bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crafts, Chiefs, and Commoners: Production and Control in Precontact Hawai'i
Authors: Lass Barbara
Published: January 2005

Information on the manufacture of such items as feather garments, cordage, and canoes shows that the commonly made distinction between independent and attached specialists was not clear cut among Hawaiian craftspersons. How and to what extent craft specialization was controlled varied according to the nature of the good being produced and its importance to the chiefly elite. However, all Hawaiian craftspersons were motivated to be craft specialists by the belief that their occupations were divinely ascribed. Hawaiian chiefs were considered semi‐divine and played a major role in the practice and sponsorship of Hawaiian religion, and they used the goods produced for elite use to further consolidate their power.
Gene Flow Between Chromosomal Forms of the Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in Cameroon, Central Africa, and Its Relevance in Malaria Fighting
Authors: Cohuet Anna , Dia Ibrahima , Simard Frédéric , Raymond Michel , Rousset François , Antonio-Nkondjio Christophe , Awono-Ambene Parfait H , Wondji Charles S , Fontenille Didier
Published: January 2005

Knowledge of population structure in a major vector species is fundamental to an understanding of malaria epidemiology and becomes crucial in the context of genetic control strategies that are being developed. Despite its epidemiological importance, the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus has received far less attention than members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Previous chromosomal data have shown a high degree of structuring within populations from West Africa and have led to the characterization of two chromosomal forms, “Kiribina” and “Folonzo.” In Central Africa, few data were available. We thus undertook assessment of genetic structure of An. funestus populations from Cameroon using chromosomal inversions and microsatellite markers. Microsatellite markers revealed no particular departure from panmixia within each local population and a genetic structure consistent with isolation by distance. However, cytogenetic studies demonstrated high levels of chromosomal heterogeneity, both within and between populations. Distribution of chromosomal inversions was not random and a cline of frequency was observed, according to ecotypic conditions. Strong deficiency of heterokaryotypes was found in certain localities in the transition area, indicating a subdivision of An. funestus in chromosomal forms. An. funestus microsatellite genetic markers located within the breakpoints of inversions are not differentiated in populations, whereas in An. gambiae inversions can affect gene flow at marker loci. These results are relevant to strategies for control of malaria by introduction of transgenes into populations of vectors.
Estimation of Synteny Conservation and Genome Compaction Between Pufferfish (Fugu) and Human
Authors: McLysaght Aoife , Enright Anton J. , Skrabanek Lucy , Wolfe Kenneth H.
Published: January 2005

Background: Knowledge of the amount of gene order and synteny conservation between two species gives insights to the extent and mechanisms of divergence. The vertebrateFugu rubripes(pufferfish) has a small genome with little repetitive sequence which makes it attractive as a model genome. Genome compaction and synteny conservation between human andFuguwere studied using data from public databases.

Methods: Intron length and map positions of human andFuguorthologues were compared to analyse relative genome compaction and synteny conservation respectivley. The divergence of these two genomes by genome rearrangement was simulated and the results were compared to the real data.

Results: Analysis of 199 introns in 22 orthologous genes showed an eight-fold average size reduction inFugu, consistent with the ratio of total genome sizes. There was no consistent pattern relating the size reduction in individual introns or genes to gene base composition in either species. For genes that are neighbours inFugu(genes from the same cosmid or GenBank entry), 40–50% have conserved synteny with a human chromosome. This figure may be underestimated by as much as two-fold, due to problems caused by incomplete human genome sequence data and the existence of dispersed gene families. Some genes that are neighbours inFuguhave human orthologues that are several megabases and tens of genes apart. This is probably caused by small inversions or other intrachromosomal rearrangements.

Conclusions: Comparison of observed data to computer simulations suggests that 4000–16 000 chromosomal rearrangements have occured sinceFuguand human shared a common ancestor, implying a faster rate of rearrangement than seen in human/mouse comparisons.
Procrastinators lack a broad action perspective
Authors: Dewitte Siegfried , Lens Willy
Published: January 2005

In the first study, the hypothesis was tested that in general optimistic procrastinators have chronically high action identities (i.e., a broad perspective on their actions), whereas pessimistic procrastinators have chronically low action identities to describe their behaviour. However, the data of the first study suggested that all procrastinators lack high action identities. The second study was set up to confront our original hypothesis with the alternative one that was based on the findings of the first study. Procrastinating students (classified based on questionnaire data), irrespective of type, were found to lack high action identities to describe their study activities, to have more specific intentions regarding studying, to postpone more of their intentions, and study less in general than did nonprocrastinators. Some recommendations are made to provide students with higher action identities. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochromic redox reactions of vapour-deposited thin films of tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc(II)
Authors: WAHLSTER-YOSHIDA RUTH , YOSHIDA TSUKASA , SCHLETTWEIN DERCK , TSUKATANI KATSUHIKO , YANAGI HISAO , KANEKO MASAO , MINOURA HIDEKI
Published: January 2005

