bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria at the China–Myanmar Border
Authors: Wang Ying , Yang Zhaoqing , Yuan Lili , Zhou Guofa , Parker Daniel , Lee Ming-Chieh , Yan Guiyun , Fan Qi , Xiao Yuping , Cao Yaming , Cui Liwang
Published: August 2015

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently used as the first-line therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, the recent emergence and/or spread of artemisinin resistance in parts of Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of southeast Asia requires close monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of ACTs. This study was conducted from March 2012 to December 2013 in four clinics and seven villages along the China–Myanmar border. A total of 109 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were treated with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP) and followed up on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 after treatment. A total of 71 patients (22 children and 49 adults) completed the 42-day follow-up. DP remained highly efficacious for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with an overall 42-day cure rate of 100%. The day 3 parasite-positive rate was 7.04% (5/71). Within 14 days of treatment, a total of 13 (18.31%) patients had detectable gametocytes and a large proportion of these were persistent from the first three days of treatment. The presence of gametocytes in patients through 14 days after DP treatment suggests that the incorporation of a single dose of primaquine for clearing gametocytemia should be considered for blocking parasite transmission.
Patterns of Hepatosplenic Brucella Abscesses on Cross-Sectional Imaging: A Review of Clinical and Imaging Features
Authors: Heller Tom , Bélard Sabine , Wallrauch Claudia , Carretto Edoardo , Lissandrin Raffaella , Filice Carlo , Brunetti Enrico
Published: August 2015

While diffuse involvement of liver and spleen is frequently seen in brucellosis, suppurative abscesses caused by Brucella are less common but well described. With the increased availability of cross-sectional imaging techniques, reports have become more frequent. Four patients with hepatosplenic abscesses caused by Brucella spp. are described and included in a review of 115 previously published cases. Clinical characteristics and patterns on ultrasound (US) and computed tomography imaging were analyzed. Furthermore, the proportion of patients with brucellosis affected by suppurative hepatosplenic lesions was estimated. Hepatosplenic abscesses were seen in 1.2% of patients with brucellosis and were mostly caused by Brucella melitensis. Imaging analysis revealed two main distinct patterns. Solitary abscesses involving liver more frequently than spleen, and showing characteristic central calcifications, characterize the first pattern. Multiple smaller abscesses, frequent spleen involvement, and absence of calcifications characterize the second pattern. Blood and aspirate cultures were frequently negative, however, the positivity rate increased over the past years. Indirect Coombs test was positive in 96%. Half of the patients were cured by antibiotic treatment; case fatality in this series was 1.9%. Hepatosplenic abscesses due to Brucella infections have characteristic imaging findings. Clinicians should be aware of these and the proactive use of cross-sectional imaging, particularly US, should be encouraged in endemic regions.
Dengue Virus Infection Triggering Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Pregnancy
Authors: Deepanjali Surendran , Naik Raghuramulu R. , Mailankody Sharada , Kalaimani Sivamani , Kadhiravan Tamilarasu
Published: August 2015

