bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurobiological mechanisms for nonverbal IQ tests: implications for instruction of nonverbal children with autism
Authors: Vyshedskiy Andrey , Dunn Rita , Piryatinsky Irene
Published: April 2017

Traditionally, the neurological correlates of IQ test questions are characterized qualitatively in terms of ‘control of attention’ and ‘working memory.’ In this report we attempt to characterize each IQ test question quantitatively by two factors: a) the number of disparate objects that have to be imagined in concert in order to solve the problem and, b) the amount of recruited posterior cortex territory. With such a classification, an IQ test can be understood on a neuronal level and a subject’s IQ score could be interpreted in terms of specific neurological mechanisms available to the subject.

Here we present the results of an analysis of the three most popular nonverbal IQ tests: Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-4), Standard Raven's Progressive Matrices, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V). Our analysis shows that approximately half of all questions (52±0.02%) are limited to mental computations involving only a single object; these easier questions are found towards the beginning of each test. More difficult questions located towards the end of each test rely on mental synthesis of several disparate objects and the number of objects involved in computations gradually increases with question difficulty. These more challenging questions require the organization of wider posterior cortex networks by the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). This conclusion is in line with neuroimaging studies showing that activation level of the lateral PFC and the posterior cortex positively correlates with task difficulty. This analysis has direct implications for brain pathophysiology and, specifically, for therapeutic interventions for children with language impairment, most notably for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disorders.
Economic Development Through Regional Approach
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: April 2017

Entrepreneurship has potentially short, medium, and long-term consequences for regions, including the creation of employment and wealth. Efficient firms grow and survive while inefficient firms decline and fall. Regions have gained a position at the forefront of the economic development policy agenda. However, the regional approach to economic strategy remains contested. The ability of regions to gain from the positive effects of entrepreneurship will depend on their institutional arrangements, the social payoff structure, and their ability to turn knowledge into regional growth through the creation and dissemination of knowledge. Through in-depth observation, examining policies, and content analysis of relevant documents, this chapter through case study of Pune Auto Component Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) from India attempts to explore and understand the extent economic development occurs when regional approach is adopted.
Role of Credit Constraints on Product Quality
Authors: Kabadurmus Fatma Nur Karaman , Lahiri Sajal
Published: April 2017

We analyze firms' investment on R&D in an imperfectly competitive setting. Our focus is on cost asymmetries in a duopoly model. The baseline model setting assumes firms invest in a quality ladder type of R&D process with probabilistic returns and have to borrow both at the innovation stage and the production stage. We find that if the firm is more efficient than the rival, effort on R&D will decrease less upon facing a common interest rate. We test our theoretical predictions using World Bank's Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS, 2002, 2005) for Turkey.
Knitting Patterns
Authors: McMeel Dermott John James , Amor Robert
Published: April 2017

Large software conglomerates like Trimble and Autodesk provide consumers with suites of software that perform many functions within the design and construction process. Communicating with software outside of the suite can be highly problematic as file types and communication protocols are proprietary and closed within that software family - the antithesis of interoperability). This is in stark contrast with emerging trends in consumer computing, where we find a rich ecosystem of devices and services facilitating a period of intense innovation. This paper documents original research that aims to implement communication beyond specific software suites and test, to what extent, wider software ecosystems revolving around open standards might be implemented within the design and construction domain. Our first test case—an agent-based dynamic simulation combining natural and built environmental components—is deployed to explore the city as a multitude of interrelated natural and built patterns. We analyze the role this simulation might play in managing the complexities of rebuilding a sustainable urban environment after the devastating earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. The second test case deploys an iPad application to communicate with a BIM model - exploring the development of a mobile application and methodology for openly communicating outside of the intended software family. Through these case studies we begin to identify ways to leverage emergent device and data ecosystems and representations for ‘knitting' devices and services together in innovative ways to advance design and construction processes.
Barriers to E-Government Adoption in Jordanian Organizations from Users' and Employees' Perspectives
Authors: Al-Refaie Abbas , Ramadna Abeer Mahmoud
Published: April 2017

This research examines the effects of five types of barriers; technology, organization, strategy, policy, and end-user barriers, and investigates their effects on E-goverment adoption in Jordan using structural equation modeling. A structural model was proposed and then its validity was checked with appropriate measures. A total of 1100 surveys were distributed in person and by electronic ways; of which 600 surveys were distributed to E-government employees, while the remaining were distributed to the users of government e-services. Five hypotheses were tested using the data collected from employees and users. Moreover, the model hypotheses were tested using the data collected from four main Jordanian organizations. The technology barriers were the main obstacle to successful E-government adoption in all organizations. Moreover, the effects of the other four barriers varied among organizations. In conclusion, the results should guide the decision makers in government sector to the right policies and adequate actions that enhance efficiency of E-government adoption.
Filtering Method for the Annotated and Non-Annotated Web Pages
Authors: Dammak Sahar Maâlej , Jedidi Anis , Bouaziz Rafik
Published: April 2017

