bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inductive probabilistic taxonomy learning using singular value decomposition
Authors: FALLUCCHI FRANCESCA , ZANZOTTO FABIO MASSIMO
Published: January 2011

Capturing word meaning is one of the challenges of natural language processing (NLP). Formal models of meaning, such as networks of words or concepts, are knowledge repositories used in a variety of applications. To be effectively used, these networks have to be large or, at least, adapted to specific domains. Learning word meaning from texts is then an active area of research. Lexico-syntactic pattern methods are one of the possible solutions. Yet, these models do not use structural properties of target semantic relations, e.g. transitivity, during learning. In this paper, we propose a novel lexico-syntactic pattern probabilistic method for learning taxonomies that explicitly models transitivity and naturally exploits vector space model techniques for reducing space dimensions. We define two probabilistic models: the direct probabilistic model and the induced probabilistic model. The first is directly estimated on observations over text collections. The second uses transitivity on the direct probabilistic model to induce probabilities of derived events. Within our probabilistic model, we also propose a novel way of using singular value decomposition as unsupervised method for feature selection in estimating direct probabilities. We empirically show that the induced probabilistic taxonomy learning model outperforms state-of-the-art probabilistic models and our unsupervised feature selection method improves performance.
Sleepless in Sweden: A Single Subject Study of Effects of Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia on Three Adolescents
Authors: Norell-Clarke Annika , Nyander EvaLotta , Jansson-Fröjmark Markus
Published: January 2011

Background: Sleeping difficulties are an increasing problem for youths, but there is a lack of treatment research for this age group. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia (CT-I) on youths with primary insomnia; this treatment has never been tested on youths before. Method: The study was conducted according to an AB single-case experimental phase design, with pre-tests and post-tests. After 7–10 days of baseline assessment, three youths aged 16–18 (2 male) with primary insomnia participated in a 7-week long treatment. A sleep diary was used throughout the treatment. A follow-up assessment including one week with a sleep diary was conducted 3 months later. Visual inspection was used to analyze outcome. Results: Insomnia severity was greatly reduced for all participants after treatment. Daily measures showed that sleep onset latency was reduced for two participants but no change in total sleep time was confirmed. Daytime symptoms fluctuated for the participants. The insomnia-specific psychological processes were reduced to varying extents. These results were maintained at the follow-up measure. Conclusions: CT-I may be a promising treatment for youths with insomnia and the treatment should be tested further in randomized controlled studies.
Investigating the Use of CD-Rom CBT for Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder in an NHS Adult Outpatient Eating Disorders Service
Authors: Graham Lisa , Walton Mark
Published: January 2011

Background: Many patients who experience bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) find it hard to access evidence-based treatments. Rates of failure to enter outpatient services following initial assessment are high, as are dropout rates from specialist outpatient eating disorders services. Aims: To offer CD-Rom CBT, a cognitive-behavioural multi-media supported self-help treatment, in a locality-based outpatient NHS Eating Disorders Service to patients who have binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Method: Patients referred to a catchment-based NHS outpatient eating disorders service who were assessed and had an eating disorder with a binge-eating component were offered CD-Rom based CBT (Overcoming Bulimia) whilst on the waiting list for individual CBT. Results: Forty patients completed the 8 sessions and attended the evaluation appointment (13 had BN, 27 had BED). For both groups, there were significant improvements in well-being and functioning, as well as significant reductions in problems and risk. There was also a significant reduction on the “Bulimic Subscale” of the EDI. These results were comparable with the original study findings (Schmidt, Treasure and Williams, 2001). Dropouts from the CD-Rom reflected rates common to other EDS treatments suggesting that CD-Rom did not directly impact upon service dropout rates. Conclusions: Computer assisted CBT for Eating Disorders offers a promising, feasible and acceptable first step for patients who have bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder and access treatment from specialist eating disorders services.
OCD in the Perinatal Period: Is Postpartum OCD (ppOCD) a Distinct Subtype? A Review of the Literature
Authors: McGuinness Mary , Blissett Jackie , Jones Chris
Published: January 2011

Background: It has been suggested that the perinatal period is a period of increased risk for the development and/or exacerbation of OCD and that postpartum OCD (ppOCD) presents a distinct clinical picture. This raises the possibility that ppOCD might be a distinct subtype of OCD. This review examines this contention. Method: A search using Ovid (Medline, PsycINFO and Embase), EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (ISI), Pubmed databases and Google Scholar was carried out using the key words: “obsessive compulsive disorder” (and derivatives), “perinatal”, “pregnancy”, “postnatal”, “postpartum”, “mothers” (and derivatives), “anxiety disorders” and “subtypes.” These articles and their references were reviewed. Results: The majority of studies reviewed were retrospective, which makes it impossible to infer causality. Two prospective studies found a higher incidence of OCD in the postpartum period. These were carried out in Turkey and Brazil and, as such, may be limited in their applicability to other cultural groups. Conclusion: The concept of ppOCD as a specific subtype has not been robustly demonstrated. The evidence that OCD is more prevalent in the postpartum period is mixed. The evidence that OCD in the postpartum period presents a distinctive clinical picture with specific symptomatology and course is more compelling. In view of the impact of culture and religion on the expression of OCD, collaborative, international, prospective studies that take into account the methodological and definitional issues raised in this review are necessary to provide clarification.
PlanfulversusAvoidant Coping: Behavior of Individuals With Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury During a Psychosocial Stress Test
Authors: Krpan Katherine M. , Stuss Donald T. , Anderson Nicole D.
Published: January 2011

