bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligibility of dialectal discourse: a priori attitudes
Authors: Aliūkaitė Daiva
Published: March 2021

The paper attempts to analyse the intelligibility of dialectal discourse. The analysis is based on anonymous questionnaires designed according to the principles suggested by Dennis R. Preston. The experiment was performed in several ethnic regions of Lithuania. Its overall sample includes 548 respondents. The a priori conceptualization of dialect intelligibility is related to a particular native polyglot horizon of the respondents. Only 1.39% of all female respondents and 2.39% of all male respondents a priori regard dialectal speech as completely unintelligible. Their comments help identify the image of dialectal speech within the following scenario: if I do not understand dialect X, no dialectal expression is intelligible. 69.44% of the female respondents and 59.62% of the male respondents think that dialectal speech is only partially intelligible. 19.44% of the female respondents and 20.77% of the male respondents claim that dialectal speech is nearly unintelligible. Thus dialectal speech could be described as partially intelligible due to its affinity to standard language (Mar6M10: part of the vocabulary is similar to that of standard language) or to the respondent's language (KauĄžM23: because the majority of words sound alike). Such arguments regarding the intelligibility of dialectal discourse are based on deductive reasoning (UkmDM32: since this language is nonetheless Lithuanian and therefore intelligible). Only 9.72% of the female respondents and 16.92% of the male respondents regarded dialectal speech as easily intelligible. However, such data is not enough to qualify dialectal speech as a speech code which does not require adequate knowledge and competence. Such distribution of the responses leads to a conclusion that young language users are not merely passive supporters of their own speech code. In fact, while qualifying dialectal speech as a distinct code of others mainly represented by the elder members of the speech community, young respondents place their own speech code in opposition to the described dialectal speech code. The data also shows that distinguishing young representatives of a particular region of Lithuania as those who understand the code of their native dialect better than any other member of the language community is hardly possible.
The position of language used in blogs in the overall scheme of current Lithuanian usage
Authors: Miliūnaitė Rita
Published: March 2021

Lithuanian blogs appeared ca. in the year 2000, whereas the first blogs have been in operation on the worldwide web since ca. 1994. However, the Lithuanian language used in the blogs has hardly been researched. It is obvious that in terms of quantity and quality it is a new phenomenon and it clearly influences public usage of the Lithuanian language. It would therefore be interesting to investigate its peculiarities. The article aims at analysing the most characteristic linguistic features of records randomly selected from more than one hundred of Lithuanian blogs, to define the position of blogs as a genre of electronic texts in current Lithuanian language usage and to show possibilities of their sociolinguistic research. The paper describes peculiarities of the language of the blogs. The key features include information about the author/s, purpose, content and format, and writing circumstances. The language used in blogs is compared with the language of other genres of electronic discourse, which refers to texts of interactive communication in an electronic medium such as comments on discussions on the web, text messages (SMS), instant messages, etc. The investigation concludes that the language used in blogs is more organised, i.e. their graphic and linguistic expression is similar to journalistic style rather than spoken language, the ideas are presented coherently and consistently, the text is better structured (might also be edited by author), more adapted to language standards familiar to a greater number of readers and has more linguistic self-control. The language used in blogs is not related to any region (thus it cannot be treated as a dialect) nor to any social or ethnic group (thus it cannot be treated as a sociolect). It is a type of language functioning in the electronic medium, the so-called medialect. In terms of linguistic peculiarities, blogs may be described as a genre of contemporary public unrestricted electronic usage. With a great variety of blogs, their different authors and topics, the content created directly and with no mediators, the language of the internet genre may be regarded as actual usage reflecting new trends and changes in the language. This format is open to multilayer linguistic variations; therefore, it makes a good basis for the sociolinguistic research of actual usage taking into consideration various social factors (the bloggers' age, gender, social standing, academic background, activities, interests etc.). Translated by Ernestas Lomsargis and Inesa Šeškauskienė
On the semantics of subordinate clauses of time
Authors: Pajėdienė Jūratė
Published: March 2021

The paper sets out to discuss the correlation between the semantic relationships of de re and de dicto type of subordinate clauses of time and grammatical tense forms of predicates. The de dicto type of subordinate clauses is seen as correlating with the predicate expressed by the present and future tense forms of the verb and the usage of conjunctive words in the most general temporal meaning (kai/kada/kuomet/kol ‘when/while'). The above grammatical features of predicates and lexical preferences of conjunctive words usually determine that the meaning in the clauses of time is intertwined with other meanings. Preference to clauses of time over conditional clauses in particular discourses is mostly concerned with a well-developed communicative competence of the addressor. Displacing syntactic roles of components in a subordinate clause of time is only possible in very rare cases when reference is made to an idiosyncratic context of the situation of utterance.
The category of definiteness and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics
Authors: Spraunienė Birutė
Published: March 2021

