bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene‐Based Transparent Conducting Electrodes for High Efficiency Flexible Organic Photovoltaics: Elucidating the Source of the Power Losses
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhang Dingdong , Jin Hui , Poliquit Beta Zenia , Philippa Bronson , Nagiri Ravi Chandra Raju , Subbiah Jegadesan , Jones David J. , Ren Wencai , Du Jinhong , Burn Paul L. , Yu Junsheng
Published: March 2019

Solution processed flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) are of interest due to their potential use as environmentally friendly, shapeable, or wearable energy. Such flexible devices require compatible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs). The use of three‐layer graphene as a useful TCE for flexible OSCs is reported. The conformal coating of the graphene‐based TCE with good retention of performance was achieved using a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer comprised of the non‐polymeric molecular (5Z,5′Z)‐5,5′‐[(5‴,5‴‴′‐{4,8‐bis[5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4‐n‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl}bis{3′,3″,3‴‐tri‐n‐hexyl‐[2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2‴‐quaterthiophene]‐5‴,5‐diyl})bis(methanylylidene)]bis[3‐n‐hexyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one] (BQR) donor and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the acceptor. This material combination enables thick BHJ junctions to be used so that the roughness of the graphene surface did not lead to shorted devices. The best graphene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) devices (PET/graphene/molybdenum oxide/BHJ/calcium/aluminum) show a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.8%, which while excellent was lower than that of a similar device architecture that used ITO/glass as the anode. The power losses of the graphene/PET‐based cells mainly resulted from absorption losses caused by the optical profile distribution in the device and the relatively high sheet resistance of the anode, leading to an 18% decrease in the short‐circuit current and lower fill factor, respectively.
The Influence of Hot‐Rolling Conditions on the Content and Morphology of Retained Austenite in Ultra‐High Strength Bainitic Steel and Its Mechanical Properties
Authors: Korpała Grzegorz , Hisker Frank , Hammer Brigitte , Heller Thomas , Kawalla Rudolf , Prahl Ulrich
Published: March 2019

Bainitic steel with retained austenite belongs to the family of multi‐phase steels, which exhibit high strength combined with high deformability due to their special microstructural composition. In this contribution, the microstructural conditions of the hot‐rolled bainitic steel are presented and characterized as a function of the chromium content and the hot‐rolling conditions. In particular, the aim of this study is to understand the influence of hot rolling conditions and of Cr content on retained austenite morphology for a Cr containing, carbide‐free bainitic steel. The mechanical properties are largely controlled by the multi‐phase microstructure. A high degree of deformability is evaluated unlike to the large amount of retained austenite islands in the microstructure. The morphology of the retained austenite is described as blocky‐type, which questions previous findings on retained austenite in literature. In this work, the best ratio between tensile strength (1340 MPa) and total elongation (22%) is found for blocky retained austenite while the island size do not measure more than 2 μm. These results are found for steel with a Cr‐content of 0.9% and after hot rolling (finish rolling temperature >970 °C) with a coiling temperature of 450 °C.
Read‐alouds in the upper elementary classroom: Developing academic vocabulary
Authors: Roessingh Hetty
Published: March 2019

This article highlights the potential of teacher read‐alouds of informational texts for building academic vocabulary. These represent the general, high‐utility words with Greek and Latin roots and the discipline‐specific words associated with increased academic rigor of curriculum in the upper elementary grades. The author provides the theoretical underpinnings and underscores the importance of building and bridging oral academic vocabulary to written academic literacy through a series of linked, scaffolded learning tasks. These tasks provide opportunities for recycling and practice with new words and transforming them to written modes, resulting in deep learning. These ideas are suited for working with preservice teachers in initial teacher preparation programs. In‐service teachers could also use these materials in their classrooms or for professional development in a community of practice setting where collaborative work, discussion, and shared reflection are valuable adjuncts for introducing new teaching ideas.
Motivational factors underlying different levels of reading comprehension of English language learners
Authors: Xu Heng , Durgunoğlu Aydin Y.
Published: March 2019

Most research on the predictors of successful reading comprehension in a second language (L2) has been focused on cognitive factors. Very few studies exist on how motivational factors impact L2 reading comprehension. In this study, 179 Chinese college students read passages in English (their L2) and answered either literal, relatively superficial questions reflecting text‐based comprehension (TBC) or deeper, inferential and critical questions reflecting higher order comprehension (HOC). The participants also completed a survey on their reasons for studying English and perceptions of their abilities. Multiple regression analyses indicated that intrinsic motivation had more predictive power on HOC than TBC, whereas extrinsic motivation had more predictive power on TBC than HOC. The educational implications of these interrelationships between different components of motivation and L2 comprehension levels for English language learners are discussed.
Development of a comprehensive MPPT for grid‐connected wind turbine driven PMSG
Authors: P Sai Manoj , A Vijayakumari , K Kottayil Sasi
Published: March 2019

