bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of Au/ZnWO4/CdS Ternary Photocatalysts with Oxygen Vacancy Modification for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Wu Wenli , Zhang Nan , Wang Yuhua
Published: April 2024

Rational design and optimization of the photocatalyst architecture, aimed at effectively enhancing light absorption and accelerating charge separation and transfer, can lead to the accomplishment of sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this study, a ternary system of Au/ZnWO4/CdS is prepared with oxygen vacancy modification through a combination of hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, and photochemical deposition methods. The addition of CdS and Au nanoparticles significantly enhances the light absorption range of ZnWO4 (ZWO) and creates more active sites for hydrogen production. The type‐II engineered heterojunction, in combination with Au as a cocatalyst, is a viable and efficient method for enhancing the separation and transport of electron–hole pairs, thereby facilitating the effective precipitation of hydrogen through photocatalysis. 5A10ZC exhibits a hydrogen production rate of 5483.62 µmol g−1 h−1, which is 167 times higher than that of unmodified ZWO and 29 times higher than that of pure CdS. In addition, it exhibits excellent cycle stability in the hydrogen production cycle stability test. The photoelectrochemical test results show that the construction of the system improves the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. This study provides a new inspiration for the construction of high‐performance photocatalytic materials.
Broadband Artificial Tetrachromatic Synaptic Devices Composed of 2D/3D Integrated WSe2‐GaN‐based Dual‐Channel Floating Gate Transistors
Authors: Su Zijia , Yan Yong , Sun Maorong , Xuan Zihao , Cheng Hengxiao , Luo Dongyang , Gao Zhixiang , Yu Huabin , Zhang Haochen , Zuo Chengjie , Sun Haiding
Published: April 2024

The development of artificial tetrachromatic vision holds great potential to enhance human color perception and discrimination, thereby enabling more effective navigation in diverse environments. Herein, an artificial tetrachromatic synaptic device is presented built upon 2D‐3D vertically stacked semiconductors composed of tungsten diselenide (WSe2)‐gallium nitride (GaN) configuration, forming a dual‐channel floating gate transistor (FGT). Under the concerted influence of electrical and optical stimulation, the device successfully mimics fundamental tetrachromatic synaptic behaviors, including short‐term potentiation (STP), weak long‐term potentiation (wLTP), long‐term potentiation (LTP), paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), spike number‐dependent plasticity (SNDP), and spike rate‐dependent plasticity (SRDP). Notably, the plasticity of the device can be further modulated under ultraviolet (UV) stimulation, providing insights into the modulation of synaptic plasticity through the photogenerated carrier dynamics in the GaN channel. These results imply that WSe2‐GaN‐based FGT architecture with dual‐channel characteristics seamlessly integrates optical sensing and synaptic simulation functionalities, representing a promising avenue for the development of next‐generation artificial visual perception systems (AVPS), with a particular advantage for the pursuit of high‐performance artificial tetrachromatic neuromorphic computing applications of the future.
Design of Efficient Inverted NiOX‐Based Three‐Terminal Back‐Contact All Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Xiqi , Zhou Wencai , He Yongcai , Sun Zhaoqing , Zeng Qinghua , Yan Hui , Zheng Zilong , Chen Xiaoqing , Tang Zeguo , Zhang Jinyan
Published: April 2024

The development of efficient all perovskite tandem solar cells has faced challenges related to current matching and optical losses. In this work, a design of a non‐coplanar three‐terminal (3T) all perovskite tandem solar cell is presented, which consists of a p‐i‐n inverted NiOX‐based CsPbI2Br perovskite top cell, and a FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 perovskite bottom cell with back‐contact (BC) device structure. It effectively mitigated the optical losses introduced in non‐absorbing layers and resulted in a 2.9% absolute efficiency improvement compared to that of planar sandwich‐type 3T tandems. Both optical and electrical characteristics of the multi‐terminal tandem cells are investigated. Then, it is focused on understanding the impact of top cell thickness on overall non‐coplanar BC 3T‐tandem performance, considering low‐energy photon optical reflection and carrier transport distance. Following optimizations of energy level and device structure, an efficiency of 32.16% is achieved, with non‐coplanar BC 3T device architecture: top cell consisting of hole extraction layer (ITO/NiOx), CsPbI2Br absorber layer, and electron extraction layer (ZnO/FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3/SnO2/Ag); and bottom cell (Ni/NiOx/FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3/SnO2/Ag); bottom perovskite layer has two functions, one is electron transport layer for top cell, and the other is low‐energy photon absorption layer in bottom cell. It provides insight and a promising pathway for manufacturing high‐efficient all perovskite tandem solar cells.
Tuning Rate‐Limiting Factors for Graphite Anodes in Fast‐Charging Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yinchao , Ji Yuchen , Yin Zu‐Wei , Sheng Tian , Cao Aimin , Zhao Wenguang , Huang Yuxiang , Li Jun‐Tao , Pan Feng , Yang Luyi
Published: April 2024

