bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police killings and the vicissitudes of borders and bounding orders in Mathare, Nairobi
Authors: van Stapele Naomi
Published: November 2019

This article sets out to explore the ways in which local divisions contribute to and contest “permissive spaces” for police killings in an urban settlement in Nairobi called Mathare. Taking police killings as part of local bordering and bounding draws attention to the underlying social divisions that are implicated in policing these neighborhoods and which enable and contest such killings. As such, it opens up a view on the way police violence is entrenched in local tensions and conflict, which adds to analyses of police killings that explore public concerns over crime, political mechanization, and individual motivations. Hence, the focus on police killings as a bordering practice highlights the interaction between police work and the local vicissitudes of bordering and bounding and how these pertain to the production of city- and ghettoscapes.
Effect of blood viscosity on the performance of virtually wall-less venous cannulas
Authors: Abdel-Sayed Saad , Abdel-Sayed Philippe , Berdaj Denis , Ferrari Enrico , Halbe Maximilian , von Segesser Ludwig Karl , Maisano Francesco
Published: November 2019

Aim:

This study was designed to quantify the influence of blood as test medium compared to water in cannula bench performance assessment.

Methods:

An in vitro circuit was set-up with silicone tubing between two reservoirs. The test medium was pumped from the lower reservoir by centrifugal pump to the upper reservoir. The test-cannula was inserted in a silicone tube connected between the lower reservoir and the centrifugal pump. Flow rate and pump inlet-pressure were measured for wall-less versus thin-wall cannula using a centrifugal pump in a dynamic bench-test for an afterload of 40-60 mmHg using two media: blood 10 g/dL and 5.6 g/dL and water 0 g/dL.

Results:

The wall-less cannula showed significantly higher flows rates as compared to the thin-wall cannula (control), with both hemoglobin concentrations and water. Indeed, for a target volume of 200-250 mL of blood (Hg 10 g/dL) in the upper reservoir, the cannula outlet pressure (P) was −14 ± 14 mmHg versus −18 ± 11 mmHg for the wall-less and control respectively; the cannula outlet flow rate (Q) was 3.91 ± 0.41 versus 3.67 ± 0.45 L/min, respectively. At the same target volume but with a Hg of 5.7 g/dL, P was −16 ± 12 mmHg versus −19 ± 12 mmHg and Q was 4 ± 0.1 versus 4 ± 0.4 L/min for the wall-less cannula and control respectively. Likewise, P and Q values with water were −1 mmHg versus −0.67 ± 0.58 mmHg and 4.17 ± 0.45 L/min versus 4.08 ± 0.47 L/min for the wall-less and control respectively.

Conclusion:

Walls-less cannula showed 5.6% less pump inlet-pressure differences calculated between blood and water, as compared to that of thin-wall cannula (−21 times). Flow differences were 6% and 10% for the walls-less and thin-wall cannula respectively. We conclude that testing the cannula performance with water is a good scenario and can overestimate the flow by a 10%. However, superiority for wall-less is preserved with both water and blood.
Effects of an adenosine A2A agonist on the rewarding associative properties of nicotine and neural plasticity in a rodent model of schizophrenia
Authors: Gill Wesley Drew , Shelton Heath W , Burgess Katherine C , Brown Russell W
Published: November 2019

Background:

Adenosine A2a receptors form a mutually inhibitory heteromeric complex with dopamine D2 receptors such that each receptor exhibits lower sensitivity to its agonist after the opposing receptor agonist is bound. This study analyzed the effects of CGS 21680, an adenosine A2A agonist, on nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescence using a rodent model of schizophrenia (SZ).

Methods:

Rats were treated from postnatal day (P) 1 to P21 with saline or the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole (NQ treatment) and raised to P41. After an initial preference test, rats were conditioned with saline or nicotine (0.6 mg/kg base) from P43 to P51. CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg) was given 15 minutes before nicotine was administered. The post-conditioning test was administered on P52. On P53, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-lined neurotrophic factor (GDNF).

Results:

Results revealed that NQ treatment enhanced nicotine CPP, and both doses of CGS 21680 alleviated this enhancement. Nicotine also resulted in a CPP in controls, which was alleviated by both doses of CGS 21680. BDNF closely followed the behavioral results: CGS 21680 alleviated the enhancement in NAcc BDNF in NQ-treated animals, and eliminated the increase in NAcc BDNF produced by nicotine in controls. NQ-treated animals conditioned to nicotine resulted in an increase of NAcc GDNF, but this was eliminated by CGS 21680. Both BDNF and GDNF correlated with CPP performance.

