bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nguyen Trai's Binh Ngo Dai Cao of 1428: The Development of a Vietnamese National Identity
Authors: O'Harrow Stephen
Published: April 2011

The question of a national identity for Vietnam has long plagued historians, both Vietnamese and foreign. Some see Vietnam throughout its pre-modern history as a minor appendage of the Chinese Empire, one whose culture and institutions are so thoroughly influenced by the Chinese tradition that they evade meaningful individual scrutiny. A few apply the tools of Sinology in such a way as to reach conclusions which, while cogent in themselves, cannot escape the confines of their methodology. Others, including a majority of scholars from Vietnam itself, reject the former view and are continuously searching for evidence to demonstrate the uniqueness of the Vietnamese experience. There is little merit in the a priori assumptions of either school, but this does not invalidate the question. It would be of particular interest to know not simply whether some significant differences existed between Vietnamese and Chinese institutions at various points throughout history but whether these institutional differences had a significant bearing on a sense of nationalism and whether such differences resulted at least partially from a selfconception on the part of Vietnamese thinkers, one consciously held and pursued. The Binh Ngo Dai Cao provides us with some intriguing clues. It is, as well, a narrative document of great literary worth and the subject of constant allusion, the background of which could bear illumination for purely historical interest.
Hierarchy and Order in Pre-Colonial Burma
Authors: Aung-Thwin Michael
Published: April 2011

In the classical Burmese state, land and labour were categorized as either crown or private. State or crown land (mye-taw) was composed largely of the best irrigated tracts in the dry zone, usually worked by crown labour called kyun taw or ahmudan—depending upon the period of study—subject to service tenure, whose produce went to kyi-taw or royal granaries. These crown lands and labour were administered by temporary and permanent clients of the king in return for certain rights and privileges. Exempt communal or ancestral land (bòbábaing mye) was owned collectively, usually by villages of non-indentured people (athi) who, in lieu of corvée, submitted per capita taxes to the crown, determined by a complicated system based on their occupations. Sańghika or religious lands (wáthúkan mye) were either owned outright by the church or held in perpetuity as endowments. The tax exempt produce from glebe lands paid for the maintenance of religious buildings and monasteries, the monks, and for the care of their students and their servants (hpayà-kyun) who were exempt from both corvée as well as per capita tax.
Freedom and Bondage in Traditional Burma and Thailand
Authors: Lehman F.K.
Published: April 2011

I make the following observations from the vantage point of a philologist and anthropologist. I presuppose Michael Aung-Thwin's paper, “Hierarchy and Order in Pre-Colonial Burma”, as background, and I do not propose to recapitulate his treatment of the facts.
Laws and Social Order in Early Thailand: An Introduction to the Mangraisat
Authors: Wyatt David K.
Published: April 2011

Over the past several decades a considerable body of scholarly literature has accumulated concerning the evolution of Thai social and political patterns, behaviour, and values, and our study of Thai society now is much more solidly-based than it was only a generation ago. One might legitimately begin to wonder, however, whether we might not “have it all wrong”. The question is not entirely flippant. Much of what has been written on such subjects has little solid historical depth. Historians' study of Thailand prior to the nineteenth century remains relatively superficial, based on very scanty sources; and to the extent that social scientists and others have depended on the historians, none would argue that they have been completely well-served. Even more seriously, however, one can argue that there has been a good deal of reading contemporary and recent situations back into the past; and even historians' analyses of pre-Chakri social and political history have been all too readily the prisoner of a narrow, linear view of Thai history as the political succession of kingdoms from Sukhothai to Ayudhya to Bangkok.
The British and Malayan Nationalism, 1946–1957
Authors: Ongkili James P.
Published: April 2011

Nationalism developed in a peaceful constitutional and political manner in Malaya during the 1950s. Beginning with the reactions to the Malayan Union scheme and the contrasting political attitudes towards the 1948 Federation proposals, political bargaining led to the emergence of various political parties advocating different platforms and adopting contrasting policies on the major issues facing Malaya until the first federal elections in 1955. However, it is significant that political parties were formed and party politics grew principally as the result of constitutional changes which were introduced during that period. Constitutionalism and the rise of party politics thus combined to help Malaya achieve its ultimate goal of independence and nationhood.
Issues in Malaysian Education: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Chee Tham Seong
Published: April 2011

The promulgation of the Constitutional Amendment Act in the Malaysian Parliament in 1971 would seem to suggest an end to intercommunal squabbles over certain major issues which had threatened to bring about an irrevocable split in the tenuously held together multi-communal structure of the country. The Act proclaimed that “in the interest of security and public order” matters pertaining to citizenship (Pt. III of the Constitution), the National Language (Article 152), the special position of the Malays (Article 153), and the Sovereignty of the Rulers (Article 181.) were not to be questioned in public, in state legislatures, and in Parliament. Proscription on these issues had come about as a direct result of the cataclysmic events of 13 May 1969. The promulgation of the Act was the first item of business in the reconvened Malaysian Parliament following the dissolution of the National Operations Council (NOC) which had temporarily ruled the country.
The Penang Secession Movement, 1948–1951
Authors: Sopiee Mohd. Noordin
Published: April 2011

The Federation of Malaya, formed on 1 February 1948, may be considered a major achievement in state-building in the Third World. Despite great stresses and strains, it was to survive intact until 1963 when it became the dominant part of a larger political entity. Its integrity as a politically unified system was threatened in those fifteen years by numerous secession attempts emanating from Johore (in the period 1955–1956), from Kelantan (in 1955) and from Penang (in the period 1948–1951 and 1953–1957). This article will deal with the most important of these, the Penang secession movement of 1948 to 1951.
The Red Soviets of Nghe-Tinh: An Early Communist Rebellion in Vietnam
Authors: Duiker William J.
Published: April 2011

In the early months of 1930, a series of strikes broke out at various spots in French Indochina - at the Phu Rieng rubber plantation near Bien Hoa in Cochin China, at a match factory at Binh Thuy near Vinh in Central Vietnam, and at a textile plant at Nam Dinh in Tonkin. While not exceptionally important in themselves, these strikes can be seen in retrospect as the opening shots in a year of violence and rebellion. By midsummer the discontent had spread from outbreaks in the big industrial centers to the rural areas in Central and South Vietnam, where a series of major peasant revolts broke out against French colonial authority. As governmental authority in the Central provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh disintegrated, it was rapidly replaced by village peasant Soviets under communist party leadership. The French responded vigorously to these “Nghe-Tinh Soviets” but it was only several months later, in mid-1931, that order was restored over a battered, exhausted, and resentful peasantry.
Indonesian and Chinese Status and Language Differences in Urban Java
Authors: Weldon Peter D.
Published: April 2011

In describing the changing status system of Indonesia, Wertheim sees its development in four stages: the system in the old native society; the rise of a new status system based on race; the decay of the colonial status system in the twentieth century; the reversal and continuity brought by war and revolution.
French Adventurers and Chinese Bandits in Tonkin: The Garnier Affair in its Local Context
Authors: Laffey Ella S.
Published: April 2011

In November of 1873 a force of a few hundred men — French marine troops,’ Chinese regulars from Yunnan, and the sweepings of the ports of East Asia — took? the citadel of Hanoi and gave France the opportunity to add Tonkin to her possessions in Indochina. It was a bold venture, but hardly unplanned. The two most prominent figures in the affair, Jean Dupuis and Francis Garnier, had long been interested in opening southwest China by a direct route through actual or potential French territory, and Dupuis had been taking steps in this direction; since 1868. The attempt had the discreet — if not actually surreptitious — support of the current governor of Cochinchina, admiral Dupré. Yet by the end of December Francis Garnier was dead, his conquests in the Red River delta had been given back to the Vietnamese, and France's chief negotiator for the liquidation of the affair had branded the acts of Dupuis and Garnier as “odious aggression”. Dazzling victory turned into stunning defeat almost overnight, and France was to wait eight years before taking up the initiative of Dupuis and Garnier in Tonkin.
Marriage and Divorce among Malay Peasants in Kelantan
Authors: Tsubouchi Yoshihiro
Published: April 2011

Unstable marriage among Malays is well known through the studies of Firth (1966), Downs (1967), Djamour (1959), Gordon (N.D.), Swift (1958)etc. The data in these studies are mainly descriptive, containing only rough statistics. In this paper the author presents a case of stable society with high divorce rate utilizing both statistical and descriptive data collected in a Malay village of Kelantan in 1970/71. By this year a decrease of divorce has become a prevalent trend in Malaysia, and Malay villagers have begun to treat divorce with increasing sentiment of shame. It is, therefore, only in the villages remote from towns that divorce is still referred as a routine matter of life. The village of Galok, nine miles away from a small town of Pasir Mas, is such a village. The village (kampong) consists of 146 Malay households. Villagers are engaged in paddy farming, rubber tapping and tobacco cultivation.
Books and the Nation: The Making of Thailand's National Library
Authors: Jory Patrick
Published: April 2011

This article examines the establishment by the Thai court in the late nineteenth century of what was to become the "national library", an institution modelled on colonial scholarly societies being set up at the time. It examines its role in the construction of a corpus of a knowledge about the "Thai nation".
Trade and Traders: Local Becomes National
Authors: Pawakapan Niti
Published: April 2011

Growing inter-regional trade has created closer ties between a remote.Thai market town near the Burma-Thailand border and the central region of Thailand. With more outside traders — armed with new kinds of goods — coming to trade, the central region, Bangkok in particular, is no longer a strange, faraway land, and Central Thai, which is used in trade, has become a familiar language in the town. Such new economic activities are thus a crucial factor in national integration, and help strengthen the ideology of the modern Thai nation.
President Kennedy and United States Policy in Laos, 1961–63
Authors: Mahajani Usha
Published: April 2011

In his short administration, President Kennedy was called upon to deal with several Southeast Asian developments but none that had reached such a high watermark of an international crisis as the question of Laos. As in Berlin, he inherited in Laos a situation aggravated by near-direct armed confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States. Kennedy's response to that situation was a complex set of policy moves and measures that alternately raised a spectre of large-scale, direct American military intervention and prospects of East-West agreement on Laotian neutrality, only to end eventually on the same note of anti-communist crusade as in the preceding Eisenhower administration.
Regional Security in Southeast Asia
Authors: Girling J.L.S.
Published: April 2011

Will peace in Vietnam and neutralised Indochina bring stability to Southeast Asia? Or will most of the area fall under a China-North Vietnam condominium? Can the Nixon doctrine, with the U.S. nuclear deterrent in the background, assure the security of a regional association? Or will the Japanese — the flag following trade — gather Southeast Asia into a new co-prosperity sphere?
Anthropology in Indonesia
Authors: Koentjaraningrat
Published: April 2011

The development of anthropology in Indonesia is based on a vast accumulation of records on Indonesian peoples and cultures left by foreign visitors who had come to the islands from time immemorial. Compared to the records left by the Chinese, Indians, and Arab merchants who had visited the islands centuries ago, those left by the earliest Western Europeans (travellers, sailors, missionaries, translators of the Bible, explorers, and the Dutch colonial civil servants) are the most important.
Genetic variation and population structure of Holothuria polii from the eastern and western Mediterranean coasts in Tunisia
Authors: Gharbi Aicha , Said Khaled
Published: April 2011

Seven populations of Holothuria polii were sampled from the eastern and western Mediterranean coastal waters of Tunisia and screened electrophoretically for genetic variation at 11 allozyme loci. Six among the seven polymorphic loci were out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in at least one population. In the same way, the multilocus test showed deviation from HWE in all populations. These populations showed heterozygote deficiency. Genetic variability was relatively low. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.09 to 2.27 (average = 2.15), and the observed heterozygosity varied between 0.14 and 0.20 (average = 0.17). The observed overall differentiation among populations was slight but significant, with a mean FST value of 0.024 (P < 0.001). Pairwise FST values reflected the differentiation of the two populations, which were at the margins of the range sampled, from all the others. Our data suggest a population structure consistent with separation by Mediterranean Sea basins that might reflect different local biogeographical zones.
Making a Sovereign State: Javed Ghamidi and ‘Enlightened Moderation’
Authors: AZIZ SADAF
Published: April 2011

This paper takes a critical look at a recent attempt by the Pakistani state to manage religious thought and practice, under the broad banner of ‘Enlightened Moderation’. One of the key Islamic thinkers associated in popular imagination with this project is Javed Ahmed Ghamidi. In contextualizing the work and role of Ghamidi, it is tempting to work backwards from his opinions on Islamic truth to situate him as a reformer whose interventions are primarily oriented to the task of reconciling Islam to conditions of liberal modernity. Against such a tendency it is argued here that such an exercise of classification and categorization needs to be undertaken with greater care as against a critique of the imperialist typology of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ Islams, a project of delineating authentic from inauthentic Islams has also more recently been activated.
Who Becomes a Terrorist?: Poverty, Education, and the Origins of Political Violence
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: April 2011

Many studies of the social backgrounds of terrorists have found that they are wealthier and better educated than the population from which they are drawn. However, studies of political behavior have shown that all forms of political involvement are correlated with socioeconomic status. among those who are politically active, opportunity costs may lead those involved in nonviolent activities to have a higher social status than violent individuals with a similar ideological orientation. this article develops a theory of participation in violence that incorporates both opportunity costs and informational barriers to participation and tests it by comparing violent and nonviolent political activists involved in the anticolonial agitation in Bengal (1906–39) using data from their police files. While the Bengali terrorists are better educated and have higher status jobs than the population average, they are less educated and less wealthy than the nonviolent activists. these results suggest that socioeconomic status may play a substantial negative role in terrorist recruitment within elites.
Guns and Butter? Regime Competition and the Welfare State during the Cold War
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Schmitt Carina
Published: April 2011

Scholars from a number of disciplines have argued that the massive expansion of the welfare state in the postwar period was at least in some part a byproduct of the cold war and the associated political competition between two rival regime blocs. However, the question of whether regime competition fuelled welfare-state growth has never been subject to systematic examination. Applying spatial econometrics, this article offers the first empirical test of this argument. The authors' findings support the notion that regime competition stimulated the expansion of the welfare state on both sides of the Iron Curtain in the postwar period.
Can Islamists Become Moderates? Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis
Authors: Schwedler Jillian
Published: April 2011

Recent years have seen a surge of studies that examine the inclusion-moderation hypothesis with reference to political Islam: the idea that political groups and individuals may become more moderate as a result of their inclusion in pluralist political processes. Most of these interventions adopt one of three foci: (1) the behavioral moderation of groups; (2) the ideological moderation of groups; and (3) the ideological moderation of individuals. After a discussion of various definitions of moderate and radical, the concept of moderation, and the centrality of moderation to studies of democratization, the author examines the scholarship on political Islam that falls within each approach. She then examines several studies that raise questions about sequencing: how mechanisms linking inclusion and moderation are posited and how other approaches might better explain Islamist moderation. Finally, she offers a critical analysis of the behavior-ideology binary that animates many of these models and suggests some fruitful paths for future research.
Orthographic and phonological parafoveal processing of consonants, vowels, and tones when reading Thai
Authors: WINSKEL HEATHER
Published: April 2011

