bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plantaricin A reverses resistance to ciprofloxacin of multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting efflux pumps
Authors: Meng Fanqiang , Nie Ting , Lyu Yunbin , Lyu Fengxia , Bie Xiaomei , Lu Yingjian , Zhao Mingwen , Lu Zhaoxin
Published: August 2022

Overexpression of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps is commonly associated with antibiotic resistance, causing conventional antibiotics to be unsuccessful in combating multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections. Reducing the activity of the efflux pump is an urgently required to tackle this problem. Here, we found that plantaricin A (PlnA), an antimicrobial peptide derived from Lactobacillus plantarum, had a synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin (CIP), reducing the IC90 of CIP by eight times. Subsequently, changes in membrane permeability, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined; changes that did not explain the synergistic effect were previously observed. Ethidium bromide intake and efflux experiments showed that PlnA inhibited the function of the efflux pump by binding it and altering the structure of MepA, NorA, and LmrS. Then, a series of PlnA mutants were designed to explore the underlying mechanism; they showed that the charge and foaming of PlnA were the predominant factors affecting the structure of NorA. In a skin wound infection model, PlnA significantly reduced the dose of CIP, relieved inflammation, and promoted wound healing, indicating that PlnA and CIP synergy persisted in vivo. Overall, PlnA reduced the use of CIP for combination therapy, and allowing the continued used of CIP to kill MDR S. aureus. Multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus threatens our life as a tenacious pathogen, which causes infections in hospitals, communities and animal husbandry. Various studies have showed that efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been considered potential therapeutic agents for rejuvenating the activity of antibiotics. Unfortunately, small molecule EPIs exhibit several side effects that limit their use for clinical application. The present study showed a new EPI (plantaricin A) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, which has low cytotoxicity and haemolysis and powerful inhibitory activity on efflux pumps. Therefore, it helps the design of new EPIs and controls the infection of MDR S. aureus.
Nectar resources affect bird‐dispersed microbial metacommunities in suburban and rural gardens
Authors: Donald Marion L. , Galbraith Josie A. , Erastova Daria A. , Podolyan Anastasija , Miller Tom E. X. , Dhami Manpreet K.
Published: August 2022

As cities expand, understanding how urbanization affects biodiversity is a key ecological goal. Yet, little is known about how host‐associated microbial diversity responds to urbanization. We asked whether communities of microbial (bacterial and fungal) in floral nectar and sugar‐water feeders and vectored by nectar‐feeding birds—thus forming a metacommunity—differed in composition and diversity between suburban and rural gardens. Compared to rural birds, we found that suburban birds vectored different and more diverse bacterial communities. These differences were not detected in the nectar of common plant species, suggesting that nectar filters microbial taxa and results in metacommunity convergence. However, when considering all the nectar sources present, suburban beta diversity was elevated compared to rural beta diversity due to turnover of bacterial taxa across a plant species and sugar‐water feeders. While fungal metacommunity composition and beta diversity in nectar were similar between suburban and rural sites, alpha diversity was elevated in suburban sites, which mirrored the trend of increased fungal alpha diversity on birds. These results emphasize the interdependence of host, vector, and microbial diversity and demonstrate that human decisions can shape nectar microbial diversity in contrasting ways for bacteria and fungi.
Psychometric properties of patient‐reported outcomes measures used to assess upper limb pathology: a systematic review
Authors: Abbot Samuel , Proudman Susanna , Sim Yih Ping , Williams Nicole
Published: August 2022

Background

With the continued development of patient‐centred healthcare models, patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used to evaluate outcomes in patients with upper limb pathology. The aim was to identify valid, reliable and responsive PROMs used to assess outcomes following upper limb pathology, and ascertain how their psychometric properties had been established. A secondary aim was to identify PROMs that have been validated to assess upper limb pathology in the paediatric population.

Methods

A review of the Medline and EMBASE database was performed. Articles that analysed the validity of an established PROM used for upper limb pathology were included. Extracted study data included: author, country, PROM(s) investigated, year of publication, study type, sample size, demographics and duration of follow‐up.

Results

Twenty‐five articles were included, which together investigated the psychometric properties of 23 different PROMs that have been used to assess outcomes in adults following upper limb pathology. No study evaluated the psychometric properties of PROMs used in the paediatric population. Among PROMs that have been used in adults, the Quick‐Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) had strong content‐ and construct‐validity, reliability and responsiveness in comparison to others.

