bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic pronunciation error detection in non-native speech: The case of vowel errors in Dutch
Authors: Doremalen Joost van , Cucchiarini Catia , Strik Helmer
Published: August 2013

This research is aimed at analyzing and improving automatic pronunciation error detection in a second language. Dutch vowels spoken by adult non-native learners of Dutch are used as a test case. A first study on Dutch pronunciation by L2 learners with different L1s revealed that vowel pronunciation errors are relatively frequent and often concern subtle acoustic differences between the realization and the target sound. In a second study automatic pronunciation error detection experiments were conducted to compare existing measures to a metric that takes account of the error patterns observed to capture relevant acoustic differences. The results of the two studies do indeed show that error patterns bear information that can be usefully employed in weighted automatic measures of pronunciation quality. In addition, it appears that combining such a weighted metric with existing measures improves the equal error rate by 6.1 percentage points from 0.297, for the Goodness of Pronunciation (GOP) algorithm, to 0.236.
Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict
Authors: Hsiang Solomon M. , Burke Marshall , Miguel Edward
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Despite the existence of institutions designed to promote peace, interactions between individuals and groups sometimes lead to conflict. Understanding the causes of such conflict is a major project in the social sciences, and researchers in anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology have long debated the extent to which climatic changes are responsible. Recent advances and interest have prompted an explosion of quantitative studies on this question.

Methods

We carried out a comprehensive synthesis of the rapidly growing literature on climate and human conflict. We examined many types of human conflict, ranging from interpersonal violence and crime to intergroup violence and political instability and further to institutional breakdown and the collapse of civilizations. We focused on quantitative studies that can reliably infer causal associations between climate variables and conflict outcomes. The studies we examined are experiments or “natural experiments”; the latter exploit variations in climate over time that are plausibly independent of other variables that also affect conflict. In many cases, we obtained original data from studies that did not meet this criterion and used a common statistical method to reanalyze these data. In total, we evaluated 60 primary studies that have examined 45 different conflict data sets. We collected findings across time periods spanning 10,000 BCE to the present and across all major world regions.

Results

Deviations from normal precipitation and mild temperatures systematically increase the risk of conflict, often substantially. This relationship is apparent across spatial scales ranging from a single building to the globe and at temporal scales ranging from an anomalous hour to an anomalous millennium. Our meta-analysis of studies that examine populations in the post-1950 era suggests that the magnitude of climate’s influence on modern conflict is both substantial and highly statistically significant (
P
< 0.001). Each 1-SD change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall increases the frequency of interpersonal violence by 4% and intergroup conflict by 14% (median estimates).

Discussion

We conclude that there is more agreement across studies regarding the influence of climate on human conflict than has been recognized previously. Given the large potential changes in precipitation and temperature regimes projected for the coming decades—with locations throughout the inhabited world expected to warm by 2 to 4 SDs by 2050—amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.
Recurrent Insect Outbreaks Caused by Temperature-Driven Changes in System Stability
Authors: Nelson William A. , Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Yamanaka Takehiko
Published: August 2013

Insect Cycles

Rapid increases in insect populatio n sizes can result in significant crop losses. Seasonal temperature has been proposed to drive such outbreaks. Despite clear evidence that temperature can drive individual insect development, its influence at the population level is much less clear.

Nelson
et al.

(p.
796
, published online 1 August) analyzed data collected over 50 years on the tea tortrix moth, which affects Japanese tea plantations, to reveal the impacts of temperature on cyclical outbreaks.
14-Step Synthesis of (+)-Ingenol from (+)-3-Carene
Authors: Jørgensen Lars , McKerrall Steven J. , Kuttruff Christian A. , Ungeheuer Felix , Felding Jakob , Baran Phil S.
Published: August 2013

Ingenol Ingenuity

The diterpenoid i ngenol is the core structure of a topical drug recently commercialized to treat actinic keratosis, a precancerous skin condition. Sourcing the compound from the
Euphorbia
plants that produce it is relatively inefficient, so

Jørgensen
et al.

(p.
878
, published online 1 August) devised a chemical synthesis starting from the comparatively simple and inexpensive monoterpene chiral (+)-3-carene. The synthetic sequence involves 14 steps—less than half as long as prior chemical routes to the target—and relies on a two-stage approach, inspired by the posited biosynthetic pathway, in which preliminary assembly of the fused ring framework precedes hydroxylation of the periphery.
First Insights into the Completely Annotated Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis Strain 9945A
Authors: Rachinger Michael , Volland Sonja , Meinhardt Friedhelm , Daniel Rolf , Liesegang Heiko
Published: August 2013

