bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unusual presentation of an intraocular foreign body with double – perforation and retention in lateral rectus muscle
Authors: Ponomarenko M. , Lochhead J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To report a rare complicated case of eye injury with endophthalmitis, an air bubble (bacteria‐produced), retinal detachment, and traumatic cataract, treated surgically with excellent functional outcome.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of the hard and electronic notes, CT images, OCT images and operation notes.

Results

28 year old male presented 5 days post penetrating injury to right eye, with retained metal foreign body. A gas bubble demonstrated on CT in the right superior globe – believed to be bacteria produced. Multi‐stage surgical approach used to treat endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, cataract and removal of FB.

Post‐operative outcomes: vision of 6/12 on the affected site, with flat retina, no inflammation and minimal CMO.

Conclusions

Favourable outcomes are possible with carefully planned and prioritised multi‐stage surgical approach, even in complicated cases with late presentation; described approach may help to optimise outcomes in similar eye trauma presentations.
Efficacy & safety comparison between Cosopt & Xolamol: Branded & generic fixed combination of 2% Dorzolamide/0.5% Timolol
Authors: Ali Aljasim L. , Edward D. , Khandekar R.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Generic drugs approved without requiring them to repeat the same safety and efficacy clinical studies done by the innovator. They have to have same active ingredients, strength, dosage forms, labelling, indications and routes of administration as the corresponding branded drugs. But they are not required to have the same excipients as branded drugs, even though excipients may account for substantial proportions of the medication, which can interfere with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of active agents.

this is the first study comparing Xolamol, widely used generic in the region, with branded Cosopt.

Methods

recruited patients had their glaucoma medications washed out with Timolol 0.5%, then randomized to receive Cosopt or Xolamol, after 6 weeks of treatment patients crossed over to the other medication. IOP and any sign of allergic reaction were monitored during visits, and patients answered questioners about tolerability and satisfaction.

Results

28 patients, age 68.1 ± 10.3

81% PACG

Group 1; eyes started on cosopt, then crossed over to Xolamol.

Group 2 started on Xolamol & crossed over to Cosopt.

IOP in group 1 & group 2; on randomization 18 ± 7.8 & 18.7 ± 3.8 (p = 0.74).

After 6 weeks; 15.5 ± 4.3 & 15 ± 4.1 (p = 0.77).

And 6 weeks after cross over 14.9 ± 4.3 & 13.6 ± 3.2 (p = 0.42).

Increased conjunctiva congestion noted in group 1; 20% on Cosopt, then 30% after cross over to Xolamol. In Group 2; 46% with Xolamol & 31% with Cosopt (p = 0.18), (p = 0.94).

SPE seen in 14% (n = 4) on Xolamol & non with Cosopt use (p = 0.037).

Patient reported excellent satisfaction in 50 & 46% when used Xolamol (as first drug or after cross over), and 54 & 57% in Cosopt users (p = 0.8).

Conclusions

Efficacy was equivalent with both medications, but tolerability was better with branded Cosopt.
Early & delayed effect of using steroid following SLT, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ali Aljasim L. , Owaidhah O.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To determine the effect of using topical corticosteroid in the early post‐SLT period on the result of the procedure; intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, development of postoperative uveitis and patient's discomfort level in the early postoperative period

Methods

Patients underwent bilateral SLT as primary treatment or as an alternative treatment after washout of their glaucoma medications.

Following SLT one eye was selected randomly to use topical prednisolone for 1 week

Post‐SLT inflammation, discomfort and IOP level during the following 6 months was compared between eyes used prednisolone and eyes did not.

Results

15 patients were recruited, most had POAG

Eyes were randomized between group 1 used topical Prednisolone 1% qid for 1 week following 360* SLT, the other eye was in group 2 and only used lubrications.

IOP for group 1 &2; pre SLT 24.1 ± 2 & 24.5 ± 3 (p = 0.66),3 months following SLT 17.2 ± 2 & 17.7 ± 3 (p = 0.75), and on final 6 months visit, 17 ± 2 & 17.7 ± 3 (p = 0.32).

IOP reduction following SLT in group 1&2 was 7.2 & 6.8 (p = 0.60).

A day after SLT 4 eyes had mild uveitis in group 1 & 6 in group 2, all cleared by 1 week.

More eyes had more sever conjunctiva congestion in group2 than in group 1.

One patient developed IOP increase upon using Prednisolone, IOP dropped after cessation of treatment (steroid responder).

Conclusions

The use of potent steroid following SLT doesn't have an effect on the final IOP reduction, and reduced post SLT inflammation & discomfort.
Exposure to subthreshold dose of UVR‐B induces apoptosis in the lens epithelial cells and does not in the lens fiber cells
Authors: Galichanin K. , Yu Z. , Talebizadeh N. , Burmakin M. , Söderberg P.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate which part of the lens in vivo exposure to subthreshold dose of UVR‐B induces apoptosis in.

Methods

Twenty 6‐week‐old female albino Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to subthreshold dose (1 kJ/m2) of UVR‐B unilaterally and sacrificed at 120 h after exposure. Lenses were enucleated and dissected on three regions: the lens epithelium, the cortex and the nucleus. The lens nucleus then was removed. Apoptosis markers p53 and caspase 3 were used to study apoptosis in the lens epithelium and the cortex. qRT‐PCR and Western Blot were utilized to analyze the lenses.

