bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of natural killer cells in the blood and airways of cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Diedrich Collin R. , Rutledge Tara , Baranowski Tonilynn M. , Maiello Pauline , Lin Philana Ling
Published: September 2022

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and kills more than 1.5 million people each year.

Methods

We examine the frequency and function of NK cells in the blood and airways over the course of Mtb infection in a TB macaque model and demonstrate differences in NK marker expression between the two compartments. Flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to identify NK cell subsets (expressing NKG2A, CD56, or CD16) and function (IL‐10, TNF, IL‐2, IFN‐g, IL‐17, and CD107a).

Results

Blood and airway NK cell frequencies were similar during infection though there were differences in subset populations between blood and airway. Increased functional (cytokine/CD107a) parameters were observed in airway NK cells during the course of infection while none were seen in the blood.

Conclusions

This study suggests that NK cells in the airway may play an important role in TB host response.
Recognising the potential of large animals for modelling neuromuscular junction physiology and disease
Authors: Cahalan Stephen D. , Boehm Ines , Jones Ross A. , Piercy Richard J.
Published: September 2022

The aetiology and pathophysiology of many diseases of the motor unit remain poorly understood and the role of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in this group of disorders is particularly overlooked, especially in humans, when these diseases are comparatively rare. However, elucidating the development, function and degeneration of the NMJ is essential to uncover its contribution to neuromuscular disorders, and to explore potential therapeutic avenues to treat these devastating diseases. Until now, an understanding of the role of the NMJ in disease pathogenesis has been hindered by inherent differences between rodent and human NMJs: stark contrasts in body size and corresponding differences in associated axon length underpin some of the translational issues in animal models of neuromuscular disease. Comparative studies in large mammalian models, including examination of naturally occurring, highly prevalent animal diseases and evaluation of their treatment, might provide more relevant insights into the pathogenesis and therapy of equivalent human diseases. This review argues that large animal models offer great potential to enhance our understanding of the neuromuscular system in health and disease, and in particular, when dealing with diseases for which nerve length dependency might underly the pathogenesis.
Retinoic acid induces the osteogenic differentiation of cat adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells from distinct anatomical sites
Authors: Ferreira‐Baptista Carla , Queirós André , Ferreira Rita , Fernandes Maria Helena , Gomes Pedro Sousa , Colaço Bruno
Published: September 2022

Mesenchymal stromal cells‐based regenerative orthopedic therapies have been used in cats as a promising and innovative therapeutic approach to enhance the repair of bone defects. Adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) can be obtained from two main sites—subcutaneous and visceral—with established differences regarding structure, composition, cell content, and functionality. However, in cats, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have been conducted to compare the functional activity of the ADSCs isolated from the two sites, and the impact of these differences on the induced osteogenic potential. Additionally, retinoic acid has been recently regarded as a new osteogenic inducer within cells of distinct species, with undisclosed functionality on cat‐derived cell populations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the functional activity of ADSCs isolated from the subcutaneous and visceral adipose sites (SCAT and VAT, respectively) of the cat, as well as the effects of two osteogenic‐inducing conditions—the classic dexamethasone, β‐glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid‐supplemented media (Dex + β + AAM), and Retinoic Acid‐supplemented media (RAM). The adipose tissue of subcutaneous and visceral origin was isolated, characterized, and ADSCs were isolated and grown in the presence of the two osteogenic‐inducing conditions, and characterized in terms of proliferation, metabolic activity, morphology, and osteogenic activity. Our results demonstrated a distinct biological profile of the two adipose tissue sites regarding cell size, vascularization, and morphology. Further, osteogenic‐induced ADSCs from both sites presented an increased expression of alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and cytochemical staining, as compared with control. Overall, RAM induced higher levels of ALP activity than Dex + β + AAM, supporting an increased osteogenic activation. Additionally, VAT was the tissue with the best osteogenic potential, showing higher levels of ALP expression, particularly with RAM. In conclusion, different characteristics were found between the two adipose tissue sites—SCAT and VAT, which probably reflect the differences found in the functionality of isolated ADSCs from both tissues. Furthermore, for cat, VAT shows a greater osteogenic‐inductive capacity than SCAT, particularly with RAM, which can be of therapeutic relevance for regenerative medicine applications.
Comparison of the efficacy of carboxytherapy versus fractional CO2 laser therapy for the treatment of periorbital dark circles: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Zaheri Hooman , Beyzaee Amir Mohammad , Rokni Ghasem Rahmatpour , Patil Anant , Golpour Masoud , Goldust Mohamad
Published: September 2022

Background

Periorbital dark circles (PDC) is one of the most common cosmetic issues in today's society. Only moderate degree of improvement has been achieved by various available treatment options. The present study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of carboxytherapy and fractional CO2 laser therapy in the management of PDC.

