bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic MIL‐101(Cr)‐NH2 nanocomposite for extraction of nine parabens from chili powder and facial toner using LC–MS/MS
Authors: Zac R Antonia Trisha , Jung Wei‐Ting , Kuo Yen‐Jung , Lee Hui‐Ling
Published: May 2024

Parabens are frequently used preservatives in food and personal care products. These are also termed endocrine disruptors which have the potential to damage the endocrine system Therefore, an easy and facile extraction and detection of parabens are critically important. This work evaluates different magnetic sorbents such as Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr), Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)@NH2, and Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)@SO3H for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and further selected Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)@NH2 to determine paraben content in chili powder and facial toner samples. Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)@NH2 is an efficient sorbent material specially designed for MSPE, which profoundly extracted nine parabens within a short span of just 6 min, driven by π–π interaction and hydrogen bonding. And a detailed optimization and LC–MS/MS analysis was carried out. Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)@NH2 exhibited superior extraction efficiency, enabling subsequent quantification via LC–MS/MS. The limit of detection ranged from 0.063 to 0.622 ng mL−1 and limit of quantification of 0.211 to 2.073 ng mL−1 were a good recovery in the range of 76.2%–108%. An effective detection of eight parabens in chili powder and four parabens in facial toner samples was determined indicating that Fe3O4@MIL‐101(Cr)‐NH2 sorbents are suitable for MSPE.
Maternal psychological distress and temperament traits in children from infancy to late childhood
Authors: Lahti‐Pulkkinen Marius , Lähdepuro Anna , Lahti Jari , Girchenko Polina , Pyhälä Riikka , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Villa Pia M. , Laivuori Hannele , Kajantie Eero , Heinonen Kati , Räikkönen Katri
Published: May 2024

Background

Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament. Whether associations persist into late childhood, whether maternal distress is associated with temperament change from infancy to late childhood, whether associations are independent of maternal concurrent distress, and whether maternal distress has sensitive exposure periods on child temperament remain unclear.

Methods

Our study includes mother‐child dyads from Finnish, prospective Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study. The mothers completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale: biweekly up to 14 times during pregnancy; once in infancy (at child age 4–12 months); and once in late childhood (at child age 7–11 years). They also completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised at the infancy (n = 2538) and Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire at the late childhood (n = 2004; 1693 children had data at both follow‐ups) follow‐up on child negative affectivity, extraversion and effortful control. We examined the associations of maternal distress with child temperament with linear regression, linear mixed and Bayesian relevant lifecourse exposure models.

Results

Maternal distress during pregnancy was associated with higher negative affectivity and lower effortful control in children in infancy and late childhood. Maternal distress during pregnancy was also associated with increases in negative affectivity, decreases in effortful Control, and smaller decreases in extraversion from infancy to late childhood. The associations with late childhood temperament and temperament change were independent of maternal concurrent distress. Late childhood was a sensitive period for lifetime‐to‐date effects of maternal distress on late childhood negative affectivity and effortful control. Distress during pregnancy and infancy had smaller contributions.

Conclusions

Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with individual differences and change in child temperament from infancy to late childhood. However, distress during pregnancy has a smaller effect on late childhood temperament than maternal concurrent distress.
Charisma: The Perpetuation of an Ambiguous Locution
Authors: Hill John C.
Published: May 2024

Historically, scholars examining charisma within the context of leadership have provided an ambiguous definition of charisma pertaining to a leader's ability to influence followers around collective goals. Charisma can become quite convoluted and ambiguous within the context of leadership. One reason for the ambiguity is no unified conceptualization of charisma exists. Herein is an examination of charisma considering its historical footings and its underpinnings related to people's propensity to be emotionally influenced and aroused to gain a deeper understanding of charismatic leadership. Overall, the purpose of the article was to systematically review, organize, and present a body of literature exploring charismatic leadership. The following research questions guided the systematic literature review: What is charisma within the context of leadership, and how is it measured?
Deregulation of immune response contributing to fulminant hepatitis in HEV infected pregnant women
Authors: Liang Yining , Zhang Jiayue , Luo Dehong , Cheng Lixin , Wang Yijin ,   Chinese Consortium for the Study of Hepatitis E (CCSHE)
Published: May 2024

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pregnant women is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. The high mortality in this population appears to be associated with hormonal changes and consequent immunological changes. This study conducted an analysis of immune responses in pregnant women infected with HEV manifesting varying severity. Data mining analysis of the GSE79197 was utilized to examine differentially biological functions in pregnant women with HEV infection (P‐HEV) versus without HEV infection (P‐nHEV), P‐HEV progressing to ALF (P‐ALF) versus P‐HEV, and P‐HEV versus non‐pregnant women with HEV infection (nP‐HEV). We found cellular response to interleukin and immune response‐regulating signalings were activated in P‐HEV compared with P‐nHEV. However, there was a significant decrease of immune responses, such as T cell activation, leukocyte cell‐cell adhesion, regulation of lymphocyte activation, and immune response‐regulating signaling pathway in P‐ALF patient than P‐HEV patient. Compared with nP‐HEV, MHC protein complex binding function was inhibited in P‐HEV. Further microRNA enrichment analysis showed that MAPK and T cell receptor signaling pathways were inhibited in P‐HEV compared with nP‐HEV. In summary, immune responses were activated during HEV infection while being suppressed when developing ALF during pregnancy, heightening the importance of immune mediation in the pathogenesis of severe outcome in HEV infected pregnant women.
Risk factors for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Yao Lu , Shi Yuan , Fu Jiaji , Fang Xiaowei , Zhang Hongling , Luo Dengli , Zhou Yi , Pan Aijun , Yu Yuan , Yang Xiaobo , Shu Huaqing , Zou Xiaojing , Xu Jiqian , Shang You
Published: May 2024

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life‐threatening complication in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), yet SFTS‐associated IPA (SAPA)'s risk factors remain undefined. A multicenter retrospective cohort study across Hubei and Anhui provinces (May 2013–September 2022) utilized least absoluteshrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression for variable selection. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of SAPA, Cox regression highlighted mortality‐related risk factors. Of the 1775 screened SFTS patients, 1650 were included, with 169 developing IPA, leading to a 42‐day mortality rate of 26.6% among SAPA patients. Multivariable logistic regression revealed SAPA risk factors including advanced age, petechia, hemoptysis, tremor, low albumin levels, elongated activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, glucocorticoid usage, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and prolonged hospital stays. Cox regression identified predictors of 42‐day mortality, including ecchymosis at venipuncture sites, absence of ICU admission, elongated prothrombin time (PT), vasopressor and glucocorticoid use, non‐antifungals. Nomograms constructed on these predictors registered concordance indexes of 0.855 (95% CI: 0.826–0.884) and 0.778 (95% CI: 0.702–0.854) for SAPA onset and 42‐day mortality, respectively. Lower survival rates for SAPA patients treated with glucocorticoids (p < 0.001) and improved 14‐day survival with antifungal therapy (p = 0.036). Improving IPA management in SFTS‐endemic areas is crucial, with effective predictive tool.
IDO‐1 inhibition improves outcome after fluid percussion injury in adult male rats
Authors: Sadek Marawan , Stover Kurt R. , Liu Xiaojing , Reed Mark A. , Weaver Donald F. , Reid Aylin Y.
Published: May 2024

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the rate‐limiting step in the kynurenine pathway (KP) which produces both neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites. Neuroinflammatory signals produced as a result of pathological conditions can increase production of IDO1 and boost its enzymatic capacity. IDO1 and the KP have been implicated in behavioral recovery after human traumatic brain injury (TBI), but their roles in experimental models of TBI are for the most part unknown. We hypothesized there is an increase in KP activity in the fluid percussion injury (FPI) model of TBI, and that administration of an IDO1 inhibitor will improve neurological recovery. In this study, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to FPI or sham injury and received twice‐daily oral administration of the IDO1 inhibitor PF‐06840003 (100 mg/kg) or vehicle control. FPI resulted in a significant increase in KP activity, as demonstrated by an increased ratio of kynurenine: tryptophan, in the perilesional neocortex and ipsilateral hippocampus 3 days postinjury (DPI), which normalized by 7 DPI. The increase in KP activity was prevented by PF‐06840003. IDO1 inhibition also improved memory performance as assessed in the Barnes maze and anxiety behaviors as assessed in open field testing in the first 28 DPI. These results suggest increased KP activity after FPI may mediate neurological dysfunction, and IDO1 inhibition should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic target to improve recovery.
Creating pragmatic, rapid‐cycle, evidence‐based innovation: The Kaiser Permanente Northern California Delivery Science and Applied Research (DARE) program
Authors: Corley Douglas A. , Schmittdiel Julie A. , Rouillard Smita , Chen Yi‐Fen , Lieu Tracy A.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Ongoing crises in the quality, affordability, sustainability, value, and equity of U.S. healthcare call for rapid, massive‐scale innovations across multiple specialties. Physician groups and healthcare organizations commit significant monetary and personnel investments for innovation and improvement efforts, but most lack over‐arching systems theory‐supported conceptual frameworks for efficiently coordinating the timely, large‐volume idea generation, refinement, prioritization, evidence development, implementation, and re‐evaluation strategies needed for rapid‐cycle improvements in health care delivery, outcomes, and value.

Methods

This article describes one large‐scale, generalizable model: The Permanente Medical Group's (TPMG) Delivery Science and Applied Research (DARE) program within Kaiser Permanente Northern California. This organization‐level initiative was designed to: (1) elicit clinical innovation and quality concerns across clinical specialties; (2) prioritize these questions for next‐step evaluations; (3) create dedicated analytic, research, and clinical expertise to rapidly study the questions generated; (4) develop communities of clinician‐researchers, embedded within their specialties' clinical operations, who gather ideas for evaluation, generate evidence, and facilitate implementation of research results (a.k.a. evidence‐based innovators); and (5) broadly disseminate findings, to connect results with potential next‐step implementation.

