bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoglin expression in blood and endothelium is differentially regulated by modular assembly of the Ets/Gata hemangioblast code
Authors: Pimanda John E. , Chan Wan Y. I. , Wilson Nicola K. , Smith Aileen M. , Kinston Sarah , Knezevic Kathy , Janes Mary E. , Landry Josette-Renée , Kolb-Kokocinski Anja , Frampton Jonathan , Tannahill David , Ottersbach Katrin , Follows George A. , Lacaud Georges , Kouskoff Valerie , Göttgens Berthold
Published: September 2008

Endoglin is an accessory receptor for TGF-β signaling and is required for normal hemangioblast, early hematopoietic, and vascular development. We have previously shown that an upstream enhancer, Eng −8, together with the promoter region, mediates robust endothelial expression yet is inactive in blood. To identify hematopoietic regulatory elements, we used array-based methods to determine chromatin accessibility across the entire locus. Subsequent transgenic analysis of candidate elements showed that an endothelial enhancer at Eng +9 when combined with an element at Eng +7 functions as a strong hemato-endothelial enhancer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–chip analysis demonstrated specific binding of Ets factors to the promoter as well as to the −8, +7+9 enhancers in both blood and endothelial cells. By contrast Pu.1, an Ets factor specific to the blood lineage, and Gata2 binding was only detected in blood. Gata2 was bound only at +7 and GATA motifs were required for hematopoietic activity. This modular assembly of regulators gives blood and endothelial cells the regulatory freedom to independently fine-tune gene expression and emphasizes the role of regulatory divergence in driving functional divergence.
POEM, A 3-dimensional exon taxonomy and patterns in untranslated exons
Authors: Knapp Keith , Chonka Ashley , Chen Yi-Ping Phoebe
Published: September 2008

Background

The existence of exons and introns has been known for thirty years. Despite this knowledge, there is a lack of formal research into the categorization of exons. Exon taxonomies used by researchers tend to be selected ad hoc or based on an information poor de-facto standard. Exons have been shown to have specific properties and functions based on among other things their location and order. These factors should play a role in the naming to increase specificity about which exon type(s) are in question.

Results

POEM (Protein Oriented Exon Monikers) is a new taxonomy focused on protein proximal exons. It integrates three dimensions of information (Global Position, Regional Position and Region), thus its exon categories are based on known statistical exon features. POEM is applied to two congruent untranslated exon datasets resulting in the following statistical properties. Using the POEM taxonomy previous wide ranging estimates of initial 5' untranslated region exons are resolved. According to our datasets, 29–36% of genes have wholly untranslated first exons. Untranslated exon containing sequences are shown to have consistently up to 6 times more 5' untranslated exons than 3' untranslated exons. Finally, three exon patterns are determined which account for 70% of untranslated exon genes.

Conclusion

We describe a thorough three-dimensional exon taxonomy called POEM, which is biologically and statistically relevant. No previous taxonomy provides such fine grained information and yet still includes all valid information dimensions. The use of POEM will improve the accuracy of genefinder comparisons and analysis by means of a common taxonomy. It will also facilitate unambiguous communication due to its fine granularity
Analysis of the goldfish Carassius auratus olfactory epithelium transcriptome reveals the presence of numerous non-olfactory GPCR and putative receptors for progestin pheromones
Authors: Kolmakov Nikolay N , Kube Michael , Reinhardt Richard , Canario Adelino VM
Published: September 2008

Background

The goldfish (Carassius auratus) uses steroids and prostaglandins as pheromone cues at different stages of the reproductive cycle to facilitate spawning synchronization. Steroid progestin pheromone binding has been detected in goldfish olfactory membranes but the receptors responsible for this specific binding remain unknown. In order to shed some light on the olfactory epithelium transcriptome and search for possible receptor candidates a large set of EST from this tissue were analysed and compared to and combined with a similar zebrafish (Danio rerio) resource.

Results

We generated 4,797 high quality sequences from a normalized cDNA library of the goldfish olfactory epithelium, which were clustered in 3,879 unique sequences, grouped in 668 contigs and 3,211 singletons. BLASTX searches produced 3,243 significant (E-value < e-10) hits and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis annotated a further 1,223 of these genes (37.7%). Comparative analysis with zebrafish olfactory epithelium ESTs revealed 1,088 identical unigenes. The transcriptome size of both species was estimated at about 16,400 unigenes, based on the proportion of genes identified involved in Glucose Metabolic Process. Of 124 G-protein coupled receptors identified in the olfactory epithelium of both species, 56 were olfactory receptors. Beta and gamma membrane progestin receptors were also isolated by subcloning of RT-PCR products from both species and an olfactory epithelium specific splice form identified.

