bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Effects of a High‐Fat Meal on the Oral Bioavailability of a Single Dose of Preladenant in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Cutler David L. , Tendolkar Amol , Grachev Igor D.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of food on the oral bioavailability of preladenant, a novel adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. This open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 2‐way crossover study evaluated the effects of a high‐fat, high‐calorie meal on the pharmacokinetics of preladenant and its metabolite (SCH434748) following oral administration of a single 25‐mg preladenant capsule to 24 healthy subjects. When administered with food, the time of maximum concentration (Tmax) of preladenant was prolonged compared with administration in the fasting state. Whereas Tmax was increased from 0.9 hours to 2.6 hours and maximum concentration (Cmax) was decreased (from 212 ng/mL to 128 ng/mL), the extent of absorption (area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to time of final quantifiable sample, or AUC[tf]) was unaffected by the meal. Similarly, SCH434748 Tmax was prolonged in the fed state, and Cmax decreased from 43.7 ng/mL to 28.6 ng/mL. The assessment of AUC[tf] and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity [AUC[I]] together suggests that the AUC for the metabolite remained unchanged. No serious, significant, or unexpected adverse events occurred. In summary, food delays absorption and reduces peak exposure (Cmax) but does not alter the extent of preladenant exposure (AUC). These small changes are unlikely to be of clinical importance. A single 25‐mg dose of preladenant is safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects under both fed and fasting conditions.
Optimal Protein and Energy Nutrition Decreases Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Weijs Peter J. M. , Stapel Sandra N. , de Groot Sabine D. W. , Driessen Ronald H. , de Jong Evelien , Girbes Armand R. J. , Strack van Schijndel Rob J. M. , Beishuizen Albertus
Published: December 2011

Background: Optimal nutrition for patients in the intensive care unit has been proposed to be the provision of energy as determined by indirect calorimetry and the provision of protein of at least 1.2 g/kg. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study in a mixed medical‐surgical intensive care unit in an academic hospital. In total, 886 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients were included. Nutrition was guided by indirect calorimetry and protein provision of at least 1.2 g/kg. Cumulative intakes were calculated for the period of mechanical ventilation. Cox regression was used to analyze the effect of protein + energy target achieved or energy target achieved versus neither target achieved on 28‐day mortality, with adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, diagnosis, and hyperglycemic index. Results: Patients' mean age was 63 ± 16 years; body mass index, 26 ± 6; and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, 23 ± 8. For neither target, energy target, and protein + energy target, energy intake was 75% ± 15%, 96% ± 5%, and 99% ± 5% of target, and protein intake was 72% ± 20%, 89% ± 10%, and 112% ± 12% of target, respectively. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for energy target and protein + energy target were 0.83 (0.67–1.01) and 0.47 (0.31–0.73) for 28‐day mortality. Conclusions: Optimal nutritional therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients, defined as protein and energy targets reached, is associated with a decrease in 28‐day mortality by 50%, whereas only reaching energy targets is not associated with a reduction in mortality.
Mixed Research in Gifted Education
Authors: Leech Nancy L. , Collins Kathleen M. T. , Jiao Qun G. , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of mixed research techniques in empirical studies published in gifted education journals. During Phase 1, empirical full-text databases and relevant electronic bibliographic databases related to gifted education were searched during a time span of 10 to 18 years, resulting in the identification of 32 mixed research studies. During Phase 2, frequency data were compiled detailing the types of methods (quantitative, qualitative, mixed) implemented in empirical studies published in three leading gifted education research journals covering the time span of 5 years. A sequential mixed analysis was conducted on Phase 2 data, and results indicated that authors of empirical research articles utilized primarily quantitative methods. Among the 19 studies identified as mixed research, 5 utilized a mixed design that was categorized as a partially mixed, concurrent, dominant status design.
Stuck Inside the Federal-Indian Funding Relationship
Authors: Chong Jenny , Hassin Jeanette , Young Robert S. , Joe Jennie R.
Published: December 2011

Two case studies are presented to compare and contrast the challenges encountered when attempting to conduct participatory evaluations (P-Es) with tribal programs that represented two extremes of collaboration between the programs and evaluators. In one case, the P-E was successful because the principals were invested in the program, whereas in the second case, the absence of a shared program vision hampered the ability to adequately evaluate the program. The authors contend that governmental funding agencies have responsibilities to ensure that their expectations are appropriate, the proposed program is feasible, and that technical assistance should be provided before the grant is written, not after it has been funded.
Pharyngeal Stasis of Secretions in Patients with Zenker Diverticulum
Authors: Ongkasuwan Julina , Yung Katherine C. , Courey Mark S.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To determine whether patients with Zenker diverticulum are more likely to have stasis of secretions in the left piriform sinus, on in‐office endoscopy, than patients with nonspecific dysphagia.

