bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilayered Cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Harvest Kinetic Energy of Tree Branches for Monitoring Environment Condition and Forest Fire
Authors: Pang Yaokun , Chen Shoue , An Junchi , Wang Keliang , Deng Yiming , Benard Andre , Lajnef Nizar , Cao Changyong
Published: June 2020

Forest fires present a great threat as they can rapidly grow and become large, resulting in tragic loss of life and property when occurring near occupied land. Here a self‐powered fire alarm system based on a novel multilayered cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator (MC‐TENG) that can produce electrical power for the detection sensors by harvesting the kinetic energy of moving tree branches in a forest is presented. The major parameters for harvesting the kinetic energy using the proposed MC‐TENG are investigated, including the number of triboelectric layers, the frequency, the amplitude of external excitation, and the orientation between motion direction and device configuration. The fabricated MC‐TENG results in a peak power of 2.9 mW and a maximum average power of 1.2 mW at a low frequency of 1.25 Hz. The integrated self‐powered forest fire alarm system, consisting of fire sensors, a carbon‐based micro‐supercapacitor, and the MC‐TENG, is demonstrated to be able to report fire risk or hazard efficiently, accurately, and robustly. This study provides a new solution to reduce the forest fire risk through a portable and sustainable alarm system by effectively harvesting kinetic energies in natural environment with TENG technology.
Tubulin‐Based Nanotubes as Delivery Platform for Microtubule‐Targeting Agents
Authors: Kim Jinjoo , Lee Juncheol , Lee Jimin , Keum Hyeongseop , Kim Yumi , Kim Yujin , Yu Byeongjun , Lee Sang Yeop , Tanaka Junichi , Jon Sangyong , Choi Myung Chul
Published: June 2020

Tubulin‐based nanotubes (TNTs) to deliver microtubule‐targeting agents (MTAs) for clinical oncology are reported. Three MTAs, docetaxel (DTX), laulimalide (LMD), and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), which attach to different binding sites in a tubulin, are loaded onto TNTs and cause structural changes in them, including shape anisotropy and tubulin layering. This drug‐driven carrier transformation leads to changes in the drug‐loading efficiency and stability characteristics of the carrier. TNTs coloaded with DTX and LMD efficiently deliver dual drug cargoes to cellular tubulins by the endolysosomal pathway, and results in synergistic anticancer and antiangiogenic action of the drugs in vitro. In in vivo tests, TNTs loaded with a microtubule‐destabilizing agent MMAE suppress the growth of tumors with much higher efficacy than free MMAE did. This work suggests a new concept of using a drug's target protein as a carrier. The findings demonstrate that the TNTs developed here can be used universally as a delivery platform for many MTAs.
3D Hybrid Plasmonic Framework with Au Nanopillars Embedded in Nitride Multilayers Integrated on Si
Authors: Huang Jijie , Wang Xuejing , Li Dongfang , Jin Tiening , Lu Ping , Zhang Di , Lin Pao‐Tai , Chen Hou‐Tong , Narayan Jagdish , Zhang Xinghang , Wang Haiyan
Published: June 2020

Integration of nanoscale photonic and plasmonic components on Si substrates is a critical step toward Si‐based integrated nanophotonic devices. In this work, a set of unique complex 3D metamaterials with intercalated nanolayered and nanopillar structures with tunable plasmonic and optical properties on Si substrates is designed. More specifically, the 3D metamaterials combine metal (Au) nanopillars and alternating metal‐nitride (Au‐TiN and Au‐TaN) nanolayers, epitaxially grown on Si substrates. The ultrafine Au nanopillars (d ≈ 3 nm) continuously grow throughout all the nanolayers with high epitaxial quality. Novel optical properties, such as highly anisotropic optical property, high absorbance covering the entire visible spectrum regime, and hyperbolic property in the visible regime, are demonstrated. Furthermore, a waveguide based on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) ridge with a multilayer structure is successfully fabricated. The demonstration of 3D nanoscale metamaterial design integrated on Si opens up a new route toward tunable metamaterials nanostructure designs with versatile material selection for various optical components in Si integrated photonics.
Enantioselective Construction of Sulfur‐Containing Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters via Asymmetric Functionalizations of α‐Sulfanyl Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Ye Xueqian , Pan Yongkai , Chen Yunrong , Yang Xiaoyu
Published: June 2020

Asymmetric functionalizations of α‐sulfanyl cyclic ketones were realized via chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed enantioselective addition reactions with aldimines, azodicarboxylates and allenamides. A series of chiral organosulfur compounds possessing sulfur‐containing tetrasubstituted stereocenters were accessed via these methods, with excellent regioselectivities and high stereoselectivities.

