bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modified Reverse Osmosis and Nano-Filtration Membranes for the Production of Biorenewable Fuels and Chemicals.
Authors: Gautam Amit K. , Menkhaus Todd J.
Published: April 2013

The Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) and Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) mandated that 36 billion gallons of biofuels should be blended into transportation fuel by 2022. Implementing this will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce petroleum imports and encourage the development and expansion of US renewable fuels sector within rural America. Of the 36 billion gallons of biofuels, 16 billion gallons is expected to be from lignocellulosic biomass such as trees and grasses. The Black Hills of South Dakota is rich in ponderosa pine. This feedstock for bioethanol production, which is widely available due to recent pine beetle infestation, will not only add to the RFS requirement, it will also have a positive impact on rural economies in South Dakota. From the wood chips of pine, after acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the fermentable sugars obtained are relatively dilute in concentration (∼20-30 g/L). Hence, within a biorefinery, to increase the fermentation efficiency and decrease downstream processing cost of the biofuels, concentrating the sugars can be beneficial. In this study, Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested with complex lignocellulosic hydrolysate samples for their ability to concentrate sugars prior to fermentation. Fouling analysis and membrane characterization for both RO and NF membranes were performed by SEM, AFM, BET, contact angle and FTIR spectroscopy. Efficiency of membranes for their ability to separate fermentation inhibitors (e.g., organic and mineral acids, furans and phenolic compounds) from sugars, while simultaneously concentrating the sugars was studied to make the bio-ethanol production process cost and energy efficient. Three commercial nanofiltration membranes GE-R, TS40 and SR100 showed very promising results. GE-R concentrated sugars to more than 2.5 fold in the retentate, and simultaneously separated more than 50% of the inhibitory components into permeate. These results will increase the fermentation efficiency and reduce downstream purification costs of the produced fuel.
Design of New Structural Types from Oxocentered Tetrahedra : Continuous Polycationic Series from 1D Chains to 2D Planes in New Bismuth Compounds
Authors: Olivier Mentre , Marie Colmont , Marielle Huvé
Published: April 2013

In the Bi2O3-MO-P2O5 diagrams, most of the inorganic frameworks display Bi-M-O polycationic ribbons isolated by XO4 groups and interstitial cationic channels. They are formed of edge sharing O(Bi,M)4 tetrahedra. The width of the ribbons coexisting in the structures and their arrangement is changed from one compound to the next one. Due to mixed Bi3+/M2+ particular positions, a great chemical flexibility and a great degree of disorder may exist. It has been possible to extend ribbons to infinite [Bi2O2]2+ like sheets, sandwiched between XO4 based layers. In addition to this fascinating continuous polymerization from 1D chains to 2D sheets, O(Bi,M)4 and XO4 groups form ideal structural units for the designing of new materials through empirical structural rules that has been established.
Evidence
Authors: Levitt Laura
Published: April 2013

This brief essay explores what it means to consider the stuff in police storage and the physical remains of atrocity collected in Holocaust museums, libraries, and archives as the stuff of American Religious history. Moreover, the paper suggests how and in what ways these materials might enable scholars to do justice to traumatic pasts.
Philosophy of Religious Experience and the Nag Hammadi Texts
Authors: Bush Stephen
Published: April 2013

This essay, in response to Michael Kaler and Philip Tite, examines several theoretical issues about mystical experience in the Nag Hammadi texts. First is the problem of whether experiences can be an object of study at all, and I argue that they can, so long as we attend to the causes of the experiences. Attending to the causes of experiences, however, means that neo-perennialists must articulate and defend an account of the cause(s) of the cross-culturally universal experiences that they suppose occur. As for the attempt to apply contemporary psychologists' attachment theory to the experiential knowledge described in the Nag Hammadi texts, questions remain about the relation between attachment to the divine figure purportedly experienced and the experiencer's attachment to his or her religious community.
Theoretical Challenges in Studying Religious Experience in Gnosticism
Authors: Tite Philip
Published: April 2013

Several theoretical impediments face the ancient historian who wishes to embark on the study of religious experience within ancient cultures. While many of these difficulties face other religious studies scholars, the historical quality compounds these challenges. This paper explores several of these theoretical difficulties with a specific focus on the Valentinian, Sethian, and other so-called “Gnostic” groups in late antiquity. Specifically, the study of religious experience tends to give privileged interpretative position to insiders (evoking the etic/emic problem) and psychological analyses due to the “personal” or “individual” quality of such experiences (typified by perennialist approaches) (Otto, Wach, Eliade, Smart), or, following James and Jung, focus on the initial charismatic moment’s effect upon subsequent social structures. In contrast to such tendencies I suggest, by building on Fitzgerald’s lead in the Guide to the Study of Religion and largely agreeing with constructivist approaches, that we re-direct our focus toward the external social forces at play that discursively facilitate, shape, and direct experiential moments within the confines of social identity construction. This article builds on attachment theory from social psychology. Such analysis will allow us to better appreciate the experiential aspects of “Gnosticism” while appreciating the individual, communal, and (most importantly) discursive quality of the intersection of the individual and communal. Specific examples of such social facilitation will be briefly explored from Nag Hammadi, where ritual, narrative, and mythological discourse function to enable, and thereby define, religious experience.
Integrated Management of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in Sugarcane
Authors: Dalley Caleb D. , Viator Ryan P. , Richard Edward P.
Published: April 2013

Bermudagrass is a difficult perennial weed to manage in Louisiana sugarcane. Research was conducted to compare interrow tillage practice, postharvest residue management, and herbicide placement on bermudagrass proliferation and sugarcane yield. Tillage frequencies included conventional (four tillage operations per season), reduced (two tillage operations), and no-till. Residue management practices included removal by burning, sweeping from row top into the wheel furrow, and not removed. Spring herbicide placement treatments included broadcast, banded, or no herbicide application. With conventional tillage, broadcast and banded herbicide applications resulted in similar bermudagrass cover in the first and second ratoon crops, but bermudagrass cover was greater when using banded applications (22%) compared with broadcast application (15%) in the third-ratoon crop. Bermudagrass cover was greatest with no-till. When herbicides were banded, bermudagrass cover was greater in reduced tillage than conventional tillage in all three ratoon crops. Postharvest residue management did not affect bermudagrass ground cover. In plant cane, sugarcane yields were lowest when herbicide was not applied. In ratoon crops, sugarcane and sugar yield were reduced when herbicide was not applied regardless of tillage practice. Cane and sugar yield were generally equal when comparing reduced and conventional tillage. Total sugarcane yield (4 crop yr) for the no-till program was reduced 11, 15, and 25%, respectively, when herbicides were broadcast, banded, and when herbicide was not applied, compared with conventional tillage. Failure to remove residue reduced sugarcane yield by 5, 7, and 10% in first, second, and third ratoons, respectively, compared with burning. Eliminating unnecessary tillage practices can increase profitability of sugarcane through reduced costs, but it will be imperative that herbicide programs be included to provide adequate bermudagrass control and that postharvest residue is removed to promote maximum sugarpostane yield.
The Critical Period of Weed Control in Faba Bean and Chickpea in Mediterranean Areas
Authors: Frenda Alfonso S. , Ruisi Paolo , Saia Sergio , Frangipane Benedetto , Di Miceli Giuseppe , Amato Gaetano , Giambalvo Dario
Published: April 2013

Weeds are often the major biological constraint to growing legume crops successfully, and an understanding of the critical period of weed control (CPWC) is important for developing environmentally sustainable weed management practices to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Therefore, we carried out two field experiments to identify the CPWC for two grain legume crops traditionally grown in Mediterranean areas: chickpea and faba bean. The experiments were conducted at two sites both located in the Sicilian inland (Italy). In chickpea, when weeds were left to compete with the crop for the whole cycle, the grain yield reduction was on average about 85% of the weed-free yield, whereas in faba bean the reduction was less severe (on average about 60% of the weed-free yield). The onset of the CPWC at a 5% yield loss level varied by species, occurring later in faba bean than in chickpea (on average, 261 and 428 growing degree days after emergence for chickpea and faba bean, respectively). In both species, the end of the CPWC occurred at the early full-flowering stage when the canopy of each crop enclosed the interrow space. On the whole, the CPWC at a 5% yield loss level ranged from 50 to 69 d in chickpea and from 28 to 33 d in faba bean. The results highlight the fact that faba bean has a higher competitive ability against weeds than chickpea. This could be attributable both to more vigorous early growth and to the plant's greater height, both factors related to a greater shading ability and, consequently, to a better ability to suppress weeds.
Reduced Translocation Is Associated with Tolerance of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) to Glyphosate
Authors: Yerka Melinda K. , Wiersma Andrew T. , Lindenmayer R. Bradley , Westra Philip , Johnson William G. , de Leon Natalia , Stoltenberg David E.
Published: April 2013

Common lambsquarters tolerance to glyphosate is problematic because of the species' widespread distribution, competitive ability with many crop species, the widespread use of glyphosate in agriculture, and the weed's potential to develop decreased sensitivity to multiple herbicide sites of action. The mechanism that confers common lambsquarters tolerance to glyphosate is not known. Therefore, we conducted experiments to determine the mechanism of tolerance to glyphosate in an accession of common lambsquarters from Indiana relative to a sensitive accession from Wisconsin. The ED50(the effective dose that reduced shoot mass 50% relative to nontreated plants) value for the tolerant accession (1.6 kg ae ha−1± 0.4 standard error of the mean [SEM]) was eightfold greater than the ED50for the sensitive accession (0.2 kg ae ha−1± 0.2 SEM) 28 d after treatment. The glyphosate target-site (EPSPS) DNA sequence at proline 106, shikimate accumulation as an estimate of EPSPS sensitivity, and EPSPS protein abundance did not differ between accessions. Absorption of14C-glyphosate was slightly greater in the tolerant accession than it was in the sensitive accession at 48 and 72 h after treatment (HAT). However, the tolerant accession translocated a smaller percentage of absorbed14C-glyphosate to the tissue above the treated leaf, which included the shoot apical meristem, at 24, 48, and 72 HAT (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.10, respectively). These results suggest an important role of reduced translocation in conferring tolerance of common lambsquarters to glyphosate.
Glyphosate Resistance in Tall Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Mississippi is due to both Altered Target-Site and Nontarget-Site Mechanisms
Authors: Nandula Vijay K. , Ray Jeffery D. , Ribeiro Daniela N. , Pan Z. , Reddy Krishna N.
Published: April 2013

A tall waterhemp population from Missisippi was suspected to be resistant to glyphosate. Glyphosate dose response experiments resulted in GR50(dose required to reduce plant growth by 50%) values of 1.28 and 0.28 kg ae ha−1glyphosate for the glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (GS) populations, respectively, indicating a five-fold resistance. The absorption pattern of14C-glyphosate between the GR and GS populations was similar up to 24 h after treatment (HAT). Thereafter, the susceptible population absorbed more glyphosate (55 and 49% of applied) compared to the resistant population (41 and 40% of applied) by 48 and 72 HAT, respectively. Treatment of a single leaf in individual plants with glyphosate at 0.84 kg ha−1, in the form of 10 1-µl droplets, provided greater control (85 vs. 29%) and shoot fresh weight reduction (73 vs. 34% of nontreated control) of the GS plants compared to the GR plants, possibly indicating a reduced movement of glyphosate in the GR plants. The amount of14C-glyphosate that translocated out of the treated leaves of GR plants (20% of absorbed at 24 HAT and 23% of absorbed at 48 HAT) was significantly lower than the GS plants (31% of absorbed at 24 HAT and 32% of absorbed at 48 HAT). A potential difference in shikimate accumulation between GR and GS populations at different concentrations of glyphosate was also studied in vitro. The IC50(glyphosate concentration required to cause shikimate accumulation at 50% of peak levels measured) values for the GR and GS populations were 480 and 140 µM of glyphosate, respectively, resulting in more shikimate accumulation in the GS than the GR population. Sequence analysis of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), the target site of glyphosate, from GR and GS plants identified a consistent single nucleotide polymorphism (T/C, thymine/cytosine) between GR/GS plants, resulting in a proline to serine amino acid substitution at position 106 in the GR population. The GR and GS plants contained equal genomic copy number ofEPSPS, which was positively correlated withEPSPSgene expression. Thus, glyphosate resistance in the tall waterhemp population from Mississippi is due to both altered target site and nontarget site mechanisms. This is the first report of an alteredEPSPS-based resistance in a dicot weed species that has evolved resistance to glyphosate.
Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) Development in Wild Blueberry Fields
Authors: Wu Lin , Boyd Nathan S. , Cutler G. Christopher , Olson A. Randall
Published: April 2013

Spreading dogbane is a common perennial weed in wild blueberry fields. It is highly competitive and spreads rapidly once established. Herbicides can provide effective control of spreading dogbane, but application timing is important. The emergence pattern, ramet height, and flowering time of spreading dogbane were observed in 2008 and 2009, and thermal-based emergence, growth, and development models were developed and used to estimate optimum herbicide application timing. Spreading dogbane emergence and height were described with a three-parameter, sigmoid, nonlinear regression model, whereas flowering was described with a four-parameter, Weibull, nonlinear regression model. Spreading dogbane ramets initiated emergence soon after the biofix date of April 1. Peak emergence tended to occur at 420 growing degree days (GDD). Spreading dogbane reached its peak height by about 558 GDD. The maximum number of flowers per plant was reached at approximately 750 GDD. This study suggested that POST herbicides should be applied between 486 and 535 GDD to maximize efficacy. This time frame occurs after peak emergence and during early floral bud development.
The Phytotoxic Potential of the Terpenoid Citral on Seedlings and Adult Plants
Authors: Graña Elisa , Sotelo Tamara , Díaz-Tielas Carla , Reigosa Manuel J. , Sánchez-Moreiras Adela M.
Published: April 2013

Citral is a monoterpene commonly found as volatile component in many different aromatic plants. Although many studies have identified the presence of citral in phytotoxic essential oils, this work determines for the first time the potential herbicidal effect of citral on weeds. The use of citral against weeds and crops resulted in the potential for the management of barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and ribwort. Clear morphological differences were observed between adult thale cress plants exposed to citral in two different application methods: spraying and watering. Citral-sprayed and citral-watered thale cress plants showed completely different effects after treatment, suggesting that foliar or root absorption can determine the effectiveness of this compound. This work demonstrates that citral is effective not only on seedling metabolism but also on adult plants by inhibiting growth and development altering the plant oxidative status.
Estimation and Comparison of Base Temperatures for Germination of European Populations of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
Authors: Loddo Donato , Sousa Edite , Masin Roberta , Calha Isabel , Zanin Giuseppe , Fernández-Quintanilla César , Dorado José
Published: April 2013

Weed emergence models require biological parameters such as base temperature for germination, determination of which is costly and time-consuming. Transferability of these parameters across different populations may therefore represent one of the main constraints for the development and practical use of emergence models at a large scale. A collaborative project was undertaken to assess the interpopulation variability of base temperature for germination in different European populations of velvetleaf and jimsonweed and evaluate possible applicative consequences in terms of weed control. Seeds were collected in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and each population was then sown in every country, obtaining nine seed batches named as experimental lots. Base temperature for germination was estimated for each experimental lot to calculate lot-specific accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) under three dissimilar climatic scenarios. Threshold date (TD50) was calculated as the date when GDD accumulation of a given experimental lot surpassed the values corresponding to 50% of cumulative field emergence of seedlings. GDD accumulation and TD50were then used as indicators to identify differences among experimental lots within each climatic scenario. No significant differences were detected among base temperatures estimated for velvetleaf experimental lots or among their patterns of accumulation of GDD and TD50values within climatic scenarios. Each value of base temperature determined for a single experimental lot could therefore be adopted to model germination for all the lots regardless of the population of origin or cultivation site. In contrast, the population of origin affected the base temperature for jimsonweed, with significantly higher values for experimental lots of the Portuguese population. From an applicative perspective, differences among patterns of accumulation of GDD and TD50of several experimental lots within each climatic scenario suggest the need to use population-specific values as base temperature for germination and emergence modeling of jimsonweed.
Multiple Resistance to Herbicides from Four Site-of-Action Groups in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)
Authors: Bell Michael S. , Hager Aaron G. , Tranel Patrick J.
Published: April 2013

In 2006 and 2007, farmers from two counties in Illinois reported failure to control waterhemp with glyphosate. Subsequent onsite field experiments revealed that the populations might be resistant to multiple herbicides. Greenhouse experiments therefore were conducted to confirm glyphosate resistance, and to test for multiple resistance to other herbicides, including atrazine, acifluorfen, lactofen, and imazamox. In glyphosate dose-response experiments, both populations responded similarly to a previously characterized glyphosate-resistant population (MO1). Both Illinois populations also demonstrated high frequencies of resistance to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, imazamox. Additionally, one of the populations demonstrated high frequencies of resistance to both atrazine and the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor, lactofen. Furthermore, using combinations of sequential and tank-mix herbicide applications, individual plants resistant to herbicides spanning all four site-of-action groups were identified from one population. Molecular experiments were performed to provide an initial characterization of the resistance mechanisms and to provide confirmation of the presence of multiple resistance traits within the two populations. Both populations contained the W574L ALS mutation and the ΔG210 PPO mutation, previously shown to confer resistance to ALS and PPO inhibitors, respectively. Atrazine resistance in both populations is suspected to be metabolism-based, because a triazine target-site mutation was not identified. A P106S EPSPS mutation, previously reported to confer glyphosate resistance, was identified in one population. This mutation was identified in both resistant and sensitive plants from the population; however, and so more research is needed to determine the glyphosate-resistance mechanism(s). This is the first known case of a weed population in the United States possessing multiple resistance to herbicides from four site-of-action groups.
Detecting Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides Using a Rapid Diagnostic Assay
Authors: Cross Robert B. , McCarty Lambert B. , Tharayil Nishanth , Whitwell Ted , Bridges William C.
Published: April 2013

Annual bluegrass is the most problematic winter annual weed in managed turfgrass. Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are effective for annual bluegrass control, but reliance on this mode of action can select for herbicide-resistant biotypes. Two annual bluegrass biotypes not controlled with ALS-inhibiting herbicides were reported at golf courses in South Carolina and Georgia. Research was initiated at Clemson University to verify the level of resistance of these biotypes to ALS inhibitors. Two ALS-susceptible (S) and suspected resistant (SCr, GAr) annual bluegrass biotypes were established in a greenhouse. Dose-response experiments were conducted on mature annual bluegrass plants using trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, all ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Additionally, a rapid diagnostic ALS activity assay was optimized and conducted using the same herbicides. For dose-response experiments, the rate of herbicide that reduced shoot biomass 50% (I50) values for the S biotypes were 13.6 g ai ha−1for trifloxysulfuron, 7.0 g ai ha−1for foramsulfuron, and 38.3 g ai ha−1for bispyribac-sodium. Fifty percent shoot biomass reduction was not observed in either the SCr or GAr biotypes at eight times the labeled field rate of all ALS-inhibiting herbicides tested. For in vivo tests of ALS activity, the SCr biotype yielded I50(concentration of herbicide that reduced ALS activity 50%) values 3,650, 3,290, and 13 times the S biotypes following treatment with trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, respectively. Similarly, I50values for the GAr biotype were 316, 140, and 64 times greater than the S biotypes following the same herbicide treatments. This research indicates high levels of annual bluegrass resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides in South Carolina and Georgia. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of ALS resistance in these annual bluegrass biotypes as well as alternative options for control not targeting the ALS enzyme.
Glyphosate Resistance Is More Variable Than Paraquat Resistance in a Multiple-Resistant Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) Population
Authors: Moretti Marcelo L. , Hanson Bradley D. , Hembree Kurt J. , Shrestha Anil
Published: April 2013

Reduced control of some glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane populations with paraquat has raised concerns about evolved multiple resistance to both glyphosate and paraquat. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of multiple-resistant (glyphosate and paraquat) hairy fleabane populations in California. A series of dose-response experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of glyphosate and paraquat in a known susceptible (S) and putative multiple-resistant (R) population of hairy fleabane. The greenhouse experiments were conducted during summer, fall, and winter under controlled temperature and natural light conditions. Multiple-resistant hairy fleabane was identified; however, the level of resistance to glyphosate varied substantially among seasons. During the summer, the glyphosate rate required to reduce growth by 50% (GR50) for the R population was 0.94 kg ae ha−1, 5.2-fold more than for the S population. In the fall and winter experiments, however, the R population response to glyphosate was similar to the S population with a GR50of 0.22 kg ae ha−1or less. Multiple-resistant plants were controlled in the fall and winter at rates that did not control the same population during summer. GR50of paraquat varied among seasons (0.94, 0.24, and 0.07 kg ai ha−1during summer, fall, and winter, respectively); however, plant mortality was more consistent. This is the first reported case of glyphosate–paraquat resistance in hairy fleabane and the multiple-resistant population could pose a significant challenge to annual no-till and perennial cropping systems in California. Further research on the mechanisms of resistance and the physiological factors underlying the seasonally variable response to glyphosate is needed.
Molecular Structure of Corncob‐Derived Biochars and the Mechanism of Atrazine Sorption
Authors: Hao Fanghua , Zhao Xuchen , Ouyang Wei , Lin Chunye , Chen Siyang , Shan Yushu , Lai Xuehui
Published: April 2013

This study evaluated the sorption of atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] to biochars and thereby explored their potential use as an efficient and low‐cost soil amendment for mitigating and removing agricultural contaminants. Biochars derived from corncobs (Zea mays L.) produced at incremental pyrolysis temperatures (350–650°C in 100°C intervals) were characterized using elemental analysis, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffractometry, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectra to estimate the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of biochars and the treatment temperature. Generally, carbonization, aromatization, and specific surface area increased with the elevation of temperatures, whereas the occurrence of polar functional groups and crystallinity decreased. The sorption isotherms fit the Freundlich equation well. A negative correlation between the logarithm of the concentration‐dependent distribution coefficient Koc and H/C and (O + N)/C ratios suggested that the presence of aromatic C and hydrophobic structures are advantageous for biochars to sorb atrazine in aqueous solutions. Biochar prepared at 650°C has a relatively developed void space structure and therefore a much larger surface area than when prepared at lower pyrolysis temperatures, indicating that pore filling has occurred. These results may provide a reference for biochar design and application in agricultural pollution control.
Soybean Response to Phosphorus and Potassium Supplied as Inorganic Fertilizer or Poultry Litter
Authors: Slaton Nathan A. , Roberts Trenton L. , Golden Bobby R. , Ross W. Jeremy , Norman Richard J.
Published: April 2013

Poultry litter (PL) application to fields used to produce leguminous crops has merit as a sound nutrient management practice. Our research objective was to determine whether soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fertilized with PL produced similar leaf tissue and seed nutrient concentrations and grain yield as soybean fertilized with equivalent P and K rates supplied by commercial fertilizer (CF). Twelve trials were established between 2005 and 2010. Poultry litter treatments supplied 29 to 39 (low) and 58 to 78 (high) kg P ha–1. The low rate corresponded to 1890 to 2894 kg litter ha–1 and supplied 49 to 77 kg K and 76 to 106 kg total N ha–1. The CF treatments provided equivalent amounts of total P and K as the PL. Eight of the 12 trials included N fertilizer alone and N, P, and K fertilizers as treatments. Eight site‐years showed yield increases for P and K applied as CF or PL, resulting in soybean yields that were 181 to 617 kg ha–1 greater, a 4.5 to 14.4% increase, than soybean receiving no P and K. Fertilization, regardless of nutrient source, had the greatest influence on trifoliolate leaf P and K concentrations at site‐years where seed yields were increased by CF or PL. In general, leaf P and K concentrations were similar between CF and PL applied at equal rates. Poultry litter is a legitimate P and K alternative to CF for soybean grown on soils that require P and K to maximize yield.
Osce edin r''kopis na Antim ot Janina ot manastira v Kalenic - predvaritelni belezki
Authors: Dzurova Aksinija
Published: April 2013

Po-dolu davame kratko opisanie na r''kopisa ot Kalenic. R''kopis''t, na kojto
popadnahme po vreme na posescenieto ni v manastira v Kalenic prez 1998 g. i
pok''sno prez 2007 g. nasocva k''m pisaceskata r''ka i kaligrafskite umenija
na Antim ot Janina. R''kopis''t e Sluzebnik (Liturgikon), na kojto za
s''zalenie sa otk''snati poslednite listi, k''deto verojatno e bila
pripiskata, v kojato po tradicija, makar i ne vinagi (viz naprimer Suppl. Gr.
242), Antim e imal navika da otbeljazva svoeto mjasto na razdane ? Janina.
Foneticeskie osobennosti govora Serbov v nekotoryh poselenijah severnoj Bosnii
Authors: Dragicevic Milan
Published: April 2013

V rabote predstavleny vaznye foneticeskie osobennosti govora zitelej treh
serbskih poselenij v okrestnostjah Derventy (nebol'sogo goroda v severnoj
Bosnii), raspolozennyh po pravomu beregu srednego tecenija reki Ukriny, v
krae, kotoryj takze nazyvaetsja Krnin ili Vakuf. Izlozennye dannye
pokazyvajut, cto v govore zitelej etih poselenij v bol'sinstve slucaev
nabljudajutsja dialektnye foneticeskie osobennosti, kotorye harakterny dlja
severo-zapadnoj gruppy govorov gercegovinsko-krainskogo
(vostocnogercegovinskogo) dialekta.
Proto-Indo-European verb and Slavic etymology
Authors: Loma Aleksandar
Published: April 2013

In Balto-Slavic, the large scope of stem variation within the verbal system
inherited from Proto-Indo-European was reduced, on the paradigmatic level,
to few apophonic verbs, reduplicated and nasal presents, but the former
variety left traces in the lexicon, as alternate stems of an original
paradigm gave rise to new paradigms, formally independent and semantically
distinguished from each other. Bearing in mind this process may be helpful
in solving etymological dilemmas and reconsidering problematic etymologies.
This possibility is illustrated here by four instances of an etymological
connection reestablishable, in Slavic, between apparently unrelated verbal
stems if taking into account the Proto?Indo?European verb morphonology.
O nekotoryh fonologiceskih variacijah i variantah imen "Pomjannika monastyrja Krusedol" (XVI-XVII vv)
Authors: Novakov Dragana
Published: April 2013

V dannoj rabote provedeno issledovanie suffiksov na materiale ?Pomjannika
monastyrja Krusedol? - serbskoj rukopisnoj knigi, kotoraja sozdavalas' so
vtoroj poloviny XVI do pervoj poloviny XVII veka. Osoboe vnimanie v dannom
pamjatnike obrasceno na slavjanskie osnovy s neslavjanskimi suffiksami i
naoborot.
Direct Effects of Exendin-(9,39) and GLP-1-(9,36)amide on Insulin Action, β-Cell Function, and Glucose Metabolism in Nondiabetic Subjects
Authors: Sathananthan Matheni , Farrugia Luca P. , Miles John M. , Piccinini Francesca , Dalla Man Chiara , Zinsmeister Alan R. , Cobelli Claudio , Rizza Robert A. , Vella Adrian
Published: April 2013

Exendin-(9,39) is a competitive antagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) at its receptor. However, it is unclear if it has direct and unique effects of its own. We tested the hypothesis that exendin-(9,39) and GLP-1-(9,36)amide have direct effects on hormone secretion and β-cell function as well as glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. Glucose containing [3-3H]glucose was infused to mimic the systemic appearance of glucose after a meal. Saline, GLP-1-(9,36)amide, or exendin-(9,39) at 30 pmol/kg/min (Ex 30) or 300 pmol/kg/min (Ex 300) were infused in random order on separate days. Integrated glucose concentrations were slightly but significantly increased by exendin-(9,39) (365 ± 43 vs. 383 ± 35 vs. 492 ± 49 vs. 337 ± 50 mmol per 6 h, saline, Ex 30, Ex 300, and GLP-1-[9,36]amide, respectively; P = 0.05). Insulin secretion did not differ among groups. However, insulin action was lowered by exendin-(9,39) (25 ± 4 vs. 20 ± 4 vs. 18 ± 3 vs. 21 ± 4 10−4 dL/kg[min per μU/mL]; P = 0.02), resulting in a lower disposition index (DI) during exendin-(9,39) infusion (1,118 ± 118 vs. 816 ± 83 vs. 725 ± 127 vs. 955 ± 166 10−14 dL/kg/min2 per pmol/L; P = 0.003). Endogenous glucose production and glucose disappearance did not differ significantly among groups. We conclude that exendin-(9,39), but not GLP-1-(9,36)amide, decreases insulin action and DI in healthy humans.
Treatment of traumatic penile urethral stricture in a dog with a self-expanding, covered nitinol stent
Authors: Della Maggiore Ann-Marie , Steffey Michele A. , Westropp Jodi L.
Published: April 2013

Case Description—An 8-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of hematuria, stranguria, and dysuria of approximately 2 weeks’ duration that developed immediately following elective castration.

Clinical Findings—Results of physical examination, ultrasonography, retrograde double-contrast cystourethrography, and urethroscopy were consistent with a traumatic urethral stricture immediately proximal to the os penis resulting in a partial obstruction of urine outflow. Results of ultrasonographic examination of abdominal organs were considered normal. Digital radiography revealed no evidence of calculi.

Treatment and Outcome—Balloon dilation of the urethral stricture was performed and was followed by 2 bougienage procedures during the subsequent 2 weeks when clinical signs returned. The owners declined scrotal urethrostomy, and a self-expanding, covered nitinol stent was placed approximately 3 weeks after the initial evaluation, resulting in amelioration of clinical signs. Results of follow-up urethroscopy and contrast cystourethrography 1 year after stent placement revealed a statically positioned, patent urethral stent, although a small number of polypoid mucosal structures were identified distal to the stent and 1 small structure consistent with tissue ingrowth into the stent was identified.

Clinical Relevance—Placement of a covered nitinol stent resulted in long-term resolution of clinical signs associated with traumatic stricture of the penile urethra in this young dog. Because the os penis in dogs limits radial expansion of the urethra, its presence may limit the use of stents in this location.
The Effects of a Home-Based Instructional Program Aimed at Improving Frontal Plane Knee Biomechanics During a Jump-Landing Task
Authors: Tate Jeremiah J. , Milner Clare E. , Fairbrother Jeffrey T. , Zhang Songning
Published: April 2013

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Objectives

To determine the effects of instruction to improve frontal plane knee biomechanics during a jump-landing task.

Background

Technique training is a common component of knee injury-prevention programs. In developing programs that minimize time commitment and increase the likelihood of adoption by target groups, there is a need to evaluate individual program components.

Methods

A total of 26 female recreational athletes (average age, 21.2 years), who presented with medial knee displacement during a jump-landing task, completed the study protocol. Participants were randomly placed into 1 of 2 groups, an experimental or control group. The experimental group received instructions aimed at improving knee abduction during jump landings. The control group received a sham training. Prior to training, baseline kinematics and kinetics (peak knee abduction angle, peak internal knee adductor moment, knee flexion excursion, peak internal knee extensor moment, and peak vertical ground reaction force) were obtained from participants while performing a basketball rebound task. Immediate (5 minutes postinstruction) and delayed (15–20 minutes postinstruction) retention tests were performed within the instructional session. Two additional retention tests were performed following home-based training (1 and 2 weeks following the initial training).

Results

The initial instructional session resulted in greater knee flexion excursion (9°) and a 20% reduction in the peak internal knee adductor moment in the experimental group. Following home-based training, the experimental group continued to exhibit increased knee flexion excursion, along with decreased peak vertical ground reaction forces. No biomechanical changes were observed in the control group for any of the retention tests when compared to baseline.

Conclusion

The jump-training instructions employed in the current study resulted in kinematic and kinetic changes in the sagittal plane as opposed to the frontal plane.

Level of Evidence

Prevention, level 2b-. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):486–494. Epub 18 March 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4229
Enhanced Proprioceptive Acuity at the Knee in the Competitive Athlete
Authors: Courtney Carol A. , Rine Rose Marie , Jenk Drew T. , Collier P. Dustin , Waters Andrew
Published: April 2013

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study: cross-sectional.

Objective

To determine if proprioception, measured by the threshold to detection of passive motion (TDPM), differed in individuals who regularly participate in moderate-intensity exercise for fitness as compared to individuals involved in high-intensity skilled exercise.

Background

Previous research has been equivocal as to whether exercise training is associated with superior proprioceptive acuity, in particular, exercise that includes dynamic postural challenges such as cutting and pivoting.

Methods

Two groups of 25 healthy individuals (18–32 years old) were recruited. One group consisted of individuals who performed moderate-activity level exercises for 5 to 10 hours per week. Participants in the other group performed high-activity level exercises, including high-speed cutting and pivoting activities, at least 10 hours per week. Proprioception was determined using TDPM, in which the knee was slowly extended or flexed at an angular velocity of 0.5°/s or less from a starting position of 40° of knee flexion.

Results

Individuals participating in competitive, high-intensity skilled exercise demonstrated better acuity (average of both limbs) of TDPM (mean ± SD, 0.81° ± 0.38°; P<.001) than those participating in moderate-intensity exercise for fitness (1.53° ± 0.58°). A low but statistically significant association (r = −0.38, P = .006) was found between weekly duration of exercise and proprioceptive threshold as measured by TDPM.

Conclusion

These results suggest that perceptual thresholds of passive movement may be enhanced, depending on activity level and associated postural challenge, and that higher level and increased amount of exercise may promote enhanced neurosensory processing in these individuals. Consequently, high-intensity skilled training may deserve further emphasis in orthopaedic rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(6):422–426. Epub 18 March 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4403
Relationships Between Biomechanics, Tendon Pathology, and Function in Individuals With Lateral Epicondylosis
Authors: Chourasia Amrish O. , Buhr Kevin A. , Rabago David P. , Kijowski Richard , Lee Kenneth S. , Ryan Michael P. , Grettie-Belling Jessica M. , Sesto Mary E.
Published: April 2013

Study Design

Single-cohort descriptive and correlational study.

Objectives

To investigate the relationships between tendon pathology, biomechanical measures, and self-reported pain and function in individuals with chronic lateral epicondylosis.

Background

Lateral epicondylosis has a multifactorial etiology and its pathophysiology is not well understood. Consequently, treatment remains challenging, and lateral epicondylosis is prone to recurrence. While tendon pathology, pain system changes, and motor impairments due to lateral epicondylosis are considered related, their relationships have not been thoroughly investigated.

Methods

Twenty-six participants with either unilateral (n = 11) or bilateral (n = 15) chronic lateral epicondylosis participated in this study. Biomechanical measures (grip strength, rate of force development, and electromechanical delay) and measures of tendon pathology (magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound) and self-reported pain and function (Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation) were performed. Partial Spearman correlations, adjusting for covariates (age, gender, weight, and height), were used to evaluate the relationship between self-reported pain, function, and biomechanical and tendon pathology measures.

Results

Statistically significant correlations between biomechanical measures and the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation ranged in magnitude from 0.44 to 0.68 (P<.05); however, no significant correlation was observed between tendon pathology (magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound) measures and the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (r = −0.02 to 0.31, P<.05). Rate of force development had a stronger correlation (r = 0.54–0.68, P<.05) with self-reported function score than with grip strength (r = 0.35– 0.47, P<.05) or electromechanical delay (r = 0.5, P<.05).

Conclusion

Biomechanical measures (pain-free grip strength, rate of force development, electromechanical delay) have the potential to be used as outcome measures to monitor progress in lateral epicondylosis. In comparison, the imaging measures (magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound) were useful for visualizing the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylosis. However, the severity of the pathophysiology was not related to pain and function, indicating that imaging measures may not provide the best clinical assessment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(6):368–378. Epub 18 March 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4411
Clinimetric Testing Supports the Use of 5 Questionnaires Adapted Into Brazilian Portuguese for Patients With Shoulder Disorders
Authors: Puga Vanessa Olivieri De Oliveira , Lopes Alexandre Dias , Shiwa Silvia Regina , Alouche Sandra Regina , Costa Leonardo Oliveira Pena
Published: April 2013

Study Design

Clinical measurement.

Objectives

To cross-culturally adapt the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) into Brazilian Portuguese and to test the measurement properties of the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the SPADI, the short form of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, a numeric pain rating scale, and the Global Perceived Effect scale in patients with shoulder disorders.

Background

Most instruments for shoulder disorders were developed in English. For their use in Brazil, translation into Brazilian Portuguese, cross-cultural adaptation, and testing of measurement properties of these instruments are required.

Methods

The SPADI was translated and cross-culturally adapted according to current guidelines. Measurement properties of internal consistency, reproducibility, construct validity, ceiling and floor effects, and responsiveness of all instruments were tested in 100 patients with shoulder disorders. The patients filled out the questionnaires on 3 occasions: at baseline, 24 to 48 hours after baseline, and 4 weeks after baseline.

Results

The instruments showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha between .78 and .93) and a good level of agreement, as reflected by low standard errors of measurement and minimal detectable change. The reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients) of the instruments varied from 0.82 to 0.96. Most instruments presented good levels of construct validity. All instruments showed acceptable levels of internal and external responsiveness.

Conclusion

The Portuguese Brazilian versions of the SPADI; the short form of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; a numeric pain rating scale; the Patient-Specific Functional Scale; and the Global Perceived Effect scale are reproducible, valid, and responsive instruments for assessing patients with shoulder disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(6):404–413. Epub 18 March 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4441
Patient Expectations of Benefit From Interventions for Neck Pain and Resulting Influence on Outcomes
Authors: Bishop Mark D. , Mintken Paul , Bialosky Joel E. , Cleland Joshua A.
Published: April 2013

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were (1) to examine patients' general expectations for treatment by physical therapists and specific expectations for common interventions in patients with neck pain, and (2) to assess the extent to which the patients' general and specific expectations for treatment, particularly spinal manipulation, affect clinical outcomes.

Background

Patient expectations can have a profound influence on the magnitude of treatment outcome across a broad variety of patient conditions.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of interventions for neck pain. Prior to beginning treatment for neck pain, 140 patients were asked about their general expectations of benefit as well as their specific expectations for individual interventions. Next, we examined how these expectations related to the patients' ratings of the success of treatment at 1 and 6 months after treatment.

Results

Patients had positive expectations for treatment by a physical therapist, with more than 80% of patients expecting moderate relief of symptoms, prevention of disability, the ability to do more activity, and to sleep better. The manual therapy interventions of massage (87%) and manipulation (75%) had the highest proportion of patients who expected these interventions to significantly improve neck pain. These were followed by strengthening (70%) and range-of-motion (54%) exercises. Very few patients thought surgery would improve their neck pain (less than 1%). At 1 month, patients who were unsure of experiencing complete pain relief had lower odds of reporting a successful outcome than patients expecting complete relief (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 0.99). Believing that manipulation would help and not receiving manipulation lowered the odds of success (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.72) compared to believing manipulation would help and receiving manipulation. Six months after treatment, having unsure expectations for complete pain relief lowered the odds of success (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.7), whereas definitely expecting to do more exercise increased the odds of success (OR = 11.4; 95% CI: 1.7, 74.7). Regarding self-reported disability assessed with the Neck Disability Index, patients who believed manipulation would help and received manipulation reported less disability than those who did not believe manipulation would help and both received manipulation (mean difference, −3.8; 95% CI: −5.9, −1.5; P = .006) and did not receive manipulation (mean difference, −5.7; 95% CI: −9.3, −2.1; P = .014). There was also an interaction between time and the expectation for complete relief.

Conclusion

General expectations of benefit have a strong influence on clinical outcomes for patients with neck pain.

Level of Evidence

Prognosis, level 2b-. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):457–465. Epub 18 March 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4492