Many people who sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have poor psychosocial outcomes that have been related to the use of avoidant coping. A major obstacle to understanding the mechanisms of this relationship are the self-report measures by which coping has been traditionally evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to compare coping behavior during a simulated real-world stress test with self-reported coping. People with moderate-to-severe TBI and matched controls completed the Baycrest Psychosocial Stress Test (BPST) where coping behavior was evaluated, and also completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOC). While there were no group differences in self- or significant-other-reported behavior on the WOC, the TBI group engaged in more avoidant than planful behavior on the BPST, while the control group displayed the opposite pattern of behavior. Moreover, in the control group there were positive relations between behavior on the BPST and self-reported coping on the WOC, but no such relation within the TBI group. Secondary analyses allowed for TBI participants to be characterized as “planners” or “avoiders.” This is the first study, to our knowledge, to report behavioral differences in coping post-TBI. Future work investigating the moderators of these differences may have significant implications for rehabilitative intervention. (JINS, 2011,17, 248–255)
Predictors of Neuropsychological Improvement Following Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Gliomas
Authors: Gehring Karin , Aaronson Neil K. , Gundy Chad M. , Taphoorn Martin J.B. , Sitskoorn Margriet M.
Published: January 2011

This study investigated the specific patient factors that predict responsiveness to a cognitive rehabilitation program. The program has previously been demonstrated to be successful at the group level in patients with gliomas, but it is unclear which patient characteristics optimized the effect of the intervention at the individual level. Four categories of possible predictors of improvement were selected for evaluation: sociodemographic and clinical variables, self-reported cognitive symptoms, and objective neuropsychological test performance. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted, beginning with the most accessible (sociodemographic) variables and ending with the most difficult (baseline neuropsychological) to identify in clinical practice. Nearly 60% of the participants of the intervention were classified as reliably improved. Reliable improvement was predicted by age (p= .003) and education (p= .011). Additional results suggested that younger patients were more likely to benefit specifically from the cognitive rehabilitation program (p= .001), and that higher education was also associated with improvement in the control group (p= .024). The findings are discussed in light of brain reserve theory. A practical implication is that cognitive rehabilitation programs should take the patients’ age into account and, if possible, adapt programs to increase the likelihood of improvement among older participants. (JINS, 2011,17, 256–266)
Deteriorated Executive Functions in Patients with Successful Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas Compared with Other Chronically Ill Patients
Authors: Müssig Karsten , Besemer Britta , Saur Ralf , Klingberg Stefan , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Gallwitz Baptist , Leyhe Thomas
Published: January 2011

Pituitary adenomas, even after successful treatment, are associated with cognitive impairments. It is unclear whether these deficits are a consequence of unspecific factors associated with having a chronic illness and whether the cognitive dysfunctions exceed those of other chronically ill patients. Thirty-eight patients with transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas and 38 patients undergoing L-thyroxine replacement therapy after thyroid surgery were studied neuropsychologically with established tests. Executive function was examined with the Trail-Making Test A and B, working memory with the digit span test, attention with the digit symbol test, verbal memory with the German version of the Auditory Verbal Learning and Memory Test, and general verbal intelligence by a vocabulary test. Attention (p = .007), attentional speed (p = .0004), executive control (p = .04), and working memory (p = .01), were significantly reduced in patients with pituitary adenomas compared with other chronically ill patients. In contrast, no differences were found between the groups for verbal memory (all subtests: p ≥ .06). Patients with successful surgery for pituitary adenomas show also in comparison with other chronically ill patients an increased risk for deficits in certain aspects of cognitive function, including attention and working memory, supporting the relevance of the brain lesion and its treatment for these dysfunctions. (JINS, 2011, 17, 369–375)
Iron stores in relation to dietary patterns in a multiethnic population: the SAMINOR study
Authors: Broderstad Ann R , Melhus Marita , Brustad Magritt , Lund Eiliv
Published: January 2011

Objective

We evaluated the association between serum ferritin (s-ferritin), transferrin saturation and dietary patterns, in connection with ethnicity, geographical settlement and lifestyle factors.

Design

In 2003–2004, a cross-sectional study of health and living conditions was carried out in northern Norway.

Setting

A questionnaire explored, among other factors, ethnicity and food consumption habits. Principal component analysis was used to assess the association between variables. Seven principal components were then used as input to a cluster analysis. To characterise food consumptions, five dietary patterns were identified and used to assess the effect of food consumption habits on Fe stores.

