bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term dog consumption during the Holocene at the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): case study of the El Portalón de Cueva Mayor site
Authors: Galindo-Pellicena M.Ángeles , Sala Nohemi , De Gaspar Ignacio , Iriarte Eneko , Blázquez-Orta Raquel , Arsuaga Juan Luis , Carretero José Miguel , García Nuria
Published: April 2022

Evidence of dog consumption at the El Portalón de Cueva Mayor site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) from the Holocene is revealed for the first time. The taxonomical and taphonomical studies of the animal bones from the El Portalón site have been carried out. The morphological and metrical analyses indicate that 130 dog bone remains have been identified from the El Portalón site, including from the Neolithic (NISP = 23), Chalcolithic (Pre-Bell Beaker Chalcolithic and Bell Beaker Chalcolithic) (26), Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age (81). The anthropic evidence encompasses cut marks, fresh bone fractures, human tooth marks and fire modifications, thus constituting clear evidence of cynophagy, at least in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age levels in different contexts (habitat and funerary) from the El Portalón site (Atapuerca, Burgos). Furthermore, the fire alterations on two bone remains from the Neolithic suggest likely dog consumption due to the domestic character of the stratigraphical units where these bone remains were found. The taphonomic evidence suggests that domestic dogs were, at least occasionally, part of the diet of the humans who inhabited the El Portalón site, a fact that might be caused either by food shortages and hunger or as dog meat was considered as a delicacy.
Energy storage for black start services: A review
Authors: Zhao Yanqi , Zhang Tongtong , Sun Li , Zhao Xiaowei , Tong Lige , Wang Li , Ding Jianning , Ding Yulong
Published: April 2022

With the increasing deployment of renewable energy-based power generation plants, the power system is becoming increasingly vulnerable due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy, and a blackout can be the worst scenario. The current auxiliary generators must be upgraded to energy sources with substantially high power and storage capacity, a short response time, good profitability, and minimal environmental concern. Difficulties in the power restoration of renewable energy generators should also be addressed. The different energy storage methods can store and release electrical/thermal/mechanical energy and provide flexibility and stability to the power system. Herein, a review of the use of energy storage methods for black start services is provided, for which little has been discussed in the literature. First, the challenges that impede a stable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy storage-based black start are identified. The energy storage-based black start service may lack supply resilience. Second, the typical energy storage-based black start service, including explanations on its steps and configurations, is introduced. Black start services with different energy storage technologies, including electrochemical, thermal, and electromechanical resources, are compared. Results suggest that hybridization of energy storage technologies should be developed, which mitigates the disadvantages of individual energy storage methods, considering the deployment of energy storage-based black start services.
Application of machine and deep learning techniques to estimate NMR-derived permeability from conventional well logs and artificial 2D feature maps
Authors: Masroor Milad , Emami Niri Mohammad , Rajabi-Ghozloo Amir Hossein , Sharifinasab Mohammad Hassan , Sajjadi Mozhdeh
Published: April 2022

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs can provide information on some critical reservoir characteristics, such as permeability, which are rarely obtainable from conventional well logs. Nevertheless, high cost and operational constraints limit the wide application of NMR logging tools. In this study, a machine learning (ML)-based procedure is developed for fast and accurate estimation of NMR-derived permeability from conventional logs. Following a comprehensive preprocessing on the collected data, the procedure is trained and tested on a well log dataset, with selected conventional logs as inputs, and NMR-derived permeability as target, shallow and deep learning (DL) methods are applied to estimate permeability from selected conventional logs through artificial production of NMR-derived information from the input data. Three supervised ML algorithms are utilized and evaluated, including random forest (RF), group method of data handling (GMDH), and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). Additionally, a modified two-dimensional CNN (named as Residual 2D-CNN) is developed which is fed by artificial 2D feature maps, generated from available conventional logs. The hyper-parameters of the ML and DL models are optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) to improve their performances. By comparing the output of each model with the permeability derived from NMR log, it is illustrated that nonlinear machine and deep learning techniques are helpful in estimation of NMR permeability. The obtained accuracy of RF, GMDH, 1D-CNN and Res 2D-CNN models, respectively, is 0.90, 0.90, 0.91 and 0.97 which indicate that Res 2D-CNN model is the most efficient method among the other applied techniques. This research also highlights the importance of using generated feature maps for training Res 2D-CNN model, and the essential effect of the applied modifications (i.e., implementing residual and deeper bottleneck architectures) on improving the accuracy of the predicted output and reducing the training time.
SARS-CoV-2 impairs the disassembly of stress granules and promotes ALS-associated amyloid aggregation
Authors: Li Yichen , Lu Shuaiyao , Gu Jinge , Xia Wencheng , Zhang Shengnan , Zhang Shenqing , Wang Yan , Zhang Chong , Sun Yunpeng , Lei Jian , Liu Cong , Su Zhaoming , Yang Juntao , Peng Xiaozhong , Li Dan
Published: April 2022

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to have a high ability of liquid-liquid phase separation, which enables its incorporation into stress granules (SGs) of host cells. However, whether SG invasion by N protein occurs in the scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknow, neither do we know its consequence. Here, we used SARS-CoV-2 to infect mammalian cells and observed the incorporation of N protein into SGs, which resulted in markedly impaired self-disassembly but stimulated cell cellular clearance of SGs. NMR experiments further showed that N protein binds to the SG-related amyloid proteins via non-specific transient interactions, which not only expedites the phase transition of these proteins to aberrant amyloid aggregation in vitro, but also promotes the aggregation of FUS with ALS-associated P525L mutation in cells. In addition, we found that ACE2 is not necessary for the infection of SARS-CoV-2 to mammalian cells. Our work indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection can impair the disassembly of host SGs and promote the aggregation of SG-related amyloid proteins, which may lead to an increased risk of neurodegeneration.
Using augmented reality to reduce workload in offshore environments
Authors: Maibach Malte-Jörn , Jones Michael , Walko Christian
Published: April 2022

In the offshore environment helicopters are widely used to transport crew and material from and to maritime wind farms. Due to unforeseeable and often inclement weather situations and challenging tasks these missions put a high workload on the helicopter pilots. In this paper two test campaigns are described which assess the utility of an affordable commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) head-mounted display (HMD) to reduce workload for commercial maritime operations. The HMD system was implemented within the air vehicle simulator (AVES) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Three missions were flown with experienced offshore pilots, performed in a realistic scenario. Independent subjective assessments of both workload and situational awareness were obtained. Results from the studies show that the overall workload for all missions decreased and situational awareness increased when using the HMD. Opinions regarding overall benefit and advantages of the system were found to vary between pilots and missions.
Machines in the Triangle: a Pragmatic Interactive Approach to Information
Authors: Schumann Nadine , Du Yaoli
Published: April 2022

A recurrent theme of human–machine interaction is how interaction is defined and what kind of information is relevant for successful communication. In accordance with the theoretical strategies of social cognition and technical philosophy, we propose a pragmatic interactive approach, to understand the concept of information in human–machine interaction. We start with the investigation of interpersonal interaction and human–machine interaction by concerning triangulation as guiding principle. To illustrate human–machine interaction, we will mainly focus on the interactive relationship between human cognitive skills and their technological environments. In triadic interaction, the concept of information cannot only be understood as a syntactic transformation as in the dyadic relationship. We argue that information as pragmatic action patterns can be understood as physically embodied units that is not purely formal but generated in interactive processes and stabilized in use. By exploring how the concept of affordance is applied in psychology, anthropology and human-centered design, we provide a notion of pragmatic information, focusing on users in the development and use of machines or software systems. The triadic interaction of end user, development team, and product leads to a successful human–machine interaction. This theoretical framework enables us to understand how the new socio-technological environments expand our scope of action and how we form, interpret, and learn to deal with patterns of action among ourselves and with machines.
Ethics of Nuclear Energy in Times of Climate Change: Escaping the Collective Action Problem
Authors: Friederich Simon , Boudry Maarten
Published: April 2022

In recent years, there has been an intense public debate about whether and, if so, to what extent investments in nuclear energy should be part of strategies to mitigate climate change. Here, we address this question from an ethical perspective, evaluating different strategies of energy system development in terms of three ethical criteria, which will differentially appeal to proponents of different normative ethical frameworks. Starting from a standard analysis of climate change as arising from an intergenerational collective action problem, we evaluate whether contributions from nuclear energy will, on expectation, increase the likelihood of successfully phasing out fossil fuels in time to avert dangerous global warming. For many socio-economic and geographic contexts, our review of the energy system modeling literature suggests the answer to this question is “yes.” We conclude that, from the point of view of climate change mitigation, investments in nuclear energy as part of a broader energy portfolio will be ethically required to minimize the risks of decarbonization failure, and thus the tail risks of catastrophic global warming. Finally, using a sensitivity analysis, we consider which other aspects of nuclear energy deployment, apart from climate change, have the potential to overturn the ultimate ethical verdict on investments in nuclear energy. Out of several potential considerations (e.g., nuclear waste, accidents, safety), we suggest that its potential interplay — whether beneficial or adverse — with the proliferation of nuclear weapons is the most plausible candidate.
Ultrahigh Density of Atomic CoFe-Electron Synergy in Noncontinuous Carbon Matrix for Highly Efficient Magnetic Wave Adsorption
Authors: Huang Wenhuan , Qiu Qiang , Yang Xiufang , Zuo Shouwei , Bai Jianan , Zhang Huabin , Pei Ke , Che Renchao
Published: April 2022

