bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical and torsional vibrations before the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940
Authors: Song Daeun , Kim Woojin , Kwon Oh-Kyoung , Choi Haecheon
Published: September 2022

We perform a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of flow over the Tacoma Narrows Bridge to understand the vertical and torsional vibrations that occurred before its collapse in 1940. Real-scale structural parameters of the bridge are used for the simulation. The Reynolds number based on the free-stream velocity and height of the deck fence is lower (

${Re}=10\ 000$

) than the actual one on the day of its collapse (

${Re}=3.06 \times 10^{6}$

), but the magnitude of a fluid property is modified to provide the real-scale aerodynamic force and moment on the deck. The vertical and torsional vibrations are simulated through two-way coupling of the fluid flow and structural motion. The vertical vibration occurs from the frequency lock-in with the vortex shedding, and its wavelength and frequency agree well with the recorded data in 1940. After saturation of the vertical vibration, a torsional vibration resulting from the aeroelastic fluttering grows exponentially in time, with its wavelength and frequency in excellent agreement with the recorded data of the incident. The critical flutter wind speed for the growth of torsional vibration is obtained as

$3.56 < U_c / (f_{nat} B) \le 4$

, where

$U_{c}$

is the critical flutter wind speed,

$f_{nat}$

is the natural frequency of the torsional vibration and

$B$

is the deck width. Finally, apart from the actual vibration process in 1940, we perform more numerical simulations to investigate the roles of the free-stream velocity and vertical vibration in the growth of the torsional vibration.
Spatial and spectral characteristics of information flux between turbulent boundary layers and porous media
Authors: Wang Wenkang , Lozano-Durán Adrián , Helmig Rainer , Chu Xu
Published: September 2022

The interaction between boundary layer turbulence and a porous layer is the cornerstone of interface engineering. In this study, the spatial and spectral-resolved transfer entropy is used to assess the asymmetry of the causal interaction next to the permeable wall. The analysis is based on pore-resolved direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow over cylinder arrays. The spatial map of transfer entropy reveals the information flux between the porous medium and arbitrary nearby positions, and paths connecting locations with maximum information transfer are identified. The paths in the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ directions, respectively, lean upstream and downstream, demonstrating that the coupling process is directionally dependent. The scale dependence of transfer entropy is inspected with a surrogate data strategy. As wall permeability increases, the active scale range in causal interaction shifts from near-wall vortices to Kelvin–Helmholtz type eddies. In addition, linear stochastic estimation is used to determine the statistical velocity field for a local informative event. In an average sense, the interaction between a convecting sweep or ejection event and the up/down-welling motions at the pore unit is the core mechanism that contributes to the causal coupling. The statistical findings derived from the transfer entropy are then validated using a neural network-based remote sensing model.
‘Eating A Country’: The Dynamics of State-Society Encounters in Qellem, Western Ethiopia, 1908–33
Authors: Dinka Etana H.
Published: September 2022

This article examines state-society encounters in imperial Ethiopia through histories of exploitation and compromise. Focusing on the western province of Qellem, the article investigates Ethiopia's engagement with local rights claims over time, illustrating how the state was imagined, negotiated, and partially legitimated. The inherent incoherence within imperial state structures is traced back to the survival of nodes of indigenous power within territories conquered in the late nineteenth century. Peasant representatives, local elites, and Amhara governors and soldier-colonists engaged with the state to turn it to their benefit, or limit its excesses. Episodes of rebellion, withdrawal, and court arbitration punctuated a cycle of negotiation within which the role of the intermediary was key. Qellem experienced a state-making exercise that was contemporaneous with, and comparable to, the formation of European colonial states elsewhere on the continent. As such, this article provides a radical challenge to dominant historiographical perspectives on imperial Ethiopia.
‘Grande Herói da Banda’: The Political Uses of the Memory of Hoji ya Henda in Angola
Authors: Martins Vasco
Published: September 2022

The article explores the political uses of the memory of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola's (MPLA's) heroic combatant Hoji ya Henda from the independence of Angola in 1975 to recent times. Based on extensive archival work in Luanda, the article maps the historical periods and circumstances during which the ruling regime invoked Henda's memory, noting how changes in the political system directly affected how his memory permeated the public domain, oscillating between presence, silence, replacement, and resurgence. In doing so, the article explores a dilemma in the study of memory, opposing historical continuity and active construction in memory-making. It concludes that even when subjected to political manipulation for several decades, the original memorialisation of national heroes such as Hoji ya Henda, although subject to historical circumstance, always retains its original mnemonic signifier in society. This signals an important nuance in entrenched debates concerning the opposition between history and the political construction of memory.
Preservation properties of some reliability classes by lifetimes of coherent and mixed systems and their signatures
Authors: Izadkhah Salman , Amini-Seresht Ebrahim , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy
Published: September 2022

This paper examines the preservation of several aging classes of lifetime distributions in the formation of coherent and mixed systems with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) or identically distributed (i.d.) component lifetimes. The increasing mean inactivity time class and the decreasing mean time to failure class are developed for the lifetime of systems with possibly dependent and i.d. component lifetimes. The increasing likelihood ratio property is also discussed for the lifetime of a coherent system with i.i.d. component lifetimes. We present sufficient conditions satisfied by the signature of a coherent system with i.i.d. components with exponential distribution, under which the decreasing mean remaining lifetime, the increasing mean inactivity time, and the decreasing mean time to failure are all satisfied by the lifetime of the system. Illustrative examples are presented to support the established results.
Sketches of Spain: The Role of the Left-Wing Press in Britain, the Netherlands, and amongst Exiled Germans in Recruiting Volunteers for Republican Spain during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
Authors: Kruizinga Samuël , van der Veen Miriam
Published: September 2022

This article investigates how, during the Spanish Civil War (1936–9), left-wing British, Dutch and German-language newspapers ‘recruited’ their readers to the cause of the Spanish Republic. Recruitment could consist of donating time, money, social and political capital, or, in extreme cases, actually joining the fighting in Spain. It employs a double comparative approach, analysing recruitment messages attuned to readers in three different national political contexts and cultures produced on behalf of socialist and communist organisations. It argues that different ‘sketches of Spain’ co-existed, aligned to different domestic political and popular cultures and through different ideological lenses. These different sketches, in turn, were vital in shaping people's expectations of the Civil War, circumscribed the scope for and content of anti-fascist transnational connections made in Spain, and helped foster new understandings of social and political circumstances at home.
‘Big Clean’, the ‘Death Ship’ and the Hazardous Waste Trade between West Germany and Turkey, 1987–1988
Authors: Sohm Matthew G.
Published: September 2022

This article narrates the history of two high-profile West German-Turkish toxic waste scandals in 1988. It argues that they marked a watershed moment between two ‘waste regimes’. The first scandal showcased to the Turkish and West German publics how waste dealers and policy makers misleadingly packaged hazardous waste exports as a substitute for traditional forms of debt and as a vehicle for economic development. The opposition it fuelled hastened the demise of this waste regime by prompting the Turkish government to enact a ban on toxic waste imports. The second scandal revealed the new regime that emerged in its aftermath – one in which waste dealers and policy makers sought to evade new restrictions in the less visible margins of a changing regulatory and legal space.
NON-PROLETARIANIZATION THEORIES OF THE JEWISH WORKER (1902 TO 1939)
Authors: Vallois Nicolas
Published: September 2022

In the early twentieth century, an economic doctrine known as “non-proletarianization theory” became influential among left-wing Zionists in Russia. According to this theory, Jewish workers were unable to “proletarianize”—that is, to integrate large-scale industry; hence, Jewish territorial autonomy was required, whether in Palestine or elsewhere. This article analyzes this theory’s historical development, focusing on the works of three authors: Haim Dov Horovitz, Yakov Leshchinsky, and Ber Borochov. I claim that discussions of Jewish non-proletarianization can be considered a specific and coherent intellectual tradition in the history of economic thought. I also discuss these theories’ relation to the anti-sweatshop campaign of the Progressive Era, particularly John R. Commons’s writings on Jewish immigrants that were recently debated in this journal.
DOES FRIENDSHIP STEM FROM ALTRUISM? ADAM SMITH AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN LOVE-BASED AND INTEREST-BASED PREFERENCES
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: September 2022

Friendship-and-love expresses musings about well-being—while the object of the musings, i.e., “well-being,” is the economist’s substantive satisfaction. Insofar as altruism is about well-being and not the musings, it cannot be subsumed under friendship-and-love. However, what is the basis of the difference between the economist’s substantive satisfaction and friendship-and-love? The answer can be found in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, chapter 2: how “mutual sympathy” differs from substantive satisfaction. Smith scholars generally miss the uniqueness of “mutual sympathy” and, indeed, fold it under Smith’s “sympathy” (and “empathy”)—with one exception. Robert Sugden highlights the uniqueness of mutual sympathy. However, he goes to the other end, that is, he folds Smith’s sympathy-and-empathy under mutual sympathy. This paper aims to avoid the folding in either direction. Indeed, it argues that each fellow-feeling deals with a question that is orthogonal to the other. Mutual sympathy originates love-based sociality (friendship-and-love), which can be juxtaposed to interest-based sociality, i.e., substantive satisfaction, such as altruism. These genera of sociality are about the nature of satisfaction or preferences, and hence in contrast to sympathy-and-empathy that are basically about judgments. As judgments, sympathy-and-empathy are ultimately about the nature of decision making, irrespective of whether the decisions concerning love-based or interest-based preferences.
HIGH ORDER EXPLICIT SECOND DERIVATIVE METHODS WITH STRONG STABILITY PROPERTIES BASED ON TAYLOR SERIES CONDITIONS
Authors: MORADI A. , ABDI A. , HOJJATI G.
Published: September 2022

When faced with the task of solving hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs), high order, strong stability-preserving (SSP) time integration methods are often needed to ensure preservation of the nonlinear strong stability properties of spatial discretizations. Among such methods, SSP second derivative time-stepping schemes have been recently introduced and used for evolving hyperbolic PDEs. In previous works, coupling of forward Euler and a second derivative formulation led to sufficient conditions for a second derivative general linear method (SGLM), which preserve the strong stability properties of spatial discretizations. However, for such methods, the types of spatial discretizations that can be used are limited. In this paper, we use a formulation based on forward Euler and Taylor series conditions to extend the SSP SGLM framework. We investigate the construction of SSP second derivative diagonally implicit multistage integration methods (SDIMSIMs) as a subclass of SGLMs with order
$p=r=s$
and stage order
$q=p,p-1$
up to order eight, where r is the number of external stages and s is the number of internal stages of the method. Proposed methods are examined on some one-dimensional linear and nonlinear systems to verify their theoretical order, and show potential of these schemes in preserving some nonlinear stability properties such as positivity and total variation.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Cicinelli G. , Nobile E. , Brighenti S. , Bari S. , Tonella E. , Aresi A. , Attanasio M. , Mazza M. , Valenti M. , Keller R.
Published: September 2022

Aim

In this study, we have compared 229 Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) cognitive profiles of different severity adults with autism spectrum disorder to verify the impact of several variables including sex, age, level of education and autism severity level in an Italian sample. Moreover, we wanted to find out the optimal cut points for the major intelligence quotients in order to discriminate autism severity levels.

Methods

Participants were recruited from two National Health System Center in two different Italian regions and were assessed with gold-standard instruments as a part of their clinical evaluation. According to DSM-5, cognitive domains were also measured with multi-componential tests. We used the Italian adaptation of WAIS-IV. We checked our hypotheses using linear regression models and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.

Results

Our results showed that age and level of education have a strong impact on Verbal Comprehension (VCI) and Working Memory Indexes (WMI). Gender differences are relevant when considering the VCI and Processing Speed index (PSI) in which women obtained the best performance. These differences are still relevant when considering cut points of ROC because 69 resulted to be the optimal cut point for women, 65 for men.

Conclusions

Few conclusions can be assumed only examining Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores as it includes many different information about broader cognitive abilities. Looking deeper at main indexes and their subtests findings are consistent with previous research on the disorder (moderate correlations of FSIQ, Perceptual Reasoning index, WMI and PSI with the participants’ age), while other results are unforeseen (no effect of sex found on FSIQ score) or novel (significant effect of education on VCI and WMI). Using an algorithm predicting optimal cut point for discriminating through autism severity levels can help clinicians to better label and quantify the required help a person may need, a test cannot replace diagnostic and clinical evaluation by experienced clinicians.
Estimating the Average River Cross‐Section Velocity by Observing Only One Surface Velocity Value and Calibrating the Entropic Parameter
Authors: Bahmanpouri Farhad , Eltner Anette , Barbetta Silvia , Bertalan László , Moramarco Tommaso
Published: September 2022

The current research aims to predict the velocity distribution and discharge rates in rivers based on the entropy concept using only one surface velocity measurement. In this direction, first, the uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)‐based image acquisition technique was applied to collect the surface velocity distribution along two European rivers, the Sajó, and the Freiberger Mulde Rivers. Seven cross sections were chosen for the analysis. At each cross section, first, the entropic parameter Φ(M) was calibrated based on the maximum and mean velocity magnitudes, derived from Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers, respectively, showing a trend for all cross sections with a range of 0.6 < Φ(M) < 0.75. Next, the maximum surface velocity provided by the UAV was implemented as a single velocity input. Finally, the bathymetry data, herein collected by UAV, were considered as the input for the entropy approach. In this way, the entropy iterative method allowed estimating the mean flow velocity by identifying the location (dip) of maximum velocities across the river site and inferring the 2D velocity distribution. The results highlighted that the entropy approach can accurately predict the velocity distribution and discharge rates with a percentage error lower than 13%.
Semi‐Empirical Error Ellipsoid Clustering for Identifying the Second‐Order Structural Features From a Laboratory AE Source Location Cloud: Method, Validation, and Application to a Hydraulic Fracturing Test
Authors: Xiong Qiquan , Hampton Jesse C.
Published: September 2022

Point cloud of sources in the form of acoustic emission (AE) or seismicity at both field‐ and laboratory‐scales are indicative of causative structures. The error ellipsoid clustering (EC) method, whose underlying premise is reducing the amount of discarded data, is helpful for seeking the causative structure(s) from field‐scale seismic sources. However, a proper EC method does not exist for laboratory sources. Interpretation of laboratory AE sources usually involves systematic discarding of the assumed “low‐quality” data. We seek the successful transfer of the field‐scale EC method into the investigation of laboratory‐scale sources. For that, a new semi‐empirical EC method (serendipity method) is devised, and we have systematically modified the previous EC method (standard method) in (1) error ellipsoid formation, (2) iterative clustering algorithm, and (3) clustering stopping criterion. In the literature, the standard method and its limitations were validated using synthetic data. We validate the modifications by comparing its post‐clustering results with the original source locations and with the in‐situ and post‐mortem inspections of the laboratory rock fractures; and similarly for the serendipity method. We apply the serendipity method to a laboratory hydraulic fracturing test. The serendipity method implies the existence of a 3D damage zone as the second‐order feature caused by the hydraulic fracturing in addition to the primary hydraulic fracture. This complex damage zone provides a logical explanation to the previously observed reverse permeability‐distance relationship for hydraulic fracture.
Working memory and reaction time variability mediate the relationship between polygenic risk and ADHD traits in a general population sample
Authors: Moses Mia , Tiego Jeggan , Demontis Ditte , Bragi Walters G. , Stefansson Hreinn , Stefansson Kari , Børglum Anders D. , Arnatkeviciute Aurina , Bellgrove Mark A.
Published: September 2022

