bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSEQUENCES OF A DISTANT MASSIVE PLANET ON THE LARGE SEMIMAJOR AXIS TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS
Authors: Shankman C. , Kavelaars J. J. , Lawler S. M. , Gladman B. J. , Bannister M. T.
Published: January 2017

We explore the distant giant planet hypothesis by integrating the large-semimajor-axis, large-pericenter trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in the presence of the giant planets and an external perturber whose orbit is consistent with the proposed distant, eccentric, and inclined giant planet, so-called planet 9. We find that TNOs with semimajor axes greater than 250 au experience some longitude of perihelion shepherding, but that a generic outcome of such evolutions is that the TNOs evolve to larger pericenter orbits and commonly get raised to retrograde inclinations. This pericenter and inclination evolution requires a massive disk of TNOs (tens of

) in order to explain the detection of the known sample today. Some of the highly inclined orbits produced by the examined perturbers will be inside of the orbital parameter space probed by prior surveys, implying a missing signature of the ninth-planet scenario. The distant giant planet scenarios explored in this work do not reproduce the observed signal of simultaneous clustering in argument of pericenter, longitude of the ascending node, and longitude of perihelion in the region of the known TNOs.
DHIGLS: DRAO H i INTERMEDIATE GALACTIC LATITUDE SURVEY
Authors: Blagrave K. , Martin P. G. , Joncas G. , Kothes R. , Stil J. M. , Miville-Deschênes M. A. , Lockman Felix J. , Taylor A. R.
Published: January 2017

Observations of Galactic H i gas for seven targeted regions at intermediate Galactic latitude are presented at

angular resolution using data from the DRAO Synthesis Telescope (ST) and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). The DHIGLS data are the most extensive arcminute-resolution measurements of the diffuse atomic interstellar medium beyond those in the Galactic plane. The acquisition, reduction, calibration, and mosaicking of the DRAO ST data and the cross calibration and incorporation of the short-spacing information from the GBT are described. The high quality of the resulting DHIGLS products enables a variety of new studies in directions of low Galactic column density. We analyze the angular power spectra of maps of the integrated H i emission (column density) from the data cubes for several distinct velocity ranges. In fitting power-spectrum models based on a power law, but including the effects of the synthesized beam and noise at high spatial frequencies, we find exponents ranging from −2.5 to −3.0. Power spectra of maps of the centroid velocity for these components give similar results. These exponents are interpreted as being representative of the three-dimensional density and velocity fields of the atomic gas, respectively. We find evidence for dramatic changes in the H i structures in channel maps over even small changes in velocity. This narrow line emission has counterparts in absorption spectra against bright background radio sources, quantifying that the gas is cold and dense and can be identified as the cold neutral medium phase. Fully reduced DHIGLS H i data cubes and other data products are available at www.cita.utoronto.ca/DHIGLS.
RADIO MEASUREMENTS OF THE STELLAR PROPER MOTIONS IN THE CORE OF THE ORION NEBULA CLUSTER
Authors: Dzib Sergio A. , Loinard Laurent , Rodríguez Luis F. , Gómez Laura , Forbrich Jan , Menten Karl M. , Kounkel Marina A. , Mioduszewski Amy J. , Hartmann Lee , Tobin John J. , Rivera Juana L.
Published: January 2017

Using multi-epoch Very Large Array observations, covering a time baseline of 29.1 years, we have measured the proper motions of 88 young stars with compact radio emission in the core of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) and the neighboring BN/KL region. Our work increases the number of young stars with measured proper motion at radio frequencies by a factor of 2.5 and enables us to perform a better statistical analysis of the kinematics of the region than was previously possible. Most stars (79 out of 88) have proper motions consistent with a Gaussian distribution centered on

mas yr−1, and

mas yr−1, with velocity dispersions of

mas yr−1,

mas yr−1. We looked for organized movements of these stars but found no clear indication of radial expansion/contraction or rotation. The remaining nine stars in our sample show peculiar proper motions that differ from the mean proper motions of the ONC by more than 3σ. One of these stars, V 1326 Ori, could have been expelled from the Orion Trapezium 7000 years ago. Two could be related to the multi-stellar disintegration in the BN/KL region, in addition to the previously known sources BN, I and n. The others either have high uncertainties (so their anomalous proper motions are not firmly established) or could be foreground objects.
THE PROPER MOTIONS OF THE DOUBLE RADIO SOURCE n IN THE ORION BN/KL REGION
Authors: Rodríguez Luis F. , Dzib Sergio A. , Loinard Laurent , Zapata Luis , Gómez Laura , Menten Karl M. , Lizano Susana
Published: January 2017