Improving the atom utilization of metals and clarifying the M–M’ interaction is both greatly significant in assembling high-performance ultra-light electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. Herein, a high-temperature explosion strategy has been successfully applied to assemble the hierarchical porous carbon sponge with Co–Fe decoration via the pyrolysis of the energetic metal organic framework. The as-constructed hybrid displays a superior reflection loss (RL) value of − 57.7 dB and a specific RL value of − 192 dB mg−1 mm−1 at 12.08 GHz with a layer thickness of 2.0 mm (loading of 15 wt%). The off-axis electron hologram characterizes the highly distributed numerous polarized nanodomain variable capacitors, demonstrating the dipole and interfacial polarization along the edges of the nanopores. More importantly, the X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis verifies the mutual interaction between the metal cluster and carbon matrix and the electronic coupling responsible for the greatly improved electromagnetic wave absorption.
Building Ultra-Stable and Low-Polarization Composite Zn Anode Interface via Hydrated Polyzwitterionic Electrolyte Construction
Authors: He Qiong , Fang Guozhao , Chang Zhi , Zhang Yifang , Zhou Shuang , Zhou Miao , Chai Simin , Zhong Yue , Cao Guozhong , Liang Shuquan , Pan Anqiang
Published: April 2022

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are noted for their cost-effectiveness, safety and environmental friendliness. However, the water-induced notorious issues such as continuous electrolyte decomposition and uneven Zn electrochemical deposition remarkably restrict the development of the long-life zinc metal batteries. In this study, zwitterionic sulfobetaine is introduced to copolymerize with acrylamide in zinc perchlorate (Zn(ClO4)2) solution. The designed gel framework with hydrophilic and charged groups can firmly anchor water molecules and construct ion migration channels to accelerate ion transport. The in situ generated hybrid interface, which is composed of the organic functionalized outer layer and inorganic Cl− containing inner layer, can synergically lower the mass transfer overpotential, reduce water-related side reactions and lead to uniform Zn deposition. Such a novel electrolyte configuration enables Zn//Zn cells with an ultra-long cycling life of over 3000 h and a low polarization potential (~ 0.03 V) and Zn//Cu cells with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.18% for 1000 cycles. Full cells matched with MnO2 cathodes delivered laudable cycling stability and impressive shelving ability. Besides, the flexible quasi-solid-state batteries which are equipped with the anti-vandalism ability (such as cutting, hammering and soaking) can successfully power the LED simultaneously. Such a safe, processable and durable hydrogel promises significant application potential for long-life flexible electronic devices.
Fire Intumescent, High-Temperature Resistant, Mechanically Flexible Graphene Oxide Network for Exceptional Fire Shielding and Ultra-Fast Fire Warning
Authors: Cao Cheng-Fei , Yu Bin , Chen Zuan-Yu , Qu Yong-Xiang , Li Yu-Tong , Shi Yong-Qian , Ma Zhe-Wen , Sun Feng-Na , Pan Qing-Hua , Tang Long-Cheng , Song Pingan , Wang Hao
Published: April 2022

Smart fire alarm sensor (FAS) materials with mechanically robust, excellent flame retardancy as well as ultra-sensitive temperature-responsive capability are highly attractive platforms for fire safety application. However, most reported FAS materials can hardly provide sensitive, continuous and reliable alarm signal output due to their undesirable temperature-responsive, flame-resistant and mechanical performances. To overcome these hurdles, herein, we utilize the multi-amino molecule, named HCPA, that can serve as triple-roles including cross-linker, fire retardant and reducing agent for decorating graphene oxide (GO) sheets and obtaining the GO/HCPA hybrid networks. Benefiting from the formation of multi-interactions in hybrid network, the optimized GO/HCPA network exhibits significant increment in mechanical strength, e.g., tensile strength and toughness increase of ~ 2.3 and ~ 5.7 times, respectively, compared to the control one. More importantly, based on P and N doping and promoting thermal reduction effect on GO network, the excellent flame retardancy (withstanding ~ 1200 °C flame attack), ultra-fast fire alarm response time (~ 0.6 s) and ultra-long alarming period (> 600 s) are obtained, representing the best comprehensive performance of GO-based FAS counterparts. Furthermore, based on GO/HCPA network, the fireproof coating is constructed and applied in polymer foam and exhibited exceptional fire shielding performance. This work provides a new idea for designing and fabricating desirable FAS materials and fireproof coatings.
Digital twins as education support in construction: a first development framework based on the Reference Construction Site Aachen West
Authors: Dai Rushi , Brell-Çokcan Sigrid
Published: April 2022

The Reference Construction Site Aachen West, located in Aachen, Germany, is a campus-based living lab for research and university education in construction. To ensure and improve the education quality, this paper researches a new study tool in the form of a digital twin framework powered by the Unreal Engine. By implementing MQTT, an IoT communication protocol, the digital twin realizes synchronicity of cyber-physical bi-directional data flows. Representing the virtual Reference Construction Site, an online multiplayer application was developed as a use case to answer the research questions: (1) how to design the digital twin and structure in an extendable and accessible development framework for different users and (2) how to support education in construction with this digital twin. To validate the concept, a group of students were invited online to explore the application and provide user feedback. Results show positive effects of the digital twin on enhancing the quality of the online education in construction with its real-time interaction and data from on-site machinery and processes. The digital twin is planned to be transferred to research and construction projects.
Designing and testing of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) system for small wooden boat identification and e-certification
Authors: Saputra Diaz , Gaol Ford Lumban , Abdurachman Edi , Sensuse Dana Indra , Matsuo Tokuro
Published: April 2022

