bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphoinositide lipids in primary cilia biology
Authors: Conduit Sarah E. , Vanhaesebroeck Bart
Published: September 2020

Primary cilia are solitary signalling organelles projecting from the surface of most cell types. Although the ciliary membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane it exhibits a unique phospholipid composition, a feature essential for normal cilia formation and function. Recent studies have illustrated that distinct phosphoinositide lipid species localise to specific cilia subdomains, and have begun to build a ‘phosphoinositide map’ of the cilium. The abundance and localisation of phosphoinositides are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases that have also been recently discovered at cilia. The critical role of phosphoinositides in cilia biology is highlighted by the devastating consequences of genetic defects in cilia-associated phosphoinositide regulatory enzymes leading to ciliopathy phenotypes in humans and experimental mouse and zebrafish models. Here we provide a general introduction to primary cilia and the roles phosphoinositides play in cilia biology. In addition to increasing our understanding of fundamental cilia biology, this rapidly expanding field may inform novel approaches to treat ciliopathy syndromes caused by deregulated phosphoinositide metabolism.
Angiotensin II enhances the proliferation of Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma cells via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Gui-Hua , Miao Fa-An , Xu Jin-Ge , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2020

The present study was to determine the roles of Angiotensin (Ang) II in the growth of lymphoma in nude mice and the proliferation and viability of the human Natural Killer/T (NK/T)-cell lymphoma cell line SNK-6, and the activation of downstream signaling pathway. Lymphoma samples and corresponding normal tissues were obtained from lymphoma patients. Proliferation of SNK-6 cells was detected by CCK8 or MTT assay. The levels of Ang II and its receptor Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) were higher in lymphoma tissues than those in control tissues. Ang II increased the lymphoma volume and size in nude mice, the proliferation and viability and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 levels of SNK-6 cells. Losartan, an antagonist of AT1R, reduced lymphoma volume and size in nude mice, and the proliferation and viability and the PCNA and Ki67 levels of SNK-6 cells. The levels of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) were increased by Ang II and then reduced by losartan in SNK-6 cells. The proliferation and viability of SNK-6 cells were increased by Ang II, but these increases were inhibited by PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and Akt inhibitor MK2206. The increases of PCNA and Ki67 induced by Ang II were inhibited by wortmannin or MK2206 in SNK-6 cells. These results indicate that Ang II/AT1R is activated in lymphoma, and Ang II promotes the progression of lymphoma in nude mice and the proliferation and viability of SNK-6 cells via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of TTK as a biomarker for prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Jiajia , Wu Rong , Xuan Ying , Jiang Min , Zeng Yuecan
Published: September 2020

Background: Despite the prominent development of medical technology in recent years, the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still not optimistic. It is crucial to identify more reliable diagnostic biomarkers for the early diagnosis and personalized therapy of NSCLC and clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC progression.

Methods: In the present study, bioinformatics analysis was performed on three datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus to identify the NSCLC-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Immunohistochemistry-based tissue microarray of human NSCLC was used to experimental validating the potential targets obtained from bioinformatics analysis.

Results: By using protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Kaplan–Meier plotter, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, we selected 40 core DEGs for further study. Then, a re-analysis of 40 selected genes via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment showed that nine key genes involved in the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway participated in the development of NSCLC. Then, we checked the protein level of nine key genes by semi-quantitative of IHC and checked the distribution at a single-cell level. Finally, we validated dual-specificity protein kinase TTK as a biomarker for prognosis in a tissue microarray. High TTK expression associated with a higher histological stage, advanced TNM stage, high frequency of positive lymph nodes, and worse 5-year overall survival.

Conclusions: We found nine key genes were enriched in the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. TTK could be considered as a potential therapeutic target and for the prognosis biomarker of NSCLC. These findings will provide new insights for the development of individualized therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
Full‐duplex ambient backscatter with physical layer network coding
Authors: Xu Baoyi , Xiang Zheng , Ren Peng , Guo Xiaomeng
Published: September 2020

Ambient backscatter which utiliees the ambient radio‐frequency signals to enable transmissions between battery‐less devices has attracted considerable attention in academia and industry. This study addresses the questions of full‐duplex (FD) and self‐interference cancellation (SIC) for ambient backscatter which adopts dual‐antenna structure to achieve persistent information transmission and energy harvesting. The authors construct the physical‐layer network coding (PNC) mapping principle of on–off keying in the dual‐antenna structure and propose the PNC‐based FD algorithm to eliminate the self‐interference in the information domain. Furthermore, the bit‐error‐ratio and throughput performances are analysed under conventional half‐duplex mode and the proposed FD mode, respectively. In order to facilitate system complexity and reduce power consumption, they design a hardware prototype to achieve SIC which consists of low‐power passive analogue components. Numerical results are provided to confirm the theoretical studies. Circuit simulations demonstrate that the circuit is commendably consistent with the design concept.
Effective PAPR reduction in SCFDM‐based massive MIMO system using binary crow search algorithm for visible light communication towards 5G networks
Authors: Sindhuja Rajesh , Shankar Arathi R.
Published: September 2020

