bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myopathy as a first symptom of Huntington's disease in a Marathon runner
Authors: Kosinski Christoph M. , Schlangen Christiane , Gellerich Frank N. , Gizatullina Zemfira , Deschauer Markus , Schiefer Johannes , Young Anne B. , Landwehrmeyer Georg Bernhard , Toyka Klaus V. , Sellhaus Bernd , Lindenberg Katrin S.
Published: May 2007

A semi professional marathon runner at risk for Huntington's disease (HD) (43 CAG repeats) developed signs of a slowly progressive myopathy with exercise‐induced muscle fatigue, pain, elevated creatine kinase level, and worsening of his running performance many years before first signs of chorea were detected. Muscle biopsy displayed a mild myopathy with mitochondrial pathology including a complex IV deficiency and analysis of the patient's fibroblast culture demonstrated deficits in mitochondrial function. Challenging skeletal muscle by excessive training might have disclosed myopathy in HD even years before the appearance of other neurological symptoms. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Changes in cathepsin gene expression and relative enzymatic activity during gilthead sea bream oogenesis
Authors: Carnevali O. , Cionna C. , Tosti L. , Cerdà J. , Gioacchini G.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the modulation of lysosomal enzymes in terms of both gene expression and enzymatic activity during follicle maturation. For this purpose three lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B, D, and L, were studied in relation to yolk formation and degradation, during the main phases of ovarian follicle growth in the pelagophil species, the sea bream Sparus aurata. Specific attention was focused on the gene expression quantification method, on the assay of enzymatic activities, and on the relationship between the proteolytic cleavage of yolk proteins (YPs), cathepsin gene expression and cathepsin activities. For the gene expression study, the cathepsins B‐like and L‐like mRNAs were isolated and partially or fully characterized, respectively; the sequences were used as design specific primers for the quantification of cathepsin gene expression by real‐time PCR, in follicles at different stages of maturation. The enzymatic assays for cathepsins B, D, and L were optimized in terms of specificity, sensitivity and reliability, using specific substrates and inhibitors. In ovulated eggs, the lipovitellin I (LV I) was degraded and the changes in electrophoretic pattern were preceded by an increase in the activity of a cysteine proteinase, cathepsin L, and its mRNA. Cathepsin B did not appear to be involved in YP changes during the final maturation stage. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 97–104, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling and analysis of a mixed‐model assembly line with stochastic operation times
Authors: Zhao Xiaobo , Liu Jianyong , Ohno Katsuhisa , Kotani Shigenori
Published: May 2007

We consider a mixed‐model assembly line (MMAL) comprised a set of workstations and a conveyor. The workstations are arranged in a serial configuration. The conveyor moves at a constant speed along the workstations. Initial units belonging to different models are successively fed onto the conveyor, and they are moved by the conveyor to pass through the workstations to gradually generate final products. All assembling tasks are manually performed with operation times to be stochastic. An important performance measure of MMALs is overload times that refer to uncompleted operations for operators within their work zones. This paper establishes a method to analyze the expected overload times for MMALs with stochastic operation times. The operation processes of operators form discrete time nonhomogeneous Markov processes with continuous state spaces. For a given daily production schedule, the expected overload times involve in analyzing the Markov processes for finite horizon. Based on some important properties of the performance measure, we propose an efficient approach for calculating the expected overload times. Numerical computations show that the results are very satisfactory. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
How to optimize the TS‐fuzzy knowledge base to achieve desired performances: Accuracy and robustness
Authors: Soukkou A. , Leulmi S. , Khellaf A.
Published: May 2007

Designing an effective criterion/learning to find the best rule and optimal structure is a major problem in the design process of fuzzy neural controller. In this paper, we introduce a new robust model of Takagi Sugeno fuzzy logic controller. A hybrid learning algorithm, called hybrid approach to fuzzy supervised learning (HAFSL), which combines the genetic algorithm (GA) and gradient descent technique (GD) is proposed for constructing an efficient and robust fuzzy neural network controller (FNNC). Two phases of design and learning process are presented in this work. A GA is used for finding near optimal structure/parameters of the FNNC that minimizes the number of rules (initialization procedure). The second stage of learning algorithm uses the backpropagation algorithm based on GD method to fine tune the consequent parameters of the controller. The genes of chromosome are arranged into two parts, the first part contains the control genes (the certainty factors) and the second part contains the parameters genes that representing the fuzzy knowledge base. The effectiveness of this chromosome formulation enables the fuzzy sets and rules to be optimally reduced. The performances of the HAFSL are compared to these found by the traditional PI with genetic optimization (GA‐PI). Simulations demonstrate that the proposed HAFSL and GA‐PI algorithms have good generalization capabilities and robustness on the water bath temperature control system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with vincristine, actinomycin D, and doxorubicin. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group
Authors: Malogolowkin Marcio , Cotton Cecilia A. , Green Daniel M. , Breslow Norman E. , Perlman Elizabeth , Miser James , Ritchey Michael L. , Thomas Patrick R.M. , Grundy Paul E. , D'Angio Giulio J. , Beckwith J. Bruce , Shamberger Robert C. , Haase Gerald M. , Donaldson Milton , Weetman Robert , Coppes Max J. , Shearer Patricia , Coccia Peter , Kletzel Morris , Macklis Roger , Tomlinson Gail , Huff Vicki , Newbury Robert , Weeks Douglas
Published: May 2007

Objective

We evaluated the use of alternating cycles of cyclophosphamide/etoposide and carboplatin/etoposide in children entered on National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS)‐5 who were diagnosed between August 1, 1995 and May 31, 2002 and who relapsed after chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and doxorubicin (VAD) and radiation therapy (DD‐4A).