Subjects

A total of 16 323 men and women between the ages of 36 and 79 years participated.

Results

Participants who frequently consumed reindeer meat had higher levels of s-ferritin (P < 0·0001) than did individuals with other dietary patterns. This pattern was highly represented by subjects with three generations of Sami language (Sami I). Further, mean transferrin saturation in the reindeer group was higher compared with the other dietary clusters for men (P < 0·04) and women (P < 0·02). However, the reindeer pattern individuals also had the highest proportion of subjects with overweight and obesity. Obesity was positively associated with s-ferritin in both men and women (P < 0·0001).

Conclusions

The differences in Fe status described earlier between inland Sami and non-Sami can be explained by several factors such as food habits, age and obesity. High level of s-ferritin may reflect high intake of reindeer meat. Being overweight and obese is also associated with s-ferritin levels.
Improving the diet of employees at blue-collar worksites: results from the ‘Food at Work’ intervention study
Authors: Lassen Anne D , Thorsen Anne V , Sommer Helle M , Fagt Sisse , Trolle Ellen , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Tetens Inge
Published: January 2011

Objective

To examine the impact of a 6-month participatory and empowerment-based intervention study on employees’ dietary habits and on changes in the canteen nutrition environment.

Design

Worksites were stratified by company type and by the presence or absence of an in-house canteen, and randomly allocated to either an intervention group (five worksites) or a minimum intervention control group (three worksites). The study was carried out in partnership with a trade union and guided by an ecological framework targeting both individual and environment levels. Outcome measures included: (i) changes in employees’ dietary habits derived from 4 d pre-coded food diaries of a group of employees at the worksites (paired-data structure); and (ii) the canteen nutrition environment as identified by aggregating chemical nutritional analysis of individual canteen lunches (different participants at baseline and at endpoint).

Setting

Eight blue-collar worksites (five of these with canteens).

Subjects

Employees.

Results

In the intervention group (n102), several significant positive nutritional effects were observed among employees, including a median daily decrease in intake of fat (−2·2 %E,P= 0·002) and cake and sweets (−18 g/10 MJ,P= 0·002) and a median increase in intake of dietary fibre (3 g/10 MJ,P< 0·001) and fruit (55 g/d,P= 0·007 and 74 g/10 MJ,P= 0·009). With regard to the canteen nutrition environment, a significant reduction in the percentage of energy obtained from fat was found in the intervention group (median difference 11 %E,P< 0·001,n144).

Conclusions

The present study shows that moderate positive changes in dietary patterns can be achieved among employees in blue-collar worksites.
Impact of an intervention on the availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace
Authors: Bandoni Daniel Henrique , Sarno Flávio , Jaime Patricia Constante
Published: January 2011

Objective

To evaluate the impact of an educational and environmental intervention on the availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables in workplace cafeterias.

Design

This was a randomized intervention study involving a sample of companies that were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention, which focused on change in the work environment, was based on an ecological model for health promotion. It involved several different aspects including menu planning, food presentation and motivational strategies to encourage the consumption of fruits and vegetables. The impact of the intervention was measured by changes (between baseline and follow-up) in the availability of fruits and vegetables that were eaten per consumer in meals and the consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace by workers. We also evaluated the availability of energy, macronutrients and fibre.

Settings

Companies of São Paulo, Brazil.

Subjects

Twenty-nine companies and 2510 workers.

Results

After the intervention we found an average increase in the availability of fruits and vegetables of 49 g in the intervention group, an increase of approximately 15 %, whereas the results for the control group remained practically equal to baseline levels. During the follow-up period, the intervention group also showed reduced total fat and an increase in fibre in the meals offered. The results showed a slight but still positive increase in the workers’ consumption of fruits and vegetables (about 11 g) in the meals offered by the companies.

Conclusions

Interventions focused on the work environment can be effective in promoting the consumption of healthy foods.
Social and cultural construction of obesity among Pakistani Muslim women in North West England
Authors: Ludwig Alison F , Cox Peter , Ellahi Basma
Published: January 2011

Objective

The present qualitative study explored health perceptions, diet and the social construction of obesity and how this relates to the initiation and maintenance of a healthier diet in UK Pakistani women.

Design

Pakistani women in Greater Manchester participated in focus group and one-to-one discussions. Semi-structured interviews employing fictional vignettes and body shape images were used to explore the participants’ beliefs and practices regarding diet, overweight/obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Transcripts were analysed using phenomenological and sociological approaches.

Setting

Interviews took place either in local community and Pakistani resource centres or in private homes.

Subjects

First- and second-generation women who were both active in the community and housebound. The women spoke English and/or Urdu.

