bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mastering Diagnostic Skills: Enhancing Proficiency in Otitis Media, a Model for Diagnostic Skills Training
Authors: Kaleida Phillip H. , Ploof Dianna L. , Kurs-Lasky Marcia , Shaikh Nader , Colborn D. Kathleen , Haralam Mary Ann , Ray Sean , Kearney Diana , Paradise Jack L. , Hoberman Alejandro
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: We developed a program for training in the diagnosis of otitis media that included images illustrating various otoscopic findings, mnemonic guides to recollection, and discrimination sessions that included feedback and assessments of diagnostic skills.

METHODS: We prepared a computerized, interactive curriculum, Enhancing Proficiency in Otitis Media (ePROM), that was centered around assemblages of clinically diverse, still and video images of tympanic membranes (TMs). To assess curriculum effectiveness, we constructed a test, the Diagnostic Ear Assessment Resource, that consisted of 50 video TM images. We administered the test to 84 residents in pediatrics or family practice who had not been exposed to ePROM and, varying the order in which the images were presented, to another group of 102 residents in the same programs both before and after exposure to ePROM.

RESULTS:o Mean proportions of correct diagnoses in the Diagnostic Ear Assessment Resource were larger among residents who had been exposed to ePROM than among residents at comparable levels of training who had not been exposed (67% vs 62%; P = .007). Among residents exposed to ePROM, mean proportions of correct diagnoses were larger after exposure than before (67% vs 55%; P < .001).

CONCLUSION: A structured, computerized curriculum to supplement standard clinical training can enhance residents' abilities to interpret still and video images of TMs and may improve their skills in diagnosing otitis media.
Impact of Universal Bilirubin Screening on Severe Hyperbilirubinemia and Phototherapy Use
Authors: Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Escobar Gabriel J. , Newman Thomas B.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess the impact of universal bilirubin screening on severe hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy use.

METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of 358086 infants of ≥35 weeks and ≥2000 g born between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 2007, we obtained demographic data, bilirubin levels, and codes for inpatient phototherapy from existing databases. We compared the incidence of high total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and phototherapy before and after implementation of universal screening and examined risk factors for high TSB levels.

RESULTS: A total of 38182 infants (10.6%) were born at facilities that had implemented universal bilirubin screening. Compared with infants born at facilities that were not screening, these infants had a 62% lower incidence of TSB levels exceeding the American Academy of Pediatrics exchange guideline (0.17% vs 0.45%; P < .001), received twice the inpatient phototherapy (9.1% vs 4.2%; P < .001), and had slightly longer birth hospitalization lengths of stay (50.9 vs 48.7 hours; P < .001). Of those receiving phototherapy, 56% after initiation of universal screening had TSB levels at which phototherapy was recommended by the guideline, compared with 70% before screening. The adjusted odds ratio for developing TSB levels exceeding the guideline value was 0.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.20–0.40) for those born at a facility using TSB screening and 0.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.19–0.42) for those born at a facility using transcutaneous bilirubin screening.

CONCLUSIONS: Universal bilirubin screening was associated with a significantly lower incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia but also with increased phototherapy use.
Primary Access to Vehicles Increases Risky Teen Driving Behaviors and Crashes: National Perspective
Authors: García-España J. Felipe , Ginsburg Kenneth R. , Durbin Dennis R. , Elliott Michael R. , Winston Flaura K.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to explore teen driver vehicle access and its association with risky driving behaviors and crashes.

METHODS: A nationally representative, school-based survey of 2167 ninth-, 10th-, and 11th-graders examined patterns of vehicle access (primary access [ie, the teen is the main driver of the vehicle] versus shared access) and associated driving exposure, risky driving behaviors, and sociodemographic factors.

RESULTS: Seventy percent of drivers reported having primary access to vehicles. They were more likely to be white, to be in 11th grade, to attend schools with higher socioeconomic levels, to have mostly A/B grades, to have a job, to drive a pickup truck, and to drive more hours per week but were not more or less likely to consume alcohol or to wear seat belts while driving. Compared with drivers with shared access, drivers with primary access reported more than twice the crash risk (risk ratio [RR]: 2.05 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41–2.99]) and higher likelihoods of using cellular telephones while driving (RR: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.12–1.35]) and speeding ≥10 mph above the posted limit (RR: 1.24 [95% CI: 1.11–1.40]).

CONCLUSIONS: Primary access of novice teen drivers to vehicles is highly prevalent in the United States. This practice is a dangerous norm, because primary access is associated with risky driving behaviors. Healthcare providers and schools should consider counseling parents to discourage giving novice teen drivers primary access to vehicles. In communities where teens require primary access (eg, due to limited public transportation options), greater efforts should be made to promote safe behaviors.
The “Fear Factor” for Surgical Masks and Face Shields, as Perceived by Children and Their Parents
Authors: Forgie Sarah E. , Reitsma Jeff , Spady Don , Wright Bruce , Stobart Kent
Published: September 2009

Objective: The goal was to determine whether young children and their parents prefer physicians wearing clear face shields or surgical masks.

