bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Larval Behaviour of Macrobrachium novaehollandiae (De Man) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Thorne MJ , Fielder DR , Greenwood JG
Published: November 2005

Larvae of the estuarine prawn M. novaehollandiae tested in the laboratory using point sources and gradients of light are strongly photopositive (tropotactic) during the first 2 of their 12 larval stages. Despite this response few larvae swim near the water surface for long periods of time while illuminated from above, and more larvae swim during darkness than in light. Stage X larvae and subsequent stages are photonegative but stages 111-IX may be either photopositive or photonegative. Most larvae of all stages rest on the bottom for long periods, a mechanism which can prevent large-scale seawards movement down an estuary. Other biotic factors such as salinity, pressure and temperature have no marked influence on orientation and movement of the larvae.
Population Ecology of the Itertidal Anemone Actinia tenebrosa. III. Dynamics and Environmental Factors
Authors: Ottaway JR
Published: November 2005

An isolated subpopulation of A. tenebrosa was studied, for three years, on the rocky intertidal coast at Kaikoura, New Zealand. The number of adults remained very stable: 94% of adults first seen in November 1973 survived until the observations were concluded. Adults died mainly from impact injuries caused by moving rocks and logs during gales. The number of juveniles in the colony fluctuated markedly from season to season, between 81 and 225 % of the number first seen. Most settlement was in the summer months, but some occurred throughout the year. The main causes of juvenile mortality were, in order of decreasing importance, failure to successfully attach leading to probable predation by benthic invertebrates, desiccation at low tides, dislodgement or crushing by grazing molluscs, impact injuries during gales, and exposure to combinations of excessive desiccation and high temperatures at low tides. Adult mortalities appeared to be independent of size. The rate of mortality of juveniles in their first 20 days after release from brooding adults is largely independent of juvenile size. After that, the mortality rate is negatively correlated with size until juveniles exceed about 15 mm column diameter: the smaller juveniles are more susceptible to both desiccation at low tide and to fatal interference from grazing molluscs.
Survey of Demersal Fish in Port Phillip Bay for Incidence of Neoplasia
Authors: Hard GC , Williams R , Lee J
Published: November 2005

A survey aimed at determining the incidence of neoplasms, particularly superficial tumours, in the common demersal fish species in zones of Port Phillip Bay exposed to domestic and industrial contamination has been conducted on a monthly basis over a period of 17 months. Trawling at three sampling stations provided sufficient numbers for scrutiny of a range of species, including Rhombosolea tapirina, Ammotretis rostratus, Platycephalus bassensis, P. caeruleopunctatus, Atopomycterus nicthemerus, Sphaeroides glaber, Naoodon multiradiatus, Scobinichthys granulatus, Brachaluteres trossulus and Paratrigla popilio. In contrast with the experience overseas of epidermal papillomas in certain species of pleuronectids, the Port Phillip Bay flounder were totally free of skin tumours. Only two true neoplasms were encountered, a neurilemmoma and a lipoma, both of these being from specimens of P. bassensis. A high incidence of non-neoplastic skin 'tumours' was observed in certain leatherjackets (family Balistidae). The essentially negative findings in terms of cancer incidence provides a reference base for any future studies examining disease patterns in faunal populations of Port Phillip Bay.
Further Contributions to a Knowledge of the Centropagid Genera Boeckella, Hemiboeckella and Calamoecia (Athalassic Calanoid Copepods)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

Two new species, Hemiboeckella powellensis and Calarnoecia elongata, and a new subspecies, C. gibbosa newmannensis, are described from Western Australia. Boeckella orientalis Sars from Mongolia is placed in synonymy with B. triarticulata (Thomson) from Australasia. B. saycei Sars is removed from synonymy with B. propinqua Sars and detailed instructions for the discrimination of these two species are given. Further information is supplied for B. nyoraensis Searle, B. opaqua Fairbridge, B. bispinosa Bayly and the C. tasrnanica complex. Species of Boeckella that are restricted to, or characteristic of, temporary waters tend to have a higher mean number of eggs per clutch than do the perennial species of permanent waters. Addition- ally the number of eggs in each clutch may be less variable in temporary-water species than in those that are perennial. A comprehensive list of the Australasian species of the three genera is provided, and a summary of their distribution is given.
Observations on the Diet of Red Morwong, Cheilodactylus fuscus Castelnau (Pisces : Cheilodactylidae)
Authors: Bell JD
Published: November 2005

Stomach contents of 104 C. fuscus (of 275-415 mm standard length) from rocky reef habitats in the Sydney region were analysed. This species was found to be entirely carnivorous, polychaetes, brachyurans, amphipods, gastropods and bivalves comprising the major food types and dominating the diet throughout the year. However, the relative proportions of these food types in the diet were found to vary considerably on a seasonal basis.
Biogeochemistry of Selected Heavy Metals in Western Port, Victoria, and Use of Invertebrates as Indicators with Emphasis on Mytilus edulis planulatus
Authors: Harris JE , Fabris GJ , Statham PJ , Tawfik F
Published: November 2005