Localized high‐concentration electrolyte (LHCE) is considered to be a promising substitution for the conventional carbonate electrolytes in fast‐charging Li‐ion batteries. However, the rate‐determining steps (RDS) for fast‐charging electrodes (i.e., graphite anode) in LHCE remain unclear. Herein, a typical localized high‐concentration electrolyte consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in dimethoxyethane with 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether as a diluent is selected to investigate the RDS of lithiation process in graphite anode, including the diffusion of solvated Li+ in the electrolyte, the desolvation behavior of solvated Li+, the Li+ transfer in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite surface, and the Li+ diffusion in bulk graphite. The results indicated that the rate performance of graphite anode in LHCE lies in the balance between Li+ desolvation process and Li+ migration in SEI. Through the regulation of solvated Li+ structure and SEI component, excellent fast‐charging performance can be obtained in the LHCE. The present studies not only offer fresh insights in the mechanistic understanding of fast‐charging batteries, but also provide new clues to the performance improvement of graphite anodes.
Zwitterionic Strategy to Stabilize Self‐Immolative Polymer Nanoarchitecture under Physiological pH for Drug Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Pathan Shahidkhan , Jayakannan Manickam
Published: April 2024

The major bottleneck in using polymer nanovectors for biomedical application, particularly those based on self‐immolative poly(amino ester) (PAE), lies in their uncontrolled autodegradation at physiological pH before they can reach the intended target. Here, an elegant triblock‐copolymer strategy is designed to stabilize the unstable PAE chains via zwitterionic interactions under physiological pH (pH 7.4) and precisely program their enzyme‐responsive biodegradation specifically within the intracellular compartments, ensuring targeted delivery of the cargoes. To achieve this goal, biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) platform is chosen, and structure‐engineered several di‐ and triblock architectures to arrive the precise macromolecular geometry. The hydrophobic‐PCL core and hydrophilic anionic‐PCL block at the periphery shield PAEs against autodegradation, thereby ensuring stability under physiological pH in PBS, FBS, cell culture medium and bloodstream. The clinical anticancer drug doxorubicin and deep‐tissue penetrable near‐infrared IR‐780 biomarker is encapsulated to study their biological actions by in vitro live cancer cells and in vivo bioimaging in live animals. These zwitterions are biocompatible, nonhemolytic, and real‐time in vitro live‐cell confocal studies have confirmed their internalization and enzymatic biodegradation in the endo‐lysosomal compartments to deliver the payload. In vivo bioimaging establishes their prolonged blood circulation for over 72 h, and the biodistribution analysis reveals the accumulation of nanoparticles predominantly in the excretory organs.
Making the Brightest Ones Dim: Maximizing the Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of BODIPY‐Based Photothermal Agents
Authors: Kim Gibeom , Luo Yongyang , Shin Myunghwan , Bouffard Jean , Bae Jeehyeon , Kim Youngmi
Published: April 2024

The successful implementation of photothermal therapy (PTT) in cancer treatment hinges on the development of highly effective photothermal agents (PTAs). Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes, being well known for their high brightness and quantum efficiencies, are the antithesis of PTAs. Nonetheless, a systematic exploration of the photophysics and photothermal characteristics of a series of π‐extended BODIPY dyes with high absorptivity in the near‐infrared (NIR) region has achieved superior photothermal conversion efficiencies (>90%), in both monomeric state and nanoparticles after encapsulation in a biocompatible polyethyleneglycol 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[methoxy‐(polyethylene glycol)‐2000]. Optimal PTA candidates combine strong NIR absorption provided by extended donor–acceptor conjugation and an optimization of the electronic and steric effects of meso‐substituents to maximize photothermal conversion performance. The PTT‐optimized meso‐CF3‐BODIPY, TCF3PEn exhibits exceptional efficacy in inducing cancer cell apoptosis and in vivo tumor ablation using low‐power NIR laser irradiation (0.3 W cm−2, 808 nm) as well as excellent biological safety, underscoring its potential for advancing light‐induced cancer therapies.
High‐Entropy Engineering of Cubic SiP with Metallic Conductivity for Fast and Durable Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Wenwu , Wang Jeng‐Han , Yang Lufeng , Li Yanhong , Yen Hung‐Yu , Chen Jie , He Lunhua , Liu Zhiliang , Yang Piaoping , Guo Zaiping , Liu Meilin
Published: April 2024

A cost‐effective, scalable ball milling process is employed to synthesize the InGeSiP3 compound with a cubic ZnS structure, aiming to address the sluggish reaction kinetics of Si‐based anodes for Lithium‐ion batteries. Experimental measurements and first‐principles calculations confirm that the synthesized InGeSiP3 exhibits significantly higher electronic conductivity, larger Li‐ion diffusivity, and greater tolerance to volume change than its parent phases InGe (or Si)P2 or In (or Ge, or Si)P. These improvements stem from its elevated configurational entropy. Multiple characterizations validate that InGeSiP3 undergoes a reversible Li‐storage mechanism that involves intercalation, followed by conversion and alloy reactions, resulting in a reversible capacity of 1733 mA h g−1 with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 90%. Moreover, the InGeSiP3‐based electrodes exhibit exceptional cycling stability, retaining an 1121 mA h g−1 capacity with a retention rate of ≈87% after 1500 cycles at 2000 mA g−1 and remarkable high‐rate capability, achieving 882 mA h g−1 at 10 000 mA g−1. Inspired by the distinctive characteristic of high entropy, the synthesis is extended to high entropy GaCu (or Zn)InGeSiP5, CuZnInGeSiP5, GaCuZnInGeSiP6, InGeSiP2S (or Se), and InGeSiPSSe. This endeavor overcomes the immiscibility of different metals and non‐metals, paving the way for the electrochemical energy storage application of high‐entropy silicon‐phosphides.
Assembly of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Complexation Fibers with Mineralization Gradient for Physiologically‐Inspired Ligament Regeneration
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chung , Chen Shih‐Heng , Kuan Chen‐Hsiang , Chen Shih‐Hsien , Huang Wei‐Yuan , Chen Hao‐Xuan , Wang Tzu‐Wei
Published: April 2024

