bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Transporter‐Mediated Drug‐Drug Interactions for Baricitinib
Authors: Posada Maria M. , Cannady Ellen A. , Payne Christopher D. , Zhang Xin , Bacon James A. , Pak Y. Anne , Higgins J. William , Shahri Nazila , Hall Stephen D. , Hillgren Kathleen M.
Published: July 2017

Baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor, undergoes active renal tubular secretion. Baricitinib was not predicted to inhibit hepatic and renal uptake and efflux drug transporters, based on the ratio of the unbound maximum eliminating‐organ inlet concentration and the in vitro half‐maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). In vitro, baricitinib was a substrate for organic anion transporter (OAT)3, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)2‐K, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Probenecid, a strong OAT3 inhibitor, increased the area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC[0–∞]) of baricitinib by twofold and decreased renal clearance to 69% of control in healthy subjects. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling reproduced the renal clearance of baricitinib and the inhibitory effect of probenecid using the in vitro IC50 value of 4.4 μM. Using ibuprofen and diclofenac in vitro IC50 values of 4.4 and 3.8 μM toward OAT3, 1.2 and 1.0 AUC(0–∞) ratios of baricitinib were predicted. These predictions suggest clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) with ibuprofen and diclofenac are unlikely.
Dopamine Transporter Neuroimaging as an Enrichment Biomarker in Early Parkinson's Disease Clinical Trials: A Disease Progression Modeling Analysis
Authors: Conrado Daniela J. , Nicholas Timothy , Tsai Kuenhi , Macha Sreeraj , Sinha Vikram , Stone Julie , Corrigan Brian , Bani Massimo , Muglia Pierandrea , Watson Ian A. , Kern Volker D. , Sheveleva Elena , Marek Kenneth , Stephenson Diane T. , Romero Klaus ,   on behalf of the Critical Path for Parkinson's (CPP) Parkinson's Disease Modeling and Simulation Working Group
Published: July 2017

Given the recognition that disease‐modifying therapies should focus on earlier Parkinson's disease stages, trial enrollment based purely on clinical criteria poses significant challenges. The goal herein was to determine the utility of dopamine transporter neuroimaging as an enrichment biomarker in early motor Parkinson's disease clinical trials. Patient‐level longitudinal data of 672 subjects with early‐stage Parkinson's disease in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) observational study and the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP‐1347 Trial (PRECEPT) clinical trial were utilized in a linear mixed‐effects model analysis. The rate of worsening in the motor scores between subjects with or without a scan without evidence of dopamine transporter deficit was different both statistically and clinically. The average difference in the change from baseline of motor scores at 24 months between biomarker statuses was –3.16 (90% confidence interval [CI] = –0.96 to –5.42) points. Dopamine transporter imaging could identify subjects with a steeper worsening of the motor scores, allowing trial enrichment and 24% reduction of sample size.
Primary cutaneous CD4‐positive small/medium‐sized pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Keeling Brett H. , Gavino Alde Carlo P. , Admirand Joan , Soldano Anthony C.
Published: July 2017

Primary cutaneous small/medium‐sized T‐cell lymphoma (PCSM‐TCL), which was included in the World Health Organization ‐ European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO‐EORTC) classification for cutaneous lymphomas as a provisional entity in 2008, has recently been reclassified as primary cutaneous small/medium‐sized T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder (PCSM‐TCLPD) because of its indolent behavior and uncertain malignant potential. Treatment with local therapies is usually curative, although there have been reports of aggressive, systemic disease. This spectrum of disease behavior evokes the consideration that this entity may actually be multiple diseases with a shared clinicopathologic features rather than a singular disease process with a variety of behaviors. PCSM‐TCLPD retained its designation as a provisional entity under the updated WHO‐EORTC guidelines; however, additional cases of PCSM‐TCLPD are needed to shed more light on this rare disorder.
Differences in brain morphology and working memory capacity across childhood
Authors: Bathelt Joe , Gathercole Susan E. , Johnson Amy , Astle Duncan E.
Published: July 2017

Working memory (WM) skills are closely associated with learning progress in key areas such as reading and mathematics across childhood. As yet, however, little is known about how the brain systems underpinning WM develop over this critical developmental period. The current study investigated whether and how structural brain correlates of components of the working memory system change over development. Verbal and visuospatial short‐term and working memory were assessed in 153 children between 5.58 and 15.92 years, and latent components of the working memory system were derived. Fractional anisotropy and cortical thickness maps were derived from T1‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted MRI and processed using eigenanatomy decomposition. There was a greater involvement of the corpus callosum and posterior temporal white matter in younger children for performance associated with the executive part of the working memory system. For older children, this was more closely linked with the thickness of the occipitotemporal cortex. These findings suggest that increasing specialization leads to shifts in the contribution of neural substrates over childhood, moving from an early dependence on a distributed system supported by long‐range connections to later reliance on specialized local circuitry. Our findings demonstrate that despite the component factor structure being stable across childhood, the underlying brain systems supporting working memory change. Taking the age of the child into account, and not just their overall score, is likely to be critical for understanding the nature of the limitations on their working memory capacity.
Modelling regional imbalances in English plebeian migration to late eighteenth‐century London†
Authors: Crymble Adam , Dennett Adam , Hitchcock Tim
Published: July 2017