The paper analyses the concept of definiteness and the semantics and formal expression of the category of definiteness. It also offers an overview of the concept of the category and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics. Definiteness helps solve problems of the referent identification in the course of communication and is a universal semantic/pragmatic category. In languages with a grammatical expression of definiteness and formally marked by articles, the category of definiteness is grammatical. Articles mainly serve as a means of coordinating reference; however, eventually their usage might become wider and the number of functions might increase. As a result, they gradually seep into indefinite contexts. Since languages manifest a varied expression of definiteness, in contrastive studies only the semantic content of the category can serve as a tertium comparationis. It can be broadly defined in the following way: the semantics of definite description is characterised by its referent which is known to the addressee or can be easily and unambiguously identified and is the only one (unique and maximum) in a certain pragmatic set. The semantics of indefinite description is characterised by an addressee who/which is unable to identify the referent and in respect to uniqueness such description is neutral. The expression of definiteness in Lithuanian can hardly be treated as grammatical, with the pronominal morpheme of the definite form of adjectives being the only formal marker of definiteness. Previous research has been fairly scarce in identifying the contrast, distribution and functions of definite and indefinite forms in Lithuanian. For example, there has been no research done when the definite form is obligatory, when it is optional or when its usage is ungrammatical. Definiteness in Lithuanian is also expressed by demonstrative pronouns; and some of them, according to Albertas Rosinas, have become dysfunctional and presently perform the function of definite markers in spoken language. Definiteness also correlates with the functional sentence perspective and word order as well as the opposition between the nominative /accusative vs the genitive case. However, in Lithuanian to finally discriminate between the definite and the indefinite interpretation is only possible by referring to context.
Lithuanian and English request strategies and politeness
Authors: Hilbig Inga
Published: March 2021

Requests are among the most studied speech acts in the area of interactional pragmatics and linguistic politeness. Empirical studies have proliferated over the past decades; however, although requests in many Western languages, including English, have received significant attention, this paper is the very first attempt to explore request strategies in Lithuanian. The research is based on an assumption about three main universal directness levels in requests as well as on a distinction between positive (closeness, solidarity) and negative (distance, deference) politeness systems. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire with socially divergent situations to prompt requests. It was filled in by 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates. The findings demonstrate that while both groups mostly opted for conventionally indirect requests (e.g. indirect questions about the hearer's ability or willingness to fulfil a request), the Lithuanian responses spread much wider along the directness-indirectness continuum, the respondents employing notably more direct (e.g. imperatives, explicit performatives) as well as a slightly larger number of non-conventionally indirect strategies (hints). Indirect structures do not necessarily convey politeness, just as blunt requests per se are not impolite. No linguistic group of people can be legitimately considered more or less polite than the other, but rather polite in their own socio-culturally acceptable way. Conventionally indirect requests are commonly associated with the negative positive politeness system, whereas direct requests with the positive politeness orientation. The results of the present investigation reveal that Lithuanians are more inclined towards positive politeness, but this is still to be confirmed by further research.
Interrogative utterances in spoken Lithuanian: quantitative aspects of investigation
Authors: Balčiūnienė Ingrida , Simonavičienė Laura
Published: March 2021

The paper introduces the results of an investigation into spoken Lithuanian based on the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian and carried out in Vytautas Magnus University. In the course of investigation the interrogative utterances used in spontaneous language were classified according to function and structure. The quantitative analysis of the data accessed from the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian was based on a special computer program CHILDES. The results have shown that spoken Lithuanian gives preference to closed interrogative utterances rather than open interrogative utterances. Closed interrogative utterances in most cases use no interrogative particles; utterances with interrogative particles are much less frequent. In the latter subgroup interrogative particles mostly occur in the utterance-initial (e.g. ar, gal etc.) rather than utterance-final position (e.g. taip, ne, ane etc.). In the class of open interrogative utterances adverbial modifier utterances prevail; in the latter subclass interrogative utterances of the adverbial modifier of place dominate.
Precedent texts in advertisements
Authors: Aliūkaitė Daiva , Amankevičiūtė Simona
Published: March 2021