We have extended the time baseline for observations of the proper motions of radio sources in the Orion BN/KL region from 14.7 to 22.5 years. We present improved determinations for the sources BN and I. In addition, we address the proper motions of the double radio source n, that have been questioned in the literature. We confirm that all three sources are moving away at transverse velocities of tens of kilometers per second from a region in-between them, where they were located about 500 years ago. Source n exhibits a new component that we interpret as due to a one-sided ejection of free–free emitting plasma that took place after 2006.36. We used the highly accurate relative proper motions between sources BN and I to determine that their closest separation took place in the year 1475 ± 6, when they were within ∼100 au or less from each other in the plane of the sky.
THE HIGHLY IONIZED CIRCUMGALACTIC MEDIUM IS KINEMATICALLY UNIFORM AROUND GALAXIES
Authors: Nielsen Nikole M. , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Muzahid Sowgat , Churchill Christopher W. , Murphy Michael T. , Charlton Jane C.
Published: January 2017

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) traced by O vi 

doublet absorption has been found to concentrate along the projected major and minor axes of the host galaxies. This suggests that O vi traces accreting and outflowing gas, respectively, which are key components of the baryon cycle of galaxies. We investigate this further by examining the kinematics of 29 O vi absorbers associated with galaxies at

as a function of galaxy color, inclination, and azimuthal angle. Each galaxy was imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the absorption was detected in COS/HST spectra of nearby (

kpc) background quasars. We use the pixel-velocity two-point correlation function to characterize the velocity spread of the absorbers, which is a method used previously for a sample of Mg ii absorber–galaxy pairs. The absorption velocity spread for O vi is more extended than Mg ii, which suggests that the two ions trace differing components of the CGM. Again, in contrast to Mg ii, the O vi absorption velocity spreads are similar regardless of galaxy color, inclination, and azimuthal angle. This indicates that the kinematics of the high-ionization gas is not strongly influenced by the current star formation activity in the galaxy. The kinematic homogeneity of O vi absorption and its tendency to be observed mainly along the projected galaxy major and minor axes is likely due to varying ionization conditions and gas densities about the galaxy. Gas in intermediate azimuthal angles may be ionized out of the O vi phase, possibly resulting in an azimuthal angle dependence of the distribution of gas in higher ionization states.
THE EVOLUTION OF GAS GIANT ENTROPY DURING FORMATION BY RUNAWAY ACCRETION
Authors: Berardo David , Cumming Andrew , Marleau Gabriel-Dominique
Published: January 2017

We calculate the evolution of gas giant planets during the runaway gas accretion phase of formation, to understand how the luminosity of young giant planets depends on the accretion conditions. We construct steady-state envelope models, and run time-dependent simulations of accreting planets with the code Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics. We show that the evolution of the internal entropy depends on the contrast between the internal adiabat and the entropy of the accreted material, parametrized by the shock temperature T
0 and pressure P
0. At low temperatures (

–

, depending on model parameters), the accreted material has a lower entropy than the interior. The convection zone extends to the surface and can drive a high luminosity, leading to rapid cooling and cold starts. For higher temperatures, the accreted material has a higher entropy than the interior, giving a radiative zone that stalls cooling. For

, the surface–interior entropy contrast cannot be accommodated by the radiative envelope, and the accreted matter accumulates with high entropy, forming a hot start. The final state of the planet depends on the shock temperature, accretion rate, and starting entropy at the onset of runaway accretion. Cold starts with

require low accretion rates and starting entropy, and the temperature of the accreting material needs to be maintained close to the nebula temperature. If instead the temperature is near the value required to radiate the accretion luminosity,

, as suggested by previous work on radiative shocks in the context of star formation, gas giant planets form in a hot start with

.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF FLARE PRODUCTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH SUNSPOT PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT MAGNETIC TYPES OF ACTIVE REGIONS
Authors: Yang Ya-Hui , Hsieh Min-Shiu , Yu Hsiu-Shan , Chen P. F.
Published: January 2017

It is often believed that intense flares preferentially originate from the large-size active regions (ARs) with strong magnetic fields and complex magnetic configurations. This work investigates the dependence of flare activity on the AR properties and clarifies the influence of AR magnetic parameters on the flare productivity, based on two data sets of daily sunspot and flare information as well as the GOES soft X-ray measurements and HMI vector magnetograms. By considering the evolution of magnetic complexity, we find that flare behaviors are quite different in the short- and long-lived complex ARs and the ARs with more complex magnetic configurations are likely to host more impulsive and intense flares. Furthermore, we investigate several magnetic quantities and perform the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to examine the similarity/difference between two populations in different types of ARs. Our results demonstrate that the total source field strength on the photosphere has a good correlation with the flare activity in complex ARs. It is noted that intense flares tend to occur at the regions of strong source field in combination with an intermediate field-weighted shear angle. This result implies that the magnetic free energy provided by a complex AR could be high enough to trigger a flare eruption even with a moderate magnetic shear on the photosphere. We thus suggest that the magnetic free energy represented by the source field rather than the photospheric magnetic complexity is a better quantity to characterize the flare productivity of an AR, especially for the occurrence of intense flares.
THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE TWO MAIN-SEQUENCE COMPONENTS IN THE YOUNG MASSIVE STAR CLUSTER NGC 1856
Authors: Li Chengyuan , de Grijs Richard , Deng Licai , Milone Antonino P.
Published: January 2017

