bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of nylon 6,6/carbon fiber composites processing by X‐ray diffraction and thermal analysis
Authors: Botelho Edson Cocchieri , Nogueira Clara Leal , Rezende Mirabel Cerqueira
Published: October 2002

This work reports a study made to obtain carbon fiber/nylon 6,6 prepreg composites by hot‐compression molding. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and crystallinity degree determination were carried out to monitor the nylon 6,6 behavior during the different steps of the composite processing. The homogeneity of the carbon fiber/polymer matrix distribution was verified using microscopic analyses and the fiber content was determined by the acid‐digestion method. The results show that the processing parameters employed were adequate, allowing the manufacture of laminates with good texture and an adequate reinforcement/matrix relation (60/40). However, improvements need be done to minimize the pullout effect observed in the tensile specimens. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3114–3119, 2002
Suppression of necking in polyethylene
Authors: Unwin A. P. , Duckett R. A. , Ward I. M. , Collins T. L. D. , Sweeney J. , Coates P. D.
Published: October 2002

The deformation behavior of a particular grade of high‐density polyethylene prepared in a number of different ways has been examined. The samples all have an initially isotropic crystalline texture but differ in the levels of network preorientation surviving as a legacy of the melt processing history. Measurements of shrinkage and shrinkage force have been used to characterize this network, and the results suggest that the density of active chains is much lower than found in the main molecular network operating during solid‐state drawing. The subnetwork properties vary depending on the level of extrusion and rate of cooling experienced during processing, with those entanglements surviving in the oriented melt at the point of crystallization having a long relaxation time. The presence of this subnetwork can lead to the suppression of necking during subsequent solid‐state deformation. The implication is that simple processing procedures can be devised to remove or control the instability associated with necking. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3135–3147, 2002
Atomic force microscopy of cellulose membranes prepared from the N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide/water solvent system
Authors: Zhang Yaopeng , Shao Huili , Hu Xuechao
Published: October 2002

Cellulose membranes were obtained by solutions of cellulose being cast into a mixture of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) and water under different processing conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface structures of the membranes. The AFM method provided information on both the size and shape of the pores on the surface, as well as the roughness of the skin, through a computerized analysis of AFM micrographs. The results obtained showed that the surface morphologies were intrinsically associated with the permeation properties. For the cellulose membranes, increasing the NMMO concentration and the temperature of the coagulation bath led to higher fluxes and lower bovine serum albumin rejection. These were always correlated with higher values of the roughness parameters and larger pore sizes of the membrane surfaces. When the cellulose concentration of the casting solution was 11 wt %, the membrane showed a nodular structure with interconnected cavity channels between the agglomerated nodules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3389–3395, 2002
Sulfonated polybutadiene ionomer‐templated nanocopper composites
Authors: Nandi Arun , Dutta Gupta Maya , Banthia A. K.
Published: October 2002

New composites based on nanosize particles provide a promising route to the fabrication of novel materials for advanced technology applications in the 21st century. To prepare desired materials, it is important to control the composition and distribution of nanoclusters within the bulk or surface coating of nanostructured materials. To achieve this aim, we developed a novel method of preparing nanocopper–ionomer thermoplastic composite material with sulfonated cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene random ionomer as a matrix and a capping polymer in organic solvent. The effect of sonication on stabilized nanocopper colloid was studied. The self‐assembled composite film was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, 1H‐NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3180–3184, 2002
Radiation effects on poly(propylene) (PP)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) blends
Authors: Dalai Siqin , Wenxiu Chen
Published: October 2002

Radiation effects on poly(propylene)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (PP/EVA) blends are discussed. Increasing the EVA content enhanced the crosslinking effect of radiation in PP/EVA blends. This effect was significant when the EVA content was ≥50% in PP/EVA blends that were exposed to γ‐ray irradiation in air. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the compatibility, morphology, and thermal properties of PP/EVA blends. The results indicate that the effect is dependent on the compatibility, the increase in the amorphous region content, and the EVA content in PP/EVA blends. The possible mechanism of radiation crosslinking or degradation in irradiated PP/EVA blends was studied quantitatively by a novel method, a “step analysis” process, and thermal gravimetric analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3420–3424, 2002
Mechanical properties of silk fibroin–microcrystalline cellulose composite films
Authors: Noishiki Yasutomo , Nishiyama Yoshiharu , Wada Masahisa , Kuga Shigenori , Magoshi Jun
Published: October 2002