With the great mass of the pages managed through the world, and especially with the advent of the Web, it has become more difficult to find the relevant pages after an interrogation. Furthermore, the manual filtering of the indexed Web pages is a laborious task. A new filtering method of the annotated Web pages (by our semantic annotation process) and the non-annotated Web pages (retrieved from search engine “Google”) is then necessary to group the relevant Web pages for the user. In this paper, the authors will first synthesize their previous work of the semantic annotation of Web pages. Then, they will define a new filtering method based on three activities. The authors will also present their querying and filtering component of Web pages; their purpose is to demonstrate the feasibility of the filtering method. Finally, the authors will present an evaluation of this component, which has proved its performance for multiple domains.
A Cloud-Based Architecture for Interactive E-Training
Authors: Samra Halima E. , Li Alice S. , Soh Ben , AlZain Mohammed A.
Published: April 2017

Cloud-based technologies play a significant role in the technology-enhanced learning domain. The adoption of cloud technologies in the educational environment has a positive impact on the learning process by offering new tools and services to improve and support the learning life cycle, including interactivity. In specific fields, such as clinical skills training, that involve computer-intensive training scenarios, there is an increased demand to deliver training services to a larger number of learners, therefore the need for cloud services. However, to date there has been a lack of a formalized framework relating to the use of cloud computing for on-demand interactive e-training resources. This paper is to formalize a theoretical framework for an interactive e-training system particularly for clinical skills training, taking into consideration e-training system requirements and with a focus on applying cloud technologies to ensure the dynamic scalability of services and computing power while maintaining QoS and security
An Overview on Effectiveness of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL)
Authors: Daniela Linda , Kalniņa Daiga , Strods Raimonds
Published: April 2017

It is necessary to introduce changes in teacher education in order to include the acquisition of competences necessary for the technology-enhanced learning process both organizing the learning process and developing new and innovative didactic means that promote learning as well as using digital technologies that nowadays has become an integral part of any teacher's and university lecturer's competence in the learning process to perform qualitatively their work. Despite the fact that teaching/learning methods used in the education system in the world have been explored, different studies on advantages and shortcomings of these methods have been performed there still are no serious reviews on the effectiveness of applying technology-enhanced learning methods in the contexts and environments of different school subjects. In order to close this gap serious research has been carried out using the latest scientific literature found in Web of Science data basis to work out a scientific review on the effectiveness of applying TEL in the educational environment.
Analytical Study on Bug Triaging Practices
Authors: Goyal Anjali , Sardana Neetu
Published: April 2017

Software bugs are inevitable and fixing these bugs is a difficult and time consuming task. Bug report assignment is the activity of designating a developer who makes source code changes in order to fix the bug. Many bug assignment techniques have been proposed in the existing studies. These studies use different datasets, varied input and evaluation parameters to validate their work. This diversification in bug triaging results in perplexity among researchers. Hence, this paper organizes the work performed in bug triaging in a structured manner. This paper aims to present current state of the art to provide a structured consolidation of bug triaging approaches. The paper has identified six research questions under five dimensions to address the various aspects of bug triaging. 60 articles from 36 venues have been reviewed and categorized in order to organize and substructure existing work in the field of bug report assignment. This study will help researchers to wisely decide the weapons for bug triaging. Also, it will act as a ready reference for the bug triaging practitioners.
Revisiting the Conflicts between ‘Environmental Taxes vs Standard' in the Context of International Trade
Authors: Chatterjee Nilendu , Gupta Kausik , Chatterjee Tonmoy
Published: April 2017

The present paper throws light on the famous “tax versus standard” debate in the sphere of environmental economics by using general equilibrium framework and tries to examine which of the two, i.e., tax or standard is the better way to deal with pollution. It has done so in the presence of a waste recycling sector which is the unique feature of it and has shown the impact of tax and standard separately on different polluting and non-polluting sectors of the economy. The study has developed a unique as well as an interesting result that in the presence of a waste recycling sector in the economy, both pollution tax and environmental standard have the same impact.
An Architectural Solution for Health Information Exchange
Authors: Ziminski Timoteus B. , Demurjian Steven A. , Sanzi Eugene , Baihan Mohammed , Agresta Thomas
Published: April 2017

