bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY: THE CASE FOR COMPLEMENTARITY REVISITED
Authors: Reich K. Helmut
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Donald MacKay has suggested that the logical concept of complementarity is needed to relate scientific and theological thinking. According to Ian Barbour, this concept should only be used within, not between, disciplines. This article therefore attempts to clarify that contrast from the standpoint of cognitive process. Thinking in terms of complementarity is explicated within a structuralist‐genetic, interactive‐constructivist, developmental theory of the neo‐ and post‐Piagetian kind, and its role in religious development is indicated. Adolescents'complementary views on Creation and on the corresponding scientific accounts serve as an illustration. After further analysis of parallel and circular complementarity, it is shown under which conditions complementarity of science and theology can be better justified and may be potentially more fruitful than is apparent from Barbour's or even MacKay's considerations.
RALPH WENDELL BURHOE: HIS LIFE AND HIS THOUGHT
Authors: Breed David R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This second installment from the author's book‐length study of Ralph Wendell Burhoe's life and thought details the background of the establishing of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science in 1955 and its intellectual rationale. A group of clergy from the Coming Great Church Conference and scientists who were members of the Committee on Science and Values of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences came together to form the new Institute on Star Island, off the coast of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. From the beginning, with the guidance of Burhoe, the chief concern of these scientists and clergy was the need to regenerate a contemporary civilization that was on the brink of danger due to its inability to discipline its own burgeoning scientific and technological prowess. Revitalizing religion was deemed essential to this regeneration of society. Since religion is largely destabilized by science, the major task is to emphasize how contemporary scientific understandings support religious wisdom and accentuate its importance. This task is to be accomplished through a science‐based theology which reformulates religious wisdom for a culture that accepts science as the most reliable form of knowledge. This rationale for IRAS also articulates the program to which Burhoe committed himself.
CONSCIOUSNESS FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Human action and experience are the outcome of genes and memes. Not only are both of these represented in consciousness, but consciousness mediates their claims and thus governs our choices. Hence it is important how consciousness is ordered and where it is directed. Sorokin's typology of the sensate and the ideational (“spiritual”), and the dialectic between them, is relevant to this issue. In our period of history, the sensate factors of materialism and secularism need to be dialectically counterbalanced by the reinforcement of memes that value the spiritual intimations of the realm beyond the senses. As we approach the twenty‐first century, the memes that will undergird our spirituality will be those that resacralize nature and emphasize our unity as humans with all of universal reality, in an idea of common “beinghood.” Spiritual systems that accord with this trend in evolution will have to respect three conditions. They will (1) integrate the sensate and the ideational; (2) reflect the importance of the “flow” state of optimal experience, which matches ever‐complexifying skills with comparable challenges; and (3) move the fulcrum of their worldview from the human being to the network of beings and its evolution.
RALPH WENDELL BURHOE: HIS LIFE AND HIS THOUGHT
Authors: Breed David R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This third installment in David Breed's intellectual biography of Ralph Wendell Burhoe focuses upon the impact of his thought on the Unitarian Universalist Association and that group's role in Burhoe's career. Dana McLean Greeley, elected president of the American Unitarian Association in 1958, was a key figure in Burhoe's eventual participation in the project, “The Free Church in a Changing World.” Burhoe's emphasis on the need for doctrine that could communicate religious wisdom in terms of science stood in tension with free‐church tradition. Nevertheless, the section of the project's final report, titled “Theology and the Frontiers of Learning,” largely accepted Burhoe's program for a new natural theology based on science. This project brought Burhoe's program to the attention of the denomination and led to the invitation in 1964 from Malcolm Sutherland, on behalf of Meadville/Lombard Theological School in Chicago, of which he was president, for Burhoe to implement his program in the new curriculum of that school. Burhoe accepted.
QUANTUM COSMOLOGIES AND THE “BEGINNING”
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The cosmology proposed by Stephen Hawking has been understood as support for an atheistic stance, due mainly to its view of the nature of time in combination with the absence of explicit boundary conditions. Against such a view, this article argues that one might develop a theistic understanding of the Universe in the context of Hawking's cosmology. In addition, the quantum cosmologies of Andrej Linde and Roger Penrose are presented. The coexistence of different research programs and their implicit metaphysical views about the nature of quantum reality and time may have profound implications for philosophy and theology.
RELIGION IN AN AGE OF SCIENCE; METAPHYSICS IN AN ERA OF HISTORY
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Ian Barbour's Religion in an Age of Science is a welcome systematic, theoretical overview of the relations between science and religion, culminating his long career with a balanced and insightful appraisal. The hallmarks of his synthesis are critical realism, holism, and process thought. Barbour makes even more investment in process philosophy and theology than in his previous works. This invites further inquiry about the adequacy of a highly general process metaphysics in dealing with our particular, deeply historical world; also further inquiry about the adequacy of its panexperientialism and incrementalism.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS AND THE WORLD VIEW OF PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN
Authors: Galleni Lodovico
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This paper introduces the thought of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin from a perspective neglected until now: a view that builds on the analysis of his scientific papers. His scientific work formed part of the “modern synthesis” which laid the foundation of contemporary Darwinism. His main contributions in the field were the definition of a new branch of evolutionary sciences, geobiology; the redefinition of the term orthogenesis; and the proposal of the “scale” phyletic tree. Using these new research concepts, Teilhard de Chardin attempted to solve, within a scientific framework, a problem fundamental for his philosophical synthesis: that of evolutionary directionality.
NATURE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THEOLOGY
Authors: Klink William H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Modern technology presents new challenges and possibilities to the environment and life on earth. It is argued that ecology as the science of the earth as a whole cannot provide the means for making technical decisions pertaining to the environment. An alternative means is suggested in which modern technology provides the medium for communicating with nature, so that a dialogue, an intruding in and listening to nature, becomes the basis both for seeing modern technology in a new light and for living with modern technology in a new way. Some theological ramifications are also explored.
PARADIGMS OF BELIEF, THEORY AND METATHEORY
Authors: Sperry Roger W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. My account of the recent turnabout in the treatment of mental states in science and its basis in a modified concept of causal determinism and my claim that this opens the way for beliefs and values consistent with science are here reaffirmed in response to perceived weaknesses and “inherent incompleteness.” Contested issues are reviewed to better clarify the main thesis. An inherent weakness in respect to deep spiritual needs is recognized and tentative remedial measures explored.
BELIEF, PRACTICE, AND RELIGION
Authors: Goodenough Ward H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. How to reconcile belief in God with the worldview generated by modern science is a concern for those who see such belief as the essence of religion. Some religious traditions emphasize correct behavior, including observance of ritual, more than belief. Others stress individual pursuit of inner tranquility without prescribing particular beliefs or rituals by which that is to be achieved. Theological issues relating to “the God question in an age of science” are relevant to Christians, whose religious emphasis is on right belief as necessary to personal salvation; but science does not raise such issues for religion generally.
EMPIRICAL THEOLOGY IN THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Empirical theology stands in contrast to science insofar as it seeks to understand the nature and source of human fulfillment and insofar as science seeks to understand the world and human beings regardless of the implications of that knowledge for human welfare. However, empirical theology is like science insofar as it affirms a dynamic, relational naturalism; accepts limitations of the human knower, thereby making all knowledge including religious knowledge tentative; seeks causal explanations as well as religious meaning; and argues that a key criterion for justifying ideas is their ability to explain experience already had and to predict new experiences in Lakatosian‐type progressive research programs.
ALTRUISM AND CHRISTIAN LOVE
Authors: Browning Don
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Sociobiological theories have had little impact on Christian concepts of neighbor love. Since sociobiological theories of altruism depict love as a form of egoistic interest in enhancing one's general fitness, they are often thought to contradict Christian theories of love. However, altruism as defined by sociobiology has more affinity with Roman Catholic views of Christian love as caritas than Protestant views of extreme agape. Sociobiological views of altruism may provide more updated models for defining the orders and priorities of love, which has been an important aspect of Roman Catholic ethics. The family's role in mediating between kin altruism and wider love for the community is investigated.
AN ESSAY ON BEAUTY: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF BEAUTY IN THE NATURAL WORLD
Authors: Shotwell Thomas K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The beauty of the universe presented by modern science under the positivist approach is regarded as sufficiently great that human contemplative capabilities are exceeded. An example of bottom‐up viewing is presented and described as capable of producing levels of excitement best described as dangerous neurological storms. The existential quiescence resulting from apprehension of so much grandeur is discussed. It is suggested that our religious propensities need extensive rehabilitation and that appreciation of the beauty revealed by the positivists is likely to result in a cosmic paradigm shift that could destabilize traditional views of human identity.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FALL AND ORIGINAL SIN
Authors: Hefzer Philip
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The paper consists of an argument that goes as follows. Symbols and their elaboration into myths constitute Homo sapiens's most primitive reading of the world and the relation of humans to that world. They are, in other words, primordial units of cultural information, emerging very early in human history, representing a significant achievement in the evolution of human self‐consciousness and reflection. The classic myths of Fall and Original Sin, as well as the doctrines to which they gave rise, are further interpretations of this primordial information. The doctrinal traditions of the first four centuries of Christianity are surveyed. Three sets of data as interpreted by the biological sciences are offered as resources for understanding the biogenetic grounds of the experience that the symbols, myths, and doctrines of Fall and Original Sin seek to interpret. The conclusions to be drawn are that (1) the symbolic material is indeed commensurate with the scientific understandings, and (2) the scientific interpretations deepen our understanding of the symbols, while (3) the conversation between the symbols and the science once again raises certain perennial questions about human existence.
RELIGIOUS AND MYSTICAL STATES: A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
Authors: D'Aquili Eugene G. , Newberg Andrew B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This paper first considers the current confusion in categorizing and even describing mystical states, including experiences of God, the Void, and lesser religious experiences. The paper presents the necessity of studying the neuropsychological substrate of such experiences both to understand them in greater depth and to help resolve scholarly confusion in this area. As a prelude to presenting a neuropsychological model, the basic principles of brain organization are reviewed, including hemispheri‐city; primary, secondary, and tertiary sensory receptive areas; their motor analogues; prefrontosensorial polarity; and the integration of limbic functioning into cortical activity. A neuropsychological model for mystical states is then presented in terms of differential stimulation and deafferentation of various tertiary sensory association areas, along with integration of various patterns of limbic stimulation.
THINKING ABOUT RELIGION AND EXPERIENCING THE BRAIN: EUGENE D'AQUILI'S BIOGENETIC STRUCTURAL THEORY OF ABSOLUTE UNITARY BEING
Authors: Holmes H. Rodney
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Religious experiences, including mystical states and experience of the divine, are the ultimate reality of human existence that demand an account. Eugene d'Aquili weaves together that account using paradigms of thought which historically have made mutually exclusive claims about the nature of religious experience. While pointing out the deficiencies of the theory from a narrowly scientific point of view, this paper recognizes that neuroscience, or any other solitary discipline, is incompetent to explain religion. This paper emphasizes the significance and truth of d'Aquili's holistic theory, a religious vision which itself explains science and philosophy.
THE LIMITS OF PRAGMATISM AND THE LIMITS OF REALISM
Authors: Murphy Nancy
Published: December 2005

