bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nurses' Comprehension and Recall Process of a Patient's Message with Double-Bind Information
Authors: Iwamitsu Yumi , Ando Mitsuko , Honda Ikumi , Hashi Akie , Tsutsui Sachiko , Yamada Naoto
Published: August 2011

We examined nurses' comprehension and recall process of patients' passage with double-bind information. We focused on two modes of communication, tone of voice and content of speech. The experiment followed a 2 × 2 × 2 design with respect to listeners (nurse vs student), tone of voice (positive vs negative), and verbal content (positive vs negative). Subjects were 79 nurses who worked at the university hospital and 99 students who were studying at the Faculty of Nursing. Nurses and students were randomly divided into four subgroups; each was presented one of four professionally tape-recorded scripts representing one possible combination of tone of voice and verbal content on the part of a fictitious patient. Listeners then rated the passages on scales and were asked to recall the passages in detail. Listeners recalled and understood passages better when the modes of communication did not conflict. Accuracy in recall reflected comprehension of passages rather than the listener's feelings about the “patient,” especially in double-bind situations. Listeners tended to judge the speaker's feelings by tone of voice rather than verbal content.
Self-Ratings of Materialism and Status Consumption in a Malaysian Sample: Effects of Answering during an Assumed Recession versus Economic Growth
Authors: Jusoh Wan Jamaliah Wan , Heaney Joo-Gim , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

Consumers' self-assessments of materialism and status consumption may be influenced by external economic conditions. In this study, 239 Malaysian students were asked to describe their levels of materialism using Richins and Dawson's 1992 Materialism scale and status consumption using Eastman, Goldsmith, and Flynn's 1999 Status Consumption Scale. Half the students were told to respond assuming that they were in an expanding economy, and half as if the economy was in a recession. Comparison of the groups' mean scores showed no statistically significant differences.
Assessing the Validity of the Semantic Differential Portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test
Authors: Palmiter David J. , Silber David E.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test with 225 undergraduates who completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale, actual-self and ideal-self semantic differential scales (e.g., Actual-self and Ideal-self), and either the Apperceptive Personality Test or a modified version. A projected-self score was calculated using the semantic differential ratings of the hero(ine) character on the test, e.g., Projected-self. A strong negative correlation indicated that, as the difference between the Ideal-self and Actual-self decreased, the difference between the Actual-self and Projected-self increased. Discriminant analyses indicated that highly guarded participants, e.g., high Social Desirability scores, showed more congruency between Ideal-self and Actual-self and less congruency between Actual-self ratings and Projected-self on the APT than did less guarded participants. When the difference scores incorporated only those semantic differential items that loaded on an Evaluative factor, the same result of discriminant analysis was found when participants who completed the modified version were included. These findings support the validity of the test's semantic differential items and suggest that guardedness tends to promote more similarity between Actual-self and Ideal-self and less similarity between Actual-self and Projected-self.
Effects of Altered Instructions on WAIS–III Digit Symbol-Coding Subtest
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Schnakenberg Summer D. , Kreiner David S.
Published: August 2011

This study utilized 104 college students to assess the possibility that a performance increment would result on the WAIS–III Digit Symbol-Coding subtest scores if instructions were modified to include the time allowed for completion. Compared with the standard instructions, this modification did not significantly change mean scores.
Career-Related Correlates of Self-Discipline
Authors: DuBrin Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

An investigation was made of the relationship between scores on the Self-discipline Questionnaire and self-ratings on four career-related variables among a sample of 325 working adults. The Self-discipline Questionnaire was previously published in a trade book and is based on characteristics of self-disciplined people culled from the literature. Scores for self-discipline were significantly correlated with years of formal education, salary, and self-perceptions of career success and frequency of goal accomplishment.
The Psychological Health of “Joiners”
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Ensor Christi L.
Published: August 2011

The current study examined the relationship between scores on social complexity and psychological health. A sample of 202 college students yielded positive correlations for propensity to join and maintain memberships in diverse groups with psychological health, thereby replicating past research.
Ropelike Birthmarks on Children Who Claim to Remember Past Lives
Authors: Stevenson Ian
Published: August 2011

Description of birthmarks having the pattern of strands of a rope in a second known case includes some verification of the correspondence between the birthmarks and injuries from ropes on an identified deceased person.
A Tract on Psychology: Agency and Communion in Human Mentation
Authors: Bakan David
Published: August 2011

Listed are 117 propositions, generated as beginning notes for development of theoretical understanding of agency and communion in human mentation.
Undertakers' Sense of Humor
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A group of 60 middle-aged morticians at a professional seminar in the midwestern USA who completed a multidimensional sense of humor scale scored significantly lower than another group of 136 men from other occupations. The difference between the two groups appeared almost entirely on scale items having to do with humor generation or creativity.
Companion Cats and the Social Support Systems of Men with Aids
Authors: Castelli Paolo , Hart Lynette A. , Zasloff R. Lee
Published: August 2011

