bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Thermal Protective Flightsuits. Part II: Instrumented Mannequin Evaluation
Authors: Crown Elizabeth M. , Ackerman Mark Y. , Dale J. Douglas , Tan Yi-bin
Published: October 2007

Flightsuit designs incorporating variation on four parameters of interest (one-piece vs two-piece, loose vs close fit, closure system, and seam type) were developed following a functional design process and using CAD procedures (Part I). Prototype garments were produced for each of three phases of instrumented mannequin testing of thermal protection. Fabrics used in the prototypes included a meta-aramid/carbon blend (phases 1 and 3), an FR viscose/meta-aramid blend (phases 2 and 3), and a meta-aramidlpbi blend (phase 3).

Style, fit, and closure system each had small but significant effects on the thermal protection provided by flightsuits. Loose-fitting garments provided better protection than close-fitting ones if the fullness was controlled by appropriate closures. Close-fitting cuff closures on sleeves and pant legs were more effective than were zipper closures. A stand-up collar offered better protection for the neck than a convertible collar. Two-piece flightsuits provided somewhat greater protection than one-piece coveralls, mainly due to the effect of garment layering below the waist. These effects were detected when flightsuits were tested without underwear. The style effect was masked when the garments were worn over long thermal protective underwear, demonstrating the effectiveness of garment layering. Thus, for best assurance of thermal protection, flight personnel should wear long protective underwear under flightsuits at all times; in climates where this underwear might not be suitable, it is recommended that one-and two-piece flightsuits be made in a more loosely-fitting style and incorporate a stand-up collar and adjustable cuffs on sleeves and pant legs.
Building a Financially Meaningful Language of Merchandise Assortments
Authors: Rupe Dana , Kunz Grace I.
Published: October 2007

The objectives of this exploratory study included identifying functional relationships between the nature of assortments and potential financial performance and proposing financially relevant definitions and related language for assortment planning. The research method was computer simulation of the merchandising process. Results indicated that more diverse assortments are less financially productive than focused assortments. A definition of assortment diversity was developed and an Assortment Diversity Index (ADI) was proposed. Understanding the diversity of assortments in relation to financial productivity may allow merchandisers to be more certain of outcomes when planning assortments. Additional research may further quantify assortment diversity and contribute to a research-based foundation of merchandising principles.
Jeans: A Comparison of Perceptions of Meaning in Korea and The United States
Authors: DeLong Marilyn , Koh AeRan , Nelson Nancy , Ingvoldstad Anne
Published: October 2007

The focus of this research was to determine what similarities or differences in meaning develop when one product, blue jeans, developed in one culture, is used in another. Students' perceptions of blue jeans in the United States and Korea were the focus of this research. A questionnaire translated into the language of the respective country consisted of open-ended, short-answer questions and bipolar word pairs to measure the meaning attributed to jeans within both cultures. A total of 783 students in Korea and the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 24 who wore jeans at least three times a month were participants. Aspects of communication theory provided a theoretical framework for the discussion of responses and cross-cultural interpretations of meaning. U.S. and Korean respondents indicated that jeans are worn for comfort and versatility. For U.S. respondents, jeans symbolize American culture as a whole, whereas for Korean respondents, jeans symbolize a more specific role: participation in youth/student culture within contemporary Korean society. Differences in meanings attached to jeans in Korea as compared to the U.S. indicate a need for considering cultural context when developing and promoting U.S. products for use in other cultures.
Environmental Concern and Apparel Consumption
Authors: Kim Hye-Shin , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: October 2007