The relationships of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in sediments, seagrasses, and several invertebrates with geological source areas in the Western Port catchment are examined. Highest concentrations of heavy metals in sediments and seagrasses appear to be derived from an old swamp environment. Highest levels of Cd, Fe, and Pb are found in mussels on the eastern side of the embayment where suspended sediment and detritus from seagrass meadows of the Embayment Head would be carried by the clockwise net circulation in the bay. Zinc distributions are affected by an industrial discharge which has been studied using mussels transplanted from an uncontaminated location. Possible loss of iron and lead from tissues of M. edulis planulatus during freeze-drying was noted and the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn and water content were found to be linear functions of mussel length. The highest levels of cadmium in M. edulis planulatus are found along the non-industrialized eastern side of the embayment. Problems in comparing heavy metal levels in mussels from different areas are discussed.
Influence of Subantartic and Subtropical Oceanic Water on the Zooplankton and Hydrology of Waters Adjacent to the Derwent River Estuary, South-eastern Tasmania
Authors: Taw N , Ritz DA
Published: November 2005

The oceanic influence on coastal waters adjacent to the mouth of the Derwent River estuary was examined over a season using zooplankton samples. There is strong evidence to indicate the influence of oceanic water in Storm Bay and the mouth of the Derwent River estuary. The occurrence of indicator species suggests that the area is invaded by subantarctic water from August to January and by subtropical water most strongly in February and March. The seasonal abundance and distribu- tion of the major copepods (12 species), chaetognaths (three species), one euphausiid and one tunicate species are described in detail and the importance of these species as indicators of intrusion and mixing of water masses in this region is evaluated.
Synecology of the Rotifera of the River Murray, South Australia
Authors: Shiel RJ
Published: November 2005

Ecological data are presented on the planktonic Rotifera of the lower tract of the River Murray in South Australia. Thirty-five species are recorded. These are predominantly cosmopolitan limno- plankters; their synecology in the Murray, and that of the zooplankton per se reflects the variability of habitat conditions in a river that is alkaline (pH 7.5-8.7), turbid (10-225 nephelometric turbidity units) and moderately saline (0.2-1.0 g/l).
Sea-level Oscillations along the Australian Coast
Authors: Provis DG , Radok R
Published: November 2005

Sea level variations along Australia's coast were studied using records from tide gauges. The records were filtered to obtain two sets of time series, the short-term variations with periods between 1 and 20 days and the long-term variations with periods between 20 and 365 days. The coherence of the variations over long distances is noted and their magnitude is discussed with reference to possible causes.
A Time Series of Expendable Bathythermograph Sections Across the East Australian Current
Authors: Boland FM
Published: November 2005

Expendable bathythermograph sections of temperature were made eastward from Sydney to 156� E. at 2-week intervals over the period July 1969 to July 1975. The mean seasonal cycles of temperature at the surface and at 240 m depth are presented, as well as the time series of 240 m temperature. The results suggest a westward movement of disturbances and also imply a connection between measurements in the deep ocean and events on the continental shelf. The histogram of temperature at 240 m at 152� E. is very different from that at 154� E., the latter being distinctly bimodal. These histograms are compared with that of mean sea level at Lord Howe Island which is also bimodal.
Ion Balance in Water Analyses — The Effect of Added Silica on the Carbonate-Bicarbonate Titration
Authors: Johnson WD , Cole TJ , Johnson M , McPherson WP , Muir GL , Szczepanski R
Published: November 2005

Anion-cation balances based on the ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3- and CO32- (in milli-equivalents per litre) for over 1500 analyses of natural waters have been examined. While most waters showed an ion balance which was within � 0.10 of the total of these ions, there was a lack of ion balance associated with and expected of acidic waters and waters with low ionic concentrations. In addition, waters which were alkaline and which contained soluble silica generally showed an excess of anions. The effects of added silica in various forms on the alkalinity titration of the carbonate-bicarbonate system have been investigated. The presence of silicate anions leads to an apparent excess of cations in the ion balance, while the presence of silicic acid or silica gel leads to an apparent excess of anions. These apparent ionic imbalances result from reactions between soluble and insoluble silica with carbonate/bicarbonate ions, which cannot be detected either by the alkalinity titration or by the determination of soluble silica.
Chemistry of the Cudgegong River, New South Wales
Authors: Muir GL , Johnson WD
Published: November 2005

Studies of the chemical characteristics of the Cudgegong River, N.S.W., were made in December 1974, November and December 1975 and January and June 1976. The concentrations of the major ions showed correlation with the geology of the catchment and the river's discharge. The order of dominance for ions in most of the river was found to be Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-, but in the uppermost reaches of the river the order was Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ and Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-. The origin and variation of ions, mineral weathering and ion-ion associations are discussed.
Assessment of the Stocks of the Western Rock Lobster Panulirus cygnus Using Surplus Yield Models
Authors: Morgan GR
Published: November 2005