60 male pet owners with AIDS were given a formal questionnaire including items related to demographic, lifestyle, and pet ownership, as well as the Comfort from Companion Animals Scale, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The men lived in the San Francisco area and received assistance from Pets Are Wonderful Support (PAWS), a community organization, in caring for their companion dogs or cats. Participants were a convenience sample of pet owners who volunteered from among 500 PAWS clients and who do not necessarily represent a random sample of men with AIDS who keep companion animals. For these men, their comfort from companion animals was significantly associated with having cats but not dogs, closeness with friends, dissatisfaction with their practical support system, and listing pets as a source of support. Loneliness was negatively associated with having a large practical support network, scoring as healthy on the General Health Questionnaire, and living alone. For these male pet owners with AIDS, pet cats appeared to complement their supportive relationships with friends and family that were protective against loneliness.
Complex Partial Epileptic-Like Experiences in University Students and Practitioners of Dharmakaya in Thailand: Comparison with Canadian University Students
Authors: Murphy Todd , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

We tested the hypothesis that individuals who frequently practice meditation within another culture whose assumptions explicitly endorse this practice should exhibit more frequent and varied experience associated with complex partial epilepsy (without the seizures) as inferred by the Personal Philosophy Inventory and Roberts' Questionnaire for the Epileptic Spectrum Disorder. 80 practitioners of Dharma Meditation and 24 university students in Thailand were compared with 76 students from first-year courses in psychology in a Canadian university. Although there were large significant differences for some items and clusters of items expected as a result of cultural differences, there were no statistically significant differences between the two populations for the proportions of complex partial epileptic-like experiences or their frequency of occurrence. There were no strong or consistent correlations between the history of meditation within the sample who practiced Dharma meditation and these experiences. These results suggest complex partial epileptic-like experiences may be a normal feature of the human species.
Verbal Aggression in Computer-Mediated Decision Making
Authors: Martin Matthew M. , Heisel Alan D. , Valencic Kristin Marie
Published: August 2011

37 participants receiving verbally aggressive messages during a mediated interaction viewed their interactants as less socially attractive.
Sibling Dilution Hypothesis: A Regression Surface Analysis
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

This study examined relationships between sibship size (the number of children in a family), birth order, and measures of academic performance, academic self-concept, and educational aspirations at different levels of family educational resources. As part of a national longitudinal study of Australian secondary school students data were collected from 2,530 boys and 2,450 girls in Years 9 and 10. Regression surfaces were constructed from models that included terms to account for linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. Analysis suggests the general propositions (a) family educational resources have significant associations with children's school-related outcomes at different levels of sibling variables, the relationships for girls being curvilinear, and (b) sibling variables continue to have small significant associations with affective and cognitive outcomes, after taking into account variations in family educational resources. That is, the investigation provides only partial support for the sibling dilution hypothesis.
Clinical Assessment of TICS
Authors: Brašić James Robert
Published: August 2011

Comprehensive clinical evaluation of tics includes (1) assessments to diagnose (a) akathisia, myoclonus, stereotypies, and other dyskinesias and (b) their frequent behavioral concomitants, including attention deficits, compulsions, obsessions, and other psychopathologic manifestations, (2) descriptions of movement parameters from the patients, their parents, teachers, and important others, and (3) precise topographical localization of tics.
Tolerance of Ambiguity, Information, and Negotiation
Authors: Yurtsever Gülcimen
Published: August 2011

This study examines the relationship between the tolerance of ambiguity and the outcomes of negotiation and the misrepresentation of information. The data were obtained from 98 middle managers of a bank in Turkey. A positive correlation of .74 ( p<.01) obtained between scores on tolerance of ambiguity with the outcomes of negotiation and a negative correlation of –.66 ( p<.01) with misrepresentation of information.
Alexithymia in Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Cedro Artur , Kokoszka Andrzej , Popiel Agnieszka , Narkiewicz-Jodko Władysław
Published: August 2011

This study assessed a relationship between alexithymia and schizophrenia suggested by reports based on small samples of patients. Here, 50 outpatients with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia were compared with 50 pair-matched healthy subjects. Alexithymia was measured by the Polish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20. The mean total score was significantly higher in the schizophrenia group ( M = 52.3, SD = 13.47) than in the healthy controls ( M = 45.8, SD = 11.39, p < .02). This replicates earlier findings showing that a group of patients with paranoid schizophrenia have higher scores on alexithymia scales than healthy controls. There seems a need for a comprehensive examination of relations between alexithymia and other concepts denoting pathology of affect in schizophrenia.
Brief Residential Treatment for Nicotine Addiction: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth Hanson , Blackburn Claudia , Cullari Salvatore
Published: August 2011

