bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life history and environmental inference through retrospective morphometric analysis of bryozoans: a preliminary study
Authors: O'Dea Aaron , Okamura Beth
Published: July 2002

A preliminary comparative analysis of colony growth and zooid size in the perennial bryozoan Flustra foliacea (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) reveals reduced colony growth in the Bay of Fundy relative to growth in the Menai Straits and the Skagerrak, while seasonal fluctuations in zooid size are in synchrony with temperature regimes. Such retrospective morphometric analyses may allow inferences of primary productivity and thermal regimes and provide insights into the life histories of both Recent and fossil bryozoans.
Habitat characters of Tigriopus californicus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida), with notes on the dispersal of supralittoral fauna
Authors: Powlik James J.
Published: July 2002

Supralittoral splashpools representing 312,000 m2 of shoreline in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, were surveyed seasonally for tidal elevation, size, water properties, macroflora and faunal constituents coincident with colonization by Tigriopus californicus (Arthropoda: Copepoda). Overall, 90.1% of pools containing T. californicus were found between 3.0 and 5.0 m above lowest normal tide, with an average surface area-to-volume ratio of 7.06. Copepod populations were found at water temperatures of 6–33°C; salinity of <1–139 psu; pH of 6.1–9.5; and of 1.1–13.7 mg l−1 oxygen. Sediment and vegetation was sparse in T. californicus pools (mean cover 15.79±10.6% in 9.4±11.1% of pools, all species), and consisted most commonly of Enteromorpha compressa and Scytosiphon lomentaria and its Ralfsia-like alternate phase. Common fauna included mites, amphipods, littorines, and nematodes, with the highest diversity of co-inhabitants occurring in spring. Factors such as wind, wave action, and incidental fauna are discussed as potential agents of dispersal for splashpool copepods.
Behavioural and acoustic observations of sperm whales in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands
Authors: Goold John C.
Published: July 2002

Six juvenile sperm whales were observed visually and acoustically in the confined waters of Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands during March 1993. General visual behaviours observed included slow travelling, head-outs, logging and side fluking but there were no observations of tail fluking within the confines of Scapa Flow. Recordings of the whales' vocalizations through hydrophones revealed a remarkably wide repertoire including clicks, rapid clicks, gunshots, chirrups, creaks, short trumpets, pips, squeals and clangs. Selected examples of these sounds were digitized and analysed as spectrograms. Clicks, rapid clicks, gunshots and clangs all showed a characteristic impulsive broadband signature. Chirrups, short trumpets and creaks were composed of rapid sequences of broadband impulses, although creaks were invariably faint and were difficult to illustrate well. Chirrups, short trumpets and clangs showed strong spectral peaks and pips were particularly unusual sounds with impulsive narrowband signatures composed of harmonically spaced peaks. Squeals exhibited prolonged, narrowband swept frequency signatures often with slight oscillation. All types of vocalization with the exception of clangs were heard from sperm whales during pure observation, minimum disturbance encounters in the field. Two attempts were made to remove the whales from Scapa Flow, the first being an enticement operation to lure the whales to open water with the use of underwater playback of sounds of socializing female sperm whales and the second a shepherding operation to drive the whales with a flotilla of vessels. The enticement operation was unsuccessful but the shepherding operation was successful, although the whales showed considerable reluctance to navigate a narrow channel to the open sea. During the shepherding operation there was a distinct change in the nature of the whales' vocalizations, with clangs predominating over other forms.
Reproductive biology, sexual dimorphism, and population structure of the deep sea hydrothermal vent scale-worm, Branchipolynoe seepensis (Polychaeta: Polynoidae)
Authors: Jollivet D. , Empis A. , Baker M.C. , Hourdez S. , Comtet T. , Jouin-Toulmond C. , Desbruyères D. , Tyler P.A.
Published: July 2002

The polychaete family Polynoidae (scale-worms) is well-represented at deep sea hydrothermal vents. Most species are free-living in a wide range of habitats: from high-temperature hydrothermal `chimney' walls to diffuse venting areas. Conversely, species of the genus Branchipolynoe live inside the mantle cavity of vent and seep mytilids. Specimens, morphologically close to Branchipolynoe seepensis, have been reported from all the known vent areas on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), with varying infestation rates (0–6 individuals per host). Reproductive tract, gametogenesis and population structures were examined for specimens from the Lucky Strike vent field (MAR) in order to test whether this species displays dwarf males, protandric hermaphroditism or differential mortality between males and females. Observations of histological sections reveal the presence of fully developed ovaries in females which originate ventrally in segments 7–9 and of an unusual genital tract in which both sperm and mature oocytes are stored. Oogenesis is intraovarian and quasi-continuous. The vitellogenic oocytes are only free in the coelom at their terminal growing stage and are then transferred into an ovisac through spermathecae. The species displays an external sexual dimorphism in the number of genital papillae and the shape of the pygidial appendages. Sex ratios showed significant deviations from a 1:1 expected ratio, in favour of females. The modal decompositions of size–frequency histograms show the occurrence of three modes in females and only two modes in males, indicating discrete breeding periods. The two first modes were not significantly different between males and females. These results indicate that B. seepensis forms heterosexual pairs and uses internal fertilization to reproduce during discrete spawning periods. Differential mortality between males and females is likely to shape size-histograms as observed by preventing males from reaching the female proportions. Such an observation could be a result of either cannibalism on larger males, small sizes facilitating the male escape, or natural predation when males move from one bivalve to another to breed.
The distribution, relative abundance and diversity of echinoderms in the eastern English Channel, Bristol Channel, and Irish Sea
Authors: Ellis J.R. , Rogers S.I.
Published: July 2002

The distribution and relative abundance of macroepibenthic echinoderms in the eastern English Channel and Irish Sea is described from beam trawl catches. Echinoderms accounted for approximately 29% (by biomass) of fauna captured. A total of 24 species were recorded, including 12 species of starfish. The most frequently encountered species were Asterias rubens and Psammechinus miliaris, which were recorded at 85.5% and 56.0% of stations respectively. Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis accounted for 63.7% and 25.5% (by biomass) respectively of the echinoderms sampled. Mean echinoderm catches ranged from 0.8-kg h−1 in the north-eastern English Channel to 329-kg h−1 in the south-eastern Irish Sea. The echinoderm fauna was more diverse in the St George's Channel and western Irish Sea (6.7–7.0 species haul−1) than in the north-eastern English Channel (1.9 species haul−1).
Sarcocystis species in skeletal muscle of otter (Lutra lutra)
Authors: WAHLSTRÖM K. , NIKKILÄ T. , UGGLA A.
Published: July 2002

Cysts of a Sarcocystis species were found in large numbers
in skeletal muscle of an otter (Lutra lutra) which was raised

in Norway and died in captivity in Sweden. This is the first report of
Sarcocystis infection in the otter. The sarcocysts
were 0·3–2·3 mm long and 0·06–0·25
mm wide. As judged by light microscopy the sarcocyst walls were thin (<3
μm) with
a serrated surface but without visible projections. By transmission electron
microscopy, the sarcocyst wall measured
0·6–1·8 μm and had minute undulations covering the
entire sarcocyst surface giving the wall a wavy appearance. Septa
were indistinct. The sarcocysts contained few metrocytes and numerous bradyzoites.
Sarcocysts were not found in 69
other otters subjected to necropsy in Sweden.
Miracles: metaphysics and modality
Authors: MUMFORD STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

It is argued that miracles are best understood as natural events with
supernatural causes and that such causal interaction is logically possible. Such
miracles may, or may not, involve violations of natural laws. If violations of laws are
possible, Humean supervenience views of laws are best avoided. Where miracles
violate laws, it shows that what is naturally impossible may be actual and what is
naturally necessary may not be actual. Whether or not miracles actually occur, this
demonstrates that the nomic modalities differ from the logical. The theory contrasts
favourably with competitors and allows, contrary to an interpretation of Aquinas,
that Creation would have been a miracle.
‘Being Sensible’:
Images and Practices of the New Family Lawyers
Authors: KING MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Any predictions that solicitors acting for divorcing parents might become
redundant, as increasing use is made of mediation services, are unsubstantiated
by the research on which this article is based. This study shows
how solicitors, far from retreating from issues of arrangements over the
future of children of divorcing parents, are busy adapting themselves to
the new working environment. For some this process involves themselves
qualifying as mediators. For these and others, it entails acquiring and
presenting to their clients an understanding of ‘child psychology’ which
enables them to advise their clients on how to sort out their differences
in ways that will safeguard their children's welfare. By constructing
children's welfare within a legal discourse of justice and protection of
their clients' lawful interests, solicitors are able to convince themselves
that justice, in cases involving children's welfare, is achieved by persuading
their clients to ‘be sensible’ and sort out their differences, and that
those parents who are openly hostile and/or pursue their own (selfish)
interests have lost sight of justice and need to be brought back into line.
The article demonstrates how solicitors claim to achieve these ends and
raises questions about their practical and theoretical implications.
Quantification of physical activities by means of ambulatory accelerometry: A validation study
Authors: Bussmann Johannes B.J. , Tulen Joke H.M. , van Herel Eva C.G. , Stam Henk J.
Published: July 2002

The objective of the study was to assess the validity of an activity monitor (AM) within a psychophysiological study. The AM was based on four body‐fixed accelerometers and discriminated postures, transitions, and dynamic activities. Three subjects participated in each of two 4‐hr sessions. During each session, consisting of two protocols, ambulatory accelerometer and heart rate measurements were made. The output of the AM was compared with simultaneously recorded video tapes. An overall agreement between AM and video of 88 and 96% was found. The number of transitions and dynamic periods, and the duration of activities were well determined. Posture‐related heart rate changes were demonstrated. A three‐sensor configuration hardly influenced the validity scores. The AM appeared to be a valid instrument to quantify aspects of physical activity, and offers new possibilities for ambulatory psychophysiological research.
Combining electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures of the auditory oddball
Authors: Opitz B. , Mecklinger A. , von Cramon D.Y. , Kruggel F.
Published: July 2002

The neural mechanisms of deviancy and target detection were investigated by combining high density event‐related potential (ERP) recordings with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). ERP and fMRI responses were recorded using the same paradigm and the same subjects. Unattended deviants elicited a mismatch negativity (MMN) in the ERP. In the fMRI data, activations of transverse/superior temporal gyri bilateral were found. Attended deviants generated an MMN followed by an N2/P3b complex. For this condition, fMRI activations in both superior temporal gyri and the neostriatum were found. These activations were taken as neuroanatomical constraints for the localization of equivalent current dipoles. Inverse solutions for dipole orientation provide evidence for significant activation close to Heschl's gyri during deviancy processing in the 110–160‐ms time interval (MMN), whereas target detection could be modeled by two dipoles in the superior temporal gyrus between 320 and 380 ms.
A temporal account of the limited processing capacity
Authors: Grondin Simon
Published: July 2002

A temporal account of the mental capacities for processing information may not be relevant in a context where the goal is to search for storage capacity expressed in chunks. However, if mental capacity and information processing is the question, the time issue can be rehabilitated. A very different temporal viewpoint on capacity limit is proposed in this commentary.
How to interface cognitive psychology with cognitive neuroscience?
Authors: Tiitinen Hannu
Published: July 2002

Cowan's analysis of human short-term memory (STM) and attention in terms of processing limits in the range of 4 items (or “chunks”) is discussed from the point of view of cognitive neuroscience. Although, Cowan already provides many important theoretical insights, we need to learn more about how to build further bridges between cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
Is real self-deception really all that biased?
Authors: Friedrich James
Published: July 2002

The mechanisms invoked to demonstrate how self-deception can
occur without intention or awareness imply that self-deceptive beliefs
are nevertheless the outcome of inappropriate and often egoistically
driven processes. In contrast, models of pragmatic reasoning suggest
that self-deception may well be the “reasonable” output of
a more generalized, adaptive approach to hypothesis testing.
What memory is for action: The gap between percepts and concepts
Authors: Rossetti Yves , Procyk Emmanuel
Published: July 2002

The originality of Glenberg's theoretical account lies in
the claim that memory works in the service of physical interaction
with the three-dimensional world. Little consideration is given,
however, to the role of memory in action. We present and discuss
data on spatial memory for action. These empirical data constitute
the first step of reasoning about the link between memory and action,
and allow several aspects of Glenberg's theory to be
tested.
Androgens and human behaviour: A complex relationship
Authors: Brain Paul F.
Published: July 2002

The claimed link between dominance and free testosterone is
an intriguing one but problems remain in attempting to link this
single hormonal measure to human behaviour. These include the
heterogeneous nature of dominance, the precise nature of the
correlation(s), and whether only testosterone is important.
What is more explanatory, processing capacity or processing speed?
Authors: Cowan Nelson
Published: July 2002

Halford et al. have sharpened the concept of processing
capacity as applied to various complex tasks. This commentary
examines the apparent contradiction between capacity theories
and theories in which it is processing speed, rather than capacity,
that presumably limits cognitive performance. It explains how
capacity and speed often are interrelated and suggests how one
might examine whether capacity or speed is the more elementary
in processing.
High-level social learning in apes: Imitation or observation-assisted planning?
Authors: Midford Peter E.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon's notion of program-level imitation
is based on the ability of apes to plan novel sequences of behavior
and on how information gleaned by observation can aid the planning
process. Byrne & Russon would have made a stronger case by
focusing on social learning and planning and expending less effort
interpreting their results as a new category of imitation.
Hoist by their own petard: The constraints of hierarchical models
Authors: Vereijken B. , Whiting H. T. A.
Published: July 2002

In the context of the motor skill literature on observational
learning and hierarchical skill structuring, Byrne & Russon's
findings call into question their standpoint that great apes imitate
the behaviour of role models at the programme level. The authors
impose a hierarchical model on their observations without properly
considering alternative explanations. One such possibility, which
stems from a constraints perspective that they dismiss, is put
forward.
Active vision and the basketball problem
Authors: Singh Manish , Hoffman Donald D.
Published: July 2002

It is fruitful to think of the representational and the
organism-centered approaches as complementary levels of analysis,
rather than mutually exclusive alternatives. Claims to the contrary by
proponents of the organism-centered approach face what we call the
“basketball problem.”
A spy to spy on a spy: From type to token representation with cell assemblies
Authors: van der Velde Frank
Published: July 2002

The idea of representing words with cell assemblies is very
appealing. However, syntactic sequences need to be represented as
well. This cannot be done by using the activity levels of assemblies.
Instead, structural relations and operations between assemblies are
needed to achieve serial order in syntactic word strings.
Dynamical cocycles with values in the Artin braid group
Authors: GAMBAUDO J.-M. , PÉCOU E. E.
Published: July 2002

By considering the way an $n$-tuple of points in the 2-disk are linked together under iteration of an orientation preserving diffeomorphism, we construct a dynamical cocycle with values in the Artin braid group. We study the asymptotic properties of this cocycle and derive a series of topological invariants for the diffeomorphism which enjoy rich properties.
Budgeting Procedures and Democratic Ideals: An Evaluation of Swedish Reforms
Authors: Molander Per
Published: July 2002

The choice of rules for the central government budget process represents a trade-off between potentially conflicting
goals. Budgetary reforms triggered by serious imbalances in public finances over the last two decades indicate that a
political reorientation has taken place, giving more emphasis to macroeconomic impacts, long-term budgetary restrictions, and transparency in budget decision making. The paper analyses a number of generic problems of collective
decision-making in the fiscal policy area and their relation to fundamental values upon which democratic states are
built. The discussion is illustrated by experiences from a major budget process reform in Sweden between 1992 and
1997. The conclusion is that tighter fiscal discipline can be achieved without encroaching upon democratic values; it
is argued that democracy can in fact be strengthened by such a shift of regime.
The Special Relationship and the Anglo-Iranian oil crisis, 1950–4
Authors: MARSH STEVE
Published: July 2002

The Anglo-Iranian oil crisis of 1950–4 provides an ideal case-study for those interested in the postwar Anglo-American Special Relationship. This article investigates the oil crisis with two purposes in mind: first, to demonstrate how Britain and the United States struggled to adjust their bilateral relations in response to their changing postwar world positions; second, to show just how crucial both countries perceived the Special Relationship to be in the early 1950s. This is done by examining the American decision not to pursue a policy in the Iranian oil crisis that would undermine Britain's position, despite at times severe Anglo-American tension. It is concluded that the problems created by the changing balance of forces within the Special Relationship were mitigated in Iran by a combination of consanguinity and, more important, the US need for British help in its policy of global containment. In short, Anglo-American policy-makers perceived sufficient mutual need to persuade them to actively preserve and develop the Special Relationship.
An efficient foot-force distribution algorithm for quadruped walking robots
Authors: Zhou Debao , Low K. H. , Zielinska Teresa
Published: July 2002

One of the important issues of walking machine active force control is a

successful distribution of the body force to the feet to prevent leg slippage. In this paper, a new force distribution method, the Friction Constraint Method (FriCoM), is introduced. The force distribution during the walking of a typical quadruped crawl gait is analyzed by using the FriCoM. Computation results show that the distributed forces of the feet are continuous during the walking. This reflects the change of the force distribution during actual conditions. The comparison with a pseudo-inverse method shows that the FriCoM is more practical. The FriCom also requires less computation time than that by an incremental optimization method. Some problems, such as the singularity in the application of the FriCoM, are discussed. The FriCoM will be used in the active force control of a quadruped robot that is taken as a platform for the research on the study of terrain adaptation.
Multilingualism in Metropolitan London
Authors: Salverda Reinier
Published: July 2002

A description and discussion of the vast linguistic diversity in the capital of the United Kingdom.

LONDON today is an enormous Tower of Babel, where in addition to the common language, English, many other languages are spoken. On Tuesday 13 March 2001, as part of the Lunch Hour Lecture Series at University College London, Professor Reinier Salverda discussed the linguistic diversity of contemporary London, presenting recent data on the other languages spoken there, as well as focussing on the social aspects of this linguistic diversity, in particular issues of language policy and language management. The following is a slightly adapted version of that presentation.
USING A BALANCING PROCEDURE IN MULTICENTER CLINICAL TRIALS
Authors: Rovers Maroeska M. , Straatman Huub , Zielhuis Gerhard A. , Ingels Koen , van der Wilt Gert-Jan
Published: July 2002

Objective: A basic issue in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is
whether we can safely assume comparability between groups at baseline with
respect to all potentially important prognostic factors. In other words, did
randomization work sufficiently well? In small trials balanced allocation
procedures are employed, whereas in large-scale trials simple randomization
will do. The question is: When should balancing be considered?

Methods: We performed a simulation study in which we varied the
number of categories in the prognostic factors and the number of patients.

Results: Simulation showed that, in all instances, a balancing
procedure almost always led to perfect or almost perfect balance, while the
imbalance with simple randomization was larger. To study the effect of
balanced and random allocation on subgroup analyses in our OME trial, we
compared the quotient of the width of the confidence intervals (CI). The
widest CI in random allocation over the 13 hospitals was on average 13% wider
than in balanced allocation.

Conclusion: Investigators should always consider balanced
allocation, especially in categories with a low number of patients and when
subgroup analysis over many categories is requested.
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Authors: Heitman Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

In vitro fertilization (IVF) stands out as one of the contemporary
period's most extraordinary technologies, and its social and ethical
consequences among the most far reaching. Despite its uncertain effectiveness
and medical consequences, IVF has contributed significantly to the
medicalization of infertility and the increasingly imperative character of
reproductive technology. New developments in IVF, particularly oocyte
donation, have created new definitions of treatable infertility and new social
needs for IVF; when the technology does not result in pregnancy or healthy
babies, these developments have created profound new disappointments. IVF and
the commodification of the extracorporeal embryo have also confused the social
meaning and legal definition of parenthood. Ultimately the relationship
between prospective parents, infertility specialists, and the embryos that
they create is a highly ambiguous one. This ambiguity is likely to be a
long-term characteristic of efforts to develop, use, and assess assisted
reproductive technologies.
Reproductive seasonality in the tropical butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in northern Australia
Authors: KEMP DARRELL J.
Published: July 2002

Because seasonality in tropical environments is driven by variation in rainfall, phytophagous tropical
organisms are expected to exhibit mechanisms of escape in space and time that allow them to synchronize their
breeding efforts with suitably wet periods of the year. This hypothesis was addressed by studying the breeding phenology of the nymphalid butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) in the Australian wet-dry tropics. This species favours small,
herbaceous larval foodplants that either die off annually or exhibit marked declines in leaf quality during the dry
season. As expected, reproductive activity in H. bolina was broadly correlated with both rainfall and humidity, with
individuals spending part of the dry season (early April to late August) sheltering in overwintering sites in a state of
reproductive diapause. The timing of the overwintering period was similar between the 2 years, which suggests that
individuals respond to seasonally predictable cues such as photoperiod. At least in 1998, the exit of butterflies from
overwintering sites was relatively sudden and coincided with the first spring rainfall event. These findings suggest that
H. bolina copes with seasonal adversity in the tropics by means of a regularly timed diapause.
The development of subject–auxiliary inversion in English wh-questions: an alternative analysis
Authors: VAN VALIN ROBERT D.
Published: July 2002

Rowland & Pine (2000) present an analysis of the development of subject–auxiliary inversion in wh-questions in the speech of Adam from the Brown corpus. They show that there is an uninversion period in which the child fails to invert the subject and auxiliary in wh-questions, and they argue that this is a function of the frequency of wh-word+auxiliary collocations in the input: the more frequent a particular collocation is in the input, the more likely it is to be inverted in the child's speech. In this note an alternative analysis is proposed: the initial position of the tensed auxiliary signals interrogative illocutionary force, and the auxiliaries which are most reliably inverted are those that are overtly tensed morphologically. This analysis not only accounts for Rowland & Pine's data but also extends to inversion in yes–no questions. The analysis predicts three different patterns for the development of inversion in both types of questions, and it is shown that all three are attested.
Early talk about the past revisited: affect in working-class and
middle-class children's co-narrations
Authors: BURGER LISA K. , MILLER PEGGY J.
Published: July 2002

This study contributes to our understanding of sociocultural variation
in
children's early storytelling by comparing co-narrations produced
by
children and their families from two European-American communities,
one working-class and one middle-class. Six children from each community

were observed in their homes at 2;6 and 3;0 years of age,
yielding a corpus of nearly 400 naturally-occurring co-narrations of past

experience. Analyses of generic properties, content, and emotion talk
revealed a complex configuration of similarities and differences. Working-class

and middle-class families produced co-narrations that were
similar in referential/evaluative functions and temporal structure,
with
a preponderance of positive content. Working-class families produced
twice as many co-narrations as their middle-class counterparts, produced

more negative emotion talk, and used more dramatic language for
conveying negative emotional experience. These findings suggest that
(1) differentiation between working-class and middle-class communities

in the content of early narratives may occur primarily with respect to

negative experience and (2) researchers need to go beyond emotion state

terms in order to accurately represent sociocultural variation in personal

storytelling.
On the notion of Jacobi polynomials for codes
Authors: OZEKI MICHIO
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we introduce the notion of Jacobi polynomials for
codes, and establish some fundamental features of it. This notion comes
out of
considerations on the various invariants of the codes (e.g. [22–24]);
it has to do
with Jacobi theta-series of positive definite quadratic forms (cf. [9],
p. 82). Thus the
name ‘Jacobi polynomials for codes’ traces this fact.
Evaluation Method of Ship-handling
Difficulty for Navigation in
Restricted and Congested Waterways
Authors: Inoue Kinzo
Published: July 2002

This paper develops a quantitative model for evaluating the difficulty of ship-handling
caused by a restricted manoeuvring area or by traffic congestion or by a combination of both.
It includes acceptance criteria based on the mariner's perception of safety. An attempt is
made to evaluate the model by applying it to the specific environmental conditions of major
ports in Japan. The model can provide information on the degree of ship-handling difficulty
and so enable better design of infrastructure for waterways.
Effect of experimental trampling and off-road motorcycle traffic on soil and vegetation of stabilized coastal dunes, Israel
Authors: KUTIEL P. , EDEN E. , ZHEVELEV Y.
Published: July 2002

Coastal sand dunes are considered to be amongst the most fragile natural systems, however they may be subject to high-intensity recreational stresses. The aim of this study was to assess the response of soil and annual plants of stabilized Mediterranean coastal dunes in Israel to various short-duration pedestrian and motorcycle traffic intensities. A standard experimental procedure was used comprising of 0, 50, 100, 300 and 500 pedestrian passes, and 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 straight and 150 turn motorcycle passes. The response of annual plants was assessed by determining ground cover, height, species richness and diversity, and soil penetrable depth, organic matter and moisture content. The pedestrian traffic did not affect the cover of annual plants, however; mean annual height, species richness and species diversity were significantly but temporarily affected by 500 passes. Conversely, motorcycle passage had an immediate significant impact on annual plants at all traffic intensities. The maximum effect on plants was observed in the wheel tracks and in the turn lanes. The mean annual ground cover and height were less sensitive measures than species richness and diversity for determining the overall impact of motorcycles on the area. Impact of pedestrian and motorcycle traffic on soil was detected only as an increase in penetrable depth, which was significant at 300 and 500 pedestrian passes, and at 100, 200 straight and 150 turn motorcycle passes. The soil and herbaceous vegetation of Mediterranean stabilized coastal dunes is relatively resistant and shows recovery potential to recreational impacts.
Generative constraint-based configuration of large technical
systems
Authors: STUMPTNER MARKUS , FRIEDRICH GERHARD E. , HASELBÖCK ALOIS
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the technical principles and
representation behind the constraint-based, automated configurator
COCOS. Traditionally, representation methods for technical
configuration have focused either on reasoning about structure
of systems or quantity of components, which is not satisfactory
in many target areas that need both. Starting from general
requirements on configuration systems, we have developed
an extension of the standard CSP model. The constraint-based
approach allows a simple system architecture, and a declarative
description of the different types of configuration knowledge.
Knowledge bases are described in terms of a component-centered
knowledge base written in an object-oriented representation
language with semantics directly based on the underlying
constraint model. The approach combines a simple, declarative
representation with the ability to configure large-scale
systems and is in use for actual production applications.
Environmental mycobacteria in northern Malawi: implications for the epidemiology of tuberculosis and leprosy
Authors: FINE P. E. M. , FLOYD S. , STANFORD J. L. , NKHOSA P. , KASUNGA A. , CHAGULUKA S. , WARNDORFF D. K. , JENKINS P. A. , YATES M. , PONNIGHAUS J. M.
Published: July 2002

More than 36000 individuals living in rural Malawi were skin tested with antigens derived from 12 different species of environmental mycobacteria. Most were simultaneously tested with RT23 tuberculin, and all were followed up for both tuberculosis and leprosy incidence. Skin test results indicated widespread sensitivity to the environmental antigens, in particular to Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, M. intracellulare and one strain of M. fortuitum. Individuals with evidence of exposure to ‘fast growers’ (i.e. with induration to antigens from fast growers which exceeded their sensitivity to tuberculin), but not those exposed to ‘slow growers’, were at reduced risk of contracting both tuberculosis and leprosy, compared to individuals whose indurations to the environmental antigen were less than that to tuberculin. This evidence for cross protection from natural exposure to certain environmental mycobacteria may explain geographic distributions of mycobacterial disease and has important implications for the mechanisms and measurement of protection by mycobacterial vaccines.
Foraging behaviour and food availability of the mahogany gliderPetaurus gracilis(Petauridae: Marsupialia)
Authors: Jackson Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

The mahogany gliderPetaurus gracilisis an endangered species of gliding possum that is only found within a limited distribution in North Queensland, Australia. The foraging behaviour of the mahogany glider was examined to determine how it changes seasonally, by extensive observations of radio‐collared animals over a 2‐year period. A total of 440 h was spent following mahogany gliders, of which 222 h of feeding behaviour was observed. Nectar and pollen were clearly the most important food items, comprising between 50 and 99+ (mean 72.8+) of the observed feeding time when available. Nectar and pollen were consumed almost exclusively from Myrtaceae species withEucalyptus,CorymbiaandMelaleucabeing eaten. Casual observations of a number of faecal samples showed thatc.80+ of pollen grains were digested suggesting that pollen is a major source of protein. Other food items consumed included sap fromAlbizia proceraandAcacia mangium, insects, lerps and honeydew,Acaciaarils and fruit from mistletoes. In using these food items, the mahogany glider relied on complex seasonal cycles of food availability, requiring a high diversity of plants, with each species having distinct periods when it provides food during the year.
Home range and use of space by Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a temperate rainforest bat from New Zealand
Authors: O'Donnell Colin F. J.
Published: July 2002

Fifty radio‐tagged long‐tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus, belonging to three social groups numbering on average 72–132 bats each, ranged over an area of 11 700 ha in Nothofagus rainforest in the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand, during the austral summers of 1993–96. Bats were followed for 12.7 ± 6.3 (sd) days. Home‐range sizes were among the largest published for Microchiroptera. Median minimum convex polygons (100+ MCPs) for adult males were 1589 ha (max = 5629 ha), 1361 ha for post‐lactating females, and 657 ha for non‐reproductive females. Ranges of lactating females (median = 330 ha), were significantly smaller. Juveniles that were volant for < 2 weeks had the smallest ranges (median = 237 ha) but movements increased significantly after c. 2 weeks to a median of 2006 ha. Movements were frequent and rapid within the range (790 ± 471 sd m/15 min) and average range lengths were 3.3–10.9 km (max = 19 km). Despite their large home ranges, bats concentrated their activity (85+ of fixes) in small core areas that represented a mean of 5.7 ± 1.5+ (sd) of the 100+ MCPs. Ranges of roosting sites were also small, averaging 9.4 ± 1.8+ (sd) of total range size. Bats followed similar movement patterns each night but core areas only overlapped by 43 ± 14+ (sd) from one night to the next. Moderately low levels of overlap of home ranges (31–68+) and of core areas (23–56+) among individuals of the same reproductive class suggest a degree of spatial segregation among bats from the same roosting group. A prediction that C. tuberculatus has large ranges to minimize overlap between foraging bats, reflecting scarcity of food, requires testing. Range sizes were probably underestimates of seasonal, annual, and life‐time range requirements. Nevertheless, large range size and the degree of individual spacing implies that conservation areas designed for bats should be large and that protection of roosting areas alone would not be sufficient to protect bat populations.
The evolution of stress intensity factors in the propagation of two dimensional cracks
Authors: FRIEDMAN AVNER , HU BEI , VELAZQUEZ JUAN J. L.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to describe a technique based on matched asymptotic expansions
that allows us to derive the variation of the stress intensity factors in a homogeneous
isotropic elastic medium under plane strain deformation. The case of antiplane shearing is
also considered.
Combinators for program generation
Authors: THIEMANN PETER
Published: July 2002

We present a general method to transform a compositional specification of a specializer for
a functional programming language into a set of combinators that can be used to perform
the same specialization more efficiently. The main transformation steps are the transition to
higher-order abstract syntax and untagging. All transformation steps are proved correct. The
resulting combinators can be implemented in any functional language, typed or untyped,
pure or impure. They may also be considered as forming a domain-specific language for
meta-programming. We demonstrate the generality of the method by applying it to several
specializers of increasing strength. We demonstrate its efficiency by comparing it with a
traditional specialization system based on self-application.
Growth hormone, aging and frailty
Authors: Martin Dr Finbarr C , Sturgess Dr Ian
Published: July 2002

Growth hormone and related growth factors are essential for normal childhood development, secretion rate then declining from early adulthood. Adults with growth hormone deficiency, e.g. after pituitary ablation, have many clinical features such as reduced muscle and bone mass which are also seen in healthy older people. In both cases, growth hormone treatment at least partly reverses these changes. This has led to the rather elegant notion that growth hormone decline may be responsible for age-related involution and death and raises the prospect of hormonal replacement therapy for aging and frailty.
The regions of conservation importance for grouse, partridges and pheasants in China
Authors: Chang-qing Ding , Guang-mei Zheng
Published: July 2002

China is a large country, occupying 9,600,000 km2. It lies between longitudes 73°40′E and 135° 05′E, a distance of some 5,200 km. Mountainous in the west and flat in the east, the land surface of China slopes downward from west to east in a three-step staircase and can be divided into moist, semi-moist, semi-arid and arid regions from the east coast to the inland north-west respectively. From north to south, China covers frigid, temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. All of this variation in geographical and climate conditions combine to give it a high diversity of fauna and flora.

The country is rich in Galliformes. Sixty-one species of two families (Tetraonidae and Phasianidae) are found in the country (Cheng 1994), which is about 22% of the 277 Galliformes species of the world (Sibley and Monroe 1990). In recent decades, as a result of big changes in the environments and the increasing human activities, the ranges of Chinese Galliformes have decreased and the population densities have declined (Zheng and Zhang 1993). The status of the country's Galliformes was assessed in the mid 1990s as part of two global reviews: through the compilation of IUCN/World Pheasant Association (WPA) action plans for pheasants (McGowan and Garson 1995) and partridges (McGowan et al., 1995), and through the revision of BirdLife International's list of threatened bird species (Collar et al. 1994). Both assessments considered that a high proportion of the world's threatened Galliformes occurred in China.
Categorical logic of names and abstraction in action calculi
Authors: PAVLOVIĆ DUšKO
Published: July 2002

Milner's action calculus implements abstraction in monoidal
categories, so that familiar
λ-calculi can be subsumed together with the π-calculus and the
Petri nets. Variables are
generalised to names, which allow only a restricted form of substitution.

In the present paper, the well-known categorical semantics of the
λ-calculus is generalised to
the action calculus. A suitable functional completeness theorem for
symmetric monoidal
categories is proved: we determine the conditions under which the abstraction
is definable.
Algebraically, the distinction between the variables and the names boils
down to the
distinction between the transcendental and the algebraic elements. The
former lead to
polynomial extensions, like, for example, the ring ℤ[x];
the latter lead to algebraic
extensions like ℤ[√2] or ℤ[i].

Building upon the work of P. Gardner, we introduce action categories,
and show that they
are related to the static action calculus in exactly the same way as
cartesian closed categories
are related to the λ-calculus. Natural examples of this structure
arise
from allegories and cartesian bicategories. On the other hand, the free
algebras
for any commutative Moggi
monad form an action category. The general correspondence of action calculi
and Moggi
monads will be worked out in a sequel to this work.
NOTES RELATING TO THE FLORA OF BHUTAN: XLIV. TAXONOMICNOTES, NEW TAXA AND ADDITIONS TO THE ORCHIDACEAE OF BHUTAN AND SIKKIM (INDIA)
Authors: PEARCE N. , CRIBB P. J. , RENZ J.
Published: July 2002

The terrestrial orchid genus Bhutanthera Renz (subfamily Orchidoideae, tribe Orchideae), comprising five species, three newly described here, is established. A new species, Herminium pygmaeum Renz, and three new varieties, Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook.f. var. sikkimense N. Pearce & P. J. Cribb, Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) Bl. var. oblanceolata N. Pearce & P. J. Cribb, and Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. var. pantlingii Renz, are here newly described. Five new combinations and one new name are proposed. Four new sections of Bulbophyllum are also established and their relationships discussed.
Home-Based Telemedicine: A Survey of Ethical Issues
Authors: BAUER KEITH A.
Published: July 2002

In the past decade, digital technology, fiber optics,
cellular phones, satellite television, home computers,
and the Internet have substantially transformed business,
education, and leisure practices. These technologies are
becoming so integrated into our daily routines that their
ubiquity often goes unnoticed. We are, nonetheless, in
the midst of a telecommunications revolution, and the healthcare
industry is becoming a major player. The burgeoning field
of home-based telemedicine is evidence of this.
Physician-Assisted Death: Can Philosophical Bioethics Aid
Social Policy?
Authors: KUCZEWSKI MARK G.
Published: July 2002

The debate regarding physician-assisted suicide
continues in our society. Despite the recent opinions of
the United States Supreme Court, this issue is unlikely
to go away anytime soon. For a variety of reasons, this
debate is now conducted in the legalistic terms of individual
rights and liberties. As a result, perhaps we philosophers
have been left behind. This is now a matter for the legal
arena and philosophy is likely to be irrelevant. I would
like to suggest otherwise for two reasons.
Matroid Automorphisms and Symmetry Groups
Authors: FERN LORI , GORDON GARY , LEASURE JASON , PRONCHIK SHARON
Published: July 2002

For a subgroup W of the hyperoctahedral group
On which is generated by reflections,
we consider the linear dependence matroid MW
on the column vectors corresponding
to the reflections in W. We determine all possible automorphism groups of
MW and determine when
W ≅ = Aut(MW).
This allows us to connect combinatorial and geometric
symmetry. Applications to zonotopes are also considered. Signed graphs are used as a tool
for constructing the automorphisms.
Oxidative stress and preeclampsia
Authors: Hubel Carl A
Published: July 2002

Preeclampsia is a common disorder of human pregnancy and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal death world-wide. The disease is polymorphic, with involvement of the placenta, maternal vasculature, central nervous system, coagulation cascade, liver and kidney. Preeclampsia is also associated with an increased incidence of fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Often, the only treatment option is delivery with consequent fetal prematurity. The clinical markers of this disorder include hypertension and proteinuria, which reverse after delivery. Hypertension is a result of the disease and is rarely of pathogenic importance. When accompanied by convulsions the syndrome is termed eclampsia (derived from the Greek eklampsis or “sudden flashing”). A primary clinical goal is to prevent progression to this deadly complication. The incidence of preeclampsia is between 5 and 10% of pregnancies and there is no evidence that this has changed appreciably during the last century. Despite the lack of progress from a practical standpoint, new insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia continue to arise.
Phosphorylation of endogenous and TEST-yolk buffer proteins by intact human sperm
Authors: Miceli Dora C. , Llanos Ricardo , Díaz María Jimenez , Peralta Luisa
Published: July 2002

Protein kinase activity of intact, motile sperm was assessed by measuring the transfer of the terminal phosphate from [32P]ATP to tricholoroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable casein. The action of TEST (TES and Tris) yolk buffer (TYB) treatment on phosphorylation of sperm and TYB proteins was studied by detecting labelled phosphoproteins by autoradiography of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Results demonstrate that intact, forward-motile sperm have cell surface protein kinase activities. Although the difference between the kinase activity of freshly ejaculated sperm and sperm incubated in TYB was not significant, the protein phosphorylation during incubation in TYB showed that: (i) specific sperm surface proteins were phosphorylated to different degrees during the course of treatment; (ii) TYB proteins were phosphorylated by sperm during incubation; (iii) solubilised [32P]-labelled surface proteins were similar in molecular weight to TYB-labelled proteins. Taking into account that specific proteins on the human sperm surface undergo phosphorylation during incubation in TYB and that the sperm enzyme also acts specifically on some TYB proteins that become attached to the surface of the sperm, working hypotheses are proposed that suggest some correlation between the preservation of semen in TYB and the phosphorylation of proteins by intact human sperm.