bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O conhecimento de discentes de enfermagem sobre uso de plantas medicinais como terapia complementar Nursing students knowledge on use of medicinal plants as supplementary therapy
Authors: Badke Marcio Rossato , Heisler Elisa Vanessa , Ceolin Silvana , Andrade Andressa de , Budó Maria de Lourdes Denardin , Heck Rita Maria
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: investigar o conhecimento de discentes de enfermagem sobre o uso de plantas medicinais como terapia complementar no cuidado à saúde. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com oito acadêmicos de enfermagem de uma Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em outubro de 2012. Na análise de conteúdo, emergiram três temas: “aprendi em família”; “conheço a utilização das plantas” e “uso as plantas em casa, mas não estímulo em campo prático”. Resultados: O conhecimento dos discentes referente ao uso de plantas medicinais é de origem popular. Observou-se a insegurança que os graduandos possuem frente à atuação como futuros profissionais nas orientações referentes ao uso das plantas medicinais, apontando a necessidade de avançar no ensino de enfermagem. Conclusão: Destaca-se a necessidade de revisão nos currículos para que deem suporte sobre o tema, com vistas à promoção da saúde e a integralidade do cuidado.
Protocolo de assistência a pessoas com úlcera venosa na atenção primária: revisão integrativa da literatura Protocol of assistance to persons with venous ulcer in primary care: integrative literature review
Authors: Costa Isabelle Katherinne Fernandes , Dantas Daniele Vieira , Melo Gabriela de Sousa Martins , Tibúrcio Manuela Pinto , Medeiros Lays Pinheiro de , Torres Gilson de Vasconcelos
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: realizar revisão integrativa da literatura para dar subsídios de elaboração de protocolo de assistência a pessoas com úlcera venosa na atenção primária Método: revisão integrativa, realizada entre agosto e setembro de 2012, na biblioteca virtual de saúde,páginas da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, de Secretarias Municipais de Saúde e guidelines de associações internacionais. Resultados: incluiu-se 15 publicações, no período de 2004 a 2011, 9 focavam especificamente a úlcera venosa, 8 não especificam o nível de assistência, 9 são multiprofissionais e 2 ressaltam qualidade de vida. Embasado nos estudos verificou-se que as categorias referentes a estruturação do protocolo são os dados sociodemográficos, anamnese, fatores de risco, exames, verificação, características e cuidados da lesão, medicamentos, dor, cuidados gerais e terapia compressiva, prevenção e referência/contrarreferência. Conclusão: os resultados poderão subsidiar a construção de protocolo para pessoas com úlcera venosa atendidas na atenção primária respaldado nos aspectos da literatura.
The pathway intermediate 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐galactonate mediates the induction of genes involved in D‐galacturonic acid utilization in Aspergillus niger
Authors: Alazi Ebru , Khosravi Claire , Homan Tim G. , du Pré Saskia , Arentshorst Mark , Di Falco Marcos , Pham Thi T. M. , Peng Mao , Aguilar‐Pontes Maria Victoria , Visser Jaap , Tsang Adrian , de Vries Ronald P. , Ram Arthur F. J.
Published: April 2017

In Aspergillus niger, the enzymes encoded by gaaA, gaaB, and gaaC catabolize d‐galacturonic acid (GA) consecutively into l‐galactonate, 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐l‐galactonate, pyruvate, and l‐glyceraldehyde, while GaaD converts l‐glyceraldehyde to glycerol. Deletion of gaaB or gaaC results in severely impaired growth on GA and accumulation of l‐galactonate and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐l‐galactonate, respectively. Expression levels of GA‐responsive genes are specifically elevated in the ∆gaaC mutant on GA as compared to the reference strain and other GA catabolic pathway deletion mutants. This indicates that 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐l‐galactonate is the inducer of genes required for GA utilization.
Tropical ocean‐atmospheric forcing of Late Glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Stansell Nathan D. , Licciardi Joseph M. , Rodbell Donald T. , Mark Bryan G.
Published: April 2017

Evaluating the timing and style of past glacier fluctuations in the tropical Andes is important for our scientific understanding of global environmental change. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide ages on moraine boulders combined with14C‐dated clastic sediment records from alpine lakes document glacial variability in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru during the last ~16 ka. Late Glacial ice extents culminated at the start of the Antarctic Cold Reversal and began retracting prior to the Younger Dryas. Multiple moraine crests dating to the early Holocene mark brief readvances or stillstands that punctuated overall retreat of the Queshque Valley glacier terminus during this interval. Glaciers were less extensive during the middle Holocene before readvancing during the latest Holocene. These records suggest that tropical Atlantic and Pacific ocean‐atmospheric processes exerted temporally variable forcing of Late Glacial and Holocene glacial changes in the Peruvian Andes.
Possible sources of hydrothermal activity and mud volcanism in southern Sakhalin inferred from local earthquake seismic tomography
Authors: Koulakov Ivan , Serdyukov Aleksander S. , Konovalov Alexey V. , Mikhailov Valentin I. , Safonov Dmitry A. , Duchkov Anton A. , Al‐Arifi Nassir , El Khrepy Sami
Published: April 2017