Conclusion

The high similarity between the goldfish and zebrafish olfactory systems allowed the creation of a 'cyprinid' olfactory epithelium library estimated to represent circa 70% of the transcriptome. These results are an important resource for the identification of components of signalling pathways involved in olfaction as well as putative targets for pharmacological and histochemical studies. The possible function of the receptors identified in the olfactory system is described. Moreover, the role of olfactory epithelium specific isoforms of classical membrane progestin receptor genes as candidates for preovulatory pheromone sensing is discussed.
A pilot study of rivastigmine in the treatment of delirium after stroke: A safe alternative
Authors: Oldenbeuving Annemarie W , de Kort Paul LM , Jansen Ben PW , Kappelle L Jaap , Roks Gerwin
Published: September 2008

Background

Delirium is a common disorder in the early phase of stroke. Given the presumed cholinergic deficiency in delirium, we tested treatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine.

Methods

This pilot study was performed within an epidemiological study. In 527 consecutive stroke patients presence of delirium was assessed during the first week with the confusion assessment method. Severity was scored with the delirium rating scale (DRS). Sixty-two patients developed a delirium in the acute phase of stroke. Only patients with a severe and persistent delirium (defined as a DRS of 12 or more for more than 24 hours) were enrolled in the present study. In total 26 fulfilled these criteria of whom 17 were treated with orally administered rivastigmine with a total dose between 3 and 12 mg a day. Eight patients could not be treated because of dysphagia and one because of early discharge.

Results

No major side effects were recorded. In 16 patients there was a considerable decrease in severity of delirium. The mean DRS declined from 14.8 on day one to 8.5 after therapy and 5.6 after tapering. The mean duration of delirium was 6.7 days (range; 2–17).

Conclusion

Rivastigmine is safe in stroke patients with delirium even after rapid titration. In the majority of patients the delirium improved after treatment. A randomized controlled trial is needed to establish the usefulness of rivastigmine in delirium after stroke.

Trial registration

Nederlands Trial Register NTR1395
Menopausal hormone therapy in relation to breast cancer characteristics and prognosis: a cohort study
Authors: Rosenberg Lena U , Granath Fredrik , Dickman Paul W , Einarsdóttir Kristjana , Wedrén Sara , Persson Ingemar , Hall Per
Published: September 2008

Introduction

Menopausal hormone therapy has been reported to increase the risk of certain subtypes of breast cancer and to be associated with a favorable survival. These associations could either be due to an increased mammographic surveillance or to a biological effect. We assessed these associations in a Swedish cohort of postmenopausal breast cancer patients holding information on mammographic examinations, menopausal hormone therapy use, other breast cancer risk factors, and cancer treatment.

Methods

We analyzed 2,660 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 74 years, diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 1993 to 1995 and followed until the end of 2003 (median follow-up, 9 years and 3 months). We assessed the influence of hormone therapy before diagnosis on tumor characteristics and breast cancer-specific survival. We analyzed hormone therapy before diagnosis by regimen (estrogen–progestin therapy or estrogen alone therapy), recency (current or past), and duration of use (<5 years or ≥ 5 years).

Results

Current use, but not past use, compared with never use of hormone therapy before diagnosis seemed to be associated with tumors of low grade and with improved breast cancer-specific survival. The associations were stronger with longer duration, but did not vary significantly by regimen. The favorable survival among current users of hormone therapy was only partly explained by differences in available tumor characteristics and mammographic surveillance.

Conclusions

We conclude that current menopausal hormone therapy, especially long term, is associated with favorable tumor characteristics and survival.
Immune activation and IL-12 production during acute/early HIV infection in the absence and presence of highly active, antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Byrnes Adriana A , Harris David M , Atabani Sowsan F , Sabundayo Beulah P , Langan Susan J , Margolick Joseph B , Karp Christopher L
Published: September 2008

Suppressed IL-12 production and maladaptive immune activation, both of which are ameliorated by successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), are thought to play important roles in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV infection. Despite the important effects of the immunological and virological events of early HIV infection on subsequent disease progression, IL-12 production and immune activation in early infection remain under-defined. To quantify IL-12 production and immune activation during acute/early HIV infection, in the presence and absence of HAART, we performed a prospective, longitudinal study of participants in the Baltimore site of the Acute Infection and Early Disease Research Program, with cross-sectional comparison to healthy control subjects. PBMC cytokine productive capacity and plasma immune activation markers [soluble CD8 (sCD8), sCD4, granzyme B, neopterin, β2-microglobulin, sIL-2R, sTNFRI, sTNFRII, and IL-12p70] were quantified by ELISA. Notably, PBMC from patients with acute/early HIV infection exhibited in vivo IL-12p70 production along with increased, maximal in vitro IL-12 production. Further, despite evidence from plasma markers of generalized immune activation, no elevation in plasma levels of sCD4 was observed, suggesting relative blunting of in vivo CD4+ T cell activation from the beginning of HIV infection. Finally, despite successful virological responses to HAART, heightened in vivo CD8+ T cell activation, IL-12 production, and IFN activity were sustained for at least 6 months during primary HIV infection. These data underscore the need for comparative mechanistic analysis of the immunobiology of early and chronic HIV infection.
New Books across the Disciplines
Authors: Cornett Michael
Published: September 2008

“New Books across the Disciplines” is a bibliographic resource that facilitates a cross-disciplinary survey of recent publications. Its scope ranges from late antiquity to the seventeenth century. Coverage is comprehensive for the large majority of North American and British publishers. Other European titles are included whenever received. Books are classified under variable topical headings and listed alphabetically by author's name. Entries include complete bibliographical data and annotations. With few exceptions, books appearing here have been published within the previous two years. Many will be presented here before they are ordered and shelved by libraries.