Using a substantial set of vagrancy removal records for Middlesex (1777–86) giving details of the place of origin of some 11,500 individuals, and analysing these records using a five‐variable gravity model of migration, this article addresses a simple question: from which parts of England did London draw its lower‐class migrants in the late eighteenth century? It concludes, first, that industrializing areas of the north emerged as a competitor for potential migrants—contributing relatively fewer migrants than predicted by the model. Rising wage rates in these areas appear to explain this phenomenon. Second, it argues that migration from urban centres in the west midlands and parts of the West Country, including Bristol, Birmingham, and Worcester, was substantially higher than predicted, and that this is largely explained by falling wage rates and the evolution of an increasingly efficient travel network. Third, for the counties within about 130 kilometres of the capital, this article suggests that migration followed the pattern described in the current literature, with London drawing large numbers of local women in particular. It also argues that these short‐distance migrants came from a uniquely wide number of parishes, suggesting a direct rural‐to‐urban path.
Influence of application method on surface free‐energy and bond strength of universal adhesive systems to enamel
Authors: Imai Arisa , Takamizawa Toshiki , Sai Keiichi , Tsujimoto Akimasa , Nojiri Kie , Endo Hajime , Barkmeier Wayne W. , Latta Mark A. , Miyazaki Masashi
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of different adhesive application methods and etching modes on enamel bond effectiveness of universal adhesives using shear bond strength (SBS) testing and surface free‐energy (SFE) measurements. The adhesives Scotchbond Universal, All‐Bond Universal, Adhese Universal, and G‐Premio Bond were used. Prepared bovine enamel specimens were divided into four groups, based on type of adhesive, and subjected to the following surface treatments: (i) total‐etch mode with active application; (ii) total‐etch mode with inactive application; (iii) self‐etch mode with active application; and (iv) self‐etch mode with inactive application. Bonded specimens were subjected to SBS testing. The SFE of the enamel surfaces with adhesive was measured after rinsing with acetone and water. The SBS values in total‐etch mode were significantly higher than those in self‐etch mode. In total‐etch mode, significantly lower SBS values were observed with active application compared with inactive application; in contrast, in self‐etch mode there were no significant differences in SBS between active and inactive applications. A reduction in total SFE was observed for active application compared with inactive application. The interaction between etching mode and application method was statistically significant, and the application method significantly affected enamel bond strength in total‐etch mode.
Molecular dynamics simulation of crack initiation and propagation in bcc iron under load within spur gear tooth root
Authors: Zhao Z. , Chu F.
Published: July 2017

Spur gears are widely used in practice, and one of their typical failures is tooth breakage. In general, the tooth breakage occurs at tooth root, and the amount of crack growth during a meshing cycle is in atomistic scale. This work aims at identifying the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation at tooth root by using molecular dynamics simulation. The results prove that there are phase transition regions and edge dislocations at crack tips. According to the distribution characteristic of the atomic potential, its concentration can be observed obviously by visualization software. In these concentration regions, microvoids come into being and expand gradually, which results in the subcrack initiation. Additionally, the microvoids and subcracks propagate along the high potential direction and then come together to accelerate the crack growth. Through carrying out a comparative simulation, the effects of heavy load at single meshing area on crack initiation and propagation are addressed.
Potential misdiagnosis of von Willebrand disease and haemophilia caused by ineffective mixing of thawed plasma
Authors: Favaloro E. J. , Oliver S. , Mohammed S. , Ahuja M. , Grzechnik E. , Azimulla S. , McDonald J. , Lima‐Oliveira G. , Lippi G.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

von Willebrand disease (VWD) reflects a loss or dysfunction in von Willebrand factor (VWF), while haemophilia represents a loss or dysfunction of clotting factors such as factor VIII (FVIII) or FIX. Their diagnosis requires laboratory testing, with this potentially compromised by preanalytical events, including poor sample quality. This study assessed the effect of inadequate mixing as a potential cause of VWD and haemophilia misdiagnosis.

Methods

After completion of requested testing, 48 consecutive patient samples comprising separate aliquots from single collections were individually pooled, appropriately mixed, then frozen in separate aliquots, either at −20°C or −80°C for 2‐7 days. Each sample set was then thawed and the separate aliquots subjected to separate mixing protocols (several inversions, blood roller, vortex) vs a non‐mix sample, and all aliquots then tested for various VWF and factor assays.

Results

Non‐mixing led to substantial reduction in VWF and factors in about 25% of samples, that in some cases could lead to misdiagnosis of VWD or haemophilia. Interestingly, there were also some differences observed with respect to different mixing protocols.