Relapse is a major problem with nicotine addiction. This study investigated the long-term abstinence rate and effectiveness of a five-day residential nicotine treatment program. Questionnaires were mailed to all clients who completed the program between 1991 and 1996. 47% of the questionnaires were returned. Of these, 65% of respondents reported being abstinent from nicotine for an average period of 120 weeks. Of this group. 15% reported at least one relapse before a sustained abstinence. The primary relapse triggers for both the abstinent and nonabstinent groups were coping with “strong emotional feelings”. Over 50% of the sample was comorbid for other addictions, depression or anxiety disorders.
Comparison of French and Japanese Individuals with Reference to Hofstede's Concepts of Individualism and Masculinity
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Vannieuwenhuyse Bruno , Dohi Itsuko , Miyata Yo
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine whether Japanese individuals were oriented toward collective and masculine values attributed to cultures by Hofstede by comparing them with those of French individuals. There were 110 French participants (54 men, 56 women) and 128 Japanese participants (41 men, 87 women), selected from undergraduate students, employed workers, housewives, and retirees. Their occupational proportion and their ranges of age were balanced in both countries. Scales for Individualism and Masculinity dealt not only with work-related but also general items for workplace, culture, education, and family. Analyses generally showed that the Japanese individuals scored higher on the Masculinity scale and French participants scored higher on the Individualism scale. There was a mean difference between Japanese men and women in how they answered questions about the work-related items concerning Masculinity.
Beyond the Gambling Paradigm: Internal Controllability in Decision-Making
Authors: Brandstätter Eduard , Schwarzenberger Herbert
Published: August 2011

Much research within decision-making has used the standard gambling paradigm where decision outcomes depend only on chance. Many real life decisions, however simply personal control over decision outcomes. This paper addressed the question of how internal controllability influences decision-making. Internal controllability is assumed (i) to enhance unrealistic optimism and (ii) to result in a better cost:benefit ratio. Both tendencies support each other and predict an enhanced attractiveness for internal and controllable choice options. Participants read a scenario and made a decision afterwards. Results supported the prediction: decision-makers take the option they can personally control. This finding widens the narrow perspective inherent in much previous research based on the gambling paradigm.
Predicting Suicidal Ideation in High School Students
Authors: Burg Micah , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 77 high school students, current suicidal ideation was predicted by depression, music preferences, and reasons for living scores.
Loneliness and Self-Efficacy in Education Majors
Authors: Dussault Marc , Deaudelin Colette
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between loneliness and self-efficacy for a sample of 314 French Canadian education majors who were administered French Canadian versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and Teacher Efficacy Scale. Analysis yielded, as expected, a negative and significant correlation of –.25 between scores on loneliness and self-efficacy.
Does Supervision by a Lifeguard Make a Difference in Rule Violations? Effects of Lifeguards' Scanning
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

Systematic observations were made of five lifeguards at indoor public swimming pools. Scanning by lifeguards was associated with lower incidences of rule violations by swimmers. Greater numbers of lifeguards patrolling the pool areas tended to reduce violations. Rules violations tended to be fewer when adult-to-child ratios were low, suggesting that monitoring by a parent or an adult may encourage rule compliance.
Representation of the Serial Killer on the Italian Internet
Authors: Villano Paola , Bastianoni Paola , Melotti Giannino
Published: August 2011

The representation of serial killers was examined from the analysis of 317 Web pages in the Italian language to study how the psychological profiles of serial killers are described on the Italian Internet. The correspondence analysis of the content of these Web pages shows that in Italy the serial killer is associated with words such as “monster” and “horror,” which suggest and imply psychological perversion and aberrant acts. These traits are peculiar for the Italian scenario.
The Military Participation Rate and Suicide Rates in Italy, 1864–1913
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In Italy. for the period 1864–1913, suicide rates were positively associated with the military participation rate.
Industrial Buyers' Perception of Effective Selling
Authors: Claxton Reid , DelVecchio Susan , Zemanek James E. , McIntyre Roger P.
Published: August 2011

The most fundamental aspect of commerce is interaction between buyers and sellers. Accordingly, the psychological study of selling techniques can be considered as old as trade. This study investigated two categories of selling techniques composed of 17 objection-addressing and 13 sale-closing strategies. Reported are survey responses from 242 industrial buyers, frequent targets of selling techniques, who were asked to identify which technique from each category they associated with salespersons' effective selling behavior.
Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Smoking Behaviour Questionnaire
Authors: Gilliard Jerôme , Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou
Published: August 2011

We administered a 42-item smoking behaviour questionnaire to 150 adult smokers (75 men and 75 women), 18 to 70 years old ( M = 37.1 yr., SD = 12.2). A principal component analysis of their responses followed by varimax rotation yielded four factors accounting for about 52% of the total variance: dependence, social integration, regulation of negative affect, and hedonism. Some sociodemographic and dispositional characteristics of the smokers predict these four dimensions. The predictors of each smoking dimension are quite different for male and female smokers.
Family and Ability Correlates of Academic Achievement
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Relationships were examined among family social status, family learning environments, intellectual ability, and the mathematics and word achievement of boys and girls. Data were collected from 516 (250 boys, 266 girls) 11-yr.-old Australian children and their parents. Analysis indicated that the relationships between the predictor and achievement variables varied for boys and girls and differed depending on the achievement measure being examined. Generally, the family and ability measures combined to have large associations with word scores, while intellectual ability was the only significant predictor of mathematics achievement.
Note on Thorson and Powell: Undertakers' Sense of Humor
Authors: Thompson William E.
Published: August 2011

Recently Thorson and Powell reported in this journal that morticians scored significantly lower on a multidimensional sense of humor scale than another group of similarly aged men from other occupations. These findings differ markedly with some in 1991 from a 2-yr. ethnographic study conducted with morticians and funeral directors in four states regarding how they managed the stigma associated with their occupation.
Training Employees as a Management Attribute of Successful Companies
Authors: Khumalo Reinford
Published: August 2011

This paper discusses training as an important attribute of successful companies and identified as characteristic of excellent Zimbabwean companies. Although confident this attribute contributes to successful performance by companies in which it is applied, it is possible that contributions could be more effective were all characteristics implemented collectively. However, the research suggests that training alone can offer significant improvement in employees' performance.
Quality of Life for Children and Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The quality of life in 1982 of children in nations of the world reported by Jordan in 1993 was positively associated with youth suicide rates only for males in 1982.
Gun Availability and Use of Guns for Murder and Suicide in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The accidental death rate from guns in Canada was associated with the percentage of guns used by suicides and on homicide victims except for elderly persons.
Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale among College Students and Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Wise Thomas N. , Sheridan Michael , Shimai Satoshi , Otake Keiko , Utsuki Narisuke , Uchiyama Kikyo
Published: August 2011

We examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale in two samples of 267 college students and 398 psychiatric outpatients. Suitable validity and reliability of this scale were suggested by high correlations with scores on the NEO Personality Inventory, adequate internal consistency, and relatively high test-retest correlations. The Emotional Intelligence Scale seems suitable for both clinically distressed populations as well as comparative groups such as college students.
Content Analysis of Group Work Sessions in the Context of an Educational Program for Inpatient Diabetes Patients
Authors: Akimoto Michiko , Fukunishi Isao , Shinoe Yoshie , Yamaguchi Chieko , Yano Atsuko , Kawasaki Yukiko , Oyamada Tsuneko , Hirozane Shigeko , Kanno Kazuo , Yamazaki Tomoko , Horikawa Naoshi
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the changes in emotions and attitudes of diabetic patients as observed in group work sessions linked to an inpatient diabetic educational program. Using content analysis of transcripts from Sessions 1 and 3 of 8 selected groups (40 patients), in Session 1 negative emotions or attitudes such as anxiety, remorse, or self-blame, a lack of understanding of diabetes, along with a willingness to undertake self-care were frequently expressed. In Session 3, more positive emotions and attitudes towards self-care (willingness, specific plans, and resolutions), satisfaction, and relief or hope were frequently expressed. These results suggest that the patients participating in the group work sessions moved toward adaptation to diabetes, although the effects of the group work were not separated from those of the inpatient educational program.
Leaders' Bases of Social Power and Anticipation of Targets' Resistance as Predictors of Transactional and Transformational Leadership
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Fritz Susan M. , Matkin Gina S.
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the value of power and resistance for predicting transactional and transformational leadership. A sample of 232 leader-follower dyads was used to examine these relationships using Hinkin and Schriesheim's 1989 measure of power, Barbuto's 2000 measure of resistance, and Bass' 1985 measure of transformational leadership. Analysis yielded a significant negative relationship between leaders' Reward Power and their use of Individualized Consideration.
Core Conflictual Relationship Themes of Men and Women Who are Violent toward Their Partners
Authors: Cogan Rosemary , Porcerelli John H. , Sharp Deborah , Ballinger Bud
Published: August 2011

