bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TDAG51 overexpression mediates proximal tubule epithelial cell apoptosis through its accumulation in the nucleus
Authors: Heffernan Alana E. , Mohammed-Ali Zahraa , Collins Celeste A. , Dickhout Jeffrey G. , Austin Richard C.
Published: June 2021

T‐cell death associated gene 51 (TDAG51) overexpression induces apoptosis in many cell types. Sequence analysis revealed that TDAG51 contains a putative nuclear export signal (NES), 78VASLEPPVKL87. We hypothesize that TDAG51‐induced apoptosis is mediated through its nuclear accumulation. Leptomycin B (LMB) was employed to inhibit the nuclear export of TDAG51 in HK2 cells, a proximal tubule cell line. An EC50 of 0.8 ng/mL for LMB was calculated using the known NES of Protein Kinase A Inhibitior (PKI). Doses of 0, 1 and 5 ng/mL LMB were applied to determine any increase in TDAG51 nuclear localization. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated with TUNEL assays and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios of TDAG51 expression were measured confocally. Both 1 and 5 ng/mL LMB induced nuclear localization of TDAG51 endogenously or ectopically expressed. The 1 ng/mL dose of LMB resulted in significantly greater apoptotic cell death in TDAG51‐transfected HK2 cells than in GFP controls. However, the 5 ng/ml dose of LMB caused an increase in apoptosis independent of TDAG51 overexpression. We assessed nuclear localization of TDAG51 under Staurosporine (STS) stimuli. Treatment with 2 μM STS showed a significant increase in apoptosis and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios compared to vehicle‐treated controls. Our results demonstrate an increase in the nuclear accumulation of TDAG51 under apoptotic conditions. Supported by the CIHR, MOP‐67116.
Committees ‐ Target the Right Ones and Work Strategically to Make Them Productive
Authors: Topp Kimberly S.
Published: June 2021

An academic has little time to sit alone contemplating the next experiment or course modification. Rather, the majority of our time may be spent in collaborative research projects, integrated curriculum meetings and governance groups. Through committees, you may be at the table with a professor who will vote on your promotion packet, or with a scientist role model with whom you would like to collaborate. Committee work, though necessary, can be time‐consuming and can significantly impact your career. With such high stakes, one must use strategy in choosing committees and work purposefully toward maximal productivity. Asking questions of the right people will provide guidance when you want to join or are invited to participate, and there are graceful ways to set your participation level or decline an offer. Once committed, it is your responsibility to help the members agree upon and accomplish group goals, and practiced skills will help you achieve consensus, engage the disinterested, quell dissent and maintain forward momentum. Due to the expansion of collegial networks and substantial costs of fuel and time, much business is now conducted through phone and video conferencing. Following 12 critical tips can help your group complete a project or committee assignment efficiently and on time. Strong committee membership documented in your curriculum vitae and references can accelerate your upward career trajectory.
Proteolytic Processing of Hendra Virus Fusion Protein in Cells of the Bat Reservoir Host
Authors: Najjar Farah El , Dutch Rebecca E.
Published: June 2021

Hendra and Nipah are recently emerged, zoonotic paramyxoviruses with high mortality rates. While the majority of paramyxovirus fusion (F) proteins are proteolytically activated by the host protease furin, Henipavirus F proteins utilize the protease cathepsin L. The primary natural reservoir of Henipaviruses is fruit bats. Interestingly, fruit bats act as reservoirs for SARS‐like coronavirus and Ebola virus, both of which use cathepsins during their life cycles. We analyzed proteolytic processing of viral glycoproteins in recently generated cell lines from the fruit bats Pteropus alecto and Rousettus aegyptus. Both the cathepsin‐dependent Hendra virus F and the furin‐dependent parainfluenza virus 5 F proteins were properly cleaved, suggesting that furin and cathepsin‐like proteases function in these cells. Syncytia formation was observed with expression of either F protein, confirming that proteolytic activation resulted in fusogenic molecules. Addition of cathepsin L inhibitors inhibited Hendra F, but not PIV5 F cleavage in all cell types. There results demonstrate that proteolytic activation of Henipavirus F proteins by cathepsin is not due to lack of furin‐like proteases in Pteropus bat cells.

This work was supported by NIAID/NIH grant R01AI051517 and NIH grant #U54 AI057157 from the Southeastern Regional Center of Excellence for Emerging Infections and Biodefense.
Novel microRNAs and alternative isoforms arising during human cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Stark Thomas , Roberts Brett , Arnold Justin , Spector Deborah , Yeo Gene
Published: June 2021

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the main viral cause of birth defects, often leading to neurological disorders, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. To advance our understanding of the complex virus‐host transcriptional landscape present during infection, we have completed a suite of comprehensive transcriptome‐focused studies using HCMV‐infected human fibroblasts and neural stem cells. Through deep sequencing analysis of small RNAs, we have refined viral miRNA annotations, identified novel HCMV miRNAs, and observed significantly upregulated host miRNAs. We also sequenced Argonaute‐associated RNAs (Ago CLIP‐seq) to obtain direct evidence for incorporation of all HCMV miRNAs into the endogenous host silencing machinery. High‐throughput sequencing of polyadenylated mRNAs (RNA‐seq) has enabled us to identify novel spliced HCMV transcripts and hundreds of human genes that are alternatively spliced upon infection. Our findings will enable the elucidation of improved therapeutic targets in the near future.

This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (HG004659 and GM084317), the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (RB3‐05219), and the Stem Cell Program at UCSD.
Characterization of rifamycin‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerases
Authors: Gill Sumandeep Kaur , Showalter H.D. Hollis , Garcia George A.
Published: June 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) where over 9 million people are infected globally and approximately 2 million lives are claimed annually. Rifampin (a semi‐synthetic rifamycin derivative) inhibits the MTB RNA polymerase (RNAP) and is one of the first‐line anti‐TB drugs. However rifamycin‐resistant (RifR) mutations are frequent and the individual substitutions of three β‐subunit residues of the RNAP (Asp435, His445, and Ser450) together account for 84% of MTB RifR strains found in clinical isolates. To better understand the interaction between rifamycins and wild‐type/RifR mutant MTB RNAPs, the IC50 values of known/novel rifamycins against RifR MTB RNAPs were determined. The inhibition of the different MTB RNAPs by rifamycins was investigated via dose‐response studies with an in vitro rolling circle transcription assay. Rifamycins bind tightly to the wild‐type MTB RNAP and inhibit the enzyme in the 10−9 M (nM) range. Whereas for the RifR mutants, a dramatic ~102–105 fold loss of affinity for rifamycins was observed where these different mutants were inhibited at much higher concentrations of rifamycins (10s–100s μM range). A direct binding assay is being developed to determine the equilibrium binding constant (Kd) values to further characterize the rifamycin·RNAP interactions.
Expression, Purification and Crystallization of an Essential Protein from M. tuberculosis Using a Non‐Pathogenic Mycobacterium
Authors: Rutter Maxwell Wiley , Patwell Ryan , Chavan Tanmay
Published: June 2021

Objective

To define the structure of an essential acyl‐carrier protein from M. tuberculosis through X‐ray crystallography by expressing and purifying recombinant DNA in non‐pathogenic mycobacteria.

Methods

Using the non‐pathogenic Mycobacteria smegmatis, the protein was produced by growing the bacteria in an auto‐induction media via the Studier method (Studier, W., Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. studier@bnl.gov). Purification of protein involved lysis through French‐style press and a nickel‐nitriloacetic acid column (Ni‐ NTA). With further purification performed through size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC).

Results

Crystallization trials were performed using the sitting‐drop vapor diffusion method and initial conditions were found from the index screens PEG, PEG II, JCSG+ (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) and from index screens MCSG I and II (Microlytic, Woburn, MA, USA). Molecular weight determination was performed on SEC and mass spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction is currently being conducted at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.

Conclusion

The Rv0100‐encoded acyl‐carrier protein was successfully cloned, expressed purified to homogeneity and crystallized using standard techniques. Research is supported by the Institute for Tuberculosis Research – University of Illinois at Chicago.
Storage capacity of the human breast
Authors: Kent Jacqueline Coral , Williams Tracey , Sakalidis Vanessa , Hartmann Peter E , Lai Ching Tat
Published: June 2021

Lactating breasts can increase their capacity to produce milk to meet the demand of the infants. The breast milk storage capacity (SC) is related to milk production (MP) in term mothers in established lactation. This study investigates the SC and MP in early lactation of preterm and term mothers.

Nineteen breast expressing preterm and sixteen breastfeeding mothers collected milk samples and measured their milk production by either weighing the bottle with an electronic kitchen scale or the baby with BabyWeigh scales (Medela AG) at home before and after each breastfeed or breast expression over a 24‐h period between days 10 and 43 postpartum. The 24‐h MP and SC were calculated (Kent et al., 2003).

24‐h Milk production (ml) (mean±SD)
Breast milk storage capacity (ml) (mean±SD)

Left
Right
Left
Right

Preterm
398 ± 182
388 ± 198
142 ± 56
133 ± 68

Term
382 ± 142
431 ± 122
170 ± 66
174 ± 44

Mean MP and SC were not significantly different between breasts or between preterm and term mothers.

The SC of both preterm and term mothers was positively related (p=0.0001) to the MP of their breasts.

Despite premature delivery, SC and MP of preterm mothers’ breasts can reach to similar level as the term mothers’ breasts.

Research Support: Medela AG, Switzerland.
Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration in term healthy infants
Authors: Kent Jacqueline Coral , Perrella Sharon , Williams Julie , Nathan Elizabeth , Fenwick Jennifer , Hartmann Peter , Geddes Donna
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration in term healthy infants.

Ninety‐two newborn infants were followed up over a 6 month period. Reasons for initiating and continuing breastfeeding and incidence of breastfeeding challenges were recorded. Chi square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare breastfeeding difficulties in the first 3 months between women still breastfeeding and those not at 6 months after discharge.

Reasons for breastfeeding related to positive infant and maternal effects as well as moral reasons, with most women citing several. Positive infant effects were most frequently cited for initiating and continuing breastfeeding. Positive maternal effects were cited with increasing frequency, while moral reasons reduced in frequency over time. Incidence of breastfeeding difficulties reduced from 40% at 2 weeks to 34% at 3 months. Perceived low milk supply at 6 weeks (p = 0.005) and 3 months (p = 0.011) was significantly associated with not breastfeeding at 6 months.

An understanding of the positive infant effects of breastfeeding contributes to women's motivation to breastfeed. Perceived low milk supply has an impact on early weaning, yet measures of breast milk production are not routinely made.

Funded by Women and Infants Research Foundation and Western Australian Nurses Memorial Charitable Trust.
Nurse knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding in Arizona
Authors: Foster Tasha , Winham Donna M.
Published: June 2021

Baseline data regarding knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding policies and practices were obtained from 169 maternity ward nurses in 4 hospitals (2 urban, 2 rural) in Arizona. Questionnaires were administered at the beginning of a four hour workshop highlighting the benefits of five of the 10 Baby Friendly Hospital initiatives. Participation in the survey was voluntary. The average age of the respondents was 42 ± 11 years. Eighty‐one percent had biological children and 93% of these individuals reported breastfeeding. Analysis of survey data revealed that while 71% knew they had a written breastfeeding policy, only 52% of respondents reported confidence describing their hospital's breastfeeding policies and procedures. While overall attitudes towards breastfeeding were generally positive, these findings suggest that maternity ward nurse knowledge should be assessed to maximize policy implementation related to maternity care practice changes in order to increase lactation success from birth.
Infant formula samples: association between sources and breastfeeding outcomes at one month postpartum
Authors: Thurston Amanda , Holden Jocelyn , Chezem Jo Carol
Published: June 2021

The current study is from a larger project describing factors influencing breastfeeding outcomes. The sample included expectant mothers planning to breastfeed at least one month. Demographic data and infant feeding plans were collected prenatally. Infant feeding patterns and sources of infant formula samples were obtained at one month postpartum. Most subjects were White (87%), educated beyond high school (75%), married (75%) and planning exclusive breastfeeding (82%). Although all 61 mothers initiated breastfeeding, only 69% continued to one month. Subjects received formula samples from the hospital (66%), mail (67%), and physician's office (16%). Controlling for feeding plan, there were no significant correlations between any or exclusive breastfeeding at one month and formula samples from the hospital, mail or physician's office (P > .05). These findings suggest formula samples are frequently distributed to women planning breastfeeding. Furthermore, women with characteristics related to breastfeeding success (White, well‐educated, married, and planning exclusive breastfeeding) may be less susceptible to the negative influence of samples than the general breastfeeding population.
Validation of sonographic methods for monitoring gastric volume in preterm infants
Authors: Kent Jacqueline Coral , Perrella Sharon L , Hepworth Anna R , Simmer Karen , Hartmann Peter E , Geddes Donna
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to validate 4 methods of estimating stomach volume from sonographic images for monitoring gastric volume changes in preterm infants.

Twenty four preterm infants born <34 weeks gestation were recruited. Ultrasound images of the gastric antrum and stomach were recorded at four time points during an intra‐gastric tube feed. Antral cross‐sectional area (ACSA) and three estimates of stomach volume were validated for intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement. Changes in ACSA and stomach volume were compared to the feed volume delivered.

Estimating stomach volume as a spheroid best matched the delivered feed volume, and reliably estimated the volume. There was no relationship between ACSA and feed volume.

Serial sonographic imaging of the stomach provides a reliable, accurate and well‐tolerated method of monitoring gastric emptying in preterm infants.

This research was financially supported by the Women and Infants Research Foundation and an unrestricted research grant from Medela AG.
Dietary characteristics associated with abdominal obesity in congregate meal participants
Authors: Porter Kathryn Nicole , Johnson Mary Ann
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary characteristics associated with abdominal obesity in older adults participating in the congregate meal program in northeast Georgia (n = 124, mean age = 75 years, 76% female, 44% African American). Daily servings of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, milk products, â€oesweetsâ€, and salty snacks were assessed and abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference (51% were obese, 36% had diabetes, 73% had high blood pressure, 31% reported heart disease, 63% reported arthritis, and 23% were food insecure (did not â€oealways have enough money to buy the food you needâ€ ). Abdominal obesity was positively associated with the intake of â€oesweetsâ€ (rho = 0.24, p < 0.01) and negatively associated with fruit (rho =−0.22, p < 0.01). In regression analyses of the six dietary characteristics, higher intake of â€oesweetsâ€ (p < 0.001) and lower intake of fruit (p < 0.01) remained associated with obesity when controlled for potential confounders. These findings suggest that despite receiving monthly group nutrition education and 5 meals/week that meet 1/3 of the RDA, these congregate meal participants may need additional individual nutrition counseling and food assistance to identify and implement ways to improve their dietary choices and weight management strategies. Northeast Georgia Area Agency on Aging
Dairy, protein, and calcium intake are associated with improved bone health of US women: Results from NHANES 2005–2008
Authors: Keast Debra R , Gugger Carolyn K , Albertson Ann M , Holschuh Norton M
Published: June 2021

This study examined the associations between bone measures, dairy consumption, and intakes of protein (PRO), calcium (CA), and vitamin D (VIT D) among American women. Using 1‐day dietary recall data from NHANES 2005–2008, women aged 19+ yr (n=4,347) were classified by tertiles of PRO, CA and VIT D intake, and dairy consumption: <1 (n=2,239, 47%), 1‐<2 (n=1,181, 28%), or 2+ servings (n=927, 25%). After adjusting for covariates, consumers of 2+ dairy servings had the highest PRO, CA and VIT D intake, compared to those eating fewer dairy servings (p<0.01). Consumers of 2+ dairy servings also had higher (p<0.05) intertrochanter bone mineral content (BMC) (19.3±0.2g), total femur BMC (30.4±0.2g), L2 vertebra BMC (13.4±0.1g) and bone mineral density (BMD) (1.04±0.01 g/cm2), L3 and L4 vertebra BMD (both 1.08±0.01 g/cm2), and total spine BMD (1.04±0.01 g/cm2). In addition, compared to the lowest intake group, the highest PRO tertile had higher (p<0.05) BMD of the femoral neck (0.82±0.01 g/cm2), total femur (0.93±0.01 g/cm2), L2 vertebra (1.04±0.01 g/cm2), L3 and L4 vertebra (both 1.08±0.01 g/cm2), and total spine (1.04±0.01 g/cm2); the middle CA tertile had higher (p<0.05) BMC of the femoral neck (3.99±0.04g), L3 (16.1±0.1g) and L4 (18.0±0.1g) vertebra. Bone measures of VIT D tertiles did not differ. These results suggest that improved bone measures may be due to increases in PRO or CA intake from dairy foods. Funded by the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN.
Dietary Intake, Physical activity and Overweight and Obesity in Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Zhu Yeyi , Hernandez Ladia , Dong Yongquan , Wilkinson Anna , Strong Larkin , Bondy Melissa L. , Spitz Margaret R. , Forman Michele R.
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake, physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Mexican American (MA) adolescents. We conducted a period cross‐sectional analysis with 130 MA adolescents aged 12–17 y. Dietary intake was collected from three 24‐hour dietary recalls throughout one year. Anthropometrics and demographics were assessed at home visit. Overall, 39 of the boys (62.9%) and 41 of the girls (60.3%) were overweight/obese. PA levels were not significantly different across BMI categories. Obese adolescents consumed fewer carbohydrates and grains, and had higher energy density from protein than healthy weight adolescents, after adjustment for gender, energy intake and PA. Using logistic regression models, we report that higher risk of overweight/obesity was associated with nativity (U.S. born versus Mexico) in boys (odds ratio [OR] = 6.81; 95% CI: 1.21, 38.20) and higher consumption of dietary fiber in girls (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.49); lower risk was associated with higher energy density of carbohydrate in boys (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99). In conclusion, nativity was a positive predictor and higher energy density of carbohydrate was a negative predictor of overweight/obesity in boys; whereas higher intake of dietary fiber was a risk factor in girls. Our findings indicate that preventive interventions in MA need to be tailored by gender.

Grant Funding Source : NCI CA105203
Body Weight Misperception Patterns and Their Association with Health Related Behaviors among Adolescents in South Korea
Authors: Lim Hyunjung , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Aims

Examine body weight misperception and its association with eating and physical activity behaviors among 12–18–y–old Korean adolescents.

Methods

The 2009 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web‐based Survey data from 72,399 adolescents were used. Weight status was assessed using BMI calculated based on self‐reported weight and height. Multinomial logistic models were fit to examine the associations controlling for covariates.

Results

Weight underestimation and overestimation rate were 23.4% and 26.8%, respectively. Boys had higher weight underestimation rate than girls (30.3% vs. 15.6%) and lower overestimation (21.3% vs. 33.0%). Especially among high family income and parental education girls, overestimation rate was 41.0%. Compared to those with accurate weight perception, boys and girls who underestimate their weight status were more likely to have an unhealthy diet as indicated by significantly (p<0.05) higher daily intakes of soda (OR=1.1), fast‐foods (OR=1.2), and snack (OR=1.1) (≥once/day). Girls (but not boys) who overestimate their weight status were more likely to have more screen time (≥2hrs/day) and be stressed and depressed.

Conclusions

Over half of Korean adolescents had weight misperception; and there are considerable sex and socioeconomic status differences. Weight misperception is associated with health related behaviors compared to peers with accurate weight perception.

Grant Funding Source: NIH U54 HD070725‐01
Percent of WHO breastfeeding recommendation as a metric to combine breastfeeding duration and intensity during the first 6 months
Authors: Woo Jessica Graus , Herbers Patricia M , Morrow Ardythe L
Published: June 2021

The WHO recommends mothers breastfeed exclusively for 6 months, providing a quantitative standard against which breastfeeding can be assessed. Epidemiologic studies of breastfeeding typically rely on summary measures such as duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF); however, these measures ignore complex patterns of non‐exclusive breastfeeding that may impact infant development. Using prospective weekly 24‐hour recalls from a highly breastfed cohort, we developed a metric of “percent of breastfeeding recommendation” or %BFrec, to incorporate both duration and intensity of all breastfeeding throughout the first 6 months relative to WHO recommendations. Weekly % of all feeds consisting of human milk were combined using Riemann sums to calculate the area under the curve up to six months. %BFrec ranged from 13% to 100%, and was strongly correlated with EBF duration (Spearman rho=0.80, p<0.001), but discrepancies with EBF were larger when EBF duration was lower (figure). Distinct patterns of non‐exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months may better define breastfeeding's role in infant outcomes. This study was funded by the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
Foods consumed away from home and energy intake in urban areas of Brazil
Authors: Pereira Rosangela Alves , Bezerra Ilana Nogueira , Souza Amanda Moura , Sichieri Rosely
Published: June 2021

In order to estimate energy sources from the consumption of away‐from‐home foods (AFHF) and investigate the association between AFHF and energy intake, day‐1 food records from 25,753 individuals (≥10yrs), living in urban areas, investigated in the 2008–2009 Brazilian nationwide Individual Dietary Survey were analyzed. The share of energy from AFHF was calculated for 33 food groups and linear regression models were developed to evaluate the association between AFHF and energy intake. All statistical analyses were weighted and took into account the sample design effect. Foods that were highly consumed away from home were alcoholic beverages (59%), baked and deep‐fried snacks (54%), pizza (42%), soft drinks (40%), sandwiches (40%), and sugar and desserts (30%). The mean energy intake from foods consumed away from home was 337 kcal, representing 18% of total energy intake. AFHF consumption was higher among men, adults and higher income. 43% of the sample reported AFHF, presenting higher energy intake than non‐consumers (2072 vs. 1802 kcal; p<0.01), even after controlling for age, sex and income (βlog energy=0.09, p<0.01). These findings suggest that the habit of consuming AFHF in Brazil may be linked to adverse health outcomes, in particular, weight gain. Funding: CAPES‐Brazil (PDEE nº6748‐10‐4).
Breakfast consumption is associated with favorable nutrient intake and healthy body measures among ethnic US children: Results from NHANES 2003‐08
Authors: Lancaster Kristie J , Jonnalagadda Satya S. , Albertson Ann M. , Joshi Nandan , Holschuh Norton
Published: June 2021

Study examined breakfast consumption patterns of US children by ethnicity (non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic Mexican‐American) and association with nutrient intake and body measures. Study used day one dietary recall from NHANES 2003–08 for 2–12 y (n=5441). Study population was classified as readyto‐eat cereal eaters (RTEC) (n=2124), other breakfast eaters (n=2791) or breakfast skippers (n=526). Compared to the other two groups, RTEC eaters had significantly (p<0.05) higher intakes of total carbohydrate, total sugar, and most vitamins and minerals. Total milk intake was highest among RTEC eaters (350 g/d, p<0.000), across all ethnic groups. After adjusting for covariates, compared to breakfast skippers, breakfast consumption, regardless of type, was associated with lower values for BMI, BMI Z‐scores, and waist circumference, and % overweight and obese status (p<0.05). Breakfast skipping was more common among non‐Hispanic Black children (14% vs. 8% other groups). Among all three ethnicities, % non‐RTEC breakfast consumers was higher (45–54%) compared to % RTEC consumers (38–41%); RTEC breakfast consumers had significantly (p<0.05) higher intakes of most micronutrients, including those identified as nutrients of need in the dietary guidelines. For many of the micronutrients, RTEC was a substantial contributor to the children's daily nutrient intake. These data suggest that consumption of breakfast, as part of an overall healthy diet, may help children of all ethnicities manage body weight; breakfast, especially with RTEC, contributes to improved intakes of essential nutrients.
Dietary intakes, acculturative stress and cultural adaptation of marriage migrant women according to dietary life adaptation
Authors: Kim Ji-Myung , Lee Hee Seung , Kim Min Hwa
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to investigate the dietary intakes, acculturative stress and cultural adaptation of marriage migrant women according to the dietary life adaptation. The subjects were divided into two groups: adaptation group (≥21 scores) or nonadaptation group (<21 scores) according to their dietary life adaptation scores. Total score of mini dietary assessment in the adaptation group was significantly higher than that in nonadaptation group. There were significant differences in intakes of protein, lipid, calcium, phosphorus, niacin and cholesterol between the two groups. In all subjects, intakes of calcium, vitamin C, folic acid and zinc were below estimated average requirements intakes. Dietary life adaptation scores were correlated with general characteristics (age, residence year, alcohol drinking and Korean nationality), Total score of mini dietary assessment, NAR (protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron and niacin), MAR, cultural adaptation (assimilation and integration) and acculturative stress (culture shock). In conclusion, it might be the better dietary life adaptation, the higher diet quality and cultural adaptation and the lower stress. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011‐0011486)
Increased BMI is associated with lower iron status and increased inflammation and oxidative stress in postpartum women
Authors: Jorgensen Josh M , Yang Zhenyu , Lonnerdal Bo , Chantry Caroline J , Allen Lindsay H , Dewey Kathryn G
Published: June 2021

The relationship of body mass index (BMI) to markers of iron status, inflammation, and oxidative stress in postpartum women is not well documented. We examined associations between BMI and markers of iron status (hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, hepcidin, and transferrin saturation (TfSat)), inflammation (C‐reactive protein (CRP) and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP)), and oxidative stress (isoprostane and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8OHdG)) in 114 lactating women enrolled in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of iron‐containing prenatal vitamin‐mineral supplements. Blood samples were collected before and after 3 mo of supplementation. At baseline (x̄ = 13.8 d postpartum), BMI was positively correlated with CRP (r=0.21, P=0.03) and AGP (r=0.29, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with Hb (r=−0.20, P=0.03), ferritin (r=−0.35, P<0.001), and TfSat (r=−0.24, P=0.01). At the final visit (n=95; x̄ = 17.3 wk postpartum), BMI was positively correlated with CRP (r=0.48, P<0.0001), AGP (r=0.60, P<0.0001), and isoprostane (r=0.32, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with ferritin (r=−0.27, P<0.01) and TfSat (r=−0.27, P<0.01). There was a trend toward a negative correlation between BMI and hepcidin at the final time point (r=−0.19, P=0.067). Higher BMI is related to lower iron status and increased inflammation and oxidative stress in postpartum women.

Grant Funding Source : Center for Health and Nutrition Research at UC Davis
Healthy minds but unhealthy bodies: graduating with a 4 year college degree and 7 pounds of body fat
Authors: Gropper Sareen S , Connell Lenda Jo , Simmons Karla , Ulrich Pamela
Published: June 2021

This four‐year study followed a group of college freshmen from the beginning of the freshman year until spring semester, senior year. Body weight and height, measured using standard techniques, calculated body mass index (BMI), and body composition, measured using bioelectrical impendance analysis, were assessed at both times. Of the initial 240 freshmen (155 females, 85 males) recruited, 131 (55%) seniors (89 females, 42 males) completed the study. Significant gains were: weight 6.7 ± 11.0 lbs, BMI 1.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2, percent (%) body fat 3.6 ± 3.5%, and fat mass 7.0 ± 7.5 lbs. Males gained significantly more weight (13.0 ± 11.1 lbs), BMI (1.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2), %body fat (5.2 ± 3.6%), fat mass (10.8 ± 7.4 lbs), and fat free mass (ffm) (2.9 ± 6.4 lbs) than females (weight 3.7 ± 9.6 lbs, BMI 0.6 ± 1.6 kg/m2, %body fat 2.9 ± 3.2%, fat mass 5.1 ± 6.9 lbs, ffm −1.5 ± 4.8 lbs). Among the 71% of students gaining weight, weight gain averaged 11.5 lbs including 9.5 lbs of fat. The % of females and males with over 32% and 20% body fat, respectively, about doubled. Initially 18% of students were classified as obese/overweight and 82% normal/underweight, yet, by the senior year, 31% were obese/overweight and 69% were normal/underweight. College may be educating the students’ minds, but it does not appear to be graduating healthier bodies. This research was funded by USDA AL Agricultural Experiment Station (AAES) projects 013–020 and 07–020, and an AAES Initiative Grant.
Comparison between self‐reported nutrient intake from 24‐h recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), at baseline, among Spanish overweight and obese participants in a metabolic trial
Authors: Soto-Méndez María-José , Martìnez-de-Victoria Emilio , Lobo Gabriela , Boza Julio , Kellerhals Michelle , Pérez-de-la-Cruz Antonio , Gil Angel , Mesa Maria-Dolores , Aguilera Concepción-María
Published: June 2021

Background

Dietary intake during metabolic trials has been controlled using one or another assessment method. The luxury of comparison of mutual results is rarely available.

Objective

To compare data between self‐reported nutrient intake from 24‐h recall and FFQ at baseline among overweight and obese Spanish participants in a metabolic trial.

Methods

151 volunteers (age 18–65 y) were enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial. Subjects were interviewed by 2 standardized nutritionists in a baseline 24‐h recall and a FFQ.

Results

At a group level, median FFQ‐derived energy was estimated as higher than that with 24h‐recall (2600 vs 1874 kcal) as were carbohydrates (273 vs 206 g), proteins (117 vs 87 g) and fats (116 vs 81 g), respectively. All differences were significant at p<0.05. At the individual level, 83% of subjects reported more energy on FFQ and 17% more on 24‐h recall interviews. Regarding macronutrients, 77% of subjects for carbohydrates, 81% for protein and 84% for fat reported greater intakes with the FFQ approach.

Conclusion

As expected, results from this study indicate that FFQ overestimated dietary intake in comparison to the 24‐h recall.

This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01290250 and it is funded by The Coca‐Cola Company.
Evaluating a promotor training to prevent obesity among Latino preschoolers
Authors: Reynolds Stephanie M , Jara Eddy A , Fajardo Alexander
Published: June 2021

The food and social environment play an important role in influencing obesity prevalence during the preschool years (2–5 years old). Approximately 25% of US preschoolers are overweight or obese. The prevalence of overweight Latino preschoolers is almost 50% higher than White preschoolers. Using a promotor approach is a promising strategy to address obesigenic factors in home and neighborhood settings. There is a need for systematic evaluation of promotor training curricula. The authors pilot‐tested a two‐phase Latino toddler obesity prevention curriculum designed to build promotor capacity to create healthier home and neighborhood environments. The first phase of the curriculum provided 19 promotores with group facilitation skills, while the second phase focused on improving knowledge, perceived relevance and self‐efficacy in order to implement home and neighborhood strategies. Pre‐and post‐surveys were administered before and after each phase and process evaluation data was collected. The phase one curriculum resulted in significant gains in self‐efficacy and group facilitation. Phase two results showed significant gains in knowledge and positive shifts in self‐efficacy. By assessing the learning gains of participating promotores, this project addressed the lack of field‐tested promotor training curricula.

Funded by LLU Center for Health Research and LLU Office of Public Health Practice.
Quantifying Vitamin D production from Sunlight Exposure
Authors: Kimlin Michael G.
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D (a fat‐soluble steroid hormone) is produced endogenously following exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet radiation, hence its nickname, the “Sunshine Vitamin”. For Australians, around 95% of vitamin D requirements are derived in this manner, with only a small proportion deriving from exogenous sources (such as diet, fortified foods and supplements). Despite a lack of consensus about what is the ‘optimal’ level of vitamin D, it is clear that many people require more vitamin D than they are currently receiving. It is also clear that we still have a limited understanding of the complex interaction of genetic, behavioural and environmental factors that influence the production of vitamin D within human skin. While ultraviolet radiation exposure is an effective means of increasing Vitamin D status, recommending deliberate ultraviolet radiation exposure for a duration sufficient to increase Vitamin D status can increase risks for other adverse health outcomes (skin cancer and photoaging). This paper will overview the evidence in this important public health and nutrition issue.
Nutrition Status of Children in Rural and Urban Areas in Ecuador
Authors: Katuli Sozina Dora , Natto Zuhair , Beeson Lawrence W , Cordero-MacIntyre Zaida R
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine the effect of geographical location on nutrition status of children in Ecuador.

Methods

171 school‐aged children (ages 7–15) were assessed using height‐for‐age (stunting), weight‐for‐age (underweight), and BMI‐for‐age indices based on the World Health Organization reference standards. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis and percent body fat calculated using the Lohman's equation. Independent t‐test, multiple and logistic linear regression were performed on nutrition indices.

Results

The overall prevalence of under‐nutrition (<−2 z score) were significantly higher in urban areas (p<0.001), with 11.4 percent of children stunted and 1.8 percent underweight. In the rural areas children were only mildly stunted and underweight (below −1 z score). Mean z score indices for both height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age were found to be significantly lower among urban children than for rural children (p<0.001). When adjusted for age and sex, living in urban areas had a negative influence on height for age (regression coeff= −.811, p <0.001). Urban children were also 4 times more likely of becoming mildly stunted (OR=3.95% CL 1.818, 8.448) and 3 times more likely of being mildly underweight (OR=3. 95% CL 1.241, 7.551).

Conclusion

Living in urban areas of Ecuador is a predisposing factor to poor nutrition among children.

Sponsored by Loma Linda University.
Self efficacy scale for fruits and vegetables consumption in teachers of Mexican elementary schools
Authors: del Carmen Morales Ruan Maria , Levy Teresa Shamah , Castellanos Claudia Amaya , Coronel Araceli Salazar , Aguilar Alejandra Jimenez
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the impact of a healthy eating and physical activity guide strategy (Nutrición en movimiento) in elementary schools over the teachers self‐efficacy in order to increase the fruits and vegetables consumption.

Materials and methods

The present study was conducted in 60 elementary schools of the Mexican State of Mexico; 30 were included in the intervention group and 30 in the control, a total of 458 teachers were studied, 239 from the intervention group and 219 from the control. Teachers self efficacy to increase the fruits and vegetables consumption was evaluated at the beginning of the study. Healthy feeding and physical activity workshops were conducted. Four months after the intervention another set of questionnaires was applied. A longitudinal panel model (using General Estimating Equations, GEE) was used for evaluating intervention and time effects on auto‐efficacy, corrected by age and sex.

Results

Self‐efficacy Initial mean score was 79.82 ± 7.07 in the intervention group and 81.53± 6.72 in the control group. There exist a significant effect of intervention and time, with increase of 1.28 (p=0.03)and 1.3 points (p=0.00) in the self efficacy scale.

Conclusion

Strategy showed its efficacy by increasing the teacher's capability to generate changes focused on increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Low‐income adults have limited knowledge of health benefits of beans
Authors: Winham Donna M. , Florian Traci , Thompson Sharon V.
Published: June 2021

Survey data regarding knowledge of the health benefits of beans such as pinto, black, and kidney and attitudes toward consumption were collected from 471 adult participants in WIC (n=221), EFNEP (n=104), and a county unemployment center (n=146). The average age of respondents was 35.9 ± 12.8 and 17% of the sample were male. Significant differences by ethnicity in reported consumption of any beans (Hispanic 61%; non‐Hispanic 38%), never buying canned beans (Hispanic 76%; non‐Hispanics 24%), and knowing how to cook dried beans (Hispanics 93%; non‐ Hispanic 78%) were observed. For Likert scale questions on health benefits of beans, more non‐Hispanics than Hispanics agreed or strongly agreed that beans might lower cancer risk (36% vs. 28%), assist with weight control (35% vs. 18%), lower ‘bad’ cholesterol (40% vs. 26%), and improve blood sugar control (31% vs. 24%). Attitudes and knowledge about the health benefits of beans and their preparation should be assessed among low‐income and nutrition assistance program participants. Promotion of beans for improving diet quality, increasing fiber intakes, cholesterol reduction, and normalization of blood glucose are important health education messages for all populations, but especially for groups with limited resources. Increasing awareness of these health benefits might help retain beans in the diets of Hispanics as they experience acculturation.
Obesity and premature gallstone disease: results from a cross‐sectional study of over 510,000 youths
Authors: Koebnick Corinna , Smith Ning , Black Mary Helen , Porter Amy H , Richie Bradley A , Hudson Sharon M , Gililland Deborah Y , Jacobsen Steven J , Longstreth George F
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and the risk of gallstones as a potential effect modification by oral contraceptive use in girls.

Methods

For this population‐based cross‐sectional study, measured weight and height, oral contraceptive use, and diagnosis of cholelithiasis were extracted from electronic medical records of 510,816 patients aged 10–19 years enrolled in an integrated health plan 2007–2009.

Results

We identified 766 patients with gallstones. The adjusted OR of gallstones for under/normal weight (=reference), overweight, moderate obesity, and extreme obesity in boys was 1.00, 1.46, 1.83, and 3.10 (95% CI 1.99–4.83) and in girls 1.00, 2.73, 5.75, and 7.71 (95% CI 6.13–9.71), respectively (P for interaction sex x weightclass <0.001). Among girls, oral contraceptive use was associated with higher odds for gallstones (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.66–2.40). Girls who used oral contraceptives were at higher odds for gallstones than their counterparts in the same weight class who did not use oral contraceptives (P for interaction weight class x oral contraceptive use = 0.023).

Conclusions

Due to the shift towards extreme childhood obesity, especially in minority children, pediatricians can expect to face increasing numbers of children and adolescents affected by gallstone disease.
Effect of TV Exposure and Advertising on Food Intake in India: an Experimental ad‐libitum Study during Snacking Time
Authors: Gregori Dario , Gulati Achal , Zobec Federica
Published: June 2021

TV and advertising are suspected to promote children's overeating and overweight. Evidence from cross‐sectional / behavioural experimental studies are available for USA, Europe and Australia, whereas no such data exists for emerging countries like India.

Therefore 120 children (balanced according to gender and age groups 3–5, 6–8) have been randomized in a school facility in Delhi to be exposed to TV or not during an afternoon snacking time. They were asked to eat at libitum for 20 minutes. In the TV group, children were moreover randomized to 3 increasing levels of exposure to commercial advertising (1, 2 or 3 times). Advertising was related to the snacks offered; all children received the same lunch meal.

In the control group (no TV, no adv) children ate an average of 116.08 Kcal (108.59 – 223.99 95% C.I). See linear effects on Kcal eaten in the Table.

No significant differences have been found according to TV and increased exposures to advertising. In India, etiological pathways related to children obesity might be worth reconsidering the role of behavioural interactions of children with TV and advertising.

Study supported by unrestricted Grants of Prochild ONLUS and the University of Padova.
Impact of Korean pine nut oil on weight gain and immune responses in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Park Soyoung , Lim Meehong , Shin Sunhye , Han Sung Nim
Published: June 2021

Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and appetite control. Effects of PNO on weight gain and immune responses were compared with those of soybean oil (SBO) in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice. 5‐wk‐old C57BL mice were fed control diets containing 10% energy fat from PNO or SBO (PC, SC) or high‐fat diets with 45% energy fat from 10% PNO or SBO and 35% lard (P10, S10), 20% PNO or SBO and 25% lard (P20, S20), or 30% PNO or SBO and 15% lard (P30, S30) for 12 wks. Proliferative responses of splenocytes to Con A, Con A‐stimulated production of IL‐2 and LPS‐stimulated production of IL‐6 and IL‐1β by splenocytes were determined. Consumption of P20 and P30 resulted in lower weight gain compared with S20 and S30 (17.6 g in P20 vs. 20.6 g in S20; 16.9 g in P30 vs. 20.1 g in S30). White adipose tissue weights were lower in PC and P30 compared with SC and S30 (2.2 g in PC vs. 3.1 g in SC; 4.2 g in P30 vs. 5.3 g in S30). There were no significant differences in lymphocyte proliferation, IL‐2 and IL‐6 production between SBO and PNO groups. IL‐1β levels were higher in P30 compared with S30 (82.3 pg/ml in P30 vs. 52.5 pg/ml in S30). Consumption of PNO reduced weight gain in obese mice fed high‐fat diets, but this effect did not result in an overall improvement of immune responses.

Supported by the Korea Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea government (KRF‐2010‐0024878).
Profiles of Betaine and Choline in Cultivars of a set of Staple Crops
Authors: Ariza-Nieto Magnolia , Glahn Raymond P , Ariza-Nieto Claudia J , Yan Jian , Malysheva Olga V , Caudill Marie A
Published: June 2021

Betaine and choline, important constituents in the food matrix of staple foods function as methyl donors in one‐carbon metabolism. They are also lipotropes, compounds that prevent excess hepatic fat deposits and may influence insulin signaling. The aim of this study was to profile betaine and choline in cultivars of a set of staple crops. A set of samples corresponding to cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum) n=4, native potato (Solanum phureja) n=6, common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) n=2, and lentils (Lens culinaris) n=5, were profiled for these methyl donors. The samples were cooked, freeze‐dried, subjected to acetonitrile, and extracted metabolites were measured via liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry; results are presented on dry‐basis. Among the bean cultivars B2 had higher levels of betaine and B1 presented with higher levels of free choline. Lentil cultivars L4 and L5 were higher for betaine and L7 was higher for free choline. The native potato NP9 was significantly higher for both betaine and free choline. The common potato CP17 showed levels of betaine 17 fold higher than the rest of the cultivars, and CP16 was higher for free choline. These results suggest the accumulation of betaine and free choline in the food matrix should be carefully assessed since the presence of these methyl donors in the diets could improve health outcomes.