Conclusion

There are currently no studies that have analysed the content validity of PROMs used to assess upper limb pathology in the paediatric population. Prospective studies are required for the development of PROMs that can be utilized in children to assess upper limb pathology.
Innovative experimental animal models for real‐time comparison of antithrombogenicity between two oxygenators using dual extracorporeal circulation circuits and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging
Authors: Sakurai Hironobu , Fujiwara Tatsuki , Ohuchi Katsuhiro , Hijikata Wataru , Inoue Yusuke , Maruyama Osamu , Tahara Tomoki , Yokota Sachie , Tanaka Yui , Takewa Yoshiaki , Mizuno Tomohiro , Arai Hirokuni
Published: August 2022

Background

Antithrombogenicity of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices, particularly oxygenators, is a current problem, with numerous studies and developments underway. However, there has been limited progress in developing methods to accurately compare the antithrombogenicity of oxygenators. Animal experiments are commonly conducted to evaluate the antithrombogenicity of devices; however, it is challenging to maintain a steady experimental environment. We propose an innovative experimental animal model to evaluate different devices in a constant experimental environment in real‐time.

Methods

This model uses two venous–arterial ECMO circuits attached to one animal (one by jugular vein and carotid artery, one by femoral vein and artery) and real‐time assessment of thrombus formation in the oxygenator by indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging. Comparison studies were conducted using three pigs: one to compare different oxygenators (MERA vs. CAPIOX) (Case 1), and two to compare antithrombotic properties of the oxygenator (QUADROX) when used under different hydrodynamic conditions (continuous flow vs. pulsatile flow) (Cases 2 and 3).

Results

Thrombi, visualized using ICG imaging, appeared as black dots on a white background in each oxygenator. In Case 1, differences in the site of thrombus formation and rate of thrombus growth were observed in real‐time in two oxygenators. In Case 2 and 3, the thrombus region was smaller in pulsatile than in continuous conditions.

Conclusions

We devised an innovative experimental animal model for comparison of antithrombogenicity in ECMO circuits. This model enabled simultaneous evaluation of two different ECMO circuits under the same biological conditions and reduced the number of sacrificed experimental animals.
Computational cardiac physiology for new modelers: Origins, foundations, and future
Authors: Koivumäki Jussi T. , Hoffman Johan , Maleckar Mary M. , Einevoll Gaute T. , Sundnes Joakim
Published: August 2022

Mathematical models of the cardiovascular system have come a long way since they were first introduced in the early 19th century. Driven by a rapid development of experimental techniques, numerical methods, and computer hardware, detailed models that describe physical scales from the molecular level up to organs and organ systems have been derived and used for physiological research. Mathematical and computational models can be seen as condensed and quantitative formulations of extensive physiological knowledge and are used for formulating and testing hypotheses, interpreting and directing experimental research, and have contributed substantially to our understanding of cardiovascular physiology. However, in spite of the strengths of mathematics to precisely describe complex relationships and the obvious need for the mathematical and computational models to be informed by experimental data, there still exist considerable barriers between experimental and computational physiological research. In this review, we present a historical overview of the development of mathematical and computational models in cardiovascular physiology, including the current state of the art. We further argue why a tighter integration is needed between experimental and computational scientists in physiology, and point out important obstacles and challenges that must be overcome in order to fully realize the synergy of experimental and computational physiological research.
Laparoscopic closure of Roux limb perforation during double‐balloon endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with laparoscopy‐assisted endoscopic hepatolithectomy 30 years after congenital biliary dilatation radical surgery: A case report
Authors: Nakagawa Yoichi , Uchida Hiroo , Hinoki Akinari , Shirota Chiyoe , Sumida Wataru , Makita Satoshi , Masamune Okamoto , Ogata Seiya , Takimoto Aitaro , Takada Shunya , Kato Daiki , Gohda Yousuke
Published: August 2022

We report a case of hepatolithiasis 30 years after congenital biliary dilatation (CBD) surgery. A 31‐year‐old woman presented with fever and epigastric pain. She had a history of radical surgery for type I CBD at the age of 1 year and had no significant symptoms for approximately 30 years after surgery. Laboratory and imaging results showed hepatolithiasis at the common trunk of segments II and III with cholangitis. She was admitted to our hospital for antibiotics and underwent double‐balloon endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (DBERC) to treat the hepatolithiasis. Roux‐limb jejunum was perforated during DBERC; hence, emergent laparoscopic perforation site closure and simultaneous endoscopic lithotomy through the Roux‐limb jejunum with exteriorization via umbilical incision were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged without any complications.
Neural Network on Interval-Censored Data with Application to the Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sun Tao , Ding Ying
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and polygenic disorder that affects millions of individuals each year. Given that there have been few effective treatments yet for AD, it is highly desirable to develop an accurate model to predict the full disease progression profile based on an individual's genetic characteristics for early prevention and clinical management. This work uses data composed of all four phases of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study, including 1740 individuals with 8 million genetic variants. We tackle several challenges in this data, characterized by large-scale genetic data, interval-censored outcome due to intermittent assessments, and left truncation in one study phase (ADNIGO). Specifically, we first develop a semiparametric transformation model on interval-censored and left-truncated data and estimate parameters through a sieve approach. Then we propose a computationally efficient generalized score test to identify variants associated with AD progression. Next, we implement a novel neural network on interval-censored data (NN-IC) to construct a prediction model using top variants identified from the genome-wide test. Comprehensive simulation studies show that the NN-IC outperforms several existing methods in terms of prediction accuracy. Finally, we apply the NN-IC to the full ADNI data and successfully identify subgroups with differential progression risk profiles. Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the ADNI database.
Nickel allergy is associated with a broad spectrum cytokine response
Authors: De Graaf Niels P. J. , Roffel Sanne , Gibbs Susan , Kleverlaan Cees J. , Lopez Gonzalez Marta , Rustemeyer Thomas , Feilzer Albert J. , Bontkes Hetty J.
Published: August 2022

Background

Nickel‐induced proliferation or cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be used for in vitro diagnosis of nickel allergy.