Patients And Methods

One hundred three patients who relapsed or had progressive disease after initial VAD chemotherapy and radiation therapy were registered on stratum C of the NWTS‐5 Relapse protocol. Twelve patients were not evaluable: five due to insufficient data, six due to major protocol violations, and one for refusal of therapy. Among the 91 remaining patients, 14 with stage V Wilms tumor (WT), 1 with contralateral relapse, and 16 who did not achieve a complete response (CR) to the initial three‐drug chemotherapy were not included in this analysis. Relapse treatment included alternating courses of the drug pairs cyclophosphamide/etoposide and carboplatin/etoposide, surgery, and radiation therapy.

Results

The outcomes of 60 patients were analyzed. The lung was the only site of relapse for 33 patients; other sites of relapse included the operative bed, the abdomen, and liver. Four‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 42.3 and 48.0% respectively for all patients and were 48.9 and 52.8% for those who relapsed in the lungs only. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent toxicity.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that approximately one‐half of children with unilateral WT who relapse after initial treatment with VAD and radiation therapy can be successfully retreated. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:236–241. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Processing and physical properties of native grass‐reinforced biocomposites
Authors: Liu Wanjun , Thayer Kelby , Misra Manjusri , Drzal Lawrence T. , Mohanty Amar K.
Published: May 2007

Big blue stem grass fiber‐reinforced high density polyethylene powder biocomposites were fabricated using two separate processing schemes: (1) by compounding biofiber with the thermoplastic powder in an extruder and subsequently injection molding the extrusion pellets and (2) by combining biofiber and the powder thermoplastic powder using a modified sheet molding compounding (SMC) line and subsequently compression molding the sheet material. The physical properties including storage modulus, heat deflection temperature (HDT), notched Izod impact strength, and morphology were evaluated with dynamic mechanical analysis, Izod impact strength measurement, and microscopy observation. It was found that compression‐molded specimens achieved similar modulus values to injection molded specimens for grass‐reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. The stiffness of the compression‐molded specimens is related to the consolidation state of the samples, which depends on compression molding conditions such as temperature, pressure, and mold type. Compression‐molded specimens exhibited a higher HDT and notched Izod impact strength compared to injection‐molded samples. Grass fiber‐reinforced cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) biocomposites made with SMC processing had similar physical properties with grass fiber‐reinforced HDPE composites, which indicates that natural fiber‐reinforced CAB biocomposites have the potential to replace polyolefin‐based composites for automotive applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 47:969–976, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Fabrication of screen‐printing pastes from TiO2 powders for dye‐sensitised solar cells
Authors: Ito Seigo , Chen Peter , Comte Pascal , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Liska Paul , Péchy Péter , Grätzel Michael
Published: May 2007

A preparation technique of TiO2 screen‐printing pastes from commercially‐available powders has been disclosed in order to fabricate the nanocrystalline layers without cracking and peeling‐off over 17 µm thickness for the photoactive electrodes of the dye‐sensitised solar cells. A conversion efficiency of 8·7% was obtained by using a single‐layer of a semi‐transparent‐TiO2 film. A conversion efficiency of 9·2% was obtained by using double‐layers composed of transparent and light‐scattering TiO2 films for a photon‐trapping system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive influence of atactic polystyrene and supercritical carbon dioxide on the conformation of syndiotactic polystyrene
Authors: Ma Wei‐Ming , Yu Jian , He Jia‐Song
Published: May 2007

The crystallization behavior of miscible syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) and atactic polystyrene (aPS) blends with different sPS/aPS weight ratios was investigated in supercritical CO2 by using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Supercritical CO2 and aPS exhibited different effects on the conformational change of sPS and competed with each other. Increasing the content of amorphous aPS in the blends made its effect on the conformational change of sPS gradually surpass that of supercritical CO2. Supercritical CO2 favored the formation of the helical conformation of sPS in lower temperature range and the all trans planar conformation in higher temperature range, instead of forming the latter one only in higher temperature range in ambient atmosphere. However, increasing aPS content in the blends pushed the range for forming the helical conformation to lower temperature and made the all trans planar conformation dominant in aPS/sPS 25/75 blend after treating in supercritical CO2 above 60 °C. The all trans planar zigzag conformation was more favorable than the helical conformation after mixing aPS in sPS in supercritical CO2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1755–1764, 2007
Thermal properties of polystyrene nanocomposites formed from rigid intercalation agent‐treated montmorillonite
Authors: Yei Ding‐Ru , Fu Huei‐Kuan , Chang Yu‐Hsin , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Huang Jieh‐Ming , Chang Feng‐Chih
Published: May 2007