The present paper discusses precedent texts in advertisements. A precedent text is defined as an axiological sign functioning within a semiotic space of culture. The precedent text is introduced into any text by giving the name of the author or the character or the title of a literary work or just quoting it. The precedent text is important for a person at the cognitive and emotive levels and is well-known within the person's social environment (both of his/her own as well as previous generations); it is fore-grounded in the discourse each time it is generated by the linguistic person.The authors adhere to the view that an advertisement is a Creole text consisting of components of verbal and visual communication. The approach implies a possibility for other texts, i.e. precedent texts, to occur in the advertisement text. The paper focuses on the meaning and functionality of precedent texts in Lithuanian printed advertisements. The investigation into the diversity of precedent texts and their frequency in advertisements is based on the methodological instruments offered by cognitive linguistics and linguistic culturology.A limited scope of the material could only lead to very tentative conclusions on precedent texts in advertisements. The insights could be treated as prerequisites or hypotheses for further research. So in the discourse of advertising precedent texts tend to be quasi-quoted, there are also clear tendencies to make allusive references to precedent texts (precedent phenomena). The advertisements give preference to a mixed type of actualisation of the precedence phenomena. Undoubtedly, precedent advertisements, due to their appeal to the addressee's cognitive basis, are much more suggestive than denotative advertisements, which are limited to the context of daily life. The interdependence between the functions of advertisements and precedent texts, especially the functions of game and password, facilitates the spread of the message of the advertisement and its preservation in the memories of addressees.
Subordinate clauses of time with conjunctions referring to limito r boundary
Authors: Pajėdienė Jūratė
Published: March 2021

Subordinate clauses of time with the conjunctions referring to a limit or boundary kol, iki, ligi can express not only relations of a sequence of events/situations or simultaneity, but also highlight duration and indicate efforts put into the performance of the action. Verbs in the main and subordinate clauses can make certain combinations of tense forms. The selection of a subordinate clause structure depends on the modality of the predicate in the main clause. In cases of epistemic modality, main and subordinate clauses are based on verb forms expressed by the same tense. Cases, when tense forms differ, in such sentences are concerned with the de dicto semantic relation. When the predicate of the main clause expresses deontic modality, for the subordinate clause of time the following type of structure is selected: a conjunction referring to a temporal limit or boundary + negation + verb in the past simple tense. Clauses of time are characterised by specific structural peculiarities and a higher degree of grammaticality, semantically they are related to a need to describe a situation of imminent change or a situation set against the background of the other situation.
On interpreting Lithuanian past tenses in major linguistic works on Lithuanian grammar
Authors: Paulauskienė Aldona
Published: March 2021

The verb in Lithuanian possesses two simple past tenses, i.e. the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Specialists of comparative historical grammar have not shown any greater interest in the past frequentative tense since it is only typical of Lithuanian. One of the reasons is that Latvian, the other surviving Baltic language, does not possess it; furthermore, in the past a large part of Lithuania did not employ the tense either. However, now it is widely used and all grammars consider the past simple and the past frequentative tense equally significant. Still the paradigm of simple tenses in Lithuanian has not been defined as yet, as the past frequentative tense has not been given theoretical evaluation in the framework of other simple tenses. The article covers the interpretation of past tenses in major grammars of Lithuanian (from the first volume dating back to 1653 to present-day Lithuanian grammars). The paradigmatic relations of past tenses as presented in the numerous sources as well as language facts helped identify the following main features: the role of the category of aspect in the process of the formation of the past frequentative tense, relations between the past frequentative and the past simple tense, and finally, the place of the past frequentative tense in the paradigm of Lithuanian simple tenses.
Lexeme in a traditional dictionary and an electronic lexical database
Authors: Murmulaitytė Daiva
Published: March 2021

Traditional dictionaries provide lexicographic data of the same type in different ways; such unrestricted freedom might result in imprecise information. Some such cases are explained by an attempt to compile traditional dictionaries so that they are handy for their users. The paper discusses several non-systemic cases of providing forms of lexicographic items, their meanings and shades of meaning, derivatives, proper and common lexis. The data has been drawn from more than ten dictionaries of several languages. The structure of the electronic database requires utmost precision; therefore, any non-systemic items are not justified. Due to the above reasons, a lexeme, or a lexicographic unit in one of its meanings, has been chosen as the key structural unit of the Database of Contemporary Lithuanian Lexicon (DCLL, Dabartinės lietuvių leksikos duomenų bazė). To produce a most precise card of a lexeme is much more rational and simpler than that of the whole lexicographic unit. In the process, a number of analogous cases and other cases of non-systemic description of data should be taken into account. Moreover, it is hardly possible to consider them all. Thus an attempt will be made to finally produce the DCLL as a card index of lexemes rather than lexicographic units (their entries). Dictionary entries are to be produced by joining the lexemes automatically.
Productivity of noun paradigms: the morphological integrations of loanwords and the variation of inflectional paradigms
Authors: Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė Laura
Published: March 2021

The paper introduces the results of the synchronic analysis of the productivity of noun paradigms. On the basis of the theory of Natural Morphology, to identify productive paradigms, two criteria have been selected: a) the variation of inflectional paradigms and b) the morphological integration of new loanwords. The variation of inflectional paradigms is treated as confusing inflections of different paradigms. The new morphologically integrated loanwords refer to words of foreign origin of the last decade which have been used with Lithuanian inflections. Both criteria of paradigm productivity have been analysed on the basis of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian compiled in 2006-2008 (http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/~andrius/SKT5/5SKT-paiesk.php); it provides an opportunity to investigate samples of natural spontaneous language. The analysis of the morphological integration of loanwords has proved the initial hypothesis that new loanwords adopt natural inflections, i.e. inflections of productive paradigms. The investigation of the variation of inflectional paradigms has shown that the words undergo paradigm changes from unproductive to productive inflectional paradigms. The investigation has revealed that masculine paradigms are more productive in contemporary Lithuanian than feminine paradigms. The inflections of masculine paradigms are usually attached to new loanwords and replace the inflections of less productive paradigms. The 1st male paradigm (-as) seems to be the most productive. The 3rd male paradigm (-is, -ys) has turned out to be less productive. Rather stable but unproductive is the 6th female paradigm (-a); it has few loanwords; the nouns of this paradigm are not used with the inflections of other paradigms. Other paradigms of the noun could be treated either as stable (8th paradigm (-ė)) or unproductive (4th (-us), 11th (-, -iui) and 12th (-, -iai); 9th (-is, -iai) and 10th (-is, -iui) paradigms).
Secondary predicates (depictives)
Authors: Čižik-Prokaševa Veslava
Published: March 2021

The paper sets out to investigate the notion of predicates. It also offers an overview of their classification in Lithuanian and foreign linguistics. Most attention is given to free secondary predicates (predicative adjuncts), focusing on predicates with no resultative meaning, i.e. depictives. A secondary predicate is a word syntactically dependent on the main verb (in cases of complementation it is also semantically dependent) and semantically related to its argument. It refers to primary or secondary predication of the clause. According to the character of the syntactic relation, a distinction is made between predicative complements (the predicative is governed by the verb) and predicative adjuncts (the predicative modifies the verb). According to meaning, two types of secondary predicates are divided into non-resultative and resultative. Free non-resultative predicates are by some linguists referred to as depictives (in a general meaning) and by others as depictives (in a narrow sense) and circumstantial secondary predicates.In Lithuanian depictives usually agree with the verbal argument (depictives in concord); however, there are depictives which only partially agree with the verb argument (in number, gender) or do not agree altogether (semantic depictives).
Agreement strategy in youth conversations: functions and expression
Authors: Galinskaitė Reda
Published: March 2021

Applying the method of conversation analysis, the article investigates the functions and expression of the strategy of agreement in friendly conversations of Lithuanian youngsters. The analysis is based on one boys' conversation (duration – 1 hour and 50 minutes), one girls' conversation (2 hours and 2 minutes) and two mixed-type conversations (2 hours). Their total duration is 5 hours and 52 minutes.The analysis has demonstrated that one can perform the following functions in conversations by means of agreement: a) to support, justify the speaker; b) to defend and intercede the speaker or to let one's interlocutor defend him/herself; c) to mock at a person who is not participating in the conversation; d) to support the interlocutor's idea.The strategies of agreement depend on the type of conversation: in the conversations among boys and in mixed conversations it is common to mock at persons who are not participating in the conversation; in the case of conversations among girls the strategy is usually employed when one wants to support the interlocutor's idea.Agreement in Lithuanian youth conversations may be expressed in the following ways: a) by brief utterances showing reaction; b) by repeating the speaker's utterance; c) by finishing the speaker's utterance; d) by an example; e) by a compliment.The expression of the strategies of agreement is also related to the type of conversation: in boys' conversation it is most likely to express agreement by such phrases as ne, tai taip ("yeah, of course so"); ne, tai jo ("yeah, certainly") and the like; in same-sex conversations both boys and girls tend to strengthen the agreement by such words as aišku ("of course"), būtent ("exactly"), iš tikrųjų ("indeed") etc; in girls' dialogues agreement is often expressed by finishing the interlocutor's utterance or providing an example; in very rare cases in girls' conversation agreement is expressed by a compliment.
Pictorial (multimodal) metaphor in printed advertising
Authors: Juzelėnienė Saulė , Šarkauskienė Skirmantė
Published: March 2021