Study Design

A case–control study.

Setting

A subspecialty swallowing clinic.

Subjects and Methods

All patients with radiographically confirmed Zenker diverticulum who were evaluated over a 5‐year period were selected. A control group with dysphagia due to radiographically confirmed esophageal dysmotility, prominent cricopharyngeal bar, or stricture was identified. Two blinded laryngologists reviewed the recorded laryngopharyngoscopies.

Results

Thirty‐four patients with Zenker diverticulum were identified; 11 were excluded because of previous surgery or other neurological conditions. Twelve (52.17%) of the remaining 23 Zenker diverticulum patients and 2 of the 73 (2.74%) control patients had greater pooling in the left versus right piriform sinus (2‐tailed t test, P <. 0001). The sensitivity of this physical examination finding in identifying patients with Zenker diverticulum was 52.17% (95% confidence interval, 31.08%‐72.58%) and specificity was 97.26% (95% confidence interval, 89.56‐99.52%). Patients with Zenker diverticulum less than 4 cm in size had increased pooling in the left versus right piriform compared with larger diverticulums. After surgical intervention, there was a statistically significant decrease in the asymmetrical pooling (2‐tailed t test, P =. 0067).

Conclusion

Increased pooling in the left compared with the right piriform, on in‐office endoscopy, is predictive of the presence of a Zenker diverticulum. This information can sharpen clinical acumen in evaluating patients with dysphagia. In turn, it will help the clinician counsel the patient regarding diagnosis and radiographic imaging.
Free Flap Reconstruction of Lateral Mandibular Defects
Authors: Dean Nichole R. , Wax Mark K. , Virgin Frank W. , Magnuson J. Scott , Carroll William R. , Rosenthal Eben L.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To compare outcomes following osteocutaneous radial forearm and fibula free flap reconstruction of lateral mandibular defects.

Study Design

Retrospective case‐controlled study.

Setting

Historical cohort study.

Subjects and Methods

All patients who underwent free flap reconstruction of lateral mandibular defects from 1999 to 2010 were included in this study. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on type of reconstruction: (1) osteocutaneous radial forearm (n = 73) and (2) fibula free flap reconstruction (n = 51). Patient characteristics, length of hospital stay, recipient and donor site complications, and long‐term outcomes including postoperative diet were evaluated.

Results

Most patients were male (68%) and presented with advanced T‐stage (71%) squamous cell carcinoma (94%) involving the alveolus (21%), retromolar trigone (23%), or oral tongue (21%). Median length of hospital stay was 8 days (range, 4‐22 days). The recipient site complication rate approached 27% and included infection (n = 11), mandibular malunion (n = 9), exposed bone or mandibular plates (n = 9), and flap failure (n = 5). Most patients demonstrated little to no trismus following reconstruction (94%) and were able to resume a regular or edentulous diet (73%). No difference in complication rates or postoperative outcomes was seen between osteocutaneous radial forearm and fibula free flap groups (P >. 05). One patient underwent dental implantation following osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap reconstruction. No patients from the fibula free flap group underwent dental implantation.

Conclusion

The osteocutaneous radial forearm and fibula free flap provide equivalent wound healing and functional outcomes in patients undergoing lateral mandibular defect reconstruction.
Demographic Influences on Antibiotic Prescribing for Pediatric Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Sidell Douglas , Shapiro Nina L. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: December 2011

Objective

To understand the epidemiologic antibiotic treatment patterns and the potential impact of race and insurance status on the medical management of acute otitis media (AOM).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of a national database.

Setting

National ambulatory care setting.

Methods

Cases of isolated AOM in children ≤16.0 years were extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2006‐2008). The frequency and type of antibiotic prescribed were extracted. A multivariate logistic regression model incorporating age, sex, race, ethnicity, and insurance type was used to determine the influence of these demographic variables on antibiotic prescribing patterns.

Results

A total of 15.8 ± 1.5 million cases of AOM were studied (mean age, 3.6 ± 0.3 years; 55.1% ± 2.9% male). Of the children, 15.0% ± 2.8% were Hispanic and 10.4% ± 3.1% were black. Medicaid/State Children’s Health Insurance Program and private insurance covered 30.6% ± 4.4% and 69.4% ± 4.4% of children, respectively. Overall, 83.1% ± 2.2% of children received an antibiotic prescription. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (6.5 ± 0.9 million), beta‐lactamase inhibitors (2.6 ± 0.4 million), and third‐generation cephalosporins (2.3 ± 0.4 million prescriptions). On multivariate analysis, insurance status, ethnicity, race, age, and sex did not influence the likelihood of an antibiotic being prescribed during the visit (P =. 884,. 909,. 849,. 102, and. 931 respectively).

