bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalência da cárie associada à escolaridade materna e ao nível socioeconômico em escolares
Authors: Scapinello Aline , Elsemann Estelamari Barbieri , Elsemann Rogério Brasiliense , Sangoi Henrique , Gazzoni Alexandra Flavia
Published: July 2016

Objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de cárie e sua associação com escolaridade materna e índice socioeconômico em escolares de Nova Roma do Sul (RS). Foram avaliadas 120 crianças de 7 a 10 anos pertencentes a duas escolas do município para compilar índice CPO-D e ceo-d. Foi enviado às mães um questionário para avaliar escolaridade materna e renda familiar. A prevalência da cárie foi 2,45%. A média de CPO-D foi 0,41±0,83, enquanto a média de ceo-d foi 2,94 ± 2,96. Observou-se que tanto CPO-D quanto ceo-d não apresentaram associação com escolaridade materna e renda familiar, porém valores de ceo-d foram altos. Resultados apontam que a alta prevalência de cárie no estudo independe da escolaridade materna e do nível socioeconômico das famílias.
Tratamento das manifestações orais da doença enxerto contra o hospedeiro crônica: revisão sistêmica da literatura
Authors: Alencar Felipe Souza Lima , Soares Álvaro Cavalheiro , Antunes Héliton Spíndola
Published: July 2016

A doença enxerto contra hospedeiro crônica (DECHc) pode acometer vários órgãos. Ela é a principal causa de perda de qualidade de vida de pacientes pós-transplantados e pode causar a morte desses pacientes. A cavidade oral é o segundo local mais prevalente, os principais objetivos do tratamento são aliviar os sintomas, manter as funções orais e restaurar a integridade da mucosa. OBJETIVO: Analisar os principais fármacos usados no tratamento das manifestações orais da DECHc, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados COCHRANE LIBRARY, DENTISTRY & ORAL SCIENCES e PUBMED, com descritores para o tratamento da DECHc com envolvimento oral. Definiu-se uma metodologia de seleção a partir da leitura dos títulos, resumos e artigos disponíveis. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas 32 publicações, desses, 12 foram revisões de literatura. Dezoito tratavam sobre as terapias com resultados em cavidade oral. Um total de 13 fármacos foram encontrados, 07 dos quais foram empregados por meio de terapia local e 06 via sistêmica. Dois artigos tratavam de terapias auxiliares para o alívio da hipossalivação. CONCLUSÃO: As medicações encontradas podem servir de parâmetros para futuros fármacos a serem empregados na prática clínica. O tratamento da DECHc bucal ainda apresenta eficácia limitada, todavia sugere-se o uso de medicação tópica para reduzir efeitos sistêmicos. São necessários estudos prospectivos, randomizados e controlados para comprovar a eficácia de certas medicações.
Protocolo das possibilidades técnicas de aplicação dos sistemas adesivos universais: revisão de literatura com relato de caso
Authors: Lopes Letícia De Souza , Malaquias Pâmela , Calazans Fernanda Signorelli , Reis Alessandra , Loguércio Alessandro Dourado , Barceleiro Marcos De Oliveira
Published: July 2016

Este relato de caso demonstra a utilização clínica de um novo sistema adesivo universal, Xeno Universal (Dentsplay DeTrey, Alemanha) descrevendo as quatro formas possíveis de aplicação: autocondicionante, com ou sem condicionamento seletivo do esmalte, ou com condicionamento ácido total, seguido da aplicação do adesivo sobre dentina seca ou úmida. Os adesivos universais de uma maneira geral são de fácil aplicação e versáteis, uma vez que o mesmo produto pode ter várias formas de aplicação, reduzindo o tempo clinico e em muitas situações a sensibilidade técnica. No entanto, mais estudos laboratoriais e clínicos que comprovem a eficácia deste novo adesivo universal em particular são necessários, antes que seu uso seja bem indicado aos cirurgiões-dentistas.
Persuasion with case studies
Authors: Siggelkow Nicolaj
Published: July 2016

The goal of every author is to write a paper that readers (and reviewers) find convincing. Since writers of papers based on case research do not have recourse to the canonical statement “results are significant at p _ 0.05” that helps assuage readers’ skepticism of empirical papers, researchers using case research often feel they are fighting an uphill battle to persuade their readers. In this short essay, I provide some thoughts guided by my experience of reading, reviewing, and writing papers based on case‐based research over the last decade. These are clearly only the views of this particular writer and thus should be taken with a considerable grain of salt. I am seeking here more to provoke thought than to provide answers.
Entrevista: Gersem José dos Santos Luciano – Gersem Baniwa
Authors: Bergamaschi Maria Aparecida
Published: July 2016

Entrevista realizada por Maria Aparecida Bergamaschi em Pelotas (RS), 15 de maio de 2012, durante oII Fórum Internacional da Temática IndígenaGersem José dos Santos Luciano é doutor em Antropologia Social pela Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Baniwa, nascido na aldeia Yaquirana, no AltoRio Negro, Amazonas. Professor indígena, integrou o Conselho Nacional deEducação (CNE) e esteve à frente da Coordenação da Educação Escolar Indígena,no Ministério da Educação (Secadi/MEC).
Lembranças da escola: sentidos históricos e questão indígena
Authors: Fernandes Eunícia
Published: July 2016

