bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dipole electromagnetic mapping of permafrost terrains : theoretical developments and computer programs
Authors: Sinha A K
Published: March 2016

Multifrequency electromagnetic mapping using dipolar sources may be useful for detecting and delineating permafrost in high latitude areas such as the arctic regions of Canada. A theoretical study has been made on the relative suitability of five coil arrangement
systems for mapping permafrost where it occurs as the top layer of a two-layer medium, underlain by unfrozen sediments. The computer modeling study has indicated that the horizontal copanar system would be the best from the viewpoint of the anomaly magnitude, while the perpendicular system might
offer the highest resolution. The null-coupled, inclined, parallel system comes close in performance to the horizontal coplanar system. The generalized computer program for obtaining the response of an n-layer lossy dielectric medium excited by harmonic dipolar sources has been included in the
Appendix. The program is completely general and valid for any frequency, coil separation and electrical constants of the media. Hence, it may be used to generate theoretical response of any layered model necessary for the interpretation of multifrequency field data.
Bibliography of marine geoscience information, Pacific Regions of Canada, 1900-1976
Authors: Clague J J , Gardner R H , Ricker K E , Donley M W
Published: March 2016

A selective bibliography of marine geoscience information for Pacific regions of Canada has been compiled. Approximately 900 citations are indexed according to subject matter and geographic coverage. The bibliography was prepared while all the authors were with
the Geological Survey of Canada. The inventory area is bounded by Dixon Entrance on the north; the Gulf-San Juan Islands, Juan de Fuca Strait, and the continental margin southwest of Vancouver Island on the south; and by the inlets of mainland British Columbia and the Fraser Delta on the east.
Included in this area is the continental margin west of the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island, and that portion of the East Pacific Rise west of the continental slope. A large number of the more important studies of abyssal regions of the eastern North Pacific Ocean also are included. The
bibliography comprises published papers, maps, and readily available manuscript reports concerned wholly or partly with marine geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. Studies of Quaternary sediments and the crust beneath the seafloor constitute the bulk of the catalogued information, but maps and
papers concerned with seafloor morphology, Quarternary sea level fluctuations, and processes of marine sedimentation and coastal erosion are included. Company reports, abstracts of papers presented orally at scientific meetings, and documents not accessible to the public have been excluded from this
bibliography.
The geoscientific information system for the north Montreal region
Authors: Kugler-Gagnon M
Published: March 2016

The geoscientific information system for the North Montreal Region was created to provide basic data for the design of a regional land-use plan. It consists of a data bank of geological, geotechnical, and geomorphological information; testing program s; mapping
programs (SY MAP V); and combination programs. The system produces variable maps (raw data maps) or integrated maps. Integrated maps are produced by simple addition of several weighed variable maps or by the combination of variable maps with an intervariable weighting
method.
Geological studies and evaluation of Macdougall Core Hole 1a, western Prince Edward Island
Authors: Howie R D
Published: March 2016

As the source and implications of chips of coal from a rotary hole drilled by Imperial Oil Limited in 1958 were not precisely known , a 6-inch core hole was drilled nearby in 197 5 to better evaluate the occurrence . The results of this drilling are given,
together with a summary account of the historical geology and of farmer exploration work pertinent to the island's coal and hydrocarbon potential. A columnar section shows the stratigraphic relationships between the Imperial rotary hole and the recent core hole, and also the corresponding
geophysical logs. Appendices to the report, by several authors, include a geological log of MacDougall Core Hole lA and the results of palynological studies, geochemical analyses, geophysical logging, and sulphide mineral studies.
Rubidium-strontium isotopic age studies report 2 (Canadian Shield)
Authors: Wanless R K , Loveridge W D
Published: March 2016

Rubidium-Strontium isochron ages and initial 8 7 s~/ 8 6Sr ratios determined for rock suites selected from fourteen Precambrian localities are presented. The significance of each determination is considered in the light of current geological understanding of
the region being studied. Data obtained for international isotope standard samples are compiled in Appendix II.
Preliminary account of the trilobite biostratigraphy of the survey Peak and Outram formations [Late Cambrian, Early Ordovician] At Wilcox Pass, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta
Authors: Dean W T
Published: March 2016

A section through the Survey Peak and Outram formations at Wilcox Pass, Alberta is more accessible than the type section at Mount Wilson and has facilitated the detailed collecting of shelly fossils, particularly trilobites, which often show marked affinities
with those of Utah and Nevada. The basal silty member of the Survey Peak Formation yields evidence of the Saukia Zone, Corbinia apopsis Subzone, followed by a group of beds containing Apoplanias and Missisquoia, and then Zone A with Symphysurina. The Survey Peak Formation ranges upwards probably
almost to the top of Zone F, although evidence for the latter is inconclusive. The Outram Formation probably begins just below the base of Zone G and extends upwards into Zone J, to which zone the basal Skoki Formation also belongs. Stratigraphic ranges of principal trilobite genera are given, and
evidence is presented to demonstrate the presence of Zones A, B, D, E, G and J. Evidence of Zone F is inconclusive, while Zones G, Hand I are probably represented by strata without macrofossils.
Geological interpretation of an airborne gamma-ray spectrometer survey of the Hearne Lake area, Northwest Territories
Authors: Newton A R , Slaney V R
Published: March 2016

