bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The East Asian summer monsoon at mid-Holocene: results from PMIP3 simulations
Authors: Zheng W. , Wu B. , He J. , Yu Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Ten Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCMs) participating the third phase of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison project (PMIP3) are assessed for the simulations of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) at both the present climate and mid-Holocene. Results show that the PMIP3 model median well captures the characteristics of the EASM, including the two distinct features of the Meiyu Front and the stepwise meridional displacement of the monsoon rainbelt. At mid-Holocene, the enhanced EASM is simulated by the PMIP3 models. The model median shows that the changes of surface air temperature and precipitation are within the range as indicated by the proxy data over the eastern China. Both the changes of monsoonal circulation and the water vapor content favor the increasing of summer precipitation. Regional features can be identified between models because of their different simulations of the above changes. The model spread for the surface air temperature (TAS) is relatively smaller when compared with that of PMIP2 models in both the Northern Hemisphere and the eastern China. However, the model spread of summer precipitation is larger among PMIP3 models, particularly in the lower reaches of Yangzi River. The TAS over Tibetan Plateau has a positive relationship with the precipitation in the lower reaches of Yangzi River, yet this relationship does not apply for those PMIP3 models in which the monsoonal precipitation is more sensitive to the changes of large-scale circulation.
Observations of water masses and circulation in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from the 1990s to the late 2000s
Authors: Rudels B. , Schauer U. , Björk G. , Korhonen M. , Pisarev S. , Rabe B. , Wisotzki A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The circulation and water mass properties in the Eurasian Basin are discussed based on a review of previous research and an examination of observations made in recent years within, or parallel to, DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modelling and Observational Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies). The discussion is strongly biased towards observations made from icebreakers and particularly from the cruise with R/V Polarstern 2007 during the International Polar Year (IPY). Focus is on the Barents Sea inflow branch and its mixing with the Fram Strait inflow branch. It is proposed that the Barents Sea branch contributes not just intermediate water but also most of the Atlantic layer that is found in the Amundsen Basin and also in the Makarov and Canada basins. Only occasionally would high temperature pulses originating from the Fram Strait branch penetrate along the Laptev Sea slope across the Gakkel Ridge into the Amundsen Basin. Interactions between the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait branches lead to formation of intrusive layers, in the Atlantic layer and in the intermediate waters. The intrusion characteristics found downstream north of the Laptev Sea are similar to those observed in the Northern Nansen Basin and over the Gakkel Ridge, implying a flow from the Laptev Sea towards Fram Strait. The formation mechanisms for the intrusions at the continental slope, or in the interior of the basins if they are reformed there, have not been identified. The temperature of the deep water of the Eurasian Basin has increased in the last 10 yr rather more than expected from geothermal heating. That geothermal heating does influence the deep water column was obvious from 2007 Polarstern observations made close to a hydrothermal vent in the Gakkel Ridge, where the temperature minimum usually found above the 600–800 m thick homogenous bottom layer was absent. However, heat entrained from the Atlantic water into descending boundary plumes may also contribute to the warming of the deeper layers.
Global distribution of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary: a new look
Authors: Hamza V. M. , Vieira F. P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. New global maps of the depth to the boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere are presented. The maps are based on updated global databases for heat flow and crustal structure. For continental regions the estimates of lithospheric thickness are based on determinations of subcrustal heat flow, after corrections for contributions of radiogenic heat in crustal layers. For oceanic regions the estimates of lithospheric thickness are based on the newly proposed finite half-space (FHS) model. Unlike the half-space cooling (HSC) and the plate models the FHS model takes into account effects of buffered solidification at the lower boundary of the lithosphere and assumes that the vertical domain for downward growth of the boundary layer have an asymptotic limit. Results of numerical simulations reveal that theoretical values derived from the FHS model provide vastly improved fits to observational data for heat flow and bathymetry than can be achieved with HSC and plate models. Also, the data fits are valid for the entire age range of the oceanic lithosphere. Hence estimates of depths to lithosphere- asthenosphere boundary (LAB) based on the FHS model are believed to provide more reliable estimates than those reported in previous thermal models. The global maps of depths to LAB derived in the present work reveal several features in regional variations of lithosphere thicknesses that have not been identified in earlier studies. For example, regions of ocean floor with ages less than 55 Ma are characterized by relatively rapid thickening of the lithosphere. Also there is better resolution in mapping the transition from oceanic to continental lithosphere, as most of the latter ones are characterized by lithospheric thickness greater than 150 km. As expected the plate spreading centers in oceanic regions as well as areas of recent magmatic activity in continental regions are characterized by relatively thin lithosphere, with LAB depths of less than 50 km. On the other hand, the areas of continental collisions and Precambrian cratonic blocks are found to have lithosphere thicknesses in excess of 250 km. Regional variations of lithosphere thickness in the interiors of continents are found to depend on the magnitude of subcrustal heat flux as well as the tectonic age of crustal blocks.
The footprint of Asian monsoon dynamics in the mass and energy balance of a Tibetan glacier
Authors: Mölg T. , Maussion F. , Yang W. , Scherer D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Determinations of glacier-wide mass and energy balance are still scarce for the remote mountains of the Tibetan Plateau, where field measurements are challenging. Here we run and evaluate a physical, distributed mass balance model for Zhadang glacier (central Tibet, 30° N), based on in-situ measurements over 2009–2011 and an uncertainty estimate by Monte Carlo and ensemble strategies. The model application aims to provide the first quantification of how the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) impacts an entire glacier over the various stages of the monsoon's annual cycle. We find a strong and systematic ISM footprint on the interannual scale. Early (late) monsoon onset causes higher (lower) accumulation, and reduces (increases) the available energy for ablation primarily through changes in absorbed shortwave radiation. By contrast, only a weak footprint exists in the ISM cessation phase. Most striking though is the core monsoon season: local mass and energy balance variability is fully decoupled from the active/break cycle that defines large-scale atmospheric variability during the ISM. Our results demonstrate quantitatively that monsoon onset strongly affects the ablation season of glaciers in Tibet. However, we find no direct ISM impact on the glacier in the main monsoon season, which has not been acknowledged so far. This result also adds cryospheric evidence that regional modification of the large-scale monsoon flow prevails on the Tibetan Plateau in summer.
Analysis of Critical Thinking Skills in an International, Cross-Institutional Group of Engineering Master's Students
Authors: Bramhall Michael D. , Gray Linda , Corker Chris , Garnett Kenisha , Hill Richard
Published: August 2012