The Core Conflictual Relationship Themes of men and women violent toward their partners and entering psychotherapy, students violent toward their partners, and nonviolent students ( n = 84; n = 14 in each of the six groups) were compared. Men and women entering psychotherapy more often had negative Wish elements than others. The wish element was “to be loved” for 11 of the 14 student women violent toward their partners and 5 of the 14 nonviolent student women.
Elderly Suicide in China
Authors: He Zhao Xiong , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The rise in suicide rate among elderly people in China in recent years is noteworthy and may be associated with the increasing poverty of elderly people and the lack of social resources allocated to providing them with needed services to ensure their health and mental well-being.
A Study of Parents of Violent Children
Authors: Schreiber Elliott H. , Schreiber Karen N.
Published: August 2011

This study based on in-depth interviews of 25 parents of violent children and a control group of 25 parents of nonviolent children concerned the parents' personalities. Parents were between 22 and 48 years of age and were from middle and lower middle socioeconomic backgrounds. Differences in classification by the non-blinded interviewers of parents into the two groups on six behavior characteristics were significant on χ2 tests. Some recommendations are made for further research.
High Risk Behaviors in a Sample of Mexican-American College Students
Authors: Fierros-Gonzalez Ruth , Brown Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2011

This study explored different types of high risk behaviors of Mexican-American college students attending a small university in south Texas. High risk behaviors for contracting HIV/AIDS examined in this study included unprotected sex, drug use, and alcohol abuse. In 1995 in the United States, HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death in people between the ages of 25 and 44. Because use of alcohol and certain recreational drugs lowers inhibitions, their use could increase the possibility of having unprotected and unplanned sex with multiple partners. Thus, it was expected that Mexican-American college students who use drugs and alcohol would be more likely to engage in unprotected sex. Data were from 105 men and 211 women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. Drug use and alcohol abuse were significantly associated with high risk sexual behavior. Individuals in monogamous relationships were more likely to not use condoms than those involved in casual relationships. Self-reported religiosity was not correlated with high risk behaviors, although there were implications that stronger religious affiliation did alter sexual beliefs and practices. Lastly, parental communication was not significantly associated with high risk behaviors, but family unity did seem related to some risky sexual practices.
Specificity of the MMPI–2 Fake Bad Scale as a Marker for Personal Injury Malingering
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Henrichs Theodore F. , Barton Elizabeth A. , Allen Summer
Published: August 2011

Psychologists who evaluate patients in medicolegal contexts should utilize objective assessment data with empirically established sensitivity and specificity for identifying negative response bias. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specificity of the Fake Bad Scale for identifying negative response bias in personal injury claimants. The cutoff scores proposed by Lees-Haley and colleagues were applied to inmate volunteers from a federal prison, medical outpatients, and patients from an inpatient substance abuse unit. Half of the inmates were given instructions to malinger psychopathology to affect the adjudication process, and the remaining inmates and all of the hospital patients were given standard instructions. The original cutoff scores correctly identified the majority of inmates instructed to malinger psychopathology, but these scores resulted in unacceptably high rates of false positive classifications. The revised cutoff scores resulted in fewer false positives, i.e., 8%–24%.
Teachers' Reports of the Problem Behavior of Children in Their Classrooms
Authors: Molins Nicole C. , Clopton James R.
Published: August 2011

Research examining teachers' judgments of children's behavior has typically used archival data, staged videos, or written vignettes describing children's behavior. The main advantage of using staged videos and written vignettes has been that those methodologies have led to well-controlled studies. The main disadvantage is that little is known about teachers' perceptions of the problems of children in their own classrooms. In the current study, 111 first-, second-, and third-grade teachers described children in their classrooms whose behavior concerned them. Teachers identified significantly more children with externalizing problems than internalizing problems and significantly more boys than girls as having problems that concerned them However, when teachers identified children as having internalizing problems, they were just as likely to judge them as needing referral as children with externalizing problems. Similarly, when teachers judged children to have problems that concerned them, they were just as likely to judge girls as needing referral as boys.
Aspects of the Construct Validity of a Preliminary Self-Concept Questionnaire
Authors: Mocke Liesl M. , Greeff Abraham P. , van der Westhuÿsen T. W. Bodley
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to assess the construct validity of a Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire and an Afrikaans version of the Self-description Questionnaire of Marsh, Smith, and Barnes. Questionnaires were administered to 57 boys and 57 girls in Grades 5 and 7. Their self-concepts were rated by their teachers on a teacher's rating scale, based on the four subscales of the Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire. Correlations among the total scores of the three self-concept measures were calculated, as well as correlations among corresponding subscale scores. These values supported the construct validity of the Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire and the convergent validity of three of the four subscales.
The Father-Daughter Relationship Rating Scale
Authors: Brown Jennie , Thompson Laura A. , Trafimow David
Published: August 2011

