bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ring Avulsion Injuries Managed with Homodigital and Heterodigital Venous Island Conduit (VIC) Flaps
Authors: BEHAN F. C. , CAVALLO A. V. , TERRILL P.
Published: September 2005

Ring avulsion injury frequently results in vascular insufficiency (venous or arterial) and soft tissue injury. We report four cases requiring revascularization where venous congestion and dorsal skin cover were achieved using a composite pedicled venous flow-through flap. We have termed this a Venous Island Conduit (VIC) Flap. Two types of flaps, homodigital and heterodigital, were used, depending on the severity of the injury. The techniques and results are discussed. Venous island conduit flaps are ideally suited to the management of ring avulsion injury and have several advantages over the alternatives.
A 10-Year Review of High-Pressure Injection Injuries to the Hand
Authors: LEWIS H. G. , CLARKE P. , KNEAFSEY B. , BRENNEN M. D.
Published: September 2005

High-pressure injection injuries to the hand are uncommon, but often result in poor outcome or even amputation. We report a review of the 28 cases treated surgically in our department over the last 10 years and have examined the factors leading to increased morbidity. The severity of these injuries was related to the nature of the injected material, involvement of the tendon sheath and proximal spread of the injected substance. All cases in which the digit was noted to be poorly perfused from the outset resulted in amputation. We conclude that early amputation should be considered in cases in which the affected digit is initially cool or poorly perfused.
Hand Lacerations
Authors: PATEL J. , COULL R. , HARRIS P. A. , PERCIVAL N. J.
Published: September 2005

Over a 6-month period 147 consecutive deep hand lacerations referred to a plastic surgery department were explored in 136 adult patients. At operation 121 complete tendon divisions, and 72 nerve injuries were found. Accident and emergency (A&E) officers diagnosed only 64% of tendon divisions compared with 84% for the admitting hand surgeons. Nerve injuries were more accurately diagnosed, 87% by A&E officers compared with 94% by hand surgeons. These findings support the view that significant palmar hand lacerations should be referred for a hand surgery opinion.
The Reliability of Physical Examination for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: MARX R. G. , HUDAK P. L. , BOMBARDIER C. , GRAHAM B. , GOLDSMITH C. , WRIGHT J. G.
Published: September 2005

The goal of this study was to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of static and moving two-point discrimination, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing, Tinel’s test, manual motor testing of abductor pollicis brevis, vibration and Phalen’s test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Twelve patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome were examined in an outpatient setting. The interobserver reliability was satisfactory for all tests except for Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing. Intraobserver reliability was also satisfactory for all tests. Static two point discrimination had higher reliability than moving two-point discrimination. Seven tests for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome were reliable in the hands of skilled health care professionals. Hand surgeons and hand therapists examined patients more reliably than occupational health workers.
Chronic Post-Traumatic Radial Instability of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Finger
Authors: RIEDERER S. , NAGY L. , BÜCHLER U.
Published: September 2005

Chronic painful post-traumatic instability of the radial collateral ligament complex of the metacarpophalangeal joint of a finger was treated by tendon graft reconstruction in 24 patients. Seventeen patients (20 joints) were available for a retrospective study at a mean follow-up time of 105 months. Eighty percent of the joints showed excellent or good results, with relief of pain, return of adequate stability, a near normal range of motion and absence of degenerative changes.
The Clinical Importance of Carpal Instabilities Following Distal Radial Fractures
Authors: STOFFELEN D. , DE MULDER K. , BROOS P.
Published: September 2005

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the clinical importance of the different carpal instabilities following dorsally displaced distal radial fractures (Colles’ type). All patients were followed for 1 year and a Cooney score and X-ray evaluation were done. Nine different carpal instabilities were evaluated. Only dissociative DISI and ulnar translocation showed significant clinical differences at 1 year follow-up. It is therefore recommended that a dissociative DISI, usually caused by scapholunate dissociation, should be treated by percutaneous pinning at the time of the initial treatment.
Atraumatic Dislocation of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint Secondary to Osteoarthritis
Authors: DUNLOP D. J. , CHUGH S. , WALDRAM M. A.
Published: September 2005

We report a case of atraumatic dislocation of the trapeziometacarpal joint secondary to osteoarthritis. An attritional rupture of the anterior oblique carpometacarpal ligament is thought to have occurred, allowing complete dislocation which has led to a reduction in the patient’s pain.
A False Aneurysm in the Hand of a Child
Authors: SIMEONOV L. G.
Published: September 2005

This is a case report of a 4-year-old child presenting with a false aneurysm of a common digital artery. Failure to diagnose it led to incorrect treatment which was followed by rupture of the aneurysm and life-threatening haemorrhage.
Ulnar Styloid Malunion with Dislocation of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
Authors: NAKAMURA R. , HORII E. , IMAEDA T. , NAKAO E. , SHIONOYA K. , KATO H.
Published: September 2005