Abstract. I argue here for a limited version of pragmatism—called conceptual pragmatism—that recognizes that conceptual systems are to be evaluated according to their usefulness for helping us get around in the world. Once a conceptual system is in place, however, the truth of sentences is a matter of both empirical tit and coherence with the rest of our knowledge. The error of critical realists is to fail to take into account the limited conceptual relativity that is to be expected on the basis of conceptual pragmatism. The conceptual realist thesis applies equally in science and theology.
PERSONS IN NATURE: TOWARD AN APPLICABLE AND UNIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Authors: Ferré Frederick
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Two major contenders for the role of robust environmental ethics claim our allegiance. One is Baird Callicott's, based on the land ethic formulated by Aldo Leopold; the other is that of Holmes Rolston, 111, sharply distinguishing environmental from social (human) ethics. Despite their many strengths, neither gives us the vision we need. Callicott's ethic leaves too much out of his picture; Rolston's leaves too much disconnected between nature and humankind. A really usable environmental ethic needs to be both comprehensive and integrated. For that, we need a worldview that includes the human in nature but also affirms the unique values of personhood.
ENTRUSTING THE LIFE THAT HAS EVOLVED: A RESPONSE TO MICHAEL RUSE'S RUSE
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This piece challenges Michael Ruse on three points: (1) The charge that Christian myth and doctrine are incredible fails to take into account the scholarship that has clarified the genre to which myth belongs and its function. (2) Naturalistic explanations, like Ruse's, have fully as much difficulty dealing with questions of purpose and evil as religion does. (3) The concept of “deception” has a number of inherent problems that Ruse fails to consider, of which the chief is that it requires a certainty about truth and falsity that Ruse cannot and does not claim to possess.
A FEW LAST WORDS—UNTIL THE NEXT TIME!
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Appreciative as I am of my critics'comments, I find, to no one's surprise, that I can bear them with equanimity, even complacency. The wide spread of opinions surely justifies my intellectual composure.
PRECURSORS OF THE EUREKA MOMENT AS A COMMON GROUND BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY
Authors: Cavanaugh Michael
Published: December 2005

