced by 1.69 % at 1493 m on average in China). Due to reduced water vapour, fewer clouds were
formed and more sunlight reached the surface, so the photolytical production of ozone increased. Under the combined effect of the two meteorology
feedback methods, the annual average ozone concentration in China declined by 2.01 ppb (6.2 %), which was found to bring the model into
closer agreement with surface ozone measurements from different parts of China.
Polarisierte Städte: Die AfD im urbanen Kontext. Eine Analyse von Wahl- und Sozialdaten in sechzehn deutschen Städten
Authors: Geilen Jan Lucas , Mullis Daniel
Published: April 2021

Abstract. For the first time since 1945, with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) a far-right party has now consolidated itself in Germany on all political scales. In the political sciences as well as sociology, but not so much in human geography, there is much debate on the funding reasons. The debate is polarized and unfolds between two positions: on the one hand economic factors are marked as principal forces, on the other a cultural backlash. Electoral analyses have focused on the spatial division of the AfD's success between urban and rural areas as well as West and East Germany. By contrast, we focus on urban divisions. We examine the AfD's results in the general election of 2017 on the scale of districts in the largest city of each federal state by analyzing the correlation of the share of AfD votes with social data. In contrast to the polarized debate in the social sciences we choose a multidimensional perspective and analyze social data related to class, migration, acceptance of democracy and age. First, the resulting picture is heterogeneous across the cities and does not show a pronounced East-West polarization. Second, economic factors as well as factors related to migration correlate with the share of the AfD, whereby the former are pronounced somewhat stronger. Third, lack of trust in democracy is the most uniform indicator for a strong showing of the AfD in our sample; and fourth, in all cities there are districts which run counter to the generalized picture. We can show that in urban settings it is primarily, but not exclusively, in marginalized districts that the AfD has its strongholds. But this does not mean that all marginalized districts are dominated by the far-right party. In order to better understand the spatially highly fragmented social processes, in particular more qualitative research is needed.
A study on the drag coefficient in wave attenuation by vegetation
Authors: Zhang Zhilin , Huang Bensheng , Tan Chao , Chen Hui , Cheng Xiangju
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource providing a myriad of services for human beings and the environment, such as dissipating incoming wave energy and protecting coastal areas. For understanding wave height attenuation by vegetation, there are two main traditional calibration approaches to the drag effect acting on the vegetation. One of them is based on the rule that wave height decays through the vegetated area by a reciprocal function and another by an exponential function. In both functions, the local wave height reduces with distance from the beginning of the vegetation depending on a damping factor (Eqs. (1) and (4)). These damping factors α' and k' are linked to the drag coefficient CD and measurable parameters (Eqs. (3) and (5)). So there are two methods to predict CD that quantify the effect of vegetation. In this study, a new equation is derived that connects these two damping factors (Eq. (12)). The different relations and methods to predicting the drag coefficient CD have been investigated by 99 laboratory experiments. Finally, different relations between CD and relevant parameters (Re, KC, and Ur) have been analyzed. The results show that α' approximately equals k' only for fully submerged vegetation, while the new equation can be used for both emerged and submerged canopy. It appears that the methods for predicting CD by Dean (1979) and Kobayashi et al. (1993) are consistent with the well-recognized method by Dalrymple et al. (1984) for submerged vegetated canopy. But when the vegetation emerges, only the new method based on Eq. (12) leads to almost the same results as Dalrymple et al. (1984). Hence, Eq. (12) has built a bridge between these two approaches for the wave attenuation by vegetation and has proved applicable to emergent conditions of vegetation as well.
A revised image of the instrumental seismicity in the Lodi area (Po Plain, Italy)
Authors: Peruzza Laura , Schibuola Alessandra , Romano Maria Adelaide , Garbin Marco , Guidarelli Mariangela , Sandron Denis , Priolo Enrico
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We analyse the instrumental seismicity in a sector of the Po Plain (Italy) with the aim of defining the baseline for seismic monitoring of a new underground gas storage plant that will use the depleted gas reservoir of Cornegliano Laudense, near Lodi. The target area – a square approximately 80 x 80 km wide – is commonly considered aseismic. The analysed period, 1951–2019, includes all available instrumental data. We gathered the P- and S-phase readings collected by various agencies for more than 300 events, approximately located inside the target area. We processed the earthquakes in a uniform way, using absolute location algorithms and velocity models adopted by the regional and national monitoring networks. The relocated earthquake dataset depicts an image of weak and deep seismicity for this central sector of the Po Plain, which is quite different from the initial one derived from the existing earthquake catalogues. Within a distance of approximately 30 km from Lodi, earthquakes are extremely rare (on average 0.5 earthquake/yr, assuming a completeness magnitude Mc = 2.7 from the 1980s); only 2 weak events fall at less than 15 km distance from the reservoir in the whole period 1951–2019. The strongest events instrumentally recorded are related to the seismic sequence of Caviaga in 1951 that represent the first instrumental recordings for that area. Confirming the hypocentral depths recently proposed by Caciagli et al., 2015, the events are far from the gas reservoir; we suggest a common tectonic stress of the main shock of 1951 and the M4.2 earthquake of Dec 17, 2020, on the basis of the similarities in depth, location and focal mechanism. While it is clear that the deep seismicity corresponds to the collision between the Northern Apennine and Southern Alps, it is much less clear, however, which geological structures are capable of generating earthquakes. Our results and the improvement in the observational capabilities of the very last years will help refining the seismogenic sources hypothesized for this area.
Distributed acoustic sensing as a tool for exploration and monitoring: a proof-of-concept
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Villa Alberto , Saccorotti Gilberto
