bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial social dilemmas promote diversity
Authors: Hauert Christoph , Doebeli Michael
Published: October 2021

Significance

Evolutionary branching and diversification in interactions with continuous behavioral traits is important for understanding the emergence of distinct, discrete, and coexisting strategies. In social dilemmas, this suggests an evolutionary pathway for the origin of cooperators and defectors. Here we study evolutionary diversification in structured populations and identify mechanisms driving spontaneous and persistent diversification. Through analytical and numerical techniques, we demonstrate that spatial structure admits new modes of diversification that complement classical evolutionary branching. In particular, when selection is strong, diversification tends to occur more readily than in unstructured populations.
Totimorphic assemblies from neutrally stable units
Authors: Chaudhary Gaurav , Ganga Prasath S. , Soucy Edward , Mahadevan L.
Published: October 2021

Significance

Existing shape-morphing materials and structures are limited in their ability to transition between a few stable configurations. Here we show how to create structural materials that have an arbitrary range of shape-morphing capabilities using the idea of neutral stability, as embedded in a unit cell with a range of energetically equivalent configurations. These structures allow for a decoupling of the local and global geometry from the local and global mechanical response and thus allow for independent control of the structure and mechanics, laying the foundation for engineering functional shapes using a new type of morphable unit cell.
Low-bias ncRNA libraries using ordered two-template relay: Serial template jumping by a modified retroelement reverse transcriptase
Authors: Upton Heather E. , Ferguson Lucas , Temoche-Diaz Morayma M. , Liu Xiao-Man , Pimentel Sydney C. , Ingolia Nicholas T. , Schekman Randy , Collins Kathleen
Published: October 2021

Selfish, non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retroelements and mobile group II introns encode reverse transcriptases (RTs) that can initiate DNA synthesis without substantial base pairing of primer and template. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes has been limited by recombinant expression challenges, hampering understanding of their properties and the possible exploitation of their properties for research and biotechnology. We investigated the activities of representative RTs using a modified non-LTR RT from
Bombyx mori
and a group II intron RT from
Eubacterium rectale
. Only the non-LTR RT supported robust and serial template jumping, producing one complementary DNA (cDNA) from several templates each copied end to end. We also discovered an unexpected terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of the RTs that adds nucleotide(s) of choice to 3′ ends of single- and/or double-stranded RNA or DNA. Combining these two types of activity with additional insights about nontemplated nucleotide additions to duplexed cDNA product, we developed a streamlined protocol for fusion of next-generation sequencing adaptors to both cDNA ends in a single RT reaction. When benchmarked using a reference pool of microRNAs (miRNAs), library production by Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR) using recombinant non-LTR retroelement RT outperformed all commercially available kits and rivaled the low bias of technically demanding home-brew protocols. We applied OTTR to inventory RNAs purified from extracellular vesicles, identifying miRNAs as well as myriad other noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and ncRNA fragments. Our results establish the utility of OTTR for automation-friendly, low-bias, end-to-end RNA sequence inventories of complex ncRNA samples.
Big translation history
Authors: Roig-Sanz Diana , Fólica Laura
Published: October 2021

This article proposes the term Big Translation History (BTH) to describe a translation history that can be
analysed computationally and that we define as involving: (1) large-scale research (geographical and chronological); (2) massive
data understood as big data, accompanied by little data, and drawing on a wide range of often heterogeneous and non-structured
sources; and (3) the use of computational techniques as part of the research process, and for the production of knowledge, rather
than helping only with visualisation of data. We advance the hypothesis that one of the main possibilities of BTH, as a conceptual
framework and a methodology, is to help decentralize translation history and literary and cultural history, in a broad sense. The
article goes on to present an analysis of the circulation of literary translations and the agents involved in the Spanish-speaking
world between 1898 and 1945 as a case study in BTH.
Indigenous knowledge and climate change adaptation in Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Nyadzi Emmanuel , Ajayi Oluyede Clifford , Ludwig Fulco
Published: October 2021