Four patients with dorsal dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint and ulnar styloid malunion had corrective osteotomy of the ulnar styloid. Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint was reduced in three of four patients. Subluxation persisted in the remaining patient. Wrist function improved in all patients. These results support the contention that a displaced ulnar styloid fracture with distal radioulnar joint dislocation should be reduced and internally fixed. Corrective osteotomy is recommended for malunion of the ulnar styloid associated with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint.
Avulsion Fracture at the Fovea of the Ulna
Authors: KIKUCHI Y. , NAKAMURA T.
Published: September 2005

We report two cases of avulsion fractures at the fovea of the ulna. This injury is caused by a strong distraction force which avulses the insertion of the triangular ligament at the fovea of the ulna. This injury can be classed as an injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex.
Proximal Scaphoid Costo-Osteochondral Replacement Arthroplasty
Authors: SANDOW M. J.
Published: September 2005

Deficiency of the proximal pole of the scaphoid due to fracture or necrosis was treated by costo-osteochondral replacement arthroplasty using rib bone/cartilage autografts in 22 patients who were followed prospectively and assessed at a median 24 month follow-up (range, 12–72 months). Improvement of wrist function occurred in all patients with increased motion, improved grip strength and less pain. The average modified Green and O’Brien Wrist Function Score improved from 53 out of 100 preoperatively to 80 at the most recent review. All patients were graded fair or poor at initial review and all but three improved to good or excellent at the most recent assessment. Despite the absence of the scapholunate ligament, carpal alignment did not deteriorate in any patient and there were no graft non-unions or significant complications. In the short and medium term a costo-osteochondral autograft can satisfactorily restore mechanical integrity of the scaphoid proximal pole and maintain wrist motion while avoiding the potential complications of alternative replacement arthroplasty techniques.
Treatment of Painful Neuromas of the Hand and Wrist by Relocation into the Pronator Quadratus Muscle
Authors: SOOD M. K. , ELLIOT D.
Published: September 2005

Thirteen painful end-neuromas of nerves of the palm and the dorsum of the hand were treated by resection of the neuroma and relocation of the nerve ends into the pronator quadratus muscle proximal to the wrist in ten patients. The effectiveness of this treatment was assessed by measurement of changes in level of spontaneous pain, pain on pressure, pain on movement and hyperaesthesia at the original site and at the site to which the nerve was relocated. Subjective comments on changes of hand function and ability to return to work were also recorded. All ten patients reported total relief or marked improvement in each of the four modalities of pain assessed. In the five patients in whom the neuromas were the only significant cause of hand dysf.unction, there was sufficient improvement in hand function to allow the patients to return to work. In this series, the pronator quardratus muscle has proved a suitable site for relocation of sensory nerve ends after resection of painful neuromas in the proximal part of the hand and wrist.
Vein Implantation for Treatment of Painful Cutaneous Neuromas
Authors: HERBERT T. J. , FILAN S. L.
Published: September 2005

Based on the theory that recurrent neuroma formation can be prevented if the cut nerve end is implanted into the lumen of a vein, 14 patients have been treated by neuroma excision followed by proximal vein implantation over the last 5 years. Thirteen patients reported dramatic pain relief following surgery, and this was sustained in all but one case. Both failures were re-explored, when it was found that the nerve had pulled out of the vein, leading to recurrent neuroma formation. Both cases were revised successfully using the same technique. With a mean follow-up of 15 months, 11 patients remain symptom-free, whilst three have minor residual symptoms which are not severe enough to require further surgery.
Sternomastoid Muscle Flap for Closure of a Dural Fistula after a Brachial Plexus Injury
Authors: JAIBAJI M. , GEH J. L. C. , KAY S. P.
Published: September 2005

We describe the use of a sternomastoid flap to seal a dural tear after a brachial plexus injury.
Mechanical Strengths of Tendon Sutures
Authors: ZATITI S. C. A. , MAZZER N. , BARBIERI C. H.
Published: September 2005

A comparative study of six tendon suturing techniques (1. Modified Kessler + simple epitendinous running suture; 2. Modified Kessler + Halsted epitendinous suture; 3. “Six strand” suture; 4. “Interlocking” suture; 5. “Cross stitch” suture; 6. simple epitendinous running suture) was carried out by evaluating strength in relation to the beginning of separation between the tendon stumps, a 3 mm separation and rupture in porcine flexor tendons. The technique most resistant to initial separation was the modified Kessler + Halsted epitendinous suture followed by the “Six strand” suture. The “Six strand” suture was the most resistant to the 3 mm separation and rupture followed by the modified Kessler + Halsted epitendinous suture. Despite the greater resistance to rupture of the “Six strand” technique, we conclude that modified Kessler + Halsted epitendinous suture showed the best overall performance and was easier to use.
The Chiasma of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendon
Authors: GONZALEZ M. H. , NIKOLEIT J. , WEINZWEIG N.
Published: September 2005