Health information technology (HIT) systems including electronic health records (EHRs) have a market saturation nearing 92% at individual institutions but are still unsuited for cross-institutional collaboration of stakeholders (e.g., medical providers such as physicians, hospitals, clinics, labs, etc.) in support of health information exchange (HIE) of different HIT systems in geographically separate locations. In the computer science field, software architectures such as service-oriented architecture, grid computing, publish/subscribe paradigm, and data warehousing are well-established approaches for interoperation. However, the application of these software architectures to support HIE has not been significantly explored. To address this issue, this paper proposes an architectural solution for HIE that leverages established software architectural styles in conjunction with the emergent HL7 standard Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR). FHIR models healthcare data with XML or JSON schemas using a set of 93 resources to track a patient's clinical findings, problems, allergies, adverse events, history, suggested physician orders, care planning, etc. For each resource, a FHIR CRUD RESTful Application Program Interface (API) is defined to share data in a common format for each of the HITs that can then be easily accessible by mobile applications. This paper details an architectural solution for HIE using software architectural styles in conjunction with FHIR to allow HIT systems of stakeholders to be integrated to facilitate collaboration among medical providers. To demonstrate the feasibility and utility of HHIEA, a realistic regional healthcare scenario is introduced that illustrates the interactions of stakeholders across an integrated collection of HIT systems.
Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of elephant grass silage added with dehydrated banana peel
Authors: Brant Lara Maria Santos , Pimentel Paulo Roberto Silveira , Rigueira João Paulo Sampaio , Alves Dorismar David , Carvalho Mateus Alves Macedo , Alves Wagner Sousa
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentative losses and nutritional value of elephant grass silages with the increasing of inclusion levels of dehydrated banana peel. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replications, being the silage exclusively from elephant grass, and five levels of inclusion of banana peel to the elephant grass silage, as the following - 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25%, being added based on natural matter. The addition of the banana peel in the silage reduced linearly (p < 0.05) the pH, the ammoniacal nitrogen and the losses of the fermentative process. In addition, the inclusion of banana peel increased linearly (p < 0.05) the dry matter and non-fibrous carbohydrates. On the other hand, the neutral detergent fiber and the acid detergent fiber were linearly reduced with the inclusion of the banana peel (p < 0.05), but there was no change in the dry matter digestibility in situ. The inclusion of dehydrated banana peel in elephant grass silage reduces the losses of the fermentation process with more consistent results at the 25% inclusion level, however, it reduces the silage nutritional value due to fibrous and protein quality.
Comparison of transurethral incision of the prostate and silodosin in patients having benign prostatic obstruction in terms of retrograde ejaculation
Authors: Cakiroglu Basri , Hazar Aydin Ismet , Sinanoglu Orhun , Arda Ersan , Ekici Sinan
Published: April 2017

Background: To compare the functional outcomes and retrograde ejaculation (RE) after transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) or silodosin in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) secondary to a small prostate. Methods: Prospectively collected data from December 2011 through December 2014 of 192 LUTS patients having fertility concerns with prostate volume smaller than 40 ml receiving either TUIP or silodosin treatment were prospectively reviewed. The treatment outcomes were evaluated and compared. Results: TUIP was performed in 96 cases and silodosin 8 mg was prescribed in 96 cases. At 12th months after TUIP or continuous silodosin treatment, the decrease in mean International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and postvoiding residual urine (PVR) and the improvement of mean maximal flow rate (Qmax) were significant (p = 0.000). The improvement in IPPS and Qmax was significantly higher in TUIP group compared to silodosin group (p = 0.005, p = 0.000) with a lower rate of retrograde ejaculation (RE) in TUIP group. (11/96 vs 33/96) (p = 0.000) Conclusions: Both TUIP and silodosin ensures comparable improvement in PVR, IPSS and Qmax with a lower rate of RE on the TUIP group in prostates weighing less than 40 grams suggesting that TUIP is a better choice in younger patiens seeking preservation of ejaculation with fertility concerns.
Factors affecting surgical margin positivity in robotic assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Yuksel Mustafa , Karamık Kaan , Anıl Hakan , Islamoglu Ekrem , Ates Mutlu , Savas Murat
Published: April 2017

Objectives: After radical prostatectomy, surgical margin positivity is an important indicator of biochemical recurrence and progression. In our study we want to compare the surgical margin positivity rates for retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) and robotic assisted radical prostatectomy (RALP) and investigate the factors affecting surgical margin positivity in RALP. Materials and methods: Data from 78 RRP and 62 RALP patients operated from 2011 May to 2016 March were retrospectively screened. Patients in both groups were compared in terms of age, postop hematocrit reduction, hospital stay, duration of follow-up, surgical margin positivity, biochemical recurrence and oncologic parameters. In RALP group it was searched the relationship between the surgical margin positivity and prostate specific antigen (PSA), positive biopsy core, biopsy Gleason scoring, pathologic stage and Gleason scoring, lymph node positivity, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, prostate weight. Results: Patients in the RALP group had lower postop hematocrit reduction and shorter hospital stay (p < 0.001). There was no difference in surgical margin positivity between RALP and RRP groups (37.1% vs. 29.5%, p = 0.341). In RALP group there was a correlation between surgical margin positivity and positive biopsy core number (p = 0.011), pathologic stage (p < 0.001) and Gleason score (p < 0.001), EAU risk classification (p = 0.001), seminal vesicle invasion (p = 0.045), extraprostatic extension (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between prostate weight (p = 0.896), PSA (p = 0.220), biopsy Gleason score (p = 0.266), lymph node positivity (p = 0.140), perineural (p = 0.103) and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.92) with surgical margin positivity. Conclusions: Positive biopsy core number, pathological stage and Gleason score, EAU risk classification, seminal vesicle invasion and extraprostatic extension are correlated with surgical margin positivity in RALP.
Nonabsorbable polymer clip as a cause of chronic perineal pain after radical prostatectomy: Description of a case treated by transperineal approach
Authors: Creta Massimiliano , Di Meo Sergio , Buonopane Roberto , Rocco Bernardo , Imperatore Vittorio
Published: April 2017