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Challenges and Emerging Opportunities in High‐Mobility and Low‐Energy‐Consumption Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhang Xiaotao , Dong Huanli , Chen Xiaodong , Hu Wenping
Published: June 2020

Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are the basic elements of organic circuits towards flexible, printable, and wearable electronics. Low‐energy‐consumption OFETs with high mobility are the prerequisite for practical applications. After 30 years of development, OFETs have progressed rapidly, from field‐effect materials to devices, and from individual device to small‐ and medium‐scale integration. Here, a brief retrospective of OFETs' development over the past decades, and the emerging opportunities and challenges from device physics, multifunctional materials to integrated application are presented.
Optimizing planting density to improve nitrogen use of super high‐yield maize
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Shen Dongping , Xie Ruizhi , Ming Bo , Hou Peng , Xue Jun , Li Rongfa , Chen Jianglu , Wang Keru , Li Shaokun
Published: June 2020

High grain yield and N use efficiency are key goals of crop production. Increasing planting density and supplying adequate N application are important agronomic practices to increase maize grain yield. However, little is known about the interaction between the planting density and N application rate of high‐yield maize under mulch drip irrigation. The objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of planting density and N application rate on the grain yield, economic return, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AEN) of super high‐yield maize under mulch drip irrigation in Northwest China. To achieve this, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Qitai farm, Xinjiang. The experiments included four N application levels−no nitrogen (N0), and 270 (N1), 360 (N2), and 450 kg N ha−1 (N3)−and five planting densities−7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). It was found that the N2D4 treatment obtained the highest grain yield (21.5−21.6 t ha−1) and economic return (US$3,399.7−$3,440.3 ha−1) and the relative higher PFPN (59.7−60.1 kg kg−1) and AEN (23.7−25.1 kg kg−1). The PFPN and AEN declined with increasing N application and varied according to a quadratic relationship with increasing planting density. Therefore, a reasonable increase of planting density and an appropriate reduction of N application combined with integrated irrigation−fertilization technology under mulch drip irrigation cannot only obtain high maize yield and economic return but can also improve the N utilization efficiency.
Nickel Nanoparticle Catalyzed Mono‐ and Di‐Reductions of gem‐Dibromocyclopropanes Under Mild, Aqueous Micellar Conditions
Authors: Wood Alex B. , Cortes‐Clerget Margery , Kincaid Joseph R. A. , Akkachairin Bhornrawin , Singhania Vani , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: June 2020

Mild mono‐ and di‐hydrodehalogenative reductions of gem‐dibromocyclopropanes are described, providing an easy and green approach towards the synthesis of cyclopropanes. The methodology utilizes 0.5–5 mol % TMPhen‐nickel as the catalyst, which, when activated with a hydride source such as sodium borohydride, cleanly and selectively dehalogenates dibromocyclopropanes. Double reduction proceeds in a single operation at temperatures between 20–45 °C and at atmospheric pressure in an aqueous designer surfactant medium. At lower loading and either in the absence of ligand or in the presence of 2,2′‐bipyridine, this new technology can also be used to gain access to not only monobrominated cyclopropanes, interesting building blocks for further use in synthesis, but also mono‐ or di‐deuterated analogues. Taken together, this base‐metal‐catalyzed process provides access to cyclopropyl‐containing products and is achieved under environmentally responsible conditions.
Porphyrin/Ionic‐Liquid Co‐assembly Polymorphism Controlled by Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation
Authors: Yuan Chengqian , Yang Mengyao , Ren Xiaokang , Zou Qianli , Yan Xuehai
Published: June 2020

Understanding and controlling multicomponent co‐assembly is of primary importance in different fields, such as materials fabrication, pharmaceutical polymorphism, and supramolecular polymerization, but these aspects have been a long‐standing challenge. Herein, we discover that liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) into ion‐cluster‐rich and ion‐cluster‐poor liquid phases is the first step prior to co‐assembly nucleation based on a model system of water‐soluble porphyrin and ionic liquids. The LLPS‐formed droplets serve as the nucleation precursors, which determine the resulting structures and properties of co‐assemblies. Co‐assembly polymorphism and tunable supramolecular phase transition behaviors can be achieved by regulating the intermolecular interactions at the LLPS stage. These findings elucidate the key role of LLPS in multicomponent co‐assembly evolution and enable it to be an effective strategy to control co‐assembly polymorphism as well as supramolecular phase transitions.
Macrocyclic Dinuclear Palladium Complex as a Novel Doubly Threaded [3]Rotaxane Scaffold and Its Application as a Rotaxane Cross‐Linker
Authors: Yamamoto Koji , Nameki Riku , Sogawa Hiromitsu , Takata Toshikazu
Published: June 2020

A dinuclear PdII complex possessing a cyclic ligand was developed as a novel doubly threaded [3]rotaxane scaffold and applied as a rotaxane cross‐linker reagent. The dinuclear complex (PdMC)2 was prepared by one‐step macrocyclization followed by the double palladation reaction. 1H NMR analysis and UV/Vis measurements revealed the formation of a doubly threaded pseudo[3]rotaxane by the complexation of (PdMC)2 with 2 equivalents of 2,6‐disubstituted pyridine 3 through double metal coordination. The treatment of (PdMC)2 with 2 equivalents of 4‐vinylpyridine (VP) afforded a doubly threaded [3]rotaxane cross‐linker (PdMC‐VP)2. Radical co‐polymerization of VP and t‐butylstyrene in the presence of (PdMC‐VP)2 afforded a stable rotaxane cross‐linked polymer (RCP). An elastic RCP was also prepared by using n‐butyl acrylate as a monomer. The obtained RCPs exhibited higher swelling ability and higher mechanical toughness compared with the corresponding covalent cross‐linked polymers.
Hierarchical Structure of NiMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Determined by Ptychographic X‐Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Ihli Johannes , Bloch Leonid , Krumeich Frank , Wakonig Klaus , Holler Mirko , Guizar‐Sicairos Manuel , Weber Thomas , da Silva Julio Cesar , van Bokhoven Jeroen Anton
Published: June 2020

Hydrodesulphurization, the removal of sulphur from crude oils, is an essential catalytic process in the petroleum industry safeguarding the production of clean hydrocarbons. Sulphur removal is critical for the functionality of downstream processes and vital to the elimination of environmental pollutants. The effectiveness of such an endeavour is among other factors determined by the structural arrangement of the heterogeneous catalyst. Namely, the accessibility of the catalytically active molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) slabs located on the surfaces of a porous alumina carrier. Here, we examined a series of pristine sulfided Mo and NiMo hydrodesulphurization catalysts of increasing metal loading prepared on commercial alumina carriers using ptychographic X‐ray computed nanotomography. Structural analysis revealed a build consisting of two interwoven support matrix elements differing in nanoporosity. With increasing metal loading, approaching that of industrial catalysts, these matrix elements exhibit a progressively dissimilar MoS2surface coverage as well as MoS2cluster formation at the matrix element boundaries. This is suggestive of metal deposition limitations and/ or catalyst activation and following prohibitive of optimal catalytic utilization. These results will allow for diffusivity calculations, a better rationale of current generation catalyst performance as well as a better distribution of the active phase in next‐generation hydrodesulphurization catalysts.
Effects of Temperature, Antioxidants, and High‐Vacuum Distillation on the Oxidation of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Vegetable Oil
Authors: Maglinao Randy L. , Wagner Torrey J. , Duff Keegan
Published: June 2020

Biodiesel offers several environmental benefits and improvements to some fuel performance properties, but its poor oxidative stability has been a major concern. Currently, the accepted practice to improve biodiesel oxidative stability is the addition of antioxidants; numerous antioxidants have been studied but their effectiveness in inhibiting biodiesel oxidation is difficult to predict due to variation with resonance stability, solubility, reactivity, and volatility. To improve prediction efforts, this study explored the Rapid Small‐Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) as a means to investigate how biodiesel oxidation is affected by antioxidant concentration and temperature, and compared its results with the oxidative stability index test. A weak correlation was identified due to antioxidant variation. A kinetic model expressed in temperature and induction period was developed for biodiesel before high‐vacuum distillation (HVD), after HVD and also after HVD with three concentrations of propyl gallate (PG) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants. The approach was validated by comparing collected data on the oxidation of methyl oleate with kinetic parameters found in the literature. Antioxidant concentrations from 130–930 ppm were tested, and the results revealed that the apparent activation energy of biodiesel oxidation increases with increasing concentration of primary antioxidants and decreases during vacuum distillation. When treated with an increasing concentration (130–930 ppm) of PG and TBHQ, the apparent activation energies of a vacuum distilled biodiesel changed from 108.46 ± 4.45 to 112.72 ± 1.46 kJ·mol−1 and from 77.14 ± 2.25 to 89.91 ± 2.29 kJ·mol−1, respectively. These observed trends agree with both the accepted mechanism of primary oxidation of fuels and mode of action of primary antioxidants.
Honest mistake or perhaps not: The role of descriptive and injunctive norms on the magnitude of dishonesty
Authors: Lois Giannis , Wessa Michèle
Published: June 2020

Trivial acts of dishonesty are very prevalent in everyday life and have severe economic and societal consequences. The present study aims to examine the role of descriptive and injunctive norms in minor and major dishonesty under ambiguity. We devised a novel experimental design in which rule violations can be the result of honest mistakes or various dishonest processes. In this ambiguous context, we observed a high prevalence of minor rule violations at baseline. In two experiments, exposure to increased peer cheating (i.e., negative descriptive norms) promoted major rule violations, whereas the presence of explicit or subtle rule reminders (i.e., injunctive norms) marginally reduced minor rule violations but had no impact on major rule violations. We interpret these findings within the framework of social norm theory, self‐maintenance theory, and bounded ethicality. Implications regarding policies that target ordinary unethical behavior are discussed.
Evaluation of Natural and Calcined Eggshell as Adsorbent for Phosphorous Removal from Water
Authors: Kim Daeik , Kim Youngjung , Choi Jong‐Ha , Ryoo Keon Sang
Published: June 2020

Natural and calcined eggshell as adsorbent alternatives were evaluated for the removal of phosphorous from water. Calcined eggshell was obtained after treating the natural eggshell at 900 °C in electric furnace for 2 h. The examination on their characteristics was carried out with thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (EDX). The working solution containing phosphorous was prepared by dissolving KH2PO4 with distilled water. The batch adsorption experiment was conducted by changing various variables such as initial phosphorous concentration, dosage of natural and calcined eggshell, contact time, and pH. It turned out that natural eggshell was unable to remove phosphorous from water, whereas a considerable amount of phosphorous by calcined eggshell was removed in initial contact time (0.25 h). The removal efficiencies were found to be 99.5 and 99.28% at experimental conditions of 5 mg/g of initial phosphorous concentration and a 1.0 g of calcined eggshell dosage, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phosphorous by calcined eggshell were dependent on the abovementioned variables. The difference in the removal behavior of phosphorous by natural and calcined eggshell may be explained due to the different pH values and Ca2+ concentration in solution. The research results suggested that phosphorous removal mechanism by natural eggshell is caused by adsorption of phosphate (as phosphorous source) onto the surface of natural eggshell, however, on the contrary to this, the phosphorous removal on calcined eggshell is arisen from the binding of phosphosphate and calcium resulting in precipitation of calcium phosphate. Experimental data were applied by the pseudofirst‐order and pseudosecond‐order kinetics models and Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The pseudosecond‐order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model were more suitable for calcined eggshell owing to the higher correlation coefficient R2. In conclusion, the result showed that calcined eggshell could become a favorable adsorbent material for removing phosphorous from water.
The first appearance deceives many: Isolated RV infarct masquerading as an anterior STEMI
Authors: Ismail Umar , Toleva Olga , Jassal Davinder S.
Published: June 2020

Although ST‐segment elevation in the precordial leads on an EKG is highly suggestive of occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, the pattern can also result from isolated right ventricular (RV) infarction.
IgG4‐related disease mimicking renal pelvis tumor with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Chang Che‐Wei , Tang Shih‐Hao , Su Chia‐Hung , Tsai Kun‐Bow , Lee Yung‐Chin , Jhan Jhen‐Hao
Published: June 2020

IgG4‐RD may rarely present as a retroperitoneal fibrosis, mimicking carcinomatosis. Clinicians should consider this disease when encountering an idiopathic peritoneal and retroperitoneal fibrosis with renal involvement and hydronephrosis.
Triarylborane‐Appended Anils and Boranils: Solid‐State Emission, Mechanofluorochromism, and Phosphorescence
Authors: Nandi Rajendra Prasad , Sudhakar Pagidi , Kalluvettukuzhy Neena K. , Thilagar Pakkirisamy
Published: June 2020

Herein, the design, synthesis, optical properties, and mechanofluorochromism characteristics of a series of conjugates having covalently linked triarylborane (TAB) and anil/boranil units (TAB‐anil: 1 a–3 a and TAB‐boranil: 1–3) are reported. The electronic interactions between TAB and anil/boranil in 1 a–3 a and 1–3 were fine‐tuned by changing the boryl moiety's position on the phenyl spacer connecting the BMes2 (Mes=mesityl) and anil/boranil units. A boryl moiety at the meta position (1 a) of the phenyl spacer stabilizes the enolic form (E‐OH), whereas a boryl moiety at the para position (2 a and 3 a) stabilizes the keto form (Z‐NH) in the solid state. However, in solution 1 a, 2 a, and 3 a exhibit keto–enol tautomerism in both ground and excited states. Compounds 1 a–3 a and 1–3 show red‐shifted absorption compared with 4 a and 4, which are devoid of TAB moieties, which indicate effective participation of an empty p orbital on the boron center in 1 a–3 a and 1–3. Compounds 1 and 2 showed fluorescence variations in response to external stimuli such as mechanical grinding. Long phosphorescence lifetimes of 18–46 ms were observed for compounds 1–3. The observed optical properties of 1 a–3 a and 1–3 are rationalized in the context of quantum mechanical calculations.
Surface‐Dependent Activation of Model α‐Al2O3‐Supported P‐Doped Hydrotreating Catalysts Prepared by Spin Coating
Authors: Garcia de Castro Ricardo , Bertrand Jérémy , Rigaud Baptiste , Devers Elodie , Digne Mathieu , Lamic‐Humblot Anne‐Félicie , Pirngruber Gerhard , Carrier Xavier
Published: June 2020

Requirements for improved catalytic formulations is continuously driving research in hydrotreating (HDT) catalysis for biomass upgrading and heteroatom removal for cleaner fuels. The present work proposes a surface‐science approach for the understanding of the genesis of the active (sulfide) phase in model P‐doped MoS2 hydrotreating catalysts supported on α‐Al2O3 single crystals. This approach allows one to obtain a surface‐dependent insight by varying the crystal orientations of the support. Model phosphorus‐doped catalysts are prepared via spin‐coating of Mo–P precursor solutions onto four α‐Al2O3 crystal orientations, C(0001), A(11
0), M(10
0) and R(1
02) that exhibit different speciations of surface ‐OH. 31P and 95Mo liquid‐state NMR are used to give a comprehensive description of the Mo and P speciation of the phospho‐molybdic precursor solution. The speciation of the deposition solution is then correlated with the genesis of the active MoS2 phase. XPS quantification of the surface P/Mo ratio reveal a surface‐dependent phosphate aggregation driven by the amount of free phosphates in solution. Phosphates aggregation decreases in the following order C(0001)≫M(10
0)>A(11
0), R(1
02). This evolution can be rationalized by an increasing strength of phosphate/surface interactions on the different α‐Al2O3 surface orientations from the C(0001) to the R(1
02) plane. Retardation of the sulfidation with temperature is observed for model catalysts with the highest phosphate dispersion on the surface (A(11
0), R(1
02)), suggesting that phosphorus strongly intervene in the genesis of the active phase through a close intimacy between phosphates and molybdates. The surface P/Mo ratio appears as a key descriptor to quantify this retarding effect. It is proposed that retardation of sulfidation is driven by two effects: i) a chemical inhibition through formation of hardly reducible mixed molybdo‐phosphate structures and ii) a physical inhibition with phosphate clusters inhibiting the growth of MoS2. The surface‐dependent phosphorus doping on model α‐Al2O3 supports can be used as a guide for the rational design of more efficient HDT catalysts on industrial γ‐Al2O3 carrier.
Molecular Magnets: The Synthesis and Characterization of High‐Spin Nitrenes
Authors: Chapyshev Sergei V. , Mendez‐Vega Enrique , Sander Wolfram
Published: June 2020

Among all C‐, N‐, and O‐centered polyradicals, high‐spin nitrenes possess the largest magnetic anisotropy and are of considerable interest as multi‐level molecular spin systems for exploration of organic molecular magnetism and quantum information processing. Although the first representatives of quintet and septet nitrenes were obtained almost 50 years ago, the experimental and theoretical studies of these highly reactive species became possible only recently, owing to new achievements in molecular spectroscopy and computational chemistry. Meanwhile, dozens of various quintet dinitrenes and septet trinitrenes were successfully characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy, thus providing important information about the electronic structure, magnetic properties and reactivity of these compounds.
Total Synthesis of a Partial Structure from Arabinogalactan and Its Application for Allergy Prevention
Authors: Krumb Matthias , Jäger Maximilian , Voss Alice , Immig Loreen , Peters Karin , Kowalczyk Danuta , Bufe Albrecht , Opatz Till , Holst Otto , Vogel Christian , Peters Marcus
Published: June 2020

Arabinogalactan, a microheterogeneous polysaccharide occurring in plants, is known for its allergy‐protective activity, which could potentially be used for preventive allergy treatment. New treatment options are highly desirable, especially in a preventive manner, due to the constant rise of atopic diseases worldwide. The structural origin of the allergy‐protective activity of arabinogalactan is, however, still unclear and isolation of the polysaccharide is not feasible for pharmaceutical applications due to a variation of the activity of the natural product and contaminations with endotoxins. Therefore, a pentasaccharide partial structure was selected for total synthesis and subsequently coupled to a carrier protein to form a neoglycoconjugate. The allergy‐protective activity of arabinogalactan could be reproduced with the partial structure in subsequent in vivo experiments. This is the first example of a successful simplification of arabinogalactan with a single partial structure while retaining its allergy‐preventive potential.
Syntheses of Salmonella Paratyphi A Associated Oligosaccharide Antigens and Development towards Anti‐Paratyphoid Fever Vaccines
Authors: Dhara Debashis , Baliban Scott M. , Huo Chang‐Xin , Rashidijahanabad Zahra , Sears Khandra T. , Nick Setare Tahmasebi , Misra Anup Kumar , Tennant Sharon M. , Huang Xuefei
Published: June 2020

With the emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains, the development of anti‐Salmonella vaccines is an important task. Currently there are no approved vaccines against Salmonella Paratyphi A, the leading cause of paratyphoid fever. To fill this gap, oligosaccharides corresponding to the O‐polysaccharide repeating units from the surface of Salmonella Paratyphi A have been synthesized through convergent stereoselective glycosylations. The synthetic glycan antigen was conjugated with a powerful immunogenic carrier system, the bacteriophage Qβ. The resulting construct was able to elicit strong and long‐lasting anti‐glycan IgG antibody responses, which were highly selective toward Salmonella Paratyphi A associated glycans. The availability of well‐defined glycan antigen enabled the determination that one repeating unit of the polysaccharide is sufficient to induce protective antibodies, and the paratose residue and/or the O‐acetyl modifications on the backbone are important for recognition by antibodies elicited by a Qβ‐tetrasaccharide conjugate. Immune sera provided excellent protection to mice from lethal challenge with Salmonella Paratyphi A, highlighting the potential of the synthetic glycan‐based vaccine.
Enzymatic Insertion of Lipids Increases Membrane Tension for Inhibiting Drug Resistant Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Jiaqing , Tan Weiyi , Li Guanying , Wu Difei , He Hongjian , Xu Jiashu , Yi Meihui , Zhang Ye , Aghvami S. Ali , Fraden Seth , Xu Bing
Published: June 2020

Although lipids contribute to cancer drug resistance, it is challenging to target diverse range of lipids. Here, we show enzymatically inserting exceedingly simple synthetic lipids into membranes for increasing membrane tension and selectively inhibiting drug resistant cancer cells. The lipid, formed by conjugating dodecylamine to d‐phosphotyrosine, self‐assembles to form micelles. Enzymatic dephosphorylation of the micelles inserts the lipids into membranes and increases membrane tension. The micelles effectively inhibit a drug resistant glioblastoma cell (T98G) or a triple‐negative breast cancer cell (HCC1937), without inducing acquired drug resistance. Moreover, the enzymatic reaction of the micelles promotes the accumulation of the lipids in the membranes of subcellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and mitochondria), thus activating multiple regulated cell death pathways. This work, in which for the first time membrane tension is increased to inhibit cancer cells, illustrates a new and powerful supramolecular approach for antagonizing difficult drug targets.
Wasserabsorption von Getreidekörnern – Vergleich verschiedener Modelle
Authors: Zettel Viktoria , Paquet‐Durand Olivier , Hankele Svenja , Hitzmann Bernd
Published: June 2020

Verarbeitungsprozesse von Getreide erfordern häufig eine Wasseraufnahme der Getreidekörner. Verschiedene Wasserabsorptionsmodelle (das Peleg‐Modell, das erweiterte Peleg‐Modell, das Modell nach Thakur und das Becker‐Modell) wurden an die Messdaten von Weizen, Roggen, Gerste, Hafer, Reis und Mais angepasst. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden für alle Getreidegattungen mit dem erweiterten Peleg‐Modell mit vier Parametern erzielt. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse können helfen, Simulationen von Wasserabsorptionsprozessen zu erstellen und sowohl die Überwachung als auch die Regelung von Wasserabsorptionsprozessen zu vereinfachen.
Effect of Renal or Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Intravenous Rivipansel
Authors: Tammara Brinda K. , Ryan Kelly , Plotka Anna , Shafer Frank E. , Wei Hua , Readett David , Fang Annie , Korth‐Bradley Joan M.
Published: June 2020

Two studies evaluated the effects of renal and hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics and safety of rivipansel (NCT02813798, NCT02871570). A single intravenous 840‐mg rivipansel dose was administered to subjects with renal impairment or normal renal function in study 1005 and subjects with moderate hepatic impairment or normal hepatic function in study 1006. Plasma (both studies) and urine (study 1005) samples were collected for 96 hours postdose. All subjects in studies 1005 (n = 28) and 1006 (n = 16) completed all study procedures. Rivipansel exposure (AUCinf) was 47%, 124%, and 437% higher and total clearance 30%, 57%, and 82% lower in the mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment groups, respectively, than in the normal renal function group. Overall rivipansel exposure was 20% lower and total clearance 31% higher in the moderate hepatic impairment group than in the normal hepatic function group. Ten treatment‐emergent adverse events occurred in studies 1005 and 1006; no event was considered treatment related. As expected, clearance of rivipansel decreased with increasing renal impairment. The difference observed between rivipansel pharmacokinetics in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment and subjects with normal hepatic function was not considered clinically significant. Single doses of rivipansel were well tolerated in subjects with either renal or hepatic impairment.
Morphology, Structure, and Dynamics of Pentacene Thin Films and Their Nanocomposites with [C2C1im][NTf2] and [C2C1im][OTF] Ionic Liquids
Authors: Campos Ricardo M. , Alves Alexandre C. P. M. , Lima Marco A. L. , Farinha Artur F. M. , Cardoso João P. S. , Mendes Adélio , Costa José C. S. , Santos Luís M. N. B. F.
Published: June 2020

In this study, a homogeneous thin film growth of pentacene onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass surfaces is explored using a high‐resolution and reproducible vapor deposition methodology. Moreover, vacuum thermal evaporation of ionic liquids (ILs) ([C2C1im][NTf2] and [C2C1im][OTF]) onto ITO, gold/palladium (AuPd) and pentacene surfaces were performed. A greater wettability behavior of ILs is observed for surfaces containing AuPd. Sequential and simultaneous depositions of ILs and pentacene were explored. Simultaneous depositions lead to the formation of nanocomposites films, consisting of IL micro‐ and nanodroplets covered by pentacene layers. Plasma surface treatment was used to induce the ILs droplets coalescence and explore the dynamics and phase separation of the nanocomposites. The [C2C1im][OTF] droplets were found to be completely covered with pentacene, which suggests a great affinity between cation‐anion pairs and the aromatic moiety. Pentacene films and their nanocomposites with ILs exhibit a typical optical band gap of Egap=1.77 eV, indicating that the nanocomposite phase domains are large enough to behavior as the bulk.
Chiral Self‐Sorting Effects in the Self‐Assembly of Metallosupramolecular Aggregates Comprising Ligands Derived from Tröger's Base
Authors: Jarzebski Andreas , Schnakenburg Gregor , Lützen Arne
Published: June 2020

Five ligands with either nitrile or isonitrile metal binding motifs have been synthesized based on the 2,8‐ or 3,9‐disubstituted Tröger's base scaffold, respectively. These ligands self‐assemble into dinuclear cyclic metallosupramolecular aggregates upon coordination to [(dppp)Pd(OTf)2] in a highly diastereoselective manner, by heterochiral self‐sorting in a chiral self‐discriminating manner as shown by ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal XRD analysis. This observation is in contrast to earlier studies with ligands derived from Tröger's base that have larger metal binding motifs and bis(nitrile) and bis(isonitrile) ligands based on other rigid dissymmetric cores such as [2.2]paracyclophanes. Thus, the combination of these slim metal binding motifs with the rigid v‐shaped 2,8‐ or 3,9‐disubstituted Tröger's base scaffolds seems to be especially well preorganized to ensure high‐fidelity social self‐sorting behavior.
Natural enemy–herbivore networks along local management and landscape gradients in urban agroecosystems
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Lucatero Azucena , Bichier Peter , Egerer Monika H. , Jha Shalene , Lin Brenda , Liere Heidi
Published: June 2020

Ecological networks can provide insight into how biodiversity loss and changes in species interactions impact the delivery of ecosystem services. In agroecosystems that vary in management practices, quantifying changes in ecological network structure across gradients of local and landscape composition can inform both the ecology and function of productive agroecosystems. In this study, we examined natural‐enemy–herbivore co‐occurrence networks associated with Brassica oleracea (cole crops), a common crop in urban agricultural systems. Specifically, we investigated how local management characteristics of urban community gardens and the landscape composition around them affect (1) the abundance of B. oleracea herbivores and their natural enemies, (2) the natural‐enemy : herbivore ratio, and (3) natural‐enemy–herbivore co‐occurrence network metrics. We sampled herbivores and natural enemies in B. oleracea plants in 24 vegetable gardens in the California, USA central coast region. We also collected information on garden characteristics and land‐use cover of the surrounding landscape (2 km radius). We found that increased floral richness and B. oleracea abundance were associated with increased parasitoid abundance, non‐aphid herbivore abundance, and increased network vulnerability; increased vegetation complexity suppressed parasitoid abundance, but still boosted network vulnerability. High agricultural land‐use cover in the landscape surrounding urban gardens was associated with lower predator, parasitoid, and non‐aphid herbivore abundance, lower natural‐enemy : herbivore ratios, lower interaction richness, and higher trophic complementarity. While we did not directly measure pest control, higher interaction richness, higher vulnerability, and lower trophic complementarity are associated with higher pest control services in other agroecosystems. Thus, if gardens function similarly to other agroecosystems, our results indicate that increasing vegetation complexity, including trees, shrubs, and plant richness, especially within gardens located in intensively farmed landscapes, could potentially enhance the biodiversity and abundance of natural enemies, supporting ecological networks associated with higher pest control services.
Exploring the Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Axially Substituted Boron Subphthalocyanines with Carbon‐Based Functional Groups
Authors: Bukuroshi Esmeralda , Petersen Anne Ugleholdt , Broløs Line , Bender Timothy P. , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: June 2020

With peripheral fluorination and chlorination known to significantly influence the solubility, fluorescence quantum yield and redox properties of boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs), it is the intent of this study to further expand a matrix of BsubPcs to correlate structural changes to properties. Here, we have adapted previous synthetic methodologies for accessing axially substituted BsubPcs with a variety of alkyne substituents along with incorporating various peripheral halogens. While axial substitution of BsubPcs results in minimal shifts of longest‐wavelength absorptions, relative fluorescence quantum yields decrease with the increasing number of axial carbon–carbon triple bonds. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that BsubPcs can form a radical anion more easily with each additional carbon–carbon triple bond, the most significant change happening when going from one to two triple bonds. Also, the reduction profile is influenced by peripheral halogenation as well as by the radical‐stabilizing ability of an axial arylethynyl group. In all, axial alkyne‐based substituents have influential impact on the characteristics of BsubPcs.
Diprotonated Parabanic Acid: A Vicinal or 1,3‐Dication?
Authors: Beck Stefanie , Raljic Milica , Jessen Christoph , Kornath Andreas J.
Published: June 2020

Reacting parabanic acid with the superacidic systems XF/MF5 (X = H, D; M = As, Sb) in different ratios, led to the formation of the mono‐ and diprotonated species. Salts in terms of [C3H3N2O3][AsF6], [C3H3N2O3][SbF6], [C3H4N2O3][AsF6]2, [C3H4N2O3][SbF6]2, [C3D3N2O3][AsF6] and [C3D4N2O3][AsF6]2 were obtained and characterized by low‐temperature infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analyses were performed for [C3H3N2O3][SbF6] and [C3H4N2O3][AsF6]2·4HF. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were carried out on the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory for the mono‐ and dication. Mapped Electrostatic Potentials together with Natural Population Analysis charges were calculated in order to localize the two positive charges of the diprotonated parabanic acid. The diprotonated parabanic acid can be described as an 1,2‐C,C‐dication, stabilized by electron delocalization over the five‐membered ring.
Regioselective Olefination of 3‐Substituted Five‐Membered Heteroarenes
Authors: Chen Hao , Farizyan Mirxan , van Gemmeren Manuel
Published: June 2020

Five‐membered heteroarenes constitute ubiquitous moieties in bioactive compounds and materials. It is thus not surprising that a direct and selective access to multiply substituted heteroarenes is considered as a highly attractive synthetic target. The direct olefination of such substrates, also known as cross‐dehydrogenative coupling has raised significant interest in this context. However, achieving site‐selectivity remains challenging with some substitution patterns such as 3‐substituted heteroarenes. Suitable catalyst systems and reaction conditions have to be identified, which enable the differentiation between the competing C2‐ and C5‐position. Over the last few years, substantial progress has been made to overcome this selectivity challenge mainly based on the use of novel ligand systems, which will be described herein.
Time‐Economical Synthesis of Bis‐Spiro Cyclopropanes via Cascade 1,6‐Conjugate Addition/Dearomatization Reaction of para‐Quinone Methides with 3‐Chlorooxindoles
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Ru , Jin Hai‐Shan , Sun Jin , Wang Jie , Zhao Li‐Ming
Published: June 2020

A spirocyclopropanation of para‐quinone methides with 3‐chlorooxindoles that proceeds via cascade 1,6‐conjugate addition/dearomatization reaction has been established, leading to a novel class of bis‐spiro compounds in a concise, rapid, and practical manner. This transformation could be completed in high yields at room temperature within 5 min. The resulting bis‐spiro cyclopropane derivatives are of great interest because of their potential biological activity and further reaction potential.
Exergy recovery from water heating by a Scheffler collector for more exergetic factor
Authors: Kumar Anil
Published: June 2020

In this experimental research, the recovery of exergy from a Scheffler collector is assessed where a receiver cum spiral absorber tube of mild steel of size, 0.025 m diameter and 10 m length was tested at various Direct Beam Radiations (DNI) (500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 W/m2) and mass flow rates of water (400, 600, 800, 1,000 and 1,200 kg/hr). For this aim, the heating of the flowing water is performed through the receiver, installed at the fixed focus of the collector. As a significant consequence, by rising the DNI and mass flow rate, the recovered exergy enhanced. Further, the increment of the exergy factor because of the utilization of the recovered exergy from the Scheffler collector has also been investigated in this paper. The results demonstrate that by utilizing the recovered exergy, the exergy factor increased approximately 36.18%. The outcomes of this research article are also validated with the “solar parabolic dish concentrator” to set the novelty of the work.
Visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity of kaolinite: Sensitized by in situ growth of Cu‐TiO2
Authors: Liu Zhengjiang , Wang Anqi , Zhang Qiancheng , Liu Juming , Ma Huiyan , Li Di , Xing Lei
Published: June 2020

Sensitized kaolinite with improved visible‐light catalytic activity was prepared via a facile in‐situ growth of nanosized Cu‐TiO2 on the surface of the sulfated kaolinite impregnated in Cu‐TiO2 sol. The as‐prepared photocatalysts were characterized in terms of various techniques. The transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer results revealed that Cu‐TiO2 could grow on the surface of the pretreated kaolinite and the aggregation of Cu‐TiO2 was successfully inhibited. The X‐ray photoelectron spectrum confirmed the formation of AlOTi bonds between Cu‐TiO2 and sulfated kaolinite in the sensitized kaolinite composite. The sensitized kaolinite composite exhibited significantly improved performance in the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), leading to about 87% of RhB degradation in 180 min, which is superior to that of the kaolinite, calcined kaolin, and sulfated calcined kaolin under visible‐light irradiation. The superior photodegradation activity of the sensitized kaolinite composite was primarily attributed to the synergetic effect of Cu‐TiO2 sensitization and sulfation, resulting from the efficient transfer and separation of the photo‐induced charge carriers between Cu‐TiO2 and kaolinite.
Investigating the increased heat performance of direct steam generation of Fresnel power plant using nanoparticles
Authors: Salehi Najmeh , Mehdipour Ramin , Lavasani Arash Mirabdolah , Eftekhari Yazdi Mohammad
Published: June 2020

Utilization of direct steam generation is a significant point in the solar power plants particularly in linear Fresnel collectors. In this research, the increased heat transfer coefficient has been scrutinized in the used nanoparticles with volumetric concentrations of 0.01 to 2% in comparison with pure water in the linear Fresnel collectors for two mass fluxes embrace 100 and 500 kg/m2 s. In this process, determination of critical heat flux (CHF) is substantially important that in truth, it has been obtained with a numerical thermal analysis. Using the look up table method, the location of CHF has been determined for pure water and all nanofluids. According to obtained results for two types of mass fluxes and in along increasing of volumetric concentration from 0 up to 2% for gold nanoparticles, tube temperature in its internal surface has been decreased that it has been equaled 1.33 and 0.34% for mass fluxes 100 and 500 kg/m2 s, respectively. Also, length of CHF has been increased equal to 91.01 and 114.1% for mentioned mass fluxes. On the other hand, an increasing has been acquired about convection heat flux in CHF point that they are 1.49 and 0.28%.
Removal of levosulpiride from pharmaceutical wastewater using an advanced integrated treatment strategy comprising physical, chemical, and biological treatment
Authors: Jhunjhunwala Aastha , Pathak Uttarini , Sarkar Kalyan Kumar , Majee Subhasish , Mandal Dalia Dasgupta , Mandal Tamal
Published: June 2020

In recent times the impact of pharmaceutical wastes generated from the pharmaceutical industry and domestic sewages on the aquatic ecosystem has become a major concern. The traditional sole treatment processes are not adequate for the elimination of these wastes. To overcome the lack of the individual treatment processes, integrated treatment methodology has been devised in the present study. The degradation of the pharmaceutical, levosulpiride, by using Ozone (O3), activated carbon (AC) and biological treatment by A.faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1in its aqueous solution has been investigated. The percentage removal of Levosulpiride from its synthetic aqueous solution of 600 mg/L concentration using 2 g/L activated carbon and 5.2 g/h ozone and biological treatment by A.faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1 in 72 hr were 51.60, 53.50, 39.97, and 37.51% respectively. Simultaneous treatment using adsorption and ozone followed by biological treatment with A. faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1 has been employed in this study. To overcome the demerits of the individual treatment process, the integrated treatment is employed which has shown a synergistic effect in the degradation of levosulpiride with minimal doses of activated carbon, ozone, and minimum time of operation. The percentage removal of levosulpiride achieved was about 76 and 61% for 800 mg/L levosulpiride wastewater, respectively. Therefore, the integrated treatment system is rendered economical, efficient, and safe.