Silk fibroin–microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose whisker) composite films with varied compositions were prepared by casting mixed aqueous solution/suspensions of the two components. Silk fibroin was dissolved in 10M LiSCN followed by dialysis; a cellulose whisker suspension was prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of tunicate cellulose. Macroscopically homogeneous films were obtained at all mixing ratios. While the Young's modulus of the composite films showed a linear, additive dependence on the mixing ratio, the tensile strength and ultimate strain showed a maximum at a 70–80% cellulose content, reaching five times those of fibroin‐alone or cellulose‐alone films. At the same mixing ratio, infrared spectra of the composite films showed a shift of the amide I peak from 1654 to 1625 cm−1, indicating the conformational change of fibroin from a random coil to a β structure (silk II) at the whisker–matrix interface. This change seems to be induced by contact of fibroin molecules with a highly ordered surface of cellulose whisker. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3425–3429, 2002
Systemic therapy with lesbian and gay clients: a truly social approach to psychological practice
Authors: Malley Maeve
Published: October 2002

Systemic therapy is considered as a modality which may be well‐suited to therapeutic work with lesbian and gay male populations, whether as individuals, couples or families of choice. Issues within systemic therapy and practice are discussed with reference to working with these populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of monotherapy compared with combined androgen blockade for patients with advanced prostate carcinoma
Authors: Samson David J. , Seidenfeld Jerome , Schmitt Brian , Hasselblad Vic , Albertsen Peter C. , Bennett Charles L. , Wilt Timothy J. , Aronson Naomi
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The current systematic review and meta‐analysis compared monotherapy and combined androgen blockade in the treatment of men with advanced prostate carcinoma. Outcomes of interest included overall, cancer specific, and progression‐free survival; time to treatment failure; adverse events; and quality of life.

METHODS

The literature search identified randomized trials comparing monotherapy (orchiectomy and luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone [LHRH] agonists) with combination therapy using orchiectomy or a LHRH agonist plus a nonsteroidal or steroidal antiandrogen. Dual independent review occurred. The meta‐analysis used a random effects model.

RESULTS

Twenty‐one trials compared survival after monotherapy with survival after combined androgen blockade (n = 6871 patients). The meta‐analysis found no statistically significant difference in survival at 2 years between patients treated with combined androgen blockade and those treated with monotherapy (20 trials; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.970; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.866–1.087). The authors determined a statistically significant difference in survival at 5 years that favored combined androgen blockade (10 trials; HR = 0.871; 95% CI, 0.805–0.942). For the subgroup of patients with a good prognosis, there was no statistically significant difference in survival. Adverse effects leading to withdrawal from therapy occurred more often with combined androgen blockade. To the authors' knowledge there is little evidence published to date comparing the effects of combined androgen blockade and monotherapy on quality of life, but the single randomized trial that adequately addressed this outcome reported an advantage for monotherapy over combined androgen blockade.

CONCLUSIONS

A thorough examination of the usefulness of combined androgen blockade must balance the modest increase in expected survival observed at 5 years against the increased risk of adverse effects and the potential for adversely affecting the patient's overall quality of life. [See editorial on pages 209–10, this issue.] Cancer 2002;95:361–76. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10647
Monotherapy versus combined androgen blockade in patients with advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Errejon Abelardo , Crawford E. David
Published: October 2002

Despite a number of large randomized clinical trials, there still is uncertainty regarding the value of maximal androgen blockade in the treatment of patients with advanced prostate carcinoma. In the referenced article, the authors provide a very comprehensive review of the literature concerning one of the most controversial issues in contemporary urology.

See also pages 361–76.
Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma in the prostate specific antigen era
Authors: D'Amico Anthony V. , Whittington Richard , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Cote Kerri , Loffredo Marian , Schultz Delray , Chen Ming‐Hui , Tomaszewski John E. , Renshaw Andrew A. , Wein Alan , Richie Jerome P.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

To the authors' knowledge, consensus is lacking regarding the relative long‐term efficacy of radical prostatectomy (RP) versus conventional‐dose external beam radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study of 2635 men treated with RP (n = 2254) or conventional‐dose RT (n = 381) between 1988–2000 was performed. The primary endpoint was prostate specific antigen (PSA) survival stratified by treatment received and high‐risk, intermediate‐risk, or low‐risk group based on the serum PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, 1992 American Joint Commission on Cancer clinical tumor category, and percent positive prostate biopsies.

RESULTS

Estimates of 8‐year PSA survival (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for low‐risk patients (T1c,T2a, a PSA level ≤ 10 ng/mL, and a Gleason score ≤ 6) were 88% (95% CI, 85, 90) versus 78% (95% CI, 72, 83) for RP versus patients treated with RT, respectively. Eight‐year estimates of PSA survival also favored RP for intermediate‐risk patients (T2b or Gleason score 7 or a PSA level > 10 and ≤ 20 ng/mL) with < 34% positive prostate biopsies, being 79% (95% CI, 73, 85) versus 65% (95% CI, 58, 72), respectively. Estimates of PSA survival in high‐risk (T2c or PSA level > 20 ng/mL or Gleason score ≥ 8) and intermediate‐risk patients with at least 34% positive prostate biopsies initially favored RT, but were not significantly different after 8 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Intermediate‐risk and low‐risk patients with a low biopsy tumor volume who were treated with RP appeared to fare significantly better compared with patients who were treated using conventional‐dose RT. Intermediate‐risk and high‐risk patients with a high biopsy tumor volume who were treated with RP or RT had long‐term estimates of PSA survival that were not found to be significantly different. [See editorials on pages 211–4 and 215–8, this issue. Cancer 2002;95:281–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10657
Radical prostatectomy versus radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate carcinoma
Authors: Moul Judd W.
Published: October 2002