Methods

In this split face study, 30 patients with bilateral PDC aged between 23 and 52 years were recruited who underwent carboxytherapy (n = 30) on PDC of one side of the face and fractional CO2 laser therapy (n = 30) on the PDC of other side. The entire treatment comprised of four sessions of each therapy with an interval of 2 weeks each time. The assessment was based on both subjective methods (patients' satisfaction and physician's judgment) and objective method (based on digital standard photographs). The degree of improvement from the patient's point of view (patient satisfaction) and physician's point of view (physician satisfaction) was assessed in different therapy sessions in comparison with the improvement after first session.

Results

The study included 30 patients with mean age of 38.22 ± 8.3 years. The mean disease duration was 45 ± 12.3 months. After the second therapy session, patients' satisfaction was remarkably better in the fractional CO2 laser therapy group than the carboxytherapy group, over the time. According to the physician satisfaction, the improvement rate was higher after the second and sixth weeks in the fractional CO2 laser therapy group than the carboxytherapy group; whereas in other sessions, there were no statistically significant differences. There were no significant side effects observed in either group post‐treatment each time.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser therapy is a better option to treat PDC than carboxytherapy. Also, mild side effects (including erythema, pain, and discomfort) were reported in both groups; with no significant difference between the groups.
Clinical evaluation of anti‐aging effects of combined therapy—Azelaic acid, phytic acid, and vitamin C applied layer by layer in females with Fitzpatrick skin types II and III
Authors: Markiewicz‐Tomczyk Agata , Budzisz Elżbieta , Erkiert‐Polguj Anna
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Vitamins C, E, and A and substances of plant origin, including azelaic acid and phytic acid are frequently used in cosmetic preparations to counteract oxidative stress and negative effects of free radicals. The aim of the study was to evaluate a novel combined therapy consisting of azelaic acid, ascorbic acid, and phytic acid applied layer on layer.

Methods

Twenty study participants received a series of eight treatments performed every 7 days. Twenty percent azelaic acid and then 30% phytic acid were applied to the entire face, while 40% l‐ascorbic acid only on the left side. The preparations were applied layer by layer. Skin parameters were measured before the series of treatments (T0), after the series of eight treatments (T1–8 weeks), and 1 month after the end of the treatment (T2–12 weeks).

Results

The application of two and three active compounds resulted in a significant improvement in erythema and hyperpigmentation both on the forehead and the cheeks, however, more pronounced effects were observed when all the three active compounds were used. Both applied types of treatment considerably increased skin moisture. All the participants (100%) were satisfied with the effects of the treatment. A majority of them reported an improvement in skin hydration, firmness, and elasticity, more uniform skin tone and a reduction of skin redness and wrinkles.

Conclusions

Topical application of these active compounds resulted in improvement of skin elasticity and flexibility, reduction of wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, erythema, and telangiectasia as well as amelioration of skin tone.
A predictive nomogram for a failed trial of labor after cesarean: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li Hua , Sheng Wen , Cai Min , Chen Qiuling , Lin Beibei , Zhang Weishe , Li Wenxia
Published: September 2022

Aim

To validate risk factors and a nomogram prediction model for the failure of a trial of labor after cesarean section (TOLAC) in a Chinese population.

Methods

We included women who tried TOLAC between January 2017 and May 2019, grouped according to the success/failure of TOLAC. The patients were randomized 3:1 into the development and validation sets. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to develop a nomogram prediction model for TOLAC failure.

Results

In total, 535 (86.3%) of the women (n = 620) aged 29–34 years had a successful vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). All women had a fully healed previous uterine incision. The univariable analyses showed that the cephalopelvic score (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.001), full engagement into the pelvis (p < 0.001), Bishop cervical maturity score (p < 0.001), and estimated fetal weight at admission (p < 0.001) could enter the multivariable model. Furthermore, the multivariable analysis showed that the cephalopelvic score (OR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.23–0.77, p = 0.005), full engagement in the pelvis (OR = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.08–0.33, p < 0.001), and Bishop cervical maturity score (OR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.35–0.59, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of the failure of TOLAC.

Conclusion

This study proposes a nomogram that can assess the risk of failure of TOLAC in Chinese pregnant women. The statistical model could help clinicians know the likelihood of successful TOLAC in the clinical setting.
Daily variations and levels of human chorionic gonadotropin before methotrexate treatment as predictors of treatment success
Authors: Yu Yuchong , Li Yuhong , Yang Xiaoming , Fan Qiong , Cao Dan , Wang Yudong
Published: September 2022

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) daily variations and levels prior to methotrexate treatment as predictors for treatment outcome.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients who had a sonographically confirmed ectopic pregnancy at the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital between November 2015 and June 2020. The associations of hCG levels and daily variations with the treatment success were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Establish a nomogram that predicts how methotrexate (MTX) therapy will turn out. The performance of the model was assessed utilizing concordance index, receiver operating characteristic curves, and calibration plots.

