bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between sputum inflammatory markers, lung function, and lung pathology on high‐resolution computed tomography in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Dakin Carolyn J. , Pereira J.K. , Henry Richard L. , Wang He , Morton John R.
Published: June 2004

High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a sensitive technique for early visualisation and location of cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchopathology, and has been shown to detect acute reversible and chronic changes. It would be expected to correlate with markers of the underlying pathological processes, such as sputum cytokines and cytology, as well as with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Our aim was to study the relationship between PFTs, sputum cytology, and sputum cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and HRCT in CF patients. Prospective standardized collection of sputum samples was performed at the time of routine annual high‐resolution CT scans. Forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were recorded. Sputum processing was selective, with dispersal by the three‐enzyme technique. IL‐8 measurements were by kit assay. HRCT scans were scored by a pediatric radiologist, blinded to clinical condition, using a modified Bhalla score.

Forty‐three CT scans were performed on 34 children with CF between March 1998 and April 2000. Mean age was 12.3 years (range, 6–21 years), FEV1 (% predicted) was 67% (range, 23–120%), and mean modified Bhalla score was 11.2 (range, 0–22). Sputum IL‐8 concentration (mean, 86; range, 4–150 ng/mL) and total cell count (mean, 31.9 × 106/mL; range, 21.8–42.0 × 106/mL) were high. FEV1 and FVC correlated with modified Bhalla score (r = −0.66, P < 0.0001 for both), and most individual components of the score, especially mosaic perfusion (r = −0.64, r = −0.61 respectively, P < 0.0001) and extent of bronchiectasis (r = −0.61, P < 0.0001 for both). The combination of these two predicted 58% of the variability in FEV1 on analysis of variance (P < 0.0001). Sputum total cell count correlated weakly with modified Bhalla score (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and with FEV1 and FVC (r = −0.36, P < 0.05; and r = −0.46, P < 0.01). Differential cell counts, cell viability, and IL‐8 did not correlate with modified Bhalla scores, or with reversible components such as mucus plugging, centrilobular nodules, or peribronchial thickening.

In conclusion, pathological changes on HRCT correlated with lung function but not with sputum markers of inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:475–482. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab initio study of the ammonia–ammonia dimer: BSSE‐free structures and intermolecular harmonic vibrational frequencies
Authors: Bende A. , Vibók Á. , Halász G. J. , Suhai S.
Published: June 2004

The influence of basis set superposition error (BSSE) in optimized geometries, force constants and intermolecular harmonic vibrational frequencies of the ammonia–ammonia dimer have been studied both at the Hartree–Fock and correlated (second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory) levels of theory using several different basis sets as (6‐31G, 6‐311G, 6‐31++G, 6‐311++G, 6‐31G(d,p), 6‐311G(d,p), 6‐31++G(d,p) 6‐311++G(d,p) and 6‐311++G(2d,2p)). The widely used a posteriori Boys–Bernardi “counterpoise” (CP) correction scheme has been compared with the a priori method utilizing the chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA). The results show that practically there is no difference between these two methods, so the a priori CHA scheme can be considered as an ultimate solution of the BSSE problem. It is also concluded that the BSSE influence is very significant, so removing this effect is very important. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Recoordination of a metal ion in the cavity of an arylazacrown ether: Model study of the conformations and microsolvation of calcium complexes of arylazacrown ethers
Authors: Freidzon A. Ya. , Bagatur'Yants A. A. , Gromov S. P. , Alfimov M. V.
Published: June 2004

Photoinduced recoordination of Ca2+ complexes of photochromic azacrown ethers is studied by the density functional method using model arylazacrown ethers and a real azacrown‐containing styryl dye. Two types of previously found conformations of the crown ether–calcium complexes, axial and equatorial, are studied, taking into account water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the cation. It is found that the first coordination sphere of the cation contains no more than three water molecules, the fourth one belonging to the second coordination sphere. The presence of three or four water molecules in the coordination sphere of the cation decreases relative energies of the conformations with broken metal–nitrogen bond, thus favoring metal recoordination. In the azacrown‐containing styryl dye, this leads to the ground‐state equilibrium (i.e., tautomerism) between the axial and equatorial forms of the complex. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Structure and vibrations of the CF3NO molecule in the ground and lowest excited electronic states: A test of ab initio methods
Authors: Dolgov Eugeniy K. , Bataev Vadim A. , Pupyshev Vladimir I. , Godunov Igor A.
Published: June 2004

Equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and barriers to internal rotation of the CF3NO molecule in the ground singlet (S0) and lowest excited triplet (T1) and singlet (S1) electronic states are calculated using various ab initio techniques and compared with the experimental data. The sensitivity of the results to the choice of atomic orbital basis set, in particular, to the presence of f‐symmetry functions, and to the dynamical correlation treatment is analyzed. Anharmonic vibrational frequencies and dipole moment of the CF3NO molecule in the ground state are computed. The results of all approaches employed are in good agreement with each other and with available experimental data. Conclusions concerning the accuracy of different methods are drawn. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Bryophytes as a special mesohabitat for meiofauna in a rip‐rapped channel
Authors: Linhart Jakub , Vlčková Šárka , Uvíra Vladimír
Published: June 2004

