bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Successful Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in Construction Organisations
Authors: Wyawahare Ankita , Udawatta Nilupa
Published: January 2018

Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is considered as one of the main efforts, which aim to integrate environmental parameters within the supply chain management. It helps to reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental performances of organisations. As a result of that GSCM has been integrated into the strategic planning of most of the construction organisations. As in case of all radical innovations, barriers or challenges are also expected to be present in the implementation process of GSCM in construction organisations. Hence, it is essential for organisations to identify any barriers that they may face and establish approaches for successful implementation of GSCM in their organisations. Thus, this research aims to develop a conceptual framework by conducting a comprehensive literature review on GSCM practices to address the above-mentioned issues. According to the research findings, the main barriers to implementing GSCM can be categorised into five main categories such as technology, knowledge, finances, outsourcing and management. Furthermore, the strategies to improve GSCM practices in construction organisations include: commitment of top management; changes in existing policies and technologies; improve the awareness of environmental issues; training and education; and implementation of efficient materials and waste management systems. The suggested framework can be applied in construction organisations to identify the key components of GSCM and self-assessment of barriers and strategies to successfully implement GSCM in construction organisations.
Tall Building Design Exploration: Designing For Wind Resilience
Authors: Khallaf Mohamed , Jupp Julie
Published: January 2018

The paper presents a performance-based design method that combines building and urban objectives for the control of winds impacting on tall buildings at the pedestrian, podium and upper levels. The performance-based method accounts for wind flow and wind load in a form optimization technique that considers a variety of criteria defining urban microclimates, defined by high-density, multi-level building forms subject to acute variations in seasonal wind conditions. The approach is based on the theoretical foundations of ‘designing for urban resilience; and highlights the different objectives of this approach relative to existing (tall) building design standards and urban city planning guidelines.
Building Stem Skills in Built Environment Education
Authors: Mclaughlin Patricia , Kennedy Belinda , Galluzzo Anna , Donato Matthew
Published: January 2018

Australia is on the cusp of a range of global megatrends across technology, society, the economy, and the environment which are changing the world of work for future graduates beyond current recognition. Digitisation, technology and automation are requiring new skills at a rate of exponential change. Many of these skills have traditionally been classified as skills related to STEM disciplines. But future employability is now linked to the growing demand for 21st century STEM skills beyond existing traditional understandings of STEM. It will not only be STEM graduates who will need 21st century skills of discipline literacy, adaptive thinking, proficiency in coding and technology, utilising a design mindset, complex problem-solving and analytical thinking skills. All students, including built environment graduates, will need adaptive thinking about their worlds and exposure to 21st century STEM skills and understandings. This research work by members of the OLT funded STEM Ecosystem illustrates the development of STEM skill learning opportunities for built environment students. The learning opportunities discussed in this paper are archetypes of 21st century skills and featured engagement with diverse cohorts of students, practice-oriented learning, STEM literacy, adaptive thinking and discipline-based core knowledge. The results from 46 student interviews indicate the relevance of 21st century STEM skills for built environment students, and the increased skill set of built environment students involved. The results and outcomes of this research have the capacity to provide industry with built environment graduates who are not only technically skilled but future 21st century STEM work-enabled.
Prefabrication Technique for Low Cost Housing in Assam
Authors: Deka Arup , Doloi Hemanta , Crawford Robert
Published: January 2018

The housing Pattern of North Eastern part of India can be categorized in three different types. The old primitive type of housing known as Assam type houses are predominant in the North-eastern region. These are mostly residential houses maximum upto single story. The house is generally made of timber. The vertical Post, roofing are made of wood, bamboo supported biomass wall cladding for wall panels are used. With the passage of time this unique method of construction gained importance and newer technology with the use of brick masonry, R.C coloumn and timber roof are being adopted by the local people. This transfer of technology from generation after generation led to the present housing scenario which can be termed as non engineered houses mainly modular and non modular type of construction and R.C.C structures. These non engineered houses have very low vulnerability and poor comfort. The construction type for these houses are dependent on weathering conditions. Therefore there is an urgent need to provide housing with basic facilities for improving living standards without disturbing the natural resources and creating employment opportunities for the local communities. This research aims to investigate the modernisation of the physical structure, construction processes, use of prefabricated components, composite materials, affordability and sustainability of the housing types in Assam.
Global Mobility Experience of Outbound Construction Management Students: the Case of Western Sydney University
Authors: Saha Swapan , Hassan Md Kamrul , Douglas Grahame
Published: January 2018

This study focuses on enhancement of job opportunities in international and national markets for construction management students by providing global construction industry experience (IE) placement. There is an increasing trend towards globalisation in the construction industry. This sort of construction training in the international context also improves student’s learning experience and global connections. The Australian Government’s New Colombo Plan scholarship provides funding for work and study experience for Australian students travelling to the Indo-Pacific region to further their education. All Australian universities welcome significant numbers of inbound international students as well as increasingly encouraging outbound student mobility. This paper reports on the experiences of a number of outbound students who are involved in studying construction management. Through case study research, it was found that international work placements broadened the knowledge of students highlighting similarities and differences when working in an overseas country. Students made useful contacts and were able to improve their employability in both the local and international construction management sector. Their industrial placement was facilitated by the Australian Institute of Building and Hong Kong Institute of Project Managers through professional networks. This study also recommends that this sort of industrial placement and student exchange programs can enhance their communication skills and understanding of the global construction industry practices
“If you Cannot Measure it, you Cannot Manage it” – Buildability and Performance-Based Appraisal
Authors: Gao Shang , Vaz-Serra Paulo , Gardiner Blair
Published: January 2018

Buildability has been a perennial issue in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, with advocates arguing for positive benefits related to cost, time, quality and safety in project development. Evidently, buildability has been seen to offer broader industry gains and efficiencies, and its assessment has been encouraged as a criterion in the regulatory approval process of some countries. If buildability offers positive outcomes in project development, how can these be introduced, measured and assessed in the project development process? In the absence of mandated buildability appraisal systems, does the industry develop its market mechanism to leverage the gains that its consideration offers? Detailed coverage is systematically reviewed with the aim to identify the current trends in buildability. Based on a comparative analysis of existing assessment models of buildability, this paper reviews the suitability of this model, by highlighting the potential difficulties of its adoption, against the current deregulated and highly performance-based context of the Australian construction industry. The outcome of this paper is to provide a research methodology to develop a buildability assessment tool for Australia.
Resetting the Compass: An Immersive Intervention to Develop Abilities in Construction Management
Authors: Smallwood John , Allen Christopher
Published: January 2018

Students’ post-intervention perceptions of an event provide insight relative to their understanding and appreciation of the intervention, as well as the impact thereof.

Experience and anecdotal evidence indicate that Honours students experience challenges in terms of completing the academic year.

The purpose of the study reported on is to determine the impact of a one-day team building event on participants directed at, inter alia, developing their ability to manage themselves, work as a team, and interface with each other, and their ability to strategise, plan, evolve tactics, and take action, based upon a self-administered questionnaire survey conducted in a South African university. The students were surveyed after the completion of the event.

The salient findings include - the team building activities impacted on participants in many ways, contributed to an enhancement of their ability to strategise, plan, evolve tactics, and take action, and participants enjoyed and benefited from the team building activities.

It can be concluded that the one-day team building event had the desired impact in terms of the development of participants’ ability to manage themselves, work as a team, and interface with each other, and their ability to strategise, plan, evolve tactics, and take action.

It is recommended that the one-day team building event continue to be staged at the beginning of the Honours year, and that the post-event research be conducted on an annual basis.
Modelling User Perception of Online Visualisation in Real Estate Marketplaces
Authors: Usuf Osama Bin , Takin Mehrafarin , Ebrahimzadeh Sepasgoza Samad Mohammad
Published: January 2018

Increased internet penetration rate has made internet marketing an integral part of real estate industry. This may result in an inefficient process for the buyers and sellers due to the need for physical inspection. The aim of this study is to present key factors influencing the users’ decision to use a web-based technology for real estate purposes. This is an ongoing study including two phases: developing a framework based on a case study, and conducting a survey to measure customer perception on incorporating online visualization techniques. The paper presents the result of the first phase evaluating real estate marketing platforms as case studies in Pakistan and Australia. While the initial results show that physical inspections are still required before deciding on property transaction, it was found that the number of inspections can be reduced by incorporating a 3D model of the property to the listing platform. In addition, it was observed that clarity of search results and provision of a 3D model are some of the key factors influencing the user preference to use the website again. This reinforces the idea that advanced visualization techniques can improve the current reliability issues faced by customers and may also streamline the transactions. This study will be extended by conducting the designed survey in two target countries one a developed country and the other one a developing country to compare the most popular features to international customers.
Factors Affecting Construction Students’ Satisfaction with Grades in Design Courses
Authors: Ogunmakinde Olabode , Sher William , Ogunmakinde Oladoyin , Ayanniyi Oluwafemi
Published: January 2018

The construction and built environment sector is dynamic. It is made up of professionals who are knowledgeable about design, planning, construction and cost estimation. Design is one of several courses undertaken by construction students. Assessing design drawings is demanding for tutors as the assessment criteria need careful consideration. Assessment results may encourage or discourage students. Their morale may be affected if they feel their efforts have not been rewarded. Achieving a balance between the tutors’ decisions and students’ satisfaction is therefore important. This research sought to identify factors affecting students’ satisfaction with grades in design courses. The study was undertaken among year 3 and 4 architecture students in a Nigerian university. One hundred and twenty students were invited to reply to an online questionnaire. Their responses revealed that most of them were not satisfied with their tutors. They felt that marking was inconsistent. This study identified a range of ways students felt assessment could be improved. Chief amongst these was a suggestion that the same tutors assessed the work of all students (rather than for several tutors to be involved). Based on these issues, the paper suggests ways to balance tutors’ assessments and students’ satisfaction.
Improving Buildings Facility Intelligence in Higher Education Precinct: A socioBIM Approach
Authors: Abisuga Abiodun , Kamardeen Imriyas , Wang Cynthia
Published: January 2018

Higher education institutions (HEIs) infrastructure asset is a complex and massive investment, with high operational and management cost. The functionality of this infrastructure facility is paramount to the performance and well-being of its users. The effective and efficient operation and management of this facility required adequate knowledge and collaboration of all stakeholders. This study is a preliminary part of a research aim to adopt socioBIM for HE facilities users and facility management (FM) section, to interact with their learning environment and enhance collaborative practice to improve facility intelligence. The study method explores the advancement in building information modelling, decision support systems, and integrator networks based on grounded theory. Conceptually, the adoption of socioBIM reflects an enhancement of users' facility literacy, stakeholder’s participation and FM organisational intelligence within HEIs. These will culminate to stakeholder’s satisfaction and competitive advantage. Further study is also needful in the efficacy of socioBIM adoption.
Training Transfer as the Result of Rational Decision-Making Process
Authors: Pham Thanh Tung , Lingard Helen , Wakefield Ron , Zhang Rita
Published: January 2018

Employee training is delivered as a part of most human resource development programs because organizations expect training courses will enhance their employees’ performance. However, training may not lead to improved work performance if training transfer does not occur. The lack of training transfer in practice has long been considered as a critical problem. Also, previous theoretical models of training transfer cannot fully explain this phenomenon. As an attempt to solve the training transfer problem, this paper provides a literature review on training transfer and proposes a conceptual model grounded on the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
APPLICATION OF WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR INTERNAL WAVE DETECTION IN SAR IMAGE
Authors: ARVELYNA YESSY , OSHIMA MASAKI
Published: January 2018

In this paper, wavelet transform based on dyadic scales and spatial location have been used for internal wave detection in SAR image. It performed by using multi resolution analysis of image for feature detection and image enhancement. Wavelet transform uses local analysis to analyze a shorter region in image in time and scale data allows precise information than time and frequency region analysis such as Fourier analysis. Internal wave is observed in SAR image by effect of Bragg scattering process in sea surface that represents the meso-scale feature of sea processes. SAR image data is used considering to the effectiveness of large scales area monitoring on near real time data. Internal waves were observed in ERS-1 per 2 SAR images data over Lombok Strait during 1996-2001 period using 2D Symlet analysis for the symmetric extension of data at the image boundaries, to prevent discontinuities by a periodic wrapping of data in fast algorithm and space-saving code. Lombok Strait is chosen as study area because this strait is a major passage of the flow from Pacific Ocean to Indonesian seas (ARLINDO) and passage of Indian Ocean Kelvin wave to Makassar Strait.
Keyword: SAR image, internal wave, wavelet analysis.
STUDY OF OCEAN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY USING OCEAN COLOR DATA AROUND JAPAN
Authors: OSAWA TAKAHIRO , FANG ZHAO CHAO , Nuarsa I WAYAN , Swardika I Ketut , SUGIMORI YASUHIRO
Published: January 2018

Ocean primary production is an important factor for determining the ocean's role in global carbon cycle. In recent years, much more chlorophyll-a concentration data in the euphotic layer were derived from the satellite ocean color sensors. The primary productivity algorithms have been proposed based on satellite chlorophyll measurements (Piatt, 1988; Morel, 1991) and other environmental parameters such as sea surface
temperature or mixed layer depth (Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997; Esaias, 1996; Asanuma, 2002). In order to estimate integrated primary productivity in the whole water column, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll concentration below the sea surface should be reconstructed based on satellite data. In this paper, the vertical profile data of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) measured around Japan Islands from 1974 to 1994 were reanalyzed based on the shifted-Gaussian shape proposed by Piatt et al (1988). Using this statistical model (neural network) and the photosynthesis irradiance parameters from Asanuma (2002), the distribution of primary productivity and its seasonal variation around Japan islands were estimated from SeaWiFS data, and the results were compared with in situ data and the other two models estimated from VGPM and mixed layer depth model. Keywords: ocean color, primary productivity, chlorophyll profile, artificial neural network
POLARIMETRIC-SAR CLASSIFICATION USING FUZZY MAXIMUM LIKEHOOD ESTIMATION CLUSTERING WITH CONSIDERATION OF COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION BASED ON PHYSICAL POLARIMETRIC PARAMETERS, TARGET SCATTERING CHARACTERISTIK, AND SPATIAL CONTEXT
Authors: Ari Sambodo Katmoko , Murni Aniati , Dewanti Ratih , Kartasasmita Mahdi
Published: January 2018

This paper shows a study on an alternative method for unsupervised classification of polarimetric-Syenthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The first step was to extract several main physical polarimetric parameters (polarization power, coherence, and phase difference) from polarimetric covariance matrix (or coherency matrix) and physical scattering characteristics of land use/cover based on polarimetric decomposition (Cloude decomposition model). In this paper, we found that these features have complementary information which can be integrated in order to improve the discrimination of different land use or cover types. Classification stage was performed using Fuzzy Maximum Likelihood Estimation (FMLE) clustering algorithm. FMLE algorithm allows for ellipsoidal clusters of arbitrary extent and is consequently more flexible than standard Fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm. Hoever, basic FMLE algorithm makes use exclusively the spectral (or intensity) properties of the individual pixel vectors and spatial-contextual information of the image was not taken into account. Hence, poor(noisy) classification result is ussualy obtained from SAR data due to speckle noise. In this paper, we propose a modified FMLE which integrate basic FMLE clustering with spatial-contextual information by statistical analysis of local neightbourhoods. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated using E-SAR polarimetric data acquired on the area of Penajam, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Result showed classified images improving land-cover discrimination performance. Exhibiting homogeneous region, and preserving edge and other fine structures. Keywords: Cloudes polarimetric decomposition, FMLE clustering, polarimetric coherence, Polarimetric-SAR, unsupervised classification.
RED TIDE DETECTION USING Seawifs STANDARD CHOLOROPHYLL-a ALGORITHM IN SOUTHEAST KOREAN WATERS
Authors: Winarso Gathot
Published: January 2018

Cochlodinium  polykrikoides  red  tides  have  occurred  in  summer  every  year  at coastal  waters  of  the  South  Korea.  Chlorophyll-a  concentration  data  estimated  from  ocean color satellite SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view  Sensor)  were  used to detect the red tide in this study. The high value of chlorophyll-a concentration used  to detect red tide was analyzed  and   compared  with  red  tide  map  produced  by  National  Fisheries  Research  and Development Institute of Korea (NFRDI). Based on SeaWiFS data and NFRDI red tide map, it was  found  that  high  chlorophyll-a concentration  of  ≥  5  mg/m3in  SeaWiFS  images corresponded to the red-tide occurrence with some limitations.
DETECTING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENTS ON VOLCANIC REGION USING IMAGE LANDSAT-8 OLI IMAGERY
Authors: Suwarsono . , Khomarudin M. Rokhis
Published: January 2018

Geologically, Indonesia region is on track ring of fire, brings the consequence that the danger of volcanic eruption could occur at any time. Information sites where the settlement is located in the affected areas on emergency response process is needed in quick time. The availability of up to date data is important because it illustrates the actual condition of the region. Active volcanic landforms ranging from the crater to footslope in general is prone area to volcanic eruption, either by the threat of lava flows, pyroclastic falls, or lahars. This study aims to detect the spatial distribution of the settlement on volcanic region using Landsat-8 OLI. Parameters used for the detection of settlements is Normalized Difference Build-up Index (NDBI). Research methods include radiometric correction, delineation of the boundaries of volcanic landforms, NDBI value extraction, extraction of settlement areas, as well as the accuracy assesment.  Study area  is  Sinabung Volcano region located in the province of North Sumatera. Recently, the volcano experienced a devastating and catastrophic eruption. The results showed that the spatial distribution of settlements on volcanic landforms can be detected quickly from Landsat-8 OLI based on NDBI parameters with a sufficient degree of accuracy.
Effect of supine rest on cardiac autonomic tone in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rahman Farhana , Ferdousi Sultana
Published: January 2018

Background: Autonomic nerve dysfunction has been noted in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regular practice of supine rest (SR) may cause improvement of this impaired autonomic nerve function.Objective: To observe the effect of SR on the autonomic nerve activity by analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with T2DM.Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU)during 2016 on 30 female diagnosed T2DM patients aged 50-55 years with duration of diabetes of 5-10 years. They performed SR (20 minutes twice daily) for 3 months. The diagnosed patients were selected from the Out Patient Department of Endocrinology, BSMMU, Dhaka. Thirty age matched apparently healthy females who did not perform regular SR, were control. To assess the cardiac autonomic nerve function, HRV parameters of all subjects were recorded by PowerLab. HRV data of all subjects were collected at baseline and also after 3 months follow-up. In addition, urinary level of Vanillyl Mandelic acid (VMA) of all subjects were measured at baseline and at post intervention period for patients. For statistical analysis, paired and independent sample t-tests were done, as applicable.Results: The pre-intervention values of LF normalized unit (LF nu), LF/HF ratio(p<0.01) and urinary VMA were significantly higher(p <0.001) and HF normalized unit (HF nu) was significantly (p<0.01)lower in all diabetic patients compared to control. The post-intervention data showed LF nu, LF/HF ratio and urinary VMA were reduced and HF nu was increased but these changes were not statistically significant (p> 0.05) in diabetic patients.Conclusion: This study concluded that parasympathetic activity decreased, increased sympathetic activity with higher sympathovagal balance indicating autonomic dysfunction in patients with T2DM, which was shown with trend of improvement after regular practice of supine rest of 3 months though statistically not significant.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, December; 12(2): 65-71
Serum chromium and selenium levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Eva Hossneara , Akhter Qazi Shamima , Alam Md Khairul , Ahmed Shahriar
Published: January 2018

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that several trace elements such as serum chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) levels are altered in type 2 DM and its deficiencies are associated with the development of diabetes related complications.Objective: To assess the serum Cr and Se levels in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2014 to June 2015. Fifty type 2 diabetic patients with age ranging from 40 to 55 years were study group and fifty ages, BMI matched healthy subjects were control group. Patients were selected from Bangladesh Institute of Research for Diabetic Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) General Hospital, Dhaka. Serum Cr and Se levels were estimated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. For statistical analysis unpaired Student’s‘t’ test and Chi square test were performed.Results: In this study, serum Cr and Se levels were significantly (P<0.001) lower in patients than that of control group. In addition 20% patients had low Cr and 16% had Se deficiencies. Moreover, 6% of control had low Cr and 4% had low Se.Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that serum Cr and Se deficiencies are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, December; 12(2): 72-75
‘Any thing human or earthly’: Shelley’s Letters and Poetry
Authors: Callaghan Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter shifts the terms of previously rare discussions of Shelley’s letters to show that there is a comparable mode of self-fashioning across the letters and the poetry. The balance between communicating with friends and creating texts of abiding literary value comes to the fore in the relationship between the poem and the letter. This chapter reveals the significance of the connection between the two through close attention to the verbal echoes and biographical detail. Shelley’s experimentation with the idea of the ‘I,’ in the prose letter to the Gisbornes and in the Letter to Maria Gisborne, represents Shelley’s sophisticated epistolary practice, where the letter becomes far more than mere ore to be mined by biographical criticism just as the poem goes beyond the parameters of being a verse version of a private letter.
Passion and Playfulness in the Letters of Gerard Manley Hopkins
Authors: Hurley Michael D.
Published: January 2018

Friends since their undergraduate days at Oxford, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Robert Bridges exchanged letters for the next twenty-six years, until Hopkins’s death in 1889. Witty, whimsical and occasionally waspish; literary, theological and sometimes political; intimate, vulnerable and, once, mutually wounded: their correspondence offers unique access into their relationship, but also into their individual personal and poetic development. In particular, Hopkins’s letters to Bridges represent his most thorough-going attempts to explain his innovative metre, ‘sprung rhythm’, which explanation emerges with special clarity in part because of the extent to which Bridges is unwilling, or perhaps unable, to recognise those prosodical ‘licences’ that Hopkins called ‘laws’.
Lorine Niedecker’s Republic of Letters
Authors: Phillips Siobhan
Published: January 2018

Lorine Niedecker’s poetry is only beginning to garner the critical attention it deserves. From the 1930s to the 1970s, she wrote lyrics whose force and influence belie her ostensible position—literally and figuratively—on the outskirts of the literary world. Accounts of Niedecker’s work are incomplete, however, without analysis of her epistolarity. Niedecker needed correspondence to keep in touch with the friends and mentors of her literary life, sending notes, drafts, comments and questions from her home in Wisconsin to her peers in New York or Japan. But Niedecker also used correspondence to develop a model of writing that defined her singularity among such peers.
‘Wherever you listen from’: W. S. Graham and the Art of the Letter1
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at W. S. Graham’s many wonderful letters to those contemporaries, painters and artists of the St Ives school, who shared his ideals, but who also often remain distant, idealised correspondents—sounding-boards for the poet’s preoccupations. It examines, in particular, how these letters become practice grounds for poetry, allowing Graham to try out his epistolary poetic style in prose—prose which half-invents both self and other, as it searches the distances between the speaker and his notional, half-imaginary correspondent. The sheer musicality of these letters shows the extent to which Graham is really writing for himself, and sounding out the phrases that will then become part of his poetry.
Introduction: ‘For what is a letter?’
Authors: Ellis Jonathan
Published: January 2018

The Introduction outlines the history and reception of poets’ letters from the Romantic period to the present day, what many epistolary critics might gloss as a journey from ‘the golden age of letter writing’ to the apparent eclipse of letter writing by e-mail. It also discusses the different ways in which letters have been represented and utilized by biographers and literary critics, as well as by prominent theorists such as Bakhtin and Derrida.
Islam and nation-building
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

Indonesia is home to the largest Muslim mass organizations in the world, which not only predate, but whose tens of millions of adherents also put more well-known movements such as the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and Pakistans Jamaat-e Islami in the shadow. Opting for less confrontational modes of emancipation of Indonesia’s Muslim population, the Islamic modernist Muhammadiyah (1912), the puritan reformist Persatuan Islam (1923), and traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU, 1926) all focused on Islamic education. Only the Sarekat Islam (1911) had a political agenda from the beginning, When opportunity arose during the Japanese occupation, al switched to political activism, playing a key role in the independence struggle of the 1940s.
Introduction
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

Indonesia is the largest and most populous Muslim nation state in the world; a fact that is often forgotten because it was never part of the great caliphates that are historically associated with the Dar al-islam or ‘abode of Islam’. Also because of its great distance from the so-called Islamic heartlands, it is still often assumed that Islam in Indonesia is just a thin veneer over earlier religious deposits from elsewhere in Asia. Consequently, both scholars of Islam and Southeast Asianists overlook or underestimate the importance of this religion for the formation of Southeast Asian cultures....
From Claves Curiae to Senators of the College of Justice: Changing Rituals and Symbols in Scottish Courts
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses aspects of the ceremonies involved in constituting a court in Scotland in the Middle Ages, focusing on a sixteenth-century description of what were called the claves curiae, the ‘keys of the court’, necessary for its proper constitution. Analysis of this will then be followed by that of a later description of a ceremony of admission as a lawyer, a ceremony rich in ritual and symbolism. This description permits appreciation of the significant change in Scottish legal culture: a change that created a court dealing in the learned law of the ius commune, in the proceedings of which much was reduced to writing, deliberations were secret, and legal professionals were much more clearly in charge.
English Looters and Scottish Lawyers: The Ius Commune and the College of Justice
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter further discusses the significance of the ius commune in Scotland through an account of the looting of law books from Edinburgh in 1544 by an English knight. The account agrees with earlier scholars that the books looted were connected to the Abbey of Cambuskenneth, as a number of the volumes can be linked with, first, Patrick Paniter, Abbot of Cambuskenneth 1513–1519, and, second, his successor Alexander Mylne, Abbot 1519–1548. What is interesting about the books is that, along with a magnificent Bible, they constitute a significant part of the main sources of the ius commune, both Canon law and Civil law, together with some of the standard commentaries on them.
Scottish Law, Scottish Lawyers, and the Status of the Union
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

The Act of Union provided that the laws regulating trade, customs, and excises were to be the same in Scotland as in England. The Act also required the establishment in Scotland of a Court of Exchequer. This chapter further explores the broader significance of the Union for Scots law, showing how the preservation of the existing law provided by the Union did not stifle the dynamism of Scots law, nor prevent its being open to outside influences, even from English law. Whereas once the law had been seen as ius proprium in opposition to the ius commune, now it was largely viewed within a structure of ius naturale and ius gentium. The education and culture of Scots lawyers supported such an understanding.
Importing Our Lawyers from Holland: Netherlands Influences on Scots Law and Lawyers in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the influence of Scots’ experience of Dutch legal education on the development of legal education in the Scottish universities, elaborating its impact on methods of teaching, curricula, and choice of textbooks. The influence of the approach of the Dutch law professors may also be traced in the work of early private teachers of law before the foundation of the university chairs. Legal education was not narrowly conceived. From the beginning, the Dutch Humanist approach was influential. Studies of Civil law in particular — the core university discipline — were thought to require related studies of the ancient world, its politics and culture.
Advocates’ Hats, Roman Law, and Admission to the Scots Bar, 1580–1812
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a detailed study of actual admissions and of modes of admission as an advocate, almost from the foundation of the College of Justice to the Regency era, focusing on development of a set of examinations in Civil (Roman) law that came to replicate the exercises for examination in a university for the degree of Doctor of Laws. It was the focus on these examinations for admission that reinforced and perhaps even accelerated the tendency of Scots to acquire abroad the necessary knowledge and skills in Civil law that they needed to pass their ‘trials’. The symbolism of the trials reinforced the status of the advocates as learned gentlemen and linked their profession with that of advocates in other countries.
Alfenus Varus and the Faculty of Advocates: Roman Visions and the Manners that were Fit for Admission to the Bar in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

The Bar was a socially exclusive institution in most countries, even though it was in theory an open one. This chapter focuses on two curious episodes towards the end of the eighteenth century, when the Faculty unsuccessfully attempted to exclude two men — John Wright and Robert Forsyth — from membership. The debates among the Faculty arising from these episodes show the deployment of the language of manners, sentiment, and politeness, as well as argument about the traditional Roman models of what it was to be an advocate. To some extent, we can view these debates as helping redefine not only the advocates’ perception of themselves, whereby they moved away from identification with the Roman jurists, but also the role of Roman law in the training of the Bar. At the same time, the social composition of the Faculty was changing.
The Moveable Text of Mackenzie: Bibliographical Problems for the Scottish Concept of Institutional Writing
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter reflects on some technical issues raised by Early Modern books, and their potentially ‘moving’ texts within editions, as well as the significance of the development of texts through editions, as they are altered and often acquire a changing apparatus of notes. It sets out a reason to doubt the viability of the idea of an institutional writing or, indeed, that of an institutional writer, as a work, or author, of particular authority. It does so through an examination of the textual tradition of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland by Sir George Mackenzie first published in 1684. Mackenzie’s Institutions has been of immense importance in Scottish legal history. It is therefore important to locate the work within Mackenzie’s general oeuvre and intellectual concerns.
Lawyers, Law Professors, and Localities: The Universities of Aberdeen, 1680–1750
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the development of law teaching and professional education in the universities and town of Aberdeen during the period 1680–1750. Aberdeen is particularly interesting in this context. It had two universities: King's College and University (founded 1495) and Marischal College and University (founded 1593). As in Edinburgh, the largest professional group in Aberdeen was that of the lawyers. The basic problem for the two Aberdeen universities was locality. The Faculty of Advocates wanted law to be taught close to Edinburgh, preferably in Edinburgh itself. The Advocates wanted classes to prepare students for the Advocates' examinations; they wanted them taught by law professors whom they knew and whose appointments and tenure they could influence. Aberdeen was simply too distant and too subject to local pressures. The chapter considers why the location of Aberdeen doomed it to failure as a potential site of a law school during the period.
William Crosse, Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Glasgow, 1746–1749: A Failure of Enlightened Patronage
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines issues of politics and personality that surrounded the nomination of William Crosse as chair in Civil Law in the University of Glasgow. It first considers the influence of patronage on legal education by focusing on Archibald Campbell, first Earl of Ilay and third Duke of Argyll, and more specifically how and to what effect he used his influence. Contrary to the desires of the masters, Crosse gained the royal appointment. It was procured for him by Argyll, although Crosse was not his own choice. However, the masters succeeded in forcing him out and replaced him with Hercules Lindesay. Although the election to a chair could be brokered by powerful men, the chapter shows that the relationships of patronage involved were ambiguous: it was certainly not the case that those at the supposed centre of political power had a free hand in such professorial appointments.
John Millar, Ivan Andreyevich Tret’yakov, and Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky: A Legal Education in Scotland, 1761–1767
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the influence of John Millar on two young Russian students, Semyon Efmovich Desnitsky and Ivan Andreyevich Tret'yakov, who arrived to study in Glasgow University in 1761, the year Millar was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law. Millar attracted pupils from all over Great Britain and Ireland. He even had Russian pupils on whom he exerted demonstrable influence. As a teacher, Millar moved classes in law from a still traditional focus inherited from the Dutch law schools to instruction informed by the approach and learning of the Scottish Enlightenment. The chapter considers what Desnitsky and Tret'yakov learned from Millar. On their return to Moscow, both Desnitsky and Tret'yakov were in favour of the change to lecturing in Russian rather than in Latin in the University of Moscow — a move that could be attributed to their experience of legal education in the University of Glasgow and, in particular, of Millar's lectures.
From “Speculative” to “Practical” Legal Education: The Decline of the Glasgow Law School, 1801–1830
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the decline of the Glasgow Law School during the period 1801–1830. When John Millar died in 1801, he was succeeded by Robert Davidson, who lacked his predecessor's broad, philosophical approach. While, with Millar, the masters at the University of Glasgow had been keen to use the patronage system to gain an active and successful professor who would attract students and promote the values of Enlightened education, Davidson was appointed because he was the principal's son. He failed to maintain viable classes in Civil Law, and appears to have ceased to teach it after 1819. He did have students for Scots law, seemingly in reasonable numbers. The chapter considers how legal education in Glasgow changed, away from the values of Adam Smith and Millar, and towards a supposedly ‘practical’ rather than theoretical focus, during Davidson's tenure.
John Millar’s Lectures on Scots Criminal Law
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on John Millar's lectures on Scots criminal law as Regius Chair of Civil Law in the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1801, along with his legal philosophy and approach to Scots criminal law. It first explains how Millar's Smithian analysis of law led him to argue that punishment was based on the need to right wrongs done. It then examines how others, including earlier law professors, had classified Scots criminal law. It shows that Millar's particular approach to Scots criminal law meant that some crimes could be considered simply as crimes against society and punished purely on the grounds of police or utility, not on that of justice. The chapter concludes with an epilogue that takes into account Millar's influence on his pupil, David Hume, and through Hume, potentially on modern Scots criminal law.
A Note on The Bride of Lammermoor: Why Scott did not Mention the Dalrymple Legend until 1830
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines issues of the Scots law on marriage in Sir Walter Scott's novel, The Bride of Lammermoor. As first published in 1819, The Bride of Lammermoor opened with Peter Pattieson's account of the life of Dick Tinto, a painter, and of their discussions on the respective merits of narrative in the novel and in the pictorial arts. Neither Tinto nor Pattieson — nor, for that matter, Jedediah Cleishbotham as editor — referred to the story of the unfortunate Janet Dalrymple. The chapter argues that what restrained Scott in 1819 from mentioning the legend of the marriage of Janet Dalrymple were the severe and well-publicised marital problems of John William Henry Dalrymple, who was to succeed in 1821 as seventh Earl of Stair. It also considers a court case which illustrated the problems Scott perceived and also affected his discussion of The Bride of Lammermoor.
The New Yorker, the Middlebrow, and the Periodical Marketplace in 1925
Authors: Hammill Faye
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on The New Yorker in its first year, exploring its mediation of the whole range of the city's print culture. Balancing between fascination and ironic detachment in its attitude to the celebrity gossip and sensation disseminated in the tabloids, and similarly in its attitude to the high culture disseminated in avant garde and smart magazines, The New Yorker adopted an intermediate position which affiliates it with middlebrow culture. The chapter shows how, as multiauthored collages, incorporating a diverse mix of content and evolving over time, magazines are always difficult to position in relation to cultural hierarchies. The New Yorker, for example, has been classed, in different critical accounts, as modernist, as mass market, and as middlebrow.
The Distractions of John Cheever
Authors: Follini Tamara
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers John Cheever's Rolex advertisement, which can be read as the writer's comment, poised between self mockery and self congratulation, on his lifelong tussle with the marketplace and the conditions of magazine publication, considering Cheever's engagement with The New Yorker. While this was an affiliation from which Cheever frequently benefited, it was also one increasingly marked by financial frustration, creative limitation, and personal discord with the editors with whom he was most closely associated. More damagingly, Cheever's reputation, both during his lifetime and in subsequent decades, was perceived as so deeply entangled with that of the magazine that the association undoubtedly hindered, and may continue to unsettle, a just evaluation of his work.
Portrait of the Rabbit as a Young Beau: John Updike, New Yorker Humorist
Authors: Karshan Thomas
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that New Yorker humorist John Updike was able to develop a fifth column position by drawing upon discontents already implicit in New Yorker humour. In its cartoons and light verse, Updike found a humorous cloud of secular anxiety which he could distil, with deceptive courtesy, into an internal critique of The New Yorker's culture. Cartoons showing savages acting like Manhattanites, or vice versa, betrayed a sense of the hidden affinity between civilisation and the discontented primitive instincts; cartoons about cannibals, the fearful possibility that life was a violent matter of survival; cartoons about urban anxiety, the false support of work, and works; while light verse playing on speed and slowness hinted at an underlying desire to see in a human life an unmodern norm of shape and pace.
The New Yorker Life of Hannah Arendt’s Mind
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates how, in the annals of The New Yorker, the ‘Reporter at Large’ feature has been central, often dealing with major subjects of truly global significance, and occasionally taking up the entire magazine itself. Yet although each of the essays included in the feature transformed entire fields of inquiry, few have matched the provocative impact of Hannah Arendt's series of five features concerning ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem’. Her essays, when published in book form, carried the subtitle ‘the banality of evil’ that made them infamous on a broader, more global scale than the more local disturbances among New York intellectuals that the magazine publication provoked. Her analysis of the Nazi bureaucrat has been incessantly studied ever since.