We report a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that immediately followed symptomatic dengue virus infection in a pregnant lady. The patient developed dengue fever at 16 weeks of gestation, resulting in spontaneous abortion. Subsequently, fever reappeared with persistent thrombocytopenia and jaundice. Investigations revealed microangiopathic hemolysis; there was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The TTP episode resolved after six cycles of therapeutic plasma exchange with fresh-frozen plasma. An ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13 repeats) activity assay, done during convalescence, showed normal activity. The patient had an uneventful second pregnancy and has remained free of TTP recurrence for more than 2 years now. We review the pathophysiological basis of TTP in dengue infection, and suggest that jaundice with disproportionate elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase level in a patient with dengue should arouse the suspicion of TTP.
Transport of Antarctic stratospheric strongly dehydrated air into the troposphere observed during the HALO-ESMVal campaign 2012
Authors: Rolf C. , Afchine A. , Bozem H. , Buchholz B. , Ebert V. , Guggenmoser T. , Hoor P. , Konopka P. , Kretschmer E. , Müller S. , Schlager H. , Spelten N. , Sumińska-Ebersoldt O. , Ungermann J. , Zahn A. , Krämer M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Dehydration in the Antarctic winter stratosphere is a well-known phenomenon that is annually observed by satellites and occasionally observed by balloon-borne measurements. However, in situ measurements of dehydrated air masses in the Antarctic vortex are very rare. Here, we present detailed observations with the in situ and GLORIA remote sensing instrument payload aboard the German aircraft HALO. Strongly dehydrated air masses down to 1.6 ppmv of water vapor were observed as far north as 47° S in an altitude between 12 and 13 km in the lowermost stratosphere. The dehydration can be traced back to individual ice formation events above the Antarctic Peninsula and Plateau, where ice crystals sedimented out and water vapor was irreversibly removed. Within these dehydrated stratospheric air masses, filaments of moister air reaching down to the tropopause are detected with the high-resolution limb sounder, GLORIA. Furthermore, dehydrated air masses are observed with GLORIA in the Antarctic lowermost stratosphere down to 7 km. With the help of a backward trajectory analysis, a midlatitude origin of the moist filaments in the vortex can be identified, while the dry air masses down to 7 km have stratospheric origins. Antarctic stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) and transport of dehydrated air masses into the troposphere are investigated. Further, it is shown that the exchange process can be attributed to several successive Rossby wave events in combination with an isentropic exchange of air masses across the thermal tropopause. The transport into the troposphere is caused by air masses that are detached from the potential vorticity (PV) structure by Rossby wave breaking events and subsequently transported diabatically across the dynamical tropopause. Once transported to the troposphere, air masses with stratospheric origin can reach near-surface levels within several days.
A sub-decadal trend of diacids in atmospheric aerosols in East Asia
Authors: Kundu S. , Kawamura K. , Kobayashi M. , Tachibana E. , Lee M. , Fu P. Q. , Jung J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The change of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) has been predicted to be highly uncertain in the future atmosphere in Asia. To better quantify the SOA change, we study a sub-decadal (2001–2008) trend of major surrogate compounds (C2-C10 diacids) of SOA in atmospheric aerosols from Gosan site in Jeju Island, South Korea. Gosan site is influenced by the pollution-outflows from East Asia. The molecular distribution of diacids was characterized by the predominance of oxalic (C2) acid followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids in each year. The seasonal variations of diacids in each year were characterized by the highest concentrations of saturated diacids in spring and unsaturated diacids in winter. The consistent molecular distribution and seasonal variations are indicative of similar pollution sources for diacids in East Asia over a sub-decadal scale. However, the intensity of the pollution sources has increased as evidenced by the increases of major diacids at the rate of 3.9–47.4 % year−1 particularly in April. The temporal variations of atmospheric tracer compounds (CO, levoglucosan, 2-methyltetrols, pinic acid, glyoxylic acid, glyoxal and methylglyoxal) suggest that the increases of diacids are due to an enhanced precursor emissions associated with more anthropogenic than biogenic activities followed by their chemical processing in the atmosphere. The trends of diacids are opposite to the reported decreases of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in the recent years in East Asia. This study demonstrates that recent pollution control strategies in East Asia could not decrease organic acidic species in the atmosphere. If the current rates of increases continue, the organic acid- and water-soluble fractions of SOA could increase significantly in the future atmosphere in East Asia.
Fine particulate matter associated with monsoonal effect and the responses of biomass fire hotspots in the tropical environment
Authors: Khan M. F. , Latif M. T. , Saw W. H. , Amil N. , Nadzir M. S. M. , Sahani M. , Tahir N. M. , Chung J. X.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The health implications of PM2.5 in tropical regions of Southeast Asia are significant as PM2.5 can pose serious health concerns. PM2.5 is strongly influenced by the monsoon. We quantitatively characterize the health risks posed to human populations by selected heavy metals in PM2.5. Monsoonal effects as well as factors influencing the sources of PM2.5 were also determined. Apportionment analysis of PM2.5 was undertaken using US EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) 5.0 and a mass closure model. Overall, 48 % of the samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) 24 h guideline. The mass closure model identified four sources of PM2.5: (a) mineral matter (MIN) (35 %), (b) secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) (11 %), (c) sea salt (SS) (7 %), (d) trace elements (TE) (2 %) and (e) undefined (UD) (45 %). PMF 5.0 identified five potential sources and motor vehicle emissions and biomass burning were dominant followed by marine and sulfate aerosol, coal burning, nitrate aerosol, and mineral and road dust. The non-carcinogenic risk level for four selected metals (Pb, As, Cd and Ni) in PM2.5 and in the identified major sources by PMF > 5.0, with respect to inhalation follows the order of PM2.5 > coal burning > motor vehicle emissions/biomass burning > mineral/road dust. The lifetime cancer risk follows the order of As > Ni > Pb > Cd for mineral/road dust, coal burning and overall of PM2.5 concentration and As > Pb > Ni > Cd for motor vehicle/biomass burning. Overall, the associated cancer risk posed by the exposure of toxic metals in PM2.5 is three to four in 1 000 000 people in this location.