Indigenous people are often considered victims of climate change impact rather than agents of adaptation. Emerging studies in Africa have shifted the attention to indigenous knowledge (IK) to support the development of effective climate change adaptation strategies. This study adopted a systematic literature review methodology to analyse the following: (i) characterization of IK, (ii) potential of IK for knowledge co-production, (iii) IK for climate change causes and impact identification, (iv) IK for formulating and implementing climate change interventions, and (v) documentation and conservation of IK as a resource for climate change adaptation. Results show that there is no consensus on the definition of IK. However, certain identical elements in the available definitions are relevant for contextualization. IK has been useful in the formulation of different climate change adaptation strategies: management practices, early warning, and risk and disaster management. IK has the potential for knowledge co-production relevant for developing robust adaptation measures. Weather and climate services remain a critical area where IK and scientific knowledge (SK) are integrated to enhance forecast reliability and acceptability for local communities. IK is disappearing because of modernization and rural-urban migration, changing landscape and shifting religious beliefs. We suggest the need for more research into the complexity of the IK, proper documentation and storage of IK, and developing effective approaches to integrate IK with SK such that it is well received among researchers and policymakers. While doing this, it is important to maintain the unique features that distinguish IK from other forms of knowledge.
Adaptation and validation into Spanish of the moral outrage scale (Adaptación y validación de la Escala de Indignación Moral al español)
Authors: Bastias Franco , Cañadas Belen
Published: October 2021

Moral outrage, as an emotional reaction to the perception of injustices, is a key predictor of actions to reduce inequality. It is also a relevant construct for understanding system-justification and moral judgement–appraisal processes. However, studies in regions characterized by high social inequality, such as Latin America, are limited partly because there is no Spanish scale to measure moral outrage. In this study we seek to adapt and obtain validity evidence for a moral outrage scale for Spanish-speaking countries, using two samples from different provinces in Argentina. After exploratory and confirmatory analyses, the proposed scale includes some, but not all, of the items of the original version with adequate reliability. Convergent validity analysis further shows a correlation between measured moral outrage and other relevant variables such as existential guilt, social dominance orientation and support for public policies. By proposing this Spanish-language scale, we hope to provide a tool for future research which could help to clarify system-justification processes and motivation for prosocial behaviours within a broader set of social contexts.
Prospects for chargino pair production at the CEPC *
Authors: Yuan Jia-Rong , Cheng Hua-Jie , Zhuang Xu-Ai
Published: October 2021

The proposed Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) with a center-of-mass energy

GeV will primarily serve as a Higgs factory. Additionally, it will offer good opportunities to search for new physics phenomena at low energies, which can be challenging with hadron colliders; however, these discoveries are highly motivated by theoretical models developed to explain, e.g., the relic abundance of dark matter. This paper presents sensitivity studies for chargino pair production by considering scenarios for both a Bino-like and a Higgsino-like neutralino as the lightest supersymmetric particle and using a full Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. By assuming systematic uncertainties at the level of 5%, the CEPC has the ability to discover chargino pair production up to the kinematic limit of

for both scenarios. The results have a minor dependence on the reconstruction model and detector geometry. These results can also be considered as a reference and benchmark for similar searches at other proposed electron-positron colliders, such as the Future Circular Collider ee (FCC-ee) or the International Linear Collider (ILC), given the similar nature of the facilities, detectors, center-of-mass energies, and target luminosities.
Comparative studies on nuclear elastic magnetic form factors between the relativistic and non-relativistic mean-field approaches *
Authors: Li Xin , Wang Yunsheng , Guo Xiaoyong , Chen Meina , Liu Jian , Xu Chang
Published: October 2021

It is known that elastic magnetic electron scattering can be used to study the magnetic properties of nuclei and determine the outermost-shell single-particle orbitals. In this study, the magnetic form factors

of odd-A nuclei calculated with relativistic and non-relativistic models are systematically compared. We use the relativistic mean-field (RMF) and Skyrme Hartree-Fock (SHF) models to generate single-particle wave functions and calculate the

values of selected nuclei under relativistic and non-relativistic frameworks, respectively. Geometric factors are introduced through the spherical limit method to consider the influences of deformation, which improves the agreement between the theoretical results and experimental data. It is shown that both the models have the capability to describe the magnetic form factors in the spherical and deformed cases, and the discrepancies in

reflect the differences in the descriptions of the single-particle orbital between the two models.
BalLeRMix
+: mixture model approaches for robust joint identification of both positive selection and long-term balancing selection
Authors: Cheng Xiaoheng , DeGiorgio Michael
Published: October 2021

The growing availability of genomewide polymorphism data has fueled interest in detecting diverse selective processes affecting population diversity. However, no model-based approaches exist to jointly detect and distinguish the two complementary processes of balancing and positive selection. We extend the BalLeRMix  B-statistic framework described in Cheng and DeGiorgio (2020) for detecting balancing selection and present BalLeRMix+, which implements five B statistic extensions based on mixture models to robustly identify both types of selection. BalLeRMix+ is implemented in Python and computes the composite likelihood ratios and associated model parameters for each genomic test position.