Results

TP53 and CASP3 mRNA expressions are increased in exposed lenses, both in the lens epithelium and the cortex regions, in relation to non‐exposed lenses. Expression of p53 protein is increased in exposed lens epithelium in relation to non‐exposed lens epithelium. Caspase 3 protein is expressed in exposed lens epithelial cells whereas it is not expressed in non‐exposed lens epithelial cells. p53 and caspase 3 proteins are not expressed in either exposed or non‐exposed lens fiber cells.

Conclusions

Exposure to UVR‐B increases mRNA transcription of apoptosis marker p53 in vivo in both regions of the lens and of apoptosis marker caspase 3 in the lens cortex. Exposure to UVR‐B increases p53 and caspase 3 proteins’ expression in the lens epithelium. In vivo exposure to subthreshold dose of UVR‐B induces apoptosis in the lens epithelial cells and does not in the lens fiber cells.
The vitreopapillary interface in healthy and glaucoma – the VPI study
Authors: Willekens K. , Pinto L.A. , Vandewalle E. , Stalmans P. , Stalmans I.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

During posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) the posterior hyaloid remains, for a certain period, attached to the posterior pole. At the macula, the vitreomacular interface and its associated disease has been studied extensively. The opposite is true for the vitreopapillary interface, especially in glaucoma patients. As glaucoma affects the shape and cupping of the optic nerve head, this study aims to investigate the possible influence of vitreous traction on the disc.

Methods

The VPI study (NCT02290795) is a cross‐sectional prospective study including healthy subjects and glaucoma patients. A subset of the glaucoma patients was followed‐up longitudinally to assess the impact of filtering surgery on the VPI. All glaucoma patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological investigation, automated visual field test, confocal scanner and OCT scan. Healthy subjects filled in a questionnaire on gender, age, medical history, medication use and had also had an OCT‐scan to determine PVD status.

Results

In total, 258 healthy subjects and 349 glaucoma patients were included rendering data on 1214 eyes. Glaucoma patients were significantly older than their healthy counterparts (66.5 ± 12.8 vs. 60.1 ± 14.8, p < 0.001). Split up per PVD stage, the age did not differ in PVD stage 0, but for every following PVD stage, glaucoma patients were significantly older (54.2 ± 11.7 vs. 50.1 ± 14.4 (p = 0.071); 61.1 ± 10.4 vs. 54.7 ± 14.0 (p < 0.001); 72.5 ± 8.9 vs. 67.7 ± 5.9 (p < 0.001); 73.7 ± 9.9 vs. 71.4 ± 9.3 (p = 0.014) for PVD stage 0;1;3;4 respectively).

Conclusions

The process of PVD formation lasts significantly longer in glaucoma patients.
Comparative analysis of the morphometric parameters of the macular area of the retina in patients with refractive, axial, mixed and combined tipes of myopia
Authors: Bushuyeva N. , Maliieva O.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Comparing the parameters of the macular area in patients with refractive, axial, mixed and combined myopia.

Methods

63 patients (121 eyes) with myopia (−3.20 ± 2.8 D) (20.46 ± 12.13 y.o.) were identified in the groups: refractive (RM) – 28 eyes, combined (CM) – 11 eyes, axial (AM) – 65 eyes and mixed myopia (MM) – 17 eyes. Patients hold: visometry, kerathometry, refraktometry, ultrasonic echobiometry, OCT of the retina and the anterior chamber angle (ACA).

Results

In patients with MM (242.0 ± 12.4 μm) macular thickness (MT) was less than in RM group (249.2 ± 9.4 μm). In AM group the fovea thickness (FT) was (184.44 ± 20.28 μm) higher (p < 0.01) than in the RM (169.64 ± 20.64 μm) MM (168.05 ± 19.74 μm) and CM (172.30 ± 15.2 μm) droups. Fovea volume (FV) was less (p < 0.01) in the MM group than in patients with AM (6.90 ± 0.34 mm³), RM (7.01 ± 0.26 mm³) and CM (6.91 ± 0.24 mm³).

Conclusions

1. Patients with MM had a tendency to decrease MT at 2.5% in comparing to CM and AM and significant reduction at 2.9% compared to the RM (p < 0.05), as well reduction of FV at 10% (p < 0.01) comparing to AM, RM and CM. MM showed the correlation FV with the axial length (AL) (r = −0.54, p < 0.026) and refraction (r = 0.54, p < 0.024). MM had correlation between corneal thikness and FT (r = 0.58, p < 0.014).

2. AM had minimal FT thikner at 11% and FT in the area of 0.6 mm at 8% comparing to the RM (p < 0.01), MM (p < 0.01) and CM (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01).

3. RM had tendency of influence of the anterior segment parameters on the macula area – a negative correlation of the width of the ACA (r = −0.27, p < 0.16) and the intraocular pressure (r = −0.48, p < 0.009) with TF and positive correlation corneal`s curvature with MT (r = 0.34, p = 0.07) and FV (r = 0.35; p = 0.06).
The German AugUR study: a population‐based prospective study to investigate chronic diseases in the elderly with focus on age‐related macular degeneration (AMD)
Authors: Brandll C. , Stark K.J. , Olden M. , Zimmermann M.E. , Schelter S.C. , Loss J. , Kronenberg F. , Helbig H. , Weber B.H. , Heid I.M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Population‐based epidemiological data on eye diseases are important determinants to steer health care. However, these data on prevalence, incidence, and risk factors are scarce in Central Europe and particularly in Germany. We therefore sought to establish such data for Bavaria, here focusing on age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

The AugUR study (Age‐related diseases: understanding genetic and non‐genetic influences – a study at the University of Regensburg) is a population‐based prospective study in the mobile general population of Caucasian ethnicity aged 70 years and older in and around Regensburg, Bavaria. The study protocol includes ophthalmological anamnesis and examinations with testing of central retinal function (visual acuity, photostress test, Amsler Grid) as well as retinal imaging (standardized color fundus photographs of the central retina, confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography). The presence and extend of AMD is categorized via color fundus photographs into early and late stages.