Electrochromic redox reactions of vacuum-evaporated thin films of tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc(II) ( TPyTAPZn ) have been studied in aqueous KCl electrolytes by in situ spectrocyclic voltammetry, which combines cyclic voltammetry and in situ monitoring of the absorption spectrum of the film. Although the voltammetric response of TPyTAPZn thin film electrodes can hardly be understood by the conventional electrochemical approach, the spectral information linked to the voltammetric information elucidated the presence of two-step reductions and reoxidations by each electron per TPyTAPZn molecule, which, however, take place with significant overlap during the voltammetric scan. Reduction of the film turned the color of the film from blue to purple and it changed reversibly to regenerate the original spectrum upon reoxidation. These reversible electrochromic reactions could be repeated many times without causing any noticeable change in the voltammetric and spectral responses. While use of electrolytes with various cations did not affect the redox behavior of the film, the effect of electrolyte pH was clearly seen, changing the ratio of the two reduction and two reoxidation peak magnitudes in the voltammogram. XPS analysis of the reduced film indicated that charge compensation upon reduction of the film occurred by protonation of reduced TPyTAPZn molecules at their aza and/or pyrido nitrogen atoms. A reaction scheme is presented to describe the observed redox reactions of the TPyTAPZn thin film from thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints.
Synthesis and structure of vinylporphyrin metal complexes and their copolymerization: Spectral luminescence properties of Zn copolymers in solution
Authors: POMOGAILO ANATOLII D. , RAZUMOV VLADIMIR F. , VOLOSHANOVSKII IGOR' S.
Published: January 2005

Vinylporphyrins containing one vinyl group at the pyrrole or benzene ring and their complexes with Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ have been obtained by the Wittig reaction. The compounds obtained were characterized by physicochemical methods. X-ray diffraction analysis of 5-(4-vinylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin has been carried out. It is likely that the inclusion of the vinyl group is accompanied by weak electron effects on the macrocycles. The radical-induced copolymerization of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin monomers with the vinyl group in a benzene or pyrrole ring and their copper and zinc complexes with styrene and methacrylate was studied. Porphyrin comonomers decrease the overall polymerization rate and the number-average molecular weight of the products formed compared with the weight of polystyrene obtained under similar conditions. The main reasons for termination of chain growth by vinylporphyrins were revealed and some quantitative parameters of these reactions were obtained. IR and electronic absorption spectra of porphyrin-containing copolymers are discussed. According to the ESR spectra, the copper-containing centres in the copolymers are fairly remote from each other, and the metal-containing polymeric systems are magnetically dilute. The spectral luminescence properties of solutions of zinc 5-(4-vinylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin–methyl methacrylate copolymers with various contents of porphyrin groups were studied. It was shown that a new long-wave band appears in the absorption spectra of the copolymers, the intensity of which depends on the copolymer composition, and the quantum yield of fluorescence decreases with increasing molar fraction of porphyrin groups.
Haematoporphyrin enhances the peroxidase activity of haemoglobin
Authors: SIL SUSMITA , KAR MANOJ , CHAKRABORTI ABHAY SANKAR
Published: January 2005

The effect of haematoporphyrin, a component of some of the widely used anticancer drugs, on the peroxidase activity of haemoglobin has been studied. Haematoporphyrin increases the haemoglobin-catalysed hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation of o-dianisidine or NADH. Spectrophotometric study reveals that an interaction occurs between haemoglobin and haematoporphyrin which leads to a conformational change of the protein. The extent of enhanced peroxidase activity as well as conformational change of the protein vary in a positive manner with the stoichiometric ratio of haematoporphyrin/haemoglobin. An increase in the peroxidase activity of haemoglobin was also observed in the presence of superoxide dismutase, which catalysed the removal of superoxide anion generated during autoxidation of haemoglobin. Possible mechanisms underlying the relation between the conformational change of haemoglobin due to its interaction with haematoporphyrin and the enhanced peroxidase activity are discussed.
Bactericidal action of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine-modified electrode
Authors: UKAI HIROSHI , ICHINOHE TAKASHI , MATSUMOTO SATORU , KIMURA MUTSUMI , KOYAMA TOSHIKI , HANABUSA KENJI , HACHIMORI AKIRA , SHIRAI HIROFUSA
Published: January 2005

The bactericidal activity of an electrochemical system with a cobalt(II) phthalocyanine-modified Ti electrode was studied. In the presence of NaBO 3, strong bactericidal activity was observed against E. coli with electroreduction for 30 min. If an unmodified Ti electrode was used, no bactericidal activity was observed in the electrochemical system. By the ESR spin-trapping method using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as the spin-trapping reagent, the radical species generated in the electrocatalytic reaction was found to be hydroxyl radical, which acts as the potent cytocidal species in the system.
Novel optical oxygen sensing by phosphorescence quenching of palladium porphyrin self-assembled film on alumina plate
Authors: AMAO YUTAKA , ASAI KEISUKE , OKURA ICHIRO
Published: January 2005

An optical oxygen sensor based on the phosphorescence quenching of palladium tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (PdTCPP) self-assembled film (SAM) on alumina plate was developed. The phosphorescence intensity of PdTCPP film decreased with increasing oxygen pressure, indicating that the film can be used as an optical oxygen-sensing device based on phosphorescence quenching by oxygen. The ratio I0/I100 as a sensitivity measure of the sensing film is estimated to be 17.7, showing that the film is a highly sensitive device for oxygen pressure. The film obeyed Stern–Volmer plots with a multisite model and possessed good operational stability and a fast response. Response times are 36 s for deoxygenated to oxygenated conditions and 148 s for the reverse conditions.
Regioselective halogenation and palladium-catalysed couplings on 5,15-diphenylporphyrin
Authors: SHANMUGATHASAN SAKTHI , JOHNSON CLAIRE K. , EDWARDS CHRISTINE , MATTHEWS E. KEITH , DOLPHIN DAVID , BOYLE ROSS W.
Published: January 2005