The occurrence of persistent perineal pain caused by surgical clips has rarely been described after radical prostatectomy (RP). We describe the case of a patient complaining of chronic perineal pain occurred soon after robotic RP, refractory to conventional medical therapy and exacerbated by the sitting position. Pain was related to a nonabsorbable polymer clip used to secure lateral pedicles. A transpeerineal approach was used to perform an hydrodissection of the rectovesical space at the level of the surgical clip combined with local injection of mepivacaine and betametasone. The patient experienced a clinically significant reduction of pain that remained stable at three months’ follow-up.
Effect of flux powder SiO2 for the welding of 304-austenitic stainless steel using gas tungsten arc welding
Authors: Kumar Vijander
Published: April 2017

Three input machine parameters namely current, welding speed and gas flow rate at three different levels have been considered in order to find out the influence of parameters on weld bead geometry, i.e. weld bead width, penetration and angular distortion. Taguchi method has been used in order to analyse the effect of various parameters on the weld geometry. Orthogonal array L9 has been applied for conduct in the experimentation. Based on the experimental data, the mathematical model has been developed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is found that TIG welding with flux powder SiO2 increases the penetration and decreases the bead width, and tends to reduce angular distortion of the welds.Keywords: 304- austenitic stainless steel, SiO2 flux, GTAW, Weld Geometry
CNR-ISAC 2 m temperature monthly forecasts: a first probabilistic evaluation
Authors: Mastrangelo Daniele , Malguzzi Piero
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The 2 m temperature probabilistic forecasts collected, on a weekly basis, in about one year of CNR-ISAC monthly forecasting activity are evaluated in this work. RPSS and reliability diagrams are computed on a tercile classification of forecast and observed temperatures. The RPSS, averaged over all the available cases, shows that the system has a residual predictive skill beyond week 2 on some peculiar regions. Reliability diagrams show that, in general, the probability forecasts of above-normal observed temperature are more reliable than below-normal temperature. Although the results are based on a limited period, they can represent a reference for similar works based on other subseasonal forecasting systems.
SMOS brightness temperature assimilation into the Community Land Model
Authors: Rains Dominik , Han Xujun , Lievens Hans , Montzka Carsten , Verhoest Niko E. C.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission) brightness temperatures at a single incident angle are assimilated into the Community Land Model (CLM), improving soil moisture simulations over the Australian continent. Therefore the data assimilation system DasPy is coupled to the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) as well as to the Community Microwave Emission Model (CMEM). Brightness temperature climatologies are precomputed to enable the assimilation of brightness temperature anomalies, making use of 6 years of SMOS data (2010–2015). Mean correlation R increases moderately from 0.61 to 0.68 when the root-zone is included in the updates. A slightly reduced improvement is achieved when restricting the assimilation to the upper soil layers. Furthermore, the long-term assimilation impact is analysed by looking at a set of quantiles computed at each grid cell. Within hydrological monitoring systems, extreme dry or wet conditions are often defined via their relative occurrence, adding great importance to assimilation induced quantile changes. Although now still limited, longer L-band radiometer time series will become available and make model output improved by assimilating such data more usable for extreme event statistics.
Quantitative assessment of rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility in new urban area of Fengjie County, Three Gorges area, China
Authors: Wen Haijia , Zhang Yanyan , Duan Guofan , Fu Hongmei , Xie Peng , Zhou Peng , Yang Yong
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for quantifying rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility in a regional scale. Based on the combination of mechanical stability analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and detailed field investigation, the methodology was applied to the new urban area of Fengjie County in Northeastern Chongqing, China. According to the field investigation, an analysis sample database (ASD) pertaining to 6 slope stability influencing factors was built by means of uniform design method, and 30 samples for slope stability analysis were grouped. Then, safety factors of the sample groups were calculated by means of Geo-studio software concerning rainfall infiltration into slopes. To obtain overall slope stability analyses in the study area, the ANN was employed and the safety factors of the samples were utilized as training samples by ANN. Combining the trained ANN and survey data of the study area, the computation of safety factors under different rainfall were integrated and mapped within the GIS. The landslide susceptibility assessment indicates that slopes in more than a quarter of the study area are prone to landslides under rainstorm and severe rainstorm, however, slopes in the whole area under light rainfall, moderate rainfall and even heavy rainfall are relatively safer. Further, the results highlight the geological settings effect on landslide susceptibility as the high susceptibility zones are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and its three branches, where the bank slopes are composed of fractured stratum, weak rocks and deposits. In good accordance with the rainfall-induced landslide events occurred in recent years and some findings in other literature about the study area, it is proved that the methodology presented in this paper could reasonably delineate landslide susceptibility under rainfall.
A Study of the Adsorptive and Oxidative Bleaching of Palm Oil Using Clay and Potassium Tetraoxomanganate V11 Materials
Authors: Ekwonu A. M. , Egolum E. O.
Published: April 2017