Objectives

Aim of this study was to explore the nickel‐specific cytokine profile to further elucidate the pathogenesis of nickel allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and to identify potential new biomarkers for nickel ACD.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and controls were cultured with T‐cell skewing cytokine cocktails and/or nickel. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were assessed in culture supernatants using validated multiplex assays. Specific cytokine production was related to history of nickel allergy and patch‐test results.

Results

Twenty‐one of the 33 analytes included in the analysis were associated with nickel allergy and included type1 (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, TNF‐β), type 2 (IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13), type 1/2 (IL‐2, IL‐10), type 9 (IL‐9), type 17/1 (IL‐17A[F], GM‐CSF, IL‐21) and type 22 (IL‐22) derived cytokines as well as the T‐cell/antigen presentation cell derived factors Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC), IL‐27 and IP‐10. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis showed that IL‐5 was the strongest biomarker for nickel allergy.

Conclusions

A broad spectrum of 33 cytokines and chemokines is involved in the allergen‐specific immune response in nickel allergic patients. IL‐5 remains, next to the lymphocyte proliferation test, the strongest biomarker for nickel allergy.
Is conventional transbronchial lung biopsy out: The evaluation of clinical value in diffuse parenchymal lung disease
Authors: Zhou Lefei , Wang Feng , Xu Xiaoguang , Xu Lili , Wang Zhen , Tong Zhaohui
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a relatively safe technique routinely employed by pulmonologists for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD). Cryobiopsy is associated with higher diagnostic yield and a favorable risk/benefit ratio. Nevertheless, TBLB remains the representative method for definite diagnosis in developing countries.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate whether the results obtained from TBLB had clinical value to pulmonologists in the management of DPLD.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent conventional TBLB for the diagnosis of DPLD from May 1, 2017, to April 30, 2019, at the Beijing Chao‐yang Hospital, Capital Medical University. The clinical value of TBLB was defined as leading to a specific histopathological diagnosis or being consistent with the clinical and radiological data.

Results

Seven hundred and forty‐three patients with suspected DPLD were recruited. Conventional TBLB was considered clinically valuable in 439 procedures (59.1%), including 360 cases provided with definitive histopathological diagnoses, and 79 cases that were consistent with the working diagnoses. Among the 439 cases of clinically valuable TBLBs, 88 (20.0%), 37, 77 (10.7%), and 61 (13.9%) cases were diagnosed as connective tissue disease‐related interstitial lung disease, definite histopathological diagnoses, malignancies, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, respectively.

Conclusions

Conventional TBLB served as a key determinant or provided supplementary information in the final diagnosis of non‐infectious DPLDs. TBLB decision‐making should therefore be based on clinical and radiological data.
Fuelling the urban economy: A comparative study of energy in the Low Countries, 1600–1850
Authors: Ryckbosch Wouter , Saelens Wout
Published: August 2022

What was the role of energy in shaping modern economies and fuelling the transition to sustained economic growth? In the historiography on the industrial revolution, the transition to fossil energy carriers plays a central role. Despite recent efforts to gather new empirical evidence, long‐term comparative studies on energy transitions and their economic impact before and during the first industrial revolution remain rare. As a contribution to this literature, this article presents new quantitative data on energy consumption from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries in the Low Countries. To explore differences in the chronology and impact of energy transitions, we compare the total levels of energy consumption, the energy mix, and the prices of fuels between two cities in the northern and southern Low Countries: Leiden and Ghent. This analysis enables us to explore more clearly which factors played a key role in the interaction between energy, economic growth, and industrialisation. The transition towards a cheap‐energy economy in Holland was associated with economic growth, but not with mechanisation. On the other hand, the rapid mechanisation process in Ghent was associated not with a cheap‐energy economy (relative to that of Leiden), but more specifically with a cheap‐coal economy.
Association between serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio and poor functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Gong Yong , Tian Xue , Zhou Yilun , Qin Xu , Meng Xia , Chen Pan , Wang Anxin , Wang Yongjun
Published: August 2022

Background and purpose

The role of serum uric acid (SUA) in prognosis is controversial because SUA levels largely depend on renal clearance function. This study aimed to investigate the association between renal function‐normalized SUA (SUA to serum creatinine [SCr] ratio [SUA/SCr ratio]) and poor functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods

All patients were recruited from the Third China National Stroke Registry. Poor functional outcomes were defined by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 3–6 or 2‐6 at 3 months and 1 year.

