bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first polymorph in the family of nucleobases: a second form of cytosine
Authors: Sridhar Balasubramanian , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Ravikumar Krishnan
Published: January 2015

A new polymorph of cytosine, C4H5N3O, is reported half a century after the report of its first known crystal structure [Barker & Marsh (1964).Acta Cryst.17, 1581–1587]. Cytosine thus provides the first polymorphic example in the category of parent nucleobases. The new form, denoted (Ib), was observed unexpectedly during an attempt to cocrystallize cytosine with catechol. Form (Ib) crystallizes in the orthorhombic centrosymmetric space groupPccnwith two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The previously known form, denoted (Ia), crystallizes in the orthorhombic noncentrosymmetric space groupP212121. The cytosine molecule is planar in both forms. Hydrogen-bonding interactions are also similar for both forms. Infinite one-dimensional ribbons composed of cytosine base-pair dimers inR22(8) arrangements are observed in both (Ia) and (Ib). However, the way that the ribbons are packed differs in (Ia) and (Ib). This appears to guide the centrosymmetricversusnoncentrosymmetric space-group selection through the formation of an inversion-related motif in polymorph (Ib) and a helical propagation in polymorph (Ia). A few selected polymorphic systems have been gathered from the Cambridge Structural Database to understand possible structural features responsible for achiral molecules adopting centro- and noncentrosymmetric space groups.
Charge-assisted hydrogen bonding in salts of 2-amino-1H-benzimidazole with 3-phenylpropynoic acid and oct-2-ynoic acid
Authors: Arderne Charmaine , Olivier Denise K. , Ndinteh Derek T.
Published: January 2015

The 100 K structures of two salts, namely 2-amino-1H-benzimidazolium 3-phenylpropynoate, C7H8N3+·C9H5O2−, (I), and 2-amino-1H-benzimidazolium oct-2-ynoate, C7H8N3+·C8H11O2−, (II), both have monoclinic symmetry (space groupP21/c) and display N—H...O hydrogen bonding. Both structures show packing with corrugated sheets of hydrogen-bonded molecules lying parallel to the [001] direction. Two hydrogen-bonded ring motifs can be identified and described with graph setsR22(8) andR44(16), respectively, in both (I) and (II). Computational chemistry calculations performed on both compounds show that the hydrogen-bonded ion pairs are more energetically favourable in the crystal structure than their hydrogen–bonded neutral molecule counterparts.
Crystal structures ofN-tert-butyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxo-4-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxamide and 4-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-cyclohexyl-5-oxo-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxamide
Authors: Roberts Sue A. , Martinez-Ariza Guillermo , Hulme Christopher
Published: January 2015

The title compounds, C22H19F4NO4, (I), and C25H22F3NO5, (II), each contain a central nearly planar dihydrofuranone ring. The r.m.s. deviation from planarity of these rings is 0.015 Å in (I) and 0.027 Å in (II). The molecules are T-shaped, with the major conformational difference being the O—C—C—O torsion angle [−178.9 (1) in (I) and 37.7 (2)° in (II)]. In the crystal of (I), molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001] while in (II) molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010]. In (II), the trifluoromethyl substituent is disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occupancies of 0.751 (3) and 0.249 (3).
Crystal structure of the α-racemate of methohexital
Authors: Gelbrich Thomas , Griesser Ulrich J.
Published: January 2015

Molecules of the title compound, C14H18N2O3[systematic name: 5-allyl-5-(hex-3-yn-2-yl)-1-methylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione in the (RbSh)/(SbRh) racemic form], are connected by mutual N—H...O=C hydrogen bonds in which the carbonyl group at the 2-position of the pyrimidinetrione ring is employed. These interactions result in an inversion dimer which displays a centralR22(8) ring motif. This dimer is topologically distinct from that of the previously reported (SbRh) form, which is, however, also based on anR22(8) motif. The methyl group at the 1-position of the pyrimidinetrione ring in the title structure is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.57 (2):0.43 (2) ratio.
Crystal structures and conformations of two Diels–Alder adduct derivatives: 1,8-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-14-oxatetracyclo[6.5.1.02,7.09,13]tetradeca-2(7),3,5-trien-10-one and 1,8-diphenyl-14-oxatetracyclo[6.5.1.02,7.09,13] tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-10-one
Authors: Gopinath S. , Narayanan P. , Sethusankar K. , Nandakumar Meganathan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: January 2015