Results

The median serum hCG levels before treatment and hCG daily variation in the failure group were higher than those in the success group (487.8 vs. 270.7 IU/L, −1.86% vs. 7.29%, both p < 0.01). According to the ROC curve analysis, the cutoff values of serum hCG level before treatment and daily variations were 617.35 IU/L and 1.76%/day. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, serum hCG levels before treatment (odds ratio [OR]: 1.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.000 ~ 1.001) and hCG daily variations were independently associated with the treatment success (OR: 1.033, 95% CI: 1.015 ~ 1.052). The nomogram was effective at predicting the outcome of MTX treatment with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.717 (p < 0.001). The nomogram's calibration curve was almost parallel to the ideal diagonal line.

Conclusion

We successfully created a nomogram based on serum hCG levels before treatment and hCG daily changes to anticipate the result of MTX therapy, which could assist medical professionals in selecting therapeutic schedule for patients with tubal pregnancies.
Chewing side preference and laterality in patients treated with unilateral posterior implant‐supported fixed partial prostheses
Authors: Athab Abduljabbar Zahra , Svensson Krister G. , Hjalmarsson Lars , Franke Stenport Victoria , Eliasson Alf
Published: September 2022

Background

It is not clear to what extent chewing is improved by unilateral oral rehabilitation with implant‐supported fixed partial prostheses (ISFPPs).

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate whether patients treated with unilateral ISFPPs in the maxilla use their prostheses during mastication to the same extent as they used their contralateral natural teeth. A further aim was to investigate whether there is a correlation between preferred chewing side and laterality.

Methods

Chewing side preference was assessed in 15 participants treated with unilateral ISFPPs in the maxilla. The first, second, third, fifth and tenth chewing cycles were assessed, and the test was repeated 10 times. All participants also answered a questionnaire about their chewing side preference.

Results

Most of the participants presented bilateral chewing, but two (13%) chewed only on the ISFPP. There was no statistically significant association between the objectively assessed chewing side and dental status (natural teeth or ISFPPs) during any of the recorded chewing cycles (p > .1).

There were statistically significant correlations between both the subjectively reported usually preferred chewing side and the subjective chewing side preference during the test and the objectively assessed chewing side for the first three chewing cycles (p < .01). No correlation was found between handedness and the objectively assessed chewing side.

Conclusion

In the present study, most participants chewed bilaterally, and chewing was performed both on the ISFPP and on the natural teeth. No correlation was found between the preferred chewing side, objectively or subjectively determined and laterality.
Prevalence of painful temporomandibular disorders, awake bruxism and sleep bruxism among patients with severe post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Knibbe Wendy , Lobbezoo Frank , Voorendonk Eline M. , Visscher Corine M. , de Jongh Ad
Published: September 2022

Background

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and may be part of the aetiology of awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB). Investigating the associations between PTSD symptoms on the one hand, and painful TMD, AB and SB on the other, can help tailoring treatment to the needs of this patient group.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between PTSD symptoms and painful TMD, AB and SB among patients with PTSD, focusing on prevalence, symptom severity and the influence of trauma history on the presence of painful TMD, AB and SB.

Methods

Individuals (N = 673) attending a specialised PTSD clinic were assessed (pre‐treatment) for painful TMD (TMD pain screener), AB and SB (Oral Behaviours Checklist), PTSD symptoms (Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale) and type of traumatic events (Life Events Checklist).

Results

Painful TMD, AB and SB were more prevalent among patients with PTSD (28.4%, 48.3% and 40.1%, respectively) than in the general population (8.0%, 31.0% and 15.3%, respectively; all p's < .001). PTSD symptom severity was found to be significantly, but poorly, associated with the severity of painful TMD (rs = .126, p = .001), AB (rs = .155, p < .001) and SB (rs = .084, p = .029). Patients who had been exposed to sexual assault were more likely to report AB than patients who had not. Similarly, exposure to physical violence was associated with increased odds for SB.

Conclusion

Patients with severe PTSD are more likely to experience painful TMD, AB or SB, whereas type of traumatic event can be of influence. These findings can contribute to selecting appropriate treatment modalities when treating patients with painful TMD, AB and SB.
Personal taxes, cost of insurer equity capital, and the case of offshore hedge fund reinsurers
Authors: Niehaus Greg
Published: September 2022

Insurer investment returns are taxed in the United States at the corporate level and at the personal level when they are distributed to shareholders. This paper examines the implications of personal taxes for the tax cost on insurers equity capital and how these tax costs have varied over time under different tax regimes and with different asset portfolios. The paper also discusses how personal taxes provide tax incentives to form offshore hedge fund reinsurers, which provide an interesting case study illustrating the relevance of personal taxes. Finally, the paper discusses the tax treatment of alternative capital arrangements, such as collateralized reinsurance and sidecars.
Cryptococcal meningitis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Nepal: Perspectives from resource limited setting
Authors: Sharma Supriya , Acharya Jyoti , Rijal Nisha , Chalise Bimal Sharma , Bhandari Parmananda , Banjara Megha Raj , Ghimire Prakash , Singh Anjana
Published: September 2022

