bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Sugarcane Maturity using Glyphosate and Bispyribac Sodium as Chemical Ripeners in Wet Climate
Authors: Puspitasari Arinta Rury , Ariyani Diana , Putra Rivandi Pranandita , Widaryanto Eko , Maghfoer Moch. Dawam , Tyasmoro Setyono Yudo
Published: February 2024

Sugarcane is often harvested at non-optimal maturity. Chemical ripeners (CRs) could be a solution, although they risk killing subsequent ratoon plants (SRPs). This research aimed to unravel glyphosate (Gly) and bispyribac sodium (BS) impacts as CRs on sugarcane maturity and SRPs’ growth. The research was conducted in Kebon Agung Sugar Mill, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, from May to July 2022, using the ten-month-old Bululawang variety and was sprayed with a drone. A randomized block design was used with four treatments, i.e., Gly 1,000 mL ha-1, BS 200 mL ha-1, BS 100 mL ha-1, and control. Results showed that BS 200 mL ha-1 led to a greater rise in Cane Content Sugar (CCS) and Sugar Cristal Yield (SCY) than BS 100 mL ha-1 and the control but was still lower than Gly 1 l ha-1. The best harvest time for optimal maturity was six to eight weeks after applying BS 200 mL ha-1. The highest gap was in Gly, i.e., 45% than control and can potentially lower SCY more than other CRs, while the gaps in the 100 and 200 mL ha-1 BS were 7.82% and 11.97%, respectively. The results suggest that low doses of Gly and BS can boost maturity and also avert SRPs’ death.
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity in Ecoenzymes with Variations in Carbon Sources
Authors: Anhar Azwir , Khotimah Nanda Husnul , Putri Irma Leilani Eka , Farma Siska Alicia , Hilda Putri Dwi
Published: February 2024

Ecoenzyme is a fermented solution from a mixture of fruit skin waste, vegetables, water and sugar. The fermentation process of various types of natural ingredients is known to be able to increase the content of various phytochemical compounds and antioxidants in these products. Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that act as antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds that can overcome oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen compounds that play a role in capturing free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical and antioxidant content of each ecoenzyme. This type of research is descriptive. Ecoenzyme extraction was carried out by maceration method using three different solvents namely distilled water, methanol and ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out by qualitative methods. The antioxidant activity test was measured using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Prikrylhidrazil) method. The results showed that the ecoenzymes identified alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the ecoenzyme with methanol extract (IC50 value) was 100.052 ppm (moderate activity category), while the antioxidant activity of the other ecoenzyme sample extracts had weak antioxidant properties. The conclusion from this study is that ecoenzyme contains phytochemicals and antioxidant activity that can be applied to some field research.
Madirda Lake Ecotourism Management Strategy Based on Water Quality Analysis
Authors: Nugraheni Clara Adita , Sunarto  , Fajarningsih Rhina Uchyani
Published: February 2024

Madirda lake is located in Berjo village, Ngargoyoso, Central Java. The utilization of Madirda lake is relatively low although it is continuing to increase every year example for tourism, irrigation and anthropogenic activity. It affects the water quality and also impacts on population. Water quality analysis is needed to find out the quality of water, in this research used three parameters: physical (temperature, TDS and TSS), chemical (DO and pH), and biological (coliform). The result of the research shows that the quality of Madirda lake based on the water Pollution Index (IP) and STORET methods is in compliance with the class I water quality standard, which can be used as a benchmark for drinking water and/or other uses when the same function requires water quality based on water quality standards by the Law Ministry of Environmental No. 22 year 2021. These methods are easy technique and useful for representing the water quality data.
Comparison of Morphological Characters from Bornean Lowland Nepenthes Inflorescences: Case Study from Post-Mining Area of Sintang Regency West Kalimantan
Authors: Setiawan Hendra , Hakim Luchman , Fernandes Adji Achmad Rinaldo , Retnaningdyah Catur
Published: February 2024

The existence of inflorescence is an important aspect of Nepenthes conservation. However, it’s usually abandoned because they are rarely found in nature. This research aimed to compare the morphological characters of the Bornean lowland Nepenthes inflorescences based on species and sexes. It was conducted in the post-mining area of Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from October 2022 to February 2023. Inflorescence samples were collected from males and females of N. ampullaria, N. bicalcarata, N. gracillis, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana var. typica. Inflorescence morphometry characters consist of inflorescence length, peduncle length, rachilla length, flower length, tepal length, tepal width, and number of pistillate/staminate per inflorescence. The results showed that morphological characters of Bornean lowland Nepenthes inflorescence differ between species and sexes. N. ampullaria is characterised by having the highest number of flowers of any Nepenthes species. In contrast, N. bicalcarata is characterised by inflorescence length and peduncle length. Males and females have different morphological characteristics. Males have significantly longer and wider tepals and more flowers per inflorescence than females of Bornean lowland Nepenthes.
Initiation of Red Ginger Callus (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Rosc.) from Various Explants
Authors: Sukweenadhi Johan , Setiabudi James , Krisnawan Alfian Hendra , Christanti Pissa
Published: February 2024