Conclusions

Our study identified ineffective or variable mixing of thawed plasma samples as potential causes of misdiagnosis of VWD or haemophilia. Further education regarding the importance of appropriate mixing appears warranted.
The haematozoan parasites of Common BlackbirdsTurdus merula: associations with host condition
Authors: HATCHWELL BEN J. , WOOD MATT J. , ANWAR M. ALI , CHAMBERLAIN DAN E. , PERRINS CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: July 2017

A population of Common BlackbirdsTurdus merulawas studied to investigate the relationships between the presence of blood parasites and host morphometrics, a putative sexually selected trait (bill colour), and reproductive parameters. Haematozoa of four genera were detected and their prevalence was high. Infection was negatively associated with adult morphometrics: adults infected withLeucocytozoonwere in relatively poor body condition and had shorter wings than uninfected birds. The bill colour of males infected withPlasmodiumtended to be duller than that of uninfected males, and in femalesHaemoproteusinfection was significantly positively associated with bill coloration. Haematozoan infection of females was unrelated to measured reproductive parameters, and there was no relationship between blood parasite infection and the provision of parental care.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and photocatalytic activity of Bi‐based nanoparticles
Authors: Nuñez‐Briones Adriana , García‐Cerda Luis , Rodríguez‐Hernández Joelis , Aguilar‐González Miguel , Puente‐Urbina Bertha , Mendoza‐Mendoza Esmeralda
Published: July 2017

Bi‐based nanoparticles were successfully synthesized (500°C/2 h) following two intermediate‐temperature routes, Pechini and a combined method of mechanical milling/molten salts. Herein, α‐Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3 heterostructures were identified. These types of heterostructures have shown advantages to improve the visible light responsive activity of Bi‐based nanoparticles to facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. By fixing the experimental parameters, the synthesis route and Ag contents showed to play a very important role in the phase composition of the Ag‐containing samples; the formation of Bi/Ag‐Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3 and Ag/Ag‐Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3 complex hybrid structures were revealed. The α‐Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3 heterostructure prepared by combined method exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency (66.84%) for degrading methylene blue (MB) depending on Bi2O2CO3 component proportion. For the Ag‐containing hybrid structures, the performance of their catalytic activity did not show an increase with respect to α‐Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3. However, in these samples, the degradation efficiency was slightly enhanced with the efficient doping of Ag into the α‐Bi2O3 structure and the existence of Bi when the Pechini method was used. Also, a possible photocatalytic process for degrading MB is presented.
Ubiquitous yet Ambiguous: An Integrative Review of Unpaid Work
Authors: Grant‐Smith Deanna , McDonald Paula
Published: July 2017

The expansion of participation in unpaid work such as internships, volunteering and educationally focused work placements may constitute evidence of deleterious changes to labour markets increasingly characterized by competition, precarious work and prolonged transitions to secure employment. Unpaid work, although under‐researched, is increasingly relevant in times of ubiquitous unpaid internships and the use of volunteers in roles that would have been previously paid. Yet there remains a lack of clarity in terminology and focus across studies of unpaid work. This review article addresses this concern through two primary aims. First, we review the available literature around unpaid work setting out five themes: characterizations of unpaid work; the prevalence and underlying drivers of unpaid work; the apparent benefits of participation; the costs of participation; and regulatory and structural responses to unpaid work. Together, these themes set out a holistic interpretation of the accumulated state of knowledge in this area of inquiry including the implications for organizations, employers, higher education institutions, policy makers and unpaid workers. The second aim is to synthesise the current and emerging insights arising from the review as a matrix which delineates four distinct forms of unpaid work along two dimensions – purpose of participation and level of participatory discretion. The review and resulting matrix provides conceptual clarity around unpaid work practices that informs future research. It also raises pragmatic implications for institutional and managerial decision‐making which is cognisant of the range of risks, costs, benefits and ethical issues associated with unpaid work.
Estimation of inbreeding depression on female fertility in the Finnish Ayrshire population
Authors: Martikainen K. , Tyrisevä A. M. , Matilainen K. , Pösö J. , Uimari P.
Published: July 2017

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data enable the estimation of inbreeding at the genome level. In this study, we estimated inbreeding levels for 19,075 Finnish Ayrshire cows genotyped with a low‐density SNP panel (8K). The genotypes were imputed to 50K density, and after quality control, 39,144 SNPs remained for the analysis. Inbreeding coefficients were estimated for each animal based on the percentage of homozygous SNPs (FPH), runs of homozygosity (FROH) and pedigree (FPED). Phenotypic records were available for 13,712 animals including non‐return rate (NRR), number of inseminations (AIS) and interval from first to last insemination (IFL) for heifers and up to three parities for cows, as well as interval from calving to first insemination (ICF) for cows. Average FPED was 0.02, FROH 0.06 and FPH 0.63. A correlation of 0.71 was found between FPED and FROH, 0.66 between FPED and FPH and 0.94 between FROH and FPH. Pedigree‐based inbreeding coefficients did not show inbreeding depression in any of the traits. However, when FROH or FPH was used as a covariate, significant inbreeding depression was observed; a 10% increase in FROH was associated with 5 days longer IFL0 and IFL1, 2 weeks longer IFL3 and 3 days longer ICF2 compared to non‐inbred cows.
Is periodontitis associated with halitosis? A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Silva Manuela F. , Cademartori Mariana G. , Leite Fábio R. M. , López Rodrigo , Demarco Flávio F. , Nascimento Gustavo G.
Published: July 2017

Aim

To systematically review the literature in order to investigate a potential association between periodontitis and halitosis.