Current synthetic grafts for ligament rupture repair often fail to integrate well with the surrounding biological tissue, leading to complications such as graft wear, fatigue, and subsequent re‐rupture. To address this medical challenge, this study aims at advancing the development of a biological ligament through the integration of physiologically‐inspired principles and tissue engineering strategies. In this study, interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) spinning technique, along with a custom‐designed collection system, to fabricate a hierarchical scaffold mimicking native ligament structure, is utilized. To emulate the bone‐ligament interface and alleviate stress concentration, a hydroxyapatite (HAp) mineral gradient is strategically introduced near both ends of the scaffold to enhance interface integration and diminish the risk of avulsion rupture. Biomimetic viscoelasticity is successfully displayed to provide similar mechanical support to native ligamentous tissue under physiological conditions. By introducing the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and conducting mesenchymal stem cells transplantation, the regenerative potential of the synthetic ligament is significantly amplified. This pioneering study offers a multifaceted solution combining biomimetic materials, regenerative therapies, and advanced techniques to potentially transform ligament rupture treatment.
Regulating Surface‐Passivator Binding Priority for Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sun Xinwen , Meng Weiwei , Ngai Kwan Ho , Nie Zhiguo , Luan Chuhao , Zhang Wenjun , Li Shiang , Lu Xinhui , Wu Bo , Zhou Guofu , Long Mingzhu , Xu Jianbin
Published: April 2024

Suppressing trap‐assisted nonradiative losses through passivators is a prerequisite for efficient perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, the complex bonding between passivators and perovskites severely suppresses the passivation process, which still lacks comprehensive understanding. Herein, the number, category, and degree of bonds between different functional groups and the perovskite are quantitatively assessed to study the passivation dynamics. Functional groups with high electrostatic potential and large steric hindrance prioritize strong bonding with organic cations and halides on the perfect surface, leading to suppressed coordination with bulky defects. By modulating the binding priorities and coordination capacity, hindrance from the intense interaction with perfect perovskite is significantly reduced, leading to a more direct passivation process. Consequently, the near‐infrared PeLED without external light out‐coupling demonstrates a record external quantum efficiency of 24.3% at a current density of 42 mA cm−2. In addition, the device exhibits a record‐level‐cycle ON/OFF switching of 20 000 and ultralong half‐lifetime of 1126.3 h under 5 mA cm−2. An in‐depth understanding of the passivators can offer new insights into the development of high‐performance PeLEDs.
Modulating Intracellular Dynamics for Optimized Intracellular Release and Transcytosis Equilibrium
Authors: Yuan Guiping , Li Minghui , Zhang Yifan , Dong Qiuyang , Shao Shiqun , Zhou Zhuxian , Tang Jianbin , Xiang Jiajia , Shen Youqing
Published: April 2024

Active transcytosis‐mediated nanomedicine transport presents considerable potential in overcoming diverse delivery barriers, thereby facilitating tumor accumulation and penetration. Nevertheless, the persistent challenge lies in achieving a nuanced equilibrium between intracellular interception for drug release and transcytosis for tumor penetration. In this study, a comprehensive exploration is conducted involving a series of polyglutamine‐paclitaxel conjugates featuring distinct hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratios (HHR) and tertiary amine‐oxide proportions (TP) (OPGA‐PTX). The screening process, meticulously focused on delineating their subcellular distribution, transcytosis capability, and tumor penetration, unveils a particularly promising candidate denoted as OPPX, characterized by an HHR of 10:1 and a TP of 100%. OPPX, distinguished by its rapid cellular internalization through multiple endocytic pathways, selectively engages in trafficking to the Golgi apparatus for transcytosis to facilitate accumulation within and penetration throughout tumor tissues and simultaneously sorted to lysosomes for cathepsin B‐activated drug release. This study not only identifies OPPX as an exemplary nanomedicine but also underscores the feasibility of modulating subcellular distribution to optimize the active transport capabilities and intracellular release mechanisms of nanomedicines, providing an alternative approach to designing efficient anticancer nanomedicines.
Contactless User‐Interactive Sensing Display for Human–Human and Human–Machine Interactions
Authors: He Jiaqi , Wei Ruilai , Ma Xiaole , Wu Wenqiang , Pan Xiaojun , Sun Junlu , Tang Jiaqi , Xu Zhangsheng , Wang Chunfeng , Pan Caofeng
Published: April 2024

Creating a large‐scale contactless user‐interactive sensing display (CUISD) with optimal features is challenging but crucial for efficient human–human or human–machine interactions. This study reports a CUISD based on dynamic alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) that responds to humidity. Subsecond humidity‐induced luminescence is achieved by integrating a highly responsive hydrogel into the ACEL layer. The patterned silver nanofiber electrode and luminescence layer, produced through electrospinning and microfabrication, result in a stretchable, large‐scale, high‐resolution, multicolor, and dynamic CUISD. The CUISD is implemented for the real‐time control of a remote‐controlled car, wherein the luminescence signals induced by touchless finger movements are distinguished and encoded to deliver specific commands. Moreover, the distinctive recognition of breathing facilitates the CUISD to serve as a visual signal transmitter for information interaction, which is particularly beneficial for individuals with disabilities. The paradigm shift depicts in this work is expected to reshape the way authors interact with each other and devices, discovering niche applications in virtual/augmented reality and the metaverse.
Organizing Photosensitive and Photothermal Single‐Sites Uniformly in a Trimetallic Metal‐Organic Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Shiqi , Lu Lele , Jiang Jialong , Liu Ning , Zhao Bin , Xu Mingming , Cheng Peng , Shi Wei
Published: April 2024

Effective combination of the photosensitivity and photothermal property in photocatalyst is vital to achieve the maximum light utilization for superior photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, this work successfully organizes photosensitive Cd‐NS single‐sites and photothermal Ni‐NS single‐sites uniformly at a molecular level within a tailored trimetallic metal‐organic framework. The optimized Ho6‐Cd0.76Ni0.24‐NS exhibits a superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 40.06 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible‐light irradiation and an apparent quantum efficiency of 29.37% at 420 nm without using cocatalysts or photosensitizers. A systematical mechanism study reveals that the uniformly organized photosensitive and photothermal single‐sites have synergistic effect, which form ultrashort pathways for efficient transport of photoinduced electrons, suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, hence promote the hydrogen evolution activity. This work provides a promising approach for organizing dual‐functional single‐sites uniformly in photocatalyst for high‐performance photocatalytic activity.
Alkoxysilane‐Treated SnO2 Interlayer for Energy Band Alignment of SnO2 Electron Injection Layer in Inverted Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Yu Jin , Kim Bong Woo , Im Sang Hyuk
Published: April 2024

Efficient inverted perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are demonstrated by the introduction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)‐incorporated tin oxide (SnO2) interlayer between the SnO2 electron injection layer and the perovskite emission layer. The TEOS incorporation into the SnO2 solution spontaneously converts it to a SiO2–SnO2 composite colloidal solution with a wide band gap, thermal stability, transparency, and chemical stability toward perovskite. The TEOS‐incorporated SnO2 interlayer effectively restricts the charge transfer from perovskite into SnO2 and promotes electron injection from SnO2 into perovskite due to the shift toward favorable energy band alignment. In addition, the TEOS‐treated interlayer balances the electron injection rate and the hole injection rate, thereby facilitating radiative recombination of the charge carriers injected into perovskite. As a result, the inverted PeLEDs exhibit significantly improved performance of 33 996 cd m−2 luminance, 9.99% of external quantum efficiency, and 44.83 cd A−1 of current efficiency.
Unconventional Transverse Magneto‐Optical Kerr Effect in Cobalt Nanopillar Arrays
Authors: Cheng Tong‐Huai , Yang Weihao , Liu Zhaochao , Qin Jun , Yu Feng Hua , Li Changliang , Li Shicheng , Bi Lei , Luo Feng
Published: April 2024

Novel magneto‐optical (MO) properties can be actualized through well‐designed nanostructures, greatly improving the application value of MO effects. As only p‐polarized light can generate transverse magneto‐optical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in traditional MO materials, it is quite challenging and valuable to effectuate TMOKE under s‐polarization incidence at optical frequencies. The constructed nanopillar structures in this work can realize a clear TMOKE under both s‐polarization and p‐polarization incidences, as proved by experiments and simulations. Under s‐polarized incident light with an elevation angle of 45°, electric dipole resonance (EDR) and electric quadrupole resonance (EQR) are excited, resulting in the significant enhancement of TMOKE (five orders of magnitude higher than for the planar Co film). The intensity of s‐polarized TMOKE shows an increase with the enhancing diameter and height of the nanopillar structure. The amplitude of p‐polarized TMOKE is also appreciably increased due to the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and localized surface plasmons (LSPs). Moreover, the Fe and Ni nanopillars display similar reflectivity and s‐polarized TMOKE behaviors in simulations. The s‐polarized TMOKE is unexpectedly observed in ferromagnetic metals for the first time, which builds up a considerable platform for the development and application of novel MO phenomena.
YAG:Tb@YAG:Pr Single Crystalline Dual‐Layer Phosphor. An Alternative Approach to Multimodal Wide Range Luminescence Thermometry
Authors: Jedoń Joanna , Zych Eugeniusz , Zeler Justyna , Gorbenko Vitalii , Zorenko Yuriy
Published: April 2024

The SC‐YAG:Tb@YAG:Pr‐SCF composite epitaxial structure consisting of a 1 mm thick single crystal substrate of YAG:Tb garnet and a thin (9 µm) single crystalline film of YAG:Pr garnet is fabricated, and its luminescent properties are examined toward luminescence thermometry. The possibility to efficiently excite, individually or simultaneously, the Tb3+ and Pr3+ dopants by their intense allowed 4f→5d transitions is executed to reach relative thermal sensitivity higher than 1% K−1 over the range of temperatures as wide as 100–625 K and above 0.5% K−1 over 13–650 K. The obtained results demonstrate that using intra‐ and inter‐configurational emission transitions of Pr3+ and other lanthanides makes it possible to design wide‐range luminescence thermometers with high sensitivity spanning the entire operating limits.
Plasmonic‐Enhanced Polymer‐Stabilized Liquid Crystals Switching for Integrated Optical Attenuation
Authors: Jian Jialing , Liu Ruizhe , Ye Yuting , Wu Jianghong , Deng Qingyan , Wei Maoliang , Tang Yiheng , Tang Renjie , Sun Boshu , Ma Hui , Shi Yilin , Zhong Chuyu , Sun Chunlei , Lin Hongtao , Li Ming , Li Lan
Published: April 2024

Liquid crystals are widely used in photonics because of their profound electro–optic properties. However, the slow switching speeds (milliseconds) and the fluid nature of liquid crystals restrict their potential use in integrated photonics. In this work, polymer‐stabilized liquid crystals are utilized as the functional material to improve the response time with a polymer network that helps pre‐orientate the liquid crystal. Additionally, plasmonic slot structures are simultaneously employed to minimize the switch voltage by confining the optical field within the electrode spacing at subwavelength scales. Thanks to the large overlap of the optical and electric fields, the scattering states of the polymer‐stabilized liquid crystal can be effectively manipulated to modulate the loss of the propagating wave, resulting in strong optical attenuation in the integrated photonic platform. Specifically, a plasmonic enhanced polymer‐stabilized liquid crystal photonic device for operation at 1550 nm, which has a length of only 10 µm and shows an extinction ratio of 0.38 dB µm−1, with a power consumption of less than 6 µW and a response time ≈20 µs, resulting in a figure‐of‐merit of 0.012 mW.
N‐Tosylhydrazones as [N,N] Synthons in Heterocyclic Chemistry: Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted N‐Alkenyl‐1H‐pyrazoles
Authors: Velázquez‐Stavínov Antonio , Piedra Helena F. , Gutiérrez‐Collar Aarón , Álvarez‐Márquez Manuel , Menéndez M. Isabel , Merino Isabel , Cabal María‐Paz , Aguilar Enrique
Published: April 2024

A new mode of reactivity of N‐sulfonylhydrazones towards alkynes is described: ketone‐derived N‐tosylhydrazones (NTHs) bearing α‐H atoms behave as [NN] synthons in their reactions with alkoxy alkynyl Fischer carbene complexes (FCCs) and only the two N atoms are incorporated into the newly formed pyrazole ring. The scope of the reaction, leading to 5‐methoxy‐N‐alkenyl pyrazoles, proved to be wide regarding both partners; thus, a variety of aryl and primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl substituents are tolerated within the FCC, while aryl alkyl NTHs, symmetric and asymmetric dialkyl NTHs and NTHs derived of cyclic ketones can be also employed. In addition, the reaction can be performed at large scale and applied for late‐stage diversification of natural products. A reasonable reaction mechanism is also proposed, which is supported by deuteration experiments and DFT calculations.
Development of Kirigami‐Patterned Stretchable Tactile Sensor Array with Soft Hinges for Highly Sensitive Force Detection
Authors: Mao Chenhao , Jin Jie , Mei Deqing , Wang Yancheng
Published: April 2024

Flexible and stretchable tactile sensors are attracted in the fields of soft robotics, wearable electronics, and healthcare monitoring. The sensing performance of tactile sensors is commonly affected by external deformations like stretching, bending, and twisting, thus they may fail to function on deformable object surfaces. This paper presents a stretchable tactile sensor array using kirigami‐patterned structural design and soft hinges to reduce the influences of deformation. The kirigami pattern of sensor array is parametrically studied to achieve the required expansion patterns. Laser engraving is employed to modify the micropillars on the force‐sensitive rubber surface to increase the sensitivity. Characterization tests show that the sensor array has high sensitivity (≈1.49 × 10−1 kPa−1) for force sensing, and the stretching and bending deformation have almost negligible effects on sensing performance. Under 40% stretching or 180° bending conditions, the measured resistance changes (ΔR/R0) is ≈0.03 and 0.06, respectively. To demonstrate the capability of developed sensor array, it is mounted on an expandable balloon surface for force detection. The recorded signals changed less than 1.5% during expanding process while rapidly rose under applied force, which indicated that the sensor array has the potential to effectively function on complex and deforming surfaces.
High‐Power‐Density Rechargeable Hybrid Alkali/Acid Zn–Air Battery Performance Through Value‐Added Conversion Charging
Authors: Yin Ximeng , Sun Wei , Chen Kai , Lu Zhiwen , Chen Junxiang , Cai Pingwei , Wen Zhenhai
Published: April 2024

Rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs) are considered highly competitive technologies for meeting the energy demands of the next generation, whether for energy storage or portable power. However, their practical application is hindered by critical challenges such as low voltage, CO2 poisoning at the cathode, low power density, and poor charging efficiency Herein, a rechargeable hybrid alkali/acid Zn–air battery (h‐RZAB) that effectively separates the discharge process in an acidic environment from the charging process in an alkaline environment, utilizing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) respectively is reported. Compared to previously reported ZABs, this proof‐of‐concept device demonstrates impressive performance, exhibiting a high power density of 562.7 mW cm−2 and a high operating voltage during discharging. Moreover, the battery requires a significantly reduced charging voltage due to the concurrent utilization of biomass‐derived glycerol, resulting in practical and cost‐effective advantages. The decoupled system offers great flexibility for intermittently generated renewable power sources and presents cost advantages over traditional ZABs. As a result, this technology holds significant promise in opening avenues for the future development of renewable energy‐compatible electrochemical devices.
Plasma oxysterols are associated with serum lipids and dementia risk in older women
Authors: Dunk Michelle M. , Rapp Stephen R. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Espeland Mark A. , Casanova Ramon , Manson JoAnn E. , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Wild Robert , Driscoll Ira
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) carriers’ tendency toward hypercholesterolemia may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through oxysterols, which traverse the blood‐brain barrier.

METHODS

Relationships between baseline plasma oxysterols, APOE status, serum lipids, and cognitive impairment risk were examined in 328 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Women were followed for 25 years or until incident dementia or cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

Levels of 24(S)‐hydroxycholesterol (24‐OHC), 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27‐OHC), and 24‐OHC/27‐OHC ratio did not differ by APOE status (p’s > 0.05). Higher 24‐OHC and 27‐OHC were associated with higher total, low density lipoprotein (LDL), non‐high density lipoprotein (HDL), remnant, LDL/HDL, and total/HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (p’s < 0.05). Higher 24‐OHC/27‐OHC was associated with greater dementia risk (hazard ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval:1.02‐2.22), which interaction analyses revealed as significant for APOE3 and APOE4+, but not APOE2+ carriers.

DISCUSSION

Less favorable lipid profiles were associated with higher oxysterol levels. A higher ratio of 24‐OHC/27‐OHC may contribute to dementia risk in APOE3 and APOE4+ carriers.
Preparation and evaluation of sunflower oil by enzymatic aqueous extraction
Authors: Huang He , Pan Baohui , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Shu , Guo Jingting , Gao Pan , Zhong Wu , Hu Chuanrong , He Dongping , Yin Jiaojiao
Published: April 2024

The objective of this study was to produce sunflower oil using pectinase, flavor protease, and alkaline protease. The optimal parameters for the enzymatic hydrolysis process were determined through sensory evaluation, resulting in a temperature of 120°C, a duration of 30 minutes, a polysaccharide to protein ratio of 2:1 for the enzymatic hydrolysate, and an enzymatic hydrolysate to oil ratio of 1:3. Under these specific conditions, the sunflower oil (K4) achieved the highest sensory score of 13.9, exhibiting a pronounced oily flavor alongside moderate baked and nutty flavors. Compared to the controls of first‐grade sunflower oil (K1), sunflower kernel oil (K2) and sunflower oil prepared by roasting (K3), the acid value (AV) in K4 exhibited a statistically significant decrease compared to K2 and K3, conversely, the peroxide value (PV) and BaP content in K4 demonstrated a statistically significant increase compared to K1 and K2. Additionally, the tocopherols in K4 exhibited a lower concentration compared to K1, while the sterols were effectively retained and showed no significant difference to these control groups. The fatty acid composition of the four different sunflower oil samples were analyzed, revealing that the contents of oleic acid (C18:1) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in K4 were significantly higher than K2, and there was no significant difference compared to K1. This investigation of the present study could provide a certain theoretical basis for the production of sunflower oil by enzymes.
Exploration and biological evaluation of 20‐vinyl pregnenes: A step forward toward selective modulators of the estrogen receptor α signaling for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Malakhova Victoria , Scherbakov Alexander , Sorokin Danila , Leanavets Hanna , Dzichenka Yaraslau , Zavarzin Igor , Volkova Yulia
Published: April 2024

A series of D‐ring modified steroids bearing a vinyl ketone pendant were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line and cytochromes P450. The lead compound, 21‐vinyl 20‐keto‐pregnene (2f) (IC50 = 2.4 µM), was shown to be a promising candidate for future anticancer drug design, particularly against estrogen receptor α (ERα)‐positive breast cancer. The lead compound was found to have a significant effect on the signaling pathways in parental and 4‐hydroxytamoxifen‐resistant cells. Compound 2f modulated the ERK, cyclin D1, and CDK4 pathways and blocked the expression of ERα, the main driver of breast cancer growth. Compound 2f significantly reduced 17β‐estradiol‐induced progesterone receptor expression. Accumulation of cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase in cells treated with compound 2f indicated induction of apoptosis. The selectivity analysis showed that lead compound 2f produces no significant effects on cytochromes P450, CYP19A1, CYP21A2, and CYP7B1.
Highly efficient SnS2‐based photocatalyst: A green approach to biodiesel production
Authors: Gadore Vishal , Mishra Soumya Ranjan , Yadav Nidhi , Yadav Gaurav , Ahmaruzzaman Md.
Published: April 2024

Biodiesel, a promising alternative to traditional petroleum fuels, is a green energy solution. Photocatalysis is a facile, novel, economic, and efficient approach to biodiesel synthesis. Metal sulfides have been used extensively for various photocatalytic applications. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the photocatalytic production of biodiesel using a novel metal sulfide‐based heterogeneous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.

A nano zero‐valent silver doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HAp) was synthesized using a green bio‐reductant technique and decorated with tin sulfide nanoparticles (SnS2/Ag/HAp or SAH) for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. The hydroxyapatite (HAp) was extracted from waste fish scales to minimize the use of chemicals and to utilize waste for useful applications. The prepared SAH photocatalyst was characterized through X‐ray diffraction, UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The effect of reaction parameters was optimized, and under optimum conditions of 1 wt% photocatalyst loading, and 8:1 methanol‐to‐oleic‐acid ratio, for 60 min, a high yield of 98.0 ± 0.61% could be achieved using a SAH photocatalyst.

Scavenger tests indicated the simultaneous generation of photoinduced electrons and holes necessary for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. A mechanism for the photocatalytic esterification reaction of oleic acid is proposed. The synthesized SnS2‐based photocatalyst could be easily recoverable and reusable for five consecutive runs, which can replace traditional industrial heterogeneous catalysts in the near future.
Trends in breast, colon, pancreatic, and uterine cancers in women during the COVID‐19 pandemic in North Carolina
Authors: Nyante Sarah J. , Deal Allison M. , Heiling Hillary M. , Kim Kyung Su , Kuzmiak Cherie M. , Calhoun Benjamin C. , Ray Emily M.
Published: April 2024

Importance

The COVID‐19 pandemic led to reductions in primary care and cancer screening visits, which may delay detection of some cancers. The impact on incidence has not been fully quantified. We examined change in cancer incidence to determine how the COVID‐19 pandemic may have altered the characteristics of cancers diagnosed among women.

Methods

This study included female patients aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with breast (n = 9489), colon (n = 958), pancreatic (n = 669), or uterine (n = 1991) cancer at three hospitals in North Carolina. Using interrupted time series, we compared incidence of cancers diagnosed between March 2020 and November 2020 (during pandemic) with cancers diagnosed between January 2016 and February 2020 (pre‐pandemic).

Results

During the pandemic, incidence of breast and uterine cancers was significantly lower than expected compared to pre‐pandemic (breast—18%, p = 0.03; uterine −20%, p = 0.05). Proportions of advanced pathologic stage and hormone receptor‐negative breast cancers, and advanced clinical stage and large size uterine cancers were more prevalent during the pandemic. No significant changes in incidence were detected for pancreatic (−20%, p = 0.08) or colon (+14%, p = 0.30) cancers.

Conclusion and Relevance

In women, the COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of breast and uterine cancers, but not colon or pancreatic cancers. A change in the proportion of poor prognosis breast and uterine cancers suggests that some cancers that otherwise would have been diagnosed at an earlier stage will be detected in later years. Continued analysis of long‐term trends is needed to understand the full impact of the pandemic on cancer incidence and outcomes.
Chemistry, Biological Activities, and Pharmacological Properties of Gastrodin: Mechanism Insights
Authors: El Menyiy Naoual , Elouafy Youssef , Moubachir Rania , Abdnim Rhizlan , Benali Taoufiq , Taha Douae , Khalid Asaad , Abdalla Ashraf N. , Hamza Siddiqa M. A. , Elhadi Ibrahim Salma , El‐Shazly Mohamed , Zengin Gokhan , Bouyahya Abdelhakim
Published: April 2024

Gastrodin, a bioactive compound derived from the rhizome of the orchid Gastrodia elata, exhibits a diverse range of biological activities. With documented neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐apoptotic, and anti‐tumor effects, gastrodin stands out as a multifaceted therapeutic agent. Notably, it has demonstrated efficacy in protecting against neuronal damage and enhancing cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia. Additionally, gastrodin showcases immunomodulatory effects by mitigating inflammation and suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Its cytotoxic activity involves the inhibition of angiogenesis, suppression of tumor growth, and induction of apoptosis. This comprehensive review seeks to elucidate the myriad potential effects of Gastrodin, delving into the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning its pharmacological properties. The findings underscore the therapeutic potential of gastrodin in addressing various conditions linked to neuroinflammation and cancer.
Integrated Electrolytic Hydrogen Production for Boosting Energy Utilization
Authors: Zhang Xin Yu , Hu Shi Meng , Xu Hao Guan , Yang Hua Gui , Liu Peng Fei
Published: April 2024

Electrocatalytic water splitting, powered by clean energy sources, represents a sustainable method for hydrogen (H2) production. Although extensive research has concentrated on performance indicators like current density and faradaic efficiency, the widespread adoption of electrocatalytic water splitting encounters challenges primarily due to high cell voltages and electricity costs. These issues stem from the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Various efforts to replace sluggish OER with thermodynamically more favorable anodic reactions have been demonstrated as pathbreaking strategies for energy‐efficient H2 evolution. In this concept, we aim to comprehensively explore alternative electrochemical oxidation reactions combined with H2 evolution and propose insights for the future development of cost‐effective integrated electrolysis for H2 production.
Selective Mono‐Defluorinative Cross‐Coupling of Trifluoromethyl arenes via Multiphoton Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Jia Jiaqi , Zhumagazy Serik , Zhu Chen , Lee Shao‐Chi , Alsharif Salman , Yue Huifeng , Rueping Magnus
Published: April 2024

A new cross‐coupling of trifluoromethyl arenes has been realized via multiphoton photoredox catalysis. Trifluoromethyl arenes were demonstrated to undergo selective mono‐defluorinative alkylation under mild reaction conditions providing access to a series of valuable α,α‐difluorobenzylic compounds. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and general functional group tolerance. In addition to the electron‐deficient trifluoromethyl arenes that are easily reduced to the corresponding radical anion, more challenging electron‐rich substrates were also successfully applied. Steady‐State Stern‐Volmer quenching studies indicated that the trifluoromethyl arenes were reduced by the multiphoton excited Ir‐based photocatalyst.
Sequential, Electrochemical‐Photochemical Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolo‐[4,3‐a]pyrazines
Authors: Yount Joseph , Morris Megan , Henson Noah , Zeller Matthias , Byrd Edward F. C. , Piercey Davin G.
Published: April 2024

1,2,4‐triazolo‐[4,3‐a]pyrazine was prepared via a two‐step electrochemical, photochemical process. First, a 5‐substituted tetrazole is electrochemically coupled to 2,6‐dimethoxypyrazine to yield 1,5‐ and 2,5‐ disubstituted tetrazoles. Subsequent photochemical excitation of the 2,5‐disubstituted tetrazole species using an ultraviolet lamp releases nitrogen gas and produces a short‐lived nitrilimine intermediate. Subsequent cyclization of the nitrilimine intermediate yields a 1,2,4‐triazolo‐[4,3‐a]pyrazine backbone. The scope of this reaction was explored using various tetrazoles and pyrazines. Materials produced were identified using chemical analytical techniques and computationally studied for potential application as an insensitive energetic material.
Modified fractional order PID structure for non‐integer model bioreactor control
Authors: Maurya Parmanand , Paul Nilanjan , Prasad Durga , Singh Ram Sharan
Published: April 2024

Temperature control for fermentation is crucial as it directly affects microorganism growth, productivity, and metabolic activity. This work proposes a modified fractional order proportional‐integral‐derivative (FOPID‐DF) controller that incorporates the system model in the control loop configuration utilizing a differential filter for precise temperature control within a narrow operating range. PID, fractional order PID (FOPID), modified fractional order PID (MFOPID), and fractional order internal model control (IMC) controllers were also designed for comparative analysis. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed FOPID‐DF controller outperforms the other designed controllers, shown by a 22.33% reduction in integral absolute error (IAE) and a 29.06% decrease in integral square error (ISE) compared to the FOPID controller and various other improved performance indicators. Parameter variation and noise analysis highlighted the ability of the controller to maintain stability and performance under changing conditions. The simulation outcomes suggested that the FOPID‐DF controller excels in temperature control, ensuring optimal microorganism growth and metabolic activity.
Does ESG implementation influence performance and risk in SMEs?
Authors: Garrido‐Ruso María , Otero‐González Luis , López‐Penabad María‐Celia , Santomil Pablo Durán
Published: April 2024

The relationship between Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) activities and financial performance has been explored within large companies. The presence of these activities in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is still in its early stages in the literature, requiring further empirical evidence. Given the importance of SMEs in economy and based on Stakeholder Theory, a set of hypotheses regarding the influence of ESG on financial and risk performance has been tested using a sample of 538 Spanish SMEs. Specifically, an index has been developed to assess ESG at both global and individual levels. The study analyses the impact of these variables on corporate performance, taking into account factors such as the pandemic period, level of disclosure and the size effect. The results demonstrate the importance of developing and index tailored to measuring ESG within this type of company, as the methodology employed can impact the outcomes. Moreover, at the individual level, all dimensions reflect a significant relationship, but the overall ESG score does not. The social and labor dimensions prove to be the most beneficial indices for enhancing resilience during periods of crisis. Finally, the findings confirm that it is more difficult for SMEs to monetize the results of ESG investment and that disclosing these activities has a positive impact. This study contributes to existing knowledge by constructing a robust measure of the level of ESG implementation and quality, providing valuable insights for SMEs on how to effectively manage their ESG activities.
International diversification and corporate social responsibility disclosure quality: Employee versus environmental dimensions
Authors: Ma Rong , Sambharya Rakesh B.
Published: April 2024

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) face increasing institutional complexity as they expand internationally, which has a significant effect on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy. In this study, we investigate an under‐explored difference between MNEs' employee and environmental CSR disclosure quality concerning the extent to which CSR reports are indicative of substantive activities. We propose that as international diversification increases institutional complexity, MNEs lower the disclosure quality of environmental CSR yet improve the disclosure quality of employee CSR due to their different institutional implications. In addition, we examine the effect of MNEs' home country cultural differences regarding uncertainty avoidance on the relationship between international diversification and employee and environmental disclosure quality. Based on a sample of 335 global MNEs from 31 countries, we found general support for our hypotheses.
Improving the Monophenolic Yield of Lignin Depolymerization in Dualistic Aprotic Solvent System by Organic Solvent Fractionation
Authors: Xu Yan , Dai Qiqi , Zhang Danlu , Zhang Fan , Yue Fengxia , Ye Jun , Liu Chuanfu , Zeng Xu , Lan Wu
Published: April 2024

Converting lignin into aromatic chemicals is a promising strategy for the high‐value utilization of lignocellulosic feedstock. However, the inherent heterogeneity of lignin poses a significant obstacle to achieving efficient conversion and optimal product yields within bio‐refinery systems. Herein, we employed a one‐step fractionation method to enhance lignin homogeneity and utilized the THF/DMSO‐EtONa (tetrahydrofuran/dimethyl sulfoxide‐sodium ethoxide) system to depolymerize the fractionated lignin. Three protic and three aprotic solvents were used for fractionation. The impact of the solvent properties on the structure and the depolymerization efficiency of the fractionated lignin was investigated. Methanol‐fractionated lignin generated the benzoic acid compounds with a yield of 30 wt%, 50 % higher than that of the unfractionated lignin. The polarities (δP), hydrogen bonding abilities (δH), and viscosities (η) of selected protic solvents showed strong linear correlation with molecular weight (Mw), polymer dispersity index (PDI), and syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (S/G ratio) of the fractionated lignin, as well as the total yield of benzoic acid compounds derived from the β‐O‐4 bond cleavage. This study elucidates the relationship between solvent properties and lignin structure and proposes a promising approach for refining lignin to enhance utilization efficiency, thereby presenting a potential strategy for value‐added application of complex lignin polymers.