Many consumers are making consumption decisions that reflect their desire to protect the environment. Consequently, many companies have embraced the "green marketing" concept to capture the environmentally conscious market. This study explores several constructs related to apparel consumption and environmentalism: knowledge of environmental issues pertaining to apparel products, concern for or attitude toward the environment, and behavior stemming from environmental concerns. We developed a model to examine how knowledge of environmental issues with respect to apparel products relates to concern for the environment as well as subsequent behaviors toward the environment. Results indicated that respondents' knowledge of the environmental effects of apparel products had a limited relationship to general concern for the environment. Also, environmental concern did not clearly relate to environmentally responsible apparel consumption, while a construct assessing general environmentally responsible behavior more strongly related to environmentally responsible apparel consumption behavior. Findings from this study provide insight into consumers' apparel consumption practices related to the environment and the importance of knowledge in generating environmental consciousness toward apparel consumption. Measurement issues are also addressed.
African-American Aesthetic of Dress: Current Manifestations
Authors: O'Neal Gwendolyn S.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents support for an African-American aesthetic of dress that has its roots in West African culture. The objectives were to determine (a) how an African-American aesthetic of dress is currently manifested and (b) the values and attitudes relative to that aesthetic. An afrocentric methodology that employs an interpretative paradigm was used in the study. This methodology assumes a culturally centered analysis of discourse in which human actions, emotions, and attitudes are interpreted and understood within the context of the culture of the speaker and listener. Protocol resulting from in-depth interviews with 45 female and male informants was interpreted in order to obtain an understanding of an African-American aesthetic of dress. The aesthetic consists of four elements: The affinity for "high affect" colors; "style" or individual expression; improvisations and exotic features; and the tendency to dress up. These elements are supported by metaphysical beliefs congruent with the African ethos of unity and oneness.
Neuropathologically Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Diagnoses in 394 Cases
Authors: Mendez Mario F. , Mastri Angeline R. , Sung J.H. , Zander Beth A. , Frey William H.
Published: October 2007

In the absence of pathognomonic clinical features, the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of exclusion of other dementias. We investigated the clinical diagnoses among 394 neuropathologically confirmed AD cases in a dementia brain bank. Most patients were correctly diagnosed as AD (348 or 88%). Among the misdiagnosed patients, AD was mistaken for a primary depressive disorder in 14, multi-infarct dementia in 13, Parkinson's disease in nine, and alcoholic dementia in four. The number of misdiagnosed AD patients did not differ between physician specialties but was greater among AD patients with agitation, depression, paranoia, or delusions. This retrospective study suggests that the diagnostic sensitivity for AD is high among a cross-section of practicing physicians and that an important factor in mistaking AD for another illness is unfamiliarity with the potential psychiatric symptoms of AD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:26-29).
Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis for Validating EEG Sleep Discrimination of Elderly Depressed and Demented Patients
Authors: Houck Patricia R. , Reynolds Charles F. , Mazumdar Sati , Kupfer David J.
Published: October 2007

Receiver operating characteristic analysis is a useful tool in validating a diagnostic marker. This technique was applied to a discriminant function model using selected electroencephalographic sleep measures (sleep maintenance, percentage of rapid-eye-movement sleep, and percentage of indeterminate non-rapid-eye-movement sleep) in elderly patients with major depression or dementia of the Alzheimer type. The diagnostic model correctly classified 79.8% of elderly depressed and demented patients. The area under the curve was 0.86, statistically different from 0.5, which would be expected by chance (P < .0001) and indicating good predictive power of the model. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated the reliability and stability of the diagnostic equation. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:30-33).
Pisa Syndrome Without Neuroleptic Exposure in a Patient With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Patel Shirish , Tariot Pierre N. , Hamill Robert W.
Published: October 2007

A case of Pisa syndrome in a 60-year-old man with dementia, probably of the Alzheimer type, who had never been exposed to any psychotropic medication is described. He also had some extrapyramidal features and myoclonus. Treatment with amantadine was slightly beneficial. We believe that this report is the first of its kind. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:48-51).
`Performative', `performativity' and the culture of performance
Authors: Peters Michael A.
Published: October 2007

Performance will be to the twentieth and 21st centuries what discipline was to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, namely, an onto-historical formation of power and knowledge Jon McKenzie (2001: 176)
Is schooling a Technology, a process of socialisation, or a consumer product?
Authors: Wilkins Raphael
Published: October 2007

`It is not possible to suggest that any one scenario…(will) dominate the early part of the twenty first century…There is an urgent need for a national debate about where British education seems to be going... Without such debate it will continue to career along its existing tracks at breakneck speed, with passengers unable or unwilling to check its progress. It will move forward but we will have little control over its safe destination or whom it may harm in its path.' (McKenzie, 2001)
Provision of Pharmacy Services to Psychiatric Patients: A Perspective
Authors: Patton Kurt A.
Published: October 2007

This article describes New York State's experience in advancing its mental health pharmacy programs. Implementation in a systematic fashion of accountable drug distribution services and basic clinical services is described. The approach used builds upon a firm foundation using a unit-dose system, a prerequisite before progressing with clinical initiatives. This base of activity is then improved by implementing computerization, clinical prescribing guidelines for drug use evaluation, and direct patient involvement with medication education. The planning necessary in order to prepare a unit-dose system is described. Issues considered include staffing estimates, recruitment of a work force, and training of new and existing staff. The problems encountered in implementing change within a large state bureaucracy, as well as the rewards and frustrations of working in this challenging environment, are discussed.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Wincor Michael Z.
Published: October 2007