Methods

Electronic searches were performed in four different databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Scielo. Population‐based observational studies that tested the association between periodontitis and halitosis were included. Additionally, meta‐analysis, meta‐regression and subgroup analyses were performed to synthesize the evidence.

Results

A total of 1,107 articles were identified in electronic searches; out of which, five were included within the meta‐analysis. Pooled estimates revealed that individuals with periodontitis presented 3.16 times higher odds (OR 3.16; 95% CI: 1.12–8.95) of having halitosis. Meta‐regression and subgroups analyses showed that criteria used for halitosis and periodontitis assessment explained nearly 45% and 24% of heterogeneity between studies, respectively.

Conclusions

Positive association between periodontitis and halitosis was found in pooled results of population‐based observational studies. However, this evidence is derived from cross‐sectional studies.
Is mitotic rate still useful in the management of patients with thin melanoma?
Authors: Tejera‐Vaquerizo A. , Pérez‐Cabello G. , Marínez‐Leborans L. , Gallego E. , Oliver‐Martínez V. , Martín‐Cuevas P. , Arias‐Santiago S. , Aneiros‐Fernández J. , Herrera‐Acosta E. , Traves V. , Herrera‐Ceballos E. , Nagore E.
Published: July 2017

Background

T1 melanoma substaging was recently modified by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Although sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity is the most important prognostic factor in melanoma, there is a lack of consensus on whether SLN biopsy should be performed in patients with thin melanoma (≤1 mm).

Objective

The main aim of this study was to investigate predictors of SLN positivity in patients with thin melanoma, with a special emphasis on mitotic rate. A secondary aim was to evaluate survival in this group of patients.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective multicenter observational study with analysis of age, sex, tumour location, thickness, mitotic rate, regression and microscopic satellites. Predictive factors were identified using a classification and regression tree (CART) approach. Melanoma‐specific survival according to SLN status was estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results

We analysed 203 patients with a melanoma ≤1 mm. Using the new AJCC staging criteria, the CART algorithm identified a 7.5% likelihood of SLN positivity in T1a patients. In the case of T1b melanoma, there was a 14.3% likelihood of SLN positivity in patients with a mitotic rate >1 mitosis/mm2 and a 3.2% likelihood in those with ≤1 mitoses/mm2. None of the patients with T1b disease who had ≤1 mitoses/mm2 and regression had SLN positivity. In T1b patients, 5‐year melanoma‐specific survival was 98.7% in the SLN‐negative group and 75% in the SLN‐positive group (P = 0.05). When stratified by mitotic rate, survival was 100% for patients with a mitotic rate of ≤1 mitoses/mm2 and 91.4% for those with >1 mitosis/mm2 (P = 0.022). There were no deaths in the T1a subgroup.

Conclusions

Sentinel lymph node metastasis was less common in patients with T1b melanoma who had a mitotic rate of ≤1 mitoses/mm2. Performance of SLN biopsy should be carefully considered in this subgroup of patients, particularly considering the good prognosis.
Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota
Authors: Letcher Peter M. , Longcore Joyce E. , James Timothy Y. , Leite Domingos S. , Simmons David Rabern , Powell Martha J.
Published: July 2017

Increasing numbers of sequences of basal fungi from environmental DNA studies are being deposited in public databases. Many of these sequences remain unclassified below the phylum level because sequence information from identified species is sparse. Lack of basic biological knowledge due to a dearth of identified species is extreme in Cryptomycota, a new phylum widespread in the environment and phylogenetically basal within the fungal lineage. Consequently, we are attempting to fill gaps in the knowledge of Rozella, the best‐known genus in this lineage. Rozella is a genus of unwalled, holocarpic, endobiotic parasites of hosts including Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Oomycota, Basidiomycota, and a green alga, with most species descriptions based on morphology and host specificity. We found a Rozella parasitizing a Pythium host that was a saprobe on spruce pollen bait placed with an aquatic sample. We characterized the parasite with light microscopy, TEM of its zoospores and sporangia, and its 18S/28S rDNA. Comparison with other Rozella species indicates that the new isolate differs morphologically, ultrastructurally, and genetically from Rozella species for which we have data. Features of the zoospore also differ from those of previously studied species. Herein we describe the Rozella as a new species, R. multimorpha.
Long‐term efficient control of SIV infection in macaques is associated with an intact intestinal barrier
Authors: Daskalaki Maria , Neumann Berit , Klippert Antonina , Mätz‐Rensing Kerstin , Kaup Franz‐Josef , Stahl‐Hennig Christiane
Published: July 2017

Hallmarks of SIV infection are early depletion of gut CD4 T cells and diminished intestinal integrity. Comprehensive studies on colon biopsies of SIV‐infected macaques efficiently controlling infection revealed that in contrast to viremic and failing controllers, elite controllers show preserved CD4 T cells, and low viral load, apoptosis, and inflammation.
Emerging diagnostic challenges and characteristics of simian betaretrovirus infections in captive macaque colonies
Authors: Yee JoAnn L. , Grant Richard , Van Rompay Koen K. , Kuller LaRene , Carpenter Amanda , Watanabe Robin , Huebner Rebeca , Agricola Brian , Smedley Jeremy , Roberts Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2017