The increasing demand for red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. rubrum Rosc.) both at the domestic and international levels has led to the need for gingerol production, a main compound of red ginger, which has various pharmacological activities. The urgency of this research is related to gingerol produced in cultivated red ginger, which often shows variability in quantity due to genetic variation and differences in geographical and environmental conditions where it is grown, so it requires gingerol standardization efforts. Through tissue culture techniques, it is possible to propagate plants in a controlled environment, ensuring genetic uniformity and minimizing variations caused by genetic factors. Red ginger raw materials that can be produced consistently, quickly, and land-efficiently with high gingerol content and pesticide-free have become an essential economic necessity. In this joint study with PT. Bintang Toedjoe, researchers intend to utilize root culture bioprocessing technology to increase gingerol production from red ginger. Root cultures have stabile genetics and growth faster; thus, these techniques imply the formation of organs or structures conducive to enhanced gingerol production. Our research has revealed successful protocols for inducing and multiplying suitable callus for organogenesis. Through the application of hormones, the best callus induction is using a combination of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 0.2 ppm BA with a callus production percentage of 67%. On the other hand, a satisfactory callus multiplication rate was used using 1 ppm 2,4-D with the most significant increase in explant area (79 mm2) by ruler alignment. Meanwhile, the rooting response was prominent at 1 ppm 2,4-D + 3 ppm BA.
Diurnal and Nocturnal Insect Diversity in Sugar Cane Plantations in Paddy Area in Pagak District, Malang Regency
Authors: Lestari Rizki Widhiana , Zayadi Hasan , Tito Sama’ Iradat
Published: February 2024

Paddy sugar cane plantations are a variation of the spatial layout of sugar cane plantations which have the characteristic that the land tends to be more humid. Insects are a part of the ecosystem and they play various ecological roles in it. Pagak District is a sugar cane-producing area with various types of land, one of which is paddy fields. This research aims to determine the diversity of diurnal and nocturnal insects on sugar cane plants in paddy fields in Pagak District, Malang Regency. This research was carried out in February – July 2023 on sugar cane plantations in the paddy fields of Pagak District, Malang Regency. The method used is a direct exploration method on 2 types of traps (yellow traps and light traps). The sampling technique was a purposive random sampling technique with varying times during the day and at night. Diversity index analysis in this study used the Shannon-Wiener formula. The results showed that in the yellow traps, the dominant species was Bactrocera dorsalis. Meanwhile, in the light traps, the dominant species is Scirpophaga nivella. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of the insect diversity index on sugar cane plants in paddy fields with temporal variations during the day are at a medium diversity level with a value of H' = 1.55. Meanwhile, sugar cane plants in paddy fields with night time variations are at a medium level of diversity with a value of H' = 2.56.
Diversity of Broadleaf Undergrowth Plants in the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve Area, West Java
Authors: Ibrahim Yusuf , Gurnita  , Suwandi Prila , Karima Elfina
Published: February 2024

The Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve in West Java, designed as a dual-purpose tourist destination and nature sanctuary, faces a notable threat to the diversity of its wide leafy plant undergrowth within the Pangandaran forest due to human activities. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach and a belt transect research design, utilizing purposive sampling for sample selection, to evaluate the undergrowth diversity in the reserve. Observations reveal 14 undergrowth species, spanning herbaceous plants, shrubs, and saplings, totalling 1677 individuals across 11 families and 13 genera. The calculated diversity index (H') is 1.846, indicating a moderate level of undergrowth diversity. The importance value index (IVI) determines the significance of undergrowth plants, with Elaeocarpus sp. exhibiting the highest value at 97.85% and Kleinhovia hospita L. the lowest at 1.060%. In summary, the development of Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve as a tourist park and sanctuary holds the potential to diminish the diversity of wide leafy plant undergrowth. This study identifies 14 undergrowth species with moderate diversity, emphasizing the need for meticulous planning and conservation measures to counteract the adverse effects of human activities on the area's natural diversity.
Early Explorations using KNN to Classify Emotions in Virtual Reality based on Heart Rate (HR) and Electrodermography (EDG)
Authors: Bulagang Aaron Frederick , Mountstephens James , Teo Jason
Published: February 2024

To detect multimodal emotions using Virtual Reality (VR), this research demonstrates the findings and results of using a KNN Classifier by merging Heart Rate and Electrodermography signals. The participants in the study were shown 360-degree videos using a VR headset to elicit their emotional reactions. A wearable that measures skin activity and pulse rate in real time was used to record their emotional response. The experiment had a total of 30 participants, and the KNN classifier was used to classify intra-subject data. With the HR combined with EDG signals paired with KNN as the classifier, the study’s 30 participants’ data went through intra-subject classification where 11 out of 30 participants achieved a peak accuracy of 100%. These findings show that by combining HR and EDG signals, KNN may be used as the classifier to produce highly accurate results. This study’s possible applications include VR rehabilitation, gaming, and entertainment.
Detecting and recognizing seven segment digits using a deep learning approach
Authors: Low Loi Ming , Mohd Salleh Faridah Hani , Law Yi Feng , Zakaria Nor Zaity
Published: February 2024

Recognizing seven-segment digits is a specific task within the broader field of text detection and recognition. Seven-segment digits are commonly used for displaying numerical information in various applications. However, accurately detecting and recognizing these digits can be challenging due to factors like LED bleeding, glare, and the presence of printed text alongside the digits. The experiment described in this paper aims to identify the most effective models for detecting and recognizing texts and assess their accuracy and performance under different environmental conditions. The experiment reveals that DBNet from PaddleOCR is the best model for text detection, while PARSeq has the best accuracy for recognizing seven-segment digits on the 7Seg dataset. PARSeq also performs well on a custom dataset with lower LED ratios but struggles with glare conditions. Excluding special characters improves accuracy in all conditions.
Adapting and applying student-centered learning in a perfusion clinical rotation
Authors: Neal James R. , Blau Caitlin , Colby Clint
Published: February 2024

While the process of teaching student perfusionists has been in development since the 1950s, the publication of the processes to improve perfusion clinical education has been largely lacking. Publications regarding education from other allied health and medical fields have shown the value of student-centered learning. The use of reflective practice to move perfusion students from thinking about actions after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to reflecting and reacting on actions during CPB is better encouraged by moving from a teacher-centered to a student-centered clinical model. Our institution’s teaching process has developed into a multi-point procedure to make our students into reflective practicing clinicians. Student preceptor evaluations were reversed to allow the students to evaluate themselves first, with feedback from the preceptor given subsequently. Additionally, a biweekly student educational session, where the student chooses a topic and reviews current evidence-based practice, was instituted. The clinical program director serves as the moderator and clinical expert to facilitate problem-based learning during the sessions. Students were also given three skill/experience levels with goals to reach and move through during the rotation. These student levels were also helpful to our preceptors in knowing what each student’s skill level was throughout their rotation. Overall, moving from a teacher-centered to a student-centered clinical rotation has helped make students familiar with reflective practice, self-evaluation, evidence-based practice, and problem-based learning. The incorporation of these processes will hopefully lead students to become lifelong reflective perfusionists.
Comparison of competing supply chains with different structures under cap-and-trade regulation
Authors: Chen Yuyu , Bai Qingguo , Xu Jianteng
Published: February 2024

To reduce carbon emissions, many countries and regions have implemented carbon cap-and-trade regulation. The main objective of this paper is to explore the economic and environmental impacts of carbon cap-and-trade regulation on two competing supply chains. This paper considers two cases: (i) in the absence of cap-and-trade regulation and (ii) with carbon cap-and-trade regulation. For each case, there are three structures: centralized-centralized (C-C) structure, decentralized-decentralized (D-D) structure, and hybrid centralized-decentralized (C-D) structure. First, this paper analyzes the optimal pricing decisions of two competing supply chains for the two cases, and then explores the impacts of cap-and-trade regulation on the sale price, market demand, economy (include enterprise profits and consumer surplus), environment (i.e., carbon emission) and total social welfare. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results. By comparing the two cases, the main conclusions are as follows: (i) cap-and-trade regulation leads to the increase of unit price and the decrease of the market demand, (ii) cap-and-trade regulation leads to the reduction of both carbon emission and the consumer surplus, (iii) the impacts of cap-and-trade regulation on the profit and social welfare depend on the carbon cap.
Shipment lead time hedging and coordination in prefabricated construction supply chain
Authors: Wang Zhenyi , Wang Haizi , Zhang Shibin , Qiu Shuai
Published: February 2024

This paper aims to coordinate a shipment lead time hedging (SLTH) problem between a building contractor and a logistics provider in the prefabricated construction supply chain (PCSC). In the PCSC, untimely (early or late) delivery of prefabs can lead to project time and cost overruns. To mitigate this challenge, the building contractor requires the logistics provider to reduce the shipping time variability, which is termed the SLTH strategy. While this benefits the building contractor, it also puts more investment and operational pressures on the logistics provider. To solve this conflict, we introduce a coordination mechanism which involves two terms: an SLTH level related cost term is charged by the logistics provider to the building contractor, and a constant transfer term is adopted to fairly allocate the system surplus. Three decentralized models are investigated: i.e., two Stackelberg game models with alternative decision-making sequences and an equal power model. Further comparative analysis and numerical studies reveal that our proposed coordination mechanism increases the SLTH level and ensures a win–win situation. Moreover, some interesting managerial implications are derived.
Substantiating and Adopting Lung Ultrasound Scores to Predict Surfactant Need in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome within an Institution
Authors: Chan Belinda , Torsitano Christopher , Gordon Sasha , Konana Olive , Singh Yogen
Published: February 2024

Objective Administering surfactant timely and appropriately is important to minimize lung injury but remains challenging in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. The published literature supports that lung ultrasound (LUS) score can predict surfactant need. Neonatal LUS scanning specification and parameter setting guidelines have been recently published for standardization. However, variations in scanning protocols and machine settings hinder its clinical implementation widely. This observational study aims to internally validate the suggested LUS protocol in a neonatal intensive care unit to establish a correlation between LUS scores and surfactant need as the first step of integrating LUS in the clinical practice.

Study Design LUS was performed on 40 eligible preterm neonates within 3 hours after birth or before surfactant administration between May 2020 and March 2021. The neonates were between 27 and 32 weeks' gestational age, and all had respiratory distress. Neonates with known congenital anomalies were excluded. A high-frequency linear probe was used to obtain LUS images from six lung zones which were scored using a 0 to 3 system, yielding a maximum of 18 points. Treating physicians were blinded to the LUS score. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined the optimal LUS score cut-off for predicting surfactant need.

Results Fifteen of the 40 neonates (38%) required higher oxygen fraction and received surfactant. In our cohort, an LUS score ≥10 was identified as the optimal cut-off for predicting surfactant need, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 84%. The area under the curve was 0.8 (p = 0.0003). LUS predicted surfactant need at a median of 3.5 hours earlier than traditional clinical decision (p < 0.0037).

Conclusion LUS is a helpful adjunct for predicting surfactant need in preterm neonates. This study describes an approach to implement the LUS protocol and score for clinical decision-making in the clinical practice.

Key Points
To do justice to Foucault: Foucault and Derrida in couples therapy with Freud
Authors: Brenner Leon S.
Published: February 2024

This paper elaborates key factors in Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida’s long polemical argument over the question of madness. The paper focuses on Foucault’s consideration of a constitutive exclusion underlying the discourse of reason and unreason, as well as his insistence on that exclusion’s singular relationship with madness. This exclusion is then developed in psychoanalytic terms augmenting the constitutive gesture that Sigmund Freud attributed to the plurality of subjective structures elaborated in his metapsychology. The psychoanalytic determination of constitutive exclusion is posed as being situated at a privileged position that enables it to consolidate the polemic debate between Foucault and Derrida about madness. By doing so, the intersection of Foucault's theory of madness with Freud’s psychoanalysis is shown to be fruitful territory, epitomizing a hospitality to madness—thus, doing justice to Foucault in light of Derrida’s critique.
Bio-inspired textured surfaces can keep marine turbines clean
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: February 2024

A textured surface with varied spacing can minimize biofouling, saving time and money.
Parasitic modulation effect caused by dynamic plasma in low frequency
Authors: Gao Yuxuan , Yang Min , Xie Kai , Qiao Longjie , Liu Haoyan , Li Chengguang , Liu Donglin , Quan Lei , Wu Mingxing , Li Xiaoping
Published: February 2024

Abstract-dynamic plasma sheath can severely interfere with the communication of hypersonic vehicles during atmospheric reentry. Theoretical and experimental results show that low-frequency (LF) electromagnetic (EM) waves could penetrate the plasma sheath, building a feasible method to solve the “radio blackout” problem. This paper discovers that the propagation of LF EM waves in plasmas is still influenced by parasitic modulation effects. Compared to microwave frequencies, the impact of parasitic modulation effects on signal modulation patterns is more distinct for LF EM waves. In contrast to the microwave frequency range, where the rotation direction of QPSK signal constellation points changes with the ratio of plasma frequency to electromagnetic wave frequency, in the LF range, the constellation points undergo limited clockwise rotation. This phenomenon can be attributed to the unique magnetic field propagation mechanism of LF EM waves in dynamic plasmas. This paper analyzes the mechanism of this specific parasitic modulation effect and discovers a sinusoidal transformation relationship between amplitude attenuation and phase shift. Meanwhile, the experimental and simulation results proved that the time-varying plasma could cause the parasitic modulation effect of LF EM wave, resulting in a limited clockwise rotation of orthogonal phase-shift keying constellation points, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.
Novel approach for designing order parameters of clathrate hydrate structures by graph neural network
Authors: Ishiai Satoki , Endo Katsuhiro , Brumby Paul E. , Sum Amadeu K. , Yasuoka Kenji
Published: February 2024

Clathrate hydrates continue to be the focus of active research efforts due to their use in energy resources, transportation, and storage-related applications. Therefore, it is crucial to define their essential characteristics from a molecular standpoint. Understanding molecular structure in particular is crucial because it aids in understanding the mechanisms that lead to the formation or dissociation of clathrate hydrates. In the past, a wide variety of order parameters have been employed to classify and evaluate hydrate structures. An alternative approach to inventing bespoke order parameters is to apply machine learning techniques to automatically generate effective order parameters. In earlier work, we suggested a method for automatically designing novel parameters for ice and liquid water structures with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). In this work, we use a GNN to implement our method, which can independently produce feature representations of the molecular structures. By using the TeaNet-type model in our method, it is possible to directly learn the molecular geometry and topology. This enables us to build novel parameters without prior knowledge of suitable order parameters for the structure type, discover structural differences, and classify molecular structures with high accuracy. We use this approach to classify the structures of clathrate hydrate structures: sI, sII, and sH. This innovative approach provides an appealing and highly accurate replacement for the traditional order parameters. Furthermore, our method makes clear the process of automatically designing a universal parameter for liquid water, ice, and clathrate hydrate to analyze their structures and phases.
Transition of Edney shock–shock interactions due to the whipping phenomenon of liquid jet in supersonic crossflow
Authors: Sebastian Dominic S. , Muruganandam T. M.
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we experimentally study the unsteady dynamics of shock–shock interaction between the bow shock generated by a liquid jet in supersonic crossflow (LJISC) and an oblique shock. Images of shock–shock interactions were captured using high-speed focusing schlieren. Due to the whipping nature of the liquid jet, a coupling happens between the instantaneous bow shock shape and violent oscillations of the liquid jet. Proper orthogonal decomposition reveals that the dominant coherent structures of LJISC are convective and flapping modes, and these modes are responsible for unsteady variation in the local bow shock angle. An oblique shock emanating from a wedge is made to interact with the oscillating bow shock of a liquid jet near the sonic line. At this shock interaction location and for a constant momentum flux ratio between liquid jet and crossflow, unsteady transitions between the types of Edney shock–shock interactions were observed. The types of Edney shock–shock interactions that can occur depend on the local average bow shock angle and the momentum flux ratio. Support vector machine (SVM) model was used to classify three types of Edney shock–shock interactions based on ten features related to the nearest knee point, shock interaction point, and maximum penetration height. Using the SVM model, three dominant features that affect the type of shock–shock interaction were identified. Experimental results, when compared with shock polar, reveal some short-duration abnormal presence of overall regular interaction instead of overall Mach interaction regime.
Discovering novel halide perovskite alloys using multi-fidelity machine learning and genetic algorithm
Authors: Yang Jiaqi , Manganaris Panayotis , Mannodi-Kanakkithodi Arun
Published: February 2024

Expanding the pool of stable halide perovskites with attractive optoelectronic properties is crucial to addressing current limitations in their performance as photovoltaic (PV) absorbers. In this article, we demonstrate how a high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) dataset of halide perovskite alloys can be used to train accurate surrogate models for property prediction and subsequently perform inverse design using genetic algorithm (GA). Our dataset consists of decomposition energies, bandgaps, and photovoltaic efficiencies of nearly 800 pure and mixed composition ABX3 compounds from both the GGA-PBE and HSE06 functionals, and are combined with ∼100 experimental data points collected from the literature. Multi-fidelity random forest regression models are trained on the DFT + experimental dataset for each property using descriptors that one-hot encode composition, phase, and fidelity, and additionally include well-known elemental or molecular properties of species at the A, B, and X sites. Rigorously optimized models are deployed for experiment-level prediction over >150 000 hypothetical compounds, leading to thousands of promising materials with low decomposition energy, band gap between 1 and 2 eV, and efficiency of >15%. Surrogate models are further combined with GA using an objective function to maintain chemical feasibility, minimize decomposition energy, maximize PV efficiency, and keep bandgap between 1 and 2 eV; thus, hundreds more optimal compositions and phases are discovered. We present an analysis of the screened and inverse-designed materials, visualize ternary phase diagrams generated for many systems of interest using machine learning predictions, and suggest strategies for further improvement and expansion in the future.
Impact force of an air-in-liquid compound drop
Authors: Thale Vinod Ashok , Abouelsoud Mostafa , Chizari Hossain , Thoraval Marie-Jean
Published: February 2024

We investigate numerically the transient forces produced by an air-in-liquid compound drop impacting onto a solid surface. We demonstrate that the presence of a bubble in the drop decreases the impact force. This decrease can be mainly explained by a reduced area over which the impact pressure is applied. We systematically vary the bubble size to understand its effect on the maximum normal force. A simple scaling model for the maximum impact force is developed to accommodate the effect of bubble size.
Generation of multiple vector beams through cascaded beam displacers and a segmented digital hologram
Authors: Zhao Bo , Wu Jia-Yuan , Yu Xiang-Yu , Hu Xiao-Bo , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo
Published: February 2024

Complex vector light modes, characterized by a non-uniform transverse polarization distribution, have pervaded a wide range of research fields. In this study, we propose an approach that enables the simultaneous generation of multiple vector beams based on a spatially segmented digital hologram and two or more cascaded beam displacers. More precisely, an input beam is separated into multiple parallel copies spatially separated, which are then sent to the center of each segmented hologram, enabling independent modulation of each beam. The modulated beams are then judiciously recombined with a beam displacer to generate multiple vector modes in a simultaneous way. We demonstrated our technique with two arbitrary vector modes but the technique can be easily extended to more by inserting additional beam displacers. To assess the quality of the generated vector modes, we employed Stokes polarimetry to reconstruct their transverse polarization distribution and to measure their degree of non-separability. We envision that this technique will find significant applications in various fields, including optical communications, optical sensing, and optical tweezers to mention a few.
Pore-scale flow simulation of CO2 sequestration in deep shale based on thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled model
Authors: Liu Ziwei , Yang Yongfei , Zhang Qi , Imani Gloire , Zhang Lei , Sun Hai , Zhong Junjie , Zhang Kai , Yao Jun
Published: February 2024

The technology of sequestering CO2 in deep shale has shown great potential due to the low permeability of shale and the high adsorption of CO2 by organic-rich characteristics. Deep shale is characterized by high temperature and high pressure with a significant hydro-mechanical coupling effect. The Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes method was integrated with heat transfer equations to simulate thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled single-phase steady-state flow, combined with multiphase flow equations to simulate hydro-mechanical coupled transient flow under high-temperature conditions. This study aims to reveal the effect of temperature difference between CO2 and reservoir, Reynolds number, and formation pressure on the flow process of CO2 geological storage in deep shale based on the constructed real core structure consisting of organic pore, organic matter, and inorganic matter. The results indicate that low-temperature CO2 is conducive to giving full play to the role of convection heat transfer, improving the CO2 saturation and the swept volume of organic pores. The Reynolds number has a negligible impact on the transition of convective and conduction heat transfer. At higher Reynolds numbers, CO2 flows extensively and deeply, and CO2 clusters occupy a higher proportion in organic pores. At higher confining pressures, the Nusselt number is higher and convective heat transfer is more dominant. Shallower reservoirs are favorable conditions for adsorption trapping, as their cores are subjected to slightly lower confining pressure, resulting in higher CO2 saturation in the organic matter and higher sweep efficiency of organic pores. Our main finding is that low-temperature CO2, a higher Reynolds number, and shallower buried depth favor carbon sequestration.
Exploring the load characteristics and structural responses of a high-speed vehicle entering water
Authors: Xu Lei , Wang Zhenqing , Lv Hongqing
Published: February 2024

The process of a trans-medium vehicle crossing from air into water is referred to as water entry. It involves the interplay of air, water, and the vehicle and is a non-stationary process. In this study, we use the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method, along with the constitutive Johnson–Cook model and the model of cumulative damage-induced failure, to describe the dynamic plastic flow and fracture-related behavior of the vehicle shell, and use it to develop a method to numerically simulate the process of a high-speed vehicle entering water. When it contacts with water, the elasticity of the medium prompted a significant deflection and deformation in the central area of the head of the vehicle shell. As deformation approached its limit, tensile fractures occurred that caused the shell of the head to separate from the main body. Changes in its angle of water entry influenced the fracture process of the shell. The symmetric, parabolic bending deformation of the head of the vehicle shell occurred around its central axis. The time taken by different types of vehicle heads to fail varied significantly, leading to marked differences in their peak deformation. We determined the quantitative relationship between the dimensionless factor χ and the velocity of water entry, using it to estimate the ultimate water entry velocity for vehicles of different sizes but composed of the same material.
Development of anisotropic force fields for homopolymer melts at the mesoscale
Authors: Nkepsu Mbitou Roland Leonel , Dequidt Alain , Goujon Florent , Latour Benoit , Devémy Julien , Martzel Nicolas , Hauret Patrice , Malfreyt Patrice
Published: February 2024

With the aim of producing realistic coarse-grained models of homopolymers, we introduce a tabulated backbone-oriented anisotropic potential. The parameters of the model are optimized using statistical trajectory matching. The impact of grain anisotropy is evaluated at different coarse-graining levels using cis-polybutadiene as a test case. We show that, at the same time, tuning the aspect ratio of the grains can lead to a better density and structure and may reduce the unphysical bond crossings by up to 90%, without increasing the computation time too much and thereby jeopardizing the main advantage of coarse-grained models.
Probing the infrared properties of a p-doped Ge0.938Sn0.062 thin film via polarization-dependent FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Carnio B. N. , Shahriar B. , Attiaoui A. , Atalla M. R. M. , Assali S. , Moutanabbir O. , Elezzabi A. Y.
Published: February 2024

The complex relative permittivity of doped Ge1−xSnx thin films (realized using state-of-the-art growth techniques) are obtained by devising a methodology based upon polarization-dependent reflection measurements along with multi-layer Fresnel reflection equations. The developed approach is implemented to acquire the complex relative permittivity of a 170-nm-thick Ge1−xSnx film exhibiting a hole carrier concentration of 3.3 × 1019 cm−3 and x = 6.2%, with this Sn composition suggesting the film is on the cusp of exhibiting a direct bandgap. The investigation conducted on this thin film as well as the developed methodology are expected to further establish Ge1−xSnx as the primary semiconductor for on-chip light emission and sensing devices.
Transient thermocapillary convection under a surface of a linear temperature distribution
Authors: Meng Xinyuan , Chen Enhui , Xu Feng
Published: February 2024

Transient thermocapillary convection under a surface of a linear temperature distribution in a top open cavity at a zero-gravity condition is investigated using scaling analysis and numerical simulation. Induced by the linear temperature distribution on a surface, a surface flow (SF) occurs. Then the pressure gradient near the sidewall drives a vertical flow (VF). The evolution in dynamics and heat transfer of the SF and the VF is argued, which is determined by Marangoni number (Ma), Prandtl number (Pr), and aspect ratio (A). Scaling analysis shows that there are four typical evolutions of the VF and two typical evolutions of the thermal boundary layer. Furthermore, velocity, boundary layer thickness, and Nusselt number of transient thermocapillary convection are scaled under different regimes in different evolutions, and a number of new scaling laws are proposed. Additionally, the flow structures under different regimes are characterized, and selected scaling laws obtained in scaling analysis are validated by numerical simulation results.
Amplitude modulation in turbulent boundary layer over anisotropic porous wall
Authors: Chen Xiaonan , Feng Zhixiang , Ye Qingqing
Published: February 2024

In this study, the amplitude modulation effect in a turbulent boundary layer over anisotropic porous walls is investigated experimentally at the Reynolds number based on friction velocity of Reτ = 236–319. The streamwise and wall-normal velocity fields were measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. To clarify the coherent structures related to the amplitude modulation over the porous wall with skin friction reduction effect, the large-scale structures are extracted from the low-pass filtered streamwise velocity fluctuations. The small-scale events related to high fluctuation energy are detected by the variable-interval space-averaging technique. Over the porous wall, the induced upwash and downwash motion leads to a notable suppression of large-scale structures. The small-scale motions in the near-wall region are mainly caused by the ejection events, while the sweep events are significantly suppressed. The amplitude modulation effects indicate that the positive and negative large-scale velocity streaks produce suppression and enhancement effects to the near-wall small-scale turbulence, respectively, which is contrary to the conventional phenomenon over the smooth wall case. The interaction between outer large-scale and inner small-scale structures is significantly weakened by the porous wall, contributing to the overall skin friction reduction.
Thermal effects on chemically induced Marangoni convection around A + B → C reaction fronts
Authors: Bigaj A. , Upadhyay V. , Rongy L.
Published: February 2024

Chemical reactions can induce Marangoni flows by changing the surface tension of a solution open to the air, either by changing the composition and/or by modifying the temperature. We consider the case of a simple A + B → C reaction front propagating in a thin horizontal system open to air. The effect of the three chemical species on the surface tension of the aqueous solution is quantified by three solutal Marangoni numbers, while the effect of temperature changes is determined by the thermal Marangoni number. By integrating numerically the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled to reaction-diffusion-convection equations for the chemical concentrations and temperature taking into account the Lewis number (ratio between heat and mass diffusivities), we emphasize the importance of thermal changes occurring due to the heat of reaction on the dynamics of chemically induced Marangoni convection. Based on the reaction-diffusion profiles of concentrations and temperature, asymptotic analytical solutions for the surface tension profiles are obtained and classified as a function of the Marangoni numbers and the Lewis number. This new classification allows for the prediction of the convective patterns in thermo-solutal Marangoni flows. The analytical predictions are further confirmed by numerical results and additional extrema in surface tension profiles induced by the thermal effects are found to affect the nonlinear dynamics.
Dynamics of chiral domain walls in bent cylindrical magnetic nanowires
Authors: Bittencourt G. H. R. , Carvalho-Santos V. L. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O. , Altbir D. , Moreno R.
Published: February 2024

Cylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs) constitute a viable component of 3D nanoscale magnetic devices and engineering their response to external stimuli is necessary for their future functionalization. Here, by means of micromagnetic simulations, we study the dynamical response of vortex–antivortex and Bloch point domain walls under the action of an applied magnetic field in curved arc-shaped NWs varying the saturation magnetization value. Our results provide evidence that, in the range considered in this work, the curvature has no influence on the critical diameters, delimiting different domain wall types. However, it has a relevant effect on the domain wall dynamics. Specifically, the vortex–antivortex domain wall oscillates back and forth while rotating around the nanowire, and the frequency and amplitude can be tuned by curvature and applied field. On the contrary, Bloch point domain wall dynamics does not show any oscillatory behavior, and the domain wall is rapidly expelled from the nanowire with velocities similar to that of the straight cylindrical nanowires. These results allow engineering magnetic response of cylindrical nanowires with curvature.
Electron transfer tuned by pressure-dependent aggregation-induced emission in InP/ZnS quantum dot–anthraquinone complexes
Authors: Qin Xiaxia , Zhang Haiwa , Chen Lin , Chu Ya , Zhang Guozhao , Wang Qinglin , Wang Lingrui , Li Qian , Li Yinwei , Guo Haizhong , Liu Cailong
Published: February 2024

Electron transfer (ET) process is considered a substantial factor in influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of optoelectronic devices. While pressure has demonstrated effective tune ET, a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms for both restraining and promoting ET remains elusive. Herein, we have performed measurements using in situ high-pressure steady-state photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering spectra, and femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy on InP/ZnS quantum dot–anthraquinone (InP/ZnS QD-AQ) complexes. The experimental results have demonstrated that the pressure-suppressed ET process in the InP/ZnS QD-AQ complexes arises from both the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect of AQ in toluene and the quantum confinement effect of the InP/ZnS QDs. The reduction in the distance between InP/ZnS QD and AQ under pressure emerges as a key factor that promotes the ET process in the InP/ZnS QD-AQ complexes. Furthermore, we observed that the pressure not only enhances the ET process but also suppresses the auger recombination process in liquid phase I of toluene, consequently leading to an enhancement in the photoelectric conversion efficiency. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of the ultrafast dynamic processes in the pressure-induced QD-receptor complexes, and it has great potential for preparing efficient and stable optoelectronic devices.
Effect of heat stress on the reproductive performance of sows: comparison of different thermal-comfort indices in a temperate climate
Authors: Villa-Mancera Abel , Méndez-Rosas Maricela , Cruz-Aviña Juan
Published: February 2024

Context Heat stress is a major environmental factor negatively affecting animal health and production efficiency of the sow, and causes significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Researchers have developed various thermal indices with different characteristics for assessing the level of heat stress in pigs, including the temperature–humidity index (THI), black globe–humidity index (BGHI), effective temperature (ET), equivalent temperature index of sows (ETIS), and enthalpy (H), among others. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat stress on reproductive performance by using different thermal indices based on environmental variables in a temperate climate and to compare the goodness-of-fit among them. Methods In total, 2951 sow reproductive records were analysed for a Puebla farm in the northern hemisphere. Key results The overall means for pregnancy, farrowing, and abortion rates over the period from January to December 2020 were 83.1%, 80.67%, and 5.2%, whereas temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were 24.3°C, 63.0%, and 3.7 m/s respectively. The highest rates of pregnancy and farrowing over the study period were observed in March, while the abortion rate was highest in December. However, the mean daily temperatures exceeded 25°C between March and June, being higher the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone for sows. Many thermal indices have been used to estimate the level of heat stress in pigs, such as the THI, BGHI, ET, and ETIS. We used 11 thermal indices to measure the degree of heat stress affecting fertility traits of animals. Pregnancy and farrowing rates were highest for THI2 and THI6 values, reflecting moderate stress at pregnancy and farrowing periods. Statistically signiﬁcant differences were found between the THI2, THI4, THI6, and ET values and the pregnancy, farrowing, and abortion rates (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results showed that the THI2 performs better for evaluating the level of heat stress in sows than do other thermal-comfort indices such as the THI4, THI6, and ET. Implications These results may be useful for accurate assessment of heat stress to mitigate its effects and avoid significant economic losses in sows in temperate climates.
Recent advances in reproductive research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Annual Meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 2022
Authors: Green Ella S. , Chan Hon Y. , Frost Emily , Griffiths Meaghan , Hutchison Jennifer , Martin Jacinta H. , Mihalas Bettina P. , Newman Trent , Dunleavy Jessica E. M.
Published: February 2024

In 2022, the Society for Reproductive Biology came together in Christchurch New Zealand (NZ), for its first face-to-face meeting since the global COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting showcased recent advancements in reproductive research across a diverse range of themes relevant to human health and fertility, exotic species conservation, and agricultural breeding practices. Here, we highlight the key advances presented across the main themes of the meeting, including advances in addressing opportunities and challenges in reproductive health related to First Nations people in Australia and NZ; increasing conservation success of exotic species, including ethical management of invasive species; improvements in our understanding of developmental biology, specifically seminal fluid signalling, ovarian development and effects of environmental impacts such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals; and leveraging scientific breakthroughs in reproductive engineering to drive solutions for fertility, including in assisted reproductive technologies in humans and agricultural industries, and for regenerative medicine.