This paper proposes a comprehensive MPPT method by which extraction of maximum power from wind turbine and its subsequent transfer through various power stages and final delivery to the connected grid are realized. In the proposed system, the operation of the wind turbine at its maximum efficiency point is maintained by control of grid‐tied inverter such that the shaft speed of the generator is set to result the desired optimum tip speed ratio of the turbine. The proposed comprehensive MPPT estimates the required DC link voltage for each wind speed using a unified system model, uses a loss factor to account for the system losses, and then controls the inverter to push the WT extracted maximum power into the grid. The comprehensive MPPT is developed and is validated in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a wide range of operating wind speed. The results ascertain that the wind turbine is made to operate at its maximum efficiency point for all wind speeds below the rated one.
Analysis of blade fragment risk at a wind energy facility
Authors: Larwood Scott , Simms David
Published: March 2019

An analysis was performed to determine the risk posed by wind turbine fragments on roads and buildings at the National Wind Technology Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The authors used a previously developed model of fragment trajectory and took into account the wind speed/direction distribution at the site and the probability of rotor failure. The site‐specific risk was assessed by determining the likelihood of impact and related consequences. For both the roads and buildings, the risk varied from low to routine, which was considered acceptable.
Minimal radiative neutrino masses
Authors: Klein Christiane , Lindner Manfred , Ohmer Sebastian
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We conduct a systematic search for neutrino mass models which only radiatively produce the dimension-5 Weinberg operator. We thereby do not allow for additional symmetries beyond the Standard Model gauge symmetry and we restrict ourselves to minimal models. We also include stable fractionally charged and coloured particles in our search. Additionally, we proof that there is a unique model with three new fermionic representations where no new scalars are required to generate neutrino masses at loop level. This model further has a potential dark matter candidate and introduces a general mechanism for loop-suppression of the neutrino mass via a fermionic ladder.
Model-independent constraints on the CKM matrix elements |Vtb|, |Vts| and |Vtd|
Authors: Clerbaux Barbara , Fang Wenxing , Giammanco Andrea , Goldouzian Reza
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Single top quark production cross sections at hadron colliders are traditionally used to extract the modulus of the V

tb
element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix under the following assumption: |V

tb
| ≫ |V

td
|, |V

ts
|. For the first time, direct limits on |V

td
| and |V

ts
| are obtained using experimental data without the assumption of the unitarity of the CKM matrix. Limits on the |V

td
|, |V

ts
| and |V

tb
| are extracted from differential measurements of single top quark cross sections in t-channel as a function of the rapidity and transverse momentum of the top quark and the light jet recoiling against the top quark. We have shown that the pseudorapidity of the forward jet in the single top production is one of the most powerful observables for discriminating between the |V

td
| and |V

tb
| events. We perform a global fit of top quark related CKM elements to experimental data from the LHC Runs I and II and Tevatron. Experimental data include inclusive and differential single top cross sections in t-channel, inclusive tW production cross section, and top quark branching ratio to b quark and W boson. We present bounds on |V

tb
|, |V

ts
| and |V

td
| using current data and project the results for future LHC data sets corresponding to luminosities of 300 and 3000 fb−1.
Thrust distribution in Higgs decays at the next-to-leading order and beyond
Authors: Gao Jun , Gong Yinqiang , Ju Wan-Li , Yang Li Lin
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We present predictions for the thrust distribution in hadronic decays of the Higgs boson at the next-to-leading order and the approximate next-to-next-to-leading order. The approximate NNLO corrections are derived from a factorization formula in the soft/collinear phase-space regions. We find large corrections, especially for the gluon channel. The scale variations at the lowest orders tend to underestimate the genuine higher order contributions. The results of this paper is therefore necessary to control the perturbative uncertainties of the theoretical predictions. We also discuss on possible improvements to our results, such as a soft-gluon resummation for the 2-jets limit, and an exact next-to-next-to-leading order calculation for the multi-jets region.
CP symmetries as guiding posts: revamping tri-bi-maximal mixing. Part I
Authors: Chen Peng , Chuliá Salvador Centelles , Ding Gui-Jun , Srivastava Rahul , Valle José W. F.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We analyze the possible generalized CP symmetries admitted by the Tri-Bi-Maximal (TBM) neutrino mixing. Taking advantage of these symmetries we construct in a systematic way other variants of the standard TBM Ansatz. Depending on the type and number of generalized CP symmetries imposed, we get new mixing matrices, all of which related to the original TBM matrix. One of such “revamped” TBM variants is the recently discussed mixing matrix of arXiv:1806.03367. We also briefly discuss the phenomenological implications following from these mixing patterns.
The Impact of Circular Stapler Size on the Incidence of Cervical Anastomotic Stricture After Esophagectomy
Authors: Hosoi Takahiro , Abe Tetsuya , Uemura Norihisa , Higaki Eiji , Kawai Ryosuke , Kawakami Jiro , An Byonggu , Nagino Masato , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: March 2019

Background

Cervical anastomotic stricture after esophagectomy is a serious complication that adversely affects postoperative recovery, nutritional status and quality of life. Cervical anastomosis by a circular stapler (CS) has been widely accepted as a simple and convenient method, but anastomotic strictures are likely to occur. The aim of this study was to investigate an association between CS size and the incidence of anastomotic stricture after cervical esophagogastric anastomosis performed by a CS.

Methods

Between April 2011 and March 2016, 236 consecutive patients underwent cervical esophagogastric anastomosis by a CS via a retrosternal route after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. These patients were divided into according to CS size for the procedure as follows: small‐sized (25 mm) CS group (SG, n = 116) and large‐sized (28 or 29 mm) CS group (LG, n = 120). The clinical data of patients were analyzed retrospectively to compare the two groups.

Results

Overall, anastomotic strictures were observed in 90 patients (38%). The incidence of anastomotic stricture was significantly lower in the LG than the SG (23% vs. 53%, p < 0.001) (Table 3). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD: FEV1.0% <70%) (OR 2.35, 95% CI = 1.09–5.14; p = 0.029), anastomotic leakage (OR 8.97, 95% CI = 2.69–41.30; p < 0.001), and a small‐sized CS (OR 3.42, 95% CI = 1.82–6.62; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for anastomotic stricture in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

If possible, a large‐sized CS should be used to prevent cervical anastomotic strictures when performing cervical anastomoses by CS.
Surgical treatment of Neer type II and type V lateral clavicular fractures: comparison of hook plate versus superior plate with lateral extension: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ochen Yassine , Frima Herman , Houwert R. Marijn , Heng Marilyn , van Heijl Mark , Verleisdonk Egbert J. M. M. , van der Velde Detlef
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Different fixation methods are used for treatment of unstable lateral clavicle fractures (LCF). Definitive consensus and guidelines for the surgical fixation of LCF have not been established. The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported functional outcome after open reduction and internal fixation with the clavicle hook plate (CHP) and the superior clavicle plate with lateral extension (SCPLE).

Methods

A dual-center retrospective cohort study was performed. All patients operatively treated for unstable Neer type II and type V LCF between 2011 and 2016, with the CHP (n = 23) or SCPLE (n = 53), were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was the QuickDASH score. Secondary outcomes were the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score, complications, and implant removal.

Results

A total of 67 patients (88%) were available for the final follow-up. There was a significant difference in bicortical lateral fragment size, 15 mm (± 4, range 6–21) in the CPH group compared to 20 mm (± 8, range 8–43) in the SCPLE group (p ≤ 0.001). There was no significant difference in median QuickDASH score (CHP; 0.00 [IQR 0.0–0.0], SCPLE; 0.00 [IQR 0.0–4.5];p = 0.073) or other functional outcome scores (NRS at rest;p = 0.373, NRS during activity;p = 0.559). There was no significant difference in median QuickDASH score or other functional outcome scores between Neer type II and type V fractures. There was no significant difference in complication rate, CHP 11% and SCPLE 8% (relative risk 1.26; [95% CI 0.25–6.33;p = 0.777]). The implant removal rate was 100% in the CHP group compared to 42% in the SCPLE group (relative risk 2.40; [95% CI 1.72–3.35;p ≤ 0.001]).

Conclusion

Both the CHP and SCPLE are effective fixation methods for the treatment of unstable LCF, resulting in excellent patient-reported functional outcome and similar complication rates. SCPLE fixation is an effective fixation method for the treatment of both Neer type II and type V LCF. The SCPLE has a lower implant removal rate. Therefore, if technically feasible, we recommend SCPLE fixation for the treatment of unstable LCF.
Making regulation fit by taking irrationality into account: the case of the whistleblower
Authors: Oelrich Sebastian
Published: March 2019

Prospect theory describes people as bounded rational decision maker. What sparked widespread discussion after its initial introduction in 1979 is today criticized for lack of applicability. I use the debate about whistleblowing laws to show that prospect theory may be applied prescriptively in economics as a tool to design effective legislation. Whistleblowing is often seen as an important way to uncover fraud, which causes billions of USD in damages annually. I first examine the fragmented legal landscape across Europe, showing that it can be framed as one favoring rewards or the prevention of losses. I conduct an experiment with 39 university students, wherein legislative incentives are evaluated under a prospect theoretical frame in a setting of ambiguity and high stakes. Results suggest that people exhibit the typical s-shaped value function and loss aversion in line with prospect theory. In addition, their intention to whistleblow is more heavily reduced by losses than increased by gains. The study adds to the scarce literature of prospect theory on decisions in ambiguous contexts—as well as to the applicability of the theory as a prescriptive instrument in designing institutional frames. For whistleblowing in particular, a protection-based approach seems most promising.
When rational decision-making becomes irrational: a critical assessment and re-conceptualization of intuition effectiveness
Authors: Julmi Christian
Published: March 2019

Intuition can lead to more effective decision-making than analysis under certain conditions. This assumption can be regarded as common sense. However, dominant research streams on intuition effectiveness in decision-making conceptualize intuition inadequately, because intuition is considered either detrimental or as a form of analysis. Current findings in general intuition research show that intuition is a holistic form of information processing that is distinct from analysis and can be superior in some cases. To reconcile this mismatch, this article first critically assesses dominant conceptions on intuition effectiveness and then offers a re-conceptualization that builds on current findings of general intuition research. Basically, the article suggests the structuredness of the decision problem as the main criterion for intuition effectiveness, and proposes organization information processing theory to establish this link conceptually. It is not the uncertainty but the equivocality of decision problems that call for an intuitive approach. The article conclusively derives implications for further research and discusses potential restrictions and constraints.
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
Authors: McAdam Jane
Published: March 2019

On September 19, 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a set of commitments to enhance the protection of refugees and migrants, known as the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. In the Declaration, all 193 member states of the United Nations reaffirmed the importance of the international protection regime and committed to strengthening and enhancing mechanisms to protect people on the move. They also agreed to work toward the adoption of a global compact on refugees and a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. These two compacts were drafted through separate processes over eighteen months in 2017–18 and formally adopted by the General Assembly in December 2018. One hundred and fifty-two states voted in favor of the adoption of the Migration Compact, while twelve countries abstained from the vote (Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Italy, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland), and five countries voted against (Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Poland, and the United States).
Raphael's Rainbow and the Vision of Saint Catherine
Authors: Cosgriff Tracy
Published: March 2019

Painted in 1508, Raphael's “Saint Catherine of Alexandria” is animated by innovative pictorial techniques using light, shadow, and color. Yet scholars have scarcely discussed its dazzling palette or sought to explain the image's meaning. I argue that Raphael's “Saint Catherine” exemplifies the artist's thematic interpretation of divine revelation in optical terms. Aristotelian theories of vision illuminate new dimensions of Raphael's engagement with scientific and theological sight. From this examination, new criteria for identifying the painting's patron emerge. By reframing the “Saint Catherine” within the rubric of contemporary optics, color's role as an allegory for Raphael's subject comes increasingly to light.
Milton, Jerome, and Apocalyptic Virginity
Authors: Conti Brooke
Published: March 2019

Milton's youthful interest in virginity is usually regarded as a private eccentricity abandoned on his maturation. His “Mask” is often read, analogously, as charting the Lady's movement from temporary virginity to wedded chastity. This essay challenges those claims, arguing that Milton's understanding of virginity's poetic and apocalyptic powers comes from Saint Jerome, whose ideas he struggles with throughout his career. Reading “A Mask” alongside Jerome suggests that Milton endorses the apocalyptic potential of virginity without necessarily assigning those powers to the Lady herself. In later works, Milton modifies and adapts Jerome before finally producing the perfect eremitic hero of “Paradise Regain'd.”
Local Economic Spillover Effects of Stock Market Listings
Authors: Butler Alexander W. , Fauver Larry , Spyridopoulos Ioannis
Published: March 2019

We show that initial public offerings (IPOs) have nontrivial positive spillover effects on local labor markets, business environments, consumer spending, real estate, and migration. We mitigate endogeneity concerns about unobserved heterogeneity with restrictive geographic fixed effects coupled with a matching procedure. We show that it is the listing decision, which encompasses both a wealth and liquidity shock, that induces economic spillovers. Conditional on an IPO occurring, we estimate that an additional $10 million in IPO proceeds is associated with an extra 41 jobs and 0.7 new establishments locally.
Directionality in the history of life: Diffusion from the left wall or repeated scaling of the right?
Authors: Knoll Andrew H. , Bambach Richard K.
Published: March 2019

Issues of directionality in the history of life can be framed in terms of six major evolutionary steps, or megatrajectories (cf. Maynard Smith and Szathmáry 1995): (1) evolution from the origin of life to the last common ancestor of extant organisms, (2) the metabolic diversification of bacteria and archaea, (3) evolution of eukaryotic cells, (4) multicellularity, (5) the invasion of the land and (6) technological intelligence. Within each megatrajectory, overall diversification conforms to a pattern of increasing variance bounded by a right wall as well as one on the left. However, the expanding envelope of forms and physiologies also reflects—at least in part—directional evolution within clades. Each megatrajectory has introduced fundamentally new evolutionary entities that garner resources in new ways, resulting in an unambiguously directional pattern of increasing ecological complexity marked by expanding ecospace utilization. The sequential addition of megatrajectories adheres to logical rules of ecosystem function, providing a blueprint for evolution that may have been followed to varying degrees wherever life has arisen.
Conversations about Phanerozoic global diversity
Authors: Miller Arnold I.
Published: March 2019

The emergence of Phanerozoic global diversity as a central theme of investigation has resulted from a confluence of factors, including the assembly by several researchers of global taxonomic databases; the advent of computers, which permitted construction and analysis of global Phanerozoic diversity trajectories; and the recognition that Phanerozoic diversity trends are important bellwethers of the evolutionary processes that cause biotic transitions. Despite the enormous progress in the measurement and interpretation of Phanerozoic diversity over the past quarter century, much of which has been reported inPaleobiology, these studies have collectively generated at least as many new questions as they have answered—arguably the mark of an area of inquiry that continues to be vital. In this essay, I discuss several outstanding issues in the investigation of Phanerozoic diversity, ranging from the viability of literature-derived databases for investigating global diversity trends, to the biological significance of the myriad biotic transitions that have taken place throughout the Phanerozoic.
Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems
Authors: Foote Mike
Published: March 2019

Mathematical modeling of cladogenesis and fossil preservation is used to explore the expected behavior of commonly used measures of taxonomic diversity and taxonomic rates with respect to interval length, quality of preservation, position of interval in a stratigraphic succession, and taxonomic rates themselves. Particular attention is focused on the independent estimation of origination and extinction rates. Modeling supports intuitive and empirical arguments that single-interval taxa, being especially sensitive to variation in preservation and interval length, produce many undesirable distortions of the fossil record. It may generally be preferable to base diversity and rate measures on estimated numbers of taxa extant at single points in time rather than to adjust conventional interval-based measures by discarding single-interval taxa.

A combination of modeling and empirical analysis of fossil genera supports two major trends in marine animal evolution. (1) The Phanerozoic decline in taxonomic rates is unlikely to be an artifact of secular improvement in the quality of the fossil record, a point that has been argued before on different grounds. (2) The post-Paleozoic rise in diversity may be exaggerated by the essentially complete knowledge of the living fauna, but this bias is not the principal cause of the pattern. The pattern may partly reflect a secular increase in preservation nevertheless.

Apparent temporal variation in taxonomic rates can be produced artificially by variation in preservation rate. Some empirical arguments suggest, however, that much of the short-term variation in taxonomic rates observed in the fossil record is real. (1) For marine animals as a whole, the quality of the fossil record of a higher taxon is not a good predictor of its apparent variability in taxonomic rates. (2) For a sample data set covering a cross-section of higher taxa in the Ordovician, most of the apparent variation in origination and extinction rates is not statistically attributable to independently measured variation in preservation rates. (3) Previous work has shown that standardized sampling to remove effects of variable preservation and sampling yields abundant temporal variation in estimated taxonomic rates. While modeling suggests which rate measures are likely to be most accurate in principle, the question of how best to capture true variation in taxonomic rates remains open.
The quality of the fossil record: A sequence stratigraphic perspective
Authors: Holland Steven M.
Published: March 2019

As paleobiology continues to address an ever broader array of questions, it becomes increasingly important to interpret confidently the meaning of the pattern of fossil occurrences as found in outcrop. To this end, sequence stratigraphy is an important tool for paleobiologists because it predicts the distribution of unconformities, facies changes, and changes in sedimentation rate, all factors known from numerous previous studies to affect the quality of the fossil record. Computer simulations now make it possible not only to model sequence architecture within sedimentary basins, but also to model the occurrence of fossils within those basins. These models generate predictions regarding the stratigraphic distribution of first and last occurrences, changes in species abundance, changes in species morphology, and the distribution of gaps in fossil ranges. Although confirmation of some of these predictions has been found in field studies, the extent to which these predictions describe the fossil record in general is still unknown. If the predicted patterns of fossil occurrences are found to be widespread, it will suggest that a relatively simple model of fossil occurrences in outcrops could become a new tool for solving a wide array of paleobiologic and biostratigraphic problems. With such models, paleobiologists and biostratigraphers will be able to use model data to test the accuracy of newly developed methods of analysis.
Shen-ti Wen-hua: Discourses on the Body in Avant-Garde Taiwanese Performance, 1980s–1990s
Authors: CHEN YA-PING
Published: March 2019