Availability and implementation

BalLeRMix+ is freely available at https://github.com/bioXiaoheng/BallerMixPlus.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PSII-6 Electronically controlled cooling pads improve litter growth and thermoregulatory measures and increase total heat production in heat stressed lactating sows
Authors: Jansen Taylor L , Galvin Michaiah J , Field Tyler C , Graham Jason R , Stwalley Robert M , Schinckel Allan P , Johnson Jay S
Published: October 2021

Heat stress (HS) decreases lactation output in sows due to an attempt to reduce metabolic heat production; however, this negatively affects litter growth performance. Therefore, the study objective was to determine whether electronically controlled cooling pads (ECP) would improve indirect measures of lactation output (e.g., metabolic heat production) and litter growth performance in HS exposed sows. Over two repetitions, 12 multiparous (2.69 ± 0.85) lactating sows (265.4 ± 26.1 kg) and litters were assigned to either an ECP (n = 6) or a non-functional ECP (NECP; n = 6) and placed into farrowing crates within indirect calorimeters from d 3.7 ± 0.5 to d 18.7 ± 0.5 of lactation. Litters were standardized across all sows (11.4 ± 0.7 piglets/litter), and sows were provided ad libitum feed and water. All sows were exposed to cyclical HS (28.27 ± 1.42°C nighttime to 35.14 ± 0.70°C daytime). On d 4, 8, 14, and 18 of lactation, indirect calorimetry was performed on each individual sow and litter to determine total heat production (THP). Body temperature (TB), was measured hourly using vaginal implants, and respiration rate (RR) was measured daily at 0700, 1100, 1300, 1500, and 1900 h. Litter weights were obtained at birth and weaning. An overall decrease (P < 0.01; 25 bpm) in RR and maximum daily TB (P = 0.02; 0.40°C) was observed in ECP versus NECP sows. An increase in THP (P < 0.01; 20.4%) and THP/kg0.75 (P < 0.01; 23.1%) was observed for ECP when compared to NECP sows and litters. Litter growth rate was increased (P < 0.01; 20.8%) in ECP versus NECP sows. In summary, the use of ECP improves litter growth, thermoregulatory measures, and bioenergetic parameters associated with greater milk production in lactating sows exposed to cyclical heat stress.
PSII-11 Herd size associated with sow lifetime performance in Spanish breeding herds
Authors: Hiramatsu Moe , Piñeiro Carlos , Koketsu Yuzo
Published: October 2021

It is critical for producers to maximize sows’ reproductive potential in commercial herds in order to improve economic efficiency. While it is generally known that large herds have better reproductive performance than small herds, few studies have assessed how much the lifetime reproductive performance of sows is associated with herd size. Therefore, our objective was to examine the relationship between six herd size groups and sow lifetime performance. Data were extracted from 166,335 sows which were entered into 155 Spanish breeding herds from 2011 - 2013 and removed by 2017. Herds were categorized into six groups based on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles of average sow inventory in 2016: 87 - 195, 196 - 342, 343 - 596, 597 - 1,025, 1,026 - 2,152 and 2,153 - 3,669 sows. A two-level linear mixed-effects model was applied to examine the relationship between herd size and reproductive performance of sows (SAS University Edition). No differences were found between herd size groups and either lifetime total born or lifetime piglets born alive. However, the largest herd group had 23.0 fewer lifetime nonproductive days (NPD), and 2.1 more annualized lifetime piglets weaned than the mid-size (343 - 596 sows) herds (P < 0.05). Also, parity at removal was 0.3 lower in the largest herds than the mid-size herds (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the largest herds also had 0.8 - 1.0 days shorter weaning-to-first-mating interval (WMI), 2.8 - 4.9% higher farrowing rates and 10.2 - 11.9 days shorter repeat intervals than the mid-size herds (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the shorter WMI, fewer NPD and improved reproductive productivity in the largest herds suggest that these herds have better lactational management and quicker culling decision making than mid-size herds.
PSIX-28 Parity and lactation stage affect the sow milk microbiome
Authors: Henniger Madison T , Rempel Lea A , Oliver William T , Miles Jeremy R , Lindholm-Perry Amanda , Myer Phillip R
Published: October 2021