The topics for this issue include:

Editions and translations Reference Historiography, historians, and critical theory Biographical studies Medicine, science, and technology The body Sexuality Gender and works of women Visual culture Authorship and textuality
Anti-Mullerian-hormone-dependent regulation of the brain serine-protease inhibitor neuroserpin
Authors: Lebeurrier Nathalie , Launay Séverine , Macrez Richard , Maubert Eric , Legros Hélène , Leclerc Arnaud , Jamin Soazik P. , Picard Jean-Yves , Marret Stéphane , Laudenbach Vincent , Berger Philipp , Sonderegger Peter , Ali Carine , di Clemente Nathalie , Vivien Denis
Published: September 2008

The balance between tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and one of its inhibitors, neuroserpin, has crucial roles in the central nervous system, including the control of neuronal migration, neuronal plasticity and neuronal death. In the present study, we demonstrate that the activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-related BMPR-IB (also known as BMPR1B and Alk6)- and Smad5-dependent signalling pathways controls neuroserpin transcription. Accordingly, we demonstrate for the first time that anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a member of the TGFβ family, promotes the expression of neuroserpin in cultured neurons but not in astrocytes. The relevance of these findings is confirmed by the presence of both AMH and AMH type-II receptor (AMHR-II) in brain tissues, and is supported by the observation of reduced levels of neuroserpin in the brain of AMHR-II-deficient mice. Interestingly, as previously demonstrated for neuroserpin, AMH protects neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates the existence of an AMH-dependent signalling pathway in the brain leading to an overexpression of the serine-protease inhibitor, neuroserpin, and neuronal survival.
Distinct roles for Khd1p in the localization and expression of bud-localized mRNAs in yeast
Authors: Hasegawa Yuko , Irie Kenji , Gerber André P.
Published: September 2008

The RNA-binding protein Khd1p (KH-domain protein 1) is required for efficient localization of ASH1 mRNA to the bud-tip, probably acting as a translational repressor during mRNA transport in yeast. Here, we have systematically examined Khd1p mRNA targets and colocalization with known bud-tip-localized mRNAs in vivo. Affinity purification and DNA microarray analysis of Khd1p-associated mRNAs revealed hundreds of potential mRNAs targets, many of them encoding membrane-associated proteins. The putative targets include the messages for MID2, MTL1, WSC2, SRL1, EGT2, CLB2, ASH1, and Khd1p colocalizes with these mRNAs at the bud-tip. The combination of bioinformatics, RNA localization, and in vitro RNA-binding assays revealed that Khd1p binds to CNN repeats in coding regions of mRNA targets. Among the proteins encoded by previously known bud-tip-localized mRNAs, only Mtl1p levels were decreased in khd1Δ mutant cells, whereas Ash1p and Srl1p were reduced in cells overexpressing KHD1. Hence, Khd1p differentially affects gene expression possibly due to combinatorial arrangement with additional factors reflecting the redundant structure of post-transcriptional regulatory systems.
Treatment appraisals and beliefs predict adherence to complementary therapies: A prospective study using a dynamic extended self‐regulation model
Authors: Bishop Felicity L. , Yardley Lucy , Lewith George T.
Published: September 2008

Objectives Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by large numbers of the general public and is increasingly becoming integrated into the mainstream. An understanding of why people use CAM in general has been developed in the literature, but relatively little is known specifically about adherence to CAM. We tested hypotheses (derived from a dynamic extended version of Leventhal's common‐sense model) that patients' beliefs about treatment, perceptions of illness, and treatment appraisals would predict adherence to CAM.

Design A prospective self‐report questionnaire study was carried out with a 3‐month follow‐up period.

Methods A total of 240 patients from five CAM clinics completed self‐report questionnaire measures of treatment beliefs, illness perceptions, and treatment appraisals at baseline. Three months later, they completed self‐report measures of adherence to therapists' recommendations concerning attendance, remedy use, and life‐style changes.

Results Logistic regression analyses showed that positive perceptions of one's therapist and belief that mental factors do not cause illness independently predicted adherence to appointments. Positive beliefs in holistic health and finding it difficult to travel to appointments predicted adherence to remedy use. Using homeopathy was the only independent predictor of adherence to life‐style changes.

Conclusions Treatment appraisals, treatment beliefs, and illness perceptions explain modest proportions of the variance in adherence to CAM. This study highlights the value of operationalizing the appraisal element of the common‐sense model when investigating adherence to treatment.
Predicting and explaining transtheoretical model stage transitions in relation to condom‐carrying behaviour
Authors: Arden Madelynne A. , Armitage Christopher J.
Published: September 2008

Objectives The stages of change component of the transtheoretical model have been applied to safe sex behaviours in cross‐sectional analyses, but have not yet been subject to prospective analysis. It was predicted that: (a) cross‐sectional analyses would demonstrate good discrimination between the stages of change; (b) prospective analyses would allow for the identification of predictors of stage transitions; and (c) implementation intentions would explain progression from the preparation stage.