Results

The DARE program and its components rapidly led to more than 200 recently completed or ongoing projects, informed care changes, influenced national guidelines, developed communities of evidence‐based clinician innovators in 15 specialties, and empowered new paths for career diversity and physician wellness. Key factors in the DARE program's success include explicitly defining high‐impact ideas; engaging researchers with analysts experienced with large clinical data systems; developing several research funding mechanisms scaled to project size; prioritizing rapid and efficient project completion; supporting clinician‐investigators embedded within their specialties; and structured organization‐wide dissemination of findings for informing potential implementation.

Conclusions

High‐volume, evidence‐based innovation programs can be important, scale‐able, reproducible models for different settings for increasing quality, affordability, sustainability, value, and equity in healthcare and furthering the difficult‐to‐achieve concept of developing sustainable learning healthcare systems.
Ultra high‐frequency ultrasound of fascicles in the ulnar and radial nerves
Authors: Meiling James B. , Gandhi Mehta Rachana K. , Baute Penry Vanessa , Cartwright Michael S. , McGhee Marisa Barclay
Published: May 2024

Introduction/Aims

Ultra high‐frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) has been demonstrated to allow easy visualization and quantification of median and digital nerve fascicles; however, there is a lack of normative data for other upper limb nerves. The purpose of this study was to use UHFUS to establish normative reference values and ranges for fascicle count and density within selected upper extremity nerves.

Methods

Twenty‐one healthy volunteers underwent sonographic examination of the ulnar, superficial branch of the radial, and radial nerves on one upper limb using UHFUS with a 48 MHz linear transducer. The number of fascicles in each peripheral nerve and fascicle density were assessed.

Results

The mean fascicle number and fascicle density for each of the measured nerves was ulnar nerve at the wrist 11.7 and 2.0, ulnar nerve at the elbow 9.2 and 1.1, superficial branch of the radial nerve 7.3 and 2.5, and radial nerve at the spiral groove 4.2 and 0.8. A single significant association was observed between CSA and fascicle number in the ulnar nerve at the wrist (p = .023, r = 0.66). Neither fascicle number nor density could be predicted by age, sex, height, weight, or body mass index.

Discussion

UHFUS may help to establish a baseline of normative data on upper limb nerves that are not frequently biopsied due to their mixed motor and sensory functions and has the potential for increased understanding of nerve fascicular anatomy to improve diagnostic accuracy of focal nerve lesions, particularly those with selective fascicular involvement.
Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for dynamic viscoelasticity models of power‐law type
Authors: Jang Yongseok , Shaw Simon
Published: May 2024

Linear viscoelasticity can be characterized by a stress relaxation function. We consider a power‐law type stress relaxation to yield a fractional order viscoelasticity model. The governing equation is a Volterra integral problem of the second kind with a weakly singular kernel. We employ spatially discontinuous Galerkin methods, symmetric interior penalty Galerkin method (SIPG) for spatial discretization, and the implicit finite difference schemes in time, Crank–Nicolson method. Further, in order to manage the weak singularity in the Volterra kernel, we use a linear interpolation technique. We present a priori stability and error analyses without relying on Grönwall's inequality, and so provide high quality bounds that do not increase exponentially in time. This indicates that our numerical scheme is well‐suited for long‐time simulations. Despite the limited regularity in time, we establish suboptimal fractional order accuracy in time as well as optimal convergence of SIPG. We carry out numerical experiments with varying regularity of exact solutions to validate our error estimates. Finally, we present numerical simulations based on real material data.
Untargeted metabolomics using UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap HRMS for identifying cytotoxic compounds on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells from Annona muricata Linn leaf extracts as potential anticancer agents
Authors: Septaningsih Dewi Anggraini , Suparto Irma Herawati , Achmadi Suminar Setiati , Heryanto Rudi , Rafi Mohamad
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The leaves of Annona muricata L., known as “soursop” or “sirsak” in Indonesia, are used traditionally for cancer treatment. However, the bioactive components remain largely unidentified.

Objective

This study used untargeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS)‐based metabolomics to identify potential cytotoxic compounds in A. muricata leaf extracts on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro.

Methods

A. muricata leaves were macerated with water, 99% ethanol, and aqueous mixtures containing 30%, 50%, and 80% ethanol. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts against MCF‐7 breast cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–Q‐Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectroscopy (UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐HRMS) was used to characterize the metabolite composition of each extract. The correlations between metabolite profile and cytotoxic activities were evaluated using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA). The binding of these bioactive compounds to the tumorigenic alpha‐estrogen receptor (3ERT) was then evaluated by in silico docking simulations.

Results

Ninety‐nine percent ethanol extracts demonstrated the greatest potency for reducing MCF‐7 cell viability (IC50 = 22 μg/ml). We detected 35 metabolites in ethanol extracts, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and acetogenins. OPLS‐DA predicted that annoreticuin, squadiolin C, and xylopine, and six unknown acetogenin metabolites, might reduce MCF‐7 cell viability. In silico analysis predicted that annoreticuin, squadiolin C, and xylopine bind to 3ERT with an affinity comparable to doxorubicin.