Results

Among 8169 enrolled patients, the median (interquartile range) SUA/SCr ratio was 4.19 (3.47–5.08). Compared with patients in the fourth quintile group, those in the first quintile group had higher proportions of mRS scores 3–6 (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–1.93) and mRS scores 2–6 (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.08–1.53) at 3 months. The addition of SUA/SCr ratio to the conventional risk model had a greater incremental value than the addition of either SUA or SCr alone. Subgroup analysis showed that the association was only significant in patients with normal kidney function (p for interaction<0.05). Similar results were found for outcomes at 1 year.

Conclusions

A lower SUA/SCr ratio was associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with AIS at 3 months and at 1 year, suggesting the potential use of SUA/SCr ratio in clinical practice as a preferable marker for stroke outcomes.
Differential proteomic expression in indolent vulvar lichen sclerosus, transforming vulvar lichen sclerosus and normal vulvar tissue
Authors: Gleue Casey A. , Xie Fangyi , Deschaine Maria , Dasari Surendra , Sartori‐Valinotti Julio C. , Torgerson Rochelle R. , Davis Mark D. P. , Charlesworth M. Cristine , Meves Alexander , Lehman Julia S.
Published: August 2022

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) confers approximately 3% risk of malignant transformation to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). We used unbiased proteomic methods to identify differentially expressed proteins in tissue of patients with VLS who developed VSCC compared to those who did not. We used laser capture microdissection‐ and nanoLC‐tandem mass spectrometry to assess protein expression in individuals in normal vulvar tissue (NVT, n = 4), indolent VLS (no VSCC after at least 5 years follow‐up, n = 5) or transforming VSCC (preceding VSCC, n = 5). Interferon‐γ and antigen‐presenting pathways are overexpressed in indolent and transforming VLS compared to NVT. There was differential expression of malignancy‐related proteins in transforming VLS compared to indolent VLS (CAV1 overexpression, AKAP12 underexpression), particularly in the EIF2 translation pathway, which has been previously implicated in carcinogenesis. Results of this study provide additional molecular evidence supporting the concept that VLS is a risk factor for VSCC and highlights possible future biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.
Potential di‐genic contribution to guttate leukoderma as the predominant feature of epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Authors: Koren Tamar , Zagairy Fadia , Tatour Yasmin , Belhanes‐Peled Hila , Khayat Morad , Krausz Judit , Danial‐Farran Nada , Ziv Michael , Cohen‐Barak Eran
Published: August 2022

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) simplex is a heterogeneous group of skin fragility disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding cell‐cell or cell‐matrix adhesion proteins. A recently identified, rare subtype of EB simplex is due to bi‐allelic mutations in the EXPH5 gene, which encodes exophilin5, an effector protein of the Rab27B GTPase involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and exosome secretion. The EXPH5 EB subtype is characterized by early‐onset skin blisters and scars, mainly on extremities, and varying degrees of pigmentary alterations. Here, we present a 31‐year‐old female with diffuse guttate hypopigmentation on the trunk and extremities since early childhood, with no apparent blisters or scars. We employed whole exome sequencing of germline DNA extracted from the patient's leukocytes to determine the genetic aetiology of the phenotype. A novel homozygous variant in EXPH5, c.1153C>T causing a premature stop codon at amino acid Glutamine 385, was identified. Histologic examination after skin pricking disclosed focal keratinocyte detachment typical to EB. Additionally, we identified a deleterious‐predicted variant in ENPP1, a gene associated with disturbed transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes in Cole disease. Our report expands the clinical spectrum of inherited EB simplex with a possible di‐genic synergism contributing to co‐presentation with guttate leukoderma.
Immunomodulatory effect of IL‐35 gene‐transfected mesenchymal stem cells on allergic asthma
Authors: Bao Xiang‐hua , Gao Feng , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin , Wang Hongqun
Published: August 2022

Asthma is a common respiratory disease that has no definitive treatment at now. Immune response shifting from T helper (Th)1 to the Th2 is a main problem in asthma, and immunomodulation can help to control asthma. IL‐35 and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regulatory effect on the immune system and may have the ability to control asthma pathology. After culturing MSCs, expression vector of IL‐35 (pUNO1‐mIL35elasti) was transduced to the MSCs, and then, asthmatic mice were treated with MSCs, MSCs‐vector, MSCs‐vector‐IL‐35, and no treatment. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), levels of the cytokines, total and ovalbumin (OVA) specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, LTB4, and LTC4 were measured. Lung tissue histopathology was also done. MSCs were successfully transduced by pUNO1‐mIL35elasti vector, and IL‐35 was produced in transduced cells. AHR, levels of the cytokines, IgEs, LTs, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus secretion, peribronchial, and perivascular inflammation were controlled by MSCs therapy. In MSCs‐IL‐35 group, these controls were stronger than MSCs without IL‐35 group. MSCs had strong effect on control of asthma. Transfected MSCs by expressing IL‐35 gene could significantly better control allergic asthma symptoms than MSCs without IL‐35. In the future, identification of the IL‐35 mechanism of action would be useful to improve cytokine‐cell based therapies.
The deposition and significance of an Ediacaran non‐glacial iron formation
Authors: Yang Xiuqing , Mao Jingwen , Li Rongxi , Jiang Zongsheng , Yu Miao , Xu Lingang , Reershemius Tom , Planavsky Noah J.
Published: August 2022