Results

The fifty-five participants lacked the motivation to address weight gain and were unsure how to do so. There was a limited awareness of the link between weight gain and type 2 diabetes. Other barriers included the influence of Islam, culture and familial expectations on home cooking, perceptions that weight gain is inevitable (owing to ageing, childbirth or divine predestination) and the prioritisation of family concerns over individual lifestyle changes. As the findings of the present research did not correspond to existing educational and behaviour change models, a new Health Action Transition conceptual model is proposed.

Conclusions

Health education programmes that aim to address obesity and its associated risks in the South Asian community must take into account the complex beliefs and practices and the multiple dimensions of religion, ethnic and social identity within this population. The present study provides further insight into these factors and proposes a novel model for use in designing and implementing education interventions for British Pakistani women.
The Microstructure and Creep Behavior of Cold Rolled Udimet 188 Sheet
Authors: Boehlert C.J. , Longanbach S.C.
Published: January 2011

Udimet 188 was subjected to thermomechanical processing (TMP) in an attempt to understand the effects of cold-rolling deformation on the microstructure and tensile-creep behavior. Commercially available sheet was cold rolled to varying amounts of deformation (between 5–35% reduction in sheet thickness) followed by a solution treatment at 1,464 K (1,191°C) for 1 h and subsequent air cooling. This sequence was repeated four times to induce a high-volume fraction of low-energy grain boundaries. The resultant microstructure was characterized using electron backscattered diffraction. The effect of the TMP treatment on the high-temperature [1,033–1,088 K (760–815°C)] creep behavior was evaluated. The measured creep stress exponents (6.0–6.8) suggested that dislocation creep was dominant at 1,033 K (760°C) for stresses ranging between 100–220 MPa. For stresses ranging between 25–100 MPa at 1,033 K (760°C), the stress exponents (2.3–2.8) suggested grain boundary sliding was dominant. A significant amount of grain boundary cracking was observed both on the surface and subsurface of deformed samples. To assess the mechanisms of crack nucleation, in situ scanning electron microscopy was performed during the elevated-temperature tensile-creep deformation. Cracking occurred preferentially along general high-angle grain boundaries (GHAB) and less than 25% of the cracks were found on low-angle grain boundaries (LAB) and coincident site lattice boundaries (CSLB). Creep rupture experiments were performed at T = 1,088 K (815°C) and σ = 165 MPa and the greatest average time-to-rupture was exhibited by the TMP sheet with the greatest fraction of LAB+CSLB. However, a clear correlation was not exhibited between the grain boundary character distribution and the minimum creep rates. The findings of this work suggest that although grain boundary engineering may be possible for this alloy, simply relating the fraction of grain boundary types to the creep resistance is not sufficient.
Speckle Patterning of Soft Tissues for Strain Field Measurement Using Digital Image Correlation: Preliminary Quality Assessment of Patterns
Authors: Ning Jinfeng , Braxton Vaughn G. , Wang Ying , Sutton Michael A. , Wang Yanqing , Lessner Susan M.
Published: January 2011

Methods for creating speckle patterns on mouse arteries for use in deformation and strain field measurements in a stereomicroscope digital image correlation (DIC) system are described. Both fluorescent microsphere binding and ethidium bromide (EB) nuclear staining were used to generate high contrast, random patterns on mouse carotid arteries. To quantify the quality of each pattern, several metrics are used including (a) histogram distribution for each intensity pattern and (b) pixel-level variance in intensity pattern noise. Results demonstrate that both approaches provide sufficient pattern contrast for use in image-based methods to measure deformations in soft tissue. While fluorescent nuclear staining generates higher pixel-level intensity noise, this method provides better overall pattern quality (greater spatial uniformity and broader histogram) for automated DIC analysis when used at the appropriate magnification. Using recently developed theoretical predictions, estimates for the standard deviation in image-correlation-based displacements due to the measured intensity pattern variance are presented for fluorescent microsphere binding and EB nuclear staining patterns. Results confirm that both patterning approaches provide relatively small standard deviation in displacement measurements and hence are appropriate for measurement of deformations in small artery specimens.
AN EIGENVALUE PROBLEM INVOLVING A FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ARISING IN A CELL GROWTH MODEL
Authors: VAN BRUNT BRUCE , VLIEG-HULSTMAN M.
Published: January 2011

We interpret a boundary-value problem arising in a cell growth model as a singular Sturm–Liouville problem that involves a functional differential equation of the pantograph type. We show that the probability density function of the cell growth model corresponds to the first eigenvalue and that there is a family of rapidly decaying eigenfunctions.
ON RESIDUALLY FINITE VARIETIES OF INVOLUTION SEMIGROUPS
Authors: DOLINKA IGOR
Published: January 2011

We prove that the variety consisting of all involutory inflations of normal bands is the unique maximal residually finite variety consisting of combinatorial semigroups with involution.
Certificate size reduction in abstraction-carrying code
Authors: ALBERT ELVIRA , ARENAS PURI , PUEBLA GERMÁN , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL
Published: January 2011