Forty cadaver hands (160 fingers) were dissected to study the morphology and variations of the chiasma of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon. Ten types of chiasma were noted. One chiasma did not fit into any of the patterns. The long and ring fingers had a very similar distribution of types of chiasma but the index and small both had different patterns. The length of chiasma showed a marked variability which appeared to be independent of phalangeal length.
Finger Flexion Sign for Ulnar Neuropathy
Authors: TSUJINO A. , MACNICOL M. F.
Published: September 2005

We report a diagnostic sign of ulnar neuropathy. Function of the interossei is tested by asking the patient to hold a sheet of paper between the middle and ring fingers, by adducting the fingers while the examiner pulls it firmly away. The metacarpophalangeal joints will flex more on the affected side as the flexor tendons are recruited. This test can easily detect muscle weakness in the early stage of ulnar neuropathy, and is produced by a similar mechanism to that of Froment’s sign.
Ulnar Nerve Compression in Guyon’s Canal Due to a Haemangioma of the Ulnar Artery
Authors: KOCH H. , HAAS F , PIERER G.
Published: September 2005

A case of ulnar nerve compression in Guyon’s canal due to a haemangioma of the ulnar artery is reported.
The “S” Quattro Turbo in the Management of Neglected Dorsal Interphalangeal Dislocations
Authors: FAHMY N. R. M. , KEHOE N. , WARNER J. G. , COURTMAN N.
Published: September 2005

We have used the “S” Quattro Turbo to treat four neglected dorsal interphalangeal joint dislocations. At an average follow up period of 45 months, there was a mean increase in the range of movement of the PIP joints by 74° and of the IP joint of the thumb or DIP joints by 45°. We recommend this technique for treating dorsal dislocations of the interphalangeal joints of more than 3 weeks duration.
Spontaneous Recovery of Trigger Thumbs in Children
Authors: MULPRUEK P , PRICHASUK S.
Published: September 2005

Forty-two children with trigger thumb were reviewed to determine the possibility of spontaneous recovery and the outcome of treatment. There were 22 boys and 20 girls. All of them had a normal physical examination at birth. Ten patients had spontaneous recovery within 3 months of their initial visit. Thirty-two patients underwent surgical release. All of them had satisfactory results. Our findings suggest that spontaneous recovery of trigger thumb in children is possible and may be related to a traumatic cause for the condition. Delaying operation until after the age of 3 years will not affect the outcome.
Early Results of a Modified Brunelli Procedure for Scapholunate Instability
Authors: VAN DEN ABBEELE K. L. S. , LOH Y. C. , STANLEY J. K. , TRAIL I. A.
Published: September 2005

Twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of scapholunate instability underwent a modified Brunelli procedure. The overall results of this short follow-up study showed that a majority of patients (17 out of 22) had relief of pain. Grip strength recovered well. Postoperative range of motion was reduced in extension and flexion, remained unchanged for radial deviation and improved for ulnar deviation. The radiological appearance of dynamic or static scapholunate instability did not change after the procedure. Most patients (17 out of 22) felt subjective improvement and would have the operation again. A significantly poorer result was seen in those patients with an unresolved medicolegal claim. Although short-term results are encouraging for some patients, the authors feel that more long-term follow-up is needed before recommending the procedure.
An Unusual Salter type 2 Fracture of the Distal Phalanx
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M.
Published: September 2005

An unusual Salter type 2 fracture of the distal phalanx is described. The metaphyseal fragment of the fracture consisted of a long and thin plate of bone corresponding to the insertion site of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon. Differences between this combined fracture and the isolated mallet deformity or flexor profundus tendon avulsion fracture are discussed.
Edinburgh: Lyell Cresswell's ‘Good angel, bad Angel’
Authors: Johnson David
Published: September 2005

Good angel, bad angel is a new 1-act opera, premièred in Edinburgh on 20 May and toured to Glasgow, Peebles and Inverness on 21, 23 and 25 May; it received four performances in all. It lasts almost exactly an hour, and is scored for the slenderest forces imaginable – three singers covering six roles, and an orchestra of four players (bass clarinet doubling B flat clarinet, violin, viola, cello). The story is nasty, centring on the pointless murder of a miserly old shopkeeper on Christmas Day; it slightly reminds one of A Christmas Carol, except that it completely lacks Dickens's optimism and hope. The opera supposedly ends with the central character's redemption, but this is ambiguous and pretty hard to follow.
Concertos for the End of the Milennium
Authors: Bailey Bert
Published: September 2005

‘Conciertos para el fin del milenio’. TOUSSAINT: Concierto No. 2 para violonchelo y orquesta (1999). MARQUEZ: Espejos en la arena (2000). SIERRA: Cuatro versos (Concerto for Cello & Orchestra) (1999). Carlos Prieto (vlc), Orquesta de las Americas c. Carlos Miguel Prieto, conductor. Urtext JBCC 047.
London, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden: Lorin Maazel's ‘1984’
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: September 2005