Millions of patients are afflicted by a variety of sleep disorders. Sleep can be measured electrophysiologically and described in terms of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with REM sleep being dream sleep. Overall, sleep is a cyclic phenomenon, showing a 90-minute periodicity. Sleep disorders are divided into four groups: disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, disorders of excessive somnolence, disorders of the sleep-wake schedule, and the parasomnias. The parasomnias include sleepwalking, sleep terror, and nightmares. The classic disorders of excessive somnolence include obstructive sleep apnea (an impairment of respiratory function during sleep) and narcolepsy (a genetically transmitted dysregulation of REM sleep). Insomnia may be either transient (eg, associated with jet lag, work shift change, or a disturbing or exciting situation) or chronic (eg, associated with psychiatric disorders or periodic leg movements during sleep). Hypnotics are generally reserved for the treatment of transient or short-term insomnias. Although a number of hypnotics are available, the benzodiazepines are currently accepted as the drugs of choice; selection within the group is based primarily on differences in pharmacokinetic profiles. The practicing pharmacist has the opportunity to play an important role in assessing, recommending treatment, or recommending further evaluation for the many patients who present with insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.
Drug Treatment of Depression
Authors: Brown Candace S. , Bryant Stephen G.
Published: October 2007

The major advantage of the new generation of antidepressants lies in their enhanced ability to avoid unwanted side effects, such as anticholinergic or cardiovascular toxicities, and in many cases, to reduce fatalities after overdose. Second-generation antidepressants are as effective as the first generation agents, but are more selective, enabling precise targeting of symptoms. Caution in recommending the newer antidepressants must be applied, however, because these agents possess differing side effects, and unforeseen toxicities may not appear until after several years of use. Conventional tricyclics should not be overlooked in managing the depressed patient. This article discusses the symptoms of major depression, followed by the latest information on second-generation antidepressants. It concludes by providing the pharmacist with guidelines for when to select a newer over an older agent.
Prevention and Management of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: McMorrow Julie , Nahata Milap C.
Published: October 2007

Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and usually involves one or more heart valves but may occur on septal defects or the heart wall. Its incidence is approximately 1 per 1,000 adults and 0.5 per 1,000 pediatric hospital admissions. Factors predisposing to infective endocarditis include degenerative heart disease, survivable congenital cardiac defects, use of invasive procedures, chronic immunosuppression, and intravenous drug abuse. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of infective endocarditis.
Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Rexing Connie J. , Troyer Scott D. , Shackelford Diane D. , Geck Wallace E.
Published: October 2007

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an ever present problem in the United States. Characterized by features of both bronchitis and emphysema, the course is generally slow and progressive. However, acute exacerbations do occur, averaging one to four exacerbations per patient per year. These exacerbations, typically characterized by increasing dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, often require immediate treatment. As single agents, both anticholinergic and β-adrenergic agents have been proven effective in acute COPD exacerbations, yet their combination may provide little added therapeutic effect over either agent alone. In light of questionable effectiveness and the potential for toxicity, the role of methylxanthines in the management of COPD has been critically evaluated over the past several years. Certain patients may show improvement from the use of corticosteroids and/or antibiotics during an acute exacerbation; however, these patients are not always easily identifiable. Lastly, patients presenting with a PaO2 < 60 mm Hg will usually benefit from oxygen therapy. This article discusses some of the current views on the efficacy of these various treatments for acute COPD exacerbations.
Future Directions for Therapeutic Touch Research
Authors: Quinn Janet F.
Published: October 2007

This article builds on one published in the Journal of Holistic Nursing (1988) which reviewed all research on Therapeutic Touch completed to that time. The author, considering research completed since then, identifies, discusses and prioritizes three related directions for future Therapeutic Touch research : outcome studies, theory development studies and replications studies. The article then looks at methodological issues which should be considered by anyone planning Therapeutic Touch studies: treatment personnel, length of treatment and research design.
The Smoking Cessation Process
Authors: Solheim Karen
Published: October 2007