5,15-Diphenylporphyrin was regiospecifically halogenated in high yield to give 5-iodo-15-bromo-10,20-diphenylporphyrin, which was then subjected to Heck and Stille-type coupling reactions to form unsymmetrically substituted porphyrins. The regioselectivity of the iodination of diphenylporphyrins and subsequent formation of amphiphilic porphyrins via palladium-based methodology was also studied. The utility of this method for the synthesis of photodynamic sensitisers has been demonstrated on AR4-2J rat pancreatic carcinoma cells.
Hard and soft porphyrins: equilibrium constants for Cd2+ and Pb2+ with water-soluble free base porphyrins
Authors: SELF RAY HALL , HAMBRIGHT P.
Published: January 2005

Equilibrium constants (1:1) for the reactions of cadmium(II) and lead(II) with water-soluble free base porphyrins of differing basicities (pK3) are reported. Soft porphyrins with low pK3 values favor the softer Cd (II), while harder porphyrins with higher pK3 values have more affinity for the relatively harder Pb (II) ion.
Cytochrome P-450 model reaction: effects of substitution on the rate of aromatic hydroxylation
Authors: SAFARI NASSER , BAHADORAN FARZAD , HOSEINZADEH MOHAMMAD REZA , GHIASI REZA
Published: January 2005

The study of haemin-catalysed oxidation reactions was extended to substituted aromatic rings. Both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents on aromatic rings act as para- and meta-directing agents in the presence of tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin iron(III) chloride as catalyst and m-chloroperbenzoic acid as oxidant. A new kinetic method for measuring relative rates of epoxidation of alkenes and related compounds has been developed; while steric hindrance results in decreasing the rate of hydroxylation, electron-rich and electron-withdrawing substituents were found to increase the rate of hydroxylation. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the relative rate of hydroxylation and σ Hammet is obtained, although electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents fit separate lines. Addition of pyridine to haemin was shown to increase the yield of epoxidation but decrease the yield of aromatic hydroxylation.
Formation and electronic properties of ring-oxidized and ring-reduced radical species of the phthalocyanines and porphyrins
Authors: Stillman Martin
Published: January 2005

The 18-π electron ring in the phthalocyanines and porphyrins largely controls their chemical and spectroscopic properties. It is the aim of this microsymposium to explore the formation and reactivities and the spectroscopic and theoretical properties of the ring-oxidized and ring-reduced phthalocyanines and porphyrins, essentially the π cation and π anion radical species. Redox chemistry of the ring, through ring oxidation and reduction to the radical species, offers powerful, new synthetic capabilities in which photochemical as well as electrochemical techniques may be used to effect highly localized reactions. The chemistry of these radical species can be moderated by control of the redox states of the central metal, the addition of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating peripheral substituents, and by the extent of intermolecular association applying both solvent polarity and peripheral substitution.
Industrial applications of phthalocyanines
Authors: GREGORY PETER
Published: January 2005

Phthalocyanines are the second most important class of colorant, and copper phthalocyanine is the single largest-volume colorant sold. Traditional uses of phthalocyanine colorants are as blue and green pigments for automotive paints and printing inks and as blue/cyan dyes for textiles and paper. Phthalocyanines have also found extensive use in many of the modern high technologies, e.g. as cyan dyes for ink jet printing, in electrophotography as charge generation materials for laser printers and as colorants for cyan toners. In the visible region, phthalocyanines are limited to blue, cyan and green colours. However, their absorption may be extended into the near infrared and by suitable chemical engineering it is possible to fingerprint the 700-1000 nm region. The properties and effects of these infrared-absorbing phthalocyanines are diverse and cover many important hi-tech applications, including photodynamic therapy, optical data storage, reverse saturable absorbers and solar screens.
New synthesis of tetraazachlorins and tetraazabacteriochlorins by Diels–Alder reaction of tetraazaporphine
Authors: MAKAROVA ELENA A. , KOROLYOVA GALINA V. , TOK OLEG L. , LUKYANETS EVGENY A.
Published: January 2005

The use of the Diels–Alder reaction of unsubstituted tetraazaporphine as dienophile with some dienes of the anthracene series for the synthesis of novel substituted tetraazachlorins, tetraazabacteriochlorins and tetraazaisobacteriochlorins is reported. The condensation of tetraazaporphine with anthracene, 9,10-dimethyl- or 2,6-di(tert-butyl)anthracene in boiling chlorobenzene gives novel dibenzobarreleno-substituted tetraazachlorins 3–5 in yields of up to 71%. When AlCl3 was used as catalyst in the reaction of tetraazaporphine with 2,6-di(tert-butyl) anthracene, the corresponding cis- and trans-dibenzobarreleno-substituted tetraazabacteriochlorins 6a and 6b were obtained. The reaction of tetraazaporphine with the more active diene 2,3-benzanthracene at 130°C gives mainly benzonaphtho[2,3-b]barreleno-substituted tetraazachlorin 7, while the same reaction conducted at 220°C led to a mixture of cis- and trans isomers of tetraazabacteriochlorins 8a and 8b and tetraazaisobacteriochlorins 9a and 9b. The products were characterized using elemental analysis data and mass, 1H NMR and visible spectra. The effect of hydrogenation of one or two double bonds of the tetraazaporphine macrocycle on the electronic absorption spectra is discussed.
Prospective memory in 2000: Past, present, and future directions
Authors: Ellis Judi , Kvavilashvili Lia
Published: January 2005

During the past four years there has been an explosion of interest in prospective memory research, culminating recently in the success of the First International Conference on Prospective Memory (July, 2000). In this paper we take the opportunity to review progress in the area by identifying some key themes and issues that arose during the conference and that are exemplified in the papers contained in this special issue. Finally, we consider future directions for research and some of the key questions that we believe all researchers in this area will need to address. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance elevation of linear low‐density polyethylene highly loaded with aluminum hydroxide by the grafting of methacrylic acid to the matrix
Authors: Su Zhan‐Pai , Jiang Ping‐Kai , Wei Ping , Wang Gen‐Ling , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2005

The mechanical and electric performances of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) highly loaded with aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) by the grafting of methacrylic acid (MAA) to the LLDPE matrix were studied. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the grafting reaction occurred by melt grafting. Mechanical testing of composites of LLDPE highly loaded with Al(OH)3 showed that the strength and elongation at break were significantly improved after the grafting of MAA to the LLDPE matrix. The results of the electric tests showed similar trends. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed better decentralization of Al(OH)3 loaded in the LLDPE matrix in the tensile fractured surface and a transition layer between Al(OH)3 and the LLDPE matrix in the fractured surface after the grafting of MAA to the LLDPE matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 162–168, 2005
Molecular structure of metallocene catalyst Cptt2ZrCl2 and structural analysis of PE catalyzed by Cptt2ZrCl2
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Qing‐Xin , Jin Guo‐Xin , Hu Ning‐Hai
Published: January 2005

Cptt2ZrCl2 (Cptt = η5−tBu2C5H3) was synthesized by the reaction of LiCptt with ZrCl4 and characterized by X‐ray crystallographic studies. It was used as catalyst for ethylene polymerization. Structural analysis was carried out on the polyethylene (PE) catalyzed by Cptt2ZrCl2 via wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). The degree of crystallinity (Wc,x) was calculated by WAXD. The semiaxises of the particles (a, a, b) of PE were determined by SAXS and it could be found that the crystalline particles of PE are mainly rod shaped determined by the characteristic function v0 (r). The radius of gyration Rg, crystalline thickness Lc, the thickness of noncrystalline region La, long period L, electron‐density difference between the crystalline and noncrystalline regions ηc − ηa, and the invariant Q are determined by SAXS. The results also indicate that a transition zone exists between the traditional “two phases” with a clear dimension of 1.3 nm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 169–175, 2005
Physical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(L‐lactide)–TiO2 composites
Authors: Fukuda Norio , Tsuji Hideto
Published: January 2005

Amorphous poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) composite films with titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were prepared by solution‐casting using methylene chloride as a solvent, followed by quenching from the melt. The effects of surface treatment, volume fraction, size, and crystalline type of the TiO2 particles on the mechanical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of the composite films were investigated. The tensile strength of the PLLA composite films containing TiO2 particles except for anatase‐type ones with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm was lowered and the Young's modulus became higher with increasing the content of TiO2 particles. The tensile strength of the composite films containing anatase‐type TiO2 with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm at contents of 20 wt % or less was almost the same as that of the pure PLLA film. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLLA matrix was accelerated by the addition of the hydrophilic anatase‐type TiO2 particles (nontreated or Al2O3 treated) with a mean particle size of 0.3–0.5 μm at relatively high contents such as 20 wt %. On the other hand, the enzymatic hydrolysis of PLLA matrix was inhibited by composite formation with the hydrophobic rutile‐type TiO2 particles (Al2O3‐stearic acid treated, or ZrO2‐Al2O3‐stearic acid treated). These results suggest that the mechanical properties and enzymatic hydrolyzability of the PLLA can be controlled by the kind and amount of the added TiO2 particles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 190–199, 2005
High‐performance liquid chromatography separation characteristics of molecular‐imprinted poly(methacrylic acid) microparticles prepared by suspension polymerization
Authors: Kim Kayon , Kim Dukjoon
Published: January 2005

Molecular‐imprinted poly(methacrylic acid) was synthesized with a template of retinoic acid to separate retinoid derivatives. The suspension polymerization technique was used to prepare round microparticles for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) packing column materials. The effects of the types and amounts of the dispersing agents and surfactants on the structure and size of the prepared molecular‐imprinted‐polymer particles were investigated. The separation of retinoic acid from its derivatives was more efficient when the perfluorocarbon dispersing agent was used instead of water, as the latter reduced the binding force between the objective molecules and monomers. HPLC separation features were also affected by the size and distribution of particles loaded in the column. A higher retention volume was obtained for smaller particles with a broader size distribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 200–212, 2005
Water‐soluble amine and imine polymers with the ability to bind metal ions in conjunction with membrane filtration
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Pooley S. Amalia , Pereira Eduardo D. , Cid Rocío , Luna Maribel , Jara M. Antonieta , Geckeler Kurt E.
Published: January 2005

The commercial polymers poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), poly(ethylene imine epichlorohydrin), and poly(dimethylamine‐co‐epichlorohydrin) were purified and fractionated by ultrafiltration. Their metal‐ion‐binding properties with respect to different ligand groups and the effect of the concentration on the retention properties were investigated. The amine ligands of the polymers formed the most stable complexes with the metal ions. In general, there was an effect of the pH and polymer fraction size on the retention properties. As the pH and polymer fraction size increased, the affinity to bind metal ions also increased. PEI had the highest metal‐retention values, particularly at higher pHs, at which the amine groups were nonprotonated and could coordinate easily with the metal ions. Only Pb(II) was poorly retained. The affinity for all the metal ions, except Pb(II), increased significantly at pH 5. The metal‐ion retention decreased quickly as the filtration factor increased, except for Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions, which were retained by over 40% at a filtration factor of 4. For other metal ions such as Pb(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II), only 10% remained bound to the polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 222–231, 2005
Compatibilization of polymer blends with high‐molecular‐weight peroxides
Authors: Voronov S. , Samaryk V. , Roiter Y. , Pionteck J. , Pötschke P. , Minko S. , Tokarev I. , Varvarenko S. , Nosova N.
Published: January 2005

A novel approach for the compatibilization of heterogeneous polymer blends with interface‐active high‐molecular‐weight peroxides is presented. This three‐step approach includes the synthesis of an anchor peroxide copolymer, the preparation of an interface‐active, peroxide‐containing graft copolymer (precompatibilizer) on its basis, and the localization of the precompatibilizer at the interfaces of the polymer blends during reactive blending with the in situ formation of compatibilizer macromolecules. We found that the precompatibilizer incorporating polypropylene fragments compatibilized blends of polypropylene with polystyrene, polyethylene, and unsaturated polyester resin. This verified a certain universality of the approach proposed for the compatibilization of polymer blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 232–242, 2005
Effects of different molecular weights of polystyrene on the acylation reaction and on the reaction kinetics
Authors: Ahmetli G. , Yazicigil Z. , Kocak A. , Kurbanli R.
Published: January 2005

In this study, chemical modification reactions of polystyrenes with different molecular weights with maleic and acetic anhydrides in the presence of a catalyst [BF3 · O(C2H5)2] were examined. The number of polyfunctional groups bound to the polymer structure changed according to the molecular weight of the polymer, and more functional groups were bound to lower molecular weight polystyrenes. The bound functional groups and their amounts were determined with spectral and chemical analysis methods. The effects of the molecular weights of the polystyrenes on the chemical modification kinetics with maleic and acetic anhydrides in the presence of BF3 · O(C2H5)2 were examined. The kinetic parameters of the reaction and its activation energy were calculated. The higher the molecular weight of polystyrene was, the lower its rate of modification was and the greater its activation energy was; the lower the molecular weight of polystyrene was, the higher its rate of modification was and the lower its activation energy was. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 253–259, 2005
Three‐dimensional myofiber architecture of the embryonic left ventricle during normal development and altered mechanical loads
Authors: Tobita Kimimasa , Garrison Jason B. , Liu Li J. , Tinney Joseph P. , Keller Bradley B.
Published: January 2005

Mechanical load influences embryonic ventricular growth, morphogenesis, and function. To date, little is known regarding how the embryonic left ventricular (LV) myocardium acquires a three‐dimensional (3D) fiber architecture distribution or how altered mechanical load influences local myofiber architecture. We tested the hypothesis that altered mechanical load changes the maturation process of local 3D fiber architecture of the developing embryonic LV compact myocardium. We measured transmural myofiber angle distribution in the LV compact myocardium in Hamburger‐Hamilton stages 21, 27, 31, and 36 chick embryos during normal development or following either left atrial ligation (LAL; LV hypoplasia model) or conotruncal banding (CTB; LV hyperplasia model). The embryonic LV was stained with f‐actin and then z‐serial optical sectioning was performed using a laser confocal scanning microscope. We reconstructed local 3D myofiber images and computed local transmural myofiber angle distribution. Transmural myofiber angles in compact myocardium (in LV sagittal sections) were oriented in a circumferential direction until stage 27 (−10 to 10°). Myofibers in the outer side of compact myocardium shifted to a more longitudinal direction by stage 36 (10 to 40°), producing a transmural gradient in myofiber orientation. Developmental changes in transmural myofiber angle distribution were significantly delayed following LAL, while the changes in angle distribution were accelerated following CTB. Results suggest that mechanical load modulates the maturation process of myofiber architecture distribution in the developing LV compact myocardium. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of connexin43 alters the mutant phenotype of midgestational wnt‐1 null mice resulting in recovery of the midbrain and cerebellum
Authors: Melloy Patricia G. , Kusnierczyk Michelle K. , Meyer Rita A. , Lo Cecilia W. , Desmond Mary E.
Published: January 2005