I have had occasion to be sniffy about Lorin Maazel's music in these pages before (Tempo No. 218), not least because of its sheer lack of profile, of any hint of individuality. So it was with exceedingly modest expectations that I took my seat for his first opera, 1984, the world-première run of which began on 3 May. Even so, I was disappointed: no ditchwater is as dull. The basic problem is the absence of any discernible personality in what Maazel writes: the musical language of1984 is a thin gruel boiled up from left-over Prokofiev, Copland, Bartók, Ravel, Janáček, whatever was lying around the mid-20th-century chopping-board of Maazel's memory as he put the piece together. Add a secondary deficit: there's absolutely no sense of dramatic tension – the work unfolds at the same plodding pace throughout. Now sprinkle with the kind of mistakes you might expect from a rookie operatic composer. The opening ‘Hate’ chorus, for example, revealed instantly what was going to be a recurrent difficulty: the scoring and an over-ambitious tempo combine to make the sung text difficult to understand. Maazel repeatedly doubles vocal lines in the orchestra, sacrificing their clarity.
Birtwistle Complete Piano Works
Authors: Venn Edward
Published: September 2005

BIRTWISTLE: The Axe Manual1; Oockooing Bird; Sad Song; Berceuse de Jeanne; Précis; Hector's Dawn; Ostinato with Melody; Betty Freeman: Her Tango; Saraband: The King's Farewell; Harrison's Clocks. Nicolas Hodges (pno), 1Claire Edwardes (perc). Metronome MET CD 1074.
Morphology of the functionally univentricular heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Cook Andrew C.
Published: September 2005

Of all the complex malformations that affect the heart, those that have produced the greatest difficulty, over the years, in terms of logical description and classification are the ones with the circulations supported by a functionally univentricular mass. The problems in description stem from the fact that, although the ventricular mass functions as a singular entity, the majority of lesions falling within this category, from the stance of morphology, possess two ventricular chambers. For many years, and indeed, even now in many centres, the hearts are described as being “univentricular”, or alternatively as “single ventricles”. There is still no consensus as to which particular lesions should be included within this “univentricular” category. The paradigm of the group is usually taken as double inlet left ventricle.1In this lesion, the dominant left ventricle is accompanied by a rudimentary second chamber, albeit that arguments continue as to whether the second chamber is an incomplete right ventricle,2or simply an infundibulum.3Further arguments raged as to whether tricuspid atresia should be included within the univentricular category.4,5The debate is rationalised when we recognise that all the potentially univentricular hearts are treated nowadays by constructing the Fontan circulation,6or one of its variants,7as indeed are some unequivocally biventricular hearts.8Clarification and simplification of the anatomical arrangement in this functionally univentricular category, as we will show in this review, is provided by rigorous application of the crucial philosophic principle of analysis called the “Morphological Method”,9coupled with separate analysis of the ventricular mass and the atrioventricular junctions.10,11
Use of routine ventricular assist following the first stage Norwood procedure
Authors: Ungerleider Ross M. , Shen Irving , Burch Grant , Butler Robert , Silberbach Michael
Published: September 2005

Surgical treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome has generated substantial interest and attention amongst cardiac surgeons since the initial reports from Norwood and his colleagues in 1980.1,2 Initial efforts at most programmes were to create reproducible results, and mortality rates remained high at several institutions throughout the 1980s and 1990s. A recent multi-institutional review demonstrates that the hospital mortality still remains high in numerous centers at the current time.3 Nevertheless, several advances over recent years have led to improved outcomes, and in the best centers, hospital survival now approaches 90%. Survival in successful centers is claimed to relate to the ability of the team to help the patient balance the systemic and pulmonary flows of blood. This ability to balance flow has been enhanced, over recent years, by numerous contributions, including decreasing the size of shunt ordinarily used,4 the use of alpha blockade,5 the rapid deployment of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,6–8 and various forms of ventilatory manipulation.
Biventricular repair in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Morell Victor O. , Quintessenza James A. , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2005

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is the term introduced by Noonan and Nadas1to describe a spectrum of cardiac anomalies characterized by varying degrees of significant underdevelopment of the left heart and aortic arch. These cardiac anomalies include mitral valvar disease, left ventricular hypoplasia, aortic stenosis at subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar levels, hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and aortic arch, and aortic coarctation. Although descriptive, hypoplastic left heart syndrome suffers from being a very unspecific term, since it encompasses multiple degrees and combinations of abnormalities involving the left sided structures. In an attempt to provide gradings of severity, Kirklin and Barratt-Boyes2categorized these patients falling into the syndrome into four classes, according to whether obstruction was found at one, two, or more levels, or whether there is aortic atresia. Then, in 1998, Tchervenkov and colleagues3introduced the term hypoplastic left heart complex to describe a set of patients falling within the spectrum of hypoplasia of the left heart, but in the absence of intrinsic aortic or mitral valvar stenosis, this concept subsequently being endorsed by the International Committee established by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, together with the European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery, to rationalize the approach to nomenclature and databases.4The analysis offered by Tchervenkov et al.3showed that, in certain circumstances, there are potentially patients considered to have hypoplasia of the left heart who might be candidates for biventricular repair. If this is the case, then it is important to establish how this subset can be recognized, and how they are best treated.
Transplantation is the best treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Bailey Leonard L.
Published: September 2005