Four different surplus yield models (namely Schaefer, GENPROD, PRODFIT and delayed recruitment) were applied to the data from the fishery for the western rock lobster. The four models all provided similar estimates of maximum yield and optimum effort. These estimates were 8.0-8.6 × 106 kg at a level of effort of 5.6-5.9 × 106 units. Variation in catches was shown to increase with increasing effort although this could not be attributed to increased variation in catch per unit of effort. It was considered that while the four surplus yield models provided good descriptions of the relationship between total catch and equilibrium effort up to the level of effort so far encountered in the fishery, not as much confidence could be placed in their ability to predict catches at levels of effort outside the already observed range.
Observations on the Glochidial Stage of the Freshwater Mussel Hyridella (Hyridella) drapeta (Iredale) (Mollusca : Pelecypoda)
Authors: Atkins L
Published: November 2005

The early life history of the freshwater mussel H. (H.) drapeta was investigated between September 1975 and November 1976. Observations from this study are basically consistent with those from previous investigations of glochidia of Australian freshwater mussels. The glochidia were found to be subtriangular in outline and possess an S-shaped larval tooth on the ventral margin of each valve. The dimensions (average�standard deviation) of the glochidia were: height 0.23� 0.01 mm; length 0.33�0.01 mm; height/length ratio 70.6�2.7%. The glochidia were observed to parasitize the river blackfish, Gadopsis marmorutus and the galaxiids Galaxias maculatus and G. olidus. Peak infections occurred between July and February. A single brown trout, Salmo trutta, was observed to be infected during one peak infection period. The gills of host fish were the major site of attachment and the glochidia were observed to be surrounded with a layer of epithelial tissue.
Heavy Metals in the Native Oyster (Ostrea angasi) and Mussel (Mytilus edulis planulatus) from Port Davey, South-western Tasmania
Authors: Thomson JD
Published: November 2005

Oysters and mussels were sampled from Port Davey in winter 1975 and summer and winter 1978. The permissible concentration for zinc provisionally recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council was exceeded in oysters, and the standard for lead was exceeded in both mussels and oysters in the 1975 sample. Port Davey is isolated and virtually uninhabited and the metals derive from natural sources.
13C and 15N Uptake by Phytoplankton in the Antarctic Upwelling Area: Results from the Antiprod I Cruise in the Indian Ocean Sector
Authors: Slawyk G
Published: November 2005

13C and 15N uptake measurements were carried out in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean along a 66�30'E. transect. Integrated values ranged from 0.41 to 1.00 and from 0.03 to 0.12 mg-atom m-2 h-1 for inorganic carbon and nitrogen respectively. These low values were in contrast to the high nutrient concentrations and the total irradiation available. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations for example were mostly above 20�g-atom l-1 and on-deck total irradiation integrated over the entire incubation period was on average 10 MJ m-2. Integrated values for particulate matter varied between 337.5 and 694.4 mg-atom m-2 for carbon and between 48.2 and 92.2 mg-atom m-2 for nitrogen. Carbon to nitrogen composition ratios of the particulate matter have been compared with the uptake ratios of the same elements. While euphotic zone profiles of the former ratio exhibited only small changes (6.0-8.1, all stations included), corresponding uptake ratios varied over a wide range (0.1-25.1). Generally, the latter ratio decreased with decreasing available radiation. Response curves of specific uptake rate for carbon and nitrogen to increasing available radiation were found to be hyperbolic in shape and yielded half-saturation constants ranging between 0.9 and 3.9% of surface quantum irradiance, or between 4.9 and 16.2 × 1021 quanta m-2 h-1, if expressed in absolute units. Specific uptake rate for nitrate was directly related to ambient water temperature along a north-south cross section, but this relationship may have been an indirect one as other factors were possibly involved (ammonium concentration for example). Maximum growth rates as doublings per day expected from water temperature were about an order of magnitude higher than the measured actual specific uptake rates for inorganic carbon and nitrogen. This was also observed in a culture of natural phytoplankton. However, measured growth rates obtained from cell counts in the same culture agreed very well with the calculated maximum expected growth rates. Phytoplankton cells from the shipboard culture continued to divide while decreasing the nutrient cell content and without a corresponding increase in specific nutrient uptake rate. The lack of intensive nutrient utilization reflected the field situation and the limiting factor could not be identified in the culture or in the field.
Effect of Temperature on the Emergence from Burrows of the Soldier Crab, Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille)
Authors: Kelemec JA
Published: November 2005

Emergence of M. longicarpus from their burrows was studied in the laboratory under controlled conditions of tide, light and temperature. More crabs emerged at hotter temperatures than at colder temperatures within the range 14.5-29.0�C. However, most crabs emerged within 1 h of the water draining from their tanks regardless of temperature within the same range. These patterns of emergence seem to be important to the crab's feeding behaviour. It is advantageous to emerge at higher temperatures when feeding is more rapid than at lower temperatures. Early emergence enables the crab to undertake long treks to obtain food.
Analysis of Marine Hybridization between Two Species of the Genus Cyclograpsus (Crustacea : Brachyura) in South-eastern Australia
Authors: Wescott GC
Published: November 2005

The structure, extent and maintenance of two zones of overlap, with hybridization, between the grapsid crab species Cyclograpsus audouini and C. granulosus were determined. A modified hybrid index technique was used for analysis. The hybrids were found to be the most abundant group in the central regions of sympatry. In these areas hybrids were found in the central midlittoral zone with C. audouini above them in the supralittoral fringe and C. granulosus in the central and lower midlittoral. The number of hybrids present on shores north and south of the centre of sympatry decreased markedly. The observations led to the conclusions that the interaction was ecologically controlled and that the two interacting taxa were separate species. The geographic distribution of C. audouini and the hybrids was limited by the effect of seawater temperatures on the survival of their planktonic larval stage (a pre-settling factor). Conversely the geographic distribution of C. granulosus was limited by the action of air temperature on the adult crabs (a post-settling factor).
Litter Fall and Decompostion in a Mangrove Stand, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., in Middle Harbour, Sydney
Authors: Goulter PFE , Allaway WG
Published: November 2005

Leaf and other litter falling in a mangrove woodland was estimated by litter trapping for 13 months. Mean annual litter fall was 5.8 t ha-1 year-1 (dry matter) of which 79% was leaf material. Largest fortnightly collections of litter were found in the summer months, and little litter fell in winter. Data suggested that mangrove litter is rapidly incorporated into the rest of the estuarine ecosystem: the leaf litter layer in the swamp was estimated on two occasions (about 9 g m-2 in winter and about 62 g m-2 in summer, dry leaf material) and a litter-bag experiment gave a leaf decomposition half- time of about 8 weeks.
Studies of the Hydrobiology of a Tropical Lake in North-western Queensland. I. Seasonal Changes in Chemical Characteristics
Authors: Farrell TP , Finlayson CM , Griffiths DJ
Published: November 2005

The chemical characteristics of the water of Lake Moondarra, an artificial lake in tropical north-western Queensland, are described. Changes in ionic composition, and in the concentrations of major nutrients and heavy metals, were monitored over a 12 month sampling period. Seasonal variations within the lake were strongly influenced by climatic conditions, principally rainfall which affects run-off and dilution by way of the intermittently flowing river and creeks. The results show that, in spite of the considerable input of nutrients, their concentration in the lake waters remains consistently low. The heavy metal concentrations in the lake water are also well below the limits regarded as acceptable for drinking water.
Chlorophyll b Interference in the Fluorometric Determination of Chlorophyll a and 'Phaeo-Pigments'
Authors: Gibbs CF
Published: November 2005

A quantitative estimate was made of the interference by chlorophyll b in the fluorometric determination of chlorophyll a using an Aminco-Bowman spectrofluorometer. The undegraded (or 'living') chlorophyll a concentration was underestimated by an amount equal to the concentration of chlorophyll b present. The value for chlorophyll a uncorrected for phaeophytin was increased by 30% of the chlorophyll b concentration. The acetone to water ratio was found to affect the acidification factor only at aqueous acetone concentrations above 90%. The need for standardization of solvent and wavelengths is discussed, and the implications of chlorophyll b occurring in marine samples are considered.
An Assessment of the Stocks of the Banana Prawn Penaeus merguiensis in the Gulf of Carpentaria
Authors: Lucas C , Kirkwood G , Somers I
Published: November 2005

A stock assessment of P. merguiensis in the Gulf of Carpentaria was made by means of a yield per recruit analysis based on studies of migration, growth and mortality. Data were collected both from the commercial fishery and tag recapture experiments. No significant movement of tagged prawns out of the fishing grounds occurred during the fishing season. Estimates of the von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ = 38.0 mm carapace length, K = 0.08 week-1) were obtained from the change in monthly size distribution of commercial catches. The natural mortality coefficient (M) was 0.05 week-1 while the total mortality coefficient (Z) estimates for fishing seasons during 1974-1976, ranged from 0.22 week-1 to 0.35 week-1. The corresponding estimates of the optimal size at first capture ranged from 30.6 to 32.6 mm carapace length. Despite the high rates of exploitation (E = 0.78-0.86), there was no evidence to suggest that recruitment had been adversely affected.
Determination of Iron in Suspended Matter and Sediments of the Yarra River Estuary, and the Distribution of Copper, Lead, Zinc and Manganese in the Sediments
Authors: Smith JD , Milne PJ
Published: November 2005

Sediments from the Yarra River estuary were analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe and Ca extractable in hydroxylamine hydrochloride-acetic acid solution. Strong correlation of Pb and Zn with extractable Fe was observed. The behaviour of Cu indicated that it was not only controlled by the hydrated iron oxides, but that some may be organically bound. The effects of salinity on the suspended particulate matter were examined, and variations in the amount of extractable Fe in the particulate matter observed.
Accumulation of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Cadmium by the Australian Freshwater Mussel Velesunio ambiguus (Phillipi) and Its Potential as a Biological Monitor
Authors: Jones WG , Walker KF
Published: November 2005

