bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes
Authors: Ilc Klun Mojca
Published: September 2019

Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.
Collective Memory between Tradition and Archive: Josip Mantuani, Heimatschutz and Monument Protection
Authors: Mahnič Katja
Published: September 2019

In 1911, Josip Mantuani attended a joint meeting for monument protection and Heimatschutz (homeland protection) in Salzburg, which he covered extensively in the Slovenec newspaper. Even though his practice as a member of the Monument Council and director of the Provincial Museum undoubtedly centred on the protection of historical monuments, he was also well acquainted with Heimatschutz. This is clearly shown in his text “Domovinsko varstvo” (Heimatschutz), which he published in the scientific journal Čas in 1914. The two aforementioned texts, along with his five-instalment feuilleton on the modern principles of monument protection, which he published in the Slovenec newspaper in late 1909, provide a good insight into Mantuani’s understanding of the mutual relationship between monument protection and Heimatschutz. In all three texts one can clearly discern that Mantuani distinguished between monuments that were still rooted in the existing tradition through their character, form and content, and those he viewed as “silent witnesses” to past cultures, or, in other words, as historical sources. He attributed “a living cultural” role to the former, while viewing the latter as “archival material”.
Town and Places of Memory: the Case of Idrija
Authors: Jereb Robert
Published: September 2019

The evolution of Idrija, the oldest mining town in Slovenia, has always been affiliated with the extraction of mercury-rich ore, which is why the settlement was shaped as an agglomeration alongside the mining shafts and objects. The extraction of mercury also brought about the flow of knowledge. Knowledge, as well as attitudes towards it, gained great importance in the town, being considered a technological capital, and one of the founding characteristics of the Idrija habitus, which also encompasses a wide spectrum of the town’s imaginarium. Parts of this are definitely the heritage of mining, architectural heritage, and non-material (living) heritage, represented primarily by Idrija lace, the Miners’ Brass Band, and culinary specialties (žlikrofi). The characteristics and achievements of the mining activity, local culture and community are all listed on the UNESCO world heritage list. The most important places of the imaginarium of the town are the restored individual important objects and machinery, and certain places which held an important historical memory and thus became the founding identity of the network. Everything that was left out, and remained unrestored, dislocated from the visual field, is slowly fading from the consciousness of the community, despite the fact that some of these places held an important historical value, and thus they are losing an identifying role and symbolic meaning to the community. The image of the town has, for centuries, been dual: the mining and bourgeois bottom of the valley and the miners’ dwellings in the margins. Such a memory of the town is slowly fading away, although individual exceptional buildings and devices, in which the heritage of the town and mining are concentrated, still stand out.
Memory, Realised in Space. A reflection on the Use of the Terms “Memory”, “History” and “Communal Memory” within the Art Project Art House Project on the Japanese Island of Naoshima
Authors: Žvanut Simona
Published: September 2019

Art House Project (AHP) is an art project on the Japanese island of Naoshima in the Seto Inland Sea, run and financed by the Benesse Corporation as a part of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project. The corporation’s aim is to support the economic and spiritual revitalisation of the archipelago through projects which combine art, architecture, nature and the history of the area. The centre of AHP is a number of old Japanese houses in the village Honmura on Naoshima, transformed into works of art by artists in cooperation with architects. Memory-related terms (such as “memory”, “history”, “communal” and “cultural memory”, tradition and heritage) appear regularly in catalogue texts and other publications on AHP, which leads to the assumption that AHP is connected to memory on several levels. Since the use of these terms is now very often in various contexts and can mark different phenomena, I will try to define the characteristics of the use of terms “memory”, “history” and “communal memory” as well as their role in the AHP. Within this I will show that these terms have a wide conceptual frame, which does not necessarily come from their theoretical definition – and that the semantically open term of memory has an important role in the wider context and goals of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project.
Forgotten Neighbour
Authors: Jaklitsch Helena
Published: September 2019

For 600 years the Gottschee region was an integral enclave inhabited by the Gottscheers. This history ended tragically during WWII when they left their homes, their homeland and the neighbours with whom they had coexisted peacefully for several centuries. In 1941 Slovenia lost 12,000 of its inhabitants who are now, along with their language, culture, customs and traditions, excluded from our collective memory. Their story is nevertheless important for a better understanding of ourselves. The Gottscheers left their homeland because of the oppression they experienced during the wars but also because of a certain fascination with the powerful rebirth of the country from which they had come centuries previously. They were ready, at that key historic moment, to trust leaders who were (too) young, and though they could inspire, they also lacked wisdom and experience. Their story helps us know ourselves better and gives us a better understanding of the consequences of letting go of our common past, tradition and culture. For the Gottscheers it was fatal, and today they have practically disappeared and barely exist in our memories.
Hieronymus noster – mednarodni simpozij ob 1600-letnici Stridončeve smrti
Authors: Bogataj Jan Dominik
Published: September 2019

Mednarodni simpozij ob 1600‐letnici Hieronimove smrti z naslovom Hieronymus noster se bo odvil v Ljubljani, 24.–26. oktobra 2019, v dvorani SAZU. Organizirajo ga Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti; univerze v Ljubljani, Zagrebu, Gradcu in Varšavi; Srednjeevropska univerza na Dunaju (CEU); mednarodna mreža Europa Renascens; projekt DANUBIUS (Université de Lille); in Institut des Sources chrétiennes.
Rojenica
Authors: Movrin David
Published: September 2019

Revija Clotho, poimenovana po najmlajši izmed rojenic, po tisti, ki prede nit življenja, skuša vzpostaviti nov prostor, kjer bo mogoče ustvarjati, raziskovati in se pri tem učiti. Spogleduje se s tistimi revijami na dobrih univerzah, kjer pomembno vlogo zaupajo študentom in kjer se najboljši med njimi učijo tako, da sprejemajo odgovornost za čisto konkretne zadolžitve – ne samo za uredniške, kjer od blizu spoznajo logiko recenzentskega sistema, temveč tudi za prevajalske in za znanstvene.
Značaj mladih protagonistov v Plavtovem Hišnem strahu in Trinovčevem
Authors: Grošelj Nada
Published: September 2019

Pogost motiv v rimski paliati so medgeneracijski konflikti. Medtem ko očetje največkrat poudarjajo konvencionalno moralo in kažejo varčnost, že kar skoporitost, se sinovi v njihovi odsotnosti radi predajajo razvratu: zapravljajo denar, popivajo in se spuščajo v razmerja s heterami, ponavadi ob pomoči kakega nabritega domačega sužnja. Ker vlada v komediji saturnalijski narobe svet, na koncu »zmagajo« sinovi in sužnji, ki so tudi glavni junaki teh komedij. Tu in tam pa Plavt sinovom položi na jezik besede, ki odstopajo od njihovega siceršnjega ravnanja in jih prikažejo v odgovornejši luči. Njegova najrazvpitejša »moralistična« komedija je Trinovčevo (Trinummus), vendar zasledimo moralno navdahnjene vložke in značajske lastnosti tudi v drugi komediji s podobnim izhodiščem, ki deluje veliko bolj razposajeno: v Hišnem strahu (Mostellaria). Ob primerjavi mladih protagonistov v Plavtovih komedijah Hišni strah in Trinovčevo ugotovimo, da je komedija Trinovčevo občutno bolj moralistična od Hišnega strahu, vendar po drugi strani tudi v slednjem ni mogoče videti gole burke kot, denimo, v Oslih (Asinaria) istega avtorja. Če si v Oslih oba protagonista, oče in sin, ki se pehata za isto meretrix, pravzaprav zaslužita zgolj posmeh občinstva, imajo glavni junak Hišnega strahu, njegov prijatelj in ljubica več značajskih lastnosti, ki so jih morale prikupiti tudi kritikom Katonovega kova.
Production of Biodiesel from Marine Macroalgae occurring in the Gulf of Guinea, off the Coast of Ghana
Authors: Ameka G. K. , Doamekpor L. K. , Amadu A. A. , Amamoo A. P.
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of marine macroalgae (also known as seaweeds), from the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Ghana, for the production of biodiesel as an alternative to liquid fuels like gasoil and gasoline. Five green marine macroalgae species: Caulerpa taxifolia, Chaetomorpha antennina, Chaetomorpha linum, Ulva fasciata, and Ulva flexuosa, were collected from the coastal waters of Ghana at West Tema Rocks during low tide. Algal lipids were extracted from dried algae biomass with hexane and diethyl ether. Biodiesel was produced from algal lipids by base-catalysed transesterification, with alcohol. The lipid content of samples was highest in C. linum (1.13 g; 5.65% dry wt.) and lowest in C. antennina (0.54 g; 2.70% dry wt.). Similarly, the quantity of biodiesel produced from the lipids was highest in C. linum (0.97 g; 4.85% dry wt.) and lowest in C. antennina (0.48 g; 2.40% dry wt.). The quantity of biodiesel produced from samples of the five species fell well within the range obtained for such species worldwide. The implications of the yield of biodiesel for commercial production and future work on marine macroalgae from Ghana as source of biofuel are discussed.
Prevalência de indícios de depressão em estudantes de medicina em Belém, Pará
Authors: Silva Andressa Miléo Ferraioli , Nascimento Vitor Hugo Nunes do , Praia Wanessa Cardoso , Paixão Jorge Tadeu Campos , Sousa Luis Fernando Freitas de , Trindade Júnior Sérgio Cunha , Carreira Luciana Brandão
Published: September 2019

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de indícios de depressão e sua quantificação em estudantes de Medicina segundo o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Método: Foram analisados protocolos de pesquisa aplicados para 220 alunos de medicina do 1° ano e 4° ano de instituições pública e particular em Belém/PA. Foram coletados dados referentes a idade, sexo, estado civil, procedência, entre outros. Utilizou-se o Inventário de Depressão de Beck para avaliar a presença do transtorno depressivo. Resultados: A faixa etária predominante foi de 19 a 22 anos, representando 50,9%. Dos entrevistados, 62,7% foram mulheres. Quanto ao estado civil, apenas 5% dos alunos eram casados e 95%, solteiros. Aproximadamente 79,1% dos alunos eram procedentes de Belém e somente 5% provenientes de outro estado. Finalmente, o grau de depressão encontrado foi: 59,5% sem depressão, 25,1% leve/ moderada, 7,7% moderada/ grave e 3,6% gravíssima. Foi predominante a presença de sinais depressivos leves em acadêmicos do 1º ano de ambas as universidades (32,5%) quando comparadas com do 4º ano (25%). Ademais, os índices de alunos que não apresentavam sinais de transtorno depressivo foram mais elevados em alunos do 1º ano da instituição pública (65,2%), enquanto o contrário ocorreu na instituição particular, onde tal taxa foi maior entre os alunos do 4º ano (74%). Conclusão: Dessa forma, percebe-se que há presença de indícios depressivos entre os estudantes de medicina de ambas as universidades, logo, é importante realizar medidas que visem o reconhecimento de estudantes com suspeita de depressão para uma melhor orientação psicopedagógica.
The rise of national central banks' TARGET balances: a response to Andrea Terzi
Authors: Minenna Marcello , Dosi Giovanni , Roventini Andrea
Published: September 2019

In response to our paper, ‘ECB monetary expansions and euro area TARGET2 imbalances: a balance-of-payment-based decomposition,’ Professor Andrea Terzi has criticized our approach of TARGET2 balance decomposition, by highlighting a lack of causality between balance-of-payments (BP) flows and TARGET2 net balances. Proving a strong causality link was not within the scope of our paper; while acknowledging that causal relationships are difficult to prove from data that have to fulfill an accounting identity, we still believe that useful information can be extracted from the analysis of BP accounting correspondences. From this perspective a long-term BP reconstruction for Italy and Germany is performed that confirms Terzi's claim about the rise of TARGET2 balances under specific monetary policy configurations.
Feminist and stratification theories' lessons from the crisis and their relevance for post-Keynesian theory
Authors: Seguino Stephanie
Published: September 2019

The many contributions of post-Keynesian economists to understanding the causes of the global financial crisis that began in 2008 could be enhanced by integrating the research by feminist and stratification economists. These groups have produced a body of work analysing trends in inter-group and intra-class inequality that led up to the crisis and theoretically inform how we assess the distribution of the negative effects of the crisis by class, race, and gender. Further, this body of work has assessed the potential for fiscal and monetary policy to promote greater equality while reducing intra-class competition and conflict.
Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Authors: Rajter Ľubomír , Bourland William , Vďačný Peter ,   Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Slovensko,   Comenius University, Department of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia
Published: September 2019

The morphology and phylogenetic position of a haptorian ciliate, Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983, isolated from microaerobic sandy sediments of the floodplain area of the Boise River, Idaho, U.S.A., were studied using live observation, protargol impregnation, scanning electron microscopy, and the 18S rRNA gene as well as the ITS region. The Boise population of P. pupula is characterized by a size of about 60–130 × 20–50 μm, an elliptical macronucleus with a single micronucleus, highly refractive dumbbell-shaped inclusions scattered throughout the cytoplasm and concentrated in the anterior body half, a single subterminal/terminal contractile vacuole, about 10 μm long rod-shaped extrusomes, and an average of 15 ciliary rows. In phylogenetic analyses, the newly obtained sequences from P. pupula and Lacrymaria olor clustered within the family Lacrymariidae with full to moderate statistical support. Neither the genus Phialina nor the genus Lacrymaria was depicted monophyletic both in the single gene and multigene phylogenetic inferences. Specifically, the genus Phialina was shown as a paraphyletic assemblage containing members of the polyphyletic genus Lacrymaria. This indicates that the phialinid bauplan, i.e., an anterior body end differentiated into a head-like structure directly attached to the trunk, might represent the ground pattern in the family Lacrymariidae. On the other hand, the long highly contractile neck carrying the head-like structure probably evolved later and convergently in multiple Lacrymaria species from Phialina-like ancestors.
Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)
Authors: Kim Kang-San , Chae Kyu-Seok , Min Gi-Sik ,   Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
Published: September 2019

A new marine urostylid ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov., was discovered in South Korea. Morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences were used to describe the new species. Arcuseries minima is most similar to A. scutellum among all Arcuseries species, but differs in the following main characters: number of adoral membranelles (13–16 vs. 17 or 18), cortical granules (yellowish, clustered around cirri and dorsal bristles vs. colorless, irregularly scattered), number of macronuclear nodules (20–27 vs. 42–90), number of midventral cirri (5–10 vs. 12–14), and number f transverse cirri (5 or 6 vs. 8). The new species and A. scutellum differ from A. petzi and A. warreni in having smaller body size (≤80 μm vs. ≥80 μm) and fewer cirri: left marginal (≤ 17 vs. ≥ 18) and transverse (≤ 8 vs. ≥8) cirri. This relationship was supported by the phylogenetic tree, where these two groups were separated into two branches.
Elucidating the ozone pollution in Yangtze River Delta region during the 2016 G20 summit for MICS-Asia III
Authors: Ni Zhi-zhen , Luo Kun , Gao Yang , Gao Xiang , Jiang Fei , Chen Huang , Fan Jian-ren , Fu Joshua S. , Chen Chang-hong
Published: September 2019

Abstract. To elucidate the factors governing urban ozone (O3) pollution during the campaign of G20 summit in 2016 Hangzhou, China, the Weather Research Forecast with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model was used to simulate the spatial and temporal O3 evolution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region from 24 August to 6 September 2016. Various atmospheric processes were analyzed to determine the influential factors of ozone formation through integrated process rate method. The results indicated that both the vertical diffusion and the enhanced process of local chemical generation accounted for the increase of surface O3 concentration in Hangzhou. Local chemical generation was found to positively correlated with O3 concentrations, with correlation coefficient of 0.77. In accordance with the tropical weather cycle, subsidence air and stagnant weather were induced. Dynamic circulations of O3 through advection were associated with the urban heat island effect. All these factors intensified ozone pollution in Hangzhou, particularly on 25 August 2016 (O3-8 h: 98 ppb). These findings provide insight into urban O3 formation and dispersion during tropical cyclone events, and support the Model Intercomparison Study Asia Phase III (MICS-Asia Phase III).
A study of a two-dimensional scanned lunar image for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) geometric calibration
Authors: Zhou Jun , Yang Hu
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The NOAA-20 satellite was successfully launched on 18 November 2017. It carries five key instruments, including the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). On 31 January 2018, the spacecraft performed a pitch-over maneuver operation, during which two-dimensional lunar scan observations were collected. In this study, a technique has been developed by which the ATMS on-orbit geometric calibration accuracy can be validated based on this lunar scan dataset. The fully calibrated data are fitted to the antenna pattern coordinates via a Gaussian function. The deviation in the center of the fit function from the origin of the frame is taken to be the boresight pointing error of the instrument. This deviation is further transformed to the Euler angle roll and pitch defined in the spacecraft coordinate system. The estimated ATMS boresight pointing Euler angle roll (pitch) is 0.05∘ (0.22∘) at K band, −0.07∘ (0.25∘) at Ka band, 0.02∘ (0.24∘) at V band, -0.07∘ (-0.08∘) at W band, and -0.04∘ (0.02∘) at G band. The results are validated by comparing them with those derived from the coastline inflection point method, showing a good correlation. For the sounding channels where the coastline method is inapplicable, the lunar scan method is still capable of delivering reasonable estimations of their geometric calibration errors.
Low-level liquid cloud properties during ORACLES retrieved using airborne polarimetric measurements and a neural network algorithm
Authors: Miller Daniel J. , Segal-Rozenhaimer Michal , Knobelspiesse Kirk , Redemann Jens , Cairns Brian , Alexandrov Mikhail , van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Wasilewski Andrzej
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this study we developed a neural network (NN) that can be used to relate a large dataset of multi-angular and multi-spectral polarimetric remote sensing observations to retrievals of cloud microphysical properties. This effort builds upon our previous work, which explored the sensitivity of neural network input, architecture, and other design requirements for this type of remote sensing problem. In particular this work introduces a framework for appropriately weighting total and polarized reflectances, which have vastly different magnitudes and measurement uncertainties. The NN is trained using an artificial training set and applied to Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) data obtained during the ORACLES field campaign (Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and their Interactions). The polarimetric RSP observations are unique in that they observe the same cloud from a very large number of angles within a variety of spectral bands resulting in a large dataset that can be explored rapidly with a NN approach. The usefulness applying a NN to a dataset such as this one stems from the possibility of rapidly obtaining a retrieval that could be subsequently applied as a first-guess for slower but more rigorous physical-based retrieval algorithms. This approach could be particularly advantageous for more complicated atmospheric retrievals – such as when an aerosol layer lies above clouds like in ORACLES. For the ORACLES 2016 dataset comparisons of the NN and standard parametric polarimetric (PP) cloud retrieval give reasonable results for droplet effective radius (re : R = 0.756, RMSE = 1.74 μm) and cloud optical thickness (τ : R = 0.950, RMSE = 1.82). This level of statistical agreement is shown to be similar to comparisons between the two most well-established cloud retrievals, namely the the polarimetric cloud retrieval and the bispectral total reflectance cloud retrieval. The NN retrievals from the ORACLES 2017 dataset result in retrievals of re (R = 0.54, RMSE = 4.77 μm) and τ (R = 0.785, RMSE = 5.61) that behave much more poorly. In particular we found that our NN retrieval approach does not perform well for thin (τ  <3), inhomogeneous, or broken clouds. We also found that correction for above-cloud atmospheric absorption improved the NN retrievals moderately – but retrievals without this correction still behaved similarly to existing cloud retrievals with a slight systematic offset.
Distribution of free-living marine nematodes in the Clarion–Clipperton Zone: implications for future deep-sea mining scenarios
Authors: Hauquier Freija , Macheriotou Lara , Bezerra Tania N. , Egho Great , Martínez Arbizu Pedro , Vanreusel Ann
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Mining of polymetallic nodules in abyssal seafloor sediments
promises to address the growing worldwide demand for metallic minerals.
Given that prospective mining operations are likely to have profound impacts
on deep seafloor communities, industrial investment has been accompanied by
scientific involvement for the assessment of baseline conditions and
provision of guidelines for environmentally sustainable mining practices. Benthic meiofaunal communities were studied in four prospective mining areas
of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, arranged in
a southeast–northwest fashion coinciding with the productivity gradient in
the area. Additionally, samples were collected from the Area of Particular
Environmental Interest no. 3 (APEI-3) in the northwest of the CCZ, where mining
will be prohibited and which should serve as a “source area” for the biota
within the larger CCZ. Total densities in the 0–5 cm upper layer of the
sediment were influenced by sedimentary characteristics, water depth and
nodule density at the various sampling locations, indicating the importance
of nodules for meiofaunal standing stock. Nematodes were the most abundant meiobenthic taxon, and their assemblages
were typically dominated by a few genera (generally 2–6) accounting for
40 %–70 % of all individuals, which were also widely spread along the CCZ
and shared among all sampled license areas. However, almost half of the
communities consisted of rare genera, each contributing less than 5 % to
the overall abundances and displaying a distribution which was usually
restricted to a single license area. The same observations (dominant and
widely spread versus rare and scattered) could be made for the species of one of
the dominant genera, Halalaimus, implying that it might be mainly these rare genera
and species that will be vulnerable to mining-induced changes in their
habitat.
Microtopography is a fundamental organizing structure in black ash wetlands
Authors: Diamond Jacob S. , McLaughlin Daniel L. , Slesak Robert A. , Stovall Atticus
Published: September 2019

Abstract. All wetland ecosystems are controlled by water table and soil saturation dynamics, so any local scale deviation in soil elevation represents variability in this primary control. Wetland microtopography is the structured variability in soil elevation, and is typically categorized into a binary classification of local high points (hummocks) and local low points (hollows). Although the influence of microtopography on vegetation composition and biogeochemical processes has received attention in wetlands around the globe, its role in forested wetlands is still poorly understood. We studied relationships among microtopography on understory vegetation communities, tree biomass, and soil chemistry in 10 black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) wetlands in northern Minnesota, U.S.A. To do so, we combined a 1-cm resolution surface elevation model generated from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) with co-located water table, vegetation, and soil measurements. We observed that microtopography was an important structural element across sites, where hummocks were loci of greater species richness, greater midstory and canopy basal area, and higher soil concentrations of chloride, phosphorus, and base cations. In contrast, hollows were associated with higher soil nitrate and sulfate concentrations. We also found that the effect of microtopography on vegetation and soils was greater at wetter sites than at drier sites, suggesting that distance to mean water table is a primary determinant of wetland biogeochemistry. These findings highlight clear controls of mictopography on vegetation and soil distributions, while also supporting the notion that microtopography arises from feedbacks that concentrate biomass, soil nutrients, and productivity on microsite highs, especially in otherwise wet conditions. We therefore conclude that microtopography is a fundamental organizing structure in black ash wetlands.
Enhanced Mediterranean water cycle explains increased humidity during MIS 3 in North Africa
Authors: Rogerson Mike , Dublyansky Yuri , Hoffmann Dirk L. , Luetscher Marc , Töchterle Paul , Spötl Christoph
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We report a new fluid inclusion dataset from northeastern Libyan speleothem SC-06-01, which is the largest speleothem fluid inclusion dataset for North Africa to date. The stalagmite was sampled in Susah Cave, a low-altitude coastal site, in Cyrenaica, on the northern slope of the Jebel Al-Akhdar. Speleothem fluid inclusions from the latest Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and throughout MIS 3 (∼67 to ∼30 kyr BP) confirm the hypothesis that past humid periods in this region reflect westerly rainfall advected through the Atlantic storm track. However, most of this moisture was sourced from the western Mediterranean, with little direct admixture of water evaporated from the Atlantic. Moreover, we identify a second moisture source likely associated with enhanced convective rainfall within the eastern Mediterranean. The relative importance of the western and eastern moisture sources seems to differ between the humid phases recorded in SC-06-01. During humid phases forced by precession, fluid inclusions record compositions consistent with both sources, but the 52.5–50.5 kyr interval forced by obliquity reveals only a western source. This is a key result, showing that although the amount of atmospheric moisture advections changes, the structure of the atmospheric circulation over the Mediterranean does not fundamentally change during orbital cycles. Consequently, an arid belt must have been retained between the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the midlatitude winter storm corridor during MIS 3 pluvials.
Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2019)
Authors: Batjes Niels H. , Ribeiro Eloi , van Oostrum Ad
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the first WoSIS snapshot, in July 2016, many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values (and units of measurement), and soil analytical method descriptions. We presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable. Further, for each profile, we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data as well as a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods are presented, for possible consideration in digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling. The latest (dynamic) set of quality-assessed and standardised data, called wosis_latest, is freely accessible via an OGC-compliant WFS (web feature service). For consistent referencing, we also provide time-specific static snapshots. The present snapshot (September 2019) comprises 196,498 geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over 832 thousand soil layers (or horizons), and over 5.8 million records. The actual number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between proﬁles and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes. In the coming years, we aim to fill gradually gaps in the geographic and feature space, this subject to the sharing of a wider selection of soil profile data for so far under-represented areas and properties by our existing and prospective partners. Part of this work is foreseen in conjunction within the Global Soil Information System (GloSIS) being developed by the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). The WoSIS snapshot – September 2019 is archived and freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901 (Batjes et al., 2019).
Temperature effects on heavy rainfall modify catchment hydro-morphological
response
Authors: Peleg Nadav , Skinner Chris , Fatichi Simone , Molnar Peter
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Heavy rainfall is expected to intensify with increasing temperatures, which will likely affect the rainfall spatial characteristics. The spatial variability of rainfall can affect streamflow and sediment transport volumes and peaks. Yet, the effect of climate change on the small-scale spatial structure of heavy rainfall and how those impacts hydrology and geomorphology remains largely unexplored. In this study, the sensitivity of the hydro-morphological response to heavy rainfall at the small-scale of minutes and hundreds of meters was investigated. A numerical experiment was conducted, in which synthetic rainfall fields representing heavy rainfall events of two types, stratiform and convective, were simulated using a space-time rainfall generator model. The rainfall fields were modified to follow different spatial rainfall scenarios, associated with increasing temperatures, and used as inputs into a landscape evolution model. The experiment was conducted over a complex topography medium-size (477 km2) Alpine catchment in central Switzerland. The results highlight that the response of the streamflow and sediment yields are highly sensitive to changes in the rainfall structure at the small-scale, in particular to changes in the areal rainfall intensity and in the area of heavy rainfall, which alters the total rainfall volume, and to a lesser extent to changes in the peak rainfall intensity. The hydro-morphological response is enhanced (reduced) when the local peak rainfall intensified and the area of heavy rainfall increased (decreased). The hydro-morphological response was found to be more sensitive to convective rainfall than stratiform rainfall because of localized runoff and erosion production. It is further shown that assuming heavy rainfall to intensify with increasing temperatures without introducing changes in the rainfall spatial structure might lead to over-estimation of future climate impacts on basin hydro-morphology.
Statistical downscaling with the downscaleR package: Contribution to the VALUE intercomparison experiment
Authors: Bedia Joaquín , Baño-Medina Jorge , Legasa Mikel N. , Iturbide Maialen , Manzanas Rodrigo , Herrera Sixto , Casanueva Ana , San-Martín Daniel , Cofiño Antonio S. , Gutiérrez Jose Manuel
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The increasing demand for high-resolution climate information has attracted a growing attention for statistical downscaling methods (SD), due in part to their relative advantages and merits as compared to dynamical approaches (based on regional climate model simulations), such as their much lower computational cost and their fitness-for-purpose for many local-scale applications. As a result, a plethora of SD methods is nowadays available for climate scientists, which has motivated recent efforts for their comprehensive evaluation, like the VALUE Project (http://www.value-cost.eu). The systematic intercomparison of a large number of SD techniques undertaken in VALUE, many of them independently developed by different authors and modeling centers in a variety of languages/environments, has shown a compelling need for new tools allowing for their application within an integrated framework. With this regard, downscaleR is an R package for statistical downscaling of climate information which covers the most popular approaches (Model Output Statistics – including the so called 'bias correction' methods – and Perfect Prognosis) and state-of-the-art techniques. It has been conceived to work primarily with daily data and can be used in the framework of both seasonal forecasting and climate change studies. Its full integration within the climate4R framework (Iturbide et al. 2019) makes possible the development of end-to-end downscaling applications, from data retrieval to model building, validation and prediction, bringing to climate scientists and practitioners a unique comprehensive framework for SD model development. In this article the main features of downscaleR are showcased through the replication of some of the results obtained in the VALUE Project, making an emphasis in the most technically complex stages of perfect-prog model calibration (predictor screening, cross-validation and model selection) that are accomplished through simple commands allowing for extremely flexible model tuning, tailored to the needs of users requiring an easy interface for different levels of experimental complexity. As part of the open-source climate4R framework, downscaleR is freely available and the necessary data and R scripts to fully replicate the experiments included in this paper are also provided as a companion notebook.
The effects of climatic anomalies on low flows in Switzerland
Authors: Floriancic Marius G. , Berghuijs Wouter R. , Kirchner James W. , Molnar Peter
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Large parts of Europe have faced extreme low river flows in recent summers (2003, 2011, 2015, 2018) with major economic and environmental consequences. Understanding the origins of extremes like these is important for water resources management. To reveal how weather drives low flows, we explore how deviations from mean seasonal climatic conditions (i.e. climatic anomalies) of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration shaped the occurrence and magnitude of the annual 7-day lowest flows (Qmin) across 380 Swiss catchments from 2000 through 2018. Most annual low flows followed periods of below average precipitation and above average potential evapotranspiration, and the most extreme low flows resulted from both of these drivers acting together. Extremely dry years saw simultaneous drought conditions across large parts of Europe, but low flow timing during these years was still spatially variable across Switzerland. Longer climatic anomalies led to lower low flows. Most low flows were typically preceded by climatic anomalies lasting up to two months, whereas low flows in the extreme years (2003, 2011, 2015, 2018) were associated with much longer-lasting climatic anomalies. Weather conditions on even longer time scales have been reported to sometimes affect river flow. However, across Switzerland, we found that precipitation totals in winter only slightly influenced the magnitude and timing of summer and autumn low flows. Our results provide insight into how precipitation and potential evapotranspiration jointly shape summer and winter low flows across Switzerland, and could potentially aid in assessing low-flow risks in similar mountain regions using seasonal weather forecasts.
AGGREGATING CLOUD-FREE SENTINEL-2 IMAGES WITH GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE
Authors: Schmitt M. , Hughes L. H. , Qiu C. , Zhu X. X.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Cloud coverage is one of the biggest concerns in spaceborne optical remote sensing, because it hampers a continuous monitoring of the Earth’s surface. Based on Google Earth Engine, a web- and cloud-based platform for the analysis and visualization of large-scale geospatial data, we present a fully automatic workflow to aggregate cloud-free Sentinel-2 images for user-defined areas of interest and time periods, which can be significantly shorter than the one-year time frames that are commonly used in other multi-temporal image aggregation approaches. We demonstrate the feasibility of our workflow for several cities spread around the globe and affected by different amounts of average cloud cover. The experimental results confirm that our results are better than the results achieved by standard approaches for cloud-free image aggregation.
A MANY-TO-MANY FULLY CONVOLUTIONAL RECURRENT NETWORK FOR MULTITEMPORAL CROP RECOGNITION
Authors: Chamorro J. A. , Bermudez J. D. , Happ P. N. , Feitosa R. Q.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Recently, recurrent neural networks have been proposed for crop mapping from multitemporal remote sensing data. Most of these proposals have been designed and tested in temperate regions, where a single harvest per season is the rule. In tropical regions, the favorable climate and local agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, result in more complex spatio-temporal dynamics, where the single harvest per season assumption does not hold. In this context, a demand arises for methods capable of recognizing agricultural crops at multiple dates along the multitemporal sequence. In the present work, we propose to adapt two recurrent neural networks, originally conceived for single harvest per season, for multidate crop recognition. In addition, we propose a novel multidate approach based on bidirectional fully convolutional recurrent neural networks. These three architectures were evaluated on public Sentinel-1 data sets from two tropical regions in Brazil. In our experiments, all methods achieved state-of-the-art accuracies with a clear superiority of the proposed architecture. It outperformed its counterparts in up to 3.8% and 7.4%, in terms of per-month overall accuracy, and it was the best performing method in terms of F1-score for most crops and dates on both regions.
DATA AUGMENTATION APPROACHES FOR SATELLITE IMAGE SUPER-RESOLUTION
Authors: Ghaffar M. A. A. , McKinstry A. , Maul T. , Vu T. T.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Data augmentation is a well known technique that is frequently used in machine learning tasks to increase the number of training instances and hence decrease model over-fitting. In this paper we propose a data augmentation technique that can further boost the performance of satellite image super resolution tasks. A super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) was adopted as a state-of-the-art deep learning model to test the proposed data augmentation technique. Different augmentation techniques were studied to investigate their relative importance and accuracy gains. We categorized the augmentation methods into instance based and channel based augmentation methods. The former refers to the standard approach of creating new data instances through applying image transformations to the original images such as adding artificial noise, rotations and translations to training samples, while in the latter we fuse auxiliary channels (or custom bands) with each training instance, which helps the model learn useful representations. Fusing auxiliary derived channels to a satellite image RGB combination can be seen as a spectral-spatial fusion process as we explain later. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed fusion-based augmentation method compared with traditional data augmentation techniques such as rotation, flip and noisy training inputs. The reconstruction quality of the high resolution output was quantitatively evaluated using Peak-Signal-To-Noise-Ratio (PSNR) and qualitatively through visualisation of test samples before and after super-resolving.
SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF MANMADE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES IN DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS
Authors: Kazimi B. , Thiemann F. , Sester M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We explore the use of semantic segmentation in Digital Terrain Models (DTMS) for detecting manmade landscape structures in archaeological sites. DTM data are stored and processed as large matrices of depth 1 as opposed to depth 3 in RGB images. The matrices usually contain continuous real-valued information upper bound of which is not fixed, such as distance or height from a reference surface. This is different from RGB images that contain integer values in a fixed range of 0 to 255. Additionally, RGB images are usually stored in smaller multidimensional matrices, and are more suitable as inputs for a neural network while the large DTMs are necessary to be split into smaller sub-matrices to be used by neural networks. Thus, while the spatial information of pixels in RGB images are important only locally within a single image, for DTM data, they are important locally, within a single sub-matrix processed for neural network, and also globally, in relation to the neighboring sub-matrices. To cope with the two differences, we apply min-max normalization to each input matrix fed to the neural network, and use a slightly modified version of DeepLabv3+ model for semantic segmentation. We show that with the architecture change, and the preprocessing, better results are achieved.
Can anaerobic oxidation of methane prevent seafloor gas escape in a warming climate?
Authors: Stranne Christian , O'Regan Matt , Jakobsson Martin , Brüchert Volker , Ketzer Marcelo
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Assessments of future climate-warming-induced seafloor methane (CH4)
release rarely include anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) within the
sediments. Considering that more than 90 % of the CH4 produced in
ocean sediments today is consumed by AOM, this may result in substantial
overestimations of future seafloor CH4 release. Here, we integrate a
fully coupled AOM module with a numerical hydrate model to investigate under
what conditions rapid release of CH4 can bypass AOM and result in
significant fluxes to the ocean and atmosphere. We run a number of different
model simulations for different permeabilities and maximum AOM rates. In all
simulations, a future climate warming scenario is simulated by imposing a
linear seafloor temperature increase of 3 ∘C over the first 100 years.
The results presented in this study should be seen as a first step
towards understanding AOM dynamics in relation to climate change and hydrate
dissociation. Although the model is somewhat poorly constrained, our results
indicate that vertical CH4 migration through hydraulic fractures can
result in low AOM efficiencies. Fracture flow is the predicted mode of
methane transport under warming-induced dissociation of hydrates on upper
continental slopes. Therefore, in a future climate warming scenario, AOM
might not significantly reduce methane release from marine sediments.
A Note on Ricœur’s Early Notion of Cultural Memory
Authors: Adams Suzi
Published: September 2019

This essay considers Paul Ricœur’s early notion of cultural memory from 1956-1960. He discusses it in two texts: “What does Humanism Mean?” and the slightly later The Symbolism of Evil. In the former, cultural memory appears as an ongoing and dynamic process of retroaction focussed on questioning and rethinking the meaning of classical antiquity for contemporary worlds, on the one hand, that is linked to an important critical aspect as a counterweight to the flattening effects of modernity, on the other. In the latter, cultural memory expands the reach of the classical heritage, and, in addition to retroaction, further modes of orientation, such as relations of depth and breadth, are delineated. At first glance, cultural memory, in Ricœur’s sense, appears to be embodied in the singular, albeit generalized self. Yet, in reconstructing its meaning, the essay argues that Ricœur’s articulation of cultural memory relies on an implicit collective dimension. The present essay’s hermeneutic reconstruction of Ricœur’s notion of cultural memory comprises a preliminary step of a broader project that aims to rearticulate Jan and Aleida Assmann’s cultural memory framework along social imaginary lines. In this vein, the essay concludes with an overview of the Assmannian approach to cultural memory and considers possible bridges between Ricœur and the Assmanns.