bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Performance Measurement Until 1930
Authors: Williams Daniel W.
Published: May 2004

Performance measurement originated at the early Bureau of Municipal Research. Over the next quarter century, it became more sophisticated through increased quantification and reliance on experts. However, its focus narrowed from government to government service. This narrowing is linked to reduced social activism among those who used thesemethods. The entire period saw combined interest in accomplishing results and containing costs. Leading advocates of measurement included Lent Upson, Clarence Ridley, Mabel Walker, and Edison Cramer. Ridley became the executive director of the International City Manager's Association where he continued to promote performance measurement for the next 30 years.
The Iron Cage of Methodology
Authors: Lowery Daniel , Evans Karen G.
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the strategies and tools that public administration scholars use to understand phenomena of interest. The range of qualitative methods used has been limited, and the kind of rigor generally associated with quantitative methods has largely been absent in the application of their qualitative counterparts. Two conclusions are drawn from an analysis of articles published in two respected journals: Training on research methods in Ph.D. and M.P.A. programs should be expanded to include a broader range of strategies and tools, and the rigorous use of a broader range of research tools promises to better position the field of public administration to identify, examine, and answer the many big questions that it now faces.
Levees of Hope
Authors: Buchanan Thomas C.
Published: May 2004

The Mississippi River system was an important site of African American resistance to slavery. This article illustrates that slaves used the western steamboat economy to run away from their masters, a history that has been neglected by historians. Western cities, and the commercial working class that grew with them, were crucial to these escape networks. The labor mobility of the river, and the freedoms that came with it, were a dramatic extension of the relative freedoms of urban slavery. Runaway slaves knew that cities offered the hope of contact with a broader pan-Mississippi African American community that could allow them to ride the decks of steamboats to freedom.
The Hiring of Rejects
Authors: U Eddy
Published: May 2004

The official need to tackle urban unemployment and reform state establishments, together with unequal privileges granted by the state, formed the critical context for staff recruitment in the early People’s Republic of China. This article, which examines hiring in secondary schools in Shanghai, shows that none of the elements mentioned was aimed at the political or technical needs of work organizations. As a result, the organizations that fell on the lower level of the socialist institutional hierarchy received staff members they did not want. In Shanghai secondary schools, large numbers of people whom the state considered politically suspicious or academically unprepared joined the faculty, even as the state was attempting to develop a system of socialist education. Their recruitment both accelerated the state’s need to tighten political control in schools and damaged classroom teaching. The impact of this policy on the campus lasted well into the Cultural Revolution.
Converting Land to Nonagricultural Use in China’s Coastal Provinces
Authors: Ho Samuel P. S. , Lin George C. S.
Published: May 2004

Since the mid-1980s, the conversion of land to nonagricultural use in China has been arguably the most widespread in the country’s history, and in no region has the process been more intense than in China’s coastal provinces. Among the more important factors that have contributed to the conversion of land to nonagricultural use are rural-urban migration, rapid economic growth, and increased investments in roads. A study of Landsat photographs of one south Jiangsu region reveals that because rural settlements are scattered and use a large amount of land and because urbanization and industrialization have occurred in a decentralized fashion, the shift in land use has not been restricted to a few major cities but has been widely dispersed. The article concludes by arguing that while the conversion of land to nonagricultural use in the coastal provinces is bound to continue, its pace will be slower than in the recent past.
From Gestural to Verbal Deixis: a Longitudinal Study with Spanish Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Rodrigo María José , González Angela , de Vega Manuel , Muñetón-Ayala Mercedes , Rodríguez Guacimara
Published: May 2004

This study examined longitudinally how infants’ display of gestural and verbal deictic means to indicate targets is related to a certain target topology and to a specific mother attention pattern. Eight Spanish 1- and 2-year-olds and their mothers were observed every three months during one year, while performing routine activities. Results showed that the younger children usually pointed alone or combined with a vocalization to objects placed within the boundaries of the visual field. The older children usually pointed combined with a content word or with a deictic word or said a deictic word alone to indicate objects under manipulation, mainly placed in the close peripersonal space. Across ages, mothers supported the child’s use of deictic means by looking at the object as well as at the child’s face. Findings are discussed in terms of the functions that gestural and verbal deixis may serve for early verbal development and, specifically, to the grounding of reference.
Didactic Psychological Counselling Œ A Real Challenge
Authors: Meyer F. , Gonzalez E. , Favini M. Cifuentes
Published: May 2004