The recent discovery of double main sequences in the young, massive star cluster NGC 1856 has caught significant attention. The observations can be explained by invoking two stellar generations with different ages and metallicities or by a single generation of stars composed of two populations characterized by different rotation rates. We analyzed the number ratios of stars belonging to both main-sequence components in NGC 1856 as a function of radius. We found that their number ratios remain approximately unchanged from the cluster’s central region to its periphery, indicating that both components are homogeneously distributed in space. Through a comparison of the loci of the best-fitting isochrones with the ridge lines of both stellar components, we found that both multiple stellar populations and rapid stellar rotation can potentially explain the observed main-sequence bifurcation in NGC 1856. However, if NGC 1856 were a young representative of the old globular clusters, then the multiple stellar populations model would not be able to explain the observed homogeneity in the spatial distributions of these two components, since all relevant scenarios would predict that the second stellar generation should be formed in a more compact configuration than that of the first stellar generation, while NGC 1856 is too young for both stellar generations to have been fully mixed dynamically. We speculate that the rapid stellar rotation scenario would be the favored explanation of the observed multiple stellar sequences in NGC 1856.
PERIOD–COLOR AND AMPLITUDE–COLOR RELATIONS AT MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LIGHT FOR RR LYRAE STARS IN THE SDSS STRIPE 82 REGION
Authors: Ngeow Chow-Choong , Kanbur Shashi M. , Bhardwaj Anupam , Schrecengost Zachariah , Singh Harinder P.
Published: January 2017

Investigation of period–color (PC) and amplitude–color (AC) relations at the maximum and minimum light can be used to probe the interaction of the hydrogen ionization front (HIF) with the photosphere and the radiation hydrodynamics of the outer envelopes of Cepheids and RR Lyraes. For example, theoretical calculations indicated that such interactions would occur at minimum light for RR Lyrae and result in a flatter PC relation. In the past, the PC and AC relations have been investigated by using either the (V − R)MACHO or (V − I) colors. In this work, we extend previous work to other bands by analyzing the RR Lyraes in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82 Region. Multi-epoch data are available for RR Lyraes located within the footprint of the Stripe 82 Region in five (ugriz) bands. We present the PC and AC relations at maximum and minimum light in four colors: (u − g)0, (g − r)0, (r − i)0, and (i − z)0, after they are corrected for extinction. We found that the PC and AC relations for this sample of RR Lyraes show a complex nature in the form of flat, linear or quadratic relations. Furthermore, the PC relations at minimum light for fundamental mode RR Lyrae stars are separated according to the Oosterhoff type, especially in the (g − r)0 and (r − i)0 colors. If only considering the results from linear regressions, our results are quantitatively consistent with the theory of HIF-photosphere interaction for both fundamental and first overtone RR Lyraes.
PARTICLE SCATTERING OFF OF RIGHT-HANDED DISPERSIVE WAVES
Authors: Schreiner C. , Kilian P. , Spanier F.
Published: January 2017

Resonant scattering of fast particles off low frequency plasma waves is a major process determining transport characteristics of energetic particles in the heliosphere and contributing to their acceleration. Usually, only Alfvén waves are considered for this process, although dispersive waves are also present throughout the heliosphere. We investigate resonant interaction of energetic electrons with dispersive, right-handed waves. For the interaction of particles and a single wave a variable transformation into the rest frame of the wave can be performed. Here, well-established analytic models derived in the framework of magnetostatic quasi-linear theory can be used as a reference to validate simulation results. However, this approach fails as soon as several dispersive waves are involved. Based on analytic solutions modeling the scattering amplitude in the magnetostatic limit, we present an approach to modify these equations for use in the plasma frame. Thereby we aim at a description of particle scattering in the presence of several waves. A particle-in-cell code is employed to study wave–particle scattering on a micro-physically correct level and to test the modified model equations. We investigate the interactions of electrons at different energies (from 1 keV to 1 MeV) and right-handed waves with various amplitudes. Differences between model and simulation arise in the case of high amplitudes or several waves. Analyzing the trajectories of single particles we find no microscopic diffusion in the case of a single plasma wave, although a broadening of the particle distribution can be observed.
Ethical and Legal Challenges of Election Reporting in Nigeria
Authors: Popoola Tayo
Published: January 2017