Endophenotypes are heritable and quantifiable traits indexing genetic liability for a disorder. Here, we examined three potential endophenotypes, working memory function, response inhibition, and reaction time variability, for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) measured as a dimensional latent trait in a large general population sample derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSMStudy. The genetic risk for ADHD was estimated using polygenic risk scores (PRS) whereas ADHD traits were quantified as a dimensional continuum using Bartlett factor score estimates, derived from Attention Problems items from the Child Behaviour Checklist and Effortful Control items from the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. The three candidate cognitive endophenotypes were quantified using task-based performance measures. Higher ADHD PRSs were associated with higher ADHD traits, as well as poorer working memory performance and increased reaction time variability. Lower working memory performance, poorer response inhibition, and increased reaction time variability were associated with more pronounced ADHD traits. Working memory and reaction time variability partially statistically mediated the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits, explaining 14% and 16% of the association, respectively. The mediation effect was specific to the genetic risk for ADHD and did not generalise to genetic risk for four other major psychiatric disorders. Together, these findings provide robust evidence from a large general population sample that working memory and reaction time variability can be considered endophenotypes for ADHD that mediate the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits.
Feasibility and safety of a novel 3D-printed biodegradable biliary stent in an in vivo porcine model: a preliminary study
Authors: Kim Jae Hyun , Ha Dong-Heon , Han Eui Soo , Choi YoungRok , Koh Jiwon , Joo Ijin , Kim Jung Hoon , Cho Dong-Woo , Han Joon Koo
Published: September 2022

To assess the feasibility and safety of a novel 3D-printed biodegradable biliary stent using polycaprolactone (PCL) in an in vivo porcine model. In this animal study using domestic pigs, biodegradable radiopaque biliary stents made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and barium sulfate were produced using 3D printing and surgically inserted into the common bile duct (CBD) of pigs (stent group, n = 12). Another five pigs were allocated to the control group that only underwent resection and anastomosis of the CBD without stent insertion. To check the position and status of the stents and stent-related complications, follow-up computed tomography (CT) was performed every month. The pigs were sacrificed 1 or 3 months after surgery, and their excised CBD specimens were examined at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Three pigs (one in the stent group and two in the control group) died within one day after surgery and were excluded from further analysis; the remaining 11 in the stent group and 3 in the control group survived the scheduled follow-up period (1 month, 5 and 1; and 3 months, 6 and 2 in stent and control groups, respectively). In all pigs, no clinical symptoms or radiologic evidence of biliary complications was observed. In the stent group (n = 11), stent migration (n = 1 at 3 months; n = 2 at 1 month) and stent fracture (n = 3 at 2 months) were detected on CT scans. Macroscopic evaluation of the stent indicated no significant change at 1 month (n = 3) or fragmentation with discoloration at 3 months (n = 5). On microscopic examination of CBD specimens, the tissue inflammation score was significantly higher in the stent group than in the control group (mean ± standard deviation (SD), 5.63 ± 2.07 vs. 2.00 ± 1.73; P = 0.039) and thickness of fibrosis of the CBD wall was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.46 ± 0.12 mm vs. 0.21 ± 0.05 mm; P = 0.012). Despite mild bile duct inflammation and fibrosis, 3D-printed biodegradable biliary stents showed good feasibility and safety in porcine bile ducts, suggesting their potential for use in the prevention of postoperative biliary strictures.
Revealing the order parameter dynamics of 1T-TiSe$$_2$$ following optical excitation
Authors: Huber Maximilian , Lin Yi , Dale Nicholas , Sailus Renee , Tongay Sefaattin , Kaindl Robert A. , Lanzara Alessandra
Published: September 2022

The formation of a charge density wave state is characterized by an order parameter. The way it is established provides unique information on both the role that correlation plays in driving the charge density wave formation and the mechanism behind its formation. Here we use time and angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to optically perturb the charge-density phase in 1T-TiSe$$_2$$

2

 and follow the recovery of its order parameter as a function of energy, momentum and excitation density. Our results reveal that two distinct orders contribute to the gap formation, a CDW order and pseudogap-like order, manifested by an overall robustness to optical excitation. A detailed analysis of the magnitude of the the gap as a function of excitation density and delay time reveals the excitonic long-range nature of the CDW gap and the short-range Jahn–Teller character of the pseudogap order. In contrast to the gap, the intensity of the folded Se$$_{4p}$$