Questionnaires were issued to fourth year students and to psychologists in trainee posts who had taken part in the didactic psychological counselling course at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. This article reviews the various challenges posed by this type of counselling in the university context little accustomed to addressing issues arising in professional practice. This qualitative evaluation shows that the students and trainee psychologists viewed training that combined a university course with practical experience in the future professional .eld as essential. The evaluation also con.rmed that the students believed the objectives and the corresponding teaching tools employed on the course to be relevant. The objectives are also in line with the ‘transdisciplinarity‘ approach proposed by the authors and supported by the CIRET-UNESCO report (1997) extolling the virtues of ‘the four pillars of a new kind of education: learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together with and learning to be‘. Understood in this context, the educational and clinical aims of our counselling course satisfy the new expectations of the university of tomorrow.
Teachers and Loneliness
Authors: Galanaki Evangelia
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate children‘s perceptions (i.e. expectations) of the interventions that teachers should implement to deal with their loneliness. The role of signi.cant others in children‘s attempts to cope with loneliness and the children‘s perceptions of that role have been neglected by researchers. A random sample of 180 second, fourth and sixth graders from Athens, the capital of Greece, were individually interviewed. Qualitative analysis using the ‘concept-indicator model ‘ (Strauss, 1987) showed that school-age children have an adequate understanding of the loneliness alleviation strategies that teachers can and should use. The strategies may be distinguished into the two already known broad categories of coping, that is problem-focused or active coping strategies (i.e. manifestation of interest and care, intervention in the peer group, encouragement to approach peers and make friends, consultation for personal improvement, informing parents), and emotion-focused or avoidance coping strategies (i.e. emotion regulation, encouragement to engage in activities and inability to cope). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of the teacher in alleviating loneliness, for school-based interventions with this purpose, as well as for their contribution in the existing knowledge about coping with loneliness strategies.
Assessing Time Management Skills as an Important Aspect of Student Learning
Authors: García-Ros Rafael , Pérez-González Francisco , Hinojosa Eugenia
Published: May 2004

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the factorial structure, psychometric properties and predictive capacity for academic achievement of a scale designed to evaluate the time management skills of Spanish high school students. An adaptation of the Time Management Questionnaire was presented to two samples of 350 Spanish high school students. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis results from the two samples shows an adequate fit of a three-factor oblique model, as well as its superior explanatory capacity compared to other competitive models considered. This model basically reproduces the structure of the original scale, integrating the subscales on short-range planning, long-range planning, and time attitudes. The psychometric properties of the three subscales also reach satisfactory values. Finally, the predictive capacity of time management skills on academic achievement is examined, especially regarding the scale on Long-range planning. The results are discussed with regard to the prior study on the topic and their instructional repercussions.
Development of the Mentor Behaviour Rating Scale
Authors: De Bruyn Eddy H.
Published: May 2004

The present study described the development of the Mentor Behaviour Rating Scale. In the Dutch secondary educational system, the mentor is a teacher responsible for individual students’ academic and socio-emotional progress throughout the academic year. In order to assess the mentor behaviours conducive to pupils’ acceptance levels of their particular mentor, two studies were conducted. In the first study, students ( n = 625) rated their mentor on 44 items. Through factor analysis this was reduced to 18 items. In the second study, the reduced scale was administered to 745 students. This revealed the existence of two factors, Respect and Humour. These two mentor behavioural factors were highly predictive of the acceptance levels of students ( R 2 = 0.52).
Functional Analysis of Erratic Body Movement Maintained by Visual Stimulation
Authors: Rapp John T. , Dozier Claudia L. , Carr James E. , Patel Meeta R. , Enloe Kimberly A.
Published: May 2004

A concurrent-operantsdesign was used to analyze the repetitive behavior of observing reflective surfaces while simultaneously engaging in erratic gross-motor body movements (EBMs) exhibited by a young boy diagnosed with autism. The assessment involved an evaluation of preference for controlled (i. e., the participant controlled the visual activity on a TV screen) versus uncontrolled (i. e., the participant viewed a previously recorded tape from the controlled condition) TV footage of his EBMs. The analysis indicated that both observing and EBMs were maintained by the direct correspondence between the body movements and the visual stimulation they produced when controlled by the participant. Thus, the EBMs appeared to be maintained on a conjugate schedule of reinforcement.
Spaced-Retrieval Effects on Name-Face Recognition in Older Adults with Probable Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hawley Karri S. , Cherry Katie E.
Published: May 2004

