bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syllable Contact and Emergent Lenition in Bashkir
Authors: Carter Matthew
Published: October 2019

This study examines the syllable contact phonology of Bashkir (Kipchak, southern Urals, Russia), a language which exhibits a unique variation on general Turkic syllable contact phenomena, and proposes an Optimality Theoretic analysis, drawing on previous approaches to syllable contact in Turkic (Baertsch & Davis 2001, 2004, Gouskova 2001, 2004, Washington 2010). Bashkir desonorizes affix-initial coronal sonorants (/qullar/ --> [qul.dar]) to mandate compliance with the Syllable Contact Law (Davis, 1998). This occurs even at boundaries which would otherwise exhibit falling sonority, thereby maximizing sonority fall. Bashkir also exhibits a unique continuancy alternation pattern in desonorized affixes (taw-ðar, uram-dar, gaz-dar). This study adopts the Syllable Contact Hierarchy analysis proposed in Gouskova (2004), with ranking of relevant faithfulness constraints below all *DIST constraints mandating maximal sonority fall. It is proposed that continuancy alternations derived from a synchronically active lenition process, otherwise dominated by relevant faithfulness constraints, which emerges when unfaithfulness is forced to satisfy constraints on syllable contact.
FLNC Missense Variants in Familial Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Authors: van Waning Jaap , Hoedemaekers Yvonne , te Rijdt Wouter , Jpma Arne , Heijsman Daphne , Caliskan Kadir , Hoendermis Elke , Willems Tineke , van den Wijngaard Arthur , Suurmeijer Albert , van Slegtenhorst Marjon , Jongbloed Jan , Majoor-Krakauer Danielle , van der Zwaag Paul
Published: October 2019

The majority of familial noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is explained by pathogenic variants in the same sarcomeric genes that are associated with hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy. Pathogenic variants in the filamin C gene (FLNC) have been linked to HCM and DCM. We expand the spectrum of FLNC related cardiomyopathies by presenting two families with likely pathogenic FLNC variants showing familial segregation of NCCM and concurrent coarctation of the aorta and/or mitral valve abnormalities.
Attitudes and beliefs of emergency physicians on lab tests utilization in clinical practice. A multicenter survey
Authors: Saccenti Carlotta , Lunian Marco , Montagnana Martina , Balloni Andrea , Azin Giulia Maria , Lerza Roberto , Mitaritonno Michele , Pistorello Matteo , Santoro Michele , Fiorini Roberto , Bonfanti Laura
Published: October 2019

It is commonly perceived that the main obstacle for an effective partnership between Emergency Medicine (EM) and Laboratory Medicine (LM) is the lack of reciprocal knowledge and understanding. A further aspect is a partial comprehension of clinical significance and implications of some tests. The real scenario of attitudes and beliefs of Emergency Physicians (EPs) on lab tests utilization in clinical practice remains largely unclear. Therefore, this original study was designed to explore this field of medical knowledge, by using a survey on attitudes and beliefs in laboratory diagnostics which was disseminated among many Italian EPs. A questionnaire containing 20 different items/statements was designed and then disseminated either directly, or in a digital format. Overall, 183 questionnaires were compiled and collected. The results of this nationwide survey seem to confirm the existence of a suboptimal knowledge of both clinical and economic impact of urgent laboratory tests by Italian EPs. An unsatisfactory relationship between EPs and laboratory professionals seems also to emerge. Several EPs attribute this to Shortage of time to think (18.6%), followed by Fair of medical-legal litigation (13.6%). On the other hand, interestingly, it also emerged that some Italian hospitals still include obsolete o redundant tests in panels of urgent laboratory analyses, potentially misleading for the diagnostic reasoning in the Emergency Department (ED). In conclusion, the virtuous circle between EM and LM should be further reinforced for optimizing clinical pathways in Italian EDs, improving clinical outcomes and reducing unnecessary expenditures. A major agreement between laboratory and emergency professionals
Distinct Biomarker Profiles Distinguish Malawian Children with Malarial and Non-malarial Sepsis
Authors: Kortz Teresa B. , Nyirenda James , Tembo Dumizulu , Elfving Kristina , Baltzell Kimberly , Bandawe Gama , Rosenthal Philip J. , Macfarlane Sarah B. , Mandala Wilson , Nyirenda Tonney S.
Published: October 2019

Presently, it is difficult to accurately diagnose sepsis, a common cause of childhood death in sub-Saharan Africa, in malaria-endemic areas, given the clinical and pathophysiological overlap between malarial and non-malarial sepsis. Host biomarkers can distinguish sepsis from uncomplicated fever, but are often abnormal in malaria in the absence of sepsis. To identify biomarkers that predict sepsis in a malaria-endemic setting, we retrospectively analyzed data and sera from a case–control study of febrile Malawian children (aged 6–60 months) with and without malaria who presented to a community health center in Blantyre (January–August 2016). We characterized biomarkers for 29 children with uncomplicated malaria without sepsis, 25 without malaria or sepsis, 17 with malaria and sepsis, and 16 without malaria but with sepsis. Sepsis was defined using systemic inflammatory response criteria; biomarkers (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, interleukin-1 β [IL-1β], interleukin-10 [IL-10], von Willebrand factor antigen-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and angiopoietin-2 [Ang-2]) were measured with multiplex magnetic bead assays. IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 were elevated, and Ang-2 was decreased in children with malaria compared with non-malarial fever. Children with non-malarial sepsis had greatly increased IL-1β compared with the other subgroups. IL-1β best predicted sepsis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.57–0.85); a combined biomarker–clinical characteristics model improved prediction (AUROC of 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67–0.85). We identified a distinct biomarker profile for non-malarial sepsis and developed a sepsis prediction model. Additional clinical and biological data are necessary to further explore sepsis pathophysiology in malaria-endemic regions.
In Vivo Imaging of Bioluminescent Mycobacterium ulcerans: A Tool to Refine the Murine Buruli Ulcer Tail Model
Authors: Omansen Till F. , Marcsisin Renee A. , Chua Brendon Y. , Zeng Weiguang , Jackson David C. , Porter Jessica L. , Stienstra Ymkje , van der Werf Tjip S. , Stinear Timothy P.
Published: October 2019

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. Unclear transmission, no available vaccine, and suboptimal treatment regimens hamper the control of this disease. Carefully designed preclinical research is needed to address these shortcomings. In vivo imaging (IVIS®, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA) of infection is an emerging tool that permits monitoring of disease progression and reduces the need to using large numbers of mice at different time-points during the experiment, as individual mice can be imaged at multiple time-points. We aimed to further describe the use of in vivo imaging (IVIS) in BU. We studied the detection of M. ulcerans in experimentally infected BALB/c mouse tails and the subsequent histopathology and immune response in this pilot study. IVIS-monitoring was performed weekly in ten infected BALB/c mice to measure light emitted as a proxy for bacterial load. Nine of 10 (90%) BALB/c mice infected subcutaneously with 3.3 × 105 M. ulcerans JKD8049 (containing pMV306 hsp16+luxG13) exhibited light emission from the site of infection, indicating M. ulcerans growth in vivo, whereas only five of 10 (50%) animals developed clinical signs of the disease. Specific antibody titers were detected within 2 weeks of the infection. Interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 were elevated in animals with pathology. Histopathology revealed clusters of acid-fast bacilli in the subcutaneous tissue, with macrophage infiltration and granuloma formation resembling human BU. Our study successfully showed the utility of M. ulcerans IVIS monitoring and lays a foundation for further research.
Antilock Brake Systems Energy Consumption Test Procedure for Air-Brake-Equipped Truck Tractors, Buses, Trailers, and Dollies
Authors:   Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Published: October 2019

This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways.
Theory of terahertz Smith-Purcell radiation from a cylindrical grating
Authors: Rezaei Z. , Farokhi B.
Published: October 2019

An analysis of an annular electron beam propagating along a cylindrical grating with external magnetic field Bo is presented. The grating comprises a dielectric in its slots. The dispersion relation of the modes is derived. The results demonstrate that the dielectric shifts the frequencies of the system modes to smaller values. The growth rates of the modes which are in phase with the beam are also considered. It is found that the decline in the growth rate is brought about by the dielectric. In addition, increasing the thickness of the dielectric and decreasing the height of the slots cause it to rise. The effect of beam thickness on growth rate is considered too. This is shown to increase and then fall as beam thickness increases. These results show that utilizing cylindrical grating loaded with dielectric has a promising effect on developing new kinds of compact high-efficient THz free-electron lasers based on Smith–Purcell radiation.

Edited by: A. B. Márquez
Photomineralization mechanism changes the ability of dissolved organic matter to activate cloud droplets and to nucleate ice crystals
Authors: Borduas-Dedekind Nadine , Ossola Rachele , David Robert O. , Boynton Lin S. , Weichlinger Vera , Kanji Zamin A. , McNeill Kristopher
Published: October 2019

Abstract. An organic aerosol particle has a lifetime of approximately 1 week in the
atmosphere during which it will be exposed to sunlight. However, the effect of
photochemistry on the propensity of organic matter to participate in the
initial cloud-forming steps is difficult to predict. In this study, we
quantify on a molecular scale the effect of photochemical exposure of
naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM) and of a fulvic acid
standard on its cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleation (IN)
activity. We find that photochemical processing, equivalent to 4.6 d in
the atmosphere, of DOM increases its ability to form cloud droplets by up to
a factor of 2.5 but decreases its ability to form ice crystals at a loss
rate of −0.04 ∘CT50 h−1 of sunlight at ground level.
In other words, the ice nucleation activity of photooxidized DOM can require
up to 4 ∘C colder temperatures for 50 % of the droplets to activate
as ice crystals under immersion freezing conditions. This temperature change
could impact the ratio of ice to water droplets within a mixed-phase
cloud by delaying the onset of glaciation and by increasing the supercooled
liquid fraction of the cloud, thereby modifying the radiative properties and
the lifetime of the cloud. Concurrently, a photomineralization mechanism was
quantified by monitoring the loss of organic carbon and the simultaneous
production of organic acids, such as formic, acetic, oxalic and pyruvic
acids, CO and CO2. This mechanism explains and predicts the observed
increase in CCN and decrease in IN efficiencies. Indeed, we show that
photochemical processing can be a dominant atmospheric ageing process,
impacting CCN and IN efficiencies and concentrations. Photomineralization
can thus alter the aerosol–cloud radiative effects of organic matter by
modifying the supercooled-liquid-water-to-ice-crystal ratio in mixed-phase
clouds with implications for cloud lifetime, precipitation patterns and the
hydrological cycle.Highlights.
During atmospheric transport, dissolved organic matter (DOM) within aqueous
aerosols undergoes photochemistry. We find that photochemical processing of
DOM increases its ability to form cloud droplets but decreases its ability
to form ice crystals over a simulated 4.6 d in the atmosphere. A
photomineralization mechanism involving the loss of organic carbon and the
production of organic acids, CO and CO2 explains the observed changes
and affects the liquid-water-to-ice ratio in clouds.
Liquid–liquid phase separation and viscosity within secondary organic aerosol generated from diesel fuel vapors
Authors: Song Mijung , Maclean Adrian M. , Huang Yuanzhou , Smith Natalie R. , Blair Sandra L. , Laskin Julia , Laskin Alexander , DeRieux Wing-Sy Wong , Li Ying , Shiraiwa Manabu , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , Bertram Allan K.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Information on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and viscosity (or
diffusion) within secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is needed to improve
predictions of particle size, mass, reactivity, and cloud nucleating
properties in the atmosphere. Here we report on LLPS and viscosities within
SOA generated by the photooxidation of diesel fuel vapors. Diesel fuel
contains a wide range of volatile organic compounds, and SOA generated by
the photooxidation of diesel fuel vapors may be a good proxy for SOA from
anthropogenic emissions. In our experiments, LLPS occurred over the relative
humidity (RH) range of ∼70 % to ∼100 %,
resulting in an organic-rich outer phase and a water-rich inner phase. These
results may have implications for predicting the cloud nucleating properties
of anthropogenic SOA since the presence of an organic-rich outer phase at
high-RH values can lower the supersaturation with respect to water required
for cloud droplet formation. At ≤10 % RH, the viscosity was ≥1×108 Pa s, which corresponds to roughly the viscosity of tar
pitch. At 38 %–50 % RH, the viscosity was in the range of 1×108 to 3×105 Pa s. These measured viscosities are
consistent with predictions based on oxygen to carbon elemental ratio (O:C)
and molar mass as well as predictions based on the number of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Based on the measured viscosities and the
Stokes–Einstein relation, at ≤10 % RH diffusion coefficients of
organics within diesel fuel SOA is ≤5.4×10-17 cm2 s−1 and the mixing time of organics within 200 nm diesel fuel SOA
particles (τmixing) is 50 h. These small diffusion coefficients
and large mixing times may be important in laboratory experiments, where SOA
is often generated and studied using low-RH conditions and on timescales of
minutes to hours. At 38 %–50 % RH, the calculated organic diffusion
coefficients are in the range of 5.4×10-17 to 1.8×10-13 cm2 s−1 and calculated τmixing values are
in the range of ∼0.01 h to ∼50 h. These values
provide important constraints for the physicochemical properties of
anthropogenic SOA.
Validation of OCO-2 error analysis using simulated retrievals
Authors: Kulawik Susan S. , O'Dell Chris , Nelson Robert R. , Taylor Thomas E.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Characterization of errors and sensitivity in remotely
sensed observations of greenhouse gases is necessary for their use in
estimating regional-scale fluxes. We analyze 15 orbits of the simulated Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)
with the Atmospheric Carbon Observations from Space (ACOS) retrieval, which
utilizes an optimal estimation approach, to compare predicted versus actual
errors in the retrieved CO2 state. We find that the nonlinearity in
the retrieval system results in XCO2 errors of ∼0.9 ppm.
The predicted measurement error (resulting from radiance measurement error),
about 0.2 ppm, is accurate, and an upper bound on the smoothing error
(resulting from imperfect sensitivity) is not more than 0.3 ppm greater than
predicted. However, the predicted XCO2 interferent error (resulting
from jointly retrieved parameters) is a factor of 4 larger than predicted.
This results from some interferent parameter errors that are larger than predicted,
as well as some interferent parameter errors that are more strongly correlated with
XCO2 error than predicted by linear error estimation. Variations in the
magnitude of CO2 Jacobians at different retrieved states, which vary
similarly for the upper and lower partial columns, could explain the higher
interferent errors. A related finding is that the error correlation within
the CO2 profiles is less negative than predicted and that reducing the
magnitude of the negative correlation between the upper and lower partial
columns from −0.9 to −0.5 results in agreement between the predicted and
actual XCO2 error. We additionally study how the postprocessing bias
correction affects errors. The bias-corrected results found in the
operational OCO-2 Lite product consist of linear modification of XCO2
based on specific retrieved values, such as the CO2 grad del (δ∇CO2), (“grad del” is a measure of the change in the profile shape
versus the prior) and dP (the retrieved surface pressure minus the prior).
We find similar linear relationships between XCO2 error and dP or
δ∇CO2 but see a very complex pattern of errors
throughout the entire state vector. Possibilities for mitigating biases are
proposed, though additional study is needed.
Application of factor and cluster analyses to determine source–receptor relationships of industrial volatile organic odor species in a dual-optical sensing system
Authors: Yang Jen-Chih , Chang Pao-Erh , Ho Chi-Chang , Wu Chang-Fu
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Most odor nuisance investigations rely on either human
olfactory examination or on-site sampling and analytical techniques, but
these methods are often subject to spatial and temporal limitations and thus
impractical for locating odor emission sources. This study developed an
alternative approach with a dual-optical sensing system, a meteorological
station, and the combination of factor and cluster analyses to identify and
characterize emission sources of multiple air contaminants. Factor and
cluster analyses were employed to establish the emission profile of multiple
odorous substances from each emission source. Both receptor and source
monitoring data were collected to characterize the emission sources of
various odorous substances. Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR)
as a receptor path detected concurrent trends of several organic solvents
with concentrations higher than the reference odor threshold values,
indicating that these compounds were potential causes of odor nuisance.
Qualitative source apportionment by factor and cluster analyses suggested
that these odorous substances were used as organic solvents in surface
coating or painting processes. Closed-cell Fourier transform infrared
(CC-FTIR) at two nearby surface-coating companies indicated that only one
company's stack exhibited the same odorous substance profile found by the
OP-FTIR receptor path. The major odor emission source was thus identified in
this study. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using the alternative
investigative framework to successfully identify emission sources from an
industrial odor nuisance site. The major emission sources were identified,
and future enforcement plans can be conducted to enhance odor investigation
efficiency and improve overall air quality.
Modelling the response of net primary productivity of the Zambezi teak forests to climate change along a rainfall gradient in Zambia
Authors: Ngoma Justine , Braakhekke Maarten C. , Kruijt Bart , Moors Eddy , Supit Iwan , Speer James H. , Vinya Royd , Leemans Rik
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Understanding climate change effects on forests is
important considering the role forests play in mitigating climate change. We
studied the effects of changes in temperature, rainfall, atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) concentration, solar radiation, and number of wet days (as a
measure of rainfall intensity) on net primary productivity (NPP) of the
Zambian Zambezi teak forests along a rainfall gradient. Using 1960–1989 as
a baseline, we projected changes in NPP for the end of the 21st century
(2070–2099). We adapted the parameters of the dynamic vegetation model,
LPJ-GUESS, to simulate the growth of Zambian forests at three sites along a
moisture gradient receiving annual rainfall of between 700 and more than
1000 mm. The adjusted plant functional type was tested against measured
data. We forced the model with contemporary climate data (1960–2005) and
with climatic forecasts of an ensemble of five general circulation models
(GCMs) following Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) RCP4.5 and
RCP8.5. We used local soil parameter values to characterize texture and
measured local tree parameter values for maximum crown area, wood density,
leaf longevity, and allometry. The results simulated with the LPJ-GUESS
model improved when we used these newly generated local parameters,
indicating that using local parameter values is essential to obtaining
reliable simulations at site level. The adapted model setup provided a
baseline for assessing the potential effects of climate change on NPP in the
studied Zambezi teak forests. Using this adapted model version, NPP was
projected to increase by 1.77 % and 0.69 % at the wetter Kabompo and by
0.44 % and 0.10 % at the intermediate Namwala sites under RCP8.5 and
RCP4.5 respectively, especially caused by the increased CO2 concentration by
the end of the 21st century. However, at the drier Sesheke site, NPP
would respectively decrease by 0.01 % and 0.04 % by the end of the
21st century under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5. The projected decreased NPP under
RCP8.5 at the Sesheke site results from the reduced rainfall coupled with
increasing temperature. We thus demonstrated that differences in the amount
of rainfall received in a site per year influence the way in which climate
change will affect forest resources. The projected increase in CO2
concentration would thus have more effects on NPP in high rainfall receiving
areas, while in arid regions, NPP would be affected more by the changes in
rainfall and temperature. CO2 concentrations would therefore be more
important in forests that are generally not temperature- or precipitation-limited; however, precipitation will continue to be the limiting factor in
the drier sites.
Drivers of seasonal and event scale DOC dynamics at the outlet of mountainous peatlands revealed by high frequency monitoring
Authors: Rosset Thomas , Binet Stéphane , Antoine Jean-Marc , Lerigoleur Emilie , Rigal François , Gandois Laure
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Peatlands store about 20 % of the global soil organic carbon stock and are an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for inland waters. Recent improvements for in situ optical monitoring revealed that the DOC concentration in streams draining peatlands is highly variable, showing seasonal variation and short and intense DOC concentration peak periods. This study aimed to determine the variables driving stream DOC concentration variations at seasonal and event scales. Two mountainous peatlands (one fen and one bog) were monitored in the French Pyrenees to capture their outlet DOC concentration variability at a high frequency rate (30 min). Abiotic variables including precipitation, stream temperature and water level, water table depth and peat water temperature were also monitored at high frequency and used as potential predictors to explain DOC concentration variability. Results show that at both sites, DOC concentration time series can be decomposed into a seasonal baseline interrupted by many short and intense peaks of higher concentrations. The DOC concentration baseline is driven, at the seasonal scale, by peat water temperature. At the event scale, DOC concentration increases are mostly driven by water table increases within the peat at both sites. Univariate linear models between DOC concentration and peat water temperature or water table increases show greater efficiency at the fen site. Water recession times were derived from water level time series using master recession curve coefficients. They vary greatly between bog and fen but also within one peatland site. They partly explain the differences between DOC dynamics in the studied peatlands, including porewater DOC concentrations and the links between stream DOC concentration and water table rise. This highlights that peatland complexes are composed of a mosaic of heterogeneous peat units distinctively producing or transferring DOC to streams.
Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events prolonged by phosphorus cycle
feedbacks
Authors: Beil Sebastian , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Holbourn Ann , Scholz Florian , Oxmann Julian , Wallmann Klaus , Lorenzen Janne , Aquit Mohamed , Chellai El Hassane
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) document major perturbations of the global carbon cycle with repercussions on the Earth’s climate and ocean circulation that are relevant to understand future climate trends. Here, we compare sedimentation patterns, nutrient cycling, organic carbon accumulation and carbon isotope variability across Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events OAE1a and OAE2 in two drill cores with unusually high sedimentation rates from the Vocontian Basin (southern France) and Tarfaya Basin (southern Morocco). OAE1a and OAE2 exhibit remarkable similarities in the evolution of their δ13C excursion with long-lasting negative carbon isotope excursions preceding the onset of both anoxic events, supporting the view that OAEs were triggered by massive emissions of volcanic CO2 into the atmosphere. Based on analysis of cyclic sediment variations, we estimated the duration of the individual phases within the carbon isotope excursions. For both events, we identify: (1) a precursor phase lasting ~ 430 kyr and ~ 130 kyr, (2) an onset phase of ~ 390 and ~ 70 kyr, (3) a peak phase of ~ 600 and ~ 90 kyr, (4) a plateau phase of ~ 1400 and ~ 200 kyr and (5) a recovery phase of ~ 630 and ~ 440 kyr, respectively. The total duration of the positive carbon isotope excursion is estimated as 3400 kyr and 790 kyr and that of the main carbon accumulation phase as 980 kyr and 180 kyr, for OAE1a and OAE 2 respectively. The extended duration of the peak, plateau and recovery phases requires fundamental changes in global nutrient cycles either (1) through excess nutrient inputs to the oceans by increasing continental weathering and river discharge or (2) through nutrient-recycling from the marine sediment reservoir. We investigated the role of phosphorus on the development of carbon accumulation by analysing phosphorus speciation across OAE2 and the mid-Cenomanian Event (MCE) in the Tarfaya Basin. The ratios of organic carbon and total nitrogen to reactive phosphorus (Corg/Preact and Ntotal/Preact) prior to OAE2 and the MCE hover close to or below the Redfield ratio characteristic of marine organic matter. Decreases in reactive phosphorus resulting in Corg/Preact and Ntotal/Preact above the Redfield ratio during the later phase of OAE2 and the MCE indicate leakage from the sedimentary column into the water column under the influence of intensified and expanded oxygen minimum zones. These results suggest that a positive feedback loop, rooted in the benthic phosphorus cycle, contributed to increased marine productivity and carbon burial over an extended period of time during OAEs.
Comparative analysis of atmospheric radiative transfer models using the Atmospheric Look-up table Generator (ALG) toolbox (version 2.0)
Authors: Vicent Jorge , Verrelst Jochem , Sabater Neus , Alonso Luis , Rivera-Caicedo Juan Pablo , Martino Luca , Muñoz-Marí Jordi , Moreno José
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric radiative transfer models (RTMs) are software tools that help researchers in understanding the radiative processes occurring in the Earth’s atmosphere. Given their importance in remote sensing applications, the intercomparison of atmospheric RTMs is therefore one of the main tasks to evaluate model performance and identify the characteristics that differ between models. This can be a tedious tasks that requires a good knowledge of the model inputs-outputs and generation of large databases of consistent simulations. With the evolution of these software tools, their increase in complexity bears implications towards their use in practical applications and model intercomparison. Existing RTM-specific graphical user interfaces are not optimized for performing intercomparison studies of a wide variety of atmospheric RTMs. In this paper, we present the Atmospheric Look-up table Generator (ALG) version 2.0, a new software tool that facilitates generating large databases for a variety of atmospheric RTMs. ALG facilitates consistent and intuitive user interaction to enable running model executions and storing RTM data for any spectral configuration in the optical domain. We demonstrate the utility of ALG to perform intercomparison studies and global sensitivity analysis of broadly used atmospheric RTMs (6SV, MODTRAN, libRadtran). We expect that providing ALG to the research community will facilitate the usage of atmospheric RTMs to a wide range of applications in Earth Observation.
APIFLAME v2.0 trace gas and aerosol emissions from biomass burning: application to Portugal during the summer of 2016 and evaluation against satellite observations of CO (IASI) and AOD (MODIS)
Authors: Turquety Solène , Menut Laurent , Siour Guillaume , Mailler Sylvain , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , George Maya , Clerbaux Cathy , Hurtmans Daniel , Coheur Pierre-François
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Biomass burning emissions are a major source of trace gases and aerosols. Wildfires being highly variable in time and space, calculating emissions requires a numerical tool able to estimate fluxes at the kilometer scale and with an hourly time-step. Here, the APIFLAME model version 2.0 is presented. It is structured to be modular in terms of input databases and processing methods. The main evolution compared to the version v1.0 is the possibility to merge burned area and fire radiative power (FRP) satellite observations to modulate the temporal variations of fire emissions and to integrate small fires that may not be detected in the burned area product. Accounting for possible missed detection due to small fires results in an increase ranging from ∼ 5 % in Africa and Australia to ∼ 30 % in North America, on average over the 2013–2017 time period based on the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6 fire products. An illustration for the case of south-western Europe during the summer of 2016, marked by large wildfires in Portugal, is presented. Emissions calculated using different possible configurations of APIFLAME show a dispersion of 75% on average over the domain during the largest wildfires (8–14/08/2016), which can be considered as an estimate of uncertainty on emissions (excluding the uncertainty on emission factors). Corresponding enhancements of aerosols and carbon monoxide (CO) simulated with the regional chemistry transport model CHIMERE are consistent with observations (good timing for the beginning and end of the events, ± 1 day for the timing of the peak values) but tend to be overestimated compared to observations at surface stations. On the contrary, vertically integrated concentrations tend to be underestimated compared to satellite observations of total column CO by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument and aerosol optical depth (AOD) by MODIS, which allow regional scale evaluation. This underestimate is lower close to the fire region (5 % to 40 % for AOD depending on the configuration, and 8–18 % for total CO) but rapidly increases downwind. For all comparisons, better agreement is achieved when emissions are injected higher into the free troposphere using a vertical profile as estimated from observations of aerosol plume height by the MISR satellite instrument (injection up to 4 km). The overestimate compared to surface sites and underestimate compared to satellite observations point to uncertainties not only on emissions (total mass and daily variability) but also on their injection profile and on the modelling of the transport of these dense plumes.
Description of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and
evaluation of its climate–biogeochemical processes and feedbacks
Authors: Hajima Tomohiro , Watanabe Michio , Yamamoto Akitomo , Tatebe Hiroaki , Noguchi Maki A. , Abe Manabu , Ohgaito Rumi , Ito Akinori , Yamazaki Dai , Okajima Hideki , Ito Akihiko , Takata Kumiko , Ogochi Koji , Watanabe Shingo , Kawamiya Michio
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This study developed a new Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) Earth system model (ESM) using a state-of-the-art climate model as the physical core. This model embeds a terrestrial biogeochemical component with explicit carbon–nitrogen interaction to account for soil nutrient control on plant growth and the land carbon sink. The model’s ocean biogeochemical component is largely updated to simulate biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and oxygen such that oceanic primary productivity can be controlled by multiple nutrient limitations. The ocean nitrogen cycle is coupled with the land component via river discharge processes, and external inputs of iron from pyrogenic and lithogenic sources are considered. Comparison of a historical simulation with observation studies showed the model could reproduce reasonable historical changes in climate, the carbon cycle, and other biogeochemical variables together with reasonable spatial patterns of distribution of the present-day condition. The model demonstrated historical human perturbation of the nitrogen cycle through land use and agriculture, and it simulated the resultant impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Sensitivity analyses in preindustrial conditions revealed modeled ocean biogeochemistry could be changed regionally (but substantially) by nutrient inputs from the atmosphere and rivers. Through an idealized experiment of a 1 %CO2 increase scenario, we found the transient climate response (TCR) in the model is 1.5 K, i.e., approximately 70 % that of our previous model. The cumulative airborne fraction (AF) is also reduced by 15 % because of the intensified land carbon sink, resulting in an AF close to the multimodel mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ESMs. The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emission (TCRE) is 1.3 K EgC−1, i.e., slightly smaller than the average of the CMIP5 ESMs, suggesting optimistic model performance in future climate projections. This model and the simulation results are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The ESM could help further understanding of climate–biogeochemical interaction mechanisms, projections of future environmental changes, and exploration of our future options regarding sustainable development by evolving the processes of climate, biogeochemistry, and human activities in a holistic and interactive manner.
Have trends changed over time? A study of UK peak flow data and sensitivity to observation period
Authors: Griffin Adam , Vesuviano Gianni , Stewart Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Classical statistical methods for flood frequency estimation
assume stationarity in the gauged data. However, recent focus on climate
change and, within UK hydrology, severe floods in 2009 and 2015 has raised
the profile of statistical analyses that include trends. This paper considers how parameter estimates for the generalised logistic
distribution vary through time in the UK. The UK Benchmark Network (UKBN2)
is used to allow focus on climate change separate from the effects of
land-use change. We focus on the sensitivity of parameter estimates to
adding data, through fixed-width moving window and fixed-start extending
window approaches, and on whether parameter trends are more prominent in
specific geographical regions. Under stationary assumptions, the addition of new data tends to further the
convergence of parameters to some final value. However, addition of a
single data point can vastly change non-stationary parameter estimates.
Little spatial correlation is seen in the magnitude of trends in peak flow
data, potentially due to the spatial clustering of catchments in the UKBN2.
In many places, the ratio between the 50-year and 100-year flood is
decreasing, whereas the ratio between the 2-year and 30-year flood is
increasing, presenting as a flattening of the flood frequency curve.
Understanding Spatial Variations in Earthquake Vulnerabilities of Residential Neighborhoods of Mymensingh City, Bangladesh: An AHP-GIS Integrated Index-based Approach
Authors: Alam Md. Shaharier , Haque Shamim Mahabubul
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Mymensingh city is highly earthquake vulnerable due to its geological setting, existence of three faults, viz., Dauki Fault, Madhupur Blind Fault and Sylhet-Assam Fault in its close vicinity, and liquefaction susceptible soil type. Recently an attempt has been made to assess earthquake risk of the city by Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II, of Government of Bangladesh using FEMA developed HAZUS tool which requires usage of enormous resources and expertise. Poorly resourced city planning authorities of developing countries are seldom equipped with such financial and human resources, and as a result, the inclusion of earthquake risk analysis, more specifically, information regarding spatial variations of earthquake risk is very often found missing in their physical planning exercises. This paper aims to assess the spatial variation of earthquake vulnerability of residential neighbourhoods of Mymensingh city, employing an index-based low cost approach which could provide a reasonably accurate result with minimum resource and expertise requirements. Analytical Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination are combined with a Geographical Information System to prepare a composite index considering 23 different parameters, stemming from geological, structural, socio-economic and systematic dimensions of earthquake vulnerability. The findings of the reseach show that out of 241 residential neighbourhoods of Mymensingh city, 51 are observed to be highly vulnerable, while, 123 and 67 are medium and low vulnerable respectively. Besides, the spatial distribution of earthquake vulnerable neighbouhoods in Mymensingh City, observed in the current study has also been compared with spatial distributions observed in two similar previous studies and observed found to be reasonably close. This justifies the validity of the current low cost approach for wider application in cities of resource starved developing countries.
Is the Blade Element Momentum Theory overestimating Wind
Turbine Loads? – A Comparison with a Lifting Line Free Vortex
Wake Method
Authors: Perez-Becker Sebastian , Papi Francesco , Saverin Joseph , Marten David , Bianchini Alessandro , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Load calculations play a key role in determining the design loads of different wind turbine components. State of the art in the industry is to use the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory to calculate the aerodynamic loads. Due to their simplifying assumptions of the rotor aerodynamics, BEM methods have to rely on several engineering correction models to capture the aerodynamic phenomena present in Design Load Cases (DLCs) with turbulent wind. Because of this, BEM methods can overestimate aerodynamic loads under challenging conditions when compared to higher-order aerodynamic methods - such as the Lifting Line Free Vortex Wake (LLFVW) method – leading to unnecessarily high design loads and component costs. In this paper, we give a quantitative answer to the question of BEM load overestimation by comparing the results of aeroelastic load calculations done with the BEM-based OpenFAST code and the QBlade code which uses a LLFVW method. We compare extreme and fatigue load predictions from both codes using 66 ten-minute load simulations of the DTU 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine according to the IEC 61400-1 power production DLC group. Results from both codes show differences in fatigue and extreme load estimations for practically all considered sensors of the turbine. LLFVW simulations predict 4 % and 14 % lower lifetime Damage Equivalent Loads (DELs) for the out-of-plane blade root and the tower base fore-aft bending moments, when compared to BEM simulations. The results also show that lifetime DELs for the yaw bearing tilt- and yaw moments are 2 % and 4 % higher when calculated with the LLFVW code. An ultimate state analysis shows that extreme loads of the blade root out-of-plane and the tower base fore-aft bending moments predicted by the LLFVW simulations are 3 % and 8 % lower than the moments predicted by BEM simulations, respectively. Further analysis reveals that there are two main contributors to these load differences. The first is the different treatment in both codes of the effect that sheared inflow has on the local blade aerodynamics and second is the wake memory effect model which was not included in the BEM simulations.
El arte reparador de Kader Attia
Authors: Rodríguez Gómez Gonzalo
Published: October 2019

Tras la participación de Kader Attia en la Documenta 13 de Kassel con su obra The Repair from Occident to Extra-Occidental (2012), su práctica artística no ha hecho sino evidenciar el carácter reparador que posee el arte y que genera desde un punto de vista terapéutico o curativo. Parte de sus conclusiones, así como algunas de las claves de su trabajo valoradas por críticos, quedaron reflejadas en el libro de artista “RepaiR”, publicado en 2014 por Black Jack Editions y editado por Léa Gauthier y el propio Kader Attia.
“Cada um no seu quadrado”: os Clubes Sociais Negros e a imaterialidade do lugar na produção cultural do real
Authors: Braga Geslline Giovana
Published: October 2019

Os Clubes Sociais Negros (CSN) são agremiações surgidas no pós-abolição no Brasil, prolíferas especialmente na Região Sul do Brasil. Em 2009 foi realizado o pedido de registro dos Clubes Sociais Negros como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial do Brasil, para o Iphan, na categoria “Lugar”. No Paraná foram mapeados seis clubes, a permanência destes propõem leituras sobre a escravidão e pós-abolição, segregação, racismo e invisibilidade dos negros. A resistência dos clubes e suas configurações atuais desafiam a noção de “lugar” como categoria do patrimônio imaterial, a ampliam e dissolvem, produzem o real por meio da memória, significações e afetos. As memórias têm lugar, mapas e imagens presentes na oralidade. O lugar desmaterializado, que não existe mais, ou que não é mais o que foi, existe para quem o animou. Demonstrando como quando o lugar desaparece as fotografias ocupam suas funções simbólicas, representação e produção cultural do real. A existência dos clubes propõem outra produção cultural do real, desafia a construção social da história local, nas qual negros foram invisibilizados e branqueados.
Effect of cooperative management on organizational agility with the mediating role of employee empowerment in public transportation sector
Authors:   Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. Ardabil (Iran). asgarnezhad.research@uma.ac.ir, Asgarnezhad Nouri Bagher , Mir Mousavi Masume ,   Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Pardis Farabi. Qom (Iran). m.moosavi_2013@alumni.ut.ac.ir
Published: October 2019

Different conditions in today’s organizational societies have led many firms to identify effective strategies to achieve the goal of agility for rapid adaptation to ever-increasing environmental changes. Cooperative management and employee empowerment as emerging managerial concepts can play an important role in promoting agility in a variety of firms, including in the transportation sector. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of cooperative management system on organizational agility by considering the mediating role of employee empowerment in public transportation. Statistical population of the research consisted of all employees of Tabriz and Suburbs Bus Company (n = 650). The estimated sample size based on Cochran`s formula was 242 people. For measurement of variables, standard questionnaires were used. The research hypotheses were tested by using PLS and Spss and by modeling structural equations. Results suggested that cooperative management has a positive effect on both organizational agility and employee empowerment, and also empowerment has a significant effect on organizational agility. Further, it was concluded that employee empowerment mediates the relationship between cooperative management and organizational agility in Tabriz and Suburbs Bus Company. The present research is one of the few studies that has examined the relationship between the three concepts of organizational agility, cooperative management and employee empowerment in the transportation industry.
Research Designs and Methodologies of Studies in Student Self-Assessment: A Content Analysis
Authors: Darra Maria , Papanthymou Anastasia
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the content of 33 empirical studies related to student self-assessment in primary and secondary education and have been published over the last decade (2009-2019) in 19 scientific journals classified in Scimago (only articles in journals with peer review system to assure their quality) in order to investigate: a) the research design (experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental), b) the research method (mixed method, quantitative method, qualitative method), c) the specific design (pretest-posttest etc.), d) the data collection method (questionnaire, interviews, etc.). According to the main findings most studies use non-experimental design, followed by experimental and quasi-experimental design. With regard to research methods quantitative method is used in all research designs, while qualitative and mixed method are used to a lesser degree and only in experimental and non-experimental design. Regarding the specific design, most experimental and quasi- experimental studies adopt a "pretest-posttest" design, while non-experimental studies follow mainly descriptive design. Finally, concerning the data collection methods, questionnaire is the most common method for all research designs, as opposed to other methods, such as interview or the combination of questionnaire and interview.  Therefore, there is a need to investigate the issue of student self-assessment using experimental or quasi-experimental research design where the mixed methodological approach will be adopted and data collection will be carried out using various research tools such as the interview and the questionnaire in order to triangulate the results.
VALORIZAÇÃO DE DIETAS COM COQUETEL ENZIMÁTICO PARA TILÁPIAS DO NILO EM TEMPERATURA SUB-ÓTIMA
Authors: Gomes Veruska Dilyanne Silva , Silva José Humberto Vilar da , Amâncio Alda Lúcia de Lima , Filho José Jordão , Cavalcanti Cacio Ribeiro , Almeida Jorge Luiz dos Santos
Published: October 2019

Temperaturas abaixo da zona de conforto (sub-ótimas) diminuem aatividade metabólica do organismo, o que pode ocasionar perdas no crescimento e desenvolvimento dos peixes. Melhorar a disponibilidade de nutrientes pode favorecer os índices produtivos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a suplementação com coquetel enzimático (200 ppm de fitase, 400 ppm de protease e 200ppm de alfa-amilase) em dietas com redução nutricional sobre desempenho e composição físico-química corporal de tilápias mantidas em temperatura sub-ótima (23,15±0,2ºC). O experimento foi conduzido na UFPB/CCHSA por um período de 60dias. Foram utilizados 260 alevinos machos de tilápia do Nilo, pós-indução sexual, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Sendo DC (dieta controle), DCEE (dieta controle com coquetel enzimático), DV1EE (redução em 1,32% de PB e ED + coquetel enzimático) e DV2EE (redução em 2,64% de PB e ED + coquetel enzimático). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho e composição físico-química da carcaça. A suplementação enzimática foi eficiente em disponibilizar nutrientes suprindo um déficit de até 2,64% de energia e proteína na dieta das tilápias submetidas a temperaturas sub-ótima.