bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Error Space Estimation of Three Degrees of Freedom Planar Parallel Mechanisms
Authors: Ding Jianzhong , Lyu Shengnan , Da Ting , Wang Chunjie , Chirikjian Gregory S.
Published: February 2019

This paper develops a geometric method to estimate the error space of 3-DOF planar mechanisms with the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid Enclosing (MVEE) approach. Both the joint clearances and actuator errors are considered in this method. Three typical planar parallel mechanisms are used to demonstrate. Error spaces of their serial limbs are analyzed. Thereafter, limb-error-space-constrained mobility of the manipulator, namely, the manipulator error space is analyzed. The MVEE method has been applied to simplify the constraint modeling. A closed-form expression for the manipulator error space is derived. The volume of the manipulator error space is numerically estimated. The approach in this paper is to develop a geometric error analysis method of parallel mechanisms with clear algebraic expressions. Moreover, no forward kinematics computations have been performed in the proposed method, in contrast to the widely used interval analysis method. Although the estimated error space is larger than the actual one, because the enclosing ellipses enlarge the regions of limb error space, the method has an attractive advantage of high computational efficiency.
Compressibility, Damage, and Age-Hardening Effects of Solid Propellants Using Finite Strain Constitutive Model
Authors: Kumar Nomesh , Patel Badri Prasad , Rao V. Venkateswara , Subhashchandran B. S.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the finite strain viscoelastic constitutive model for particulate composite solid propellants is proposed considering strain rate, large deformation/large strain, thermorheological behavior, stress softening due to microstructural damage, compressibility, and chemical age hardening. The compressible Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic strain energy density function is used along with the standard model of viscoelasticity. To model the compressibility, the dilatational strain energy is taken as the hyperbolic function of the determinant of deformation gradient. The stress-softening phenomenon during cyclic loading (Mullin's effect) due to microstructural damage is described by an exponential function of the current magnitude of intensity of strain and its previous maximum value. The variation of material properties with time are studied using the isothermal accelerated aging technique through simulation and experimental investigation. The comparison of predictions based on the proposed model with the uniaxial experimental data demonstrates that the proposed model successfully captures the observed behavior of the solid propellants.
Stall Inception in Low-Pressure Ratio Fans
Authors: Kim S. , Pullan G. , Hall C. A. , Grewe R. P. , Wilson M. J. , Gunn E.
Published: February 2019

A combined experimental and computational test program, with two low-pressure ratio aero-engine fans, has been used to identify the flow mechanisms at stall inception and the subsequent stall cell growth. The two fans have the same rotor tip clearance, annulus design, and downstream stators, but different levels of tip loading. The measurement data show that both the fans stall via spike-type inception, but that the growth of the stall cell and the final cell size is different in each fan. The computations, reproducing both the qualitative and quantitative behavior of the steady-state and transient measurements, are used to identify the flow mechanisms at the origin of stall inception. In one fan, spillage of tip leakage flow upstream of the leading edge plane is responsible. In the other, sudden growth of casing corner separation blockage leads to stall. These two mechanisms are in accord with the findings from core compressors. However, the transonic aerodynamics and the low hub-to-tip radius ratio of the fans lead to the following two findings: first, the casing corner separation is driven by shock-boundary layer interaction and second, the spanwise loading distribution of the fan determines whether the spike develops into full-span or part-span stall and both types of behavior are represented in the present work. Finally, the axial momentum flux of the tip clearance flow is shown to be a useful indicator of the leakage jet spillage mechanism. A simple model is provided that links the tip loading, stagger, and solidity with the tip clearance axial momentum flux, thereby allowing the aerodynamicist to connect, qualitatively, design parameters with the stall behavior of the fan.
Getting closer to the goal by being less capable
Authors: Manrique Pedro D. , Klein Mason , Li Yao Sheng , Xu Chen , Hui Pak Ming , Johnson Neil F.
Published: February 2019

A decentralized system of heterogeneous components is more efficient when they are less sophisticated.
Restriction of hepatitis B virus replication by c-Abl–induced proteasomal degradation of the viral polymerase
Authors: Hou Lidan , Zhao Jie , Gao Shaobing , Ji Tong , Song Tianyu , Li Yining , Wang Jingjie , Geng Chenlu , Long Min , Chen Jiang , Lin Hui , Cai Xiujun , Cang Yong
Published: February 2019

c-Abl inhibits replication of hepatitis B virus by promoting CRL4
Cdt2
-mediated destruction of the viral polymerase.
Programmable transparent organic luminescent tags
Authors: Gmelch Max , Thomas Heidi , Fries Felix , Reineke Sebastian
Published: February 2019

Simple and cheap organic thin films turn into high-quality programmable tags through writing and erasing with light only.
Multiple macroevolutionary routes to becoming a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Igea J. , Tanentzap A. J.
Published: February 2019