The theoretical basis of the article is the methodology of pictorial/visual metaphor research presented in Charles Forceville's work Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (2006) and multimodal metaphor research proposed in his book Multimodal Metaphor (2009). Both verbal and non-verbal metaphors are investigated combining interaction theory proposed by Max Black and the principles of conceptual metaphor analysis formulated in cognitive linguistics. In a metaphor, the primary and the secondary subjects are considered equal to the target and the source domains distinguished by cognitive linguists and the result of their interaction (the properties of the secondary subject (source domain) are mapped onto the primary subject (target domain)) is a conceptual metaphor. The target domain in advertising is an item or service being promoted, while the source domain is an object whose properties are attributed to the item or the service being advertised.In the discourse of advertising metaphor is realised by verbal and non-verbal forms of communications: written language, spoken language, image, music, sound, gestures. If the target and source domains in a conceptual metaphor are expressed by means of one of the indicated forms, it is treated as a monomodal metaphor, whereas if they are expressed by more than one of them, it is regarded as a multimodal metaphor. Since in the case of pictorial metaphor one of the components is expressed verbally and the other – by means of an image, it is treated as one of the varieties of multimodal metaphor.In Lithuanian printed advertising, pictorial metaphor is used to express various concepts. In the article the following examples of conceptual metaphors are analysed: JUICE IS SUN, CAR IS ANIMAL, TILE ADHESIVE IS BINDWEED, VODKA IS A NATION/PERSON. The research has revealed that in a metaphor both the source and the target domain can be expressed using pictorial and verbal means and sometimes using both of them. As a result, both verbal and pictorial means are equally important in metaphor as their interaction makes an advertisement more persuasive and effective.
The targets and linguistic expression of mockery in contemporary jokes on gender
Authors: Bandoriūtė Salomėja
Published: March 2021

The article concentrates on the targets and linguistic expression on mockery in contemporary jokes on gender. The jokes have been collected from the humour websites www.cha.lt, www.anekdotai.us, www.linksmas.net, www.anekdotai.biz, www.anekdotai.org, www.che.lt. The aim of the research is to find out what types of characters are usually chosen as targets of jokes and what linguistic means are employed to create the comic effect in them. In addition, the article deals with the conception of humour and joke as a genre and provides the key theories of humour research. The study has been carried out applying the method of qualitative content analysis. The results of the study suggest that the choice of the target of mockery in the jokes is often determined by the stereotypes that are common in society and by the tendency to express aggressive emotions in them. Usually the targets of mockery in the jokes are female characters, such as blondes, wives and mothers-in-law. There are approximately three times fewer jokes about men in comparison to women. The most common linguistic means employed to express mockery in the jokes are sarcasm, ambiguity, absurd and irony. It is common to come across cases of a few linguistic means in one joke as well. There has been a connection found between the employed linguistic means and the target of mockery as well as the society's view to it. The article could be valuable to linguists, folklorists, sociologists and psychologists who investigate the linguistic expression of humour, the effect of emotions on humour and the image of social groups in contemporary jokes.
Conseptual metaphors of ʽparadiseʼ in the translation of the Quran by Sigitas Geda
Authors: Vaivadaitė-Kaidi Eglė
Published: March 2021

The article deals with conceptual metaphors of ʽPARADISEʼ in the Lithuanian translation of the Quran on the basis of the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. The aim is to discover to what extent a translation can reveal the linguistic landscape characteristic of a different culture. The research provides a comparison of the translations of the Quran into the Lithuanian (Geda 2008), Spanish (Asad 2001), and English (Ysuf Ali 1998) languages. It is presumed that in the translations of typologically remote languages the recurrent metaphors have most likely been taken from the original, whereas the differences in translation are present due to the linguistic and cultural peculiarities of the target language. The investigation has revealed that translation may only partially disclose the linguistic world view of another culture because in the text of a translation there is always overlap between two cultures; it is a kind of a product of synthesis between two world views. The comparison of different translations has disclosed that the Lithuanian translation is characteristic of some peculiarities which can be ascribed to the search for creativity and individual poetic expression if we consider a metaphor a rhetorical figure. However, if we treat metaphor as a tool for the cognition and expression of a nation's mentality, such translation does not always perform its key function, i.e. to convey the text of another culture as precisely as possible.
The pecularities of language at work in the largest Lithuanian cities
Authors: Ramonienė Meilutė
Published: March 2021