A 9-item scale designed to measure perceived relationships of girls and their fathers is internally consistent (α = .89) and showed clear factor structure.
Correlations for Scores on the 180-Item Version of the MMPI–2 and the Neuroticism Scale of the Neo-Personality Inventory
Authors: Hart Robert P. , Barth Jeffrey T. , Ball John D. , Stutts Michael L. , Ingsrisawang Lily , Turf Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

64 normal adult controls (53 men, 11 women; M age 45.2 yr.) in a study of an estuary-associated syndrome were administered the MMPI–2-180 and the Neuroticism scale from the NEO-Personality Inventory. Pearson product-moment correlations between MMPI–2 scales and the Neuroticism scale were similar to those previously reported using the full-length MMPI. Correlations between MMPI–2 scales, D, Pt, Sc, and Si, and NEO-PI Neuroticism (range .44 to .52) suggest that many psychiatric conditions are associated with psychological distress of the type individuals high in trait neuroticism are prone to experience.
A Preliminary Investigation of Multicultural Perspective and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Mowrer Robert R. , McCarver Dawn M.
Published: August 2011

The present study represents a preliminary investigation of Ramirez' contention that developing a multicultural identity would lead to better mental health and more life satisfaction. Using a tentative index of a multicultural perspective analysis indicated that, although a multicultural perspective is associated with more life satisfaction, it accounts for only 8% of the variance. Further, one of the measures used by Ramirez to measure an aspect of a multicultural perspective was not correlated with life satisfaction, and another correlated negatively. This latter measure accounts for only 6% of the variance in life satisfaction. Combined, these findings provide limited support for Ramirez' perspective by explaining 14% of the overall variance in life satisfaction.
Sex, Perception of Immediate Stress, and Response to Coping Resources Inventory, Emotional Domain
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Glaze Patricia
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to assess differences in mean scores of 23 men and 28 women who rated immediate stress low and 11 men and 34 women who rated immediate stress high. Analysis of variance of mean differences was significant for sex but not for immediate stress or their interaction on the Coping Resources Inventory, Emotional Domain.
Adult Attachment Interview, Thematic Analysis, and Communicative Style in Families with Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Anolli Luigi , Balconi Michela
Published: August 2011

The paper examined the Adult Attachment Interview with special reference to thematic and semantic analysis in line with the discourse study (van Dijk, 1997). The hypothesis was that correspondence between the communicative organization of speech and the mental representations of the attachment experiences would be substantial Eight Adult Attachment Interview transcripts of fathers with a heroin addicted young son were analyzed at two levels, (a) thematic analysis to individuate the topics of their talk applying the structural and semantic study of discourse and (b) enunciative analysis of speech to define their linguistic patterns utilizing a set of linguistic micro- and macro-units. Results showed nine main topics in the Adult Attachment Interview, each of which was characterized by a distinctive linguistic profile. In this perspective this device seems to be effective not only for discriminating attachment styles between subjects but also to identify differences within subjects belonging to the same attachment pattern.
Prediction of Graduate Major from Cognitive and Self-Report Test Scores Obtained during the High School Years
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd G. , Yao Grace
Published: August 2011

Using information from Project TALENT's 11-yr. follow-up (Wise, et al., 1979), 8 graduate major groups were formed for males, 6 for females. Three of the female groups were supplemented by undergraduate majors to increase sample size. Descriptive canonical discriminant analyses were conducted in each sex, high school grade, and separate sets of cognitive and self-report predictors that were administered in high school. Finally, analyses of the combined predictors were conducted in both sexes for the 9th grade only. Two to four canonical discriminants were retained for interpretation on two criteria: lambda probabilities and size of eigenvalues. Discrimination among groups is more effective in males than in females and in later than in earlier grades. Self-report tests discriminate more effectively among graduate major groups than cognitive ones in the cognitively restricted range of talent. Gains in differentiating among groups from adding cognitive to self-report predictors in the 9th grade are relatively modest. The two sets of predictors define overlapping if not identical dimensions. The first two cognitive functions are important supplements to a measure of general intelligence. For both sexes, a combination of mechanical, spatial, and mathematical tests distinguish science majors from those in the humanities and social sciences who appear on a verbal function.
Effects of Generalized Self-Efficacy and Negative Social Comparison Feedback on Specific Self-Efficacy and Performance
Authors: Miyake Motoko , Matsuda Fumiko
Published: August 2011