Data suggest that the majority of individuals who stop smoking are successful without the assistance of a formal program. The following investigation explored this process of self-directed cessation to further identify meaningful interventions to use to promote smoking cessation. The Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior was used to develop a qualitative interview guide.Thirteen respondents were queried about their cognitive, emotional, and motivational response and the influence of socio-environmental variables before and after stopping smoking. Results indicate that smoking cessation is a process that begins before an individual stops smoking. Characteristic thought processes and emotions occur before and after cessation. Actions to aid cessation are unique to each individual. Family and friends are influential. These factors are interactive, occur simultaneously and may be cumulative in their effect on the cessation process. Nursing professionals can promote the cessation process through individualized education, counseling and referral.
Effect of Low Frequency Sound on Menopausal Symptoms
Authors: Rankin Marlene
Published: October 2007

This research study, based on Martha Roger's conceptual model, tested whether a nursing intervention using noninvasive, low frequency sound tapes would alter menopausal symptoms. An experimental pretest-posttest design was used to collect data on 40 women. Findings include a significant decrease in frequency of symptoms, somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms. No difference was found between groups with regard to number of symptoms or psychosomatic symptoms.
Finger Temperature and Blood Pressure Changes After a Relaxation Experience
Authors: Bronner Mimi H. , Maness Chaplain Tracy
Published: October 2007

This article first briefly reviews the stress response and effect of relaxation. Then it describes a research project carried out in the large, busy lobby of a major medical center. The self-selected participants in the study (n=156) were asked to hold a Fahrenheit Scale Thermometer and listen to a 12 minute relax ation tape. Finger temperature was measured before and after the tape. In addition, BP was measured before and after on 35 participants. One hundred fifty one participants raised their finger temperature (range I-22 degrees) and 26 experienced a decrease in BP (mean systolic decrease was 14 points, distolic was 6). Conclusions are offered.
Using A Wellness Model With Older Adults to Combat a Sense of Powerlessness
Authors: Kreidler Maryhelen , Campbell Janis
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the applicability of a wellness model to nursing interactions with community based elderly. It has been documented that a majority of the older population have some type of chronic illness. The model is useful in identifying nursing roles which enable nurses to support client's positive self care practices and encourage personal responsibility for wellness behaviors. Nurses who do health assessments with older adults can incorporate the model into their practice so that learned helplessness and a sense of powerlessness can be combatted. A recognition of community programs that foster self determination and promote positive self worth in older persons is also of value in a holistic'perspsctivc to nursing care.
Judgment Aggregation By Quota Rules
Authors: Dietrich Franz , List Christian
Published: October 2007

The widely discussed `discursive dilemma' shows that majority voting in a group of individuals on logically connected propositions may produce irrational collective judgments. We generalize majority voting by considering quota rules, which accept each proposition if and only if the number of individuals accepting it exceeds a given threshold, where different thresholds may be used for different propositions. After characterizing quota rules, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions on the required thresholds for various collective rationality requirements. We also consider sequential quota rules, which ensure collective rationality by adjudicating propositions sequentially and letting earlier judgments constrain later ones. Sequential rules may be path dependent and strategically manipulable. We characterize path independence and prove its essential equivalence to strategy proofness. Our results shed light on the rationality of simple-, super-, and sub-majoritarian decision making.
Public Expenditure In The UK Since 1976: Still the 'Private Government of Public Money'?
Authors: Thain Colin
Published: October 2007

This article draws attention to the increasing importance of the politico-economic context within which public expenditure decisions are taken; briefly outlines the main changes in the system for planning and controlling public expenditure since 1976; and discusses why Heclo and Wildavsky's model of the policy processes stands in need of revision.
Book Review : OPEN GOVERNMENT: edited by Richard Chapman and Michael Hunt: Croom Helm, 1987, £25, pp.194
Authors: Moseley George
Published: October 2007

The editors describe this as a collection of papers, presented to a research workshop on "Open Government" held in April 1986 at the University of Leicester under the auspices of the Public Administration Committee of the Joint University Council. The papers as published were revised in the light of the discussion.
The Extent and Impact of Local Fiscal Stress
Authors: Boyne George
Published: October 2007

This paper analyses fiscal stress in local authorities in England and Wales since 1981. Part I identifies the extent of fiscal stress and shows that in many local authorities it has been high. Part II analyses the consequences of fiscal stress for social and economic conditions in local areas. The empirical analysis shows that fiscal stress tends to be more severe in areas which are already deprived. Such areas may therefore be prone toa 'fiscal stress syndrome'in which community deprivation and budgetary stress produce a mutually reinforcing spiral of local decline. The prospects for policies which might alleviate fiscal stress are evaluated.
Public Capital Project Appraisal: A Real Cause for Concern and for Whom?
Authors: Milne Robin G.
Published: October 2007

This study finds further evidence of discrepancies between theory and practice in the evaluation of capital schemes in the public sector. This is a common pheno menon in the private sector too, despite its apparently greater incentive to use the formal approach recommended by the Treasury.