Conclusion

Untargeted metabolomics and in silico modeling identified cytotoxic compounds on MCF‐7 cells and binding affinity to 3ERT in A. muricata leaf extracts. The findings need to be further verified to prove the screening results.
The incremental yield of prenatal exome sequencing over chromosome microarray for congenital heart abnormalities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Reilly K. , Sonner S. , McCay N. , Rolnik D. L. , Casey F. , Seale A. N. , Watson C. J. , Kan A. , Lai T. H. T. , Chung B. H. Y. , Diderich K. E. M. , Srebniak M. I. , Dempsey E. , Drury S. , Giordano J. , Wapner R. , Kilby M. D. , Chitty L. S. , Mone F.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To determine the incremental yield of prenatal exome sequencing (PES) over standard testing in fetuses with an isolated congenital heart abnormality (CHA), CHA associated with extra‐cardiac malformations (ECMs) and CHA dependent upon anatomical subclassification.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and grey literature January 2010‐February 2023. Studies were selected if they included greater than 20 cases of prenatally diagnosed CHA when standard testing (QF‐PCR/chromosome microarray/karyotype) was negative. Pooled incremental yield was determined. PROSPERO CRD 42022364747.

Results

Overall, 21 studies, incorporating 1957 cases were included. The incremental yield of PES (causative pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants) over standard testing was 17.4% (95% CI, 13.5%–21.6%), 9.3% (95% CI, 6.6%–12.3%) and 35.9% (95% CI, 21.0%–52.3%) for all CHAs, isolated CHAs and CHAs associated with ECMs. The subgroup with the greatest yield was complex lesions/heterotaxy; 35.2% (95% CI 9.7%–65.3%). The most common syndrome was Kabuki syndrome (31/256, 12.1%) and most pathogenic variants occurred de novo and in autosomal dominant (monoallelic) disease causing genes (114/224, 50.9%).

Conclusion

The likelihood of a monogenic aetiology in fetuses with multi‐system CHAs is high. Clinicians must consider the clinical utility of offering PES in selected isolated cardiac lesions.
Water‐tree aging characteristics of chloroacetic acid allyl ester grafted crosslinked polyethylene
Authors: Ma Fenglian , Zhang Chengcheng , Li Changming , Xu Zhenyu , Zhao Hong
Published: May 2024

To investigate the inhibition effect of chloroacetic acid allyl ester (CAAE) grafting modification on water‐tree aging in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), CAAE grafted XLPE (XLPE‐g‐CAAE) with different CAAE contents are prepared by melt blending and grafting modification method. The accelerated water‐tree aging experiments are carried out by the water‐blade electrode method. It is found that XLPE‐g‐CAAE has a great inhibitory effect on the water‐tree aging compared to XLPE, and XLPE‐g‐CAAE with 1.0 phr CAAE has the most significant effect on the water‐tree growth in the scope of the study. The microstructure of XLPE and XLPE‐g‐CAAE is investigated by thermal elongation, gel content, and static water contact angle, respectively. The results show that the grafting of CAAE containing polar groups can enhance the polarity of XLPE and improve the hydrophilicity, which has a dispersing effect on the polar water molecules entering the polymer. Thus, the water molecules are not easy to gather, inhibiting the water‐tree growth. Meanwhile, although the mechanical properties of XLPE‐g‐CAAE decrease to a small extent, and the relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increase slightly, but the performance still meet the requirements of water‐tree resistance XLPE cable insulation.

Highlights

CAAE with polar groups was successfully grafted onto XLPE.

The polar groups can enhance the polarity of XLPE to improve the hydrophilicity.

CAAE grafting can inhibit the water‐tree growth in XLPE.

The dielectric properties meet the requirements of water‐tree resistance XLPE.
Influence of structural variations in polysarcosine functionalized lipids on lipid nanoparticle‐mediated mRNA delivery
Authors: Tan Runcheng , Huang Guangqi , Wei Cong , He Zepeng , Zhao Tianyu , Shi Yi , Liu Zhijia , Chen Yongming
Published: May 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been demonstrated to be potent and well‐tolerated vehicles for delivering mRNA in vaccination and therapeutics. However, the presence of anti‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) antibodies in the body resulted in the problems of hypersensitivity reaction, accelerated blood clearance and high systemic reactogenicity after repeated dosing of PEG lipid‐contained LNPs, thus limiting the utility for in vivo messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery. Here, we synthesized well‐defined polysarcosine functionalized lipids (pSar‐lipids) with various hydrophobic tail lengths and molecular weights by the accelerated ring‐opening polymerization of sarcosine N‐carboxyanhydride (NCA). The obtained pSar‐lipids were utilized as PEG lipid alternatives to explore structure–activity relationships of pSar‐lipid‐based LNPs. The results demonstrated that pSar‐lipid‐based LNPs by intravenous administration represented higher mRNA delivery efficiency in the liver and spleen with the increased hydrophobic tail length of pSar‐lipids. Importantly, more significant preference for mRNA delivery into the liver was identified by increasing the molecular weight of pSar segments. As a result, this work elucidated the effect of structural variations in pSar‐lipids on LNP‐mediated in vivo mRNA delivery, providing clues to optimize pSar‐lipids as potential alternatives to PEG lipids for developing next‐generation of LNP delivery systems.
Age‐related effects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and subsequent asthma exacerbation in children
Authors: Ha Eun Kyo , Jin Joo Ok , Kim Ju Hee , Shin Jeewon , Lee Gi Chun , Cha Hye Ryeong , Choi Sun Hee , Han Man Yong
Published: May 2024

Background

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes community‐acquired pneumonia in children and increases asthma risk, but large studies are lacking.