The effects of social comparison feedback on specific self-efficacy and performance of high generalized self-efficacy participants and low generalized self-efficacy participants were examined with the help of 20 participants with high generalized self-efficacy and 20 participants with low generalized self-efficacy. Half of the participants in each generalized self-efficacy group received negative social comparison feedback after each of four trials of an experimental task while the other half received no feedback. Two kinds of specific self-efficacy—performance-based and normative-based—were measured once before the task and four times after the trials of the task. After the task, the High generalized self-efficacy/Feedback group rated performance-based specific self-efficacy higher and performed better than the Low generalized self-efficacy/Feedback group. No significant difference was observed between the High generalized self-efficacy/No feedback group and Low generalized self-efficacy/No feedback group. There were no significant effects with regard to normative-based specific self-efficacy.
Psychometric Properties of the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale
Authors: Baloğlu Mustafa
Published: August 2011

The Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale has 51 items, each scored on a 5-point rating scale to measure statistics anxiety with six subscales, Worth of Statistics, Interpretation Anxiety, Test and Class Anxiety, Computational Self-concept, Fear of Asking for Help, and Fear of Statistics Teachers. Psychometric properties included analyses of construct and concurrent validities an internal consistency and test-retest reliability. 221 college students (74% women; M age = 28 yr.) in elementary statistics courses at several southwestern state universities participated. The findings are consistent with previous reports and indicate adequate concurrent validity, internal consistency, and split-half reliability, but for construct validity confirmatory factor analysis yielded marginal support.
Social Facilitation in Young Toddlers
Authors: Wanshaffe Kyle R.
Published: August 2011

As a test of Zajonc's social facilitation hypothesis, the behavior of 18 young toddlers (16–24 mo.) was observed. Their performance on a simple task was incongruent with his hypothesis, that is, these young toddlers may not evaluate their outcomes in relation to a social standard.
Evidence for an Association between Gender-Role Identity and a Measure of Executive Function
Authors: Norvilitis Jill M. , Reid Howard M.
Published: August 2011

Two studies assessed the relation between gender role and executive function. In Study One ( N = 234) analyses indicated that among college students executive function, assessed by the Coolidge and Griego scale, is related to masculine gender-role classification, measured by the Bem Sex-role Inventory. This relationship remained significant when biological sex was controlled. Further, factor analysis of the Bem Sex-role Inventory identified six components, three related to executive function. Two of these scales were associated with masculine characteristics, and the third was associated with the denial of several feminine items. Study Two ( N = 55) further assessed the relationship among undergraduates through additional measures of executive functions and mood, in addition to the Bem Sex-role Inventory. In this study, executive functioning, as measured by the Coolidge and Griego scale, was again generally related to masculinity. Psychological well-being was not related to gender identity or executive functioning.
Burnout among Iranian School Principals
Authors: Rashidzadeh Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2011

This study investigated burnout among Iranian school principals. Also, the relationships of sex, years of administration, age, and marital status were considered. The sample were 200 principals (100 men, 100 women) who completed the Friedman School Principal Burnout Scale. Analysis showed principals who completed the scale felt exhausted, aloof, and deprecated. The women scored lower. There were significant correlationships between marital status and years of administration with the scores on burnout.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Assimilation of Refugees from Kurdistan
Authors: Husni Mariwan , Koye Narmen , Cernovsky Zack Z. , Haggarty John
Published: August 2011

Successful assimilation of refugees in their host country is an important prerequisite of psychological well-being. Refugees' satisfaction in the new country is one of key indicators of their assimilation. The satisfaction with their host country was assessed for 54 Kurdish refugees of mean age of 35.8 yr. ( SD = 10.9) via an 8-item rating scale partly based on Cernovsky's Assimilation Scale. The 36 men and 18 women had resided in the host country for a mean of 4.5 yr. ( SD = 4.0). An overall score was calculated from ratings of satisfaction with personal safety, health, employment, food, financial security, social life, and entertainment. This overall score was unrelated to age, sex, and employment status. Those who emigrated at a younger age ( r = −.28, p = .03) and those with lower education reported more satisfaction with their host country ( r = −.28, p = .03) perhaps because they could more easily and rapidly re-establish social status comparable to what they had in their homeland than could older refugees from Kurdistan's higher educational strata.
Extensions of the Lost Letter Technique to Divisive Issues of Creationism, Darwinism, Sex Education, and Gay and Lesbian Affiliations
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Anzalone Debra A. , Ryan Stuart W. , Anzalone Fanancy L.
Published: August 2011