Abstraction-Carrying Code (ACC) has recently been proposed as a framework for mobile code safety in which the code supplier provides a program together with an abstraction (or abstract model of the program) whose validity entails compliance with a predefined safety policy. The abstraction plays thus the role of safety certificate and its generation is carried out automatically by a fixpoint analyzer. The advantage of providing a (fixpoint) abstraction to the code consumer is that its validity is checked in a single pass (i.e., one iteration) of an abstract interpretation-based checker. A main challenge to make ACC useful in practice is to reduce the size of certificates as much as possible while at the same time not increasing checking time. The intuitive idea is to only include in the certificate information that the checker is unable to reproduce without iterating. We introduce the notion of reduced certificate which characterizes the subset of the abstraction which a checker needs in order to validate (and re-construct) the full certificate in a single pass. Based on this notion, we instrument a generic analysis algorithm with the necessary extensions in order to identify the information relevant to the checker. Interestingly, the fact that the reduced certificate omits (parts of) the abstraction has implications in the design of the checker. We provide the sufficient conditions which allow us to ensure that (1) if the checker succeeds in validating the certificate, then the certificate is valid for the program (correctness) and (2) the checker will succeed for any reduced certificate which is valid (completeness). Our approach has been implemented and benchmarked within the CiaoPP system. The experimental results show that our proposal is able to greatly reduce the size of certificates in practice.
RETURN OF THE ZOMBIES
Authors: Lyon Ardon
Published: January 2011

We're back! Actually, we've never been away, so what I really mean is that my fellow zombies and I are, I hope, about to announce to the world that we're here! It's true I haven't yet asked anyone else to agree to expose themselves as I am now doing, but I'm hoping that my own public outing will encourage, or perhaps even shame others to come forward and join me.
THERE IS SOMETHING ABOUT INEZ
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: January 2011

Hell is other people. This miserable-sounding soundbite, the moment of revelation in Jean-Paul Sartre's shortest play, must be the most quoted line of twentieth-century philosophy. Not even Jacques Derrida's claim that ‘there is nothing beyond the text’, fondly cherished in some regions of academia, has anything like the cultural reach of what is often taken to be the quintessential Sartrean slogan. And the analytic tradition hardly abounds in snappy lines: meaning just ain't in the head, to be is to be the value of a variable, and that's about it. You'll not sell many of those t-shirts. Part of the appeal of Sartre's slogan lies, of course, in the fact that we all regularly annoy each other. We think we can see better ways of doing what only other people have the power to do. Your schemes can clash with mine in ways that prevent me from achieving my goals and living my dreams. People can look down on me. Other people can and do thwart, defeat, constrain, disappoint, irritate, and distort us. When we dwell on all this at the expense of the love, inspiration, fun, co-operation, respect, and decency that characterise much of our social interaction, then we find Sartre's slogan neatly encapsulates our mood. Its wit helps us put the melancholia in perspective as we express it. We get it off our chest.
THE DIFFICULTY OF UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Lovas Mark
Published: January 2011

If emotions such as sympathy are to play the role Oatley envisages for them, they cannot be condescending; they must be based on some real understanding. This is an essay about the difficulty of understanding, and, consequently, the difficulty of sympathy. So, it is a challenge to any philosopher who seeks to understand morality by assigning a strong role to the emotions.
THE DIRTY WORD
Authors: Berman Michael , Berman Natasha
Published: January 2011

For the first two years of my daughter's life, I was scheduled to teach an Introductory Logic course. While I had taught Critical Thinking courses in the past, having to steep myself in categorical and propositional logic left a lasting impression on my own thinking. More importantly, though, these courses influenced my speech-habits during the early years of my child's development. By no means do I intend to assert that my child somehow gained some cognitive benefit from my communication with her during these early stages of her life. Rather, it seems that she acquired the particular virtue of tolerating her father's habit of voicing strangely worded utterances. As she has passed the three and half year mark, her own communication skills and means of expression are well on their way towards developing into her own distinct styles. This I know because we talk a lot. Often times these dialogues are about day care, her friends, or princesses and lots of pink stuff. But sometimes a gem of an argument develops.
BETTER NOT TO HAVE CHILDREN
Authors: Harrison Gerald , Tanner Julia
Published: January 2011

Most people take it for granted that it's morally permissible to have children. They may raise questions about the number of children it's responsible to have or whether it's permissible to reproduce when there's a strong risk of serious disability. But in general, having children is considered a good thing to do, something that's morally permissible in most cases (perhaps even obligatory).
LINKING BLACKNESS OR ETHNIC OTHERING?
Authors: Nunnally Shayla C.
Published: January 2011