The milk microbiome in swine has been recently demonstrated to develop and alter the growing gut microbiome in offspring. Milk is the primary nutritional source for piglets and the established microbial communities from initial diet remain stable over time, thus being critical for long-term effects on the animal. Since little is known about the ontogeny of the milk microbiome, the objective of this study was to determine differences in the sow milk microbiome among multiple parities and days in lactation. A total of 32 sows were grouped by parity, 1–4, with 8 sows per parity. Sows were on the same diet and had ad libitum access to water. At sampling, teats were cleaned and stripped. Milk samples were manually collected on one side from a fore, mid, and hind teat, then combined for one whole milk sample per animal. Milk was sampled on days 2 and 16 to determine differences between days in lactation. Samples were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq for V1-V3 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and downstream analyses were conducted in the R environment using ‘phyloseq’ and ‘DADA2’ packages. Statistical analyzes utilized a completely randomized design and a mixed model analysis of variance, with fixed effects of parity and days in lactation and examining a parity by day interaction. The genera Corynebacterium were greater (P < 0.05) abundance in parity 4. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in Staphylococcus at day 2 compared to day 16. Core microbial communities, Lactobacillus and Romboutsia increased (P < 0.05) by day 16. Identifying microbial communities present in the milk microbiome in sows can allow producers to understand how these microbes may influence the gut microbiome in growing piglets to augment gain. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Changes in Burn Wound Microbiology Profile Over 14 Years of an Adult Tertiary Burn Center
Authors: Cato Liam David , Al-Tarrah Khaled , Moiemen Naiem
Published: October 2021

Burn wound colonization can progress to invasive infection. During 14 years of this study, the burn center was relocated to a center with improved infrastructure. This study investigates the association that infrastructure, geography, and time may have on colonization. Data were collected from October 2004 to August 2018, and relocation took place in June 2010, defining the two study periods. Admission swabs were within 48 hours. Unique isolates and resistance data were analyzed and compared statistically between the two study periods. In total, 2001 patients with 24,226 wound swabs were included. Median age was 45.4 (IQR 30.2–61.6), length of stay was 11 days (IQR 6–21), and %TBSA was 5.5 (IQR 2.5–11). Staph. aureus (33.7/100 patients) and Pseudomonas spp. (13.1/100 patients) were the most prevalent bacterial growths. After admission, the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staph. aureus, Coliform spp., and Aci. baumanni was greater in the first site, and Candida spp. colonization was higher in the second study period site. The prevalence of patients affected by multi-drug-resistant organisms was lower in the second study site (13.5/100 patients vs 16.6/100 patients; P < .05). There are differences in burn wound colonization across time, within the same region. Candida spp. growth has been shown to be increased over time and represents an added challenge. Awareness facilitates effective empirical antimicrobial therapies and protocols locally.
Envy: A Prevalent Emotion in Competitive Settings
Authors: Montal-Rosenberg Ronit , Moran Simone
Published: October 2021

Envy is a prevalent emotional response to comparisons individuals make with superior others. In this article, the authors review the psychological literature on envy and discuss the relevance of envy to competitive contexts, positing a bidirectional relationship between envy and competition. The authors begin by presenting the various conceptualizations of envy, emphasizing the widely accepted notion that envy can entail distinct consequences—pulling down the envied target (i.e., malicious or destructive consequences) versus self-improvement (i.e., benign or constructive consequences). In the remaining parts of the article, the authors provide an elaborate discussion of the malicious (destructive) and benign (constructive) consequences of envy in terms of cognitions, intentions, behaviors, and wellbeing. The authors proceed by discussing the determinants of these types of envy consequences, categorized into factors related to the situation, factors related to the superior envied target, and characteristics of the envious individual. Finally, the authors discuss interventions that may reduce the destructive consequences of envy among competitors.
Theology
Authors: Bradley Matthew
Published: October 2021

Anglo-Catholicism, the nineteenth-century movement within the Church of England that sought to reassert many of the forms and rituals of Roman Catholicism, exerted a significant shaping influence upon the religious aesthetics of English decadent writing. While the space that Anglo-Catholicism offered for a decadent performance of sexual difference has been examined before, this article offers a complementary argument, emphasizing a strand within decadence arising from the role of personality in reconceptualizing, and possibly distorting, religious orthodoxy. The first part provides a history of the discourse of degeneracy around the early Oxford Movement and the mediation of Anglo-Catholic ideas into English decadence through the writings of Walter Pater. It then discusses the ways in which decadent writing in England explored a distorting excess of personality through the aesthetics of religious ritual and asceticism.
The Historical Foundations of Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Dingwall Robert
Published: October 2021

This chapter models a symbolic interactionist approach to the history of symbolic interactionism. It begins with a discussion of the term ‘symbolic interaction’ as devised by Herbert Blumer and the limits of its applicability to the body of work that represents this tradition. This owes at least as much to borrowings from plant ecology and evolutionary theory by sociologists in Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, with influences from Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Contemporary symbolic interactionism is distinguished from the post-modern version developed by Norman Denzin and associates; from the more structuralist legacy of Erving Goffman; and from ethnomethodology. The chapter then examines the influence of nineteenth century German philosophy and social thought on Chicago sociology. This is shown to draw on the eighteenth century Scottish Enlightenment, particularly the work of Adam Smith and David Hulme, which also had a direct influence of its own. Ultimately, the story leads back to Stoic thought in ancient Greece and Rome from around 300 BCE to around 180 CE. Although its leaders have not had a great interest in the history of the approach, it is a genuine heir to long-running debates about humanity, nature and society rather than a fringe novelty of the twentieth century.
Blockchain and the Disintermediation of Music
Authors: Evans Tonya M.
Published: October 2021