Conclusions

Most children receiving medical treatment for AOM receive an antibiotic prescription during their visit. Ethnicity, race, and insurance type do not significantly influence antibiotic prescribing rates for AOM, and nearly all patients have medical insurance.
Autonomous manipulation with a general-purpose simple hand
Authors: Mason Matthew T , Rodriguez Alberto , Srinivasa Siddhartha S , Vazquez Andrés S
Published: December 2011

While complex hands seem to offer generality, simple hands are often more practical. This raises the question: how do generality and simplicity trade off in the design of robot hands? This paper explores the tension between simplicity in hand design and generality in hand function. It raises arguments both for and against simple hands, it considers several familiar examples, and it proposes an approach for autonomous manipulation using a general-purpose but simple hand. We explore the approach in the context of a bin-picking task, focused on grasping, recognition, and localization. The central idea is to use learned knowledge of stable grasp poses as a cue for object recognition and localization. This leads to some novel design criteria, such as minimizing the number of stable grasp poses. Finally, we describe experiments with two prototype hands to perform bin-picking of highlighter markers.
The Relationship of Violent Fathers, Posttraumatically Stressed Mothers and Symptomatic Children in a Preschool-Age Inner-City Pediatrics Clinic Sample
Authors: Schechter Daniel S. , Willheim Erica , McCaw Jaime , Turner J. Blake , Myers Michael M. , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: December 2011

This study aims to understand if greater severity of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), related to maternal report of interpersonal violence, mediates the effects of such violence on (a) child PTSS as well as on (b) child externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Study participants were mothers ( N = 77) and children 18 to 48 months recruited from community pediatric clinics. Data were analyzed continuously via bivariate correlations and then multiple linear regression. Post hoc Sobel tests were performed to confirm mediation. Paternal violence accounted for 15% of the variance of child PTSS on the PCIP-OR (β = .39, p ≤ .001). While the child’s father being violent significantly predicts child PTSS related to domestic violence, as mentioned, when maternal PTSS is included in the multiple regression model, father’s being violent becomes less significant, while maternal PTSS remains strongly predictive. Sobel tests confirmed that maternal PTSS severity mediated effects of paternal violence on clinician-assessed child PTSS as well as on maternal report of child externalizing and internalizing symptoms. When presented with a preschool-aged child who is brought to consultation for behavioral difficulties, dysregulated aggression, and/or unexplained fears, clinicians should evaluate maternal psychological functioning as well as assess and treat the effects of interpersonal violence, which otherwise may be avoided during the consultation.
Violence, Schools, and Dropping Out
Authors: Peguero Anthony A.
Published: December 2011

Without a doubt, exposure to violence and victimization can be profoundly detrimental to the overall well-being and development of all youth. Moreover, violence and victimization that occurs within a school context is particularly alarming because a successful educational process is essential toward establishing socioeconomic success later in life. The educational consequence of exposure to violence and victimization at school is uncertain for racial and ethnic minority students. This study utilizes data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 and incorporates multilevel modeling techniques to examine the impact of violence and victimization at school on dropping out. The results indicate Black/African Americans and Latino American students who are victimized at school are at higher risk of dropping out. The implications of the evident racial and ethnic disparities in the relationship between victimization and dropping out within the U.S. school system are discussed.
Laser welding of stainless steel self-steering tube-to-tube joints with oscillating mirror
Authors: Vänskä M , Salminen A
Published: December 2011

Modern lasers can produce a high-quality beam. This allows the use of a small focal point even smaller than 0.3 mm in diameter. Welding with a small spot can provide excellent productivity but it has limitations; for example, a very narrow weld that is not suitable for all types of joints. The problem in the laser welding of tube-to-tube joints is the positioning of the tubes and roundness error of the tube ends. One possible solution is studied in the present work: the use of a self-steering joint and welding with an oscillating mirror. A self-steering joint might help due to a zero gap in every case. With scanner laser welding, it is possible to achieve wider welds with sufficient weld quality. The scanner allows more precise control of the process and gives more options for laser welding. The welding process can be more accurately controlled due to a wide range of parameters.
Non-parametric estimation of relative risk in survival and associated tests
Authors: Wakounig Samo , Heinze Georg , Schemper Michael
Published: December 2011