We present the first seismic model of the crust beneath Sakhalin based on P and S‐wave arrival time data from local earthquakes. Based on the results of numerous synthetic tests, we conclude that this model has fair horizontal and vertical resolution to 20–25 km depth. At shallow depths, seismic anomalies are clearly associated with known geological structures, such as the high‐velocity Paleozoic Susunai block and the low‐velocity Cenozoic fold belts along the West Sakhalin Mountains. In vertical sections, we observe westward underthrusting of the Susunai block to a distance of at least 70 km, which may represent the regional compression and considerable crustal shortening in this area. Based on the tomography results, we hypothesize about the origin of the mud volcanism in southern Sakhalin. We propose that because of the general westward underthrusting regime in Sakhalin, hydrocarbon‐rich shelf sediments may be entrained to considerable depths under the rigid Susunai block, which serves as a nonpermeable cover. The released gases find the weakest zones around the Susunai block and along the Tym‐Poronay Fault and escape to the surface to form the South Sakhalin and Lesnovsky mud volcano fields.
Fracture propagation and stability of ice shelves governed by ice shelf heterogeneity
Authors: Borstad Chris , McGrath Daniel , Pope Allen
Published: April 2017

Tabular iceberg calving and ice shelf retreat occurs after full‐thickness fractures, known as rifts, propagate across an ice shelf. A quickly evolving rift signals a threat to the stability of Larsen C, the Antarctic Peninsula's largest ice shelf. Here we reveal the influence of ice shelf heterogeneity on the growth of this rift, with implications that challenge existing notions of ice shelf stability. Most of the rift extension has occurred in bursts after overcoming the resistance of suture zones that bind together neighboring glacier inflows. We model the stresses in the ice shelf to determine potential rift trajectories. Calving perturbations to ice flow will likely reach the grounding line. The stability of Larsen C may hinge on a single suture zone that stabilizes numerous upstream rifts. Elevated fracture toughness of suture zones may be the most important property that allows ice shelves to modulate Antarctica's contribution to sea level rise.
Failure of Taylor's hypothesis in the atmospheric surface layer and its correction for eddy‐covariance measurements
Authors: Cheng Yu , Sayde Chadi , Li Qi , Basara Jeffrey , Selker John , Tanner Evan , Gentine Pierre
Published: April 2017

Taylors' frozen turbulence hypothesis suggests that all turbulent eddies are advected by the mean streamwise velocity, without changes in their properties. This hypothesis has been widely invoked to compute Reynolds averaging using temporal turbulence data measured at a single point in space. However, in the atmospheric surface layer, the exact relationship between convection velocity and wave number k has not been fully revealed since previous observations were limited by either their spatial resolution or by the sampling length. Using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), acquiring turbulent temperature fluctuations at high temporal and spatial frequencies, we computed convection velocities across wave numbers using a phase spectrum method. We found that convection velocity decreases as k−1/3 at the higher wave numbers of the inertial subrange instead of being independent of wave number as suggested by Taylor's hypothesis. We further corroborated this result using large eddy simulations. Applying Taylor's hypothesis thus systematically underestimates turbulent spectrum in the inertial subrange. A correction is proposed for point‐based eddy‐covariance measurements, which can improve surface energy budget closure and estimates of CO2 fluxes.
Spiral gravity waves radiating from tropical cyclones
Authors: Nolan David S. , Zhang Jun A.
Published: April 2017

Internal gravity waves are continuously generated by deep moist convection around the globe. Satellite images suggest that tropical cyclones produce short‐wavelength, high‐frequency waves that radiate outward, with the wave fronts wrapped into tight spirals by the large differential advection of the sheared tangential flow. This letter presents new in situ observations of such waves from two sources: flight level data from research aircraft that show radial wavelengths of 2–10 km and vertical velocity magnitudes from 0.1 to 1.0 ms−1 and surface observations from a research buoy in the Pacific that indicate the passage of gravity waves overhead as tropical cyclones pass by at distances of 100 to 300 km. Numerical simulations are used to interpret these observations and to understand the broader horizontal and vertical structures of the radiating waves. The simulations suggest a correlation between wave amplitude and cyclone intensity, which could be used to make remote estimates of peak wind speeds.
Immunodeficiency
Authors: Nademi Zohreh , Slatter Mary A
Published: April 2017

Immunodeficiency is a condition caused by a defect in the immune system, leading to a failure to protect the body adequately from infection. It should be considered in anybody with a history of recurrent infections, two or more episodes of life‐threatening infections, infections with unusual or opportunistic organisms or with unexpected or severe complications. Immunodeficiency may be either primary or secondary in origin.

Primary immunodeficiency (PID) may present as early as the first 3–4 weeks of life with severe diarrhoea, resulting in failure to thrive, recurrent infections and severe eczema. However, it may also manifest in early childhood or later, depending on the nature of the underlying disease and genetic mutation. It is essential to diagnose PID early, particularly severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), in order to prevent infections and organ damage and offer curative treatment such as haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or gene transfer (GT).

Key Concepts

Defects in the immune system can put patients at risk of life‐threatening infections.

Primary immunodeficiency consists of a wide range of disorders that affect adaptive or innate immunity.

