bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of Urban Political Leadership in Western Europe
Authors: Borraz Olivier , John Peter
Published: February 2004

This overview article sets out the broad themes behind the transformation of local political leadership, in particular the forces that have led to the introduction of stronger forms of local executive, such as directly elected mayors. After setting out the role of local political leadership in traditional local government and different traditions and patterns across Western Europe, the article sets out the likely factors driving the changes toward a stronger form of leadership in the more complex pattern of governing described as local governance: complex networks, the ‘new political culture’, Europeanization of public policy and institutional mimetism. The article observes that the articles in this symposium do not fully confirm these hypotheses, showing the complexity of the responses and the different contexts across Western Europe. The concluding sections draw together the implications of the stronger forms of local executive for the current practice and functioning of local politics and policy‐making: the legitimacy crisis that may have emerged from more autonomous political leaders, which combines with the decline in the conventional measures of local political participation; the lack of complementary institutional resources to assist the performance of the enhanced executive function; and the emergence of a new north‐south divide in governing styles.

Cet article général expose les grands thèmes qui sous‐tendent la transformation de l'autorité politique locale, notamment les forces qui ont conduit à l'introduction de formes d'exécutif local plus puissantes, comme l'élection des maires au suffrage direct. Après avoir expliqué le rôle d'une autorité politique locale dans un contexte classique et selon plusieurs traditions ou modèles d'Europe occidentale, l'étude s'intéresse aux facteurs susceptibles de tendre vers une forme plus forte d'autorité dans le cadre pluscompliqué d'une gouvernance locale intégrant réseaux complexes, ‘nouvelle culture politique’, européanisation des politiques publiques et mimétisme institutionnel. Les articles proposés pour ce symposium ne confirment pas totalement ces hypothèses, révélant la sophistication des réponses et la multiplicité des contextes européens. La conclusion déduit ce qu'implique le renforcement de l'exécutif local dans la pratique et le fonctionnement actuels de la politique et du processus décisionnel locaux: crise de légitimité, éventuellement née de leaders politiques plus autonomes, combinée au déclin des dispositifs classiques de participation locale; manque de ressources institutionnelles complémentaires qui faciliteraient la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle fonction exécutive; émergence d'une scission nord‐sud dans les styles de gouvernement.
Rings of Steel, Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence: Designing out Terrorism in Central London pre and post September 11th
Authors: Coaffee Jon
Published: February 2004

This article is a reaction to the rapid changes many urban areas are undertaking in attempts to counter the contemporary terrorist threat since the devastating events of September 11th. The response of central London authorities both pre‐ and post‐ September 11th is used as the lens through which to view attempts to reduce the real and perceived threat of terrorist attack through the adoption of territorial approaches to security, both physical and technological, which are increasingly being utilized at ever‐expanding spatial scales. It argues that this situation all too often produces a scenario of ‘splintered urbanism’ as security rings are thrown up around carefully selected sections of cities deemed most at risk. It further argues for a balance to be struck between competing concerns for freedom of access, mobility and other democratic freedoms, and the need for cities to adopt increasingly militarized security perspectives in their counter‐terrorism efforts.

Cet article présente une réaction aux rapides changements que de nombreuses zones urbaines entreprennent afin de contrer la menace terroriste actuelle depuis les ravages du 11 septembre. La réponse des autorités du centre de Londres, à la fois avant et après cette date, sert ainsi de loupe permettant d'observer les efforts de minimisation de cette menace d'agression, tant subjective que réelle. Il s'agit de démarches territoriales à l'égard de la sécurité (matérielle et technologique) appliquées de plus en plus souvent à des échelles spatiales sans cesse élargies. De cette situation, naît trop souvent un scénario ‘d'urbanisme fragmenté’, les anneaux de sécuritéétant jetés autour de portions soigneusement sélectionnées de villes jugées le plus en danger. L'article défend la nécessité de trouver un équilibre entre les préoccupations opposées que sont les liberté d'accès, mobilité ou autres libertés démocratiques et le besoin des villes d'adopter des perspectives sécuritaires de plus en plus militarisées dans leurs tentatives contre le terrorisme.
Truth and Justice, Inquiry and Advocacy, Science and Law
Authors: Haack Susan
Published: February 2004

Abstract. There is tension between the adversarialism of the U.S. legal culture and the investigative procedures of the sciences, and between the law's concern for finality and the open‐ended fallibilism of science. A long history of attempts to domesticate scientific testimony by legal rules of admissibility has left federal judges with broad screening responsibilities; recent adaptations of adversarialism in the form of court‐appointed experts have been criticized as “inquisitorial,” even “undemocratic.” In exploring their benefits and disadvantages, it would make sense to look to the experience of other legal systems.
Law and Economics in Common‐Law, Civil‐Law, and Developing Nations
Authors: Posner Richard A.
Published: February 2004