The probing thesis in this study is premised on investigating why the mass media which are globally regarded as the playing field of politics as well as the road upon which presidential campaign travels every four years could suddenly develop contours, leading to the game of politics being devoid of convivial and smooth playing in Nigeria, especially between 1999 and 2011. The study observes that hardly was there any election in the post-independent era in Nigeria that did not end in serious disputations, crisis, violence and bloodletting such that academics across disciplines declared that since independence on October 1, 1960, the electioneering process in Nigeria has been an experience of tears, blood and sorrow. The study evaluates media compliance to reportorial code which demands factual, accurate, balanced and fair reportage of electioneering stories. Using historical research method which relies on primary and secondary data collected from 150 media professionals consisting of 44 political editors, 10 line editors and 96 political reporters, the study, using power and conflict theories found out that non-compliance to ethical code of conduct for media professionals as well as legal rules governing the practice of journalism as one of the major factors responsible for publication or airing of provocative stories capable of engendering violence during elections. The study therefore suggested how the existing plural media system could be exploited to grow democracy, engender peace and promote national development as it's done in South Africa and other countries of the world.
Strategies for Implementing Digital Assignments
Authors: Normand Paige , Senio Alexa , Luciano Marlena
Published: January 2017

In chapter, the authors draw from their in-class experiences, one-on-one tutoring sessions, focus-group interviews with students, and discussions with all of the course-embedded peer tutors about their experiences working in digital communication across campus, to discuss some of the “behind the scenes” issues that students face that might be invisible to faculty. The authors' observations and reflections over the past two years have led them to identify common hurdles on their campus and identify solutions for faculty interested in incorporating digital assignments into their curriculum. The chapter addresses the following obstacles faculty might face and offers solutions: (1) students do not understand the value of the digital assignment, (2) students are not confident the faculty will accurately evaluate their digital production, (3) students' skill development is hampered by their anxiety about their aptitude and confusion about their process for digital production, and (4) students do not feel comfortable sharing honest concerns and anxieties about digital composition with their instructor.
Lessons Learned Building an Online Degree Program
Authors: Austin Ottilie F. , Hunger Gail M. , Gray Julie J.
Published: January 2017

Many universities and colleges are moving courses and master's programs to online formats. The Masters of Reading program at the University of Virginia has a history of providing professional development to teachers in the Commonwealth through course work and the online Reading Degree program. This chapter will outline the growth of a state outreach master's degree program as it developed courses online beginning in 1999 and moved to a fully online degree program. The authors will discuss the importance of using a sound instructional design model and taking a close look at course evaluations to examine the design of the course and the quality of instruction. This chapter will discuss the success of our design, lessons learned and some of the challenges faced.
Managing Collaboration in E-Procurement
Authors: Wright Robert J. , Shiner Jacqueline M.
Published: January 2017

While e-procurement provides efficiency and cost-savings, are governments that are utilizing these systems really getting what they want, particularly when procuring services? While e-procurement provides governments methods to communicate better with service providers and have access to more service providers, do the systems allow for collaboration? As there is a significant amount of research the issues related to procurement in the U.S., this chapter will use it as an example to demonstrate the need to collaborate and not just communicate. For years there has been discussion on the issues and reforms to the U.S. federal procurement process. One of the major issues is communications and collaboration. Goodrich provided in his Federal Times article “6 simple fixed for the federal procurement process.” Five of the six areas involve communications and collaboration: poorly conceived documentation; contracting offices and program offices working as a team rather than independent; lengthy procurement decisions; government understands what they bought; and talk with industry. This chapter provides the background of the procurement process, current trends and recent approaches. It explores how the Alpha contracting method could be applied to Contracts by Negotiations / Full and Open procurements. Finally, it provides a Collaborative Government Model which takes a holistic and strategic approach to collaboration. There is a need to approach this collaboration in a strategic manner as it includes facets such as hierarchy, networking, and inter-personal interactions that are not linear in nature.
Digital Transformation in the Public Sector
Authors: da Rosa Isabel , de Almeida João
Published: January 2017

Digital transformation in the public sector is an inevitable requirement for governments due to the growing complexity and interconnections of information systems, and to the demands of citizens, who are becoming better informed and are increasingly looking to more agile and innovative services. However, despite the willingness of many governments and public institutions, the results do not always tally with the original objectives. In the case of public procurement in Portugal, it could be said that digital transformation experience had an unexpected success in the European context, through a business model that is still quite unique in Europe. This result is much owed to the strong political determination, the experience gained from pilot projects, and to the involvement of many stakeholders, who contributed, in a consistent and innovative way, to the definition of the system. The system is not perfect: there are many challenges that need to be addressed in the coming years. Yet, it has enabled the Portuguese public administration to significantly grow in the digital era, so that today the State has a database containing structure information about public procurement, which is a unique case in many countries.
Benefits of E-Procurement Systems Implementation
Authors: Ilhan Nergiz , Rahim Md Mahbubur
Published: January 2017