The current study compares the use of radical prostatectomy and external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with prostate carcinoma and concludes that radical prostatectomy is more beneficial than external beam radiation therapy for low‐risk and intermediate‐risk men with this common disease. However, the issue remains a matter of debate between urologic surgeons and radiation oncologists with regard to the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma.

See also pages 215–8 and 281–6.
Implications of lymphatic drainage to unusual sentinel lymph node sites in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Sumner William E. , Ross Merrick I. , Mansfield Paul F. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Prieto Victor G. , Schacherer Christopher W. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Sentinel lymphadenectomy reliably identifies the first site(s) of regional lymphatic drainage and, therefore, the most likely lymph nodes to contain occult metastasis in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Although in most patients lymphatic drainage from the primary melanoma first reaches a standard lymph node basin, a sentinel lymph node (SLN) may be identified in an unusual location. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and significance of unusual sentinel lymph node drainage patterns in a large cohort of patients with primary melanoma.

METHODS

The records of 1145 consecutive primary melanoma patients who underwent SLN biopsy were reviewed. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in all patients with truncal melanoma and in many patients with distal extremity lesions. Unusual lymph node sites were defined as epitrochlear, popliteal, or ectopic/interval (in‐transit or any other nonstandard lymph node‐bearing area).

RESULTS

At least one SLN was harvested in 1117 patients (98%). SLN biopsy of an unusual lymph node site was attempted in 59 patients (5%). Successful intraoperative localization and biopsy was performed in 54 (92%) of 59 patients for a total of 56 unusual sites. Of these, 7 (13%) were popliteal, 8 (14%) were epitrochlear, and 41 (73%) were ectopic/interval. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 41 of these 54 patients and correctly identified unusual SLN locations in 12 (29%); the majority of unusual SLNs were identified only with the assistance of the intraoperative gamma probe. In four patients (7%), the unusual lymph node site was the only site from which SLNs were harvested. In the remaining 50 patients (93%), biopsies were performed on SLNs from both unusual sites and from a standard lymph node basin. Among the 54 patients who underwent a SLN biopsy of an unusual nodal site, 7 (13%) had lymph node metastases in that location. In four of the seven patients, the only positive SLN was from the unusual site.

CONCLUSIONS

Sentinel lymphatic drainage patterns include lymph node‐bearing areas that may be outside established standard lymph node basins and may represent the only site of regional lymph node metastases. Although preoperative lymphoscintigraphy may assist in the identification of unusual SLN drainage patterns, intraoperative use of the gamma probe is recommended to identify accurately and completely all sites of regional lymph node drainage. Cancer 2002;95:354–60. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10664
Calbindin‐D28k
Authors: Pelc Karine , Vincent Sylvie , Ruchoux Marie‐Magdeleine , Kiss Robert , Pochet Roland , Sariban Eric , Decaestecker Christine , Heizmann Claus W.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The expression of the Ca2+‐binding protein calbindin‐D28kwas analyzed in medulloblastomas in relation to clinical features and other biologic markers related to cell proliferation, differentiation, p53, and cerebellar developmental regulated gene expression.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was carried out on histologic slides from a first retrospective series of 29 nonmetastatic and 10 metastatic medulloblastoma formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues, using specific antibodies against calbindin‐D28k, calretinin, α‐parvalbumin and β‐parvalbumin, and S100 proteins. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects and/or guardians. Other biologic markers for differentiation, cell proliferation, the expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene protein, and cerebellar developmental regulated genes were similarly investigated. A second series of 16 medulloblastomas from young patients (younger than 15 years) was added in order to validate the results obtained in the first series.

