bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploratory Celiotomy in 200 Nontraumatized Dogs and Cats
Authors: BOOTHE HARRY W. , SLATER MARGARET R. , HOBSON H. PHIL , FOSSUM THERESA W. , JUNG CHRISTINA
Published: February 2008

Two hundred dogs and cats undergoing exploratory celiotomy for reasons other than trauma were grouped by disease classification and by body system affected. There were 61 animals in which infection or inflammation predominated, 63 animals with neoplasia, and 76 animals with noninflammatory and non‐neoplastic conditions. Body systems affected were digestive, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive, other, and undetermined. Seventy‐three percent of the animals survived the hospitalization period; survival rates for animals with infection or inflammation, neoplasia, and other disorders were 69%, 60%, and 86%, respectively. Within the same groups, the exploratory celiotomy provided strictly diagnostic information in 72%, 79%, and 24% of the animals, and surgical treatment was provided to 28%, 21%, and 58% of the animals, respectively. Intraoperative cytologic and histologic diagnoses were consistent in 78% of the animals; the consistency rates for animals with infection or inflammation, neoplasia, and other disorders were 81%, 88%, and 59%, respectively. Complications after surgery were observed in 30% of the animals, with 60% of the complications disease related. Complications were observed in six animals with reproductive disorders (67%), six animals with urinary disease (46%), 35 animals with digestive disease (29%), and three animals with lymphatic disease (13%).
Anaerobic Bacteria Isolated from Osteomyelitis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: MUIR PETER , JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: February 2008

Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 18 of 28 animals (64%) with osteomyelitis. The bones most commonly infected with anaerobic bacteria were radius and ulna, mandible, and tympanic bulla. Fights or abscesses commonly preceded the osteomyelitis. Seven anaerobic genera were isolated. Mixed infections of anaerobic and aerobic organisms occurred in 16 animals. Staphylococci were isolated in only one such mixed infection, but they were isolated commonly when there were aerobic bacteria only. Staphylococcal infections were often single.
Replacement of the Medial Collateral Ligament with Polypropylene Mesh or a Polyester Suture in Dogs
Authors: ROBELLO GILBERT T. , ARON DENNIS N. , FOUTZ TIMOTHY L. , ROWLAND GEORGE N.
Published: February 2008

The medial collateral ligament of one stifle in 20 adult dogs was excised and replaced with polypropylene mesh or a polyester suture. After 26 weeks, the fibrous tissue‐prosthesis composites were evaluated clinically, morphologically, and biomechanically. Clinical lameness was not significantly different after 10 days. The polypropylene mesh reconstructions consistently had more fibrous tissue and greater collagenous ingrowth than the polyester suture reconstructions. There were four complications related to fixation of the polypropylene mesh prosthesis and one to the polyester suture. The polypropylene mesh reconstructions had greater stability and were biomechanically more similar to the natural ligaments than the polyester suture reconstructions. Although the results with polypropylene mesh were favorable, more challenging biomechanical testing and alternative anchoring techniques are required before polypropylene mesh can be recommended as a collateral ligament replacement in dogs.
Measurement of Muscle Surface Capillary Blood Flow by Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Authors: NORMAN WENDY M. , COURT MICHAEL H. , DODMAN NICHOLAS H. , PIPERS FRANK S.
Published: February 2008

Muscle surface capillary blood flow was measured in the biceps femoris and lateral head of the triceps brachii muscles in six horses before and during halothane anesthesia by using laser Doppler flowmetry. During 90 minutes of anesthesia, muscle surface capillary blood flow was reduced to 20% to 40% of preanesthetic values. Muscle surface capillary blood flow tended to be lower in dependent muscles than in nondependent muscles, and this disparity was greater in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs.
Evaluation of an Omental Pedicle Extension Technique in the Dog
Authors: ROSS WENDY E. , PARDO ANTHONY D.
Published: February 2008

A two‐step omental pedicle extension technique was performed on 10 dogs. Step 1 of the pedicle extension involved release of the dorsal leaf of the omentum from its pancreatic attachment, whereas step 2 consisted of an inverse L‐shaped incision to double the length of the pedicle. The pedicle dimensions were measured and the distance reached when extended toward the hind limb, forelimb, and the muzzle recorded after each stage of the procedure. The vascular patency of the pedicle was determined by intravenous injection of flu‐orescein dye after the second stage of omental extension. Mean pedicle lengths were 44.5 cm with the first stage of extension and 82.0 cm after full extension. The mean width at the caudal extent of the pedicles after dorsal and full extension was 30.4 cm and 17.2 cm, respectively. Eight of the 10 pedicles were patent after full extension. The fully extended omental pedicles reached and, in most cases, extended beyond the distal extremities and the muzzle. The findings in this study suggest that the canine omentum can be extended to any part of the body without being detached from its vascular supply.
Incarceration of the Small Intestine in the Epiploic Foramen Report of 19 Cases (1983–1992)
Authors: ENGELBERT THERESA A. , TATE LLOYD P. , BOWMAN KARL F. , BRISTOL DAVID G.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 19 horses referred for colic and subsequently found (18 confirmed, 1 suspected) to have small intestinal incarceration through the epiploic foramen were reviewed. These horses were of various ages and breeds; they had clinical signs of colic for an average duration of 13.5 hours before examination. Seventeen horses had nasogastric reflux, and 15 had palpable small intestinal distention. Three horses were killed during surgery because of severe intestinal damage. Of the remaining 16 horses, 13 required intestinal resection and anastomosis. The length of incarcerated small intestine varied from 8 cm to 17.6 m. The ileum was involved in 12 cases. In one horse, the mesoduodenum was disrupted before surgery, causing intra‐abdominal bleeding; incarceration of bowel was not found during surgery. The short‐term (1 month) survival rate was 74% (14 of 19 cases), and the long‐term survival rate was 63% (12 of 19 cases). The follow‐up period was 3 months to 45 months (mean 17.2 ± 7.2 months).
Rectal and Colonic Injury in the Llama Anatomic Considerations and Surgical Management in Four Llamas
Authors: STONE WILLIAM C. , LINDSAY WILLIAM A. , ADAMS GREGG P. , GALBREATH ELIZABETH J. , BJORLING DALE E.
Published: February 2008

