bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coastal Livelihood Transitions: Socio‐Economic Consequences of Changing Mangrove Forest Management and Land Allocation in a Commune of Central Vietnam
Authors: VAN HUE LE THI , SCOTT STEFFANIE
Published: January 2008

This paper reviews the evolution of land use and mangrove forest management in a coastal commune in Central Vietnam from its early period of environmentally sound management under a common property regime, through State and cooperative management, to individual household allocation under the economic reforms of the 1990s. It analyses in particular the introduction of shrimp culture and its environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The case study demonstrates that, while opening up many economic opportunities, Vietnam's economic reforms have had uneven impacts on income inequality. Like many cases in Asia and Latin America, the disruption of common property resources – through the introduction of aquaculture as a livelihood opportunity and producer of an export crop – leaves farmers indebted and natural resources polluted. But, ironically, it was the financially better‐off aquaculture farmers, who had more capacity for risk‐taking and investing, who ended up most indebted, in comparison with poorer farmers who had already sold their ponds. The latter were less integrated into the market economy and relied more on marine product collection. This paper suggests that attention to local contexts and histories can contribute to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of environment‐poverty interfaces.
Marine Tourism in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Authors: COLLINS JOHN H.
Published: January 2008

Marine tourism is an important component of nature‐based tourism in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia. It offers a wide range of passive and active recreational activities in near‐pristine wilderness areas. Marine tourism in the region is recognised as a growth sector having expanded rapidly since 2000, and it is unusual in that growth has been limited by a lack of vehicular access points to the coast. This unplanned growth has been irregular. A marked downturn in visitation by yachts has coincided with an increase in visits by charter boats. Although only five bush camps are established along the coast, boat visits occur at approximately 216 locations that are all subject to potential environmental damage. The extent to which this unplanned industry can be sustained without jeopardising environmental, social and economic values remains open to question.
Long-Term Neuropsychological and Functional Outcomes in Stroke Survivors: Current Evidence and Perspectives for New Research
Authors: Feigin Valery L. , Barker-Collo Suzanne , McNaughton Harry , Brown Paul , Kerse Ngaire
Published: January 2008

Aims

To appraise the literature on long-term neuropsychological and functional outcomes in stroke survivors and identify the gaps, challenges and future research in this area. Background Stroke care resources are scarce, and the number of stroke survivors is likely to increase with the ageing of the population. Thus, evaluating the cost, frequency and prognostic factors of long-terms stroke functional and neuropsychological outcomes is of paramount importance for evidence-based clinical decision making, including the rationale, planning, provision and allocation of health services, and the development of effective interventions.

Summary of review

Stroke has an enormous physical, emotional and economic impact on the patients, families and society. However, accurate data on frequency, relationship and predictors of various long-term functional (body functioning, activity and participation) outcomes and costs of stroke are scarce, and no accurate and comprehensive data exist on long-term neuropsychological outcomes and their relationships with other functional outcomes poststroke.

Conclusions

There is a lack of accurate data on the frequency, relationship and predictors of various long-term functional outcomes and costs of stroke. There is a pressing need for good-quality population-based studies for evaluating the frequency and prognostic factors of long-term functional and neuropsychological outcomes of stroke in various populations.

Introduction

Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and the most frequent cause of disability in adults in many countries, having an enormous physical, psychological and financial impact on the patients, families, the health care system and society. Moreover, stroke burden is projected to increase from around 38 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally in 1990 to 61 million DALYs*** in 2020 ( 1 ). Although stroke mortality in Western populations has declined steadily over the last few decades, stroke incidence trends differ between countries and the overall number of stroke survivors tends to increase ( 2 ).
Outline of the Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2004 and Subsequent Revision
Authors: Shinohara Yukito , Yamaguchi Takenori
Published: January 2008

The “Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke” (chaired by Yukito Shinohara) appeared in 2004, in Japanese, as a result of the collaboration of the Japan Stroke Society, Japanese Society of Neurology, Japan Neurosurgical Society, Japanese Society of Neurological Therapeutics and the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine. During its preparation, 106 stroke specialists from these societies checked and rated more than 110,000 publications from all over the world, including Japan. We thought it important to develop specific guidelines for Japanese patients, because there are race differences, because some of the approved drugs in Japan are different from those in other counties, and because reports published in Japanese have not been taken into consideration in the development of western guidelines. We also added the Japanese guidelines for use of t-PA in this outline, because there are some differences (e.g., in volume of t-PA) from the guidelines of western countries. Here, we present an outline the Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2004 in response to requests, although some updating is already needed. The first revision of the guidelines is expected to be completed in 2008.
Epicurean and Galilean Motion in Gassendi's Physics
Authors: LoLordo Antonia
Published: January 2008

