bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Composition of Heliotropium Species (Boraginaceae): A First Chemical Report on the New Species H. Thermophilum
Authors: Gören Ahmet C. , Tümen Gülendam , Çelik Ali , Çıkrıkçı Simay
Published: March 2019

Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of H. thermophilum Kit Tan, A. Celik & Y. Gemici, sp. nova, H. europaeum L., and H. hirsutissimum L. (Boraginaceae) were analyzed by GC/MS. The main fatty acid methyl esters were determined to be of palmitic (39.8–40.6%), linoleic (32.4–33.2%), oleic (10.6–12.1%) and stearic acids (7.9–8.5%). γ-Linolenic acid was found to be a minor component of the seed oils of the reported species. This is the first chemical report on the fatty acid composition of H. thermophilum, along with chemotaxonomic evaluation of the species.
Three New Cassane Diterpenes from Caesalpinia Pulcherrima
Authors: Cheng Jun , Roach Joy S. , McLean Stewart , Reynolds William F. , Tinto Winston F.
Published: March 2019

Three new cassane diterpenes (1–3) were isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis.
Lipid Peroxidation, Cyclooxygenase Enzyme and Tumor Cell Proliferation Inhibitory Lignans from Justicia Species
Authors: Mulabagala Vanisree , Subbaraju Gottumukkala V. , Ramani Modukuri V. , DeWitt David L. , Nair Muraleedharan G.
Published: March 2019

The genus Justicia is a rich source of lignans, especially aryl naphthalide lignans. Lignans are biologically active phytochemicals, and are reported to possess antiplatelet, antiviral, anti-tumor, antidepressant, and insect antifeedant activities. In the present study, we report lipid peroxidation (LPO), cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and −2) enzyme and tumor cell proliferation inhibitory activities of lignans, namely, lariciresinol (1), isolariciresinol (2), neesiinoside A (3), justirumalin (4), justalakonin (5), justicidin G (6), sesamin (7), sesamolin (8), jusmicranthin methyl ether (9), taiwanin E methyl ether (10), lignan J1 (11), jusneesiinol (12), jusmicranthin ethyl ether (13), tiruneesiin (14), justicidin E (15) and simplexolin (16). Lignans 1 and 2 were isolated from J. tranquebariensis, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 from J. neesii Ramamoorthy, 5 from J. purpurea and 7, 8, 15 and 16 from J. orbiculata. Among the lignans assayed, 1, 2, 12 and 14 showed 79.6, 86.2, 90.8 and 95.9% and 3 41.3% inhibition of LPO at 25 μg/mL. The lignans 4, 9 and 16 inhibited COX-2 enzyme by 67.2, 73.0 and 72.8%, respectively, when tested at 25 μg/mL. Similarly, lignans 3, 4, 10, 11 and 15 inhibited COX-1 enzyme by 59.9, 89.2, 69.6, 73.9, and 80.1%, respectively, at 25 μg/mL. When assayed at 25 μg/mL, 4 inhibited human stomach and breast cancer cell lines by 42.8 and 42.1%, respectively. Also, at 25 μg/mL the lignan 7 inhibited the growth of CNS, lung and breast cancer cell lines by 50.0, 41.3, and 42.0 %, respectively, and 15 inhibited the proliferation of lung, breast and colon cell lines by 40–53%.
Biocidal Amidic Natural Products
Authors: Box Vernon G. S.
Published: March 2019

Some of the more potent, and interesting, natural products that have marked biocidal properties have one, or more, amide functional groups. On the other hand, there are countless amides that are non-toxic. Thus, there is a need to try to identify the structural features of biocidal amides that could indicate their potential toxicity. A review of the structures of some of these toxic amides, using the molecular modeling program STR3DI32, has established that these amide groups are non-delocalized.
Chemical Variation in the Diterpenes from the Brazilian Brown Alga Dictyota Menstrualis (Dictyotaceae, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Ortiz-Ramírez Fredy Augusto , Cavalcanti Diana Negrão , Villaça Roberto Campos , de Paula Joel Campos , Yoneshigue-Valentin Yocie , Teixeira Valéria Laneuville
Published: March 2019

All the chemical HRGC/MS profiles of samples of Dictyota menstrualis, collected in Buzios, Rio de Janeiro and São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil, presented diterpenes as major constituents. The samples contained either prenylated guaiane or xeniane derivatives as their major diterpenes. However, there was a variation concerning the quantity of these components. Taking this into consideration, it is possible to establish typical geographic patterns.
Characterization and Quantification of Triterpenes in the Neotropical Medicinal Plant Souroubea sympetala (Marcgraviaceae) by HPLC-APCI-MS
Authors: Mullally Martha , Kramp Kari , Saleem Ammar , Rojas Marco Otorola , Vindas Pablo Sanchez , Garcia Mario , Alvarez Luis Poveda , Durst Tony , Trudeau Vance L. , Arnason John T.
Published: March 2019

A rapid, two-solvent, HPLC-APCI-MS method was developed to identify and quantify four pentacyclic triterpenes (betulinic acid, ursolic acid, α-amyrin and β-amyrin) in extracts of the neotropical medicinal plant Souroubea sympetala. Analysis of plant organs, wood, bark, leaves, immature fruit and flowers, indicated that the phytochemical distribution and quantity of triterpenes varies across the plant, with betulinic acid and ursolic acid the major constituents in the bark, wood, fruit and flowers and the amyrins the major constituents of the leaves.
Flavanones from the Stem Bark of Erythrina Sigmoidea
Authors: Kouam Jacques , Meli Alain L. , Kuete Victor , Fomum Zacharias T.
Published: March 2019