Two field studies using 1,004 “lost letters” were designed to test the hypotheses that returned responses would be greater in small towns than from a city, that addressees' affiliation with a group either (1) opposed to physical education in schools, (2) supporting gay and lesbian teachers, or (3) advocating Creationism or Darwinism would reduce the return rate. Of 504 letters “lost” in Study A, 163 (32.3%) were returned in the mail from residents of southeast Louisiana and indicated across 3 addressees and 2 sizes of community, addressees' affiliations were not associated with returned responses. Community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with significantly different rates of return in the city. Return rates from sites within a city were lower when letters were addressed to an organization which opposed (teaching) health education in the schools than to one supporting daily health education. Of 500 letters “lost” in Study B, 95 (19.0%) were returned from residents of northwest Florida and indicated across 5 addressees and 2 sizes of community, addressees' affiliations were significantly associated with returned responses overall (5 addressees) and in small towns (control, Creationism, Darwinism addressees), but not with community size. Community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with significantly different rates of return in small towns, with returns greater than or equal to those in the city (except for the addressee advocating teaching Darwinism in public schools). The present findings appear to show that applications of the lost letter technique to other divisive social issues are useful in assessing public opinion.
Contrasting the Ironic Monitoring and Motivational Explanations of Postsuppressional Rebound
Authors: Enticott Peter G. , Gold Ron S.
Published: August 2011

Suppressing a thought often results in postsuppressional rebound, that is, a subsequent increase in the incidence of the suppressed thought. The present study was designed to distinguish between two explanations of rebound: Wegner's 1994 ironic monitoring theory and Liberman and Forster's 2000 motivational account. Participants (99 Deakin University students) first suppressed, then expressed, thoughts of a white bear. In some conditions, a delay—presented as occurring either intentionally or unintentionally—between suppression and expression was introduced. In other conditions, participants concurrently completed a memory task and were encouraged to attribute the difficulty of suppression either to this task or to the requirement of suppression. An intentional delay, but not an unintentional delay, reduced rebound, while attributing difficulty to the suppression requirement was associated with greater rebound than was attributing it to the memory task. The results are interpreted as supporting Liberman and Forster's motivational account of rebound.
Malingering Dissociative Identity Disorder: Objective and Projective Assessment
Authors: Labott Susan M. , Wallach Heather R.
Published: August 2011

Verification of dissociative identity disorder presents challenges given the complex nature of the illness. This study addressed the concern that this disorder can be successfully malingered on objective and projective psychological tests. 50 undergraduate women were assigned to a Malingering or a Control condition, then completed the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Dissociative Experiences Scale II. The Malingering group were asked to simulate dissociative identity disorder; controls received instructions to answer all materials honestly. Analysis indicated that malingerers were significantly more likely to endorse dissociative experiences on the Dissociative Experiences Scale II in the range common to patients with diagnosed dissociative identity disorder. However, on the Rorschach there were no significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest that the assessment of dissociative identity disorder requires a multifaceted approach with both objective and projective assessment tools. Research is needed to assess these issues in clinical populations.
Comparing Auditory vs Visual Stimuli in the Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
Authors: Riefer David M.
Published: August 2011

An experiment is reported comparing the effectiveness of auditory and visual stimuli in eliciting the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. 30 participants were asked to name the tides of 27 television shows. Half of the participants were given segments of the theme song for each show (auditory cue), and half were shown the cast photographs for each show (visual cue). Participants were asked to report whenever they experienced the tip-of-the-tongue state. There were no significant differences between the auditory and visual stimuli in terms of the incidence rate for the tip-of-the-tongue state, the amount of partial information that participants provided in their responses, or the frequency of interlopers (alternative responses that persistently come to mind). These findings suggest that the characteristics of the tip-of-the-tongue state are determined more by the nature of the response set than by the type of stimuli used as cues. The results are inconsistent with inferential theories of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, such as the cue familiarity hypothesis and, instead, tend to support direct-access hypotheses.
Relationships among Mental Health, Coping Styles, and Mood
Authors: Ando Michiyo
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relationships between mental health (measured by the General Health Questionnaire—6 factors: General Illness, Somatic Symptoms, Sleep Disturbance, Social Dysfunction, Anxiety and Dysphoria, Suicidal Depression), coping styles (two strategies: Cognitive centered, Emotional centered), and mood (Tense Arousal, Energetic Arousal). 96 students answered questionnaires before their semester test which was a stressor. Analysis showed that (1) Tense Arousal scores correlated positively with overall General Health scores and all General Health factor scores, and Energetic Arousal scores correlated negatively with overall General Health scores and all General Health factor scores except one; (2) Anxiety and Dysphoria scores predicted Tense Arousal scores the best of General Health factor scores, while both Social Dysfunction scores and General Illness scores predicted Energetic Arousal scores. (3) Participants with high Energetic Arousal scores used a Cognitive centered coping strategy much more than an Emotional centered coping strategy That is, people with low Energetic Arousal scores seem to use the Emotional centered coping strategy and have anxiety/dysphoria, while people with high Energetic Arousal scores seem to use a Cognitive centered coping strategy and have good health and social activity. These results suggest that there are small but significant relationships among mental health, coping styles, and mood.