Design This study employed an experimental longitudinal design. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (implementation intention) or control conditions and completed questionnaires at baseline and at 2‐month follow‐up.

Methods Five hundred and twenty‐five adolescents who were broadly representative of the UK population completed questionnaires at baseline and follow‐up (N=393) measuring: demographic variables; stage of change; theory of planned behaviour constructs; anticipated regret; and moral norm in relation to condom‐carrying behaviour. The experimental condition completed a self‐generated implementation intention to carry condoms at the end of the baseline questionnaire.

Results Discriminant function analyses indicated that the stages of change could be accurately discriminated from one another cross‐sectionally and that, longitudinally, the measured variables were able to predict transitions between most stages. Implementation intentions caused people to progress from the preparation stage.

Conclusions Transitions between most stages were reliably predicted, thereby providing potential targets for intervention. The brief implementation intention intervention was effective and could easily be utilized and expanded to encompass a broader range of sexual health behaviours.
Development of the benefit finding in multiple sclerosis (MS) caregiving scale: A longitudinal study of relations between benefit finding and adjustment
Authors: Pakenham Kenneth I. , Cox Stephen
Published: September 2008

Benefit finding (BF) is a meaning‐making construct that has been shown to predict carer and care recipient adjustment.

Purpose This longitudinal study investigated the dimensions, stability, and validity of the benefit finding in multiple sclerosis caregiving (BFiMSCare) scale.

Methods Participants were 232 carers of persons with MS and their care recipients. Questionnaires were completed at Time 1 and 12 months later (Time 2).

Results Factor analysis of the BFiMSCare scale revealed six psychometrically sound factors: enriched relationship; spiritual growth; family relations growth; life‐style gains; inspiration; and relationship opportunities. Results of regression analyses indicated that the Time 1 BFiMSCare factors and the total score accounted for significant amounts of variance in each of the Time 1 positive adjustment outcomes (life satisfaction, positive affect, dyadic adjustment) and in Time 2 positive affect and dyadic adjustment. The BFiMSCare total score predicted all Time 2 adjustment domains (positive affect, dyadic adjustment, care recipient adjustment ratings of carer) except life satisfaction and distress, whereas the six factors as a block predicted positive affect and life satisfaction.

Conclusions Findings delineate the dimensional structure of BF in caregiving and the differential links between BF dimensions and adjustment, and have implications for the measurement of BF.
Relationship satisfaction in women: A longitudinal case‐control study about the role of breast cancer, personal assertiveness, and partners' relationship‐focused coping
Authors: Hinnen Chris , Hagedoorn Mariët , Ranchor Adelita V. , Sanderman Robbert
Published: September 2008

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether a breast cancer diagnosis, personal assertiveness (i.e. frequency of assertive behaviour and tension associated with this behaviour), and partners' relationship‐focused coping (i.e. active engagement and protective buffering) were sources of variation in patients' relationship satisfaction, cross‐sectionally and over time.

Design and method This longitudinal case‐control study assessed the two dimensions of personal assertiveness and relationship satisfaction in both women with cancer (N=72) and comparison controls (N=62). In addition, patients completed a measure assessing their partners' active engagement and protective buffering.

Results Cases (i.e. women with breast cancer) were not found to report more relationship problems than controls. Women with breast cancer who tended not to express their concerns and feelings and who experienced much tension when they did, reported relatively low marital satisfaction. Moreover, partners' protective buffering was associated with less relationship satisfaction in especially more assertive (i.e. high frequency of assertive behaviour and low tension) women with cancer, while active engagement was associated with more relationship satisfaction, regardless of the women's personal assertiveness.

Discussion The results of the present study indicate that a breast cancer diagnosis by itself may not be a risk factor for relationship problems. However, in the context of an illness such as cancer, personal assertiveness, and a partner's relationship‐focused coping strategies do seem to play a role in maintaining a satisfactory relationship with one's partner.
Dimensions and profiles of the generalized health‐related self‐concept
Authors: Wiesmann Ulrich , Niehörster Gabriele , Hannich Hans‐Joachim , Hartmann Ute
Published: September 2008

Objectives We explore the significance of health as a potentially self‐relevant category from the perspective of dynamic self‐concept theory. Our intention was to describe the dimensional structure of the generalized health‐related self‐concept, to identify particular prototypes of health‐related self‐definition, and to see if these prototypes would differ with respect to appraisals of health behaviour and subjective health.

Design We conducted a cross‐sectional questionnaire study involving 545 college students (23.3% male) at the mean age of 22 years.

Methods The self‐administered questionnaire assessed a relevant spectrum of health‐related cognitions denoting their generalized declarative knowledge about their health (the generalized health‐related self‐concept). Additionally, participants rated their multiple health behaviour, their perceived health, and their anticipated vulnerability.