To better understand Simian betaretrovirus (SRV) seropositivity in virus‐negative macaques, we transfused blood from SRV‐infected or suspect donors into immunosuppressed naive recipients. Our results do not support typical SRV1‐5 infection as the cause, but provide evidence for several possibilities including serological artifact, new/different SRV, or an endogenous virus.
CD4+ Cell infiltration into subcutaneous adipose tissue is not indicative of productively infected cells during acute SHIV infection
Authors: Hsu Denise C. , Wegner Matthew D. , Sunyakumthorn Piyanate , Silsorn Decha , Tayamun Sujitra , Inthawong Dutsadee , Kuncharin Yanin , Im‐Erbsin Rawiwan , Ege Christine , O'Connell Robert J. , Michael Nelson L. , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. , Vasan Sandhya
Published: July 2017

Limited longitudinal data exist on the effect of HIV on adipose tissue (AT). We found an increase in CD4+ cells and detectable SHIV‐RNA in AT during acute SHIV infection. SHIV‐RNA+ cells were rare, suggesting that AT is unlikely to be a major source of productively infected cells in SHIV infection.
Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Environmental Health: Implications for the Nursing Profession
Authors: Nicholas Patrice K. , Breakey Suellen
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Climate change is an emerging challenge linked to negative outcomes for the environment and human health. Since the 1960s, there has been a growing recognition of the need to address climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions implicated in the warming of our planet. There are also deleterious health outcomes linked to complex climate changes that are emerging in the 21st century. This article addresses the social justice issues associated with climate change and human health and discussion of climate justice.

Organizing Construct

Discussion paper.

Methods

A literature search of electronic databases was conducted for articles, texts, and documents related to climate change, climate justice, and human health.

Findings

The literature suggests that those who contribute least to global warming are those who will disproportionately be affected by the negative health outcomes of climate change. The concept of climate justice and the role of the Mary Robinson Foundation—Climate Justice are discussed within a framework of nursing's professional responsibility and the importance of social justice for the world's people. The nursing profession must take a leadership role in engaging in policy and advocacy discussions in addressing the looming problems associated with climate change.

Conclusions

Nursing organizations have adopted resolutions and engaged in leadership roles to address climate change at the local, regional, national, and global level. It is essential that nurses embrace concepts related to social justice and engage in the policy debate regarding the deleterious effects on human health related to global warming and climate change. Nursing's commitment to social justice offers an opportunity to offer significant global leadership in addressing the health implications related to climate change.

Clinical Relevance

Recognizing the negative impacts of climate change on well‐being and the underlying socioeconomic reasons for their disproportionate and inequitable distribution can expand and optimize the profession's role in education, practice, research, and policy‐making efforts to address climate change.
Intrahospital transfers and adverse patient outcomes: An analysis of administrative health data
Authors: Blay Nicole , Roche Michael , Duffield Christine , Xu Xiaoyue
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectives

To determine whether there was an association between intra‐hospital transfers and adverse outcomes.

Background

Transfers between clinical units and between beds on the same unit are routine aspects of an episode of care in acute hospitals. The rate of these transfers per episode has increased in response to high occupancy levels, a decline in bed numbers, and increased demand for hospital services. The impact of the number of transfers between both wards and beds on patient outcomes is not widely explored.

Design

Retrospective cross sectional design using hospital administrative data.

Method

Data were extracted from existing hospital administrative datasets for one large metropolitan hospital for the financial year 2008–09 in Australia (n = 14,133). Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were developed for each of 3 selected patient outcomes.

Results

Nearly one‐tenth of patients (9.2%) experienced a fall with injury, 3.8% of surgical patients a wound infection and 0.1% a complication from medication errors. For each bed or ward transfer, the odds of falls and wound infections increased. Medication errors were not associated with either bed or ward moves.

Conclusion

Hospitals should minimise the number of bed and ward transfers per episode of care in order to reduce the likelihood of adverse patient outcomes. Current bed management policies and practices should be evaluated and further refined to address this need. Additional strategies include improving coordination and communication during and after transfer.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses must consider the potential cost of intrahospital transfers on patients, length of stay and bed availability.
Parents’ willingness to invest in their children's oral health
Authors: Berendsen Jannetje , Bonifacio Clarissa , van Gemert‐Schriks Martine , van Loveren Cor , Verrips Erik , Duijster Denise
Published: July 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate parents’ Willingness to Invest (WTI) in their children's oral health in terms of money, visits to a dental practice, and brushing minutes. Objectives were to assess the association between parents’ WTI and a) children's dental caries experience, b) children's oral hygiene behavior (OHB), and c) maternal education level and ethnic background.

Methods

A sample of 630 five to six‐year‐old‐children was recruited from pediatric dental centers in the Netherlands. Children's dmft scores were extracted from personal dental records. Parental questionnaires were used to collect data on parents’ WTI, children's OHB, maternal education level and ethnicity.

Results

On average, parents were willing to spend a maximum of €37 per month, 3.0 dental visits per year, and 4.5 brushing minutes per day to maintain good oral health for their child. The mean dmft was significantly higher in children whose parents were willing to pay more money and visit the dentist more often (P = 0.028 and P = 0.002, respectively), while the mean dmft was significantly lower in children of parents who were willing to invest more brushing minutes (P < 0.001). Parental WTI in terms of money and brushing minutes was higher in native and higher‐educated parents, and was associated with more favorable OHB of children.

Conclusions

Parents’ WTI in their children's oral health is related to children's dental caries status and reported OHB. Results suggest that children are better off when parents are willing to invest in self‐care, rather than in money or dental visits.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis in Denmark: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hallager S. , Ladelund S. , Kjær M. , Madsen L. G. , Belard E. , Laursen A. L. , Gerstoft J. , Røge B. T. , Grønbæk K. E. , Krarup H. B. , Christensen P. B. , Weis N.
Published: July 2017

Cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and surveillance with ultrasound (US) and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) is recommended. This study aimed to estimate changes in the HCC incidence rate (IR) over time, HCC stage and prognosis, and AFP and US performed in patients with hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Eligible patients were identified in the Danish Database for Hepatitis B and C, and data from national health registries and patient charts were obtained. Tumour stage was based on Barcelona‐Clinic Liver Cancer stage, TNM classification and size and number of lesions combined into stages 0‐3. We included 1075 patients with hepatitis C and cirrhosis, free of HCC and liver transplant at baseline. During 4988 person years (PY), 115 HCC cases were diagnosed. The HCC incidence rate increased from 0.8/100 PY [CI95% 0.4‐1.5] in 2002‐2003 to 2.9/100 PY [2.4‐3.4] in 2012‐2013. One‐year cumulative incidence of at least one AFP or US was 53% among all patients. The positive predictive value of an AFP ≥ 20 ng mL−1 was 17%. Twenty‐three (21%) patients were diagnosed with early‐stage HCC (stage 0/1) and 84 (79%) with late stage. Median survival after HCC for early‐stage HCC disease was 30.1 months and 7.4 months for advanced HCC (stage 2/3). The incidence rate of HCC increased over time among patients with hepatitis C and cirrhosis in Denmark. Application of AFP and US was suboptimal, and most patients were diagnosed with advanced HCC with a poor prognosis.
Dissecting the dynamics of trans‐generational immune priming
Authors: Kurtz Joachim , Armitage Sophie A. O.
Published: July 2017

The transfer of immunity from mother to offspring is a central way to endow the offspring with increased protection against pathogens. This phenomenon is not only found within the vertebrate domain: in some circumstances, invertebrate mothers can also give their offspring an immune kick‐start, which is termed trans‐generational immune priming (TGIP). TGIP has been uncovered for a number of invertebrate species, but it is not ubiquitously evident. The reasons for which are not known. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Tate, Andolfatto, Demuth, and Graham () probe the molecular underpinnings of TGIP in concert with the temporal dynamics of the response in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, infected with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Figure ). They provide previously lacking evidence for the repeatability of TGIP, meaning that when averaged across several experiments, the offspring of mothers infected with heat‐killed bacteria had better survival when they themselves were infected with live bacteria than offspring from mothers that had not encountered the bacterium. In a detailed temporal examination of the offspring's acute infection phase (zero to 24 hr after infection), Tate et al. () follow T. castaneum's gene regulation responses to infection while simultaneously documenting bacterial load. Such an approach gives considerable insight into the physiological processes that occur in primed offspring, and a first glance at a potential role for tolerance and effects on host metabolism that might even resemble trained immunity, which is a form of innate immune memory in vertebrates.
Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo‐Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection
Authors: Portik Daniel M. , Leaché Adam D. , Rivera Danielle , Barej Michael F. , Burger Marius , Hirschfeld Mareike , Rödel Mark‐Oliver , Blackburn David C. , Fujita Matthew K.
Published: July 2017

The accumulation of biodiversity in tropical forests can occur through multiple allopatric and parapatric models of diversification, including forest refugia, riverine barriers and ecological gradients. Considerable debate surrounds the major diversification process, particularly in the West African Lower Guinea forests, which contain a complex geographic arrangement of topographic features and historical refugia. We used genomic data to investigate alternative mechanisms of diversification in the Gaboon forest frog, Scotobleps gabonicus, by first identifying population structure and then performing demographic model selection and spatially explicit analyses. We found that a majority of population divergences are best explained by allopatric models consistent with the forest refugia hypothesis and involve divergence in isolation with subsequent expansion and gene flow. These population divergences occurred simultaneously and conform to predictions based on climatically stable regions inferred through ecological niche modelling. Although forest refugia played a prominent role in the intraspecific diversification of S. gabonicus, we also find evidence for potential interactions between landscape features and historical refugia, including major rivers and elevational barriers such as the Cameroonian Volcanic Line. We outline the advantages of using genomewide variation in a model‐testing framework to distinguish between alternative allopatric hypotheses, and the pitfalls of limited geographic and molecular sampling. Although phylogeographic patterns are often species‐specific and related to life‐history traits, additional comparative studies incorporating genomic data are necessary for separating shared historical processes from idiosyncratic responses to environmental, climatic and geological influences on diversification.
Impatiens brittoi (Balsaminaceae) sp. nov. from the southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Mani Bince , Thomas Sinjumol
Published: July 2017