RESULTS

Of all the markers investigated, only calbindin‐D28kwas significantly associated with prognosis. Survival and remission (i.e. recurrence free) time analysis performed on all the cases (n= 55) confirmed a high risk of death (P= 0.004) and recurrence (P= 0.003) associated with calbindin‐positivity. As calbindin‐positivity was predominantly observed in tumors from young patients, the authors confirmed its prognostic value in the subgroup of patients younger than 15 years (n= 37). Cox regression analysis showed a significant and independent prognostic value for calbindin expression and, to a lesser extent, the type of surgery (total or subtotal). Three risk groups were thus identified, distinguishing among the cases characterized by a total resection and calbindin‐negativity (good prognosis), by a subtotal resection and calbindin‐negativity (intermediary), and by calbindin‐positivity (bad prognosis).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study suggests that calbindin‐positive medulloblastomas represent a subclass of aggressive tumors more frequently seen in younger patients. Cancer 2002;95:410–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10666
Absence of c‐KIT and members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family in refractory germ cell cancer
Authors: Kollmannsberger C. , Mayer F. , Pressler H. , Koch S. , Kanz L. , Oosterhuis J. W. , Looijenga L. H. J. , Bokemeyer C.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) in adolescent and young males are very sensitive to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. However, 10–20% of the patients cannot be cured by currently available therapeutic options. Once a tumor does not respond to cisplatin, current therapeutic modalities offer only a chance for short palliation. Recently, new treatment options that interfere with various receptor tyrosine kinases, including c‐KIT and members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, have been used successfully in chemotherapy‐resistant tumors overexpressing c‐KIT, ERB‐B2, or EGFR.

METHODS

We studied the presence of c‐KIT and the four members of the EGFR family by immunohistochemistry, as well as by ERB‐B2 gene amplification using fluorescent in situ hybridization, in a series of 22 patients with cisplatin‐resistant GCTs in search of new treatment targets. The results in these refractory tumors were compared with those of 12 patients with chemosensitive GCTs diagnosed in an advanced metastatic stage.

RESULTS

The data obtained in both groups did not differ in any of the investigated biologic markers. c‐KIT was detected in the one case of pure seminoma studied and in the seminomatous components of combined tumors. The presence of EGFR was restricted to trophoblastic giant cells and the syncytiotrophoblastic elements of four nonseminomas including one pure choriocarcinoma and to a secondary non–germ cell malignancy, which had developed most likely from a mature teratoma. ERB‐B2 was moderately positive in the secondary non–germ cell malignancy, in one mature teratoma component of a mixed nonseminoma, and together with EGFR in the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of a pure choriocarcinoma. Of all samples investigated, this latter case was the only one showing an amplification of the ERB‐B2 gene in the syncytiotrophoblasts. ERB‐B3 and ERB‐B4 were detected rarely.

CONCLUSION

The majority of refractory GCTs do not qualify for treatment with new biologic agents targeting the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR, ERB‐B2, or c‐KIT. The lack of differences between the tumors of refractory and the responsive patients indicates that overexpression of any of these receptor tyrosine kinases does not contribute to a resistant phenotype in GCTs. Cancer 2002;95:301–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10671
Fas and Fas ligand expression is elevated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jiang Jiazhong , Ulbright Thomas M. , Zhang Shaobo , Eckert George J. , Kao Chinghai , Gardner Thomas A. , Koch Michael O. , Eble John N. , Cheng Liang
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Fas is a Type I membrane receptor of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor family. On binding to Fas ligand, a Type II transmembrane protein, the Fas/Fas ligand complex, induces apoptosis in target cells. Dysregulation of Fas and Fas ligand expression has been found in some malignant neoplasms.

METHODS

Using immunohistochemical analysis, the authors studied the expression of Fas and Fas ligand in prostatic adenocarcinoma, high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adjacent benign prostate tissue from 95 radical prostatectomy specimens.

RESULTS

The percentage of cells that stained positively with Fas in benign prostate tissue (mean, 2%) was statistically significantly lower compared with that in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mean, 13%; P = 0.0014) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 31%; P = 0.0001). The staining intensity of Fas was significantly less in benign prostate tissue compared with the staining intensity in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma. The percentage of cells that stained positively with Fas ligand in benign prostate tissue (mean, 13%) was statistically significantly lower compared with that in PIN (mean, 47%; P = 0.0001) and in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 53%; P = 0.0001). The staining intensity of Fas ligand was significantly less in benign prostate tissue compared with that in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

Data from the current study indicate that Fas/Fas ligand is elevated in prostatic malignancy, suggesting that Fas‐mediated apoptosis may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2002;95:296–300. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10674
Factors associated with interval adherence to mammography screening in a population‐based sample of New Hampshire women
Authors: Carney Patricia A. , Harwood Beth G. , Weiss Julie E. , Eliassen M. Scottie , Goodrich Martha E.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Interval adherence to mammography screening continues to be lower than experts advise. The authors evaluated, using a population‐based mammography registry, factors associated with adherence to recommended mammography screening intervals.

METHODS

The authors identified and recruited 625 women aged 50 years and older who did and did not adhere to interval mammography screening. Demographic and risk characteristics were ascertained from the registry and were supplemented with responses on a mailed survey to assess knowledge, perceived risk, anxiety regarding breast carcinoma and its detection, and women's experiences with mammography.