Thank you for asking me to make the case for cardiac transplantation in this debate. Marshall, that was a truly comprehensive and spectacular defense of the value of reconstructive surgery in babies born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It is clear that the potential for babies born with this complex and lethal malformation has improved dramatically over the past 2 decades. The improvement in outcome is a direct result of complementary surgical strategies. Marshall Jacobs has constructed a stellar review outlining the important issues relating to the ever-evolving staged palliative reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. And, he appealed to those present at the Symposium with some images of extraordinary children who represent the most favorable outcomes seen today after staged reconstructive surgery. It would be inappropriate for me to criticize or condemn any feature of these favorable outcomes.
Rebuttal
Authors: Bailey Leonard L.
Published: September 2005

The portrayal of a beautiful youngster performing uninhibited acrobatics based on Fontan physiology, as presented by Marshall Jacobs, is a brilliant and beautiful thing for us to see. It is, perhaps, all about will over physiology. But it is, nevertheless, happening for that child. Marshall mentioned the need for re-transplantation, whether the beginning strategy was transplantation or reconstructive surgery. Indeed, a relatively small percentage of children transplanted will require re-transplantation because of severe graft coronary disease. Remarkably, in the Loma Linda experience, 10-year actuarial survival for 26 patients following elective re-transplantation is over 85%, exceeding overall actuarial survival at 10 years for children following primary transplantation. Many of the transplanted infants, however, seem to be realistically hopeful that one heart will last their entire lifetime. Of course, the hope is that their's will be a long and healthy lifetime. The requirement for late transplantation following Fontan procedures, however, seems almost inevitable. We'll simply have to keep these children with Fontan circulation under surveillance to see when, in the course of their lives, transplantation will become necessary. Unfortunately, operative and long-term survival among children who are transplanted for failing Fontan physiology have, as yet, been somewhat suboptimal.
Numerical modeling study of boundary‐layer ventilation by a cold front over Europe
Authors: Agustí‐Panareda Anna , Gray Suzanne L. , Methven John
Published: September 2005

Ventilation of the boundary layer has an important effect on regional air quality and the long‐range transport of pollutants and their chemistry, as well as climate change. It is very difficult to quantify the ventilation of the polluted boundary‐layer air in field experiments because sources are not well known and there are many mechanisms that can contribute to the ventilation. In frontal cyclones ventilation can occur by advection by the large‐scale flow, slantwise and upright convection, and turbulent mixing. In order to quantify and partition the different mechanisms, numerical modeling experiments have been performed for a cold front that passed over Europe during the EXPORT (European Export of Precursors and Ozone by long‐Range Transport) field experiment. The numerical experiments have been performed by initializing the Met Office Unified Model with passive tracers with two different lifetimes which can be used to mimic a wide range of pollutants and estimate the age of the ventilated air. The spatial distribution of the estimated age of air is consistent with Lagrangian trajectory results and observations. Budget calculations over the model domain show that 33% of the longer‐lived tracer is exported from the boundary layer to the free troposphere by advection only and 68% by advection, convection and mixing. Therefore much younger air is found in and above the warm conveyor belt than would be found if advection was the only transport mechanism. The results also emphasize the importance of convection and mixing acting together, particularly for short‐lived tracers.
Temporal and spatial variation in tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota in particulate organic matter: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry
Authors: Wuchter Cornelia , Schouten Stefan , Wakeham Stuart G. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: September 2005

The TEX86 is a new temperature proxy which is based on the number of cyclopentane moieties in the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids of the membranes of Crenarchaeota that occur ubiquitously in oceans and shelf seas. This proxy was calibrated by core top sediments, but it is as yet not clear during which season and at which depth in the water column the GDGT signal used for TEX86 paleothermometry is biosynthesized. Here we analyzed >200 particulate organic matter (POM) samples from 11 different marine settings for TEX86. This revealed that the GDGTs occur seasonally in surface waters and occur in higher abundances during the winter and spring months. The depth distribution showed that GDGTs generally appeared in higher amounts below 100 m depth in the water column. However, the TEX86 values for waters below the photic zone (150–1500 m) did not correlate with the in situ temperature but rather correlated linearly with surface temperature. The TEX86 for POM from the upper 100 m showed a linear correlation with in situ temperature, which was nearly identical to the previously reported core top equation. The correlation of all POM samples with surface temperature was also strikingly similar to the core top correlation. These findings demonstrate that the GDGT signal which reaches the sediment is mainly derived from the upper 100 m of the water column. This may be caused by the fact that GDGTs from the photic zone are much more effectively transported to the sediment by grazing and repackaging in large particles than GDGTs from deeper waters.
Cenozoic vertical motions in the Moray Firth Basin associated with initiation of the Iceland Plume
Authors: Mackay L. M. , Turner J. , Jones S. M. , White N. J.
Published: September 2005