The accumulation of iron, manganese, zinc and cadmium by freshwater mussels in the River Murray, South Australia, and their response to changes in environmental iron concentrations are considered. Metal loads varied markedly between individuals from the same population. The variability is accounted for partly by systematic relationships between metal loads and body weight and age, but not sex. The distribution of metals between the major organs is discussed, but the analysis of separate organs showed no advantage for biological monitoring. Comparisons between iron concentrations in river water and in mussels showed no clear correspondence. The study suggests that V. ambiguus may not be a good short-term monitor of iron, but still may have potential as a long-term and site-comparison monitor of metals. once inherent variability is taken into account.
Primary Productivity, Sulfate Reduction and Sulfer Isotope Fractionation in Algal Mats and Sediments of Hamelin pool, Shark Bay, W. A.
Authors: Bauld J , Chambers LA , Skyring GW
Published: November 2005

A variety of benthic algal mats grow in the intertidal and subtidal environments of Hamelin Pool. Primary productivity ranged from 17 mhCm-2 h-1 for smooth mat, present in the high intertidal zone, to 113 mgC m-2 h-1 for colloform mat, found only in subtidal areas. Although pustular mat showed high photosynthetic efficiency [9.1 mgC (mg Chla)-1h-1] sulfate reduction was undetectable in underlying sediments. The rates of sulfate reduction in sediments close to intertidal stromatolites and in sediments beneath smooth mat were similar (5 mmol m-2d-1). In the intertidal zone stromatolitic debris has formed sediments in which sulfate reduction is rapid (14-46 mmol m-2d-1). Sulfur isotope distribution indicates a semiclosed system in the latter sediments (δ34S‰,: SO42-, +22.0 to +27.7; S2-, - 11.2 to -14.5) and an open system in the smooth mat sediments (δ34S‰: SO42-,+20.7; S2-, -23.2). Fractionation factors are between 1.033 and 1.044. The geobiological significance of these data is discussed.
A Taxonomic Revision of Australian Species of Paratya (Crustacea: Atyidae)
Authors: Williams WD , Smith MJ
Published: November 2005

Paratya australiensis is redescribed. A study of geographical variation showed that this species is variable but has no subspecies or congeneric species in Australia.
Previously described Australian species or subspecies are synonymized with P. australiensis.
Direct Measurements of Ocean Currents over the Continental Slope off Sydney
Authors: Hamon BV
Published: November 2005

The results of measurements of deep ocean currents over the continental slope off Sydney in May 1979 are presented and discussed. The measurements were made using neutrally buoyant floats. Four floats were used, at mean depths of 766, 1251, 1519 and 1886 m. All four floats moved towards north-north-east, approximately parallel to the depth contours, with mean speeds, over the 34-day tracking period, in the range 5-9 cm s-1. The surface current, estimated from ship's set, was towards north-east, at 25 cm s-1.
Spawning and fecundity of the western king prawn, Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, in Western Australian Waters
Authors: Penn JW
Published: November 2005

The microscopic and macroscopic changes which occur during ovary development to spawning have been investigated for P. larisulcatus. The latter stages (3 and 4) of development and the act of spawning have been found to be confined to single intermoult periods, with spawning being possible during each of a series of consecutive intermoult periods. Fecundity was found to vary significantly with the size of the individual, with the number of eggs ranging from approximately 105000 (123 mm total length female) to 650000 (217 mm total length female) at each spawning. The use of an index of population fecundity in combination with estimates of spawning frequency to document spawning seasons is discussed. Using the population fecundity method the two northern populations have been shown to have a year round spawning season, with maximum spawning occurring from autumn to spring. while the southern population was shown to have shorter seasons over summer. A relationship between ovary development and temperatures in excess of 17�C is suggested as the probable cause of the differences in duration of spawning seasons along the Western Australian coastline.
Reproductive cycles and fecundities of four common eastern Australian archaeogastropod limpets (Mollusca : Gastropoda)
Authors: Creese RG
Published: November 2005

Reproductive cycles of four species of limpets were determined using quantitative analyses of counts of eggs and weights of gonads. Montfortula rugosa has a breeding season extending for 8-9 months, but does not show marked peaks of reproductive activity. It spawns small numbers of eggs over a long period, and never has a very large gonad. Notoacmea petterdi has a very short spawning season in May or June. Prior to spawning the gonad may account for over half the wet weight of an individual. After spawning there is a long resting period, after which the size of the gonad and the number and proportion of mature eggs increases gradually over the next 7-8 months. Patelloida alticostata and P. latistrigata have strategies which are intermediate between the other two species. Spawning may occur over a 4-6 month period during which time there are two peaks of spawning activity. The production of mature oocytes recommences soon after spawning has ceased in July, and the gonad rapidly increases in size during the following 4 months. Estimates of fecundity are given for the three species of acmaeid limpet. In these species, fecundity increases with increasing size; yet individuals are capable of producing and spawning mature eggs at the end of their first year on the shore. The adaptive significance of such a strategy is discussed.
Effects of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., on the distribution of some native fishes in three areas of southern Victoria
Authors: Jackson PD , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Eight species of native fish and two of introduced fish were found during studies of the distribution of fishes
in streams in three areas of southern Victoria; namely in the upper part of the catchment of the Yarra River,
in the Otway Ranges, and on Wilsons Promontory. S. trutta does not occur on Wilsons Promontory, but
does occur in the other two areas. Results provide circumstantial evidence that S. trutta has deleteriously
affected the occurrence of Galaxias olidus and possibly G. brevipinnis. Some native fishes appear able to
coexist with S. trutta.
Phenotypic affinities of 11 species of Australian mullet (Pisces : Mugilidae)
Authors: Spain AV , Grant CJ , Sinclair DF
Published: November 2005

The phenotypic affinities of 11 species of Australian mullet are examined using, principally, canonical variate analysis of 32 external body characteristics measured on individuals of each species. The body forms of four species of Liza and two of Mugil are compared within genera. All species proved to be distinct on the basis of the measured variables and the major discriminators proved to be the locations and relative sizes of the caudal, pectoral and first dorsal fins. Some degree of sexual dimorphism was evidenced in the analyses. In a combined analysis of all 11 species, no generic groupings of species were noted. One species, Rhinomugil nasutus: proved to be substantially different in body shape from the remainder. The Mahalanobis distance between Myxus elongatus and Liza argentea was not significant although the distances between all other species were. As shown by a minimum spanning tree analysis, M. elongatus occupies a central position and its relationships require further elucidation. The major discriminators in the combined analysis were again fin locations and relative sizes although some other body depth and width characteristics served to separate R. nasutus from the remaining species.
Tidal and wind-driven currents in Bass Strait
Authors: Jones ISF
Published: November 2005

Preliminary measurements made in Bass Strait on the east Australian shelf indicate large tidal flows but small inertial oscillations. The response of the current to the wind is predominantly along the isobaths while the lower well-mixed layer, which is often separated during the heating season from the wind-mixed layer by a thermocline, appears to respond to the influence of the coast in such a manner as to produce downwelling or upwelling. Bass Strait is a region of complex tidal response and existing co-tidal lines for the eastern area appear to require substantial modification.
Marine soft-bottom benthic community offshore from Black Rock sewage outfall, Connewarre, Victoria
Authors: Dorsey JH , Synnot RN
Published: November 2005

The shallow-water benthic community offshore from Black Rock sewage outfall consists of a moderately diverse crustacean and polychaete infaunal assemblage living in fine-grained, homogeneous, sandy sediments. Most organisms are detritus- or suspension-feeders, with detritus coming largely from planktonic and suspended sources. Sewage effluent may secondarily enrich inshore sediments which support dense populations of spionid polychaetes and Callianassa ceramica.
Hydrocarbons in Victorian Coastal Waters
Authors: Burns KA , Smith JL
Published: November 2005

A resin adsorption apparatus consisting of a glass fibre prefilter. and stainless-steel column packed with Amberlite XAD-2 and teflon particles was used to sample seawater for dissolved and particulate hydrocarbons. Three areas of Victorian coastal waters were selected for their importance in water-quality management. Petroleum hydrocarbons were distinguished from recent biogenic hydrocarbons on the basis of gas chromatographic and fluorescence patterns. Levels of non-volatile hydrocarbons in seawater (C14-C34 paraffin boiling range) varied from less than 0.1�g I-1 (the detection limit) to over 22 �g I-1. Highest concentrations occurred close to shore-based inputs such as oil-refinery effluents. Most hydrocarbons in these coastal waters were sorbed onto particulate matter. Water samples corroborated evidence from the analyses of mussels and sediments in all three areas in identifying types and sources of hydrocarbons and in estimating the magnitude of local oil-pollution problems.
Role of streamside vegetation as a food source for Galaxias olidus Gnnther (Pisces : Galaxiidae)
Authors: Cadwallader PL , Eden AK , Hook RA
Published: November 2005

Dipteran and trichopteran larvae; coleopteran adults and terrestrial invertebrates were the main items in the diet of G. olidus taken in summer from 10 stations in the Seven Creeks River system, Victoria. Ephemeropteran nymphs, coleopteran larvae and copepods also formed a large part of the diet. Terrestrial organisms were taken more frequently by larger fish than by smaller fish and formed a substantial part of the diet of those fish taken from sites surrounded by overhanging vegetation. Terrestrial organisms were much less common in the diet of fish taken from sites with little overhanging vegetation.
Transport of living Antarctic zooplankton to a tropical Laboratory: a feasibility study
Authors: Ikeda T , Mitchell AW , Carleton JH , Dixon P
Published: November 2005

Living zooplankton (including Euphausia superba) were successfully transported from the Antarctic Ocean to a tropical laboratory. Maintenance procedures of zooplankton on board ship and construction details of temperature-insulated boxes used for air transport of living zooplankton are described, together with some results of moulting intervals of E. superba obtained afterwards.
On the winter cascade from Bass Strait into the Tasman Sea
Authors: Godfrey JS , Jones ISF , Maxwell GH , Scott BD
Published: November 2005