We extend the Tarone and Ware scheme of weighted log-rank tests to cover the associated weighted Mantel–Haenszel estimators of relative risk. Weighting functions previously employed are critically reviewed. The notion of an average hazard ratio is defined and its connection to the effect size measure P( Y >  X) is emphasized. The connection makes estimation of P( Y >  X) possible also under censoring. Two members of the extended Tarone–Ware scheme accomplish the estimation of intuitively interpretable average hazard ratios, also under censoring and time-varying relative risk which is achieved by an inverse probability of censoring weighting. The empirical properties of the members of the extended Tarone–Ware scheme are demonstrated by a Monte Carlo study. The differential role of the weighting functions considered is illustrated by a comparative analysis of four real data sets.
The National Media Writing Faculty Study
Authors: Massé Mark , Popovich Mark
Published: December 2011

One of the objectives of this national media writing faculty study was to compile a contemporary profile of the typical U.S. journalism writing educator. This profile includes demographic data and information on pedagogical attitudes, practices, and resources. A second, more important objective was to search for evidence of an evolving and more integrated paradigm in the teaching of media writing by trying to ascertain whether current media writing instructors consider themselves to be more traditional or progressive in their teaching styles. Having journalism writing instructors indicate their teaching preferences would give some indication of the status and acceptance of more progressive teaching orientations (e.g., writing as process) that were introduced into journalism education literature in the 1980s.
2003-2004 Enrollment Report: Growth in Field Keeps up with Trend
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Vlad Tudor , Hennink-Kaminski Heidi , Coffey Amy Jo
Published: December 2011

Enrollments at the nation's journalism and mass communication programs increased in 2003, reaching unprecedented numbers at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels. All indications are that undergraduate enrollments at least will continue to grow, reflecting national trends. In fact, growth in enrollments of the sort experienced in recent years in the field most likely is necessary for journalism and mass communication to maintain its competitive position within the university. Though growth in resources does not appear to have kept pace with growth in enrollments, the field seems to have weathered the most recent economic downturn better than it did the recession of a decade earlier — probably because of the growth in enrollments.
Best Practices of Television Journalism in Europe: How Anglo-American On-Camera Styles Violate Cultural Values, Denmark as a Case Study
Authors: Holm Nancy Graham
Published: December 2011

The so-called “Bologna process” is an effort to standardize higher education in Europe. Among journalism educators in particular, the goal is a harmonization of best practices in order to establish common training protocols. Contrary to assumptions, however, best practices often conflict with cultural values. Specifically, there has been little attention paid to on-camera behavior of TV journalists. Denmark is a case study where standard Anglo-American on-camera presentation styles violate deeply held cultural values. This paper argues that cultural differences matter and have serious consequences for European TV journalism educators in the age of globalization.
The Gatekeeper Interview Assignment: Teaching Public Relations Students How to Write for the News Media and to Conduct Media Relations Effectively
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth A. , Sallot Lynne M.
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes the results of two focus group discussions, and telephone and e-mail interviews with thirty-three former students who had completed “gatekeeper interviews” in public relations writing courses to judge the pedagogical value of the assignment. The gatekeeper interview requires students to go into the newsroom to interview working journalists who make decisions about using news information from public relations practitioners. The former students reported the assignment was beneficial in preparing them for real-life writing for media and media relations
The Incorporation of Terrorism Coverage in Academic Journalism Programs
Authors: Lepre Carolyn Ringer , Luther Catherine A.
Published: December 2011

This research explores the degree to which journalism programs in the United States have incorporated the subject of terrorism into their curricula. An analysis of journalism and mass communication schools revealed that only a few programs had created journalism courses focusing specifically on terrorism. Those courses established under these programs were quite comprehensive in nature. Potential reasons why more programs have not created terrorism-related journalism courses are discussed
Accredited and Nonaccredited Media Writing Programs Are Stagnant, Resistant to Curricular Reform, and Similar
Authors: Masse Mark H. , Popovich Mark N.
Published: December 2011

A journalism program's accreditation status is arguably a factor in institutional reputation and student recruitment. Researchers were interested in exploring any differences in media writing course pedagogy between accredited and nonaccredited journalism programs. A secondary objective was to assess evidence of curriculum innovation in light of emerging issues, such as convergence and cross-platform media writing instruction. A comprehensive national study of media writing instructors revealed that accredited and nonaccredited schools are similar in their approaches to the teaching of media writing, that writing courses are structured similarly, and that faculty qualifications and faculty attitudes toward media writing are very similar. While highlighting the need for continued innovation in the teaching of writing, the study reveals evidence of systemic resistance to curriculum reform, notably in accredited programs, where ACEJMC standards may limit creative educational approaches.
A Study of Graduate Student Authorship in Journalism and Mass Communication Journals: 1997–2006
Authors: Carpenter Serena
Published: December 2011