Presently, the single‐carrier frequency division multiplexing (SCFDM)‐based visible light communication (VLC) system is extensively implemented for secure and high‐speed data transmission. However, the effect of additive white Gaussian noise in VLC with white light‐emitting diode is high, due to a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). To address this difficulty in 5G networks, two objectives were carried out in this research article. Initially, selective mapping (SLM) scheme was applied for PAPR reduction, because it considerably selects the effective phase rotation factors that help in the reduction of system complexity. Besides, binary crow search algorithm was used for sub‐block partition optimisation in SLM for enhancing the convergence speed of the proposed SCFDM‐based VLC system. In the experimental investigation, the proposed SCFDM‐based VLC system was analysed in terms of complementary cumulative distribution function, bit error rate and signal‐to‐noise ratio by varying the equalisation techniques for 5G networks.
Performance optimisation for dual‐hop hybrid FSO/RF system with selection combining
Authors: Sharma Shubha , Madhukumar AS , Ramabadran Swaminathan
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the performance of a decode‐and‐forward‐relay‐based hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) system with selection combining. The proposed hybrid system considers an FSO sub‐system as a default transmission option and RF sub‐system is utilised when FSO is in outage. For the proposed system, the outage threshold signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is an important parameter and the optimum value for the same has been calculated to achieve the target average symbol error rate (SER) and high capacity. The presented model considers the effect of transmit beam waist, detector size, and jitter variance explicitly for the FSO link. Transmit beam waist and detector size are optimised to minimise the average SER considering various weather conditions and link distances. A unified performance analysis is addressed and exact expressions for outage probability and average SER are obtained. Simple asymptotic expressions are also derived for high SNR to obtain the diversity order. Large coding gains are observed for optimum beam waist compared to any arbitrary beam waist for same average SER. Significant performance improvement is also observed for the proposed system compared to the individual FSO and RF systems. The theoretical and asymptotic analyses are verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.
Determination of the main parameters of the photovoltaic solar module
Authors: Urmashev Baydaulet A. , Kunelbayev Murat , Temirbekov Almas N. , Kassenov Syrym , Zhaksylykova Zhadra , Amenova Farida
Published: September 2020

This article deals with the determination of the main operating parameters of a photovoltaic solar module. In laboratory tests, the study of the dependence of current, voltage and power on time and density of solar radiation, as well as monitoring of environmental parameters: temperature and humidity of the outside air. Analysis of the test results shows that a photoelectric module with an installed capacity of 800 W and a total battery capacity of 800 Ah provides the electric power industry with a daily consumption of 2.0 ... 2.2 kWh. The discharge time of the battery varies from 11.7 to 3.5 hours when the average electric load of the consumer changes from 300 to 1000 watts.
Efficient nanoarray catalyze carbon dioxide conversion
Authors: Xu Qineng
Published: September 2020

With the rapid development of industrialization, the increasing production and emission of carbon dioxide leads to strong greenhouse effect and global warming. According to survey, the average temperature has been continuously increased and the rate of increasement may accelerate. Among the solutions people proposed, the utilization of carbon dioxide conversion is widely favored. At the same time, the emerging nanomaterials have made a breakthrough in the past decade. Due to its characteristic properties, nanomaterials have an advantage over traditional catalyst. Under above background, this paper reviews carbon dioxide conversion and nanocatalyst. Meanwhile, we also propose to apply nanoarray in carbon dioxide conversion, aim to make contribution to the utilization of carbon dioxide and slow down global warming.
Application and machine learning methods for dynamic load point controls of electric vehicles (xEVs)
Authors: Cao Danting , Lerch Jonathan , Stetter Daniel , Neuburger Martin , Wörner Ralf
Published: September 2020

From the customer's perspective, the appeal of electric vehicles depends on the simplicity and ease of their use, such as flexible access to electric power from the grid to recharge the batteries of their vehicles. Therefore, the expansion of charging infrastructure will be an important part of electric mobility. The related charging infrastructure is a big challenge for the load capacity of the grid connection without additional intelligent charge management: if the control of the charging process is not implemented, it is necessary to ensure the total of the maximum output of all xEVs at the grid connection point, which requires huge costs. This paper proposes to build a prediction module for forecasting dynamic charging load using machine learning (ML) techniques. The module will be integrated into a real charge management concept with optimization procedures for controlling the dynamic load point. The value of load forecasting through practical load data of a car park were taken to illustrate the proposed methods. The prediction performance of different ML methods under the same data condition (e.g., holiday data) are compared and evaluated.
Effect of electrolyte solution and deposition methods on TiO2/CdS core–shell nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic application
Authors: AL-Jawad Selma M.H. , Imran Natheer Jamal , Mohammad Mohammad R.
Published: September 2020