Abstract. “Eureka moments” can be said to be based on intuition, but their deeper foundations are phylogenetic evolution and subconscious gestalt processes, as analyzed by the late Nobel laureate Konrad Lorenz. By incorporating Lorenz's findings, modern epistemology could avoid three common errors which have crept into the discussion. Those errors are: (1) that epistemology is language‐dependent; (2) that epistemology is primarily subjective; and (3) that epistemology is creative and not methodological.
THE CRY FOR THE OTHER: THE BIOCULTURAL WOMB OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ashbrook James B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The human experience of meaning‐making lies at the roots of consciousness, creativity, and religious faith. It arises from the basic experience of separation from a loved object, suffered by all mammals, and, in general terms, from the experienced gap between ourselves and our environment. We fill the gap with transitional objects and symbols that reassure us of basic continuity in ourselves and in the world. These objects and symbols also serve the neurognostic function of demonstrating what the world is like. Thus, humanity lives by faith, as manifested in its pattern‐making capacity, and not by literal sight.
WHAT SCIENCE CAN AND CANNOT OFFER TO A RELIGIOUS NARRATIVE
Authors: Goodenough Ursula W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A molecular/cell biologist offers perspectives on the contributions that the scientific worldview might and might not make to religious though. It is argued that two essential features of institutionalized religions–their historical context and their supernatural orientation—are not addressed by the sciences, nor can the sciences contribute to the art and ritual that elicit states of faith and transcendence. The sciences have, however, important stories (myths) to offer, stories that have the potential to unify us, to tell us what is sacred, what has meaning, and how we might best proceed.
ECOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY: SCIENCE AND THEOLOGICAL MODELING
Authors: Klink William H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The possibility of in‐breakings of God in science is discussed. A realist philosophy of science is used as a framework in which new paradigms are seen as providing ever better approximations to the true underlying structure of nature, which will be revealed in the eschaton. It is argued that ecology–the study of the earth as a whole–cannot be treated as a natural science because there can be no paradigms for understanding the earth as a whole. Instead technology is used as a means for interacting with God through nature.
EVOLUTION, CULTURE, AND SIN: RESPONDING TO PHILIP HEFNER'S PROPOSAL
Authors: Gilkey Langdon
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In his recent book, The Human Factor, Philip Hefner proposes to deepen theological understanding of the natural world and the place of humans within it. He describes humans as products of converging streams of genes and culture, and as possessors of freedom that requires them to be “created cocreators.” In accordance with the requirements of “the way things really are” (God), humans are to become divine agents in enlarging the realm of freedom in the world through self‐sacrificing altruism. While Hefner's insights are admirable, his work could be viewed, in part, as a covert expression of nineteenth century liberal beliefs in progress. In fact, human culture and freedom are more ambiguous products of both good and evil, and hence we must take more cognizance of the pervasiveness of what theology has termed sin.
B.F. SKINNER AND THE GRAND INQUISITOR
Authors: Rottschaefer William A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. B.F. Skinner allures us with the possibilities of turning the stones of materialistic rewards into the bread of human values. He tempts us by assuring success in achieving our goals through behavioral science, if only we give up our autonomy. He offers the power of complete control over our behaviors, on condition that we relinquish responsibility for our lives to a technological elite. Is B. F. Skinner a flesh‐and‐blood Grand Inquisitor? This essay tries to persuade the reader that Skinner's offers are worth considering.
EXPLORATORY ETHICS
Authors: Shinn Roger L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Ian Barbour is wisely aware of two kinds of ethical problems that constantly interact: first, those where we know the good but lack the will to do it; second, those where, in uncertainties and conflicts of values, we have to discover the best course of action. Both have long histories; but new technologies, which mean new powers, accentuate both. Three issues in Barbour's work deserve comment here: (1) the ways in which technology requires new ethical thinking, but cannot of itself make ethical prescriptions; (2) the perplexing relation of technology to political processes; (3) the relation between need and greed, a valid distinction that may be more puzzling than Barbour allows because a technological culture multiplies needs. I applaud Barbour's achievement. I find it ironic that I occasionally think him a shade too optimistic, whereas he has occasionally said the same of me.
THINKING TOWARD A FUTURE
Authors: Gerhart Mary
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Ian Harbour's Ethics in an Age of Technology provides an indispensable overview of the field of ethics and technology—an overview that gives balanced views informed by science, philosophy, and religion and that provides encyclopedic coverage of a variety of issues and methods typical to them. Barbour makes communication possible between two fields often at odds in our culture. Part 2 of the book relates the values introduced in Part 1 to three specific areas of technology: agriculture, energy, and computers. The book pays superficial attention to gender issues. Its focus is on planet Earth; the universe and models of the future are only implicit.
RESPONSE TO CRITIQUES OF ETHICS IN AN AGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Barbour Ian G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Both Roger Shinn and Robert Stivers ask whether technology has a momentum of its own that is difficult if not impossible to control (“autonomous technology” or “technological inevitability”). I reply that the difficulty in controlling technology is a product of economic and political institutions (such as corporate lobbying and campaign contributions) rather than of any inherent characteristics of technology. Against Stivers's assertion that the ecosystem should be the center of value in environmental ethics, I defend the process view that all beings are valuable, but they are not equally valuable in their richness of experience or their contribution to the experience of others. I also consider his caveats about ambiguities in the concept of sustainability. Two questions raised by Mary Gerhart are taken up: the difficulties of interdisciplinary writing and the role of theological ethics in discussions of public policy. In dialogue with Frederick Ferre I explore the role of alternative visions of the good life as a source of social change. In the face of diminished concern about social justice and environmental sustainability among citizens and in Congress since the book was written, I express long‐range hope, but not optimism about the short‐term prospects for change.
THE STORY OF THE MIND: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Authors: Schechtman Marya
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Persons have a curious dual nature. On the one hand, they are subjects, whose actions must be explained in terms of beliefs, desires, plans, and goals. At the same time, however, they also are physical objects, whose actions must be explicable in terms of physical laws. So far no satisfying account of this duality has been offered. Both Cartesian dualism and the modern materialist alternatives (reductionist and antireductionist) have failed to capture the full range of our experience of persons. I argue that an exciting new approach to this difficulty can be found by considering developments in clinical psychology. The clinical debate between those endorsing biological models of mental illness and those endorsing psychodynamic models mirrors broader debates in the philosophy of mind. The possible resolution of this debate through the development of integrated psychobiological models suggests a promising way to reconcile the dual nature of persons in a far more appealing way than any yet proposed.
Seasonal population changes of five parasitoids attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed, with special reference to predation by wintering birds
Authors: KANEKO Shuji
Published: December 2005