Dawson (1994) submits Black linked fate is a major predictor of Black political behavior. This theory conjectures that the experiences of African Americans with race and racial discrimination in the United States unify their personal interests under a rubric of interests that are best for the Black racial group. With increasing Black ethnic diversity in the United States, however, it becomes important to ascertain how African Americans perceive linkages across Black ethnic groups. This study examines African Americans' linkages with West Indian and African peoples in the United States, referred to here as diasporic linked fate. The study tests the influence of parent-child, intra-racial socialization messages on these linkages. Results suggest that, while a majority of African Americans acknowledge Black linked fate, they distinguish these linkages based on ethnicity and have more tenuous linkages with West Indians and Africans in the United States. While intra-racial socialization messages offer some import in explaining perceived differences in Black ethnic groups' living experiences, more frequent experiences with racial discrimination, and membership in a Black organization offer more import in explaining diasporic linked fate.
Innovation in vegetable seed production and the role of consumers in the organic and conventional babyleaf chains: The case of Denmark
Authors: Deleuran Lise C.
Published: January 2011

In this study, the focus is on babyleaf products and the potentials that an increased interest in these products might bring to vegetable seed growers. Case studies on babyleaf products illustrate how consumers perceive babyleaf products and which parameters they give preference to. In addition, aspects of preference for local vegetable products were investigated. The methodological approach has been in the form of two questionnaires presented to consumers in two different chain structures, an industrialized chain (linking actors from ‘farm to fork’) and an alternative chain where organic produce is delivered to the consumers' doorstep through a box-scheme concept. The participants in the surveys were selected to identify elements that potentially could be used as a spur in innovation and development of new products in the chain and not necessarily to indicate general consumer interests. The overall conclusions are a genuine interest in babyleaf products in both approached chains. In the industrialized chain, 89% of the respondents would like more products and subsequently new niches within seed production are likely to occur. In the alternative chain, 83% of the respondents were very content with the babyleaf product they had received. In addition, these consumers display a profound preference for local products. The paper proposes that seeds and the quality of the seeds play an important role in babyleaf production and should be viewed as, not just a raw material in the chain, but also as the initial step in the babyleaf chain. Dialog among the actors in the chain is essential to meet the consumer demands from both a conventional and an organic perspective. The role of organic seed in organic vegetable productions is discussed.
Interlocking complementarities and institutional change
Authors: PAGANO UGO
Published: January 2011

In biology, the laws that regulate the structuring and change of complex organisms, characterised by interlocking complementarities, are different from those that shape the evolution of simple organisms. Only the latter share mechanisms of competitive selection of the fittest analogous to those envisaged by the standard neoclassical model in economics. The biological counterparts of protectionism, subsidies and conflicts enable complex organisms to exit from long periods of stasis and to increase their capacity to adapt efficiently to the environment. Because of their interlocking complementarities, most institutions share the laws governing the structure and change of complex organisms. We concentrate on the complementarities between technology and property rights and consider historical cases in which organisational stasis has been overcome by mechanisms different from (and sometimes acting in spite of) competitive pressure. The evolution of institutions cannot be taken for granted; but even when institutions seem frozen forever by their interlocking complementarities, their potential for change can be discovered by analysis of those interactions.
A group-oriented inpatient CBT programme: a pilot study
Authors: Lynch Katherine , Berry Courtney , Sirey Joanne
Published: January 2011

The inpatient unit faces many challenges in the effort to deliver comprehensive psychiatric care to acutely ill patients with minimal lengths of stay. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), a structured, problem-focused, time-limited form of treatment has been shown to be a promising intervention with the inpatient population. This paper describes a group-oriented inpatient CBT programme for women and reports pilot data on the experiences of 78 adult female patients. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that participants exhibited improved psychosocial functioning from admission to discharge, with gains maintained at 1 month post-discharge. Partial correlations indicated that participation and engagement in CBT groups is related to improved functioning at discharge. Participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorders all evidenced similar positive treatment trajectories, suggesting that group-oriented CBT programming may be a useful addition to standard inpatient care.
The anatomy of the basal turtle Eileanchelys waldmani from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Anquetin Jérémy
Published: January 2011

The stem turtle Eileanchelys waldmani is known from the Bathonian deposits of the Kilmaluag Formation, Isle of Skye, Scotland. A description of all the currently available material, including several skulls and shells, is provided herein. Eileanchelys waldmani is characterised by a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features. The former include a flat vomer, a reduced posterior extension of the pterygoid, the absence of flooring of the cavum acustico-jugulare, the absence of proper recessus scalae tympani, wide vertebral scales, a vertebral 3–4 sulcus on neural 6, a pair of mesoplastra meeting medially, and platycoelous cervical vertebrae. Derived features include a prefrontal–vomer contact, an elongate postorbital skull, a well-developed antrum postoticum, and a slender processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic. Eileanchelys waldmani also possesses unique features such as a possible ninth neural or supernumerary suprapygal of unusual shape, as well as a broad first suprapygal that contacts the peripherals laterally. Additionally, E. waldmani documents the evolution of the vomer and basicranium from basalmost turtles to the crown-group.
High heat load absorbers in Taiwan Photon Source storage ring
Authors: Sheng I. C. , Cheng Y. T. , Kuan C. K. , Hsiung G. Y. , Chen J. R.
Published: January 2011