Abstract. The law and economics movement is the principal interdisciplinary field of legal studies. This paper traces the history of the movement and explains its basic principles, contrasts the version of the movement that predominates in the United States with the version that prevails in Europe, noting the greater emphasis of the former on substantive doctrine and of the latter on rule of law considerations, and emphasizes the importance of the movement for legal and economic reform in developing nations.
Determinants of interregional mobility in Russia
Authors: Andrienko Yuri , Guriev Sergei
Published: February 2004

The paper studies the determinants of internal migration in Russia. Using panel data on gross region‐to‐region migration flows in 1992–99, we estimate the effect of economic, political and social factors. Although overall migration is rather low, it turns out that its intensity does depend on economic factors even controlling for fixed effects for each origin–destination pair. People move from poorer and job scarce regions with worse public good provision to those which are richer and prospering better both in terms of employment prospects and public goods. Migration is, however, constrained by the lack of liquidity; for the poorest regions, an increase in income raises rather than decreases outmigration. Our estimates imply that up to a third of Russian regions are locked in poverty traps.
Patching up the Pact
Authors: Buiter Willem H. , Grafe Clemens
Published: February 2004

The paper considers the implications for the EU accession candidates of Central and Eastern Europe of the fiscal‐financial constraints imposed by the Stability and Growth Pact and the Maastricht Treaty. Our findings apply also to those current EU members whose initial conditions (e.g., infrastructure and progress in state pension reform) or other structural characteristics (e.g., demographic structure, growth potential, Balassa‐Samuelson equilibrium real exchange rate appreciation) differ significantly from the EU average. We find the existing criteria to be seriously flawed and propose an alternative rule, the Permanent Balance Rule, based on a strong form of tax smoothing.
Spontaneous (non)emergence of property rights
Authors: Polishchuk Leonid , Savvateev Alexei
Published: February 2004

The paper analyses preferences of private owners over the degree of property rights protection. It is shown that inequality in resource ownership and/or relative inefficiency of production technologies could make wealthier agents favour less than full protection of property rights. If such agents control the choice of a property rights regime, fully secured property rights will not emerge from the grassroots. This conclusion is consistent with the failure to create an efficient property rights system in Russia.
Passive protection with immunoglobulin A antibodies against tuberculous early infection of the lungs
Authors: Williams Ann , Reljic Rajko , Naylor Irene , Clark Simon O. , Falero‐Diaz Gustavo , Singh Mahavir , Challacombe Stephen , Marsh Philip D. , Ivanyi Juraj
Published: February 2004

We report on a new approach toward protection against tuberculosis, based on passive inoculation with immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. In a mouse model of tuberculous lung infection, intranasal inoculations of mice with an IgA monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the α‐crystallin antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reduced up to 10‐fold the lung bacterial counts at nine days after either aerosol‐ or intranasal challenge. This effect involved synergism between mAb inoculations shortly before and 3 days after infection. Monomeric IgA reduced the colony‐forming unit counts to the same extent as the polymeric IgA, suggesting antibody targeting to Fcα, rather than poly‐immunoglobulin receptors on infected lung macrophages. The protective effect was of short duration, presumably due to the rapid degradation of the intranasally applied IgA. Our results provide evidence of an alternative approach which could be further developed toward immunoprophylaxis against tuberculosis in immunocompromised subjects.
Platelets as an innate defence mechanism against Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice
Authors: Stanley Ronald G. , Ngaiza Justinian R. , Wambayi Edith , Lewis Jennifer , Doenhoff Michael J.
Published: February 2004

The interaction between Schistosoma mansoni and platelets of non‐immune mice has been studied in vivo and in vitro. A moderate thrombocytopaenia was observed in mice 2 days after they had been infected percutaneously with 200 cercariae. A rabbit anti‐mouse platelet antiserum, 25 µL of which injected subcutaneously induced a nearly 90% reduction in blood platelet count 24 h later, was used to investigate the effects of severe thrombocytopaenia on S. mansoni infections. In replicate experiments worm burdens were significantly increased in mice that were thrombocytopaenic at the time of infection when compared with untreated mice. Induction of thrombocytopaenia on day 4 after infection had no effect on worm count. Platelets isolated from non‐immune mice were shown to adhere to the surfaces of and kill mechanically transformed schistosomula in vitro. Platelets may thus be an innate mechanism of defence against schistosome infection, and the thrombocytopaenia that occurs during patent schistosome infections may be a strategy that helps secondarily incoming parasites evade this type of host defensiveness.
Summer diapause and nymphal growth in a subtropical cockroach: response to changing photoperiod
Authors: Zhu DAO‐Hong , Tanaka Seiji
Published: February 2004

Abstract.  The effects of photoperiod on nymphal growth and adult reproduction were investigated in a small cockroach, Margattea satsumana, living on the subtropical, Hachijo island (33°N), Japan. Nymphal development is slow under constant photoperiods at 25 °C. The shortest mean duration of nymphal development (176 days) is observed at LD 14 : 10 h, followed by LD 12 : 12 h (221 days) and LD 16 : 8 h (309 days). Nymphal development is further prolonged when the nymphs are transferred from LD 12 : 12 to LD 16 : 8 h at 90 days after hatching. However, rapid and synchronized development is observed when nymphs were transferred in the opposite direction. A decreased change in photoperiod from LD 14 : 10 to LD 12 : 12 h also reduces the duration of nymphal development, and this cannot be explained by the results obtained at constant photoperiods. Similarly, nymphs reared at LD 16 : 8 h during the first 60 days mature more rapidly when transferred to LD 12 : 12 h than when transferred to LD 14 : 10 h. The developmental suppression induced by long days may represent a form of summer diapause that is terminated rapidly by short days. Based on these observations and field‐census data, it is suggested that this cockroach has a univoltine life cycle overwintering as nondiapause adults, and that this life cycle is stabilized by the response to changing photoperiod.
Pancoast's syndrome in a patient with B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed and confirmed with immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
Authors: Takahashi Fumiyuki , Ohwada Akihiko , Higashihara Yoshie , Yoshioka Yasuko , Uekusa Toshimasa , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Dambara Takashi , Fukuchi Yoshinosuke
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Pancoast's syndrome due to malignant lymphoma is extremely rare. A case of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma presenting as Pancoast's syndrome is described. A 66‐year‐old man complained of pain and weakness of the right arm, and CXR revealed a right apical lung tumour. Histological findings were consistent with it being a diffuse large cell type lymphoma and Southern blot analysis revealed clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy‐chain JH. Thus, the tumour in this patient was diagnosed to be diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Malignant lymphoma is an extremely rare cause of Pancoast's syndrome and only five cases have been described. This is the first reported case of Pancoast's syndrome caused by B‐cell lymphoma, which was accurately diagnosed by analysis of gene rearrangement.
Pulmonary and cerebral oil embolism after hysterosalpingography with oil soluble contrast medium
Authors: Uzun Oguz , Findik Serhat , Danaci Murat , Katar Didem , Erkan Levent
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Pulmonary oil embolism (POE) is an extremely rare complication of hysterosalpingography (HSG). A case report of a 29‐year‐old woman who developed confusion and respiratory distress 12 h after HSG is presented. Intravasation of the contrast material was obvious on the HSG. High‐resolution CT revealed ground‐glass pattern predominantly in the lower lobes. The clinical picture and radiological findings improved on the tenth hospital day. It is believed that this is the first report of high‐resolution CT findings in a case complicating HSG.
The pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary effects of high‐dose formoterol in COPD: A comparison with salbutamol
Authors: Goldkorn Alexandra , Diotto Patricia , Burgess Carl , Weatherall Mark , Holt Shaun , Beasley Richard , Siebers Robert
Published: February 2004

Objectives:  Formoterol, a β2 agonist with a rapid onset of effect and long duration of action, can be used as maintenance and reliever medication for asthma and COPD. We compared the pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary effects of cumulative doses of formoterol and salbutamol in patients with COPD to assess efficacy and safety.

Methodology:  In a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study, 12 patients with moderate to severe COPD inhaled, via Turbuhaler®, 10 doses of formoterol (total metered dose, 120 µg, equivalent to a 90‐µg delivered dose), salbutamol (total metered dose 2000 µg) or placebo at 2‐min intervals on separate days. The effects on lung function (FEV1 and PEF), heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, corrected QT interval (QTc), T‐wave height and plasma potassium were assessed before each dose, 15 min after each dose, and at half‐hourly intervals for 3 h following the final dose.

Results:  Inhalation of formoterol or salbutamol resulted in significant improvement in lung function (measured 30 min after the last dose) when compared with placebo. There were no clinically important or statistically significant changes in heart rate, QTc, T‐wave height, plasma potassium, oxygen saturation, or systolic and diastolic blood pressures with formoterol or salbutamol. One patient developed ventricular trigeminy after both formoterol and salbutamol. She had had ventricular ectopics on her screening electrocardiogram.

Conclusion:  Formoterol and salbutamol both produced significant improvement in lung function and were similarly well tolerated in high doses, as might be taken by a patient for relief of COPD symptoms.
Randomized trial of yoga as a complementary therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Visweswaraiah Naveen K. , Telles Shirley
Published: February 2004

Objective:  The present prospective, randomized trial compared the efficacy of anti‐tuberculosis treatment (ATT) with two separate programs (yoga and breath awareness), on lung capacities and bacteriological status in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Methodology:  A total of 1009 pulmonary tuberculosis patients were screened and 73 were alternately allocated, to yoga (n = 36) or breath awareness (n = 37) groups, with 48 patients completing the 2‐month trial. Patients aged between 20 and 55 years, who were sputum‐positive on three consecutive examinations, had no prior ATT, and no comorbidities or extrapulmonary tuberculosis were included. In addition to ATT, one group practised yoga (n = 25) and the other practised breath awareness (n = 23) for 6 h per week, each session being 60 min. The main outcome measures were: symptom scores, bodyweight, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, sputum microscopy, sputum culture, and postero‐anterior view of the CXR.