Early diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is crucial for its therapeutic success. The objective of this study was to diagnose cryptococcal meningitis in PLHIV cases using the available laboratory techniques for its confirmation in resource limited setting. This cross‐sectional prospective study was conducted among 72 PLHIV with clinical suspicion of meningitis. Each cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample received at the National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu was processed for India ink staining, cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay, and fungal culture following standard protocols. The laboratory‐confirmed cryptococcal meningitis cases were between 24 and 69 years of age (median age 39 years) with 87.5% (12/14) of cases being male. Cryptococcus was detected in 22.22% (16/72) by any of the three tests, 19.44% (14/72) by cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay, 16.66% (12/72) by India ink staining, and 8.33% (6/72) by culture. High percentage of cryptococcal meningitis among PLHIV warrants early microbiological diagnosis for better case management. Cryptococcal antigen detection immunoassay should be the priority test for laboratory diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in PLHIV. Alternatively, very simple and economic India ink staining of CSF specimens could be used in resource limited settings.
Does one size fit all in the non‐profit donation production function?*
Authors: Harrison Teresa D. , Henderson Daniel J. , Ozabaci Deniz , Laincz Christopher A.
Published: September 2022

We attempt to reconcile two puzzles in the non‐profit (NP) literature: (i) studies often find that NPs grossly underspend on fundraising; (ii) crowd‐out effect estimates of government grants on private donations vary widely, suggesting both crowd‐out and crowd‐in. We examine these impacts via a semi‐parametric instrumental variables strategy. We find heterogeneous effects across NPs, fundraising efforts, and government grant intensity. Smaller NPs appear to drive the presence of crowd‐out; estimates for the marginal productivity of fundraising are consistent with leading theories of NP optimizing behaviour.
Gradual warming prior to the end‐Permian mass extinction
Authors: Gliwa Jana , Wiedenbeck Michael , Schobben Martin , Ullmann Clemenz V. , Kiessling Wolfgang , Ghaderi Abbas , Struck Ulrich , Korn Dieter
Published: September 2022

The biggest known mass extinction in the history of animal life occurred at the Permian–Triassic boundary and has often been linked to global warming. Previous studies have suggested that a geologically rapid (<40 kyr) temperature increase of more than 10°C occurred simultaneously with the main extinction pulse. This hypothesis is challenged by geochemical and palaeontological data indicating profound environmental perturbations and a temperature rise prior to the main extinction. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), we measured oxygen isotope ratios from Changhsingian (late Permian) ostracods of north‐western Iran. Our data show that ambient seawater temperature began to rise at least 300 kyr prior to the main extinction event. Gradual warming by approximately 12°C was probably responsible for initial environmental degradation that eventually culminated in the global end‐Permian mass extinction.
Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture
Authors: Robinson Nicholas A. , Robledo Diego , Sveen Lene , Daniels Rose Ruiz , Krasnov Aleksei , Coates Andrew , Jin Ye Hwa , Barrett Luke T. , Lillehammer Marie , Kettunen Anne H. , Phillips Ben L. , Dempster Tim , Doeschl‐Wilson Andrea , Samsing Francisca , Difford Gareth , Salisbury Sarah , Gjerde Bjarne , Haugen John‐Erik , Burgerhout Erik , Dagnachew Binyam S. , Kurian Dominic , Fast Mark D. , Rye Morten , Salazar Marcela , Bron James E. , Monaghan Sean J. , Jacq Celeste , Birkett Mike , Browman Howard I. , Skiftesvik Anne Berit , Fields David M. , Selander Erik , Bui Samantha , Sonesson Anna , Skugor Stanko , Østbye Tone‐Kari Knutsdatter , Houston Ross D.
Published: September 2022

Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. In this review, we examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem. We argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. We draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies—sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp. We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying inter‐ and intra‐species variation in pathogen/parasite resistance, and how the derived knowledge could be applied to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines. Gene editing brings novel opportunities, but also implementation and dissemination challenges, and necessitates new protocols to integrate the technology into aquaculture breeding programmes. There is also an ongoing need to minimise risks of disease agents evolving to overcome genetic improvements to host resistance, and insights from epidemiological and evolutionary models of pathogen infestation in wild and cultured host populations are explored. Ethical issues around the different approaches for achieving genetic resistance are discussed. Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks, transforming global aquaculture.
Potential implications of sperm DNA methylation functional properties in aquaculture management
Authors: Zhang Songpei , Cheng Yu , Věchtová Pavlína , Boryshpolets Sergii , Shazada Nururshopa Eskander , Alavi Sayyed Mohammad Hadi , Cosson Jacky , Linhart Otomar
Published: September 2022