The “Downtrodden Artist Stands Up to Big Bad Music Mogul” trope makes for a heartwarming plot line in movies and television, but how often does the artist prevail in real life? The music industry is plagued by issues with content management, rights management, and royalty distribution, yet legislative efforts such as the Music Modernization Act of 2018 fail to provide meaningful solutions because they continue to uphold the power structure in which the Big Bad intermediary thrives. As an alternative, this chapter argues for the disintermediation of the music industry, and consequent empowerment of the individual content creator, through the use of blockchain technology. It discusses the ways in which smart contracts, blockchain ledgers, and a global copyright database could help to support more efficient and secure payments to artists, track usage and sales data, and protect copyrights, all without the need for traditional intermediary roles. In effect, this chapter provides a technical yet comprehensive explanation of the ways in which—as well as the policy implications of—implementing decentralized blockchain technology can help maximize the value of music for creators, improve the music experience for consumers, and reduce friction, waste, and fraud in the music industry.
Campaign for Charleston
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: October 2021

The Union campaign against Charleston and its environs lasted from November 1861 to February 1865. It included a naval blockade, classic siege operations on Morris Island against Confederate fortifications, and the 545-day bombardment of the city. Confederate defenses relied on engineering expertise and technological innovations in the form of torpedoes and submarines. Because Union forces confronted Confederate defenses for such an extended period of time along a lengthy coastline connected to South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the campaign for Charleston had far-reaching effects. It created a refugee crisis, caused the breakdown of law and order, disrupted farming in interior counties, unleashed slave uprisings, and changed women’s relationship to the state. Because the Union occupation of the coastal Sea Islands was stable from the opening months of the war, this campaign featured prominent experiments with military emancipation, free labor, and the recruiting and use of African American soldiers in combat, such as the 1st South Carolina and the 54th Massachusetts, that profoundly shaped the national conversation about emancipation and civil rights.
Stones River
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: October 2021

The Battle of Stones River and the capture of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, took place at a critical time in the Union war effort. The federal government needed to create battlefield victories to support the implementation of the Emancipation Proclamation, slated to go into effect on January 1, 1863. Despite a grueling campaign that the Federals nearly lost, they were able to deliver enough of a victory to provide that political leverage. The battle also strengthened ties between the Federal army that fought at Stones River and its government, while weakening the confidence felt by Southerners in their own army. After the battle, the Federals remained inert at Murfreesboro for six months. Their impact on the community and its region was enormous. Even though Tennessee was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in the area broke down slavery by fleeing to the Union flag at Murfreesboro.
The Carolinas Campaign
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the destructive Carolinas Campaign of 1864–1865 as a strategic culmination of the war by means of the transferal to the eastern theater of hard-war tactics that had long characterized the American Civil War’s western theaters. Infliction of property damage and psychological warfare expanded to wholesale destruction of towns and cities, widespread targeting of White civilians, male and female, summary punishment for irregular warfare, and the liberation of slaves in South Carolina as retribution for that state’s overwhelming and initial decision to secede. Federal commanders and soldiers alike, most from the West, were eager to implement this harder form of warfare in a theater known for a more traditional, limited mode of war making. The use of Black troops was most fully employed in the eastern theater in the Carolinas, much as it had been in the West in the Lower Mississippi Valley. As the war neared its end, the desperate Confederate commander in North Carolina, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, unsuccessfully sought to prevent Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops from accomplishing destructive warfare, and thus victory, there. Sherman’s conciliatory surrender terms for Johnston’s army, which occurred days after Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, were rebuffed by angry Republicans in the cabinet, the War Department, and Congress, for whom leniency was now furthest from their minds.
The Ombud as a Chameleon
Authors: Kirkham Richard
Published: October 2021

The story most often told of the ombud is of its durability and its continuing claim to promote administrative justice. Alongside that claim is an understanding that the institution has proved highly adaptable to local conditions. To comprehend this malleability, this chapter applies four cultural biases, as developed in Mary Douglas’s grid-group cultural theory, to analyse how and why different choices have been made as to the design of the ombud in different countries. The typological model developed predicts that ombuds tend to be designed to match the administrative cultures in which they are located, taking on forms that are characterised in this chapter as either consumerist, constitutional, democratic, or tactical. Adopting this approach, and using examples from the global field of ombuds, this chapter anticipates the most likely challenges and main forms of accountability pressure that the different forms of ombud will likely experience, and it reflects on the stress points for the future evolution of the ombudsman institution.
Youth Culture and Indian Boarding Schools
Authors: Alexander Kristine
Published: October 2021