Airborne gamma radiation surveys are not easily correlated with published geological maps particularly in the swampy, lake-ridden, glaciated terrain of the western Canadian Shield. This study shows how large volumes of airborne data can be displayed in a simple
format which provides both mapping and exploration geologists with information not easily obtained from the original data. Eleven lines or part-lines from a gamma-ray survey of the Hearne Lake area were chosen as test lines, and air photos were used to identify outcrops of each rock type and the
distribution of overburden, swamp and water along each line. Geological maps were used to locate the test lines and to provide a listing of the rock types in the area. With this information, it was possible to calculate the average radioelement characteristics of each rock type and to group the rock
signatures into a number of rock classes. Nine rock classes plus water could be identified, although one of the nine also represents areas of swamp, and glacial overburden. A simple algorithm was developed by which each airborne survey data point was identified with whichever rock signature it most
closely resembled. Use of this algorithm on the eight test lines resulted in a correct classification of two out of every three (63.3%) data points. When the classification process was extended to the whole survey area, many lithological units were shown to have rather variable radiation
patterns. In a few cases, lithologically similar rocks from different parts of the survey area were shown to have different gamma-ray patterns. In other cases, spatially separated outcrops of the same rock unit are shown to have similar radiation characteristics. Zones of anomalously high
radioactivity often cross lithological boundaries and may be considered useful indicators for uranium exploration. The techniques described are most usefully applied to those areas where the outcrop is extensive, where some form of geological map already exists, where there are air photos at scales
of 1:30 OOO or larger, and where the gamma-ray survey lines are less than 2.5 km apart.
Sedimentary phosphate deposits - an interim review
Authors: Christie R L
Published: March 2016

The most widely used ore in the world's phosphate industry is sedimentary phosphate rock, or phosphorite, in which the apatite mineral series is prominent. The sedimentary phosphate minerals probably form during diagenetic phosphatization of sediments in certain
shallow-marine environments near loci of upwelling deep-sea water. Hypothetical models of various sedimentological-tectonic conditions that apparently occurred during phosphate deposition have been used in delineating promising areas for prospecting. In this paper, several models are drawn from
descriptions of known phosphoritic regions, and a genetic scheme of classification is proposed. Canada has a well-developed phosphate industry although no ore is mined in this country. Phosphorite is reported, however, from beds of a wide range of ages and it should be possible, using criteria
derived from the models for deposition of marine apatite, to delineate favourable sites for prospecting and testing.
Canadian mineral occurrence index (CANMINDEX) of the Geological Survey of Canada
Authors: Picklyk D D , Rose D G , Laramee R M
Published: March 2016

Activities of the Economic Geology Subdivision of the Geological Survey of Canada for the most part are a series of projects dealing with one or more mineral commodities, or with the metallogeny of selected geologic regions of Canada. One of the basic components
of such studies is knowledge of the distribution of mineral occurrences and their contained commodities for the areas under consideration. To assist these projects, a computer processable index file of all significant mineral occurrences in Canada is being assembled. Both the file and the project
have come to be known as CANMINDEX (Canadian Mineral Occurrence Index). The basic contents of the file are: 1. Identification: name, alternate name(s), and an accession number. 2. Location: geographic location. 3. Geological data: commodities present and their development status; geological deposit
type, and a brief geological characterization of the deposit. 4. Bibliography: a selected bibliography of documents and maps best· describing the occurrence or the local geology. 5. Remarks: special aspects of the occurrence. 6. Cross-references: a provision to include accession numbers from up
to four other files containing information on the occurrence. At present, data acquisition for the file is proceeding on the basis of priorities set by the Economic Geology Subdivision and directly supports selected projects as the file is being built.
Confidence limits in paleomagnetism: alternatives to Fisher's solution
Authors: Larochelle A
Published: March 2016

On the basis of direct analogies with the Gaussian probability density function, an expression is derived to define the density of unit vectors about the mean of a normally distributed population. Given a sample of N vectors drawn from such a population, an
expression is derived to estimate the population angular standard deviation and the sample vector resultant is shown to be the best indicator of the population mean direction.
A stochastic model for the crystallization and textural analysis of a fine grained granitic stock near Meech Lake, Gatineau Park, Quebec
Authors: Vistelius A B , Agterberg F P , Divi S R , Hogarth D D
Published: March 2016