The biology of fish sperm, an important topic in the research of reproduction and fisheries from basic science to evolutionary and applied aspects, has implications for aquaculture management, fish breeding and biological conservation. The quality of spermatozoa plays a vital role in fish fertility, and directly affects the health and performance of offspring. Environmental factors that affect determinants of spermatozoa quality usually reflected in the DNA methylation pattern of the spermatozoa epigenome, which may change offspring's performance. The aim of the present study was to conduct a review on existing data about DNA methylation in fish spermatozoa as a biological tool for identifying the quality of offspring based on their phenotypes and performances. Furthermore, this study provides valuable knowledge from fundamental to applied sciences dealing with enhancement of breeding selection, fish reproduction and environmental adaptation. The review also describes the individual parts related to DNA methylation in fish, including overview of the methods which can be used to study DNA methylation, DNA methylation dynamics and epigenetic inheritance; identification of DNA methylation changes in sperm function in response to internal and external environment constraints, and potential relationships between DNA methylation and physiological regulation of spermatozoa quality determinants. Overall, the present study revealed that our knowledge about intergenerational inheritance of the performance and adaptability of fish through sperm DNA methylation is very limited, and no general conclusion could be approached from literature mostly due to non‐standardized experimental protocol or analytical tools.
Brexit and precarity: Polish female workers in the UK as second‐class citizens?
Authors: Duda‐Mikulin Eva A.
Published: September 2022

Immigration was a decisive factor in pre‐Brexit‐vote debates and it remains one of the most divisive topics globally; therefore, it is worthy of attention. Whilst the British people had an opportunity to have their say on Brexit, EU migrant workers have not. This article gives them a voice as it is based on original data from 40 qualitative interviews with female EU citizens to the UK, conducted before and after the Brexit‐vote. This article further develops the notion of precarity in relation to EU migrants to the UK in light of Brexit and adds to debates on gender in migration. This paper provides wider policy implications for the British and other EU countries' authorities as it engages with debates on Brexit from the point of view of the UK labour force as voices of economic women migrants from Poland are presented.
The systematics of Tachymenini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae): An updated classification based on molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: Trevine Vivian C. , Grazziotin Felipe G. , Giraudo Alejandro , Sallaberry‐Pincheira Nicole , Vianna Juliana A. , Zaher Hussam
Published: September 2022

Despite the recent advances in the systematics of snakes, the diversity of several Neotropical groups of species remains poorly understood. The lack of studies focused on the phylogenetic relationship within most of the 20 tribes of Dipsadidae precludes a better understanding of the evolution of this diverse family. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Tachymenini, a heterogeneous tribe that comprises 36 viviparous species of dipsadids, grouped in seven genera based on morphological similarities. The tribe is widely distributed throughout South America presenting very distinctive phenotypes, habitats, and behaviours. The phylogenetic relationship among tachymenins is a well‐recognized challenge regarding the systematics of the South American dipsadids. The similar morphotype of some generalist species, combined with the very derived morphology of some strict specialists, creates a complexity of traits that has prevented the comprehension of the systematics of the group. To address such a challenge, we combine molecular (six loci) and morphological (70 characters) datasets in an integrative phylogenetic approach. The resultant phylogenetic trees indicate, with strong support, that three of the seven current recognized genera (Tachymenis,Tomodon, andThamnodynastes) are non‐monophyletic and, consequently, we propose a new systematic arrangement for Tachymenini. We revalidate two genera,DryophylaxandMesotes, and we describe three additional monotypic genera,Apographongen. n.,Tachymenoidesgen. n., andZonateresgen. n. to accommodateTomodon orestes,Tachymenis affinis, andThamnodynastes lanei, respectively. We also includeTomodon ocellatusandPseudotomodon trigonatusinTachymenisand describe a new genus,Galvarinusgen. n., to accommodate theTachymenis chilensisspecies group. Furthermore, we also provide an evolutionary scenario for the speciation events based on a time‐calibrated tree, commenting on the diversification and origin of the tribe, and on the probable existence of undescribed species ofMesotesandDryophylax.
Experiences of fatigue among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Hamari Lotta , Siltanen Hannele , Heikkilä Kristiina , Holopainen Arja
Published: September 2022

Objective:

The objective of this review is to explore the experiences of adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease living with fatigue.

Introduction:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an incurable disease that causes multiple physical, social, and psychological burdens to those affected as well as their caregivers. One symptom that affects the quality of life of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is fatigue. However, the experiences of fatigue disclosed by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have not been widely documented in previous reviews. The findings of this review will provide insights into how people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease experience fatigue, which will be useful for developing, targeting, and implementing needs-based counseling interventions to help them deal with fatigue and maintain functioning.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that include adults (>18 years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at any stage, and that focus on the experiences of fatigue in any context, including health services (in- and out-patient), community, work, leisure, and home.