Results A principal components analysis of the health‐related cognitions revealed the following five dimensions: health‐protective dispositions, health‐protective motivation, vulnerability, health‐risky habits, and external, avoidant motivation. A two‐step cluster analysis of the five components identified six profiles of health‐related self‐concept: careless/carefree, omnipotents, risk‐takers, mentally affected, reluctant‐avoidant, and medically fragile. These prototypes could be successfully reclassified (97.6%). The six profiles differed with respect to their health behaviour and subjective health appraisals.

Conclusions The dimensional structure represents both resources and deficits with respect to an individual's health‐related self‐concept. An individual's profile of these dimensions might correspond to a characteristic set of particular health needs and motivations. Successful health communications should follow a complementary strategy of affirming the self‐concept.
Sollten nach der Norm DIN EN ISO 15189 akkreditierte medizinische Laboratorien durch die Landesbehörden überwacht werden?
Authors: Lehnigk Katharina , Steinhorst Andreas
Published: September 2008

Die neue Richtlinie der Bundesärztekammer zur Qualitätssicherung laboratoriumsmedizinischer Untersuchungen besteht aus einem Teil A mit grundlegenden Anforderungen an Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsmanagement, die von allen Laboratorien in Deutschland, in denen laboratoriumsmedizinische Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Ausübung der Heilkunde durchgeführt werden, zu erfüllen sind. Spezifische Anforderungen gelten, soweit ein spezieller Teil B formuliert ist. Gesetzliche Regelungen sind aber nur in dem Maße wirksam, wie die Überprüfung ihrer Einhaltung erfolgt.

Frau Dipl.-Biol. Lehnigk vertritt die Meinung, dass die behördliche Zuständigkeit der Überwachung der Länder auch für nach der Norm DIN EN ISO 15189 freiwillig akkreditierte medizinische Laboratorien gilt. Der Staat hat Sorge zu tragen, dass die gesetzlichen Vorgaben eingehalten werden. Eine Übertragung von Überwachungsaufgaben auf andere Stellen durch die zuständige Landesbehörde sei denkbar.

Dr. Steinhorst ist der Meinung, dass die Landesbehörden Vertrauen in die Akkreditierung nach der Norm DIN EN ISO 15189 haben und bei akkreditierten Laboratorien auf eigene Überprüfungen verzichten sollten, da die in der Norm festgelegten Anforderungen weit über die Anforderungen in der RiLi-BÄK 2008 hinausgehen. Darüber hinaus stützt sich die RiLi-BÄK im Teil A auf die Norm DIN EN ISO 15189.
Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism is associated with serum testosterone levels, obesity and serum leptin in men with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Stanworth R D , Kapoor D , Channer K S , Jones T H
Published: September 2008

Objective

To determine the relationships between androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism length (AR CAG), sex hormones and clinical variables in men with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Men with DM2 are known to have a high prevalence of low testosterone levels. Studies suggest that testosterone replacement therapy may improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control in men with DM2 and reduces central obesity and serum leptin. AR CAG is known to correlate negatively with AR sensitivity and positively with body fat, insulin levels, and leptin in healthy men.

Design

Cross-sectional study set in a district general hospital diabetes centre.

Methods

Sex hormones, AR CAG and symptoms of hypogonadism were assessed in 233 men with DM2. Associations were sought between these variables and others such as obesity, leptin, glycaemic control, and blood pressure.

Results

Testosterone was negatively associated and AR CAG positively associated with obesity and leptin. The associations of AR CAG with leptin and obesity were independent of testosterone, estradiol, gonadotropins, and age. AR CAG was also independently associated with total, bioavailable and free testosterone, LH, waist circumference, body mass index, leptin, and systolic blood pressure. There was no association of AR CAG with sex hormone binding globulin, estradiol, HbA1C or the symptoms of hypogonadism.

Conclusions

The association of longer AR CAG with obesity and leptin suggests that shorter AR CAG may have an influence in maintaining healthy anthropomorphics and metabolism in men with DM2. Testosterone and LH levels are higher in men with longer AR CAG, probably reflecting reduced negative feedback through a less sensitive receptor.
Retesting the childhood-onset GH-deficient patient
Authors: Gasco V , Corneli G , Beccuti G , Prodam F , Rovere S , Bellone J , Grottoli S , Aimaretti G , Ghigo E
Published: September 2008

GH deficiency (GHD) in adults has to be shown by a single provocative test, provided that it is validated. Insulin tolerance test (ITT) has been indicated as the test of choice; now also glucagon test is validated and represents an alternative. The GHRH plus arginine (ARG) test and testing with GHRH plus a GH secretagogue are equally reliable diagnostic tools, and are now considered as ‘golden’ standards as ITT. Childhood-onset (CO) GHD needs retesting in late adolescence or young adulthood; this is a major clinical challenge and raises questions about the most appropriate method and cut-off value. Appropriate re-evaluation of GH status is represented by simple measurement of IGF1 concentration off rhGH treatment. Clearly, low IGF1 levels are evidence of persistent severe GHD in subjects with genetic GHD or panhypopituitarism. However, normal IGF1 levels never rule out severe GHD and CO-GHD with normal IGF1 levels must undergo a provocative test. The appropriate GH cut-off limit is specific for each provocative test. As shown by the ROC curve analysis, in late adolescents and young adults, the lowest normal GH peak response to ITT is 6.1 μg/l while that to GHRH+ARG test is 19.0 μg/l. These cut-off limits, however, are just indicative as being variable as a function of the assay used. No other test is validated for retesting. As GHRH+ARG test mostly explores the GH-releasable pool, normal GH response would be verified by a second ITT in order to rule out subtle hypothalamic defect.
Gender dimorphism in body composition abnormalities in acromegaly: males are more affected than females
Authors: Sucunza N , Barahona M J , Resmini E , Fernández-Real J M , Farrerons J , Lluch P , Puig T , Wägner A M , Ricart W , Webb S M
Published: September 2008