The new species Impatiens brittoi (Balsaminaceae) allied to I. herbicola Hook. f., is described from the Idukki biodiversity zone of the Western Ghats of India. Detailed notes on morphology, key diagnostic characters, distribution, pollen morphology, conservation status and colour photographs are provided for the identification of the new species.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the content and composition of secondary metabolites in Bituminaria bituminosa L.
Authors: Pistelli L. , Ulivieri V. , Giovanelli S. , Avio L. , Giovannetti M. , Pistelli L.
Published: July 2017

Secondary metabolites may be affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are beneficial symbionts associated with the roots of most plant species. Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt is known as a source of several phytochemicals and therefore used in folk medicine as a vulnerary, cicatrising, disinfectant agent. Characteristic metabolites found in B. bituminosa are furanocoumarins and pterocarpans, which are used in cosmetics and as chemotherapeutic agents. Here we address the question whether AMF inoculation might affect positively the synthesis of these phytochemicals.

B. bituminosa plants were inoculated with different AMF and several metabolites were assessed during full vegetative stage and flowering phase. Pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), polyphenols and flavonoids were spectrophotometrically determined; specific isoflavones (genistein), furanocoumarins (psoralene and angelicin), pterocarpans (bitucarpin A and erybraedin C) and plicatin B were assessed with HPLC; leaf volatile organic compounds were analysed using SPME and identified by GC‐MS.

During the vegetative stage, the inoculated plants had a high amount of furanocoumarins (angelicin and psoralen) and pterocarpans (erybraedin C and bitucarpin A). The analysis of volatile organic compounds of inoculated plants showed different chemical composition compared with non‐mycorrhizal plants.

Given the important potential role played by furanocoumarins and pterocarpans in the pharmaceutical industry, AMF inoculation of B. bituminosa plants may represent a suitable biotechnological tool to obtain higher amounts of such metabolites for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes.
Small airway dysfunction in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Guerrero Zúñiga Selene , Sánchez Hernández Julia , Mateos Toledo Heidegger , Mejía Ávila Mayra , Gochicoa‐Rangel Laura , Miguel Reyes José Luis , Selman Moisés , Torre‐Bouscoulet Luis
Published: July 2017

Background and objective

Lung biopsies from patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) have demonstrated small airway (SA) involvement, but there is no information concerning SA function in HP, and it is unknown whether pharmacological treatment could modify its function. SA function in patients with chronic HP using ultrasonic pneumography (UPG) and impulse oscillometry (IOS) was explored. We also compared initial results with those obtained after 4 weeks of standardized treatment with azathioprine and prednisone.

Methods

The study group consisted of adults with recent diagnoses of HP. All patients completed UPG, IOS, spirometry, body plethysmography, single‐breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and the 6‐min walk test (6MWT). The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was obtained to assess eosinophilic airway inflammation. Measurements were taken at diagnosis and after 4 weeks of treatment.

Results

A total of 20 consecutive patients (16 women) with chronic HP participated in the study. Median age was 50 years (interquartile range (IQR): 42–54). At diagnosis, the UPG phase 3 slope was abnormally high, consistent with maldistribution of ventilation. For IOS, all patients had low reactance at 5 Hz (X5) and elevated reactance area (AX) reflecting low compliance, and only eight (40%) patients had elevated R5 (resistance at 5 Hz (total)) and R5–20 (resistance at 5 Hz–resistance at 20 Hz (peripheral)) attributed to SA resistance. In contrast, FENO parameters were within normal limits. After treatment, forced vital capacity (FVC), the 6‐min walk distance and the distribution of ventilation showed significant improvement, although DLCO did not.

Conclusion

Patients with chronic HP have SA abnormalities that are partially revealed by the UPG and IOS tests. Lung volumes, but not gas exchange, improved after treatment with azathioprine and prednisone.
The association of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease with lung function: A survey design analysis using propensity score
Authors: Kwak Min‐Sun , Kim Eunyoung , Jang Eun Jin , Lee Chang‐Hoon
Published: July 2017

Background and objective

Although both non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and lung function are known to be associated with metabolic syndromes, few studies have evaluated the relationship between NAFLD and lung function. Our population‐based study was conducted to investigate whether NAFLD, diagnosed by elevation of liver enzymes without other chronic liver disease or heavy alcohol drinking, is associated with lung function.

Methods

A survey design analysis was performed using national representative data of health and nutritional status of civilians in Korea (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, KNHANES) between 2010 and 2012. The criteria for NAFLD diagnosis was elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) without other chronic liver disease or heavy alcohol drinking. Covariate‐adjusted linear regression analyses and post‐stratification adjustments to the survey weights based on the propensity scores (PS) were conducted to evaluate the association of NAFLD and lung function, including the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).