Rock rip‐rap is commonly used by river engineers for bank stabilization. However, there is a general lack of information on invertebrate communities inhabiting these structures. This study examines the permanent and temporary meiofauna dwelling in dense clumps of an aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica growing on rock rip‐rap along a side channel of the Morava river, Czech Republic. We estimated the amount of fine particulate matter (total trapped matter, TM) trapped in the moss as both a habitat and food source for meiofauna. Total mean numbers of the moss‐dwelling meiofauna per 10 g dry weight of moss and 1 m2 of the bottom area were 253 917 ± 178 335 (mean ± SD) and 7 160 461 ± 5 029 047 individuals, respectively, during October 1999–November 2000. Out of 20 operational taxonomic units, Bdelloidea was the dominant group with about 76% of the total meiofauna numbers followed by Monogononta (11.23%), Nematoda (6.38%), Chironomidae (4.08%) and Oligochaeta (1.06%). Coarse trapped matter (500–1000 µm) contributed about 4% to the total, medium TM (100–500 µm) around 14% and the finest TM (30–100 µm) 82%. Organic matter (OM) forms 10% of the total TM. The seasonal variations in TM, OM and mineral matter and their size fractions have significantly correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, P < 0.05 or 0.01) with densities of Oligochaeta, Hydrachnidia, Cladocera, Harpacticoida, nauplii of Copepoda, Chironomidae. In regulated channels, rock rip‐rap overgrown by aquatic bryophytes is desirable because it increases the spatial diversity of habitats and supports considerably higher numbers of meiofauna compared to the gravel bed and may substantially contribute to the stream metabolism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macroinvertebrate community structure in a regulated river segment with different flow conditions
Authors: Cortes Rui Manuel Vitor , Ferreira Maria Teresa , Oliveira Simone Varandas , Oliveira Daniel
Published: June 2004

Two types of modification of the hydrological system are present in the same regulated segment of the Lima River (NW Portugal): (a) a reduced and constant flow from hypolimnetic release; (b) an intense irregular flow (daily and seasonal). Using multivariate techniques it was possible to compare the effects of these two kinds of disturbance on the macroinvertebrate communities. The communities colonizing both sites exhibited a higher variation in composition and diversity when compared to undisturbed sites. However, such variability was even more evident in the first case, in spite of the stability of the environmental conditions. Such temporal replacement of species is linked to the dominance of tolerant taxa with short life cycles. In the regulated segment the poor water quality and the lack of litter input impacted mainly on the shredders group. This work shows the failure of the practice of releasing constant flows as an attempt to mitigate regulation impacts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of Keepit Dam on the temperature regime of the Namoi River, Australia
Authors: Preece Russell M. , Jones Hugh A.
Published: June 2004

Modifications to water temperature caused by the release of hypolimnetic water from thermally stratified reservoirs pose a major threat to the aquatic biota of lowland rivers in Australia's Murray–Darling basin. Keepit Dam is earmarked as one of several deep‐release structures in the basin causing ecologically significant temperature modification over a large length of river. This study utilized discrete and continuously monitored historical water temperature data from stream gauging stations, together with reservoir thermal profile data, to assess the impacts of Keepit Dam on the thermal regime of the Namoi River. Modifications to selected components of the river's annual temperature cycle were quantified in relation to a pre‐dam temperature regime estimated from statistical models incorporating catchment, hydrological and sample attributes. Keepit Dam has modified the thermal regime of the Namoi River. The effect was greatest immediately downstream from the dam where the annual maximum daily temperature was approximately 5.0 °C lower and occurred three weeks later than the pre‐dam condition. This change was sufficient to disrupt thermal spawning cues for selected Australian native fish species. The magnitude of disturbance progressively diminished with distance from the dam. Key aspects of the river's annual temperature cycle were largely restored to the pre‐dam condition within 100 river km downstream from the dam, which is closer than previous estimates. However, there was marked inter‐annual variation in the magnitude of thermal modification and ecological impact as a result of year to year changes in tributary flow and reservoir behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical habitat structure in Danish lowland streams
Authors: Pedersen Morten Lauge , Friberg Nikolai , Larsen Søren Erik
Published: June 2004

Dredging or channelization has physically modified the majority (90%) of the 64 000 km of Danish stream network with substantial habitat degradation as a result. Analyses of physical habitat structure in streams, biota, catchment features and regional differences in hydrology, topography and geology have never been carried out in Denmark. Therefore, there is little knowledge of processes, interactions and patterns across the different scales. Physical habitats, catchment parameters and macroinvertebrates were sampled at 39 sites in three major river systems during summer and winter 1993.

In‐stream physical conditions and catchment attributes affect the physical habitat structure in Danish lowland streams. Local differences in hydrology, land use, catchment topography and soil types correlated to the in‐stream physical habitat parameters. Local differences in hydrology and topography resulted in a separation of the Suså streams with respect to physical habitats. Mud deposition was pronounced at sites with low discharge and low near‐bed current velocity. Low mud cover was primarily associated with streams with high discharge located in pristine catchments. Stability in the streams was therefore closely linked to in‐stream deposition of fine sediment. Generally, macroinvertebrate community diversity increased as discharge increased. Mud cover negatively affected macroinvertebrate diversity and EPT taxon richness.

Regional physical habitat structure and macroinvertebrate community structure were primarily associated with local variations in hydrology, geology and topography. Low‐energy streams were primarily located in the Suså river system and the high‐energy streams in the Gudenå and Storå river systems, leading to extensive deposition of mud during summer. Streams in the Suså river system generally had lower diversity and species richness compared to the streams in the Gudenå and Storå river systems.

Hydraulic conditions and substratum dynamics in streams are important when managing lowland streams. This study therefore analysed interactions and parameter correlations between physical habitats, stream stability and catchment attributes as well as macroinvertebrate community structure across multiple scales. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching future K‐8 teachers the language of Newton: A case study of collaboration and change in university physics teaching
Authors: Briscoe Carol , Prayaga Chandra S.
Published: June 2004

This interpretive case study describes a collaborative project involving a physics professor and a science educator. We report what was learned about factors that influenced the professor's development of teaching strategies, alternative to lecture, that were intended to promote prospective teachers' meaningful learning and their use of canonical ways of communicating physics concepts. We describe how the professor's beliefs influenced the pedagogy that he used to communicate the language of physics and the nature of what was communicated. We also report how our collaboration fostered change as we developed a shared language that allowed us to discuss how students learn and to explicate the referent beliefs that supported the professor's practices. We found that focused reflection on referent beliefs led to a change in the manner in which the professor communicated with the prospective teachers. Traditional lecture pedagogy focused the professor's concern on how he was teaching evolved toward a pedagogy that focused on how students were learning. Classroom interactions were increased with a primary goal of orchestrating a discourse of physics initiated in the language already accessible to the prospective teachers. This change in the manner that classroom interactions occurred provided opportunities for the prospective teachers' language to evolve toward eventually communicating their ideas in canonical physics language. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:947–969, 2004
Implications and applications of folk zootherapy in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Costa‐Neto Eraldo Medeiros
Published: June 2004

This paper deals with the use of 180 animal species as medicinal resources in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Data, which come from field works carried out in different indigenous, traditional, rural and urban communities within Bahia State, were gathered through the compilation of information available in scientific articles, monographs, theses, reports and presented papers. The animal‐based folk medicines come from millipedes (0.5%), annelids (1.0%), amphibians (1.0%), arachnids (1.0%), echinoderms (1.5%), crustaceans (4.0%), molluscs (6.0%), reptiles (12.0%), birds (13.0%), fishes (17.0%), mammals (20.0%) and insects (23.0%). These bioresources provide about 300 raw materials, which are turned into medicines and prescribed to treat a wide range of locally diagnosed ailments. The result shows how important this ethnozoological phenomenon is, and indicates that traditional knowledge on zootherapy is to be seriously studied in order to lead to the discovery of new sources of drugs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Family‐Friendly FERPA Policies: Affirming Parental Partnerships
Authors: Weeks Kent M.
Published: June 2004

Offering a historical perspective, this chapter describes how amendments to the legislation continue to redefine the relationships among parents, institutions, and students.
Balancing the Role of Parents in the Residential Community
Authors: Conneely James F. , Good Claire , Perryman Kristi
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines the issues associated with familial involvement in a residential community and offers strategies for fostering positive relationships with parents.
Partnering with Families Through Institutional Advancement
Authors: McInnis Dion
Published: June 2004

Increased involvement of alumni and development offices with parents suggests the need for student affairs professionals to coordinate messages, programs, and services with their colleagues in advancement.
The President’s Role in Partnering with Parents
Authors: Golden Dennis C.
Published: June 2004

Because the impact of parental involvement extends beyond student affairs, a consistent message regarding the role of families on the campus must emanate from senior leadership and apply to all areas of administration.
Infusing Soul into Student Affairs: Organizational Theory and Models
Authors: Manning Kathleen
Published: June 2004

Concepts of the soul and spirit are used to expand models of organizational design and staff development.
The Law and Spirituality: How the Law Supports and Limits Expression of Spirituality on the College Campus
Authors: Clark R. Thomas
Published: June 2004

Practitioners in student affairs must consider the legal implications of weaving spirituality and faith development into programs and the curriculum.
Spiritual Dimensions of Graduate Preparation in Student Affairs
Authors: Strange C. Carney
Published: June 2004

How we prepare graduate students to work in higher education can reflect a basis in spiritual growth and development.
Spirit and Nature in Everyday Life: Reflections of a Mestiza in Higher Education
Authors: Chávez Alicia Fedelina
Published: June 2004

Incorporating core principles of spirituality into the practice of being an administrator and faculty member is critical to new ways of thinking and being.
Annotated References
Authors: Williams Shirley
Published: June 2004

Books, retreat centers, Websites, and other resources are provided for further exploration.
Adventures in Outsourcing
Authors: VanHorn‐Grassmeyer Kimberly , Stoner Kenneth L.
Published: June 2004

This chapter features outsourcing partnership models specifically geared toward student affairs at various higher education institutions.
Strategies for Effective Outsourcing
Authors: Moneta Larry , Dillon William L.
Published: June 2004

This chapter focuses on specific scenarios that could lead to more efficient and effective outsourcing agreements between institutions and businesses.
How College Affects Student Athletes
Authors: Howard‐Hamilton Mary F. , Sina Julie A.
Published: June 2004

This chapter applies psychosocial and cognitive developmental theories to student athletes.
Outsourcing—an English Perspective
Authors: Hopkins Kenneth
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines the pros and cons of outsourcing at Kingston University in England.
The University as a Source for Community and Academic Partnerships
Authors: Askew Patricia E.
Published: June 2004

Opportunities for outsourcing abound, and this chapter explores several possible partnership models that could be developed to enhance both campus and local communities while improving the bond between the two.
Summary, Conclusions, and the Future of External Partnerships
Authors: Dietz Larry H. , Enchelmayer Ernest J.
Published: June 2004

This chapter pulls together the main points of the preceding chapters, encouraging reflection and further speculation on the prospect of external partnerships.
Advising and Counseling Student Athletes
Authors: Broughton Elizabeth , Neyer Megan
Published: June 2004

The importance of counseling and advising services for student athletes is explained.
Female Student Athletes and Student Athletes of Color
Authors: Person Dawn R. , Benson‐Quaziena Marcella , Rogers Ann Marie
Published: June 2004

The authors focus on policies that support student athletes of color and female student athletes.
Understanding Family Involvement in the College Experience Today
Authors: Daniel Bonnie V. , Evans Scott G. , Scott B. Ross
Published: June 2004

With the parents of today’s college students challenging traditional policies and philosophical approaches to student development, administrators must develop a consistent and coordinated message that meets their changing needs.
Parental Involvement in Admissions and Financial Aid
Authors: Lange Douglas K. , Stone Michael E.
Published: June 2004

Increasing involvement of parents in admissions and financial aid processes expands the role of these two functional areas beyond simple enrollment goals.
Student Affairs Research and Evaluation: An Inside View
Authors: Moxley Linda S.
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines how the University of Texas at Arlington's (UTA) Student Affairs Division has addressed its needs for information before, during, and after the creation of an institutional research office. Information concerning student body characteristics, program evaluations, and student development outcomes are discussed.
Student Opinion Surveys at Northeastern University
Authors: Bajdek Anthony J. , Kim Sungwoo
Published: June 2004

The fifteen‐year history of student affairs research at Northeastern University is discussed, covering the initial development, the demise due to institutional downsizing, and the resurrection.
View from Community Colleges
Authors: Dungy Gwendolyn Jordan
Published: June 2004

The importance of student affairs research and assessment at two‐year institutions is discussed. Several community college leaders express many ideas and concerns.
Applications of Technology to Assist Student Affairs Researchers
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A. , Anderson Cary M.
Published: June 2004

Various technological applications are explored, including networked computer technology such as computer‐mediated communication and the World Wide Web. Technologies for facilitating survey research, such as computer‐assisted telephone interviewing and optical scanning, are also discussed.
Resources for Student Affairs Researchers
Authors: Malaney Gary D.
Published: June 2004

Print and World Wide Web resources for student affairs researchers are discussed.
Development of Student Affairs in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Luke S. K.
Published: June 2004

The need for new systems, processes, and staff training for student affairs professionals in Hong Kong reflects the rapid changes in society.
Global Issues Confronting Student Affairs Leaders
Authors: Barlow Allen R.
Published: June 2004

A number of common issues face student affairs leaders, spanning international borders.
Partnerships for Service Learning
Authors: Jacoby Barbara
Published: June 2004

Whatever the institutional location or reporting lines of the program, service learning thrives on the expertise and experience of both academic affairs and student affairs. This chapter describes and examines partnerships for service learning.
Freshman Interest Groups: Partnerships for Promoting Student Success
Authors: Schroeder Charles C. , Minor Frankie D. , Tarkow Theodore A.
Published: June 2004

One innovative and effective partnership for promoting student success is the residential learning communities called Freshmen Interest Groups (FIGs). This chapter discusses issues in creating collaborations to develop FIGs and offers suggestions for effective FIGs programs.
Baxter Magolda's Epistemological Reflection Model
Authors: Bock Marianne T.
Published: June 2004

Understanding gender‐related patterns of knowing and reasoning helps student affairs educators create learning environments that empower students both in and out of the classroom.
Interpersonal, Cultural, and Emotional Influences on Cognitive Development
Authors: Love Patrick G. , Guthrie Victoria L.
Published: June 2004

Often overlooked by practitioners are interpersonal, cultural, and emotional influences on the cognitive development of college students.
Federal and State Aid in the 1990s: A Policy Context for Enrollment Management
Authors: Ort Shirley A.
Published: June 2004