Methods:

MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science, Medic, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses will be searched for relevant published and unpublished literature with no restrictions on publication date. Study selection, quality appraisal, and data extraction will be conducted by 2 independent reviewers. Eligible studies will be evaluated using the JBI critical appraisal tool for qualitative research. Findings will be pooled using the JBI method of meta-aggregation, and a level of credibility will be assigned to the findings. The findings will be graded according to the ConQual approach for establishing confidence in findings.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42021242227
Applied use of biomechanical measurements from human tissues for the development of medical skills trainers: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Kriener Kyleigh , Whiting Harrison , Futter Christopher , Midwinter Mark
Published: September 2022

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify the availability of quantitative biomechanical measurements from human tissues. This review also considers the primary motivations for collecting biomechanical measurements of human tissues. The overall purpose of our research is to develop medical skills trainers that provide better haptic fidelity than those that are currently available.

Introduction:

Medical skills trainers are commonly used in clinician training, but trainers do not always have the same haptic properties as patients. This could be due to the limited availability or application of documented biomechanical properties of human tissues when developing trainers.

Inclusion criteria:

This scoping review will examine studies that have quantitatively measured the mechanical properties of human tissues. Only macroscopic specimens will be included, and articles primarily considering optical, acoustic, and thermal properties will be excluded. Included sources of evidence are from primary research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and conference proceedings.

Methods:

This review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Sources of evidence will be extracted from CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, MEDLINE, Scopus, and biomedical engineering conference proceedings. The search is limited to articles in English. Full articles will be retrieved if their title or abstract meet the inclusion criteria. Tabular, visual, and narrative summaries will be used to present the results.
A Roadmap to Fabricate Geometrically Accurate Three-Dimensional Scaffolds CO-Printed by Natural and Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Quigley Connor , Tuladhar Slesha , Habib Ahasan
Published: September 2022

Three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising field in regenerating patient-specific tissues and organs due to its inherent capability of releasing biocompatible materials encapsulating living cells in a predefined location. Due to the diverse characteristics of tissues and organs in terms of microstructures and cell types, a multinozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting system has gained popularity. The investigations on interactions between various biomaterials and cell-to-material can provide relevant information about the scaffold geometry, cell viability, and proliferation. Natural hydrogels are frequently used in bioprinting materials because of their high-water content and biocompatibility. However, the dominancy of liquid characteristics of only-hydrogel materials makes the printing process challenging. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is the most frequently used synthetic biopolymer. It can provide mechanical integrity to achieve dimensionally accurate fabricated scaffolds, especially for hard tissues such as bone and cartilage scaffolds. In this paper, we explored various multimaterial bioprinting strategies with our recently proposed bio-inks and PCL intending to achieve dimensional accuracy and mechanical aspects. Various strategies were followed to coprint natural and synthetic biopolymers and interactions were analyzed between them. Printability of pure PCL with various molecular weights was optimized with respect to different process parameters such as nozzle temperature, printing pressure, printing speed, porosity, and bed temperature to coprint with natural hydrogels. The relationship between the rheological properties and shape fidelity of natural polymers was investigated with a set of printing strategies during coprinting with PCL. The successful application of this research can help achieve dimensionally accurate scaffolds.
Numerical Investigation of a Coupled Blow-Off/Flashback Process in a High-Pressure Lean-Burn Combustor
Authors: Soli Alessandro , Langella Ivan
Published: September 2022

Large eddy simulation is used to investigate the flashback mechanism caused by the combustion-induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) in a high-pressure lean-burn annular combustor with lean direct injection of kerosene. A single sector of the geometry, including a central pilot flame surrounded by a main flame, is simulated at takeoff conditions. A previously developed flamelet-based approach is used to model turbulence–combustion interactions due to its relatively low cost, allowing to simulate a sufficiently long time window. In stable operations, the flame stabilizes in an M-shape configuration and a periodic movement of the pilot jet, with the corresponding formation of a small recirculation bubble, is observed. Flashback is then observed, with the flame accelerating upstream toward the injector as already described in other studies. This large eddy simulation (LES), however, reveals a precursor partial blow-out of the main flame induced by a cluster of vortices appearing in the outer recirculation region. The combined effect of vortices and sudden quenching alters the mixing level close to the injector, causing first the main, then the pilot flame, to accelerate upstream, and initiate the CIVB cycle before the quenched region can re-ignite. Main and pilot flames partly extinguish as they cross their respective fuel injection point, and re-ignition follows due to the remnants of the reaction in the pilot stream. The process is investigated in detail, discussing the causes of CIVB-driven flashback in realistic lean-burn systems.
High-
k
perovskite gate oxide for modulation beyond 10
14
cm
−2
Authors: Song Dowon , Jeong Myoungho , Kim Juhan , Kim Bongju , Kim Jae Ha , Kim Jae Hoon , Lee Kiyoung , Kim Yongsung , Char Kookrin
Published: September 2022

Scaling down of semiconductor devices requires high-
k
dielectric materials to continue lowering the operating voltage of field-effect transistors (FETs) and storing sufficient charge on a smaller area. Here, we investigate the dielectric properties of epitaxial BaHf
0.6
Ti
0.4
O
3
(BHTO), an alloy of perovskite oxide barium hafnate (BaHfO
3
) and barium titanate (BaTiO
3
). We found the dielectric constant, the breakdown field, and the leakage current to be 150, 5.0 megavolts per centimeter (MV cm
−1
), and 10
−4
amperes per square centimeter at 2 MV cm
−1
, respectively. The results suggest that two-dimensional (2D) carrier density of more than
n
2D
= 10
14
per square centimeter (cm
−2
) could be modulated by the BHTO gate oxide. We demonstrate an n-type accumulation mode FET and direct suppression of more than
n
2D
= 10
14
cm
−2
via an n-type depletion-mode FET. We attribute the large dielectric constant, high breakdown field, and low leakage current of BHTO to the nanometer scale stoichiometric modulation of hafnium and titanium.
Gains in Scientific Identity, Scientific Self-Efficacy, and Career Intent Distinguish Upper-Level CUREs from Traditional Experiences in the Classroom
Authors: Newell MiKayla J. , Ulrich Paul N.
Published: September 2022

Attrition from the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) pipeline limits the number of graduates needed to meet STEM workforce demand and impedes efforts to diversify the workforce. Identifying factors that underlie academic success and STEM persistence is an important component to increasing the number of STEM graduates.
Genetic Screens Identify Additional Genes Implicated in Envelope Remodeling during the Engulfment Stage of Bacillus subtilis Sporulation
Authors: Chan Helena , Taib Najwa , Gilmore Michael C. , Mohamed Ahmed M. T. , Hanna Kieran , Luhur Johana , Nguyen Hieu , Hafiz Elham , Cava Felipe , Gribaldo Simonetta , Rudner David , Rodrigues Christopher D. A.
Published: September 2022

In bacteria, cell envelope remodeling is critical for cell growth and division. This is also the case during the development of bacteria into highly resistant endospores (spores), known as sporulation.
Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance through Antibiotic Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Park Myungseo , Kim Jinshil , Feinstein Jill , Lang Kevin S. , Ryu Sangryeol , Jeon Byeonghwa
Published: September 2022

Antibiotic tolerance compromises the efficacy of antibiotic treatment by extending bacterial survival and facilitating the development of mutations associated with antibiotic resistance. Despite growing public health concerns about antibiotic resistance in
C. jejuni
, antibiotic tolerance has not yet been investigated in this important zoonotic pathogen.
Tomography of Optical Single-Qubit Quantum Memory
Authors: Bantysh B. I. , Katamadze K. G. , Bogdanov Yu. I. , Gerasimov K. I. , Minnegaliev M. M. , Urmancheev R. V. , Moiseev S. A.
Published: September 2022

Optical quantum memory is one of the basic elements of quantum information systems. However, the possibilities of its application in such systems sometimes can hardly be estimated by existing methods for its characterization. In this work, the tomography of quantum memory has been implemented as a quantum process in a logical basis. It has been shown that the implemented quantum memory scheme for polarization photon qubits with a high accuracy corresponds to the identity transformation and is promising for application in quantum communication and quantum computing.
Localized Dissipative Unipolar Objects under the Condition of Stimulated Raman Scattering
Authors: Sazonov S. V.
Published: September 2022

The possibility of the formation of dissipative unipolar soliton pulses in an amplifying medium of Raman-active molecules has been analyzed. It has been shown that the formation of such pulses is possible under the mutual compensation of Raman enhancement and irreversible losses caused by fast relaxation in the system of electron optical transitions. Since Raman enhancement is nonlinear, the threshold duration and energy of a soliton-like object being formed are determined by the parameters of the medium.
Sociodemographic risk factors, parental stress and social support in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Younge Tamiko , Jacobs Marni , Tuchman Lisa , Streisand Randi , Soghier Lamia , Fratantoni Karen
Published: September 2022

Objective

Investigate relationships among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) parent demographics, reported stress and social support.

Design

Cross-sectional observation.

Setting

Tertiary referral NICU in Mid-Atlantic USA.

Patients

Parents (n=300) in the Giving Parents Support trial at enrolment.

Measures

Psychometric scales measured general stress, parental stress, NICU stress and social support. Demographic variables included education level, health insurance type, race, relationship status, age and gender. Length of stay was used to control for illness severity. Associations and potential modifying effects were evaluated using linear regression.

Results

Having less than a college degree (b=−2.52, SE=0.91) and female parent gender (b=−3.42, SE=1.47) were associated with lower parental stress scores. Older age in years was associated with higher parental stress scores (b=0.21, SE=0.07) but lower NICU stress scores (b=−0.01, SE=0.01). Greater social support scores were associated with lower scores of general (b=−2.76, SE=0.39) and parental stress (b=−1.71, SE=0.47). Less than a college degree (b=−0.26, SE=0.11), Medicaid insurance (b=−0.43, SE=0.11) and black race (b=−0.56, SE=0.12) were associated with decreased social support scores. Level of social support modified the relationship between education and parental stress, with higher social support decreasing education-based differences in parental stress scores (p=0.049).

Conclusion

Sociodemographic risk factors may not infer stress or risk in the anticipated direction. Practice and future research should focus on identifying and supporting NICU families at high risk for stress and low support.

Trial registration number

NCT02643472.
Parapapillary gamma zone associated with increased peripapillary scleral bowing: the Beijing Eye Study 2011
Authors: Xue Can Can , Wang Xiaofei , Han Ying Xiang , Zhang Qi , Zhang Chun , Wang Ya Xing , Jonas Jost B
Published: September 2022

Aims

To investigate the association between the backward configuration of the peripapillary sclera (PPS), measured as PPS angle (PPSA), and presence and extent of parapapillary gamma zone.

Methods

Out of the population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011, we randomly selected individuals free of optic nerve and retinal diseases. With Spectralis optical coherence tomography, we measured gamma zone (zone free of Bruch’s membrane (BM)) and determined the PPSA, defined as the angle between the anterior scleral surface lines from both sides of the optic nerve head (ONH).

Results

The study included 678 individuals with age of 59.5±7.6 years (range: 50–90) and axial length of 23.5±1.3 mm (20.9–29.2). Gamma zone was more prevalent in eyes with larger PPSA (p=0.006) after adjustment for axial length (p<0.001) and BM opening area (p<0.001). Gamma zone width was positively associated with PPSA, axial length and BM opening area (all p<0.001) in multivariable analysis. Circular gamma zone was accompanied with larger PPSA as compared with focal gamma zone (19.9°±7.2° vs 6.3°±5.3°, p<0.001). Focal temporal gamma and focal inferior gamma had similar mean PPSA (p=0.69). However, the horizontal PPSA was significantly larger than the vertical PPSA in inferior gamma (6.9°±6.3° vs 4.7°±6.6°; p=0.005), while they were comparable in temporal gamma (6.1°±5.8° vs 6.3°±6.4°; p=0.073).

Conclusions

A more backward bowing of the PPS was linearly and spatially associated with the presence, size and extent of gamma zone. It suggested that the BM and the sclera were closely related in participating the biomechanical behaviour of the ONH.
Soft QCD effects in VBS/VBF topologies
Authors: Bittrich Carsten , Kirchgaeßer Patrick , Papaefstathiou Andreas , Plätzer Simon , Todt Stefanie
Published: September 2022

We consider the impact of multi-parton interactions and colour reconnection on the modeling of vector boson fusion and vector boson scattering (VBS) final states at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We investigate how the variation of the model parameters, compatible with a reasonable spread of predictions around typical tuning observables, extrapolates into the VBS phase space. We study the implications of this variation on the total uncertainty budget attached to realistic simulations of the final states in current event generator predictions. We find that the variations have a non-trivial phase space dependence and become comparable in size to the perturbative uncertainties once next-to-leading order predictions are combined with parton shower evolution.
Cardioprotective Effects of Tetrahydropalmatine on Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats
Authors: Han Bing-Jing , Cao Gui-Yun , Jia Li-Ying , Zheng Guo , Zhang Liang , Sheng Ping , Xie Ji-Zhen , Zhang Chun-Feng
Published: September 2022

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an active component of Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang. The current study investigates the possible cardioprotective effects of tetrahydropalmatine in acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rats. The anterior descending coronary artery of SD rats was ligated to establish an AMI model. After two weeks of gavage of THP, cardiac function was determined by echocardiography. The organ index and the infarct size were assessed after the experiment, and the histopathological myocardial tissue changes were observed. In addition, the apoptosis index of myocardial cells was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The levels of SOD, MDA, CAT, GSH-Px, BNP, and cTn-I were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To determine relevant proteins, the Western blot and molecular docking were applied. Compared with the model group, THP could enhance rat cardiac ejection function to improve cardiac function, drastically lessen the infarct size, reduce myocardial cell damage and inflammatory cell infiltration. THP might also prevent ischemic myocardial damage by inhibiting myocardial cell apoptosis and efficiently reducing oxidative stress. Specifically, THP could decrease MDA, BNP, c-TnI activities, as well as the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 protein, while increasing SOD, GSH-Px, CAT activities, and Bcl-2 level. Furthermore, THP could significantly promote the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt proteins. The involved pathways and proteins have also been verified through molecular docking. According to these findings, THP may preserve the myocardium due to its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.