Strains of the species
Bacillus licheniformis
are widely used in biotechnology for the production of enzymes and antibiotics (M. Schallmey, A. Singh, and O. P. Ward, Can. J. Microbiol. 50:1–17, 2004). However, research and application of
B. licheniformis
strains are adversely affected by poor genetic accessibility. Thus, for a closer inspection of natural competence in
B. licheniformis
, the genome of strain 9945A, of which derivatives are known to be naturally competent (C. B. Thorne and H. B. Stull, J. Bacteriol. 91:1012–1020, 1966), was completely sequenced and manually annotated.
Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter fetus subsp.
venerealis
Biovar Intermedius, Isolated from the Prepuce of a Bull
Authors: Iraola Gregorio , Pérez Ruben , Naya Hugo , Paolicchi Fernando , Harris David , Lawley Trevor D. , Rego Natalia , Hernández Martín , Calleros Lucía , Carretto Luis , Velilla Alejandra , Morsella Claudia , Méndez Alejandra , Gioffre Andrea
Published: August 2013

Campylobacter fetus
subsp.
venerealis
is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a sexually transmitted disease distributed worldwide.
Campylobacter fetus
subsp.
venerealis
biovar Intermedius strains differ in their biochemical behavior and are prevalent in some countries. We report the first genome sequence for this biovar, isolated from bull prepuce.
Genome Sequence of the Pyrene- and Fluoranthene-Degrading Bacterium
Cycloclasticus
sp. Strain PY97M
Authors: Cui Zhisong , Xu Guangsu , Li Qian , Gao Wei , Zheng Li
Published: August 2013

Cycloclasticus
sp. strain PY97M was isolated from a phenanthrene-degrading consortium, enriched from Yellow Sea sediment of China. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of strain PY97M, which contains 2,359,509 bp with a G+C content of 41.92% and contains 2, 264 protein-coding genes and 40 tRNAs.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Isolated in China
Authors: Zhou Zhaorui , Meng Weiwei , Deng Fei , Xia Han , Li Tianxian , Sun Surong , Wang Manli , Wang Hualin , Zhang Yujiang , Hu Zhihong
Published: August 2013

Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strains, 79121M18 and YL04057, isolated in Xinjiang, China. Sequence analysis showed that they represent a genotype of CCHFV that has not been reported before.
An unusual intracardiac electrogram showing cause for false electrical discharge from an ICD
Authors: Mohammed Ishaq , Ratib Karim , Creamer John
Published: August 2013

We describe a rare case of inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy due to false sensing of electromechanical interference from diathermy as ‘ventricular fibrillation (VF)’. This occurred during surgical removal of sternal wires under general anaesthesia. Postsurgical interrogation of ICD revealed the intracardiac electrogram showing the mechanical interference sensed as ‘VF’ by ICD and subsequent shock delivery.
A headache presenting in the emergency room, a clinical manifestation of an unfortunate diagnosis (grade III left frontal anaplastic ependymoma with 1p deletion)
Authors: Flores-Robles B J , Hurtarte-Sandoval A R , Harrison R M , Cuevas C C
Published: August 2013

An 18-year-old girl presented with a headache and behavioural changes. She was found to have a frontal mass. Neuroimaging revealed an intra-axial mass, located at the left frontal cortical/subcortical region approximately 6×7, 5×7, 5 cm (TxApxL), having a heterogeneous density with cysts and calcification. She had total gross excision of the neoplasm. Histopathological examination revealed an anaplastic ependymoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation, a molecular cytogenetic test, reported deletion of 1p without deletion of 19q. The patient had a good postoperative improvement.
A complex neurological presentation of syphilis
Authors: Kamath Max , Rizvi Maleeha , O'Nions Jenny , Brook Gary
Published: August 2013

Syphilis is a contagious sexually transmitted infection notable for its complex array of systemic presentations. It is caused by the spirochaeteTreponema pallidumand although once considered to be a largely historical condition in the UK, the recent rise in incidence makes syphilis increasingly relevant when considering unusual presentations in at-risk patients. The disease has three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary. The tertiary stage is associated with a plethora of neurological features ranging from psychosis to seizure caused by direct invasion of the spirochaete into the central nervous system. Here we describe the case of a 45-year-old man presenting with tonic clonic seizures on a background of balance and visual problems. Following normal examination and routine investigations further serology confirmed a diagnosis of neurosyphilis. The patient was started on appropriate treatment and made an excellent clinical recovery.
Primary peritoneal hydatidosis
Authors: Hegde Nishchit , Hiremath Bharati
Published: August 2013

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. Echinococcosis occurs worldwide and can affect multiple organs. The liver (75%) and the lungs (15%) are the most common sites of occurrence followed by the spleen, kidney, bones and brain. Peritoneal hydatidosis commonly occurs secondary to a ruptured hydatid cyst of the liver or the spleen. Primary peritoneal hydatidosis is an extremely rare entity accounting for just 2% of all intra-abdominal hydatid disease. Most patients remain asymptomatic for years before presenting with vague abdominal symptoms such as non-specific pain, abdominal fullness, dyspepsia, anorexia and vomiting. We successfully treated a 55-year-old woman with primary peritoneal hydatidosis. The role of imaging and immunological tests in the diagnosis is highlighted. The patient was managed by a combination of preoperative and postoperative antihelminthic therapy along with laparotomy, cyst deroofing, toileting and omentoplasty. The patient is asymptomatic at 1-year follow-up.
Systematic literature review of templates for reporting prehospital major incident medical management
Authors: Fattah Sabina , Rehn Marius , Reierth Eirik , Wisborg Torben
Published: August 2013

Objective

To identify and describe the content of templates for reporting prehospital major incident medical management.

