bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSII-A-2 Correlations between Reactive Oxygen Species and Functional Measurements of Spermatozoa from Beef Bulls
Authors: Batey Ian E , Hartman Ashley R , Rathbun Theresa J , Zezeski Abby L , Geary Tom W , Grieger David M , Fike Karol E
Published: September 2022

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have effects on characteristics of spermatozoa, including mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal integrity, and structural abnormalities that can influence spermatozoa function. The objective was to determine correlations between sperm response to ROS and functional sperm measurements using ejaculates collected as part of bull breeding soundness exams (BSE). Semen samples were collected from Angus and Charolais bulls (403 ± 11 d of age; n=46) over three days during yearling BSEs. A veterinarian evaluated spermatozoa for percent motility and normal morphology, and percentage progressive motility was measured using an iSperm® analyzer. If ejaculates met minimum thresholds for passing a BSE, they were diluted to 70 million cells/mL using BoviFree® and sent overnight for flow cytometry evaluation. Flow cytometry assays including acrosome and cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, and oxidation status. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients in SAS. Percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS status was correlated (r = 0.53; P < 0.001) with percentage progressive motility. Percentage live spermatozoa with negative ROS status was moderately correlated with percentage spermatozoa exhibiting secondary abnormalities (r = 0.33; P = 0.02) and tended to be lowly correlated (r = 0.28; P = 0.06) with percentage spermatozoa exhibiting primary abnormalities. Percentage live spermatozoa that had disrupted acrosomes was strongly correlated (r = 0.66; P < 0.001) with percentage live spermatozoa with negative ROS and also moderately negatively correlated (r = -0.31; P = 0.04) with percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS. Percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS status was correlated (r = 0.58; P < 0.001) with percentage of spermatozoa with active mitochondrial membranes. Live spermatozoa with positive ROS were strongly correlated (P< 0.001) with live spermatozoa (r=0.94) and live spermatozoa with intact acrosome (r=0.92). These data confirm previous research that shows the detrimental effects of ROS on spermatozoa function.
PSVIII-20 Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain-Containing Protein 3 Abundance is Affected by Knockdown of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c but not of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein
Authors: Kendall Sophia J , White Heather M
Published: September 2022

Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) is a key lipase involved in fatty liver syndrome onset and recovery in humans and bovine. Regulation of PNPLA3 is mediated by carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) in rodents and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) in humans. The objectives of our study were to optimize an siRNA knockdown of ChREBP and SREBP1c and to determine if either transcription factor knockdown would affect PNPLA3 abundance in an immortalized bovine hepatocyte cell line, BFH12. Hepatocytes were cultured in monolayer and at least 80% confluent after 24h when cells were randomly assigned in triplicate to treatment with ChREBP-targeted (siC1, siC2, siC3) or SREBP1c-targeted (siS1, siS2, siS3) siRNA at either 20, 60, or 80µM, or a nonspecific-siRNA control (siNON). Media was replenished after 4h and cells incubated for 20h before harvest in TRIzol for subsequent protein isolation. Protein abundances were determined by Western blot and normalized to total lane protein. Data were analyzed (PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4) with fixed effect of siRNA and concentration. Differences were declared at P≤0.05; tendencies at 0.05
PSXI-12 Determination of Protein Requirements for Labrador Retriever Pups (> 14 wk-9 Mo) Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation (Iaao) Technique
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Adams Heather A , Mullanix Machelle , Bailey Rhianna , Moss John , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: September 2022

Providing protein to growing puppies in accurate amounts ensures that animals have enough energy and nutrients for depositing muscle, growing bones, and maintaining joint health. Inclusion amounts must be provided at correct doses, considering a diet with excess protein can lead to harmful outcomes such as hyperkalemia or acidosis. To determine the protein requirements in growing Labrador Retrievers, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was utilized in six puppies (>14 wk-9 mo). Dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe across diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the body weight of the subject was supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, spanning a four-hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). IRMS results were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented model of best fit (JMP Pro 16). The outcome of this experiment determines that if essential amino acids and non-essential amino acid nitrogen requirements are met, Labrador Retriever puppies will have mean and population safe requirements (mean±2SD) of 47.5 ± 1.325 g/1,000 kcal.
PSXI-1 Influence of Graded Levels of Microbially Enhanced Protein on Processing and Expansion of Extruded dog Foods
Authors: Chen Youhan , Aldrich Greg
Published: September 2022

Dry expanded kibbles with ingredients that bring extra nutrition and health benefits are much better received than those which are simply an economic choice by manufacturers. Microbially enhanced protein (MEP) from soybeans, a fermented ingredient, may promote utilization. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of increasing levels of MEP on extrusion processing parameters and kibble characteristics. Four dietary treatments were evaluated which differed by level of MEP in exchange for soybean meal (15%; SBM) at 5, 10 and 15% (5MEP, 10MEP and 15MEP, respectively). The four diets were produced on a single-screw extruder with processing data and samples collected every 15 minutes. Results were analyzed as a completely randomized design by one-way ANOVA and treatment means were separated by Tukey’s test using R open-source software. Feed rate and extruder waterflow rate were not different among treatments. However, motor power, shaft speed and specific mechanical energy (SME) was least for 5MEP (P< 0.05, 30.1 KW, 322.5 rpm and 38.4 kW hr/ton, respectively). The SME for SBM was also less (P< 0.05) than 10MEP and 15 MEP (43.72, vs 47.4 and 47.0 kW hr/ton, respectively), but shaft speed did not differ among these treatments. Both kibble diameter and sectional expansion index (SEI) of 5MEP (11.9 mm and 10.0 mm2, respectively) were greater (P< 0.05) than SBM (11.0 mm and 7.6 mm2, respectively), 10 MEP (11.4 mm and 8.6 mm2, respectively) and 15MEP (11.5 mm and 8.9 mm2, respectively). While thickness of 5MEP was thinner (P< 0.05) than SBM, 10MEP and 15MEP (5.73 vs average 6.20 mm, respectively). Bulk density was greater (P< 0.05) for SBM than 5MEP (408.7 vs 374.0 kg/m-3, respectively), while10MEP and 15MEP (388.8 and 392.7 kg/m-3, respectively) were similar to both extremes. Addition of MEP in extruded dog diets improved expansion and reduced energy requirement, but the benefits may be less at greater inclusion levels.
PSXI-3 Decreased Circulating Concentrations of CD21 and CD19 in Canines with Heart Murmur and Associated Valvular Cardiovascular Disorder
Authors: Tavener Selena K , Badri Dayakar V , Panickar Kiran S
Published: September 2022

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a commonly diagnosed canine heart disease characterized by a thickening of the mitral valve. While it affects dogs of all genetic backgrounds, the breeds most commonly affected include small to medium dogs. The underlying causes of MMVD are not clear but pathological changes include alterations in the extracellular matrix and collagen, and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to subsequent myocardial remodeling. Inflammatory signaling pathways are hypothesized to influence the progression of the valve lesion contributing to valvular regurgitation. One of the clinical characteristics of MMVD in dogs is heart murmur. We assessed the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers in dogs that were clinically diagnosed by a veterinarian as having MMVD with at least grade 4 heart murmur. RNA was extracted from blood samples collected in PAXgene tubes from dogs with heart murmurs (n=6; 4 dogs had grade 5/6 and 2 dogs had 4/6 heart murmur; 9.3-15.11 yr) and control dogs (n=6; 9.4-15.10 yr) with no history of cardiovascular problems. Gene expression was assessed using NanoString nCounter and analysis performed using Nanostring’s nSolver software. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of CD21 (-1.88 fold) and CD19 (-1.84 fold) in MMVD compared with controls (both p< 0.05). CD21 and CD19 are parts of CD21/CD19/CD81 complex that act as a co-receptor to the B cell receptor. A decrease in CD19 and CD21 indicates a possible disruption in the homeostasis of B-cell activation and may contribute to chronic inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and receptors that were increased in MMVD include CCL5 (1.74), Lymphotoxin β (1.49), Interferon-γ (1.35), CCL3 (1.28), CCL4 (1.28), IL-18R1 (1.27) and MMP-9 (1.27, all NS). Our results indicate the importance of targeting the B-lymphocyte-associated signaling pathway and selected cytokines for restoring immune homeostasis and reducing inflammation in MMVD.
PSXV-15 Effect of Supplemental Garlic on the Incidence of Heinz Body Anemia in non-Working Horses
Authors: Gunter Phillip A , Willis Victoria , Cook Emily
Published: September 2022

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been historically used as a fly and pest control for horses, a practice that continues today. Recent research has shown garlic supplementation may cause Heinz body anemia in horses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Heinz body anemia in horses supplemented with incremental amounts of powdered garlic. The study included 12 horses divided into 4 groups (n=3), with horse serving as the experimental unit. Supplementation groups included: Control (0.0 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses) and 3 supplementation rates: Low (0.0625 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses), Medium (0.125 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses), and High (0.1875 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses) that were fed daily for 74 days. Horses were maintained on dormant tall fescue pasture and had ad libitum access to medium quality tall fescue hay throughout the study. Blood samples (jugular venipuncture) and weights were taken on day 0, 25, 50, and 74. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4) for a completely randomized design, α = 0.05. Garlic supplementation reduced red blood cell count (P = 0.028) compared with Control and lymphocyte count (P = 0.046) showed a quadratic response to supplementation rate, with Low having the greatest lymphocyte count. A trend was noted for white blood cell count (P = 0.090) and hemoglobin count (P = 0.074) with garlic supplementation. Heinz body count (P = 0.406) was not affected by garlic supplementation. Results are interpreted to mean that garlic supplementation did not induce Heinz body anemia in horses; however, other blood constituents, including red blood cell and lymphocyte counts, were affected. Horses in the study were non-working, further research would be needed to evaluate any potential health impacts these variations in blood constituent concentrations would have in working horses.
PSIII-A-15 Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins Effects on Placenta Function, Uterine Remodeling and Attachment of Bovine Conceptuses
Authors: de Melo Gabriela Dalmaso , Franco Gessica , Ortega M Sofia , Oliveira Filho Ramiro V , Bega Amanda , Vasconcelos Jose Luiz Moraes , Cerri Ronaldo , Pohler Ky G
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate transcriptomic differences in reproductive tissues of beef heifers with high vs. low PAG concentrations carrying viable pregnancies during the attachment and early placentation periods. Bos indicus beef heifers (n=25) were subjected to embryo transfer on day 7 with IVP embryos, and pregnancies were confirmed at slaughter. Heifers were harvested on days 25 (n=8) and 36 (n=8), and samples from endometrium (END) and trophectoderm (TE) were collected for RNA isolation using a commercial extraction kit (QIAGEN; Hilden, Germany). Plasma concentrations of PAGs were determined via validated ELISA and the females were classified in groups of high and low PAG (6.8±0.7 (n=4) vs. 0.8±0.7 (n=4) ng/mL on D25 and 15±2.1 (n=5) vs. 4±1.2 (n=3) ng/mL on D36; P< 0.05). An Illumina platform was utilized for RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes between groups and by tissue were determined using edge-R package from R. Gene ontology analyses revealed a down regulation of processes associated with embryonic and placenta development on D36 in both TE and END for the low PAG group. On D25 and D36, markers of attachment, ECM remodeling and invasion were significantly upregulated in the TE, but not in the END of the low PAG pregnancies. PAG genes were not differentially expressed between groups. In conclusion, heifers with low PAG in peripheral circulation have significantly different gene expression profiles in the developing conceptus and endometrium. The results suggested abnormal maternal-conceptus interactions initiated on D25, which may have resulted in poor embryonic and placenta development on D36. Disturbances at the maternal-conceptus interface could be impairing PAGs from reaching the maternal peripheral circulation, since no differences in PAG genes were found between PAG groups. This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
PSIII-A-20 Validation of a Portable, Self-Contained Individual Feeding Unit for Monitoring Supplement Intake of Grazing Cattle
Authors: Llarena Juan F Cordero , Harvey Kelsey M , Durst Libby S , Rahmel Logan W , Russell Jason R , Cooke Reinaldo F
Published: September 2022

This experiment aimed to validate feed intake and bunk attendance data collected from a portable, self-contained feeding unit (SmartFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) by comparing estimates collected electronically (electronic observations; EO) with direct observations and video recording (direct observations; DO). To validate individual animal intake, 30 cows were allowed access to 3 portable units (2 feeding bins/unit) for 6 hours. Feed in each bin was removed and weighed in an external scale at the end of each cow visit. To validate total feed disappearance, 75 cows were assigned to 1 of 3 pastures equipped with a portable unit. Feed disappearance over 24 h was assessed manually over 21 consecutive days using an external scale. Ten cows per pasture were randomly selected and identified to facilitate collection of video observational data. Two trained observers recorded animal identification and start and end times for a visit (n = 480 minutes/day; 3 days). When regressing the EO and DO results within individual cow visit, a linear fit was detected (P < 0.01; r2 = 0.95). Methods were very strongly correlated (r = 0.91) when all visits were analyzed but decreased to strong (r = 0.78) when DO intake was ≤ 0.1 kg. When regressing the EO and DO results for total feed disappearance, a linear fit was detected (P < 0.01; r2 = 0.97) as DO total feed disappearance increased the EO output linearly increased. For observational data, Cohen’s kappa coefficient for agreement between DO and EO was considered strong (0.96). The sensitivity of EO in yielding true positive results was 97%, whereas specificity in yielding true negative results was 99%. These results indicate the portable, self-contained feeding units utilized herein are sufficiently effective for detecting cow presence at a bunk and measurement of feed consumption.
PSIV-B-20 Genome-Wide Association Analyses Revealed Potential Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Milk Fever in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Lunn Morgan A , Gillette Sydney , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Sprayberry Kim , Sargolzaei Mehdi , McArthur Gary , Anderson Paul , La Frano Michael , Pokharel Siroj , Abo-Ismail Mohammed
Published: September 2022

Milk fever, or hypocalcemia, has a significant economic impact on the dairy industry and increases the risk of other costly disorders including ketosis and displaced abomasum. The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants, genes and molecular mechanisms causing genetic variation in the development of milk fever. A genomic based mixed linear animal model was fitted to include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), breed, and pen as fixed effects and implemented in GCTA software. A total of 436 Jersey and Holstein cows with varying milk fever history were genotyped for high density SNP chip (782,139 SNP). A total of 401 animals with 617,527 SNPs passed the quality control and were included in the association analyses. Two SNPs located on chromosome 1 were found significant at 5% genome-wide false discovery rate. The 100 most significant SNPs were mapped to corresponding genes using the Ensemble database. A total of 24 genes were found to overlap with the significant SNPs and analyzed using the in-silico functional analyses implemented in DAVID software. The genomic heritability estimated in this population was 0.11. The study identified potential biological pathways associated with milk fever including regulation of Ras and GTPase signal transduction, mammary gland development and ossification. The identified genomic regions and genes will be validated in a larger population. These results could enable us to develop genomic testing tools based on the identified genes to select for cows with low incidence of milk fever and provide insights on which animals within the herd will likely require dietary or management adjustments to prevent and treat milk fever.
PSVIII-B-17 Supplemental Organic Trace Minerals and a Yeast Culture Product in Newly Weaned Steer Calves: Effects of Use and Delivery Method on Growth Performance, Efficiency, and Hepatic Trace Minerals
Authors: Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Smith Zachary K , Rusche Warren C , Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R
Published: September 2022

The objective was to determine if delivery method of organic trace minerals and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture product influence growth performance, feed efficiency, and hepatic trace mineral measures in newly-weaned steers. Crossbred steers (n = 192; 256 ± 14 kg) were used in a 49-d receiving experiment. Within 36h of weaning, steers were weighed, allotted to 24 pens (n = 8 steers/pen; 8 pens/treatment) and randomly assigned to treatments: traditional receiving diet (Con); traditional receiving diet plus the “stress-pack” directly in the diet (Force); traditional receiving diet plus a low-moisture, cooked molasses block fortified with the “stress-pack” (Tub). “Stress-pack” was offered the first 28 d of the 49-d. Biopsy samples were collected from a subsample of steers (n = 14 steers) on the day of weaning and subsequent samples were collected from the same steer (n = 1 steer/pen) on d 14, 28 and 49 for hepatic trace mineral concentration determination. A treatment × day interaction (P≤0.01) for hepatic Cu concentration was noted. Force had greater hepatic Cu (P≤0.05) compared to Tub and Con for the entire period. Tub had greater hepatic Cu compared to Con on d 14 and 28 (P < 0.05), but was similar to Con on d 49 (P>0.10). Force tended (P=0.08) to have greater DMI compared to Tub from d 1 to 14. From d 15 to 28, steers offered “stress-pack” had greater DMI (P=0.01) and tended (P=0.07) to have greater ADG compared to Con by 12.5%. From d 29 to 49, “stress-pack” steers had greater DMI (P=0.01) and Force consumed 6.9% more DM compared to Tub (P=0.01). Cumulative DMI (P=0.01) and ADG (P=0.05) was greater for Force compared to Tub by 5.4% and 9.4%, respectively. Application of “stress-pack” in diets offered to newly-weaned cattle enhanced production responses, but delivery method influences DMI and daily gain.
PSXIII-B-7 Effect of Replacing soy Protein Concentrate with Corn Fermented Protein on Growth Performance and gut Integrity of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Zuniga Juan Castillo , Herrick Kevin J , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Samuel Ryan S
Published: September 2022

NexPRO™, a corn fermented protein (CFP) derived from the dry-mill bioethanol production process, has demonstrated potential as a high-quality protein ingredient in weaned pig diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of CFP to replace soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the diet on weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and gut integrity of weaned pigs in a large-scale system. A total of 1144 pigs were distributed evenly into 44 pens (13 barrows and 13 gilts/pen; initial BW 6.0±0.1 kg) with 286 pigs assigned per treatment and 11 replications. The four treatments were designed as a titration of CFP inclusion at 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% in Phase 1 (3.6 kg/hd budget) and 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in Phase 2 (5.5 kg/hd budget) replacing SPC. Pigs were fed a common diet through Phase 3. To determine gut integrity, a differential sugar absorption test (DSAT) administered a 5% lactulose and 5% mannitol solution on the tenth day to representative pigs consuming the 0% and 12% CFP diets. Urine was collected to measure differences in sugar ratios to access gut permeability. Average daily gain responded similarly for the 0%, 4% and 8% CFP diets during Phase 1, however greater than 12% (P< 0.01; 0.15 vs. 0.11 kg/d). Pigs fed diets with 4% and 8% CFP in Phase 1 had a greater ADFI than pigs fed 12% CFP (0.19 vs. 0.17 kg/d; P˂0.01); 0% diets were intermediate. At the end of Phase 2, pigs fed 0%, 2%, and 4% CFP diets had greater (P˂0.01) ADFI than pigs fed diets with 6% CFP (0.60 vs. 0.44 kg/d), but lower (P< 0.01) G:F (0.62 vs. 0.78). No observed differences were measured between treatments for gut permeability. Due to similar responses in performance, CFP can replace soy protein concentrate in nursery diets.
PSXIII-B-18 Temporal Expression of Interleukin 6: Myokine Protein Abundance in Primary Bovine Satellite Cells from 11-Month-old Beef Steers
Authors: Shira Katie A , Murdoch Brenda M , Thornton Kara J , Reichhardt Caleb C , Becker Gabrielle M , Chibisa Gwinyai E , Murdoch Gordon K
Published: September 2022

Myokine abundance and function have not been thoroughly evaluated in beef cattle. Many myokines have been shown to have a substantial impact on the health and well-being of mammals. While interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a known immune cytokine, it is also classified as a myokine and in mice is produced from muscle contraction post-exercise. IL-6 is linked to muscle hypertrophy through the action of increasing glucose uptake and stimulating satellite cell proliferation. The objective of this study is to characterize temporal IL-6 production by cultured primary bovine satellite cells (BSCs) in 11-month-old beef steers. IL-6 abundance was quantified in in vitro cultured undifferentiated primary BSCs isolated from 11-month-old steers. This experiment had 3 experimental replicates where cells were plated in triplicate with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum in DMEM. At 70% confluency the growth media was changed, and this was classified as time zero. The media then remained unchanged and was collected temporally at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Media was assayed using Bovine IL-6 ELISA’s to quantify myokine abundance. Cells were also harvested for mRNA extraction and analyses at a future time. We are in the initial stages of the analyses, though preliminary data indicate no difference in IL-6 abundance between the BSC pools isolated from different steers. Temporally, we report that at hour 0 there is undetectable IL-6 concentration, but at 12, 24, and 48 hours there is a steady concentration of IL-6 released into the growth media by the BSCs. This confirms that IL-6 is being produced by BSCs from post-weaned, beef steers. We conclude that myokine; IL-6 is involved in post-natal skeletal muscle growth of beef cattle.
PSXIII-11 Avemix XG 10 Improves Piglet Performance When Dietary net Energy Content is Decreased
Authors: Montagnon Aurélie , Bussières Dan , Edwards Joan , Kuterna Leni
Published: September 2022

Plant-based dietary ingredients contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) fibers. Both soluble and insoluble NSP fibers are anti-nutritional factors for monogastrics that limit intestinal absorption and digestion of dietary nutrients. Increased digesta viscosity also occurs, which results in satiety and potential health issues. AveMix XG 10, containing high endo-1,4-β-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase activity, hydrolyzes NSP fibers resulting in increased nutrient availability and digestibility. Therefore, it was hypothesized that AveMix XG 10 enables gain of some extra net energy (NE) content from piglet diets, optimizing the cost of live-weight growth. A 47-day trial was conducted with 3-week old weaned piglets (6.0 kg) allocated to three groups: control (CON), low energy (-56 kcal/kg feed; LE), and low energy + enzyme (LE+E). All groups had 13 pens of 28 pigs (n=364) and received wheat and corn mix based diets that had a similar NSP fiber content (11.4 %). Overall, CON diets had greater NE (2,456 kcal/kg feed) relative to the LE and LE+E groups (2,400 kcal/kg feed). The diet of the LE+E group was supplemented with AveMix XG 10 (Palital Feed Additives B.V.) at 100 g/T. For each pen the daily feed intake, weekly weight, diarrhea index and mortality were recorded. Compared with both CON and LE, LE+E significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during weeks 4-7 and overall, and also significantly increased final weight (Table 1). During weeks 1-3, ADG and ADFI did not differ between CON and LE+E groups, and the LE+E group was significantly greater than LE. Overall, LE detrimentally increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with CON; however, during weeks 4-7 the LE+E had similar FCR compared with CON. No significant effects were observed on mortality or diarrhea index. In conclusion, AveMix XG 10 improved piglet performance when dietary NE content is decreased.
PSV-B-15 Comparison of the 7-day Cosynch and 8-day Estradiol-Based Protocols for Synchronization of Ovulation and Timed Artificial Insemination in Suckled Bos Taurus Cows
Authors: Rodriguez Alejandro M , Maresca Sebastian , López-Valiente Sebastian O , Bilbao Maria G , Moran Karen D , Bartolome Julián A , Pratt Scott L , Long Nathan M
Published: September 2022

The objective was to compare pregnancy rates (PR) on day 30 and pregnancy loss between days 30 and 60 (PL) after timed artificial insemination (TAI; day 0) using 2 synchronization protocols, and plasma progesterone on day 18 in suckled beef cows. Angus cows were randomly assigned to either 7-d progesterone CoSynch (7-d P + GnRH) or 8-d progesterone + estradiol (8-d P + ES) synchronization protocols for TAI. On day -10, cows in the 7-d P + GnRH treatment group (n=574) received a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PIVD) and GnRH, on day -3 the PIVD was removed and cows received cloprostenol. On day 0 (64 h after PIVD removal), cows received GnRH and were subjected to TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 8-d P + ES treatment group (n=574) received a PIVD and estradiol benzoate, on Day -2 the PIVD was removed, and cows received cloprostenol and estradiol cypionate. On day 0 (48 h after PIVD removal), cows were subjected to TAI. The TAI pregnancy rates for each treatment were determined on day 30 and day 60. In a subset of cows [n=81, (7-d P + GnRH, n=41; 8-d P + ES, n=40)], serum progesterone concentration was evaluated on day 18. The PR (7-d P + GnRH=48.9%; 8-d P + ES=45.6%) and PL (7-d P + GnRH=3.6%; 8-d P + ES=4.6%) did not differ (P≥0.28) between treatment groups. In a subset of cows, serum progesterone concentration on day 18 did not differ (P=0.67) between treatment groups but tended to be less (P=0.07) in cows that had PL compared with cows that had no PL. In conclusion, there was no difference in PR and PL between suckled beef cows using 7-d CoSynch or 8-d estradiol-based protocols for synchronization of ovulation and TAI.
PSXIV-2 Effect of Drinking Water Disinfection Treatments on Water Quality, Water and Feed Consumption, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Health in Holstein Bulls fed High-Concentrate Diets
Authors: Llonch Lourdes , Verdú Marçal , Marti Sonia , Riera Joan , Medinya Carles , Cucurull Jordi , Devant Maria
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different drinking water disinfection treatments on water quality, water and feed consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and animal health in fattening Holstein bulls. Bulls (n=24; 176 ± 16.3 kg BW, and 149 ± 5.8 d age) were housed individually and fed ad libitum. Animals were assigned to 1 of 4 drinking water disinfection treatments: 1) CTR (n=6), no treatment; 2) ACCHL (n=6), acidification (0.65 mL/L phosphoric acid) and chlorination (0.15 mL/L sodium hypochlorite); 3) PER (n=6), 0.15 mL/L peroxide, and 4) DIO (n=6), 2.50 mL/L chlorine dioxide. Water consumption and animal health status was recorded daily. Water disinfectant capacity were analyzed weekly. Feed consumption was recorded every 2 wk. Water quality was analyzed every 4 wk. At d 0, 42, 112 and 210 blood samples were collected. At d 35 and 140 apparent total tract digestibility was estimated. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Means water disinfectant capacity were pH 6.60 and 0.75 mg/L free residual chlorine in ACCHL, 10.6 mg/L peroxide in PER, and 0.52 mg/L chlorine dioxide in DIO. Water treatments did not affect physicochemical water quality; however, they reduced (P< 0.01) water total coliforms count compared with CTR, and ACCHL and DIO were lesser than PER (199, 0, 35, and 0 ± 0.2 UFC/100mL for CTR, ACCHL, PER, and DIO, respectively). Dry matter intake tended (P=0.06) to increase in DIO compared with CTR (8.24 vs. 7.49 ± 0.266 kg/d, respectively). Water treatments did not affect nutrient digestibility nor blood parameters. In conclusion, drinking water disinfection treatments tested had a good disinfectant efficacy without detrimental effect on health and nutrient digestibility in bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Further commercial studies with more animals are needed to evaluate the potential effect of chlorine dioxide on intake and efficiency.
PSXVI-6 Ruminal dry Matter Disappearance, Methane Production and Fermentation Parameters as Affected by fat and Protein Concentration in by-Product Supplemented Grass hay-Based Diets
Authors: Tamayao Paul , Ominski Kim , Robinson Sidonie P , Wittenberg Karin , Crow Gary , McGeough Emma J
Published: September 2022

This batch culture study evaluated the effects of crude protein (CP) and fat concentration on ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD), methane (CH4) production, and ruminal fermentation in grass hay-based diets supplemented with by-product feeds. Eight treatments provided low or high CP (8 or 12% DM, respectively), with a range of fat concentrations (1.8 to 6.0% DM) and included the following: Control (grass hay only); corn distillers grains with solubles at 8.0% (CDDGS8) and 12% CP (CDDGS12); flax at 8% (FS8) and 12% CP (FS12); canola meal at 8% (Can8); sunflower screenings from Winkler (SFW8) or Deloraine (SFD8) at 8%. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block and treatment × block. Comparisons were performed between a) Control and mean of by-product treatments b) low and high CP treatments c) CDDGS treatments, d) FS treatments and e) SF treatments. Comparisons between low and high fat treatments at both CP concentrations, as well as CDDGS and FS treatments differing in fat concentrations were also conducted. Overall, DMD did not differ between the Control and by-product treatments; however, comparisons indicated decreased (P < 0.001) DMD in treatments with 8% compared with 12% CP. The DMD was also greater (P≤0.009) with low fat compared with high fat, regardless of CP. Methane production did not differ between any of the low and high CP treatments but was greater (P≤0.003) in the low fat compared with high fat treatments, regardless of CP, as well as in FS vs CDDGS and SFD vs SFW. No effects of treatment on fermentation parameters were observed. In conclusion, greater CP increased DMD in vitro but did not affect CH4 or fermentation. Additionally, greater dietary fat can mitigate enteric CH4 production, but can negatively impact DMD in grass hay-based diets.
PSXVI-4 Modelling Response to Heat Stress in a Northeastern USA Dairy Facility Using Robotic Voluntary Milking System Data
Authors: Derjue Jillian , Fragomeni Breno O
Published: September 2022

Heat stress represents a major concern in the US dairy industry. It negatively affects profitability by reducing production and reproductive efficiency. One efficient way to study heat stress is to associate production losses with weather data. The objective of this study is to use data from a voluntary milking system and a local weather station to study the impact of heat stress on a dairy facility in the Northeast. Data from 124 Holsteins and Jersey cows, with daily milking records from June of 2020 to February of 2022 at the Kellogg Dairy Center at the University of Connecticut, in Storrs, CT, were used. The first approach consisted in fitting a heat load function to model the daily changes in milk production. Additionally, the total milk production and number of days under potential heat stress per lactation were associated. Finally, the residuals of a nonlinear model for lactation curve computed using the Wilmink equations were modeled as a function of the heat load values. Results suggested that a temperature-humidity index above 60 may reduce milk production significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a better fit was obtained when the heat load was calculated as the average between the day of the heat event and the day before. The correlations between the days under potential heat stress and total milk yield were not significant. Finally, the effect of heat load on daily yield was significant and negative (p < 0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that milk yield of cows in the Northeast is affected by heat stress. Moreover, the voluntary milking system provides appropriate data for evaluating response to weather events in dairy cattle production. Such an approach evaluates animals under normal production circumstances and does not limit the number of individuals to be studied.
PSII-B-16
Effect of Calcium Gluconate Embedded in a Hydrogenated fat Matrix on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Heifers
Authors: Watanabe Daniel M , Doelman John , Seymour Dave J , Sanz-Fernandez M V , López-Campos Oscar , Prieto Nuria , Penner Gregory B
Published: September 2022

Gluconate salts have been reported to be metabolized by microbes in the gastrointestinal tract to yield butyrate and consequently enhance its functionality. The objective was to evaluate feed intake, growth, and carcass characteristics for heifers fed increasing doses of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG). Twenty-one 10-mo Simmental × Limousin beef heifers, blocked by initial BW (323 ± 35.3 kg), were individually fed for 206 d (8.72% barley silage, 87.44% dry-rolled barley grain, and 3.84% mineral and vitamin supplement) and used to evaluate three different levels of HFCG (0.0%, 0.09%, and 0.18%; on DM basis through substitution of barley grain). Dry matter intake was determined weekly, and BW was measured at the start and end of the study and every three weeks. Carcass weight was recorded and carcasses were refrigerated for 13 d. The left ribeye (10th to 13th rib) was excised and evaluated by a certified grader from the Canadian Beef Grading Agency. Inclusion of HFCG did not affect DMI (8.29 kg/d; P = 0.87), ADG (1.37 kg/d; P =0.55), or G:F (0.166 kg/kg; P = 0.32). Final live BW and carcass weight averaged 630.9 ± 34.99 and 374.1 ± 10.19 kg and were not affected by treatment (P = 0.73 and 0.65, respectively). Dose of HFCG did not affect carcass characteristics with average values of 7.0 mm for fat thickness (P = 0.46), 104 cm2 for rib-eye area (P = 0.92), 476 for marbling score (P = 0.94), and 50.3% for retail cut yield (P = 0.62). In addition, HFCG did not affect quality grade (P = 0.38) or yield grade (P = 0.86). The present data suggests that the use of HFCG did not affect performance of finishing heifers or carcass quality on beef heifers regardless of dose.
PSIX-4 Rumen Microbial Meta-Proteome and Milk Whey Proteome in Holstein Cows fed with High Starch and low Fiber Diet
Authors: Mulakala Bharath , Smith Katherine , Snider Miriam A , Honan Mallory , Ayers Ariel , Greenwood Sabrina L
Published: September 2022

Identifying milk biomarkers impacted by dietary starch and fiber profiles can support optimization of feeding and concurrent promotion of animal health. The objective of this study was to characterize the rumen meta-proteome and milk whey proteome in Holstein cows fed different levels of physically effective undigestible NDF (peuNDF240) and rumen fermentable starch (RFS). Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were included in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with four 28-day periods. From this study, samples were collected from cows in each period receiving one of two dietary treatments: 1) low peuNDF240, high RFS (LNHR) or 2) high peuNDF240, low RFS (HNLR). Rumen fluid and milk samples were collected at the end of each period at three timepoints, snap-frozen, and stored at -800C. Rumen microbial proteins and milk whey proteins were isolated, quantified, isobarically labeled, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The acquired product ion spectra from rumen fluid and the milk samples were searched against 71 composite databases and a cattle database, respectively. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. Of the 130 rumen-associated proteins identified across 22 searched microbial species, the abundances of 13 proteins were impacted by diet across eight microbial species. Six of these proteins were associated with core metabolism. Among the 159 quantified milk proteins, the abundances of 17 proteins were impacted by diet. Many of these proteins were associated with host defense, nutrient synthesis, and transportation. The abundance of CD14 and lactadherin was less with the LNHR diet (P < 0.05), whereas Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase and lipoprotein lipase abundances were greater with LNHR diet (P < 0.05). Our results indicate feeding a higher concentration of RFS has a greater influence on milk whey proteome than the rumen meta-proteome profile and highlight the potential use of milk whey proteins as biomarkers indicative of nutrition.
PSIX-10 The Effect of NDF from Forage Levels on Metabolize Energy Intake and Fecal Starch in Nelore Cattle
Authors: Mendonca Filipe , Carlis Matheus , Zulim Guilherme , Ferreira Leonardo , Ventorin Joao , Garcia Matheus , Junior Paulo Bortoleto , Aguiar Victor , Lanna Dante
Published: September 2022

The effect of forage in finishing cattle has an important role. Although, it is not common to conduct research this subject with Nelore cattle. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of NDF from forage on ME and FS in Nelore cattle. All experiment had been approved by ESALQ animal care council. The diets were composed of corn silage, soybean meal, citrus pulp, ground flint corn, urea, chloride potassium and premix. In this experiment data from 20 Nelore Bulls with initial weight 420kg ± 30 kg were used. The animals received 5 finishing diets for 105 days that were switched every 21 days. The diets started from 15% NDF from forage followed by 12%, 9%, 6% and 3%. The ME was calculated by ME=0.82 DE (NRC, 1976; Garret, 1980), during the entire period of time, using the Grow Safe system. Feces were taken from the ground just after the animals defecated. The feces among those treatments were taken in 2 periods of time during each treatment in 20 animals on d 20 of each diet. Thereafter, FS was measured by NIRS equation developed by Caetano et al. (2009). A proc mixed model was used to perform the statistical analyses in SAS. There was a quadratic effect of NDF from forage in ME intake, P< 0,0001. However, regarding FS there was not any effect due to NDF from forage level. Thereby, the ME intake depends directly of forage levels. It might be explained by the hepatic oxidation theory (Oba and Allen, 2000) as well the rumen fill effect (Mertens 1992). Moreover, the outcomes related the FS and NDF from forage levels were different than expected. Those results were different from the results by Caetano et al. (2015) and De Melo et al. (2019), both that used ground flint corn.
PSVII-5
Effects of Hops Treatment on Nitrogen Retention of Composted Poultry Litter and Subsequent Rumen Fermentation
Authors: Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Anderson Robin C , Hume Michael E , Nisbet David J , Flythe Michael , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Angulo-Montoya Claudio , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Castillo-Rangel Francisco , Felix-Portillo Monserrath , Ontiveros-Magadan Marina , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar
Published: September 2022

We tested the effects of Galena or Chinook hops treatment (6% wt/wt) of simulated composts (13 d) of wood chip litter (WCL) alone or mixed 3:1 with ground Bluestem hay (BSH). Results revealed that net losses of urea and ammonia in the WCL litter composted without BSH (n = 3/treatment) were unaffected by hops treatment (P = 0.37 and 0.13, respectively), averaging 0.32 ± 0.7 and 0.03 ± 1.5 µmol/g, respectively). The loss of uric acid was 60% less (P = 0.04) in the Galena hops-treated WCL compost than in the negative control compost (13.9 ± 3.8 vs 24.4 ± 5.6 µmol/g, respectively) and intermediate in the Chinook-treated compost (16.0 ± 2.7 µmol/g). Nitrogen losses during compost of WCL: BSH (n = 2/treatment) were unaffected by hops treatment (P = 0.77, 0.73 and 0.14 for uric acid, urea and ammonia, respectively), averaging 12.21 ± 3.1, 0.64 ± 0.6 and 1.07 ± 0.1 µmol/g, respectively, respectively). Assessment of potential carry over effects of residual hops in the composts during in vitro rumen fermentation (0.2 g of treated and control compost, in triplicate, mixed with 10 mL freshly collected rumen fluid) for 24 h at 39oC under 100% CO2 revealed no effects of hops treatment on H2 accumulations in incubations with WCL or WCL: BSH composts (P = 0.22 and 0.17, respectively), averaging 0.23 ± 0.1 and 0.17 ± 0.1 µmol/mL fluid, respectively. Accumulations of CH4 in rumen incubations of WCL composts were unaffected by hops treatment (P = 0.24), averaging 15.07 ± 2.0 µmol/mL, but were increased (P = 0.0002) in incubations of WCL: BSH composts, averaging 14.1 ± 0.4 and 13. 8 ± 0.6 µmol/mL in Galena- and Chinook-treated compost compared with 11.2 ± 0.4 µmol/mL in control incubations. Results indicate hops treatment may lessen uric acid degradation composting poultry litter without inhibiting rumen fermentation.
PSVII-11 Effects of Wheat Cultivars on Chemical Composition, in Vitro Digestibility, and Rumen Fermentation Characteristic of Sprouted Grains
Authors: Jeong Seungmin , Joo Youngho , Seo Myeongji , Lee Seongshin , Kim Samchrul
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to estimate the effect of wheat cultivars on in vitro rumen digestibility and fermentation characteristics of sprouted grains. Three wheat cultivars, Arriheuk (ARH), Saekeumkang (SAK), and Jokyoung (JOK), were harvested at 6 days of cultivation stages, while Keunalbory (KEA) was a positive control. The collected sprouted grains dried at 55oC for 48 h, and ground to pass 1-mm screen for the chemical compositions and in vitro incubation. For in vitro rumen incubation, rumen fluid collected from cannulated Hanwoo heifer was mixed with Van Soest medium at a 1:2 ratio. Ground sprouted grains (0.3 g) with the mixture of rumen fluid/Van Soest medium (30 mL) were placed into the incubation bottles in quadruplicates and incubated for 0, 24, and 48 h. After incubation, the bottle contents were centrifuged to collect the supernatant and residues for analyses of rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibilities of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD), respectively. Crude protein content (27.7 vs. 20.4%) in JOK was greater (P< 0.05) than that in KEA, but lowest (P< 0.05) in ARH and SAK. The contents of crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were lower (P< 0.05) in AK and SK than in KEA. The IVDMD (58.7 vs. 64.7%) and IVOMD (71.9 vs. 77.1%) were less (P< 0.05) in SAK than in KEA. In vitro rumen pH was highest (P< 0.05) in JOK, while ammonia-N content was less (P< 0.05) in SAK than in the other sprouted grains. Total volatile fatty acid content was greater (P< 0.05) in JOK than that in ARH and SAK, while the molar percent of propionate and butyrate were greatest (P< 0.05) in SAK and ARH, respectively. Therefore, this study could conclude that JOK had greater feed values than ARH and SAK, but similar to KEA.
PSVIII-13 Influence of Propionibacteria Acidipropionici on Short Chain Fatty Acid and Methane Production in Fistulated Beef Steers
Authors: Levenson Jonah r , Murray Roderick Gonzalez , Garcia Gabriel , Davila Evo , Zuvich Miranda L , Gifford Ryan J , Haggard Ryne , Chek Erlene , Thorndyke Meghan P , de Bisneto Octavio Almeida Guimaraes , Hallmark Harrison D , Loh Huey Yi , Tangredi Briana V , Wagner John J , Engle Terry E , Goodall Richard
Published: September 2022

Twelve steers, fitted with rumen canulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to examine the impact of the direct fed microbial Propionibacteria acidipropionici (PA) on rumen fermentation characteristics. All steers were housed together in one pen equipped with GrowSafe feed intake monitoring stations and one Greenfeed system used to estimate in vivo methane production. Steers were fed a corn silage-based diet throughout the experiment. Treatments consisted of PA administered at: 1) 0.0; 2) 1.0 x 108; 3)1.0 x 109; and 4) 1.0 x 1010 CFU∙animal-1∙day-1. Treatments were administered directly into the rumen as a single bolus dose daily. On day 7 and 14 of each period, rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2 h post treatment administration for VFA analysis and for determining in vitro fermentation characteristics. Following a 14d washout period, animal treatments were switched, and the experiment repeated. Data were analyzed as a 4 x 4 Latin square design. In vivo propionic acid molar proportions (25.4 vs 23.6±0.24) and total VFA concentrations (125.2 vs 121.3±1.87) were greater (P < 0.05) in steers receiving PA compared with controls. In vitro DM disappearance (P < 0.05; 63.3% vs 59.2%±1.12) and total VFA (P < 0.05; 147.9 vs 145.2±1.76) were greater and methane (ml/g DMD) lesser (P < 0.04; 13.1 vs 15.6±0.11) in fermentation vessels incubated with rumen fluid from animals receiving PA compared with controls. Dry matter disappearance (P < 0.03) and propionic acid (P < 0.04) increased linearly as dose of PA increased. In vitro Total VFA tended (P < 0.08) to increase linearly and methane production tended (P < 0.09) to decrease quadratically in response PA dose. In vivo methane production was similar across treatments. In conclusion, PA addition improved in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.