UK educators often express concerns that students from some cultural backgrounds frequently seem unwilling or are unable to apply critical thinking skills within their academic programmes. This may be due not to a lack of ability or confidence but rather to the way they have been previously taught and assessed. Often, the design of UK courses implicitly requires critical thinking skills, but the design of the use of these skills in courses may not have taken into account the conceptualization of critical thinking across a diverse global group of students. This paper reports on the results of a study of Master's engineering students from two universities in the UK to assess their conceptualization of critical thinking. The findings provide evidence that international engineering students' understanding of critical thinking is not well developed, although they may, without being aware of it, have a critical thinking mindset, and often display these skills.
Special Issue: Producing the Rounded and Innovative Graduate – Case Studies of Effective Programmes
Authors: Papadourakis George M.
Published: August 2012

This special issue of Industry and Higher Education is devoted to a selection of papers on the theme ‘Producing the rounded and innovative graduate – case studies of successful programmes’. The papers, reviewed and revised for publication, were presented at the Seventh International Conference on New Horizons in Industry, Business and Education held on the island of Chios, Greece, in August 2011. This introductory paper provides an overview of the conference, summarizes the most important presentations and offers some reflections on the conference outcomes. The key objective of NHIBE 2011 was to identify the impact of new technologies on education, industry and business. Special attention was given to innovative approaches and experiences developed in education in an effort to adapt teaching methods to the new technological era; and a special session was dedicated to graduate students. There was also a Workshop on PIT (Project/Internship Instruction Type) – ‘Views of the Project/Internship Instruction Type’ – organized by Professor Nuno Escudeiro. The major subject streams at the conference were: Education Strategies, New Educational Methods, Industry and Education, Science and Education, Entrepreneurship, Corporate Finance and Governance, and Business Strategies. This introductory paper to this issue of Industry and Higher Education focuses on Education Strategies, New Educational Methods, Industry and Education, Science and Education, Entrepreneurship and the PIT Workshop.
Residual Nitrogen Contributions from Grain Legumes to the Growth and Development of Succeeding Maize Crop
Authors: Adeleke M. A. , Haruna I. M.
Published: August 2012

Field experiment was conducted at the Institute for Agricultural Research Farm at Samaru, Nigeria in 2008 and 2009 rainy seasons to investigate the residual nitrogen contributions by four legume crops (soyabean, cowpea, lablab, and groundnut) to the growth and development of succeeding maize given four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha−1). In 2008, the treatments consisted of four legumes, maize and a fallow period. The six treatments were laid out using randomized complete block design replicated four times. In 2009, maize crop was planted on the previous crops’ plots and fallow. The experimental design used was split-plot with previous legumes, maize, or fallow as main plots, and the four nitrogen fertilizer treatments as subplots. Results obtained showed that nitrogen availability in the top soils of the previous legumes and fallow compared with that of maize plot was increased by 250, 200, 170, 107 and 157% after lablab, groundnut, cowpea, soyabean and fallow, respectively. Maize grown on previous lablab plot significantly recorded higher growth characters compared with maize following other legumes and fallow. Growth of maize was highest with the application of lower rates of nitrogen after lablab and groundnut compared with maize after maize.
The Stemness Phenotype Model
Authors: Cruz M. H. , Sidén Å. , Calaf G. M. , Delwar Z. M. , Yakisich J. S.
Published: August 2012