In this work, TiO2 nanostructure thin films were deposited by using anodization technique, while CdS thin films were deposited on TiO2 films by two methods chemical bath deposition (CBD) and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). The structure of TiO2/CdS films were investigated and analyzed by XRD, SEM, and AFM, but the optical properties were investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, and spectral response. XRD analysis of all deposited films has confirmed the formation of two phases one is tetragonal phase (anatase, and rutile) for TiO2, and second hexagonal phase which belong to CdS layer. SEM images of TiO2 nanotubes arrays (NTAs)/CdS showed the TiO2 NTs walls become decorated with aggregates of fine CdS nanoparticles that partly penetrate into the TiO2 NTAs pores. AFM measurements displayed increase in the surface roughness compared with TiO2 films. PL measurement results of TiO2/CdS core–shell show two peaks, one is located at UV-region pointed to energy band gap for TiO2 nano films, and second one is located at visible region pointing to recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs within CdS layers. Spectral response measurements showed photocurrent peaks for all TiO2/CdS films deposited with different electrolyte solution have red-shift to visible region. When illuminated with a UV–Vis light source, the TiO2/CdS core–shell films displayed high response. A higher response to UV–Vis light was attained with the use of TiO2 NTAs/CdS films prepared by anodization /CBD. This approach offers a technique for fabricating photoelectrodes.
Acoustic Efficiency Rating of Mufflers
Authors: Saulkina Olga , Bykov Aleksei
Published: September 2020

The paper looks at basic approaches to evaluation of mufflers acoustic efficiency. The main focus is on such characteristics as transmission loss and combined transmission loss of the muffler. Comparison of acoustic efficiency of classic muffling elements was performed based on computational methods.
Possibilities in finite element simulating of the electroacoustic sound absorber
Authors: Vishnevsky Akim , Komkin Alexandr
Published: September 2020

You should leave 8 mm of space above the abstract and 10 mm after the abstract. The heading Abstract should be typed in bold 9-point Arial. The body of the abstract should be typed in normal 9-point Times in a single paragraph, immediately following the heading. The text should be set to 1 line spacing. The abstract should be centred across the page, indented 17 mm from the left and right page margins and justified. It should not normally exceed 200 words.
Investigating Acoustic Characteristics of Sound-Absorbing Materials by the Three-Microphone Method
Authors: Nazarov Gleb , Komkin Alexandr
Published: September 2020

The paper reviews the existing methods for measuring the acoustic characteristics of sound-absorbing materials. The description of the used test bench for measuring the acoustic characteristics of materials by the three-microphone method is given. The results of the test measurements of the fibrous sound-absorbing material characteristics carried out at this test bench are presented. The analysis of the obtained results is carried out.
Specific features of noise spreading from motor transport in the urban environment
Authors: Margolina Irina , Veselov Denis
Published: September 2020

The work is devoted to the study of the features of Spatio-temporal changes in the noise level from vehicles and is based on field measurements carried out in the autumn-spring, summer and winter seasons. The measurements were carried out on the territory of the administrative district of Moscow at 861 points during the evening rush hour. For the analysis of space-time series, a cartographic research method was used using the QuantumGIS and ArcGis programs. The series of maps created in this work demonstrates the dependence of the noise level in the urban area on the traffic load, the type of urban planning, and seasonality (the presence of snow cover and the vegetation state of plant complexes). Zoning of the territory by the noise influence makes it possible to identify zones with a critical and high noise level (above the PEL standard), as well as areas with an insignificant and medium noise level (below the PEL).
Die wunderbare Welt der Nervenheilanstalt – der Einstieg
Authors: Ambach Gabi
Published: September 2020

Erinnern Sie sich noch an Ihre Anfänge in der Psychiatrie? Wir wollten von psychiatrisch Pflegenden wissen, wie der erste Kontakt mit dem Team und den Patienten war, was sie am meisten interessiert, berührt oder auch befremdet hat und wo sie ihre Aufgaben sehen. Den Anfang macht eine Pflegende, die vor 37 Jahren in einer Landesnervenklinik ihre Ausbildung absolvierte.
Contextual Assessment of Retinal Injuries – Tasks of the Ophthalmological Expert
Authors: Tost Frank , Stahl Andreas
Published: September 2020

The ophthalmologic assessment of causal relationships is subject to formal guidelines, depending on the legal field (social law in the statutory accident insurance, civil law in the private accident insurance). After determining all objective and subjective findings of the individual case with complete recording of the medical facts, the ophthalmologist has the task of making a summarizing assessment of the existing cause-and-effect relationship. With regard to the distinction between retinal damage caused by an accident or retinal disease not caused by an accident, it is necessary to weigh up the natural causality according to the state of medical experience on the basis of the criteria strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, dose dependence, agreement with previous findings, experimental reliability and analogous consideration. All records of medical findings from the patientʼs medical history and the individual description of the accident
must be included in the expert opinion. In the case of several competing causes (often accident and pre-existing damage), the social law in the statutory accident insurance must present the causal contributions with roughly estimated probabilities. In civil law, valid for the private accident insurance, the existence of partial causality (approx. 25, 50, 75%) must be evaluated.
Assessment of the Efficacy of Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery Techniques using an Oculopression Stress Test
Authors: Karachalios Dimitrios , Guthoff Rudolf F. , Kundt Günther , Thiesen Frank , Kopp Franziska , Siewert Stefan , Koschmieder Anita , Jünemann Anselm , Stahnke Thomas
Published: September 2020

Background Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide. The only evidence-based treatment to slow down the progression of glaucoma is the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) using local medication or through surgery. During the last years, a large number of microinvasive glaucoma surgery techniques (MIGS) has been developed, in order to reduce the IOP in glaucoma patients safely and effectively. Until now, efficacy of MIGS has been assessed mainly according to the postoperative IOP and the number of medications used. Results from long-term studies are rare or not available in the majority of the cases. In order to better evaluate the functionality of MIGS, a new examination method has been developed with the help of a new oculopressor device. In this study the efficacy of different MIGS techniques will be examined using the new oculopressor.

Material/Methods At first, glaucoma patients that had previously received a MIGS surgery (iStent inject, XEN Stent, ELT) were examined with the new oculopression test. Their results were compared with those of non-operated patients and healthy individuals. Overall, 38 healthy subjects (group 1), 10 non-operated patients (group 2), 19 patients after iStent inject implantation (group 3), 14 patients after XEN Stent implantation (group 4) and 5 patients after ELT (group 5) were examined. The new examination measures the IOP-reduction that occurs after oculopression and can be seen as an indirect measurement of the outflow facility of the eye.

Results The IOP-reduction after oculopression differed among the study groups. Non-operated patients showed a significantly lower IOP-reduction compared to healthy individuals. Patients after iStent inject and XEN stent implantation showed a larger reduction of IOP after oculopression in relation to non-operated patients and their results approximated those of healthy individuals. These patients needed fewer medications postoperatively in relation to non-operated patients. Patients after ELT showed postoperatively a smaller reduction of IOP after oculopression compared to iStent inject and XEN stent patients.

Conclusion MIGS can increase the outflow facility of the eye in patients with glaucoma. Though ELT had the lowest impact on the aqueous outflow among the studied procedures in this study. The new test can help in the evaluation of current and further development of new MIGS in the future.
Optimierung der chirurgischen Behandlung Brandverletzter: Auszüge aus der fachübergreifenden S2k-Leitlinie „Behandlung thermischer Verletzungen des Erwachsenen“
Authors: Rennekampff Hans-Oliver , Mirastschijski Ursula , Aumann Eva , Bargfrede Heiko , Gille Jochen , Haas Robert , Hartmann Bernd , Hirche Christoph , Hirsch Ute , Horter Johannes , Kapalschinksi Nicolai , Kheiri Tanja , Kopp Rüdger , Krauß Sabrina , Kückelhaus Maximilian , Lehnhardt Marcus , Pauli Holger , Rubenbauer Johannes , Schiefer Jennifer Lynn , Sinnig Mechthild , Sorg Heiko , Stolle Annette , Suchodolski Klaudiusz , Wollborn Stefan , Ziegenthaler Hans , Ziesing Stefan , Menke Henrik
Published: September 2020

Hintergrund Trotz Brandschutzmaßnahmen und Aufklärung erleiden ca. 0,5 Millionen Menschen pro Jahr in Deutschland Verbrennungen. Im Jahr 2018 mussten fast 2000 Schwerstbrandverletzte in deutschen Verbrennungszentren behandelt werden. Brandverletzungen stellen eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung mit hoher Mortalität und langfristigen Folgen für den Patienten dar.

Methodik und Ergebnisse Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, eine Zusammenfassung der derzeit gültigen Leitlinie zur Behandlung von Verbrennungen im Erwachsenenalter (https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/044–001.html) zu präsentieren, wobei der Fokus auf folgenden Aspekten liegt: 1. der Akutbehandlung der Brandwunde am Unfallort, 2. der Entscheidungsfindung zur Verlegung in ein Brandverletztenzentrum, 3. der chirurgischen Wundversorgung mit Debridement und Hauttransplantation und 4. der Nachsorge. Die S2k-Leitlinie basiert auf aktueller Literatur und dem Konsens von 11 an der Behandlung Brandverletzter beteiligter Fachgesellschaften.

Zusammenfassung Dieser Übersichtsartikel enthält gewichtete Empfehlungen zur Behandlung von Brandwunden erwachsener Patienten in Deutschland. Der Artikel soll Ärzten und medizinischem Personal in der Akutsituation vor Ort und in der Klinik die Entscheidung über die notwendige Behandlung erleichtern. Hiermit soll die Behandlungsqualität für Patienten verbessert werden.
Sympathetic Ophthalmia – a Contribution to Immunology, Clinic and Current Imaging
Authors: Rua David , Pohlmann Dominika , Pleyer Uwe
Published: September 2020

Background Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare inflammation of an operated or injured eye that spreads to the fellow eye. It is typically a bilateral granulomatous panuveitis. The traumatized eye is referred to as inciting eye and the fellow eye as sympathizing eye. The pathophysiology of the disease is not entirely understood, but there is strong evidence of an autoimmune genesis.

Patients/Material and Methods A selective literature search on epidemiology, immunology, clinical features and risk factors of SO was carried out. In addition, our own experience using multimodal imaging for this clinical entity was introduced.

Results In the literature, the incidence after traumatic eye injuries is 0.1 – 3% and approximately 0.01% after intraocular surgery. Among the iatrogenic causes, vitreoretinal surgery has the highest rate of SO, presumably due to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier and involvement of retinal and choroidal tissue, which are susceptible to anterior traction, phthisis and chronic inflammation. In 90% of patients, the disease develops within a year following the eliciting event and is associated with a potentially bilateral risk of blindness. Typical symptoms include bilateral visual impairment with photophobia, dull pain and photopsia. The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from granulomatous anterior uveitis and vitritis, to choroiditis, serous retinal detachment and Dalen-Fuchs nodules in the context of posterior involvement. The diagnosis of SO is generally based on clinical presentation and is supported by imaging methods. These primarily comprise
fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, which are increasingly being supplemented by non-invasive methods such as optical coherence tomography. They can provide important information for assessment of severity, differential diagnosis as well as for disease monitoring. The differential diagnosis includes i. a. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, ocular sarcoidosis and the rare phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. Immediate systemic high-dose steroid therapy is used as initial treatment. The course of the disease is often relapsing to chronic progressive. Immunomodulators such as ciclosporine A, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and biologics are increasingly being used and contribute to the significantly better prognosis of the disease. Generally, SO can be triggered by any kind of intraocular intervention.

Conclusion SO remains a threatening clinical diagnosis that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. It can be triggered post-traumatic, but also any intraocular surgery. This should be taken into account when assessing the indication for intraocular eye surgery, especially in eyes with reduced visual outcome.
Synthesis of Optically Active Hydroxyalkyl Cycloheptatrienes: A Key Step in the Total Synthesis of 6,11-Methylene-LXB4
Authors: Nubbemeyer Udo , Nava Analuisa , Trippe Lukas , Frank Andrea , Andernach Lars , Opatz Till
Published: September 2020

Starting from methyl cycloheptatrienyl-1-carboxylate, 6-acylation was successfully achieved employing glutaryl chloride in the presence of AlCl3 under controlled reaction conditions to furnish keto carboxylic acid product. After protection of this keto carboxylic acid as tert-butyl ester, reagent-controlled enantioselective reductions delivered configuration-defined methyl-6-hydroxylalkyl cycloheptatriene-1-carboxylates with up to 80% ee. Whereas simple NaBH4 reduction of the keto carboxylic acid and subsequent lactonization afforded a methyl-6-tetrahydropyranonyl cycloheptatriene-1-carboxylate. Resolution using chiral HPLC delivered the product enantiomers with up to >99% ee Finally, ECD analyses enabled structure elucidation. The products are used as key intermediates in enantioselective 6,11-methylene-lipoxin B4 syntheses.
C–H Functionalization Reactions of Phenyl and Vinyl Carbocations Paired with Weakly Coordinating Anions
Authors: Nelson Hosea M. , Popov Stasik , Shao Brian , Bagdasarian Alex L. , Wigman Benjamin
Published: September 2020

Carbocations have played a central role in the chemical sciences for over a century. In a synthetic setting, most methods utilize stabilized tricoordinate carbocations, while there are far fewer examples of reactions featuring nonstabilized dicoordinate cations. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the generation of high-energy carbocations mediated by weakly coordinating anions and the C–H insertion reactions of such carbocations. Moreover, we discuss mechanistic studies of these catalytic C–H insertion reactions aimed at furthering our understanding of the reactive nature of these rarely invoked cationic intermediates.

1 Introduction

2 Background: Phenyl Carbocations

3 Silylium/Carborane-Catalyzed C–H Insertion Reactions of Phenyl Carbocations

4 Silane-Fueled, Weakly Coordinating Anion-Catalyzed, Reductive C–H Insertion Reactions of Vinyl Carbocations

5 C–H Insertion Reactivity of Vinyl Carbocations under Basic Conditions

6 Conclusion and Outlook
A cicatrização do manguito rotador
Authors: de Almeida Filho Ildeu Afonso , Coelho Daniel Andrade
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo aborda de forma ampla os aspectos que interferem no processo de cicatrização do manguito rotador. São considerados hábitos de vida como tabagismo e alcoolismo, fatores sistêmicos como diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial e obesidade bem como fatores locais, dentre os quais aqueles relacionados ao pré, per e pós operatório. A partir de uma extensa revisão da literatura, com a citação de 60 artigos científicos tanto da literatura ocidental como oriental, os autores pretendem aprofundar no tema trazendo para a prática médica condutas embasadas em novos conceitos estabelecidos.
New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Sepsis: A Narrative Review
Authors: Aibar Jesus , Schulman Sam
Published: September 2020

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequently identified arrhythmia during the course of sepsis. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the characteristics of patients with new-onset AF related to sepsis and the risk of stroke and death, to understand if there is a need for anticoagulation. We searched for studies on AF and sepsis on PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Web of Science, and 17 studies were included. The mean incidence of new-onset AF in patients with sepsis was 20.6% (14.7% in retrospective studies and 31.6% in prospective). Risk factors for new-onset AF included advanced age, white race, male sex, obesity, history of cardiopulmonary disease, heart or respiratory failure, and higher disease severity score. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with than in those without new-onset AF in 10 studies. In four studies the overall intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were comparable between patients with and without new-onset AF, while three other studies did not provide mortality data. One study reported on the in-hospital incidence of stroke, which was 2.6 versus 0.69% in patients with or without new-onset AF, respectively. Seven of the studies provided follow-up data after discharge. In three studies, new-onset AF was associated with excess mortality at 28 days, 1 year, and 5 years after discharge of 34, 21, and 3% patients, respectively. In two studies, the mortality rate was comparable in patients with and without new-onset AF. Postdischarge stroke was reported in five studies, whereof two studies had no events after 30 and 90 days, one study showed a nonsignificant increase in stroke, and two studies demonstrated a significant increase in risk of stroke after new-onset AF. The absolute risk increase was 0.6 to 1.6%. Large prospective studies are needed to better understand the need for anticoagulation after new-onset AF in sepsis.
Correlation of Obesity with External Cephalic Version Success among Women with One Previous Cesarean Delivery
Authors: McLaren Rodney , Atallah Fouad , Fisher Nelli , Minkoff Howard
Published: September 2020

Objective Our aim was to assess the correlation of body mass index (BMI) with the success rate of external cephalic version (ECV) among women with one prior cesarean delivery.

Study Design A cross-sectional study of pregnant women with one previous cesarean delivery who underwent ECV. The relationship between BMI and success rate of ECV was assessed. Adverse outcomes were also compared between women with an ECV attempt, and women who had a repeat cesarean delivery. Data were extracted from the U.S. Natality Database from 2014 to 2017. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to assess the relationship between BMI and success rate of ECV.

Results There were 2,329 women with prior cesarean delivery underwent an ECV attempt. The success rate of ECV among the entire cohort was 68.3%. There was no correlation between BMI and success rate of ECV (r = 0.024, p = 0.239). Risks of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between the ECV attempt group and the repeat cesarean delivery group.

Conclusion There was no correlation of BMI with the rate of successful ECV among women with one prior cesarean delivery. Given the similar success rates of ECV and adverse outcomes, obese women with one prior cesarean delivery should be offered ECV.
A Rule-Based Data Quality Assessment System for Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Wang Zhan , Talburt John R. , Wu Ningning , Dagtas Serhan , Zozus Meredith Nahm
Published: September 2020

Objective Rule-based data quality assessment in health care facilities was explored through compilation, implementation, and evaluation of 63,397 data quality rules in a single-center case study to assess the ability of rules-based data quality assessment to identify data errors of importance to physicians and system owners.

Methods We applied a design science framework to design, demonstrate, test, and evaluate a scalable framework with which data quality rules can be managed and used in health care facilities for data quality assessment and monitoring.

Results We identified 63,397 rules partitioned into 28 logic templates. A total of 819,683 discrepancies were identified by 4.5% of the rules. Nine out of 11 participating clinical and operational leaders indicated that the rules identified data quality problems and articulated next steps that they wanted to take based on the reported information.

Discussion The combined rule template and knowledge table approach makes governance and maintenance of otherwise large rule sets manageable. Identified challenges to rule-based data quality monitoring included the lack of curated and maintained knowledge sources relevant to data error detection and lack of organizational resources to support clinical and operational leaders with investigation and characterization of data errors and pursuit of corrective and preventative actions. Limitations of our study included implementation within a single center and dependence of the results on the implemented rule set.

Conclusion This study demonstrates a scalable framework (up to 63,397 rules) with which data quality rules can be implemented and managed in health care facilities to identify data errors. The data quality problems identified at the implementation site were important enough to prompt action requests from clinical and operational leaders.
Group A Rotavirus G1P[6] Associated Fatalities in Diarrheic Nigerian Infants, Possible Impact of Enterovirus Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, and Implications for Rota-Vaccinology
Authors: Babalola Michael Oluyemi
Published: September 2020

Group A rotavirus (RVA) diarrhea disease and mortality are yet unabated, particularly in developing countries. As global knowledge of specific strains associated with infant mortality is crucial for successful vaccination efforts, candidate RVA strains detected in mortality and fatal cases of severely diarrheic hospitalized infants in Akure, Nigeria were investigated.

Fecal samples from comatose patients were tested for RVAs, other diarrhea viruses, and enteric bacterial pathogens. Genomic dsRNA was extracted from 10% rotavirus positive stool suspension, the VP4 and VP7 genes were reverse transcribed and amplified by one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyped by seminested multiplex PCR. Amplicons were sequenced, aligned by ClustalW, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA6. Sequences data were deposited to GenBank and DDBJ.

Medical examination and microbiological analyses upheld viral diarrhea. EIA revealed RVA and enterovirus. PCR identified virulent RVA strain GIP[6] whose VP7 nucleotide sequences shared a common cluster with Cuban isolate G1P[6], while the VP4 P[6] sequences were related to Asian strains. Reassortant RVA G1P[6] was found in fatal diarrhea cases and mortality of a Nigerian child. RVA coinfection with enterovirus and associated biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction in infantile diarrhea should henceforth be evaluated. Current rotavirus vaccines may fare badly against the prevailing virulent strains. The disease severity and outcome necessitates a wider epidemiological study, a review and inclusion of the P[6] genotype in future rotavirus vaccines.
Impact of Patient Characteristics on Treatment Outcomes in Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism: Results of HOKUSAI-VTE Randomized Trial Analysis
Authors: van Hout Ben , Hawe Emma , Cohen Alexander T.
Published: September 2020

Introduction In patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as edoxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban are more convenient, safer, and just as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Limited information is known about the effects of patient characteristics on VTE efficacy and safety of DOACs compared with VKAs, without appropriate effect modifier adjustment comparisons of DOACs may be biased. This study considers the effect of variables that can modify the efficacy and safety of edoxaban and warfarin, using patient-level data.

Materials and Methods The primary efficacy and safety outcomes in the HOKUSAI-VTE study were VTE recurrence and clinically relevant bleeding, respectively. Potential effect modifiers were age, creatinine clearance, and weight. The relationship between the percentage of time in international normalized ratio (INR) control and outcomes were considered for the warfarin arm. Univariate and multivariate regression were performed for each patient characteristic.

Results The relationship between treatment and VTE recurrence differed by age (interaction p = 0.007) and by creatinine clearance (p = 0.05). VTE recurrence differed by age for patients in the warfarin arm but not for those in the edoxaban arm and differed by INR control in the warfarin arm (p < 0.005). A stronger relationship between creatinine clearance and clinically relevant bleeding was found in the warfarin arm than in the edoxaban arm (p = 0.04). Clinically relevant bleeding differed by the percentage of time in INR control in the warfarin arm (p < 0.005). Age appeared to be a more important effect modifier than creatinine clearance in patients with VTE.

Discussion The finding that efficacy in older patients was greater for those taking edoxaban than for those taking warfarin in the HOKUSAI-VTE study needs further investigation. Modification of the treatment effect by age for those taking warfarin might bias estimates of comparative effectiveness among DOACs if VKAs are the reference treatment.
Some remarks on the operator formalism for nonlocal Poisson brackets
Authors: Ontani Riccardo
Published: September 2020

A common approach to the theory of nonlocal Poisson brackets, seen from the operatorial point of view, has been to keep implicit the sets on which these brackets act. In this paper, we aim to explicitly define appropriate functional spaces underlying the theory of 1 co-dimensional weakly nonlocal Poisson brackets, motivating the definitions, and to prove the validity in this context of some classical results in the field. We start by introducing the spaces for the local case, which will serve as building tools for those in the nonlocal one. The precise definition and the study of these nonlocal functionals are the core of this work; in particular, we work out a characterization of the variational derivative of such objects. We then translate everything to the level of manifolds, defining a global version of the functionals, and introduce the notion nonlocal Poisson brackets in this context. We conclude by applying all the machinery to prove a theorem due to Ferapontov. This last application is the natural conclusion of our discussion and shows that the spaces we introduce are suitable objects to work with when studying topics in this theory.
Powering up solar power plants with math
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: September 2020

Researchers have devised a numerical method that can increase the safety and efficiency of parabolic troughs, an integral component of solar-thermal power plants.
G- and p-mode oscillations in Earth’s atmosphere are mathematically possible
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: September 2020

Fluid oscillations that are governed by buoyancy and pressure, and occur on the surfaces of stars may also take place in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Detecting defects in the main spar of a wind turbine blade
Authors: Zhou Bo , Yu Fangai , Luo Yuegang , Li He
Published: September 2020

Various defects produced during the manufacture of a wind turbine blade can affect the damage evolution under fatigue loads. In this paper, a calculation model based on energy dissipation was used to predict damage evolution. Based on the structure of the unidirectional laminates in the main spar of a 1.5-MW blade, specimens with voids or delamination defects of different dimensions were fabricated. Fatigue tests of the specimens were monitored with an infrared thermography system. The energy dissipation density was calculated from the surface temperature. A damage parameter D is proposed to represent the degree of damage evolution. By analyzing the energy dissipated during cyclic loading, it is possible to evaluate the critical moment when a defect evolves into initial critical damage. The calculation model agrees well with the observed damage evolution. This innovative method could be used to detect the initial damage in a main spar with defects during a fatigue test.
Thermodynamic analysis of GaInN-based light-emitting diodes operated by quasi-resonant optical excitation
Authors: Han Dong-Pyo , Oh Chan-Hyoung , Shin Dong-Soo , Shim Jong-In , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: September 2020

In this study, we aim to understand the thermodynamics inside the junctions of GaInN-based LEDs through optical operation of the device (the wavelength of the pumping laser is 405 nm for quasi-resonant optical excitation). First, to achieve this goal, the short-circuit current vs the open-circuit voltage curve and photoluminescence spectrum are carefully analyzed and compared with the current–voltage curve and electroluminescence spectrum. By this comparative study, we experimentally demonstrate the electrical–optical energy conversion efficiency (ECE) > 100% under optical excitation. Second, the intra-band phonon absorption and emission inside and/or outside the junction (PPeltier and PHC) are investigated through the power-loss analysis. In so doing, we ascertain that the carriers in the multiple quantum wells are energized by phonons, which introduces the ECE > 100%. Specifically, after the energization, the Boltzmann carrier distribution is no longer controlled by the ambient lattice temperature but by higher temperature, namely, that of the carriers themselves. Based on the analysis, we propose a thermally enhanced effective temperature for the Boltzmann distribution. Finally, we compare the junction efficiency by photoluminescence (PL), composed of the internal quantum efficiency by PL and the ECE by PL, of the sample at various temperatures to investigate the effect of PHC on the overall PL efficiency.
Qualitative properties of systems of two complex homogeneous ODE’s: A connection to polygonal billiards
Authors: Leyvraz F.
Published: September 2020

A correspondence between the orbits of a system of two complex, homogeneous, polynomial ordinary differential equations with real coefficients and those of a polygonal billiard is displayed. This correspondence is general in the sense that it applies to an open set of systems of ordinary differential equations of the specified kind. This allows us to transfer results well known from the theory of polygonal billiards, such as ergodicity, the existence of periodic orbits, the absence of exponential divergence, the existence of additional conservation laws, and the presence of discontinuities in the dynamics, to the corresponding systems of ordinary differential equations. It also shows that the considerable intricacy known to exist for polygonal billiards also attends these apparently simpler systems of ordinary differential equations.
Comment on “Sliding planar conjoined cut-wire-pairs: A novel approach for splitting and controlling the absorption spectra” [J. Appl. Phys. 124, 105103 (2018)]
Authors: Bakshi Saikat Chandra , Mitra Debasis
Published: September 2020

In a recent article, Al-Badri et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 124, 105103 (2018)] proposed a new method to split a single perfect absorption peak into two separate absorption spectra by using vertical sliding of conjoined cut-wire-pairs (CCWPs).The highest tuning of absorption bands are reported at frequencies 3.242 GHz and 3.640 GHz with absorptivity of about 90%. This comment expresses some concerns about the simulation environment and absorption characteristics of such an approach. Moreover, it is shown that the actual absorption peak is around 40% while simulated with periodic boundary conditions.
Model for photothermal ionization and molecular recombination during pulsed ablation of polyethylene
Authors: Moore N. W. , Sanchez J. J. , Hobbs M. L. , Lane J. M. D. , Long K. N.
Published: September 2020

The surface erosion of polyethylene is studied under conditions characteristic of extremely high-rate heating expected in laser-driven and high energy density experiments. A coupled model for photoionization and volumetric photothermal degradation of polyethylene is developed that includes finite rate chemistry and molecular recombination of radicals. First, the model is used to explore the evolution of radicals and hydrocarbons during isochoric heating, for which it is found that polyethylene is not in chemical equilibrium for rates >108K/s. Then, the model is used to explore the cooperativity between photoionization and photothermal ionization during one-dimensional ablation from a pulsed heating source, accounting for coupled energy deposition, thermokinetics, thermochemistry, hydrodynamics, mechanics, and thermal conduction in the ALEGRA multi-physics code. The ablation depth per energy pulse is found to agree with an analytical model for instantaneous energy deposition and absent molecular recombination or photoionization. Otherwise, molecular recombination of radicals reduces the depth of ablation per pulse, owing to thermal stabilization on forming branched molecules. Radical formation through photoionization can be compensated for by recombination, but it accelerates ablation at high enough photoionization rates. Finally, the influence of molecular recombination on the ablation depth is found to decrease for long pulses, owing to decreased recombination reaction rates at lower vapor densities near the ablated surface. These and other findings highlight competition between the processes of scission, recombination, and photoionization during pulsed ablation of polyethylene.
A restrained locally enhanced sampling method (RLES) for finding free energy minima in complex systems
Authors: Ovchinnikov Victor , Conti Simone , Karplus Martin
Published: September 2020

We present an extension of the locally enhanced sampling method. A restraint potential is introduced to drive the many-replica system to the canonical ensemble corresponding to the physical, single-replica system. Convergence properties are demonstrated using a model rugged two-dimensional potential, for which sampling by conventional equilibrium molecular dynamics is inefficient. Restrained locally enhanced sampling (RLES) is found to explore the space of configurations with an efficiency comparable to that of temperature replica exchange. To demonstrate the potential of RLES for realistic applications, the method is used to fold the 12-residue tryptophan zipper miniprotein in explicit solvent. The RLES algorithm can be incorporated into existing LES implementations with minor code modifications.