bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Xanthene‐Based Mono‐Anionic PON Ligand: Exploiting a Bulky, Electronically Unsymmetrical Donor in Main Group Chemistry
Authors: Zheng Xiongfei , Heilmann Andreas , McManus Caitilín , Aldridge Simon
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of a novel mono‐anionic phosphino‐amide ligand based on a xanthene backbone is reported, togetherr with the corresponding GaIcomplex, (PON)Ga (PON = 4‐(di(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phosphino)‐5‐(2,6‐diisopropylanilido)‐2,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene). The solid‐state structure of (PON)Ga (obtained from X‐ray crystallography) reveals very weak O⋅⋅⋅Ga and P⋅⋅⋅Ga interactions, consistent with a R2NGa fragment which closely resembles those found in one‐coordinate amidogallium systems. Strong N‐to‐Ga π donation from the amido substituent is reflected in a very short N−Ga distance (1.961(2) Å), while the P⋅⋅⋅Ga contact (3.076(1) Å) is well outside the sum of the respective covalent radii. While the donor properties of the PON ligand towards GaIare highly unsymmetrical, oxidation to GaIIIleads to much stronger coordination of the pendant phosphine as shown by P−Ga distances which are up to 20 % shorter. From a steric perspective, the PON ligand is shown to be significantly bulkier than related β‐diketiminate systems, a finding consistent with reactions of (PON)Ga towards O‐atom sources that proceed without oligomerization. Despite this, the enhanced P‐donor properties brought about by oxidation at gallium are not sufficient to quench the reactivity of the highly polar Ga−O unit. Instead, intramolecular benzylic C−H activation is observed across the Ga−O bond of a transient gallanone intermediate.
Oral health knowledge and oral health related quality of life of older adults
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Lee Shirley , Oyoyo Udochukwu , Wiafe Seth , De Guia Samantha , Pedersen Caitlin , Martinez Kelsey , Rivas Joscelyn , Chavez Daniela , Rogers Tom
Published: November 2020

Objective

To assess the relationship between oral health knowledge and oral health related quality of life among older adults with different ethnicities living in San Bernardino County, California. There is a gap in oral health knowledge (OHK) and how it relates to perceived oral health related quality of life. Thus, there is a need to assess OHK as a component of oral health literacy and identify areas in which knowledge gaps exit to develop educational strategies that address the need of the elderly population.

Materials and Methods

The study was a cross‐sectional study that included adults 65 years and older using a validated “Comprehensive Measure of Oral Health Knowledge” (CMOHK) and an “Oral Health Profile Index” (OHIP‐14). Odds ratios were conducted to determine the factors associated with OHK.

Results

Mean OHK score were 16.8, 14.6, and 8.9 for Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanics, respectively. “Poor” OHK was significantly associated with participants over the age of 75 years (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.15–3.16), high school education or less (OR = 10.8; 95% CI: 5.92–19.84), minority ethnicity (OR = 7.3; 95% CI: 4.27–12.61), income less than $25,000 (OR = 10.7; 95% CI: 5.92–19.26), and reading ability less than “Excellent” (OR = 7.27; 95% CI: 4.35–12.14). Mean OHIP‐Severity scores were 7.4, 12.5, and 24.4 for Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanics, respectively. Respondents with Poor OHK were 5.17 times more likely to be identified with high levels of severity (Severity >10).

Conclusion

It is imperative to develop communication strategies to inform older adults on oral health knowledge that provide equal opportunities for all ethnicities.
Anomalous C−C Coupling on Under‐Coordinated Cu (111): A Case Study of Cu Nanopyramids for CO2 Reduction Reaction by Molecular Modelling
Authors: Chen Ling , Tang Cheng , Jiao Yan , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: November 2020

Converting CO2 to high value‐added C2 hydrocarbons by CO2 reduction reaction attracted attention due to higher energy density, readiness for transportation, and established utilization infrastructure. Herein, it was demonstrated that tailoring the copper catalyst morphology by forming nanopyramids offers alternative routes to promote C2 production. Using density functional theory calculations, five polycrystalline Cu nanopyramids with various orientations, shapes, and exposing facets were investigated. Three investigated nanopyramids favored the C2 production to different extents due to anomalous C−C coupling behaviors. The underlying reason for such C−C coupling was the pyramidal effect on under‐coordinated Cu (111) surface from the nanopyramids. The pyramidal effect includes improved *CO adsorption, geometrically preferable sites for C−C coupling, and enhanced electron transfer. Based on these results, a C2 active site screening principle was developed: an extended “square” principle, which can serve as a new morphology design rule for efficient catalyst development.
Depressive symptoms among stress‐exposed youth: Relations with tonic and phasic indices of autonomic functioning
Authors: Scott Brandon G. , Fike Eleanor A. , McCullen Jennifer R.
Published: November 2020

Theoretical models of adolescent depression postulate that one possible individual vulnerability factor for the development of depressive symptoms is autonomic dysregulation. However, there is limited and mixed support for these models among ethnically diverse and higher risk stress‐exposed youth. Therefore, this study investigated the relations between both tonic and phasic indices of parasympathetic autonomic functioning (i.e., resting high‐frequency heart rate variability [HF‐HRV] and root mean square of successive differences [RMSSD]; HF‐HRV and RMSSD reactivity to a mental arithmetic stressor) and depressive symptoms among 80 severely stress‐exposed youth (51% female; 11–17 years of age) from diverse backgrounds (61.3% ethnic minority; caregiver‐reported median family income = $20,000–$49,999 per year). Results demonstrated that lower resting HF‐HRV and RMSSD, but not HF‐HRV and RMSSD reactivity, was associated with greater youth depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that lower resting parasympathetic autonomic functioning may be a potential vulnerability factor of depressive symptoms among stress‐exposed youth, instead of specific emotional responses to stressors. These findings will need to be replicated in larger samples of stress‐exposed youth and youth at higher risk for or exhibiting clinical levels of depressive symptoms to better elucidate relations with autonomic functioning and depressive symptoms among adolescents.
Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2020

A systematic review was undertaken to evaluate studies on the effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance in normal (healthy) subjects. Theophylline was found to have been studied on eight occasions and theobromine on one, the number of subjects per study ranging from seven to 15. In two exercise investigations, theophylline was superior to placebo at a p < 0.05 level and no different in four including one that was conducted in artificial hypoxia. In a treadmill time trial over 3 km, theobromine was superior to placebo and equal to caffeine, at the <0.05 level. In strength studies, theophylline increased wrist strength in one and showed a slight but not statistically significant increase in limb strength in four of the seven subjects in the other. Theophylline caused adverse effects in six participants. There were no adverse effects in the theobromine investigation. Although the studies showed contradicting results and/or insufficient data to draw solid conclusions, it appears both drugs have potential to enhance performance and could be considered for inclusion on the WADA banned list.
Estimation of alcohol and nicotine consumption in 11 cities of Turkey using wastewater‐based epidemiology
Authors: Yavuz Guzel Evsen , Atasoy Aslı , Gören İsmail Ethem , Daglioglu Nebile
Published: November 2020

Alcohol and tobacco are the most frequently consumed substances in the world. Both are significantly associated with the increasing number of different diseases. Thus, monitoring nicotine and alcohol use is vital for public health planning and intervention strategies. This study aimed to calculate estimates of alcohol and nicotine use in 11 cities of Turkey using wastewater‐based epidemiology. In 2019, daily composite wastewater samples from 18 wastewater treatment plants were collected for a week per season. The 24‐h composite samples were collected via auto‐samplers. Sample preparation for wastewater samples collected was done using liquid–liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction. Nicotine and ethyl sulfate (EtS) were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The estimated average nicotine consumption was 2.84 mg/p/day, and the average alcohol consumption was 3.46 ± 1.83 ml/p/day. The highest nicotine consumption was observed in Kayseri city; the highest alcohol consumption was calculated for Mersin city. In this study, the cigarette and alcohol consumption estimate obtained by wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) was found to be higher than the Turkey Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulatory Authority report. To our knowledge, this study is the most comprehensive one so far applied using WBE for 11 cities in Turkey and evaluates alcohol and nicotine use together.
Concept drift detection on stream data for revising DBSCAN
Authors: Miyata Yasushi , Ishikawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2020

Data stream mining of IoT data can support operator to immediately isolate causes of equipment alarms. The challenge, however, is to keep their classifiers high purity (the data ratio with same proper class in a cluster) with concept drifting ascribed to differences between alarm models and entities. We propose to continuously update data class according to their distribution changes. Through evaluation, no purity deterioration was verified for oscillation condition data with a drifting rate of 1%. The result suggested that the method improves operator decision making.
Critical cancer vulnerabilities identified by unbiased CRISPR/Cas9 screens inform on efficient cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Potts Margaret A , McDonald Jackson A , Sutherland Kate D , Herold Marco J
Published: November 2020

The mutational landscape of human cancers is highly complex. While next generation sequencing aims to comprehensively catalogue somatic alterations in tumor cells, it fails to delineate driver from passenger mutations. Functional genomic approaches, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, enable both gene discovery, and annotation of gene function. Indeed, recent CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have flourished with the development of more sophisticated and versatile platforms capable of gene knockouts to high throughput genome wide editing of a single nucleotide base. With new platforms constantly emerging, it can be challenging to navigate what CRISPR tools are available and how they can be effectively applied to understand cancer biology. This review provides an overview of current and emerging CRISPR technologies and their power to model cancer and identify novel treatments. Specifically, how CRISPR screening approaches have been exploited to enhance immunotherapies through the identification of tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to escape immune recognition will be discussed.
Construction of Protein Probe with a His‐tag and an Electron‐transfer Peptide for a Target Protein Sensing
Authors: Sugawara Kazuharu , Ishizaki Sora , Kikuchi Soya , Kuramitz Hideki , Kadoya Toshihiko
Published: November 2020

A protein probe with an electron‐transfer peptide and a His‐tag was designed to electrochemically sense a target protein. We selected tyrosine‐rich (Y4C) and tryptophan‐rich (W4C) peptides for use as electron‐transfer agents. The peak for oxidation was based on the oxidations of the phenolic hydroxy groups in Y4C and on the indole rings in W4C. Asialofetuin (ASF) with galactose residues was the protein probe, and a galactose recognition protein, soybean agglutinin (SBA), was the target protein. A protein probe composed of an amino acid and carbohydrate residue was expected to be biocompatible. When voltammetric measurements were performed using a glassy carbon electrode, the oxidation peaks of H6Y4C and ASF‐H6Y4C appeared at the same potential. The peak current of ASF‐H6Y4C was 4‐fold that of H6Y4C because of the stronger adsorption of ASF‐H6Y4C onto the electrode. The electrode response of ASF‐H6Y4C with SBA was half that of ASF‐H6Y4C alone. By contrast, the peak current of ASF‐Y4CH6 was higher than that of ASF‐H6Y4C, which was the result of a greater degree of contact between the Y4C moieties and an electrode. On the other hand, the voltammetric behaviors of ASF with W4C and a His‐tag were similar to those with Y4C and a His‐tag. The sensitivity of SBA using ASF‐Y4CH6 was at the 10−13 M level. To confirm the function of the sensing system, measurements were performed in human serum with SBA and ASF‐Y4CH6. When SBA was added, the serum had a concentration that ranged between 5.0×10−13 and 4.0×10−12 M, and the amount of SBA that could be recovered ranged from 97 to 101%. Consequently, this system could be applied to the detection of SBA in serum.
Voltammetric Determination of Allura Red AC onto Carbone‐paste Electrode Modified by Silica with Embedded Cetylpyridinium Chloride
Authors: Pliuta Konstantin , Chebotarev Alexander , Pliuta Anastasia , Snigur Denys
Published: November 2020

In current study the carbon‐paste electrode modified by silica with embedded cetylpyridinium chloride for determination of Allura Red AC have been developed. The optimal conditions were determined to be for the square‐wave voltammetric quantification: pH=2, Eads=300 mV, tads=300 s, amplitude – 40 mV, frequency – 25 Hz and potential scan rate is 250 mV sec−1. The calibration plot has linearity in the concentration ranges 0.04–0.2 μM and 0.2–1.00 μM. The LOD and LOQ are equal to 0.005 μM and 0.015 μM respectively. The crafted sensor has been applied successfully to model solutions and in jelly candies analysis with RSD no more than 10 %.
Coral‐like nitrogen doped carbon derived from polyaniline‐silicon nitride hybrid for highly active oxygen reduction electrocatalysis
Authors: Borges Honorato Ana Maria , Khalid Mohd. , Pessan Luiz Antonio
Published: November 2020

In this work, a coral‐like nitrogen‐doped carbon electrocatalyst has been prepared via self‐assembly oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers onto silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanospheres, followed by carbonization. The prepared catalyst at 900°C (denoted as NC‐900) shows excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity by achieving an onset potential (η) of 0.90 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and half wave potential (E1/2) of 0.82 V versus RHE comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C (η = 0.99 V vs. RHE and E1/2 = 0.87 V vs RHE) and even outperforming many carbon‐based electrocatalysts recently reported in the literature. The catalyst NC‐900 also displays better stability and resistance toward methanol crossover effect than Pt/C in alkaline solution. The high ORR performance of NC‐900 catalyst was associated with high content of nitrogen species and hierarchical mesoporous structure that facilitate high electron and mass transport.
Supergene sulphuric acid speleogenesis and the origin of hypogene caves: evidence from the Northern Pennines, UK
Authors: Webb John A.
Published: November 2020

The maze caves of the Northern Pennines are rectilinear joint‐controlled networks of predominantly tall vertical rifts developed on one level towards the top of a ~20 m thick limestone bed; they were all intersected by underground mines and have no relationship to the present landscape. Passage walls commonly have large, non‐directional scallops; speleothems are uncommon. The caves were previously identified as hypogene in origin, i.e. formed by groundwater ascending from depth, but reassessment of their origin using published data shows that they lack diagnostic hypogene features (rising wall channels, ceiling channels, ceiling cupolas and dome‐pits), and the low permeability strata above and below the limestone bed greatly restrict vertical groundwater flow through the caves. Instead the maze caves were dissolved by the sulphuric acid released by oxidation of iron sulphides (and perhaps chalcopyrite) in the mineralized veins adjacent to all these caves; passage sizes decrease away from the veins and gypsum encrusts the walls of one cave. The maze caves were not formed by vertical groundwater flow, and dissolution was focussed in a relatively small area of limestone beneath an impermeable confining layer. The caves began to form when river incision due to the probably Late Cenozoic uplift of northern England exposed the iron sulphides to weathering and oxidation.

The process that formed the maze caves is here termed supergene sulphuric acid speleogenesis, because generation of the acidity was due to near‐surface supergene sulphide oxidation, and differentiated from hypogene sulphuric acid speleogenesis, where the source is at depth beneath the cave.

To clarify usage of the term hypogene, it should be restricted to Palmer's geochemical definition (Speleogenesis: Evolution of Karst Aquifers, eds Klimchouk et al., National Speleological Society: Huntsville, AL, 2000; 77–90): dissolution by a deep‐seated source of acidity. Caves dissolved by ascending groundwater containing carbonic acid with a near‐surface origin, e.g. on the rising limb of a phreatic loop, are better identified as epigene. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Influence of Species-Specific Feeding Ecology on Mercury Concentrations in Seabirds Breeding on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand
Authors: Thébault Justine , Bustamante Paco , Massaro Melanie , Taylor Graeme , Quillfeldt Petra
Published: November 2020

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that accumulates in organisms and biomagnifies along food webs; hence, long-lived predators such as seabirds are at risk as a result of high Hg bioaccumulation. Seabirds have been widely used to monitor the contamination of marine ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated Hg concentrations in blood, muscle, and feathers of 7 procellariform seabirds breeding on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Using bulk and compound-specific stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen as a proxy of trophic position and distribution, we also tested whether Hg contamination is related to the species-specific feeding ecology. Mercury exposure varied widely within the seabird community. The highest contaminated species, the Magenta petrel, had approximately 29 times more Hg in its blood than the broad-billed prion, and approximately 35 times more Hg in its feathers than the grey-backed storm petrel. Variations of Hg concentrations in blood and feathers were significantly and positively linked to feeding habitats and trophic position, highlighting the occurrence of efficient Hg biomagnification processes along the food web. Species and feeding habitats were the 2 main drivers of Hg exposure within the seabird community. The Pterodroma species had high blood and feather Hg concentrations, which can be caused by their specific physiology and/or because of their foraging behavior during the interbreeding period (i.e., from the Tasman Sea to the Humboldt Current system). These 2 threatened species are at risk of suffering detrimental effects from Hg contamination and further studies are required to investigate potential negative impacts, especially on their reproduction capability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:454–472. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Should crude oil price volatility receive more attention than the price of crude oil? An empirical investigation via a large‐scale out‐of‐sample forecast evaluation of US macroeconomic data
Authors: Nonejad Nima
Published: November 2020

Apart from the percentage change in the price of crude oil, there is a growing tradition of using various nonlinear transformations of the price of crude oil to forecast real gross domestic product growth rates, equity returns, inflation and other macroeconomic variables. This study attempts to quantify the additional potential predictive power afforded by crude oil price volatility relative to widely used crude oil price‐based variables for more than 300 US macroeconomic time series at the monthly and the quarterly sampling frequency. We observe that regressions employing crude oil price realized volatility and crude oil price realized semivolatilities tend to afford a more consistent pattern of out‐of‐sample prediction gains relative to competitors using well‐known crude oil price measures and the autoregressive benchmark at the quarterly and monthly sampling frequency. While it is somewhat harder to find evidence of finite‐sample predictive gains relative to the benchmark, the evidence is stronger with respect to population‐level predictability 1 quarter (1 month) ahead for the model with crude oil price realized semivolatilities across the considered data and models. Furthermore, point (density) forecasts employing crude oil price realized volatility tend to be more accurate than corresponding forecasts produced under the crude oil price‐based predictive regressions in a horse race.
Safety culture transformation—The impact of training on explicit and implicit safety attitudes
Authors: Marquardt Nicki , Hoebel Merle , Lud Daniela
Published: November 2020

The present paper investigates the changeability of safety culture elements such as explicit and implicit safety attitudes by training. Therefore, three studies with different time frames, training durations, and settings will be presented. In the first study, the short‐term attitude change of students from an international environmental sciences study program was measured after safety training in a chemical laboratory. In the second study, the medium‐term attitude change was assessed after a Crew Resource Management training for German production workers in the automotive industry. In the third study, the long‐term attitude changes were measured after safety ethics training in a sample of German occupational psychology and business students. Different self‐report measures were used to evaluate the training effectiveness of explicit safety attitudes. The change of implicit safety attitudes was assessed by Implicit Association Tests. The results of all three studies revealed a significant training effect on the explicit safety attitudes, but not on the implicit ones. Besides the training effect on the explicit attitudes, there was no effect of time frame (short‐, medium‐, long‐term), training duration (2 h, 2 days, 12 weeks), and setting (chemical laboratory, automotive industry, safety ethics study program) on the attitude change. Based on the results, conceptual, methodological, and practical implications for training effectiveness and safety culture transformation are discussed.
Assessing Coral Reef Condition Indicators for Local and Global Stressors Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Carriger John F , Yee Susan H , Fisher William S
Published: November 2020

Coral reefs are highly valued ecosystems currently threatened by both local and global stressors. Given the importance of coral reef ecosystems, a Bayesian network approach can benefit an evaluation of threats to reef condition. To this end, we used data to evaluate the overlap between local stressors (overfishing and destructive fishing, watershed-based pollution, marine-based pollution, and coastal development threats), global stressors (acidification and thermal stress), and management effectiveness with indicators of coral reef health (live coral index, live coral cover, population bleaching, colony bleaching, and recently killed corals). Each of the coral health indicators had Bayesian networks constructed globally and for Pacific, Atlantic, Australia, Middle East, Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia coral reef locations. Sensitivity analysis helped evaluate the strength of the relationships between different stressors and reef condition indicators. The relationships between indicators and stressors were also evaluated with conditional analyses of linear and nonlinear interactions. In this process, a standardized direct effects analysis was emphasized with a target mean analysis to predict changes in the mean value of the reef indicator from individual changes to the distribution of the predictor variables. The standardized direct effects analysis identified higher risks in the Middle East for watershed-based pollution with population bleaching and in Australia for overfishing and destructive fishing with living coral. For thermal stress, colony bleaching and recently killed coral in the Indian Ocean were found to have the strongest direct associations along with living coral in the Middle East. For acidification threat, Australia had a relatively strong association with colony bleaching, and the Middle East had the strongest overall association with recently killed coral, although extrapolated spatial data were used for the acidification estimates. The Bayesian network approach helped to explore the relationships among existing databases used for policy development in coral reef management by examining the sensitivity of multiple indicators of reef condition to spatially distributed stress. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:165–187. Published 2020. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

KEY POINTS

Coral reefs are high-valued ecosystems at risk from diverse sources of stressors. A screening-level risk assessment was conducted to examine the sensitivity of reef condition indicators to stressors. Comprehensive and cohesive global data sets on stressors and reef condition were integrated. Bayesian networks provided powerful tools for examining risks and spatial relationships.
Variability of Electrocardiographic Precordial Lead Placement: A Method to Improve Accuracy and Reliability
Authors: Herman Michael V. , Ingram Donna A. , Levy James A. , Cook James R. , Athans Robert J.
Published: November 2020

Variability in precordial lead placement is a recognized source of electrocardiographic inaccuracy and lack of reproducibility. In an attempt to reduce error, we evaluated a new device to facilitate and guide precordial lead placement. This study involved three phases: (1) comparison of device‐guided electrocardiogram with ECGs obtained by deliberate misplacement of precordial leads on the same patient; (2) electrocardiograms obtained by using the precordial lead device versus those obtained by standard technician methods; (3) reproducibility of precordial electrocardiographic leads between two technicians using the device to guide lead placement. Deliberate misplacement of precordial leads by 2 cm resulted in significant electrocardiographic interpretation changes in all patients. Comparing electrocardiograms obtained after device‐guided precordial placement with those obtained after technician placement resulted in variations in 60% of patients including changes in R‐wave amplitude, ST segments, Q waves, and transition zone. Significant Q‐wave appearance/disappearance and/or significant ST‐segment elevation/depression occurred in 19% of patients in Phase II. Sixteen percent of electrocardiograms showed significant changes when analyzed by an experienced electrocardiographer and 10% when interpreted by computer. Variable lead placements and resulting electrocardiographic alterations were not seen by either of two technicians when the device was used. This study confirms the widespread variability in precordial electrocardiograms secondary to lead misplacement. The use of a device to assist in the placement of precordial leads ensures accuracy and reproducibility of electrocardiography. Improved precision and quality control in this laboratory test have important implications in health care and its costs.
Tissue post‐classification using the measured acoustic signals during 355 nm laser atherectomy procedures
Authors: Alperovich Ziv , Cohen Oshrat , Muncher Yossi , Ben‐Oren Ilan , Kuczmik Wacław , Zelawski Wojciech , Ishaaya Amiel A.
Published: November 2020

The current laser atherectomy technologies to treat patients with challenging (to‐cross) total chronic occlusions with a step‐by‐step (SBS) approach (without leading guide wire), are lacking real‐time signal monitoring of the ablated tissues, and carry the risk for vessel perforation. We present first time post‐classification of ablated tissues using acoustic signals recorded by a microphone placed nearby during five atherectomy procedures using 355 nm solid‐state Auryon laser device performed with an SBS approach, some with highly severe calcification. Using our machine‐learning algorithm, the classification results of these ablation signals recordings from five patients showed 93.7% classification accuracy with arterial vs nonarterial wall material. While still very preliminary and requiring a larger study and thereafter as commercial device, the results of these first acoustic post‐classification in SBS cases are very promising. This study implies, as a general statement, that online recording of the acoustic signals using a noncontact microphone, may potentially serve for an online classification of the ablated tissue in SBS cases. This technology could be used to confirm correct positioning in the vasculature, and by this, to potentially further reduce the risk of perforation using 355 nm laser atherectomy in such procedures.
Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dose Selection of Cefazolin for Surgical Prophylaxis of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Schmitz Michael L. , Rubino Christopher M. , Onufrak Nikolas J. , Martinez Diana Valencia , Licursi Diane , Karpf Angela , Cetnarowski Wes
Published: November 2020

Cefazolin is an antibiotic frequently used for perioperative prophylaxis. Data from healthy adults and pediatric surgery patients were pooled to refine a previously developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to determine the optimal body weight cutoff for selecting fixed doses of either 1 or 2 g cefazolin to produce exposures in pediatric surgery patients similar to a single 2‐g dose in adults. Regardless of dose used, cefazolin was well tolerated in pediatric patients. A total of 1102 plasma samples from 62 patients from 3 studies were available to assess the previous model. The pooled data set allowed for simplification of the model such that allometrically scaled clearance and volume parameters were found to provide a robust fit while removing unnecessary covariate relationships. Monte Carlo simulations using the final cefazolin population PK model suggested an optimal weight cutoff of 50 kg, in contrast to the previously suggested 60 kg for a single 2‐g dose. Patients at or above this 50‐kg cutoff would receive a 2‐g dose of cefazolin, and those below 50 kg but ≥25 kg would receive a 1‐g dose of cefazolin.
Sonography of the distal femoral epiphysis in the etiological diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Freire Ronald , Becalli Marina , Murad Mylene , Souza Ronaldo , Souza Liliana Prata , Pereira Katia Cristine , Souza Letícia , Main Ana Paula , Fracalossi Jéssica , Nunes Ramon , Hegner Christina , Lube Daniela , Bravin Cristina , Giusti Marcia Maria , Piazzon Flavia , Guerra Luiz Felipe Alves , Camargo Rosalinda , Tomimori Eduardo K.
Published: November 2020

The etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is often difficult to identify, owing mainly to limitations in currently available diagnostic tests. Characteristics of the distal femoral epiphyseal (DFE) ossification center may provide important information and help identify some causes of CH. We analyzed the contribution of DFE ultrasonography in the investigation of 11 young infants with positive screening for CH. DFE ultrasonography emerged as a simple test that helped indicate the period of onset of CH and, when associated with clinical history, hormone levels, and thyroid ultrasonography, contributed to suggest the etiology of CH.
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of liver metastases from extrahepatic primary cancers 2021
Authors: Yamamoto Masakazu , Yoshida Masahiro , Furuse Junji , Sano Keiji , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Yamashita Shingo , Beppu Toru , Iwashita Yukio , Wada Keita , Nakajima Takako Eguchi , Sakamoto Katsunori , Hayano Koichi , Mori Yasuhisa , Asai Koji , Matsuyama Ryusei , Hirashita Teijiro , Hibi Taizo , Sakai Nozomu , Tabata Tsutomu , Kawakami Hisato , Takeda Hiroyuki , Mizukami Takuro , Ozaka Masato , Ueno Makoto , Naito Yoichi , Okano Naohiro , Ueno Takayuki , Hijioka Susumu , Shikata Satoru , Ukai Tomohiko , Strasberg Steven , Sarr Michael G. , Jagannath Palepu , Hwang Tsann‐Long , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Wang Hee Jung , Luo Shao‐Ciao , Adam René , Gimenez Mariano , Scatton Olivier , Oh Do‐Youn , Takada Tadahiro
Published: November 2020

Background

Hepatectomy is standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases; however, it is unclear whether liver metastases from other primary cancers should be resected or not. The Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery therefore created clinical practice guidelines for the management of metastatic liver tumors.

Methods

Eight primary diseases were selected based on the number of hepatectomies performed for each malignancy per year. Clinical questions were structured in the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) format. Systematic reviews were performed, and the strength of recommendations and the level of quality of evidence for each clinical question were discussed and determined. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess evidence and make recommendations.

Results

The eight primary sites were grouped into five categories based on suggested indications for hepatectomy and consensus of the guidelines committee. Fourteen clinical questions were devised, covering five topics: (1) diagnosis, (2) operative treatment, (3) ablation therapy, (4) the eight primary diseases, and (5) systemic therapies. The grade of recommendation was strong for one clinical question and weak for the other 13 clinical questions. The quality of the evidence was moderate for two questions, low for 10, and very low for two.

A flowchart was made to summarize the outcomes of the guidelines for the indications of hepatectomy and systemic therapy.

Conclusions

These guidelines were developed to provide useful information based on evidence in the published literature for the clinical management of liver metastases, and they could be helpful for conducting future clinical trials to provide higher‐quality evidence.
Identification of human parvovirus 4 genotypes 1 and 2 in Chinese source plasma pools
Authors: Jia Junting , Zhong Yadi , Zhang Huan , Yuan Dian , Ma Limin , Wang Deqing , Zhang Jingang , Ma Yuyuan
Published: November 2020

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) are known to infect humans and transmit through contaminated blood and blood products. Globally, three genotypes of B19V, as well as PARV4, have been identified, respectively. The existence of different B19V genotypes in Chinese plasma donors has been investigated, however, the data regarding PARV4 were not available. The main objective of this study is to identify the genotypes of PARV4 circulating in Chinese plasma donors. By using a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay adapted for all genotypes of B19V and PARV4, 78 source plasma pools for fractionation were screened and quantified. Results showed that positive rates of B19V and PARV4 DNA in plasma pool samples were 25.64% and 14.10%, respectively. PARV4 sequences in two positive samples were next genotyped, and these two sequences belonged to PARV4 genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, the data present demonstrate the existence of PARV4 genotypes 1 and 2 in Chinese plasma donors for the first time and also show the relatively lower prevalence and level of PARV4 DNA in Chinese plasma donors in comparison with that of B19V DNA.
Effects of Workshop Training in the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure Protocol on Clinician Beliefs, Adoption, and Perceived Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Harned Melanie S. , Ritschel Lorie A. , Schmidt Sara C.
Published: November 2020

Although extensive efforts have been made to train clinicians in evidence‐based psychotherapies (EBPs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relatively few PTSD patients are considered appropriate for and therefore receive these treatments. The dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure (DBT PE) protocol was developed to expand the reach of EBPs for PTSD to suicidal patients with severe comorbidities, but methods of training clinicians to deliver this treatment have not been evaluated. We examined the impact of DBT PE workshops on clinician beliefs, adoption, and perceived patient outcomes. Clinicians (N = 266) attended 2‐ or 4‐day workshops and completed surveys at pretraining, posttraining, and 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. From pretraining to 6‐month follow‐up, there were significant improvements in clinician concerns regarding worsening, perceived treatment credibility, and self‐efficacy that did not differ by workshop length, R2s = .20–.45. At 6‐months posttraining, 53.5% of clinicians (38.8% 2‐day, 66.3% 4‐day) reported using DBT PE with 241 patients. Higher posttraining ratings of self‐efficacy and perceived treatment credibility predicted later DBT PE use, R2 = .28. Among adopting clinicians, 81.3% reported that, on average, their patients’ PTSD improved and 66.7% reported that patients were much to very much improved on average. Most clinicians reported that their patients’ comorbid problems did not worsen during DBT PE and if worsening occurred, it typically involved temporary increases in distress. Workshops may be an effective method of changing clinician beliefs and promoting the use of DBT PE in a manner that clinicians experience as effective and safe for their patients.
Prediction of the product channels in the reaction of the methyl radical with fulminic acid
Authors: Nguyen Trong Nghia , Nguyen Hue Minh Thi
Published: November 2020

The reaction of CH3 + HCNO was theoretically studied by both density functional theory and molecular orbital calculations and analyzed by quantum statistical methods. The potential energy surface was constructed at the UCCSD(T)//B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,2p) + ZPE level. Four entrance channels are opened relating to the interaction of the CH3 radical with each of the four atoms of the HCNO molecule, giving rise to 18 different product sets. The predicted geometries and heats of reaction are in good agreement with available experimental data. The major pathways involve addition of CH3 to the C atom of HCNO with a small energy barrier of ∼4 kcal/mol forming both Z and E‐HC(CH3)NO (IS1/IS1b) intermediates lying 45 or 44 kcal/mol, respectively, below the reactants. The nascent intermediates can collisionally be deactivated and subsequently decomposed into H + CH3CNO or isomerized prior to decomposition giving other products. Kinetics calculations covering the temperature range of 400‐2500 K, under pressures of 7.6 × 10–1 to 7.6 × 105 Torr for N2, He, and Ar as the third bodies show that at 760 Torr N2, the adducts including both IS1 and IS1b are the major products at temperature below 600 K, whereas H + CH3CNO and CNO + CH4 are the major products at T ≥ 1500 K. The total high‐pressure rate coefficient can well be expressed by the following three‐parameter equation: k(T) = 7.75 × 10–16 T1.69 exp (−1480 K/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1.
Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Around the World: An International Study
Authors: Lechien Jerome R. , Allen Jacqueline E. , Barillari Maria R. , Karkos Petros D. , Jia Huan , Ceccon Fabio P. , Imamura Rui , Metwaly Osama , Chiesa‐Estomba Carlos M. , Bock Jonathan M. , Carroll Thomas L. , Saussez Sven , Akst Lee M.
Published: November 2020

Objective

To investigate worldwide practices of otolaryngologists in the management of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Methods

An online survey was sent on the management of LPR to members of many otolaryngological societies. The following aspects were evaluated: LPR definition, prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Results

A total of 824 otolaryngologists participated, spread over 65 countries. The symptoms most usually attributed to LPR are cough after lying down/meal, throat clearing and globus sensation while LPR‐related findings are arytenoid erythema and posterior commissure hypertrophy. Irrespective to geography, otolaryngologists indicate lack of familiarity with impedance pH monitoring, which they attribute to lack of knowledge in result interpretation. The most common therapeutic regimens significantly vary between world regions, with a higher use of H2 blocker in North America and a lower use of alginate in South America. The duration of treatment also significantly varies between different regions, with West Asia/Africa and East Asia/Oceania otolaryngologists prescribing medication for a shorter period than the others. Only 21.1% of respondents are aware about the existence of nonacid LPR. Overall, only 43.2% of otolaryngologists believe themselves sufficiently knowledgeable about LPR.

Conclusions

LPR knowledge and management significantly vary across the world. International guidelines on LPR definition, diagnosis, and treatment are needed to improve knowledge and management around the world.

Level of Evidence

N.A. Laryngoscope, 131:E1589–E1597, 2021
Nitrate promotes the transfer of methane‐derived carbon from the methanotroph Methylobacter sp. to the methylotroph Methylotenera sp. in eutrophic lake water
Authors: van Grinsven Sigrid , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Harrison John , Polerecky Lubos , Villanueva Laura
Published: November 2020

Eutrophic lakes are major contributors to global aquatic methane emissions. Methanotrophy, performed by methane oxidizing bacteria, results in the production of biomass, fermentation products and/or CO2, making methane‐derived carbon available to non‐methanotrophic organisms. Methanotrophs can co‐occur with methylotrophs which are expected to consume methane‐derived carbon. However, it is unknown if this interaction requires cell‐to‐cell contact, whether physicochemical factors affect this interaction, and what role this interaction may play in ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling in lakes. Here, we performed incubations of an enrichment culture obtained from a eutrophic lake with 13C‐labeled methane, revealing the transfer of methane‐derived carbon from the methanotroph Methylobacter sp. to a methylotroph of the genus Methylotenera. These microorganisms occurred both in mixed clusters and as single cells, indicating that their interaction does not require physical cell contact. In addition, the carbon transfer between the partners is dependent on the presence of nitrate, which is potentially used by Methylotenera sp. and in turn may affect the methane oxidation rate of Methylobacter sp. This interaction, and its dependence on nitrate, may have important implications for the carbon cycle in eutrophic lakes worldwide.
Green Fabrication of Highly Conductive Paper Electrodes via Interface Engineering with Aminocellulose
Authors: Yang Yang , Huang Quanbo , Ge Wenjiao , Ren Junli , Heinze Thomas , Wang Xiaohui
Published: November 2020

Herein, a novel, facile, and versatile approach to fabricate highly flexible and conductive paper is proposed by electroless deposition (ELD) with the assistance of aminocellulose as the interface layer. The obtained Cu nanoparticles (NPs)‐coated cellulose paper is highly conductive with a significant low resistance of 0.38 Ω sq−1 after only 10 min of ELD treatment. This conductive cellulose paper shows excellent stability when it suffers from bending, folding, and tape adhesion cycles. With the same method, the Cu NPs can also be successfully deposited on the polypropylene (PP)‐filled hybrid paper. The conductive paper exhibits very smooth and hydrophobic surface with high reflection, which can be used for special electronic devices. In a word, the fabrication of aminocellulose interface permits a controlled ELD of metal nanoparticles on paper substrate, and this mild and low‐cost method opens up new opportunities for large‐scale production of flexible and wearable electronics.
Transitional Care for Young People with Neurological Disorders: A Scoping Review with A Focus on Patients with Movement Disorders
Authors: McGovern Eavan , Pringsheim Tamara , Medina Alex , Cosentino Carlos , Shalash Ali , Sardar Zomer , Fung Victor S.C. , Kurian Manju A. , Roze Emmanuel ,   MDS Task Force on Pediatrics
Published: November 2020

Childhood‐onset movement disorders represent a heterogenous group of conditions. Given the complexity of these disorders, the transition of care from pediatric to adult medicine is an important consideration. We performed a scoping review of the literature on transitional care in chronic neurological disease, exploring key transitional issues and proposed transitional care models. Our aim was to describe the current knowledge and gaps about the transition process of young adults with chronic neurological disorders, paying special attention to childhood onset movement disorders. A total of 64 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis; 56 articles reported on transitional care issues, and 8 articles reported on transitional care models. Only 2 articles included patients with movement disorders. The following 4 main transitional issues were identified following synthesis of the available literature: (1) inadequate preparation for the transition process, (2) inappropriate and inconsistent transition practices, (3) inadequate adult services, and (4) heightened emotional response surrounding transition. Of the reported transitional care models, multidisciplinary ambulatory care was the most common approach. In studies evaluating patient‐related outcomes, positive health, educational, and vocational outcomes were found. The available literature provides insights on issues that can arise during transition that should be addressed to improve patient and caregiver comfort and satisfaction with care. Further research is needed to evaluate how transitional care programs affect outcomes and their cost effectiveness. More studies are required to determine the needs and outcomes specific to patients with childhood onset movement disorders. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society