Four eye movement experiments investigated whether readers use parafoveal input to gain information about the phonological or orthographic forms of consonants, vowels, and tones in word recognition when reading Thai silently. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which consonant, vowel, or tone information was manipulated. Previews of homophonous consonants (Experiment 1) and concordant vowels (Experiment 2) did not substantially facilitate processing of the target word, whereas the identical previews did. Hence, orthography appears to be playing the prominent role in early word recognition for consonants and vowels. Incorrect tone marker previews (Experiment 3) substantially retarded the subsequent processing of the target word, indicating that lexical tone plays an important role in early word recognition. Vowels in VOP (Experiment 4) did not facilitate processing, which points to vowel position being a significant factor. Primarily, orthographic codes of consonants and vowels (HOP) in conjunction with tone information are assembled from parafoveal input and used for early lexical access.
Facial emotion labeling in language impaired children
Authors: DELAUNAY-EL ALLAM MARYSE , GUIDETTI MICHÈLE , CHAIX YVES , REILLY JUDY
Published: April 2011

The few studies that have investigated emotion labeling in children with specific language impairment (SLI) have generally focused on global identification performances and appear contradictory. The current study is a fine-grained examination of how children with SLI and typical peers differ in the accuracy of their emotional lexicon use. Children underwent a free labeling task of five basic emotions expressed by still face photographs. Results revealed that children with SLI were less accurate in their label use than typical children. However, pattern of confusions between the two groups differed only by a confusion between sadness and anger displayed by the SLI group. It is argued that this emotion labeling deficiency may rely on semantic fields overlap.
The management of foot problems in the older person through podiatry services
Authors: Vernon Wesley , Borthwick Alan , Walker Jeremy
Published: April 2011

The scale of foot problems in the population is high, and highest in older people. Whilst podiatry is solely concerned with the foot, other professions with a broader remit are also involved in foot care, as not only the foot may be at risk but also there may be serious systemic sequelae. Foot problems can be usefully viewed from a functional, hierarchical perspective. The interventions required are suggested by considering problems according to this hierarchy. Many approaches exist for the management of foot conditions from educated self-care to surgery. In managing such conditions, multi-disciplinary approaches are required. Podiatry has developed considerably over the years, has a growing research base, an extensive scope of practice and anticipated developments. The profession can develop further, particularly in its preventative role, in terms of professional autonomy and in further increasing its evidence base.
Faktoren der Gesichtserkennung im ersten Lebensjahr
Authors: Spangler Sibylle M. , Freitag Claudia , Jäger Karin , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung. Schon gleich nach der Geburt bevorzugen es Säuglinge, Gesichter gegenüber anderen visuellen Objekten anzuschauen und lernen dann im Laufe des ersten Lebensjahres, immer mehr Gesichter zu unterscheiden und wiederzuerkennen. Es wird derzeit noch diskutiert, welche Faktoren für diese zunehmende Unterscheidungsleistung von Gesichtern verantwortlich sind. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es darzulegen, welche Rolle die Faktoren – emotionaler Ausdruck von Gesichtern, Temperament und Kognition der Säuglinge sowie die Kultur – für eine solche Unterscheidungsleistung von Gesichtern innerhalb des ersten Lebensjahres spielen.
Frühkindliche Untersuchungsmethoden zur Intelligenzprognostik
Authors: Teubert Manuel , Vierhaus Marc , Lohaus Arnold
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Übersichtsartikel soll der derzeitige Forschungsstand zu Untersuchungsmethoden zur frühkindlichen Intelligenzprognose dargestellt werden. Dabei haben sich Untersuchungsmethoden wie der Visuelle Paarvergleich, das Habituations-Dishabituations-Paradigma oder das Erwartungs-Induktions-Paradigma bewährt. Es lassen sich signifikante, wenn auch moderate Korrelationen zwischen den Leistungen von Säuglingen in solchen Untersuchungsmethoden und den späteren IQ-Werten zeigen. Die Methoden werden hinsichtlich ihrer Reliabilität, der Vorhersagekraft bei der Prognose der Intelligenz und der Forschung zur strukturellen Entwicklung der Intelligenz dargestellt.
Die Entwicklung der räumlichen Wahrnehmung im Säuglingsalter: Eine Positionsbestimmung
Authors: Kavšek Michael
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist eine Vielzahl experimenteller Studien mit dem Ziel durchgeführt worden, den Zeitpunkt der Entstehung der räumlichen Wahrnehmung im ersten Lebensjahr aufzuspüren. Ein Problem dieser Forschungsarbeiten besteht darin, dass sie auf keine einheitlichen Altersangaben hin konvergieren und so keine sicheren Schlussfolgerungen darüber zulassen, ab wann genau die jeweilige Wahrnehmungsleistung vorhanden ist. Insbesondere im Bereich der bildhaften Tiefenwahrnehmung gibt es eine vermeintliche Diskrepanz in den Ergebnissen von Studien, in denen die Methode des präferentiellen Greifens zur Anwendung kommt, und Studien, in denen das kindliche Blickverhalten beobachtet wird. Aufgabe der Forschung ist daher die Entwicklung und Anwendung von Heuristiken, mit deren Hilfe eine Klärung der Faktoren erfolgen kann, die für derartige unterschiedliche Befundlagen verantwortlich sind. Zu diesen Heuristiken zählen das Verfahren der metaanalytischen Auswertung vorhandener Ergebnisse sowie die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Untersuchungsmethoden und Versuchsdesigns auf einen Inhaltsbereich. Am Beispiel der bildhaften Tiefenwahrnehmung wird dargestellt, dass eine metaanalytische Vorgehensweise die Theorienbildung vorantreiben kann. Zudem werden unterschiedliche experimentelle Designs und Techniken der Datenerhebung skizziert und in ihrer Rolle für die Forschung erläutert.
Equatorial scintillation calculations based on coherent scatter radar and C/NOFS data
Authors: Costa Emanoel , de Paula Eurico R. , Rezende L. F. C. , Groves Keith M. , Roddy Patrick A. , Dao Eugene V. , Kelley Michael C.
Published: April 2011