Profile of a low-Mach-number shock in two-fluid plasma theory
Authors: Gedalin M. , Kushinsky Y. , Balikhin M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Magnetic profiles of low-Mach-number collisionless shocks in space plasmas are studied within the two-fluid plasma theory. Particular attention is given to the upstream magnetic oscillations generated at the ramp. By including weak resistive dissipation in the equations of motion for electrons and protons, the dependence of the upstream wave train features on the ratio of the dispersion length to the dissipative length is established quantitatively. The dependence of the oscillation amplitude and spatial damping scale on the shock normal angle θ is found.
Time-series of tritium, stable isotopes and chloride reveal short-term variations in groundwater contribution to a stream
Authors: Duvert C. , Stewart M. K. , Cendón D. I. , Raiber M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A major limitation to the accurate assessment of streamwater transit time (TT) stems from the use of stable isotopes or chloride as hydrological tracers, because these tracers are blind to older contributions. Also, while catchment processes are highly non-stationary, the importance of temporal dynamics in older water TT has often been overlooked. In this study we used lumped convolution models to examine time-series of tritium, stable isotopes and chloride in rainfall, streamwater and groundwater of a catchment located in subtropical Australia. Our objectives were to assess the different contributions to streamflow and their variations over time, and to understand the relationships between streamwater TT and groundwater residence time. Stable isotopes and chloride provided consistent estimates of TT in the upstream part of the catchment. A young component to streamflow was identified that was partitioned into quickflow (mean TT ≈ 2 weeks) and discharge from the fractured igneous rocks forming the headwaters (mean TT ≈ 0.3 years). The use of tritium was beneficial for determining an older contribution to streamflow in the downstream area. The best fits were obtained for a mean TT of 16–25 years for this older groundwater component. This was significantly lower than the residence time calculated for the alluvial aquifer feeding the stream downstream (≈ 76–102 years), outlining the fact that water exiting the catchment and water stored in it had distinctive age distributions. When simulations were run separately on each tritium streamwater sample, the TT of old water fraction varied substantially over time, with values averaging 17 ± 6 years at low flow and 38 ± 15 years after major recharge events. This was interpreted as the flushing out of deeper, older waters shortly after recharge by the resulting pressure wave propagation. Overall, this study shows the usefulness of collecting tritium data in streamwater to document short-term variations in the older component of the TT distribution. Our results also shed light on the complex relationships between stored water and water in transit, which are highly nonlinear and remain poorly understood.
Spectral diagonal ensemble Kalman filters
Authors: Kasanický I. , Mandel J. , Vejmelka M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A new type of ensemble Kalman filter is developed, which is based on replacing the sample covariance in the analysis step by its diagonal in a spectral basis. It is proved that this technique improves the approximation of the covariance when the covariance itself is diagonal in the spectral basis, as is the case, e.g., for a second-order stationary random field and the Fourier basis. The method is extended by wavelets to the case when the state variables are random fields which are not spatially homogeneous. Efficient implementations by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are presented for several types of observations, including high-dimensional data given on a part of the domain, such as radar and satellite images. Computational experiments confirm that the method performs well on the Lorenz 96 problem and the shallow water equations with very small ensembles and over multiple analysis cycles.
An inkling of the relation between the monofractality of temperatures and pressure anomalies
Authors: Deliège A. , Nicolay S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We use the discrete "wavelet transform microscope" to study the monofractal nature of surface air temperature signals of weather stations spread across Europe. This method reveals that the information obtained in this way is richer than previous works studying long range correlations in meteorological stations: the approach presented here allows to bind the Hölder exponents with the standard deviation of surface pressure anomalies, while such a link does not appear with methods previously carried out.
Tilt error in cryospheric surface radiation measurements at high latitudes: a model study
Authors: Bogren W. S. , Burkhart J. F. , Kylling A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We have evaluated the magnitude and makeup of error in cryospheric radiation observations due to small sensor misalignment in in-situ measurements of solar irradiance. This error is examined through simulation of diffuse and direct irradiance arriving at a detector with a cosine-response foreoptic. Emphasis is placed on assessing total error over the solar shortwave spectrum from 250 to 4500 nm, as well as supporting investigation over other relevant shortwave spectral ranges. The total measurement error introduced by sensor tilt is dominated by the direct component. For a typical high latitude albedo measurement with a solar zenith angle of 60°, a sensor tilted by 1, 3, and 5° can respectively introduce up to 2.6, 7.7, and 12.8 % error into the measured irradiance and similar errors in the derived albedo. Depending on the daily range of solar azimuth and zenith angles, significant measurement error can persist also in integrated daily irradiance and albedo.
Learning Experience in Computer-Based Pronunciation Package
Authors: Woottipong Kretsai
Published: August 2015