Results

Since 2013, AugUR has recruited 1,133 participants, with 1,041 (92%) having gradable fundus images for at least one eye. A total of 418 (37% of the 1,041) individuals showed drusen and pigmentary abnormalities corresponding to early AMD findings, 69 (6%) participants demonstrated late‐stage AMD with neovascular or atrophic lesions. Importantly, we detected 83 (8%) persons with ‘latent’ AMD, i.e. being anamnestically unknown to the participant; 29 (3%) of those individuals revealed late AMD stages.

Conclusions

AugUR provides the first AMD prevalence estimates in an elderly German population. With an ongoing 3‐year‐follow‐up, this data will help to better understand disease development and progression.
Incidence and risk factors of cystoid macular edema after retinal detachment surgery
Authors: Berrod J.P. , El Kouhen N. , Leroy B.P. , Conart J.B.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the incidence rate of cystoid macular edema (CME) after uncomplicated primary operation on retinal detachment (RD) and to identify risk factors associated with postoperative CME.

Methods

Retrospective interventional case series of consecutive patients that underwent one RD repair either by primary vitrectomy or external procedure during a 3 years period starting on January 2012. Postoperative CME was defined as poor visual recovery associated with intraretinal hyporeflective cysts on optical coherent tomography scans (OCT) engendering central macular thickening.

Results

A total of 403 eyes were studied with a mean follow‐up of 6 months. The incidence of CME was 7% after pars plana vitrectomy (22/317 eyes) and 2.3% after external procedure (2/86 eyes). Risk factors for CME were : a smaller axial length (p < 0.005), a higher duration of macular detachment (p < 0.029), a lower visual acuity at presentation (p < 0.022), an history of posterior capsular rupture (p < 0.01) and the use of cryopexy during surgery (p = 0.035). After 6 month follow‐up CME persisted in 12/24 patients. Mean visual acuity was 0.28 logMAR in eyes without CME versus 0.4 logMAR in eyes with persistent CME.

Conclusions

The incidence of CME after RD repair was 7% after primary vitrectomy, and 2.3% after primary scleral buckling. Patients might benefit from increase use of OCT during follow‐up of retinal detachment surgery to detect macular pathology. Visual prognosis was good in 50% patients.
Management strategies in vasoactive proliferative tumor of the retina
Authors: Tunc M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Vasoactive proliferative tumor of the retina is extremely rare in children. Our purpose is to report the clical characteristics and management stratregy in this rare tumor of the retina.

Methods

Case Report.

Results

A 12 years‐old female was presented with decreased vision on her left eye. The vision was 20/20 on OD and counting fingers at 1 m on OS. There was marked retinal edema and exudation at presentation. Full systemic evaluation was performed without any evidence of systemic disease. There was also no other ocular disease. On fundus examination there was telenigectatic vessels adjasent to peripapillary retina. Previous attempts of intravitreal antiVEGF bevacizumab injections elsewhere did not improve the vision and macular edema. The patient had marked retinal fluid at presentation and we decided to try intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) in treatment. The vision improved significantly right after the treatment but the patient developed cataract after two Ozurdex applications. After phacoemulsification with IOL implantation we were able to apply laser photocoagulation as the retinal fluid is resolved significantly and the vision improved to 20/40 after three Ozurdex applications.

Conclusions

Vasoactive proliferative tumor is extremely rare in children. Our case indicates that intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) is effective in resolution of subretinal fluid in such cases and this treatment modality gives a window to apply destructive laser over the lesion to prevent recurrences of macular edema.
Assessment of visual function and structural retinal changes in Zen meditators
Authors: Garcia Martin E. , Satue M. , Rodrigo M.J. , Obis J. , Cipres Alastuey M. , Vilades E. , Otin S. , Polo V. , Larrosa J.M. , Pablo L. , Gracia H.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate whether Zen meditation (a mindfulness‐based practice) stimulates visual function and increases retinal and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness.

Methods

This cross‐sectional controlled study included 36 eyes of 18 meditators and 76 eyes of 38 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy non‐meditators. The average response of both eyes in each subject was analysed. All subjects underwent evaluation of high and low contrast visual acuity (using ETDRS charts), contrast sensitivity vision (CSV) using the Pelli Robson chart and CSV 1000E test, color vision (using the Farnsworth and L′Anthony desaturated D15 color tests), stereoscopic vision using the TNO test, and retinal and RNFL thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Differences in visual function and RNFL thickness were compared between groups.

Results

We found that meditators exhibited significantly better visual acuity with the three contrast levels used, and significantly better contrast sensitivity vision (CSV 1000E) than healthy non‐meditators (p ≤ 0.05). Retinal and RNFL structural measurements did not differ significantly between groups. Ganglion cell layer thickness was moderately correlated with visual acuity, CSV, color vision, and stereoscopic vision (p ≤ 0.05; r > 0.6).