RESULTS

The authors found no differences in risk factors or psychologic profiles between adhering and nonadhering women. Women who did not adhere had a statistically higher body mass index than women who did adhere (27.6 versus 26.1, P = 0.003). Exploration of mammographic experiences by group found that care taken by technologists in performing or talking women through the exam was higher in adhering women than nonadhering women (75.6% vs 65.71% for performing the exam, and 71.6% vs 60.8% for talking patients through the exam, respectively, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors found that previous negative mammographic experiences, particularly those involving mammography technologists, appear to influence interval adherence to screening and that patient body size may be an important factor in this negative experience. Cancer 2002;95:219–27. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10681
A woman‐centred psychological intervention for premenstrual symptoms, drawing on cognitive‐behavioural and narrative therapy
Authors: Ussher Jane M , Hunter Myra , Cariss Margaret
Published: October 2002

A women‐centred psychological intervention for premenstrual symptoms, drawing on cognitive‐behavioural and narrative therapy, has been developed. In a randomized control trial previously reported, this treatment was found to be as effective as SSRIs in reducing moderate or severe premenstrual symptoms. The purpose of this paper is to outline the multifactorial model of premenstrual symptoms that underpinned this intervention, describe the treatment in detail session by session, and present two case examples drawing on narrative interviews conducted pre and post treatment with the women who took part in the randomized control trial, in order to illustrate the process of change. It is argued that premenstrual symptoms arise from a complex interaction of material, discursive and intrapsychic factors, and that this needs to be taken into account when designing clinical interventions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: validation of a one‐well assay and quantitative pooling studies
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Van Pelt Colleen K. , Huang Xian , Schultz Gary A.
Published: October 2002

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are currently being mapped and databased at a remarkable pace, providing a viable means for understanding disease susceptibility, differential drug response and human evolution. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for SNP genotyping technologies that are simple, rapid, cost effective and readily amenable to automation for high‐throughput analyses. In this study, we improved the Survivor Assay, a SNP detection method based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), with several developments. One improvement is the development of a one‐well assay, requiring no off‐line purification of the polymerase chain reaction product, achieved by simple addition of reagent solution into a single well. Another is the on‐line separation of magnesium and dideoxynucleotides using an in‐house made monolithic metal chelating column, eliminating any off‐line sample preparation prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Here the Survivor Assay is extended from a proof‐of‐principle concept to a validated method by genotyping six SNPs from five different regions of human genomic DNA in 55 individual samples with 100% accuracy. This improved Survivor Assay eliminates the tedious and time‐consuming steps of sample preparation, minimizes sample handing and offers a high‐throughput analysis of SNPs by ESI‐MS. The current combined preparation and analysis time is 2 min per sample. The simplicity of this method has potential for full automation and parallel chromatography and, thus, reduced analysis time. In addition, we have adapted the Survivor Assay for quantitative SNP analysis in pooled DNA samples. The capabilities and sensitivity of this approach were evaluated. We demonstrate that an allele occurring at a frequency of 2% can consistently be quantitated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical mass shifts in resonance ejection experiments in the quadrupole ion trap
Authors: Li Hongyan , Plass Wolfgang R. , Patterson Garth E. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: October 2002

Chemical mass shifts were measured in a Paul ion trap operated in the mass‐selective instability scan with resonance ejection using a custom‐built instrument. These shifts, which can be as much as 2%, decrease with increasing endcap electrode separation owing to changes in the higher order contributions to the electric field. They also decrease with decreasing helium buffer gas pressure. Both of these effects are analogous to those found with boundary ejection. This suggests that the previously proposed chemical mass shift mechanism based on compound‐dependent collisional modification of the ejection delay produced by field faults near the endcap electrode apertures holds true also for resonance ejection. The influence of the resonance frequency on chemical mass shifts was also investigated and it is shown that at certain working points (values of the Mathieu parameter qz and az) non‐linear resonances greatly reduce the ejection delay for all ions, regardless of their chemical structures, and thus reduce the magnitude of the chemical mass shift. Energetic collisions leading to dissociation can take place at an earlier stage during the ejection process in the mass analysis scan when using resonance ejection compared with boundary ejection. This leads to even larger chemical mass shifts of fragile ions in resonance ejection. Increasing the resonance voltage amplitude can enhance this effect. The chemical mass shifts of fragile ions increase with increase in the resonance voltage amplitude, whereas negligible changes occur for structurally stable ions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different alkali metal ions on the cationization of poly(ethylene glycol)s in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: a new selectivity parameter
Authors: Kéki Sándor , Szilágyi László Sz. , Deák György , Zsuga Miklós
Published: October 2002

The cationization of poly(ethylene glycol)s, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000, under matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions was studied by using different concentration ratios of the sodium ion, as the reference ion, and another alkali metal ion (Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+). A linear correlation was found between the intensity ratio of the sodiated PEGs and PEGs cationized with alkali metal ions versus the initial concentration ratio of sodium and alkali metal ions. The slopes of these straight lines are proposed as a novel selectivity ratio for the ionization process. The intensity distribution of the cationized PEGs was also investigated. It was found that the cationized oligomers follow Poisson statistics. The Mn and Mw values were also evaluated. An explanation for the observed effects is given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing electrochemical properties of π‐conjugated thienylenevinylenes/fullerene C60 adducts by ESI/MS: evidence for dimerized cation–radicals
Authors: Rondeau David , Martineau Corinne , Blanchard Philippe , Roncali Jean
Published: October 2002

Oligothienylenevinylenes/C60 dyads n‐C and triads n‐C2 are studied by electrospray mass spectrometry. A clear correlation is observed between the nature of the charged species detected by mass spectrometry, i.e. protonated molecule [M + H], + cation radical M+· and dication M++, and the oxidation potentials of the molecules. Moreover, under defined solubility conditions, mass spectrometry provides conclusive evidences for the reversible dimerization of cation‐radicals of n‐C2 compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of invasion and differentiation in spinal cord lesion of neural stem cells grafted through cerebrospinal fluid in rat
Authors: Wu Sufan , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Noda Toru , Bai Hongliang , Kitada Masaaki , Kataoka Kazuya , Nishimura Yoshihiko , Ide Chizuka
Published: October 2002

Neurospheres were obtained by culturing hippocampal cells from transgenic rat fetuses (E16) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The neurosphere cells were injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the 4th ventricle of young rats (4 weeks old) that had been given a contusion injury at T8–9 of the spinal cord. The injected neural stem cells were transported through the CSF to the spinal cord, attached to the pial surface at the lesion, and invaded extensively into the spinal cord tissue as well as into the nerve roots. The grafted stem cells survived well in the host spinal cord for as long as 8 months after transplantation. Immunohistochemical study showed that many grafted stem cells had differentiated into astrocytes at 1–4 months, and some into oligodendrocytes at 8 months postoperatively. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the grafted stem cells were well integrated into the host tissue, extending their processes around nerve fibers in the same manner as astrocytes. In addition, grafted stem cells within nerve roots closely surrounded myelinated fibers or were integrated into unmyelinated fiber bundles; those associated with myelinated fibers formed basal laminae on their free surface, whereas those associated with unmyelinated fibers were directly attached to axons and Schwann cells, indicating that grafted stem cells behaved like Schwann cells in the nerve roots. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult bone marrow stromal stem cells express germline, ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal genes prior to neurogenesis
Authors: Woodbury Dale , Reynolds Kathleen , Black Ira B.
Published: October 2002

Bone marrow stromal stem cells (MSCs) normally differentiate into mesenchymal derivatives but recently have also been converted into neurons, classical ectodermal cells. To begin defining underlying mechanisms, we extended our characterization of MSCs and the differentiated neurons. In addition to expected mesodermal mRNAs, populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed germinal, endodermal, and ectodermal genes. Thus, the MSCs are apparently “multidifferentiated” in addition to being multipotent. Conversely, the differentiating neurons derived from populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed the specific markers β‐III tubulin, tau, neurofilament‐M, TOAD‐64, and synaptophysin de novo. The transmitter enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase were localized to neuronal subpopulations. Our observations suggest that MSCs are already multidifferentiated and that neural differentiation comprises quantitative modulation of gene expression rather than simple on–off switching of neural‐specific genes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective and restorative effects of intrastriatal grafting of encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shingo Tetsuro , Date Isao , Yoshida Hideyuki , Ohmoto Takashi
Published: October 2002

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to possess potent neurotrophic effects on dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We attempted the transplantation of encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells to generate a stable supply of GDNF in the brain to promote neuroprotective and restorative effects for DA neurons. We established baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and introduced GDNF cDNA to produce human GDNF (BHK‐GDNF). These BHK‐GDNF cells, or nontransfected BHK cells (BHK‐Control), were encapsulated into hollow fibers, and the polymer encapsulated cells were unilaterally implanted into the striatum of adult rats, either before or after the administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine into the same striatum. The encapsulated BHK‐GDNF cells produced GDNF continuously in the striatum for up to 6 months. The rats that received a BHK‐GDNF capsule showed a significant decrease in rotational behaviour compared to those that received a BHK‐control capsule. Preservation of the nigrostriatal pathway was significantly greater in those that received a BHK‐GDNF capsule than in those that received a BHK‐control capsule. This indicates that encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells can supply GDNF in a stable fashion and have protective and restorative effects on host DA neurons. Our results support a role for this grafting technique in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tau EGFP embryonic stem cells: An efficient tool for neuronal lineage selection and transplantation
Authors: Wernig Marius , Tucker Kerry Lee , Gornik Volker , Schneiders Angelika , Buschwald Rachel , Wiestler Otmar D. , Barde Yves‐Alain , Brüstle Oliver
Published: October 2002

Pluripotency and the capacity for continuous self‐renewal make embryonic stem (ES) cells an attractive donor source for cell‐replacement strategies. A key prerequisite for a therapeutic application of ES cells is the generation of defined somatic cell populations. Here we demonstrate that a targeted insertion of the EGFP gene into the tau locus permits efficient fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐based lineage selection of ES cell‐derived neurons. After in vitro differentiation of heterozygous tau EGFP ES cells into multipotent neural precursors, EGFP is selectively induced in postmitotic neurons of various neurotransmitter phenotypes. By using FACS, ES cell‐derived neurons can be enriched to purities of more than 90%. Because neuron‐specific EGFP fluorescence is also observed upon transplantation of ES cell‐derived neural precursors, the tau EGFP mutant represents a useful tool for the in vivo analysis of grafted ES cell‐derived neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein nutritive quality during production and storage of dietetic biscuits
Authors: Horvatić Marija , Ereš Marija
Published: October 2002

A comparative investigation of the changes in available lysine content during industrial production of two dietetic hard biscuits based on whole grain wheat flour/grits and a standard hard biscuit based on white wheat flour was performed. Dough preparation did not significantly affect the available lysine content. However, after baking, a significant loss (27–47%) of available lysine was found in all three types of biscuit. The average relative decrease in available lysine in proteins of each type of biscuit correlated highly significantly with technological parameters, mainly with the interaction between baking temperature and baking time (r = 0.980, p = 0.001). Physical characteristics of the biscuits, such as thickness, surface area, weight and density, also contributed considerably to the extent of damage to available lysine. The two dietetic biscuits were characterised by a higher available lysine content than the standard biscuit, and accordingly by a higher protein nutritive quality, with average chemical scores (calculated for adults) of 97 and 105 as against 60 for the standard biscuit. Storage for a long time (1 year) had no significant influence on the chemical scores.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical properties of an elite rice hybrid
Authors: Tan Yifang , Sun Mei , Corke Harold
Published: October 2002

Quality parameters of both flour and starch of an elite Chinese rice hybrid (Shanyou 63) and its parental lines (Zhenshan 97B and Minghui 63) were studied. Significant differences in most traits were observed between flour and starch and between the hybrid and the parents. The paternal parent Minghui 63 had lower amylose content (AC) (11.6%), softer gel consistency (GC) (55.5 mm), lower alkali spread value (ASV) (1.0) (high gelatinisation temperature by DSC, 81.0 °C) and lower protein content (7.1%) than the maternal parent Zhenshan 97B, which had higher AC (29.8%), harder GC (29.3 mm), higher ASV (7.0) (but also high gelatinisation temperature by DSC, 78.4 °C) and higher protein content (9.2%). Minghui 63 had higher retrogradation than Zhenshan 97B and the hybrid, but they all seemed not fully retrograded after 42 days of storage at 4 °C. The pasting property differences between the hybrid and the parents and between flour and starch were complex, whereas the textural differences were relatively simple to explain. The hybrid had much in common with the maternal parent, but differences were also noted. Most of the differences were due to the amylose content, but this did not explain all the variation.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of fat and sugar replacement on cookie properties
Authors: Zoulias E I , Oreopoulou V , Kounalaki E
Published: October 2002

Fat mimetics, namely Raftiline, Simplesse, C*deLight and polydextrose, diluted in water to give a gel with 200 g kg−1 concentration, were used for partial fat replacement and polyols, namely lactitol, sorbitol and maltitol, for sugar replacement in low‐fat, sugar‐free cookies. Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with lactitol or sorbitol in 35% fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies resulted in products with hardness and brittleness comparable to those of the control. Polydextrose as fat mimetic and maltitol as sugar substitute resulted in very hard and brittle products. Further fat replacement to 50% was achieved using Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with a blend of lactitol and sorbitol; however, the final products were hard, brittle and did not expand properly after baking. Cookies prepared with Simplesse had the least acceptable flavour, while cookies prepared with C*deLight were rated as the most acceptable by a sensory panel. The textural properties were improved by either decreasing the amount of alternative sweetener or increasing the concentration of fat mimetic in the gel which was added to the cookies. All fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies prepared in this study had higher values of moisture content and water activity than the control, but these values were below the upper limit that affects cookie shelf‐life.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa) and oregano (Origanum onites and O indercedens) extracts related to their phenolic compound content
Authors: Pizzale Lorena , Bortolomeazzi Renzo , Vichi Stefania , Überegger Eva , Conte Lanfranco S
Published: October 2002

In this study the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of oregano and sage samples was tested. Samples of oregano belonged to Origanum onites and O indercedens species, whilst samples of sage belonged to Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa species. Two methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sage and oregano extracts: the crocin test and the Rancimat test. The methanolic extracts were also analysed by HPLC for the qualitative/quantitative determination of phenolic compounds. The total phenolic compound content of oregano samples showed no significant differences between the two species, but rosmarinic acid was present in higher amount in O indercedens. Carvacrol content sharply differentiated flowers from leaves. Samples of O indercedens had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test, whereas no differences were evidenced by the Rancimat test. For sage samples, carnosic acid and methyl carnosate showed a significant difference between the two species, with S fruticosa samples having a higher content than S officinalis samples. Samples of S fruticosa also had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test. The antioxidant activities of sage samples were, on average, higher than those of oregano samples. Some samples of sage had a very high antioxidant activity, with induction times more than 10‐fold higher than that of lard used as the reference sample.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of extrusion process to transform hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L) into a useful product
Authors: Milán‐Carrillo J , Reyes‐Moreno C , Camacho‐Hernández I L , Rouzaud‐Sandez O
Published: October 2002

The objective of this work was to determine the optimum conditions for the production of extruded flour from hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L). Hardened chickpeas were produced using accelerated storage at 33–35 °C and 76% relative humidity for 160 days. Hardened chickpeas were broken, dehulled and softened with a salt solution (2.5 g l−1 NaCl + 7.5 g l−1 NaHCO3 in distilled water) prior to extrusion. The single‐screw extruder operation conditions were selected from factorial combinations of process variables: extrusion temperature (ET, 130–160 °C), feed moisture content (FMC, 200–300 g H2O kg−1, wet basis) and screw velocity (SV, 150–200 rpm). Response surface methodology was applied as optimisation technique over four response variables: in vitro protein digestibility (PD), total colour difference (ΔE), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI). Predictive models for response variables were developed as a function of process variables. The conventional graphical method was applied to obtain maximum PD and WAI and minimum ΔE and WSI. Contour plots of each of the response variables were utilised, applying superposition surface methodology to obtain three contour plots for observation and selection of the best (optimum) combination of ET (150.5 °C), FMC (265 g H2O kg−1) and SV (190.5 rpm) for the production of extruded flour from hardened chickpeas with a single‐screw extruder. Extrusion significantly improved the in vitro protein digestibility (21.7%) and protein efficiency ratio (36.9%) of hardened chickpeas.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham
Authors: Gianelli María Pia , Flores Mónica , Toldrá Fidel
Published: October 2002

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been shown to be an effective tool for analysing volatile compounds. The aim of this study was to optimise the conditions for the application of SPME in the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham. The effects of exposure time and fibre coating were investigated while maintaining the dry‐cured ham at 30 °C to avoid artefact generation due to possible temperature effects. A divinylbenzene/Carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) coating showed the best extraction performance for medium‐ and high‐molecular‐weight analytes, whilst a Carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) coating gave the best results for low‐molecular‐weight compounds. A total of 70 different compounds were extracted by the two fibre coatings and identified. Sixty compounds were extracted by the DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre, whilst only 41 of these were found with the CAR/PDMS fibre. On the other hand, 10 additional volatile compounds were extracted by the CAR/PDMS coating, all of them being of low molecular weight. Two of the major compounds extracted, hexanal and 2‐pentanone, were found in high proportion in both fibre coatings. The extraction yields of dry‐cured ham volatile compounds varied according to the fibre coating used and the time of exposure. Therefore extraction conditions should be selected depending on the objective of the study.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling the kinetics of tea and coffee infusion
Authors: Stapley Andrew G F
Published: October 2002

Data from infusion experiments with tea and coffee are commonly fitted to an equation derived by Spiro from a lumped parameter mass transfer model. However, this equation is generally modified by adding an intercept term in order to achieve acceptable fits to data. Spiro has since reported a Fick's second law analysis using a ‘long‐time approximation’ which yields the same form as the modified fit equation, including the non‐zero intercept term. This successfully predicts the high initial rates of mass transfer due to high initial concentration gradients at the surface of the solid. In this paper the value of the intercept is evaluated for both tea leaf (infinite slab) and coffee particle (sphere) geometries under combined boundary conditions of non‐zero interfacial mass transfer resistance and finite volume of extracting solution. Predicted intercepts are similar to experimental values reported in the literature; however, the analysis suggests that fits to data should ignore ‘early’ points where the solution concentration is less than 35% of its final value. This may not be the case with some literature values and this limits the conclusions that may be drawn from them. Solute diffusivities calculated from the observed rate constant using this model differ slightly from those obtained using the original Spiro method.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry