bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cancer worries and uptake of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening: A population-based survey in England
Authors: Quaife Samantha L , Waller Jo , von Wagner Christian , Vrinten Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Objective

Some degree of general worry about cancer may facilitate screening participation, but specific worries about the potential consequences (e.g. treatment, death) may act as deterrents. No studies have examined these associations in the same sample. We assessed associations between general versus specific cancer worries and cancer screening participation.

Methods

In 2016, a population-based cross-sectional survey of adults living in England was carried out. This paper reports analyses of a subsample (n = 1694). Measures included (i) frequency of general cancer worry, (ii) specific worries about the emotional and physical consequences of a cancer diagnosis, and (iii) specific worries about the social consequences of a cancer diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses examined their association with self-reported screening uptake among participants eligible for cervical (n = 671), breast (n = 323), and colorectal (n = 368) cancer screening.

Results

Frequency of general cancer worry was not associated with screening participation. Specific worry about the emotional and physical consequences increased the odds of participants reporting regular uptake of colorectal screening (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.04–1.90). Specific worry about the social consequences of diagnosis was negatively associated with regular attendance for cervical and breast screening in unadjusted analyses only. In adjusted models, the associations were no longer statistically significant for cervical (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65–1.03) or breast (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.45–1.04) screening.

Conclusions

Specific worries about cancer may be differentially associated with participation across screening programmes. Further research is needed, as interventions to optimise informed participation may be improved if the specific worries associated with low participation in each programme are understood.
Reliability of the current newborn screening action value for beta thalassaemia disease detection in England: A prospective study
Authors: Daniel Yvonne , Henthorn Joan
Published: September 2018

Objective

Beta thalassaemias are a group of hereditary red cell disorders resulting in a reduced or absent production of the main adult haemoglobin, adult haemoglobin. In England, the NHS Sickle Cell & Thalassaemia Screening Programme recommends reporting newborn beta thalassaemia disease as an incidental finding when detected whilst screening for sickle cell disease. The current action value to initiate further investigations is 1.5% adult haemoglobin, using high-performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. We examined the reliability of this action value.

Methods

A 44-month country-wide prospective study using data from 13 newborn screening laboratories in England.

Results

There were 81 cases reported with an adult haemoglobin of 1.5% or less at first-line screen, of which nine were lost to follow-up. The six false-positive results were all of 32 weeks’ gestation or less. Of the 66 true-positives, 36 had confirmatory molecular results (11 of these cases also have results from tandem mass spectrometry), 19 had clinical confirmation and 11 had the results of both parents available which were consistent with the screening result. There was one false-negative, a confirmed beta thalassaemia major case with an adult haemoglobin of 1.7%, above the action value at first-line screen but known to be at risk from parental results and therefore referred into clinical care by the laboratory.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a positive predictive value of 91.7%, with a specificity of 99.9% and a sensitivity of 98.5%. These results confirm the reliability of the current action value.
Feasibility of predictive model by clinical and laboratory parameters for risk stratification of geriatric abdominal pain
Authors: Lui Chun Tat , Ching Wei Ming , Tsui Kwok Leung , Chu Ho Cheung , Tsui Alex To Shing , Au Tak Shun , Wong Tai Wai , Fan Kit Ling , Leung Ling Pong
Published: September 2018

Background:

Assessment of geriatric patients presented with abdominal pain had been challenge for emergency physicians with the ageing population. A rapid, reproducible risk stratification model for the assessment of the need for admission for geriatric abdominal pain would be required to identify low-risk patients to be managed as out-patient basis.

Objective:

Assess the feasibility of risk stratification model to predict the need of hospital admission based on readily available bedside parameters in emergency departments.

Methods:

This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study in four emergency departments. Patients aged at least 65 who presented with chief complaint of abdominal pain within the previous 7 days of attendance as the chief complaint were included. Chart review was performed for the included patients. The primary outcome was defined as a composite of mortality, abdominal surgery or endoscopic treatment, and other inpatient treatments for abdominal diseases within 14 days, surrogating the need of hospital admission. Logistic regression was modeled to identify independent predictors. The diagnostic accuracy of the risk model was evaluated with the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared with the clinical gestalt of decision for hospital admission by the attending physician.

Results:

In total, 553 patients were included. Symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, non-ambulatory presenting status, pain duration, focal abdominal tenderness, hyperglycemia, leukocytosis, and elevated creatinine were independent predictors of the outcome. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the predicted probabilities of the logistic model was 0.741. In keeping for a low-risk criterion to achieve more than 90% sensitivity, the predictive model would only achieve 18.2% specificity which was inferior to clinical gestalt for hospital admission (sensitivity 99.3%, specificity 44.3%).

