bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roots of Creativity
Authors: Valsiner Jaan
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, the author explores the roots of the phenomena of creativity through exposing the axiomatic basis of the open-systemic nature of all human life, together with the processes of imagination that link the past and the future at the moment of the present. James Mark Baldwin’s notion of persistent imitation is at the root of imaginative acts that give rise to phenomena of the creative kind. Together with William Stern’s personology and Magoroh Maruyama’s focus on amplification of variability (“second cybernetics”), we have the basic building blocks for a theory of creativity that is not reducing the phenomena to common-language explanations.
Playing and Being
Authors: Hviid Pernille , Villadsen Jakob W.
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, we investigate imagination in children’s pretend play in a cultural life course perspective. This perspective underlines the relation between play and the cultivated and personalized life of the players. It points to the processes in which meaning making takes place through play: imaginative playing transcends the immediate context of the play and feeds back to the player as engaged an being-in-the-world with others, contributing to the directionality of the cultural life course on social as well as personal levels. Whereas play is generally recognized as an important developmental vehicle of children, it tends to connote a childish or immature behavior when applied to adult behavior and is often replaced with terms such as “creativity.” We will investigate this relation, partly as a scientific and societal discourse of what it means to be a child or an adult, and partly as a developmental process of imagination.
The Future of Imagination in Sociocultural Research
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad Petre , Zittoun Tania
Published: October 2017

In this final chapter, the authors first highlight the main contributions of the Handbook and show how these help us ground imagination research within the sociocultural tradition. On this basis, several new topics and questions emerging from this unique collection of chapters are identified, issues that require further study and conceptual integration. These new concerns are then used to complement the authors’ initial framework—the loop model—and expand it into a more integrative, cultural perspective on the imagination using the metaphor of ‘trails of the imagination’. Finally, this final chapter reconnects the emerging field of imagination as sociocultural phenomenon with other key themes in ways that place it firmly on the research agenda of scholars and practitioners interested in the relation between mind and culture.
A New Cult for New Buddhists
Authors: Ritzinger Justin R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the development of the “Maitreya School” from the eve of its founding to its peak of activity in 1937. This occurred in two phases. In the first, the school was closely associated with Yogācāra and served as the “house cult” of Taixu’s seminaries, forming an important part of the educational and ritual lives of these institutions. In the second phase, the school came to be seen in more expansive terms as an all-inclusive teaching and pure land elements overshadow Yogācāra. In this phase, active propagation grew and Taixu’s students and associates began to assume a more prominent role. Liturgies were composed, lay associations were organized, and the landscape was inscribed with the cult.
Reawakening Maitreya
Authors: Ritzinger Justin R.
Published: October 2017

The final chapter examines the legacy of the reformist cult of Maitreya in the contemporary period. In the People’s Republic of China, state interests and heavy regulation of religion has accelerated some developments and inhibited others. Xuedou shan has developed rapidly into a large and powerful institution, while a new wave of Maitreya Study Associations in China has faltered. In Taiwan, full liberalization has allowed new organizations to spring up, pursuing novel modes of propagation. These include Daci shan, the Taiwan Maitreya Study Association, and the Bade Maitreya Lodge. The chapter argues, however, that the greatest impact may actually be seen outside of Buddhism in Yiguan dao and its offshoot Maitreya Great Way.
Conclusion
Authors: Ritzinger Justin R.
Published: October 2017

The conclusion summarizes the monograph’s findings, retracing the reimagining of the cult of Maitreya, its origins in Taixu’s encounter with anarchism, and its decline and subsequent revival. It then offers thoughts on the significance of these findings for scholarship. It is hoped that the monograph puts to rest the notion that the reform movement was demythologized and deritualized; contributes to the project of placing modern Chinese Buddhism more firmly in historical context, particularly in relation to other religious movements; highlights the need to reappraise Buddhism in post-retrocession Taiwan; and illustrates the potential of a Taylorian approach to the study of alternative modernities and the role of religions in their formation.
Introduction
Authors: McMahan David L. , Braun Erik
Published: October 2017

Meditation and mindfulness practices derived from Buddhism have become pervasive in secular settings outside Buddhist contexts. This rather sudden turn in the long history of Buddhist meditation has been undergirded by the scientific study of contemplative practices, which has given them greater currency outside of Buddhism and has popularized them across the globe. This chapter discusses some of the recent history of the transformations of meditation, in order to highlight how practice has changed over time and in different settings, thereby shedding light on the distinctiveness of its conceptualization in scientific terms. The authors note meditation’s formulation as an objective process of cognition, its secularization in the context of psychotherapy, the turn to neuroscientific studies, and the recent promotion of practice as a near-panacea for the stresses and strains of modern life. They also note the recent backlash against some claims about meditation’s benefits.
Introduction
Authors: Marin Mara
Published: October 2017