Six older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were trained to recall a name-face association using the spaced-retrieval method. We administered six training sessions over a 2-week period. On each trial, participants selected a target photograph and stated the target name, from eight other photographs, at increasingly longer retention intervals. Results yielded a positive effect of spaced-retrieval training for name-face recognition. All participants were able to select the target photograph and state the target’s name for longer periods of time within and across training sessions. A live-person transfer task was administered to determine whether the nameface association, trained by spaced-retrieval, would transfer to a live person. Half of the participants were able to call the live person by the correct name. These data provide initial evidence that spaced-retrieval training can aid older adults with probable AD in recall of a name-face association and in transfer of that association to an actual person.
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Authors: Floyd Mark , Scogin Forrest , McKendree-Smith Nancy L. , Floyd Donna L. , Rokke Paul D.
Published: May 2004

Thirty-one community-residing older adults age 60 or over either received 16 sessions of individual cognitive psychotherapy (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) or read Feeling Good (Burns, 1980) for bibliotherapy. Posttreatment comparisons with the delayed-treatment control indicated that both treatments were superior to a delayed-treatment control. Individual psychotherapy was superior to bibliotherapy at posttreatment on self-reported depression, but there were no differences on clinician-rated depression. Further, bibliotherapy participants continued to improve after posttreatment, and there were no differences between treatments at 3-month follow-up. Results suggest that bibliotherapy and that individual psychotherapy are both viable treatment options for depression in older adults.
Understanding Expanded School Mental Health Services in Baltimore City
Authors: Walrath Christine M. , Bruns Eric J. , Anderson Karyn L. , Glass-Siegal Marcia , Weist Mark D.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the nature of expanded school mental health (ESMH) services in Baltimore City, which at the time of the study were incorporated into 40% of the city’s public schools. A provider survey was distributed to ESMH clinicians to gather information on the characteristics of service providers and recipients, types of services being provided, and their proposed outcomes. Provider reports indicated an impressive service capacity, augmentation of traditional school-based services, and the continual need for increased mental health service hours in their buildings. In addition, the most frequently voiced benefits of the ESMH programs were increased mental health awareness and improved school climate. Implications of the findings for future programming development and research are discussed.
Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention Activities in a School-Based Program for Children Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Nabors Laura A. , Weist Mark D. , Shugarman Ryan , Woeste Michael J. , Mullet Elizabeth , Rosner Leah
Published: May 2004

Children who experience homelessness are at increased risk for a range of health and mental health problems. In spite of this increased risk, they are often less likely to receive appropriate services. School-based programs offer considerable potential to reduce the gap between needs and appropriate services for these youth; however, there are few examples of such programs in the published literature. This article provides information from a mental and physical health prevention program and needs assessment for at-risk children, who were experiencing homelessness or were from very low-income families, which was piloted during a summer camp program in an urban school. Results of the needs assessment indicated that children residing in homeless shelters reported less consistent access to medical and dental care than children residing with their families. It is interesting that children experiencing homelessness were more likely to report that they had participated in counseling than did children from low-income families. Satisfaction ratings of prevention activities conducted in the program were positive for students and teachers.
School-Based Mental Health Services in Baltimore
Authors: Bruns Eric J. , Walrath Christine , Glass-Siegel Marcia , Weist Mark D.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the association between school-based mental health services and two proposed but untested outcomes of these services: (a) school climate and (b) patterns of referrals to special education. Results from a climate survey found that teachers and staff in eight elementary schools with expanded school mental health (ESMH) services gave higher ratings on the survey’s mental health climate subscale than respondents from schools in a matched comparison group. No differences were found for the General Climate subscale of the survey. Results also indicated that teachers in ESMH schools referred fewer students to the special education neligibility process because of emotional and behavioral issues and that fewer students in ESMH schools were found eligible for special education for emotional and behavioral disabilities. Results of this study provide beginning evidence for the positive impact of ESMH programs on these two school wide indicators of functioning.
Mapping the Intimate Relationship Mind: Comparisons between Three Models of Attachment Representations
Authors: Overall Nickola C. , Fletcher Garth J. O. , Friesen Myron D.
Published: May 2004

This study compared three models of how attachment working models might be cognitively represented. Model 1 posits that attachment representations consist of a single global working model summarizing attachment across specific relationships and domains. Model 2 proposes three independent working models for the relationship domains of family, platonic friendships, and romantic partners. Model 3 postulates that specific relationship models are nested under relationship domain representations that are, in turn, nested under an overarching global working model. Participants completed standard attachment scales for the relationship domains of family, platonic friendships, and romantic partners and also provided attachment ratings for three specific relationships within each domain. As expected, confirmatory factor analyses showed that Model 3 attained the best fit, regardless of analysis strategy, measurement strategy, gender, and relationship status. Implications are discussed.
What a Coincidence! The Effects of Incidental Similarity on Compliance
Authors: Burger Jerry M. , Messian Nicole , Patel Shebani , del Prado Alicia , Anderson Carmen
Published: May 2004