Conclusions:

Results revealed that an adenosine A2A agonist decreased the rewarding aspects of nicotine and its accompanying neural plasticity changes in a model of SZ.
High spatiotemporal vessel-specific hemodynamic mapping with multi-echo single-vessel fMRI
Authors: He Yi , Wang Maosen , Yu Xin
Published: November 2019

High-resolution fMRI enables noninvasive mapping of the hemodynamic responses from individual penetrating vessels in animal brains. Here, a 2D multi-echo single-vessel fMRI (MESV-fMRI) method has been developed to map the fMRI signal from arterioles and venules with a 100 ms sampling rate at multiple echo times (TE, 3–30 ms) and short acquisition windows (<1 ms). The T2*-weighted signal shows the increased extravascular effect on venule voxels as a function of TE. In contrast, the arteriole voxels show an increased fMRI signal with earlier onset than venules voxels at the short TE (3 ms) with increased blood inflow and volume effects. MESV-fMRI enables vessel-specific T2* mapping and presents T2*-based fMRI time courses with higher contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) than the T2*-weighted fMRI signal at a given TE. The vessel-specific T2* mapping also allows semi-quantitative estimation of the oxygen saturation levels (Y) and their changes (ΔY) at a given blood volume fraction upon neuronal activation. The MESV-fMRI method enables vessel-specific T2* measurements with high spatiotemporal resolution for better modeling of the fMRI signal based on the hemodynamic parameters.
Self-Assessment of Psychological and Mechanical Factors Affecting Oral Hygiene Among Indian College-Going Students: A Model-Guided Study
Authors: Asawa Kailash , Chakravarty Tulip , Tak Mridula , Rathod Dev , Sen Nandini
Published: November 2019

Good oral hygiene is the foundation for a healthy mouth. This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of oral health education based on an integrated model on oral hygiene attitude and behavior among the college students of Udaipur city. An intervention study was conducted among 156 college students in Udaipur city. The questionnaire based on the new integrated model was tested for validity and reliability. Paired t test and multinomial regression analysis were employed for statistical analysis. Significant differences were observed regarding all the indicators of oral hygiene practices, perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and external locus of control. Odds ratio was significantly greater among undergraduate regarding oral hygiene practices. Also odds ratio of perceived susceptibility and seriousness was more among male population. The educational intervention was successful in conveying the message regarding the importance of oral hygiene practices.
In the Shadow of State Government: Changes in Municipal Spending After Two Recessions
Authors: Hendrick Rebecca , Degnan Robert P.
Published: November 2019

This research estimates a model of own-source revenue diversification and a model of changes in operational spending in municipal governments from 1997 to 2012 to determine how these governments have adapted to the two significant recessions that occurred during this time period. The first model examines factors that affect revenue diversification, focusing on the state–local fiscal context and how the level of urbanization of the area surrounding the municipalities impacts the effect of state–local context and other factors. The second model examines how municipal governments in the United States have adapted their spending to the two severe recessions of the 2000s, focusing on how state context, revenue diversification, and other factors affect changes in operational spending. Finally, this research also looks at the conditional effects of the size of government on the impact of state context, environmental pressures, and revenue structure on changes in operational spending.
Psychometric Properties and Differential Item Functioning of a Web-Based Assessment of Children’s Emotion Recognition Skill
Authors: Aksu Dunya Beyza , McKown Clark , Smith Everett
Published: November 2019

Emotion recognition (ER) involves understanding what others are feeling by interpreting nonverbal behavior, including facial expressions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a web-based social ER assessment designed for children in kindergarten through third grade. Data were collected from two separate samples of children. The first sample included 3,224 children and the second sample included 4,419 children. Data were calibrated using Rasch dichotomous model. Differential item and test functioning were also evaluated across gender and ethnicity. Across both samples, we found consistent item fit, unidimensional item structure, and adequate item targeting. Analyses of differential item functioning (DIF) found six out of 111 items displaying DIF across gender and no items demonstrating DIF across ethnicity. The analyses of person measure calibrations with and without DIF items yielded no evidence of differential test functioning (DTF) across gender and ethnicity groups in both samples.
Comparative study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its bulk form on liver function of Wistar rat
Authors: Moatamed Eman Raafat , Hussein Aida Ahmed , El-desoky Mohamed Mahmoud , Khayat Zakaria EL
Published: November 2019

