bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stability of Solutions of the Variable-Order Fractional Optimal Control Model for the COVID-19 Epidemic in Discrete Time
Authors: Boukhobza Meriem , Debbouche Amar , Shangerganesh Lingeshwaran , Nieto Juan J.
Published: April 2024

This article introduces a discrete-time fractional variable order over a SEIQR model, incorporated for COVID-19. Initially, we establish the well-possedness of solution. Further, the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium points are determined. Moreover, the local asymptotic stability of the model is analyzed. We develop a novel discrete fractional optimal control problem tailored for COVID-19, utilizing a discrete mathematical model featuring a variable order fractional derivative. Finally, we validate the reliability of these analytical findings through numerical simulations and offer insights from a biological perspective.
A Sustainable Supply Chain Model with Low Carbon Emissions for Deteriorating Imperfect-Quality Items under Learning Fuzzy Theory
Authors: Alsaedi Basim S. O. , Ahelali Marwan H.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we develop a two-level supply chain model with low carbon emissions for defective deteriorating items under learning in fuzzy environment by using the double inspection process. Carbon emissions are a major issue for the environment and human life when they come from many sources like different kinds of factories, firms, and industries. The burning of diesel and petrol during the supply of items through transportation is also responsible for carbon emissions. When any company, firm, or industry supplies their items through a supply chain by using of transportation in the regular mode, then a lot of carbon units are emitted from the burning of petrol and diesel, etc., which affects the supply chain. Carbon emissions can be controlled by using different kinds of policies issued by the government of a country, and lots of companies have implemented these policies to control carbon emissions. When a seller delivers a demanded lot size to the buyer, as per demand, and the lot size has some defective items, as per consideration, the demand rate is uncertain in nature. The buyer inspects the received whole lot and divides it into two categories of defective and no defective deteriorating items, as well as immediately selling at different price. The fuzzy concept nullifies the uncertain nature of the demand rate. This paper covers two models, assuming two conditions of quality screening under learning in fuzzy environment: (i) the buyer shows the quality screening and (ii) the quality inspection becomes the seller’s responsibility. The carbon footprint from the transporting and warehousing the deteriorating items is also assumed. The aim of this study is to minimize the whole inventory cost for supply chains with respect to lot size and the number of orders per production cycle. Jointly optimizing the delivery lot size and number of orders per production cycle will minimize the whole fuzzy inventory cost for the supply chain and also reduce the carbon emissions. We take two numerical approaches with authentic data (from the literature reviews) for the justification of the proposed model 1 and model 2. Sensitivity observations, managerial insights, applications of these proposed models, and future scope are also included in this paper, which is more beneficial for firms, the industrial sector, and especially for online markets. The impact of the most effective parameters, like learning effect, fuzzy parameter, carbon emissions parameter, and inventory cost are shown in this study and had a positive effect on the total inventory cost for the supply chain.
Spatial Constraints on Economic Interactions: A Complexity Approach to the Japanese Inter-Firm Trade Network
Authors: Viegas Eduardo , Levy Orr , Havlin Shlomo , Takayasu Hideki , Takayasu Misako
Published: April 2024

The trade distance is an important constraining factor underpinning the emergence of social and economic interactions of complex systems. However, agent-based studies supported by the granular analysis of distances are limited. Here, we present a complexity method that places the actual geographical locations of individual firms in Japan at the epicentre of our research. By combining methods derived from network science together with information theory measures, and by using a comprehensive dataset of Japanese inter-firm business transactions, we evaluate the effects of spatial features on the structural patterns of the economy. We find that the normalised probability distributions of the distances between interacting firms obey a power law like decay concomitant with the sizes of firms and regions. Furthermore, small firms would reach large distances to become customers of large firms, while trading between either only small firms or only large firms tends to be at smaller distances. Furthermore, a time evolution analysis suggests a reduction in the overall average trading distances in last 20 years. Lastly, our analysis concerning the trading dynamics among prefectures indicates that the preference to trade with neighbouring prefectures tends to be more pronounced at rural regions as opposed to the larger central conurbations.
Bidirectional Tracking Method for Construction Workers in Dealing with Identity Errors
Authors: Liu Yongyue , Wang Yaowu , Zhou Zhenzong
Published: April 2024

Online multi-object tracking (MOT) techniques are instrumental in monitoring workers’ positions and identities in construction settings. Traditional approaches, which employ deep neural networks (DNNs) for detection followed by body similarity matching, often overlook the significance of clear head features and stable head motions. This study presents a novel bidirectional tracking method that integrates intra-frame processing, which combines head and body analysis to minimize false positives and inter-frame matching to control ID assignment. By leveraging head information for enhanced body tracking, the method generates smoother trajectories with reduced ID errors. The proposed method achieved a state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance, with a multiple-object tracking accuracy (MOTA) of 95.191%, higher-order tracking accuracy (HOTA) of 78.884% and an identity switch (IDSW) count of 0, making it a strong baseline for future research.
Chemical Synthesis of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Tetrasaccharide with Fucosyl Branch at the 6-OH of GalNAc Residue
Authors: Lv Changlun , Li Xiaona , Yang Guoqing , Chen Haijiao , Li Chunxia
Published: April 2024

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is a unique glycosaminoglycan isolated from sea cucumbers, with excellent anticoagulant activity. The fucosyl branch in FCS is generally located at the 3-OH of D-glucuronic acid but, recently, a novel structure with α-L-fucose linked to the 6-OH of N-acetyl-galactosamine has been found. Here, using functionalized monosaccharide building blocks, we prepared novel FCS tetrasaccharides with fucosyl branches both at the 6-OH of GalNAc and 3-OH of GlcA. In the synthesis, the protective group strategy of selective O-sulfation, as well as stereoselective glycosylation, was established, which enabled the efficient synthesis of the specific tetrasaccharide compounds. This research enriches knowledge on the structural types of FCS oligosaccharides and facilitates the exploration of the structure–activity relationship in the future.
The Predictive Factors Associated with In-Hospital Mortality of Melioidosis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Chayangsu Sunee , Suankratay Chusana , Tantraworasin Apichat , Khorana Jiraporn
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives: Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, and it has a wide range of clinical symptoms. It is endemic in tropical areas, including Southeast Asia. Despite the availability of effective treatment, the mortality rate is still high, especially in patients presenting with septic shock. The aim of this study was to determine and explore clinical characteristics, microbiology, treatment outcomes, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality which could predict prognosis and provide a guide for future treatment. Materials and Methods: The population in this retrospective cohort study included all 262 patients with a diagnosis of melioidosis who were hospitalized at Surin Hospital, Surin, Thailand, from April 2014 to March 2017. We included patients older than 15 years with a positive culture for B. pseudomallei. Data regarding the clinical characteristics, microbiology, and treatment outcomes of the patients were collected and analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups dependent on outcome, specifically non-survival and survival. Logistic regression was performed to determine the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: Out of the 262 patients with melioidosis during the study period, 117 (44.7%) patients died. The mean age was 57.2 ± 14.4 years, and 193 (73.7%) patients were male. The most common comorbidity was diabetes (123, 46.9%), followed by chronic kidney disease (35, 13.4%) and chronic liver disease (31, 11.8%). Four risk factors were found to be associated with in-hospital mortality, including age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01–1.07), respiration rate (aOR 1.18, 95%CI: 1.06–1.32), abnormal chest X-ray finding (aOR 4.79, 95%CI: 1.98–11.59), and bicarbonate levels (CO2) (aOR 0.92, 95%CI: 0.85–0.99). Conclusions: Our study identified age, respiration rate, abnormal chest X-ray finding, and CO2 levels are predictive factors associated with in-hospital mortality in melioidosis patients. Physicians should be aware of these factors, have access to aggressive treatment options, and closely monitor patients with these risk factors.
Noninvasive Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Markers from Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Kimata Motohiro , Hashimoto Kenichi , Harada Naomi , Kawamura Yusuke , Kimizuka Yoshifumi , Fujikura Yuji , Kaneko Mayuko , Kiriu Nobuaki , Sekine Yasumasa , Iwabuchi Natsumi , Kiyozumi Tetsuro , Kawana Akihiko , Matsukuma Susumu , Tanaka Yuji
Published: April 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected medical practice. More than 7,000,000 patients died worldwide after being infected with COVID-19; however, no specific laboratory markers have yet been established to predict death related to this disease. In contrast, electrocardiographic changes due to COVID-19 include QT prolongation and ST-T changes; however, there have not been studies on the ambulatory electrocardiographic markers of COVID-19. We encountered three patients diagnosed as having COVID-19 who did not have a prior history of significant structural heart diseases. All patients had abnormalities in ambulatory echocardiogram parameters detected by high-resolution 24 h electrocardiogram monitoring: positive late potentials (LPs) and T-wave alternans (TWA), abnormal heart rate variability (HRV), and heart rate turbulence (HRT). Case 1 involved a 78-year-old woman with a history of chronic kidney disease, Case 2 involved a 76-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes, and Case 3 involved a 67-year-old man with renal cancer, lung cancer, and diabetes. None of them had a prior history of significant structural heart disease. Although no significant consistent increases in clinical markers were observed, all three patients died, mainly because of respiratory failure with mild heart failure. The LP, TWA, HRV, and HRT were positive in all three cases with no significant structural cardiac disease at the initial phase of admission. The further accumulation of data regarding ambulatory electrocardiographic markers in patients with COVID-19 is needed. Depending on the accumulation of data, the LP, TWA, HRV, and HRT could be identified as potential risk factors for COVID-19 pneumonia in the early phase of admission.
Long-Term Alterations in Motor Skills, Neurogenesis and Astrocyte Numbers following Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Pilipenko Vladimirs , Upite Jolanta , Revina Beatrise Luize , Jansone Baiba
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives. Neurogenesis is an integral process in post-stroke recovery, involving the recruitment of proliferating neuroblasts from neurogenic niches of the mammal brain. However, the role of neurogenesis in the long-term restoration following ischemic stroke is fragmented. Post-stroke motor dysfunction includes challenges in the proper, coordinated use of hands and is present in roughly two-thirds of human patients. In this study, we investigated chronic behavioral and biochemical alterations after transient cerebral ischemia in adult male mice. Materials and Methods: Twelve-week-old C57BL/6N male mice were used, and fMCAo lasting 60 min was induced. At multiple timepoints after fMCAo induction, a single pellet reaching task was performed. Six months after the procedure, we immunohistochemically determined the number of proliferating neuroblasts (BrdU and DCX-positive) and the number of differentiated astrocytes (GFAP-positive) in both brain hemispheres. Results: The reaching ability of fMCAo mice was impaired from one month to six months after the induction of ischemia. Neuroblast proliferation was increased in the ipsilateral SVZ, whereas GFAP+ cell count was elevated in the hippocampal DG of both hemispheres of the fMCAo group mice. Conclusions: Our current report demonstrates the long-term effects of transient cerebral ischemia on mice functional parameters and neurogenesis progression. Our data demonstrate that transient cerebral ischemia promotes a long-lasting regenerative response in the ipsilateral brain hemisphere, specifically in the neurogenic SVZ and DG regions.
Comparing the Risk of Infusion-Related Reactions and Tolerability in Patients Given Cetirizine or Diphenhydramine Prior to Ocrelizumab Infusion (PRECEPT)
Authors: Smoot Kyle , Marginean Horia , Gervasi-Follmar Tiffany , Chen Chiayi
Published: April 2024

Background: Ocrelizumab is an effective medication for multiple sclerosis. However, infusion-related reactions (IRRs) are a concern for patients and may lead to discontinuation of ocrelizumab. To minimize IRRs, pre-medications are administered. However, from our experience, these medications, especially diphenhydramine, can cause marked drowsiness. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether cetirizine is non-inferior to diphenhydramine in limiting the proportion and severity of reactions from ocrelizumab infusions. Methods: Twenty participants were serially randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive 10 mg of cetirizine or 25 mg of diphenhydramine orally prior to their first three ocrelizumab infusions. Results: The rate of IRRs in this study was similar across both treatment groups with no increase in the risk of severity, and no grade 3 IRRs. Further, patients receiving cetirizine experienced a reduction in fatigue. While there was not a significant difference in global satisfaction, this score increased over time in the cetirizine arm while it remained unchanged in the diphenhydramine arm. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that cetirizine does not increase the risk of infusion-related reactions compared to diphenhydramine.
Investigation of the Association between Bilateral Selective Anterograde Cerebral Perfusion and Postoperative Ischemic Stroke in Obese Patients with Emergency Surgery for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Robu Mircea , Radulescu Bogdan , Margarint Irina Maria , Robu Cornel , Stiru Ovidiu , Iosifescu Andrei , Preda Silvia , Cacoveanu Mihai , Voica Cristian , Iliescu Vlad Anton , Moldovan Horatiu
Published: April 2024

Background and objectives: The relationship between cerebral perfusion and new postoperative ischemic stroke in obese patients is not well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between selective bilateral anterograde cerebral perfusion and new postoperative ischemic stroke in obese patients with emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Materials and methods: A total of 292 patients with emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection were included in this study. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke or ischemic stroke with severe neurological dysfunction at admission that were not candidates for surgery; patients who died in the first 48 h after intensive care admission and patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Results: The mean age was 59.42 ± 10.68 years and the mean Euroscore was 9.12 ± 1.63. Obesity was present in 76.4%, the incidence of new postoperative ischemic stroke was 27.5%, and the postoperative mortality rate was 26.7%. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 206.81 ± 75.48 min, the aortic cross-clamp time was 118.2 ± 46.42 min, and 90% of cases required cerebral perfusion. The mean cerebral perfusion time was 30.8 ± 24.41 min. Obese patients had a higher frequency of in-hospital death (p = 0.009), smoking (p = 0.036), hypertension (p = 0.023), left common carotid artery dissection (p < 0.001), right common carotid artery dissection (p = 0.029), femoral artery cannulation (p = 0.026), aortic root replacement (p = 0.009), aortic valve replacement (p = 0.005) and early reintervention for bleeding (p = 0.004). Using logistic regression, selective bilateral anterograde cerebral perfusion over 40 min in obese patients was independently associated with new postoperative ischemic stroke (OR = 2.35; 95%CI = 1.36–4.86; p = 0.021). Conclusions: A patient-tailored strategy for cerebral perfusion should be considered in obese patients, considering the high atheromatous burden of the supra-aortic vessels in these patients and the potential risk of atheromatous embolization associated with this technique.
Introduction to Amniotic Membranes in Maxillofacial Surgery—A Scoping Review
Authors: Dawiec Grzegorz , Niemczyk Wojciech , Wiench Rafał , Niemczyk Stanisław , Skaba Dariusz
Published: April 2024

Background: Amniotic membrane (AM) holds significant promise in various medical fields due to its unique properties and minimal ethical concerns. This study aims to explore the diverse applications of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) in maxillofacial surgery. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted on databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, from January 1985 to March 2024. Articles in English, Polish, and Spanish were included, focusing on keywords related to amniotic membrane and oral surgery. Results: Various preservation methods for HAM were identified, namely fresh, decellularized, cryopreserved, lyophilized, and air-dried formats. Clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of HAM in repairing oral mucosal defects, vestibuloplasty, oronasal fistula closure, cleft palate treatment, bone defect repair, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Surgeon evaluations highlighted the ease of handling but noted challenges in suturing and stability during application. Conclusions: Amniotic membranes offer a versatile and effective option in maxillofacial surgery, promoting wound healing, reducing inflammation, and providing a scaffold for tissue regeneration. Further research, including randomized trials and comparative studies, is warranted to validate the efficacy and optimize the utilization of HAM in clinical practice.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) in a Population of Professional Basketball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Galeoto Giovanni , Viglianisi Kennet Matteo , Berardi Anna , Sellitto Giovanni , Ruotolo Ilaria , Simeon Rachele , Carlizza Alessandra
Published: April 2024

Background and Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders affect a large portion of the population worldwide. The musculoskeletal health questionnaire is a helpful tool for assessing the health state of patients with these disorders. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the MSK_HQ-IT in a population of professional basketball players. The secondary aim is to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Material and Methods: The study was performed from September to October 2022. The questionnaire was completed using an online or paper form, to which personal data were collected. Data were collected by submitting a translated version of the musculoskeletal health questionnaire directly to professional athletes. Results: A total of 63 basketball players were recruited. Regarding functional limitations, the body parts mentioned by the sample were the left ankle (23.8%) and the right ankle (17.5%), followed by the lumbar column and right hip (15.9%). Regarding pain, the data are more homogeneous, with a distribution in line with functional limitations. A peak of pain was perceived in the left foot, with a mean score of 4. Cronbach’s alpha showed a value of 0.85. Conclusions: The musculoskeletal health questionnaire shows promising results in evaluating the health state of a population of professional athletes. Further studies are needed to enlarge the sample and possibly open it to more categories of professional sports.
Influence of Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties and Polishing Performance of Large Prehardened Plastic Mold Steel Blocks
Authors: Chi Hongxiao , Liu Jihao , Zhou Jian , Ma Dangshen , Gu Jinbo
Published: April 2024

The microstructures throughout a 696 × 1360 mm cross-section of an ISO 1.2738 prehardened steel block for a plastic mold were characterized via optical and electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The hardness, strength, and polishing performance of the steel block were also tested. The results showed that the microstructure of the steel bloom from the edge to the core consisted of tempered sorbite, tempered bainite, and pearlite microstructures. Abnormal upper bainite and coarse carbides were also found. The bloom sections with hardness values of 37.4 to 39.3 HRC comprised tempered sorbite and bainite. The hardness of the core was approximately 36.5 HRC due to the presence of pearlite. The tensile and yield strengths were the same in the edge and middle areas mainly owing to tempered sorbite. The polishing performance was affected by the microstructure. Tempered sorbite produced the best polishing performance due to its fine and uniform microstructure, whereas that of tempered bainite and pearlite, which contained large carbide particles and mixed phases, was worse.
A 3D Non-Linear FE Model and Optimization of Cavity Die Sheet Hydroforming Process
Authors: Achuthankutty Arun , Ramesh Ajith , Velamati Ratna Kishore
Published: April 2024

Cryo-rolled aluminum alloys have a much higher strength-to-weight ratio than cold-rolled alloys, which makes them invaluable in the aerospace and automotive industries. However, this strength gain is frequently accompanied by a formability loss. When uniformly applied to the blank surface, hydroforming provides a solution by generating geometries with constant thickness, making it possible to produce complex structures with “near-net dimensions”, which are difficult to achieve with conventional approaches. This study delves into the cavity die sheet hydroforming (CDSHF) process for high-strength cryo-rolled AA5083 aluminum alloy, focusing on two primary research questions. Firstly, we explored the utilization of a nonlinear 3D finite-element (FE) model to understand its impact on the dimensional accuracy of hydroformed components within the CDSHF process. Specifically, we investigated how decreasing fluid pressure and increasing the holding time of peak fluid pressure can be quantitatively assessed. Secondly, we delved into the optimization of process parameters—fluid pressure (FP), blank holding force (BHF), coefficient of friction (CoF), and flange radius (FR)—to achieve dimensional accuracy in hydroformed square cups through the CDSHF process. Our findings reveal that our efforts, such as reducing peak fluid pressure to 22 MPa, implementing a 30 s holding period, and utilizing an unloading path, enhanced component quality. We demonstrated this with a 35 mm deep square cup exhibiting a 16.1 mm corner radius and reduced material thinning to 5.5%. Leveraging a sophisticated nonlinear 3D FE model coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and multi-objective optimization techniques, we systematically identified the optimal process configurations, accounting for parameter interactions. Our results underscore the quantitative efficacy of these optimization strategies, as the optimized RSM model closely aligns with finite-element (FE) simulation results, predicting a thinning percentage of 5.27 and a corner radius of 18.64 mm. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into enhancing dimensional accuracy and process optimization in CDSHF, with far-reaching implications for advancing metal-forming technologies.
Characteristics of Oxide Films on Zr702 and Their Corrosion Performance in Boiling Fluorinated Nitric Acid
Authors: Su Hangbiao , Li Yaning , Zhao Yongqing , Zeng Weidong , Xu Jianping
Published: April 2024

Fluoride ions, which interfere with the oxide formation on zirconium have been over-looked until recently. The effect of fluoride ions on oxide formation and dissolution behaviors in zirconium was investigated in this study. A detailed quantitative characterization of the oxide films formed on Zr702 immersed in a fluorinated nitric acid solution was performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and representative high-angle annular dark-field scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, (TEM). The corrosion performance in a fluorinated nitric acid solution was discussed. The results reveal that the thickness of the oxide films immersed in the fluorinated nitric acid solution was between 42–48 nm, which is much thinner than that of the oxide layer (~98.85 nm thickness) in the F− free HNO3 solution. The oxide film was identified to be a nanocrystalline cluster, comprised of outermost HfO2 and HfF4 layers, sub-outer ZrO2 and ZrF4 layers, and an innermost Zr (F, O)3.6 layer. This fluoride species penetration through the oxide films indicated that the fluoride ions are responsible for the dissolution of the oxide film of Zr702.
Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Untargeted Study of Hop and Their Metabolites
Authors: Resende Glaucimar A. P. , Amaral Michelle S. S. , Botelho Bruno G. , Marriott Philip J.
Published: April 2024

Since hop secondary metabolites have a direct correlation with the quality of beer and other hop-based beverages, and the volatile fraction of hop has a complex composition, requiring effective separation, here we explore the application of headspace solid-phase microextraction as a sample preparation method, coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS) analysis. The methodology involved the use of a DVB/PDMS fibre with 500 mg of hop cone powder, extracted for 40 min at 50 °C, for both GC–MS and GC×GC–MS. The varieties Azacca, Cascade, Enigma, Loral, and Zappa were studied comprehensively. The results demonstrate that GC×GC–MS increases the number of peaks by over 300% compared to classical GC–MS. Overall, 137 compounds were identified or tentatively identified and categorised into 10 classes, representing between 87.6% and 96.9% of the total peak area. The composition revealed the highest concentration of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons for Enigma, whilst Zappa showed a relatively significant concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Principal component analysis for all compounds and classes, along with hierarchical cluster analysis, indicated similarities between Zappa and Cascade, and Azacca and Loral. In conclusion, this method presents an optimistic advancement in hop metabolite studies with a simple and established sample preparation procedure in combination with an effective separation technique.
Fungal Methane Production Controlled by Oxygen Levels and Temperature
Authors: Schroll Moritz , Lenhart Katharina , Bender Thomas , Hötten Piet , Rudolph Alexander , Sörensen Sven , Keppler Frank
Published: April 2024

Saprotrophic fungi, key players in global carbon cycling, have been identified as methane (CH4) sources not yet accounted for in the global CH4 budget. This study, for the first time, explores the influence of oxygen (O2) and temperature on CH4 production by two fungi, Laetiporus sulphureus and Pleurotus sapidus. To explore the relationship between these parameters and fungal CH4 formation, we examined CH4 formation under varying O2 levels (0 to 98%) and temperatures (17, 27, and 40 °C) during fungal growth on pine wood, beech wood, and grass under sterile conditions. Our findings show that fungal CH4 formation strongly depends on O2 levels. Methane formation was highest when O2 levels exceeded 5%, whilst no CH4 formation was observed after complete O2 consumption. Reintroducing O2 immediately resumed fungal CH4 production. Methane formation normalized to O2 consumption (CH4_norm) showed a different pattern. L. sulphureus showed higher CH4_norm rates with higher O2 levels, whereas P. sapidus showed elevated rates between 0 and 5%. Temperature also significantly influenced CH4 and CH4_norm rates, with the highest production at 27 °C, and comparatively lower rates at 17 and 40 °C. These findings demonstrate the importance of O2 levels and temperature in fungal CH4 emissions, which are essential for refining CH4 source predictions.
Molecular Biological Methods to Assess Different Botrytis cinerea Strains on Grapes
Authors: Backmann Louis , Schmidtmann Katharina , Wegmann-Herr Pascal , Jürgens Andreas , Scharfenberger-Schmeer Maren
Published: April 2024

Botrytis cinerea is a well-known pathogen that can be challenging to control in crops, such as wine grapes. To adapt to the increasing problems of climate change and strain resistance, it is important to find new methods to detect Botrytis cinerea and differentiate strains. These methods include strain differentiation and classification by simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and early detection of the fungus by qPCR. Various strains were analysed using SSR markers and either agarose gel electrophoresis or capillary sequencing via PCR. A sensitive qPCR method was refined to achieve an early detection method for the pathogen. The results demonstrate promising ways to distinguish between strains using both agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary sequencing as well as to detect infection before it becomes visible on grapes. This can be used to further understand and analyse different Botrytis cinerea strain characteristics such as laccase activity, regional or annual effects. The early detection method can be used to better prepare growers for an impending infection so that targeted efforts can be made.
The Changes in Fecal Bacterial Communities in Goats Offered Rumen-Protected Fat
Authors: Liu Hu , Peng Weishi , Mao Kaiyu , Yang Yuanting , Wu Qun , Wang Ke , Zeng Meng , Han Xiaotao , Han Jiancheng , Zhou Hanlin
Published: April 2024

Leizhou goats are famous for their delicious meat but have inferior growth performance. There is little information on rumen-protected fat (RPF) from the Leizhou goat. Hence, we observed the effects of RPF on growth, fecal short-chain fatty acids, and bacteria community with respect to Leizhou goats. Twelve goats (13.34 ± 0.024 kg) were selected and assigned randomly to one of two treatments: (1) a control diet (CON) and (2) 2.4% RPF with a control diet (RPF). The final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (p < 0.05), and the dry matter intake (DMI): ADG was lower (p < 0.05) in the RPF group than in the CON group. There were no differences in DMI between the CON and RPF groups. The concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were lower (p < 0.05) in the RPF group than in the CON group. The relative abundances of Ruminococcus, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Treponema, norank_f__norank_o__RF39, Eubacterium_siraeum_group, and Ruminococcus_torques_group were lower (p < 0.05) in the RPF group than in the CON group. The relative abundances of Bacteroides, norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014, norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Eubacterium_ruminantium_group, norank_f__Oscillospirale-UCG-010, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group were greater (p < 0.05) in the RPF group than in the CON group. It was concluded that RPF could improve the goats’ growth performance by regulating their fecal bacteria communities.
Evaluation of the Effects of Food Safety Training on the Microbiological Load Present in Equipment, Surfaces, Utensils, and Food Manipulator’s Hands in Restaurants
Authors: Castro Miguel , Soares Kamila , Ribeiro Carlos , Esteves Alexandra
Published: April 2024

Training food handlers is essential to ensure food safety. However, the efficacy of training programs relying solely on theoretical information remains uncertain and often fails to induce significant changes in inadequate food practices. Training programs in good hygiene and food safety practices that integrate theoretical and practical approaches have emerged as a vital tool, enabling food handlers to apply their knowledge during work hours and clarify doubts. This study aimed to assess the impact of food safety training based on theoretical and on-the-job training on the microbiological counts of equipment, surfaces, utensils, and food handler (FH) hands. The hygiene and food safety conditions of four restaurants were analyzed through facility checklists, employee questionnaires, and microbiological analyses conducted before and after training. Eight sample collection moments were conducted at each restaurant before and after training. The pre-training results indicate that 15% and 26% of analyses for Enterobacteriaceae and total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMB), respectively, did not comply with hygiene safety limits. Additionally, 31% and 64% of Enterobacteriaceae and TMB values, respectively, exceeded safety limits on food handler hands. Positive cases of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) resulted from unprotected wounds on some FH hands. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in drains was also identified as a concern. Following training, significant differences in results were observed. In many cases, there was a reduction of over 80% in microbial load for Enterobacteriaceae and TMB collected from equipment, surfaces, utensils, and food handler hands. The presence of L. monocytogenes in drains was also eliminated after food safety training. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of effective training in improving food safety practices.
Neutrophils versus Protozoan Parasites: Plasmodium, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Entameoba
Authors: Uribe-Querol Eileen , Rosales Carlos
Published: April 2024

Neutrophils are the most abundant polymorphonuclear granular leukocytes in human blood and are an essential part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are efficient cells that eliminate pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but their role in dealing with protozoan parasitic infections remains controversial. At sites of protozoan parasite infections, a large number of infiltrating neutrophils is observed, suggesting that neutrophils are important cells for controlling the infection. Yet, in most cases, there is also a strong inflammatory response that can provoke tissue damage. Diseases like malaria, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and amoebiasis affect millions of people globally. In this review, we summarize these protozoan diseases and describe the novel view on how neutrophils are involved in protection from these parasites. Also, we present recent evidence that neutrophils play a double role in these infections participating both in control of the parasite and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Impact of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms on Severe Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation: An Observational Study
Authors: Castellani Giovanna Barbara , Maietti Elisa , Colombo Valentina , Clemente Stefano , Cassani Ivo , Rucci Paola
Published: April 2024

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIa) and antimicrobial resistance are expected to be the next threat to human health and are most frequent in people with severe acquired brain injury (SABI), who can be more easily colonized by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). The study’s aim is to investigate the impact of MDRO colonizations and infections on SABI rehabilitation outcomes. This retrospective observational study was performed in a tertiary referral specialized rehabilitation hospital. The main outcomes were the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) colonization, type and timing of HAI and MDRO HAI, and the number of CPE transmissions. We included 48 patients, 31% carrying CPE on admission and 33% colonized during the hospitalization. A total of 101 HAI were identified in 40 patients, with an overall incidence of 10.5/1000 patient days. Some 37% of patients had at least one MDRO infection, with a MDRO infection incidence of 2.8/1000 patient days. The number of HAIs was significantly correlated with the length of stay (LOS) (r = 0.453, p = 0.001). A significant correlation was found between colonization and type of hospital room (p = 0.013). Complications and HAI significantly affected LOS. We suggest that CPE carriers might be at risk of HAI and worse outcomes compared with non-CPE carriers.
Numerical Simulation Analysis of Control Factors on Acoustic Velocity in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: He Jiahuan , Zhang Wei , Zhao Dan , Li Nong , Kang Qiang , Cai Kunpeng , Wang Li , Yao Xin , Wang Guanqun , Dong Bi’an , Li Wei , Chen Hongbin , Long Wei
Published: April 2024

The conventional Archie formula struggles with the interpretation of water saturation from resistivity well log data due to the increasing complexity of exploration targets. This challenge has prompted researchers to explore alternative physical parameters, such as acoustic characteristics, for breakthroughs. Clarifying the influencing factors of porous media acoustic characteristics is one of the most important approaches to help understanding the mechanism of acoustic characteristics of carbonate reservoirs. The article uses digital rock technology to characterize the pore structure, quantitatively identify fractures and pore structures in carbonate rocks, and establish digital models. Through conventional acoustic testing, the pressure wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave) velocities of rock samples at different water saturations are obtained, and the dynamic elastic modulus is calculated. A finite element calculation model is established using the digital rock computational model to provide a basis for fluid saturation calculation methods. Based on real digital rock models, different combinations of virtual fractures are constructed, and factors affecting acoustic parameters are analyzed. The study finds that as porosity increases, the velocity difference between porous cores and fractured cores also increases. These findings provide important technical support and a theoretical basis for interpreting acoustic well logging data and evaluating carbonate reservoirs with different pore and fracture types.
Application of Stacking Ensemble Learning in Predicting Copper’s Flotation Concentrate Grade
Authors: Yin Chengzhe , Ou Leming
Published: April 2024

Addressing issues such as a low operational condition recognition efficiency, strong subjectivity, and significant fluctuations in Outotec X fluorescence analysis data in copper flotation production, a copper concentrate grade classification model is constructed based on image processing technology and the Stacking ensemble learning algorithm. Firstly, a feature extraction model for copper concentration flotation foam images is established, extracting color, texture, and size statistical features to build a feature dataset. Secondly, to avoid redundancy in the feature data, which could reduce model accuracy, a combined correlation feature selection is employed for dimensionality reduction, with the filtered feature subset being used as the model input. Finally, to fully leverage the strengths of each model, a Stacking ensemble learning copper concentrate grade classification model is constructed with support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) as base models and logistic regression (LR) as the meta-model. The experimental results show that this ensemble model achieves good recognition for different grade categories, with a precision, recall, and F1 score of 90.01%, 89.85%, and 89.93%, respectively. The accuracy of this Stacking ensemble model, with a 7% improvement over Outotec X fluorescence analysis, demonstrates a potential to meet the daily production needs of beneficiation plants.
Characterization and Flame-Retardant Properties of Cobalt-Coordinated Cyclic Phosphonitrile in Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Zeng Xiangcong , Xu Zhi , Li Haoxun , Xiong Yun , Ding Yigang , Xu Lili , Liu Shengpeng
Published: April 2024

Halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardants have promising application prospects due to their excellent safety and environmental protection properties. A cobalt-coordinated cyclic phosphonitrile flame retardant (Co@CPA) was synthesized via a hydrothermal method using hexachlorocyclotriphosphonitrile (HCCP), 5-amino-tetrazolium (5-AT), and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O) as starting materials. The structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were prepared by incorporating 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphame-10-oxide (ODOPB), Co@CPA, and silicon dioxide (SiO2) via melt blending. The flame-retardant performance and thermal stability of the TPU composites were evaluated through limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL-94), TG, and cone calorimetric (CCT) tests. SEM and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface morphology and structure of the residual carbon. A synergistic flame-retardant effect of ODOPB and Co@CPA was observed, with the most effective flame retardancy achieved at a TPU:ODOPB:Co@CPA:SiO2 ratio of 75:16:8:1. This composition exhibited an LOI value of 26.5% and achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Furthermore, compared to pure TPU, the composite showed reductions in total heat release, CO production, and CO2 production by 6.6%, 39.4%, and 48.9%, respectively. Our research findings suggest that Co@CPA demonstrates outstanding performance, with potential for further expansion in application areas. Different metal-based cyclic phosphonitrile compounds are significant in enriching phosphorus-based fine chemicals.
Dry Reforming of Methane over Pyrochlore-Type La2Ce2O7-Supported Ni Catalyst: Effect of Particle Size of Support
Authors: Zhou Zeling , Li Chao , Zhang Junfeng , Gao Qiliang , Wang Jiahao , Zhang Qingde , Han Yizhuo
Published: April 2024

The properties of supports (such as oxygen vacancies, oxygen species properties, etc.) significantly impact the anti-carbon ability due to their promotional effect on the activation of CO2 in dry reforming of methane (DRM). Herein, pyrochlore-type La2Ce2O7 compounds prepared using co-precipitation (CP), glycine nitrate combustion (GNC) and sol–gel (S-G) methods, which have highly thermal stability and unique oxygen mobility, are applied as supports to prepare Ni-based catalysts for DRM. The effect of the calcining temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) on La2Ce2O7(CP) has also been investigated. Based on multi-technique characterizations, it is found that the synthesis method and calcination temperature can influence the particle size of the La2Ce2O7 support. Changes in particle size strongly modulate the pore volume, specific surface area and numbers of surface oxygen vacancies of the La2Ce2O7 support. As a result, the distribution of supported Ni components is affected due to the different metal–support interaction, thereby altering the activity of the catalysts for cracking CH4. Moreover, the supports’ abilities to adsorb and activate CO2 are also adjusted accordingly, accelerating the removal of the carbon deposited on the catalysts. Finally, La2Ce2O7(CP 600) with an appropriate particle size exhibits the best catalytic activity and stability in DRM.
Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components in Different Parts of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Treated with Ultraviolet C Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Daihua , Wang Yulin , Kong Fanshu , Wang Danni , Hu Chingyuan , Yang Xu , Chen Xiaohua , Chen Wang , Feng Zili
Published: April 2024

Further assessment of ultraviolet C light-emitting diode (UVC-LED) irradiation for influencing shiitake mushrooms’ (Lentinus edodes) volatile and sensory properties is needed. In this study, a comparison of UVC-LED irradiation treatment on the flavor profiles in various parts of shiitake mushrooms was conducted using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and sensory analysis. Sixty-three volatile compounds were identified in shiitake mushrooms. The fresh shiitake mushrooms were characterized by the highest values of raw mushroom odors. After UVC-LED treatment, the content of C8 alcohols decreased, especially that of 1-octen-3-ol, while the content of aldehydes increased, especially the content of nonanal and decanal. The score of fatty and green odors was enhanced. For fresh samples, the mushroom odors decreased and the mushroom-like odors weakened more sharply when treated in ethanol suspension than when treated with direct irradiation. The fruit odors were enhanced using direct UVC-LED irradiation for fresh mushroom samples and the onion flavor decreased. As for shiitake mushroom powder in ethanol suspension treated with UVC-LED, the sweaty and almond odor scores decreased and the vitamin D2 content in mushroom caps and stems reached 668.79 μg/g (dw) and 399.45 μg/g (dw), respectively. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that UVC-LED treatment produced rich-flavored, quality mushroom products.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Hydroxyl and Epoxy Group Effects on Graphene Oxide Properties
Authors: Jaramillo-Fierro Ximena , Cuenca Guisella
Published: April 2024

In this study, we analyzed the impact of hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the properties of graphene oxide (GO) for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from water, addressing the urgent need for effective water purification methods due to industrial pollution. Employing a dual approach, we integrated experimental techniques with theoretical modeling via density functional theory (DFT) to examine the atomic structure of GO and its adsorption capabilities. The methodology encompasses a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of GO in MB dye adsorption under different conditions, including differences in pH, dye concentration, reaction temperature, and contact time, providing a comprehensive view of its effectiveness. Theoretical DFT calculations provide insights into how hydroxyl and epoxy modifications alter the electronic properties of GO, improving adsorption efficiency. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the dye adsorption capacity of GO, attributed to the interaction between the functional groups and MB molecules. This study not only confirms the potential of GO as a superior adsorbent for water treatment, but also contributes to the optimization of GO-based materials for environmental remediation, highlighting the synergy between experimental observations and theoretical predictions in advances in materials science to improve sustainability.