Graduate students learn early on that conducting research is necessary to secure an academic job. Ten refereed journalism and mass communication journals during a ten-year period were examined to identify graduate student journal productivity trends, authorship order, institutional affiliations of student authors, journals most likely to publish graduate student authors, and ranks of faculty coauthors. Students were most likely to publish as first authors in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly and Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. Institutions producing the greatest number of student authors were Indiana University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Michigan State University.
Ferment in the Classroom? How We Can Benefit from the Research Direction of the Education Literature
Authors: Seamon Marc C.
Published: December 2011

Research agendas currently being pursued in education journals represent avenues of inquiry largely unexplored by J&MCE contributors. In keeping with the practice of building on existing scholarship and advancing theory by repeatedly testing hypotheses, it makes good sense for those whose research interests would lead them to J&MCE to look also at the education literature for questions and hypotheses that could be applied more specifically to JMC teaching and learning. This essay's purpose is to discuss some contemporary fronts in the education literature that could be valuable if adapted and applied specifically to journalism and mass communication education.
J-Contests Helpful, Most Judges Believe
Authors: Pasqua Tom
Published: December 2011

This paper was produced as a special project at the Center for Communication Research at the University of Texas at Austin. Jack L. Whitehead, staff research associate, supervised the project.
ASJSA Honors William O. Douglas
Authors: Douglas William O.
Published: December 2011

As the individual “who has contributed most during the past decade to the defense of the freedom of information,” former U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas was selected as recipient of the 1979 Citation of Merit of the American Society of Journalism School Administrators.

Because of poor health, Justice Douglas could not attend the presentation ceremonies during the ASJSA Awards Luncheon Aug. 7 at the 1979 AEJ Convention in Houston. Accepting the award in his behalf was Professor Dagmar S. Hamilton, one of his close friends and associates both now and during the latter years of his 1939–75 tenure on the Court.

Professor Hamilton is on the faculty of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin. On the following pages is the main text of her speech after the presentation.
From Afghanistan to Chechnya: News Coverage by Izvestia and the New York Times
Authors: Malinkina Olga V. , McLeod Douglas M.
Published: December 2011

This study analyzed newspaper coverage of conflicts in Afghanistan and Chechnya by the New York Times and the Russian newspaper Izvestia to examine the impact of political change on news coverage. The Soviet Union's dissolution included dramatic changes to the Russian media system. In addition, the dissipation of the Cold War changed the foreign policy of the United States. A content analysis revealed that the changes to the media system in Russia had a profound impact on Izvestia's coverage, but political changes had little impact on the New York Times' coverage.
Black in a Blonde World: Race and Girls' Interpretations of the Feminine Ideal in Teen Magazines
Authors: Duke Lisa
Published: December 2011

This qualitative study examines culture as a mitigating factor in adolescents' media uses and gratifications. Middle-class African-American and White female readers of the three most popular teen magazines were interviewed for their interpretations of the feminine ideal presented in these texts. While Black girls in this study sought out mainstream teen magazines for what they saw as relatively generic content on topics like social issues and entertainment, these girls were largely uninterested in teen magazines' beauty images because they conflict with African-American standards of attractiveness. Featured brands of makeup and hair care products—as well as advice on their use—were also seen as being specifically intended for White girls, who consequently invest more authority in the magazines' counsel and images. The magazines are a one-way mirror through which Black girls observe and critique White beauty culture. White girls were generally unaware of any racial bias in the magazines.
Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper
Authors: Tewksbury David , Althaus Scott L.
Published: December 2011

Relative to traditional newspapers, Internet-based papers provide fewer cues about news story importance and give readers more control over story selection. As a result, readers of an online paper may acquire less information about national, international, and political events than would print paper readers. This article reports the results of a multi-day experiment which compared the differential effects of exposure to print and online versions of the New York Times. Online readers of the Times appear to have read fewer national, international, and political news stories and were less likely to recognize and recall events that occurred during the exposure period.
The Rural-Urban Digital Divide
Authors: Hindman Douglas Blanks
Published: December 2011

This study used national survey data to determine whether the “digital divide” between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations was widening. The findings showed that one's income, age, and education were more closely associated with the use of information technologies than was geographical location. The positive association among status indicators and technology use appeared to be strengthening over time. The study concluded that contrary to utopian predictions of the universal benefits provided by the tools of the digital revolution, innovative uses of information technologies are likely to remain closely associated with social indicators.
Violence against the Press in Latin America: Protections and Remedies in International Law
Authors: Perkins Michael
Published: December 2011