Pierre Gassendi held a Galilean theory of the motion of composite bodies. He also accepted an Epicurean theory of the motion of atoms according to which atoms can never gain or lose speed. The conjunction of these two theories is awkward and, from the point of view of physics, unfruitful. I offer metaphysical reasons why Gassendi might have thought he needed to adopt the Epicurean view of atomic motion.
Vagueness: Supervaluationism
Authors: Keefe Rosanna
Published: January 2008

This piece gives an overview of the supervaluationist theory of vagueness. According to that theory, a sentence is true if and only if it is true on all ways of making it precise. This yields borderline case predications that are neither true nor false, but yet classical logic is preserved almost entirely. The article presents the view and some of its merits and briefly compares it with other theories of vagueness. It raises issues about higher‐order vagueness and the definitely operator and about the supervaluationist's accounts of truth and validity.
Amphibian Ark and the 2008 Year of the Frog Campaign
Authors: PAVAJEAU L. , ZIPPEL K. C. , GIBSON R. , JOHNSON K.
Published: January 2008

The world's amphibians are disappearing. More than 100 species may have already gone Extinct and thousands more are threatened with extinction. Many of the threatened species cannot be safeguarded in the wild and require ex situ management if they are to persist. The Amphibian Ark (AArk) draws together diverse stakeholders to save select species until in situ threats can be mitigated. AArk work includes species prioritization, husbandry training, capacity building, fostering partnerships, fundraising and education. A campaign entitled 2008 Year of the Frog is helping to raise awareness among governments, media, educators and the general public, and to support a capital campaign to fund amphibian conservation programmes worldwide.
Notes on behaviour and reproduction in captiveAllobates kingsburyi(Anura: Dendrobatidae), with comments on evolution of reproductive amplexus
Authors: CASTILLO‐TRENN P. , COLOMA L. A.
Published: January 2008

Behaviour, reproduction and vocalizations of captive dendrobatid frogsAllobates kingsburyiare reported for the first time.Allobates kingsburyiis diurnal. Males defended their territory aggressively using acoustic and visual signals, and physical combats. Females showed aggressive behaviours only as a sign of rejection of the ♂ during courtship or during competition for food. Calls recorded in the field were a long trill of 25·4 seconds and 96 notes per call. The courtship was complex and it could last for several days. Males emitted acoustic signals as a long‐distance attractant to the ♀, and in short‐distance they performed visual and tactile signals. The most conspicuous behaviour in ♂♂ was showing the vocal sac inflated in front of possible rivals or mate. Amplexus was absent, but an axillary position with no grasping was recorded. Females lay 11–39 eggs per clutch; time of development from fertilization to hatching was 19–24 days. Males guarded the clutch and transported, for up to about 3 hours, between seven and 22 tadpoles on their dorsum to the water. Tadpoles took 88–157 days from hatchling to end of metamorphosis. Novel hypotheses are proposed about trends of evolution of reproductive amplexus in dendrobatids.
Implementing the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan
Authors: MOORE R. D. , CHURCH D. R.
Published: January 2008

The Global Amphibian Assessment, completed in 2004, revealed that over 32% of the c. 6000 amphibian species known worldwide are threatened with extinction. This staggering figure exceeds rates of imperilment for both birds (12%) and mammals (23%). Amphibians face threats from traditional factors, such as habitat loss, unsustainable use, invasive species and pollution. These stresses are compounded by more novel threats, such as emerging infectious diseases and climate change, which are unimpeded by protected‐area boundaries. A Summit was convened in September 2005 to devise a unified strategy for amphibian conservation in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP; available at http://www.amphibians.org/). The ACAP outlines a 5 year plan to curtail the decline and extinction of amphibians, and focuses on 11 themes, each with an associated budget. The total estimated cost of abating the current trend comes to US $400 million over the next 5 years. While this may appear daunting, it serves to highlight the urgency of the situation and draws attention to the need to steer limited resources towards the conservation of this vulnerable group. The ACAP is a call for help to governments, zoos and aquariums, civilians and researchers alike. We need to work together if we are going to succeed in stemming a mass extinction spasm affecting an entire class of vertebrates. The IUCN/SSC (The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission) Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG; http://www.amphibians.org/), formed after the Summit, is working to implement the ACAP by stimulating, developing and executing practical programmes to conserve amphibians and their habitats around the world. In addition, the ASG is supporting a global web of partners to develop funding, capacity and technology transfer to achieve shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals.
Interlanguage Segmental Mapping as Evidence for the Nature of Lexical Representation
Authors: Kang Yoonjung
Published: January 2008

The traditional view of phonological representation assumes that lexical representation is economical and free of redundancy and that a phoneme is represented as a combination of contrastive phonetic features. The traditional view, however, is challenged by the recent developments in phonological theories. In Optimality Theory, the distinction between contrastive vs. non‐contrastive aspects of pronunciation is made not by the lexical representation but by the constraint ranking and the commonly adopted principle of Lexicon Optimization requires lexical representation to be as close to the surface representation as possible. An exemplar model of phonology also assumes that predictable and redundant phonetic properties are also specified in the lexical representation and that each contextual variant of a phoneme forms a separate phonetic category. The current paper reviews recent studies on segmental mapping in interlanguage phonology, examines the nature of the L1 phonological representation that the mapping crucially refers to, and discusses how the interlanguage data bear on the debate on the nature of the lexical representation.
What's ‘Right’ in Language Comprehension: Event‐Related Potentials Reveal Right Hemisphere Language Capabilities
Authors: Federmeier Kara D. , Wlotko Edward W. , Meyer Aaron M.
Published: January 2008

Although the term ‘nonverbal’ is often applied to the right cerebral hemisphere (RH), a growing body of work indicates that the RH can comprehend language and, indeed, that it makes critical contributions to normal language functions. Reviewed here are studies that have examined RH language capabilities by combining visual half‐field presentation methods with event‐related potential (ERP) measures. Because they afford temporal and functional specificity and can be obtained as participants simply process language for meaning, ERPs provide especially valuable insights into RH language functions. Such studies suggest that the RH appreciates word‐ and message‐level meaning information, and that it may play a particularly important role in the processing of relatively unpredictable semantic relationships. In addition, this work suggests that patterns observed for everyday language processing may often be an emergent property of multiple, distinct mechanisms operating in parallel as the left and right hemispheres jointly comprehend language.
Islands
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: January 2008

The present article presents an overview of how islands have been treated from Chomsky's and Ross's seminal works to current minimalist theorizing.
The Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages
Authors: Rubin Aaron D.
Published: January 2008

The Semitic languages have enjoyed a long tradition of linguistic study, and remain one of the most widely studied of the world's language families. The large amount of scholarship that is generated on both the ancient and modern languages continues to have an effect on our understanding of the internal subgrouping of the Semitic family. Unfortunately, for both the specialist and non‐specialist, reliable and up‐to‐date treatments of this topic are not easily found. This article will survey the current views on Semitic subgrouping and highlight recent scholarship on the issue.
Derivational Morphology
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: January 2008

As a general introduction to derivational morphology, this paper first places derivational morphology within the framework of word‐formation, and then deals with the formal and semantic aspects of derivational morphology. Alternative analyses are indicated, as relevant. Productivity is briefly discussed.
Backward Control
Authors: Fukuda Shin
Published: January 2008

Control refers to an obligatory referential dependency between an argument of a verb and the subject of the verb's clausal complement. In many languages, the direction of the control relation can only be forward, as it is the matrix argument that provides the referential identity of the silent embedded subject. A priori, however, there is no reason to rule out a backward control relation, where the matrix argument is silent and its identity depends on the overt embedded argument for its referent. In this article, we survey the evidence for backward control presented in the literature from four languages, Japanese (language isolate), Brazilian Portuguese (Romance), Tsez (Nakh‐Daghestanian), and Malagasy (Austronesian), and discuss repercussions of the backward control data for the analyses of control developed based on forward control data. We also review and discuss four different analyses that have been proposed to account for backward control.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Up‐regulation of Adenosine Receptors in the Frontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Albasanz José L. , Perez Sandra , Barrachina Marta , Ferrer Isidro , Martín Mairena
Published: January 2008

Adenosine receptors are G‐protein coupled receptors which modulate neurotransmitter release, mainly glutamate. Adenosine A1and A2Areceptors were studied in post‐mortem human cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age‐matched controls. Total adenosine A1receptor number, determined by radioligand binding assay, using [3H]DPCPX, was significantly increased in AD cases in early and advanced stages without differences with the progression of the disease. A significant increase of A1R (37 kDa) levels was also observed by Western blot in early and advanced stages of AD. In addition, increased numbers of adenosine A2Areceptors were observed in AD samples as determined by a binding assay using [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand and by Western blot. Increased binding and protein expression levels of adenosine receptors were not associated with increased mRNA levels coding A1and A2Areceptors. Finally, increased A1and A2Areceptor‐mediated response was observed. These results show up‐regulation of adenosine A1and A2Areceptors in frontal cortex in AD, associated with sensitization of the corresponding transduction pathways.
Shelf Life Prediction of Bread Sticks Using Oxidation Indices: A Validation Study
Authors: Calligaris S. , Pieve S.D. , Kravina G. , Manzocco L. , Nicoli C.M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to apply the protocol for the shelf life prediction of bakery products proposed by Calligaris and others (2007a) on bread sticks. The methodology comprises 4 steps: (1) evaluation of the physical properties of fat; (2) performing the accelerated shelf life test; (3) evaluation of sensory acceptance limit and the relevant chemical index limit; (4) setting up the shelf life prediction model. The results allow validating the shelf life prediction methodology proposed. In fact, the peroxide number was found to be a representative index of the quality depletion of bread sticks during their shelf life. In addition, once again by accounting for the changes in the fat physical state, it is possible to set up a modified Arrhenius equation able to describe the temperature dependence of peroxide formation. Finally, a mathematical model to simply and quickly calculate the shelf life of bread sticks has been developed.
Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Eclipse Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as Affected by Processing Methods
Authors: Xu B.J. , Chang S.K.C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  The effects of soaking, boiling, and steaming processes on the phenolic components and antioxidant activity of black beans were investigated. All processed beans exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower antioxidant activities than raw beans in total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). Steaming processes resulted in a greater retention of TPC and ORAC values than the boiling processes. Pressure boiling shortened processing time compared to regular boiling, resulted in insignificant differences in TPC, but significantly increased in ORAC as compared to the regular boiling method. Pressure steaming resulted in significant decreases in TPC, DPPH, while significantly increased in ORAC compared to regular steaming. Greater TPC, DPPH, and ORAC values were detected in boiling water than in the soaking and steaming water. Mass balance analysis showed that boiling caused more dry solid loss than steaming. All of these results indicated that processing methods significantly changed contents and activities of antioxidant components of black beans. Steam processing exhibited several advantages in appearance and texture of the cooked product, shortening processing time, and in greater retention of TPC and antioxidant activities. Steam processing may be used to develop high‐quality health‐promoting black bean products.
Computer Vision‐Based Evaluation of Pre‐ and Postrigor Changes in Size and Shape of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets during Rigor Mortis and Ice Storage: Effects of Perimortem Handling Stress
Authors: Misimi E. , Erikson U. , Digre H. , Skavhaug A. , Mathiassen J.R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  The present study describes the possibilities for using computer vision‐based methods for the detection and monitoring of transient 2D and 3D changes in the geometry of a given product. The rigor contractions of unstressed and stressed fillets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as a model system. Gradual changes in fillet shape and size (area, length, width, and roundness) were recorded for 7 and 3 d, respectively. Also, changes in fillet area and height (cross‐section profiles) were tracked using a laser beam and a 3D digital camera. Another goal was to compare rigor developments of the 2 species of farmed fish, and whether perimortem stress affected the appearance of the fillets. Some significant changes in fillet size and shape were found (length, width, area, roundness, height) between unstressed and stressed fish during the course of rigor mortis as well as after ice storage (postrigor). However, the observed irreversible stress‐related changes were small and would hardly mean anything for postrigor fish processors or consumers. The cod were less stressed (as defined by muscle biochemistry) than the salmon after the 2 species had been subjected to similar stress bouts. Consequently, the difference between the rigor courses of unstressed and stressed fish was more extreme in the case of salmon. However, the maximal whole fish rigor strength was judged to be about the same for both species. Moreover, the reductions in fillet area and length, as well as the increases in width, were basically of similar magnitude for both species. In fact, the increases in fillet roundness and cross‐section height were larger for the cod. We conclude that the computer vision method can be used effectively for automated monitoring of changes in 2D and 3D shape and size of fish fillets during rigor mortis and ice storage. In addition, it can be used for grading of fillets according to uniformity in size and shape, as well as measurement of fillet yield measured in thickness. The methods are accurate, rapid, nondestructive, and contact‐free and can therefore be regarded as suitable for industrial purposes.
Antimicrobial Activity of Torilin Isolated from Torilis japonica Fruit against Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Cho W.‐I. , Choi J.‐B. , Lee K. , Chung M.‐S. , Pyun Y.‐R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  Torilis japonica fruit has been used in therapeutic antimicrobial treatments in Korea and China since ancient times, but there is still little information on the mechanism underlying this activity. We found that the ethanol extract of T. japonica fruit showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores and vegetative cells. The crude ethanol extract (75%) reduced the spore concentration by 3 log cycles and the vegetative cell concentration to lower than the detection level (reduction in spore concentration by more than 6 orders of magnitude) at a concentration of 1% (w/v). The ethanol extract of T. japonica fruit was fractionated into n‐hexane (H) and a water layer. The active antimicrobial compound was isolated and purified from the hexane layer, and identified as torilin (5‐[1‐(acetyloxy)‐1‐methylethyl]‐3,8‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8a‐octa‐hydroazulen‐6‐yl(2E)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoate; C22H32O5). Torilin immediately reduced vegetative cells counts by 5 to 6 orders of magnitude, and reduced spores counts by 1 order of magnitude. The integrity of structures such as the inner, middle, and outer layers of the coat and the cortex, protoplast membrane, and core are vital to spores. Torilin functions as a surfactant with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties related to denaturalization of various proteins. The distortion of coat proteins due to direct binding polar groups of spore coats with hydrophilic groups of torilin may be responsible for the observed rapid inactivation of bacterial spores.
Detection of Sublethal Thermal Injury in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) Spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm−1)
Authors: Al‐Qadiri H.M. , Lin M. , Al‐Holy M.A. , Cavinato A.G. , Rasco B.A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm−1) was utilized to detect sublethally heat‐injured microorganisms: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 14028, a Gram‐negative bacterium, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19113, a Gram‐positive bacterium. A range of heat treatments (N= 2) at 60 °C were evaluated: 0D (control), 2D, 4D, 6D, and 8D using a D60 °C (S. enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 14028 = 0.30 min, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 = 0.43 min). The mechanism of cell injury appeared to be different for Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive microbes as observed from differences in the 2nd derivative transformations and loadings plot of bacterial spectra following heat treatment. The loadings for PC1 and PC2 confirmed that the amide I and amide II bands were the major contribution to spectral variation, with relatively small contributions from C‐H deformations, the antisymmetric P==O stretching modes of the phosphodiester nucleic acid backbone, and the C‐O‐C stretching modes of polysaccharides. Using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), the extent of injury could be predicted correctly at least 83% of the time. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration analysis was constructed using 5 latent variables for predicting the bacterial counts for survivors of the different heat treatments and yielded a high correlation coefficient (R= 0.97 [S. enterica serotype Typhimurium] and 0.98 [L. monocytogenes]) and a standard error of prediction (SEP= 0.51 [S. enterica serotype Typhimurium] and 0.39 log10 CFU/mL [L. monocytogenes]), indicating that the degree of heat injury could be predicted.
Development of a Multimethod for the Determination of Photoinitiators in Beverage Packaging
Authors: Sanches‐Silva A. , Pastorelli S. , Cruz J.M. , Simoneau C. , Paseiro‐Losada P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  Photoinitiators are ink components used in the printing of food packaging. The aim of the present study was to develop a multimethod for the analysis of photoinitiators in paperboard packages and commercial beverage packages. The proposed method is simple and fairly rapid. Extraction is carried out with acetonitrile. A reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed to quantify the 6 selected photoionitiators. Total HPLC time analysis was 30 min and the flow‐rate was 1 mL/min. Method validation parameters such as linearity and detection limit are reported. Recovery of all photoinitiators (at 1 mg/kg) from orange juice was satisfactory (mean = 88.4%; ranging from 84.6% to 93.4%). Recovery of benzophenone and Irgacure 651 was good (ranging from 85.2% to 98.1% and 86.1% to 92.2%, respectively) at the 4 concentrations studied (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg). Commercial beverage packages were analyzed and when photoinitiators were detected, the beverages were also analyzed.
Proteolytic Profiles and Angiotensin‐I Converting Enzyme and α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Ramchandran L. , Shah N.P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  This study was conducted to examine the growth, proteolytic profiles as well as angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) and α‐glucosidase (α‐glu) inhibitory potentials of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two strains each of yogurt bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus—1275 and 285, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus—1092 and 1368), and probiotics (L. acidophilus—4461 and 33200, and L. casei—2607 and 15286, and 1 strain of Bifidobacterium longum 5022), were cultivated in reconstituted skim milk (RSM) at 37 °C and their proteolytic profiles and ACE as well as α‐glu inhibitory activities were determined. Among all the strains of lactic acid bacteria studied, yogurt bacteria grew very well, with the exception of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 1368 which showed a slower growth during the initial 3 h of incubation. The growth pattern corresponded well with the decrease in pH for the organisms. All the organisms showed an increase in proteolysis with time. The variations in proteolytic capabilities translated into corresponding variations in ACE inhibitory potential of these organisms. Bifidobacterium longum 5022 showed the highest ACE inhibitory potential followed by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 1368, L. casei 15286, S. thermophilus 1275, and L. acidophilus 4461. Organisms with high intracellular enzymatic activities grew well. Also, aminopeptidases of strains of L. acidophilus 4461 and S. thermophilus 1275 that could better utilize proline containing substrates showed enhanced ACE inhibitory potential. Lactic acid bacteria possessed the ability to inhibit α‐glu activity, which endowed them an antidiabetic property as well.
Thermal Syneresis Affected by Heating Schedule and Moisture Level in Surimi Gels
Authors: Park Y.D. , Yoon K.S. , Lee C.M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  The extent of thermal syneresis in protein gelation is indicative of thermal and freeze‐thaw stability as well as the network integrity of a protein gel. Thermal syneresis in Alaska pollock surimi gels was examined under different heating schedules (40 °C/20 min to 90  °C/30 min, 60 °C/20 min to 90 °C/30 min, and 90 °C/20 min to 90 °C/20 min) at varying moisture levels (80%, 82%, and 84%). The extent of syneresis and gel firming was monitored by centrifugation expressible moisture and penetration force, respectively. The occurrence of 2 distinct peaks as a function of time for both thermal syneresis and gel firming suggests that a multistage aggregation is involved in the formation of gel network. All syneresis preceded gel firming upon protein aggregation. Increasing the moisture content in the gel delayed the 2nd stage of protein aggregation. The 60 °C/20 min preheating followed by 90 °C/30 min postheating resulted in significantly greater thermal syneresis and gel weakening compared to 40 and 90 °C preheating. Changes of gel structure clearly reflected thermal syneresis when the size of water pores became smaller with initiation of network formation and progressively larger upon further heating. Thermal syneresis history during protein gelation can be used to predict thermal and freeze‐thaw stability.
Influence of the Structure of Cornstarch Dispersions on Kinetics of Aroma Release
Authors: Lafarge C. , Bard M.‐H. , Breuvart A. , Doublier J.‐L. , Cayot N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  This study deals with the impact of food structure and texture on aroma release. This was done with cornstarch dispersions with constant concentrations in starch but differing in their structures. The structure parameters of the cornstarch dispersions were varied by changing the shearing conditions during the pasting process. Linalool and isoamyl acetate were chosen as reference aroma compounds. Linalool is known to form complexes with amylose while isoamyl acetate does not. The release of aroma compounds from starch dispersions under stirring was studied at 2 temperatures by discrete sampling of the headspace. Aroma release curves were modeled and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were extracted. The release of linalool seemed to be governed mainly by the interactions (complexation) with starch. In contrast, the interactions between starch and isoamyl acetate were feebler, and the release of this aroma compound was governed by the structure of the starch dispersion. The observed interactions were better established at 20 °C than at 32 °C.
Tribological Properties of Neutral Polysaccharide Solutions under Simulated Oral Conditions
Authors: Zinoviadou K.G. , Janssen A.M. , De Jongh H.H.J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT:  Predictability of the perception of foods thickened by polysaccharides is only poor. Therefore, the effect of saliva on the lubrication properties of 2 types of neutral polysaccharides, cross‐linked starch and locust bean gum, was studied. Despite the similar bulk rheological behavior of the 2 polysaccharides, the starch solution exhibited a significantly lower friction coefficient. Although starch viscosity was strongly decreased upon 10 s incubation with human saliva, a low friction coefficient was retained. The presence of remaining granules is held partly responsible for this. Addition of starch granules to locust bean gum also resulted in a decrease in the friction coefficient, but the effect was smaller compared to starch solutions digested by saliva. Smaller contact angles were measured for (digested) starch compared to locust bean gum solutions. This points to other parameters that assist in lubrication, such as the interaction of starch solution constituents with the rubbing surfaces. In addition, the importance of bulk viscosity for spreadability on surfaces was demonstrated. This study illustrates that the type of starch will determine not only the viscosity change but also the presence of intact granules upon digestion by saliva in the oral cavity; the combination of these 2 properties is regarded to be responsible for the poor predictability of sensory responses of starch containing foods.
p53 Gene Mutations in SKH‐1 Mouse Tumors Differentially Induced by UVB and Combined Subcarcinogenic Benzo[a]pyrene and UVA†
Authors: Wang Yongyin , Zhou Xueyan , Weinstein Elhav , Maryles Billie , Zhang Yanzhen , Moore Julian , Gao Dayuan , Atencio David P. , Rosenstein Barry S. , Lebwohl Mark , Chen Hong‐Duo , Xiao Ting , Wei Huachen
Published: January 2008