The introduction argues that actions aimed at transforming oppressive social structures encounter a problem it calls “the circle of powerlessness and denial,” a problem that follows from the structural character of social oppression. To address it, a conception of our obligations to transform social oppression has to adopt a methodological approach that links the normative question of our obligations to dismantle oppressive structures to the descriptive question of what makes these structures enduring. The notion of commitment is superior to its alternatives for its ability to link these two questions. “Commitment” offers terms that can describe and thus make visible the connections we have in virtue of the fact that we inhabit shared social structures, as well as the normative implications of these connections. Making these connections visible is key to addressing the circle of powerlessness and denial.
Neither Irrationalism nor Rationalism but Critical Philosophy (1928)
Authors: Muñoz José Romano
Published: October 2017

José Romano Muñoz defends Antonio Caso’s “intuitionism” against Samuel Ramos’s criticisms, which Ramos had published in the same journal (Ulysses) the previous year. In his dismissal, Ramos argues that Caso’s intuitionism is merely a form of irrationalism that has no place in philosophy as a rational practice. In Caso’s defense, Muñoz proposes that intuition has epistemological value, that it alone can penetrate the reality of things that are hidden by concepts and obscured by perception, and that Caso’s philosophy shows us how this is so. This article is both a defense of philosophy as traditionally conceived—as rational and critical—and an attempt to broaden its scope to include invention, intuition, and instinct. A true critical philosophy cannot rely merely on reason as its source, but must involve and depend on intuition and the non-rational clarity that this brings.
Twenty Years of Education in Mexico (1941)
Authors: Ramos Samuel
Published: October 2017

In “Twenty Years of Education in Mexico,” Samuel Ramos offers a brief survey of education reform from 1920 to 1940. The aim of this text is not purely historical. In it he discusses the role of education in the formation of national character and philosophy, paying homage particularly to the education reform of José Vasconcelos, who understood the simple truth that “what most urgently has to be taught to the Mexican people is how to live.” Ramos calls Vasconcelos’s education reform “the most Mexican,” in part because Vasconcelos taught Mexicans to celebrate themselves. And he offers a criticism of the later attempt to implement “socialist education.”
Art or Monstrosity (1960)
Authors: O’Gorman Edmundo
Published: October 2017

In this essay, Edmundo O’Gorman questions the historian’s effort to make sense of “art” from another culture. Before the art historian can theorize about the meaning of art in an “exotic” or “strange” culture, she first must identify which artifacts are genuine works of art (for that culture) and which are not. It could turn out, O’Gorman suggests, that none of the artifacts typically called works of art (pottery, sculpture, painting) is in fact a work of art for that culture. Contemplating the Aztec statue of Coatlique, O’Gorman then suggests that, aside from the historical project of “getting inside the mind of the creator,” one might imagine, as a literary exercise, that rather than representing “beauty” in the Western sense, the ancient statue represents “the monstrous,” which reveals the mythical fluidity of the universe and the mythical foundation of art.
The X on the Brow
Authors: Reyes Alfonso
Published: October 2017

In these assorted reflections, written throughout his career, Alfonso Reyes considers the constitutive power of Mexican history and culture on modern Mexican identity. Acknowledging the omnipresence of the Mexican indigenous past and the demands placed on contemporary Mexicans by modern European culture, Reyes paints a portrait of the modern Mexican in a perpetual struggle to resolve contemporary problems, both political and existential, and to fulfill an unknown destiny. Despite painting Mexicans as mistrustful, doubtful—natural “disciples” of Descartes—his is an optimistic portrait nonetheless, and Reyes, always highlighting the Mexican difference, has faith in the future of Mexico and Mexicans.
Abusers
Authors: Nason-Clark Nancy , Fisher-Townsend Barbara , Holtmann Catherine , McMullin Stephen
Published: October 2017