The title compounds, C21H16O2S2(I) and C25H20O2(II), are products of a tandem `pincer' Diels–Alder reaction consisting of [2 + 2] cycloadditions between benzo[c]furan and cyclopentanone. Each comprises a fused tetracyclic ring system containing two five-membered rings (inenvelopeconformations with the O atom as the flap) and six-membered rings (inboatconformations). In addition, two thiophene rings in (I) and two phenyl rings in (II) are attached to the tetracyclic ring system. The cyclopentanone ring adopts atwistedconformation in (I) and anenvelopeconformation in (II). In (I), the thiophene rings are positionally disordered over two sets of sites, with occupancy ratios of 0.901 (2):0.099 (2) and 0.666 (2):0.334 (2). In (II), the oxygen atom of the cyclopentanone ring is rotationally disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.579 (4):0.421 (4). The molecular structure of (I) is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond, which generates anS(7) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules are linkedviaweak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, which generateR22(16) ring motifs in (I) andC(8) chains in (II). In both structures, the crystal packing also features C—H...π interactions. The crystal studied of compound (I) was twinned by non-merohedry. The twin component is related by the twin law [−1 0 0 −0.101 1 −0.484 0 0 −1] operated by a twofold rotation axis parallel to thebaxis. The structure of (I) was refined with a twin scale factor of 0.275 (2).
Crystal structure oftrans-(1,8-dibutyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexaazacyclotetradecane-κ4N3,N6,N10,N13)bis(isonicotinato-κO)copper(II) from synchrotron data
Authors: Shin Jong Won , Kim Dae-Woong , Kim Jin Hong , Moon Dohyun
Published: January 2015

The title compound, [Cu(C6H4NO2)2(C16H38N6)] has been synthesized and characterized by structure analysis based on synchrotron data and by FT–IR spectroscopy. The asymmetric unit consists of half of the CuIIcomplex, the other half being completed by inversion symmetry. The CuIIion has a tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination sphere with four secondary N atoms of the azamacrocyclic ligand in the equatorial plane [Cu—Neq= 2.018 (12) Å] and two O atoms of the isonicotinate anions at the axial positions [Cu—Oax= 2.4100 (11) Å]. Intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds between one of the secondary amine N—H groups of the azamacrocyclic ligand and the non-coordinating O atom of the isonicotinate ions stabilize the molecular structure. Intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds between the other macrocyclic N—H group and the pyridine N atom of an adjacent isonicotinate anion as well as π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance 3.711 (2) Å] lead to the formation of rods parallel to [001].
Crystal structure of ammonium bis(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-κ3O,N,O′)chromate(III) from synchrotron data
Authors: Moon Dohyun , Choi Jong-Ha
Published: January 2015

The structure of the title compound, (NH4)[Cr(pydc)2] (pydc is pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, C7H3NO4), has been determined from synchrotron data. The CrIIIion and the N atom of the ammonium cation are located on a crystallographic fourfold rotoinversion axis (-4). The CrIIIcation is coordinated by four O atoms and the two N atoms of two meridional pydc ligands, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The Cr—N and Cr—O bond lengths are 1.9727 (15) and 1.9889 (9) Å, respectively. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the N–H groups of the ammonium cation and pyridine C–H groups as donors and the non-coordinating carbonyl O atoms as acceptors.
Crystal structure ofcatena-poly[[cadmium(II)-di-μ2-bromido-μ2-L-proline-κ2O:O′] monohydrate]
Authors: Sathiskumar S. , Balakrishnan T. , Ramamurthi K. , Thamotharan S.
Published: January 2015

In the title coordination polymer, {[CdBr2(C5H9NO2)]·H2O}n, the CdIIion is coordinated by four bromido ligands and two carboxylate oxygen atoms of two symmetry-related proline ligands, which exist in a zwitterionic form, in a distorted octahedral geometry. There is an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond between the amino group and the carboxylate fragment. Each coordinating ligand bridges two CdIIatoms, thus forming polymeric chains running along thec-axis direction. The water molecules of crystallization serve as donors for the weak intermolecular O—H...O and O—H...Br hydrogen bonds that link adjacent polymeric chains, thus forming a three-dimensional structure. N—H...O and N—H...Br hydrogen bonds also occur.
Crystal structure ofrac-3,9-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Zhengyi , Jin Linlin , Sun Xiaoqiang , Wang Zhiming
Published: January 2015

The title compound, C19H16F4O4, was prepared by the condensation reaction of 2,6-difluorobenzaldehyde and pentaerythritol. The whole molecule is generated by twofold rotational symmetry. The two six-membered O-heterocycles adopt chair conformations through a shared spiro-carbon atom that is located on the crystallographic twofold rotation axis. In this conformation, the two aromatic rings are located at the equatorial positions of the O-heterocycles. The conformation of this doubly substituted tetraoxaspiro system is chiral. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100). These layers are linked by C—H...F hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional structure.
Crystal structure of aquadioxido(2-{[(2-oxidoethyl)imino]methyl}phenolato-κ3O,N,O′)molybdenum(VI)
Authors: Parimala Sowmianarayanan , Selvam Parasuraman
Published: January 2015