Background

Acromegaly changes body composition (BC), but long-term gender differences have not been reported.

Objective

To evaluate BC in active and controlled acromegalic patients.

Design and methods

Clinical and biochemical variables and BC (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were evaluated in 60 acromegalic patients (19 active, 41 controlled) and 105 controls, matched for age and gender.

Results

Acromegalic males (n=24) had more total mass (89±13 vs 76.5±15.3 kg, P<0.001), lean body mass (LBM; 64.6±8.7 vs 56.4±5.8 kg, P<0.001), and bone mineral content (BMC; 2.9±0.5 vs 2.6±0.3 kg, P<0.05) than controls (n=33). Controlled male patients (n=14) had more total mass (89±14.7 vs 76.5±15.3 kg, P<0.05) and a trend to have more LBM (61.8±9.4 vs 56.4±5.8 kg, P=0.065) than controls. Only in active disease was a decrease in fat mass (FM) observed, compared with controlled patients and controls (males: 19.5±5.3 vs 27±6.2 and 25.9±4%, P<0.001; females: 30.3±6.7 vs 37.1±5.8 and 36.5±6.6%, P<0.01). In females, no further differences were observed. No differences in BMC were found between eugonadal and hypogonadal acromegalic patients, but in hypogonadal females, acromegaly appeared to prevent the BMC loss seen in hypogonadal postmenopausal controls. GH and IGF1 levels were negatively correlated with FM (males, P<0.05; females, P<0.001), but in the regression analysis GH was a predictor of FM only in women.

Conclusions

Control of acromegaly reverts decreased FM in both genders; only in males more total mass and a trend for more LBM persist. The anabolic effect of GH on bone reverted in cured males, but persisted in females and appeared to override the bone loss of menopause.
Acylation stimulating protein but not complement C3 associates with metabolic syndrome components in Chinese children and adolescents
Authors: Wamba Ponce Cedric Fouejeu , Mi Jie , Zhao Xiao-Yuan , Zhang Mei-Xian , Wen Yu , Cheng Hong , Hou Dong-Qing , Cianflone Katherine
Published: September 2008

Objective

Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide and is increasingly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our aim was to examine acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and its precursor complement C3, in normal, overweight, and obese Chinese children and adolescents, and the relationships with body size, blood parameters, pubertal development, family environment, and MetS.

Methods

Children and adolescents (n=1603) from 6 to 18 years, boys (n=873) and girls (n=730), including normal weight (n=603), overweight (n=291) and obese (n=709) were assessed for body size parameters, pubertal development, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, ASP, and C3.

Results

ASP levels were increased in overweight and obese versus normal weight (P<0.001), while C3 showed little variation. This effect of overweight/obesity remained throughout early stages when boys and girls were separated by pubertal development or age, although age and pubertal status itself had no effect. Separation based on ASP quintiles demonstrated significant associations with blood cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Chol), glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in boys, and LDL-Chol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose in girls. A positive correlation with mother's body mass index in boys and girls (P=0.002 and P=0.014 respectively) as well as birth weight (P<0.001) was noted. MetS was strongly associated with increased ASP, the presence of a single MetS factor (especially hypertension, central obesity, or hyperglycemia) was associated with increased ASP.

Conclusion

Changes in the plasma adipokine ASP in early obesity are associated with blood lipid and glucose modifications, family environment, and distinct MetS risk factors.
Genomic imprinting in marsupial placentation
Authors: Renfree Marilyn B , Ager Eleanor I , Shaw Geoff , Pask Andrew J
Published: September 2008

Genomic imprinting is a widespread epigenetic phenomenon in eutherian mammals, which regulates many aspects of growth and development. Parental conflict over the degree of maternal nutrient transfer is the favoured hypothesis for the evolution of imprinting. Marsupials, like eutherian mammals, are viviparous but deliver an altricial young after a short gestation supported by a fully functional placenta, so can shed light on the evolution and time of acquisition of genomic imprinting. All orthologues of eutherian imprinted genes examined have a conserved expression in the marsupial placenta regardless of their imprint status. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are the most common mechanism controlling genomic imprinting in eutherian mammals, but none were found in the marsupial imprinted orthologues of IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), INS or mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST). Instead, histone modification appears to be the mechanism used to silence these genes. At least three genes in marsupials have DMRs: H19, IGF2 and PEG10. PEG10 is particularly interesting as it is derived from a retrotransposon, providing the first direct evidence that retrotransposon insertion can drive the evolution of an imprinted region and of a DMR in mammals. The insertion occurred after the prototherian–therian mammal divergence, suggesting that there may have been strong selection for the retention of imprinted regions that arose during the evolution of placentation. There is currently no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals. However, since these mammals do have a short-lived placenta, imprinting appears to be correlated with viviparity but not placentation.
Structure–function relationships in the mineralocorticoid receptor
Authors: Pippal Jyotsna B , Fuller Peter J
Published: September 2008