During its transit through a region of equatorial ionospheric irregularities, sensors on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite provide a one‐dimensional description of the medium, which can be extended to two dimensions if the structures are assumed to be elongated in the direction of the magnetic field lines. The C/NOFS scintillation calculation approach assumes that the medium is equivalent to a diffracting screen with random phase fluctuations that are proportional to the irregularities in the total electron content, specified through the product of the directly measured electron density by an estimated extent of the irregularity layer along the raypaths. Within the international collaborative effort anticipated by the C/NOFS Science Definition Team, the present work takes the vertical structure of the irregularities into more detailed consideration, which could lead to improved predictions of scintillation. Initially, it describes a flexible model for the power spectral density of the equatorial ionospheric irregularities, estimates its shape parameters from C/NOFS in situ data and uses the signal‐to‐noise ratio S/N measurements by the São Luís coherent scatter radar to estimate the mean square electron density fluctuation 〈ΔN2〉 within the corresponding sampled volume. Next, it presents an algorithm for the wave propagation through a three‐dimensional irregularity layer which considers the variations of 〈ΔN2〉 along the propagation paths according to observations by the radar. Data corresponding to several range‐time‐intensity maps from the radar is used to predict time variations of the scintillation index S4 at the L1 Global Positioning System (GPS) frequency (1575.42 MHz). The results from the scintillation calculations are compared with corresponding measurements by the colocated São Luís GPS scintillation monitor for an assessment of the prediction capability of the present formulation.
Marking the Fifth Anniversary of the Discovery of Enceladus's Plumes
Authors: Matson Dennis , Schmidt Juergen , Postberg Frank
Published: April 2011

Enceladus as an Active Moon; Bern, Switzerland, 14–18 June 2010; In commemoration of the fifth anniversary of the discovery of Enceladus's plumes, a group of about 2 dozen specialists gathered at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Switzerland (http://www.issibern.ch/teams/ActiveEnceladus) with the goal of advancing understanding of the nature of Enceladus and its unusual phenomena. Speakers at the meeting noted that Enceladus is much more exciting than even their wildest expectations for it more than 20 years ago when the Cassini‐Huygens mission to Saturn was conceived, in the 1980s, several years after the Voyager flybys. Cassini revealed the surprising activity of the icy moon Enceladus, which is ejecting plumes of water vapor and ice grains from its anomalously warm south polar region. During the flyby of Enceladus on 17 February 2005, the Cassini magnetometer observed magnetic effects caused by Enceladus's plumes. Alerted by these stunning measurements, the Cassini investigators focused in on Enceladus during subsequent flybys and obtained the presently known facts about the plumes and the large south polar thermal anomaly.
Volcanology Curricula Development Aided by Online Educational Resource
Authors: Poland Michael P. , van der Hoeven Kraft Katrien J. , Teasdale Rachel
Published: April 2011

Using On‐Line Volcano Monitoring Data in College and University Courses: The Volcano Exploration Project: Pu`u `Ō`ō (VEPP); Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii, 26–30 July 2010; Volcanic activity is an excellent hook for engaging college and university students in geoscience classes. An increasing number of Internet‐accessible real‐time and near–real time volcano monitoring data are now available and constitute an important resource for geoscience education; however, relatively few data sets are comprehensive, and many lack background information to aid in interpretation. In response to the need for organized, accessible, and well‐documented volcano education resources, the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), in collaboration with NASA and the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, established the Volcanoes Exploration Project: Pu`u `Ō`ō (VEPP). The VEPP Web site (http://vepp.wr.usgs.gov) is an educational resource that provides access, in near real time, to geodetic, seismic, and geologic data from the active Pu`u `Ō`ō eruptive vent on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, along with background and context information. A strength of the VEPP site is the common theme of the Pu`u `Ō`ō eruption, which allows the site to be revisited multiple times to demonstrate different principles and integrate many aspects of volcanology.
Light-induced transcriptional responses associated with proteorhodopsin-enhanced growth in a marine flavobacterium
Authors: Kimura Hiroyuki , Young Curtis R , Martinez Asuncion , DeLong Edward F
Published: April 2011

Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a photoprotein that functions as a light-driven proton pump in diverse marine Bacteria and Archaea. Recent studies have suggested that PR may enhance both growth rate and yield in some flavobacteria when grown under nutrient-limiting conditions in the light. The direct involvement of PR, and the metabolic details enabling light-stimulated growth, however, remain uncertain. Here, we surveyed transcriptional and growth responses of a PR-containing marine flavobacterium during carbon-limited growth in the light and the dark. As previously reported (Gómez-Consarnau et al., 2007), Dokdonia strain MED134 exhibited light-enhanced growth rates and cell yields under low carbon growth conditions. Inhibition of retinal biosynthesis abolished the light-stimulated growth response, supporting a direct role for retinal-bound PR in light-enhanced growth. Among protein-coding transcripts, both PR and retinal biosynthetic enzymes showed significant upregulation in the light. Other light-associated proteins, including bacterial cryptochrome and DNA photolyase, were also expressed at significantly higher levels in the light. Membrane transporters for Na+/phosphate and Na+/alanine symporters, and the Na+-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) linked electron transport chain, were also significantly upregulated in the light. Culture experiments using a specific inhibitor of Na+-translocating NQR indicated that sodium pumping via NQR is a critical metabolic process in the light-stimulated growth of MED134. In total, the results suggested the importance of both the PR-enabled, light-driven proton gradient, as well as the generation of a Na+ ion gradient, as essential components for light-enhanced growth in these flavobacteria.
Alterations in Local Cerebral Glucose Utilisation in Specific Thalamic Nuclei following Apomorphine
Authors: McCulloch James , Kelly Paul A. T.
Published: April 2011

The alterations in local cerebral glucose utilisation in eight discrete nuclei in the thalamus following the administration of apomorphine (0.5 mg kg−1) have been investigated with the autoradiographic 2-deoxyglucose technique in 11 conscious rats. In two thalamic nuclei (parafascicular and ventrolateral nuclei), glucose utilisation was significantly elevated following apomorphine; in two thalamic nuclei (the anterior medial and anterior ventral nuclei), glucose utilisation was significantly reduced following apomorphine; and in four nuclei (lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, mediodorsal, and lateral thalamic nuclei), glucose use was unchanged.
Changes in Extracellular Calcium Activity in Cerebral Ischaemia
Authors: Harris Robert J. , Symon Lindsay , Branston Neil M. , Bayhan Muzaffer
Published: April 2011

Changes in extracellular ion activities were measured during partial ischaemia of the cerebral cortex of primates anaesthetised with α-chloralose. Triple-barrelled, double-ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure the extracellular potassium (Ke) and calcium (Cae) activity at the same point simultaneously. The ion changes were related to local cerebral blood flow, and it was shown that at a blood flow of approximately 10 ml 100 g−1 min−1, there is a threshold below which ion homeostasis is disturbed. This is associated with a dramatic rise in Ke and fall in Cae. Cae falls from a normal value of 1.31 ± 0.1 mm to approximately 0.28 mm in densely ischaemic tissue. In ischaemia, Ke reaches 13.4 ± 3.8 mm before Cae begins to fall. The fall in Cae, although related to reduced blood flow, is closely associated with and follows the rise in Ke. The change in Cae is probably due to an increase in membrane permeability, as a result of either depolarisation or a critical lowering of cellular energy reserves.
Error Sensitivity of Fluorodeoxyglucose Method for Measurement of Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Glucose
Authors: Huang Sung-Cheng , Phelps Michael E. , Hoffman Edward J. , Kuhl David E.
Published: April 2011

The fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) method for the measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (LCMRGlc) employs typical values of the FDG transport rate constants that have been obtained by kinetic measurements on an appropriate control group. Discrepancies between the true values of the rate constants in tissue and the typical values used in the operational equation of the FDG method will introduce error in the estimate of LCMRGlc. Computer simulations were used to evaluate the accuracy of the FDG method in cases where (1) the tissue LCMRGlc deviates greatly from the normal values (e.g., stroke) or (2) the tissue LCMRGlc changes during the experiment (e.g., epileptic seizure). The effects of the magnitude and duration of metabolic changes were studied. The rsults indicate that if tissue LCMRGlc differs greatly from the normal value, the error in the estimated LCMRGlc at a scan time of 60 min is less than 20% of the difference between the true and normal values. In the non-steady-state cases, the estimated LCMRGlc was found to be a weighted average of the metabolic rates during the experiments, with the weightings approximately proportional to the plasma FDG concentration at the corresponding times. For example, if LCMRGlc in tissue was 5 times the normal values for the first 10 min but then returned to normal state, the LCMRGlc measured by the FDG method at a scan time of 60 min would be about only 2–3 times the normal value. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the accuracy of the FDG method under various tissue metabolic conditions and is useful for interpreting metabolic values obtained with the FDG method.
Effect of Propranolol on Local Cerebral Blood Flow under Normocapnic and Hypercapnic Conditions
Authors: Dahlgren Nils , Ingvar Martin , Siesjö Bo K.
Published: April 2011

The effect of propranolol (2.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) on local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normocapnia was studied in rats maintained artificially ventilated on 70% N2O and 30% O2. The method used was autoradiography with [14C]iodoantipyrine. Although a single dose of propranolol, given 30 min prior to CBF measurements, somewhat reduced mean CBF values in all of the 22 structures analysed, none of the changes were significant. The results confirm previous ones, in which overall CBF was measured, in showing that β-adrenergic mechanisms have little effect on normal cerebrovascular tone. Following a single dose of propranolol, results obtained in hypercapnia were equally negative; neither did CBF fall significantly when propranolol was given by constant infusion during 15 min. Furthermore, local CBF did not differ between animals infused with dl-propranolol and d-propranolol. It is concluded that in the rat, propranolol has but small effects on the CBF response to hypercapnia, if any. The results reveal that local CO2 responsiveness, calculated as ΔCBF/ΔPco2, varies with normocapnic flow rates.
Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Consumption of Rats with Experimental Gliomas
Authors: Hossmann K.-A. , Niebuhr I. , Tamura M.
Published: April 2011

Experimental brain tumors were produced in rats by intracerebral implantation of a neoplastic glial cell clone. Within 2–6 weeks, spherical brain tumors developed at the implantation site with a mean diameter of 6 mm. Local blood flow and local glucose utilization were measured under light barbiturate anesthesia by quantitative autoradiography in the tumor and peritumoral brain tissue. In solid parts of the tumor, blood flow was 57.8 ± 2.0 ml/100 g/min (mean ± SE), and glucose utilization was 87.2 ± 5.8 μmol/100 g/min, respectively. In necrotic regions, flow and glucose utilization were zero. In peritumoral brain tissue of the ipsilateral hemisphere blood flow was reduced by 13–23%, as compared to homologous regions of the opposite side, the greatest decrease being recorded in the ipsilateral thalamus. Flow in the opposite hemisphere was of the same order of magnitude as in normal control rats. Glucose consumption, in contrast, was distinctly reduced in both hemispheres: in the cortex and putamen, it was 40–50% lower than in normal controls. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) during tumor development the high glucose consumption in the tumor tissue is not coupled to an equal increase in blood flow; (2) peritumoral cerebral blood flow decreases on the ipsilateral but not on the contralateral side, and (3) the metabolic rate of glucose is distinctly inhibited in both hemispheres of tumor-bearing animals. The dissociation between blood flow and metabolism suggests that metabolic inhibition is not the consequence of a diaschitic depression of functional activity.
Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Blood Flow Measurements in the Rabbit
Authors: Scremin Oscar U. , Sonnenschein Ralph R. , Rubinstein Eduardo H.
Published: April 2011

The arterial supply and venous drainage of the rabbit's brain were characterized by intravascular injection of casting material and intra-arterial administration of markers (crystal violet or dissolved hydrogen gas). The internal carotid artery supplies the homolateral cerebral cortex and subcortical structures except for the thalamus and the posterior portion of the nucleus caudatus; it also supplies the homolateral retina and optic nerve. No noncerebral structures are supplied by this artery. The dorsal sagittal sinus drains the dorsal and lateral parts of the frontal and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex, with no detectable extracerebral contamination. Electromagnetic measurement of flow in the internal carotid artery (ICBF), volumetric or H2-clearance measurement of flow in the dorsal sagittal sinus (SSBF), and H2-clearance determination in cerebral cortex yield comparable results on the cerebrovascular response to hyper- and hypocapnia. ICBF and SSBF are reliable and valid estimates of average blood flow through the homolateral cerebral hemisphere and the cerebral cortex, respectively.
Cerebral Veins: Fluorescence Histochemistry, Electron Microscopy, and in vitro Reactivity
Authors: Edvinsson Lars , Högestätt Edward D. , Uddman Rolf , Auer Ludwig M.
Published: April 2011

Pial veins, choroid plexus veins, and the cerebri magna vein were investigated with regard to their ultrastructural organization, adrenergic nerve supply, and in vitro reactivity. The vessel walls consisted of a continuous layer of endothelial cells, large amounts of collagenous material, and occasional pericytes. Smooth muscle cells were observed only in a few specimens from the cerebri magna vein. All veins were surrounded by adrenergic nerve fibres. Potassium (124 m M) and noradrenaline (10−5–10−4 M) induced small contractions (0.2–0.5 mN) of isolated veins during in vitro conditions. The magnitude of these responses was less than one-tenth of that obtained in small pial arteries.
The Effect of Nimodipine on the Evolution of Human Cerebral Infarction Studied by PET
Authors: Hakim A. M. , Evans A. C. , Berger L. , Kuwabara H. , Worsley K. , Marchal G. , Biel C. , Pokrupa R. , Diksic M. , Meyer E. , Gjedde A. , Marrett S.
Published: April 2011

Fourteen patients were studied by positron emission tomography (PET) within 48 h of onset of a hemispheric ischemic stroke and again 7 days later. After the first set of PET scans, the patients were randomized to receive either nimodipine (n = 7) or a carrier solution (n = 7) by intravenous infusion. The infusions were maintained until the end of the second PET studies. CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV), oxygen extraction ratio (OER), CMRO2, and CMRglc were measured each time. These metabolic and perfusion measurements were performed by standard methods. A surface map of each metabolic and perfusion measurement in the cortical mantle was generated by interpolating between the available slices. The various surface maps representing the physiological characteristics determined in the same or subsequent studies were aligned so that all data sets could be analyzed identically using an array of square regions of interest (ROIs). The functional status of each ROI was recorded at the two intervals following the cerebrovascular accident to characterize the evolution of the infarct, penumbra, and normal brain regions. We presumed the ischemic penumbra to be cortical regions in the proximity of the infarct and perfused at CBF values between 12 and 18 ml/100 g/min on the first PET scan, while densely ischemic regions had CBF of <12 nl/100 g/min and normally perfused brain >18 ml/100 g/min. In the densely ischemic zone, CBF increased more in the nimodipine-treated group than in the carrier group. As well, in this region nimodipine reversed the decline in CMRO2 noted in the carrier group, the difference in the changes being significant. In the penumbra zone, comparable trends were noted in OER and CMRO2 but the difference in the changes between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. Changes in CMRglc and CBV were comparable between the two groups in both cortical regions.
Energy Substrate Partitioning and Efficiency in Individuals With Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype
Authors: Faghihnia Nastaran , Siri‐Tarino Patty W. , Krauss Ronald M. , Brooks George A.
Published: April 2011

Individuals with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP) characterized by increased levels of small dense low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles tend to have greater adiposity compared to unaffected subjects. We sought to determine whether this may be related to alterations in energy substrate partitioning or efficiency. These were assessed by indirect calorimetry in men with ALP (ALP+, n = 7) and unaffected controls (ALP−, n = 8) during rest (30 min) and exercise (10 min). Gross, net and delta efficiencies were calculated during graded leg‐cycle ergometry at workloads of 10 and 50 W. Respiratory exchange ratios (RER) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ALP+ vs. ALP− during rest (0.86 ± 0.01 vs. 0.83 ± 0.02) and exercise at 10 W (0.88 ± 0.02 vs. 0.84 ± 0.02) and 50 W (0.92 ± 0.01 vs. 0.87 ± 0.01, respectively) (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation (kcal/min) was lower in ALP+ vs. ALP− during rest (0.56 ± 0.02 vs. 0.71 ± 0.07) and exercise at 10 W (1.52 ± 0.25 vs. 2.00 ± 0.20) and 50 W (1.28 ± 0.10 vs. 2.32 ± 0.22, respectively) (P < 0.05). Gross and net efficiencies were significantly increased (P = 0.005) in ALP+ vs. ALP− at 10 W. RER was correlated positively with plasma triglyceride during exercise and inversely with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and LDL peak particle diameter during rest and exercise (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that increased muscular efficiency at low exercise intensity and reduced lipid oxidation during rest and exercise may contribute to both dyslipidemia and increased adiposity in individuals with ALP.
Facile temperature-controlled synthesis of hexagonal Zn2GeO4nanorods with different aspect ratios toward improved photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting and photoreduction of CO2
Authors: Yan Shicheng , Wan Lijuan , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: April 2011

Zn2GeO4 with dominant {110} facets nanorods exhibit a high activity and selectivity for the photoreduction of CO2 into CO.
A zeolitic porous lithium–organic framework constructed from cubane clusters
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Wu Tao , Zheng Shou-Tian , Wang Le , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: April 2011

A porous zeolitic framework based on Li4O4 clusters is obtained. The ditopic ligand 4-pyridinol simultaneously contributes to the cluster-forming and intercluster-crosslinking, leading to a rigid porous framework with high thermal stability.
Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic characteristics of Zn1−xCoxFe2O4 (x = 0−1) nanoparticles
Authors: Ghasemi Ali , Šepelák Vladimir , Shirsath Sagar E. , Liu Xiaoxi , Morisako Akimitsu
Published: April 2011

Zn1 − xCoxFe2O4 (x = 0−1 in a step of 0.2) nanoparticles with different range of particle size including 5–10 nm and 200–250 nm have been prepared by sol–gel process. Mössbauer spectra at room temperature indicated that, with increasing cobalt content, there is a transition from paramagnetic to magnetically ordered-ferrimagnetic state. Magnetic properties were measured at 300 and 10 K using a Quantum Design MPMS-5S SQUID magnetometer. It was found that with an increase in cobalt content the saturation magnetization and coercivity increase.
Ferromagnetic spins interaction in alternating branched polyarylamines
Authors: Gosk Jacek , Maurel Vincent , Gambarelli Serge , Djurado David , Szymczak Rita , Twardowski Andrzej , Kulszewicz-Bajer Irena
Published: April 2011

The chemical oxidation of alternating branched polyarylamines leads to the formation of radical cations, the presence of which was manifested by the appearance of new bands in the UV–visible–near infrared spectra. Spins of radical cations can be magnetically coupled. The nutation pulsed-EPR technique was used to determine the multiplicity of spin systems for different oxidant:polymer unit ratios. It was found that spins of polymers oxidized to a radical cation in each conjugated amine segment interact magnetically to form dominant quartet state (S = 3/2). Magnetization measurements confirmed the ferromagnetic interaction of spins, returning an exchange integral J = +0.75 meV.