Chemical analysis of the stem bark of Erythrina sigmoidea Hua yielded two new flavonoids, designated sigmoidin M (1) and sigmoidin N (2). Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic means as 5,7-dihydroxy-3′-O-prenyl-(3″,4″-dihydroxy-2″,2″-dimethylpyrano)[5″,6″:4′,5']flavanone (1) and 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-(3″-hydroxy-2″-(1-hydroxyisopropyl)-[4′,5:4″,5″]furanoflavanone (2), respectively. Sigmoidin M exhibited antimicrobial activity.
Complete Characterization of Extracts of Onopordum illyricum L. (Asteraceae) by HPLC/PDA/ESIMS and NMR
Authors: Verotta Luisella , Belvisi Laura , Bertacche Vittorio , Loi Maria Cecilia
Published: March 2019

The aerial parts of Onopordum illyricum L. (Asteraceae) are eaten raw in salad in the Mediterranean area, representing a food of good nutritional value. Extracts of different parts of this plant have been analyzed by HPLC/DAD/ESIMS and the major compounds identified by NMR spectroscopy. Fatty acids, sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes and polyphenols (flavones and caffeoyl quinic acids) fully describe the plant metabolism during the vegetation year. All the metabolites are non toxic nutrients, and are reported in the literature to possess biological activities positive for health, confirming the beneficial use in the diet of this thistle
Phenolic Profiles of Four Processed Tropical Green Leafy Vegetables Commonly Used as Food
Authors: Salawu Sule Ola , Innocenti Marzia , Giaccherini Catia , Akindahunsi Afolabi Akintunde , Mulinacci Nadia
Published: March 2019

The phenolic profiles are presented of four tropical green leafy vegetables ( Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, Corchorus olitorius and Manihot utilissima) commonly used as food, after application of traditional treatments, such as boiling and abrasion. The HPLC/DAD/MS technique was mainly used to carry out this study. Preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the vegetables was also performed using the DPPH in vitro test. For the first time, seasonal variations in the phenolic content of the four investigated vegetables were highlighted. Of the four plants, all showed only quantitative differences, except for Ocimum graticimum, in which cichoric acid, previously detected as one of the main constituents of this vegetable collected in November (dry season), was absent in the sample harvested in March. The phenolic constituents are chemically unmodified after a strong heating process, such as the traditional blanching (about 15 minutes) applied by Nigerian people prior to consuming these vegetables. Nevertheless, these typical preparations showed a consistent decrease in the total phenolic compounds with respect to the raw material, particularly for Corchorus olitorius (from 42.3 to 5.56 mg/g dried leaves) and Vernonia amygdalina (from 40.2 to 4.4 mg/g dried leaves). As expected, when the blanching treatment is reduced to a few minutes, as for Manihot utilissima leaves, the cooked vegetable maintained almost unaltered its original phenolic content (around 10 mg/g dried leaves). The unique exception is the blanched Ocimum gratissimum sample that showed a consistent increment of the total phenols, particularly of rosmarinic acid (from 6.1 to 29.8 mg/g dried leaves) with respect to the unprocessed vegetable.
GC MS Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Essential Oil and Aromatic Waters of Artemisia Annua L. at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Bilia Anna Rita , Flamini Guido , Morgenni Fabrizio , Isacchi Benedetta , FrancescoVincieri Franco
Published: March 2019

Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) still represents the only source of artemisinin, considered as one of the most important drugs for the treatment of malaria and which, more recently, has been shown to be effective against numerous types of tumors. The foliage and inflorescence of A. annua also yield an essential oil upon hydrodistillation. This oil has been evaluated at different development stages (pre-flowering and flowering) by GC/MS. The volatile oil from plants at full blooming showed numerous constituents, with germacrene D (21.2%), camphor (17.6%), β-farnesene (10.2%), β-caryophyllene (9%), and bicyclogermacrene (4.2%) among the main ones. Aromatic waters, after extraction with n-hexane, showed the presence, among others, of camphor (27.7%), 1,8-cineole (14%), artemisia ketone (10.1%), α-terpineol (6.1%), trans-pinocarveol (5.4%), and artemisia alcohol (2%). From plants at the pre-flowering stage, aromatic waters were obtained with camphor (30.7%), 1,8-cineole (12.8%), artemisia alcohol (11.4%), artemisia ketone (9.5%), alpha-terpineol (5.8%), and trans-pinocarveol (3.0%) as the main constituents. The qualitative and quantitative profiles of the two aromatic waters were similar. These results permitted the conclusion to be made that A. annua could be harvested a long time before the onset of flowering to obtain higher yields of artemisinin or could be allowed to attain maturity to obtain valuable yields of volatiles.
Olive-oil Phenolics and Health: Potential Biological Properties
Authors: Visioli Francesco , Ieri Francesca , Mulinacci Nadia , Vincieri Franco F. , Romani Annalisa
Published: March 2019

Extra virgin olive oil, the primary source of oil in the Mediterranean diet, differs significantly in composition from dietary lipids that are consumed by other populations. The several minor constituents of virgin olive oil include vitamins such as alpha-and gamma-tocopherols (around 200 ppm) and beta-carotene, phytosterols, pigments, terpenic acids, flavonoids, squalene, and a number of phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, usually grouped under the rubric “polyphenols”. The antioxidant and enzyme-modulating activities of extra virgin olive oil phenolics, such as their ability to inhibit NF-kB activation in human monocyte/macrophages has been demonstrated in vitro. There is also solid evidence that extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds are absorbed and their human metabolism has been elucidated. Several activities that might be associated with cardiovascular protection, such as inhibition of platelet aggregation and reduction of plasma rHcy have been demonstrated in vivo. The biologically relevant properties of olive phenolics are described, although further investigations in controlled clinical trials are needed to support the hypothesis that virgin olive oil consumption may contribute to lower cardiovascular mortality.
Potential Anticancer Activity against Human Epithelial Cancer Cells of Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract
Authors: Garbarino Juan , Troncoso Nicolas , Frasca Giuseppina , Cardile Venera , Russo Alessandra
Published: March 2019

The potential in vitro antineoplastic effect has been studied of a methanolic extract of leaves of Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) on two human cancer epithelial cell lines, DU-145 cells (androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells) and KB cells (oral squamous carcinoma cells). Our findings show that this extract exhibited comparable effects on the cancer cells examined as judged by IC50 values (5.07±0.4 μg/mL and 5.28±0.5 μg/mL in DU-145 and KB cells, respectively). In addition, with respect to genomic DNA damage, determined by Comet assay, the results obtained show a high fragmentation of DNA, not correlated to lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of membrane breakdown, in both cell lines treated with the extract at 5–20 μg/mL concentrations. Taken together, our experimental evidence may justify further investigation of the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of this natural drug.
Natural Products as Gastroprotective and Antiulcer Agents: Recent Developments
Authors: Tundis Rosa , Loizzo Monica R , Bonesi Marco , Menichini Federica , FilomenaConforti  , Statti Giancarlo , Menichini Francesco
Published: March 2019

Peptic ulcer, one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by ulceration in the regions of the upper gastrointestinal tract where parietal cells are found and where they secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin. The anatomical sites where ulcer occurs commonly are stomach and duodenum, causing gastric and duodenal ulcer, respectively. Physiopathology of ulcer is due to an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and local mucosal defensive factors, such as mucus bicarbonate, blood flow and prostaglandins. Several drugs are widely used to prevent or treat gastro-duodenal ulcers. These include H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and cytoprotectives. Due to problems associated with recurrence after treatment, there is therefore the need to seek alternative drug sources against ulcers. In recent years, a widespread search has been launched to identify new gastroprotective drugs from natural sources. The aim of the present review is to highlight the recent advances in current knowledge on natural products as gastroprotective and antiulcer agents and consider the future perspectives for the use of these compounds.
Two New Furanoeremophilane Sesquiterpenoids from: Ligularia oligonema
Authors: Nagano Hajime , Matsushima Mika , Yamada Hiroka , Hanai Ryo , Gong Xun , Kuroda Chiaki
Published: March 2019

From the roots of Ligularia oligonema and an unidentified sample of Ligularia collected in Yunnan Province of China, two new sesquiterpenoids, 3β-acetoxy-6β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)furanoeremophilan-10β-ol and 3β-acetoxy-6β-isobutyryloxy-furanoeremophilan-10β-ol, were isolated. DNA sequencing showed that the unidentified sample was likely to be L. oligonema. In addition, the DNA data suggested that the chemical evolution among L. oligonema and related Ligularia species is rather complex.
Antimosquito and Antimicrobial Clerodanoids and a Chlorobenzenoid from Tessmannia species
Authors: Kihampa Charles , Nkunya Mayunga H.H. , Joseph Cosam C. , Magesa Stephen M. , Hassanali Ahmed , Heydenreich Matthias , Kleinpeter Erich
Published: March 2019

The clerodane diterpenoids trans-kolavenolic acid, 18-oxocleroda-3,13(E)-dien-15-oic acid, ent-(18-hydroxycarbonyl)-cleroda-3,13(E)-dien-15-oate, 2-oxo-ent-cleroda-3,13(Z)-dien-15-oic acid and trans-2-oxo-ent-cleroda-13(Z)-en-15-oic acid, and the chlorobenzenoid O-(3-hydroxy-4-hydroxycarbonyl-5-pentylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-methoxy-6-pentyl-2-oxybenzoic acid were isolated from Tessmannia martiniana var pauloi and T. martiniana var matiniana. Structures were established based on interpretation of spectroscopic data. Some of the compounds exhibited significant antimosquito, antifungal and antibacterial activities.
A New Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem Bark of Pometia pinnata
Authors: Mohammad Faryal Vali , Ahmad Viqar Uddin , Noorwala Mushtaq , Lajis Nordin HJ.
Published: March 2019

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Pometia pinnata resulted in the isolation of a new triterpenoidal saponin. The structure of the new compound, pometin (1), was established as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-oleanolic acid based on 1D and 2D-NMR analysis including COSY, 2D J-resolved, HMQC, HMBC correlations and chemical transformations.
Phenolic Derivatives with an Irregular Sesquiterpenyl Side Chain from Macaranga pruinosa
Authors: Syah Yana M. , Ghisalberti Emilio L.
Published: March 2019

A stilbene and two flavonoid derivatives, macapruinosins A-C (1-3), together with two known flavonoids, papyriflavonol A and nymphaeol C, have been isolated from the acetone extract of the leaves of Macaranga pruinosa. The structures of these compounds were identified based on spectral data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first examples of natural compounds containing an irregular sesquiterpenyl side chain with a cyclobutane skeleton.
Honokiol and Magnolol Production by in vitro Micropropagated Plants of Magnolia dealbata, an Endangered Endemic Mexican Species
Authors: Domínguez Fabiola , Chávez Marco , Garduño-Ramírez María Luisa , Chávez-Avila Víctor M. , Mata Martín , Cruz-Sosa Francisco
Published: March 2019

An efficient protocol for the in vitro propagation of Magnolia dealbata Zucc., an important medicinal plant that is the source of the anxiolytic and anticancer compounds honokiol and magnolol, was established. This plant is wild-crafted, and conservationists have expressed concerns with regard to the sustainability of production. In the present work, two factors were found to be of importance for the regeneration of M. dealbata and the production of honokiol and magnolol. These factors were the type of explants and the combination and concentration of plant-growth regulators. Green, compact, nodular organogenic callus was obtained from leaf explants in a medium fortified with Murashige and Skoog salts and supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.5 mg/L kinetin. Shoot multiplication from callus cultures was achieved in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). Phenol secretion was controlled by the addition of 250 mg/L of activated charcoal. For rooting, shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with several auxins. After root induction, the plants were hardened in earthen pots containing sand, soil, and vermiculite.

The contents of honokiol (HK) and magnolol (MG) were determined in different plant materials by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection techniques. This analysis revealed that the honokiol and magnolol content in aerial and underground parts of micropropagated M. dealbata were higher than that observed in wild plants (both 6 months old). Our results suggest that conservation of M. dealbata is possible by means of in vitro multiplication of leaf-derived callus. The usefulness of M. dealbata regeneration and production of HK and MG may be attributed to the proper selection of explant sourcing and identification of the correct growth medium to support adequate growth. This careful selection of explants and growth medium leads to a very useful source of plant material for pharmacological and phytomedicinal screening applications and, above all, would safeguard this plant species from the threat of extinction.
Volatiles of Callicarpa macrophylla: A Rich Source of Selinene Isomers
Authors: Singh Anil K. , Chanotiya Chandan S. , Yadav Anju , Kalra Alok
Published: March 2019

Variations in volatile composition of the leaf and fruit oils from Callicarpa macrophylla were compared, using GC-FID, Kovat's Index calculation, and GC/MS. The oils were rich in selinene derivatives. The fruit oil was comprised of 41.6% β-selinene and 6% α-selinene. The leaves from both the harvests contained 29% and 20% β-selinene and 1.7% α-selinene. In addition, dendrolasin, a potential perfumery natural furanoid sesquiterpenoid, was a characteristic of both leaf and fruit essential oils.
Characterization of Some Italian Ornamental Thyme by Their Aroma
Authors: Bertoli Alessandra , Sárosi Szilvia , Bernáth Jenő , Pistelli Luisa
Published: March 2019

The aromatic profiles of five commercial thyme cultivars (T. vulgaris ‘Silver Poise’, T. vulgaris ‘Erectus’, T. vulgaris ‘Faustini’, T. × citriodorus ‘Anderson's Gold’, and T. × citriodorus ‘Silver Queen’), cultivated in Italy, were defined both by their static headspaces (HS) and essential oils (EOs). In addition, a botanical garden sample of T. vulgaris was considered as reference material to evaluate the morphological and phytochemical differences from the selected market samples. Extractions of the volatile constituents of the different plant material were carried out by SPME (static headspace, HS) and hydrodistillation (HD) processes. GC-MS analysis provided the separation and identification of approximately 70 components in the HS samples and 50 in the hydrodistilled essential oils, accounting for more than 95% of the total. The typical main constituents of T. vulgaris were detected in all the EO samples, although qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the selected ornamental Thymus varieties. Thymol (50-55%) was the marker constituent for the three T. vulgaris cultivars, while geraniol (61-67%) characterized the essential oils of the two T. × citriodorus varieties. In all the analyzed essential oils, non-oxygenated (16-79%) and oxygenated (5-26%) monoterpenes were the typical volatile constituents. Specific target compounds (thymol, geraniol and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one) were selected to characterize the five thyme cultivars that are considered at present only as ornamental plants. A comparative evaluation of their EO quality was carried out in order to propose them as alternative sources of Italian raw plant material for industrial production.
Effect of Cleome arabica Leaf Extract Treated by Naringinase on Human Neutrophil Chemotaxis
Authors: Bouriche Hamama , Arnhold Juegen
Published: March 2019

The leaves of Cleome arabica L. (Capparaceae), which contain a number of glucosylated and rhamnosylated flavonols, possess anti-inflammatory activity and are used for the treatment of abdominal and rheumatic pains. In this study, we examine the effects of C. arabica leaf extracts (CALE) treatment with naringinase on selected properties of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Chemotaxis of these cells was investigated in the presence of either CALE or CALE treated with naringinase. Results showed that CALE reduced the directed movement of PMNs induced by fMet-Leu-Phe in a dose-dependent manner. A previous treatment of CALE with naringinase enhanced this effect. We conclude that deglycosylation of flavonoids in CALE by naringinase improves the beneficial effect of this plant extract on PMNs. The ability of C. arabica leaf extract treated with naringinase to reduce chemotaxis in human neutrophils may be an important therapeutic factor in the treatment of chronic diseases.
Free and Bound Cinnamic Acid Derivatives in Corsica Sweet Blond Oranges
Authors: Carrera Eric , Kebir Mohamed Vall Ould El , Jacquemond Camille , Luro François , Lozano Yves , Gaydou Emile M.
Published: March 2019