Com base em questionários respondidos por alunos e ex-alunos do curso de História da PUC-Rio, o artigo analisa conteúdos acumulados acerca da questão indígena no Brasil no grupo específico de professores ou aspirantes, identificando suportes para suas referências e perspectivas. Em diálogo com tal mapeamento, o artigo advoga o valor da escola e da experiência como lócus no processo de fundamentação de parâmetros como multivocalidade e descentramento, tidos como axiais na vida em uma sociedade que reconheça e respeite as diferenças.
Acumulação de Custos por Processo: Uma proposta em uma Siderúrgica
Authors: Souza Paulo Vitor Souza de , Cruz Uniran Lemos da , Portugal Guilherme Teixeira
Published: July 2016

Este artigo tem por objetivo propor o sistema de acumulação de custos de uma indústria siderúrgica, com aplicação do método de unidades equivalentes de produção. Por sua natureza o estudo é definido como exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, com aplicação de um estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma indústria siderúrgica do estado do Pará. Os dados foram obtidos por relatórios gerenciais disponibilizados pela administração da indústria que descrevem os centros de custos, estoques da produção, fluxogramas dos processos de produção e valores em estoque. Propõe-se a segregação dos estoques a partir dos principais processos de produção. Foram elaboradas seis tabelas de fluxos de custos para cada estoque proposto, com aplicação do grau de acabamento para avaliação das unidades equivalentes em cada ciclo da produção. A criação de mais estoques com aplicação do método das unidades equivalentes resulta em benefícios aos gestores pela evidenciação dos processos e controle destes estoques de forma individual, identificando processos onerosos à indústria e reconhecimento do custo mais acurado, pela utilização dos custos com os esforços empregados no período. Sugere-se que sejam feitos estudos em empresas de outros setores com aplicação do sistema de acumulação de custos e do grau de acabamento.
Protective Effects of Costunolide against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Injury in PC12 Cells
Authors: Cheong Chong-Un , Yeh Ching-Sheng , Hsieh Yi-Wen , Lee Ying-Ray , Lin Mei-Ying , Chen Chung-Yi , Lee Chien-Hsing
Published: July 2016

Oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury has been considered as a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by antioxidants may be a potential strategy for retarding the diseases’ progression. Costunolide (CS) is a well-known sesquiterpene lactone, used as a popular herbal remedy, which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of CS against the cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to elucidate potential protective mechanisms in PC12 cells. The results showed that the treatment of PC12 cells with CS prior to H2O2 exposure effectively increased the cell viability. Furthermore, it decreased the intracellular ROS, stabilized the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), and reduced apoptosis-related protein such as caspase 3. In addition, CS treatment attenuated the cell injury by H2O2 through the inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These results demonstrated that CS is promising as a potential therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases resulting from oxidative damage and further research on this topic should be encouraged.
Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects
Authors: Brglez Mojzer Eva , Knez Hrnčič Maša , Škerget Mojca , Knez Željko , Bren Urban
Published: July 2016

Being secondary plant metabolites, polyphenols represent a large and diverse group of substances abundantly present in a majority of fruits, herbs and vegetables. The current contribution is focused on their bioavailability, antioxidative and anticarcinogenic properties. An overview of extraction methods is also given, with supercritical fluid extraction highlighted as a promising eco-friendly alternative providing exceptional separation and protection from degradation of unstable polyphenols. The protective role of polyphenols against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, UV light, plant pathogens, parasites and predators results in several beneficial biological activities giving rise to prophylaxis or possibly even to a cure for several prevailing human diseases, especially various cancer types. Omnipresence, specificity of the response and the absence of or low toxicity are crucial advantages of polyphenols as anticancer agents. The main problem represents their low bioavailability and rapid metabolism. One of the promising solutions lies in nanoformulation of polyphenols that prevents their degradation and thus enables significantly higher concentrations to reach the target cells. Another, more practiced, solution is the use of mixtures of various polyphenols that bring synergistic effects, resulting in lowering of the required therapeutic dose and in multitargeted action. The combination of polyphenols with existing drugs and therapies also shows promising results and significantly reduces their toxicity.
The Performance of Styrene Butadiene Rubber on the Engineering Properties of Asphaltic Concrete AC14
Authors: Jayanti Dewi Sri , Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra , Mohamd Sharif Siti Aspalaili , Hassan Norhidayah Abdul , Amiera Jeffry Siti Nur , Che Norazman Che Wan
Published: July 2016

This study investigated the effects of adding various percentages of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) on the engineering properties and performance of asphaltic concrete. SBR was added into the mixture at 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% on a mass-to-mass basis. Conventional bitumen used in this study was 80/100 PEN. The performances of SBR on the asphalt mixture properties were evaluated based on Marshall Stability, abrasion loss, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep test. Results indicated an improvement in the engineering properties and performance with the addition of SBR content. For instance, stability increased by 18.8% as the SBR content increased from 0% to 5%. Dynamic creep stiffness also increased by 46.2%. Similarly, the resilient modulus was also found to increase by approximately 84.6%.
Current Use of Intravascular Ultrasound in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Hassan Ahmed , Dohi Tomotaka , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

Recently, most coronary interventions rely on visual assessment of the coronary lesions using angiography with all known inherent limitations. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) allows for the evaluation of the coronary pathology to obtain information about both the extent and nature of atherosclerotic plaque; thus, planning the intervention strategy is based on objective data. Following the advent of gray-scale IVUS, several modes had been developed to study coronary plaque composition, thus determining the predominant component of the plaque, fibrous tissue, lipid-necrotic core, or calcium, and the intervention strategy. After intervention, IVUS plays an important role in optimizing the results after stent deployment regarding stent expansion and apposition to reduce the incidence of both stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis. This review discusses the basic role of IVUS in evaluating plaque structure and parameters to optimize results after coronary intervention in light of recent evidence.
Influence of catalyst pore network structure on the hysteresis of multiphase reactions
Authors: Ye Guanghua , Zhou Xinggui , Zhou Jinghong , Yuan Weikang , Coppens Marc‐Olivier
Published: July 2016

The effects of the catalyst pore network structure on multiphase reactions in catalyst pellets are investigated by using the experimentally validated pore network model proposed in our recent work (AIChE J, 62, 451, 2016). The simulations display hysteresis loops of the effectiveness factor. The hysteresis loop area becomes significantly larger, when having small volume‐averaged pore radius, wide pore‐size distribution, and low pore connectivity; however, the loop area is insensitive to pellet size, even though it affects the value of the effectiveness factor. The hysteresis loop area is also strongly affected by the spatial distribution of the pore size, in particular for a bimodal pore‐size distribution. The pore network structure directly influences mass transfer, capillary condensation, and pore blocking, and subsequently passes these influences on to the hysteresis loop of the effectiveness factor. Recognizing these effects is essential when designing porous catalysts for multiphase reaction processes. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 78–86, 2017
Real Effects of Inflation on External Debt in Developing Economies
Authors: Assibey‐Yeboah Mark , Mallick Sushanta , Mohsin Mohammed
Published: July 2016

This paper uses an intertemporal optimizing model with country‐specific risk premium to evaluate the real effects of inflation in a small open developing economy. In the model, a central bank targets inflation, and the consumer requires real balances in advance for consumption spending. We show that a positive inflation shock (either due to growth in money supply or depreciation of the domestic currency) yields a decrease in real output and consumption—as inflation creates a tax wedge in the intratemporal condition between consumption and leisure—leading to a decrease in the stock of real debt in domestic currency. Employing these theoretical predictions and using annual data from a set of six developing countries (Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia and Thailand), we estimate a sign‐restriction based structural vector autoregression model along with a panel vector autoregression model for robustness analysis. The empirical results support the trade‐off of inflation with reference to the key real variables including the external debt position, which is a significant result given the ambiguity in the empirical literature as to whether governments can escape from debt crisis via higher inflation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between artificial aging and intergranular corrosion sensitivity of a new Al‐Cu‐Li alloy sheet
Authors: Liu Q. , Zhu R.‐H. , Liu D.‐Y. , Xu Y. , Li J.‐F. , Chen Y.‐L. , Zhang X.‐H. , Zheng Z.‐Q.
Published: July 2016

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) sensitivity of an Al‐3.81Cu‐1.28Li‐X alloy with T6 aging for different time at 150, 175, and 200 °C was investigated. With aging, the alloy potential lowers due to precipitation, accompanied with coarsening and discontinuous distribution of grain boundary precipitates, which contributes to corrosion evolution with aging time. Corrosion mode evolution with aging stage (corresponding to hardness evolution) at aging temperature of 150 and 175 °C follows the following order: pitting and local IGC (early aging), general IGC (under‐aged), local IGC with pitting (near peak‐aged), and pitting (over‐aged). At elevated aging temperature of 200 °C, the corrosion mode evolves much faster. IGC only appears in the intensively under‐aged stage, but the later under‐, peak‐, and over‐aged stage are featured with pitting corrosion. As IGC occurs, its depth is initially increased and then decreased with aging time.
Influence of ADORA2A gene polymorphism on leukoencephalopathy risk in MTX‐treated pediatric patients affected by hematological malignancies
Authors: Tsujimoto Shin‐ichi , Yanagimachi Masakatsu , Tanoshima Reo , Urayama Kevin Y. , Tanaka Fumiko , Aida Noriko , Goto Hiroaki , Ito Shuichi
Published: July 2016

Background

Methotrexate (MTX) can lead to neurotoxicity and asymptomatic leukoencephalopathy. However, the mechanism of MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy is obscure. MTX and its metabolites inhibit 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide formiltransferase (ATIC) and promote adenosine release. Recently, it has been reported that adenosine and its receptor are related to certain central nervous system diseases. We investigated whether adenosine pathway gene polymorphisms and clinical factors were related to MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy in pediatric patients affected by hematological malignancies.

Procedure

Fifty‐six Japanese childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma patients were investigated. Patients were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before maintenance therapy or stem cell transplantation. Gene polymorphisms within the adenosine pathway (ATIC, adenosine A2A receptor [ADORA2A]) and the MTX pathway (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR] and ABCB1) were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Clinical data were collected by accessing the medical records. MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy was evaluated by a pediatric neurologist.

Results

Twenty‐one (37%) of 56 patients developed MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy. Four of 21 patients developed clinical neurotoxicity. The minor allele CC genotype of rs2298383 (ADORA2A) was associated with MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy (P = 0.010, odds ratio = 5.81, 95% confidence interval 1.50–22.50). High cumulative dose of systemic MTX was associated with MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy after adjusting for sex, ADORA2A polymorphism, and prolonged high MTX concentration (P = 0.042, odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.37).

Conclusions

ADORA2A rs2298383 and high cumulative dose of systemic MTX administration were significantly associated with MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy. Our results indicate that pharmacological intervention within the adenosine pathway may be both a treatment and preventative option for MTX‐related leukoencephalopathy.
Identification of carbon‐hydrogen complexes in n‐ and p‐type silicon
Authors: Stübner Ronald , Kolkovsky Vladimir , Scheffler Leopold , Weber Joerg
Published: July 2016

The origin of several deep traps E42, E90, E262, and H180 in hydrogenated n ‐type and p ‐type FZ and CZ Si is investigated. Comparing the depth profiles of these defects in samples with different C, O, H, and shallow donor (acceptor) concentrations we conclude that they belong to carbon‐hydrogen‐related defects consisting of one C and one H atom. The similar annealing behavior and identical depth profiles of E42 and E262 correlate them with two different charge states of the same defect. From a comparison with earlier calculations we attribute E42 to the double acceptor and E262 to the single acceptor state of the CH1AB complex. In good agreement with the results of previous studies E90 is assigned to the acceptor state of the CH1BC complex. Our preliminary Laplace DLTS studies on SiGe with a Ge content <5% show different local Ge environments for E90 and H180 in the nearest and second‐nearest neighborhood. We interpret this as an indication for a different origin of these defects. After annealing the samples under reverse bias at 320 K another CH‐related defect (CHB) can be detected by Laplace DLTS in n ‐type Si. Previously, this defect was often wrongly assigned to the single donor state of CH1BC. The field dependence of the emission rate of CHB identifies the level as a single donor state. However, the depth distribution of CHB differs clearly from that of E90. Our results on the carbon‐hydrogen complex give a conclusive explanation of previously reported controversial experimental data. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accuracy of handsv. household measures as portion size estimation aids
Authors: Gibson Alice A. , Hsu Michelle S. H. , Rangan Anna M. , Seimon Radhika V. , Lee Crystal M. Y. , Das Arpita , Finch Charles H. , Sainsbury Amanda
Published: July 2016

Accurate estimation of food portion size is critical in dietary studies. Hands are potentially useful as portion size estimation aids; however, their accuracy has not been tested. The aim of the present study was to test the accuracy of a novel portion size estimation method using the width of the fingers as a ‘ruler’ to measure the dimensions of foods (‘finger width method’), as well as fists and thumb or finger tips. These hand measures were also compared with household measures (cups and spoons). A total of sixty-seven participants (70 % female; age 32·7 (sd13·7) years; BMI 23·2 (sd 3·5) kg/m2) attended a 1·5 h session in which they estimated the portion sizes of forty-two pre-weighed foods and liquids. Hand measurements were used in conjunction with geometric formulas to convert estimations to volumes. Volumes determined with hand and household methods were converted to estimated weights using density factors. Estimated weights were compared with true weights, and the percentage difference from the true weight was used to compare accuracy between the hand and household methods. Of geometrically shaped foods and liquids estimated with the finger width method, 80 % were within ±25 % of the true weight of the food, and 13 % were within ±10 %, in contrast to 29 % of those estimated with the household method being within ±25 % of the true weight of the food, and 8 % being within ±10 %. For foods that closely resemble a geometric shape, the finger width method provides a novel and acceptably accurate method of estimating portion size.
A non-linear function for maximizing the parent-offspring regression
Authors: Rostron John
Published: July 2016

In the quantitative inheritance of finger-ridge counts, it is conventional to take the largest of the ulnar and radial ridgecounts as a measure of the pattern size. In the case of a loop, there is but one measurement, a radial count on an ulnar loop, and an ulnar count on a radial loop. In a whorl there are (usually) two counts, and it is in this instance when the convention is used. In the case of an arch, both ulnar and radial counts are zero.
Changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a Western diet can increase polysaccharides escaping digestion and improvein vitrofermentation variables
Authors: Birkett Anne M. , Mathers John C. , Jones Gwyn P. , Walker Karen Z. , Roth Melinda J. , Muir Jane G.
Published: July 2016

This study investigated how readily achievable changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a typical Western diet: (1) were reflected in levels of resistant starch (RS) and NSP excreted from the small intestine; and (2) more favourable profiles of butyrate, NH3and phenol production. Two diets, a low-starch diet (LSD) and a high-starch, low-fat diet (HSLFD) were compared. The LSD with 20 % total energy (%E) from starch was based on a ‘typical’ Australian diet, while the HSLFD (40 %E as starch) was the same Australian diet modified by an increased content of legumes, starchy foods and coarsely-ground cereals and by a reduced fat content. Four subjects with iliostomies consumed each diet for 2 d, with ileal effluent collection on the second day. On the HSLFD compared with the LSD, RS in ileal effluent increased from from 0·49 to 1·7 g/MJ per d (P< 0·005) while ileal NSP excretion increased from 2·0 to 3·3 g/MJ per d (P< 0·05). Ileal effluents obtained after each diet were incubated for 24 hin vitrowith a human faecal innoculum. After fermentation, ileal effluent from the HSLFD produced more butyrate relative to other short-chain fatty acids (17·5v.15·8 molar %,P< 0·005) and less phenol (2·3v.5·7 mg/l,P< 0·05) and NH3(20·3v.23·1 mmol/l,P< 0·005) than the LSD diet. The HSLFD also generated a lower pH (6·15v.6·27,P< 0·05). On a wt/wt basis, RS was 2·3-fold higher in the HSLFD effluent while NSP did not increase, suggesting that the change in RS largely contributed to the fermentation effects. Changes inin vitrovariables when the HSLFD ileal effluent was ground before fermentation indicated the importance of physical structure in determining ileal excretion of RS. We conclude that: (1) readily achievable modifications to the amount and processing of starchy foods in an Australian diet would produce potential benefits forin vitrofermentation variables; and (2) the physical structure of grains and cereals is important in determining access by colonic bacteria to a carbohydrate substrate.
The agnostoid arthropod Lotagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 (late Cambrian; Furongian) from Avalonian Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia, Canada) and its significance for international correlation
Authors: WESTROP STEPHEN R. , LANDING ED
Published: July 2016

New and archival collections from the Chelsey Drive Group of the Avalon terrane of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, yield late Cambrian trilobites and agnostoid arthropods with full convexity that contrast with compacted, often deformed material from shale and slate typical of Avalonian Britain. Four species of the agnostoid Lotagnostus form a stratigraphic succession in the upper Furongian (Ctenopyge tumida–Parabolina lobata zones). Two species, L. ponepunctus (Matthew, 1901) and L. germanus (Matthew, 1901) are previously named; L. salteri and L. matthewi are new. Lotagnostus trisectus (Salter, 1864), the type species of the genus, is restricted to compacted material from its type area in Malvern, England. Lotagnostus americanus (Billings, 1860) has been proposed as a globally appropriate index for the base of ‘Stage 10’ of the Cambrian. All four species from Avalonian Canada are differentiated clearly from L. americanus in its type area in Laurentian North America (i.e., from debris flow blocks in Taconian Quebec). In our view, putative occurrences of L. americanus from other Cambrian continents record very different species. Lotagnostus americanus cannot be recognized worldwide, and other taxa should be sought to define the base of Stage 10, such as the conodont Eoconodontus notchhpeakensis.
Two new species of the Cambrian genusMickwitzia
Authors: McMenamin Mark A. S.
Published: July 2016

Mickwitziids are a unique group of brachiopods, known exclusively from the Lower Cambrian. Herein are described the new speciesMickwitzia lochmanaandM. multipunctata; both species are from southwestern North America.Mickwitzia muralensisWalcott, 1913, the largest mickwitziid, is reported here for the first time from the United States. This paper also discusses the distribution of mickwitziids, their shell structure, and the possible functions of mickwitziid punctae.
Effect of the Corrosion on Thin Films Nanostructured of Stainless Steel 304 Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Lopez-Melendez C. , Carreño-Gallardo C. , Esparza-Ponce H.E.
Published: July 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Selective removal of anionic dyes using poly(N,N-dimethyl amino ethylmethacrylate) functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Li Chengpeng , Zhu Haijin , She Xiaodong , Wang Tao , She Fenghua , Kong Lingxue
Published: July 2016

An in situ polymerization strategy was used to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) with poly(N,N-dimethyl amino ethylmethacrylate) (PDMAEMA) for the selective removal of anionic dyes.
Preparation and characterization of lignin demethylated at atmospheric pressure and its application in fast curing biobased phenolic resins
Authors: Li Jiongjiong , Wang Wen , Zhang Shifeng , Gao Qiang , Zhang Wei , Li Jianzhang
Published: July 2016

Agricultural crop-based lignin was utilized to modify phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin to prepare fast curing biobased phenolic resins by copolymerization.
One-step functionalization of carbon fiber using in situ generated aromatic diazonium salts to enhance adhesion with PPBES resins
Authors: Li Nan , Wu Zuoqiang , Huo Lei , Zong Lishuai , Guo Yujie , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao
Published: July 2016

In the present study, we developed a novel approach to introduce amino group (–NH2), hydroxyl group (–OH) and sulfhydryl group (–SH) onto carbon fibers (CFs) using aromatic diazonium salts.
Nitrous oxide emission and fertiliser nitrogen efficiency in a tropical sugarcane cropping system applied with different formulations of urea
Authors: Wang Weijin , Park Glen , Reeves Steven , Zahmel Megan , Heenan Marijke , Salter Barry
Published: July 2016

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from sugarcane cropped soils are usually high compared with those from other arable lands. Nitrogen-efficient management strategies are needed to mitigate N2O emissions from sugarcane farming whilst maintaining productivity and profitability. A year-long field experiment was conducted in wet tropical Australia to assess the efficacy of polymer-coated urea (PCU) and nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate)-coated urea (NICU). Emissions of N2O were measured using manual and automatic gas sampling chambers in combination. The nitrogen (N) release from PCU continued for >5–6 months, and lower soil NO3– contents were recorded for≥3 months in the NICU treatments compared with the conventional urea treatments. The annual cumulative N2O emissions were high, amounting to 11.4–18.2kg N2O-Nha–1. In contrast to findings in most other cropping systems, there were no significant differences in annual N2O emissions between treatments with different urea formulations and application rates (0, 100 and 140kgNha–1). Daily variation in N2O emissions at this site was driven predominantly by rainfall. Urea formulations did not significantly affect sugarcane or sugar yield at the same N application rate. Decreasing fertiliser application rate from the recommended 140kgNha–1 to 100kgNha–1 led to a decrease in sugar yield by 1.3tha–1 and 2.2tha–1 for the conventional urea and PCU treatments, respectively, but no yield loss occurred for the NICU treatment. Crop N uptake also declined at the reduced N application rate with conventional urea, but not with the PCU and NICU. These results demonstrated that substituting NICU for conventional urea may substantially decrease fertiliser N application from the normal recommended rates whilst causing no yield loss or N deficiency to the crop. Further studies are required to investigate the optimal integrated fertiliser management strategies for sugarcane production, particularly choice of products and application time and rates, in relation to site and seasonal conditions.
Cross-linguistic register studies
Authors: Neumann Stella
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses register as a meaningful unit of contrastive linguistics and translation studies. Drawing on systemic functional register theory, it categorizes different approaches to register-oriented cross-linguistic studies emphasizing either the comparison of contrasted features organized by register or that of registers using features as operationalizations. The approach is exemplified with the help of sample analyses of the English-German CroCo Corpus, a corpus containing originals and translations from eight different registers. In order to account for the systematic contrastive differences in frequencies of the compared features, the magnitude of difference between register-specific and register-neutral frequencies is contrasted. The chapter finally discusses complex register-specific combinations of indicators and shows how these help to identify translation properties.
A lexical bundle approach to comparing languages
Authors: Granger Sylviane
Published: July 2016

Contrastive studies of phraseology have tended to focus on figurative units, such as idioms and metaphors, and paid comparatively less attention to less colourful types of units such as collocations and lexical bundles, which are equally, if not more, worthy of study. This chapter tries to fill this gap by exploring the potential contribution of a lexical bundle approach to language comparison. Some guidelines are presented to help solve some of the methodological challenges posed by a cross-linguistic comparison of lexical bundles. The approach is illustrated with a study of lexical bundles in English and French with a particular focus on units that have a metadiscursive function. Two different genres are compared — parliamentary debates and newspaper editorials — in an attempt to tease out systemic differences between languages and genre effects.
Some distinctions in the right periphery of the German clause
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert
Published: July 2016

Right dislocation/afterthought (resuming a pronoun) obeys prosody and information structure restrictions not shared by extraposition (leaving a gap) in German. Right dislocation/afterthought requires that the preceding clause is an intonation phrase carrying sentence stress on its own. It also requires that no focus-background structure is built across the clause and the dislocated element. Neither requirement is present with extraposition. The syntactic analysis derives right dislocation/afterthought from full clauses by deletion. The separate clause is outside of the root sentence of Bruce Downing (1970), which is tentatively identified with the non-integrated clauses of Reis (1997) and Holler (2008). Earlier analyses are confirmed in a related case: What looks like the resumption of es ‘it’ by clauses (Germ. Korrelate) under certain matrix verbs seems to be syntactic extraposition from [DP es CP] instead.
Exploring the syntax-phonology interface in Arabic
Authors: Hellmuth Sam
Published: July 2016

Despite an abundance of research on Arabic syntax and phonology as separate domains, there is as yet relatively little research at the syntax-phonology interface in Arabic. This paper begins by providing an overview of what we know so far, in an effort to identify reasons for the lack of work at the interface to date. The paper then presents a review of prior work on the syntax-phonology mapping in Egyptian Arabic (EA) – set in the context of developments in the wider syntaxphonology literature – in order to show that interface work requires expertise in both phonetics/phonology and syntax. Some early results are then presented from a pilot study which compares for the first time the basic syntaxphonology mapping patterns in two dialects of Arabic – EA, and Jordanian Arabic (JA) – and explores whether dialect-internal, inter-speaker variation, previously observed in EA, is also found in JA.
Moroccan artists ‘blacklisted’
Authors: Hachimi Atiqa
Published: July 2016

This paper explores contestation in digital metalinguistic discourse from the perspective of the Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology – the unequal relationship between North African and Middle Eastern vernacular Arabic varieties. Specifically, the paper examines a Facebook page dedicated to the ‘Blacklisting’ of Moroccan artists who converge to Mashreqi Arabic varieties in pan-Arab encounters through examining these artists’ communicative practices and argues that the Blacklist Facebook is a discursive site that works to demand national dialect loyalty, especially from female cultural figures. However, the anxieties and language ideological debates made explicit on the Facebook page are not exclusively about language; more broadly, they unravel the complex relationships between communicative practice, morality, and today’s conceptualizations of Moroccan national identity.
Quantifying lexical and pronunciation variation between three Arabic varieties*
Authors: Abunasser Mahmoud , Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on computational measures of linguistic variation that quantify the lexical and pronunciation variation between three varieties of Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, and Gulf Arabic. We provide three measures of linguistic variation; all computed based on elicitation of the Swadesh list. The first measure is the lexical variation based on the percentage of noncognate words. The second is another lexical measure that takes into account a pronunciation aspect by considering the IPA transcription of the same word list. The third is a pronunciation measure that computes the variation of the IPA transcription of the cognate words in the Swadesh list. The results of the three measures show that geographically proximate languages are also linguistically closer to each other.
Moisture Effects on the Prediction Performance of a Single‐Kernel Near‐Infrared Deoxynivalenol Calibration
Authors: Peiris Kamaranga H. S. , Dong Yanhong , Bockus William W. , Dowell Floyd E.
Published: July 2016

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease in wheat that affects grain quality owing to the accumulation of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) in grains. Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to develop techniques to estimate DON levels in single wheat kernels to facilitate rapid, nondestructive screening of FHB resistance in wheat breeding lines. The effect of moisture content (MC) variation on the accuracy of single‐kernel DON prediction by NIR spectroscopy was investigated. Sample MC considerably affected accuracy of the current NIR DON calibration by underestimating or overestimating DON at higher or lower moisture levels, respectively. DON in single kernels was most accurately estimated at 13–14% MC. Major NIR absorptions related to Fusarium damage were found around 1,198–1,200, 1,418–1,430, 1,698, and 1,896–1,914 nm. Major moisture related absorptions were observed around 1,162, 1,337, 1,405–1,408, 1,892–1,924, and 2,202 nm. Fusarium damage and moisture related absorptions overlapped in the 1,380–1,460 and 1,870–1,970 nm regions. These results show that absorption regions associated with water are often close to absorption regions associated with Fusarium damage. Thus, care must be taken to develop DON calibrations that are independent of grain MC.
People and their smartphones – mapping mobile interaction in the modern connected world
Authors: Shen Siu-Tsen
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a balanced study group consisting of 152 participants interact with, operate, customize, and control their smartphone applications.

Design/methodology/approach

– This work uses a qualitative research methodology involving an online user study questionnaire, supported by e-mailed user screenshots and online conversations.

Findings

– In terms of smartphone age, 72 per cent of the participants’ smartphones were less than two years old. This high level of churn rate was anticipated and will please retailers and marketers alike. This study found that the majority of smartphone users regularly arrange their app icons and that their categorization principle was based primarily on application associated functionality and frequency of use. This group of users seemed less concerned about the risks of privacy and security, and even when they had lost or had their smartphone stolen, few (5.2 per cent) had suffered from fraud, in contrast to the general perception of risk.

Originality/value

– This is one of the few studies to have investigated the area of smartphone use from the users’ perspective, leading to important insights into application user behaviour and icon arrangement, and as well as alternative possible implications for launcher design.
In their own words: describing Canadian physician leadership
Authors: Snell Anita J. , Dickson Graham , Wirtzfeld Debrah , Van Aerde John
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This is the first study to compile statistical data to describe the functions and responsibilities of physicians in formal and informal leadership roles in the Canadian health system. This mixed-methods research study offers baseline data relative to this purpose, and also describes physician leaders’ views on fundamental aspects of their leadership responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey with both quantitative and qualitative fields yielded 689 valid responses from physician leaders. Data from the survey were utilized in the development of a semi-structured interview guide; 15 physician leaders were interviewed.

Findings

A profile of Canadian physician leadership has been compiled, including demographics; an outline of roles, responsibilities, time commitments and related compensation; and personal factors that support, engage and deter physicians when considering taking on leadership roles. The role of health-care organizations in encouraging and supporting physician leadership is explicated.

Practical implications

The baseline data on Canadian physician leaders create the opportunity to determine potential steps for improving the state of physician leadership in Canada; and health-care organizations are provided with a wealth of information on how to encourage and support physician leaders. Using the data as a benchmark, comparisons can also be made with physician leadership as practiced in other nations.

Originality/value

There are no other research studies available that provide the depth and breadth of detail on Canadian physician leadership, and the embedded recommendations to health-care organizations are informed by this in-depth knowledge.
Collaborating internationally on physician leadership development: why now?
Authors: Chan Ming-Ka , de Camps Meschino Diane , Dath Deepak , Busari Jamiu , Bohnen Jordan David , Samson Lindy Michelle , Matlow Anne , Sánchez-Mendiola Melchor
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the importance of leadership development for all physicians within a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework. It describes the importance of timely international collaboration as a key strategy in promoting physician leadership development.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explores published and Grey literature around physician leadership development and proposes that international collaboration will meet the expanding call for development of leadership competencies in postgraduate medical learners. Two grounding frameworks were used: complexity science supports adding physician leadership training to the current momentum of CBME adoption, and relational cultural theory supports the engagement of diverse stakeholders in multiple jurisdictions around the world to ensure inclusivity in leadership education development.

Findings

An international collaborative identified key insights regarding the need to frame physician leadership education within a competency-based model.

Practical implications

International collaboration can be a vehicle for developing a globally relevant, generalizable physician leadership curriculum. This model can be expanded to encourage innovation, scholarship and program evaluation.

Originality/value

A competency-based leadership development curriculum is being designed by an international collaborative. The curriculum is based on established leadership and education frameworks. The international collaboration model provides opportunities for ongoing sharing, networking and diversification.
Salivary cues: simulated roe deer browsing induces systemic changes in phytohormones and defence chemistry in wild‐grown maple and beech saplings
Authors: Ohse Bettina , Hammerbacher Almuth , Seele Carolin , Meldau Stefan , Reichelt Michael , Ortmann Sylvia , Wirth Christian
Published: July 2016

Tree saplings in temperate forests world‐wide experience intense browsing from deer and other mammalian herbivores. However, when compared to insect herbivory, our knowledge about the cues that trigger mammalian‐induced defence responses in trees is limited.

We studied responses of field‐grown saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) to simulated browsing by (i) clipping apical buds or leaves and (ii) additionally applying roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) saliva to the cut surface. We analysed induced changes in phytohormones and phenolics in the saplings’ remaining buds or leaves, respectively.

In both species, jasmonates were activated after clipping of buds and leaves. Importantly, additional saliva application activated salicylic acid in beech leaves and led to increases in cytokinins in beech buds. Saliva application also led to an increased biosynthesis of several hydrolysable tannins (mainly ellagitannins) and flavonols in maple leaves. Condensed tannins, the most abundant phenolics in beech buds and leaves, did not change after either clipping or saliva application. However, clipping with additional saliva application decreased levels of phenolic acids (cinnamic acid derivatives) in beech buds.

We conclude that the two tree species perceive and respond to unknown elicitors in the deer saliva, resulting in changes in phytohormone levels and defence‐associated secondary metabolites.

We suggest that variation in induced defence responses between tree species as well as between buds and leaves is related to differences in morphological traits, which interrelate with chemical traits and result in species‐specific strategies to respond to mammalian herbivory.
Neck or groin access for varicocele embolisation: Is it important?
Authors: Riede Philipp , McCarthy Eoghan , Cary Rachel , Boardman Phil , Tapping Charles R
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Varicocele embolisation is an excellent treatment option for symptomatic scrotal varicosities. The purpose of this study was to assess the current practice of the endovascular treatment of left‐sided varicoceles at our institution, to compare the findings to international standards and to identify which access site reduces screening time and radiation dose.

Methods

All left‐sided varicocele embolisations over a 4‐year period were identified and analysed with regards to technical success, complications and recurrence rates. The results were analysed with regard to the encountered anatomy on a case‐to‐case basis to identify anatomical factors influencing the outcome of the procedure.

Results

During the study period 95 primary left‐sided varicocele embolisations were performed by two experienced consultants. Five cases had a normal initial venogram (Type 0) and further five had unsuitable anatomy for embolisation. Eighty‐three of the remaining 85 attempted embolisations were technically successful (98% technical success rate). The clinical success rate was determined by recurrence, which was documented in five cases (mean follow‐up 34.3 month, 6% recurrence rate). Recurrence was associated with more complex local anatomy (Type 3 and Type 4). The overall findings were consistent with international published standards for technical success rate (95–100%) and recurrence rates (1.6–10%). Complication rates were low with extravasation being reported in 4.7% (all self‐limiting) and temporary pain in 3.5% of the cases. There was no significant difference in radiation dose/screening time, success or complications when comparing a groin versus neck approach to the embolisation procedure (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Varicocele embolisation is successful with a low complications rate. Neck and groin access are equally successful with no significant difference in screening time.