We compared the frequency and spectra of p53 mutations in skin tumors from UVB‐irradiated and benzo(a)pyrene‐UVA‐treated SKH‐1 mice. Analysis of p53 mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography, and sequencing shows that the frequency and spectrum of p53 mutations in BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors are quite different from those in UVB‐induced tumors. SKH‐1 mice were treated with BaP‐UVA or UVB for 30 weeks after which skin tumors were collected for analysis of p53 mutations. Among the 11 BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors with diameters of 5–10 mm, two displayed mutations in exon 8 yielding a mutation frequency of 18.2%. In contrast, the mutation frequency among BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors was 10.5%. In UVB‐induced tumors, the mutation frequency in exon 8 was highly correlated with tumor size. A total of 77.8% of tumors with diameters larger than 10 mm contained p53 mutations. The overall mutation frequency among UVB‐induced tumors was 17.9% in exon 8 and only 3.8% in exon 5. Hotspots for p53 mutation in UVB‐induced tumors were found at codons 128 and 149 (exon 5), and at codons 268, 270, 271 and 273–276 (exon 8). In addition to widely recognized C→T missense mutations, there were also tandem CC→AG changes coupled with either an insertion of T, a C→G substitution or G→C/T mutations. All of the mutations were found at tri‐ or tetra‐pyrimidine sites. Thirty‐nine per cent of all p53 mutations occurred at codons 274 and 275; 53% occurred at codons 268–271. Two multiple mutation clusters were located at codons 268–271 and 274–276. Both BaP‐UVA and UVB caused C→T transitions at codon 275 in exon 8. A C→T mutation at codon 294 was induced only by BaP‐UVA treatment. In contrast to UVB treatment, BaP‐UVA treatment did not induce any mutations in exon 5. We show that individually subcarcinogenic levels of BaP and UVA synergistically induce a novel p53‐mutation fingerprint. This fingerprint could serve as a prognostic indicator for the development of BaP‐UVA‐induced skin tumors.
Effects of Visible Light on the Skin†
Authors: Mahmoud Bassel H. , Hexsel Camile L. , Hamzavi Iltefat H. , Lim Henry W.
Published: January 2008