Total determination of cinnamic acids (CA), including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives is generally not accurate since, during hydrolysis, a possible degradation of dihydroxy CA such as caffeic acid could occur. Evaluations of CA (ferulic, p-coumaric, sinapic, cinnamic and caffeic acids) before and after hydrolysis have been undertaken using standards and either with or without addition of ascorbic acid and EDTA. The method was then applied to the determination of free and bound CA in five blond cultivars (Navelina, Washington navel, Pera, Salustiana and Valencia late) of sweet oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Four parts of the fruits (peel juice, flavedo, albedo and juice) have been investigated. Results show that CA are mainly bound (86% up to 92%) in the four fruit parts. The mean of total CA contents was found to be higher in peel juice (1.5 g kg−1) in comparison with flavedo (0.7 g kg−1), albedo (0.1 g kg−1) and juice (0.6 g kg−1). Free and bound ferulic acid represented 55-70% of CA in juices, followed by p-coumaric acid (20%), sinapic acid (10%) and caffeic acid (9%). Total contents of each CA in the four fruit parts are discussed and show the potential interest in orange peel wastes.
Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oils from Chamaecyparis obtusa
Authors: Jin Yinzhe , Han Dandan , Tian Minglei , Row Kyung-Ho
Published: March 2019

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and hydrodistillation (HD) were used to determine the essential oil composition of the trunks and leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa. The optimal extraction conditions for the oil yield within the experimental range of variables examined were temperature 50oC, pressure 12 MPa, carbon dioxide flow rate 40 mL/min and extraction time 90 min. The maximum measured extraction yield was 2.9%. Entrainer solvents, such as methanol in water, had no additional effect on the extraction of essential oils. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were α-terpinyl acetate (>10.9%), 1-muurolol (>13.2%) and elemol (>8.1%). Sesquiterpenoids formed the major class of compounds present.
The Quantitative Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Phenolics Accumulation in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Authors: Odabas Mehmet Serhat , Camas Necdet , Cirak Cuneyt , Radušiene Jolita , Janulis Valdimaras , Ivanauskas Liudas
Published: March 2019

The quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on accumulation of phenolics were examined on greenhouse-grown plants of Hypericum perforatum L. Plants were grown in a greenhouse separated into two parts: shaded by 50% transparent polyethylene cover and un-shaded. Temperature values and light intensities were measured daily during the experiment, while plants were harvested weekly for HPLC analyses. Multi regression analyses were performed to describe the quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on phenolics accumulation. According to the results, increases in temperatures from 24°C to 32°C and light intensities from 803.4 μMm−2s−1 to 1618.6 μMm−2s−1 resulted in a continuous increase in amentoflavone, apigenin-7-glucoside, cholorogenic acid, hyperoside, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin and quercitrin contents. The relationships between temperature, light intensity and phenolics accumulation were formulized as P= [a + (b1 x t) + (b2 x l) + [b3 x(t x l)]] equition, where P is the content of the corresponding phenolic, t temperature (°C), l light intensity (μMm−2s−1) and a, b1, b2 and b3 the coefficients of the produced equation. The regression coefficient (R2) value for amentoflavone was 0.84, for apigenin-7-glucoside 0.87, for cholorogenic acid 0.83, for hyperoside 0.95, for kaempferol 0.76, for rutin 0.70, for quercetin – 0.93, and for quercitrin – 0.86. All R2 values and standard errors of the equations were found to be significant at the p<0.001 level. The mathematical models produced in the present study could be applied by Hypericum researchers as useful tools for the prediction of phenolics content instead of routine chemical analyses.
A Novel Glycoside from Acanthus hirsutus (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Çapanlar Seval , Böke Nazlı , Yaşa İhsan , Kırmızıgül Süheyla
Published: March 2019

A novel glycoside, hirsutusoide (1), characterized as 2-( o-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethenyl- O-β-glucopyranoside, was isolated from the endemic Acanthus hirsutus Boiss. In addition to compound 1, three known glycosides, luteolin-7- O-β-D-glucuronide (2), β–sitosterol-3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) and (2 R)-2- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2 H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4 H)-one (4), were also isolated. Compound 2 was the first report from this genus. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extracts and the novel compound were investigated by determining MIC (μg/mL) and IC50 (μg/mL) values, respectively.
Cellulose of Salicornia brachiata
Authors: Sanandiya Naresh D , Prasad Kamalesh , Meena Ramavatar , Siddhanta Arup K
Published: March 2019

Cellulose was extracted from the roots, stems and stem tips of Salicornia brachiata Roxb. Each crude cellulose sample obtained was fractionated into α- and β-celluloses. The yields of crude cellulose from the stems and stem tips were greatest and lowest, respectively, while the yields of α- and β-celluloses were in the order, roots > stems > stem tips. The cellulose samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state cross polarisation magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS 13C NMR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were compared with those of the celluloses (predominantly α-cellulose) isolated from Whatman filter paper No. 4 (WFP).
In vivo Release of Lectins from the Green Alga Ulva fasciata
Authors: Djabayan-Djibeyan Pablo , Gibbs Roslyn , Carpenter Brian
Published: March 2019

The green alga Ulva fasciata Delile (Ulvaceae), after thawing from storage at −20oC, has been used to study the in vivo biosynthesis and release of lectins. The alga was made to resume viable growth by immersion in a PBS buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.01% w/v sodium azide and irradiating with a halophosphate lamp. The growing alga readily took up 14C leucine, when this was added to the buffer, as seen by a decrease in a sample count rate of ~ 8000 cpm over a period of twenty minutes. The transfer of the radioactivity fed algae into fresh PBS buffer resulted in 14C labeled proteins being subsequently released into solution. As well as observing changes in levels of radioactivity, the release of proteins was also monitored by UV absorption at 280 nm. Both techniques indicated an initial steady release over the first twelve hours, followed by a slower approach to a plateau value. Transfer of the algae that had undergone an initial period of protein release into a subsequent second and third volume of fresh PBS buffer produced similar UV absorption profiles, but the total quantities of material released were reduced. Identification of the released proteins was obtained from their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, which was inhibited by L-fucose, and their electrophoretic mobilities when compared with earlier isolated samples of the U. fasciata lectin. The reference lectin was obtained by affinity chromatography, following the selective precipitation of the water soluble algal proteins with ammonium sulfate. We postulate that the observed release profiles support the previously suggested concept that lectins have the ability to function as protection agents for living marine algae.
Analysis of Chemical Constituents of the Volatile Oil from Leaves of Solanum bicolor
Authors: Colmenares Alida Pérez , Rojas Luis B. , Arias Eilen , Arzola Juan Carmona , Usubillaga Alfredo
Published: March 2019

The volatile components from the leaves of Solanum bicolor Roemer & Schultes, was obtained by hydrodistillation and was analizad by GC/MS. A total of 20 compounds, representing 96.3 % of the oil, were identified. The dominant compounds were trans-caryophyllene (23.2%), trans-2-pentadecene (22.6%), germacrene D (12.2%), biciclogermecrene (8.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.7%).
Eudesmanolides and Methyl Ester Derivatives from Dimerostemma arnottii
Authors: Ambrosio Sérgio Ricardo , Stefani Ricardo , Heleno Vladimir Constantino Gomes , de Menezes Márcio Antônio , Ferreira Antonio Gilberto , Nascimento Paulo Gustavo Barboni Dantas , Magenta Mara Angelina Galvão , Da Costa Fernando Batista
Published: March 2019

The phytochemical investigation of Dimerostemma arnottii (Asteraceae) afforded, in addition to a known eudesmanolide, two unusual eudesmane methyl ester derivatives and a new eudesmanolide. Structural elucidation of the compounds was based on their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic as well as HR-ESI-MS data. There is a remarkable similarity between the structures of the eudesmanes from D. arnottii and those previously encountered in other Dimerostemma species, which is in agreement with the results of a previous phylogenetic study based on molecular data. The chemotaxonomic relevance of the isolated compounds is briefly discussed.
Protective Effect on Human Lymphocytes of Some Flavonoids Isolated from Two Achillea Species
Authors: Aljancić Ivana , Stanković Miroslava , Tešević Vele , Vujisić Ljubodrag , Vajs Vlatka , Milosavljević Slobodan
Published: March 2019

This study was conducted to elucidate the in vitro protective effect of five flavonoids [apigenin (1), apigenin-7- O-glucoside (2), centaureidin (3), jaceidin (4) and quercetin (5)] against chromosomal damage in mitogen-induced human lymphocytes. Using the Cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay, in which the biomarker of chromosome breakage and/or chromosome loss is the elevated frequency of micronucleus (MN) in binucleated (BN) cells, the presence of flavonoid 2 in minimal concentration (3 μg/mL) gave a 35.5% decrease in the frequency of MN when compared with control human lymphocytes. The same concentration of flavonoids 1, 3 and 4, reduced the MN frequency by 24.4%, 28.0% and 28.0%, respectively. Higher concentrations (6 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL) seemed less effective. Flavonoid 5 (3 μg/mL) induced a slight decrease in MN frequency (5%), while higher doses (6 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL) provoked an increase of DNA damage. The comparable values for the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) of the tested flavonoids and positive control suggested an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation. In the DPPH. scavenging assay, flavonoids 1-4 demonstrated modest activity, in a dose-dependent manner, compared with the synthetic antioxidants BHT and Trolox, while 5 exhibited comparably high antioxidative activity.
Isolation of Salvianolic acid A, a Minor Phenolic Carboxylic Acid of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Lu Luyang , Zhang Hao , Qian Yu , Yuan Yuan
Published: March 2019

Salvianolic acid A (Sal A), a caffeic acid derivative present in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), has shown significant biological activities, some of which are more potent than those of salvianolic acid (Sal B), the most abundant and bioactive compound in Danshen. However, its low content in the raw material makes it difficult to be used in the clinic. In this study, a novel procedure was developed to isolate Sal A from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Using this procedure, Sal A could be enriched to 1.7% in the raw material by hydrolyzing Sal B. The solution was further purified by macroporous resin and ODS column chromatography. The yield of Sal A was 0.5% with a purity of 98.0%. The procedure is efficient and convenient and is considered suitable for the separation of Sal A from Danshen.
Essential Oil Content and Composition, Nutrient and Mycorrhizal Status of Some Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of Northern Greece
Authors: Karagiannidis Nikitas , Panou-Filotheou Hellen , Lazari Diamando , Ipsilantis Ioannis , Karagiannidou Christina
Published: March 2019

A field survey was conducted in three northern Greek mountain areas (Chortiatis, Ossa, and Pieria) to investigate the mycorrhizal and nutritional status, and the essential oil content and composition of common medicinal and aromatic plants. A range of values for nutrient status and essential oil contents and composition was established. All plants were found to be mycorrhizal, including Achillea coarctata Poir., Micromeria juliana (L.) Bentham ex Reichenb., and Salvia sclarea L.;. these three are reported as being mycorrhizal for the first time. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization was highest in Pieria, exceeding 80% for all 15 plants sampled, and lower in Chortiatis and Ossa.
Bioactive Isoflavones from Dalbergia vacciniifolia (Fabaceae)
Authors: Innocent Ester , Magadula Joseph J. , Kihampa Charles , Heydenreich Matthias
Published: March 2019

Three new 5-dehydroxy isoflavone compounds, 6,2′-dimethoxy-7,4′-dihydroxyisoflavone (1), 6,2′,4′-trimethoxy-7-hydroxyisoflavone (2), and 6,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxy-7- O-[β–D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β–D-glucopyranoside] isoflavone (3), along with a known isoflavone, 6,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxy-7-hydroxyisoflavone (4), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of Dalbergia vacciniifolia Vatke. Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques including one- and two-dimension NMR. Compound 1 showed mild cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp larvae with a LC50 value of 266 μg/mL
Colon Targeted Curcumin Delivery Using Guar Gum
Authors: Elias Edwin J. , Anil Singhal , Ahmad Showkat , Daud Anwar
Published: March 2019

Curcumin is used in the treatment of colon cancer, but its very poor absorption in the upper part of the GIT is a major concern. As a site for drug delivery, the colon offers a near neutral pH, reduced digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time and an increased responsiveness to absorption enhancers. The aim of the present study was to identify a suitable polymer (guar gum) based matrix tablet for curcumin with sufficient mechanical strength and promising in vitro mouth-to-colon release profile. Three formulations of curcumin were prepared using varying concentrations of guar gum containing 50 mg curcumin by the wet granulation method. Tablets were subjected to evaluation by studying parameter like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, and in-vitro drug release. In vitro drug release was evaluated using simulated stomach, intestinal and colonic fluids. The susceptibility of guar gum to colonic bacteria was also assessed by a drug release study with rat caecal contents. The 40% guar gum containing formulation (F-1) showed better drug release (91.1%) after 24 hours in the presence of rat caecal contents in comparison with the 50% guar gum containing formulation (F-2) (82.1%). Curcumin could, thus, be positively delivered to the colon for effective colon cancer treatment using guar gum.
Terpenoid Composition of the Essential Oils of Teucrium royleanum and T. quadrifarium
Authors: Mohan Lalit , Pant Charu C. , Melkani Anand B. , Dev Vasu
Published: March 2019

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (~76.0%). β-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), α-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.
Free Radical Scavenging and Antibacterial Activities, and GC/MS Analysis of Essential oils from Different Parts of Falcaria vulgaris from Two Regions
Authors: Shafaghat Ali
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from flower, leaf and stem of Falcaria vulgaris Bernh., from two different localities in Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS (sample A from Ardabil and sample B from Khalkhal area). α-Pinene was the major constituent of the flower, leaf and stem oils from sample A: (43.8%, 33.0% and 50.9%, respectively). Of the 10 components detected in the oil of F. vulgaris flower, high amounts of β-caryophyllene (25.2%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) were recorded. α-Terpinyl acetate (23.2%) and limonene (14.4%) were major constituents of the leaf oil. In the oils of sample B: α-pinene (16.1% in the flower oil, 31.5% in the leaf oil and 34.5% in the stem oil) was again the major compound. Limonene (14.2%) and germacrene D (32.1%) were also main constituents of the leaf oil. α-Terpinyl acetate (21.9% in the leaf oil) and limonene (29.8% in stem oil) were the other major compounds obtained from this sample. Antibacterial activity was determined by measurement of growth inhibitory zones, and the antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The essential oils from different parts and localities of Falcaria vulgaris showed free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity.
A DFT Analysis of Thermal Decomposition Reactions Important to Natural Products
Authors: Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

The thermal decomposition reactions of several important natural flavor and fragrance chemicals have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT, B3LYP/6-31G*). Retro-aldol reactions of glucose, fructose, hernandulcin, epihernandulcin, [3]-gingerol, and [4]-isogingerol; retro-carbonyl-ene reactions of isopulegol, lavandulol, isolyratol, and indicumenone; and pyrolytic syn elimination reactions of linalyl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, and bornyl acetate, have been carried out. The calculations indicate activation enthalpies of around 30 kcal/mol for the retro-aldol reactions and for retro-carbonyl-ene reactions, comparable to pericyclic reactions such as the Cope rearrangement and electrocyclic reactions, and therefore important reactions at elevated temperatures (e.g., boiling aqueous solutions, gas-chromatograph injection ports). Activation enthalpies for pyrolytic eliminations are around 40 kcal/mol and are unlikely to occur during extraction or GC analysis.
Two New C20-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Delphinium anthriscifolium var. savatieri
Authors: Liu Xiao-Yu , Song Lei , Chen Qiao-Hong , Wang Feng-Peng
Published: March 2019

Further phytochemical investigation of the whole herb of Delphinium anthriscifolium var. savatieri resulted in the isolation of two new C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, anthriscifolmines I (1) and J (2). The structures of the two new alkaloids were elucidated on the basis of spectral data, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS.
New Lupane-type Triterpenoid Saponins from Leaves of Oplopanax horridus (Devil's Club)
Authors: Liu Pei-Pei , Li Mo , Kang Ting-Guo , Dou De-Qiang , Smith David C
Published: March 2019

Two new lupane type saponins, along with one known saponin were isolated from leaves of Oplopanax horridus (Devil's Club). The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated as 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-23, 28-dioic acid-3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and 24-nor-3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid-28- O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1″′→4′)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1″→6′)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. The known compound was identified as 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-23, 28-dioic acid (1) by comparison of its spectral data with those reported. Compound 1 was isolated for the first time from the title plant.
Xanthones, Biflavanones and Triterpenes from Pentadesma grandifolia (Clusiaceae): Structural Determination and Bioactivity
Authors: Djoufack Grace Leontine Nwabouloun , Valant-Vetschera Karin M. , Schinnerl Johann , Brecker Lothar , Lorbeer Eberhard , Robien Wolfgang
Published: March 2019

Stem bark, roots, leaves and fruits of Pentadesma grandifolia Baker f. (Clusiaceae) have been analyzed for the presence of xanthones, biflavonoids and triterpenoids. Isolated and identified structures include the xanthones cowagarcinone B (1) and α-mangostin (2), further the two biflavanones 3,8″-binaringenin (3) and the corresponding 3,6″-binaringenin (4), which is here reported as natural constituent for the first time. Structures were determined by NMR and mass spectrometry, as well as by 13C-NMR CSEARCH and SPECINFO database systems. The triterpenes lupeol (5), ß-amyrin (6) and betulin (7) were also encountered. Compounds 2 - 4 exhibited antifungal activity against Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Results are discussed in context to organ-specific accumulation and to other bioactivities that may relate to the ethnomedicinal uses of this species.
New Metabolite from Viburnum dilatatum
Authors: Wu Bin , Zeng Xing , Zhang Yufeng
Published: March 2019

Chemical investigation of the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb resulted in the isolation and characterization of a new phenolic glycoside (1), to which the name jiamizioside E was assigned. Its structure was established by chemical and spectroscopic means.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Leaves and Roots of Ottoa oenanthoides (Apiaceae) from Mérida, Venezuela
Authors: Rojas Janne , Buitrago Alexis , Rojas Luis B. , Morales Antonio , Baldovino Shirley
Published: March 2019

Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from leaves and roots of Ottoa oenanthoides Kunth (Apiaceae) were analyzed by GC/MS. The oils, obtained in yields of 0.10% and 0.66%, respectively, each contained four compounds, which were identified from their mass spectra and retention indices (RI). The major compound identified was 2-methoxy-8-methyl-1,4-naphthalindione (59.9% leaves, and 62.8%, roots), followed by 7-methoxy-1-naphthol (18.3% leaves and 17.3% roots), 2-naphthalenol (18.6% leaves and 15.0% roots), and 3-methoxy-2-naphthalenol (3.1% leaves and 2.1% roots). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that naphthalene derivatives have been reported for any species of the Apiaceae family.
Key Enzymes of Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis and the Induction of Their Activities and Gene Expressions in Plants
Authors: Zhao Chang Ling , Cui Xiu Ming , Chen Yan Ping , Liang Quan
Published: March 2019

Triterpenoid saponins are one of the key active components of many medicinal plants. The biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins in higher plants and a lot of experimental results both indicated that the key enzymes involved in triterpenoid saponin synthesis are squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), lupeol synthase (LS), dammarenediol synthase (DS), β-amyrin synthase (β-AS), cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (PDMO), and glycosyltransferase (GT). The activities and coding genes of the key enzymes could be induced by a range of factors in various plant species. However, the effects of the factors on the content and composition of the triterpenoid saponins in specific plants are not certainly coincident, and different factors appear to induce the gene expressions of the key enzymes by different signal pathways and at different levels. This paper could provide a reference for strengthening the triterpenoid saponin-synthesizing capability of specific medicinal plants at enzyme and/or gene expression levels in order to improve the plants’ commercial values.
Stereochemistry and NMR Data Assignment of Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Zizyphus Oxyphylla
Authors: Nisar Muhammad , Kaleem Waqar Ahmad , Adhikari Achyut , Ali Zulfiqar , Hussain Nusrat , Khan Inamullah , Qayum Mughal , Choudhary M. Iqbal
Published: March 2019

The structures of (3 S,7 R,13 S)-6-[2-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]-19-methoxy-2-oxa-6,9,15-triazatetracyclo[16.3.1.03,7. 09,13]docosa-1-(22),16,18,20-tetraene-8,14-dione (1), nummularin-C (2) and nummularin-R (3) have been previously determined mainly based on mass spectrometric data. Stereochemistry and complete 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data assignments of these compounds are now described. Compounds 1 and 2 are reported for the first time from
Geranylated Flavonols from Macaranga Rhizinoides
Authors: Tanjung Mulyadi , Mujahidin Didin , Hakim Euis H. , Darmawan Ahmad , Syah Yana M.
Published: March 2019

Two geranylated and methylated flavonol derivatives, macarhizinoidins A (1) and B (2), along with a known phenolic compound methyl 4-isoprenyloxycinnamate (3), have been isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves M. rhizinoides. The structures of these compounds were identified based on their spectroscopic data. On cytotoxic evaluation against murine leukemia P-388 cells, compounds 1-2 showed IC50 values of 11.4 and 13.9 μM, respectively, while compound 3 was inactive.