E-procurement systems are widely discussed in the eBusiness literature in which it is claimed that businesses generally experience three types of benefits (e.g. operational, tactical, and strategic) from implementing these systems. However, limited studies have so far been reported in the e-government literature on the benefits e-procurement systems have provided for the Australian municipality context. This chapter thus reviews the existing literature and reports e-procurement benefits experience of a large Australian municipal council. The findings indicate that the council's experience is limited to the attainment of operational and tactical benefits, and no evidence has been found about gaining any strategic benefits. In addition, several factors are identified that influenced those benefits. The lessons learned from the experience of the council are discussed and contributions made to the e-procurement literature for the public government context are highlighted.
Augmented Reality for Tourism Service Promotion in Iran as an Emerging Market
Authors: Shabani Neda , Hassan Azizul
Published: January 2017

Recently tourism service industry is becoming one of the fastest growing industries in the world that has a positive impact on global economy. Tourism service industry growth in some emerging markets such as Iran is faster due to the expansion of Iran's international relationships. This growth also positively affects tourism service demand. Augmented Reality (AR) is a relatively new technology that allows tourists to combine their experience with technology and place it in real life. It also helps tourism service providers to promote their services. This technology can attract more tourism service consumers by enhancing their experiences that leads to increased revenue. This conceptual chapter explains AR technology and its potential possibilities to promote tourism service market in Iran. Findings determines AR as a better accepted tool for tourism service industry promotion in Iran as an emerging economy as supported by the recent development of international relations.
Adoption and Acceptance of Online Banking
Authors: Dada Abimbola
Published: January 2017

The introduction of electronic banking has revolutionised the financial and banking industry, with an increase in the flow of finances and capital remotely and also serve as a strategic move for firms to promote their financial services in emerging market. The research is a comparative study of the adoption and acceptance of online banking in a develop country like UK as opposed to an emerging market like Nigeria. The study reveals that majority of UK customers are more confident using online banking and carry out most of their banking transaction online. Unlike Nigerian customers where having access to the internet is considered as luxury. Furthermore, both countries highlighted security/privacy and fraud as the key constraint to fully embracing online banking.
Preventing and Transforming Violence
Authors: Erbe Nancy D. , Singh Swaranjit
Published: January 2017

The authors have spent careers preventing and transforming violence, as a lawyer for public schools, treatment leader for repeat violent juvenile offenders, victim offender mediator and army lieutenant colonel. Here they share the field tested insights they have gained over a combined fifty plus years of service. They also elaborate Gandhi's nonviolence (actual and envisioned) so that readers will start to fully appreciate what is required for sustainable nonviolence. He offered several practices, tools and ideas that have significant potential to help the contemporary world embrace nonviolence as a complex growth filled way of living, one that promises to help the human race sustain and enrich their civilization(s).
Youth Participation and Leadership
Authors: Mitrayani Dian , Peel Robert Donald
Published: January 2017

The UN declared 2005-2014 as the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development that conveys the concept of balancing economic development with environment and social considerations. In addition to schools preparing and enhancing students for the work force, their learning has to instill a notion of living sustainably and participating towards the goals of global human survival. Thus a new movement where youth are engaged as a major stakeholder group in all policy development processes has been instigated internationally. This movement necessitates an education that enhances values such as leadership, justice, respect, nonviolent communication, and collaboration. This chapter showcases two school programs, Play for Peace Clemente and University Lab School Hawai`i, that are responding to the challenge of developing both youth participation and leadership in school setting for sustainable peaceful development.
Engineering Study Abroad
Authors: Gray Monica , Lundy Connie
Published: January 2017

Successful engineers must be technically savvy, self-confident as well as culturally competent. Cultural competence is the ability to tolerate ambiguity and empathize with the socio-cultural nuances of different people groups. This calls for a diverse engineering workforce especially in today's increasingly global economy. In the United States, Minorities and Females constitute only 4% and 15% of the engineering workforce respectively. Research shows that women and students of color, dropout due to feelings of not belonging coupled with low self-efficacy. To change the profession's diversity portfolio requires a plethora of high impact approaches. Common among successful retention strategies is the provision of structured opportunities for all students to develop self-directing competencies in both the cognitive and affective learning domains. This chapter demonstrates that the study abroad experience engenders, facilitates and fosters these very aptitudes as well as cultural literacy, and advocates for its inclusion in discussions on increasing under-represented participations in engineering.
Revisioning the Engineering Profession
Authors: Gill Judith , Ayre Mary , Mills Julie
Published: January 2017

Beginning with a brief account of the value of diversity and inclusivity in a globalizing world, this chapter presents an overview of the current situation of the engineering profession in some English-speaking countries. The starting point addresses the enduring difficulty encountered by attempts to increase and diversify professional engineering. Drawing on a series of studies of engineering education, engineering workplaces and people, both in Australia and beyond, this chapter outlines barriers to entering engineering for anybody other than white mainstream males. Access and retention have long been recognized as serious impediments to increasing numbers of women in engineering. The particular breakthrough in this chapter describes the ways in which some Australian women engineers are working to sustain and enrich their professional status within the workplace by developing strategies that enable them to continue as professionals without diminishing other important features of their life worlds. The implications for all sectors of education, and employers, to emerge from this study offer a basis for redesigning engineering as a more diverse and inclusive profession.
Abstract Intelligence
Authors: Wang Yingxu , Zadeh Lotfi A. , Widrow Bernard , Howard Newton , Beaufays Françoise , Baciu George , Hsu D. Frank , Luo Guiming , Mizoguchi Fumio , Patel Shushma , Raskin Victor , Tsumoto Shusaku , Wei Wei , Zhang Du
Published: January 2017

Basic studies in denotational mathematics and mathematical engineering have led to the theory of abstract intelligence (aI), which is a set of mathematical models of natural and computational intelligence in cognitive informatics (CI) and cognitive computing (CC). Abstract intelligence triggers the recent breakthroughs in cognitive systems such as cognitive computers, cognitive robots, cognitive neural networks, and cognitive learning. This paper reports a set of position statements presented in the plenary panel (Part II) of IEEE ICCI*CC'16 on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing at Stanford University. The summary is contributed by invited panelists who are part of the world's renowned scholars in the transdisciplinary field of CI and CC.
Detecting Cognitive Distraction using Random Forest by Considering Eye Movement Type
Authors: Koma Hiroaki , Harada Taku , Yoshizawa Akira , Iwasaki Hirotoshi
Published: January 2017

Detecting distracted states can be applied to various problems such as danger prevention when driving a car. A cognitive distracted state is one example of a distracted state. It is known that eye movements express cognitive distraction. Eye movements can be classified into several types. In this paper, the authors detect a cognitive distraction using classified eye movement types when applying the Random Forest machine learning algorithm, which uses decision trees. They show the effectiveness of considering eye movement types for detecting cognitive distraction when applying Random Forest. The authors use visual experiments with still images for the detection.
Communicating Location and Geography in Emergency Response
Authors: Bergstrand Fredrik , Landgren Jonas , Nuldén Urban
Published: January 2017

Response organizations often face serious challenges as a result of communication problems during emergency events. This can to a large extent be traced to the tradition of verbal communication in this context. Issues in communication translate to matters of sensemaking, planning, and collaboration among distributed response teams. This paper reports from an interview study with emergency managers regarding the work conducted during a wildfire. Boundary objects and sensemaking were used as analytical lenses, emphasizing how outcome of sensemaking activities are used at different sites and interpreted differently in different work settings. Challenges of verbally exchanging complex information regarding location and geography, between individuals and groups, make us reconsider the role of technology and its potential to support efficient interactions, which will limit ambiguity and uncertainty, and increase accuracy, articulation, and persistence.
Cognitive Visual Analytics of Multi-Dimensional Cloud System Monitoring Data
Authors: Baciu George , Wang Yungzhe , Li Chenhui
Published: January 2017

Hardware virtualization has enabled large scale computational service delivery models with high cost leverage and improved resource utilization on cloud computing platforms. This has completely changed the landscape of computing in the last decade. It has also enabled large–scale data analytics through distributed high performance computing. Due to the infrastructure complexity, end–users and administrators of cloud platforms can rarely obtain a full picture of the state of cloud computing systems and data centers. Recent monitoring tools enable users to obtain large amounts of data with respect to many utilization parameters of cloud platforms. However, they fail to get the maximal overall insight into the resource utilization dynamics of cloud platforms. Furthermore, existing tools make it difficult to observe large-scale patterns, making it difficult to learn from the past behavior of cloud system dynamics. In this work, the authors describe a perceptual-based interactive visualization platform that gives users and administrators a cognitive view of cloud computing system dynamics.
A Proposal of SDN Based Disaster-Aware Smart Routing for Highly-Available Information Storage Systems and Its Evaluation
Authors: Izumi Satoru , Hata Misumi , Takahira Hiroyuki , Soylu Mustafa , Edo Asato , Abe Toru , Suganuma Takuo
Published: January 2017

In this paper, the authors propose a SDN based disaster-aware smart routing scheme for highly-available information storage systems. The authors' proposed scheme is based on the concept of Symbiotic Computing to recognize disaster status in Real Space, and provides appropriate routes form Digital Space dynamically. This realizes effective data transmission considering disaster situation and its time variation. In this paper, the authors design and implement their proposed scheme with dynamic multipath routing and parallel data transmission to enhance the network performance. They also evaluate its effectiveness through large-scale network environments.
Functional Conversion and Dominance of γδ T Subset in Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis
Authors: Liang Dongchun , Nian Hong , Shao Hui , Kaplan Henry J. , Sun Deming
Published: January 2017