Transrectal palpation in llamas can result in iatrogenic rectal and colonic injury. The purpose of this report is to define the caudal extent of the peritoneal cavity in llamas and to describe the surgical management of rectal or colonic injuries in four llamas. Measurements were made of six adult llamas during necropsy. The mean distance from the peritoneal reflection to the anus was 3.9 ± 0.1 cm (3.4 ‐ 4.3 cm). Four llamas were examined for rectal or colonic perforations. One laceration was of partial thickness and three lacerations were of full thickness. Two of the defects were repaired by a transanal approach and two by celiotomy to facilitate removal of fecal debris and abdominal lavage. Successful repair of the rectal or colonic tears was achieved in all four llamas. Wound infection and incisional hernia occurred in both llamas that underwent celiotomy. Two llamas died 3 and 18 months later, and two llamas have survived 2 years. Rectal tears in llamas are accompanied by a high risk of peritoneal contamination, and primary closure is recommended. If fecal contamination of the abdomen has occurred, celiotomy is indicated to allow mechanical removal of fecal debris and peritoneal lavage.
Closed‐Circuit Liquid Injection Isoflurane Anesthesia in the Horse
Authors: OLSON KIM N. , KLEIN LIN V. , NANN LARRY E. , SOMA LAWRENCE R.
Published: February 2008

Six horses were administered isoflurane anesthesia by liquid injection into a closed breathing circuit according to the square root of time model. The unit dose (UD) was calculated using Lowe's formula to provide an end‐tidal concentration of 1.3%, or the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane. The mean UD was 4.2 ±; 0.2 mL. The mean end‐tidal isoflurane concentration (ET1SO) for each interval after injection, and the peak and minimum concentrations for each injection interval, did not change beginning with the second injection, indicating that the square root of time model accurately predicted isoflurane uptake in the horse. Mean ETiso measured for the interval after the first injection was 0.68 ± 0.06%, which was significantly (p < .05) lower than the mean concentration after all subsequent injections (1.1 ± 0.1%). Mean peak end‐tidal concentration was 1.1 ± 0.25% after the first injection and 1.7 ± 0.26% for all other injections. Mean minimum end‐tidal concentration was 0.77 ± 0.13% for all injection periods. This model proved to be an acceptable technique for administration of isoflurane anesthesia to horses.
Primary Repair of Abomasal Fistulae Resulting From Right Paramedian Abomasopexy in Eight Adult Dairy Cattle
Authors: SAMS ANDREW E. , FUBINI SUSAN L.
Published: February 2008

Abomasal fistulae resulting from right paramedian abomasopexy in eight adult dairy cattle were treated by primary closure of the abdominal wall after surgical resection of the fistulae. The median elapsed time from the abomasopexy to recognition of fistula formation was 16 days (range, 10 to 90 days). All cows had normal electrolyte values, and five cows had mildly increased base excess values (range = 4.0 to 7.8 mEq/L). Surgery was performed with the cows in dorsal recumbency using general anesthesia. The fistulated tissue was resected and the abomasum and body wall were closed primarily. One or two layers of appositional sutures using #2 or #3 polyglactin 910 were used to close the body wall. Mean surgical time was 2.2 hours (range, 1.8 to 2.9 hours). Two cows were lost to follow‐up. Five of the remaining six cows returned to production (range, 5 to 30 months). Primary closure of the abdominal wall should be considered in the surgical repair of abomasal fistulae in cows that do not have diffuse peritonitis.
In Vitro Loss of Tensile Strength and Elasticity of Five Absorbable Suture Materials in Sterile and Infected Canine Urine
Authors: SCHILLER T. D. , STONE E. A. , GUPTA B. S.
Published: February 2008

The loss of breaking strength and elasticity of five absorbable suture materials (polydioxanone [PDS‐II], polyglycolic acid [PGA], polyglactin 910 [PG‐910], polyglyconate [GTMC], and chromic gut) after in vitro incubation in sterile, Escherichia coli‐ and Proteus mirab/tfs‐inoculated canine urine was studied. Biomechanical testing, in a controlled environment, was performed during the 28‐day study period. Polydioxanone and chromic gut retained greater than 90% of their original strengths after 28 days of incubation in sterile urine and 87% of original strengths in E. co//‐inoculated urine. Polyglyconate retained 24% and 18% of original strength, respectively, after incubation in sterile and E. co/i‐inoculated urine for 28 days. Polyglycolic acid and PG‐910 retained less than 30% of original strength in sterile urine and only 7% in E. co/i‐inoculated urine after 21 days of incubation. In P. m/rabi/is‐inoculated urine, loss of tensile strength and elongation was significant for all suture materials. Polyglycolic acid and PG‐910 lost all strength after 24 hours of incubation. Polydioxanone lost all strength after 7 days of incubation, whereas GTMC retained 19% at day 7. Chromic gut retained 78% at day 7 and 16% after 21 days of incubation, however, the absence of normal phagocytic destruction of chromic gut in this in vitro study may have artificially elevated these values. In sterile urine with chemically modified pH, loss of strength and elongation was greater in alkaline urine than in neutral or acidic urine for all types of suture materials.
Oxalate Nephrosis and Renal Sclerosis After Renal Transplantation in a Cat
Authors: GREGORY C. R. , OLANDER H. J. , KOCHIN E. J. , GOURLEY I. M. , COUSYN D. , LEVY J.
Published: February 2008

A 10‐year‐old castrated domestic shorthair cat received two renal allografts, 14 days apart, for the treatment of chronic renal failure. Oxalate nephrosis developed in both allografts, and they became nonfunctional. During the transplantation period, the cat was not exposed to exogenous sources of oxalate, and there was no evidence of primary type 2 hyperoxaluria before surgery. Urologic surgery, in particular renal transplantation, has been identified as a factor that can precipitate renal failure in human patients with decompensated renal function and hyperoxaluria. If hyperoxaluria was present before surgery in this cat, it was most likely caused by increased absorption or decreased metabolism of dietary oxalate.
Cecal‐Colic Volvulus in Two Dogs
Authors: CARBERRY CAROL A. , FLANDERS JAMES A.
Published: February 2008

Cecal‐colic volvulus was confirmed by surgery in two dogs. Both dogs were intact, male Great Danes. The clinical and diagnostic findings were not specific for large bowel volvulus. Clinical signs included peracute to acute onset of vomiting, mild abdominal distention and pain, lack of feces, and tenesmus. Abdominal radiographs demonstrated severe dilatation of bowel loops in both dogs. One dog survived.
Correction of Patellar Luxation by Recession Sulcoplasty in Three Foals
Authors: KOBLUK CALVIN N.
Published: February 2008

Lateral luxation of the patella in four femoropatellar joints of three foals was repaired by recession sulcoplasty and medial imbrication of the joint. One foal was euthanatized because of septic arthritis caused by incisional dehiscence, and the other two foals were normal 2 years after surgery. Recession sulcoplasty combined with medial imbrication of the joint capsule resulted in a functional femoropatellar joint and should be considered in foals affected with lateral patellar luxation.
Effects of Neodymium:Yttnum Aluminum Garnet Laser Irradiation on Endometrium and on Endometrial Cysts in Six Mares
Authors: BLIKSLAGER ANTHONY T. , TATE LLOYD P. , WEINSTOCK DANIEL
Published: February 2008

Effects of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation on equine endometrium were evaluated In vitro and in six mares with endometrial cysts. The Nd:YAG laser was applied to six endometrial sites, in each of five uterine specimens, with power densities of 5659 to 33,954 J/cm2. Depth of tissue ablation was measured and graded on histologic sections of the tissue lesions. Power density had a significant effect on the depth of tissue ablation (p < .001). Grade 3 lesions (full‐thickness ablation of the endometrium) were created with energy densities of 16,977 to 33,954 J/cm2. Six mares had endometrial cysts treated by photoablation. Two of the four mares that were reproductively sound but barren, despite appropriate breeding, produced foals after treatment. One mare remained reproductively unsound after treatment, and another mare that was treated postpartum was bred successfully.
Electroencephalography of Detomidine‐Ketamine‐Halothane and Detomidine‐Ketamine‐lsoflurane Anesthetized Horses During Orthopedic Surgery A Comparison
Authors: EKSTRÖM PETER M. , SHORT CHARLES E. , GEIMER THOMAS R.
Published: February 2008

This study was done to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) response evoked by orthopedic surgery in halothane‐ and isoflurane‐anesthetized horses. Eight horses scheduled for bilateral arthroscopic surgery of the stifle were premedicated with detomidine (20 μg/kg) intravenously and five minutes later induced to anesthesia with ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with either halothane or isoflurane. Assignment of inhalation anesthetic was done randomly. The multiple of minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anesthesia was significantly higher than the multiple of MAC of isoflurane (p < .05) required. Total amplitude of the EEG with halothane was smaller than with isoflurane (p < .05), but 13.0 to 32.0 Hz high frequency/0.0 to 3.9 Hz low frequency (|3/A) ratio was greater for halothane (p < .05). Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was significantly (p < .05) higher with isoflurane than with halothane. The differences in EEG frequency shift observed suggest that isoflurane provided better analgesia than halothane for this group of horses.
Controlled Tissue Expansion in the Distal Extremities of Dogs
Authors: SPODNICK GARY J. , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , CLARK GEOFFREY N. , SCHELLING SCOTT H. , KRAUS KARL H.
Published: February 2008

Controlled tissue expansion using a 100 cc rectangular silicone elastomer expander was performed in the mid‐antebrachium and mid‐crus of eight adult mixed‐breed dogs. Two expander inflation schedules were followed. Group 1 dogs (n = 4) underwent expander inflation using 10 cc sterile saline every other day, and group 2 dogs (n = 4) underwent expander inflation using 15 cc sterile saline every other day until the nominal volume (100 cc) was attained. Significant mean postexpansion increases in skin surface area of 94.1 cm2 (35.9%) and 108.9 cm2 (37.3%) were measured in the antebrachium and crus, respectively (p < .05). In a second procedure, the expanders were removed and skin flaps were developed from the redundant tissue generated during the expansion process. Single pedicle advancement flaps and transposition flaps were used to cover surgically created defects measuring 5 times 10 cm in the antebrachium and cms. Single pedicle advancement flaps consistently measured 10 × 10 cm and could be advanced to cover defects involving one third of the mid‐antebrachial or mid‐crural circumference. Transposition flaps were rotated up to 170d̀ and the donor site defects were easily closed under minimal or no tension. Complications included an abscess in one dog and seroma formation in four dogs. Differences in success or complication rates between group 1 dogs and group 2 dogs were not observed; an accelerated inflation schedule using 15 cc sterile saline every other day was recommended.
Comparison of Stainless Steel Fascial Staples and Polypropylene Suture Material for Closure of the Linea Alba in Dogs
Authors: KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE , FINGLAND ROGER B. , BOYER JOHN E. , KENNEDY GEORGE A. , KLEMM ROBERT D. , DEBOWES RICHARD M.
Published: February 2008

Five centimeter segments of the linea alba in mature, female, mixed breed dogs were incised and then approximated with either stainless steel fascial staples or size 0 polypropylene suture material. Breaking strength of the linea alba closures was determined at 0 (Phase I, 18 dogs) and at 7,14, and 31 days (Phase II, 18 dogs). Histology and videointeractive planar morphometry were used to evaluate healing of the linea alba. Breaking strength and histologic and morphometric variables were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance in a split plot design. In a clinical trial, 20 cm linea alba incisions were approximated with stainless steel fascial staples after elective ovariohysterectomy in mature, female, mixed breed dogs (Phase III, eight dogs). The dogs were evaluated at 1, 2, 7,14, 31, 90, and 180 days. Linea alba incisions approximated with polypropylene suture material were significantly stronger than linea alba incisions approximated with stainless steel fascial staples on day 0. There was no significant difference between breaking strength values, histologic, and morphometric appearance of linea alba incisions closed with stainless steel fascial staples or polypropylene suture material when compared 7,14, and 31 days after surgery. All of the dogs in the clinical trial appeared to be normal at all evaluation times. Approximation of linea alba incisions with stainless steel fascial staples compares favorably to closure with a simple continuous pattern of polypropylene suture material with regard to breaking strength, clinical, histologic, and morphometric appearance.
Failure of Calcium Channel Blockade to Prevent Intra‐abdominal Adhesions in Ponies
Authors: BAXTER GARY M. , JACKMAN BRADLEY R. , EADES SUSAN C. , TYLER DAVID E.
Published: February 2008

Intra‐abdominal adhesions were created by localized serosal trauma in 11 adult ponies at three locations on the small intestine. Six ponies received verapamil hydrochloride (0.2 mg/ kg) subcutaneously every eight hours for three days, and five ponies received an equal volume of saline solution at the same intervals. The investigators were not informed which treatments the ponies received. Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures and heart rates were measured six hours before surgery, and then 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 8 hours after the first treatment on each day for three days. One pony was euthanatized on day 13 because of colic, and the other 10 ponies were euthanatized 14 days after surgery. Scoring methods were used to assess the severity of adhesion formation and to grade the histologic appearance of the abraded sites. No significant differences were found for rectal temperature, packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, heart rate, and systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressures between control and verapamil‐treated ponies. No significant differences were detected between the treatment groups for adhesion scores per abraded site, total adhesion scores per pony, the total number of adhesions per pony, or in the histologic scores.
The Effects of Plate Type, Angle of Ilial Osteotomy, and Degree of Axial Rotation on the Structural Anatomy of the Pelvis
Authors: GRAEHLER RANDALL A. , WEIGEL JOSEPH P. , PARDO ANTHONY D.
Published: February 2008

Unilateral triple pelvic osteotomy was performed with three variations in technique on canine cadaver pelves. The following variables were studied: the angle of the ilial osteotomy (perpendicular to the long axis of the ilium and 10d̀, 20d̀, and 30d̀ off perpendicular); the degree of axial rotation (20d̀, 30d̀, and 45d̀); and the type of fixation (canine pelvic osteotomy plate [CPOP] or a 2.7‐mm dynamic compression plate [DCP]). Structural changes measured were the pelvic inlet and acetabular area, interischiatic tuberosity distance, and degree of acetabular version. Means and standard error of the means were determined for all pelvic measurements and were analyzed by three‐way analysis of variance (P < .05). As the axial rotation increased from 20d̀ to 45d̀ an ilial osteotomy angled 10d̀, 20d̀, or 30d̀ resulted in a significantly greater decrease in the pelvic inlet area and significantly less deviation of the interischiatic tuberosity distance and degree of acetabular version from normal than an osteotomy directed perpendicular to the long axis of the ilium. Compared with the CPOP, as the axial rotation increased from 20d̀ to 45d̀, the DCP resulted in a significantly greater decrease in the pelvic inlet area, an increase in the interischiatic tuberosity distance and degree of acetabular version, and less of an increase in the acetabular area. The results of this study suggest that to maximize dorsal acetabular coverage, while minimizing disruption of normal pelvic architecture, a CPOP and an ilial osteotomy angled 10d̀ to 30d̀ are preferred for all degrees of axial rotation.
Rapid Tissue Expansion for the Development of Rotational Skin Flaps in the Distal Portion of the Hindlimb of Dogs: An Experimental Study
Authors: KELLER W.G. , ARON D.N. , RAKICH P.M. , CROWE D.T. , MARKS M.A.
Published: February 2008

In phase I, tissue expanders were implanted subcutaneously over the lateral crural region of four dogs. The expanders were inflated daily to maintain a constant intraluminal pressure for 7 days. All animals tolerated the pressurized expanders well. Some animal patient discomfort was associated with repeated injections into the subcutaneous filling port. One dog developed a limited area of tissue loss and exposure of the expander. Tissue response to the expanders included epidermal hyperplasia, dermal collagen compression with early fibroplasia, and subcutaneous granulation tissue formation adjacent to the expander pocket. In phase II, a second group of four dogs underwent rapid skin expansion over 7 days. The pressure applied to the expanding skin was determined daily and adjusted to approximate the value reported for capillary pressure in the dog. Tissue discoloration occurred in two dogs, suggestive of impaired circulation. Skin flaps were developed from expanded skin and rotated over the talocrural region. Wound dehiscence occurred along the distal flap margin in three phase II dogs. These wounds healed by second intention. Branches of the caudal saphenous artery were identified, using angiography, as the primary blood supply to the skin flaps.
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Placing Fentanyl or Medetomidine in the Lumbosacral Epidural Space of Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Cats
Authors: DUKE TANYA , COX ANNA‐MARIA KOMULAINEN , REMEDIOS AUDREY M. , CRIBB PETER H.
Published: February 2008

The cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl (4 μg/kg) or medetomidine (10 μg/kg) in saline injected epidurally were measured for 2 hours in 15 isoflurane (2.4%)‐anesthetized cats. One milliliter of saline without drug was used to control for saline and volume of injection. Baseline was taken as preinjection time 0. Medetomidine significantly increased (P< .05) mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) 5 to 20 minutes postinjection (PI) compared with baseline. MAP significantly decreased 30 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Fentanyl significantly decreased MAP 5 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Heart rate and respiratory rates significantly decreased in the medetomidine and fentanyl groups 5 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Arterial pCO2significantly increased while arterial pH significantly decreased 15 to 120 minutes PI in the fentanyl and medetomidine groups compared with baseline. Blood bicarbonate concentration significantly increased 90 to 120 minutes PI in the medetomidine group compared with baseline.
Butorphanol Does Not Reduce the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Halothane in Dogs
Authors: QUANDT JANE E. , RAFFE MARC R. , ROBINSON ELAINE P.
Published: February 2008

This study evaluated the effect of butorphanol tartrate, a synthetic opioid agonist‐antagonist, on halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs. Baseline halothane MAC was determined in each of six dogs. Butorphanol was administered and halothane MAC was redeter‐mined. Each dog received butorphanol at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg intravenously at 1 week intervals. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure decreased after butorphanol administration, but returned to baseline by 50 minutes. There was little effect on respiratory parameters. A halothane‐sparing effect was not noted with any butorphanol dose.
Repair of Fractures of the Distal Aspect of the Radius in Two Horses
Authors: ZAMOS DAVID T. , HUNT ROBERT J. , ALLEN DOUGLAS
Published: February 2008

Fractures of the distal radius in two horses were repaired by open reduction and interfragmentary compression using screws placed in a lag fashion. One horse had a complete oblique fracture of the medial aspect of the epiphysis of the distal radius and was sound for riding 32 months after surgery. The other horse had an open spiral comminuted fracture with medial displacement of the distal radial fragment. Laminitis developed in the contralateral limb and this horse was euthanatized 5 weeks after surgery. ©Copyright 1994 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Evaluation of Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for the Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
Authors: HAAN JACEK J. DE , GORING ROBERT L. , BEALE BRIAN S.
Published: February 2008

A double‐blinded, controlled clinical study was performed to compare the response of adult dogs affected with hip dysplasia to a placebo and three different dosages of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG): 2.2 mg/kg, 4.4 mg/kg, and 8.8 mg/kg. Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment groups. The drug was administered intramuscularly every 3 to 5 days for a total of eight injections. Response to treatment was analyzed based on changes in lameness, range of motion (ROM), and pain on manipulation of the hip joints. Evaluation for adverse reactions included complete blood cell (CBC) count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and physical examination. Data were collected on a total of 111 dogs. Eighty‐four met all criteria for inclusion in the study. Dogs that were given 4.4 mg/kg of PSGAG showed the greatest improvement in orthopedic scores, whereas dogs in the placebo group showed the smallest improvement; however, the differences in clinical improvement between the four treatment groups were not statistically significant. No local or systemic adverse reactions related to the drug were observed.
Renal Allograft Survival in Outbred Mongrel Dogs Using Rabbit Anti‐Dog Thymocyte Serum in Combination With Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy With or Without Donor Bone Marrow
Authors: MATHEWS K.A. , HOLMBERG D.L. , JOHNSTON K. , MILLER C.M. , BINNINGTON A.G. , MAXIE G. , ATILOLA M. , SMITH G.
Published: February 2008

Therapeutic renal transplantation in dogs is currently being investigated as a treatment for end‐stage renal disease. This pilot study examines the effect of donor bone marrow (DBM) infusion and antithymocyte serum (ATS) in combination with immunosuppressive drug therapy in prolonging renal allograft survival in dogs. Seven normal outbred mongrel dogs received an unmatched renal allograft. All dogs received rabbit anti‐dog thymocyte serum (RADTS), prednisone (Pr), cyclosporine‐A (CsA) and azathioprine (Aza). In addition, three dogs (group 1 test) received DBM and four dogs (group 2 control) did not receive DBM. Serum CsA levels were measured throughout the study. Immunosuppressive therapy was gradually reduced with Pr, CsA, and Aza withdrawn at 200,450, and 680 days, respectively. Allograft rejection was treated with prednisolone sodium succinate. One dog in group 1 and one in group 2 died as a result of infectious canine rhinotracheitis and rejection early in the study. Renal allograft torsion occurred in one group 1 dog. The remaining four dogs survived the 2 years of the study. The dogs in group 2 (three dogs) all rejected the renal allograft after total drug withdrawal, the surviving dog in group 1 did not. This study demonstrates that RADTS, Pr, CsA, and Aza in combination can prolong renal allograft survival in mongrel dogs, whereas DBM may enhance the unresponsive state.
Holding Power of Threaded External Skeletal Fixation Pins in the Near and Far Cortices of Cadaveric Canine Tibiae
Authors: MCDONALD DARRYL E. , PALMER ROSS H. , HULSE DONALD A. , NEIGUT JOSEPH S. , HYMAN WILLIAM A. , SLATER MARGARET R.
Published: February 2008

We compared the pin‐bone interfaces at the near and far cortical penetration sites of positive‐profile end‐threaded external fixation pins in cadaveric canine tibiae. The holding power of the pins in each cortical surface was independently measured in 21 pin‐bone sections. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare subjectively the microstructural appearance of the pin‐bone interfaces at the near and far cortical penetration sites in eight pin‐bone sections. The far cortical penetration site provided greater holding power than did the near cortical site. SEM evaluation suggested more bony microfractures and debris with less pin‐bone interlock in the near cortical penetration sites than in the corresponding far cortical penetration sites. This study showed that after low‐speed power insertion of positive‐profile end‐threaded pins in canine cadaveric tibiae, the near cortical penetration site contributes approximately 25% less to the overall holding power of the pin than does the far cortical penetration site.
Wound Healing and Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials After Experimental Ventral Tympanic Bulla Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: McANULTY J. F. , HATTEL A. , HARVEY C. E.
Published: February 2008

Ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy was performed in 13 normal dogs to evaluate healing and retention of brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BSAEP). Healing was evaluated by gross and microscopic examination of the middle ears after 1 (n = 2), 4 (n = 8), 5 (n = 1), and 6 (n = 1) weeks. One dog was eliminated from the study. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials were measured using an air‐conducted sound stimulus before and after surgery and before killing. Nine of 12 dogs re‐formed the tympanic bulla by formation of fibrous connective tissue lined with cuboidal epithelium in the osteotomy site. Four of the nine dogs had a reduced tympanic bulla volume (estimated 20% to 40% volume reduction) caused by soft tissue ingrowth through the osteotomy. Nine of 12 dogs had proliferation of subperiosteal new bone from the inner surface of the tympanic bulla that varied in severity. Three of these nine dogs had nearly complete obliteration of the tympanic cavity by proliferating subperiosteal new bone. Eight dogs had nodules of granulation tissue containing new bone and mineralization diffusely distributed on the surfaces of the middle ear. The measured BSAEP sensitivity before killing was equivalent to preoperative levels in 11 dogs. The remaining dog had no change in auditory sensitivity after surgery but had a markedly reduced BSAEP detection threshold before killing. This appeared to be attributable to mechanical impingement on the ossicles and tympanic membrane by proliferating bone within the tympanic cavity. This study showed that after ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy the tympanic bulla rapidly re‐forms with no deleterious effect on hearing in most dogs treated. However, the internal surfaces of the middle ear appear to be sensitive to surgical trauma, and extensive new bone proliferation is easily induced. This response may be extreme, resulting in middle ear obliteration and reduced auditory sensitivity.
An Evaluation of Six Synthetic Casting Materials: Strength of Cylinders in Bending
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , VANDERBY RAY
Published: February 2008

Six fiberglass casting tapes were evaluated in bending, using an unstable fracture model. Cylindrical casts were constructed and evaluated in bending at 2, 3, and 24 hours after application. Scotchcast Plus (3M, St. Paul, MN), Vet Cast II (3M), and Zim‐Flex (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) were significantly stronger than other materials at 2 hours; however, by 24 hours, casts constructed from Delta‐Lite (Johnson & Johnson Products, New Brunswick, NJ) were strongest. Delta‐Lite Conformable casts were significantly weaker at all times.
Laparoscopic Repair of a Bladder Rupture in a Foal
Authors: III RYLAND B. EDWARDS , DUCHARME NORM G. , HACKETT RICHARD P.
Published: February 2008

Ruptured bladder was diagnosed in a 90‐day‐old Thoroughbred colt that had suffered a open, comminuted tibial fracture 2 days earlier. The bladder rupture was identified by laparoscopic examination of the abdomen and was repaired using a laparoscopic stapling instrument. This technique provided good visualization and allowed repair of the rupture with minimal intervention. Ten months after surgery, the foal was admitted to a referral surgical practice because of colic and stanguria. A urinary calculus was removed from the penile urethra by urethrotomy. Laparoscopic repair of the bladder with nonabsorbable staples may be contraindicated because of possible urolith formation.
Hemodynamic Responses of Horses to Anesthesia and Surgery, Before and After Administration of a Low Dose of Endotoxin
Authors: WAGNER ANN E. , DUNLOP COLIN I. , WERTZ ETTA M. , CHAPMAN PHILLIP L. , BAXTER GARY M. , KLOPP LISA S.
Published: February 2008

Seven horses, which were part of an investigation of the effect of endotoxin administration on vascular reactivity, were anesthetized on two separate occasions for surgical excision of 4‐cm sections of palmar digital artery and vein. On the first occasion, the horses were given an infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl solution intravenously (IV) just before induction of anesthesia (control); on the second occasion, the horses received an infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl containingEscherichia coliendotoxin, 0.1 μg/kg (endotoxin). On both occasions, anesthesia was induced with xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine, and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Hemodynamic measurements were made with the horses under anesthesia immediately before beginning surgery (period 1), during skin incision (period 2), during dissection and excision of the vessels (period 3), during skin suturing (period 4), and after completion of surgery during bandaging (period 5). Hemoglobin concentration and mixed venous oxygen content were greater at all periods in horses that received endotoxin. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters between control horses and horses administered endotoxin before beginning surgery (period 1). During surgery and bandaging, horses administered endotoxin had significantly higher heart rate (periods 3, 4, and 5), cardiac index (periods 3, 4, and 5), and oxygen delivery (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) than did control horses, and mean arterial blood pressure (period 2) and systemic vascular resistance (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) were less than in control horses. Compared with period 1, surgical stimulation in control horses was associated with increased mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5), but cardiac index and oxygen delivery were decreased (periods 3, 4, and 5). In contrast, horses administered endotoxin responded to surgical stimulation with increased mean arterial blood pressure (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) and vascular resistance (periods 4 and 5), as well as a heart rate‐induced increase in cardiac index (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) compared with period 1; oxygen delivery also increased (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) during surgery in the endotoxin group. This study documents some of the differences in the response to anesthesia and surgery between normal horses and those that have received endotoxin.
Alterations of Endothelium‐Dependent Digital Vascular Responses in Horses Given Low‐Dose Endotoxin
Authors: BAXTER GARY M.
Published: February 2008

Low doses of endotoxin cause vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion of the digit, small intestine, and cecum in horses. To determine the potential cause of these vascular alterations, in vitro vascular responses of palmar digital arteries and veins were determined in 8 horses after intravenous (IV) infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl (control) and 0.1 μg/kgEscherichia coli055:B5 endotoxin in 1 L of 0.9% NaCl (endotoxin‐treated). Vessels were surgically removed under general anesthesia, cut into 4‐mm vascular rings, suspended in tissue baths, and attached to force displacement transducers for measurement of vascular tension. Cumulative concentration response curves to acetylcholine, bradykinin, nitroprusside, norepinephrine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and endothelin were determined. Maximal relaxation or contraction and the concentrations needed to produce 50% maximal relaxation or contraction were determined. Palmar digital arteries from endotoxin‐treated horses relaxed significantly less in response to acetylcholine and bradykinin (endothelium‐dependent), but not to nitroprusside (endothelium‐independent) when compared with arteries from control horses. Digital arteries from endotoxin‐treated horses also contracted significantly more with norepinephrine but less with serotonin. Digital veins responded less than digital arteries. In another study, vascular reactivity experiments documented that acetylcholine and bradykinin were endothelium‐dependent vasodilators (endothelium‐denuded vessels relaxed less than control vessels) in palmar digital vessels. Additionally, maximal relaxations for both vasodilators were significantly inhibited by N‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), a nitric oxide antagonist, suggesting that acetylcholine and bradykinin cause relaxation through the nitric oxide pathway. The data from these studies indicate that low dose endotoxin impairs endothelium‐dependent relaxation and augments adrenergic contraction of palmar digital arteries in horses.
Intraperitoneal Use of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose in Horses Undergoing Exploratory Celiotomy
Authors: MUELLER P.O. ERIC , HUNT ROBERT J. , ALLEN DOUGLAS , PARKS ANDREW H. , HAY WILLIAM P.
Published: February 2008