Polystyrene (PS)/clay nanocomposites were prepared with two different new intercalation organophilic clays, the phosphonium salt (APP) and the ammonium 4‐(4‐adamantylphenoxy)‐1‐butanamine (APB) salts, by emulsion polymerization technique. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the layered structures of APB‐ and APP‐treated polymer–clay nanocomposites, and both resulted in exfoliated structures. Molecular weights of PS obtained from these nanocomposites are slightly lower than the virgin PS formed under similar polymerization conditions. Coefficient of thermal expansion showed approximately a 44–55% decrease for APB‐ and APP‐intercalated clay nanocomposites relative to the pure PS. Both Tg and thermal decomposition temperature of the PS component in the nanocomposite are higher than the virgin PS, implying that the presence of clay is able to enhance thermal stabilities of the PS. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1781–1787, 2007
Age and gender specific lung function predictive equations provide similar predictions for both a twin population and a general population from age 6 through adolescence
Authors: Yu Yunxian , Kumar Rajesh , Venners Scott , Pongracic Jacqueline , Wang Binyan , Yang Jianhua , Li Zhiping , Wang Liuliu , Liu Xue , Tang Genfu , Xing Houxun , Xu Xiping , Wang Xiaobin
Published: May 2007

Background

There have been numerous studies of asthma in twins, but no study has evaluated whether lung function predictive models yield similar results between twin and general populations. We sought to evaluate this in late childhood and adolescent subjects.

Methods

We generated cross‐sectional, sex‐ and age‐specific regression models of FEV1, and FVC, in a community‐based cohort of 3140 healthy, non‐smoking Chinese twins using generalized estimating equations to adjust for correlations within twin pairs. We applied the model to a healthy non‐smoking general population cohort of 2187 subjects from the same region, and compared %predicted FEV1 and FVC values between the two populations.

Results

Stratified by age and sex, the associations of height with FEV1 or FVC varied by age group. During the adolescent growth spurt (age 13 for girls and ages 14‐16 for boys), the associations of height with FEV1 or FVC were nonlinear and greater than that seen at other ages. During adolescence, FEV1 and FVC for a given height increased with age. The percent predicted values of FEV1 and FVC in the twin population were similar to that of the general population.

Conclusions

Twin and general populations have similar patterns of lung function change over middle childhood and adolescence. Similar equations may be used to estimate percent predicted values. Finally, a single prediction equation cannot completely describe patterns of lung function from childhood through adolescence due to puberty related changes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:631–639. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
H∞ feedback‐control theory in biochemical systems
Authors: Gershon E. , Shaked U.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we study the possible optimality of biochemical pathways in the H∞ sense. We start by presenting simple linearized models of single enzymatic reaction systems, where we apply classical and modern tools of feedback‐control theory. We then apply the results obtained by our analysis to a linearly unbranched enzyme pathway system, where we explore the effect of a negative feedback loop internally exerted on the system by a self‐product of the pathway. We then probe the sensitivity of the enzymatic system to variations in certain variables and we deal with the problem of assessing the optimality of the static‐output feedback control, in the H∞ sense, inherent to the closed‐loop system. In this point we demonstrate the applicability of our results via a theoretical example that provides an open‐loop and closed‐loop analysis of a four‐block enzymatic system. We then apply the various tools we developed to the optimal analysis of the Threonine synthesis pathway which is regulated by three feedback loops. We demonstrate that this pathway is optimal in the H∞ sense, in the face of considerable uncertainties in the various enzyme concentrations of the pathway. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative sensor deployment for multi‐target monitoring
Authors: Tang Zhijun , Özgüner Ümit
Published: May 2007

In this paper, the problem of deploying multiple sensor agents (MSAs) to monitor multiple stationary targets is studied. First, the problem is modelled as a special version of the generalset‐coveringproblem. Then a novel motion control scheme is introduced to handle the nonlinear, non‐smooth and non‐additive nature of the multiple objectives that form the cost function in this type of sensor deployment problems. Based on that, a cooperative MSA deployment algorithm is developed. A lower bound for the optimal solution of theset‐coveringproblem is also derived. Simulation results are presented, demonstrating that given sufficient initial MSA resource, the proposed algorithm is able to lead the MSAs from an arbitrary initial configuration to a final coalition that only requires a near‐minimum number of MSAs to maintain the coverage of the targets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representations of integers as the sum of k terms
Authors: Erdös Paul , Tetali Prasad
Published: May 2007

A set of natural numbers is called an asymptotic basis of order k if every number (sufficiently large) can be expressed as a sum of k distinct numbers from the set. in this paper we prove that, for every fixed k, there exists an asymptotic basis of order k such that the number of representations of n is Θ(log n).
Gender differences in introductory university physics performance: The influence of high school physics preparation and affective factors
Authors: Hazari Zahra , Tai Robert H. , Sadler Philip M.
Published: May 2007

The attrition of females studying physics after high school is a growing concern to the science education community. Most undergraduate science programs require introductory physics coursework. Thus, success in introductory physics is usually necessary for students to progress to higher levels of science study. Success also influences attitudes; if females are well prepared, feel confident, and do well in introductory physics, they may be inclined to study physics further. This quantitative study using a hierarchical linear model focused on determining factors from high school physics preparation (content, pedagogy, and assessment) and the affective domain that predicted female and male performance in introductory university physics. The data analyzed came from 1973 introductory university physics surveys that included variables used as controls for student demographic and academic background characteristics. The results highlight high school physics and affective experiences that differentially predicted female and male performance. These experiences include learning requirements, long‐written problems, cumulative tests/quizzes, father's encouragement, and family's belief that science leads to a better career. There were also factors that had a similar effect on female and male performance among which mathematics preparation was the overall strongest predictor of university physics performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:847–876, 2007
Assessing hybrid incremental processes for SISOS development
Authors: Madachy Raymond , Boehm Barry , Ann Lane Jo
Published: May 2007

New processes are being assessed to address modern challenges for Software‐Intensive Systems of Systems (SISOS), such as coping with rapid change while simultaneously assuring high dependability. A hybrid agile and plan‐driven process based on the spiral lifecycle has been outlined to address these conflicting challenges with the need to rapidly field incremental capabilities in a value‐based framework. A system dynamics model has been developed to assess the incremental hybrid process and support project decision making. It estimates cost and schedule for multiple increments of a hybrid process that uses three specialized teams, and also considers the mission value of software capabilities. It considers changes due to external volatility and feedback from user‐driven change requests, and dynamically reestimates and allocates resources in response to the volatility. Deferral policies and team sizes can be experimented with, and it includes trade off functions between cost and the timing of changes within and across increments, length of deferral delays, and others. We illustrate how the model can be used to determine optimal agile team size to handle changes. Both the hybrid process and simulation model are being evolved on a very large scale incremental SISOS project and other potential pilots. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berechnung von Aufgaben der freien Turbulenz auf Grund eines neuen Näherungsansatzes .
Authors: Görtler H.
Published: May 2007

Es werden einige Probleme der freien Turbulenz auf Grund des in den vorangehenden Darlegungen von L. Prandtl erörterten neuen Näherungsansatzes: „Austausch über den einzelnen Querschnitt konstant und proportional dem Produkt aus Geschwindigkeitsunterschied und Vermischungsbreite”︁ durchgerechnet. In allen behandelten Fällen ergibt sich gute Übereinstimmung der berechneten Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen mit den Beobachtungen, abgesehen natürlich von den unmittelbaren Randgebieten der Vermischungszonen, wo ja der Austausch in Wirklichkeit erlischt.
Die konfluente hypergeometrische Funktion mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Bedeutung für die Integration der Wellengleichung in den Koordinaten eines Rotationsparaboloides
Authors: Buchholz Herbert
Published: May 2007

In dem vorliegenden Bericht werden die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der beiden, gewöhnlich mit Mk,m (z) und Wk,m (z) bezeichneten konfluenten hypergeometrischen Funktionen besprochen und dabei eine Zusammenstellung der hauptsächlich für sie geltenden Formeln gegeben, um vor allem dem Physiker und dem Ingenieur das Arbeiten mit diesen beiden noch wenig bekannten, physikalisch aber doch recht wichtigen Funktionen zu erleichtern. Im besonderen wird auf ihre Bedeutung für die Integration der Wellengleichung in den Koordinaten eines Rotationsparaboloides hingewiesen. Die im Zusammenhang damit erforderlichen Reihenentwicklungen beider Funktionen bei rein imaginären Werten von k und z werden im Laufe der Arbeit hergeleitet. Bei derartigen Werten von k und z besitzt die Funktion Mk,m (z) für ein festes z unendlich viele einfache Nullstellen in bezug auf k. Das aus dieser Eigenschaft ableitbare, einem bestimmten Rotationsparaboloid zugeordnete System von Eigenfunktionen ist orthogonal. Für den Ausdruck exp (ikR)/ R einer fortschreitenden Kugelwelle wird eine Integraldarstellung angegeben. Ein Schrifttumsverzeichnis über die wichtigsten Arbeiten beschließt den Bericht.
Das Bildungsgesetz für die Fehlerformeln beim Ausgleichen von fehlerhaften Meßreihen mit Hilfe ganzer rationaler Funktionen wachsender Ordnung
Authors: Stange K.
Published: May 2007

Die beim Ausgleichen von Meßwerten mit Hilfe von endlichen Potenzreihen geltenden Gesetze für die Fortpflanzung der Meßfehler und für die Fälschung der Funktionswerte werden in ,,Determinantenform” aufgestellt. Indem man diese Determinanten nach fallenden Potenzen der Punktzahl n entwickelt, findet man äußerst einfache, für ,,große” Punktzahlen n gültige ,,asymptotische” Gesetze.
Morphologisch homogene Funktionen und ihre Erzeugung durch statistische Superposition von Elementfunktionen. II 2. Teil: Einige Hinweise und Beispiele zur Anwendung der Theorie
Authors: Giesekus Hanswalter
Published: May 2007

Es wird ausgeführt, wie man aus dem Produktdurchschnitt oder dem Spektrum morphologisch homogener Funktionen (mhF), die durch statistische Superposition quadratisch integrierbarer Elementfunktionen erzeugt worden sind, Rückschlüsse auf die mittlere Gestalt dieser Elemente ziehen kann, und dies wird speziell am Beispiel einer solaren Funktion erläutert. Abschließend folgen einige Bemerkungen über anderes Schrifttum zum Thema der mhF, insbesondere wird das Bartelssche Persistenzkriterium diskutiert.
Verallgemeinerung und Vereinheitlichung der Wirbelsätze ebener und rotationssymmetrischer Flüssigkeitsbewegungen
Authors: Truesdell C.
Published: May 2007

Es wird ein einfacher, rein kinematischer Erhaltungssatz des Wirbelbetrages bewiesen, der für Bewegungen gilt, die “komplex‐lamellar” sind und noch eine weitere Bedingung erfüllen. Dieser Satz umfaßt die aus der klassischen Hydrodynamik und der Gasdynamik bekannten Wirbelsätze für ebene und rotationssymmetrischer Flüssigkeitsbewegungen und liefert eine Verallgemeinerung für sie.
Die Ermüdung der Metalle Ergebnisse der von der EMPA von 1925–1950 durchgeführten Untersuchungen
Authors: Roš M.
Published: May 2007

Körper ohne und mit Kerbe. Spannungszustand homogen und heterogen, ein‐ und mehrachsig. Einheitliche Fassung der Bruchtheorie für statische und Ermüdungs‐Beanspruchung.
Die in Achsenrichtung rotationssymmetrisch belastete dicke Kreisplatte auf nachgiebiger und auf starrer Unterlage
Authors: Szabó István
Published: May 2007

Im Anschluß an frühere Untersuchungen wird das Problem der in Achsenrichtung rotationssymmetrisch belasteten dicken Kreisplatte auf die Fälle nachgiebiger bzw. starrer Lagerung ausgedehnt. Für die an der Berührungsseite auftretenden Schubkräfte wird das Coulombsche Reibungsgesetz angenommen. Für die eingespannte Platte gelingt es, exakte Lösungen anzugeben, während für die am Mantel kräftefreien Platte (freie Lagerung) Näherungslösungen im Sinne des de Saint‐Venantschen Prinzips gegeben werden.
Who needs a forelimb anyway? Locomotor, postural and manipulative behavior in a one‐armed gibbon
Authors: Sayer Emily C. , Whitham Jessica C. , Margulis Susan W.
Published: May 2007

Given the predominance of brachiation and other forms of suspension in gibbon locomotion, we compared the locomotor, postural, and manipulative behaviors of a captive, juvenile, one‐armed gibbon to the behavioral profiles of his family members. We expected Kien Nahn, whose arm was amputated in response to an untreatable injury approximately 1 year before observations began, to avoid suspensory locomotion, to spend more time immobile, and to be less likely to exhibit postures involving forelimb suspension. Data were collected using scan sampling to record the behaviors and postures of Kien Nahn, his younger brother, and his parents. Additional postural and manipulative behaviors were recorded ad lib. Kien Nahn and his younger sibling had similar activity levels, and although differences in postural profiles existed, they were surprisingly few. Specifically, Kien Nahn spent significantly less time in motion and in non‐suspensory forms of locomotion than his brother. When compared to his parents, Kien Nahn was found to be both active and in motion more often, but was less likely to exhibit the forelimb suspension posture. Despite the increased energetic demands associated with one‐armed brachiation, Kien Nahn preferred suspensory locomotion to other forms of locomotion. Furthermore, he found unique solutions for foraging and locomoting, often making use of his feet and teeth, and he was generally the first to approach and manipulate enrichment objects. We found no evidence to suggest that Kien Nahn's injury has altered his activity levels. Although the one‐armed gibbon displayed slightly different locomotor, postural, and manipulative behaviors than his family members, he seems to have adapted well to his injury. Zoo Biol 0:1–8, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of canola oil using a ruthenium catalyst
Authors: Bello C. , Diosady L. L. , Graydon W. F. , Rubin L. J.
Published: May 2007

Dichlorodicarbonylbis (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (II), RuCl2 (CO)2 (PPh3)2, was investigated as a catalyst for edible oil hydrogenation in a preliminary screening of potential catalysts for producing partially hydrogenated fats with lowtrans‐isomer content. Refined, bleached and deodorized canola oil was hydrogenated using 1.77 × 10−5 − 6.64 × 10−4 mol/kg‐oil of ruthenium catalyst equivalent to 1.79 × 10−4 − 6.71 × 10−3 wt% Ru. The effects of temperature (50–180 C) and pressure (50–750 psig) on reaction rate,trans‐isomer content and fatty acid composition were examined. The activities of RuCl2 (CO)2 (PPh3)2 and nickel (Nysel HK‐4 and AOCS standard nickel catalyst) were compared on a molar basis. At 4.40 × 10−4 mol/kg‐oil (0.0026 wt/Ni or 0.0044 wt% Ru), 140 C and 50 psig, the nickel catalysts were completely inactive, but the ruthenium catalyst produced an IV drop of 40 units in 60 min. At 110 C, 750 psig and 1.34 × 10−4 mol/kg‐oil (1.35 × 10−3 wt% Ru), a hydrogenation rate of 0.89 ΔIV/min and a maximumtrans‐isomer content of 10.4% (IV=45.0) was obtained with the ruthenium catalyst.
Thermal oxidation of lipids in monolayers. I. The nature of binding on silica
Authors: Hau Lung‐Bin , Nawar W. W.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the oxidation of lipids in the ordered state differs from that in the bulk phase. Simple model systems of lipids adsorbed on silica were used as a monolayer model system. This part of the study was designed to provide a better understanding of the nature of lipid adsorption on silica. Isotherms were determined for a number of substrates differing in chain length and functional groups. The number of molecules adsorbed per unit area of silica was found to decrease with increasing chain length. Binding was also dependent on the type of functional group present. For the same length, the amount adsorbed was in the following order: alcohol >acid> ester, whereas binding strength was as follows: acid >ester> alcohol.
Half esters of dibasic acids as additives in water‐based cutting fluids
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Yoneshima T. , Nakagawa H.
Published: May 2007

Several half esters from long chain dibasic acids were prepared, and corrosion and lubricity tests for these products as water‐based cutting fluid additives were made. Triethanolamine salts of half esters of sebacic acid and dodecanedioic acid showed effective rust‐inhibiting and anti‐wear properties for water‐based cutting fluids.
Derivatives of eleostearic acid
Authors: Bufkin B. G. , Thames S. F. , Jen S. J. , Evans J. M. , Long T. S. , Smith O. D.
Published: May 2007

Eleven new derivatives of the carboxyl function of eleostearic acid have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, physical constants, and spectrophotometric data. It is shown that α‐eleostearyl alcohol can be distilled without rearranging to the β‐isomer if high vacuum and low temperature are employed.
Evaluation of processing alternatives to saw delintering of cottonseed
Authors: Clark S. P.
Published: May 2007

Results are presented on economic evaluations of several alternative processes to saw delintering. Comparisons were made in terms of yields and quality of products, and processing costs. Comparisons of net monetary returns per ton of seed, and discounted cash flow rates of return showed no alternative processes to be attractive with linters selling at .04/lb or above. However, at a break‐even linters price of .03/lb, hulling of undelintered seed and dilute sulfuric acid delintering were quite attractive alternatives. Hulling of undelintered seed was likewise attractive because of low processing energy requirements and low atmospheric emissions and workroom dust and noise.
Potential lubricants for continuous casting of steel: polyol esters of partially hydrogenated soybean acids
Authors: Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Gast L. E.
Published: May 2007

In the past decade continuous casting of steel into billets and slabs without going through the ingot stage has drawn widespread attention in the steel industry. Mold lubrication is vital to continuous casting to prevent sticking. Approximately 50% of this operation uses a vegetable oil lubricant, primarily rapeseed oil. Trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane and pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated soybean fatty acids, derived from commercially hydrogenated soybean oils, have been readily prepared in good yields. Preliminary measurements of viscosities, smoke, flash and fire points of these polyol esters indicate that they are possible candidates for use as lubricants in the continuous casting of steel.
Diene‐to‐saturate shunt in fat hydrogenation
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

In matching experimental data to kinetic models for hydrogenation of methylcis‐9,cis‐15‐linoleate, ethylene glycol diundecylenate and 1,7‐octadiene with platinum or palladium catalysts, only if a diene‐to‐saturate shunt of 15‐ to 25% is included can a good fit be secured between the model and experimental composition. With nickel the shunt is much smaller or absent. Although the shunt might be attributed most readily to a liquid diffusion effect, its independence of temperature, viscosity and presence or absence of solvents and catalyst support suggests that some other factor is responsible. Evidence for similar shunts is found for other materials, including soybean triglycerides.
Comparison of the observed distribution of aflatoxin in shelled peanuts to the negative binomial distribution
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J. , Wiser E. H.
Published: May 2007

Suitability of the negative binomial distribution for use in estimating the probabilities associated with sampling lots of shelled peanuts for aflatoxin analysis has been studied. Large samples, called “minilots,” were drawn from 29 lots of shelled peanuts contaminated with aflatoxin. These minilots were subdivided into ca. 12 lb samples which were analyzed for aflatoxin. The mean and variance of these aflatoxin determinations for each minilot were determined. The shape parameterk and the mean aflatoxin concentrationm were estimated for each minilot. A regression analysis indicated the functional relationship betweenk andm to be:k=(2.0866+2.3898m) × 10−6. The observed distribution of sample concentrations from each of the 29 minilots was compared to the negative binomial distribution by means of the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test. The null hypothesis that each of the true unknown distribution functions was negative binomial was not rejected at the 5% significance level for all 29 comparisons.
Efficient synthesis of fatty monoglyceride sulfates from fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Ahmed Fahim U.
Published: May 2007

An efficient high yield synthesis of fatty monoglyceride sulfates from fatty acids or fatty acid methyl esters, glycerine and chlorosulfuric acid in chloroform using stoichiometric amounts of reagents was developed. Sodium coco monoglyceride sulfate was prepared in 79% yield with 93% purity from coco fatty acids. Similarly, sodium palm kernel monoglyceride sulfate in 57% yield and sodium palm monoglyceride sulfate in 71% yield were obtained from palm kernel fatty acid methyl esters and palm fatty acids, respectively. This new synthetic method produced better quality products with higher active ingredients and improved yields without having to use such cost prohibitive, high purity, fatty acid monoglycerides, and it reduced the undesirable aqueous sodium sulfate by‐product by 60% over a current commercial process. The product’s composition and purity were confirmed by cationic titration, infrared and C‐13 NMR spectroscopy.
Application of a rapid transesterification method for identification of individual fatty acids by gas chromatography on three different nut oils
Authors: Fourie P. C. , Basson D. S.
Published: May 2007

The lack of uniformity of analytical techniques employed for quantification of fatty acids led to the successful implementation of a rapid transesterification method using tetramethylammonium hydroxide to determine and compare the total fatty acid content of almond, pecan and macadamia oils. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids comprised the largest part of the total fatty acid content in almond and pecan oils. Although oleic acid was also the main constituent of macadamia oil, its concentration was substantially lower than in the other oils.
Hydrolysis of soybean oil by a combined lipase system
Authors: Park Yong K. , Pastore Glaucla M. , de Almeida Marta Mitsui
Published: May 2007

The hydrolysis of soybean oil by different lipases was compared, and the results demonstrated that lipases D, N and G hydrolyzed the oil to 44, 42 and 7.2%, respectively, after 10 hr reaction, which represents incomplete hydrolysis. But the combined enzyme systems (lipases (G+N and lipases G+D) hydrolyzed the oil to an extent of 95–98% after 10 hr reaction. Plotting the percentage hydrolysis of soybean oil by combined enzyme systems against the logarithm of the reaction time resulted in essentially straight lines.
Limitations of ambient temperature methods for the methanolysis of triacylglycerols in the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability
Authors: Craske John D. , Bannon Cecil D. , Norman Lynette M.
Published: May 2007

A comparison is presented of a method for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters, involving hydroxide catalyzed transesterification at ambient temperature, with a second method employing methoxide catalyzed transesterification at reflux temperature. The first of these methods was specifically designed for the analysis of fats that contain very short chain length fatty acids (butyric and caproic acids), but it has been suggested that it might be suitable as a general method for the preparation of esters. It is now shown that the methoxide/reflux method gives more accurate results than does the hydroxide/ambient method when the samples to be analyzed contain high levels of long chain length fatty acids (e.g. stearic, palmitic, elaidic, oleic) and that it is quicker and at least as simple to carry out. The hydroxide/ambient method should be used only for its specific purpose and, when used, the procedure should be strictly followed and carefully standardized. Results obtained from fats that contain significant quantities of long chain length components should be viewed with suspicion.
Changes in cottonseed oil when used for frying vegetable products containing chlorophyll
Authors: Taha F. S. , Helmy H. E. , El‐Nockrashy A. S.
Published: May 2007

The changes that take place in cottonseed oil when used for frying “Tameya” were investigated. The absorption spectra of cottonseed oil (CSO) and cottonseed oil + chlorophyll (CSO + Chl.) at wave length range 500–700 nm showed a sharp peak at 667 nm for CSO + Chl, which is characteristic of chlorophyll. Storing CSO + Chl for one mo. resulted in a shift in the absorption maxima at 667 to 670 nm and the appearance of a band at 610 nm, characteristic of pheophytin. Heating of CSO + Chl at the frying temperature resulted in the disappearance of all maxima. The peroxide value of CSO + Chl increased due to storage for one mo but decreased when CSO + Chl was heated for one hr.

Two types of Tameya were investigated, Tameya (A) with parsley and Tameya (B) without parsley. The results reveal that Tameya (A) when fried in CSO results in an increase in the absorption spectra of the oil at 670 nm and the start of the appearance of a minor peak at 610 nm. Further heating of the oil resulting from frying Tameya (A) shows that pheophytin in the oil disappears with an increase in heating time. Heating glycerol + pheophytin also shows the disappearance of pheophytin peaks. Frying of Tameya A and B in CSO resulted in a decrease in the peroxide value of the oil.
Application of high‐speed centrifugation to studies of plastic spreads
Authors: Hellman N. N. , Zobel H. F. , Babcock G. E. , Senti F. R.
Published: May 2007

By means of the analytical ultracentrifuge the rate of separation of a plastic spread into liquid and solids phases was observed and the proportions of each phase determined. An estimate of the amount of true solids was complicated by the fact that the solids phase consisted of approximately one‐half oil.

In the preparative ultracentrifuge sufficient quantities of the oil phase were isolated for chemical analysis. Centrifugation at each of several temperatures and analysis of the oil and solids phases would yield a characterization of the different components which crystallize at various temperatures.

By centrifuging the plastic spread with a layer of aqueous alcohol of density intermediate to the oil and solids, the solids phase was separated more nearly oil‐free. The solids phase however still was not sufficiently pure to permit a chemical characterization representative of the solid component. Corrections can be made however for the effect of occluded oil.
Flavor improvement of soybean preparations by genetic removal of lipoxygenase‐2
Authors: Davies C. S. , Nielsen S. S. , Nielsen N. C.
Published: May 2007

Lipoxygenase‐mediated oxidation of fatty acids has long been implicated in the production of off‐flavors in soybean products. This assumption was tested by use of preparations from soybean lines nearly isogenic to the cultivar Century that lack the lipoxygenase isozyme or isozyme combinations L1, L2, L3, L1 + L3, or L2 + L3. Near‐isogenic lines were used to ensure that any effects observed were due to elimination of lipoxygenase isozymes, and not to other unrecognized genetic differences between lines. Full‐fat soy flour and unblanched soymilk preparations from the lines were evaluated by a six‐member taste panel for eight flavor and/or aroma attributes common to soybeans. By comparison to near‐isogenic controls, removal of the L2 isozyme from soymilk preparations produced significantly lower scores for beany, rancid and oily flavor and aroma attributes, as well as higher scores for dairy and cereal flavor and aroma attributes. Similar trends were noted for soy flour flavor attributes. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) numbers, a measure of lipid oxidation, were lower in homogenized soy flour suspensions from lines lacking L2. Removal of the L1 and L3 isozymes did not result in improved flavor scores or lower TBA numbers. Total oil content and the fatty acid profile of the near isolines did not vary appreciably. The results indicated that genetic removal of the L2 isozyme may reduce off‐flavors in soy products.
Synthesis and properties of new cationic surfactants. II. Odd homologous members
Authors: Tsatsaroni E. , Pegiadou‐Koemtjopoulou S. , Demertzis G.
Published: May 2007

In connection with our previous work on the synthesis and study of new pyrimidinium cationic surfactants, some new members of the N‐alkyl‐pyrimidinium salts homologous series were prepared. The above compounds contain long‐chain alkyl groups of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 18 carbon atoms.

The series of these compounds having an alkyl chain of C7–C18 has been completed, and a correlation between their constitution and some properties has been made.

The structural assignment of these compounds was made on the basis of the elemental analysis and IR, NMR, MS spectroscopic data. Surface tension, water solubility and antimicrobial activities were determined for these surfactants. The wet fastness of direct dyed cotton fabrics after‐treated with these cationics also was studied.
Synthesis of conjugated octadecadiynoic acids
Authors: Morris S. G.
Published: May 2007

Conjugated 6,8‐, 7,9‐, 8,10‐, and 9,11‐octadecadiynoic acids were prepared. In the oxidative coupling of 6‐heptynoic acid and 1‐undecyne to yield the above 6,8‐acid, an excess of undecyne is required. Equal molecular amounts yield chiefly the summetrical tetradecadiyndioic acid. A method is described for the preparation of a clear cuprous chloride solution having increased catalytic activity.
Mixing effects in dead end hydrogenation of oils: Sulfite oxidation model
Authors: Wisniak J. , Stefanovic S. , Rubin E. , Hoffman Z. , Talmon Y.
Published: May 2007

Most industrial hydrogenators are of the dead end type where the gas is bubbled at the bottom of the apparatus, builds up a certain pressure on top of the oil, and is not recirculated. The hydrogen needed by the reaction comes partly from the fraction of the bubbles that is absorbed and partly from the gas space. It was found that sodium sulfite oxidation follows the same mixing pattern, i.e., the highest rate of oxidation always occurred in the upper half of the liquid and correlated strongly with the Reynolds number of the turbine. it is shown that for Reynolds numbers above 600 the optimum impeller position is about two thirds the liquid height measured from the bottom of the vessel. Information is given regarding the variations in selectivity, isomerization and hydrogenation of oils when the speed, relative location and dimensions of the turbine are varied.
Continuous alkoxylation process
Authors: Umbach Wilfried , Stein Werner
Published: May 2007

A continuous process for the ethoxylation and propoxylation of fatty alcohols, alkyl phenols and fatty acids, based on the flow principle, is described. The short‐time process developed on a pilot‐plant scale leads to a high space‐time yield in the presence of alkaline catalysts with complete conversion of the alkylene oxides at extremely short residence times of 10–80 sec. The products are of excellent quality.
Quantitative recovery of volatiles from fats and oils by combined high vacuum degassing and thin film molecular distillation
Authors: Brandt Poul Erik , Jensen Birth Horndrup
Published: May 2007

An apparatus is described which in one unit combines conventional high vacuum degassing on cold finger with falling film molecular distillation. The upper part of the cold finger is for the collection of the most volatile substances, while the lower part is for the condensing of substances which are molecular distilled from a wiped falling film. All the connections in the glass apparatus are made from Teflon or Viton‐O‐rings, and the turning of the rotor in the molecular distillation part is carried out by means of a magnetic coupling. In this way, the risk for contamination is reduced greatly. As all volatile substances after the treatment of the oil are on the same cold finger, the collection can be made by a high vacuum distillation into a small glass chilled with liquid nitrogen. In the bp range of 40–450 C, the apparatus gives recoveries of volatiles in or below the ppm range between 71–114% with coefficients of variance between 5–23%. The recoveries are found with internal standards added before treatment of the oil. Below 70 C, the recoveries drop to some extent. The volatiles are substances with different kinds of functional groups, e.g. hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, lactones, and sulfur containing substances.
Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons ofConvolvulus pluricaulis (chois)
Authors: Srivastava D. N. , Deshpande S. M.
Published: May 2007

Convolvulus pluricaulis (Chois) (Family: Convolvulaceae) (Hindi: Shankhapushpi), widely grown in the northern part of India, was analyzed for its fatty acids and waxy constituents. Straight chain hydrocarbons (C22–C33), fatty acids (C14–C28), and fatty alcohols (C24–C32) were found in the whole plant 95% aqueous ethanol extract. Hydrocarbons (C27, C31, and C33), fatty acids (C14, C16, and C18:2), and alcohols (C26, iso‐C28, iso‐C30, and C32) were the major components.
A study of oil extraction from fish livers
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: May 2007

Results obtained by steam, water, alkali, and acid digestion of shark and groper livers have been compared on the basis of vitamin A recovery, and alkali digestion, under the conditions reported, has been found to be the best method for livers with an oil content from 30% upwards. The partial removal of natural antioxidants from oil by alkali treatment does not seem to impair the stability of vitamin A on exposure to daylight and air at room temperature.