Focusing on data collected from interviews and focus groups with men who have acted abusively, this chapter tells the story of men’s lives by reflecting on their childhood, trouble with the law, altercations with family and friends, and their early days of intimacy. Most men who batter do not believe they are violent. This chapter focuses on how religious beliefs and practices intersect with, and impact, the experience of controlling, abusive behavior. The contours of how men talk about their experience of interacting with the criminal justice system and other intervention services in the aftermath of their own violence toward an intimate are discussed. Also, issues such as vulnerability, entitlement, and resiliency are discussed, and explicitly spiritual factors such as guilt, remorse, uncertainty, forgiveness, and accountability are considered. The role pastors and other spiritual leaders can play in calling men who abuse to change thinking and change behavior is discussed.
Retributivism, Multiple Offending, and Overall Proportionality
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the retributivist approach to the sentencing of multiple offenders, with particular emphasis on the argument that retributive justice implies overall proportionality constraints—that is, proportionality prescriptions with regard to classes of offenses. It first presents a few initial conceptual considerations concerning the notion of overall proportionality and its implications in multiple-offense cases before discussing possible ways of justifying overall proportionality. It then explores the role that harm and culpability play in the determination of the seriousness of a crime and goes on to explain Chris Bennett’s theory of interpersonal assessment of wrongdoing. It also challenges the alleged underlying intuition in favor of overall proportionality and contends that the idea of overall proportionality as an ingredient in the retributivist approach to multiple offending does not stand on firm ground.
Retributivism and Totality Can Bulk Discounts for Multiple Offending Fit the Crime?
Authors: Bennett Christopher
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines how multiple offenders seem to pose a problem for broadly retributive principles of sentencing, focusing on the proper place and exercise of discretion to show why such problems are only apparent. It begins with a discussion of the issue of multiple offending and the discretion it seems to give sentencers as well as the bulk-discount principle that appears to guide decisions. It then considers two ways in which bulk discounts may appear to conflict with retributive sentencing theory, the fittingness problem and the selection problem. It also analyzes the key guiding thought within retributive approaches to criminal justice and distinguishes between two types of retributivism, moralistic and legalistic. The chapter concludes with the argument that retributivism is compatible with common approaches to multiple-offense sentencing.
Historical Pragmatics in the Teaching of the History of English
Authors: Arnovick Leslie K.
Published: October 2017

The best pedagogical practices in the teaching of the History of the English Language (HEL) recommend the incorporation of new research paradigms. Historical pragmatics and historical sociolinguistics are both relatively new fields of study, and both clearly locate the English language in its social and cultural context. This chapter will give you examples of historical pragmatic studies (e.g., the evolution of discourse markers and changes in directive speech acts) and historical sociolinguistics (e.g., the use of you/thou in relation to social rank and gender, changes from positive (neutral) politeness to negative politeness) that can fruitfully be incorporated into HEL courses.
Using Principles of Construction Grammar in the History of English Classroom
Authors: Trousdale Graeme
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses teaching the History of English from a construction grammar perspective, one in which language is viewed as comprised of form-meaning pairings on a gradient between lexical and grammatical constructions and language change is viewed as a series of micro-steps that involve closely related changes in syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse functions. It considers the creation of new constructions, changes to existing constructions, and the relationship between individual words and the constructions in which they frequently appear. The chapter provides specific examples, drawn from all periods of English, from Old to contemporary English, to demonstrate to students this new and productive approach to historical linguistics.
Dictionaries and the History of English
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: October 2017

Dictionaries—especially historical dictionaries—are full of historical facts and judgments about English. Thus, students can find out a lot about English by looking in dictionaries. But they can learn things about the history of English by looking at dictionaries, too. As cultural artifacts, dictionaries help to bridge so-called inner and outer histories of English, which at times seem almost to be competitive concerns in the history of English classroom. Perhaps most important, students in a history of English course can make glossaries and dictionaries, individually or in groups, even groups as large as a whole class. In writing such a glossary, a student isn’t just writing about the history of English but is actually being a historian of English, and the experience, as well as the knowledge it produces, is likely to stay with the student for a long time.
Situating World Englishes into a History of English Course
Authors: Bhatt Rakesh M.
Published: October 2017

