bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comportements éthiques et responsabilité sociale : Quid de la pérennité ?...
Authors: Fray Anne-Marie
Published: March 2012

Résumé La responsabilité sociale des organisations est un des éléments du triptyque ou « triple bottom line » du développement durable : ecology, economy et equity. Elle correspond à un changement de paradigme dans lequel émerge une logique de contrat, de coopération, de partenariat et de poursuite d’intérêts communs. Cette responsabilité sociale se vit dans une dimension interne (formation, équilibre, sécurité, développement...) et une dimension externe (intégration dans une communauté, extension des pratiques...). Elle est sous tendue par une dimension éthique qui l’aide à passer du simple niveau déclaratif au niveau synergique des principes et des actions. Mais deux écueils freinent son développement : la validité des critères de reconnaissance, nombreux et souvent peu concrets, et sa difficulté à se pérenniser devant les déviances incontournables dues aux sollicitations de l’environnement, aux exigences de cotation et aux exigences de performance économique et aux réalités du quotidien managérial face aux déclarations de principes.
Les clusters innovants et leurs atouts : le cas des clusters numériques
Authors: Diallo Demba
Published: March 2012

Résumé Ces dernières années, à l’échelle nationale, régionale ou locale, les pouvoirs publics des pays développés et émergents sont confrontés à un défi commun, posé par la globalisation et le renforcement croissant d’une économie fondée sur la connaissance : comment favoriser l’attraction et l’ancrage de firmes à haute valeur ajoutée, créatrices de richesses et d’emplois à fort contenu en intelligence ? La réponse à cette question passe souvent, à partir de l’exemple précurseur de la Silicon Valley, dans la localisation d’entreprises spécialisées dans le secteur des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et dans des secteurs connexes, moteurs de l’économie globale de la connaissance. Toutefois, les territoires souhaitant emprunter le chemin de la Silicon Valley sont souvent contraints par les spécificités de leurs trajectoires historiques et de celles des pays qui les abritent. Pour autant, n’est-il pas envisageable d’isoler, pour des territoires différents tant du point de vue de leur niveau de développement économique mesuré par leur niveau de revenu, que par leur situation géographique et leur trajectoire historique, des facteurs clés communs, motivant la localisation et l’ancrage des firmes du secteur des TIC, ainsi que des facteurs spécifiques ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons mené une large étude empirique couvrant des territoires situés en Asie Pacifique (Singapour, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya et Cyberjaya en Malaisie), en Asie du Sud (Bangalore en Inde) et en Scandinavie (Helsinki en Finlande et Stockholm en Suède). Cette étude, construite à partir de la littérature économique et menée à partir d’entretiens avec une centaine d’acteurs clés de la dynamique économique des territoires considérés, hiérarchise les facteurs de la localisation et de l’ancrage des firmes TIC et connexes sur l’échantillon retenu, selon certains critères communs à l’ensemble, et d’autres spécifiques au niveau de développement du pays et du cluster.
Le rôle de la confiance organisationnelle dans la réduction des risques sociaux: Le cas des comportements déviants
Authors: Campoy Eric , Neveu Valérie
Published: March 2012

Résumé Parmi les comportements individuels dits extra-rôle, les comportements déviants, voire dysfonctionnels du point de vue de l’organisation (négligence, agression, vol, etc.), sont généralement assez peu étudiés dans la littérature. Ce relatif désintérêt peut s’expliquer par un certain nombre de difficultés d’identification et de définition de la notion ; on note également une absence de cadre théorique dans lequel il serait possible d’insérer le phénomène. L’article propose une synthèse des principales définitions (typologies et catégories) des comportements déviants envisagés par la littérature. Par ailleurs, sont ici étudiés les mécanismes théoriques par lesquels les perceptions par le salarié d’injustice (injustice distributive, injustice procédurale) peuvent influencer les comportements déviants de ce dernier. Ces mécanismes sont analysés en termes de rupture de contrat psychologique et d’ébranlement de la confiance du salarié dans son organisation.
Matériaux Nouveaux et théorie de l'innovation
Authors: Dijksman-Valentin Laurence
Published: March 2012

Résumé L’innovation dans le domaine des matériaux nouveaux oblige à une remise à plat des théories traditionnelles de l’innovation. En effet, les nouveaux matériaux ont des caractéristiques techniques spécifiques et des conséquences sur l’organisation économique. En particulier, il devient indispensable de donner à l’information et aux connaissances une place centrale. Les conditions de leur émergence et de leur circulation déterminent la forme organisationnelle optimale de l’innovation. Les théories traditionnelles seront délaissées au profit des organisations en réseaux. Plus les réseaux se concentrent sur des technologies nouvelles, plus ils sont équilibrés et dépourvus de position dominante. L’homogénéité de niveau de compétence qui compose le réseau facilite la mise en place de liens informels et d’échanges d’informations par contact individuel. Ces réseaux de projet sont plutôt géographiquement concentrés. Le domaine de la protection de l’environnement leur offre d’importantes perspectives de développement.
A.C.S.E.L. : Un outil de la Banque de France pour évaluer les performances des pôles de compétitivité
Authors: Maury Maxime
Published: March 2012

Résumé Parce que la loi lui donne une mission de veille économique des territoires, la Banque de France a intégré dans le Contrat de service public qu’elle s’apprête à renouveler avec l’État le diagnostic économique A.C.S.E.L., orienté principalement vers les collectivités territoriales. A.C.S.E.L. permet de dresser un état des lieux du tissu d’entreprises implantées sur un territoire ou qui travaillent en réseau : forces, fragilités, dépendances.... Établi régulièrement, c’est un outil adapté à une réflexion sur les mesures de politique économique qui peuvent être envisagées ou sur leur impact. Il répond bien, par exemple, au souci de suivi des pôles de compétitivité. Leur démarrage réel date de 2006. Or les textes prévoient une évaluation de leurs résultats. Il serait donc utile de faire, dès le départ, une photographie de la situation économique du zonage correspondant et de voir, en dynamique, quelle sera son évolution au cours des prochaines années au fur et à mesure que cette grande initiative nationale, qui doit fonder le renouveau de notre compétitivité, portera ses fruits.
Le soutien des PME innovantes ligériennes par les réseaux
Authors: Szostak Bérangère L.
Published: March 2012

Résumé L’article décrit une étude de cas de soutien aux PME innovantes. En effet, l’opportunité nous a été offerte d’analyser la politique territoriale du Conseil général de la Loire: les réseaux d’entreprises jouent un rôle clé. Dans une première partie, nous détaillons l’offre ligérienne en matière d’innovation, puis les 4 types de réseaux coexistant. La seconde partie illustre ce soutien par deux réseaux dits SPL. Ces exemples nous amènent à conclure que la réussite d’une politique de soutien aux PME innovantes dépend de la légitimation par les institutions elles-mêmes du réseau, et de la qualité de l’animateur du réseau.
Tension Suture Fixation Using 2 Washers for Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Cho Chul-Hyun , Jung Gu-Hee , Song Kwang-Soon
Published: March 2012

The surgical treatment for proximal humeral fractures is challenging, especially in patients with osteoporosis. Locking plates and intramedullary nails have been widely used with satisfactory results, but previously reported complications have not been substantially reduced. Several authors have emphasized the importance of maintaining soft tissues around the proximal humerus with respect to limiting displacement and maintaining stability. To prevent postoperative complications, such as fixation failure and malunion, several supplementary suture techniques using nonabsorabable sutures that allow for the incorporation of the rotator cuff as a fixation point have been described.
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Following Gunshot Fracture of the Humerus
Authors: Bercik Michael J. , Kingsbery Joseph , Ilyas Asif M.
Published: March 2012

Current best evidence supports observation for peripheral nerve palsies following a fracture of the humerus unless associated with an open fracture. However, the indications for nerve exploration with humerus gunshot fractures are unclear.

All patients aged 18 to 89 years who were treated for a gunshot fracture of the humerus at an academic trauma center between 2004 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, fracture healing, nerve injury, and intraoperative findings were examined. Twelve patients were identified, of which 6 had nerve palsies at presentation. Three patients had an isolated single nerve palsy, and all recovered spontaneously within 90 days with observation. The other 3 patients had a concomitant brachial artery laceration, and all required a secondary nerve procedure, including 1 primary nerve repair for a near complete transection and 2 re-explorations with neurolysis due to lack of spontaneous recovery by 90 days. Nerve palsies are common after gunshot fractures of the humerus, but nerve transections are uncommon. We observed 1 nerve transection in 12 cases. However, in all 3 cases with a brachial artery injury, a nerve injury required surgical intervention. Subsequently, we recommend continued observation of isolated nerve palsies associated with gunshot fractures of the humerus. However, consider early nerve exploration of palsies when associated with a concomitant vascular injury.
Outcomes of Elderly Patients With Proximal Femoral Fractures According to Positive Criteria for Surgical Treatment
Authors: Ishimaru Daichi , Ogawa Hiroyasu , Maeda Masato , Shimizu Katsuji
Published: March 2012

Proximal femoral fractures in elderly patients are a serious problem in the aging society. Recently, surgical indications have changed due to advancements in medical technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of elderly patients with displaced proximal hip fractures according to our positive criteria for surgical treatment. Exclusion criteria included (1) terminal-stage malignancy; (2) a combination of an inability to walk, a severe mental disorder, and caregiver refusal of surgery; and (3) nonapproval of the anesthesiologist for surgery.

The study group comprised 666 elderly patients. They were categorized into surgically and nonsurgically treated groups, and their treatment outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. The majority of patients were treated surgically (97.0% vs 3.0%). One-year survival rate was higher among surgically treated patients (82.2%–91.8%) than non-surgically treated patients (55%). The major cause of death in nonsurgically treated patients was deterioration of comorbidities (66.7%), whereas this was the cause of death in 18.9% of surgically treated patients. One-year survival rates were worse in both groups with a lower American Society of Anesthesiologists grade. The 1-year survival rate of our patients suggests that our surgical criteria offer a reasonable outcome in surgically and nonsurgically treated patients. American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and preexisting comorbidities were strongly correlated with patient outcome.
Cancellous Impaction Bone Grafting of Acetabular Defects in Complex Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Patil Nilesh , Hwang Katherine , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: March 2012

The reconstruction of major acetabular bone defects during revision, conversion, and primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) is challenging. We reviewed a consecutive series of 168 THAs (108 revisions, 8 conversions, and 52 primary THAs) performed by 1 surgeon (S.B.G.) between 1997 and 2008 using impaction bone grafting for acetabular reconstruction. Autograft, cancellous allograft croutons, and demineralized bone matrix were used to fill bone defects as needed. The acetabular bone deficiency was classified according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: type I, segmental deficiency with significant rim defect; type II, cavitary defects medially or posteriorly; type III, combined cavitary and segmental deficiency; type IV, pelvic discontinuity; and type V, arthrodesis. According to this method, 56 hips had type I, 31 hips had type II, 48 hips had type III, and 27 hips had type IV deficiencies.

Of the 168 patients, 19 subsequently died of causes unrelated to the THA, and 11 were lost to follow-up. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Average Harris Hip Score improved from 45.5±17.9 preoperatively to 81.1±16.5 postoperatively (
P
<.05) for revision THAs, from 40.0±11.3 preoperatively to 85.0±12.8 postoperatively (
P
<.05) for conversion THAs, and from 42.3±14.9 preoperatively to 85.0±12.0 postoperatively (
P
<.05) for primary THAs. All impaction grafted bone (allograft, autograft, or a combination) incorporated radiographically, thus restoring bone stock. Complications included 1 early infection, which was managed successfully with debridement and liner exchange, and 2 late infections that were managed successfully with staged revision. Two revisions required subsequent re-revision for late loosening. Two hip dislocations occurred, 1 of which required surgical treatment to place a constrained liner.
Treatment of Complicated Tibial Plateau Fractures With Dual Plating Via a 2-incision Technique
Authors: Zhang Yong , Fan De-gang , Ma Bao-an , Sun Si-guo
Published: March 2012

The operative treatment of complicated bicondylar fractures of the tibial plateau remains a challenge to most surgeons. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of dual plating via a 2-incision technique for the repair of complicated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.

A series of consecutive patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a double buttress plate or a combination of locking plate and buttress plate via a 2-incision technique between March 2004 and March 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Radiological and clinical results and complications of the 2 different fixation methods were compared. Seventy-nine patients matching the criteria of this study were followed up for at least 24 months. All of the fractures healed, with 3 cases of deep infection, 7 cases of secondary loss of reduction, 3 cases of secondary loss of alignment, and 10 cases of knee instability. At 24-month follow-up, mean Hospital for Special Surgery scores were 77.8±9.4 and 79.0±7.9 in the double buttress plate group and combination group, respectively. No significant differences in clinical or radiographic outcomes were found between the 2 groups, except that the combination group needed less bone graft. Dual plating with 2 incisions provided good exposition for the reduction and fixation of complicated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Using a combination of locking plate and buttress plate reduced the amount of bone graft compared with the double buttress plate technique.
Rotational Acetabular Osteotomy for Habitual Hip Dislocation With Posterior Acetabular Wall Deficiency in Patients With Down Syndrome
Authors: Imagama Takashi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Tokushige Atsunori , Date Ryo , Seki Toshihiro , Sakka Akihito , Taguchi Toshihiko
Published: March 2012

Hip dislocation associated with Down syndrome is relatively rare. Hip dislocation can progress to severe subluxation or habitual dislocation if the initial therapy is improperly performed. However, definitive treatment guidelines for conservative and surgical therapy for hip dislocation in patients with Down syndrome have not been established. This article describes a case of a 12-year-old girl with Down syndrome with nontraumatic habitual hip dislocation. Her hip joint was associated with acetabular dysplasia and hypoplasia of the posterior acetabular wall. Although conservative therapy was initially performed, no effects were observed. Rotational acetabular osteotomy and capsular plication were performed to reconstruct the posterior acetabular wall. No postoperative redislocation occurred, and the treatment effects were favorably sustained for 2 years. In Down syndrome, few cases of developmental dysplasia and hypoplasia of the posterior acetabular wall have been reported. In previous reports, these morphological abnormalities were rarely taken into consideration when determining the treatment strategy, and to our knowledge, no other reports demonstrate therapy involving rotational acetabular osteotomy for hip dislocation complicated with Down syndrome. Whether the acetabulum had posterior wall deficiency was thought to be important for conservative and surgical therapies in hip dislocation in patients with Down syndrome. Rotational acetabular osteotomy could be an effective surgical procedure for reconstruction of the acetabulum by posterolateral rotation of the osteotomized acetabulum.
Vorinostat: A Potent Agent to Prevent and Treat Laser-induced Corneal Haze
Authors: Tandon Ashish , Tovey Jonathan C.K. , Waggoner Michael R. , Sharma Ajay , Cowden John W. , Gibson Daniel J. , Liu Yuanjing , Schultz Gregory S. , Mohan Rajiv R.
Published: March 2012

PURPOSE:

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of vorinostat, a deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in the treatment of laser-induced corneal haze following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in rabbits in vivo and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) -induced corneal fibrosis in vitro.

METHODS:

Corneal haze in rabbits was produced with −9.00 diopters (D) PRK. Fibrosis in cultured human and rabbit corneal fibroblasts was activated with TGFβ1. Vorinostat (25 μm) was topically applied once for 5 minutes on rabbit cornea immediately after PRK for in vivo studies. Vorinostat (0 to 25 μm) was given to human/rabbit corneal fibroblasts for 5 minutes or 48 hours for in vitro studies. Slit-lamp microscopy, TUNEL assay, and trypan blue were used to determined vorinostat toxicity, whereas real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblotting were used to measure its efficacy.

RESULTS:

Single 5-minute vorinostat (25 μm) topical application on the cornea following PRK significantly reduced corneal haze (
P
<.008) and fibrotic marker proteins (α-smooth muscle actin and f-actin;
P
<.001) without showing redness, swelling, or inflammation in rabbit eyes in vivo screened 4 weeks after PRK. Vorinostat reduced TGFβ1-induced fibrosis in human and rabbit corneas in vitro in a dose-dependent manner without altering cellular viability, phenotype, or proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Vorinostat is non-cytotoxic and safe for the eye and has potential to prevent laser-induced corneal haze in patients undergoing PRK for high myopia.
Signaling through L-Selectin Mediates Enhanced Chemotaxis of Lymphocyte Subsets to Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Chemokine
Authors: Subramanian Hariharan , Grailer Jamison J. , Ohlrich Kimberly C. , Rymaszewski Amy L. , Loppnow Jessica J. , Kodera Masanari , Conway Rochelle M. , Steeber Douglas A.
Published: March 2012

L-selectin functions as an important adhesion molecule that mediates tethering and rolling of lymphocytes by binding to high endothelial venule (HEV)-expressed ligands during recirculation. Subsequent lymphocyte arrest and transmigration require activation through binding of HEV-decorated homeostatic chemokines such as secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC; CCL21) to its counterreceptor, CCR7. Importantly, L-selectin also functions as a signaling molecule. In this study, signaling induced by ligation of L-selectin using mAb or endothelial cell-expressed ligand significantly enhanced the chemotaxis of murine T cells and B cells to SLC but not to other homeostatic chemokines. Consistent with the expression levels of L-selectin in different lymphocyte subsets, L-selectin–mediated enhancement of chemotaxis to SLC was observed for all naive lymphocytes and effector/memory CD8+ T cells, whereas only a subpopulation of effector/memory CD4+ T cells responded. During in vivo mesenteric lymph node migration assays, the absence of L-selectin on lymphocytes significantly attenuated both their ability to migrate out of the HEV and their chemotaxis away from the vessel wall. Notably, ligation of L-selectin and/or CCR7 did not result in increased CCR7 expression levels, internalization, or re-expression. Pharmacologic inhibitor studies showed that L-selectin–mediated enhanced chemotaxis to SLC required intact intracellular kinase function. Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with the spleen tyrosine kinase family inhibitor piceatannol reduced their ability to migrate across the HEV in peripheral lymph nodes. Therefore, these results suggest that “cross-talk” in the signaling pathways initiated by L-selectin and CCR7 provides a novel mechanism for functional synergy between these two molecules during lymphocyte migration.
Discovery of a NovelToxoplasma gondiiConoid-Associated Protein Important for Parasite Resistance to Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates
Authors: Skariah Sini , Bednarczyk Robert B. , McIntyre Matthew K. , Taylor Gregory A. , Mordue Dana G.
Published: March 2012

Toxoplasma gondii modifies its host cell to suppress its ability to become activated in response to IFN-γ and TNF-α and to develop intracellular antimicrobial effectors, including NO. Mechanisms used by T. gondii to modulate activation of its infected host cell likely underlie its ability to hijack monocytes and dendritic cells during infection to disseminate to the brain and CNS where it converts to bradyzoites contained in tissue cysts to establish persistent infection. To identify T. gondii genes important for resistance to the effects of host cell activation, we developed an in vitro murine macrophage infection and activation model to identify parasite insertional mutants that have a fitness defect in infected macrophages following activation but normal invasion and replication in naive macrophages. We identified 14 independent T. gondii insertional mutants out of >8000 screened that share a defect in their ability to survive macrophage activation due to macrophage production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs). These mutants have been designated counter-immune mutants. We successfully used one of these mutants to identify a T. gondii cytoplasmic and conoid-associated protein important for parasite resistance to macrophage RNIs. Deletion of the entire gene or just the region encoding the protein in wild-type parasites recapitulated the RNI-resistance defect in the counter-immune mutant, confirming the role of the protein in resistance to macrophage RNIs.
Escape from CD8+ T Cell Responses in Mamu-B*00801+ Macaques Differentiates Progressors from Elite Controllers
Authors: Mudd Philip A. , Ericsen Adam J. , Burwitz Benjamin J. , Wilson Nancy A. , O’Connor David H. , Hughes Austin L. , Watkins David I.
Published: March 2012

A small number of HIV-infected individuals known as elite controllers experience low levels of chronic phase viral replication and delayed progression to AIDS. Specific HLA class I alleles are associated with elite control, implicating CD8+ T lymphocytes in the establishment of these low levels of viral replication. Most HIV-infected individuals that express protective HLA class I alleles, however, do not control viral replication. Approximately 50% of Mamu-B*00801+ Indian rhesus macaques control SIVmac239 replication in the chronic phase in a manner that resembles elite control in humans. We followed both the immune response and viral evolution in SIV-infected Mamu-B*00801+ animals to better understand the role of CD8+ T lymphocytes during the acute phase of viral infection, when viral control status is determined. The virus escaped from immunodominant Vif and Nef Mamu-B*00801–restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte responses during the critical early weeks of acute infection only in progressor animals that did not control viral replication. Thus, early CD8+ T lymphocyte escape is a hallmark of Mamu-B*00801+ macaques who do not control viral replication. By contrast, virus in elite controller macaques showed little evidence of variation in epitopes recognized by immunodominant CD8+ T lymphocytes, implying that these cells play a role in viral control.
Downregulation of Inflammatory MicroRNAs by Ig-like Transcript 3 Is Essential for the Differentiation of Human CD8+ T Suppressor Cells
Authors: Chang Chih-Chao , Zhang Qing-Yin , Liu Zhuoru , Clynes Raphael A. , Suciu-Foca Nicole , Vlad George
Published: March 2012

We have investigated the mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory function of membrane Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and soluble ILT3Fc. microRNA (miRNA) expression profile identified genes that were downregulated in ILT3-induced human CD8+ T suppressor cells (Ts) while upregulated in T cells primed in the absence of ILT3. We found that miR-21, miR-30b, and miR-155 target the 3′-untranslated region of genes whose expression was strongly increased in ILT3Fc-induced Ts, such as dual specificity phosphatase 10, B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, respectively. Transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors and site-specific mutagenesis of their 3′-untranslated region binding sites indicated that B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, dual specificity phosphatase 10, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 are direct targets of miR-30b, miR-21, and miR-155. Primed CD8+ T cells transfected with miR-21&30b, miR-21&155, or miR-21&30b&155 inhibitors displayed suppressor activity when added to autologous CD3-triggered CD4 T cells. Luciferase reporter assays of miR-21 and miR-155 indicated that their transcription is highly dependent on AP-1. Analysis of activated T cells showed that ILT3Fc inhibited the translocation to the nucleus of the AP-1 subunits, FOSB and c-FOS, and the phosphorylation of ZAP70 and phospholipase C-γ 1. In conclusion, ILT3Fc inhibits T cell activation and induces the generation of Ts targeting multiple inflammatory miRNA pathways.
Actin Reorganization Is Required for the Formation of Polarized B Cell Receptor Signalosomes in Response to Both Soluble and Membrane-Associated Antigens
Authors: Liu Chaohong , Miller Heather , Orlowski Gregory , Hang Haiyin , Upadhyaya Arpita , Song Wenxia
Published: March 2012

B cells encounter both soluble Ag (sAg) and membrane-associated Ag (mAg) in the secondary lymphoid tissue, yet how the physical form of Ag modulates B cell activation remains unclear. This study compares actin reorganization and its role in BCR signalosome formation in mAg- and sAg-stimulated B cells. Both mAg and sAg induce F-actin accumulation and actin polymerization at BCR microclusters and at the outer rim of BCR central clusters, but the kinetics and magnitude of F-actin accumulation in mAg-stimulated B cells are greater than those in sAg-stimulated B cells. Accordingly, the actin regulatory factors, cofilin and gelsolin, are recruited to BCR clusters in both mAg- and sAg-stimulated B cells but with different kinetics and patterns of cellular redistribution. Inhibition of actin reorganization by stabilizing F-actin inhibits BCR clustering and tyrosine phosphorylation induced by both forms of Ag. Depolymerization of F-actin leads to unpolarized microclustering of BCRs and tyrosine phosphorylation in BCR microclusters without mAg and sAg, but with much slower kinetics than those induced by Ag. Therefore, actin reorganization, mediated via both polymerization and depolymerization, is required for the formation of BCR signalosomes in response to both mAg and sAg.
Spatial Alterations between CD4+ T Follicular Helper, B, and CD8+ T Cells during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: T/B Cell Homeostasis, Activation, and Potential Mechanism for Viral Escape
Authors: Hong Jung Joo , Amancha Praveen K. , Rogers Kenneth , Ansari Aftab A. , Villinger Francois
Published: March 2012

HIV/SIV infections induce chronic immune activation with remodeling of lymphoid architecture and hypergammaglobulinemia, although the mechanisms leading to such symptoms remain to be fully elucidated. Moreover, lymph nodes have been highlighted as a predilection site for SIV escape in vivo. Following 20 rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239 as they progress from pre-infection to acute and chronic infection, we document for the first time, to our knowledge, the local dynamics of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells in situ. Progression of SIV infection was accompanied by increased numbers of well-delineated follicles containing germinal centers (GCs) and TFH cells with a progressive increase in the density of programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in lymph nodes. The rise in PD-1+ TFH cells was followed by a substantial accumulation of Ki67+ B cells within GCs. However, unlike in blood, major increases in the frequency of CD27+ memory B cells were observed in lymph nodes, indicating increased turnover of these cells, correlated with increases in total and SIV specific Ab levels. Of importance, compared with T cell zones, GCs seemed to exclude CD8+ T cells while harboring increasing numbers of CD4+ T cells, many of which are positive for SIVgag, providing an environment particularly beneficial for virus replication and reservoirs. Our data highlight for the first time, to our knowledge, important spatial interactions of GC cell subsets during SIV infection, the capacity of lymphoid tissues to maintain stable relative levels of circulating B cell subsets, and a potential mechanism for viral reservoirs within GCs during SIV infection.
Allele-specific PCR for a cost-effective & time-efficient diagnostic screening of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Marini M. , Sasongko T.H. , Watihayati M.S. , Atif A.B. , Hayati F. , Gunadi  , Zabidi-Hussin Z.A.M.H. , Ravichandran M. , Nishio H. , Zilfalil B.A.
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Genetic diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is complicated by the presence of SMN2 gene as majority of SMA patients show absence or deletion of SMN1 gene. PCR may amplify both the genes non selectively in presence of high amount of DNA. We evaluated whether allele-specific PCR for diagnostic screening of SMA is reliable in the presence of high amount of genomic DNA, which is commonly used when performing diagnostic screening using restriction enzymes.

Methods:

A total of 126 blood DNA samples were tested in amounts ranging 80-200 ng, referred for the genetic diagnosis of SMA using both conventional PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR.

Results:

The results from both methods showed agreement. Further, allele-specific PCR was found to be a time-efficient and cost-effective method.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our study demonstrated the accuracy of our allele-specific PCR and the results were comparable compatible with that of PCR-RFLP, indicating its practical application in SMA diagnostic screening.
The normal range of body mass index with high body fat percentage among male residents of Lucknow city in north India
Authors: Kesavachandran Chandrasekharan Nair , Bihari Vipin , Mathur Neeraj
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Several studies have raised the suspicion that the body mass index (BMI) cut-off for overweight as defined by the WHO may not adequately reflect the actual overweight status. The present study looked at the relationship between BMI and body fat per cent (BF %) / health risks (hypertension and type 2 diabetes) in male residents of Lucknow city, north India to evaluate the validity of BMI cut-off points for overweight.

Methods:

One thousand one hundred and eleven male volunteer subjects (18-69 yr) who participated in different programmes organized by the Institute during 2005 to 2008 were included in the study. BF% was measured using commercially available digital weight scale incorporating bioelectrical impedance (BI) analyzer. The proposed cut-off for BMI based on BF % was calculated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.

Results:

Forty four per cent subjects showed higher BF % (>25%) with BMI range (24-24.99 kg/m2). Sensitivity and specificity at BMI cut-off at 24.5 kg/m3 were 83.2 and 77.5, respectively. Sensitivity at BMI cut-off >25 kg/m2 was reduced by 5 per cent and specificity increased by 4.6 per cent when compared to 24.5 cut-off.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The study subjects showed higher body fat percentage and risk factors like hypertension and type 2 diabetes at normal BMI range proposed by the WHO. The cut-off for BMI was proposed to be 24.5 kg/m2 for our study population. If overweight is regarded as an excess of body fat and not as an excess of weight (increased BMI), the cut-off points for overweight based on BMI would need to be lowered. However, the confidence of estimate of the BMI cut-off in the present study may be considered with the limitations of BI analysis studies.
A pilot study on area under curve of mycophenolic acid as a guide for its optimal use in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Sarangi S.C. , Reeta K.H. , Agarwal S.K. , Kaleekal T. , Guleria S. , Gupta Y.K.
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

The immunosuppressants administered to renal transplant subjects are usually monitored therapeutically to prevent graft rejection and drug toxicity. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant. The present prospective study was undertaken to establish the utility of plasma level monitoring of MPA and to correlate it with clinical outcomes in renal transplant receipients.

Methods:

MPA plasma level at 2, 4 and 9 h and the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) were estimated using high performance liquid chromatography in 24 renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressant MPA plus tacrolimus and steroid.

Results:

There was wide inter-individual variation in MPA plasma level and the AUC. The incidences of gastrointestinal adverse drug events (diarrhoea and acidity) were significantly more in the high MPA AUC patients. Though biopsy proven acute rejection was not found, of the six subjects with lower MPA AUC (<30 mg.h/l), three were clinically diagnosed to develop tacrolimus nephrotoxicity. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) scores represented better health related quality of life in lower MPA AUC than in the higher MPA AUC (>60 mg.h/l).

Interpretation & conclusions:

The present findings suggest the MPA AUC of 30 - 60 mg.h/l in the maintenance stage of renal transplant patients to have optimum clinical benefit and relegated adverse events profile indicating the usefulness of AUC of MPA with limited sampling strategy in optimizing its use.
Quantitative Estimation of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy using ECG Criteria in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Comparison with Cardiac MRI
Authors: Blyth Kevin G. , Kinsella James , Hakacova Nina , McLure Lindsey E. , Siddiqui Adeel M. , Wagner Galen S. , Peacock Andrew J.
Published: March 2012

In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), right ventricular mass (RVM) correlates linearly with pulmonary artery pressure, and decreases with successful treatment. Accurate measurement of RVM currently requires cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. We therefore tested the relationship between RVM and a simple, 12 lead ECG‐derived value, the Butler‐Leggett (BL) score. This has previously been validated in patients with RV hypertrophy (RVH) due to mitral stenosis. We also tested the diagnostic accuracy of the BL score in detecting RVH. The Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit database was reviewed retrospectively. Twenty‐eight patients with PAH were identified, in whom CMR and ECG data had been recorded no more than 28 days apart. All had completed a comprehensive clinical assessment, including right heart catheterization. CMR‐derived absolute RVM and RV mass index (RVMI=RV mass/LV mass) were correlated against BL score. The ability of this score to detect RVH was tested using 2 × 2 contingency tables. RVM and RVMI correlated with BL score (r=0.77, P<0.001 and r=0.78, P<0.001, respectively). A BL score > 0.7 mV proved a highly specific but insensitive indicator of RVH, based on either absolute RVM (sensitivity 74%, specificity 100%) or a high RVMI (sensitivity 61%, specificity 100%). The BL score, which can be defined using a standard 12‐lead ECG, correlates with RVM and RVMI in patients with PAH. A score >0.7 mV was a highly specific but insensitive indicator of RVH in these patients.
Error characterization of CO2 vertical mixing in the atmospheric transport model WRF-VPRM
Authors: Kretschmer R. , Gerbig C. , Karstens U. , Koch F.-T.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. One of the dominant uncertainties in inverse estimates of regional CO2 surface-atmosphere fluxes is related to model errors in vertical transport within the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this study we present the results from a synthetic experiment using the atmospheric model WRF-VPRM to realistically simulate transport of CO2 for large parts of the European continent at 10 km spatial resolution. To elucidate the impact of vertical mixing error on modeled CO2 mixing ratios we simulated a month during the growing season (August 2006) with different commonly used parameterizations of the PBL (Mellor-Yamada-Janjić (MYJ) and Yonsei-University (YSU) scheme). To isolate the effect of transport errors we prescribed the same CO2 surface fluxes for both simulations. Differences in simulated CO2 mixing ratios (model bias) were on the order of 3 ppm during daytime with larger values at night. We present a simple method to reduce this bias by 70–80% when the true height of the mixed layer is known.
Evidence of a possible turning point in solar UV-B over Canada, Europe and Japan
Authors: Zerefos C. S. , Tourpali K. , Eleftheratos K. , Kazadzis S. , Meleti C. , Feister U. , Koskela T. , Heikkilä A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. This study examines the long-term variability of UV solar irradiances at 305 nm and 325 nm over selected sites in Canada, Europe and Japan. Site selection was restricted to the availability of the most complete UV spectroradiometric datasets during the period 1990–2011. The analysis includes the long-term variability of total ozone, aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction at the sites studied. The results, based on observations and modeling, suggest that over Canada, Europe and Japan the period under study can be divided into three sub-periods of scientific merit: the first period (1991–1994) is the period perturbed by the Pinatubo volcanic eruption, during which excess volcanic aerosol has enhanced the "conventional" amplification factor of UV-B at ground level by an additional factor that depends on solar elevation. The increase of the UV-B amplification factor is the result of enhanced scattering processes caused by the injection of huge amounts of volcanic aerosols during the perturbed period. The second period (1995–2006) is characterized by a 0.14% yr−1 increase in total ozone and an increasing trend in spectral irradiance by 0.94% yr−1 at 305 nm and 0.88% yr−1 at 325 nm. That paradox was caused by the significant decline of the aerosol optical depth by more than 1% yr−1 (the "brightening" effect) and the absence of any statistically significant trend in the cloud fraction. The third period (2007–2011) shows statistically significant evidence of a slowdown or even a turning point in the previously reported upward UV-B trends over Canada, Europe and Japan.
When Translating Becomes a Ludic Ativity
Authors: Aru Elise
Published: March 2012

Suggesting that translating is ludic can come as a surprise, as for most of us translating involves finding a corresponding word in another language – hardly a ludic process. This article focuses on the translation of works by the OuLiPo, a group of French writers who experiment with the use of constraints in writing. My approach to translation consists of identifying the Oulipian constraints inherent in the source text and adapting them to the target text. This approach implies finding a way, in the translation process itself, of overcoming the constraint without transgressing it, which in turn engages with the imaginative content of translation. I will suggest that the ludic aspect of translation is dual. It consists of the ludic elements derived from the use of constraints effective in the source text and the ludic elements in the act of translating. Translating a work by the OuLiPo indicates this double-edged interaction between constraint and play.
Should Childhood Vaccination be Compulsory in the UK?
Authors: Fine-Goulden Miriam
Published: March 2012

Childhood vaccination is not compulsory in the UK, yet levels of immunisation are generally high. However, recent concern over vaccine safety has lead to undervaccination and an increase in rates of preventable infectious diseases. Compelling parents to vaccinate their children against their will may be acceptable in significant disease outbreaks, but this is not currently ethically justified, due to overall low disease rates in the UK. It is a reasonable argument that all children should be vaccinated for the protection of society; however, vaccination policies outside the UK demonstrate that compulsion does not guarantee high rates of immunisation, and that education and engagement can be highly successful. Most parents in the UK do vaccinate their children, and those who choose not to often have a disproportionate fear of causing harm. A policy of targeted education and support is likely to enhance public trust, as well as be more successful and economical than coercion.
What was Manna?
Authors: Wotton Roger
Published: March 2012

Following their release from Egypt after the 10 Plagues, the Israelites spent some time wandering in the wilderness. They were sustained there by a special food called manna. If we take a literal view of The Bible, we can acknowledge that manna was a physical entity with supernatural origins that fell from the sky. We can assume the accuracy of recall by observers, the accuracy of repetition of the original manna story, and the accuracy of exegesis by scholars who have interpreted the later written accounts over hundreds of years. On the other hand, we could suggest that manna was described inaccurately, that it has been embellished by myth and the mistaken translation of texts. In this essay I will attempt to discuss manna as a natural substance, using the literal Biblical text as my guide.
Cain's Kin and Abel's Blood: Beowulf 1361-4
Authors: Bintley Michael
Published: March 2012

Amongst the various texts which are thought to have influenced the depiction of Grendel’s mere in Beowulf, the possibility has not yet been considered that the poet also drew upon a tradition associated with Grendel’s descent from Cain, also to be found in the composite Genesis poem of the Junius manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Junius 11, SC 5123), and Aldhelm’s Carmen de virginitate. This connection only becomes apparent upon closer examination of the woodland grove overhanging the refuge in Grendel’s fens. Of the many trees that appear in Old English literature, few can be as sinister as these.
A Case in Favour of Radicalisation: a Commentary on Issues Surrounding the Caldicott Report
Authors: Owen Matthew
Published: March 2012

The premise of this commentary is that the terms ‘radical’ and ‘radicalisation’ need to be defended. These terms are being unfairly bracketed with ‘violent extremism’. Extremist atrocities, whether implemented by terrorist groups (e.g. destruction of the Twin Towers) or governments (e.g. Hitler’s final solution), are just those: atrocities to be condemned. Radicalism, however, is a desire to bring about substantive change, and in its simplest form this term is divorced from any moral or ethical connotation. I will contextualize this debate using the example of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the former University College London (UCL) student charged with attempting to blow up a US airliner. A discussion of what is meant by radicalisation will follow, after which some examples of well-known radicals will be presented. Finally, I shall argue that contemporary society is ‘bust’ and that we need radical ideas and radical people in order to ‘fix’ our future society. As such, we need radicalisation within society in general and universities in particular.
Theatre for the People: the Impact of Brechtian Theory on the Production and Performance of 1789 by Ariane Mnouchkines Théâtre du Soleil
Authors: Karch Agnieszka
Published: March 2012

Ariane Mnouchkine is a contemporary French theatre director, associated with the Théâtre du Soleil, known for its ‘activism, formalism and cosmopolitanism (Singleton 2010, 29). Her theatre, made by the people and for the people, breaks with the traditional perception of theatre as elitist. Her revolutionary status in the profession can be explained through her belief in the power of collaborative theatre (création collective) as the most democratic art form, capable of dealing with political questions. The redistribution of the power of decision-making in the process of production and staging can be seen as a metaphor of a political system based on civic participation. Mnouchkine’s theatre teaches the audience how to react critically to what is being observed, and to translate this reaction into political activism and participation, in shaping their community. One of the central elements of her philosophy is to make the spectators aware of their potential to participate in the process of change. Instead of passively witnessing the unfolding of political and social events, citizens should feel encouraged to act and to note their personal impact on history. Such an approach is almost certainly inspired by the work of an earlier artist whose creation also falls into the category of political theatre – that of Bertolt Brecht. Brecht was known for having coined the term Verfremdung, crucial in achieving a critical response, and which can be described as the opposite of the suspension of disbelief, commonly cited as a requirement for most forms of entertainment. In the Brechtian epic theatre, the spectator must be aware of the fictional character of the play. Only then can the characters’actions be judged in an objective way. The motivations behind these actions are explained by the actors, often through another device typical of Brecht’s style – gestus, defined in his own words as ‘convey[ing] particular attitudes adopted by the speaker towards other men’ and ‘allow[ing] conclusions to be drawn about the social circumstances’ (Brecht 1978, 104-5).
A Treat to Touch:the Material Surface in Three Short Films by Carl Theodor Dreyer
Authors: McFarlane Luke
Published: March 2012

Much has been written on Dreyer’s cinematicvisual order and how his meticulously constructed sequences form from various elements an ordered whole. Edvin Kau, for instance, notes that ‘his films are a treasure house to explore for those who wish to learn about how meaning is articulated through the materials of the film medium’ and asserts how Dreyer’s ‘visual style’ comprises ‘cinematic spaces […] consciously formed’ to demonstrate the ‘psychological struggle’ taking place in characters such as Joan of Arc, in the 1928 La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc (Kau 2010, 1). These statements are never explained substantially enough for me. What meaning is this, within the context of a filmic medium? How precisely does this become psychological? Why should any of this matter enough to be termed a Dreyerian ‘visual style’? More needs to be said on what sort of compositional significance Dreyer masters, and what this can mean for the audience encountering his films.