Fats and oils undergo hydrolysis reaction. They hydrolyse to yield propane-1,2,3 triol and the corresponding alkanoic acids if it is acid hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis yields sodium or potassium salt of the alkanoic acid and propane-1,2,3-triol. A common approach for bleaching palm oil has been the use of clay materials, particularly the commercially available fuller’s earth. In this study, the suitability of chemical bleaching of palm oil using acidified (0.1M H2SO4) and non-acidified 1.0M KMnO4 was examined. This is compared to the adsorptive procedure using clay materials. Average bleaching absorbance values of 0.017+0.005 and 0.115+0.004 for acidified and non-acidified KMnO4 were respectively obtained from the oxidative bleaching procedure. Those for fuller’s earth and its blend with sodium sesquicarbonate (trona, a locally obtained clay) gave absorbance values of 0.121+0.011 and 0.186+0.006 respectively; while that for trona/activated carbon blend was 0.234+0.007. These are in comparison to 0.881 for the unbleached palm oil. Thus, a relatively better bleaching was achieved with the oxidative process. A first order rate reaction with respect to the bleaching agents was obtained for both procedures. Rate constants of 0.079+014 (acidified) and 0.055+0.020min-1 (non-acidified) at 800C were recorded for the oxidative bleaching. These are compared to 0.034+0.009 obtained for the clay mixture. Half-life values of 10min for acidified oxidative process, and 28min for adsorptive clay mixture method, were obtained. Efficiency of 98% was obtained for the acidified oxidative compared to approximately 70% for the clay blend. A significance, p< 0.05, between the absorbance values for the acidified oxidative and each of the adsorptive clay bleaching procedures was obtained.These observations indicate the potentials of oxidizing agents especially the acidified KMnO4 in the bleaching of palm oil, and therefore, suggest its usage industrially for this purpose.
The Study of How Open Community Based on Combination Weighting Method Influence on Road Capacity
Authors: He Zhuhui , Liao Rui , Wang Longlong
Published: April 2017

The paper studies whether the opening of community can improve the road capacity. First of all, based on the consideration of road space and traffic quality, the evaluation indexes are: road network density, road network connectivity, non-linear coefficient, traffic volume of main road beside community, delay time of intersection, travel time consumption and vehicle accessibility. Secondly, the weight of the index is calculated by the method of relative comparison, the variation coefficient method and the entropy weight method. Then, we sort the three weights, using the correlated coefficient and degree of spearman rank to combine the three weights, so as to get combined weights of various index and achieve the effect which makes good use of the method. Finally, we combine indicators and weights, establish a comprehensive evaluation model, and assess the road capacity before and after the opening of the road. Through the calculation, it is found that the comprehensive evaluation index after the opening of the community is higher than that before the opening, that is, the positive impact on the surrounding roads.
Assistência espiritual e religiosa a pacientes com câncer no contexto hospitalar Spiritual and religious assistance to cancer patients in the hospital context
Authors: Freire Maria Eliane Moreira , Vasconcelos Monica Ferreira de , Silva Terezinha Nunes da , Oliveira Karla de Lima
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Investigar como pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer concebem o apoio religioso/espiritual no contexto hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com pacientes acometidos por câncer, assistidos na Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley - HULW/UFPB. Resultados: Da análise dos dados qualitativos, depois das leituras atentivas das falas dos entrevistados, emergiram as seguintes categorias temáticas: Categoria 1 - Significado do apoio religioso/espiritual recebido durante hospitalização; Categoria 2 - Promotores do apoio religioso/espiritual no ambiente hospitalar; Categoria 3 - Participação em atividades religiosas/espirituais durante hospitalização. Conclusão: Os resultados revelaram que a religiosidade/espiritualidade é uma tática importante no enfrentamento da doença oncológica, considerando que os pacientes entrevistados relataram o significado positivo do apoio recebido, pois a fé proporciona uma maneira de pensar construtiva. Assim, foi possível evidenciar a relevância do apoio religioso/espiritual para pacientes oncológicos durante a internação hospitalar
O papel do agente comunitário de saúde no fortalecimento da educação popular em saúde The role of the community health worker to strengthen popular education in health
Authors: David Helena Maria Scherlowski Leal
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Refletir e discutir o papel do Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) como educador popular. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, centrada na concepção da pesquisa-ação, utilizando procedimentos de grupo-focal, oficinas e análise de conteúdo. Os sujeitos desse estudo foram 14 ACS de duas Áreas Programáticas do Município do Rio de Janeiro, em grupo focal realizado em novembro de 2010. Resultados: A análise evidenciou que o ACS desenvolve práticas com base em pressupostos da Educação Popular em Saúde, permeadas de modo ambíguo por uma concepção normativa e bancária de educação,  como forma de reconhecimento e valorização dentro da equipe. Conclusão: O ACS possui um potencial educativo capaz de contribuir para a efetivação das ações da Atenção Básica. Para isso, deve buscar sua qualificação profissional e fortalecimento coletivo, e refletir criticamente sobre as contradições do seu trabalho.
Fitoterapia na atenção básica: estudo com profissionais enfermeiros Phytotherapy in primary care: study with nurse professionals
Authors: Brito Fabiana Medeiros , Oliveira Alinne de Fátima Pires , Costa Isabelle Cristinne Pinto , Andrade Cristiani Garrido de , Santos Kamyla Félix Oliveira dos , Anízio Brígida Karla Fonseca
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Investigar a compreensão de enfermeiros sobre a Fitoterapia e averiguar as estratégias necessárias para a consolidação desta prática na Atenção Básica. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com 10 enfermeiros nas unidades de Saúde da Família do Distrito IV, na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados nas entrevistas gravadas, durante o mês de abril de 2015, e tratados qualitativamente mediante a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: As categorias emergidas da análise foram: Fitoterapia na Atenção Básica: compreensão de enfermeiros; e Estratégias necessárias para a consolidação da Fitoterapia na Atenção básica. Tais categorias demonstraram a falta de compreensão dos enfermeiros acerca da Fitoterapia e de suas políticas, assim como estratégias necessárias para a consolidação desta na Atenção Básica. Conclusão: Deste modo, espera-se que este estudo possibilite novas reflexões e uma maior investigação acerca da utilização da Fitoterapia no cenário da Atenção Básica. Descritores: Fitoterapia, Enfermagem, Atenção Primária à Saúde.
Formação para o cuidado integral: percepção de docentes e discentes de Enfermagem Training for integral care: perception of Nursing teachers and students
Authors: Rangel Rosiane Filipin , Gema Santini Costenaro Regina , Ilha Silomar , Zamberlan Cláudia , Crecencia Heckler de Siqueira Hedi , Stein Backes Dirce
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Conhecer como os docentes e discentes de um curso de graduação em enfermagem percebem a abordagem do cuidado integral/integralidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratório-descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com sete docentes e seis discentes do Curso de Enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados coletados, por meio da técnica de grupo focal, foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: A análise dos dados possibilitou a construção da síntese coletiva de um grande tema: Formação do enfermeiro para o cuidado integral/integralidade, do qual se originaram dois subtemas: Permitindo a transformação: a formação do enfermeiro pela ótica dos discentes; Formando para a (des) organização: a formação do enfermeiro pela ótica dos docentes. Conclusão: Considera-se essencial ampliar o cuidado integral/integralidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, a partir dos primeiros semestres.
Medidas educativas para minimizar os riscos ocupacionais na equipe de enfermagem da UTI Educational measures to minimize occupational hazards in the ICU nursing staff
Authors: De Souza Vanessa , Antunes Cortez Elaine , Gomes do Carmo Thalita
Published: April 2017

O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases do Lilacs, Bdenf e Medline, cujo objetivo foi identificar os riscos ocupacionais associados aos trabalhadores da UTI, assim como seus fatores de risco; e propor medidas educativas aos riscos encontrados. Após critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados seis artigos. Os resultados indicaram riscos biológicos, riscos químicos, riscos ergonômicos, riscos físicos e riscos mecânicos, como riscos ocupacionais presentes e os fatores de riscos ocupacionais que influenciam na rotina e no desenvolvimento de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem. Os estudos apresentam poucas medidas educativas a fim de amenizar estes tipos de riscos aos trabalhadores. Conclui-se que todos os riscos ocupacionais estão presentes na UTI, mas risco ergonômico é o responsável pelos altos índices nas pesquisas evidenciando o estresse como seu maior consequência. A educação permanente permeia as propostas educativas para minimizar os riscos ocupacionais.Descritores: Enfermagem; Saúde ocupacional; Saúde do trabalhador;  Unidade        de terapia intensiva.
Spatial scale and duration of one microburst region on 13 August 2015
Authors: Anderson B. R. , Shekhar S. , Millan R. M. , Crew A. B. , Spence H. E. , Klumpar D. M. , Blake J. B. , O'Brien T. P. , Turner D. L.
Published: April 2017

Prior studies of microburst precipitation have largely relied on estimates of the spatial scale and temporal duration of the microburst region in order to determine the radiation belt loss rate of relativistic electrons. These estimates have often relied on the statistical distribution of microburst events. However, few studies have directly observed the spatial and temporal evolution of a single microburst event. In this study, we combine Balloon Array for Radiation belt Relativistic Electron Losses balloon‐borne X‐ray measurements with Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Burst: Intensity, Range, and Dynamics II and AeroCube‐6 CubeSat electron measurements to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of a microburst region in the morning MLT sector on 13 August 2015. The microburst region is found to extend across at least 4 h in local time in the morning sector, from 09:00 to 13:00 MLT, and from L of 5 out to 10. The microburst event lasts for nearly 9 h. Smaller scale structure is investigated using the dual AeroCube‐6 CubeSats, and is found to be consistent with the spatial size of whistler mode chorus wave observations near the equatorial plane.
Understanding the effect of disturbance from selective felling on the carbon dynamics of a managed woodland by combining observations with model predictions
Authors: Pinnington Ewan M. , Casella Eric , Dance Sarah L. , Lawless Amos S. , Morison James I. L. , Nichols Nancy K. , Wilkinson Matthew , Quaife Tristan L.
Published: April 2017

The response of forests and terrestrial ecosystems to disturbance is an important process in the global carbon cycle in the context of a changing climate. This study focuses on the effect of selective felling (thinning) at a managed forest site. Previous statistical analyses of eddy covariance data at the study site had found that disturbance from thinning resulted in no significant change to net ecosystem carbon uptake. In order to better understand the effect of thinning on carbon fluxes, we use the mathematical technique of four‐dimensional variational data assimilation. Data assimilation provides a compelling alternative to more common statistical analyses of flux data as it allows for the combination of many different sources of data, with the physical constraints of a dynamical model, to find an improved estimate of the state of a system. We develop new observation operators to assimilate daytime and nighttime net ecosystem exchange observations with a daily time step model, increasing observations available by a factor of 4.25. Our results support previous analyses, with a predicted net ecosystem carbon uptake for the year 2015 of 426 ± 116 g C m−2 for the unthinned forest and 420 ± 78 g C m−2 for the thinned forest despite a model‐predicted reduction in gross primary productivity of 337 g C m−2. We show that this is likely due to reduced ecosystem respiration postdisturbance compensating for a reduction in gross primary productivity. This supports the theory of an upper limit of forest net carbon uptake due to the magnitude of ecosystem respiration scaling with gross primary productivity.
Allopatry
Authors: Brandon‐Jones Douglas
Published: April 2017

Allopatry is geographic distribution discrete from that of another population or species. Allopatric speciation is speciation by geographic isolation. Parapatry is the allopatry of adjacent populations whose distributions meet without overlap. Such shared geographic boundaries indicate either intergradation, hybridization, parapatric speciation, or competitive exclusion between the populations.
Sympatry
Authors: Brandon‐Jones Douglas
Published: April 2017

Sympatry is the partial or complete overlap of the geographic distribution of one population or species by that of another, an important phenomenon in objectively establishing whether two populations are specifically distinct. Populations must be considered separate species if their natural distributions are sympatric. Sympatry normally indicates absence of or adjustment to interspecific competition, but a recent colonizer may not have achieved such equilibrium. High levels of sympatry characterize areas that retained a habitat which disappeared adjacently, usually through climate change.
Inclusive Fitness
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: April 2017

A little more than a hundred years after Darwin publishedOn the Origin of Speciesin 1859, W. D. Hamilton suggested that a more inclusive definition of fitness was required to understand how natural selection has produced the diversity of traits, especially behavioral traits, that we see in nature. The basic idea behind Hamilton'sinclusive fitness theoryis that fitness is the sum of two components. The direct (or “classic”) component of fitness is simply the number of viable offspring that an individual produces over the course of its lifetime. The indirect component of fitness is the effect that an individual has on the reproductive success of its genetic relatives.
Herpesviruses of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Jones‐Engel L. , Eberle R.
Published: April 2017

Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested. The virus present in macaques (monkey B virus; herpes B) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, herpes B has occasionally caused severe and often fatal disease if not treated immediately. This entry summarizes what is currently known about herpes B, in both its natural host and zoonotic infections. It also briefly summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
Refugia
Authors: Campbell Geneviève
Published: April 2017

Refugia, as defined here, are areas inhabited by relict primate populations isolated as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbances. Although human‐induced, these refugia usually persist because of a positive human presence in the form of conservation practitioners, researchers, tourists, and rangers. Their mere presence can contribute to maintain a refugium; however, this presence needs to be sustained permanently to ensure the long‐term survival of these relict primate populations.
IUCN
Red List and Primate Conservation
Authors: Rylands Anthony B. , Mittermeier Russell A.
Published: April 2017

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species uses quantitative criteria based on population size, rate of decline, and geographic distribution, and, when possible, the extent and degree of threats to assess the conservation status of the world's plants and animals. All primate species and subspecies are assessed by the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. In January 2015, the world list of primates totaled 498 species and 697 taxa, with 50.2 percent of the taxa classified as threatened. Asian primates (183 taxa), the Malagasy lemurs (106 taxa), apes (38 taxa), red colobus monkeys (17 taxa), Indochinese karst langurs (7 taxa), and lorises (14 taxa) comprise the groups most threatened with extinction.
Consortship
Authors: Manson Joseph H.
Published: April 2017

Consortships are short‐term (up to two weeks) mating relationships observed in many group‐living primate species that lack long‐term mating relationships. Although precise descriptions and definitions vary widely, consorting pairs generally travel, forage, and rest together during the intervals between copulations. Consortship is often a form of male mate guarding, that is an attempt by a male to prevent a fertile female from mating with other males. Consorting can impose energetic and other costs on males, and this is presumably why males are often selective about which females they consort with, preferring those that are more likely to produce surviving offspring.
Reproductive Success
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B.
Published: April 2017

Reproductive success is the relative genetic contribution of individuals to future generations. Variation in reproductive success provides the crucial element underlying evolution and results from differences in success at producing and rearing offspring. Production of offspring is a consequence of mating effort, while rearing of offspring accrues from parental effort.
Pelvic Variation
Authors: Shapiro Darshana
Published: April 2017

The body of literature on the primate pelvis spans nearly a century. While the human pelvis has been the most frequent subject of study, a substantial amount of work has also been done on the pelves of the apes, with fewer contributions examining monkeys and strepsirhines. Earlier researchers described morphological variation within and among primate taxa, while more recent work is more quantitative in nature. Two frequently investigated sources of pelvic variation are sexual dimorphism and locomotor adaptation. Sex‐related pelvic variation is the result of the differing pressures on the pelves of male and female primates. For example, females have to successfully give birth. Pelvic variation corresponding to locomotor behavior results from the biomechanical requirements of using the hindlimb in particular ways. Pelvic sexual dimorphism mainly affects the ischium and pubis, while locomotor pelvic variation is mostly visible in the ilium.
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Authors: Groves Colin
Published: April 2017

A large number of “species concepts” have been in use since the 1980s, but the only one that offers testability (repeatability, falsifiability) is the phylogenetic species concept (
PSC
). This has been much criticized as involving “taxonomic inflation,” but an examination of the
PSC
shows that it is valid. Fundamentally, species are evolutionary lineages, and the
PSC
uniquely provides evidence of the existence of such lineages.
Animal Welfare Act
Authors: Ferdowsian Hope
Published: April 2017

Public concern about the use of nonhuman animals in research prompted the passage of the United States Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, which later became known as the Animal Welfare Act. Since its passage in 1966, a series of amendments have expanded the scope and breadth of the Act, including a 1985 amendment concerning the psychological well‐being of nonhuman primates. Though the scope of the Act continues to expand, its limited reach remains contentious.
Collective Decision Making
Authors: King Andrew J. , Fürtbauer Ines
Published: April 2017

Any social unit cannot exist and persist without some form of collective decision making. Collective decisions result from an evaluation of possible options, during which a group reaches a single choice. Swarms, shoals, flocks, herds, and troops of animals make such collective decisions on a daily basis, which have important fitness consequences for all group members. Consequently, the topic of collective decision making has attracted much attention from biologists. Primates are particularly interesting to study from this perspective since they typically live in small, socially complex groups that are characterized by strong conflicts of interest and advanced communication skills. Despite these complexities, there is growing evidence that individuals in primate groups primarily rely upon simple and local rules of interaction, that is rules‐of‐thumb or heuristics, to make fast and accurate collective decisions.
C
arpenter,
C
.
R
aymond
Authors: Southwick† Charles H.
Published: April 2017

C. R. Carpenter had a lifetime of leadership in primatology and education. With classic field studies in Panama, Asia, and the Caribbean in the 1930s, he established the scientific values of primate field research, as well as its purposes, techniques, and goals. He became an international leader in primatology and education, with many important academic positions and Directorships.