A stock of fine grained potassic granite (Meech Lake aplite) has been investigated using a stochastic model for 'ideal' granite developed at the Laboratory of Mathematical Geology in Leningrad. From observations of the contacts of the stock with its country
rocks, it can be assumed that the stock originated from a melt and that crystallization took place in a magma chamber. A hypothesis on the absence of significant metasomatic alteration in the stock was tested and confirmed through the investigation of about 140 specimens collected from the stock.
This conclusion does not contradict traditional petrographic analysis. Because the stochastic-process model of a magmatic, relatively unaltered, ideal granite fits the observations well, the parameters of this model were investigated in detail. These parameters can be indicative of the viscosity of
the magma. The pattern of parameter values for the stock shows that different parts of the stock were generated from the same magma but with differences in viscosity and in content of volatile components.
Quaternary stratigraphy in southern Alberta Report III: the Cameron Ranch section
Authors: Stalker A M ,   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: March 2016

The Cameron Ranch Section is the most complete Lauren tide Pleistocene section found in southern Alberta. It probably contains the full Lauren tide glacial record for the region, including deposits from all the Illinoian and Wisconsin glacier advances. The
deposits lack fossils or other materials for dating, and therefore age assignments are made on the basis of correlation with other sections, particularly those near Medicine Hat. At the base bedrock is overlain by the preglacial Saskatchewan Gravels and Sands. These consist of a lower gravel member
that probably is of late Kansan Age, and an overlying silt member laid down as the first Pleistocene ice sheet approached during late Yarmouthian or early Illinoian time. Both units lack the stones brought from the Canadian Shield by glaciers. The rest of the sequence, consisting of till sheets with
interfingering beds of alluvial and lacustrine sand, silt, and clay, is divided into fifteen units, nine or ten of which represent separate Laurentide ice advances; Cordilleran glaciation is not evident. The lowest four units overlying the Saskatchewan Gravels and Sands are mainly till and represent
three or four separate glaciations of Illinoian Age. Weathering is displayed on two of the till sheets. A thin Sangamon silt unit separates these units from four Preclassical Wisconsin units, three of which demonstrate separate ice advances. These, in turn, are overlain by a thin, Mid-Wisconsin sand
unit followed by five Classical Wisconsinunits, three of which are basically till and record individual ice advances. The top unit in the section consists of lake silt laid down as the last ice sheet was retreating. The name "Cameron Ranch Formation" is here given to certain previously unnamed
deposits that consist mostly of till. It is of Preclassical Wisconsin Age.
Proposals for time classification and correlation of precambrian rocks and events in Canada and adjacent areas of the Canadian Shield part 1 : a time classification of precambrian rocks and events
Authors: Stockwell C H
Published: March 2016

Precambrian time is subdivided on the basis of periods of orogenic activity as displayed mainly in the Canadian Shield. Commonly each orogeny is followed unconformably by the deposition of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The time boundaries chosen are natural
ones that separate basement from unconformably overlying rocks. To achieve this, boundaries between time units are drawn at the close of the last orogeny of the basement and are defined in type regions which serve as standards r or reference. Isotopie age determinations are used to date, as
accurately as possible, the geologically defined time boundaries in type regions but present estimates may be revised as more information becomes available. Isotopie ages are also used for arranging the several tirne units in chronological order, for placing sedimentary and volcanic rock and
anorogenic intrusions into their appropriate time units, and for long range correlation. All Precambrian time is divided into two main units called the Archean and Proterozoic with the boundary between them defined by the close of the Kenoran Orogeny presently estimated at about 2500 Ma. The Archean
is divided into four informal units, the oldest ending about 3400-3500 Ma ago. The Proterozoic is divided into three formal units called the Aphebian, the H elikian, and the Hadrynian with boundaries between them defined, respectively, by the close of the Hudsonian Orogeny at about 1750 Ma and by
the close of the Grenvillian Orogeny at about 1000 Ma. Each of the se Proterozoic units is further divided into two or three time units, mostly informal.
Proposals for time classification and correlation of precambrian rocks and events in Canada and adjacent areas of the Canadian Shield, part 2: a provisional standard for correlating precambrian rocks
Authors: Douglas R J W
Published: March 2016

In 1964 the Geological Survey published a Precambrian time scale based on isotopic age determinations which quantified and somewhat elaborated the then existing fourfold division. The Survey is currently compiling a 64-sheet, 1:1 million Geological Atlas and this
has emphasized the need for a revised standard of Precambrian time to enable correlation between different map areas and to describe more clearly geological relationships . In this report modifications are proposed to the 1964 standard, "type" assemblages are designated and the possible use of
magneto-chronological units is examined. The units are described in order of increasing age in terms of Magnetic Intervals and isotopic age. It is proposed that the Archean be divided into three eras and that the youngest of these be divided into two suberas. It is further proposed that the Aphebian
be divided into three suberas, that the Neohelikian be divided into three suberas, that the Paleohelikian also be divided into three and that the Hadrynian be divided into two suberas. New names are proposed for some of these divisions.
Environmental geology of the Miramichi Estuary: physical oceanography
Authors: Vilks G , Krauel D P
Published: March 2016

The Miramichi Estuary system consists of Inner Bay and the river estuary, each behaving differently under changing rates of freshwater inflow. In the river estuary, higher inflow rates intensify the halocline, with little effect on bottom salinities, whereas
Inner Bay water is diluted almost equally throughout the water column. Increased freshwater inflow increased ebb currents in the river estuary, while the flood currents remain relatively unchanged. Under extremely high inflow the two layer estuarine flow may not exist in the river estuary and the
residual currents may beebb directed throughout the water column. The tidal and nontidal variabilities of salinity are comparable in the restricted channels, but the nontidal variability is greater in the open Inner Bay. For currents, the two scales of variability are comparable in Inner Bay, but
tidal variability is greater in the restricted channels. The circulation in Inner Bay is cyclonic, but may be reversed to anti-cyclonic during periods of high freshwater inflow. The total flushing time rages from 43 tide cycles for a low inflow of 150 m3 s to 17 tide cycles for a high inflow of 1250
m 3 s during the spring freshet.
Deep coal resources of the interior plains, estimated from petroleum Borehole data
Authors: Williams G D , Murphy M C
Published: March 2016

Thick Cretaceous and Tertiary coal measures extend widely across the Canadian Interior Plains east of the Rocky Mountain Foothills. Coal seam depths and thicknesses and their containing stratigraphic units were picked in nearly 4000 petroleum exploration
boreholes distributed uniformly over an area of approximately 385 OOO sq. km in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. Seam data were assigned to one of five reliability index categories based on completeness of the suite of logs available and curve character on individual logs. The
greatest proportion of seam intersections (>90%), the thickest seams (>12 m), and the greatest seam depths (>3000 m) occur in Alberta. No coal was found in Manitoba. Seams were placed in one of four groupings for purposes of mapping and quantity estimation: thick
seams (?2 m) with reliability index categories 1 and 2 (>80% probability of occurrence), thick seams with reliability index categories 3 to 5 (<55% probability of occurrence), thin seams (<2 m thick) with reliability index categories 1 and 2, and thin seams
with reliability index categories 3 to 5. In each of these four groupings, measured resources are estimated at between 5000 and 10 OOO mega tonnes, indicated resources between 16 OOO and 30 OOO mega tonnes and interred resources between 1 300 OOO and 2 300 OOO megatonnes. These amounts are larger
than any previous recent estimate by factors of up to several orders of magnitude. More than 90 per cent of the resources occur in Alberta with most of the remainder in Saskatchewan and a small amount in British Columbia. More than half of the coal occurs in the Mannville Group and equivalent strata
of Early Cretaceous age with the remainder in Late Cretaceous strata of the Judith River and Edmonton Formations.
Environmental Geology of the Miramichi Estuary : suspended sediment transport
Authors: Winters G V
Published: March 2016

The temporal and spatial distribution of suspended sediment in the Miramichi inner estuary has been studied and a polynomial model was used to estimate the annual residual transport of suspended sediment. Suspended sediment concentrations varied from 0.5 to 90 mg
L-1 in May and from 0.1 to 80 mg L 1 in February, and were primarily derived from tidal current resuspension of bottom sediments during times of low river discharge. Suspended sediment transport has been modelled using water transport which is shown to be a function of the tidal oscillation and
river discharge. A diurnal inequality_ in the semidiumal tides and variation in river discharge (50 m3 s-1 in January to 1700 m3 s 1 in May) resulted in a continual inequality in the suspended sediment transports for individual flood and ebb tides. Tidal transport generally varied from 30 to 300
metric tonnes, however 3000 metric tonnes can be exported on a single ebb tide during a high river discharge period. The model accounts for long cyc lic changes which are included in observed tide gauge and river discharge observations. Model estimates for the 1976 annual residual transport agree
with sedimentation rates estimated from core samples.
Age determinations and geological studies K-Ar isotopic ages, report 15
Authors: Stevens R D , Delabio R N , Lachance G R
Published: March 2016

Two hundred and eight potassium-argon age determinations carried out on Canadian rocks and minerals are reported. Each age determination is accompanied by a description of the rock and mineral concentrate used; brief interpretative comments regarding the
geological significance of each age are al so provided where possible. The experimental procedures employed are described in brief outline and the constants used in the calculation of ages are listed. Two geological time-scales are reproduced in tabular form for ready reference and an index of all
Geological Survey of Canada K-Ar age determinations published in this format has been prepared using NTS quadrangles as the primary reference.
Stratigraphy of the Proterozoic Thule Group, southeastern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Frisch T , Christie R L
Published: March 2016