The purposes of this study were 1) to evaluate the efficiency of the computer-based pronunciation package for enhancing English pronunciation of Thai university students in the field of sciences based on the criteria of 80/80 Standard 2) to compare English pronunciation ability before and after receiving English pronunciation treatment by the computer-based pronunciation package, and 3) to examine the students’ opinion towards the computer-based pronunciation package for enhancing English pronunciation. The sample of the student population for this study was 72 first-year students in the field of sciences in the second semester of the academic year 2013 at Thaksin University, Thailand. They were selected by simple random sampling. The study was conducted over 34 teaching periods. Regarding the data analysis, mean, percentage and t-test scores were employed. The result indicated that 1) the efficiency value of the computer-based pronunciation lessons was 81.88/82.66. 2) The learning achievement on English pronunciation among students using the computer-based pronunciation package was higher than those taught through the conventional face-to-face instruction at a significance level of 0.05. 3) Students had very good attitudes towards learning English pronunciation via the computer-based pronunciation package with an average score of 4.00.
Using Part-Time Working to Support Graduate Employment
Authors: Evans Carl , Maxfield Tim , Gbadamosi Gbolahan
Published: August 2015

An exploration of the value attached to the work experience of graduates, and particularly the value of part-time working whilst studying for a degree, from an employer's perspective, is reported. A documentary analysis of graduate recruiters was conducted to assess the extent to which work experience was specified for graduate employment programmes. Further interviews were then carried out with a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to explore how the part-time working of graduates is perceived by employers. Work experience is deemed to be important to employers, not only as a differentiator but also as a measure of how graduates will perform in-post. Employers generally signalled the value of work experience, but indicated that graduates did not make best use of it in their job applications. It is argued that the findings will provide information to universities and educators about the contribution and importance of students' part-time working in terms of graduate employment prospects and with respect to the employability agenda in the HE curriculum in the UK.
Graduate Dress Code
Authors: Cutts Beth , Hooley Tristram , Yates Julia
Published: August 2015

This article explores the relationship between students' identities, their ideas about professional appearance and their anticipated transition to the world of work. It is based on a series of semi-structured interviews with 13 students from a vocationally-focused university in England. It was found that participants viewed clothing and appearance as an important aspect of their transition to the workplace. They believed that, if carefully handled, their appearance could help them to fit in and satisfy the expectations of employers, although some participants anticipated that this process of fitting in might compromise their identity and values. The article addresses students' anticipated means of handling the tension between adapting to a new environment and ‘being themselves’. It is argued that the way this process is handled is intertwined with wider facets of identity – most notably those associated with gender.
The Attitude of Egyptian SET Academics towards Innovation
Authors: Hadidi Hala El , Kirby David A.
Published: August 2015

In the modern knowledge economy universities are being required to operate more entrepreneurially, commercializing the results of their research and spinning out new ventures. The literature on the Triple Helix model (of academic–industry–government relations) is outlined, emphasizing – as does the model – the enhanced role that the modern entrepreneurial university plays in technological innovation. The study then examines the situation in Egypt where, as an earlier study demonstrated, innovation and the role of higher education in the innovation process are only weakly developed. Four hundred science, engineering and technology academics from eight of Egypt's private and public universities were surveyed to identify why this is the case. The results reveal that while there is considerable uncertainty amongst academics in both the private and public sectors about the role of Egyptian universities in the innovation process, there is recognition of the need for government intervention and support if the country's universities are to adopt this Third Mission function. The possible types of intervention and support are considered, which will be of relevance to both academics and policy makers in Egypt and other factor-driven economies.
Rendezvous of the ‘Third Kind’: Triple Helix Origins and Future Possibilities
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry
Published: August 2015

The Triple Helix, representing university–industry–government interactions, was mooted in a 1993 International Workshop on University–Industry Relations at UNAM's Centro Para la Innovacion Technologica in Mexico City. Impelled by Mexican reality, where university–industry interactions and the institutions themselves operated within a governmental framework, the image equally fits laissez-faire societies where the role of government in university–industry interactions can also be discerned. This article discusses the source of the Triple Helix model in a government-led response to economic downturn in early twentieth century New England which recognized universities as a key regional actor, and suggests how the model may play a role in response to the contemporary economic crisis.
The Role of Financial Bootstrapping in Handling the Liability of Newness in Incubator Businesses
Authors: Winborg Joakim
Published: August 2015

Recent research in entrepreneurship has examined factors that could reduce the challenges facing new businesses (the so-called ‘liabilities of newness’). Seeking to contribute to this research, this study examines the potential role of a financial bootstrapping approach (finding ways of securing resources on favourable terms). Even though financial bootstrapping has received increased attention in entrepreneurship research, our understanding of the relative importance of financial bootstrapping is undeveloped. This study focuses on new businesses established in Swedish university incubators and is based on data from a questionnaire sent to 120 new business founders. Given the role of incubators to provide resources and contacts on favourable terms, it can be argued that they represent an institutionalized arena in which new businesses can identify bootstrapping possibilities. The findings show that the possession of a financial bootstrapping approach is beneficial for handling the external liability of newness, whereas no significant effects were found on the internal liability of newness.
Do Owners and Managers Really Differ?
Authors: Lorenz Melanie P. , Gamble John E. , Turnipseed David L. , Weaver K. Mark
Published: August 2015

This study examines the determinants of satisfaction with overall firm performance by owner- and non-owner-managers of SMEs. It is expected that owners of SMEs will develop contracts for non-owner-managers or monitoring practices that align the interests of agents and principals. As a result of interest alignment, the relationships between entrepreneurial orientation, views on intangible resources, focus on performance metrics and satisfaction with overall financial performance should be similar for owner- and non-owner-managers of SMEs. The study results show differences in risk-taking behaviour and views of resource development between owner-managers and non-owner-managers. However, a strong relationship between short-term performance and overall satisfaction with financial performance existed in the sample of both owner-managers and non-owner-managers.
Facilitating Cross-Border Rural Micro-Firm Knowledge Exchange
Authors: Reinl Leana , Owens Eleanor , Kelliher Felicity , Harrington Denis
Published: August 2015

Knowledge sharing enhances the capability of rural micro-firms to facilitate economic growth, competitiveness and employment. Knowledge exchange research predominantly focuses on larger firms in the same or related industries, and is of limited relevance in a rural micro-firm context, owing to significant differences in resource availability which can result in strategic knowledge constraints and the meagre development of micro-firms and the regions in which they reside/operate. The aim of this research is to explore the knowledge exchange criteria of rural micro-firms in a cross-border facilitated learning network (FLN). Drawing on the ‘community of practice’ perspective and the closely connected learning network literature, the authors observe and map FLN knowledge exchange activities over a three-year period. The resultant rural FLN knowledge exchange framework demonstrates that discipline and sector-specific barriers can be overcome through cyclical FLN interventions sensitive to the social proximity requirements necessary for effective cross-border knowledge exchange.
The Latte Linguists and other Espresso Entrepreneurs
Authors: Conway Clifford
Published: August 2015

‘Internet Review’ provides critical commentary on entrepreneurship, small business and innovation information on the Web.
Teeling Whiskey Company: A Tradition of Family Entrepreneurship and Whiskey Distilling
Authors: O'Gorman Colm , Brophy Martina , Clinton Eric
Published: August 2015

This case study explores the origins of a new high-growth family start-up competing in a traditional industry. Teeling Whiskey Company Ltd (TWC) is the brainchild of entrepreneur Jack Teeling. This new venture stems from another high-profile, family-based business named Cooley Distillery. Jack was Managing Director of Cooley Distillery, the business his father founded in 1987. At Cooley Distillery, he acquired a wealth of professional experience in whiskey distilling and selling. When the distillery was sold to a large US spirits company in 2012, Jack pursued his own entrepreneurial venture in Irish whiskey. A year after the business was founded, Jack was joined by his brother Stephen Teeling, and together they have shaped their idea for a boutique, premium whiskey distiller producing innovative offerings into a fast growing, internationalized business. Jack and Stephen need to build a niche for TWC, as many new distilleries are due to enter the market.
Why Negative Outputs are Often Ignored: A Comprehensive Measure of Hotel Performance
Authors: Assaf A. George , Cvelbar Ljubica Knezevic
Published: August 2015

Studies often overlook negative outputs when measuring hotel performance. This paper investigates the consequences of such omissions by comparing two performance models, one that includes negative outputs (customer complaints) and one that excludes negative outputs. The authors show that excluding negative outputs underestimates the efficiency and productivity results. The results also indicate important differences in the performance ranking of hotels when negative outputs were excluded from the model. The authors also found that hotel size and hotel classification have a minor impact on performance when accounting for negative outputs.
Advancing the strategic use of HIV operations research to strengthen local policies and programmes: the Research to Prevention Project
Authors: Kerrigan Deanna , Kennedy Caitlin E , Cheng Alison Surdo , Sandison Sarah J , Fonner Virginia A , Holtgrave David R , Brahmbhatt Heena
Published: August 2015

In the field of HIV prevention, there is renewed interest in operations research (OR) within an implementation science framework. The ultimate goal of such studies is to generate new knowledge that can inform local programmes and policies, thus improving access, quality, efficiency and effectiveness. Using four case studies from the USAID‐funded Research to Prevention (R2P) project, we highlight the strategic use of OR and the impact it can have on shaping the focus and content of HIV prevention programming across geographic and epidemic settings and populations. These case studies, which include experiences from several sub‐Saharan African countries and the Caribbean, emphasize four unique ways that R2P projects utilized OR to stimulate change in a given context, including: (1) translating findings from clinical trials to real‐world settings; (2) adapting promising structural interventions to a new context; (3) tailoring effective interventions to underserved populations; and (4) prioritizing key populations within a national response to HIV. Carefully crafted OR can bridge the common gap that exists between research‐generated knowledge and field‐based practice, lead to substantial, real‐world changes in national policies and programmes, and strengthen local organizations and the use of data to be more responsive to a given topic or population, ultimately supporting a locally tailored HIV response.
Dynamic models of an earthquake and tsunami offshore Ventura, California
Authors: Ryan Kenny J. , Geist Eric L. , Barall Michael , Oglesby David D.
Published: August 2015

The Ventura basin in Southern California includes coastal dip‐slip faults that can likely produce earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater and significant local tsunamis. We construct a 3‐D dynamic rupture model of an earthquake on the Pitas Point and Lower Red Mountain faults to model low‐frequency ground motion and the resulting tsunami, with a goal of elucidating the seismic and tsunami hazard in this area. Our model results in an average stress drop of 6 MPa, an average fault slip of 7.4 m, and a moment magnitude of 7.7, consistent with regional paleoseismic data. Our corresponding tsunami model uses final seafloor displacement from the rupture model as initial conditions to compute local propagation and inundation, resulting in large peak tsunami amplitudes northward and eastward due to site and path effects. Modeled inundation in the Ventura area is significantly greater than that indicated by state of California's current reference inundation line.
In situ optical measurements of Chang'E‐3 landing site in Mare Imbrium: 1. Mineral abundances inferred from spectral reflectance
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yang Yazhou , Yuan Ye , Jin Weidong , Lucey Paul G. , Zhu Meng‐Hua , Kaydash Vadim G. , Shkuratov Yuriy G. , Di Kaichang , Wan Wenhui , Xu Bin , Xiao Long , Wang Ziwei , Xue Bin
Published: August 2015

The visible and near‐infrared imaging spectrometer on board the Yutu Rover of Chinese Chang'E‐3 mission measured the lunar surface reflectance at a close distance (~1 m) and collected four spectra at four different sites. These in situ lunar spectra have revealed less mature features than that measured remotely by spaceborne sensors such as the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument on board the Chandrayaan‐1 mission and the Spectral Profiler on board the Kaguya over the same region. Mineral composition analysis using a spectral lookup table populated with a radiative transfer mixing model has shown that the regolith at the landing site contains high abundance of olivine. The mineral abundance results are consistent with that inferred from the compound measurement made by the on board alpha‐particle X‐ray spectrometer.
ULF wave power features in the topside ionosphere revealed by Swarm observations
Authors: Balasis Georgios , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Daglis Ioannis A. , Pilipenko Viacheslav
Published: August 2015

Recently developed automated methods for deriving the characteristics of ultra low frequency (ULF) waves are applied to the Swarm data sets in order to retrieve new information about the near‐Earth electromagnetic environment. Here we present the first ULF wave observations by Swarm, analyzing 1 year data from the mission. We find evidence for the decay of the amplitude of the Pc3 (20–100 mHz) signal with altitude in the topside ionosphere as predicted by theoretical models of wave propagation. We show that the major characteristics of the Swarm ULF power maps generally agree with respect to the wave activity seen by the upper satellite and the lower pair of satellites when the power spectrum of the upper satellite is shifted by 1 h in magnetic local time. Moreover, a puzzling enhancement, not predicted by current ULF wave theories, of compressional Pc3 wave energy was revealed by Swarm in the region of South Atlantic Anomaly.
Asymmetries observed in Saturn's magnetopause geometry
Authors: Pilkington N. M. , Achilleos N. , Arridge C. S. , Guio P. , Masters A. , Ray L. C. , Sergis N. , Thomsen M. F. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: August 2015

For over 10 years, the Cassini spacecraft has patrolled Saturn's magnetosphere and observed its magnetopause boundary over a wide range of prevailing solar wind and interior plasma conditions. We now have data that enable us to resolve a significant dawn‐dusk asymmetry and find that the magnetosphere extends farther from the planet on the dawnside of the planet by 7 ± 1%. In addition, an opposing dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the suprathermal plasma pressure adjacent to the magnetopause has been observed. This probably acts to reduce the size asymmetry and may explain the discrepancy between the degree of asymmetry found here and a similar asymmetry found by Kivelson and Jia (2014) using MHD simulations. Finally, these observations sample a wide range of season, allowing the “intrinsic” polar flattening (14 ± 1%) caused by the magnetodisc to be separated from the seasonally induced north‐south asymmetry in the magnetopause shape found theoretically (5 ± 1% when the planet's magnetic dipole is tilted away from the Sun by 10–17°).
Importance of snow to global precipitation
Authors: Field P. R. , Heymsfield A. J.
Published: August 2015

Precipitation controls the availability of drinking water and viability of the land to support agriculture. Failure to accurately predict the location, magnitude, and frequency of precipitation impacts not only numerical weather forecasting but also climate modeling. It has been proposed that most rainfall events originate from ice that has melted to form rain. Here we use remote sensing from spaceborne cloud radar to quantify that idea. A new metric is constructed to quantify the fraction of rain events at the surface that are linked to snow melting at a higher altitude. CloudSat is used to show the global variation of the importance of snow in the precipitation process. In the tropics, subtropics, midlatitude and polar regions 0.3, 0.4, 0.8, and >0.9, respectively, of all precipitation events (>1 mm/d) are linked to the production of snow in clouds.
Steadily propagating slip pulses driven by thermal decomposition
Authors: Platt John D. , Viesca Robert C. , Garagash Dmitry I.
Published: August 2015

Geophysical observations suggest that mature faults weaken significantly at seismic slip rates. Thermal pressurization and thermal decomposition are two mechanisms commonly used to explain this dynamic weakening. Both rely on pore fluid pressurization with thermal pressurization achieving this through thermal expansion of native solids and pore fluid and thermal decomposition by releasing additional pore fluid during a reaction. Several recent papers have looked at the role thermal pressurization plays during a dynamically propagating earthquake, but no previous models have studied the role of thermal decomposition. In this paper we present the first solutions accounting for thermal decomposition during dynamic rupture, solving for steady state self‐healing slip pulses propagating at a constant rupture velocity. First, we show that thermal decomposition leads to longer slip durations, larger total slips, and a distinctive along–fault slip rate profile. Next, we show that accounting for more than one weakening mechanism allows multiple steady slip pulses to exist at a given background stress, with some solutions corresponding to different balances between thermal pressurization and thermal decomposition, and others corresponding to activating a single reaction multiple times. Finally, we study how the rupture properties depend on the fault properties and show that the impact of thermal decomposition is largely controlled by the ratio of the hydraulic and thermal diffusivities χ = αhy/αth and the ratio of pore pressure generated to temperature rise buffered by the reaction Pr/Er.
The deep circulation of the Faroe‐Shetland Channel: Opposing flows and topographic eddies
Authors: Broadbridge Maria B. , Toumi Ralf
Published: August 2015

New insights into the deep circulation of the Faroe‐Shetland channel are gained from a high‐resolution regional ocean model. The simulation shows a more complex structure of the deep flow field than previously thought: a flow reversal of the deep and intermediate waters to the northeast on the Faroese flank of the channel and persistent topographic eddies that force the deep currents into a gyre‐like structure. This flow reversal opposes the previously accepted understanding of a purely southwestward deep flow but is in agreement with velocity measurements. The southwestward transport of the overflow waters is found to be facilitated almost exclusively by a strong and narrow current on the Shetland side of the channel. Float release experiments show that up to 38% of the overflow water takes longer than a purely southwestward flow regime suggests and up to 13% takes twice as long. From the release of tracers, a substantial amount of lateral mixing is evident within the channel, predominantly facilitated by the topographic eddies.
Did the 2011 Nabro eruption affect the optical properties of ice clouds?
Authors: Meyer A. , Vernier J.‐P. , Luo B. , Lohmann U. , Peter T.
Published: August 2015

The eruption of the Eritrean Nabro Volcano in June 2011 was the largest eruption since Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. The Nabro volcano emitted 1–1.5 megaton of sulfur dioxide into the lower stratosphere which resulted in a significant rise in the stratospheric sulfate aerosol burden in the months following the eruption. We have analyzed backscatter and extinction from ice clouds, as measured by the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite between June 2006 and May 2014, to assess if volcanic aerosol produced by the Nabro eruption had affected ice clouds. We found no significant modifications of either of ice cloud optical properties (i.e., total backscattering and extinction), occurrence frequencies, or residence altitudes on a global scale. Using the analyzed optical properties as indicators of posteruptive ice cloud radiative forcing modifications, we find that the eruption had no significant volcanic aerosol‐ice cloud radiative effect. Our results suggest that the investigated optical properties of ice and cirrus clouds are at most weakly dependent on the sulfate droplet number density and size distribution.
Diurnal cycle of the South Pacific Convergence Zone in 30 years of satellite images
Authors: Haffke Colene , Magnusdottir Gudrun
Published: August 2015

A data set of three‐hourly South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) location and extent, from which IR temperature within the SPCZ may be obtained, for 1980–2012, November–April is used to examine the diurnal cycle of the SPCZ. Maximum SPCZ area occurs at 15:00–18:00 local standard time (LST). Two minima in mean IR temperature are evident, one at 13:00–16:00 LST, nearly coinciding with the maximum in area, and the second in the early morning hours at 05:00–07:00 LST, when area is at a minimum. The morning minimum in mean IR temperature is associated with a peak in deep convection while the afternoon minimum is associated with a peak in midlevel clouds. On average, the morning minimum in IR temperature dominates in the tropical regions of the SPCZ, while the afternoon IR temperature minimum dominates in the subtropical regions of the SPCZ. The relative strength of the two IR temperature minima is affected by the seasonal cycle, intraseasonal variability associated with active Madden Julian Oscillation events, and interannual variability due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation. The morning IR temperature minimum becomes more dominant when the SPCZ is more frequently present or when the SPCZ is shifted toward the equator. In terms of cloud height, midlevel clouds dominate at all times in all regions of the SPCZ and peak in abundance between 15:00–18:00 LST. Low‐level clouds peak near midnight and then transition to high‐level clouds, which peak between 03:00–06:00 LST, just before sunrise.
Black carbon concentrations in snow at Tronsen Meadow in Central Washington from 2012 to 2013: Temporal and spatial variations and the role of local forest fire activity
Authors: Delaney Ian , Kaspari Susan , Jenkins Matthew
Published: August 2015