It is likely that the Iceland mantle plume generated transient uplift across the North Atlantic region when it initiated in earliest Cenozoic time. However, transient uplift recorded in sedimentary basins fringing the region can be overprinted by the effects of permanent uplift. Identifying and quantifying transient uplift can only be achieved in areas which have a well‐constrained stratigraphic record and across which the relative importance of permanent and transient uplift varies (e.g., the Moray Firth Basin, North Sea). By analyzing the subsidence of 50 boreholes from the Moray Firth Basin (MFB), residual vertical motions unrelated to rifting have been isolated. Transient uplift of 180–425 m occurred during Paleocene times. The western MFB has also been affected by permanent Cenozoic uplift, with denudation decreasing from 1.3 ± 0.1 km in the west of the basin to zero denudation east of 1°W. Dynamic support above the Iceland Plume led to transient uplift of the entire MFB in early Paleocene times, peaking in latest Paleocene times. In early Eocene times the effect of the plume waned, and subsidence occurred. Paleocene permanent uplift of the NW British Isles is generally accepted to have been due to magmatic underplating of the crust emplaced during the British Tertiary Igneous Province (61–58.5 Ma). The cause of Neogene uplift events is poorly understood, but it could also be associated with the Iceland Plume.
GRACE‐derived terrestrial water storage depletion associated with the 2003 European heat wave
Authors: Andersen Ole B. , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Hinderer Jacques , Viterbo Pedro
Published: September 2005

The GRACE twin satellites reveal large inter‐annual terrestrial water‐storage variations between 2002 and 2003 for central Europe. GRACE observes a negative trend in regional water storage from 2002 to 2003 peaking at −7.8 cm in central Europe with an accuracy of 1 cm. The 2003 excess terrestrial water storage depletion observed from GRACE can be related to the record‐breaking heat wave that occurred in central Europe in 2003. We validate the measurements from GRACE using two independent hydrological estimates and direct gravity observations from superconducting gravimeters in Europe. All datasets agree well with the GRACE measurements despite the disparity of the employed information; the difference between datasets tends to be within GRACE margin of error. The April‐to‐August terrestrial water storage depletion is found to be significantly larger in 2003 than in 2002 from both models and observations.
Rupture processes of the 2004 Chuetsu (mid‐Niigata prefecture) earthquake, Japan: A series of events in a complex fault system
Authors: Hikima Kazuhito , Koketsu Kazuki
Published: September 2005

We relocated the hypocenters of the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake sequence, Niigata, Japan, using the double‐difference method. The distribution of aftershocks reveals a complex fault system consisting of five different fault planes. Inversions of strong motion records for the five major events within the sequence indicate that the mainshock (MW 6.6) and the largest aftershock (MW 6.3) occurred on parallel WNW‐dipping fault planes. The zones of large slip (asperities) of these two events are located near the hypocenters. In contrast, the three other large earthquakes (MW 5.9, 5.7 and 5.9) occurred on east‐dipping fault planes oriented perpendicular to the fault plane of the mainshock. We used slip distributions deduced from waveform inversions to estimate the Coulomb failure stress changes that occurred immediately prior to each event. ΔCFF values were positive at the hypocenters and within the asperities of the major aftershocks. These results suggest that stress changes resulting from individual earthquakes led directly to the occurrence of subsequent earthquakes within the complex fault system.
Apparent clustering and apparent background earthquakes biased by undetected seismicity
Authors: Sornette Didier , Werner Maximillian J.
Published: September 2005

In models of triggered seismicity and in their estimation from empirical data, the detection threshold md is commonly equated to the magnitude m0 of the smallest triggering earthquake. This unjustified assumption neglects the possibility of shocks below the detection threshold triggering observable events. We introduce a formalism that distinguishes between the detection threshold md and the minimum triggering earthquake m0 ≤ md. By considering the branching structure of one complete cascade of triggered events, we derive the apparent branching ratio na (which is the apparent fraction of aftershocks in a given catalog) and the apparent background source Sa observed when only the structure above the detection threshold md is known due to the presence of smaller undetected events capable of triggering larger events. If, as several recent analyses have shown, earthquake triggering is controlled in large part by the smallest magnitudes, this implies that previous estimates of the clustering parameters may significantly underestimate the true values: For instance, an observed fraction of 55% of aftershocks is renormalized into a true value of 75% of triggered events.
Assessment of variability in continental low stratiform clouds based on observations of radar reflectivity
Authors: Kogan Zena N. , Mechem David B. , Kogan Yefim L.
Published: September 2005