Proposals by the Controller and Auditor General - that the public sector should alter its practice to conform to the Treasury's guidelines - may be less appropriate than fresh thinking about what these guidelines should be, especially the uses of discounting (DCF) to represent the opportunity cost of capital, and of sensitivity analysis and probability theory to cope with risk and uncertainty. In other respects there is evidence of much more conformity of practice with theory than a study by the Controller and Auditor General would suggest.
The 'Next Steps' and Control of the Civil Service
Authors: O'Toole Barry J.
Published: October 2007

This article suggests that the report by the Government's Efficiency Unit on 'Improving Management in Government: The Next Steps' has potential implica tions for the system of accountability and control in the Civil Service which have not been fully considered. Questions are raised about why current procedures evolved in the way that they did, examining in particular the development of establishment control in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first part of this centtny. The aim is not to suggest that the Civil Service should blindly adhere to past traditions and procedures, but that more care should be taken in considering the upheaval of those traditions and procedures, and that a Royal Commission on the Civil Service would be the most appropriate means of consid ering further reform of the Civil Service.
The Politics of Local Fiscal Reform
Authors: Midwinter Arthur
Published: October 2007

From April 1989, Scotland will have a new system of local government finance. Domestic rates (a property tax) will be abolished and replaced by a community charge payable by all adults aged eighteen years and over, with a few exceptions, and with a system of rebates for people with low incomes. Business rates (non- domestic sector) will remain, but only allowed to increase in line with the previous year's rate of inflation, and eventually forming part of a new British Uniform Business Rate (UBR) following harmonisation of valuation practice with England and Wales.

This article sets out the political background to reform, the diagnosis of the Conservative Government and the basis of the new system, reviews the problems faced in implementation, and analyses the outcomes of the first year of the new system. Finally, an alternative interpretation to that of the New Right of the likely consequences of the reforms is offered.
The Revenue Support Grant A Betters Grants System?
Authors: Bailey Stephen J.
Published: October 2007

'A Council's powers to raise taxes locally, and the grant it gets from the National Government should be designed to ensure that the Council can provide adequate services. They should also be designed to ensure that local electors know what the costs of their services are, so that armed with this knowledge they can influence the spending decisions of their Council through the ballot box.' (Cmnd 9714).
Making Things Happen in Government Report of a One-Day Seminar at the Civil Service College
Authors: Gammon Geoffrey , Duggett Michael
Published: October 2007

[On 4 November, 1988 the Civil Service College organised, for members of the Public Administration Committee, a seminar on recent developments within Government. The list of guests is at Annex 1. Speakers came from the Next Steps Project Team in the Office of the Minister for the Civil Service, the Vehicle Inspectorate Agency, the Civil Service College and the Enterprise Initiative Unit of the Department of Trade and Industry. We offer below a summary of the main points made and issues discussed.]
Land Nationalisation and the Agricultural Policy Community
Authors: Smith Martin J.
Published: October 2007

Labour came to power in 1945 with a commitment to nationalisation and a high degree of public support. Land nationalisation had been Labour Party policy since 1918. However, the Government did not use the opportunity of their victory to bring land into public ownership. This article analyses why the 1945 Labour Government failed to implement this policy. Previous explanations have suggested the omission was due to Labour's revisionist nature and the Government's belief that the measures it did introduce provided adequate control of agriculture. The paper argues that whilst there might be some truth in these interpretations, a more fruitful analysis is that the existence of a closed agricultural policy community prevented the issue being raised. A policy community operates on the basis of certain shared assumptions about policy. Thus land nationalisation was excluded as an issue because it would have provoked controversy and threatened the community when the Government wanted to preserve good relations with the farmers.
Doing Something About Those Inner Cities: Conservative Urban Policies in the 1980s
Authors: Shaw Keith
Published: October 2007

Urban policy has been accorded a high priority by the post 1987 Conservative government. The document entitled 'ACTION FOR CITIES', published in March 1988 is important both for its review of government policies pursued since 1979, and its emphasis on the key policy measures that will characterise urban policy in Britain into the 1990s. This paper will outline the main assumptions lying behind the policies outlined in 'ACTION FOR CITIES' and consider how far such initiatives constitute a viable approach to urban regeneration. The argument propounded will be that far from constituting a rational or co ordinated policy response, the policies described in ACTION FOR CITIES are more influenced by political and ideological considerations. The undermining of the urban power base of the Labour party and the transformation of the social composition of the inner city are seen as being more in tune with present government objectives than a concerted attack on the economic and social problems facing Britain's cities.
Public Administration or Public Implementation
Authors: Kingdom John
Published: October 2007