Design

Systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines.

Data sources

PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Knowledge. Grey literature was also searched.

Eligibility criteria for selected studies

Templates published after 1 January 1990 and up to 19 March 2012. Non-English language literature, except Scandinavian; literature without an available abstract; and literature reporting only psychological aspects were excluded.

Results

The main database search identified 8497 articles, among which 8389 were excluded based on title and abstract. An additional 96 were excluded based on the full-text. The remaining 12 articles were included in the analysis. A total of 107 articles were identified in the grey literature and excluded. The reference lists for the included articles identified five additional articles. A relevant article published after completing the search was also included. In the 18 articles included in the study, 10 different templates or sets of data are described: 2 methodologies for assessing major incident responses, 3 templates intended for reporting from exercises, 2 guidelines for reporting in medical journals, 2 analyses of previous disasters and 1 Utstein-style template.

Conclusions

More than one template exists for generating reports. The limitations of the existing templates involve internal and external validity, and none of them have been tested for feasibility in real-life incidents.

Trial registration

The review is registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42012002051).
Mortality risks in relation to occupational category and position among the Japanese working population: the Jichi Medical School (JMS) cohort study
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Kayaba Kazunori
Published: August 2013

Objectives

A well-known demographic finding in modern society is the inverse association between socioeconomic status and mortality. The purpose of the study was to examine socioeconomic indicators, such as occupational category (white-collar vs blue -collar) and occupational position (managerial vs non-managerial) as determinants of all -cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality in a Japanese working population.

Design

This is a prospective study.

Participants

Data of a baseline survey were collected between 1992 and 1995, and ultimately 6929 Japanese workers aged 65 years and younger (3333 men and 3596 women) from 12 rural communities across Japan were followed until the end of 2005.

Main outcome measures

The HRs of death and 95% CIs from all causes were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Men in blue-collar jobs showed an increased all-cause mortality risk compared with those in white-collar jobs (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.45). Stratified by occupational category, non-managerial women in blue-collar jobs showed a decreased CVD mortality risk compared with managerial women (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81), after adjusting for confounding factors. However, non-managerial women in white-collar jobs showed an increased mortality risk compared with managerial women, although this was not significant (HR 2.34, 95% CI 0.25 to 21.87).

Conclusions

Socioeconomic disparity according to occupational category was related to the risk of all-cause mortality among Japanese men. There is a potential interaction of occupational category and position in CVD mortality among Japanese women.
Comparison of imputation methods for missing laboratory data in medicine
Authors: Waljee Akbar K , Mukherjee Ashin , Singal Amit G , Zhang Yiwei , Warren Jeffrey , Balis Ulysses , Marrero Jorge , Zhu Ji , Higgins Peter DR
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Missing laboratory data is a common issue, but the optimal method of imputation of missing values has not been determined. The aims of our study were to compare the accuracy of four imputation methods for missing completely at random laboratory data and to compare the effect of the imputed values on the accuracy of two clinical predictive models.

Design

Retrospective cohort analysis of two large data sets.

Setting

A tertiary level care institution in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Participants

The Cirrhosis cohort had 446 patients and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease cohort had 395 patients.

Methods

Non-missing laboratory data were randomly removed with varying frequencies from two large data sets, and we then compared the ability of four methods—missForest, mean imputation, nearest neighbour imputation and multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE)—to impute the simulated missing data. We characterised the accuracy of the imputation and the effect of the imputation on predictive ability in two large data sets.

Results

MissForest had the least imputation error for both continuous and categorical variables at each frequency of missingness, and it had the smallest prediction difference when models used imputed laboratory values. In both data sets, MICE had the second least imputation error and prediction difference, followed by the nearest neighbour and mean imputation.

Conclusions

MissForest is a highly accurate method of imputation for missing laboratory data and outperforms other common imputation techniques in terms of imputation error and maintenance of predictive ability with imputed values in two clinical predicative models.
Associations of objectively assessed levels of physical activity, aerobic fitness and motor coordination with injury risk in school children aged 7–9 years: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Martin-Diener Eva , Wanner Miriam , Kriemler Susi , Martin Brian W
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Physical activity (PA) is important for children's health but entails an inherent risk of injuries. The objective of this study was to assess activity-related correlates of injuries in children of the general population under the age of 10 while accounting for PA behaviour objectively assessed with accelerometers.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Primary schools in Switzerland.

Participants

41 (56.9%) of 72 contacted schools were eligible. 11 (26.9%) of them agreed to participate. 3 more schools were recruited with a snowball system. On the individual level, 83.7% of the parents gave consent. Finally, 249 children with complete data (82.2%) from 20 grade 1–3 classes from 14 schools were analysed (mean age 7.9 years, 49.4% girls).

Primary outcome measures

Outcome measures were retrospectively assessed injury incidence rates expressed as the number of injuries per 1000 h of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and injury risk depending on levels of PA, aerobic fitness and motor coordination, derived from logistic regression models.

Results

0.43 injuries/1000 h of MVPA (95% CI 0.28 to 0.58) were reported. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and accounting for exposure to PA, children with medium and high levels compared with those with low levels of aerobic fitness assessed with the 20 m shuttle run test were at decreased injury risk (OR=0.37 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.85)/OR=0.29 (0.16 to 0.63)). Children with high motor coordination scores assessed with the “Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder” test were at increased injury risk compared with those in the normal range (2.59 (1.04 to 6.32)). Levels of objectively assessed PA were not associated with injury risk; they were neither expressed as rates nor as cumulative incidence.

Conclusions

This study provides novel data showing that low levels of fitness and high coordinative skills, but not objectively assessed levels of PA, were related to injury risk in children under the age of 10.
Trends in the use of bilateral mastectomy in England from 2002 to 2011: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics
Authors: Neuburger Jenny , MacNeill Fiona , Jeevan Ranjeet , van der Meulen Jan H P , Cromwell David A
Published: August 2013

Objectives

For healthy women at high risk of developing breast cancer, a bilateral mastectomy can reduce future risk. For women who already have unilateral breast cancer, removing the contralateral healthy breast is more difficult to justify. We examined trends in the number of women who had a bilateral mastectomy in England between 2002 and 2011.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using the Hospital Episode Statistics database.

Setting

NHS hospital trusts in England.

Participants

Women aged between 18 and 80 years who had a bilateral mastectomy (or a contralateral mastectomy within 24 months of unilateral mastectomy) with or without a diagnosis of breast cancer.

Main outcome measures

Number and incidence of women without breast cancer who had a bilateral mastectomy; number and proportion who had a bilateral mastectomy as their first breast cancer operation, and the proportion of those undergoing bilateral mastectomy who had immediate breast reconstruction.

Results

Among women without breast cancer, the number who had a bilateral mastectomy increased from 71 in 2002 to 255 in 2011 (annual incidence rate ratio 1.16, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.18). In women with breast cancer, the number rose from 529 to 931, an increase from 2% to 3.1% of first operations (OR for annual increase 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.08). Across both groups, rates of immediate breast reconstruction roughly doubled and reached 90% among women without breast cancer in 2011.

Conclusions

The number of women who had a bilateral mastectomy nearly doubled over the last decade, and more than tripled among women without breast cancer. This coincided with an increase in the use of immediate breast reconstruction.
Prediction of initiation and cessation of breastfeeding from late pregnancy to 16 weeks: the Feeding Your Baby (FYB) cohort study
Authors: Donnan Peter T , Dalzell Janet , Symon Andrew , Rauchhaus Petra , Monteith-Hodge Ewa , Kellett Gillian , Wyatt Jeremy C , Whitford Heather M
Published: August 2013

Objective

To derive prediction models for both initiation and cessation of breastfeeding using demographic, psychological and obstetric variables.

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting

Women delivering at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.

Data sources

Demographic data and psychological measures were obtained during pregnancy by questionnaire. Birth details, feeding method at birth and at hospital discharge were obtained from the Ninewells hospital database, Dundee, UK. Breastfeeding women were followed up by text messages every 2 weeks until 16 weeks or until breastfeeding was discontinued to ascertain feeding method and feeding intentions.

Participants

Pregnant women over 30 weeks gestation aged 16 years and above, living in Dundee, booked to deliver at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, and able to speak English.

Main outcome measure

Initiation and cessation of breastfeeding.

Results

From the total cohort of women at delivery (n=344) 68% (95% CI 63% to 73%) of women had started breastfeeding at discharge. Significant predictors of initiating breastfeeding were older age, parity, greater intention to breastfeed from a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)-based questionnaire, higher Iowa Infant Feeding Assessment Scale (IIFAS) score as well as living with a husband or partner. For the final model, the AUROC was 0.967. For those who initiated breastfeeding (n=233), the strongest predictors of stopping were low intention to breastfeed from TPB, low IIFAS score and non-managerial/professional occupations.

Conclusions

The findings from this study will be used to inform the protocol for an intervention study to encourage and support prolonged breastfeeding as intentions appear to be a key intervention focus for initiation. The predictive models could be used to identify women at high risk of not initiating and also women at high risk of stopping for interventions to improve the longevity of breastfeeding.
Predicting and preventing postconcussive problems in paediatrics (5P) study: protocol for a prospective multicentre clinical prediction rule derivation study in children with concussion
Authors: Zemek Roger , Osmond Martin H , Barrowman Nick
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Persistent postconcussive symptoms (PCSs) is the persistence of somatic, cognitive, physical, psychological and/or behavioural changes lasting more than 1 month following concussion. Persistent concussion impacts the quality of life through impaired cognition, memory and attention affecting school performance, mood and social engagement. No large epidemiological studies have determined the true prevalence of persistent concussion symptoms. Validated, easy-to-use prognosticators do not exist for clinicians to identify children at highest risk. The goal of Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics study is to derive a clinical prediction rule for the development of persistent postconcussion symptoms in children and adolescents presenting to emergency department following acute head injury.

Methods and analysis

This study is a prospective, multicentre cohort study across nine academic Canadian paediatric emergency departments. We will recruit the largest prospective epidemiological cohort of children with concussion. Eligible children will be followed using Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, a validated tool in children as young as 5 years. Patients will follow-up at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postinjury. The main outcome will be the presence/absence of PCSs defined as three or more persistent concussion symptoms 1 month following the injury. 1792 patients provide adequate power to derive a clinical decision rule using multivariate analyses to find predictor variables sensitive for detecting cases of persistent postconcussion symptoms.

Ethics and dissemination

Results of this large prospective study will enable clinicians to identify children at highest risk, optimise treatment and provide families with realistic and appropriate anticipatory guidance. Ethics has been obtained through the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Ethics Board. Results will be disseminated at international conferences and in four manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration

This study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov through the US National Institute of Health/National Library of Medicine (NCT01873287;http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01873287).
Urinary excretion of porphyrins, porphobilinogen and δ-aminolaevulinic acid following an attack of acute intermittent porphyria
Authors: Marsden Joanne T , Rees David C
Published: August 2013

Background and objectives

The porphyrias are a group of rare, mainly inherited, diseases caused by a deficiency of one of the enzymes of the haem biosynthesis pathway. The biochemical hallmark of an acute attack is an increase in urine porphobilinogen (PBG), together with an increase in urinary excretion of δ-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and total urine porphyrins (TUP). In patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) the concentrations of the porphyrin precursors are thought to remain elevated for many years following an acute attack, although this has not been well documented.

Methods

We measured urine ALA, PBG and TUP excretion in 20 patients with AIP following an attack of acute porphyria over a time period of 3 months to 23 years after their last documented acute attack.

Results

We showed that urinary concentrations of all metabolites remain elevated for many years. The urinary half life of TUP was 5.3 years, ALA 7.7 years and PBG 10.6 years. Even after 20 years, PBG concentrations remained elevated above the normal range.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the difficulties of using urinary analysis for diagnosing recurrent attacks, and also raises important questions about the pathophysiology of the condition.
Chromosome 17 polysomy: correlation with histological parameters andHER2NEUgene amplification
Authors: Orsaria Maria , Khelifa Sihem , Buza Natalia , Kamath Anitha , Hui Pei
Published: August 2013

Aims

HER2NEUgene amplification is present in the majority of invasive breast carcinomas that have HER2 protein overexpression. A subset of breast cancers harbour an increased chromosome 17 (CEP17) copy number (polysomy 17). We investigated the clinicopathologic significance of polysomy 17 in correlation with various histological parameters andHER2NEUgene amplification.

Methods

We collected the surgical specimens of 266 consecutive cases of primary invasive breast carcinomas.HER2NEUgene status and CEP17 copy numbers were assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). Chromosome 17 polysomy was determined by the presence of ≥3 average CEP17 signals per nucleus.

Results

63 tumours (23.7%) harboured polysomy 17. Carcinomas with polysomy 17 were associated with adverse histological indicators including high histological grade, high nuclear grade, poor Nottingham Prognostic Index, advanced local tumour extent and progesterone receptor negativity. Polysomy 17 was common toHER2NEUamplified and unamplified tumours, and more frequently observed inHER2NEUunamplified (71.4%) cases.

Conclusions

In the absence of the gene amplification, HER2 protein overexpression may be explained by other mechanisms including polysomy 17.
Whole genome sequencing of Gir cattle for identifying polymorphisms and loci under selection
Authors: Liao Xiaoping , Peng Fred , Forni Selma , McLaren David , Plastow Graham , Stothard Paul
Published: August 2013

Genetic variation in Gir cattle (Bos indicus) has so far not been well characterized. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing of three Gir bulls and a pooled sample from another 11 bulls to identify polymorphisms and loci under selection. A total of 9 990 733 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 604 308 insertion/deletions (indels) were discovered in Gir samples, of which 62.34% and 83.62%, respectively, are previously unknown. Moreover, we detected 79 putative selective sweeps using the sequence data of the pooled sample. One of the most striking sweeps harbours several genes belonging to the cathelicidin gene family, such as CAMP, CATHL1, CATHL2, and CATHL3, which are related to pathogen- and parasite-resistance. Another interesting region harbours genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinases, which are involved in directing cellular responses to a variety of stimuli, such as osmotic stress and heat shock. These findings are particularly interesting because Gir is resistant to hot temperatures and tropical diseases. This initial selective sweep analysis of Gir cattle has revealed a number of loci that could be important for their adaptation to tropical climates.
ON CENTRALIZED PARALLEL COMMUNICATING GRAMMAR SYSTEMS WITH CONTEXT-SENSITIVE COMPONENTS
Authors: OTTO FRIEDRICH
Published: August 2013

Centralized parallel communicating grammar systems with context-sensitive components that work in returning mode can only generate context-sensitive languages. Here we show that, when working in nonreturning mode, these grammar systems generate all languages from the nondeterministic time complexity class NEXT = ∪c ≥ 1 NTIME (2c·n).
MINIMIZATION OF PLANAR DIRECTED ACYCLIC GRAPH ALGEBRAS
Authors: KALAMPAKAS ANTONIOS , LOUSCOU-BOZAPALIDOU OLYMPIA
Published: August 2013

We introduce planar directed acyclic graph algebras and present an explicit minimization method. The minimal simulation of a nondeterministic automaton on planar directed acyclic graphs is constructed.
NEW OPTIMAL FREQUENCY HOPPING SEQUENCE SETS FROM BALANCED NESTED DIFFERENCE PACKINGS OF PARTITION-TYPE
Authors: CAI HAN , ZENG XIANGYONG , TANG XIAOHU , HU LEI
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we construct a new kind of balanced nested difference packings of partition-type based on generalized cyclotomy with respect to ℤpm. As an application, we propose a construction of frequency hopping sequence sets. The frequency hopping sequence sets obtained in this paper are optimal with respect to the Peng-Fan bound.
TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCE AND INTERCOMPANY R&D COLLABORATION: ACROSS BUSINESS ECOSYSTEMS BOUNDARIES
Authors: RIKKIEV ANDREI , MÄKINEN SAKU J.
Published: August 2013

Technology-based industry convergence brings forth new competence-destroying technologies, increases product complexity and drives companies to enter into collaborative R&D arrangements outside their current business ecosystems. The technology-based convergence context is classified as technology substitution and technology integration convergence types, and requires new collaborative competencies spanning business ecosystems that are not identified in the current literature. This paper explores the critical success factors (CSFs) of inter-company R&D collaboration in different types of convergence projects. The study finds that the convergence types are differentiated by their focal areas: product features, relative product advantage and market need orientation. We further discuss the important CSFs of the convergence types and provide insights for managers in our results.
Kinetics and mechanism of ligands substitution in the chromium(III) complex of tetraphenylporphin
Authors: Burmistrov Vladimir A. , Trifonova Irina P. , Zakharov Alexandr V. , Koifman Oscar I.
Published: August 2013

The reaction of axial coordination of imidazole derivatives by (X)CrTPP in amphiprotic media was studied. The reaction includes two stages: consecutive substitution of the two alcohols molecules, first in the outer coordination sphere, and then in the inner sphere. For the reaction of the intrasphere substitution the solvolytic associative-dissociative mechanism has been found. The molecule of (chloro)chromium(III) porphyrin and its derivatives have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) computations utilizing the B3LYP hybrid method.
A Rational Foundation for Trend-Chasing and Contrarian Trades with Implications for Momentum Anomalies
Authors: Kedar-Levy Haim
Published: August 2013

Trend-chasing and Contrarian are well-documented empirical trading patterns that the literature generally attributes to behavioral biases. In contrast, we argue that both are rational portfolio rebalancing strategies in a dynamic asset allocation framework. Analyzing the interactions between strategies implemented in stocks and bonds, we find that a key parameter is the investor's level of relative-risk-aversion versus the market price of risk. Our mapping of preferences to trades fits remarkably well recent empirical findings of time-series momentum and reversal. Specifically, speculators trade like Trend-chasers throughout the momentum phase closing positions once the trend reverses, while hedgers trade like Contrarians. These trades seem to explain time-series momentum.
Provenance models: the role of sandstone mineral–chemical stratigraphy
Authors: Hurst Andrew , Morton Andrew
Published: August 2013

Three distinct analytical approaches are embraced in mineral–chemical stratigraphy: mineralogy, whole-rock geochemistry and single-grain geochemical analysis. Mineralogical studies identify and quantify the clastic components of sandstone, even though any clast category may be geochemically diverse. Whole-rock geochemical studies (sometimes referred to as chemostratigraphy), by contrast, quantify the abundance of major and trace elements in sandstone, but provide no information on the distribution and location of the elements in minerals. These approaches are linked by single-grain geochemical analysis, which enables further characterization and subdivision of individual mineralogical components, and identifies sites where specific major and trace elements reside.

In this paper, we consider the relationships between minerals, mineral chemistry and whole-rock composition, before exploring the value of mineral–chemical stratigraphy for lithostratigraphic correlation and evaluation of sediment provenance, using published examples from the North Sea region, where the great majority of such studies have been undertaken. We conclude by discussing the important role that alluvial basins play in controlling mineral–chemical signatures.
The Archaeology of Illegal and Illicit Economies
Authors: Hartnett Alexandra , Dawdy Shannon Lee
Published: August 2013

In the past 25 years, an interest in “informal economies” has grown across the social sciences, encompassing economic activities not (successfully) regulated by government. Archaeology has paralleled this interest primarily through studies of household and craft production; much of this work presumes rather than proves state control over quotidian exchanges. The smaller number of works on the riskier endeavors of piracy, smuggling, and prostitution, which we review here, underscores how weak the formal/informal duality is in application over the longue durée: Most markets are gray, not black or white. Instead of discussing the problematic category of the informal economy, we focus on illegal and illicit economies while demonstrating that the relationship between government and economy is highly variable, politically volatile, and socially embedded. We identify emerging trends in archaeology and address the hesitation to read archaeological deposits for clandestine activities by eliciting the distinct forensic patterns they leave in the material record.
Biomolecular Archaeology
Authors: Brown Keri A. , Brown Terence A.
Published: August 2013

Ancient biomolecules including DNA, proteins, and lipids are often preserved in archaeological skeletons or artifacts such as potsherds from cooking vessels. Techniques for analyzing these molecules have improved dramatically in recent years, though challenges remain in ensuring that results are authentic and not confused by the presence of contaminating modern biomolecules. Ancient DNA (aDNA) can be used to identify the sex, kinship relationships, and population affinities of human skeletons, and also to detect the presence of disease-causing organisms such as the plague and tuberculosis bacteria. Stable isotope ratios in collagen and other skeletal proteins enable past diets to be studied, and similar work with lipids from potsherds have revealed that dairying in Europe began 2,000 years earlier than previously thought. Biomolecular archaeology has therefore developed into a mature discipline that is making a significant contribution to different aspects of our understanding of the human past.
Disability Worlds
Authors: Ginsburg Faye , Rapp Rayna
Published: August 2013

Disability is a profoundly relational category, shaped by social conditions that exclude full participation in society. What counts as an impairment in different sociocultural settings is highly variable. Recently, new approaches by disability scholars and activists show that disability is not simply lodged in the body, but created by the social and material conditions that “dis-able” the full participation of those considered atypical. Historically, anthropological studies of disability were often intellectually segregated, considered the province of those in medical and applied anthropology. We show the growing incorporation of disability in the discipline on its own terms by bringing in the social, activist, reflexive, experiential, narrative, and phenomenological dimensions of living with particular impairments. We imagine a broad future for critical anthropological studies of disability and argue that as a universal aspect of human life this topic should be foundational to the field.
Jurisdiction: Grounding Law in Language
Authors: Richland Justin B.
Published: August 2013

Jurisdiction, a concept often demarcating law's territorial scope, and thus the bounds of state sovereignty, is offered here as a theory of legal language and its relation to law's social force. Reconsidered in light of its etymology as law's speech, new theories of jurisdiction suggest that law is simultaneously founded and enacted through language both spectacular (such as courtroom arguments or in the preambles of constitutions) and mundane (such as in legal aid intake exchanges, or in the forms of bureaucratic records). Jurisdiction points up how the force of law, and the sovereignty that law's force presupposes, can be seen as being made, and made seemingly unassailable, in the discursive and textual details of law's actual accomplishment. This review considers a segment of legal language scholarship produced in recent decades, while arguing for the ground that language, as juris-diction, always holds for law and sovereignty.
The Anthropology of International Development
Authors: Mosse David
Published: August 2013

This review examines how international development has been studied by anthropologists, both as a particular form of institutional practice and as the terms of global economic and cultural integration. This review also explains a shift from an anthropological critique of the discursive power of development toward the ethnographic treatment of development as a category of practice. It reviews research into organizational and knowledge practices, and the life-worlds of “Aidland,” before turning to anthropological approaches to neoliberal development and the new aid architecture and, finally, to three significant current issues: the importance of business in development and corporate social responsibility; the donor focus on poverty as the result of the failure of government, conflict, and insecurity; and the growing importance of new donors such as China and India. This review concludes with comments about how engagement with international development has encouraged reflection on the practice of anthropology itself.
Pancreas Organogenesis: From Lineage Determination to Morphogenesis
Authors: Shih Hung Ping , Wang Allen , Sander Maike
Published: August 2013