The variability of overcast low stratiform clouds observed over the ARM Climate Research Facility Southern Great Plains (ACRF SGP) site is analyzed, and an approach to characterizing subgrid variability based on assumed statistical distributions is evaluated. The analysis is based on a vast (>1000 hours) radar reflectivity database collected by the Millimeter‐Wave Cloud Radar at ACRF SGP site. The radar data are classified into two low cloud categories and stratified by scale and the presence of precipitation. Cloud variability is analyzed by studying statistical distributions for the first two moments of the probability distribution functions (PDF) of radar reflectivity. Results indicate that variability for a broadly defined low‐altitude stratiform cloud type exhibits on average 40% greater standard deviation than canonical boundary layer clouds topped by an inversion. Cloud variability also dramatically depends on microphysical processes (as manifested in radar reflectivity) and increases by 2–5 times within a typical reflectivity range. Finally, variability is a strong function of scale and almost doubles in the 20–100 min temporal scale range. Formulations of subgrid variability, based on PDFs of reflectivity, are evaluated for the two cloud types and two scales of 10 and 30 km, taken to be representative of mesoscale and NWP model grid sizes. The results show that for these cloud types and scales the PDF of reflectivity can be reasonably well approximated by a truncated Gaussian function, specified by mean and standard deviation with the latter parameterized as a linear function of the mean.
Temperature and pressure dependences of tunneling rate constant: Density-functional theory potential-energy surface for H-atom transfer in the fluorene-acridine system
Authors: Trakhtenberg L. I. , Fokeyev A. A. , Dolin S. P. , Mebel A. M. , Lin S. H.
Published: September 2005

Temperature and pressure dependences of rate constants for solid phase tunneling reactions are analytically considered within the framework of modified theory of radiationless transitions, taking into account the intermolecular and soft intramolecular promotive vibrations of reagents. This treatment allows us to describe theoretically the process of atomic tunneling and the effect of temperature on the potential barrier and reorganization of the reagents. The influence of external pressure appears in our treatment as a static reduction of widths and heights of the potential barrier with hydrostatic compression of the matrix, and also as an increase of frequencies of promotive vibrational modes owing to anharmonicity. The theoretical results are used to interpret experimental data concerning the effect of temperature and pressure on the hydrogen-atom tunneling in the fluorene-acridine reaction system. It has been shown that by taking into account the contributions from reorganization of the reagents, which statically reduce the tunneling barrier and are related to four types of promotive vibrations (translational, librational, and two low-frequency intramolecular modes at 95 and 238cm−1), one can reproduce the experimental data available in the literature. The parameters of the reaction system required for this analysis are calculated from two-dimensional potential-energy surfaces generated at the DFT-B3LYP∕6-31G∗ level.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrum of liquid nitromethane
Authors: Shelton David P.
Published: September 2005

The vertical vertical (VV), horizontal vertical (HV), and vertical horizontal (VH) hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) spectra were measured for liquid CH3NO2 at T=300K. The main HRS spectral component has a width ν1=1.28±0.04cm−1, which gives an orientation relaxation time τ=4.1±0.1ps in good agreement with other experiments. However, the VH spectrum also contains a previously unobserved strong narrow peak at zero-frequency shift, absent from the VV and HV spectra, which is due to a slowly relaxing longitudinal orientation mode. The upper bound on the width of this peak is 5 MHz, which corresponds to a relaxation time τ>30ns.
Conductivity and gating of silicon ringchains
Authors: Speyer Joseph L. , Ovchinnikov Igor V. , Neuhauser Daniel , Baugh Delroy
Published: September 2005

One-dimensional and two-dimensional conductivity calculations are done for a set of several closely spaced quantum silicon rings, following the development of bottom-up approaches for producing silicon rings. The transmission is easily influenced by electric and magnetic gatings and has band features even for two or three rings, showing its potential usefulness for logical devices. Analysis on different gatings shows that the electric-field gating would be as effective as the Aharonov-Bohm magnetic gating.
A reduced density-matrix theory of absorption line shape of molecular aggregate
Authors: Yang Mino
Published: September 2005

A theory for the absorption line shape of molecular aggregates in condensed phase is formulated based on a reduced density-matrix approach. Intermolecular couplings in the aggregates are assumed to be weak (Förster type of energy transfer mechanism). The spin-Boson model is employed to include the effect of electron-phonon coupling. Using the projection operator technique, we derive kinetic equations for the reduced electronic density matrix associated with the absorption spectrum. General expressions of time-dependent rate constants in the kinetic equations are derived by using the cumulant expansion technique. The resulting time-dependent kinetic equations are solved numerically. We illustrate the applicability of the present theory by calculating the line shape of a dimer (a pair of donor and acceptor of energy transfer). For a J-aggregate type of molecular pair (with excitonic redshift), a tail appears on the blue side of the absorption spectrum due to the existence of inhomogeneity in electronic state mixing which is originated from the electron-phonon coupling.
Controlled nucleation of dislocations by a spatially localized stress field
Authors: Kammler M. , Chidambarrao D. , Schwarz K. W. , Black C. T. , Ross F. M.
Published: September 2005

We analyze the nucleation of dislocations in silicon at spatially localized stress fields generated by silicon nitride pads having a high intrinsic stress. The nucleation and final configuration of the dislocations were studied using hot-stage transmission electron microscopy and were compared with dislocation simulations based on calculations of the stress fields around the pads. We find that the simulated configurations match well with the experimental data, and we show that the dislocation configuration can be controlled by the pad size.
Fabrication of a vertical-type organic transistor with a planar metal base
Authors: Fujimoto Shin-ya , Nakayama Ken-ichi , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: September 2005