This paper argues that a number of contemporary factors conspire to place the study of public administration in Britain in a peculiarly critical condition. In the first place public administration as a discipline contains within itself inherent weaknesses which are unique to it. In addition, the past 20 years have seen the development of certain intellectual fashions which necessarily threaten the discipline and its characteristic paradigm. All is made more acute by a scepticism towards social democracy felt throughout the western world but reaching an apotheosis in Britain. Here we have experienced the catalytic presence of a Government with a propensity to see public administration in simplistic instrumental terms: that is, as a machine for implementation of the "can do" kind. Thus the discipline suffers from a deep malaise compounded by an increasingly inhospitable climate.
Revenue Responses To Proposition 13 in The San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Hoggart Keith
Published: October 2007

This paper examines whether changes in sources of city revenue are aligned with differences in local power structures. Examining change in per capita revenues and in revenue shares from different sources from 1977/78 to 1986/87, the results show that, while there was much variety in inter-city revenue changes, consistent patterns were present. In particular, patterns of revenue collection change were influenced by the relative importance of non-residential sectors and levels of home ownership. Taken together these indicate that new revenue patterns were more favourable for home owners than for businesses, although there were countervailing tendencies in areas with high unemployment and large non-white populations. Also considered were political party effects, which, while weak, were consistent with Democrat Party orientations.
The Future of the Civil Service
Authors: Butler Robin
Published: October 2007

This is a slightly edited version of a lecture Sir Robin Butler gave in the FDA series on "The Future of the Civil Service" on October 15th, 1991. Public Policy and Administration is grateful to Sir Robin for allowing us to publish the full version of his lecture. An edited version appeared in FDA News, November 1991.
The Research Activity of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-1968
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-1968, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the Committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the manner in which the Committee organised its research activity to be studied fully for the first time. The article shows that the Fulton Committee did not orgainise its research activity in a systematic manner, though its associated researchers did do so, and the article traces in detail the progress of the social Survey of the Civil Service that the Committee commissioned.
Britain's Reforming Ministries: Benchmarks for Historical Comparison and Assessment
Authors: Barberis Peter
Published: October 2007

While recognising the difficulties in making rigorous longitudinal comparisons, this paper proposes four benchmarks by which we may relate and assess the accomplishments of various radical reforming governments. These benchmarks are then applied to the domestic policy achievements of five such governments ranging chronologically from the Whigs of the 1830s to the Thatcher era. The purpose is not so much to determine which among them was the most successful, nor to deny the claims of other possible candidates - rather to operationalise and 'test-run' the benchmarks themselves. In this way it is possible to give focus and more careful definition to the implicit and invariably hazy assumptions upon which assessments have often been made.
The Shaping of the Fulton Report on the Civil Service
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the Committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the manner in which the Committee shaped its Report, and particularly the controversial opening Chapter of that Report to be studied fully for the first time.

* The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Economic and Social Research Council. The work was funded by E.S.R.C. award R000231033. The material drawn from the papers of the Fulton Committee of 1966-68 (PRO: BA1/1-97), and hence, from within the period still covered by the Thirty Year Rule is reproduced by permission of the Secretary of the Cabinet and Head of the Home Civil Service, and the Keeper of the Public Records. The papers of Lord Simey of Toxteth, which are referred to in the text, are housed in the University of Liverpool. The papers of Lord Fulton of Falmer will be eventually housed in the University of Sussex but they are now available to scholars. The papers of Lord Crowther-Hunt are to be housed eventually in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, but they will be unavailable to scholars for the foreseeable future, and scholars should note that the box numbers given relate to the provisional sort.
Financial Management Reform: Principles and Practice in New Zealand
Authors: Boston Jonathan
Published: October 2007