The current article surveys the scope and the major assumptions of domestic critical discourse on literary translation from English into Lithuanian since 1990. The market conditions have changed enormously since Lithuania moved to a market-free economy and chose a democratic ruling system, thus affecting all the spheres of culture, including literary and translation production.  Critical evaluation of quality, adequacy, norms and other related issues of literary translation does not seem to keep pace with a rapid production of literary translation. Since the publication of a textbook on translation by Armalytė and Pažūsis (1990), no other fundamental work has been published in this area. The current review of critical discourse on literary translation includes two major sources of periodical literature – that is, academic papers in scholarly magazines and critical reviews in newspapers and magazines targeting wider readership. The major aim of this review is to identify the potentials and limits of national critical discourse by examining topic areas, critical standards applied to the evaluation of actual translations, and some metadiscoursal issues.
Strands in literary English-to-Lithuanian translation criticizm in Lithuania since 1990
Authors: Šalčiūtė-Čivilienė Gabrielė
Published: March 2021

The current article surveys the scope and the major assumptions of domestic critical discourse on literary translation from English into Lithuanian since 1990. The market conditions have changed enormously since Lithuania moved to a market-free economy and chose a democratic ruling system, thus affecting all the spheres of culture, including literary and translation production.  Critical evaluation of quality, adequacy, norms and other related issues of literary translation does not seem to keep pace with a rapid production of literary translation. Since the publication of a textbook on translation by Armalytė and Pažūsis (1990), no other fundamental work has been published in this area. The current review of critical discourse on literary translation includes two major sources of periodical literature – that is, academic papers in scholarly magazines and critical reviews in newspapers and magazines targeting wider readership. The major aim of this review is to identify the potentials and limits of national critical discourse by examining topic areas, critical standards applied to the evaluation of actual translations, and some metadiscoursal issues.
Pietro Umberto Dini. ALILETOESCVR: lingvistica baltica delle origini: Teorie e contesti linquistici nel Cinquecento
Authors: Baniulytė Aušra
Published: March 2021

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V. Plungian. Gramatinių kategorijų tipologija 1.
Authors: Mikulskas Rolandas
Published: March 2021

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Phraseologismen in Horoskopen
Authors: Lapinskas Saulius
Published: March 2021

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist dem Gebrauch von Phraseologismen in Horoskopen gewidmet. Der Belegkorpus (626 Belege) wurde der Zeitschrift „Žmonės“ („Leute") (1–39/ 2005) entnommen. Das Horoskop wurde als populärer Kleintext der Massenmedien definiert. Im Weiteren wurden die vorgefundenen Phraseologismen anhand dem Werk von H. Burger,  D. Dobrovolʼskij, P. Kühn, N. R. Norrick (Hrsg.) Phraseologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung (2007) typologisiert und beschrieben. Es ging um die Beantwortung der folgenden Fragen: Wie hoch ist der quantitative Gebrauch von Phraseologismen in einem solchen Kleintext wie Horoskop?; Welche Typen von Phraseologismen werden dabei vor allem verwendet? Welche Eigenschaften von Phraseologismen dominieren in den Horoskopen? Warum verwenden die Autoren in den Horoskopen so gern bestimmte Typen von Phraseologismen (Idiome, Sprichwörter, feste Vergleiche, Kollokationen, Gemeinplätze, Routineformeln u.a.). Nebenbei wurden auch einige aktuelle theoretische Probleme der Phraseologie berührt: Entstehung von phraseologischen Neubildungen, Verbindung der kognitiven Linguistik und der Sprichwörter, die Funktionen der Kinegramme in nonverbaler Kommunikation sowie die Rolle der Horoskope in der Phraseodidaktik.
The old and the new formation of euphemisms. Graphical euphemisms formation in electronic discourse
Authors: Kudirka Robertas
Published: March 2021

Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word.
The correlation between the morphosyntactic marking of nominal predicates and the aspect of the verb
Authors: Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė Loreta
Published: March 2021

On the basis of the foreign linguistic tradition, in the present article distinction is made between the lexical and the grammatical aspect. The article deals with the possible connection between marking noun predicates with inherent features of auxiliary and the grammatical aspect. It is considered that with respect to the dynamics aspect, morphosyntactic marking is gradual. There is a tendency to additionally mark perfectivity by using prefixes of perfective aspect verbs and/or by morphosyntactic means.
Derivation of nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti, that belong to the categorial value ʿto be something/ someone or such as what is denoted by the base word’
Authors: Gaidienė Anželika
Published: March 2021

The article deals with nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti that have common categorical meaning ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word.' The object of the research consists of 239 verbs found in the electronic Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and 236 corresponding verbs from the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. According to the derivational meaning (darybos reikšmė), the verbs under investigation are classified into two groups: 1) verbs that mean ‘to be what is denoted by the base word' (they constitute 83% of all verbs that are analysed here) and 2) verbs, meaning ‘to be such as denoted by the base word' (17%). The verbs of the first category are further subdivided into four subclasses: 1) ‘to be someone denoted by the base word (not in the sense of work)' (they make up 69% of all the verbs of the first group), 2) ‘to work as what is denoted by the base word' (25%), 3) ‘to behave as behaves a person or another living being denoted by the base word' (5%) and 4) verbs denoting ‘states, processes that arise from the thing denoted by the base word' (only 1%).The derivatives of these subclasses are further divided according to the part of speech of the base words (nouns, adjectives or numerals) and the type of derivation (simple forms or derivatives: suffix, prefix, inflection or compounds). The investigation carried out has demonstrated that the verbs derived from nominals by adding the suffix -(i)auti which belong to the category meanings ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word' in standard language have few suffix and stem variants, they are not very characteristic of root vowel and consonant change, their base words do not vary a lot.
The writer-reader interaction in publicistic style: a qualitative analysis of the editorial
Authors: Šlepikienė Rūta , Linkevičienė Nijolė
Published: March 2021

The paper investigates writer-reader relationships in the Lithuanian press exploring the genre of the editorial. The pilot study aims to answer the question whether the expression of author stance depends on the type of the publication and the topic of the article. The study is based on 22 randomly selected editorials published between 2010 and 2012 in two different types of publications: the daily "Lietuvos rytas" and the weekly "Moters savaitė". The study indicated that the addressee, the way of expressing author stance and the interaction between the addressee and the addresser significantly differ depending on the type and purpose of the publication. A typical addressee of the "Lietuvos rytas" is a middle-aged, socially active, educated person interested in all fields of the public sphere, whereas a typical addressee of the "Moters savaitė" is a middle-aged woman, concerned about the well-being of herself and her family, interested in health matters, family values, and household issues. The addresser of the "Lietuvos rytas" typically represents himself as an expert of a certain subject. Eventhough the author aims at creating a close rapport with readers frequently employing the inclusive we, it is evident that there is no equal relationship between the addressee and the addresser. The author uses convincing strategies: selecting a fairly personal tone, he tries to involve readers into argumentation and guide them to a particular interpretation. Conversely, the addresser of the "Moters savaitė" attemps to create an equal relationship with the reader, and the link between the addressee and the addresser is much more intimate and dialogic. The paper also offers some further insights based on the qualitative analysis of the data.
Again on Lith. SPALVÀ: accent and etymology
Authors: Kabašinskaitė Birutė , Klingenschmitt Gert
Published: March 2021

There is no doubt that Lith. spalvà (4) ‘colour’, Latv. spalva ‘feather, plumage; hair of quadrupeds, fur; bristle; colour of fur, colour of bristles’ and their cognate Latv. spilva ‘cotton grass, seed wool (e. g of cotton grass); [pl.] down’ is derived from the IE. root *(s)pelh- ‘to split, separate, sever’. Alternative suggestions, e. g. a connexion with IE. pel- ‘to cover’, which at first sight might seem more attractive from a semantic point of view, are doomed to fail because the underlying root must have ended in a laryngeal. This is indicated by the intonation of Latv. spal-va. There are several cases where accent class 4 of Lithuanian disyllabic ā-stems matches Latvian level or broken tone. It can be demonstrated that in these cases Latvian is more conservative than Lithuanian (e. g. Lith. kalvà [4] and Latv. kalva < *kolh-ṷah₂-). Already in the IE. parent language the root (s)pelh- must have developed the special meanings: 1. ‘to separate the useless from the usable parts’; 2. ‘to remove the skin from the body of an animal’, cf. on the one hand OLith. pẽlūs pl. ‘chaff’< *pelh-u-, OInd. palāva- pl. ‘chaff’ < *pelh-oṷ- (acc. sg. *pelh-oṷ-ṃ< *pélh-oṷ-ṃ), Pruss. pelwo ‘chaff’, Sl. *'pélva ‘chaff’ < *pélh-ṷah₂-; Lith. spãlis (2) ‘shive’ < *spolh-iḭo-; on the other hand Lat. spolium ‘the skin removed from the body of an animal’ < *spolh-iḭo n. The latter meaning first resulted in ‘(generally) skin’, whence ‘parts covering the skin’, ‘hair, bristle, feathers’ and finnaly also ‘colour of the bristles of animals’. The same holds true of Latv. spilva. It seems possible that in the case of Lithuanian the last stage of the semantic development, the transition to the abstract meaning ‘colour’ is artificial.
Syntaktischen Analyse der litauischen Sprache
Authors: Šveikauskienė Daiva
Published: March 2021