The demographic, social, and economic forces of the 1990s dramatically altered the higher education operating environment. This chapter provides a policy context within which to consider the emergence of enrollment management in higher education in response to these forces, and calls for a research‐ and policy‐based approach to enrollment management in the future.
Enrollment Management, Institutional Resources, and the Private College
Authors: Russo Joseph A. , Coomes Michael D.
Published: June 2004

This chapter reviews the issues often involved in shaping institutional financial aid policy and suggests a number of questions for future policy development.
Alternative Financing Methods for College
Authors: DeBard Robert
Published: June 2004

A shift in government policy and changing demographics have forced college students to seek alternative ways of paying for college. This chapter explores the various strategies used by students and the impact they can have on students' success.
The Impact of Student Aid on Recruitment and Retention: What the Research Indicates
Authors: St. John Edward P.
Published: June 2004

Research indicates that student aid influences both first‐time enrollment and persistence. This chapter describes how an understanding of the research can inform refinement in recruitment and retention strategies.
More Than Punch and Cookies: A New Look at Parent Orientation Programs
Authors: Coburn Karen Levin , Woodward Bill
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents novel approaches to parent orientation programs that are based on emerging family constellations and the changing expectations of parents.
Partnerships in Programming: Relationships That Make a Difference
Authors: Highum Ann C. , Lund Jon P.
Published: June 2004

The authors examine the nature of programming partnership between student affairs staff and others, including four case studies that highlight benefits associated with these partnerships.
Programming: Nuts and Bolts
Authors: Hartwig M. Celine
Published: June 2004

Program implementation is a task‐oriented process. This chapter highlights details to consider for effective program delivery and offers suggestions for dealing with unexpected circumstances that may arise throughout the course of a program.
Knowing What Works: Program Evaluation
Authors: Healy Margaret A.
Published: June 2004

Program evaluation is a critical step in effective program planning. The programmer needs to know whether and how students change as a result of educational experiences. Through a systematic collection of data, the programmer gathers evidence of how programs help students meet their learning objectives and fulfill institutional goals. Further, the results of program evaluation can inform the next program planning cycle.
Programming for Men to Reduce Sexual Violence
Authors: Davis Tracy
Published: June 2004

Too few date rape‐prevention programs are designed specifically for men. This chapter presents a socialization‐focused program and explores critical issues related to content development and selection, the delivery process, and evaluation strategies.
Promising Practices in Programming: An Annotated List of Model Programs
Authors: O'Neill Heather
Published: June 2004

This chapter offers examples of proven practices in programming and highlights programs in service learning, alcohol awareness, leadership, diversity education, and community building.
Creating Environments of Ability
Authors: Strange Carney
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores how various dimensions of campus environments must change to become more responsive to the needs of students with disabilities.
Students of the New Millennium
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

The changing nature of students in higher education and the implications of this diversification for student affairs professionals are discussed.
Resources: Money Matters
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

Financial trends and implications for student affairs and the likely new sources of revenue to support student affairs initiatives and ongoing programs and activities are examined.
Leadership
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

Individual and organizational efficacy and the expanding capacity for leadership in organizations are addressed.
Conditioned slicing supports partition testing
Authors: Hierons Rob , Harman Mark , Fox Chris , Ouarbya Lahcen , Daoudi Mohammed
Published: June 2004

This paper describes the use of conditioned slicing to assist partition testing, illustrating this with a case study. The paper shows how a conditioned slicing tool can be used to provide confidence in the uniformity hypothesis for correct programs, to aid fault detection in incorrect programs and to highlight special cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Transformation of Teaching
Authors: Spanier Graham B.
Published: June 2004

The challenges to higher education in the twenty‐first century include developing an increased sensitivity to individual differences among students and encouraging diverse approaches to instruction. Promoting new ways for students to learn involves getting to know students better, experimenting with various methods for transmitting content, and, ultimately, in humanizing the educational environment.
The Relation Between Research and the Scholarship of Teaching
Authors: Paulsen Michael B.
Published: June 2004

The author explores the relation between research and the scholarship of teaching, with an emphasis on the central role of the creation of pedagogical content knowledge.
Assessing the Scholarship of Teaching: Valid Decisions from Valid Evidence
Authors: Theall Michael , Centra John A.
Published: June 2004

In order to assess, recognize, and reward the scholarship of teaching, it is critical to define its characteristics and outcomes. This chapter discusses evaluation criteria for both formative and summative purposes.
Expertise and the Scholarship of Teaching
Authors: Smith Ronald
Published: June 2004

Faculty can move beyond excellence and develop expertise in teaching as well as in the scholarship of teaching. This author explores growth in teaching and in the scholarship of teaching from three different perspectives on the development of expertise.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Its Implementation in Faculty Development and Graduate Education
Authors: Kreber Carolin
Published: June 2004

If the idea of the scholarship of teaching is taken seriously, we need greater opportunity for present and future members of the professoriate to learn about it. The author makes some suggestions and discusses in greater depth a model that could guide educational development initiatives.
Making Explicit the Development Toward the Scholarship of Teaching
Authors: Weston Cynthia B. , McAlpine Lynn
Published: June 2004

The authors discuss the development and growth toward the scholarship of teaching in terms of a continuum of three phases of development and explore the role of the faculty developer in promoting the scholarship of teaching.
Teaching Key Competencies in Liberal Arts Education
Authors: Goldenberg Edie N.
Published: June 2004

The study of the liberal arts provides an exemplary arena for students to become active learners. The complexity of modern society requires a broader understanding of societal problems rather than a specialized one. Real problems are multifaceted and demand multifaceted solutions. Engaging students in the study of the liberal arts can provide a basis for lifelong learning and civic involvement.
Broadening Our Approach to Teaching Evaluation
Authors: Knapper Christopher
Published: June 2004

Recent years have seen promising trends away from a simple reliance on student ratings toward more broadly based and comprehensive approaches.
Interpretive and Critical Evaluation
Authors: Cranton Patricia
Published: June 2004

Seeing knowledge about teaching as communicative and emancipatory as well as instrumental leads us to consider the evaluation of teaching as interpretive in nature.
Using Technology to Facilitate Evaluation
Authors: Theall Michael , Franklin Jennifer
Published: June 2004

The use of technology can help streamline and improve teaching evaluation as long as we ensure that basic principles of good practice are upheld.
Using Student Outcomes to Evaluate Teaching: A Cautious Exploration
Authors: Fenwick Tara J.
Published: June 2004

Student outcomes data may be helpful in evaluating teachers as long as teachers are involved with the process and it includes ongoing faculty development.
Broadening the Context for Teaching Evaluation
Authors: Cannon Robert
Published: June 2004

Increasing demand for accountability in teaching is shifting the focus of evaluation away from individual instructors to the broader context of whole programs, departments, and institutions.
International Study for Outstanding Students: A Case Study
Authors: Gage Mary
Published: June 2004

International study can transform students' views of themselves and the United States. Various approaches to providing international experiences are explained along with examples of how to create a heightened awareness of international issues on U.S. campuses.
Full Human Presence: A Guidepost to Mentoring Undergraduate Science Students
Authors: Coppola Brian P.
Published: June 2004

Mentoring represents a new mode of professional development for the sciences. Mentoring in the sciences can also assure that the next generation of scholars will help break the cycle of perpetuating a narrow, and increasingly untenable, definition of education. Various examples of mentoring are presented.
Feelings from the Back Row: Negotiating Sensitive Issues in Large Classes
Authors: Brooke Corly Petersen
Published: June 2004

Sensitive issues are an inherent part of some course content. The author has learned how to negotiate sensitive topics while developing a sense of community in a large human sexuality class.
Faculty Responsibility for Promoting Conflict‐Free College Classrooms
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines issues associated with the classroom climate for a diverse student body and the role that faculty and students play in maintaining a tension‐free, democratic, and effective learning environment.
Civility, Leadership, and the Classroom
Authors: Richardson Steven M.
Published: June 2004

By helping faculty collaborate to enrich their teaching abilities and by supporting them when faculty‐student relationships fail occasionally, the department chair models leadership skills that faculty themselves can use.
The Prevention and Cure of Campus Disputes
Authors: Hebein Richard
Published: June 2004

As we observe the world around us, it is increasingly obvious that we must be the guardians of our own civility. Here we discuss some theories and devise some ways to institutionalize civility and to resolve problems when it breaks down.
Student Motivation and Epistemological Beliefs
Authors: Paulsen Michael B. , Feldman Kenneth A.
Published: June 2004

Students' motivation to learn is related to their epistemological beliefs. Faculty can promote student motivation by designing learning activities that facilitate student development of more sophisticated epistemological beliefs.
Motivation for Higher‐Order Learning
Authors: Donald Janet G.
Published: June 2004

Motivation for higher‐order learning and lifelong learning are essential outcomes in higher education. Students' motivations and strategies for studying and for their learning goals interact with the learning context. These relationships suggest new perspectives for research on student learning.
CORE Elements of Student Motivation in Problem‐Based Learning
Authors: MacKinnon Marjorie M.
Published: June 2004

Problem‐based learning requires high levels of student motivation and perseverance. In an international setting, community, ownership, relevance, and empowerment were found to be the “CORE” elements in the motivation of students.
Consulting About Teaching: An Overview
Authors: Knapper Christopher , Piccinin Sergio
Published: June 2004

Instructional consultation can improve teaching, but should be underpinned by conceptually based training in appropriate skills.
A Conceptual Framework for Instructional Consultation
Authors: Hicks Owen
Published: June 2004

Consultation on teaching embraces four key components: access, focus, outcomes, and recognition.
Three Practical Strategies for Peer Consultation
Authors: Millis Barbara J.
Published: June 2004

Classroom observation, student focus groups, and small group instructional diagnosis are three approaches that can be used for effective peer consultation on teaching.
Instructional Consultation in a Statewide Setting
Authors: Kerwin Michael A.
Published: June 2004

The University of Kentucky Community College System offers a program that involves full‐time faculty serving as instructional consultants for their colleagues.
How Individual Consultation Affects Teaching
Authors: Piccinin Sergio
Published: June 2004

Empirical evidence shows that consultation with an expert can have long‐term effects on improvement of teaching.
Resources on Instructional Consultation
Authors: Piccinin Sergio , Knapper Christopher
Published: June 2004

A review of resources on consultation to improve teaching, including print, organizations, and electronic media.
New Directions in Learning and Motivation
Authors: Svinicki Marilla D.
Published: June 2004

The foundation of good teaching is attention to student learning. There is much to know about how student learning occurs and how teachers can foster it, but the field has come a long way in twenty years.
Can We Teach Without Communicating?
Authors: Civikly‐Powell Jean M.
Published: June 2004

At the core of effective teaching is effective communicating, a concept that goes well beyond just making yourself understood.
Development and Adaptations of the Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education
Authors: Chickering Arthur W. , Gamson Zelda F.
Published: June 2004

These principles have been among the most influential ideas of the past twenty years. They have been disseminated and applied in many different ways, as this chapter illustrates.
New Directions for New Directions?
Authors: Svinicki Marilla D.
Published: June 2004

New Directions for Teaching and Learning has seen some significant changes over the years. What does the future hold?
The Argument for Making Large Classes Seem Small
Authors: Cooper James L. , Robinson Pamela
Published: June 2004

The authors identify the problems and challenges of large lecture‐class format classes, and offer empirical and theoretical rationales for moving to approaches that emphasize small‐group learning and the development of community.
Making Small‐Group Learning and Learning Communities a Widespread Reality
Authors: Smith Karl A. , MacGregor Jean
Published: June 2004

This chapter evaluates the prospects for the continued expansion of small‐group learning and learning communities on college campuses. It ends with a list of resources for further reading and exploration.
Identity Development of High‐Ability Black Collegians
Authors: Fries‐Britt Sharon
Published: June 2004

Stereotypes and racism hinder high‐ability black collegians' integration of their intellectual competence and sense of self. Students' stories in this chapter show how a strong peer community and positive student‐faculty interactions can overcome these obstacles and promote healthy identity development.
Expressing Cultural Identity in the Learning Community: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Ortiz Anna M.
Published: June 2004

This chapter traces cultural identity development and its relationship to critical thinking and intercultural competence. Effective strategies for dealing with difference in the classroom emerge from understanding the dynamics of cultural identity development.
Creating a Positive Learning Environment for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Students
Authors: Evans Nancy J.
Published: June 2004

Establishing a gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity in a heterosexual world is challenging. This chapter focuses on how that process affects students' learning and how faculty can create inclusive learning environments for these students.
Teaching to Promote Holistic Learning and Development
Authors: Baxter Magolda Marcia B.
Published: June 2004

This chapter organizes recommendations from the first eight chapters into a framework that helps faculty understand and incorporate students' meaning‐making into the learning process. Longitudinal data on young adults' learning and development are used to integrate multiple dimensions of development.
Teaching Evaluation: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Ory John C.
Published: June 2004

The purpose and methodology of evaluating teaching in higher education have changed significantly from the past.
Situational Evaluation of Teaching on Campus
Authors: Stake Robert E. , Cisneros‐Cohernour Edith J.
Published: June 2004

To provide a broader context for the evaluation of teaching, more inquiry‐based methods of evaluation are considered.
Evaluating the Teaching Portfolio: A Role for Colleagues
Authors: Centra John A.
Published: June 2004

Colleagues can contribute to the value of teaching portfolios and the role they play in summative evaluation.
Creating Responsive Student Ratings Systems to Improve Evaluation Practice
Authors: Theall Michael , Franklin Jennifer
Published: June 2004

Student ratings, the most researched type of teaching evaluation, continue to be controversial.
Designing Instruction for Learning in Electronic Classrooms
Authors: Morrison Gary R. , Guenther Peter F.
Published: June 2004

The World Wide Web offers unique teaching and learning opportunities. To take advantage of these opportunities, professors and designers need to understand not only how the Web can support learning but also how to design courses to make the most of Web capabilities.
Components of the Online Classroom
Authors: Berge Zane L.
Published: June 2004

Once professors determine the purpose of online communication, they will want to determine which online tools are appropriate for their course.
Students as Seekers in Online Courses
Authors: Canada Mark
Published: June 2004

Although students have the responsibility for learning in the online classroom, professors need to be aware of behavioral changes students can make to be successful.
Accommodating Students with Special Needs in the Online Classroom
Authors: Buggey Thomas J.
Published: June 2004

Certain federal laws were enacted to ensure equal access to educational opportunities. Professors can design an accessible online course to fulfill the intent of the laws.
Calcium Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino‐triethylgallate] — A Molecule with Ca‐C‐Ga Three‐Center Bonds
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Weinrich Sabine , Oßberger Manfred , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: June 2004

The reaction of calcium‐bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] with two equivalents triethylgallium yields nearly quantitatively the addition product. In the solid state the calcium atoms are coordinated by two nitrogen atoms and two ethyl groups, whereas in solution all ethyl substituents are magnetically equivalent even at low temperatures. The Ca‐C‐Ga two‐electron three‐center bonds show mean Ca‐N and Ca‐C distances of 243 and 268 pm, respectively.
A Hydrogen Adipato‐bridged Copper(II) Coordination Polymer: [Cu(bpy)(HL)]2L · 6H2O (bpy = 2, 2'‐Bipyridine, H2L = Adipic Acid)
Authors: Zheng Yue‐Qing , Lin Jian‐Li
Published: June 2004

Reaction of a fresh Cu(OH)2x(CO3)1—x · yH2O precipitate with adipic acid (H2L) and 2, 2'—bipyridine (bpy) in ethanolic aqueous solution at room temperature afforded the hydrogen adipato bridged CuII coordination polymer [Cu(bpy)(HL)]2L · 6H2O consisting of double chains according to {[Cu(bpy)(HL)2/2]2L} and hydrogen bonded H2O molecules. The chains result from [Cu(bpy)]2+ units bridged by bis—monodentate hydrogen adipato ligands and further crosslinked by bis—monodentate adipato ligands. Through the interchain π—π stacking interactions and interchain C(bpy)—H···O(adipato) hydrogen bonding interactions, the double chains are assembled into layers, between which the crystal H2O molecules are located. The Cu atoms are square pyramidally coordinated by two N atoms of one bpy ligand and three O atoms of one adipato ligand and two hydrogen adipato ligands. The doubly bonded oxygen atom of the protonated carboxyl group occupies the apical position (Cu—N: 1.997, 2.005 Å; equatorial Cu—O: 1.925, 1.942 Å; apical Cu—O: 2.354 Å). Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the compound will be discussed. Crystal data: triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 9.618(1) Å, b = 9.933(1) Å, c = 12.782(2) Å, α = 70.88(1)°, β = 73.70(1)°, γ = 75.60(1)°, V = 1090.7(2) Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.0453 and wR2 = 0.1265 for 4643 observed reflections (Fo2 > 2σ(Fo2)) out of 4985 unique reflections.
The Crystal Structure of Solvent‐Free Silver Dodecachloro‐closo‐dodecaborate Ag2[B12Cl12] from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Schleid Thomas
Published: June 2004

Colourless octahedral single crystals of solvent‐free Ag2[B12Cl12] (cubic, Pa3¯; a = 1238.32(7) pm, Z = 4) are obtained by the metathesis reaction of Cs2[B12Cl12] with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and recrystallization of the crude product from water. The crystal structure is best described as a distorted anti‐CaF2‐type arrangement in which the quasi‐icosahedral [B12Cl12]2— anions (d(B—B) = d(B—Cl) = 177—180 pm) are arranged in a cubic closest‐packed fashion. The tetrahedral interstices are filled with Ag+ cations which are strongly displaced from their ideal positions. Thereby each silver atom gets coordinated by six chlorine atoms from the edges of three [B12Cl12]2— anions providing a distorted octahedral coordination sphere to the Ag+ cations (d(Ag—Cl) = 283—285 pm, CN = 6).
Synthese, spektroskopische Charakterisierung und Molekülstrukturen ausgewählter Lewis‐Basen‐Addukte der Alkalimetall‐tri(tert‐butyl)silylphosphanide
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Weinrich Sabine , Schmid Bertram , Schneiderbauer Stefan , Suter Max , Nöth Heinrich , Piotrowski Holger
Published: June 2004

Die Metallierung von Tri(tert‐butyl)silylphosphan mit Butyllithium und den Bis(trimethylsilyl)amiden von Natrium, Kalium und Rubidium ergibt quantitativ die entsprechenden Alkalimetall‐tri(tert‐butyl)silylphosphanide, die nach Zugabe geeigneter Lewis‐Basen als dimeres (DME)LiP(H)SitBu3 (1), kettenförmiges (DME)NaP(H)SitBu3 (2), monomeres ([18]Krone‐6)KP(H)SitBu3 (3) und dimeres (TMEDA)1.5RbP(H)SitBu3 (4) kristallin isoliert werden. Die Umsetzung von H2PSitBu3 mit Caesium‐bis(trimethylsilyl)amid bei Zimmertemperatur liefert zunächst ein monocyclisches tetrameres Caesium‐tri(tert‐butyl)silylphosphanid (5), an das noch zwei weitere CsN(SiMe3)2‐Moleküle koordinieren. Erst bei 80 °C reagiert dieser Komplex mit weiterem Phosphan zum tetrameren Toluol‐Addukt (η6‐Toluol)CsP(H)SitBu3 (6), dessen zentrales Strukturelement das Cs4P4‐Heterokubanfragment bildet. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Verbindungen konnte durch Einkristallstrukturuntersuchungen belegt werden.
Ln2(ClO4)2(H2I2O10) · 8H2O (Ln = Sm, Gd), a Lanthanide Perchlorate Mesodiperiodate forming a Novel Layer Structure
Authors: Fischer Andreas
Published: June 2004

By slow evaporation of solutions containing Ln(ClO4)3 (Ln = Sm, Gd), H5IO6 and an excess of HClO4, crystals of the title compounds could be obtained. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c. They contain Ln3+ ions, which are coordinated by [H2I2O10]4— anions forming two‐dimensional, cationic networks. These are separated by perchlorate ions, forming a layered structure.