This chapter will address the teaching of “post-colonial Englishes,” focusing on the sociopolitical and cultural conditions that enabled changes in English as it was used during, and after, the colonial encounter. To capture the complexity of linguistic hybridities associated with plural identities, our disciplinary discourses of the global use and acquisition of English must (i) liberate the field of World Englishes from the orthodoxies of the past and instead connect it to a more general theory of the sociolinguistics of globalization, and, especially (ii) bring into focus local forms shaped by the local logics of practice. This chapter discusses specific examples of the practice of creativity in grammar, discourse, and sociolinguistic use of World English varieties.
Incorporating American English into the History of English
Authors: Burkette Allison
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides some suggestions for the inclusion of the history of American English into the larger context of the History of the English Language (HEL). By touching on themes found throughout within the external and internal history of English, for example, language contact and specific morphological and phonological processes, respectively, one can include lessons on American English and its varieties as an extension of the History of English, demonstrating to students that language “evolution” is an ongoing process and that variation within the language is a natural result of historical, linguistic, and social forces. This chapter begins with a (brief) general narrative of the development of American English and then offers a series of possible themes that could be incorporated into a HEL class for special focus, along with assignments and/or additional resources that encourage students to engage with the focus topics more deeply.
Deception and Memory in the Courtroom
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Howe Mark L.
Published: October 2017

This introductory chapter provides a brief synopsis of the different chapters that this book contains. Following this, it takes this one step further by discussing how deception might impact memory. Finally, the chapter explains why expert testimony on issues such as deception and memory are especially relevant in recent legal cases. It stresses the relevance of this expert testimony by showing that incorrect ideas about deception and memory are particularly prevalent in the courtroom.
Suggestibility in the Courtroom
Authors: Gabbert Fiona , Hope Lorraine
Published: October 2017

Due to the constructive nature of memory, recollections for events are easily contaminated or distorted by information encountered after the event took place. People can therefore mistakenly report information that has been suggested to them, but that they have not in reality experienced. In light of this well-documented memory fallibility, the current chapter explores how memory can be distorted during the investigative and legal process. Key factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness statements are discussed, including stress and arousal, intoxication, and individual differences in vulnerability to suggestion. The chapter examines when people are most likely to be vulnerable to suggestion and focuses, in particular, on how memory can be distorted during the investigative process as a result of poor interviewing practice and co-witness contamination. The chapter concludes with consideration of how best to minimize the negative effects of suggestibility for the criminal justice system
Putting Children’s Memory and Suggestibility in their Place
Authors: Goldfarb Deborah , Goodman Gail S. , Larson Rakel P. , Gonzalez Alejandra , Eisen Mitchell L.
Published: October 2017

Children bring their own unique abilities, backgrounds, and circumstances into legal settings. Thus, discussions of children’s memory and suggestibility require a nuanced approach to the many factors that can affect their eyewitness reports. The authors contend that children’s memory accuracy and inaccuracy in forensic contexts are affected by individual differences, the nature of the event, and the context in which the memory is elicited. In this chapter, the proposed framework is applied to extant research on children’s memory and suggestibility, focusing on children with histories of maltreatment. In doing so, the chapter considers suggestibility in relation to commission errors and omission errors, the latter concerning suggestibility to say that an event (such as child sexual abuse) did not occur when the crime actually did take place. It concludes that, just as a legal system cannot stand when the innocent are jailed, justice fails when victims feel they cannot come forward.
Seven Myths About Feigning
Authors: Jelicic Marko , Merckelbach Harald , Bošković Irena
Published: October 2017

Defendants may feign of psychiatric disorders to reduce their criminal responsibility. In this chapter, seven myths about feigning are debunked. It shows that: (1) Clinical interviews cannot be used to detect feigning of psychopathology and cognitive impairments; (2) pretending to have a disorder is ubiquitous in forensic and general psychiatry: (3) people are able to feign for a prolonged period of time; (4) feigners are not ill; (5) mental health professionals should not be kind to feigners; (6) there is no exclusive feigning–psychopathy link; and (7) feigning and faking good may occur together. In addition, tests are described that can detect feigning in a valid way.
Critical Reflection of Section Two
Authors: Stewart Abigail J.
Published: October 2017

Liberation is often understood as a project of self-liberation or at least individual liberation, especially by the nearly-always-individualistic field of psychology. This is not the liberatory goal at stake in Bullock’s or Moane’s work in Section Two. They are aiming at the liberation of groups—poor people, women without access to abortion, those with socially marginalized sexual identities, and others—through a process of liberation that both is individual and includes engagement with the social processes of subordination and oppression. The authors have found and outlined resources in psychology that help with both levels of that project—the personal and the structural. In doing so, both Bullock and Moane show that the language and theory of human rights can be useful. The psychology both of these chapters outlines is one that brings psychologists and communities into meaningful partnerships to create social justice by drawing on a human rights framework.
Civic Participation, Prefigurative Politics, and Feminist Organizing in Rural Nicaragua
Authors: Dutt Anjali
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses methods of data collection and analysis that can be used to gain deeper understanding of processes of prefiguration. Prefigurative politics can be described as a set of political practices based on the understanding that “the ends a social movement achieves are fundamentally shaped by the means it employs, and that movements should therefore do their best to choose means that embody or ‘prefigure’ the kind of society they want to bring about” (Leach, 2013 p. 1004). Prefigurative politics therefore entail the practices that are put in place to reflect and work toward achieving a vision that is held by and for a community in connection to a social movement. Focusing on feminist prefiguration to promote women’s civic engagement in rural Nicaragua, I discuss the role of grassroots partnerships as a method of prefiguring a more just and globally inclusive psychology.
Critical Reflection of Section Three
Authors: Lykes M. Brinton
Published: October 2017

Conversing with Dutt’s and Dutta’s chapters suggests that activist scholars in psychology seeking to accompany women as they construct more just and inclusive communities might benefit from engaging dialogically with critical transitional justice, toward articulating and performing a more holistic “bottom-up” vernacularization of intersectional human rights. Within distinctive geographic and historical sites with contrasting possibilities vis-à-vis women’s protagonism and leadership, Dutt and Dutta share a commitment to engage with local women to document and understand multiple experiences of violence and violation in their everyday lives. Both authors collaborate with women in rural and/or remote areas of Nicaragua (Dutt) and India (Dutta) where women’s lived experiences are constrained by racialized and gendered economic and political structures that frequently exclude them from accessing their basic needs. Both authors help us to discern distinctive possibilities of women’s political engagement through the lens of civic participation (Dutt) and protagonism in the everyday (Dutta).
The Traffic Systems of Pompeii
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

The Traffic Systems of Pompeii is the first sustained examination of the evidence for a regulated circulation of wheeled traffic in the ancient world. The setting to this system is the six-hundred-year evolution of Pompeii’s street network, the focus of which telescopes from the city’s urban grid to the shape of the streets, the treatment of their surfaces, and finally the individual elements of construction—the curbstones, stepping stones, and guard stones—where the evidence for traffic was inscribed. Although ruts are the most evocative evidence of ancient traffic, it is the wearing patterns on the vertical faces of street features that permit the determination of the directions that ancient carts were traveling and undergird the argument for their systematic regulation. Distilled from over five hundred locations recording multiple categories of evidence, all wholly new to archaeology and unique to this research, this book reveals the basic rules of the road and at the same time opens larger historical questions. What does the existence of a traffic system mean for our understanding of ancient urbanism? What other social forces are uncovered in the search for it? To explore these questions, the traffic system at Pompeii is set in its broader contexts as one infrastructural and administrative artifact of the Roman empire, an epiphenomenon of a deeply urban culture.
Introduction
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

As the introduction to this study, Chapter 1 begins the search for traffic at Pompeii by placing the subject within a context of its discovery at Pompeii and the generations of scholars who have, in one way or another, endeavored to tell the story of these ancient streets and their traffic. Also addressed here are the new myths of modern scholarship, myths that have percolated unchallenged into common acceptance; which include the nomenclature of streets and their construction, the narrow application of Rome’s daytime ban on cart driving, and the powers of property owners to disrupt the flow of traffic.
Surfaces of the Street
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

The subject of Chapter 3 is the six-century-long evolution of Pompeian street surfaces and the architectures that accompany them. These surfaces include streets made of beaten ash that once covered the entire city, the cobblestone surfaces found only at the gates, and the famous irregular blocks of lava used to pave Roman roads and streets alike. Uncommon surfaces and repair techniques, such as streets built atop piles of earthquake debris or the pouring of iron slag into deep ruts, are also discussed. Just as important to understanding this evolution as their functional characteristics, however, are the social forces that drove their adoption and their replacement.
The Traffic Systems of Pompeii
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

If each piece of evidence of traffic records the thousands of times a Pompeian cart driver made the same choice as the drivers before him and his intent to do so, to what do all these moments of shared intent add up across the breadth of an entire city? Chapter 6 combines all this disparate but diagnostic evidence for the directional movement of traffic to document the existence of a system, or rather evolving and overlapping systems, that once governed the behaviors of Pompeian cart drivers. To describe these systems and how they functioned, the totality of the data is considered through several filters including structural (the shape of the street network), directional (the evidence for two-way and one-way streets), and chronological (the evolution of the system over time) approaches.
The Qiyan of al-Andalus
Authors: Reynolds Dwight F.
Published: October 2017

The chapter looks at a specific group of enslaved and freed women performers in Islamic Spain (al-Andalus). The qiyan constituted a public and, often, prominent class of women, especially those individuals associated with the caliphal court. There is a comparatively rich body of documentary evidence about their training, their performances, their personalities, and their distinctive characteristics and talents. For a small number of individuals, there exist relatively complete biographies, although this information is usually presented as a series of separate anecdotes rather than as a cohesive narrative. For the majority, however, only brief glimpses of key moments in their lives are preserved. Relative to other classes of women and other categories of slaves, the qiyan offer a unique opportunity for the study of gender, slavery, and social relations in the medieval Islamic period.
Slaves in Name Only
Authors: Hamid Usman
Published: October 2017

The chapter considers concubines of the ruling Timurid house of 15th-century eastern Iran and Transoxiana. Conventional wisdom holds that concubinage was a legal arrangement in which slave owners enjoyed licit sexual relations with their female property. This understanding of concubinage fails to account for other ways in which it was practiced in history. One notable counterexample of this kind is found in the households of Timurid princes, who ruled collectively over regions of Central Asia following the reign of Temur, or Tamerlane (1336–1405 CE). Timurid sources from the later period list numerous women as royal concubines who were not slaves. Instead, they belonged to notable Muslim families whose pedigrees contemporaries deemed prestigious enough to record for posterity.
Are Houris Heavenly Concubines?
Authors: Rustomji Nerina
Published: October 2017

The chapter considers the figure of the hur’in (houri), a female denizen of Islamic paradise referenced in the Quran and thus widely discussed in early and medieval Islamic literary and religious sources. It investigates Islamic gendered relationships outside the institution of marriage and the ways in which male–female companionship was configured in Islamic religious and social practice. The intense focus in medieval and modern scholarship on gender relations through marriage detracts from the fact that Muslim men did not only experience feminine companionship through marriage. The possession of slave girls (jawari) and singing girls (qiyan) was another kind of gendered relationship not reflected in theological literature, but was displayed and celebrated frequently in courtly literature (adab).
Educated Slave Women and Gift Exchange in Abbasid Culture
Authors: Sharlet Jocelyn
Published: October 2017

The chapter argues that although educated slave women played a significant role in Abbasid-era sources, their portrayal has received less attention than that of their free male counterparts. Using stories of gift exchange that feature two slave women, Utba and Inan, it demonstrates how enslaved women participated in the negotiation of their evolving status in the context of patriarchy in general, and educated female slavery in particular. The chapter uses two stories of the participation of such women in episodes of gift exchange to investigate the dynamics of the slave woman’s subjective agency and objectification in accounts of elite male competition. As a theme of Abbasid literature, the exchange of material gifts contributes to a reconstruction of elite networks and hierarchies. The slave woman may be objectified as a gift, but she may also display subjective agency by interfering with her exchange or by giving a gift herself.
Responsibility and the Condition of Moral Sense
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents a thesis about necessary conditions of responsible agency that arise at the interface between (compatibilist) reason-responsive theories and Strawsonian naturalistic approaches. A number of contemporary compatibilists who accept broadly Strawsonian accounts of holding responsible, as understood in terms of moral sentiments or reactive attitudes, have also advanced accounts of moral capacity and moral agency in terms of powers of rational self-control or reasons responsiveness. These accounts do not, however, involve any reference to moral sentiments and our ability to hold agents responsible. The central thesis of this chapter is that the responsible agent (i.e. one who is capable of being responsible) must also be one who is capable of holding herself responsible. Where moral sense is lacking, rational self-control is seriously impaired or compromised.
Pessimists, Pollyannas, and the New Compatibilism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines a number of contemporary compatibilist views on freedom and responsibility. The discussion is organized around themes from Daniel Dennett’s influential compatibilist work, Elbow Room (1984), and in the light of these themes the chapter also considers a number of other related compatibilist views (including the reason-responsive views of John M. Fischer and Mark Ravizza). The incompatibilist pessimism that Dennett challenges is essentially Pascalian and turns, according to Dennett, on analogies and metaphors that are more misleading than illuminating. In reply to Dennett and other like-minded compatibilist optimists, this chapter argues that, whatever the merits of reason-responsive views, we must still confront worries about ultimacy and the limits of agency. Even if the worries here are not Pascalian, they provide no basis for pollyannaish optimism
Professional Dohori and Economies of Honor
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

Professional dohori now encompasses the competition circuit, the recording industry, dohori restaurant performance, and tours through Nepal and Nepali communities abroad. Yet different systems of exchange that have governed musical production throughout history still affect how musicians make a living and are perceived in terms of status and honor in Nepali society. This chapter examines the impact of material changes on dohori artists as the genre became professionalized, and how gaining and maintaining honor sometimes conflicts with new ways of making a living as an artist under changing systems of economic and interpersonal values. This allows us to examine what appropriate and honorable artistic personhood means in terms of expression of in songs, and their relations to the intersectional aspects of social personhood that determine honor and prestige.
Violence, Storytelling, and World-Making in Song
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines belonging in light of gendered violence, hope, and aspirations, as experienced in the dohori field and performed in dohori songs. Set among professional dohori singers who have toured throughout Nepal and internationally, it is an examination of domestic violence remembered, the difficulties involved in speaking about it, and the performance practices and narrative forms that enable individuals to navigate the intimate politics of family relations at the intersection of public and private, and articulate potential alternatives to norms. As the final ethnographic chapter, this chapter returns to the village dohori songfest as a central site for singers’ performed expression, closing the circle of migration and mobility for a moment in time, as long as the song goes on.
Conclusion
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

Bringing the insights from the earlier chapters in the book to bear on Nepal’s contentious post–civil war project of state restructuring, the conclusion looks at how discursive and performative practices of producing intimacies across social and geographic divides comprise a system of shifting and porous boundaries between similarity and difference, self and other, sometimes collapsing distinctions and often producing new ones. It suggests that the aesthetics of dohori, and its emotional resonances grounded in sensory musical experience, continues to inspire aspirations for more egalitarian social formations, while grounding the possibility of the new in reconfigurations of valued aspects of the old.
The Treasure of the Heavenly Scripture
Authors: Petersen Kristian
Published: October 2017

This chapter offers an analysis of the Qur’ān as depicted in the works of Wang Daiyu, Liu Zhi, and Ma Dexin. Wang’s, Liu’s, and Ma’s works were representative of transitional periods within the Sino-Islamic intellectual tradition, and they reveal how the Sino-Muslims’ engagement with the Qur’ān changed over time. Each author translated and used the Qur’ān in a different manner, while simultaneously building on the work of his predecessors. This was due to their individualized methodological approaches to scripture, paired with their historical circumstances and specific discursive settings. From a reading of their engagement with the Qur’ān, we see that over time, Sino-Muslims gradually moved from the use of approximate thematic renditions of Qur’ānic sentiments to a clear intention to offer the entire Qur’ān to the Sino-Muslim community.
Epilogue
Authors: Petersen Kristian
Published: October 2017

The epilogue of this book points to its utility in future research. I have established an analytical rubric for thinking through cosmopolitan sites of local formulations of Islam. I provide insights into key junctures within the development of Islam as a global religious and cultural phenomenon, and open up a provisional map for examining how interpretive claims are invested with localized meaning and reimagined through alternative intellectual grids. The case studies on pilgrimage, scripture, and language given in this text can help disentangle the dominant analysis of these themes and provoke further theoretical investigation into religion. The redescription of critical categories in the study of religion provided here is intended, in part, as a methodological corrective that will benefit others who pursue a thematic approach in the analysis of other translingual Muslim communities. I argue that we must remain attentive to the purposes of pilgrimage, the structures of scripture, and the leverage of language.
Handbook of Disability Sport and Exercise Psychology
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

This book seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the research done in sport and exercise psychology with individuals with disabilities. Research from diverse academic disciplines such as psychology, medicine, health, recreation, kinesiology, sociology and disability studies is reviewed. In the first part of the book, covering 5 chapters, philosophy of science issues, models of disability, how to conduct quality research, research controversies, and living with a disability are explored. In a second section on sport psychology, covering 19 chapters, diverse topics such as self-efficacy, athletic and superchip identities, motivation, self-esteem, peer relationships, sport retirement, coaching, and performance enhancement are covered. In the last part on exercise psychology, covering 16 chapters, a range of topic such as obesity and fitness, exercise barriers, body image, quality of life, physical education, wounded warriors, intellectual impairments, and gender issues are discussed. All chapters conclude with extensive directions for new avenues of research and exploration.
Research Issues
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

There are a number of research-related issues unique to the world of disability that most sport and exercise psychology researchers may be unfamiliar with. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss four of those issues. First is the use of language and, in particular, the pros and cons of using the term disabled person in contrast to person with a disability. Many disability activists argue for the former whereas the American Psychological Association advocates for the later. Terms such as disability sport, adapted sport, and parasport are also discussed and how researchers have interpreted and supported some terms over others. The chapter also briefly traces the history of disability sport and exercise psychology research and the academic disciplines that have built the knowledge base. In addition, the arguments of some authors that able-bodied researchers should not conduct research with individuals with disabilities are examined and refuted. Finally, the thinking behind why some disability activists are critical of a prominent disability sport competition, the Paralympics, is explained.
The Disability World
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

While people with disabilities have much in common with able-bodied people, on a population level, researchers have demonstrated a number of important differences between people considered able-bodied and those labeled as disabled. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of those differences. First, individuals with acquired disabilities face significant challenges when adjusting to a life with an impairment. While having a disability is not synonymous with poor health, people with disabilities often experience secondary conditions such as diabetes, chronic pain, and obesity. People with disabilities tend to experience more loneliness and depression and have less social support compared to able-bodied people. Lower levels of education and socioeconomic status also create challenges to enjoying a strong quality of life. Significant social and environmental barriers make performing activities of daily living and engaging in sport and exercise more difficult than for able-bodied individuals. People with disabilities often face far more daily challenges to their well-being compared to able-bodied individuals.
Identity Development
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

As athletes invest their time and energy into sport and it becomes a meaningful part of their self-concept they simultaneously develop an athletic identity. This chapter discusses psychological and sociological research on athletic identity development. One robust finding throughout the literature is that often athletes see themselves as athletes more strongly than the public does. The public’s reluctance to acknowledge that athletes with disabilities are real athletes reflects how disability sport is often marginalized. Research shows that sometimes former able-bodied athletes decline to participate in disability sport or seek out a sport different from the one they engaged in when able-bodied. Some athletes claim to be elite disability sport athletes in order to have an “elite” athletic identity. Other athletes with disabilities do not acknowledge disability sport and embrace an elite athlete identity. Within this context, the chapter incorporates relevant theory and psychological processes to identify plausible mechanisms underlying athletes’ decisions about whether to participate in sport and what to call themselves when they do.
Achievement Motivation Theory
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

There is a long history of research in sport psychology examining achievement motivation theory (AMT). This chapter traces the development of achievement motivation research in sport and then reviews AMT research in disability sport. Most of the research in sport and disability examines competitive orientation, which is the sport-specific version of achievement motivation. In particular, research based on Gill and colleagues’ work has used the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ), which enables researchers to assess competitiveness, goal orientation, and win orientation. Much of the research in disability sport has had modest goals of examining the three dimensions of the SOQ to determine if they differ in regard to able-bodied versus disability groups, acquired versus congenital disabilities, more versus less experienced athletes, and gender differences. Often researchers have found no or minimal differences and no practical ramifications. Researchers are urged to examine contemporary research questions that have grown out of work in this area, such as avoidant goals and the achievement motivation climate.
Personality
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Personality is typically thought to be stable and possess consistency over time and across situations. Personality is also referred to as individual differences or distinctiveness. The study of personality has a long history in psychology, and after a lull in sport psychology research on personality, it has become more prevalent in research with able-bodied athletes and athletes with disabilities. This chapter discusses the history of personality research in sport psychology. The most common personality model, the Big Five factors, used in research today is explained and the five factors defined. Researchers have also examined personality-trait-like individual differences (PTLID) such as grit, hardiness, resilience, sensation seeking, and perfectionism. The chapter addresses how an acquired disability has the potential to change certain facets of personality while other personality factors can help athletes cope with an acquired disability and maintain their mental health.
Physical Activity Interventions
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

In addition to theory testing, researchers have also examined if exercise interventions serve to enhance psychological constructs such as self-esteem and behavior such as functional fitness, activities of daily living (ADL), and physical activity. The purpose of this chapter is to review the physical activity (PA) intervention research and offer criticisms and future research directions. Laboratory PA interventions have been effective at increasing physical capacity, muscular strength, walking ability, and reducing body weight, stress, depression, and pain. However, laboratory research has been criticized for lacking ecological validity, thus researchers have also investigated whether lifestyle-type community or field-based interventions are effective. Researchers have shown that increasing social support for PA is effective for adults, and water-based activities help children with cerebral palsy increase their functional fitness. Nontraditional approaches such as yoga, massage, relaxation, and mindfulness training might be considered potential antecedents of reduced negative affect, increased positive affect, and enhanced functional fitness.