bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mammal faunal response to the Paleogene hyperthermals ETM2 and H2
Authors: Chew A. E.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Scientists are increasingly turning to deep-time fossil records to decipher the long-term consequences of climate change in the race to preserve modern biotas from anthropogenically driven global warming. "Hyperthermals" are past intervals of geologically rapid global warming that provide the opportunity to study the effects of climate change on existing faunas over thousands of years. A series hyperthermals is known from the early Eocene (∼56–54 million years ago), including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and two subsequent hyperthermals, Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) and H2. The later hyperthermals occurred following the onset of warming at the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), the hottest sustained period of the Cenozoic. The PETM has been comprehensively studied in marine and terrestrial settings, but the terrestrial biotic effects of ETM2 and H2 are unknown. Their geochemical signatures have been located in the northern part of the Bighorn Basin, WY, USA, and their levels can be extrapolated to an extraordinarily dense, well-studied terrestrial mammal fossil record in the south-central part of the basin. High-resolution, multi-parameter paleoecological analysis reveals significant peaks in species diversity and turnover and changes in abundance and relative body size at the levels of ETM2 and H2 in the south-central Bighorn Basin record. In contrast with the PETM, faunal change at the later hyperthermals is less extreme, does not include immigration and involves a proliferation of body sizes, although abundance shifts tend to favor smaller congeners. Faunal response at ETM2 and H2 is distinctive in its high proportion of species losses potentially related to heightened species vulnerability in response to the changes already underway at the beginning of the EECO. Faunal response at ETM2 and H2 is also distinctive in high proportions of beta richness, suggestive of increased geographic dispersal related to transient increases in habitat (floral) complexity and/or precipitation or seasonality of precipitation. These results suggest that rapid ecological changes, increased heterogeneity in species incidence, and heightened species vulnerability and loss may be expected across most of North America in the near future in response to anthropogenically-driven climate change.
Activist Pensioners, a Contradiction in Terms? Argentina’s Jubilados
Authors: DuBois Lindsay
Published: April 2015

Why does it seem unlikely that retirees should be political activists?  What does that reaction say about our understandings of retirement and of activism?  This article examines the experience of a group of older activists who, among other things, rally weekly in front of the National Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and have done so for more than two decades.  Regardless of advanced age and infirmity, these men and women, some in their eighties and nineties, refuse to be defined as passive by their roles as retirees and grandparents.  After examining some of the tensions embodied in the idea of activist pensioners, this article proceeds to look at the pensioners’ own understandings of where their activism comes from and what sustains it.  Situating the pensioners’ struggle in broader historical processes in Argentina illuminates their motives and strategies.  The article thus also demonstrates that a historical approach provides a productive strategy for analysing elder social movements.
Internationalization and hotel performance
Authors: Assaf A. George , Josiassen Alexander , Oh Haemoon
Published: April 2015

Few industries are as inherently international as the hotel industry. This article sets out to investigate the impact of internationalization on performance in the hotel industry. Building on the theory of organizational learning the authors test several hypotheses regarding the shape of the internationalization–performance relationship as well as the impact of four moderating variables. In line with the research aim and the underlying dynamism of organizational learning theory, these hypotheses are tested using a dynamic Bayesian model. The results indicate that internationalization has a U-shaped impact on hotel performance, moderated by cultural distance, regulations and restrictions and the level of development congruence. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for practice and provide directions for future research.
Concentración de plaguicidas en agua, sedimentos y ostiones (Crassostrea rizophorae) de la Laguna de Bluefields, RAAS, Nicaragua
Authors: Ebanks Mongalo Billy Francis , Suárez Sánchez Juan , Siu Estrada Eduardo , Montoya Arguello Juan José , Mairena Valdivia Daniel Alvaro , Flores Pacheco Asdrubal , Van der Wal Johannes Cornelis , Valencia Quintana Pedro
Published: April 2015

En las cuencas de los ríos Escondido y Kukra River de Nicaragua se utiliza, para las actividades agropecuarias, cantidades considerables de plaguicidas que confluyen en la Laguna de Bluefields, principalmente por los escurrimientos de agua. Con el objetivo de identificar el riesgo ambiental al que están expuestos el sistema lagunar y las poblaciones humanas se estableció un sistema de muestreo para determinar las concentraciones de plaguicidas en agua, sedimentos y ostiones, Los resultados confirmaron la creciente preocupación por la contaminación de los ríos, lagunas costeras y bancos de pesca del Mar Caribe nicaragüense y la necesidad de generar información sobre el grado de contaminación existente, que permita coadyuvar a determinar las fuentes y desarrollar estrategias adecuadas dirigidas a reducir el escurrimiento de plaguicidas a esta región.Blupils lagun ka, RAAS, Nicaragua ra,puisin nani liwra ba, taski satka nani bara li daiura nani ailal tilara baNicaragua ra,Escondido bara kukra river awalka nani ba yus munisa, Dusma nani mankaia bara daiwan sahwaia baku ba mita blupil lagun ka bara puisin satka nani ailal wih ai paswisa. Kau ba lika li aubi nani bakku wisa.Wan tasbaia bara wan laya nani ba sauhki wabia apia, bara upla nani bara iwiba trabil bribia apia dukiara stadi satka nani kum kum daukan lagunka laya bara, li aubi pliska nani ra bara li daiura nani banghwi pliska ra sin, naha wal witin nani kaiki sakbia dia pitka pat puisin diara nanira ambuk munanba. Naha stadi muni laki kaikanka nara aisi sakisa rait naha pliska nanira Puisin bui diara pat sauhkan ba, awala nanira,kabu un lagun ka nanira, Nicaragua karibi kuska tanira inska miski alki pliska nanira, baku sin nitsa tanka briaia dia pitka pat saukan ba dukiara. Naha tanka brisuya bawal baman sip kabia puisin nani ba swika uba diara nani ba kau sauhki wabia apia naha pilska ra. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v67i0.1888
Slachtoffers van onrecht: de psychologie van secundaire victimisatie (en positieve reacties voor slachtoffers)
Authors: Bal Michèlle
Published: April 2015

Victims of injustice: The psychology of secondary victimization (and positive reactions toward victims)

Victims play an increasingly more prominent role in the criminal justice process. While the consequences of victim participation in the judicial process have been criticized by researchers and practitioners alike, the possible negative consequences of secondary victimization has been largely neglected in this debate. From a social psychological perspective, I discuss research on just-world theory that can explain these negative reactions and give some insight into the processes that play a role in both negative and positive reactions toward victims. Implications for the law practitioners and scholars will be discussed.
La gestion des bénévoles dans les organismes à but non lucratif : une approche différenciée
Authors: Atangana-Abé Jacob
Published: April 2015

Les bénévoles sont reconnus comme étant une composante essentielle des organismes à but non lucratif (OBNL). Plusieurs auteurs s’accordent par ailleurs à reconnaître qu’ils constituent l’un des traits caractéristiques des organisations du tiers secteur (Keyton, Wilson et Geiger, 1990; Wymer, 2003; Brudney, 2005; McCurley, 2005). Parallèlement à son importance sur le plan organisationnel, le recours aux bénévoles s’affirme comme une tendance lourde de l’économie nationale (Statistique Canada, 2012). À partir des résultats d’une recherche empirique, cet article propose une typologie originale des bénévoles qui implique, en ce qui concerne ces derniers, une approche de gestion différenciée qui tient compte des attentes et des motivations spécifiques de chaque catégorie.
Castles and Pavilions: Creating New Hybrid Places of Exchange
Authors: Holbrook Tom
Published: April 2015

Tom Holbrook, Director at architecture and urban design practice 5th Studio, describes two projects in the south of England that respond spatially to the needs of ‘the knowledge economy’. The first is the River Lea Park, to the east of London, which promotes open connectivity between people in a post‐ industrial landscape; and the second is the Creative Exchange in St Neots, Cambridgeshire, a building designed to accommodate local enterprise. Both are designed to redirect social and economic activities, supporting creative swarming, and establishing what Stafford Beer has coined as ‘platforms for change’.
Folly Variations: The Time‐Specific Architecture of Mass Studies
Authors: Cho Minsuk
Published: April 2015

Minsuk Cho, founder of Seoul‐based Mass Studies, describes the shifting environment of practice: a world in which curators and clients are already anticipating the way that future architecture will take on a new level of interactivity, responding to personal communication devices. There is a bittersweet flavour to these accounts of projects commissioned by curators that seek to maximise the interactions between the public and the making of pavilions. The irony is sharpened by the urban context of Seoul, a densely populated city in which individuals seek to excise themselves from the relentless interactions of everyday living.
Global Village Media: Coming Together in the Early 1970s at Whiz Bang Quick City
Authors: Scott Felicity D
Published: April 2015

Felicity D Scott, Associate Professor of Architecture at Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), describes here the instant city events of the early 1970s. These foreshadowed current global village media practices in what now seems a quaintly material manner: communication between sites involved the physical mailing of videotapes and ‘wire photos’ through the postal service. The sites themselves – in the US and elsewhere – were transformed into ‘instant cities’ through the erection of physical geodesic domes, teepees and inflatables in seas of mud. The true antecedents of today's instant networking, these pioneers embraced the newest technology available at the time and the most innovative forms of temporary architecture.
Architecture of the Occasion
Authors: Ednie‐Brown Pia
Published: April 2015

In an age of casual dressing and informal, fluid social meetings, Pia Ednie‐Brown, Associate Professor the School of Architecture and Design at RMIT University, Melbourne, highlights the paradox of the highly formalist nature of many temporary structures. Often designed to be the event itself, pop‐ups have become the ‘architecture of the occasion’. These are epitomised by the elaborate and eccentric one‐off designs of cultural pavilions or follies. Could it be, Ednie‐Brown asks, that this shift to a formalist architecture is giving us the unique opportunity to embrace the casual informality of today's social interactions, while still getting ‘glimmeringly sequined up for the event’?
Indeterminacy & Contingency: The Seroussi Pavilion and Bloom by Alisa Andrasek
Authors: Andrasek Alisa
Published: April 2015

The lightly programmed spaces of flexible, temporary structures enable open‐ended interactions. Here, architect and curator Alisa Andrasek, who is Reader in Architecture and Computation at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL), describes how she has embraced adaptability and social engagement by adopting a strategy of ‘indeterminacy’ and ‘contingency’ in her two installations: the Seroussi Pavilion (2007) and Bloom (2012).
Urban Phenomenon: Guerilla Architecture in Taipei
Authors: Ching‐Yueh Roan
Published: April 2015

Roan Ching‐Yueh is a prolific author, architect and curator, and a professor in the Department of Art and Design at Yuan‐Ze University in Taiwan. Here he describes two projects that he curated in and around Taipei, which explore the fast‐changing nature of the city and the fluidity of the urban context through the creation of installations that extend and heighten it. ‘7‐Eleven as a City’ was set up as a workshop and exhibition in 2007 and the ‘Illegal Architecture’ show of 2012 invited architects Wang Shu and Hsieh Ying‐chun to specially create ‘guerilla’ structures around the theme.
Phosphorescent Cationic Au4Ag2 Alkynyl Cluster Complexes for Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Xu Liang‐Jin , Wang Jin‐Yun , Zhu Xiao‐Feng , Zeng Xian‐Chong , Chen Zhong‐Ning
Published: April 2015

Cationic Au4Ag2 heterohexanuclear aromatic acetylides cluster complexes supported by bis(2‐diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine (dpep) are prepared. The Au4Ag2 cluster structure originating from the combination of one anionic [Au(C≡CR)2]− with one cationic [Au3Ag2(dpep)2(C≡CR)2]3+ through the formation of Ag−acetylide η2‐bonds is highly stabilized by Au–Ag and Au–Au contacts. The Au4Ag2 alkynyl cluster complexes are moderately phosphorescent in the fluid CH2Cl2 solution, but exhibit highly intense phosphorescent emission in solid state and film. As revealed by theoretical computational studies, the phosphorescence is ascribable to significant 3[π (aromatic acetylide) → s/p (Au)] 3LMCT parentage with a noticeable Au4Ag2 cluster centered 3[d → s/p] triplet state. Taking advantage of mCP and OXD‐7 as a mixed host with 20 wt% dopant of phosphorescent Au4Ag2 cluster complex in the emitting layer, solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) exhibit highly efficient electrophosphorescence with the maximum current, power, and external quantum efficiencies of 24.1 cd A−1, 11.6 lm W−1, and 7.0%, respectively. Introducing copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) as a hole‐transporting layer onto the PEDOT:PSS hole‐injecting layer through the orthogonal solution process induces an obvious improvement of the device performance with lower turn‐on voltage and higher electroluminescent efficiency.
Citrate Effects on Amorphous Calcium Carbonate (ACC) Structure, Stability, and Crystallization
Authors: Tobler Dominique J. , Rodriguez‐Blanco Juan Diego , Dideriksen Knud , Bovet Nicolas , Sand Karina K. , Stipp Susan L. S.
Published: April 2015

Understanding the role of citrate in the crystallization kinetics of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is essential to explain the formation mechanisms, stabilities, surface properties, and morphologies of CaCO3 biominerals. It also contributes to deeper insight into fluid–mineral interactions, both in nature and for industrial processes. In this study, ACC formation and its crystallization are monitored in real time as a function of citrate (CIT) concentration in solution. Additionally, synchrotron radiation pair distribution function analyses combined with solid‐state, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques are used to determine the effect of CIT on ACC structure, composition, and size. Results show an increase in ACC lifetime coupled with an increase in CIT uptake by ACC and slight changes in ACC atomic structure with an increase in CIT concentration. ACC does not form at concentrations ≥ 75% CIT/Ca and vaterite is absent in all cases where CIT is present. These findings can be explained by CIT binding with Ca ions, thereby forming Ca–CIT complexes in solution and decreasing ACC and calcite saturation levels. The formation of CIT‐bearing ACC with calcitic structure and the absence of vaterite formation suggest that these solution complexes form a calcite‐type atomic arrangement while CIT probably also acts as a growth inhibitor.
Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy Using PD‐L1 siRNA Targeted Delivery from Folic Acid‐Functionalized Polyethylenimine: Strategies to Enhance T Cell Killing
Authors: Teo Pei Yun , Yang Chuan , Whilding Lynsey M. , Parente‐Pereira Ana C. , Maher John , George Andrew J. T. , Hedrick James L. , Yang Yi Yan , Ghaem‐Maghami Sadaf
Published: April 2015

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1), highly expressed on EOC cells, interacts with programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), expressed on T cells, causing immunosuppression. This study aims to block PD‐1/PD‐L1 interactions by delivering PD‐L1 siRNA, using various folic acid (FA)–functionalized polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers, to SKOV‐3‐Luc EOC cells, and investigate the sensitization of the EOC cells to T cell killing. To enhance siRNA uptake into EOC cells, which over express folate receptors, PEI is modified with FA or PEG–FA so that siRNA is complexed into nanoparticles with folate molecules on the surface. PEI modification with a single functional group lowers the polymer cytotoxicity compared to unmodified PEI. FA‐conjugated polymers increase siRNA uptake into SKOV‐3‐luc cells and decrease unspecific uptake into monocytes. All polymers result in 40% to 50% PD‐L1 protein knockdown. Importantly, SKOV‐3‐Luc cells treated with either PEI–FA or PEI– polyethylene glycol (PEG)–FA/PD‐L1 siRNA complexes are up to twofold more sensitive to T cell killing compared to scrambled siRNA treated controls. These findings are the first to demonstrate that PD‐L1 knockdown in EOC cells, via siRNA/FA‐targeted delivery, are able to sensitize cancer cells to T cell killing.
Population genetic insights into the social organization of Guinea baboons (Papio papio): Evidence for female‐biased dispersal
Authors: Kopp Gisela H. , Fischer Julia , Patzelt Annika , Roos Christian , Zinner Dietmar
Published: April 2015

Sex differences in philopatry and dispersal have important consequences on the genetic structure of populations, social groups, and social relationships within groups. Among mammals, male dispersal and female philopatry are most common and closely related taxa typically exhibit similar dispersal patterns. However, among four well‐studied species of baboons, only hamadryas baboons exhibit female dispersal, thus differing from their congenerics, which show female philopatry and close‐knit female social relationships. Until recently, knowledge of the Guinea baboon social system and dispersal pattern remained sparse. Previous observations suggested that the high degree of tolerance observed among male Guinea baboons could be due to kinship. This led us to hypothesize that this species exhibits male philopatry and female dispersal, conforming to the hamadryas pattern. We genotyped 165 individuals from five localities in the Niokolo‐Koba National Park, Senegal, at 14 autosomal microsatellite loci and sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial hypervariable region I (HVRI) of 55 individuals. We found evidence for higher population structuring in males than in females, as expected if males are the more philopatric sex. A comparison of relatedness between male–male and female–female dyads within and among communities did not yield conclusive results. HVRI diversity within communities was high and did not differ between the sexes, also suggesting female gene flow. Our study is the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic population structure in Guinea baboons and provides evidence for female‐biased dispersal in this species. In conjunction with their multilevel social organization, this finding parallels the observations for human hunter‐gatherers and strengthens baboons as an intriguing model to elucidate the processes that shaped the highly cooperative societies ofHomo. Am. J. Primatol. 77:878–889, 2015. © 2015 The Authors.American Journal of PrimatologyPublished by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Chimpanzees facing a dangerous situation: A high‐traffic asphalted road in the Sebitoli area of Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Cibot Marie , Bortolamiol Sarah , Seguya Andrew , Krief Sabrina
Published: April 2015

Despite the spread of road infrastructures throughout Africa to support regional development, industry, and tourism, few studies have examined how wild animals adapt their behavior and ecology in road‐forest ecotones. Indeed, while numerous studies have demonstrated chimpanzee adaptability in anthropogenic landscapes, none have examined the effects of asphalted highways on wild chimpanzee behaviors. In a 29‐month survey, we assessed the dangers posed by an asphalted road crossing the Sebitoli area of Kibale National Park (Uganda). We analyzed 122 individual chimpanzee crossings. Although the asphalted road represents a substantial threat to crossing animals (89 motorized vehicles per hour use this road and individuals of six different primate species were killed in 1 year), chimpanzees took into account this risk. More than 90% of the individuals looked right and left before and while crossing. Chimpanzees crossed in small subgroups (average 2.7 subgroups of 2.1 individuals per crossing event). Whole parties crossed more rapidly when chimpanzees were more numerous in the crossing groups. The individuals most vulnerable to the dangers of road crossing (females with dependents, immature, and severely injured individuals) crossed less frequently compared with non‐vulnerable individuals (lone and healthy adolescents and adults). Moreover, healthy adult males, who were the most frequent crossing individuals, led progressions more frequently when crossing the road than when climbing or descending feeding trees. Almost 20% of the individuals that crossed paid attention to conspecifics by checking on them or waiting for them while crossing. These observations are relevant for our understanding of adaptive behavior among chimpanzees in human‐impacted habitats. Further investigations are needed to better evaluate the effects of busy roads on adolescent female dispersal and on their use of territories. Mitigation measures (e.g., bridges, underpasses, reduced speed limits, speed‐bumps, signposts, or police controls) should be established in this area. Am. J. Primatol. 77:890–900, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Benzimidazoles and Their Antitumor Effects with Aurora A Kinase and KSP Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Abd El‐All Amira S. , Magd‐El‐Din Asmaa A. , Ragab Fatma A. F. , ElHefnawi Mahmoud , Abdalla Mohamed M. , Galal Shadia A. , El‐Rashedy Ahmed A.
Published: April 2015

A newly synthesized series of anticancer compounds comprising thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives6a–qbearing a benzimidazole moiety was produced via a one‐pot reaction ofN‐(4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐2‐cyanoacetamide5with 2‐aminothiazole and an appropriate aromatic aldehyde. Compound7was obtained via the reaction of 4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2yl)benzenamide1with carbon disulphide and methyl iodide in the presence of concentrated aqueous solution of NaOH, then treated witho‐phenylenediamine to giveN‐(4‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐amine8. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectroscopic measurements (IR, MS, and1H NMR). The synthesized products were screened and studied for theirin vitroantitumor activity against three human cancer cell lines (namely colorectal cancer cell line HCT116, human liver cancer cell line HepG2, and human ovarian cancer cell line A2780) and their Aurora A kinase and KSP inhibitory activities. All newly synthesized compounds revealed marked results comparable with the standard drug CK0106023. The compounds6eand6kof the thiazolopyrimidine derivatives were the most active compounds when tested against the three cell lines in comparison with the standard drug CK0106023, and showed potent dual KSP and Aurora A kinase inhibition.
Understanding information history from a genre‐theoretical perspective
Authors: Skouvig Laura , Andersen Jack
Published: April 2015

In this article we argue for how a genre‐theoretical approach to information history can contribute to our understanding of what has historically been conceived of as information, what sort of networks and activities triggered the production and use of information, and what forms information was presented and communicated in. Through 2 case studies we show how information and the genres used for communicating that information was perceived and used by the relevant agents involved with the genres. Based on the case studies, we conclude by discussing how the fields of information history and rhetorical genre theory can inform each other.
Collaboration and tension between institutions and units providing data management support
Authors: Wright Stephanie , Whitmire Amanda , Zilinski Lisa , Minor David
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A panel of speakers from three universities explored their challenges and progress in building programs to support research data management, whether within the library system or with research offices or computing groups. Since 2012 Oregon State University has partnered with its research office and graduate school, helping students prepare data for preservation and sharing and developing a graduate course for credit in research data management. Based on needs identified through an environmental scan, the University of Washington hired a data services coordinator to promote the services provided and to increase collaborations, visibility and support. Purdue University pairs data services specialists with subject liaison librarians to reach disciplinary faculty and researchers. The connections identify champions, lead to successful collaborations and, most importantly, provide the opportunity to show data services specialists as peers and collaborators. With basic services established, each institution looks forward to strengthening relationships and expanding services, skills and staffing.
Comparison of cervical cancer screening results among 256,648 women in multiple clinical practices
Authors: Blatt Amy J. , Kennedy Ronald , Luff Ronald D. , Austin R. Marshall , Rabin Douglas S.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

In the United States, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Papanicolaou (Pap) testing (cotesting) for cervical screening in women ages 30 to 65 years is the preferred strategy, and cytology alone is acceptable. Recently, a proprietary automated test for identifying high‐risk HPV types for primary cervical screening was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The objective of the current study was to document extensive cervical screening among these screening options.

METHODS

To investigate the sensitivity of various testing options for biopsy‐proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (≥CIN3) and cancer, the authors reviewed 256,648 deidentified results from women ages 30 to 65 years at the time of cotest who had a cervical biopsy specimen obtained within 1 year of the cotest.

RESULTS

A positive cotest result was more sensitive (98.8%; 4040 of 4090 cotests) for diagnosing ≥CIN3 than either a positive HPV‐only test (94%; 3845 of 4090 HPV‐only tests) or a positive Pap‐only test (91.3%; 3734 of 4090 Pap‐only tests; P < .0001). A positive Pap‐only result was more specific (26.3%; 66,145 of 251,715 Pap‐only tests) for diagnosing ≥CIN3 than a positive HPV‐only test (25.6%; 64,625 of 252,556 HPV‐only tests) or a positive cotest (10.9%; 27,578 of 252,558 cotests; P < .0001). Of 526 cervical cancers, 98 (18.6%) were HPV‐only negative, 64 (12.2%) were Pap‐only negative, and 29 (5.5%) were cotest negative.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with HPV‐only testing, cotesting was more sensitive for the detection of ≥CIN3 in women ages 30 to 65 years. The current data suggest that approximately 19% of women with cervical cancer may be misdiagnosed by an HPV‐only cervical screen. It is important to consider these data as the guidelines for cervical cancer screening undergo revision. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:282–8. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer Cytopathology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Deconstructing the reactivation of imitation in young infants
Authors: Learmonth Amy E. , Cuevas Kimberly , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: April 2015

Reactivation is an automatic, perceptual process in which exposure to components of a forgotten event alleviates forgetting. Most research on infant memory reactivation has used conditioning paradigms. We used the puppet imitation task to systematically examine which stimuli could retrieve 6‐month‐olds' forgotten memory of the modeled actions. Infants watched an adult model a sequence of actions on a puppet, imitated the actions, and were exposed to reactivation cues 24 hr before a 7‐day (Experiment 1) or 14‐day (Experiment 2) retention test. Exposure to any component of the original event reactivated the memory during the 7‐day test, but two of the same components failed to alleviate forgetting during the 14‐day test. Increasing the number of retrieval cues facilitated 14‐day test performance. These findings reveal that the principles of reactivation are the same for conditioning and imitation paradigms: The necessary and sufficient conditions for memory reactivation are directly related to memory accessibility. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 497–505, 2015.
Assessment of the relationship between hypoglycaemia awareness and autonomic function following islet cell/pancreas transplantation
Authors: Kamel Jordan T. , Goodman David J. , Howe Kathy , Cook Mark J. , Ward Glenn M. , Roberts Leslie J.
Published: April 2015

Background

This study assesses the autonomic function of patients who have regained awareness of hypoglycaemia following islet cell or whole pancreas transplant.

Methods

Five patients with type 1 diabetes and either islet cell (four patients) or whole pancreas (one patient) transplant were assessed. These patients were age‐matched and gender‐matched to five patients with type 1 diabetes without transplant and preserved hypoglycaemia awareness and five healthy control participants without diabetes. All participants underwent (i) a battery of five cardiovascular autonomic function tests, (ii) quantitative sudomotor axonal reflex testing, and (iii) sympathetic skin response testing.

Results

Total recorded hypoglycaemia episodes per month fell from 76 pre‐transplant to 13 at 0‐ to 3‐month post‐transplant (83% reduction). The percentage of hypoglycaemia episodes that patients were unaware of decreased from 97 to 69% at 0–3 months (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test) and to 20% after 12 months (p < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). This amelioration was maintained at the time of testing (mean time: 4.1 years later, range: 2–6 years). Presence of significant autonomic neuropathy was seen in all five transplanted patients (at least 2/3 above modalities abnormal) but in only one of the patients with diabetes without transplantation.

Conclusions

The long‐term maintenance of hypoglycaemia awareness that returns after islet cell/pancreas transplantation in patients with diabetes is not prevented by significant autonomic neuropathy and is better accounted for by other factors such as reversal of hypoglycaemia‐associated autonomic failure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level
Authors: Qian Kun , Zhong Shao , Xie Keming , Yu Daozhan , Yang Rongze , Gong Da‐Wei
Published: April 2015

Background

Alanine transaminase (ALT) plays an important role in gluconeogenesis by converting alanine into pyruvate for glucose production. Early studies have shown that ALT activities are upregulated in gluconeogenic conditions and may be implicated in the development of diabetes. ALT consists of two isoforms, ALT1 and ALT2, with distinctive subcellular and tissue distributions. Whether and how they are regulated are largely unknown.

Methods

By using Western blotting analysis, we measured hepatic ALT isoforms at the protein level in obese and diabetic animals and in Fao hepatoma cells treated with dexamethasone and insulin. In addition, we measured glucose output in Fao cells over‐expressing ALT1 and ALT2.

Results

Both ALT isoforms in the liver were increased in diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats and during fasting. However, in ob/ob mice, only ALT2, but not ALT1, protein levels were elevated, and the increase of ALT2 was correlated with that of ALT activity. We further demonstrated that, in vitro, both ALT1 and ALT2 were induced by glucocorticoid dexamethasone, but suppressed by insulin in Fao cells. Finally, we showed that the over‐expression of ALT1 and ALT2 in Fao cells directly increased glucose output.

Conclusions

We have shown the similarity and difference in the regulation of ALT isoforms in gluconeogenic conditions at the protein level, supporting that ALT isoenzymes play an important role in glucose metabolism and may be implicated the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An augmented velocity–vorticity–pressure formulation for the Brinkman equations
Authors: Anaya Verónica , Gatica Gabriel N. , Mora David , Ruiz‐Baier Ricardo
Published: April 2015

This paper deals with the analysis of a new augmented mixed finite element method in terms of vorticity, velocity, and pressure, for the Brinkman problem with nonstandard boundary conditions. The approach is based on the introduction of Galerkin least‐squares terms arising from the constitutive equation relating the aforementioned unknowns and from the incompressibility condition. We show that the resulting augmented bilinear form is continuous and elliptic, which, thanks to the Lax–Milgram theorem, and besides proving the well‐posedness of the continuous formulation, ensures the solvability and stability of the Galerkin scheme with any finite element subspace of the continuous space. In particular, Raviart–Thomas elements of any order
for the velocity field, and piecewise continuous polynomials of degree k + 1 for both the vorticity and the pressure, can be utilized. A priori error estimates and the corresponding rates of convergence are also given here. Next, we derive two reliable and efficient residual‐based a posteriori error estimators for this problem. The ellipticity of the bilinear form together with the local approximation properties of the Clément interpolation operator are the main tools for showing the reliability. In turn, inverse inequalities and the localization technique based on triangle‐bubble and edge‐bubble functions are utilized to show the efficiency. Finally, several numerical results illustrating the good performance of the method, confirming the properties of the estimators and showing the behavior of the associated adaptive algorithms, are reported. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory T cells‐derived IL‐35 promotes the growth of adult acute myeloid leukemia blasts
Authors: Tao Qianshan , Pan Ying , Wang Yiping , Wang Huiping , Xiong Shudao , Li Qing , Wang Jia , Tao Lili , Wang Zhitao , Wu Fan , Zhang Rui , Zhai Zhimin
Published: April 2015

Tumor immune escape mechanism mediated by CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). IL‐35, as a novel inhibitory cytokine, is produced by Tregs specially and regulates functions of Tregs in murine. However, IL‐35 expression of Tregs in human is still disputed, and its role in AML is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we found that IL‐35 was expressed highly in peripheral blood plasma of adult patients with AML and significantly correlated with the clinical stages of malignancy. Tregs‐derived from adult AML patients produced IL‐35 in a stimulation‐dependent manner. IL‐35 promoted AML blasts immune escape by expanding Tregs and inhibiting CD4+CD25‐effector T cells (Teffs). Furthermore, IL‐35 directly promoted the proliferation of AML blasts and reduced the apoptosis of AML blasts. Together, our study demonstrates that IL‐35‐derived from Tregs promotes the growth of adult AML blasts, suggesting that IL‐35 has an important role in the pathogenesis of AML.
Experimental system to detect a labeled cell monolayer in a microfluidic environment
Authors: Gargam Nicolas , Darrasse Luc , Raynaud Jean‐Sebastien , Ginefri Jean‐Christoph , Robert Philippe , Poirier‐Quinot Marie
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of detecting a living cell monolayer labeled with gadoterate (Gd‐DOTA) in a microfluidic environment, by micromagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 2.35T small‐animal system. The development of new targeted contrast agents (CAs) requires proof‐of‐concept studies in order to establish the detectability of the CA and to predict the role of biodistribution in its uptake mechanisms. A promising approach is to carefully mimic the in vivo pharmacokinetic context with reduced experimental complexity compared to in vivo situations.

Materials and Methods

A dedicated experimental system was built by combining a microfluidic slide and a radiofrequency probe based on a 6 mm diameter multiturn transmission‐line resonator. Adherent KB cells were incubated with different concentrations of Gd. MRI data were acquired at 2.35T with a 3D gradient echo and a resolution of 12.4 μm perpendicular to the cell layer. The longitudinal relaxation rate, R1, was measured as a function of the amount of Gd internalized by the cells.

Results

R1 measurements for different Gd concentrations per cell were performed using data with an signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 100. Relaxation‐rate variations ΔR1 of 0.035 s−1 were measured. A quenching effect was observed at Gd concentrations above 20 fmol/cell.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that this dedicated experimental system is suitable for specifically assessing new high‐relaxivity targeted CAs under real‐time uptake conditions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1100–1105.
Lubricin in human achilles tendon: The evidence of intratendinous sliding motion and shear force in achilles tendon
Authors: Sun Yu‐Long , Wei Zhuang , Zhao Chunfeng , Jay Gregory D. , Schmid Thomas M. , Amadio Peter C. , An Kai‐Nan
Published: April 2015

Achilles tendon is one of the most commonly injured tendons. Mechanical force is regarded as a major causative factor. However, the biomechanics of Achilles tendon and mechanical mechanism of the injuries are unclear. Lubricin expresses at regions exposed to sliding motion and shear force in a number of tissues. This study investigated the distribution and concentration of lubricin in human Achilles tendons for better understanding the biomechanics of Achilles tendon. Achilles tendons were harvested from nine cadavers. Lubricin was extracted from various locations proximal to the calcaneal insertion and quantified with ELISA. The distribution of lubricin was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Lubricin was mainly identified at the interfaces of tendon fascicles, especially in the mid‐portion of the tendon. The concentration of lubricin in Achilles tendons varied by individual and the distance from its calcaneal insertion. The distal portion of the tendon had a higher concentration of lubricin than the proximal regions of the tendon. This study suggests the presence of intratendinous sliding motion of fascicles and shear force at interfaces of fascicles in human Achilles tendon. Shear force could be an important mechanical factor for the development of Achilles tendinopathy and rupture. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:932–937, 2015.
Composition and corrosion protection of hexafluorozirconic acid treatment on steel
Authors: Khun N.W. , Frankel G.S.
Published: April 2015

In this study, steel samples treated in a hexafluorozirconic acid based solution for different durations were investigated. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the existence of a zirconium oxide (ZrO2) layer on the treated steel. The increased contact angle of water on the treated steel with increased treatment duration indicated that the hexafluorozirconic acid treatment promoted the hydrophobicity of the surface. The corrosion results showed that the longer acid treatment gave rise to higher corrosion resistance of the treated steel in a 0.5 M NaCl solution by forming the better ZrO2 layer on the steel surface. The cathodic delamination of polyurethane coatings from the treated steel substrates was measured using a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). The longer acid treatment resulted in significantly slower rate of cathodic delamination of the polyurethane coating due to the higher adhesion strength of the coating.
Influence of heat treatments and Ca additions on the passivation behaviour of high‐pressure die cast AM50
Authors: Zander D. , Schnatterer C. , Kuhnt C.
Published: April 2015

The influence of heat treatments and Ca additions on the corrosion behaviour of HPDC AM50 was studied using potentiodynamic polarisation technique in bi‐distilled water at pH=8. Heat treatments caused a considerable modification of the polarisation behaviour, which manifested itself in a wide range of passivity in the anodic branch. During heat treatments, the Mg solid solution was enriched from 2 wt.% to 4 wt.% Al due to the partial dissolution of the β‐phase. This enabled the comprehensive formation of a double‐structured passive layer during polarisation. Only minor effect of Ca additions (0.7 wt.%) on the corrosion behaviour of AM50 was observed.
Assessment of the adequacy of EN ISO 15927‐4 reference years for photovoltaic systems
Authors: García Ignacio , Torres José Luis
Published: April 2015

The long‐term performance prediction of photovoltaic systems requires representative meteorological data from a particular location. Among the numerous proposals in the field of solar energy, most of them include procedures oriented towards the generation of test reference years (TRYs). These synthetic years are composed of the concatenation of 12 actual months of the time series of meteorological measurements. Using TRYs to simulate the performance of different types of solar energy systems reduces the computational effort of the simulation and simplifies the analysis of the results. In this sense, the technical standard EN ISO 15927‐4 describes a procedure for constructing a reference year suitable for evaluation of the annual heating and cooling long‐term needs in buildings. In this work, the adequacy of the EN ISO 15927‐4 reference year for photovoltaic systems was studied. The electricity production obtained by simulation with this TRY was compared with that obtained by the Weather Year for Solar Systems. This latter reference year only uses the monthly thermal energy collected by the system as a selection parameter of typical months. This comparison was performed for seven locations in the USA considering two 5.6 kWp grid‐connected photovoltaic systems that only differ in the solar tracking system. The suitability of the EN ISO 15927‐4 reference year for the estimation of the electrical energy generated by a photovoltaic system has been proved, showing good results in the annual and daily predictions in most of the cases studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorene‐based rib waveguides with optimized geometry for long‐term amplified spontaneous emission stability
Authors: Del Pozo Gonzalo , Bennis Noureddine , Quintana Xabier , Otón Jose Manuel , Lin Jinyi , Xie Linghai H. , Wei Qi , Xia Ruidong , Bernardo‐Gavito Ramon , Granados Daniel , Cabanillas‐Gonzalez Juan
Published: April 2015

Amongst the different optoelectronic applications of conjugated polymers, waveguide amplifiers and optically pumped lasers are those requiring larger photochemical stability, owing to the large irradiation conditions under operation. In this context, suitable waveguide optimization enabling the reduction of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold values appears as important as synthetic chemistry protocols to promote polymer robustness against photo‐oxidation. In this work, we develop rib waveguides with different geometries based on four different fluorene‐based compounds and assess the influence of rib confinement on ASE properties. We observe ASE threshold values as low as 8.9 × 10−4 mJ cm−2, being among the lowest threshold values reported so far on blue emitting polymer/oligomer waveguides. We demonstrate that the enhanced ASE efficiency on some of these rib waveguides leads to a fivefold increase in operation lifetime respect to spin‐coated slab waveguides, thus confirming the impact of waveguide geometry on ASE operation stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1040–1045
Crystal structure of the fungal nitroreductase Frm2 fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Song Hyung‐Nam , Jeong Dae‐Gwin , Bang Seo‐Young , Paek Se‐Hwan , Park Byoung‐Chul , Park Sung‐Goo , Woo Eui‐Jeon
Published: April 2015

Nitroreductases are flavoenzymes that catalyze nitrocompounds and are widely utilized in industrial applications due to their detoxification potential and activation of biomedicinal prodrugs. Type I nitroreductases are classified into subgroups depending on the use of NADPH or NADH as the electron donor. Here, we report the crystal structure of the fungal nitroreductase Frm2 fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the uncharacterized subgroups of proteins, to reveal its minimal architecture previously observed in bacterial nitroreductases such as CinD and YdjA. The structure lacks protruding helical motifs that form part of the cofactor and substrate binding site, resulting in an open and wide active site geometry. Arg82 is uniquely conserved in proximity to the substrate binding site in Frm2 homologues and plays a crucial role in the activity of the active site. Frm2 primarily utilizes NADH to reduce 4‐NQO. Because missing helical elements are involved in the direct binding to the NAD(P)H in group A or group B in Type I family, Frm2 and its homologues may represent a distinctive subgroup with an altered binding mode for the reducing compound. This result provides a structural basis for the rational design of novel prodrugs with the ability to reduce nitrogen‐containing hazardous molecules.