The article explores historically and theoretically the phenomenon of shen-ti wen-hua (culture of the body) in the context of Taiwan's experimental performance in the 1980s–1990s. By highlighting different corporeal discourses in various sociopolitical contexts across time, it addresses such critical issues as the relation between the individual and the collective in the history of Taiwanese modernity, the quests for identity in art and culture, the transformation of the role of the avant-garde in aesthetic and political pursuits, and the ultimate question of the relationship between art and society from the colonial era to a contemporary world dominated by consumer culture and global capitalism. The body, with its materiality and rich semiotic possibilities, has at certain historical moments served as a potent metaphor for questioning the sociopolitical status quo and envisioning new identities and alternative power relations in Taiwanese society: the period under consideration in the article was one of those moments.
Performative Reintegration: Applied Theatre for Conflict Transformation in Contemporary Colombia
Authors: ESTRADA-FUENTES MARÍA
Published: March 2019

Civil wars and internal armed conflicts are commonly followed by transitional justice processes known as Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration programmes. Focusing on the social reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia, this article examines the role of embodiment and secondary care in conflict transformation, and outlines the process of incorporating creative and embodied practice as core elements of transitional justice mechanisms. It discusses the relational qualities of applied theatre, policy development and implementation to demonstrate how embodied practice enables peace-building practitioners and ex-combatants to develop a better understanding of how affective transactions and emotional states shape transitional societies. In so doing, this article discusses some of the challenges of devising sustainable arts-based interventions when working with communities that have been significantly affected by war.
Case Law in Japan
Authors: Ishida Takashi
Published: March 2019

Shortly after the Meiji Restoration, under the influence of French law, a modern system of judicial administration was introduced in Japan. In 1871 the Ministry of Justice was created, and in 1872 several kinds of courts were established. However, in this period, the separation of powers had not yet been implemented. Therefore, it was not until 1875, the Eighth year of the era of Meiji, that Japan established a unified judicial system. In that year, for the first time, the judicial service was separated from the executive power and became independent, except that the Ministry of Justice retained responsibility for the functioning of the courts and the appointment of all court personnel, including judges. Under “Taishinin Sho-saibansho Shokusei Shōtei” (the Rules for the Organization of the Great Court of Judicature and Various Other Courts), one highest court “Taishin-in” (the Great Court of Judicature) and two types of inferior courts “Jōtō-saibansho and Fu-kensaibansho” (Higher Courts and Provincial Courts) were set up.
Current Legal Research in the Philippines
Authors: Feliciano Myrna S.
Published: March 2019

Legal research traditionally has been concerned with the development or elaboration of legal doctrines, and the raw materials of such research have been statutes, administrative regulations and rulings, and court decisions. This type of research is termed as doctrinal research. Characteristically, a legal scholar undertaking doctrinal research takes one or more legal propositions as a starting point and focus of his study. Research then takes place in the law library, where the scholar tries to locate all relevant statutes, cases and all discussions of his proposition found in encyclopedias, textbooks, treatises, and legal periodicals. If the legal concept is taken from a statute, his sources would necessarily include the statute, its legislative history and, if possible, comparable statutes in other jurisdictions. He then analyzes his readings, formulates his conclusions and writes up his study in the form of a memorandum, a brief, a periodical article or a treatise.
La Bibliothèque Léon Graulich (Faculté de Droit de Liège)
Authors: Guillitte Paulette
Published: March 2019

The Library Léon Graulich of the University of Liège Law School was founded in 1929 and has approximately 250,000 volumes in its collections.

Its acquisitions policy emphasizes books on legal subjects with main attention devoted to the law of Belgium. Foreign law materials, especially French law and the law of the European Communities are also being collected on a current basis, as well as the law of the United States and a few other countries on a small scale.

Since 1971 the Library has been using modern computer techniques for the production of a bibliographic record of books and articles on legal subjects published in Belgium.

In addition, the documents of the Belgium Parliament are also accessible through computer terminals which have been installed in the Library. Since 1977 the collective labor agreements are also part of this automated indexing system.
Criminal Justice in the People's Republic of China: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Western Language Commentaries
Authors: Kearley Timothy
Published: March 2019

On July 1, 1979, during the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (PRC), seven important laws were passed. Among these new laws were complete codes of criminal law and criminal procedure.

The approval of these laws—particularly the codes of criminal law and procedure—is, to anyone with more than a casual interest in the PRC's legal system, an act of great significance. The Chinese themselves certainly view this event as being quite important and have devoted considerable time and effort to propagandizing its meaning for their society.
Bulgaria: Law on Joint Ventures [March 25, 1980]
Authors: Sipkov Ivan
Published: March 2019

Since more than a decade, several Eastern European countries, ruled by a Communist party, began introducing legislation permitting joint ventures in the fields of production, science-technology, and trade with foreign physical and juridical persons as partners. Foreign investors and enterprises were thus given the opportunity to enter into various mutually beneficial activities with socialist states in the form of capital, labor, equipment and technology.
Problems with Sources of Information in International Law and Relations: The Case of the World-Wide Treaty Jungle
Authors: Sprudzs Adolf
Published: March 2019

We live in a complex and interdependent world. Our planet seems to have become much smaller than it used to be only a few decades ago. We know almost instantaneously what is happening in places thousands of miles away, and we also know that most world events are interrelated and affect us all, wherever we might live or whatever nationality we might belong to. Movements of goods, people and ideas across national borders and the constant interplay of national interests of states continuously create situations which demand and command international attention and cooperation. States and intergovernmental organizations are thus required to assume the roles of principal actors on the world stage where the contemporary human drama is being played with much greater number of participants and intensity than ever before. The number of independent nations has increased dramatically during the last decades. Their mutual relations accordingly require a multitude of various formal and informal arrangements unprecedented in quantity as well as complexity. It is a fact of life that no nation today can afford to live in complete isolation from all its neighbors. The economic and political realities simply do not permit it. As a result, therefore, networks of international agreements under a variety of names (for the purposes of this paper we shall call them all treaties) have been growing like mushrooms after a good autumn rain, attempting to define, reconcile, harmonize, adjust and regulate the whole spectrum of competing national interests, aspirations and needs of the multimember family of nations. The sheer number, diversity and complexity of the world treaty picture has reached such a degree of difficulty in recent years that some scholars have described the situation as a “state of confusion” or even a “treaty jungle”. Librarians are very much in the middle of this situation, being called upon to provide bibliographic guidance to and through this “jungle”. It may therefore be useful to present here, within the prescribed limited confines of this paper, a quick look on the degree of accessibility to treaty information in the world today, to discuss briefly some of the types of treaty research tools that are and are not available, and to conclude with a number of suggestions for possible improvement.
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Operations and Doctrine**
Authors: Farer Tom J.
Published: March 2019

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), founded in 1959, is one of the principal organs of the Organization of American States. The Commission is empowered to receive complaints from individuals, organizations and groups alleging violations of human rights in any of the member states of the OAS, and to make findings of fact and recommendations designed to effect the vindication of those rights.
Third World Materials as Catalyst for Access Dominated Solutions to the Problem of Western Libraries
Authors: Liivak Arno
Published: March 2019

In 1830 Alexis de Tocqueville managed to be sent on an extensive trip to the United States in order to study new world penal institutions. His main interest was the culture and civilization of the United States rather than its jails. Although he conscientiously investigated the penitentiaries and subsequently wrote a report, he considered democracy to be the real subject of his study.
Federal Regulation of the Law Book Industry
Authors: Baum Frederic S.
Published: March 2019

In the ideal law book market place publishers would flourish, libraries would grow and producers and consumers would have no need for an umpire in the guise of a federal regulatory agency.
Documentation Projects and Problems: The European Parliament
Authors: Carmody Frank
Published: March 2019

By way of introduction I would like to define the problems particular to the European Parliament, problems which arise in part because of its very nature. It is, in fact, a very different animal from the national parliaments with which we are acquainted. It has a number of specific problems which arise from the very fact that it is different. Perhaps the most important of these is that the Members of the European Parlimant are all members of their own parliaments in the first place: this is a pre-condition before they can come to the European Parliament and means that on top of a very full job of work in their own parliaments, they are expected to find something in excess of 100 extra days in every year to attend meetings of the European Parliament and its committees. Everyone who has talked to his own member of Parliament will, no doubt, have been told “I haven't got a minute to spare. I haven't the time to do anything extra. I can't do half the things I want to do.” If you then tell him “Well, I'm sorry, but you've got to find 100 days,” you will realise the size of the problem we are facing. For the parliamentarian this must mean that he has much less time for his preparatory meetings, much less time for background reading, much less time for writing reports, and must inevitably place much more reliance on the services which the permanent secretariat can provide. This is the first problem.
The Legal System and Literature of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Hsia Tao-tai
Published: March 2019

Since the early 1960's there has been a growing interest in Chinese law in this country, much of which has been focused upon Chinese law during the period since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. This interest has been evidenced both by the introduction of courses in Chinese law into the teaching programs of many of our major universities and by the appearance of numerous scholarly studies of Communist Chinese law.
Law Librarianship as a Profession in the United States of America
Authors: Schultz John S.
Published: March 2019

The performance of duties which law librarians consider professional varies in quantity and in quality among different types of law libraries. It is hoped that this small paper will reflect these differences and yet provide information typical enough of American librarians to provide an adequate picture for comparison. Noting the essential differences, this paper will briefly describe the organization of professional law librarians in their jobs and in their relationships with other librarians, their educational status and requirements, and other indicia of professionalism which affect their status. It will undoubtedly reflect the biases of a librarian from a university law library.
Academic Law Librarians in the United States of America: Lawyers or Librarians?
Authors: Liivak Arno
Published: March 2019

“Everthing's up-to-date in Kansas City

They've gone about as far as they can go!”

American standards for law librarianship have been frequently cited and widely used as guidelines in law library literature. It is understandable how one not fully conversant with the problems inherent in American law librarianship might well regard the present standards with the kind of awe expressed in the above quotation. After all, academic law librarians in the United States have a doubledegree standard of education, possess full faculty rank and status as members of law school faculties, and require certification in accordance with their own professional association standards. Committees of the American Association of Law Libraries are engaged in writing canons of professional ethics for law librarians while another is producing a code of job security. A committee of concerned librarians is dealing with questions of social importance and probing the possible response of law libraries to those issues. The law library literature itself is filled with articles presenting various philosophies of law librarianship. Surveys are taken on topics of constant interest ranging from salary scales and book counts to the very latest topical problems such as sex discrimination. Members even voice concern about the possibilities of unauthorized practice of law in their daily work and raise questions concerning the need for malpractice insurance coverage for reference librarians. Thus, at first glance, it does seem entirely possible to conclude that “everything is up-to-date” in American law librarianship.
“What Belongs Together Can Now Grow Together” – The German Unification Process And Its Legal Impact
Authors: Knudsen Holger
Published: March 2019

Since 1990, countless scientific books and articles have been published on the topic of the unification of Germany. I did not mean to add another learned contribution to a subject where everything that could have possibly been said and written has been said and written. I rather intended to familiarize the audience with a rather complex and multidimensional process within the limited space of time of a conference. This, alas!, compelled undue simplification from me. In order not to further complicate a difficult enough subject I felt, above all, constrained to concentrate on the intra-German aspects of unification. As a result, I deliberately had to leave the many international and external problems and developments out of account. This is particularly true for the Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany (Two-plus-four Treaty) of September 12, 1990, and the Polish-German Border Treaty of November 14, 1990, as well as the termination of international treaties to which the former German Democratic Republic was a party, and Germany's membership in the European Union and NATO after the unification.
OSCE and International Law
Authors: Berger Christian
Published: March 2019

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) pursues a concept of co-operative security which encompasses commitments by participating States in the areas of military security, political co-operation, human rights, economy, culture and the environment. Its priorities are to consolidate common values and build civil societies, prevent local conflicts, restore stability and bring peace to war-torn areas, overcome real and perceived security deficits and avoid the creation of new divisions by promoting a co-operative system of security. The OSCE is the primary instrument for early warning, conflict management and crisis management in the OSCE region, i.e. Europe, Central Asia and North America. Its basic feature is the strict equality of all 55 participating States, which is well reflected in its decision-making process. With a few exceptions, decision-making at meetings within the framework of the OSCE is only possible by consensus, which is considered to be achieved if no State has expressed an objection. States are, however, allowed to make reservations or interpretative statements.
The Internet Experience and Authors Rights
Authors: Schurtz-Taylor Jane
Published: March 2019

What is the future of copyright and authors’ rights in the light of what is being called “the digital information society?”

It is generally recognised that the law responds to a given situation: if the legal fraternity doesn't take the time to observe and understand what is actually happening, it will be almost impossible to ascertain where and what the problems are. Only by careful observation can the lawmakers suggest possible solutions and appreciate their value.
International Aspects of Cultural Property
Authors: Papademetriou Theresa
Published: March 2019

The significance of cultural property as “a basic element of civilization and national culture” and its interchange among countries for scientific, cultural and educational purposes has been acknowledged in a number of legal instruments prepared under the aegis of UNESCO, an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the preservation of the world's cultural heritage. As the Preamble of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on theMeans of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Propertyasserts: “… [the interchange] increases the knowledge of the civilization of man, enriches the cultural life of all peoples and inspires mutual respect and appreciation among nations.” Moreover, the 1995 adopted UNIDROITConvention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objectsfurther attests to the: “…fundamental importance of the protection of cultural heritage and of cultural exchanges for promoting understanding between peoples, and the dissemination of culture for the well-being of humanity and the progress of civilization.”