This paper presented the implementation of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) devices implanted on 7 small wooden boats. The BLE implantation is aimed at boat identification and certification. We use four parameters to measure the performance of BLE signal strength, e.g., solar panel usage (with/without solar panel usage), weather effect (sunny/rain), sea wave form (shallow/tidal waters), and distance. The specification of BLE and boat identification system is also presented. From the experiment, we found that BLE signal strength performance is impacted by four parameters including its combined parameters: (a) the highest hour of the detected signal is generated when the boats are connected to the solar panel; (b) the boats transmitting the signal in sunny weather; (c) the boats are in shallow water sea wave; (d) the boats are in sunny weather and connected to solar panel will have a detectable distance for up to 30 m compared to without solar panel connection, it will only have a detectable distance for up to 15 m. It is suggested for future recommendations to expand this study with the newest BLE version and better solar panel equipment to get higher signal strength performance.
Efficacy of Tadalafil in Penile Rehabilitation Started Before Nerve-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Double-Blind Pilot Study
Authors: Noh Tae Il , Shim Ji Sung , Kang Sung Gu , Cheon Jun , Lee Jeong Gu , Kang Seok Ho
Published: April 2022

Background

Despite the widespread practice of nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (nsRARP) for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa), erectile dysfunction remains a significant sequela of radical prostatectomy.

Aim

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of tadalafil 5 mg once daily for erectile function recovery in patients who underwent nsRARP according to the timing of rehabilitation initiation.

Methods

In this double-blind, prospective pilot study, a total of 41 patients who underwent nsRARP were randomly assigned into 2 groups according to the timing of rehabilitation initiation. In the preRARP group (n = 20), tadalafil was started 2 weeks before nsRARP, and in the postRARP group (n = 21), it was started 4 weeks after nsRARP. Erectile function recovery after nsRARP was defined as an International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score of ≥17.

Outcomes

The measures of EF recovery were the changes in IIEF-5 score.

Results

The rate of erectile function recovery at 12-month follow-up was 80.0% and 71.4% in the preRARP and postRARP groups, respectively. The mean differences between baseline and postoperative IIEF-5 scores at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up were −11.7 ± 3.2, −7.4 ± 3.2, −5.6 ± 1.5, and −4.1 ± 1.1 in the preRARP group and −14.7 ± 4.7, −12.0 ± 5.0, −9.7 ± 3.9, and −6.0 ± 3.1 in the postRARP group, respectively (1-month, P = .259; 3-months, P = .077; 6-months, P = .014; 12-months, P = .007).

Clinical implications

Preoperative tadalafil 5 mg once a day could be used effectively and safely as a strategy for penile rehabilitation after nsRARP.

Strengths and Limitations

This study is the first prospective trial of penile rehabilitation with tadalafil 5 mg once a day prior to nsRARP. This is a pilot study with the limitations of a small sample; further and large-scale studies with multiple cohorts, such as an untreated control group and an early immediate rehabilitation group for EF recovery, are needed.

Conclusion

This study suggests that preoperative penile rehabilitation using tadalafil may lead to better erectile function recovery than postoperative penile rehabilitation using tadalafil.
Aiding farm to school implementation: An assessment of facilitation mechanisms
Authors: Wen Ce , Connolly Cristina
Published: April 2022

We investigated two potential mechanisms facilitating local food procurement in schools, food hubs, and funded farm to school policies. Using all three waves of the USDA’s farm to school census, we assessed the factors that support school districts that have stated an intention of beginning a farm to school program. We find that neither food hubs nor funded policies have an impact on farm to school programming. Instead, it is large-scale farms that play a role in the farm to school supply chain. Coupled with the positive impact of school size and receipt of increased federal funding, this suggests that while both cost and transactional barriers impact school procurement, current policy solutions are insufficient. This study improves our understanding of the role of facilitation mechanisms on farm to school implementation in the United States.
From trauma to apathy: on the hegemonic force of European authoritarian liberalism
Authors: Goldoni Marco
Published: April 2022

Michael Wilkinson’s Authoritarian Liberalism puts forward a challenging and controversial claim: the history of European integration and the trajectory of the constitutional orders of the founding Member States have always been driven by authoritarian liberalism. This comment focuses on a certain slack, in Wilkinson’s analysis, between the material constitution of European states and authoritarian liberalism as a form of government. More specifically, the comment highlights the need to retrieve a more conflictual relation between, on one hand, the material constitution of the welfare state and its industrial involvement, and on the other hand, the constitutional forms adopted by authoritarian liberalism.
Authoritarian liberalism and the transformation of modern europe: Rejoinder
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: April 2022