Im Aufsatz werden zwei Hauptmethoden besprochen, die für die Darstellung der syntaktischen Struktur des Satzes angewendet werden: die Phrasenstrukturgrammatik und die Dependenzgrammatik. Die beiden Methoden werden mit Beispielsätzen, die gut die spezifischen Eigenschaften der litauischen Sprache widerspiegeln, illustriert, um zu verdeutlichen, welche Methode sich für die betreffende Untersuchung besser eignet. Die mithilfe der Dependenzgrammatik dargestellten Strukturen der Sätze sind viel einfacher und verständlicher.Weiter werden die spezifischen Eigenschaften der litauischen Sprache beschrieben, indem sehr große Aufmerksamkeit dem prädikativen Attribut geschenkt wird. Ausführlicher werden die Probleme der Übersetzung des prädikativen Attributs in andere Sprachen sowie dessen Darstellung in der Struktur des Satzes behandelt.Es wird bewiesen, dass man für die Darstellung der syntaktischen Struktur der litauischen Sätze unbedingt den Graphen benutzen muss, weil der Strukturbaum nicht im Stande ist, die ganze syntaktische Information, die der litauische Satz enthält, zu widerspiegeln. Anschließend wird die verallgemeinerte Struktur des litauischen Satzes präsentiert.Die Wahl der Darstellungsform der syntaktischen Struktur der litauischen Sätze im syntaktisch annotiertem Textkorpus wird begründet. Zunächst wird der Satz in die Gruppen von Subjekt und Prädikat sowie das Satzende-Zeichen eingeteilt. Das könnte man als Element der Phrasenstrukturgrammatik betrachten. Weiter erfolgt die Darstellung der Struktur gemäß den Prinzipien der Dependenzgrammatik. Solche Darstellungsform wird beim Schaffen einer Strukturbaum-Datenbank der litauischen Sprache benutzt.
More on the boundaries of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija
Authors: Kardelis Vytautas
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the question of the boundary of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija and addresses the problematic issues of its borders and area. On the basis of data accumulated during dialectal expeditions, the article thoroughly examines the boundary between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdialects of Eastern Aukštaitija. The research has revealed that the boundary drawn between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdielects of Eastern Aukštaitija as presented in dialectological literature to this date is not accurate. The article provides a more exact account of the borders between the two subdialects and draws the boundary between them in the map attached. The key conclusions of the article are as follows:

a)    It is necessary to thoroughly research the boundaries between the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija and the Širvintiškiai subdialect of Southern Aukštaitija and Eastern Aukštaitija and to examine the territory in the regions of Kernavė (540), Akmena (524), Troškūnai (525), Sužionys and Skirlėnai.

b)    The boundary between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdialects of Eastern Aukštaitija (starting with Lakaja) should be drawn as illustrated in the map attached.

c)    In comparison to the area that is marked in the “Lietuvių kalbos atlasas” and “Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatyija” maps, the contemporary subdialect of Vilniškiai should exclude not only the district of Vilnius and the region of Pabradė but also the very North-eastern part situated between Visaginas, Liaudėnai, Tilžė, Turmantas and Smalvai. Separate marking should be carried out on the region of Dieveniškės, i.e. it should me marked as a mixed area.

d)    The specification of the boundary of the Vilniškiai subdialect is important for the research of the interaction of dialects as well as the relationship between and dynamics of subdialects and Slavic language variations. If a comprehensive study of the language of all the generations was carried out, perhaps the dynamics of the boundaries of the subdialect would also be slightly different. In this regard as well as taking into account conclusions a) and b), the specified boundaries of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija should nevertheless be considered preliminary.
Vladimir Plungian. Gramatinių kategorijų tipologija, 2.
Authors: Mikulskas Rolandas
Published: March 2021

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