The effect of intraperitoneal sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) administration on clinical outcome and survival was evaluated in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal disease. Comparison of variables was made retrospectively between 44 horses that had SCMC and 92 horses (controls) not treated with SCMC. Mean age, body weight, heart rate, packed cell volume and plasma total protein of horses at admission, and convalescent period were not significantly different between control and SCMC groups. No significant differences were noted between control horses and SCMC horses with respect to incisional infection, hernia formation, recurrent episodes of colic, clinical outcome, and long‐term survival (>6 months). Seventy‐six (83%) control horses and 34 (77%) SCMC horses survived long‐term. Seventy (76%) control horses and 30 (68%) SCMC horses survived without complications and returned to their previous use. These results suggest that intraperitoneal use of SCMC does not adversely affect abdominal incisional wound healing, clinical outcome or long‐term survival, however, the efficacy of SCMC in prevention of postoperative intestinal adhesions in horses requires further investigation.
Ovariohysterectomy in Six Mares
Authors: SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , ROBERTSON JAMES T. , DEBOWES RICHARD M. , MITTEN LAURIE A. , SOJKA JANICE E.
Published: February 2008

Six mares had ovariohysterectomy performed for chronic pyometra associated with cervical abnormalities, uterine neoplasia, or removal of a macerated fetus. Ovariohysterectomy was performed through a ventral midline incision with access to the ovarian and uterine vessels aided by traction on the uterus and retraction of abdominal viscera. Abdominal pain, the most common complication after surgery, occurred in four mares but resolved within 36 hours. Peritonitis occurred in two mares; one mare was subsequently euthanatized. Other complications that resolved with treatment included infection of the uterine stump (two mares), abdominal hemorrhage (one mare), diarrhea (one mare), and incisional infection (one mare). Complications after surgery can be reduced by removing as much of the uterus as possible, minimizing peritoneal contamination with uterine contents, and providing a secure closure of the caudal reproductive tract.
A Comparison of Two Surgical Approaches to the Scapulohumeral Joint in Dogs
Authors: JR RON MCLAUGHLIN , ROUSH JAMES K.
Published: February 2008

Two scapulohumeral arthrotomy techniques were evaluated and compared in 10 normal, young adult greyhounds. A caudolateral approach with craniodorsal retraction of the teres minor muscle (no‐tenotomy) and a craniolateral approach with tenotomy of the infraspinatus tendon were each performed unilaterally in 5 dogs. The dogs were evaluated using force plate gait analysis, lameness evaluation, radiography, and goniometry for 5 weeks and then euthanatized. Tenotomy sites and sections of the humeral articular cartilage were collected from shoulder joints that had been operated on and examined microscopically. The same surgical approach was then performed on the contralateral shoulder in the cadavers and exposure of the humeral articular cartilage was measured using planimetry. Peak vertical force applied to the operated limbs in the tenotomy group was significantly less than preoperative levels on day 3 and significantly less than the no‐tenotomy group on days 21 and 28. The peak vertical force applied to the operated limbs in the no‐tenotomy group was not significantly different from preoperative levels during the study. Scapulohumeral arthrotomy by tenotomy of the infraspinatus resulted in decreased range‐of‐motion and joint extension compared with joints operated on without tenotomies, but provided significantly greater exposure to the articular surface. Scapulohumeral arthrotomy with craniodorsal retraction of the teres minor muscle did not significantly alter goniometric measurements compared with unoperated joints. Both techniques resulted in similar subjective lameness scores and caused no gross microscopic or radiographic evidence of articular cartilage damage.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Solid and Tubular Interlocking Nails in Neonatal Bovine Femurs
Authors: TROSTLE STEVEN S. , WILSON DAVID G. , DUELAND R. TASS , MARKEL MARK D.
Published: February 2008

This study biomechanically evaluates solid and tubular interlocking nails in bovine neonatal femurs. Paired femurs from 40 neonatal dairy calves were obtained for mechanical testing. Intact femurs and four combinations of experimentally manipulated femurs (intact or ostectomized femurs with either a solid or tubular interlocking nail) were tested in craniocaudal and lateromedial bending, eccentric axial compression, and external torsion to evaluate composite rigidity, local/gap stiffness, and load to failure (compression and torsion only). In torsional composite rigidity, femurs with tubular interlocking nails were more compliant than intact femurs or intact femurs with solid interlocking nails (P<.001). Ostectomized femurs with solid interlocking nails were similar to intact femurs with tubular interlocking nails. Within femurs with tubular interlocking nails, ostectomized femurs were more compliant than intact femurs (P<.0001). In craniocaudal and lateromedial bending rigidity, ostectomized femurs were more compliant than intact femurs, regardless of interlocking nail type (P<.001). Within ostectomized femurs, tubular interlocking nails were more compliant than solid interlocking nails in craniocaudal bending (P<.05) and there was a similar trend in lateromedial bending (P=.06). In eccentric axial compression, local/ gap stiffness was significantly greater in intact femurs compared with intact femurs with solid (48% of intact bone) or tubular (45% of intact bone) interlocking nails and ostectomized femurs with solid (18% of intact bone) or tubular (11 % of intact bone) interlocking nails (P<.0001). In torsional testing, local/gap stiffness was not significantly different between intact femurs and intact femurs with interlocking nails, but was significantly lower in ostectomized femurs with solid (2% of intact bone) and tubular (0.2% of intact bone) interlocking nails (P<.0001). In torsional and compressive failure testing, plastic deformation of the tubular interlocking nail occurred at the unoccupied screw hole at the ostectomy site before bone failure. Interlocking nails should be considered as an optional repair method for neonatal bovine femoral fractures. Until the actual physiological loading characteristics of neonatal calf femurs are measured, it is uncertain whether solid or tubular interlocking nails tested in this study will provide sufficient strength and stiffness to stabilize neonatal bovine femoral fractures and facilitate healing.