We have previously shown that activated γδ T cells have a much stronger proinflammatory effect in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis than their nonactivated counterparts. Our present study explored γδ T cell subsets are functionally distinct in autoimmune pathogenesis and determined the pathogenic contribution of biased Vγ4+ γδ T cell activation in this disease. By systematically comparing two major peripheral γδ T cell subsets, the Vγ1+ and the Vγ4+ cells, we found that the Vγ4+ cells were readily activated in B6 mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis development, whereas Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated. Cytokines that were abundantly found in the serum of immunized mice activated Vγ4+, but did not activate Vγ1+, cells. The Vγ4+ cells had a strong proinflammatory activity, whereas the Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated when tested immediately after isolation from immunized mice. However, when the Vγ1+ cells were activated in vitro, they promoted inflammation. Our results demonstrated that activation is a major factor in switching the enhancing and inhibiting effects of both Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ γδ T cell subsets, and that γδ T cell subsets differ greatly in their activation requirements. Whether the enhancing or inhibiting function of γδ T cells is dominant is mainly determined by the proportion of the γδ T cells that are activated versus the proportion not activated.
Concussion Baseline Testing: Preexisting Factors, Symptoms, and Neurocognitive Performance
Authors: Cottle Jordan E. , Hall Eric E. , Patel Kirtida , Barnes Kenneth P. , Ketcham Caroline J.
Published: January 2017

Context:

Neurocognitive test scores are often considered an important aspect of concussion management. To best use these data, clinicians must understand potential factors that may influence baseline performance on these tests.

Objective:

To determine preexisting factors that may influence performance on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT).

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 486 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate student-athletes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

To determine neurocognitive functioning and total symptom score at baseline, ImPACT was administered. Outcomes were verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, and total symptom score. A self-report demographic section at the beginning of ImPACT was used to gather information concerning previous treatment for headaches, migraines, and psychiatric conditions; diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and exposure to previous strenuous exercise. We conducted multivariate analyses of variance to determine if the ImPACT composite and total symptom scores differed according to preexisting factors (P < .0083).

Results:

Sex showed an effect on verbal memory (P = .001), visual motor speed (P < .001), and reaction time (P = .006), with women performing better than men. A previous diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affected visual motor speed (P = .008). Previous treatment for headaches (P < .001), migraines (P = .001), a psychiatric condition (P < .001), or a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (P < .001) all showed effects on the total symptom score. Strenuous exercise did not affect neurocogntive performance or total symptom score.

Conclusions:

Based on our findings and the previous literature, we suggest that many preexisting factors influence baseline neurocognitive data. Baseline testing is an important aspect of concussion management. Sports medicine professionals should be cognizant of these factors when developing concussion-management protocols.
Expert Reliability for the World Health Organization Standardized Ultrasound Classification of Cystic Echinococcosis
Authors: Solomon Nadia , Fields Paul J. , Tamarozzi Francesca , Brunetti Enrico , Macpherson Calum N. L.
Published: January 2017

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic zoonosis, results in cyst formation in the viscera. Cyst morphology depends on developmental stage. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a standardized ultrasound (US) classification for CE, for use among experts as a standard of comparison. This study examined the reliability of this classification. Eleven international CE and US experts completed an assessment of eight WHO classification images and 88 test images representing cyst stages. Inter- and intraobserver reliability and observer performance were assessed using Fleiss' and Cohen's kappa. Interobserver reliability was moderate for WHO images (κ = 0.600, P < 0.0001) and substantial for test images (κ = 0.644, P < 0.0001), with substantial to almost perfect interobserver reliability for stages with pathognomonic signs (CE1, CE2, and CE3) for WHO (0.618 < κ < 0.904) and test images (0.642 < κ < 0.768). Comparisons of expert performances against the majority classification for each image were significant for WHO (0.413 < κ < 1.000, P < 0.005) and test images (0.718 < κ < 0.905, P < 0.0001); and intraobserver reliability was significant for WHO (0.520 < κ < 1.000, P < 0.005) and test images (0.690 < κ < 0.896, P < 0.0001). Findings demonstrate moderate to substantial interobserver and substantial to almost perfect intraobserver reliability for the WHO classification, with substantial to almost perfect interobserver reliability for pathognomonic stages. This confirms experts' abilities to reliably identify WHO-defined pathognomonic signs of CE, demonstrating that the WHO classification provides a reproducible way of staging CE.
First Evidence of Angiostrongyliasis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles
Authors: Dard Céline , Piloquet Jean-Eudes , Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Fox LeAnne M. , M'kada Helmi , Hebert Jean-Christophe , Mattera Didier , Harrois Dorothée
Published: January 2017

Infection by the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis represents the most common cause of infectious eosinophilic meningitis in humans, causing central nervous system (CNS) angiostrongyliasis. Most of CNS angiostrongyliasis cases were described in Asia, Pacific Basin, Australia, and some limited parts of Africa and America. CNS angiostrongyliasis has been reported in the Caribbean but never in the Lesser Antilles. The primary objectives of this study were to depict the first case of CNS angiostrongyliasis in the Lesser Antilles and investigate the environmental presence of A. cantonensis in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. In December 2013, a suspected case of CNS angiostrongyliasis in an 8-month-old infant in Guadeloupe was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The environmental investigation was performed by collecting Achatina fulica molluscs from different parts of Guadeloupe and testing the occurrence of A. cantonensis by real-time PCR. CSF from the suspected case of angiostrongyliasis was positive for A. cantonensis by real-time PCR. Among 34 collected snails for environmental investigation, 32.4% were positive for A. cantonensis. In conclusion, we report the first laboratory-confirmed case of CNS-angiostrongyliasis in the Lesser Antilles. We identified the presence and high prevalence of A. cantonensis in A. fulica in Guadeloupe. These results highlight the need to increase awareness of this disease and implement public health programs in the region to prevent human cases of angiostrongyliasis and improve management of eosinophilic meningitis patients.
Prosthetic Management of Total Glossectomy Patients
Authors: Yarramaneni Varun , Balakrishnan Dhanasekar , Aparna IN , Kapoor Saumya
Published: January 2017

Background

Total glossectomy impairs various functions of tongue, such as mastication, speech, swallowing, and also results in psychological breach for the patient during social activities. In a glossectomy patient, the new size of the oral cavity often produces a change in the resonance associated with certain sounds. Also, due to the decrease in size and function of the tongue, interruption occurs in articulation patterns between the tongue, the hard and soft palate, and the teeth.

Materials and methods

We performed a review with a bibliographic search in Scopus, Web of Science along with the PubMed/Medline, Google scholar and internet. We included the articles with major contribution toward management of total glossectomy, excluded articles and works about surgical treatments in anatomical locations other than the oral cavity.

Conclusion

To obtain maximum rehabilitation for these patients, the dentist must have a thorough knowledge of the physiologic processes involved in oral functions. The present article is an overview of various objectives and design concepts for rehabilitation of a total glossectomized patient.

How to cite this article

Yarramaneni V, Balakrishnan D, Aparna IN, Kapoor S. Prosthetic Management of Total Glossectomy Patients. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2016;6(3):66-68.
A Titanium Cast Hollow Definitive Obturator Prosthesis for a Maxillectomy Patient
Authors: Fernandez Teny , Rodrigues Sheela V , Vijayanand KR
Published: January 2017

Oral cancer necessitates the surgical removal of all or part of the maxilla. The extent of surgical resection is dependent on the size, location, and potential behavior of the tumor. The maxillectomy procedure leaves the patient with a defect that compromises of the integrity and function of the oral cavity, leading to hypernasal speech, fluid regurgitation into the nasal cavity, and impaired masticatory function. Rehabilitation of subtotal and total bilateral maxillectomy surgical defects is a complex challenge to the prosthodontist. Prosthetic rehabilitation of the surgical defect with the help of obturator is very important, because the resulting functional deficiencies have a detrimental effect on the quality of life and self-esteem of the patient.

How to cite this article

Fernandez T, Rodrigues SV, Vijayanand KR. A Titanium Cast Hollow Definitive Obturator Prosthesis for a Maxillectomy Patient. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2016;6(3):69-72.
Comparative Evaluation of Laser Etching and Acid Etching: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sobha Varsha V , Varma NK Sapna , Ajith VV
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Recent innovations in bonding propose laser ablation as an alternative method to acid etching.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to compare the effect of laser irradiation at medium-short pulse (MSP) mode, quantum-square pulse (QSP) mode, and acid etching on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets to enamel.

Materials and methods

Forty-two premolars were allocated to three groups (14 each): (1) 37% phosphoric acid etching; (2) erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser etching with MSP mode; (3) Er:YAG laser etching with quantum-square pulse mode. Metallic brackets were bonded with Transbond XT. After photo polymerization, the SBS values were recorded with universal testing machine. Surface morphology was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The remaining adhesive was assessed using adhesive remnant index (ARI).

Results

Nonparametric test was used to analyze the statistical significance. A mean rank of 18.29 and 10.71 was obtained for QSP mode and acid etching with p = 0.015, 18.14; and 10.86 for MSP mode and acid etching with p = 0.019; and 14 and 15 for QSP mode and MSP mode with p = 0.748. Statistically significant difference was found between laser and acid-etched group. The SEM scan showed MSP mode with regular and uniform surface, like acid-etched sample, whereas QSP samples had irregular and severely rough surface. The ARI indicates that failure sites are mainly at the enamel/adhesive interface in the acid-etched and MSP mode group and at the bracket base/adhesive interface in QSP mode group.

Conclusion

Laser etching in MSP mode is a successful alternative to acid etching, and provides a safer debonding of the brackets from the enamel surface without causing fractures.

How to cite this article

Sobha VV, Varma NKS, Ajith VV. Comparative Evaluation of Laser Etching and Acid Etching: An in vitro Study. Int J Laser Dent 2016;6(1):6-11.