Methods: Eighty children (4–10 years of age) and their guardians were recruited from a pediatric emergency department. A survey and color photographs of the same male and female physicians wearing face shields and surgical masks were distributed. The parents were asked to decide which set of physicians they would prefer to care for their children and with which set of physicians they thought their children would be most comfortable. The children then were asked to decide which set of physicians they would prefer to take care of them and why. The children also were asked whether they found any of the physicians frightening and, if so, why.

Results: Fifty-one percent of parents preferred the pictures of physicians wearing face shields, and 62% thought that their children would choose the physicians in the face shields because their faces were visible and therefore less frightening. However, 59% of children stated that either set of physicians would be fine and neither was frightening; if given a choice, 49% would choose physicians in face shields.

Conclusions: Physicians and parents have a perception that surgical masks are frightening to all children. Our study has shown that this perception is not completely true. Face shields may be a better choice, however, because both parents and children would prefer this option.
Improvement of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes for Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Edmonton NIDCAP Trial
Authors: Peters Kathrine Leigh , Rosychuk Rhonda Jean , Hendson Leonora , Coté Judith Jean , McPherson Catherine , Tyebkhan Juzer Mohamed
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the impact of Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)-based care on length of stay of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Secondary outcome measures were days of ventilation, incidence of chronic lung disease, and 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes.

METHODS: This cluster-randomized, controlled trial took place in a large NICU in Canada, with follow-up evaluation at 18 months of age, from September 1999 to September 2004. One hundred VLBW singleton infants and 10 VLBW twin sets were assigned randomly to NIDCAP-based or control care, and 90% participated in follow-up assessments. The intervention was NIDCAP-based care (N = 56), that is, care by NIDCAP-educated staff members and behavioral observations. The control group (N = 55) received standard NICU care. Statistical analyses were adjusted for cluster randomization. Although the intervention was not blinded, the pediatricians making the decisions to discharge the infants were not involved in the study, and the follow-up staff members were blinded with respect to group.

RESULTS: NIDCAP group infants had reduced length of stay (median: NIDCAP: 74 days; control: 84 days; P = .003) and incidence of chronic lung disease (NIDCAP: 29%; control: 49%; odds ratio: 0.42 [95% confidence interval: 0.18–0.95]; P = .035). At 18 months of adjusted age, NIDCAP group infants had less disability, specifically mental delay (NIDCAP: 10%; control: 30%; odds ratio: 0.25 [95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.82]; P = .017).

CONCLUSION: NIDCAP-based care for VLBW infants improved short- and long-term outcomes significantly.
Predictors of Early Adult Outcomes in Pediatric-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Bloch Michael H. , Craiglow Brittany G. , Landeros-Weisenberger Angeli , Dombrowski Philip A. , Panza Kaitlyn E. , Peterson Bradley S. , Leckman James F.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the childhood clinical predictors of early adult outcomes in pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to assess whether dimensional subtypes of OCD and the presence of comorbid tic symptoms influence long-term outcomes.

METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study in which 45 of 62 eligible children with OCD were reassessed an average of 9 years later, in early adulthood. Main outcome measures included expert-rated, obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptom severity and time to remission of OC symptoms. Baseline clinical characteristics were evaluated in terms of their influence on OCD severity in adulthood and time to remission of OC symptoms.

RESULTS: Forty-four percent of subjects were determined to have subclinical OC symptoms at the follow-up evaluation. The absence of a comorbid tic disorder and the presence of prominent hoarding symptoms were associated with the persistence of OCD symptoms. Female gender, earlier age at childhood assessment, later age of OCD onset, more-severe childhood OCD symptoms, and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder also were associated with persistence of OCD symptoms into adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that a significant proportion of treated children with OCD experience remission by adulthood. The presence of comorbid tics heralds a positive outcome, whereas primary hoarding symptoms are associated with persistent OCD.
Differentiating PFAPA Syndrome From Monogenic Periodic Fevers
Authors: Gattorno Marco , Caorsi Roberta , Meini Antonella , Cattalini Marco , Federici Silvia , Zulian Francesco , Cortis Elisabetta , Calcagno Giuseppina , Tommasini Alberto , Consolini Rita , Simonini Gabriele , Pelagatti Maria Antonietta , Baldi Maurizia , Ceccherini Isabella , Plebani Alessandro , Frenkel Joost , Sormani Maria Pia , Martini Alberto
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To analyze whether there were clinical differences between genetically positive and negative patients fulfilling periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome criteria and to test the accuracy of the Gaslini diagnostic score for identifying patients with PFAPA syndrome with higher probabilities of carrying relevant mutations in genes associated with periodic fevers.