This article identifies a trend in international law addressing the murders of journalists in Latin America. Recent cases by international human-rights tribunals are analyzed for their holdings that murders of journalists violate the free-expression guarantees of the American Convention on Human Rights, the hemisphere's leading human rights treaty. These rulings required governments to investigate attacks on the press in good faith, punish journalists' assailants, indemnify journalists' survivors, and protect journalists working in war zones. This article concludes that this international case law, though developing slowly, offers a new weapon in the fight against vengeful and violent attacks on the press.
Think about it This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the public's Evaluation of a Local Issue
Authors: Kim Sei-Hill , Scheufele Dietram A. , Shanahan James
Published: December 2011

This study examined the attribute agenda-setting function of the media, which refers to significant correspondence between prominent issue attributes in the media and the agenda of attributes among audiences. An opinion survey on a local issue and a content analysis of a local newspaper revealed that, by covering certain issue aspects more prominently, the media increase the salience of these aspects among audience members. We also found an important outcome of attribute agenda setting, attribute priming effects. Findings indicated that issue attributes salient in the media were functioning as significant dimensions of issue evaluation among audience members. This study concluded that the media, by emphasizing certain attributes of an issue, tell us “how to think about” this issue as well as “what to think about.”
Myth and Terror on the Editorial Page: The New York Times Responds to September 11, 2001
Authors: Lule Jack
Published: December 2011

This article studies New York Times editorials in the aftermath of September 11 from the perspective of myth. After defining myth and reviewing a wide range of scholarship that approaches news as myth, this article considers the ways in which editorials can be understood as myth. Textual analysis shows that over the course of four weeks, the New York Times drew from four central myths to portray events: the End of Innocence, the Victims, the Heroes, and the Foreboding Future. More than editorial “themes” or political “issues,” these were myths that invoked archetypal figures and forms at the heart of human storytelling.
Does Making Journalism More Public Make a Difference? A Critical Review of Evaluative Research on Public Journalism
Authors: Massey Brian L. , Haas Tanni
Published: December 2011

A critical review of forty-seven evaluative studies on public journalism shows that its philosophy and newswork practices have had generally limited effects on the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of journalists and news audiences. These works tend to focus on a handful of showcase public-journalism news organizations and projects. Methodological shortcomings found in several of the studies are discussed. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Mass Communication Research Trends from 1980 to 1999
Authors: Kamhawi Rasha , Weaver David
Published: December 2011

This is a thematic meta-analysis of research trends in major mass communication journals during the 1980 to 1999 period. We analyzed study method, medium and area of focus, theoretical approach, funding source, and time period covered in research articles published in ten major mass communication journals during this twenty-year period. Predictions made about mass communication research in the 1990s were tested. We found that qualitative research methods continued to be much less common than quantitative methods throughout the period. Funding for research was relatively rare, with the university becoming the main source and private support decreasing significantly in the 1990s. The implications of such trends are discussed.
Proximity and Power Factors in Western Coverage of the Sub-Saharan AIDS Crisis
Authors: Swain Kristen Alley
Published: December 2011

This content analysis explores the relationship between proximity/power status factors and news coverage of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa in the elite press of the United States and Britain. Coverage from six publications— Time, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, The Economist, New York Times, and London Times—was compared with reported AIDS incidence in the hardest-hit African countries over two decades. AIDS coverage was related to year of publication, country of origin, and former colony status. Strongest predictors of coverage included military spending, scientific research, GDP, GNP, population, government type, and number of highways. Proximity and power status factors may mediate the flow of capital (information, money, and goods) between dominant and dependent nations.
“Portraits of Grief,” Reflectors of Values: The New York Times Remembers Victims of September 11
Authors: Hume Janice
Published: December 2011

The systematic examination of obituaries can provide a useful tool to explore the values of Americans of any era. Such an examination can help in understanding an important aspect of American culture, the public memory of its citizens. In the aftermath of 11 September 2001, the New York Times began publishing “Portraits of Grief,” small sketches recalling the lives of individuals lost in the terrorist attacks. This study examines the portraits as commemorations more than chronicles, as reflectors of values and memory at what may prove to be a significant turning point in American history.
Protecting a Delicate Balance: Facts, Ideas, and Expression in Compilation Copyright Cases
Authors: Bunker Matthew D. , Bolger Bethany
Published: December 2011

The fact/expression and idea/expression dichotomies are two of copyright law's most important doctrines for preserving a vibrant public domain and protecting free expression interests. Recently, those doctrines have been interpreted narrowly in important federal court decisions dealing with the protection of compilations of information. This article analyzes these cases and suggests changes in the interpretation of the law.
An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect
Authors: Arpan Laura M. , Raney Arthur A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the interaction among different news sources, individual levels of partisanship, and the hostile media effect in sports news. Two hundred and three participants read a balanced story about their home-town college football team in one of three newspapers: the home-town, the cross-state rival university's town, or a neutral-town paper. The study found differences in the hostile media effect across conditions, suggesting the importance of news source in the phenomenon. Further, findings indicate strong support for the hostile media effect among sports news consumers.
The Potential of Online Media: A Coorientational Analysis of Conflict between PR Professionals and Journalists in South Korea
Authors: Shin Jae-Hwa , Cameron Glen T.
Published: December 2011

A total of 225 public relations practitioners and journalists in South Korea were surveyed regarding eleven types of offline source-reporter interaction (i.e., telephone contact, fax/mail/wire/courier press releases, interviews, press conferences, private meetings, etc.), and nine types of online source-reporter interaction (i.e., e-mail news releases, multimedia press kits, streaming audio/video clips, organizational homepages, Web site pressrooms, online discussion group/forum, etc.). In all types of source-reporter relationships, both parties disagree and inaccurately predict the other's view. However, respondents expect that online media relations offer promise, with both groups predicting less conflict in online source-reporter relationships.
What do these Messages Really Mean? Sports Media Exposure, Sports Participation, and Body Image Distortion in Women Between the Ages of 18 and 75
Authors: Bissell Kimberly L.
Published: December 2011

Thin-ideal media content is said to be one of the factors responsible for promoting distorted body image perceptions in young girls and college women. This study examined the relationship between sports media exposure during the Olympic Games, overall sports media exposure, and sports participation to body image attitudes in women between the ages of 18 and 75. Age was directly related to sports participation and sports exposure, and, more important, many older women were found to be as unhappy with their body shape as younger women. Both sports media exposure and sports participation were related to more positive body image attitudes; however, exposure and participation in lean sports were related to more negative attitudes in women.
Social Capital in Rural and Urban Communities: Testing Differences in Media Effects and Models
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E. , Thorson Esther
Published: December 2011

This study examines whether the effects of the mass media on social capital and related processes vary between rural and urban communities. A distinction is made between indicators of social networks (association membership and neighborliness), social trust (interpersonal trust and community trust), and pro-social behaviors (voting and volunteering). We test nonrecursive structural equation models with manifest and latent variables on rural and urban U.S. samples. Media effects differ by medium and by community type. Newspaper use has positive effects in each model, while those of entertainment TV viewing are negative. Local TV news use has positive effects in only the urban model, while network TV news use has positive effects in only the rural model. In addition, there is a reciprocal relationship between social networks and social trust in the rural model, while the relationship is linear—from social networks to social trust—in the urban model.
Interlocking of Newspaper Companies with Financial Institutions and Leading Advertisers
Authors: An Soontae , Jin Hyun Seung
Published: December 2011

This study analyzed the composition of boards of directors of thirteen publicly traded newspaper companies to examine the extent of director appointment from financial institutions or leading advertisers. The results revealed ingrained ties to financial institutions and leading advertisers from 1988 to 2000. A pooled cross-sectional time series analysis showed that a company's financial situation is associated with the subsequent appointment of directors. The results confirmed the view that interlocks are associated with inter-firm resource dependence. However, most of the variance in the ratios of board members from financial interests to total board members was accounted for by idiosyncratic variations among the corporations. The effect of capital dependency was much smaller than the company-specific unit effects.
Representing the Third Wave: Mainstream Print Media Framing of a New Feminist Movement
Authors: Bronstein Carolyn
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes the framing of third wave feminism to determine whether journalists are recycling stock frames commonly used to portray the women's movement of the 1970s. Using textual and content analyses, the author draws from more than ten years' worth of news stories to identify current framing patterns. The findings reveal that journalists have jettisoned some of the more negative frames, but still tend to depict third wave feminism in ways that distort its identity and purpose. The study reveals that the third wave is defined against the second wave in ways that disparage second wave actors and accomplishments, ultimately weakening feminism overall.
The Impact of Ordinary Political Conversation on Public Opinion Expression: Is Existence of Discord Necessary?
Authors: Lee Francis L. F.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the democratic impact of ordinary political conversation by tackling two interrelated research questions: (1) Does private conversation lead to more public opinion expression? (2) Is discord a necessary condition for conversation to exert its impact? Analysis of a survey conducted in Hong Kong shows that people who talk to family and friends about public affairs more frequently are more likely to engage in online political chats with strangers, to express a minority opinion, and to vote. However, the impact of conversation does not apply to every context of public opinion expression. There is also no robust evidence showing that the impact exists only among people who perceive differences in opinions in their social networks.
Schemas as Average Conceptions: Skin Tone, Television News Exposure, and Culpability Judgments
Authors: Dixon Travis L.
Published: December 2011

An experiment examined the extent to which race and skin tone of a perpetrator in a crime news story could influence subsequent culpability judgments of race unidentified suspects. There were no differences in culpability judgments between light news viewers exposed to a white, light-skinned, medium-skinned, or dark-skinned black perpetrator. However, heavy television news viewers exposed to a medium-skinned black perpetrator were more likely than heavy news viewers exposed to a white suspect to find an unambiguously guilty suspect culpable. Heavy news viewers exposed to either light-, medium-, or dark-skinned black suspects were more likely than heavy news viewers exposed to white suspects to find an ambiguously guilty suspect culpable.
Functional Theory and Political Discourse: Televised Debates in Israel and the United States
Authors: Benoit William L. , Sheafer Tamir
Published: December 2011

This study applied functional theory, developed for political campaigns in the United States, to six televised debates in Israel and compared debates in both countries. In both countries, acclaims were the most common function, followed by attacks and then defenses. Policy was addressed more often than character. Incumbent candidates in both countries acclaimed significantly more and attacked less than the challengers. Incumbents used past deeds significantly more often to acclaim—and less to attack—than the challengers. The similarities discovered suggest that candidates for elective political office may employ common discursive practices that transcend national borders.
The Power of Public Relations in Media Relations: A National Survey of Health PR Practitioners
Authors: Cho Sooyoung
Published: December 2011

Based on the typology of power suggested by French and Raven, this study identified five types of power PR practitioners believe they have. Survey results suggest that PR practitioners working for health organizations believe they have Expert Power in media relations, especially those who work for non-profit organizations, have frequent contact with reporters, and develop close relationships with reporters. In general, they do not believe they exert Information Coercive and Advertising Coercive power. This research also examined the effect of three internal contingent factors on the perceived power of PR in media relations. Only Organizational Stability was a significant predictor of Expert Power.
Survival in Paradise: How “Local Identity” Helped save the Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Authors: Auman Ann
Published: December 2011

This study of the afternoon Honolulu Star-Bulletin after an announcement to shut it down in 1999 hypothesizes that the strong cultural connections between the paper and its Hawai'i community helped prevent its closure. A cultural approach to the study of this organization reveals the shared meaning and group identity of newsroom employees that were a product of the paper's history and community ties, and were illuminated during the crisis. Other scholars could use this approach to examine cultural connections between newspapers and diverse communities, particularly during times of change.
Third-person Perceptions about Idealized Body Image and Weight-loss Behavior
Authors: Chia Stella C.
Published: December 2011

This study investigates the third-person effect in relation to body-image factors in Singapore. College women in Singapore reported that thinness ideals, as portrayed in magazine ads, had greater media effects on friends than on themselves. Their perception of media effects on themselves was positively associated with their intention to lose weight. The sum of perceived effects on self and on friends accounted for college women's overall intention to adopt weight-loss behavior, whereas the third-person differential between self and female friends was negatively associated with the subjects' intention to go on a diet.
Agenda-Setting Effects among the Media, the Public, and Congress, 1946–2004
Authors: Tan Yue , Weaver David H.
Published: December 2011

This paper examines the longitudinal evolution of correspondences among the issue agendas of the mass media, Congress, and the public from 1946 to 2004. The time unit is one year. Data are derived from the New York Times coverage, Gallup's Most Important Problem series, and Congressional hearings. The evolutions of, as well as the causal relationship among, the three agendas and their agenda-setting effects are analyzed and discussed.
Reporter Beat and Content Differences in Environmental Stories
Authors: McCluskey Michael
Published: December 2011

The literature suggests that story content varies by reporter beat, but little confirming evidence exists. Environmental news, which cuts across beats, was analyzed for differences in story content and context. Analysis of 498 newspaper articles and survey responses from thirty-seven environmental groups shows environmental writers were more positive in stories about environmental groups than business, political, and general reporters. Stories' level of context about environmental group resources and goals varied among reporter types.
Is Beauty A Joy Forever? Young Women's Emotional Responses to Varying Types of Beautiful Advertising Models
Authors: Goodman J. Robyn , Morris Jon D. , Sutherland John C.
Published: December 2011

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between female beauty and positive effects for the woman, product, or ad; however, none has explored women's emotional responses to different beauty types. This study investigated college women's emotional responses to Solomon, Ashmore, and Longo's six beauty types. The survey results revealed that the original six beauty types were not supported. Instead, they combined into two independent dimensions: Sexual/Sensual (SS) and Classic Beauty/Cute/Girl-Next-Door (CCG). After testing emotional reactions to High CCG/Low SS, High SS/Low CCG, and Equal CCG/SS models, models with higher degrees of CCG produced significantly greater pleasure, arousal, and dominance.