Electromagnetic radiation has vast and diverse effects on human skin. Although photobiologic studies of sunlight date back to Sir Isaac Newton in 1671, most available studies focus on the UV radiation part of the spectrum. The effects of visible light and infrared radiation have not been, until recently, clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to highlight the effects of visible light on the skin. As a result of advances in the understanding of skin optics, and comprehensive studies regarding the absorption spectrum of endogenous and exogenous skin chromophores, various biologic effects have been shown to be exerted by visible light radiation including erythema, pigmentation, thermal damage and free radical production. It has also been shown that visible light can induce indirect DNA damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, a number of photodermatoses have an action spectrum in the visible light range, even though most of the currently available sunscreens offer, if any, weak protection against visible light. Conversely, because of its cutaneous biologic effects, visible light is used for the treatment of a variety of skin diseases and esthetic conditions in the form of lasers, intense pulsed light and photodynamic therapy.
Cross‐validation of Murine UV Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Skin†
Authors: Einspahr Janine G. , Timothy Bowden G. , Alberts David S. , McKenzie Naja , Saboda Kathylynn , Warneke James , Salasche Stuart , Ranger‐Moore James , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Nagle Raymond B. , Nickoloff Brian J. , Brooks Christine , Dong Zigang , Stratton Steven P.
Published: January 2008

Acute UVB irradiation of mouse skin results in activation of phospatidyinositol‐3 (PI‐3) kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways leading to altered protein phosphorylation and downstream transcription of genes. We determined whether activation of these pathways also occurs in human skin exposed to 4× minimal erythemic dose of UVB in 23 volunteers. Biopsies were taken prior to, at 30 min, 1 and 24 h post‐UVB. In agreement with mouse studies, the earliest UV‐induced changes in epidermis were seen in phospho‐CREB (two‐ and five‐fold at 30 min and 1 h) and in phospho‐MAPKAPK‐2 (three‐fold at both 30 min and 1 h). At 1 h, phospho‐c‐JUN and phospho‐p38 were increased five‐ and two‐fold, respectively. Moreover, phospho‐c‐JUN and phospho‐p38 were further increased at 24 h (12‐ and six‐fold, respectively). Phospho‐GSK‐3β was similarly increased at all time points. Increases in phospho‐p53 (12‐fold), COX‐2 (four‐fold), c‐FOS (14‐fold) and apoptosis were not seen until 24 h. Our data suggest that UVB acts through MAPK p38 and PI‐3 kinase with phosphorylation of MAPKAPK‐2, CREB, c‐JUN, p38, GSK‐3β and p53 leading to marked increases in c‐FOS, COX‐2 and apoptosis. Validation of murine models in human skin will aid in development of effective skin cancer chemoprevention and prevention strategies.
Broadening the Study of the Self: Integrating the Study of Personal Identity and Cultural Identity
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Zamboanga Byron L. , Weisskirch Robert S.
Published: January 2008

This article reviews what is known and what remains to be studied, regarding the association between personal identity and cultural identity. Although these two conceptions of identity have inspired separate literatures and have developed independently of one another, globalization and mass immigration have increased the need to study these two conceptions of identity together. The article puts forth recommendations for integrating the literatures on personal identity and cultural identity. These recommendations include using multidimensional constructs to represent both personal identity and cultural identity, refining the measurement of personal identity and of cultural identity, and of studying these conceptions of identity across various ethnic, cultural, and national groups.
Tales from Existential Oceans: Terror Management Theory and How the Awareness of Our Mortality Affects Us All
Authors: Arndt Jamie , Vess Matthew
Published: January 2008