Characterizing black carbon (BC) concentrations in the seasonal snowpack is of interest because BC deposition on snow can reduce albedo and accelerate melt. In Washington State, USA snowmelt from the seasonal snowpack provides an important source of water resources, but minimal work has been done characterizing BC concentrations in snow in this region. BC concentrations in snow were monitored over two winters (2012 and 2013) at Tronsen Meadow, located near Blewett Pass in the eastern Cascade Mountains in Central Washington, to characterize spatial and temporal variations in BC concentrations, and the processes affecting BC concentrations in the snowpack. BC concentrations were measured using a Single Particle Soot Photometer. Snowpit BC concentrations at spatial scales ranging from centimeter to 100 m scales were fairly homogenous during the accumulation season, with greater spatial variability during the melt season due to variable melt patterns. BC concentrations in snow increased in late winter‐spring due to an increase in atmospheric BC concentrations and trapping of BC on the snow surface during melt. However, during a period of intense melt in 2013 BC concentrations decreased, likely caused by meltwater scavenging. In summer 2012 the Table Mountain forest fire burned adjacent to the study site, and BC concentrations in the snowpack in 2013 were far higher than in previous years, with charred trees postfire the likely source of the elevated BC.
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Purple Bacteria
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Hiraishi Akira , Süling Jörg
Published: August 2015

The anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacteria represent an assemblage of predominantly aquatic bacteria that are able to grow under anoxic conditions by photosynthesis, without oxygen production. The major pigments that help in photosynthesis are bacteriochlorophyll a or b and various carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin, rhodopinal, spheroidene, and okenone series, which originate from the cytoplasmic membrane. These bacteria are unable to use water as an electron donor and instead need more reduced compounds. Purple nonsulfur bacteria belong to
Alphaproteobacteria
and the
Betaproteobacteria,
and purple sulfur bacteria belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. The overwhelming evidence of molecular data led to major taxonomic reclassifications of these bacteria. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the phototrophic
Alphaproteobacteria
in the order
Rhodospirillales
are phylogenetically distinct from other groups of phototrophic
Alphaproteobacteria
, though they are closely related to several purely chemotrophic representatives of this group. These members have characteristic phospholipid and fatty acid composition with C18:1 as the dominant fatty acid and either C16:1 and C16:0, C16:0 and C18:0, or just C16:0 as additional major components. Major differentiating properties of the genera and species of
Rhodopseudomonas
,
Rhodobium
,
Rhodoplanes
,
Blastochloris
,
Rhodoblastus
, and
Rhodomicrobium
are also described.

In phototrophic
Betaproteobacteria,
sulfate can be assimilated as the sole sulfur source and is reduced with adenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate (APS) as an intermediate. NADH is used as a cosubstrate in the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase reactions, and high‐potential iron–sulfur protein is present. These species were included in the
Rhodospirillaceae
together with the phototrophic
Alphaproteobacteria
.

Phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria that are able to perform photosynthesis under anoxic conditions without oxygen production, that preferentially use reduced sulfur compounds as photosynthetic electron donors, and that grow photolithoautotrophically are
Gammaproteobacteria
. These species are classified with the
Chromatiaceae
and
Ectothiorhodospiraceae
of the
Chromatiales
.
Classification of Procaryotic Organisms and the Concept of Bacterial Speciation
Authors: Brenner Don J. , Staley James T. , Krieg Noel R.
Published: August 2015

Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms. Bacterial taxonomy consists of three separate, but interrelated areas: classification, nomenclature, and identification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups (taxa) on the basis of similarities or relationships. Nomenclature is the assignment of names to the taxonomic groups according to international rules (International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria). Thus classification has been used to organize the bewildering and seemingly chaotic array of individual bacteria into an orderly framework. Classification and adequate description of bacteria require knowledge of their morphologic, biochemical, physiological, and genetic characteristics. The basic and most important taxonomic group in bacterial systematics is the species. The concept of a bacterial species is less definitive than for higher organisms.
Culture Collections: An Essential Resource for Microbiology
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: August 2015

Collections of microbial strains have existed since bacteriologists were first able to isolate and cultivate pure cultures of microorganisms, and have always been an important aspect of microbiology, whether used as a source of strains for teaching purposes or as an archive of reference material for research, taxonomic, or patent purposes. Culture collections still provide a significant degree of continuity with the past through the preservation and distribution of microbial strains described or cited in publications, and collections often maintain novel microorganisms awaiting future exploitation by biotechnology. The global interest in the study of microbial diversity and biotechnological utilization of microorganisms has greatly accelerated the placement and interrelating of the collection data with databases related to genomics and physiological properties of microorganisms.
The History of Bergey's Manual
Authors: Murray R.G.E. , Holt John G.
Published: August 2015

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriologyhas been the major provider of an outline of bacterial systematics since it was initiated in 1923 and has provided a resource ever since to workers at the bench who need to identify bacterial isolates and recognize new species. It has gone through nine editions and has generated, as a more comprehensive resource, a unique compendium on bacterial systematics,Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which now enters its second edition.