High-performance vertical-type organic transistors were fabricated using a simple layered structure composed of organic/metal/organic layers. This device could modulate a sheet current between the emitter and collector by a voltage applied to the thin base electrode inserted. When C60 and perylene derivatives were used for the channel layer, the modulated collector current exceeded 300mA∕cm2 by application of only several volts of base voltage. The mechanism for this process is discussed from the viewpoint of metal base transistors.
Picosecond time-resolved imaging by nonscanning fluorescence Kerr gate microscope
Authors: Fujino Tatsuya , Fujima Takuya , Tahara Tahei
Published: September 2005

A nonscanning picosecond fluorescence Kerr gate microscope has been developed. By applying the optical Kerr gate technique to the fluorescence imaging of microscopic samples, picosecond time-resolved fluorescence images were obtained with 1.4-ps time resolutions and 1-μm space resolutions, without XY scanning of the sample or the excitation light. A demonstrational measurement on an organic microcrystal, perylene, is presented.
Crystal Comets: Dewetting During Emulsion Droplet Crystallization
Authors: Spicer Patrick T. , Hartel Richard W.
Published: September 2005

Liquid oil emulsion droplets can violently dewet their own solid crystals during crystallization as a result of surfactant adsorption. The crystal shape formed is a function of the relative rates of dewetting and crystallization as controlled by surfactant adsorption, cooling rate, and lipid purity. For negligible dewetting rates, crystals nucleate and grow within the droplet. At similar crystallization and dewetting rates, the droplet is propelled around the continuous phase on a crystalline ‘comet tail’ much larger than the original droplet. Rapid dewetting causes the ejection of small discrete crystals across the droplet’s oil–water interface.
Spontaneous evolution of modularity and network motifs
Authors: Kashtan Nadav , Alon Uri
Published: September 2005

Biological networks have an inherent simplicity: they are modular with a design that can be separated into units that perform almost independently. Furthermore, they show reuse of recurring patterns termed network motifs. Little is known about the evolutionary origin of these properties. Current models of biological evolution typically produce networks that are highly nonmodular and lack understandable motifs. Here, we suggest a possible explanation for the origin of modularity and network motifs in biology. We use standard evolutionary algorithms to evolve networks. A key feature in this study is evolution under an environment (evolutionary goal) that changes in a modular fashion. That is, we repeatedly switch between several goals, each made of a different combination of subgoals. We find that such “modularly varying goals” lead to the spontaneous evolution of modular network structure and network motifs. The resulting networks rapidly evolve to satisfy each of the different goals. Such switching between related goals may represent biological evolution in a changing environment that requires different combinations of a set of basic biological functions. The present study may shed light on the evolutionary forces that promote structural simplicity in biological networks and offers ways to improve the evolutionary design of engineered systems.
Initiation of the power stroke in muscle: Insights from the phosphate analog AlF
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Authors: Kraft Theresia , Mählmann Enke , Mattei Thomas , Brenner Bernhard
Published: September 2005

Motile forces in muscle are generated by the so-called “power stroke,” a series of structural changes in the actomyosin cross-bridge driven by hydrolysis of ATP. The initiation of this power stroke is closely related to phosphate release after ATP cleavage and to the change of the myosin head from weak, nonstereospecific actin attachment to strong, stereospecific binding. The exact sequence of events, however, is highly controversial but crucial for the mechanism of how ATP hydrolysis drives structural changes in the head domain of myosins and related NTPases like kinesins and small G proteins. Here, we show that the phosphate analogue AlF
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can form two ADP·phosphate analog states, one with weak binding of myosin to actin and the other with strong binding of myosin to actin. Thus, change from weak to strong binding (i.e., the initiation of the power stroke) can occur before phosphate is released from the active site.
Prices and Politics in Andean Water Reforms
Authors: Boelens Rutgerd , Zwarteveen Margreet
Published: September 2005

Water rights are best understood as politically contested and culturally embedded relationships among different social actors. In the Andean region, existing rights of irrigators’ collectives often embody historical struggles over resources, rules, authorities and identities. This article argues, first, that the neo‐liberal language that is increasingly used in water policies is ill‐suited for recognizing and dealing with these social, cultural and political dimensions of water distribution. Local water rules and rights, their dynamics, and the way they are linked to power relations, local identities and contextualized constructions of legitimacy, remain invisible in neo‐liberal policy discourse. Second, this same discourse actively destroys these local rights systems and presents itself as the only viable cure to the problems it generates. The ways in which local irrigators’ collectives attempt to protect their water security raise questions about the fundaments and effects of neo‐liberal water reforms, but these questions are neglected or poorly understood. This article proposes a more situated, layered and contextualized approach to Andean water questions, not just to improve representational accuracy but also to increase political visibility and legitimacy of peasant and indigenous water claims. What is needed is not just a new ‘typology’ or ‘taxonomy’ of water rights, but an alternative ‘water rights ontology’ that understands locally existing norms and water control practices, and the power relations that inform and surround them, as deeply constitutive of water rights.