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are produced in high tonnage each year; they are widely used in consumer and industrial products, also now finding applications in bioimaging and drug delivery. In the present study, comparison between ZnO NPs (39 nm) and its bulk/micron form (particle size = 5 µm) on liver function of rats was determined. In our study, liver enzymes biomarkers, serum lipid profile, zinc concentration, and histopathological examination in liver tissues were used to evaluate liver injury. Moreover, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), nitric oxide, and reduced glutathione levels were determined to detect the oxidation–reduction process in liver tissue. The results showed dose-dependent toxicity of ZnO NPs. Three different dose levels (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg bw) were used, and the 100-mg/kg bw ZnO NPs group showed the most significant changes in liver enzymes and histopathological structure, as well as redox state. The dose of 100 mg/kg bw of ZnO bulk group showed no significant effects on liver function. The study concluded that ZnO NPs caused hepatic impairments.
A Journey Towards Equity and Diversity in the Educator Workforce
Authors: Kozleski Elizabeth B. , Proffitt William A.
Published: November 2019

In this article, co-written by a self-identified White female professor and a self-identified Black male doctoral student, the authors address the pressing need to train and retain a teacher workforce willing and able to foster equity for students from nondominant racial, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds. They make three arguments. First, the impact of educator work is deeply entwined with student and teacher identities as well as the cultural knowledges, histories, and experiences that students and teachers bring to classrooms. Second, professional knowledge must be interdisciplinary, drawing on a number of social science and humanities disciplines to inform practice and ongoing inquiry in practice. Third, the critical shortage of research on the interaction between individual and collective educator identities and teacher learning must be addressed. The authors conclude with a call to regroup the preparation of all educators, including special educators, to become more explicit and present in discourse about ability, race, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers. Both discourse and curricula need to represent and educate our nation’s students about the rich tapestry of diversity that manifests in multiple forms of knowledge, social, political, and intellectual capital. The teacher workforce needs to be prepared and supported to do this work.
SOAP Notes During APPEs: Assessment of Student Performance
Authors: Nguyen Timothy , Wong Elaine , Wang Zhe , Goldberg Tamara
Published: November 2019

Objectives:

To evaluate and compare students’ ability to perform in each area of the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) note during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) within an academic year. This study also aimed to compare the quality of SOAP notes between semesters: summer (1-3 rotation blocks), fall (4-6 rotation blocks), and spring (7-9 rotation blocks).

Methods:

During internal medicine and acute-care APPEs, students were required to submit a minimum of 2 SOAP notes. Each SOAP note was assessed by a full-time faculty member at a College of Pharmacy. Students were rated on the ability to perform in each area of the SOAP note using a rubric with a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = unacceptable/needs significant improvement, 5 = exemplary). This study was granted exempt approval by the Long Island University institutional review board.

Results:

Quality of the SOAP note summer versus fall versus spring rotations: Thirty-four SOAP notes were assessed during the summer, 48 SOAP notes were assessed during the fall, and 46 SOAP notes were assessed during the spring. Students performed similarly regardless of the semester they took for “subjective/objective, assess, and plan.” All P values were nonstatistically significant. Performance on SOAP note #1 versus SOAP note # 2: On overall rubrics for SOAP notes 1 versus SOAP notes 2, students did better on SOAP notes 2 after feedback, and an opportunity to improve was provided. There were statistically significant differences on all areas of SOAP note “subjective/objective, assess, and plan.” Conclusion: Overall, students performed adequately on the SOAP note activity during APPE rotations. Students performed similarly regardless of the semester/time when students took the APPEs during an academic year.
Migrant Workers in Beijing: How Hometown Ties Affect Economic Outcomes
Authors: Zhao Menghan , Jin Yongai
Published: November 2019

Migrant networks have long been regarded as helpful for facilitating migration and assimilation. However, research examining the influence of migrant networks on labour market outcomes for migrants has provided mixed results. This article investigates the impact of hometown ties on migrants’ labour market outcomes in the context of Chinese internal migration, by utilizing data from migrants in Beijing to perform statistical analyses of income and informal employment (i.e. employment without legal documents). After adjusting for the potential bias that results from the workers’ self-selectivity into the use of hometown ties in finding jobs, the analyses show that the hourly income of migrants is lower if they depend on hometown ties to find jobs. Also, migrants who rely on hometown ties for jobs are more likely to be informally employed, which has a detrimental effect on their overall welfare.
Negotiating Tensions on the Front Line: Circuits of Accountability and Self-governance in Institutional Care of Adults with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Johnson Khalilah Robinson , Bagatell Nancy
Published: November 2019

This article explores how circuits of accountability impact front-line service work in an intermediate care facility for individuals with intellectual disability (ICF/IID). Institutional ethnography as a theory and methodology guided the data collection and analysis processes. Participant observation and interviews were completed, and text work was employed to make visible the ways staff enacted what they believed to be their roles and responsibilities. Results indicated the service criteria established by regulatory agencies were interpreted and executed in ways that negatively influenced staff’s moral care to residents and restricted their ability to self-govern and utilize their experiential knowledge. Additionally, the institution’s circuits of accountability reflected ideals of front-line work that were inconsistent with staff’s perception of their responsibilities. These findings have implications for management and implementation of direct care in ICFs/IID and underscore the importance of aligning moral care and self-governance to front-line service work.
A simulation-based study on the effect of underwater friction stir welding process parameters using different evolutionary optimization algorithms
Authors: Wahid Mohd A , Masood Sarfaraz , Khan Zahid A , Siddiquee Arshad N , Badruddin Irfan A , Algahtani Ali
Published: November 2019

This paper investigates the effect of underwater friction stir welding process parameters on the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy 6082-T6 joint and further simulates this process using various evolutionary optimization algorithms. Three independent underwater friction stir welding process parameters, i.e. shoulder diameter (in mm) at two levels, rotational speed (in r/min) at three levels, and traverse speed (in mm/min) also at three levels, were varied according to the Taguchi’s L18 standard orthogonal array. The effect of variations in these parameters, on the ultimate tensile strength (in MPa), percentage elongation (in %), and impact strength (in J) of the welded joint was experimentally measured and recorded. In order to simulate this underwater friction stir welding process, three evolutionary optimization algorithms, i.e. particle swarm optimization, firefly optimization, and non-dominated sorting established on the genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), were employed. In these simulations, an artificial neural network with two layers, resembling a non-linear function, was employed as the cost function to predict the values of the response variables, i.e. ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and impact strength, which were experimentally measured earlier. In these simulations, several experiments were conducted using different randomly selected data set and subsequently, the accuracy of each individual simulation was compared. Results revealed that the firefly optimization-based simulation performed the best with least mean squared error while predicting the response variable values, as compared to the particle swarm optimization and the NSGA-II. The minimum value of the mean squared error for the firefly optimization-based simulation was observed to be as low as 0.009%, 0.004%, and 0.017% for ultimate tensile strength, elongation and impact strength, respectively. Furthermore, it was also observed that the computational time for the firefly optimization-based simulation was significantly lower than that of both particle swarm optimization and NSGA-II-based simulations.
Investigation of rolling wheel–rail contact using an elaborate numerical simulation
Authors: Xue Fuchun
Published: November 2019

In this paper, a non-linear model is developed for analyzing rolling wheel–rail contact in a wheel–track–infrastructure system. Because of the random irregularity across the surface of the rail, the process of the wheel accelerating from rest and rolling forward at its expected speed can be simulated and verified. The dynamic characteristics of the rolling wheel–rail contact at the expected speed are also carefully investigated. The results showed that the top of the rail consists of spatially curved planes due to the deformation induced by the rolling wheel. In addition to the adhesion and slipping zones, there was also a disengaging zone existing within the contact area. The random irregularity throughout the top of the rail significantly reduced the area of contact between the wheel and the rail. By comparing the Hertz contact theory with a smooth rail top, significant differences were observed in the vertical contact stress distribution mode throughout the contact area for the real wheel–rail rolling contact, with a sharp increase in the absolute values of contact pressure. The stress distribution in the contact area was highly non-uniform, and a severe local concentration of dynamic stress was observed.
Optimal energy mix for greenhouse gas reduction with renewable energy – The case of the South Korean electricity sector
Authors: Cho Sungheum , Kim Hana , Lee Sanghoon , Kim Sangil , Jeon Eui-Chan
Published: November 2019

The power generation sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector is therefore of crucial importance. The government has recently released its core energy policy objectives: elimination of coal-fired power generation, phase-out of nuclear plants, and promotion of renewable energy sources. This energy policy should be consistent with the national climate change response policy. This paper analyzed the optimum power generation structure based on the South Korean government’s energy policy and climate change policy and then analyzed the optimum power generation structure if the greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy targets were different. Seven scenarios with different 2030 greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy generation targets were investigated. The scenario analysis shows that it is difficult to reduce dependence on coal power generation if the South Korean government’s current energy and climate change policies are maintained. The current greenhouse gas reduction target level is insufficient to be a driving force for energy transition, but dependence on coal power generation can be reduced by applying a deeper level of greenhouse gas reduction (e.g. 50% reduction compared to BAU). To achieve the energy transition planned by the South Korean government, it would be necessary to set a target for greenhouse gas reduction that is deeper than the current plan. The results of this study analyzing the optimal power configuration for 2030 in light of South Korea’s energy and climate change policies are expected to contribute to the South Korean government’s establishment of policies in the future.
Bayesian network method for fault diagnosis of civil aircraft environment control system
Authors: Liu Cui , Sun Jianzhong , Wang Fangyuan , Ning Shungang , Xu Guofan
Published: November 2019

This paper addresses the issues of fault diagnosis of the environmental control system of a certain commercial aircraft model of which the environmental control system has a high failure rate in field and causes many unplanned maintenance events. Because of the complexity and reciprocal compensation mechanism of the environmental control system, it is difficult to carry out fault isolation timely once the failure occurred during aircraft turnaround time, which thus may cause flight delay or even cancelation. The original contribution of this work is to propose a Bayesian network–based fault diagnosis method for commercial aircraft environmental control system where a multi-information fusion mechanism is used to incorporate the system first principle, expert experience and condition monitoring data. It incorporates extraction technology of sensor feature parameters and the structural learning of Bayesian network to realize the effective diagnosis of multiple faults. A case study is conducted based on a data set from a commercial aircraft fleet. The results show that the fault isolation ratio of this method is greater than 89%. The proposed Bayesian fault diagnosis network method can be used as a troubleshooting tool for airline maintenance technicians in fault isolation of environmental control system, reducing the time spent on-line troubleshooting and aircraft downtime.
Investigation on positioning control strategy and switching optimization of an equal coded digital valve system
Authors: Gao Qiang , Linjama Matti , Paloniitty Miika , Zhu Yuchuan
Published: November 2019

This article concerns high accuracy positioning control with switching optimization for an equal coded digital valve system. Typically, pulse number modulation control cannot realize micro-positioning due to the characteristics of step-wise flow variation, therefore, a new position controller consisting of a model-based pulse number modulation and a differential pulse width modulation strategy is proposed to control the position of a hydraulic cylinder at high and low velocity cases, respectively. In addition, in order to solve several problems caused by the pulse number modulation and differential pulse width modulation, such as increased number of switchings and large difference among number of switchings of valves, a switching optimization consisting of a switching cost function, a circular buffer and a circular switching method is proposed. An adaptive weight of the switching cost function is proposed for the first time to reduce the total number of switchings under different pressure differences and its design criterion is presented. A circular buffer and a new circular switching method are used to improve the degree of equal distribution of switchings when the pulse number modulation and differential pulse width modulation are used, respectively. Comparative experimental results indicated that the average and the minimum positioning error for the proposed controller are only 10 and 1 μm, respectively. The number of switchings and the degree of equal distribution of switchings are significantly optimized. Moreover, the pressure fluctuations caused by the proposed controller remain acceptable.
The impact of unmeasured within- and between-cluster confounding on the bias of effect estimatorsof a continuous exposure
Authors: Li Yun , Lee Yoonseok , Port Friedrich K , Robinson Bruce M
Published: November 2019

Unmeasured confounding almost always exists in observational studies and can bias estimates of exposure effects. Instrumental variable methods are popular choices in combating unmeasured confounding to obtain less biased effect estimates. However, we demonstrate that alternative methods may give less biased estimates depending on the nature of unmeasured confounding. Treatment preferences of clusters (e.g. physician practices) are the most frequently used instruments in instrumental variable analyses. These preference-based instrumental variable analyses are usually conducted on data clustered by region, hospital/facility, or physician, where unmeasured confounding often occurs within or between clusters. We aim to quantify the impact of unmeasured confounding on the bias of effect estimators in instrumental variable analysis, as well as several common alternative methods including ordinary least squares regression, linear mixed models, and fixed-effect models to study the effect of a continuous exposure (e.g. treatment dose) on a continuous outcome. We derive closed-form expressions of asymptotic bias of estimators from these four methods in the presence of unmeasured within- and/or between-cluster confounders. Simulations demonstrate that the asymptotic bias formulae well approximate bias in finite samples for all methods. The bias formulae show that instrumental variable analyses can provide consistent estimates when unmeasured within-cluster confounding exists, but not when between-cluster confounding exists. On the other hand, fixed-effect models and linear mixed models can provide consistent estimates when unmeasured between-cluster confounding exits, but not for within-cluster confounding. Whether instrumental variable analyses are advantageous in reducing bias over fixed-effect models and linear mixed models depends on the extent of unmeasured within-cluster confounding relative to between-cluster confounding. Furthermore, the impact of unmeasured between-cluster confounding on instrumental variable analysis estimates is larger than the impact of unmeasured within-cluster confounding on fixed-effect model and linear mixed model estimates. We illustrate the use of these methods in estimating the effect of erythropoiesis stimulating agents on hemoglobin levels. Our findings provide guidance for choosing appropriate methods to combat the dominant types of unmeasured confounders and help interpret statistical results in the context of unmeasured confounding.
Yelling ‘Fire’ in a Crowded Occupation: Cynical Fire Hazard Claims and the Technocratic Containment of Dissent
Authors: Brabazon Honor
Published: November 2019

While the privatisation of public space has been the subject of considerable research, literature exploring the shifting boundaries between public and private law, and the role of those shifts in the expansion of neo-liberal social relations, has been slower to develop. This article explores the use of fire safety regulations to evict political occupations in the context of these shifts. Two examples from the UK student occupation movement and two from the US Occupy movement demonstrate how discourses and logics of both private and public law are mobilised through fire hazard claims to create the potent image of a neutral containment of dissent on technical grounds in the public interest – an image that proves difficult to contest. However, the recourse to the public interest and to expert opinion that underpins fire hazard claims is inconsistent with principles governing the limited neo-liberal political sphere, which underscores the pragmatic and continually negotiated implementation of neo-liberal ideas. The article sheds light on the complexity of the extending reach of private law, on the resilience of the public sphere and on the significance of occupations as a battleground on which struggles over neo-liberal social relations and subjectivities play out.
John Hunter and the ‘Healing Window' in the church of St Mary Abbots, Kensington, London
Authors: McHardy George
Published: November 2019

During research into the reinterment in 1859 of John Hunter’s remains in Westminster Abbey, it was learnt that there was ‘a window to Hunter’s memory’ in St Mary Abbots church, Kensington, London. Research into that window shows that it in fact commemorates Hunter’s residence within the parish, and that also of two other Kensington worthies. Their place of residence is identified, Hunter’s is illustrated and a nice connexion is found with a window in Gloucester cathedral in memory of Drs Jenner and Baron.
‘A War Imagined’: Postcards and the Maintenance of Long-Distance Relationships during the Great War
Authors: Mayhew Alex
Published: November 2019

This article explores the role of postcards in the maintenance of relationships between combatants and civilians during the First World War. By drawing on untapped archival material found during wider research into the morale of English infantrymen, it concentrates on the multiple uses of this medium in correspondence between the Western and Home Fronts. Following the ‘cultural turn’ in military history it has become increasingly apparent that the gulf between those fighting and those left at home was much narrower than previously assumed. This analysis charts the variety of ways in which postcards helped to bridge this divide.
British Military Orientalism: Cross-cultural Contact with the Mamluks during the Egyptian Campaign, 1801
Authors: Quinn Simon
Published: November 2019

This article explores how a distinctive ‘military’ orientalism developed in response to the exposure of British soldiers to an unprecedented level of cross-cultural contact with the Mamluks, a military caste of warriors, during the campaign in Egypt in 1801. It offers a contribution towards the current understanding of ‘military’ orientalism, a term coined by Patrick Porter to describe how ‘Western’ militaries have viewed ‘Eastern’ modes of warfare. While Porter’s analysis concentrates on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, this article returns the focus to what Edward Said identified as the foundational moment in European orientalism: the French occupation of Egypt, 1798–1801.
Trajectories of Transnational Antifascist Volunteers from the Spanish Civil War to the Second World War
Authors: Arielli Nir , Acciai Enrico
Published: November 2019

This is an introduction to a special issue on the role played by veterans of the Spanish Civil War’s International Brigades during the Second World War. It argues that the study of these veterans is worthwhile for three reasons: the extraordinary mobility that the antifascist struggle of the years 1936–45 enabled; the microcosm it provides for the assessment of what happens when ideologically fuelled concerns meet pragmatic wartime needs; and the relevance of how governments and military organizations have dealt with suspect returnees in the past for present-day dilemmas that several governments face.
Challenges in regulating priority setting in healthcare: A Finnish perspective on the lawmaker’s dilemma
Authors: Kimmel Kaisa-Maria
Published: November 2019

Healthcare rationing presents multiple problems for the lawmaker. This article examines them through two legislative projects concerning Finnish healthcare and the scope of professional discretion awarded to physicians in priority setting. In attempting to enact norms to steer decision-making in priority setting, the lawmaker has to balance tensions between individual and community rights; for example, relating to legal safeguards, equal access, clinical autonomy, individual need, and transparency. Physicians exercise significant discretion over rationing in a context of rising pressure to contain costs, without support from precise decision-making criteria set in legislation. This raises concerns over the long-term legitimacy of priority setting in Finland. The article argues that legal research should provide analyses of legislative measures and the wider regulatory mix to ensure that priority setting frameworks are compatible with the right to health, and that best practices presented in international priority setting research are operationalized in legislative reforms.
Performance of single piezoelectric vibrator micropump with check valve
Authors: Dong Jingshi , Cao Yi , Chen Quanqu , Wu Yue , Liu Rui Gang , Liu Weishuai , Yang Yang , Yang Zhigang
Published: November 2019

A new single vibrator piezoelectric micropump which integrated the check valve and the piezoelectric oscillator is designed in this research. The micropump mainly consists of a circular piezoelectric vibrator, a polyethylene terephthalate check valve, two rubber sealing rings, upper pump cover, and lower pump cover. In this research, in order to study output performance of the single vibrator piezoelectric pump, theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the piezoelectric pump check valve have been carried out by exploiting the method of check valves and vibrator mass separation. Experimental results show that the opening of the check valve is mainly caused by the pressure difference and the inertia force. The dominant factor of check valve opening is different under different drive frequencies. A maximum opening displacement of 19.625 μm of the check valve is obtained when the micropump is driven by a sinusoidal voltage of 60 V at 300 Hz. In addition, the maximum flow rate of 2034.7 mL min−1 is obtained when the micropump is driven by a sinusoidal voltage of 60 V at 320 Hz, and a maximum output pressure of 0.82 kPa is obtained when the micropump is driven by a sinusoidal voltage of 60 V at 140 Hz.
Multiple Team Membership: An Integrative Review
Authors: Margolis Jaclyn
Published: November 2019

With many employees operating in a multiteam environment, multiple team membership (MTM) has become a critical topic across a number of disciplines. Although MTM research is often regarded as being in its beginning stages, there has been a recent uptick of research. An integration of the literature at this phase allows scholars to see the most pressing challenges and begin to identify general insights to move research forward effectively. Accordingly, this review contributes to the literature through drawing meaningful connections regarding MTM between disciplines and providing nascent opportunities for future research. The final review includes 44 articles that directly examine MTM. These articles are supplemented by the project and management literatures to elaborate upon the theoretical bases and findings of these articles.
A rotary compression test for determining the critical value of the Cockcroft–Latham criterion for R260 steel
Authors: Bulzak Tomasz , Pater Zbigniew , Tomczak Janusz , Wójcik Łukasz
Published: November 2019

A method for determining the critical value of the Cockcroft–Latham damage criterion is presented using the example of R260 railway steel. The determinations were performed using a rotary compression test specially developed for that purpose. The main object of the proposed test was to provide the best possible representation of the state of stress generated by cross-wedge rolling. The rotary compression test was performed in two stages: in the first stage, experimental tests were conducted to establish the moment of cracking of the specimen, and in the second stage, numerical modeling was used to determine the critical value of the Cockcroft–Latham criterion for the experimentally established cracking moment. The critical value of the Cockcroft–Latham criterion was determined under hot forming conditions.
Effectiveness of Methenamine for UTI Prevention in Older Adults
Authors: Snellings Marina S. , Linnebur Sunny A. , Pearson Scott M. , Wallace Jeff I. , Saseen Joseph J. , Fixen Danielle R.
Published: November 2019

Background: Methenamine is a drug used for the prevention of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, efficacy has not been established in older adults or patients with varying degrees of kidney function. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of methenamine for the prevention of UTI in adults 60 years and older. Methods: This was a retrospective, pre-post, observational study. The study included primary care patients 60 years and older who were taking methenamine between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2018. The primary outcome was the time to first UTI after methenamine initiation compared with the average time between UTIs in the 12 months prior to methenamine initiation. Results: Of 434 patients reviewed, 150 met inclusion criteria. The average time to UTI was 3.3 months prior to methenamine initiation compared with 5.5 months after methenamine initiation ( P = 0.0004). There were 33 patients (22%) who did not have a UTI after methenamine initiation. Also, 14 patients (9.3%) had a calculated CrCl <30 mL/min at baseline. The average time to UTI in these patients was 3.3 months prior to methenamine initiation compared with 12.7 months after initiation ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion and Relevance: Methenamine use was associated with a longer time to UTI in older adults with varying degrees of kidney function. The effectiveness of methenamine appeared to be similar regardless of kidney function, which is new evidence. Because of a lack of acquired resistance, methenamine may be an effective option for UTI prophylaxis in older adults.
Pathophysiology of Volume Administration in Septic Shock and the Role of the Clinical Pharmacist
Authors: Bissell Brittany D. , Mefford Breanne
Published: November 2019

Objective: To review physiological rationale and evidence base surrounding fluid harm to prepare the clinical pharmacist for accountability regarding volume-related outcomes. Data Sources: A PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted using the following terms: (fluid therapy) AND [(critical care) OR (sepsis)] from 1966 to August 2019 published in English. Study Selection and Data Extraction: A total of 3364 citations were reviewed with only relevant clinical data extracted. Data Synthesis: Although early fluid resuscitation may be a necessary component to decrease mortality in the majority of patients with septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), the benefit of continued administration after the first 24 hours is uncertain. Paradoxically, a positive fluid balance secondary to intravenous fluid receipt has been associated with diverse and perpetuating detriment on a multitude of organ systems after the first 24 hours of ICU stay. Continued clinical harm has been demonstrated on patient outcomes such as rates of mortality and length of stay. Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the potential adverse aspects of positive fluid balance, fluid overload remains common during critical care admission. Conclusion: Physiological concerns to overly zealous fluid administration and subsequent volume overload are vast. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Optimization of fluid balance in critically ill patients with sepsis is primed for clinical pharmacy intervention. Critical care pharmacists have the potential to improve patient care by optimizing fluid pharmacotherapy while potentially reducing adverse events, days on mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU stay.
The Benefit of Individualized Vancomycin Dosing Via Pharmacokinetic Tools: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: He Na , Su Shan , Yan Yingying , Liu Wenxi , Zhai Suodi
Published: November 2019

Background: Various pharmacokinetic (PK) equations and software have been developed to individualize vancomycin dosing. However, the benefit of using any PK information to guide vancomycin dosing has not been fully elucidated. Objective: To appraise available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of individualized vancomycin dosing via PK tools. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and 2 Chinese literature databases were searched through August 1, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that reported the PK and clinical outcomes of individualized vancomycin dosing versus empirical dosing were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences were calculated for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. Results: A total of 21 studies involving 4346 patients were finally included, of which 3 were RCTs and 18 were cohort studies. Meta-analysis revealed that PK-guided vancomycin dosing significantly increased the attainment of target trough concentration (RR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.49-1.70) and decreased the incidence of nephrotoxicity (RR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.46-0.71). Additionally, the available evidence showed that target area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration attainment rate and time to target concentration could improve. However, the evidence on clinical outcomes was scarce, and no significant differences were detected in clinical response rate, microbiological eradication rate, mortality, and length of hospital stay between PK-guided vancomycin dosing and empirical dosing strategies. Conclusion and Relevance: Individualized vancomycin dosing via PK tools significantly increases the attainment of target trough concentration and decreases the incidence of nephrotoxicity. Evidence on clinical effectiveness was limited and showed no significant benefit. Further well-designed studies are warranted to assess its clinical effectiveness and inform routine care.
Arteritis and Plexiform Lesion in Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration: The First Case With Such Two Distinct Complex Lesions Associated With Local Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Hashimoto Hirotsugu , Matsumoto Jun , Kusakabe Masashi , Usui Genki , Hiyama Noriko , Yamaguchi Hirokazu , Horiuchi Hajime , Morikawa Teppei
Published: November 2019

In intralobar pulmonary sequestrations, vascular changes similar to those in pulmonary hypertension (PH) are generally observed, such as intimal proliferation and plexiform lesions. However, to our knowledge, a sequestrated lung manifesting vascular changes with both arteritis and a plexiform lesion has never been reported. A 25-year-old man was diagnosed with intralobar pulmonary sequestration. Pathologically, both arteritis and a plexiform lesion were observed in the sequestrated lung. Systemic vasculitis syndrome was clinically excluded, and the pathological findings appeared to be associated with local PH. Arteritis is an extremely rare finding; only one case of arteritis associated with local PH has been reported in intralobar sequestration. In this case, the artery near the plexiform lesion had milder inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that the arteritis formed prior to the plexiform lesion. This is the first case of arteritis and a plexiform lesion co-occurring in intralobar pulmonary sequestration associated with local PH. This case may shed light on the formation of plexiform lesions and their association with arteritis.
News in an Era of Content Confusion: Effects of News Use Motivations and Context on Native Advertising and Digital News Perceptions
Authors: Amazeen Michelle A.
Published: November 2019

This study examined the effects of news use motivations and differing native advertising contexts (hard vs. soft news) on the ability to perceive commercialized content, evaluations of native advertising, and ensuing digital news perceptions. Based upon the framework of the persuasion knowledge model, an online experiment was conducted among a sample of U.S. adults ( N = 684). Engaging with news for informational motivations conditioned perceptions of advertising as did the contextual effects of hard versus soft news. Furthermore, hard-news approaches to native advertising were perceived more unfavorably by audiences and tarnished the subsequent reporting of actual journalists.
Abiraterone experience in a patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer on hemodialysis
Authors: Karakurt Eryılmaz Melek , Karaağaç Mustafa
Published: November 2019

Abiraterone is an oral inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (17alpha)-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17) complex critical to androgen production. Abiraterone in combination with prednisone is currently FDA approved for use in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, both in the pre- and post-chemotherapy settings. This article discusses the treatment with abiraterone in a patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer on hemodialysis.