bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual‐Metal Interbonding as the Chemical Facilitator for Single‐Atom Dispersions
Authors: Zhou Yao , Song Erhong , Chen Wei , Segre Carlo U. , Zhou Jiadong , Lin Yung‐Chang , Zhu Chao , Ma Ruguang , Liu Pan , Chu Shufen , Thomas Tiju , Yang Minghui , Liu Qian , Suenaga Kazu , Liu Zheng , Liu Jianjun , Wang Jiacheng
Published: October 2020

Atomically dispersed catalysts, with maximized atom utilization of expensive metal components and relatively stable ligand structures, offer high reactivity and selectivity. However, the formation of atomic‐scale metals without aggregation remains a formidable challenge due to thermodynamic stabilization driving forces. Here, a top‐down process is presented that starts from iron nanoparticles, using dual‐metal interbonds (RhFe bonding) as a chemical facilitator to spontaneously convert Fe nanoparticles to single atoms at low temperatures. The presence of RhFe bonding between adjacent Fe and Rh single atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability, which facilitates the stripping of a single Fe atom from the Fe nanoparticles, leading to the stabilized single atom. The dual single‐atom Rh–Fe catalyst renders excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction in an acidic electrolyte. This discovery of dual‐metal interbonding as a chemical facilitator paves a novel route for atomic dispersion of chemical metals and the design of efficient catalysts at the atomic scale.
Ni‐Doped MoS2 Dry Film Lubricant Life
Authors: Vellore Azhar , Romero Garcia Sergio , Walters Nicholas , Johnson Duval A. , Kennett Andrew , Heverly Matthew , Martini Ashlie
Published: October 2020

The wear life of undoped and Ni‐doped MoS2 is evaluated at application‐relevant pressure and speed conditions in air. It is found that the Ni‐doped coatings outperform the undoped coatings, particularly at lower pressure (faster speed) conditions. To understand this, the evolution of the coatings during run‐in is characterized in terms of wear track depth, material composition, and microstructure. It is found that wear depth exceeds the thickness of the coatings after hundreds of cycles, in sharp contrast to the wear life that is measured to be tens of thousands of cycles based on friction. This suggests that sliding is facilitated by MoS2 continually worn from the sides of the wear track for most of the coating life. Further, microstructural analysis shows that the improved performance of Ni‐doped coatings is attributable to cracking and delamination during the run‐in stage, leading to more lubricious material available to facilitate sliding.
Correlative Laboratory Nano‐CT and 360° Electron Tomography of Macropore Structures in Hierarchical Zeolites
Authors: Apeleo Zubiri Benjamin , Wirth Janis , Drobek Dominik , Englisch Silvan , Przybilla Thomas , Weissenberger Tobias , Schwieger Wilhelm , Spiecker Erdmann
Published: October 2020

Hierarchical pore structures exhibit morphological features on several length scales, which govern important materials properties in catalysis, such as catalytic activity, diffusivity or selectivity. Correlative tomography offers unique opportunities for a comprehensive and scale‐bridging 3D characterization of such complex pore morphologies, which is crucial to further optimize materials design and synthesis routines. This study explores the capabilities of correlative 360° electron tomography (ET) and lab‐based nano X‐ray computed tomography (Nano‐CT) enabling 3D analyses of volumes of up to (60 µm)³ with down to nm resolution, as demonstrated for zeolite particles with embedded macropores. By first applying the two techniques to the same particle the higher resolution and fidelity of ET are used to improve the segmentation of pore space in the Nano‐CT reconstruction. Extended statistical relevance and access to interparticle pore space are obtained from reconstructions of larger particle agglomerates, using the large‐field‐of‐view mode of the Nano‐CT. The presented correlative approach enables real space analyses of important pore characteristics for comparison with complementary pore characterization techniques. Moreover, by investigating samples from different stages of the synthesis, 360°‐ET and Nano‐CT provide unique insights into the formation mechanism of porous materials, as demonstrated for the steam‐assisted crystallization of the macroporous zeolite particles.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Halide Perovskites‐Based Hybrid Photodetectors
Authors: Howlader Ashraful Hossain , Li Feng , Zheng Rongkun
Published: October 2020

Over the last few years, metal halide perovskites have established themselves as important materials in the field of optoelectronics. After their first application in photovoltaics, they have been successfully used in other optoelectronic devices, especially photodetectors, owing to their unparalleled optical and electronic properties. Notably, because of their unique optical and electronic properties and small physical dimensions, various carbon nanomaterials have emerged as alternatives for next‐generation optoelectronic devices, and they have also been combined with other materials to realize optimal optoelectronic performance. Some implementations of hybrid photodetectors combining metal halide perovskites with carbon nanomaterials have been reported. Here, it is presented a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the application of carbon nanomaterials in metal halide perovskite photodetectors, with particular focus on the possible working mechanisms behind the significant enhancement of their performance. First, a brief introduction to the fundamentals of photodetection devices is presented, followed by a short discussion of the intrinsic characteristics of metal halide perovskites and carbon nanomaterials. Detailed descriptions of the operation mechanisms, the evolution of different device structures, and their optoelectronic performance are then given. Finally, the potential challenges and future perspectives for the development of high‐performance stable photodetectors based on these materials are outlined.
Carbon Encapsulation of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite toward Efficient and Stable Photo‐Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Zhang Hefeng , Chen Yu , Wang Hong , Wang Hui , Ma Weiguang , Zong Xu , Li Can
Published: October 2020

Photo‐electrochemical (PEC) carbon dioxide reduction to chemicals or fuels has been regarded as an attractive strategy that can close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. However, identifying a PEC system capable of driving efficient and durable CO2 conversion remains a critical challenge. Herein, the fabrication of a sandwich‐like organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite‐based photocathode with carbon encapsulation for PEC CO2 reduction is reported. The carbon encapsulation not only affords protection to the perovskite, but also allows for efficient conductance of photogenerated electrons. When decorated with a cobalt phthalocyanine molecular catalyst, the photocathode shows an onset potential at 0.58 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a high photocurrent density of −15.5 mA cm−2 at −0.11 V versus RHE in CO2‐saturated 0.5 m KHCO3 under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2), which represents state‐of‐the‐art performance in this field. Moreover, the photocathode remains stable during a continuous reaction that lasted for 25 h. Unbiased PEC CO2 reduction is further realized by integrating the photocathode with an amorphous Si photoanode in tandem, delivering a solar‐to‐CO energy conversion efficiency of 3.34% and a total solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency of 3.85%.
Integrated crop residue and subsoiling management strategies influence soil quality and agricultural sustainability
Authors: Shi Jianglan , Li Shuo , Tian Xiaohong
Published: October 2020

The rapid expansion of commercial‐scale cellulosic industries raises the prospect of widespread crop residue harvest. However, the effects of integrated crop residue and tillage management strategies on agricultural sustainability are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of different integrated crop residue and tillage management strategies on crop productivity, economic profit, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability in an intensive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) double‐cropping system over 7 yr. The treatments included residue return of both crops (WrMr), wheat residue return with harvesting maize residue (WrMh), wheat residue return with stubble at a height of 30∼40 cm and harvesting maize residue (WsMh), maize residue return with harvesting wheat residue (WhMr), maize residue return with subsoiling and harvesting wheat residue (WhMs), and residue harvest of both crops (WhMh). The annual average grain yields of wheat and maize increased by 17.6∼36.1% and 9.9∼22.8% under integrated strategies relative to those in WhMh. Compared with the WhMh, the WsMh and WhMs increased the economic profit (EP) by 9.5 and 6.1%, respectively. The integrated strategies significantly improved the chemical, biological, and physical properties of soil, resulting in higher sustainability indices (SIs) relative to the WhMh. The SIs were 1.59 and 1.33 in WrMr and WhMs, respectively, higher than the lowest value when a sustained system needed. Therefore, the adoption of maize residue return with subsoiling and harvesting wheat residue can maintain agricultural sustainability in the wheat–maize double cropping system under commercial‐scale cellulosic industries’ expansion in the north‐central plain of China.
Population‐level variation in host plant response to multiple microbial mutualists
Authors: Franklin James B. , Hockey Kendra , Maherali Hafiz
Published: October 2020

Premise

Multipartite mutualisms are widespread in nature, but population‐level variation in these interactions is rarely quantified. In the model multipartite mutualism between legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia bacteria, host responses to microbial partners are expected to be synergistic because the nutrients provided by each microbe colimit plant growth, but tests of this prediction have not been done in multiple host populations.

Methods

To test whether plant response to associations with AM fungi and rhizobia varies among host populations and whether synergistic responses to microbial mutualists are common, we grew 34 Medicago truncatula populations in a factorial experiment that manipulated the presence or absence of each mutualist.

Results

Plant growth increased in response to each mutualist, but there were no synergistic effects. Instead, plant response to inoculation with AM fungi was an order of magnitude higher than with rhizobia. Plant response to AM fungi varied among populations, whereas responses to rhizobia were relatively uniform. There was a positive correlation between plant host response to each mutualist but no correlation between AM fungal colonization and rhizobia nodulation of plant roots.

Conclusions

The greater population divergence in host response to AM fungi relative to rhizobia, weak correlation in host response to each microbial mutualist, and the absence of a correlation between measures of AM fungal and rhizobia performance suggests that each plant–microbe mutualism evolved independently among M. truncatula populations.
Recent Advances in Stetter Reaction and Related Chemistry: An update
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Kafshdarzadeh Kosar , Amiri Zahra
Published: October 2020

The Stetter reaction is actually a special C−C bond forming reaction through a 1,4‐addition reaction in the presence of nucleophilic catalyst. It involves a reaction between aldehydes and Michael acceptors catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) leading to preparation of 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds via carbon‐carbon bond formation. It offers a powerful approach to access 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds which are significant starting materials and intermediates in the synthesis of several heterocyclic systems, and bioactive heterocyclic framework which are present in natural products. In this review we try to underscore the recent advances in Stetter reaction and its applications from 2015 till date. Notably, we focused on the applications of Stetter reaction in the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems and total synthesis of natural products, which have largely been overlooked, previously.
Regio‐ and Site‐selective Molecular Rearrangements by Homogeneous Gold Catalysis
Authors: Praveen Chandrasekar
Published: October 2020

Homogeneous gold catalysis for connection and disconnection of carbon‐carbon (C−C) as well as carbon‐heteroatom (C−X) bond constitutes an important zone in molecular chemistry, since all new or existing organic synthesis relies on the transformation of these chemical bonds. Among the diaspora of molecular transformations, rearrangement and shift reactions occupy a special place in organic chemistry, as they enable the synthesis of molecules of increased complexity from simple precursors. However, the rearrangement in substrates possessing more than one potential reaction site produce more than one isomer and could result in regioselective issues. This challenge of selective synthesis of one regisomer over the other was fairly addressed by gold catalysis on various occasions. To this end, the prowess of homogeneous gold catalysis towards regioselective molecular rearrangement reactions and the contributing parameters are comprehensively reviewed. Also, synthetic applicability of regioselective rearrangements by gold catalysis in total and formal synthesis of several natural products was emphasized.This review also covers the emergence of gold catalyzed migratory/shift selective reactions and could be beneficial for synthetic and medicinal chemists.
In Vivo Uranium Sequestration using a Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Chen Lei , Bai Zhuanling , Zhang Duo , Guan Jingwen , Zhang Yijing , Shi Cen , Diwu Juan
Published: October 2020

An agent for actinide sequestration with fast uranium uptake kinetics and efficient in vivo uranium removal using a nanoscale metal–organic framework (nano‐MOF) is proposed. UiO‐66 nanoparticles post‐synthetically functionalized with carboxyl groups, UiO‐66‐(COOH)4‐180, exhibit the fastest uranium uptake kinetics reported with more than 65 % of uranyl in fetal bovine serum (FBS) removed within 5 min. Moreover, the in vivo bio‐distribution studies show that the material partially accumulates in kidneys and femurs where uranium mainly deposits facilitating the in vivo sequestration of uranium. The results of the in vivo uranium decorporation assays with mice show that UiO‐66‐(COOH)4‐180 could successfully reduce the amounts of uranyl deposited in kidneys and femurs by up to 55.4 % and 36.5 %, respectively, and is significantly more efficient than the commercial actinide decorporation agent, ZnNa3‐DTPA.
Single‐Session One‐At‐A‐Time Therapy: A Personal Approach
Authors: Dryden Windy
Published: October 2020

The terms ‘Single‐Session Therapy’ (SST) and ‘One‐At‐A‐Time’ (OAAT) therapy are both used to indicate a situation where the therapist and client set out with the expressed intention of helping the client in one session while acknowledging that additional sessions are available to the client. Both terms have their advantages and disadvantages and thus the author uses the blended term ‘Single‐Session One‐At‐A‐Time’ (SST/OAAT) therapy to highlight the advantages of both. It is a core feature of SST/OAAT therapy that it is client‐centred especially where the session’s focus and goal are concerned. However, in an attempt to avoid SST/OAAT therapy being highjacked by therapists who operate from the ‘expert’ source of influence, the field has downplayed the contribution of the therapist’s expertise. In this paper, I make clear that the expertise of the therapist when allied to the expertise of the client can be a potent force for good in SST/OAAT therapy. My main task, however, is to outline my own approach to SST/OAAT therapy which is a blend of general principles that are likely to be held by the majority of SST/OAAT therapist and specific ideas that are derived from working alliance theory, pluralism and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy.
Neem oil encapsulated electrospun polyurethane nanofibrous bags for seed storage: A step toward sustainable agriculture
Authors: Gaydhane Mrunalini K. , Pudke Sampada P. , Sharma Chandra Shekhar
Published: October 2020

For higher crop yields, availability of good quality healthy seeds is a major challenge which is directly related to post‐harvesting proper seed storage. Various reasons for significant seed storage losses includes varying temperature, humidity and presence of rodents, insects and microbial infestation. In this study, a new type of seed storage bag is produced using electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibers encapsulated with neem oil. The effect of neem oil loading (3, 5, and 10% w/v) on fiber morphology, wettability, and water vapor permeability is studied. The interaction of neem oil with PU is investigated and correlated with thermal stability and mechanical strength. The physico‐mechanical characteristic then compared with commercial polypropylene storage bags to confirm its applicability. The real time storage experiment carried out for 75 days infers that 90% seeds stored in nanofibrous bags were uninfected, whereas 70% seeds in commercial bags found to be infected with storage fungi. These nanofabric bags show a great potential toward reducing seed storage losses and may be a game changer for achieving food security as one of the goal for sustainable development.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment of North Carolina reclaimed water for potable reuse
Authors: Bailey Emily S. , Casanova Lisa M. , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: October 2020

As water scarcity issues become more common, the use of treated wastewater as a drinking water source presents an opportunity to meet growing water demands. Many reuse projects are primarily focused on agricultural use; however, there is growing interest in potable reuse schemes. In particular, the state of North Carolina has proposed new potable reuse guidelines allowing for potable reuse of tertiary‐treated, dual‐disinfected reclaimed water when combined with surface source waters at a ratio of up to 20%, followed by 5‐day storage and then conventional drinking water treatment. As microbial risks are still a concern in these waters, this study presents a quantitative microbial risk assessment to assess the additional disease burden from these wastewater reuse guidelines. On the basis of the analysis presented here, the reclaimed water produced in North Carolina does not meet acceptable public health risk levels. To reach these goals, North Carolina wastewater reclamation plants may need to further increase and optimize existing treatment trains to achieve greater log10 reductions.
The diagnostic potential of multimodal neuroimaging measures in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism
Authors: Park Chang‐hyun , Lee Phil Hyu , Lee Seung‐Koo , Chung Seok Jong , Shin Na‐Young
Published: October 2020

Introduction

For the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP) using neuroimaging, structural measures have been largely employed since structural abnormalities are most noticeable in the diseases. Functional abnormalities have been known as well, though less clearly seen, and thus, the addition of functional measures to structural measures is expected to be more informative for the diagnosis. Here, we aimed to assess whether multimodal neuroimaging measures of structural and functional alterations could have potential for enhancing performance in diverse diagnostic classification problems.

Methods

For 77 patients with PD, 86 patients with AP comprising multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, and 53 healthy controls (HC), structural and functional MRI data were collected. Gray matter (GM) volume was acquired as a structural measure, and GM regional homogeneity and degree centrality were acquired as functional measures. The measures were used as predictors individually or in combination in support vector machine classifiers for different problems of distinguishing between HC and each diagnostic type and between different diagnostic types.

Results

In statistical comparisons of the measures, structural alterations were extensively seen in all diagnostic types, whereas functional alterations were limited to specific diagnostic types. The addition of functional measures to the structural measure generally yielded statistically significant improvements to classification accuracy, compared to the use of the structural measure alone.

Conclusion

We suggest the fusion of multimodal neuroimaging measures as an effective strategy that could generally cope with diverse prediction problems of clinical concerns.
The mortality of lung cancer attributable to smoking among adults in China and the United States during 1990–2017
Authors: Liu Xiaoxue , Yu Yong , Wang Minsheng , Mubarik Sumaira , Wang Fang , Wang Yafeng , Meng Runtang , Yu Chuanhua
Published: October 2020

Background

Statistical data on the burden and relevant risk factors of lung cancer are valuable for policy‐making. This study aimed to compare the mortality of lung cancer attributable to smoking stratified by sex and age among adults in China and the United States (US).

Methods

We extracted age‐standardized mortality rates of lung cancer during 1990‐2017 using the comparative risk assessment framework of the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. We performed an age‐period‐cohort analysis to estimate time trend of lung cancer mortality attributable to smoking.

Results

During 1990‐2017, the age‐standardized mortality rate of lung cancer was increasing in China but decreasing in the US for both sexes. The mortality attributable to smoking in China showed a generally increasing trend, while a continuous decrease was observed in the US. The age‐period‐cohort analysis showed a similar trend of age effect among adults between China and the US: the mortality substantially increased from the 30‐34 to 80‐84 age group and subsequently decreased in the 90‐94 age group. However, the period effect rapidly increased in Chinese adults during 1990‐2017, while it tended to be stable in the US although it was still slightly increasing in women. The cohort effect generally peaked in the earlier cohort born in 1902‐1906 in the two countries.

Conclusions

During 1990‐2017, the lung cancer mortality attributable to smoking and the period effect are generally increasing in Chinese adults; the mortality attributable to smoking is decreasing in the US adults, but the period effect tends to be stable. The rapid aging and prevalence of smoking may intensify the increasing mortality of lung cancer in China.
Functional and nutritional characterization of in vitro enzymatic hydrolyzed millets proteins
Authors: Agrawal Himani , Joshi Robin , Gupta Mahesh
Published: October 2020

Background and objectives

Millets protein has been reported to possess potential bioactive peptides. In current study, effects of in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis on physicochemical and functional properties of pearl millet (PM), finger millet (FM), and green sorghum millet (GSM) protein were assessed.

Findings

Millets protein isolates were in vitro enzymatically hydrolyzed using pepsin and pancreatin. Essential amino acids such as leucine and threonine content were increased and found to be higher in PM protein hydrolysate (PMPH) (128.04 and 33.19 mg/g, respectively). GSM protein hydrolysate possessed significantly higher surface hydrophobicity (708.11), disulfide bond content (23.11 μM/g), and water absorption capacity (90.5 ml/g). Oil absorption capacity was decreased after hydrolysis. PMPH exhibited better gelation property (7%). FM protein hydrolysate possessed highest emulsification ability (93.49 m2/g). All hydrolysates showed significantly higher solubility at pH 2–10. Principal component analysis bi‐plot also revealed the variability in different physicochemical and functional properties due to enzymatic hydrolysis.

Conclusions

These results proposed that millet protein hydrolysates possess better physicochemical and functional properties compared to conventional protein isolates and may be used as a functional and nutraceutical ingredient.

Significance and novelty

Millets protein hydrolysates were successfully prepared by in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis with improved physicochemical and functional properties.
Development and validation of a novel process model for fluidized bed combustion: Application for efficient combustion of low‐grade coal
Authors: Saparov Ablay , Kulmukanova Lyazzat , Mostafavi Ehsan , Sarbassov Yerbol , Inglezakis Vassilis , Anthony Edward J. , Shah Dhawal
Published: October 2020

Numerous models have been developed in Aspen Plus for the combustion of different coal types in fluidized bed reactors. However, these models are case‐specific, particularly with respect to coal type and bed reactor type, implying limitations to general application of these models. Moreover, these processes were generally developed step‐wisely by employing a series of model blocks to simulate fluidized bed reactors in Aspen Plus. In this study, a novel hybrid approach for modelling coal combustion has been implemented to comprehensively design a model for conversion of low‐grade coal under various operating conditions. The proposed model combines sequential modelling of drying/pyrolysis (devolatilization) and combustion of coal by means of conventionally used units (RYIELD and RGIBBS), and a newly used unit (FLUIDBED) in Aspen Plus. The model validation was performed by experiments on the combustion of low‐grade coal in a pilot‐scale circulating fluidized bed reactor (CFBR). Experimental data were used to further calibrate the Aspen Plus model and decrease model uncertainties. The results obtained from the developed simulation model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Discrepancies of less than 15% were observed, in most of the predictions of molar fractions for the resultant flue gas composition, including NOx and SOx, emissions which were at ppm levels. As a result, the model can easily be used for design, scale‐up, and simulation of coal combustion as well as for other feedstock like biomass in fluidized bed with process optimization based on sensitivity analysis.
A Series of Ferulic Acid Amides Reveals Unexpected Peroxiredoxin 1 Inhibitory Activity with in vivo Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects
Authors: Yasmin Sabina , Cerchia Carmen , Badavath Vishnu Nayak , Laghezza Antonio , Dal Piaz Fabrizio , Mondal Susanta K. , Atlı Özlem , Baysal Merve , Vadivelan Sankaran , Shankar S. , Siddique Mohd Usman Mohd , Pattnaik Ashok Kumar , Singh Ravi Pratap , Loiodice Fulvio , Jayaprakash Venkatesan , Lavecchia Antonio
Published: October 2020

Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiological feature in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ferulic acid is known for attenuating the insulin resistance and reducing the blood glucose in T2DM rats. In this work, we designed and synthesized a library of new ferulic acid amides (FAA), which could be considered as ring opening derivatives of the antidiabetic PPARγ agonists Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, since these compounds displayed weak PPAR transactivation capacity, we employed a proteomics approach to unravel their molecular target(s) and identified the peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) as a direct binding target of FAAs. Interestingly, PRDX1, a protein with antioxidant and chaperone activity, has been implied in the development of T2DM by inducing hepatic insulin resistance. SPR, mass spectrometry‐based studies, docking experiments and in vitro inhibition assay confirmed that compounds VIe and VIf bound PRDX1 and induced a dose‐dependent inhibition. Furthermore, VIe and VIf significantly improved hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin‐nicotinamide (STZ‐NA)‐induced diabetic rats as confirmed by histopathological examinations. These results provide guidance for developing the current FAAs as new potential antidiabetic agents.
Application of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: Experience of an academic institution in a tertiary academic medical center
Authors: Castrodad‐Rodríguez Carlos A. , Lajara Sigfred , Khader Samer N. , Colanta Agnes B. , Guerrero Dominick R. , El Hussein Siba , Hakima Laleh
Published: October 2020

Background

The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) represents a standardized reporting system for salivary gland lesions. The recent literature has demonstrated a wide range of data regarding range of malignancy (ROM) and interobserver variability. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the reproducibility and interobserver agreement of MSRSGC, and establish the ROM in a unique patient population residing within a designated Health Professional Shortage Area.

Methods

A total of 380 salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration cases were obtained over a 3‐year period. Corresponding cytology reports and slides were reviewed in a blinded fashion by a panel of cytopathologists and recategorized using MSRSGC. ROM was calculated by cytohistologic correlation in 176 cases. Agreement between review of reports and slides and interobserver reliability were determined using kappa statistics.

Results

The ROMs per MSRSGC category based on review of reports and slides were as follows: 4% and 0%, respectively, for nonneoplastic; 22% and 0%, respectively, for nondiagnostic; 42.9% and 48%, respectively, for atypia of undetermined significance; 1.6% and 1.9%, respectively, for benign‐neoplastic; 17.9% and 15.6%, respectively, for salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential; 81.8% and 71.4%, respectively, for suspicious for malignancy; and 100% and 90.5%, respectively, for malignant. There was a 59.2% overall agreement between review of reports and slides with regard to recategorizing salivary gland lesions (kappa, 0.51). The interobserver reliability demonstrated a 64.6% agreement (weighted kappa, 0.59).

Conclusions

The ROMs at the study institution appeared comparable to those in the published literature. There was moderate overall agreement among cytopathologists and low interobserver agreement with regard to the indeterminate categories. Image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration specimens; rapid onsite adequacy; and integration of clinical, imaging, and ancillary studies can improve diagnostic accuracy among indeterminate lesions.
Electroencephalography source localization analysis in epileptic children during a visual working‐memory task
Authors: Galaris Evangelos , Gallos Ioannis , Myatchin Ivan , Lagae Lieven , Siettos Constantinos
Published: October 2020

We localize the sources of brain activity of children with epilepsy based on electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings acquired during a visual discrimination working memory task. For the numerical solution of the inverse problem, with the aid of age‐specific MRI scans processed from a publicly available database, we use and compare three regularization numerical methods, namely the standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA), the weighted minimum norm estimation (wMNE) and the dynamic statistical parametric mapping (dSPM). We show that all three methods provide the same spatio‐temporal patterns of differences between the groups of epileptic and control children. In particular, our analysis reveals statistically significant differences between the two groups in regions of the parietal cortex indicating that these may serve as “biomarkers” for diagnostic purposes and ultimately localized treatment.
The Importance of Conferences and Networking in PhD and Postdoctoral Training
Authors: Subramanian Shoba
Published: October 2020

Conferences play an important role in enabling trainees to develop and apply competencies in science, in communication, and in networking during biomedical PhD and postdoctoral training. This article offers guidelines for trainees on how to use conferences to initiate, sustain, and strengthen connections, including in virtual conference formats which could become the norm in the future. Additionally, it provides tips for expanding professional networks via broad mechanisms such as informational interviews. Recommendations in this manuscript are applicable to trainees pursuing diverse career paths in different STEM fields including education, scientific research, policy, advocacy, consulting, and communication. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Thermal analysis, design, and implementation of an L‐band high‐power stepped impedance low‐pass filter
Authors: Pourgholamhossein Zohre , Askari Gholamreza , Talaei Fattah , Mirmohammad Sadeghi Hamid
Published: October 2020

This paper presents high power, thermal analyses, and implementation of a stepped impedance high‐power low‐pass filter (LPF). A comprehensive model and analysis have been developed for the design and simulation of the LPF. In this analysis, power handling capacity and breakdown‐voltage are discussed, and the effects of critical points are considered. The attenuation due to conductor and dielectric losses is also studied. The novelty of our approach lies in employing theoretical analysis to estimate the power‐dissipation of the filter based on the proposed equivalent circuit. An accurate method is also introduced to calculate attenuation in the filter's elements. Thermal analysis to obtain accurate temperature profiles is done for the first time based on the electro‐thermal simulation. Consequently, an effective cooling method is used to spread heat across the entire filter. Finally, the filter was implemented and tested to operate at L‐band with handling 8 kW peak and 800 W average power. The insertion‐loss is less than 0.27 dB, the stop‐band attenuation is more than 60 dB, and the return‐loss is better than 15.7 dB. The filter is capable of tolerating produced heat without any destructive effects at a maximum temperature of about 200°C above ambient. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the LPF is suitable for high‐power microwave applications.
Immune contexture analysis in immuno‐oncology: applications and challenges of multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry
Authors: Shakya Reshma , Nguyen Tam Hong , Waterhouse Nigel , Khanna Rajiv
Published: October 2020

The tumor microenvironment is an integral player in cancer initiation, tumor progression, response and resistance to anti‐cancer therapy. Understanding the complex interactions of tumor immune architecture (referred to as ‘immune contexture’) has therefore become increasingly desirable to guide our approach to patient selection, clinical trial design, combination therapies, and patient management. Quantitative image analysis based on multiplexed fluorescence immunohistochemistry and deep learning technologies are rapidly developing to enable researchers to interrogate complex information from the tumor microenvironment and find predictive insights into treatment response. Herein, we discuss current developments in multiplexed fluorescence immunohistochemistry for immune contexture analysis, and their application in immuno‐oncology, and discuss challenges to effectively use this technology in clinical settings. We also present a multiplexed image analysis workflow to analyse fluorescence multiplexed stained tumor sections using the Vectra Automated Digital Pathology System together with FCS express flow cytometry software. The benefit of this strategy is that the spectral unmixing accurately generates and analyses complex arrays of multiple biomarkers, which can be helpful for diagnosis, risk stratification, and guiding clinical management of oncology patients.
On the Capacities of Freestanding Vanadium Pentoxide–Carbon Nanotube–Nanocellulose Paper Electrodes for Charge Storage Applications
Authors: Etman Ahmed S. , Wang Zhaohui , Yuan Youyou , Nyholm Leif , Rosen Johanna
Published: October 2020

Herein, a one‐step protocol for synthesizing freestanding 20 μm thick cellulose paper electrodes composed of V2O5 ⋅ H2O nanosheets (VOx), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Cladophora cellulose (CC) is reported. In 1.0 m Na2SO4, the VOx–CNT–CC electrodes deliver capacities of about 200 and 50 C g−1 at scan rates of 20 and 500 mV s−1, respectively. The obtained capacities are compared with the theoretical capacities and are discussed based on the electrochemical reactions and the mass loadings of the electrodes. It is shown that the capacities are diffusion rate limited and, consequently, depend on the distribution and thickness of the V2O5 ⋅ H2O nanosheets, whereas the long‐term cycling stabilities depend on vanadium species dissolving in the electrolyte. The electrodes feature high mass loadings (2 mg cm−2), good rate performances (25% capacity retention at 500 mV s−1), and capacity retentions of 85% after 8000 cycles. A symmetric VOx–CNT–CC energy storage device with a potential window of about 1 V exhibits a capacity of 40 C g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1.
Reconstructed monthly river flows for Irish catchments 1766–2016
Authors: O’Connor Paul , Murphy Conor , Matthews Tom , Wilby Robert L.
Published: October 2020

A 250‐year (1766–2016) archive of reconstructed river flows is presented for 51 catchments across Ireland. By leveraging meteorological data rescue efforts with gridded precipitation and temperature reconstructions, we develop monthly river flow reconstructions using the GR2M hydrological model and an Artificial Neural Network. Uncertainties in reconstructed flows associated with hydrological model structure and parameters are quantified. Reconstructions are evaluated by comparison with those derived from quality assured long‐term precipitation series for the period 1850–2000. Assessment of the reconstruction performance across all 51 catchments using metrics of MAE (9.3 mm/month; 13.3%), RMSE (12.6 mm/month; 18.0%) and mean bias (−1.16 mm/month; −1.7%), indicates good skill. Notable years with highest/lowest annual mean flows across all catchments were 1877/1855. Winter 2015/16 had the highest seasonal mean flows and summer 1826 the lowest, whereas autumn 1933 had notable low flows across most catchments. The reconstructed database will enable assessment of catchment specific responses to varying climatic conditions and extremes on annual, seasonal and monthly timescales.
Stillbirths and neonatal deaths among 18 942 women with postpartum hemorrhage: Analysis of perinatal outcomes in the WOMAN trial
Authors: Hough Amy , Shakur‐Still Haleema , Roberts Ian , Koukounari Artemis , Lawn Joy E. ,   the WOMAN Trial Collaborators
Published: October 2020

Objective

To describe the rates and risk factors for stillbirth and pre‐discharge neonatal mortality (PDNM), and impact on quality of life (QoL) among women with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted of the WOMAN trial, which evaluated the use of tranexamic acid for PPH and collected infant outcome data to assess drug safety. The analysis was restricted to singletons (n=18 942). Overall and country‐level rates of stillbirth and PDNM were calculated. Multilevel logistic regression models examined the association of stillbirth and PDNM with selected risks, and the association of mother’s QoL at discharge after stillbirth or PDNM.

Results

For women with PPH, the rate of stillbirths was 104.42 per 1000 births (n=1978) and the rate of PDNM was 15.56 per 1000 live births (n=264). Cesarean delivery, increasing blood loss, maternal complications, and maternal death were strongly associated with these adverse outcomes. Women with stillbirth and PDNM were significantly more likely to report poorer QoL.

Conclusion

Women with PPH experience an extremely high rate of stillbirth and slightly elevated PDNM, which is associated with markers of the severity of their condition and impacts on their QoL.
System Security Engineering and Feature‐based Product Line Engineering: A Productive Marriage
Authors: Young Bobbi , Darbin Rowland , Clements Paul
Published: October 2020

Product Line Engineering (PLE) is a systems engineering discipline to engineer a product portfolio using variation management techniques to take advantage of the products’ similarities while managing their differences. It has well known cost, quality, and time to delivery improvements compared to single‐system development. Systems Security Engineering (SSE) is a discipline for engineering systems proactively and reactively mitigating vulnerabilities. Do these two engineering disciplines conflict with each other? Or are they compatible, even complementary? This article will discuss the relationship between PLE and SSE and how they work together. Specific topics include managing a product line factory of products in a secure way and implementing cyber resilient frameworks within a product line addressing cyber resiliency commonality and variability in product design, implementation, and migration over time.
Towards a Model‐Based approach to Systems and Cybersecurity: Co‐engineering in a Product Line context
Authors: Navas Juan , Voirin Jean‐Luc , Paul Stephane , Bonnet Stephane
Published: October 2020

As cybersecurity threats multiply and global public opinion becomes aware of cybersecurity attack's potential consequences, customers become more demanding regarding cybersecurity concerns in the products they acquire. Consequently, product providers should consider such concerns early in their solution's development life cycle. This paper presents how a model‐based approach can contribute to an effective co‐engineering effort between cybersecurity and product engineering during product architecture definition.
Integrating Security into Enterprise Architecture with UAF and PLE
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: October 2020

At the systems of systems and enterprise levels, systems engineers and architects must plan for system security from system concept inception ensuring security embeds into every process, procedure, system, and component as well as the enterprise's mindset. While the various United States Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) views contain security attributes, there is no integrated view set defining system security goals, threats, risks, mitigating elements, and demonstrating how these integrate and implement into the operational, system, standards, and services views. The Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) implements DoDAF using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) as well as the British Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MODAF) and NATO Architecture Framework. In addition, UAF has integrated a security view set facilitating engineers defining security goals and requirements and demonstrating how these implement throughout the architecture. By using these integrated security views, engineers can design system protection as well as system protection options and variants.
Follicular pathway role in chemical warfare simulants percutaneous penetration
Authors: Elmahdy Akram , Cao Yachao , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard
Published: October 2020

Chemical warfare (CW) exposure could be fatal to military and civilians through skin contamination. Our work and others focus on investigating stratum corneum reservoir with less regards to skin appendageal routes including hair follicles. Here, C‐14 CW simulants (CWS) with specific activity of 0.1 mCi/ml were tested on abdominal and scalp human cadaver skin using flow‐through diffusion system. Quantitative analysis of simulants in skin compartments were performed using scintillation counter. Scalp permeation of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and methyl salicylate (MeS) exceed abdominal skin by 8%, 15%, and 6% (p value < 0.05) of applied dose, respectively. DPGME and DIMP (most hydrophilic) showed earlier permeation peak time (Tmax) through scalp skin at 2 and 4 h, respectively, comparing with 6 h with abdominal skin. The percentage of applied dose of DPGME and DIMP retained in human skin membrane (SC, epidermis, and viable dermis) showed no statistically significant difference between tested abdominal and scalp skin samples (p value >0.05). The percentage of applied dose of MeS in scalp showed higher partitioning in stratum corneum and viable epidermis than abdominal skin (p value <0.05).

In conclusion, human scalp showed greater total skin absorption than abdominal skin. This work points to a qualitative importance of high follicular density body regions in percutaneous penetration and suggests that transfollicular pathway might have a significant role in early stage permeation of chemical warfare simulants. However, the difference noticed here between scalp and abdominal skin could be attributed to regional variability in anatomy, physiology, and barrier characteristics.
Why We Don't Rent What Others Love: The Role of Product Attachment in Consumer‐to‐Consumer Transactions
Authors: Graul Antje R. H. , Brough Aaron R.
Published: October 2020

When listing a possession for rent on a consumer‐to‐consumer platform, owners typically write a brief product description. Such descriptions often include attachment cues—indications that the owner is emotionally attached to the product. How does knowing that an owner is sharing a possession that has sentimental value impact rental likelihood? Evidence from secondary data and four experiments suggests that although some owners mistakenly expect attachment cues to enhance a product's appeal, attachment cues instead tend to deter prospective renters. We attribute this effect to renters' desire to avoid the responsibility of protecting (e.g., from damage, loss, or theft) an item to which the owner is emotionally attached. Whereas prior research has examined how product attachment influences owners' decisions, we show how an owners' expression of attachment affects others involved in a transaction. By refuting the lay theories of some owners about how to attract renters, our findings provide practical implications for owners and the platforms that connect them to users in the multi‐billion‐dollar consumer‐to‐consumer rental market.
COVID‐19 and the pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease
Authors: Sivalingam Thivya , Inusa Baba , Doyle Pat , Oteng‐Ntim Eugene
Published: October 2020

Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are commonly affected by pulmonary complications such as acute chest syndrome (ACS), pulmonary embolism (PE) and pneumonia that contribute to significant mortality risks. With a greater susceptibility to infection, they are deemed to be vulnerable patients during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. In emerging small case studies of SCD patients with COVID‐19 and further complicated by pneumonia, ACS, and/or PE, the clinical benefits of early exchange transfusion and Tocilizumab are evident. However, further clinical trials and larger cohort studies are essential to evaluate effective diagnostic and management options for this high‐risk group.