Results:  At the end of 2 months, the yoga group showed a significant reduction in symptom scores (88.1%), and an increase in weight (10.9%), FVC (64.7%) and FEV1 (83.6%) (P = 0.001, in all comparisons, paired t‐test). The breath awareness group also showed a significant (paired t‐test) reduction in symptom scores (16.3%, P= 0.02), and an increase in weight (2.1%, P= 0.003) and FEV1 (63.8%, P= 0.04). Significantly more patients in the yoga group showed sputum conversion based on microscopy on days 30 and 45 compared to the breath awareness group (P = 0.045 and P= 0.002, respectively, χ2 test). Ten of 13 in the yoga group had negative sputum culture after 60 days compared with four of 19 in the breath awareness group (P = 0.005, χ2 test). Improvement in the radiographic picture occurred in 16/25 in the yoga group compared to 3/22 in the breath awareness group on day 60 (P = 0.001, χ2 test).

Conclusions:  The improved level of infection, radiographic picture, FVC, weight gain and reduced symptoms in the yoga group suggest a complementary role for yoga in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Vasoactive mediators (VEGF and TNF‐α) in patients with malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions
Authors: Hamed Enas A. , El‐Noweihi Amira M. , Mohamed Ashraf Z. , Mahmoud Azza
Published: February 2004

Objective:  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell‐specific mitogen that promotes angiogenesis, vascular hyperpermeability, and vasodilatation by autocrine mechanisms involving nitric oxide (NO). This study was undertaken to determine the potential role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of pleural effusions, and its relationship with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and NO in the pleural fluid and serum of patients with tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions.

Methodology:  Pleural fluid and serum (SE) VEGF, TNF‐α and NO levels were measured in 30 patients with exudative pleural effusion (15 with malignancies and 15 with tuberculosis). Control pleural fluid was obtained from 10 patients with transudative pleural effusion due to congestive heart failure and control serum samples were obtained from 10 healthy individuals. VEGF and TNF‐α were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and NO by a colorimetric method. Pleural biopsy, cytology or microbiological methods were used to make the final diagnosis.

Results:  In patients with exudative pleural effusions, the mean pleural fluid and serum VEGF levels and their ratios (P < 0.0001 for all) and TNF‐α levels (P < 0.01, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05) were significantly elevated compared to those with transudative pleural effusion. In malignant effusions, pleural fluid and serum VEGF levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001) while pleural fluid, and serum levels and their ratios of TNF‐α (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) were significantly lower than those in tuberculosis. NO levels did not distinguish between tuberculous and malignant effusions.

Conclusions:  In patients with malignant pleural effusions, levels of VEGF were significantly higher, while levels of TNF‐α were significantly lower, than in patients with tuberculous effusions. In malignant pleural effusions, the elevated pleural fluid levels of VEGF and TNF‐α are noteworthy. Our data support the hypothesis that blockade of VEGF, might benefit cancer patients with recurrent ascites or pleural fluid accumulation.
Neutral theory and community ecology
Authors: Chave J.
Published: February 2004

I review the mathematical and biological aspects of Hubbell's (2001) neutral theory of species abundance for ecological communities, and clarify its historical connections with closely related approaches in population genetics. A selective overview of the empirical evidence for and against this theory is provided, with a special emphasis on tropical plant communities. The neutral theory predicts many of the basic patterns of biodiversity, confirming its heuristic power. The strict assumption of equivalence that defines neutrality, equivalence among individuals, finds little empirical support in general. However, a weaker assumption holds for stable communities, the equivalence of average fitness among species. One reason for the surprising success of the neutral theory is that all the theories of species coexistence satisfying the fitness equivalence assumption, including many theories of niche differentiation, generate exactly the same patterns as the neutral theory. Hubbell's neutral theory represents an important synthesis and a much needed demonstration of the pivotal role of intraspecific variability in ecology. Further improvements should lead to an explicit linking to niche‐based processes. This research programme will depend crucially on forthcoming theoretical and empirical achievements.
Coexistence of cryptic species
Authors: Zhang Da‐Yong , Lin Kui , Hanski Ilkka
Published: February 2004

Recent discovery of cryptic species in fig‐pollinating wasps creates a puzzle for the ecological competition theory: how do two or more apparently identical species coexist? Conventional theory predicts that they should not. Chesson (Trends Ecol. Evol., 1991, 6, 26–28) identified one exception which he considered unlikely to occur in reality: coexistence might be possible if appropriate social behaviour was discriminately directed towards conspecifics and heterospecifics. Here we present an example of the exception by showing that two identical species with local mate competition and population size‐dependent sex ratio adjustment may coexist. The new findings about fig‐pollinating wasps provide a putative example of unexpected coexistence of identical competitors via this mechanism.
A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography
Authors: Lihoreau Fabrice , Blondel Cécile , Barry John , Brunet Michel
Published: February 2004

Lihoreau, F., Blondel, C., Barry, J. & Brunet, M. (2004). A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography. — Zoologica Scripta, 33, 97–115.

New unpublished remains of small Anthracotheriinae are described. First, materials from the upper Oligocene (MP 30) locality of La Milloque, southwest France, permit a review of the species Microbunodon minimum. Thereafter, fossils from the middle and late Miocene of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan are attributed to the European genus Microbunodon. Microbunodon milaensis sp. n. from the Nagri Formation (between 10.3 and 9.2 Ma), Pakistan, is described and the species M. silistrensis from the Lower Manchar Formation (between 16 and 15 Ma) and from the Chinji Formation (between 12.7 and 11.5 Ma), Pakistan, is reviewed. The new species represents the last occurrence of the subfamily Anthracotheriinae, around 9.3 Ma. Similar materials from the Bugti and Siwalik Hills were previously considered as a small Anthracotherium. Comparisons with M. minimum from the European late Oligocene lead to a complete revision of the genus and permit definition of a new set of characters, which separate Microbunodon from Anthracotherium. A cladistic analysis reconsiders phylogenetic relationships among Anthracotheriinae, separating an Anthracothema–Anthracotherium clade and an Anthracokeryx–Microbunodon clade. Microbunodon appears to stem from the Asian late Eocene–lower Oligocene genus Anthracokeryx. These results imply a new distribution of the genus Microbunodon showing exchanges between Europe and Asia during the late Oligocene and probably the lower Miocene.
First molecular evidence for reassessing phylogenetic affinities between genets (Genetta) and the enigmatic genet‐like taxa Osbornictis, Poiana and Prionodon (Carnivora, Viverridae)
Authors: Gaubert Philippe , Tranier Michel , Delmas Anne‐Sophie , Colyn Marc , Veron Geraldine
Published: February 2004

Gaubert, P., Tranier, M., Delmas, A.‐S., Colyn, M. & Veron, G. (2004). First molecular evidence for reassessing phylogenetic affinities between genets (Genetta) and the enigmatic genet‐like taxa Osbornictis, Poiana and Prionodon (Carnivora, Viverridae). —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 117–129.

The subfamily Viverrinae is a composite group of carnivores comprising the large and plantigrade terrestrial civets (Civettictis, Viverricula and Viverra) and the slender and generally more arboreal genets and genet‐like taxa (Genetta, Prionodon, Poiana, Osbornictis), both having Asiatic and African representatives. The problematic phylogenetic relationships between genets and genet‐like taxa are addressed for the first time from a molecular perspective through complete cytochrome b gene sequences. We used a large taxonomic sample set including some very rare and crucial species such as Osbornictis piscivora, Poiana richardsonii (museum specimen material) and Genetta johnstoni. The results from parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood analyses do not support the monophyly of the Viverrinae and contradict previous morphological hypotheses. The Asiatic linsangs (Prionodon spp.) are excluded from the Viverrinae and represent either a basal Feliformia or Viverridae. The other genet‐like taxa constitute a strongly supported monophyletic African group, in which the African linsang (represented by Poiana richardsonii) is a sister group to the genets. The aquatic genet Osbornictis piscivora is included within the latter clade, and the genus Osbornictis should be considered a junior synonym of Genetta. African and Asiatic terrestrial civets are monophyletic, but their phylogenetic affinities with the genet‐like clade are inconclusive using our data set. On the basis of our molecular results, morphological convergences and adaptations to peculiar habitats and ways of life within genets and genet‐like taxa are discussed.
18S rDNA phylogeny of Clitellata (Annelida)
Authors: Erséus Christer , Källersjö Mari
Published: February 2004

The phylogeny of Clitellata was analysed using 18S rDNA sequences of a selection of species representing Hirudinida, Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and 10 oligochaetous families. Eleven new 18S sequences of Capilloventridae (one), Haplotaxidae (one), Propappidae (one), Enchytraeidae (two), Lumbricidae (one), Almidae (one), Megascolecidae (two), Lumbriculidae (one), and Phreodrilidae (one) are reported and aligned together with corresponding sequences of 28 previously studied clitellate taxa. Twelve polychaete species were used as an outgroup. The analysis supports an earlier hypothesis based on morphological features that Capilloventridae represents a basal clade of Clitellata; in the 18S tree it shows a sister‐group relationship to all other clitellates. The remaining clitellate taxa form a basal dichotomy, one clade containing Tubificidae (including the former ‘Naididae’), Phreodrilidae, Haplotaxidae, and Propappidae, the other clade with two subgroups: (1) Lumbriculidae together with all leech‐like taxa (Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and Hirudinida), and (2) Enchytraeidae together with a monophyletic group of all earthworms included in the study (Lumbricidae, Almidae and Megascolecidae). These earthworms are members of the taxon Crassiclitellata, the monophyly of which is thus supported by the data. The tree also shows support for the hypothesis that the first clitellates were aquatic. The position of the single species representing Haplotaxidae is not as basal as could have been expected from earlier morphology‐based conclusions about the ancestral status of this family. However, if Haplotaxidae is indeed a paraphyletic assemblage of relict taxa, a higher number of representatives will be needed to resolve its exact relationships with the other clitellates.
Elementary school teachers’ strategies to handle externalizing classroom behavior: A study of relations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences
Authors: Rydell Ann‐Margret , Henricsson Lisbeth
Published: February 2004

Rydell, A.‐M. & Henricsson, L. (2004). Elementary school teachers’ strategies to handle externalizing classroom behavior: A study of relations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 93–102.

Strategies for dealing with problematic student behavior are an important part of the teacher role. Relations between teachers’ perceptions of control over children's classroom behavior, teacher orientation and teachers’ strategy preferences when confronted with externalizing child behaviors were investigated. Eighty‐six primary school teachers, 91% of all first grade teachers in one municipality in Sweden, completed a questionnaire. Disciplinary strategy preferences were measured through vignettes describing externalizing child behaviors, with response alternatives modeled after the Parental Discipline Interview (Scarr, Pinkerton & Eisenberg, 1991). Perceived control was measured with a subscale applied to teachers from the Parental Locus of Control Scale (Campis, Lyman & Prentice‐Dunn, 1986). Newly constructed measures of teacher orientation were used. The results indicated that perceived low control over one's classroom situation and a custodial teacher orientation were associated with preferences for authoritarian strategies (firm verbal reprimands, physical restraint) and perceived high control and a humanistic teacher orientation were associated with non‐authoritarian strategies (e.g. reasoning with students). Teachers’ strategy preferences and associations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences were to some extent validated in relations to observed teacher behavior in a subsample of the classrooms.
Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background
Authors: Oppedal Brit , Røysamb Espen
Published: February 2004

Oppedal, B. & Røysamb, E. (2004). Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,45, 131–144.

The first aim of the study was to investigate differences in level of mental health, life stress and social support among adolescents with immigrant and domestic background. A second aim was to identify culture group and gender specific sources of risk and protective factors and their relation to mental health. Questionnaire data were collected from 633 students, aged 13, in Oslo, Norway. Immigrant adolescents reported higher level of psychological distress and lower social support than host students. Of the four gender‐culture groups, immigrant boys reported the highest level of problems, with a 28% prevalence of anxiety/depression. There were no significant differences in prevalence among the girls. Specific patterns of relationships between life stress, support, and mental health were found across gender and culture. The results were discussed within a framework of culture differences in values and gender role expectancies, underscoring the importance of studying each gender/culture group separately.
Impairment and coping in children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study with other paediatric disorders
Authors: Elena Garralda M. , Rangel Luiza
Published: February 2004

Background: Functional impairment is a key feature of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) of childhood.

Aim: To compare impairment, illness attitudes and coping mechanisms in childhood CFS and in other paediatric disorders.

Method: Participants were 28 children and adolescents with CFS, 30 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 27 with emotional disorders (ED). The measures used were interviews with children and parents, with detailed enquiry on impairment, including the Functional Disability Inventory (FDI), Illness Attitudes Scales (IAS), and Kidcope to measure coping styles in relation to common problems, illness and disability.

Results: Children with CFS reported significantly more illness impairment, especially in school attendance, than those with JIA and ED. They had higher ‘worry about illness’ scores on the IAS. On the Kidcope they named school issues (work, expectations, attendance) as illness‐ or disability‐related problems more than the other two groups. Fewer CFS participants reported using problem solving as a strategy to cope with illness and disability than with other problems in their lives. More in the CFS than in the JIA group used emotional regulation to cope with illness and disability. Fewer in the CFS than in the ED groups used social withdrawal to cope with illness and self‐criticism for disability, but more used resignation to cope with disability.

Conclusion: Severe illness‐related impairment, particularly through school non‐attendance, and high levels of illness‐related school concerns appear specific to CFS. CFS may also have characteristically high levels of generalised illness worry and particular styles of coping with illness and disability.
Child and parent attributions in chronic pediatric conditions: phenylketonuria (PKU) as an exemplar
Authors: Antshel Kevin M. , Brewster Scott , Waisbren Susan E.
Published: February 2004

Background:  Attribution theory, self‐regulation, self‐handicapping and sick role theories all suggest that children with chronic disease may be held to different standards. This study assesses child and parent attributions in pediatric chronic health conditions and addresses how attributional style may be related to treatment adherence.