The pancreas is an essential organ for proper nutrient metabolism and has both endocrine and exocrine function. In the past two decades, knowledge of how the pancreas develops during embryogenesis has significantly increased, largely from developmental studies in model organisms. Specifically, the molecular basis of pancreatic lineage decisions and cell differentiation is well studied. Still not well understood are the mechanisms governing three-dimensional morphogenesis of the organ. Strategies to derive transplantable β-cells in vitro for diabetes treatment have benefited from the accumulated knowledge of pancreas development. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of pancreatic lineage determination and organogenesis, and we examine future implications of these findings for treatment of diabetes mellitus through cell replacement.
Measuring Inflation Expectations
Authors: Armantier Olivier , Bruine de Bruin Wändi , Potter Simon , Topa Giorgio , van der Klaauw Wilbert , Zafar Basit
Published: August 2013

To conduct monetary policy, central banks around the world increasingly rely on measures of public inflation expectations. In this article, we review findings from an ongoing initiative at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York aimed at improving the measurement and our understanding of household inflation expectations through surveys. We discuss the importance of question wording and the usefulness of new questions to elicit an individual’s distribution of inflation beliefs. We present evidence suggesting that consumers update their inflation expectations in response to new information and that information dissemination may lead to more informed and reliable reporting of inflation expectations. Finally, we report on a financially incentivized experiment suggesting that expectations surveys are informative and that respondents generally act on their stated beliefs in a way consistent with expected utility theory.
Regional and Global Emissions of Air Pollutants: Recent Trends and Future Scenarios
Authors: Amann Markus , Klimont Zbigniew , Wagner Fabian
Published: August 2013

New scientific understanding could increase the cost-effectiveness of local and regional air quality management policies, enhance the acceptance of mitigation measures for long-lived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and reveal win-win portfolios of controls for short-lived substances that yield immediate health and crop benefits while limiting temperature increase in the near term. However, although substantial efforts have been devoted to global analyses of the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other long-lived GHGs, air pollutant emissions have received only limited attention in the global context. Past and likely future trends in air pollutant emissions evolve rather differently from those of long-lived GHGs, so that superficial extrapolations of GHG trends would lead to misleading conclusions. In many world regions, the evolution of air pollutant emissions has effectively decoupled from economic growth. Since 1990, air pollutant emissions declined (sulfur dioxide, SO2), stabilized (nitrogen oxides, NOx), or increased slightly (black carbon, BC; organic carbon, OC; and ammonia, NH3). This review discusses to what extent structural changes, technological improvements, and dedicated environmental legislation have contributed to these changes. The scenarios of future emissions in the literature span a wide range, mainly owing to different assumptions about future environmental policies. Although the more recent scenarios agree on declining air pollutants up to 2030, avoiding potential rebounds of emissions after 2030 will require additional policy interventions.
Market Instruments for the Sustainability Transition
Authors: Parson Edward A. , Kravitz Eric L.
Published: August 2013

This review examines environmental market instruments—policies that pursue environmental or conservation goals by modifying conditions in existing markets or creating new ones, thereby providing flexibility and incentives for decentralized responses. We review these instruments' theoretical basis, historical development, major current enactments and proposals, and empirical studies of their effects. We consider experience with these instruments in the context of the increased demands that may be imposed on any policies by the pursuit of a large-scale transition to sustainability. Under these conditions, challenges likely to be particularly prominent for market instruments will include managing distributive effects when policies are enacted, effectively adapting policies under advancing knowledge, managing the tension between cost-reducing expansion of the scope of market instruments and the maintenance of environmental effectiveness, and designing systems to build complementarity between market incentives and related normative systems. Each of these implies priorities for research and policy experimentation.
Recent Advances in Sustainable Buildings: Review of the Energy and Cost Performance of the State-of-the-Art Best Practices from Around the World
Authors: Harvey L.D. Danny
Published: August 2013

This article reviews the design approaches and technologies that have been used to reduce the energy requirements of new buildings by a factor of 2 to 4 compared to the energy use of otherwise comparable recent new buildings or that have been used to achieve comparable savings in retrofits of existing buildings. This is followed by a critical discussion of documented studies of the energy performance of new and retrofitted buildings from around the world, along with cost information where-ever available. The additional costs of meeting the Passive Standard for heating loads in new buildings, which represents a factor of 5 to 10 reduction of heating load compared to current standard practice, have ranged from 0% to 16% of the construction costs of reference buildings. High-performance commercial buildings, with overall energy intensities of 25–50% that of recent conventional buildings, have been built at less cost, or only at a few percent more cost, than conventional buildings.
Taking Fluid Mechanics to the General Public
Authors: Guyon Etienne , Guyon Marie Yvonne
Published: August 2013

Fluid flow phenomena are omnipresent; they can be observed and described in many locations and circumstances. However, in most cases, their presence does not stimulate an interest in science. We consider successively domains of activities in which the presence of fluid flow phenomena can be used: natural sites, industrial ones, sporting events, artistic creations and presentations, the production of images and books, science museums, cultural centers, and also popular mass media. The last section is devoted to outreach activities that can be practiced within the educational system.