This response to critics gives me the opportunity to develop some aspects of the argument in Authoritarian Liberalism and the Transformation of Modern Europe. I do so by foregrounding the concept of political freedom, articulated by Franz Neumann. Authoritarian liberalism operates by suppressing political freedom and democracy. First making its mark in late Weimar, authoritarian liberalism is constructed in a more passive fashion in the decades after the Second Word War. Although it is contested by social movements in the 1960’s and 70’s, it is ultimately reinforced in the turn to neoliberalism. This reaches its apogee at the Treaty of Maastricht, with the de-politicization of economic and monetary union and the deepening and widening of the European Union. German ordoliberalism, which functions as an ideological support to authoritarian liberalism, is instructive, but is only a part of this story; Germany is at most ‘semi-hegemonic’ in Europe. Authoritarian liberalism operates instead through limiting the constitutional imagination in all member states of the Union. I end with some reflections on Walter Benjamin, whose philosophy of history inspired the cover of the book.
‘See no evil’: towards an analytics of Europe’s legal borderlands
Authors: Franko Katja
Published: April 2022

This article argues that spatial exclusion is a central element of, and a precondition for, exclusion from fundamental rights. Keeping individuals who are seeking access to rights geographically separated from spaces ordered by the rule of law is a defining feature of the contemporary European legal order. The European legal space is surrounded by borderlands, which are not only humanitarian borderlands, but also legal borderlands. Unpacking the meaning of borderlands and frontier zones could, therefore, be greatly productive for future perspectives on legal geography.
Authoritarian liberalism: A labour law perspective
Authors: Dukes Ruth
Published: April 2022

In my contribution to the symposium on Michael Wilkinson’s new book, I focus in on his analysis of Hermann Heller’s thinking regarding the state. Icompare Heller’s writings with those of Hugo Sinzheimer (1875–1945), a legal scholar, practising lawyer and politician who was in a position in 1918-1920 to shape the new labour law of the Weimar Republic and who thereafter became a prominent commentator on that law. In particular, Ilook at two publications from 1933: Heller’s Autoritärer Liberalismus and Sinzheimer’s Die Krisis des Arbeitsrechts, or ‘crisis of labour law’. I then consider the trade union movement’s orientation to the state during the Weimar years, and what light this shone on Heller’s and Sinzheimer’s analysis. I conclude by identifying several questions raised by the Weimar debates for labour law, trade unions and employment relations that are of enduring importance today.
A way of critique: What can EU law scholars learn from critical theory?
Authors: Neuvonen Päivi Johanna
Published: April 2022

This article detects a persistent imbalance between the zest for critical research and the thinness of critical methodology in the study of European Union (EU) law. The question that drives this investigation is: What can critique contribute to EU legal studies? The article draws on the methodological wealth of critical social theory to explicate how the critique of EU law could further evolve and why it matters. This analysis posits that the lack of adequate methodological engagement leaves EU law scholarship to drift between the problematic idea of unmasking critique, on the one hand, and that of supposedly non-normative critique, on the other hand. The article makes a case for a more dialectical method of critique to clarify how the critique of EU law is always preceded by a choice between competing rationalisations of society. These findings highlight that social theory should be of continuous interest to EU law scholars and that a socio-legal critique of EU law is not reducible to empirical research alone.
Prescribed burning followed by indaziflam enhances downy brome (Bromus tectorum) control
Authors: Seedorf Rachel H. , Clark Shannon L. , Nissen Scott J.
Published: April 2022

Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) is a highly invasive winter annual grass that can fill open niches in native plant communities. Prescribed burning is often used to control B. tectorum and can be combined with herbicide treatments to extend the duration of control and promote the native plant community. Several herbicides have been evaluated in conjunction with burning for B. tectorum control, although the herbicide indaziflam has not. In September 2017, two B. tectorum–infested sites were burned in Colorado foothill shrublands. In March 2018, indaziflam was applied alone or in combination with glyphosate, rimsulfuron, or imazapic. These treatments were compared with imazapic plus glyphosate as a standard. All treatments were made within burned and non-burned areas in a crossed-nested design. Bromus tectorum cover and the desirable plant community responses were evaluated 1 and 2 yr after treatment (YAT). In non-burned areas, all indaziflam treatments reduced B. tectorum cover compared with the control. In contrast, reductions from the imazapic treatments did not persist after the first year. Most post-burn treatments further decreased B. tectorum cover compared with the non-burned treatments. The most effective treatments (indaziflam 44 and 73 g ai ha−1 + imazapic 123 g ae ha−1) provided similar levels of control (<1% B. tectorum cover at 2 YAT), with or without burning. Desirable plant cover, richness, and diversity were not negatively impacted by burning or herbicide treatments. Plant diversity and species richness increased at Site 2 when burning was followed by indaziflam treatments. This study indicates that B. tectorum control using indaziflam can be enhanced when applied after burning, and the combinations with imazapic or rimsulfuron provide a wider application window compared with the combination with glyphosate.
Turbulent flows along a streamwise external corner
Authors: Nikitin Nikolay , Krasnopolsky Boris
Published: April 2022

A numerical investigation of turbulent flows in straight pipes with a cross-section in the form of a circular sector at different values of the apex angle${\alpha }$is carried out. Main attention is paid to the cases${\alpha }>{\rm \pi}$when the cross-section boundary contains a convex external corner. An analytical solution to the problem of laminar flow in the geometry under consideration is given. The law of resistance is determined, and velocity distributions over the pipe cross-section are obtained. The singularity of wall shear stress$\tau _w\sim r^{{\rm \pi} /{\alpha }-1}$at${\alpha }>{\rm \pi}$is shown which persists in turbulent flows as well. Turbulent flows are simulated at$Re=2000$and four apex-angle values${\alpha }=5{\rm \pi} /4$,$3{\rm \pi} /2$,$7{\rm \pi} /4$and$2{\rm \pi}$, as well as at a larger$Re=4000$and${\alpha }=3{\rm \pi} /2$. The characteristic features of the mean-velocity distributions are outlined, and their relationship with secondary flows is shown. The velocity of the secondary flow in the vicinity of the external corner reaches the value$6.3\,\%$of the bulk flow velocity at the maximum${\alpha }=2{\rm \pi}$. A characteristic feature of the considered flows is the presence of intense transverse velocity fluctuations in the region above the apex corner. It is hypothesized that the cause of these fluctuations may be the linear instability of the mean flow field. The studies of linear stability confirm this hypothesis. Considerable attention is paid to the study of secondary flows in the vicinity of the external corner. In general, the formation of these flows fits into the scheme proposed earlier (Nikitin,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 917, 2021, A24; Nikitinet al.,Fluid Dyn., vol. 56, issue 4, 2021, pp. 513–538), according to which the main mechanism is the centrifugal force arising from the fluctuating flow over the corner in the transverse plane. It is shown that the shape of secondary flows is reproduced to a certain extent by the vortical part of the Reynolds-stress force field. The latter may be found from the Helmholtz decomposition. The features of the mean pressure distribution associated with the secondary flow and with the presence of a region of concentrated fluctuations above the external corner are explained.
Helicity distributions and transfer in turbulent channel flows with streamwise rotation
Authors: Yu Changping , Hu Running , Yan Zheng , Li Xinliang
Published: April 2022

Helicity is a quadratic inviscid conservative quantity in three-dimensional turbulent flows and is crucial for turbulent system evolution. Helicity effects have mainly been highlighted over the past few decades to explore the intrinsic mechanism of turbulent flows, while the statistical characteristics of helicity itself are nearly absent in general anisotropic turbulent flows. In this paper, we investigate the helicity statistics in turbulent channel flows with streamwise rotation at moderate rotation numbers ($Ro_{\tau }=7.5,15$and 30) and Reynolds numbers ($Re_{\tau }=180$and 395), including their spatial and scale distributions, anisotropy and cross-scale transfer. The appearance of a mean secondary flow in the spanwise direction corresponds to a mean streamwise vorticity, which indicates the presence of a high-helicity distribution. Numerical results reveal a regular helicity profile along the wall-normal direction, and a new peak is found in the near-wall region around$y^+=6$of the streamwise or spanwise helicity profiles. The inter-scale helicity transfer is analysed by the filtering method, and the numerical consequences reveal that the second channel of the helicity cascade we proposed previously is dominant in contrast to the first channel. The rotation effects are explored by comparing the numerical results obtained under different rotation numbers. With increasing rotation number, more helical structures in the near-wall regions are present, with peaks of helicity profiles and fluxes coming closer to the wall. With a higher Reynolds number, their amplitudes are larger and scale-space transfer is strengthened. These systematic numerical analyses uncover the helicity distributions and transfer in wall-bounded turbulent flows.
The residual effect of coronovirus disease 2019 on olfactory acuity and mucociliary clearance time: a cross-sectional, controlled study
Authors: Kandemir S , Pamuk A E
Published: April 2022

Objective

This study evaluated the olfactory, sinonasal and mucociliary functions of patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 long-term persistent olfactory dysfunction.

Method

Three groups of 30 patients each were formed: patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection with self-reported, persistent, sudden-onset olfactory dysfunction (group 1), patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection without any self-reported olfactory dysfunction (group 2) and healthy controls with no history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection (group 3). Saccharin time, Sniffin’ Sticks, Turkish Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 scores were compared.

Results

Turkish Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores were similar between groups (p = 0.252). Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores were higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Saccharin time was significantly longer in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Group 1 had lower olfactory scores than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Mucociliary clearance time was significantly prolonged in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 persistent olfactory dysfunction. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection was likely to cause asymptomatic olfactory dysfunction.
The pericranial flap for inner lining of full-thickness nasal defects: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lewis T , Care R , Kuta V , Secord S , Trites J , Corsten M , Rigby M , Taylor S M
Published: April 2022

Background

Effective nasal reconstruction requires skin and soft tissue cover, cartilage or bone structure, and mucosal lining. Ideal lining is thin, pliable and vascularised, making reconstruction challenging. This paper presents the first case series with long-term outcomes of pericranial flaps used as inner lining for nasal reconstruction.

Methods

Patients undergoing paramedial forehead flaps from 2007 to 2019 were identified using second-stage nasal reconstruction billing codes. Patients with pericranial flaps for lining, for whom there were data on resulting outcomes and complications, were identified.

Results

Sixty-six patients underwent second-stage nasal reconstruction. Eighteen patients had paramedian forehead and pericranial flaps for inner lining reconstruction. The flap lining had no immediate post-operative complications. Three patients suffered partial to major reconstructive failure post radiotherapy. Other complications included nasal stenosis and orocutaneous fistula.

Conclusion

Combined with paramedian forehead flaps, the pericranial flap is reliable as inner lining for nasal reconstruction. It is easily accessible and useful in resections with limited mucosal options.
An attitude measurement method of industrial robots based on the inertial technology
Authors: Li Rui , Cui Xiaoling , Lin Jiachun , Zheng Yanhong
Published: April 2022

The attitude control error of the robot end-effector directly affects the manufacturing accuracy. The study aims to develop a real-time measurement method of the industrial robot end-effector attitude in the field environment for improving the control accuracy of robot attitude.

In this paper, an attitude measurement method of robot end-effector based on the inertial technology was proposed. First, an inertial measurement system was designed, and the measurement parameters and installation errors were calibrated. Then the inertia measurement principle of robot end-effector attitude was explored, and the robot end-effector attitude measurement was realized with the fourth-order Runge−Kutta algorithm. In addition, the influence of the data processing algorithm and sampling frequency on the attitude accuracy was analyzed. Finally, a test platform was built to experimentally explore the proposed inertial measurement method.

The inertial measured data were compared with the data obtained with the laser tracker. The measurement accuracy of the inertial measurement method reached 0.15°, which met the accuracy requirements of real-time measurements of robot end-effector attitude in the manufacturing field.

The method proposed in this paper is convenient and can realize the real-time attitude measurement of industrial robot. The measurement results can compensate the attitude control error of the robot end-effector and improve the attitude control accuracy of the robot.
Trump and Trust: Examining the Relationship between Claims of Fraud and Citizen Attitudes
Authors: Justwan Florian , Williamson Ryan D.
Published: April 2022

Despite winning the presidency in 2016, Donald Trump alleged “millions of illegal votes” and other election fraud. He continued using this rhetoric throughout his tenure as president and ultimately suggested that if he did not win reelection in 2020, it would be because it somehow was stolen from him. Through an original survey experiment, this article explores how such allegations of fraud influence the public’s attitudes toward the conduct of elections, election outcomes, representation, and democracy as a whole. In doing so, we found that respondents expressed significantly and substantively more negative attitudes toward elections and democracy after being exposed to claims of fraud (even without evidence). Additionally, Republican identifiers were more likely than Democrats or Independents to doubt that their vote was counted fairly. These results bear important implications for our current understanding of politics in the United States.
‘The Concertina's Deadly Work in the Trenches’: Soundscapes of Suffering in the South African War
Authors: Johnson-Williams Erin
Published: April 2022

Under the recurring headline ‘the Concertina's Deadly Work in the Trenches’, several British newspapers reported in early 1900 that, during the ongoing siege of Mafeking, British army concertina players were capturing enemy soldiers by simply playing strains of the concertina to distract them out of their hiding places. ‘One is sorry to learn that the art of music should be pressed into service to lure persons to destruction’, a commentator in the Musical News noted, but then, it was rationalized, ‘all's fair in war’. This hybrid use of the concertina during the South African War was further employed as a metaphor for the decay of the physical body itself: as has been noted by Elizabeth van Heyningen, food in Boer concentration camps was so meagre that the meat served to prisoners was once described as coming from a ‘carcase [who] looks like a concertina drawn out fully with all the wind knocked out’. Likewise, Krebs (1999) has discussed the presence of the concertina in the trenches as an example of contemporaneous stereotypes about the susceptibility of Boer soldiers to music in relation to perceived notions that they were backwards and easily manipulated. Drawing upon references to music – particularly the ubiquitous, anthropomorphised, instrument of the concertina – in concentration camps during the South African War, this paper will situate the use of British military music at the dawn of the twentieth century within the framework of trauma studies, proposing that the soundscapes of imperial war were implicitly tinged with traces of physical suffering.
Pricing strategies, executive committee power and negotiation leverage in New Zealand's containment of public spending on pharmaceuticals
Authors: Main Ben , Csanadi Marcell , Ozieranski Piotr
Published: April 2022

This paper explores policy mechanisms behind New Zealand's remarkable track record of cost containment in public pharmaceutical spending, contrasting with most other advanced economies. We drew on a review of official policy documents and 28 semi-structured expert interviews. We found that decision making in pricing and reimbursement policy was dominated by a small group of managers at the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC), the country's drug reimbursement and Health Technology Assessment Agency, who negotiated pharmaceutical prices on behalf of the public payer. In formal negotiation over patented pharmaceutical prices these managers applied an array of pricing strategies, most notably, ‘bundling’ consisting of discounted package deals for multiple pharmaceuticals, and ‘play-off tenders’, whereby two or more pharmaceutical companies bid for exclusive contracts. The key pricing strategy for generic drugs, in contrast, was ‘blind-tenders’ taking the form of an annual bidding process for supply contracts. An additional contextual condition on bargaining over pharmaceutical prices was an indirect strategy that involved the cultivation of the PHARMAC's ‘negotiation leverage’. We derived two cost containment mechanisms consisting in the relationship between pricing strategy options and various reimbursement actors. Our findings shed light on aspects of the institutional design of drug reimbursement that may promote the effective use of competitive negotiations of pharmaceutical prices, including specific pricing strategies, by specialist public payer institutions. On this basis, we formulate recommendations for countries seeking to develop or reform policy frameworks to better meet the budgetary challenge posed by pharmaceutical expenditure.
Marginally housed or marginally homeless?
Authors: Laurie Emma
Published: April 2022

The English homelessness scheme has been lauded as being one of the most progressive in the world for offering an individually legally enforceable right to housing to those people who meet the statutory criteria. Its definition of homelessness is also liberal by comparison with many other countries within Europe and beyond, extending significantly beyond the stereotypical rooflessness experienced by rough sleepers. Nevertheless, the scheme is highly selective and targeted, and assesses homelessness through a test of relative need, rather than enshrining a minimally acceptable standard of housing. It thereby creates a category of the marginally housed whose housing needs are assessed as insufficiently poor to be officially categorised as homeless, yet who are living in severely inadequate housing. To reduce the uncertainty and contingency of the current test, the paper proposes the adoption of a new test of habitability.
A Case Study Investigation of Year 8 Students’ Experiences with Online Learning Through the Padlet App in a State-Maintained Girls’ Grammar School
Authors: Cleary Caolain J.
Published: April 2022

If the past two years have proven anything, it is that students today hold a tremendous capacity to adapt to incredibly difficult learning environments. This paper explores student learning experiences in one such learning environment, the period of online learning that occurred between January and March 2021 due to COVID-19-related school closures. Investigating the effectiveness of the digital learning platform Padlet in terms of student engagement with the Latin curriculum and its cultivation of Latin comprehension skills, this case study of Year 8 students in a state-maintained girls’ grammar school demonstrates the value of collaborative, discussion-based approaches to remote teaching. The value of digital learning platforms in our post-pandemic educational environment is demonstrated in its potential to bridge the communicative gap felt by many students when taught online, simulating the lively classroom climate which so often generates exciting and effective learning opportunities for each student. As this paper demonstrates, digital learning platforms hold the potential not only to assist educators in coping with the challenges of remote learning, but also to extend student learning in ways once considered unimaginable beyond the realms of the physical classroom. As a result, this paper argues that the position of such platforms in the post-pandemic classroom must be advocated and supported further.
Metaanalyse zur Wirksamkeit von Bildungs- und Förderaktivitäten mit digitalen Medien in Kindertageseinrichtungen
Authors: Egert Franziska , Hartig Fabienne , Cordes Anne-Kristin
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Digitale Medien sind im Kindesalter allgegenwärtig und so ist auch ihr Einsatz in der frühkindlichen Bildung mittlerweile in Bildungs- und Orientierungsplänen für Praxis und Ausbildung verankert. Die Metaanalyse untersucht die Wirksamkeit von Bildungs- und Förderaktivitäten mit digitalen Medien in Kindertageseinrichtungen auf kindliche Lernprozesse. Dabei nimmt sie insbesondere den Ansatz des Medieneinsatzes (isolierte, eigenständige App-Nutzung vs. curricular eingebettete App-Nutzung), die Rolle der Fachkraft bei der Mediennutzung (nur organisatorisch vs. supervisorisch vs. aktiv begleitend) und die professionelle Unterstützung der Fachkräfte bei der Implementierung als potentielle Moderatoren in den Blick. Durch eine systematische Literatursuche wurden 21 Studien mit 24 verschiedenen Maßnahmen gefunden. In die Berechnung gingen Entwicklungsdaten von 3911 4- bis 6-Jährigen ein. Es fand sich ein klein- bis mittelgroßer positiver Gesamteffekt von g = 0.45 auf kindliches Lernen. Als ähnlich wirksam erwiesen sich (1) die isolierte eigenständige Nutzung von digitalen Lernmedien (z.B. Apps), die kognitions- und lernpsychologische Kriterien erfüllen, durch Kinder in der Kita ( g = 0.44) sowie (2) die curricular eingebettete Nutzung digitaler Lernmedien zum gemeinsamen Lernen in der Kita ( g = 0.44). Entscheidende Moderatoren waren die Rolle der Fachkräfte sowie ihre Unterstützung beim digitalen Medieneinsatz. Für die Praxis bedeuten diese Befunde, dass zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Ansätzen des Medieneinsatzes gewählt werden kann. Die Wahl eines Ansatzes sollte sich nach der Rolle der Fachkraft, der Unterstützung der Fachkraft bei der Implementierung und dem Ziel des Medieneinsatzes richten. Die Befunde beziehen sich überwiegend auf nach lernpsychologischen Erkenntnissen entwickelten Apps (forscherbasierte Apps/Bildungsprogramme), nicht hingegen auf kommerziell erwerbbare Apps.