The signature action of aldosterone in the regulation of electrolyte and fluid balance is well established. However, the role of aldosterone as an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in heart failure has gained a heightened interest in recent years, but the mechanisms of this action are not well understood. Aldosterone is the principal physiological ligand for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, that also binds to the physiological glucocorticoid, cortisol. Both classes of hormones bind with similar affinity to the MR, but the molecular basis of selective and tissue-specific effects of MR ligands is not yet fully documented. The structural and functional determinants of MR function are described and their significance is discussed.
A Comparison of Women Versus Men Charged With Intimate Partner Violence: General Risk Factors, Attitudes Regarding Using Violence, and Readiness to Change
Authors: Simmons Catherine A. , Lehmann Peter , Cobb Norman
Published: September 2008

The current descriptive study seeks to broaden empirical understanding about women charged with intimate partner violence by comparing a sample of women in a domestic violence diversion program (N = 78) to a matched sample of men (N = 78) in the same program on measurements of general risk factors, attitudes toward using violence, and readiness to change. Findings indicate that the women charged with intimate partner violence are a heterogeneous group, endorse risk factors that show an elevated likelihood they will continue to use violence, demonstrate a high level of tolerance for using violence in their relationship, and may be highly amenable to treatment opportunities. Implications for practice and future research are addressed.
A Comparison of Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Homeless Young Adults
Authors: Tyler Kimberly A.
Published: September 2008

Although high rates of sexual victimization have been reported among homeless youth, less is known about whether the risk factors vary for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth compared to heterosexual youth. Based on a sample of 172 homeless young adults ages 19 to 26, results revealed that depressive symptoms, prostitution, and having friends who traded sex were significantly associated with higher levels of sexual victimization. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults experienced more sexual victimization compared to heterosexual young adults. A test for interactions revealed that the effect of sexual orientation on sexual victimization was moderated by trading sex and having friends who traded sex. Finally, there is support for partial mediation of the effects of sexual abuse, neglect, and depressive symptoms on sexual victimization through other risk factors.
Patterns of Abuse in Male Same-Sex Relationships
Authors: Bartholomew Kim , Regan Katherine V. , White Monica A. , Oram Doug
Published: September 2008

Previous studies of abuse in male same-sex relationships have been limited by convenience samples and/or by incomplete assessments of partner abuse. We examined patterns of same-sex partner abuse in a random sample of 284 gay and bisexual men. Respondents reported on perpetration and receipt of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse over multiple time frames, as well as injuries resulting from abuse. Almost all respondents reported psychological abuse, more than one-third reported physical abuse, and 10% reported having engaged in unwanted sexual activity because of partner force or threats of force. More than half of recipients of partner violence reported sustaining injury. We found strong associations between different forms of abuse, and between severity of abuse receipt and perpetration.
Variation of the Physical Properties of Sheanut (Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn.) Kernels during Convective Drying
Authors: Bup Divine Nde , Kapseu César , Tenin Dzudie , Kuitche Alexis , Abi Charles Fon , Tchiégang Clergé
Published: September 2008

The effect of moisture content and drying temperature of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn kernels on some of its physical properties was investigated. The kernels which were harvested at a moisture content of about 60% (wet basis) and hence prone to high post harvest losses from two ecological zones of Cameroon (Bangoua in West province and Tchabal in Adamawa province) were dried in a forced convection dryer at 40oC, for 6, 20, 48, 72 and 96 hours to give moisture contents ranging from 10 to 60% wet basis. Ten trees from each of the zones were carefully selected to serve as sources for the ripe kernel bearing shea fruits that were used as samples for this study. For each parameter studied, a sample population of 30 kernels selected at random per tree was used. The results obtained revealed that there was a significant difference in the physical properties of the kernels from different trees irrespective of the locality. The bulk density, true density, sphericity and porosity varied non-linearly with the moisture content. Kernels with larger masses showed a different variation pattern of bulk density and porosity with moisture content compared to the lighter kernels. The variation of the bulk density, sphericity, porosity of sheanut kernels with moisture content and temperature was satisfactorily modelled with empirical equations. The samples underwent considerable shrinkage (up to 35%) during the drying process. Three empirical models were used to describe the shrinkage behaviour of the kernels and it is proposed that these models could be incorporated in drying models.
The Effects of Connecticut's Probation Transition Program on Reducing Technical Violations
Authors: Cox Stephen M. , Bantley Kathleen , Roscoe Thomas , Hill Brian
Published: September 2008