Four studies examined the effect of an incidental similarity on compliance to a request. Undergraduates who believed they shared a birthday (Study 1), a first name (Study 2), or fingerprint similarities (Study 3) with a requester were more likely to comply with a request than participants who did not perceive an incidental similarity with the requester. The findings are consistent with past research demonstrating that people often rely on heuristic processing when responding to requests and with Heider’s description of unit relationships in which perceived similarities lead to positive affect. Consistent with the unit relation interpretation, participants did not increase compliance when hearing about an incidental similarity with someone other than the requester or when they believed the feature they shared with the requester was common.
Expectations about the Future and the Emotional Consequences of Perceiving Prejudice
Authors: Kaiser Cheryl R. , Major Brenda , Mccoy Shannon K.
Published: May 2004

Three studies tested the hypothesis that possessing a pessimistic outlook on life moderates the effects of perceiving sexism on emotions and self-esteem. Across all studies, a pessimistic outlook on life (either dispositionally held or experimentally induced) served as a source of emotional vulnerability among women (Studies 1-3) and men (Study 1) faced with evidence of sexism directed against their gender group. Study 3 demonstrated that one’s outlook on life influences emotional adjustment to prejudice through the cognitive appraisal process. Relative to optimists, pessimists appraised sexism as more stressful and believed they possessed fewer resources for coping with it. This research emphasizes the importance of examining sources of vulnerability and resilience in understanding emotional responses to prejudice.
Are We Puppets on a String? The Contextual Meaning of Unconscious Expressive Cues
Authors: Tamir Maya , Robinson Michael D. , Clore Gerald L. , Martin Leonard L. , Whitaker Daniel J.
Published: May 2004

In three studies, the authors show that unconscious expressive cues can lead to opposite evaluations, depending on the context in which they occur. In Study 1, brow (vs. cheek) tension reduced preferences in an easy judgment context but increased preferences in a difficult context. In Study 2, head shaking (vs. nodding) either increased or decreased prosocial affect depending on the context in which the judged character was presented. In Study 3, a subliminal smile (vs. frown) led to higher self-ratings of performance when paired with one’s own actions but to lower selfratings of performance when paired with a competitor’s actions. Together, these results suggest that the meaning of unconscious expressive cues is not fixed.
Sticks and Stones Can Break My Bones, But Ethnophaulisms Can Alter the Portrayal of Immigrants to Children
Authors: Mullen Brian
Published: May 2004

An archival study examined the portrayal of ethnic immigrants to children as a function of the prevailing cognitive representation of those ethnic immigrant groups in ethnophaulisms. The complexity in ethnophaulisms (and, to a lesser degree, the valence in ethnophaulisms) predicted the portrayal of ethnic immigrant groups. Overall, ethnic immigrant groups characterized in terms of ethnophaulisms of low complexity were less frequently present in children’s literature, children from these ethnic groups were described more in terms of physical appearance than in terms of personal traits, fictional child characters from those ethnic groups were portrayed with smaller heads and with lower verbal complexity, and the folksongs attributed to these groups had a more negative affective tone. The implications of these results for approaches to intergroup relations are considered.
When Multiple Identities Interfere: The Role of Identity Centrality
Authors: Settles Isis H.
Published: May 2004

The current study extends research in the area of identity conflict or interference by focusing on a new identity combination, the woman and scientist identities. In addition, it examines the influence of identity centrality, or importance, as a predictor of interference and moderator of the relation between interference and well-being and science performance. Supporting hypotheses, greater identity interference was related to lower levels of performance and well-being. Furthermore, woman centrality was unrelated to interference for those with a central scientist identity, but for those without a central scientist identity, they were positively related. Although central identities were related to positive outcomes in the absence of interference, the outcomes of all women suffered when interference was high, contrary to the hypothesis. The implications of identity centrality for understanding the negotiation of potentially conflicting identities, and for the retention of women in the sciences, are discussed.
Promoting Us or Preventing Them: Regulatory Focus and Manifestations of Intergroup Bias
Authors: Shah James Y. , Brazy Paige C. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: May 2004

Four studies examined whether situational and individual differences in individuals’ regulatory focus influence how intergroup bias is expressed emotionally and behaviorally. Consistent with past findings on promotion focus, these studies found evidence that participants’ promotion focus, whether measured or manipulated, was related to how extensively they demonstrated bias toward their ingroup in terms of cheerfulness- and dejection-related emotions and approach-related behaviors. Consistent with past findings on prevention focus, these studies also revealed that participants’ prevention focus was related to how extensively they showed bias against an outgroup in terms of quiescence- and agitation-related emotions and avoidance-related behaviors. The implications for the self-regulatory functions of intergroup bias are discussed.
Are Adjustments Insufficient?
Authors: Epley Nicholas , Gilovich Thomas
Published: May 2004