Because of their perceived malleability, young people have been central to efforts by modern settler states to erase and displace Indigenous populations in order to control land and resources. In Canada and the United States between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, these efforts (which were always contested) focused largely on Indigenous child removal and assimilatory schooling. Well-known as sites of abuse, hunger, disease, and premature death, state-funded and state-run Indian boarding schools in both countries were also shaped by the development of distinctive peer cultures. This chapter uses secondary literature, archival sources, memoir, and oral history to better understand the lived experience of Indigenous young people at these carceral and genocidal institutions. At Indian boarding schools on both sides of the Canada-U.S. border, Indigenous students used language, labor, performance, mischief, and sport to invest in and support distinctly Indigenous youth cultures characterized by imagination, resistance, solidarity, and critique.
Rule of Law and Media in the Making of Legal Identity in Urban Southern China
Authors: Kim Dodom
Published: October 2021

As the People’s Republic of China expands its reach into all corners of the globe, the rule of law in China has been subjected to unprecedented critical scrutiny, especially after protests against Hong Kong’s extradition bill broke out in the summer of 2019 and the national security law was introduced in the following year. Under present conditions, in which suspicion of China is widespread among outside observers, what questions can we ask to gain a productive understanding of China’s laws? With this broad question in mind, this chapter turns to a group of tenants facing a large-scale urban redevelopment project—i.e. evictions and demolition—in the prosperous metropolis of Shenzhen, China. In tracing the online and offline conversations of tenants making demands (suqiu) to resolve the problem of schooling for their children, it examines how law-invoking communication and ideas about law circulate and shape aggrieved tenants’ legal identities and fields of action.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Nasrallah Faris Elias
Published: October 2021

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is an umbrella term to describe an array of social and institutional methods for resolving disputes. These methods offer individual and collective disputants a panoply of forum shopping options, each taking place in different intrinsic, inherited, and constructed cultural contexts. While not immediately apparent to lawyers or anthropologists, different ADR methods, including arbitration and mediation, in fact constitute the principal global tools utilized to resolve most international and interstate disputes concerning matters of investment, commerce, and industry. To grasp the magnitude of this necessarily requires both lawyers and anthropologists to break the barriers of habitual thinking about the nature and extent of their disciplinary and interdisciplinary work. This chapter outlines the prevalence and pervasiveness of ADR processes and practices both past and present, using ADR as an interface for reconceptualizing interdisciplinary boundaries, appraising the relationship between theory and practice, and understanding emerging social and legal practices.
Kinship through the Twofold Prism of Law and Anthropology
Authors: Foblets Marie-Claire
Published: October 2021

Legal practitioners have much to gain by drawing on findings and insights from anthropological studies of kinship. This chapter first sketches the background of kinship studies in anthropology (including criticisms of the functionalist approach that led to a turn away from kinship studies), summarizes key questions that have preoccupied kinship scholars, and draws two important lessons that can help inform legal practice. The first is the profoundly social and cultural nature of kinship (as opposed to biological); the second is the observation that what may nowadays, at first glance, appear as new ways of organizing and expressing kinship ties in fact show more continuity than disruption. The author illustrates these lessons on the basis of four examples: (a) blended families; (b) same-sex unions; (c) the role of fathers in childrearing; and (d) sexual permissiveness. The chapter next details two specific contexts in which attention to an anthropological approach to kinship can productively inform legal practice. The first involves new advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that challenge the more ‘traditional’ understandings of what constitutes a family as expressed in many state legal systems. The second is the enduring importance of kinship as a form of support that provides reliable protection against the increased vulnerability caused by globalization, marginalization, and persecution. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the inherent tension between the idea of universal human rights and the constraints on individual self-determination that are often part and parcel of the social support that kinship systems provide.
Legal and Anthropological Approaches to International Refugee Law
Authors: Bianchini Katia
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers an overview of the contribution of anthropology to the study of international refugee law. It starts with a review of the positivist legal approach, which has long dominated the field of international refugee law, with its focus on rules and states, and argues that this approach is unable to fully explain how refugee law is created and how it develops. Two recent strands—the transnational approach and the participatory approach—have criticized the limitations of the positivist approach and emphasized the role of transnational activities and actors in the process of lawmaking. However, these strands remain rooted in a liberal theory of international law, and they do not capture the complexities of the relevant human experiences. The chapter argues that an anthropological approach shifts the focus from states, borders, and citizenship towards the individual by combining and embedding human interpretations, behaviours, cultural contexts, and personal interactions with the law. Moreover, anthropological methods can enrich the understanding of the implementation of refugee law by empirically assessing legal issues. Beyond that, the chapter suggests areas that could benefit from future academic research at the interface of anthropology and refugee law.
Athletic Participation, Training, and Adolescent Education
Authors: Pritchard David M.
Published: October 2021

In Classical Athens athletics consisted of the sporting contests that were staged as part of festivals and the classes of an athletics teacher. Lessons in the standard sporting events were given only by these teachers, whose classes doubled up as the sole opportunity for boys and men to perfect them before competing in games. Thus the participation of individuals in athletics depended on their schooling. Because the Classical Athenians decided against publicly funding education, they did not enjoy equal access to it. Poor citizens could afford only the lessons of a letter teacher. It was only wealthy boys who were educated in the three traditional disciplines of athletics, music, and letters. As poor Athenians did not attend the classes of an athletics teacher, they would have done badly, if they entered games, and so were hesitant about doing so in the first place. Thus the athletes of democratic Athens came exclusively from the wealthy.
Greek Footraces and Field Events
Authors: Romano David Gilman
Published: October 2021

Greek athletic contests have some Bronze Age and Homeric precedents. Games in myth and literature suggest funeral games and festival contexts. The Peloponnesian sanctuaries of Zeus at Olympia and Mt Lykaion evidence Bronze Age origins for the cults and perhaps the games. Discussed here are the stadium (stadion) and its footraces—stade (a stadium’s length), diaulos (two lengths), hippios (four lengths), dolichos (a distance race of up to twenty-four lengths), and hoplite (in which the athletes wore armour); also treated are the pentathlon (jump, javelin, discus, running, and wrestling), boxing, pankration, the Heraea footrace for girls, and torch races.
Animal Events
Authors: Kyle Donald G.
Published: October 2021

Animal events, shows and hunts of beasts (venationes), were prominent, popular, and enduring Roman entertainments. Modern debates concerning ecology and animals have increased interest, and more works are focusing on the significance of beast shows for Roman culture and society. Historically, Rome’s beast events combined native and foreign traditions as Roman power spread abroad. Displays of exotic beasts, often in triumphs, were expanded into combats against hunters (venatores). Under the empire even more elaborate beast spectacles were housed in the Colosseum. Related in origin to hunting, Rome’s public abuse of beasts was not unique but it became distinctive in terms of scale, geographical scope, and stagecraft. Animal events remained highly significant for the empire as a territorial dominion, for the emperor as protector and patron, and for the citizens and culture of Rome as empowered and privileged).
Gladiators as a Class
Authors: Hope Valerie M.
Published: October 2021

The amphitheatre has been described as a microcosm of Roman society. In the amphitheatre the social divisions and distinctions that defined Roman society were exposed to all. From the worst seats to the best seats, from slaves to the emperor, from dirty clothes to regal purple, visually (and audibly) society was on show. At the heart of this was the arena itself, where the gaze of all fell upon the gladiators. These men (and women) were, in principle, the lowest of the low; despised and hated, debased outcasts from society. In reality their place in society and their relationship to and with those who gazed upon them was more complex. This chapter will investigate how gladiators were viewed both by others and by themselves, and the extent to which gladiators were regarded as a cohesive group, even a ‘class’. It will explore how the lowly legal status of gladiators, their social isolation and the stigma of infamia, co-existed with society’s admiration for fighting prowess and its need for heroes and sex-symbols. It will also explore how gladiators shaped their own identity and created their own social structures, ‘families’ and hierarchies within the gladiatorial barracks. One of the challenges in investigating gladiators is moving beyond the stereotypes and prejudices created by elite authors; to this end this chapter will look not just at literary sources, but also inscriptions, epitaphs and gladiatorial tombstones and burials. This evidence highlights the central dichotomy that faced gladiators and defined their life; that they were both isolated from but integral to Roman society.
Epinikion, Kudos, and Criticism
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers the genre of professional epinikion (choral poems composed on commission to celebrate athletic victories), inquiring into the socio-cultural motivations for the development of this strange hybrid genre c.550 bce and relating it to a broader set of practices commemorating athletic victory in ancient Greece (including victor statues). Epinikion in performance and victor statues alike served as sites for negotiation between pre-eminent individual victors and their broader communities—both the Panhellenic elite and their civic communities. Both poetry and material monuments aimed to distil and preserve the special talismanic power (kudos) the victor acquired by victory at the ‘crown games’, anchoring it and sharing it out with the victor’s family and city. At the same time, literary evidence suggests that this elitist valorization of epinikian praise, victory statues, crowns, and kudos was not uncontested in archaic and classical Greece: poets espousing civic values explicitly challenged the worth of athletic achievement as a common good.
Identification of a Chromosomal Deletion Mutation and the Dynamics of Two Major Populations of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in Its Hosts
Authors: Armstrong Cheryl M. , Zhou Lijuan , Luo Weiqi , Batuman Ozgur , Alabi Olufemi J. , Duan Yongping
Published: October 2021