4
p

* band can only give access to the excitonic order. These results provide new information into the the long standing debate on the origin of the gap in TiSe$$_2$$

2

 and place it in the same context of other quantum materials where a pseudogap phase appears to be a precursor of long-range order.
Exploring the sequential accumulation of metabolic syndrome components in adults
Authors: Fernández-Verdejo Rodrigo , Galgani Jose E.
Published: September 2022

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed upon the manifestation of ≥ 3 out of 5 specific components, regardless of their combination. The sequence through which these components accumulate may serve to identify underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and improve MetS treatment. We aimed to explore whether there is a more frequent sequence of accumulation of components in adults. The cross-sectional data of the National Health Survey of Chile 2016–2017 was analyzed. Subjects aged 18 to < 65 years, with body mass index ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, having all MetS components measured, and not under drug treatment were included (n = 1944, 60% women). MetS components were operationalized based on harmonized criteria: elevated waist circumference (≥ 91 cm for men, ≥ 83 cm for women), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; < 40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women), elevated triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL), elevated blood pressure (≥ 130 mmHg for systolic, or ≥ 85 mmHg for diastolic), and elevated glycemia (≥ 100 mg/dL). Subjects were grouped according to the number of components. Then, the prevalence of the observed combinations was determined. In subjects with one component, the most prevalent was waist circumference (56.7%). In subjects with two, the most prevalent combination was waist circumference and HDL-C (50.8%), while in subjects with three components was waist circumference, HDL-C, and triglycerides (54.0%). Finally, in subjects with four, the most prevalent combination was waist circumference, HDL-C, triglycerides, and blood pressure (40.8%). This pattern suggests that the most frequent accumulation sequence starts with abdominal obesity, followed by dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and ultimately, dysglycemia. The factors that determine the sequence remain to be determined.
Fluorescent porous organic polymers for detection and adsorption of nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Xiong Jia-Bin , Ban Ding-Ding , Zhou Yong-Juan , Du Hui-Jun , Zhao Ai-Wei , Xie Lan-Ge , Liu Guo-Qun , Chen Si-Ru , Mi Li-Wei
Published: September 2022

A fluorescent porous organic polymer (FPOP) with strong fluorescence and tunable emission colors, was synthesized through a simple cost-effective method via Scholl coupling reaction. Experiments proved the stability and excellent detection and adsorption ability, and microporous nature of the material. Luminescence of FPOP was quenched when addition of nitroaromatic compounds. The properties along with large-scale and low-cost preparation make these FPOP potential candidates for fluorescence detection of nitroaromatic compounds. Additionally, FPOP shows higher adsorption capacity and rate than other reported adsorbents, and has the possibility of being an effective adsorbent for industrial usage. Moreover, a fluorescent test paper was further developed and is found to be sensitive to 10–8 M level, complete with a rapid response time and visual detection. This newly developed strategy may open up an avenue for exploring porous polymers, particularly those with a strong fluorescence, for the large-scale fabrication of FPOP for various advanced applications.
Effects of electric charge on fracture healing
Authors: He Ling , Yao Yingling , Wang Nan , Nan Guoxin
Published: September 2022

Fracture nonunion is a common and challenging complication. Although direct current stimulation has been suggested to promote fracture healing, differences in cell density near the positive and negative electrodes have been reported during direct current stimulation. This study aimed to explore the effects of these differences on osteoblast proliferation and fracture healing. MC3T3-E1 cells were stimulated by positive and negative charges to observe cell proliferation, apoptosis, and osteogenic factor expression in vitro, while positive and negative charges were connected to the Kirschner wires of the fractures in an in vivo double-toe fracture model in New Zealand white rabbits and fracture healing was assessed in digital radiography (DR) examinations performed on days 1, 15, 30. Bone tissue samples of all rabbits were analysed histologically after the last examination. The results showed that in comparison with the control group, after DC stimulation, the number of cells near the positive electrode decreased significantly (P < 0.05), apoptosis increased (P < 0.05), the expression of osteocalcin, osteoblast-specific genes, and osteonectin decreased significantly near the positive electrode (P < 0.05) and increased significantly at the negative electrode (P < 0.05). The fracture at the positive electrode junction of New Zealand white rabbits did not heal. Histomorphological analysis showed more bone trabeculae and calcified bone in the bone tissue sections of the control group and the negative electrode group than in the positive electrode group. The bone trabeculae were thick and showed good connections. However, positive charge inhibited osteoblast proliferation and a positive charge at fracture sites did not favour fracture healing. Thus, a positive charge near the fracture site may be a reason for fracture nonunion.
A distinct symptom pattern emerges for COVID-19 long-haul: a nationwide study
Authors: Pinto Melissa D. , Downs Charles A. , Huang Yong , El-Azab Sarah A. , Ramrakhiani Nathan S. , Barisano Anthony , Yu Lu , Taylor Kaitlyn , Esperanca Alvaro , Abrahim Heather L. , Hughes Thomas , Herrera Maria Giraldo , Rahamani Amir M. , Dutt Nikil , Chakraborty Rana , Mendiola Christian , Lambert Natalie
Published: September 2022

Long-haul COVID-19, also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), is a new illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and characterized by the persistence of symptoms. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify a distinct and significant temporal pattern of PASC symptoms (symptom type and onset) among a nationwide sample of PASC survivors (n = 5652). The sample was randomly sorted into two independent samples for exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Five factors emerged from the EFA: (1) cold and flu-like symptoms, (2) change in smell and/or taste, (3) dyspnea and chest pain, (4) cognitive and visual problems, and (5) cardiac symptoms. The CFA had excellent model fit (x2 = 513.721, df = 207, p < 0.01, TLI = 0.952, CFI = 0.964, RMSEA = 0.024). These findings demonstrate a novel symptom pattern for PASC. These findings can enable nurses in the identification of at-risk patients and facilitate early, systematic symptom management strategies for PASC.
Silymarin reduces retinal microvascular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Karimi Rahman , Bakhshi Ali , Dayati Parisa , Abazari Omid , Shahidi Maryamsadat , Savaee Mohamadreza , Kafi Ehsan , Rahmanian Mehdi , Naghib Seyed Morteza
Published: September 2022

Diabetic retinopathy is a severe microvascular problem in diabetes mellitus. Silymarin is a flavonoid compound, and according to previous studies, it is a bioactive compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This investigation aims to peruse the impact of silymarin against diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-provoked rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into the control group, STZ group, STZ + silymarin (50 mg/kg), and STZ + silymarin (100 mg/kg). STZ rats received silymarin every day until 2 months after diabetes induction. The serum and retinal tissues were collected 2 months after silymarin treatment to determine biochemical and molecular analyses. Silymarin markedly lowered the serum glucose concentration in diabetic rats. Silymarin reduced the increased levels of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs), the receptors for AGEs (RAGE), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic rats. Silymarin also attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and diminished diabetes-induced overexpression of inflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix proteins in STZ rats. Our data suggested that silymarin has protective effects against diabetic retinopathy, which might be related to the inhibition of the AGEs/RAGE axis and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Defect Engineering in Layered Black Phosphorus for Multi-Functional Optoelectronics
Authors: Ahmed Taimur , Walia Sumeet
Published: September 2022

Layered black phosphorus (BP) has been recognized as a promising elemental two-dimensional (2D) material for its contrast in properties with graphene and other layered transition-metal dichalcogenides semiconductors. However, its tendency to oxidize under ambient conditions hampers its adaptability for applications in electronics and optoelectronics. While defective BP is considered undesirable for real world applications, the presence of defects in other materials has been utilized to create new functionalities. In this chapter, an overview is provided on the new functionalities and their applications in optoelectronic devices ranging from health management to neuromorphic computation, all generated by defect states in layered BP.
Highly Enhanced Many-body Interactions in Anisotropic 2D Semiconductors
Authors: Sharma Ankur , Lu Yuerui
Published: September 2022

Anisotropic 2D materials have been established as a promising candidate for future optoelectronic applications in the previous chapters. But, what makes them suitable for these applications? 2D materials have the capability to host a rich set of electronic states that differ considerably from their bulk counterparts, which is attributed to reduced dielectric screening and quantum confinement. In the recently discovered anisotropic 2D materials this ability is further enhanced due to further confinement in one direction. This results in a wide variety of many-body effects and complexes that have crucial applications for future optoelectronic device applications. These many-body complexes have now been experimentally detected and the high binding energy of these complexes makes them interesting for various applications, even at room temperature. This chapter focusses on addressing the fundamental physics behind light–matter interactions at the 2D limit in the anisotropic materials. It addresses the key fundamental properties of anisotropic 2D materials such as crystal structure, electronic band structure, many-body system behaviour, excitonic effects and subsequent optical properties that make these materials suitable for various future electronic, optoelectronic and miniature device fabrication applications. The chapter highlights their key properties and demonstrated applications that have been recently experimentally established, making these anisotropic 2D materials an interesting avenue for future miniaturized device fabrication and applications.
Batch analysis of microplastics in water using multi-angle static light scattering and chemometric methods
Authors: Choobbari Mehrdad Lotfi , Ciaccheri Leonardo , Chalyan Tatevik , Adinolfi Barbara , Thienpont Hugo , Meulebroeck Wendy , Ottevaere Heidi
Published: September 2022

Light scatterometry combined with chemometrics can be a practical approach for the analysis of size and concentration of microplastics in water.
Effects of hydrogen bonds on the single-chain mechanics of chitin
Authors: Qian Lu , Guo Xin , Zhang Kai , Yu Miao
Published: September 2022

Single-molecule studies reveal that water is a unique solvent for chitin: the nanomechanics and hydrophobicity of chitin can be influenced by external solvent through regulation of the intrachain H-bond.
Dielectric response and proton transport in water confined in graphene oxide
Authors: Yadav Vikas , Das Anjan , Krishnamurthy C. V. , Jaiswal Manu
Published: September 2022

Dielectric constant estimates suggest that confined water behaves distinctly differently in a hydrophilic environment than in a hydrophobic one.
The effect of Cr doping on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ni45Co5Mn36.5In13.5 Heusler alloys
Authors: Yan Ze , Xu Yunli , Liu Lei , Wang Songwang , Liu Min , Piao Hongguang , Huang Jiaohong , Zhang Yingde , Yi Lizhi , Pan Liqing
Published: September 2022

The change of phase transition temperature decreases and the magnetic entropy change reaches a maximum value of 37.1 J kg−1 K−1 under an magnetic field of 3 T, which is 50% higher than that of other Ni–Mn based Heusler alloys reported in literature.
Emulating synaptic behavior in surface-functionalized MoS2through modulation of interfacial charge transferviaexternal stimuli
Authors: Soto Fernando A. , Balbuena Perla B. , Banerjee Sarbajit , Fang Lei
Published: September 2022

A π-conjugated organic RMV3 molecule is stable and tunes reversibly (w/applied external electric field) the MoS2|RMV3 heterostructure band gap. Blue clouds: charge accumulation; red clouds: charge depletion. S: yellow; Mo: green; C: grey; H: white.
Fluorescent probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents
Authors: Meng Wen-Qi , Sedgwick Adam C. , Kwon Nahyun , Sun Mingxue , Xiao Kai , He Xiao-Peng , Anslyn Eric V. , James Tony D. , Yoon Juyoung
Published: September 2022

In this review, we comprehensively summarize the fluorescent probes reported in the literature for all known kinds of chemical warfare agents (CWAs).
Structural evolution from preorganized mononuclear triazamacrocyclic metalloligands to polynuclear metallocages and heterometallic 2D layers: modular architectures, assembly tracking and magnetic properties
Authors: Lan Bi-Liu , Luo Ai-Yi , Shao Bing , Gao Li-Na , Wei Qin , Liang Yu-Ning , Huang Jin , Zhang Zhong
Published: September 2022

The modular assembly of aesthetically fascinating polynuclear metallocages and 2D heterometallic coordination networks was achieved from preorganized azamacrocyclic metalloligands through precisely regulating the reaction parameters.
Constructing p-type substitution induced by Ca2+ in defective Na3V2−xCax(PO4)3/C wrapped with conductive CNTs for high-performance sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Jiang Xiaomei , Liu Changcheng , Tian Zeyi , Sun Shiqi , Li Jiahao , Huang Que , Cao Weiguo , Chen Yanjun
Published: September 2022

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP), with a high tap density, is considered a prospective cathode material due to its low cost, ideal specific capacity and cycling stability.
Gold nanoparticle-based supramolecular approach for dye-sensitized H2-evolving photocathodes
Authors: Lalaoui Noémie , Abdellah Mohamed , Materna Kelly L. , Xu Bo , Tian Haining , Thapper Anders , Sa Jacinto , Hammarström Leif , Ott Sascha
Published: September 2022

Light-induced hole injection from a NiO-bound molecular dye provides electrons that are channeled through gold nanoparticles to molecular catalysts for hydrogen evolution.
DES-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with exposed {0001} facets: photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Shahi Satwant Kaur , Sandhu Sofia , Kaur Navneet , Shahi J. S. , Kaur Manpreet , Singh Vinay , Singh Vasundhara
Published: September 2022

Optimizing the facet growth of ZnO nanostructures using green solvents via a controlled route.
Tannic acid-inspired star polymers for functional metal-phenolic networks with tunable pore sizes
Authors: Cheng Bohan , Lu Sifan , Liao Wenting , Wang Chenyu , Richardson Joseph J. , Ejima Hirotaka
Published: September 2022

Tannic acid-inspired polymers were synthesized to engineer metal-phenolic network (MPN) capsules with different properties including controlled permeability, high biocompatibility and fluorescence.
Silk fibroin films with embedded magnetic nanoparticles: evaluation of the magneto-mechanical stimulation effect on osteogenic differentiation of stem cells
Authors: Del Bianco Lucia , Spizzo Federico , Yang Yuejiao , Greco Gabriele , Gatto Maria Laura , Barucca Gianni , Pugno Nicola M. , Motta Antonella
Published: September 2022

By combining physical characterization data, in vitro biological tests and numerical calculations, we unveil the magneto-mechanical effect promoting the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells grown on silk fibroin films with magnetic nanoparticles.
Divergent synthesis of 2-methylthioindole and 2-unsubstituted indole derivatives mediated by SOCl2 and dimethyl/diethyl sulfoxides
Authors: Zhang Jingran , Zhang Beibei , He Jiaxin , Shi Haofeng , Du Yunfei
Published: September 2022

A metal-free divergent synthesis of indoles dependent on reagents was described. The reaction of 2-vinylanilines with DMSO/SOCl2 was found to give 2-thiomethylindoles, while replacing DMSO with diethyl sulfoxide afforded 2-unsubstituted indoles.
Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways
Authors: Badmus Olufunto O. , Hillhouse Sarah A. , Anderson Christopher D. , Hinds Terry D. , Stec David E.
Published: September 2022

The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. It is also associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by a combination of the uptake and export of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, and fat utilization by β-oxidation. When the balance between these pathways is altered, hepatic lipid accumulation commences, and long-term activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways can progress to worsen the liver disease. This review discusses the details of the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic lipids and the emerging therapies targeting these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
An optimum budget‐based development in maintenance for electric power transmission networks
Authors: Taheri Otaghsara Seyed Sina , Asghari Gharakheili Masoud
Published: September 2022

On the topic of power systems, the most critical assignment would be providing facilities to make electricity available at the lowest price with a fulfilled level of reliability for all consumers. Today, power transmission reliability has received more concentration due to the increasing essence of providing high‐quality energy to customers and operating competitive conditions in electricity markets. In this regard, this paper scrutinizes the reliability‐centred maintenance (RCM) issue in terms of considering two optimal maintenance strategies for transmission assets to decrease their forced outage rate (FOR). This techno‐economic budget‐based maintenance is a probabilistic approach to help asset managers and experts in the decision‐making process: to determine between maintenance strategies with associated costs and provide the most economical resource allocation for these elements, which leads to an improvement in the reliability of the whole network. Decreasing the average probability of Energy Not‐Supplied (ENS), the simulation determined the proper maintenance strategy for transmission components. After that, the repercussions of the fallen ENS will be analyzed in total maintenance cost (MC), operation cost (OC), and the system's total cost (TC). Also, the IEEE 24‐bus reliability test system is considered as a case study demonstrating the proposed technique's practicality.
Geodesic Gramian denoising applied to the images contaminated with noise sampled from diverse probability distributions
Authors: Gajamannage Kelum , Park Yonggi , Sadovski Alexey
Published: September 2022

As quotidian use of sophisticated cameras surges, people in modern society are more interested in capturing fine‐quality images. However, the quality of the images might be inferior to people's expectations due to the noise contamination in the images. Thus, filtering out the noise while preserving vital image features is an essential requirement. Existing denoising methods have assumptions, on the probability distribution in which the contaminated noise is sampled, for the method to attain its expected denoising performance. In this paper, the recent Gramian‐based filtering scheme to remove noise sampled from five prominent probability distributions from selected images is utilized. This method preserves image smoothness by adopting patches partitioned from the image, rather than pixels, and retains vital image features by performing denoising on the manifold underlying the patch space rather than in the image domain. Its denoising performance is validated, using six benchmark computer vision test images applied to two state‐of‐the‐art denoising methods, namely BM3D and K‐SVD.
Intent Arabic text categorisation based on different machine learning and term frequency
Authors: Fadhil Mahdi Mohammad , Shuker Mahmoud Mahmoud
Published: September 2022

The complexity of Internet network configurations has made managing networks a complicated undertaking. Intent‐Based Networking (IBN) is a potential solution to this issue. In contrast to conventional networks, where a concrete description of the settings typically conveys a network administrator's goal kept on each device, an administrator's intent in an IBN is articulated prescriptively and abstractly as what he intends to do. Based on reactive settings that convey the administrator's intention, a technique that enables an administrator to automatically alter network configuration in response to changes in the external environment is provided. This research will discuss automatic network management techniques based on term frequency and machine learning models (SVM, NB, DT, and KNN). The tests were conducted, and the outcomes showed that the SVM produced accurate results (86.324%). As a result, the SVM in the proposed model is very acceptable.
Trigonometric words ranking model for spam message classification
Authors: Hadi Suha Mohammed , Alsaeedi Ali Hakem , Al‐Shammary Dhiah , Alkareem Alyasseri Zaid Abdi , Mohammed Mazin Abed , Abdulkareem Karrar Hameed , Nuiaa Riyadh Rahef , Jaber Mustafa Musa
Published: September 2022

The significant increase in the volume of fake (spam) messages has led to an urgent need to develop and implement a robust anti‐spam method. Several of the current anti‐spam systems depend mainly on the word order of the message in determining the spam message, which results in the system's inability to predict the correct type of message when the word order changes. In this paper, a new framework is proposed for anti‐spam filtering that does not depend on the word's position in the message, called the Trigonometric Words Ranking Model (TWRM). The proposed TWRM is based on restricting spammers over the network by measuring a theta angle, which is a relationship between message weight and spam. TWRM classifies messages by calculating the rank of each word that places the corresponding message in the correct class. The rank of words is derived from their frequency in the entire data category. The proposed method is applied to three datasets of spam messages: UCI spam email, Enron spam, and TREC spam data. The proposed model is proven as more efficient than the Minhash and vector space models. Moreover, the TWRM performance provided better retrieval time and defence, which is reflected in the accuracy of (99.64%), which is higher than that of Minhash (88.79%) and vector space (92.59%).