Global hotspots of biodiversity arise from faster species generation in the tropics and higher migration in temperate realms.
Renewable lubricants with tailored molecular architecture
Authors: Liu Sibao , Josephson Tyler R. , Athaley Abhay , Chen Qile P. , Norton Angela , Ierapetritou Marianthi , Siepmann J. Ilja , Saha Basudeb , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: February 2019

Three classes of renewable lubricant base oils with tunable properties were synthesized from biomass or natural oils.
Inhibition of histone methyltransferase DOT1L silences ERα gene and blocks proliferation of antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Nassa Giovanni , Salvati Annamaria , Tarallo Roberta , Gigantino Valerio , Alexandrova Elena , Memoli Domenico , Sellitto Assunta , Rizzo Francesca , Malanga Donatella , Mirante Teresa , Morelli Eugenio , Nees Matthias , Åkerfelt Malin , Kangaspeska Sara , Nyman Tuula A. , Milanesi Luciano , Giurato Giorgio , Weisz Alessandro
Published: February 2019

Pharmacological inhibition of DOT1L blocks estrogen receptor signaling in breast cancer.
Association of HLA-dependent islet autoimmunity with systemic antibody responses to intestinal commensal bacteria in children
Authors: Paun Alexandra , Yau Christopher , Meshkibaf Shahab , Daigneault Michelle C. , Marandi Leili , Mortin-Toth Steven , Bar-Or Amit , Allen-Vercoe Emma , Poussier Philippe , Danska Jayne S.
Published: February 2019

Immune responses to gut bacteria display
HLA-
dependent associations with progression to type 1 diabetes.
Clinical implications of tumor-intrinsic mechanisms regulating PD-L1
Authors: Prestipino Alessandro , Zeiser Robert
Published: February 2019

Genetic changes modulate antitumor immune responses through the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, which should be considered when designing combinatory drug regimens.
Mitochondrial Citrate Transporters CtpA and YhmA Are Required for Extracellular Citric Acid Accumulation and Contribute to Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A Generation in Aspergillus luchuensis mut.
kawachii
Authors: Kadooka Chihiro , Izumitsu Kosuke , Onoue Masahira , Okutsu Kayu , Yoshizaki Yumiko , Takamine Kazunori , Goto Masatoshi , Tamaki Hisanori , Futagami Taiki
Published: February 2019

Citrate transport is believed to play a significant role in citrate production by filamentous fungi; however, details of the process remain unclear. This study characterized two citrate transporters from
Aspergillus luchuensis
mut.
kawachii
. Biochemical and gene disruption analyses showed that CtpA and YhmA are mitochondrial citrate transporters required for normal hyphal growth, conidium formation, cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis, and citric acid production. The characteristics of fungal citrate transporters elucidated in this study will help expand our understanding of the citrate production mechanism and facilitate the development and optimization of industrial organic acid fermentation processes.
Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates
Authors: Völler Swantje , Flint Robert B , Andriessen Peter , Allegaert Karel , Zimmermann Luc J I , Liem Kian D , Koch Birgit C P , Simons Sinno H P , Knibbe Catherijne A J
Published: February 2019

Background

Fentanyl is frequently used off-label in preterm newborns. Due to very limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, fentanyl dosing is mostly based on bodyweight. This study describes the maturation of the pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation.

Methods

442 plasma samples from 98 preterm neonates (median gestational age: 26.9 (range 23.9–31.9) weeks, postnatal age: 3 (range 0–68) days, bodyweight 1.00 (range 0.39–2.37) kg) were collected in an opportunistic trial and fentanyl plasma levels were determined. NONMEM V.7.3 was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and to perform simulations.

Results

Fentanyl pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartment model. A pronounced non-linear influence of postnatal and gestational age on clearance was identified. Clearance (L/hour/kg) increased threefold, 1.3-fold and 1.01-fold in the first, second and third weeks of life, respectively. In addition, clearance (L/hour/kg) was 1.4-fold and 1.7-fold higher in case of a gestational age of 28 and 31 weeks, respectively, compared with 25 weeks. Volume of distribution changed linearly with bodyweight and was 8.7 L/kg. To achieve similar exposure across the entire population, a continuous infusion (µg/kg/hour) dose should be reduced by 50% and 25% in preterm neonates with a postnatal age of 0–4 days and 5–9 days in comparison to 10 days and older.

Conclusion

Because of low clearance, bodyweight-based dosages may result in fentanyl accumulation in neonates with the lowest postnatal and gestational ages which may require dose reduction. Together with additional information on the pharmacodynamics, the results of this study can be used to guide dosing.
Evaluation of the Dutch neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: van der Linde Annelieke A A , Schönbeck Yvonne , van der Kamp Hetty J , van den Akker Erica L T , van Albada Mirjam E , Boelen Anita , Finken Martijn J J , Hannema Sabine E , Hoorweg-Nijman Gera , Odink Roelof J , Schielen Peter C J I , Straetemans Saartje , van Trotsenburg Paul S , Claahsen-van der Grinten Hedi L , Verkerk Paul H
Published: February 2019

Background

In 2002, a nationwide screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was introduced in the Netherlands. The aim of our study is to evaluate the validity of the neonatal screening for CAH and to assess how many newborns with salt-wasting (SW) CAH have already been clinically diagnosed before the screening result was known.

Methods

Retrospective, descriptive study. The following data of patients with positive screening results since implementation of the screening programme were collected (1 January 2002 up until 31 December 2013): gestational age, sex, diagnosis, clinical presentation and contribution of screening to the diagnosis.

Results

In the evaluated period, 2 235 931 newborns were screened. 479 children had an abnormal screening result, 133 children were diagnosed with CAH (114 SW, 14 simple virilizing (SV)), five non-classic CAH. During this period, no patients with SW CAH were missed by neonatal screening (sensitivity was 100%). After exclusion of 17 cases with missing information on diagnosis, specificity was 99.98% and positive predictive value was 24.7%. Most false positives (30%) were attributable to prematurity. Of patients with SW CAH, 68% (71/104) patients were detected by neonatal screening and 33 (33/104) were clinically diagnosed. Of girls with SW CAH, 38% (14/37) were detected by neonatal screening and 62% (23/37) were clinically diagnosed.

Conclusion

The Dutch neonatal screening has an excellent sensitivity and high specificity. Both boys and girls can benefit from neonatal screening.
Aeration strategy at birth influences the physiological response to surfactant in preterm lambs
Authors: Tingay David Gerald , Togo Andrea , Pereira-Fantini Prue M , Miedema Martijn , McCall Karen E , Perkins Elizabeth J , Thomson Jessica , Dowse Georgie , Sourial Magdy , Dellacà Raffaele L , Davis Peter G , Dargaville Peter Anderson
Published: February 2019

Background

The influence of pressure strategies to promote lung aeration at birth on the subsequent physiological response to exogenous surfactant therapy has not been investigated.

Objectives

To compare the effect of sustained inflation (SI) and a dynamic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) manoeuvre at birth on the subsequent physiological response to exogenous surfactant therapy in preterm lambs.

Methods

Steroid-exposed preterm lambs (124–127 days’ gestation; n=71) were randomly assigned from birth to either (1) positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) with no recruitment manoeuvre; (2) SI until stable aeration; or (3) 3 min dynamic stepwise PEEP strategy (maximum 14–20 cmH2O; dynamic PEEP (DynPEEP)), followed by PPV for 60 min using a standardised protocol. Surfactant (200 mg/kg poractant alfa) was administered at 10 min. Dynamic compliance, gas exchange and regional ventilation and aeration characteristics (electrical impedance tomography) were measured throughout and compared between groups, and with a historical group (n=38) managed using the same strategies without surfactant.

Results

Compliance increased after surfactant only in the DynPEEP group (p<0.0001, repeated measures analysis of variance), being 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) mL/kg/cmH2O higher at 60 min than the SI group. An SI resulted in the least uniform aeration, and unlike the no-recruitment and DynPEEP groups, the distribution of aeration and tidal ventilation did not improve with surfactant. All groups had similar improvements in oxygenation post-surfactant compared with the corresponding groups not treated with surfactant.

Conclusions

A DynPEEP strategy at birth may improve the response to early surfactant therapy, whereas rapid lung inflation with SI creates non-uniform aeration that appears to inhibit surfactant efficacy.
Exome sequencing in the assessment of congenital malformations in the fetus and neonate
Authors: Mone Fionnuala , Quinlan-Jones Elizabeth , Ewer Andrew K , Kilby Mark D
Published: February 2019

Major congenital anomalies are often associated with perinatal mortality, long-term morbidity and prolonged hospitalisation. Prenatal ultrasound remains the principle diagnostic test for many anomalies, but despite this up to one-third are only identified in the neonatal period. The primary step in determining underlying aetiology is to define accurately the phenotype by recognition of dysmorphology (both prenatally and postnatally). The potential introduction of next-generation sequencing, primarily through exome sequencing, into perinatal practice may improve the pathological diagnostic yield. However, clinicians must understand both the benefit and potential harms of this technology in facilitating the discovery of relevant pathogenic variants in the diagnosis and management of congenital malformations.
Pyogenic granuloma associated with conjunctival epithelial neoplasia: report of nine cases
Authors: Herwig-Carl Martina C , Grossniklaus Hans E , Müller Philipp L , Atzrodt Lisa , Loeffler Karin U , Auw-Haedrich Claudia
Published: February 2019

Aims

To systematically describe the clinical and histopathological features of a case series of conjunctival carcinomatous lesions underlying as—and also masquerading—pyogenic granuloma.

Methods

Nine cases of conjunctival carcinomatous lesions underlying a pyogenic granuloma (which were clinically predominant) were retrospectively identified. Patients’ records were analysed for demographic data, clinical appearance and the postoperative course. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were routinely processed and stained with H&E and periodic acid-Schiff. Immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin were performed in selected cases.

Results

All nine tumours were located in the conjunctiva (bulbar, tarsal, limbal conjunctiva) of patients between 44 and 80 years. The lesions exhibited clinical features of pyogenic granuloma which dominated the clinical appearance. Additional features comprised a papillomatous appearance of the adjacent conjunctiva, a more whitish aspect of the lesion and a history of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) respectively surgery for other entities. Histopathological analysis revealed a carcinomatous lesion (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia or SCC) at the base of a classic pyogenic granuloma in all nine cases. Surgical removal (R0 resection) was performed. Three cases received adjuvant mitomycin C or interferon α2b treatment. Two lesions locally recurred within 2 years after initial presentation.

Conclusion

Carcinomatous lesions may be accompanied by a pyogenic granuloma which may dominate the clinical pictures. As the tumour is usually located at the base of the lesion, a complete surgical excision followed by histopathological analysis is mandatory for each lesion appearing as conjunctival pyogenic granuloma.
Health Outcomes, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Severe Acute Malnutrition (HOPE-SAM): rationale and methods of a longitudinal observational study
Authors: Bwakura-Dangarembizi Mutsa , Amadi Beatrice , Bourke Claire D , Robertson Ruairi C , Mwapenya Benjamin , Chandwe Kanta , Kapoma Chanda , Chifunda Kapula , Majo Florence , Ngosa Deophine , Chakara Pamela , Chulu Nivea , Masimba Faithfull , Mapurisa Idah , Besa Ellen , Mutasa Kuda , Mwakamui Simutanyi , Runodamoto Thompson , Humphrey Jean H , Ntozini Robert , Wells Jonathan C K , Manges Amee R , Swann Jonathan R , Walker A Sarah , Nathoo Kusum J , Kelly Paul , Prendergast Andrew J
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Mortality among children hospitalised for complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains high despite the implementation of WHO guidelines, particularly in settings of high HIV prevalence. Children continue to be at high risk of morbidity, mortality and relapse after discharge from hospital although long-term outcomes are not well documented. Better understanding the pathogenesis of SAM and the factors associated with poor outcomes may inform new therapeutic interventions.

Methods and analysis

The Health Outcomes, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Severe Acute Malnutrition (HOPE-SAM) study is a longitudinal observational cohort that aims to evaluate the short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of HIV-positive and HIV-negative children with complicated SAM, and to identify the risk factors at admission and discharge from hospital that independently predict poor outcomes. Children aged 0–59 months hospitalised for SAM are being enrolled at three tertiary hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe and Lusaka, Zambia. Longitudinal mortality, morbidity and nutritional data are being collected at admission, discharge and for 48 weeks post discharge. Nested laboratory substudies are exploring the role of enteropathy, gut microbiota, metabolomics and cellular immune function in the pathogenesis of SAM using stool, urine and blood collected from participants and from well-nourished controls.

Ethics and dissemination

The study is approved by the local and international institutional review boards in the participating countries (the Joint Research Ethics Committee of the University of Zimbabwe, Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee) and the study sponsor (Queen Mary University of London). Caregivers provide written informed consent for each participant. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and to caregivers at face-to-face meetings.
WHO guidance on mental health training: a systematic review of the progress for non-specialist health workers
Authors: Caulfield Alexandra , Vatansever Deniz , Lambert Gabriel , Van Bortel Tine
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess existing literature on the effectiveness of mental health training courses for non-specialist health workers, based on the WHO guidelines (2008).

Design

A systematic review was carried out, complying with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist.

Data sources

After examination of key studies in the literature, a comprehensive search was performed within the following electronic databases on 31 May 2017: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL (using EBSCOHost interface), Cochrane, Web of Science.

Eligibility criteria

Searches were conducted for articles published in English from January 2008 to May 2017, using search terms related to mental health, training, community care and evaluation/outcome, following the Participants, Interventions, Comparators and Outcomes process for evidence-based practice.

Outcomes

Data were collected across the following categories: trainees (number and background), training course (curriculum, teaching method, length), evaluation method (timing of evaluation, collection method and measures assessed) and evaluation outcome (any improvement recorded from baseline). In addition, studies were assessed for their methodological quality using the framework established by Liuet al(2016).

Results

29 studies with relevant training courses met the inclusion criteria. These were implemented across 16 countries since 2008 (over half between 2014 and 2017), with 10 in three high-income countries. Evaluation methods and outcomes showed high variability across studies, with courses assessing trainees’ attitude, knowledge, clinical practice, skills, confidence, satisfaction and/or patient outcome. All 29 studies found some improvement after training in at least one area, and 10 studies found this improvement to be significant.

Conclusions

Training non-specialist workers in mental healthcare is an effective strategy to increase global provision and capacity, and improves knowledge, attitude, skill and confidence among health workers, as well as clinical practice and patient outcome. Areas for future focus include the development of standardised evaluation methods and outcomes to allow cross-comparison between studies, and optimisation of course structure.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42016033269
Beighton scoring of joint laxity and injury incidence in Middle Eastern male youth athletes: a cohort study
Authors: Rejeb Abdallah , Fourchet Francois , Materne Olivier , Johnson Amanda , Horobeanu Cosmin , Farooq Abdulaziz , Witvrouw Erik , Whiteley Rodney
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To examine the association between generalised joint laxity (GJL) and injury rates in Middle Eastern male youth athletes.

Design

Prospective observational study consisting of GJL screen and injury audit (season 2009/2010).

Setting

Aspire Sports Academy Doha, Qatar.

Participants

A total of 226 adolescent male athletes (mean age: 14.2 years; SD: 1.7; range: 10–18) involved in 15 sporting activities were grouped into contact and non-contact sports. All available athletes were included in this study.

Outcome measures

A seasonal injury audit, athletes’ anthropometric characteristics, for example, weight, height and body mass index and screen for GJL to determine Beighton Score (BS).

Results

The 226 athletes sustained 596 injuries and 75% reported at least one injury over a seasonal injury audit. Players in contact sports were injured more often than players in non-contact sports (more frequent injuries than injury-free time in contact sports; 127 days (95% CI 93 to 160) vs 176 days in non-contact sports (95% CI 118 to 234) (p<0.001). Survival analysis showed that gradient BS was not associated with injury HR=1.004 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.06) in the overall cohort. However, BS was associated with a greater injury risk in contact sports (HR: 1.29; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.59; p=0.015).

Conclusion

Greater GJL, defined by gradient BS, plus involvement in contact sports together influence injury risk in youth athletes. Preseason documentation of GJL scoring should be considered specifically for contact sports as injury pre-emptive measure.
Here, there and everywhere: psychologists and the training of British Army officers at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Authors: Rennie A. Michael
Published: February 2019

The Department of Communication and Applied Behavioural Science is one of the three departments in the academic faculty at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. The aim of the Department is to equip officer cadets with the skills, knowledge and personal qualities in order for them to develop their own potential, as both individuals and leaders in the British Army. The members of the Department have a range of backgrounds, with most having served in various capacities across UK Defence, both in uniformed and/or civilian crown servant contexts. Several members of the faculty are qualified psychologists, while others have related academic and professional backgrounds. The academic and applied discipline of psychology is the fundamental thread that runs through the various courses and projects delivered by the Department. This paper provides a brief overview of the activities undertaken by the Department, with a specific focus on the psychology components of the academic and applied activities. Although mainly serving in academic teaching roles, this paper illustrates the work of the psychologists outside the classroom, such as via field exercises and deployments overseas. It also touches on the importance of the outreach undertaken by the psychologists in the Department, which supports their ongoing research.
Multiple congenital ocular abnormalities including microphthalmia, microphakia and aphakia in a Simmental cross bull
Authors: Gladden Nicola , Gamino Rodríguez Virginia , Marchesi Francesco , Orr Jayne , Murdoch Fraser
Published: February 2019

A 20‐month‐old Simmental cross bull presented to the Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, in April 2015 with multiple congenital ocular abnormalities including bilateral microphthalmia. We present this case as an interesting presentation of idiopathic multiple congenital ocular abnormalities in the absence of congenital abnormalities affecting other body systems. This case highlights an unusual ocular presentation and illustrates the importance of a thorough clinical examination. The prognosis for cases of multiple congenital ocular abnormalities including microphthalmia is poor as no treatment is available and welfare is often compromised. It is therefore important that cases are accurately diagnosed so appropriate management decisions can be made regarding the individual and any herd investigations that are required can be instigated.
Suspected electrically induced ventricular fibrillation during thoracoscopic partial pericardectomy in two dogs
Authors: Studer Nicole , Vizcaíno Revés Núria , Rytz Ulrich , Iff Isabelle
Published: February 2019

Partial removal of the pericardium is the recommended treatment for dogs suffering from recurrent pericardial effusion. An electrosurgical unit is often used for tissue dissection in the thorax, especially with a minimally invasive surgical approach. This report describes the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in two dogs while using an electrosurgical unit inside the thoracic cavity. Several characteristics implicate an electrically induced arrhythmia. While one dog could be resuscitated successfully, there was a fatal outcome in the other. This report highlights that a thorough understanding of the electrosurgical unit is important, in order to use it safely.
Assessing the Effect of Packing the Sulcus on Image Quality in Equine Digital Radiography
Authors: Rowan Conor , Puggioni Antonella , Hoey Séamus E , O'Leary John Mark , Kearney Clodagh , Connolly Susan E , Skelly Cliona
Published: February 2019

The requirement to pack the sulcus of the equine foot as an aid to diagnostic interpretation before acquisition of dorsoproximal‐palmarodistal oblique projections is debatable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefit of packing the sulcus in the assessment of normal anatomy. 23 cadaver limbs were radiographed in a podoblock (https://www.podoblock.com/products‐page/podoblock/podoblock/). A non‐packed image (NP) and a packed image (P) of the same foot were acquired. The image quality of P was graded against the reference NP by five observers, where −1=P was superior, 0=no difference between P and NP, and +1=NP was superior. Four anatomical criteria were used: the distal solar margin of the distal phalanx (DP), the vascular channels of DP, the palmar aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint and the articulation of the navicular bone with DP. A total Visual Grading Analysis Score of 0.28 indicates a preference for NP images. Packing was of benefit in only 10.8 per cent of cases. While judicious high‐quality packing may be of benefit in a minority of cases, the routine packing of the sulcus in equine radiography was not found to be of benefit in the assessment of anatomical features in this study.
Accelerometry-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour of preschoolers in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Stone Michelle R. , Houser Natalie E. , Cawley Jane , Kolen Angela M. , Rainham Daniel , Rehman Laurene , Turner Joan , Kirk Sara F.L.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to describe the levels and bouts of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) among preschoolers in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the proportion meeting PA and step guidelines. Children (75 boys, 49 girls; mean age = 4.2 (range = 3–5 years)) participating in the Physical Literacy in the Early Years (PLEY) study provided data. Average time (minutes, % of day) spent sedentary, in light PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and total PA; average frequency; and duration of bouts of MVPA (≥5 min, ≥10 min) and sedentary bouts (≥10 min) per day were determined using published cut-points, using 15-s epochs. The proportion of children meeting PA and step guidelines was determined, and differences by sex explored. Children spent the majority (70.8%) of their day active; nearly all (≥97%) met PA guidelines. Most children met step guidelines on a weekly basis, but not daily. Only LPA differed by sex (greater in girls; p = 0.001). Little time was spent in sustained SB (bouts ≥10 min). Boys had greater and longer bouts of MVPA and spent more of their day in these (p < 0.05). Girls spent less time in sustained SB (p = 0.009). This is the first study to describe the PA and SB of Nova Scotia preschoolers using accelerometry. Findings suggest preschoolers spend the majority of their day active, and that there are sex-related differences in PA and SB, warranting further examination.
Angiotensin II induces apoptosis of human right and left ventricular endocardial endothelial cells by activating the AT2receptor
Authors: Jacques Danielle , Provost Chantale , Normand Alexandre , Abou Abdallah Nadia , Al-Khoury Johny , Bkaily Ghassan
Published: February 2019

Endocardial endothelial cells (EECs) form a monolayer lining the ventricular cavities. Studies from our laboratory and the literature have shown differences between EECs isolated from the right and left ventricles (EECRs and EECLs, respectively). Angiotensin II (Ang II) was shown to induce apoptosis of different cell types mainly via AT1receptor activation. In this study, we verified whether Ang II induces apoptosis of human EECRs and EECLs (hEECRs and hEECLs, respectively) and via which type of receptor. Using the annexin V labeling and in situ TUNEL assays, our results showed that Ang II induced apoptosis of both hEECRs and hEECLs in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results using specific AT1and AT2receptor antagonists showed that the Ang-II-induced apoptosis in both hEECRs and hEECLs is mediated mainly via the AT2receptor. However, AT1receptor blockade partially prevented Ang-II-induced apoptosis, particularly in hEECRs. Hence, our results suggest that mainly AT2receptors mediate Ang-II-induced apoptosis of hEECRs and hEECLs. The damage of EECs would affect their function as a physical barrier between the blood and cardiomyocytes, thus affecting cardiomyocyte functions.
Soil and water management: opportunities to mitigate nutrient losses to surface waters in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Baulch Helen M. , Elliott Jane A. , Cordeiro Marcos R.C. , Flaten Don N. , Lobb David A. , Wilson Henry F.
Published: February 2019

The Northern Great Plains is a key region to global food production. It is also a region of water stress that includes poor water quality associated with high concentrations of nutrients. Agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus loads to surface waters need to be reduced, yet the unique characteristics of this environment create challenges. The biophysical reality of the Northern Great Plains is one where snowmelt is the major period of nutrient transport, and where nutrients are exported predominantly in dissolved form. This limits the efficacy of many beneficial management practices (BMPs) commonly used in other regions and necessitates place-based solutions. We discuss soil and water management BMPs through a regional lens—first understanding key aspects of hydrology and hydrochemistry affecting BMP efficacy, then discussing the merits of different BMPs for nutrient control. We recommend continued efforts to “keep water on the land” via wetlands and reservoirs. Adoption and expansion of reduced tillage and perennial forage may have contributed to current nutrient problems, but both practices have other environmental and agronomic benefits. The expansion of tile and surface drainage in the Northern Great Plains raises urgent questions about effects on nutrient export and options to mitigate drainage effects. Riparian vegetation is unlikely to significantly aid in nutrient retention, but when viewed against an alternative of extending cultivation and fertilization to the waters’ edge, the continued support of buffer strip management and refinement of best practices (e.g., harvesting vegetation) is merited. While the hydrology of the Northern Great Plains creates many challenges for mitigating nutrient losses, it also creates unique opportunities. For example, relocating winter bale-grazing to areas with low hydrologic connectivity should reduce loadings. Managing nutrient applications must be at the center of efforts to mitigate eutrophication. In this region, ensuring nutrients are not applied during hydrologically sensitive periods such as late autumn, on snow, or when soils are frozen will yield benefits. Working to ensure nutrient inputs are balanced with crop demands is crucial in all landscapes. Ultimately, a targeted approach to BMP implementation is required, and this must consider the agronomic and economic context but also the biophysical reality.
Efficient QoE-Aware Scheme for Video Quality Switching Operations in Dynamic Adaptive Streaming
Authors: Irondi Iheanyi , Wang Qi , Grecos Christos , Calero Jose M. Alcaraz , Casaseca-De-La-Higuera Pablo
Published: February 2019

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a popular over-the-top video content distribution technique that adapts the streaming session according to the user's network condition typically in terms of downlink bandwidth. This video quality adaptation can be achieved by scaling the frame quality, spatial resolution or frame rate. Despite the flexibility on the video quality scaling methods, each of these quality scaling dimensions has varying effects on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for end users. Furthermore, in video streaming, the changes in motion over time along with the scaling method employed have an influence on QoE, hence the need to carefully tailor scaling methods to suit streaming applications and content type. In this work, we investigate an intelligent DASH approach for the latest video coding standard H.265 and propose a heuristic QoE-aware cost-efficient adaptation scheme that does not switch unnecessarily to the highest quality level but rather stays temporarily at an intermediate quality level in certain streaming scenarios. Such an approach achieves a comparable and consistent level of quality under impaired network conditions as commonly found in Internet and mobile networks while reducing bandwidth requirements and quality switching overhead. The rationale is based on our empirical experiments, which show that an increase in bitrate does not necessarily mean noticeable improvement in QoE. Furthermore, our work demonstrates that the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the spatial resolution scalability types are the best fit for our proposed algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate an innovative interaction between quality scaling methods and the polarity of switching operations. The proposed QoE-aware scheme is implemented and empirical results show that it is able to reduce bandwidth requirements by up to 41% whilst achieving equivalent QoE compared with a representative DASH reference implementation.
Effect of postexercise temperature elevation on postexercise glycogen metabolism of isolated mouse soleus muscle
Authors: Blackwood Sarah J. , Hanya Ester , Katz Abram
Published: February 2019

The effects of temperature elevation after intense repeated contractions on glycogen and energy metabolism as well as contractile function of isolated mouse soleus muscle (slow twitch, oxidative) were investigated. Muscles were stimulated electrically to perform repeated tetanic contractions for 10 min at 25°C, which reduced tetanic force by ~85% and glycogen by 50%. After 120-min recovery at 25°C glycogen was fully restored (~125% of basal), whereas after recovery at 35°C glycogen decreased further (~25% of basal). Glycogen synthase fractional activity averaged 31.8 ± 3.1% (baseline = 33.8 ± 3.4%) after 120-min recovery at 25°C but was increased after recovery at 35°C (63.8 ± 4.8%; P < 0.001 vs. 25°C). Phosphorylase fractional and total activities were not affected by the higher temperature. However, recovery at 35°C resulted in a significantly higher content of the phosphorylase substrate inorganic phosphate (~20%; P < 0.01 vs. 25°C). Finally, fatigue development during a subsequent bout of repeated contractions at 25°C was similar after 120-min recovery at 25°C and 35°C. These data demonstrate that after intense contractions elevated temperature inhibits glycogen accumulation, likely by increasing the availability of the phosphorylase substrate inorganic phosphate, but has no effect on fatigue development. Thus after heat exposure phosphorylase plays a significant role in glycogen accumulation, and glycogen does not limit muscle performance in isolated mouse soleus muscle after recovery from elevated temperature.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether elevated temperature affects glycogen biogenesis and contractile performance of isolated slow-twitch muscle is not known. Here we show that after a bout of repeated contractions in isolated mouse soleus muscle at 25°C, increasing muscle temperature during recovery to 35°C blocked glycogen accumulation compared with recovery at 25°C. Surprisingly, during a subsequent bout of repeated contractions at 25°C, the rate of fatigue was not different between groups after recovery at the two temperatures.
Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion Improved Anxiety Behavior in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice
Authors: Wei Daneng , Zhao Na , Xie Lushuang , Huang Biao , Zhuang Zhiqi , Tang Yong , Yu Shuguang , Wu Qiaofeng
Published: February 2019

Background and Aims. Psychological disorders are prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to study whether electroacupuncture (EA) and moxibustion (MB) can improve anxiety behavior in DSS-induced colitis mice and to investigate whether this effect is related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Methods. The colitis model was established by drinking 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). DSS-induced colitis mice were treated by EA or MB. Disease activity index (DAI) was scored; intestinal morphological and pathological structure was observed; anxiety behavior was tested by the elevated plus maze and open field. The concentration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cortisol (CORT) in serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression of CRH in the colon and hypothalamus was detected by Western blot (WB). Results. Both EA and MB treatments can improvethe morphology of their distal colonic mucosal epithelia, as well as the disease activity index. Meanwhile, anxiety behavior in colitis mice was improved slightly after EA and MB treatment. In addition, the levels of CRH and CORT in the serum were slightly improved after EA and MB treatment. These effects are further supported by WB results. The expression of CRH in the colon and hypothalamus was increased significantly after treatment, compared with the model group. Conclusion. EA and MB were able to regulate the concentration of CRH in serum and protein expression in the peripheral and central at different levels and promote the recovery of the HPA axis that may be the basis for EA and MB to improve colonic pathology and alleviate anxiety behavior in DSS-induced colitis.
Dental Care Utilization among Veterans by Smoking Status
Authors: Wiener R. Constance , Bhandari Ruchi , Trickett Shockey Alcinda K. , Waters Christopher
Published: February 2019

Background. Given the critical importance of dental care utilization among veterans and the overall health consequences of tobacco use in all populations, the purpose of this research is to examine smoking as a risk factor for poor dental care utilization among United States Veterans.Methods. A secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Veterans was conducted. The primary outcome was dental care utilization (Yes, No). Frequency, chi-square analyses, and multivariate logistic regression statistical tests were performed while adjusting for confounding factors.Results. There were 6,308 veterans in the study. Veterans who were current smokers were less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months than former smokers or never smokers. In unadjusted logistic regression analysis, current smokers had an odds ratio of 2.83 [95% CI: 2.36, 3.40] as compared with never smokers. The adjusted odds ratio for current smoking on dental care utilization was 1.71 [95% CI: 1.40, 2.09] as compared with never smoking.Conclusions. Since veterans who smoked are less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months, they are at higher risk for later diagnosis of dental problems. Veterans who smoke should be specifically targeted with interventions to ensure frequent dental visits, so future problems may be averted or managed early in their development.
The Naked Mole Rat: A Unique Example of Positive Oxidative Stress
Authors: Saldmann Frédéric , Viltard Melanie , Leroy Christine , Friedlander Gérard
Published: February 2019

The oxidative stress theory of aging, linking reactive oxygen species (ROS) to aging, has been accepted for more than 60 years, and numerous studies have associated ROS with various age-related diseases. A more precise version of the theory specifies that mitochondrial oxidative stress is a direct cause of aging. The naked mole rat, a unique animal with exceptional longevity (32 years in captivity), appears to be an ideal model to study successful aging and the role of ROS in this process. Several studies in the naked mole rat have shown that these animals exhibit a remarkable resistance to oxidative stress. At low concentrations, ROS serve as second messengers, and these important intracellular signalling functions are crucial for the regulation of cellular processes. In this review, we examine the literature on ROS and their functions as signal transducers. We focus specifically on the longest-lived rodent, the naked mole rat, which is a perfect example of the paradox of living an exceptionally long life with slow aging despite high levels of oxidative damage from a young age.
Salmonella Infantis in Broiler Flocks in Slovenia: The Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Strains with High Genetic Homogeneity and Low Biofilm-Forming Ability
Authors: Pate Mateja , Mičunovič Jasna , Golob Majda , Vestby Lene Karine , Ocepek Matjaž
Published: February 2019

For almost a decade, the number of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis-positive broiler flocks has been steadily increasing in Slovenia, doubling the number of positive holdings in only a few years. Since multidrug resistant S. Infantis isolates are highly prevalent in the broiler meat industry and may represent a public health concern through the food chain, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic diversity, and biofilm-forming ability of S. Infantis from Slovenian broiler flocks. A total of 87 S. Infantis strains isolated from broiler faeces in the period between 2007 and 2013 were studied. The samples originated from 41 farms which were subcontractors of three major food business operators and from two autonomously operating holdings (farms). Isolates were phenotypically tested for their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials from nine classes by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration with the microdilution method. Only 8% of the isolates were susceptible to all of the antimicrobial agents tested, while 88.5% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, with the most common resistance pattern CipNxSSuT (65.5%) followed by CipNxSuT (17.2%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) divided the strains into five clusters (A-E) comprising 16 distinct XbaI PFGE profiles. Sixty-five out of 87 isolates were grouped in clusters A and B, with the predominant PFGE profiles A1 and B1 encompassing 33 and 28 isolates, respectively. A vast majority of the isolates (75/87) showed >90% PFGE profile similarity. The biofilm-forming capacity of the tested isolates, determined with crystal violet assay in polystyrene microwell plates, was generally weak. The average biofilm formation for persistent strains was higher than for presumably nonpersistent strains; however, the difference was not significant. It seems that S. Infantis persistence on broiler farms is more related to its widespread occurrence in the broiler production chain and ineffective disinfection protocols than to its ability to form biofilm.
Case Report on Pleural Empyema Thoracis and Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum from Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olalekan Adesola , Itua Faith , Mutiu Bamidele , Egwuatu Tenny , Akinloye Olubukola , Iwalokun Bamidele
Published: February 2019

Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. The patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an “underdiagnosed” pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.