Seasonal changes in the abundance of five species of hymenopterous parasitoids (four species of Encyrtidae and one species of Eulophidae) attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed were investigated for 2 years in Lake Biwa, with special reference to predation by the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus, during winter. The scales settled on reed shoot stems under sheath leaves, passing through three discrete generations per year. The abundance of adult female scales increased exponentially from July (first generation) to December (third generation). Adult female scales of the third generation overwintered on reed shoots. During winter, female scale abundance dramatically declined, whereas the number of predation marks made by reed buntings using their bills on reed sheath leaves increased. The generations of all five parasitoids were synchronized with the host scale generations, and the five parasitoids overwintered as larvae inside the scale bodies. The abundance of parasitized scales and parasitoid adults emerging from the scales also increased from July to December, but greatly decreased during winter. The overall parasitism rate of the female scales remained at relatively low levels (less than 40%) throughout the year, including before and after winter. A bird exclusion experiment revealed that the dramatic winter decrease of the abundance of the scale and its five parasitoids was due to intensive and non‐selective predation by the buntings on unparasitized and parasitized scales. Additionally, the proportion of immature parasitoids removed by birds varied between the five parasitoid species. Thus, seasonal population changes of the five scale parasitoids are considerably affected by bird predation on overwintering immature parasitoids.
Substrate selection for pit making and oviposition in an antlion, Myrmeleon bore Tjeder, in terms of sand particle size
Authors: MATSURA Toshiaki , YAMAGA Yoshitaka , ITOH Madoka
Published: December 2005

The larvae of the pit‐making antlion Myrmeleon bore Tjeder live in open sand in riverbeds with a substratum consisting of various particle sizes. We analyzed the spatial distribution of their pits in a sandy floodplain to determine their larval and adult responses to the heterogeneous substrate. The spatial distribution pattern of their pits had an aggregated distribution, and there was a significant positive correlation between pit density and the ratio of medium‐size sand particles to total weight of sand. We examined the size of sand particles selected in the larval pit‐building behavior and the oviposition behavior of the adult. Both larvae and adults selected medium‐size sand particles. The larvae of M. bore are relatively sedentary predators and rarely move great distances. Thus, the present results suggest that habitat selection by adult females is a major factor causing the aggregative distribution of the pits.
Role of chemical cues and natal rearing effect on host recognition by the parasitic wasp Melittobia digitata
Authors: Da SILVA TORRES Christian S. A. , MATTHEWS Robert W. , RUBERSON John R. , LEWIS W. Joe
Published: December 2005

Parasitoids are expected to have the ability to find, recognize, and perhaps to discern potential hosts that can best support the development of their progeny. Melittobia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are gregarious ectoparasitoids, which primarily attack mud daubers (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). How Melittobia females locate their host is not well known, but the process may involve host‐related  chemical signals. In this study, we investigated the roles of host chemical cues and natal rearing effect in host recognition by Mel. digitata Dahms. In an olfactometer that contained prepupae of Trypoxylon  politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), puparia of Neobellieria bullata (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), empty or intact host cocoons, or nest mud, Mel. digitata females spent significantly more time in air fields that contained T. politum (prepupae + cocoon) and Meg. rotundata (prepupae + cocoon) than in N. bullata and control fields. Nest mud and natal host had no attraction for parasitoid host choice. Most first and last choices of Mel. digitata females in the olfactometer were not consistent, suggesting an initial random dispersion, although they responded positively towards hosts in cocoons.
Biochemical characterization of α‐amylase of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps
Authors: KAZZAZI Majid , BANDANI Ali R. , HOSSEINKHANI Saman
Published: December 2005

The α‐amylase in the midgut and salivary glands of Eurygaster integriceps was isolated and characterized. The specific activity of α‐amylase in the midgut was 1.77 U/mg protein and in the salivary glands was 1.65 U/mg protein. Sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis showed that both midgut and salivary glands contain isozymes. Only a trace amount of α‐amylase activity was detected in the first nymphal stage (0.19 U/mg protein), whereas α‐amylase activity was highest in the third nymphal stage (1.21 U/mg protein). The results show that α‐amylase activity in the immature stages increase constantly to the third instar stage. There was no significant difference in enzyme activity between the third, fourth and fifth nymphal stages and adults. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity was determined to be 6.5 and 35°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, urea, sodium dodecylsulfate and Mg2+, but NaCl and KCl enhanced enzyme activity.
Review of the genus Leucophenga Mik (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in India, with descriptions of five new species from northern India
Authors: FARTYAL Rajendra S. , SINGH Birendra K. , TODA Masanori J.
Published: December 2005

A review of all Indian Leucophenga species is given, including descriptions of five new species: L. champawatensis, L. chaubattiaensis, L. kumaonensis, L. nainae and L. neointerrupta. New collection records of some species from India and adjacent countries; namely, Myanmar and China, and distribution range of each species within India are also given. Keys to species groups and species occurring in India are provided.
The Analysis of Longitudinal Data Using Mixed Model L‐Splines
Authors: Welham Sue J. , Cullis Brian R. , Kenward Michael G. , Thompson Robin
Published: December 2005

SummaryL‐splines are a large family of smoothing splines defined in terms of a linear differential operator. This article develops L‐splines within the context of linear mixed models and uses the resulting mixed model L‐spline to analyze longitudinal data from a grassland experiment. In the spirit of time‐series analysis, a periodic mixed model L‐spline is developed, which partitions data into a smooth periodic component plus smooth long‐term trend.
Improvement in colour vision parameters following successful trabeculectomy
Authors: Magacho Leopoldo , Henderer Jeffrey D. , Lankaranian Dara , Steinmann William C. , Spaeth George L.
Published: December 2005

Purpose:  To determine whether colour vision improves following reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients.

Methods:  The medical records of 29 glaucoma patients (41 eyes) were reviewed. Inclusion criteria required subjects to have made more than four visits to the Glaucoma Service Laboratory and to undergo a thorough eye examination including a Farnsworth−Munsell 100‐hue colour vision test and Goldmann tonometry before and after pressure lowering. Colour vision parameters of total error score (TES), yellow−blue score (YBS) and red−green score (RGS) were measured. The study group consisted of 21 eyes of glaucoma patients who underwent uncomplicated trabeculectomy with an IOP reduction of ≥ 20% from baseline. The control group consisted of 21 eyes of glaucoma patients matched for age and colour vision, who received medication and/or underwent surgery with a post‐intervention IOP reduction of < 20% from baseline. The primary outcome was a comparison of pre‐ and post‐intervention colour vision parameters between the two groups.

Results:  There was a statistically significant improvement in TES (43 ± 44, p < 0.001), RGS (19 ± 27, p = 0.0077) and YBS (23 ± 29, p = 0.0007) in the study group compared with the control group. The improvement in TES (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), RGS (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and YBS (r = 0.40, p = 0.008) was correlated with the percentage of IOP reduction. There was no statistically significant difference between improvement in Y−B and R−G scores in the study group.

Conclusion:  Intraocular pressure reduction of ≥ 20% post‐trabeculectomy was associated with an improvement in colour vision. Colour vision tests may be useful as an adjunctive outcome measure for therapeutic interventions.
Infections after CD34‐selected or unmanipulated autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Frère Pascale , Pereira Maguy , Fillet Georges , Beguin Yves
Published: December 2005

Abstract:  Immune reconstitution may be delayed after CD34‐selected compared with unmanipulated autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), resulting in a theoretically increased risk of infections. In a case–control matched study we compared the incidence of infection in 25 recipients of CD34‐selected PBSC (CD34 group) and 75 recipients of unmanipulated PBSC (PBSC group) transplants. The population included 52 males and 48 females suffering from non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 32), Hodgkin's disease (n = 8), multiple myeloma (n = 40) or breast cancer (n = 20). Neutrophil engraftment was comparable in the two groups. The actuarial incidence of infection was similar in the two groups (56% vs. 49% at day 30, and 70% vs. 64% at 1 yr respectively). The proportion of patients with 1, 2 or 3 infections, the number of infectious event per patient (1.32 vs. 1.04; NS), the number of infections before day 15 or 30, between days 31 and 100 or after day 100, the risk of varicella‐zoster virus or cytomegalovirus infection or disease, or the use of antibiotic or antifungal therapy, were not increased in the CD34 compared with the PBSC group. The main agents responsible for infection were bacteria, particularly gram‐positive cocci, in both groups. Bacteremia accounted for 33% of all infectious events in the CD34 group vs. 16% in the PBSC group (P < 0.05). Fungal infections were rare. In conclusion, our results do not support the notion that CD34‐selection of the graft is associated with an increased rate of infection after autologous PBSC transplantation. The role of extended infection prophylaxis should be evaluated.
Technetium 99m‐diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid aerosol clearance in the evaluation of pulmonary involvement in sickle cell disease
Authors: Onadeko Babatunde O. , Marouf Rajaa , Omar Abdelmoneim M. , Hijazi Zeinat , Khadadah Mousa , Qurtom Mohammed , Collier Bert D. , Elgazzar Abdelhamid H. , Adekile Adekunle D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract:  Background: Pulmonary clearance of inhaled technetium (Tc) 99m‐labeled diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid (DTPA) aerosol is a sensitive non‐invasive marker of alveolar permeability and patients with interstitial lung diseases show enhanced clearance. However, a previous study in adult patients with diabetes mellitus showed delayed clearance. Objectives: To investigate DTPA clearance in steady‐state, otherwise healthy adult sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and correlate it with pulmonary function tests (PFTs), hematologic and clinical parameters. Materials and methods: The subjects were randomly selected from the Hematology Clinic of Mubarak Hospital, Kuwait. Hematologic and pulmonary function data were collected with standard methods. DTPA radio‐aerosol clearance studies were performed using ultrafine nebulizer containing 35 mCi (1295 MBq) of Tc 99m‐DTPA in its reservoir and t1/2 clearance in minutes was determined. Average values for both lungs were calculated and compared with normal values for our population. Results:Forty‐three subjects (24 SS and 19 S‐β0thal) aged between 16 and 45 yr (mean of 27.1 ± 9.7) were studied. Twenty‐two subjects (51.2%) had delayed, while only 10 (23.3%) showed enhanced DTPA clearance. Patients with enhanced clearance showed better PFTs than those with normal or delayed clearance. There was significant negative correlation of DTPA clearance with forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and total lung capacity and significant positive correlation with age. Conclusions: Majority of adult SCD patients have delayed DTPA clearance unlike in inflammatory lung diseases, but similar to diabetes mellitus. DTPA clearance may be a useful modality for monitoring pulmonary involvement in SCD.
Resistant pure red cell aplasia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with major ABO mismatch treated by purified CD34+ cell infusion
Authors: Woo Hyun‐Young , Min Chang‐Ki , Lee Se‐Min , Cho Hyun‐Sun , Kim Seong‐Yong , Lee Seok , Lee Jong‐Wook , Min Woo‐Sung , Kim Chun‐Choo , Kim Yonggu
Published: December 2005

Abstract:  We report a case of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) subsequent to an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with a major ABO mismatch, which was resistant to the standard treatment options such as plasma exchange, erythropoietin and changes in the immunosuppressive treatment. Accordingly, two cycles of Rituximab therapy were administered without success. The patient had a chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease of the liver, which meant that an additional donor leukocyte infusion could not be introduced. Instead, purified CD34+ cells were administered after fludarabine and antithymocyte globulin therapy. As a result, the PRCA was resolved and the antidonor isohemagglutinin titer became undetectable.
Quantitative analysis of MC1R gene expression in human skin cell cultures
Authors: Roberts Donald W. , Newton Richard A. , Beaumont Kimberley A. , Helen Leonard J. , Sturm Richard A.
Published: December 2005

To address the issue of melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) expression in non‐melanocytic cells, we have quantitatively evaluated the relative expression levels of both MC1R mRNA and protein in a subset of different cell types. Using semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) at high cycle numbers, we detected MC1R mRNA in all cell types examined, including human embryonic kidney‐293 (HEK 293) cells, a cell type widely used as a negative control in melanocortin expression studies. Quantitative real‐time PCR revealed the highest levels of MC1R transcripts were in melanocytic cells, whereas the keratinocyte and fibroblast cell cultures examined had only a low level of expression, similar to that of HEK 293 cells. Antibody mediated detection of MC1R protein in membrane extracts demonstrated exogenous receptor in MC1R transfected cell lines, as well as endogenous MC1R in melanoma cells. However, radioligand binding procedures were required to detect MC1R protein of normal human melanocytes and no surface expression of MC1R was detected in any of the non‐melanocytic cells examined. This was consistent with their low level of mRNA, and suggests that, if present, the levels of surface receptor are significantly lower than that in melanocytes. The capacity of such limited levels of MC1R protein to influence non‐melanocytic skin cell biology would likely be severely compromised. Indeed, the MC1R agonist [NIe4, D‐Phe7] alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP–MSH) was unable to elevate intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the keratinocyte and fibroblast cells examined, whereas a robust increase was elicited in melanocytes. Although there are a variety of cell types with detectable MC1R mRNA, the expression of physiologically significant levels of the receptor may be more restricted than the current literature indicates, and within epidermal tissue may be limited to the melanocyte.
Studies of pigment transfer between Xenopus laevis melanophores and fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo1
Authors: Aspengren Sara , Hedberg Daniel , Wallin Margareta
Published: December 2005

Frog melanophores rapidly change colour by dispersion or aggregation of melanosomes. A long‐term colour change exists where melanosomes are released from melanophores and transferred to surrounding skin cells. No in vitro model for pigment transfer exists for lower vertebrates. Frog melanophores of different morphology exist both in epidermis where keratinocytes are present and in dermis where fibroblasts dominate. We have examined whether release and transfer of melanosomes can be studied in a melanophore‐fibroblast co‐culture, as no frog keratinocyte cell line exists. Xenopus laevis melanophores are normally cultured in conditioned medium from fibroblasts and fibroblast‐derived factors may be important for melanophore morphology. Melanin was exocytosed as membrane‐enclosed melanosomes in a process that was upregulated by α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), and melanosomes where taken up by fibroblasts. Melanosome membrane‐proteins seemed to be of importance, as the cluster‐like uptake pattern of pigment granules was distinct from that of latex beads. In vivo results confirmed the ability of dermal fibroblasts to engulf melanosomes. Our results show that cultured frog melanophores can not only be used for studies of rapid colour change, but also as a model system for long‐term colour changes and for studies of factors that affect pigmentation.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOOT IN HORSES WITH PALMAR FOOT PAIN AND CONTROL HORSES
Authors: Murray Rachel C. , Schramme Michael C. , Dyson Sue J. , Branch Marion V. , Blunden Tony S.
Published: December 2005

Palmar foot pain is a common cause of lameness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to detect damage in all tissues of the equine foot, but an understanding of the differences in magnetic resonance (MR) images between feet from horses with and without palmar foot pain is required. This study aimed to describe MR findings in feet from horses with no history of foot‐related lameness, and to compare these with MR findings in horses with lameness improved by palmar digital local analgesia.

Thirty‐four limbs from horses euthanized with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome (lameness >2 months duration, positive response to palmar digital nerve blocks and absence of other forelimb problems) (Group L), and 25 feet from age‐matched horses with no history of foot pain (Group N) were examined. For each anatomic structure, MR signal intensity and homogeneity, size, definition of margins, and relationships with other structures were described. Alterations in MR signal intensity and homogeneity were graded as mild, moderate, or severe and compared between Groups L and N.

Results revealed that there were significant differences in MR images between Groups N and L. Multiple moderate–severe MR signal changes were present in 91% of limbs from Group L and moderate (none were graded severe) in 27% of limbs from Group N. In most Group L limbs, more than three structures and frequently six to eight structures were abnormal. Concomitant abnormalities involved most frequently the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligament, and navicular bursa (with significant associations in severity grade between these structures), sometimes with involvement of the distal interphalangeal joint and/or its collateral ligaments.

It was concluded that findings on MR images were different between horses with and without foot pain, and that pain localized to the foot was associated with MR changes in a variety of structures, indicating that damage to several structures may occur concurrently and that MR imaging was useful for evaluation of foot pain.
EVALUATION OF99MTC‐DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETIC ACID RENAL SCINTIGRAM CURVES IN NORMAL DOGS AFTER INDUCTION OF DIURESIS
Authors: KUNZE CHRISTOPHER , BAHR ANNE , LEES GEORGE E.
Published: December 2005

The normal99mTc‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) renal scintigram curve has 3 distinct phases; an arterial phase followed by progressive uptake and subsequent excretion from the kidney. In dogs with X‐linked hereditary nephritis, a distinct flattening of the renal scintigram curve has been observed prior to any decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The cause of this shape change is not known, however, it coincided with decreased urine‐specific gravity and thus might be related to polyuria. To further evaluate this possibility, we assessed whether diuresis without concurrent renal disease could flatten the99mTc‐DTPA renal scintigram curve. GFR scintigraphy was performed in six healthy dogs once as a baseline, and again after induction of diuresis by each of four different methods. Scintigram curves were evaluated subjectively as well as quantitatively by calculation of GFR estimates, mean renal transit times, time to peak activity and half‐time clearance. Complete flattening of the renal scintigram curve did not occur with diuresis alone, and therefore, flattening of the scintigram curve may serve as an early indicator of renal dysfunction. However, during diuresis after intravenous saline administration, alterations in time to peak activity and mean renal transit time may create inaccuracies in GFR estimates based on the conventional regression formula that cause a false lowering of the resultant global GFR value.