The midbrain‐hindbrain (MHB) junction plays a key role in the patterning of the embryonic neural tube and the formation of brain structures such as the cerebellum. The mitogen wnt‐1 is critical for cerebellar development, as evidenced by the lack of MHB region and cerebellar formation in the wnt‐1 null embryo. We have generated wnt‐1 null embryos overexpressing the gap junction gene connexin43 by crossing wnt‐1 null heterozygotes into the CMV43 mouse line. We have confirmed that these mice show an increase in gap junctional communication by dye coupling analysis. Two‐thirds of wnt‐1 null CMV43+ mouse embryos at E18.5 have a cerebellum. In addition, changes in the wnt‐1 null phenotype in mouse embryos overexpressing connexin43 are observed as early as E9.5. At this stage, one‐quarter of wnt‐1 null CMV43+ embryos display extra or expanded tissue present at the MHB boundary (a wnt‐1 null enlarged phenotype). In situ hybridization studies conducted on these embryos have indicated no changes in the expression of embryonic brain positional markers in this region. We conclude from these studies that overexpression of the connexin43 gap junction restores cerebellar formation by compensating for the loss of wnt‐1. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the endoplasmic reticulum in the rodlet cell of two teleost species
Authors: Bielek Edith
Published: January 2005

The rodlet cell found in different tissues and the blood of teleosts is distinguished by a thick capsule and bipartite rodlets, each consisting of club‐like sac and a dense protein core. The development of its rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was ultrastructurally investigated in gill and intestinal epithelium of trout (Salmo trutta L., Oncorhynchus kisutch). The RER showed signs of hypertrophy beginning already in immature cells. The typical vesicular appearance noted in the mature cell as well as the apical labyrinth, an accumulation of dislodged mitochondria and vesicles, derives from RER dilatations shedding their ribosomes and pervading the cytoplasm. These dilatations extend also into extracapsular protrusions formerly supposed to be nutritive. A possible role of RER in the formation of the rodlets is indicated by the close association of RER‐derived vesicles with rodlet sacs. Conspicuous undulations of the membranes of the sacs as well as the occurrence of tubules (ø = 30 nm) in the dilated RER, rodlet sacs, and along the core support the proposed hypothesis of hypertrophy. Both features signal the storage of (membrane) protein during altered conditions ranging from slowed metabolism to viral infections. The differentiation of apical microvillar projections replaced later by cytoplasmic blebbing and disruption is compatible with surplus production resulting in discharge by pressure. Together with the occasional presence of junctional complexes, these observations argue for an aberrant cell differentiation due to an unknown cause, representing an alternative to the current interpretation of the rodlet cell as a migrating secretory or leucocytic cell with a defensive function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porocytosis: A transient pore array secretes the neurotransmitter packet
Authors: Kriebel Mahlon E. , Keller Bruce , Silver Robert B. , Pappas George D.
Published: January 2005

The porocytosis hypothesis is based on the arrayed nature of synaptic vesicles which forms the anatomical functional unit of secretion. The presynaptic array and the postsynaptic array of receptors form a synaptomere which is the unit of transmission. A transient increase in calcium ions, triggered by an action potential, activates all pores of the array to pulse transmitter. The array insures transmission while permitting a frequency dependent amount of secretion. Therefore the amount of secretion is variable which permits plasticity. Secretion from the array has the property of immediate synaptic plasticity whereas a change in array size would change synaptic strength. The robust nature of the array insures fidelity of transmission, a frequency dependent dynamic signature of transmission giving the property of immediate plasticity; and, a change in array size yields a change in synaptic strength for long term reliability. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 282B:38–41, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐Thiol Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors: Utilization of the Far Aryl Binding Site by Arylthienylacryloylaminobenzophenones
Authors: Mitsch Andreas , Altenkämper Mirko , Sattler Isabel , Schlitzer Martin
Published: January 2005

We recently described two novel aryl binding sites of farnesyltransferase. The 4‐ and 5‐arylsubstituted thienylacryloyl moieties turned out as appropriate substituents for our benzophenone‐based AAX—peptidomimetic capable for occupying the far aryl binding site.
Anti‐inflammatory and Gastro Sparing Activity of Some New Indomethacin Derivatives
Authors: Amir Mohd. , Kumar Shikha
Published: January 2005

Indomethacin is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug but its use is associated with high degree of gastric toxicity therefore it is prescribed only in severe conditions. In order to reduce the gastric toxicity of indomethacin, various oxadiazole, triazole, thiadiazole and triazine derivatives have been synthesized. Out of thirteen cyclized derivatives, eleven were screened for anti‐inflammatory activity by Winter et al. method. Four compounds showed highly significant activity and were further tested for analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activities. The tested compounds showed anti‐inflammatory activities in the range from about 32% to 85% as compared to that of indomethacin of about 96%. The compounds showing high anti‐inflammatory activity also exhibited reduction in severity index. These compounds also produced less malondialdehyde content in gastric mucosa than the standard drug indomethacin. The study showed that the compounds inhibited the induction of gastric mucosal lesions and it can be suggested from our results that their protective effects may be related to inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa.
2, 3‐Bis(5‐alkyl‐2‐thiono‐1, 3, 5‐thiadiazin‐3‐yl) Propionic Acid: One‐Pot Domino Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: El Bialy Serry A. A. , Abdelal Ali M. , El‐Shorbagi Abdel‐Nasser , Kheira Samy M. M.
Published: January 2005

In a search for promising antibacterial and antifungal compounds, two new series of 2, 3‐bis(5‐alkyl‐2‐thiono‐1, 3, 5‐thiadiazin‐3‐yl)propionic acid 1 and their corresponding N, N‐dimethylpropionamide 6 have been synthesized. The reaction of 2, 3‐diaminopropionate 3, carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, and the appropriate alkyl amines furnished the title compound 1. N, N‐dimethylpropionamides 6 were obtained by the reaction of 1 with dimethyl amine in the presence of POCl3. The newly prepared compounds were screened in vitro against certain strains of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and compared with nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the title compounds were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro against Candida albicans, phytopathogenic, Penicillum expansum and Trichoderma hazianum, and aflatoxin‐producing Aspergillus flavus. These compounds exhibit varied activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria and remarkable inhibitory effects on growth or sporulation of some of the tested fungal species.
Synthesis and Antiparasitic Properties of New 4‐N‐Benzylamino‐4‐Hetarylbut‐1‐enes
Authors: Kouznetsov Vladimir V. , Castro Juliette Rivero , Puentes Cristian Ochoa , Stashenko Elena E. , Martínez Jairo René , Ochoa Carmen , Pereira David Montero , Ruiz Juan J. Nogal , Portillo Carlos Fernández , Serrano Susana Muelas , Barrio Alicia Gómez , Bahsas Alí , Amaro‐Luis Juan
Published: January 2005

New derivatives of 4‐N‐benzylamino‐4‐hetarylbut‐1‐ene containing a pyridyl nucleus were synthesized from benzylamines and pyridine aldehydes. N‐oxide derivatives were obtained from these homoallylamines. Study of the antiparasitic properties of obtained pyridine derivatives as well as of four related benzazepines previously described, was carried out using cytotoxicity assays against Trichomonas vaginalis and epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa. Compounds showing activity against epimastigote T. cruzi were tested against the amastigote form; unspecific cytotoxicity against macrophages was also studied.
Synthesis of New Lipophilic Ipomeanol Analogues and Their Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Krauss Jürgen , Unterreitmeier Doris
Published: January 2005

Analogues of the cytotoxic natural product (±)‐4‐ipomeanol (1) have been synthesized starting from furan‐3‐carbaldehyde and furan‐2‐carbaldehyde, followed by Grignard reaction and Sharpless dihydroxylation. The resulting alcohols were esterified with octanoyl chloride. The cytotoxic activities of the resulting compounds were determined in the MTT assay against a human leukaemia cell line (HL‐60).
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tacrine‐Thiadiazolidinone Hybrids as Dual Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Dorronsoro Isabel , Alonso Diana , Castro Ana , del Monte Maria , García‐Palomero Esther , Martínez Ana
Published: January 2005

The synthesis of tacrine‐thiadiazolidinone hybrids is described. These compounds are designed as dual acetylcholinesterase inhibitors binding simultaneously to the peripheral and catalytic sites of the enzyme. All tested compounds exhibit significant AChE inhibitory activity. Competition assays using propidium as reference of selective ligand for the peripheral anionic site on acetylcholinesterase indicates the influence of the designed compounds over the peripheral site. They can be considered as new leads in the optimization of Alzheimer's disease modifying agents.
Biotransformation of Desoxypeganine by Microsomal Enzymes of the Rabbit Liver
Authors: Illgner Sascha , Matusch Rudolf
Published: January 2005

The biotransformation of the anticholinergic quinazoline alkaloid Desoxypeganine is studied by means of aerobic incubation with the non‐induced supernatant obtained at 9000g from rabbit liver homogenates as enzyme source followed by an admixture of NADPH. The metabolites were identified by highperformance liquid chromatography, chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (LC‐CI MS) and electron impact mass spectrometry (LC‐EI MS) in comparison with synthetic reference compounds and typical ion fragments taken from literature data. C‐oxidation of Desoxypeganine to the major metabolite Pegenone was observed as well as the hydroxylation of the alicyclic ring. The incubation mixture followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics characterised by Km = 5.8 × 10—5 mol L—1 and Vmax = 4.32 nmol Pegenone/min per mg protein or 3.37 nmol Pegenone/min per nmol CYP 450, respectively. These in vitro results demonstrate that the bioactive substance Desoxypeganine is easily oxidised to its ineffective metabolite Pegenone. This provokes a problem for correct dosage finding in formulations for the treatment of Alzheimer' disease and in the therapy of alcoholism and nicotine dependence.
Pharmacokinetics of 5‐fluorouracil in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin
Authors: Choi Young H. , Lee Ae K. , Bae Soo K. , Kim Sun O. , Lee Myung G.
Published: January 2005

The pharmacokinetic parameters of 5‐fluorouracil were compared after intravenous administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg to control Sprague–Dawley rats and to rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS). In DMIS rats, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) was significantly smaller (603 versus 909 µg min/ml) due to the significantly faster total body clearance (Cl; 47.8 versus 33.0 ml/min/kg). The faster Cl was due to the significantly faster renal (8.54 versus 4.02 ml/min/kg) and nonrenal (38.5 versus 28.7 ml/min/kg) clearances. In DMIS rats, the total amount of unchanged 5‐fluorouracil excreted in 24 h urine was significantly greater (34.1% versus 13.0% of intravenous dose) due to the urine flow rate‐dependent renal clearance of 5‐fluorouracil in rats (the greater the urine flow rate, the greater the urinary excretion of 5‐fluorouracil). Greater urinary excretion and a significantly smaller AUC resulted in a significantly faster Clr in DMIS rats. The faster Clnr in DMIS rats could be due to an increase in the expression and mRNA level of CYP1A1/2 in the rats. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel approach to quantify immobilized‐enzyme distributions
Authors: van Roon J. L. , Groenendijk E. , Kieft H. , Schroën C. G. P. H. , Tramper J. , Beeftink H. H.
Published: January 2005