The mononuclear title complex, [Mo(C9H9NO2)O2(H2O)], contains an Mo(VI) atom in a distorted octahedral coordination sphere defined by an Mo=O and an Mo—(OH2) bond to the axial ligands and two Mo—O bonds to phenolate and alcoholate O atoms, another Mo=O bond and one Mo—N bond to the imino N atom in the equatorial plane. The five-membered metalla-ring shows an envelope conformation. In the crystal, individual molecules are connected into a layered arrangement parallel to (100) by means of O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule as a donor group and the O atoms of neighbouring complexes as acceptor atoms. These interactions lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network.
Crystal structure of bis(2-{[(3-bromopropyl)imino]methyl}phenolato-κ2N,O)copper(II)
Authors: Ourari Ali , Zoubeidi Chahinaz , Bouacida Sofiane , Derafa Wassila , Merazig Hocine
Published: January 2015

In the title compound, [Cu(C10H11BrNO)2], the asymmetric unit consists of one-half of the molecule, the other half being generated by an inversion centre. Hence the CuIIcation is symmetrically coordinated by two bidentate Schiff base anions in a slightly distorted square-planar environment with Cu—O and Cu—N bond lengths of 1.8786 (19) and 2.009 (2) Å, respectively. In the crystal, individual molecules are packed in alternating zigzag layers parallel to (001). Weak C—H...π interactions exist between the molecules.
Power distance and its moderating role in the relationship between situational job characteristics and job satisfaction
Authors: Hauff Sven , Richter Nicole
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– Power distance describes a central facet of national culture, because it influences the acceptance and endorsement of job characteristics related to status and power. This has major implications for international human resource management, because the importance of different situational job characteristics for employee job satisfaction should differ across cultures. The purpose of this paper is to analyse if and how national power distance levels moderate different situational job characteristics’ influence on job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors refer to three approaches to culture: the frameworks of Hofstede and GLOBE as well as to current scores provided in a meta-analysis. The empirical findings are derived using regression analyses on a sample covering 16 nations.

Findings

– The results are convincing regarding the basic job satisfaction driver model not involving culture. However, the results on power distance’s impact as well as its moderating role are strongly dependent on the culture concepts utilised. The authors provide an analysis of differences along the measurements behind the different concepts.

Originality/value

– The authors can conclude that national differences in job satisfaction, as found in various studies, are a result of differences in situational dispositions to work life rather than a result of different cultural surroundings in terms of power distance. The question is whether this is due to power distance’s lack of impact or due to other factors, such as the difficulties of measuring culture. The authors discuss the differences which are due to different measurements. For ultimately confirming power distance’s moderating role and for advancing theorizing in this field, further research, which can build on the framework offered in this paper, is needed that directly measures the individual power distance facets in addition to the job characteristics and satisfaction values.
Volunteerism and organisational culture
Authors: Jain Ajay K.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of motives for volunteerism and organizational culture on organizational commitment (OC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in Indian work context.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data were collected from 248 middle and senior managers of a public sector organization in India. The self and other reported questionnaires were used to collect the data.

Findings

– Results of hierarchical regression analysis have shown that personal development dimension of volunteerism was found to be the positive predictor of OC and OCB both. However, career enhancement, empathy and community concern dimensions of volunteerism had mixed effects on both the criterion variables. Furthermore, culture had not shown a significant impact on OCB; however, it had a positive influence on affective and continuance commitment. Moreover, demographic variables (age, education and tenure) had strong impact on OC than OCB.

Practical implications

– OC and OCB are highly desirable forms of employees’ behavior in which motivation for volunteerism and organizational culture can play a significant role. However, both OC and OCB are differentially predicted by these antecedent variables.

Originality/value

– This is the first study which has explored the impact of motives for volunteerism on OC and OCB in the field of organizational behavior in a non-western work context such as India.
Conceptualising scholarship within college-based higher education
Authors: Eaton Jonathan
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– During a period of significant crisis within HE on a global scale, there is a clear need for colleges to clearly articulate the distinct nature of their higher vocational education provision. This need is particularly acute given the current financial and political pressures impacting on a diverse HE landscape. The purpose of this paper is to argue that colleges are well placed to develop and implement an approach to scholarly activity which revitalises links with local communities.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper provides a synthesis of recent research on scholarly activity within college-based higher education (CBHE) and the concept of a “civic university”. It also provides a brief case study of how scholarship within the college context can be utilised to promote meaningful community engagement.

Findings

– Working productively with community organisations, groups and individuals, colleges will be provoked to recast the complex relationship between teaching, research and community engagement in a manner appropriate to their immediate context rather than a national agenda. Moreover, a strengthened relationship between colleges and their local communities will recapture the rich heritage of vocational education in widening participation and raising aspirations towards education in general.

Originality/value

– This paper attempts to relocate current discussions of CBHE scholarly activity within the context of civic engagement. It will be of interest to colleagues across the higher vocational education sector, both nationally and internationally, in situating their institutional and departmental scholarly activity strategies within the context of the communities which they serve.
Scandals of abuse: policy responses in intellectual disabilities
Authors: Halladay Peter Mark , Harrington Charlene
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to compare two scandals related to the care of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) in the USA and the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

– A descriptive case study methodology was used to conduct an in-depth qualitative analysis of the two scandals to examine the process of scandal development, and to survey the policy response against policy trends and theories of abuse in each case. The two cases were systematically analysed against a theoretical framework derived from Bonnie and Wallace (2003) theoretical framework for understanding abuse based on its sociocultural context, the social embeddedness of organisations providing care, and the individual level characteristics and interactions of subjects and carers.

Findings

– In both cases the process of scandal construction was comparable, and each case offered confirmatory support to extant theories of abuse, and to wider policy trends within I/DD.

Research limitations/implications

– The study examines only the short-term policy responses to the scandals in two countries, based on published material only.

Originality/value

– This paper contributes an international comparison of the similarities and differences in the social construction of scandal and the policy responses to abuse and neglect of a vulnerable population using systematic analytical frameworks.
Science mapping in industrial marketing
Authors: Vieira Francisco , Brito Carlos
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to map scientific knowledge in industrial marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research was conducted on the basis of a quantitative and descriptive research using scientometric analysis based on scientific records. It analyzes more than 14,000 scientific records on theScopusdatabase from 1956 to 2009. The sample fits Bradford’s and Lotka’s power laws of distribution of science in use.

Findings

– The study reveals the existence of four stages: the genesis of this stream of research (1956-1984), the early development (1985-1995), the consolidation of production (1996-2003) and the phase of scientific maturity (from 2004) with an increasing number of records in recent years. Regarding authorship, there is a clear predominance of single authorship and an average increase in the number of authors per record from one to two authors for recent years. The main sources of knowledge are theJournal of Business & Industrial Marketingand theIndustrial Marketing Managementjournal. A statistical significance is shown between the number of records and the number of papers per journal, highlighting that Management Science and Industrial Marketing Management journals are the most cited sources.

Practical implications

– Practitioners find in this paper a sound basis for a wide perspective of the key issues addressed by researchers on industrial marketing over the past decades, as well as good insights in terms of the main challenges faced by companies in this field.

Originality/value

– Evidence was found of the existence of a long tail behavior in scientific literature of industrial marketing regarding chronology, sources, number of records with a single author and number of records cited.
Motivations of small firms to develop relationships with banks
Authors: Scarpi Daniele , Visentin Marco
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate what drives the decision of small non-food store retailers to develop a relationship with the bank financing them. The analysis addresses the banking industry and quantifies the extent to which a decision to develop a relationship is influenced by satisfaction, trust and by two different kinds of values, namely, monadic and dyadic.

Design/methodology/approach

– The analysis is based on data collected from more than 400 small business by means of a questionnaire, and develops a structural equation model to estimate the impact of satisfaction, trust and value constructs on the intention to develop the relationship.

Findings

– The results show that satisfaction and trust do not exert a direct effect on the decision to develop the relationship that is directly determined by dyadic value (i.e. the comparison between the cumulated value given through time and the cumulated efforts sustained by the partner). In turn, dyadic value stems from monadic value (i.e. the self-centred comparison of the costs and benefits experienced within the relationship). In a nutshell, considering value perceptions by the business partner and the relational dimension of value provides a better understanding of the intention of small firms to develop their relationship with a financing bank.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to shaping a picture of the motivations that lead small firms to develop a relationship with their financing bank. Drawing from a heterogeneous literature and considering individual-level variables, a theoretical model is developed to include the relational dimension of value and value perceptions by the business partner in the relationship. The empirical analysis provides useful indications to practitioners to understand and effectively manage the partner’s decision to develop the relationship, suggesting where to intervene.
Top management commitment and involvement and their link to key account management effectiveness
Authors: Tzempelikos Nektarios
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of the study is to examine the role of top management in effective key account management (KAM) relationships, making a distinction between top management commitment and top management involvement.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study uses data from 304 suppliers from different sectors to test the research model and hypotheses developed. Data were collected by means of personal interviews. The survey instrument was a structured questionnaire.

Findings

– Results show that top management commitment positively affects top management involvement. In addition, top management involvement totally mediates the relationship between top management commitment and relationship quality. Finally, relationship quality positively relates to financial performance.

Research limitations/implications

– The study focuses on the role of top management in KAM. Future research that considers the top management’s role simultaneously with other internal or external factors would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the antecedents of effective KAM. Future studies can also examine the potential detrimental impact of top management involvement in KAM.

Practical implications

– Top managers should get actively involved in KAM. The study provides managers with guidance concerning how top management can have the greatest effect on KAM effectiveness.

Originality/value

– The study adds to our understanding of the role of top management in KAM. The study provides an integrative empirical examination of the influence of top management in KAM and offer insights on which ways top management determines KAM success.
The role of listening in e-contact center customer relationship management
Authors: Park JungKun , Chung Te-Lin (Doreen) , Gunn Frances , Rutherford Brian
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The main purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between e-listening and customers’ perceptions of interpersonal service quality and utilitarian value during e-contact center interactions.

Design/methodology/approach

– Participants completed an online survey about their service experiences with e-contact centers. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Findings

– This study found that e-listening is highly related to interpersonal service quality and utilitarian value. Interpersonal service quality is positively related to e-satisfaction and e-loyalty, both with e-contact centers and e-retailers.

Research limitations/implications

– The study utilizes general active empathetic listening (AEL) constructs identified in previous research. Although these constructs provide a way to differentiate the cognitive aspects of AEL, and therefore, a mechanism for discerning utilitarian value, further qualitative studies on nonverbal cues in online communications would develop insights into more granular, behavioral dimensions and effects of e-listening. In addition, the study is based on general e-retailing processes, and is not focused on a specific business or sector. The magnitude of the effects of e-listening on the different factors related to customer relationships may vary with different sectors.

Practical implications

– E-contact centers should provide interpersonal interactions that emphasize utilitarian value. The centers should be staffed by employees who are well trained in AEL and who are provided with appropriate resources. The interactions of these e-contact centers can provide significant input to e-retailers about the improvement of service quality and resulting customer e-loyalty.

Originality/value

– The research provides an original view of service quality in e-contact center contexts and makes a valuable contribution to understanding the evolving service offerings of multi-channel e-retailing. The study provides support for the argument that value and quality in interpersonal interactions with e-contact centers lead to satisfaction and consequently to customer loyalty.
Corporate social responsibility and customer loyalty: exploring the role of identification, satisfaction and type of company
Authors: Pérez Andrea , Rodríguez del Bosque Ignacio
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The aim of the authors of this paper is to propose a cognitive – affective – conative sequential model to study how three dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) image (society, customers and employees) impact customer affective (identification and satisfaction) and behavioural (recommendation and repurchase) responses in the banking industry. The authors also test how the type of company (savings banks vs commercial banks) moderates customer responses to these three dimensions of CSR image.

Design/methodology/approach

– A multi-group structural equation model is tested using information collected from 648 savings banks’ customers and 476 commercial banks’ customers in Spain.

Findings

– The findings demonstrate that the perceptions of customer-centric CSR initiatives positively and consistently impact customer identification with the banking institution, satisfaction, recommendation and repurchase behaviours in the savings and commercial banks’ samples. The dimensions of CSR image that concern the activities oriented to society and employees only positively impact customer responses in the savings banks’ sample.

Practical implications

– The findings of this study can assist scholars in creating more informative CSR-based loyalty models that take into consideration new variables (satisfaction and type of company) and better approaches to the conceptualization of CSR image (e.g. the formative approach). The findings can also assist savings and commercial banks in better designing their CSR and communication initiatives to benefit from customer affective and conative responses.

Originality/value

– The contributions of the paper are threefold: the authors include satisfaction as a new variable in the study of the CSR-based loyalty model; the CSR image is conceptualized as a formative construct, and this provides new justifications for the mixed results reported by previous scholars who have analysed the effects of CSR image on customer loyalty; and the authors explore the moderating role of the type of company on the CSR-based loyalty model proposed in the paper.
Thermal fluid-structure interaction of PCB configurations during the wave soldering process
Authors: Abdul Aziz M.S. , Abdullah M.Z. , Khor C.Y.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the thermal fluid–structure interactions (FSIs) of printed circuit boards (PCBs) at different component configurations during the wave soldering process and experimental validation.

Design/methodology/approach

– The thermally induced displacement and stress on the PCB and its components are the foci of this study. Finite volume solver FLUENT and finite element solver ABAQUS, coupled with a mesh-based parallel code coupling interface, were utilized to perform the analysis. A sound card PCB (138 × 85 × 1.5 mm3), consisting of a transistor, diode, capacitor, connector and integrated circuit package, was built and meshed by using computational fluid dynamics pre-processing software. The volume of fluid technique with the second-order upwind scheme was applied to track the molten solder. C language was utilized to write the user-defined functions of the thermal profile. The structural solver analyzed the temperature distribution, displacement and stress of the PCB and its components. The predicted temperature was validated by the experimental results.

Findings

– Different PCB component configurations resulted in different temperature distributions, thermally induced stresses and displacements to the PCB and its components. Results show that PCB component configurations significantly influence the PCB and yield unfavorable deformation and stress.

Practical implications

– This study provides PCB designers with a profound understanding of the thermal FSI phenomenon of the process control during wave soldering in the microelectronics industry.

Originality/value

– This study provides useful guidelines and references by extending the understanding on the thermal FSI behavior of molten solder for PCBs. This study also explores the behaviors and influences of PCB components at different configurations during the wave soldering process.
Circulating white blood cell counts in captive and wild rodents are influenced by body mass rather than testes mass, a correlate of mating promiscuity
Authors: Tian Jundong , Courtiol Alexandre , Schneeberger Karin , Greenwood Alex D. , Czirják Gábor Á.
Published: January 2015

Comparative studies of captive primates and carnivores have shown a positive correlation between total white blood cell (WBC) counts and the level of inferred mating promiscuity (e.g. using testes mass). This correlation has been interpreted to support the ‘sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)’ hypothesis, which states that differential spread of STDs is caused by variation in mating behaviour which shapes baseline aspects of the immune system in mammals.

In the present study, we tested the STDs hypothesis in rodents using 28 species from free‐ranging and 9 species from captive populations. We compiled data set for the 9 studies of captive rodent populations from the International Species Information System (ISIS) and gathered 136 studies of wild populations from the literature.

Using phylogenetic generalized least‐squares statistical models considering non‐independence resulting from shared ancestry, we confirmed that species with greater adult body mass averaged across sexes had elevated total WBC and differential WBC (neutrophils and lymphocytes) counts and that captive animals presented higher lymphocyte counts than free‐ranging ones.

However, we found that the total and differential WBC counts did not covary with the residual testes mass – a correlate of mating promiscuity. The results suggest that selection pressures caused by STDs may strongly vary among taxonomic groups. In order to determine the drivers of immunological variation among mammals, further comparative immunological studies including a wide range of taxonomic groups and socio‐ecological variables should be performed and we recommend doing so by primarily focusing on free‐ranging animals.
Leadership, Passion and Performance: A Study of Job Creation Projects during the Recession
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Thorgren Sara , Wincent Joakim
Published: January 2015

In the aftermath of the economic recession that began in 2008, governmental bodies have been assisting private sector companies to create jobs. To increase financial performance under greater economic uncertainty and liquidity constraints, this study proposes that a leader's type of passion could explain why some project leaders who receive government funding succeed in creating jobs whereas others do not. Harmonious passion, a voluntary but not overpowering urge to engage in an activity, leads to higher job creation, especially under greater environmental complexity. Obsessive passion, an uncontrollable urge to engage in an activity, also leads to higher job creation, particularly under increasing environmental dynamism. Using survey data from 105 European Union projects and archival data on job creation from the EU funding agency, we find support for the proposed framework. The findings provide a basis for acknowledging the relevance of a leader's passion for environmental adaptation.
Formal asymmetries between the Romance synthetic future and conditional in the Occitan varieties of the Western Languedoc
Authors: Esher Louise
Published: January 2015

Most varieties of Occitan (Gallo‐Romance) present a synthetic future and conditional derived from Latin periphrases cantare habeo/habebam ‘I have/had to sing’, etc. In contrast to cognate forms in other Romance languages, and the expected pattern in Occitan, the future and conditional of many varieties do not invariably share a stem. In this study, I present a typology of cases of stem asymmetry between the future and conditional recorded in a linguistic atlas survey of the western Languedoc. I argue that asymmetry initially arises through regular sound change acting differentially on the future and conditional, and is later morphologised as a novel morphomic template for paradigmatic stem distribution.
Confessional Calvinism and Evangelical Assurance:IsaacNelson,Ulster Revivalism and the Assurance Controversy in thePresbyterian Church inIreland,c.1859–1867
Authors: Ritchie Daniel
Published: January 2015

The issue of the relationship between Calvinism and assurance is one that has vexed historians and theologians alike.DavidW.Miller, a distinguished historian of religion, once argued that Calvinism and assurance of personal salvation were wholly incompatible. This article seeks to use a biographical case study of one ofUlsterPresbyterianism's most significant figures in order to illuminate our understanding of a much wider historiographical debate. The 1859 Revival was supposed to have furthered the cause of evangelicalism, whileIsaacNelson's denomination (thePresbyterian Church inIreland) was its main beneficiary.Nelson, however, did not believe that the Revival was congenial to the orthodoxy of evangelicalPresbyterianism. In particular, he took exception to views of assurance popularized during this movement, which appeared to be more in line with Methodist Arminianism than with Reformed orthodoxy. In the years subsequent to the Revival, debate raged within the IrishPresbyterian Church as to whether or not revivalist notions of assurance were compatible with the Westminster Confession. The anti‐revivalistWilliamDobbin charged the revivalistRobertCrawford with holding heterodox opinions, only for the latter to be acquitted by the General Assembly. Most existing scholarship on the Assurance Controversy has concentrated on the debate betweenDobbin andCrawford; this tendency has unhelpfully obscured both important nuances and the wider significance of the debate. By concentrating on the arguments ofNelson, the broader issue of confessionalCalvinism's fraught relationship with popular evangelical conceptions ofChristian assurance can be understood more clearly.
Sandplay therapy with couples within the framework of analytical psychology
Authors: Albert Susan Carol
Published: January 2015

Sandplay therapy with couples is discussed within an analytical framework. Guidelines are proposed as a means of developing this relatively new area within sandplay therapy, and as a platform to open a wider discussion to bring together sandplay therapy and couple therapy. Examples of sand trays created during couple therapy are also presented to illustrate the transformations during the therapeutic process.
A Comparative Study of the Characteristics of French Fries Produced by Deep Fat Frying and Air Frying
Authors: Teruel Maria del Rocio , Gordon Michael , Linares Maria Belen , Garrido Maria Dolores , Ahromrit Araya , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: January 2015

Air frying is being projected as an alternative to deep fat frying for producing snacks such as French fries. In air frying, the raw potato sections are essentially heated in hot air containing fine oil droplets, which dehydrates the potato and attempts to impart the characteristics of traditionally produced French fries, but with a substantially lower level of fat absorbed in the product. The aim of this research is to compare: (1) the process dynamics of air frying with conventional deep fat frying under otherwise similar operating conditions, and (2) the products formed by the 2 processes in terms of color, texture, microstructure, calorimetric properties, and sensory characteristics. Although, air frying produced products with a substantially lower fat content but with similar moisture contents and color characteristics, it required much longer processing times, typically 21 min in relation to 9 min in the case of deep fat frying. The slower evolution of temperature also resulted in lower rates of moisture loss and color development reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed that the extent of starch gelatinization was also lower in the case of air fried product. In addition, the 2 types of frying also resulted in products having significantly different texture and sensory characteristics.
Comparison of invertebrate herbivores on native and non‐native Senecio species: Implications for the enemy release hypothesis
Authors: Harvey Kerinne J. , Nipperess David A. , Britton David R. , Hughes Lesley
Published: January 2015

The enemy release hypothesis posits that non‐native plant species may gain a competitive advantage over their native counterparts because they are liberated from co‐evolved natural enemies from their native area. The phylogenetic relationship between a non‐native plant and the native community may be important for understanding the success of some non‐native plants, because host switching by insect herbivores is more likely to occur between closely related species. We tested the enemy release hypothesis by comparing leaf damage and herbivorous insect assemblages on the invasive species Senecio madagascariensis Poir. to that on nine congeneric species, of which five are native to the study area, and four are non‐native but considered non‐invasive. Non‐native species had less leaf damage than natives overall, but we found no significant differences in the abundance, richness and Shannon diversity of herbivores between native and non‐native Senecio L. species. The herbivore assemblage and percentage abundance of herbivore guilds differed among all Senecio species, but patterns were not related to whether the species was native or not. Species‐level differences indicate that S. madagascariensis may have a greater proportion of generalist insect damage (represented by phytophagous leaf chewers) than the other Senecio species. Within a plant genus, escape from natural enemies may not be a sufficient explanation for why some non‐native species become more invasive than others.
The Pediatric Cataract Register (PECARE): analysis of age at detection of congenital cataract
Authors: Haargaard Birgitte , Nyström Alf , Rosensvärd Annika , Tornqvist Kristina , Magnusson Gunilla
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To analyse and discuss screening for the detection of congenital cataract in two Nordic countries, Denmark and Sweden.

Methods

Until 2011, in Denmark, no guideline concerning screening for congenital cataract existed. Since 2011, Danish guidelines regarding eye examination include examination with a pencil light at age 5 weeks, whereas newborn red reflex examination using a handheld ophthalmoscope is routine protocol in Swedish maternity wards. Data regarding age of referral were derived from the Pediatric Cataract Register (PECARE). All children operated on before 1 year of age between January 2008 and December 2012 were included. Statistical comparison of the different screening strategies was made.

Results

The number of children undergoing surgery for congenital cataract before 1 year of age was 31 (17 bilateral cases) in Denmark and 92 (38 bilateral cases) in Sweden. The proportion was 14 per 100.000 children in Denmark and 16 in Sweden (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between Denmark and Sweden in the percentage of children referred within 42 days of birth (p < 0.0001) and within 100 days (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Due to the screening procedure with red reflex examination, congenital cataract in Swedish children is detected significantly earlier than in Danish children.
Making sense of climate change: hybrid epistemologies, socio‐natural assemblages and smallholder knowledge
Authors: Burnham Morey , Ma Zhao , Zhang Baoqing
Published: January 2015

This paper uses a mixed‐method approach to investigate smallholder perceptions of climate change in the Loess Plateau region ofChina. We combine qualitative and quantitative research methods with climate data analysis to gauge the climatic changes smallholders have perceived over the last 30 years, as well as how these changes have been experienced. At two research sites, each method produced markedly different results. Drawing on the work of feminist political ecologists and other geographers, we suggest that the dissonance between data sets generated using different research methods arises because each method produces knowledge that is partial and situated. To explain the contradictions between smallholder perceptions of climate change across the qualitative and quantitative methods and their disagreement with the climate record, we adopt aspects of assemblage theory and the dwelling perspective to suggest that smallholder knowledge of climate change is structured through their observations of and interactions with dynamic, networked socio‐natural assemblages. We argue that a better understanding of the conduits through which perceptions and experiences of climate change come into being, and hence how climate knowledge is shaped, is necessary to account for the multiple epistemologies through which climate change is known.
Mapping protests against dog culling in post‐communist Romania
Authors: Creţan Remus
Published: January 2015

This paper explores the spatial expressions and ethical implications of culling dogs. The harsh treatment of street dogs by the Romanian government's hired companies, following the mauling of a child, generated a divide in the opinions of those in authority, animal rights NGOs and the general public. Beyond the case study stands a wider geographical analysis of the media reporting of the protest events on culling dogs and a public opinion survey about the welfare of dogs in Romania. Basing on the theoretical framework of the literature on more‐than‐human geographies, this contribution presents a critical review of the public response to governmental measures to rapidly implement a street dog law. Different discourses and counter‐discourses are considered, from which a framework for improving the ethics of culling dogs could be built.
‘Shell games’, displacement and the reordering of boreal landscapes in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Hackett Ryan
Published: January 2015

Terrestrial conservation offsets have become a leading solution to the ecological consequences of Alberta's oil sands boom. The broad‐based support for terrestrial offsets in the province is representative of a larger global trend toward the rescaling of environmental governance and greater use of market‐based conservation models. A well‐developed critical literature now documents some of the overarching logics and material implications of these ‘neoliberal’ approaches to conservation. Much of this scholarship has drawn on Marxian notions of accumulation by dispossession to raise concern that the use of market‐based approaches serves to widen dispossession through increased enclosure and privatisation of both nonhuman nature and political discourse on issues of environment. While in many instances these concerns are justified, the mechanisms through which market‐based conservation channels benefits to powerful societal actors may be more complicated than often assumed. Drawing from recent empirical research on attempts to establish markets in terrestrial conservation offsets in Alberta, Canada, this paper complicates some of the dominant narratives of privatisation associated with market‐based conservation initiatives. Market‐based conservation may, in some instances, be employed to expand a functionally public domain as a means of lubricating private wealth generation, suggesting the need for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between market‐based conservation, dispossession and accumulation.
From urban ecology to ecological urbanism: an ambiguous trajectory
Authors: Gandy Matthew
Published: January 2015

The term ‘ecology’, which first emerged in relation to the biological sciences in the 19th century, has subsequently undergone a series of conceptual permutations in an urban context. Existing tensions around the definition of ‘the city’ as an object of analysis have become further complicated by the increasing deployment of ecological metaphors in urban design and related fields. It is suggested that the limitations of urban ecology, as a coherent approach for urban analysis or intervention, stem from the dynamic, interdependent and historically contested characteristics of urban nature and the ambiguous dimensions to ecology as a leitmotif for urban politics.