Many judgmental biases are thought to be the product of insufficient adjustment from an initial anchor value. Nearly all existing evidence of insufficient adjustment, however, comes from an experimental paradigm that evidence indicates does not involve adjustment at all. In this article, the authors first provide further evidence that some kinds of anchors (those that are self-generated and known to be incorrect but close to the correct answer) activate processes of adjustment, whereas others (uncertain anchors provided by an external source) do not. It is then shown that adjustment from self-generated anchors does indeed tend to be insufficient, both by comparing the estimates of participants starting from different anchor values and by comparing estimates with actual answers. Thus, evidence is provided of adjustment-based anchoring effects similar to the accessibility-based anchoring effects observed in the traditional anchoring paradigm, supporting theories of social judgment that rely on mechanisms of insufficient adjustment.
It’s the Thought That Counts: On Perceiving How Helpers Decide to Lend a Hand
Authors: Ames Daniel R. , Flynn Francis J. , Weber Elke U.
Published: May 2004

How do people react to those who have helped them? The authors propose that a recipient’s evaluation of a helper’s intentions and the recipient’s own attitudes about future interactions with the helper depend partly on the recipient’s perceptions of how the helper decided to assist: on the basis of affect, of role, or of cost-benefit calculation. When a recipient perceives that the decision was based on affect (i.e., positive feelings about him or her), he or she will be more inclined toward future interaction and reciprocation than if he or she perceives the decision as based on role or cost-benefit calculation. It is proposed that these “decision modes” signal the helper’s underlying attitudes about the recipient, which in turn, clarify their relationship. A boundary is also identified: The negative impact of apparent cost-benefit thinking is greatest when the amount of help provided is small. Predictions are confirmed in four studies of actual and experimentally manipulated helping episodes.
Political Tolerance and Coming to Psychological Closure Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Bauman Christopher W. , Mullen Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

This study tested hypotheses generated from an integrative model of political tolerance that derived hypotheses from a number of different social psychological theories (e.g., appraisal tendency theory, intergroup emotion theory, and value protection models) to explain political tolerance following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. A national field study (N = 550) found that immediate post attack anger and fear had different implications for political tolerance 4 months later. The effects of anger on political tolerance were mediated through moral outrage and outgroup derogation, whereas the effects of fear on political tolerance were mediated through personal threat, ingroup enhancement, and value affirmation. Value affirmation led to increased political tolerance, whereas moral outrage, outgroup derogation, ingroup enhancement, and personal threat led to decreased political tolerance. Value affirmation, moral outrage, and outgroup derogation also facilitated post-9/11 psychological closure and increased psychological closure led to greater political tolerance.
User-Centered Design and the Normative Politics of Technology
Authors: Garrety Karin , Badham Richard
Published: May 2004

A long tradition of discourse and practice claims that technology designers need to take note of the characteristics and aspirations of potential users in design. Practitioners in the field of user-centered design (UCD) have developed methods to facilitate this process. These methods represent interesting vehicles for the pursuit of normative politics of technology. In this article, the authors use a case study of the introduction and use of UCD methods in Australia to explore the politics of getting the methods to work in practice. Drawing on the work of Bruno Latour and Marc Berg, the authors argue that UCD methods are tools for engendering new forms of socio-technical relations. However, their normative potential does not arise out of their ability to manipulate abstract categories such as user, technology, and workplace. Instead, it arises out of the complex and unpredictable socio-technical mixes that are generated when people attempt to put them into practice.
Descriptive Metaevaluation
Authors: Lynch Deirdre C. , Greer Annette G. , Larson Lars C. , Cummings Doyle M. , Harriett Bonita S. , Dreyfus Kristen Springer , Clay Maria C.
Published: May 2004

This article describes an example of metaevaluation in an educational setting. The metaevaluation examined an evaluation of a community-based, interdisciplinary curriculum. The Program Evaluation Standards (PES), divided into the categories of utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy, provided a frame work for the metaevaluation. Utility standards address the information needs of intended users. Feasibility refers to the extent to which an evaluation is realistic, prudent, diplomatic, and frugal. Propriety refers to the properness of an evaluation in terms of meeting legal and ethical obligations. Accuracy pertains to the trustworthiness of evaluation data. Use of the PES as a frameworkfor descriptive metaevaluation of a single case illustrated the breadth of issues involved in curriculum evaluation and their interrelatedness. Furthermore, the PES helped to reveal strengths and weaknesses that served as starting points for further improvement of the evaluation.
Drug Abuse Prevention Program Development
Authors: Sussman Steve , Yang Dongyun , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Dent Clyde W.
Published: May 2004

Five program development studies from Project Towards No Drug Abuse (TND) were reanalyzed to discern Latino versus non-Latino Whites similarities and differences in receptivity to a wide variety of high school-based drug abuse prevention activities. Inmost of the program development studies, these youth attended alternative (continuation) high schools in Southern California. Although there were a total of 46% Latino students in these schools, 99% of the students indicated English as the main language spoken at school and home. Thus, taken together, almost all Latino youth in the various studies analyzed preferred to respond to survey questions in English. Latinos were relatively low in socio economic status (SES) and used drugs less frequently. Still, this group of highly acculturated Latinos and non-Latino Whites (37% of the school population) perceived that they were attending alternative schools for the same reasons (e.g., lack of credits, truancy). Very few differences in receptivity ratings of proposed TND activities were found as a function of ethnicity. In other words, the data suggest that the same types of lessons are applicable to older teens in both ethnic groups.
Constructing Perfect Women: the Portrayal of Female Officials in Hong Kong Newspapers
Authors: Lee Francis L.F.
Published: May 2004

In recent years, top-level women officials have become increasingly prominent in Hong Kong. Media discourses are also largely positive towards them. This study thus analyses how women officials are constructed as ‘perfect women’ in two Hong Kong newspapers. It shows that the newspapers affirm women officials as having both masculine and feminine characteristics, and as having both a successful career and a harmonious family. Yet the potential ideological implication of this seemingly positive image is explored by putting the image back into the larger context of gender relations in Hong Kong. It is argued that the perfect women image fails to problematize, or even trivializes the work–family tension that many women in society face, and thus potentially contributes to the reproduction of gender inequality. This study also discusses the image-construction process in relation to the officials’ public performance in terms of a Bourdieusian conceptual framework.
Yizo Yizo: Citizenship, Commodification and Popular Culture in South Africa
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: May 2004

This article critically examines the development of an innovative approach to educational broadcasting in post-apartheid South Africa. Examining the policy background and the public debate sparked by the controversial drama series, Yizo Yizo, it is argued that the spatial restructuring of media markets re-articulates the sites and scales at which media practices and citizenship are connected. Yizo Yizo makes creative use of globalized media genres to address pressing social issues in ways that connect to national public policy debates. It does so by mainstreaming educational broadcasting, and by recognizing children’s complex media literacies and competencies. It is argued that the series is an example of a new rationality of media citizenship developed in the distinctive context of post-apartheid transition that has broader significance for understandings of the implications of media globalization for citizenship, culture and participation. Yizo Yizo is a practical example of mediated deliberation aimed at empowering citizens. It is indicative of subtle but important shifts in the dimensions of public culture in a highly divided society.
Renegotiating Tradition on Radio Zimbabwe
Authors: Mano Winston
Published: May 2004

The article focuses on the renegotiation of the Shona past within public service broadcasting as epitomized by Chakafukidza Dzimba Matenga, a popular prime-time talk programme offered by the national languages channel, Radio Zimbabwe. The analysis shows how Shona traditional communicative structures and figures of traditional authority are reconfigured in the context of adult talk-radio intended for male and female listeners located in both traditional (rural) and non-traditional (urban) spaces. The article draws on the theory of the ‘invention of tradition’ by Hobsbawm and Ranger to explore the role of broadcasting in processes of continuity and change in Zimbabwe. The article examines the ‘no sense of place’ that results from the anticipation of the reception of the adult talk in the programme in the context of the ‘shifting social geographies’ that Meyrowitz perceives to be increasingly evident in the way the mass media are experienced in many contemporary societies.
Why Do Web Sites from Different Academic Subjects Interlink?
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Harries Gareth , Wilkinson David
Published: May 2004

On the Web, hyperlinks have been used both to assess the impact of academic Web sites and to trace aspects of online informal scholarly communication. They are also used in Web information retrieval algorithms to identify important pages and to cluster pages by topic, both of which help in ranking search engine results. In this paper we investigate a type of link that is of particular interest for all of these applications: one that crosses subject boundaries. We took a sample of 586 linked pairs of domains in different UK academic sites, and extracted those that represented different subjects, resulting in 52 pairs of domains with different subjects. These were then grouped by the type of relationship between the source and target page. Over a third of the links formed a scholarly connection between similar subjects, but in 8% of cases dissimilar subjects also had a scholarly connection. Additionally, higher education teaching links were seen to form an extensive crossdisciplinary network, accounting for 19% of the links. A significant number of links (12%) also targeted nonsubjectspecific general resources. The results suggest that mapping disciplinary collaboration on the Web should be feasible but that this process and topic identification in academic Webs would both be helped by the prior removal of key higher education teaching and popular general pages from the data set. These, and computing pages to a lesser extent, play a role more pernicious than ‘stop words’ in traditional information retrieval. The conclusions are of a qualitative rather than quantitative nature because of the small effective sample size, so an initial set of thousands of links would be required to remedy this.
Do Impact Factors change with a change of medium? A comparison of Impact Factors when publication is by paper and through parallel publishing
Authors: Shin Eun-Ja
Published: May 2004

This paper reports the results of a bibliometric analysis of scholarly journals in the field of psychology. The Impact Factors of a sample of journals have been collected from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) provided by ISI. Changes in the Impact Factors were monitored annually over two periods, 1994–1995 and 2000–2001, the years before and after electronic journals appeared. The collected Impact Factors of scholarly journals from these two periods are compared in the available media. As a result, it is found that Impact Factors of 2000 and 2001 were significantly higher than those of 1994 and 1995 in the journals published by parallel publishing (combination journals–simultaneous publication of paper and electronic journals). In particular, the Impact Factors of the combination journals increased after the journals transformed their available media from paper journals to combination ones. By contrast, in the case of paper journals, there was no significant difference betweenthe Impact Factors of 1994 and 1995 and those of 2000 and 2001. Additionally, it is possible to infer from later analyses that the citation rate is not changed by the available media in the authoritative journals which have comparatively high Impact Factors. In journals with low Impact Factors, on the other hand, the available media influences the citation rate.
Integration of Roles? Implementing New Information Laws in UK Public Organizations
Authors: Warren Adam , Oppenheim Charles
Published: May 2004

In April 2002, a government report Privacy and datasharing recommended that public organizations appoint Chief Knowledge Officers to integrate information-handling issues into decision-making processes. In the space of five years, a role that had previously been ascribed to clerical-level Data Protection Officers has changed out of all recognition. Significant legislation has been enacted including: a revised Data Protection Act 1998; the Human Rights Act 1998; the Freedom of Information Act 2000; and statutes concerning the interception and retention of communications data. Consequently, public sector organizations – such as local authorities, universities, health authorities and the police – have had to re-evaluate information-handling procedures, together with the roles and responsibilities of those employed in such posts. This article examines the steps public organizations are taking to meet such challenges. Results of studies using a questionnaire survey of public organizations, interviews with experts and 18 case studies are provided. In addition to increases in status of post holders, key observations include improved procedures for handling data subject access requests, enhanced staff training, and informing the public how their personal information is processed. The article concludes with recommendations for improved information-handling.
Towards a Hypermedia-enabled and Web-based Data Analysis Framework
Authors: Chiu Chao-Min
Published: May 2004

Making better business decisions is often the key to gaining competitive advantage. An important factor in effective decision-making is the ability to access, understand, and utilise business information easily. In this paper, we propose a framework that focuses on integrating data analysis tools into the Web and providing hypermedia functionality to them, and supporting the development of hypermedia functionalities with Web usage mining techniques. In this framework, data analysis tools play the role of utilizing historical data to discover useful information and improve the process of business decisions. Augmenting data analysis tools with rich hypermedia functionality would streamline access to and provide rich navigational features around related information, while augmenting hypermedia facilities with Web usage mining would allow them to dynamically restructure the Web site to fit users’ browsing needs based on past navigation history. We believe that the proposed framework should result in new ways to view and manage data analysis tools and help users easily browse Web sites.
Digital Preservation: awareness, Responsibility and Rights Issues
Authors: Muir Adrienne
Published: May 2004

Digital preservation is likely to involve copying and it is not clear whether UK law will allow the copying required. Negotiation of permission to copy for preservation purposes is likely to be time consuming and complex. Access rather than ownership models means that libraries may not be able to preserve material and other arrangements have to be made. There are various possible approaches to dealing with the issues, including extending legal deposit law, amending copyright and related law, development and use of preservation clauses in licences or collective licensing and the provision of preservation rights metadata. Surveys of libraries and publishers in the UK suggest that there is some lack of awareness of the legal situation and it is not clear how publishers will implement preservation. There is a need for clarification of the legal situation and a raising of awareness. Roles and responsibilities in digital preservation and the impact of new trends in electronic publishing also need to be investigated.
Dissemination of Competitive Intelligence
Authors: Marin Jane , Poulter Alan
Published: May 2004

The paper argues that competitive intelligence is a vital function and attempts to study how it is distributed, especially by technologies, within organizations. Related topics, the sources of competitive intelligence, and who distributes and receives competitive intelligence, are also addressed. A literature-based study is extended by a quantitative survey of members of the Society of Competitive Information Professionals (SCIP) and email interviews with a self-chosen sample of respondees. The paper concludes that the distribution of competitive intelligence can be aided by technology but to be effective must be primarily ‘person-focused’. Competitive intelligence itself needs to be seen as a form of knowledge management rather than an information provision function. This has implications for sources and for the professional roots of those who provide competitive intelligence. Evaluation of competitive information provision is seen as a next step for research.
Arendt and Hegel on the tragic nature of action
Authors: Speight Allen
Published: May 2004

Among the sources of Hannah Arendt's philosophy of action is an unexplored one: the account of agency in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit . Drawing on a consideration of what has been called the `dramaturgical' character of Arendt's philosophy of action, the article compares the accounts of action in Arendt's Human Condition and in the `Spirit' chapter of the Phenomenology. Both works share a similar overall structure: in each case, the account of action begins with the opening-up of previously unseen or unexpected tragic consequences within action and concludes with an exploration of what can be forgiven or reconciled in action. The Arendtian and Hegelian appropriations of tragedy and forgiveness reveal nonetheless important differences in their view of what counts as action and how its tragic elements are to be understood.
The Weak Subject
Authors: Sützl Wolfgang
Published: May 2004

Using the notion of subjectivity as a guiding thread, the article explores the implications of European nihilism for the theoretical debate about peace. Most of the continental peace theories have been inspired by schools of thought associated with German Idealism and Marxism and assume a ‘strong subject’ as a precondition for the social construction of peace. However, the recent debates around ‘humanitarian interventions’ suggest that a critique of violence that fails to embrace the weakening of the subject is ineffective. Drawing upon the emancipatory interpretation of Nietzsche provided by Gianni Vattimo, the article seeks to recover a critique of violence that is based on a weak notion of subjectivity and no longer invokes any ultimate foundations. Instead, it appreciates the emancipatory and non-violent potential of nihilistic aesthetic experience. From this perspective, peace can only be thought as separate from security, and emancipation as incompatible with violence.
Identity Trouble
Authors: Medina Josè
Published: May 2004

This paper uses the conceptual apparatus of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy to tackle a foundational issue in the philosophical literature on group identity, namely, the problem of difference. This problem suggests that any appeal to a collective identity is oppressive because it imposes a shared identity on the members of a group and suppresses the internal differences of the group. I develop a Wittgensteinian view of identity that dissolves this problem by showing the conceptual confusions on which it rests. My Wittgensteinian view of identity tries to establish two main theses: first, that identity is bound up with difference and presupposes heterogeneity; and second, that the solidarity of identity groups, far from being obstructed by differences, actually requires diversity. Drawing from gender and sexuality studies, I use the mechanism of disidentification to show how there can be shared identities and identity-based solidarity without the erasure of differences.
Agency and Institutional Rationality
Authors: Schaff Kory P.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, I examine Foucault’s conception of agency by reconstructing two complementary approaches he takes: the ‘analytics of power’, which examines the relation between norms and practice by charting the institutional development within which a set of norms emerge, and the concept of ‘problematization’, which examines reason-giving practices, or varieties of normative justification that legitimize rational institutions and agents’ participation in them. Contrary to the standard caricature, Foucault’s analysis of the relation between norms and institutions does not merely reduce the former to relations of ‘power’. In short, he also thinks standards of justification are just as revisable (necessarily so) as social practices themselves, and the focus here will be on the relation and importance of these two complementary approaches to his critique of normativity.
History and the Other
Authors: Beach Dennis
Published: May 2004

Is history a product of human thought that betrays the lived uniqueness of persons, reducing ‘otherness’ to the categories of the understanding and to its historical consequences? Or is history too ‘thick’ to be synchronized in memory and historical consciousness? The article, taking its inspiration from Enrique Dussel’s ethics of liberation and particular moments of Latin American history, develops the notion of the proximity of history, phenomenologically critiquing Emmanuel Levinas’s own reduction of history to consciousness, his reading of history as a synchronizing betrayal of diachronic events. It thus reads Levinas against his own texts, arguing that historical memory and historical encounters function much as the face does in Levinas’s own ethics, not only giving rise to irrecusable responsibilities, but also demanding the work of a critical, conscious appropriation of that history.