Conclusion:

Risk stratification model by clinical assessment and laboratory markers alone were inadequate and inferior to clinical gestalt for identification of the group of patients requiring inpatient treatment.
Rest, Zest, and My Innovative Best: Sleep and Mood as Drivers of Entrepreneurs’ Innovative Behavior
Authors: Williamson Amanda J. , Battisti Martina , Leatherbee Michael , Gish J. Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

This study investigates the antecedents of an entrepreneur’s day-level innovative behavior. Drawing on 2,420 data points from a 10-day experience sampling study with 121 entrepreneurs, we find that sleep quality is a precursor to an entrepreneur’s subsequent innovative behavior, in accordance with the effort-recovery model. Moreover, sleep quality is positively related to high-activation positive moods (e.g., enthusiastic, inspired) and negatively related to high-activation negative moods (e.g., tension, anxiety). Our multilevel structural equation model indicates that high-activation positive moods mediate the relationship between sleep quality and innovative behavior on a given day. These results are relevant for managing entrepreneurial performance.
Cultural Disposition Influences in Workgroups: A Motivational Systems Theory of Group Involvement Perspective
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , Park Ernest , Leung Angela K.-y. , Ladbury Jared
Published: September 2018

Modern organizations often involve workgroup members who have different cultural heritage. This article provides an examination of how different cultural dimensions (e.g., uncertainty avoidance, individualism–collectivism) influence the ways that workgroups and their members respond to situations that involve threats and rewards. The threats and rewards activate distinct response patterns that are associated with a motivational systems theory of group involvement. Based on this theoretical foundation, a cultural dispositions approach is applied to reveal how culture could impact the ways group members respond (cognitively, affectively, motivationally) to situations that involve varying degrees of threats or rewards. This focus on cultural dispositions locates this article in the larger theoretical context of persons within situations that account for complexities of threat and reward cues as well as groups, organizations, and cultures. Consequently, this article has broad implications to the scientific and applied science communities interested in multicultural workgroups.
Reclaiming the Future: Understanding Customer Forgiveness of Service Transgressions
Authors: Tsarenko Yelena , Strizhakova Yuliya , Otnes Cele C.
Published: September 2018

Service transgressions, and how customers respond to them, are of ongoing interest to researchers and practitioners. However, whether and how customers forgive such transgressions remains unexplored. Grounding our investigation in interdisciplinary research on forgiveness, and leveraging self-determination theory as an enabling theoretical foundation, we analyze 34 in-depth interviews with customers who experienced transgressions in the health-care, financial, and retailing sectors. We conceptualize customer forgiveness as a motivational process involving customers’ relinquishing of vengeful thoughts and feelings about transgressors. Four distinct pathways of forgiveness emerge as follows: forgiveness as transgressor’s atonement, as disillusionment, as self-healing, and as grace. Customers anchor their forgiveness pathways in motivations that are either self-focused (autonomous) or transgressor-focused (controlled). Each pathway reflects differences in customers’ internal reconciliations of the transgression. Further, we demonstrate the role of transgression circumstances, service recovery, and broader marketplace realities in customer forgiveness. We identify the key underlying moral premise of each pathway. Finally, we show how each forgiveness pathway impacts restoration of customer-service provider relationships.
Agency Correlates of Police Militarization: The Case of MRAPs
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C. , Baker Keith
Published: September 2018

In 2014, protests in Ferguson, Missouri (MO), and the subsequent law enforcement response, shined a light on police militarization—the adoption of military styles, equipment, and tactics within law enforcement. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Defense has transferred excess military equipment to domestic law enforcement agencies via the federal 1033 program. This article examines transfers of mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles or MRAPs. Designed to withstand explosive blasts during U.S. military occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan, surplus MRAPs have been shipped to more than 800 domestic law enforcement agencies. This article uses national data on law enforcement agencies and on 1033 program transfers to analyze the pattern of MRAP distribution. The results show that MRAPs are disproportionately acquired by agencies that have warrior tendencies and rely on asset forfeiture to generate revenue. This pattern of militarization is consistent with a model of governance that views citizens as both opportunities and threats.
Static and dynamic analysis of sandwich panel with spatially varying non-Gaussian properties
Authors: Mukherjee Shuvajit , Sekhar B Raja , Gopalakrishnan S , Ganguli Ranjan
Published: September 2018

In this work, we study the material and geometric uncertainty effects on the static, free vibration and dynamic behaviour of sandwich beam structures. A higher-order sandwich panel theory is considered for the analysis. The elastic properties of the sandwich beam are considered as 1-D non-Gaussian random field which causes local variation in mass and stiffness matrices of the beam. The discretization of the non-Gaussian random fields is performed using the expansion optimal linear estimation. To perform the numerical analysis, Monte-Carlo simulation along with the computationally efficient time-domain spectral element method is proposed. Numerical results are obtained for different boundary conditions as well as for different materials in the sandwich face sheet and core. Results obtained in this work quantify the effects of material and geometric uncertainty in the response behaviour of a sandwich beam. The individual effect of core thickness and Poisson’s ratio of the core on the static, free vibration and dynamic response is quantified. It is observed that the uncertainties in material and geometric properties along with loading and boundary conditions influence the static, free vibration and dynamic response.
Gender dynamics in elementary school teaching: The advantages of men
Authors: Santos Maria Helena , Amâncio Lígia
Published: September 2018

This article presents a study that identifies the gender dynamics prevailing in a specific context of tokenism – elementary school teaching – in which the members of an otherwise socially dominant group are proportionally scarce – men. The results contradict Kanter’s (1977) theory by showing that male elementary school teachers do not experience the tokenism dynamics. In line with Williams’ gender perspective and Amâncio’s gender symbolic asymmetry, the article finds that although men constitute a small minority in elementary education, they do not lose the social advantages they generally have: on the contrary, they seem rather to gain several privileges. Indeed, the results show strong links between the tokenism dynamics and gender asymmetry, putting the token men at an advantage. Thus, tokenism seems to be limited to maintaining the gender social order.
Smoking and its interaction with genetics in MS etiology
Authors: Hedström Anna K
Published: September 2018

The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves multifaceted interactions between genetic loci and environmental factors. Smoking is an important risk factor for MS that overall increases the risk of the disease with approximately 50%. However, the precise effects of smoking on MS development vary considerably in different contexts and in different populations. This review focuses on the influence of smoking on MS risk and its interaction with genetics in MS etiology. The possible biological mechanisms are presented in this paper. Further research is needed to establish the mechanisms of causality and to explore preventive strategies.
Assessing the impact of retraction on the citation of randomized controlled trial reports: an interrupted time-series analysis
Authors: Mott Andrew , Fairhurst Caroline , Torgerson David
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To assess the impact of retraction on the citation of randomized controlled trials.

Methods

We used an interrupted time-series with matched controls. PubMed, CINHAL, Google and the Retraction Watch Database were searched. We identified retracted publications reporting the results of randomized controlled trials involving human participants with two years of available data before and after retraction. We obtained monthly citation counts across all articles for the 24 months before and after retraction, from Web of Science. We used a Poisson segmented regression to detect changes in the level and trend of citation following retraction. We also undertook a matched control analysis of unretracted randomized controlled trials and a sensitivity analysis to account for cases of large-scale, well-advertised fraud.

Results

We identified 387 retracted randomized controlled trial reports, of which 218 (56.3%) were included in the interrupted time-series analysis. A reduction of 22.9% (95% CI 4.0% to 38.2%, p = 0.02) was observed in the number of citations in the month after retraction, and a further reduction of 1.9% (95% CI 0.4% to 3.5%, p = 0.02) per month in the following 24 months, relative to the expected trend. There was no evidence of a statistically significant reduction among the matched controls. Authors with a large number of retractions saw a 48.2% reduction at the time of retraction (95% CI 17.7% to 67.3%, p = 0.01). Other cases had a more gradual reduction with no change at the time of retraction and a 1.8% reduction per month in the following 24 months (95% CI 0.2% to 3.4%, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Retractions of randomized controlled trial reports can be effective in reducing citations. Other factors, such as the scale of the retractions and media attention, may play a role in the effectiveness of the reduction.
Human rights networks and regulatory stewardship: An analysis of a multi-level network of human rights commissions in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lacatus Corina
Published: September 2018

Regulatory networks are increasingly important actors in multi-level systems of human rights governance. Yet we know little about the role that domestic networks play as intermediaries or about the strategies they use to integrate sub-national human rights institutions to ensure compliance at the local level. We draw on the theoretical literature on orchestration to conceptualise network governance and propose a new intermediary for the human rights governance, the multi-level network, which operates inside one country. We apply this theoretical model to the case of a multi-level network operating at the domestic level in the United Kingdom – Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Equality and Human Rights Commission, and Scottish Human Rights Commission. We discuss how the three commissions use the tools of managerial stewardship to facilitate intra-network collaboration and how they engage in hierarchical stewardship to gain access to international networks and take on a leadership role globally and regionally.
Wilful entanglements: Extractive industries and the co-production of sovereignty in Mozambique
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: September 2018

This article looks at how actors commonly associated with the separate spheres of the state, private industry, and civil society, are engaging in wilful entanglements to improve the Mozambican state’s capacities in managing the country’s nascent extractive industry sector. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in and around the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy, the article suggests that these entanglements renegotiate and co-produce ideas and practices of the state. Historicising and ethnographically unpacking these interactions invites us to rethink one-dimensional accounts of a hollowing out of bounded, nation-state sovereignty under the influence of globalised capitalism.
Impact of injection strategies on combustion characteristics, efficiency and emissions of gasoline compression ignition operation in a heavy-duty multi-cylinder engine
Authors: Wang Buyu , Pamminger Michael , Vojtech Ryan , Wallner Thomas
Published: September 2018

Gasoline compression ignition using a single gasoline-type fuel for direct/port injection has been shown as a method to achieve low-temperature combustion with low engine-out NOx and soot emissions and high indicated thermal efficiency. However, key technical barriers to achieving low-temperature combustion on multi-cylinder engines include the air handling system (limited amount of exhaust gas recirculation) as well as mechanical engine limitations (e.g. peak pressure rise rate). In light of these limitations, high-temperature combustion with reduced amounts of exhaust gas recirculation appears more practical. Furthermore, for high-temperature gasoline compression ignition, an effective aftertreatment system allows high thermal efficiency with low tailpipe-out emissions. In this work, experimental testing was conducted on a 12.4 L multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine operating with high-temperature gasoline compression ignition combustion with port and direct injection. Engine testing was conducted at an engine speed of 1038 r/min and brake mean effective pressure of 1.4 MPa for three injection strategies, late pilot injection, early pilot injection, and port/direct fuel injection. The impact on engine performance and emissions with respect to varying the combustion phasing were quantified within this study. At the same combustion phasing, early pilot injection and port/direct fuel injection had an earlier start of combustion and higher maximum pressure rise rates than late pilot injection attributable to more premixed fuel from pilot or port injection; however, brake thermal efficiencies were higher with late pilot injection due to reduced heat transfer. Early pilot injection also exhibited the highest cylinder-to-cylinder variations due to differences in injector behavior as well as the spray/wall interactions affecting mixing and evaporation process. Overall, peak brake thermal efficiency of 46.1% and 46% for late pilot injection and port/direct fuel injection was achieved comparable to diesel baseline (45.9%), while early pilot injection showed the lowest brake thermal efficiency (45.3%).
A Systematic Review of Reviews of the Outcome of Noninstitutional Child Maltreatment
Authors: Carr Alan , Duff Hollie , Craddock Fiona
Published: September 2018

The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to synthesize available high-quality evidence on the outcomes of noninstitutional child maltreatment across the life span. A systematic review of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted. Ten databases were searched. One hundred eleven papers which met stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for review. Papers were included if they reported systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal or cross-sectional controlled studies, or single-group cohort primary studies of the outcomes of child maltreatment in the domains of physical and mental health and psychosocial adjustment of individuals who were children lived mainly with their families. Using AMSTAR criteria, selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses were found to be of moderate or high quality. Searches, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers, with a high degree of interrater reliability. The 111 systematic reviews and meta-analyses reviewed in this article covered 2,534 independent primary studies involving 30,375,962 participants, of whom more than 518,022 had been maltreated. The magnitude and quality of this evidence base allow considerable confidence to be placed in obtained results. Significant associations were found between a history of child maltreatment and adjustment in the domains of physical health, mental health, and psychosocial adjustment in a very wide range of areas. The many adverse outcomes associated with child maltreatment documented in this review highlight the importance of implementing evidence-based child protection policies and practices to prevent maltreatment and treat child abuse survivors.
An Exploratory Correlational Study in the Use of Mobile Technology Among Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: O’Brien Tara , Russell Cynthia L. , Tan Alai , Washington Mallory , Hathaway Donna
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Rapidly growing use of mobile technology provides a platform for self-management of care support for those with chronic conditions. Few studies have explored the characteristics or access patterns of kidney transplant recipients who use mHealth applications (apps) for self-management of care.

Research Questions:

The primary aim of this study was to describe demographics, use, barriers, and perceptions of mobile apps for self-management of care among adult kidney transplants recipients. The secondary aim was to compare blood urea nitrogen, glomerular filtration rate, and number of hospitalizations among mHealth app users, other app users, and non-app users.

Methods:

A cross-sectional design was used to administer the Mobile Application Use among Kidney Transplant Recipients Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, χ2 statistics, and analysis of variance were used for the primary aim and linear regression was used for the secondary aim.

Results:

The sample included mostly African American males (n = 123, 75.5%) with a mean age of 50 (13.2) years. Knowledge was the greatest barrier reported by the non-app users (mHealth app users 9%, other app users 12%, non-app users, 49%, P < .001). Significantly fewer hospitalizations were found in the mHealth app users compared to other app users (regression coefficient b = −1.2, standard error [SE] = 0.5) and non-app users ( b = −0.9, SE = 0.6), adjusting for patient demographic and clinical characteristics.

Discussion:

Findings suggest a relationship may exist between mHealth app use and a decrease in the number of hospitalizations following kidney transplantation.
Dementia-Related Results of “Costs of Medication in Older Patients: Before and After Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment”
Authors: Isik Ahmet Turan , Soysal Pinar
Published: September 2018

Changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in the presence of certain comorbidities and geriatric syndromes and reduced tolerability of potential drug side effects due to physiological changes with aging lead to difficulties in planning treatments in elderly adults, especially patients with dementia. The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment has an important role in assessing polypharmacy and optimizing potentially inappropriate medications and potentially prescribing omissions in these patients. For this reason, we intend to reexamine our new study titled “ Costs of medication in older patients: before and after comprehensive geriatric assessment,” because most of these results are also very important for dementia practice.
Performance and Workload Trends: The Effects of Repeated Exposure to “High” Demand Tasks
Authors: Wheatley Camille L. , Esplin Jess , Loveless Sydney M. , Cooper Joel M. , Biondi Francesco , Strayer David L.
Published: September 2018

The N-back and Surrogate Reference Task (SuRT) are frequently used to evaluate the workload potential of secondary driving tasks as high cognitive and visual demand benchmarks. This paper examines the effect of repeated exposures to the N-back and SuRT reference tasks, and any resulting change in task performance or workload that may negate their effectiveness as calibration tools and high workload benchmarks. One-way repeated measures ANOVA analyses demonstrate that N-back performance improves while workload decreases, suggesting limitations in methodology for measuring task workload after multiple exposures. Alternatively, SuRT performance improves while workload remains relatively stable, indicating the task elicits a constant visual demand despite performance improvements. This paper discusses the limitations of the N-back and SuRT as reference tasks in workload and driving research, and proposes future directions to further clarify their use.
The Effect of Whole-Body Haptic Feedback on Driver’s Perception in Negotiating a Curve
Authors: Pakdamanian Erfan , Feng Lu , Kim Inki
Published: September 2018

It remains uncertain regarding the safety of driving in autonomous vehicles that, after a long, passive control and inattention to the driving situation, how the drivers will be effectively informed to take-over the control in emergency. In particular, the active role of vehicle force feedback on the driver’s risk perception on curves has not been fully explored. To investigate it, the current paper examined the driver’s cognitive and visual responses to the whole-body haptic feedback during curve negotiations. The effects of force feedback on drivers’ responses on curves were investigated in a high-fidelity driving simulator while measuring EEG and visual gaze over ten participants. The preliminary analyses of the first two participants revealed that pupil diameter and fixation time on the curves were significantly longer when the driver received whole-body feedback, compared to none. The findings suggest that whole-body feedback can be used as an effective “advance notification” of hazards.
Applying Cognitive Engineering Principles to Allocation of Roles and Responsibilities for a Future Air Traffic Management Concept
Authors: Fernandes Alicia , Bagnall Timothy , Leiden Kenneth , Atkins Stephen , Evans Mark , Bell Alan , Kilbourne Todd , Kirk James , Jackson Michael R. C.
Published: September 2018

NASA’s Management by Trajectory (MBT) concept will improve trajectory predictability by providing methods to keep aircraft on negotiated trajectories; however, the concept impacts roles and responsibilities. Most notably, MBT envisions a different distribution of responsibilities between the Radar-side and Data-side (herein called the negotiating) controllers. Cognitive engineering provides a rich history of research into understanding the roles that humans and automation play in complex systems and some principles for system design. This paper briefly summarizes this literature, focusing on principles underlying the proposed allocation of responsibilities in MBT and the source of automation and information requirements.
Toward Better Understanding of Function Allocation Requirements for Planetary Eva and Habitat Tasks
Authors: Hill Jordan R. , Caldwell Barrett S.
Published: September 2018

The authors participated in a Mars planetary science research analog that included simulated extravehicular activity (EVA) and intravehicular (IV) crewmembers with delayed communications with Earth. Within the analog context, the authors considered which information streams and sources were monitored by IV crewmembers throughout the simulated EVAs. The capabilities of IV crewmember monitoring were compared to information considered critical for the successful completion of EVA on Mars, suggesting gaps for improved human-automation function allocation. The authors’ findings support available literature that indicate that new mission architectures for planetary exploration mandate increased autonomy from Earth-based controllers. This autonomy will result in too many mission-critical data streams for the attentional capabilities of relatively small crew. Results of this work can inform further investigation into evolving concepts of mission operations that incorporate effective human-automation teaming to support dynamic function allocation for spaceflight exploration tasks.
Schelling’s Theory of Contracts and Rules: Applications for Procedure Design and Safety Analysis
Authors: Degani Asaf
Published: September 2018

Rules enforced on front-line operators are not only unique to aviation and other high-risk industries; in fact, the topic of rules is just as important in business, the economics of the Market, and public policy. The problem of how to design rules and procedures, with a keen eye toward compliance, has a long tradition in contractual relations. This tradition has produced a rich set of tactics to improve, by anticipatory design, contract and rule compliance. Along the same lines, rules that people devise for self-governance – such as those for prevention and performance – also contain many innovative tactics to improve compliance. The discussion is based on the work of the late Thomas Schelling (1921-2017) who was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis." His work on the topic of conflict, contracts, and rules is the basis for the framework proposed here. We also extend his work to procedure design, safety analysis, and discuss some implications of framework via one aviation example (stabilized approach procedure).
Activity Theory as a Framework for Integrating Uas Into the Nas: A Field Study of Crew Member Activity During Uas Operations Near a Non-Towered Airport
Authors: Dolgov Igor , Sabic Edin , White Bryan L.
Published: September 2018

An Activity Theory framework was applied in investigating the pressing issue of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System. As stated in the FAA’s UAS Operational Approval policy notice, the UAS pilot and/or crew are collectively responsible for successfully exercising see-and-avoid duties. To describe how this is achieved in practice, field recordings of visual observers and other UAS crewmembers were collected during three phases of a long-endurance UAS flight test: takeoff, mid-flight, and landing. Four separate radio communications channels were utilized, and pilots’ workload was offloaded in three ways: takeoff and landing flight dynamics were offloaded to the external pilot, see-and-avoid duties were offloaded to visual observers, and some communications were offloaded to the mission commander. Visual observers relied on a combination of visual perception, communication, and team coordination skills to assist pilots and the mission commander in effectively accomplishing see-and-avoid duties during UAS operations.
Pilot Performance Using Head-up and Head-down Synthetic-Vision Displays for SA CAT I Approaches
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Domino David A. , Kamienski Jill
Published: September 2018

Thirteen two-person crews flew 39 approaches each to runway 34R at Seattle-Tacoma airport in a 737-800 level D flight simulator using both head-up and head-down synthetic-vision displays. The within-subject design manipulated display type, runway-lighting configuration, ambient illumination, and two combinations of decision height and runway visual range associated with Special Authorization Category I and II approaches. Data collected/analyzed included training trials, instrument landing system tracking, touchdown point and vertical velocity at touchdown, and pilot opinions on the adequacy of the display formats for the specific task. Results indicated that there was a small but reliable difference in touchdown point between day and night approaches (longer in day) and that distance from centerline was also slightly affected by display type. Mean vertical velocity at touchdown was also affected slightly. Data indicated that there appeared to be no operationally significant differences as a function of display type or other variables examined.
Examining the Compellingness of electronic Low Visibility Taxi Charts
Authors: Yeh Michelle , Jaworski Joseph , Thomas Suzanne , Kendra Andrew , Hiltunen Danielle
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the presentation of own-aircraft (ownship) position was compelling when presented on electronic low visibility taxi charts. Although airport charts showing ownship position have been in use for some time, ownship position was not available on low visibility taxi charts because these charts were not geo-referenced. Twenty Airline Transport Pilots (ATP) (10 flightcrews) participated in a simulator study in which they performed six taxi scenarios in three different levels of visibility (1200 Runway Visual Range (RVR), 600 RVR, 300 RVR) using an electronic chart application on an iPad. Ownship position was shown on the chart for half the scenarios. In one scenario, we simulated a position error. We collected objective data (taxi speed, taxi time, fixation and dwell time), and pilot opinions on the usability of the electronic chart application. The results showed that no incursions/excursions were committed. All flightcrews noticed the error in ownship position, when it occurred; in fact, they also noticed other errors in ownship position that were not planned as part of the experiment design. Captains looked more often at the electronic chart when ownship position was presented than when it was not, regardless of visibility conditions. Additionally, Captains’ percentage of fixations were almost equal between the electronic chart and out-the-window. Such behavior may reflect the perceived utility of showing ownship on the electronic chart and may be an indication of the compelling nature of that information source.
Decision Support for Tactical Rerouting of Airborne Flights to Improve the Utilization of Airspace Capacity
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Evans Mark , Spencer Amy , Saraf Aditya , Klopfenstein Mark
Published: September 2018

NASA has developed a suite of tools that provide recommendations for rerouting aircraft while in enroute airspace when weather constraints do not develop as forecast. One of these tools, the Multi-Flight Common Routes tool (MFCR), has been designed to support traffic managers through the identification of a shared shorter route segment that can be assigned to a cluster of aircraft instead of assigning a unique reroute to each flight. A study using cognitive walkthroughs with 13 traffic managers and controllers was conducted to evaluate the functionality and use of MFCR. The results indicate that, if traffic managers take into consideration the weather and ensure that reroutes are ”well behaved” and work for sequencing and spacing, controllers view any extra workload as minor and acceptable, considering both the required rerouting and sequencing to be simply a part of their normal responsibilities. The results further provide a number of specific recommendations to extend the functions embedded in MFCR.
Information Content Requirements for Remote Pilot Handover of Control of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the National Airspace
Authors: Pankok Carl , Bass Ellen J.
Published: September 2018

The objective of the work is to develop recommendations to support the development of information content requirements for integrating unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The focus of the work relates to handover of control where positive control of the aircraft is transferred from one crew to another. We reviewed the human factors literature and handover corollaries that exist in the current NAS. We developed a structured approach to identifying information requirements that included consideration of technological context, and then addressed task analysis, human-automation function allocation, and information availability. UAS pilot subject matter expert feedback was leveraged throughout the process. We provide recommendations for the technological and automation capabilities required for safe handover of control in the NAS, and associated information requirements. We discuss how our method provides a structured basis for making design decisions for complex, safety-critical systems.
Public Safety Communication User Needs: Voices of First Responders
Authors: Dawkins Shaneé , Greene Kristen , Steves Michelle , Theofanos Mary , Choong Yee-Yin , Furman Susanne , Prettyman Sandra Spickard
Published: September 2018

The public safety community is transitioning from land mobile radios to a communications technology ecosystem including a variety of broadband data sharing platforms. Successful deployment and adoption of new communications technology relies on efficient and effective user interfaces based on understanding first responder needs, requirements, and contexts of use; human factors research is needed to examine these factors. As such, this paper presents initial qualitative research results via semi-structured interviews with 133 first responders across the U.S. While there are similarities across disciplines, results show there is no easy “one size fits all” communications technology solution. To facilitate trust in new communications technology, solutions must be dependable, easy to use for first responders, and meet their communication needs through the application of user-centered design principles. During this shift in public safety communications technology, the time is now to leverage existing human factors expertise to influence emerging technology for public safety.
Sharpening the Tool of Language: Examining Anchors and AMBIGUITIES
Authors: Volante William G. , Garcia Michael , Hancock Peter A.
Published: September 2018

Language, though a powerful human tool, can often be imprecise. Such underspecifications often lead to misconceptions and misrepresentations in communication. These issues arise not only in everyday speech, but can also be present in forms of psychological evaluation. Many researchers, psychologists in particular, regularly rely on qualitative measures in the form of subjective response. Methods employing Likert scales use lexical choices to denote cognitive meaning, yet much variation in what is meant by specific words remain. Here we investigated the ambiguity that is inherently involved in such communication. We documented the responses of 94 participants on the quantitative value they placed on scale anchors such as “agree”, “disagree”, strongly agree”, etc. Participants rated each of these terms on a scale from -100 to +100. Also, participants rated terms related to reasonability and doubt on a 0 to 100 point scale. Results indicated that positive valence anchors fell significantly further from the midpoint of the scale, as compared to peer, negative valence anchors. Intervals between each anchor were not consistent across the spectrum. We concluded that the imprecision of language can be a significant source of confusion and discord leading to human-system failure regardless of the reliability of the technology to hand.
Beyond Levels of Automation: Developing More Detailed Guidance for Human Automation Interaction Design
Authors: Roth Emilie , Depass Beth , Harter Jonathan , Scott Ronald , Wampler Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

There is growing recognition of a need to go beyond levels of automation frameworks to provide more detailed guidance for design of effective human automation interaction (HAI). Here we present some design questions that are important for designers of HAI to address as they develop the requirements for the software architecture and user interfaces for automated aids. This set of guiding questions has grown out of our experience in developing a series of successful collaborative automation systems for airlift planning and scheduling. We illustrate through examples how answers to these high-level questions helped inform the HAI design decisions we confronted. The set of questions are offered in an attempt to broaden the discussion of how best to provide guidance to system developers confronted with HAI design challenges.
Comparison of Adaptive, Adaptable, and Hybrid Automation for Surveillance Task Completion in a Multi-Task Environment
Authors: Ruff Heath , Calhoun Gloria , Frost Elizabeth , Behymer Kyle , Bartik Jessica
Published: September 2018

Increasing applications of automation in system designs raise issues on how to achieve an ideal balance of automation with human interaction for optimal operator situation awareness and performance. This experiment examined four automation control schemes applied to surveillance tasks performed in a multi-task simulation environment. Participants completed trials with four level of automation (LOA) control schemes: fixed, performance-based adaptive, adaptable (participant controls LOA), and hybrid (adaptive and adaptable). Results showed that task accuracy was better when participants controlled LOA. Participants also preferred adaptable automation.
How We Talk with Robots: Eliciting Minimally-Constrained Speech to Build Natural Language Interfaces and Capabilities
Authors: Pollard Kimberly A. , Lukin Stephanie M. , Marge Matthew , Foots Ashley , Hill Susan G.
Published: September 2018

Industry, military, and academia are showing increasing interest in collaborative human-robot teaming in a variety of task contexts. Designing effective user interfaces for human-robot interaction is an ongoing challenge, and a variety of single and multiple-modality interfaces have been explored. Our work is to develop a bi-directional natural language interface for remote human-robot collaboration in physically situated tasks. When combined with a visual interface and audio cueing, we intend for the natural language interface to provide a naturalistic user experience that requires little training. Building the language portion of this interface requires first understanding how potential users would speak to the robot. In this paper, we describe our elicitation of minimally-constrained robot-directed language, observations about the users’ language behavior, and future directions for constructing an automated robotic system that can accommodate these language needs.
Managing variability: a cognitive ethnography of the work of airline dispatchers
Authors: Munro Pamela , Mogford Richard
Published: September 2018

Airline dispatchers’ workflow is often described in broad terms like ‘flight planning’ and ‘flight following.’ Such high-level descriptions fail to recognize the number and complexity of tasks involved in these activities. An ethnographic study was conducted at three US airlines to understand the cognitive workload involved in flight planning. Fuel planning was identified as one of five key flight planning tasks. Fuel planning was conducted concurrently with other planning and monitoring tasks which often led to interruptions. Planning fuel was dynamic, with re-calculations required whenever other factors varied. This rework increased workload and opportunities for error while reducing efficiency. Beyond route changes, four main factors contributed variability to fuel planning: contingency planning, load planning, pilots, and station operations. Strategies for managing variability included pattern identification, use of buffers, rounding up, and leveraging software tools. Software design often added workload by forcing dispatchers to attend to low level tasks.
Algorithmic Opacity: Making Algorithmic Processes Transparent through Abstraction Hierarchy
Authors: Paudyal Pragya , William Wong B.L.
Published: September 2018

In this paper we introduce the problem of algorithmic opacity and the challenges it presents to ethical decision-making in criminal intelligence analysis. Machine learning algorithms have played important roles in the decision-making process over the past decades. Intelligence analysts are increasingly being presented with smart black box automation that use machine learning algorithms to find patterns or interesting and unusual occurrences in big data sets. Algorithmic opacity is the lack visibility of computational processes such that humans are not able to inspect its inner workings to ascertain for themselves how the results and conclusions were computed. This is a problem that leads to several ethical issues. In the VALCRI project, we developed an abstraction hierarchy and abstraction decomposition space to identify important functional relationships and system invariants in relation to ethical goals. Such explanatory relationships can be valuable for making algorithmic process transparent during the criminal intelligence analysis process.
End-users’ perspectives on safety risks in different high-hazard industries
Authors: Lilburne Christopher M. , Temby Dale S. , Leong Audrey , Hassall Maureen E.
Published: September 2018

Despite many improvements over the last century, serious injuries and work-related fatalities remain a significant global challenge in different high-hazard industries. Further reductions in incidents should happen with improved risk identification and control which relies on human perception and decision making. It is important to understand end-user perspectives in order to identify and design effective risk management artefacts. This paper discusses four studies of different high-hazard industry worker populations (agriculture, oil and gas, boardroom and industrial contracting) that were conducted to understand risk management practices and opportunities in different environments. The work demonstrates that it is possible to identify novel insights directly from end-users that can assist in prioritizing and clarifying further risk improvement opportunities and research needs.