The identification of a fraction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) associated with resistance to chemotherapy in most solid tumors leads to the dogma that eliminating this fraction will cure cancer. Experimental data has challenged this simplistic and optimistic model. Opposite to the classical cancer stem cell model, we introduced the stemness phenotype model (SPM), which proposed that all glioma cells possess stem cell properties and that the stemness is modulated by the microenvironment. A key prediction of the SPM is that to cure gliomas all gliomas cells (CSCs and non-CSCs) should be eliminated at once. Other theories closely resembling the SPM and its predictions have recently been proposed, suggesting that the SPM may be a useful model for other type of tumors. Here, we review data from other tumors that strongly support the concepts of the SPM applied to gliomas. We include data related to: (1) the presence of a rare but constant fraction of CSCs in established cancer cell lines, (2) the clonal origin of cancer, (3) the symmetrical division, (4) the ability of “non-CSCs” to generate “CSCs,” and (5) the effect of the microenvironment on cancer stemness. The aforenamed issues that decisively supported the SPM proposed for gliomas can also be applied to breast, lung, prostate cancer, and melanoma and perhaps other tumors in general. If the glioma SPM is correct and can be extrapolated to other types of cancer, it will have profound implications in the development of novel modalities for cancer treatment.
On the Relationship between Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Kendall’s Tau under Bivariate Homogeneous Shock Model
Authors: Wang Jiantian
Published: August 2012

This paper studies the relationship between Kendall's tau and Pearson correlation coefficient under the so-called bivariate homogeneous shock (BHS) model. We find Capéraà-Genest-type inequality may not hold for general BHS model. Computational simulations suggest that the Denials' inequality is likely to be true.
The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100) as a Screening Tool in Neurosurgery
Authors: Karger Ralf , Reuter Karoline , Rohlfs Jochen , Nimsky Christopher , Sure Ulrich , Kretschmer Volker
Published: August 2012

We investigated whether the inclusion of the PFA-100 in the preoperative screening of neurosurgical patients might reduce perioperative bleeding complications. Patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions who were scheduled for neurosurgery underwent routine preoperative PFA-100 testing. In case of an abnormal PFA test, patients received prophylactic treatment with desmopressin. 93 consecutive patients were compared to 102 consecutive patients with comparable characteristics operated before introduction of the PFA-100 testing. 2 patients (2.2%) in the PFA group and 2 patients (2.0%) in the non-PFA group experienced clinically relevant intracranial bleeding confirmed by computed tomography (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.39–2.82; ). Transfusions were not significantly different between the two groups. 13 (14.0%) patients in the PFA group and 5 (4.9%) patients in the non-PFA group received desmopressin (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1–9.2; ). Preoperative screening with the PFA-100 did result in a significant increase in the administration of desmopressin, which could not reduce perioperative bleeding complications or transfusions.
Predisposing Individual Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes of Women in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Who Initiate Prenatal Care Late in Their Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kakogawa Jun , Sadatsuki Miyuki , Matsushita Takeji , Simbo Takuro
Published: August 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the individual characteristics and perinatal outcomes of women who initiate prenatal care late in their pregnancy in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Methods. Retrospective study. The study enrolled all women at our hospital who initiated prenatal care after 22 weeks of gestation (late attenders) and control women who initiated prenatal care prior to 11 weeks of gestation participated in the study at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine between January 1, 2007 and June 30, 2011. We compared the maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes of late attenders with those of the control group. Results. A total of 121 late attenders and 1,787 controls were enrolled. Late attenders had a higher incidence of unmarried compared with the control group (P<0.01). There were no differences in the incidence of preterm delivery and low birth weight; however, babies of the late attenders had a higher incidence of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit compared with the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions. Our results indicate that there is a pressing need for further steps to promote the importance of receiving prenatal care during pregnancy.
Thinking outside the Cube
Authors: Hannah Kara
Published: August 2012

Mathematical Lens uses photographs as a springboard for mathematical inquiry and appears in every issue of Mathematics Teacher. all submissions should be sent to the department editors. For more background information on Mathematical Lens and guidelines for submitting a photograph and questions, please visit http://www.nctm.org/publications/content.aspx?id=10440#lens.
Investigating the Effects of Parameters on Quadratic Functions
Authors: Davis Jon D.
Published: August 2012

Technology is in a constant state of flux. As a result, if we seek to use the latest forms of technology in our teaching, our teaching with technology must be ever changing. Edwards and Özgün-Koca (2009) describe an investigation involving the TI-Nspire CAS to understand the effect of b on the graphical representation of a quadratic function of the formf (x) = ax2+ bx + c. Adapting this idea, I show how updates to technology can enhance this investigation to create an even more motivating and compelling experience for students. The investigation will make use of sliders and the spreadsheet capability of the TI-Nspire (the directions provided here apply to the TI-Nspire CX CAS).
Sums of Positive Integral Powers
Authors: Ryang Dohyoung , Thompson Tony
Published: August 2012

The authors generate a formula for the sum of squares, cubes, and fourth powers and then generalize for any integral power.
Mathematical Explorations: Moving beyond Factor Trees
Authors: Kurz Terry L. , Garcia Jorge
Published: August 2012

An alternative method for teaching prime decomposition explores using tools rather than factor trees.
Winning the future for mathematics teaching and learning
Authors: Marlene Robinson
Published: August 2012

As we launch the 2012–2013 academic year, we find ourselves positioned for the natural renewal of focus and energy that often accompany presidential election years. We recognize that in addition to the weak economy, state and national reductions to education resources can create their own challenges to the mathematics education community as we adopt common curriculum standards. More than forty U.S. states are collectively endeavoring to meet the challenge of understanding and implementing the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) with fidelity to both the Content and the Mathematical Practices (CCSSI 2010). Other states and regions we serve are also renewing their commitment to quality mathematics instruction and assessment that meets high standards.
Interviews as RtI Tools
Authors: Hodges Thomas E. , Rose Terry D. , Hicks April D.
Published: August 2012

A series of diagnostic questions helps this teacher better assess and comprehend the misconceptions of third graders who struggle with multiplication.
Perimeter and Beyond
Authors: Siegel Aryn A. , Ortiz Enrique
Published: August 2012

A simple problem-solving exercise encourages teachers to “start small” to reveal how third graders understand multiple math concepts simultaneously.
« Assumer la haute direction de la vie de la race » : la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal (1915-1924)
Authors: Lavallée Martin
Published: August 2012

Fondée par le journaliste Ludger Duvernay en 1834, sous l’appellation Aide-toi, le ciel t’aidera, la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal (SSJBM) est la plus ancienne des institutions patriotiques canadiennes-françaises. Disparue à la suite de l’exil de plusieurs de ses membres dans le contexte des rébellions patriotes de 1837-1838, elle est reconstituée en 1843 et prend le nom d’Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal jusqu’en 1914, année où elle devient définitivement la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal. Depuis sa fondation, cet organisme travaille à défendre et à promouvoir l’identité et les droits des Canadiens français. Cet article se propose de mettre en lumière le rôle méconnu de cette association durant une période particulièrement trouble et agitée pour les Canadiens français, soit durant le premier quart du xxe siècle. L’étude des deux revues mensuelles de la Société – Le Petit Canadien (1913-1918) et La revue nationale (1919-1932) – nous révèle la réorientation du mandat de la SSJBM et l’ambition de ses dirigeants, sous la présidence de Victor Morin (1915-1924), de faire de leur société le chef de file de la nation canadienne-française, celle qui devait prendre la direction des francophones en Amérique du Nord et « assumer la haute direction de la vie de la race ».
The Surrender of Montreal to General Amherst de Francis Hayman et l’identité impériale britannique
Authors: Turcot Laurent
Published: August 2012

Dans le présent article, j’analyserai le tableau The Surrender of Montreal to General Amherst de Francis Hayman, qui représente une victoire de l’Empire britannique sur la France en terre américaine en 1760. Mon objectif est de comprendre les origines de l’oeuvre commandée par Jonathan Tyers, propriétaire du Vauxhall à Londres, où est présenté le tableau, et de saisir ce qu’on a voulu transmettre par cette oeuvre exposée dans un contexte bien particulier, soit un espace de loisir. J’examinerai aussi de quelle façon elle a permis de raconter à un public donné les événements entourant la prise du Canada dans les années 1760. La manière de raconter et de représenter la conquête du Canada se rattache, certes, à l’idée de grandeur de l’Empire, mais aussi, et surtout, à celle qui consiste à montrer que l’Angleterre devient la seule grande puissance européenne (supériorité) à pouvoir soutenir des populations coloniales par des valeurs typiquement britanniques d’humanité, de clémence et de charité, mais qui ont également une portée universelle. Ces valeurs permettent d’imposer et de légitimer la Pax Britannica en Amérique.
Synthesis and characterization of new conjugated soluble polythiophenes with excellent reversible electrochemical properties
Authors: Feng Qilong , Wang Lin , Lin Li , Pei Meishan , Xu Jingkun , Zhang Guangyou
Published: August 2012