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We use PoroTOMO experimental data to compare the performance of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and geophone data in executing standard exploration and monitoring activities. The PoroTOMO experiment consists of two "seismic systems": (a) a 8.6 km long optical fibre cable deployed across the Brady geothermal field and covering an area of 1.5 x 0.5 km with 100 m long segments, and (b) an array of 238 co-located geophones with an average spacing of 60 m. The PoroTOMO experiment recorded continuous seismic data between March 10th and March 25th 2016. During such period, a ML 4.3 regional event occurred in the southwest, about 150 km away from the geothermal field, together with several microseismic local events related to the geothermal activity. The seismic waves generated from such seismic events have been used as input data in this study. For the exploration tasks, we compare the propagation of the ML 4.3 event across the geothermal field in both seismic systems in term of relative time-delay, for a number of configurations and segments. Defined the propagation, we analyse and compare the amplitude and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the P-wave in the two systems at high resolution. For testing the potential in monitoring local seismicity, we first perform an analysis of the geophone data for locating a microseismic event, based on expert opinion. Then, we a adopt different workflow for the automatic location of the same microseismic event using DAS data. For testing the potential in monitoring distant event, data from the regional earthquake are used for retrieving both the propagation direction and apparent velocity of the wavefield, using a standard plane-wave-fitting approach. Our results indicate that: (1) at a local scale, the seismic P-waves propagation and their characteristics (i.e. SNR and amplitude) along a single cable segment are robustly consistent with recordings from co-located geophones (delay-times δt ∼ 0.3 over 400 m for both seismic systems) ; (2) the interpretation of seismic wave propagation across multiple separated segments is less clear, due to the heavy contamination of scattering sources and local velocity heterogeneities; nonetheless, results from the plane-wave fitting still indicate the possibility for a consistent detection and location of the event; (3) at high-resolution (10 m), large amplitude variations along the fibre cable seem to robustly correlate with near surface geology; (4) automatic monitoring of microseismicity can be performed with DAS recordings with results comparable to manual analysis of geophone recordings (i.e. maximum horizontal error on event location around 70 m for both geophones and DAS data) ; and (5) DAS data pre-conditioning (e.g., temporal sub-sampling and channel-stacking) and dedicated processing techniques are strictly necessary for making any real-time monitoring procedure feasible and trustable.
Improving Surface Melt Estimation over Antarctica Using Deep Learning: A Proof-of-Concept over the Larsen Ice Shelf
Authors: Hu Zhongyang , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Lhermitte Stef , Izeboud Maaike , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Accurately estimating surface melt volume of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is challenging, and has hitherto relied on climate modelling, or on observations from satellite remote sensing. Each of these methods has its limitations, especially in regions with high surface melt. This study aims to demonstrate the potential of improving surface melt simulations by deploying a deep learning model. A deep-learning-based framework has been developed to correct surface melt from the regional atmospheric climate model version 2.3p2 (RACMO2), using meteorological observations from automatic weather stations (AWSs), and surface albedo from satellite imagery. The framework includes three steps: (1) training a deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) model using AWS observations; (2) correcting moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo observations, and (3) using these two to correct the RACMO2 surface melt simulations. Using observations from three AWSs at the Larsen B and C Ice Shelves, Antarctica, cross-validation shows a high accuracy (root mean square error = 0.95 mm w.e. per day, mean absolute error = 0.42 mm w.e. per day, and coefficient of determination = 0.95). Moreover, the deep MLP model outperforms conventional machine learning models (e.g., random forest regression, XGBoost) and a shallow MLP model. When applying the trained deep MLP model over the entire Larsen Ice Shelf, the resulting, corrected RACMO2 surface melt shows a better correlation with the AWS observations for two out of three AWSs. However, for one location (AWS 18) the deep MLP model does not show improved agreement with AWS observations, likely due to the heterogeneous drivers of melt within the corresponding coarse resolution model pixels. Our study demonstrates the opportunity to improve surface melt simulations using deep learning combined with satellite albedo observations. On the other hand, more work is required to refine the method, especially for complicated and heterogeneous terrains.
Generalized Extension in the Geometry of Goncharov Motivic and Grassmannian Conﬁguration Chain Complexes
Authors: Khan Javed , Khalid Muhammad
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this work is to propose generalized extensions of morphisms in the geometry of Grassmannian configuration and Goncharov motivic chain complexes. This work has two major divisions: in its first part the geometry of these complexes will be extended for weight n = 6, secondly, the generalization of this extension for any weight N will be presented. The generalized commutative diagram will also be exhibited
(m, n)-Convexity-cum-Concavity on Fuzzy Soft Set with Applications in First and
Second Sense
Authors: Rahman Atiqe Ur , Saeed Muhammad , Arshad Muhammad , Ihsan Muhammad , Rayees Ahmad Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Soft set theory is considered as one of the best effective tool
which provides parameterization approach to tackle the inadequacy of
fuzzy set. So far, it has been applied to different mathematical concepts
such as set operations, algebraic structure (e.g., group and ring theory)
and topological spaces. Many researchers have studied classical concept
of convex and concave set under fuzzy-like, soft-like and fuzzy soft-like
environments. In this paper, new notions of (m, n)-convex and (m, n)-
concave fuzzy soft sets are developed first and then their versions for first
and second senses are established. Further some known classical results
and properties are generalized under fuzzy soft set environment. Moreover, special cases of (m, n)-convexity on fuzzy soft sets are established
Comparison of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate between Android and Gynoid Pattern Obesity in Females
Authors: Shah Shruti , Gaikwad Pratibha
Published: April 2021

Aim: To assess comparison of PEFR between Android and Gynoid Pattern Obesity in Females. Objectives: To assess Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Android Pattern, Gynoid Pattern of Obesity in Females and compare Peak Expiratory Flow Rate between Android and Gynoid Pattern Obesity in Females.
Methodology: 100 Female Obese Subjects with BMI> 30 in the Age Group between 20-40 yrs living a sedentary lifestyle were recruited with incidental sampling over the period of 1 year duration and allocated to Android (n = 50) and Gynoid (n = 50) groups on the basis of Adiposity Markers like BMI, Height, Weight, Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC), WHR - Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist to Height Ratio (WtHR). PEFR was recorded by taking 3 readings and the highest among them chosen.
Results: Pearson correlation test and Linear Regression was done between PEFR & BMI, PEFR & WHR and PEFR & WHtR. Using an Unrelated t Test, results were found to be Significant (p < 0.05) between PEFR in Both the Groups.
Conclusion: The study establishes that there is a difference in PEFR between Android and Gynoid Pattern of Obesity in Females and PEFR in Gynoid Pattern is 5% better than PEFR in the Android Pattern Obesity in Females.

Key words: Obesity, Android, Gynoid, PEFR, BMI, WHR, WtHR, WC, HC.
Study of ph effect on AZ31 magnesium alloy corrosion for using in temporary implants
Authors: Da Silva Caio A. J. da Silva , Braguin Lilian N. M. , O. Berbel Larissa , De Viveiros Bárbara V. G. , L. Rossi Jesualdo , Saiki Mitiko , Costa Isolda
Published: April 2021

Currently, magnesium alloys are gaining great interest for medical applications due to their degrading properties in the human body ensuring a great biocompatibility. These alloys also provide profitable mechanical properties due similarities with human bone.  However, a difficulty in applying these materials in the biomaterials industries is the corrosion prior to cell healing. The effect of the chemical composition of Mg alloys on their corrosion behavior is well known. In this study, samples of AZ31 magnesium alloy were cut into chips for elemental chemical analysis by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Concentrations of the elements As, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb and Zn were determined in the AZ31 alloy. Visualization tests of agar corrosion development in various media, of 0.90% sodium chloride solution (mass), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and simulated body fluid (SBF) were performed. Visualizations of the effect of agar gel corrosion revealed pH variation during the corrosion process due to the released into the cathode. The highest released of hydroxyl ions occurred in NaCl solution compared to PBS and SBF solutions indicating that NaCl solution was much more aggressive to the alloy compared to the others.
RAISING CALVES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE AKMOLA REGION
Authors:   The Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Bigarina A.N. , Shaikenova K.H. ,   The Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University
Published: April 2021

This article presents the results of research on the growth and development of calves obtained from cows during early insemination. The object of the study was calves from birth to 6 months of age of a black-and-white breed of a dairy farm «Kamyshenka» LLP in the Astrakhan district of the Akmola region. Two experimental groups of calves were formed in a dairy farm. Group I included calves from cows inseminated at 14-15 months of age, and group II included calves from cows inseminated at 16-17 months of age. The following indicators were studied: live weight of calves at birth and at the age of 6 months, average daily, absolute and relative increases in live weight were calculated. At the same time, the exterior profile was studied by measurements from birth to 6 months of age, followed by the calculation of body indices. The live weight of calves at birth in the first experimental group averaged 30.9±0,32 kg, while in the second it was at the level of 29.8±0,44 kg, and at the age of 6 months it was 149.2±2,3 kg and 147.3±2,4± kg, respectively. According to the exterior profile data, there are also better indicators in the first experimental group than in the second, since the oblique length of the trunk was 104.43±0,7 and 102.33±0,9 cm, respectively. The difference in body type indices ranged from 0.58-1.41%, respectively.
From Clinical to Science
Authors: Ribeiro Junior Howard Lopes
Published: April 2021

Not applicable.
The Pathologic Fracture Mortality Index: A Novel Externally Validated Tool for Predicting 30-day Postoperative Mortality
Authors: Raad Michael , Suresh Krishna V. , Puvanesarajah Varun , Forsberg Jonathan , Morris Carol , Levin Adam
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Current mortality predictive tools, in the setting of completed or impending pathologic fractures, are nonspecific. Clinical decision making and mortality prediction in research would benefit from creation of a high-fidelity scoring system for calculating the risk of 30-day postoperative mortality. The purpose of this study is to develop a validated research and clinical tool that is superior to existing methods in estimating postoperative mortality risk after fixation of pathologic fractures.

Methods:

One thousand two hundred nineteen patients who underwent fixation for either completed or impending pathologic fractures in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2012 to 2018) database were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression with diagnostics was used to develop a predictive model in a derivation cohort and then validated in a validation cohort. Area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operator curve analysis was used to assess accuracy. A score was derived and compared with the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and modified five-component frailty index (mF-I5). The score was validated in an exclusive cohort of patients who underwent fixation for pathologic fractures at a tertiary care center.

Results:

Of 1,219, a total of 177 (15%) patients did not survive beyond 30 days postoperatively. AUC for our predictive model was 0.76 in the derivation and 0.75 in the validation National Surgical Quality Improvement Program cohorts. The derived Pathologic Fracture Morbidity Index included seven data points: anemia, alkaline phosphatase > 150 U/L, albumin < 3.5 mg/dL, pulmonary disease, recent weight loss, functional dependence, and white blood cell count >12,000. The PFMI (AUC = 0.75) was more accurate than ASA (AUC = 0.60) or mF-5 (AUC = 0.58) (P < 0.01). The AUC for PFMI in predicting 30-day mortality in the exclusive cohort (N = 39) was 0.74.

Conclusion:

The PFMI is a validated tool that may be used for predicting postoperative 30-day mortality after fixation of pathologic fractures, with higher level of accuracy compared with ASA or mF-I5.
Geometric Invariants of Normal Curves under Conformal Transformation in $\mathbb{E}^3$
Authors: Lone Mohamd Saleem
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we investigate the geometric invariant properties of a normal curve on a smooth immersed surface under conformal transformation. We obtain an invariant-suﬀicient condition for the conformal image of a normal curve. We also find the deviations of normal and tangential components of the normal curve under the same motion.