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is the prominent species of Liberibacter associated with huanglongbing, a devastating disease of citrus worldwide. In this study, we report the identification of an ∼8.3-kb DNA region of the Las genome containing eight putative open reading frames flanked by two inverted repeats, which was not present in the Las str. psy62 genome. Comparisons with other genome sequences established this region as a unique genetic element associated with genome plasticity/instability. Primers specific for both the presence (Las wild type) and absence (Las mutant) of this region were designed to study the population dynamics and host adaptation of the two strains. Las populations with and/or without the wild-type strain were detected and differentiated in >2,300 samples that included psyllids, periwinkle, and several species of citrus. In psyllids, although a mixed population of the wild type and mutant was observed in most samples (88%), the wild-type Las was detected alone at a rate of 11%. In contrast, none of the infected citrus plants were positive for the wild type alone, which harbored either the mutant strain alone (8%) or a mixed population of the mutant and wild type (92%). Furthermore, the dynamics of these two major Las populations varied with different citrus hosts, whereas an in-depth study on grapefruit that did not rapidly succumb to disease revealed that the population of mutant alone increased with time, indicating that the absence of this genetic element is associated with the fitness of Las in planta under the selection pressure of its host.
Elevated platelet distribution width and red cell distribution width are associated with autoimmune liver diseases
Authors: Ustaoglu Muge , Aktas Gulali , Avcioglu Ufuk , Bas Berk , Bahceci Bugra Kaan
Published: October 2021

Objective

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are reported to be associated with inflammation. We aimed to determine the association between RDW and PDW with autoimmune liver disease (ALD).

Material and methods

We retrospectively analyzed 126 patients who were diagnosed with ALD. Sixty-nine healthy individuals represented the control group. Characteristics and laboratory parameters of the ALD patients and control subjects were compared.

Results

The aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.001), alanine transaminase (ALT) (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < 0.001), RDW (P < 0.001) and PDW (P < 0.001) levels of the ALD group were significantly higher than those of the control subjects. RDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.17, P = 0.02) and CRP (r = 0.19, P = 0.01) levels. Moreover, PDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.23, P = 0.002), ALT (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) and CRP (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) levels. The sensitivity and specificity of RDW higher than 13.7% level were 76% and 62%, respectively [AUC: 0.74, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.81]. The sensitivity and specificity of PDW higher than 17.9% level were 80% and 71%, respectively (AUC: 0.85, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.79–0.90). The sensitivity and specificity of CRP higher than 2.9 U/l level were 92% and 85%, respectively (AUC: 0.91, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that RDW and PDW have considerable sensitivity and specificity in determining ALD.
Estimating the Person-Specific Location of Pterion Based on Cranial Morphometry
Authors: Babacan Serdar , Deniz Mustafa
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Due to being the weakest sutural junction of the crania and relations with intracranial anatomical structures, the accurate location of the pterion is important for surgical approaches such as in pterional craniotomy. The aim of the study was to develop regression equations to estimate the person-specific accurate location of the pterion based on the cranial morphometry.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on 22 pterions located 11 dry skulls belonging to Anatomy Department of the Harran University, Medical Faculty. Twelve parameters related to pterion and 23 parameters related to the skull was measured using ImageJ software. SPSS 20.0 was performed for statistical analyses such as descriptive and comparative statistics and developing regression equations.

Results:

Statistically significant difference wasn’t observed between right and left sides. The 12 equations, such as P8:distance between pterion and the tip of the mastoid process= 63,780 + (1,366 × K6) − (2,786 × K7) + (1,342 × K11) − (1,029 × K13) + (2,102 × K14) − (1,710 × K15) − (0,517 × 22) Adjusted R

2

= 0.995 and Standard Errors = 1.221 were developed to estimate the accurate location of the pterion based on the cranial morphometry.

Conclusions:

In the previous studies, the mean distances of the pterion to certain landmarks on the crania were given. The authors developed formulas in order to estimate the accurate person-specific location of the pterion. The authors are convinced that the equations they have developed will help neurosurgeons in terms of surgical approaches.