Terror management theory is a social psychological theory that draws from existential, psychodynamic, and evolutionary perspectives to understand the often potent influence that deeply rooted concerns about mortality can have on our sense of self and social behavior. The present article presents a brief introduction to the theory, comments on critiques and alternative explanations, and highlights where the theory came from, where it has been, and a few places that it might be going. Research is reviewed that uses this analysis to understand conscious and unconscious processes of psychological defense, the role of relationships and basic structuring of reality for managing existential distress, the integration of these ideas with motives for creativity and psychological growth, as well as a number of applied directions that help to make sense of pressing social problems.
Social Implications of Mobile Telephony: The Rise of Personal Communication Society
Authors: Campbell Scott W. , Park Yong Jin
Published: January 2008

The media landscape has changed dramatically in recent decades, from one predominated by traditional mass communication formats to today's more personalized network environment. Mobile communication plays a central role in this transition, with adoption rates that surpass even those of the Internet. This essay argues that the widespread diffusion and use of mobile telephony is iconic of a shift toward a new ‘personal communication society’, evidenced by several key areas of social change, including symbolic meaning of the technology, new forms of coordination and social networking, personalization of public spaces, and the mobile youth culture. The conclusion speculates on future trends in the sociotechnological climate.
Emotional Labor and Health Care
Authors: Erickson Rebecca J. , Grove Wendy J. C.
Published: January 2008

We examine the literature on emotional labor and health care to demonstrate the potential for emotional labor research to inform how social and medical scientists think about health care and how examining healthcare contexts has contributed to the scientific understanding of emotional labor processes. In doing so, we first review the key terms and definitions that are used within the emotion management perspective and evaluate the ways in which power differences have remained largely implicit features of research on emotional labor in healthcare settings. Finally, we explore how the increasing economic rationalization of health care may be influencing the emotional experiences of today's healthcare professionals and the implications of this trend for future research on emotional labor and the health and well‐being of care providers and their patients.
The effectiveness and optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps
Authors: FRASER SALLY E. M. , DYTHAM CALVIN , MAYHEW PETER J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. 

Parasitoid wasps are species‐rich and likely to be sensitive indicators of environmental change. Malaise traps are widely used for sampling certain taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera, but little is known about how they should best be used to monitor the community at an individual site.

To investigate the effects of sample duration, trap location and replication on the parasitoid assemblage, we sampled four ichneumonid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) intensively using Malaise traps in two farm woods in the Vale of York, UK.

Species accumulation curves showed that even with 16 Malaise traps per wood, the community is incompletely sampled. Despite this, we caught up to 28% of all UK species in a single wood, implying that local parasitoid diversity may be very high.

Abundance and species richness of parasitoids differed significantly between sample periods (fortnights) and between traps, but did not differ overall between core and edge locations.

Parasitoid community composition differed between core and edge traps, but differences were much stronger in one wood than the other. One subfamily, the Poemeniinae, was found predominantly in edge locations. Catch differences became greater with increasing distance between traps.

The previous year, two traps in each of the same woods caught only half as many species, but species abundance was positively correlated between years.

Our results suggest that a small number of traps can contain useful information about the parasitoid community but is likely to seriously underestimate total species richness. To achieve extensive species coverage, sampling should continue over several weeks, with widely separated traps sampling both core and edge locations. Our focal taxa should prove excellent for monitoring the effects of environmental change on biodiversity.
Effects of mobility on daily attraction to light traps: comparison between lepidopteran and coleopteran communities
Authors: HIRAO TOSHIHIDE , MURAKAMI MASASHI , KASHIZAKI AKIRA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. 

Light traps have been widely used for surveying insect community structure, but some biases are known to occur under certain meteorological conditions.

In addition to weather factors, we raise the novel hypothesis that if the daily movement distance of focal insects is shorter than the effective range of the light trap, then the species richness and abundance of the daily captures will increase during the course of the night.

This study examined the daily attraction patterns of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera to light traps and the factors affecting the attraction of these communities. Light traps were run for three consecutive nights in each month from April to October 2001 in a cool‐temperate forest in Japan.

The species richness and abundance of Coleoptera increased during trap nights, whereas lepidopteran captures remained constant. Meteorological factors influenced the capture of both communities throughout the sampling season, but the daily increment in Coleoptera was not explained by the daily trends in weather conditions.

We argue that the daily augmentation of Coleoptera capture rate results from the daily movement distance of Coleoptera being generally shorter than the effective and perceivable range of the light traps. These results suggest that consideration of the typical daily movement of a focal taxon is required when conducting biological monitoring using light trap sampling.