Evidence is presented confirming an earlier suggestion that in winter, cold, salty (up to 35.7‰) water from Bass Strait moves eastwards and sinks sometimes to a depth of 400 m beneath warmer, fresher water from the Tasman Sea. A sharp surface-temperature front is found in winter across eastern Bass Strait a few kilometres inshore from the 200-m contour. This front probably marks the line at which Bass Strait water sinks beneath Tasman Sea water. A current-meter record at an oil drill site over a period of 8 weeks in winter 1975 shows northward currents with a speed of up to 0.5 m s-1 near the bottom (380 m), consistent with the idea that a layer of Bass Strait water sinks and turns left (northwards) under the influence of the Coriolis force. An internal mixed layer, more than 100 m deep, was found on XBT traces over the continental slope near Eden (37�3'S.,149�52'E.) on three occasions between October and December 1978. The temperature of this layer increased from 12 to 15�C iri this time, closely paralleling the rise in temperature of water in Bass Strait just west of the surface-temperature front. Where salinity data were available, they clearly showed the internal mixed layers to be saline compared with most water of the Tasman Sea, consistent with an origin in Bass Strait. Nutrient and oxygen data provide a valuable confirmation of the hypothesis that the salinity inversions found in much of the Tasman Sea originate in the Bass Strait cascade.
Spectral adsorption properties of natural watres: contribtion of the soluble and particulate fractions to light absorption in some inland watres of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

A method has been developed for measuring the absorption spectra, and calculating the in situ absorption coefficients, of the particulate fraction (tripton/phytoplankton) of natural waters. The procedure involves concentrating the particulate fraction by filtration followed by resuspension in a smaller volume, and measuring the absorption spectrum with the help of an integrating sphere to minimize the effects of light scattering. The method has been applied to seven inland water bodies in the southern tablelands of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. For comparative purposes the absorption spectra. and in situ absorption coefficients, of the soluble colouring matter (gilvin, gelbstoff) have also been measured. The absorption coefficients have been used to calculate what part of the total absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is captured by each of the three major absorbing components. In clear but rather coloured waters, gilvin absorbs most of the quanta, followed by water itself. In two waters with fairly high phytoplankton levels, the particulate fraction absorbs as much PAR as the water, but gilvin still absorbs rather more than either. In highly turbid waters, the particulate fraction (consisting mainly of tripton) absorbs most of the quanta. The data show that tripton has an absorption spectrum in the visible region. which rises steadily with decreasing wavelength: this is attributed to humic materials. It is clear that in turbid waters the inanimate particulate fraction (tripton) is a major light absorber, in addition to being the most important light scatterer.
Relationships between forms of nitrogen and hydrological characteristics in a small stream near Adelaide, South Australia.
Authors: Holmes AN , Williams WD , Wood G
Published: November 2005

Concentrations of various forms of nitrogen in a stream which drains a small and mostly agricultural catchment near Adelaide, South Australia, were investigated and related to stream hydrological characteristics. During baseflow, nitrate-nitrogen was the major component of total nitrogen but in stormflows reduced forms of nitrogen predominated, largely in a suspended state. There were some trends in concentrations according to rates of flow, and empirical relationships were discerned between nitrogen concentrations, load, and discharge values. Using these, an annual total nitrogen load of 9.9 tonnes (for 1976/1977) was calculated, a value equivalent to an average yield of 24.2 kg ha-1 year-1 of total nitrogen. Loadings for reduced nitrogen (measured as total kjeldahl nitrogen) and nitrate-nitrogen were 7.8 and 16.4 kg ha-1 year-1 respectively.
Reproductive biology of two species of Turbinidae (Mollusca : Gastropoda)
Authors: Joll LM
Published: November 2005

Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1843 and Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791 were found to be dioecous with 1:1 sex ratios. In both species, the testis was creamy-white and the ovary green, although infection of the gonad of T. intercostalis by trematodes resulted in abnormal gonad colours. The right kidney opening of both female and male T. intercostalis was developed into a sexually dimorphic papilla. while the tissues around the genital opening of both sexes of T. torquatus were only formed into small lips. The histology and histochemistry of the papillae and lips were examined with regard to the possible mode of spawning in these species. The evidence indicated that both species spawned their eggs to the plankton. Reproductive cycles were investigated by histological examination of regular gonad samples and the number of mature and immature oocytes in a subsample of the ovary determined. The testes were not examined quantitatively but the presence of fully spawned males in the samples was noted. Gametogenesis was continuous in both species. T. torquatus showed several spawnings per year. with a peak of activity in summer. Spawning of T. intercostalis occurred from autumn to spring, although in one year a summer spawning occurred. Examination of populations of T. intercostalis near the extremes of the species' range suggested that reproductive difficulties may contribute to limiting the distribution of the species at the southern (low temperature) end of its range.
Comparative study of the cranial morphology of the labrids Choeroden venustus and Labroides dimidiatus and the scarid Scarus fasciatus (Pisces : Perciformes) II. Cranial myology and feeding mechanisms
Authors: Tedman RA
Published: November 2005

Detailed descriptions of the muscles involved in the jaw movements in C. venustus, L. dimidiatus and S. fasciatus are presented. The function of individual muscles and their importance in jaw movements during feeding are suggested from interpretation of dissections and observations of feeding behaviour recorded in the literature. The extreme development of epaxial musculature in C. venustus and S. fasciatus braces the head during feeding when large forces are applied to the lowerjaw by C. venustus in removing barnacles from rocks and overturning slabs of coral and by S.fasciatus in scraping bits of algae from coral rocks. The lack of a protrusible upper jaw in S. fasciatus results from several features: loss of the twisting movement of the maxillary head found in C. venustus and L. dimidiatus. the development of a secondary articulatory joint about the articular, loss of attachment of A1 to the premaxillary condyle of the maxillary head, and a decrease in the size of the lateral process of the premaxilla when compared to that found in C. venustus and L. dimidiatus. The well-developed levator arcus palatini muscle probably permits the development of a powerful suction important in the capture of prey organisms in L. dimidiatus. The large hypobasihyal bone in L. dimidiatus may help to control the movement of prey through the buccal cavity. Its distinctive bilobed lower lip may enhance the powerful suction in the buccal cavity and be useful during feeding when the caniform teeth are not engaged in prey capture.
Effect of acute exposure to zinc on osmoregulation and water balance of the aquatic larvae of the blackfly Simulium ornatipes
Authors: Carter JGT
Published: November 2005

The effect of exposure to zinc on the osmoregulation and water balance of the aquatic larvae of the blackfly S. ornatipes was investigated using a weighing procedure. Changes in weight and water content of the haemolymph and body tissues of samples of larvae exposed to acute levels of zinc were measured. Larvae were also exposed to ouabain as this was expected to affect osmoregulation. Osmoregulatory ability was investigated by measuring the changes in weight of samples of larvae placed in various hyperosmotic solutions and in an ouabain solution. Performance of larvae exposed to sublethal levels of zinc was compared with that of controls. Larvae dying from zinc exposure exhibited a substantial drop in haemolymph volume, but tissue fluid levels remained constant. Similar results were obtained after exposure to ouabain. Prior exposure to zinc did not affect the permeability of the body wall or its ability to absorb water. Recovery from osmotic stress and the ability to tolerate ouabain exposure was affected, however. It is suggested that the loss of weight shown by larvae dying from zinc exposure is due to excessive primary urine production leading to dehydration.
Infraspecific variations within the Atyidae: A study of morphological variation within a population of Paratya australiensis (Crustacea : Decapoda)
Authors: Smith MJ , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The extent of variation in 55 taxonomic attributes (including all those of major taxonomic significance in the Atyidae) was investigated in a single population of P. australiensis. The aim was to provide insight to the nature of infraspecific variation in atyid species since some characters used to diagnose species are known to vary within a species. No attributes varied significantly with season. Sexual variation occurred in five proportional attributes as well as in secondary sex characters. Size variation was statistically significant in six proportional attributes. and for several numerical attributes not only was it highly significant statistically but also the ranges of values overlapped little between successive size classes. Rostral armature and the relative depth of the rostrum varied widely irrespective of season, sex and total body length. The results indicate the need for caution in diagnosis of atyid species.
Water circulation around Britomart Reef, Great Barrier Reef, during July 1979
Authors: Wolanski E , Jones M
Published: November 2005

Weather and currents at eight sites were measured and drogue trajectories obtained in July 1979 at Britomart Reef, a middle reef located at 18�16'S.,146� 38'E. in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef province. The longest current records (3 weeks) were obtained at two sites in passes between the Coral Sea and the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon where westerly currents modulated by tides were observed. Analysis of residuals also showed the importance of wind-driven secondary circulation. Non-tidal sea-level oscillations were very small. Shorter current records (1-10 days) at six sites in the lagoon and on the reef flat showed a predominant northerly flow, also modulated by tides and wind. A residual anticlockwise water circulation existed in the lagoon where flushing was controlled more by winds than by tides. The rise in sea level over the reef flat as a result of waves breaking was negligible. Temperature differences between air and water accounted for the cooling of the water column during the expedition. Constant south-east trade winds were experienced at the reef, while on land the wind was weaker. more variable, and often dominated by land-sea breezes.
Kimblaeus, a new pipefish genus (Syngnathiformes : Syngnathidae) from Australia, with a key to genera of pipefishes with continuous superior ridges
Authors: Dawson CE
Published: November 2005

Kimblaeus (type-species Kimblaeus bassensis, sp. nov.) is described from Bass Strait and the Tasman Sea. The genus is characterized by continuous superior body ridges, confluent lateral trunk and inferior tail ridges, the presence of dorsal and pectoral fins, an eight-rayed caudal fin and the absence of the anal fin. A key to the 21 pipefish genera with continuous superior ridges is included.
Occurence of exotic tropical fish in the cooling pondage of a power station in temperate south-eastren Australia
Authors: Cadwallader PL , Backhouse GN , Fallu R
Published: November 2005

Three species of exotic tropical fish, the black mangrove or Niger cichlid, Tilapia mariae Boulenger, of West Africa; the convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Gunther), of Central America; and the Jack Dempsey cichlid, Cichlasoma octofasciatum (Regan), of Central and South America, have been recorded from the cooling pondage of a power station in temperate south-eastern Australia. All three species are readily available in the local aquarium fish trade. Black mangrove cichlids and convict cichlids appear to have established self-maintaining populations in the pondage. and also occur in a creek below the pondage.