The quantitative intraparticle enzyme distribution of Assemblase, an industrially employed polydisperse immobilized penicillin‐G acylase, was measured. Because of strong autofluorescence of the carrier, the generally applied technique of confocal scanning microscopy could not be used; light microscopy was our method of choice. To do so, Assemblase particles of various sizes were sectioned, labeled with antibodies specifically against the enzyme, and analyzed light microscopically. Image analysis software was developed and used to determine the intraparticle enzyme distribution, which was found to be heterogeneous, with most enzyme located in the outer regions of the particles. Larger particles showed steeper gradients than smaller ones. A mathematical representation of the intraparticle profiles, based on in‐stationary enzyme diffusion into the particles, was validated successfully for a broad range of particle sizes using data for volume‐averaged particle size and enzyme loading. The enzyme gradients determined in this work will be used as input for a physical model that quantitatively describes the complex behavior of Assemblase. Such a physical model will lead to identification of the current bottlenecks in Assemblase and can serve as a starting point for the design of improved biocatalysts that also may be based on intelligent use of enzyme gradients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Harderoporphyrin: a misnomer
Authors: Gorchein A. , Danton M. , Lim C. K.
Published: January 2005

More than 30 years ago it was reported that rodent Harderian glands contained a tricarboxylic acid porphyrin, which the authors named Harderoporphyrin. The recent finding in rat Harderian glands of the porphyrin glycoconjugate, protoporphyrin‐1‐O‐acyl‐β‐xyloside as a major component led to scrutiny of earlier publications. It became apparent that the results were flawed and that the conclusions were unsustainable. The procedural artefacts which led to the errors are discussed and their bases are demonstrated experimentally. Harderoporphyrin as originally defined never existed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypervalency Avoided: Simple Substituted BrF3 and BrF5 Molecules. Structures, Thermochemistry, and Electron Affinities of the Bromine Hydrogen Fluorides HBrF2 and HBrF4.
Authors: Li Qianshu , Gong Liangfa , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer Henry F. III
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ab initio Study of the Fluoride—Ammonia Clusters: F‐—(NH3)n, n = 1—3
Authors: Wild D. A. , Lenzer T.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rare Beryllium Icosahedra in the Intermediate Valence Compound CeBe13.
Authors: Wilson Zakiya S. , Macaluso Robin T. , Bauer E. D. , Smith J. L. , Thompson J. D. , Fisk Z. , Stanley George G. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Covalently Bonded ∞1[Pt]‐ Chains in BaPt: Extension of the Zintl—Klemm Concept to Anionic Transition Metals?
Authors: Karpov Andrey , Nuss Juergen , Wedig Ulrich , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
YBaMnCoO5: Neither Valence Mixed nor Charge Ordered.
Authors: Karen Pavel , Suard Emmanuelle , Fauth Francois , Woodward Patrick M.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of K0.33Gd0.67F2.33 (KGd2F7) and K0.31Gd0.69F1.84O0.27.
Authors: Gredin Patrick , Labeguerie Jessica , Pierrard Angelique , Vaulay Marie‐Josee , de Kozak Ariel
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cation and Anion Disorder in New Cubic Rare Earth Carbonates Na2LiLn(CO3)3 (Ln: Eu—Er, Yb, Lu, Y); Synthesis, Crystal Structures, IR, Raman and NMR Characterizations.
Authors: Ali A. Ben , Maisonneuve V. , Houlbert S. , Silly G. , Buzare J. Y. , Leblanc M.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[Co(en)3][Sb12S19]: A New Antimony Sulfide with a Zeolite‐Like Structure Containing One‐Dimensional Channels.
Authors: Vaqueiro Paz , Chippindale Ann M. , Powell Anthony V.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Anion Ordering and Defect Structure in Ruddlesden—Popper Strontium Niobium Oxynitrides.
Authors: Tobias Gerard , Beltran‐Porter Daniel , Lebedev Oleg I. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Rodriguez‐Carvajal Juan , Fuertes Amparo
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Physical Properties of Ln2Ge2In (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd).
Authors: Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Kaczorowski Dariusz , Nychyporuk Galyna P. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mixing Enthalpies of Liquid Au—Yb Alloys
Authors: Ivanov M. I. , Berezutski V. V. , Usenko N. I.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural, Vibrational and Dielectric Properties of the New Mixed Solution K0.84(NH4)1.16SO4×Te (OH)6.
Authors: Ktari L. , Dammak M. , Hadrich A. , Cousson A. , Nierlich M. , Romain F. , Mhiri T.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Octahedral Metal Clusters as Building Units in a Neutral Layered Honeycomb Network, [Zn(en)]2[Nb6Cl12(CN)6].
Authors: Yan Bangbo , Day Cynthia S. , Lachgar Abdessadek
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.