Methods:  Four different vignettes were utilized to compare the attributional style of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) and parents of children with PKU to two comparison groups: children with other chronic medical conditions and medically healthy children. In addition, the relationship between metabolic control and attribution ratings was assessed in the PKU sample.

Results:  Parents of children with medical conditions provided attributions of less child control and more stability as well as more positive affective reactions when compared to parents of healthy children. Children without a medical condition viewed childhood problems as less controllable and more stable. Mothers were more disturbed affectively by behavioral dysregulation and fathers were more disturbed by academic difficulties. In the PKU sample, the higher the phenylalanine level in the child, the more likely the parent and child alike were to attribute childhood problems to external loci of control.

Conclusions:  Attributional styles appear not to be diagnosis‐specific in pediatric populations. Attributional style may be an important variable to consider when targeting treatment adherence.
Language and phonological skills in children at high risk of reading difficulties
Authors: Carroll Julia M. , Snowling Margaret J.
Published: February 2004

Background:  Dyslexia is now generally acknowledged to involve difficulties in phonological processing. However, the links between reading difficulties and speech difficulties remain unclear.

Method:  In the present study, 17 children with speech difficulties between the ages of four and six were compared to children with a family history of dyslexia and normally developing controls on phonological processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and literacy tasks.

Results:  The two groups of children at risk of reading difficulties showed very similar patterns of impairment, with average vocabulary but poor input and output speech processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and reading development.

Conclusions:  It is concluded that the antecedents of reading difficulty are similar in these two groups of children, with both groups showing deficits in the development of phonological representations.
Where does turnout decline come from?
Authors: Blais André , Gidengil Elisabeth , Nevitte Neil
Published: February 2004

Abstract.  This article looks at the socio‐demographic sources of turnout decline in Canada. The analysis is based on the Canadian Election Studies that have been conducted between 1968 and 2000. There is a small period effect which suggests that the propensity to vote has declined marginally (by about three percentage points) in all demographic groups. There are substantial life cycle effects – that is, turnout shifts within a given cohort as members of that cohort grow older. There are powerful generation effects: turnout differs among the various cohorts even when we compare them at the same stage of their life cycle. The much lower turnout among the post‐baby‐boomers is the main reason why turnout has declined overall in Canada. The most recent generations are less prone to vote in good part because they pay less attention to politics and because they are less likely to adhere to the norm that voting is not only a right, but also a moral duty. The decline in turnout thus reflects a larger cultural change. Education remains an important correlate of voting. The increase in educational attainment has contributed to dampening the decline in turnout. There is no evidence that the decline in turnout has been more acute among certain sub‐groups of the electorate (leaving aside age and education).
Does winning pay? Electoral success and government formation in 15 West European countries
Authors: Mattila Mikko , Raunio Tapio
Published: February 2004

Abstract. Government formation is guided by several principles such as majority, plurality and electoral gain. According to the principle of electoral gain, parties that increase their share of seats in the elections should form the government, with parties that lose seats joining the opposition. We analyse conformity with this principle in 15 West European countries with multiparty coalition governments between 1945 and 1999. With the exception of the largest party, electoral performance is a rather poor predictor of getting into government. The results show interesting variation between countries, with the loss of seats increasing the probability of entering government in Austria, Germany, Spain and Italy. High electoral volatility is positively related to the degree to which the electoral gain principle applies, but there was no association between this principle and party system fragmentation or aggregation. Prime ministers come more often from parties that are big winners, but winning does not explain the probability of becoming a coalition partner – if a party wants to be a coalition partner, then avoiding the loss of seats is more important.
Managing anxiety in ICU patients: the role of pre‐operative information provision
Authors: Scott Anne
Published: February 2004

• Hospital‐induced patient anxiety and coping mechanisms are discussed

• The value of giving pre‐operative information to reduce anxiety in elective admissions to intensive care unit is discussed

• Recommendations are given based on the literature evidence to aid service and practice development
Effects of Various Anesthetic Agents on Laryngeal Motion During Laryngoscopy in Normal Dogs
Authors: Jackson Aaron M. , Tobias Karen , Long Cassie , Bartges Joseph , Harvey Ralph
Published: February 2004

Objective—To evaluate the effects of various drugs and drug combinations conventionally used for anesthesia on arytenoid cartilage motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Six large breed healthy dogs with no previous history of respiratory dysfunction.

Methods—Each dog was randomly assigned to a different injectable anesthetic protocol once weekly for 6 weeks, then in the 7th week all dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane. Videolaryngoscopy was performed and recorded starting immediately after induction until dogs could no longer be safely restrained for endoscopy. Video was digitized and 3 still images ofmaximalinspiration and expiration from the first 15 seconds (induction) and the last 15 seconds (recovery) were captured and imported into an image analysis software program. The height andarea of the laryngeal ostium were measured in pixels. Normalization of the glottal gap areawasperformed using the formula (normalized glottal gap area (NGGA)=area in pixels/height2). ANOVA was performed on the NGGA of images collected at inspiration and expiration during induction and recovery. Fischer's exact test was performed when significance (P<.05) wasfound.

Results—Within each protocol, laryngeal motion (defined as change in NGGA) at induction was not significantly different from laryngeal motion measured at recovery. Additionally, no significant differences were found in arytenoid motion immediately after induction when anesthetic protocols were compared. Arytenoid motion before recovery was significantly greater with thiopental when compared with propofol (P=.046), ketamine+diazepam (P=.0098), acepromazine+thiopental (P=.0021), and acepromazine+propofol (P=.0065). No significant difference in arytenoid motion was seen immediately after induction or before recovery when acepromazine+butorphanol+ isoflurane and thiopental were compared.

Conclusion—We concluded that intravenous thiopental given to effect is the best choice for assessing laryngeal function in dogs. Dogs premedicated with acepromazine with or without opioids that require further anesthetic restraint for laryngoscopy should be anesthetized with isoflurane administered by mask.

Clinical Relevance—Misdiagnosis of laryngeal paralysis during laryngoscopy can be avoided by selecting the anesthetic regimens with the least effect on arytenoid motion.
Mandibular Reconstruction of a Partial Hemimandibulectomy in a Dog with Severe Malocclusion
Authors: Boudrieau Randy J. , Mitchell Susan L. , Seeherman Howard
Published: February 2004

Objective—To report treatment of severe mandibular malocclusion (after left partial hemimandibulectomy, ∼7 cm gap).

Study Design—Clinical report.

Animals—A 14‐month‐old golden retriever.

Methods—After corrective osteotomy of the right horizontal mandibular ramus, normal occlusion was reestablished and temporarily maintained while both mandibles were stabilized by miniplates on the lateral alveolar surface spanning the bilateral mandibular defects (right=1.5 cm, left=7 cm). A fenestrated, monocortical rib graft was positioned beneath the left gingival surface to protect the synthetic graft, which was secured to the miniplate. A mandibular reconstruction plate (right) and a locking mandibular reconstruction plate (left) were secured to the ventral borders of the mandibles. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein‐2 delivered in collagen tricalcium phosphate sponges (rhBMP‐2 collagen‐TCP sponge) was inserted into both mandibular defects.

Results—New bone formation was identified at 3 months and bony remodeling was evident at recheck examinations up to 4 years. Scintigraphy (6 months, 1 year) confirmed graft revascularization and viability. Bone collected (1 year) from the left defect site had robust new bone formation and evidence of continued remodeling. Only minor complications were encountered during the postoperative period and were easily resolved.

Conclusions—Reconstruction of a large mandibular defect was facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor (rhBMP‐2 collagen‐TCP sponge) as a graft substitute.

Clinical Relevance—One‐step salvage and reconstruction facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor, as a graft substitute, may be an alternative strategy for repair of large mandibular defects.
Femur Fractures Associated with Canine Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Liska William D.
Published: February 2004

Objective— To report femur fracture as a complication of canine t0otal hip replacement (THR) and to report the incidence, predisposing factors, treatment options, and outcome.

Study Design— Prospective clinical study.

Animals— Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs with 24 femoral fractures occurring during or after THR.

Methods— Cemented THR (BioMedtrix, Boonton, NJ) was performed. Medical records and radiographs were used to identify dogs that had femur fracture and to identify risk factors. Follow‐up was obtained until dog death or study end.

Results— The overall incidence of femur fracture after THR was 2.9%. Femoral fractures occurred intraoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and up to 2196 days after THR. In 17 dogs, fractures resulted from a traumatic event. Osteopathy was present at THR in 5 dogs; all developed femoral fissures during reaming. Three dogs had fractures associated with cortical thinning secondary to aseptic loosening. Fracture treatment included euthanasia (1 dog), strict confinement (3 dogs), full cerclage wires on long oblique fractures (3 dogs), or plate and screw fixation (10 with, and 7 without, cerclage wires). All fractures extended near the distal tip of the femoral stem and all aggressively treated fractures healed.

Conclusions— Predisposing risk factors for femur fracture after THR include osteopathy and iatrogenic fissures created during reaming. Trauma, excessive load concentration, and increased torque can lead to mid‐diaphyseal fracture near the end of the femoral stem. Fracture did not disrupt THR implants. Cement fracture exposing the tip of the femoral stem did not affect fracture healing or rehabilitation. Immediate plate and screw fixation resulted in the most favorable outcome; healing occurred in 6–10 weeks.

Clinical Relevance— Femur fractures that occur after THR should be repaired using plate and screw fixation augmented with cerclage wire when needed. Forces on fissures should be neutralized to prevent propagation and fracture. Owners of high‐risk patients (old dogs with osteopathies or previous hip surgery) should be counseled before THR. The prognosis is excellent when fractures are treated correctly.