A series of five new conjugated polythiophene (PT) derivatives containing piperidinyl groups as a side chain were synthesized by ferric trichloride oxidization. All of the polymers were soluble in common organic solvents, and their high regioregularity were confirmed by 1H‐NMR. The weight‐average molar masses ranged from 5931 to 22,955 g/mol with a low polydispersity index ranging from 1.18 to 1.79. The fluorescence emission maximum of poly[3‐(N‐methyl propionate–4′‐piperidine)methylene–thiophene] in the films was 725 nm in the yellow–red region, higher than that of the other PT derivatives. All five polymers exhibited reversible p‐doping/dedoping (oxidation/reneutralization) processes; this indicated that these polymers could be applied in electrical equipment in the doping state. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Genetic control of antibody production during collagen‐induced arthritis development in heterogeneous stock mice
Authors: Förster Michael , Raposo Bruno , Ekman Diana , Klaczkowska Dorota , Popovic Marjan , Nandakumar Kutty S. , Lindvall Therese , Hultqvist Malin , Teneva Ivanka , Johannesson Martina , Ahlqvist Emma , Holmdahl Rikard
Published: August 2012

Objective

To identify genetic factors driving pathogenic autoantibody formation in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in order to better understand the etiology of RA and identify possible new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Methods

We performed a genome‐wide analysis of quantitative trait loci controlling autoantibody to type II collagen (anti‐CII), anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), and rheumatoid factor (RF). To identify loci controlling autoantibody production, we induced CIA in a heterogeneous stock–derived mouse cohort, with contribution of 8 inbred mouse strains backcrossed to C57BL/10.Q. Serum samples were collected from 1,640 mice before arthritis onset and at the peak of the disease. Antibody concentrations were measured by standard enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and linkage analysis was performed using a linear regression–based method.

Results

We identified loci controlling formation of anti‐CII of different IgG isotypes (IgG1, IgG3), antibodies to major CII epitopes (C1, J1, U1), antibodies to a citrullinated CII peptide (citC1), and RF. The anti‐CII, ACPA, and RF responses were all found to be controlled by distinct genes, one of the most important loci being the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Conclusion

This comprehensive genetic analysis of autoantibody formation in CIA demonstrates an association not only of anti‐CII, but interestingly also of ACPA and RF, with arthritis development in mice. These results underscore the importance of non–major histocompatibility complex genes in controlling the formation of clinically relevant autoantibodies.
Changes in novel biomarkers of disease activity in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis are sensitive biomarkers of disease course
Authors: Reed Ann M. , Peterson Erik , Bilgic Hatice , Ytterberg Steven R. , Amin Shreyasee , Hein Molly S. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Ernste Floranne , Gillespie Emily Baechler
Published: August 2012

Objective

Muscle enzyme levels are insensitive markers of disease activity in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis (DM), especially during the active treatment phase. To improve our ability to monitor DM disease activity longitudinally, especially in the presence of immunomodulating agents, we prospectively evaluated whether interferon (IFN)–dependent peripheral blood gene and chemokine signatures could serve as sensitive and responsive biomarkers for change in disease activity in adult and juvenile DM.

Methods

Peripheral blood and clinical data were collected from 51 patients with juvenile or adult DM prospectively over 2 study visits. We performed disease activity measurements and calculated whole‐blood type I IFN gene and chemokine scores. We also measured serum levels of other proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6).

Results

Changes in juvenile and adult DM global disease activity correlated positively and significantly with changes in the type I IFN gene score before adjustment for medication use (r = 0.33, P = 0.023) and with changes in the IFN chemokine score before and after adjustment for medication use (r = 0.53, P < 0.001 and r = 0.50, P < 0.001, respectively). Changes in muscle and extramuscular visual analog scale (VAS) scores correlated positively with changes in IFN gene and chemokine scores (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.095, P < 0.001). Serum levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) correlated positively with changes in global, muscle, and extramuscular VAS scores (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that changes in type I IFN gene and chemokine scores as well as in levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNFα may serve as sensitive and responsive longitudinal biomarkers of change in disease activity in juvenile and adult DM, even in the presence of immunomodulating agents.
Maximum carotid artery wall thickness and risk factors in a young primary prevention population
Authors: Callahan A. S. , Szarek Michael , Patton John W. , Sillesen Anne‐Sophie , Jones Abrill , Churchwell Keith , Holliday H. Douglas
Published: August 2012