Conclusions

Visual function was enhanced in meditators without significant alterations in the retinal morphologic structure. Further studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal association between mindfulness and visual function improvement.
Results of microinvasive cross‐linking of rabbit posterior eye pole sclera
Authors: Iomdina E.N. , Tarutta E. , Semchishen V. , Sianosyan A. , Milash S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the results of scleral crosslinking (SXL) with ultraviolet‐A (UVA) radiation and riboflavin in the equator and the posterior pole of the eye using a minimally invasive technique

Methods

The tool includes a UV‐LED source (370 nm, 3 mW/cm²) guided through optic fiber located in one of the two channels of a detachable tip. The other channel is used to deliver riboflavin to the scleral surface through a small conjunctival incision, sutured after SXL. It was performed in vivo on 8 rabbit eyes. Intact fellow eyes served as control. Scleral echodensity was measured in vivo with Voluson 730Pro prior to, 2 days and 1 month after the procedure. The biomechanical characteristics of the sclera of enucleated eyes were measured 3 days and 1 month after the procedure with Autograph (Shimadzu). Collagen crosslinking level was measured at the same times using Differential Scanning Calorimetry with Phoenix DSC20144 (Netzsch).

Results

As a result of the procedure, scleral echodensity (median) increased from 86.7 to 98 dB after 2 days, and to 103 dB after 1 month. The control group revealed no change in the corresponding values. Elasticity modulus (E) of the treated zone was 25.4 MPa after 3 days, while in the control group E was 16.7 MPa. 1 month after, the value of E showed no significant change. Collagen cross‐linking level in the experimental group exceeded that of the control group by 15–18%.

Conclusions

The proposed tool ensures minimally invasive UVA crosslinking of the equatorial and the posterior parts of the sclera and ensures an increase of its biomechanical stability. It opens good prospects for sclera reinforcement treatment of progressive myopia.

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (grant No 15‐29‐03874).
Characterization, structural analysis, evolution of AMD drusenoid deposits ‘L’, Lipid type and ‘P’, Protein‐cellular type, with multimodal imaging and morphology‐structural software
Authors: Gonzalez C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To study AMD drusenoid deposits ‘L'and ‘P’ with multimodal imaging and morphology‐structural software, see the input of this technique, software on their knowledge, etiopathogeny

Methods

284 eyes of 142 patients, 44 men, 98 women, with AMD drusenoid deposits ‘L’, Lipid Type (soft Drusen, Drusenoid PED ‘L’) and ‘P’, Protein‐cellular type (Pseudovitellifom AMD, Cuticular drusen, Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD),Drusenoid PED, ‘P’).Deposits were evaluated by Autofluorescence, IR imaging, OCT, OCT en Face (Spectralis HRA‐OCT),Morphology‐Structural software (M‐S software); Size, characteristics, number, topography of ‘L’, ‘P’ deposits, their environment above and below too;ETDRS visual acuity (VA),complete ophthalmic examination, Fundus exam added. M‐S software let analyze drusenoid deposit volume and contours, 3D deposit reconstruction, let volume, density (deposits grey levels),structure (structural measures, texture parameters),composition (density calculation) evaluation and characterization of ‘L’ and ‘P’ type deposits

Results

AMD Drusenoid Deposits: ‘L’ are roughly uniform, dome‐shaped, dark grey, translucent, equal and the same in all cross‐section, fatty, under the Retinal Pigment epithelium (RPE),abnormal RPE above, but layer quite preserved, evolution to atrophy; ‘P’ are dense, white, heterogeneous PED, below RPE, granular, as Protein, cellular component, different in all cross‐sections, abnormal RPE above, heavily unstructured, layer interrupted, cells disappeared, evolution to neovascularization. M‐S software allows selective drusenoid deposits characterization, differentiation: ‘L’ type, lipid components, ‘P’ type, protein composition, so entities determination, so get morphologic, structural Biomarkers

Conclusions

Multimodal Imaging, Morphology‐Structural Software contribute to and improve AMD Drusenoid deposits ‘L’, ‘P’, knowledge, identity, so, let define AMD biomarkers and better understand etiopathogeny.
Treatment outcome of switching from ranibizumab to aflibercept in patients with central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Konidaris V. , Gorgoli K. , Burgula S. , Deane J. , Banerjee S. , Empeslidis T.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To describe the outcome of switching from ranibizumab to aflibercept intravitreal injections in patients with macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary retina service in East Midlands, UK. Twenty one patients with CRVO and associated macular oedema were reviewed. All patients had a detailed systemic and ocular history obtained and a thorough ocular examination including visual acuity assessment, intraocular pressure measurement and dilated fundus examination. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were recorded at the initial and all following visits. Non‐responders were defined as patients who despite a minimum of 3 consecutive ranibizumab injections at 4–6 weeks intervals had persistent intraretinal fluid 1 month after the last injection. These patients were switched to aflibercept. BCVA and CRT were measured before and after switching.

Results

Twenty‐two eyes of 21 patients with refractory macular oedema secondary to CRVO were included. All eyes had a mean 4.5 ranibizumab intravitreal injections after a mean period of 6 months without reduction of intraretinal fluid and/or no visual acuity gain. In these cases, a treatment change to aflibercept injections on a per‐needed basis was decided. A significant decrease of mean CRT from 631 to 285 μm and improvement in mean BCVA from 1.3 logMAR to 1.0 logMAR was noticed. The mean number of aflibercept injections needed for oedema resolution was 2.

Conclusions

Aflibercept is an efficient alternative treatment for macular oedema secondary to CRVO refractory to ranibizumab. Good anatomic and functional result can be achieved with few injections. The maintenance of these results after 6 months is yet to be investigated.
Case of conjunctival amyloidosis with repeated subconjunctival hemorrhages
Authors: Andoh T.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Conjunctival amyloidosis is very rare but its presence could be a sign of systemic amyloidosis. This association is important because systemic amyloidosis is a life‐threatening disease. We present our ocular and systemic findings in a patient with conjunctival amyloidosis.

Methods

A 43‐years‐old man had repeated subconjunctival hemorrhages for two years and was referred to Chiba University Hospital. He had comprehensive ophthalmological and systemic examinations to determine the cause of the conjunctival hemorrhages.

Results

His visual acuities were 1.2 OU, and intraocular pressure was 13–14 mmHg OU. He had central serous chorioretinopathy in the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging of the eye, orbit, and brain was normal. Initially, the subconjunctival hemorrhage masked a mass lesion. Three months later, the subconjunctival hemorrhage was improved and a grayish white mass was detected in the superior area of the subconjunctiva. Partial biopsy and histopathological examinations showed apple green birefringence and dichroism of amyloid fibers under polarized light. Immunofixation electrophoresis detected l‐light chain abnormality but systemic examinations did not find any lesions. Although multiple myeloma was ruled out at that time, the patient is being followed carefully to detect any signs of systemic amyloidosis.

Conclusions

Repeated subconjunctival hemorrhage can be an initial sign of systemic amyloidosis. Patients with conjunctival amyloidosis should be comprehensively examined for systemic amyloidosis because of its poor life prognosis.
Age macular degeneration: clinical, biological, morphologic, structural biomarkers for neovascular complication
Authors: Gonzalez C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To determine clinical, biological, morphologic, structural elements as biomarkers for AMD Neovascular complication

Methods

AMD:114 AMD patients, with AMD Neovascular complication. Ophthalmologic exam included ETDRS visual acuity, complete ophthalmic examination, Fundus examination, Multimodal imaging:autofluorescence imaging (FAF),optical coherence tomography (Spectralis HRA‐OCT),OCTenFace, Morphology‐Structural software (M‐S),Fluorescein Angiography, ICG. Cognitive evaluation is done for all of them with MMSE:Mini Mental State Examination (Folstein, GRECO),score let determine various groups, subgroups. Lipidomic Study:Blood tests and analysis, all lipids qualitative, quantitative analysis, all the same for 10 of those 114 patients. Blood test is done during ophthalmologic exam. Plasma congelation ‘snap frost’ after total blood centrifugation, then liquid‐liquid extraction for lipids analysis:neutral lipid, fatty acid, phospholipids, as sphingolipids, Polyinsatured fatty acids too

Results

MMSE:35% Normal score,62% MCI cases (mild MCI (47%),moderate MCI (35%)),3% early stage AD, cognitive function is rather spared but early AD. Lipidomics:High levels for each and most of lipids, higher/highest for Free, Total Esterified Cholesterol, TxB2,13‐HODE,9‐HODE,12‐HETE, MUFA/PUFA, highest for Eicosanoids, Fames TotalFattyAcid, more/less Phospholipids (PC).Results are effective, statistically significative. Multimodal imaging, M‐S:more, mostly drusenoids deposits Protein‐Cellular type, ‘P’, individualized, presents, underlined. So, those results, elements become and are Biomarkers for AMD Neovascular complication, allow better AMD follow‐up and etiopathogeny understanding

Conclusions

Each clinical, biological, multimodal entity, all, together or not, are Biomarkers, allow AMD screening, follow‐up, particularly AMD Neovascular complication. They also lead to better etiopathogeny understanding and therapeutics prospects.
Peripheral refraction and retinal contour after FS‐LASIK and orthokeratology
Authors: Tarutta E. , Khodzhabekyan N. , Khandzhyan A. , Milash S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

A variety of factors that change the topography of the cornea may also induce changes in peripheral refraction. The paper is aimed at assessing the peripheral refraction and retinal contour of myopic eyes after FS‐LASIK and orthokeratological (OK) correction.

Methods

We examined 30 patients (60 eyes) including 12 patients (24 eyes) aged 28.86 ± 2.83 years with myopia of −5.11 ± 05 D on average, and axial length (AL) = 25.04 ± 0.33 mm before FS‐LASIK and 1 month after it and 18 patients (36 eyes) with myopia of −5.4 ± 0.24 D on average, AL = 25.78 ± 0.2 mm who wore ESA‐DL OK‐lenses. All patients were tested for peripheral refraction on Grand Seiko Open‐field binocular autoref/keratometer and had their peripheral eye length measured on IOL Master 500 (Carl Zeiss) at 15° and 30° nasally (N) and temporally (T) from the center of fovea.

Results

The peripheral eye length measured before and after FS‐LASIK as well as after OK‐correction was less in all peripheral zones than the central length, which corresponds to hyperopic peripheral defocus. Refraction measured after FS‐LASIK showed the formation of myopic defocus with a maximum at 30°: T15° ‐2.49 D, N15° ‐2.5 D, T30° ‐6.73 D and N30° ‐7.8 D. The maximal myopic defocus after OK‐correction is detected in the middle periphery: −4.89 D at T15°, −5.51 D at N15°, −2.92 D at T30° and 2.4 D at N30°.

Conclusions

Both procedures induce a significant peripheral myopic defocus. In the first case, the maximum values of defocus is detected in the peripheral zone (at 30° from the center of the fovea), in the second case it affects the middle periphery (15° from the center) most of all. Such patterns of peripheral refraction fully coincide with the specific changes in corneal topography after the two procedures. The retinal contour within 30° from the center retains the relative hyperopic defocus characteristic of intact myopic eyes.
The prospects of using the radiation for the assessment of corneal and scleral hydration
Authors: Iomdina E.N. , Seliverstov S. , Sianosyan A. , Teplyakova K. , Rusova A. , Goltsman G.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

An adequate water balance (hydration extent) is one of the basic factors of normal eye function, including its external shells – the cornea and the sclera. THz systems creating images in reflected beams are likely to become ideal instruments of noninvasive testing of corneal and scleral hydration degree as THz radiation is highly sensitive to water content. The paper aims at studying the transmittance and reflectance spectra of the cornea and the sclera of rabbit and human eyes, as well as those of the whole rabbit eye, in the frequency range of 0.13–0.32 THz.

Methods

The experiments were carried out on 3 corneas and 3 rabbit scleras, 2 whole rabbit eyes, and 3 human healthy adult scleras using a specially developed THz system based on reliable and easy‐to‐use continuous wave sources: a backward‐wave oscillator and an avalanche transit‐time diode.

Results

The transmittance spectra of the cornea and the sclera and the dependence of the reflection coefficient of these tissues in THz range on water percentage content were determined. Comparison of the rabbit cornea hydrated from 73.2% to 76.3% concentration by mass demonstrated an approximately linear relationship between THz reflectivity and water concentration. The decrease of free water concentration by 1% leads to a drop of the reflectance coefficient by 13%. The parameters studied displayed noticeable differences between the sclera and the cornea of rabbits and between rabbit sclera and human sclera.

Conclusions

Preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed technique, based on continuous THz radiation, may be used to create a device for noninvasive testing of corneal and scleral hydration, which has good potential of wide‐scale practical application.

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (grant No.15‐29‐03843)
Evolution of cataract surgery. Past, present and future
Authors: Barraquer J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Successful recuperation of vision of a blind eye (cataract?) after forceful rubbing of the eye (producing luxation of the lens?) has been mentioned in the Holy Bible in the 1rst Century (C.).

Methods

In the 18th C. (1789) the aspiration of cataract was considered. In the 19th C. extracapsular cataract removal was practised but the formation of secondary cataract could not be prevented. In 1917 Prof. Ignacio Barraquer developed a suction cup to remove the cataract ‘in toto’, only possible in case of mature cataract and weak zonule. In 1958 Joaquín Barraquer started to inject alphachymotrypsin into the posterior chamber for enzymatic zonulolysis permitting removal of the lens after 2 min. High optical correction was imperative.

Results

Ridley recommended extracapsular extraction and introduction of a +20 D lens between the posterior capsule and the iris. Lens luxation into the vitreous cavity or the anterior chamber was a danger. Strampelli suggested a three‐point anterior chamber lens but contact with the endothelium increased the danger of corneal decompensation. Binkhorst suggested iris fixation.

Conclusions

At present, placement of the lens in the capsule, centered with the pupil, is preferred, permitting good near and distance vision without glasses.
Reduction in peripapillary retinal thickness after Thalidomide Treatment in Patients with POEMS Syndrome
Authors: hirotaka Y. , Toshiyuki O. , Masayasu K. , Takayuki B. , Shuichi Y.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To determine whether thalidomide treatment can reduce the optic disc edema in patients with the polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational case series. We studied 14 eyes of 7 treatment naïve patients with POEMS syndrome. Thalidomide treatment was initiated with 100 mg daily and thalidomide dose was subsequently increased to 300 mg daily and 12 mg/m2 dexamethasone was combined on 4 days of monthly intervals. The peripapillary retinal thickness (pRT) thickness was determined by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) to assess the degree of optic disc edema. The pRT thickness were measured at the baseline and 6 months after the thalidomide treatment. The SD‐OCT examinations consisted of circle scans of 3.45 mm diameter centered on the optic disc. The serum level of VEGF was also determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) at the baseline and 6 months after beginning the treatment. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to determine if the differences between the pRT at the baseline and 6 months after the treatment were significant. We also determined if the differences in the serum levels of VEGF at the baseline and 6 months after the treatment were significant.

Results

At the baseline, the mean pRT was 674.7 ± 300.3 μm and the mean serum level of VEGF was 5902 ± 2237 pg/ml. At 6 months after the treatment, the mean serum level of VEGF was significantly decreased to 1491 ± 2062 pg/ml (p < 0.01) and the pRT was significantly decreased to 356.5 ± 108.2 μm (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our results showed that thalidomide treatment reduced the peripapillary retinal thickness together with a decrease in the serum VEGF levels. These findings suggest that the optic disc edema might be due to elevated serum levels of VEGF.
Oguchi disease due to a novel mutation in the GRK1 gene
Authors: De Zaeytijd J. , Zeitz C. , Leroy B.P.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To present the phenotype and genotype of a patient with Oguchi disease, a rare autosomal recessive form of congenital stationary night blindness.

Methods

A 20‐year old lady of Indian ethnicity presented with a history of congenital nyctalopia. She underwent an extensive ophthalmological and genetic work‐up.

Results

BCVA was 6/6 in both eyes. Slit‐lamp examination was unremarkable. Fundoscopy revealed a bilateral, widespread golden‐yellow discoloration and peripheral patches of normal, darker pigmentation. Blue‐light fundus autofluorescence imaging and visual field testing were normal. Spectral domain OCT showed a normal anatomic retinal structure, however with hyperreflectivity and blending of the ISe, COST and RPE layers. Absent rod responses in the dark‐adapted state, electronegative maximal combined responses and subnormal light‐adapted responses were detected on full‐field ERG. After prolonged dark‐adaptation, the fundus appearance was normal (Mizuo‐Nakamura phenomenon) with partial recovery of the rod‐specific ERG responses. DNA analysis confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Oguchi disease and revealed homozygosity for a novel deletion in the GRK1 gene (c.1549_1559del – p.Pro517Glyfs*).

Conclusions

A patient with Oguchi disease due to homozygosity for a novel mutation in the GRK1 gene is described, increasing the total number of causative mutations and confirming the role of GRK1 in the pathogenesis of this very rare disorder.
A case of bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy secondary to Cobimetinib treatment
Authors: Martinez M. , Idoate A. , Honrubia A. , Esteban O. , Sánchez J.I. , Perez I. , Almenara C. , Ascaso J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

On November 2015, Cobimetinib (Cotellic®) was approved for usingin combination with Vemurafenib to treat adult patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600 mutation. We report a case of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) associated with Cobimetinib treatment.

Methods

A 48‐year‐old male patient complained of a blurred spot in the center of vision in both eyes. The patient was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma and had begun the treatment with 60 mg of Cobimetinib 2 days before the symptoms appeared.

Results

Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 bilaterally, slit‐lamp examination and Goldmann applanation intraocular pressure (IOP) were normal. Funduscopy revealed a bilateral dome‐shaped subretinal macular elevation on both eyes. Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) showed macular edema with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment in both eyes. Treatment was suspended and within 5 days macular morphology was normal. He started with a lower dose of Cobimetinib, 40 mg once daily, and a month later he is not presenting any retinal alteration.

Conclusions

Although CSC is considered an idiopathic disease, it is really important to perform a thorough anamnesis and to look for the etiology, especially when it is a bilateral case like this one. In CSC secondary to Cobimetinib, it is really necessary to adjust the dose of the drug because CSC usually disappears. Leaving this therapy is not an option for many patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. SD‐OCT could play an important role in the dose adjustment to avoid CSC in these patients. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of bilateral CSC secondary to Cobimetinib treatment for metastatic melanoma.
MonPack One and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rodrigo M.J. , Obís J. , Cipres Alastuey M. , Vilades E. , García‐Martín E. , Satué M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To asses visual function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using the new device MonPack One visual stimulator (Metrovision, France).

Methods

Forty eight eyes from relapsing‐remiting MS patients and forty six eyes from controls were included. Disease duration, ophthalmic outbreaks and type of treatment were assessed. All patients underwent visual function evaluation using MonPack One visual stimulator. The protocol consisted of psychophysical tests (low contrast 10% ETDRS visual acuity ‐VA‐, contrast sensitivity [1, 2, 5, 10, 20 cycles per degree], FAST 30 static visual field, and electrophysiological testing (pattern electroretinography‐ERG‐, multifocal reversal visual evoked potential ‐VEP‐)

Results

A statistically significant decrease was observed in the MS group compared with controls in low contrast 10% VA (0.08 ± 0.27 vs. 0.43 ± 0.50, respectively), well‐read number letters (39.70 ± 5.58 vs. 31.90 ± 8.20), low (0.5 and 1 cpd; p < 0.05) and medium spatial frequencies (2 and 5 cpd; p < 0.05) in contrast sensitivity, in all visual field parameters and central (1,556.81 ± 1,120.97 vs. 798.80 ± 585.58 nV/deg²) inferior nasal (798.50 ± 390.14 vs. 523.90 ± 262.71) and inferior temporal (830.40 ± 380.09 vs. 677.55 ± 730.19) sectors of the multifocal VEP. No differences were found in pattern ERG.

Conclusions

MonPack One visual stimulator allowed the study of visual function in a controlled and protocolarized way. MonPack One detected low contrast visual acuity, contrast sensibility, visual field, and multifocal visual evoked potential alterations in patients with MS.
Visual dysfunction and retinal changes in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rodrigo M.J. , Obís J. , Cipres Alastuey M. , Vilades E. , García‐Martín E. , Satué M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate structural changes in the retina and their correlation with visual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Methods

Patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 84) and healthy controls (n = 84) underwent structural evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular and ganglion cell layer thicknesses using Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). All subjects underwent high and low contrast visual acuity, color vision (using the Farnsworth and L′Anthony desaturated D15 color tests), and contrast sensitivity vision using the Pelli Robson chart and CSV 1000E test.

Results

Macular, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell layer thinning was observed in multiple sclerosis patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). High and low contrast visual acuity and contrast sensitivity vision at four different spatial frequencies were significantly reduced, compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Macular, retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer measurements correlated with high and low contrast visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity vision. Contrast sensitivity vision was the functional parameter that most strongly correlated with the structural measurements in multiple sclerosis and was associated with ganglion cell layer measurements. The L′Anthony color vision score (age‐corrected color confusion index) was associated with macular measurements.

Conclusions

Patients with multiple sclerosis had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD‐OCT. Macular and ganglion cell layer measurements may be good indicators of visual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients.
Effects of current treatments in progressive retinal nerve fiber layer loss in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Satue M. , Rodrigo M.J. , Obis J. , Cipres Alastuey M. , Vilades E. , Garcia‐Martin E.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate progressive changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to assess the possible neuroprotective role of different frequently used therapies in this disease.

Methods

104 patients with MS underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation including structural assessment of the RNFL thickness using Spectral domain Optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). All subjects were re‐evaluated after 5 years to quantify structural changes. Changes were compared between treated and untreated patients, between different therapies and between intramuscular (IM) interferon (IFN) beta‐1a (Avonex) and other frequently prescribed treatments (subcutaneus IFN beta‐1a, IFN beta‐1b, glatiramer acetate, metoxantrone and natalizumab).

Results

Significant thinning of the peripapillary RNFL thickness was observed at 5‐year follow‐up in all patients (p < 0.001). A significant loss in the RNFL thickness (inferior sector, p = 0.002) was observed in the treated group compared to untreated patients. No significant differences were found between therapies when single groups of treatments were compared. Progressive RNFL loss was observed in the glatiramer acetate group over the IM IFN beta‐1a group (p = 0.002). A clear tendency towards a greater axonal loss was observed in the IFN beta‐1b, the glatiramer acetate and the SC IFN beta‐1a group compared to IM IFN beta‐1a treatment.

Conclusions

IM IFN beta‐1a may have a neuroprotective effect over progressive axonal degeneration in MS patients compared to other current therapies. These patients present progressive axonal loss detected by the analysis of the RNFL using OCT which may be useful to evaluate disease progression and effectiveness of current MS therapies.
Incidence of macular oedema following pan‐retinal photocoagulation using a multi‐spot semi‐automated pattern‐scanning laser in one sit versus 4 monthly sits in mild proliferative diabetic retinopathy or pre‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Gabrielle P.H. , Massin P. , Kodjikian L. , Bron A. , Creuzot C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To compare the central retinal thickness (CRT) 9 months after a pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) with a multi‐spot semi‐automated pattern‐scanning laser (PASCAL) in one sitting (1S‐PRP) vs. four monthly sitting (4S‐PRP) for diabetic retinopathy.

Methods

Prospective multicenter randomized study carried out between October 2011 and November 2015, including patients with a mild proliferative diabetic retinopathy or a pre‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR). Patients with best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) under 54 letters ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) and CRT ≥ 350 mm were excluded. DR was treated by PRP with at least 3,000 burns given with a PASCAL laser either in one session or in four monthly sessions. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmologic exam including an assessment of BCVA, a 9 fields retinophotography and a Spectral‐Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD‐OCT) macular imaging at baseline and at one, two, three, six and nine months after inclusion.

Results

Eighty one eyes of 81 patients were included with a median age of 56 years [IQR : 47.0; 66.0]. The mean CRT and median BCVA did not significantly differ between both groups during all the follow‐up and especially at 9 months (285 mm [273.5; 304.0] in 1S‐PRP vs. 291 mm [275.5; 313.0] in 4S‐PRP, p = 0.27/82 letters [76.8; 87.3] vs. 82 letters [75.3; 87.0], p = 0.76). A positive effect on DR at 9 months was observed in 32 (84.2%) of eyes in the 1S‐PRP group vs. 27 (75.0%) of eyes in the 4S‐PRP group (p = 0.39). The 1S‐PRP strategy was nearly 2 times shorter and less expensive (22 min [17.5; 30.5], 471€/patient) compared with the 4S‐PRP strategy (43 min [37.0; 59.5], p < 0.001, 775€/patient).

Conclusions

Our study showed the non‐inferiority of the PRP in 1 sitting versus 4 monthly sittings in term of CRT and the medico‐economic interest of a single session PRP.
Late reopening of successfully treated macular holes after combined phaco‐vitrectomy ILM peel and gas
Authors: Ponomarenko M. , Lochhead J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To demonstrate reduction in reopening of macular holes after minimally invasive suturless vitrectomy and ILM peel combined with phaco compared with published literature

Methods

Retrospective analyses of the operation notes and follow up appointments in consecutive patients treated successfully for macular hole with a minimum of 24 months follow up. All patients were included who had combined phaco vitrectomy for macular hole, between 1/1/2011 and 1/4/2014. Anatomical success was confirmed on OCT in all cases within 2 month of surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using chi square to compare the outcomes with published data and assess the significance of these findings

Results

Currently in the medical literature, the late reopening rate following successful macular hole surgery is reported to be between 1–9.5% (different surgical techniques used, references available). Late failure has been associated with subsequent cataract surgery and ERM formation. In this study, we report no reopening of macular holes post vitreo‐retinal surgery when combined with ILM peel and phacoemulsifcation of the lens (rate of 0%). We found this difference to be statistically significant as compared to average rates of reopening from the published studies.

Conclusions

Combination of minimally invasive vitrectomy and ILM peel with phacoemulsification of the lens potentially leads to reduced rates of late macular hole reopening; therefore, may be a preferred method of treatment.