The Thule Group comprises unmetamorphosed, gently dipping sedimentary and basaltic rocks unconformably overlying crystalline basement in chiefly two coastal areas of southeastem Ellesmere Island, namely Clarence Head-Cape Combermere and Goding Bay-Gale Point. The
group is subdivided into six units, from bottom to top as follows: unit I - sandstone and stromatolitic dolomite; unit II - tholeiitic basalt sills and lavas and minor pyroclastics interbedded with red sandstone, sil tstone and shale; unit III - variegated sandstone, siltstone and shale, underlain
by stromatolitic dolomite; unit IV - white orthoquartzite; unit V - variegated sandstone, siltstone and shale; unit VI - mainly light weathering orthoquartzite. The sediments were deposited in a shallow marine to terrestrial environment; the extrusive igneous rocks are terrestrial. The Thule Croup
is thickest at Goding Bay, where 1000 m of strata were measured in a section whose lower contact is not exposed and whose top is an erosion surface. The northern limit of Thule deposition lies between 78° 32'N and 79° N. Whole-rock "° K-" 0 Ar ages of basalt from unit II indicate that
the Thule Croup is 1.0- l.2 Ga old.
Primary Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy of the Archean Skead Pyroclastics, Kirkland Lake area, northeastern Ontario
Authors: Ridler R H , Foster J H
Published: March 2016

Paleomagnetic data were obtained from 33 sites in folded, slightly metamorphosed volcanic rocks of the Archean Skead Pyro clastics south of Kirkland Lake, northeastern Ontario, and from 14 other sites. The best results were obtained from intermediate to felsic
breccia s. Some sites of a 20 site section fall in a normal-reverse-normal polarity sequence. A simple fold test appears to be positive though statistically inadequate. The mean of the paleomagnetically best 28 site means from the Skead Pyroclastics gives a mean primary pole of 121°W,
23°5, with DP=4.39, DM=8.42, and CX95=8°.
Geological factors affecting roof conditions in some underground coal mines in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Bustin R M
Published: March 2016

Variability in roof conditions in coal mines in the Crowsnest Pass area can be attributed in part to sedimentary and structural features of the roof strata and coal. In the Vicary Creek mine, located north of Coleman, Alberta, the roof rock ranges from
thinbedded, very fine-grained, carbonaceous sandstones and siltstones to thick-bedded sandstones, which are respectively interpreted as distal and proximal crevasse splay deposits. The thin-bedded strata include carbonaceous laminae that were preferred horizons for interstratal slip and which form
structural discontinuities along which separation of roof rock may occur. The thick-bedded sandstones are well jointed, resulting in a blocky roof rock which did not facilitate interstratal slip. Rather, interstratal slip was accommodated by slip within the coal seam itself, resulting in extensive
shearing and comminution of the coal. Slickenside striae on bedding surf aces and some extension faults define a kinematic pattern which is consistent with that of the Coleman Fault, the major structural element in the area of the mine. In the Balmer North, Six Panel, and Five Panel mines, located
near Michel, British Columbia, the immediate roof rock is composed of carbonaceous siltstones and very fine grained sandstones that are interpreted as crevasse splay and over bank deposits. As a result of flexural slip during folding, bedding surf aces are slickensided and the cohesion between
successive beds in the roof rocks has been destroyed. Although a cleat system is evident at almost all sampling localities, no consistent pattern is evident that conforms to the regional structure. Joint sets in the roof and floor strata lie in hkl and hkO , and only at a few localities do they
conform to the cleat system. In the Balmer North mine young, gently west-dipping shear fractures (cleat) which lie in hO 1 are present throughout the mine. This cleat system, in conjunction with cozonal extension faults and slickensided bedding surf aces, results in failure of both roof strata and
coal ribs along northerly to northwesterly trends. Slickenside striae on extension faults and shear surf aces in the coal are antithetical to those expected during flexural slip, and probably post-date folding. In the Five Panel mine both roof and coal rib failure occur along steep, easterly-dipping
shear surfaces in conjunction with slickensided bedding surf aces.
Geology and biostratigraphy of the Dome Gulf Et Al. Ukalerk C-50 Well, Beaufort Sea
Authors: McNeil D H , Ioannides N S , Dixon J
Published: March 2016

The Dome Gulf et al. Ukalerk C-50 well was drilled in 1977, 55 km offshore in the Beaufort Sea, in 27.7 m of water to a total depth of 2304.7 m. Gas was recovered from 2011.7-2017.8 mat a maximum rate of 476 473 m3 /day. The Tertiary section contains a major
unconformity at 1571. 5 m, identified from physical and biostratigraphic characteristics. A Late Miocene?-Pleistocene age is assigned to the post-unconformity section which consists of a lower mudstone-dominant section gradationally overlain by poorly consolidated to unconsolidated sandstone. These
rocks are tentatively interpreted as an overall progradational succession with outer shelf muds at the base, gradationally succeeded by inner shelf muds and sand and finally by deltaic and fluvial sands. The pre-unconformity section is dated as Early to Middle Miocene below the unconformity, and
Oligocene below about 2000 m. Pre-unconformity strata are dominantly muds tone with isolated sandstone-rich intervals and are probably of outer shelf origin. The unconformity is regional and has been recognized in a number of other Beaufort Sea wells. It coincides with major changes in palynomorph
and foraminiferal assemblages that record a significant cooling trend across the unconformity. Dating of the event that produced the unconformity is still tenuous but the most likely age is Late Miocene or Early Pliocene.
Paleoecology of John Klondike Bog, Fisherman Lake Region, southwest district of Mackenzie
Authors: Matthews J V
Published: March 2016

Pollen and macro{ ossils, the latter including mollusca, insects, as well as fruits and seeds of higher plants , were recovered from the sediments of a 4.7 m core taken at the site of a small bog near Fisherman Lake in southwest District of Mackenzie. The core
sequence spans approximately the last 9600 years. Its pollen and macro{ ossil contents largely portray the change of a small pond or lake into an elevated, frozen bog. Despite the domination of the pollen diagram by local vegetation, two regional trends are evident: the migration into the Fisherman
Lake area of alder 8700 years ago and pine 67 00 years ago. Apparently none of the pollen and macro{ ossil data portrays the mid-Holocene Altithermal, and in fact the only indication of climatic change in the entire core sequence may be the indirect evidence of permafrost development at the site
during the Little Ice Age 300 to 500 years ago.
Metamorphism in the Snow Lake area, Manitoba
Authors: Froese E , Moore J M
Published: March 2016

The Snow Lake area for ms the eastern part of the Flin Flan-Snow Lake volcanic-sedimentary belt in the southern Churchill Province. Two successions of supracrustal rocks are recognized. The Amisk Group, composed of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and greywacke with
interlayered shal e, underli es most of the area. Towards the north, there is a f acies change in the Amisk Group from metavolcanic to predominantly metasedimentary rocks. The Missi Group, composed of metamorphosed crossbedded lithic arenite, overlies the Amisk Group with slight erosional
unconformity. The rocks of both groups have been affected by two major periods off olding. The emplacement of gneiss domes, accompanied by folding, constitutes a third major structural event. The repetition of a part of the Amisk succession is attributed to a postulated thrust fault predating the
second period of folding. A r egional metamorphic zonation was developed during the second period of folding, with grade increasing to the north. Four zones are recognized: chlorite-biotite, chlorite-biotit e-staurolite, biotite-staurolitesillimanite, and biotite-sillimanite-almandine. In the last
zone, the metasedimentary rocks acquire the character of gneisses and may be regarded as belonging to the Kisseynew Complex. The volcanicsedimentary belt and the Kisseynew gneisses are separated only by a metamorphic boundary; there is no structural or stratigraphic discontinuity between them.
Volcanogenic sulphide deposits, which occur in some horizons of the Amisk Group, have been def armed and metamorphosed with their enclosing rocks.
Pre-carboniferous evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians
Authors: Hada S
Published: March 2016

A synthesis of the stratigraphic and tectonic characteristics of the New{ oundland Appalachians and a proposed model to account for the pre-Carboni{ erous evolution of this part of the orogenic belt are presented. The lithology and apparently great thickness of
metasedimentary rocks of the Fleur de Lys Supergroup strongly suggest sedimentation on an Atlantic-type continental margin and the existence of the proto-Atlantic (Iapetus) Ocean during Hadrynian time. This ocean was probably initiated about 800 Ma ago by rifting and breakup of a North
American-European supercontinent. Oceanic lithosphere produced during the spreading-expanding phase of the proto-Atlantic was consumed by subduction which started in late Hadrynian or earlier times. Subduction started first on the east side of the ocean and gave rise to volcanism and metamorphism at
the m'.lrgin of the Avalon subcontinent. In latest Hadrynian time, a new, small-scale spreading centre at the western margin of the proto-Atlantic Ocean produced ophiolite complexes of mainly Cambrian age, followed in late Cambrian-early Ordovician by westward dipping subduction of the
proto-Atlantic oceanic plate beneath this newly created oceanic microplate. Volcanism occurred along the ancient continental shelf and rise during the early stages of these developments, with the extrusion of plateau basalts and diabase dykes in latest Hadrynian time. Subduction resulted in the
eruption of island arc-type volcanic rocks, which directly overlie the Cambrian ophiolites, and in the imbrication of an accretionary complex (including the Dunnage Melange) at the lower trench slope on the eastern side of the island a re. Detachment and abduction of the Cambrian ophiolite complex
began, at the latest, in the Early Ordovician. Movement of the detached sheet of Cambrian oceanic crust and mantle onto the eastern margin of the North American continent presumably resulted from a combination of convergent plate motion and an unusually steep geothermal gradient in the newly created
oceanic plate. Early Paleozoic de{ ormation and metamorphism affected the continental rise sediments and may have resulted from overthrusting of the thick and hot detached ophiolite sheet. An exogeosynclinal basin developed on the craton and accommodated a thick succession of easterly derived flysch
in the east grading to black shale in the west. Tectonically stacked slice assemblages of a variety of sedimentary, volcanic and plutonic rocks moved into the exogeosyncline by gravity sliding in the Middle Ordovician. After the final emplacement of the ophiolites in mid-Middle Ordovician,
subduction became inactive beneath the island arc. Rejuvenation of the subduction zone, however, is indicated by the development of mature island arc-type volcanism in the early Silurian. Closure of the proto-Atlantic Ocean was completed in the Middle Devonian when the Avalon subcontinent collided
with the North American continent and fringing island arc.
Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of granulites of the Ford River and North River belts of northern Labrador, Canadian Shield
Authors: Anantha Iyer G V
Published: March 2016

The Proterozoic granulites of the Ford River belt lie along the western flanks of the Archean granulites of the North River region of Nain Province in northern Labrador. Studies of mineral assemblages and the sequence of specific reactions in the hi9h-grnde rocks
rewal the transitional facies character between the granoblastites and granulites in the study area. Using ACF plots of analyzed rocks of the Ford River and North River regions, hornblende-granulite facies rocks of bio + opx + pl + gar and bio + hb + opx + pl ± gar assemblages of transitional
character have been identified. The biotites are dark brown with high Ti content and plot in the middle range of the eastonite-siderophyllite series. Orthopyroxenes range in composition /'ram En3 s to EnG o. Their low Ca, Al, Cr and Ni contents indicate that they are metamorphic orthopyroxenes.
Garnets are predominantly almandine with Mg-component varying from 10-28°0 and Ca-component from 5 to 19°0. Hornblendes are aluminous tschermakite-pargasites. Distribution of Fe-A4g in coexisting f'emic minerals indicates that they were /'armed under equilibrium conditions. Phase relation
studies suggest that pressures dicl not exceed 8 kb and temperatures were not above 850° C during regional metamorphism. The major-element geochemistry of Ford River and North River high-grade rocks compares with that of' the amphibolite-grade Uivak gneisses of Nain Province and shows
predominantly a calc-alkaline trend. There is duality in their lithophile element distribution pattern. LTL elements are moderately or strongly depleted and SIL elements are enriched compared to the Uivak gneisses. The present data provide further evidence that certain geochemical features appear to
be common to all granulite facies rocks, irrespective of their age. The clepletecl nature of granulites can only be attributed to the fractionating effects of high-grade regional metamorphism.
Understanding Ontario's capital investment in numerical modelling under the source protection program: 2005-2015
Authors: Bates S
Published: March 2016

The tragic contamination of Walkerton's water supply in May 2000, and the resulting inquiry by Justice Dennis O'Connor, saw the Province of Ontario begin the long process of properly addressing drinking water security and sustainable water resources management.
In May 2002, exactly two years after the Walkerton tragedy, Justice O'Connor released his second, and final, inquiry report making 22 recommendations to the province for Source Water Protection. The intervening years from 2002 to 2005 saw intense activity from hundreds of people in the coordination
of an Advisory Committee on Watershed-Based Source Protection Planning, a White Paper on Watershed-Based Source Protection Planning, a Technical Experts Committee and an Implementation Committee. These high-level committees within the province, and their resulting reports, became the foundation on
which the Source Water Protection Program and Clean Water Act were designed. In early 2005, the first in a series of multi-million dollar agreements was signed to begin building and implementing the Source Water Protection Program. Within the broader Source Water Protection Program the need for a
water quantity risk assessment framework was recognized and in this way the Water Budget Program was initiated. Although it was not well understood at the time, the Water Budget Program would go on to become a major provincial driver of Water Quantity Policy, Science and Information over the coming
decade, overseeing rigorous technical assessment, model development, peer review and reporting. This presentation highlights the first ten years of numerical model development within the Water Budget Program and offers insights into accomplishments and potential opportunities for improvement going
forward.
Conservation authority geoscience programs
Authors: Millar M
Published: March 2016

Geoscience is a relatively new program area for many Conservation Authorities (CA); it wasn't until about 2001 that CAs started to employ Geoscientists. Initial CA geoscience programs consisted of the newly formed Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN)
and the Source Water Protection (SWP) Program. The Geoscience services offered by CAs has evolved and is now more integrated into regular CA business and has opened up additional opportunities for collaborations with municipal, provincial, and federal partners. In 2008 the CA Geosciences Group was
formed to ensure consistency between CAs for the application of geoscience among CAs. Of the 36 CAs approximately 14 CAs currently employ qualified geoscientists, the remaining 22 contract out geosciences work as required.
This presentation will look at how geoscience has been integrated into the core CA business, which includes
1. Aspects of planning and development review; review and commenting on public policy and regulations;
2. Watershed Plans, including the watershed Report Cards;
3. Monitoring programs including the PGMN, soil moisture, and climate change;
4. The SWP program that helped to advance groundwater information in Ontario through the water budgets and modeling exercises;
5. Other modeling including the Conservation Authorities Moraine Coalition's YPDT 3-D model;
6. Participation in special projects for the development of a Low Water Response groundwater indicator and soil moisture;
7. Participation in the development of the annex 8 groundwater report under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; and
8. Partnerships with the Ontario Geological Survey investigating locally important geologic features that have an impact on water quantity and quality.
Integration of 'golden spike' geologic and hydrogeological data sets
Authors: Parker B , Arnaud E
Published: March 2016

High resolution geological data sets have increasingly been collected and used in the context of groundwater mapping programs in Ontario. This has provided much more robust geological conceptual models for key areas in the province. At the same time, many
advances have been made in hydrogeology to enable acquisition of high-resolution hydraulic data in vertical profile. Here we present a few examples from Ontario to demonstrate how the collection of these two types of datasets in tandem can provide a hydraulically-calibrated, geologic framework to
generate a robust, 3-D hydrogeologic model. While the geological framework remains the key to extrapolation between boreholes, the hydraulic significance of the various stratigraphic (sub)units and sedimentary features are identified and quantified with the direct measurement of hydraulic conditions
at multiple depths and locations. These data sets are very much complementary and provide corroborating evidence and robustness to define the geometry, thickness and position of key 3-D hydrogeological units that control the groundwater flow system and contaminant pathways and transport
rates.
Geophysical data acquisition for hydro-stratigraphic mapping in Southern Ontario
Authors: Pugin A J -M
Published: March 2016

In two collaborative projects with the OGS in the Southern Ontario, Canada, the GSC has acquired high-resolution reflection seismic and passive seismic data combined with downhole geophysics data. We have acquired innovative high-resolution compressional (P-) and
shear (S-) wave reflection sections using a vibratory source and 3-component (3-C) landstreamer system during field programs carried out in 2013 and 2015. The work was part of a strategy to improve the knowledge and understanding of groundwater resources within the glacial and post-glacial sediments
in Southern Ontario. The >80 line-km of seismic profiling is an excellent example of an hydrogeophysics data set, providing detailed information on the depth to bedrock, the architecture and stratigraphy, and physical properties of the overlying sediments on both the regional and local
scales. Complex sedimentary features observed include deep bedrock valleys, deltaic and till deposits interconnected by erosive metre to multi-kilometre size structures for which observation and measurements are essential for hydro-stratigraphic mapping. Geophysical logging in deep boreholes was
undertaken to assist with the calibration of the seismic sections. We also made an attempt to compare shear wave seismic reflection with passive resonance H/V analysis, the first results are encouraging but need further calibration and modeling over existing borehole data to be conclusive.
The seismic surveys were performed using an IVI "Minivib 1" source with a "landstreamer" three-component geophone array built by the GSC. The landstreamer consists of 72 or 48 - 3 kg metal sleds spaced at 1.5 m towed using low-stretch belts. The source vibrates in in-line (H1 or H2) horizontal mode,
using a 7 second nonlinear logarithmic sweep of -2 DB/Oct from 20 to 300 Hz to increase the time spent in the low end of the sweep to enhance shear body wave energy. Data were recorded using six to nine 24-channel Geometrics Geode engineering seismographs operated in the cab of the Minivib.
Uncorrelated records are collected to allow pre-whitening of the data and careful choice of the correlating function is the first step in the data processing sequence. P-wave sections are derived from data acquired on the vertical geophones, while S-wave sections are produced using the in-line, H1
or the cross-line, H2, component. Seismic sections are then correlated with borehole geophysical data. Interpretation of the equivalent compressional (P-) wave section permits delineation of seismic facies sequences. The shear wave data produce remarkably detailed sections over buried valleys from
the surface down to 150 m or more. In the Niagara region, near the seismic lines 6 boreholes have been logged for natural gamma, apparent conductivity, density and fluid temperature, P-wave and S-wave velocities were measured. One hole is situated on a seismic line and was successfully used for
seismic depth calibration.
A three dimensional surficial stratigraphic model for southern Ontario
Authors: Russell H A J , Bajc A F , Burt A , Logan C , Muligan R , Sharpe D R
Published: March 2016

Over the past ten years, the Ontario Geological Survey has completed extensive subsurface investigations in and beyond the Greater Golden Horseshoe region of southern Ontario to support development of regional 3-D surficial geological models (e.g., Waterloo,
Oro). The combined efforts of this work and that of the Geological Survey of Canada over the Oak Ridges Moraine Area, has resulted in close to 50% of the total area of southern Ontario being modelled. Following the extensive work associated with the development of Source Water Protection Plans,
there is now a need, and value, in developing a regional surficial geological framework for all of Southern Ontario. To develop a framework for a regional 3-D model, multiple components are being worked on that include, i) development of a simplified legend of hydrostratigraphic units, ii)
identification of a conceptual model to ensure appropriate reconciliation of legend items both stratigraphically and architecturally, iii) compilation of an index stratigraphic framework of continuously cored boreholes, including borehole geophysics and seismic data, iv) quality control of the MOECC
water well data, v) stratigraphic coding of the water well records, and vi) interpolation of an integrated, fully attributed 3-D model of regionally significant aquifer and aquitard units. This multiyear initiative is anticipating a preliminary model in 2018 with full documentation and final
products available by 2019.