Maximum carotid artery wall thickness was utilized in a primary prevention population and compared with baseline risk factors. Carotid wall thickness was measured between the blood–intima and media–adventitia interfaces by B‐mode ultrasonography using software calipers at points of protrusion. Long‐axis measures were confirmed by short‐axis assessment. The maximum carotid wall thickness for each subject was divided by age in years to yield an annual accretion rate (called carotid intima–media thickness accretion rate [CIMTAR]). The entire study population was then divided by median CIMTAR to investigate the association with baseline variables used in standard risk assessments with the bifurcated groups. Traditional risk factors such as age, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and obesity were not associated with greater than median CIMTAR. Only male gender (P = 0.02) and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.002) in baseline variables were associated with an elevated CIMTAR for the entire population. Among those not taking lipid‐lowering therapy at baseline, only systolic blood pressure remained significant (P = 0.0002). Correlations between low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level and maximum carotid wall thickness/CIMTAR were weak for the entire population (r = −0.17/r = −0.12, respectively). Measure of maximum carotid wall thickness may select patients earlier for treatment than traditional risk factors. The addition of CIMTAR to risk algorithms may permit a single‐point assignation of subsequent vascular risk that is more efficacious than traditional risk factors.
Isocyanurates with Planar Chirality: Design, Optical Resolution, and Isomerization
Authors: Goto Hidetoshi , Sudoh Masanao , Kawamoto Keiko , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Inoue Shohei
Published: August 2012

Designs and syntheses of isocyanurates (1–3) are described on the basis of a novel concept that two enantiotopic faces of Cs‐symmetric, prochiral planar molecules are differentiated with a location of groups at the top or bottom of the planar skeleton using a rigid linker. Such isocyanurates are atropisomeric. The planar‐chiral structures of 1 and 2anti (anti‐conformer of 2) were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, and the space groups were P1 (for 1) and P21/c (for 2anti), resulting that the crystals were racemates. Optical resolutions of 1–3 were successfully accomplished by using chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography technique in combination with circular dichroism, absorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the rotational barriers (ΔG‡s) related to isomerizations of 1–3 were estimated to be 27.2 (for 1 at 50 °C), 27.6 (for 2anti at 50 °C), and 40.6 (for 3syn at 150 °C) kcal/mol. The ΔG‡s of 2 and 3 were higher than that of 1 and, in particular, that of 3 was highest among them. This result indicates that an introduction of bulky substituents and an intramolecular bridging are effective for inhibitions of the isomerizations. Chirality 00:000–000, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Salinity and Water Depth on Germination of Phragmites australis in Coastal Wetland of the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Yu Junbao , Wang Xuehong , Ning Kai , Li Yunzhao , Wu Huifeng , Fu Yuqin , Zhou Di , Guan Bo , Lin Qianxin
Published: August 2012

Phragmites australis, a perennial herb and a widespread species, is widely distributed in coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Laboratory experiments were carried out to assess the effects of water and salinity on seed germination of P. australis and recovery response after seed transferred to distilled water. The germination responses of seeds were determined over a wide range of salinities of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, and 3% and water depths of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 cm. Final percent germination and germination speed except for at 0.5% salinity treatment were decreased with increasing salinities. Lower salinity (0.5%) could stimulate germination of P. australis, while seed germination was nearly inhibited completely at salinity 3%. P. australis percent germination was decreased with water depth increasing except 2 cm water depth treatment. Percent germination and speed were great and fast at lower water depth. After end of the recovery period, the final percent germination of P. australis after high salinity treatments (2, 2.5, and 3%) was up to 80%, while those after low salinity treatments were lower than 1%, and percent germination after different water depth treatments was zero. The results indicate that it is possible to accelerate the degraded coastal wetland restoration process of P. australis population by sexual ways in the Yellow River Delta.
The dose-dependent influence of zinc and cadmium contamination of soil on their uptake and glucosinolate content in white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba)
Authors: Kusznierewicz Barbara , Bączek-Kwinta Renata , Bartoszek Agnieszka , Piekarska Anna , Huk Anna , Manikowska Anna , Antonkiewicz Jacek , Namieśnik Jacek , Konieczka Piotr
Published: August 2012

The relationship between the ability to accumulate heavy metals (represented by Cd and Zn) and to synthesize bioactive compounds (represented by glucosinolates [GLS]) was investigated in two cabbage cultivars. Plants were grown in the greenhouse of a phytotron under controlled conditions in soils spiked with two different Zn or Cd concentrations. The measurements of Cd and Zn contents in soil and cabbage (leaf) samples were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, whereas GLS levels in cabbage were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The ranges of metal contents in soil were 80 to 450 mg/kg dry weight for Zn and 0.3 to 30 mg/kg dry weight for Cd, whereas the levels of accumulated Zn and Cd in cabbage amounted to 15 to 130 and 0.02 to 3 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. After initial symptoms of toxicity, during a later stage of growth, the plants exhibited very good tolerance to both metals. Enhanced biosynthesis of GLS was observed in a dose-dependent manner following exposure to the heavy metals. The GLS content in Zn-exposed cabbage rose from 3.2 to 12 µmol/g dry weight, and the corresponding values for Cd-treated plants were 3.5 to 10 µmol/g dry weight. Thus, the increased soil contamination by metals caused greater accumulation in cabbage, as well as stimulation of GLS biosynthesis. The results obtained point to the high phytoremediation and biofumigation potential of white cabbage. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2482–2489. © 2012 SETAC
Hexa-D-arginine treatment increases 7B2•PC2 activity in hyp-mouse osteoblasts and rescues the HYP phenotype
Authors: Yuan Baozhi , Feng Jian Q , Bowman Stephen , Liu Ying , Blank Robert D , Lindberg Iris , Drezner Marc K
Published: August 2012