This article explores the nature and impact of New Zealand's financial management reforms introduced by the fourth Labour Government (1984-90). These reforms, which were given legislative backing via the Public Finance Act 1989, are of interest not merely because of their scope and scale, but because of some of the concepts and principles which have fashioned their design and implementation. In particular, the article highlights the importance which has been attached to the distinction between departmental outputs and outcomes, and the distinction between the interest that a government has as a purchaser of department goods and services and its interest as an owner of departmental assets, and explains how these distinctions have been used to fashion the new framework of accountability. In evaluating the reform programme, the article draws on the results of a comprehensive review undertaken on behalf of the National Government (1990- ) and published in late 1991. This reveals overwhelming support for the new policy framework amongst senior officials and ministers. It also indicates that the reforms are beginning to achieve their intended goals of improving departmental efficiency and accountability and facilitating better expenditure control. Finally, some of the issues which the new financial management regime has either generated or failed to resolve are explored.
Silence and Privilege: The Conceputalisation of Women in Government Reports 1
Authors: Barry Jim
Published: October 2007

This article seeks to demonstrate the ways in which women have been conceptualised in three Government Reports - Maud (1967), Robinson (1977) and Widdicombe (1986). It is argued that, where they are considered at all, women are usually assumed to be the dependents of men, or conceptualised as social roles. It is further argued that the rise of the New Women's Movement-has raised the consciousness of (invariably male) authors to women's position, revealing priorities of power and privilege.
Public Choice Theory and the Reform of Local Government in Britain: From Government to Governance
Authors: Bailey Stephen J.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes and analyses current and ongoing reforms of British local government in a public choice framework. These involve a shift from a vertically-integrated corporate institutional form of direct service provision by British local government to one of an enabling function within a horizontally- coordinated network of multi-agency service provision. It considers a fundamental reappraisal of the form of democracy and the way in which it can be secured, a questioning of the behavioural characteristics of local government in relation to the public interest, a reinstatement of the public interest, a reinstatement of the rights and responsibilities of the individual and of the family, a reduction of local government's role in providing the welfare state and a preference for multiple solutions provided by agencies in place of monolithic provision by local government monopolies. Such functional decentralisation is in marked contrast to the political decentralisation in other European countries.
Equal Opportunities and Public Policy: An Agenda for Change
Authors: Edwards Julia , McKie Linda
Published: October 2007

This paper will critically review the competing definitions of the concept of equality as epitomised in UK and EC equalities legislation. Attempts to formulate childcare policies by organisations like the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and some local government women's committees (LGWCs) in the UK and the Equal Opportunities Bureau (DG5) of the European Community (EC) are fundamentally affected by these definitions. Our exploration of the differing principles which underpin UK and EC legislation within the context of EC political relations lead us to conclude that without a radical change in UK government thinking, the potential of the EC as a vehicle for promoting equal opportunities in Britain will be lost.
Evaluation Research: an Illustrative Case Study
Authors: Dunlop Hendry
Published: October 2007

The Enterprise Allowance Scheme, a policy initiative designed to ameliorate unemployment in Britain by encouraging unemployed persons to establish business enterprises, is relatively unimportant fiscally but provides a textbook example of critical weaknesses in current decision-making procedures. It is clear that government's ideological commitment to business values has yet to be translated into concrete measures in line with the best management theory and practice, notably in respect to the adoption of appropriate monitoring and evaluation of outcomes, a prerequisite to efficiency and adaptability of policy interventions in response to changing circumstances and the capability to learn from experience.
The Globalization of Public Services Production: Can Government be 'Best in World'?
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick
Published: October 2007

New public management strategies (NPM) constitute a powerful model of how virtually all aspects of public services production can be brought to more closely approximate those in private industry. Although the full NPM agenda is only partially implemented in some countries, it has already had enormous impacts in creating a proto-market in the public services. This 'market' may remain a domain of diversified, small-scale, mainly single-country provider organizations. Or it may develop on more oligopolistic and trans-national lines as a new field of big corporate dominance. Private sector trends in the evolution of service industries, changing information technology, organizational patterns and commodification processes make the corporate option more likely.

Inside government agencies bureau-shaping motivations sustain the NPM approach and create a strong disposition towards embracing radical outsourcing, and residualizing government's implementation roles, a direction reinforced by the marketization of public services. Transnational pressures on nation states to standardize policies will powerfully erode the existing single- country distinctiveness of public service markets, increasing the potential for dominance by large corporations. These developments are likely to erode the 'core competencies' of government, undermining the state's ability to act even as an 'intelligent consumer' in the face of increasing concentrations of expertise, investment and implementation with corporate actors.
Getting Politics out of Health?: Ministers, Managers and the Market
Authors: Baggott Rob
Published: October 2007

It has from time to time been argued that health should be taken out of politics. In recent years this view has persisted, most notably in ministerial statements, as the government has pursued policies which appear to have the potential to remove the NHS from the political arena. Meanwhile, the political profile of health issues has continued to rise. This article explores the meaning of depoliticisation in relation to healthcare, and assesses the political implications of the Conservative government's reforms.

The article notes that depoliticisation can be interpreted in a variety of ways in relation to health care. It argues that the potential of policies to remove health care from the political arena has not as yet been realised, and is unlikely to be realised in the foreseeable future. It also argues that there should be more, not less, public debate about the future of health care in Britain, and, in this sense at least, health should not be taken out of politics.
Compulsory competition for local Government services in the UK: A case of market rhetoric and camouflaged centralism
Authors: Shaw Keith , Fenwick John , Foreman Anne
Published: October 2007

Recent years have witnessed a considerable extension in the defined activities covered by the CCT regime in UK local government. While the 1980s saw CCT applied to mainly manual services (such as refuse collection), the 1990s have witnessed the spread of compulsory competition into white-collar professions and services such as Housing Management. Recent accounts of CCT have tended to assess its overall impact within a framework that is mainly informed by the emphasis on how the management of local public services will benefit from the contemporary introduction of Competition and Quasi-Markets. While CCT has clearly had some important managerial implications, this article argues that its more important political impact has been to intensify central control and regulation in order to restructure the local welfare state. In this sense, the vocabulary of the market has served to camouflage a process of centralisation which is characteristic both of New Right ideology and more traditional concerns within the UK political system.
Explaining Change in the National Health Service: Corporatism, Closure and Democratic Capitalism
Authors: Moran Michael
Published: October 2007

The National Health Service was a political settlement based on meso corporatism. That settlement was destabilised by economic competition in markets and political competition in democratic arenas. The reforms of recent years are an attempt to create a new authority structure capable of legitimising the rationing decisions made in the delivery of health care. That attempt is failing.
The Civil Service from Fulton to Next Steps and Beyond - Two Interpretations, Two Epistemologies
Authors: Barberis Peter
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the character and process of managerial reform in the British civil service since the Fulton Report of 1968. It considers two types of interpretation — 'grand strategy' and 'ad hoc'. These it links, for purely analytical purposes, to two epistemologies, macro-positivism and interpretivism respectively. Grand strategy interpretations have a good deal of plausibility. There appears to have been almost a seamless, progressive sequence of successive initiatives, unfolding like a great scroll, especially during the 1980s and 1990s. Many of the reforms are mutually reinforcing, giving the appearance of a coherent whole. Yet even within the canons of macro-positivism the evidence for grand strategy interpretations is ambiguous. And more fundamental questions arise from an application of interpretivist perspectives which deny many of the positivist assumptions with which grand strategy interpretations are implicated. Interpretivism has something to offer: its potential has scarcely been exploited. But it, too, has limitations and is unlikely on its own to satisfy Whitehall watchers. There is something to be said for a combined approach, though this may not be easy.
Contracting-Out in Local Government: Cutting by Privatising
Authors: Cope Stephen
Published: October 2007

This article is a case study on the decision made by a local authority to contract- out school cleaning. This case study generates empirical findings, and is thus 'generalizable to theoretical propositions and not to populations or universes' (Yin, 1989, p21). It examines the making of the decision by Kent CC to contract- out school cleaning, and provides theoretical analysis on whether contracting- out of school cleaning reduced spending and whether it improved school cleaning. It argues that contracting-out reduced both spending on and standards of school cleaning. Moreover, it argues that contracting-out, and the consequent deterioration of the pay and conditions of employment, hurt workers already lowly paid (and in cleaning, lowly paid women in part-time work). Contracting- out is a cutback management strategy, and represents a form of cutting by privatising.
The Fulton Committee's Management Consultancy Group: The Blocks of Civil Service Work examined
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68 which was officially granted to the author enables the programme of work pursued by the Committee's Management Consultancy Group to be examined in detail for the first time.

More than a quarter of a century later, the work of the Fulton Committee on the Civil Service has long since receded into history. Indeed, the present observer has had the opportunity to write the history of the Fulton Committee itself from the original documents. One important part of the published work that resulted was concerned with the Committee's management Consultancy Group (Fry, 1991, pp.423-39; Fry, 1993, pp.57-71), the body that added a form of manageri alism to the Fulton Committee's essentially Fabian agenda. The basis for the Management Consultancy Group's analysis was to be found in the 23 blocks of Civil Service work which it examined. These blocks were listed in Appendix II to the Group's report. What was never published was the Group's original plan of work, and this gap in knowledge is closed by the information in the tables which follow.