bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryopyrin‐Associated Periodic Syndromes
Authors: Ahmadi Neda , Brewer Carmen C. , Zalewski Christopher , King Kelly A. , Butman John A. , Plass Nicole , Henderson Cailin , Goldbach‐Mansky Raphaela , Kim H. Jeffrey
Published: April 2011

Objective

Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) represent a spectrum of CIAS1 gene‐mediated autoinflammatory diseases characterized by recurrent systemic inflammation. The clinical spectrum of CAPS varies from mild to severe and includes the syndromes historically described as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle‐Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). This article presents the largest cohort of patients with CAPS. The objective is to describe the pathogenesis, otolaryngologic, and audiologic manifestations of CAPS.

Study Design

Prospective (2003‐2009).

Setting

National Institutes of Health.

Subjects and Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with a diagnosis of CAPS were identified (31 NOMID, 11 NOMID/MWS, 9 MWS, and 6 FCAS). Comprehensive data regarding clinical manifestations, audiologic phenotype, and fluid attenuation inversion recovery MRI (FLAIR‐MRI) of the brain and inner ear were obtained.

Results

Complete audiologic data obtained on 70% of ears revealed conductive hearing loss in 4 (11%) NOMID ears and mixed hearing loss in 5 (13%) NOMID and 2 (14%) NOMID/MWS ears. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), worse in higher frequencies, was the most common type of hearing loss and was present in 23 (61%) NOMID, 10 (71%) NOMID/MWS, and 4 (33%) MWS ears. All of the patients with FCAS had normal hearing except 2, who had SNHL from 4 to 8 kHz. On FLAIR‐MRI sequence, cochlear enhancement was noted in 26 of 29 (90%) NOMID, 6 of 11 (55%) NOMID/MWS, 3 of 9 (33%) MWS, and 1 of 6 (17%) FCAS patients and was significantly associated with the presence of hearing loss. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia and mucosal thickening were found in 39% and 86% of the cohort, respectively.

Conclusion

CIAS1 pathway–mediated CAPS is associated with unregulated autoinflammation mediated by interleukin‐1 in the cochlea and hearing loss. Timely diagnosis is crucial to initiate early treatment with interleukin‐1 receptor antagonists.
High Prevalence of High‐Risk Human Papillomavirus in Palatine Tonsils from Healthy Children and Adults
Authors: Duray Anaëlle , Descamps Géraldine , Bettonville Marie , Sirtaine Nicolas , Ernoux‐Neufcoeur Perle , Guenin Samuel , Mouallif Mustapha , Depuydt Christophe E. , Delvenne Philippe , Saussez Sven
Published: April 2011

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 80 tumor‐free tonsils from healthy children and adults using a sensitive E6/E7 type‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Ear, nose, and throat department, university hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Paraffin‐embedded tissues from tumor‐free tonsils (TFTs) were evaluated for HPV DNA using GP5+/6+ consensus PCR and subsequent genotyping using E6/E7 type‐specific PCR for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. The immunohistochemical expression of p16 and p53 was also assessed.

Results

In 80 TFTs, the authors identified 10 (12.5%) that tested positive for the following high‐risk HPV types: HPV 16 (8 cases), 18 (1 case), and 31 (1 case). Twelve patients (15%) tested positive for HPV infection using the GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers but were negative using quantitative PCR. These patients were considered infected with low‐risk HPV types. Fifty‐eight TFTs (72.5%) tested negative for both GP5+/GP6+ and type‐specific HPV PCR analysis (HPV negative). Among patients infected with HPV, the authors observed a slight increase in frequency with age.

Conclusion

In TFTs, oncogenic and nononcogenic HPVs were present at a relatively high frequency in children and adults. The presence of high‐risk HPV DNA in young children supports the horizontal transmission hypothesis and argues in favor of HPV vaccination at birth.
Synchronous Airway Lesions in Children Younger Than Age 3 Years Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Rastatter Jeffrey C. , Schroeder James W. , French Adam , Holinger Lauren
Published: April 2011

Objective

Determine the prevalence of synchronous airway lesions (SALs) in children younger than age 3 years undergoing adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy for sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) at Children’s Memorial Hospital.

Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Children

One hundred ten children 3 years of age or younger who underwent adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy along with a full‐airway evaluation that included flexible fiber‐optic laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and rigid bronchoscopy for SDB from January 2003 to January 2009.

Outcome Measures

Prevalence of SALs and rate of SALs that required intervention.

Results

Sixty‐seven percent of children were found to have at least 1 SAL. Four children required surgical intervention for a SAL. There was no significant difference in preoperative respiratory distress index (RDI) between children with normal airway examinations compared with children with a SAL. There was no significant difference in the rate of SALs between children younger than 18 months old and those 18 to 36 months old.

Conclusions

There is a high incidence of SALs in children younger than 3 years old with SDB. There was no significant difference in the rate of SALs in children younger than 18 months old compared with children 18 to 36 months old. The RDI determined by a polysomnography was not predictive of the presence of a SAL. Tracheal cobblestoning was the most common SAL discovered.
Tinnitus Severity and the Relation to Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Ooms Els , Meganck Reitske , Vanheule Stijn , Vinck Bart , Watelet Jean‐Baptiste , Dhooge Ingeborg
Published: April 2011

Objective

In this study, the authors investigated whether tinnitus severity is a problem related to depression. If so, the following 2 conditions should be fulfilled:first, there should be evidence for the presence of moderate to severe depressive symptomatology in a substantial group of tinnitus patients; second, there should be evidence of a substantial relationship between depressive symptoms and tinnitus severity.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department of the Ghent University Hospital.

Subjects and Methods

In total, 136 consecutive help‐seeking tinnitus patients were seen by a psychologist, an audiologist, and an ENT specialist. All patients filled in the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II) and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and underwent psychoacoustic measurement.

Results

Mean scores indicate the presence of no or minimal depressive symptoms. There was a positive correlation (P <. 01) between the BDI‐II and the THI. No correlations were found between psychoacoustic measures and the self‐report questionnaires. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive role of the 3 components of depression (cognitive, somatic, and affective) in tinnitus severity. Results show that only the somatic depression subscale of the BDI‐II significantly predicted tinnitus severity, which can be explained because of content overlap between the BDI‐II and the THI.

Conclusion

Tinnitus does not appear to be a problem related to depression. The authors did not find a substantial group of tinnitus patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. The relation between depressive symptoms and tinnitus severity seems to be an artifact of content overlap between the BDI‐II and the THI.
Margins of Nihilism/Nihilisms of the Margin
Authors: Taskale Ali Riza
Published: April 2011

This article reviews Bülent Diken’s recent book, Nihilism. In so doing, it focuses especially on the disjunctive synthesis between passive nihilism (post-politics, or contemporary society) and radical nihilism (the new terror). Finally, the article claims that Diken’s project is to resuscitate the idea of revolution, to reinvent the revolutionary politics.
From Mao to the Market
Authors: Hou Xiaoshuo
Published: April 2011

China is undergoing tremendous social and economic transformations with different local innovations and variations. By comparing and contrasting three industrial villages in China demonstrating different mixes along the organizational continuum from market economy to collectivist economy, this article offers an alternative model of development that combines market production and distribution with redistribution and the building of public goods based on group boundaries. This alternative market activity is named community capitalism, a concept that has the potential to mitigate the sharp dichotomy between state socialism and market economy. The article also argues that, in order to fully understand the process of China’s transition, it is necessary to take into account not only the economic and political institutions, but also the local cultural, social and political resources. It is the interaction and mixes of the two that determine the path of development local communities embark on.
Mindfulness and Inhibitory Control in Early Adolescence
Authors: Oberle Eva , Schonert-Reichl Kimberly A. , Lawlor Molly Stewart , Thomson Kimberly C.
Published: April 2011

This study examined the relationship between the executive control process of inhibition and self-reported dispositional mindfulness, controlling for gender, grade, and cortisol levels in 99 (43% female) fourth- and fifth-graders ([Formula: see text] = 10.23 years, SD = 0.53). Students completed a measure of mindful attention awareness and a computerized executive function (EF) task assessing inhibitory control. Morning cortisol levels also were collected and were used as an indicator of neuroendocrine regulation. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for gender, grade, and cortisol levels, higher scores on the mindfulness attention awareness measure significantly predicted greater accuracy (% correct responses) on the inhibitory control task. This research contributes to understanding the predictors of EF skills in early adolescents’ cognitive development. Specifically, it identifies mindfulness—a skill that can be fostered and trained in intervention programs to promote health and well-being—as significantly related to inhibitory processes in early adolescence.
Stagnating Industrial Employment in Latin America
Authors: Brady David , Kaya Yunus , Gereffi Gary
Published: April 2011

The industrialization of developing countries has fundamentally transformed work, employment, and labor for millions. Despite the industrialization of most of the developing world, we present evidence that Latin America has experienced stagnating industrial employment in the past few decades. Benefiting from recently available data on industrial employment as a percentage of total employment from 1980 through 2006, we analyze fixed-effects models for 20 Latin American countries. Specifically, we examine three theoretical explanations: productivity/comparative advantage, institutionalism, and dependency/world-systems. Our analyses demonstrate that the prevailing productivity/comparative advantage explanation has limited value. By contrast, we find supportive evidence for a combination of institutional and dependency/world-systems variables. In particular, the stagnating industrial employment share in Latin American countries has been driven by the negative effects of (in order of magnitude) the Mercosur trade agreement, mineral and ore exports (as a percentage of total exports), the duration of the current political regime, military spending (as a percentage of GDP), and inward foreign direct investment flows (as a percentage of GDP).
When Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Ku Manwai C.
Published: April 2011

In the United States, women physicians remain concentrated in a few specialties despite their increased representation in the profession. Using data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, the American Medical Association, and the National Survey of Attitudes and Choices in Medical Education and Training, this article assesses the extent of gender segregation across specialties for a cohort of physicians from their entry into medical school to 16 years postentry as well as the correlates of specialty aspirations and choices. Analysis reveals that specialty aspirations at entry into schooling are just as gender-different as specialty choices at exit and after. However, while early aspirations map closely onto gender differences in orientations toward medical practice, later choices encompass factors beyond job values, work–family, and encouragement and mentoring from others. These findings highlight the significance of gender in the development of both early preferences and later choices and suggest ways in which we can further our understanding of gender segregation within and beyond the medical profession.
Representing Labor
Authors: Juravich Tom
Published: April 2011

This essay uses the book Agitate! Educate! Organize! American Labor Posters to explore the changing ways the American labor movement has expressed itself culturally. These representations tell us a great deal about how unions saw themselves, their tactics, and their place in American society.
Natural Therapies Used by Adult Men for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and for Augmenting Exercise Performance
Authors: Evans Jeffery D. , Pace Kenesha , Evans Emily W.
Published: April 2011

It is estimated that over 15% of men use natural biologic-based therapies, which includes herbal products and supplements. There are certain conditions that are specific to men, such as erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hypertrophy, for which there is some evidence of the efficacy and safety of herbal medications. Furthermore, men may also be more likely to use supplements for energy improvement, muscle gain, and exercise tolerance, and there are a number of supplements proven to aid in these. Practitioners must understand the safety and efficacy of these agents, as well as the patient’s full history and goals, prior to recommending any of the therapies discussed herein.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Males With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Jacob Bobby C.
Published: April 2011

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. Endogenous testosterone is critical for normal libido; however, studies have also demonstrated a potentially important role with respect to the erectile process. The prevalence of testosterone deficiency ranges from 1.7% to 35% in patients with ED, and age is a common factor linking ED and testosterone deficiency. By 2025, global estimates are that there will be 356 million men >65 years. Age-associated testosterone deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as ED, and low serum testosterone. Randomized, placebo controlled studies have established the utility of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for the restoration of serum testosterone levels to the normal range in hypogonadal males; however, well designed studies are limited with respect to specific evaluation of the role of TRT as monotherapy in improving erectile function. In addition, recent literature suggests a possible role for TRT in combination with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for men with ED. The following review describes the potential roles of testosterone in erectile physiology, examines the relationship between testosterone deficiency and ED, and reviews published literature evaluating the use of TRT in hypogonadal males with a diagnosis of ED.
Urological Disorders in Men
Authors: Miller Susan W. , Miller Mindi S.
Published: April 2011

Urinary incontinence (UI) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are 2 common urogenital problems in men. UI is associated with involuntary leakage of urine and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Types of UI include functional, urge, stress, and overflow. Treatment for UI is based on the type of incontinence, patient-specific factors, and treatment preferences of both patients and health care providers. Options for the management of UI include environmental modifications, disposable incontinence products, pelvic floor exercises, pharmacotherapy, surgically implanted devices, and intermittent catheterization. BPH may be also associated with LUTS. Patient symptoms, assessed with a measurement tool such as the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI), serve as the basis for determining treatment. Management approaches for BPH include pharmacotherapy, surgery, and minimally invasive procedures. Anticholinergic drugs as well as α-receptor antagonists and 5-α reductase inhibitors, either alone or in combination, are effective and useful for LUTS unresponsive to traditional pharmacotherapy. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) can eliminate symptoms of BPH but is associated with relatively more complications than other available surgical and minimally invasive procedures.
Earthquakes and civil society: A comparative study of the response of China’s nongovernment organizations to the Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Roney Britton
Published: April 2011

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake presents an opportunity to study certain aspects of civil society in China. Using the 1999 “921” earthquake in Taiwan as a point of comparison, the respective responses of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to earthquakes in China and Taiwan can be used to elucidate the state of civil society in both countries. The surprisingly robust response to the Wenchuan earthquake by China’s NGOs demonstrates the development of an increasingly sophisticated and professional NGO sector in China as well as a growing willingness on the part of the Chinese government to accept a limited role for NGOs in disaster relief, charity work, and the provision of social services. Comparison between the earthquake responses of NGOs in mainland China and Taiwan draws attention to the continued limitations of Chinese NGOs but also allows prediction of key trends in the future development of civil society in China. While Taiwan’s highly autonomous and effective NGOs contrast with mainland China’s semiautonomous NGOs, the similarities shared by organizations on both sides of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the development of China’s civil society may in some ways parallel that of Taiwan.
Consequences of media information uptake and deliberation: focus groups’ symbolic coping with synthetic biology
Authors: Kronberger Nicole , Holtz Peter , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: April 2011

Whenever a new, potentially controversial technology enters public awareness, stakeholders suggest that education and public engagement are needed to ensure public support. Both theoretical and empirical analyses suggest, however, that more information and more deliberation per se will not make people more supportive. Rather, taking into account the functions of public sense-making processes, attitude polarisation is to be expected. In a real-world experiment, this study on synthetic biology investigated the effect of information uptake and deliberation on opinion certainty and opinion valence in natural groups. The results suggest (a) that biotechnology represents an important anchor for sense-making processes of synthetic biology, (b) that real-world information uptake and deliberation make people feel more certain about their opinions, and (c) that group attitudes are likely to polarise over the course of deliberation if the issue is important to the groups.
COMPARATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE IN SIX MAMMALS AND MODIFICATION IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIC
Authors: RUTENBURG ALEXANDER M. , WOLMAN MOSHE , SELIGMAN ARNOLD M.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase activity was compared in the organs of six mammals. The histochemical localization of the enzyme was improved so as to enable the use of thin frozen sections (10 µ) by the addition of the following ions:bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum. The distribution of enzymatic activity by this technic in the organs of the rat was compared with the earlier method.
THE FERRIC FERRICYANIDE REDUCTION TEST IN HISTOCHEMISTRY
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , BURTNER HELEN J.
Published: April 2011

Ascorbic, oxalic and uric acids, phenols, indols, pyrrols, aryl amines, hydrazines, thiols and inorganic sulfides and peroxide promptly reduce ferric ferricyanide mixtures to Prussian blue. Most of the other substances tested reacted feebly or slowly, and probably need not be considered in the histochemical test, provided the reaction time is kept down to 10 to 15 minutes.
A COMPARISON OF THE STAINING AFFINITIES OF ALDEHYDE-FUCHSIN AND THE SCHIFF REAGENT
Authors: SCOTT H. R. , CLAYTON B. P.
Published: April 2011

A comparison is made of the relative affinities of aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent for various tissue elements in different states of oxidation.

Glycogen, gastric mucus, kidney brush border, intestinal striated border, reticular tissue, gastric parietal cell canaliculi, and Paneth cell granules react with neither aldehyde-fuchsin nor the Schiff reagent without periodic acid or stronger oxidation.

Beta cell granules of the islets of Langerhans, keratin, mast cells, elastic fibers, hyaline cartilage, goblet cells, thyroid colloid, argentaffine cell granules, and the acrosomes of spermatozoa are stained by aldehyde-fuchsin without oxidation. None of these tissue elements exhibit a clearly positive reaction with the Schiff reagent under similar conditions. However, elastic fibers, hyaline cartilage, and acrosomes do display a slight coloration.

Since the tissue elements which do not stain with aldehyde-fuchsin without previous oxidation act in a similar manner toward both aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent, it is assumed that aldehyde groups are responsible for the positive reaction with both these reagents after periodic acid or stronger oxidation.

The tissue elements which are stained most intensely by aldehyde-fuchsin without oxidation, i.e., mast cells, hyaline cartilage, and elastic fibers, are those which have been found to contain or to be associated with highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides.

Beta cell granules and keratin which after oxidation react strongly with aldehyde-fuchsin, but not with the Schiff reagent, are known to possess a high content of cystine.

Since the sulfated mucopolysaccharides possess sulfuric groups and since the dithio bonds of cystine are converted to sulfonic groups on oxidation, it is suggested that these groups may be responsible for the staining of tissue elements by aldehyde-fuchsin when the Schiff reaction is negative.

In conclusion, it appears that the reactivities of aldehyde-fuchsin and the Schiff reagent are similar in that they both show an affinity for aldehyde groups, but different in that aldehyde-fuchsin seems to possess an affinity for strong sulfur acids which the Schiff reagent does not.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF REACTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS
Authors: LILLIE R. D.
Published: April 2011

The use of alcoholic solutions of periodic acid does not greatly impair the periodic acid Schiff reaction of collagen.

The Hotchkiss acidulated thiosulfate "reducing rinse" is essentially a sulfurous acid bath and acts to block aldehydes from coloring with Schiff reagent. As with deliberate sulfurous acid blockade procedures, prolongation of the exposure to Schiff reagent overcomes this blockade. Brief treatment with iodine and thiosulfate breaks this blockade just as it does that with bisulfite.

Prolonged exposure to postassium bichromate solution creates weak diffuse aldehyde reactions in tissues, and also tends to weaken the reactivity of collagen to the periodic acid Schiff procedure.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE BONES OF NORMAL AND SCORBUTIC GUINEA PIGS
Authors: ZORZOLI ANITA , NADEL E. M.
Published: April 2011

Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in the tibias of normal and scorbutic guinea pigs. After twenty six days on a scorbutogenic diet the activity in the scorbutic had a mean value of 4.16 mg P/gm/hour in comparison to 8.04 mg P/gm/hour for the control group. Histochemical study of sections of the bones after demineralization revealed a decrease in the black precipitate indicative of phosphatase activity in the scorbutic bones. The decrease in precipitate was especially striking in the epiphyseal plate and in the metaphysis.
CORRELATION OF MANOMETRIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: HARRIS CHARLES , COHEN BERNARD S. , BERGNER A. DOROTHY
Published: April 2011

1. A relationship is defined for the manometric equivalent of the activity of cholinesterase which will precipitate a minimally visible deposit of copper sulfide, when Koelle's technique for demonstration of cholinesterase is applied to plasma and erythrocyte enzyme preparations.

2. Were the equations for the histochemical reactions exactly defined, with particular reference to the structural formula of copper thiocholine, the equivalence could be calculated from the stoichiometric equations. In the absence of exact knowledge of the equations, equivalence is estimated by techniques which adapt a filter paper matrix as substitute for tissue.

3. Calculations are limited to order of magnitude at minimal staining, so that surface deposits of copper sulfide can be studied without reference to their depth.

4. The motor end-plate of rat intercostal muscle, with surface area of about 500 sq. micra is shown to have a cholinesterase activity of an order of magnitude capable of hydrolyzing 2.5 x 10–6 microliters of carbon dioxide in 30 minutes.

5. The cholinesterase activity of rat erythrocyte is estimated as being below the threshold of activity per unit area necessary to result in a visible precipitate of copper sulfide with the histochemical method employed.
THE QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE BRAIN
Authors: LOWRY OLIVER H.
Published: April 2011

The general histochemical procedure of Linderstrøm-Lang and Holter has been altered to permit direct histological control and the use of smaller samples. Frozen sections are dried at –30°C. From the dry sections are cut out identified regions as small as 100 x 100 x 20µ (0.2γ wet weight). The chemical analysis of these fragments may be based on either their protein content, their dry weight or their volume. The weight and volume measurements are described and validated. The revised technique is not limited in applicability to the nervous system.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESTERASES
Authors: CHESSICK RICHARD D.
Published: April 2011

The histochemical localization of esterases using α-naphthyl acetate and naphthol AS acetate as substrates is described for the five mammalian species: man, rabbit, rat, cat, and mouse. The localization overlaps in some places, but in others there are wide differences in the pattern of distribution, varying with the substrate and species employed in the study. This is interpreted as further evidence for the existence of an "esterase spectrum" consisting of a group of more or less specialized enzymes acting on certain specific esters of carboxylic acids, with a variable amount of overlap depending on the substrate and species used. Certain specific findings reported in the previous literature are now considered due to diffusion artifacts.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTY: III. ALTERED STAINING OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN TISSUE SECTIONS INDUCED BY ASPERGILLUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND DEACETYLATED CHITIN
Authors: KENT SIDNEY P. , EVANS E. EDWARD
Published: April 2011

The effect of basic polysaccharides on the staining characteristics of acidic polysaccharides in tissue sections of formalin-fixed paraffinembedded material has been studied. Acidic polysaccharides ordinarily do not stain with acidic dyes, but stain well with basic dyes. The complex formed when a basic polysaccharide such as Aspergillus polysaccharide or deacetylated chitin reacts with acidic polysaccharides assumes the staining characteristics of the basic polysaccharide, that is, it stains with acidic dyes. Thus, areas in tissue sections containing acidic polysaccharides can be colored with acidic dyes. Further, the basic polysaccharides were shown to temporarily block staining of acidic polysaccharides by alcian blue and mucicarmine.
HISTOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF METABOLIC CYCLES IN SPINAL GANGLION CELLS OF RAT
Authors: TEWARI H. B. , BOURNE G. H.
Published: April 2011

The application of a number of enzyme and other histochemical tests, and of cytological techniques to rat spinal ganglion cells has demonstrated a wide range in intensity and distribution of these reactions in individual cells. Since all stages between one type of intensity and distribution and another can be seen it is suggested that the spinal ganglion cells undergo continuous metabolic cycles which are related possibly to the synthesis of protein, acetyl choline, cholinesterase and perhaps other enzymes and compounds.
MEDIATION OF p-AMINODIPHENYLAMINE OXIDATION VIA CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
Authors: PERSON PHILIP , BURSTONE MARVIN S. , FINE ALBERT S.
Published: April 2011

Manometric studies have revealed that the oxidation of p-aminodiphenylamine by Keilin and Hartree beef heart muscle particles was several-fold higher in the presence of added cytochrome c than in the absence of the pigment. The oxidation of p-aminodiphenylamine was inhibited 90% by 10–4 M cyanide. Correlated spectrophotometric studies demonstrated that the oxidation of p-aminodiphenylamine by Keilin and Hartree particles and fresh-frozen dehydrated tissue sections produced substances with identical visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra. The above experiments further indicate that the oxidation of p-aminodiphenylamine is mediated via cytochrome oxidase, and that this reagent provides valid histochemical localizations of the respiratory enzyme.
EXTRAVASCULAR DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORESCENT ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN AND FIBRINOGEN IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURES
Authors: MANCINI R. E. , VILAR O. , DELLACHA J. M. , DAVIDSON O. W. , GOMEZ C. J. , ALVAREZ B.
Published: April 2011

Adult albino rats were injected intravenously with labelled homologous albumin, globulins and fibrinogen. Labelling was done with acid rhodamine B (C.I. No. 45100) and fluorescein isothiocyanate. The amount of fluorescent dye bound to proteins was measured spectrophotometrically. Paper electrophoretic mobility and clotting time of fibrinogen were also checked after labelling. As a control, free fluorescent dye solutions were injected into another lot of rats.

Animals were killed at intervals from 10 minutes to 12 days. Blood samples were taken to determine spectrophotometrically the concentration of labelled proteins in the circulation. Paraffin or unfixed fresh frozen sections from all tissues were examined with the fluorescence microscope.

Histoimmunological studies were also made using fluorescent antibody against the different rat serum fractions. Coons's technique was applied to tissue sections from normal rats or from animals previously injected with unlabelled serum fractions and killed between 3 and 12 hours later. The following principal observations were made:

1) Globulins bind a larger amount of dye than albumin, while fibrinogen bound the least.

2) Labelling does not change grossly the electrophoretic mobility of albumin and globulins but slightly modified the clotting time of fibrinogen.

3) Time-concentration curves of albumin and globulins in the circulation are very much alike and reveal a fast and a slow component with 2.6 day time half-life for the former and 3.1 half-life for the latter.

4) Histologically labelled albumin and globulins are seen first in the lumen and on the walls of all blood vessels, and up to 8 hours they appeared to accumulate widely in connective tissue structures as well as in basement membranes of dermis and the mucosae of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts; fluorescence does not cross the basement membranes in most organs, nor does it pass the perichondrium, periosteum, or blood capillaries in the nervous system into surrounding parenchyma. Finally, labelled proteins began to disappear from all these sites after 12 hours, but persist longer in the macrophages of liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. Fibrinogen was not seen diffusing out from vessels to the surrounding connective tissue.

5) That in animals previously injected with unlabelled serum fractions, histoimmunological techniques also showed the highest specific fluorescence in sections of connective tissue, stained with labelled antialbumin and antiglobulins; labelled antifibrinogen gave only a weak fluorescence in the same structutres.

6) These results confirm and extend our previous studies on the role of connective tissue as a transient depot for the extravascular pool of serum proteins.
THE RELEASE OF PROTEIN, LIPID AND POLYSACCHARIDE COMPONENTS OF THE ARTERIAL ELASTICA BY PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND LIPID SOLVENTS
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , BAYLISS O. B.
Published: April 2011

Elastase and pepsin, applied as histochemical reagents, were shown to have proteolytic, lipolytic and mucolytic actions against arterial elastic tissue. Elastolysis by enzymes contaminating the elastase preparation was excluded by inhibitor studies. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain and fibrinolysin have no elastolytic activity. Neutral lipid solvents removed only part of the phospholipid of the elastica but acidification of the solvent, or treatment with more concentrated acid alone, extracted all the stainable lipid. It was concluded that the elastica lipids cannot be completely extracted by organic solvents unless bonds binding lipid to protein are first disrupted by acid.
A PARAFFIN EMBEDDING TECHNIQUE FOR STUDIES EMPLOYING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: SAINTE-MARIE GUY
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the fixation of blocks of tissue for use in studies employing immunofluorescence. This method consists of fixing thin blocks in 95% ethanol and carrying out the subsequent dehydration and clearing at refrigerator temperatures (4°C). Thereafter, embedding in paraffin and sectioning by the standard microtomy is easy.

This method results in preparations which are histologically more precise in the localization of antigen or antibody than preparations of frozen tissues; and with rabbit antibody and bovine serum albumin, the sensitivity of detection is enhanced. Bovine serum albumin can be found for longer periods after injection than is possible with frozen sections.

Other antigens for which this procedure has proved satisfactory are bovine gamma globulin, horse ferritin, influenza A virus, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Hen's ovalbumin deteriorated.

New antigens or new antibodies should be tested before being committed to this method.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE KIDNEY. II. ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN GLOMERULI AND PROXIMAL TUBULES IN AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS IN RATS
Authors: KISSANE JOHN M. , HOFF EUGENE
Published: April 2011

Quantitative determinations of enzymatic activities in glomeruli and in two segments of proximal tubules at intervals in the development of aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats suggest that several mechanisms are at play in this experimental disease. Increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in glomeruli, first demonstrated by Dubach and Recant, and increased 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase in glomeruli were the earliest enzymatic alterations which were demonstrated and constitute evidence that the glomerulus is the renal structure primarily deranged in this form of experimental nephrosis. The exact biochemical nature of the glomerular lesions remains obscure. Decreased tubular alkaline phosphatase was correlated with tubular dilatation from obstruction by casts. Decreases were found in tubular activities of malic, glutamic, and isocitric dehydrogenases, and of glycylphenylalanine dipeptidase; similar changes in these activities were observed in experimental proteinuria.

In aminonucleoside-treated animals, slight increases in glomerular malic, lactic, and glutamic dehydrogenases occurred after 11 to 15 days, appreciably later than the increases in enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway.

Increased tubular activity of acid phosphatase may be a component of non-specific cellular degeneration.
FLUORESCENCE OF CATECHOL AMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CONDENSED WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: FALCK B. , HILLARP N.-Å. , THIEME G. , TORP A.
Published: April 2011

The reaction under mild conditions between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied. When the amines included in a dried protein film were exposed to formaldehyde vapour a very intense green to yellow fluorescence was give only by those that as well as being primary amines also have hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, noradrenaline). The 3-OH group seems to be esssential for the reaction. The catechol amines, which are secondary amines (adrenaline, epinine), gave a much weaker fluorescence that developed more slowly.

The results obtained on further examination of the reaction favour the view that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble. This secondary reaction may be a binding to protein, and oxidation with the formation of double bonds in the heterocyclic ring, or both.
LOCALIZATION OF TRITIATED NOREPINEPHRINE IN MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: SAMORAJSKI T. , MARKS B. H.
Published: April 2011

Studies of the rapid penetration of intravascular tritium labelled norepinephrine into mouse brain are described. The most intense localization of norepinephrine is seen in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, and this is discussed in terms of the mechanism of stress activation of ACTH release. Autoradiographs showing localization of norepinephrine in the hypophysis, hypothalamus, pineal, choroid plexus, and blood vessels are also shown.
A HISTOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF CYSTEINE DESULPHURASE
Authors: JARRETT A.
Published: April 2011

A method for the histological detection of cysteine desulphurase is described, and the findings with human skin reported.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE DEPENDENT POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON METABOLIZING SYSTEMS
Authors: WATTENBERG LEE W. , LEONG J. LIONEL
Published: April 2011

1. Histochemical procedures have been developed for the demonstration of reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent systems metabolizing 3, 4-benzypyrene, perylene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 1, 2-benzanthracene.

2. For these procedures, an in situ indicator technique has been employed in which alterations of the fluorescence of the substrates coated on tissue sections is used to demonstrate the sites of enzyme activity.

3. Positive reactions have been found in the hepatic cells of rat, mouse, hamster, monkey, and man. The cells of the central portion of the hepatic lobule are more active than those of the periphery in all species.

4. A survey of rat tissues has shown positive reactions also in the distal portion of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal, the interstitial cells of the testis, the follicular epithelium of the thyroid and the alveolar walls of the lung.

5. The activity is considerably higher in sections of liver, kidney, thyroid, testis, and lung from rats injected with methylcholanthrene than in control animals; in the adrenal, no such increase is found.
`SPREADING FACTOR', USED BEFORE FIXATION, AS AN AID TO CHOLINESTERASE LOCALISATION
Authors: WILLIAMS TERRY
Published: April 2011

There is acknowledged difficulty in securing adequate detail in cholinesterase localisation, especially in sites of low activity. In addition, using the method of Koelle and Friedenwald, modifled by Coupland and Holmes, patchy or incomplete staining was often observed in a variety of tissues. Such preparations were unsuitable for histochemical assessment or for photography. It seemed likely that these shortcomings might be due, in part at least, to uneven fixation or uneven penetration of the fixative.

In an attempt to correct or reduce these technical defects, tissues were infiltrated with testis hyaluronidase in isotonic saline, immediately after excision, and afterwards fixed and processed. It was found that hyaluronidase did not bring about diffusion of cholinesterase, as was originally feared. In a controlled series, using a number of tissues, hyaluronidase reduced the number of substandard preparations from 47 % to 6%. Improvement in reliability of the technique was achieved with some tissues, but not with others. Tissues or organs which with the ordinary method showed greatest patchiness seemed to benefit most from the hyaluronidase.

It was suggested that speedy fixation with formol-saline can be facilitated with hyaluronidase and, contrasted with freeze-drying, the method has no major drawbacks.
THE COMPARATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF MUSCLE PLASMALOGENS
Authors: FERRANS VICTOR J. , HACK M. H. , BOROWITZ EUGENE H.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of plasmalogens in muscle tissues was studied histochemically by the plasmal reaction. Plasmalogens were found in the sarcoplasm, sarcosomes (perinuclear and interfibrillar), and in the intercalated disks of heart muscle in some mammals. These observations were supplemented by paper chromatographic analysis of the lipids extracted from muscle tissues, and from muscle cell fractions. All muscles contained both choline plasmalogen and ethanolamine plasmalogen, but cardiac muscle had a higher content of choline plasmalogen than skeletal muscle, which in turn contained more ethanolamine plasmalogen. No free fatty aldehydes were found in muscle tissues. The specificity of the plasmal reaction is discussed and the advantages of using a combined histochemical and chromatographic approach to the study of tissue lipids are illustrated.
CARBOXYLATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS WITH THE USE OF P-HYDRAZINOBENZOIC ACID AND SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: SHACKLEFORD JOHN M.
Published: April 2011

Saturated p-hydrazinobenzoic acid in pyridine apparently condenses with periodate oxidized 1,2-glycols in the same manner as phenylhydrazine. After treatment of tissue sections with p-hydrazinobenzoic acid, the carbon-1 carboxyl group of this compound is available for histochemical study. Carboxylation of tissues may also be accomplished by exposure of paraffin sections to succinic anhydride. The effect of carboxylating tissue sections by these two procedures was compared in preparations stained by the periodic-acid-Schiff procedure, or with alcian blue or toluidine blue. The results of this study were, in turn, compared with staining reactions of sulfate esterified tissue sections.
A SPECIFIC STAIN FOR IRON USING 4,7-DIPHENYL-1,10-PHENANTHROLINE (BATHOPHENANTHROLINE)
Authors: HUKILL PETER B. , PUTT FREDERICK A.
Published: April 2011

1. A new histochemical method for staining tissue iron is described, employing the chelating agent 4,7 - diphenyl - 1,10 - phenanthroline (Bathophenanthroline).

2. The method appears to be more sensitive than the classical Prussian blue method, and stains generally the same chemical forms of iron as does the latter. It is specific for iron.

3. The method has the theoretical advantage for histochemical purposes that, unlike the Prussian blue and Turnbull blue methods, it does not make use of an iron containing reagent. There is no possibility of a false positive reaction due to the reagent reacting with itself after oxidation by air or oxidizing agents in tissue.

4. It is recommended for investigative purposes and as a routine histologic stain where small amounts of iron are to be detected.
MORPHOLOGIC APPEARANCE AND CYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MALIGNANT CELLS FOLLOWING RAPID DEHYDRATION
Authors: ORR HENRY C. , BELKIN MORRIS , HARDY WALTER G. , MERLER EZIO
Published: April 2011

Cells of strains HeLa, D164, D189, D227 and P388 were grown on coverslips. The first four strains are of human cell origin; P388 is derived from a mouse leukemia. These coverslips were placed over phosphorus pentoxide in a desiccator which was rapidly exhausted, and permitted to remain so for an hour.

Such dehydrated cells, examined with transmitted light and the phase contrast microscope, revealed considerable intact structural detail. The cell surface, nuclear membrane and cytoplasmic granules appeared well preserved. Adding a little distilled water to the dehydrated cells produced an improvement in visibility of many cellular components so that now such "restored" cells under transmitted light and phase contrast microscopy strikingly resembled living cells.

When cytochemical tests were made for certain intracellular constituents, fat stained strongly with oil red O as did polysaccharide by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Giemsa also stained the cells well. Poor staining was obtained with hematoxylin and cosin, and with fast green, indicating adverse protein changes.

In dehydrated cells, acid and alkaline phosphatase showed considerable activity, whereas cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase appeared completely inactivated.

The advantages of dehydration as a fixing procedure are (1) simplicity, (2) rapidity, (3) avoidance of damage due to chemical fixation, and (4) it permits storage for an indefinite period prior to further treatment.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ANIONS ON ALKALINE PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: FREIMAN DAVID G. , GOLDMAN HARVEY , KAPLAN NANCY
Published: April 2011

Pretreatment of cryostat sections of dog kidney with sodium salts of various anions in acetate buffer at pH 4.0 for periods of time ranging up to 6 hours produces differential inhibition of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity as determined by the Gomori method. The degree of anionic effect is dependent on the nature of the anion and modified by the cation present. The effect also varies directly with the anionic concentration, duration of exposure and temperature of the pretreatment buffer and inversely with the pH. On the basis of the differential suppression of enzymatic activity by the various anions, and the conditions under which these effects were evident, distinctive inhibition profiles were established for the several phosphomonoesterases tested, including the renal and intestinal alkaline phosphatases and the smooth muscle 5'-nucleotidases of several species. The similarity of the results obtained in various biochemical studies on other enzymes reported in the literature and those obtained histochemically in these experiments suggests a common mechanism of action; this is presumed to be a differential effect of anions on the dissociation of apoenzyme and coenzyme. The method described provides a simple and effective means of differentiating, under histochemical conditions, closely related and even apparently identical enzymes.