Inactivating mutations of the “phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome” (PHEX/Phex) underlie disease in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and the hyp-mouse, a murine homologue of the human disorder. Although increased serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) underlies the HYP phenotype, the mechanism(s) by which PHEX mutations inhibit FGF-23 degradation and/or enhance production remains unknown. Here we show that treatment of wild-type mice with the proprotein convertase (PC) inhibitor, decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone (Dec), increases serum FGF-23 and produces the HYP phenotype. Because PC2 is uniquely colocalized with PHEX in osteoblasts/bone, we examined if PC2 regulates PHEX-dependent FGF-23 cleavage and production. Transfection of murine osteoblasts with PC2 and its chaperone protein 7B2 cleaved FGF-23, whereas Signe1 (7B2) RNA interference (RNAi) transfection, which limited 7B2 protein production, decreased FGF-23 degradation and increased Fgf-23 mRNA and protein. The mechanism by which decreased 7B2•PC2 activity influences Fgf-23 mRNA was linked to reduced conversion of the precursor to bone morphogenetic protein 1 (proBMP1) to active BMP1, which resulted in limited cleavage of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), and consequent increased Fgf-23 mRNA. The significance of decreased 7B2•PC2 activity in XLH was confirmed by studies of hyp-mouse bone, which revealed significantly decreased Sgne1 (7B2) mRNA and 7B2 protein, and limited cleavage of proPC2 to active PC2. The expected downstream effects of these changes included decreased FGF-23 cleavage and increased FGF-23 synthesis, secondary to decreased BMP1-mediated degradation of DMP1. Subsequent Hexa-D-Arginine treatment of hyp-mice enhanced bone 7B2•PC2 activity, normalized FGF-23 degradation and production, and rescued the HYP phenotype. These data suggest that decreased PHEX-dependent 7B2•PC2 activity is central to the pathogenesis of XLH. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
BAI, A novel cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor induces apoptosis in A549 cells through activation of caspases and inactivation of Akt
Authors: Kim Shin , Lee Jinho , Jang Byeong‐Churl , Kwon Taeg Kyu , Park Jong‐Wook
Published: August 2012

Previously, we have synthesized a novel cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, 2‐[1,1′biphenyl]‐4‐yl‐N‐[5‐(1,1‐dioxo‐1λ6‐isothiazolidin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐indazol‐3‐yl]acetamide (BAI) and reported its anti‐cancer activity in head and neck cancer cells. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of BAI on growth of various human cancer cell lines, including A549 (nonsmall cell lung cancer), HCT116 (colon), and Caki (kidney). Profoundly, results of XTT and clonogenic assays demonstrated that BAI at nanomolar concentrations (20–60 nM) inhibited growth of A549, HCT116, and Caki cells, suggesting the anti‐cancer potency. We show that BAI induced a dose‐dependent apoptotic cell death in these human cancer cells, as measured by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). Interestingly, further biochemical analysis showed that treatment with BAI at 20 nM induced apoptosis in A549 cells in association with activation of caspases, cleavage of phospholipase C‐γ1 (PLC‐γ1), and inhibition of Akt in A549 cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition study revealed that pretreatment with z‐VAD‐fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor strongly blocked the BAI‐induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Transfection analysis with Akt cDNA encoding constitutively active Akt further addressed the significance of Akt inhibition in the BAI‐induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Notably, disruption of the PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor potentiated apoptosis in A549 cells by BAI at a subcytotoxic concentration. These findings collectively suggest that BAI potently inhibits growth of A549, HCT116, and Caki cells, and that the BAI‐induced apoptosis in A549 cells is associated with activation of caspases, and inhibition of Akt. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 282–293, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenomenological classification of depressive disorders
Authors: Overall John E. , Hollister Leo E.
Published: August 2012

Empirical cluster analysis methods have been the basis for development of a phenomenological classification of depressive disorders. Verbal descriptions of the distinguishing features of anxious, hostile, agitated, and retarded subtypes of depression are provided to facilitate development of clinical classification concepts. A review of some of the validity data is presented.
A factor analysis of the items of the imaginal processes inventory
Authors: Giambra Leonard M.
Published: August 2012

Over the last several years, responses to the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI) developed by Singer and Antrobus have been collected on over 1300 men and women from age 17 to 92 years. The IPI contains items that concern various aspects of daydreaming and attentional processes. The 344 items of the Imaginal Processes Inventory plus age were intercorrelated for the 1300 S sample. This intercorrelation matrix was subjected to a principal components analysis; 53 principal components then were rotated to a Varimax solution. The Varimax solution was transformed, which led to item coefficients that permit the calculation of factor scores for each S on each of the factorially pure components of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. Results of the factor analysis are given in terms of the meaningfully interpreted components. Also presented are mean factor scores for men and women for 12 age groups.
The reliability of diagnoses by technician, computer, and algorithm
Authors: Johnson James H. , Giannetti Ronald A. , Klingler Daniel E. , Williams Thomas A.
Published: August 2012

Described a computer‐assisted system for intake assessment. Previous evaluation studies are reviewed. Two experiments (N = 30; N = 35) are reported that compared the reliability of a diagnostic procedure that involves technicians, a structured interview schedule, and a computerized diagnostic program with diagnoses made by clinicians. Results show that the computer‐assisted technician approach is as reliable as the conventional method.
Effects of assertion training on depression
Authors: Hayman Peter M. , Cope Corrine S.
Published: August 2012

This was a non‐analogue study of the effects of assertion training on depression. Twenty‐six moderately depressed females (X̄ = 21.3 years) were assigned randomly to assertion training or delay‐control groups. Results partially supported the effectiveness of treatment. Experimental Ss became significantly more assertive and engaged in significantly more activities than controls, and effects of treatment continued after treatment ended. Eight weeks after treatment, the experimental Ss' scores indicated significantly less depression than at posttesting. Both experimental Ss and delay controls reported a significant decrease in depression from pre‐ to posttest. The two groups were not significantly different in reported depression at posttesting. Other findings included: (1) significant negative correlations between measures of depression and assertiveness; (2) no significant interactions between S type (client and volunteer) and outcome; and (3) no significant interactions between length of time depressed and outcome.
Comparison of MMPI scores of drug abusers and Mayo clinic normative groups
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: August 2012

Compared MMPIs of 80 male and 80 female drug abusers with MMPIs of 550 male and 695 female Mayo Clinic medical patients. Male drug abusers obtained significantly higher scores than male medical patients on all of the clinical scales and the F scale. They obtained a significantly lower score on K. Female drug abusers obtained significantly higher scores than female medical patients on seven clinical scales, D, PD, PA, PT, SC, MA, and SI. They scored significantly higher on F and lower on L and K. Male and female drug abusers scored above 70 on PD, SC, and MA, whereas medical patients did not exceed 60 on any scales. Findings were viewed as supporting the need for individualized, sophisticated, multidimensional psychological assessment and treatment of drug abusers in rehabilitation settings.
Staff attitudes and treatment effectiveness
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Daly William K. , Zimmerman Alice
Published: August 2012

Previous studies of the impact of staff attitude on outcome among psychiatric hospital patients appear to have yielded conflicting results. These conflicts could be the result of the somewhat imprecise methods generally used in such research. In the present study, the correlations between the mean OMISOS attitude scale scores of those staff members who had the greatest impact on patients and the improvement shown by those patients on six personality scales and two measures of tremulousness during the first 2 weeks of hospitalization were evaluated. Protective Benevolence, a scale that reflects a friendly, laissez‐faire approach, was associated with improvement. However, the variables reflected by the Authoritarianism, Accountability and Conventionality scales appeared to impede progress. The relationships between staff attitude and improvement were, in any event, small.
The effects of race and social class on clinical judgment
Authors: Bamgbose Olujimi , Edwards Darrel , Johnson Susan
Published: August 2012

Asked 61 male clinical psychologists (21 blacks and 40 whites) to assess case histories that were presented to them to determine whether racial or social class biases could be detected. In order to avoid the apparent artificial results or weak interpretations of past research, only cases with concurrently validated diagnoses and 4‐year follow‐up were used. An equal number of positive and negative clinical outcomes were included. Diagnosis, disposition, and rated severity were studied. The following results were found: (1) diagnosis for all psychologists was guided by case characteristics, not bias; (2) severity was related strongly to diagnosis; (3) disposition followed judgments of severity and diagnosis, not bias. The question was raised whether clinical investigators may not have overdramatized bias in psychodiagnosis and clinical judgment.
Do Cognitive Interview Instructions Contribute to False Beliefs and Memories?
Authors: Sharman Stefanie J. , Powell Martine B.
Published: August 2012

To examine whether exposing people to false events using instructions taken from the cognitive interview creates false beliefs and false memories, we conducted an experiment where participants took part in two sessions. First, they rated how confident they were that they had experienced certain childhood events and their memories of those events; they also rated how plausible they thought the events were. Second, 2 weeks later, participants were exposed to two of three false target events: one high, one moderate, and one low plausibility. For the first event, participants were instructed to either report everything or mentally reinstate the event context. For the second event, participants received both instructions. The third event was the control event about which participants received no instructions. Finally, participants rated their confidence and memories the second time. The results showed that the cognitive interview instructions had little to no effect on the development of false beliefs and false memories. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.