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is under construction at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC). This 518 m circumference synchrotron accelerator will generate 3 GeV and 500 mA high-energy X-rays. Absorbers in the storage ring will receive relatively high power densities (at a distance of 2.2 m from the dipole source). Three types of crotch absorbers for B1–B3 storage chambers were designed and prototyped. An end absorber in B3 is also designed and implemented to protect the downstream components in the chamber from being heated by the synchrotron radiation. Intensive vacuum brazing between Oxygen Free High Conductivity copper (OFHC) and stainless steel was carried out while fabricating the absorber assembly. The analysis, design and construction of several absorbers are reported in this paper.
Renaissance der Bypasschirurgie
Authors: Sündermann  , Salzberg
Published: January 2011

Die Bypassoperation ist heutzutage eine Standardtherapie zur Behandlung der koronaren Herzerkrankung. In den 1960er Jahren entwickelt, war die Bypassoperation in den 1980er Jahren die am häufigsten durchgeführte Operation überhaupt. Es gab und gibt noch heute rasante Fortschritte. Der Aufschwung der Koronarchirurgie wurde über die Zeit durch die Einführung und die Akzeptanz des Herzkatheters gebremst. Bis heute ist die Anzahl der interventionellen Revaskularisationen in die Höhe geschnellt, wohingegen sich bei den Operationszahlen eher ein Plateau eingestellt hat. 30 bzw. 40 Jahre nach Einführung der beiden Techniken wird nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert, welche die Methode der Wahl ist. Gemäss den aktuellen Richtlinien besteht jedoch eindeutig Evidenz dafür, dass die Koronarchirurgie für bestimmte Patienten mit koronarer 3-Gefässerkrankung und Diabetes mellitus der Goldstandard bleibt: Eine Renaissance der Bypasschirurgie.
Effects of electron irradiation on the ferroelectric 180° in-plane nanostripe domain structure in a thin film prepared from a bulk single crystal of BaTiO3 by focused ion beam
Authors: Matsumoto Takao , Okamoto Masakuni
Published: January 2011

Effects of electron irradiation on the ferroelectric 180° in-plane nanostripe domain structure in a thin film prepared from a bulk single crystal of BaTiO3 by focused ion beam were studied. The domain structure transformed into a characteristic 90° in-plane nanostripe domain structure under intense electron irradiation. In particular, an unconventional triangular 90° in-plane nanostripe domain structure was observed. Polarization analysis suggests the existence of an incomplete or half tetradomain vortex at the boundary of the triangular domain structure. Together with the help of phase-field simulations using time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations, it is suggested that such a domain structure is created by an anisotropic in-plane electric field, which is plausibly induced by an anisotropic interaction of the incident electron beam with the ferroelectric material.
The structure of molten AgCl, AgI and their eutectic mixture as studied by molecular dynamics simulations of polarizable ion model potentials
Authors: Alcaraz Olga , Bitrián Vicente , Trullàs Joaquim
Published: January 2011

The structure of molten AgCl, AgI, and their eutectic mixture Ag(Cl0.43I0.57) is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations of polarizable ion model potentials. The corresponding static coherent structure factors reproduce quite well the available neutron scattering data. The qualitative behavior of the simulated partial structure factors and radial distribution functions for molten AgCl and AgI is that predicted by the reverse Monte Carlo modeling of the experimental data. The AgI results are also in qualitative agreement with those calculated from ab initio molecular dynamics.
Nanocatalyst structure as a template to define chirality of nascent single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gómez-Gualdrón Diego A. , Zhao Jin , Balbuena Perla B.
Published: January 2011

Chirality is a crucial factor in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) because it determines its optical and electronic properties. A chiral angle spanning from 0° to 30° results from twisting of the graphene sheet conforming the nanotube wall and is equivalently expressed by chiral indexes (n,m). However, lack of chirality control during SWCNT synthesis is an obstacle for a widespread use of these materials. Here we use first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to propose and illustrate basic concepts supporting that the nanocatalyst structure may act as a template to control the chirality during nanotube synthesis. DFT optimizations of metal cluster (Co and Cu)/cap systems for caps of various chiralities are used to show that an inverse template effect from the nascent carbon nanostructure over the catalyst may exist in floating catalysts; such effect determines a negligible chirality control. Classical MD simulations are used to investigate the influence of a strongly interacting substrate on the structure of a metal nanocatalyst and illustrate how such interaction may help preserve catalyst crystallinity. Finally, DFT optimizations of carbon structures on stepped (211) and (321) cobalt surfaces are used to demonstrate the template effect imparted by the nanocatalyst surface on the growing carbon structure at early stages of nucleation. It is found that depending on the step structure and type of building block (short chains, single atoms, or hexagonal rings), thermodynamics favor armchair or zigzag termination, which provides guidelines for a chirality controlled process based on tuning the catalyst structure and the type of precursor gas.
Laser-induced Mg production from magnesium oxide using Si-based agents and Si-based agents recycling
Authors: Liao S. H. , Yabe T. , Mohamed M. S. , Baasandash C. , Sato Y. , Fukushima C. , Ichikawa M. , Nakatsuka M. , Uchida S. , Ohkubo T.
Published: January 2011

