bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Study of Preemptive Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Therapy in HBsAg-Positive Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Receiving Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone
Authors: Kim Do Young , Kim Yu Ri , Suh Cheolwon , Yoon Dok Hyun , Yang Deok-Hwan , Park Yong , Eom Hyeon Seok , Lee Jeong-Ok , Kwak Jae-Yong , Kang Hye Jin , Hyun Shin Young , Jo Jae-Cheol , Chang Myung Hee , Yoo Kwai Han , Lim Sung-Nam , Shin Ho-Jin , Kim Won Seog , Kim In-Ho , Kim Min Kyung , Kim Hyo Jung , Lee Won-Sik , Mun Yeung-Chul , Kim Jin Seok
Published: February 2023

INTRODUCTION:

This prospective study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of preemptive antiviral therapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for HBsAg-positive patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy.

METHODS:

We enrolled 73 patients from 20 institutions. The primary end point was the absolute risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatitis during preemptive TDF therapy and for 24 weeks after withdrawal from TDF. Hepatitis was defined as a more than 3-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase from baseline or an alanine aminotransferase level of ≥100 U/L. HBV-related hepatitis was defined as hepatitis with an increase in serum HBV-DNA to >10 times that of the pre-exacerbation baseline or an absolute increase of ≥20,000 IU/mL compared with the baseline.

RESULTS:

No patient developed HBV reactivation or HBV-related hepatitis during preemptive antiviral therapy (until 48 weeks after completion of R-CHOP chemotherapy) with TDF. All adverse events were grade 1 or 2. HBV reactivation was reported in 17 (23.3%) patients. All HBV reactivation was developed at a median of 90 days after withdrawal from TDF (range, 37–214 days). Six (8.2%) patients developed HBV-related hepatitis at a median of 88 days after withdrawal from TDF (range, 37–183 days).

DISCUSSION:

Preemptive TDF therapy in HBsAg-positive patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving R-CHOP chemotherapy was safe and effective for preventing HBV-related hepatitis. However, a long-term maintenance strategy of preemptive TDF therapy should be recommended because of the relatively high rate of HBV-related hepatitis after withdrawal from TDF (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02354846).
Pathogen-Specific Alterations in the Gut Microbiota Predict Outcomes in Flare of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Complicated by Gastrointestinal Infection
Authors: Axelrad Jordan E. , Chen Ze , Devlin Joseph , Ruggles Kelly V. , Cadwell Ken
Published: February 2023

INTRODUCTION:

Enteric infection with Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli subtypes, and norovirus is commonly detected in flares of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We associated the gut microbiome during flare complicated by a gastrointestinal pathogen with outcomes of IBD.

METHODS:

We performed a cross-sectional study of 260 patients (92 IBD and 168 non-IBD) with a gastrointestinal polymerase chain reaction panel positive for C. difficile, E. coli, or norovirus, or negative during an episode of diarrhea from 2018 to 2020, and 25 healthy controls. Clinical variables, IBD status, and 2-year outcomes were collected. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we measured the effect size of the gut microbiome on IBD characteristics and outcomes.

RESULTS:

There were major differences in the gut microbiome between patients with and without a pathogen and IBD. In IBD, a higher proportion of patients without a pathogen required hospitalization and IBD therapies at flare and within the 2 years after flare, driven by a milder disease course in flares complicated by an E. coli subtype or norovirus. Examining the contribution of clinical covariates, the presence of IBD, and C-reactive protein, C. difficile had a greater relative influence on the gut microbiome compared with the presence of an E. coli subtype or norovirus. In patients with C. difficile or no pathogen, lower microbiome diversity at flare was associated with adverse IBD outcomes over 2 years.

DISCUSSION:

Distinctive pathogen-specific gut microbiomes were associated with subsequent IBD outcomes. These findings may have direct implications for the management of IBD flares complicated by enteric pathogens.
Validity and Diagnostic Performance of Computing Fractional Flow Reserve From 2-Dimensional Coronary Angiography Images
Authors: Mohammadi Vahid , Ghasemi Massoud , Rahmani Reza , Mehrpooya Maryam , Babakhani Hamidreza , Shafiee Akbar , Sadeghian Mohammad
Published: January 2023

Background

Measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the gold standard for determining the physiologic significance of coronary artery stenosis, but newer software programs can calculate the FFR from 2-dimensional angiography images.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted using the records of patients with intermediate coronary stenoses who had undergone adenosine FFR (aFFR). To calculate the computed FFR, a software program used simulated coronary blood flow using computational geometry constructed using at least 2 patient-specific angiographic images. Two cardiologists reviewed the angiograms and determined the computational FFR independently. Intraobserver variability was measured using κ analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the calculated FFR and the aFFR.

Results

A total of 146 patients were included, with 95 men and 51 women, with a mean (SD) age of 61.1 (9.5) y. The mean (SD) aFFR was 0.847 (0.072), and 41 patients (27.0%) had an aFFR of 0.80 or less. There was a strong intraobserver correlation between the computational FFRs (r = 0.808; P < .001; κ = 0.806; P < .001). There was also a strong correlation between aFFR and computational FFR (r = 0.820; P < .001) and good agreement on the Bland-Altman plot. The computational FFR had a high sensitivity (95.1%) and specificity (90.1%) for detecting an aFFR of 0.80 or less.

Conclusion

A novel software program provides a feasible method of calculating FFR from coronary angiography images without resorting to pharmacologically induced hyperemia.
Agnosticism in instructional observation systems
Authors: Kelly Sean
Published: January 2023

Many instructional observation systems are designed to provide rough, qualitative, highly-evaluative assessments on numerous core dimensions of teaching. Such systems achieve comprehensive overviews of teaching but are poorly suited to answering many discovery-oriented research questions. In contrast, fine-grained agnostic systems are needed to pose and answer causal questions about instruction, and to fully understand instructional variation and change. More speculatively, I argue that the agnostic quality of fine-grained systems may also be useful in promoting teacher learning. Agnostic systems offer choice, withhold judgement, make room for locally-compensatory practices, and promote a greater locus of control. Instructional observation systems that carefully and agnostically quantify instructional processes may best help teachers leverage their professional judgment and invigorate their professional practice.
BUDAYA SADAR BERKONSTITUSI: IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN HAK-HAK KONSUMEN
Authors: Khanifa Nurma Khusna , Khasanah Dian Ratu Ayu Uswatun
Published: February 2023

Berbagai masalah perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia terbilang rendah. Hal ini kontradiktif dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Terlebih masalah konsumen tidak mendasari amanat UUD 45. Sehingga dibutuhkan goodwill melalui pendidikan konsumen mewujudkan sadar konstitusi. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengkawal ekonomi Indonesia berdasar UUD45 Pasal 3 dan Pancasila demi mewujudkan kesejahteraan sosial. Metodologi penelitian menggunakan pendekatan normative dengan analisis deskriptif melalui sumber sekunder. Hasil penelitiannya ialah ekonomi Indonesia diatur dalam Pancasila dan UUD45. Dengan demikian diperlukan sadar berkonstitusi melalui pendidikan konsumen. Pendidikan ini membantu menguatkan posisi konsumen dalam memahami hak-hak konsumen pada Pasal 4 UU PK. Pasal 4 sendiri bagian dari hak konstitusi dan wujud negara sejahtera yang ada dalam UUD45 Pasal 27 ayat 2 dan Pasal 33.
Inkonsistensi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah Di Indonesia
Authors: Lobubun Muslim , Raharusun Yohanis Anthon , Anwar Iryana
Published: February 2023

Perubahan berbagai perundang-undangan pemerintahan daerah tidak diikuti oleh perubahan berbagai perundang-undangan sektoral yang menyebabkan terjadi inkonsisten ketentuan undang-undang sektoral dan daerah. Permasalahan inkonsistensi aturan undang-undang dalam pelaksanaan kepemerintahan di daerah sebagai konsekuensi dari perubahan bentuk, model, dan pola format kebijakan hukum era reformasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji berbagai bentuk Inkonsistensi Undang-Undang Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dimana sumber data sekunder digunakan dalam menganalisis fokus penelitian yang diperoleh melalui kajian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah melakukan berbagai langkah kebijakan untuk menata perundang-undangan pemerintahan daerah, yang tidak diikuti berubahnya ketentuan undang-undang sectoral menyebabkan terjadi tumpang tindih kewenangan pemerintah daerah dan pusat dalam pelaksanaan administrasi kepemerintahan di daerah diantaranya : 1) inkonsistensi kewenangan perundang-undangan sektoral dan Pemerintahan 2) inkonsistensi perundang-undangan dan implementasinya 3) inkonsistensi pendanaan / pembiayiaan 4) inkonsistensi penegakan hukum, dan 5) inkonsistensi pengawasan dan pembinaan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penataan kembali (identifikasi), evaluasi dan harmonisasi perundang-undangan sektoral agar sejalan dengan undang-undang pemerintahan daerah. Sehingga tidak terjadi tumpang tindih kewenangan antar sektor dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan antara Pusat dan Daerah.
Titik Lemah Industri Keuangan Fintech di Indonesia: Kajian Perbandingan Hukum
Authors: Sudirman Lu , Disemadi Hari Sutra
Published: February 2023

Kemajuan teknologi mendorong industri keuangan digital terus mengalami perkembangan yang semakin pesat dan salah satunya adalah financial fechnology (fintech). Indonesia belum memiliki regulasi yang spesifik, menjadikan Indonesia masih lemah secara pondasi hukum dalam mewujudkan suatu kemajuan dalam industri keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan menganalisa kondisi pengaturan fintech khususnya di Indonesia dan Singapura. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah hukum normatif dengan menggunakan data yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan perkembangan industri fintech Indonesia yang tergolong maju, dapat terus dikembangkan dengan menelaah perkembangan industri  fintech yang ada di Singapura. Hukum fintech Indonesia dan Singapura masih bertumpu pada beberapa aturan yang dikeluarkan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) di Indonesia dan Monetary Authority of Singapore  (MAS) di Singapura. Inilah yang masih menjadi titik lemah kedua bangsa ini. Peran hukum yang masih terkesan lemah menjadikan suatu celah besar yang harus segera diperbaiki dalam arus perkembangan industri fintech. Industri Fintech yang melibatkan masyarakat secara luas dan mengandung nominal uang yang sangat banyak, perlunya suatu hadirnyahukum yang dapat menjamin perlindungan kepentingan para stakeholders.
Cost-Reducing Technologies and Labor Supply in a Krugman-type Model where Consumption is Time-Constrained: Some New Results
Authors: Pant Manoj , Huria Sugandha
Published: January 2023

This study demonstrates why traditional “cost-saving” technical progress fails in an economy where consumption is time-constrained. In such a case, introducing “time-saving” technical progress establishes a new consumption-production equilibrium characterized by higher per-capita consumption and real income, lower prices, and, a higher scale of production for surviving producers. Nonetheless, since there is a limit to how much time can be saved by technological advances, the model also suggests an alternative solution in the form of a rising labor force (say via immigration) to close the production-consumption gap. This solution generates an unambiguous increase in welfare, vis-à-vis cost-reducing or time-saving technical progress.
MD-based study on the deformation process of engineered Ni–Al core–shell nanowires: Toward an understanding underlying deformation mechanisms
Authors: Mohammed Bassam A. , Batbooti Raed S.
Published: February 2023

Nowadays, core/shell structures due to very high thermal and electrical conductivity are taken into account in the manufacture of many industrial sensors and catalysis. Ni–Al core/shell structures are known as one of the most practical materials due to their high chemical stabilities at elevated temperatures. Since the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the industrial core/shell catalysts is crucial, identification of the mechanism responsible for their plastic deformation has been a challenging issue. Accordingly, in this study, the mechanical properties and plastic deformation process of Ni–Al core/shell structures were investigated using the molecular dynamics method. The results showed that due to the high-stress concentration in the Ni/Al interface, the crystalline defects including dislocations and stacking faults nucleate from this region. It was also observed that with increasing temperature, yield strength and elastic modulus of the samples decrease. On the other hand, increasing the temperature promotes the heat-activated mechanisms, which reduces the density of dislocations and stacking faults in the material. Consequently, the obstacles in the slip path of the dislocations as well as dislocation locks are reduced, weakening the mechanical properties of the samples.
Studie zum Entwicklungsprozess des positiven Images von Chinesen in der deutsch-chinesischen Wirtschaftskommunikation: Reziproke Perspektive
Authors: Wang Enuo
Published: February 2023

Das Image von Chinesen in der Wirtschaftskommunikation verändert sich mit der Globalisierung. Basierend auf einer Inhaltsanalyse wird das positive Image von Chinesen in der deutsch-chinesischen Wirtschaftskommunikation aus reziproker Perspektive mithilfe des Begriffes der Imageforschung rekonstruiert und untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden das Interview als Datenerhebungsinstrument und die Inhaltsanalyse als Analysemethode verwendet. Die Interviewfragen wurden mit einem Fokus auf positive Bilder von Chinesen entworfen. Basierend auf den Interviewfragen wurden Tiefeninterviews mit 16 deutschen und 20 chinesischen Mitarbeitern, die im Kontext der chinesisch-deutschen Wirtschaftskommunikation tätig sind, unter einer interaktiven Perspektive durchgeführt. Als wirkungsvolle Ergänzung zu den Tiefeninterviews wurden Betriebsexkursionen und Datenerhebungen durchgeführt. Durch systematische Gegenüberstellung dieser von beiden Seiten entwickelten drei Bildertypen lässt sich der Grad an kognitiver Kongruenz oder Inkongruenz bestimmen. Auf den vier Ebenen der geschäftlichen Aktivitäten wie Kommunikation, Beziehung, Arbeit und Leistung wird das positive Bild von Chinesen in der Wirtschaftskommunikation beschrieben und analysiert. Auf dieser Basis wird die kulturelle Relevanz der chinesisch-deutschen Wirtschaftskommunikation zusammengefasst. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass chinesische Kulturfaktoren wie Höflichkeit, Menschenfreundlichkeit und Flexibilität einen Einfluss auf das Bild von Chinesen haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass der Entwicklungsprozess des positiven Images von Chinesen in der chinesisch-deutschen Wirtschaftskommunikation Eigenschaften wie Relativität, Mehrdimensionalität und Synergie widerspiegelt.
Exploring the Experiences of Male Intercollegiate Soccer Coaches who are People of Color
Authors: Parris Patrice , Workman Jamie , Archibald James , Asola Eugene
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to explore and discuss the lived experiences and stories of people of color male intercollegiate soccer coaches, and to make meaning of their experiences to better understand why there are a lack of people of color male coaches in the NCAA soccer community. Critical race theory served as the theoretical framework. Through the use of narrative inquiry, the researchers interviewed people of color male soccer coaches in the NCAA. The researchers analyzed, categorized, and coded into themes using procedures for conducting and analyzing narrative research. Several themes emerged from interviews with six people of color college male soccer coaches. In this article, the authors discuss two major themes, relationships and race, and provides implications for intercollegiate coaches and administrators as well as directions for future research.
Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles
Authors: Ip Im-Fong , Wang Yi-Shan , Chang Chia-Chen
Published: February 2023

Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects brain function, is associated with cancer progression, thus making it a potential biomarker. Despite the increasing efforts and ideas for gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric detection over the years, preparing AuNPs and sensing targets are separate processes, and this incurs more time to operate and produces excess waste. Herein, we report a simple, sensitive, and rapid colorimetric detection method for serotonin based on the in situ formation of AuNP. When only the aptamer is present, it can prevent chloride-induced aggregation of AuNPs because it easily binds to the freshly synthesized AuNPs through its exposed bases to increase the positive charge of the AuNP surfaces. When a complex of serotonin and its aptamer is formed, this complex disturbs the adsorption between aptamers and AuNPs, resulting in reduced stability of AuNPs and easy aggregation of nanoparticles. Therefore, serotonin was measured by color change, consistent with the change in peak intensity in the UV-vis absorption spectrum. The sensor demonstrated good sensitivity with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL (5.7 nM) for serotonin, which is comparable to or better than that of other aptamer-based colorimetric detection methods, further exhibiting the requisite selectivity against possible interferents. These results serve as a basis for developing other biosensors using aptamer-mediated in situ growth of AuNPs.
Adoption of IoT-based healthcare devices: An empirical study of end consumers in an emerging economy
Authors: Dutta Abhisek , Kovid Raj K. , Thatha Mounika , Gupta Jatin
Published: February 2023

The Internet of things (IoT) is a technology with varied applications in numerous fields. One such field is healthcare, which has a dire need of using this technology to help millions benefit from the attention and availability of healthcare professionals. This study identifies important factors that influence the adoption of IoT-based healthcare devices among end users and suggest a predictive model of adoption. The model is based on the UTAUT2 with newer variables identified from the literature. The sample (n = 253) was collected from four major cities in India, and partial least squares-structural equational model was used to assess the measurement and the structural model. The factors such as ubiquitous, social influence, perceived health risk, and relative advantage had a significant influence on attitude (ATT), which influences behavioral intention (BI) toward IoT-based healthcare devices. Facilitating condition (FC) and price value did not show any significant influence on ATT toward the technology, but FC had a direct influence on BI. The study helps in advancing IS research by adding new variables to the existing knowledge and proposing a model based on UTAUT2. Furthermore, it also brings important practical implications for practitioners.
Microbial production of lactic acid using organic wastes as low-cost substrates
Authors: Chauhan Sushmita , Mitra Shreya , Yadav Mukesh , Kumar Amit
Published: January 2023

Lactic acid is a natural organic acid with diverse of applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and chemical industry. Recently, the demand of lactic acid has been grown due to its utilization for polylactic acid production. Microbial production of lactic acid production is preferable due to optical purity of product, utilization of low cost substrates, and low energy requirement. Lignocellulosic biomass and other organic wastes are considered potential raw materials for cost-effective production of lactic acid. The raw materials are either hydrolyzed by enzymes or dilute acids to release the reducing sugars that are fermented in to lactic acid. This review has been focussed on microbial production of lactic acid using different organic wastes as low cost substrate.
Are VEGF and SCUBE1 gene expressions increased in diabetic retinopathy?
Authors: Ayan Durmuş , Zor Kürşad Ramazan , Özmen Esma , Biçer Gamze Yıldırım , Önder Çağatay Emir , Sarı İsmail
Published: February 2023

Objectives

In the current study, we synergistically evaluated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression levels and signal peptide-CUB-EGF domain-containing protein 1 (SCUBE1) gene expression levels in diabetic patients without retinopathy, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods

94 blood samples from 26 healthy controls, 29 non-DR, 22 NPDR, and 17 PDR patients were collected in sterile EDTA tubes. Total RNA was obtained from these samples without waiting and then converted to cDNA. The expression levels of the VEGF and SCUBE1 genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results

SCUBE1 gene expression levels were 2.15 (p=0.015), 1.75 (p=0.799), 2.37 (p=0.037) times higher, and VEGF gene expression levels were 1.71 (p=0.023), 1.75 (p=0.012), 1.85 (p=0.031) times higher in the non-DR, NPDR, and PDR groups compared to the control group, respectively. VEGF gene expression levels were significantly higher in participants with HbA1c levels ≥5.7% compared to those with <5.7. SCUBE1 and VEGF gene expression levels were significantly higher in participants with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels ≥126 mg/dL than those with <126 mg/dL.

Conclusions

As a result, SCUBE1 gene expression levels are higher than VEGF gene expression levels, especially in the PDR group. Therefore, SCUBE1 may contribute to the pathology of DR just like VEGF by generating angiogenesis. However, we believe there is a need for experimental animal model studies with DR examining SCUBE1 gene expression levels in tissue samples.
Analyzing pH-dependent structural characteristics and optical transmittance of titanium dioxide
Authors: Anwar Nadia , Iqbal Muhammad Aamir , Ahmed Muqarrab , Anwar Bushra , Abbas Iqra , Iqbal Syeda Tehreem , Anwar Fouzia , Mushahid Nosheen , Capangpangan Rey Y. , Alguno Arnold C.
Published: February 2023

The use of titanium dioxide (also known as titania) in solar cells, biomaterials, and photocatalytic processes has generated an ever-increasing amount of interest. Titania is widely used in a variety of applications because it is nanocrystalline, chemically stable, has a high refractive index, is mechanically hard, and transmits visible light well. In this work, titania nanoparticles were formed via sol–gel synthesis, wherein the effect of varying pH values such as 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 has been investigated on the synthesized nanoparticles by studying their structural characteristics and analyzing their optical transmittance. Structural analysis of the synthesized TiO2shows formation of the brookite phase at all pH values under as-synthesized conditions. Moreover, structural parameters including crystallite size, dislocation density, and unit cell volume were also calculated. Cell volume was calculated at various pH levels and measured between 255.7 and 257.2 Å3. Optical analysis shows a transmission increase with a pH increase, and maximum transmission has been observed above 80% for a pH value of 11.
Exploring the Effectiveness and Accessibility of Lay Summaries in Four Open-Access Journals
Authors: Chima Manvir Kaur
Published: February 2023

Lay summaries are an important aspect of research, as they aim to summarize scientific findings in a manner that is accessible to a lay audience. However, lay summaries often incorporate scientific and technical jargon, which makes it difficult for the public to understand research that they are indirectly funding. This study aimed to analyze lay summaries published in four open-access journals to compare differences in effectivity and accessibility when authors summarize the key points of a research study. Four open-access journals, PLOS Medicine, PNAS, Sage Open, and Frontiers in Psychology were analyzed using McMaster University’s LIFESCI 2AA3: Introduction to Topics in Life Sciences rubric. This rubric was created by Dr. Katie Moisse, assistant professor of curriculum and pedagogy at McMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science. The rubric judges for an accurate summarization of the study rationale, knowledge gap, methods, results, conclusions, limitations, and next steps, while ensuring accessibility and clarity. Results indicate that total scores are statistically significant between PLOS Medicine and PNAS, SAGE Open, and Frontiers in Psychology, but not between PLOS Medicine and Frontiers in Psychology. A lack of cohesion between journal instructions along with a decreased emphasis on scientific and technical jargon may allude to the disparity seen amongst scores for these four journals. This research depicts specific disparities between open-access journals, which may help revise journal guidelines to ensure cohesiveness and lay audience understanding.
Dexamethasone's Connection to COVID-19
Authors: Mammarella Bianca , Damiani Sarah
Published: February 2023

Dexamethasone is known for its use as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medication. This medication has been present for many years, and its benefits have been observed in the treatment of various conditions. With the rise of COVID-19 cases on an international scale, healthcare professionals globally searched for a therapeutic medication, either existing or under development that could help those who were ill with the virus. The Recovery Trial aims to find a pharmacotherapeutic medication that would assist in treating hospitalized individuals who were diagnosed with COVID-19. In this trial, Dexamethasone’s ability to reduce hospitalization durations, and patient fatality was observed. These results increased curiosity about Dexamethasone's potential in the fight against COVID-19. As we work towards a standardized treatment plan for COVID-19, investigate Dexame- thasone’s mechanisms of action, and how it impacts different populations; together, these findings may help to determine this medication’s effectiveness as a COVID-19 treatment option.
Impacts of Air Pollution on the Respiratory System of Adults in Relation to Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Strobl Kleiton , Irfan Syed , Shrikanth Shane , Halwagi Layla
Published: February 2023

Air pollution has a significant impact on respiratory health, yet comprehensive summaries of specific impacts are limited. This study reviews previous research done on this link, while connecting it to socioeconomic factors. Common air pollutants, such as particulate matter, have a large impact on respiratory health and can exacerbate diseases and medical conditions, such as coughing, wheezing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. Specifically, PM10 pollutants can deposit in the upper airways, and PM2.5 can reach deep into the lungs, leading to many complications. The efficacy of measures taken to combat these issues are also discussed. In recent years, governments have introduced national climate policies and green-space designs in urban municipalities to reduce negative health outcomes. These measures accomplish this goal to a limited degree but require further investment and development. To outline how socioeconomic status impacts air pollution-related respiratory illnesses, our study discusses five studies investigating socioeconomic disparities in air pollution exposure in various parts of the world. Evidence shows that low-income people typically reside in areas with high air pollution because housing is more affordable. This provides an opportunity for new research in social determinants of health to better understand its connection with human health.
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma – A Brief Review and Discussion
Authors: Mammarella Bianca , Burow Carly
Published: February 2023

Lung cancer is the development of cancerous cells within the lung tissue and/or the airway that has potential to further spread. The diagnosis of lung cancer is a multifaceted issue requiring innovative approaches, detection technologies and treatments. Understanding lung cancer’s epidemiology provides insight into lung cancer's high prevalence. As most are diagnosed at further developed stages, recognizing the associated factors will provide a better understanding of how to approach treatment.1Genetic components such as germline mutations and over expression of epidermal growth factor have been analyzed. Advancements in traditional computed tomography (CT) scanning has contributed to an increased survival rate due to the ability to locate tumours in the most dis-crete locations.2 Early detection can occur using a spiral CT scan allowing physicians to perceive the lung cavity from multiple perspectives.3 Early identification of lung cancer is critical in determining the survival of the patient. Treatments for lung cancer that are declared most effective are radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy.4Brachytherapy is an emerging form of radiation therapy that provides radiation in the closest proximity. Cisplatin is the standardized agent, analyzed for its efficiency in the treatment of various stages of lung cancer.5This discussion will explore the epidemiology, detection methods, and one of many available treatment methods to understand therapies and prevention mechanisms for stage three-A NSCLC.
Stopping Aging: Dream or Reality?
Authors: Irfan Syed
Published: February 2023

Aging is a reality and is associated with the progressive physiological breakdown of the body. This can cause many health problems such as heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, etc. However, some claim that the aging process can be stopped. Proposed mechanisms for stopping aging include good nutrition and exercise, pharmacological interventions, and stem cell therapy. These have shown good prospects for slowing down the aging process, but not for stopping it altogether. It may also not be possible to stop aging for a long time, considering that it is polygenic and complex in nature. This provides a clarification for the current state of modern science in terms of its ability to stop aging, as well as an outlook for what to expect in the future.
Electrical Stimulation and Muscle Strength Gains in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mukherjee Swarup , Fok Jeryn Ruiwen , van Mechelen Willem
Published: February 2023

Mukherjee, S, Fok, JR, and van Mechelen, W. Electrical stimulation and muscle strength gains in healthy adults: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 938–950, 2023—Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is a popular method for strength gains among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. This review investigated the literature from 2008 to 2020 on EMS application protocols, strength adaptations, neural adaptations, and its use as an independent and combined training tool for strength gain in healthy adults. The investigation was modeled after the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria included studies that assessed the effect of EMS, either alone or in combination with voluntary resistance training (VRT) in healthy adult populations, involving a control group performing either usual or sham training, with at least 1 performance outcome measure assessed during experimental randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCT, randomized crossover trials, or nonrandomized studies. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria with a total of 174 subjects. Eight studies investigated the effect of EMS on lower limb muscles and 2 on elbow flexors. Five studies used concurrent VRT. Studies were heterogenous in methods, subject characteristics, intervention, and EMS protocols. All 10 studies reported significant strength gains as an outcome of EMS treatment, but there were no improvements in strength-related functional outcome measures. The optimal threshold for treatment duration, EMS intensity, pulse, and frequency could not be determined due to methodological differences and EMS application protocol inconsistency between studies. Protocol variations also existed between the studies that combined EMS with VRT. Standardized protocols are needed for electrode placement location, motor point identification, positioning of the body part being investigated, impulse type, intensity, and duration of stimulus.
Beneficial Performance Effects of Training Load Intensification Can Be Abolished by Functional Overreaching: Lessons From a Water Polo Study in Female Athletes
Authors: Brisola Gabriel M.P. , Dutra Yago M. , Murias Juan M. , Zagatto Alessandro M.
Published: February 2023

Brisola, GMP, Dutra, YM, Murias, JM, and Zagatto, AM. Beneficial performance effects of training load intensification can be abolished by functional overreaching: Lessons from a water polo study in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): e391–e402, 2023—The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes from 2 weeks of training load intensification strategy in female water polo players diagnosed with functional overreaching (F-OR) with no F-OR players (acute fatigue) on the performance outcomes and hormonal, immunological, and cardiac autonomic nervous system responses. Twenty-two female water polo players were allocated into control and intensification group during 7 weeks. The swimming performance, biochemical parameters, heart rate variability, profile of mood states, and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were assessed twice before and twice after 2 weeks of intensification period. F-OR showed a worsening in total time of the repeated sprint ability (RSA) test compared with the control group and the acute fatigue group after intensification (p ≤ 0.035). Furthermore, after the tapering period, the F-OR group maintained worse total time of the RSA test than the acute fatigue group (p = 0.029). In addition, the acute fatigue group showed improvement in total time of the RSA test after intensification compared with the control group (p < 0.001). No significant interactions were found for the other parameters. Therefore, periods of intensification without the F-OR development can promote higher gains in the total time of the RSA test after intensification and tapering period.
Half-Squat and Jump Squat Exercises Performed Across a Range of Loads: Differences in Mechanical Outputs and Strength Deficits
Authors: Loturco Irineu , McGuigan Michael R. , Freitas Tomás T. , Bishop Chris , Zabaloy Santiago , Mercer Valter P. , Moura Túlio B.M.A. , Arruda Ademir F.S. , Ramos Maurício S. , Pereira Lucas A. , Pareja-Blanco Fernando
Published: February 2023

Loturco, I, McGuigan, MR, Freitas, TT, Bishop, C, Zabaloy, S, Mercer, VP, Moura, TBMA, Arruda, AFS, Ramos, MS, Pereira, LA, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Half-squat and jump squat exercises performed across a range of loads: differences in mechanical outputs and strength deficits. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): 1052–1056, 2023—The aim of this study was to compare the peak force (PF), peak power (PP), and peak velocity (PV) outputs produced during half-squat (HS) and jump squat (JS) exercises executed at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the HS (HS 1RM) and to compute and compare the strength deficit (SDef) achieved in these exercises across these loads. Twenty-four national rugby union players (age: 25.7 ± 3.6 years) performed HS 1RM and a progressive loading test in the HS and JS exercises. The PF, PP, and PV values were obtained in all loads for both exercises, and the SDef was calculated as the percentage difference between the PF at distinct relative intensities and the PF at HS 1RM. The differences in HS and JS variables were determined using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Higher PF, PP, and PV outputs were generated in the JS in comparison with the HS exercise (p < 0.05); moreover, the SDef magnitudes were significantly lower in the JS (p < 0.01), for all loading conditions. Importantly, the differences in SDef, and as a consequence, PF, PP, and PV decreased progressively with increasing load. Overall, the loaded JS exhibited increased levels of PF, PP, and PV and reduced levels of SDef when compared to the traditional HS performed across a range of loads. The JS is indicated to reduce the SDef and improve the athletes' ability to apply force at higher velocities. Nevertheless, with heavier loads (i.e., ≥80% HS 1RM), its potential advantages and effectiveness may be seriously compromised.
CORE-CERT Items as a Minimal Requirement for Replicability of Exercise Interventions: Results From Application to Exercise Studies for Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Bünzen Claudia , Knuth Janina , Bucher Marieke , Weisser Burkhard , Schmidt Thorsten
Published: February 2023

Hacke, C, Knuth, J, Bucher, M, Weisser, B, and Schmidt, T. CORE-CERT items as a minimal requirement for replicability of exercise interventions: results from application to exercise studies for breast cancer patients. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): e346–e360, 2023—Exercise interventions have been demonstrated to be useful in the prevention and therapy for multiple different diseases. The Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) has been developed as the reporting guideline for exercise studies. The main goals of CERT are to ensure completeness of reporting, to enable interpretation of exercise programs, and to allow extraction of data for meta-analyses and the development of guidelines. However, for clinicians, the most important aspect of good reporting might be the replicability of protocols for their patients. This study was designed to determine the core components of exercise interventions for breast cancer, which are considered as minimal requirement for replicability in practice. The original items of CERT were specified, subdivided, or extended by additional key items to develop a “CORE-CERT checklist.” The original CERT and our CORE-CERT were then applied to 29 exercise RCTs for breast cancer obtained from the most frequently cited and most recent meta-analyses in current guidelines. The reporting quality using both templates were examined. Mean original CERT score was 11 of 19 (59%) of completed items and 13 of 19 (68%) of reporting completeness for CORE-CERT. Reporting quality using CORE-CERT items was approximately 8% higher, indicating a more precise description of items in CORE-CERT. Differences concerned exercise dosage, nonexercise components, supervision, and description of each exercise. We propose a novel CORE-CERT guideline necessary for the replicability of exercise interventions in clinical practice. The application of CORE-CERT demonstrated a slightly better but still insufficient reporting quality of exercise interventions for breast cancer.
Effect of Increased Pressure Pain Threshold on Resistance Exercise Performance With Blood Flow Restriction
Authors: Kataoka Ryo , Song Jun Seob , Bell Zachary W. , Wong Vickie , Spitz Robert W. , Yamada Yujiro , Loenneke Jeremy P.
Published: February 2023

Kataoka, R, Song, JS, Bell, ZW, Wong, V, Spitz, RW, Yamada, Y, and Loenneke, JP. Effect of increased pressure pain threshold on resistance exercise performance with blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1204–1210, 2023—This study aimed to examine whether increasing pressure pain threshold (PPT) through isometric handgrip exercise (HG) affects the number of repetitions completed and discomfort with knee extension exercise (KE) with blood flow restriction (BFR), and examine whether performing additional exercise leads to a further increase in PPT. Forty-one participants completed 2 trials: rest followed by low-load KE with BFR at 80% of resting arterial occlusion pressure (Rest + KE BFR) and low-intensity (30% of maximal strength) HG exercise followed by KE with BFR (HG + KE BFR). Pressure pain threshold was measured before and after exercise at the forearm and tibialis anterior. Results are presented as median difference (95% credible interval). Pressure pain threshold increased at the forearm (Bayes factor [BF10]: 5.2 × 107) and tibialis anterior (BF10: 1.5 × 106) after HG exercise. However, this did not lead to greater repetitions being completed with BFR exercise (0.2 [−0.1, 0.6] repetitions, BF10: 0.07). Pressure pain threshold after BFR exercise was not augmented over that observed with HG exercise (0.02 [−0.15, 0.2] kg·cm−2, BF10: 0.175) at the forearm. More data are needed in the lower body to determine which model best fits the data (BF10: 0.84). Discomfort with BFR exercise was not different between conditions (1.0 [−2.3, 4.4] arbitrary units, BF10: 0.10). The pain-reducing effect of prior exercise did not change the repetitions completed with BFR exercise, suggesting that the change in PPT may not have been great enough to alter performance. Performing additional exercise did not elicit further increases in PPT nor was perceived discomfort to BFR exercise altered by changes in PPT.
Effect of Traditional, Rest Redistribution, and Velocity-Based Prescription on Repeated Sprint Training Performance and Responses in Semiprofessional Athletes
Authors: Weakley Jonathon , Pérez Castilla Alejandro , García Ramos Amador , Banyard Harry , Thurlow Fraser , Edwards Toby , Morrison Matthew , McMahon Eric , Owen Cameron
Published: February 2023

Weakley, J, Castilla, AP, Ramos, AG, Banyard, H, Thurlow, F, Edwards, T, Morrison, M, McMahon, E, and Owen, C. The effect of traditional, rest redistribution, and velocity-based prescription on repeated sprint training performance and responses in semi-professional athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1566–1572, 2023—The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of traditional, rest redistribution, and velocity-based repeated sprint training methods on repeated sprint performance, perceived effort, heart rate, and changes in force-velocity-power (FVP) profiles in male semiprofessional athletes. In a randomized crossover design, a traditional (2 sets of 6 repetitions [TRAD]), 2 different rest redistribution (4 sets of 3 repetitions [RR4] and 12 sets of 1 repetition [RR12]), and a 5% velocity loss (VL5%) (12 repetitions, with sets terminated when a 5% reduction in mean velocity had occurred) condition were completed. Mean and peak velocity, mean heart rate, and differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) were measured throughout each session, while horizontal FVP profiles were assessed presession and postsession. The RR4 and RR12 conditions allowed the greatest maintenance of velocity, while the RR4, RR12, and VL5% had a moderate, significantly greater mean heart rate than the traditional condition. Trivial, nonsignificant differences between all conditions were observed in dRPE of the legs and breathlessness and FVP profiles. These findings indicate that rest redistribution can allow for greater maintenance of sprint velocity and heart rate, without altering perceived effort during repeated sprint training. In addition, velocity-loss thresholds may be a feasible method of prescription if athletes have diverse physical qualities and reductions in sprint performance during repeated sprint training are undesirable. Practitioners should consider these outcomes when designing repeated sprint training sessions because the strategic use of these methods can alter sprint performance and internal load without changing perceptions of intensity.
A 2-Year Longitudinal Study of Bone Mineral Density in Collegiate Distance Runners
Authors: Brimacomb Olivia E. , Martinez Michael P. , McCormack William P. , Almstedt Hawley C.
Published: February 2023

Brimacomb, OE, Martinez, MP, McCormack, WP, and Almstedt, HC. A 2-year longitudinal study of bone mineral density in collegiate distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1654–1659, 2023—The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of male and female collegiate distance runners over 2 years. Bone mineral density of 29 collegiate distance runners (16 men and 13 women) were measured 5 times over 24 months using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) spine, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), whole body (WB), and ultradistal (UD) forearm. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance, with bone-free lean mass (BFLM) as covariate, was used to compare mean BMD values. Adjusted for BFLM, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in BMD at any site between sexes. There were no significant differences at the AP or LAT spine, FN, or WB between visit 1 and 5 for either sex. There was a significant increase in BMD (p = 0.044) at the UD forearm over 2 years in males. However, 56% of the men (n = 9) had a Z-score < −1.0 at the UD forearm. Seven of 11 women had Z-scores < −1.0 at the LAT spine and 4 of 13 had Z-scores < −1.0 at the AP spine. There were no significant changes in BMD at any site over the 2-year time frame, except a significant increase in BMD at the nondominant forearm in men. The spine appears to be an area of concern for women in this study when examining Z-score results. Coaches and medical staff need to continually educate collegiate endurance athletes about the importance of achieving and maintaining BMD through their college years.
New Perspectives in Resistance Training Periodization: Mixed Session vs. Block Periodized Programs in Trained Men
Authors: Bartolomei Sandro , Zaniboni Federico , Verzieri Nicolò , Hoffman Jay R.
Published: February 2023

Bartolomei, S, Zaniboni, F, Verzieri, N, and Hoffman, JR. New perspectives in resistance training periodization: mixed session vs. block periodized programs in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 537–545, 2023—The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of 2 different periodized resistance training programs on maximal strength, power, and muscle architecture, in trained individuals. Twenty-two resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either a mixed session training group (MSP; n = 11; age = 23.7 ± 2.6 years; body mass = 80.5 ± 9.8 kg; height = 175.5 ± 6.1 cm) or a block periodization group (BP; n = 11; age = 25.7 ± 4.6 years; body mass = 81.1 ± 10.7 kg; height = 176.8 ± 8.4 cm). Both training programs were 10 weeks in duration and were equated in volume. Each training session of the MSP focused on power, maximal strength, and hypertrophy, whereas each mesocycle within the BP focused on one of these components. Subjects were assessed for body composition, muscle architecture, maximal strength, and power. In addition, perceived training load, and training volume were calculated. Subjects in MSP experienced greater improvements in fat free mass (p = 0.021), muscle thickness of the pectoralis and vastus lateralis (p < 0.05), and a greater improvement in 1RM bench press (p < 0.001; +8.6% in MSP and +2% in BP) than in BP. By contrast, BP resulted in greater improvements in vertical jump (p = 0.022; +7.2%) compared with MSP (+1.2%). No significant differences were noted between the groups for perceived training load (p = 0.362) nor training volume (p = 0.169). Results of this study indicated that in a 10-week training study, MSP may enhance muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a greater extent than BP, with the same training volume and perceived training load. However, BP may be more effective for vertical jump improvement.