Results

A total of 7417 subjects were included in this analysis. NAFLD was significantly associated with a lower FVC among males as determined by both the covariate‐adjusted linear regression analysis (P < 0.01 in all multivariable models) and PS analysis (P = 0.007). In the PS analysis, NAFLD was significantly associated with lower FEV1 (P = 0.044) among males. Among females, NAFLD was associated with a lower FVC according to the linear regression analysis; this finding was not verified with the PS analysis.

Conclusion

NAFLD was significantly associated with lower lung function and this relationship was more prominent among males.
Checklist of the Hungarian spider mites and flat mites (Acari: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae)
Authors: Kontschán Jeno , Ripka Géza
Published: July 2017

A revised species list is given for tenuipalpids and tetranychids published from the territory of Hungary. Numerous doubtful data are deleted. The following species are not members of the Hungarian fauna, Tenuipalpidae: Aegyptobia beglarovi Livsic & Mitrofanov, 1967, Brevipalpus russulus (Boisduval, 1867), Tenuipalpus rosae Kadzhaja, 1955; Tetranychidae: Bryobia alpina Mathys, 1962, Bryobia kakuliana Reck, 1956, Bryobia lonicerae Reck, 1956, Panonychus citri (McGregor, 1916), Petrobia apicalis Banks, 1917 and Tetranychus spireae Reck, 1948. On the basis of the updated list, the Hungarian fauna contains 19 tenuipalpid and 37 tetranychid species.
Finely controlled multimetallic nanocluster catalysts for solvent-free aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Koizumi Hiromu , Chun Wang-Jae , Kori Makoto , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: July 2017

Multimetallic nanoclusters are synthesized using a dendrimer exhibited high activities for catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons.
Observation of ultralong valley lifetime in WSe
2
/MoS
2
heterostructures
Authors: Kim Jonghwan , Jin Chenhao , Chen Bin , Cai Hui , Zhao Tao , Lee Puiyee , Kahn Salman , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Tongay Sefaattin , Crommie Michael F. , Wang Feng
Published: July 2017

We report near-perfect generation of ultralong-lived valley polarization in TMD heterostructures for valleytronics applications.
AAAS members stand up for science
Authors: Jarvis Michaela
Published: July 2017

Scientists and engineers join effort to communicate the value of research
Second-scale nuclear spin coherence time of ultracold
23
Na
40
K molecules
Authors: Park Jee Woo , Yan Zoe Z. , Loh Huanqian , Will Sebastian A. , Zwierlein Martin W.
Published: July 2017

Extending the coherence time of molecules

Quantum properties of atoms and molecules can be exploited for precision measurements or quantum information processing. The complex state structure of molecules can be exploited, but it is hard to preserve the coherence between pairs of those states in applications. Park
et al.
created fermionic molecules of NaK in the rovibrational ground state that maintained coherence between their nuclear spin states on a time scale of 1 second. This long coherence time makes dipolar ultracold molecules a valuable quantum resource.

Science
, this issue p.
372
Improving global integration of crop research
Authors: Reynolds M. P. , Braun H. J. , Cavalieri A. J. , Chapotin S. , Davies W. J. , Ellul P. , Feuillet C. , Govaerts B. , Kropff M. J. , Lucas H. , Nelson J. , Powell W. , Quilligan E. , Rosegrant M. W. , Singh Ravi P. , Sonder K. , Tang H. , Visscher S. , Wang R.
Published: July 2017

Field laboratories in realistic crop environments are needed
Eutrophication will increase during the 21st century as a result of precipitation changes
Authors: Sinha E. , Michalak A. M. , Balaji V.
Published: July 2017

More rain means more pollution

Nitrogen input from river runoff is a major cause of eutrophication in estuaries and coastal waters. This is a serious problem that is widely expected to intensify as climate change strengthens the hydrological cycle. To address the current lack of adequate analysis, Sinha
et al.
present estimates of riverine nitrogen loading for the continental United States, based on projections of precipitation derived from climate models (see the Perspective by Seitzinger and Phillips). Anticipated changes in precipitation patterns are forecast to cause large and robust increases in nitrogen fluxes by the end of the century.

Science
, this issue p.
405
; see also p.
350
Control of species-dependent cortico-motoneuronal connections underlying manual dexterity
Authors: Gu Zirong , Kalambogias John , Yoshioka Shin , Han Wenqi , Li Zhuo , Kawasawa Yuka Imamura , Pochareddy Sirisha , Li Zhen , Liu Fuchen , Xu Xuming , Wijeratne H. R. Sagara , Ueno Masaki , Blatz Emily , Salomone Joseph , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Rasin Mladen-Roko , Gebelein Brian , Weirauch Matthew T. , Sestan Nenad , Martin John H. , Yoshida Yutaka
Published: July 2017

The disappearance of fine motor control

Manual skills are much better developed in primates than in rodents. This difference is in part due to species-specific differences in the control of motoneurons by the brain. Gu
et al.
used a range of approaches to evaluate potential corticospinal tract projections in neonatal mice. These projections exist immediately after birth but disappear within the first 2 postnatal weeks owing to the actions of plexin A, a member of the semaphorin receptor family. Targeted deletion of semaphorin receptors in mutant mice prevented elimination of corticospinal tract projection and loss of functional monosynaptic input to spinal motoneurons.

Science
, this issue p.
400