A dramatic increase in Connecticut's prison population and concern over the number of probation technical violators being sentenced to prison led to the piloting of a specialized probation program targeting high risk offenders. The present study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-year study period to evaluate the Probation Transition Program's (PTP) effect on probation technical violations and new arrests. Findings indicate the program significantly decreased technical violations in the participation group while the rate of new arrests remained stable. An analysis of PTP participants who received a technical violation or were arrested found that male probationers with high LSI-R risk scores were most likely to receive technical violations and younger male probationers who were African-American, unmarried, with a high number of convictions and high LSI-R risk scores were most likely to be arrested during the one-year follow-up period.
Perceptions of Civilian Review: Exploring the Differences in Reviewed and Non-Reviewed Officers
Authors: de Guzman Melchor C.
Published: September 2008

Officers of the Philippine National Police were surveyed to examine whether their experiences with the civilian review board, the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB), influence their perceptions about the board's integrity and legitimacy. This study examined two groups: officers who had cases processed by the board (reviewed group) and officers who had never had complaints heard against them before the board (non-reviewed group). In addition, the satisfaction of both groups with the process as well as their overall satisfaction were examined. The findings support the contention that the experience of being reviewed may shape or alter officers' perceptions about civilian review. In addition, there may be a tendency for police officers to mistrust a completely civilian review, but it appears that such mistrust may be overcome by the board's exercise of fairness, objectivity, and thoroughness in its processes.
A New Class of High Temperature and Corrosion Resistant Nickel‐Based Open‐Cell Foams
Authors: Walther G. , Klöden B. , Büttner T. , Weißgärber T. , Kieback B. , Böhm A. , Naumann D. , Saberi S. , Timberg L.
Published: September 2008

A number of nickel‐based and iron‐based alloys have been successfully developed for applications at high service temperatures and in corrosive environments. Applications such as diesel particulate filters, heat exchangers, and catalyst supports require open‐cell porous structures with tailored and uniform material and structural properties, a requirement which can be met by high temperature and corrosion resistant metallic alloy foams prepared with compositions similar to those mentioned above. A new technology that transforms pure nickel foam into an alloy foam, and which has now reached the pilot plant production stage, will be introduced. This technique starts from commercially‐available nickel foam, which is uniformly coated with a pre‐alloyed powder using standard powder metallurgical methods, and subsequently transformed into the desired alloy throughout the strut cross‐section in a relatively short time with a carefully controlled heat treatment that utilizes transient liquid‐phase sintering. This process allows for the preparation of a wide variety of foam compositions and structural features, which is important for tailoring material properties to a specific application.
Aluminium Foam Sandwich Panels: Manufacture, Metallurgy and Applications
Authors: Banhart J. , Seeliger H.‐W.
Published: September 2008

Sandwich panels consisting of a highly porous aluminium foam core and aluminium alloy face sheets are manufactured by roll‐bonding aluminium alloy sheets to a densified mixture of metal powders – usually Al‐Si or Al‐Si‐Cu alloys with 6–8% Si and 3–10% Cu – and titanium hydride, and foaming the resulting three‐layer structure by a thermal treatment. We review the various processing steps of aluminium foam sandwich (AFS) and the metallurgical processes during foaming, compare the process to alternative ways to manufacture AFS, e.g. by adhesive bonding, and give an overview of the available literature. Two ways to treat AFS after foaming are presented, namely forging and age‐hardening. Some current and potential applications are described and the market potential of AFS is assessed.
Porous Metals and Metallic Foams: Current Status and Recent Developments
Authors: Lefebvre L.‐P. , Banhart J. , Dunand D. C.
Published: September 2008

Porous metals and metallic foams are presently the focus of very active research and development activities. There are currently around 150 institutions working on metallic foams worldwide, most of them focussing on their manufacture and characterisation. Various companies are developing and producing these materials which are now being used in numerous industrial applications such as lightweight structures, biomedical implants, filters, electrodes, catalysts, and heat exchangers. This review summarizes recent developments on these materials, with particular emphasis on research presented at the latest International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (MetFoam 2007).
Cover Picture: Metallic Foams (Adv. Eng. Mater. 9/2008)
Authors: Lefebvre L.‐P. , Banhart J. , Dunand D. C.
Published: September 2008

Porous metals and metallic foams are presently the focus of very active research and development activities. There are currently around 150 institutions working on metallic foams worldwide, most of them focussing on their manufacture and characterisation. Various companies are developing and producing these materials which are now being used in numerous industrial applications such as lightweight structures, biomedical implants, filters, electrodes, catalysts, and heat exchangers. This review summarizes recent developments on these materials, with particular emphasis on research presented at the latest International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (MetFoam 2007).
Tetrabutylammonium Decatungstate (Chemo)selective Photocatalyzed, Radical CH Functionalization in Amides
Authors: Angioni Simone , Ravelli Davide , Emma Daniele , Dondi Daniele , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: September 2008

Photoamidation of electron‐poor olefins has been achieved by means of a radical‐induced CH functionalization in amides. Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate was used as photocatalyst of the reaction and allowed the smooth generation of different carbon‐centered radicals depending on the amide structure.