METHODS: Complete clinical and genetic information was available for 393 children with periodic fever; 82 had positive genetic test results, 75 had incomplete genetic test results, and 236 had negative results for MVK, TNFRSF1A, and MEFV mutations. Current diagnostic criteria for PFAPA syndrome were applied.

RESULTS: Of 393 children, 210 satisfied PFAPA syndrome criteria; 43 carried diagnostic mutations (mevalonate kinase deficiency: n = 33; tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome: n = 3; familial Mediterranean fever: n = 7), 37 displayed low-penetrance mutations or incomplete genotypes, and 130 demonstrated negative genetic testing results. Genetically positive patients had higher frequencies of abdominal pain and diarrhea (P < .001), vomiting (P = .006), and cutaneous rash and arthralgia (P = .01). Genetically negative patients had a higher frequency of exudative pharyngitis (P = .010). Genetically undetermined patients showed the same pattern of symptom frequency as genetically negative patients. The Gaslini diagnostic score was able to identify 91% of genetically positive patients correctly, with a global accuracy of 66%.

CONCLUSION: The Gaslini diagnostic score represents a useful tool to identify patients meeting PFAPA syndrome criteria and at low risk of carrying relevant mutations in genes associated with periodic fevers.
Disparities in Access to Pediatric Neurooncological Surgery in the United States
Authors: Mukherjee Debraj , Kosztowski Thomas , Zaidi Hasan A. , Jallo George , Carson Benjamin S. , Chang David C. , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether disparities in access to high-volume centers for neurooncological care existed in the United States in 1988–2005.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1988–2005) was performed, with additional factors incorporated from the Area Resource File (2006). International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis/procedure coding was used to identify patients. High-volume centers were defined as those with ≥50 neurosurgical cases per year. Patients >18 years of age were excluded. Covariates included age, gender, race, Charlson Index score, insurance, and county-level characteristics (including median home value, proportion of foreign born residents, and county neurosurgeon density). Multivariate analysis was performed by using multiple logistic regression models. P values of <.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: A total of 4421 patients were identified; 1651 (37.34%) were admitted to high-volume centers. Overall access to high-volume centers improved slightly over the 18-year period (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04). Factors associated with greater access to high-volume centers included greater county neurosurgeon density (OR: 1.72) and greater county home value (OR: 1.66). Factors associated with worse access included Hispanic ethnicity (OR: 0.68) and each 1% increase in foreign residents per county (OR: 0.59). All reported P values were <.05.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to high-volume neurooncological care exist for the pediatric population. We also identify numerous prehospital factors that potentially contribute to persistent disparities and may be amenable to change through national health policy interventions.
Mental Health Context of Food Insecurity: a Representative Cohort of Families With Young Children
Authors: Melchior Maria , Caspi Avshalom , Howard Louise M. , Ambler Antony P. , Bolton Heather , Mountain Nicky , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Children from food-insecure families (ie, families that lack access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food) are at risk for developmental problems. Food insecurity disproportionately occurs among low–socioeconomic status (SES) and low-income families; however, interventions that supplement families' income or diet have not eradicated food insecurity. This may be because food insecurity is also related to nonfinancial factors such as the presence of maternal mental health problems. To clarify whether addressing mothers' mental health problems may be a promising strategy for reducing the burden of food insecurity, we tested the hypothesis that low-SES families are especially vulnerable to food insecurity when the mother experiences depression, alcohol or drug abuse, psychosis spectrum disorder, or domestic violence.

METHODS: We used data from a nationally representative cohort of 1116 British families (the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Study). Food insecurity, family SES, maternal mental health and exposure to domestic violence, and children's behavioral outcomes were measured by using validated methods.

RESULTS: Overall, 9.7% of study families were food-insecure. Among low-SES families, controlling for income variation, food insecurity co-occurred with maternal depression (odds ratio [OR]: 2.82 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62–4.93]), psychosis spectrum disorder (OR: 4.01 [95% CI: 2.03–7.94]), and domestic violence (OR: 2.36 [95% CI: 1.18–4.73]). In addition, food insecurity predicted elevated rates of children's behavior problems.

CONCLUSIONS: Among families with young children, food insecurity is frequent, particularly when the mother experiences mental health problems. This suggests that interventions that improve women's mental health may also contribute to decreasing the burden of food insecurity and its impact on the next generation.
Estimating Blood Loss: Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Parents and Health Care Professionals
Authors: Tebruegge Marc , Misra Indranil , Pantazidou Anastasia , Padhye Amruta , Maity Sarmistha , Dwarakanathan Buvana , Donath Susan , Curtis Nigel , Nerminathan Veerasingham
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Hematemesis and hematochezia are not uncommon presenting complaints in children. The amount of blood loss reported by the parent is likely to influence the pediatrician's decision regarding investigations and management. Currently, there are only very limited data regarding the ability of laypersons to estimate blood losses visually. This study investigated the accuracy of parents, in comparison to pediatric health care professionals, in estimating blood loss volumes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-blinded study including 227 participants, comprising 131 parents, 58 nurses, and 38 doctors. Participants visually estimated the volume of 1 randomly allocated sample from each of the 2 categories: (1) 1, 5, or 10 mL of artificial blood applied to a diaper (simulated hematochezia) and (2) 5, 10, or 50 mL placed in a kidney-dish (simulated hematemesis). An “error factor” (=, estimated volume/actual volume shown) was used to facilitate comparisons.

RESULTS: Parents provided the most inaccurate estimates overall, although individual accuracy varied considerably. The largest overestimate (518 mL) and the highest error factor (23.4) were recorded in a parent; overall, 71% of the estimates provided by parents were overestimates. The highest proportion of accurate estimates (±50% of actual volume) was recorded by nurses (29%). Doctors had a tendency to underestimate volumes (62% of the estimates were less than half the actual volume). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the performance of nurses and doctors. Health care professionals tended to overestimate small volumes and underestimate large volumes. Professional experience had no relevant impact on accuracy, nor did parental gender or age.

CONCLUSIONS: Visual estimation of blood losses is highly inaccurate, both by laypersons and by health care professionals. Physicians should, therefore, base management decisions primarily on clinical findings and not overly rely on the history provided, or their own estimates.
Hearing Assessment in Infants and Children: Recommendations Beyond Neonatal Screening
Authors: Harlor Allen D. Buz , Bower Charles ,   Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine,   the Section on Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Published: September 2009

Congenital or acquired hearing loss in infants and children has been linked with lifelong deficits in speech and language acquisition, poor academic performance, personal-social maladjustments, and emotional difficulties. Identification of hearing loss through neonatal hearing screening, regular surveillance of developmental milestones, auditory skills, parental concerns, and middle-ear status and objective hearing screening of all infants and children at critical developmental stages can prevent or reduce many of these adverse consequences. This report promotes a proactive, consistent, and explicit process for the early identification of children with hearing loss in the medical home. An algorithm of the recommended approach has been developed to assist in the detection and documentation of, and intervention for, hearing loss.
Rendimento e composição química do capim-braquiária introduzido em pastagem degradada de capim-gordura
Authors: Vitor Cláudio Manoel Teixeira , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Moreira Luciano de Melo , Fagundes Jailson Lara , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Ribeiro Júnior José Ivo , Pereira André Leite
Published: September 2009

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliação de uma pastagem de capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora, Beauv.) degradada, renovada por meio da introdução de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens, Stapf) em consórcio com estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis, cv. Mineirão) e da adubação com nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg/ha.ano). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. A pastagem foi avaliada em um período seco com um único corte e em um período chuvoso com três cortes. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou a produção de massa seca (MS) e o teor de proteína bruta (PB) do capim-braquiária, tanto no período seco quanto no chuvoso. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) não foram influenciados pelas doses de nitrogênio em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. Nas maiores doses de nitrogênio, os teores de fósforo, cálcio e magnésio não se alteraram no período seco nem no chuvoso, enquanto os teores de potássio diminuíram em ambos os períodos. A produção de MS no consórcio de capim-braquiária com o estilosantes foi similar à obtida com o capim-braquiária sem adubação nitrogenada no período seco e não diferiu estatisticamente da produção observada com adubação nitrogenada no período chuvoso. Em geral, o teor de proteína bruta da forragem do consórcio foi maior que o da gramínea pura adubada com nitrogênio.
A single‐substrate multicolor cholesteric liquid‐crystal display prepared through ink‐jet printing
Authors: Lu Jhih‐Ping , Chen Fang‐Chung , Chen Fu‐Kang , Hsu Chen‐Chun , Liao Yuan‐Chang , Lee Yuh‐Zheng
Published: September 2009

Abstract— Ink‐jet printing was used to prepare a single‐substrate multicolor cholesteric liquid‐crystal (Ch‐LC) display incorporating three Ch‐LCs exhibiting different reflective wavelengths. A room‐temperature low‐vacuum chemical‐vapor‐deposition process was developed for coating a thin polymer film onto the Ch‐LC so that the top electrode could be coated onto the Ch‐LC layer. Herein, the successful operation of such a 10.4‐in. QVGA Ch‐LC display at 40 V will be described.
Cell‐parameter measurement system for a liquid‐crystal cell by using a telecentric lens
Authors: Kawamura Marenori , Sano Takumi , Sato Susumu
Published: September 2009

Abstract— A two‐dimensional cell‐parameter measurement for determining the pretilt angle in addition to both the cell thickness and twist angle of liquid‐crystal (LC) cells is proposed. Because the measurement images of an LC cell is perfectly focused by using a telecentric lens, the 2‐D cell‐parameter distribution can be determined by measuring the Stokes parameters of the LC cell at several different wavelengths by changing the oblique angle of the incident light on the LC cell.
Active‐matrix and flexible liquid‐crystal displays with carbon‐nanotube pixel electrodes
Authors: Schindler Axel , Schau Philipp , Fruehauf Norbert
Published: September 2009

Abstract— The necessary processes to use random carbon‐nanotube networks as transparent conductors in twisted‐nematic liquid‐crystal displays have been developed, replacing indium tin oxide. Because the nanotubes are deposited vacuum‐free from suspension, the potential advantages are lower costs for material, equipment, and production. Nanotube networks are also much better suited for flexible displays than the commonly used metal oxides. With the developed processes, the world's first full‐color active‐matrix LCDs as well as directly addressed flexible displays on plastic substrates with carbon‐nanotube pixel electrodes, have been realized.
Fluorescent‐based tandem white OLEDs designed for display and solid‐state‐lighting applications
Authors: Spindler Jeffrey P. , Hatwar Tukaram K.
Published: September 2009

Abstract—Highly efficient tandem white OLEDs based on fluorescent materials were developed for display and solid‐state‐lighting (SSL) applications. In both cases, the white OLED must have high power efficiency and long lifetime, but there are a number of attributes unique to each application that also must be considered. Tandem OLED technology has been demonstrated as an effective approach to increase luminance, extend OLED lifetime, and allow for use of different emitters in the individual stacks for tuning the emission spectrum to achieve desired performance. Here, examples of bottom‐emission tandem white OLEDs based on small‐molecule fluorescent emitters designed for displays and for SSL applications are reported. A two‐stack tandem white OLED designed for display applications achieved 36.5‐cd/A luminance efficiency, 8500K color temperature, and lifetime estimated to exceed 50,000 hours at 1000 cd/m2. This performance is expected to meet the specifications for large AMOLED displays. A two‐stack tandem white OLED designed for SSL applications achieved 20‐lm/W power efficiency, 38‐cd/A luminance efficiency, 3500K color temperature, and lifetime estimated to exceed 140,000 hours at 1000 cd/m2. With the use of proven light‐extraction techniques, it is estimated that this tandem device will exceed 40 lm/W with more than 500,000‐hour lifetime, performance that should be sufficient for first‐generation lighting products.
Risk Assessment of Food Coloring Agents on DNA Damage Using RAPD Markers
Authors: Abdelmigid Hala M.
Published: September 2009

In this study, faba bean (Vicia faba) seedlings were used as bioindicator to determine genotoxic effect of synthetic
dyes currently used as food color additives in many countries. Novel short-term assays are required to substantiate
the battery of assessment methods for evaluating the genotoxicity of candidate substances. Therefore, an attempt has been
made to evaluate randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for its potential to establish genotoxic effect of
colored food. For the preliminary assessment, this study compared the effects occurring at molecular levels in Vicia faba
exposed to colored food at concentrations in the range of 0.2% to 18.2%. The qualitative modifications arising in random
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with control. Results suggested
that treatments of the above test food samples reflect changes in RAPD profiles. Changes in RAPD patterns included
variation in band intensity; loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands compared with control. These results
indicated that DNA polymorphisms detected by RAPD analysis could be used as an investigation tool for environmental
toxicology and as a useful biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of food dyes. In conclusion, the
measurement of parameters at molecular levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with
DNA. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations
and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization.
An Attempt to Improve the Quantitative Epitope Prediction by Modelling Alternative Binding Modes
Authors: Filippo Aluffi-Pentini , aleria De VFonzo , Valerio Parisi
Published: September 2009

Motivation:

A good quantitative epitope prediction, i.e. a reliable prediction of the strength of the MHC-epitope binding, is decisive in order to better understand the immune system response. The prediction is often performed by means of the scoring-matrix method that usually assumes a single binding configuration: each amino acid of the epitope binds to a specific pocket of the MHC molecule, in a way independent from other bindings.

Results:

We have put forward the assumption, suggested by the allosteric Monod framework, that a number of alternative states exist, each one characterised by an interaction energy expressed by a scoring matrix. We have developed and suitably evaluated an algorithm for epitope prediction based on such assumption, and we finally discuss the results and the possible reasons why such results unexpectedly appear to be unsatisfactory.
Temptations in General Settings
Authors: Kopylov Igor
Published: September 2009

I generalize Gul and Pesendorfer's (2001) model of temptation to a multi-period framework where preferences are defined over menus of menus rather than over menus of terminal consumptions. This extension can be applied to model preemptive temptations, self-deception, and biased perceptions of subjective uncertainty.
Surgical management of prostate cancer metastatic to the spine
Authors: Williams Brian J. , Fox Benjamin D. , Sciubba Daniel M. , Suki Dima , Tu Shi Ming , Kuban Deborah , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Rhines Laurence D. , Rao Ganesh
Published: September 2009

Object

Significant improvements in neurological function and pain relief are the benefits of aggressive surgical management of spinal metastatic disease. However, there is limited literature regarding the management of tumors with specific histological features. In this study, a series of patients undergoing spinal surgery for metastatic prostate cancer were reviewed to identify predictors of survival and functional outcome.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients who were treated with surgery for prostate cancer metastases to the spine between 1993 and 2005 at a single institution. Particular attention was given to initial presentation, operative management, clinical and neurological outcomes, and factors associated with complications and overall survival.

Results

Forty-four patients underwent a total of 47 procedures. The median age at spinal metastasis was 66 years (range 50–84 years). Twenty-four patients had received previous external-beam radiation to the site of spinal involvement, with a median dose of 70 Gy (range 30–74 Gy). Frankel scores on discharge were significantly improved when compared with preoperative scores (p = 0.001). Preoperatively, 32 patients (73%) were walking and 33 (75%) were continent. On discharge, 36 (86%) of 42 patients were walking, and 37 (88%) of 42 were continent. Preoperatively, 40 patients (91%) were taking narcotics, with a median morphine equivalent dose of 21.5 mg/day, and 28 patients (64%) were taking steroids, with a median dose of 16 mg/day. At discharge, the median postoperative morphine equivalent dose was 12 mg/day, and the median steroid dose was 0 mg/day (p < 0.001). Complications occurred in 15 (32%) of 47 procedures, with 9 (19%) considered major, and there were 4 deaths within 30 days of surgery. The median overall survival was 5.4 months. Gleason score (p = 0.002), total number of metastases (p = 0.001), and the degree of spinal canal compression (p = 0.001) were independent predictors of survival. Age ≥ 65 years at the time of surgery was an independent predictor of a postoperative complication (p = 0.005).

Conclusions

In selected patients with prostate cancer metastases to the spine, aggressive surgical decompression and spinal reconstruction is a useful treatment option. The results show that on average, neurological outcome is improved and use of analgesics is reduced. Gleason score, metastatic burden, and degree of spinal canal compression may be associated with survival following surgery, and thus should be considered carefully prior to opting for surgical management.
Surgical removal of a symptomatic paracondylar process
Authors: Shah Mukesch J. , Kaminsky Jan , Vougioukas Vassilios I.
Published: September 2009

The paracondylar process is a rare congenital abnormality of the craniocervical junction that has been identified as a causative agent for severe headache, neck pain, and restricted head movement. Although conservative treatment is usually sufficient, the authors report the case of a symptomatic paracondylar process in a young patient who required surgical intervention.
The role of configurational morphology in Germanic nominal structure and the case of English noun-noun constellations
Authors: Klinge Alex
Published: September 2009

This paper argues that a number of puzzling issues in the analysis of English nominal structure arise because English has lost the obligatory pre-N attributive morphology which is still present in the other Germanic languages, represented in this paper by German and Danish. The morphology which the other Germanic languages assign in this particular configuration ensures a clear-cut formal distinction between compounds and phrases, and it upholds a one-to-one relationship between pre-N attributive distribution and the word-class of adjectives. English lost the morphology in this particular configuration, so English also lost the clear-cut formal distinction between compounds and phrases, turning the distinction instead into a semantic one, and it opened up the pre-N attributive slot to constituent classes other than adjectives and adjective phrases. Understanding the role of pre-N attributive morphology in the nominal structure of Germanic languages opens up new ways of understanding the puzzles of English. This paper reviews some known puzzles in the light of the role of pre-N attributive morphology; and it makes new observations and proposes new explanations of structural facts across English, German and Danish.
How do phrasal and lexical modification differ? Contrasting adjective-noun combinations in German
Authors: Bücking Sebastian
Published: September 2009

In contrasting newly coined lexical and phrasal adjective-noun combinations as e.g. Blautee (‘blue_tea’) versus blauer Tee (‘blue tea’), the present paper argues in favour of a different semantic make-up of phrasal versus lexical modification in German. Whereas the former triggers direct modification along the lines of ordinary predicate modification, the latter involves a mediating free variable to be instantiated at the conceptual level. The analysis accounts for interpretational differences between phrasal and lexical adjectival modification in the cases of incompatible attribution and negation. Furthermore, the proposal made here supports the assumption of a particular naming function of lexical units. Additional evidence will be drawn from the observation that non-predicative adjectives and comparatives are ruled out in adjective-noun compounds and that adjectives projected word-internally contribute atemporal properties. Finally, it is shown that despite the particular naming function of lexical units a straightforward identification of lexical adjective-noun structures with kind-referring expressions is too strong a conclusion.
Classifying modifiers in common names
Authors: Gunkel Lutz , Zifonun Gisela
Published: September 2009

Complex common names such as Indian elephant or green tea denote a certain type of entity, viz. kinds. Moreover, those kinds are always subkinds of the kind denoted by their head noun. Establishing such subkinds is essentially the task of classifying modifiers that are a defining trait of endocentrically structured complex common names. Examining complex common names of different lexico-syntactic types (NN compounds, N+N syntagmas, NP/PP syntagmas, A+N syntagmas) and from different languages (particularly English, German and French) it can be shown that complex common names are subject to language-independent formal and semantic constraints. In particular, complex common names qualify as name-like expressions in that they tend to be deficient in terms of formal complexity and semantic compositionality.
Phrasal names: A constructionist analysis
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2009

Some types of phrases share the naming function with complex words. Hence both phrases and words can be lexical units stored in the lexicon. This article discusses how the functional equivalence between words and phrases can be accounted for without ignoring their formal differences. Such types of phrases can be characterized in terms of phrasal schemas with specific properties, that is, as constructions. The article focuses on the formal properties of adjective+noun sequences with a naming function, in particular in Modern Greek and Dutch. The constructionist approach is able to do justice to the lexical unit properties of phrasal names, and highlights the parallelism between phrasal and morphological constructions.
Phrasal lexemes, compounds and phrases: A constructionist perspective
Authors: Masini Francesca
Published: September 2009

The paper addresses the issue of the syntax-lexicon distinction from a Construction Grammar perspective. In the constructionist framework, the construction is the basic unit of linguistic analysis and there is no clear-cut division between lexical items and syntactic structures. Under this view, phenomena which are intermediate between syntax and the lexicon are expected. Apart from well-known cases such as idioms and compounds, there can be found in various languages a number of multi-word expressions that are not fully syntactic objects. I refer to these units as phrasal lexemes. The paper shows that, although phrasal lexemes follow the syntactic patterns of the language, they clearly have a lexical, naming function and, furthermore, they are more restricted compared to canonical phrases. This is exemplified by two case studies from Italian, namely noun-preposition-noun combinations and verb-conjunction-verb combinations. Construction Grammar not only offers efficient tools for describing these expressions, but also allows to treat phrasal lexemes as distinct with respect to both words and canonical phrases, without abandoning any of these notions.
Compound Biorthogonal Wavelets on Quadrilaterals and Polar Structures
Authors: Zhao Chong , Sun Hanqiu , Wang Huawei , Qin Kaihuai
Published: September 2009

In geometric models with high-valence vertices, current subdivision wavelets may not deal with the special cases well for good visual effect of multiresolution surfaces. In this paper, we present the novel biorthogonal polar subdivision wavelets, which can efficiently perform wavelet analysis to the control nets with polar structures. The polar subdivision can generate more natural subdivision surfaces around the high-valence vertices and avoid the ripples and saddle points where Catmull-Clark subdivision may produce. Based on polar subdivision, our wavelet scheme supports special operations on the polar structures, especially suitable to models with many facets joining. For seamless fusing with Catmull-Clark subdivision wavelet, we construct the wavelets in circular and radial layers of polar structures, so can combine the subdivision wavelets smoothly for composite models formed by quadrilaterals and polar structures. The computations of wavelet analysis and synthesis are highly efficient and fully in-place. The experimental results have confirmed the stability of our proposed approach.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity through Interactions with Nanoparticles
Authors: Wu Zhaochun , Zhang Bin , Yan Bing
Published: September 2009

The structure and function of an enzyme can be altered by nanoparticles (NPs). The interaction between enzyme and NPs is governed by the key properties of NPs, such as structure, size, surface chemistry, charge and surface shape. Recent representative studies on the NP-enzyme interactions and the regulation of enzyme activity by NPs with different size, composition and surface modification are reviewed.
Effects of Acrylamide on the Activity and Structure of Human Brain Creatine Kinase
Authors: Sheng Qing , Zou He-Chang , Lü Zhi-Rong , Zou Fei , Park Yong-Doo , Yan Yong-Bin , Yao Shan-Jing
Published: September 2009

Acrylamide is widely used worldwide in industry and it can also be produced by the cooking and processing of foods. It is harmful to human beings, and human brain CK (HBCK) has been proposed to be one of the important targets of acrylamide. In this research, we studied the effects of acrylamide on HBCK activity, structure and the potential binding sites. Compared to CKs from rabbit, HBCK was fully inactivated at several-fold lower concentrations of acrylamide, and exhibited distinct properties upon acrylamide-induced inactivation and structural changes. The binding sites of acrylamide were located at the cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains of CK, and Glu232 was one of the key binding residues. The effects of acrylamide on CK were proposed to be isoenzyme- and species-specific, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were discussed.
Fu et al. A New Sesquiterpene from the Fruits of Daucus carota L. Molecules 2009, 14, 2862-2867
Authors: Fu Hong-Wei , Zhang Lin , Yi Tao , Tian Jing-Kui
Published: September 2009

We realized that the affiliations of the authors were incorrectly listed in our paper published in Molecules recently [1]. [...]
Description of a PortableWireless Device for High-Frequency Body Temperature Acquisition and Analysis
Authors: Cuesta-Frau David , Varela Manuel , Aboy Mateo , Miró-Martínez Pau
Published: September 2009

We describe a device for dual channel body temperature monitoring. The device can operate as a real time monitor or as a data logger, and has Bluetooth capabilities to enable for wireless data download to the computer used for data analysis. The proposed device is capable of sampling temperature at a rate of 1 sample per minute with a resolution of 0.01 °C. The internal memory allows for stand-alone data logging of up to 10 days. The device has a battery life of 50 hours in continuous real-time mode. In addition to describing the proposed device in detail, we report the results of a statistical analysis conducted to assess its accuracy and reproducibility.
The Relationship Between Morphological Symmetry and Immune Response in Wild-Caught Adult Bush-Crickets
Authors: Berggren Åsa , Low Matthew
Published: September 2009

Despite interest in the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry (FA), immune response and ecological factors in insects, little data are available from wild populations. In this study we measured FA and immune response in 370 wild-caught male bush-crickets, Metrioptera roeseli, from 20 experimentally introduced populations in southern-central Sweden. Individuals with more-symmetric wings had a higher immune response as measured by the cellular encapsulation of a surgically-implanted nylon monofilament. However, we found no relationship between measures of FA in other organs (i.e. tibia and maxillary palp) and immune response, suggesting that this pattern may reflect differing selection pressures.
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) of Filamentous Fungi in Carpet
Authors: Black Jonathan
Published: September 2009

We developed a protocol for the rapid identification and quantitation of fungi by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in carpet. The fungi used in this study are field isolates of Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporoides, and Stachybotrys chartarum. The modified spore extraction method provided superior quality, high-molecular-weight genomic DNA as assayed using SYBR Green I qPCR. The species-specific target sequences were selected from the highly conserved nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) region of fungi. Primer sets produced consistent species-specific PCR products, and we confirmed the target by melt-curve analysis. The qPCR assay had a range of detection of 40 to 25,000 spores per reaction and required less than 60 minutes to run, and the results were reproducible (average r = 0.95). The use of this method for genomic DNA isolation from fungi spores coupled with the qPCR using the primer sets we designed will enable quicker identification of diseasecausing fungi in the built environment.
A Brief Introduction to the Use of Stated-Choice Methods to Measure Preferences for Treatment Benefits and Risks
Authors: Johnson F. Reed , Hauber A. Brett , Poulos Christine
Published: September 2009

Regulatory decisions to approve, restrict development, or halt the marketing of new pharmaceuticals require evaluating the balance between benefits and risks, given the available evidence at a point in time. In response to concerns about how such decisions are reached, there is increasing interest in using patients' perceptions of the benefits of treatment features and their tolerance for possible risks to help inform regulatory decisions. Stated-choice methods, which measure stated preferences and are sometimes called discrete-choice experiments or conjoint analysis, are often the most valid and reliable techniques available for quantifying patient preferences because data on actual choices are limited. This introduction discusses how to adapt and apply stated-choice methods to quantitative benefit-risk analysis. We outline the conceptual framework for measuring patient preferences and the requirements for developing and administering a valid survey instrument. We also provide a numerical example illustrating how stated-choice data can be used to quantify benefit-risk tradeoff preferences. Finally, we discuss some limitations and practical considerations involving its use for regulatory and clinical decision making.
Anti-Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Activity of the Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor SC-560
Authors: Okamoto Mika , Sakai Masashi , Goto Yukinori , Salim Mohammed TA , Baba Chiaki , Goto Kaku , Watashi Koichi , Shimotohno Kunitada , Baba Masanori
Published: September 2009

Background:

A number of compounds were examined for their inhibitory effect on bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) replication in cell cultures and found that some cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors had antiviral activity against the virus.

Methods:

Determination of compounds for their anti-BVDV activity was on the basis of the inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in Mardin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity was assessed by the inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in the subgenomic HCV RNA replicon cells.

Results:

Among the test compounds, 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazole (SC-560) was the most active against BVDV, and its 50% effective and cytotoxic concentrations were 10.9 ±2.8 and 93.9 ±24.5 μM in virus and mock-infected MDBK cells, respectively. The compound also suppressed BVDV RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion. Studies on the mechanism of action revealed that SC-560 did not interfere with viral entry to the host cells. Furthermore, it was assumed that the antiviral activity of SC-560 was not associated with its inhibitory effect on COX. The combination of SC-560 and interferon-α was additive to synergistic in inhibiting BVDV replication. More importantly, the compound proved to be a selective inhibitor of HCV replication.

Conclusions:

SC-560 and its derivative might have potential as novel antiviral agents against HCV.