We succeeded in laser-induced magnesium (Mg) production from magnesium oxide (MgO) using Si-based agents, silicon (Si) and silicon monoxide (SiO). In these experiments, a cw CO2 laser irradiated a mixture of Mg and Si-based agents. Both experimental studies and theoretical analysis help not only understand the function of reducing agents but also optimize Mg extraction in laser-induced Mg production. The optimal energy efficiencies 12.1 mg/kJ and 4.5 mg/kJ of Mg production were achieved using Si and SiO, respectively. Besides, the possibility of recycling Si and SiO was preliminarily investigated without reducing agents but only with laser-irradiation. As for the Si-based agents recycling, we succeed in removing 36 mol % of oxygen fraction from SiO2, obtaining 0.7 mg/kJ of Si production efficiency as well as 15.6 mg/kJ of SiO one at the same time. In addition, the laser irradiation to MgO-SiO mixture produced 24 mg/kJ of Si with more than 99% purity.
Effect of morphology of thin DNA films on the electron stimulated desorption of anions
Authors: Mirsaleh-Kohan Nasrin , Bass Andrew D. , Sanche Léon
Published: January 2011

We present a comparison between the electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of anions from DNA samples prepared by lyophilization (an example of poorly organized or nonuniform films) and molecular self-assembly (well-ordered films). The lyophilization (or freeze- drying) method is perhaps the most frequently employed technique for forming DNA films for studies of low-energy electron (LEE) interactions leading to DNA damage; however, this technique usually produces nonuniform films with considerable clustering which may affect DNA configuration and enhance sample charging when the film is irradiated. Our results confirm the general validity of ESD measurements obtained with lyophilized samples, but also reveal limitations of lyophilization for LEE studies on DNA films. Specifically we observe some modulation of structures, associated with dissociative electron attachment, in the anion yield functions from different types of DNA film, confirming that conformational factors play a role in the LEE induced damage to DNA.
Spin transport in bilayer graphene
Authors: Ghosh Bahniman
Published: January 2011

In this work, we perform a study of spin transport in bilayer graphene using semiclassical Monte Carlo simulation. Both the D’yakonov–Perel’ (DP) and Elliot–Yafet (EY) mechanisms for spin relaxation are considered. A vertical field of varying magnitude is applied across the bilayer and the dependence of the spin relaxation length on the applied field is considered. It is found that the spin relaxation length is a function of the applied vertical field, due to the effects of the EY and DP mechanisms, and the relaxation length reaches a maximum for a particular value of the vertical field.
The theory of wavelet transform method on chaotic synchronization of coupled map lattices
Authors: Juang Jonq , Li Chin-Lung
Published: January 2011

The wavelet transform method originated by Wei et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 284103.4 (2002)] was proved [Juang and Li, J. Math. Phys. 47, 072704.16 (2006); Juang et al., J. Math. Phys. 47, 122702.11 (2006); Shieh et al., J. Math. Phys. 47, 082701.10 (2006)] to be an effective tool to reduce the order of coupling strength for coupled chaotic systems to acquire the synchrony regardless the size of oscillators. In Juang et al., [IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Regul. Pap. 56, 840 (2009)] such method was applied to coupled map lattices (CMLs). It was demonstrated that by adjusting the wavelet constant of the method can greatly increase the applicable range of coupling strengths, the parameters, range of the individual oscillator, and the number of nodes for local synchronization of CMLs. No analytical proof is given there. In this paper, the optimal or near optimal wavelet constant can be explicitly identified. As a result, the above described scenario can be rigorously verified.
Some remarks on assignment maps
Authors: Masillo F. , Scolarici G. , Solombrino L.
Published: January 2011

We study the properties of general linear assignment maps, showing that positivity axiom can be suitably relaxed, and propose a new class of dynamical maps (generalized dynamics). A puzzling result, arising in such a context in quantum information theory, is also discussed.
Effect of disorder studied with ferromagnetic resonance for arrays of tangentially magnetized submicron Permalloy disks fabricated by nanosphere lithography
Authors: Ross N. , Kostylev M. , Stamps R. L.
Published: January 2011

Tangentially magnetized trigonal arrays of submicron Permalloy disks are characterized with ferromagnetic resonance to determine the possible contributions to frequency and linewidth from array disorder. Each array is fabricated by a water-surface self-assembly lithographic technique, and consists of a large trigonal array of 700 nm diameter magnetic disks. Each array is characterized by a different degree of ordering. Two modes are present in the ferromagnetic resonance spectra: a large amplitude, “fundamental” mode and a lower amplitude mode at higher field. Angular dependence of the resonance field in a very well ordered array is found to be negligible for both modes. The relationship between resonance frequency and applied magnetic field is found to be uncorrelated with array disorder. Linewidth is found to increase with increasing array disorder.