Early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency is essential for successful outcome.

The most common manifestation of immunodeficiency is recurrent respiratory infections.

The most predictive of 10 warning signs for a diagnosis of PID are family history, need for intravenous antibiotics for sepsis and failure to thrive.

Next‐generation sequencing has led to the discovery of novel genetic causes of known and new PIDs.

Outcome of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has greatly improved.

Gene therapy is successful and increasingly available for a number of disorders.

Secondary immunodeficiency can be caused by infection such as HIV.
Cytoskeleton Dynamics: Actin in Cell Invasion
Authors: Cáceres Rodrigo , Plastino Julie
Published: April 2017

Basement membrane (BM) is a dense sheet of specialised extracellular matrix that separates epithelial layers of cells from the underlying tissue. The penetration of cells through BM barriers, called ‘invasion’, is an important process during normal tissue development and in cancer metastasis. To enable invasion, the cell adopts different shapes and creates different protrusive structures powered mainly by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. However, the exact cytoskeletal strategy that the cell uses to cross the physical BM barrier depends on the physiological context and the physical environment, as observed by examining actin structures in invading cancer and immune cells, and in cells that invade during developmental processes such as angiogenesis and anchor cell invasion in
Caenorhabditis elegans
.

Key Concepts

Actin polymerisation and actomyosin contraction can generate cell shape changes such as protrusions.

Different actin‐binding proteins produce protrusions of different architecture and function.

Shape changes and protrusions are necessary for cell invasion across basement membrane barriers.

Cell invasion is observed in pathological and normal developmental contexts.

The actin dynamics strategy employed by an invading cell depends on the environment and the physiological context.
Immune Complex Diseases
Authors: Warren Jeffrey S , Ward Peter A
Published: April 2017

Immune complex diseases encompass a diverse group of inflammatory conditions characterised by antigen–antibody deposition and attendant activation of complement. Common manifestations include glomerulonephritis, synovitis and dermal vasculitis. Many patients present with constitutional symptoms and less specific signs. A century of research has elucidated the structure of immunoglobulin, furthered understanding of antigen–antibody‐binding interactions and yielded insights into the biochemistry and disorders of complement. Immune complex formation and complement activation trigger the generation of a vast array of mediators and regulators of inflammation. Understanding the integration of these systems has led to our current conceptual framework of immune complex‐mediated tissue injury. Study of animal models and affected patients has contributed greatly to our current understanding of immune complex disease. Appreciation of the wide clinical spectrum and optimal evaluation of affected patients have evolved in concert with advances in understanding the pathophysiology of immune complex‐mediated diseases, whether serum sickness and systemic lupus erythematosus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated immune complex renal disease and complications of monoclonal antibody therapy.

Key Concepts

Immune complex diseases are characterised by antigen–antibody deposition and attendant activation of complement.

Understanding the physicochemical basis of antigen–antibody‐binding interactions and complement fixation has been facilitated by advances in biochemistry.

Beyond immune complex formation and complement activation, the pathophysiology of immune complex disease involves Fc and complement receptors as well as myriad mediators of inflammation.

The clinical spectrum of immune complex disease has broadened from serum sickness, autoimmune‐collagen vascular disease and infectious disease to also encompass complications of HIV infection and therapeutic monoclonal antibody administration.

Clinical evaluation of patients with suspected immune complex disease relies heavily on clinical setting, recognition of dermal vasculitis, arthritis and glomerulonephritis and biopsy.
Using Evolutionary Biology in the Medical Sciences
Authors: Antolin Michael F
Published: April 2017

Evolutionary thinking applied to medical practice helps unravel the ultimate causes of a disease and improves diagnostics and therapies. We ask why diseases persist during times when evolution's grip on humanity should be relaxed relative to the past, when environments were not so favorable to health. Genetic variation is central to evolutionary thinking: adaptations evolve by natural selection of inherited differences linked to survival and reproduction. Genetic diseases recur because of mutations inherited through the complex (often unknown) junction between ancestral origins, long‐term size of populations of patients' origins and histories of natural selection. Effects of mutations differ according to patients' environmental and genetic backgrounds. Some diseases persist because of mismatches between previous adaptation and modern human diets. For infectious diseases, rapid genetic change and evolution of microbes leads to emergence of new pathogens and pathogen resistance to antimicrobial drugs, and may limit the improvement of public health interventions (design of vaccines providing long‐lasting protection from human‐adapted pathogens like influenza and malaria). A key recognition is that evolution is dynamic, and both patients and pathogens vary and may change. Disease represents a convergence of evolutionary histories: patients' inherited mutations and adaptations, and microbes' infection, pathogenicity and transmission.

Key Concepts

Evolutionary thinking in medicine distinguishes between proximate and ultimate evolutionary causes of disease.

Mutations that cause disease in modern times may have been adaptive in the past, and thus code for traits that are maladaptive (mismatched) in modern environments.

Weak selection on diseases related to aging explains their persistence in modern times, especially as post‐reproductive longevity increases.

The evolutionary potential of microbes ensures that infectious diseases will evade therapies and vaccines in the future.

The evolutionary potential of microbes also makes it likely that novel infectious diseases will emerge from reservoirs in wild animal populations.

Medical research on therapies and diagnostics depends on testing animals most closely related and thus most similar to humans.

Individual patients' presentation of disease will depend on complex interactions at the convergence of patients' ancestry (genetic legacies), the evolutionary history of pathogens to which they are exposed, and the environmental context where the patients and pathogens meet.

Racial identity (even self‐identity) is not equivalent to ancestry, and while understanding individual ancestries (family histories) may improve medical practice, racial differences are not generally predictive for diagnosis and therapies.
Graphene Platelet (GPL)/Nickel (Ni) Laminate Coatings for Improved Surface Properties
Authors: Li Meng , Liu Jian , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhou Cunlong , Munagala Sai Priya , Tian Yaqin , Ren Jie , Jiang Kyle
Published: April 2017

In this paper, an investigation is reported on graphene platelet (GPL)/nickel (Ni) laminate coatings by electrochemical deposition. Nickel sulphamate baths with and without GPLs are used to produce GPL/Ni coatings with varied layers and pure Ni coatings for comparison. Microstructures, surface roughness, and mechanical performance of the coatings were examined. It is found that GPLs are homogeneously deposited in the Ni matrix. With the addition of GPLs, the surface roughness of the GPL/Ni composites increases while the average grain size of the Ni matrix decreases significantly. A higher hardness of coatings can be obtained by depositing more layers and introducing a higher content of GPLs. The microstructure of GPL/Ni composite coatings exhibits a preferred orientation at (111).
Solution‐Growth Strategy for Large‐Scale “CuGaO2 Nanoplate/ZnS Microsphere” Heterostructure Arrays with Enhanced UV Adsorption and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Li Yanmei , Song Yun , Jiang Yingchang , Hu Mingxiang , Pan Zhichang , Xu Xiaojie , Chen Hongyu , Li Yuesheng , Hu Linfeng , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: April 2017

Intrinsically p‐type conductivity and a wide bandgap of ≈3.6 V endow inorganic delafossite CuGaO2 with great promise for fabricating high‐performance UV photodetectors. Nevertheless, CuGaO2‐based optoelectronic devices hindered because the intrinsic direct transitions are symmetry forbidden in CuGaO2. This study reports a large‐area synthesis of “CuGaO2 nanoplate/ZnS microsphere” heterostructure arrays using a facile solution‐based strategy associated with an oil/water interfacial self‐assembly approach. It is found that a large number of ZnS microspheres with a polycrystalline structure grow on the top surface of CuGaO2 hexagonal platelets through Ostwald ripening mechanism, forming high‐density p–n heterojunctions. A parabolic dependence between the size of ZnS microsphere and the growth time is confirmed in this growth. The UV light adsorption of the heterostructure CuGaO2/ZnS thin film is two times higher than that of the pristine CuGaO2 thin film. Furthermore, the as‐designed “CuGaO2 nanoplate/ZnS microsphere” heterostructure arrays exhibit enhanced photoresponse properties. This work offers a new insight into the rational design of optoelectronic devices from the synergetic effect of p‐type 2D nanoplates as well as n‐type nanostructures such as ZnS, ZnO, CdS, and CdO.
Hall Effect in Bulk‐Doped Organic Single Crystals
Authors: Ohashi Chika , Izawa Seiichiro , Shinmura Yusuke , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Watase Seiji , Izaki Masanobu , Naito Hiroyoshi , Hiramoto Masahiro
Published: April 2017

The standard technique to separately and simultaneously determine the carrier concentration per unit volume (N, cm−3) and the mobility (μ) of doped inorganic single crystals is to measure the Hall effect. However, this technique has not been reported for bulk‐doped organic single crystals. Here, the Hall effect in bulk‐doped single‐crystal organic semiconductors is measured. A key feature of this work is the ultraslow co‐deposition technique, which reaches as low as 10−9 nm s−1 and enables us to dope homoepitaxial organic single crystals with acceptors at extremely low concentrations of 1 ppm. Both the hole concentration per unit volume (N, cm−3) and the Hall mobility (μH) of bulk‐doped rubrene single crystals, which have a band‐like nature, are systematically observed. It is found that these rubrene single crystals have (i) a high ionization rate and (ii) scattering effects because of lattice disturbances, which are peculiar to this organic single crystal.
Tumor Microenvironment‐Triggered Supramolecular System as an In Situ Nanotheranostic Generator for Cancer Phototherapy
Authors: Chu Chengchao , Lin Huirong , Liu Heng , Wang Xiaoyong , Wang Junqing , Zhang Pengfei , Gao Haiyan , Huang Chao , Zeng Yun , Tan Yuanzhi , Liu Gang , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2017

The efficacy of photosensitizers in cancer phototherapy is often limited by photobleaching, low tumor selectivity, and tumor hypoxia. Assembling photosensitizers into nanostructures can improve photodynamic therapy efficacy and the safety profile of photosensitizers. Herein by employing supramolecular assembly, enhanced theranostic capability of Mn2+‐assisted assembly of a photosensitizer (sinoporphyrin sodium, DVDMS) is demonstrated. A tumor environment‐triggered coassembly strategy is further developed to form Mn/DVDMS nanotheranostics (nanoDVD) for cancer phototherapy. MnO2 nanosheets serve as a highly effective DVDMS carrier and in situ oxygen and nanoDVD generator. In MCF‐7 cells and xenograft tumors, MnO2/DVDMS is reduced by glutathione (GSH) and H2O2 and reassembled into nanoDVD, which can be monitored by activated magnetic resonance/fluorescence/photoacoustic signals. Intriguingly, the decrease of GSH, the production of O2, and the formation of nanoDVD are shown to be synergistic with phototherapy to improve antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo, offering a new avenue for cancer theranostics.
Chemical Reduction of Intrinsic Defects in Thicker Heterojunction Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Zonghao , Hu Junnan , Jiao Haoyang , Li Liang , Zheng Guanhaojie , Chen Yihua , Huang Yuan , Zhang Qing , Shen Chao , Chen Qi , Zhou Huanping
Published: April 2017

Minimization of defects in absorber materials is essential for hybrid perovskite solar cells, especially when constructing thick polycrystalline layers in a planar configuration. Here, a simple methylamine solution‐based additive is reported to improve film quality with nearly an order of magnitude reduction in intrinsic defect concentration. In the resultant film, an increase in carrier lifetime as a result of a decrease in shallow electronic disorder is observed. This superior crystalline film quality is further evidenced via a doubled spin relaxation time as compared with other reports. Bearing sufficient carrier diffusion length, a thick absorber layer (≈650 nm) is implemented in planar devices to achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.02% with a stabilized output efficiency of 19.01% under one sun illumination. This work demonstrates a simple approach to improve hybrid perovskite film quality by substantial reduction of intrinsic defects for wide applications in optoelectronics.
Morphology Tunable Hybrid Carbon Nanosheets with Solvatochromism
Authors: Choi Yuri , Kim Sunghu , Choi Yeongkyu , Song Jaeeun , Kwon Tae‐Hyuk , Kwon Oh‐Hoon , Kim Byeong‐Su
Published: April 2017

The tunable photoluminescence of carbon‐based nanomaterials has received much attention for a wide range of applications. Herein, a unique, broad‐solvatochromic hybrid carbon nanosheet (CNS) synthesized through the hydrothermal carbonization of molecular precursors exploiting graphene oxide as a template is reported, resulting in the formation of clusters of carbon nanorings on the surface of graphene‐oxide nanosheets. Under UV and visible‐light excitation, the hybrid CNS exhibits tunable emission spanning the wide range of colors in a series of solvents with different polarities. This interesting spectroscopic behavior is found to originate from hydrogen‐bonding interactions between CNS and solvents, which eventually induce the morphological transition of CNS from 2D sheets to 3D crumpled morphologies, affecting the lifetimes of emissive states. This novel soft carbon nanostructure may open up a new possibility in tailoring the photophysical properties of carbon nanomaterials.
General Entry into o‐,o′‐Heteroatom‐Linked N‐(Hetero)aryl‐Imidazole Motifs by Gold‐Catalysed Formal [3+2]‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Garzón Miguel , Arce Elsa M. , Reddy Raju Jannapu , Davies Paul W.
Published: April 2017

A general redox‐neutral approach into the o‐,o′‐heteroatom‐linked N‐(hetero)aryl‐imidazole family of heteroaromatics has been developed. New types of heteroatom substituted carbimidoyl nitrenoids are efficiently realised from robust, bench‐stable N‐(heteroaryl)‐pyridinium‐N‐aminides by formal gold‐catalysed [3+2]‐dipolar cycloadditions across ynamides. Broad structural variety and functional group tolerance allows rapid access into diverse functionalised scaffolds, as exemplified by the preparation of 8 different heteroaromatic cores.

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Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal–Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping
Authors: Xie Lei , Zhang Chi , Ding Yuanqi , Xu Wei
Published: April 2017

The structural transformation of supramolecular nanostructures with constitutional diversity and adaptability by dynamic coordination chemistry would be of fundamental importance for potential applications in molecular switching devices. The role of halogen doping in the formation of elementary metal–organic motifs on surfaces has not been reported. Now, the 9‐ethylguanine molecule (G) and Ni atom, as a model system, are used for the structural transformation and stabilization of metal–organic motifs induced by iodine doping on Au(111). The iodine atoms are homogeneously located at particular hydrogen‐rich locations enclosed by G molecules by electrostatic interactions, which would be the key for such an unexpected stabilizing effect. The generality and robustness of this approach are demonstrated in different metal–organic systems (G/Fe) and also by chlorine and bromine.
Focus on community to serve institution, make department military‐friendly
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2017

Brian A. Seastone started in law enforcement as a police cadet, a program for high school students. By the time he was 17, he was in charge of the evidence section for his department in Boulder, Colorado, and when he was old enough, the department sent him to the police academy.
The impact of operator experience during institutional adoption of trans‐radial cardiac catheterization
Authors: Huded Chetan P. , Youmans Quentin R. , Sweis Ranya N. , Ricciardi Mark J. , Flaherty James D.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

We studied the impact of operator experience on trans‐radial (TR) cardiac catheterization performance in contemporary practice.

Background

TR cardiac catheterization offers advantages over trans‐femoral (TF) cardiac catheterization, but the TR approach has been slowly adopted in the United States.

Methods

We reviewed all cases of attempted TR cardiac catheterization at a single tertiary care medical center from May 2008 until April 2015. We classified the attending operator TR case experience at the time of each case, and the control group constituted cases performed by operators with >300 TR cases. Study endpoints were TR cannulation failure, TF cross‐over, contrast medium dose, and fluoroscopy time.

Results

Over the study period, 4177 attempted TR cardiac catheterization cases were performed. The percentage of TR cases performed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) increased from 14.0% in 2009 to 30.2% in 2015 (P‐trend <0.001). The rate of TR cannulation failure decreased from 4.3% in 2009 to 2.0% in 2015 (P‐trend = 0.071), and the rate of TF cross‐over decreased from 4.3% in 2009 to 3.2% in 2015 (P‐trend = 0.034). Operators with over 100 cases had the lowest odds of TR cannulation failure, while operators with over 200 cases had the lowest odds of TF cross‐over. Operators with over 200 cases used the lowest mean contrast medium dose and mean fluoroscopy time. Conclusions: Increasing operator TR experience is associated with lower odds of TR cannulation failure and TF cross‐over, as well as lower contrast medium dose and fluoroscopy time. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIGH RESOLUTION RESISTIVITY DETECTING AND REMOTE INTERNET MONITORING OF COALFIELD FIRE
Authors: Qing‐Hua CAO , Shu YAN , Guo‐Qiang XUE , Na ZHU
Published: April 2017

For detecting, controlling and monitoring the coalfield fire area, we deeply integrated Internet innovative achievement into traditional geological exploration technology, and developed a permanent wireless sensor network remote monitoring system with the functions of detecting the range and central temperature of fire area, continuous collection, high temperature detection, remote control, etc. The new sensor node, which can be connected with pole‐dipole device, was designed and deployed in the underground fire zone roadway for monitoring. The solar power supply device with protective circuit supplied continuous enough energy to on‐site data collection network. The data was transmitted to monitoring center through the mobile connection network and Internet for remote control and monitoring. The developed monitoring system that was deployed simultaneously in 12 fire areas of Xinjiang has been working for 45 months, which means technical measures can guarantee long‐term stability maintenance free operation of the monitoring system. Ürümqi monitoring center has received more than 1.1 million field data that can be preserved permanently and queried freely after authorization. This information provided basic data for the management of large area of coal spontaneous combustion fire area in Xinjiang. The results show that fully utilizing the Internet for optimization and integration in geophysical exploration and monitoring has the vital significance to promote coal geological exploration innovation and production capacity.
Bayesian analysis of a density ratio model
Authors: De Oliveira Victor , Kedem Benjamin
Published: April 2017

This work proposes a Bayesian approach for the analysis of a semiparametric density ratio model, a model useful for the integration of data from multiple sources. The proposed Bayesian analysis uses a non‐parametric likelihood and a transformed Gaussian prior for the “non‐parametric part” of the model. The former choice guarantees the validity of the Bayesian analysis in contrast to some semiparametric Bayesian analyses that rely on empirical likelihoods whereas the latter choice allows the representation of an expected smoothness property. We describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to fit this model which was found to empirically display good convergence behaviour. The model is illustrated with the analysis of motor vibration data obtained from three different locations on a motor. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 274–289; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Facile fabrication of rod‐shaped Zn2GeO4 nanocrystals as photocatalyst for hydrogen production
Authors: Liang Jun , Chai Yao , Li Li
Published: April 2017

Nanorod‐shaped Zn2GeO4, an efficient photocatalytic hydrogen‐evolving catalyst, have been facilely prepared in high yield by a simple hydrothermal synthesis route. Based on the experimental results, an interesting synthetic strategy is realized and that the prismatic Zn2GeO4 nanorods prepared in a stoichiometric ratio exhibited much higher H2‐producing activity than the Zn2GeO4 nanorods prepared in the excess germanium, which possibly provided a clue for exploring the surface structure relationships of Zn2GeO4 single crystals and their intrinsic chemical properties.
Dissolved organic matter in soils varies across a chronosequence of Pinus massoniana plantations
Authors: Justine Meta Francis , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Tan Bo , Naeem Khan Muhammad , Li Zhijie
Published: April 2017

Stand age plays a significant role in forest ecosystems nutrient cycling. Unfortunately, less attention was accorded to the changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil layers of mono‐stand plantations. A field soil sampling experiment was conducted to examine the effects of forest age and soil depth on concentrations and distribution patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a chronosequence of 11 stands of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations. The soil total organic carbon (TOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) were also investigated. Concentrations of DOC and DON varied with stand age and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with depth from 503.9 to 337.1 mg/kg and from 67.9 to 45.0 mg/kg, respectively, between the 0‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 60‐cm soil layers. Dissolved organic carbon and DON were significantly correlated, the ratios of DOC to TOC and DON to TN increased significantly from 0.11 to 0.20 and 0.16 to 0.39 in the upper to the lower soil layer, whereas the TOC/TN ratio decreased significantly with stand age. Our results suggest that (1) soil C/N ratios decrease with stand age, (2) DOM concentration decreases with depth, (3) soil pH and moisture content affect DOM concentrations, and (4) DOM concentrations are influenced by export of organic matter from litter and the forest floor surface.
Influence of Material and Thickness of Metal Wire for Ignition on Arc Energy in Power Arc Tests
Authors: TANAKA SHIN‐ICHI , KOTARI MASASHI , TADOKORO TOMO , GODA YUTAKA
Published: April 2017

Metal wires are widely used for arc ignitions in power arc tests on electrical power installations, and their material and thickness are selected variously. However, the material and the thickness of the metal wire are thought to be influential factors in the severity of the power arc test, because they may change the arc duration and the physical characteristics of arc. Therefore it is important to understand the dependence of the severity of the power arc test on the material and the thickness of the metal wire. In this paper, we made the experiment, where arcs were generated in a closed chamber with changing the material and the diameter of the metal wire for arc ignition. By this experiment, we clarified the fusing characteristics for various metal wires, and then studied how the material and the thickness of the metal wire influence the arc energy for the first half‐cycle of current. As a result of this study, we pointed out a possibility of changing the severity in the power arc test according to the metal wire for arc ignition.
A New PV Converter for Grid Connection Through a High‐Leg Delta Transformer Using Cooperative Control of Boost Converters and Inverters
Authors: YAMAGUCHI DAIKI , FUJITA HIDEAKI
Published: April 2017

This paper proposes a new high‐efficiency photovoltaic (PV) converter for grid connection through a high‐leg delta transformer, which is composed of a symmetrically connected boost converter and three half‐bridge inverters. One of the three half‐bridge inverters is connected to the boost converter, and the others are directly connected to the PV terminals. This circuit configuration enables to reduce the power losses in both boost converter and inverter. This paper also proposes a new cooperative control method between the symmetrically connected boost converter and inverter. The control method can reduce the average switching frequency to 75% of that in a conventional one, resulting in a great reduction in switching power loss. Experimental results show that the proposed circuit improves its European efficiency from 91.6% to 94.5%.
Characteristics of Spark Discharge from Faulty Insulators
Authors: MIYAJIMA KIYOTOMI
Published: April 2017

The radiation field from the spark discharge on faulty insulators of distribution lines often influences broadcasting services of radio and television, and communication services. The spark discharge occurs due to loose connection in a metal‐fittings connection of strain insulators. The rust of metal‐fittings and the low‐tension of wire are causes of loose connection. In this paper, the generation conditions of spark discharge were clarified by the basic experiment. And the radiation field which includes frequency component of several GHz due to the spark discharge was measured using a 6.6 kV full‐scale distribution line, and the amplitude probability distribution of electric field was analyzed.
Resilience indicators support valuation of estuarine ecosystem restoration under climate change
Authors: Wainger L. A. , Secor D. H. , Gurbisz C. , Kemp W. M. , Glibert P. M. , Houde E. D. , Richkus J. , Barber M. C.
Published: April 2017

Economic valuation of ecological restoration most often encompasses only the most tangible ecosystem service benefits, thereby omitting many difficult‐to‐measure benefits, including those derived from enhanced reliability of ecosystem services. Because climate change is likely to impose novel ecosystem stressors, a typical approach to valuing benefits may fail to capture the contribution of ecosystem resilience to sustaining long‐term benefits. Unfortunately, we generally lack predictive probabilistic models that would enable measurement and valuation of resilience. Therefore, alternative measures are needed to complement monetary values and broaden understanding of restoration benefits. We use a case study of Chesapeake Bay restoration (total maximum daily load) to show that ecosystem service benefits that are typically monetized leave critical information gaps. To address these gaps, we review evidence for ecosystem services that can be quantified or described, including changes in harmful algal bloom risks. We further propose two integrative indicators of estuarine resilience—the extent of submerged aquatic vegetation and spatial distribution of fish. Submerged aquatic vegetation extent is indicative of qualities of ecosystems that promote positive feedbacks to water quality. Broadly distributed fish populations reduce risk by promoting diverse responses to spatially heterogeneous stresses. Our synthesis and new analyses for the Chesapeake Bay suggest that resilience metrics improve understanding of restoration benefits by demonstrating how nutrient and sediment load reductions will alleviate multiple sources of stress, thereby enhancing the system's capacity to absorb or adapt to extreme events or novel stresses.
Shale Drilling Increasing, Thus More Gas, but with Side Effects
Authors: Willett Robert E.
Published: April 2017

A consensus seems to be building that shale gas production is once again on the upswing regardless of the fact that futures prices for natural gas are heading in the opposite direction.
Natural Gas Is Repeating Coal's Mistakes
Authors: Daniel Joseph
Published: April 2017

There was a time—not that long ago—when coal was king.
Light‐Emitting Diode treatment ameliorates allergic lung inflammation in experimental model of asthma induced by ovalbumin
Authors: Siqueira Vanessa Perosino Cardoso , Evangelista Marina Izadora Silveira , dos Santos Alana , Marcos Rodrigo Labat , Ligeiro‐de‐Oliveira Ana Paula , Pavani Christiane , Damazo Amílcar Sabino , Lino‐dos‐Santos‐Franco Adriana
Published: April 2017

Since asthma is a multifactorial disease where treatment sometimes is not effective, new therapies that improve the respiratory discomfort of patients are of great importance. Phototherapy as Light‐emitting diode (LED) has emerged as a treatment that presents good results for diseases that are characterized by inflammation. Thus, our objective was to investigate the effects of LED on lung inflammation, by an evaluation of lung cell infiltration, mucus secretion, oedema, and the production of cytokines. Male Balb/c mice were or not sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and treated or not with LED therapy (1 h and 4 h after each OVA challenge). Twenty‐four hours after the last OVA challenge, analyzes were performed. Our results showed that LED treatment in asthmatic mice reduced the lung cell infiltration, the mucus production, the oedema, and the tracheal's contractile response. It also increased the IL‐10 and the IFN‐gamma levels. The effects of LED treatment on lung inflammation may be modulated by IL‐10, IFN‐gamma, and by mast cells. This study may provide important information about the effects of LED, and in addition, it may open the possibility of a new approach for the treatment of asthma.
3D in vivo imaging with extended‐focus optical coherence microscopy
Authors: Chen Yu , Trinh Le A. , Fingler Jeff , Fraser Scott E.
Published: April 2017

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has unique advantages of non‐invasive 3D imaging without the need of exogenous labels for studying biological samples. However, the imaging depth of this technique is limited by the tradeoff between the depth of focus (DOF) and high lateral resolution in Gaussian optics. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an extended‐focus OCM (xf‐OCM) imaging system using quasi‐Bessel beam illumination to extend the DOF to ∼100 μm, about 3‐fold greater than standard OCM. High lateral resolution of 1.6 μm ensured detailed identification of structures within live animal samples. The insensitivity to spherical aberrations strengthened the capability of our xf‐OCM system in 3D biological imaging.
Evaluation of intravoxel incoherent motion fitting methods in low‐perfused tissue
Authors: Meeus Emma M. , Novak Jan , Withey Stephanie B. , Zarinabad Niloufar , Dehghani Hamid , Peet Andrew C.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To investigate the robustness of constrained and simultaneous intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) fitting methods and the estimated IVIM parameters (D, D* and f) for applications in brain and low‐perfused tissues.

Materials and Methods

Model data simulations relevant to brain and low‐perfused tumor tissues were computed to assess the accuracy, relative bias, and reproducibility (CV%) of the fitting methods in estimating the IVIM parameters. The simulations were performed at a series of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) levels to assess the influence of noise on the fitting.

Results

The estimated IVIM parameters from model simulations were found significantly different (P < 0.05) using simultaneous and constrained fitting methods at low SNR. Higher accuracy and reproducibility were achieved with the constrained fitting method. Using this method, the mean error (%) for the estimated IVIM parameters at a clinically relevant SNR = 40 were D 0.35, D* 41.0 and f 4.55 for the tumor model and D 1.87, D* 2.48, and f 7.49 for the gray matter model. The most robust parameters were the IVIM‐D and IVIM‐f. The IVIM‐D* was increasingly overestimated at low perfusion.

Conclusion

A constrained IVIM fitting method provides more accurate and reproducible IVIM parameters in low‐perfused tissue compared with simultaneous fitting.

Level of Evidence: 3

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1325–1334
Exploring the biological activity of condensed tannins and nutritional value of tree and shrub leaves from native species of the Argentinean Dry Chaco
Authors: García Elisa M , Cherry Nicole , Lambert Barry D , Muir James P , Nazareno Mónica A , Arroquy Jose I
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Tropical tree or shrub leaves are an important source of nutrients for ruminants and a potential source of biologically active compounds that may affect ruminal metabolism of nutrients. Therefore, eight woody species from the native flora of Argentinean Dry Chaco, rich in secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CT), were assessed for their nutritional value, CT fractions and in vitro true digestibility of dry matter, as well as biological activity (BA).

RESULTS

Differences among species were found in contents of total phenol, protein‐precipitating phenols (PPP), bound proteins to PPP (BP) and BP/PPP (P < 0.0001). The BP/PPP ratio reveals differences among species in potential BA as indicated by protein precipitation. The major CT of each species were isolated and purified for use as a standard. Although Schinopsis balansae had the most (P ≤ 0.05) total CT (19.59% DM), Caesalpinia paraguariensis had greater (P ≤ 0.05) BA with the most PPP (530.21% dry matter). Larrea divaricata, at 0.97, followed by Acacia aroma, at 0.89, had CT with the highest (P ≤ 0.05) BP/PPP ratios, followed by Prosopis alba (0.59).

CONCLUSION

There were differences in nutritive value and bioactivity among species. Those with the greatest CT were not necessarily those with the most BA. Caesalpinia paraguariensis, S. balansae and L. divaricata were the most promising species as native forage CT sources. Cercidiurm praecox (20.87% CP; 18.14% acid detergent fiber) and Prosopis nigra (19.00% CP; 27.96% acid detergent fiber) showed the best (P ≤ 0.05) nutritive values. According to their nutritive traits, these species might be complementary in grass‐based ruminant diets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry