bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interaction effects of information cascades, system recommendations and recommendations on software downloads
Authors: Park JiHye , Park JaeHong , Yoon Ho-Jung
Published: January 2019

Purpose

When purchasing digital content (DC), consumers are typically influenced by various information sources on the website. Prior research has mostly focused on the individual effect of the information sources on the DC choice. To fill the gap in the previous studies, this research includes three main effects: information cascades, recommendations and word of mouth. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the interaction effect of information cascades and recommendations on the number of software downloads.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use the panel generalized least squares estimation to test the hypotheses by using a panel data set of 2,000 pieces of software at download.cnet.com over a month-long period. Product ranking and recommendation status are used as key independent variables to capture the effects of information cascades and recommendations, respectively.

Findings

One of this study’s findings is that information cascades positively interact with recommendations to influence the number of software downloads. The authors also show that the impact of information cascades on the number of software downloads is greater than one of the recommendations from a distributor does.

Originality/value

Information cascades and recommendations have been considered as the primary effects for online product choices. However, these two effects typically are not considered together in one research. As previous studies have mainly focused on each effect, respectively, the authors believe that this study may fill the gap by examining how these effects are interacted to one other to influence customers’ choices. The authors also show that the impact of information cascades on the number of software downloads is greater than one of the recommendations from a system does.
Cross‐sectional multicenter observational study of psoriatic arthritis in Japanese patients: Relationship between skin and joint symptoms and results of treatment with tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitors
Authors: Tsuruta Noriko , Narisawa Yutaka , Imafuku Shinichi , Ito Kotaro , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Miyagi Takuya , Takahashi Kenzo , Fukamatsu Hiroko , Morizane Shin , Koketsu Hideki , Yamaguchi Michiya , Hino Ryosuke , Nakamura Motonobu , Ohyama Bungo , Ohata Chika , Kuwashiro Maki , Sato Toshihiro , Saito Kanami , Kaneko Sakae , Yonekura Kentaro , Hayashi Hiroaki , Yanase Tetsuji , Morimoto Kenichi , Sugita Kazunari , Yanagihara Shigeto , Kikuchi Satoko , Mitoma Chikage , Nakahara Takeshi , Furue Masutaka , Okazaki Fusako
Published: January 2019

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis with as yet unclear pathophysiology. This retrospective, multicenter, cross‐sectional study was conducted in 19 facilities in western Japan and aimed to identify patients’ characteristics and factors that affect the results of treatment with biologic agents. Of 2116 patients with psoriasis, 285 (13.5%) had PsA. Skin manifestations preceded joint manifestations in 69.8%, the onset was simultaneous in 17.2%, whereas PsA preceded skin manifestations in 2.5%. Peripheral arthritis was most common, occurring in 73.7%, compared with axial disease in 21.8%, enthesitis in 23.5% and dactylitis in 35.4%. Patients with severe skin manifestations were significantly younger at onset (P = 0.02) and more frequently had axial disease (P < 0.01). Biologic agents were used in 206 patients (72.3%), anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α antibodies being prescribed first to 157 of them. Anti‐TNF‐α antibodies were continued by 105 participants and discontinued by 47, the remaining five patients being lost to follow up. Patients who discontinued anti‐TNF‐α antibodies were significantly older than those who continued (55 vs 51 years, P = 0.04) and significantly older at onset of joint manifestations (50 vs 44 years, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that patients over 50 years significantly more frequently terminated anti‐TNF‐α antibodies (P < 0.01). In conclusion, patients with PsA and severe skin manifestations have earlier onset and axial disease, which seriously impacts on quality of life. Anti‐TNF‐α antibodies were generally effective enough to continue but less so in patients aged over 50 years. Further detailed research is needed.
Hyperabundant herbivores limit habitat availability and influence nest site selection of Arctic‐breeding birds
Authors: Flemming Scott A. , Nol Erica , Kennedy Lisa V. , Smith Paul A.
Published: January 2019

Understanding an organism's habitat selection and behavioural flexibility in the face of environmental change can help managers plan for future conservation of that species. Hyperabundant tundra‐nesting geese are influencing Arctic environments through their foraging activities. Goose‐induced habitat change in Arctic wetlands may influence the availability of habitat for numerous shorebird species that breed sympatrically with geese.

We explore whether goose‐induced habitat alteration affects shorebird breeding density and nest site selection. Using habitat data collected at sites with High, Moderate and Low goose influence, and samples collected during two periods separated by 11 years, we document the habitat characteristics influenced by geese. We describe the habitat characteristics preferred by shorebirds and relate their availability to goose influence and shorebird density. Finally, we examine whether shorebird nest site selection has changed over time and whether shorebirds select nest sites differently in habitat influenced by geese.

We document spatial and temporal changes in sedge meadow habitat and lateral concealment relating to goose influence. The availability of sedge meadow habitat and the degree of lateral concealment declined with increasing goose influence, and also declined at two sites over the 11 years of the study.

Densities of both cover‐ and open‐nesting shorebirds were highest where goose influence was lowest. At sites with Low goose influence, cover‐nesting shorebirds selected nest sites with more sedge meadow and concealment than at sites with Moderate and High goose influence, presumably because these high‐quality sites were more available.

Synthesis and applications. Intensive foraging by a colony of hyperabundant geese is limiting the availability of preferred nesting habitat and densities of sympatric‐nesting shorebirds. Where goose‐induced habitat alteration is pronounced shorebird species that select concealed nest sites are nesting in areas with lower concealment and less sedge meadow. Studies examining the degree to which these effects scale up to impact the population sizes of declining shorebirds should be considered a future research priority. Moreover, management strategies for geese should incorporate the habitat needs of sympatric species and reinvigorate efforts for goose population reduction in order to achieve the population targets articulated by management agencies.
Supraphysiological estradiol level in ovarian stimulation cycles affects the birthweight of neonates conceived through subsequent frozen‐thawed cycles: a retrospective study
Authors: Cai J , Liu L , Xu Y , Liu Z , Jiang X , Li P , Sha A , Ren J
Published: January 2019

Objective

To investigate whether supraphysiological estradiol (E2) in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycles affects the subsequent frozen‐thawed embryo transfer (FET) in terms of the neonatal birthweight.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

University affiliated hospital.

Population

In all, 2066 patients undergoing FET cycles that resulted in live singleton births between July 2011 and Dec 2016.

Interventions

None.

Methods

Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between peak E2 and birthweight outcomes.

Main outcome measures

Birthweight, z‐score adjusted for gender and gestational age, and incidence of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and low birthweight (LBW) in singleton neonates derived from FET cycles.

Results

Adjusted for confounding factors, both the absolute birthweight and the z‐score of singletons following FET were negatively associated with peak E2 levels in COS. In comparison with the referent category (E2 ≤1500 pg/ml), the categories with E2 >3000 pg/ml had a significantly lower z‐score. The difference (95% CI) in estimated marginal mean of birthweights between referent category and highest E2 (>8000 pg/ml) category was 104.57 g (18.13–181.06). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for SGA and LBW in term singletons comparing patients with E2 >3000 pg/ml with those with E2 ≤3000 pg/ml was 2.44 (1.37–4.34) and 2.32 (1.01–5.40), respectively.

Conclusions

Peak E2 levels in COS cycles are negatively associated with the birthweight of singletons conceived through subsequent FET cycles.

Tweetable abstract

The birthweight following FET is affected by previous COS cycle.
Hospital uncompensated care and patient experience: An instrumental variable approach
Authors: Camilleri Susan , Diebold Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Objective

Examine the endogenous relationship between uncompensated care and hospital patient experience scores.

Data Sources/Study Setting

The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey,CMSHealthcare Cost Report Information System, and theUSCensus Bureau.

Study Design

The exogenous change in uncompensated care caused by the 2014 Medicaid expansion was exploited to measure the effect of uncompensated care on patient experience scores using a 2SLSregression with instrumental variables approach.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

U.S. general, short‐term hospitals whoseDSHstatus remained constant and had nonmissing data for 2011‐2015, which totaled 969 unique hospitals per year.

Principal Findings

The effect of uncompensated care on patient experience was in the predicted direction, with three of the 10 measures being statistically significant. A one percentage point increase in uncompensated care costs resulted in a 0.25‐0.50 percentage point decrease in select patient experience scores.

Conclusions

Results indicate a weak relationship between uncompensated care and patient experience scores, as a reduction in uncompensated care is related to quality improvement for some hospitals. These findings have implications for hospitals as they navigate changing reimbursement structures and policy makers considering changes to Obama‐era health care reforms.
The Forensic Pathology of Fatal Attacks by the Large Mammals Inhabiting the Nordic Wilderness—A Literature Review
Authors: Gudmannsson Petur , Berge Johan
Published: January 2019

Fatalities due to animal attacks are rare in forensic medical work but have been known to pose problems due to their potential to mimic homicide. This review summarizes reported cases of fatal attacks by large mammals that inhabit the Nordic wilderness, namely brown bear, moose, wild boar, and wolf, and attempts to elucidate injury patterns that can guide the forensic pathologist to identifying the species and modus operandi of the attacker. A tendency toward a species‐specific injury pattern was observed. Injuries by bear and especially wolf are dominated by biting whereas moose and wild boar do not seem to bite their victims. The bear uses its paws, both for hitting, resulting in crush injury and fractures, and clawing with resulting excoriations and possible penetrating injuries. Crush injuries and fractures appear, on the other hand, to be minimal or absent in attacks by wolf and wild boar.
The Importance of Regional Export Development and a Specialised Local Supply Chain on the Development of Australia's Regions
Authors: Murphy Tom , Hicks John , Morrison Mark , Basu Parikshit , Ranshaw Danielle
Published: January 2019

The nature of the relationship between industry specialisation and employment growth is uncertain. We use regression analysis to examine the effect of changes in forward and backward industry linkages, and of changes in the spread of each of these linkages, on regional competitive employment effects. The study utilises census data from 2006 and 2011 of 46 Australian non‐urban regions and the results suggest that regional industry specialisation in firms that export from the region, or in firms that supply to local firms exporting from the region, will have a positive impact on the region's employment. This finding is supportive of smart specialisation policies which are in keeping with a market approach to regional development.
Low prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human epithelial thymic tumors
Authors: Chteinberg Emil , Klufah Faisal , Rennspiess Dorit , Mannheims Mick F. , Abdul‐Hamid Myrurgia A. , Losen Mario , Keijzers Marlies , De Baets Marc H. , Kurz Anna Kordelia , zur Hausen Axel
Published: January 2019

Background

The etiology of thymic epithelial tumors is unknown. Murine polyomavirus strain PTA has been shown to induce thymomas in mice. Recently, using diverse molecular techniques, we reported the presence of human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7) in thymic epithelial tumors. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in thymic epithelial tumors.

Methods

Thirty‐six thymomas were screened for MCPyV by PCR and subsequently tested by DNA and RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Twenty‐six thymomas were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis (MG).

Results

MCPyV DNA was detected by PCR in 7 (19.4%) of the 36 thymic epithelial tumors and in six of these, the presence of MCPyV was confirmed by fluorescence situ hybridization. Of these, 3 (28.6%) revealed weak MCPyV LT‐antigen protein expression. In addition, one of the MCPyV positive thymomas tested positive for MCPyV LT RNA with RNAscope. Of interest, two out of the three thymomas that previously tested positive for MCPyV by immunohistochemistry also tested positive for HPyV7. One of the 11 MG‐negative and 2 of the 25 MG‐positive were positive for MCPyV.

Conclusions

MCPyV DNA and MCPyV protein expression can be detected in human epithelial thymoma; however, to a far lesser extent than HPyV7. Our data strongly indicate that because of its infrequent detection and weak expression, MCPyV is unlikely to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of human thymomas.
Phase II trial of a non‐platinum triplet for patients with advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) overexpressing ERCC1 messenger RNA
Authors: Takemoto Shinnosuke , Nakamura Yoichi , Gyoutoku Hiroshi , Senju Hiroaki , Ogawara Daiki , Ikeda Takaya , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Kitazaki Takeshi , Nakano Hirofumi , Nakatomi Katsumi , Tomari Shinya , Sato Shuntaro , Nagashima Seiji , Fukuda Minoru , Mukae Hiroshi
Published: January 2019

Background

We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of a non‐platinum triplet regimen for patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expected to be platinum‐resistant.

Methods

Patients were diagnosed with NSCLC using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath as a core biopsy. RNA was immediately isolated from unfixed biopsy specimens, and quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR assays were performed to determine ERCC1 messenger RNA expression. Patients with advanced, untreated NSCLC showing high ERCC1 levels (ΔCt ≧ 6.5) were assigned a non‐platinum triplet regimen of irinotecan and paclitaxel plus bevacizumab. The primary end point was the objective response rate (ORR).

Results

A total of 141 untreated patients were evaluated and 30 patients were entered into this phase II trial. The ORR was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.2–82.7) and median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 215 days. Grade 4 thrombosis occurred in one patient, but other toxicities were mild and controllable. Fifty‐six patients were treated with platinum‐containing regimens and 24 patients responded (ORR 42.8%, 95% CI 29.7–56.7). Twenty‐nine of these patients had high ERCC1 levels, of which 6 patients responded; 27 patients had low ERCC1 levels, 18 patients responded (P = 0.0053 by Fisher’s exact test).

Conclusion

The triplet combination might be effective for patients with advanced, untreated NSCLC overexpressing ERCC1. ERCC1 messenger RNA levels may be a predictive factor for response to platinum‐containing regimens.
Prognostic value of adjuvant therapy in T4 non‐small cell lung cancer: An inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis
Authors: Song Ya‐ting , Yang Sheng‐li , Fu Zhen , Liu Xue‐han , Yan Si‐yu , Wang Zhi‐hui , Qin Ting‐ting , Jiang Hong‐wei , Jin Yang , Yin Ping
Published: January 2019

Background

According to the current clinical guidelines, chemoradiotherapy is considered the standard treatment for locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We analyzed the prognostic effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in resected patients using the new eighth tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging systems based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database.

Methods

We identified 3008 patients with stage IIIA NSCLC (T4N0M0) who underwent sublobar resection, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy. Covariates affecting treatment selection or survival were included as part of propensity score models for matching and weighting. The effect of ACT on survival was assessed, stratified by postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) use, tumor size, and age.

Results

Analyses of 2016 patients were conducted with standardized differences in covariates < 10% after matching. ACT was associated with significantly improved five‐year overall survival (51.1% vs. 39.7%; P = 0.0260) in patients aged 21–65 with > 7 cm tumors, even after adjusting for the presence or absence of the superior sulcus (P = 0.0003). No significant outcomes were observed using other stratifications in the matched analysis. Moreover, ACT with PORT conferred a potential survival benefit in 21–65‐year‐old patients with 0–7 cm tumors (for all causes of death: hazard ratio 0.414, 95% confidence interval 0.251–0.684).

Conclusion

In this population‐based cohort, ACT prolonged the survival of patients aged 21–65 with a tumor > 7 cm, with or without PORT. Inverse probability of treatment weighting can estimate the treatment effect and is suitable for use with survival data.
The influence of self‐efficacy beliefs and prior learning on performance
Authors: Beatson Nicola J. , Berg David A. G. , Smith Jeffrey K.
Published: January 2019

This research examines self‐efficacy beliefs and prior learning of accounting students to determine how useful these variables are for predicting academic success in accounting courses. Self‐efficacy beliefs are the confidence one has in the ability to perform certain tasks or skills (Bandura, 1997). As Bandura (1977) argued, the results here showed that confidence in one's ability to succeed is the most powerful predictor of academic success. This research provides pathways for increased student success by indicating that a focus on enhancing student self‐efficacy will lead to higher achievement. The implications of this research for accounting education practice is discussed.
The Robson 10‐group classification in Iceland: Obstetric interventions and outcomes
Authors: Einarsdóttir Kristjana , Sigurðardóttir Hekla , Ingibjörg Bjarnadóttir Ragnheiður , Steingrímsdóttir Þóra , Smárason Alexander K.
Published: January 2019

Background

Rising cesarean rates call for studies on which subgroups of women contribute to the rising rates, both in countries with high and low rates. This study investigated the cesarean rates and contributing groups in Iceland using the Robson 10‐group classification system.

Methods

This study included all births in Iceland from 1997 to 2015, identified from the Icelandic Medical Birth Registry (81 839). The Robson distribution, cesarean rate, and contribution of each Robson group were analyzed for each year, and the distribution of other outcomes was calculated for each Robson group.

Results

The overall cesarean rate in the population was 16.4%. Robson groups 1 (28.7%) and 3 (38.0%) (spontaneous term births) were the largest groups, and groups 2b (0.4%) and 4b (0.7%) (prelabor cesareans) were small. The cesarean rate in group 5 (prior cesarean) was 55.5%. Group 5 was the largest contributing group to the overall cesarean rate (31.2%), followed by groups 1 (17.1%) and 2a (11.0%). The size of groups 2a (RR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01‐1.08]) and 4a (RR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01‐1.07]) (induced labors) increased over time, whereas their cesarean rates were stable (group 2a: P = 0.08) or decreased (group 4a: RR 0.95 [95% CI 0.91‐0.98]).

Conclusions

In comparison with countries with high cesarean rates, the prelabor cesarean groups (singleton term pregnancies) in Iceland were small, and in women with a previous cesarean, the cesarean rate was low. The size of the labor induction group increased, yet the cesarean rate in this group did not increase.
Transboundary mammals in the Americas: Asymmetries in protection challenge climate change resilience
Authors: Thornton Daniel H. , Branch Lyn C.
Published: January 2019

Aim

Transboundary conservation is key to addressing poleward range shifts that will result from climate change. At a species level, transboundary coordination may be hindered by inter‐country differences in protection of species. We explored how commonly mammal ranges in the Americas were transboundary, identified transboundary mammals whose poleward versus equatorial range limits fell in different countries and examined asymmetries in listing status of mammals.

Location

The Americas.

Methods

We intersected mammal ranges with country boundaries to identify transboundary species. We then determined the conservation status of mammals at the national level by compiling a database of all national‐level listing status documents across the Americas and at the global level through use of the IUCN Red List database.

Results

Over 62% (1,114 species) of mammals were transboundary in any cardinal direction, and over 50% (850 species) had poleward and equatorial range limits in different countries. Of those 850, 26% experienced asymmetric listing, with one range limit designated at a higher listing status than the other at the national level. Mismatches between national and global listing also were apparent at equatorial and poleward range edges. These same general patterns held when our analyses were restricted to globally at‐risk mammals.

Main Conclusions

Although listing status of a species does not necessarily equate to actual level of protection, these results demonstrate that formal listings of species vary substantially across country boundaries, and in particular at the latitudinal range extremes. Asymmetries in listing could indicate that species are under less threat in one country compared to another or could reflect different levels of concern in the two countries although population status is similar. Regardless, asymmetries in listing could challenge cross‐border connectivity and climate change resilience in the face of species range shifts and indicate the need for greater transboundary coordination in species management.
Recurrent ischaemic cerebrovascular events as presenting manifestations of myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Stefanou M. I. , Richter H. , Härtig F. , Wang Y. , Örgel A. , Bender B. , Mengel A. , Ziemann U. , Poli S.
Published: January 2019

Background and purpose

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) – polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis – are associated with increased risk for ischaemic cerebrovascular events (ICVEs). Due to their low prevalence, MPNs often remain undiagnosed as the cause of ICVEs.

Methods

Case records at the University of Tübingen between 2014 and 2017 were screened to identify patients with MPN‐related ICVEs. Clinical features, brain imaging, laboratory findings, applied treatments and neurological outcomes were assessed.

Results

In all, 3318 patients with ICVEs were identified, and amongst them 17 patients with MPN‐related ICVEs were included in a retrospective study. In 58% of these patients, ICVEs were the first manifestation of the underlying MPN; 24% presented with transient ischaemic attack and 76% with ischaemic stroke. Potentially concurrent ICVE etiologies were noted in 70% of the patients. The majority (94%) of patients were positive for the JAK2 V617F mutation, whilst in 29% recurrent ICVEs (range two to three) were noted prior to MPN diagnosis. Early MPN diagnosis and management was the only significant prognostic factor for ICVE recurrence (P < 0.001).

Discussion

Evidence is provided that, although rare, MPNs represent an underdiagnosed cause of recurrent ICVEs. High clinical awareness is warranted to identify an underlying MPN in patients presenting with sustained, abnormal blood count findings. Clinical algorithms for prompt MPN diagnosis and initiation of MPN treatment (e.g. cytoreductive therapy, phlebotomy) are required. As MPN management comprises a significant protective factor against ICVE recurrence, induction of MPN treatment should be regarded as an integral component of secondary stroke prevention in MPN‐associated ICVEs.
Ageing attenuates muscarinic‐mediated sweating differently in men and women with no effect on nicotinic‐mediated sweating
Authors: Fujii Naoto , McGarr Gregory W. , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Sigal Ronald J. , Boulay Pierre , Kenny Glen P.
Published: January 2019

Ageing attenuates muscarinic‐mediated sweating. However, whether ageing also impairs nicotinic‐mediated sweating remains unclear. Further, despite the known sex‐related differences in peripheral sweat gland function, it remains unclear whether age‐related modifications of muscarinic and nicotinic‐mediated sweating, if any, are similar between men and women. We assessed local sweating in young and older healthy men and women (n = 11, each group) at two dorsal forearm skin sites receiving either: (a) methacholine (muscarinic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 0.0125, 0.25, 5, 100, 2000 mmol/L) or (b) nicotine (nicotinic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 1.2, 3.6, 11, 33, 100 mmol/L) via intradermal microdialysis. Age‐related reductions in methacholine‐induced sweating were observed at low‐to‐moderate doses (0.0125‐5 mmol/L; all P ≤ 0.05) in men, whereas a reduction was only evident at the highest methacholine dose (2000 mmol/L; P ≤ 0.05) in women. No effect of ageing was observed for nicotine‐induced sweating (all P > 0.26 for main effects of age, dose and all interactions). We showed that while healthy ageing attenuates low‐to‐moderate levels of muscarinic‐mediated sweating in men, reductions are only observed at high levels of muscarinic‐mediated sweating in women. However, healthy ageing does not modulate nicotinic‐mediated sweating in either men or women.
Sarcopenia and dysphagia: Position paper by four professional organizations
Authors: Fujishima Ichiro , Fujiu‐Kurachi Masako , Arai Hidenori , Hyodo Masamitsu , Kagaya Hitoshi , Maeda Keisuke , Mori Takashi , Nishioka Shinta , Oshima Fumiko , Ogawa Sumito , Ueda Koichiro , Umezaki Toshiro , Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Yamawaki Masanaga , Yoshimura Yoshihiro
Published: January 2019

This report was written by the Japanese Society of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition, the Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty, and the Society of Swallowing and Dysphagia of Japan to consolidate the currently available evidence on the topics of sarcopenia and dysphagia. Histologically, the swallowing muscles are of different embryological origin from somatic muscles, and receive constant input stimulation from the respiratory center. Although the swallowing muscles are striated, their characteristics are different from those of skeletal muscles. The swallowing muscles are inevitably affected by malnutrition and disuse; accumulating evidence is available regarding the influence of malnutrition on the swallowing muscles. Sarcopenic dysphagia is defined as dysphagia caused by sarcopenia of the whole body and swallowing‐related muscles. When sarcopenia does not exist in the entire body, the term “sarcopenic dysphagia” should not be used. Additionally, sarcopenia due to neuromuscular diseases should be excluded; however, aging and secondary sarcopenia after inactivity, malnutrition and disease (wasting disorder and cachexia) are included in sarcopenic dysphagia. The treatment of dysphagia due to sarcopenia requires both dysphagia rehabilitation, such as resistance training of the swallowing muscles and nutritional intervention. However, the fundamental issue of how dysphagia caused by sarcopenia of the swallowing muscles should be diagnosed remains unresolved. Furthermore, whether dysphagia can be caused by primary sarcopenia should be clarified. Additionally, more discussion is required on issues such as the relationship between dysphagia and secondary sarcopenia, as well as the diagnostic criteria and means for diagnosing dysphagia caused by sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 91–97.
Effects of changes in family social capital on the self‐rated health and family life satisfaction of older adults in Taiwan: A longitudinal study
Authors: Jhang Fang‐Hua
Published: January 2019

Aim

The present study assessed the effect of family social capital on self‐rated health and family life satisfaction among older adults aged ≥50 years.

Methods

A logistic regression model was used to analyze the longitudinal data of 1243 older adults from the Panel Study of Family Dynamics in Taiwan.

Results

The findings show that, compared with having a poor relationship with parents, respondents who were getting along with their parents have a higher likelihood of reporting good health. Frequent interaction with kin significantly promotes respondents’ family life satisfaction. With regard to parental control, there is no evidence of its effect on either health or family life satisfaction.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the quality of relationships has limited effect on the health of older adults, whereas frequent interaction with kin contributes to the promotion of their family life satisfaction. Policies aiming to improve health‐related quality of life should take into account the importance of a reciprocal relationships and the need to maintain family‐focused networks in Chinese culture. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 228–232.
Goodbye to the golden cage: Transformations in gender norms and family morality for working‐class women in occupations considered masculine in Mexico
Authors: Herrera Cristina , Agoff María Carolina
Published: January 2019

This article seeks to contribute to the debate, within the feminist sociological theory and gender studies, about the possibility of ‘undoing gender’ in different social fields, mainly family relations. It is based on the premise that as women's objective dependency in the social structure decreases, the unstable character of what Bourdieu called ‘submissive dispositions’ becomes visible, and that women act reflectively, both to adapt to the challenges posed by their participation in different social fields and to gain personal liberties. The results of qualitative research, based on discussion groups and narrative interviews in which 109 women in working‐class sectors in Mexico City participated, are presented. Conflicts around breadwinning, housework distribution and personal liberties demonstrate a displacement of gender norms, parallel to efforts to maintain certain assurances regarding the traditional family model within the context of economic precariousness.
Influence of renal dysfunction on dose reduction and virologic efficacy of regimens combining ribavirin and all‐oral direct acting antivirals in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Nakashima Megumi , Toyoda Hidenori , Tada Toshifumi , Mizuno Kazuyuki , Iio Etsuko , Tanaka Yasuhito , Sugiyama Tadashi , Yoshimura Tomoaki , Kumada Takashi
Published: January 2019

Aim

Several interferon (IFN)‐free, all‐oral regimens with direct acting antivirals (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection also include ribavirin (RBV). We investigated the influence of renal dysfunction on virologic efficacy and adverse effects in 189 patients with HCV genotype 2 infection who received combination RBV–DAA regimens.

Methods

The incidence of RBV‐induced anemia, RBV dose reduction, and virologic efficacy were compared according to baseline renal function as defined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Results

Patients with renal dysfunction (eGFR = 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2) had higher rate of RBV dose reduction and more marked decreases in hemoglobin levels. These findings were more pronounced in patients with the ITPA CC genotype, who are more sensitive to RBV‐induced anemia. Although there were no statistically significant differences in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates according to renal function overall (P = 0.1650), the SVR rate was significantly lower in patients who required RBV dose reduction than in those who did not (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Baseline renal dysfunction could unfavorably affect the outcomes of RBV–DAA in patients with chronic HCV infection due to the increased risk of RBV dose reduction, even in the era of IFN‐free DAA regimens.
Epistemic Violence and Emotional Misperception
Authors: Glazer Trip
Published: January 2019

I expand upon Kristie Dotson's concept of “epistemic violence” by identifying another type of epistemic violence that arises in the context of nonverbal communication. “Emotional misperception,” as I call it, occurs when the following conditions are met: (1) A misreads B's nonlinguistic expression of emotion, (2) owing to reliable ignorance, (3) harming B.
Effects of tracking devices on individual birds – a review of the evidence
Authors: Geen Graham R. , Robinson Robert A. , Baillie Stephen R.
Published: January 2019

We review long‐term patterns of tracking device use and the reporting of the effects of such devices on individual birds. We assessed > 3400 primary references including > 1500 containing information as to whether effects were looked for and reported. Numbers of papers published increased at 4.4% yr–1. Research on foraging and energetics focussed on seabirds while work on habitat use and dispersal was focussed mainly on landbirds. Migration was the most common study topic overall and increased markedly from the turn of the century in all three bird groups.

The proportion of studies reporting effects of devices on individuals declined at > 1% yr–1, while the proportion of studies providing no information on effects increased by ca 0.7% yr–1. The presence of a control group increased the likelihood of a study reporting effects, (45 vs 33%).

We modelled the probability of reporting effects separately for three bird groups and two attachment durations. Occurrence of effects was significantly related to attachment method (4 models), year (4 models) and relative device mass (1 model). Invasive attachment methods were associated with a high incidence of effects while tail and leg attachments showed relatively few effects. Probabilities of reporting effects declined over time and increased with relative device mass, however there was no device mass threshold below which effects were not observed.

Approaches designed to minimize potential effects of devices on individual birds and to improve scientific rigour have advanced substantially. Nevertheless ca 55% of studies contained no information on potential effects and in many more documentation was inadequate. We call for more systematic documentation of potential effects in peer‐reviewed publications to support more rigorous science and to further improve bird welfare.
Reply to: The Interplay between Experiences of Abuse, Physical Activity, and Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Reyes‐Ortiz Carlos A. , Ocampo‐Chaparro Jose Mauricio , Campo‐Arias Adalberto , Holmes Holly , Halphen John
Published: January 2019

This letter comments on the letter by Pooja Subedi
Reply to: Prediction of Adverse Outcomes After Emergency General Surgery in Older Patients
Authors: Zattoni Davide , Saur Nicole Marie , Montroni Isacco
Published: January 2019

This letter comments on the letter by Shao et al.
Prediction of Adverse Outcomes After Emergency General Surgery in Older Patients
Authors: Shao Liu‐Jia‐Zhi , Xue Fu‐Shan , Yang He
Published: January 2019

See the Reply by Zattoni et al.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: Knowledge, practice and attitudes of Australian paediatricians
Authors: Heinsch Milena L , Nightingale Scott
Published: January 2019

Aim

To investigate paediatricians' understanding of, and approaches to, the diagnosis and treatment of functional abdominal pain (FAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in children.

Methods

This study used an electronic survey of doctors subscribing to a popular Australian‐based paediatrics email forum. Responses about investigation and management in two clinical vignettes were correlated with respondent demographic data, practice setting, attitudes and knowledge.

Results

The 327 respondents were mostly female (60.3%), aged <45 years (54.5%), general paediatricians (53.5%), working in public outpatient clinics (50.5%). Awareness of Rome III diagnostic criteria was low (37.2%) but associated with confidence in diagnosing FAP/IBS in the vignettes. Respondents who lacked confidence in diagnosing FAP/IBS requested more investigations (P < 0.05), although most acknowledged they would not be helpful. Most (70.5%) believed that families are unlikely to accept an FAP diagnosis without investigations requested. Fewer than 1 of 3 were aware of clear evidence for the effective therapy of FAP or IBS, although awareness did not influence management options selected. Two‐thirds of respondents believe that FAP is a psychological rather than a medical problem, while few (8.8%) believe the same about IBS (P < 0.001). Parental pressure to find an immediate cure was cited as the most frequent challenge to successful management in both FAP (86.6%) and IBS (75.9%).

Conclusions

Awareness of the Rome criteria was associated with greater confidence in diagnosing FAP and IBS. Attitudes to FAP and IBS being diagnoses of exclusion are prevalent among paediatricians and associated with more investigations requested. There is a lack of awareness of evidence‐based therapies for FAP and IBS.
HCV genotype 6 prevalence, spontaneous clearance and diversity among elderly members of the Li ethnic minority in Baisha County, China
Authors: Xu Ru , Yu Yongjuan , Leitch E. Carol McWilliam , Wang Min , Huang Ke , Huang Jieting , Tang Xi , Liao Qiao , Song Dandan , Shan Zhengang , Li Chengyao , Mclauchlan John , Rong Xia
Published: January 2019

The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus varies widely across geographical regions and ethnic groups. Our previous study showed that 6 strains isolated from Baisha County, Hainan Island, China, were all new genotype 6 (gt6) subtypes which differed significantly from subtypes of other regions. In the current study, we conducted a comprehensive epidemiological survey of HCV in the Li ethnic group, native to Baisha County. Anti‐HCV antibodies were detected by 2 independent ELISAs in all participants, and positive results confirmed by the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) and HCV RNA viral loads were measured. Univariate chi‐square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors for HCV infection and spontaneous clearance rates. Indeterminate RIBA results were excluded or included in analyses; consequently, findings were expressed as a range. Direct sequencing of partial regions within NS5B and E1 was employed for genotyping. Among 1682 participants, 117 to 153 were anti‐HCV positive (7.0%‐9.1%), with 42.7%‐52.6% confirmed to have cleared infection. Anti‐HCV positivity was associated with older age (≥60 years) (OR = 0.02, 95% CI 0.01‐0.05, P < 0.01) and surgery (OR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.36‐5.57, P < 0.01), with no significant difference found between the HCV infection group and the HCV spontaneous clearance group. The gt6 subtype distribution characteristics of Baisha County were unique, complex and diverse. The sequences did not cluster with known gt6 subtypes but formed 4 Baisha community‐specific groups. HCV infection in members of the Li minority ethnic group is characterized by high prevalence rates in the elderly, high spontaneous clearance rates and broad gt6 diversity.
Comparison between real‐time 3‐dimensional and 2‐dimensional biplane echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volumes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Bodegård‐Westling Anna , Höglund Katja , Häggström Jens , Ljungvall Ingrid
Published: January 2019

Background

Assessment of left atrial (LA) size is important in medical decision making and prognostication in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Real‐time 3‐dimensional (RT3DE) and 2‐dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) methods may be used to assess LA size.

Objectives

To compare measured LA volumes obtained by RT3DE with those calculated by biplane Simpson's modified method of discs (SMOD) and the area‐length method (ALM) using the same RT3DE acquisition with the same timing.

Animals

One hundred twenty‐one privately owned dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.

Methods

Prospective observational study comparing LA volumes indexed to body weight using RT3DE and 2DE‐based biplane SMOD and ALM. Agreement between methods was evaluated using Bland‐Altman plots and linear regression analyses.

Results

Estimations of LA volume using SMOD or ALM did not show good agreement with RT3DE‐derived measurements. Absolute differences between methods increased with increasing LA volume, but SMOD underestimated whereas ALM overestimated calculated volumes compared to RT3DE‐derived measurements. The difference in LA volume between RT3DE and the biplane methods showed a systematic underestimation of 7% for SMOD and a systematic overestimation of 24% for ALM. Comparison of LA volumes obtained by SMOD and ALM did not show good agreement. The ALM yielded 30% larger LA volumes compared to SMOD.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

In comparison with RT3DE, SMOD systematically underestimated whereas ALM systematically overestimated LA volumes in dogs with MMVD. Because the systematic difference between RT3DE and SMOD was only 7%, SMOD might be considered the method of choice.
Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to microbial larvicides in diverse ecological settings in western Kenya
Authors: Derua Y. A. , Kahindi S. C. , Mosha F. W. , Kweka E. J. , Atieli H. E. , Zhou G. , Lee M.‐C. , Githeko A. K. , Yan G.
Published: January 2019

The microbial larvicides Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) are well known for their efficacy and safety in mosquito control. In order to assess their potential value in future mosquito control strategies in western Kenya, the current study tested the susceptibility of five populations of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), collected from five diverse ecological sites in this area, to Bti and Bs under laboratory conditions. In each population, bioassays were conducted with eight concentrations of larvicide (Bti/Bs) in four replicates and were repeated on three separate days. Larval mortality was recorded at 24 h or 48 h after the application of larvicide and subjected to probit analysis. A total of 2400 An. gambiae complex larvae from each population were tested for their susceptibility to Bti and Bs. The mean (± standard error of the mean, SEM) lethal concentration values of Bti required to achieve 50% and 95% larval mortality (LC50 and LC95) across the five populations were 0.062  (± 0.005) mg/L and 0.797 (± 0.087) mg/L, respectively. Corresponding mean  (± SEM) values for Bs were 0.058 (± 0.005) mg/L and 0.451 (± 0.053) mg/L, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the five populations of An. gambiae complex mosquitoes tested were fully susceptible to Bti and Bs, and there was no significant variation in susceptibility among the tested populations.
Anhedonia in irritable bowel syndrome and in inflammatory bowel diseases and its relationship with abdominal pain
Authors: Carpinelli Luna , Bucci Cristina , Santonicola Antonella , Zingone Fabiana , Ciacci Carolina , Iovino Paola
Published: January 2019

Background

Anhedonia is the lowered ability to experience pleasure from rewarding or enjoyable activities and is considered a symptom of depression. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are frequently accompanied by psychiatric disorders such as depression. However, to our knowledge, studies have yet to investigate the anhedonia in these patients. Our aim was to study the level of anhedonia in patients with IBD and IBS in comparison with healthy controls (HC), and to relate anhedonia levels with the severity of abdominal pain.

Methods

We consecutively recruited IBD and IBS patients. All patients fulfilled the Snaith‐Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), a self‐rating scale consisting of 14 items that cover the domains of social interaction, food, and drink, sensory experiences, achievement and pastimes, and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) to screen for depression. Moreover, we calculated abdominal pain on a (0‐100) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in all patients.

Key Results

We enrolled 120 patients (64 IBD and 56 IBS) and 81 HC. Among IBD patients, 34 had Crohn's disease and 30 ulcerative colitis. All patients as a whole had significantly higher SHAPS and BDI‐II scores than HC (1.3 ± 1.5 vs 0.8 ± 0.1; P = 0.01 and 10.4 ± 7.5 vs 5.9 ± 4.9; P < 0.001, respectively), while no significant differences were found among groups. SHAPS score showed a significant correlation in only a few statements of BDI‐II. In our cohort, a multivariate regression analysis showed that SHAPS score was significantly related to current abdominal pain (0‐100 VAS) (P = 0.03) independent of gender and age.

Conclusions and Inferences

The level of anhedonia was higher in all patients compared to healthy controls. The more the subject is anhedonic, the higher the VAS scale for abdominal pain. This study suggests that anhedonia would need to be very carefully weighed in IBD and IBS patients.
A role for diacylglycerol kinase 4 in signalling crosstalk during Arabidopsis pollen tube growth
Authors: Vaz Dias Fernando , Serrazina Susana , Vitorino Miguel , Marchese Dario , Heilmann Ingo , Godinho Margarida , Rodrigues Mário , Malhó Rui
Published: January 2019

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play a major role in the production of phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and were implicated in endomembrane trafficking and signalling cascades. In plants, the role of DGKs is less clear, as PtdOH seems to arise mostly from phospholipase D activity. Here, we investigated the function of the Arabidopsis gene encoding DGK4, which is highly expressed in pollen.

In vitro, pollen tubes from homozygous dgk4 plants showed normal morphology, but reduced growth rate and altered stiffness and adhesion properties (revealed by atomic force microscopy). In vivo, dgk4 pollen was able to fertilize wild‐type ovules, but self‐pollination in dgk4 plants led to fewer seeds and shorter siliques. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the dgk4 mutation affects not only the male germ line but also the vegetative tissue.

DGK4‐green fluorescent protein fusion imaging revealed a cytosolic localization with a slightly higher signal in the subapical or apical region. dgk4 pollen tubes were found to exhibit perturbations in membrane recycling, and lipid analysis revealed a minor increase of PtdOH concomitant with decreased phosphatidylcholine, compared with wild‐type.

In vitro, DGK4 was found to exhibit kinase and guanylyl cyclase activity. Quantitative PCR data revealed downregulation of genes related to actin dynamics and phosphoinositide metabolism in mutant pollen, but upregulation of the DGK6 isoform. Altogether, these results are discussed considering a role of DGK4 in signalling cross‐talk.