Objective

To assess the link between M. pneumoniae infection and to asthma exacerbation, in children with allergies, and age of infection impact.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed medical records of South Korean children between January 2002 and December 2017. The study's exposure was hospitalization with an M. pneumoniae‐related diagnosis, and the outcome was defined as asthma exacerbation, confirmed by hospitalization at least 6 months after M. pneumoniae infection, with alternative validation using asthma diagnosis and systemic steroid prescription records. Hazard ratios (HRs) for asthma exacerbation risk were estimated for the matched cohort using a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by allergic comorbidities. Time‐dependent covariates and age‐stratified exposure groups were used to calculate odds ratios.

Results

The study included 84,074 children with M. pneumoniae infection and 336,296 unexposed children. Follow‐up for 12.2 ± 2.3 years found the exposed group had a significant risk of asthma exacerbation (HR 2.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.67−3.06) regardless of allergic comorbidities. The risk was highest (over threefold) in children infected between 24 and 71 months. Sensitivity analysis using an alternative definition of the outcome showed an HR of 1.38 (95% CI 1.35−1.42), further supporting the association between M. pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbation.

Conclusion

M. pneumoniae infection was significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent asthma exacerbation regardless of allergic comorbidities. Further research needed for understanding and confirmation.
Reproducible preclinical models of androgen receptor driven human prostate cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Yin JuanJuan , Daryanani Asha , Lu Fan , Ku Anson T. , Bright John R. , Alilin Aian Neil S. , Bowman Joel , Lake Ross , Li Chennan , Truong Tri M. , Twohig Joseph D. , Mostaghel Elahe A. , Ishikawa Masaki , Simpson Mark , Trostel Shana Y. , Corey Eva , Sowalsky Adam G. , Kelly Kathleen
Published: May 2024

Background

Preclinical models recapitulating the metastatic phenotypes are essential for developing the next‐generation therapies for metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). We aimed to establish a cohort of clinically relevant mPC models, particularly androgen receptor positive (AR+) bone metastasis models, from LuCaP patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) that reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of mPC.

Methods

PDX tumors were dissociated into single cells, modified to express luciferase, and were inoculated into NSG mice via intracardiac injection. The progression of metastases was monitored by bioluminescent imaging. Histological phenotypes of metastases were characterized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Castration responses were further investigated in two AR‐positive models.

Results

Our PDX‐derived metastasis (PDM) model collection comprises three AR+ adenocarcinomas (ARPC) and one AR− neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEPC). All ARPC models developed bone metastases with either an osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed phenotype, while the NEPC model mainly developed brain metastasis. Different mechanisms of castration resistance were observed in two AR+ PDM models with distinct genotypes, such as combined loss of TP53 and RB1 in one model and expression of AR splice variant 7 (AR‐V7) expression in another model. Intriguingly, the castration‐resistant tumors displayed inter‐ and intra‐tumor as well as organ‐specific heterogeneity in lineage specification.

Conclusion

Genetically diverse PDM models provide a clinically relevant system for biomarker identification and personalized medicine in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer.
A critique on the use of the belief statistic for process monitoring
Authors: Haq Abdul , Woodall William H.
Published: May 2024

Recently, several control charts have been proposed in the statistical process monitoring literature based on a belief statistic. In this article we compare the zero‐state average run‐lengths and conditional expected delay profiles of the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and belief statistic‐based (BSB) charts. We show that an ordinary EWMA chart is far better than the BSB chart when detecting delayed shifts in the mean of a normally distributed process.
Protocol for Nonlinear State Discrimination in Rotating Condensate
Authors: Geller Michael R.
Published: May 2024

Nonlinear mean field dynamics enables quantum information processing operations that are impossible in linear one‐particle quantum mechanics. In this approach, a register of bosonic qubits (such as neutral atoms or polaritons) is initialized into a symmetric product state through condensation, then subsequently controlled by varying the qubit‐qubit interaction. An experimental implementation of quantum state discrimination, an important subroutine in quantum computation, with a toroidal Bose–Einstein condensate is proposed. The condensed bosons here are atoms, each in the same superposition of angular momenta 0 and , encoding a qubit. A nice feature of the protocol is that only a readout of individual quantized circulation states (not superpositions) is required.
Entangling Two Giant Atoms via a Topological Waveguide
Authors: Luo Wen‐Bin , Yin Xian‐Li , Liao Jie‐Qiao
Published: May 2024

The entanglement generation of two two‐level giant atoms coupled to a photonic waveguide, which is formed by a Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) type coupled‐cavity array is studied. Here, each atom is coupled to the waveguide through two coupling points.The two‐atom separate‐coupling case is studied, and 16 coupling configurations are considered for the coupling‐point distributions between the two atoms and the waveguide. Quantum master equations are derived to govern the evolution of the two atoms and characterize atomic entanglement by calculating the concurrence of the two‐atom states. It is found that the two giant‐atom entanglement depends on the coupling configurations and the coupling‐point distance of the giant atoms. In particular, the entanglement dynamics of the two giant atoms in 14 coupling configurations depend on the dimerization parameter of the SSH waveguide. According to the self‐energies of the two giant atoms, it is found that ten of these 16 coupling configurations can be divided into five pairs. It is also showed that the delayed sudden birth of entanglement between the two giant atoms is largely enhanced in these five pairs of coupling configurations. This work will promote the study of quantum effects and coherent manipulation in giant‐atom topological‐waveguide‐QED.
Prevalence and factors associated with viral non‐suppression in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mosha Idda H. , Nyondo Goodluck G. , Munishi Castory G. , Njiro Belinda J. , Bwire George M.
Published: May 2024

Despite advances in HIV treatment, the burden of viral non‐suppression (VNS) remains a treatment success concern, particularly in Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with VNS for people living with HIV (PLHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review, registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023470234), conducted an extensive search for evidence, focusing on PLHIV living in SSA on ART from the year 2000 to 19th October 2023, across databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 2357 articles were screened, from which 32 studies met the criteria for the final analysis, involving 756,620 PLHIV of all ages. The pooled prevalance for VNS was found to be 20.0% (95% CI: 15.43%–25.52%, I2 = 100%, p‐value <0.01) Children and adolescents demonstrated the highest prevalence of VNS (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL) at 27.98% (95% CI: 21.91%–34.97%, I2 = 94%, p‐value <0.01). The study revealed various factors associated with increased odds (risk) of VNS, p‐value <0.05. These factors encompassed socio‐demographics such as sex, age, education level, and marital status. Additionally, aspects related to HIV care, such as the facility attended, HIV status disclosure and adherence exhibited higher odds of VNS. Suboptimal ART adherence, longer duration on ART, socio‐economic factors, lack of family and social support, presence of co‐morbidities, advanced WHO HIV clinical stage, ART regimens, lower CD4+ count, abnormal body mass index, history of treatment interruptions, and progression of HIV illness were associated with VNS. Furthermore, behavioural/psychological factors including depression, substance use, negative perceptions towards ART, experiences of abuse, alcohol use, stigma, and certain patterns of sexual behaviour were also identified as factors for VNS. The occurrence of two VNS to every ten PLHIV on ART poses a threat to the progress made towards reaching the third 95% UNAIDS target in SSA. Additionally, these findings highlight the intricate interplay of various factors, encompassing patient characteristics, behavioural patterns, sociocultural influences, and pharmacological factors, all impacting VNS among PLHIV. Recognising its multifaceted nature, we recommend designing and implementing high impact interventions to effectively address VNS in SSA.
Doing good while making profits: A typology of business models for social ventures
Authors: De Cuyper Lien , Clarysse Bart , Wright Mike
Published: May 2024

Research Summary

Building on business model research and the social entrepreneurship literature, we conceptually develop a set of business model choices for social ventures. These choices specify the scope of venture beneficiaries, the extent that customers and beneficiaries overlap, and how social meaning is attached to the venture's value proposition. Concurrent configurations of these choices give rise to four types of social business models: (1) Social Stimulators, (2) Social Providers, (3) Social Producers, and (4) Social Intermediaries. We illustrate this typology using data from seven social ventures and formulate propositions about the implications these business model choices have for a venture's value creation and value capture potential. We then discuss contributions to the literature on social ventures and social entrepreneurship, and the literature on business models.

Managerial Summary

In this article, we propose a framework outlining key business model choices for social ventures. These choices include the scope of target beneficiaries of the venture, the degree of overlap between customers and beneficiaries, and how the venture communicates its social mission through its value proposition. By combining these choices in different ways, we identify four distinct types of social business models which we call Social Stimulators, Social Providers, Social Producers, and Social Intermediaries. To bring this framework to life, we have examined data from seven real‐world social ventures, offering concrete examples to illustrate each type. For each of these four types of social business models, we have also formulated propositions about how the business model choices impact a venture's value creation and value capture potential.
Propensity score matching for estimating a marginal hazard ratio
Authors: Wang Tongrong , Zhao Honghe , Yang Shu , Tang Shuhan , Cui Zhanglin , Li Li , Faries Douglas E.
Published: May 2024

Propensity score matching is commonly used to draw causal inference from observational survival data. However, its asymptotic properties have yet to be established, and variance estimation is still open to debate. We derive the statistical properties of the propensity score matching estimator of the marginal causal hazard ratio based on matching with replacement and a fixed number of matches. We also propose a double‐resampling technique for variance estimation that takes into account the uncertainty due to propensity score estimation prior to matching.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Oxidative Desulfurization‐Oxygenation in Cyclic Thio‐Amide
Authors: Das Partha , Das Paramita , Mondal Souvik , Ray Suman
Published: May 2024

Visible‐light assisted a very simple and mild protocol for photocatalytic oxidative transformation of thioamide to amide group has been realized in cyclic system. For this purpose 5‐arylalkylidene‐rhodanine derivatives were chosen as model substrates to afford thiazolidine‐2,4‐diones. Light mediated reactions are intrinsically beneficial, since activation occurs by cleanest energy source light. Here K2S2O8 is used as terminal oxidant which does not leave any hazardous and corrosive waste to discard after the reaction fostering the practices of green chemistry. This is the first report of conversion of thioxo group in rhodanine derivatives into the corresponding oxygen analogue by visible light photo‐catalytic method. The reaction was very general since various 5‐arylalkylidene‐rhodanines underwent the reaction smoothly affording high product yields. Moreover, the broadness of this protocol was further established by applying this reaction on other systems like 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐(thio)ones.
Mechanism Studies in Electrochemical Depolymerization Processes of Alkali and Organosolv Lignin
Authors: Liu Fuqiao , Zeng Qiang , Guo Zixuan , Gao Mengqiao
Published: May 2024

To better understand the process and mechanism of lignin structural changes and relative product formation during PbO2 anode electrolysis, a Ti/Sb−SnO2/PbO2 composite electrode has been prepared and utilized for the alkaline electrolytic oxidation of both alkali lignin (AL) and bagasse organosolv lignin (OL). By combining electrochemical measurements, in‐situ FTIR, 2D‐HSQC NMR, and product distribution analysis, we not only investigate the impact of influence factors on the process of lignin depolymerization, but also reveal the depolymerization mechanism from the whole process of lignin structural changes in details. Under certain electrolysis conditions, the highest vanillin yield, 10.1 mg g−1, has been obtained through the electrolysis of alkali lignin, whereas the highest syringaldehyde yield of 4.0 mg g−1 has been achieved during the electrolysis of organic solvent lignin. In particular, AL mainly performs depolymerization through the selective cleavage C−C bonds to produce a series of G unit monomer products of vanillin, acetovanillone, and vanillic acid. By contrast, the depolymerization of OL shows significant selectivity in H units. Particularly, the production of the major H unit monomer product of 4‐vinylphenol has been confirmed by IR spectroelectrochemical studies from the oxidation and decarboxylation of p‐coumaric acid unit.
Highly Active Cu@NC Catalyst Derived from Porous Organic Polymer for Solvent‐Free Coupling of Acyl Chlorides with Alkynes
Authors: Tang Chenghao , Song Chaoyang
Published: May 2024

Copper promoted Sonogashira coupling has recently emerged as an attractive route for synthesizing α, β‐Acetylenic ketones (ynones). In this study, a porous organic polymer based on [2,6‐Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine] (BTP) was prepared through oxidative coupling. By incorporating copper salt and subsequent pyrolysis, copper encapsulated N‐doped carbon materials were obtained. The resulting copper/carbon materials exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the coupling of acyl chlorides and alkynes due to their large surface area, abundant mesopores, and uniformly distributed metal nanoparticles. The reaction proceeded efficiently, yielding ynones with good to excellent yields at room temperature within a short reaction time (4 h) using only 0.4 mol % catalyst. Compared to previously reported copper nanocatalysts, the N‐doped carbon materials supported copper catalyst demonstrated higher catalytic activity and operated at lower reaction temperatures. Additionally, the catalyst displayed reliable recyclability without any significant loss in catalytic activity.
Enamino Barbiturates as Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Agents: Studies on Synthesis, Biological Activities, and Molecular Modeling
Authors: Shtaiwi Majed , Abu Sarhan Ayman H. , Aljaar Nayyef , Shtaiwi Amneh , Abu‐Sini Mohammad , Alwahsh Mohammad , Hamadneh Lama , Malakar Chandi C. , Abu‐Safieh Kayed A.
Published: May 2024

In the present study, the aimed enamines 3 a–j were synthesized with yield ranging between 65 and 81 % by the reaction of 5‐((dimethylamino)methylene)‐1,3‐dimethylpyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H,5H) ‐trione (2) with different amines at room temperature (25 °C). The structures of all synthesized compounds were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking studies of the new compounds 3 a–j were carried out with human estrogen receptor (hER) enzyme to evaluate their activities as an effective drug molecules. It was investigated that the compounds 3 b, 3 e, 3 f and 3 j revealed the best binding affinities. All new compounds were evaluated towards antifungal activities, which conceded that the compound 3 e displayed a remarkable antifungal activity compared to the Fluconazole and Nystatin, and its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) found to be 0.011 mM, while for Fluconazole the MIC value exhibited at 0.046 mM. Additionally, the toxicity for the new compounds found to be better than tamoxifen on MCF‐7 cells and among these molecules, the compound 3 e displayed the lowest IC50 value.
Modified Sodium Alginate for Degradable Supramolecular Plastic with High Mechanical Strength
Authors: Liu Yingying , Niu Qianjie , Chen Zhaomin , Zhang Binchi , Jiang Jiwei , Zhang Hui , Song Bo , Dong Bin
Published: May 2024

Plastic products are widely used in daily life. However, due to the non‐degradability, these plastics pose a great threat to the ecological environment and may even endanger human's health or animal's life. In this paper, we report a degradable and reusable supramolecular plastic. This plastic consists of FeCl3 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified sodium alginate (SA). Notably, this plastic exhibits excellent mechanical properties, i. e. it can withstand a load as heavy as 15 kg. This superior mechanical property originates from the double crosslinked network formed based on coordination interaction between Fe3+ and −COOH and hydrogen bonding among −OH, −COOH and oxygen atom from PEG. In addition, this plastic can be reused for multiple times with negligible change in the mechanical strength and is fully degradable. We thus believe the supramolecular plastic reported in the current study may show great promises in the practical fields.
A Lead‐Free Tin Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Material with Reversible Phase Transition and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Wang Meng‐Na , Luo Yi‐Xin , Zhao Meng , Zhao Man , Wang Fang‐Xin , Fan Xiao‐Wei , Tan Yu‐Hui
Published: May 2024

This article reports a novel lead‐free phase‐transition material (C8H10ClN)2SnCl6 (1), which undergoes a high‐temperature phase change at close to 377 K. The multi temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) also confirmed the phase transition occurred in compound 1. Significantly, compound 1 produces light emission at 452 nm. Variable temperature fluorescence studies indicate that the spectral emission maximum of compound 1 remains substantially fixed at 452 nm with increasing temperatures, implying the presence of a certain degree of photoluminescence stability in compound 1. Furthermore, compound 1 is characterized by exceptional semiconductor attributes, possessing a band gap of 3.76 eV. This pioneering study presents an innovative option for optimizing the growth and practical implementation of Sn (IV)‐based organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite phase‐transition materials, and offers a strategic avenue to create novel lead‐free, eco‐friendly materials.
Single‐Pd‐Site Catalyst Induced by Different Dimensional Nitrogen of N‐Doping Carbon for Efficient Hydroaminocarbonylation of Alkynes
Authors: Cai Yutong , Zhang Yanan , Song Xiangen , Feng Siquan , Yuan Qiao , Li Xingju , Qiao Panzhe , Li Bin , Mu Jiali , Yan Li , Wu Xiao‐feng , Ding Yunjie
Published: May 2024

The unsaturated amides are traditionally synthesized by acylation of carboxylic acids or hydration of nitrile compounds but are rarely investigated by hydroaminocarbonylation of alkynes using heterogeneous single‐metal‐site catalysts (HSMSCs). Herein, single‐Pd‐site catalysts supported on N‐doping carbon (NC) with different nitrogen dimensions inherited from corresponding metal‐organic‐framework precursors are successfully synthesized. 2D NC‐supported single‐Pd‐site (Pd1/NC‐2D) exhibited the best performance with near 100% selectivity and 76% yield of acrylamide for acetylene hydroaminocarbonylation with better stability, superior to those of Pd1/NC‐3D, single‐metal‐site/nanoparticle coexisting catalyst, and nanoparticle catalyst. The coordination environment and molecular evolution of the single‐Pd‐site during the process of acetylene hydroaminocarbonylation on Pd1/NC‐2D are detailly illuminated by various characterizations and density functional theoretical calculations (DFT). DFT also showed the energy barrier of rate‐determining step on Pd1/NC‐2D is lower than that of Pd1/NC‐3D. Furthermore, Pd1/NC‐2D catalyst illustrated the general applicability of the hydroaminocarbonylation for various alkynes.
Anion Structure Regulation of Cobalt Silicate Hydroxide Endowing Boosted Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Longmei , Wang Shengguo , Dong Xueying , Ding Chongtao , Mu Yang , Cui Miao , Hu Tao , Meng Changgong , Zhang Yifu
Published: May 2024

Transition metal silicates (TMSs) are attempted for the electrocatalyst of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their special layered structure in recent years. However, defects such as low theoretical activity and conductivity limit their application. Researchers always prefer to composite TMSs with other functional materials to make up for their deficiency, but rarely focus on the effect of intrinsic structure adjustment on their catalytic activity, especially anion structure regulation. Herein, applying the method of interference hydrolysis and vacancy reserve, new silicate vacancies (anionic regulation) are introduced in cobalt silicate hydroxide (CoSi), named SV‐CoSi, to enlarge the number and enhance the activity of catalytic sites. The overpotential of SV‐CoSi declines to 301 mV at 10 mA cm−2 compared to 438 mV of CoSi. Source of such improvement is verified to be not only the increase of active sites, but also the positive effect on the intrinsic activity due to the enhancement of cobalt‐oxygen covalence with the variation of anion structure by density functional theory (DFT) method. This work demonstrates that the feasible intrinsic anion structure regulation can improve OER performance of TMSs and provides an effective idea for the development of non‐noble metal catalyst for OER.
High‐Energy Facet Engineering for Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Wang Rui , Lee Jong‐Min
Published: May 2024

The design of high‐energy facets in electrocatalysts has attracted significant attention due to their potential to enhance electrocatalytic activity. In this review, the significance of high‐energy facets in various electrochemical reactions are highlighted, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CRR). Their importance in various electrochemical reactions and present strategies for constructing high‐energy facets are discussed, including alloying, heterostructure formation, selective etching, capping agents, and coupling with substrates. These strategies enable control over crystallographic orientation and surface morphology, fine‐tuning electrocatalytic properties. This study also addresses future directions and challenges, emphasizing the need to better understand fundamental mechanisms. Overall, high‐energy facets offer exciting opportunities for advancing electrocatalysis.