Most Neoproterozoic iron formations (NIF) are closely associated with global or near‐global “Snowball Earth” glaciations. Increasingly, however, studies indicate that some NIFs show no robust evidence of glacial association. Many aspects of non‐glacial NIF genesis, including the paleo‐environmental setting, Fe(II) source, and oxidation mechanisms, are poorly understood. Here, we present a detailed case study of the Jiapigou NIF, a major non‐glacial NIF within a Neoproterozoic volcano‐sedimentary sequence in North Qilian, northwestern China. New U–Pb geochronological data place the depositional age of the Jiapigou NIF at ~600 Ma. Petrographic and geochemical evidence supports its identification as a primary chemical sediment with significant detrital input. Major and trace element concentrations, REE + Y systematics, and εNd(t) values indicate that iron was sourced from mixed seawater and hydrothermal fluids. Iron isotopic values (δ56Fe = −0.04‰–1.43‰) are indicative of partial oxidation of an Fe(II) reservoir. We infer that the Jiapigou NIF was deposited in a redox stratified water column, where hydrothermally sourced Fe(II)‐rich fluids underwent oxidation under suboxic conditions. Lastly, the Jiapigou NIF has strong phosphorous enrichments, which in other iron formations are typically interpreted as signals for high marine phosphate concentrations. This suggests that oceanic phosphorus concentrations could have been enriched throughout the Neoproterozoic, as opposed to simply during glacial intervals.
Accuracy, realism and general applicability of European forest models
Authors: Mahnken Mats , Cailleret Maxime , Collalti Alessio , Trotta Carlo , Biondo Corrado , D'Andrea Ettore , Dalmonech Daniela , Marano Gina , Mäkelä Annikki , Minunno Francesco , Peltoniemi Mikko , Trotsiuk Volodymyr , Nadal‐Sala Daniel , Sabaté Santiago , Vallet Patrick , Aussenac Raphaël , Cameron David R. , Bohn Friedrich J. , Grote Rüdiger , Augustynczik Andrey L. D. , Yousefpour Rasoul , Huber Nica , Bugmann Harald , Merganičová Katarina , Merganic Jan , Valent Peter , Lasch‐Born Petra , Hartig Florian , Vega del Valle Iliusi D. , Volkholz Jan , Gutsch Martin , Matteucci Giorgio , Krejza Jan , Ibrom Andreas , Meesenburg Henning , Rötzer Thomas , van der Maaten‐Theunissen Marieke , van der Maaten Ernst , Reyer Christopher P. O.
Published: August 2022

Forest models are instrumental for understanding and projecting the impact of climate change on forests. A considerable number of forest models have been developed in the last decades. However, few systematic and comprehensive model comparisons have been performed in Europe that combine an evaluation of modelled carbon and water fluxes and forest structure. We evaluate 13 widely used, state‐of‐the‐art, stand‐scale forest models against field measurements of forest structure and eddy‐covariance data of carbon and water fluxes over multiple decades across an environmental gradient at nine typical European forest stands. We test the models' performance in three dimensions:accuracy of local predictions(agreement of modelled and observed annual data),realism of environmental responses(agreement of modelled and observed responses of daily gross primary productivity to temperature, radiation and vapour pressure deficit) andgeneral applicability(proportion of European tree species covered). We find that multiple models are available that excel according to our three dimensions of model performance. For the accuracy of local predictions, variables related to forest structure have lower random and systematic errors than annual carbon and water flux variables. Moreover, the multi‐model ensemble mean provided overall more realistic daily productivity responses to environmental drivers across all sites than any single individual model. The general applicability of the models is high, as almost all models are currently able to cover Europe's common tree species. We show that forest models complement each other in their response to environmental drivers and that there are several cases in which individual models outperform the model ensemble. Our framework provides a first step to capturing essential differences between forest models that go beyond the most commonly used accuracy of predictions. Overall, this study provides a point of reference for future model work aimed at predicting climate impacts and supporting climate mitigation and adaptation measures in forests.
Influence of precursor concentration on the densification efficiency and properties of SiC/SiC composites
Authors: Chen Mingwei , Qiu Haipeng , Zhang Qiyue , Ma Xin , Zhang Bingyu
Published: August 2022

The SiC/SiC composites were manufactured by polymer precursor impregnation pyrolysis process with near stoichiometric SiC fiber 2D preform as the reinforcing phase, the mixed solution of polycarbosilane (PCS), and xylene as impregnant. The effects of PCS concentration on the densification process, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC composites were investigated using mechanical property testing, scanning electron microscopy, and other characterization techniques. Results showed the porosity and flexural strength of SiC/SiC composites increased first and then decreased with the increase of PCS concentration. When the concentration of PCS was 55% and 60%, the flexural strength of SiC/SiC composites reached 565.77 and 573.02 MPa, respectively. The mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC composites presented typical pseudoplastic characteristics such as fiber pulling‐out, fiber bridging, and interface layer peeling, which would meet the dual requirements of optimizing the matrix and interface structure.
Prebiotic potential of enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides using ulvan lyase of Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, a macroalgae-associated bacteria
Authors: Jagtap Ashok S. , Parab Ashutosh S. , Manohar Cathrine S. , Kadam Nitin S.
Published: August 2022

Aims

To characterize the polysaccharide hydrolyzing potential of macroalgae-associated bacteria (MABs) for the enzymatic production of oligosaccharides and determining their prebiotic potential.

Methods and Results

Approximately 400 MABs were qualitatively characterized for polysaccharide hydrolyzing activity. Only about 5%–15% of the isolates were found to have the potential for producing porphyranase, alginate lyase and ulvan lyase enzymes, which were quantified in specific substrate broths. One potential MAB, Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, isolated from green macroalgae, showed the highest ulvan lyase activity. This enzyme was partially purified and used to hydrolyse ulvan into ulvan oligosaccharides. Structural characterization of ulvan oligosaccharides showed that they are predominantly composed of di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide units. Results showed that the enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides exhibited prebiotic activity by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria and suppressing the enteric pathogens, which were higher than the ulvan polysaccharide and equivalent to commercial fructooligosaccharides.

Conclusions

A potential MAB, NIOA181, producing ulvan lyase was isolated and used for the production of ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Rarely studied ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity can be widely used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in nutraceutical and other healthcare applications.
Issues affecting mental health at a fly‐in‐fly‐out mine site: A subjective impact ratings approach
Authors: Turner Richard , Rubin Mark
Published: August 2022

Around a third of fly‐in fly‐out (FIFO) workers in Australia experience relatively high levels of psychological distress. Although a wide range of associated workplace stressors have been proposed in this context, it is unclear to what extent FIFO workers perceive these stressors as having an impact on their mental health. Identifying the issues that workers perceive as having the greatest impact on their mental health can guide the development of interventions in this area. Thus, this cross‐sectional study sampled 742 FIFO workers from a large mine site in Australia to identify which workplace issues were perceived to have the greatest negative impact on their mental health. Of the 32 issues measured, we found that the top ranked issues related to a lack of control at work, lack of sleep, missing home, and poor physical health. These key issues also predicted poorer recent mental health. Based on these findings, several recommendations are put forward for future on‐site wellness promotion programs, including (a) providing workers with more control and autonomy in their work roles, (b) improving sleep hygiene, (c) facilitating regular communication with family and loved ones, and (d) introducing exercise programs and supporting a healthy diet. This type of proactive consultative approach to mental health issues at FIFO sites cannot only mitigate the increased risk of poor mental health but also foster a more cohesive workplace culture.
I hate you when I am anxious: Anxiety during the COVID‐19 epidemic and ideological hostility
Authors: Balmas Meital , Harel Tal Orian , Halperin Eran
Published: August 2022

Most previous studies that examined the effect of anxiety on hostility towards a distinct group have focused on cases in which we hate those we are afraid of. The current study, on the other hand, examines the relationship between anxiety in one domain and hostility towards a distinct group that is not the source of that anxiety. We focus here on symptoms of anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which have become increasingly frequent, and show that the implications of such mental difficulties are far‐reaching, posing a threat to relationships between ideological groups. In two studies conducted in both Israel and the United States, we found that high levels of anxiety during the COVID‐19 epidemic are associated with higher levels of hatred towards ordinary people from the respective political outgroups, lower levels of willingness to sustain interpersonal relations with these people (i.e., greater social distancing), and greater willingness to socially exclude them. This relationship was mediated by the perception of threat posed by the political outgroup. This study is the first to show that mental difficulty driven by an external threat can be a fundamental factor that explains levels of intergroup hostility.
Singing foreign songs promotes shared common humanity in elementary school children
Authors: Good Arla , Peets Kathleen F. , Choma Becky L. , Russo Frank A.
Published: August 2022

Several studies support the notion that singing the songs of a foreign culture can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations in elementary school children. The current article presents theoretical and empirical support for one potential mechanism underpinning this effect, namely, that singing songs may highlight commonalities and generate a collective identity across intergroup boundaries. Twenty‐nine elementary school children (mean age = 10.73 years) in two predetermined groups participated in a 6‐week, crossover study in which they received two singing interventions: (1) singing songs from their own (ingroup) culture and (2) singing songs from foreign (outgroup) cultures. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses demonstrate that singing foreign songs led to higher levels of perceived commonality toward outgroup others and promoted the adoption of a collective identity. Furthermore, interviews elucidated that singing foreign songs encouraged children to appreciate the unique identity of each culture while acknowledging their shared common humanity, suggesting the cultivation of a dual identity. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Defining smallholders' breeding objectives for common Tigray highland sheep in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Welday Kiflay , Abegaz Solomon , Urge Mengistu , Abebe Ayele , Mezgebe Gebretensae
Published: August 2022

A sound breeding objective is a basis for genetic improvement in the overall economic merit of farm animals. This study aimed to define smallholders' sheep breeding objectives using a conjoint‐based choice experiment and bio‐economic model. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed differences (p < 0.001) among the derived weights allocated by farmers to body size, twining rate, mothering ability, libido, tail type, colour and lambing interval which formed the high priority traits. The likelihood values of farmer's top three preferred traits for ram were body size (0.659 ± 0.009), tail type (0.325 ± 0.016) and libido (0.247 ± 0.016) while body size (0.459 ± 0.010), twining rate (0.313 ± 0.010) and mothering ability (0.261 ± 0.010) were more preferred traits for selection of breeding ewes. Conjoint‐based choice experiment and bio‐economic model indicated that live body weight at 6 months of age, twining rate (litter size) and mothering ability (preweaning lamb survival) were the most economically important traits of the breeding ewes. A genetic improvement by one genetic standard deviation (σa) in these traits resulted in a profit of Ethiopian Birr 36.03–60.47/ewe/year. A fair correlation (r = 0.63) was observed between farmers' traits preference (conjoint‐based choice card experiment) and the estimated economic value of traits indicating a good relationship between farmers' preferences for traits and economic values of the traits. This would indicate that weighting traits in selection indexes with farmers' trait selection using a conjoint‐based choice experiment would direct genetic improvement towards desired profitability. Moreover, the fair correspondence between the two methods suggests that bio‐economic modelling, if designed properly considering farmers' concerns, could be used to reflect farmers' breeding objectives. Therefore, for reasonable genetic progress and sheep flock profitability, more attention should be given to litter size, preweaning lamb survival and body weight at 6 months of age as they are preferred by farmers and their economic weights. Further, research on the modalities for complementary use of the two methods to define breeding objectives under smallholder conditions is warranted.
tRNA‐derived fragments in gastric cancer: Biomarkers and functions
Authors: Kohansal Maryam , Ghanbarisad Ali , Tabrizi Reza , Daraei Abdolreza , Kashfi Mojtaba , Tang Hailin , Song Cailu , Chen Yongming
Published: August 2022

tRNA‐derived fragments (tRFs), non‐coding RNAs that regulate protein expression after transcription, have recently been identified as potential biomarkers. We identified differentially expressed tRFs in gastric cancer (GC) and the biological properties of tRFs in predicting the malignancy status of GCs as possible biomarkers. Until 15 February 2022, two independent reviewers did a thorough search in electronic databases of Scopus, EMBASE and PubMed. The QUADAS scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. Ten articles investigating the clinical significance of tRFs, including 928 patients, were analysed. In 10 GC studies, seven tRFs were considerably upregulated and five tRFs were significantly downregulated when compared to controls. Risk of bias was rated low for index test, and flow as well as timing domains in relation to the review question. The applicability of the index test, flow and timing and patient selection for 10 studies was deemed low. In this study, we review the advances in the study of tRFs in GC and describe their functions in gene expression regulation, such as suppression of translation, cell differentiation, proliferation and the related signal transduction pathways associated with them. Our findings may offer researchers new ideas for cancer treatment as well as potential biomarkers for further research in GC.
Use of pulsed electric field to extract rapeseed oil and investigation of the qualitative properties of oils
Authors: Mazroei Seydani Lida , Gharachorloo Maryam , Asadi Gholamhassan
Published: August 2022

Rapeseed is one of the most commercially important oil crops in the world due to its high amount of oil stored in seeds and high nutritional value. In this study, the pulsed electric field (PEF) was used as a nonthermal pretreatment before extraction of rapeseed oil to increase extraction efficiency and improve the quality characteristics of rapeseed oil. Four levels of electric field intensity (0, 1, 4, and 7 kV/cm) with 30 and 80 pulse numbers and pulse width of 20 μs were applied and after treatment the samples were transferred to a cold press machine for oil extraction. Oil extraction efficiency, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, fatty acids profile, oxidative stability, total phenolic content, peroxide, and acid values of extracted oil were determined. The results indicated that an increase in the electric field intensity and pulse number, total phenolic compounds and oxidative stability of rapeseed oil increased compared to the control (p < .05). Treating at 4 kV/cm and 80 pulse numbers was obtained as the highest extraction efficiency (46.11%), while with the further increase of the electric field intensity, the efficiency of the oil extraction process decreased (the extraction efficiency at 7 kV/cm and 80 pulse numbers was 45.94%). The highest phenolic compounds (320.04 ppm) and energy input (31.36 kJ/kg) were related to the intensity of 7 kV/cm and 80 pulse numbers. This study showed that the use of PEF is a suitable method for rapeseed pretreatment with no detrimental effects on extracted rapeseed oil quality.

Practical Applications

In recent years, new technologies such as PEF have been used in oil extraction due to their positive effects. The selection of nonthermal technologies to reduce process time, energy consumption, and economic issues as an industrial goal to improve food quality has been considered. The technology proposed in this study shows, that applying PEF for treating the rapeseed before oil extraction should be presented as an appropriate pretreatment in oil extraction industries. The PEF also showed a suitable impact on the quality of the rapeseed characterized.
The role of satellite information in forecasting, modeling, and mapping the 2019 Mozambique flood
Authors: Adler Robert , Gu Guojun , Zhou Naijun , Wu Huan , Matgen Patrick , Galantowicz John , Schumann Guy , Yilmaz Koray K.
Published: August 2022

The application and value of the Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) and various remote‐sensing‐based flood products are examined in the context of the severe flood event in Mozambique associated with Cyclone Idai in March 2019. Short‐term forecasts of rainfall and flooding are shown to be useful and validated to some degree by satellite‐based rainfall from the Global Precipitation Monitoring (GPM) Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) product. However, detailed validation of the satellite‐based rainfall for this event is limited and examination of other similar cases indicates a possible underestimate at high rainfall amounts. GFMS inundation based on the IMERG rainfall and models are compared to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and other inundation estimates. Results indicate a generally good correspondence, but with the GFMS calculations underestimating the area of broad flooding, but overestimating in smaller streams. The GFMS underestimation compared to a SAR‐based estimate in one particular area seems related to rainfall underestimation. Similar generally good results were found when comparing the GFMS calculations to the FloodScan passive microwave‐based inundation. The various inundation estimates are available at different latencies and likely have different accuracies, indicating a need for integration of these types of information to provide the user community with the best consolidated information and in a timely manner.
Serum immunoglobulin E and Interleukin‐17 levels in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: A case–control study
Authors: Nassar Amany A. , Bakr Noha M. , Elyousefi Enas H. I. , Elkholy Basma M. , Fawzy Manal M.
Published: August 2022

Background

Psoriasis is a skin disorder mainly mediated by T helper (Th)‐1 and Th‐17 cells. Recently, high serum immunoglobulin (Ig)‐E levels were detected in psoriatic patients. The etiopathogenesis of IgE overproduction in psoriatic patients is still unknown, but IL‐17 has been suggested to be responsible for this abnormality.

Objective

To compare levels of IgE and IL‐17 in the sera of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (CPP) to healthy subjects.

Methods

This study included 40 patients with CPP and 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals. Serum IgE and IL‐17 concentrations were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Results

Levels of IgE and IL‐17 were significantly higher in the sera of psoriatic patients than in controls (p = 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). Psoriatic patients with abnormally high serum IgE levels had higher serum IL‐17 levels than those with normal serum IgE levels, but the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.080). Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between serum IgE and IL‐17 concentrations in psoriatic patients (p = 0.385).

Conclusions

It is possible that IgE and IL‐17 interact in psoriasis pathogenesis; however, this was not evident in the current study, possibly due to the small sample size. Therefore, other potential causes of elevated IgE levels in psoriatic patients should be investigated. Moreover, the interaction between IgE and IL‐17 should be investigated in patients with other clinical variants of psoriasis.
Physical Activity at School Recess: A Key Element in Balancing Social Disparities
Authors: Ariz Usue , Fernández‐Atutxa Ainhoa , Rivas‐Fang Oscar , Ruiz‐Litago Fátima
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Since children are generally not achieving desirable levels of physical activity (PA), schools can provide an opportunity to increase their active time. This study aimed to describe individual‐ and social‐level variables associated with PA at school recess in a culturally diverse primary school.

METHODS

This observational cross‐sectional study included 131 children attending primary school. PA data were measured via accelerometry during school recess and analyzed in relation to data on sociodemographics, anthropometrics, and PA outside school. Data were analyzed using generalized linear modeling and logistic regression.

FINDINGS

Girls were more sedentary and engaged in less moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than boys (p < .001), while older girls were less active than younger girls (p < .001). Also, non‐Caucasian children were less sedentary (p < .001) and engaged in more MVPA (p = .007). Belonging to ethnic minorities was also associated with lower socioeconomic status, higher body mass index, and less PA outside of school and on weekends.

CONCLUSIONS

Girls (especially older girls) and children from lower socioeconomic contexts should be prioritized when promoting PA.

IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY

School recess can be used as an effective strategy aimed at increasing PA and reducing social inequalities.